,,use ,,( ,,^? ,,connect$ ,,) ,,m9es4999999 includes ! orig9al illu/rations & 9 :i* ! *emical equations are easi] to read4 ,see #ahgea-;h4htm or #ahgea-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/h_ /g_/e_/ahgea_/ahgea-;h_/#ahgea-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/h_ /g_/e_/ahgea_/ahgea-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,text3 ,words surr\nd$ by a tilde su* z ?is means ! ^w is 9 bold face4 ,words surr\nd$ by und]scores l ?is means ! ^w is 9 italics 9 ! text4 ,lett]s 9 brackets ) an sign be=e x means t ! lett]s h a macron ov] !m1 e4g4 ,h,ac signifies t ! ,ac has a macron ov] x4 ,numb]s & equations3 ,p>5!ses h be5 add$ to cl>ify fractions4 ,und]scores be=e bracket$ numb]s 9 equations d5ote a subscript4 ,sup]scripts are designat$ ) a c>et & brackets1 e4g4 #aa4ac is #aa4a to ! ?ird p[]4 ,! symbol 4'4 designates ! symbol usually us$ = !re=e 7?ree p]iods 9 a triangle %ape74 ,a d[n arr[ is repres5t$ by a v]tical l9e ov] a capital ,v4 ,l ?is3 ,v ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! *apt]1 & all adv]tisem5ts h be5 mov$ to ! end ( ! book4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,assay+3 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,^? ,,connect$ ,,) ,,m9es4 by ,c4 ,,& ,j4 ,j4 ,,b]+]4 ,revis$ by ,j4 ,j4 ,,b]+]1 ,assoc4 ( ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es2 ,fell[ ( ! ,*emical ,society & ( ! ,in/4 ( ,*emi/ry2 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,camborne ,m9+ ,s*ool2 & ,late ,public ,analy/ = ! ,c\nty ( ,cornwall4 ,) num]\s ,diagrams & ,tables4 ,n9? ,edition4 ,london3 ,*>les ,griff9 & ,company1 ,limit$1 ,exet] ,/reet1 ,/r&4 #aijd4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,publi%]',s ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,n9? ,,edition ,! cont9u$ popul>ity ( ! pres5t "w1 ! la/ edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ only a little ov] a ye> ago1 cont9ues to be a s\rce ( gratification to ! publi%]s1 :o h mu* pleasure 9 issu+ ! pres5t edition4 ,janu>y #aijd4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,six? ,,edition ,! pr9cipal *anges 9 ?is edition are additions to ! articles on ,gold1 ,cyanides1 & ,nickel1 & a mu* enl>g$ ,index4 ,! additional matt] cov]s m ?an =ty pages4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,b]+]4 ,,camborne1 ,janu>y #aijj4 ,,preface4 ,! ,text-book n[ (f]$ to ! public has be5 prep>$ to meet ! exi/+ want ( a practical h&y book = ! ,assay]4 ,to m9+ m5 ! ^w assay+ conveys a suffici5tly cle> mean+1 b x is difficult to def9e4 ,"s writ]s limit x to ! det]m9ation ( silv] & gold1 & o!rs imag9e t x has only to d ) furnace-"w4 ,^! limitations are n recognis$ 9 practice4 ,9 fact1 assay+ is becom+ wid] 9 its scope1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 assay]s & analy/s w 9 "t be difficult to detect4 ,we h endeav\r$ r to give :at w be ( use to ! assay] ?an to cov] ! gr\nd )9 ! limits ( a faulty def9ition4 ,at fir/ our int5tion 0 to supply a description ( ^? sub/ances only :i* h a comm]cial value1 b on consid]ation we h add$ %ort acc\nts ( ! r>] elem5ts1 s9ce !y are frequ5tly met )1 & occasionally affect ! accuracy ( an assay4 ,"u ! m important me?ods we h giv5 ! results ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts %[+ ! effect ( v>y+ conditions on ! accuracy ( ! process4 ,su* exp]im5ts are (t5 made by assay]s1 b seldom record$4 ,/atem5ts l ^? g5]ally made--t ?is or t sub/ance int]f]es--are insuffici5t4 ,x is necess>y to "k "u :at conditions & to :at ext5t4 ,/ud5ts le>n+ any p>ticul> process _c d bett] ?an repeat su* a s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,by ?is means !y w1 at ! same "t1 acquire ! skill necess>y = p]=m+ an assay & a confid5ce 9 _! results bas$ ^u "w "u diff]5t conditions4 ,! electrolytic me?od ( copp] assay+ giv5 "u ,copp] is a modification ( ,luck['s2 x 0 introduc$ by u into ! (fices ( ! ,rio ,t9to ,copp] ,company1 & has be5 9 use = _m ye>s ) success4 ,?is modification is n[ employ$ 9 copp]-works 9 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 & is us$ 9 place ( ! dry assay = ! comm]cial valuation ( copp] ores4 ,we h adh]$ to ! gram & ! c4c4 z ! units ( weight & volume4 ,^? :o pref] work+ ) gra9s & gra9-measures c use ! figures giv51 multipli$ by t54 ,= example3--,:5 #a gram is m5tion$1 #aj gra9s %\ld be us$1 & #aj gra9-measures take ! place ( #a c4c4 ,x is n advisable to mix ! two sy/ems1 z by us+ gram weights & gra9-measures4 ,we h int5tionally to a l>ge ext5t omitt$ to m5tion ! names ( ^? :o h orig9at$ or modifi$ ! v>i\s processes4 ,! practice ( nam+ a process aft] its discov]] has develop$ ( late ye>s1 & is becom+ objectionable4 ,x is a graceful ?+ to "n a gas-burn] aft] ,buns51 or a cond5s] aft] ,liebig2 b :5 ! practice has develop$ s f> t "o is direct$ to ,f9k5]ise a residue1 or to use ! ,rei*]t-,meissl-,wollny process1 x is "t to /op4 ,we are indebt$ to ! /&>d works ( ,all51 ,crookes1 ,fres5ius1 ,lunge1 ,mi*ell1 ,p]cy1 & ,sutton1 & wi% to express our s5se ( special indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,smi?1 ( ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,"o or two ( ! illu/rations are tak5 f ,mr4 ,sexton's excell5t little book on ,qualitative ,analysis4 ,our obligation to "s o!rs is m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,f9ally1 we h to ?ank = assi/ance 9 ! exp]im5tal "w ,messrs4 ,bailey1 ,beswick1 ,cl>ke1 ,grant1 ,higg9s1 & ,smi?4 ,,! ,,au?ors4 ,,camborne1 ,nov4 #ahhi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,page ,object ( assay+ #a ,sampl+ #a ,dry+3 det]m9ation ( moi/ure #e ,calculation & /atem5t ( results #g ,laboratory books & report =ms #i ,quantity to be tak5 = an assay #aa ,ex]cises #ad ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,assay+4--,,dry ,,gravimetric ,,me?ods4 ,me?ods ( assay+ #ae ,gravimetric me?ods #ae ,me*anical sep>ations #af ,dry assays #af 7a7 ,fluxes #af 7b7 ,r$uc+ ag5ts #ba 7c7 ,oxidis+ ag5ts #bb 7c7 ,app>atus #bd ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,wet ,,gravimetric ,,me?ods4 ,wet gravimetric me?ods #bg 7a7 ,solution #bi 7b7 ,precipitation #cj 7c7 ,filtration #ca 7c7 ,dry+ & ignit+ #cb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,volumetric ,,assays4 ,titrometric assays #ce 7a7 ,/&>d solutions #cf 7b7 ,/&>dis+ #cg 7c7 ,me?ods ( work+ #db 7c7 ,indirect titration #dc ,colorimetric assays #dd ,gasometric assays #dd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,measur+4 ,weigh+ #dg ,measur+ liquids #di 7a7 ,graduat$ flasks #di 7b7 ,pipettes #ej 7c7 ,burettes #ea ,measur+ gases #eb ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,reag5ts4 ,acids1 c4 #ed ,bases1 salts1 c4 #ei ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,=mul1 equations1 c4 #fh ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,introductory #ge ,det]m9ation ( specific gravity-- 7a7 ,hydromet]s #gf 7b7 ,specific gravity bottles #gh ,calculations dep5d+ on specific gravity #hd ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,silv]1 ,,gold1 ,,plat9um1 ,,cyanides1 ,,m]cury4 ,,silv]--,detection #hg ,dry assay #hg 7#a7 ,scorification #hh 7#b7 ,pot assays1 av]age ores #ij ores ) metallic oxides #ia ores ) metallic sulphides #ia ,explanatory notes on ! fusion #ic ,! effect ( *>coal1 fl\r1 c4 #id ,! effect ( nitre #ie ,! effect ( m9]al sulphides #ie 7#c7 ,cupellation #ih ,! loss ( silv] #aja ,condition affect+ ! loss #ajb ,me?ods ( correction #ajc ,lead requir$ = cupellation #aje 7#d7 ,calculation ( ! results 9 ounces to ! ton ( #bbdj lbs4 ,table #ajg ,ores ) metallic p>ticles #ajh 7#e7 ,explanatory notes #aaj 7#f7 ,examples ( dry silv] assays #aac ,wet assays #aaf ,gravimetric me?od #aag ,gay-,lussac's me?od #aai ,volh>d's me?od #aba ,a modifi$ ,gay-,lussac #abc ,volh>d's me?od appli$ to ars5ic #abd ,,gold--,detection #abf ,amalgamation assay #abf ,dry assay #abg 7#a7 ,size ( *>ges #abg 7#b7 ,sampl+ #abg 7#c7 ,assay tons #aca 7#d7 ,small buttons1 weigh+ #aca measur+ #acc 7#e7 ,conc5tration 9 lead #acf ,qu>tz ores #acf ,ores ) oxide ( iron #ach ,ores ) metallic sulphides #aci 7#f7 ,cyanide *>ges1 residues1 c4 #adj 7#g7 ,cupellation #adb ,cupels #adb ,cupellation temp]ature #adc ,cupellation loss #ade 7#h7 ,inqu>tation #adf 7#i7 ,flatt+ #adi 7#aj7 ,p>t+1 9 flasks #aea 9 te/ tubes #aeb 9 glaz$ crucibles #aec ,loss1 c4 #aed 7#aa7 ,*eck assays1 sur*>ge #aed 7#ab7 ,bullion assays 9 special app>atus #aef ,silv]1 c41 9 gold bullion #aeg 7#ac7 ,sampl+ ( base bullion1 c4 #aeg ,,cyanides--,comm]cial cyanides #afj ,d\ble cyanides #afa ,prussic acid #afb ,gold-dissolv+ p[] ( cyanide liquor #afb ,assay = cyanide /r5g? #afc1 #afe ,assay ( comm]cial cyanide #afg ,alkal9ity ( cyanides #afg ,acidity ( ores #afh ,metals 9 cyanide liquors #afi ,cyanicides #afi ,,plat9um #agj ,,iridium #aga ,,m]cury #aga ,dry assay #agb ,wet me?od #agc ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,copp]1 ,,lead1 ,,?allium1 ,,bismu?1 ,,antimony4 ,,copp]--,introductory #age ,dry assay #agf ,valuation ( copp] ores #aha ,wet me?ods #ahc 7#a7 ,electrolytic assay #ahd ,volumetric me?ods #aid 7#a7 ,cyanide me?od #aid 7#b7 ,iodide me?od #aii 7#c7 ,colorimetric me?od #bjc ,exam9ation ( comm]cial copp] #bje ,,lead #baa ,dry assay #baa ,wet assay #bac 7#a7 ,gravimetric me?od #bac 7#b7 ,volumetric me?od #bad 7#c7 ,colorimetric me?od #bah ,,?allium #bai ,,bismu? #bbj ,dry assay #bba ,wet me?od #bba 7#a7 ,gravimetric det]m9ation #bbb 7#b7 ,colorimetric assay #bbc ,,antimony #bbe ,dry assay #bbe ,wet me?od #bbg 7#a7 ,gravimetric assay #bbh 7#b7 ,volumetric me?od #bbi ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,iron1 ,,nickel1 ,,cobalt1 ,,z9c1 ,,cadmium4 ,,iron #bca ,gravimetric det]m9ation #bcc ,p]manganate & bi*romate me?ods #bcd ,/ann\s *loride me?od #bdd ,colorimetric det]m9ation #bdg ,,nickel #bea ,dry assay #bea ,electrolytic assay #bed ,titration by cyanide #bee ,,cobalt #bei ,,z9c #bfa ,gravimetric me?od #bfb ,volumetric me?od #bfc ,gasometric me?od #bff ,,cadmium #bfi ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,t91 ,,tung/51 ,,titanium4 ,,t9 #bga ,vann+ #bgc ,dry assay #bgf ,detection1 c4 #bgi ,gravimetric det]m9ation #bha ,volumetric det]m9ation #bhb ,examples #bhd ,,titanium #bib ,,tung/5 #bie ,,niobic ,,& ,,tantalic ,,oxides #big ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,manganese1 ,,*romium1 ,,etc4 ,,manganese #bih ,gravimetric det]m9ation #cjj ,volumetric det]m9ation #cjj ,f]r\s sulphate assay #cja ,iod9e assay #cjb ,colorimetric det]m9ation #cjf ,,*romium #cjg ,,vanadium #caj ,,molybd5um #caa ,,uranium #cab ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,e>?s1 ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s1 ,,alkalies4 ,,alum9a #cad ,,?oria #cag ,,zirconia #cag ,,c]ium #cah ,,lan?anum ,,& ,,didymium #cai ,,yttria #cai ,,b]yllia #cai ,,lime #cbj ,,/rontia #cbd ,,b>yta #cbf ,,magnesia #cbh ,,! ,,alkalies #ccj ,,sodium #ccd ,,potassium #ccf ,,li?ium #cch ,c,,sium #cci ,,rubidium #cdj ,,ammonium #cdj ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,oxyg5 ,,& ,,oxides--,,! ,,halog5s4 ,,oxyg5 #cdd ,,oxides #cde ,,wat] #cej ,,! ,,halog5s #ceh ,,*lor9e #cei ,,brom9e #cfa ,,iod9e #cfb ,,fluor9e #cfc ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,sulphur ,,& ,,sulphates4 ,,sulphur #cfg ,gravimetric det]m9ation #cfi ,volumetric det]m9ation #cgj ,,sulphates #cgg ,,sel5ium #cgi ,,tellurium #cgi ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ars5ic1 ,,phosphorus1 ,,nitrog54 ,,ars5ic #cha ,gravimetric det]m9ation #chc ,volumetric me?od1 iod9e #chd uranic acetate #chi ,,phosphorus #cid ,gravimetric det]m9ation #cif ,volumetric det]m9ation #cig ,,nitrog5 ,,& ,,nitrates #djj ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,silicon1 ,,c>bon1 ,,boron4 ,,silicon ,,& ,,silicates #dje ,,c>bon ,,& ,,c>bonates #dad ,,coals #dah ,,%ales #dbj ,,c>bonates #dbd ,,boron ,,& ,,borates #dbi ,,app5dix ,a4 ,table ( atomic weights & o!r con/ants #dcc ,table = conv]t+ degrees ( ! c5tigrade !rmomet] into degrees ( ,fahr5heit's scale #dce ,tables %[+ /r5g?s ( aque\s solutions ( nitric & hydro*loric acids1 ( ammonia & ( sulphuric acid #dcf ,,app5dix ,b4 ,e/imation ( small quantities ( gold #ddj ,practical notes on ! iodide process ( copp] assay+ #dda ,me?od ( sep>at+ cobalt & nickel #ddb ,,app5dix ,c4 ,a lecture on ! !ory ( sampl+ #ddd ,,index #dej ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,assay+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,assay+ has = its object ! det]m9ation ( ! quantities ( ^? con/itu5ts ( a mat]ial :i* add to or detract f its value 9 ! arts & manufactures4 ,! me?ods ( assay+ are ma9ly ^? ( analytical *emi/ry1 & are limit$ by v>i\s practical consid]ations to ! det]m9ation ( ! con/itu5ts ( a small p>cel1 :i* is frequ5tly only a few gra9s1 & r>ely m ?an a few ounces1 9 weight4 ,f ^! det]m9ations calculations are made1 :i* h ref]5ce to a mass ( mat]ial (1 p]haps1 hundr$s ( tons4 ,b 9 all cases1 :e!r ! mass "u consid]ation be l>ge or small1 :e!r ! mat]ial be obta9$ by m9+1 gr[n1 or manufactur$1 ! assay] is suppos$ to receive a small quantity1 call$ ! sample1 :i* is1 or ought to be1 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! mass ( mat]ial t is be+ dealt )4 ,! tak+ & mak+ ( ?is sample is t]m$ sampl+2 & ! m5 ^: special "w x is to select su* samples are ! sampl]s4 ,b al?\gh sampl+ is ?us di/9ct f assay+1 ! assay] %\ld be famili> ) ! pr9ciples ( sampl+1 & rigor\s 9 ! application ( ^! pr9ciples 9 ! select+1 f ! sample s5t him1 t small] portion ^u :i* he p]=ms 8 op]ations4 ,sampl+4--,9 ! case ( gases1 !re is absolutely no tr\ble 9 mix+4 ,! only difficulty is 9 draw+ (f a fair sample :]e1 z 9 flues1 ! body ( ! gas is 9 motion1 & v>ies a little 9 composition f "t to "t4 ,9 ?is case1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to draw (f uni=mly a suffici5t volume ( ! gas dur+ a prolong$ p]iod2 any portion ( ?is l>g] volume may !n be tak5 = ! analytical op]ation4 ,9 ! case ( liquids1 :i* mix m or less easily--& ?is class includes metals1 c41 9 ! /ate ( fusion--m or less sev]e agitation1 foll[$ by ! imm$iate )drawal ( a portion1 w yield a fairly repres5tative sample4 ,9 ! case ( solids1 ! :ole mass mu/ be cru%$1 &1 if n already ( fairly uni=m quality1 mix$1 be=e sampl+ c take place4 ,mo/ ( ! mat]ial :i* a sampl] is call$ ^u to deal )1 is1 h[ev]1 9 a m or less divid$ /ate & fairly uni=m4 ,9 practice x is assum$ t #e p] c5t4 ( ! :ole 7 #a_/bj?71 if tak5 9 portions ( equal weight & at frequ5t & regul> int]vals1 w repres5t ! mass f :i* x 0 tak54 ,tak+ a heap ( ore1 ,a1 & select+ "o out ( e tw5ty spade-1 bag-1 b>r[-1 or wagon-fuls1 accord+ to ! quantity ( /uff 9 ! heap1 !re is obta9$ a second heap1 ,b1 conta9+ "o-tw5tie? ( ! /uff ( ! heap ,a4 ,if we cru% ! /uff 9 ,b until ?is heap conta9s approximately ! same numb] ( /ones z ,a did--:i* means1 cru%+ e /one 9 ,b into ab\t tw5ty pieces--,b w become ! c\nt]p>t ( ,a4 ,select+ 9 ! same mann] #e p] c5t4 ( ,b1 !re is got a ?ird heap1 ,c4 ,?is alt]nate r$uction & pulv]is+ mu/ be c>ri$ on until a sample ( suitable size is obta9$4 ,?is may be express$ v cle>ly ?us3-- ,a #ajjj tons ( rocks & lumpy ore4 ,b #ej r\gh /ones1 #a_/bj? ( ,a4 ,c #b4e small /ones1 #a_/bj? ( ,b4 ,d #j4abe co>se p[d]1 #a_/bj? ( ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,cone ,,p>tly ,,r$uc$ ,,cone ,,plan ,,( ,,fru/rum ,,divid$4 ,,elevation ,,( ,,fru/rum ,,divid$4 ,if ! mat]ial to be sampl$ is already a dry p[d]1 #e p] c5t4 ( x %\ld be heap$ 9 a cone2 ea* lot be+ add$ on ! apex ( ! cone already =m$1 s t x may di/ribute itself by fall+ ev5ly 9 all directions4 ,:5 ! cone is complet$1 conv]t x into a l[ fru/rum ( a cone by draw+ /uff uni=mly & 9 a direct l9e f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,draw two diamet]s at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & res]v+ any two alt]nate qu>t]s1 reject ! o!rs4 ,mix2 & =m ano!r cone1 & proce$ until a sample is got ( ! bulk requir$4 ,?is is ! usual plan1 & all samples %\ld be treat$ 9 ?is way :5 ! /uff is f9e en\gh to fall ev5ly d[n ! sides ( a cone4 ,samples z !y rea* ! assay (fice are seldom 9 a fit /ate = ! "w ( ! assay]2 !y are g5]ally too co>se1 & ought always to be m ?an he wants = any p>ticul> det]m9ation4 ,! portion he requires %\ld nev] be tak5 at hap-haz>d2 ! sample mu/ be r$uc$ sy/ematically to ! quantity requir$4 #a4 ,if ! sample is a liquid3 x is suffici5t to %ake ! bottle1 & take out a measur$ or weigh$ quantity = ! assay4 #b4 ,if a liquid ) a solid 9 susp5sion3 measure ! :ole ( x4 ,filt]4 ,make up ! filtrate ) ! wa%-wat] or wat] to ! orig9al bulk4 ,assay x4 ,dry & weigh ! residue1 & make a sep>ate assay ( x4 #c4 ,if ( a creamy consi/5cy1 free f heavy p>ticles3 mix well2 spread out ev5ly on a glaz$ tile4 ,take up equal portions at equal di/ances4 ,mix & assay4 #d4 ,if a mud ( co>se & f9e p>ticles1 or ( p>ticles ( unequal d5sity3 weigh & transf] to a porcela9 di%1 or weigh 9 ! di%4 ,dry at #ajj ,c41 weigh4 ,treat ! residue z a solid capable ( be+ p[d]$4 #e4 ,if a solid capable ( be+ p[d]$1 or already p[d]$3 heap up into a cone2 flatt5 ) a spatula2 divide along two diamet]s at "r angles1 & c>efully reject ! :ole ( two alt]nate qu>t]s1 bru%+ away any f9e p[d]4 ,mix ! o!r qu>t]s1 & repeat 7if necess>y74 ,= small quantities a f9e /ate ( division is ess5tial4 #f4 ,if a solid ) metallic p>ticles3 p[d] & pass ?r\gh a sieve2 ! metallic p>ticles w n pass ?r\gh4 ,weigh bo? portions & assay sep>ately4 ,sift+ %\ld be foll[$ by a v ?or\gh mix+4 #g4 ,if a metal or alloy 9 b> or +ot3 clean ! upp] surface ( ! b>1 & bore ?r\gh ! b>4 ,use ! bor+s4 ,if ! +ot or b> is small1 cut x ?r\gh & file ! section4 ,fil+s mu/ be fre$ f fragm5ts ( ! file by means ( a magnet2 & f oil1 if any be pres5t1 by wa%+ ) a suitable solv5t4#a ,:]e practicable1 metals & alloys are be/ sampl$ by melt+ & granulat+4 ,! /ud5t mu/ c>efully avoid any *ance ( mix+ dirt or p>ticles ( o!r samples ) ! p>ticul> sample :i* he is prep>+4 ,"o ore %\ld be done at a "t1 & :5 f9i%$1 x %\ld be labell$ & wrapp$ up1 or bottl$1 be=e />t+ on a fre% sample4 ,:5 an ore requires to be v f9ely gr\nd 9 an agate mort>1 x is (t5 advisable to mix ) a little pure alcohol & rub until free f grit2 dry at #ajj ,c4 & mix well be=e weigh+4 ,:5 an assay is requir$ ( a quantity ( ore made up ( p>cels ( diff]5t weight & quality1 ea* p>cel %\ld be sep>ately sampl$ & p>ts ( ea* sample1 be>+ to ea* o!r ! same proportion by weight z ! orig9al p>cels1 %\ld be tak5 & mix$4 ,= example1 a lot ( ore is made up ( "o p>cel ( ,a1 #egj tons1 "o ( ,b1 #ahj tons1 & ano!r ( ,c1 #ej tons2 a sample repres5t+ ! :ole may be got by mix+ #eg p>ts ( a sample ( ,a ) #ah p>ts ( a sample ( ,b1 & #e p>ts ( a sample ( ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,a bruis+ plate1 l t 9 fig4 #b1 is conv5i5t = g5]al (fice "w4 ,! slab is ( ca/ iron1 ab\t an in* ?ick4 ,x is firmly support$ on a solid block ( wood1 & pivot$ = conv5i5ce 9 empty+4 ,! bruis+-hamm] is /eel-fac$1 ab\t #d in*es squ>e1 & #a-a_/b in* ?ick4 ,! block is firmly fix$ to a small table or tressel1 s t ! slab is ab\t #b feet #f in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,! slab is clean$1 & ! sample collect$ ) ! help ( a /iff-hair$ bru%4 ,dry+3 ,det]m9ation ( ,moi/ure4--,9 practice1 ! moi/ure is g5]ally det]m9$ by ! sampl]s1 & ! proportion is specifi$ 9 gra9s p] p\nd on ! label atta*$ to ! sample :5 x rea*es ! assay (fice4 ,! me?od adopt$ is usually to dry #a lb4 #gjjj grs4 ( ! ore 9 a fry+-pan heat$ ov] a gas flame1 or 9 an ord9>y ov51 until a cold bright piece ( metal or glass is no long] damp$ :5 held ov] x4 ,! loss ( weight 9 gra9s moi/ure4 ,prop]ly1 h[ev]1 ?is "w %\ld be done by ! assay]1 if only = ! foll[+ reason4 ,x is assum$ t ! dry ore ( ! sampl] & ( ! assay] are ! same ?+2 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ore1 ?is may or may n be ! case4 ,! assay]1 h[ev]1 uses ! sample :i* he has dri$ = 8 moi/ure-det]m9ation1 z ! dry ore on :i* he makes 8 o!r assays1 & no v>iation 9 moi/ure w\ld influ5ce ! o!r & m important det]m9ations4 ,"s ores are s5t to ! smelt] ) f #e to #ae p] c5t4 ( adh]5t wat]4 ,9 ^! cases x is be/ to spread out ! sample1 & tak+ equal portions fairly at regul> int]vals1 weigh into a ,b]l9 di% #bj grams4 ,?is %\ld !n be dri$ ov] a s&-ba?1 or if ! ore is likely to be injur$ by excess ( heat1 ov] a wat]-ba? until ! weight is con/ant4 ,! loss ( weight multipli$ by #e gives ! p]c5tage ( wat] pres5t4 ,example3-- ,weight ( di% wolfram #cb4fg grms4 di% #ab4fg ----- wolfram #bj4jj di% wolfram #cb4fg dri$ #cj4ae ----- wat] #b4eb #b4eb #e #ab4f #ab4f4 ,!re are o!r ores :i* are n app>5tly wet1 b 9 ! /ate call$ air-dri$4 ,x is easi] to take fair samples ( ^!1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is n necess>y to use s l>ge a quantity z #bj grams4 ,b ) a small] quantity1 extra precautions mu/ be tak54 ,all dry solids at ord9>y temp]atures absorb moi/ure f ! air4 ,! am\nt v>ies ) ! nature ( ! mat]ial & ) ! quantity ( surface expos$4 ,light bulky p[d]s absorb m ?an heavy ones1 because ( ! great] cond5s+ surface4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t x is well to weigh sub/ances1 :i* h be5 dri$1 betwe5 close-fitt+ wat*-glasses4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ moi/ure is to weigh out into ! glasses #e grams ( ore1 & dry 9 ! wat]-ov5 until !re is no fur!r loss ( weight4 ,on tak+ ! glasses out ( ! ov51 !y %\ld be at once clos$1 ! clip put on1 & aft] cool+ 9 a desiccator weigh$4 ,if aft] a second trial ! loss is ! same1 or only increas$ by a milligram1 ! det]m9ation is f9i%$4 ,example3-- ,weight ( glasses pyrites #ca4jdgj grms4 glasses #bf4jdgj ------- pyrites #e4jjjj glasses pyrites1 dri$ #a h\r #cj4hife dri$ #a-a_/b #cj4hieg #ca4jdgj dri$ #cj4hieg ------- moi/ure #j4aeac #j4aeac #bj #c4jbf #c4jb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,sometimes x may be advisable to dry #aj grams1 9 :i* case multiply+ ! loss by #aj w give ! p]c5tage4 ,! dri$ ore %\ld be transf]r$ to a weigh+-tube 7fig4 #c71 & res]v$ = ! subsequ5t det]m9ations4 ,! weigh+-tube ) ! ore mu/ be m>k$1 & kept 9 a desiccator4 ,mo/ ores & inorganic sub/ances c be dri$1 & _! moi/ure det]m9$ by ! loss 9 ?is way4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! sub/ance conta9s ano!r some:at volatile +r$i5t1 x is expos$ ov] sulphuric acid 9 a desiccator = two days 7if 9 vacuo1 all ! bett]71 & ! loss det]m9$4 ,moi/ure 9 dynamite %\ld be det]m9$ 9 ?is way4 ,:5 wat] is simply me*anically mix$ ) a sub/ance x pres5ts b little difficulty4 ,! comb9$ wat] is a diff]5t matt]4 ,slak$ lime1 ev5 :5 p]fectly dry1 conta9s mu* wat]2 & if ! wat] ( soda cry/als 7 sep>at$ & froz51 x w\ld occupy a volume equal to t ( ! orig9al cry/als4 ,p]fectly dry sub/ances may conta9 mu* wat]1 & ?is comb9$ wat] is reta9$ by diff]5t mat]ials ) v unequal vig\r4 ,sodium sulphate & sodium phosphate cry/als lose wat] ev5 :5 expos$ "u ord9>y conditions to dry air4 ,soda cry/als :5 heat$ melt1 & at a mod]ate temp]ature give (f _! wat] ) ebullition4 ,! temp]ature at :i* all ! wat] is giv5 up v>ies ) ea* p>ticul> salt2 ! actual det]m9ation ( ! wat] 9 ea* case w require some:at diff]5t treatm5t4 ,su* det]m9ations1 h[ev]1 are seldom requir$2 & f a practical po9t ( view ?is comb9$ wat] causes no tr\ble4 ,9 assay+ ores1 we t]m moi/ure all wat] :i* is lo/ by exposure 9 a wat]-ov5 at #ajj ,c41 & ! dry ore is ! ore :i* has be5 dri$ at ?is temp]ature4 ,no advantage1 b r endless confusion1 w\ld be caus$ by v>y+ ! temp]ature ) ! object ( e/imat+ ! :ole ( ! wat] :i* a hydrat$ salt may conta94 ,! results ( ! assay ( ! o!r compon5ts %\ld be calculat$ on ! dry ore4 ,"o advantage ( ?is is obvi\s3--,! dry ore has a con/ant composition1 & ! results ( all assays ( x w be ! same1 no matt] :5 made2 ! moi/ure1 h[ev]1 may v>y f day to day1 & w\ld be influ5c$ by a pass+ %[] ( ra94 ,x is well to limit ?is v>iability to ! moi/ure by consid]+ x ap>t1 & ?us avoid hav+ ! p]c5tage1 say1 ( copp] ris+ & fall+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! wea!r4 ,9 ! case ( c]ta9 salts1 h[ev]1 su* z soda cry/als & hydrat$ sulphate ( copp] 7:5 ^! con/itute ! bulk ( ! sub/ance to be assay$71 x is z well to p]=m ! assay on ! moi/1 or at any rate air-dri$1 sub/ance4#b ,x w\ld be equally conv5i5t to calculate on ! sub/ance dri$ at #ajj ,c42 b 9 ?is case x w\ld be well1 9 ord] to avoid a some:at %all[ criticism1 to replace ! t]m moi/ure by ! long] b equival5t phrase wat] lo/ at #ajj ,c4 ,calculation & ,/atem5t ( ,results4--,by f> ! mo/ g5]ally conv5i5t me?od ( /at+ ! results ( an assay is t ( ! p]c5tage or p>ts 9 a hundr$1 & to avoid a ne$lessly tr\blesome calculation x is well to take su* a quantity ( ore = ea* assay z by a simple multiplication w yield ! p]c5tage4 ,9 ^! calculations decimals are freely employ$1 & /ud5ts %\ld make !mselves famili> ) ! me?ods ( us+ !m4 ,o!r me?ods ( /atem5t are 9 use1 & h advantages 9 c]ta9 special cases4 ,) bullion ! p>ts 9 a ?\s& are giv51 & 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! p]c5tage is v small1 z 9 wat] analysis1 x is conv5i5t to report on p>ts 9 #ajj1jjj1 or ev5 on p>ts p] #a1jjj1jjj4 ,^! are easily got f ! correspond+ p]c5tages by %ift+ ! decimal po9t "o1 ?ree1 or f\r places to ! "r4 ,?us #ib4e p] c5t4 is #ibe p] ?\s&2 & #j4jjcf p] c5t4 is #c4f p] #ajj1jjj1 or #cf p] million4 ,) ores ( t91 silv]1 & gold1 ! result is /at$ z s _m cwts41 lbs41 or ozs41 9 ! ton4 ,) dress$ t9 ores z !y are s5t to ! smelt]1 ! produce is giv5 9 cwts4 & qu>t]s to ! ton4 ,! correspond+ p]c5tage may be obta9$ by multiply+ by five2 or1 inv]sely1 if ! p]c5tage is giv51 ! produce may be got by divid+ by five4 ,a produce ( #ac-a_/b equals a p]c5tage ( #ac4ee #fg4e2 & a p]c5tage ( #gj4j equals a produce ( #gj_/e #ad4 ,) t9 ores z rais$ 79 :i* ! p]c5tage is small7 ! r$uction mu/ be c>ri$ to p\nds p] ton4 ,"o p] c5t4 equals #bb4d lbs4 to ! ton2 consequ5tly1 if we multiply ! p]c5tage by #bb4d1 ! produce w be giv54 ,?us1 if an ore conta9s #f4g p] c5t4 ( oxide ( t91 ! produce is #f4gbb4d #aej lbs4 7or #a cwt41 #a qu>t]1 & #aj lbs47 to ! ton4 ,) gold & silv] ores1 ! proportion ( preci\s metal is small1 & x is necess>y to c>ry ! r$uction to ozs4 & dwts4 to ! ton2 & s9ce gold & silv] are sold by troy weight1 :il/ ! ton is avoirdupois1 x is ( importance to rememb] t ! ounces 9 ! two sy/ems are n ! same4 ,a ton conta9s #ae1fhj1jjj gra9s1 :i* equal #fec1ccc4c dwts4 or #cb1fff4f ozs4 7troy74 ,! foll[+ rules are useful3-- ,to get ozs4 7troy7 p] ton1 multiply p>ts p] #ajj1jjj by #j4cbg2 ,to get dwts4 p] ton1 multiply p>ts p] #ajj1jjj by #f4ec2 ,to get gra9s p] ton1 multiply p>ts p] #ajj1jjj by #aef4h4 ,:]e liquids are be+ assay$1 cubic c5timetres are held to be equival5t to grams1 & ! usual me?od ( /atem5t is1 s _m p>ts by weight 9 s _m by measure4 ,:]e ! /atem5t is made z grams p] litre or gra9s p] gallon1 !re c be no d\bt z to :at is meant2 & ev5 if x be express$ 9 p>ts p] #ajj1jjj1 p>ts by weight 9 a measur$ volume mu/ be und]/ood unless ! contr>y is expressly /at$4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e ! d5sity ( ! solution diff]s greatly f t ( wat]1 ! p]c5tage by weight may be giv52 & 9 o!rs1 mixtures ( two or m liquids1 ! p]c5tages may be giv5 by volume or by weight2 z s _m c4c4 9 #ajj c4c41 or z s _m grams 9 #ajj grams1 or ev5 z s _m grams 9 #ajj c4c4 ,9 su* cases x mu/ be di/9ctly %[n :i* me?od ( /atem5t is adopt$4 ,"o gra9 p] gallon means #a gra9 9 #gj1jjj gra9-measures1 or "o "p 9 #gj1jjj4 ,divid+ by #g & multiply+ by #aj w conv]t gra9s p] gallon into p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 ,inv]sely1 divid+ by #aj & multiply+ by #g1 w conv]t p>ts p] #ajj1jjj into gra9s p] gallon4 ,grams p] litre are p>ts p] #ajjj2 multiply+ by #ajj w give p>ts p] #ajj1jjj1 & multiply+ by #gj w give gra9s p] gallon4 ,among =eign sy/ems ( weights1 ! ,fr5* is by f> ! be/4 ,kilograms 7#b4bje lbs47 p] qu9tal 7#bbj4e lbs47 are p>ts p] c5t42 & grams 7#ae4dc grs47 p] qu9tal are p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 ,f ! rule already giv51 grams p] qu9tal may be conv]t$ into ounces to ! ton by multiply+ by #j4cbg4 ,! ,g]man lo?s p] c5tn] 7#a_/b oz4 7avoirdupois7 to #ajj lbs47 equal p>ts p] #cbjj2 !y are conv]t$ into p>ts p] c5t4 by divid+ by #cb1 or into ounces 7troy7 p] ton by multiply+ by #aj4bjh4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z a sort ( compromise betwe5 ! avoirdupois & metric sy/ems1 a ton is tak5 z #bjjj lbs4 ,!re1 too1 ! cu/om is adopt$ ( report+ ! gold & silv] cont5ts ( an ore z s _m doll>s & c5ts to ! ton4 ,9 ! case ( gold1 an ounce is consid]$ to be wor? #bj4fgah doll>s4 ,) silv]1 ! nom9al value is #a4bibi doll>s p] ounce1 b frequ5tly 9 assay reports x is tak5 z "o doll>4 ,! practice is objectionable4 ,! prices ( metals v>y ) ! fluctuations ( ! m>ket1 & if ! assay] fix$ ! price1 ! date ( 8 report w\ld be all important2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 he takes a fix$ price :i* does n at all times agree ) ! m>ket "o1 x leaves a pa? op5 = ! deception ( ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! cu/om4 ,am]ican doll>s on ! ton ( #bjjj lbs4 may be conv]t$ into ounces 9 ! ton ( #bbdj lbs4 by divid+ by #a4aedd 9 ! case ( silv]1 & by #ah4deg 9 ! case ( gold4 ,laboratory ,books & ,report ,=ms4--,! record :i* ! assay] makes ( 8 "w mu/ be cle> & neat1 s t ref]5ce1 ev5 aft] an int]val ( ye>s1 %\ld be c]ta9 & easy4 ,"o me?od %\ld be adopt$ & adh]$ to4 ,:]e !re are a l>ge numb] ( samples1 ?ree books are requir$4 ,sample ,book4--,?is conta9s p>ticul>s ( ! samples 7m>ks1 c471 :i* are ent]$ by ! (fice-cl]k z !y arrive4 ,he at ! same "t puts on ea* sample ! di/+ui%+ numb]4 ,,example ,,( ,,page ,,( ,,sample ,,book4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,date4 ,numb]4 ,sample4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,feb4 #a #dhb ,t\gh ,copp] ,= ,ars5ic4 #b ,x ,piece ( ,metal ,= ,ni & ,cu4 #dhc ,t\gh ,copp]4 #gc ,silv] ,precipitate1 ,) ,lett]4 #d casks1 #bd cwt4 #a qr4 #did ,purple ,ore1 #bjj tons4 #a ,j4,t4 ,lead ,ore1 #a ,j4,t4 ,f ,corsica4 #b ,j4,t4 #b ,j4,t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,laboratory ,book4 ,?is is ! ,assay]'s note-book1 9 :i* he ent]s cle>ly ! p>ticul>s ( 8 "w--! results obta9$1 z well z h[ ^! results 7 arriv$ at4 ,! calculations %\ld be done on scrap-pap]1 & %\ld n be ent]$1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 detail en\gh mu/ be %[n to enable ! results to be recalculat$4 ,,example ,,( ,,page ,,( ,,laboratory ,,book4 ,purple ,ore #e grams #ai_/aj_/hi #j4jjdb grm4 #j4jjba ------ ,colorimetric #j4jjfc #bj #j4ac ,copp] #dhb ,t\gh ,copp] #aj grams ,feb4 #a_/hi #aj4e c4c4 ,uranium4 #j4eb ,ars5ic #bjhb ,t\gh ,copp] #aj grams #ab4g c4c4 ,uranium4 #j4fc ,ars5ic #dia #aj grams ,t\gh ,copp] #ac4g c4c4 ,uranium ,feb4 #a_/hi #j4fh ,ars5ic ,/&>d ( ,uranium acetate4 #j4aej gram ,z#b,o#c #bc4c c4c4 ,uranium4 4'4 #ajj cc4 ,uranium #j4e gram ,z4 #ajjga #e grams ,t9 ,ore ,cruc4 & ,sn,o#b #i4fjfe grms4 ,feb4 #c_/hi ,cruc4 & ,a% #i4dbce ------ ,sn,o#b #j4ahcj #b4hh ,t9 ,! ,assay ,book4--,?is is ! ,(ficial book1 & is a comb9ation ( ! ,sample & ,laboratory books4 ,x corresponds ) ! report-=ms4 ,)\t be+ load$ ) detail1 x %\ld conta9 suffici5t to *>act]ise ea* sample4 ,key to foll[+ example page ( ,assay book3 ,,dr ,,date ,,report$4 ,n ,det4 ,n detect$ ,,example ,,( ,,page ,,( ,,assay ,,book4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,description ,,( ,,sample4 ,wat] ,assay on ---------------------------------------- - ,lo/ at ! ,dry ,date4 ,mat]ial4 ,weight4 ,no4 #ajj ,c4,mat]ial4 ,,dr ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ahhi toncwtqrslbs ,feb4 #a,t\gh cake copp] #dhb ,ars5ic1 #j4eb #g ,t\gh cake copp] #bjhb ,ars5ic1 #j4fc #g ,t\gh cake copp] #dia ,ars5ic1 #j4fh #g ,feb4 #b,nickel disc = ,c4,r4 ,x ,copp]1 #gc4ge #g ,nickel1 #bd4cd ,iron1 #b4ah ----- #ajj4bg ------ ,silv] precipitate1 #bd #a #j #gc ,n #d casks det4 ,silv]1 #d4hea #aj ,gold1 #j4jbae ,lead1 #ai4cg ,z9c1 #b4jj ,silv]1 #aehd4g ozs4 p] ton ,gold1 #g4j ozs4 p] ton ,purple ore #bjj #did ,n ,copp]1 #j4ac #aa det4 ,sulphur #j4ae ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,:5 ! numb] ( samples is small1 ! ,sample ,book may be omitt$1 & ! entries made 9 ! ,assay ,book z ! samples arrive4 ,report-=ms4 ,^! %\ld entail z little writ+ z possible 9 mak+ out ! report4 ,= g5]al purposes ! =m giv5 on p4 #ab is useful4 ,! quantity ( sub/ance to be tak5 = any p>ticul> assay dep5ds l>gely ^u ! me?od ( assay adopt$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s g5]al consid]ations :i* %\ld be rememb]$1 & "s devices = simplify+ ! calculations :i* %\ld be discuss$4 ,! small] ! p]c5tage ( ! sub/ance to be det]m9$1 ! l>g] %\ld be ! am\nt ( ! ore tak54 ,! foll[+ table w give a g5]al idea z to ?is3-- ,p]c5tage ( ! sub/ance ,am\nt ( ore1 c4 to to be det]m9$4 be weigh$4 #ajj-aj #a gram4 #aj-e #b grams4 #e-a #e #a-j4a #aj #j4a-j4ja #bj ,illu/ration3 ,,assay ,,note ,! r\gh] ! me?od ( assay adopt$1 ! l>g] %\ld be ! quantity ( ore tak54 ,if ! degree ( accuracy atta9able ) ! me?ods & in/rum5ts at ! assay]'s s]vice is kn[n1 x is easy to calculate :at quantity %\ld be tak5 = any p>ticul> case4 ,if ! results are good )9 #j4jja gram1 !n1 tak+ #a gram ( ore we c report )9 #j4a p] c5t41 or if !y are good )9 #j4jjjb gram1 tak+ #bj grams ( ore1 we c report )9 #a "p p] #ajj1jjj1 or v closely )9 #f-a_/b dwt4 to ! ton4 ,if x is wi%$ to be yet m p>ticul> 9 report+1 l>g] quantities mu/ be tak54 ,! difficulty ( manipulat+ v small or v l>ge precipitates1 c41 mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,s1 too1 mu/ ! fact t ! great] ! weight ( ! f9al product ( an assay1 ! less1 z a rule1 is ! p]c5tage error4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 absolute & p]c5tage error1 (t5 ov]look$1 is important4 ,if #j4e gram ( silv] be cupell$ ) #bj grams ( lead1 !re may be obta9$ a button ( #j4die gram2 ! absolute loss is #j4jje gram1 & ?is equals #a p] c5t4 ( ! silv] pres5t4 ,simil>ly1 cupell+ #j4a gram1 ! result+ button may be #j4jih2 ! absolute loss is only #j4jjb gram1 b ?is equals #b p] c5t4 ( ! silv] pres5t4 ,9 ! same way ! /ud5t %\ld see t ! two results1 #ia4e p] c5t4 & #ib4j p] c5t41 are really m concordant ?an ! results #i4a p] c5t4 & #i4b p] c5t4 ,a device (t5 adopt$ 9 practice :]e a l>ge numb] ( assays ( "o k9d are made1 & ! report is giv5 z s _m ounces or p\nds to ! ton1 is t kn[n z ! assay ton4 ,! assay ton may be any arbitr>y & conv5i5t weight1 b its subdivisions mu/ be> to x ! same relations z p\nds & ounces be> to ! actual ton4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a laboratory :]e _m k9ds ( "w are p]=m$1 diff]5t sets ( weights ( ?is k9d w\ld only t5d to confusion1 ev5 if !y 7 n unnecess>y4 ,) a set ( gram weights & its subdivisions any?+ may be done4 ,if x is desir$ to report z p\nds to ! ton1 !n1 s9ce !re are #bbdj lbs4 to ! ton1 a weight ( #b4bdj grams may be tak5 z ! assay ton1 & ea* #j4jja gram yield$ w equal #a lb41 or #bb4d grams may repres5t ! ton1 & ea* #j4ja gram a p\nd4 ,simil>ly1 s9ce !re are #cb1fff4f ozs4 troy to ! ton2 if we take #cb4fffg grams z ! assay ton1 ea* #j4jja gram w equal #a oz4 to ! ton4 ,9 "s cases x may be conv5i5t to h1 9 addition to ! usual gram weights1 "o or o!r ( ! assay tons m5tion$ above1 b g5]ally x is bett] to "w on a purely decimal sy/em1 & conv]t :5 requir$ into ounces p] ton1 c41 ei!r by actual calculation or by ref]5ce to a set ( tables4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 ,! /ud5t %\ld practise su* calculations z ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,calculate ! p]c5tages 9 ! foll[+ cases3-- 7a7 ,ore tak51 #b grams2 copp] f\nd1 #j4baee4 7b7 #a4e gram2 iron f\nd1 #j4hcdj4 7c7 #cj grams2 lead f\nd1 #bc4b4 #b4 ,calculate ! p>ts p] ?\s& 9 ! foll[+3-- 7a7 ,bullion tak51 #a4a gram2 silv] f\nd1 #a4jag4 7b7 #a4ad gram2 silv] f\nd1 #a4jbf4 7c7 #j4f gram2 gold f\nd1 #j4eejj4 #c4 ,calculate p>ts p] #ajj1jjj 9 ! foll[+3-- 7a7 ,ore tak51 #bj grams2 silv] f\nd1 #j4jjge4 7b7 #ej grams2 gold f\nd1 #j4jjbf4 7c7 ,wat] tak51 #ejj c4c42 solids f\nd1 #j4abje4 #d4 ,calculate cwts4 to ! ton 9 ! foll[+3-- 7a7 ,ore tak51 #e grams2 t9 f\nd1 #b4haf4 7b7 #e grams2 t9 f\nd1 #c4abh4 7c7 ,an ore ) #fh4b p] c5t4 ( t94 #e4 ,calculate lbs4 to ! ton 9 ! foll[+3-- 7a7 ,an ore ) #c4bh p] c5t4 oxide ( t94 7b7 ,ore tak51 #bj grams2 oxide ( t9 f\nd1 #a4fg4 #f4 ,calculate ozs4 7troy7 to ! ton 9 ! foll[+3-- 7a7 ,ore tak51 #ej grams2 gold f\nd1 #j4jjce4 7b7 #bj grams2 silv] f\nd1 #j4jbhg4 7c7 #be gra9s2 silv] f\nd1 #j4jafd4 #g4 ,calculate 9 gra9s p] gallon3-- 7a7 #j4ea gram p] litre4 7b7 #bd4f p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 7c7 ,solution tak51 #ajj c4c42 copp] f\nd1 #j4jjde gram4 7c7 #ej c4c42 iron f\nd1 #j4afe gram4 #h4 ,conv]t into ozs4 7troy7 p] ton3-- 7a7 #g lo?s p] c5tn]4 7b7 #cj grams p] qu9tal4 7c7 #ae p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,e!r or c>bon bisulphide4 #b ,su* sub/ances are be/ dri$ by press+ betwe5 folds ( dry filt]-pap]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,assay+4--,,dry ,,gravimetric ,,me?ods4 ,! me?ods ( assay+ are be/ class$ "u two heads1 ,gravimetric & ,volumetric1 9 ! =m] ( :i* ! f9al results are weigh$1 :il/ 9 ! latt] !y are measur$4 ,a common] & old] division is express$ 9 ! t]ms mu* us$ 9 practice--wet assays & dry assays4 ,wet assays include all ^? 9 :i* solv5ts1 c4 7liquid at ! ord9>y temp]ature71 are ma9ly us$2 & dry assays1 ^? 9 :i* solid re-ag5ts are almo/ exclusively employ$4 ,dry assays =m a bran* ( gravimetric "w1 & we %all include "u ?is head all ^? assays requir+ ! help ( a w9d furnace4 ,wet assays1 z g5]ally und]/ood1 w\ld include n only ^? :i* we class z wet gravimetric assays1 b also all ! volumetric processes4 ,gravimetric ,me?ods aim at ! sep>ation ( ! sub/ance f ! o!r matt]s pres5t 9 ! ore1 s t x may be weigh$2 &1 !re=e1 !y mu/ yield ! :ole ( ! sub/ance 9 a pure /ate4 ,x is n necess>y t a metal %\ld be weigh$ z metal2 x may be weigh$ 9 ! =m ( a comp\nd ( def9ite & well kn[n composition4 ,= example1 "o "p by weight ( silv] *loride conta9s 7&1 if pure1 always conta9s7 #j4gebg "p ( silv]2 & a quantity ( ?is metal c be z exactly det]m9$ by weigh+ x z *loride z by weigh+ x 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! metal or its *loride mu/ be pure4 ,exact purity & complete sep>ation are n easily obta9$2 & me?ods are us$ :i* are defective 9 "o or bo? ( ^! respects4 ,x is well to note t an impure product increases ! result1 :il/ a loss ( ! sub/ance decreases x2 s t if bo? defects exi/ 9 a process !y t5d to neutralise ea* o!r4 ,( dry me?ods g5]ally1 x may be said t !y nei!r give ! :ole ( ! sub/ance nor give x pure2 s t !y are only calculat$ to %[ ! am\nt ( metal t c be extract$ on a manufactur+ scale1 & n ! actual quantity ( x pres5t4 ,_! det]m9ations are g5]ally r\gh & always l[4 ,! gold & silv] det]m9ations1 h[ev]1 w comp>e v fav\rably ) any ( ! o!r processes = ! e/imation ( ^! metals 9 _! ores4 ,! calculation ( ! results ( a gravimetric assay has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,if ! result is to be /at$ z p]c5tage1 x may always be done by ! foll[+ rule3--,multiply ! weight ( ! sub/ance got by ! p]c5tage ( metal x conta9s1 & divide by ! weight ( ore tak54 ,gravimetric me?ods are divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3 7#a7 me*anical sep>ations2 7#b7 dry me?ods2 & 7#c7 wet me?ods4 ,me*anical ,sep>ations4--,"u ?is head are class$ ! me?od ( assay+ t9 ores1 kn[n z vann+1 & ! amalgamation assay = gold4 ,a set ( sieves to det]m9e ! relative proportion ( p[d]s ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess is sometimes useful4 ,a set ) #aj1 #bj1 #dj & #hj me%es to ! in* is conv5i5t4 ,dry ,assays4--,an important di/9ction betwe5 wet & dry me?ods ( assay+ is1 t 9 ! =m] ! sub/ance is got into ! liquid /ate by solution1 :il/ 9 ! latt] fusion is tak5 advantage (4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 solution & fusion is easily illu/rat$3 a lump ( sug> heat$ ov] a c&le-flame melts or fuses2 susp5d$ 9 wat] x dissolves4 ,_m sub/ances :i* are insoluble or infusible ( !mselves1 become soluble or fusible :5 mix$ ) c]ta9 o!rs2 ?us1 9 ?is way1 solution is got ) ! aid ( reag5ts1 & fusion ) ! help ( fluxes4 ,= example1 lead is insoluble 9 wat]1 b if nitric acid be add$1 ! metal rapidly disappe>s4 ,x is conv5i5t1 b some:at inaccurate1 to say t ! acid dissolves ! lead4 ,if ! lead be act$ on by nitric acid alone1 )\t wat]1 x is conv]t$ into a :ite p[d]1 :i* does n dissolve until wat] is add$2 9 ?is case x is obvi\s t ! wat] is ! solv5t4 ,! function ( ! acid is to conv]t ! lead into a soluble comp\nd4 ,fluxes may act z true solv5ts4 ,fus$ c>bonate ( soda dissolves b>ic c>bonate1 & p]haps 9 _m slags true solution occurs2 b 9 ! great majority ( cases a flux is a solid reag5t add$ = ! purpose ( =m+ a fusible comp\nd ) ! e>?y or /ony m9]als ( ! ore4 ,few ( ! m9]als :i* occur 9 ! gangue ( an ore are fusible2 & /ill few] are suffici5tly fusible = ! purposes ( ! assay]1 consequ5tly ! subject is "o ( importance1 & x ought to be treat$ on *emical pr9ciples4 ,an idea ( ! composition ( "s ( ! m frequ5tly occurr+ rocks may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ table1 :i* repres5ts r\gh av]ages3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,oxide,lime & ,silica4,alum9a4 ( ,magnesia4,alkalies4 iron ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,s&/one1 grit1 qu>tzite1 c4 #hj-ajj -- -- -- -- ,granite1 gneiss1 qu>tz-porphyry1 fire-clay1 c4 #gj-ge #ac-bj #b #b #e-h ,less 9 fire-clay4 ,mica-s*i/ #fe #ah #e #c #c ,tra*yte1 sy5ite #fj #ag #g #d-g #f-i ,clay-slate #fj #ah #aj #h #c ,diorite #ed #ag #ab #i #c-d ,hornebl5de-rock #ej #ah #ae #ab #c-d ,brick-clay #ej #cd #h #f -- ,*9a-clay #dg #ci -- -- -- ,basalt1 dol]ite1 c4 #ej #ae #ae #af #c ,s]p5t9e #dd -- -- #dd -- ,*alk1 lime/one1 dolomite1 c4 -- -- -- #de-ee -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,silica itself1 & ! silicates ( alum9a1 ( lime1 & ( magnesia1 are practically infusible2 ! silicates ( soda1 ( pota%1 & ( iron are easily fusible if ! base 7soda1 pota%1 or oxide ( iron7 be pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity1 & if1 9 ! case ( ! iron1 x is pres5t ma9ly z l[] oxide 7f]r\s silicate74 ,! addition ( lime1 oxide ( iron1 or alkali to silicate ( alum9a results 9 ! =mation ( a d\ble silicate ( alum9a & lime1 or ( alum9a & iron1 c41 all ( :i* are easily fusible4 ,simil>ly1 if to a silicate ( lime we add oxide ( iron1 or soda1 or ev5 alum9a1 a fusible d\ble silicate w be =m$4 ,?us lime1 soda1 oxide ( iron1 & clay1 are fluxes :5 prop]ly us$2 b s9ce lime1 clay 7& oxide ( iron if !re be any t5d5cy to =m p]oxide71 are ( !mselves infusible1 any excess ( ^! fluxes w\ld t5d to /iff5 & r5d] pa/y ! result+ slag4 ,s1 too1 soda1 :i* is a v /rong base1 may act prejudicially if x be 9 suffici5t excess to set free notable quantities ( lime & magnesia1 :i* b = t excess w\ld exi/ 9 comb9ation z complex fusible silicates4 ,!re are _m m9]als :i* ) b little soda =m a glass1 b ) m yield a lumpy scoriaci\s mass4 ,!re are _m m9]als1 too1 :i* are already basic 7= example1 calcite71 & :i*1 :5 pres5t1 dem& ei!r a less basic or an acid flux accord+ to ! proportions 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,= purposes ( ?is k9d borax1 or glass1 or clay ) m or less soda may be us$1 & ( ^! borax is by f> ! mo/ g5]ally useful4 ,an objection to too basic a slag 7& a v important "o7 is ! spe$ ) :i* x corrodes ord9>y crucibles4 ,^! crucibles1 consi/+ ( qu>tz & clay1 are rapidly attack$ by lime1 soda & bases g5]ally4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,9 consid]+ :at is & :at is n a good slag1 c]ta9 *emical prop]ties are ( importance4 ,if a mixture ( _m sub/ances be fus$ & all[$ to solidify 9 a crucible1 !re w be f\nd "s or all ( ! foll[+4 ,at ! bottom ( ! crucible 7fig4 #d7 a button ( metal1 re/+ on ?is a speise2 !n a regulus1 next a slag made up ( silicates & borates & metallic oxides1 & la/ly1 on ! top ano!r lay] ( slag1 ma9ly made up ( fusible *lorides & sulphates4 ,9 assay+ op]ations ! object is g5]ally to conc5trate ! metal s\ght = 9 a button ( metal1 speise or regulus1 & to leave ! e>?y & o!r impurities z f> z possible 9 ! slag2 :e!r !re be "o or two lay]s ( slag is a matt] ( indiff]5ce2#c b ! *emical action ( ! l[] lay] ^u ! speise1 or regulus1 or metal1 is ( great importance4 ,a regulus is a comp\nd ( "o or m ( ! metals ) sulphur2 x is usually brittle1 (t5 cry/all9e1 & ( a dull some:at greasy lu/re4 ,x is ess5tial t ! slag1 :5 solid1 %all be s mu* m brittle ?an ! regulus1 t x %all be easy to crumble1 & remove x )\t break+ ! latt]2 & x mu/ n be basic4 ,! effect ( fus+ a regulus ) a basic slag is well se5 :5 sulphide ( lead is fus$ ) c>bonate ( soda2 ! result is a button ( metal 7m or less pure71 & a slag conta9+ sulphides ( lead & sodium2 & aga91 if sulphide ( lead be fus$ ) an excess ( oxide ( lead1 a button ( lead w be got1 & a slag :i* is simply oxide ( lead 7) :atev] x may h tak5 up f ! crucible71 or if a suffici5t excess has n be5 us$1 oxide ( lead mix$ ) "s sulphide4 ,:5 7z is mo/ frequ5tly ! case7 ! desire is to prev5t ! =mation ( regulus1 ^! reactions may be tak5 advantage (1 b o!rwise ! use ( a flux hav+ any su* t5d5cy mu/ be avoid$4 ,a good slag 7f :i* a regulus may be easily sep>at$7 may be obta9$ by fus+1 say1 #bj grams ( ore ) borax #ae grams1 p[d]$ glass #ae grams1 fluor sp>1 #bj grams1 & lime #bj grams2 by qu5*+ ! slag 9 wat] z soon z x has solidifi$1 x is r5d]$ v brittle4 ,sulphide ( iron =m$ dur+ an assay w rema9 diffus$ ?r\gh ! slag1 in/ead ( fus+ into a button ( regulus1 if ! slag conta9 sulphide ( sodium4 ,! same is true ( o!r sulphides if n pres5t 9 too great a quantity1 & if ! temp]ature is n too high4 ,speises are comp\nds ( a metal or metals ) ars5ic4 ,!y are *iefly ( int]e/ 9 ! metallurgy ( nickel1 cobalt1 & t94 ,!y are =m$ by heat+ ! metal or ore 9 cov]$ crucibles ) ars5ic &1 if necess>y1 a r$uc+ ag5t4 ,! product is fus$ ) m ars5ic "u a slag1 consi/+ ma9ly ( borax4 ,!y are v fusible1 brittle comp\nds4 ,on exposure to ! air at a r$ heat ! ars5ic & ! metal simultane\sly oxidize4 ,:5 iron1 cobalt1 nickel1 & copp] are pres5t 9 ! same speise1 !y are elim9at$ 9 ! ord] m5tion$4 ,slags f :i* metals are to be sep>at$ %\ld n be too acid2 at lea/1 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! metal is to be r$uc$ f a comp\nd1 z well z sep>at$ f e>?y impurities4 ,:]e ! object is simply to get a button ( metal f a sub/ance 9 :i* x is already 9 ! metallic /ate1 b mix$ ) dross 7made up ( metallic oxides1 su* z ^? ( z9c or iron71 f :i* x is desir$ to sep>ate x1 an acid flux l borax is be/2 or1 if ! metal is easily fusible1 & !re w\ld be dang] ( loss ( metal by oxidation or volatilis+1 x may be melt$ "u a lay] ( res9 or fat4 ,common salt is sometimes us$ ) a simil> object1 & is (t5 useful4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 h[ev]1 x has a t5d5cy to cause ! =mation ( volatile *lorides ) a consequ5t loss ( metal4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases1 ! fusion ( ! metal is accompani$ by r$uction f ! /ate ( oxide2 9 ^! ! slag %\ld be basic4 ,x is n easy to r$uce ! :ole ( a r$ucible oxide 7say oxide ( copp] or ( iron7 f a slag 9 :i* x exi/s z a borate or silicate2 !re %\ld be at lea/ en\gh soda pres5t to lib]ate x4 ,:5 ! object is to sep>ate "o metal1 say copp]1 )\t r$uc+ an unnecess>y am\nt ( ano!r 7iron7 at ! same "t1 a slag ) a good deal ( borax is a di/9ct advantage4 ,! slag !n w probably n be free f copp]1 s t x w be necess>y to p[d] & mix ! slag ) "s soda & a r$uc+ ag5t1 & to aga9 fuse ! slag 9 ord] to sep>ate ?is residual metal4 ,9 all ^? cases 9 :i* ! slag reta9s an oxide ( a heavy metal1 ?is clean+ ( ! slag is advisable1 & 9 ! case ( ri* ores necess>y4 ,slags conta9+ sulphides are especially apt to reta9 ! m easily r$ucible metals4 ,! foll[+ are ! ord9>y & mo/ useful fluxes3-- ,soda4--,! p[d]$ bic>bonate1 sold by druggi/s z c>bonate ( soda1 is g5]ally us$4 ,x gives (f its wat] & excess ( c>bonic acid readily & )\t fusion4 ,:]e ! melt+ d[n is p]=m$ rapidly1 ! escap+ gas is apt to cause tr\ble by fro?+1 & s caus+ wa/e ( ! mat]ial4 ,ord9>y c>bonate ( soda1 :5 hydrat$ 7soda cry/als71 melts easily1 & gives (f its wat] ) ebullition4 ,x is unfit = use 9 assay+1 b :5 dri$ x c be us$ in/ead ( ! bic>bonate4 ,"o "p ( ! dri$ c>bonate is equival5t to r m ?an "o & a half p>ts ( ! bic>bonate4 ,f two to f\r p>ts ( ! flux are amply suffici5t to yield a fluid slag ) "o "p ( e>?y matt]4 ,?is /atem5t is also true ( ! fluxes :i* foll[4 ,borax is a hydrat$ biborate ( soda1 conta9+ ne>ly half its weight ( wat]4 ,:5 heat$ x swells up1 loses its wat]1 & fuses into a glass4 ,! swell+ up may become a s\rce ( loss 9 ! assay by pu%+ "s ( ! cont5ts out ( ! crucible4 ,to avoid ?is1 fus$ or dri$ borax may be us$1 9 :i* case a little m ?an half ! am\nt ( borax indicat$ w suffice4 ,borax w flux almo/ any?+1 b x is especially valuable 9 flux+ lime1 c41 & metallic oxides2 z also 9 ^? cases 9 :i* x is desir$ to keep c]ta9 ( ! latt] 9 ! slag & out ( ! button ( metal4 ,oxide ( ,lead1 9 ! =m ( r$ lead or li?>ge1 is a valuable flux2 x easily dissolves ^? metallic oxides :i* are ei!r infusible or difficultly fusible ( !mselves1 su* z oxides ( iron or copp]4 ,! result+ slag is /rongly basic & v corrosive2 no crucible w long )/& ! attack ( a fus$ mixture ( oxides ( lead & copp]4 ,) silicates1 also1 x =ms v fusible d\ble silicates2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( silicates & borates x has no action ^u lime or magnesia4 ,:e!r ! lead be add$ z li?>ge or z r$ lead1 x w exi/ 9 ! slag z monoxide 7li?>ge72 ! excess ( oxyg5 ( ! r$ lead is ?us available = oxidis+ purposes4 ,if ?is oxidis+ p[] is prejudicial1 x may be neutralis$ by mix+ ! r$ lead ) #a p] c5t4 ( *>coal4 ,glass3 brok5 beak]s & flasks1 clean$1 dri$1 & p[d]$ w d4 ,x %\ld be free f lead4 ,fluor3 fluor-sp> z free z possible f o!r m9]als1 p[d]$4 ,x helps to flux phosphate ( lime1 c41 & infusible silicates4 ,lime3 %\ld be fre% & p[d]$4 ,x mu/ n be slak$4 ,p[d]$ :ite m>ble 7c>bonate ( lime7 w d2 b ne>ly d\ble ! quantity mu/ be tak54 ,"o "p ( lime produces ! same effect z #a4h p>ts ( ! c>bonate ( lime4 ,t>t> & black flux1 are r$uc+ ag5ts z well z fluxes4 ,! black flux1 :i* may be obta9$ by heat+ t>t>1 is a mixture ( c>bonate ( pota% & *>coal4 ,,r$uc+ ,,ag5ts4--,! di/9ction betwe5 r$uc+ ag5ts & fluxes 7too (t5 ignor$7 is an important "o4 ,fluxes yield slags2 r$uc+ ag5ts give buttons ( regulus or ( metal4 ,! action ( a r$uc+ ag5t is ! sep>ation ( ! oxyg5 or sulphur f ! metal ) :i* x is comb9$4 ,= example1 ! m9]al anglesite 7lead sulphate7 is a comp\nd ( lead1 sulphur1 & oxyg52 by c>efully heat+ x ) *>coal ! oxyg5 is tak5 away by ! *>coal1 & a regulus ( lead sulphide rema9s4 ,if ! regulus be !n fus$ ) metallic iron ! sulphur is remov$ by ! iron1 & metallic lead is left4 ,! *>coal & ! iron are r$uc+ ag5ts4 ,b 9 def9+ a r$uc+ ag5t z "o :i* removes oxyg51 or sulphur1 f a metallic comp\nd s z to set ! metal free1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t sulphur itself w r$uce metallic lead f fus$ li?>ge1 & t oxyg5 w simil>ly set free ! metal 9 fus$ lead sulphide4 ,!re is no impropriety 9 describ+ sulphur z a r$uc+ ag5t2 b x is absurd to call oxyg5 "o4 ,"s confusion w be avoid$ if ^! sub/ances & ^? :i* are opposite to !m 9 prop]ty be class$ z oxidis+ & de-oxidis+1 sulphuris+1 & de-sulphuris+ ag5ts4 ,mo/ oxidis+ ag5ts also act z de-sulphuris]s4 ,! de-oxidis+ ag5ts mo/ 9 use are ! foll[+3-- ,*>coal4--,p[d]$ wood *>coal2 x conta9s m or less hygroscopic moi/ure & ab\t #c or #d p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,! re/ may be consid]$ c>bon4 ,c>bon heat$ ) metallic oxides takes ! oxyg52 at l[ temp]atures x =ms c>bon dioxide1 & at high] ones1 c>bon monoxide4 ,o!r conditions besides t ( temp]ature h an influ5ce 9 produc+ ^! results2 & z ! quantity ( *>coal requir$ to complete a def9ite reaction v>ies ) ^!1 x %\ld be calculat$ f ! results ( imm$iate exp]i5ce r ?an f !oretical consid]ations4 ,fl\r4--,ord9>y :eat fl\r is conv5i5t 9 use4 ,on be+ heat$ x gives (f inflammable gases :i* h a c]ta9 r$uc+ effect1 & a residue ( f9ely divid$ c>bon is left4 ,x is likely to v>y 9 ! quantity ( moi/ure x conta9s4 ,two p>ts ( fl\r %\ld be us$ :]e "o "p ( *>coal w\ld be o!rwise requir$4 ,t>t>4--,?is is crude hydric potassic t>trate2 ! purifi$ salt1 cream ( t>t>1 may be us$4 ,on be+ heat$ x gives (f inflammable gases1 & leaves a residue =m$ ( potassic c>bonate mix$ ) f9ely divid$ c>bon4 ,five p>ts ( t>t> %\ld be us$ 9 ! place ( "o ( *>coal4 ,an?racite or ,culm is a k9d ( coal conta9+ #ij p] c5t4 or m ( c>bon4 ,x gives (f no inflammable gas4 ,x is d5s]1 & takes long] 9 burn+1 ?an *>coal4 ,its r$uc+ effect is little inf]ior to t ( *>coal4 ,almo/ any organic sub/ance c be us$ z a r$uc+ ag5t1 b x is well n to select "o :i* melts1 swells up1 or gives (f mu* wat] & gas :5 heat$ 9 ! furnace4 ,potassic ,cyanide is an easily fusible & some:at volatile salt1 :i*1 :5 fus$1 readily removes oxyg5 & sulphur f metallic comp\nds1 & =ms potassic cyanate or sulphocyanate z ! case may be4 ,comm]cial samples v>y mu* 9 purity2 "s conta9 less ?an #ej p] c5t4 ( ! salt4 ,= assay+1 only ! bett] qualities %\ld be us$4 ,iron is a de-sulphuris+ r ?an a de-oxidis+ ag5t4 ,iron is us$ 9 ! =m ( rods1 #a_/b-;in* 9 diamet]1 or ( nails1 or ( hoop iron4 ,9 ! la/ case x %\ld be ?9 en\gh to be b5t )\t difficulty4 ,wr\ght iron crucibles are v useful 9 ! processes requir$ = mak+ gal5a assays4 ,! *ief oxidis+ ag5ts 7:i* are also de-sulphuris]s7 are ! foll[+3-- ,nitre1 or ,potassic ,nitrate4--,?is salt fuses v easily to a wat]y liquid4 ,x oxidises mo/ combu/ible sub/ances ) deflagration1 & !reby conv]ts sulphides into sulphates1 ars5ides into ars5ates1 & mo/ metals into oxides4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( /rong bases1 su* z soda1 ! :ole ( ! sulphur is fully oxidis$2 b 9 _m cases "s ars5ic is apt to escape1 & to give rise to a peculi> g>lic-l od\r4 ,! sulphates ( soda & pota% are ?us =m$1 & float z a wat]y liquid on ! surface ( ! slag4 ,r$ lead is an oxide ( lead4 ,ab\t "o-qu>t] ( its oxyg5 is v loosely held1 &1 h5ce1 is available = oxidis+ purposes1 )\t any sep>ation ( metallic lead4 ,! re/ ( ! oxyg5 is also available2 b = ea* "p ( oxyg5 giv5 (f1 ab\t #ac p>ts ( metallic lead are deposit$4 ,9 silv] assays ?is p[] ( readily giv+ up oxyg5 is made use (4 ,! residual oxide 7li?>ge7 acts z a flux4 ,hot air is ! oxidis+ ag5t 9 roa/+ op]ations4 ,! sulphur & ars5ic ( su* m9]als z mispickel & pyrites are oxidis$ by ! hot air & pass (f z sulphur dioxide & :ite ars5ic4 ,! metals g5]ally rema9 9 ! =m ( oxide1 mix$ ) m or less sulphate & ars5ate4 ,! residue may rema9 z a p[d]y sub/ance 7a calx71 9 :i* case ! process ( roa/+ is t]m$ calc9ation2 or x may be a pa/y mass or liquid4 ,9 ! calc9ation ( some:at fusible m9]als1 ! roa/+ %\ld be done at a l[ temp]ature to avoid clott+2 ars5ic & sulphur be+ ) difficulty burnt (f f ! clott$ m9]al4 ,a l[ temp]ature1 h[ev]1 fav\rs ! =mation ( sulphates2 & ^! 7if n remov$7 w\ld reappe> 9 a subsequ5t r$uction z sulphides4 ,^! sulphates may be decompos$ by a high] temp]ature t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation2 _! removal is r5d]$ m c]ta9 by rubb+ up ! calx ) "s culm & re-roa/+1 or by /rongly heat+ ! calx aft] ! addition ( solid ammonic c>bonate4 ,9 roa/+ op]ations1 z l>ge a surface ( ! sub/ance z possible %\ld be expos$ to ! air4 ,if done 9 a crucible1 ! crucible %\ld be ( ! ,corni% type1 %ort & op51 n long & n>r[4 ,= calc9ations1 roa/+ di%es are useful3 ^! are broad & %all[1 n unlike sauc]s1 b unglaz$4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! products ( ! roa/+ are liquid at ! temp]ature us$1 a scorifi] 7fig4 #ch7 is suitable if x is desir$ to keep ! liquid2 b if ! liquid is be/ dra9$ (f z quickly z x is =m$1 a cupel 7fig4 #e7 %\ld be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,a scorifi] is ess5tially a roa/+ di% suffici5tly ?ick to resi/1 = a "t1 ! corrosive action ( ! fus$ metallic oxides x is to conta94 ,! ess5tial prop]ty ( a cupel is1 t x is suffici5tly por\s to all[ ! fus$ oxide to dra9 into x z fa/ z x is =m$4 ,x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to absorb ! :ole ( ! liquid2 & ( c\rse mu/ be made ( a mat]ial ^u :i* ! liquid has no corrosive action4 ,cupels d n be> transport well2 h5ce ! assay] g5]ally has to make !m1 or to sup]vise _! mak+4 ,a quantity ( bone a% is c>efully mix$ ) wat] s t no lumps are =m$1 & ! mixture is !n work$ up by rubb+ betwe5 ! h&s4 ,! bone a% is suffici5tly wet :5 its cohesion is su* t x c be press$ into a lump1 & yet be easily crumbl$ into p[d]4 ,cupel m\lds %\ld be pur*as$4 ,!y are g5]ally made ( turn$ iron or brass4 ,!y consi/ ( ?ree p>ts 7#a7 a holl[ cyl9d]2 7#b7 a disc ( metal2 & 7#c7 a pi/on = compress+ ! bone a% & %ap+ ! top ( ! cupel4 ,! disc =ms a false bottom = ! cyl9d]4 ,?is is put 9 its place1 & ! cyl9d] fill$ 7or ne>ly s7 ) ! moi/5$ bone a%4 ,! bone a% is !n press$ into %ape ) ! pi/on1 & ! cupel f9i%$ ) ! help ( ?ree or f\r sm>t bl[s f a mallet4 ,be=e remov+ ! pi/on1 turn x half-way r\nd ^u its axis s z to loos5 & smoo? ! face ( ! cupel4 ,! cupel is got out by press+ up ! disc ( metal =m+ ! false bottom2 ! removal is m easily effect$ if ! m\ld is some:at conical1 in/ead ( cyl9drical1 9 =m4 ,! cupels are put 9 a w>m place to dry = two or ?ree days4 ,a conv5i5tly siz$ cupel is #a-a_/d in*es 9 diamet] & ab\t #c_/d in* high4 ,! cavity ( ! cupel is ab\t #a_/d in* deep1 & some?+ ( ! %ape %[n 9 fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,!re are two k9ds ( furnaces requir$1 ! w9d & muffle furnaces4 ,^! are built ( brick1 fire-brick1 ( c\rse1 be+ us$ = ! l9+4 ,!y are connect$ ) a *imney t w provide a good draught4 ,figure #f %[s a section ( ! w9d furnace1 fig4 #g a section ( ! muffle furnace1 & fig4 #h a g5]al view ( a gr\p compris+ a muffle & two w9d furnaces suitable = g5]al "w4 ,:5 9 op]ation1 ! furnaces are cov]$ ) iron-b\nd tiles4 ,! op5+ "u ! door ( ! muffle is clos$ ) a loosely fitt+ brick4 ,! floor ( ! muffle is protect$ ) a lay] ( bone-a%1 :i* absorbs any oxide ( lead t may be accid5tally spilt4 ,! fire b>s %\ld be easily removable4 ,few tools are want$2 ! mo/ important are "s ca/-iron m\lds1 tongs 7fig4 #i71 /irr]s = calc9+ 7fig4 #aj71 & light tongs ( a special =m = h&l+ scorifi]s & cupels 7see ,,silv]74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! coke us$ %\ld be ( good quality2 ! =mation ( a fus$ a% 7cl9k]71 9 any quantity1 causes ceaseless tr\ble1 & requires frequ5t removal4 ,! coke %\ld be brok5 into lumps ( a uni=m size 7ab\t #b 94 across7 be=e be+ br\ght into ! (fice4 ,! furnace %\ld be well pack$ by /irr+1 rais+ ! coke & n ramm+ x1 & x %\ld be uni=mly heat$1 n hot bel[ & cold above4 ,9 light+ a furnace1 a />t is made ) wood & *>coal1 ?is readily ignites & sets fire to ! coke1 :i* ( itself does n k9dle easily4 ,9 comm5c+ "w1 add 7if necess>y7 fre% coke1 & mix well2 make holl[s1 & into ^! put old crucibles2 pack ar\nd ) coke1 s t ! surface %all be concave1 slop+ upw>ds f ! m\?s ( ! crucibles to ! sides ( ! furnace2 close ! furnace1 &1 :5 uni=mly heat$1 sub/itute = ! empty crucibles ^? :i* conta9 ! assays4 ,x is r>ely advisable to h a v hot fire at fir/1 because ) a gradual heat ! gases & /eam quietly escape ?r\gh ! unfus$ mass1 :ile ) too /rong a heat ^! might make "s ( ! matt] 9 ! crucible ov]fl[4 ,moreov]1 if ! heat %\ld be too /rong at fir/1 ! flux might melt & run to ! bottom ( ! crucible1 leav+ ! qu>tz1 c41 z a pa/y mass above2 ) a g5tl] heat comb9ation is complet$1 & ! subsequ5t fi]c] heat simply melts ! fusible comp\nd into homog5e\s slag4 ,! fus$ mat]ial may be left 9 ! crucible & sep>at$ f x by break+ :5 cold4 ,x is g5]ally m conv5i5t to p\r x into ca/-iron m\lds4 ,^! m\lds %\ld be dry & smoo?4 ,!y act be/ :5 w>m$ & oil$ or black-lead$4 ,air ent]+ ?r\gh ! fire-b>s ( a furnace & com+ 9 contact ) hot coke comb9es ) x1 =m+ a v hot mixture ( c>bonic acid & nitrog52 ?is asc5d+1 comes 9 contact ) m coke1 & ! c>bonic acid is r$uc$ to c>bonic oxide2 at ! top ( ! furnace1 or 9 ! flue1 ! c>bonic oxide meet+ fre% air1 comb9es ) ! oxyg5 !re9 & re-=ms c>bonic acid4 ,9 ! fir/ & ?ird ( ^! reactions1 mu* heat is evolv$2 9 ! second1 ! furnace is cool$ a little4 ,x mu/ always be rememb]$1 t ! c>bonic oxide ( ! furnace gases is a r$uc+ ag5t4 ,:5 ^! gases are likely to ex]t a prejudicial effect1 & a /rongly oxidis+ atmosph]e is requir$1 ! "w is be/ done 9 a muffle4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,!re is an exception to ?is1 z :5 ! slag is liable to be act$ on :5 expos$ to ! air & to ! gases ( ! furnace4 ,9 ?is case a lay] ( fus$ common salt float+ on ! slag1 s z to protect x f ! air & furnace gases1 is a di/9ct advantage4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,wet ,,gravimetric ,,me?ods4 ,9 dry assays ! metal is almo/ always sep>at$ & weigh$ z metal2 9 wet gravimetric assays ! metal is m usually weigh$ 9 ! =m ( a def9ite comp\nd ( kn[n composition4 ,! g5]al me?ods ( work+ resemble ^? ( ord9>y *emical analysis1 & _! successful work+ is greatly help$ by a k (1 at any rate1 ^? comp\nds ( ! metal :i* enable x to be sep>at$1 & ( ^? :i* are ! mo/ conv5i5t =ms 9 :i* x c be weigh$4 ,b ! "w ( ! assay] diff]s f t ( ! analy/1 inasmu* z ! bulk ( 8 e/imations are made ^u mat]ial ( practically ! same k9d1 v>y+ only 9 ri*ness2 consequ5tly 9 assay+1 x is possible 7& necess>y7 to "w on su* a def9ite plan z w involve ! lea/ am\nt ( lab\r 9 weigh+ & calculat+4 ,! assay] connect$ ) m9+ has g5]ally two classes ( mat]ial to deal )3 ^? comp>atively ri* & ^? comp>atively poor4 ,= example1 silv] 9 bullion & 9 ores2 copp] precipitates or regulus1 & copp] ores & slags2 & black t9 & t9 ores4 ,he is only occasionally call$ on to assay ! int]m$iate products4 ,x is indisp5sable t he %\ld h an approximate k ( ! sub/ance to be det]m9$4 ,) new ores ?is in=mation is be/ got by a qualitative te/+4 ,kn[+ t only c]ta9 bodies are pres5t1 x is evid5t t ! numb] ( sep>ations c be r$uc$1 & t simple me?ods c be devis$ = arriv+ at ! results s\ght =4 ,! be/ me?od is t :i* involves ! lea/ numb] ( sep>ations4 ,! reactions mu/ be %>p & complete1 & yet n be liable to error "u v>y+ conditions4 ,to br+ ! ri*] & poor] mat]ials "u ! same conditions = ! assay1 a small weight1 say #a gram ( ! ri*]1 & a l>g] weight 7#e or #aj grams7 ( ! poor]1 sub/ance is weigh$ up4 ,a me?od is !n adopt$ :i* w conc5trate ! :ole ( ! metal 7ei!r dur+ or aft] solution7 9 a product :i* ne$ n necess>ily be pure4 ,! "w on ?is product is comp>atively easy4 ,9 sep>at+ small quantities ( a sub/ance f a l>ge bulk ( impurities1 ! gr\p sep>ations mu/ n z a rule be too mu* reli$ on4 ,v l>ge precipitates c>ry d[n small quantities ( bodies n belong+ to ! gr\p1 m especially :5 !re is a t5d5cy to =m weak d\ble comp\nds4 ,! re-dissolv+ & re-precipitat+ ( bulky precipitates %\ld be avoid$4 ,:5 a l>ge numb] ( assays ( ! same k9d h to be c>ri$ out1 a plan some?+ l ! foll[+ is adopt$3--,! samples1 aft] hav+ be5 dri$1 are plac$ 9 ord] on a table at ! left h& ( ! assay]4 ,he takes ! fir/1 m>ks x ) a numb]1 samples & weighs up ! quantity requir$1 & transf]s x to a flask1 :i* is simil>ly m>k$4 ,z ! weigh+s are f9i%$1 ! samples are plac$ 9 ! same ord] on 8 "r h&4 ,! assi/ant takes ! flasks 9 bat*es ( f\r or five at a "t to ! fume cupbo>d1 :]e he adds a measur$ quantity ( acid4 ,:5 solution has be5 effect$1 dilution ) a measur$ volume is g5]ally necess>y4 ,! assay] sees to ?is & 7:il/ ! funnels & filt]s are be+ prep>$7 makes any sep>ation t is necess>y4 ,! filt]s are arrang$ 9 ord] on a rack 7fig4 #aa71 & ne$ n be m>k$ unless ! precipitates or residues h subsequ5tly to be dri$4 ,! filt]s are wa%$ ) hot wat]1 & if ! filtrates are want$ flasks are plac$ b5ea?1 if n1 ! solution is dra9$ (f d[n ! s9k4 ,precipitation or r$uction 7or :atev] x may be7 is n[ made2 ! assi/ant filt]s ! prep>$ samples1 "o at a "t1 :il/ ! assay] is engag$ ) ! o!rs4 ,! same /yle ( "w is cont9u$ until ! assays are complet$4 ,if "o %\ld be spoil$1 x is bett] to all[ x to /& ov] = assay+ along ) ! next bat*4 ,if "o filt]s sl[ly or is 9 any way less =w>d ?an ! re/1 x may less5 ! accuracy ( ! o!r assays1 ow+ to oxidation1 c41 x %\ld1 !re=e1 be put on "o side4 ,! assays are dealt ) 9 bat*es ( t5 or tw5ty1 s t a l>ge quantity ( "w c be quickly f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,:5 ! assays are f9i%$1 x is ! duty ( ! assi/ant to clean ! app>atus 7) reag5ts1 if necess>y71 & to put ! vessels 9 ! place set ap>t = !m4 ,flasks are be/ kept inv]t$ on a rack1 s t !y may be dry & clean by ! next morn+4 ,b]l9 crucibles mu/ be clean$ & ignit$4 ,! am\nt ( app>atus employ$ %\ld be z little z is feasible4 ,! assay %\ld be c>ri$ out z mu* z possible 9 ! same flask4 ,! b5* mu/ be clean1 & altoge!r free f app>atus n 9 actual use4 ,crucibles & di%es 9 :i* weigh+s are made %\ld be m>k$ ) numb]s or lett]s2 & _! weights record$1 toge!r ) ! date ( weigh+1 9 a small l$g]1 :i* is kept 9 ! draw] ( ! balance4 ,by ?is means a record ( ! we> ( ea* piece ( app>atus is obta9$1 &1 :at is m important1 mu* weigh+ is sav$1 & increas$ confid5ce is ga9$4 ,! weight ( ea* piece ( app>atus ne$ n be tak5 daily4 ,x w be se5 f ! record 9 ! book & a k ( ! use x has be5 put to h[ (t5 a *eck+ ( ! weight is necess>y4 ,! entries are made 9 black lead z foll[s3-- ,di%1 ,a4 ,feb4 #c #i4dbaj grams4 #e #i4dbbe #f #i4dbcj #g #i4dbjj ,plat9um vessels & app>atus lose1 & porcela9 ones slightly ga91 weight ) cont9u$ use4 ,! special details ( ! "w is giv5 "u ea* assay2 c]ta9 g5]al in/ructions w be giv5 "h4 ,solution4--,x is n always necess>y to get ! :ole ( ! m9]al 9 solution1 provid$ ! body s\ght = is ei!r completely dissolv$ or altoge!r left 9 ! residue4 ,x is (t5 only by a qualitative exam9ation ( ! solution 7or residue1 z ! case may be7 t ! assay] c satisfy himself t x is free f ! sub/ance s\ght4 ,b previ\s exp]i5ce ) ! same k9d ( ore w %[ to :at ext5t ?is te/+ is necess>y4 ,solution is g5]ally be/ effect$ 9 flasks2 b :]e ! result+ liquid has aft]w>ds to be evaporat$ to dryness & ignit$1 evaporat+ di%es 7fig4 #ab7 are us$4 ,) !m clock glasses are us$ z cov]s dur+ solution to avoid loss ?r\gh eff]vesc5ce4 ,evaporat+ di%es are also be/ :5 an insoluble residue has to be collect$1 s9ce x is difficult to wa% out mo/ residues f a flask4 ,bump+ occurs less frequ5tly 9 di%es ?an 9 flasks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,aft] ! addition ( ! acid1 & mix+ by agitation1 ! vessel conta9+ ! sub/ance is heat$4 ,?is is be/ done on ! hot plate 7fig4 #ac74 ,?is consi/s ( a slab ( ca/ iron ab\t half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 support$ on loose fire bricks1 & heat$ by two or ?ree r+ burn]s 7figs4 #ad & #ae74 ,! burn]s are connect$ to ! gas supply by means ( lead tub+1 to :i* !y are sold]$4 ,flasks & di%es aft] be+ put on ! plate are n fur!r h&l$ until solution is complete or ! evaporation is c>ri$ to dryness4 ,! hot plate is conta9$ 9 a cupbo>d s z to be out ( ! rea* ( cold draughts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,! action ( ! acids & o!r solv5ts is describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,reag5ts4 ,precipitation4--,9 precipitat+ add suffici5t ( ! reag5t to complete ! reaction4 ,! /ud5t mu/ be on 8 gu>d aga9/ add+ a v l>ge excess1 :i* is ! common] error4 ,9 "s reactions ! f9i%+ po9t is obvi\s en\gh2 ei!r no m precipitate is =m$1 or a precipitate is completely dissolv$1 or "s well-m>k$ col\r or od\r is develop$ or remov$4 ,9 ^? cases 9 :i* !re is no su* indication1 !oretical consid]ations %\ld keep ! use ( reag5ts )9 reasonable limits4 ,! solutions ( ! reag5ts 7see ,,reag5ts7 are g5]ally ( five or t5 p] c5t4 /r5g?4 ,a small excess ov] t dem&$ by !ory %\ld be suffici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,filtration4--,solutions are be/ filt]$ hot :5ev] ! assay all[s ( ?is be+ s done4 ,! precipitate %\ld be all[$ to settle1 & ! cle> liquid decant$ on ! filt] ) ! aid ( a glass rod if necess>y4 ,! filt]-pap] mu/ n be too l>ge1 b at ! same "t x mu/ n be ov]load$ ) ! precipitate4 ,!re %\ld be ample room = wa%+4 ,= g5]al use ?ree sizes ( filt]-pap] are suffici5t4 ,common quick filt]+-pap] 7,engli%7 is be/ = mo/ "w 9 assay+4 ,! specially prep>$ pap] 7,sw$i% or ,rh5i%7 is us$ = collect+ ^? precipitates :i* h to be weigh$4 ,! pap]s are fold$ z %[n 9 fig4 #af1 & %\ld n project above ! funnel4 ,! filt]-pap] works bett] if damp$ ) hot wat]4 ,9 special cases filt]+ is ha/5$ by means ( an air-pump4 ,! app>atus us$ consi/s ( a wat]-jet 7fig4 #ag71 :i* is connect$ ) ! tap1 z also ) a bottle fitt$ z %[n 9 fig4 #ah4 ,! pump draws ! air out f ! bottle1 & atmosph]ic pressure =ces ! liquid ?r\gh ! filt]-pap]4 ,! bottom ( ! funnel is provid$ ) a plat9um cone1 :i* supports ! filt]-pap]1 & prev5ts its break+4 ,! pump is only us$ 9 exceptional cases2 ne>ly all ! filtrations requir$ by ! assay] c be made )\t x4 ,! usual me?ods ( support+ ! funnel dur+ filtration are %[n 9 fig4 #ai4 ,:]e ! filtrate is n want$1 pickle bottles make conv5i5t supports4 ,aft] ! precipitate has be5 ?r[n on ! filt]1 x is wa%$4 ,9 wa%+1 sev]al wa%+s ) a small quantity ( wat] are m effective ?an a few ) a l>g] quantity ( t fluid4 ,! upp] edge ( ! filt]-pap] is specially liable to escape complete wa%+4 ,excessive wa%+ mu/ be avoid$2 ! po9t at :i* ! wa%+ is complete is f\nd by collect+ a little ( ! filtrate & te/+ x4 ,! precipitate is remov$ f ! filt]-pap] = fur!r treatm5t by op5+ out ! pap] & by wa%+ ! precipitate ) a jet ( wat] f a wa%-bottle into a beak]1 or back ?r\gh ! funnel into ! flask4 ,9 "s cases1 :5 ! precipitate has to be dissolv$ 9 any?+ 9 :i* x is readily soluble1 solution is effect$ 9 ! filt] itself all[+ ! liquid to run ?r\gh z x is =m$4 ,dry+ & ,ignit+4--,precipitates1 z a rule1 require dry+ be=e be+ ignit$4 ,) small precipitates ! filt]-pap] may be op5$ out1 & plac$ on a w>m asbe/os slab till dry2 or ! funnel & ! filt] ) ! precipitate is plac$ 9 a w>m place1 & support$ by any conv5i5t means4 ,! heat mu/ nev] be suffici5t to *> ! pap]4 ,"s precipitates mu/ be dri$ at a temp]ature n high] ?an #ajj ,c4 ,^! are plac$ 9 ! wat]-ov5 7fig4 #bj71 &1 :5 app>5tly dry1 !y are tak5 f ! funnel1 plac$ betwe5 glasses1 & !n left 9 ! ov5 till !y cease to lose weight4 ,su* precipitates are collect$ on t>$ filt]s4 ,^? precipitates :i* w /& a high] temp]ature are dri$ 9 ! hot-air ov5 at a temp]ature ( f #abj to #aej4 ,! dry+ is cont9u$ until !y appe> to be free f moi/ure1 & until ! precipitate ceases to adh]e to ! filt]4 ,9 dry+ sulphides ! heat mu/ n be rais$ to ! melt+ po9t ( sulphur1 s9ce1 if !re is any free sulphur pres5t1 x fuses & filt]s ?r\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,! precipitate1 hav+ be5 dri$1 is transf]r$ to a wat*-glass4 ,! filt]-pap] is op5$ out ov] a %eet ( note-pap]1 &1 ) a camel-hair bru%1 ! precipitate is g5tly br\ght into ! glass4 ,mo/ precipitates come away easily1 & ! transf] c be made )\t app>5t loss4 ,! wat*-glass is cov]$ by ! funnel1 & ! filt]-pap] 7fold$ into a quadrant7 held by ! tweez]s & set fire to ) ! flame ( a ,buns5 burn]4 ,x is all[$ to burn ov] ! crucible1 into :i* ! black bulky a% is all[$ to drop1 & two or ?ree drops ( nitric acid are !n add$4 ,! crucible is plac$ on a pipe-/em triangle 7fig4 #ba71 support$ on a tripod4 ,x is at fir/ heat$ g5tly ) a ,buns5 burn]1 & aft]w>ds m /rongly1 until ! residue is free f c>bon4 ,x is cool$1 & treat$ ) any acid necess>y to conv]t ! small am\nt ( precipitate into ! /ate 9 :i* x is to be weigh$2 heat$ aga91 & cool$4 ,! ma9 precipitate is transf]r$ to ! crucible1 & ! heat+ repeat$ v g5tly at fir/1 b m /rongly t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,x is next plac$ 9 ! muffle1 &1 aft] two or ?ree m9utes at a r$ heat1 x is remov$ & all[$ to cool 9 ! desiccator be=e weigh+4 ,?is is = bodies t w be> a r$ heat2 = ^? comp\nds t require a l[] temp]ature ! heat+ 9 ! muffle is omitt$4 ,! muffle us$ = ?is purpose mu/ n be us$ at ! same "t = cupell+2 a gas muffle 7fig4 #bb71 su* z "o ( ,flet*]'s1 is be/4 ,a desiccator 7fig4 #bc7 is an air-tight vessel :i* prev5ts access ( moi/ure1 c41 to ! sub/ance4 ,usually ! air 9 x is kept dry by means ( a bas9 conta9+ sulphuric acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,! crucible is remov$ f ! muffle ) ! tongs & c>ri$ to ! desiccator4 ,x is be/1 9 an (fice1 to h a l>ge desiccator p]man5tly fix$ alongside ! balance1 into :i* all sub/ances may be put be=e be+ weigh$4 ,! sub/ance is remov$ f ! b5* or muffle 9 ! small h& app>atus g5]ally sold1 & c>ri$ to ! balance room to be transf]r$ to ! l>ge desiccator1 :]e x is all[$ to become ?or\ghly cold be=e be+ weigh$4 ,tw5ty m9utes is g5]ally ! "t all[$ aft] ignition be=e x is advisable to weigh4 ,bodies all[$ to cool 9 ! air aft] !y h be5 ignit$ w absorb moi/ure1 & hot bodies plac$ 9 ! balance-pan w di/urb ! equilibrium & %[ false results4 ,comp\nds t absorb moi/ure mu/ be weigh$ quickly2 !y %\ld1 !re=e1 be weigh$ 9 cov]$ vessels4 ,su* comp\nds are detect$ by _! cont9ually-increas+ weight4 ,!y %\ld be ignit$ & weigh$ aga9 9 a well-cov]$ di%4 ,sub/ances t h be5 wa%$ ) alcohol1 e!r1 or any readily volatile liquid are dri$ 9 ! wat] ov54 ,!y quickly dry if !re is no wat] pres5t1 & are g5]ally fit = weigh+ 9 less ?an "o h\r4 ,sometimes dry+ = a few m9utes only w be suffici5t4 ,! weight ( ! crucible & precipitate hav+ be5 obta9$1 ! weight ( ! crucible & a% is d$uct$2 = example-- ,crucible & precipitate #aj4ahc grams4 ,crucible & a% #i4ebg ------ #j4fef ,! weight ( ! a% is be/ add$ to t ( ! crucible4 ,! am\nt ( a% 9 filt]-pap]s mu/ n be neglect$1 al?\gh pap]s are n[ made almo/ free f a%1 & ! am\nt to be d$uct$ is f\nd by tak+ eight or t5 pap]s & burn+ !m until !y become :ite1 & !n weigh+ ! a%4 ,! am\nt v>ies f #j4jjd to #j4jjje gram = diff]5t pap]s4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! a%1 place 9 ! balance-draw] ?ree ( ! filt]-pap]s p9n$ toge!r1 ) ! weights m>k$ on !m 9 ! way %[n 9 fig4 #bd1 s z to be readily se5 :5 !re is occasion to ref] to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! det]m9ation ( small quantities ( sub/ances g5]ally involves ! use ( reag5ts :i* are (t5 contam9at$1 z an impurity1 ) ! body s\ght =4 ,?us1 9 assay+ silv]1 ! oxide ( lead or metallic lead us$ is r>ely free f silv]2 & 9 ! case ( ars5ic1 ! acids1 z9c or f]ric *loride are sure to conta9 ars5ic4 ,! same obs]vation applies to ! precipitation ( lead by z9c1 c4 ,! errors caus$ by ^! impurities are m m>k$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( mat]ial hav+ small quantities ( metal ?an 9 t ( ores :i* conta9 l>g] quantities4 ,errors ( ?is k9d are c\nt]act$ or neutralis$ by blank or bl9d det]m9ations4 ,^! consi/ 9 c>ry+ out by ! side ( & dur+ ! assay a duplicate exp]im5t ) ! reag5ts only1 :i* are !reby subject$ to ! same processes ( solution1 evaporation1 filtration1 c4 ,! f9al result ?us obta9$ is d$uct$ f t giv5 by ! assay1 ! diff]5ce gives ! correct$ result4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e x is desir$ or necess>y to h a tangible residue or precipitate1 "s pure in]t mat]ial is add$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,volumetric ,,assays4 ,^! h be5 already describ$ z ^? 9 :i* ! results are got by measur+1 ei!r--7#a7 ! volume ( a reag5t requir$ to complete "s reaction1 or 7#b7 ! volume ( ! result+ product4 ,= example1 if a p]manganate ( pota% solution be add$ to a solution conta9+ a weigh$ am\nt ( iron1 dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 ! /rong col\r ( ! p]manganate ( pota% w be remov$ until a c]ta9 quantity ( x has be5 add$4 ,repeat+ ! exp]im5t1 x w be f\nd t ! same am\nt ( iron decolorises ! same volume ( ! p]manganate solution )9 c]ta9 n>r[ limits ( v>iation1 kn[n z error ( exp]im5t4 ,?is error is due to v>iation 9 ! me?od ( work+ & to slight diff]5ces 9 ! weigh+s & measur+s2 x is pres5t 9 all exp]im5tal me?ods1 al?\gh ! limits ( v>iation are wid] 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,ap>t f ?is error ( exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t a giv5 volume ( ! p]manganate ( pota% solution corresponds to a def9ite weight ( iron1 s t if ei!r is kn[n ! o!r may be calculat$4 ,simil>ly1 if a kn[n weight ( z9c 7or ( c>bonate ( lime7 be dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 a gas w be giv5 (f :i* c be measur$1 & s long z ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t d n v>y1 ! same weight ( z9c 7or ( c>bonate ( lime7 gives (f ! same volume ( gas4 ,! weight ( ! "o c be det]m9$ f ! volume ( ! o!r4 ,or1 aga91 ! quantity ( "s sub/ances may be measur$ by ! col\r ( _! solutions1 on ! pr9ciple t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! col\r ( a solution dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( col\r+ matt] pres5t4 ,s t if two solutions ( ! same sub/ance are equally col\r$ !y are ( equal /r5g?4 ,9 ?is way an unkn[n may be comp>$ ) a kn[n /r5g?1 & a fairly accurate det]m9ation may be made4 ,^! ?ree illu/rations s]ve z types ( ! ?ree *ief classes ( volumetric assays--titrometric1 gasometric1 & colorimetric4 ,titrometric ,assays4--,)9 ! limits ( ! error ( exp]im5t1 a def9ite volume ( a solution or gas repres5ts a c]ta9 weight ( metal or o!r sub/ance1 h5ce ! exact weight may be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,! error ( exp]im5t may be r$uc$ to insignificant dim5sions by repeat+ ! exp]im5t1 & tak+ ! mean ( ?ree or f\r det]m9ations4 ,?is w at ! same "t %[ ! am\nt ( v>iation4 ,?us1 if #j4e gram ( iron 7 dissolv$ & f\nd to require #ej4c cubic c5timetres ( ! solution ( p]manganate ( pota%1 & if on repeat+1 #ej4d1 #ej4b1 & #ej4c c4c4 7 requir$1 ! exp]im5t] w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t #ej4c c4c4 ( ! p]manganate solution repres5t #j4e gram ( iron1 & t 8 results 7 good )9 #j4b c4c4 ( ! p]manganate solution4 ,s t if 9 an unkn[n solution ( iron1 #ej4e c4c4 ( ! p]manganate solution 7 us$ up1 he c\ld /ate ) confid5ce t x conta9$ a little m ?an #j4e gram ( iron4 ,) a l>g] exp]i5ce ! confid5ce w\ld increase1 & ) practice ! exp]im5tal error w dim9i%4 ,b suppos+ t ! unkn[n solution requir$1 say1 #ajj4e in/ead ( #ej4e c4c41 he w\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t1 s9ce #ej4c c4c4 are equival5t to #j4e gram1 #ajj4f c4c4 are equival5t to twice t am\nt2 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! unkn[n solution conta9$ a little less ?an #a gram ( iron2 or1 at lea/1 he c\ld n say x except he 7or "s "o else7 _h det]m9$ x by exp]im5t4 ,b if on dissolv+ #a gram ( iron1 he f\nd x to require #ajj4f c4c4 ( ! solution1 & 9 ano!r exp]im5t ) #j4h gram ( iron t #hj4e c4c4 ( ! solution 7 requir$1 he w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ t ! volume ( solution requir$ is proportional to ! quantity ( metal pres5t4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( volumetric assays ( :i* ?is is true1 b t x is true 9 any p>ticul> case c only be prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,ev5 :]e true x is well n to re/ too mu* weight ^u x1 & 9 all cases ! quantity ( metal tak51 to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( ! solution us$1 %\ld n diff] widely f t pres5t 9 ! assay4 ,!re are c]ta9 t]ms :i* %\ld be expla9$ "h4 ,:5 ! solution ( a reag5t is appli$ "u su* conditions t ! volume add$ c be correctly det]m9$1 ! op]ation is call$ titrat+1 ! solution ( ! reag5t us$ ! /&>d solution1 & ! process ( det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( ! /&>d solution is /&>dis+4 ,! /&>d is ! quantity ( metal equival5t to #ajj c4c4 ( ! /&>d solution4 ,/&>d ,solutions4--,9 mak+ ^! ! salt is accurately weigh$ & transf]r$ to a litre flask1 or to ! graduat$ cyl9d]1 & dissolv$4 ,! me?od ( dissolv+ x v>ies 9 special cases1 & in/ructions = ^! w be f\nd "u ! respective assays4 ,g5]ally x is dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( liquid1 & !n dilut$ to ! m>k4 ,= ^? sub/ances t require ! aid ( heat1 ! solution is made 9 a p9t flask1 cool$1 & transf]r$2 aft] :i* ! flask is well wa%$ out4 ,aft] dilution1 ! liquids 9 ! measur+ vessel mu/ be ?or\ghly mix$ by %ak+4 ,?is is m easily & bett] done 9 ! cyl9d] ?an 9 ! litre flask4 ,! solution is next transf]r$ to a dry ,w9*e/] bottle & labell$4 ,! label may be r5d]$ p]man5t by wax+ x4 ,/&>d solutions %\ld n be kept 9 a place expos$ to direct sunlight4 ,oxidis+ & r$uc+ solutions1 su* z ^? ( p]manganate ( pota%1 f]r\s sulphate1 iod9e1 hyposulphite ( soda1 c41 gradually weak5 9 /r5g?2 ! solutions ( o!r salts are m /able2 :ile ^? ( potassium bi*romate & b>ic *loride are almo/ p]man5t4 ,solutions ( potassium p]manganate may be kept = a mon? or s )\t mu* *ange4 ,! solutions ( hyposulphite ( soda & ( iod9e %\ld be exam9$ weekly4 ,f]r\s sulphate solutions1 if acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 may be dep5d$ on = two or ?ree weeks )\t fre% /&>dis+4 ,be=e fill+ ! burette1 ! ,w9*e/] bottle %\ld be well %ak5 & a portion ( ab\t #ej or #ajj c4c4 p\r$ into a dry beak] or te/-glass4 ,besides ! /&>d solutions1 :i* are requir$ = titrat+ an assay1 p]man5t solutions ( ! metal or acid ( equival5t /r5g? are v useful4 ,:5 ! f9i%+ po9t ( a titration has be5 ov]/epp$ 7i4e41 ! assay has be5 ov]done71 a measur$ volume1 say #e or #aj c4c41 ( a solution conta9+ ! same metal may be add$4 ,! titration c !n be cont9u$1 b m cauti\sly1 & ! value 9 c4c4 = ! quantity add$ be d$uct$ f ! f9al read+4 ,/&>dis+4--,suppose ! object is to /&>dise a solution ( p]manganate simil> to t ref]r$ to above4 ,a conv5i5t quantity ( iron 7say #j4e gram7 w\ld be weigh$ out1 dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! solution titrat$4 ,suppose #di4f c4c4 ( ! p]manganate solution are requir$1 !n #di4f 3 #j4e 33 #ajj 3 x x #a4jjh gram4 ,?is result1 #a4jjh gram1 is ! /&>d4 ,:5 a gas is measur$1 ! /&>d may be calculat$ 9 ! same way4 ,= example3 ) #j4bbd gram ( z9c1 #ge4h c4c4 ( gas 7 obta9$4 ,!n ! quantity ( z9c equival5t to #ajj c4c4 ( ! gas is got by ! proportion4 #ge4h 3 #j4bbd 33 #ajj 3 x x #j4biee gram4 ,us+ ! t]m /&>d 9 ?is s5se1 ! foll[+ rules hold good3-- ,to f9d ! weight ( metal 9 a giv5 sub/ance3--,multiply ! /&>d by ! numb] ( c4c4 us$ & divide by #ajj4 ,= example3 a piece ( z9c 0 dissolv$ & ! gas evolv$ measur$ #gc4i c4c4 ,!n by ! rule1 #j4bieegc4i_/ajj %\ld give ! weight ( ! piece ( z9c4 ,?is gives #j4bahd gram4 ,to f9d ! p]c5tage ( metal 9 a giv5 sub/ance3--,multiply ! /&>d by ! numb] ( c4c4 us$ & divide by ! weight ( sub/ance tak54 ,= example3 if #b grams ( a m9]al 7 tak51 & if on titrat+ ) ! p]manganate solution 7/&>d #a4jjh7 #fj4d c4c4 7 requir$1 !n 7#a4jjhfj4d7_/b #cj4dd4 ,?is is ! p]c5tage4 ,if ! /&>d is exactly #a gram1 & #a gram ( ore is always tak51 ^! calculations become v simple4 ,! c4c4 us$ give at once ! p]c5tage1 or divid$ by #ajj give ! weight ( metal4 ,if x is desir$ to h a solution ) a /&>d exactly #a4j gram1 x is be/ fir/ to make "o r /rong] ?an ?is1 & !n to /&>dise c>efully4 ,divide #ajjj by ! /&>d ?us obta9$ & ! result w be ! numb] ( c4c4 :i* mu/ be tak5 & be dilut$ ) wat] to #a litre4 ,= example3 suppose ! /&>d is #a4jjh1 !n #ajjj_/a4jjh gives #iib1 & if #iib c4c4 be tak5 & dilut$ ) wat] to #ajjj c4c4 a solution ( ! desir$ /r5g? w be obta9$4 ,! /&>d ( ?is %\ld be confirm$4 ,a simpl] calculation = ! same purpose is to multiply ! /&>d by #ajjj2 ?is w give ! numb] ( c4c4 to :i* #a litre ( ! solution %\ld be dilut$4 ,9 ! above example a litre %\ld be dilut$ to #ajjh c4c4 ,x has be5 assum$ 9 ^! rules t ! titration has yield$ proportional results2 b ^! are n always obta9$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 any actual re-action ! proportion betwe5 any two re-ag5ts is a fix$ "o1 & t if we d\ble "o ( ^! !n exactly twice z mu* ( ! o!r w ent] into ! re-action2 b 9 ! work+ x may v well be t no re-action at all w take place until aft] a c]ta9 excess ( "o or ( bo? ( ! re-ag5ts is pres5t4 ,9 titrat+ lead ) a *romate ( pota% solution1 = example1 x is possible t at ! end ( ! titration a small quantity ( ! lead may rema9 unact$ on2 & x is c]ta9 t a small excess ( ! *romate is pres5t 9 ! solution4 ,s1 too1 9 precipitat+ a solution ( silv] ) a /&>d solution ( common salt1 a po9t is rea*$ at :i* a small quantity ( ea* rema9s 9 solution2 a fur!r addition ei!r ( silv] or ( salt w cause a precipitate1 & a simil> ph5om5on has be5 obs]v$ 9 precipitat+ a hydro*loric acid solution ( a sulphate ) b>ic *loride4 ,! excess ( "o or o!r ( ! re-ag5ts may be l>ge or small2 or1 9 "s cases1 !y may neutralise ea* o!r4 ,consid]ations l ^! emphasise ! necessity = uni=mity 9 ! mode ( work+4 ,:e!r a process yields proportional results1 or n1 w be se5 f a s]ies ( /&>dis+s4 ,hav+ obta9$ ^!1 ! results %\ld be arrang$ z 9 ! table1 plac+ ! quantities ( metal us$ 9 ! ord] ( weight 9 ! fir/ column1 ! volumes measur$ 9 ! second1 & ! /&>ds calculat$ 9 ! ?ird4 ,if ! results are proportional1 ^! /&>ds w v>y m or less1 accord+ to ! delicacy ( ! process1 b !re w be no app>5t ord] 9 ! v>iation4 ,! av]age ( ! /&>ds %\ld !n be tak54 -------------------------------------- ,weight4 ,volume f\nd4 ,/&>d -------------------------------------- #j4bafj gram #gb4i c4c4 #j4bifc #j4bahe #gc4i #j4bieg #j4bcfe #gi4i #j4biei #j4bddj #hb4c #j4bifd #j4beee #he4i #j4bigd -------------------------------------- ,any incl9ation t may be felt = obta9+ an appe>ance ( great] accuracy by ignor+ ! la/ result mu/ be resi/$4 ,=1 al?\gh x w\ld make no practical diff]5ce :e!r ! mean /&>d is tak5 z #j4bifa or #j4bifc1 x is well n to ignore ! possibility t an error ( #j4d c4c4 may arise4 ,a result %\ld only be ignor$ :5 ! cause ( its v>iation is kn[n4 ,9 ?is s]ies ! results are proportional1 b ! range ( weights 7#j4baf-j4beee gram7 is small4 ,all processes yield fairly proportional results if ! quantities v>y )9 n>r[ limits4 ,z to results :i* are n proportional1 x is be/ to take "s imag9>y examples1 & !n to apply ! lesson to an actual "o4 ,a s]ies ( titrations ( a copp] solution by means ( a solution ( potassic cyanide gave ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------------- - ,copp] tak54 ,cyanide us$4 ,/&>d4 ---------------------------------------- - #j4a gram #aa4i c4c4 #j4hdjc #j4b #bc4g #j4hdch #j4c #ce4f #j4hdbf #j4d #dg4f #j4hdjc ---------------------------------------- - ,^! are proportional1 b by us+ a l>g] quantity ( acid & ammonia 9 ! "w prelim9>y to titration1 we might h _h to use #a c4c4 ( cyanide solution m 9 ea* case be=e ! f9i%+ po9t 0 rea*$4 ,! results w\ld !n h be53 ---------------------------------------- - ,copp] tak54 ,cyanide us$4 ,/&>d4 ---------------------------------------- - #j4a gram #ab4i c4c4 #j4ggeb #j4b #bd4g #j4hjig #j4c #cf4f #j4haia #j4d #dh4f #j4hbcj ---------------------------------------- - ,x w be not$ t ! value ( ! /&>d increases ) ! weight ( metal us$2 & calculations f ! mean /&>d w be incorrect4 ,by subtract+ ! l[e/ /&>dis+ f ! highe/1 a ?ird result is got free f any error common to ! o!r two2 ?us3-- #j4d gram #dh4f c4c4 cyanide4 #j4a #ab4i --- ---- #j4c #ce4g ,& ! /&>d calculat$ f ?is correct$ result is #j4hdjd4 ,fur!r1 if #j4c gram requires #ce4g c4c41 !n #j4a gram %\ld require #aa4i c4c41 or #a4j c4c4 less ?an t actually f\nd4 ,we may !re=e use ! foll[+ rules = work+ processes :i* d n yield proportional results4 ,make a s]ies ( two or ?ree titrations1 us+ v diff]5t quantities ( metal 9 ea*4 ,subtract ! l[e/ ( ^! f ! highe/1 & calculate ! /&>d ) ! rema9d]4 ,calculate ! volume requir$ by ?is /&>d 9 any case1 & f9d ! excess or deficit1 z ! case may be4 ,if an excess1 subtract x f ! result ( ea* titration2 if a deficit1 add x2 & use ! /&>d 9 ! usual way4 ,! foll[+ table %[s an actual example3-- ---------------------------------------- ,*alk tak54 ,gas obta9$4 ,/&>d4 ---------------------------------------- #j4jhgc gram #ag4h c4c4 #j4dijd #j4acje #bg4c #j4dghj #j4afij #ce4h #j4dgba #j4aije #dj4d #j4dgae #j4bdfj #eb4e #j4dfhf #j4cjjj #fd4j #j4dfhg ---------------------------------------- ,x w be se5 t ! /&>d decreases z ! quantity ( *alk increases2 ?is po9ts to a defici5cy 9 ! quantity ( gas evolv$4 ,!n #j4cjjj #fd4j c4c4 #j4jhgc #ag4h ------ ---- #j4babg #df4b & #j4babgajj_/df4b #j4dfjd4 ,!n1 multiply+ ! weight ( *alk tak5 by #ajj1 & divid+ by #j4dfjd1 we get ! calculat$ results ( ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,*alk tak54 ,gas f\nd4 ,gas calculat$4 ,diff]5ce4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #j4jhgc gram #ag4h c4c4 #ah4i c4c4 -#a4a c4c4 #j4acje #bg4c #bh4c -#a4j #j4afij #ce4h #cf4g -#j4i #j4aije #dj4d #da4d -#a4j #j4bdfj #eb4e #ec4d -#j4i #j4cjjj #fd4j #fe4a -#a4a ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,by add+ #a c4c4 to ! quantity ( gas obta9$1 & tak+ #j4dfjd z ! /&>d1 ! calculat$ results w agree ) ^? f\nd ) a v>iation ( #j4a c4c4 ,:5 a l>ge numb] ( assays ( ! same k9d are be+ made1 ?is me?od ( calculation is conv5i5t2 :51 h[ev]1 only "o or two det]m9ations are 9 "q1 x is easi] to make a c\ple ( /&>dis+s1 tak+ quantities z ne>ly z possible ! same z ^? pres5t 9 ! assays4 ,sometimes x is necess>y to draw up a table :i* w %[1 )\t calculation1 ! weight ( sub/ance equival5t to a giv5 volume ( gas or ( solution4 ,! sub/ance us$ = /&>dis+ %\ld be1 :5ev] possible1 a pure sample ( ! sub/ance to be det]m9$--t is1 = copp] assays pure copp] %\ld be us$1 = iron assays pure iron1 & s on2 b :5 ?is _c be got an impure sub/ance may be us$1 provid$ x conta9s a kn[n p]c5tage ( ! metal1 & t ! impurities pres5t are n su* z w int]f]e ) ! accuracy ( ! assay4 ,includ+ comp\nds ) ^!1 ! /&>d may be calculat$ by multiply+ ! /&>d got 9 ! usual way1 by ! p]c5tage ( metal 9 ! comp\nd or impure sub/ance1 & divid+ by #ajj4 ,if1 = example1 ! /&>d #a4jjh gram 0 obta9$ by us+ a sample ( iron conta9+ #ii4g p] c5t4 ( metal1 ! correct$ /&>d w\ld be #a4jjhii4g_/ajj #a4jje4 ,9 volumetric analysis ! *ange br\ght ab\t mu/ be "o 9 :i* ! end ( ! reaction is r5d]$ prom95t ei!r by a *ange ( col\r or by ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a precipitate4 ,if ! end ( ! reaction or f9i%+-po9t is n ( itself visible1 !n x mu/ be r5d]$ visible by ! use ( a ?ird reag5t call$ an indicator4 ,= example1 ! action ( sulphuric acid ^u soda results 9 no?+ :i* makes ! action conspicu\s2 if1 h[ev]1 litmus or ph5olph?ale9 be add$ ! *ange f blue to r$ 9 ! fir/ case1 or f r$ to col\rless 9 ! second1 r5d]s ! f9i%+-po9t evid5t4 ,"s indicators _c be add$ to ! assay solution )\t spoil+ ! result2 9 :i* case portions ( ! assay solution mu/ be )drawn f "t to "t & te/$4 ,?is )drawal ( portions ( ! assay solution1 if ra%ly done1 mu/ result 9 loss2 if1 h[ev]1 ! solution is n conc5trat$1 & if ! portions are only )drawn t[>ds ! end ( ! titration1 ! loss is v trifl+1 & w n %[-up on ! result4 ,! usual plan adopt$ is to h a solution ( ! indicator plac$ 9 drops at fairly equal int]vals di/ribut$ ov] a clean & dry :ite porcela9-plate3 a drop or two ( ! solution to be te/$ is !n br\ght 9 contact ) "o ( ^! & ! effect not$4 ,ano!r plan is to h ?9 blott+-pap]1 moi/5$ ) a solution ( ! indicator & dri$2 a drop ( ! solution to be te/$ plac$ on ?is %[s ! *>act]i/ic *ange4 ,:5 ! assay solution conta9s a susp5d$ solid :i* int]f]es ) ! te/1 a prep>$ pap] cov]$ ) an ord9>y filt]-pap] answ]s v well2 a drop ( ! solution to be te/$ is plac$ on ! filt]-pap]1 &1 s9k+ ?r\gh1 %[s its effect on ! pap] bel[4 ,except :5 o!rwise /at$1 all titrations %\ld be made at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 cool+1 if necess>y1 by hold+ ! flask "u ! tap4 ,:5 a titration is direct$ to be made 9 a boil+ solution1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! /&>d solution is cold1 & t e addition l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! assay4 ,on runn+ ! solution f ! burette into ! assay1 d n let x run d[n ! side ( ! flask4 ,if a portion ( ! assay has to be )drawn = te/+1 %ake ! flask to ensure mix+1 & !n take out a drop ) ! te/-rod2 ! neglect ( ^! precautions may give a f9i%+-po9t too e>ly4 ,?is is g5]ally indicat$ by a sudd5 f9i%1 9 :i* case on %ak+ ! flask & aga9 te/+ no reaction is got4 ,d n remove ! drop on ! po9t ( ! burette ) ! te/-rod2 let x rema9 :]e x is or drop x into ! solution by c>efully op5+ ! clip4 ,g5]ally ! me?ods ( work+ are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,:5 ! f9i%+-po9t dep5ds on a *ange ( col\r 9 ! solution4--,increase ! bulk ( ! assay up to f #ajj to #aej c4c4 ) wat]4 ,boil or cool1 z ! case may be4 ,run 9 ! /&>d solution f a burette spe$ily1 until ! re-ag5t appe>s to h a sl[] action1 & %ake or /ir all ! "t4 ,!n run #a c4c4 or s at a "t1 /ill /irr+1 & f9ally add drops until ! col\r *ange is got4 7#b7 ,:5 an outside-indicator is us$4--,p\r ! /&>d solution f a burette into ! assay until #e or #f c4c4 f ! f9i%+-po9t2 !n run 9 #a c4c4 at a "t 7/irr+ & te/+ on ! plate betwe5 ea*7 until ! indicator %[s ! *ange want$1 & d$uct #j4e c4c4 = excess4 ,:5 great] accuracy is s\ght = a duplicate assay is made4 ,9 ?is case ! /&>d solution is run 9 close up to ! end1 & ! op]ation is f9i%$ (f ) a few drops at a "t4 7#c7 ,:]e ! f9i%+-po9t dep5ds ^u ! abs5ce ( a precipitate & no outside-indicator is us$4--,z 9 ! la/ case1 run 9 ! /&>d solution up to )9 a few c4c4 ( ! end1 !n run 9 #a c4c4 at a "t until a precipitate is no long] =m$1 b "h #a4e c4c4 mu/ be d$uct$ = excess1 s9ce x is evid5t t ! :ole ( ! la/ c4c4 mu/ h be51 & a portion ( ! previ\s "o may h be51 9 excess4 ,indirect ,titration4--,! action ( p]manganate ( pota% ^u a f]r\s solution is "o ( oxidation1 h5ce x is evid5t t if any o!r oxidis+ ag5t is pres5t x w c\nt z p]manganate4 ,9 su* a case ! titration c be us$ 7indirectly7 to e/imate ! quantity ( su* oxidis+ ag5t1 by det]m9+ h[ mu* less ( ! p]manganate is us$4 ,= example1 suppose t #a gram ( iron dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid requires #ajj c4c4 ( /&>d p]manganate to fully oxidise x1 b t ! same am\nt ( iron only requires #ce4f c4c4 ( ! same /&>d p]manganate if x has be5 previ\sly heat$ ) #j4e gram ( black oxide ( manganese4 ,"h x is evid5t t #j4e gram ( black oxide does ! "w ( #fd4d c4c4#d ( ! p]manganate solution1 & t ^! quantities are equival5t2 moreov]1 if #fd4d c4c4 correspond ) #j4e gram1 !n #ajj c4c4 correspond ) #j4ggfd :i* is ! /&>d4 ,on !oretical gr\nds1 & by a me?od ( calculation :i* w be expla9$ fur!r on 7"u ! head+ ,calculations f ,=mul71 x c be f\nd t if ! /&>d = iron is #a gram1 t = ! black oxide w be #j4ggfd gram4 ,! pr9ciples ( ^! indirect titrations become cle>] :5 express$ 9 a cond5s$ =m4 ,?us1 9 ! example select$1 & us+ ! =mul ,fe ,iron1 ,k,mn,o#d p]manganate ( pota%1 & ,mn,o#b oxide ( manganese1 we h3-- 7#a7 #a gram ,fe #ajj c4c4 ,k,mn,o#d 7#b7 #a gram ,fe #ce4f c4c4 ,k,mn,o#d #j4e gram ,mn,o#b 4'4 #ajj c4c4 ,k,mn,o#d #ce4f c4c4 ,k,mn,o#d #j4e gram ,mn,o#b 7#ajj-ce4f7 c4c4 ,k,mn,o#d #j4e gram ,mn,o#b #fd4d c4c4 ,k,mn,o#d #j4e gram ,mn,o#b ,! iron does n ent] into ! calculation if ! same quantity is pres5t 9 ! two exp]im5ts4 ,an indirect titration ?us requires ?ree det]m9ations1 b if m ?an "o assay is to be c>ri$ on1 two ( ^! ne$ n be repeat$4 ,! /&>d is calculat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,colorimetric ,assays4--,^! are assays 9 :i* ! col\r imp>t$ to a solution by "s comp\nd ( ! metal to be det]m9$ is tak5 advantage (2 ! dep? ( col\r dep5d+ on ! quantity ( metal pres5t4 ,!y are g5]ally us$ = ! det]m9ation ( su* small quantities z are too m9ute to be weigh$4 ,! me?od ( work+ is z foll[s3--,a measur$ portion ( ! assay solution 7g5]ally #b_/c1 #a_/b1 #a_/c1 or #a_/d ( ! :ole71 col\r$ by ! sub/ance to be e/imat$1 is plac$ 9 a :ite glass cyl9d] /&+ on a %eet ( :ite pap] or glaz$ porcela94 ,into an exactly simil> cyl9d] is plac$ ! same am\nt ( re-ag5ts1 c41 z ! portion ( ! assay solution conta9s1 & !n wat] is add$ until ! solutions are ( ne>ly equal bulk4 ,next1 a /&>d solution ( ! metal be+ e/imat$ is run 9 f a burette1 ! mixture be+ /irr$ aft] ea* addition until ! col\r approa*es t ( ! assay4 ,! bulk ( ! two solutions is equalis$ by add+ wat]4 ,!n m /&>d solution is add$ until ! t9ts are v ne>ly alike4 ,next1 ! am\nt add$ is read (f f ! burette1 /ill m is p\r$ 9 until ! col\r is slightly d>k] ?an t ( ! assay1 & ! burette read (f aga94 ,! mean ( ! read+s is tak51 & gives ! quantity ( metal add$4 ,x equals ! quantity ( metal 9 ! portion ( ! assay4 ,if ?is portion 0 "o-half ( ! :ole1 multiply by two2 if "o-?ird1 multiply by ?ree1 & s on4 ,:5 ! quantity ( metal 9 v dilute solutions is to be det]m9$1 x is sometimes necess>y to conc5trate ! solutions by boil+ !m d[n be=e apply+ ! re-ag5t :i* produces ! col\r$ comp\nd4 ,su* conc5tration does n affect ! calculations4 ,gasometric ,assays4--,gasometric me?ods are n mu* us$ by assay]s1 &1 !re=e1 ^? /ud5ts :o wi% to /udy !m m fully ?an ! limits ( ?is "w w p]mit1 are recomm5d$ to consult ,w9kl] & ,lunge's text-book on ! subject4 ,! me?ods are )\t d\bt capable ( a m ext5d$ application4 ,9 measur+ liquids1 ord9>y v>iations ( temp]ature h b little effect1 & v>iations ( atmosph]ic pressure h none at all1 :]eas ) gases x is diff]5t4 ,?us1 #ajj c4c4 ( an ord9>y aque\s solution w\ld1 if heat$ f #aj ,c4 to #bj ,c41 exp& to ab\t #ajj4ae c4c4 #ajj c4c4 ( a gas simil>ly w>m$ w\ld exp& to ab\t #ajc4e c4c41 & a fall ( "o in* 9 ! b>omet] w\ld h a v simil> effect4 ,& 9 measur+ gases we h n only to take into acc\nt v>iations 9 volume due to *anges 9 temp]ature & atmosph]ic pressure1 b also t :i* is obs]v$ :5 a gas is measur$ wet & dry4 ,wat] gives (f vap\r at all temp]atures1 b ! am\nt ( vap\r is l>g] z ! temp]ature increases4 ,by ignor+ ^! consid]ations1 errors ( #c or #d p] c5t4 are easily made2 b1 =tunately1 ! corrections are simple1 & x is easy to con/ruct a piece ( app>atus by means ( :i* !y may be r$uc$ to a simple calculation by ! rule ( ?ree4 ,! volume ( a gas is1 9 practice1 usually r$uc$ to t :i* x w\ld be at a temp]ature ( #j ,c41 :5 ! column ( m]cury 9 ! b>omet] is #gfj mm4 high4 ,b1 al?\gh conv5i5t1 ?is practice is n always necess>y4 ,! only ?+ requir$ is "s way ( *eck+ ! v>iations 9 volume1 & ( calculat+ :at ! correct$ volume w\ld be "u c]ta9 fix$ conditions4 ,suppose t at ! "t a s]ies ( /&>dis+s is be+ made1 #ajj c4c4 ( air 7 conf9$ 9 a graduat$ tube ov] moi/ m]cury4 ,^! #ajj c4c4 w\ld v>y 9 volume f day to day1 b x w\ld always be true ( !m t !y w\ld measure #ajj c4c4 "u ! same conditions z ^? "u :i* ! /&>dis+s 7 made4 ,if1 !n1 9 mak+ an actual assay1 #ce4d c4c4 ( gas 7 obta9$1 & ! air 9 ! tube measur$ #aje c4c41 we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 t if ! conditions _h be5 ^? ( ! /&>dis+1 ! #aje c4c4 w\ld h measur$ #ajj c4c41 & ! #ce4d c4c4 w\ld h be5 #cc4g2 = #aje3 #ajj33 #ce4d3 #cc4g4 ,! rule = us+ su* a piece ( app>atus = correct+ volumes is3--,multiply ! c4c4 ( gas obta9$ by #ajj1 & divide by ! numb] ( c4c4 ( air 9 ! app>atus4 ,if x is desir$ to calculate ! volumes "u /&>d conditions 7t is1 ! gas dry1 at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 b>ometric pressure7 ! calculations are easily p]=m$1 b ! temp]ature & pressure mu/ be kn[n4 ,correction = ,moi/ure4--,! vap\r t5sion ( wat] has be5 accurately det]m9$ = v>i\s temp]atures1 & x may be look$ ^u z c\nt]act+ ! b>ometric pressure4 ,= example1 at #ae ,c4 ! vap\r t5sion equals #ab4g millimetres ( m]cury2 if ! b>omet] /ood at #gej mm41 ! correction = moi/ure w\ld be made by subtract+ #ab4g f #gej1 & tak+ #gcg4c mm4 to be ! true b>ometric pressure4 ,! vap\r t5sions = temp]atures f #j ,c4 to #bj ,c4 are z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,temp4 ,t5sion4 ,temp4 ,t5sion4 ,temp4 ,t5sion4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #j #d4f mm4 #g #g4e mm4 #ad #aa4i mm4 #a #d4i mm4 #h #h4j mm4 #ae #ab4g mm4 #b #e4c mm4 #i #h4f mm4 #af #ac4e mm4 #c #e4g mm4 #aj #i4b mm4 #ag #ad4d mm4 #d #f4a mm4 #aa #i4h mm4 #ah #ae4c mm4 #e #f4e mm4 #ab #aj4e mm4 #ai #af4c mm4 #f #g4j mm4 #ac #aa4b mm4 #bj #ag4d mm4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! correction = pressure is3--,multiply ! volume by ! actual pressure & divide by #gfj4 ,! correction = temp]ature3--,multiply ! volume by #bgc & divide by ! temp]ature 79 degrees ,c5tigrade7 add$ to #bgc4 ,= all ?ree corrections ! foll[+ rules hold good4 ,to r$uce to #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 dry4 ,volume #j4ceib 7,pressure-t5sion7 ,correct$ volume -------------------------------------- ,temp]ature #bgc ,to f9d ! volume1 :i* a giv5 volume "u /&>d conditions w\ld assume1 if ^? conditions are alt]$4 ,volume #b4ghd 7,temp]ature #bgc7 ,result+ volume ------------------------------------ ,pressure - t5sion ,z an example1 we w suppose t x is desir$ to enclose 9 ! app>atus ref]r$ to on p4 #de1 a volume ( air1 :i*1 :5 dry 7at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm471 %all measure #ajj c4c41 :il/ ! actual temp]ature is #ae ,c41 & ! pressure #gej mm4 ,! second =mula is ! "o to be us$1 & we get #ajh4g c4c4 #ajj c4c4#b4ghdbhh ,requir$ volume ---------------------- #gej-ab4g #hjagi4b ------- #gcg4c #ajh4g c4c4 ,,footnotes3 #d #ajj-ce4f #fd4d4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,weigh+ ,,& ,,measur+4 ,weigh+4--,! sy/em ( weights & measures :i* we h adopt$ is ! ,fr5* or metric sy/em2 9 ?is ! gram 7#ae4dc gra9s7 is ! unit ( weight2 ! only o!r weight frequ5tly ref]r$ to is ! milligram1 :i* is #j4jja1 or #a_/ajjj gram4 ,! unit ( volume is ! cubic c5timetre1 :i* is approximately ! volume ( #a gram ( wat]1 & :i* ?us be>s to ! gram ! same relation z gra9-measures be> to gra9s4 ,x is usual to write & ev5 pron\nce cubic c5timetre %ortly z c4c41 & ! only o!r d5om9ation ( volume we %all h occasion to use is ! litre1 :i* measures #ajjj c4c41 & is r\ghly #a-c_/d p9ts4 ,! weights us$ are kept 9 boxes 9 a def9ite ord]1 s t ! weights on ! balance c be c\nt$ z well by not+ ^? :i* are abs5t f ! box z by c\nt+ ^? pres5t on ! scale-pan4 ,! weights run #ej1 #bj1 #aj1 #aj1 #e1 #b1 #a1 #a & #a grams1 & are =m$ ( brass4 ,! fractions ( ! gram are g5]ally made ( plat9um or ( alum9ium1 & are arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--#j4e1 #j4b1 #j4a1 #j4a1 & #j4je1 #j4jb1 #j4ja1 #j4ja4 ,^! may be m>k$ 9 ?is way1 or !y may be m>k$ #ejj1 #bjj1 #ajj1 #ajj1 #ej1 #bj1 #aj1 #aj2 ! #ejj mean+ #ejj milligrams4 ,"s mak]s s5d out weights 9 ! s]ies #ej1 #bj1 #bj1 #aj1 c4 ,weights ( less ?an #j4ja gram are g5]ally pres5t 9 a box1 b x is mu* m conv5i5t to "w ) a rid]4 ,?is is a piece ( wire :i* 9 ! pan weighs #j4ja gram2 x is made 9 su* a =m t x w ride on ! beam1 & its effective weight decreases z x approa*es ! c5tre4 ,if ! arm ( ! beam is divid$ into t5?s1 !n ea* t5? c\nt+ f ! c5tre outw>d equals #j4jja gram or #a milligram1 & if ^! t5?s be fur!r subdivid$ ! fractions ( a milligram are obta9$2 & ^! give figures 9 ! f\r? place ( decimals4 ,a fairly good balance %\ld be s5sitive to #j4jjja gram4 ,! weights mu/ nev] be t\*$ ) ! f+]s1 & ! =ceps = mov+ !m is us$ = no o!r purpose4 ,:5 n 9 actual use ! box is kept clos$4 ,! weights mu/ n be all[$ to rema9 on ! pan ( ! balance4 ,! balance-case mu/ n be op5 )\t "s reason4 ,x mu/ be fix$ level1 &1 once fix$1 mu/ n be ne$lessly mov$4 ,! b5* on :i* x /&s %\ld be us$ = no o!r purpose1 & no "o %\ld be all[$ to lean ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,:5 us+ a balance sit directly 9 front ( x4 ,ord9>ily ! sub/ance to be weigh$ is be/ put on ! pan to ! us]'s left2 ! weights & ! rid] are !n easily manipulat$4 ,p[d]s1 c41 %\ld n be weigh$ directly on ! balance2 a c\nt]pois$ wat*-glass or metal scoop 7fig4 #be7 %\ld be us$4 ,9 "s cases x is advisable to use a weigh+-bottle4 ,?is is a light1 well-/opp]$ bottle 7fig4 #c7 conta9+ ! p[d]$ ore4 ,x is fir/ fill$ & weigh$2 !n "s ( ! sub/ance is c>efully p\r$ f x into a beak] or o!r vessel1 & x is weigh$ aga92 ! diff]5ce 9 ! two weigh+s gives ! weight ( sub/ance tak54 ,a sub/ance mu/ always be cold :5 weigh$1 & l>ge glass vessels %\ld be all[$ to /& 9 ! balance-box a little :ile be=e be+ weigh$4 ,always h ! balance at re/ :5 putt+ on or tak+ (f any?+ f ! pans4 ,put ! weights on sy/ematically4 ,9 us+ ! rid] 7except y h a reason to ! contr>y71 put x on at ! #e2 if ?is is too mu*1 !n try x at ! #c2 if !n ! weights are too little1 try at ! #d1 if /ill n en\gh1 ! correct weight mu/ be betwe5 ! #d & #e2 try half-way betwe54 ,x is be/ to "w ) ! balance vibrat+2 equilibrium is e/abli%$ :5 ! vibration to ! left is ! mean ( ! prec$+ & succe$+ vibrations to ! "r4 ,= example1 if x vibrates #f divisions to ! "r on "o sw+1 & #e divisions on ! next1 ! int]m$iate vibration to ! left %\ld h be5 #e-a_/b4 ,note :e!r ! sub/ance increases 9 weight :il/ on ! balance4 ,if x does x may be because x 0 put on w>m1 & is cool+1 or x may be because x is tak+ up moi/ure f ! air4 ,sub/ances :i* take up moi/ure rapidly %\ld be weigh$ 9 clipp$ wat*-glasses or 9 light-weigh+ bottles or tubes4 ,/ud5ts1 9 record+ ! weights1 %\ld fir/ read (f ^? miss+ f ! box1 writ+ d[n ea* ord] ( figures z det]m9$2 fir/ t5s1 !n units1 & s on4 ,rememb] t ! fir/ f\r plat9um weights give ! figures ( ! fir/ place ( decimals1 ! second f\r give ! second place1 & t ! ?ird & f\r? places are giv5 by ! rid]4 ,hav+ tak5 d[n ! figures1 confirm !m by read+ (f ! weights z y put !m back into ! box4 ,d n re/ a weight on ! palm ( y\r h& = conv5i5ce 9 read+ ! m>k ^u x4 ,rememb] "o weight lo/ f a box spoils ! set4 ,d n take x = grant$ t ! balance is 9 equilibrium be=e y />t weigh+3 try x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,measur+ ,liquids4--,= co>se "w1 su* z measur+ acids = dissolv+ ores1 graduat$ glasses simil> to ^? us$ by druggi/s may be us$4 ,x is well to h two sizes--a small] graduat$ into divisions ( #e c4c4 7fig4 #bf71 & a l>g] ) divisions equal to #aj c4c4 ,no measurem5t ( importance %\ld be made 9 a vessel ( ?is k9d1 z a slight v>iation 9 level causes a s]i\s error4 ,graduat$ flasks mu/ be us$ :5 any?+ has to be made up to a def9ite bulk1 or :5 a fix$ volume has to be collect$4 ,if1 = example1 a c]ta9 weight ( sub/ance has to be dissolv$ & dilut$ to a litre1 or if ! fir/ #ej c4c4 ( a di/illate has to be collect$1 a flask %\ld be us$4 ,ea* flask is graduat$ = "o p>ticul> quantity2 ! mo/ useful sizes are #ajjj c4c41 #ejj c4c41 #bjj c4c41 #ajj c4c41 & #ej c4c4 ,! m>k %\ld be 9 ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! neck1 & %\ld be tang5tial to ! curv$ surface ( ! liquid :5 ! flask conta9s ! exact volume specifi$4 ,! level ( a curv$ surface ( liquid is at fir/ some:at difficult to read3 ! beg9n] is 9 d\bt :e!r ! surface %\ld be tak5 at ,a1 ,b1 or ,c 7fig4 #bg74 ,x is be/ to take ! l[e/ read+ ,c4 ,9 "s lights x is difficult to f9d ?is2 9 su* cases a piece ( :ite pap] or c>d held beh9d & a little bel[1 s z to ?r[ light up & aga9/ ! curv$ surface1 w r5d] x cle>4 ,9 read+1 "o %\ld look nei!r up at nor d[n ^u ! surface1 b ! eye %\ld be on ! same level ) x4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t flasks conta9 ! quantity specifi$1 b deliv] less ?an ?is by ! am\nt rema9+ 9 !m & damp+ ! sides4 ,if x is desir$ to transf] ! cont5ts say ( a #ajj c4c4 flask to a beak]1 x w be necess>y to complete ! transf] by r9s+ out ! flask & add+ ! wa%+s2 o!rwise !re w be a s5sible loss4 ,graduat$ cyl9d]s 7fig4 #bh7 are conv5i5t = prep>+ /&>d solutions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,pipettes & burettes are graduat$ to deliv] ! quantities specifi$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! pipette1 & ! advantages & disadvantages ( its v>i\s =ms1 may be und]/ood by consid]+ ! fir/ =m %[n 9 fig4 #bi4 ,x is ess5tially a bulb$ tube drawn out to a jet at its l[] end1 & hav+ on ea* side ( ! bulb a m>k s plac$ t :5 ! surface ( ! liquid falls f ! upp] to ! l[] m>k ! in/rum5t %all deliv] exactly #ajj c4c4 ,! bore ( ! jet %\ld be ( su* a size z w all[ ! level ( ! liquid to fall at ! rate ( ab\t "o foot 9 two m9utes4 ,if x runs m quickly ?an ?is1 an appreciable error arises f ! v>y+ am\nt ( liquid rema9+1 & damp+ ! sides ( ! bulb4 ,! fl[ ( liquid f a pipette mu/ n be ha/5$ by bl[+ into x4 ,! l[] tube or nose ( ! pipette %\ld be long en\gh to rea* into ! bottle or flask conta9+ ! liquid ab\t to be measur$4 ,! pipette is fill$ by suck+ at ! op5 end ) ! m\?2 ?is me?od ( fill+ r5d]s ! use ( ! in/rum5t dang]\s = su* liquids z /rong acids1 ammonia1 & su* poison\s solutions z t ( potassic cyanide4 ,"o attempt ) a fairly /rong solution ( ammonia w tea* ! beg9n] a v useful lesson4 ,z soon z ! liquid rises above ! upp] m>k 9 ! pipette1 ! m\? is )drawn1 & ! pipette quickly clos$ by press+ ! upp] ap]ture ) ! index f+] ( ! "r h&2 x is well to h ! f+] slightly moi/1 b n damp4 ,! neck ( ! pipette %\ld be long en\gh to all[ its be+ firmly grasp$ by ! f+]s & ?umb ( ! "r h& )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,! pipette is fir/ held 9 a v]tical position long en\gh to all[ any moi/ure outside ! tube to run d[n1 & !n ! liquid is all[$ to run out to ! level ( ! upp] m>k2 ?is is easily effect$ by less5+ ! pressure4 ,if ! f+] is wet1 ! fl[ w be j]ky1 & good "w impossible4 ,! pipette is next held ov] ! vessel into :i* ! #ajj c4c4 are to be put1 & ! liquid all[$ to run out4 ,:5 ! bulb is ne>ly empty1 ! fl[ %\ld be *eck$ by replac+ ! f+]1 & ! liquid all[$ to escape sl[ly until ! l[] m>k is rea*$4 ,! pipette is !n )drawn2 x is 9 ! )draw+ t ! disadvantage ( ?is p>ticul> =m#e makes itself felt4 ,x mu/ be )drawn v /eadily1 z ! slighte/ %ock causes ! rema9+ column ( liquid to vibrate1 :]eby air is drawn 9 & ! liquid is =c$ out4 ,?is disadvantage is got rid ( by mak+ ! m\? ( ! jet ! l[] limit1 or1 9 o!r words1 all[+ ! in/rum5t to empty itself4 ,!re are two =ms ( su* pipettes2 9 ! "o g5]ally recomm5d$ 9 ,gay-,lussac's silv] assay 7! la/ %[n 9 fig4 #bi7 ! nose is replac$ by a jet4 ,?is is mo/ conv5i5tly fill$ by /opp+ ! jet ) ! f+]1 & all[+ ! liquid to fl[ 9 a f9e /ream into ! neck until ! pipette is fill$1 & !n work+ z j describ$4 ,! o!r =m is ! "o 9 g5]al use2 9 fact1 a long nose to a pipette is s conv5i5t t x may almo/ be said to be necess>y4 ,b ! accuracy is slightly dim9i%$2 a long n>r[ tube makes a poor measur+ in/rum5t because ( ! am\nt ( liquid x f9ally reta9s4 ,a defect possess$ by bo? =ms is ! ret5tion ( a drop ( v>y+ size 9 ! nozzle4 ,:atev] me?od is adopt$ = remov+ ?is drop mu/ be always adh]$ to4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t =m is ! "o la/ describ$1 & ! mo/ useful sizes are #ajj c4c41 #ej c4c41 #bj c4c41 #aj c4c41 & #e c4c4 ,t5 c4c4 pipettes graduat$ into t5?s ( a cubic c5timetre are v useful3 ^? are be/ 9 :i* ! graduation /ops %ort ( ! bottom4 ,all measurem5ts %\ld be made at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 &1 be=e be+ us$1 ! pipette %\ld be r9s$ out ) a cubic c5timetre or s ( ! solution to be measur$4 ,aft] us+1 x %\ld be wa%$ out ) wat]4 ,burettes diff] ma9ly f pipettes 9 hav+ ! fl[ ( liquid controll$ f bel[ in/ead ( f above4 ,! be/ =m is t kn[n z ,mohr's1 "o k9d ( :i* is provid$ ) a glass /opcock1 :ile ! o!r has a piece ( india-rubb] tube compress$ by a clip4 ,! latt] _c be us$ = solutions ( p]manganate ( pota% or ( iod9e1 or ( any sub/ance :i* acts on india-rubb]2 b 9 o!r respects !re is little to *oose betwe5 ! two k9ds4 ,a burette deliv]+ #ajj c4c41 & graduat$ into fif?s 7i4e41 ea* division #j4b c4c471 is a v conv5i5t size4 ,= "s k9ds ( "w1 #ej c4c4 divid$ into t5?s 7i4e41 ea* division #j4a c4c47 may be select$4 ,burettes may be fix$ 9 any conv5i5t /&2 !y mu/ be v]tical & %\ld be s plac$ t ! assay] c read any "p ( ! graduat$ scale )\t /ra9+4 ,:5 n 9 use1 !y %\ld be kept full ( wat]4 ,:5 us+ a burette1 ! wat] mu/ be run out2 ! burette is next r9s$ ) "s ( ! solution to be us$1 & dra9$2 & !n x is fill$ ) ! solution4 ,next squeeze ! india-rubb] tube s z to dis5tangle air-bubbles &1 by sm>tly op5+ ! clip1 all[ ! tube & jet to be fill$2 see t no bubbles ( air are left4 ,!n run out cauti\sly until ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! burette /&s at z]o4 ,9 read+ ! level ) v d>k-col\r$ liquids x is conv5i5t to read f ! level ,a 7fig4 #bg71 &1 provid$ x is done 9 ea* read+1 !re is no objection to ?is4 ,! accuracy ( ! read+ ( a burette is s5sibly increas$ by ! use ( an ,erdmann float4 ,?is is an elongat$ bulb1 weight$ ) m]cury1 & fitt+ 7some:at loosely7 ! tube ( ! burette4 ,x floats 9 ! solution1 & is m>k$ ) a horizontal l9e2 ?is l9e is tak5 z ! level ( ! liquid4 ,if ! burette is fill$ f ! top1 ! float rises ) aggravat+ sl[ness1 & ?is is its *ief disadvantage4 ,! float mu/ come to re/ be=e any read+ is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,a conv5i5t plan = fill+ a burette f bel[ is %[n 9 fig4 #cj4 ,! diagram expla9s itself4 ,! bottle conta9+ ! /&>d solution is connect$ ) ! burette by a syphon arrangem5t ?r\gh ! glass tube & ,t-piece4 ,! fl[ ( liquid into ! burette is controll$ by ! clip4 ,:5 ?is clip is op5$1 ! burette fills2 & :5 x is clos$1 ! burette is ready = use 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,measur+ ,gases4--,lange's nitromet] 7fig4 #fi7 is a v conv5i5t in/rum5t = _m gasometric me?ods4 ,x requires ! use ( a fair quantity ( m]cury4 ,9 fig4 #ca1 !re is a repres5tation ( a piece ( app>atus easily fitt$ up f ! ord9>y mat]ial ( a laboratory4 ,x is "o :i* w s]ve "s useful purposes4 ,x consi/s ( a wide-m\!d bottle fitt$ 7by pref]5ce7 ) a rubb] cork4 ,! cork is p]=at$1 & 9 ! p]=ation is plac$ a glass tube :i* communicates ) ! burette4 ,! burette is connect$ by a rubb] tube & a ,y-piece1 ei!r ) ano!r burette or ) a piece ( ord9>y combu/ion-tube ( ab\t ! same size4 ,! wide-m\!d bottle conta9s ei!r a %ort te/-tube or an ord9>y phial ) its neck cut (f4 ,9 work+ ! app>atus ! weigh$ sub/ance is put 9 ! bottle & ! re-ag5t :i* is to act on x1 9 ! te/-tube2 ! cork is !n ins]t$4 ,! liquid 9 ! two burettes is next br\ght to ! same level1 ei!r by p\r+ x 9 at ,a or runn+ x out at ,b4 ,! level ( ! liquid 9 ! app>atus = correct+ v>iation 9 volume is !n read & not$4 ,next1 aft] see+ t ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! burette has n *ang$1 turn ! bottle ov] on its side s t ! re-ag5t 9 ! te/-tube %all be upset into ! bottle4 ,!n1 z ! volume ( ! gas increases1 l[] ! liquid 9 ! burette by runn+ x out at ,b1 & at ! same "t keep ! level 9 ,a half an in* or s l[] ?an t 9 ! burette4 ,:5 ! action has f9i%$ br+ ! liquid 9 ! two vessels to ! same level & read (f ! burette4 ,?is "p ( ! "w mu/ always be done 9 ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,! volume corrector = gas analysis is a graduat$ glass tube ( #abj c4c4 capacity inv]t$ ov] a n>r[ glass cyl9d] ( m]cury4 ,x conta9s #j4b or #j4c c4c4 ( wat] & a volume ( air1 :i*1 if dry & "u /&>d conditions1 w\ld measure #ajj c4c4 ,! actual volume v>ies f day to day1 & is read (f at any "t by br++ ! m]cury inside & outside to ! same level4 ,?is is done by rais+ or l[]+ ! tube1 z may be requir$4 ,any volume ( gas obta9$ 9 an assay c be correct$ to /&>d temp]ature & pressure by multiply+ by #ajj & divid+ by ! numb] ( c4c4 9 ! corrector at ! "t ! assay is made4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,x is be/ to use ?is =m ) a glass /opcock1 or ) an india-rubb] tube & clip1 aft] ! mann] ( a ,mohr's burette4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,re-,,ag5ts4--,,acids1 ,,etc4 ,acetic ,acid1 ,h,ac or ,c#b;,h#d,o#b4 7sp4 gr4 #a4jdd1 conta9+ #cc p] c5t4 real acid74--,an organic acid1 =m+ a class ( salts1 acetates1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p soluble 9 wat]1 & :i*1 on ignition1 leave ! oxide or c>bonate ( ! metal4 ,x is almo/ always us$ 9 ^? cases :]e m9]al acids are objectionable4 ,to conv]t1 = example1 a solution ( a sub/ance 9 hydro*loric acid into a solution ( ! same 9 acetic acid1 alkali %\ld be add$ 9 excess & !n acetic acid4 ,_m comp\nds are insoluble 9 acetic acid1 :i* are soluble 9 m9]al acids1 su* z f]ric phosphate1 f]ric ars5ate1 z9c sulphide1 calcium oxalate1 c41 s t ! use ( acetic acid is valuable 9 "s sep>ations4 ,! comm]cial acid is /rong en\gh = mo/ purposes1 & is us$ )\t dilution4 ,aqua ,regia is a mixture ( #a "p by measure ( nitric acid & #c p>ts ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! acids react =m+ :at is practically a solution ( *lor9e4#f ,! mixture is be/ made :5 want$1 & is *iefly us$ = ! solution ( gold & plat9um & = op5+ up sulphides4 ,:5 solutions 9 aqua regia are evaporat$1 *lorides are left4 ,brom9e1 ,br4 7sp4 gr4 #c4j74 ,practically pure brom9e4--,x is a heavy r$di%-br[n liquid & v volatile4 ,x boils at #fj ,c41 &1 consequ5tly1 mu/ be kept 9 a cool place4 ,x gives (f br[n irritat+ vap\rs1 :i* r5d] its use v objectionable4 ,g5]ally x answ]s ! same purpose z aqua regia1 & is employ$ :]e ! addition ( nitric acid to a solution has to be specially avoid$4 ,x is also us$ = dissolv+ metals only f ores :i* conta9 metallic oxides n desir$ 9 ! solution4 ,brom9e ,wat] is simply brom9e %ak5 up ) wat] till no m is dissolv$4 ,c>bonic ,acid1 ,,co#b4--;,a heavy gas1 some:at soluble 9 wat]2 x is ma9ly us$ = provid+ an atmosph]e 9 :i* sub/ances may be dissolv$1 titrat$1 c41 )\t fe> ( oxidation4 ,x is also us$ 9 titrat+ ars5ic assays ) iod9e :5 a feeble acid is requir$ to prev5t ! absorption ( iod9e by ! alkal9e c>bonate4 ,x is prep>$ :5 want$ 9 solution1 by add+ a gram or s ( bic>bonate ( soda & !n z mu* acid z w decompose ! bic>bonate m5tion$4 ,:5 a quantity ( ! gas is want$1 x is prep>$1 9 an app>atus l t us$ = sulphurett$ hydrog51 by act+ on fragm5ts ( m>ble or lime/one ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,citric ,acid 7,h#c;,ci or ,c#f;,h#h,o#g4;,h#b,o7 is an organic acid :i* occurs 9 col\rless cry/als1 soluble 9 less ?an _! weight ( wat]4 ,! solution mu/ be fre%ly prep>$1 z x gets m\ldy :5 kept4 ,x =ms a comp>atively unimportant class ( salts 7citrates74 ,x is us$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( phosphoric acid1 *iefly = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! precipitation ( phosphates ( iron & alum9a by ammonia1 & 9 a few simil> cases4 ,! comm]cial cry/als are us$2 !y %\ld be free f sulphuric acid & leave no a% on ignition4 ,hydro*loric ,acid1 ,h,cl 9 wat]1 7sp4 gr4 #a4af4 ,x conta9s #cb p] c5t4 ( hydrog5 *loride74--,x is sometimes call$ muriatic acid1 & :5 impure1 _s ( salt4 ,! acid solution %\ld be col\rless & free f ars5ic1 iron1 & sulphuric acid4 ,x =ms an important family ( salts1 ! *lorides4 ,x is ! be/ acid = dissolv+ metallic oxides & c>bonates1 & is always us$ by ! assay] :5 oxidis+ ag5ts are to be avoid$4 ,! acid is us$ )\t dilution :5 no directions are expressly giv5 to dilute x4 ,x has no action on ! foll[+ metals3 gold1 plat9um1 ars5ic1 & m]cury2 x v slightly attacks antimony1 bismu?1 lead1 silv]1 & copp]4 ,t9 is m soluble 9 x1 b ) difficulty2 :il/ iron1 z9c1 nickel1 cobalt1 cadmium1 & alum9ium easily dissolve ) evolution ( hydrog5 & ! =mation ( ! l[] *loride if ! metal =ms m ?an "o class ( salts4 ,all ! metallic oxides1 except a few ( ! native & r>] oxides1 are dissolv$ by x ) ! =mation ( *lorides ( ! metal & wat]4 ,dilute ,hydro*loric ,acid is made by dilut+ ! /rong acid ) an equal volume ( wat]4 ,?is is us$ = dissolv+ precipitates obta9$ 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( analysis & ! m easily soluble metals4 ,hydr(luoric ,acid1 ,,hf4--,a solution 9 wat] may be pur*as$ 9 gutta-p]*a or lead bottles4 ,x is ( v>iable /r5g? & d\btful purity4 ,x mu/ always be exam9$ quantitatively = ! residue left on evaporation4 ,x is us$ occasionally = ! exam9ation ( silicates4 ,x attacks silica1 =m+ fluoride ( silicon1 :i* is a gas4 ,:5 ! introduction ( ano!r base w n int]f]e ) ! assay1 ! sub/ance may be mix$ 9 ! plat9um di% ) fluoride ( ammonium1 or ( potassium1 or ( calcium1 & hydro*loric acid1 in/ead ( treat+ x ) ! comm]cial acid4 ,x is only requir$ 9 special "w4 ,! fumes & acid are dang]\s1 &1 ( c\rse1 glass or porcela9 vessels _c be us$ ) x4 ,iod9e1 ,i4--,?is c be obta9$ 9 comm]ce q pure1 & is (t5 us$ = /&>dis+4 ,x is v slightly soluble 9 wat]1 b readily dissolves 9 potassium iodide solution4 ,x closely resembles *lor9e & brom9e 9 its prop]ties1 & c be us$ = dissolv+ metals )\t1 at ! same "t1 attack+ any oxide :i* may be pres5t4 ,x is *iefly us$ z an oxidiz+ ag5t 9 volumetric "w1 be+ %>p 9 its reactions & easily detect$ 9 m9ute quantities4 ,x _c be us$ 9 alkal9e solutions1 s9ce x reacts ) ! hydrates1 & ev5 ) ! c>bonates1 to =m iodides & iodates4 ,iod9e is soluble 9 alcohol4 ,nitric ,acid1 ,,hno#c4 7,sp4 gr4 #a4db2 boil+ po9t #aba ,c42 conta9s #gj p] c5t4 by weight ( hydrog5 nitrate74--,x is conv5i5t to rememb] t "o c4c4 ( ?is conta9s #a gram ( real acid4 ,x comb9es ! prop]ties ( an acid & ( an oxidis+ ag5t4 ,"o c4c4 conta9s #j4gf gram ( oxyg51 mo/ ( :i* is v loosely held1 & easily giv5 up to metals & o!r oxidisable sub/ances4 ,consequ5tly x w dissolve _m metals1 c41 ^u :i* hydro*loric acid has no action4 ,all sulphides 7t ( m]cury except$7 are attack$ by x1 & = ! mo/ "p r5d]$ soluble4 ,x has no action on gold or plat9um1 & v little on alum9ium4 ,! /rong acid at ! ord9>y temp]ature does n act on iron or t92 & 9 mo/ cases x acts bett] :5 dilut$4 ,"s nitrates be+ insoluble 9 nitric acid1 =m a protect+ coat to ! metal :i* h9d]s fur!r action4 ,:]e ! /rong acid does act ! action is v viol5t1 s t g5]ally x is bett] to use ! dilute acid4 ,:5 iron has be5 imm]s$ 9 /rong nitric acid x n only rema9s unact$ on1 b assumes a passive /ate2 s t if1 aft] be+ wip$1 x is !n plac$ 9 ! dilute acid1 x w n dissolve4 ,t9 & antimony are conv]t$ into insoluble oxides1 :ile ! o!r metals 7) ! exception ( ^? already m5tion$7 dissolve z nitrates4 ,dur+ ! solution ( ! metal r$ fumes are giv5 (f1 :i* ma9ly consi/ ( nitrog5 p]oxide4 ,! solution is (t5 col\r$ br[n or gre5 because ( dissolv$ oxides ( nitrog51 :i* mu/ be got rid ( by boil+4 ,g5]ally "s ammonium nitrate is =m$1 especially 9 ! cases ( z9c1 iron1 & t91 :5 ^! are act$ on by cold dilute acid4 ,sulphur1 phosphorus1 & ars5ic are conv]t$ into sulphuric1 phosphoric1 & ars5ic acids respectively1 :5 boil$ ) ! /rong acid4 ,dilute ,nitric ,acid4--,dilute #a volume ( ! /rong acid ) #b ( wat]4 ,oxalic ,acid1 ,h#b,o or 7,h#b;,c#b,o#d4b;,h#b,o47--,?is is an organic acid 9 col\rless cry/als4 ,x =ms a family ( salts--! oxalates4 ,x is us$ 9 /&>dis+2 be+ a cry/allis$ & p]man5t acid1 x c be readily weigh$4 ,x is also us$ 9 sep>ations1 _m ( ! oxalates be+ insoluble4 ,= g5]al use make a #aj p] c5t4 solution4 ,use ! comm]cially pure acid4 ,on ignition ! acid %\ld leave no residue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,sulphurett$ ,hydrog54 ,hydrosulphuric acid1 ,,%#b4--;,a gas l>gely us$ 9 assay+1 s9ce by its action x all[s ( ! metals be+ conv5i5tly class$ into gr\ps4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 ?is liquid dissolv+ at ! ord9>y temp]ature ab\t ?ree times its volume ( ! gas4 ,! solution is only useful = te/+4 ,9 sep>ations1 a curr5t ( ! gas mu/ always be us$4 ,x is be/ prep>$ 9 an app>atus l t %[n 9 fig4 #cb1 by act+ on f]r\s sulphide ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 iron has to be subsequ5tly det]m9$ 9 ! assay solution1 ! gas %\ld be wa%$ by bubbl+ x ?r\gh wat] 9 ! small] bottle2 b = mo/ purposes wa%+ c be disp5s$ )4 ,! gas is v objectionable1 & op]ations ) x mu/ be c>ri$ out 9 a cupbo>d ) a good draught4 ,:5 ! precipitation has be5 complet$1 ! app>atus %\ld always be wa%$ out4 ,! effect ( ?is acid on solutions ( ! metals is to =m sulphides4 ,all ! metallic sulphides are insoluble 9 wat]2 b "s are soluble 9 alkal9e1 & "s 9 acid1 solutions4 ,if sulphurett$ hydrog5 is pass$ ?r\gh an acid solution conta9+ ! metals till no fur!r precipitation takes place1 a precipitate w be =m$ conta9+ sulphides insoluble 9 ! acid4 ,on filt]+1 add+ ammonia 7to r5d] ! filtrate alkal9e71 & aga9 pass+ ! gas1 a fur!r precipitate w be obta9$1 consi/+ ( sulphides insoluble 9 an alkal9e solution1 b n precipitable 9 an acid "o2 ! filtrate may also conta9 sulphides n precipitable 9 an acid solution1 :i* are soluble 9 an alkal9e "o2 ^! w be ?r[n d[n on neutralis+4 ,aga91 ! metals precipitat$ 9 ! acid solution =m sulphides :i* may be divid$ into gr\ps1 ! "o consi/+ ( ^? :i* are soluble1 & ! o!r ( ^? :i* are n soluble1 9 alkalies4 ,?is classification is %[n 9 ! foll[+ summ>y3-- #a4 ,precipitable 9 an acid solution4 7a7 ,soluble 9 ,alkalies4--,sulphides ( ,z1 ,sb1 ,sn1 ,au1 ,pt1 ,ir1 ,mo1 ,te1 & ,se4 7b7 ,insoluble 9 ,alkalies4--,sulphides ( ,ag1 ,pb1 ,hg1 ,bi1 ,cu1 ,cd1 ,pd1 ,rh1 ,os1 & ,ru4 #b4 ,n precipitat$ 9 an acid solution1 b ?r[n d[n 9 an alkal9e "o4 ,sulphides ( ,mn1 ,zn1 ,fe1 ,ni1 ,co1 ,91 ,tl1 & ,ga4 ,^! c aga9 be divid$ into ^? :i* are dissolv$ by dilute acids & ^? :i* are n4 #c4 ,n precipitat$ 9 an acid or alkal9e solution1 b ?r[n d[n on neutralis+ ! latt]4 ,sulphides ( ,v & ,w4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 is a /rong r$uc+ ag5t4 ,f]ric salts are !reby quickly r$uc$ to f]r\s2 9 hot solutions nitric acid is decompos$4 ,^! *anges are m>k$ by a precipitation ( sulphur1 & ! /ud5t mu/ be c>eful to pass ! gas suffici5tly long1 & n be too ha/y 9 conclud+ t no sulphide w =m because x does n at once make its appe>ance4 ,! be/ indication t x has be5 pass$ long en\gh is ! smell ( ! gas 9 ! solution aft] %ak+4 ,sulphur\s ,acid1 ,h#b,,s#c4--,! reag5t us$ may be reg>d$ z a saturat$ solution ( sulphur dioxide 9 wat]4 ,x may be pur*as$1 & keeps = a long "t4 ,x may be made by heat+ copp] ) sulphuric acid & pass+ ! gas =m$ into wat]4 ,! heat %\ld be )drawn :5 ! gas is com+ (f freely4 ,x is us$ z a r$uc+ ag5t1 & %\ld n be dilut$4 ,sulphuric ,acid1 ,h#b,,s#d4 7,sp4 gr4 #a4hd1 conta9+ #if p] c5t4 ( real acid1 ,h#b,,s#d47--,?is acid =ms insoluble sulphates ) salts ( lead1 /rontium1 & b>ium4 ,x has a high boil+ po9t1 #bij ,c41 &1 :5 evaporat$ ) salts ( ! m volatile acids1 conv]ts !m into sulphates4 ,:5 nitrates or *lorides are objectionable 9 a solution1 evaporation ) sulphuric acid removes !m4 ,9 work+ ) ?is acid caution is necess>y1 s9ce1 on mix+ ) wat]1 great heat is evolv$2 &1 if ei!r ! acid or wat] has be5 previ\sly heat$1 a s]i\s accid5t may result4 ,9 dilut+ ! acid x %\ld be p\r$ into cold wat]4 ,glass vessels conta9+ boil+ sulphuric acid %\ld be h&l$ z little z possible1 & %\ld n be cool$ "u ! tap4 ,! action ( dilut$ sulphuric acid on metals closely resembles t ( dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,magnesium1 alum9ium1 iron1 z9c1 nickel1 cobalt1 manganese1 & cadmium dissolve1 ) evolution ( hydrog51 9 ! cold acid1 or :5 w>m$4 ,! action ( hot & /rong sulphuric acid is altoge!r diff]5t2 x acts z an oxidis+ ag5t1 & is itself r$uc$ to sulphur dioxide or ev5 to sulphur4 ,! foll[+ metals are attack$ 9 ?is way3--copp]1 bismu?1 m]cury1 silv]1 antimony1 t91 & lead4 ,gold1 plat9um1 & ars5ic are n affect$4 ,?is prop]ty is made use ( 9 p>t+ silv] f gold & plat9um4 ,metallic sulphides are simil>ly attack$2 b ?is me?od ( op5+ up m9]als has ! disadvantage ( giv+ rise to ! =mation ( anhydr\s sulphates ( iron1 c41 :i* are n readily dissolv$ :5 aft]w>ds dilut$4 ,! use ( sulphuric acid 9 assay+ is 7= ^! reasons7 to be avoid$4 ,its *ief use is z a dry+ ag5t1 s9ce x has a /rong aff9ity = wat]4 ,air "u a bell j> may be kept dry by means ( a bas9 ( sulphuric acid1 & gases bubbl$ ?r\gh x are fre$ f wat]-vap\r4 ,dilute ,sulphuric ,acid4--,?is is made by dilut+ #a volume ( ! /rong acid ) #d ( wat]4 ,t>t>ic ,acid1 ,h#b,t or ,c#d;,h#f,o#f4--;,a cry/allis$ organic acid1 soluble 9 less ?an its own weight ( wat]1 or 9 less ?an ?ree p>ts ( alcohol4 ,x is us$ = ! same purposes z citric acid is4 ,! solution is made :5 requir$4 ,,bases1 ,,salts1 c4 ,alcohol1 ,c#b;,h#f,o4 7,comm]cial alcohol ( sp4 gr4 #j4hch2 x conta9s #hd p] c5t4 by weight ( alcohol47--,x %\ld burn ) a non-lum9\s flame & leave no residue4 ,x is us$ = wa%+ precipitates :]e wat] is inapplicable1 & = facilitat+ dry+4 ,ammonia1 ,,nh#c4 7,comm]cial ammonia1 a solution hav+ a sp4 gr4 ( #j4hh to #j4hi1 & conta9+ ab\t #cc p] c5t4 ( ammonia47--,x is us$ z an alkali 7m commonly ?an soda or pota%71 s9ce an excess ( x is easily remov$ by boil+4 ,! salts ( ammonium =m$ by x may be remov$ by ignit+1 or by evaporat+ 9 a porcela9 di% ) an excess ( nitric acid4 ,x diff]s 9 a m>k$ way f soda or pota% 9 its solv5t action on ! oxides or hydrates ( ! metals4 ,salts ( ! foll[+ metals are soluble 9 an ammoniacal solution 9 ! pres5ce ( ammonic *loride3--copp]1 cadmium1 silv]1 nickel1 cobalt1 manganese1 z9c1 magnesium1 sodium1 potassium1 & ! alkal9e e>?s4 ,dilute ,ammonia is made by dilut+ #a vol4 ( comm]cial ammonia ) #b ( wat]4 ,! dilute ammonia is always us$2 b 9 assays = copp] a /rong] solution 7#a ( /rong ammonia to #a ( wat]7 is requir$4 ,ammonic ,c>bonate 7,am#b;,,co#c7 is prep>$ by dissolv+ "o "p ( ! comm]cial sesquic>bonate ( ammonia 9 f\r p>ts ( wat]1 & add+ "o "p ( /rong ammonia4 ,ammonic ,bic>bonate 7,h,am,c,o#c7 is prep>$ by saturat+ a solution ( ! sesquic>bonate ( ammonia ) c>bon dioxide4 ,ammonic ,*loride1 ,am,cl4--,use ! comm]cial salt 9 a #bj p] c5t4 solution 9 wat]4 ,! salt %\ld leave no residue on ignition4 ,ammonic ,molybdate4--,! solution is prep>$ z foll[s3--,dissolve #ajj grams ( ! p[d]$ comm]cial salt 9 #bjj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 & p\r ! solution 9 a sl[ /ream into #gej c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid2 make up to #a litre1 & all[ ! mixture to settle be=e us+4 ,x is us$ = ! purpose ( sep>at+ phosphoric oxide f bases & f o!r acids1 & also z a te/ = phosphates & ars5ates4 ,9 us+ ?is solution ! sub/ance mu/ be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & a consid]able excess ( ! reag5t add$ 7#ej c4c4 is suffici5t to precipitate #j4a gram ,p#b,o#e72 :5 ! phosphate is 9 excess no precipitate w be got4 ,! precipitate is phospho-molybdate ( ammonia4 ,ammonic ,nitrate 7,am,n,o#c7 is us$ 9 ! sep>ation ( phosphoric oxide by ! molybdate me?od1 & occasionally = de/roy+ organic matt]4 ,x is soluble 9 less ?an its own weight ( wat]4 ,! solution is made :5 want$4 ,ammonic ,oxalate 7,am#b;,c#b,o#d4b;,h#b,o7 is us$ *iefly = ! sep>ation ( lime4 ,! solution is made by dissolv+ #ae grams ( ! salt 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,ammonic ,sulphide may be pur*as$ 9 ! /ate ( a /rong solution4 ,x is yell[1 & conta9s ! disulphide1 ,s#b;,am#b4 ,x s]ves ! same purpose z is obta9$ by pass+ a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh an ammoniacal solution2 b has ! disadvantage ( load+ ! solution ) sulphur1 :i* is precipitat$ :5 ! solution is subsequ5tly acidifi$4 ,x is useful = dissolv+ ! l[] sulphide ( t9 7,sn,s74 ,b>ic ,c>bonate 7,ba,c,o#c7 is sometimes us$ = precipitat+ ! weak] bases4 ,x %\ld be prep>$ :5 want$ by precipitat+ a solution ( b>ic *loride ) ammonic c>bonate & wa%+4 ,! moi/ precipitate is us$ )\t dry+4 ,b>ic ,*loride1 ,ba,cl#b4b;,h#b,o4--,a cry/allis$ salt1 soluble 9 #b-a_/b p>ts ( wat]4 ,x is us$ = ! detection & sep>ation ( sulphates4 ,make a #aj p] c5t4 solution4 ,black ,flux4--,a mixture ( f9ely divid$ c>bon ) c>bonate ( pota% or ) c>bonates ( pota% & soda4 ,x is prep>$ by heat+ t>t> or ro*elle salt until no m combu/ible gas is giv5 (f4 ,"o gram w r$uce ab\t #b grams ( lead f li?>ge4 ,borax1 ,na#b;,b#d,o#g4aj;,h#b,o4--,x is *iefly us$ z a flux 9 dry assay+1 z already describ$4 ,x is also us$ 9 te/+ be=e ! bl[pipe2 _m metallic oxides imp>t a *>act]i/ic col\r to a bead ( borax 9 :i* !y h be5 fus$4 ,calcium ,*loride4--,! cry/allis$ salt is ,ca,cl#b4f;,h#b,o2 dri$ at #bjj ,c4 x becomes ,ca,cl#b4b;,h#b,o1 & :5 fus$ x becomes dehydrat$4 ,! fus$ salt1 brok5 into small lumps1 is us$ = dry+ gases4 ,x comb9es ) wat]1 giv+ (f mu* heat2 & dissolves 9 a little m ?an its own weight ( wat]4 ,/rong solutions may be us$ 9 ba?s 9 :i* temp]atures above ! boil+-po9t ( wat] are requir$4 ,"o "p ( ! salt & #b ( wat] give a solution boil+ at #aab1 & a solution ( #b p>ts ( ! salt 9 #a ( wat] boils at #aeh4 ,! salt is v little us$ z a reag5t4 ,calcium ,fluoride or ,fluor ,sp>1 ,ca,f#b4--,! m9]al is us$ z a flux 9 dry assay+2 x r5d]s slags :i* are ?ick f ! pres5ce ( phosphates1 c41 v fluid4 ,mix$ ) hydro*loric acid x may sometimes be us$ in/ead ( hydr(luoric acid4 ,calcium ,c>bonate1 ,ca,c,o#c4--;,x is precipitat$ 9 a pure /ate by ammonic c>bonate f a solution ( calcium *loride4 ,x is us$ = /&>dis+4 ,9 ! impure /ate1 z m>ble or lime/one1 x is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( c>bonic acid4 ,calcium ,hydrate or ,lime ,wat]4--,?is is us$ 9 te/+ = c>bon dioxide & 9 e/imat+ ! am\nt ( t gas pres5t 9 air4 ,x may be made by slak+ quicklime & dige/+ ! slak$ lime ) wat]4 ,"o hundr$ c4c4 ( wat] at #ae ,c4 dissolves #j4acfh grams ( ! hydrate 7,ca,h#b,o#b71 & hot wat] dissolves /ill less4 ,milk ( lime is slak$ lime susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,cobalt ,nitrate 7,co7,,no#c7b4f;,h#b,o7 is us$ 9 a #aj p] c5t4 solution = ! detection ( oxides ( z9c1 alum9ium1 c42 on ignition ) :i* x =ms *>act]i/ically col\r$ comp\nds4 ,copp]1 ,cu4--,pure copp]1 z obta9$ by electrolysis1 c be pur*as$4 ,?is only %\ld be us$4 ,copp] ,oxide1 ,cu,o4--,x occurs z a black1 heavy1 & gritty p[]1 & is us$ = ! oxidation ( c>bon & hydrog5 9 organic sub/ances4 ,x %\ld be ignit$ & cool$ out ( contact ) air j be=e us+1 s9ce x is hygroscopic4 ,oxide ( copp] :i* has be5 us$ may be aga9 utilis$ aft] calc9ation4 ,copp] ,sulphate 7,cu,s,o#d4e;,h#b,o7 conta9s #be4d p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,x is us$ 9 ! out] cell ( a ,daniell-batt]y4 ,! comm]cial salt is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,! re-cry/allis$ & pure salt is us$ = prep>+ ! anhydr\s sulphate1 :i* is us$ = detect+ moi/ure 9 gases4 ,= ?is purpose x is dri$ at #bjj ,c4 till no trace ( gre5 or blue col\r rema9s4 ,x mu/ be prep>$ :5 want$4 ,x may be conv5i5tly us$ 9 ! =m ( pumice-/one1 saturat$ ) a solution ( ! salt & dri$4 ,traces ( moi/ure develop a gre5 col\r4 ,f]ric ,*loride1 ,fe#b;,cl#f4 7,:5 cry/allis$1 ,fe#b;,cl#f4f;,h#b,o47--,! solution is prep>$ z describ$ "u iron4 ,! comm]cial salt conta9s ars5ic1 &1 s9ce ! *ief use ( f]ric *loride is = ! det]m9ation ( ?is sub/ance1 x mu/ be purifi$ 7see "u ,,ars5ic74 ,f]ric ,sulphate 7,fe#b7,,s#d7c7 is a yell[i% :ite deliquesc5t salt4 ,x is us$ z an indicator 9 volumetric silv] assay+1 & = ! sep>ation ( iod9e f brom9e4 ,x may be pur*as$ z iron alum1 ,am#b;,fe#b7,,s#d7d4bd;,h#b,o4 ,b x is be/ prep>$ by add+ /rong sulphuric acid to f]ric hydrate 9 equival5t proportions4 ,use x z a solution conta9+ #b or #c p] c5t4 ( iron4 ,f]r\s ,sulphate1 ,fe,s,o#d4g;,h#b,o4--,! granulat$ =m is be/1 & c be pur*as$ pure4 ,x is us$ = /&>dis+4 ,x keeps bett] 9 cry/als ?an 9 solution4 ,x is readily soluble 9 wat]1 b ! solution is be/ made ) ! help ( a little free acid4 ,z a re-ag5t use a #aj p] c5t4 solution4 ,! cry/als %\ld be cle> blui%-gre52 if _! col\r is d>k gre51 br[n1 or blue1 !y %\ld be reject$4 ,f]r\s ,sulphide 7,fe,s7 is us$ = ! prep>ation ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,x may be pur*as$ & brok5 9 small lumps1 nut-size1 = use4 ,fusion ,mixture 7,k#b;,,co#c4,na#b;,,co#c7 is a mixture ( potassic & sodic c>bonates 9 ! proportions ( #ac ( ! =m] to #aj ( ! latt]1 by weight4 ,x is hygroscopic4 ,a mixture ( ! bic>bonates is bett]1 be+ pur] & less apt to get damp4 ,gallic ,acid 7,c#g;,h#f,o#e4;,h#b,o7 is an organic acid1 occurr+ z a pale fawn-col\r$ cry/all9e p[d]1 soluble 9 #ajj p>ts ( cold wat]1 or 9 #c p>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,x is us$ = ! det]m9ation ( antimony4 ,a #aj p] c5t4 solution 9 w>m wat] is made :5 requir$4 ,hydrog5 7,h7 is a gas4 ,x is obta9$ by act+ on z9c ) dilute hydro*loric or sulphuric acid4 ,x is us$ z a r$uc+ ag5t1 & = provid+ an atmosph]e free f oxyg54 ,x r$uces metallic oxides at a high temp]ature4 ,x mu/ be fre$ f wat]2 & special precautions %\ld be tak5 to prev5t an admixture ) air4 ,x is g5]ally requir$ 9 a curr5t :i* c be cont9u$ = an h\r or m )\t int]ruption4 ,! prep>ation c be conv5i5tly c>ri$ out 9 ! app>atus %[n 7fig4 #cc74 ,a qu>t bottle is half fill$ ) %eet z9c1 & connect$ ) bulbs fill$ ) sulphuric acid1 & ) a calcium *loride tube4 ,! la/ is connect$ ) ! app>atus ?r\gh :i* ! gas has to be pass$4 ,dilute hydro*loric acid mix$ ) a few cubic c5timetres 7#bj c4c4 to #a p9t7 ( /ann\s *loride sol4 to fix any dissolv$ oxyg51 is plac$ 9 ! funnel1 & let into ! bottle by op5+ ! /opcock :5 requir$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to let ! hydrog5 escape = "s "t be=e />t+ ! r$uction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,gold1 ,au4--,gold1 obta9$ by cupell+ & p>t+1 is = mo/ purposes suffici5tly pure4 ,x is be/ kept 9 ! %ape ( foil4 ,:5 ! pur] metal is requir$1 gold %\ld be dissolv$ 9 aqua regia1 ! solution evaporat$ to a pa/e1 dilut$1 all[$ to /&1 & filt]$4 ,! filt]$ solution is acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 w>m$1 & precipitat$ ) sodium sulphite4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$1 & fus$ on *>coal4 ,iron1 ,fe4--,! s(t wire 7?97 is us$ = /&>dis+4 ,rods are us$ 9 dry assays z a desulphuris+ ag5t4 ,/eel mu/ n be us$1 s9ce x is n pure1 & conta9s a v>iable am\nt ( iron4 ,lead1 ,pb4--,granulat$ lead or lead-foil is us$ 9 ! dry assay = silv] & gold1 & 9 ! prep>ation ( lead salts4 ,x c be obta9$ v pure1 b always conta9s m or less silv]1 #a or #b milligrams 9 #ajj grams4 ,! am\nt ( silv] x conta9s mu/ be det]m9$ & record$4 ,lead ,acetate 7,pb,ac#b4c;,h#b,o1 or ,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4c;,h#b,o7 is us$ z a te/1 specially = ! detection & e/imation ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,prep>e a #aj p] c5t4 solution = use4 ,lead ,nitrate 7,pb7,,no#c7b7 c be pur*as$ pure4 ,x is us$ = /&>dis+4 ,lead ,dioxide 7,pb,o#b7 occurs z a d>k-br[n p[d]4 ,x is us$ z an oxidiz+ ag5t & = absorb+ sulphur\s oxide4 ,x c be prep>$ by dige/+ r$ lead ) w>m dilute nitric acid2 wa%+ & dry+ ! residue4 ,li?>ge1 ,pb,o4--,x c be pur*as$ z a yell[ heavy p[d]4 ,x is us$ 9 dry assay+ z a flux1 z a desulphuris+ ag5t1 & also z a s\rce ( lead4 ,x always conta9s "s silv]1 ! am\nt ( :i* mu/ be det]m9$4 ,litmus4--,?is is an organic col\r+ matt] :i* is turn$ r$ by acids & blue by alkalies4 ,= ord9>y purposes x is be/ us$ z litmus pap]1 :i* may be pur*as$ 9 small books4 ,a solution is prep>$ by dige/+ #ae or #bj grams ( ! comm]cial litmus 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat] on ! wat] ba?4 ,aft] be+ all[$ to settle1 x is filt]$ & made j fa9tly r$ ) acetic acid4 ,!n !re is add$ a drop or two ( a solution ( soda & #aj c4c4 ( alcohol4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 a loosely-cov]$ bottle4 ,magnesia1 ,mg,o4--,x may be pur*as$ z calc9$ magnesia4 ,x is us$ = mak+ magnesia mixture1 & %\ld be kept 9 a cork$ wide-m\!d bottle4 ,magnesia ,mixture4--,dissolve #bb grams ( magnesia 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( a litre ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 avoid+ excess4 ,add #e grams ( magnesia1 boil1 & filt]4 ,add #cjj grams ( ammonic *loride1 & #bej c4c4 ( /rong ammonia2 & dilute ) wat] to #b litres4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 a /opp]$ w9*e/]4 ,magnesium ,sulphate1 ,mg,s,o#d4g;,h#b,o4--,x c be pur*as$ v pure1 & is occasionally us$ z a /&>d salt4 ,manganese ,dioxide1 ,mn,o#b4--;,x is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( *lor9e4 ,! comm]cial article is n pure1 b is suffici5tly s = ?is purpose4 ,m>ble1 ,ca,c,o#c4--;,fragm5ts ( ! :ite cry/all9e v>iety only %\ld be us$4 ,x is us$ z a s\rce ( lime & ( c>bon dioxide4 ,m]cury1 ,hg4--,?is c be pur*as$ pure4 ,x %\ld h a bright surface1 fl[ )\t a tail1 & leave no residue on ignition4 ,x is us$ z a /&>d2 = amalgamation2 & z a conf9+ liquid 9 gas analysis4 ,m]curic ,*loride 7,hg,cl#b7 may be pur*as$ pure4 ,make a #e p] c5t4 solution 9 wat]4 ,x is us$ = de/roy+ an excess ( /ann\s *loride2 = remov+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 f solution2 & z a te/ = /ann\s salts4 ,microcosmic ,salt1 ,h,am,na,p,o#d4h;,h#b,o4--,:5 fus$ ,na,p,o#c is =m$4 ,x is us$ 9 te/+ = metallic oxides & silica be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,! cry/als are sometimes us$ z a /&>d = phosphoric acid4 ,nessl]'s ,solution4--,mode ( prep>ation3 ,dissolve #ce grams ( potassium iodide 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]2 dissolve #ag grams ( m]curic *loride 9 #cjj c4c4 ( wat]1 & p\r ?is solution into t ( ! iodide till a p]man5t precipitate is produc$2 make up to #a litre ) a #bj p] c5t4 solution ( pota%2 add m]curic *loride till a precipitate is aga9 =m$2 all[ to settle & decant4 ,x is us$ = detect+ ammonia4 ,nitre4--,?is is potassium nitrate4 ,plat9um ,*loride1 #b;,h,cl4,pt,cl#d4 7,9 ! cry/allis$ =m x has #f;,h#b,o74--,x may be made z foll[s3--,take #e grams ( clean plat9um scrap & dissolve 9 a flask at a g5tle heat 9 #ej c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid ) ! occasional addition ( "s nitric acid2 evaporate to a pa/e2 & !n dissolve 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,x is us$ = sep>at+ & det]m9+ potassium4 ,ph5olph?ale9 is an organic comp\nd us$ z an indicator2 m especially 9 det]m9+ ! weak] acids1 x _c be us$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ammonia4 ,dissolve half a gram 9 #ajj c4c4 ( dilute alcohol4 ,potassium ,bic>bonate1 ,,khco#c4--;,x may be pur*as$ pure2 on ignition x leaves ! c>bonate1 ,k#b;,,co#c1 :i* may be us$ z a /&>d4 ,potassium ,cyanide1 ,,kcn4--,x is us$ 9 ! dry assay z a r$uc+ ag5t4 ,! comm]cial salt is v impure4 ,pur*ase t sold z potassic cyanide 7gold7 :i* conta9s ab\t #ie p] c5t4 ( ,,kcn4 ,x is us$ = copp] assay+ & occasionally 9 sep>ation4 ,make a #aj p] c5t4 solution :5 want$4 ,potassium ,bi*romate1 ,k#b;,cr#b,o#g4 ,x may be pur*as$ ne>ly pure4 ,x is us$ z an oxidis+ ag5t1 = det]m9+ iron2 & z a te/ solution4 ,= ?is la/ purpose a #aj p] c5t4 solution is prep>$4 ,potassium ,*lorate 7,k,cl,o#c7 c be pur*as$ pure4 ,x is us$ ) hydro*loric acid z a sub/itute = aqua regia4 ,potassium ,f]rocyanide 7,k#d;,fe7,,cn7#f4c;,h#b,o71 or yell[ prussiate ( pota%1 is us$ z a te/2 z an indicator2 & = ! det]m9ation ( z9c4 ,make a #e p] c5t4 solution4 ,potassium ,f]ricyanide 7,k#f;,fe#b7;,,cn7#ab71 or r$ prussiate ( pota%1 is us$ = te/+2 & z an indicator4 ,make a #e p] c5t4 solution :5 want$1 z x decomposes on keep+4 ,potassium ,hydrate1 ,,kho4 ,pur*ase t purifi$ ) alcohol4 ,x is an alkali1 & is us$ = absorb+ c>bonic acid1 c4 ,potassium ,iodide1 ,,ki4 ,x may be pur*as$ ne>ly pure4 ,x is us$ z a te/ & = dissolv+ iod9e4 ,x %\ld be us$ 9 a #aj p] c5t4 solution fre%ly made4 ,! solution decomposes on exposure to light1 ) sep>ation ( iod9e4 ,potassium ,nitrate 7,,kno#c7 c be pur*as$ pure4 ,x is us$ 9 ! dry way z an oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,x is v fusible4 ,x decomposes at a l[ temp]ature into potassium nitrite 7,,kno#b7 & free oxyg52 & at a high] temp]ature leaves pota% 7,k#b,o74 ,x oxidizes sulphur & c>bon ) explosive viol5ce4 ,?is action may be mod]at$ by mix+ ! nitre ) c>bonate ( soda1 common salt1 or "s o!r in]t body4 ,potassium ,nitrite1 ,,kno#b4--,! comm]cial article is n pure1 b is suffici5tly s = ! purpose requir$4 ,a saturat$ solution is us$ 9 ! sep>ation ( cobalt2 ! solution is made :5 want$4 ,potassium ,p]manganate1 ,k,mn,o#d4--,?is salt c be pur*as$ suffici5tly pure4 ,x is mu* us$ z an oxidiz+ ag5t4 ,potassium ,bisulphate 7,,khso#d7 is us$ z a dry reag5t = op5+ up m9]als4 ,x fuses2 & at a mu* high] temp]ature is conv]t$ into potassium sulphate ) loss ( sulphuric acid4 ,potassium ,sulphocyanate 7,,kcns7 is us$ = ! detection & det]m9ation ( traces ( f]ric iron2 z also 9 ! sep>ation ( silv] & copp] f "s ( ! o!r metals4 ,make a #aj p] c5t4 solution4 ,x %\ld %[ no col\r on ! addition ( hydro*loric acid4 ,r$ ,lead 7,pb#c,o#d7 is us$ 9 ! dry assay z a flux in/ead ( li?>ge1 f :i* x diff]s 9 conta9+ a little m oxyg54 ,:5 act$ on by nitric acid a br[n residue ( lead dioxide is left1 nitrate ( lead go+ into solution4 ,l li?>ge x always c>ries silv]2 ab\t #b milligrams 9 #ajj grams4 ,silv]1 ,ag4--,pure silv] 9 foil is requir$ z a /&>d4 ,x may be prep>$ z foll[s3--,dissolve scrap silv] 9 dilute nitric acid & decant (f f any residue2 dilute ! solution ) hot wat] & add hydro*loric acid until !re is no fur!r precipitate1 /ir2 all[ ! precipitate to settle2 decant & wa%2 dry ! precipitate1 mix x ) twice its bulk ( c>bonate ( soda & fuse ! mixture 9 a crucible until tranquil2 clean ! button & roll or hamm] x into foil4 ,sodium ,acetate1 ,na,c#b;,h#c,o#b4c;,h#b,o4--,! cry/als may be pur*as$ suffici5tly pure4 ,make a #bj p] c5t4 solution 9 wat]4 ,x is us$ = replac+ m9]al acids by acetic acid4#g ,sodium ,acetate & ,acetic ,acid4--,a solution is us$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( phosphates & ars5ates2 #ajj grams ( ! salt is dissolv$ 9 #ejj c4c4 ( acetic acid1 & dilut$ ) wat] to "o litre4 ,sodium ,bic>bonate 7,na,h,c,o#c7;is us$ z a flux 9 dry me?ods4 ,on ignition x leaves ! c>bonate 7,na#b;,,co#c71 :i* is us$ z a /&>d reag5t4 ,make a #bj p] c5t4 solution ( ! c>bonate = use4 ,x %\ld be free f *lorides or sulphates1 or if impure ! am\nt ( impurities mu/ be det]m9$4 ,sodium ,hydrate1 ,na,h,o4 ,x may be pur*as$ 9 /icks1 :i* %\ld be kept 9 a well-cork$ bottle4 ,x is sometimes call$ cau/ic soda4 ,x is a /rong alkali4 ,x is us$ = neutraliz+ acid solutions & = sep>ations :]e ammonia is unsuitable4 ,make a #e p] c5t4 solution = use4 ,sodium ,hyposulphite1 ,na#b,s#b,o#h4e;,h#b,o4--,x may be pur*as$ pure4 ,x is g5]ally kn[n z hypo4 ,x is us$ z a /&>d4 ,sodium ,sulphite 7,na#b,,s#c4g;,h#b,o7 is us$ z a r$uc+ ag5t4 ,sodium ,phosphate1 ,na#b;,,hpo#d4ab;,h#b,o4 ,! cry/als may be pur*as$ pure1 b !y effloresce 9 dry air ) loss ( wat]4 ,x is us$ z a /&>d & = precipitat+ magnesia1 c4 ,make a #aj p] c5t4 solution4 ,/ann\s ,*loride1 ,sn,cl#b4b;,h#b,o4--,! cry/als are be/ pur*as$4 ,if kept dry & free f air !y are fairly p]man5t4 ,a solution is made by dissolv+ #bj grams 9 #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,! solution is n p]man5t4 ,x is a /rong r$uc+ ag5t1 & is *iefly us$ 9 solution = ?is purpose4 ,t91 ,sn4--,gra9 t9 %\ld be pur*as$4 ,x is n pure1 b conta9s #ii4e p] c5t4 ( ! metal4 ,! *ief impurity is copp]4 ,x c be us$ z a /&>d4 ,:5 act$ on ) hot hydro*loric acid x sl[ly dissolves 7m rapidly 9 contact ) plat9um7 & =ms /ann\s *loride4 ,uranium ,acetate1 ,,uo#b7;,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4;,h#b,o4--,x is be/ pur*as$ 9 cry/als4 ,! solution is us$ = ! det]m9ation ( phosphates & ars5ates4 ,a solution ( #c p] c5t4 /r5g? is occasionally us$ z an indicator4 ,uranium ,nitrate1 ,,uo#b7,,no#c7b4f;,h#b,o4--,?is salt is v soluble 9 wat] & is sometimes us$ in/ead ( ! acetate1 :i* is some:at difficult to dissolve4 ,wat]1 ,h#b,o4--,spr+ or well wat] is suffici5tly pure = mo/ purposes1 #ajj c4c4 w leave a residue ( f #aj to #cj milligrams1 s t :]e a salt has to be dissolv$ out1 evaporat$1 & weigh$ x %\ld be replac$ by di/ill$ wat]4 ,ra9 wat]1 melt$ sn[1 c41 always leave less residue ?an spr+ wat]2 b 9 o!r respects !y are (t5 dirti]4 ,di/ill$ wat] is be/ prep>$ 9 ! (fice1 a glass or t9 cond5s] be+ us$4 ,z9c1 ,zn4--,x is sold 9 a granulat$ =m or 9 /icks4 ,x g5]ally conta9s ov] #a p] c5t4 ( lead1 ) a little iron & ars5ic4 ,x is us$ = sep>at+ metals f _! solutions1 & g5]ally z a r$uc+ ag5t4 ,= ! prep>ation ( hydrog51 & 9 mo/ o!r cases1 scrap %eet z9c may be us$4 ,z9c ,oxide1 ,zn,o4--,! comm]cial oxide sometimes conta9s c>bonate4 ,z9c ,sulphate1 ,zn,s,o#d4g;,h#b,o4--,x is occasionally us$ z a /&>d1 & c be pur*as$ ne>ly pure4 ,,footnotes3 #f #c;,h,cl ,,hno#c ,cl#b ,n,o,cl #b;,h#b,o4 #g ,na,c#b;,h#c,o#b ,h,cl ,h#d;,c#b,o#b ,na,cl4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,=mul1 ,,equations1 ,,etc4 ,=mul & equations are a k9d ( %ort h& = express+ briefly & 9 ! language ( ! atomic !ory ! facts ( *emical composition & reaction4 ,! conv5i5ce ( ?is me?od ( express+ ! facts ju/ifies a %ort description ( x "h4 ,on comp>+ ! p]c5tage composition ( a s]ies ( comp\nds ! proportions 9 :i* ! elem5ts comb9e appe>s to be regulat$ by no simple law4 ,= example3 ,realg>4 ,orpim5t4 ,mispickel4 ,pyrites4 ,ars5ic #ga4d #fj4i #df4j -- ,sulphur #bh4f #ci4a #ai4f #ec4c ,iron -- -- #cd4d #df4g ------ ------ ------ ------ #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ,b if 9 ^! examples ! composition is calculat$1 n on #ajj p>ts1 b on #ajg1 #bdf1 #afc1 & #abj p>ts respectively1 evid5ce ( a simple law becomes app>5t4 ,realg>4 ,orpim5t4 ,mispickel4 ,pyrites4 ,ars5ic #ge4j #aej4j #ge4j -- ,sulphur #cb4j #if4j #cb4j #fd4j ,iron -- -- #ef4j #ef4j ------ ------ ------ ------ #ajg4j #bdf4j #afc4j #abj4j ,x w be se5 t ! proportion ( ars5ic is #ge or twice #ge1 t ( iron is #ef1 & t ( sulphur #cb or "s simple multiple ( #cb4 ,! s]ies ( examples might be ext5d$ indef9itely1 & x w\ld /ill be f\nd t ! comb9+ proportions held good4 ,! numb] #ge is spok5 ( z ! comb9+ weight1 or1 m frequ5tly1 z ! atomic weight ( ars5ic4 ,simil>ly #ef is ! atomic weight ( iron1 & #cb ! atomic weight ( sulphur4 ,! importance ( ?is law ( *emical comb9ation is altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! atomic !ory2 b ?is !ory furni%es ! simple/ explanation ( ! facts4 ,accord+ to x a *emical comp\nd is made up ( exactly simil> gr\ps ( p>ticles4 ,! p>ticles ( ea* elem5t>y sub/ance are all alike1 b diff] f ^? ( o!r elem5ts 9 weight4 ,ultimate p>ticles are call$ atoms1 & ! gr\ps ( atoms are call$ molecules4 ,! atomic weight ( any p>ticul> elem5t is ! weight ( its atom comp>$ ) ! weight ( an atom ( hydrog54 ,! atom ( sulphur1 = in/ance1 is #cb times z heavy z ! atom ( hydrog51 & ! atomic weight ( sulphur is #cb4 ,! molecul> weight is ! sum ( ! atomic weights ( ! gr\p4 ,! molecule ( pyrites conta9s two atoms ( sulphur & "o ( iron3 on ref]r+ to ! table ( atomic weights x w be se5 t ! atomic weights are--sulphur #cb1 & iron #ef4 ,! molecul> weight1 !re=e1 is #cbcbef--t is1 #abj4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is1 #abj p>ts by weight ( iron pyrites conta9 #fd p>ts ( sulphur & #ef p>ts ( iron2 & ?is is true :e!r ! p>ts by weight be gra9s or tons4 ,! symbol or =mula ( an atom is g5]ally ! initial lett] or lett]s ( ! ,lat9 or ,engli% "n ( ! sub/ance4 ,! atom ( hydrog5 is writt5 ,h1 t ( oxyg5 ,o1 ( sulphur ,s1 ( iron 7f]rum7 ,fe1 & s on4 ,a li/ ( ^! symbols is giv5 9 ! table ( atomic weights4 ,! =mula ( a molecule is obta9$ by plac+ toge!r ! symbols ( ! conta9$ atoms4 ,?us1 ,fe repres5ts an atom ( iron1 ,s an atom ( sulphur1 :ile ,fe,s repres5ts ! molecule ( sulphide ( iron z conta9+ "o atom ( ea* elem5t4 ,:5 m ?an "o atom ( an elem5t is pres5t ?is is %[n by writ+ a figure "u & aft] ! symbol2 ?us1 ,fe,s#b repres5ts a molecule ) "o atom ( iron & two atoms ( sulphur1 ,fe#b,s#c simil>ly %[s "o ) two atoms ( iron & ?ree ( sulphur4 ,:5 a gr\p ( atoms is enclos$ 9 brackets1 a figure aft] & "u ! bracket multiplies all )9 x2 = example1 ,pb7,,no#c7b is ano!r way ( writ+ ,pb,n#b,o#f4 ,sometimes x is conv5i5t to repres5t ! atoms ( a molecule z divid$ into two or m gr\ps2 ?is may be done by writ+ ! =mul ( ! gr\ps1 & sep>at+ ea* simple =mula by a full /op4 ,slak$ lime1 = in/ance1 has ! =mula ,ca,h#b,o#b2 or1 z already expla9$1 we may write x ,ca7,,ho7#b2 or1 if = purposes ( explanation we wi%$ to look on x z lime 7,ca,o7 & wat] 7,h#b,o71 we c\ld write x ,ca,o4,h#b,o4 ,a plus sign 77 has a diff]5t mean+2 ,ca,o ,h#b,o indicates quantities ( two sub/ances1 wat] & lime1 :i* are sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,! sign ( equality 77 is g5]ally us$ to sep>ate a /atem5t ( ! reag5ts us$ f ano!r /atem5t ( ! products ( ! reaction2 x may be translat$ into ! ^w yields or becomes4 ,! two /atem5ts =m an equation4 ,ignor+ ! quantitative relation1 ! mean+ ( ! equation ,ca,o ,h#b,o ,ca,o4,h#b,o is3 lime & wat] yield slak$ lime4 ,by ref]r+ to a table ( atomic weights we c elicit ! quantitative relations ?us3-- ,ca,o ,h#b,o ,ca,h#b,o#b ,v ,v ,v ,ca #dj ,h#b #b #ab ,ca #dj ,o #af ,o #af ,h#b #b #ab -- -- ,o#b #cb #afb #ef #ah -- #gd ,or1 putt+ x 9 words1 #ef p>ts ( lime comb9e ) #ah p>ts ( wat] to =m #gd p>ts ( slak$ lime4 ,?is equation enables "o to answ] su* a "q z ?is3--,h[ mu* lime mu/ be us$ to produce #a cwt4 ( slak$ lime8 =1 if #gd lbs4 ( slak$ lime require #ef lbs4 ( lime1 #aab lbs4 w require 7#efaab7_/gd1 or ab\t #hd-c_/d lbs4 ,z ano!r example hav+ a clos] be>+ on assay+ take ! foll[+ "q3--,9 ord] to assay #e grams ( 'black t9' 7,sn,o#b7 by ! cyanide process1 h[ mu* potassic cyanide 7,,kcn7 w be requir$8 ,! reaction is ,sn,o#b #b,,kcn ,sn #b,,kcno ,v ,v ,sn #aah ,k #ci ,o#b #cb ,c #ab --- ,n #ad #aej -- #feb #acj ,:at is s\ght = "h is ! relation betwe5 ! quantities ( ,sn,o#b & ,,kcn4 ,note t a figure be=e a =mula multiplies all t foll[s up to ! next /op or plus or equality sign4 ,! "q is n[ resolv$ to ?is3 if #aej grams ( oxide ( t9 require #acj grams ( cyanide1 h[ mu* w #e grams require8 #aej 3 #acj 33 #e 3 x x #d4cc grams4 ,a problem ( frequ5t occurr5ce is to f9d ! p]c5tage composition ( a sub/ance :5 its =mula has be5 giv54 ,= example3 ,:at p]c5tage ( iron is conta9$ 9 a m9]al hav+ ! =mula #b;,fe#b,o#c4c;,h#b,o8 ,br++ ?is =mula toge!r we h ,fe#d;,h#f,o#i4 ,f9d ! molecul> weight4 ,fe#d #bbd #efd ,h#f #f #af ,o#i #add #afi --- #cgd ,!n we get3 #cgd p>ts ( ! m9]al conta9 #bbd ( iron4 ,h[ mu* w #ajj conta98 #cgd 3 #bbd 33 #ajj 3 x x #ei4hi4 ,& ! answ] to ! "q is #ei4hi p] c5t4 ,aga91 suppose ! "q is ( ?is k9d3--,h[ mu* cry/allis$ copp] sulphate 7,cu,s,o#d4e;,h#b,o7 w be requir$ to make #b litres ( a solution1 #a c4c4 ( :i* %all conta9 #j4jjaj gram ( copp]8 ,a litre is #ajjj c4c41 s1 !re=e1 #b litres ( ! solution mu/ conta9 #j4jja gram #bjjj1 or #b grams4 ,h[ mu* cry/allis$ copp] sulphate w conta9 ?is am\nt ( metal8 ,cu #fc4c ,s #cb4j ,o#d #fd4j #afd #e;,h#b,o #ij4j #ahe ----- #bdi4c ,if #fc4c grams ( copp] are conta9$ 9 #bdi4c grams ( sulphate1 9 h[ mu* is #b grams conta9$4 #fc4c 3 #bdi4c 33 #b grams 3 x x #g4hgfi grams4 ,! answ] is1 #g4hgfi grams mu/ be tak54 ,z a sample ( ano!r class ( problem simil> 9 nature to ! la/ 7b a little m complicat$7 take ! foll[+3--,:at weight ( p]manganate ( pota% mu/ be tak5 to make #b litres ( a solution1 #ajj c4c4 ( :i* %all be equival5t to #a gram ( iron8 ,9 ! fir/ place ! #b litres mu/ be equival5t to #bj grams ( iron1 = !re are #bj #ajj c4c4 9 two litres4 ,9 ! titration ( iron by p]manganate solution !re are two reactions4 ,fir/ 9 dissolv+ ! iron ,fe ,h#b,,s#d ,fe,s,o#d ,h#b ,v #ef & second1 9 ! actual titration1 #aj;,fe,s,o#d #b,k,mn,o#d #i;,h#b,,s#d #b,mn,s,o#d #e;,fe#b7,,s#d7c #b,,khso#d #h;,h#b,o ,v ,k #ci ,mn #ee ,o#d #fd --- #aeh #b #caf ,z be=e1 att5tion is conf9$ to ! two sub/ances "u consid]ation--viz41 ,fe & ,k,mn,o#d4 ,9 ! second equation1 we f9d #caf p>ts ( ! p]manganate are requir$ = #aj molecules ( ,fe,s,o#d2 & 9 ! fir/ equation #ef p>ts ( iron are equival5t to "o molecule ( ,fe,s,o#d1 !re=e #efj ( iron are equival5t to #caf ( p]manganate2 & ! "q is1 ,h[ mu* ( ! p]manganate w be equival5t to #bj grams ( iron8 #efj 3 #caf 33 #bj grams 3 x4 x #aa4bhf grams4 ,! answ] is #aa4bhf grams4 ,v simil> to ?is la/ problem is ! "q sugge/$ "u ! head ,indirect ,titration 7p4 #dc74 ,if #ajj c4c4 ( ! /&>d p]manganate solution are equival5t to #a gram ( iron1 h[ mu* p]oxide ( manganese w !y be equival5t to8 ,! equation = dissolv+ ! iron is already giv52 ! second equation is #b;,fe,s,o#d ,mn,o#b #b;,h#b,,s#d ,fe#b7,,s#d7b ,mn,s,o#d #b;,h#b,o ,v ,mn #ee ,o#b #cb -- #hg ,x w be se5 t #hg grams ( p]oxide ( manganese are equival5t to #aab grams ( iron4 ,h[ mu* !n is equival5t to #a gram ( iron8 #aab 3 #hg 33 #a gram 3 x x #j4ggfg gram4 ,x is sometimes conv5i5t to calculate ! =mula ( a sub/ance f its analysis4 ,! me?od ( calculat+ is %[n by ! foll[+ example4 ,requir$ ! =mula ( a m9]al :i* gave ! foll[+ figures on analysis3-- ,cupric oxide 7,cu,o7 #aj4eh ,f]r\s oxide 7,fe,o7 #ae4fi ,z9c oxide 7,zn,o7 #j4ce ,sulphuric oxide 7,,s#b7 #bh4hb ,wat] 7,h#b,o7 #dd4ga ------ #ajj4ae ,fir/ f9d ! molecul> weights ( ,cu,o1 ,fe,o1 c41 & divide ! correspond+ p]c5tages by ^! figures4 ,?us1 ,cu,o #fc4caf #gi4c & #aj4eh divid$ by #gi4c gives #j4accd4 ,simil>ly ,fe,o #efaf #gb & #ae4fi divid$ by #gb gives #j4bagi4 ,treat$ 9 ! same way ! oxide ( z9c1 sulphuric oxide & wat] give z results #j4jjdc1 #j4cfjb & #b4dhd4 ,classify ! results z foll[s3-- ,bases4 ,acids4 ,wat]4 ,cu,o #j4accd ,,s#c #j4cfjb ,h#b,o #b4dhd ,fe,o #j4bagi ,zn,o #j4jjdc ---------- ------------- ------------ ,,ro #j4ceef ,,ro#c #j4cfjb ,r#b,o #b4dhd ,! figures #j4ceef1 #j4cfjb & #b4dhd %\ld be !n divid$ by ! l[e/ ( !m--i4e41 #j4ceef2 or :]e1 z 9 ?is case1 two ( ! figures are v ne> ea* o!r ! mean ( ^! may be tak5--i4e41 #j4cegi4 ,:i*ev] is tak5 ! figures got w be approximately #a1 #a & #g4 ,! =mula is !n ,,ro4,,s#c4g;,h#b,o 9 :i* ,r is ne>ly #b_/e?s copp]1 #c_/e?s iron & a little z9c4 ,?is =mula requires ! foll[+ p]c5tage composition1 :i* = ! sake ( comp>ison is plac$ side by side ) ! actual results4 ,calculat$4 ,f\nd4 ,cupric oxide #aa4bi #aj4eh ,f]r\s oxide #ae4cg #ae4fi ,z9c oxide nil #j4ce ,sulphuric oxide #bh4dg #bh4hb ,wat] #dd4hd #dd4ga ----- ------ #ii4ig #ajj4ae ,trimm+ ! results ( an analysis to make !m fit 9 m closely ) ! calculations f ! =mula w\ld be fooli% z well z di%one/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! actual analytical results repres5t ! composition ( ! specim5 mu* m closely ?an ! =mula does2 al?\gh p]haps o!r specim5s ( ! same m9]al w\ld yield results :i* w\ld gr\p !mselves bett] ar\nd ! calculat$ results ?an ar\nd ^? ( ! fir/ specim5 analys$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t sub/ances are r>ely f\nd pure ei!r 9 nature or 9 ! arts2 s t 9 mo/ cases ! =mula only gives an approximation to ! tru?4 ,9 ! case ( hydrat$ salts !re is g5]ally a difficulty 9 gett+ ! salt ) exactly ! "r proportion ( wat]4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 ,! foll[+ calculations may be made3-- #a4 ,calculate /&>ds 9 ! foll[+ cases-- 7a7 ,silv] tak51 #a4jjc gram4 ,/&>d salt us$1 #ajj4ae c4c4 7b7 ,iron tak51 #j4g gram4 ,bi*romate us$1 #fi4f c4c4 #b4 ,calculate p]c5tages3-- 7a7 ,ore tak51 #a gram4 ,solution us$1 #fe4b c4c4 ,/&>d1 #j4ihg gram4 7b7 ,ore tak51 #a gram4 ,b>ium sulphate got1 #a4dcb gram4 ,b>ium sulphate conta9s #ac4gc p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 & ! p]c5tage ( sulphur 9 ! ore is want$4 7c7 ,b>ium sulphate is ,ba,s,o#d4 ,calculate ! p]c5tage ( sulphur x conta9s1 = use 9 ! prec$+ "q4 #c4 ,a me?od ( e/imat+ ! quantity ( p]oxide 9 a manganese ore is bas$ on ! foll[+ reactions3-- 7#a7 ,mn,o#b #d;,h,cl ,mn,cl#b ,cl#b #b;,h#b,o4 7#b7 ,cl ,,ki ,k,cl ,i4 ,to h[ mu* ,mn,o#b is #a gram ( ,iod9e 7,i7 equival5t8 #d4 ,a m9]al has ! foll[+ composition3-- ,c>bonic acid 7,,co#b7 #ai4ji ,copp] oxide 7,cu,o7 #ga4df ,wat] 7,h#b,o7 #i4jb ,:at is its =mula8 #e4 ,h[ mu* copp] is conta9$ 9 #a4e gram ( cry/alliz$ copp] sulphate 7,cu,s,o#d4e;,h#b,o78 ,h[ mu* ( ^! cry/als mu/ be tak5 to give #j4d gram ( copp]8 #f4 ,h[ mu* f]r\s sulphate cry/als 7,fe,s,o#d4g;,h#b,o7 mu/ be tak5 to yield #b litres ( a solution1 #ajj c4c4 ( :i* %all conta9 #j4ef gram ( iron8 #g4 ,gal5a is ,pb,s1 & hmatite ,fe#b,o#c4 ,:at p]c5tages ( metal d ^! m9]als conta98 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,! relation ( ! weight ( a sub/ance to its volume %\ld be kept 9 m9d 9 all cases :]e bo? weight & volume are dealt )4 ,/ud5ts are apt to imag9e t on mix+ equal volumes (1 say1 sulphuric acid & wat]1 an acid ( half ! /r5g? mu/ be obta9$4 ,if ! /atem5t ( /r5g? is 9 p>ts by weight ?is w lead to consid]able error4 ,= example1 #ajj c4c4 ( sulphuric acid conta9+ #ih p] c5t4 by weight ( real acid1 w1 if dilut$ ) #ajj c4c4 ( wat]1 yield a solution conta9+ n #di p] c5t4 by weight1 b ab\t #fc4e p] c5t4 ( ! acid4 ,! reason is ?is3 ! #ajj c4c4 ( sulphuric acid weighs #ahd grams1 & conta9s #ahj4cb grams ( real acid1 :ile ! #ajj c4c4 ( wat] weighs only #ajj grams2 ! mix$ wat] & acid weighs #bhd grams1 & conta9s #ahj4cb ( real acid1 :i* is equival5t to ne>ly #fc4e p] c5t4 by weight4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! me?od ( /atem5t be volumetric1 x w\ld be correct to say t d\bl+ ! volume halves ! /r5g?3 if #ajj c4c4 ( br9e conta9s #aj grams ( salt1 & is dilut$ ) wat] to #bjj c4c41 x w\ld be ( "o-half ! =m] /r5g?1 t is1 #ajj c4c4 ( ! solution w\ld conta9 #e grams ( salt4 ,?is confusion is avoid$ by always /at+ ! /r5g?s z s _m grams or c4c4 9 #ajj c4c4 ( ! liquid4 ,b obvi\sly x w\ld be advantage\s to be able to det]m9e quickly ! weight ( any p>ticul> sub/ance correspond+ to #a c4c4 or "s o!r giv5 volume4 ,moreov]1 9 descriptions ( processes ! /r5g?s ( acids & solutions are frequ5tly def9$ nei!r by _! gravimetric nor volumetric composition1 b by a /atem5t ei!r ( specific gravity or ( ! degrees regi/]$ by ,twaddell's or ,beaum's hydromet]4 ,?us1 9 ! description ( ! process ( gold p>t+1 "o writ] gives3 ,! acid %\ld be ( #a4b specific gravity2 & ano!r says3 ,! acid mu/ n be /rong] ?an #cb ,beaum4 ,^! consid]ations ju/ify an acc\nt ( ! subject 9 su* a "w z ?is4 ,& on o!r gr\nds ! det]m9ation ( a specific gravity is "o ( ! op]ations ) :i* an assay] %\ld be famili>4 ,! mean+ ( specific gravity is pres5t 9 ! m9d ( e "o :o uses ! s5t5ce lead is heavi] ?an wat]4 ,?is is mean+less except "s su* phrase z bulk = bulk be add$4 ,make ! s5t5ce quantitative by say+3 bulk = bulk lead is #aa4cf times heavi] ?an wat]1 & "o has ! exact mean+ (3 ! specific gravity ( lead is #aa4cf4 ,a table ( ! specific gravities ( liquids & solids %[s h[ _m times heavi] ! sub/ances are ?an wat]4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to look ^u ! specific gravity 7writt5 %ortly1 sp4 g47 z ! weight ( a sub/ance divid$ by its volume4 ,9 ! metric sy/em1 #a c4c4 ( wat] at #d ,c4 weighs ) suffici5t exactness #a gram2 consequ5tly1 ! sp4 g41 :i* /ates h[ _m times heavi] ?an wat] ! sub/ance is1 also expresses ! weight 9 grams ( "o c4c4 ( x4 ,s t if a #ajj c4c4 flask ( nitric acid weighs1 aft] ! weight ( ! flask has be5 d$uct$1 #abj grams1 #a c4c4 ( ! acid weighs #a4b gram1 & ! sp4 g4 is #a4b4 ,! specific gravity1 !n1 may be det]m9$ by divid+ ! weight ( a sub/ance 9 grams by its volume 9 c4c42 b x is m conv5i5t 9 practice to det]m9e x by divid+ ! weight ( ! sub/ance by ! weight ( an equal volume ( wat]4 ,& s9ce ! volumes ( all sub/ances1 wat] includ$1 v>y ) ! temp]ature1 ! temp]ature at :i* ! sp4 g4 is det]m9$ %\ld be record$4 ,ev5 !n !re is room = ambiguity to ! ext5t t su* a /atem5t z ! foll[+1 ! specific gravity ( ! sub/ance at #ej ,c4 is #j4ijaj1 may mean :5 comp>$ ) wat] at #ej ,c4 or #d ,c41 or ev5 #ae4e ,c4 ,= practical purposes x %\ld mean ! fir/ ( ^!1 = 9 ! actual exp]im5ts ! wat] & ! sub/ance are comp>$ at ! same temp]ature1 & x is well to give ! /atem5t ( results )\t any sup]flu\s calculation4 ,9 ! metric sy/em ! /&>d temp]ature is #d ,c41 = x is at ?is po9t t #a c4c4 ( wat] weighs exactly #a gram4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! /&>d temp]ature is #fj ,f4 7#ae4e ,c471 :i* is suppos$ to be an av]age temp]ature ( ! balance-room4 ,! conv5i5ce ( ! ,engli% /&>d1 h[ev]1 is m]ely app>5t2 x dem&s w>m+ sometimes & sometimes cool+4 ,= mo/ purposes x is m conv5i5t to select a temp]ature suffici5tly high to avoid ! necessity ( cool+ at any "t4 ,w>m+ to ! requir$ temp]ature gives v little tr\ble4 ,det]m9ation ( ,specific ,gravity4--,!re is a quick & easy me?od ( det]m9+ ! d5sity or sp4 g4 ( a liquid1 bas$ ^u ! fact t a float+ body is buoy$ up m by a heavy liquid ?an by a light "o4 ,! me?od is m rem>kable = spe$ ?an accuracy1 b /ill is suffici5tly exact4 ,! piece ( app>atus us$ = ! purpose is end[$ ) a v>iety ( names--sp4 g4 sp9dle1 hydromet]1 areomet]1 salimet]1 alcoholimet]1 lactomet]1 & s on1 accord+ to ! special liquid ^u :i* x is int5d$ to be us$4 ,x consi/s ( a float ) a s9k] at "o end & a graduat$ tube or rod at ! o!r4 ,x is made ( metal or glass4 ,g5]ally two are requir$1 "o = liquids rang+ 9 sp4 g4 f #a4jjj to #b4jjj1 & ano!r1 :i* w indicate a sp4 g4 betwe5 #j4gjj & #a4jjj4 ,! range dep5ds on ! size ( ! in/rum5t4 ,= special "w1 9 :i* v>iations )9 n>r[ limits are to be det]m9$1 m delicate in/rum5ts ) a n>r[] range are made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,9 us+ a hydromet]1 ! liquid to be te/$ is plac$ 9 a cyl9d] 7fig4 #cd7 tall en\gh to all[ ! in/rum5t to float1 & n too n>r[4 ,! temp]ature is tak51 & ! hydromet] is imm]s$ 9 ! fluid4 ,! m>k on ! hydromet] /em1 level ) ! surface ( ! liquid1 is read (f4 ,) transp>5t liquids x is be/ to read ! m>k "u & ov] ! wat] surface & take ! mean4 ,! graduation ( hydromet]s is n made to any uni=m sy/em4 ,^? m>k$ 9 degrees ,baum or ,twaddell1 or accord+ to specific gravity1 are mo/ commonly us$4 ,! degrees on ,baum's hydromet] agree among !mselves 9 be+ at equal di/ances along ! /em2 b !y are proportional nei!r to ! specific gravity1 nor to ! p]c5tage ( salt 9 ! solution4 ,!y may be conv]t$ into an ord9>y /atem5t ( specific gravity by ! foll[+ =mul3-- ,sp4 g4 #add4c_/7add4c-;degrees ,baum47 or putt+ ! rule 9 words1 subtract ! degrees ,baum f #add4c1 & divide #add4c ) ! numb] ?us obta9$4 ,= example3 #cb ,baum equals a sp4 g4 ( #a4bhe4 #add4c_/7add4c-cb7 #add4c_/7aab4c7 #a4bhe ,?is rule is = liquids heavi] ?an wat]2 = ! light] liquids ! rule is z foll[s3-- ,sp4 g4 #adf_/7acf degrees ,baum47 or 9 words divide #adf by ! numb] ( degrees ,baum add$ to #acf4 ,= example3 ammonia ( #cj ,beaum has a sp4 g4 ( #j4hhj 7ne>ly74 #adf_/7acfcj7 #adf_/aff #j4hgie ,a simple s]ies ( calculations enables "o to conv]t a ,beaum hydromet] into "o %[+ ! actual sp4 g4 ,graduation1 accord+ to sp4 g4 is ! mo/ conv5i5t = g5]al purposes4 ,9 ^! in/rum5ts ! di/ances betwe5 ! divisions become less z ! d5sities increase4 ,twaddell's hydromet] is graduat$ 9 ?is way3 ,ea* degree ,twaddell is #j4jje 9 excess ( unity4 ,to conv]t into sp4 g4 multiply ! degrees ,twaddell by #j4jje1 & add #a4 ,= example3 #be ,twaddell equals a sp4 g4 ( #a4abe4 #be4jje #j4abe2 #a4jjj #a4abe4 ,!re is a practice :i* ignores ! decimal po9t & speaks ( a sp4 g4 ( #aabe in/ead ( #a4abe4 ,9 "s cases x is conv5i5t1 & inasmu* z no sub/ance has a real sp4 g4 ( mu* ov] #bj1 x c lead to no confusion4 ,! figures express$ 9 ?is way repres5t ! weight ( a litre 9 grams4 ,"s hydromet]s are graduat$ s z to %[ at a glance ! p]c5tage composition ( ! liquid !y are int5d$ to be us$ )4 ,gay-,lussac design$ "o to %[ ! alcoholic /r5g? ( mixtures ( alcohol & wat]2 ! con/ruction ( o!rs ^u ! same pr9ciple is easy & p]haps useful4 ,b :5 ! pr9ciple is appli$ to complex liquids & mix$ solutions1 x is mislead+4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( graduation ought all to give place to "o %[+ a simple /atem5t ( ! sp4 g4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ sp4 g4 ) ! hydromet] is obvi\sly inapplicable to ! case ( solids1 & 9 ! case ( liquids x %\ld n be us$ :]e exact figures are requir$4 ,!re are sev]al o!r me?ods :i* may be us$1 b on ! :ole ^? ) ! specific gravity bottle are mo/ conv5i5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,! specific gravity bottle 7fig4 #ce7 is a light flask ( ab\t #be c4c4 capacity1 provid$ ) a well-fitt+ p]=at$ /opp]4 ,x is ess5tially a graduat$ flask1 :i* measures a con/ant volume1 b x does n mu* matt] :at ! volume is4 ,9 tak+ ! sp4 g4 ( a liquid 7or1 :at is ! same ?+1 a fus$ solid7 !re is want$ ! weights 7#a7 ( ! flaskful ( wat] & 7#b7 ( ! flaskful ( ! liquid4 ,divid+ ! second by ! fir/ gives ! requir$ sp4 g4 ,! actual weigh+s requir$ are-- 7#a7 ( ! dry & empty flask1 7#b7 ( ! flask fill$ ) wat]1 & 7#c7 ( ! flask fill$ ) ! liquid4 ,! weigh+ ( ! flask once made ne$ n be (t5 repeat$4 ,x is well to d s n[ & !n = safety's sake2 b "o weigh+ w s]ve = a l>ge numb] ( det]m9ations4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ! weigh+ ( ! bottle fill$ ) wat]4 ,! bottle is dri$ by r9s+ out fir/ ) alcohol & aft]w>ds ) e!r2 e!r is v volatile1 & a %ort exposure 9 a w>m place w soon drive (f ! little rema9+ ab\t ! sides4 ,! e!r vap\r %\ld be suck$ out ?r\gh a glass tube4 ,see t ! bore ( ! /opp] is dry z well z ! bottle4 ,let ! dry bottle /& 9 ! box ( ! balance = a m9ute or two be=e weigh+4 ,! weight is1 /rictly speak+1 n t ( ! empty bottle1 b ( ! bottle fill$ ) air4 ,! empty bottle w\ld weigh f #bj to #cj milligrams less4 ,correct+ = ?is w\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 only make a diff]5ce 9 ! f\r? place ( decimals1#h s t x is bett] to ignore ! error4 ,! weight ( ! flask fill$ ) wat] is got by fill+ x ) di/ill$ wat]1 & ins]t+ ! /opp]4 ,! excess ( wat] w ov]fl[ at ! m>g9 & ?r\gh ! bore4 ,! bottle is wip$ ) a s(t1 dry clo?1 tak+ c>e n to squeeze or w>m ! bottle4 ,! bottle w rema9 fill$ to ! top ( ! /opp]4 ,x is all[$ to /& 9 ! balance box = a m9ute or two1 & !n weigh$4 ,di/ill$ wat]1 z /at$1 %\ld be us$2 ! use ( ord9>y wat] may increase ! weight by #e or #f milligrams4 ,_m wat]s1 if !y h n previ\sly be5 boil$1 give (f bubbles ( air :i* r5d] ! weigh+ wor?less4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] is ( great] importance2 l[]+ ! temp]ature #b w increase ! weight by #aj or #ab milligrams4 ,a beak] ( wat] may be w>m$ or cool$ to ! requir$ temp]ature2 !n ! bottle is fill$ f x1 & quickly weigh$4 ,if ! balance-room is cool] ?an ! wat]1 ! latt] w draw back into ! bottle1 & a few small bubbles ( air w ent]2 b ev5 9 extreme cases ?is w only increase ! weight by a v small fraction ( a milligram4 ,!re is m tr\ble caus$ :5 ! room is w>m]1 = ! liquid !n exp&s & protrudes z a drop re/+ on ! top ( ! /opp]4 ,!re w 9 ?is case be loss by evaporation1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! m volatile liquids1 su* z alcohol1 is s]i\s4 ,to prev5t ?is loss1 z well z any t may arise by ov]fl[1 ! /opp] %\ld be dilat$ above into a small cup1 ,a 7fig4 #cf71 :i* may itself be /opp]$4 ,9 a bottle ( ?is k9d ! neck ( ! /opp] is graduat$1 & ! bottle is consid]$ full :5 ! liquid /&s at ! level ( ! m>k 9 ! neck4 ,on ins]t+ ! /opp]1 ! liquid rises into ! cup1 & is r$uc$ to ! level ( ! m>k by absorption ) pieces ( filt]-pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,= mo/ purposes1 h[ev]1 !re is no ne$ = cool+ & all[+ room = subsequ5t expansion4 ,! assay]1 z a rule1 c select 8 own /&>d temp]ature1 & may *oose "o :i* w always necessitate w>m+4 ,x w be h&i] 9 ?is case to h a bottle ) a !rmomet] /opp]4 ,( ! two types %[n 9 fig4 #cg1 t ) ! ext]nal !rmomet] tube 7,a7 is m g5]ally useful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,! bottle is fill$ at a l[] temp]ature1 & is !n g5tly w>m$ s z to sl[ly raise ! temp]ature to ! requir$ degree4 ,! sup]flu\s liquid is !n at once wip$ (f1 & ! bottle cool$ & weigh$4 ,! weight ( ! flask fill$ ) ! liquid ^: sp4 g4 has to be det]m9$ is asc]ta9$ 9 a simil> way4 ,( c\rse ! temp]ature mu/ be ! same4 ,if ! liquid does n mix ) wat]1 ! bottle %\ld be dri$ be=e fill+1 b o!rwise ! flask ne$ only be r9s$ out two or ?ree times ) ! liquid4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! ?ree weigh+s1 d$uct ! weight ( ! bottle f ea* ( ! o!rs to get ! weights ( ! wat] & liquid respectively4 ,divide ! latt] by ! =m]1 ! result %[s ! sp4 g4 ,z an example1 take ! foll[+1 9 :i* a r l>ge sp4 g4 bottle 0 us$3-- #a4 ,weight ( bottle #ci4bii gram #b4 ,weight ( bottle & wat] #ha4hhd #c4 ,weight ( bottle & p>aff9 #gc4adf ,by subtract+ #a f #b & #c ! result is z foll[s3-- #ha4hhd grams #gc4adf grams #ci4bii #ci4bii ------ ------ #db4ehe ( wat]4 #cc4hdg ( p>aff94 ,divide ! weight ( ! p>aff9 by t ( ! wat]-- #db4ehe7cc4hdgj7j4gidh #bi4hjie ------- 4444444 ,! sp4 g4 ( ! p>aff9 is #j4gidh4 ,! sp4 g4 ( a fusible solid may be obta9$ 9 ! same way at a temp]ature "s degrees above its fus+ po9t4 ,! sp4 g4 ( a solid 9 p[d] or gravel suffici5tly f9e to pass ?r\gh ! neck ( ! bottle is easily det]m9$4 ,if ! bottle fill$ ) wat] weighs #ej grams1 & !re is plac$ on ! pan alongside ( x #bj grams ( a s&1 ! weight ( ! two toge!r w ( c\rse be #gj grams4 ,b if ! s& is put 9 ! bottle1 x evid5tly displaces its own bulk ( wat]2 & if1 on aga9 weigh+1 ! weight is f\nd to be #fb in/ead ( #gj grams1 x is because ! #bj grams ( s& has displac$ #h grams ( wat]4 ,bulk = bulk1 ! s& is #b-a_/b times z heavy4 ,9 practice1 ! weight ( ! bottle fill$ ) wat] w probably be already kn[n2 if n1 x mu/ be det]m9$4 ,a c]ta9 quantity1 say #bj grams1 ( ! p[d]$ sub/ance is !n transf]r$ c>efully to ! bottle4 ,! bottle ne$ n be dry inside1 b its neck & outside mu/ be4 ,9 mak+ ?is transf]5ce a c>eful work] w make no loss1 & ! mode ( work+ saves a little "t4 ,b x is bett] to weigh ! dry flask2 put into x #aj to #bj grams ( ! p[d]1 & weigh aga94 ,! increase 9 weight gives accurately ! weight ( p[d] 9 ! bottle4 ,ab\t two-?irds fill ! bottle ) di/ill$ wat]1 & mix ) ! p[d] by g5tle %ak+4 ,air bubbles w dis5tangle !mselves1 & rise to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,wa% back any?+ adh]+ to ! /opp] ) a jet ( wat]1 & fill ! bottle almo/ to ov]fl[+4 ,all[ x to /& = a m9ute or s2 replace ! /opp]2 w>m to ! requir$ temp]ature2 take (f ! sup]flu\s moi/ure2 wipe & weigh4 ,z an example1 take ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,weight ( bottle #ab4fha grams #b4 bottle fill$ ) wat] #cg4gjh #c4 bottle ) wolfram #dj4hba #d4 bottle ) wolfram & wat] #fa4aii ,subtract 7#a7 f 7#c7 to get ! weight ( wolfram tak53 #dj4hba grams #ab4fha ------ #bh4adj add ! weight ( ! wolfram to ! weight ( ! bottle fill$ ) wat]3 #bh4adj grams #cg4gjh ------ #fe4hdh subtract 7#d7 f ?is to get ! weight ( wat] displac$3 #fe4hdh grams #fa4aii ------ #d4fdi ,divide ! weight ( ! wolfram by ! weight ( ! wat] displac$ to get sp4 g43 #d4fdi7bh4adj7f4jec #bg4hid ------ 444444 ,if ! solid is soluble 9 wat]1 or has a t5d5cy to float1 "s liquid o!r ?an wat] is us$4 ,p>aff9 oil or oil ( turp5t9e w d4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,! weight ( ! dry & empty bottle hav+ be5 det]m9$1 add a suffici5cy ( ! sub/ance & weigh aga9 to f9d h[ mu* has be5 add$4 ,fill up ) p>aff9 oil & weigh aga94 ,clean out ! sub/ance by r9s+ ) p>aff92 fill up & weigh4 ,calculate ! sp4 g4 z if wat] _h be5 us$1 & multiply by ! sp4 g4 ( ! p>aff94 ,= example3 #a4 ,weight ( bottle #ci4bii grams #b4 bottle & nitre #eg4hcj #c4 bottle & p>aff9 #gc4adf #d4 bottle & p>aff9 & nitre #hd4ffe #e4 bottle & wat] #ha4hhd ,fir/ f 7#a717c71 & 7#e71 calculate ! sp4 g4 ( ! p>aff9 z already %[n4 ,x w be #j4gidh4 ,d$uct 7#a7 f 7#b7 to get ! weight ( ! nitre3 #eg4hcj grams #ci4bii ------ #ah4eca add ?is to 7#c73 #ah4eca grams #gc4adf ------ #ia4fgg & d$uct 7#d7 to f9d ! weight ( ! equal bulk ( p>aff94 #ia4fgg grams #hd4ffe ------ #g4jab divide ! weight ( ! nitre by ! weight ( ! p>aff93 #g4jab7ah4eca7b4fdbg ------ 444444 ,! sp4 g41 tak+ p>aff9 z ! /&>d in/ead ( wat]1 is #b4fdbg4 ,multiply ?is by ! sp4 g4 ( p>aff91 #j4gidh1 & ! result is #b4ajjd z ! sp4 g4 ( nitre comp>$ ) wat]4 ,simil>ly1 a sp4 g4 comp>$ ) wat] at say #ej ,c4 c be conv]t$ into "o comp>$ ) wat] at /&>d temp]ature1 by multiply+ by ! sp4 g4 ( wat] at #ej ,c4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! sp4 g4 ( wat] at v>i\s temp]atures3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,degrees ,degrees ,degrees ,c5tigrade4,sp4 ,g4,c5tigrade4,sp4 ,g4,c5tigrade4,sp4 ,g4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #d #a4jjjj #bj #j4iihb #dj #j4iibc #aj #j4iiig #be #j4iiga #ej #j4ihha #ae #j4iiia #cj #j4iieg #ajj #j4iehf ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,if1 = example1 a sub/ance at #ej ,c4 has a sp4 g4 ( #j4ijaj z comp>$ ) wat] at #ej ,c41 x w h 7comp>$ ) wat] at #d ,c47 a sp4 g4 ( #j4ijajj4ihha2 or #j4hijc4 ,! figures #j4hijc repres5t ! sp4 g4 ( ! sub/ance at #ej ,c4 comp>$ ) wat] at #d ,c4 ,except 9 comp>+ ! sp4 gravities ( ! same sub/ance at diff]5t temp]atures1 a calculation ( ?is k9d s]ves no useful purpose4 ,9 tak+ ! specific gravity ( a solid n 9 p[d]1 a lump ( x is fre$ f loose p>ticles & its exact weight det]m9$4 ,by means ( a horse hair ) a slip knot x is susp5d$ to ! balance1 & b5ea? x is plac$1 out ( contact ) ! balance pan1 a beak] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! horse hair mu/ be long en\gh to keep ! m9]al well b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat] s z to all[ ! balance to vibrate4 ,air bubbles are remov$ by t\*+ ) a camel-hair p5cil4 ,:il/ ! m9]al is susp5d$ 9 wat] ! weight is aga9 tak54 ,x w weigh less ?an be=e1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two weigh+s gives ! weight ( wat] 7& consequ5tly ! volume7 displac$ by ! m9]al4 ,! weight 9 air divid$ by ! diff]5ce is ! specific gravity4 ,?us ,weight 9 air #c4bagj grams ,weight 9 wat] #b4gjej ------ ,diff]5ce #j4eabj gram #c4bagj_/j4eabj equals #f4bh1 ! sp4 g4 ,! sp4 g4 ( a sub/ance dep5ds ma9ly on its composition1 b is affect$ by c]ta9 conditions4 ,! effect ( temp]ature has be5 already consid]$4 ,air holes & empty spaces less5 ! specific gravity ( o!rwise solid bodies2 & metals1 :i* aft] fusion become imp]fect solids1 h _! d5sity increas$ by hamm]+ or roll+4 ,b metals :5 free f pores h _! d5sity dim9i%$ :5 roll$1 )\t anneal+4 ,! effects ( ^! conditions are slight :5 comp>$ ) ^? due to ! pres5ce ( impurities4 ,= simple sub/ances1 or mixtures ( only two sub/ances1 a det]m9ation ( sp4 g4 is a suffici5t *eck on ! composition = _m practical purposes2 & ) m complex mixtures1 su* z slags & "s ( ! products ( dress+ op]ations 9 :i* ! mat]ial does n diff] mu* 9 its nature f "t to "t1 su* a det]m9ation w yield in=mation ( consid]able value1 & af=d a *eck ^u ! prop] work+ ( a process4 ,:5 ! mix+ ( two sub/ances is accompani$ by a *ange 9 volume1 ! sp4 g4 ( ! mixture c only be le>nt by exp]im5t4 ,b :5 ! sub/ances h no su* action on ea* o!r ! result+ sp4 g4 c be calculat$4 ,"s ( ^! calculations h a practical int]e/ z well z an educational value4 ,/ud5ts %\ld practise !m s z to become famili> ) ! relations betwe5 weight & volume4 ,:5 sub/ances are mix$ by volume1 ! sp4 g4 ( ! mixture is ! mean ( ^? ( its con/itu5ts1 & may be calculat$ 9 ! usual way = obta9+ av]ages4 #a c4c4 ( a sub/ance hav+ a sp4 g4 ( #a4d mix$ ) #a c4c4 ( ano!r hav+ a sp4 g4 ( #a4j w yield #b c4c4 ( a sub/ance hav+ a sp4 g4 ( #a4b4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we write gram in/ead ( c4c4 9 ! above /atem5t1 ! result+ sp4 g4 w be #a4af4 ,! simple/ plan is to rememb] t ! sp4 g4 is ! weight divid$ by ! volume 7sp4 g4 w_/v7 & ! sp4 g4 ( a mixture is ! sum ( ! weights divid$ by ! sum ( ! volumes 7sp4 g4 7w w' w1 c47_/7v v' v1 c4774 ,9 ! above example ! sum ( ! volumes is #b c4c42 ! weights 7got by multiply+ ea* volume by its correspond+ sp4 g47 are #a4d gram & #a gram4 ,! sum ( ! weights divid$ by ! sum ( ! volumes is #b4d_/b or #a4b4 ,! sp4 g4 ( a mixture ( #aj c4c4 ( a sub/ance hav+ a sp4 g4 ( #a4b1 ) #ae c4c4 ( ano!r hav+ a sp4 g4 ( #a4e may be ?us f\nd3-- sp4 g4 7#abbb4e7_/7ajae7 #a4ch multiply ea* volume by its sp4 g4 to get its weight3 #aja4b #ab #aea4e #bb4e add ^! toge!r 7#abbb4e #cd4e7 & divide by ! sum ( ! volumes 7#ajae #be73 #be7cd4e7a4ch #be -- #ie1 c4 ,! sp4 g4 w be #a4ch1 provid$ ! mixture is n accompani$ by any *ange ( volume4 ,! same =mula w s]ve :5 ! proportion ( ! +r$i5ts is giv5 by weight4 ,a mixture ( #d p>ts by weight ( gal5a 7sp4 g4 #g4e7 ) #e p>ts ( bl5de 7sp4 g4 #d7 w h a sp4 g4 ( #e4jf3 sp4 g4 7#de7_/7j4eca4be7 #i_/a4gh #e4jf ,x is necess>y 9 ?is case to calculate ! volumes ( ! gal5a & ( ! bl5de1 :i* is done by divid+ ! weights by ! sp4 gravities3 ?us1 #d divid$ by #g4e gives #j4ec & #e divid$ by #d gives #a4be4 ,! conv]se problem is a little m difficult4 ,giv5 ! sp4 g4 ( a mixture & ( ea* ( ! two +r$i5ts1 ! p]c5tage by weight ( ! heavi] +r$i5t may be asc]ta9$ by ! foll[+ rule1 :i* is be/ express$ z a =mula4 ,!re are ?ree sp4 gravities giv52 if ! highe/ be writt5 ,h1 ! l[e/ ,l & t ( ! mixture ,m1 !n3 ,p]c5tage ( heavi] m9]al 7#ajj;,h7,m-,l77_/7,m7,h-,l77 ,suppose a sample ( tail+s has a sp4 g4 ( #c4j1 & is made up ( qu>tz 7sp4 g4 #b4f7 & pyrites 7sp4 g4 #e4a73 !n ! p]c5tage ( pyrites is #bg3 7#ajje4a7c-b4f77_/7c7e4a-b4f77 7#eajj4d7_/7cb4e7 #bjd_/g4e #bg4b ,! same problem c\ld be solv$ ) ! help ( a little algebra by ! rule already giv51 z ?us3 ! sp4 g4 ( a mixture equals ! sum ( ! weights ( ! con/itu5ts divid$ by ! sum ( ! volumes4 ,!n #ajj grams ( ! tail+s ) x p] c5t4 ( pyrites conta9 #ajj-x p] c5t4 ( qu>tz4 ,! sum ( ! weights is #ajj4 ,! volume ( ! pyrites is x_/#e4a & ( ! qu>tz 7#ajj-x7_/#b4f4 ,!n we h by ! rule #c #ajj_/77x_/#e4a77ajj-x7_/#b4f7 #c #acbf_/7eaj-b4ex7 #bjd #g4ex & x #bg4b ,if ! p]c5tage 7,p7 & sp4 g4 7,h7 ( "o con/itu5t & ! sp4 g4 7,m7 ( ! mixture are kn[n1 ! sp4 g4 ( ! o!r con/itu5t may be calculat$ by ! foll[+ =mula1 9 :i* x is ! requir$ sp4 g43 x 77#ajj-,p7,m,h7_/77#ajj;,h7-7,p,m77 ,= example1 tail+s 7sp4 g4 #c4j7 conta9+ #bg4b p] c5t4 ( pyrites 7sp4 g4 #e4a7 w conta9 7#ajj-bg4b71 #gb4h p] c5t4 ( e>?y matt] hav+ a mean sp4 g4 ( x3 x 77#ajj-bg4b7ce4a7_/77ajje4a7-7bg4bc77 #aaac4hd_/dbh4d #b4f ,! diff]5ces 9 sp4 g4 correspond+ to diff]5ces 9 /r5g? h be5 c>efully det]m9$ & tabulat$ 9 ! case ( ! /rong] acids & ( _m o!r liquids4 ,su* tables are giv5 at ! end ( ?is book4 ,to ,calculate ! ,weight ( a ,measur$ ,volume ( ,m9]al or ,rock4--,multiply ! cubic feet by #fb4d & !n multiply by ! sp4 g4 ( ! /uff1 ! answ] gives ! weight 9 p\nds4 ,= example1 #ajj cubic feet ( qu>tz weighs #ajjfb4db4f #af1bbd lbs4 ,! weight ( any mass ( m9]al ( kn[n ext5t & sp4 g4 is asc]ta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! specific gravities ( "s ( ! common] m9]als4 ,b>ytes #d4e ,bl5de #d4j ,calcite #b4f ,cassit]ite #f4i ,*alybite #c4h ,copp] pyrites #d4b ,fluor #c4a ,gal5a #g4e ,hmatite #e4j ,mispickel #f4b ,pyrites #e4j ,qu>tz #b4f ,,footnotes3 #h ,! diff]5ce ( #bj or #cj milligrams is disreg>d$ "h because x detracts equally f ! actual weight ( ! wat] & liquid to be det]m9$4 ,if ! liquid is a heavy "o ! diff]5ce %[s itself 9 ! ?ird or second place ( decimals4 ,! correction may be made by d$uct+ f ! weight ( ! flask #j4jjab grams = ea* gram ( wat] x holds4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,metals4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,silv]1 ,,gold1 ,,cyanides1 ,,plat9um1 ,,m]cury4 ,,silv]4 ,silv] is widely diffus$1 & has be5 f\nd 9 mo/ m9+ di/ricts4 ,x occurs native 9 suffici5t quantity to con/itute "o ( ! *ief ores ( ! metal4 ,x also occurs comb9$ ) sulphur 7z 9 arg5tite71 ) sulphur & antimony 7z 9 /ephanite or brittle silv] ore1 & 9 pyr>gyrite or ruby silv]71 & ) copp]1 sulphur1 antimony1 & ars5ic1 z 9 polybasite4 ,*loride ( silv] occurs native z horn silv] or k]>gyrite4 ,silv] is f\nd 9 ! ores ( o!r metals1 su* z fahl]z1 :i* sometimes conta9s f two to t5 p] c5t4 ( ! metal1 & gal5a1 :i* is an important s\rce ( x2 9 fact1 gal5a is nev] f\nd entirely free f silv]4 ,x is pres5t also 9 great] or less quantity 9 ! ores ( copp] & z9c4 ,silv] dissolves readily 9 nitric acid1 =m+ silv] nitrate4 ,x only =ms "o family ( salts1 & ( ^! ! *loride & nitrate are ( *ief importance to ! assay]4 ,! =mation ( ! *loride ( silv] on ! addition ( hydro*loric acid or a soluble *loride to ! nitric acid solution1 s]ves = ! recognition & sep>ation ( silv]4 ,! precipitat$ *loride is :ite 7becom+ violet on exposure to light71 insoluble 9 nitric acid1 soluble 9 ammonia1 hyposulphite ( soda1 or conc5trat$ solutions ( *lorides4 ,! be/ confirmatory te/ is made by wrapp+ ! precipitate 9 a little %eet lead1 & cupell+1 :5 ! silv] w be left 9 ! metallic /ate1 & is easily recogniz$4 ,dry ,assay4--,?is assay is made up ( two p>ts3 7#a7 ! conc5tration ( ! silv] 9 a button ( lead2 & 7#b7 ! cupellation ( ! result+ alloy4 ,! conc5tration ( ! button ( lead may be effect$ ei!r by scorification or by fusion 9 a crucible4 ,! scorification assay is p]=m$ 9 a scorifi]1 :i* is a %all[ op5-m\!d di% ab\t #b-a_/b in*es across1 ) a v ?ick bottom to enable x to )/& ! corrosive action ( ! slag4 ,a *>ge ( m ?an #c or #e grams ( ! ore _c be work$ 9 "o1 & ) su* small *>ges ! unavoidable v>iations h a s]i\s effect on ! figures report$4 ,a diff]5ce ( "o milligram on ! weight ( ! button ( silv] got repres5ts a diff]5ce ( #f or #aj ounces p] ton4 ,) ri* ores su* v>iation is unavoidable "u any conditions1 & ! only safe plan is to take ! mean ( sev]al assays4 ,b ) poor] ores ! accuracy ( ! assay1 z well z conv5i5ce 9 work+1 is mu* increas$ by work+ 9 a crucible ) l>g] *>ges4 ,9 scorification ! proportion ( lead requir$ = scorify+ #a gram ( ore is 9 av]age cases f #aj to #ae grams1 s9k+ 9 ! case ( gal5a to #b grams1 & ris+ ) e>?y & refractory sub/ances to f #cj to #dj grams4 ,b by fus+ 9 a crucible ) well-select$ fluxes1 a proportion ( #d ( flux to #a ( ore is g5]ally suffici5t2 & n only is ! proportion ( add$ matt] less1 b x is also easi] to manipulate l>ge quantities 9 crucibles1 s t1 al?\gh 9 "s cases ! crucible assay is m tr\blesome & less satisfactory1 yet ) poor & e>?y ores x is ! be/ me?od ( deal+ ) !m2 :ile :5 prop]ly work$ x yields results z accurate z scorification does4 ,z a g5]al rule1 if m ?an #e grams ( ore mu/ be tak51 ! crucible assay %\ld be adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,scorification ,assay4--,! *>ge ( ore is usually #c grams1 sometimes #e2 ! lead v>ies f #cj to #gj grams1 & ! quantity ( soda1 borax1 or p[d]$ glass add$ v>ies f #j4c to #c or #d grams4 ,x is g5]ally recomm5d$ to h ! lead granulat$1#i & to mix ! ore ) ab\t half ( x 9 ! scorifi]2 !n to put on ! re/ ( ! lead2 & f9ally to spr9kle ! borax or glass on ! top4 ,x answ]s j z well1 h[ev]1 to use ! lead 9 ! %ape ( foil1 & wrap ! ore up 9 x2 & if ! ore conta9s mu* sulphur1 ! borax may ) advantage be add$ 7wrapp$ 9 a little tissue pap]7 "s five or t5 m9utes aft] ! op]ation has />t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,! process ( scorification is z foll[s3--,a scorifi] 7fig4 #ch7 ( conv5i5t size hav+ be5 select$ 7"o #b-a_/b in*es across is mo/ g5]ally useful71 x is dri$ at a g5tle heat = ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,! *>ge is !n put into x1 & x is introduc$1 ) ! help ( a scorifi] tongs 7fig4 #ci71 into a muffle heat$ consid]ably above r$ness4 ,! muffle is !n clos$1 & :5 ! metal has melt$ d[n1 x is op5$1 b ! temp]ature is kept up4 ,a r+ ( slag w1 aft] a "t1 =m ar\nd ! metal1 & :5 ?is appe>ance 7kn[n z ! eye7 pres5ts itself1 ! temp]ature may be l[]$4 ,:5 ! eye has disappe>$--t is1 :5 ! lay] ( slag has q clos$ 9--a p9* ( p[d]$ culm wrapp$ 9 tissue pap] is add$4 ,z soon z ! slag has aga9 become tranquil1 ! scorifi] is tak5 out1 & its cont5ts are p\r$ into a m\ld 7fig4 #dj71 ! slag is deta*$1 & sav$4 ,if ! button ( metal weighs m ?an #cj grams1 its size is r$uc$ by ano!r scorification 9 ! same scorifi]1 :i* %\ld h be5 replac$ 9 ! muffle imm$iately aft] ! cont5ts _h be5 p\r$ out4 ,if ! ore is n a v ri* "o1 ! button ( lead w c>ry practically all ! silv]2 b ) ri* ores x is m satisfactory to save ! slag1 & subsequ5tly to melt x d[n ) ! cupel on :i* ! lead has be5 treat$1 s z to recov] ! silv] lo/ 9 ! slag1 toge!r ) t absorb$ 9 ! cupel1 at "o op]ation4 ,or1 if ! cupellation loss is neglect$ or calculat$ 9 "s o!r mann]1 ! slag or slags f ! scorifi] may be p[d]$ & mix$ ) #bj grams ( oxide ( lead1 #e grams ( borax1 & #a gram ( *>coal4 ,?is %\ld be melt$ d[n 9 a small crucible1 & ! result+ button ( lead cupell$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,if ! scorification has be5 unsatisfactory1 ! quantity ( silv] obta9$ f ! slag w be by no means inconsid]able4 ,! usual explanation is t ) sulphury ores comp\nds ( metallic oxides & sulphides 7oxysulphides7 are =m$1 :i* rema9 9 ! slag1 reta9+ consid]able quantities ( ! preci\s metal4 ,x is said t "u c]ta9 conditions su* a slag may conta9 z mu* z #aj p] c5t4 ( silv]4 ,an excess ( lead & a high temp]ature prev5ts ! =mation ( ^! oxysulphides4 ,b if mu* silv] is pres5t 9 ! ore1 ! slag _c be safely ?r[n away1 ev5 if sulphur is abs5t1 & ! process has be5 satisfactorily p]=m$4 ,if ! cru/ :i* appe>s on ! surface ( ! lead does n cle>1 add a small lump ( borax & #bj grams m lead2 !n close ! muffle1 & keep ! temp]ature z high z possible4 ,if ! slag =ms prop]ly1 b %[s unfus$ or only half-fus$ lumps1 ev5 :5 ! scorification has proce$$ = "s "t1 add m borax1 & /ir ) an iron rod4 ,! slag adh]+ to ! rod mu/ be deta*$ by hamm]+1 & replac$ 9 ! scorifi]4 ,if ! ore consi/s l>gely ( qu>tz1 soda %\ld be add$ in/ead ( borax2 or1 if x conta9s mu* copp]1 p[d]$ qu>tz may be us$4 ,if ! scorifi] at ! end ( an op]ation is m ?an usually corrod$1 ! borax %\ld be replac$ 9 subsequ5t assays on simil> ores by p[d]$ glass or qu>tz4 ,if a fairly fluid slag is =m$ :i* does n cle> f ! metal & %[ ! eye1 m lead & a high] temp]ature is want$4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x may be /at$ t :5 a scorification is unsatisfactory1 :at is want$ is m heat1 m lead1 or m borax4 ,x is a safe plan :5 "w has to be done on a /range ore1 to make ?ree or f\r assays ) v>y+ quantities ( lead4 ,! proportion ( lead is "r :5 a fur!r addition does n yield a high] result4 ,! prop] proportion hav+ be5 f\nd1 a note ( x %\ld be made = future use4 ,,pot ,,assays4 ,! object ( ! fusion 9 a crucible1 l t ( scorification1 is to conc5trate ! silv] 9 a button ( lead :i* is to be subsequ5tly cupell$2 & to reta9 ! e>?y & wa/e matt]s 9 ! slag4 ,x is necess>y to consid] ! quality ( ! slag & ! weight & quality ( ! lead4 ,! slag :5 fus$ %\ld be liquid & homog5e\s1 & n too corrosive on ! crucible4 ,! button ( lead %\ld be s(t1 malleable1 & free f a coat+ ( regulus4#aj ,9 weight x %\ld n diff] mu* f ! ore tak54 ,) #bj grams ( ore1 = example1 a button ( lead weigh+ f #ah to #be grams w be satisfactory3 less ?an ?is w\ld leave an undue proportion ( silv] 9 ! slag2 & m w\ld be unnecess>ily l>ge = cupell+1 & w\ld increase ! loss 9 t op]ation4 ,) av]age ores1 take #bj grams ( ! p[d]$ ore & mix ) #cj grams ( soda1 #dj grams ( r$-lead or li?>ge1 #e grams ( borax1 & f #b to #b4e grams ( fl\r1 & place 9 an ,e crucible 7,batt]sea r\nd74 ,put ^! 9 ! furnace at a r$ heat1 cov] ! crucible1 & gradually raise ! temp]ature until ! :ole *>ge has melt$ d[n & is 9 a /ate ( tranquil fusion4 ,p\r into a m\ld1 & replace ! crucible 9 ! furnace4 ,z soon z ! lead is solid1 deta* ! slag & put x back into ! crucible2 & :5 x is aga9 fluid1 *>ge on to x ) a copp] scoop a mixture ( #bj grams ( oxide ( lead1 & #a gram ( *>coal3 :5 fusion has aga9 become tranquil1 p\r & deta* ! button ( lead4 ,! lead buttons %\ld be hamm]$ into discs ) r\nd$ edges1 & be fre$ f slag2 if too big = a cupel !y may be scorifi$ toge!r 9 a small scorifi]1 b x is bett] to cupel !m sep>ately4 ,ores conta9+ ,metallic ,oxides4--,p]oxides ( iron1 manganese1 & copp] int]f]e by c\nt]act+ ! effect ( ! *>coal or fl\r1 & ?us r$uc+ ! size ( ! lead button4 ,p]oxide ( iron w r$uce ! weight ( lead by a little m ?an its own weight2 & p]oxide ( manganese has ab\t twice ?is effect4 ,:5 ^! oxides are pres5t an additional quantity ( fl\r mu/ be us$1 & precautions mu/ be tak5 to prev5t reoxidation ( ! slag by ! furnace gases4 ,?is may be/ be prev5t$ by us+ a lay] ( common salt z a cov] to ! *>ge4 ,:5 ! ores conta9 a good deal ( qu>tz or /ony matt]1 ! fluxes j giv5 7= av]age ores7 w d2 b ! proportion ( soda %\ld be dim9i%$1 & t ( ! borax1 oxide ( lead1 & fl\r increas$ z ! quantity ( metallic oxides become great]4 ,if ! ore conta9s practically no qu>tz1 ! soda may be altoge!r omitt$1 & "s glass or p[d]$ qu>tz add$4 ,! foll[+ *>ge may be tak5 z an example3 weigh up #bj grams ( ! p[d]$ ore1 #ae grams ea* ( soda & borax1 #fj grams ( oxide ( lead1 & #e grams ( fl\r4 ,mix & place !m 9 an ,e crucible1 & cov] ) a lay] ( f a qu>t] to half an in* ( common salt4 ,place 9 ! furnace z be=e4 ,! salt w give (f a consid]able am\nt ( fume1 :i* w1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 conceal ! /ate ( ! *>ge3 :5 ! crucible has be5 9 ! furnace = ab\t #be m9utes remove x & p\r out ! cont5ts imm$iately4 ,) ores t produce a ?ick slag ! addition ( #e grams ( fluor sp> w be an advantage4 ,x may happ5 t ) an unkn[n ore ! fir/ assay w be m or less unsatisfactory3 b f x ! necessity = add+ m or less fl\r w be le>nt1 & a second assay1 ) ! necess>y modification ( ! *>ge1 %\ld give a good result4 ,ores conta9+ mu* ,sulphides4--,ores ( ?is class may be easily recogniz$1 ei!r by ! appe>ance ( ! m9]als !y conta9 or by ! od\r ( sulphur\s oxide 7,,s#b7 :i* !y evolve :5 roa/$ on a spatula4 ,! sulphides mo/ commonly pres5t1 9 addition to ! sulphuriz$ m9]als ( silv]1 are pyrites1 gal5a1 bl5de1 & mispickel4 ,:5 !y are pres5t 9 only a mod]ate am\nt1 _! effect is simply to increase ! weight ( ! button ( lead2 & ?is is easily c\nt]act$ by r$uc+ ! am\nt ( fl\r1 or by omitt+ x4 ,:5 9 l>g] am\nts1 !y n only yield l>ge buttons1 b also r5d] ! metal sulphury1 sometimes ev5 giv+ a button ( regulus in/ead ( lead4 ,?is la/ evil may be rem$i$ 7#a7 by putt+ 9 a rod ( iron z soon z ! *>ge has fus$1 or 7#b7 x may be c\nt]act$ by a prop] addition ( nitre1 or 7#c7 :5 ! sulphides pres5t are only ^? ( iron or copp] ! sulphur may be remov$ by calc9+1 & ! ore conv]t$ into "o ( ! class conta9+ metallic oxides4 ,! calc9ation is effect$ z foll[s3--,weigh up #bj grams ( ! p[d]$ ore & place x 9 a wide-m\!d crucible suffici5tly l>ge to p]=m ! subsequ5t melt+ d[n 94 ,! roa/+ mu/ be done at a g5tle heat at fir/1 s z to avoid clott+3 ! m\? ( ! crucible %\ld project consid]ably above ! coke1 & %\ld slope =w>d t[>ds ! work]4 ,! *>ge mu/ be occasionally /irr$ ) ! /irr] 7fig4 #aj7 s z to expose fre% surfaces to ! action ( ! air1 & to prev5t adhesion to ! sides ( ! crucible4 ,! /irr] %\ld n be remov$ till ! calc9ation is f9i%$4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be rais$ at ! end to a good r$ heat2 & 7to ensure ! decomposition ( any sulphate t may be =m$7 ! roa/$ ore %\ld be rubb$ up 9 a mort> ) a p9* ( an?racite1 & aga9 calc9$4 ,x is !n mix$ ) fluxes z describ$1 & fus$ 9 ! same crucible4 ,! calc9ation ( an ore is a "w occupy+ a good deal ( "t1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 x is bett] to take advantage ( ! desulphuriz+ p[] ( r$ lead or nitre4 ,r$ lead by itself w d1 b a l>ge quantity ( x w be requir$2 #a "p ( a metallic sulphide ne$s f #bj to #ej p>ts ( r$ lead to yield a button free f sulphur2 :]eas at mo/ f #b to #b-a_/b p>ts ( nitre are suffici5t4 ,!re is sometimes an advantage 9 hav+ a consid]able excess ( oxide ( lead 9 ! slag1 b :]e !re is no su* reason1 #b p>ts ( r$ lead to #a ( ore is en\gh4 ,a *>ge :i* w d = mo/ sulphides is ! foll[+3 #bj grams ( ore1 #dj to #ajj grams ( r$ lead1 #bj grams ( soda1 #e ( borax1 & suffici5t nitre 7or p]haps fl\r7 to give a button ( ab\t #be grams ( lead4 ,h[ mu* ?is mu/ be 7if n already kn[n7 may be approximately det]m9$ by fus+ #c grams ( ! ore & #c grams ( soda 9 a small crucible 7,c7 ) #ej grams ( li?>ge 7n r$ lead7 "u a cov] ( salt1 & weigh+ ! result+ button ( lead4 ,subtract #c f ! weight ( lead obta9$1 & ! diff]5ce multipli$ by #a4c w give ! quantity 9 grams ( nitre requir$4 ,if ! button ( lead weighs less ?an #c grams fl\r mu/ be add$4 ,if ?is is n satisfactory repeat ! assay1 add+ an extra gram ( nitre = ea* #d grams ( lead 9 excess ( t requir$1 or #a gram ( fl\r = a #ab-;gram defici5cy4 ,9 ! me?od 9 :i* iron is us$ z a de-sulphuris+ ag5t1 only z mu* oxide ( lead %\ld be add$ z w give a button ( lead ( ! requir$ size4 ,r a l>ge button ( lead %\ld be got1 & ! slag %\ld be /rongly alkal9e2 if ! ore does n already c>ry a l>ge am\nt ( sulphur "s %\ld be add$4 ,! fusion %\ld be p]=m$ at a l[ temp]ature 7simil> to t = a gal5a assay71 & %\ld be cont9u$ = "s "t aft] x has become tranquil4 ,take #bj grams ( ! ore1 #dj grams ( soda1 #dj grams ( oxide ( lead1 & #e or #aj grams ( borax2 place ?is mixture 9 a crucible 7) a rod ( iron1 z 9 ! gal5a assay71 cov]1 & fuse = ab\t half an h\r4 ,take out ! rod1 wa%+ x 9 ! slag1 &1 9 a m9ute or two1 p\r4 ,clean & cupel ! button ( lead4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,fusion4--,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! small] ! quantity ( ! slag ! bett]1 provid$ !re is suffici5t to cov] ! metal4 ,! pres5ce ( p]oxides ( ! heavy metals is prejudicial1 s9ce !y t5d to increase ! quantity ( silv] reta9$ 9 ! slag4 ,x may be giv5 z a g5]al rule t :5 iron1 copp]1 manganese1 c41 are pres5t1 !re is a m ?an ord9>y ne$ = clean+ ! slags1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ^! metals 9 ! /ate ( l[] oxide4 ,9 select+ ! fluxes1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t soda is ! be/ = qu>tz1 & borax = lime & metallic oxides4 ,& t ) ores almo/ free f gangue "s qu>tz or glass %\ld be add$ to protect ! crucible4 ,two p>ts ( soda are en\gh to flux #a "p ( qu>tz2 :il/ ( borax1 or oxide ( lead1 #d p>ts are b>ely suffici5t4 ,oxide ( lead has ! advantage ( be+ heavy & s does n occupy mu* space 9 ! crucible2 on ! o!r h&1 if ! melt+ d[n be p]=m$ too quickly1 or if oxide ( lead only is us$1 ?is high specific gravity is a disadvantage1 = ! light] e>?y matt] floats z a pa/y mass on ! m fluid oxide ( lead1 & ?us escapes its action4 ,:5 metallic sulphides are pres5t 9 ! ore1 an excess ( oxide ( lead helps to keep ! sulphur out ( ! button ( metal4 ,9 addition to ! oxide ( lead requir$ z a flux1 "s w be requir$ to provide ! lead 9 :i* ! silv] is to be collect$4 ,oxide ( lead1 mix$ ) *>coal or fl\r1 yields1 :5 heat$1 a multitude ( m9ute buttons ( metal uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! mass ( ! *>ge2 z ! *>ge melts d[n ^! run toge!r & fall to ! bottom2 ?is %[] ( lead collects ! silv] m easily ?an a s+le button at ! bottom ( ! crucible c\ld d4 ,only t portion ( ! oxide ( lead :i* rema9s 9 ! slag c be consid]$ z a flux2 v (t5 ! fir/ indication ( an excessive r$uction ( lead is ! pa/9ess ( ! slag r5d]$ ?ick by ! )drawal ( ! oxide ( lead :i* w\ld h kept x fluid4 ,if1 9 an assay1 x is f\nd t #e p>ts ( flux are n suffici5t = #a "p ( ore1 ! rem$y lies 9 us+ a diff]5t flux r ?an 9 tak+ a l>g] quantity4 ,on ! ,r$uc+ ,effect ( ,*>coal1 ,fl\r1 & ,t>t>4--,! weight to be got f a giv5 *>ge w dep5d 7provid$ suffici5t oxide ( lead is pres5t7 ^u ! proportion ( ! r$uc+ ag5ts 9 x4 ,we h ?\ght x well to illu/rate ?is "p ( ! subject by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* ! le>n] w d well to practise = himself be=e proce$+ to ! assay ( actual ores4 ,take #hj grams ( li?>ge & #bj grams ( a mixture ( borax & soda4 ,fuse ?ree lots 7#a7 ) #a4e gram ( *>coal1 7#b7 ) #c grams ( fl\r1 & 7#c7 ) #g4e grams ( t>t>4 ,weigh ! buttons ( lead obta9$1 & divide ea* by ! weight ( r$uc+ ag5t us$4 ,! results w diff] some:at ) ! dryness & quality ( ! fl\r1 etc41 us$2 9 "o s]ies ( exp]im5ts !y 7 z foll[s3-- ,gram4 ,grams4 ,gram4 ,grams4 #a4e *>coal gave #cd4j lead 4'4 #a *>coal #bb4f lead4 #c4j fl\r #cc4e 4'4 #a fl\r #aa4b #g4e t>t> #ch4j 4'4 #a t>t> #e4j ,! use ( fl\r z a r$uc+ ag5t has _m advantages1 & x is well to rememb] t #a gram ( fl\r r$uces ab\t #aa grams ( lead2 & t *>coal has twice1 & t>t> "o-half1 ?is r$uc+ effect4 ,on ! ,r$uc+ ,effect ( ,*>coal1 c41 on ,r$ ,lead4--,x is (t5 easi] to obta9 r$ lead ( good quality ?an x is li?>ge1 & by a l>ge numb] ( assay]s r$ lead is ! =m ( oxide ( lead always us$4 ,r$ lead1 h[ev]1 conta9s an excess ( oxyg5 :i* w use up "s ( ! r$uc+ ag5t be=e lead sep>ates out4 ,on mak+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7simil> to ! la/1 b us+ #hj grams ( r$ lead in/ead ( ! li?>ge7 ! results 71 ) ! same quantities ( ! r$uc+ ag5ts3-- ,) *>coal1 #ah grams ( lead4 fl\r1 #ah t>t>1 #bb ,comp>+ ^! ) ! results ) li?>ge1 9 ! previ\s table x w be se5 t ! same quantity ( r$uc+ ag5t has 9 ea* case br\ght d[n #af grams less ( lead1 s t a l>g] am\nt ( ! r$uc+ ag5t mu/ be add$ to get a button ( ! same weight z t obta9$ ) li?>ge4 ,to get a button ( a desir$ weight1 say #bb grams1 we mu/ add r$uc+ ag5t suffici5t to ?r[ d[n #bb #af or #ch grams ( lead1 :i* w\ld require #c4d grams ( fl\r4 ,if ?is am\nt ( fl\r is fus$ ) #hj grams ( r$ lead1 a button ( lead weigh+ #bb grams w be =m$1 ! o!r #af grams be+ kept up by ! oxyg5 ( ! r$ lead4 ,if ! quantity ( r$ lead diff]s f #hj grams1 ?is rule mu/ be modifi$4 ,) #dj grams ( r$ lead1 = example1 we %\ld add an excess ( r$uc+ ag5t suffici5t to ?r[ d[n #h grams ( lead in/ead ( #af4 ,simil>ly1 ) #afj grams ( r$ lead1 we %\ld add en\gh to ?r[ d[n #cb grams4 ,! foll[+ rule w enable "o to calculate ! weight ( fl\r requir$ to produce a button ( lead ( any desir$ weight f any giv5 quantity ( r$ lead4 ,ea* #e grams ( r$ lead pres5t dim9i%es ! weight ( ! lead by #a gram4 ,if !n we divide ! weight ( r$ lead 9 a *>ge by #e1 & add ?is to ! weight ( lead requir$1 ! sum divid$ by #aa w give ! weight ( fl\r :i* mu/ be add$4 ,us+ #hj grams ( r$ lead & want+ a button ( #bj grams1 we %\ld add #c4c grams ( fl\r4 #hj_/e #af2 #afbj #cf2 #cf_/aa #c4c ne>ly4 ,! foll[+ are "s results obta9$ :i* w illu/rate ! rule3-- ,r$ ,lead us$4 ,fl\r us$4 ,lead got4 #dj grams #c grams #be4j grams #ajj #c #ac4e #hj #d #cj4j #hj #e #dj4j ,on ! ,r$uc+ ,effect ( ,metallic ,sulphides1 & ! ,c\nt]act+ ,effect ( ,nitre4--,! sulphides f\nd 9 ores w r$uce a button ( lead f oxide ( lead j z fl\r does2 &1 z *>coal1 fl\r & t>t> diff] 9 _! r$uc+ p[]1 s equal weights ( ! diff]5t m9]al sulphides ?r[ d[n diff]5t weights ( lead4 ,"o gram ( iron pyrites yields ab\t #aa grams ( lead4 ,"o gram ( copp] pyrites1 bl5de1 fahl]z1 or mispickel1 yields #g or #h grams ( lead1 :il/ #a gram ( antimonite w give #f1 & #a gram ( gal5a only a little ov] #c grams4 ,x is evid5t t if an ore c>ries mu* ( ^! sulphides1 ! quantity ( lead r$uc$ w be v mu* l>g] ?an t requir$ = an assay4 ,to c\nt]act ?is effect nitre is add$2 #a gram is add$ = ea* #d grams ( lead 9 excess ( t requir$4 ,= example3 ) a #bj-;gram *>ge ( an ore conta9+ #ej p] c5t4 ( pyrites1 if no nitre 7 add$1 #aaj grams ( lead w\ld be got2 or1 if !re 0 n suffici5t oxide ( lead to yield ?is quantity ( metal1 ! button w\ld be sulphury4 ,to r$uce ! weight ( ! button by #hj grammes1 we %\ld add #bj grams ( nitre1 if li?>ge 7 us$2 or if r$ lead 7 us$1 we %\ld add #af grams ( nitre1 s9ce ! oxidiz+ effect ( #bj grams ( r$ lead is equival5t to t ( #a ( nitre1 & s9ce #hj grams ( r$ lead are g5]ally us$ 9 a *>ge4 ,two assays ( an ore ( ?is k9d ) ^! quantities ( nitre gave #bf4j grams ( lead ) li?>ge1 & #bb4e grams ) r$ lead4 ,x is be/ to use 9 ^! assays #hj grams ( r$ lead1 #bj ( soda1 & #e ( borax1 ) #bj grams ( ! ore4 ,if ! lead got by ! prelim9>y fusion 9 a small crucible ) li?>ge 7describ$ "u ores conta9+ mu* sulphides7 is kn[n1 ! foll[+ table w indicate ! quantity ( nitre1 or fl\r1 to be add$ ) ?is *>ge3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,lead got 9 ,prelim9>y ,fusion ,fl\r to be add$ ,nitre to be add$ ) #c grams ( ,ore4 to ! ,assay4 to ! ,assay4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #j4j gram #c4c grams none #c4j grams #a4c gram -- #f4j none #d4j grams #i4j -- #i4j #ab4j -- #ad4j #ae4j -- #ai4j #ah4j -- #bd4j #ba4j -- #bi4j ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,if li?>ge is us$ 9 ! assay in/ead ( r$ lead #d grams m nitre1 or #a4e gram less fl\r mu/ be us$4 ,:5 m ?an a few grams ( nitre are add$ to a *>ge ! proportion ( soda & borax %\ld be increas$1 because "o ( ! products ( ! reaction ( nitre ^u sulphides 9 ! pres5ce ( soda is sulphate ( soda1 & because ! soda ?us us$ up no long] s]ves z a flux2 m borax %\ld be add$1 z x is ! be/ flux = ! metallic oxides :i* are =m$ 9 ! process4 ,if 9 an assay too l>ge a button ( lead is got1 ev5 aft] ?is calculation has be5 made1 & ! assay is repeat$1 add #a gram m nitre = ea* #d grams ( lead 9 excess4 ,sometimes ! assay appe>s tranquil be=e ! nitre has produc$ its full effect2 9 su* cases x is well to seize ! crucible ) ! tongs & mix its fus$ cont5ts by rotat+ !m2 if ?is causes an eff]vesc5ce1 ! crucible %\ld be replac$ 9 ! fire & ! fusion cont9u$4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts w illu/rate ! ext5t to :i* ! above rules may be reli$ on4 ,9 all ( !m ! /&>d flux 0 us$1 viz43--#hj grams ( r$ lead1 #bj ( soda1 & #e ( borax4 ,pyrites #e #e #e #e #b4e #e #aj #ae #bj ,qu>tz -- #bj -- #bj #ag4e #ae #aj #e ,nitre -- -- #e #e -- #d #af #bh4e #da ,lead got #db4e #cf4j #af4j #ai4j #aa4e #bb4e #bb4e #bf4e #bg4e ,copp] ,pyrites #h #h #h #h ,qu>tz -- #ab -- #ab ,nitre -- -- #d #d ,lead got #dg4e #cd4j #cc4j #bf4j ,antimonite #h #h #h #h ,qu>tz -- #ab -- #ab ,nitre -- -- #d #d ,lead got #bi4j #bf4j #ac4j #ac4j ,gal5a #aj #aj #aj #aj #ae #bj ,qu>tz4 -- #ae -- #ae #e -- ,nitre -- -- #c #c #c4e #g ,lead got #ag4j #ai4j #h4j #h4j #ah4e #ah4e ,a simil> set ( exp]im5ts1 ) #hj grams ( li?>ge in/ead ( #hj grams ( r$ lead1 gave3-- ,pyrites #d #d #d #d #g #aj ,qu>tz -- #ae -- #ae #ac #aj ,nitre -- -- #e #e #ab4e #bj ,lead got #df4e #dj4e #be4e #bd4e #bg4j #bf4e ,copp] ,pyrites #e #e #e #e ,qu>tz -- #ae -- #ae ,nitre -- -- #e #e ,lead got #dd4e #cb4e #bc4j #be4j ,bl5de #e #e #e #e #aj ,qu>tz -- #ae -- #ae #aj ,nitre -- -- #e #e #ae ,lead got #da4e #ch4e #ba4e #bb4e #ba4f ,antimonite #e #e #e #e #aj ,qu>tz -- #ae -- #ae #aj ,nitre -- -- #e #e #aj ,lead got #ca4j #cb4e #aa4e #ab4e #ah4g ,gal5a #aj #aj #aj #aj #ae #bj ,qu>tz -- #ae -- #ae #e -- ,nitre -- -- #e #e #g4e #aa ,lead got #cc4e #cc4e #ac4j #ad4j #ai4e #bb4g ,! v>iation 9 "s ( ^! exp]im5ts1 9 :i* we might h expect$ simil> results1 is due to ! fact t ! sulphur1 & 9 "s cases ! metals1 are capable ( two degrees ( oxidation4 ,= example3 !oretically #a gram ( iron pyrites 7,fe,s#b7 w\ld yield #h4f grams ( lead if ! sulphur 7 oxidis$ to sulphur\s oxide 7,,s#b71 & ! iron to f]r\s oxide 7,fe,o72 :il/ if ! sulphur 7 oxidis$ to sulphate 7,,s#c71 & ! iron to f]ric oxide1 #ab4i grams ( lead w be ?r[n d[n4 ,simil>ly ! yield ) copp] pyrites w\ld be #g4e or #aa4f2 ) bl5de1 #f4d or #h4e2 ) antimonite1 #e4e or #h2 & ) gal5a1 #b4f or #c4d4 ,z reg>ds ! metals1 ! l[] oxide w always be =m$ if ! assay is c>ri$ out prop]ly 7fus$ "u a cov]1 & ) a suffici5cy ( r$uc+ ag5t74 ,b ! proportion ( sulphur oxidis$ completely w v>y ) ! conditions ( ! assay4 ,) a slag conta9+ mu* soda ! t5d5cy w be to =m sulphate1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 a big r$uction ( lead2 :il/ ) an acid slag conta9+ mu* qu>tz ! t5d5cy w be = ! sulphur to g (f z sulphur\s oxide 7,,s#b74 ,9 a fusion ) li?>ge alone all ! sulphur w be lib]at$ z ! l[] oxide1 :il/ ) mu* soda x w be :olly conv]t$ into sulphate4 ,= example3 #c grams ( an ore conta9+ a good deal ( pyrites & a little gal5a1 gave1 :5 fus$ ) li?>ge1 #af4e grams ( lead4 ,a simil> *>ge1 conta9+ 9 addition #bj4j grams ( soda1 gave #bb4e grams ( lead4 ,x w be not$ f ! exp]im5ts t #a gram ( nitre kept up on ! av]age #d grams ( lead2 ! range be+ f #c4b ) acid slags to #e4c ) v basic ones4 ,^! facts s]ve to expla9 "s app>5tly irregul> results got 9 practice4 ,,cupellation4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,! cupels1 :i* %\ld h be5 made "s "t be=e & /or$ 9 a dry place1 are fir/ clean$ by g5tle rubb+ ) ! f+] & bl[+ (f ! loose du/2 & !n plac$ 9 a hot muffle & heat$ to r$ness = f #e to #aj m9utes be=e ! alloy to be cupell$ is plac$ on !m4 ,! reasons = ?is are suffici5tly obvi\s3 ! sudd5 evolution ( mu* /eam w bl[ a cupel to pieces2 &1 if ! :ole ( ! wat] has n be5 remov$ be=e ! cupel is fill$ ) molt5 lead1 ! escap+ /eam w bubble ?r\gh1 & scatt] ab\t p>ticles ( ! metal4 ,if "s p>ticles ( unburnt c>bon rema9 9 ! bone a%1 a simil> result w be produc$ by ! escape ( bubbles ( c>bonic acid z soon z ! fus$ li?>ge comes 9 contact ) !m4 ,! cupels hav+ be5 prep>$ are arrang$ 9 a def9ite ord] 9 ! muffle1 & ! assay buttons are arrang$ 9 a correspond+ ord] on "s suitable tray 7cupel tray1 fig4 #da72 ! heat ( ! muffle be+ at bright r$ness4 ,!n ) ! help ( ! tongs 7fig4 #db7 ! assay buttons %\ld be plac$ ea* 9 its prop] cupel2 a note hav+ be5 previ\sly made ( ! position x is to occupy1 & ! door ( ! muffle clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,?is "p ( ! "w %\ld be done promptly1 s z n to unduly cool ! muffle3 ! />t requires a fairly high temp]ature1 & is a critical "p ( ! process4 ,a black cru/ =ms at once on ! surface ( ! lead2 b ?is ought soon to fuse & fl[ 9 greasy drops f (f ! face ( ! metal1 s z to leave ! latt] fluid ) a well-def9$ outl9e1 & mu* bright] ?an ! cupel4 ,if ?is cle>+ does n take place1 ! buttons are said to be froz52 9 :i* case ! temp]ature mu/ be rais$1 "s pieces ( *>coal put 9 ! muffle1 & ! door clos$4 ,if !y /ill d n cle>1 ! heat mu/ h be5 mu* too l[1 & x is be/ to reject !m & repeat ! assays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,:5 ! buttons h cle>$ x is well to *eck ! draught ( ! furnace1 & to p>tly op5 ! door ( ! muffle1 s z to "w at z l[ a temp]ature z is compatible ) ! cont9uation ( ! process4#aa ,too l[ a temp]ature is indicat$ by ! freez+ ( ! buttons & ! consequ5t spoil+ ( ! assays4 ,exp]i5ce soon enables "o to judge :5 ! heat is gett+ too l[4 ,a common] error is to h ! heat too high3 x %\ld be rememb]$ t t :i* 0 high en\gh to cle> ! buttons at />t+ is m ?an suffici5t to keep ! process go+4 ,at ! f9i% a high] temp]ature is aga9 requir$3 !re=e ! door ( ! muffle %\ld be clos$ & ! furnace urg$4 ,! f9i% is easily recognis$4 ,! drops ( li?>ge :i* 9 ! e>li] /ages fl[ /eadily f ! surface ( ! alloy1 ?9 (f lat] to a lum9\s film4 ,at ! end ?is film appe>s 9 commotion1 !n pres5ts a brilliant play ( col\rs1 &1 ) a sudd5 ext9ction1 ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,! metal aga9 gl[s = an in/ant :il/ becom+ solid4 ,if ! button is a small "o ! cupel is )drawn at once & plac$ on t squ>e ( ! cupel tray :i* corresponds to ! position x occupi$ 9 ! muffle4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is fairly l>ge precautions mu/ be tak5 to prev5t spirt+4 ,molt5 silv] dissolves oxyg5 f ! air & gives x (f on solidify+2 ! escape ( ! gas on sudd5 cool+ is viol5t &1 by ?r[+ (f p>ticles ( ! metal1 may cause loss4 ,?is is call$ vegetation or spirt+4 ,! silv] is app>5tly solid :5 spirt+ takes place2 ! cru/ breaks sudd5ly & "s ( ! metal is =c$ out4 ,! evil is be/ gu>d$ aga9/ by sl[ cool+ & avoid+ draughts4 ,) l>ge buttons ( silv] precautions %\ld nev] be omitt$4 ,"o plan is to all[ ! cupels to cool 9 ! muffle itself1 ! m\? be+ clos$ ) hot *>coal4 ,ano!r is to cov] ! cupel ) ano!r cupel previ\sly heat$ to r$ness2 9 ?is case ! silv] cools betwe5 two hot cupels1 &1 ( c\rse1 cools sl[ly4 ,a ?ird plan is to )draw ! cupel to ! door ( ! muffle1 hold+ x until x beg9s to get solid & !n imm$iately to put x back into ! hott] "p ( ! muffle4 ,silv] rema9s aft] cupellation 9 flatt5$ elliptical buttons1 adh]+ b only slightly to ! cupel4 ,its upp] surface %\ld %[ fa9t m>k+s z if x 7 cry/all9e4 ,! pres5ce ( plat9um r5d]s x /ill m cry/all9e1 b removes ! *>act]i/ic lu/re & r5d]s ! metal dull & grey4 ,copp]1 if n completely remov$1 has a v m>k$ effect on ! appe>ance ( ! button3 ! metal is spread out1 damp+1 z x 71 & firmly adh]+ to ! cupel1 :i* latt] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! metal is almo/ black ) oxide ( copp]4 ,sometimes ! silv] button is globul>1 or ev5 m %>ply r\nd$ on its "u ?an on its upp] surface2 x is said t ?is is due to ! pres5ce ( lead4 ,gold may be pres5t ev5 to ! ext5t ( #ej p] c5t4 )\t %[+ any yell[ col\r4 ,! appe>ance ( ! cupel af=ds "s useful in=mation4 ,! pres5ce ( cracks evid5tly due to %r9kage indicates a badly made cupel4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are accompani$ by a peculi> unfold+ ( ! cupel1 ! m>g9 los+ its di/9ctness1 x is because ( ! pres5ce ( antimony4 ,:5 lead is ! only easily oxidisable metal pres5t1 ! /a9$ portion ( cupel is yell[ :5 cold4 ,a gre5i% t9t may be due to small quantities ( copp] or1 p]haps1 nickel1 cobalt1 or plat9um4 ,l>g] quantities ( copp] give a gre5i% grey or almo/ black col\r4 ,a d>k gre5 & corrod$ cupel may be due to iron4 ,r+s ( pale-col\r$ scoria may be due to t91 z9c1 antimony1 or ars5ic4 ,:5 ! cupel %[s signs ( ! pres5ce ( ^! metals 9 objectionable quantity1 x is well to repeat ! assay & scorify s z to remove !m be=e cupellation4 ,! button %\ld be deta*$ f ! cold cupel by seiz+ ) a pair ( pli]s3 ! "u surface %\ld be di/ort$ by squeez+ or hamm]+ ! button s z to loos5 ! adh]+ bone a%4 ,! clean+ is easily complet$ by rubb+ ) a clean h>d bru%4 ,aft] clean+ ! buttons are be/ put on a tray ( m>k$ wat*-glasses1 & !n tak5 to ! balance & weigh$4 ,! weight ( silv] got ne$s a small correction2 7#a7 by d$uct+ = ! am\nt ( silv] introduc$ by ! lead or oxide ( lead us$ 9 ! assay2#ab & 7#b7 by add+ = ! cupellation loss4 ,loss 9 ,cupellation4--,dur+ ! :ole process ( cupell+ a silv] lead alloy a m or less abundant fume may be obs]v$ ris+ f ! cupel4 ,?is furni%es an evid5t loss ( lead & a possible loss ( silv]2 = al?\gh silv] at ! temp]ature ( cupellation gives (f no appreciable vap\r1 x is kn[n t su* fume =m$ on a l>ge scale conta9s silv]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to believe t ! small am\nt ( lead vap\ris$ c>ries ) x a weighable am\nt ( silv]4 ,t x does n d s 9 ! ord9>y way ( work+ is %[n by ! fact t a button ( silv] equal 9 weight to ! silv] lo/ 9 cupell+ may be got by smelt+ ! cupel & cupell+ ! result+ button ( lead4 ,! loss ( silv] by volatilisation is altoge!r inconsid]able1 unless ! temp]ature at :i* ! op]ation is p]=m$ is mu* too high4 ,ano!r possible s\rce ( loss is ! infiltration ( small p>ticles ( alloy into ! cupel4 ,! cupel is necess>ily por\s1 & p>ticles ( metal may p]haps dra9 into x1 m especially if ! bone a% is n 9 f9e p[d]2 b if ?is is ! ma9 s\rce ( loss x is h>d to see :y1 9 cupell+ equal weights ( silv] & gold1 ! loss is n equal 9 ea* case4 ,x is n easy to believe t ! m]e filtration ( ! fus$ alloy w effect su* a *ange 9 ! proportion ( ! metals z t :i* actually occurs4 ,= example3 a cupel on :i* an alloy consi/+ ( #j4hj gram ( silv]1 #j4dg gram ( gold1 & #be grams ( lead _h be5 cupell$1 0 f\nd to conta9 #g-a_/b milligrams ( silv]1 & r less ?an half a milligram ( gold4 ,assum+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t ! gold pres5t _h filt]$ into ! cupel 9 ! =m ( small drops ( alloy1 x w\ld h be5 accompani$ by less ?an a milligram ( silv]1 & ! pres5ce ( ! extra #f or #g milligrams ( silv] mu/ h be5 due to a diff]5t cause4 ,!re c1 ?us1 be little d\bt t ! cause ( ! great] "p ( ! cupellation loss is a *emical "o & _c be c\nt]act$ by a me*anical contrivance4#ac ,9 cupellation1 !n1 !re is a loss1 ap>t f imp]fect work+1 inh]5t 9 ! process itself2 & z ! am\nt ( ?is loss v>ies "u diff]5t conditions1 x is necess>y to /udy x some:at 9 detail4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts are tak5 )\t selection f ! "w ( "o /ud5t4 ,?ree exp]im5ts 7 made = ea* det]m9ation1 & ! mean result is giv54 ,by range is meant ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! highe/ & l[e/ result & ! p]c5tage loss is calculat$ on ! silv] pres5t4 ,! silv] add$ 9 ! lead us$ has be5 d$uct$4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,lead4--,9 ea* exp]im5t #j4d gram ( silv] 0 tak5 & cupell$ ) ! lead4 ,! silv] loss & range are express$ 9 milligrams4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,lead ,us$4 ,silv] ,lo/4 ,range4 ,p]c5tage ,loss4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,grams4 #aj #f4e #a4j #a4fb #bj #g4j #a4j #a4ge #dj #ab4j #a4e #c4jj #fj #ab4g #j4e #c4ag ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! loss increases ) ! lead us$4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--#j4d gram ( silv] 0 cupell$ ) #bj grams ( lead4 ,temp]ature4 ,silv] ,lo/4 ,range4 ,p]c5tage ,loss4 ,bright r$ #g4j #a4j #a4ge ,cle> yell[ #ag4c #a4g #d4cb ,! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature 9 ^! exp]im5ts 0 mu* great] ?an w\ld occur ev5 ) c>eless "w4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,silv]4--#bj grams ( lead 7 us$ 9 ea* cupellation4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,silv] ,tak54 ,silv] ,lo/4 ,range4 ,p]c5tage ,loss4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,milligrams4 #ab4e #j4g #j4b #e4f #be4j #a4d #j4a #e4f #ej4j #a4f #j4d #c4b #ajj4j #b4i #j4c #b4i #bjj4j #e4f #j4e #b4h #djj4j #g4j #a4j #a4g #hjj4j #i4g #a4j #a4b ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,x w be se5 t1 al?\gh ! quantity ( silv] lo/ increases ) ! silv] pres5t1 ! p]c5tage loss is great] on ! small] buttons4 ,! foll[+ results are (t5 quot$3--,cupell+ #a gra9 ( silv] ) #aj gra9s ( lead1 ! loss 0 #a4bb p] c5t42 #aj gra9s ( silv] ) #ajj gra9s ( lead1 loss #a4ac p] c5t42 #be gra9s ( silv] cupell$ ) #bej gra9s ( lead1 lo/ #a4jg p] c5t4 ,! proportion ( silv] to lead 0 ! same 9 ! ?ree exp]im5ts1 & ! l>ge/ button gave ! be/ result4 ,evid5tly1 if ! quantities ( lead _h be5 ! same 9 ! ?ree exp]im5ts 7say1 #bej gra9s 9 ea* case71 ! loss on ! small] quantities ( silv] w\ld appe> worse 9 ! comp>ison4 ,9 judg+ ^! results1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x is difficult to regulate ! temp]ature1 c41 9 consecutive exp]im5ts s z to get exactly simil> results1 s t ! range 9 consecutive cupellations is great] ?an t 9 a bat* cupell$ side by side4 ,effect ( ,copp] & ,antimony4--#j4a gram ( silv] 0 cupell$ ) #bj grams ( lead1 & to "o bat* #j4e gram ( antimony1 & to ano!r #j4e gram ( copp] 0 add$4 ,loss 9 ,silv] ,lo/4 ,range4 ,p]c5tage4 ,)\t addition #b4i #j4c #b4i ,) antimony #c4b #j4b #c4b ,) copp] #d4i #a4g #d4i ,p]haps ! antimony has s small an effect because x is elim9at$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! process1 :ile ! silv] is /ill alloy$ )1 & protect$ by1 a l>ge proportion ( lead2 :il/ ! copp] on ! o!r h& makes its fi]ce/ attack t[>ds ! close1 :5 ! silv] is lea/ capable ( resi/+ x4 ,! ill effects ( copp] are mo/ /rongly felt :5 ! quantity ( lead pres5t is n suffici5t to remove x3 ! copp]y button ( silv] got "u ^! conditions is v consid]ably less ?an ! weight ( silv] orig9ally tak54 ,al?\gh ! above is a fair /atem5t ( ! loss att5d+ av]age "w1 x w n d 9 v important & exact "w to place too mu* reliance on ! figures giv51 or1 inde$1 on any o!r set ( figures1 ) ! object ( correct+ ! result ( an assay4 ,ea* man mu/ rely on 8 own "w4 ,x is easy to det]m9e :at all[ance mu/ be made = ! loss 9 cupellation by cupell+ side by side ) ! assay piece an alloy ( simil> & kn[n composition4 ,=1 if ! two pieces are v ne>ly alike1 we may ju/ly conclude t ! loss on ea* w be ! same2 & if1 fur!r1 we take ! av]age ( ?ree or f\r su* det]m9ations we %all get results accurate )9 #j4a p] c5t4 ,! me?od ( gett+ su* results may be be/ expla9$ by "o or two illu/rations4 ,?is me?od ( work+ is t]m$ assay+ by *ecks4 ,suppose we h an alloy ( silv] & lead 9 unkn[n proportions & t by cupell+ two lots ( #aj grams ea* !re is got f ,i4 #j4abbf gram ( silv]1 & f ,,ii4 #j4abbi gram4 ,we %\ld "k f g5]al exp]i5ce t ! actual quantity ( silv] pres5t 0 f #b to #d milligrams m ?an ?is4 ,to det]m9e m exactly :at ! loss is1 ! foll[+ plan is recomm5d$3--,! two silv] buttons are wrapp$ up ea* 9 #aj grams ( lead1 & cupell$ side by side ) two o!r lots ( #aj grams ( ! orig9al alloy4 ,if n[ ! two buttons ,i4 & ,,ii4 weigh #j4abjb & #j4abjc1 !y w h suff]$ 9 ?is second cupellation an av]age loss ( #b4e milligrams4 ,suppose ! two fre% lots ( alloy gave #j4abcc & #j4abce ( silv]1 ! av]age loss on ^! w\ld also be #b4e milligrams4 ,add ?is loss to ea* result1 & take ! mean2 :i* is 9 ?is case #j4abei4 ,if copp] is pres5t 9 ! alloy z well z silv]1 x is necess>y to add ab\t ! same quantity ( copp] to ! *ecks z is suppos$1 or kn[n1 to be pres5t 9 ! assays4 ,if ! sub/ance to be assay$ is an alloy ( silv] & copp]1 fir/ cupel #j4e gram ( x1 )1 say1 #aj grams ( lead1 & weigh ! result+ button ( silv]1 9 ord] to get an approximate k ( its composition4 ,suppose ! button weighs #j4cice gram4 ,we "k t ?is is bel[ ! tru?3 = ! sake ( r\nd numb]s take x z #j4d1 & assume t ! re/ ( ! alloy 7#j4a gram7 0 copp]4 ,two *eck pieces are !n weigh$ out1 ea* conta9+ #j4d gram silv] & #j4a gram ( copp] wrapp$ 9 #e grams ( lead4 ,( c\rse ! silv] mu/ be pure4 ,& !re is also weigh$ out two 7or bett]1 f\r7 assay pieces ea* conta9+ half a gram ( ! alloy wrapp$ 9 #e grams ( lead4 ,! :ole lot are !n cupell$ z ne>ly z possible "u ! same conditions4 ,) f\r assay pieces1 ! cupels %\ld be plac$ close toge!r 9 two r[s ( ?ree across ! muffle2 ! two *eck pieces are put 9 ! middle cupels4 ,suppose ! buttons ( silv] got weigh$ z foll[s3-- ,*eck pieces ,i4 #j4cidj ,,ii4 #j4cide ,assay pieces ,i4 #j4cije ,,ii4 #j4ciab ,,iii4 #j4ciaj ,,iv4 #j4ciji ,! av]age loss on ! two *eck pieces is #e4g milligrams1 & ! av]age result ( ! f\r assay pieces is #j4ciji4 ,add ! av]age loss to ! av]age result1 & !re is got ! correct$ result1 #j4ciff4 ,& if #j4e gram ( alloy conta9 #j4ciff ( silv]1 #ajjj w conta9 #gic4b ( silv]1 & ?is is ! degree ( f95ess4 ,a correction = ! loss 9 cupellation is always made 9 ?is way :5 ri* alloys are be+ assay$2 & 9 ! case ( ri* ores x may be done aft] ! mann] ( ! fir/ ( ! above illu/rations4 ,!re is ano!r me?od ( work+ :i* relies m on exp]im5t4 ,?is is to smelt ! cupel z describ$ fur!r on 7p4 #aad71 & to aga9 cupel ! result+ button ( lead4 ,! button ( silv] got 9 ?is second cupellation is add$ to t fir/ obta9$4 ,x w sometimes1 b n (t51 happ5 t ! two buttons toge!r w slightly exce$ 9 weight ! silv] :i* 0 actually pres5t4 ,?is is because ( ! ret5tion 9 ! buttons ( a small quantity ( lead4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! proportion ( lead ?us reta9$ may be z mu* z #a ( ! silv] pres5t2 ?is1 h[ev]1 c only be "u exceptional conditions4 ,a det]m9ation ( ! actual silv] 9 ! buttons got 9 ! s]ies ( cupellations quot$ on pages #ajb1 #ajc1 gave an av]age p]c5tage ( #ii4he1 s t ev5 ) ! l>g] buttons ! effect ( ! reta9$ lead w\ld be only to increase ! weight by ab\t #a milligram4 ,9 ! me?od ( work+ ) *ecks1 ! reta9$ lead has no di/urb+ influ5ce4 ,! proportion ( lead requir$ = ! cupellation ( any p>ticul> alloy requires consid]ation4 ,) too mu* lead ! "t occupi$ 9 ! process is increas$1 & s is ! loss ( silv]2 on ! o!r h&1 too little lead is ( great] disadvantage ?an too mu*4 ,f #h to #af p>ts ( lead are requir$ = ea* "p ( silv] alloy1 or1 if gold is pres5t1 ab\t twice z mu* z ?is mu/ be us$4 ,= ! cupellation ( #a gram ( a silv] copp] alloy conta9+ diff]5t p]c5tages ( copp]1 ! foll[+ quantities ( lead %\ld be us$3-- ,p]c5tage ( ,copp] 9 ,alloy4 ,lead ,requir$4 #e #f grams #aj #h #bj #aj #cj #ab #dj #ad #ej-ajj #af-ah ,! alloy1 9 n too l>ge pieces1 is wrapp$ 9 ! requir$ weight ( lead foil & *>g$ into ! cupel at once2 or ! lead may be put 9 fir/1 &1 :5 ! cupellation has fairly />t$1 ! alloy may be add$ wrapp$ 9 tissue pap]2 or a portion ( ! lead may be fir/ />t$ & ! alloy wrapp$ 9 ! rema9+ lead & subsequ5tly add$4 ,! cupellation ( l>ge quantities ( alloy or ( alloys :i* conta9 t91 antimony1 iron1 or any sub/ance :i* produces a scoria1 or corrodes ! cupel1 mu/ be prec$$ by a scorification4 ,! advantages ( ?is are t ! slag is poor] 9 preci\s metal ?an t f\nd on a cupel & is m easily collect$ & clean$2 t l>g] quantities ( metal c be treat$1 & t1 ev5 if ! sub/ance is 9 "p infusible1 or produces at ! />t a cl9k]y mass or scoria1 ! oxide ( lead gradually accumulates1 fluxes ! solid matt]s1 & produces a good f9al result2 b if ! oxide ( lead by itself is n suffici5t = ! purpose1 borax or "s o!r flux c be easily add$4 ,if ! button ( silv] got is v small its weight may be e/imat$ f its size2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! weight v>ies z ! cube ( ! diamet]4 ,if "o button has twice ! diamet] ( ano!r x is eight times z heavy & s on4 ,scales specially con/ruct$ = measur+ silv] & gold buttons may be pur*as$2 b x is mu* bett] to make ! measurem5t ) ! help ( a microscope provid$ ) an eyepiece micromet]4 ,if ! l5g? ( ! long diamet] ( a silv] button be tak5 ! foll[+ table w give ! correspond+ weight 9 milligrams3-- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,diamet]4 ,weight4 ,diamet]4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #j4jd in* #c4f #j4jae in* #j4ai #j4jce #b4d #j4jad #j4ae #j4jc #a4e #j4jac #j4ab #j4jbe #j4i #j4jab #j4jig #j4jb #j4de #j4jaa #j4jge #j4jai #j4d #j4jaj #j4jef #j4jah #j4cc #j4jjh #j4jbh #j4jag #j4bg #j4jjf #j4jab #j4jaf #j4bc #j4jjd #j4jjd ---------------------------------------- ---- ,! weight ( a correspond+ button ( gold is got by multiply+ by #b4be4 ,^! figures are bas$ on ^? giv5 by ,plattn]1 & apply only to buttons ( su* %ape z ^? left aft] cupellation4 ,a sph]e ( silv] #j4ja in* 9 diamet] w\ld weigh #j4ji milligram1 & a simil> sph]e ( gold weighs #j4afg milligram4 ,x is saf]1 h[ev]1 to comp>e ) a micromet] ! diamet] ( ! button ^: weight has to be det]m9$ ) t ( a /&>d button ( ne>ly equal size ^: weight is kn[n4 ,! weights ( ! two buttons are proportional to ! cubes ( _! diamet]s4 ,?is plan ( work+ is describ$ m fully 9 ,app5dix ,b41 page #ddj4 ,calculation ( ! ,results4--,aft] d$uct+ = ! silv] add$1 & correct+ = ! cupellation loss1 ! calculation is made 9 ! usual way2 report+ z s _m p>ts p] ?\s& 9 ! case ( ri* alloys & z s _m ounces & p5nyweights1 or bett] z ounces & decimals ( an ounce1 9 ! case ( poor alloys & ores4 ,9 ?is la/ case1 h[ev]1 x is less fatigu+ to ref] to a set ( tables :i* give1 ei!r directly or by means ( simple addition1 ! produce correspond+ to any weight obta9$ f c]ta9 giv5 weights ( ! sub/ance4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! produce 9 ounces & decimals ( an ounce p] ton ( #bbdj p\nds3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,weight ( ,ore tak54 ,weight ( ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,metal got4 #c grams4 #e grams4 #bj grams4 #ej grams4 #ajj grams4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #j4jjja #a4ji #j4fe #j4af #j4jf #j4jc #j4jjjb #b4ah #a4ca #j4cc #j4ac #j4jf #j4jjjc #c4bg #a4if #j4di #j4bj #j4aj #j4jjjd #d4cf #b4fa #j4fe #j4bf #j4ac #j4jjje #e4dd #c4bg #j4hb #j4cc #j4af #j4jjjf #f4ec #c4ib #j4ih #j4ci #j4ai #j4jjjg #g4fb #d4eg #a4ad #j4df #j4bc #j4jjjh #h4ga #e4bc #a4ca #j4eb #j4bf #j4jjji #i4hj #e4hh #a4dg #j4ei #j4bi #j4jja #aj4hi #f4ec #a4fc #j4fe #j4cc #j4jjb #ba4gh #ac4jg #c4bg #a4ca #j4fe #j4jjc #cb4fg #ai4fj #d4ij #a4if #j4ih #j4jjd #dc4ef #bf4ac #f4ec #b4fa #a4ca #j4jje #ed4dd #cb4fg #h4ag #c4bg #a4fc #j4jjf #fe4cc #ci4bj #i4hj #c4ib #a4if #j4jjg #gf4bb #de4gc #aa4dc #d4eg #b4bi #j4jjh #hg4aa #eb4bg #ac4jg #e4bc #b4fa #j4jji #ih4jj #eh4hj #ad4gj #e4hh #b4id #j4ja #ajh4hi #fe4cc #af4cc #f4ec #c4bg #j4jb #bag4gh #acj4fg #cb4fg #ac4jg #f4ec #j4jc #cbf4fg #aif4jj #di4jj #ai4fj #i4hj #j4jd #dce4ef #bfa4cc #fe4cc #bf4ac #ac4jg #j4je #edd4dd #cbf4fg #ha4fg #cb4fg #af4cc #j4jf #fec4cc #cib4jj #ih4jj #ci4bj #ai4fj #j4jg #gfb4bb #deg4cc #aad4cc #de4gc #bb4hg #j4jh #hga4aa #ebb4fg #acj4fg #eb4bg #bf4ac #j4ji #ihj4jj #ehh4jj #adg4jj #eh4hj #bi4dj #j4a #ajhh4hi #fec4cc #afc4cc #fe4cc #cb4fg #j4b #bagg4gh #acjf4fg #cbf4fg #acj4fg #fe4cc #j4c #cbff4fg #aifj4jj #dij4jj #aif4jj #ih4jj #j4d #dcee4ef #bfac4cc #fec4cc #bfa4cc #acj4fg #j4e #eddd4dd #cbff4fg #haf4fg #cbf4fg #afc4cc #j4f #fecc4cc #cibj4jj #ihj4jj #cib4jj #aif4jj #j4g #gfbb4bb #degc4cc #aadc4cc #deg4cc #bbh4fg #j4h #hgaa4aa #ebbf4fg #acjf4fg #ebb4fg #bfa4cc #j4i #ihjj4jj #ehhj4jj #adgj4jj #ehh4jj #bid4jj #a4j #ajhhh4hi #fecc4cc #afcc4cc #fec4cc #cbf4fg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,:51 z 9 ?is table1 ! fraction ( an ounce is express$ by two places ( decimals1 x may be r$uc$ to p5nyweights 7dwts47 by divid+ by #e4 ,= example1 #j4dj ( an ounce is #h dwts4 ,! fraction ( a dwt4 simil>ly express$ may be conv]t$ into gra9s ) suffici5t exactness by divid+ by #d4 ,?us1 #a4fc ozs4 equal #a oz4 #ab4fj dwts41 or #a oz4 #ab dwts4 #ae gra9s4 ,9 ,engl& x is usual to report 9 ounces & decimals ( an ounce4 ,! way to use ! table is be/ %[n by an example4 ,suppose a button ( silv] weigh+ #j4jdce gram 0 obta9$ f #bj grams ( ore4 ,look d[n ! #bj-;gram column ( ! table1 & select ! values correspond+ to ea* figure ( ! weight1 ?us3-- #j4jd #fe4cc ozs4 to ! ton #j4jjc #d4ij #j4jjje #j4hb ------ ----- #j4jdce #ga4je ,add ^! toge!r4 ,! produce is #ga4je ozs41 or #ga ozs4 #a dwt4 to ! ton4 ,or1 suppose an ore is kn[n to conta9 #a4bd p] c5t4 ( silv]4 ,look d[n ! #ajj-;gram column1 select ! values1 & add !m toge!r z be=e4 #a4j #cbf4fg ozs4 p] ton #j4b #fe4cc #j4jd #ac4jg ---- ------ #a4bd #dje4jg ,?is gives #dje ozs4 #a dwt4 #aj gra9s to ! ton4 ,! calculation becomes m complicat$ :51 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ! ore conta9s metallic p>ticles4 ,^! %[ !mselves by refus+ to pass ?r\gh ! sieve :5 ! ore is p[d]$4 ,:5 !y are pres5t1 a l>ge portion1 or if feasible ! :ole1 ( ! sample is p[d]$ & sift$4 ,! weights ( ! sift$ portion & ( ! metallics1 or prills1 are tak52 ! sum ( ^! weights gives t ( ! :ole ( ! sample tak54 ,x is v important t no?+ be lo/ dur+ ! op]ation ( p[d]+4 ,ea* portion has to be assay$ sep>ately4 ,x is usual to assay a portion ( ! sift$ sample1 say1 #bj or #ej grams1 & to add to ! produce ( ?is its %>e ( ! metallics4 ,?is way ( calculat+1 :i* is m conv5i5t ?an correct1 is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example3-- ,weight ( :ole sample #djj grams ,made up ( sift$ portions #cii ,metallics #a --- #djj ,tw5ty grams ( ! sift$ portion1 :5 assay$1 gave #j4ajej gram ( silv]4 ,! :ole ( ! metallics scorifi$ & cupell$ gave #j4hdb gram ( silv]4 ,s9ce ! #bj grams assay$ 0 #a-bj? ( ! :ole1 #a-bj? "p ( ! #j4hdb gram ( silv] 7f ! metallics7 mu/ be add$ to its produce4 ,we ?us get #j4adga gram 7#j4ajej #j4jdba74 ,ref]r+ to ! #bj gram column1 we get-- #j4a #afc4cc #j4jd #fe4cc #j4jjg #aa4dc #j4jjja #j4af ------ ------ #j4adga #bdj4be ounces p] ton4 ,a m legitimate me?od ( calculation is z foll[s3--,calculate sep>ately ! produce ( ea* fraction z if !y 7 f diff]5t ores4 ,multiply ea* produce 7be/ /at$ 9 p] c5ts47 by ! weight ( ! correspond+ fraction4 ,add toge!r ! products1 & divide by ! weight ( ! :ole sample4 ,tak+ ! same example = illu/ration1 we h3-- ,metallics4--,weight #a gram4 #a gram ( x yield$ #j4hdb grams ( silv]4 4'4 ,produce #hd4b p] c5t4 ,produce multipli$ by ! weight is /ill #hd4b4 ,sift$ ,portion4--,weight #cii grams4 #bj grams ( x yield$ #j4aje gram ( silv]4 4'4 ,produce #j4ebe p] c5t4 ,produce multipli$ by weight 7#j4ebe #cii7 is #bji4dge4 ,add toge!r2 & divide by #djj1 ! weight ( ! :ole sample-- #hd4b #bji4dge ------- #djj7 #bic4fge 7#j4gcdb #j4gcdb is ! total produce ( ! ore 9 p] c5ts4 ,ref]r+ to ! #ajj-;gram column 9 ! table we f9d #bci4hd ounces to ! ton z ! produce4 #j4g #bbh4fg #j4jc #i4hj #j4jjd #a4ca #j4jjjb #j4jf ------ #bci4hd ,comp>+ ?is ) ! result calculat$ by ! fir/ me?od--viz41 #bdj4bf1 we see t t 0 #j4ch oz41 or betwe5 #g & #h dwts4 too high4 ,) ores conta9+ metallics x is ( great importance to p[d] ! :ole ( ! select$ sample )\t loss dur+ ! process2 & ( ev5 great] importance to well mix ! sift$ portion1 ( :i* ! la/ portions to come ?r\gh ! sieve are apt to be m ?an ord9>ily ri* ?r\gh ! gr9d+ d[n ( "s portions ( ! metallic prills4 ,rem>ks on ,cupellation4--,cupellation is at once ! neate/ & ! mo/ important ( ! dry me?ods ( assay+4 ,its purpose is to remove easily oxidisable metals1 su* z lead & copp]1 f silv] & gold1 :i* are oxidisable ) difficulty4 ,metals ( ! fir/ class are (t5 spok5 ( z base1 & gold & silv] z noble metals4 ,:5 lead is expos$ to ! action ( air at a temp]ature a little above r$ness1 x comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air to =m li?>ge1 an oxide ( lead1 :i* at ! temp]ature ( its =mation is a liquid4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! lead re/s on a por\s support1 :i* all[s ! fus$ li?>ge to dra9 away z fa/ z x is =m$1 a fre% surface ( ! lead w be cont9ually expos$ to ! action ( ! air1 & ! op]ation goes on until ! :ole ( ! lead has be5 remov$4 ,silv] or gold expos$ to simil> treatm5t does n oxidise1 b reta9s its metallic condition2 s t an alloy ( lead & silv] simil>ly treat$ w\ld yield its lead z oxide1 :i* w\ld s9k into ! support1 :ile ! silv] w\ld rema9 z a button ( metal4 ,! por\s support1 :i* is call$ a cupel7fig4 #e71 %\ld absorb ! slag 7oxide ( lead1 etc47 j z a sponge absorbs wat]1 b mu/ be suffici5tly f9e-gra9$ to be imp]vi\s to ! molt5 metal4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s difficult to filt]1 z x 71 a fluid slag f a fluid metal2 b an ord9>y filt]-pap] damp$ ) oil w all[ oils to run ?r\gh & yet reta9 ! wat]2 b damp$ ) wat] x w all[ wat] to run ?r\gh & reta9 oils4 ,simil>ly1 fus$ slags damp & filt] ?r\gh a cupel1 b ! molt5 metal n damp+ x )draws itself into a button1 :i* is reta9$4 ,al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 if ! cupel is v co>se-gra9$ ! metal may s9k into ! holl[s4 ,copp]1 antimony1 t91 & mo/ o!r metals1 =m p[d]y oxides1 :i* are n ( !mselves easily fusible1 & x is necess>y :5 ^! are pres5t to add "s solv5t or flux to r5d] ! oxide suffici5tly fluid4 ,=tunately1 oxide ( lead is suffici5t = ! purpose2 h5ce1 mix$ oxides ( copp] & lead1 provid$ ! lead is pres5t 9 prop] proportion1 =m a fluid slag4 ,9 sep>at+ copp] f silv] or gold1 advantage is tak5 ( ?is fact2 =1 al?\gh we _c cupel an alloy ( copp] & silv]1 x is easy to cupel an alloy ( copp]1 silv] & lead4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! lead is n pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity1 ! :ole ( ! copp] w n be remov$1 & ! button ( silv]1 /ill reta9+ copp]1 w be f\nd emb$d$ 9 a coat+ ( black oxide ( copp]4 ,copp] oxidises less easily ?an lead does2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! alloy :i* is be+ cupell$ becomes relatively ri*] 9 copp] z ! op]ation proce$s4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ! ill-effects ( ! copp] make !mselves felt at ! close ( ! op]ation1 & t ! oxide ( copp] is f\nd accumulat$ ar\nd ! button ( silv]4 ,t9 & antimony1 on ! o!r h&1 are m easily oxidis$2 & ! t5d5cy ( _! oxides to ?ick5 ! slag makes itself felt at ! comm5cem5t3 if ! button ( alloy once frees itself f ! r+ or cru/ ( unfus$ oxide fir/ =m$1 ! cupellation proce$s quietly1 & leaves a clean button ( silv] 9 ! c5tre4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! cupellation is imp]fect1 & %\ld be repeat$ ) a l>g] proportion ( lead4 ,an unfus$ &1 consequ5tly1 unabsorb$ slag t5ds to reta9 small buttons ( alloy or metal1 & ?us cause s]i\s loss4 ,!re is a pr9ciple und]ly+ _m ( ! ph5om5a ( dry silv] assay+ :i* ! /ud5t %\ld endeav\r to und]/&2 & :i* s]ves to emphasise & expla9 "s facts :i* )\t an explanation may pres5t difficulties4 ,if a button ( melt$ lead be cov]$ ) a lay] ( slag ri* 9 oxide ( lead1 & a second metal be add$1 ?is o!r metal di/ributes itself betwe5 ! metal & slag 9 proportions :i* dep5d ma9ly ^u ! ease ) :i* x is oxidis$1 & to a l>ge ext5t ^u ! relative quantities ( mat]ial pres5t4 ,easily oxidisable metals su* z z9c1 iron1 antimony & t91 w g ma9ly into ! slag1 &1 if ! proportion ( ! slag is l>ge1 v little w g into ! metal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) metals oxidisable ) difficulty1 su* z silv]1 gold1 & plat9um1 ! rev]se holds true2 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! metals w g into ! lead1 & v little into ! slag4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! slag be v ri*1 say 9 antimony1 ! lead w conta9 antimony2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! lead be v ri* 9 silv]1 ! slag w conta9 silv] 9 appreciable quantity4 ,copp]1 :i* is ne> lead 9 ! facility ) :i* x is oxidis$1 w s]ve = ! purpose ( a detail$ example4 ,! results ( actual analyses ( metal & slag =m$ 9 contact ) ea* o!r are %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,p]c5tage ,composition ,p]c5tage ,composition ( ! ,metal4 ( ! ,slag4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,lead4 ,copp]4 ,lead4 ,copp]4 #f4h #ic4b #ga4d #ba4d #bj4j #hj4j #gh4j #ag4j #bh4j #gb4j #hj4j #ab4e #cb4j #fh4j #hf4j #f4g #he4j #ae4j #ij4j #c4f ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,x w be se5 f ?is table t ! slag is always mu* ri*] 9 lead & poor] 9 copp] ?an ! metal ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,! ratio ( lead to copp] 9 ^! five samples is3-- ,9 ! ,metal4 ,9 ! ,slag4 #a 3 #ad #a 3 #j4c #a 3 #d #a 3 #j4b #a 3 #b4e #a 3 #j4af #a 3 #b #a 3 #j4jh #a 3 #j4af #a 3 #j4jd ,assum+ ^! figures to be correct1 ! foll[+ /atem5t is approximately true4 ,on oxidis+ an alloy ( #aj grams ( copp] & #aj grams ( lead1 & p\r+ (f ! slag :5 #c grams ( lead h gone into x1 !re w be a loss ( 7ow+ to ! slag c>ry+ x (f7 ab\t #j4b gram ( copp]4 ,on repeat+ ! op]ation1 ! next #c grams ( lead w c>ry ) !m ab\t #j4e gram ( copp]2 & on aga9 repeat+1 #c grams ( lead w remove #j4h gram ( copp]4 ,f9ally1 ! la/ gram ( lead w c>ry ) x #j4c gram ( copp]1 & !re w be left a button ( copp] weigh+ #h4c grams4 ,! slag w h c>ri$ (f altoge!r #a4g gram ( copp]1 :i* is #ag p] c5t4 ( ! metal orig9ally pres5t4 ,) ! m p]fect exposure to ! air1 & quick] removal ( ! slag1 :i* results f heat+ on a cupel1 ! loss w\ld be heavi]4 ,k>/5 got by actual exp]im5t on cupell+ copp] & lead 9 equal proportions1 a loss ( #ba4be p] c5t4 ,go+ back to ! example3 if ! slag 7 collect$ & fus$ ) a suitable r$uc+ ag5t s z to conv]t1 say1 half ( x into metal1 t half w\ld conta9 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! copp] 7su* a r$uction is call$ clean+ ! slag74 ,on reoxidis+ ?is metal1 ano!r button ( copp] is =m$ :i*1 add$ to ! fir/1 w\ld r$uce ! loss f #ag p] c5t4 to1 say1 #g or #h p] c5t4 ,& x is conceivable t by a s]ies ( simil> op]ations1 almo/ ! :ole ( ! #aj grams ( copp] orig9ally tak5 might be recov]$4 ,9 practice ! problem is 7z f> z ! copp] is conc]n$7 n h[ to save1 b h[ mo/ easily to remove x2 & s9ce ! removal ( ?is metal is quick] f an alloy conta9+ n too mu* lead1 x is evid5t t two or ?ree op]ations ) small quantities ( lead w be m effectual ?an a s+le treatm5t ) a l>g] quantity4 ,) ^? metals 7t91 antimony1 c47 :i* pass quickly into ! slag1 ! contr>y is true2 h5ce ) ^! x is necess>y to h en\gh lead pres5t1 s t ! slag =m$ at ! outset %all conta9 en\gh oxide ( lead to make x fluid4 ,z silv] is s mu* less easily oxidis$ ?an copp]1 we %\ld reasonably expect t ! proportion ( silv] c>ri$ (f 9 ! oxide ( lead w\ld be consid]ably less ?an t ( ! copp] indicat$ 9 ! above example4 ,inde$1 !re are "o or two facts :i* t5d to enc\rage ! hope t ! op]ation may be conduct$ )\t any loss4 ,if a piece ( pure silv] foil is expos$ on a cupel to air at ! usual temp]ature ( cupellation1 x und]goes v little *ange2 x does n ev5 fuse2 x loses no?+ 9 weight1 & does n oxidise4 ,9 fact1 ev5 if oxide ( silv] 7 =m$ "u ^! conditions1 x c\ld n cont9ue to exi/1 = x is decompos$ into silv] & oxyg5 at a temp]ature consid]ably bel[ r$ness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 oxide ( silv] is n r$uc$ to metal by heat alone1 :5 mix$ ) an excess ( oxide ( lead2 :ile metallic silv] is conv]t$ into oxide :5 heat$ ) ! high] oxides ( lead1 copp]1 & "s o!r metals4 ,t silv]1 & ev5 gold 7:i* is m difficult to oxidise ?an silv]71 may be c>ri$ (f 9 ! slag 9 ?is way1 is 9 agreem5t ) g5]al exp]i5ce4 ,if #aj grams ( silv] are cupell$ ) #aj grams ( lead1 !re w be a loss ( ab\t #ej milligrams ( silv]1 :i* is 9 r\nd numb]s #a-cj? ( ! correspond+ copp] loss2 ) #aj grams ( gold & #aj grams ( lead1 ! loss w be #d or #e milligrams1 :i* is ab\t #a-ab? ( ! correspond+ silv] loss4 ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 ,assay ,lead4--,scorify #ej grams ( ! lead ) #j4e gram ( p[d]$ qu>tz or glass at n too high a temp]ature4 ,:5 ! eye has clos$ 91 p\r2 reject ! slag1 & cupel ! button ( lead4 ,remove ! cupel f ! muffle imm$iately ! op]ation is f9i%$4 ,weigh1 & make a prom95t note ( ! result 9 ! assay book1 z s _m milligrams ( silv] conta9$ 9 #ajj grams ( lead4 ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 ,r$ ,lead or ,li?>ge4--,fuse #ajj grams ( ! oxide ) f #aj to #bj grams ( borax2 & 9 ! case ( li?>ge ) #b grams or ) r$ lead #d grams ( fl\r4 ,cupel ! lead1 & weigh ! button ( silv]4 ,note ! result z 9 ! la/ case4 ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 ,arg5tif]\s ,lead4--,be c>eful 9 tak+ ! sample1 s9ce ) ri* silv] lead alloys ! error f bad sampl+ may am\nt to sev]al p>ts p] c5t4 ,cupel two lots ( #bj grams ea*1 & weigh ! buttons ( silv]4 ,add to ^! ! e/imat$ cupel loss1 & calculate ! result4 ,or wrap ea* button ( silv] 9 #bj grams ( assay lead1 & re-cupel side by side ) two fre% lots ( #bj grams ea* ( ! alloy4 ,calculate ! loss incurr$1 & add on to ! weight ( ! two fre% buttons got4 ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 ,bullion4--,! rem>ks made "u ! la/ head+ z to ! importance ( correct sampl+ apply ) equal =ce "h4 ,make a prelim9>y assay by cupell+ #j4a gram ( ! alloy ) #a gram ( assay lead2 calculate ! p]c5tage composition4 ,ref] to ! table on page #aje to f9d :at weight ( lead is requir$ = cupell+ #a gram ( alloy4 ,weigh out f\r lots ( #a gram ea*1 & wrap !m 9 ! requir$ quantity ( lead4 ,make two *eck pieces by weigh+ up two lots ( f9e silv] equal to t :i* y believe to be pres5t 9 ! assay pieces2 add copp] to make up ! weight to #a gram1 & wrap 9 ! same quantity ( lead z 0 us$ = ! assays4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,prep>e six cupels & *>ge !m 9 ! annex$ ord] 7fig4 #dc71 & cupel4 ,gu>d aga9/ spirt+4 ,clean & weigh ! buttons ( silv]4 ,add ! mean loss on ! two *eck pieces to ! mean weight ( ! f\r assay pieces2 ?is multipli$ by #ajjj w give ! degree ( f95ess4 ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 ,copp]4--,! silv] is be/ sep>at$ 9 ! wet way be=e cupell+1 b if ! proportion is n too small1 x c be f\nd by cupellation4 ,weigh up #c grams ( ! metal1 wrap 9 #cj grams ( %eet lead1 & cupel2 :5 ! cupellation has proce$$ = fifte5 m9utes1 add #bj grams m lead1 & cont9ue till f9i%$4 ,weigh ! button ( silv]4 ,! cupellation loss w be five or six p] c5t4 ( ! silv] pres5t4 ,det]m9e x by p[d]+ ! saturat$ portion ( ! cupel & fus+ 9 a l>ge ,corni% crucible ) #cj grams ea* ( soda & borax1 #aj grams ( fluor sp>1 & #a-a_/b gram ( *>coal4 ,cupel ! result+ button ( lead1 & add #aj grams m ( lead t[>ds ! close ( ! op]ation4 ,d$uct ! weight ( silv] conta9$ 9 ! lead us$ f ! weight ( ! two buttons1 & calculate to ounces to ! ton4 ,9 an exp]im5t 9 :i* #j4aige gram ( silv] 0 pres5t1 ! weight ( ! button f ! fir/ cupellation 0 #j4ahfg1 & t ( ! button f ! second1 aft] correct+ = ! lead add$1 0 #j4jaaj gram4 ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 ,gal5a4 ,by ,pot ,assay4--,mix #bj grams ( ! p[d]$ ore ) #cj grams ( r$ lead1 #bj grams ( soda1 & #e grams ( borax1 z also ) f #g to #aj grams ( nitre4 ,fuse & p\r4 ,clean ! slag if ! ore is ri*4 ,cupel ! buttons ( lead4 ,make ! usual corrections & calculate 9 ounces to ! ton4 ,by ,scorification4--,take #aj grams ( ! ore1 #cj grams ( lead1 & #j4e gram ( borax4 ,scorify1 clean ! slag by add+ an?racite aft] ! eye has clos$ 93 cupel ! button ( lead4 ,weigh ! button ( silv]1 make ! necess>y corrections1 & calculate to ounces to ! ton4 ,! det]m9ation may also be made by cupell+ ! button ( lead got 9 ! dry lead assay4 ,a sample ( gal5a det]m9$ by ! ?ree me?ods gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,by pot assay #g4ah ozs4 p] ton4 scorification #g4jb lead assay #f4gb ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 an ,ore4 ,by ,pot ,assay4--,take #bj grams ( ! p[d]$ ore & mix ) #cj grams ( soda1 #dj grams ( r$ lead1 & #e grams ( borax1 z also ) f #b to #c grams ( fl\r4 ,fuse3 p\r4 ,clean ! slag by fus+ ) #bj grams ( r$ lead & two grams ( fl\r4 ,cupel ! buttons ( lead2 weigh2 make ! necess>y corrections1 & calculate to ounces to ! ton4 ,by ,scorification4--,take #e grams ( ! p[d]$ ore1 #ej grams ( lead1 & #j4e gram ( soda or borax4 ,scorify4 ,clean ! slag by fus+ 9 a crucible z 9 ! pot assay4 ,cupel1 c4 ,examples4--,by ,pot ,assay4--,ore tak5 #bj grams4 ,silv] got #j4bhic gram ,silv] f slag #j4jjfj ,silv] lo/ 9 cupellation #j4jajj ------ #j4cjec ,d$uct silv] 9 r$ lead #j4jjag ------ ,silv] 9 ore #j4cjcf #die4i ozs4 p] ton4 ,by ,scorification4--,ore tak51 #c grams4 ,silv] got4 #j4jdbe gram ,silv] f slag #j4jjbb ,silv] lo/ 9 cupellation #j4jjbj ------ #j4jdfg ,d$uct silv] 9 lead #j4jjae ------ ,silv] 9 ore #j4jdeb #dib4b ozs4 p] ton4 ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 ,silv] ,precipitate4--,?is sub/ance conta9s1 9 addition to metallic silv] & gold1 sulphates ( lead & lime2 oxides ( z9c1 copp]1 & iron2 & m or less organic matt]4 ,! sample z receiv$ is g5]ally free f wat] at #ajj ,c42 &1 s9ce x rapidly absorbs wat]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 9 weigh+ x4 ,s9ce x conta9s comb9$ wat] x is n suit$ = scorify+2 !re=e ! det]m9ation ( silv] & gold 7f9e metal7 is made by pot assay4 ,weigh up #e grams ( ! precipitate1 mix ) #ajj grams ( li?>ge & #a gram ( *>coal4 ,melt 9 a crucible at a mod]ate heat & p\r4 ,deta* ! slag1 replace 9 ! crucible1 &1 :5 fus$1 add a mixture ( #bj grams ( li?>ge & #a gram ( *>coal4 ,:5 ! fusion is aga9 tranquil1 p\r2 & cupel ! two buttons ( lead4 ,9 a sample work$ 9 ?is mann] ! mean ( f\r det]m9ations gave #j4fhai gram ( f9e metal2 d$uct+ #a milligram = ! silv] conta9$ 9 ! oxide ( lead1 & add+ #h milligrams = ! cupellation loss1 !re is got #j4fhhi gram or #ac4ggh p] c5t4 ( silv] 7& gold7 9 ! sample4 ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 ,burnt ,ores4 ,by ,pot ,assay4--,roa/$ cuprif]\s pyrites conta9+ small quantities ( gold & silv] comes "u ?is head+4 ,! foll[+ mixture w give a fluid slag :i* is heavy & t\gh :5 cold3-- ,ore4 ,borax4 ,s&4 ,li?>ge4 ,*>coal4 #ajj #ej #ej #ajj #g ,mix2 place 9 a l>ge crucible2 cov] ) salt2 & melt d[n "u cov]4 ,:5 fus$ drop 9 an iron rod = a few m9utes1 & ab\t a c\ple ( m9utes aft] its )drawal1 p\r ! *>ge quickly into a l>ge conical m\ld4 ,! button ( lead %\ld weigh ab\t #ej grams4 ,cupel & weigh ! silv]4 ,! li?>ge may be replac$ by r$ lead1 9 :i* case ano!r gram ( *>coal p[d] mu/ be add$4 ,9 our exp]i5ce ! results obta9$ by ?is me?od are ab\t #bj p] c5t4 less ?an ! actual cont5t ( ! ore4 ,! results ( two assays1 aft] d$uct+ = ! silv] 9 ! li?>ge us$1 7 #c4i & #d4a milligrams2 & a ?ird assay1 9 :i* #e4d milligrams ( silv] _h be5 add$1 gave #i4b1 :i*1 aft] d$uct+ ! add$ silv]1 leaves #c4h milligrams4 ,! av]age ( ! ?ree results is #c4i milligrams f ! #ajj grams ( ore4 ,two lots ( #ajj grams ( ! same ore treat$ 9 ! wet way gave #e4b & #e4j milligrams ( silv]4 ,burnt ores f ,spani% pyrites c>ry ab\t #j4jje p] c5t4 ( silv]4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,silv] is got into solution f its ores by attack+ ) nitric acid1 b x is be/1 aft] dissolv+1 to cauti\sly add dilute hydro*loric acid1 & to c>efully avoid excess4 ,if ! quantity ( silv] is v small ! solution is all[$ to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 b1 o!rwise1 x is w>m$ & filt]$ z soon z x cle>s4 ,dry ! residue & conc5trate ! silv] 9 a button ( lead by pot me?od or scorification1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( /ony matt] pres5t4 ,cupel ! lead1 & ! result+ button w be free f all metals1 except p]haps gold4 ,x may be weigh$2 or dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & ! silv] det]m9$ gravimetrically 9 ! dilut$ & filt]$ solution4 ,x is bett] to weigh ! metal & aft]w>ds to det]m9e ! gold 9 x1 e/imat+ ! silv] by diff]5ce4 ,silv] alloys are dissolv$ 9 dilute nitric acid 7free f *lorides71 dilut$1 & filt]$4 ,! solution is !n ready = gravimetric det]m9ation4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 precipitates silv] 7l copp]71 completely1 ev5 f fairly acid solutions4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,add dilute hydro*loric acid 9 small excess to ! hot dilute solution1 :i* mu/ conta9 free nitric acid4 ,heat & /ir until ! solution cle>s4 ,decant ?r\gh a small filt]1 & wa% ) hot wat]1 acidulat$ at fir/ ) a little nitric acid if bismu? is suspect$ to be pres5t4 ,dry quickly1 transf] z mu* z possible ( ! precipitate to a wat*-glass2 burn & ignite ! filt] pap]1 treat+ ! a% fir/ ) two drops ( nitric acid & !n ) "o ( hydro*loric1 & aga9 dry4 ,add ! re/ ( ! silv] *loride & heat sl[ly ov] a ,buns5 burn] until x beg9s to fuse4 ,cool & weigh4 ,! precipitate is silv] *loride 7,ag,cl7 & conta9s #ge4bg p] c5t4 ( silv]4 ,! moi/ precipitate is heavy & curdy2 x is decompos$ by direct sunlight1 becom+ violet "u its influ5ce4 ,:5 heat$ x is yell[i%2 &1 s9ce x is volatile at a high temp]ature1 x mu/ n1 9 dry+1 be heat$ above its fus+ po9t4 ,! fus$ *loride c be remov$ f ! crucible 7to :i* x adh]es /rongly7 by dige/+ ) dilute acid & z9c4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( silv] 9 ne>ly pure bullion ! foll[+ process is us$3--,weigh up #a4ejed gram ( ! alloy4 ,) ?is am\nt ( alloy ea* #b milligrams ( silv] *loride =m$ is equival5t to #a degree ( f95ess1 s t ! weight ( ! silv] *loride obta9$ 7/at$ 9 milligrams & divid$ by #b7 w give ! degree ( f95ess4 ,transf] to a bottle 7kn[n z bottles = ! ,indian m9t assay7 & dissolve 9 #aj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 !n make up ) wat] to #bjj c4c4 & add #c c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,all[ to /& a few m9utes & !n %ake4 ,fill ! bottle completely ) wat]1 all[ to settle1 & syphon (f ! cle> liquid2 p\r on m wat]1 %ake g5tly to break up ! lumps1 & aga9 fill ! bottle ) wat]4 ,inv]t ov] ! m\? ( ! bottle a por\s ,w$gwood crucible1 some:at simil> to ^? us$ 9 gold p>t+4 ,take firm hold ( ! crucible & bottle1 & inv]t promptly s t ! silv] *loride may be collect$ 9 ! crucible4 ,all[ to /& a little :ile = ! precipitate to settle1 & !n c>efully remove ! crucible "u wat]4#ad ,dra9 (f mo/ ( ! wat] & break up ! silv] *loride ) ! help ( a well-r\nd$ glass rod4 ,?is greatly facilitates ! subsequ5t dry+4 ,dry fir/ on ! wat] ba? & !n on ! iron plate4 ,remove ! dri$ silv] *loride1 by inv]t+ ! crucible1 & weigh x4 ,z an example1 #c det]m9ations ( silv] 9 a co9 c>ri$ out 9 ?is way gave3-- 7#a7 #a4hejj gram ,ag,cl #ibe4j f95ess4 7#b7 #a4hdih #ibd4i 7#c7 #a4hejb #ibe4a ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 ,burnt ,ores4--,take #ajj grams ( ! ore & place 9 a l>ge beak] ( #b-a_/b litres capacity1 & cov] ) #cge c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid4 ,boil = half an h\r until ! oxides are dissolv$ & ! residue looks l s& & pyrites2 !n add #bj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & boil till free f nitr\s fumes4 ,dilute to #b litres ) wat]1 & pass a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 till ! iron is r$uc$1 ! copp] & silv] precipitat$1 & ! liquor smells ( ! gas4 ,?is takes ab\t "o h\r & a half4 ,filt] (f ! precipitate 7reject+ ! solution7 & wa% ) w>m wat]4 ,dry & transf] to an evaporat+ di%1 add+ ! a%es ( ! filt] pap]4 ,heat g5tly ) a ,buns5 burn] until ! sulphur burns1 & !n calc9e until no m sulphur\s oxide comes (f4 ,:5 cold add #cj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 boil & dilute to #ajj c4c4 ,add #a c4c4 ( v dilute hydro*loric acid 7#a to #ajj71ae /ir well1 & all[ to /& ov]night4 ,decant on to a ,sw$i% filt] pap]1 dry & calc9e4 ,mix ! a%es ) #ajj grams ( li?>ge & #a gram ( *>coal1 & fuse 9 a small crucible4 ,deta* ! button ( lead & cupel4 ,weigh & make ! usual corrections4 ,z an example1 #ajj grams ( ore treat$ 9 ?is way gave #e4h milligrams ( silv]2 d$uct+ #j4h = ! silv] add$ 9 ! oxide ( lead leaves #e milligrams obta9$ f ! ore4 ,ano!r exp]im5t on #ajj grams ( ! same ore to :i* #e milligrams ( silv] _h be5 add$ gave #aa4j milligrams4 ,d$uct #e4h = ! silv] add$2 ?is leaves #e4b milligrams z ! silv] obta9$ f ! ore4 ,^! give1 z a mean result1 #j4jjea p] c5t41 or #a4ff ounce p] ton4 ,det]m9ation ( ,silv] 9 ,comm]cial ,copp]4--,= ! me?od ( do+ ?is1 ) an example & exp]im5t1 see "u ! head+ ( ,exam9ation ( ,comm]cial ,copp]4 ,,volumetric ,,me?ods4 ,!re are two ( ^!1 "o adapt$ = ! det]m9ation ( silv] 9 alloys ( approximately kn[n composition1 & ! o!r ( m g5]al application4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 g5]ally kn[n z ,gay-,lussac's me?od is1 z reg>ds its work+1 p]fect 9 pr9ciple2 b x requires a practically con/ant quantity ( silv]1 t is1 "o :i* v>ies by a few milligrams only 9 ea* det]m9ation4 ,x is a confirmatory me?od r ?an a det]m9ative "o4 ,! o!r is kn[n z ,volh>d's1 & resembles 9 pr9ciple & me?od an ord9>y volumetric process4 ,gay-,lussac's me?od is bas$ on ! precipitation ( silv] f a nitric acid solution by a solution ( sodium *loride4 ,! po9t at :i* ! :ole ( ! silv] is precipitat$ be+ recognis$ by ! /&>d solution ceas+ to give a precipitate4 ,! process dep5ds = its success ^u1 7#a7 ! ease :i* silv] *loride sep>ates out f ! solution leav+ x cle> aft] %ak+1 &1 7#b71 ! cl\d9ess produc$ by ! reaction ( v small quantities ( silv] nitrate & sodium *loride4 ,9 work+1 a quantity ( ! sodium *loride solution equal to #a gram ( silv] is add$ at once to ! assay2 &1 :5 ! solution has be5 r5d]$ cle> by %ak+1 ! residual silv] 7:i* %\ld n exce$ a few milligrams7 is e/imat$ ) ! help ( a weak] solution ( sodium *loride4 ,! success 9 work+ evid5tly dep5ds ^u ! accuracy ) :i* ! fir/ addition ( ! salt solution is made4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! /&>d solution is run 9 f a special pipette capable ( deliv]+ a practically inv>iable volume ( solution4 ,x is n s important t ?is %all deliv] exactly #ajj c4c4 z t 9 two consecutive deliv]ies ! volume %all n diff] by m ?an #j4je c4c4 ,! dilute salt solution is "o-t5? ( ! /r5g? ( t fir/ run 91 & #a c4c4 ( x is equival5t to #a milligram ( silv]4 ,ord9>ily x is run 9 #a c4c4 at a "t 7& an ord9>y burette may be us$ = ?is purpose71 %ak+ betwe5 ea* addition until x ceases to give a precipitate4 ,if _m su* additions h to be made ! op]ation n only becomes t$i\s1 b ! solution also ceases to cle> aft] %ak+1 s t x becomes impossible to det]m9e ! f9i%+ po9t4 ,if ! assay conta9s less ?an "o gram ( silv] ! fir/ addition ( ! dilute salt solution ( c\rse produces no precipitate4 ,five milligrams ( silv] 9 solution 7#e c4c47 is !n add$1 & ! assay proce$$ ) 9 ! usual way2 #e milligrams ( silv] be+ d$uct$ f ! am\nt f\nd4 ,!re is requir$ = ! assay a /&>d solution ( sodium *loride1 :i* is prep>$ by dissolv+ #e4dafb grams ( ! salt 7made by neutraliz+ c>bonate ( soda ) hydro*loric acid7 9 wat] & dilut+ to "o litre4 #ajj c4c4 ( ?is is equival5t to #a gram ( silv]4 ,! weak] solution ( salt is made by dilut+ #ajj c4c4 ( ! /rong] "o to "o litre4 ,"o c4c4 ( ?is w equal #a milligram ( silv]1 or #j4a c4c4 ( ! /rong] solution4 ,a /&>d solution ( silv] equival5t to ! dilute salt solution is made by dissolv+ #a gram ( f9e silv] 9 #aj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 & dilut+ ) wat] to "o litre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,! solution ( salt is /&>dis$ z foll[s3--,weigh up #a4jjc gram ( f9e silv] & dissolve 9 #be c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid 9 a bottle provid$ ) a well-fitt+ flat-head$ /opp]4 ,heat on ! wat] ba? to assi/ solution1 re/+ ! bottle 9 an incl9$ position4 ,:5 dissolv$ bl[ out ! nitr\s fumes ) ! help ( a glass tube b5t at "r angles4 ,run 9 f a /opp]$ pipette 7z %[n 9 fig4 #dd7 #ajj c4c4 ( ! /&>d salt solution1 & %ake vigor\sly until ! solution cle>s4 ,fill an ord9>y burette ) ! weak] /&>d salt solution1 & run #a c4c4 into ! assay bottle1 lett+ x run d[n ! side s t x =ms a lay] re/+ on ! assay solution4 ,if any silv] rema9s 9 solution a cl\dy lay] w be =m$ at ! junction :]e ! two liquids meet4 ,?is is be/ obs]v$ aga9/ a black backgr\nd ,if a cl\d9ess is se51 %ake1 to cle> ! liquid1 & run 9 ano!r c4c4 ( salt1 & cont9ue ?is until a cl\d9ess is no long] visible4 ,d$uct #a4e c4c4 f ! am\nt ( ! weak] sodium *loride solution run 94 ,divide ! correct$ read+ by #aj1 & add to ! #ajj c4c4 ,?is w give ! volume ( /rong salt solution equival5t to ! silv] tak54 ,if ! fir/ addition ( ! weak] salt solution causes no cl\d9ess add #e c4c4 ( ! silv] solution f an ord9>y pipette1 %ake1 & !n run 9 ! weak] salt solution1 work+ z be=e4 ,^! #e milligrams ( silv] add$ mu/ be all[$ = be=e calculat+4 ,z an example3--#a4jajj gram ( f9e silv] 0 tak5 = /&>dis+ a solution & #d c4c4 ( ! weak] salt solution 7 run 94 ,d$uct+ #a4e & divid+ by #aj gives #j4be c4c4 to be add$ to ! #ajj c4c4 #ajj4be 3 #a4jajj 33 #ajj 3 x x #a4jjge :i* is ! /&>d ( ! salt solution4 ,! me?od ( work+ an assay may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ example3--,9 ! det]m9ation ( silv] 9 "s buttons left aft] cupellation1 x 0 assum$ t ^! w\ld conta9 #ii4e p] c5t4 ( silv]4 ,= ! assay x 0 necess>y to take a quantity t %\ld conta9 a little m ?an #a4jjge grams ( silv]2 !n #ii4e 3 #ajj 33 #a4jjge 3 x x #a4jabe ,to ensure a slight excess1 !re 0 tak5 #a4jaej gram ( ! buttons1 :i* 0 treat$ 9 exactly ! same way z = ! /&>dis+4 ,! quantity ( ! weak] salt solution requir$ 0 #g c4c42 d$uct+ #a4e c4c41 & divid+ by #aj1 gives #ajj4ee c4c4 ( /rong salt solution1 :i* is equival5t to #a4jacj gram ( silv]4 ,?is be+ obta9$ f #a4jae gram ( alloy1 is equal to #ii4h p] c5t41 or #iih4j f9e4 ,! ,effect ( ,temp]ature4--,! /&>dis+ & ! assay mu/ be done at ! same "t1 s9ce a diff]5ce ( #e ,c4 makes a diff]5ce ( #j4a c4c4 9 measur+ ! #ajj c4c4 ( /rong solution ( salt4 ,x is always be/ to prep>e a /&>d ) ea* bat* ( assays4 ,,sulphocyanate ,,me?od4--,volh>d's process is bas$ ^u ! precipitation ( silv] 9 nitric acid solutions ) potassium sulphocyanate1 ! f9i%+ po9t be+ ! developm5t ( a r$di%-br[n col\r1 produc$ by ! action ( ! excess ( sulphocyanate ^u f]ric sulphate4 ,! :ite sulphocyanate settles readily1 leav+ ! liquor cle>2 & a p]si/5t br[n coloration 9 ! liquid indicates ! f9i%4 ,! assay mu/ be c>ri$ out 9 ! cold2 & wat] free f *lorides#af mu/ be us$4 ,! /&>d sulphocyanate ( potassium solution is made by dissolv+ #d-a_/b or #e grams ( ! salt 7,k,cy,s7 9 wat]1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 #ajj c4c4 are ab\t equival5t to #j4e gram ( silv]4 ,! /&>d silv] nitrate solution is made by dissolv+ #e grams ( f9e silv] 9 #ej c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 boil+ (f nitr\s fumes1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,! indicator is a saturat$ solution ( iron alum1 or a solution ( f]ric sulphate ( equival5t /r5g? made by titrat+ acid f]r\s sulphate ) potassium p]manganate4 ,use #b c4c4 = ea* assay4 ,! sulphocyanate solution is /&>dis$ by plac+ #ej c4c4 ( ! silv] nitrate solution 9 a flask ) #bj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 dilut+ to #ajj c4c4 ) wat]1 & runn+ 9 ! sulphocyanate until ! great] "p ( ! silv] is precipitat$2 !n add+ #b c4c4 ( ! f]ric indicator1 & cont9u+ ! titration until a r$di%-br[n col\r is develop$1 & rema9s p]man5t aft] %ak+ cont9u\sly4 ,! assay is simil>ly p]=m$1 ! silv] be+ us$ 9 ! /ate ( a nitric acid solution4 ,! effect ( v>iations 9 ! conditions ( ! assay may be se5 f ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 9 :i* #bj c4c4 ( /&>d silv] nitrate 7 us$3-- ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature3-- ,temp]ature #aj ,c4 #cj ,c4 #gj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 ,sulphocyanate reqd4 #ai4f c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 #ai4j c4c4 #ah4f c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,nitric ,acid3--,v>y+ nitric acid has no effect1 except t ) a fairly acid solution ! f9i%+ po9t is some:at %>p]4 ,nitric acid add$ #e c4c4 #aj c4c4 #bj c4c4 #ej c4c4 ,sulphocyanate reqd4 #ai4f c4c4 #ai4e c4c4 #ai4f c4c4 #ai4f c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk3-- ,bulk #ej c4c4 #ajj c4c4 #bjj c4c4 #cjj c4c4 ,sulphocyanate reqd4 #ai4e c4c4 #ai4f c4c4 #ai4f c4c4 #ai4g c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,ammonic ,nitrate3-- ,ammonic nitrate #j gram #a gram #e grams #aj grams ,sulphocyanate reqd4 #ai4f c4c4 #ai4f c4c4 #ai4g c4c4 #ai4i c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,silv]3-- ,silv] add$ #a c4c4 #aj c4c4 #bj c4c4 #ej c4c4 #ajj c4c4 ,sulphocyanate reqd4 #a4j c4c4 #i4gj c4c4 #ai4f c4c4 #di4d c4c4 #ii4j c4c4 ,?is me?od is valuable = det]m9+ silv] 9 salts1 alloys1 & solutions1 :]e no m ?an an ord9>y degree ( accuracy is dem&$4 ,x is easy1 & applicable "u mo/ ( ! usual conditions4 ,its greate/ disadvantage is ! br[n coloration produc$ by ! sulphocyanate :5 ! assay is ne>ly1 b n q1 f9i%$2 & ! sl[ness ) :i* ?is is remov$ on %ak+ up ) ! precipitate4 ,?is is worse ) l>ge quantities ( precipitate1 & if ab\t #a gram ( silv] is pres5t1 x gives an indef9it5ess to ! f9i% :i* l[]s ! precision ( ! process to ab\t #a 9 #ejj2 ?is is useless = ! assays ( bullion4 ,"o writ] /ates t ?is inconv5i5ce is due to portions ( liquid be+ entangl$ 9 ! precipitate1 b x appe>s mu* m likely to be due to ! action ( ! precipitate itself4 ,9 attempt+ to apply ! process to ! assay ( bullion by work+ x on ! pr9ciple ( a ,gay-,lussac assay1 x 0 f\nd t a v consid]able excess ( silv] 0 requir$ to complete ! reaction4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts #ajj c4c4 ( sulphocyanate 7v accurately measur$7 0 run into ! solution conta9+ ! weigh$ portion ( bullion 7f9e silv]7 &1 aft] %ak+ ! solution1 0 filt]$4 ,9 ! filtrate ! rema9+ silv]1 if !re %\ld be any1 0 det]m9$ by ! ord9>y titration1 b ) sulphocyanate ( "o-t5? ! /r5g?4 ,?is f9al titration 0 q satisfactory4 ,! am\nt ( silv] precipitat$ by ! fir/ #ajj c4c41 h[ev]1 v>i$ ) ! quantity ( silv] pres5t z 9 ! foll[+ s]ies4#ag ,silv] pres5t4 ,silv] precipitat$4 #a4acdb gram4 #a4acbb gram4 #a4acge #a4acce #a4adje #a4acea #a4adhd #a4acgi ,^!1 ( c\rse1 preclude a me?od ( ! k9d aim$ at1 & at ! same "t emphasise ! importance ( uni=mity ( "w 9 ! ord9>y process4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( *lorides 9 sea-wat]1 ,dittm> us$ a comb9$ me?od3 precipitat+ ! bulk ( ! silv] z *loride1 & aft] filt]+1 det]m9+ ! small excess ( silv] by sulphocyanate4 ,?is modification answ]s admirably :5 appli$ to ! assay ( bullion4 ,9 ! ord9>y ,gay-,lussac me?od1 ! precipitation ( ! bulk ( ! silv] by ! #ajj c4c4 ( salt solution leaves no?+ to be desir$1 ei!r z to ease 9 work+ or accuracy ( result2 ! silv] precipitate settles quickly1 & leaves a cle> liquor admirably fitt$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! few milligrams ( silv] rema9+ 9 solution4 ,b ! me?od ( det]m9+ ?is residual silv] by add+ successive small quantities ( salt s long z !y cont9ue to give a precipitate is unsatisfactory1 &1 judg$ on its own m]its ap>t f ! re/ ( ! process1 c\ld h>dly escape condemnation4 ,x is clumsy 9 practice1 = ! cont9u$ add+ ( small portions ( salt solution is labori\s & becomes impossible ) m ?an a few milligrams ( silv] 9 solution4 ,! propos$ modification is simple2 hav+ precipitat$ ! silv] ) ! #ajj c4c4 ( salt solution1 z describ$ "u ,gay-,lussac's me?od 7page #abj71 %ake till ! liquor cle>s1 & filt] into a flask1 wa%+ ) a little di/ill$ wat]4 ,add #b c4c4 ( f]ric indicator to ! filtrate & titrate ) a /&>d sulphocyanate solution made by dilut+ ! ord9>y /&>d solution to su* an ext5t t #ajj c4c4 aft] dilut+ %all be equival5t to #j4a gram ( silv]4#ah ,calculate ! weight ( silv] f\nd by sulphocyanate & add x to ! weight :i* #ajj c4c4 ( ! salt solution w precipitate4 ,an advantage ( ?is modification is t an excess ( #ae milligrams may be det]m9$ z easily & exactly z #e4 ,9 /&>dis+ ! salt solution1 !n1 weigh up1 say #a4jaej gram ( pure silv]1 dissolve & titrate4 ,suppose #ac4e c4c4 ( sulphocyanate requir$2 !n ^! are equival5t to 4#jace gram ( silv]1 7#ajj c4c4 4#a72 ! silv] precipitat$ by ! salt is #a4jaej-4jace--;i4e41 #a4jjae gram1 :i* is ! /&>d4 ,application ( ! ,me?od to ,assays = ,ars5ic4--,if silv] nitrate be add$ to a neutral solution ( an ars5ate ( "o ( ! alkali metals1 silv] ars5ate 7,ag#c;,as,o#d71 is ?r[n d[n z a d>k-r$ precipitate4 ,if1 aft] add+ excess ( silv] nitrate to insure a complete precipitation1 ! ars5ate ( silv] be filt]$ (f1 ! weight ( ! ars5ic c\ld be e/imat$ f ! weight ( silv] ars5ate =m$4 ,b ?is may be done mu* m conv5i5tly by dissolv+ ! precipitate 9 nitric acid1 & titrat+ ) sulphocyanate2 ! silv] f\nd w be to ! ars5ic pres5t z #cbd 7#ajhc7 is to #ge4 ,! m9]al is be/ treat$ by ! me?od giv5 9 ! ?ird p>agraph on page #chb2 b ! solution1 aft] be+ acidifi$ ) nitric acid1 %\ld be made exactly neutral ) ammonia4 ,a small excess ( silv] nitrate %\ld !n be add$1 & s9ce acid is lib]at$ 9 ! reaction1 ! liquor mu/ aga9 be neutralis$4#ai ,! precipitate mu/ !n be filt]$ (f1 & wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,!n dissolve x 9 ! pap] by sl[ly runn+ ov] x #bj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid4 ,wa% ! filt] ) di/ill$ wat]1 collect+ ) ! filtrate 9 a small flask4 ,add #b c4c4 ( f]ric indicator & titrate4 ,if ! sulphocyanate solution be made up ) #aa or #ab grams ( ! potassium salt to ! litre1 & be !n /&>dis$ & dilut$1 s t = #ajj c4c4 x %all equal #a4jh gram ( silv]1 7see p4 #ch71 !n x w also equal 4#be gram ( ars5ic 7,z74 ,except = ores ri* 9 ars5ic1 x w be bett] to "w ) a solution "o half ?is /r5g?4 ,! /&>d z calculat$ f an exp]im5t ) pure silv] %\ld be *eck$ by ano!r us+ pure resublim$ :ite ars5ic1 ,z#b,o#c1 :i* conta9s #ge4ge ( ! metal4 ,! quantity ( :ite ars5ic tak51 4#a or 4#b gram1 %\ld conta9 ab\t z mu* ars5ic z w be pres5t 9 ! assays4 ,x is conv]t$ into sodium ars5ate by evaporat+ to a small bulk ) nitric acid & neutralis+ ) soda4 ,! precipitation & titration ( ! silv] ars5ate %\ld be exactly z 9 ! assays4 ,! difficulty ( ! me?od is 9 ! neutralis+2 :i* has to be v c>efully done s9ce silv] ars5ate is soluble 9 ev5 fa9tly acid solutions2 "o drop ( nitric acid 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat] is en\gh to produce an absolutely wor?less result2 & an excess ( acid mu* less ?an ?is is /ill v prejudicial4 ,! addition ( a little sodium acetate to ! solution aft] ! f9al neutralis+ has a good effect4 ,ars5ic 9 ,mispickel4--,weigh up 4#bej gram ( ! f9ely-p[d]$ ore1 & place 9 a ,b]l9 crucible ab\t #a-a_/d or #a-a_/b in* 9 diamet]4 ,treat ) #aj or #ab drops1 "o drop at a "t1 ( /rong nitric acid1 w>m v g5tly1 b avoid mu* heat+4 ,put on a ?9 lay] ( nitre1 & r m ?an half fill ! crucible ) a mixture ( equal p>ts ( soda & nitre4 ,heat quickly 9 ! bl[-pipe flame1 & :5 ! mass is fus$ & eff]vesc+1 )draw & all[ to cool4 ,boil out ) wat]1 filt] & wa%4 ,ins]t a piece ( litmus pap] & cauti\sly neutralise ) nitric acid1 us+ ammonia to neutralise any accid5tal excess ( ! acid4 ,add a gram or s ( ammonium nitrate & silv] nitrate 9 excess1 neutralise aga9 ) ammonia & add two or ?ree grams ( sodium acetate4 ,filt] (f ! precipitate1 wa% & titrate4 ,9 ! fusion c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid mu* eff]vesc5ce 7an excess ( ! soda mitigates ?is7 & ! op]ation %\ld be /opp$ z soon z ! :ole has ent]$ into fusion4 ,,colorimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,!re is1 prop]ly speak+1 no colorimetric me?od1 b ! foll[+1 :i* is sometimes us$1 is bas$ on simil> pr9ciples4 ,x is useful = ! det]m9ation ( small quantities ( silv] 9 sub/ances :i* yield cle> solutions ) nitric acid4 ,dissolve a weigh$ quantity ( ! sub/ance 9 nitric acid1 & dilute to a def9ite bulk4 ,divide into two equal p>ts4 ,to "o1 add a drop or two ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 /ir & filt]4 ,to ! o!r1 add a simil> am\nt ( dilute acid1 & !n to ! filt]$ portion run 9 f a burette /&>d silv] nitrate 7#a c4c4 #j4e milligram silv]7 until ! solutions are equally turbid4 ,calculate 9 ! usual way4 ,,gold4 ,gold occurs 9 nature *iefly z metal4 ,x always conta9s m or less silv]1 &1 9 alluvial s&s1 c41 may be associat$ ) plat9um & iridium4 ,gold is insoluble 9 hydro*loric or nitric acid1 b is dissolv$ by aqua regia or by solutions ( iod9e1 brom9e1 or *lor9e4 ,x is tak5 up by m]cury1 =m+ an amalgam1 f :i* ! m]cury may be driv5 (f by heat4 ,:5 gold occurs 9 p>ticles ( any size1 x is readily detect$ by its appe>ance1 b :5 f9ely dissem9at$ ?r\gh a l>ge quantity ( rock1 x is sep>at$ & detect$ by ! amalgamation assay--describ$ bel[--or by a process ( wa%+ some:at simil> to vann+1 or by ! foll[+ te/3--,p[d] &1 if necess>y1 roa/ #ej to #ajj grams ( ! ore1 put on x ?ree or f\r cry/als ( iod9e & en\gh alcohol to cov] x2 all[ to /& = half an h\r2 a piece ( filt] pap] moi/5$ ) ! liquid & burnt leaves an a% ) a di/9ctly purple t9t if any gold is pres5t4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to filt] (f ! solution1 evaporate1 & ignite4 ,!n1 ei!r take up ) m]cury1 & ignite ! amalgam s z to get a speck ( ! metallic gold2 or treat ) a few drops ( aqua regia1 & te/ ! solution ) /ann\s *loride3 a purple coloration indicates gold4 ,,amalgamation ,,assay4--,?is does n attempt to give ! total produce ( gold1 b r ! quantity :i* c be extract$ on a l>ge scale2 !re=e x %\ld imitate z closely z possible ! process adopt$ 9 ! m9e or di/rict = extract+ ! metal4 ,take #b lbs ( ! ore 9 p[d] & roa/2 make into a /iff pa/e ) hot wat] & rub up = an h\r or s ) a little m]cury4 ,wa% (f ! s& c>efully1 & collect ! amalgam4 ,drive (f ! m]cury by heat1 & weigh ! residual gold4 ,x is be/ to cupel x ) lead be=e weigh+4 ,9 an exp]im5t on a lot ( ore :i* conta9$ #j4ahi gram ( gold1 #j4agi gram 0 obta9$ by ! above process1 equal to ab\t #id-a_/b p] c5t4 recov]$4 ,) ores g5]ally1 ! yield may be f #hj to #ij p] c5t4 ( ! actual gold pres5t4 ,,dry ,,assay4 ,! dry assay ( gold ores resembles 9 its ma9 p>ticul>s ! dry assay = silv] by ! crucible me?od2 & = mu* t is ( importance 9 its discussion ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to :at is writt5 "u ,silv] on pp4 #ij-aac4 ,size ( ,assay ,*>ges4--,gold ores r>ely conta9 m ?an a few ounces1 (t5 only a few p5nyweights ( gold to ! ton2 consequ5tly1 ! button ( gold obta9able f su* quantities ( ore z may be conv5i5tly work$ by assay+ me?ods is (t5 s small z to require m ?an ord9>y c>e 9 its manipulation4 ,"o milligram ( gold =ms a button ( ab\t ! size ( "o ( ! full-/ops on ?is page1 & comp>$ ) a million simil> p>ticles ( qu>tz 7ab\t f\r ounces71 repres5ts a produce ( a qu>t] ( an ounce to ! ton3 a proportion su* z ! assay] is frequ5tly call$ on to det]m9e4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t a *>ge ( half an ounce or less ( ! ore1 su* z is usual ) silv] ores1 w\ld dem& ( ! work] bo? skill & c>e 9 ! h&l+ ( ! m9ute quantity ( gold to be obta9$ f x4 ,=tunately ! "w is simple & precise1 s t 9 practis$ h&s & ) only a #e-;gram *>ge ! assay ( a #e-;dwt4 ore is practicable2 ) s small a *>ge1 h[ev]1 ! result is b>ely p]ceptible on a s5sitive balance3 ! button ( gold %\ld be measur$ "u a microscope4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t l>g] *>ges ( say #ej1 #ajj1 or ev5 #bjj grams1 h an advantage 9 t !y less5 ! /ra9 on ! work]'s att5tion1 &1 except 9 ! case ( ! poore/ m9]al1 br+ ! button ( gold )9 ! scope ( ! balance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! inconv5i5ce ( ! l>g] *>ges lies 9 ! am\nt ( fluxes & consequ5t size ( ! crucibles requir$ to flux !m4 ,sampl+4--,a fur!r consid]ation 9 fav\r ( ! l>g] *>ges is ! matt] ( sampl+4 ,9 prep>+ 8 ore1 ! /ud5t %\ld ask himself :at reasonable expectation he has t ! portion he puts 9 ! furnace w be ( av]age ri*ness4 ,! l>g] *>ges are likely to be ne>] ?an ! small] ones to ! av]age ( ! p>cel ( ore f :i* !y are tak54 ,9 explanation ( ?is1 let u suppose a l>ge heap ( #e-;dwt4 ore1 9 s& ( ! co>s5ess ( full-/ops1 & conta9+ all its gold 9 p>ticles ( #a milligram1 z uni=mly di/ribut$ z c>e & lab\r 9 ! mix+ c accompli%4 ,su* a heap c\ld n possibly occur 9 practice1 b x w s]ve = purposes ( illu/ration4 ,n[1 "o ton ( ! s&1 h[ev] tak51 w\ld conta9 appreciably ! same quantity ( gold z any o!r ton4 ,= a ton w\ld conta9 ab\t #hjjj p>ticles ( gold2 & ev5 if two sep>ate tons diff]$ by z mu* z #ajj p>ticles 7:i* !y are j likely to d71 ?is w\ld mean only a diff]5ce ( #a or #b gra9s to ! ton4 ,on ! o!r h&1 two portions ( #ad lbs41 :i* %\ld conta9 on ! av]age #ej p>ticles ( gold1 are likely en\gh to diff] by #aj p>ticles1 & ?is1 calculat$ on a ton1 means a diff]5ce ( #a dwt4 ,x is easy to see t some?+ l ?is %\ld be true2 = on calculat+ ! #ad-lb4 lot up to a ton1 ! deviation f ! av]age1 :atev] x may be1 is multipli$ by #afj2 :]eas1 if ! ton 7 made up by add+ #ad-lb4 lot to #ad-lb4 lot1 up to ! full tale1 !n a l>ge proportion ( ! errors 7"s be+ 9 excess & "s 9 defect7 w\ld neutralise ea* o!r4 ,an av]age :i* is practically true :5 deal+ ) ?\s&s1 & p]haps suffici5tly exact ) hundr$s1 w\ld be m]ely mislead+ :5 appli$ to t5s & units4 ,reasonable safety 9 sampl+1 !n1 is dep5d5t l>gely on ! numb] ( p>ticles ( gold 9 ! *>ge tak51 & ! risk ( an abnormal result is less1 ! l>g] ! *>ge tak54 ,by d\bl+ ! *>ge1 h[ev]1 we m]ely d\ble ! numb] ( p>ticles4 ,p[d]+ f9ely is mu* m effective2 =1 s9ce ! weight ( a p>ticle v>ies z ! cube ( ! diamet]1 halv+ ! diamet] ( ! p>ticles increases _! numb] eight-fold4 ,if1 n[1 we modify our illu/ration by assum+ ! p>ticles to h only "o-six? ! diamet] ( a full-/op 7:i* w\ld repres5t a p[d] ( a f95ess n unusual 9 ores prep>$ = assay+71 we %\ld multiply ! numb] ( p>ticles by #bjj 7#f #f #f #baf74 ,we %\ld !n reasonably expect a #ad-lb4 p>cel ( ! p[d] to give z safe a sample z a ton ( ! s& w\ld give2 & portions ( a size fit = crucible "w1 say #ej or #ajj grams1 w\ld be z safe z #aj or #bj-lb4 samples ( ! co>s] /uff4 ,= example1 #fj grams ( su* p[d] w\ld conta91 = a #e-;dwt4 ore1 ab\t #ajj p>ticles2 & 9 ! majority ( cases ! error due to sampl+ w\ld be less ?an #aj or #ab gra9s to ! ton1 & w\ld only occasionally exce$ a p5nyweight4 ,) ri*] ores ! actual deviation /at$ z s mu* to ! ton ( ore might be great]1 b x w\ld repres5t a small] proportion1 /at$ 9 p]c5tage ( ! gold actually pres5t1 & w\ld ultimately fall )9 ! limits ( unavoidable error4 ,x w be se5 t ! size ( ! qu>tz p>ticles has no direct be>+ on ! argum5t2 &1 9 fact1 ! co>s5ess ( ! qu>tz only int]f]es by prev5t+ ! uni=m mix+ ( ! s& & by b9d+ toge!r sev]al p>ticles ( gold2 9 ?is la/ case1 p>ticles s unit$ mu/1 ( c\rse1 c\nt z "o l>g] p>ticle4 ,n[1 !re are "s natural ores 9 :i* ! gold p>ticles are all v small2 ) ^! f9e p[d]+ & mix+ yields a product f :i* a sample may be safely tak54 ,!n1 aga91 9 tail+s1 be=e or aft] treatm5t ) cyanide1 we h a simil> mat]ial1 inasmu* z ! co>s] gold has be5 remov$ by previ\s amalgamation4 ,) ^!1 x is n unusual to take ! portion = assay )\t any fur!r p[d]+1 s9ce !y are poor 9 gold1 & h already be5 /amp$ & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve ( say ?irty holes to ! in* 7l9e>74 ,b !re are o!r ores1 9 lump %[+ no visible gold1 :i* conta9 ! gold 9 all possible degrees ( f95ess1 f say prills ( a milligram or s d[n to a mo/ impalpable p[d]4 ,! treatm5t ( ^! _c be s simple & /raight=w>d4 ,suppose a p>cel ( #ajjj grams 7say #b lbs47 ( su* ore 9 f9e p[d]1 conta9+ on an av]age #a p>ticle ( #a milligram 7! pres5ce or abs5ce ( :i* makes a diff]5ce ( 4#f dwt4 on ! ton71 #aj o!rs ( ab\t 4#e milligram 7ea* repres5t+ 4#c dwt471 & #ajj o!rs1 :i* are too co>se to pass ?r\gh an #hj sieve1 & hav+ an av]age weight ( 4#a milligram 7ea* 4#jf dwt471 & t ! re/ ( ! gold1 equival5t altoge!r to #b ounces to ! ton1 is s f9ely divid$ t a *>ge ( #ej grams may be tak5 )\t any consid]able risk ( its int]f]+ ) ! sampl+4 ,!n 9 a #ej-;gram *>ge !re w\ld be "o *ance 9 tw5ty ( gett+ ! milligram p>ticle1 9 :i* case ! result w\ld be #ab4ce dwts4 too high2 on ! o!r h&1 if x 7 n pres5t ! result w\ld on ?is acc\nt be 4#fe dwt4 too l[4 ,( ! t5 4#e-milligram p>ticles1 x is z likely z n t "o w be pres5t1 & its pres5ce or abs5ce w\ld cause an error ( #c4c dwts41 m or less4 ,( ! #ajj p>ticles ( 4#a milligram1 !re w\ld probably be f #c to #g1 in/ead ( #e1 ! prop] numb]2 ?is w\ld mean a v>iation ( #b4f dwts4 f ! true proportion4 ,s t ! probable result w\ld range ab\t #e dwts4 m or less ?an ! #b-a_/b ozs41 :i* is ! true produce1 & !re are possibilities ( a/\nd+ results4 ,x is true t ! majority ( ! results w\ld be well )9 ^! limits1 & n[ & aga9 ! he>t ( ! /ud5t w\ld be gladd5$ by a beautiful concordance 9 duplicate assays2 nev]!less1 !re c be no reasonable expectation ( a good assay1 & to "w 9 ?is way1 on a #ej-;gram *>ge1 w\ld be to c\rt failure4 ,! co>se gold mu/ ru9 ! assay4 ,! difficulty may be met by conc5trat+ ! :ole ( ! co>se gold 9 a small fraction ( ! ore1 by sift+ & mak+ a sep>ate assay ( ?is fraction4 ,a portion ( ! ore1 ( ab\t #ajjj grams1 is gr\nd to a v f9e p[d] & pass$ ?r\gh an #hj sieve1 re-gr9d+ :5 necess>y1 until only #bj or #cj grams is left ( ! co>s] p[d]4 ,?is is mix$ ) fluxes & c>ri$ ?r\gh z a sep>ate assay4 ,! sift$ portion is ?or\ghly mix$1 & a portion ( x1 say #cj or #ej grams1 tak5 = assay4 ,! weights ( ! two portions mu/ be kn[n1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t no?+ is lo/ 9 ! p[d]+4 ,! me?od ( calculat+ ! mean result f ! two assays is %[n on page #aji4 ,9 ?is way ( work+ !re is no advantage 9 cont9u+ ! gr9d+ until ! co>s] fraction is r$uc$ to a gram or s--r ! contr>y2 & rubb+ on until all ! gold is s5t ?r\gh ! sieve is to be di/9ctly avoid$4 ,! /ud5t mu/ be> 9 m9d t :at he is aim+ at is ! exclusion ( all co>se gold f ! portion ( ore ( :i* he is go+ to take only a fraction4 ,! "q ( ! small] sampl+ ( gold ores has be5 dwelt on at consid]able l5g?1 z befits its importance1 9 ord] t ! /ud5t may be impress$ ) a s5se ( its true mean+4 ,sampl+ is n a my/]y1 nor does ! art lie 9 any subtle mann] ( division4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 absolutely necess>y t ! /uff to be sampl$ %all be well mix$1 & ! fractions tak51 s t ea* "p ( ! little heap %all contribute its %>e to ! sample4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t toss+ ab\t is a poor sort ( mix+1 & t ev]y?+ t5d+ to sep>ate ! l>ge f ! small1 ! light f ! heavy1 or ! s(t f ! h>d 7z happ5s 9 sift+71 mu/ be avoid$1 or1 if unavoidable1 mu/ be rem$i$ by subsequ5t mix+4 ,) a well-tak5 sample1 we may rely on a great majority ( our results fall+ )9 normal limits ( error2 b no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t1 9 a mod]ately l>ge exp]i5ce we %all get1 n[ & aga91 deviations mu* m consid]able4 ,^! erratic assays c only be met by ! me?od ( work+ duplicates1 :i* call att5tion to ! fault by discordant results4 ,su* faulty assays %\ld be repeat$ 9 duplicate1 s t we may re/ ! decision on ?ree out ( f\r det]m9ations4 ,! likelihood ( two v faulty assays be+ concordant is remote2 b ) v important "w1 z 9 sell+ p>cels ( ore1 ev5 ?is risk %\ld be avoid$1 z concordance 9 ^! cases is dem&$ 9 ! reports ( two or m assay]s4 ,! foll[+ actual reports on a disput$ assay w illu/rate ?is3 7a7 #e ozs4 #a dwt42 7b7 #e ozs4 #aj dwts4 #ab gra9s2 7c7 #e ozs4 #aa dwts42 7c7 #e ozs4 #aa dwts4 #ab grs4 ,! mean result ( sev]al assays1 unless !re be "s fault 9 ! me?od1 w be v fairly exact2 & individual assays1 ) an unc]ta9ty ( #a 9 #bj1 may1 by repetition1 h ?is r$uc$ to #a 9 #ajj or less4 ,assay ,tons1 etc4--,hav+ decid$ on tak+ a l>g] or small] portion1 ! exact quantity to be us$ w be ei!r "s r\nd numb] ( grams1 su* z #ej or #ajj1 easily calculable into p]c5tage2 or x w be t kn[n z ! ,assay ,ton 7see page #ac7 or "s simple multiple or fraction ( x1 :i* is easily calculable into ounces4 ,! reports1 too1 are at lea/ z (t5 made z ounces 9 ! %ort ton ( #bjjj lbs41 z on ! m or?odox ton ( #bbdj lbs4 ,n[ ! %ort ton is equal to #bi1aff4f troy ounces2 & ! correspond+ assay ton is got f x by replac+ ounces by milligrams4 ,! advantage ( its use is t if "o assay ton ( ore has be5 tak51 ! numb] ( milligrams ( gold obta9$ is also ! numb] ( ounces ( gold 9 a ton ( ! ore1 & !re is absolutely no calculation4 ,ev5 if half an assay ton has be5 tak5 ! only calculation ne$$ is multiply+ ! milligrams by two4 ,on ! o!r h& ) a *>ge ( two assay tons ! milligrams ne$ halv+4 ,:]e weights ( ?is k9d 7i4e41 assay tons7 are n at h& !y may be easily extemporis$ out ( buttons ( t9 or "s suitable metal1 & x is bett] to d ?is ?an to array out ! grams & its fractions at ea* weigh+4 ,! sets ( assay tons1 h[ev]1 are easily pur*as$4 ,z /at$ on page #ac1 ! assay ton = #bbdj lbs4 is #cb4fffg grams2 & = ! %ort ton1 #bi4affg grams4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! r\nd numb] ( grams be us$ & ! result br\ght by calculation to ! produce on #ajj grams1 ! conv]sion to ounces to ! ton may be quickly effect$ by ! help ( ! table on page #ajg4 ,z ?is table only deals ) ! ton ( #bbdj lbs41 x is supplem5t$ "h by a %ort5$ "o deal+ only ) ! produce ( #ajj grams & /at+ ! result 9 ounces troy to ! %ort ton ( #bjjj lbs4 ,e/imation ( ,small ,quantities ( ,gold4--,by ! ,balance4 ,9 e/imat+ m9ute quantities ( gold !re are "o or two po9ts1 ( importance to an assay] only 9 ?is assay1 :]e !y w (t5 all[ "o to avoid ! work+ ( inconv5i5tly l>ge *>ges4 ,"o ( ^! is kn[n z weigh+ by ! me?od ( vibrations4 ,,table ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,ounces ,,to ,,! ,,%ort ,,ton ,,f ,,! ,,yield ,,( ,,gold ,,f #ajj ,,grams ,,( ,,ore4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,milligram4,ounces to,milligrams4,ounces to,milligrams4,ounces to ! ,ton4 ! ,ton4 ! ,ton4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #j4ja #j4jjc #j4d #j4aag #g4j #b4jdb #j4jb #j4jjf #j4e #j4ade #h4j #b4ccc #j4jc #j4jji #j4f #j4age #i4j #b4fbe #j4jd #j4jab #j4g #j4bjd #aj4j #b4iaf #j4je #j4jad #j4h #j4bcc #bj4j #e4hcc #j4jf #j4jag #j4i #j4bfb #cj4j #h4gej #j4jg #j4jbj #a4j #j4bib #dj4j #aa4fff #j4jh #j4jbc #b4j #j4ehc #ej4j #ad4ehc #j4ji #j4jbf #c4j #j4hge #fj4j #ag4ejj #j4aj #j4jbi #d4j #a4afg #gj4j #bj4daf #j4bj #j4jeh #e4j #a4deh #hj4j #bc4ccc #j4cj #j4jhg #f4j #a4gej #ij4j #bf4bej ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,suppose a balance at re/ 9 p]fect equilibrium1 ) ! po9t] exactly ov] ! middle po9t ( ! scale4 ,let ! scale be a s]ies ( po9ts at equal di/ances along a horizontal l9e2 !n1 if a small weight be plac$ on "o pan1 ! po9t] w deviate f its v]tical position & come to re/ opposite "s def9ite "p ( ! scale1 :i* w dep5d ^u ! magnitude ( ! weight add$4 ,! law det]m9+ ?is position is a v simple "o2 ! deviation z measur$ along ! po9ts ( ! scale v>ies directly z ! weight add$4 ,= example1 ) an ord9>ily s5sitive balance1 su* z is us$ = g5]al purposes1 "o milligram w move ! po9t] along1 say1 ?ree divisions ( ! scale2 !n two milligrams w move x six divisions2 half a milligram1 "o & a half divisions2 & s on4 ,( c\rse1 ) a m s5sitive balance ! deviations w be great]4 ,n[ ! po9t at :i* ! ne$le comes to re/ is also ! middle po9t ab\t :i* x vibrates :5 sw++4 ,= example1 if ! ne$le sw+s f ! ?ird to ! sev5? division on ! "r !n 7#gc7_/b x w come to re/ on ! fif?4 ,9 work+ by ?is me?od ! foll[+ conv5tions are useful3 ,always place ! button to be weigh$ on ! left pan ( ! balance1 ! weights on ! "r2 c\nt ! divisions ( ! scale f ! c5tre to "r & left1 m>k+ ! =m] & ! latt] -2 ?us -#e is ! fif? division to ! left4 ,!n ! position ( re/ is half ! algebraic sum ( two read+s4 ,= example1 let ! read+s be #g to ! "r & #c to ! left1 !n 7#g-c7_/b #b4 ,! mean division is ! second division to ! "r4 ,if ! /ud5t w place himself 9 front ( a balance & repeat ! foll[+ obs]vations & replace ! figures "h giv5 by 8 own1 he w h no difficulty 9 grasp+ ! me?od4 ,fir/ det]m9e ! bias ( ! balance2 suppose ! unload$ balance sw+s #a4be & -#a2 ! bias !n is 7#a4be-a7_/b 4#abe or "o-eigh? ( a division to ! "r4 ,n[ hav+ put on ! button to be weigh$ let ! read+s be #g4e & #i4be1 & 7#g4ei4be7_/b #h4cge4 ,!n ! effect ( ! button has be5 to move ! po9t] f 4#abe to #h4cge1 or #h4be divisions to ! "r2 we %\ld1 !re=e1 add ! weight equival5t ( #h4be divisions to ! weights1 :atev] !y may be on ! "r h& pan ( ! balance2 if ! divisions 7 to ! left 7- divisions7 we %\ld subtract4 ,! value ( #a division is easily det]m9$4 ,suppose ! button 9 ! example 7 a #a milligram weight1 !n we %\ld h f\nd t #a milligram #h4be divisions 4'4 #a division 4#aba milligram4 ,?is me?od ( work+ adds v consid]ably to ! p[] ( a balance 9 di/+ui%+ small quantities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd;a4 ,by ! ,microscope4--,! use ( ! microscope also is a real advantage 9 e/imat+ ! weights ( m9ute buttons ( gold :]e !re is no undue risk 9 sampl+1 & :]e an error ( say #a 9 #bj on ! quantity ( gold is tol]able4 ,= ores ) copp]1 lead1 z9c1 c41 z well z = tail+s r poor 9 gold1 ?is leaves a wide field ( usefulness4 ,! me?od is describ$ on page #ddj1 b ! description ne$s supplem5t+ = ^? :o are n accu/om$ to ! use ( a microscope4 ,! eye-piece ( a microscope 7fig4 #dd;a1 ,a7 unscrews at a1 %[+ a diaphragm at b1 :i* w s]ve z a support = an eye-piece micromet]4 ,?is la/1 ,b1 is a scale engrav$ on glass1 & may be pur*as$ ( any optical in/rum5t mak]1 ?\gh x may be necess>y to s5d ! eye-piece to h x prop]ly fitt$4 ,:5 re/+ on ! diaphragm x is 9 focus = ! upp] l5s1 s t on look+ ?r\gh ! microscope1 ! scale is cle>ly se5 9 :atev] position ! in/rum5t may be z reg>ds ! object be+ look$ at4 ,suppose ?is to be a small button ( gold on a %all[1 flat wat*-glass1 on ! /age ( ! microscope4 ,br+ ! button "u ! objective 7i4e41 ! nose ( ! microscope71 :i* %\ld be ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* above ! wat*-glass2 !n look+ ?r\gh ! in/rum5t1 raise ! tube until ! button ( gold1 or at lea/ "s du/ on ! glass1 comes into focus4 ,if ! button is n 9 ! field1 re/ ! ?umbs & index f+]s1 us+ bo? h&s1 on ! edge ( ! wat*-glass1 press+ lightly b /eadily1 & give ! glass a sl[1 %ort1 sweep+ motion2 ! button w p]haps appe> z an ill-def9$ blackness1 because n q 9 focus4 ,br+ ?is into ! c5tre ( ! field4 ,raise or l[] ! microscope until ! button appe>s ) %>p outl9es4 ,if ! scale does n cov] ! button1 rotate ! eye-piece2 ?is w br+ ! scale into a new position4 ,s9ce ! divisions ov] ! button are less di/9ct ?an ! o!rs1 x is be/ to read ! latt]4 ,?us1 9 fig4 #dd;b1 !re are #cf divisions on "o side ( ! button1 & #ce on ! o!r1 mak+ altoge!r #ga4 ,! :ole scale is #hj1 !re=e ! diamet] ( ! button is #i divisions4 ,! value ( ea* division obvi\sly v>ies ) ! magnify+ p[] employ$4 ,) mo/ microscopes !re is a telescopic arrangem5t :]eby ! tube may be l5g!n$2 if ?is be done & ! button aga9 br\ght 9 focus1 x w be se5 t1 z measur$ on ! scale1 ! button is mu* l>g] ?an be=e4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 ! micromet] mu/ always be us$ 9 ! same way4 ,! me?od giv5 9 ! app5dix 7page #ddj71 = f9d+ ! value ( ! scale :5 gold buttons are to be measur$ is easy & satisfactory4 ,:5 ! button ( gold is s small t !re is consid]able risk ( los+ x 9 transf]r+ to a wat*-glass1 x may be measur$ on ! cupel1 b = ?is purpose x mu/ be well illum9at$2 ?is is be/ done by conc5trat+ light on x ) a l5s1 or ) :at comes to ! same ?+1 a clean flask fill$ ) wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd;b4 ,mo/ assay]s1 h[ev]1 us+ a micromet] 9 ?is way1 w\ld l to "k its absolute value4 ,to d ?is1 a /age micromet] mu/ be pur*as$4 ,?is is l an ord9>y microscope slide 7fig4 #dd;a1 ,c71 & :5 look$ at ?r\gh a microscope x %[s 7fig4 #dd;c7 l9es rul$ on ! glass at di/ances ( t5?s & hundr$?s ( a millimetre1 t5 ( ea*1 s t ! full scale is #a4a mm4 ,9 ! case illu/rat$1 #fj divisions ( ! scale 9 ! eye-piece are j equal to ! #a4a mm41 !re=e #a division equals 4#jahc mm4 ,a cube ( ?is diamet] w\ld conta9 74#jahc4jahc4jahc7 4#jjjjjfabhe cubic mm4 ,! correspond+ sph]e is got by multiply+ by 4#ebcf2 ?is gives 4#jjjjjcbji cb4 mm4 ,! weight ( #a cb4 mm4 ( wat] is #a milligram2 &1 s9ce gold is #ai4b times z heavy z wat] 7sp4 g4 #ai4b71 ! cont5ts 9 cb4 mm4 mu/ be multipli$ by #ai4b4 ,?is gives 4#jjjjfaf milligram z ! weight ( a sph]e ( gold measur+ #a division4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd;c4 ,if e result _h to be calculat$ 9 ?is way ! me?od w\ld be v labori\s2 b1 hav+ ! figures = ! fir/ division1 ^? ( ! o!rs may be calculat$ by multiply+ by ! cube ( ! correspond+ numb]4 ,?us1 = ! ?ird division 7#ccc #bg71 ! cont5t ( ! cube 74#jjjjjfabhebg7 is 4#jjjafee cb4 mm42 ! cont5t ( ! sph]e 74#jjjjjcbjibg7 is 4#jjjjhff cb4 mm42 & ! correspond+ sph]e ( gold 74#jjjjfafbg7 is 4#jjaff milligram4 ,) ! help ( a table ( cubes ! :ole calculation = #be or #cj divisions may be made 9 half an h\r1 & ! results pres]v$ 9 ! =m ( a table w simplify all future "w4 ,assay ,op]ations4--,! actual "w ( ! assay resolves itself into ?ree op]ations3--7#a7 ,! fusion ( ! ore & conc5tration ( ! f9e metal 7i4e41 gold & silv]7 9 a button ( lead2 7#b7 ,! cupellation ( ! lead1 :]eby a button ( f9e metal is obta9$2 & 7#c7 ! p>t+ ( ! gold :i* sep>ates x f ! accompany+ silv]4 ,! foll[+ description takes ! ord] z "h giv51 b ! /ud5t1 9 le>n+ ! me?od1 %\ld fir/ practise cupellation if he has n already done s2 next he %\ld practise ! sep>ation ( gold f silv]1 tak+ kn[n weights ( f9e gold 7p4 #fc71 v>y+ f 4#e or 4#c gram d[n to q m9ute quantities1 & n re/+ satisfi$ until a s5sitive balance c b>ely di/+ui% betwe5 ! weights ( gold tak5 & f\nd4 ,x may be not$ "h t if he has n a flatt+ mill at 8 disposal1 !n = l>ge buttons x is bett] to make an alloy ) eight or n9e p>ts ( silv] to "o ( gold1 & attack x ) acid )\t previ\s flatt5+1 r ?an accept ! risk & lab\r ( beat+ out a less easily attack$ alloy to ! necess>y ?9ness ) a hamm]4 ,x is only aft] a s5se ( security 9 gold p>t+ has be5 acquir$1 t ! attack ( an ore c be pr(itably accompli%$1 & ev5 !n simple & easy ores %\ld be fir/ tak51 pass+ on to o!rs m difficult1 ei!r because ( a m complex m9]al composition or a difficulty 9 sampl+4 ,conc5tration ( ! f9e ,metal 9 ,lead4--,! be/ flux = qu>tz1 :i* makes up ! e>?y matt] ( mo/ gold ores1 is soda1 & ?is is be/ add$ z c>bonate or bic>bonate4 ,by !ory1#bj #ej grams ( qu>tz w require #hh4e grams ( ! c>bonate1 or #adj grams ( ! bic>bonate1 to =m sodium silicate1 :i* is a glassy1 easily-fusible sub/ance1 mak+ a good slag4 ,if ! bic>bonate is us$1 & heat is appli$ gradually1 /eam & c>bonic acid are giv5 (f at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 & ! c>bonate is left2 at a high] temp]ature 7ab\t #hjj ,c41 or a *]ry-r$ heat7 ! c>bonate fuses attack+ ! qu>tz1 & giv+ (f m c>bonic acid2 z ! heat increases1 & ! attack on ! qu>tz 7:i* ( itself is infusible7 becomes complete1 ! :ole mass settles d[n to a liquid sodium silicate1 :i* is suffici5tly fluid to all[ ! gold & lead to settle to ! bottom4 ,! fluid slag does to a c]ta9 ext5t dissolve "s ( ! crucible1 b n s]i\sly4 ,9 a p]fect work+ ( ?is exp]im5t1 ! fir/ evolution ( gases 7/eam & c>bonic acid7 %\ld be g5tle1 s z to run no risk ( its bl[+ ! f9e p[d] out ( ! crucible2 & ! heat at :i* ! second evolution ( c>bonic acid is produc$ %\ld be ma9ta9$ until ! reaction is complet$1 s t !re may be little or no =mation ( gas 9 ! fus$ mass to cause an eff]vesc5ce :i* may =ce "s ( ! *>ge ov] ! edges ( ! crucible4 ,( c\rse1 9 practice ! ideal fusion is n atta9$1 b !re is no difficulty 9 approa*+ x closely en\gh to prev5t ! *>ge at any "t ris+ above ! level x rea*$ at fir/ 9 ! crucible1 & ?is %\ld be accompli%$4 ,x is usual ) qu>tzose ores to rely ma9ly on ! action ( c>bonate ( soda1 b n entirely4 ,li?>ge is also us$2 x =ms1 on fusion ) qu>tz1 a silicate ( lead1 :i* is a yell[ glass1 easily fusible1 & m fluid 9 ! furnace ?an silicate ( soda is4 ,by !ory1 #ej grams ( qu>tz w\ld require #ahf grams ( li?>ge4#ba ,! reaction takes place )\t evolution ( gas1 & 9 its work+ ! only po9t is to s regulate ! heat t ! li?>ge %all n fuse & dra9 "u ! unattack$ qu>tz1 leav+ x z a pa/y mass on ! surface4 ,n[1 if 9 mak+ up a *>ge = #ej grams ( ore1 we took #ajj grams ( bic>bonate ( soda 7equival5t to ab\t #fc grams ( ! c>bonate71 ?is be+ five-sev5?s ( #adj grams 7:i* by itself w\ld be suffici5t71 leaves two-sev5?s ( ! qu>tz to be flux$ by o!r reag5ts3 two-sev5?s ( #ahf grams 7say #eb grams7 ( li?>ge w\ld s]ve = ?is purpose4 ,b if we us$ #aj grams ( borax1 :i* has a flux+ action ab\t equal to t ( ! li?>ge1 !n #dj grams ( ! latt]1 or 7mak+ an all[ance = ! qu>tz be+ n q pure7 say #ce grams1 w suffice4 ,! fluxes1 !n1 = ! #ej grams ( ore w\ld be3 bic>bonate ( soda #ajj grams1 li?>ge #ce grams1 & borax #aj grams2 we c\ld decrease any ( ^!1 & proportionately increase ei!r or bo? ( ! o!rs1 & /ill rely on gett+ a fusible slag1 :i* is ! :ole ( ! function ( a flux1 consid]$ simply z a flux4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! slag is a bi-silicate or acid slag1 & t its acid "* is increas$ by increas+ ! proportion ( borax4 ,b 9 addition to ! fluxes !re is requir$ ab\t #cj or #dj grams ( lead to collect ! silv] & gold4 ,?is is be/ add$ z li?>ge 7say #dj grams7 & fl\r 7#d grams71 or *>coal p[d] 7#b grams74 ,see pages #ic & #id4 ,! full *>ge1 !n1 w\ld be3 ,ore #ej grams4 ,bic>bonate ( soda #ajj ,li?>ge #ge ,borax #aj ,fl\r #d ,^! %\ld be mix$1 plac$ 9 a suitable crucible 7a ,g ,batt]sea1 r\nd1 w d71 & heat$1 at fir/ at a r$ heat1 b f9ally mu* hott]1 s z to get a fluid & clean slag4 ,:5 ! *>ge has be5 9 tranquil fusion = "s little "t1 take x out & p\r x into an iron m\ld4 ,:5 cold1 deta* ! button ( lead4 ,! slag %\ld be glassy1 all ?r\gh alike1 & easily sep>able f ! metal4 ,) ord9>y ores1 ?is slag may be consid]$ z free f gold4 ,9 an exp]im5t 9 :i* #ij milligrams ( gold 7 add$1 ! full am\nt 0 obta9$ f ! lead produc$ by ! fir/ fusion4 ,b 9 c]ta9 cases1 m especially :]e l>ge am\nts ( metallic oxides are pres5t1 ! slag is n s clean1 & ) ^! ! slag %\ld be p[d]$1 mix$ ) #dj grams ( li?>ge & #d ( fl\r1 & melt$ aga92 x is an advantage to add a small prill ( say #b or #c milligrams ( silv] to ! *>ge1 z x insures a visible product 9 ! cupellation4 ,inde$1 ?is la/ precaution is a good "o to be tak5 :]ev] !re is reason to expect v small buttons4 ,x has ! fur!r advantage1 t1 if ! quantity ( silv] necess>y = inqu>tation is kn[n1 ! "r quantity may be add$ "h1 s z to save a subsequ5t op]ation4 ,ores conta9+ ,oxides ( ,iron4--,( ! metallic oxides likely to be pres5t 9 a slag1 oxide ( iron is ! mo/ important4 ,gold is occasionally f\nd 9 a matrix ( ?is sub/ance1 & 9 ! assay ( conc5trates l>gely made up ( pyrites1 ?is oxide w be =m$ 9 ! prelim9>y calc9ation4 ,n[1 ! l[] oxide ( iron 7f]r\s oxide1 ,fe,o7 is easy to deal )2 fus$ borax w dissolve ab\t its own weight ( x1 & a silicate ( soda 7su* z makes up ! bulk ( a slag 9 a gold assay7 w take up at lea/ half z mu*4 ,b ! high] oxide 7f]ric oxide1 ,fe#b,o#c7 is m refractory2 ev5 #f p>ts ( borax yields a poor product1 & slags ) any consid]able p]c5tage ( x are n satisfactory4 ,a /ud5t attempt+ to recov] gold f "s hmatite 79 :i* !re 0 ab\t half an ounce ( ! metal71 f\nd 9 ! slag ne>ly a gram ( gold1 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ fusion ! slag appe>$ p]fectly fluid4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no difficulty 9 gett+ good slags1 ev5 ) l>ge quantities ( iron4 ,= example1 ) #ej grams ( f]ric oxide1 #aj ( qu>tz1 #cj ( borax1 #cj ( soda1#bb #ej ( li?>ge1 & #g ( fl\r1 ! result 0 q satisfactory4 ,s1 too1 0 #be ( qu>tz1 #ej ( soda1 #ej ( li?>ge1 & #g ( fl\r4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 9 su* cases to h an ample proportion ( flux & to aim at a l>g] button ( lead ?an usual by increas+ ! proportion ( fl\r or *>coal 7see also page #ia74 ,a *>ge us$ on ! ,r&t = roa/$ conc5trates 7:i* we may r\ghly speak ( z qu>tz & f]ric oxide71 is "o assay ton 7ab\t #cj grams7 ea* ( ore1 soda1 & borax1 & "o & a half assay ton ( li?>ge & #b grams ( *>coal4 ,:il/1 = ! same mat]ial1 f :i* mo/ ( ! gold has be5 extract$ by *loridis+1 #b4e tons ea* ( ore1 borax1 & soda1 #d ( li?>ge1 & #d grams ( *>coal are ne$$4 ,?is quantity requires a l>ge crucible 7,i ,batt]sea1 r\nd74 ,9 ?is ! proportion ( silicate ( soda & borax c\nt$ toge!r is to ! oxide ( iron z #d to #a1 on ! supposition t ! qu>tz & oxide ( iron ( ! ore are 9 ab\t equal quantities2 b1 9 ! l>g] *>ge especially1 mu* oxide ( lead w\ld also rema9 z a flux4 ,ores conta9+ ,sulphides4--,9 assay+ ores conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( pyrites or mispickel1 or bo?1 ! be/ plan is to take a portion & calc9e s z to conv]t x into a product ( ! k9d j consid]$4 ,! weigh$ portion ( ore %\ld be plac$ 9 a clean crucible & be heat$ to incipi5t r$ness3 ) pyrites ! fir/ effect is to drive (f ab\t half ! sulphur z vap\r :i* burns z flame ov] ! ore4 ,at ?is /age c>e %\ld be tak5 t !re is no great increase ( temp]ature1 o!rwise !re may be m or less fusion1 :i* w\ld spoil ! op]ation4 ,:5 ! sulphur flame ceases ! solid sulphide ( iron burns ) visible inc&esc5ce & ! *>ge %\ld n[ be /irr$ ) a flatt5$ iron rod s z to expose fre% portions to ! air4 ,! top ( ! furnace mu/ be op51 s t air may h free access to ! crucible4 ,:5 /irr+ is no long] foll[$ by visible burn+ ! heat may be rais$ to full r$ness4 ,! crucible is !n lift$ out 7! /irr] /ill re/+ 9 x7 & if ! *>ge gives (f no od\r ( burn+ sulphur x is %ak5 out into an iron mort> & mix$ ) ! fluxes1 tak+ c>e to clean ! /irr] 9 ! mixture4 ,! *>ge is !n replac$ 9 ! crucible 9 :i* ! roa/+ 0 done & fus$ 9 ! furnace4 ,! result+ button ( lead is cupell$ = f9e metal4 ,ores ri* 9 sulphides requir+ ?is treatm5t are frequ5tly conc5trates4 ,= _! assay take #a assay ton 7#cj grams71 calc9e & mix ) an equal weight ( soda & ( borax 7#cj grams ea*71 & half z mu* aga9 ( li?>ge 7#a4e tons or #de grams71 & ) #b grams ( *>coal or #e grams ( fl\r4 ,:]e ! sulphides are pres5t 9 small] proportion 7#aj p] c5t4 or less71 !y may be tak5 z s]v+ ! purpose ( fl\r or *>coal 7see page #ie72 ! sulphur & iron are oxidis$ at ! exp5se ( ! li?>ge ) a consequ5t sep>ation ( lead z metal4 ,if ! proportion ( sulphides is n suffici5t to give a l>ge en\gh button ( lead1 "s *>coal or fl\r %\ld be add$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y are 9 small excess & give a button ( lead some:at sulphury1 i4e41 h>d & brittle1 x may be rem$i$ by ! judici\s addition ( nitre2 ?is la/ reag5t1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be us$ 9 l>ge quantity4 ,a plan mu* us$ to prev5t sulphury buttons is to ins]t an iron rod or a nail 9 ! *>ge 9 ! crucible2 ! iron takes ! sulphur =m+ sulphide ( iron :i* 9 mod]ate quantity does n =m a sep>ate lay] ( matte b dissolves 9 ! slag4 ,a slag =m$ ( #ej grams ( qu>tz1 #ajj soda1 & "s borax1 may take up 9 ?is way "s #aj or #ab grams ( sulphide ( iron4 ,if1 h[ev]1 an ore gives a lay] ( matte or speise1 x is be/ to repeat ! assay by ! me?od ( calc9+ be=e fusion4 ,cyanide ,*>ges1 etc4--,9 assay+ ! tail+s :i* are to be treat$ 9 a cyanid+ plant ! foll[+ *>ge is us$3 ,tail+s #c assay tons or #ajj grams4 ,li?>ge #d4e #aej ,soda #d4e #aej ,borax 4#ge #be ,! s& is assay$ )\t any fur!r cru%+ & ! assay is made 9 duplicate4 ,! residues aft] treatm5t ) cyanide1 diff]+ f ! tail+s m]ely 9 be+ poor] 9 gold because ( ! extraction by ! solution ( cyanide1 are run d[n ) ! same fluxes 9 ! same relative proportions4 ,b f\r *>ges ( #b4e assay tons 7say #ge grams7 are work$1 & two ( ! result+ buttons are scorifi$ toge!r & !n cupell$1 etc41 s z to give duplicate assays on *>ges ( #e assay tons4 ,?is is "o ( ! cases 9 :i* x is desirable to add a small portion ( silv] be=e cupell+4 ,9 assay+ ! cyanide liquors = gold1 #b assay tons ( ! liquor are measur$ out 7#eh4c c4c4 = ! ton ( #bjjj lbs41 #fe4c c4c4 = ! o!r7 & are evaporat$ to dryness 9 a lead di% weigh+ ab\t #ce grams4 ,su* a di% is easily extemporis$ out ( a piece ( lead foil1 if ! ord9>y vessel is n at h&2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! lead is free f gold4 ,! di% ) ! dri$ residue is !n scorifi$ & ! result+ button ( lead is cupell$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd;c4 ,9 "s cases ! fusion ( ! ore may be replac$ by a treatm5t ) solution ( cyanide ( potassium & ! gold recov]$ f ! solution 9 ! way j describ$4 ,= ?is purpose ! ore %\ld be 9 n too f9e p[d]1 o!rwise !re w be great difficulty 9 filt]+2 a s& :i* w pass a #cj sieve & hav+ no l>ge proportion ( v f9e /uff w d4 ,n less ?an #bjj grams %\ld be tak52 & z an extraction app>atus a bell j> capable ( hold+ half z mu* aga9 may be us$4 ,su* a j> may be extemporis$ by cutt+ (f ! bottom ( a bottle by lead+ a crack ar\nd x ) a r$ hot pok]2 or a lamp *imney w s]ve ! purpose4 ,! small] m\? ( ! j> is clos$ by a p]=at$ cork provid$ ) a clipp$ tube aft] ! mann] ( a burette 7see fig4 #dd;c74 ,9 ! j>1 j ov] ! cork1 put a plug ( loose asbe/os or glass wool1 or a piece ( sponge to act z a filt]2 a lay] ( brok5 glass1 co>se at ! bottom & f9e at ! top1 w s]ve ! same purpose4 ,on ?is1 place ! *>ge ( ore to be extract$4 ,prep>e a solution ( cyanide ( potassium 9 wat]1 ) #e or #aj grams ( ! salt to ! litre4 ,x may be t ! :ole po9t ( ! assay dep5ds on ! solution be+ ( a def9ite /r5g?2 z1 = example1 :]e ! relative effici5cy ( solutions ( diff]5t /r5g?s is be+ det]m9$1 :5 x w be be/ to e/imate ! quantity ( cyanide ( potassium 9 ! dilute solution by ! me?od giv5 at ! end ( ?is article 7page #afj74 ,p\r ! cyanide solution on to ! ore1 lett+ ! fir/ portions to come ?r\gh run into ! beak]1 b z soon z ! ore is ?or\ghly wett$ close ! clip & all[ to /& = sev]al h\rs4 ,!n1 op5+ ! clip1 run ?r\gh m cyanide solution & !n wat]1 s z to wa% ! gold-c>ry+ liquor ?or\ghly into ! beak]4 ,x is no matt] if ! liquor is a little bit turbid2 transf] x to a lead di%1 evaporate1 scorify1 & cupel 9 ! usual fa%ion4 ,! assay ( gold-z9c slimes1 :i* is ! precipitate =m$ by z9c act+ on cyanide solutions ( gold1 may be made by wrapp+ #b or #c grams 9 #dj grams ( %eet lead & scorify+1 cupell+1 c4 ,! am\nt ( impurity 9 ! /uff v>ies greatly2 x is usually calc9$ & mix$ ?or\ghly ) soda #dj p] c5t41 borax #cj p] c5t41 & s& #aj p] c5t41 & melt$ 9 graphite pots4 ,! buttons ( bullion obta9$ are aft]w>ds remelt$ ) borax & run into b>s1 ! f95ess ( :i* v>ies f #fjj to #hcj ?\s&?s4 ,! b>s are sampl$ by *ipp+ (f diagonally opposite corn]s3 or bett]1 by drill+1 ! drill+s be+ fre$ f pieces ( /eel ) ! help ( a magnet4 ,cupellation4#bc--,! cupellation ( lead = gold diff]s v little f t ( lead c>ry+ silv]4 ,:5 ! gold is accompani$ by a l>g] proportion ( silv]1 & bo? h to be det]m9$1 ! cupellation mu/ be conduct$ exactly z 9 a silv] assay1 ! usual precautions be+ tak5 to mod]ate ! temp]ature s z to less5 ! cupellation loss & to promote a sl[ & undi/urb$ solidification 9 ord] to avoid spirt+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! gold pr$om9ates ! f9i% %\ld be effect$ at a high] heat1 z ! melt+-po9t ( gold is #ajj high] ?an t ( silv]4 ,! bad effect ( a high] temp]ature 9 increas+ ! cupellation loss ne$ h>dly be consid]$ 9 ! case ( su* small buttons ( gold z are obta9$ 9 assay+ gold ores1 z any loss !re may be is h>dly appreciable by ! balance4 ,) l>g] quantities ( gold1 h[ev] 7z 9 assay+ gold bullion71 ?is loss becomes important2 & x is !re=e necess>y to v c>efully regulate ! temp]ature ( ! muffle s z to m9imise ! loss4 ,! cupels are made ( well-burnt bone-a%1 ( ! f95ess ( co>se :eat fl\r1 moi/5$ ) "o-twelf? its weight ( wat] & compress$ into %ape 9 suitable m\lds4 ,! m\lds sold = ?is purpose are (t5 ( unsuitable %ape4 ,s9ce lead has a specific gravity ( ov] #aa1 a cup to hold f #ae to #be grams ( molt5 lead ne$ n h a capacity ( m ?an ab\t #b c4c4 ,a holl[ ab\t #a in* across & #a_/d in* deep is suffici5t2 & ! body ( ! cupel to absorb ?is weight ( lead %\ld itself weigh f #bj to #be grams4 ,! button ( lead 9 a gold assay may be twice z heavy z ?is4 ,= ^! l>g] buttons a holl[ #a-a_/c in* across & #a_/c in* deep w be suffici5t4 ,if ^! l>g] cupels are n at h& ! l>g] buttons w h to be r$uc$ 9 size by a scorification be=e cupell+4 ,9 "s cases ?is prelim9>y scorification is advantage\s or ev5 necess>y3 ?is may be because ! lead is h>d & impure1 or x may be t a v small button ( gold is expect$4 ,9 ! latt] case x is be/ to scorify ! lead d[n to some?+ less ?an #a gram1 & to p]=m ! cupellation on a specially prep>$ small f9e cupel4 ,^! small cupels are be/ made by gr9d+ ! unsaturat$ portion ( a us$ cupel to a f9e p[d]1 & compress+ ! dry p[d] into a small ,b]l9 crucible or scorifi]2 ! face %\ld be made q smoo? by pressure f a pe/le4 ,on su* cupels a small speck ( gold 7less ?an 4#ja milligram7 w be left 9 a good %ape & easily visible2 b ! cupel mu/ be )drawn f ! muffle z soon z ! cupellation is f9i%$ to make sure ( always gett+ ! button 9 good condition4 ,9 places1 su* z ,m9ts1 :]e l>ge numb]s ( bullion assays are regul>ly made a special =m ( cupel is us$ s t n less ?an six doz5 assays may all be cupell$ at ! same "t 9 a muffle ( ord9>y size4 ,^! cupels are squ>e blocks1 a little less ?an #b in*es across1 & a little m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* deep4 ,ea* block c>ries f\r holl[s ( ab\t 4#g in* across & 4#c in* deep4 ,a muffle1 on a floor space ( #f in*es by #ab1 w\ld take #c ( ^! blocks abrea/ & #f deep1 & ?us provide ! means = #gb assays4#bd ,cupels made ) wet bone-a% %\ld be sl[ly dri$2 & if 9 ! muffle !y c be sl[ly br\ght to an orange-r$ heat x is all ! bett]4 ,"u no circum/ances mu/ ! lead be plac$ on ! cupel be=e ! latt] has be5 s ?or\ghly heat$ t x c no long] give (f /eam or gas ( any k9d4 ,= ?is gas bubbl+ ?r\gh ! molt5 metal spatt]s x1 ?us spoil+ "o assay & ?r[+ d\bt on all ! re/4 ,aga91 ! risk ( freez+ at ! />t is mu* great] ) a cupel :i* has n be5 prop]ly heat$4 ,! be/ plan is to d all ! cupellations 9 bat*es4 ,aft] ! muffle has cool$ d[n = ! )drawal ( ! la/ bat*1 & ! old cupels h be5 tak5 out1 ! new cupels = ! next bat* %\ld be put 9 _! place4 ,! furnace %\ld !n be /ok$ & made ready = ! next cupellations2 by ! "t ! furnace is ready ! cupels w be ready also4 ,!re %\ld be no unnecess>y h&l+ ( ! cupels once !y h be5 plac$ 9 ! muffle4 ,! cupellation temp]ature = gold is an orange-r$ heat or p]haps a little hott]4 ,beg9n]s1 :o are apt to ov]heat _! furnace1 %\ld avoid a heat :i* c prop]ly be call$ yell[4 ,dr4 ,t4,k4 ,rose#be has det]m9$ ! temp]ature ( a muffle dur+ ! cupellation ( gold-silv] alloys at ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,9 "o muffle ! temp]ature rang$ f #ajfe to #ajie ,c42 ! l[] temp]ature 0 ( c\rse 9 ! front ( ! muffle4 ,9 ano!r x rang$ f #ajbb to #ajfb1 & "h ! muffle appe>$ to ! eye decid$ly cool] ?an usual4 ,! alloy left aft] cupell+ 0 made up ( #a "p ( gold to #b-a_/b p>ts ( silv]1 & 0 fus$ at #ieb2 h5ce ! usual temp]ature ( cupellation 01 say1 #abj or #acj above ! melt+-po9t ( ! residual metal4 ,to obta9 "s real k z to ! mean+ ( ^! figures1 ! /ud5t %\ld prep>e po9t$ pieces ( ! foll[+ metals3 silv]1 :i* melts at #ide2 gold1 :i* melts at #ajce2 & an alloy1 half silv]1 half gold1 :i* melts at #iij4 ,^! %\ld be plac$ on clean cupels 9 a muffle almo/ entirely clos$2 ! temp]ature %\ld be v sl[ly rais$1 & ! appe>ance ( ! muffle :5 ea* metal beg9s to melt %\ld be c>efully not$4 ,! cupell+ temp]ature 9 ,dr4 ,rose's exp]im5t 0 z mu* above ! melt+-po9t ( gold z ?is is above t ( ! silv]-gold alloy4 ,! f9i% ( ! cupellation ( gold or gold-silv] alloys is practically ! same z ) pure silv]2 !re is ! same ?9n+ out ( ! li?>ge into a lum9\s film :i* becomes iridesc5t be=e ! bright5+4 ,b ! dang] ( spirt+ decreases z ! proportion ( gold becomes great]1 & disappe>s :5 ! gold is mu* ov] #cj p] c5t4 ,nev]!less x is well to let su* buttons become solid undi/urb$ & protect$ f draughts 9 ! body ( ! muffle4 ,?is means clos+ ! muffle & all[+ ! furnace to cool d[n some:at be=e )draw+ ! cupels4 ,buttons solidifi$ 9 ?is way are m malleable ?an :5 !y are )drawn promptly on ! f9i% ( ! cupellation4 ,?is is important ) l>ge buttons1 z 9 a bullion assay4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v small buttons1 especially su* z h to be measur$ r ?an weigh$1 %\ld be )drawn z soon z ! lum9\s film has disappe>$4 ,= :5 ?is is done ! button c be loos5$ f ! cupel by m]ely t\*+ x ) ! po9t ( a p91 & is !n safely & easily transf]r$ to a wat* glass by t\*+ x ) ! head ( a p9 :i* has be5 moi/5$4 ,x adh]es to ?is1 & if ! p9 is n too wet comes (f at once on t\*+ ! glass1 or 9 any case w d s on g5tle w>m+4 ,molt5 gold1 ) little or no silv]1 has a peculi> col\r :i* is easy to recognise2 x is m globul> ?an a button ( silv] ( ! same size w\ld be1 & x %[s less adhesion to ! cupel4 ,j aft] becom+ solid x gl[s beautifully1 & ?is is s m>k$ t x is a valuable help 9 f9d+ ! position ( a button :5 x is m ?an ord9>ily m9ute4 ,if ! button left f cupellation is yell[ x is at lea/ half gold1 & a r\gh guess z to ! proportion ( gold may be made f its yell[ness2 ! re/ ( ! metal is g5]ally silv]4 ,! pres5ce ( plat9um or "o ( ! plat9um gr\p ( metals makes ! surface ( ! button dull & cry/all9e4 ,! native alloy ( osmium & iridium does n alloy ) gold1 h[ev]1 b falls to ! bottom ( ! molt5 metal4 ,x %[s itself 9 ! subsequ5t p>t+ z a black spot or /reak on ! "u surface4 ,! buttons are remov$ f ! cupel ) a pair ( pli]s & !n bru%$ to remove adh]5t li?>ge & bone-a%4 ,"s assay]s advise clean+ by dipp+ 9 w>m dilute hydro*loric acid foll[$ by wa%+ 9 wat] & dry+4 ,! button is next weigh$4 ,:5 ! quantity ( silv] obta9$ is n requir$ to be kn[n ! weigh+ may sometimes be omitt$4 ,! next op]ation 9 ei!r case is p>t+ ei!r ) or )\t a previ\s inqu>tation4 ,! loss ( gold 9 cupellation is by no means always inconsid]able4 ,9 ?ree cupellations ( #a gram ( gold ) #bj grams ( lead made purposely at a v high temp]ature ! cupel absorb$ #f4jd1 #f4bj1 & #f4de milligrams ( gold4 ,h5ce at a high temp]ature !re may easily be a loss ( m ?an half a p] c5t4 ( ! gold4 ,9 t5 cupellations ) ! same quantities ( gold & lead1 b at an ord9>y temp]ature1 ! gold recov]$ f ! cupels v>i$ f #a4cg to #a4ib milligrams1 & gave an av]age ( #a4ei milligrams4 ,9 r\nd numb]s ! cupellation loss ( pure gold is 4#ae p] c5t4 ,b if ! gold be alloy$ ) silv] ! loss is dim9i%$1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,gold1 4#c gram1 0 cupell$ ) #aj grams ( lead & v>y+ am\nts ( silv]1 & ! cupels 7 assay$ = gold ) ! foll[+ results3 ,silv] 9 ! alloy 4#c gram 4#f gram 4#i gram ,gold 9 ! cupel 4#dg milligram 4#cb milligram 4#ag milligram ,^!1 calculat$ on ! 4#c gram ( gold1 give ! loss z 4#aeg1 4#ajg & 4#jeg p] c5t4 respectively4 ,! effect ( copp]1 on ! o!r h&1 is to increase ! cupellation loss1 :i*1 silv] be+ abs5t1 may f ?is cause rise to 4#c p] c5t41 ev5 :5 ! temp]ature is n excessive4 ,9 ! ord9>y assay ( gold-copp] alloys a con/ant weight ( ! alloy is always tak52 h5ce z ! weight ( copp] 9 a cupel *>ge increases1 ! weight ( gold decreases4 ,! silv]1 on ! o!r h&1 is always v ne>ly two & a half times z mu* z ! gold1 :atev] its quantity may be4 ,b ! cupellation loss is small] ) less gold & great] ) m copp]1 & x s happ5s 9 ^! assays t ^! two opposites ne>ly neutralise "o ano!r4 ,mr4 ,w4,f4 ,l[e#bf f\nd ! gold recov]able f ! cupels on :i* #bj gra9s ( gold bullion _h be5 treat$ v>i$ only betwe5 4#jad & 4#jae gra9 7i4e4 f 4#jg to 4#jge p] c5t4 ( ! bullion treat$71 al?\gh ! quality ( ! bullion v>i$ f #i to #bb c>at4#bg ,b 9 ! poore/ bullion !re 0 only #g4e gra9s ( pure gold1 :ile 9 ! ri*e/ !re 7 #ah4c gra9s2 yet ea* lo/ on ! cupel ! same weight ( gold1 viz41 4#jad gra94 ,:5 reckon$ 9 p]c5tages ( ! actual gold pres5t ! losses are 4#ahg p] c5t4 & 4#jgf p] c5t4 respectively4 ,! heavi] p]c5tage loss is ma9ly due to ! increas$ quantity ( copp]4 ,z ) silv] s ) gold ! pr$om9ant cause ( ! cupellation loss is ! solution ( ! metal 9 ! molt5 li?>ge :i* passes into ! cupel4 ,?ree lots ( #a gram ( gold cupell$ ea* ) #bj grams ( lead repeat$ly1 s z to make #ac cupellations 9 all1 lo/ 9 actual weight #ce4gb milligrams4 ,! gold recov]$ f ! cupels am\nt$ altoge!r to #cd4ef milligrams4 ,?is %[s t1 comp>$ ) ! absorption by ! cupel1 ! o!r causes ( loss are inconsid]able4 ,! loss ( gold by volatilisation is1 h[ev]1 a real "o4 ,! du/ f ! flues ( assay furnaces has be5 te/$ on sev]al occasions & f\nd to conta9 gold1 ?\gh 9 small quantity4 ,?us ,mr4 ,l[e f\nd 4#jgc p] c5t4 ( silv] & 4#jjjcc p] c5t4 ( gold 9 su* a mat]ial4 ,! lead volatilis$ f a gold bullion assay w\ld ne$ to be t5 times z ri* z ?is to acc\nt = a loss ( gold equal to ! hundr$? "p ( a milligram4 ,dr4 ,rose1 9 ! pap] already quot$1 believes t on a 4#e gram *>ge ( /&>d bullion ! loss f volatilisation is n less ?an 4#jbe nor m ?an 4#je milligram ( gold4 ,by way ( conclusion x may be said t ! cupellation loss ( gold is ab\t 4#jg p] c5t41 & t x is l>gely met or ev5 ov] correct$ by a comp5sat+ error due to silv] reta9$ 9 ! gold aft] p>t+4 ,inqu>tation4--,! me?od ( sep>at+ ! gold f ! silv] 9 gold-silv] alloys by boil+ ) nitric acid does n act equally well 9 all cases4 ,an alloy half silv] half gold1 roll$ to ?9 %eet & boil$ = half an h\r ) nitric acid1 may /ill reta9 m ?an two-?irds ( its silv]4 ,an alloy ( #a "p gold & #a4g p>ts ( silv] gives up practically ! :ole ( its silv] "u simil> treatm5t4 ,! gold is left 9 a coh]5t1 ?\gh easily brok51 %eet reta9+ ! %ape ( ! orig9al alloy4 ,! gold ?us left is q spongy & por\s1 s t ! acid c p5etrate into its inn]mo/ portions4 ,b if ! silv] is 9 l>ge excess 9 ! alloy1 ! removal ( ! silv] is less complete1 & ! residual gold1 in/ead ( hold+ toge!r 9 a =m easy to manipulate1 falls to a p[d] :i* requires c>e & "t 9 its treatm5t4 ,! old] assay]s1 !re=e1 add$ silv] to _! gold 9 su* proportion t ! alloy = p>t+ %\ld be "o qu>t] gold to ?ree qu>t]s silv]4 ,?is op]ation !y call$ inqu>tation4 ,! mod]n practice is to aim at gett+ an alloy ) #b-a_/b p>ts ( silv] & #a "p ( gold4 ,9 gold bullion assays ?is proportion %\ld be obta9$ ) fair exactness4 ,& 9 ! p>t+ ( su* gold buttons z are obta9$ 9 assay+ ores x is well to aim at ?is proportion1 ?\gh absolute precision is n a matt] ( importance4 ,if ! button left on cupell+ ! lead f an assay ( an ore appe>s :ite1 x is be/ to assume t x already conta9s at lea/ a suffici5cy ( silv]1 9 ! abs5ce ( any k to ! contr>y4 ,?is w be true 9 almo/ all cases4 ,b if1 on p>t+1 x does n lose at lea/ two-?irds ( its weight1 ?is indicates t ! assumption 0 n ju/ifi$2 & also :at quantity ( silv] mu/ be add$ to ! button be=e aga9 attempt+ to "p4 ,g5]ally ! fault w be 9 ! o!r direction2 ! silv] w be 9 excess & ! gold w break up & dem& v c>eful treatm5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* a button is yell[1 !n1 f its weight & dep? ( col\r1 a r\gh e/imate c be made ( h[ mu* gold is conta9$ 9 x4 ,silv] mu/ be add$ to make ! total weight #c-a_/b times z mu* z t ( ! gold suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,?us1 if ! button weighs #aj milligrams & is suppos$ to conta9 #h milligrams ( gold1 !n #h multipli$ by #c-a_/b is #bh2 ! button mu/1 9 su* case1 be made up to #bh milligrams by add+ #ah milligrams ( silv]4 ,9 judg+ ( ! quality ( ! gold button1 no ord9>y error w v s]i\sly affect ! result4 ,if1 9 ! example j giv51 ! quantity ( gold pres5t 0 really #g or ev5 #i milligrams ( gold1 ! result+ alloy w\ld /ill h be5 suitable = su* p>t+s4 ,9 fact1 9 r\t9e assays1 :]e ! quantity z well z ! quality ( ! gold is kn[n )9 fair limits1 x is (t5 ! cu/om to add ! silv] = inqu>tation to ! lead dur+ ! fir/ cupellation4 ,b 9 ! assay ( ri* gold alloys su* approximate "w w n d4 ,if ! composition is n already kn[n ) a fair degree ( accuracy prelim9>y assays mu/ be made4 ,weigh up two lots ( #ajj milligrams ( ! alloy & wrap ea* 9 #c grams ( lead4 ,to "o add #cjj milligrams ( silv]4 ,cupel bo?4 ,! button conta9+ ! add$ silv] mu/ be flatt5$ & boil$ ) #ae c4c4 ( nitric acid2 & ! result+ gold mu/ be wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$ & weigh$4 ,?is1 9 milligrams1 gives directly ! p]c5tage ( gold4 ,! weight ( ! o!r button gives ! p]c5tage ( gold & silv]2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two gives ! p]c5tage ( silv]4 ,! re/ w1 p]haps1 be copp]4 ,! composition ( ! alloy be+ kn[n1 or hav+ be5 det]m9$ z j describ$1 ! calculation ( h[ mu* silv] mu/ be add$ is fairly simple4 ,! foll[+ is an example4 ,suppose ! bullion conta9s #ib p] c5t4 ( gold1 #a p] c5t4 ( silv] & #g p] c5t4 ( copp]1 & t 4#e gram ( x is to be tak5 = an assay4 ,! 4#e gram1 !n1 w conta9 ,gold 4#dfj gram ,silv] 4#jje ,copp] 4#jce ,b ! total silv] requir$ is 4#df gram #b4e4 ,?is equals #a4ae4 ,all[+ = ! 4#jje gram ( silv] already pres5t1 #a4ade gram ( silv] mu/ be add$4 ,! silv] is incorporat$ ) ! gold1 & at ! same "t ! copp] is elim9at$1 by cupell+ ) %eet lead4 ,h[ mu* %eet lead mu/ be us$ w dep5d p>tly on h[ mu* bullion is tak51 p>tly on h[ mu* copp] x conta9s4 ,f\r grams ( lead w d = a 4#e gram *>ge2 & = a 4#c gram *>ge1 #c grams may be us$4 ,b ) #bj p] c5t4 ( copp] ^! am\nts %\ld be d\bl$2 ) #dj p] c5t4 ( copp] !y %\ld be trebl$2 & ) ov] #fj p] c5t4 ( copp] f\r times z mu* lead %\ld be us$4 ,= small buttons ( gold z little lead z may be reli$ on to />t cupell+ may be tak52 ! lead may conv5i5tly be 9 ! =m ( little cups made by fold+ lead foil on a piece ( glass rod4 ,) a l>ge numb] ( bullion assays sy/ematically work$ & *eck$ a simple plan w\ld be to always use ! quantity ( lead requir$ by ! alloy conta9+ mo/ copp] :i* turns up = assay4 ,?is weight1 cut out ( lead foil1 w\ld be kept 9 /ock fold$ into little bags ready to receive ! bullion & silv]4 ,! silv] us$ = inqu>tation mu/1 ( c\rse1 be free f gold & is be/ prep>$ by ! assay] :o is to use x 7see p4 #ff74 ,x %\ld n be 9 long /rips or angul> pieces likely to p]=ate ! lead 9 :i* x is fold$4 ,:5 wrapp$ 9 ! lead x %\ld be 9 ! middle & %\ld make z compact a p>cel z possible4 ,ea* little p>cel1 z complet$1 %\ld be plac$ on a tray 9 its prop]ly numb]$ comp>tm5t4 ,its position "h %\ld correspond to t x w occupy 9 ! muffle & ev5tually 9 ! cupel tray4 ,! cupellation mu/ be made ) all ! requisite precautions4 ,a good smoo? malleable button is ne$$ = ! next op]ation1 :i* is kn[n z flatt+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,flatt+4--,small buttons1 su* z are got 9 assay+ mo/ gold ores1 are plac$ on a poli%$ /eel anvil & flatt5$ by "o or two bl[s ) a hamm]4 ,! flatt5$ discs are heat$ to dull r$ness on a clean cupel & are !n ready = p>t+4 ,some:at l>g] buttons may be simil>ly treat$1 b !y %\ld be anneal$ 7i4e4 heat$ to r$ness & all[$ to cool7 dur+ ! flatt5+4 ,! silv]-gold alloy left f ! cupellation is s(t & b5ds l lead2 b aft] hamm]+ or roll+ x becomes h>d]1 gets a spr+ 9 x l a piece ( ma9spr+ & cracks or splits some:at easily4 ,!re %\ld be no cracks or /ripp+ or ev5 r\ghness on ! flatt5$ metal1 s9ce su* defects may cause ! loss ( small p>ticles ei!r dur+ ! flatt5+ or 9 ! subsequ5t treatm5t ) acid4 ,! s(tness ( ! metal is re/or$ by heat+4 ,9 bullion assays ! flatt+ ( ! buttons requires c>e & practice = its skilful work+4 ,! /rips ( alloy = p>t+ %\ld be ( uni=m ?ickness & condition s t ! action ( ! acid %all be equal 9 all cases4 ,! button is tak5 f ! cupel1 clean$ & plac$ on ! anvil3 x is !n /ruck a heavy bl[ :i* wid5s x to ab\t #c_/d in* 9 diamet]2 ?is bl[ is foll[$ by two o!rs1 "o a little 9 front1 ! o!r beh9d1 :i* l5g!n ! disc & give a v blunt ro(-l slope to its upp] face4 ,x %\ld !n be anneal$4 ,?is may be done by putt+ x 9 a j r$-hot scorifi] heat$ 9 a muffle3 x v soon atta9s ! "r heat & may !n be transf]r$ to a cold scorifi]2 ! hot scorifi] %\ld be put back into ! muffle4 ,! s(t5$ disc is !n tak5 to ! rolls 7,fig4 #de74 ,! rolls are loos5$ until ! disc c be press$ betwe5 !m4 ,look+ ?r\gh ! int]val betwe5 !m ! rolls %\ld appe> exactly p>allel2 if !y are n1 "o adju/+ screw %\ld be loos5$ & ! o!r tight5$ until p>allelism is obta9$4 ,! rolls are n[ turn$ & ! disc %\ld be drawn ?r\gh )\t any great ef=t4 ,beg9n]s are apt to err by try+ to d too mu* ) "o turn ( ! h&le4 ,x is easy to /op :il/ ! rolls are only j gripp+ ! metal & !n to br+ ! disc back by rev]s+ ! action4 ,if ! disc 0 orig9ally level & ! rolls are p>allel1 ! metal w appe> z a /rip :i* has be5 m]ely l5g!n$4 ,if ! rolls are tight] on "o side ! /rip w be b[$2 ! tight] side w correspond ) ! out] curve ( ! cresc5t4 ,a mi/ake ( ?is k9d may be am5d$ by pass+ ! /rip ?r\gh ! rolls ! o!r way1 s z to rev]se ! irregul>ity & s /raight5 ! /rip4 ,! screw on ! loos] side %\ld !n be tight5$ until p>allelism is obta9$2 aft] :i* m c>e %\ld be tak5 to tight5 ! two screws equally4 ,! roll+ %\ld be /opp$ :5 ! /rip is #c or #d in*es long & ( ! ?ickness ( an ord9>y visit+ c>d4 ,! /rip %\ld be anneal$ dur+ ! roll+ & aga9 at ! f9i%4 ,p>t+4--,! ?9 %eet ( metal is dropp$ into hot dilute nitric acid & boil$ = five or six m9utes aft] ! brisk action ( ! acid on ! metal has ceas$4 ,at ?is /age ne>ly all ! silv] has gone into solution z nitrate ( silv] & ! acid is *>g$ ) ?is salt4 ,?is acid is p\r$ (f & ! residual metal is aga9 boil$ = f #bj to #cj m9utes ) a second lot ( /rong] acid4 ,?is leaves ! gold almo/ pure1 ?\gh x may /ill reta9 f 4#je to 4#a p] c5t4 ( silv]4 ,treatm5t ) ! fir/ acid only w\ld probably leave ?ree or f\r times z mu*4 ,! nitric acid us$ %\ld be free f hydro*loric1 sulphuric1 iodic & telluric acids4 ,9 te/+ x = ! fir/ ( ^! add nitrate ( silv] & dilute ) di/ill$ wat]2 !re %\ld be no turbidity4 ,9 te/+ = ! o!rs evaporate ?ree lots 9 di%es ov] a wat]-ba?4 ,te/ "o = sulphates by add+ wat] & b>ium *loride4 ,te/ ano!r = iodates by tak+ up ) a little wat]1 add+ a few drops ( />* pa/e & !n dilute sulphur\s acid solution a little at a "t2 !re %\ld be no blue col\r4 ,te/ ! ?ird = tellurium by heat+ ) #a c4c4 ( /rong sulphuric acid until d5se fumes come (f2 all[ to cool consid]ably2 a piece ( t9 foil add$ to ! w>m acid develops a f9e purple col\r if only a trace ( tellurium is pres5t4 ,! pres5ce ( l[] oxides ( nitrog51 :i* imp>t a br[n col\r to ! acid1 is objectionable2 !y1 h[ev]1 are remov$ by boil+ ! dilut$ acid be=e us+ x = p>t+4 ,x is usual to keep a /ock ( ! acid suitably dilut$ to ! two /r5g?s requir$ = ! p>t+4 ,^! are kn[n z ! p>t+ acids4 ,! fir/ p>t+ acid is ! weak] & is us$ 9 ! fir/ attack on ! metal4 ,! specific gravity g5]ally recomm5d$ = x is ab\t #a4b4 ,x may be prep>$ ei!r by dilut+ ! /rong acid ) ab\t its own volume ( di/ill$ wat]1 or by suitably dilut+ ! second p>t+ acid :i* has be5 already us$ 9 an assay2 ! small proportion ( silv] ?is conta9s is n h>mful = ?is purpose4 ,! second p>t+ acid has a specific gravity ( ab\t #a4c1 & may be made by dilut+ ! /rong acid ) half its volume ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,p>t+ 9 ,flasks4--,flasks are mo/ conv5i5t = ! l>g] p>t+s1 z 9 bullion assays2 & %\ld always be us$ = ?is purpose unless "s ( ! special p>t+ app>atus1 l t us$ 9 ,m9ts1 is available4 ,_m assay]s use flasks1 ?\gh ( a small] size1 = ! ord9>y p>t+s 9 assay+ gold ores4 ,! flasks are ei!r bulbs ) long necks 7,fig4 #df7 :i* ought to be heat$ on rose burn]s ( special con/ruction2 or !y are small flat-bottom$ conical flasks :i* may be conv5i5tly heat$ on a hot-plate & are1 9 ?is respect1 mu* easi] to deal ) 9 g5]al "w4 ,! foll[+ in/ructions apply to ! p>t+ ( an alloy conta9+ a few decigrams ( gold toge!r ) ! prop] proportion ( silv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,! /rip f ! rolls1 aft] be+ s(t5$ by anneal+1 is fold$ on itself on a glass rod into a roll or cornet4 ,x %\ld be s pla/ic t x w reta9 ! %ape ?us giv5 x & n spr+ op5 on remov+ ! pressure ( ! f+]s4 ,ab\t #ej c4c4 ( ! fir/ p>t+ acid are plac$ 9 a #f-ounce conical flask & heat$ to boil+2 ! flask is !n )drawn1 & tilt$ a little to "o side1 :il/ ! cornet is cauti\sly dropp$ into x2 !re w be a sudd5 issue ( hot vap\rs & a prompt )drawal ( ! h& is advisable4 ,! flask is replac$ on ! hot plate & ! acid is kept boil+ = #aj or #ae m9utes4 ,! flask is !n )drawn & ! acid dilut$ ) ab\t an equal volume ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,if ! flask has a ?ick glass b& ar\nd its neck1 a little way d[n1#bh c>e mu/ be tak5 to use hot wat]1 = any sudd5 *ill w c]ta9ly crack ! flask :]e x is ?us ?ick5$4 ,! liquor is c>efully decant$ into a clean beak] & is !n ?r[n into a j> m>k$ wa/e silv]4 ,ab\t #dj c4c4 ( ! second p>t+ acid1 heat$ to boil+1 is !n p\r$ into ! flask1 :i* is !n replac$ on ! hot plate4 ,! boil+ is cont9u$ = #ae or #bj m9utes or ev5 long]4 ,at ?is /age bump+ has to be specially gu>d$ aga9/2 aft] a little exp]i5ce x is easy to see :5 ?is is imm95t & ! flask %\ld be )drawn to a cool] "p ( ! plate2 x is bett] to prolong ! heat+ at a temp]ature bel[ boil+ ?an to run ! risk ( disa/]4 ,"s ( ! old] writ]s1 h[ev]1 are r insi/5t on vigor\s boil+ ) l>ge bubbles4 ,! addition ( a small ball ( well-burnt clay ( ab\t ! size ( a pea has be5 recomm5d$1 z x less5s ! t5d5cy to irregul> & dang]\s boil+4 ,at ! end ( ! treatm5t ) ! second acid ! flask is )drawn f ! plate & ! acid is dilut$ ) an equal volume ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! liquor is c>efully decant$ into a beak]1 & !n p\r$ into a j> or ,w9*e/] m>k$ acid wa/e2 x s]ves = mak+ ! fir/ p>t+ acid4 ,! flask is !n wa%$ twice ) hot di/ill$ wat]2 ! wa%+s mu/ be c>efully decant$ f ! gold4 ,! flask is !n fill$ ) wat]4 ,a p>t+ cup 7size ,b7 is !n plac$ ov] its m\?1 l a ?imble on ! tip ( a f+]4 ,?is cup is ( unglaz$ por\s e>!nw>e ( su* texture t x absorbs ! la/ few drops ( wat] left on dry+2 & ) a surface to :i* ! gold does n adh]e ev5 on ignition4 ,! gold %\ld fall out cleanly & completely on m]ely inv]t+ ! cup ov] ! pan ( ! balance4 ,! flask & cup are !n inv]t$ s t ! flask /&s m\? d[n 9 ! cup2 a little ( ! wat] f ! flask fl[s into ! cup1 b only a little4 ,! gold falls /eadily ?r\gh ! wat] into ! cup4 ,:5 "t has be5 all[$ = ev5 ! f9e/ ( ! gold to h settl$ into ! cup1 ! flask is remov$4 ,?is is easie/ done "u wat]4 ,! cup1 ) ! flask /ill re/+ 9 x1 is dipp$ "u wat] 9 a bas92 z soon z ! neck ( ! flask is imm]s$ ! crucible c safely be drawn away f "u x & !n lift$ out ( ! wat]4 ,! flask %\ld n be tak5 away fir/1 = ! ru% ( wat] f x may easily sweep ! gold out ( ! cup4 ,! wat] 9 ! cup is !n dra9$ (f & ! cup is dri$ at n too high a temp]ature2 = if ! la/ drop or two ( wat] %\ld boil !re is dang] ( spatt]+ ! gold out ( ! crucible4 ,:5 x is dry1 ! cup is heat$ on a pipe-clay triangle ov] a ,buns5 burn]1 or on a slab ( asbe/os 9 a muffle1 to a dull-r$ heat4 ,?is br+s ! gold to col\r2 t is1 ! loose t5d] d>k col\r$ gold becomes bright yell[ & coh]5t2 & is 9 a /ate fit to be transf]r$ to ! balance & weigh$4 ,all unnecess>y transf]5ces mu/ be avoid$4 ,z soon z ! cup is cool x may be inv]t$ ov] ! pan ( ! balance1 :5 ! gold w fall out cleanly or1 at ! wor/1 a g5tle tap ) ! f+] w be suffici5t to deta* x4 ,p>t+ 9 te/-tubes1 or 9 ! small] conical flasks1 is us$ 9 ! assay ( gold ores ( ord9>y ri*ness4 ,! "w is exactly l t j describ$ 9 all its ma9 features4 ,g5]ally speak+ mu* less acid w be us$2 = example1 9 te/-tubes & = small buttons1 #c or #d c4c4 ( ea* acid is q en\gh4 ,aga91 ! action ne$ n be s prolong$2 #aj or #ae m9utes 9 ea* acid is suffici5t4 ,s1 too1 ! heat+ may be less2 x is v conv5i5t to support ! te/-tubes 9 a wat]-ba?1 or m]ely to re/ !m 9 a beak] ( boil+ wat]2 & !re is no s]i\s objection to do+ ?is4 ,a small] p>t+ cup %\ld be us$2 ! ,a size is suitable4 ,! button1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld be beat5 ?9n] ?an is ne$$ = ! l>g] p>t+s4 ,if ! silv] %\ld be 9 excess & ! gold becomes mu* brok5 up1 ample "t %\ld be giv5 = subsid5ce f ! te/-tube or flask into ! p>t+ cup4 ,p>t+ 9 glaz$ crucibles or di%es4--,?is me?od ( work+ has ! advantage t !re is no transf]5ce ( ! gold until x is plac$ on ! pan ( ! balance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! boil+ m c>e is requir$ 9 adju/+ ! temp]ature4 ,! foll[+ in/ructions apply to ! treatm5t ( v small buttons1 to :i* ! me?od is m p>ticul>ly applicable2 b v little modification is ne$$ = ! treatm5t ( l>g] buttons4 ,! smalle/ siz$ ,b]l9 crucibles answ] admirably4 ,!y %\ld be clean$ by treatm5t ) hot & /rong sulphuric acid1 foll[$ by wa%+ 9 di/ill$ wat]2 ! com=t & ease ( work+ ma9ly dep5ds on ! ?or\ghness ( ?is clean+4 ,! crucible1 "o-?ird full ) ! fir/ p>t+ acid1 is heat$ on ! hot plate until ! acid is almo/ boil+4 ,! flatt5$ & anneal$ button is dropp$ into x & ! heat+ cont9u$ )1 at mo/1 g5tle boil+ = a few m9utes4 ,! crucible is !n fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 :i* cools x en\gh = easy h&l+2 & :5 ! gold has settl$ ! liquor is p\r$ (f along a glass rod into a clean beak]4 ,any greas9ess ( ! crucible makes itself felt "h & is v objectionable4 ,! crucible is !n "o-?ird fill$ ) ! second p>t+ acid & ! heat+ resum$1 c>e be+ tak5 n to raise ! temp]ature too high2 ?is %\ld be cont9u$ mu* long] ?an be=e1 say = five or t5 m9utes or ev5 long] accord+ to ! size ( ! button4 ,di/ill$ wat] is aga9 add$ &1 :5 x is dra9$ (f1 ! wa%+ ) di/ill$ wat] is twice repeat$4 ,x w n be possible to dra9 (f ! la/ drop ( wat]2 b if ! gold is coh]5t1 ! crucible c be s incl9$ t ?is drop dra9s away f ! gold1 9 :i* case ! dry+ c be done rapidly2 ! boil+ ( ! wat] w d no h>m4 ,b :5 ! gold is mu* brok5 up1 x w collect 9 ! middle ( ?is drop & ! dry+ mu/ be done g5tly2 be/ by putt+ ! crucible 9 a w>m place4 ,:5 dry1 ! crucible is heat$ till ! gold *anges col\r1 b ! heat mu/ be kept well bel[ r$ness4 ,:5 cold1 ! gold is transf]r$ directly to ! pan ( ! balance4 ,) m9ute specks ( gold :i* w require measur+1 x is be/ to put a small piece ( lead foil 7say 4#a gram7 9 ! crucible ov] ! gold1 & !n heat ! crucible to above r$ness ov] a bl[pipe4 ,:il/ ! lead is oxidis+ x is easily swept r\nd 9 a ba? ( molt5 li?>ge by m]ely tilt+ ! crucible4 ,9 ?is way any sep>at$ specks ( gold c be tak5 up ) c]ta9ty4 ,:5 ! work] is satisfi$ t ! lead has _h ample opportunity = tak+ up ! gold1 ! lead mu/ be kept 9 "o place & ! heat sl[ly l[]$4 ,by ?is means ! button becomes support$ 9 comp>atively pure li?>ge & :5 solid c be pick$ out q easily ) a pair ( pli]s & 9 a v clean condition4 ,! lead button is !n cupell$ on a v f9e cupel1 z already describ$4 ,! me?od ( work+ la/ describ$ de/roys ! crucible4 ,if ! gold is n q s small ?is may be avoid$4 ,a small piece ( lead foil %\ld be hamm]$ out until x is p]fectly flexible4 ,x is !n %ap$ into a tray & ! gold is transf]r$ to x4 ,! lead is !n fold$ ov]1 ) ! help ( two p9s2 & cupell$4 ,if ! crucible %[s a black /a9 on heat+ x is because "s silv] rema9s ?r\gh bad wa%+4 ,x %[s poor "w & ! assay %\ld be repeat$4 ,! silv] reta9$ 9 ! gold aft] p>t+ is1 9 bullion assays1 an important matt]2 x is r\ghly equal to ! loss ( gold due to absorption by ! cupel4 ,mr4 ,l[e work+ on 4#e oz4 ( gold1 obta9$ by p>t+ 9 assay+ bullion1 f\nd x to conta9 4#abc p] c5t4 ( silv]4 ,dr4 ,rose 9 "s special assay pieces f\nd by a less direct me?od ( assay+1 f 4#jf to 4#ji p] c5t4 ( silv]4 ,! proportion ( silv] reta9$ v>ies 9 a m>k$ way ) ! proportion ( gold to silv] 9 ! alloy be=e p>t+4 ,x is g5]ally /at$ t ! reta9$ silv] is lea/ :5 ?is proportion is #a to #b-a_/b1 & m or less silv] ?an ?is leads to a less pure gold aft] p>t+4 ,plat9um 9 an alloy be+ p>t$ is dissolv$ along ) ! silv] ei!r altoge!r or 9 "p4 ,x imp>ts a /raw yell[ col\r to ! p>t+ acid4 ,palladium gives an orange col\r to ! acid4 ,! loss ( gold by solution 9 ! acid dur+ p>t+ is small1 b easily demon/rable4 ,on a #ejj-milligram *>ge ( bullion x may am\nt to f 4#je to 4#ae milligram2 i4e4 f 4#ja to 4#jc p] c5t4 ,x is due to gold actually dissolv$ & n m]ely held 9 susp5sion4 ,assay+ ) *ecks4 ,sur*>ge4--,x w be se5 f :at has be5 /at$ t ! errors 9 gold p>t+ are ( two k9ds3 viz4 7#a7 a loss ( gold on ! cupel & to a less ext5t by solution 9 ! acid1 & 7#b7 an app>5t ga9 ( gold due to ! ret5tion ( silv] 9 ! p>t$ mat]ial4 ,bo? errors are small1 & z !y are ( an opposite "* !y t5d to neutralise ea* o!r4 ,h5ce !y are altoge!r )\t effect on ! accuracy ( ! assays ( ores :5 ! total gold is reckon$ 9 milligrams4 ,& ev5 ) ! l>g] am\nts pres5t 9 bullion assays _! influ5ce is s small t an uncorrect$ result is /ill fairly accurate2 ! resultant error w\ld n be m ?an "o "p 9 two or ?ree ?\s&4 ,x is cu/om>y to report ! purity ( bullion1 or its f95ess z x is call$1 9 p>ts p] ?\s& ( bullion4 ,! sum ( ! errors ( an assay1 :i* is call$ ! sur*>ge1 is report$ 9 ! same way4 ,?us a sur*>ge ( 4#c means t ! gold z weigh$ 0 4#c "p p] #ajjj m ?an ! gold actually pres5t4 ,b a sur*>ge - 4#c means t on ! :ole !re 0 a loss ( 4#c "p p] #ajjj 9 ! assay4 ,speak+ r\ghly ! reta9$ silv] w v>y ) ! weight ( gold pres5t2 if "o alloy conta9s twice z mu* gold z ano!r ! reta9$ silv] w be ab\t twice z mu* also4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z already expla9$1 ! cupellation loss on ! poor] alloy is z mu* z1 or ev5 m ?an1 ) ! ri*] "o1 because ( ! copp]1 c4 pres5t4 ,) ri* gold alloys ! silv] m ?an comp5sates = ! loss & ! sur*>ge is positive2 b ) poor] alloys ! loss is great] & ! sur*>ge is negative4 ,9 ,m9ts & places :]e bullion assays mu/ be made ) ! highe/ atta9able accuracy1 ! sur*>ge is det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 & ! prop] correction is made 9 ! reports on ! bullion4 ,?is is done by mak+ assays ( gold ( ! highe/ degree ( purity alongside ( ^? ( ! bullion ^: quality has to be det]m9$4 ,^! *ecks are s made t !y d n diff] f ! actual assays 9 any mat]ial po9t4 ,?us1 be+ ( ! same quality & weight & und]go+ exactly ! same treatm5t1 !y may reasonably be expect$ to h ! same sur*>ge z ! assays !y imitate4 ,suppose ! bullion be+ assay$ v>ies only a little1 up or d[n1 f #ijj gold & #ajj copp] 9 ! ?\s&1 & t 4#e gram ( x is us$ 9 ea* assay4 ,a quantity ( gold diff]+ only a little f 4#dej gram w\ld be v exactly weigh$ & plac$ ) 4#jej gram ( copp] 9 ! same weight ( lead z is be+ us$ 9 ! o!r assays4 ,x w\ld be cupell$1 p>t$1 c41 z ne>ly z possible "u ! same conditions z ! actual assays4 ,suppose ! pure gold weigh$ 4#dejaf gram & ! p>t$ gold weigh$ 4#dejbe gram1 ! ga9 9 weight1 4#jjjji gram1 w\ld be d$uct$ f ! actual assays4 ,a sur*>ge correction is nev] appli$ except to bullion ( ! same quality z t repres5t$ by ! *eck assay x 0 calculat$ f4 ,x is evid5t t unless ! gold is ( ! highe/ degree ( purity ^! *eck assays w introduce an error almo/ equal to t :i* x is design$ to rem$y4 ,moreov]1 to "w ! *ecks to ! greate/ advantage1 a v sy/ematic & uni=m me?od ( work+ mu/ be adopt$4 ,p>t+ 9 special app>atus4--,"o plan = obta9+ great] uni=mity is to /amp ea* cornet ) a numb] = purposes ( id5tification1 & to treat sev]al1 includ+ "o or m *eck assays 9 ! same acid conta9$ 9 a beak]2 all ! assays "u ^! conditions evid5tly receive precisely ! same acid treatm5t4 ,su* a plan c ( c\rse only be adopt$ :]e !re is no risk ( ! gold break+ up dur+ ! p>t+4 ,an improvem5t on ?is is to h a porcela9 bas9#bi ab\t #h-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] & ) a capacity ( ab\t #a-a_/b litres4 ,x is provid$ ) a porcela9 cov] ) #cj numb]$ holes ?r\gh :i* tubes dip into ! acid4 ,! cov] is removable4 ,! tubes are l te/-tubes & are support$ by ! cov]2 _! bottoms are p]=at$ ) holes or slits4 ,! acid is plac$ 9 ! bas9 & boil$ ov] a flat burn]2 x ent]s ! tubes ?r\gh ! slits4 ,! cornets are plac$ ea* 9 its prop] tube4 ,:5 ! boil+ is f9i%$1 ! cov] ) ! tubes is lift$ & at ! same "t ! acid dra9s back into ! bas94 ,a dip into a bas9 ( di/ill$ wat] wa%es at "o op]ation all #cj assays4 ,! cov] is !n put on a bas9 conta9+ ! /rong] p>t+ acid :i* is already boil+4 ,?is boil+ is cont9u$ = half an h\r4 ,! cov] ) ! #cj cornets is !n lift$ out f ! acid & dipp$ two or ?ree times 9 di/ill$ wat] to wa% (f ! la/ traces ( acid4 ,to transf] ! cornets f ! tubes to ! por\s cups ! :ole ( ! tube mu/ be dipp$ "u ! wat]2 o!rwise ! op]ation is exactly z :5 work+ ) te/-tubes4 ,a /ill simpl] me?od ( work+ is to use small plat9um cups#cj provid$ ) f9e slits :i* admit ! acid b reta9 ! gold4 ,a numb] ( ^!1 say #fj1 are support$ on a plat9um tray4 ,! p>t+ acids are boil$ 9 plat9um di%es "u a hood2 & ! #fj cornets 7ea* 9 its prop] cup7 are plac$ 9 ! acid all at once3 ! tray c>ry+ ! cups is provid$ ) a h&le suitable = ?is purpose4 ,aft] a prop] boil+ ! tray is lift$ out ( ! weak] acid into ! /rong] "o1 :]e x und]goes ! second boil+4 ,x is next dipp$ sev]al times 9 di/ill$ wat] & la/ly1 aft] a g5tle dry+1 x is rais$ to an anneal+ temp]ature :i* mu/ n be too high = fe> ( ! gold /ick+ to ! plat9um4 ,aft] cool+1 ! cornets are transf]r$ f ! plat9um cups directly to ! pan ( ! balance4 ,"h all #fj cornets h exactly ! same treatm5t & ! *ecks may be comp>$ ) great exactness ) ! o!r assays accompany+ !m4 ,!re is1 too1 a great sav+ ( lab\r4#ca ,silv]1 c41 9 gold bullion4--,! base metals are g5]ally det]m9$ by cupell+ 4#e gram ( ! alloy ) #e grams ( lead4 ,! loss 9 cupellation hav+ be5 all[$ = by any ( ! usual me?ods 7see p4 #ajd7 ! gold & silv] cont5ts are giv54 ,by d$uct+ ! gold ! proportion ( silv] is obta9$4 ,! silv] is g5]ally det]m9$ by diff]5ce 9 ?is way4 ,if x is desir$ to dissolve out ! copp]1 silv]1 c41 & to det]m9e !m 9 ! wet way1 ! gold mu/ fir/ be alloy$ ) a suffici5cy ( "s o!r metal to r5d] x am5able to ! attack by acid4 ,cadmium is ! metal g5]ally recomm5d$1 & ! alloy is made by melt+ toge!r a weigh$ portion ( ! gold ) five or six times its weight ( cadmium 9 a ,b]l9 crucible & "u a ?9 lay] ( potassium cyanide4 ,lead ) gold or silv]4--,l>ge quantities ( lead c>ry+ gold & silv] are sold to ref9]s 9 b>s weigh+ ab\t #ajj lbs4 ea*4 ,! assay ( ^! alloys pres5ts no special difficulties1 b ! sampl+ ( !m is a "q :i* may be pr(itably discuss$4#cb ,a molt5 metal may be conceiv$ to h all ! physical /ates obs]v$ 9 ord9>y liquids1 al?\gh ^! _c be actually se5 ow+ to its opaqu5ess4 ,!re is no d\bt t pure lead at a temp]ature only a little above its melt+-po9t c conta9 a l>ge proportion ( gold 9 su* a mann] t x may 9 a figurative way be spok5 ( z a cle> solution4 ,any small portion )drawn f ! molt5 metal w\ld af=d a p]fect sample4 ,! same w\ld be true ( any pure alloy ( lead & silv] 9 :i* ! silv] does n exce$ ! proportion ( #b-a_/b p] c5t4#cc ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! molt5 metal conta9s mu* m ?an 4#e p] c5t4 ( z9c1 m ?an 4#a p] c5t4 ( copp]1 or a l>g] quantity ( silv]1 x may be lik5$ to a turbid liquor4 ,! resemblance holds good s f> t if ! molt5 lead be fur!r heat$1 :]eby its solv5t p[] on ! add$ metal is increas$1 ! turbidity w disappe>1 or at lea/ be consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,a portion tak5 at r&om f su* a molt5 metal may1 or may n1 give a good sample4 ,! susp5d$ insoluble matt] w t5d to conc5trate itself 9 ! upp] or l[] p>ts ( ! liquid accord+ to :e!r x is heavi] or light] ?an x2 & ?is sep>ation may occur ) extreme sl[ness or ) fair rapidity4 ,h[ev]1 x is g5]ally agre$ t 9 ! case ( su* alloys z occur 9 practice1 samples tak5 9 ?is way are q satisfactory & are ! be/ obta9able4 ,! precautions insi/$ on are t ! lead %all be made z hot z practicable2 t x %all be /irr$ up at ! "t ( tak+ ! sample2 & t ! portion )drawn %all be tak5 out ) a ladle at lea/ z hot z ! molt5 metal4 ,! fur!r precaution t if any dross be on ! surface ( ! metal x %all be skimm$ (f & sep>ately sampl$ & assay$ is almo/ too obvi\s to require m5tion4 ,an alt]native &1 p]haps1 bett] way ( tak+ ! sample is to )draw portions at equal int]vals f ! /ream ( metal :il/ ! pot is be+ empti$2 equal weights tak5 f ^! portions & mix$ 7by melt+ or 9 "s o!r way7 give a fair sample ( ! :ole4 ,9 addition1 sep>ate assays ( ea* portion w %[ to :at ext5t ! metal lacks uni=mity 9 composition ,= example1 samples tak5 at ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( a run gave ! foll[+ results 9 ozs4 ( silv] p] ton3 #dge1 #dgb1 #dff1 %[+ an av]age result ( #dga ozs4 ,fifte5 fractions tak5 at regul> int]vals dur+ ! same p\r+ rang$ f #dge ozs4 to #dfd ozs43 ! av]age result 0 #dfi4h ozs4 ,! same lead ca/ into b>s & sampl$ by saw+ gave an av]age ( #dgj ozs4#cd ,9 ano!r case#ce samples drawn at ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end ( a run gave #acde ozs41 #acce ozs4 & #acca ozs4 ,! mean result 9 su* cases is always a reasonably safe "o1 b evid5tly :]e ! metal v>ies a good deal x is saf] to take m ?an ?ree dips4 ,imag9e su* lead run into m\lds & all[$ to become solid z b>s2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 b> & b> w\ld n be great] ?an t betwe5 correspond+ dip samples4 ,b 9 ea* b> ! di/ribution ( ! silv] & gold is v s]i\sly affect$ dur+ solidification4 ,*ips tak5 f ! same b> ( aurif]\s lead may %[ 9 "o place #bc ozs4 ( gold to ! ton1 9 ano!r #ci ozs42 simil>ly ) silv] !y may v>y z mu* z f #ijj ozs4 to #aejj ozs4 to ! ton4 ,?is re>rangem5t ( ! con/itu5ts ( a b> takes place :il/ ! lead is p>tly solid1 p>tly liquid4 ,! mo/ useful conception ( su* half-solidifi$ metal is t ( a felt$ spongy mass ( skeleton cry/als ( comp>atively pure lead saturat$ ) a /ill fluid enri*$ alloy4 ,if ! solidification ( an +ot ( impure t9 be wat*$ x w be evid5t t ! fro/$ appe>ance ( ! surface is due to ! )drawal ( ! fluid portion f a mat ( cry/als ( pur] t9 :i* h be5 = "s "t solid & a contraction ( ! mass4 ,! %r9k+ ( ! la/ "p to become solid is fur!r %[n by ! collapse ( ! surface ( ! +ot :]e weake/2 t is1 a furr[ is =m$ on ! flat surface4 ,9 o!r cases ( fus$ metal !re is expansion in/ead ( contraction 9 ?is f9al /age ( ! solidification1 & ! enri*$ alloy !n causes ! upp] face ( ! +ot to bulge outw>ds4 ,!re are o!r causes effect+ ! r$i/ribution ( ! metals ?r\gh ! +ot4 ,!re c be no g5]al rule ( wide application %[+ :i* "p ( a b> is ri*e/ & :i* poore/ 9 ! preci\s metals4 ,?is w dep5d on ! quantities ( gold or silv]1 on ! quantities & k9ds ( o!r metals pres5t & on ! mann] ( ca/+4 ,! /ud5t is advis$ to consult ,mr4 ,claudet's pap] :i* has be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,! be/ me?od ( sampl+ su* b>s is to melt !m all d[n & to take a dip sample ( ! molt5 metal 9 "o or o!r ( ! me?ods already describ$4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,claudet ?is %\ld be done 9 all cases :]e ! gold exce$s "o or two ounces or :]e ! silv] exce$s #bjj ozs4 to ! ton4 ,if dur+ ! melt+ d[n "s dross has =m$ ?is mu/ be skimm$ (f1 weigh$ & sep>ately sampl$ & assay$4 ,! clean lead also mu/ be weigh$1 sampl$ & assay$4 ,! mean result mu/ be calculat$4 ,?us #ad tons #e cwts4 ( clean lead assay+ #cb ozs4 to ! ton w conta9 #def ozs4 ( silv]2 #ae cwt4 dross assay+ #bj ozs4 to ! ton w conta9 #ae ozs4 ( silv]4 ,! #ae tons ( lead & dross w conta9 #dga ozs4 ( silv] or #ca4d ozs4 p] ton4 ,( ! me?ods ( sampl+ :i* avoid melt+ ! b>s1 t kn[n z saw+ is ! only "o :i* is ?or\ghly satisfactory4 ,9 x ! b>s are br\ght to a circul> saw hav+ f9e tee? & are sawn across ei!r completely or halfway ?r\gh2 9 ?is way a quantity ( lead sawdu/ is obta9$ 7say #a lb4 or s f a b>7 :i* repres5ts exactly ! av]age ( ! b> along ! p>ticul> cross section tak5 & approximately t ( ! :ole b>4 ,a b> ( lead1 :i* by dip assay gave #ccd ozs4 to ! ton1 gave on ?ree transv]se sections #ccc ozs41 #cce ozs4 & #cca ozs4 ,! v>iation may be great] ?an ?is1 b ) a l>ge numb] ( b>s1 :]e ea* b> is cut across 9 z f> z possible a diff]5t place1 ^! v>iations t5d to neutralise ea* o!r & a good sample is obta9$4 ,two or ?ree cwt4 ( sawdu/ may be obta9$ 9 ?is way2 ?is is ?or\ghly mix$ & r$uc$ by qu>t]+ 9 ! usual way or by a me*anical sampl]4 ,a sample ( #b or #c lbs4 is s5t to ! assay]4 ,?is be+ contam9at$ ) ! oil us$ 9 lubricat+ ! saw is fre$ f x by wa%+ ) c>bon bisulphide1 e!r or b5z5e & dri$4 ,!n1 aft] mix+1 #ajj to #bjj grams ( x are c>efully weigh$ & plac$ 9 a hot crucible1 ! heat ( :i* %\ld be suffici5t to melt all ! lead4 ,! molt5 lead %\ld n be ov]heat$ & %\ld %[ no loss due to ! melt+4 ,! removal ( ! oil may h decreas$ ! weight by p]haps "o half p] c5t4 ,if ! lead gives dross on heat+ x may be melt$ "u #aj or #bj grams ( potassium cyanide1 :i* prev5ts ! =mation ( dross4 ,samples are sometimes tak5 ) a drill1 g\ge or *isel1 ?\gh no me?od ( ?is k9d is q satisfactory4 ,"o plan adopt$ is to use a pun* :i*1 :5 driv5 into ! b>1 gives a core or rod ( metal ab\t half z long z ! b> is ?ick & ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* across4 ,) five b>s side by side x is cu/om>y to drive 9 ! pun* at "o end on ! fir/ b>1 & at ! opposite end on ! la/ "o1 & on ! o!rs 9 int]m$iate positions 9 su* a mann] t all ! holes w be along a diagonal ( ! rectangle enclos+ ! b>s4 ,! b>s are !n turn$ ov] & simil> portions pun*$ out ?r\gh ! bottoms ( ! b>s & along ! o!r diagonal4 ,or "o set ( five may be sampl$ along ! top & ! next set along ! bottom ( ! b>s4 ,silv] & gold pres5t 9 b>s ( copp] are subject to ! same irregul>ity ( di/ribution z 9 lead4 ,! sampl+ ( su* b>s is guid$ by ! same pr9ciples4#cf ,,cyanides4 ,! cyanides ought p]haps to be consid]$ along ) *lorides1 bromides & iodides 9 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,b !y are treat$ "h because !y owe _! importance to _! use 9 ! extraction ( gold & because _! det]m9ation has become a "p ( ! ord9>y "w ( an assay] ( gold ores4 ,=m]ly1 ! cyanide mo/ easily obta9$ 9 comm]ce 0 potassium cyanide2 & x 0 g5]ally sold 9 cakes :i* might conta9 z little z #dj p] c5t4 or z mu* z #ie p] c5t4 ( ! pure salt4 ,x became cu/om>y to express ! quality ( a sample ( comm]cial cyanide by say+ x conta9$ s mu* p] c5t4 ( potassium cyanide4 ,! comm]cial product n[ made by improv$ me?ods ( manufacture is actually sodium cyanide1 b is call$ potassium cyanide 7probably ) ! words d\ble salt on ! label72 x conta9s cyanide equival5t to some?+ ov] #ajj p] c5t4 ( potassium cyanide 9 addition to a l>ge proportion ( sodium c>bonate & o!r impurities4 ,:at is want$ 9 mo/ cases is m]ely a soluble cyanide1 & x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! base be sodium or potassium4 ,b s9ce #di p>ts ( sodium cyanide 7,na,c,n #di7 are equival5t to #fe p>ts ( potassium cyanide 7,,kcn #fe7 x is evid5t t a pure sample ( sodium cyanide w\ld conta9 cyanide equival5t to little less ?an #acc p] c5t4 ( potassium cyanide4 ,!re=e a sample ( cyanide report$ on 9 ?is way may be ri* 9 cyanide1 & yet h mu* impurity4 ,! commone/ impurity 9 comm]cial cyanide is c>bonate ( sodium or potassium4 ,?is may be te/$ = by dissolv+1 say1 #b grams 9 a little wat] & add+ b>ium *loride4 ,!re may be =m$ a :ite precipitate ( b>ium c>bonate1 :i* if filt]$ (f1 wa%$ & treat$ ) acid1 w dissolve ) eff]vesc5ce4 ,cyanate may be te/$ = 9 ! solution f :i* ! b>ium c>bonate has be5 filt]$ by add+ a little soda & boil+2 if cyanates are pres5t !y decompose1 giv+ (f ammonia 7:i* may be te/$ = 9 ! /eam7 & yield+ a fur!r precipitate ( b>ium c>bonate4#cg ,if ! soda alone gave a fur!r precipitate ( b>ium c>bonate1 ?is may1 p]haps1 be due to ! pres5ce ( bic>bonates4 ,alkal9e sulphides may be pres5t 9 small quantity 9 comm]cial cyanide4 ,_! pres5ce is %[n at once :5 ! sample is be+ te/$ = its /r5g? 9 cyanide1 inasmu* z ! fir/ few drops ( silv] nitrate solution produce at once a d>k5+ ( ! liquor4 ,a special te/ = sulphide may be made by add+ a drop or two ( solution ( acetate ( lead to f\r or five c4c4 ( soda solution & add+ ?is to a cle> solution ( ! suspect$ cyanide4 ,?is w cause a black precipitate or col\r1 if any sulphide is pres5t4 ,! cyanides ( ! heavi] metals comb9e ) ! alkal9e cyanides to =m d\ble cyanides4 ,"s ( ^!1 f]rocyanide & f]ricyanide ( potassium = example1 h su* *>act]i/ic prop]ties t ! fact t !y are cyanides may be ov]look$4 ,o!rs1 su* z potassium z9c cyanide 7,k#b,zn,cy#d71 h mu* less di/9ctiv5ess3 !y behave m or less z a mixture ( two cyanides & are1 moreov]1 s easily decompos$ t x may be d\bt$ if !y c exi/ 9 dilute alkal9e solutions4 ,9 report+ ! cyanide /r5g? ( a cyanide liquor z equival5t to s mu* p] c5t4 ( potassium cyanide1 !re is a "q z to :e!r ! cyanide pres5t 9 ! =m ( any ( ^! d\ble cyanides %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! object ( ! assay is n to le>n h[ mu* ( ! cyanide exi/s 9 ! solution z actual potassium cyanide2 report+ ! /r5g? 9 t]ms ( ?is salt is a m]e matt] ( conv5i5ce2 :at is really desir$ is to "k h[ mu* ( ! cyanide pres5t 9 ! liquor is free or available = ! purposes ( dissolv+ gold4 ,e "o is agre$ z to ! exclusion ( su* cyanides z ! foll[+3 potassium f]rocyanide 7,k#d;,fe,cy#f71 potassium f]ricyanide 7,k#c;,fe,cy#f71 potassium silv] cyanide 7,k,ag,cy#b71 & potassium aurocyanide 7,k,au,cy#b72 & ! d\ble cyanides ) copp] or nickel4 ,b ) cyanide liquors conta9+ z9c ! position is less satisfactory4 ,"o me?od ( assay gives a l[] proportion ( cyanide :5 ?is metal is pres5t2 & ! loss ( available cyanide ?us report$ dep5ds1 ?\gh 9 a fitful & unc]ta9 way1 ^u ! quantity ( z9c pres5t4 ,! o!r me?od ( assay reports z full a /r5g? 9 cyanide z if no z9c 7 pres5t4 ,un=tunately1 us+ bo? me?ods & accept+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! results z a measure ( ! quantity ( z9c pres5t1 or at any rate ( ! z9c pres5t z cyanide1 is n satisfactory4 ,x appe>s be/ to use ! me?od :i* ignores ! z9c2 & to det]m9e ! am\nt ( z9c by a special assay ( ! liquor = ?is metal4 ,! cyanide pres5t z hydrog5 cyanide or prussic acid 7,h,cy7 is practically useless z a gold solv5t4 ,h5ce any report on ! /r5g? ( a cyanide liquor :i* assign$ to ?is ! same value z its equival5t ( alkal9e cyanide w\ld be mislead+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is available cyanide inasmu* z a prop] addition ( sodium hydrate#ch w\ld re/ore its value4 ,! "q ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( free prussic acid is involv$ 9 ! l>g] "o z to :e!r ! cyanide solution has ! "r degree ( alkal9ity4 ,! assay = cyanide %\ld include ! hydrog5 cyanide ) ! re/4 ,a r\gh te/ ( ! p[] ( a cyanide liquor = dissolv+ gold may be made by float+ a gold leaf on its surface & not+ ! "t requir$ = its solution4 ,?is te/ might1 p]haps1 be improv$ by tak+1 say1 #bj c4c4 ( ! liquor & add+ ?ree or f\r gold leaves s t ! gold %all always be 9 consid]able excess4 ,! liquor %\ld n be dilut$ z ?is w affect ! result4 ,x %\ld be all[$ to /& = a def9ite "t1 say at lea/ two or ?ree h\rs1 or bett]1 t correspond+ to ! "t ! liquor is left 9 contact ) ! ore 9 actual practice4 ,! liquor %\ld !n be filt]$ (f &1 ) ! wa%+s1 be evaporat$ 9 a lead di% z 9 ! assay ( cyanide liquors = gold 7p4 #ada74 ,! gold obta9$ on cupell+1 less any gold & silv] orig9ally pres5t 9 ! liquor1 w\ld be ! measure ( ! gold dissolv+ p[]4 ,,! ,,assay ,,= ,,cyanide ,,by ,,titration ,,) ,,silv] ,,nitrate4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( a cyanide is made by f9d+ h[ mu* silv] nitrate is requir$ to conv]t ! :ole ( ! cyanide into potassium silv] cyanide#ci or "o ( ! alli$ comp\nds4 ,x w be se5 f ! equation t #agj p>ts by weight ( silv] nitrate are requir$ = #acj p>ts by weight ( potassium cyanide4 ,z already expla9$ x is cu/om>y to report ! cyanide-/r5g? 9 t]ms ( potassium cyanide1 ev5 :5 only ! sodium salt is pres5t4 ,"o gram ( potassium cyanide w require #a4cjgf gram ( silv] nitrate4 ,! /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate is made by dissolv+ #ac4jgf grams ( silv] nitrate 9 di/ill$ wat] & dilut+ to #a litre2 #ajj c4c4 ( su* a solution are equival5t to #a gram ( potassium cyanide4#dj ,! titration is p]=m$ 9 ! usual way1 runn+ ! /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate into a solution conta9+ a kn[n weight or volume ( ! mat]ial conta9+ ! cyanide4 ,! f9i%+ po9t is det]m9$ 9 "o ( two ways1 bo? ( :i* are l>gely us$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z long z !re rema9s any free cyanide 9 ! solution ! silv] nitrate w comb9e ) x =m+ ! d\ble cyanide & yield+ a cle> solution2 b z soon z all ! free cyanide is us$ up ! silv] nitrate w react ) ! d\ble cyanide#da =m+ silv] cyanide1 :i* sep>ates z a :ite precipitate & r5d]s ! solution turbid4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 if potassium iodide is pres5t 9 ! solution ! excess ( silv] nitrate w react ) x1#db r ?an ) ! d\ble cyanide2 & silv] iodide w sep>ate z a yell[i% turbidity :i* is easily recognis$4 ,9 work+ ) pure solutions1 ! two f9i%+ po9ts give ! same results2 & ?is is true ev5 :5 !re is mu* diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( dilution4 ,! f9i%+ po9t ) ! iodide1 h[ev]1 has an advantage 9 precision4 ,moreov]1 x is b little affect$ by v>iations 9 alkal9ity1 :i* r5d] ! o!r f9i%+ po9t q useless4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is %[n :5 z9c is pres5t 9 ! solution4 ,9 ?is case1 :5 work+ )\t ! iodide1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( a turbidity is less di/9ct2 ! turbidity increases on /&+ & z a f9i%+ po9t is unsatisfactory4 ,x c be det]m9$ ) precision only by v sy/ematic work+ & aft] "s exp]i5ce4 ,! turbidity is due to ! sep>ation ( an insoluble z9c comp\nd4 ,a mo/ important po9t 7to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made7 is t less silv] nitrate is requir$ to give ?is turbidity &1 consequ5tly1 a l[] /r5g? 9 cyanide is report$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z mu* silv] nitrate is requir$ to give ! yell[ turbidity due to silv] iodide z w\ld be requir$ if no z9c 7 pres5t4 ,un=tunately ! diff]5ce 9 ! two titrations does n dep5d m]ely on ! quantity ( z9c pres5t2 z x is also influ5c$ by ! ext5t ( dilution1 ! degree ( alkal9ity ( ! solution1 & ! quantity ( cyanide pres5t4 ,9 an exp]im5t ) 4#jee gram ( z9c sulphate & 4#a gram ( potassium cyanide ! diff]5ce 9 ! two f9i%+ po9ts 0 only 4#a c4c42 :]eas ) 4#d gram ( potassium cyanide1 ! o!r conditions be+ ! same1 ! diff]5ce 0 #a4e c4c4 ( /&>d silv] nitrate4 ,on ! assumption t all ! z9c 0 pres5t z potassium z9c cyanide 7,k#b,zn,cy#d7 ! diff]5ce %\ld h be5 #e c4c4 9 ea* case4 ,aga91 repeat+ ! exp]im5t ) 4#d gram ( potassium cyanide1 b ) 4#aa gram ( cry/allis$ z9c sulphate1 ! diff]5ce 0 #f4e c4c43 t is1 m]ely d\bl+ ! quantity ( z9c increas$ ! diff]5ce by m ?an f\r times4 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> bett] to use ! me?od ) ! iodide & make a sep>ate assay = ! z9c4 ,b s9ce ! /ud5t may be call$ on to use ! o!r me?od1 he is advis$ to practice x also4 ,! assay )\t iodide4--,! /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate is plac$ 9 a small burette divid$ into t5?s ( a c4c4 ,t5 c4c4 ( ! cyanide solution to be assay$ is transf]r$ to a small flask & dilut$ ) wat] to ab\t #gj c4c4 ,! silv] solution is !n run 9 f ! burette 7) con/ant %ak+ ( ! flask71 a little at a "t b some:at rapidly1 until a p]man5t turbidity appe>s4 ,s9ce #a c4c4 ( ! silv] nitrate solution corresponds to 4#ja gram ( potassium cyanide1 x also corresponds to 4#a p] c5t4 ( ?is salt c\nt$ on ! #aj c4c4 ( cyanide solution tak54 ,! titration %\ld be p]=m$ 9 a fairly good uni=m light4 ,! le>n] %\ld practice on a fairly pure solution ( potassium cyanide at fir/1 & ?is may conv5i5tly h a /r5g? ( ab\t #a p] c5t4 ,= practice ) solutions conta9+ z9c make a solution conta9+ #a4a gram ( cry/allis$ z9c sulphate 9 #ajj c4c4 & sl[ly add measur$ quantities ( f #a to #e c4c4 ( ?is to ! #aj c4c4 ( cyanide liquor be=e dilut+ = ! titration4 ,if a cyanide solution black5s on ! addition ( ! silv] nitrate x conta9s sulphide4 ,9 ?is case1 %ake up a consid]able bulk ( ! liquor ) a few grams ( lead c>bonate1 all[ to settle & make ! assay on #aj c4c4 ( ! cle> liquor4 ,if ! cyanide liquor be suspect$ to conta9 free prussic acid1 take #aj c4c4 = ! assay z usual2 b1 be=e titrat+1 add 4#a or 4#b gram ( sodium c>bonate4 ,on no condition mu/ cau/ic soda or ammonia be add$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! results1 ) & )\t ! addition ( c>bonate ( soda1 is suppos$ to measure ! quantity ( free prussic acid4 ,if ?is has to be report$ x is be/ done z prussic acid equival5t to 444 p] c5t4 ( potassium cyanide4 ,suppose1 = example1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! two titrations equals #a c4c4 ( /&>d silv] nitrate2 ! prussic acid f\nd w\ld be equival5t to 4#a p] c5t4 ( potassium cyanide4 ,! assay ) iodide4--,! /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate is plac$ 9 a burette divid$ into t5?s ( a c4c4 ,take #aj c4c4 ( ! cyanide liquor1 :i* %\ld previ\sly h be5 treat$ ) :ite lead = ! removal ( sulphides if ^! happ5$ to be pres5t4 ,transf] to a small flask1 add #c or #d drops ( a solution ( potassium iodide & #b or #c c4c4 ( a solution ( sodium hydrate2 dilute to #fj or #gj c4c4 ) wat]4 ,if mu* z9c is pres5t ! soda may be increas$ to #bj or #cj c4c4 ) advantage4 ,! /&>d solution %\ld be run 9 some:at rapidly1 b a little at a "t1 s t ! precipitate at fir/ =m$ %all be small & h only a mom5t>y exi/5ce4 ,! titration is cont9u$ until !re is a p]man5t yell[i% turbidity4 ,! mo/ satisfactory & exact f9i% is got by ignor+ any fa9t suspicion ( a turbidity & accept+ ! unmi/akable turbidity :i* ! next drop ( silv] nitrate is sure to produce4 ,?is f9i%+ po9t gives results :i* are exactly proportional to ! quantity ( cyanide pres5t2 & x c be recognis$ ) m ?an ord9>y precision ev5 9 solutions :i* are n o!rwise p]fectly cle>4 ,ea* c4c4 ( ! /&>d silv] nitrate solution corresponds to 4#ja gram ( potassium cyanide2 & if #aj c4c4 ( ! liquor are tak5 = assay ?is corresponds to 4#a p] c5t4 or #b lbs4 to ! %ort ton or #b4bd lbs4 to ! long ton4 ,z already expla9$ ! result %\ld be report$ z cyanide equival5t to s mu* p] c5t4 ( potassium cyanide4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5tal results 7 obta9$ ) a solution ( potassium cyanide made up to conta9 ab\t #a4b p] c5t4 ( ! salt4 ,effect ( v>y+ cyanide4--,! bulk be=e titration 0 9 ea* case #fj c4c42 #b c4c4 ( soda & #c drops ( potassium iodide 7 us$ 9 ea* case4 ,cyanide add$ #dj c4c4 #cj c4c4 #bj c4c4 #aj c4c4 #e c4c4 #a c4c4 ,silv] requir$ #dg4j c4c4 #ce4be c4c4 #bc4e c4c4 #aa4g c4c4 #e4h c4c4 #a4ae c4c4 ,accept+ ! result = #dj c4c4 z correct1 ! o!rs are 9 v satisfactory agreem5t4 ,effect ( v>y+ dilution4--,! conditions 7 ^? ( ! #dj c4c4 exp]im5t 9 ! la/ s]ies2 b v>y+ am\nts ( wat] 7 us$ 9 dilut+4 ,wat] add$ none #ajj c4c4 #bjj c4c4 #djj c4c4 ,silv] requir$ #dg4j c4c4 #dg4j c4c4 #dg4j c4c4 #dg4je c4c4 ,v consid]able dilution !re=e has no effect4 ,effect ( v>y+ soda4--,! conditions 7 ^? ( ! #dj c4c4 exp]im5t 9 ! fir/ s]ies1 except t v>y+ am\nts ( soda solution 7 us$4 ,soda add$ none #aj c4c4 #cj c4c4 ,silv] requir$ #df4ie c4c4 #dg4j c4c4 #dg4j c4c4 ,?is alkali !re=e has no prejudicial effect4 ,effect ( ammonia4--,soda causes turbidity 9 "s cyanide liquors2 ) ^! x %\ld be replac$ by #b or #c c4c4 ( dilute ammonia ) a gram or s ( ammonium *loride4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts ) dilute ammonia %[ t l>g] quantities ( ?is reag5t mu/ be avoid$4 ,ammonia add$ none #aj c4c4 #cj c4c4 #fj c4c4 ,silv] requir$ #df4ie c4c4 #dg4ae c4c4 #dg4g c4c4 #di4e c4c4 ,effect ( sodium bic>bonate4--,9 ?is exp]im5t #a gram ( bic>bonate ( soda 0 us$ in/ead ( ! soda or ammonia ( ! o!r exp]im5ts4 ,! silv] nitrate requir$ 0 only #df4de c4c4 in/ead ( ! #dg4j c4c4 :i* is ! normal result4 ,?is is probably due to ! lib]ation ( prussic acid & %[s ! importance ( hav+ ! solution alkal9e4 ,effect ( z9c4--,9 ea* exp]im5t #dj c4c4 ( ! cyanide solution & 4#e gram ( z9c sulphate cry/als 7 us$ & ! bulk 0 made up to #ajj c4c4 be=e titrat+4 ,soda add$ #a c4c4 #e c4c4 #aj c4c4 #be c4c4 ,silv] requir$ #dg4a c4c4 #dg4j c4c4 #df4i c4c4 #df4i c4c4 ,! "w 0 easi] ) ! m alkal9e solutions4 ,! titration 9 ! pres5ce ( z9c is comp>atively easy1 b1 9 le>n+ x1 x is well to h a burette ) cyanide s t if a titration be ov]done x c be br\ght back by ! addition ( #a or #b c4c4 m cyanide & ! f9i% repeat$2 a qu>t] ( an h\r's "w 9 ?is way w ensure confid5ce 9 ! me?od4 ,effect ( o!r sub/ances4--,x 0 f\nd t an alkal9e cyanate1 sulphocyanate1 f]rocyanide1 nitrite1 borate1 silicate or c>bonate has no effect4 ,! f]ricyanide _h a small influ5ce &1 z might be expect$1 hyposulphite is fatal to ! assay4 ,! addition ( salts ( lead & cadmium 0 )\t effect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 nickel produces its full effect2 & ! quantity ( nickel add$ c be calculat$ ) accuracy f ! ext5t ( its int]f]5ce ) ! titration4 ,assay ( comm]cial cyanide ( potassium4--,break (f #bj or #cj grams ( ! cyanide 9 clean fre% pieces1 weigh accurately to ! ne>e/ c5tigram4 ,dissolve 9 wat] conta9+ a little sodium hydroxide2 transf] to a #b-litre flask3 dilute to #b litres2 add a few grams ( :ite lead2 %ake up & all[ to settle4 ,run #ej c4c4 ( ! cle> liquor f a burette into an #h oz4 flask2 add #b or #c c4c4 ( soda solution & #c drops ( potassium iodide4 ,titrate ) ! /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,! p]c5tage may be calculat$ by multiply+ ! numb] ( c4c4 us$ by #dj 7#ej c4c4 is "o =tie? ( ! #b litres7 & divid+ by ! weight ( comm]cial cyanide orig9ally tak54 ,alkal9ity ( comm]cial potassium cyanide & ( cyanide solutions4--,hydrocyanic acid l c>bonic acid has no action on me?yl-orange2#dc h5ce ! alkal9e cyanides may be titrat$ ) normal acid z easily z ! c>bonates or hydrates4 #ajj c4c4 ( normal acid w neutralise #f4e grams ( pure potassium cyanide4#dd ,a solution ( comm]cial cyanide prep>$ z = ! assay la/ describ$1 b be/ )\t ! addition ( :ite lead1 may be us$ = ! te/4 ,take #ej c4c4 ( x2 t9t fa9tly yell[ ) me?yl-orange & titrate ) normal acid till ! liquor acquires a p]man5t r$di% t9t4 ,9 ! case ( ! pur] samples ( cyanide ! quantity ( acid us$ w correspond exactly ) t requir$ to neutralise ! actual quantity ( cyanide pres5t z det]m9$ by ! assay ) nitrate ( silv]4 ,! less pure samples w %[ an excess ( alkal9ity because ( ! pres5ce ( sodium c>bonate or ( potassium c>bonate4 ,9 comp>+ ! alkal9ity & cyanide /r5g? ( a solution ! simple/ plan is to take #fe c4c4 ( ! solution & titrate ) normal acid2 = 9 ?is case ea* c4c4 ( normal acid corresponds to 4#a p] c5t4 ( potassium cyanide4 ,9 sy/ematic assays ( ?is k9d1 ! alkal9ity w\ld no d\bt be g5]ally 9 excess ( t requir$ by ! cyanide pres5t3 !re w\ld be no inconv5i5ce 9 record+ su* excess 9 t]ms ( potassium cyanide4 ,det]m9ation ( ! acidity ( an ore4--,mo/ ores h ! p[] ( de/roy+ m or less ( ! alkal9ity ( a cyanide solution & 9 a proportionate degree ( damag+ its effici5cy4 ,an assay is ne$$ to det]m9e h[ mu* lime or soda mu/ be add$ = ea* ton ( ore 9 ord] to c\nt]act ?is4 ,:e!r ?is acidity %\ld be report$ 9 t]ms ( ! lime or ( ! soda requir$ to neutralise x w dep5d on :i* ( ^! reag5ts is to be us$ 9 ! actual practice4 ,aga91 if ! ore is wa%$ ) wat] be=e treat+ ) cyanide on ! l>ge scale1 !n ! assay %\ld be made ( ! acidity ( ! ore aft] a simil> wa%+4 ,! /&>d solutions ( acid & alkali us$ = ?is det]m9ation may be "o-fif? normal4 #bjj c4c4 ( ! normal solution %\ld be dilut$ to #a litre 9 ea* case1 #a c4c4 ( ! result+ solutions w\ld be equival5t to #h milligrams ( soda 7,na,h,o7 or #e4f milligrams ( lime1 ,ca,o4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ ?is ref]s to ! pure bases 9 ea* case4 ,suppose x is desir$ to report z s _m lbs4 ( lime to ! %ort ton 7#bjjj lbs47 ( ore4 ,s9ce #a c4c4 ( ! /&>d solution is equival5t to #e4f milligrams ( lime1 if we take #bjjj times ?is weight ( ore 7i4e4 #aa1bjj milligrams or #aa4b grams7 = ! assay1 ea* c4c4 ( /&>d solution w be equival5t to #a lb4 ( lime to ! %ort ton4#de ,total acidity4--,weigh out #aa4b grams ( ! ore1 place !m 9 a f\r-in* evaporat+ di% & measure on to x f a burette #aj or #bj c4c4 ( ! /&>d solution ( soda4 ,/ir ! soda solution into ! ore & all[ to /& = #ae or #bj m9utes ) occasional /irr+4 ,/ir up ) #cj or #dj c4c4 ( wat]1 float a piece ( litmus pap] on ! liquid & titrate ) ! /&>d solution ( acid4 ,if ! ore is /rictly neutral ! quantity ( acid requir$ to r$d5 ! litmus w be ! same z ! quantity ( soda orig9ally us$4 ,if ! ore is acid1 less acid w be us$4 ,= example1 if #aj c4c4 ( soda 7 us$ & only #g c4c4 ( acid 7 requir$1 ! ore w h done ! "w ( ! rema9+ #c c4c4 ( acid4 ,& ! ton ( ore w require #c lbs4 ( lime to neutralise its acidity4 ,acidity aft] wa%+4--,take #aa4b grams ( ! ore2 wa% ?or\ghly ) wat] & imm$iately treat ! residue1 )\t dry+1 exactly z j describ$4 ,exam9ation ( cyanide solutions = metals1 c4--,take a measur$ quantity ( ! solution1 say #bj c4c4#df & evaporate 9 a small di% )1 say1 half a c4c4 ( /rong sulphuric acid4 ,evaporate at fir/1 on a wat]-ba? 9 a well v5tilat$ place1 b f9i% (f ) a nak$ ,buns5 flame1 us+ a high temp]ature at ! end 9 ord] to completely decompose ! m refractory d\ble cyanides4 ,all[ to cool2 moi/5 ) /rong hydro*loric acid2 w>m ) a little wat] & te/ = ! metals 9 ! solution by ! ord9>y me?ods4 ,s9ce ! quantities ( ! metals likely to be pres5t may be giv5 9 milligrams ! "w mu/ be c>efully p]=m$4 ,x may be wor? :ile to det]m9e ! proportions ( lime & magnesia z well z ^? ( ! metals prop]4 ,or ! #bj c4c4 ( cyanide liquor may be evaporat$ ) #e c4c4 ( /rong nitric acid to dryness & g5tly ignit$ & ! residue tak5 up ) #b or #c c4c4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,copp]1 iron1 & z9c c be rapidly det]m9$ 9 su* a solution1 z foll[s4 ,dilute ) wat] to #aj or #ae c4c41 add an excess ( ammonia1 & filt]4 ,! precipitate w conta9 ! iron z f]ric hydrate2 dissolve x 9 a little hot dilute sulphuric acid3 r$uce ) sulphurett$ hydrog52 boil (f ! excess ( gas1 cool & titrate ) /&>d potassium p]manganate 7p4 #bcf74 ,det]m9e ! copp] 9 ! filtrate colorimetrically 7p4 #bjc72 b avoid fur!r dilution4 ,!n add dilute hydro*loric acid1 s z to h an excess ( #d or #e c4c4 aft] neutralis+ ! ammonia2 add "s clean /rips ( lead foil1 & boil until ! solution has = "s "t become col\rless4 ,titrate ) /&>d potassium f]rocyanide 7p4 #bfc7 )\t fur!r dilution1 & be>+ 9 m9d t at mo/ only "o or two c4c4 w be requir$4 ,exam9ation ( an ore = cyanicides4--,place #ajj grams ( ! ore ) #bjj c4c4 ( a cyanide solution ( kn[n /r5g? 7say 4#a or 4#b p] c5t47 9 a bottle & agitate = a def9ite "t1 su* z "o or two days4 ,filt] (f "s ( ! liquor & assay = cyanide1 us+ say #bj c4c4 ,calculate h[ mu* cyanide has be5 de/roy$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,evaporate #bj c4c4 ) sulphuric or nitric acid & exam9e = metal4 ,te/ ano!r portion = sulphides1 c4 ,! /ud5t :o has ma/]$ ! me?ods ( assay+ c greatly improve himself by work+ out su* problems z ! above4 ,,plat9um4 ,plat9um occurs 9 nature 9 alluvial deposits associat$ ) gold & "s r>e metals1 g5]ally 9 f9e metallic gra9s1 &1 occasionally1 9 nuggets4 ,x is a grey metal ) a high specific gravity1 #ba4e :5 pure & ab\t #ah4j 9 native specim5s4 ,x is fusible only at ! highe/ temp]ature1 & is n act$ on by acids4 ,x is dissolv$ by w>m aqua regia1 =m+ a solution ( plat9ic *loride1 ,h#b,pt,cl#f4 ,?is sub/ance on evaporation rema9s z a br[ni% r$ deliquesc5t mass2 on dry+ at #cjj ,c4 x is conv]t$ into plat9\s *loride1 ,pt,cl#b1 & becomes insoluble1 & at a high] temp]ature x is conv]t$ into plat9um4 ,all plat9um comp\nds yield ! metal 9 ?is way4 ,plat9ic *loride comb9es ) o!r *lorides to =m d\ble salts1 ( :i* ! ammonic & potassic plat9o-*lorides are ! mo/ important4 ,plat9um alone is n soluble 9 nitric acid2 b :5 alloy$ ) o!r metals :i* dissolve 9 ?is acid x too is dissolv$2 s t 9 gold p>t+1 = example1 if plat9um 0 pres5t1 "s1 or p]haps ! :ole ( x w\ld g into solution ) ! silv]4 ,su* alloys1 h[ev]1 :5 treat$ ) hot sulphuric acid leave ! plat9um 9 ! residue ) ! gold4 ,plat9um is detect$ :5 9 ! metallic /ate by its physical *>act]s & insolubility 9 acids4 ,9 alloys x may be f\nd by dissolv+ !m 9 nitric acid or 9 aqua regia1 evaporat+ ) hydro*loric acid1 & treat+ ! filtrate ) ammonic *loride & alcohol4 ,a heavy yell[ precipitate m>ks its pres5ce4 ,! assay ( bullion1 or ( an alloy conta9+ plat9um1 may be made z foll[s3 ,take #j4b gram ( ! alloy & an equal weight ( f9e silv]1 cupel ) %eet lead1 & weigh4 ,! loss 9 weight1 aft] d$uct+ t ( ! silv] add$1 gives ! weight ( ! base metals1 copp]1 lead1 c4 ,flatt5 ! button & "p by boil+ ) /rong sulphuric acid = sev]al m9utes4 ,:5 cold1 wa%1 anneal1 & weigh4 ,! weight is t ( ! plat9um & gold4 ,! silv] may be got by diff]5ce4 ,re-cupel ! metal ?us got ) #ab or #ae times its weight ( silv]1 flatt5 & "p ! gold ) nitric acid 9 ! usual way 7see "u ,gold71 & ! plat9um w dissolve4 ,! gold may conta9 an alloy ( osmium & iridium2 if s1 x %\ld be weigh$ & treat$ ) aqua regia4 ,! osmiridium w rema9 z an insoluble residue1 :i* c be sep>at$ & weigh$4 ,its weight d$uct$ f t previ\sly asc]ta9$ w give ! weight ( ! gold4 ,:5 ! plat9um only is requir$1 ! alloy mu/ be dissolv$ by prolong$ treatm5t ) aqua regia1 ! solution evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residue extract$ ) wat]4 ,! solution ?us obta9$ is treat$ ) ammonic *loride 9 l>ge excess & ) "s alcohol4 ,a sp>+ly soluble#dg yell[ ammonic plat9um *loride is ?r[n d[n1 mix$1 p]haps1 ) ! correspond+ salts ( o!r metals ( ! plat9um gr\p4 ,gold w be 9 solution4 ,! solution is all[$ to /& = "s "t1 & !n ! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) alcohol1 dri$1 & transf]r$ 7wrapp$ 9 ! filt] pap]7 to a weigh$ crucible4 ,x is ignit$1 g5tly at fir/1 z !re is dang] ( volatilis+ "s ( ! plat9um *loride1 & aft]w>ds int5sely4 ,) l>ge quantities ( plat9um ! ignition %\ld be p]=m$ 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog54 ,cool & weigh z metallic plat9um4 ,,iridium ,occurs 9 nature alloy$ ) osmium z osmiridium or iridosm9e1 :i* is r abundant 9 ! aurif]\s bea* s&s ( ,nor!rn ,cali=nia 7,dana74 ,x occurs 9 bright metallic scales1 :i* d n alloy ) lead1 & are insoluble 9 aqua regia4 ,iridium also occurs 9 mo/ plat9um ores1 & =ms z mu* z two p] c5t4 ( "s comm]cial plat9um4 ,9 *emical prop]ties x resembles plat9um1 b ! ammonic irido-*loride has a d>k r$ col\r1 & on ignition leaves metallic iridium1 :i* does n dissolve 9 aqua regia dilut$ ) f\r or five times its volume ( wat] & heat$ to a temp]ature ( #dj or #ej ,c4 ,! o!r metals ( ! plat9um gr\p are ,palladium1 ,rhodium1 ,osmium1 & ,ru!nium4 ,!y diff] f gold1 plat9um1 & iridium by ! insolubility ( _! sulphides 9 a solution ( sodium sulphide4 ,palladium is di/+ui%$ by ! insolubility ( its iodide2 & ,osmium by ! volatility ( its oxide on boil+ ) nitric acid4 ,,m]cury4 ,m]cury occurs native &1 occasionally1 alloy$ ) gold or silv] 9 natural amalgams2 b its *ief ore is ! sulphide1 c9nab>4 ,x is comp>atively r>e1 be+ m9$ = only 9 a few di/ricts4 ,x is *iefly us$ 9 ! extraction ( gold & silv] f _! ores 7amalgamation72 = silv]+ mirrors1 c4 ,m]cury =ms two s]ies ( salts1 m]cur\s & m]curic1 b = ! purposes ( ! assay] ! mo/ important prop]ty is ! ease ) :i* x c be r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate f ei!r ( ^!4 ,m]cury itself is soluble 9 nitric acid1 =m+1 :5 ! acid is hot & /rong1 m]curic nitrate4 ,c9nab> is soluble only 9 aqua regia4 ,m]cur\s salts are g5]ally insoluble1 & may be conv]t$ into m]curic salts by prolong$ boil+ ) oxidis+ ag5ts 7nitric acid or aqua regia74 ,! salts ( m]cury are volatile1 &1 if heat$ ) a r$uc+ ag5t or "s body capable ( fix+ ! acid1 metallic m]cury is giv5 (f1 :i* may be cond5s$ & collect$4 ,m]cury is sep>at$ f its solutions by z9c or copp]1 or x may be ?r[n d[n by /ann\s *loride1 :i*1 :5 9 excess1 gives a grey p[d] ( metallic m]cury1 or1 if dilute1 a :ite cry/all9e precipitate ( m]cur\s *loride4 ,nitric acid solutions ( m]cury yield ! metal on electrolysis2 &1 if ! pole on :i* ! metal comes d[n be made ( gold or copp]1 or is coat$ ) ^!1 ! sep>at$ m]cury w adh]e !reto4 ,x may !n be wa%$ & weigh$4 ,! be/ te/s = m]cury next to obta9+ globules ( ! metal are3 7#a7 a black precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 f acid solutions1 :i* is insoluble 9 nitric acid2 & 7#b7 a :ite precipitate ) /ann\s *loride4 ,,dry ,,me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,weigh up #e grams1 if ! ore is ri*1 or #aj grams1 if a poor] m9]al4 ,take a piece ( combu/ion tube f #ah in*es to #b feet long1 clos$ at "o end1 & place 9 x "s p[d]$ magnesite1 s z to fill x to a dep? ( #b or #c in*es1 & on t a lay] ( an equal quantity ( p[d]$ lime 7n slak$74 ,mix ! weigh$ sample ( ore 9 a mort> ) #aj grams ( f9ely p[d]$ lime & transf] to ! tube2 r9se out ! mort> ) a little m lime1 & add ! r9s+s4 ,cov] ) a lay] ( six or sev5 in*es m lime & a loosely fitt+ plug ( asbe/os4 ,draw out ! tube be=e ! bl[pipe to ! %ape %[n 9 fig4 #dg1 avoid+ ! =mation ( a ridge or holl[ at ! b5d :i* might collect ! m]cury4 ,tap g5tly1 hold+ ! tube ne>ly horizontal1 s z to all[ suffici5t space above ! mixture = ! passage ( ! gases & vap\rs :i* are =m$4 ,place ! tube 9 a tube furnace1 &1 :5 9 position1 place a small beak] ( wat] s t x %all j close ! op5+ ( ! tube4 ,! po9t ( ! tube %\ld n m ?an t\* ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,br+ ! tube gradually to a r$ heat1 comm5c+ by heat+ ! lime j beh9d ! asbe/os plug1 & travell+ sl[ly backw>ds4 ,:5 ! portion ( ! tube conta9+ ! ore has be5 heat$ to r$ness = "s "t ! heat is c>ri$ back to ! end ( ! tube4 ,! magnesite readily gives up c>bonic acid1 :i* fills ! tube & sweeps ! m]cury vap\r be=e x4 ,"s ( ! m]cury w h dropp$ into ! beak]1 & "s w rema9 z drops adh]+ to ! upp] "p ( ! neck4 ,:il/ ! tube is /ill hot cut (f ! neck ( ! tube j 9 front ( ! asbe/os plug 7a drop ( wat] f ! wa% bottle w d ?is71 & wa% ! m]cury f ! neck into ! beak]4 ,! m]cury easily collects into a globule1 :i* mu/ be transf]r$1 aft] decant+ (f ! bulk ( ! wat]1 to a weigh$ ,b]l9 crucible4 ,! wat] is remov$ f ! crucible1 fir/ by ! help ( filt] pap]1 & !n by expos+ 9 a desiccator ov] sulphuric acid1 :]e x %\ld be left until its weight rema9s con/ant4 ,x %\ld n be w>m$4 ,example3--#e grams ( an ore treat$ 9 ?is way gave #d4bfe grams ( m]cury1 equival5t to #he4c p] c5t4 ,pure c9nab> conta9s #hf4b p] c5t4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,solution4--,s9ce solutions ( *loride ( m]cury _c be boil$ )\t risk ( loss1#dh nitric acid solutions %\ld be us$ :]ev] possible4 ,no m]cury-conta9+ m9]als are insoluble 9 acids2 b c9nab> requires aqua regia = solution4 ,9 dissolv+ ?is m9]al nitric acid %\ld be us$1 ) j z mu* hydro*loric acid z w suffice to take x up4 ,to sep>ate ! m]cury1 pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 consid]able excess ?r\gh ! some:at dilute solution4 ,! precipitate %\ld be black1 al?\gh x comes d[n at fir/ v light col\r$4 ,x is filt]$1 wa%$1 & transf]r$ back to ! beak]1 & !n dige/$ ) w>m ammonic sulphide4 ,! residue1 filt]$1 wa%$1 & boil$ ) dilute nitric acid1 w1 9 ! abs5ce ( mu* lead1 be pure m]curic sulphide4 ,if mu* lead is pres5t1 a portion may be precipitat$ z sulphate1 b c be remov$ by wa%+ ) ammonic acetate4 ,to get ! m]cury into solution1 cov] ) nitric acid & a few drops ( hydro*loric1 & w>m till solution is effect$4 ,dilute ) wat] to #ej or #ajj c4c4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,?is may be made by electrolysis4 ,! same app>atus z is us$ = ! electrolytic copp] assay may be employ$1 b in/ead ( a cyl9d] ( plat9um "o cut out ( %eet copp] %\ld be tak51 or ! plat9um "o may be coat$ ) an ev5ly deposit$ lay] ( copp]4 ,fix ! spiral & weigh$ copp] cyl9d] 9 position1 c\ple up ! batt]y1 & :5 ?is has be5 done put ! nitric acid solution ( ! m]cury 9 its place4#di ,! /ud5t _h bett] ref] to ! description ( ! ,electrolytic ,copp] ,assay4 ,! m]cury comes d[n readily1 & ! precipitation is complete 9 a few h\rs3 x is bett] to leave x ov]night to make sure ( complete r$uction4 ,disconnect ! app>atus1 & wa% ! cyl9d]1 fir/ ) cold wat]1 !n ) alcohol4 ,dry by plac+ 9 ! wat] ov5 = two or ?ree m9utes4 ,cool & weigh3 ! increase 9 weight gives ! am\nt ( metallic m]cury4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t copp] w precipitate m]cury )\t ! aid ( ! batt]y2 b 9 ?is case copp] w g into solution ) a consequ5t loss 9 ! weight ( ! cyl9d]3 ?is mu/ be avoid$ by connect+ ! batt]y be=e imm]s+ ! electrodes 9 ! assay solution4 ,! electrolys$ solution %\ld be treat$ ) an excess ( ammonia1 :5 a blue coloration w indicate copp]1 9 :i* case ! electrolysis is unsatisfactory4 ,) a little c>e ?is ne$ n happ54 ,gold cyl9d]s may pref]ably be us$ in/ead ( copp]2 b on plat9um ! deposit ( m]cury is grey & non-adh]5t1 s t x _c be wa%$ & weigh$4 ,,volumetric ,,me?ods4 ,sev]al me?ods h be5 devis$3 = ! details ( ^! ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,sutton's ,h&book ( ,volumetric ,analysis4 ,,que/ions4 #a4 ,! specific gravity ( m]cury is #ac4eif4 ,:at volume w\ld #h grams occupy8 #b4 ,if #c4afi grams ( c9nab> gave #b4gah grams ( m]cury1 :at w\ld be ! p]c5tage ( ! metal 9 ! ore8 #c4 ,p\r solution ( m]curic *loride on m]cury & expla9 :at happ5s4 #d4 ,on dissolv+ #j4c gram ( m]cury 9 hot nitric acid1 & pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 excess ?r\gh ! dilut$ solution1 :at weight ( precipitate w be got8 ,,footnotes3 #i ,lead may be granulat$ by heat+ x to a little above ! melt+ po9t1 p\r+ x into a clos$ wood5 box1 & rapidly agitat+ x z x solidifies4 #aj ,a rod ( iron plac$ 9 ! crucible ) ! assays w decompose any regulus t may be =m$4 #aa ,) buttons poor 9 silv] ! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature at ?is /age is n a matt] ( importance4 #ab #ajj grams ( ! lead1 or ( its oxide1 w conta9 f #a4e to #b4e milligrams4 #ac ,/ill ! precautions ( hav+ cupels well made f bone a% 9 f9e p[d]1 & ( work+ ! cupellation at z l[ a temp]ature z possible are v prop] ones1 provid$ !y are n c>ri$ to an absurd excess4 #ad ,be c>eful to remove ! crucible be=e tak+ ! bottle out ( ! bas9 ( wat]2 if ?is is n done ! *loride may be wa%$ out ( x4 #ae #a c4c4 ( ?is dilute acid w precipitate #h or #i milligrams ( silv]4 #af ,*lorides int]f]e n m]ely by remov+ silv] z insoluble silv] *loride1 b also by mak+ x difficult to get a good f9i%+ po9t1 ow+ to ! silv] *loride remov+ ! col\r f ! r$d5$ solution4 #ag ,^! results 7 obta9$ :5 us+ ammonium sulphocyanate1 & _c be expla9$ by ! pres5ce ( su* impurities z *lorides1 c4 #ah ,multiply ! /&>d by #ajjj1 & dilute #ajj c4c4 ( ! /&>d solution to ! result+ numb] ( c4c4 ,?us1 ) a solution ( a /&>d 4#die1 dilute #ajj c4c4 to #die c4c41 us+1 ( c\rse1 di/ill$ wat]4 #ai ,h,na#b;,as,o#d #c;,ag,n,o#c ,ag#c;,as,o#d ,,hno#c #b,na,n,o#c4 #bj ,si,o#b ,na#b;,,co#c ,,co#b ,na#b,si,o#c ,si,o#b #b,na,h,c,o#c #b;,,co#b ,na#b,si,o#c ,h#b,o4 #ba ,pb,o ,si,o#b ,pb,si,o#c #bb ,"h & else:]e 9 ?is article :5 a flux is spok5 ( z soda ! bic>bonate is meant4 #bc ,see ! description ( ! process comm5c+ on p4 #ih & ! explanatory rem>ks on p4 #aaj4 #bd ,p]cy1 ,metallurgy ( ,silv] & ,gold1 p4 #beh4 #be ,limits ( ,accuracy atta9$ 9 ,gold-bullion ,assay1 ,trans4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahic4 #bf ,assay+ & ,hall-m>k+ at ! ,*e/] ,assay ,(fice4 ,w4,f4 ,l[e4 ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indu/ry1 ,sept4 #ahhi4 #bg ,f9e or pure gold is #bd c>at4 ,n9e c>at gold !re=e conta9s #i p>ts ( gold 9 #bd ( ! alloy2 eighte5 c>at gold conta9s #ah p>ts ( gold 9 #bd2 & s on4 #bh ,! m\? ( ! flask mu/ n h a rim ar\nd x4 #bi ,see ,assay+ & ,hall-m>k+ at ! ,*e/] ,assay ,(fice1 by ,w4,f4 ,l[e4 ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indu/ry1 ,sept4 #ahhi4 #cj ,p]cy1 ,metallurgy ( ,silv] & ,gold1 p4 #bfc4 #ca ,see also ,! ,assay+ ( ,gold ,bullion1 by ,c4 ,:itehead & ,t4 ,ulke4 ,eng4 & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,new ,york1 ,feb4 #ab1 #ahih4 #cb ,consult ,p]cy's ,metallurgy ( ,silv] & ,gold1 p4 #agb2 ,a4,c4 ,claudet1 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m9+ & ,metallurgy1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bi2 ,g4,m4 ,rob]ts ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,buffalo ,meet+1 #ahih2 ,j4 & ,h4,s4 ,patt9son1 ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indu/ry1 vol4 xi4 p4 #cba4 #cc ,heycock & ,neville1 ,j\rn4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahib1 p4 #ijg4 #cd ,g4,m4 ,rob]ts4 #ce ,a4,c4 ,claudet4 #cf ,! ,sampl+ ( ,arg5tif]\s & ,aurif]\s ,copp]1 by ,a4,r4 ,l$\x4 ,j\rn4 ,canadian ,m9+ ,in/itute1 #ahii4 #cg ,na,c,n,o ,ba,cl#b ,na,h,o ,h#b,o ,,nh#c ,ba,c,o#c #b ,na,cl4 #ch ,h,cy ,na,h,o ,na,cy ,h#b,o4 #ci #b,,kcn ,ag,n,o#c ,k,ag7,,cn7#b ,,kno#c4 #dj ,if x be desir$ to make a solution s t #ajj c4c4 %all be equival5t to #a gram ( sodium cyanide1 !n #ah4jhe grams ( silv] nitrate %\ld be tak5 = ea* litre4 #da ,ag,n,o#c ,k,ag,cy#b #b ,ag,cy ,,kno#c4 #db ,ag,n,o#c ,,ki ,ag,i ,,kno#c4 #dc ,see pp4 #cbb1 #cbc1 & #cbd = a description ( ! me?ods = measur+ ! quantity ( acid or alkali4 #dd ,,kcn ,h,cl ,k,cl ,,hcn #de ,tak+ #af4j grams ( ore1 ea* c4c4 #a lb4 ( soda to ! %ort ton4 ,! correspond+ figures = ! long ton are #ab4edd grams = lime & #ag4ib grams = soda4 #df ,9 :i* case ea* 4#ja gram ( metal f\nd equals #a lb to ! %ort ton ( solution4 #dg #ajj c4c4 ( wat] dissolves #j4ff gram ( ! salt2 x is almo/ insoluble 9 alcohol or 9 solutions ( ammonic *loride4 #dh ,accord+ to ,p]sonne m]curic *loride is n volatilis$ f boil+ solutions :5 alkal9e *lorides are pres5t4 #di ,! solution %\ld conta9 ab\t #j4be gram ( m]cury1 & a l>ge excess ( nitric acid mu/ be avoid$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,copp]--,,lead--,,?allium--,,bismu?--,, antimony4 ,,copp]4 ,copp] occurs native 9 l>ge quantities1 especially 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict2 9 ?is /ate x is g5]ally pure4 ,m frequ5tly x is f\nd 9 comb9ation4 ,! ores ( copp] may be class$ z oxides & sulphides4 ,! mo/ abundant oxidis$ ores are ! c>bonates1 mala*ite & *essylite2 ! silicates1 z also ! r$ & black oxides1 occur less abundantly4 ,all ^! yield _! copp] 9 solution on boil+ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! sulphides are m abundant4 ,copp] pyrites 7or yell[ ore71 erubescite 7or purple ore71 & *alcocite 7or grey ore7 are ! mo/ important4 ,iron pyrites g5]ally c>ries copp] & is frequ5tly associat$ ) ! above-m5tion$ m9]als4 ,^! are all attack$ by nitric acid4 ,!y ne>ly all conta9 a small quantity ( organic matt]1 & frequ5tly consid]able quantities ( lead1 z9c1 silv]1 gold1 ars5ic1 bismu?1 c4 ,! copp] ores are (t5 conc5trat$ on ! m9e be=e be+ s5t into ! m>ket1 ei!r by smelt+1 :5 ! product is a regulus or matte1 or by a wet me?od ( extraction1 yield+ cem5t copp] or precipitate4 ,a regulus is a sulphide ( copp] & iron1 c>ry+ f #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,a precipitate1 :i* is g5]ally 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 consi/s ma9ly ( metallic copp]4 ,ei!r regulus or precipitate may be readily dissolv$ 9 nitric acid4 ,copp] =ms two classes ( salts1 cupr\s & cupric4 ,! =m] are pale col\r$ & ( little importance to ! assay]4 ,!y are easily & completely conv]t$ into cupric by oxidis+ ag5ts4 ,cupric comp\nds are g5]ally gre5 or blue1 & are soluble 9 ammonia1 =m+ deep blue solutions4 ,,dry ,,assay4 ,t1 = copp]1 next aft] ^? = gold & silv]1 holds a m important position ?an any o!r dry assay4 ,! sale ( copp] ores has be5 regulat$ almo/ solely 9 ! pa/ by assays made on ! ,corni% me?od4 ,x is n pret5d$ t ?is me?od gives ! actual cont5t ( copp]1 b x gives ! pur*as] an idea ( ! quantity & quality ( ! metal t c be got by smelt+4 ,! process is itself "o ( smelt+ on a small scale4 ,z might be expect$1 h[ev]1 ! assay produce & ! smelt+ produce are n ! same1 !re be+ a small] loss ( copp] 9 ! smelt+4 ,! me?od has work$ v well1 b :5 appli$ to ! pur*ase ( l[ class ores 7f :i* ! :ole ( ! copp] is extract$ by wet me?ods7 x is unsatisfactory4 ,! foll[+ table1 :i* embodies ! results ( sev]al ye>s' exp]i5ce ) copp] assays1 %[s ! loss ( copp] on ores ( v>y+ produce4 ,! figures 9 ! f\r? column %[ h[ rapidly ! proportion ( copp] lo/ increases z ! p]c5tage ( copp] 9 ! ore falls bel[ #cj p] c5t4 ,= mat]ial ) m ?an #cj p] c5t4 ! proportion lo/ is 9 inv]se proportion to ! copp] pres5t4 ,,loss ,,( ,,copp]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,copp] pres5t4 ,dry ,assay4 ,m>g94 ,loss on #ajj ,p>ts ( ,copp]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 #ajj #ih #b4j #b4j #ie #ib-a_/b #b4e #b4f #ij #hg-c_/h #b4f #b4i #he #hb-c_/h #b4f #c4j #hj #gg-c_/h #b4f #c4b #ge #gb-c_/h #b4f #c4e #gj #fg-a_/b #b4e #c4f #fe #fb-a_/b #b4e #c4h #fj #eg-e_/h #b4d #d4j #ee #eb-c_/d #b4c #d4b #ej #dg-c_/d #b4b #d4d #de #dc #b4j #d4e #dj #ch-a_/h #a4h #d4f #ce #cc-a_/d #a4g #d4h #cj #bh-a_/b #a4ej #e4j #be #bc-a_/b #a4ej #f4j #bj #ah-a_/b #a4ef #g4h #ah #af-a_/b #a4ec #h4e #af #ad-a_/b #a4dh #i4c #ad #ab-e_/h #a4dj #aj4j #ab #aj-e_/h #a4cg #aa4d #aj #h-c_/d #a4bh #ab4h #h #f-g_/h #a4ad #ad4c #f #e #a4je #ag4e #e #d #a4jj #bj4j #d #c #a4jj #be4j #c4ge #b-c_/d #j4ig #bf4j #c4ej #b-i_/af #j4id #bg4j #c4be #b-e_/af #j4ia #bh4j #c4jj #b-a_/h #j4hg #bi4j #b4ge #a-ae_/af #j4hb #cj4j #b4ej #a-c_/d #j4gg #ca4j #b4be #a-a_/b #j4gb #cb4j #b4jj #a-e_/af #j4ff #cc4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,! wet assay be+ kn[n1 ! dry assay c be calculat$ ) ! help ( ! above table by d$uct+ ! am\nt 9 ! column head$ m>g9 opposite ! correspond+ p]c5tage4 ,= example1 if ! wet assay gives a produce ( #ag4ab p] c5t41 !re %\ld be d$uct$ #a4e2 ! dry assay w\ld !n be #ae4fb1 or1 s9ce ! fractions are always express$ 9 eigh?s1 #ae-e_/h4 ,) impure ores1 conta9+ f #be to #ej p] c5t4 ( copp]1 ! diff]5ces may be p]haps #a_/d great]4 ,wet me?ods are gradually replac+ ! dry assay1 & x is probable t 9 ! future !y w sup]s$e x2 = /ock-tak+1 & ! v>i\s det]m9ations requir$ 9 smelt+ works & on m9es1 !y are g5]ally adopt$1 because !y give ! actual copp] cont5ts1 & s9ce x is obvi\s t a k ( ?is is m valuable to ! m9] & smelt]4 ,moreov]1 ! work+ ( ! dry me?od has be5 monopolis$ by a small r+ ( assay]s1 ) ! d\ble result ( excit+ outside jeal\sy &1 worse /ill1 ( ret>d+ ! developm5t & improvem5t ( ! process4 ,! pr9cipal /ages ( ! dry assay are3 7#a7 ! conc5tration ( ! copp] 9 a regulus2 7#b7 ! sep>ation ( ! sulphur by calc9+2 7#c7 ! r$uction ( ! copp] by fusion2 & 7#d7 ! ref9+ ( ! metal obta9$4 ,! :ole ( ^! op]ations are n necess>y ) all copp] mat]ial4 ,ores are work$ ?r\gh all ! /ages2 ) mattes1 ! prelim9>y fusion = regulus is omitt$2 precipitates are simply fus$ = co>se copp]1 & ref9$2 & bli/] or b> copp]s are ref9$1 or1 if v pure1 subject$ m]ely to wa%+4 ,! quantity ( ore g5]ally tak5 is #djj gra9s1 & is kn[n z a full trial2 b = ri* mat]ial1 conta9+ m ?an #ej p] c5t4 ( copp]1 a half trial1 or #bjj gra9s1 is us$4 ,fusion = ,regulus4--,! ore 7ei!r ) or )\t a previ\s imp]fect roa/+ to get rid ( any excess ( sulphur7 is mix$ ) borax1 glass1 lime1 & fluor sp>2 &1 9 "s cases1 ) nitre1 or iron pyrites1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! ore4 ,! mixture is plac$ 9 a l>ge ,corni% crucible1 & heat$ z uni=mly z possible 9 ! w9d furnace1 gradually rais+ ! temp]ature s z to melt d[n ! *>ge 9 f #ae to #bj m9utes4 ,! crucible is remov$ & its cont5ts p\r$ into an iron m\ld4 ,:5 ! slag is solid1 x is tak5 up ) tweez]s & qu5*$ 9 wat]4 ,! regulus is easily deta*$ f ! slag4 ,x %\ld be convex above & easily brok51 h a r$di% br[n col\r1 & conta9 f #dj to #fj p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,a regulus ) m ?an ?is is too f9e1 & ) less too co>se4 ,a regulus :i* is too f9e is r\nd1 compact1 h>d1 & ( a d>k blui% grey on ! fre%ly brok5 surface4 ,a co>se regulus is flat & co>se gra9$1 & m ne>ly resembles sulphide ( iron 9 fracture & col\r4 ,if an assay yields a regulus too co>se1 a fre% det]m9ation is made ) m nitre add$1 or ! roa/+ is c>ri$ fur!r4 ,) l[ class ores a some:at co>se regulus is an advantage4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! regulus is too f9e1 less nitre or less roa/+ is ! rem$y4 ,) grey copp] ores & ! oxidis$ ores1 iron pyrites is add$4 ,calc9+ ! ,regulus4--,x is p[d]$ 9 an iron mort> & transf]r$ to a small ,corni% crucible1 or 7if ! roa/+ is to be done 9 ! muffle7 to a roa/+ di% or scorifi]4 ,! calc9+ is c>ri$ out at a dull r$ heat1 :i* is gradually increas$4 ,! *>ge requires con/ant /irr+ at fir/ to prev5t clott+1 b t[>ds ! end x becomes s&y & requires less att5tion4 ,if ! temp]ature dur+ calc9ation has be5 too l[ sulphates are =m$1 :i* are aga9 r$uc$ to sulphides 9 ! subsequ5t fusion4 ,to prev5t ?is ! roa/$ regulus is recalc9$ at a high] temp]ature1 aft] be+ rubb$ up ) a little an?racite4 ,! roa/$ sub/ance mu/ n smell ( burn+ sulphur :5 hot4 ,x is practically a mixture ( ! oxides ( copp] & iron4 ,fusion = ,co>se ,copp]4--,! calc9$ regulus is mix$ ) a flux consi/+ ( borax & c>bonate ( soda1 ) m or less t>t> accord+ to its weight4 ,"s assay]s use bo? t>t> & nitre1 ! =m] ( c\rse be+ 9 excess4 ,! *>ge is return$ to ! crucible 9 :i* x 0 calc9$1 & is melt$ d[n at a high temp]ature1 &1 z soon z tranquil1 p\r$4 ,:5 solid x is qu5*$ & ! button ( metal sep>at$4 ,! slag is black & glassy4 ,! small quantity ( copp] :i* x reta9s is recov]$ by a subsequ5t clean+1 toge!r ) ! slags f ! next op]ation4 ,! button ( co>se copp] obta9$ mu/ be free f a coat+ ( regulus4 ,x w v>y some:at 9 appe>ance accord+ to ! nature & quantity ( ! impurities4 ,ref9+ ! ,co>se ,copp]4--,! same crucible is put back 9 ! furnace1 deep d[n & "u ! crevice betwe5 ! two bricks4 ,:5 x has atta9$ ! temp]ature ( ! furnace ! co>se copp] is dropp$ into x & ! furnace clos$4 ,! copp] w melt almo/ at once ) a dull surface1 :i* aft] a "t cle>s1 %[+ an eye4 ,"s ref9+ flux is !n %ot 9 f ! scoop 7fig4 #dh71 &1 :5 ! assay is aga9 fluid1 x is p\r$4 ,:5 cold ! button ( metal is sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,! button ( f9e copp] is flat or pitt$ on its upp] surface1 & is coat$ ) a ?9 orange film2 x mu/ h ! appe>ance ( good copp]4 ,if x is cov]$ ) a r$ or purple film1 x is ov]done or burnt4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x has a r\gh1 dull appe>ance1 x is n suffici5tly ref9$4 ,assays t h be5 burnt are reject$4 ,^? n suffici5tly f9e are treat$ z co>se copp]1 & aga9 put ?r\gh ! ref9+ op]ation4 ,clean+ ! ,slags4--,^! are r\ghly p[d]$ & re-fus$ ) t>t>1 etc41 z 9 ! fusion = co>se copp]4 ,! button ( metal got is sep>at$ 7if big en\gh ref9$7 & weigh$4 ,! details ( ! process are slightly v>i$ by diff]5t assay]s3 ! foll[+ w be good practice = ! /ud5t4 ,det]m9ation ( ,copp] 9 ,copp] ,pyrites4--,p[d]1 dry1 & weigh up #bj grams ( ! ore4 ,mix ) #bj grams ea* ( p[d]$ lime & fluor1 #ae grams ea* ( p[d]$ glass & borax1 & #e or #aj grams ( nitre4 ,transf] to a l>ge ,corni% crucible & fuse "u a loose cov] at a high temp]ature = f #ae to #bj m9utes4 ,:5 fluid & tranquil p\r into a m\ld4 ,:5 ! slag has solidifi$1 b :il/ /ill hot1 qu5* by dipp+ two or ?ree times 9 cold wat]4 ,avoid leav+ x 9 ! wat] s long t x does n dry aft] removal4 ,:5 cold sep>ate ! button1 or p]haps buttons1 ( regulus by crumbl+ ! slag betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,see t ! slag is free f regulus4 ,x %\ld be light col\r$ :5 cold & v fluid :5 hot4 ,reject ! slag4 ,p[d] ! regulus 9 a mort> & transf] to a small crucible4 ,calc9e1 ) occasional /irr+1 until no od\r ( sulphur\s oxide c be detect$4 ,%ake back into ! mort>1 rub up ) ab\t #a gram ( p[d]$ an?racite1 & re-calc9e = #aj m9utes long]4 ,mix ! calc9$ regulus ) #aj grams ( t>t>1 #bj grams ( soda1 & #c grams ( borax2 & replace 9 ! crucible us$ = calc9+4 ,fuse at a bright r$ heat = #aj or #ae m9utes4 ,p\r1 :5 tranquil4 ,z soon z solid1 qu5* 9 wat]1 sep>ate ! button ( copp]1 & save ! slag4 ,to ref9e ! copp] a v hot fire is want$1 & ! fuel %\ld n be too l[ d[n 9 ! furnace4 ,place ! crucible well d[n 9 ! fire & 9 ! middle ( ! furnace4 ,! same crucible is us$1 or1 if a new "o is tak51 x mu/ be glaz$ ) a little borax4 ,:5 ! crucible is at a good r$ heat1 above ! fus+ po9t ( copp]1 drop ! button ( copp] into x1 & close ! furnace4 ,wat* ?r\gh ! crevice1 &1 z soon z ! button has melt$ & appe>s cle> %[+ an eye1 %oot 9 #aj grams ( ref9+ flux1 close ! furnace1 &1 9 a few m9utes1 p\r2 !n sep>ate ! button ( copp]4 ,add ! slag to t f ! co>se copp] fusion1 & p[d]4 ,mix ) #e grams ( t>t>1 #j4e gram ( p[d]$ *>coal1 & #b grams ( soda4 ,fuse 9 ! same crucible1 &1 :5 tranquil1 p\r2 qu5*1 & pick out ! prills ( metal4 ,if ! copp] ?us got f ! slags is co>se look+ & l>ge 9 am\nt1 x mu/ be ref9$2 b1 if small 9 quantity1 x may be tak5 z f\r-fif?s copp]4 ,! comb9$ results multipli$ by five give ! p]c5tage ( copp]4 ,! ref9+ flux is made by mix+ #c p>ts 7by measure7 ( p[d]$ nitre1 #b-ab ( t>t>1 & #a ( salt4 ,put 9 a l>ge crucible1 & /ir ) a r$-hot iron until action has ceas$4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 a well-v5tilat$ spot4 ,= pure ores 9 :i* ! copp] is pres5t1 ei!r z metal or oxide1 & free f sulphur1 ars5ic1 c41 ! conc5tration ( ! copp] 9 a regulus may be omitt$1 & ! metal obta9$ 9 a pure /ate by a s+le fusion4#ej ,x is necess>y to get a fluid neutral slag ) ! addition ( z small an am\nt ( flux z possible4 ,! fusion %\ld be made at a high temp]ature1 s z n to occupy m ?an f #bj to #be m9utes4 ,?irty grams ( ore is tak5 = a *>ge1 mix$ ) #bj grams ( cream ( t>t>1 & #aj grams ea* ( dri$ borax & soda4 ,if ! gangue ( ! ore is basic1 c>ry+ mu* oxide ( iron or lime1 silica is add$1 9 quantity n exce$+ #aj grams4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! gangue is ma9ly qu>tz1 oxide ( iron up to #g grams mu/ be add$4 ,example4--,tw5ty grams ( copp] pyrites1 kn[n to conta9 #bg4f p] c5t4 ( copp]1 gave by ! me?od fir/ describ$ #e4bb grams ( copp]1 equall+ #bf-a_/h p] c5t4 ,ano!r sample ( #bj grams ( ! same ore1 calc9$1 fus$ ) #dj grams ( nitre1 & wa%$ to ensure ! removal ( ars5ic & sulphur1 & treat$ accord+ to ! second me?od1 gave a button weigh+ #e4bg grams1 equall+ #bf-c_/h p] c5t4 ,! ore conta9$ a consid]able quantity ( lead4 ,lead r5d]s ! assay m difficult1 s9ce aft] calc9ation x rema9s z lead sulphate1 & 9 ! fusion = co>se copp] reappe>s z a regulus on ! button4 ,! ,e/imation ( ,moi/ure4--,! ,corni% dry assay] v seldom makes a moi/ure det]m9ation4 ,he dries ! samples by plac+ ! pap]s conta9+ !m on ! iron plate ( ! furnace4 ,x is well kn[n t by buy+ ! copp] cont5ts ( pyrites by ,corni% assay1 burn+ (f ! sulphur1 & conv]t+ ! copp] into precipitate1 a l>ge excess is obta9$4 ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,valuation ,,( ,,copp] ,,ores4 ,closely b\nd up ) ! practice ( dry copp] assay+ is t ( valu+ a p>cel ( copp] ore4 ,! me?ods by :i* ! valuation is made h be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,we/morel&1#ea & are briefly z foll[s3--,! produce ( ! p>cel is settl$ by two assay]s1 "o act+ = ! buy]1 ! o!r = ! sell]2 ) ! help1 9 case ( non-agreem5t1 ( a ?ird1 or ref]ee1 ^: decision is f9al4 ,! dry assay]s :o d ?is are 9 mo/ cases help$1 & sometimes1 p]haps1 controll$1 by wet assays made = "o or bo? ( ! p>ties 9 ! transaction4 ,9 ! case ( ticket+1 ! p>cels are pur*as$ by ! smelt]s by t5d]1 & ! value ( any p>ticul> p>cel is calculat$ f ! av]age price paid1 z foll[s3--,! /&>d1 or absolute value ( ea* ton ( f9e copp] 9 ! ore1 is ! price ! smelt]s h paid = x1 plus ! return+ *>ges or co/ ( smelt+ ! quantity ( ore 9 :i* x is conta9$4 ,! value ( any p>ticul> p>cel ( ore is t ( ! quantity ( f9e copp] x conta9s1 calculat$ on ?is /&>d1 m9us ! return+ *>ges4 ,! ton consi/s ( #ba cwts41 & x is assum$ t ! settl$ produce is ! actual yield ( ! ore4 ,if at a ticket+ 9 ,cornwall #ihe tons ( ore conta9+ #fc4c tons ( f9e copp] 7by dry assay7 br\ght #beia #abs41 ! /&>d w\ld be #hc #aes4 ,?is is calculat$ z foll[s3--,! return+ *>ge is fix$ at #ees4 p] ton ( ore4 ,?is on #ihe tons w am\nt to #bgjh #aes4 ,add ?is to ! actual price paid1 & !re is got #ecjj z ! value ( ! f9e copp] pres5t4 ,! weight ( copp] 9 ^! #ihe tons be+ #fc4c tons1 ! /&>d is #ecjj_/fc4c1 or #hc #aes4 7ne>ly74 ,! value ( a p>cel ( #aej tons ( a #f p] c5t4 ore on ! same /&>d w\ld be arriv$ at z foll[s3--,! #aej tons at #f p] c5t4 w\ld conta9 #i tons 7#aejf_/ajj7 ( f9e copp]4 ,?is1 at #hc #aes4 p] ton1 w\ld give #gec #aes4 ,f ?is mu/ be d$uct$ ! return+ *>ges on #aej tons ( ore at #ees4 p] ton1 or #dab #ajs4 ,?is leaves #cda #es4 z ! value ( ! p>cel4 ,at ,swansea ! return+ *>ge is less ?an 9 ,cornwall1 & v>ies ) ! quality ( ! ore4 ,?is appe>s equitable1 s9ce 9 smelt+ !re are "s co/s :i* are dep5d5t simply on ! numb] ( tons treat$1 & o!rs :i* increase ) ! ri*ness4 ,! return+ *>ge !n is made up ( two p>ts1 "o fix$ at s mu* 7#abs4 #b;d47 p] ton ( ore treat$1 & ! o!r s mu* 7#cs4 #i;d47 p] unit ( metal 9 ! ore4 ,9 ?is way ! return+ *>ge on a ton ( ore ( #h-c_/d produce w\ld be 7#abs4 #b;d477#h-c_/d7cs4 #i;d4771 or #b #es4 ,if1 = example1 ,*ili b>s1 conta9+ #if p] c5t4 ( copp]1 br+ #ej p] ton1 ! /&>d is #ga #is4 #d;d4 ,x is got at 9 ?is way4 ,! return+ *>ge on a #if p] c5t4 ore is 7#abs4 #b;d477#if7cs4 #i;d4771 or #ah #abs4 #b;d4 ,?is add$ to #ej gives #fh #abs4 #b;d41 & ?is multipli$ by #ajj & divid$ by #if 7#ajj tons ( ! b>s w conta9 #if tons ( f9e copp]7 w give #ga #is4 #d;d4 ,! price ( #ajj tons ( pyrites1 conta9+ #b-a_/d p] c5t4 ( copp] by dry assay1 w\ld be got on ?is /&>d z foll[s3--,! p>cel ( ore w\ld conta9 #b-a_/d tons ( copp]4 ,?is multipli$ by ! /&>d gives #afj #afs4 #j;d4 ,f ?is mu/ be d$uct$ ! return+ *>ge1 :i* = #a ton ( ore ( ?is produce w\ld be 7#abs4 #b;d47 7#b-a_/d7cs4 #i;d477 or #a #js4 #g;d41 & on ! #ajj tons is #ajb #ahs4 #d;d4 ,?is w\ld leave #eg #ags4 #aj;d4 z ! price ( ! p>cel1 or #aas4 #g;d4 p] ton4 ,?is w\ld be on ! /&>d return+ *>ge ( #des4 7= #h-c_/d p] c5t4 ore72 if a small] return+ *>ge 0 agre$ on1 say #chs41 ! diff]5ce 9 ?is case1 #gs41 w\ld be add$ to ! price p] ton4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,! solubility ( ! ores ( copp] 9 acid has already be5 describ$1 b c]ta9 furnace products1 su* z slags1 are be/ op5$ up by fusion ) fusion mixture & a little nitre4 ,! me?od ( dissolv+ v>ies ) ! nature ( ! ore4 ,) #e grams ( pyrites1 a s+le evaporation ) #bj c4c4 ( nitric acid w give a residue completely soluble 9 #cj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! ore c>ries oxide ( iron or simil> bodies1 ^! are fir/ dissolv$ up by boil+ ) #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & ! residue attack$ by an addition ( #e c4c4 ( nitric4 ,:5 silicates decomposable by acid are pres5t1 ! solution is evaporat$ to dryness to r5d] ! silica insoluble2 ! residue extract$ ) #cj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & dilut$ ) wat] to #aej c4c4 ,x is advisable to h ! copp] 9 solution z *loride4 ,to sep>ate ! copp]1 heat ! solution ne>ly to boil+ 7be/ 9 a p9t flask71 & pass a rapid curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 = f\r or five m9utes until ! precipitate settles readily & ! liquid smells ( ! gas4 ,:5 iron is pres5t x w be r$uc$ to ! f]r\s /ate be=e ! copp] sulphide beg9s to sep>ate4 ,! copp] appe>s z a br[n coloration or black precipitate accord+ to ! quantity pres5t4 ,filt] ?r\gh a co>se filt]1 wa% ) hot wat] conta9+ sulphurett$ hydrog51 if necess>y4 ,wa% ! precipitate back into ! flask1 boil ) #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 add soda till alkal9e1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 aga94 ,w>m & filt]1 wa% & r$issolve 9 nitric acid1 neutralise ) ammonia1 add ammonic c>bonate1 boil & filt]4 ,! copp] fre$ f impurities w be 9 ! solution4 ,acidulate & reprecipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,:5 ! nature ( ! impurities w all[ x1 ?is process may be %ort5$ to fir/ filt]+ (f ! gangue1 !n precipitat+ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 & wa%+ ! precipitate on ! filt] fir/ ) wat] & !n ) ammonium sulphide4 ,hav+ sep>at$ ! copp] z sulphide1 its weight is det]m9$ z foll[s4 ,dry & transf] to a weigh$ porcela9 crucible1 mix ) a little pure sulphur1 & ignite at a r$ heat = #e or #aj m9utes 9 a curr5t ( hydrog54 ,all[ to cool :ile ! hydrog5 is /ill pass+4 ,weigh4 ,! subsulphide ( copp] ?us obta9$ conta9s #gi4he p] c5t4 ( copp]2 x is a greyi%-black cry/all9e mass1 :i* loses no weight on ignition if air is exclud$4 ,copp] may be sep>at$ f its solutions by means ( sodium hyposulphite4 ,! solution is fre$ f hydro*loric & nitric acids by evaporation ) sulphuric acid2 dilut$ to ab\t a qu>t] ( a litre2 heat$ ne>ly to boil+2 & treat$ ) a hot solution ( sodium hyposulphite 7add$ a little at a "t7 until ! precipitate settles & leaves ! solution free f col\r4 ,! solution conta9s susp5d$ sulphur4 ,! precipitate is easily wa%$1 & "u ! prop] conditions ! sep>ation is complete1 b ! sep>ation ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 is m satisfactory1 s9ce ! conditions z to acidity1 c41 ne$ n be s exact4 ,z9c or iron is sometimes us$ = sep>at+ copp] f its solutions1 b !y are n to be recomm5d$4 ,,electrolytic ,,assay4 ,! sep>ation ( copp] by means ( a curr5t ( electricity is l>gely made use (1 & =ms ! basis ( ! mo/ satisfactory me?od = ! det]m9ation ( ?is metal4 ,if ! wire clos+ an electric circuit be brok51 & ! two ends imm]s$ 9 a beak] ( acidulat$ wat] or solution ( any salt1 ! electricity w pass ?r\gh ! liquid1 br++ ab\t "s rem>kable *anges4 ,hydrog5 & ! metals w be lib]at$ ar\nd t "p ( ! wire connect$ ) ! z9c end ( ! batt]y1 & oxyg51 *lor9e1 & ! acid radicals w be set free ar\nd ! o!r4 ,diff]5t metals are deposit$ 9 ?is way ) v>y+ degrees ( ease1 & :e!r or n any p>ticul> metal w be deposit$ dep5ds--7#a7 on ! conditions ( ! solution z reg>ds acid & o!r sub/ances pres5t1 & 7#b7 on ! int5sity ( ! curr5t ( electricity us$4 ,= analytical purposes ! metal %\ld be deposit$ n only free f ! o!r metals pres5t1 b also z a firm coh]5t film1 :i* may aft]w>ds be manipulat$ )\t fe> ( loss4 ,?is is1 9 ! case ( copp] & _m o!r metals1 effect$ by a simple control ( ! conditions4 ,x is necess>y t ! electrodes1 or wires :i* br+ ! electricity into ! solution1 %\ld be made ( a mat]ial to :i* ! deposit$ metal w adh]e1 & :i* w n be attack$ by sub/ances orig9ally pres5t or set free 9 ! solution4 ,!y are g5]ally made ( plat9um4 ,!re are v>i\s arrangem5ts ( app>atus us$ = ?is purpose1 b ! foll[+ plan & me?od ( work+ is simple & effective1 & has be5 9 daily use ) v satisfactory results = ! la/ five or six ye>s4 ,! batt]y us$ is made up ( two ,daniell cells1 c\pl$ up = int5sity z %[n 9 fig4 #di--t is1 ) ! copp] ( "o connect$ ) ! z9c ( ! o!r4 ,= eight or t5 assays daily ! qu>t size %\ld be us$1 b = f\r or five two p9t cells w be suffici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,! out] pot ( ea* cell is made ( %eet copp]1 & mu/ be clean & free f sold] on ! inside4 ,x is provid$ ne> ! top ) a p]=at$ copp] %elf 9 ! %ape ( a r+1 into :i* ! inn] or por\s cell loosely fits4 ,x is *>g$ ) a saturat$ solution ( copp] sulphate1 & cry/als ( ?is salt mu/ be add$1 & always kept 9 excess4 ,:5 ! batt]y is at "w copp] is be+ deposit$ on ! inn] surface ( ?is pot4 ,! inn] or por\s pot conta9s ! z9c rod1 & is *>g$ ) a dilute acid1 made by dilut+ "o volume ( sulphuric acid up to t5 ) wat]4 ,! object ( ! por\s pot is to prev5t ! mix+ ( ! acid & copp] sulphate solutions1 )\t int]rupt+ ! fl[ ( electricity4 ,! copp] sulphate solution w la/ = mon?s1 b ! acid mu/ be empti$ out & re*>g$ daily4 ,! z9c rods mu/ be well amalgamat$ by rubb+ ) m]cury "u dilute acid until !y %[ a uni=mly bright surface4 ,!y %\ld n produce a brisk eff]vesc5ce :5 plac$ 9 ! acid 9 ! por\s pot be=e c\pl+ up4 ,! batt]y :5 work+ is apt to become dirty f ! creep+ ( ! copp] & z9c sulphate solution4 ,x mu/ be kept away f ! work+ b5*1 & is be/ kept 9 a box on ! floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,! connection ( ! batt]y )1 & ! fix+ (1 ! electrodes may be made by any suitable arrangem5t1 b ! foll[+ is a v conv5i5t plan4 ,! wire f ! z9c is connect$ by means ( a b9d+ screw ) a piece ( /\t copp] wire1 :i*1 at a di/ance suffici5tly great to all[ ( easy c\pl+ ) ! batt]y1 is l$ along ! back ( a piece ( h>d wood4 ,?is is fix$ horizontally ab\t "o foot above ! work+ b5*4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t is %[n 9 fig4 #ej1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( economy ( space1 ! batt]y is plac$ on ! work+ b5* in/ead ( on ! floor4 ,! piece ( wood is "o in* squ>e & ?ree or f\r feet long4 ,x is p]=at$ f front to back at di/ances ( six in*es by a numb] ( small holes1 9 :i* are ins]t$ screws l t %[n 9 fig4 #ea4 ,^! are kn[n z t]m9als1 & may be obta9$ ( any electrician4 ,! head ( ea* screw is sold]$ to ! wire m5tion$ above z runn+ along ! back & z be+ connect$ ) ! z9c end ( ! batt]y4 ,^! t]m9als s]ve to fix ! electrodes on :i* ! copp] is to be deposit$4 ,! wire f ! copp] end ( ! batt]y is simil>ly connect$ by a connect+ screw 7fig4 #eb7 ) ano!r wire 7,h 9 fig4 #ec71 :i* runs along ! top ( ! rod & has sold]$ to x1 at di/ances ( six in*es1 cyl9drical spirals ( copp] wire4 ,^! %\ld project f ! rod at po9ts ab\t half-way betwe5 ! t]m9als already describ$4 ,!y may be made by wrapp+ copp] wire ar\nd a black-lead p5cil = a l5g? ( ab\t ?ree in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,! rod is p]=at$ f top to bottom ) a s]ies ( small holes1 "o 9 advance ( ea* t]m9al b z ne> x z possible4 ,into ^! %ort pieces ( glass tube are ins]t$ to ensure insulation4 ,^! receive ! o!r electrodes1 :i* are connect$ ) ! wire lead+ to ! copp] end ( ! batt]y1 ?r\gh ! spirals1 ) ! help ( a b9d+ screw4 ,! figure w make ?is cle>4 7,fig4 #ec47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed ,! electrodes consi/ ( a plat9um spiral & cyl9d]4 ,! spiral %\ld h ! %ape %[n 9 ,a1 fig4 #ed4 ,:5 9 "w x is pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! holes fitt$ ) glass tubes & connect$ ) ! copp] end ( ! batt]y4 ,! ?ickness ( ! wire ( :i* x is made is unimportant1 provid$ x is /\t en\gh to keep its =m & does n easily b5d4 ,! spiral w weigh ab\t #h grams4 ,! cyl9d] 7,c1 fig4 #ed7 w weigh ab\t #ab grams4 ,x %\ld h ! %ape %[n 9 ! figure4 ,9 work+ x is clamp$ to "o ( ! t]m9als1 & on x ! copp] is deposit$4 ,a cyl9d] w s]ve = ! deposition ( f #a to #a4e gram ( copp]4 ,x is made by rivett+ a squ>e piece ( foil on to a /iff piece ( wire1 & !n b5d+ into %ape ov] a glass tube or piece ( r\nd$ wood4 ,ea* cyl9d] c>ries a di/9ctive numb]1 & is m>k$ by impress+ ,roman num]als on ! foil ) ! blade ( a knife4 ,! weight ( ea* is c>efully tak5 & record$4 ,!y lose slightly 9 weight :5 9 use1 b ! loss is uni=m1 & av]ages half a milligram p] mon? :5 9 daily use4 ,! cyl9d]s are clean$ f deposit$ copp] by dissolv+ (f ) nitric acid & wa%+ ) wat]2 & f grease by ignit+4 ,! beak]s1 to conta9 ! solution ( copp] to be electrolys$1 are ord9>y tall beak]s ( ab\t #bjj c4c4 capacity1 & are m>k$ (f at #ajj c4c4 & #aej c4c4 ,!y are support$ on movable /&s1 consi/+ ( wood5 blocks ab\t six in*es high & ?ree in*es across4 ,! b> ( wood :i* c>ries ! connect+ wires & electrodes is p]man5tly fix$ ov] ! work+ b5*1 at su* a height t1 ) ! beak]s re/+ on ^! blocks1 ! electrodes %all be 9 position = work+4 ,to fix ! electrodes to ! rod1 remove ! /& & beak] & pass ! long limb ( ! spiral up ?r\gh "o ( ! glass tubes4 ,connect x ) ! free end ( ! copp] spiral by means ( a connect+ screw 7fig4 #eb71 & !n draw out & b5d ! copp] spiral s t ! plat9um "o may hang freely4 ,screw ! wire ( ! cyl9d] to ! t]m9al1 &1 if necess>y1 b5d x s t ! cyl9d] itself may be br\ght to encircle ! rod ( ! spiral 9 ! mann] %[n 9 fig4 #ec4 ,! g5]al me?od ( work+ is z foll[s3--,! quantity ( ore to be tak5 = an assay v>ies ) ! ri*ness ( ! ore1 z is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,p]c5tage ( ,copp] ,quantity ( ,ore 9 ! ,ore4 to be tak54 #a to #e #e grams #e to #aj #c #aj to #cj #b #cj to #ej #a4e #ej to #ajj #a ,! weigh$ quantity ( ore is dissolv$ by evaporat+ ) nitric acid & tak+ up ) hydro*loric1 z already describ$4 ,any col\r$ residue :i* may be left is g5]ally organic matt]3 x is filt]$ (f1 calc9$1 & any copp] x conta9s is e/imat$ colorimetrically4 ,ne>ly always1 h[ev]1 ! residue is :ite & s&y4 ,! copp] is sep>at$ f ! solution z sulphide by means ( a rapid curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! liquid is decant$ (f ?r\gh a filt]1 ! precipitate wa%$ once ) hot wat] & !n r9s$ back into ! flask 7! filt] pap] be+ op5$ out7 ) a jet ( wat] f a wa% bottle4 ,fifte5 c4c4 ( nitric acid are add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! flask1 :i* are !n briskly boil$ until ! bulk is r$uc$ to less ?an #aj c4c4 ,! boil+ d[n is c>ri$ out 9 a cupbo>d free f cold draughts1 s z to prev5t ! cond5sation ( acid & /eam 9 ! neck ( ! flask4 ,tw5ty c4c4 ( wat] are next add$1 & ! solution is w>m$1 & filt]$ into "o ( ! beak]s = electrolysis4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s are dilut$ ) wat] to ! #ajj c4c4 m>k1 & ! solution is !n ready = ! batt]y4 ,x mu/ n conta9 m ?an #aj p] c5t4 by volume ( nitric acid4 ,! numb] & weight ( ! plat9um cyl9d] hav+ be5 record$1 bo? electrodes are fix$ 9 position & ! wood5 block remov$ f "u !m4 ,! beak] conta9+ ! copp] solution is !n br\ght up into its place ) "o h&1 & ! block replac$ ) ! o!r s z to support x4 ,all ! assays hav+ be5 got into position1 ! connect+ wires are jo9$ to ! batt]y4 ,if ev]y?+ is "r bubbles ( oxyg5 at once /ream (f f ! spiral1 & ! cyl9d] becomes t>ni%$ by a deposit ( copp]4 ,if ! oxyg5 comes (f b no copp] is deposit$1 x is because ! assay solution conta9s too mu* nitric acid4 ,if no action :atev] takes place1 x is because ! curr5t is n pass+4 ,9 ?is case exam9e ! connections to see t !y are clean & secure1 & ! connect+ wires to see t !y are n t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,! action is all[$ to g on = sixte5 or sev5te5 h\rs1 s t x is be/ to let ! curr5t act ov]night4 ,9 ! morn+ ! solutions w appe> col\rless1 & a sl[ /ream ( oxyg5 w /ill be com+ (f f ! spiral4 ,a wa%-bottle ) cold di/ill$ wat] & two beak]s1 "o ) di/ill$ wat] & ! o!r ) alcohol1 are got ready4 ,! block is !n remov$1 ! spiral loos5$ & l[]$ ) ! beak]4 ,! cyl9d] is next deta*$ & wa%$ ) a /ream ( wat] f ! wa%-bottle1 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! orig9al solution4 ,! curr5t f ! batt]y is n /opp$ until all ! cyl9d]s are wa%$4 ,aft] be+ dipp$ 9 ! beak] ( wat] & once or twice 9 t ) ! alcohol1 x is dri$ 9 ! wat]-ov5 = ab\t ?ree m9utes1 & !n weigh$4 ,! increase 9 weight is due to deposit$ copp]4 ,?is %\ld be salmon-r$ 9 col\r1 sat9-l or cry/all9e 9 appe>ance1 & 9 an ev5 coh]5t deposit1 n remov$ by rubb+4 ,x is p]man5t 9 air :5 dry1 b sulphurett$ hydrog5 quickly t>ni%es x1 produc+ col\r$ films4 ,) ores conta9+ ev5 v small proportions ( bismu?1 ! deposit$ copp] has a d>k grey col\r1 & :5 mu* ( ?is metal is pres5t ! copp] is coat$ ) a grey %aggy deposit4 ,x /ill rema9s to det]m9e any copp] left undeposit$ 9 ! solution4 ,?is does n g5]ally exce$ f\r or five milligrams1 & is e/imat$ colorimetrically4 ,?irty c4c4 ( dilute ammonia 7"o ( /rong ammonia mix$ ) "o ( wat]7 are add$ to ! electrolys$ solution1 :i* is !n dilut$ up to ! #aej c4c4 m>k ) wat]4 ,x is mix$1 us+ ! spiral z /irr]1 &1 aft] /&+ a few m9utes to all[ ! precipitate to settle1 #ajj c4c4 ( x are filt]$ (f ?r\gh a dry filt] = ! colorimetric det]m9ation4 ,s9ce only two-?irds ( ! solution are tak5 = ?is1 ! quantity ( copp] f\nd mu/ be increas$ by "o-half to get ! quantity actually pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,! colorimetric det]m9ation may be made 9 ! mann] describ$ "u t head1 b :]e a numb] ( assays are be+ c>ri$ out x is m conv5i5t to h a s]ies ( /&>d phials conta9+ kn[n am\nts ( copp] 9 ammoniacal solution4 ,by comp>+ ! measur$ volume ( ! assay solution ) ^!1 ! am\nt ( copp] pres5t is det]m9$ at a glance4 ,^! /&>d bottles1 h[ev]1 c only be economically us$ :]e a l>ge numb] ( assays are be+ made daily4 ,a conv5i5t plan is to get a quantity ( :ite glass f\r-ounce phials1 l t 9 fig4 #ee1 & to label !m s t !y %all conta9 #ajj c4c4 :5 fill$ up to ! bottom ( ! labels4 ,! labels %\ld be r5d]$ p]man5t by coat+ ) wax1 & be m>k$ ) numb]s indicat+ ! milligrams ( copp] pres5t4 ,! bottles are /opp$ ) new clean corks1 & conta91 9 addition to ! specifi$ quantity ( copp]1 #f c4c4 ( nitric acid & #aj c4c4 ( /rong ammonia1 ) suffici5t wat] to make up ! bulk to #ajj c4c4 ,! copp] is be/ add$ by runn+ 9 ! requisite am\nt ( a /&>d solution ( copp]1 ea* c4c4 ( :i* conta9s #j4jja gram ( ! metal4 ,! /&>d bottles %\ld be refill$ once e ?ree or f\r mon?s1 s9ce _! colorimetric value becomes sl[ly less on keep+4 ,! foll[+ det]m9ations ( a set :i* _h be5 9 use = ?ree mon?s w illu/rate ?is4 ,! figures indicate milligrams ( copp] 9 #ajj c4c43 ! fir/ r[ gives ! nom9al & ! second r[ ! actual colorimetric value ( ! /&>ds4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two %[s ! det]ioration4 #a #b #c #d #f #h #aj #ab #ad #a #b #c #c4g #e4e #g4e #i #aa #ac ,! am\nt ( copp] 9 ! assay is got by increas+ t f\nd colorimetrically by "o-half & add+ to t f\nd on ! plat9um cyl9d]4 ,! p]c5tage is calculat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! foll[+ examples w illu/rate ?is1 z well z ! me?od ( record+ ! "w 9 ! laboratory book3-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,cyl9d] ,i4 ,cu #i4edaj ,cyl9d] ,i4 #i4eagj ------ #j4jbdj ,by col\r #ajj c4c4 #j4jjae #j4jjjg #j4jjbb ------ ------ #j4jjbb #j4jbfb ,,ix4 ,sample4 ,took #e grams4 ,copp] #j4eb ---------------------------------------- ----- ,cyl9d] ,,vi4 ,cu #aj4egje ,cyl9d] ,,vi4 #aj4jdcg ------- #j4ebfh ,by col\r1 #ajj c4c4 #j4jjgj #j4jjce #j4jaje ------ ------ #j4jaje #j4ecgc ,matte1 ,no4 #ajgj4 ,took #a4e gram4 ,copp] #ce4hb ---------------------------------------- ----- ,cyl9d] ,,xiii4 ,cu #ab4jceb ,cyl9d] ,,xiii4 #aa4jdje ------- #j4iidg ,by col\r #ajj c4c4 #j4jjje #j4jjjb #j4jjjg ------ ------ #j4jjjg #j4iied ,x4 ,sample1 ,cake copp]4 ,took #a4jjec gram4 ,copp] #ii4jj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,9 ! electrolytic assay ( metals1 alloys1 precipitates1 & o!r bodies ri* 9 copp]1 ! prelim9>y sep>ation ( ! copp] by sulphurett$ hydrog5 is unnecess>y4 ,x is suffici5t to dissolve ! weigh$ sample 9 #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 boil (f nitr\s fumes1 dilute to #ajj c4c4 ) wat]1 & !n electrolyse4 ,g5]al ,consid]ations4--,9 ! prelim9>y "w ) ! copp] sulphide !re is a small loss ow+ to its imp]fect removal 9 wa%+ ! filt] pap]1 & ano!r small loss 9 dissolv+ 9 nitric acid ow+ to ! ret5tion ( p>ticles 9 ! fus$ globules ( sulphur4 ,to det]m9e its am\nt ! filt]-pap]s & sulphur 7 collect$ f =ty assays1 & ! copp] 9 !m det]m9$4 ,! av]age am\nt ( copp] 9 ea* assay 0 #j4age gram2 t left on ! filt] pap] 0 #j4jjjfg gram2 & t reta9$ by ! sulphur #j4jjjjc gram2 ?us %[+ an av]age loss f bo? s\rces ( #j4jjjgj gram4 ,! det]m9ations f ano!r lot ( =ty-two simil> assays gave on an av]age ,copp] left on filt] pap] #j4jjjgj gram ,copp] reta9$ by sulphur4 #j4jjjjd ,! loss f ^! s\rces is trifl+1 & ne$ only be consid]$ :5 great accuracy is requir$4 ,! deposition ( ! copp] "u ! conditions giv5 is satisfactory1 b1 z already /at$1 if ! solution conta9 m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( nitric acid x is n ?r[n d[n at all2 or if a /rong] curr5t is us$1 say t f ?ree ,buns5 cells1 x w be precipitat$ 9 an arboresc5t brittle =m1 ill adapt$ = weigh+4 ,x may be not$ "h t increas+ ! size ( ! cells does n necess>ily increase ! int5sity ( ! curr5t4 ,9 two det]m9ations on pure electrotype copp] ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3-- ,copp] ,tak54 ,copp] ,f\nd4 #j4hihh gram #j4hihe gram #j4hcje #j4hcjc ,! pres5ce ( salts ( ammonia1 c41 some:at ret>ds ! deposition1 b has no o!r ill effect4 ,! organic matt] g5]ally pres5t 9 copp] ores int]f]es m especially 9 ! colorimetric det]m9ation ( ! residual copp]4 ,x c be detect$ on dissolv+ ! ore z a light black residue insoluble 9 nitric acid4 ,x is filt]$ (f at once1 or1 if only pres5t 9 small am\nt1 x is c>ri$ on 9 ! ord9>y process ( ! assay & sep>at$ 9 ! la/ filtration be=e electrolysis4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made to te/ ! effect ( ! pres5ce ( salts ( =eign metals 9 ! solution dur+ ! precipitation ( copp] by electrolysis3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,copp] ,tak54 ,o!r ,metal ,add$4 ,copp] ,f\nd4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #j4ajjj gram #j4ajjj gram ( silv] #j4ahjj #j4ajej #j4ajjj #j4bjjj #j4ajcj #j4ajjj m]cury #j4bjaj #j4ajcg #j4ajjj #j4bjae #j4ajbj #j4ajjj lead #j4ajbj #j4ajcj #j4ajjj #j4ajbh #j4ajaj #j4ajjj ars5ic #j4ajaj #j4ajjg #j4ajjj #j4ajbb #j4ajcj #j4ajjj antimony #j4ajej #j4ajcd #j4ajjj #j4ajeg #j4jiij #j4abjj t9 #j4jiij #j4ajad #j4ajjj #j4ajae #j4ajjj #j4ajjj bismu? #j4affb #j4ajdj #j4ajjj cadmium #j4ajeb #j4ajji #j4acjj z9c #j4ajag #j4ajad #j4ajjj nickel #j4ajjg #j4ajgi #j4abjj iron #j4ajhi #j4ajed #j4ajjj *romium 7,cr#b,o#c7 #j4ajce #j4ajcd #j4ajjj 7,k#b;,cr,o#d7 #j4ajaj #j4ajge #j4ajjj alum9ium #j4ajgh #j4ajaj #j4ajjj manganese #j4jihj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,x w be se5 f ^! t m]cury1 silv]1 & bismu? are ! only metals :i* are precipitable#eb along ) ! copp] "u ! conditions ( ! assay4 ,m]cury1 :i* if pres5t w\ld int]f]e1 is sep>at$ because ( ! insolubility ( its sulphide 9 nitric acid4 ,bismu? is precipitat$ only aft] ! ma9 portion ( ! copp] is ?r[n d[n4 ,x r5d]s ! copp] obvi\sly unsuitable = weigh+4 ,x d>k5s1 or =ms a greyi% coat+ on1 ! copp]2 & ?is d>k5+ is a delicate te/ = bismu?4 ,9 assay+ ores conta9+ ab\t ?ree & a half p] c5t4 ( copp]1 & kn[n to conta9 bismu? 9 quantities sc>cely detectable 9 ord9>y analysis1 ! metal deposit$ 0 di/9ctly greyi% 9 col\r1 & w\ld n be mi/ak5 = pure copp]4 ,t5 grams ( ?is impure copp] 7 collect$ & analys$1 ) ! foll[+ results3-- ,copp] #ii4df p] c5t4 ,bismu? #jj4cj ,iron #jj4ad ,ars5ic #jj4aj ------ #ajj4jj ,! quantity ( copp] got 9 ea* assay 0 #j4age gram1 & consequ5tly ! bismu? av]ag$ #j4jjjec gram4 ,to sep>ate ! bismu? 9 su* a case ! deposit is dissolv$ (f by w>m+ x 9 ! orig9al solution4 ,! bismu? is precipitat$ by ! addition ( ammonic c>bonate1 & ! solution1 aft] filt]+ & acidify+ ) nitric acid1 is re-electrolys$4 ,det]m9ation ( ,copp] 9 ,comm]cial ,copp]4--,take f #a to #a4e gram1 weigh c>efully1 & transf] to a beak]2 add #bj c4c4 ( wat] & #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid2 cov] ) a clock glass1 & all[ to dissolve ) mod]ate action2 boil (f nitr\s fumes1 dilute to #ajj c4c41 & electrolyse4 ,! cyl9d] mu/ be c>efully weigh$1 & ! electrolysis all[$ to proce$ = #bd h\rs4 ,! weight f\nd w be t ( ! copp] & silv]4 ,! silv] 9 x mu/ be det]m9$#ec & d$uct$4 ,det]m9ation ( ,copp] 9 ,brass1 ,g]man ,silv]1 or ,bronze4--,treat 9 ! same mann] z comm]cial copp]4 ,if nickel is pres5t1 ! few milligrams ( copp] rema9+ 9 ! electrolys$ solution %\ld be sep>at$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 ! precipitat$ sulphide dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & det]m9$ colorimetrically4 ,,volumetric ,,processes4 ,!re are two ( ^! 9 use1 "o bas$ on ! decoloris+ effect ( potassic cyanide ^u an ammoniacal copp] solution1 & ! o!r ^u ! measurem5t ( ! quantity ( iod9e lib]at$ f potassic iodide by ! copp] salt4 ,! cyanide process is ! m g5]ally us$1 & :5 c>efully work$1 on c]ta9 und]/ood & or?odox conditions1 yields good results2 b probably !re is no me?od ( assay+ :]e a slight deviation f ^! conditions s surely leads to error4 ,an op]ator has no difficulty 9 gett+ concordant results ) duplicate assays2 yet diff]5t assay]s1 work+1 )\t bias1 on ! same mat]ial1 get results uni=mly high] or l[]2 a diff]5ce evid5tly due to v>iations 9 ! mode ( work+4 ,:]e a l>ge numb] ( results are want$ quickly x is a v conv5i5t me?od4 ,! iodide process is v satisfactory :5 work$ "u ! prop] conditions4 ,,cyanide ,,me?od4 ,! process is bas$ ^u ! facts--7#a7 t :5 ammonia is add$ 9 excess to a solution conta9+ cupric salts1 ammoniacal copp] comp\nds are =m$ :i* give to ! solution a deep blue col\r2 & 7#b7 t :5 potassic cyanide is add$ 9 suffici5t quantity to su* a solution ! col\r is remov$1 d\ble cyanides ( copp] & potassium or ammonium be+ =m$4#ed ,9 ! explanation g5]ally giv5 ! =mation ( cupr\s cyanide is suppos$#ee2 b 9 practice x is f\nd t "o "p ( copp] requires r m ?an f\r p>ts ( cyanide1 :i* agrees ) ! =m]1 r ?an ! latt]1 explanation4 ,reliance on ! accuracy ( ! process _c re/ ^u ! supposition t ! cyanide requir$ = decoloration is proportional to ! copp] pres5t1 = v>y+ quantities ( ammonia salts1 ammonia & wat]1 & diff]5ces ( temp]ature h an important effect4 ,! results are concordant & exact only :5 ! cyanide is /&>dis$ "u ! same conditions z x is us$4 ,x is be/ to h ! assay solution & t us$ = /&>dis+ z ne>ly z possible alike1 & to titrate ! two solutions side by side4 ,?is dem&s an approximate k ( ! quantity ( copp] conta9$ 9 ! ore & a sep>ation ( ! bulk ( ! impurities4 ,= ! titration !re is requir$ a /&>d solution ( potassium cyanide made by dissolv+ #db grams ( ! salt1 kn[n to deal]s z ,potassium ,cyanide 7,gold71 9 wat] & dilut+ to "o litre3 #ajj c4c4 ( ?is w be ab\t equival5t to "o gram ( copp]4 ,= poor ores ! solution may conv5i5tly be made half ?is /r5g?4 ,! solution ( ! ore & ! sep>ation ( ! copp] z sulphide are effect$ 9 ! same ways z h be5 already describ$ = electrolysis4 ,simil>ly1 too1 ! sulphide is attack$ ) #ae c4c4 ( nitric acid & ! assay boil$ d[n to #aj c4c4 ,add #bj c4c4 ( wat] & w>m1 filt] into a p9t flask1 wa% well ) wat]1 & dilute to ab\t #aej c4c42 add #cj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 & cool4 ,prep>e a /&>d by dissolv+ a quantity ( electrotype copp] 7judg$ to be ab\t ! same z t conta9$ 9 ! assay7 9 #bj c4c4 ( wat] & #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 boil (f ! nitr\s fumes1 & dilute to #aej c4c43 add #cj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia & cool4 ,fill a burette ) ! /&>d cyanide solution4 ,! burette ) syphon arrangem5t1 figur$ on page #eb1 is us$4 ,a numb] ( titrations c be c>ri$ on at ! same "t provid$ ! quantity ( copp] pres5t 9 ea* is ab\t ! same4 ,?is is regulat$ 9 weigh+ up ! ore4 ,! flasks mu/ ( c\rse be m>k$1 & %\ld be arrang$ 9 s]ies on a b5* 9 front ( a good light & at su* a height t ! liquid c be look$ ?r\gh )\t /oop+4 ,suppos+ ab\t #ej c4c4 ( cyanide w be requir$1 #cj c4c4 %\ld be run into ea*1 & ea* addition be record$ z soon z made2 !n run #ae c4c4 into ea*4 ,! solutions w n[ probably %[ m>k$ diff]5ces ( t9t3 add #a c4c4 ( cyanide to ! light] ones & m to ! d>k]1 s z to br+ ! col\rs to ab\t ! same dep? ( t9t4 ,!y %\ld all be ( ne>ly equal t9t j be=e f9i%+4 ,at ! end add half a c4c4 at a "t until ! col\rs are completely dis*>g$4 ,a piece ( damp filt] pap] held betwe5 ! light & ! flask assi/s 9 judg+ ! col\r :5 ne>ly f9i%$4 ,ov]done assays %[ a /raw yell[ col\r :i* deep5s on /&+4 ,! foll[+ w illu/rate ! notes record$ ( five su* assays & "o /&>d3-- 7#a7 #cj c4c4 #ae c4c4 #e c4c4 #b c4c4 #a c4c4 #a_/b c4c4 -- c4c4 #ec-a_/b c4c4 7#b7 #cj #ae #a #a #a #a_/b -- #dh-a_/b 7#c7 #cj #ae #c #a #a #a_/b -- #ej-a_/b 7#d7 #cj #ae #e #b #a #a_/b #a_/b #ed 7#e7 #cj #ae #b #a #a #a_/b -- #di-a_/b 7#f7 #cj #ae #b #a #a #a_/b #a_/b #ej /&>d ,?ree grams ( ore 7 tak51 & ! /&>d conta9$ #j4dhj gram ( copp]4 ,9 ?is s]ies ! diff]5ce ( half a c4c4 means ab\t #j4ae p] c5t4 on ! ore2 ) a little practice x is easy to e/imate :e!r ! :ole or half ( ! la/ addition %\ld be c\nt$4 ,to get satisfactory results1 ! mann] ( f9i%+ once adopt$ mu/ be adh]$ to4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! effect ( v>iation 9 ! conditions ( ! assay3--,use a solution ( copp] nitrate1 made by dissolv+ #aj grams ( copp] 9 #ej c4c4 ( wat] & #ce c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & dilut+ to a litre4 #ajj c4c4 #a gram ( copp]4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts #bj c4c4 ( copp] nitrate 7 us$1 ) #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 #cj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 & wat] to #bjj c4c4 ,! results 7-- ,temp]ature #ae #cj #gj #ajj ,cyanide requir$ #ba4e c4c4 #bj4h c4c4 #ai4g c4c4 #ah4h c4c4 ,! temp]ature is t ( ! solution be=e titrat+4 ,^! %[ ! importance ( always cool+ be=e titrat+1 & ( titrat+ ! assay & /&>d at ! same temp]ature4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4--,! quantities ( copp]1 acid1 & ammonia 7 ! same z 9 ! la/-m5tion$ exp]im5ts4 ,! results 73-- ,bulk #ajj4j c4c4 #bjj4j c4c4 #cjj4j c4c4 #djj4j c4c4 ,cyanide requir$ #bc4c #ba4g #ba4d #ba4d ,^! %[ t l>ge v>iations 9 bulk mu/ be avoid$4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,ammonia4--,! quantities ( copp] & acid 7 ! same z 9 ! s]ies ( exp]im5ts la/ notic$4 ,! bulk 0 #bjj c4c4 ,! results 73-- ,dilute ammonia #bj4j c4c4 #cj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,cyanide requir$ #bj4i #ba4g #bb4c #bd4f ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,acid4--,! quantities ( copp] & wat] 7 ! same z 9 ! la/-notic$ set ( exp]im5ts3 #cj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia 7 us$4 ,nitric acid #e4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #ae4j c4c4 ,cyanide requir$ #ba4f #ba4g #ba4e ,on add+ nitric acid to ! solution x comb9es ) a portion ( ! ammonia to =m ammonic nitrate2 x w be se5 f ! la/ s]ies ( exp]im5ts t ! less5+ ( ! am\nt ( free ammonia w decrease ! quantity ( cyanide requir$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ammonic nitrate :i* is at ! same "t =m$ w increase ! am\nt requir$2 "u ! conditions ( ! assay ^! two effects neutralise ea* o!r1 & su* diff]5ces 9 ! quantity ( acid z are likely to occur are unimportant4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,ammonic ,salts4--,! quantities ( copp]1 wat]1 & ammonia 7 ! same z 9 ! la/ m5tion$ set ( exp]im5ts1 b no nitric acid 0 us$4 ,ammonic nitrate add$ #a gram #e grams #aj grams #bj grams ,cyanide requir$ #ba4b c4c4 #bb4a c4c4 #bc4a c4c4 #bd4a c4c4 ,^! %[ t comb9$ ammonia s]i\sly affects ! titration1 & t ! pr9ciple sometimes recomm5d$ ( neutralis+ ! acid ) ammonia1 & !n add+ a con/ant quantity ( ammonia1 is n a good "o1 because !re is !n an int]f]5ce bo? by ! ammonia & by ! v>iable quantity ( ammonic salts4 ,! same quantity ( comb9$ ammonia has ! same effect1 :e!r x is pres5t z sulphate1 nitrate1 *loride1 or acetate1 z ! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[4 ,f\r lots ( #bj c4c4 ( copp] nitrate 7 tak51 & #bj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia add$ to ea*4 ,^! 7 c>efully neutralis$ ) ! respective acids1 r5d]$ alkal9e ) #cj c4c4 m ( ammonia1 cool$1 dilut$ to bulk1 & titrat$4 ,! results 73-- ,) sulphuric acid #bb4e c4c4 ( cyanide nitric acid #bb4f hydro*loric acid #bb4f acetic acid #bb4e ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,sulphates1 nitrates & *lorides ( sodium or potassium h no action1 :il/ ! hydrates1 c>bonates1 bic>bonates1 sulphites1 & nitrites h an important effect4 ,! int]f]5ce ( ammonic salts has already be5 %[n4 ,salts ( silv]1 z9c1 & nickel react ) cyanide j z copp] does1 & consequ5tly int]f]e4 ,f]r\s salts are sure to be abs5t1 & f]ric salts yield f]ric hydrate ) ! ammonia1 :i* is n act$ on by ! cyanide1 b1 ow+ to its bulk9ess1 x settles sl[ly2 ?is l5g!ns ! "t requir$ = titration1 & s modifies ! mann] ( work+4 ,an assay %\ld n be work$ ) f]ric hydrate pres5t1 unless ! /&>d conta9s ab\t ! same am\nt ( x4 ,on m9es x is (t5 inconv5i5t to sep>ate ! copp] by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog52 h5ce x is cu/om>y to titrate )\t previ\s sep>ation4 ,9 ?is case1 in/ead ( /&>dis+ ! cyanide ) electrotype copp]1 a /&>d ore %\ld be us$4 ,?is %\ld be an ore 7( ! same k9d z ^? be+ assay$7 9 :i* ! copp] has be5 c>efully det]m9$4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,copp]4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 #cj c4c4 ( ammonia1 & wat] to #bjj c4c4 7 us$4 ,copp] nitrate pres5t #a4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,cyanide requir$ #j4g #aa4b #ba4g #ed4e #ajh4a ,^! results %[ t "u ! conditions laid d[n ! v>i\s causes ( di/urbance ne>ly neutralise "o ano!r1 & ! results )9 a fair range are practically proportional4 ,det]m9ation ( ,copp] 9 ,copp] ,pyrites4--,weigh up #b grams ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ ore1 & place 9 an evaporat+ di% ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,cov] ) #bj c4c4 ( nitric acid & put on a hot plate4 ,evaporate to dryness )\t fur!r h&l+4 ,all[ to cool & take up ) #cj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 boil1 dilute1 & transf] to a p9t flask1 filt]+ if necess>y4 ,make up ! bulk ) ! wa%+s to ab\t #aej c4c4 ,precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 filt]1 & wa% back ! precipitate into ! flask4 ,add #ae c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & boil d[n rapidly to #aj c4c4 ,dilute1 add #cj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 make up to #aej c4c41 & cool4 ,= ! /&>d1 weigh up #j4e gram ( copp]1 m or less1 accord+ to ! quantity judg$ to be pres5t 9 ! assay4 ,dissolve 9 #bj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 boil (f nitr\s fumes1 add #cj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 make up to ! same bulk z t ( ! assay1 & cool4 ,titrate ! two solutions side by side & z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same mann]4 ,s9ce ! assay solution is (t5 turbid f ! pres5ce ( small quantities ( lead & ( iron f incomplete wa%+1 & s9ce ?is slight precipitate is v sl[ 9 settl+1 ! /&>d c h>dly be comp>$ /rictly ) ! assay4 ,?is c be c\nt]act$ by precipitat+ 9 bo? solutions a mixture ( f]ric & alum9ic hydrates1 :i* settles readily & leaves ! sup]natant liquor cle>4 ,to effect ?is1 boil ! nitric acid solutions ) #cj c4c4 ( a solution conta9+ #ae grams ea* ( alum & f]r\s sulphate to ! litre4 ,9 an actual det]m9ation #b grams ( ! ore 7 tak5 & comp>$ ) #j4e gram ( copp]4 ,! assay requir$ #eg4g c4c4 ( cyanide & ! /&>d #eb4e c4c4 #eb4e 3 #j4e 33 #eg4g 3 #j4edie ,?is on #b grams ( ore #bg4dg p] c5t42 ! same sample by electrolysis gave #bg4fj p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,det]m9ation )\t ,previ\s ,sep>ation4--,dissolve up #b grams z be=e1 b1 in/ead ( pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog51 add #cj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 %ake well1 & cool4 ,prep>e a /&>d by dissolv+ #j4e gram ( copp] 9 #a c4c4 ( nitric acid1 add #j4f gram ( iron 9 ! =m ( f]ric *loride & #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 dilute to ab\t #aej c4c41 add #cj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 & cool4 ,titrate ! two solutions side by side4 ,9 a det]m9ation on ! sample la/ us$1 #eh c4c4 7 requir$ = ! assay & #ec c4c4 = ! /&>d1 :i* indicates #bg4c p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,?is me?od ( work+ is some:at r\gh4 ,,iodide ,,me?od4 ,?is is bas$ ^u ! fact t :5 potassic iodide 9 excess is add$ to a /rong solution ( a cupric salt 9 a fa9tly acid solution1 cupr\s iodide is =m$ & an equival5t ( iod9e lib]at$4#ef ,! iod9e is measur$ by titrat+ ) a solution ( sodium hyposulphite1#eg us+ />* pa/e z indicator4 ,! iod9e is soluble 9 ! excess ( potassium iodide1 =m+ a deep br[n solution2 ! hyposulphite is add$ until ?is br[n col\r is almo/ remov$4 ,/>* pa/e is !n add$1 & /rikes ) ! rema9+ iod9e a dirty blue col\r4 ,! addition ( ! hypo is cont9u$ until ! blue col\r is dis*>g$4 ,! end reaction is %>p2 a drop is suffici5t to complete x4 ,z reg>ds ! titration1 ! process leaves little to be desir$2 ! quantity ( hypo requir$ is /rictly proportional to ! copp] pres5t1 & ord9>y v>iations 9 ! conditions ( work+ are )\t effect4 ,! pres5ce ( salts ( bismu? masks ! end reaction because ( ! /rong col\r imp>t$ to ! solution by ! iodide ( bismu?4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions !re is a return ( ! blue col\r 9 ! assay solution aft] ! f9i%+ po9t has app>5tly be5 rea*$1 :i* is a heavy tax on ! pati5ce & confid5ce ( ! op]ator4 ,?is is specially apt to occur :5 sodium acetate is pres5t1 al?\gh x may also be due to excessive dilution4 ,! /&>d hypo solution is made by dissolv+ #ci4ah grams ( ! cry/allis$ salt 7,na#b,s#b,o#c4e;,h#b,o7 9 wat] & dilut+ to "o litre4 ,"o hundr$ c4c4 w equal "o gram ( copp]4 ,! />* solution is made by mix+ #a gram ( />* into a ?9 pa/e ) cold wat]1 p\r+ x into #bjj c4c4 ( boil+ wat]1 & cont9u+ ! boil+ = a m9ute or s4 ,! solution mu/ be cold be=e use1 & ab\t #b c4c4 is us$ = ea* assay4 ,x %\ld n be add$ until ! bulk ( ! iod9e has be5 r$uc$4 ,to /&>dise ! hypo1 weigh up #j4c or #j4d gram ( pure copp]1 dissolve 9 #e c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 boil (f nitr\s fumes1 & dilute ) an equal bulk ( cold wat]4 ,add soda solution until a p]man5t precipitate is obta9$1 & !n #a c4c4 ( acetic acid4 ,?is %\ld yield a cle> solution4 ,fill an ord9>y burette ) ! hypo4 ,add #c grams ( potassium iodide cry/als to ! copp] solution1 &1 :5 ^! are dissolv$1 dilute to #ajj c4c4 ) wat]4 ,run 9 ! hypo solution r quickly until ! br[n col\r is ne>ly dis*>g$--i4e41 to )9 #c or #d c4c4 ( ! f9i%4 ,add #b c4c4 ( ! />* solution1 & cont9ue ! addition ( ! hypo a few drops at a "t until ! t9t sudd5ly *anges to a cream col\r4 ,! blue col\r mu/ n return on /&+ ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,calculate ! /&>d 9 ! usual way4 ,9 assay+ ores1 ! copp] is dissolv$ & sep>at$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 z 9 ! o!r processes1 b ! sulphide %\ld be wa%$ m completely to ensure ! abs5ce ( iron salts4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! effect ( v>iation 9 ! conditions ( ! assay4 ,use a solution ( copp] sulphate conta9+ #ci4ch grams ( copp] sulphate cry/als 7,cu,s,o#d4e;,h#b,o7 9 ! litre4 #ajj c4c4 equal #a4jj gram ( copp]4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,! assay aft] ! addition ( ! potassic iodide mu/ be kept cold1 else iod9e may be volatilis$4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,potassium ,iodide4--,9 v>i\s descriptions ( ! process ! am\nt ( iodide requir$ is v>i\sly /at$ at f a few cry/als to z mu* z #aj grams4 ,! proportion requir$ by !ory = #a gram ( copp] is a little ov] #e grams3 an excess1 h[ev]1 is requir$ to keep ! lib]at$ iod9e 9 solution4 ,on economic gr\nds ?is excess %\ld n be extravagant2 if ! /ud5t uses #aj p>ts ( ! iodide = ea* "p ( copp] 9 ! assay he w h suffici5t4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts !re 7 us$ #bj c4c4 ( ! copp] sulphate1 ) v>y+ am\nts ( potassic iodide1 & ! foll[+ results 7 got3-- ,potassic iodide add$ #a4e gram #c grams #e grams ,hypo requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,9 ^! ! iodide 0 add$ direct to ! solution conta9+ ! copp]1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds dilut$ to #ajj c4c4 & titrat$4 ,9 ano!r s]ies ! iodide 0 add$ aft] ! dilution to #ajj c4c41 & ! results 73-- ,potassic iodide add$ #a4e gram #c grams #e grams #aj grams ,hypo requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4a c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 #bj c4c4 ( copp] sulphate 7 tak51 #c grams ( potassic iodide add$1 & also wat] to ! requir$ bulk4 ,bulk #bj4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 #bjj4j c4c4 #ejj4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #bj4j #bj4j #bj4j #ai4i ,9 ! la/ ( ^! exp]im5ts ! col\r 0 dis*>g$ at #ah c4c41 b gradually return$ until #ai4i c4c4 _h be5 run 94 ,x w be se5 t consid]able v>iation 9 bulk does n int]f]e4 ,effect ( ,acetic ,acid4--,^! exp]im5ts 7 l ! la/ s]ies m5tion$1 b ! bulk 0 #ajj c4c41 & v>y+ am\nts ( acetic acid 7 add$4 ,acetic acid add$ #j c4c4 #a4j c4c4 #e4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #bj4j #bj4a #bj4a #bj4j #bj4b ,acetic acid1 !n1 does n int]f]e to any s]i\s ext5t4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,sodium ,acetate4--,^! exp]im5ts 7 l ^? la/ m5tion$1 b )\t acetic acid1 & ) v>y+ am\nts ( sodium acetate4 ,sodium acetate add$ #j gram #a gram #b grams #e grams #aj grams ,hypo requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4b c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 #ah4b c4c4 ,9 ! #e grams exp]im5t1 :5 ! f9i%+ po9t _h be5 app>5tly rea*$ ! col\r sl[ly return$2 b z ! results g5]ally on titrat+ 7 n satisfactory a repetition ( ! exp]im5t 0 made ) ! addition ( #e c4c4 ( acetic acid1 :i* gave an equally bad result4 ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,! conditions ( ^! exp]im5ts 7 ! same z be=e4 ,! salts 7 add$ & dissolv$ be=e ! addition ( ! potassium iodide4 ,us+ #e grams 7or 9 ! case ( ! acids1 #e c4c471 ! results 7 z foll[s3-- dilute ,acetic ,salt add$ -- ,h#b,,s#d acid ,na,ac ,na,cl ,hypo requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4a c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 #bj4a c4c4 ,salt add$ ,,kno#c ,na#b,,s#d ,am,cl ,am#b,,s#d ,hypo requir$ #bj4b c4c4 #ah4g c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ai4i c4c4 ,! l[ result ) ! sulphate ( soda 0 evid5tly due to ! =mation ( a sp>+ly soluble d\ble salt1 :i* remov$ copp] f ! solution2 on add+ a little acetic acid ! full am\nt ( hypo 0 requir$4 ,! effect ( ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 metals is important4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ x 0 to add ! sub/ance to ! solution conta9+ ! copp]1 & p>tly precipitate ) soda solution2 !n treat+ ) #a c4c4 ( acetic acid1 add+ ! iodide1 & proce$+ z be=e4 ,sub/ance ,add$4 ,hypo ,requir$1 - #bj4 c4c #j4jej gram ars5ic z ,z#b,o#e #bj4j #j4jej antimony z ,sb,cl#e #ai4h #j4jej lead z ,pb7,,no#c7b #bj4a ,a simil> exp]im5t ) #j4jej gram ( bismu? nitrate c\ld n be det]m9$1 ! end-reaction be+ mask$4 ,bismu? iodide is soluble 9 potassic iodide1 =m+ a br[n solution1 ! col\r ( :i* is v simil> to t produc$ by iod9e2 & al?\gh x does n /rike a blue col\r ) />*1 hypo has an action on x4 ,a simil> exp]im5t ) #j4jej gram ( iron z f]ric *loride requir$ #bb4c c4c4 ( hypo1 & ! col\r return$ on /&+4 ,?is %[s t f]ric acetate lib]ates iod9e "u ! conditions ( ! assay4 ,try+ to c\nt]act ?is1 by add+ to a simil> solution #j4e gram ( phosphate ( soda dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 #ai4g c4c4 ( hypo 7 requir$ in/ead ( #bj4j1 b ! assay %[$ signs ( return+ col\r4 ,9 /&>dis+1 ! same result 0 obta9$1 :e!r ! copp] 0 pres5t z nitrate or sulphate be=e neutralis+4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,copp]4--,) ! same conditions z be=e1 b ) v>y+ am\nts ( copp] & a proportionally increas+ quantity ( iodide1 ! results 73-- ,copp] pres5t #a4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #a4j #aj4j #bj4j #ej4j #ajj4j %[+ ! results to be exactly proportional4#eh ,det]m9ation ( ,copp] 9 ,copp] ,pyrites4--,take #b grams ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ ore & treat 9 a porcela9 di% ) #bj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & evaporate to dryness4 ,take up ) #cj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 dilute1 & transf] to a p9t flask2 make up ) wat] to #bjj c4c41 w>m1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 to excess4 ,filt]1 & wa% ! precipitate ) wat] acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,wa% ! precipitate back into ! flask1 & dissolve ) #ae c4c4 ( nitric acid4 ,evaporate almo/ to dryness2 add #bj c4c4 ( wat]1 & boil till free f nitr\s fumes2 filt] (f ! sulphur & gangue2 neutralise ) soda1 avoid+ excess2 add #a or #b c4c4 ( acetic acid1 & %ake till cle>4 ,add #e grams ( potassium iodide1 dilute to #ajj c4c41 & titrate4 ,! foll[+ is an example3-- #j4e gram ( copp] requir$ #ej4e c4c4 hypo4 ,! assay requir$ #ee4f :i* is equal to #bg4e p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,,colorimetric ,,process4 ,?is is bas$ on ! blue coloration ( ammoniacal copp] solutions4 ,! quantity ( copp] 9 #ajj c4c4 ( ! assay solution %\ld n be m ?an #ae milligrams1 or less ?an half a milligram4 ,x is n s delicate z mo/ o!r colorimetric me?ods1 b nev]!less is a v useful "o4 ,! mann] ( work+ is ! same z t describ$ "u iron4 ,/&>d ,copp] ,solution4--,weigh up #j4e gram ( electrotype copp]1 dissolve 9 #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 boil (f nitr\s fumes1 & dilute to #a litre4 #a c4c4 #j4e milligram4 ,9 ne>ly all cases x w be necess>y to sep>ate ! copp] ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 f a solution ( ab\t #e grams ( ! mat]ial to be assay$4 ,! filt] pap] conta9+ ! sulphide 7&1 probably1 mu* sulphur7 is dri$ & burnt4 ,! a%es are dissolv$ 9 #e c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 #aj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia add$1 & ! solution filt]$ ?r\gh a co>se filt] into a ,nessl] tube1 wa%+ ! pap] ) a little dilute ammonia4 ,! e/imation ( ! col\r & calculation ( ! result are made 9 ! way describ$ on page #dd4 ,! effect ( v>y+ conditions on ! assay may be se5 f ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,! effect ( increas$ temp]ature is to slightly decrease ! col\r1 b ?is c only be obs]v$ :5 a fair quantity ( copp] is pres5t4 #a4j c4c4 at #ae %[$ ! col\r ( #a4j c4c4 at #gj #b4e #b4g #e4j #e4j #aj4j #i4j ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,ammonia4--,! solution mu/1 ( c\rse1 conta9 free ammonia2 ab\t #e c4c4 ( dilute ammonia 9 #ej c4c4 bulk is ! quantity to be us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts4 ,a l>g] quantity affects ! results1 giv+ l[] read+s & alt]+ ! t9t4 ,) small quantities ( ammonia ! col\r approa*es a violet2 ) l>g]1 a sky-blue4 #b4e c4c4 ) #be c4c4 ( /rong ammonia read #b4b c4c4 #e4j #d4j #aj4j #h4j ,effect ( ,ammonic ,salts4--,! foll[+ table %[s ! results aft] addition ( ammonic salts3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,c4c4 ,pres5t4 ,) #aj grams ,) #aj grams ,) #aj grams ,ammonic ,nitrate4 ,ammonic ,*loride4 ,ammonic ,sulphate4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #b4e #b4e #b4e #b4j #e4j #e4j #e4c #d4c #aj4j #aj4j #aj4j #h4e ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,^! %[ t sulphates %\ld be avoid$1 & ei!r nitrate or *loride solutions be us$ 9 ! /&>d z well z 9 ! assay4 ,det]m9ation ( ,copp] 9 a ,manganese ,ore4--,treat #c grams ( ! ore ) #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & evaporate to dryness4 ,take up ) #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid2 dilute to ab\t #bjj c4c41 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 until ! solution smells ( ! gas2 filt]1 burn1 take up ) #e c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 add #aj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 & filt] into ! ,nessl] tube1 & make up ) ! wa%+s to #ej c4c4 ,into ! /&>d tube put #e c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid & #aj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia4 ,make up to ne>ly #ej c4c4 ) wat]1 & run 9 ! /&>d copp] until ! col\rs are equal4 ,9 a det]m9ation #d c4c4 7 #b4j milligrams ( copp]7 7 requir$2 ?is 9 #c grams ( ore #j4jg p] c5t4 ,det]m9ation ( ,copp] 9 ,black ,t94--,weigh up #c grams ( ! dri$ ore1 boil ) #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & aft]w>ds add #a c4c4 ( nitric2 boil (f nitr\s fumes1 evaporate to ab\t #e c4c41 dilute to #ej c4c41 add #bj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia2 /ir1 & filt]4 ,if mu* iron is pres5t1 dissolve ! precipitate ( f]ric hydrate 9 acid1 & reprecipitate ) ammonia4 ,mix ! two filtrates1 & dilute to #ajj c4c4 ,take #ej c4c4 = ! te/4 ,a sample ( #c grams ( an ore treat$ 9 ?is way requir$ #e4b c4c4 ( /&>d copp] to produce equality ( t9t4 ,?is gives #j4ce p] c5t4 ,det]m9ation ( ,copp] 9 ,t94--,weigh up #a gram ( ! sample1 transf] to an evaporat+ di%1 & cov] ) #cj c4c4 ( aqua regia4 ,w>m until ! metal has dissolv$1 !n evaporate almo/ to dryness4 ,take up ) a few c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & aga9 evaporate4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid & transf] to a #ajj c4c4 flask4 ,add #aj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia & make up ) wat] to ! conta9+ m>k4 ,filt] (f #ej c4c4 ( ! solution into a ,nessl] glass & det]m9e ! copp] 9 x colorimetrically4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,copp]4 ,v pure copp] c be obta9$ 9 comm]ce1 ow+ to ! dem& = metal ( high conductivity = electrical purposes1 :i* practically means = metal free f impurities4 ,mu* ( ! metal sold conta9s z mu* z "o p] c5t4 ( =eign sub/ances1 ( :i* ars5ic is ! mo/ important4 ,! o!r elem5ts to be look$ = are bismu?1 lead1 antimony1 silv]1 gold1 iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 sulphur1 & oxyg54 ,9 bli/] copp] 7:i* is ! unref9$ metal71 alum9ium1 silicon1 & phosphorus may be met )4 ,oxyg54--,all comm]cial copp] c>ries oxyg52 mo/ ( x is pres5t z cupr\s oxide1 :i* is dissolv$ by molt5 copp]4 ,! e/imation ( oxyg5 is (t5 made by diff]5ce4 ,! copp] & ! o!r impurities be+ det]m9$1 ! re/ is assum$ to be oxyg54 ,probably ?is is ne>ly correct1 b ! :ole ( ! oxyg5 %\ld n be ascrib$ to cupr\s oxide2 = any ars5ic ! metal conta9$ w\ld be pres5t z cupr\s ars5ite1 s9ce ars5ide ( copp] & cupr\s oxide c\ld n exi/ toge!r at ! temp]ature ( fusion )\t int]act+4 ,9 ! report ( ! analysis1 x is be/ to /ate ! proportion ( oxyg5 ?us3-- ,oxyg5 ---- p] c5t4 by diff]5ce4 ,!re is a me?od ( det]m9ation by fus+ #e or #aj grams 9 a brasqu$ crucible1 & c\nt+ ! loss z oxyg52 & ano!r me?od = ! det]m9ation ( cupr\s oxide bas$ on ! reaction ( ?is sub/ance ) nitrate ( silv]4#ei ,ab\t #b grams ( silv] nitrate1 dissolv$ 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]1 is all[$ to act ^u #a gram ( ! copp] 9 ! cold4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ?or\ghly ) wat]1 & ! basic salt dissolv$ & det]m9$ colorimetrically4 ,"o "p ( copp] f\nd repres5ts #a4fh "p ( cupr\s oxide1 or #j4ai "p ( oxyg54 ,copp] g5]ally c>ries f #j4a to #j4b p] c5t4 ( oxyg54 ,silv] is f\nd 9 mo/ samples1 b occurs 9 v>iable proportions2 :5 x am\nts to #cj ounces p] ton x has a comm]cial value4 ,to det]m9e its am\nt1 dissolve #aj grams ( ! copp] 9 #ce c4c4 ( nitric acid & #ej c4c4 ( wat]1 boil (f nitr\s fumes1 & dilute to ab\t #ajj c4c4 ,"o or two c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid 7"o to #ajj ( wat]7 are add$1 /irr$ 91 & ! precipitate all[$ to settle = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,filt] ?r\gh a d\ble ,sw$i% pap]1 dry1 burn1 & cupel ! a%es ) "o gram ( %eet lead4 ,t5 grams ( a sample ( copp] gave 9 ?is way #d4g milligrams ( silv]4 ,t5 grams ( ! same copp]1 to :i* #bd milligrams ( silv] _h be5 add$ gave #bh4b milligrams4 ,gold4--,to det]m9e x1 dissolve #aj1 #bj1 or #ej grams ( ! sample 9 #ce1 #gj1 or #age c4c4 ( nitric acid & an equal volume ( wat]1 boil till free f nitr\s fumes1 & dilute to d\ble its volume4 ,all[ to /& = "s "t1 decant on to a filt]1 dry1 burn1 & cupel ! a%es ) #a gram ( %eet lead4 ,if silv] is pres5t1 ow+ to traces ( *lorides 9 ! re-ag5ts us$1 p>t+ w be necess>y4 7,see ,gold47 ,work+ 9 ?is way on #bj grams ( copp]1 to :i* #a4h milligram ( gold _h be5 add$1 a button weigh+ #b4j milligrams 0 obta9$4 ,antimony is n a frequ5t impurity ( copp]3 x c be detect$ 9 quantities ov] #j4a p] c5t4 by a :ite residue ( ,sb#b,o#d1 insoluble 9 nitric acid4 ,) mat]ial conta9+ only small quantities ( antimony ! :ite oxide does n %[ itself = "s "t1 b on long-cont9u$ boil+ x sep>ates z a f9e p[d]4 ,x is be/ 7:5 look+ = x7 to evaporate ! nitric acid solution to ! cry/allis+ po9t1 to add a little fre% nitric acid & wat]1 & !n to filt] (f ! precipitate4 ,aft] weigh+ x %\ld be exam9$ = ars5ic & bismu?4 ,lead4--,ref9$ copp]s are (t5 free f lead1 any?+ m ?an traces be+ seldom f\nd2 9 co>se copp]s x is sometimes pres5t 9 consid]able quantities4 ,its pres5ce may be detect$ 9 ! e/imation ( ! copp] electrolytically1 ! plat9um spiral becom+ coat$ ) a br[n or black deposit ( lead dioxide4 ,! dep? ( col\r v>ies ) ! lead pres5t1 & obvi\sly c\ld be made ! basis ( an approximate e/imation4 ,! col\r %[s itself )9 an h\r or s1 b is be/ obs]v$ :5 all ! copp] has be5 deposit$4 ,electrolys+ a solution ( "o gram ( pure copp]1 to :i* #j4e milligram ( lead _h be5 add$1 ! deposit 0 d>k br[n2 9 a simil> solution ) #a milligram ( lead x 0 mu* d>k]1 & ) #b milligrams x 0 black4 ,"u ! conditions ( ! assay ! dioxide _c be weigh$1 z x p>tly dissolves on break+ ! curr5t4 ,:5 lead has be5 f\nd1 its quantity may be e/imat$ by evaporat+ to dryness ! nitric acid solution to :i* an excess ( sulphuric acid has be5 add$1 tak+ up ) wat]1 & filt]+ (f & weigh+ ! lead sulphate4 ,! sep>ation ( traces ( lead z *romate is a fairly good "o4 ,dissolve #e grams ( ! copp] 9 #ag c4c4 ( nitric acid & an equal volume ( wat]2 boil (f nitr\s fumes1 neutralise ) soda1 & aft]w>ds acidulate ) acetic acid2 & dilute to a litre4 ,add #bj grams ( sodium acetate1 w>m1 & precipitate ! lead ) a dilute solution ( potassium *romate4 ,copp] *romate 7yell[7 may be at ! same "t ?r[n d[n1 b x is readily soluble on dilut+4 ,filt] (f ! precipitate2 wa% x into a beak] & pass sulphurett$ hydrog52 oxidise ! sulphide & weigh z lead sulphate4 ,treat$ 9 ?is way #e grams ( copp] yield$ sulphate ( lead equal to #b4j milligrams ( lead4 ,five grams ( ! same sample to :i* #aj milligrams ( lead 7 add$ gave #aa4d milligrams4 ,nickel & ,cobalt4--,nickel is always pres5t 9 l>g] or small] quantities 9 comm]cial copp]1 &1 p]haps1 has an influ5ce on ! prop]ties ( ! metal4 ,x is det]m9$ z foll[s3--,dissolve #aj grams ( ! copp] 9 #ce c4c4 ( nitric acid & an equal bulk ( wat]1 boil (f nitr\s fumes & neutralise ) soda1 add #b grams ( c>bonate ( soda dissolv$ 9 wat]1 boil1 & filt]4 ,acidify ! filtrate ) #b or #c c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid & dilute to #a or #a-a_/b litres4 ,pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! cold solution till ! copp] is all d[n & ! liquid smells ( ! gas4 ,filt] & evaporate ! filtrate to a small bulk1 & det]m9e ! nickel by electrolys+ ! solution r5d]$ ammoniacal1 or by precipitat+ z sulphide & weigh+ z sulphate4 7,see "u ,nickel47 ,! precipitate1 aft] weigh+1 %\ld be te/$ = cobalt4 ,if pres5t x is sep>at$ ) potassium nitrite z describ$ "u ,cobalt4 ,t5 grams ( copp] gave #f4j milligrams ( nickel2 & ano!r lot ( #aj grams ( ! same copp]1 to :i* #aj4j milligrams ( nickel _h be5 add$1 gave #ag4b milligrams4 ,sulphur4--,! am\nt ( sulphur 9 ref9$ copp] is v small1 seldom exce$+ #j4jje p] c5t4 ,9 co>se copp]1 z might be expect$1 x is f\nd 9 l>g] quantities4 ,9 det]m9+ x1 x is fir/ conv]t$ into sulphuric acid1 & !n precipitat$ & weigh$ z b>ium sulphate4 ,! precipitation _c be effect$ f a nitric acid solution4 ,t5 grams ( copp] are dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 z = ! o!r det]m9ations1 & !n boil$ ) excess ( hydro*loric acid till ! nitric acid is completely remov$4 ,!re is !n add$ a few drops ( a dilute solution ( b>ic *loride1 & ! solution is all[$ to /& = "s h\rs4 ,! b>ic sulphate is filt]$ (f & weigh$4 ,! necessity = precipitat+ f a hydro*loric acid solution is se5 f ! foll[+ det]m9ations4 ,9 ea* exp]im5t #aj grams ( copp] 0 us$1 & a kn[n weight ( sulphur1 9 ! =m ( copp] sulphate1 add$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,sulphur add$4 ,sulphur f\nd 9 ,sulphur f\nd 9 ,hydro*loric ,acid ,solution4,nitric ,acid ,solution4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #e milligrams #h milligrams #j4jc milligrams #aj #aa #j4jc #ae #ag #ab4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,bismu?4--,ne>ly all samples ( copp] conta9 bismu?1 b only 9 small quantities4 ,x is be/ det]m9$ colorimetrically z describ$ "u ,bismu?4 ,! me?od ( conc5trat+ & prep>+ ! solution = colorimetric assay is z foll[s4 ,dissolve #aj grams ( copp] 9 nitric acid1 z 9 ! o!r det]m9ations2 neutralise ) soda2 add #a or #a4e grams ( bic>bonate ( soda & boil = t5 m9utes2 filt]1 dissolve ! precipitate 9 hot dilute sulphuric acid2 add sulphur\s acid & potassium iodide 9 excess1 & boil till free f iod9e4 ,filt] & dilute to #ejj c4c4 ,take #ej c4c4 ( ! yell[ solution = ! det]m9ation4 ,a few c4c4 ( a dilute solution ( sulphur\s acid 7#a 9 #ajj7 w prev5t ! lib]ation ( iod9e4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts te/ ! me?od ( sep>ation4 ,t5 grams ( copp] 7 treat$ z above & precipitat$ ) #a4e gram ( soda2 ! precipitate conta9$ #j4f milligram ( bismu? 7 #j4jjf p] c5t474 ,! filtrate treat$ ) ano!r #a4e gram ( soda gave a precipitate :i* 0 free f bismu?4 ,to ! filtrate f ?is 0 add$ #a4j milligram ( bismu?1 & ano!r fraction 0 precipitat$ ) #a4e gram ( soda4 ,9 ?is precipitate 0 f\nd #a4j milligram ( bismu?4 ,to ! filtrate ano!r milligram ( bismu? 0 add$ & ! sep>ation ) soda repeat$4 ,! bismu? 0 sep>at$ f ?is precipitate ) ammonic c>bonate be=e det]m9ation1 & #j4i milligram 0 f\nd4 ,ars5ic4--,! proportion ( ars5ic 9 copp] v>ies f #j4ja to #j4ge p] c5t4 :il/ 9 co>se copp] x may am\nt to #b or ev5 #c p] c5t4 ,to det]m9e x1 dissolve #e1 #aj1 or #bj grams ( ! copp] 7accord+ to ! am\nt ( ars5ic pres5t7 9 #ah c4c41 #ce c4c41 or #gj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & an equal volume ( wat]4 ,boil (f ! nitr\s fumes1 dilute to #ajj c4c4 & neutralise ) soda2 add #a4e or #b grams ( c>bonate ( soda dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 & boil4 ,filt] 7wa%+ is unnecess>y7 & dissolve back into ! flask ) a little dilute hydro*loric acid2 add #cj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia & #be c4c4 ( magnesia mixture1 & all[ to /& ov]night4 ,! :ole ( ! ars5ic is precipitat$ z ammonic-magnesic ars5ate 9 "o h\r1 b x is advisable to leave x long]4 ,! precipitate may be dri$ & weigh$1 or1 bett]1 titrat$ ) uranium acetate4 7,see ,ars5ic47 ,to te/ ?is me?od ( sep>ation #aj grams ( pure copp] 7 tak5 & #j4bjj gram ( ars5ic dissolv$ ) x4 ,! ars5ic 0 det]m9$ by titration ) uranium acetate1 & #j4bjj gram 0 f\nd4 ,two o!r simil> exp]im5ts ) #j4jhj & #j4jaj gram ( ars5ic add$1 gave #j4jgi & #j4jab gram respectively4 ,antimony or bismu? may be pres5t )\t int]f]+ ) ! titration4 ,) #j4ajj gram ( antimony & #j4ajj gram ( ars5ic1 #j4ajj gram ( ars5ic 0 f\nd2 & 9 ano!r case1 ) #j4ajj gram ( bismu? & #j4jfj gram ( ars5ic1 #j4jfj gram 0 f\nd4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! antimony & bismu? 7 pres5t 9 ! assay solution :5 titrat$4 ,= a gravimetric det]m9ation !y w\ld require to be remov$ be=e precipitat+ ) magnesia mixture4 ,phosphorus1 if pres5t1 c\nts z ars5ic 9 ! proportion ( #a to #b4d2 b1 except 9 ! case ( co>se copp]s1 x is always abs5t4 ,iron1 if pres5t1 int]f]es by =m+ a :ite floccul5t precipitate ( f]ric ars5ate aft] ! addition ( ! sodium acetate & prelim9>y to ! titration4 ,ea* milligram ( iron ab/racts1 9 ?is way1 #a4c milligrams ( ars5ic4 ,iron4--,ref9$ copp]s c>ry traces ( iron1 v>y+ f #j4jja to #j4ja p] c5t4 ,x is be/ det]m9$ dur+ ! ars5ic e/imation4 ,! precipitate ( ! ammonic-magnesic ars5ate w conta9 ! :ole ( ! iron z f]ric hydrate4 ,on dissolv+ 9 hydro*loric acid1 neutralis+ ) ammonia1 add+ #e c4c4 ( sodic acetate1 dilut+1 & boil+1 x reappe>s z a :ite precipitate ( f]ric ars5ate4 ,x is filt]$ (f 7! ars5ic be+ e/imat$ 9 ! filtrate71 dissolv$ 9 w>m hydro*loric acid1 & det]m9$ colorimetrically z describ$ "u ,iron4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts te/+ ! sep>ation is !re giv54 ,phosphorus4--,ref9$ copp]s d n c>ry phosphorus1 al?\gh x may be pres5t 9 co>se copp] up to #a p] c5t4 or m4 ,9 su* samples ! foll[+ me?od is adopt$ = ! e/imation ( bo? phosphorus & ars5ic4 ,dissolve #aj grams ( copp] & #j4a1 #j4b1 or #j4c gram ( iron wire 7accord+ to ! am\nt ( ars5ic & phosphorus pres5t7 9 #ce c4c4 ( nitric acid & an equal volume ( wat]4 ,add soda till ! free acid is ne>ly neutralis$4 ,next add a /rong solution ( sodium acetate1 until ! solution ceases to d>k5 on fur!r addition1 !n dilute ) wat] to half a litre4 ,! solution is be/ conta9$ 9 a l>ge beak]2 x is next heat$ to ! boil+ po9t1 & at once remov$ & all[$ to settle4 ,if ! precipitate is light col\r$ x is evid5ce t suffici5t iron has n be5 add$1 or1 if x is gre51 f basic copp] salts1 x %[s t ! solution 0 n suffici5tly acid4 ,9 ei!r case />t afre%4 ,filt] (f ! precipitate & wa% ) hot wat] conta9+ a little sodium acetate1 dissolve x (f ! filt] ) hot dilute hydro*loric acid1 add ammonia 9 excess1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 = five m9utes4 ,w>m at ab\t #gj ,c4 = a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,filt]4 ,! cle> yell[ filtrate conta9s ! ars5ic & phosphorus4 ,add dilute sulphuric acid 9 excess2 filt] (f ! yell[ precipitate ( sulphide ( ars5ic1 dissolve x 9 nitric acid1 & titrate ) uranium acetate1 z describ$ "u ,ars5ic4 ,! filtrate f ! sulphide ( ars5ic is r5d]$ alkal9e ) ammonia & magnesia mixture add$4 ,! solution is /irr$1 & all[$ to /& ov]night4 ,! precipitate ( ammonic-magnesic phosphate is filt]$ (f1 dissolv$1 & titrat$ ) uranium acetate1 us+ ! same /&>d solution z is us$ 9 ! ars5ic assay3 #j4e gram ( ars5ic equals #j4bjg gram ( phosphorus4 ,copp]4--,! me?od ( det]m9+ ?is has be5 describ$ "u ,electrolytic ,assay4 ,9 ! me?od ( conc5tration by fractional precipitation ) sodic c>bonate 7:i* is adopt$ 9 mo/ ( ^! det]m9ations7 ! precipitate w conta9 all ! bismu?1 iron1 & alum9a2 ! ars5ic & phosphorus z cupric ars5ate & phosphate2 & ! great] "p ( ! lead1 antimony1 & silv]4 ,! nickel & cobalt1 & ! sulphur z sulphuric acid1 w rema9 9 solution ) ! great] "p ( ! copp]4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,accord+ to a wet assay #b grams ( a c]ta9 ore conta9$ #j4cfej gram ( copp]4 ,:at w\ld y expect ! dry assay produce to be8 #b4 ,a /&>d solution is made by dissolv+ #be grams ( potassic cyanide & dilut+ to a litre4 ,assum+ ! salt to be #ih p] c5t4 real cyanide1 :at w\ld #ajj c4c4 ( ! solution be equival5t to 9 grams ( copp]8 #c4 ,h[ w\ld y make a solution ( hypo ( su* /r5g? t #ajj c4c4 %all equal #j4fcc gram ( copp]8 #d4 ,:at weight ( ore1 conta9+ #ag4j p] c5t4 ( copp]1 w\ld y take 9 ord] to get ab\t #j4e gram ( copp] 9 solution = electrolysis8 #e4 ,! solution ( copp] 9 nitric acid is effect$ by ! foll[+ reaction3-- #c;,cu #h;,,hno#c #c;,cu7,,no#c7b #d;,h#b,o #b,,no4 ,:at volume ( nitric acid w be requir$ to dissolve #a gram ( copp]8 ,,lead4 ,! *ief ore ( lead is gal5a1 a sulphide ( lead1 common 9 mo/ m9+ di/ricts1 & frequ5tly associat$ ) bl5de & copp]-pyrites4 ,x always c>ries m or less silv]2 s t 9 ! assay ( ! ore a silv] det]m9ation is always necess>y4 ,c>bonate 7c]ussite71 sulphate 7anglesite71 & phosphate 7pyromorphite7 ( lead also occur z ores1 b 9 mu* small] quantities4 ,lead ores are easily conc5trat$ 7ow+ to _! high specific gravity1 c47 by me*anical op]ations1 s t ! m9]al matt] s5t to ! smelt] is comp>atively pure4 ,lead is readily soluble 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,! addition ( sulphuric acid to ?is solution ?r[s d[n heavy1 :ite1 & insoluble lead sulphate4 ,gal5a is soluble 9 hot hydro*loric acid1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 be+ evolv$2 b ! action is ret>d$ by ! sep>ation ( ! sp>+ly soluble lead *loride4 ,if a rod ( z9c is plac$ 9 ?is solution1 metallic lead is precipitat$ on x z a spongy mass1 ! lead *loride be+ decompos$ z fa/ z x is =m$4 ,! op5+ up ( ! ore is ?us easily effect$1 ! sulphur go+ (f z sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! lead rema9+ 9 a =m easily soluble 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,gal5a itself is readily attack$ by nitric acid1 "p ( ! lead go+ into solution1 & ! re/ rema9+ z insoluble lead sulphate4 ,! sulphate is due to ! oxidation ( ! sulphur by nitric acid2 its am\nt w v>y ) ! quantity & conc5tration ( ! acid us$4 ,sulphate ( lead is soluble 9 solutions ( ammonium or sodium acetate2 or x may be conv]t$ into c>bonate by boil+ ) c>bonate ( soda4 ,! c>bonate1 aft] wa%+ (f ! sulphate ( soda1 dissolves easily 9 nitric acid4 ,! precipitation ( lead f acid solutions ) sulphuric acid1 & ! solubility ( ! precipitate 9 ammonium acetate1 di/+ui%es x f all o!r metals4 ,! addition ( potassium *romate to ! acetate solution reprecipitates ! lead z a yell[ *romate4 ,,dry ,,assay4 ,! dry assay ( lead is l>gely us$1 b x is only applicable to ri* or conc5trat$ ores1 & ev5 ) ^! only gives approximate results4 ,bo? lead & lead sulphide are s5sibly volatile at a mod]ately-high temp]ature2 h5ce x is necess>y to obta9 a slag :i* is easily fusible4 ,z a r$uc+ ag5t iron is almo/ always us$1 & ?is is add$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( an iron rod1 or ! crucible itself is made ( ?is metal4 ,! flux us$ is c>bonate ( soda4 ,:5 a clay crucible is us$1 ! me?od ( work+ is z foll[s3--,weigh up #be grams ( ! dry & p[d]$ ore1 mix ) an equal weight ( soda & #b grams ( t>t>2 place 9 a crucible 7,e4 ,batt]sea r\nd71 & !n ins]t a piece ( iron rod ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]1 & ( su* a l5g? t x w j all[ ! crucible to be cov]$4 ,! rod %\ld be pu%$ d[n s z to t\* ! bottom ( ! crucible1 & ! mixture %\ld be cov]$ ) a spr9kl+ ( borax4 ,place 9 a furnace heat$ to1 b n above1 r$ness1 & cov] ! crucible4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes ! *>ge w be fus$3 ! fusion is complete :5 bubbles ( gas are no long] be+ evolv$2 & !n1 b n till !n1 ! iron is )drawn1 any adh]+ buttons ( lead be+ wa%$ (f by dipp+ ! rod a few times 9 ! slag4 ,cov] ! crucible1 leave x = a m9ute or two1 & !n p\r4 ,deta* ! slag1 :5 cold1 by hamm]+4 ,! weight ( ! button multipli$ by #d gives ! p]c5tage4 ,! common] errors ( /ud5ts 9 work+ ! process are too high a temp]ature & too quick a )drawal4 ,a sample ( ore treat$ 9 ?is mann] gave on duplicate assay #ag4e & #ag4f grams ( lead1 equall+ #gj4j & #gj4d p] c5t4 respectively4 ,by wet assay ! sample gave #gc4c p] c5t4 ,us+ an iron crucible1 ! results w be #a p] c5t4 or s high]4 ,! crucible mu/ be made ( wr\ght iron2 &1 if x has be5 previ\sly us$1 %\ld be clean$ by heat+ to dull r$ness & scrap+ ! scale (f ) a /irr]4 ,take #cj grams ( ! ore1 mix ) #cj grams ( soda & #c grams ( t>t>2 put ! mixture 9 ! crucible1 & cov] ) a spr9kl+ ( borax2 heat = ab\t tw5ty m9utes at n too high a temp]ature1 & !n scrape d[n ! slag adh]+ to ! side ) a /irr]4 ,leave 9 ! furnace till action has ceas$4 ,be=e p\r+1 tap ! pot g5tly1 & !n tilt x s z to make ! slag wa% ov] ! "p ( ! crucible along :i* ! *>ge is to be p\r$4 ,p\r2 &1 :5 cold1 clean & weigh ! button ( metal4 ,a crucible may be us$ f t5 to tw5ty times4 ,^! assays are = ores conta9+ ! lead *iefly z sulphide4 ,= oxidis$ ores1 *>coal or t>t> is employ$ z ! r$uc+ ag5t4 ,! /ud5t may practise on r$ lead z foll[s3--,take #cj grams ( r$ lead2 mix ) #aj grams ea* ( borax & soda & ab\t #a4e gram ( p[d]$ *>coal2 place 9 a small clay crucible ) a cov] 7,c4 ,batt]sea r\nd71 fuse at a g5tle heat1 & p\r :5 action ceases4 ,?is assay w only take a few m9utes4 ,:]e lead is pres5t z phosphate 7z 9 ! case ( pyromorphite71 or mix$ ) phosphates 7z sometimes happ5s71 c>bonate ( soda is a suitable flux2 b ! phosphate ( soda :i* is =m$ makes a ?ick t5aci\s slag1 :i* is v apt to be c>ri$ out ( ! pot by ! escap+ gas4 ,a wide-m\!d clay pot is tak5 & a little fluor sp> add$4 ,= ! assay ( pyromorphite ! foll[+ *>ge may be us$3--,ore1 #bj grams2 soda1 #be grams2 t>t>1 #g grams2 & fluor sp>1 #e grams2 & #b grams ( borax z a cov]4 ,?is w melt d[n 9 ab\t t5 m9utes1 & %\ld be p\r$ z soon z tranquil4 ,,wet ,,assay4 ,9 ! case ( gal5a ! be/ me?od ( gett+ ! lead into solution is to treat ) hydro*loric acid & z9c4 ,put #a gram ( ! ore 9 an evaporat+ di% #d in*es across1 & cov] ) #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,heat till ! evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 becomes sluggi%1 & !n drop 9 a piece ( z9c rod4 ,if ! solution eff]vesces too /rongly1 dilute x4 ,cont9ue ! heat+ until ! sulphide is se5 to be all dissolv$2 :5 ! lead is all precipitat$1 p\r (f ! liquid & wa% twice ) cold wat]4 ,peel (f ! precipitat$ lead ) ! help ( a glass rod1 & !n clean ! z9c4 ,cov] ! lead ) #bj c4c4 ( wat] & #e c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 & heat g5tly till dissolv$2 all ! lead w be 9 solution1 &1 :5 filt]$ (f f ! gangue1 w be ready = a gravimetric det]m9ation4 ,= volumetric "w ?is filt]+ is unnecess>y4 ,! *ief objection to ?is me?od is t comm]cial z9c c>ries consid]able quantities ( lead4 ,al?\gh ?is c be det]m9$ & all[$ =1 ! correction requir$ is 9 mo/ cases too l>ge to be satisfactory4 ,! foll[+ me?od is applicable 9 all cases1 b is m tr\blesome3--,treat #a gram ( ! ore ) #aj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid 9 an evaporat+ di% cov]$ ) a clock-glass1 & evaporate till ne>ly dry4 ,take up ) #ej c4c4 ( wat]1 & add #aj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,filt]4 ,! residue conta9s ! lead z sulphate1 toge!r ) ! insoluble matt] ( ! ore & globules ( sulphur4 ,w>m ) a solution ( ammonium acetate1 & filt]4 ,! lead w be 9 ! filtrate1 & is recov]$ 9 a /ate fit = direct gravimetric e/imation by ! addition ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,if ! volumetric me?od is to be us$1 ! lead sulphate %\ld be dissolv$ out ) a solution ( sodium acetate in/ead ( ) ! ammonium salt solution4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! lead is sep>at$ & precipitat$ z sulphate1 z already describ$4 ,! solution mu/ be all[$ to /&1 & ! cle> liquid be decant$ ?r\gh a filt]4 ,transf] ! precipitate1 & wa% ) v dilute sulphuric acid 7#a or #b c4c4 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]74 ,! acid mu/ be completely remov$ ) "o or two wa%es ) cold wat]1 & !n ) alcohol4 ,! volume ( liquid requir$ = wa%+ is small1 z ! precipitate is d5se & easily clean$2 b ! wa%+ mu/ be c>efully done1 s9ce if any acid rema9s x w1 on dry+1 *> ! pap]1 & r5d] ! subsequ5t "w tr\blesome4 ,dry1 transf] to a wat*-glass1 & burn ! filt] pap]1 collect+ its a% 9 a weigh$ porcela9 crucible4 ,! filt] pap] mu/ be fre$ z mu* z possible f ! lead sulphate be=e burn+1 & ! a% treat$ ) a drop or two ( nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,transf] ! lead sulphate to ! crucible2 ignite g5tly1 keep+ ! temp]ature bel[ r$ness2 cool1 & weigh4 ,! precipitate w conta9 #gc4f p] c5t4 ( lead oxide or #fh4c p] c5t4 ( lead4 ,det]m9ation ( ,lead 9 ,comm]cial ,z9c4--,take #aj grams ( z9c1 & treat 7)\t heat+7 ) #fj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 ! z9c is ne>ly all dissolv$1 decant (f ! cle> liquid1 & dissolve ! residue 9 #b c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid4 ,evaporate till mo/ ( ! acid is remov$2 dilute to #bj or #cj c4c4 ) wat]1 & add #aj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,filt] (f1 & weigh ! lead sulphate4 ,t5 grams treat$ 9 ?is way gave--#j4afaj gram ( lead sulphate1 equival5t to #a4aj p] c5t4 ( lead4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,?is is bas$ ^u ! reaction betwe5 *romate ( pota% & soluble lead salts 9 neutral solutions1 :]eby an insoluble yell[ *romate ( lead is produc$4#fj ,an excess ( ! *romate is requir$ to complete ! reaction1 s t ! po9t at :i* an indicator %[s ! pres5ce ( undecompos$ *romate _c be satisfactorily tak5 z ! f9i%4 ,!re=e an excess ( ! /&>d *romate mu/ be run 91 & su* excess det]m9$4 ,*romate ( lead is n precipitat$ f /rong nitric acid solutions1 & only incompletely f dilute ones4 ,acids g5]ally are detrim5tal to ! precipitation1 & mu/ be neutralis$ be=e titrat+4 ,if ! lead is pres5t z sulphate 9 sodic acetate solution1 x is well to r5d] x di/9ctly alkal9e ) ammonia4 ,lead *romate precipitat$ 9 ! cold is a lemon-yell[1 light precipitate1 v difficult to filt]3 on heat+ to #dj ,c4 ! col\r becomes orange2 at #fj ,c4 x assumes a deep] hue1 & becomes floccul5t2 & at a boil+ temp]ature x /ill fur!r d>k5s & settles readily4 ,^! *anges 9 col\r are n due to any *emical *ange1 z w be se5 by te/+ ! filtrate = *romium or lead3 ?is is an advantage to ! assay1 s9ce x is only at ! high] temp]ature t ! precipitate c be easily filt]$4 ,! lead is n completely precipitat$1 b ! am\nt rema9+ 9 solution is only #b or #c milligrams1 :i* is j suffici5t to give a d>k coloration ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! /&>d *romate ( pota% solution is made by dissolv+ #g4ac grams ( bi*romate ( pota% & #b4j grams ( cau/ic soda 9 wat]1 & dilut+ to #a litre2 or #i4dj grams ( ! neutral *romate 7,k#b;,cr,o#d7 may be dissolv$ & dilut$ to #a litre3 #ajj c4c4 w be equival5t to #a4jjj gram ( lead4 ,/&>d ,lead ,solution4--#af grams ( nitrate ( lead 7,pb7,,no#c7b7 are dissolv$ 9 wat] & dilut$ to #a litre2 #ajj c4c4 w conta9 #a4jjj gram ( lead4 ,acetate ( ,soda ,solution4--#bej grams ( ! cry/allis$ salt 7,na,ac4#c;,h#b,o7 are dissolv$1 & dilut$ to #a litre4 ,use #dj c4c4 = ea* assay4 ,9 ! titration ! assay solution %\ld measure #aej to #bjj c4c41 & %\ld be boil+ or ne>ly s4 ,x is be/ conta9$ 9 a p9t flask1 & ! /&>d *romate solution us$ ) an ord9>y burette4 ,run 9 ! *romate solution 9 a /eady /ream until ! :ole ( ! lead has be5 precipitat$4 ,! am\nt requir$ = ?is may be calculat$3 = example1 #a gram ( an #hj p] c5t4 ore w\ld require #hj c4c4 ,a little ( ! assay may be filt]$ (f1 & if x does n %[ a yell[ col\r 9 ! filtrate run 9 #b c4c4 m ( ! /&>d solution & cont9ue ?is addition till a col\r is %[n4 ,aft] ?is run 9 ano!r c4c4 to ensure an excess1 dilute to #bej c4c41 & heat to boil+2 all[ to settle = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 filt] (f #ej c4c4 into a ,nessl] glass1 & det]m9e ! excess ( *romate colorimetrically4 ,! excess f\nd 9 ! #ej c4c4 mu/1 ( c\rse1 be multipli$ by five1 & !n be d$uct$ f ! quantity ( *romate orig9ally run into ! assay solution4 ,! quantity to be d$uct$ %\ld n exce$ #c c4c4 ,:]e a numb] ( det]m9ations are made ! colorimetric e/imation is facilitat$ by us+ a s]ies ( /&>d phials simil> to ^? describ$ "u ! ,electrolytic ,copp] ,assay4 ,! det]m9ation is r5d]$ %>p] & less liable to error by ! addition ( a few drops ( acetic acid to conv]t ! *romate into bi*romate4 ,! same *romate solution mu/ be us$ 9 ?is det]m9ation z 0 us$ 9 ! precipitation4 ,9 /&>dis+ ! *romate solution1 ! /&>d lead nitrate solution is us$4 ,a quantity conta9+ ab\t z mu* lead z ! assay is suppos$ to conta9 is measur$ (f1 r5d]$ alkal9e ) dilute ammonia1 & !n neutralis$ ) acetic acid1 us+ a small piece ( litmus pap] dropp$ into ! solution z indicator4 ,!n dilute1 boil1 & titrate4 ,:5 ! lead 9 ! assay has be5 sep>at$ z sulphate & dissolv$ 9 sodic acetate1 less *romate is app>5tly requir$1 & 9 ?is case x w be necess>y to precipitate ! lead 9 ! /&>d ) an equival5t ( sodic sulphate & r$issolve 9 sodic acetate j z 9 ! assay4 ,9 ^! solutions 7al?\gh !re is consid]able *romate 9 excess7 a fur!r addition ( #e or #f c4c4 ( ! *romate solution w cause a fur!r precipitate4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! effect ( v>iation 9 ! conditions ( ! assay3-- ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,tw5ty c4c4 ( lead nitrate solution & #aj grams ( sodium acetate 7 us$2 dilut$ to #bjj c4c41 heat$ to ! desir$ temp]ature1 & titrat$4 ,! results 73-- ,temp]ature #ae #cj #ej #ajj ,*romate requir$ #ai4h c4c4 #ai4e c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 #ai4b c4c4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! filt]$ badly1 ! precipitate com+ ?r\gh ! filt]2 ! la/ 0 v satisfactory 9 ! work+4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4--,us+ #bj c4c4 ( lead nitrate1 & #aj grams ( sodium acetate z be=e1 dilut+ to ! requir$ bulk1 heat+ to boil+1 & titrat+1 ! results 73-- ,bulk #ajj4j c4c4 #bjj4j c4c4 #ejj4j c4c4 #ajjj4j c4c4 ,*romate requir$ #ai4f #ai4c #ai4d #ai4d ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,acetic ,acid4--,s9ce ! exp]im5ts are c>ri$ out 9 ! pres5ce ( sodic acetate1 acetic acid is ! only acid ^: effect ne$ be consid]$4 ,work+ z be=e1 b ) #bjj c4c4 bulk & v>y+ am\nts ( ! acid1 ! results 73-- ,acid pres5t -- #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #dj4j c4c4 ,*romate requir$ #ai4g c4c4 #ai4a #ah4e #ag4c ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t only slight quantities ( acid are admissible4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,sodium ,acetate4--,) ! same conditions z be=e1 b ) v>y+ weights ( sodium acetate1 ! results 73-- ,sodium acetate pres5t -- #e grams #aj grams #be grams #ej grams ,*romate requir$ #ai4g c4c4 #ai4f c4c4 #ai4f c4c4 #ah4h c4c4 #ag4h c4c4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t excessive quantities ( sodium acetate mu/ be avoid$4 ,ammonium acetate int]f]es to a great] ext5t1 & if bo? acetic acid & ?is salt are pres5t1 ea* ex]ts its di/urb+ influ5ce4 ,) #aj grams ( ammonium acetate1 #ai4d c4c4 ( ! *romate solution 7 requir$ in/ead ( #ai4g c4c4 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is salt2 ) #aj grams ( ! acetate & #aj c4c4 ( acetic acid1 only #ah4f c4c4 7 requir$4 ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,z already /at$1 sulphates int]f]e4 ,tw5ty c4c4 ( ! lead nitrate solution 7 tak51 precipitat$ ) sulphate ( soda1 & ! precipitate dissolv$ 9 #aj grams ( sodium acetate & titrat$ z be=e4 ,duplicate exp]im5ts requir$ #ah4f c4c4 & #ah4g c4c4 ( ! *romate solution4 ,a simil> exp]im5t ) #dj c4c4 ( lead nitrate requir$ #cg4d c4c4 ( *romate4 ,if ! sulphate _h n be5 pres5t1 ! results w\ld h be5 #ai4g c4c4 & #ci4d c4c4 respectively4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,lead4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! conditions 7 z be=e1 b ) v>y+ am\nts ( lead4 ,lead nitrate solution pres5t #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,*romate solution requir$4 #i4d #ai4g #dh4h #ih4b ,det]m9ation ( ,lead 9 ,gal5a4--,weigh up #a gram ( ! p[d]$ & dri$ ore1 & boil 9 an evaporat+ di% ) #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 ! action becomes sluggi%1 dilute ) an equal bulk ( wat]1 & add a weigh$ piece ( z9c rod ab\t #a in* long & qu>t]-in* across4 ,keep up a mod]ate action by w>m+ till ! ore is se5 to be completely attack$ & ! lead precipitat$4 ,decant (f ! solution1 wa% once1 /rip (f ! lead1 wa% & weigh ! rema9+ z9c4 ,dissolve ! lead 9 #e c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 & #e c4c4 ( wat] ) ! aid ( heat4 ,dilute & transf] to a p9t flask2 add a slight excess ( dilute ammonia1 & r5d] fa9tly acid ) acetic acid4 ,dilute to #aej c4c41 heat to boil+1 & run 9 ! /&>d *romate 9 slight excess1 not+ ! am\nt requir$1 & make up to #bej c4c4 ) wat]4 ,boil ! solution1 all[ to settle = a m9ute or s1 filt] (f #ej c4c41 & det]m9e ! excess ( *romate colorimetrically4 ,z an example1 #a gram ( an impure gal5a 0 precipitat$ ) #ge c4c4 ( /&>d *romate 7#ajj c4c4 #a4jbj gram lead74 ,! excess f\nd 9 #ej c4c4 0 #j4c c4c41 :i*1 multipli$ by #e1 gives #a4e c4c4 z ! excess 9 ! :ole solution4 ,! rema9+ #gc4e c4c4 ( *romate requir$ by ! assay1 are equival5t to #j4gdig gram ( lead4 ,! z9c us$ up weigh$ #a4e grams1 & conta9$ #j4jafe gram ( lead4 ,?us we get-- ,lead 9 ! assay #j4gdig gram ,lead f ! z9c #j4jafe ------ 4'4 ,lead 9 ! gal5a #j4gccb ,equival5t to #gc4c p] c5t4 ,ano!r sample1 9 :i* ! gal5a 0 accompani$ ) a l>ge quantity ( pyrites1 gave ! foll[+ results3--,?ree grams 7 treat$ ) #cj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid & a rod ( z9c4 ,! z9c & lead 7 c>efully transf]r$ to ano!r vessel1 ! z9c clean$1 & ! lead 7dissolv$ 9 #e c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid & #bj c4c4 ( wat]7 treat$ z be=e4 #ad4e c4c4 ( ! *romate 7 requir$ #j4adgi gram lead ,lead 9 #b grams ( z9c #j4jbbj ------ 4'4 ,lead 9 #c grams ( ! ore #j4abei ,equival5t to #d4bj p] c5t4 ,! same ore gave by sep>ation ( ! lead ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 & conv]sion into sulphate1 #d4af p] c5t4 ,) fairly pure ores1 free f sulphate1 ! assay may be made m quickly z foll[s3 ,dissolve #a gram ( ! f9ely p[d]$ ore by boil+ g5tly ) #dj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid = #ae m9utes2 cool2 add a few drops ( p]manganate2 neutralise ) ammonia1 add acetic acid & a little sodium acetate4 ,titrate ) /&>d *romate4 ,,colorimetric ,,process4 ,?is is bas$ ^u ! br[n coloration produc$ 9 v dilute solutions ( lead by ! action ( a solution ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! quantity ( lead 9 ! #ej c4c4 ( ! assay solution mu/ n mu* exce$ #j4e milligram1 nor be less ?an #j4ja4 ,! sulphurett$ hydrog5 is us$ 9 ! =m ( a solution1 & is n bubbl$ ?r\gh ! assay4 ,! pr9ciple ( work+ is ! same z previ\sly describ$4 ,/&>d ,lead ,solution4--,ea* c4c4 ( ?is %\ld conta9 #j4a milligram ( lead4 ,x is made by dilut+ #aj c4c4 ( ! solution ( lead nitrate1 describ$ "u ! volumetric process1 to #a litre4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat] is made by pass+ a curr5t ( ! wa%$ gas into wat] till ! latt] is saturat$4 ,five c4c4 ( ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat] are put into a ,nessl] tube1 ! measur$ portion ( ! assay solution add$1 & ! :ole dilut$ ) wat] to ! #ej c4c4 m>k4 ,into ! /&>d ,nessl] tube ! same am\nt ( ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat] is put1 & dilut$ to ne>ly #ej c4c4 ,! /&>d lead solution is !n run 9 till ! t9ts are equal4 ,! assay solution mu/ n conta9 mu* free acid1 & if ! conditions w all[ x1 may ) advantage be r5d]$ alkal9e ) ammonia4 ,! *ief cause ( di/urbance is ! precipitation ( lead sulphide =m+ a black turbid solution in/ead ( a br[n cle> "o4 ,?is may be caus$ by us+ hot solutions or an excess ( acid4 ,o!r metals precipitable by sulphurett$ hydrog5 mu/ be abs5t z well z /rong oxidis+ ag5ts4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,! effect ( increas$ temp]ature is to *ange ! col\r f br[n to black1 & to r5d] ! e/imation difficult4 #a c4c4 at #ae ,c4 %[$ ! col\r ( #j4e c4c4 at #fj ,c4 #b #a4e at #fj ,c4 #c #e4j at #ej ,c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,"t4--,! col\r becomes light] on /&+3 #b c4c4 on /&+ #aj1 #bj1 & #dj m9utes became equal 9 col\r to #a4g c4c4 ,effect ( ,acids & ,ammonia4--,two c4c4 ( ! solution ) #b c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid became cl\dy & equival5t to ab\t #b4e c4c42 & a simil> result 0 got ) #b c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,) #b c4c4 ( dilute ammonia ! solution became some:at d>k]1 or equal to #b4c c4c42 b gave a v cle> solution easy to comp>e4 ,det]m9ation ( ,lead 9 ,comm]cial ,z9c4--,dissolve #j4a gram ( ! metal 9 #a c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid evaporates till a solid sep>ates out1 dilute to #ajj c4c4 ) wat]1 & take #bj c4c4 = assay4 ,a sample treat$ 9 ?is way requir$ #b4d c4c42 ?is multipli$ by #e gives #ab4j c4c41 equival5t to #a4b milligram ( lead1 or #a4b p] c5t4 ,by gravimetric assay ! sample gave #a4aj p] c5t4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,?irty grams ( gal5a gave on dry assay #ba grams ( lead2 & ?is1 on cupellation1 gave #ae milligrams ( silv]4 ,calculate ! results 9 p] c5ts4 ( lead & 9 ounces ( silv] to ! ton ( ore4 #b4 ,h[ _m ounces ( silv] to ! ton w\ld be conta9$ 9 ! lead got f ?is ore if ! loss 9 smelt+ is equal to t ( ! assay8 #c4 ,hav+ giv5 y a sample ( :ite lead fre$ f oil by wa%+ ) e!r1 h[ w\ld y proce$ to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( lead 9 x8 ,,?allium4 ,?allium is a r>e metal1 f\nd 9 small quantities 9 "s v>ieties ( iron & copp] pyrites1 & 9 "s li?ia micas4 ,x resembles lead 9 appe>ance4 ,its comp\nds resemble ! salts ( ! alkalies 9 "s respects2 &1 9 o!rs1 ^? ( ! heavy metals4 ,x is detect$ by ! gre5 col\r :i* its salts imp>t to ! flame4 ,?is1 :5 exam9$ ) ! spectroscope1 %[s only "o bright gre5 l9e4 ,x is sep>at$ & e/imat$ by dissolv+ 9 aqua regia2 conv]t+ into sulphate by evaporation ) sulphuric acid2 sep>at+ ! second gr\p ( metals ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ! acid solution1 boil+ (f ! excess ( ! gas2 ne>ly neutralis+ ) c>bonate ( soda2 & precipitat+ ! ?allium ) an excess ( potassic iodide4 ,on all[+ ! liquid to /& = "s "t a bright yell[ precipitate ( ?all\s iodide sep>ates out4 ,?is is collect$ on a weigh$ filt]2 wa%$ ) cold wat]1 f9i%+ (f ) alcohol2 dri$ at #ajj ,c41 & weigh$4 ,! precipitate is ?all\s iodide ,tl,i1 & conta9s #fa4f p] c5t4 ( ?allium4 ,,bismu?4 ,bismu? is ne>ly always f\nd 9 nature 9 ! metallic /ate2 b occasionally x is met ) z sulphide 9 bismu?9e & z c>bonate 9 bismutite4 ,x is also f\nd 9 "s comp>atively r>e m9]als1 su* z tetradymite1 comb9$ ) tellurium1 & associat$ ) gold4 ,9 m9ute quantities x is widely di/ribut$3 x is a common con/itu5t ( mo/ copp] ores2 h5ce x f9ds its way into ref9$ copp]1 :i* is seldom free f x4 ,x is occasionally met ) 9 silv] 9 suffici5t quantity to int]f]e ) ! work+ qualities ( t metal4 ,bismu? comp\nds are us$ 9 m$ic9e & 9 ! manufacture ( alloys4 ,bismu? possesses _m useful prop]ties4 ,x has consid]able comm]cial value1 & sells at a high price4 ,! metal is brittle1 breaks ) a highly cry/all9e fracture1 & has a *>act]i/ic r$di%-yell[ col\r4 ,x is almo/ insoluble 9 hydro*loric1 b readily dissolves 9 nitric1 acid2 & gives1 if ! acid is 9 excess1 a cle> solution4 ,bismu? salts h a /rong t5d5cy to sep>ate out z insoluble basic comp\nds2 ?is is m especially true ( ! *loride :i*1 on dilut+ ) a l>ge volume ( wat]1 becomes milky2 ! :ole ( ! bismu? sep>at+ out4 ,! nitrate1 c>bonate1 & hydrate yield ! oxide 7,bi#b,o#c7 on ignition4 ,?is oxide closely resembles li?>ge4 ,x comb9es ) silica1 =m+ fluid slags2 & at a r$ heat is liquid en\gh to be absorb$ by a cupel2 9 fact1 bismu? may take ! place ( lead 9 cupellation4 ,! metal itself is easily fusible1 & may be sep>at$ f its ores by liquation4 ,! assay ( bismu? by wet me?ods pres5ts little difficulty1 & is fairly accurate4 ,! price ( ! metal is su* t only me?ods :i* yield good results %\ld be adopt$2 &1 s9ce bismu? is volatile at ! temp]ature ( ! furnace1 & is f\nd mix$ ) ores n easy to flux1 z also ) metals :i* are n easily sep>at$ by ! dry me?od1 ! dry assay c only be consid]$ z hav+ a qualitative value4 ,,dry ,,assay4 ,by ,liquation4--,?is is adapt$ to ores conta9+ ! bismu? z metal4 ,take #bj grams ( ! p[d]$ ore & place 9 a crucible ) a p]=at$ bottom1 put ?is crucible into ano!r ( ab\t ! same size & lute ! jo9t4 ,lute on a cov]1 place 9 ! furnace & heat to r$ness4 ,! bismu? melts readily & dra9s into ! l[] crucible f :i*1 :5 cold1 x is tak5 & weigh$4 ,by ,fusion4--,= fairly pure ores ! process is z foll[s3--,take #bj grams ( ! ore & mix ) #bj grams ( fusion mixture1 #aj grams ( salt & #e or #aj grams ( potassium cyanide2 place 9 a crucible1 cov]1 & fuse at a mod]ate temp]ature = ab\t fifte5 m9utes2 p\r2 :5 cold deta* ! metal & weigh4 ,= copp]y ores 9 :i* ! metals are pres5t z sulphides use ! fluxes j giv5 ) #b grams ( *>coal 7in/ead ( ! cyanide7 & a little sulphur4 ,= copp]y ores 9 :i* ! metals are pres5t z oxides1 mix #bj grams ( ! ore ) #aj grams ( fusion mixture1 #d grams ( salt1 #d grams ( sulphur & #b grams ( *>coal2 & fuse4 ,a consid]able p]c5tage ( bismu? is lo/ 9 ^! assays2 x is /at$ z be+ ne>ly #h p] c5t4 ( ! metal pres5t4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,detection4--,bismu? is detect$ by dissolv+ ! sub/ance 9 nitric or hydro*loric acid & precipitat+ ! dilut$ solution ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! precipitat$ sulphides1 aft] dige/+ ) soda & wa%+1 are dissolv$ 9 nitric acid & ! solution boil$ ) ammonium c>bonate4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ & !n w>m$ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! solution w conta9 ! bismu?4 ,add a solution ( potassium iodide 9 excess1 & boil2 a yell[ or d>k br[n solution proves t bismu? is pres5t4 ,ano!r good te/ = small quantities ( bismu? is to add t>t>ic acid to ! solution to be te/$1 & !n to make x alkal9e ) pota%4 ,add a few c4c4 ( ,s*neid]'s liquid1#fa & heat4 ,a br[ni%-black col\r is produc$ by z little z "o "p ( bismu? 9 #bjj1jjj ( solution4 ,! te/ is n applicable 9 ! pres5ce ( m]cury1 copp]1 or manganese4 ,comp\nds ( bismu? fus$ ) cyanide ( potassium 9 a ,b]l9 crucible readily give a globule ( bismu? :i* is recognis$ by its appe>ance & fracture4 ,solution & ,sep>ation4--,! solution ( bismu? comp\nds pres5ts no difficulty4 ,!y are soluble 9 nitric acid or aqua regia1 &1 provid$ ! solution is suffici5tly acid1 !y rema9 dissolv$4 ,9 sep>at+ x f o!r metals ! solution is made up to ab\t #ajj c4c4 & treat$ ) a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! bismu? comes d[n 9 a tol]ably /rong acid solution4 ,! sulphide is decant$ on to a filt] & wa%$4 ,x is next dige/$ ) ammonic sulphide2 or1 bett] 7especially :5 o!r metals are pres5t71 dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & treat$ ) an excess ( ammonia & a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f & evaporat$ to dryness ) nitric acid4 ,x is tak5 up ) a few drops ( sulphuric acid & a little wat]2 & w>m$ & filt]$1 if necess>y4 ,! filtrate is ne>ly neutralis$ ) ammonia2 ammonium c>bonate add$ 9 slight excess2 & ! liquid heat$ to boil+ & filt]$4 ,! bismu? w be conta9$ 9 ! precipitate ) p]haps traces ( lead1 antimony1 t91 or sometimes iron f incomplete sep>ation or wa%+4 ,:5 only traces ( a precipitate are got x mu/ be te/$4 ,! bismu? precipitate is readily soluble 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! bismu? hav+ be5 sep>at$ & dissolv$ 9 nitric acid#fb is precipitat$ 7aft] dilution7 by ! addition ( c>bonate ( ammonium 9 slight excess1 & boil+4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! ignition %\ld be p]=m$ c>efully at n above a l[ r$ heat4 ,! oxide :i* is =m$ has1 at ?is temp]ature1 a d>k yell[ or br[n col\r1 & becomes yell[ on cool+4 ,x is bismu?ic oxide 7,bi#b,o#c7 & conta9s #hi4fe p] c5t4 ( bismu?4 ,fusion ) potassium cyanide at a temp]ature j suffici5t to melt ! salt r$uces x to ! metal :i* falls to ! bottom & runs into a globule4 ,! button ( metal may be weigh$1 b x (t5 /icks t5aci\sly to ! bottom ( ! crucible4 ,! precipitation ) ammonic c>bonate mu/ n be made 9 a sulphate or *loride solution2 s9ce basic comp\nds w\ld !n be ?r[n d[n1 & ! result on weigh+ w\ld ei!r be too l[ 7because ( ! volatilisation ( ! *loride71 or too high 7because ( ! ret5tion ( sulphuric acid74 ,bismu? comp\nds 9 a nitric acid solution are readily decompos$ by ! electric curr5t1 b ! deposit$ bismu? is n coh]5t4 ,x comes d[n 9 %aggy tufts :i* are difficult to wa% & easy to oxidise4 ,,volumetric ,,assay4 ,!re are two me?ods :i* h be5 propos$2 "o bas$ on ! precipitation z *romate & ! e/imation ( ! *romic acid2 & ! o!r on ! precipitation z oxalate & subsequ5t titration ) p]manganate ( pota%4 ,^! (f] little advantage ov] ! easy gravimetric det]m9ation4 ,,colorimetric ,,me?od4 ,bismu? iodide dissolves 9 excess ( potassium iodide1 =m+ a yell[-col\r$ solution1 indi/+ui%able 9 col\r f t giv5 by iod9e4 ,! col\r1 h[ev]1 is n remov$ by boil+ or by sulphur\s acid4 ,s9ce none ( ! common] metals give su* a col\r1 & free iod9e is easily sep>at$ by boil+1 ?is me?od is specially suit$ = small det]m9ations ( bismu?4 ,x requires a solution ( bismu?1 made by dissolv+ #j4a gram ( bismu? 9 a drop or s ( nitric acid1 evaporat+ ) a little sulphuric acid & dilut+ ) wat] to #a litre4 #a c4c4 w conta9 #j4a milligram ( bismu?4 ,& a solution ( sulphur\s acid1 made by dilut+ #aj c4c4 ( ! comm]cial acid to #a litre ) wat]4 ,! det]m9ation is made 9 ! usual way3 #ej c4c4 ( ! prep>$ solution1 :i* %\ld n c>ry m ?an #j4ge milligram nor less ?an #j4ja milligram ( bismu?1 are plac$ 9 a ,nessl] tube & ! col\r comp>$ ) t obs]v$ 9 a simil> tube conta9+ wat] & potassium iodide on add+ ! /&>d solution ( bismu?4 ,! assay solution is prep>$ by sep>at+ ! bismu? ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 boil+ ! precipitate ) nitric acid1 & evaporat+ ) sulphuric acid4 ,take up ) wat]1 add #aj or #bj c4c4 ( solution ( potassium iodide1 boil (f any iod9e lib]at$1 dilute1 filt]1 & make up to #ajj c4c4 ,accord+ to ! dep? ( col\r take #aj1 #bj1 or #ej c4c4 & transf] to ! ,nessl] tube4 ,add a few c4c4 ( ! solution ( sulphur\s acid4 ,into ! o!r ,nessl] tube put z mu* potassium iodide solution z is conta9$ 9 ! assay tube1 ) sulphur\s acid & wat] to )9 a few c4c4 ( ! bulk4 ,!n add ! /&>d bismu? solution till ! t9ts are equal4 ,! /ud5t mu/ be c>eful n to confuse ! col\r ( ! bismu? iodide ) t ( free iod9e4 ,if ! yell[ col\r is remov$ by boil+ & returns on /&+ x is due altoge!r to iod9e2 if x is less5$ by ! addition ( a few drops ( ! dilute sulphur\s acid1 x is 9 "p due to x4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( hav+ a little free sulphur\s acid 9 ea* tube4 ,a /rong solution mu/ n be us$1 s9ce x lib]ates iod9e f potassium iodide4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts illu/rate ! effect ( v>iation 9 ! conditions ( ! assay3-- ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,at a high] temp]ature ! col\r is some:at less5$4 #a4j c4c4 at #ae ,c4 %[$ ! col\r ( #j4h c4c4 at #gj ,c4 #b4e #b4j #e4j #e4j ,effect ( ,free ,acid4-- #b4e c4c4 ) #e c4c4 ( nitric acid equall$ #b4e c4c4 #e4j sulphuric acid #e4j ,hydro*loric acid almo/ completely removes ! col\r1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is re/or$ by ! addition ( a few cry/als ( potassium iodide4 ,effect ( ,alkalies4--,ammonia1 soda1 or pota% de/roys ! col\r1 b x is re/or$ on acidify+ ) nitric or sulphuric acid4 ,effect ( ,ammonic ,salts4--,! foll[+ table %[s ! results aft] addition ( ammonic salts3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,c4c4 pres5t4,) #aj grams ,) #aj grams ,) #aj grams ,ammonic ,nitrate4,ammonic ,sulphate4,ammonic ,*loride4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a4j c4c4 #j4i c4c4 #a4a c4c4 -- #b4e #b4e #b4g -- #e4j #e4j #e4e -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ammonic *loride1 l hydro*loric acid1 removes ! col\r1 :i* may be re/or$ on ! addition ( m potassium iodide4 ,nitrates & sulphates d n ?us int]f]e4 ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,sodic hyposulphite almo/ completely removes ! col\r4 ,copp] salts lib]ate iod9e2 b :5 ?is has be5 remov$ by boil+ & ! cupr\s iodide has be5 filt]$ (f !re is no fur!r int]f]5ce4 ,dilute solutions ( lead salts give no col\r4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,a fusible alloy is made up ( #h p>ts ( bismu?1 #e ( lead1 & #c ( t94 ,:at weight ( oxide ( bismu?1 ,bi#b,o#c1 w\ld y get on ! analysis ( #a gram ( x8 #b4 ,:at weight ( bismu? c be got f #b grams ( ! subnitrate ,bi,o,n,o#c4;,h#b,o8 #c4 ,h[ w\ld y detect & sep>ate ars5ic1 lead1 & copp] 9 a sample ( bismu?8 ,,antimony4 ,antimony occurs 9 ! native /ate1 b is r>e2 its common ore is antimonite1 ! sulphide 7,sb#b,s#c74 ,jamesonite & o!r sulphides ( lead & antimony are frequ5tly met )4 ,sulphide ( antimony is also a con/itu5t ( fahl]z & ( _m silv] ores4 ,antimonite occurs g5]ally 9 fibr\s masses1 has a lead-l metallic lu/re1 is easily cut ) a knife1 & melts 9 ! flame ( a c&le4 ,antimony itself has a v cry/all9e fracture1 is brittle1 & has a blui%-:ite col\r4 ,x is us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( alloys ) lead & t9 = ! manufacture ( type-metal4 ,x is readily fusible1 & imp>ts h>dness & ! prop]ty ( tak+ a %>p ca/ to its alloys4 ,x is practically insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,on boil+ ) /rong nitric acid x is conv]t$ into antimonic oxide 7,sb#b,o#e71 :i* is a p[d] almo/ insoluble 9 ?is acid or 9 wat]1 b :i* may be got into solution ) difficulty by ! prolong$ action ( hydro*loric & t>t>ic acids4 ,antimonic oxide is conv]t$ on ignition into ! tetroxide 7,sb#b,o#d7 ) loss ( oxyg54 ,antimony =ms two s]ies ( salts1 antimoni\s & antimonic2 & advantage is tak5 ( ?is 9 its det]m9ation volumetrically4 ,ei!r sulphide ( antimony yields antimoni\s *loride on boil+ ) hydro*loric acid1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 be+ giv5 (f2 &1 9 ! case ( antimonic sulphide1 sulphur is deposit$4 ,antimoni\s is conv]t$ into antimonic *loride by treatm5t ) p]manganate ( pota% 9 an acid solution4 ,antimonic *loride & potassium iodide react1 =m+ antimoni\s *loride & free iod9e4 ,?is latt] may be got rid ( by boil+4 ,sulphide ( antimony is sep>at$ f ! ore by liquation2 ?is regulus is met ) 9 comm]ce z crude antimony4 ,,dry ,,assay4 ,an approximate det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( sulphide ( antimony 9 an ore may be made by fus+ & liquat+ 9 a lut$ d\ble crucible 9 ! mann] describ$ "u bismu?4 ,?is is unsatisfactory4 ,! det]m9ation ( metallic antimony 9 an ore is made ei!r by fusion ) potassium cyanide or by fusion ) iron1 z 9 ! gal5a assay4 ,bo? me?ods yield poor results2 &1 :]e iron is us$1 x mu/ be add$ 9 quantity only suffici5t = desulphuris+2 ?is am\nts to ab\t #dj p] c5t4 9 pure ores4 ,if ! iron is 9 excess x alloys ) ! r$uc$ antimony4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is insuffici5t1 ! metal w conta9 sulphur2 or sulphide ( antimony w be lo/ 9 ! slag4 ,! foll[+ note1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,b$=d ,mc,neill1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 gives a description ( ! me?od adopt$ 9 ! comm]cial valuation ( a p>cel ( antimony ore3-- ,! antimony smelt]1 :5 he wi%es to det]m9e ! value ( any p>cel ( ore--usually ! sulphide--t may be (f]$ = sale1 practically has rec\rse to ! smelt+ op]ation4 ,t is1 a quantity ( #b or #c cwts4 tak5 by 8 sampl] hav+ be5 obta9$1 he treats x "u ! imm$iate sup]vision ( ! =eman smelt] z if x =m$ "p ( ! ore 9 process ( daily r$uction at 8 works4 ,he ?us det]m9es by actual trial ! output :i* x may fairly be anticipat$ w be yield$ by ! bulk1 & ^u ! result ( ?is trial or assay1 & ! k ga9$ ( ! actual behavi\r ( ! ore "u treatm5t1 he bases 8 t5d]1 kn[+ t1 %\ld he secure ! p>cel1 he may confid5tly expect a simil> return4 ,briefly1 ! process consi/s ( ! ?ree ord9>y op]ations (-- 7a7 ,s+l+ or remov+ mo/ ( ! antimony f ! ore2 7b7 ,d\bl+2 7c7 ,ref9+ or />r+4 ,b 9 ! assay suffici5t in=mation is g5]ally giv5 by ! fir/ two ( ^!4 ,a new pot hav+ be5 tak5 & made hot 9 ! furnace1 #dj or #de lbs4 ( ! ore is weigh$ 9 7! m9]al f ! necessities ( sampl+ n exce$+ walnut size72 #a to #c lbs4 ( salt cake is n[ add$ to r5d] ! sep>ation ( ! result+ sulphide ( iron m easy1 z also to assi/ 9 ! fusion ( ! gangue2 #bj to #be lbs4 ( t9-plate scrap1 beat5 m or less into ball %ape1 is weigh$1 plac$ on ! top ( ! ore & salt cake1 & ! :ole br\ght to a /ate ( fusion4 ,! =eman f "t to "t takes notice ( ! behavi\r ( ! ore "u ! work+ conditions4 ,ores t manife/ a t5d5cy to boil or fro? require ! admixture ( o!r m sluggi% m9]al 9 ord] to r5d] _! r$uction economically practicable4 ,aft] #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b h\rs 7! "t dep5d+ ma9ly on ! temp]ature71 ! cont5ts ( ! crucible are usually 9 a /ate ( tranquil fusion4 ,! pot is n[ lift$ f ! fire1 & its cont5ts transf]r$ to a conical iron m\ld1 ! empty pot be+ imm$iately put back into ! fire1 & ! latt] m5d$ ) suffici5t coke = ano!r run4 ,! conical m\ld 7:5 deal+ ) a /range ore1 & ! possibility ( insuffici5t iron be+ pres5t to satisfy ! sulphur cont5ts7 is wip$ inside ) clay previ\s to p\r+ 9 ! molt5 *>ge4 ,o!rwise ! m\ld itself w be attack$1 & ! cont5ts aft] solidify+ w require to be *isell$ out piecemeal4 ,a fur!r #dj lbs4 ( ! ore is n[ *>g$ into ! crucible ) iron z above2 b be=e ?is second *>ge is ready to be drawn an inspection ( ! fir/ may sugge/ ! addition ( ei!r #c or #e lbs4 m iron1 or #e or #aj lbs4 m ore4 ,x is a good fault r to aim at an excess ( iron z t5d+ to clean ! ore f antimony1 any ( ! latt] t 7f an insuffici5cy ( iron7 may be left 9 ! slag f ! fir/ process be+ irretrievably lo/2 :]eas1 if ! iron be 9 excess1 t :i* is comb9$ ) ! crude antimony result+ f ! fir/ process is easily got rid ( by add+ #c to #e lbs4 or s ( ore 9 ! second process4 ,?is latt]1 z practis$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! value ( a p>cel ( ore1 consi/s 9 select+ two ( ! be/ quality s+les1 result+ f p]haps f\r or five trials z above1 & runn+ !m d[n ) a few p\nds ( salt cake1 or a mixture ( salt cake ) ,am]ican pota%1 & 7z is g5]ally necess>y7 a small addition ( ore4 ,^u ! f9al result 7confirm$ p]haps on ano!r pair ( s+les1 &1 judg+ f ! total weight or output ( ! metal z calculat$ f ! ore us$ 9 s+l+1 plus any add$ 9 ! d\bl+1 ! cry/all9e fracture & face ( ! metal1 its col\r1 etc47 ! price to be (f]$ = ! p>cel ( ore is fix$4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,detection4--,! antimony1 if any1 be+ got into solution by treat+ ! ore ) hydro*loric acid or aqua regia may be detect$ by evaporat+ ) hydro*loric acid1 dilut+1 & filt]+ into ! cov] ( a plat9um crucible or 7bett]7 a plat9um di%4 ,a small lump ( z9c is !n add$1 &1 if antimony is pres5t1 ! di% w 9 a m9ute or s be /a9$ black ) a deposit ( metallic antimony4 ,?is /a9 is remov$ by nitric1 b n by hydro*loric1 acid4 ,! reaction is delicate & *>act]i/ic2 ars5ic "u l conditions is evolv$ z ars5iurett$ hydrog51 & t9 is deposit$ z metal on ! z9c4 ,solution4--,ores1 c41 conta9+ antimony are be/ op5$ up by boil+ ) hydro*loric acid or aqua regia2 treatm5t ) nitric acid %\ld be avoid$ :]ev] possible1 s9ce x =ms antimonic acid1 :i* is subsequ5tly dissolv$ only ) difficulty4 ,salts ( antimony 9 solution h a t5d5cy to =m insoluble basic salts2 s t c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 dilut+4 ,comp\nds su* z antimonite :i* are soluble 9 hydro*loric %\ld be dissolv$ at once 9 t acid4 ,sep>ation4--,to ! solution add pota% 9 excess & a little free sulphur1 & pass a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 = "s m9utes2 all[ to dige/ = an h\r or s on a hot plate2 filt]2 & wa% ! residue4 ,acidulate ! filtrate ) hydro*loric acid3 ! precipitate w conta9 ! antimony 7z ,sb#b,s#e71 & possibly ars5ic or t94 ,! precipitate is transf]r$ to a beak] & boil$ ) hydro*loric acid2 ! solution is filt]$ (f & dilut$4 ,add a few cry/als ( t>t>ic acid1 & pass a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 = "s "t4 ,! fir/ floccul5t precipitate w become d5s]1 & r5d] ! filt]+ m easy4 ,transf] ! precipitate 7aft] wa%+ free f *lorides7 to a ,b]l9 di%1 & treat cauti\sly ) fum+ nitric acid4 ,! action ( ?is acid on ! sulphide is v viol5t4 ,evaporate & ignite1 transf] to a silv] di%1 & fuse ) f\r or five times its weight ( cau/ic soda1 cool & extract ) a little wat]1 !n add an equal volume ( alcohol1 & all[ to /& ov]night4 ,filt]1 wa% ) dilute alcohol4 7,! filtrate w conta9 ! t947 ,! residue conta9s ! antimony z antimonate ( soda1 & is dissolv$ (f ! filt] ) hot dilute hydro*loric1 ) ! help ( a little t>t>ic1 acid4 ,! filtrate is n[ ready = ! gravimetric det]m9ation4 ,,gravimetric ,,assay4 ,pass a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! solution conta9+ ! antimony to :i* a little t>t>ic acid has be5 previ\sly add$4 ,pass ! gas till ! precipitate becomes d5se1 & ! antimony is all d[n4 ,! solution mu/ n be too /rongly acid4 ,filt] (f ! precipitate1 wa% ) hot wat]1 dry 9 ! wat] ov51 transf] to a weigh$ porcela9 di%1 & cauti\sly treat ) fum+ nitric acid4 ,cont9ue ! action on ! wat] ba? till ! sulphur & antimony are completely oxidis$4 ,evaporate2 ignite1 g5tly at fir/1 !n /rongly ov] ! bla/2 cool1 & weigh4 ,! residue is a :ite infusible p[d]1 & consi/s ( antimony tetroxide1 ,sb#b,o#d1 conta9+ #gh4id p] c5t4 ( ! metal4 ,det]m9ation ( ,antimony z ,bigallate4--,:at appe>s to be a v good me?od has be5 work$ out by ,m4,a4 ,guy>d1 & is describ$ 9 ,crookes' ,select ,me?ods1 p4 #cih4 ,! antimony mu/ be 9 solution z antimoni\s *loride1 & mu/ n be accompani$ by an excess ( hydro*loric acid4 ,to ensure ^! conditions1 ! solution is treat$ ) potassium iodide until no m iod9e is evolv$1 & is !n evaporat$ to remove ! excess ( hydro*loric acid4 ,to ! conc5trat$1 & ne>ly neutral1 solution a fre%ly-prep>$ solution ( gallic acid is add$ 9 slight excess4 ,a bulky :ite precipitate is =m$ t settles rapidly4 ,! solution is dilut$ ) hot wat] & wa%$ by decantation4 ,!n ! precipitate is collect$ on a weigh$ d\ble filt]1 wa%$ once or twice ) hot wat]1 & dri$ at #ajj ,c4 ,! dri$ sub/ance is antimony bigallate1 & conta9s #dj4he p] c5t4 ( antimony4 ,x %\ld be completely soluble 9 ammonium sulphide4 ,! solution 9 :i* ! antimony is precipitat$ ne$ n be q free f o!r metals4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,?is is bas$ on ! r$uction ( antimonic *loride 7,sb,cl#e7 to antimoni\s 7,sb,cl#c7 by ! action ( potassium iodide 9 /rong hydro*loric acid solution4#fc ,iod9e is at ! same "t lib]at$1 & ! am\nt ( antimony r$uc$ is got at by titrat+ ) sodium hyposulphite1 :i* measures ! iod9e set free4 ,! /&>d solution ( sodium hyposulphite is made by dissolv+ #da4cb grams ( ! salt 7,na#b,s#b,o#c4e;,h#b,o7 9 wat]1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,"o hundr$ c4c4 w be equival5t to ab\t #a gram ( antimony4 ,x is /&>dis$ ) ! help ( a solution ( antimony made z foll[s3--,weigh up #e grams ( p[d]$ antimony1 transf] to a flask1 & cov] ) #ej c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid2 boil1 & add nitric acid 7#e or #aj drops at a "t7 until ! metal is dissolv$4 ,all[ ! action ( ! nitric acid to cease be=e add+ m4 ,boil d[n to a small bulk1 add #bej c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & dilute to ne>ly #a litre4 ,w>m until any precipitate :i* has =m$ is r$issolv$2 all[ to cool sl[ly1 & run 9 f a pipette a weak solution ( p]manganate until a fa9t br[n col\r is produc$4 ,dilute to exactly #a litre2 #ajj c4c4 conta9 #j4e gram ( antimony z antimonic *loride4 ,9 /&>dis+1 take #ej c4c4 ( ! antimony solution1 & transf] to a flask2 add #b grams ( potassium iodide cry/als1 & :5 dissolv$1 aft] /&+ a few m9utes1 run 9 ! solution ( hypo f an ord9>y burette until ! great] "p ( ! iod9e has be5 r$uc$4 ,add a few drops ( />* solution1 & cont9ue ! addition ( ! hypo until ! muddy-gre5 col\r *anges to a cle> br[ni%-yell[4 ,! solution mu/ be %ak5 aft] ea* addition ( ! hypo4 ,9 det]m9+ antimony 9 ore1 weigh up #j4e to #a gram1 & dissolve 9 hydro*loric acid )1 if necess>y1 ! help ( *lorate ( pota%4 ,! antimony is sep>at$ z sulphide1 r$issolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 & oxidis$ ) a cry/al ( *lorate ( pota%4 ,*lor9e is boil$ (f1 & ! solution dilut$ ) an equal bulk ( wat]4 ,to ! cle> cold solution potassium iodide is add$1 & aft] a few m9utes ! lib]at$ iod9e is titrat$ ) hypo1 z already describ$4 ,! me?od only yields satisfactory results :5 ! /&>d & assay are c>ri$ out alike4 ,,footnotes3 #ej ,mod]n ,am]ican ,me?ods ( ,copp] ,smelt+ 7,dr4 ,pet]s74 #ea ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 vol4 v4 ,no4 #b4 #eb ,lead :5 pres5t is precipitat$ on ! spiral 9 ! =m ( a d>k p[d] ( dioxide 7,pb,o#b74 ,manganese is also ?r[n d[n on ! spiral z dioxide 7,mn,o#b71 ! solution at ! same "t becomes violet f ! =mation ( p]manganic acid4 #ec ,see ! me?od giv5 "u ,exam9ation ( ,comm]cial ,copp]4 #ed ,cu,s,o#d #d,k,cy #b,k,cy4,cu,cy#b ,k#b,,s#d4 #ee #b;,cu,s,o#d #c,k,cy ,am#b,o ,cu#b;,cy#b ,am#b,,s7#d7 ,k#b,,s#d ,k,cy,o4 #ef #b;,cu,s,o#d #d,,ki ,cn#b;,i#b #b;,i #b,k#b,,s#d4 #eg #b,na#b,s#b,o#c #b;,i #b,na,i ,na#b,s#d,o#f4 #eh ,= fur!r in=mation1 see ,app5dix ,b41 & a pap] by ,j4,w4 ,we/morel&1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 vol4 v4 p4 #dh4 #ei #c;,cu#b,o #f;,ag,n,o#c #c;,h#b,o #b;,cu#b;,h#c,o#c,,no#c #b;,cu7,,no#c7b #f;,ag4 7,insoluble basic salt47 #fj ,k#b;,cr,o#d ,pb7,,no#c7b ,pb,cr,o#d #b,,kno#c #fa ,made by dissolv+ #ab grams ( t>t>ic acid & #d grams ( /ann\s *loride 9 wat]1 & add+ pota% solution till x is alkal9e4 ,! solution %\ld rema9 cle> on heat+ to #fj or #gj ,c4 #fb ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ars5ate ( bismu? is completely insoluble 9 ?is acid4 #fc ,sb,cl#e #b,,ki ,i#b ,sb,cl#c #b,k,cl4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,iron--,,nickel--,,cobalt--,,z9c--,,cad mium4 ,,iron4 ,iron ru/s or oxidises v readily1 &1 consequ5tly1 is r>ely f\nd 9 ! metallic /ate 9 nature2 su* native iron z is f\nd be+ g5]ally ( meteoric orig9 or imb$d$ 9 basalt & o!r igne\s rocks4 ,x *iefly occurs z oxide1 z 9 magnetite1 hmatite1 & 9 ! br[n iron ores & o*res4 ,*alybite1 :i* is c>bonate ( iron1 is an ore ( great importance4 ,iron is f\nd comb9$ ) sulphur 9 pyrrhot9e & pyrites1 & toge!r ) ars5ic 9 mispickel4 ,x is a common con/itu5t ( mo/ rocks1 imp>t+ to !m a gre51 black1 or br[n col\r2 & is pres5t1 ei!r z an ess5tial "p or z an impurity1 9 mo/ sub/ances4 ,! *emi/ry ( iron is some:at complicat$ by ! exi/5ce ( two oxides1 ea* ( :i* gives rise to a well-m>k$ s]ies ( comp\nds4 ,^? d]iv$ f ! l[] oxide1 kn[n z f]r\s salts1 are g5]ally pale & gre5i%4 ,f]ric salts are d]iv$ f ! high] oxide1 & are g5]ally r$1 br[n1 or yell[4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! two well-m>k$ families ( salts r5d]s ! assay ( iron comp>atively easy1 = ! quantity ( iron pres5t 9 a solution c be readily measur$ by ! am\nt ( oxidis+ or r$uc+ ag5t requir$ to conv]t x f ! "o /ate into ! o!r--t is1 f f]r\s to f]ric1 or f f]ric to f]r\s1 z ! case may be4 ,9 ! r$ & br[n iron ores & o*res f]ric iron is pres5t2 9 *alybite ! iron is 9 ! f]r\s /ate2 & 9 magnetite x is pres5t 9 bo? =ms4 ,traces ( iron 9 ! f]r\s /ate may be f\nd 7ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( mu* f]ric iron7 by ei!r ( ! foll[+ te/s3-- #a4 ,f]ricyanide ( potassium gives a blue precipitate or gre5 coloration2 ) f]ric salts a br[n col\r only is produc$4 #b4 ,a solution ( p]manganate ( potassium is decoloris$ by a f]r\s salt1 b n by a f]ric "o4 ,traces ( f]ric iron c be detect$ 7ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( mu* f]r\s iron7 by ! foll[+ te/s3-- 7#a7 ,by ! br[n or yell[ col\r ( ! solution1 especially :5 hot4 7#b7 ,by giv+ a p9k or r$ coloration ) sulphocyanide ( potassium4 ,sub/ances conta9+ oxide ( iron yield ! :ole ( ! iron z metal :5 fus$ at a high temp]ature ) *>coal & suitable fluxes4 ,! metal1 h[ev]1 w conta9 v>y+ proportions ( c>bon & o!r impurities1 & its weight c only af=d a r\gh k ( ! proportion ( ! metal 9 ! ore4 ,!re are two or ?ree me?ods ( dry assay = iron1 b !y are n only inexact1 b m tr\blesome ?an ! wet me?ods1 & ne$ n be fur!r consid]$4 ,*alybite & ! hydrat$ oxides dissolve v readily 9 hydro*loric acid2 hmatite & magnetite dissolve ) r m difficulty4 ,iron itself1 :5 s(t1 is easily soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric1 or sulphuric1 acid4 ,pyrites1 mispickel1 c41 are insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 b !y are readily attack$ by nitric acid4 ,c]ta9 m9]als1 su* z *rome iron ore1 titanif]\s iron ore1 & "s silicates conta9+ iron1 rema9 9 ! residue insoluble 9 acids4 ,"s ( ^! yield _! iron :5 attack$ ) /rong sulphuric acid1 or :5 fus$ ) ! acid sulphate ( pota%4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 x is bett] 9 su* /ubborn cases to fuse ) c>bonate ( soda1 & !n attack ! melt ) hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 nitric acid1 or ! fusion me?od1 has be5 us$1 ! metal w be 9 solution 9 ! f]ric /ate1 no matt] 9 :at condition x exi/$ 9 ! ore4 ,b ) dilute hydro*loric or sulphuric acid x w reta9 its =m] degree ( oxidation4 ,hydro*loric acid1 = example1 ) *alybite 7f]r\s c>bonate7 w give a solution ( f]r\s *loride2 ) hmatite 7f]ric oxide7 x w yield f]ric *loride2 & ) magnetite 7f]r\s & f]ric oxides7 a mixture ( f]r\s & f]ric *lorides4 ,metallic iron yields solutions ( f]r\s salts4 ,x is conv5i5t to speak ( ! iron 9 a f]r\s salt z f]r\s iron1 & :5 9 ! f]ric /ate z f]ric iron4 ,frequ5tly x is requir$ to det]m9e h[ mu* ( ! iron exi/s 9 an ore 9 ea* condition4 ,9 su* cases x is necess>y to keep (f ! air :il/ dissolv+2 ! op]ation %\ld1 !re=e1 be p]=m$ 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid4 ,sep>ation4--,! sep>ation ( ! iron f ! o!r sub/ances is z foll[s3--,silica is remov$ by evaporat+ ! acid solution1 & tak+ up ) acid1 z describ$ "u ,silica2 ! :ole ( ! iron w be 9 solution4 ,! metals ( ,gr\ps ,i4 & ,,ii4 are remov$ by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog51 & at ! same "t ! iron w be r$uc$ to ! f]r\s /ate4 ,! solution %\ld be filt]$ into a #af oz4 flask1 boil$ to get rid ( ! gas1 & treat$ 7:il/ boil+7 ) a few drops ( nitric acid1 9 ord] to conv]t ! :ole ( ! iron into ! f]ric /ate4 ,:5 ?is condition is arriv$ at1 an additional drop ( nitric acid causes no d>k coloration4 ,! boil+ mu/ be cont9u$ to remove nitr\s fumes4 ,next add cau/ic soda solution until ! col\r ( ! solution *anges f yell[ to r$4 ,! solution mu/ be free f a precipitate2 if ! soda be incauti\sly add$ a p]man5t precipitate w be =m$1 9 :i* case x mu/ be r$issolv$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & soda aga91 b m cauti\sly1 add$4 ,aft] cool+1 a solution ( sodium acetate is add$ until ! col\r ( ! solution is no long] d>k5$4 ,! solution1 dilut$ to two-?irds ( ! flaskful ) wat]1 is heat$ to boil+4 ,long-cont9u$ boil+ mu/ be avoid$4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ quickly ?r\gh a l>ge filt]1 & wa%$ ) hot wat] conta9+ a little acetate ( soda4 ,! precipitate w conta9 all ! iron & may also conta9 alum9a1 *romium1 titanium1 z well z phosphoric1 &1 p]haps1 ars5ic acids4#fd ,dissolve ! precipitate (f ! filt] ) dilute sulphuric acid1 avoid+ excess1 add t>t>ic acid & !n ammonia 9 excess4 ,pass sulphurett$ hydrog51 w>m1 & all[ ! precipitate to settle4 ,filt] & wa% ) wat] conta9+ a little ammonic sulphide4 ,,gravimetric ,,me?od4 ,dissolve ! precipitate 9 dilute hydro*loric acid2 p]oxidise ) a few drops ( nitric acid & boil1 dilute to ab\t #bjj c4c41 add ammonia 7) con/ant /irr+7 till ! liquid smells ( x1 & heat to boil+4 ,wa% z mu* z possible by decantation ) hot wat]4 ,transf] to ! filt]1 & wa% till ! filtrate gives no indication ( soluble salts com+ ?r\gh4 ,! filtrate mu/ be col\rless & cle>4 ,! wet precipitate is v bulky1 ( a d>k-br[n col\r & readily soluble 9 dilute acids1 b insoluble 9 ammonia & dilute alkalies4 ,:5 ?r[n d[n f a solution conta9+ o!r metals x is v apt to c>ry portions ( ^! ) x1 ev5 :5 !y are by !mselves v soluble 9 ammoniacal solutions4 ,x mu/ be dri$ & ignit$1 ! filt] pap] be+ burnt sep>ately & its a% add$4 ,:5 fur!r ignition ceases to cause a loss ( weight1 ! residue is f]ric oxide 7,fe#b,o#c71 :i* conta9s #gj p] c5t4 ( iron4 ,! weight ( iron !re=e c be calculat$ by multiply+ ! weight ( oxide obta9$ by #j4g4 ,! pres5ce ( ammonic *loride causes loss ( iron dur+ ! ignition1 & organic matt] causes an app>5t loss by r$uc+ ! iron to a l[] /ate ( oxidation4 ,:5 ! iron 9 ! solution mu* exce$s #j4b gram ! volumetric det]m9ation is g5]ally adopt$1 z ! bulk9ess ( ! precipitate ( f]ric hydrate makes ! gravimetric me?od v inconv5i5t4 ,,volumetric ,,me?ods4 ,z already expla9$ ^! are bas$ on ! measurem5t ( ! volume ( a reag5t requir$ to br+ ! :ole ( ! iron f ! f]r\s to ! f]ric /ate 7oxidation71 or f ! f]ric to ! f]r\s 7r$uction74 ,f]r\s comp\nds are conv]t$ into f]ric by ! action ( an oxidis+ ag5t 9 ! pres5ce ( an acid4 ,ei!r p]manganate or bi*romate ( pota% is g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose4#fe ,f]ric comp\nds are r$uc$ to f]r\s by ! action (3-- 7#a7 ,/ann\s *loride2 7#b7 ,sulphurett$ hydrog52 7#c7 ,sodium sulphite2 or 7#d7 ,z9c4#ff ,! processes1 !n1 may be divid$ into two k9ds1 "o bas$ on oxidation & ! o!r on r$uction4 ,9 ea* case ! titration mu/ be prec$$ by an exact prep>ation ( ! solution to be assay$ 9 ord] t ! iron may be 9 ! "r /ate ( oxidation4 ,,p]manganate ,,& ,,bi*romate ,,me?ods4 ,^! consi/ ( ?ree op]ations3-- 7#a7 ,solution ( ! ore2 7#b7 ,r$uction ( ! iron to ! f]r\s /ate2 & 7#c7 ,titration4 ,solution4--,! only po9t to be notic$ conc]n+ ! fir/ op]ation 79 addition to ^? already m5tion$7 is t nitric acid mu/ be abs5t4 ,if nitric acid has be5 us$1 evaporate to dryness1 ( c\rse )\t previ\s dilution2 add hydro*loric or sulphuric acid1 & boil = five or t5 m9utes4 ,dilute ) wat] to ab\t #ajj c4c41 & w>m until solution is complete4 ,! r$uction is p]=m$ by ei!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods3-- #a4 ,) ,/ann\s ,*loride4--,fill a burette ) a solution ( /ann\s *loride1#fg & cauti\sly run ! liquid into ! hot assay solution 79 :i* ! iron is pres5t z *loride7 until ! col\r is dis*>g$4 ,a l>ge excess ( ! /ann\s *loride mu/ be avoid$4 ,!n add #e c4c4 ( a #b-a_/b p] c5t4 solution ( m]curic *loride1 ?is w cause a :ite precipitate 7or a grey "o if too l>ge an excess ( ! /ann\s *loride has be5 add$74 ,boil till ! solution cle>s1 cool1 dilute1 & titrate4 #b4 ,) ,sulphurett$ ,hydrog54--,cool ! solution & pass ?r\gh x a curr5t ( wa%$ sulphurett$ hydrog5 till ! liquid smells /rongly ( ! gas aft] )drawal & %ak+4 ,a :ite precipitate ( sulphur w be =m$1 ?is w n int]f]e ) ! subsequ5t titration provid$ x is precipitat$ 9 ! cold4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! precipitate is col\r$ 7%[+ ! pres5ce ( ! second gr\p metals71 or if ! precipitation has be5 c>ri$ out 9 a hot solution1 x %\ld be filt]$ (f4 ,boil ! solution until ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 is driv5 (f2 ?is may be te/$ by hold+ a /rip ( filt] pap] dipp$ 9 lead acetate solution 9 ! /eam issu+ f ! flask4 ,! pres5ce ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 %\ld be look$ = r ?an its abs5ce4 ,x is well to cont9ue ! boil+ = a few m9utes aft] ! gas has be5 driv5 (f4 ,cool & titrate4 #c4 ,) ,sodium ,sulphite4--,add ammonia 7a few drops at a "t7 until ! precipitate fir/ =m$ r$issolves ) difficulty4 ,if a p]man5t precipitate is =m$1 r$issolve ) a few drops ( acid4 ,to ! w>m solution add f #b to #c grams ( sodium sulphite cry/als4 ,! solution w become /rongly col\r$1 b ! col\r w fade away on /&+ = a few m9utes 9 a w>m place4 ,:5 ! col\r is q remov$1 add #bj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid1 & boil until ! /eam is q free f ! od\r ( sulphur\s acid4 ,cool & titrate4 #d4 ,) ,z9c4--,add ab\t #aj grams ( granulat$ z9c2 if ! hydrog5 comes (f viol5tly add wat]2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! action is v sl[1 add suffici5t dilute sulphuric acid to keep up a brisk eff]vesc5ce4 ,! r$uction is ha/5$ by w>m+1 & is complete :5 ! solution is q col\rless & a drop ( ! liquid te/$ ) sulphocyanate ( potassium gives no reaction = f]ric iron4 ,filt] ?r\gh glass wool or quick filt]+ pap]4 ,! z9c %\ld be /ill giv+ (f gas rapidly1 indicat+ a freely acid solution2 if n1 acid mu/ be add$4 ,wa% ) wat] r5d]$ acid4 ,cool & titrate4 ,) reg>d to ! relative advantages ( ! diff]5t me?ods !y may be r\ghly summ$ up z foll[s3--,! /ann\s *loride me?od has ! advantage ( imm$iately r$uc+ ! f]ric iron :e!r 9 hot or cold solution & "u v>i$ conditions 9 reg>d to acidity1 b has ! disadvantage ( simil>ly r$uc+ salts ( copp] & antimony1 :i*1 9 a subsequ5t titration1 c\nt z iron4 ,moreov]1 !re is no conv5i5t me?od ( elim9at+ any l>ge excess ( ! reag5t t may h be5 us$2 &1 consequ5tly1 x ei!r leaves too mu* to ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator1 or entails z mu* c>e z a titration4 ,/ud5ts g5]ally get good results by ?is me?od4 ,! sulphurett$ hydrog5 me?od also has ! advantage ( quick r$uction "u v>y+ conditions1 & ! fur!r "o ( add+ no?+ objectionable to ! solution2 9 fact x removes c]ta9 impurities4 ,! disadvantages are ! necessity = boil+ (f ! excess ( ! gas1 & ( filt]+ (f ! precipitat$ sulphur1 al?\gh ?is la/ is n necess>y if precipitat$ cold4 ,! t5d5cy ) /ud5ts is to get high results4 ,! sodium sulphite me?od has ! advantages ( be+ clean & neat1 & ( requir+ no nitration4 ,on ! o!r h& x requires practice 9 obta9+ ! be/ conditions = complete r$uction2 &1 z ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 !re is ! necessity = boil+ (f ! gas1 :ile !re is no simple & delicate te/ = ! residual sulphur\s acid4 ,9 addition1 if an excess ( sodium sulphite has be5 us$ & en\gh acid n subsequ5tly add$1 ! excess w c\nt z iron4 ,/ud5ts g5]ally get l[ results by ?is me?od4 ,! advantages ( ! z9c me?od are1 t x is easily work$ & t ! excess ( z9c is readily remov$ by simply filt]+4 ,! disadvantages are ! sl[ness#fh ) :i* ! la/ portions ( f]ric iron are r$uc$1 ! dang] ( loss by eff]vesc5ce1 ! precipitation ( basic salts1 &1 p]haps1 ( iron1 & ! load+ ( ! solution ) salts ( z9c1 :i* 9 ! titration ) bi*romate h a prejudicial effect4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ! h&s ( /ud5ts is to get v>iable results1 sometimes l[ & sometimes high4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 & sodium sulphite me?ods are to be pref]r$4 ,c>efully work$ ea* me?od w yield good results4 ,! titration may be done ) a /&>d solution ( 7#a7 p]manganate ( pota%1 or 7#b7 bi*romate ( pota%4 #a4 ,) ,p]manganate ( ,pota%4--,prep>e a /&>d solution by dissolv+ #b4hb grams ( ! salt & dilut+ to "o litre4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is %\ld be #ajj c4c4 #j4e gram ( iron1 b x v>ies slightly1 & %\ld be det]m9$ 7& aft]w>ds *eck$ e two or ?ree weeks7 by weigh+ up #j4b gram ( iron wire1 dissolv+ 9 #aj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid1 dilut+ to ab\t #ajj c4c41 & titrat+4 ,! /&>d solution mu/ be put 9 a burette ) a glass /opcock1 z x attacks india-rubb]4 ,! assay %\ld be conta9$ 9 a p9t flask1 & be cool$ be=e titrat+4 ,! /&>d solution mu/ be run 9 until a p9ki% t+e p]meates ! :ole solution2 ?is mu/ be tak5 z ! f9i%+ po9t4 ,:5 c]ta9 int]f]+ bodies are pres5t ?is col\r quickly fades1 b ! fad+ mu/ be ignor$4 ,) pure solutions ! col\r is fairly p]man5t1 & a s+le drop ( ! potassium p]manganate solution is suffici5t to det]m9e ! f9i%+ po9t4 #b4 ,) ,bi*romate ( ,pota%4--,prep>e a /&>d solution by dissolv+ #d4ci grams ( ! p[d]$ & dri$ salt 9 wat]1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,?is solution is p]man5t1 its /r5g? is det]m9$ by dissolv+ #j4b gram ( iron wire 9 #aj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid1 dilut+ to ab\t a qu>t] ( a litre1 & titrat+4 ,also prep>e a te/ solution by dissolv+ #j4a gram ( f]ricyanide ( potassium 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,?is solution does n keep well & mu/ be fre%ly prep>$4 ,an ord9>y burette is us$4 ,! assay is be/ conta9$ 9 a glaz$ e>!nw>e di%1 & may be titrat$ hot or cold4 ,to det]m9e ! f9i%+ po9t1 place a s]ies ( drops ( ! f]ricyanide solution on a dry :ite glaz$ plate4 ,! drops %\ld be ( ab\t ! same size & be plac$ 9 l9es at fairly equal di/ances4 ,! bi*romate is run 91 9 a /eady /ream1 ! assay solution be+ cont9u\sly /irr$ until ! reaction is s5sibly slack5$4 ,!n br+ a drop ( ! assay ) ! /irr] 9 contact ) "o ( ! te/ drops on ! plate4 ,! /&>d c be safely run 9 #a c4c4 at a "t1 s long z ! te/ drop %[s signs ( a precipitate4 ,:5 only a coloration is produc$ run 9 cauti\sly a few drops at a "t s long z two drops ( ! assay gives ) ! te/ a col\r :i* is ev5 fa9tly gre5] ?an two drops ( ! assay solution plac$ alongside4 ,! f9i%+ po9t is decid$ & practically p]man5t1 al?\gh x dem&s a little practice to recognise x4 ,! titration ) p]manganate ( potassium has ! advantage ( a m di/9ct f9i%+ po9t & easi] mode ( work+2 its application1 h[ev]1 is some:at limit$ by ! di/urb+ effects ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! bi*romate me?od has ! advantage ( a /&>d solution :i* does n alt] 9 /r5g?1 & ! fur!r "o ( be+ b little affect$ by alt]+ conditions ( assay4 ,hydro*loric acid has practically no effect on x4 ,bo? me?ods give accurate results & are good examples ( volumetric me?ods4 ,! foll[+ results illu/rate ! ext5t to :i* ! me?ods may be reli$ on2 & ! influ5ce :i* ! v>i\s conditions ( exp]im5t h on ! assay4 ,solutions ( f]r\s sulphate & ( f]r\s *loride 7 made conta9+ #j4e gram ( iron 9 ea* #ajj c4c41 ?us correspond+ to ! /&>d solutions ( p]manganate & bi*romate ( potassium4 ,^! la/ 7 prep>$ 9 ! way already describ$4 ,! solution ( f]r\s sulphate 0 made by dissolv+ #e4ja grams ( iron wire 9 #ajj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,a simil> solution may be made by dissolv+ #bd4hb grams ( pure f]r\s sulphate cry/als 9 wat]1 add+ #ajj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,rate ( ,oxidation by ,exposure to ,air4--,?is is an important consid]ation1 & if ! rate 7 at all rapid w\ld h a s]i\s influ5ce on ! mann] ( work+1 s9ce exclusion ( air 9 ! v>i\s op]ations w\ld be tr\blesome4 #bj c4c4 ( ! solution ( f]r\s sulphate 7 tak5 9 ea* exp]im5t1 acidifi$ ) #aj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid1 & dilut$ to #ajj c4c4 ,! solution 0 expos$1 cold1 9 an op5 beak] = v>y+ l5g?s ( "t1 & titrat$ ) p]manganate ( potassium4 ,"t expos$ #a h\r #a day #b days #c days c4c4 requir$ #ai4b #ai4a #ai4j #ai4j ,^! results %[ t ! atmosph]ic oxidation 9 cold solutions is unimportant4 ,) boil+ solutions ! results are some:at diff]5t2 a solution :i* at ! outset requir$ #bj c4c4 ( p]manganate ( potassium1 aft] boil+ = an h\r 9 an op5 beak] 7)\t any precautions to prev5t oxidation71 wat] be+ add$ f "t to "t to replace t lo/ by evaporation1 requir$ #ai4b c4c4 ,if ! solution be evaporat$ to dryness ! oxidis+ p[] ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid comes into play1 s t v little f]r\s iron w be left4 ,a solution evaporat$ 9 ?is way requir$ only #b4b c4c4 ( p]manganate ( potassium4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! bulk 0 9 ea* case #ajj c4c41 & #aj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid 7 pres5t4 ,! p]manganate requir$ by #a c4c4 ( f]r\s sulphate 01 at #ae #a4j c4c41 & at #gj #a4a c4c4 #aj #i4g #i4h #ajj #ig4g #if4h ,! l[] result ) ! #ajj c4c4 may be due to oxidation f exposure4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4--,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ t consid]able v>iations 9 bulk h no practical effect4 ,9 ea* case #bj c4c4 ( f]r\s sulphate solution & #aj c4c4 ( dilute acid 7 us$4 ,bulk ( assay #cj c4c4 #ajj c4c4 #ejj c4c4 #ajjj c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #bj4j #bj4j #bj4b #bj4e ,effect ( ,free ,sulphuric ,acid4--,free acid is necess>y = ^! assays2 if !re is an insuffici5cy1 ! assay solution1 in/ead ( imm$iately decoloris+ ! p]manganate1 assumes a br[n col\r4 ,! addition ( #aj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid suffices to meet requirem5ts & keep ! assay cle> ?r\gh\t4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ t a consid]able excess ( acid may be us$ )\t 9 ! lea/ affect+ ! results4 ,9 ea* case #bj c4c4 ( f]r\s sulphate 7 us$4 ,dilute sulphuric acid #a4j c4c4 #e4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #ai4c #ai4c #ai4c #ai4c #ai4c #ai4c ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,:5 ! assay has be5 r$uc$ ) z9c v>y+ quantities ( salts ( ?is metal pass into solution1 ! am\nt dep5d+ on ! quantity ( acid & iron pres5t4 ,salts ( sodium or ammonium may simil>ly be introduc$4 ,x is ess5tial to "k by exp]im5t t ^! salts d n ex]t any effect on ! titration4 ,! foll[+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts %[ t z mu* z #ej grams ( z9c sulphate may be pres5t )\t int]f]+4 ,z9c sulphate pres5t #j gram #a gram #aj grams #ej grams ,p]manganate requir$ #ai4c c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 ,magnesium1 sodium1 & ammonium salts1 are equally )\t effect4 ,ammonic sulphate pres5t #j gram #a gram #aj grams ,p]manganate requir$ #ai4c c4c4 #ai4b c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 ,sodic sulphate pres5t #j gram #a gram #aj grams ,p]manganate requir$ #ai4c c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 ,magnesic sulphate pres5t #j gram #a gram #aj grams ,p]manganate requir$ #ai4c c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 #ai4c c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,am\nts ( ,iron4--,x is important to "k )9 :at limits ! quantity ( iron 9 an assay may safely v>y f t us$ 9 /&>dis+4 ,9 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts ! conditions z to bulk1 acidity1 & mode ( work+ 7 ! same z be=e3-- ,f]r\s sulphate solution tak5 #a c4c4 #aj c4c4 #bj c4c4 #ej c4c4 #ajj c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #a4j #i4g #ai4f #dh4i #ig4g ,! f]r\s sulphate solution is "h a little weak] ?an t ( ! p]manganate ( potassium1 b ! results %[ t ! p]manganate requir$ is proportional to ! iron pres5t4 ,titrations 9 ,hydro*loric ,solutions4--,^! are less satisfactory ?an ^? 9 sulphuric solutions1 s9ce an excess ( hydro*loric acid decomposes p]manganate ( potassium1 evolv+ *lor9e1 & s9ce ! f9i%+ po9t is indicat$1 n by ! p]si/5ce ( ! p9k col\r ( ! p]manganate1 b by a br[n coloration probably due to p]*loride ( manganese4 ,nev]!less1 if ! solution conta9s only f #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( free hydro*loric acid 7sp4 g4 #a4af7 ! results are ! same z ^? obta9$ 9 a sulphuric acid solution4 ,equal weights 7#j4a gram7 ( ! same iron wire requir$ exactly ! same quantity ( ! p]manganate ( potassium solution 7#bj c4c47 :e!r ! iron 0 dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric or dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! foll[+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts are on ! same plan z ^? giv5 above ) sulphuric acid solutions4 ,a solution ( f]r\s *loride 0 made by dissolv+ #e4ja grams ( iron wire 9 #ej c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,! dilute hydro*loric acid 0 made by mix+ equal volumes ( ! acid 7sp4 g4 #a4af7 & wat]4 ,rate ( ,atmosph]ic ,oxidation4--#bj c4c4 ( ! f]r\s *loride solution 7 acidifi$ ) #aj c4c4 ( ! dilute hydro*loric acid & dilut$ to #ajj c4c4 ,?is solution 0 expos$ cold 9 op5 beak]s4 ,"t expos$ -- #a h\r #a day #b days #c days ,p]manganate requir$ #ai4f c4c4 #ai4f c4c4 #ai4e c4c4 #ai4d c4c4 #ai4e c4c4 ,simil> solutions boil$ requir$1 be=e boil+1 #bj c4c42 aft] boil+ = "o h\r1 replac+ ! wat] z x evaporat$1 #ai4c c4c42 & aft] evaporation to a pa/e & r$issolv+1 #ag4j c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,solutions simil> to ! la/ 7 titrat$ & gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,temp]ature #ae #cj #ej #gj ,p]manganate requir$ #ai4h c4c4 #ai4f c4c4 #ai4e c4c4 #ai4d c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4--,z be=e1 #bj c4c4 ( ! iron solution1 & #aj c4c4 ( ! dilute acid 7 dilut$ to ! requir$ volumes & titrat$4 ,bulk #cj c4c4 #ajj c4c4 #ejj c4c4 #ajjj c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #bj4d #bj4c #bj4h #ba4e ,! v>iation due to diff]5ce 9 bulk "h1 al?\gh only equal to an excess ( #j4g milligram ( iron = ea* #ajj c4c4 ( dilution1 are ab\t ?ree times z great z ^? obs]v$ 9 a sulphuric acid solution4 ,effect ( ,free ,hydro*loric ,acid4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts #bj c4c4 ( ! f]r\s *loride solution 7 us$ ) v>y+ quantities ( acid1 ! bulk ( ! assay 9 ea* case be+ #ajj c4c4 ,dilute acid pres5t #e c4c4 #aj c4c4 #ej c4c4 #ajj c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #bj4b #bj4b #bj4e #ba4j ,! la/ _h a v indi/9ct f9i%+ po9t1 ! br[n coloration be+ v evanesc5t4 ,! effect ( ! acid is modifi$ by ! pres5ce ( alkal9e & o!r sulphates1 b n by sulphuric acid4 ,repeat+ ! la/ exp]im5t we got-- ,)\t fur!r addition #ba4j c4c4 ,) #ajj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid #bb4j #aj grams ammonic sulphate #bj4e #aj sodic sulphate #bj4j #aj magnesium sulphate #bj4d #aj manganese sulphate #bj4b ,! results ) ^! salts1 9 c\nt]act+ ! int]f]5ce ( ! acid1 h[ev]1 7 n a complete success1 s9ce ! end-reactions 7 all indi/9ct1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( t ) ! manganese sulphate4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,am\nts ( ,iron4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! bulk ( ! assay 0 #ajj c4c41 & #aj c4c4 ( acid 7 pres5t4 ,f]r\s *loride us$ #a c4c4 #aj c4c4 #bj c4c4 #ej c4c4 #ajj c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #a4a #aj4c #bj4c #ej4d #ajj4a ,9 mak+ himself famili> ) ! p]manganate ( potassium titration1 ! /ud5t %\ld practise by work+ out a s]ies ( exp]im5ts simil> to ! above1 v>y+ 8 conditions "o at a "t s z to be c]ta9 ( ! cause ( any v>iation 9 8 results4 ,he may !n proce$ to exp]im5t on ! v>i\s me?ods ( r$uction4 ,a solution ( f]ric *loride is made by dissolv+ #e4ja grams ( iron wire 9 #ej c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid 7sp4 g4 #a4af71 & runn+ f a burette nitric acid dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat] into ! boil+ iron solution1 until ! liquid *anges f a black to a r$di%-yell[4 ,ab\t #d4e c4c4 ( ! nitric acid w be requir$1 & ! f9i%+ po9t is m>k$ by a brisk eff]vesc5ce4 ,! solution ( iron %\ld be conta9$ 9 an evaporat+ di%1 & boil$ briskly1 ) con/ant /irr+4 ,!re %\ld be no excess ( nitric acid4 ,boil d[n to ab\t half its bulk2 !n cool1 & dilute to "o litre ) wat]4 ,tw5ty c4c4 ( ?is solution dilut$ to #ajj c4c4 ) wat]1 & acidifi$ ) #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 %\ld n decolorise any ( ! p]manganate ( potassium solution2 ?is %[s ! abs5ce ( f]r\s salts4 ,& #bj c4c4 ( ! same solution1 boil$ ) #bj c4c4 ( ! f]r\s sulphate solution1 %\ld n decrease ! quantity ( p]manganate requir$ = ! titration ( ! f]r\s sulphate add$4 ,9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! v>i\s me?ods ( r$uction1 ! foll[+ results 7 got4 ,! modes ( work+ 7 ^? already describ$4 7#a7 ,) ,/ann\s ,*loride4--,tw5ty c4c4 ( ! f]ric *loride solution requir$1 aft] r$uction ) /ann\s *loride1 #bj c4c4 ( p]manganate4 ,fifty c4c4 ( a solution ( f]r\s *loride1 :i* requir$ on titration #di4h c4c4 ( p]manganate1 requir$ = re-titration 7aft] subsequ5t r$uction ) /ann\s *loride7 #ej c4c4 ( ! p]manganate solution4 7#b7 ,) ,sulphurett$ ,hydrog54--,two exp]im5ts ) ?is gas1 us+ 9 ea* #bj c4c4 ( ! f]ric *loride solution1 & #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 requir$ 7aft] r$uction7 #bj4b c4c4 & #bj4a c4c4 ( p]manganate4 ,repeat+ ! exp]im5ts by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh a ne>ly boil+ solution1 b 9 o!r respects work+ 9 ! same way1 #ba4c c4c4 & #ba4f c4c4 ( ! p]manganate solution 7 requir$4 ,! sulphur 0 n filt]$ (f 9 any ( ^!4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 9 :i* #ej c4c4 ( ! f]r\s sulphate solution 7 titrat$ ) p]manganate1 #dh c4c4 ( ! latt] 7 requir$4 ,! titrat$ solution 0 next r$uc$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 br\ght to ! same bulk z be=e1 & aga9 titrat$2 #dg4i c4c4 ( ! p]manganate ( potassium solution 7 requir$4 7#c7 ,) ,sodium ,sulphite4--,tw5ty c4c4 ( ! f]ric *loride solution1 r$uc$ ) sodium sulphite1 requir$ #ai4i c4c4 ( p]manganate4 ,9 "o exp]im5t #ej c4c4 ( ! f]r\s sulphate solution 7 titrat$ ) p]manganate2 #di4c c4c4 ( ! la/-m5tion$ solution 7 requir$4 ,! titrat$ solution 0 r$uc$ ) sodium sulphite1 & aga9 titrat$2 x requir$ #di4b c4c4 ( ! p]manganate ( potassium solution4 7#d7 ,) ,z9c4--,tw5ty c4c4 ( ! f]ric *loride solution1 r$uc$ ) z9c & titrat$1 requir$ #bj4h c4c4 ( p]manganate4 ,fifty c4c4 ( a solution ( f]r\s sulphate :i* requir$ #di4g c4c4 ( p]manganate1 requir$ = re-titration1 aft] r$uction ) z9c1 #di4g c4c4 ,! /ud5t %\ld next practise ! titration ) bi*romate1 :i* is m especially valuable 9 ! e/imation ( hydro*loric acid solutions4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts are on ! same plan z ^? already giv54 ,9 ea* exp]im5t 7except :5 o!rwise /at$7 !re 7 pres5t #bj c4c4 ( ! f]r\s *loride solution1 & #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 & ! bulk 0 #cjj c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,! quantities ( ! bi*romate ( potassium solution requir$ 7 z foll[s3-- ,temp]ature #ae #cj #gj #ajj ,bi*romate requir$ #bj4b c4c4 #bj4c c4c4 #bj4c c4c4 #bj4d c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4-- ,bulk #ej c4c4 #ajj c4c4 #bjj c4c4 #ejj c4c4 #ajjj c4c4 ,bi*romate requir$ #bj4d #bj4d #bj4d #bj4e #bj4h ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,acid4--,9 ^!1 v>iable quantities ( dilute hydro*loric acid 7 us$4 ,acid pres5t #aj c4c4 #ej c4c4 #ajj c4c4 ,bi*romate requir$ #bj4c #bj4c #bj4b ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,! effect ( ! addition ( #aj grams ( cry/alliz$ z9c sulphate 0 to decrease ! quantity ( bi*romate requir$ f #bj4c c4c4 to #bj4a c4c41 b ! col\r produc$ ) ! te/-drop 0 v slight at #ah4e c4c41 & ) incauti\s "w ! f9i%+ po9t might h be5 tak5 any:]e betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,z9c %\ld n be us$ z a r$uc+ ag5t prelim9>y to a bi*romate titration4 ,t5 grams ( ammonic sulphate _h ! effect ( r5d]+ ! f9i%+ po9t fa9t = ab\t #j4e c4c4 be=e ! titration 0 f9i%$1 b !re 0 no d\bt ab\t ! f9i%+ po9t :5 all[$ to /& = a m9ute4 ,! /ud5t %\ld note t a titration is n complet$ if a col\r is develop$ on /&+ = five or t5 m9utes4 ,t5 grams ( sodic sulphate _h no effect2 #bj4c c4c4 7 requir$4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,iron4--,! results are proportional1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ details3-- ,f]r\s *loride pres5t #a4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,bi*romate requir$ #a4j #aj4b #bj4c #ea4j #ajb4c ,! /ud5t may n[ apply ^! titrations to actual assays ( m9]als4 ,! foll[+ examples w illu/rate ! mode ( work+ & ( calculat+ ! results3-- ,det]m9ation ( ,iron 9 ,*alybite4--,weigh up #a gram ( ! dry p[d]$ ore1 & dissolve 9 #aj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid & an equal volume ( wat] ) ! aid ( heat4 ,avoid evaporat+ to dryness4 ,dilute & titrate4 ,! result w give ! p]c5tage ( iron exi/+ 9 ! ore 9 ! f]r\s /ate4 ,"s f]ric iron may be pres5t4 ,if x is wi%$ to det]m9e ?is also1 add 79 dissolv+ ano!r portion7 #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid to ! sulphuric acid already ord]$1 & r$uce ! result+ solution be=e titrat+4 ,by dissolv+ & titrat+ 7)\t previ\s r$uction7 "o has a measure ( ! f]r\s iron pres5t2 by dissolv+1 r$uc+1 & !n titrat+1 "o c measure ! total iron2 & z ! iron exi/s 9 only two conditions1 ! total iron1 less ! f]r\s iron1 is ! measure ( ! f]ric iron4 ,det]m9ation ( ,iron 9 ,br[n or ,r$ ,ores or ,magnetite4--,weigh up #j4e gram ( ! ore 7p[d]$ & dri$ at #ajj ,c471 & dissolve 9 f #aj to #bj c4c4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 boil+ until all is dissolv$1 or until no col\r$ p>ticles are left4 ,dilute1 r$uce1 & titrate4 ,det]m9ation ( ,iron 9 ,pyrites4--,weigh up #a gram ( ! dry p[d]$ ore1 & place 9 a beak]4 ,cov] ) #aj c4c4 ( /rong sulphuric acid1 mix well by %ak+1 & place on ! hot plate )\t fur!r h&l+ = an h\r or s until ! action has ceas$4 ,all[ to cool1 & dilute to #ajj c4c4 ,w>m until solution is complete4 ,r$uce & titrate4 ,det]m9ation ( ,iron 9 ,sub/ances ,insoluble 9 ,acids4--,weigh up #a gram ( ! ore1 mix ) #e or #f grams ( c>bonate ( soda & #j4e gram ( nitre by rubb+ 9 a small mort>1 & transf] to a plat9um crucible4 ,clean out ! mort> by rubb+ up ano!r gram or s ( soda1 & add ?is to ! cont5ts ( ! crucible z a cov]4 ,fuse till tranquil4 ,cool4 ,extract ) wat]4 ,if ! ore c>ries mu* silica1 evaporate to dryness ) hydro*loric acid to sep>ate x4 ,re-dissolve 9 hydro*loric acid1 & sep>ate ! iron by precipitat+ ) ammonia & filt]+4 ,if only a small quantity ( silica is pres5t1 ! aque\s extract ( ! melt mu/ be filt]$1 & ! insoluble residue wa%$ & dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,r$uce & titrate4 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( at once sep>at+ iron f a solution & r$uc+ x1 is to add ammonia1 pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh x1 filt]1 & dissolve ! precipitate 9 dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! solution1 :5 boil$ free f sulphurett$ hydrog51 is ready = titrat+4 ,,/ann\s ,,*loride ,,process4 ,! col\r imp>t$ to hot hydro*loric acid solutions by a trace ( a f]ric comp\nd is s /rong1 & ! r$uc+ action ( /ann\s *loride is s rapid1 t a me?od ( titration is bas$ ^u ! quantity ( a /&>d solution ( /ann\s *loride requir$ to completely decolorise a solution conta9+ f]ric iron4 ,?is me?od is m especially adapt$ = ! assay ( liquors conta9+ mu* f]ric iron & ( ^? oxidis$ ores :i* are completely soluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t x only measures ! f]ric iron pres5t1 & :5 7z is g5]ally ! case7 ! total iron is want$1 x is well to calc9e ! weigh$ portion ( ore previ\s to solution 9 ord] to get ! :ole ( ! iron into ! high] /ate ( oxidation1 s9ce _m ores :i* are g5]ally suppos$ to conta9 only f]ric iron c>ry a consid]able p]c5tage ( f]r\s4 ,! /ann\s *loride solution is made by dissolv+ #bj grams ( ! comm]cial salt 7,sn,cl#b4b;,h#b,o7 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat] ) ! help ( #bj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 & dilut+ to a litre4 ,! solution may be slightly opalesc5t1 b %\ld %[ no signs ( a precipitate4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is is ab\t equival5t to #a gram ( iron = ea* #ajj c4c4 ( ! solution1 b x is apt to less5 on /&+1 tak+ up oxyg5 f ! air1 =m+ /annic *loride4 ,a l>g] proportion ( hydro*loric acid ?an is ord]$ above w\ld remove ! opalesc5ce1 b at ! same "t increase ?is t5d5cy to atmosph]ic oxidation1 z ! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[4 ,! /ann\s *loride solution 7#bj c4c47 0 mix$ ) v>y+ am\nts ( /rong hydro*loric acid 7sp4 g4 #a4af71 dilut$ to #ajj c4c41 & expos$ 9 op5 beak]s = v>y+ l5g?s ( "t2 & ! residual /ann\s *loride measur$ by titration ) p]manganate4 ,! quantities requir$ 7 z foll[s3-- ,"t ,expos$4 #ej p] c5t4 ,acid4 #aj p] c5t4 ,acid4 #a p] c5t4 ,acid4 #a h\r #cc4b c4c4 #cd4d c4c4 #cd4e c4c4 #a day #e4j #bd4j #bg4f #b days #c4j #ad4e #ba4c ,^! indicate v cle>ly ! increas$ susceptibility to oxidation 9 /rongly acid solutions4 ,a /&>d solution ( f]ric *loride is prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z t describ$ "u ! exp]im5ts on ! me?ods ( r$uction2 b x %\ld be ( twice ! /r5g?1 s t #ajj c4c4 may conta9 #a gram ( iron4 ,?is solution is us$ = /&>dis+ ! /ann\s *loride :5 requir$2 & mu/ be c>efully prep>$2 & te/$ = ! pres5ce ( nitric acid4 ,! titration is m limit$ 9 its application ?an ei!r ( ! oxidis+ processes because ( ! re/rictions z to bulk1 quality & quantity ( free acid pres5t1 & o!r conditions ( ! solution to be assay$4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! conditions necess>y = a successful titration4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,tw5ty c4c4 ( f]ric *loride solution ) #bj c4c4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 dilut$ to #ej c4c41 gave ! foll[+ results :5 titrat$3-- ,temp]ature #ae #cj #gj #ajj ,/ann\s *loride requir$ #bb4h c4c4 #bb4j c4c4 #bb4a c4c4 #bb4j c4c4 ,! f9i%+ po9t1 h[ev]1 is m di/9ct ! hott] ! solution2 s t x is be/ 9 all cases to run ! /&>d into ! boil+ solution4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4--,solutions conta9+ ! same quantity ( iron & acid z ! la/1 b dilut$ to v>i\s bulks1 & titrat$ :ile boil+1 gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,bulk #cj c4c4 #ajj c4c4 #ejj c4c4 ,/ann\s *loride requir$ #ba4e #ba4g #bd4c ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,quantities ( ,hydro*loric ,acid4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! bulk be=e titration 0 #ej c4c4 except 9 ! la/1 9 :i* x 0 #gj c4c4 ,) less ?an #e c4c4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid ! f9i%+ po9t is indi/9ct & prolong$4 ,/rong hydro*loric acid pres5t #e c4c4 #aj c4c4 #bj c4c4 #cj c4c4 #ej c4c4 ,/ann\s *loride requir$ #ba4a #ba4a #ba4b #ba4h #bb4b ,effect ( ,free ,sulphuric ,acid4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid 7 pres5t1 & ! bulk 0 #ej c4c4 ,/rong sulphuric acid pres5t -- c4c4 #c c4c4 #e c4c4 #aj c4c4 ,/ann\s *loride requir$ #ba4f #bb4c #bb4i #bc4a ,?is int]f]5ce ( /rong sulphuric acid may be completely c\nt]act$ by some:at modify+ ! mode ( work+4 ,ano!r exp]im5t1 l ! la/ ( ?is s]ies1 requir$ #ba4f c4c4 ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,exp]im5ts 9 :i* #aj grams ( v>i\s salts 7 add$ %[$ !m to be )\t effect4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3-- ,salt pres5t -- ,am,cl ,am#b,,s#d ,mg,cl#b ,/ann\s *loride requir$ #ba4f c4c4 #ba4f c4c4 #ba4f c4c4 #ba4f c4c4 ,salt pres5t ,ca,cl#b ,fe,cl#b ,al#b;,cl#f ,/ann\s *loride requir$ #ba4h c4c4 #ba4f c4c4 #ba4f c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,iron4--,titrat+ a solution 7) #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid7 measur+ #ej c4c41 & kept boil+1 ! quantity ( /ann\s *loride solution requir$ is practically proportional to ! iron pres5t4 ,f]ric *loride add$ #a c4c4 #aj c4c4 #bj c4c4 #ej c4c4 #ajj c4c4 ,/ann\s *loride requir$ #a4a #aj4e #bj4f #ea4d #ajb4f ,! /ud5t1 hav+ practis$ "s ( ! above exp]im5ts1 may proce$ to ! assay ( an iron ore4 ,det]m9ation ( ,iron 9 ,br[n ,iron ,ore4--,weigh up #a gram ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ ore1 calc9e 9 ! cov] ( a plat9um crucible1 & dissolve up 9 an evaporat+ di%#fi ) #bj c4c4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 solution is complete1 dilute to #ej c4c4 aft] replac+ any acid t may h be5 evaporat$4 ,boil1 & run 9 ! /ann\s *loride solution until ! col\r is fa9tly yell[2 boil aga91 & cont9ue ! addition ( ! /ann\s *loride solution1 /irr+ cont9u\sly until ! solution appe>s col\rless4 ,note ! quantity ( ! /ann\s *loride solution requir$4 ,suppose ?is to be #ei c4c4 ,take #fj c4c4 ( ! /&>d f]ric *loride solution1 add #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 boil & titrate 9 ! same way z be=e4 ,suppose ?is to require #fa c4c4 ,!n z #fa is equival5t to #fj ( ! iron solution1 #ei is equival5t to #eh4ac4gj ,?is gives ! p]c5tage4 ,x is n necess>y to /&>dise ! /ann\s *loride solution 9 ?is way ) ea* sample assay$1 ! ratio #fa3 #fj w\ld s]ve = a :ole bat* ( samples2 b ! /&>dis+ %\ld be repeat$ at lea/ once ea* day4 ,,colorimetric ,,me?od4 ,?is me?od is valuable = ! det]m9ation ( small quantities ( iron pres5t z impurities 9 o!r metals or ores4 ,x is bas$ on ! r$ coloration develop$ by ! action ( potassic sulphocyanate on acid solutions ( f]ric salts4 ,/&>d ,f]ric ,*loride ,solution4--,take #a c4c4 ( ! f]ric *loride solution us$ = /&>dis+ ! /ann\s *loride solution1 add #b c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 & dilute to #a litre ) wat]4 #a c4c4 #j4ja milligram4 ,solution ( ,potassic ,sulphocyanate4--,dissolve #fj grams ( ! salt 9 wat]1 & dilute to a litre4 ,x %\ld be col\rless4 ,use #aj c4c4 = ea* te/4 ,! quantity ( ! sub/ance to be weigh$ = ! assay %\ld n conta9 m ?an a milligram ( iron2 consequ5tly1 if ! ore conta9 m ?an #j4a p] c5t4 ( t metal1 less ?an a gram ( x mu/ be tak54 ,! me?od is z foll[s3--,weigh up #a gram ( ! sub/ance & dissolve 9 a suitable acid2 dilute2 & add p]manganate ( pota% solution until t9t$4 ,boil = "s "t & dilute to #ajj c4c4 ,take a c\ple ( ,nessl] tubes1 hold+ ov] #ajj c4c41 b m>k$ at #ej c4c42 label !m #a & #b2 & into ea* put #aj c4c4 ( ! potassic sulphocyanate solution & #b c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! solutions %\ld be col\rless4 ,to #a add #aj c4c4 ( ! assay solution1 & dilute to ! #ej c4c4 m>k4 ,to ! o!r add wat]1 b only to )9 #e or #aj c4c4 ( ?is m>k4 ,n[ run 9 ! /&>d f]ric *loride solution f a small burette1 #a c4c4 at a "t1 /irr+ aft] ea* addition till ! col\r is ne>ly equal to t ( ! assay 7,no4 #a74 ,at ?is /age br+ ! solution to ! same level by dilut+1 & make a fur!r addition ( ! /&>d f]ric *loride solution till ! col\rs correspond4 ,! am\nt ( iron w be ! same 9 ea* tube2 t 9 ! /&>d may be kn[n by read+ (f ! volume f ! burette & multiply+ by #j4ja milligram4 ,if ! #aj c4c4 ( ! assay solution gave a col\r requir+ m ?an #e or #f c4c4 ( ! /&>d f]ric *loride solution1 repeat ! det]m9ation1 tak+ a small] proportion4 ,! effect ( v>y+ conditions on ! assay w be se5 f ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3-- ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,! effect ( increase ( temp]ature is to less5 ! col\r2 9 fact1 by boil+1 ! col\r c be entirely remov$4 ,all assays are be/ c>ri$ out 9 ! cold4 #a c4c4 at #ae w\ld only %[ ! col\r ( #j4ge c4c4 at #de #b #a4ge #e #d4j ,effect ( ,"t4--,! effect ( increase ( "t is to increase ! col\r1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3-- #b c4c4 on /&+ #aj m9utes became equal to #b4be c4c4 #b #bj #b4ge #b #dj #c4jj ,effect ( ,free ,acid4--,if no acid at all be pres5t1 ! sulphocyanate ( potassium solution removes ! col\r x fir/ produces1 s t a c]ta9 am\nt ( acid is necess>y to develop ! col\r4 ,! use ( a l>ge excess has a t5d5cy to increase ! col\r produc$4 #e c4c4 nitric acid 7sp4 g4 #a4d7 read #c4g c4c4 in/ead ( #b c4c4 ) ! dilute acid4 #e c4c4 sulphuric acid 7sp4 g4 #a4cb7 read #b4b c4c4 in/ead ( #b c4c4 ) ! dilute acid4 #e c4c4 hydro*loric acid 7sp4 g4 #a4af7 read #b4e c4c4 in/ead ( #b c4c4 ) ! dilute acid4 ,effect ( ,=eign ,metals4--,lead1 m]cury1 cadmium1 bismu?1 ars5ic1 t91 antimony1 nickel1 cobalt1 manganese1 alum9ium1 z9c1 /rontium1 b>ium1 calcium1 magnesium1 sodium1 or potassium1 :5 sep>ately pres5t 9 quantities ( f #ajj to #bjj times ! weight ( iron pres5t1 d n int]f]e if !y h previ\sly be5 br\ght to _! highe/ oxidis$ condition by boil+ ) nitric acid or by treat+ ) p]manganate4 ,ars5ic & phosphoric acids int]f]e unless an excess ( free hydro*loric or o!r acid is pres5t4 ,oxalic acid 7b n t>t>ic acid7 9 m9ute quantities de/roys ! col\r4 ,nitr\s acid /rikes a r$ col\r ) ! sulphocyanate ( potassium2 consequ5tly1 :5 nitric acid has be5 us$ 9 excess1 high results may be obta9$4 ,copp] & "s o!r metals int]f]e1 s t 9 mo/ cases x is advisable to conc5trate ! iron be=e e/imat+ x4 ,a blank exp]im5t %\ld always be made ) ! reag5ts us$ 9 ord] to det]m9e ! iron1 if any1 introduc$ dur+ ! solution1 c41 ( ! sub/ance assay$4 ,det]m9ation ( ,iron 9 ,metallic ,copp]4--,?is may be mo/ conv5i5tly done dur+ ! e/imation ( ! ars5ic4 ,! small quantity ( :ite floccul5t precipitate :i* may be obs]v$ 9 ! acetic acid solution be=e titrat+1 conta9s ! :ole ( ! iron z f]ric ars5ate4 ,x %\ld be filt]$ (f1 dissolv$ 9 #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 & dilut$ to #ajj c4c42 #aj c4c4 ( ?is may be tak5 = ! e/imation4 ,= example3 #aj grams ( copp] 7 tak51 & ! iron e/imat$2 #c4j c4c4 ( /&>d f]ric *loride solution 7 us$1 equival5t to #j4jc milligram ( iron2 ?is multipli$ by #aj 7because only #a_/aj? ( ! sample 0 tak57 gives #j4c milligram z ! iron 9 #aj grams ( copp]4 ,?is equals #j4jjc p] c5t4 ,9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) ?is me?od work+ on #aj-;gram lots ( copp]1 to :i* kn[n quantities ( iron _h be5 add$1 ! foll[+ 7 ! results3-- ,iron pres5t #j4jae #j4jgj #j4ajj #j4die ,iron f\nd #j4jae #j4jfa #j4jhg #j4ebb ,:5 no ars5ic is pres5t 9 ! copp]1 ! iron c be sep>at$ by fractionally precipitat+ ) sodic c>bonate1 dissolv+ 9 ammonia1 & filt]+ (f ! f]ric hydrate4 ,copp]s g5]ally c>ry m iron ! less ars5ic !y conta94 ,det]m9ation ( ,iron 9 ,metallic ,z9c4--,dissolve #a gram ( z9c 9 #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 add+ a drop or two ( nitric acid t[>ds ! end to effect complete solution4 ,boil1 dilute1 & t9t ) ! p]manganate ( potassium solution2 boil till col\rless1 & dilute to #ajj c4c4 ,take #aj c4c4 = ! det]m9ation4 ,make a blank exp]im5t by boil+ #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid ) a drop or two ( nitric acid2 add a simil> quantity ( ! p]manganate ( potassium solution1 boil+1 c41 z be=e4 ,! quantity ( iron 9 z9c v>ies f less ?an #j4jje to m ?an #b4j p] c5t4 ,:5 #a gram is tak5 & work$ z above1 ea* c4c4 ( f]ric *loride solution requir$ indicates #j4ja p] c5t4 ( iron4 ,det]m9ation ( ,iron 9 ,metallic ,t94--,cov] #a gram ( t9 ) #e c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 add #a c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & evaporate to dryness4 ,take up ) #b c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 add #aj c4c4 ( ! potassic sulphocyanate solution1 & make up to #ej c4c4 ,probably ! col\r develop$ w be br[n in/ead ( r$ ow+ to ! pres5ce ( copp]2 9 ?is case1 add to ! /&>d z mu* copp] z ! assay is kn[n to conta9 7:i* mu/ h previ\sly be5 det]m9$2 see ,copp]72 ! titration is !n c>ri$ out 9 ! usual way4 ,or ! iron may be sep>at$ f ! copp] 9 ! t9 by ! foll[+ process3--,dissolve #e grams ( metal 9 #cj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & #e c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & evaporate to dryness4 ,take up ) #e c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 add #aj grams ( pota% dissolv$ 9 #cj c4c4 ( wat]1 & w>m till ! t9 is dissolv$4 ,pass sulphurett$ hydrog51 boil1 cool1 & filt]4 ,! iron & copp] w be 9 ! precipitate4 ,!y are sep>at$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,calculate f ! foll[+ det]m9ations ! p]c5tages ( f]r\s1 f]ric1 & total iron 9 ! sample ( ore us$4 #a gram ( ore dissolv$ & titrat$ requir$ #bf4g c4c4 ( bi*romate ( potassium solution4 #a gram ( ore dissolv$1 r$uc$1 & titrat$ requir$ #dc4e c4c4 ( bi*romate ( potassium solution4 ,/&>d #a4jad4 #b4 ,"o gram ( an ore conta9$ #j4cjg gram ( f]r\s iron & #j4fee gram ( total iron4 ,! iron exi/+ z oxide1 :at are ! p]c5tages ( f]r\s oxide 7,fe,o7 & f]ric oxide 7,fe#b,o#c7 9 ! ore8 #c4 ,"o gram ( br[n iron ore dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid requir$ #ei4b c4c4 ( /ann\s *loride 7/&>d #j4icj74 ,ano!r gram dissolv$ 9 acid & titrat$ ) p]manganate requir$ #h4b c4c4 7/&>d #j4diea74 ,calculate ! p]c5tages ( f]r\s1 f]ric1 & total iron4 #d4 ,ano!r gram ( ! same ore1 roa/$1 dissolv$ & titrat$ ) /ann\s *loride1 requir$ #fc4e c4c4 ,to :at ext5t does ?is result confirm ! o!rs8 #e4 ,two grams ( a metal 7 dissolv$ & dilut$ to #ajj c4c4 ,five c4c4 7 tak5 = a colorimetric det]m9ation1 & requir$ #d4e c4c4 ( ! /&>d f]ric *loride solution4 ,:at is ! p]c5tage ( iron 9 ! metal8 ,,nickel4 ,nickel & cobalt are closely relat$ 9 _! *emical prop]ties1 & may be/ be consid]$ toge!r4 ,nickel is ! common] ( ! two1 & is met ) 9 comm]ce alloy$ ) copp] & z9c z ,g]man silv]2 z also 9 ! co9age ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & on ! ,cont95t4 ,x is us$ = plat+ poli%$ iron & /eel goods1 =m+ a coat+ little liable to ru/ & tak+ a good poli%4 ,! ores ( nickel are n v common4 ,kupf]nickel & *loan?ite are ars5ides ( nickel )1 g5]ally1 m or less iron & cobalt4 ,n\meite & g>ni]ite are hydrat$ silicates ( nickel & magnesia4 ,! *ief s\rces ( nickel are ^! silicates1 :i* are f\nd 9 l>ge quantity 9 ,new ,cal$onia2 & a pyrites f\nd 9 ,norway1 conta9+ ?ree or f\r p] c5t4 ( ! metal4 ,9 small] quantities x is m widely di/ribut$1 be+ frequ5tly met ) 9 copp] ores2 consequ5tly1 comm]cial copp] is r>ely free f x4 ,nickel is readily soluble 9 mod]ately conc5trat$ nitric acid4 ,its salts are mo/ly gre51 & soluble 9 excess ( ammonia1 =m+ blue solutions2 9 ^! respects x resembles copp]4 ,! acid solutions1 h[ev]1 are n precipitat$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 al?\gh 9 alkal9e solutions a black sulphide is =m$ :i* is insoluble 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! sulphide is =m$ 9 a solution conta9+ mu* free ammonia1 ! precipitation is incomplete1 "s sulphide rema9+ 9 ! solution & col\r+ x d>k br[n4 ,^! reactions s]ve to di/+ui% & sep>ate nickel f o!r metals1 except cobalt4 ,if ! sep>at$ sulphide be heat$ 9 a borax bead1 ! col\r obta9$ w be a %]ry br[n 9 ! out] flame1 & grey or col\rless 9 ! inn] flame if nickel only is pres5t4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( cobalt ^! col\rs are mask$ by ! int5se & *>act]i/ic blue yield$ 9 bo? flames by t metal4 ,,dry ,,assay4 ,! dry assay ( nickel 7cobalt be+ at ! same "t det]m9$7 is bas$ on ! =mation ( a speise :i* w c>ry ! cobalt1 nickel1 copp]1 & "s ( ! iron ( ! ore 9 comb9ation ) ars5ic4 ,a speise ( ?is k9d1 fus$ & expos$ at a r$ heat to air1 fir/ loses ars5ide ( iron by oxidation4 ,x is only :5 ! iron has be5 oxidis$ t ! ars5ide ( cobalt beg9s to be attack$2 & :5 ! removal ( ! cobalt is complete1 ! nickel comm5ces to pass into ! slag1 ! copp] be+ left till la/4 ,! *anges are r5d]$ evid5t by fusion 9 contact ) borax4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,weigh up #e grams ( ! ore1 & calc9e ?or\ghly on a roa/+ di% 9 ! muffle4 ,rub up ) "s an?racite1 & re-roa/4 ,mix intimately ) f #c to #e grams ( metallic ars5ic1 & heat 9 a small cov]$ clay crucible at dull r$ness 9 a muffle until no m fumes ( ars5ic come (f 7ab\t #ae m9utes74 ,take out ! crucible1 & inject a mixture ( #bj grams ( c>bonate ( soda1 #e grams ( fl\r1 & #b grams ( fus$ borax4 ,place 9 ! w9d furnace1 & raise ! temp]ature gradually until ! *>ge is 9 a /ate ( tranquil fusion4 ,p\r2 :5 cold1 deta* ! button ( speise1 & weigh4 ,weigh out c>efully a portion ( ab\t #a gram ( x4 ,place a %all[ clay di% 9 ! muffle1 & heat x to bright r$ness2 !n add ab\t #a4e gram ( borax glass wrapp$ 9 a piece ( tissue pap]2 :5 ?is has fus$1 drop ! piece ( speise into x4 ,close ! muffle until ! speise has melt$1 :i* %\ld be almo/ at once4 ,! ars5ide ( iron w oxidise fir/1 & :5 ?is has ceas$ ! surface ( ! button bright5s4 ,remove x f ! muffle1 & qu5* 9 wat] z soon z ! button has solidifi$4 ,! borax %\ld be col\r$ slightly blue4 ,weigh3 ! loss is ! ars5ide ( iron4 ,repeat ! op]ation ) ! weigh$ button on ano!r di%1 us+ r less borax4 ,cont9ue ! scorification until a film1 gre5 :5 cold1 float+ on ! surface ( ! button %[s t ! nickel is beg9n+ to oxidise4 ,cool1 sep>ate1 & weigh ! button z be=e4 ,! loss is ! ars5ide ( cobalt4 ,if copp] is abs5t1 ! speise is n[ ars5ide ( nickel4 ,! weight ( nickel correspond+ to ! ars5ide got is calculat$ by multiply+ by #j4fjg2 &1 simil>ly1 ! weight ( ! cobalt is asc]ta9$ by multiply+ ! loss 9 ! la/ scorification by #j4fae4ga ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! nickel & cobalt s obta9$ are d]iv$ f a fraction only ( ! speise yield$ by ! ore tak51 s t ! results mu/ be multipli$ by ! weight ( ! :ole ( ! speise1 & divid$ by ! weight ( ! fragm5t us$ 9 ! det]m9ation4 ,z an example1 suppose #e grams ( ore gave #c4c grams ( speise1 & #a4a gram ( ?is gave #j4h gram ( nickel ars5ide4 ,!n-- #j4hj4fjg #j4dhef gram ( nickel #j4dhefc4c_/a4a #a4def gram ( nickel ,& ?is be+ obta9$ f #e grams ( ore is equival5t to #bi4ab p] c5t4 ,:5 copp] is also pres5t1 weigh up accurately ab\t #j4e gram ( gold1 & place x on ! scorifi] ) ! button ( nickel & copp] ars5ide1 us+ borax z be=e4 ,scorify until ! button %[s ! blui%-gre5 col\r ( a fus$ gold-copp] alloy4 ,!n cool1 & weigh ! button ( copp] & gold4 ,! increase 9 weight ( ! gold button gives ! copp] z metal4 ,! weight ( ! copp] multipli$ by #a4cie is ! weight ( ! copp] ars5ide 7,cu#c;,z7 pres5t4 ,! diff]5ce w be ! nickel ars5ide4 ,! /ud5t %\ld ent] ! weigh+s 9 8 book z foll[s3 ,ore tak5 -- grams ,speise got -- ,speise tak5 -- grams ,ars5ides ( cobalt1 nickel1 & copp] -- nickel & copp] -- ,gold add$ -- ,gold & copp] got -- ,%[+ ,cobalt -- p] c5t4 ,nickel -- ,copp] -- ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,solution & ,sep>ation4--,two or ?ree grams ( a ri* ore1 or #e to #aj grams if poor1 are tak5 = ! assay4 ,if mu* ars5ic is pres5t 7z is usually ! case71 ! ore mu/ be calc9$ be=e attack+ ) acids4 ,transf] to a flask2 & boil1 fir/ ) hydro*loric acid until ! oxides are dissolv$1 & !n ) ! help ( nitric acid1 until no?+ metallif]\s is left4 ,dilute1 ne>ly neutralise ) soda1 & sep>ate ! iron z basic acetate1#gb z describ$ 9 page #bcc4 ,?r\gh ! filtrate pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 till saturat$4 ,all[ to settle 7be/ ov]night71 filt]1 & wa%4 ,transf] ! precipitate to a beak]1 & dissolve 9 nitric acid4 ,dilute ) wat]1 pass sulphurett$ hydrog51 & filt] (f ! precipitate1 if any4 ,boil (f ! gas1 add ammonia until a precipitate is =m$1 & !n acidify some:at /rongly ) acetic acid4 ,pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 a sl[ /ream until any :ite precipitate ( z9c sulphide1 !re may be1 beg9s to d>k54 ,filt]2 to ! filtrate add ammonia1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! precipitate w conta9 ! nickel & cobalt z sulphides4 ,:]e small quantities ( nickel & cobalt are pres5t1 & an approximate det]m9ation is suffici5t1 !y c be conc5trat$ z foll[s3--,remove ! copp]1 c41 by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! acid solution & filt]+2 add ammonia to ! filtrate1 & aga9 pass sulphurett$ hydrog52 !n heat ne>ly to boil+1 & filt]4 ,dissolve ! precipitate (f ! filt] ) dilute hydro*loric acid2 ! residue w conta9 ne>ly all ! nickel & cobalt z sulphides4 ,sep>ation ( ,nickel & ,cobalt4--,dissolve ! sulphides sep>at$ z above 9 nitric acid2 r5d] alkal9e ) a solution ( pota%1 !n acidify ) acetic acid2 add a conc5trat$ solution ( nitrite ( pota%4 ,! liquid aft] ?is addition mu/ h an acid reaction4 ,all[ to /& = #bd h\rs 9 a w>m place4 ,filt] (f ! yell[ precipitate ( nitrite ( pota% & cobalt1 & wa% ) a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( acetate ( pota%4 ,! cobalt is det]m9$ 9 ! precipitate 9 ! way describ$ "u ,cobalt4 ,! nickel is sep>at$ f ! solution by boil+ ) sodic hydrate1 filt]+1 & dissolv+ ! precipitate 9 nitric acid4 ,! solution w conta9 ! nickel4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! solution1 :i* conta9s ! nickel free f o!r metals1 is heat$1 & a solution ( sodic hydrate add$ 9 slight excess4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 dri$1 ignit$ at a r$ heat1 & weigh$ :5 cold4 ,! ignit$ sub/ance is nickel oxide 7,ni,o71 & conta9s #gh4fg p] c5t4 ( nickel4 ,! oxide is a gre5 p[d]1 readily & completely soluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 & )\t action on litmus pap]4 ,x is v easily r$uc$ by ignition 9 hydrog5 to metallic nickel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,nickel is also det]m9$ by electrolysis1 z foll[s3--,! nitric acid solution is r5d]$ /rongly ammoniacal1 & plac$ "u ! electrolytic app>atus us$ = ! copp] assay4 ,?ree cells 7fig4 #ef71 h[ev]1 mu/ be us$1 c\pl$ up = int5sity1 t is1 ) ! z9c ( "o connect$ ) ! copp] ( ! next4 ,! electrolysis is all[$ to g on ov]night1 & 9 ! morn+ ! nickel w be deposit$ z a bright & coh]5t film4 ,a portion ( ! solution is drawn (f ) a pipette2 if x smells ( ammonia1 has no blue col\r1 & gives no precipitate ) ammonic sulphide1 ! sep>ation is complete4 ,wa% ! cyl9d] conta9+ ! deposit$ metal1 fir/ ) wat] & !n ) alcohol1 z 9 ! copp] assay4 ,dry 9 ! wat] ov51 & weigh4 ,! increase 9 weight is metallic nickel4 ,z an example3--,!re 0 tak5 #a gram ( a nickel alloy us$ = co9age4 ,x 0 dissolv$ 9 #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & dilut$ to #ajj c4c4 ) wat]4 ,! copp] 0 !n precipitat$ by electrolysis4 ,x weigh$ #j4gcd gram4 ,! solution1 aft] electrolysis1 0 treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! rema9+ copp] 0 ?r[n d[n z sulphide1 & e/imat$ colorimetrically4 ,?is am\nt$ to #c-a_/b milligrams4 ,! filtrate 0 evaporat$1 treat$ ) ammonia1 w>m$1 & filt]$4 ,! f]ric hydrate 0 dissolv$ 9 dilute acid1 & reprecipitat$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,its weight 0 #j4jcaj gram4 ,! two filtrates 7 mix$1 & r$uc$ 9 bulk to ab\t #ej c4c42 a consid]able excess ( ammonia 0 add$1 & ! nickel precipitat$ by electrolysis4 ,x weigh$ #j4bdcd gram4 ,^! quantities are equival5t to3 ,copp] #gc4ge p] c5t4 ,nickel #bd4cd ,iron #b4ag ------ #ajj4bf ,,volumetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,an alkal9e solution ( potassium cyanide1 to :i* a little potassium iodide has be5 add$1 c be assay$ = its /r5g? 9 cyanide by titrat+ ) a /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,nickel int]f]es ) ?is assay1 do+ ! "w ( its equival5t ( silv]2 & ! quantity ( nickel pres5t c be calculat$ f ! am\nt ( its int]f]5ce 9 ! titration4 ,a volumetric assay = nickel is bas$ on ?is4 ,x has ! disadvantage ( all indirect titrations 9 t x requires two /&>d solutions4 ,on ! o!r h& x gives good results ev5 "u unfav\rable conditions1 & is applicable 9 ! pres5ce ( mu* z9c4 ,small quantities ( cobalt w c\nt z s mu* nickel1 b l>g] quantities make ! assay unworkable4 ,"s ( ! o!r metals--lead = example--h no appreciable effect2 b practically ! solution dem&s a prelim9>y treatm5t :i* w\ld result 9 _! removal4 ,nev]!less x is a v satisfactory me?od & makes ! det]m9ation ( nickel quick & comp>atively easy 9 mo/ cases4 ,! /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate is made by dissolv+ #ad4dh grams ( recry/allis$ silv] nitrate 9 di/ill$ wat] & dilut+ to #a litre3 #ajj c4c4 ( ?is solution are equival5t to #j4be gram ( nickel4#gc ,! /&>d solution ( potassium cyanide %\ld be made s z to be exactly equal to ! silv] nitrate solution4 ,?is c be done z foll[s3 ,weigh up #ab grams ( good potassium cyanide 7#ie p] c5t471 dissolve 9 wat]1 add #ej c4c4 ( a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( sodium hydrate & dilute to #a litre4 ,fill "o burette ) ?is & ano!r ) ! solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,run #ej c4c4 ( ! cyanide into a flask2 add a few drops ( potassium iodide solution & titrate ) ! /&>d silv] nitrate until !re is a di/9ct p]man5t yell[i% turbidity4 ,! titration is m fully describ$ "u ,cyanide1 p4 #afe4 ,! cyanide solution w be f\nd r /rong] ?an ! silv] nitrate2 dilute x s z to get ! two solutions ( equal value4 ,= example1 #ea4c c4c4 ( silv] nitrate may h be5 requir$3 !n add #a4c c4c4 ( wat] to ea* #ej c4c4 ( ! cyanide solution rema9+4 ,if ! full #iej c4c4 are available1 !n add to !m #bd4g c4c4 ( wat]4 ,aft] mix+1 take ano!r #ej c4c4 & titrate ) ! silv] nitrate2 ! two solutions %\ld n[ be exactly equal4 ,! cyanide solution1 be+ /rongly alkal9e ) soda1 keeps v well2 b its /r5g? %\ld be *eck$ f "t to "t by titrat+ ) silv] nitrate2 %\ld !re be any slight inequality 9 ! /r5g?s ( ! two solutions x is easily all[$ = 9 ! calculations4 ,! titration4--,! solution1 conta9+ n mu* m ?an #j4a gram ( nickel1 & free f ! int]f]+ metals1 mu/ be cool$4 ,x is next neutralis$ & !n made /rongly alkal9e ) a solution ( soda 7,na,h,o72 an excess ( #bj or #cj c4c4 suffices4 ,?is w produce a precipitate4 ,! cyanide solution is n[ run 9 f a burette until ! solution cle>s1 aft] :i* an excess ( ab\t #bj c4c4 is add$4 ,x is well to use "s r\nd numb] ( c4c4 to simplify ! calculation4 ,add a few drops ( potassium iodide solution1 & run 9 ! /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate f a burette4 ,?is %\ld be done a little at a "t1 ?\gh some:at rapidly1 & ) con/ant %ak+1 till a p]man5t yell[ precipitate appe>s4 ,if ! addition ( ! cyanide did n result 9 a p]fectly cle> solution1 ?is is because some?+ besides nickel is pres5t4 ,! residue may be filt]$ (f1 ?\gh ) a little practice ! f9i%+-po9t may be detect$ ) c]ta9ty 9 ! pres5ce ( a small precipitate4 ,if ! /ud5t has ! slighte/ d\bt ab\t a f9i% he %\ld run 9 ano!r #e c4c4 ( ! cyanide & aga9 f9i% ) silv] nitrate4 ,! second result w be ! same z ! fir/4 ,= example1 if #dj c4c4 ( cyanide & #cj c4c4 ( silv] nitrate 7 requir$ at ! fir/ titration1 !n ! #de c4c4 ( cyanide 9 ! second titration w require #ce c4c4 ( silv] nitrate4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantities ( ! two solutions us$ 9 ea* case w be #aj c4c4 ,x is ?is diff]5ce 9 ! read+s ( ! two burettes :i* measures ! quantity ( nickel pres5t4 ,ea* c4c4 ( ! diff]5ce is equal to 4#jjbe gram ( nickel4 ,b if ! cyanide solution is n exactly equal 9 /r5g? to ! silv] nitrate1 ! quantity ( cyanide us$ %\ld be calculat$ to its equival5t 9 silv] nitrate be=e mak+ ! subtraction4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5tal results illu/rate ! accuracy ( ! assay & ! effect ^u x ( v>y+ conditions4 ,a solution conta9+ #a gram ( nickel sulphate 7,ni,s,o#d4f;,h#b,o7 9 #ajj c4c4 0 us$4 ,by a sep>ate assay ! sulphate 0 f\nd to conta9 #bb4be p] c5t4 ( nickel4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity ! results ( ! exp]im5ts are /at$ 9 weights ( nickel 9 grams4 ,effect ( v>y+ excess ( ,cyanide ,solution4--,9 ea* exp]im5t !re 0 #bj c4c4 ( ! nickel solution1 equal to 4#jdde gram ( nickel4 ,!re 7 also #aj c4c4 ( soda solution1 #c or #d drops ( potassium iodide & suffici5t wat] to br+ ! bulk to #ajj c4c4 be=e titrat+4 ,cyanide 9 excess #f c4c4 #d c4c4 #h c4c4 #ab c4c4 #be c4c4 ,nickel f\nd 4#jdcd 4#jdcf 4#jddj 4#jddb 4#jddd ,al?\gh ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! highe/ & l[e/ ( ^! results is only #a milligram1 _! mean+ is q obvi\s4 ,! excess ( cyanide %\ld n be less ?an #bj c4c4 ,effect ( v>y+ ! quantity ( ,soda4--,!re 7 two s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 "o ) #b c4c4 ( nickel solution 7 4#jjdd gram ( nickel71 ! o!r ) #bj c4c4 ,! conditions 7 z be=e1 except t ! quantity ( soda 0 v>i$4 ,soda add$ #e c4c4 #ae c4c4 #cj c4c4 ,nickel f\nd1 #a/ s]ies 4#jjcg 4#jjdb 4#jjde #bnd s]ies 4#jddd 4#jddd 4#jddb ,^! %[ t ! pres5ce ( mu* soda1 ?\gh x has only a small effect1 is b5eficial r ?an o!rwise4 ,ammonia has a bad effect1 if pres5t 9 any?+ l ! same quantities4 ,effect ( v>y+ ! ,nickel4--,9 exp]im5ts ) #aj1 #bj1 & #dj c4c4 ( ! nickel solution1 ! results 73-- ,nickel pres5t 4#jbbb 4#jdde 4#jhij ,nickel f\nd 4#jbbj 4#jddb 4#jhhd ,effect ( ,z9c4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts #bj c4c4 ( nickel solution 7 4#jdde gram ( nickel71 #aj c4c4 ( soda1 #f drops ( potassium iodide & wat] to #ajj c4c4 7 us$4 ,! excess ( cyanide 0 purposely kept at f #aj to #ae c4c41 :i* is h>dly suffici5t4 ,z9c add$ #j 4#be gram4 4#e gram4 ,nickel f\nd 4#jddb 4#jddj 4#jdjg ,on increas+ ! excess ( cyanide to ov] #bj c4c4 & d\bl+ ! quantity ( soda1 ! exp]im5t ) #j4e gram ( z9c gave #j4dda gram ( nickel4 ,h5ce ! titration is satisfactory 9 ! pres5ce ( z9c provid$ t n few] ?an #bj or #cj c4c4 ( soda are us$1 & t ! excess ( cyanide is su* t n few] ?an #bj or #cj c4c4 ( silv] nitrate are requir$ 9 ! titration4 ,moreov]1 ^! precautions %\ld be tak5 :e!r z9c is pres5t or n4 ,effect ( o!r ,metals4--,if metals ( ! fir/ & second gr\ps are pres5t !y %\ld be remov$ by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 & filt]+4 ,if iron is pres5t x mu/ be remov$1 s9ce f]r\s salts use up mu* cyanide1 =m+ f]rocyanides1 & f]ric salts yield f]ric hydrate1 :i* obscures ! end reaction4 ,h5ce ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 mu/ be boil$ (f & ! iron remov$ z basic f]ric acetate by ! me?od describ$ on p4 #bcc4 ,if ! precipitate is bulky x %\ld be dissolv$ 9 a little dilute acid1 neutralis$ & aga9 precipitat$ z basic acetate4 ,! nickel w be 9 ! two filtrates4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( manganese & cobalt ! titration may be made )\t fur!r sep>ation4 ,manganese does n directly int]f]e1 b ! precipitat$ hydrate1 :i* rapidly d>k5s ?r\gh atmosph]ic oxidation1 obscures ! end reaction4 ,x may be remov$ by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! filtrate f ! acetate sep>ation3 sulphides ( nickel1 cobalt & z9c w be precipitat$1 :il/ manganese rema9s 9 solution3 ! addition ( m sodium acetate may assi/ ! precipitation4 ,! precipitate mu/ be filt]$ (f & dissolv$ 9 nitric acid3 ! solution %\ld be evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! filtrate may reta9 a little nickel2 if s1 add ammonia till alkal9e1 !n acidify ) acetic acid & aga9 filt]2 any small precipitate obta9$ "h %\ld be add$ to t fir/ obta9$4 ,x is only :5 cobalt is pres5t t any fur!r sep>ation is requir$4 ,cobalt hydrate takes up oxyg5 f ! air1 & on add+ potassium cyanide "s may refuse to dissolve2 & ! solution itself acquires a br[n col\r1 :i* becomes deep] on /&+4 ,at ?is /age ! cobalt is easily sep>at$4 ,! solution conta9+ ! nickel & cobalt ) no great excess ( acid1 is made alkal9e by add+ #bj c4c4 ( soda exactly z 9 prep>+ = a titration4 ,s1 too1 ! solution ( cyanide is add$ s z to h an excess ( #bj or #cj c4c42 ! solution may h a br[n col\r1 b if x is n q cle> x mu/ be filt]$4 ,!n w>m 7boil+ is n ne$$7 & add f #ej to #ajj c4c4 ( brom9e wat]4 ,?is ?r[s d[n all ! nickel z black p]oxide 9 a condition easy to filt]4 ,filt] x (f & wa% ) wat]4 ,! precipitate c be dissolv$ (f ! filt] ) ! greate/ ease by a little w>m sulphur\s acid4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s1 boil$ till free f sulphur\s acid1 yield ! nickel z sulphate 9 a clean condition4 ,det]m9ation ( ,nickel 9 ,nickel ,sulphate ,cry/als4--,take #j4e gram ( ! salt1 dissolve 9 #ej c4c4 ( wat] & add #be c4c4 ( solution ( soda4 ,run 9 f a burette1 say1 #fj c4c4 cyanide4 ,add a few drops ( potassium iodide & titrate back ) silv] nitrate4 ,suppose #ae4e c4c4 ( ! latt] is requir$4 ,!n #ae4e c4c4 subtract$ f #fj c4c4 leaves #dd4e c4c41 & s9ce #ajj c4c4 #j4be gram ( nickel1 #dd4e c4c4 w equal #j4aaabe gram ( nickel4 ,?is 9 #j4e gram ( ! salt equals #bb4be p] c5t4 ,det]m9ation ( ,nickel 9 ,g]man ,silv]4--,weigh up #j4e gram ( ! alloy1 & dissolve 9 a di% ) #e or #aj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid4 ,add #e c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid & evaporate till all ! nitric acid is remov$4 ,cool1 take up ) #ej c4c4 ( wat]1 & :5 dissolv$ pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! solution4 ,filt] (f ! precipitate & wa% ) wat] conta9+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 & dilute sulphuric acid4 ,boil d[n ! filtrate & wa%+s to get rid ( ! excess ( ! gas2 add "s nitric acid & cont9ue ! boil+4 ,cool1 neutralise ! excess ( acid ) soda1 add #a gram ( sodium acetate & boil4 ,filt] (f ! precipitate :i* conta9s ! iron4 ,! filtrate1 cool$ & r5d]$ alkal9e ) soda1 is ready = ! titration4 ,,cobalt ,occurs less abundantly ?an nickel4 ,its *ief ores are smaltite & cobaltite1 :i* are ars5ides ( cobalt1 ) m or less iron1 nickel1 & copp]4 ,x also occurs z ars5iate 9 ery?r9e1 & z oxide 9 asbolan or e>?y cobalt1 :i* is ess5tially a wad c>ry+ cobalt4 ,x is ma9ly us$ 9 ! manufacture ( smalts = imp>t+ a blue col\r to glass & enamels4 ,! oxide ( cobalt =ms col\r$ comp\nds ) _m o!r metallic oxides4 ,) oxide ( z9c x =ms ,r9man's gre52 ) alum9ia1 a blue2 ) magnesia1 a p9k4 ,?is prop]ty is tak5 advantage ( 9 ! detection ( sub/ances be=e ! bl[-pipe4 ,! comp\nds ( cobalt 9 mo/ ( _! prop]ties closely resemble ^? ( nickel1 & ! rem>ks z to solution & sep>ation giv5 = ! latt] metal apply "h4 ,solutions ( cobalt are p9k1 :il/ ^? ( nickel are gre54 ,! detection ( cobalt1 ev5 9 v small quantity1 is r5d]$ easy by ! /rong blue col\r :i* x gives to ! borax bead1 bo? 9 ! oxidis+ & 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,x is conc5trat$ f ! ore 9 ! same way z nickel1 & %\ld be sep>at$ f t metal by means ( potassic nitrite 9 ! way describ$4 ,! dry assay ( cobalt has be5 giv5 "u ,nickel4 ,,gravimetric ,,me?od4 ,! yell[ precipitate f ! potassium nitrite1 aft] be+ wa%$ ) ! acetate ( pota%1 is wa%$ ) alcohol1 dri$1 transf]r$ to a weigh$ porcela9 crucible1 & cauti\sly ignit$ ) an excess ( /rong sulphuric acid4 ,! heat mu/ n be suffici5t to decompose ! sulphate ( cobalt1 :i* decomposition is indicat$ by a black5+ ( ! sub/ance at ! edges4 ,! salt be>s a l[ r$ heat )\t break+ up4 ,if black5+ has occurr$1 moi/5 ) sulphuric acid1 & ignite aga94 ,cool & weigh4 ,! sub/ance is a mixture ( ! sulphates ( cobalt & pota% 7#b;,co,s,o#d #c,k#b,,s#d71 & conta9s #ad4ag p] c5t4 ( cobalt4 ,cobalt is also gravimetrically det]m9$1 l nickel1 by electrolysis1 or by precipitation ) sodic hydrate4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! ignit$ oxide w be some:at unc]ta9 9 composition1 ow+ to its conta9+ an excess ( oxyg54 ,consequ5tly1 x is bett] to r$uce x by ignit+ at a r$ heat 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 & to weigh x z metallic cobalt4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,9 ! dry assay ( an ore conta9+ cobalt1 nickel1 & copp]1 ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$4 ,calculate ! p]c5tages4 ,ore tak51 #e grams4 ,speise =m$1 #j4ii gram4 ,speise tak54 #j4ii gram4 ,ars5ides ( cobalt1 nickel1 & copp] got1 #j4ge gram4 ,ars5ide ( nickel & copp] got1 #j4ed gram4 ,gold add$1 #j4e gram4 ,gold & copp] got1 #j4fa gram4 #b4 ,calculate ! p]c5tage composition ( ! foll[+ comp\nds3 ,co#b;,z1 ,ni#b;,z1 & ,cu#b;,z4 #c4 ,a sample ( mispickel conta9s #g p] c5t4 cobalt4 ,:at weight ( ! mix$ sulphates ( pota% & cobalt w be obta9$ 9 a gravimetric det]m9ation on #a gram ( ! ore8 #d4 #j4caeg gram ( metal 0 deposit$ by ! electrolysis ( a nickel & cobalt solution4 ,on dissolv+ 9 nitric acid & det]m9+ ! cobalt #j4befc gram ( potassium & cobalt sulphates 7 got4 ,f9d ! weights ( cobalt & nickel pres5t 9 ! deposit4 #e4 ,:at %\ld be ! p]c5tage composition ( pure cobaltite1 its =mula be+ ,co,as,s8 ,,z9c4 ,z9c occurs 9 nature mo/ commonly z sulphide 7bl5de72 x also occurs z c>bonate 7calam9e7 & silicate 7smi?sonite74 ,ea* ( ^! is suffici5tly abundant to be a s\rce ( ! metal4 ,! metal is kn[n 9 comm]ce z spelt] :5 9 +ots1 & z %eet z9c :5 roll$4 ,x is *iefly us$ 9 ! =m ( alloys ) copp]1 :i* are kn[n z brasses4 ,x is also us$ 9 ! =m ( a ?9 film1 to protect iron goods f ru/+--galvanis$ iron4 ,ores ( z9c1 m especially bl5de1 are met ) 9 mo/ lead1 copp]1 gold1 & silv] m9es1 9 l>g] or small quantities scatt]$ ?r\gh ! lodes4 ,^? ores :i* g5]ally come "u ! notice ( ! assay] are fairly ri* 9 z9c2 b alloys & metallurgical products conta9 x 9 v v>y+ proportions4 ,z9c itself is readily soluble 9 dilute acids2 any residue :i* is left aft] boil+ ) dilute hydro*loric or sulphuric acid consi/s simply ( ! impurities ( ! metal2 ?is is g5]ally lead4 ,all z9c comp\nds are ei!r soluble 91 or are decompos$ by1 boil+ ) acids1 ! z9c go+ into solution4 ,z9c =ms only "o s]ies ( salts1 & ^! are col\rless4 ,_! *ief *>act]i/ic is solubility 9 an alkal9e solution1 f :i* sulphurett$ hydrog5 produces a :ite precipitate ( z9c sulphide4 ,z9c is detect$ by dissolv+ ! sub/ance 9 hydro*loric or nitric acid1 boil+1 & add+ sodic hydrate 9 excess1 filt]+1 & add+ ammonic sulphide to ! filtrate4 ,! precipitate conta9s ! z9c1 :i* c be dissolv$ out by boil+ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & detect$ by ! =mation ( a :ite precipitate on ! addition ( potassic f]rocyanide4 ,! dry assay ( z9c c only be made indirectly1 & is unsatisfactory4 ,z9c is volatile1 & at ! temp]ature ( its r$uction is a gas4 ,x is impracticable to cond5se ! vap\r s z to weigh ! metal1 consequ5tly its am\nt is det]m9$ by loss4 ,! foll[+ me?od gives approximate results3 ,take #aj grams ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ ore & roa/1 fir/ at a l[ temp]ature & aft]w>ds at a high] "o1 ) ! help ( c>bonate ( ammonia to decompose ! sulphates =m$2 cool & weigh4 ,! metals w be pres5t z oxides4 ,mix ) #b grams ( p[d]$ *>coal & *>ge into a black-lead crucible heat$ to :it5ess1 cov] loosely1 & leave 9 ! furnace = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,uncov] & calc9e ! residue1 cool & weigh4 ,! loss 9 weight multipli$ by #h4jc gives ! p]c5tage ( z9c 9 ! ore4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,solution & sep>ation may be effect$ z foll[s3 ,treat #a or #c grams ( ! sub/ance ) #aj or #cj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid or aqua regia2 evaporate to dryness2 take up ) #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & dilute to #ajj c4c42 heat ne>ly to boil+2 saturate ) sulphurett$ hydrog52 filt]1 & wa% ) wat] acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,boil (f ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 & p]oxidise ) a few drops ( nitric acid4 ,cool2 add cau/ic soda till ne>ly1 b n q1 neutralis$1 & sep>ate ! iron z basic acetate by ! me?od describ$ "u ,iron4 ,to ! filtrate add ammonia till alkal9e1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,all[ to settle & decant on to a filt]4 ,dissolve (f ! precipitate f ! filt] ) hot dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution w conta9 ! z9c1 toge!r ) any manganese ! ore conta9$1 &1 p]haps1 traces ( nickel & cobalt4 ,if ! z9c is to be det]m9$ volumetrically1 & manganese is pres5t1 ?is latt] is sep>at$ ) c>bonate ( ammonia1 z describ$ fur!r on2 b if a gravimetric me?od is us$1 & only small quantities ( manganese are pres5t1 x is bett] to proce$ z if x 7 abs5t1 & to subsequ5tly det]m9e its am\nt1 :i* %\ld be d$uct$4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! solution conta9+ ! z9c is conta9$ 9 an evaporat+ di%1 & fre$ f sulphurett$ hydrog5 by boil+1 &1 if necess>y1 f an excess ( acid by evaporation4 ,! evaporat+ di% mu/ be a l>ge "o4 ,cauti\sly add sodium c>bonate to ! hot1 mod]ately dilute solution1 until ! liquid is di/9ctly alkal9e1 & boil4 ,all[ ! precipitate to settle1 decant on to a filt]1 & wa% ) hot wat]4 ,dry1 transf] to a porcela9 crucible 7clean+ ! pap] z mu* z possible71 add ! a%1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,! sub/ance weigh$ is oxide ( z9c1 :i* conta9s #hj4bf p] c5t4 ( ! metal4 ,x is a :ite p[d]1 becom+ yell[ :5 heat$4 ,x mu/ n %[ an alkal9e reaction :5 moi/5$4 ,if x conta9s manganese ?is metal w be pres5t z sesquioxide 7,mn#b,o#c74 ,its am\nt c be det]m9$ by dissolv+ 9 dilute acid & boil+ ) an excess ( sodic hydrate4 ,! oxide ( manganese w be precipitat$1 & c be ignit$ & weigh$4 ,its weight multipli$ by #a4jce mu/ be d$uct$ f ! weight ( oxide ( z9c previ\sly obta9$4 ,! results yield$ by ! gravimetric det]m9ation are likely to be high1 s9ce ! basic c>bonate ( z9c frequ5tly c>ries d[n ) x m or less soda :i* is difficult to wa% (f4 ,,volumetric ,,det]m9ation ,?is me?od is bas$ on ! facts t z9c salts 9 an acid solution decompose potassium f]rocyanide1 =m+ a :ite insoluble z9c comp\nd2 & t an excess ( ! f]rocyanide c be detect$ by ! br[n coloration x /rikes ) uranium acetate4 ,! me?od resembles 9 its work+ ! bi*romate iron assay4 ,! /&>d solution ( potassium f]rocyanide is run into a hot hydro*loric acid solution ( ! z9c until a drop ( ! latt] br\ght 9 contact ) a drop ( ! indicator 7uranium acetate7 on a :ite plate /rikes a br[n col\r4 ,! quantity ( z9c 9 ! solution mu/ be approximately kn[n2 run 9 a little less ( ! f]rocyanide ?an is expect$ w be necess>y2 te/ a drop or two ( ! assay1 & !n run 91 "o or two c4c4 at a "t1 until ! br[n col\r is obta9$4 ,add #e c4c4 ( a /&>d z9c solution1 equival5t 9 /r5g? to ! /&>d f]rocyanide1 re-titrate1 & f9i% (f cauti\sly4 ,( c\rse #e c4c4 mu/ be d$uct$ f ! read+ on ! burette4 ,! precipitate ( z9c f]rocyanide =m$ 9 ! assay solution is :ite2 b if traces ( iron are pres5t1 x becomes blui%4 ,if ! quantity ( f]rocyanide requir$ is kn[n )9 a few c4c41 ! f9i%+ po9t is exactly det]m9$ 9 ! fir/ titration )\t any addition ( ! /&>d z9c solution4 ,un=tunately ?is titration s]ves simply to replace ! gravimetric det]m9ation1 & does n1 z _m volumetric processes d1 less5 ! necessity = a complete sep>ation ( any o!r metals :i* are pres5t4 ,mo/ metals give precipitates ) f]rocyanide ( potassium 9 acid solutions4 ,if ! conditions are held to1 ! titration is a fairly good "o1 & diff]5ces 9 ! results ( an assay w be due to error 9 ! sep>ation4 ,f]ric hydrate precipitat$ 9 a fairly /rong solution ( z9c w c>ry ) x p]ceptible quantities ( t metal4 ,simil>ly1 l>ge quantities ( copp] precipitat$ z sulphide by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 w c>ry z9c ) x1 except "u c]ta9 nicely drawn conditions4 ,:5 mu* copp] is pres5t x is be/ sep>at$ 9 a nitric acid solution by electrolysis4 ,! titration ( ! z9c takes less "t1 &1 ) ord9>y work+1 is m tru/wor?y ?an ! gravimetric me?od4 ,! /&>d f]rocyanide solution is made by dissolv+ #dc4b grams ( potassium f]rocyanide 7,k#d;,fe,cy#f4c;,h#b,o7 9 wat]1 & dilut+ to a litre4 ,"o hundr$ c4c4 are equal to #a gram ( z9c4 ,! /&>d z9c solution is made by dissolv+ #aj grams ( pure z9c 9 #ej c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & #ajj or #bjj c4c4 ( wat]1 & dilut+ to #a litre1 or by dissolv+ #dd4ae grams ( z9c sulphate 7,zn,s,o#d4g;,h#b,o7 9 wat] ) #cj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,"o hundr$ c4c4 w conta9 #a gram ( z9c4 ,! uranium acetate solution is made by dissolv+ #j4b gram ( ! salt 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,to /&>dise ! f]rocyanide measure (f #ej c4c4 ( ! /&>d z9c solution into a #aj oz4 beak]1 dilute to #ajj c4c41 & heat to ab\t #ej ,c4 7n to boil+74 ,run 9 #dg or #dh c4c4 ( ! f]rocyanide solution f an ord9>y burette1 & f9i% (f cauti\sly4 ,fifty divid$ by ! quantity ( f]rocyanide solution requir$ gives ! /&>d4 ,9 assay+ ores1 c41 take su* quantity z %all conta9 f #j4a to #a gram ( z9c1 sep>ate ! z9c z sulphide1 z already direct$4 ,dissolve ! sulphide (f ! filt] ) hot dilute hydro*loric acid1 :i* is be/ done by a /ream f a wa% bottle4 ,evaporate ! filtrate to a pa/e1 add #e c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 dilute to #ajj c4c4 or #aej c4c41 heat to ab\t #ej ,c41 & titrate4 ,manganese1 if pres5t1 c\nts z s mu* z9c1 & mu/ be specially sep>at$1 s9ce x is n remov$ by ! me?od already giv54 ,! foll[+ me?od w effect its removal4 ,to ! hydro*loric acid solution ( ! z9c & manganese add sodium acetate 9 l>ge excess & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 freely4 ,all[ to settle1 filt] (f ! z9c sulphide & wa% ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat]4 ,! precipitate1 fre$ f manganese1 is !n dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid & titrat$4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! effect ( v>iation 9 ! conditions ( ! assay3-- ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,us+ #bj c4c4 ( ! /&>d z9c solution1 #e c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 & dilut+ to #ajj c4c4 ,temp]ature #ae ,c4 #cj ,c4 #gj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 ,f]rocyanide requir$ #bj4f c4c4 #bj4c c4c4 #bj4c c4c4 #bj4c c4c4 ,! solution c be heat$ to boil+ be=e titrat+ )\t int]f]+ ) ! result2 b x is m conv5i5t to "w ) ! solution at ab\t #ej ,c4 ,cold solutions mu/ n be us$4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4--,^! 7 all titrat$ at ab\t #ej ,c41 & 7 l ! la/1 b ) v>y+ bulk4 ,bulk #be4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 #bjj4j c4c4 ,f]rocyanide requir$ #bj4b #bj4d #bj4c #bj4d ,any ord9>y v>iation 9 bulk has no effect4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,hydro*loric ,acid4-- ,) #ajj c4c4 bulk & v>y+ dilute hydro*loric acid ! results 73-- ,acid add$ #j4j c4c4 #a4j c4c4 #e4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,f]rocyanide requir$ #bd4d #bj4b #bj4c #bj4c #bj4g ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out "u ! same conditions z ! o!rs4 ,five grams ea* ( ! foll[+ salts 7 add$3-- ,salt add$ ,ammonic ,ammonic ,sodium ,sodium *loride4 sulphate4 *loride4 sulphate4 ,f]rocyanide requir$ #bj4c c4c4 #bj4e c4c4 #bj4f c4c4 #bj4d c4c4 ,salt add$ ,potassium ,magnesium ,nil4 ,nitrate4 sulphate4 ,f]rocyanide requir$ #bj4b c4c4 #bj4d c4c4 #bj4d c4c4 ,9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* =eign metals 7 pres5t to ! ext5t ( #j4jej gram 9 ea*1 ) #bj c4c4 ( z9c solution & #e c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 ^? 9 :i* copp] sulphate1 f]r\s sulphate1 & f]ric *loride 7 us$1 gave 7z might be expect$7 s /rongly col\r$ precipitates t ! end reaction c\ld n be recognis$4 ,! o!r results 73-- ,f]rocyanide requir$4 ,) no?+ add$4 #bj4c c4c4 #j4jej gram lead 7z *loride7 #bj4i #j4jej manganese 7z sulphate7 #be4e #j4jej cadmium 7z sulphate7 #bc4e #j4jej nickel 7z sulphate7 #bf4b ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,z9c4--,^! 7 titrat$ "u ! usual conditions1 & gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,z9c add$ #a4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,f]rocyanide requir$ #a4a #aj4b #bj4c #ej4f #aja4j ,det]m9ation ( ,z9c 9 a ,sample ( ,brass4--,take ! solution f :i* ! copp] has be5 sep>at$ by electrolysis & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 until ! rema9+ traces ( copp] & ! lead are precipitat$1 filt]1 boil ! solution free f sulphurett$ hydrog51 put 9 a piece ( litmus pap]1 & add sodic hydrate solution 9 slight excess2 add #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid 7:i* %\ld r5d] ! solution acid & cle>72 w>m1 & titrate4 ,a sample ( #j4e gram ( brass treat$ 9 ?is mann] requir$ #af4d c4c4 ( f]rocyanide 7/&>d #ajj c4c4 #j4iiji z9c71 :i* equals #j4afbe gram ( z9c or #cb4e p] c5t4 ,det]m9ation ( ,z9c 9 ,bl5de4--,dissolve #a gram ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ sample 9 #be c4c4 ( nitric acid ) ! help ( two or ?ree grams ( potassium *lorate dissolv$ 9 ! acid4 ,evaporate to complete dryness1 tak+ c>e to avoid spirt+4 ,add #g grams ( p[d]$ ammonium *loride1 #ae c4c4 ( /rong ammonia & #be c4c4 ( boil+ wat]2 boil = "o m9ute & see t ! residue is all s(t5$4 ,filt] ?r\gh a small filt]1 & wa% ?or\ghly ) small quantities ( a hot "o p] c5t4 solution ( ammonium *loride4 ,add #be c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid to ! filtrate4 ,place 9 ! solution "s clean lead foil1 say #aj or #bj squ>e in*es4 ,boil g5tly until ! solution has be5 col\rless = ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,filt]1 wa% ) a little hot wat]2 & titrate ) /&>d f]rocyanide4 ,det]m9ation ( ,z9c 9 ,silv] ,precipitate4--,?is precipitate conta9s lead sulphate1 silv]1 copp]1 iron1 z9c1 lime1 c4 ,weigh up #e grams ( ! sample1 & extract ) #cj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid ) ! aid ( heat4 ,sep>ate ! copp] ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 p]oxidise ! iron ) a drop or two ( nitric acid1 & sep>ate z acetate4 ,r5d] ! filtrate ammoniacal1 pass sulphurett$ hydrog52 w>m1 & filt]4 ,dissolve ! precipitat$ z9c sulphide 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 evaporate1 dilute1 & titrate4 ,silv] precipitates c>ry ab\t #b4e p] c5t4 ( z9c4 ,,gasometric ,,me?od4 ,metallic z9c is readily soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric or sulphuric acid1 hydrog5 be+ at ! same "t evolv$4#gd ,! volume ( ! hydrog5 evolv$ is obvi\sly a measure ( ! am\nt ( z9c pres5t 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,! spe$ ) :i* ! reaction goes on 7ev5 9 ! cold7 & ! insolubility ( hydrog5 r5d]s ?is me?od ( assay a conv5i5t "o4 ,x is especially applicable to ! det]m9ation ( ! proportion ( z9c 9 z9c du/4 ,! app>atus describ$ 9 ! *apt] on gasometric me?od is us$4 ,! me?od ( work+ is z foll[s3 ,fill ! two burettes ) cold wat] to a little above ! z]o m>k1 place 9 ! bottle ab\t #j4be gram ( ! sub/ance to be det]m9$1 & 9 ! inn] phial or te/ tube #e c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid2 cork ! app>atus tightly & all[ to /& = a few m9utes2 !n br+ ! wat] to ! same level 9 ! two burettes by runn+ out ?r\gh ! clip at ! bottom4 ,read (f ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! graduat$ burette4 ,turn ! bottle ov] suffici5tly to spill ! acid ov] ! z9c1 & !n run wat] out ( ! app>atus s z to keep ! liquid 9 ! two burettes at ! same level1 tak+ c>e n to run x out m quickly ?an ! hydrog5 is be+ g5]at$4 ,:5 ! volume ( gas ceases to increase1 read (f ! level ( ! liquid1 d$uct ! read+ :i* 0 />t$ )2 ! diff]5ce gives ! volume ( hydrog5 evolv$4 ,at ! same "t read (f ! volume ( air 9 ! volume corrector1 :i* mu/ be fix$ alongside ! gas burettes4 ,make ! correction4 ,= example3 ,a piece ( z9c weigh+ #j4bhce gram 0 f\nd to give #ii4i c4c4 ( gas at a "t :5 ! corrector read #ajd c4c4#ge ,!n ! correct$ volume is #ajd 3 #ajj 33 #ii4i 3 x4 x #if4j c4c4 #ajj c4c4 ( hydrog5 at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 is equival5t to #j4biab gram ( z9c2 !re=e ! quantity ( z9c f\nd is #ajj 3 #if 33 #j4biab 3 x4 x #j4bgie gram ( z9c4 ,?is be+ conta9$ 9 #j4bhce gram ( metal is equival5t to #ih4e p] c5t4 ,z an example ( a det]m9ation 9 :i* r$uc+ ! volume ( lib]at$ hydrog5 to #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 is avoid$1 ! foll[+ may be tak53-- #j4bcae gram ( pure z9c gave #hb4a c4c4 ( gas2 & ! volume ( air 9 ! corrector 0 #ajc4f c4c4 #j4bhce gram ( ! assay gave #ii4i c4c4 ( gas2 & ! volume ( air 9 ! corrector 0 #ajd4j c4c42 #ajd 3 #ajc4f 33 #ii4i 3 x4 x #ii4e c4c4 ,?is is ! volume ( gas got 9 ! assay if measur$ "u ! same conditions z ! /&>d1 #hb4a 3 #ii4e 33 #j4bcae 3 x4 x #j4bhjf4 ,!n #j4bhce 3 #j4bhjf 33 #ajj3 x4 x #ih4i p] c5t4 ,z ^! assays c be made quickly1 x is well = ! sake ( great] accuracy to make !m 9 duplicate1 & to take ! mean ( ! read+s4 ,"o set ( /&>dis+s w d = any numb] ( assays4 ,! /ud5t mu/ c>efully avoid unnecess>y h&l+ ( ! bottle 9 :i* ! z9c is dissolv$4 ,colorimetric ,me?od4--,z9c salts be+ col\rless1 !re is no colorimetric det]m9ation4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,z9c4 ,take #bj grams ( z9c1 & dissolve !m 9 dilute nitric acid2 boil1 all[ to settle2 filt]2 wa%1 dry2 ignite ! precipitate1 if any1 & weigh z oxide ( t94 ,exam9e ?is = ars5ic4 ,lead4--,add ammonia & c>bonate ( ammonia to ! liquid1 & boil1 filt] (f ! precipitate1 wa% ) hot wat]4 ,dige/ ! precipitate ) dilute sulphuric acid2 filt]1 wa%1 & weigh ! sulphate ( lead4 ,iron4--,to ! filtrate f ! sulphate ( lead add ammonia1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog52 dige/1 & filt]4 7,save ! filtrate47 ,dissolve ! precipitate 9 hydro*loric acid1 oxidise ) nitric acid1 & precipitate ) ammonia4 ,wa%1 ignite1 & weigh z f]ric oxide4 ,calculate to iron4 ,ars5ic4--,to ! filtrate f ! sulphide ( iron add hydro*loric acid 9 slight excess2 filt] (f1 & wa% ! precipitate4 ,r9se x back into ! beak]1 dissolve 9 nitric acid1 filt] f ! sulphur1 & add ammonia1 9 excess1 & magnesia mixture4 ,filt] (f ! ammonic-magnesic ars5ate1 & wa% ) dilute ammonia4 ,dry1 ignite ) nitric acid1 & weigh z magnesic pyr>s5ate4 ,calculate to ars5ic1 & add to t f\nd ) ! t94 ,copp]4--,to ! filtrate f ! ammonia & ammonic c>bonate add sulphuric acid 9 small excess1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,all[ to settle1 filt]1 & wa%4 ,r9se ! precipitate into a beak]1 boil ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & filt]4 7,save ! filtrate47 ,dry1 burn ! pap] ) ! precipitate1 treat ) a drop or two ( nitric acid1 ignite1 & weigh z copp] oxide4 ,calculate to copp]4 ,cadmium4--,to ! filtrate f ! sulphide ( copp] add ammonia1 s z to ne>ly neutralise ! excess ( acid1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,collect & weigh ! precipitate z cadmium sulphide1 z describ$ "u ,cadmium4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:at weight ( hydrog5 w be evolv$ 9 dissolv+ #a gram ( z9c 9 dilute sulphuric acid8 #b4 ,h[ _m c4c4 w\ld ?is quantity ( hydrog5 measure at #j ,c4 & #gfj m4m48 7#a litre weighs #j4jhif gram74 #c4 #j4bc gram ( z9c are f\nd to give #gg4i c4c4 ( hydrog54 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t "u ! same conditions #hj4b c4c4 are got4 ,:at weight ( z9c 0 us$ = ! second exp]im5t8 #d4 ,a sample ( bl5de is f\nd to conta9 #ee p] c5t4 ( z9c4 ,:at p]c5tage ( z9c sulphide did ! sample conta98 #e4 ,h[ mu* metallic lead w\ld be precipitat$ f a solution ( lead acetate by #a gram ( z9c8 ,,cadmium4 ,cadmium occurs 9 nature z cadmium sulphide 9 gre5ockite1 ,cd,s1 :i* is v r>e4 ,x is widely diffus$ 9 calam9e1 bl5de1 & o!r z9c ores1 =m+1 9 "s cases1 z mu* z #b or #c p] c5t4 ( ! ore4 ,oxide ( cadmium =ms ! br[n blaze ( ! z9c smelt]s4 ,sulphide ( cadmium is us$ z a pigm5t 7cadmium yell[72 & ! metal & "s ( its salts are useful reag5ts4 ,! salts ( cadmium closely resemble ^? ( z9c4 ,! hydrate1 h[ev]1 is insoluble 9 excess ( pota%1 & ! sulphide is insoluble 9 dilute acids4 ,x =ms only "o s]ies ( salts4 ,cadmium is detect$ by giv+ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 solutions1 n too /rongly acid1 a yell[ precipitate1 :i* is insoluble 9 solutions ( ! alkalies1 alkal9e sulphides1 or cyanide ( potassium4 ,solution & ,sep>ation4--,sub/ances conta9+ cadmium are soluble 9 acids4 ,! solution is evaporat$ to dryness 7to r5d] any silica t may be pres5t insoluble7 & tak5 up ) #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,dilute to #ajj c4c41 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,filt]1 dige/ ! precipitate ) soda1 wa%1 & boil ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,filt]2 ! filtrate conta9s ! cadmium &1 possibly1 a small quantity ( z9c1 f :i* x is be/ sep>at$ by reprecipitat+ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! solution conta9+ ! cadmium fre$ f ! o!r metals is precipitat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 a mod]ately-acid solution4 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a weigh$ filt]1 & wa%$1 fir/ ) an acid solution ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 & aft]w>ds ) wat]4 ,x is dri$ at #ajj ,c4 & weigh$4 ,if free sulphur is suspect$ to be pres5t1 extract ) bisulphide ( c>bon1 & aga9 weigh4 ,! residue is cadmium sulphide1 :i* conta9s #gg4gh p] c5t4 ( cadmium4 ,x is a yell[ p[d] insoluble 9 solutions ( ! alkalies1 alkal9e sulphides1 or cyanide ( potassium4 ,x dissolves readily 9 acid4 ,x _c be ignit$ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 )\t loss4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,! solution conta9+ ! cadmium is conc5trat$ by evaporation1 & mix$ ) an excess ( oxalic acid & alcohol4 ,! precipitate is filt]$1 wa%$ ) alcohol1 dissolv$ 9 hot hydro*loric acid1 & titrat$ ) p]manganate ( potassium4 ,,footnotes3 #fd ,:5 *romium is pres5t "s ( ! iron may escape precipitation b x c be recov]$ f ! solution by means ( ammonic sulphide4 #fe 7#a7 #aj;,fe,s,o#d #b,k,mn,o#d #h;,h#b,,s#d #e;,fe#b7,,s#d7c #b,mn,s,o#d ,k#b,,s#d #h;,h#b,o4 7#b7 #f;,fe,cl#b ,k#b;,cr#b,o#g #ad;,h,cl #c;,fe#b;,cl#f ,cr#b;,cl#f #b,k,cl #g;,h#b,o4 #ff 7#a7 ,fe#b;,cl#f ,sn,cl#b #b;,fe,cl#b ,sn,cl#d4 7#b7 ,fe#b;,cl#f ,,%#b #b;,fe,cl#b #b;,h,cl ,s4 7#c7 ,fe#b;,cl#f ,na#b,,s#c ,h#b,o #b;,fe,cl#b ,na#b,,s#d #b;,h,cl4 7#d7 ,fe#b;,cl#f ,zn #b;,fe,cl#b ,zn,cl#b4 #fg #bj grams ( /ann\s *loride & #bj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid are dilut$ to "o litre4 #fh ,! maximum r$uc+ effect ( z9c is obta9$ by expos+ z l>ge a surface z possible ( ! metal 9 a hot conc5trat$ solution conta9+ b little free acid 7,?orpe74 #fi ,ab\t #e in*es 9 diamet]4 #gj #fa3 #fj33 #ei3 #eh4ac4 ,! iron 9 ! ore is1 !n1 ! same 9 am\nt z t 9 #eh4ac c4c4 ( ! f]ric *loride solution2 & s9ce #ajj c4c4 ( ! latt] conta9 #a gram ( iron1 #eh4ac c4c4 ( ! same conta9s #j4ehac gram ( iron2 &1 fur!r1 if #a gram ( ore c>ries ?is am\nt ( iron1 #ajj grams ( ore w obvi\sly give #eh4ac grams ( iron4 #ga ,^! comp\nds are ,ni#b;,z & ,co#b;,z4 #gb ,) l>ge quantities ( iron ! f]ric precipitate %\ld be re-dissolv$ & re-precipitat$4 ,! filtrate mu/ be add$ to ! orig9al filtrate4 #gc #d,k,cy ,ni,s,o#d ,k#b,ni,cy#d ,k#b,,s#d #b,k,cy ,ag,n,o#c ,k,ag,cy#b ,,kno#c 4'4 #b;,ag,n,o#c ,ni #gd ,zn ,h#b,,s#d ,h#b ,zn,s,o#d4 #ge ,^! #ajd c4c4 are equival5t to #ajj c4c4 ( dry air at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,t9--,,tung/5--,,titanium4 ,,t94 ,t9 occurs 9 nature z cassit]ite 7conta9+ f #ij to #ie p] c5t4 ( oxide ( t971 :i* m9]al is ! s\rce f :i* ! :ole ( ! t9 ( comm]ce is d]iv$4 ,t9 also occurs z sulphide comb9$ ) sulphides ( copp] & iron 9 ! m9]al /ann9e or bell-metal ore4 ,x is a con/itu5t ( c]ta9 r>e m9]als1 su* z tantalite4 ,! me?ods ( assay+ t9 9 actual use are rem>kable :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r metals4 ,! m /rictly *emical me?ods are r5d]$ tr\blesome by ! oxide be+ insoluble 9 acids1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! gangue ) :i* x is associat$4 ,moreov]1 x is n readily decompos$ by fusion ) alkalies4 ,! oxide has fir/ to be r$uc$ to metal be=e ! t9 c be dissolv$4 ,! r$uction may be p]=m$ by fus+ ) potassic cyanide1 by heat+ to mod]ate r$ness 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 or coal gas1 or by heat+ to a high] temp]ature ) c>bon4 ,! r$uc$ metal is only sl[ly dissolv$ by hydro*loric acid1 & al?\gh x is readily soluble 9 aqua regia1 ! solution _c be evaporat$ or fre$ f ! excess ( acids1 by boil+1 )\t loss ( t91 because ( ! volatility ( /annic *loride4 ,!re has long be5 a difficulty 9 gett+ a quick wet me?od4 ,! process ( assay+ t9 ores adopt$ 9 ! m9es ( ,cornwall is a me*anical "o kn[n z vann+1 ! object ( :i* is to f9d ! p]c5tage ( black t91 :i*1 x is well to rememb]1 is n pure cassit]ite1 mu* less pure oxide ( t94 ,t9 ore1 z tak5 f ! lode1 conta9s f #b to #e p] c5t4 ( cassit]ite1 & is ma9ly made up ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 *lorite1 s*orl1 & o!r /ony m9]als1 toge!r ) m or less mispickel1 iron & copp] pyrites1 oxide ( iron1 & wolfram4 ,! cassit]ite has a specific gravity 7#f4d to #g4a7 consid]ably high] ?an t ( ! ve9-/uff 7#b4e to #c4j71 & is conc5trat$ by a s]ies ( wa%+s till x is free f ! light] mat]ial4 ,^? m9]als :i* h a specific gravity approa*+ t ( ! cassit]ite are n completely remov$4 ,! mispickel & copp] & iron pyrites are conv]t$ into oxides by roa/+1 & are 9 great "p remov$ by a subsequ5t wa%+4 ,! conc5trat$ product is kn[n z black t91 & 9 ?is condition is sold to ! smelt]4 ,! *ief =eign matt]s 9 ! black t9 are silica1 oxides ( iron & copp]1 & wolfram1 ) traces ( manganese & niobic acid2 & 9 c]ta9 /ream ores !re may be z mu* z #f or #g p] c5t4 ( titanif]\s iron4 ,! black t9 f ! m9es conta9s f #e to #ab p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & is sold & assay$ wet4 ,a s]ies ( typical samples ( black t9 rang$ z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,s\rce ( ,mat]ial4 ,p]c5tage ( ,metal ,specific ,gravity4 9 ,dry ,ore4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,good m9e ore #gb4j #f4ci ,inf]ior d4 #ga4e #f4fd ,titanif]\s /ream ore #fg4j #f4ci ,m9e ore ) wolfram #fd4e #f4fg ,ore f /ream works #eh4e #e4ii ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,x w be se5 f ^! figures t black t9 is a v v>iable sub/ance2 & t ! specific gravity is l>gely influ5c$ by ! impurities2 h5ce1 x is only an indication ( ! p]c5tage ( metal :5 ! same k9d ( ore is dealt )4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! object ( vann+ is to det]m9e ! proportion ( black t9 9 ! lode /uff4 ,! relation betwe5 ! actual cont5t 9 oxide ( t9 & ! produce got by vann+ has be5 te/$ on sev]al occasions ) results :i* %[ a fair degree ( approximation4 ,! foll[+ are "s publi%$ results ( assays ( ! same bat* ( ore4 ,! vann+ results 7 obta9$ by a ,corni% vann] ( recognis$ ability1 & ! wet assays by two ,london firms ( ! highe/ /&+3-- ,vann+ results3 7,av]age7 #ia lbs4 ( black t94 ,wet ,assay results3 ,a #hc4g lbs4 ( /annic oxide4 ,b #gi4g lbs4 ,! vann] report$ 8 black t9 z conta9+ #gj p] c5t4 ( t94 ,?is w br+ 8 result1 if calculat$ z /annic oxide1 to #hj4i lbs4 to ! ton2 :i* agrees ) ! o!rs4 ,accord+ to our exp]i5ce ! van assay agrees fairly well ) ! wet "o1 if ! black t9 is assum$ to conta9 #ib4e p] c5t4 ( /annic oxide 7,sn,o#b74 ,vann]s are1 z a rule1 skilful m51 & %[ rem>kable dext]ity 9 sep>at+ ! black t91 ) ! help ( _! app>atus1 :i* consi/s simply ( a %ovel & a kieve ( wat]4 ,an acc\nt ( ! process is giv5 bel[4 ,b diff]5t vann]s1 all good m51 w get diff]5t results work+ on mat]ial new to !m4 ,! black t9 weigh$ by ! vann] is suppos$ to correspond 9 quality ) ! black t9 return$ f ! floors ( ! m9e = :i* he is assay+1 b ?is diff]s mat]ially 9 diff]5t m9es ) ! nature ( ! gangue4 ,! process leaves too mu* to ! judgm5t ( ! vann]4 ,x is m ?an probable t 9 practice ! returns f ! dress+-floors *eck ! assay]1 in/ead (1 z %\ld prop]ly be ! case1 ! assay] *eck+ ! returns4 ,x is only :5 ?is la/ is done t any control is _h ov] ! sy/em ( dress+4 ,a correct assay ( ?is ore is a matt] ( "s importance1 because ( ! high price ( ! metal4 ,! me?od ( assay+ ! black t9 is a dry "o1 & consi/s ( mix+ x ) culm1 & submitt+ x 9 a black-lead crucible to ! highe/ temp]ature ( a w9d furnace4 ,! sample is tak5 wet z x arrives at ! smelt+ h\se1 & is assay$ direct4 ,! product ( ! assay is exam9$1 & a d$uction ( a consid]able p]c5tage is v prop]ly made = impurities1 s9ce ! assay really det]m9es ! p]c5tage1 n m]ely ( t91 b ( ! bodies pres5t :i* are r$ucible at a :ite heat4 ,! judgm5t z to h[ mu* is to be d$uct$ is assi/$ p>tly by an exam9ation ( ! metal got f ! assay1 & p>tly by ! exp]i5ce acquir$ 9 smelt+ simil> ores4 ,! produce1 :i* is t ( ! impure t91 is /at$ 9 p>ts 9 tw5ty2 ?us a produce ( #ad is equival5t to #gj p] c5t41 or to #ad cwt4 p] ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,,me*anical ,,sep>ation4--,,vann+4 ,?is process1 :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to1 is c>ri$ out z foll[s3--,aft] sampl+ ! ore 9 ! ord9>y way1 a quantity 7v>y+ ) its ri*ness7 is weigh$ out4 ,special weights are g5]ally us$4 ,! /&>d weight1 m>k$ #bjj1 weighs ab\t an ounce2 ) poor ores ?is quantity is tak5 = an assay1 b ) ri*] ores #ajj or ev5 #ej is suffici5t4 ,! unit ( weight has no special "n1 b ! p>ts 9 #bjj are spok5 ( z ! produce2 ?us1 if #bjj ( ore 7 tak5 & #i4e ( black t9 7 sep>at$1 ! produce w\ld be #i-a_/b3 obvi\sly half ! produce w give ! p]c5tage4 ,! weigh$ portion ( ! ore is plac$ on ! vann+ %ovel4 ,! vann] /&s 9 front ( a tub ( wat] 7kieve7 & all[s #cj or #dj c4c4 ( wat] to fl[ on to ! ore4 ,he !n raises ! %ovel a little above ! surface ( ! wat]1 &1 hold+ x ne>ly horizontal1 briskly rotates ! wat] by imp>t+ to ! %ovel a slight circul> motion1 pass+ into an elliptical "o 7front to back74 ,?is causes ! f9] mud to be susp5d$ 9 ! liquid1 :i* is !n run (f1 leav+ ! body ( ! ore 9 ! c5tre ( ! %ovel4 ,?is is repeat$ until ! wat] aft] /&+ a mom5t is fairly cle>4 ,ab\t half z mu* wat] z be=e is br\ght on2 !n1 ) a motion :i* is simil> to ! previ\s "o1 b ) a j]k add$ 9 "o direction1 ! heavi] m9]als are ?r[n up1 & ! /ony matt] br\ght back4 ,! j]k is produc$ j z ! wave ( wat] is return+4 ,! desc5d+ wave ( wat] draws ) x ! bulki] & light] p>ticles ( ! ore1 :il/ ! heavi] matt] ly+ on ! bottom is sc>cely affect$ by x4 ,! j]ky motion1 h[ev]1 c>ries x to ! front ( ! %ovel4 ,! light] /uff is wa%$ (f1 & ! residue dri$ by hold+ ! %ovel ov] ! furnace4 ,x n[ corresponds1 m or less1 to ! /uff :i* on ! m9e is s5t to ! calc9]4 ,x is swept f ! %ovel into a scoop1 & transf]r$ to a hot crucible2 9 :i* x is calc9$ until free f sulphur4 ,"s vann]s calc9e _! samples be=e comm5c+ to van4 ,! calc9$ ore is %ak5 out ( ! crucible on to ! %ovel2 rubb$ up ) a hamm]2 & wa%$ 7z at fir/7 to get rid ( ! f9] & light] wa/e4 ,! sep>at+ motions are aga9 gone ?r\gh2 & ! head ( ! be/ ( ! black t9 is ?r[n well up on "o side ( ! %ovel 9 ! =m ( a cresc5t1 s z to leave room on ! %ovel to "w ) ! tail+s4 ,! quantity ( wat] us$ is kept l[1 to prev5t ?is crop t9 f be+ wa%$ back aga94 ,! tail+s are !n cru%$ to free ! t9 f adh]5t oxide ( iron2 & aga9 wa%$ to ?r[ up ! rema9+ t9 ore4 ,z ?is t9 is f9ely divid$1 x is m difficult to br+ x up1 s t a vigor\s & rapid motion is requir$4 ,! tail+s are n[ wa%$ (f1 & ! :ole ( ! black t9 is br\ght into ! c5tre ( ! %ovel4 ,x requires two or ?ree wa%+s m to free x f ! wa/e x conta9s4 ,v small quantities ( wat] are us$4 ,! purity ( ! black t9 c be se5 by its appe>ance on ! %ovel4 ,! clean$ ore is dri$ z be=e1 fre$ f p>ticles ( iron ) ! aid ( a magnet1 & weigh$4 ,! weigh+s are c>ri$ to #a_/h? ( ! unit us$4 ,! foll[+ example illu/rates ! me?od ( calculation adopt$ on ! m9e4 ,a p>cel ( #a ton #b cwt4 #c qrs4 ( t9 ore ) a produce ( #de 7equal to #bb-a_/b p] c5t47 conta9s #e cwt4 #j qrs4 #ab lbs4 ( black t94 ,?is result is obta9$ z foll[s3-- ton cwt4 qrs4 #a #b #c #i ----------------- #aj #d #c equival5t to multiply+ by #de4 #e ---------------- #e4a #c #c /rike (f ! fir/ figure to ! "r4 #d multiply by #d to r$uce to qu>t]s4 --------- #d #ab #c --------- #d #ae #bh multiply by #bh to r$uce to p\nds4 ----- #aab #ae ----- #ab4g /rike (f ! fir/ figure to ! "r4 ,simil>ly1 a p>cel ( #bj tons #aj cwt4 ) a produce ( #i-a_/b conta9s #ai cwt4 #a qr4 #be lbs4 ( black t94 ,= ! foll[+ in=mation1 z well z = mu* ( t already giv5 ab\t vann+1 we are indebt$ to ,capta9 ,reynolds1 ( ,cook's ,kit*5 ,m9e4 ,to h a complete set ( tools = all vann+ purposes1 x w be necess>y to get ! foll[+3--,a vann+ %ovel #ad in*es long & #ac in*es wide1 weigh+ n ov] #b-c_/d p\nds4 ,x is made ( hamm]$ %eet iron ( ! %ape %[n 9 fig4 #eg4 ,x mu/ h a light wood5 h&le 7pref]ably ( deal7 #c feet long4 ,a bruis+ hamm]1 weigh+ #b-a_/b p\nds1 ) a h&le #a foot long4 ,a pair ( tongs 7furnace7 #b-a_/b feet long1 made ( #a_/b-;in* r\nd iron4 ,& a set ( ord9>y clay crucibles = calc9+4 ,!re ought to be two sets ( scales & weights3 ! fir/ %\ld be conf9$ to weigh+ ! p[d]$ t9 /uff1 & ! second ought to be a mu* high] class "o1 = weigh+ ! black t9 obta9$4 ,! furnace = roa/+ ! sample %\ld be #aj in*es squ>e & #ab in*es deep1 ) ! fire-b>s at ! bottom ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ap>t4 ,! wat]-box = vann+ 9 %\ld be at lea/ #d feet long1 #b feet #f in*es wide1 & #h in*es deep4 ,,dry ,,me?ods4 ,= ! foll[+ description ( ! process adopt$ 9 ,cornwall we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,a4,k4 ,b>nett1 ,f4,g4,s41 ( ,*y&\r4 ,corni% ,me?od4--,t9 ,ore ,assay4--,! ore to be smelt$ or assay$ %\ld be conc5trat$ to say n less ?an #ej p] c5t4 ( metallic t92 ?\gh to obta9 satisfactory results x %\ld be br\ght ne>] #gj p] c5t41 z ) ore conta9+ less ?an #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ( metal !re w be a consid]able loss bo? 9 ! assay+ & 9 ! smelt+4 ,if ! ore to be op]at$ on does n conta9 ?is quantity ( metal1 !n ! sample 7if co>se7 mu/ be r$uc$ to a f9e /ate1 ! gangue be+ remov$ by vann+1 & ! ore sav$ = ! fire assay4 ,! me?od adopt$ = ! det]m9ation ( t9 9 ! ore is z foll[s3--,ab\t #b-a_/b ounces troy 7#abjj gra9s1 or ab\t #hj grams7 ( ! ore to be assay$ is weigh$ out & mix$ on a flat copp] pan 7%ap$ ) a long lip7 ) "o-fif? ( its weight 7#bdj gra9s1 or #ae4e grams7 ( p[d]$ culm 7an?racite74 ,! mixture ( ore & culm is ei!r transf]r$ to a black-lead crucible be=e ! latt] is put into ! furnace1 or1 z "s pref]1 x is c>efully swept into a crucible :i* has be5 imb$d$ 9 ! fire4 ,"s assay]s cov] _! pots ) a flat cov] plac$ loosely on1 :ile o!rs leave ! mixture 9 ! op5 pot4 ,! furnace1 :i* has be5 previ\sly fir$ to a /rong heat1 is !n cov]$1 & ! sample is subject$ to a %>p fire = a p]iod ( f twelve to tw5ty m9utes4 ,no def9ite "t c be /at$1 z1 besides ! /r5g? ( ! fire1 ! quality & condition ( ! ore1 & ! impurities associat$ ) x1 greatly affects ! "t requir$ = ! complete r$uction ( ! ore4 ,z soon z ! mixture 9 ! crucible has settl$ d[n to a uni=m :ite heat1 & any v slight ebullition :i* may h tak5 place has subsid$1 ! crucible is g5tly %ak51 remov$ f ! fire 7! culm-a% or slag :i* cov]s ! metal be+ c>efully drawn aside ) an iron scrap]71 & ! metal is p\r$ quickly into an iron +ot-m\ld1 :i* is usually plac$ on a copp] pan to save ! culm-slag & ! adh]5t metal :i* comes out ) x4 ,! crucible is !n c>efully scrap$1 & ! scrap+s1 toge!r ) ! cont5ts ( ! m\ld & pan1 are transf]r$ to a mort>4 ,!re ! +ot ( t9 is fre$ f slag & !n tak5 to ! scales4 ,! re/1 aft] be+ f9ely p[d]$1 is pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,! flatt5$ p>ticles ( t9 :i* rema9 on ! sieve are weigh$ ) ! +ot 7! lump1 z x is call$72 :il/ ! sift+s are vann$ on a %ovel1 & 7! slag be+ wa%$ (f7 ! f9e t9 is collect$1 dri$1 & weigh$ ) ! re/3 ! :ole gives ! produce or p]c5tage ( metal 9 ! ore4 ,! results ( ! assays are express$ 9 cwts4 ( metal 9 ! ton ( ore4 ,! p]c5tage is r>ely giv5 & nev] us$ 9 ,cornwall4 ,?us--#ac-a_/b ,produce w\ld mean t ! assay yield$ results at ! rate ( #ac-a_/b cwts4 ( metal = "o ton ( ! ore4 ,"s assay]s use a little p[d]$ fluor-sp> to assi/ ! fusion ( refractory slags4 ,a small quantity ( borax w also occasionally be ( s]vice = ores conta9+ silica 9 excess ( any iron t may be pres5t4 ,! borax r5d]s ! slag m fusible1 & assi/s ! =mation ( a l>g] lump 7) less f9e t9 9 ! slag7 ?an w\ld be obta9$ by ! use ( culm alone4 ,! quality & ! p]c5tage ( pure t9 9 ! metal w v>y consid]ably1 accord+ to ! impurities t are associat$ ) ! ore to be assay$4 ,! crude lump is !n remelt$ 9 a small iron ladle at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 & ! fus$ metal is p\r$ into a %all[ tr5* ab\t #d in*es long by #c_/d ( an in* wide cut 9 a block ( :ite m>ble4 ,! metal w be silv]y-:ite if ! temp]ature employ$ be correct2 if too hot1 ! surface w %[ a yell[1 r$1 or blue col\r 7accord+ to ! heat employ$72 9 su* case ! metal %\ld be remelt$ at a l[] temp]ature4 ,if ! metal on cool+ rema9s p]fectly cle> & bright1 !n x may be assum$ t ! t9 is ( good quality & comm]cially pure4 ,a cry/allis$ or fro/$ appe>ance ( ! metal indicates ! pres5ce ( "s alloy1 say ( iron1 copp]1 z9c1 lead1 antimony1 c4 ,! assay] :o has _h mu* practice c readily di/+ui% ! metal or metals t are associat$ ) ! ore by not+ ! appe>ance ( ! t9 on cool+2 & c fairly judge ! quantity ( impurity pres5t by ! am\nt ( ! cry/allisation or /a94 ,:il/ ! =ego+ me?od ( assay+ _c lay claim to sci5tific accuracy1 x is by no means s imp]fect z "s writ]s w\ld h u believe1 :o /ate t a loss ( #e to #aj p] c5t4 arises 9 ! op]ation4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ ready & exp$iti\s mode ( det]m9+ ! comm]cial value ( a p>cel ( t9 ore1 :i*1 aft] all1 is ! ma9 object ( all assay+ op]ations4 ,! difficulty :i* beg9n]s f9d 9 obta9+ satisfactory results1 & any loss ( metal :i* ^? n accu/om$ to ! process may incur1 w inv>iably occur 9 ! vann+ ( ! p[d]$ slag = ! f9e t91 ! re/ ( ! op]ations be+ easy ( execution1 & requir+ only ! ord9>y c>e necess>y = all metallurgical "w4 ,!re is no d\bt t if l[ p]c5tage ores conta9+ silica are assay$ 9 ?is mann]1 l[ results are obta9$1 z x is impossible to r$uce ! :ole ( ! t9 9 ! pres5ce ( free silica2 ) ?is class ( ores1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to remove "s ( ! silica by prelim9>y vann+1 or "s flux %\ld be add$ :i* w comb9e ) ! silica1 & s prev5t its ent]+ into comb9ation ) ! t94 ,l[ quality t9 ores conta9+ iron1 copp]1 lead1 z9c1 antimony1 etc41 comb9$ ) ars5ic1 sulphur1 or oxyg51 w give v mu* high] results ?an ! actual p]c5tage ( t9 9 ! sample4 ,! o!r metals 7be+ readily r$uc$ 9 ! pres5ce ( t97 alloy ) x1 & give a h>d lump difficult to fuse 9 ! iron ladle2 :]e ! quantity ( =eign metals is l>ge1 ! metal c only be melt$ to a /iff pa/y mass2 s t 79 det]m9+ ! value ( a ton ( t9 ore1 or ev5 report+ on ! p]c5tage ( t9 x conta9s7 n only mu/ ! weight ( ! assay be ! basis = calculation1 b ! quality & "* ( ! metal obta9$ mu/ also be consid]$4 ,?us two ores ( t9 might be assay$ bo? yield+ a simil> produce1 say #ac-a_/b 7#fg-a_/b p] c5t471 & yet "o might conta9 #e p] c5t4 less t9 ?an ! o!r4 ,if x be requir$ to obta9 ! pure metal f t9 ores conta9+ ! ores ( o!r metals associat$ ) !m1 ! latt] mu/ be remov$ by dige/+ 9 /rong hydro*loric acid1 & wa%+4 ,! assay may !n be conduct$ 9 ! usual way1 & a fairly pure lump w be obta9$4 ,if wolfram be pres5t 9 any appreciable quantity 9 ! ore1 x consid]ably r$uces ! proportion ( lump1 & at ! same "t x increases ! f9e t9 7or prillion1 z x is t]m$7 9 ! assay4 ,?is may be got rid ( by boil+ 9 aqua regia1 & dissolv+ out ! tung/ic acid :i* has be5 lib]at$ by means ( ammonia4 ,x w be se5 t ?is me?od ( assay+ t9 has its advantages & its drawbacks4 ,x is quickly p]=m$2 ) ores ( good quality x gives results n to be excell$ by any o!r process2 & x gives ! smelt] ! actual alloy & quality ( metal he may expect to get 9 ! smelt+ ( ! ore1 :i* no o!r mode ( assay+ w d3 aga9/ :i* may be set ! skill requir$ to obta9 accurate results ) ! vann+ %ovel2 ! loss ( metal 9 poor ores conta9+ an excess ( silica2 & ! high results f ores conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( metallic impurities4 ,cyanide ,me?od4--,weigh up #bj grams ( ! ore & dry x on a scoop ov] ! ,buns5 flame4 ,:5 dry1 weigh1 & calculate ! p]c5tage ( wat] f ! loss 9 weight4 ,transf] ! dri$ ore to an evaporat+ di%1 & cov] ) #cj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid2 boil = #aj or #ab m9utes1 & !n add #e c4c4 ( nitric acid & boil aga94 ,dilute ) wat]1 & filt]4 ,transf] ! filt] & its cont5ts to an ,e ,batt]sea crucible1 & calc9e x = a few m9utes4 ,cool1 & weigh ! residue4 ,! loss equals ! oxides soluble 9 acid4 ,transf] ! residue to ! crucible & mix x ) its own weight ( cyanide ( potassium2 add a simil> am\nt ( cyanide z a cov]4 ,place 9 ! furnace1 & :5 ! *>ge has atta9$ ! temp]ature ( ! furnace 79 f #c to #f m9utes71 remove x at once2 tap ! pot vigor\sly sev]al times1 & !n p\r its cont5ts quietly into a m\ld4 ,dissolve ! slag 9 wat]1 clean1 dry1 & weigh ! button ( t94 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,detection4--,t9 ore is detect$ by its insolubility 9 acids1 high specific gravity1 & *>act]i/ic appe>ance 9 wat]4 ,! p[d] is sep>at$ f ! light] gangue by wa%+4 ,x is fus$ 9 a ,b]l9 crucible ) five times its weight ( potassic cyanide at a mod]ately high temp]ature 9 a muffle1 or ov] ! bl[pipe4 ,! slag is wa%$ (f ) wat]1 & ! metallic buttons or residue treat$ ) hydro*loric acid 7n aqua regia71 = "s "t4 ,"o portion ( ! solution /rikes a purple col\r ) *loride ( gold1 ano!r portion gives a :ite or grey precipitate or cl\d9ess ) m]curic *loride4 ,^! reactions are *>act]i/ic ( t9 z /ann\s *loride4 ,metallic t9 treat$ ) nitric acid becomes conv]t$ into a :ite insoluble p[d] 7meta/annic acid74 ,aqua regia dissolves t9 readily1 =m+ /annic *loride1 & 9 ?is solution ! metal is detect$ by precipitation ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* gives a yell[ precipitate4 ,t9 9 solution z /annic or /ann\s *loride is precipitat$ z metal by means ( z9c4 ,! fact t t9 =ms two well-def9$ s]ies ( comp\nds is tak5 advantage ( 9 assay+ 7j z 9 ! case ( iron71 by det]m9+ h[ mu* ( an oxidis+ ag5t is requir$ to conv]t x f ! /ann\s into ! /annic /ate4 ,= example1 on ! addition ( a solution ( p]manganate ( pota% to a solution ( /ann\s *loride ! oxidation goes on rapidly1 & ! f9i%+ po9t is %>p & di/9ct2 b acid solutions ( /ann\s *loride quickly take up oxyg5 f t dissolv$ 9 ! wat] us$ & f ! air4 ,un=tunately1 !re is no obvi\s sign t su* oxidation has tak5 place1 except t 7fatal to ! assay7 a small] volume ( ! p]manganate is requir$4 ,great c>e is requir$ ) su* solutions1 bo? be=e & dur+ titration4 ,! addition ( an excess ( f]ric *loride to ! /ann\s solution1 z soon z ! :ole ( ! t9 has be5 dissolv$1 w less5 ?is liability to oxidation4 ,sep>ation4--,if ! t9 is pres5t 9 an alloy1 ! sub/ance is boil$ 9 an evaporat+ di% ) dilute nitric acid until ! :ole ( ! mat]ial is attack$4 ,evaporate ne>ly to dryness1 dilute1 boil = a few m9utes1 & filt] (f ! :ite insoluble residue4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances ?is residue w be ne>ly free f o!r metals1 9 :i* case x is ignit$ & weigh$4 ,if n kn[n to be pure x mu/ be ignit$1 r$uc$ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog51 & treat$ z subsequ5tly describ$4 ,:5 ! t9 is pres5t z insoluble oxide 9 an ore1 ! sub/ance is f9ely p[d]$1 & f #a to #e grams ( x 7accord+ to its ri*ness7 boil$ ) #cj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid 9 an evaporat+ di% till ! oxide ( iron is se5 to be dissolv$4 ,!n add #a c4c4 ( nitric acid 7or m if mu* pyrites1 c41 is pres5t7 & cont9ue ! boil+ till ^! are decompos$2 dilute & filt] (f1 wa%+ fir/ ) dilute acid & aft]w>ds ) a little dilute ammonia1 dry1 ignite1 & place 9 a combu/ion tube 7toge!r ) ! filt]-a%7 & heat to r$ness = ab\t ?irty m9utes 9 a curr5t ( dri$ hydrog54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,! oxide ( t9 is plac$ 9 a porcela9 boat 7fig4 #eh71 :i* is !n introduc$ into a piece ( combu/ion tube4 ,! latt]1 wrapp$ 9 a piece ( wire gauze1 is support$ on a c\ple ( iron r+s1 & heat$ by "o or two ,buns5 burn]s 9 a furnace fitt$ up ) loose fire-brick tiles1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,:5 ! r$uction is complete ! tube is all[$ to cool2 ! boat is remov$ & ! t9 dissolv$4 ,add a rod ( z9c to ! freely-acid hot solution1 & 9 a few m9utes decant ?r\gh a filt] & wa% ) wat]1 aft] hav+ remov$ ! z9c4 ,wa% ! precipitat$ metal back into ! beak]1 & dissolve 9 #aj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 evaporate (f ! excess ( acid2 dilute1 boil1 & filt]4 ,wa%1 dry1 ignite /rongly 9 a porcela9 crucible1 & weigh4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( antimony ! above sep>ation works v well1 b if ?is metal is pres5t 9 quantity ! metals precipitat$ on ! z9c mu/ be cov]$ ) hydro*loric acid & treat$ ) a few drops ( nitric4 ,x is !n w>m$ ) iron wire until no m ( ! latt] dissolves4 ,! antimony is precipitat$ z metal1 & ! t9 rema9s 9 solution z /ann\s *loride4 ,! antimony is filt]$ (f1 & may be wa%$ ) alcohol1 & weigh$1 :il/ ! t9 9 ! filtrate is precipitat$ ) z9c1 & treat$ z already describ$4 ,,gravimetric ,,me?od4 ,if ! t9 is n already 9 ! metallic /ate x is r$uc$ to ?is condition by ! me?od giv5 7precipitation by z9c74 ,treat ! f9ely-divid$ metal 7wa%$ free f *lorides7 9 a f\r-in* evaporat+ di% ) #aj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 cov] ) a clock-glass1 & apply a g5tle heat until ! precipitate appe>s ( a :ite col\r & ! metal is completely attack$4 ,evaporate ne>ly to dryness on a wat]-ba?2 !n add #ej c4c4 ( wat]1 heat to boil+1 & filt]4 ,wa% ) hot wat]1 dry1 transf] to a weigh$ porcela9 crucible1 add ! filt]-a%1 ignite /rongly1 & weigh4 ,! precipitate aft] ignition is /annic oxide 7,sn,o#b74 ,x is a yell[i%-:ite p[d] 7d>k] :il/ hot71 insoluble 9 acids1 & conta9s #gh4fg p] c5t4 ( t94 ,cold dilute nitric acid dissolves t9 to a cle> solution1 :i* becomes a :ite enamel-l jelly on heat+2 ?is 7filt]$ (f1 wa%$1 & dri$7 =ms an opal-l sub/ance1 :i* is conv]t$ on ignition into /annic oxide ) evolution ( nitr\s fumes4 ,/annic oxide :5 ignit$ ) *lorides is m or less completely conv]t$ into /annic *loride1 :i* volatilises4 ,! pres5ce ( *lorides dur+ ! evaporation ) nitric acid causes a simil> loss4 ,det]m9ation ( ,t9 9 an ,alloy4--7,bronze47--,take #b grams1 & attack ) #bj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid 9 a cov]$ beak] ) ! aid ( heat4 ,boil till ! bulk is r$uc$ by "o-half1 dilute ) #ej c4c4 ( wat]1 all[ to settle = a few m9utes1 & filt]2 wa% well fir/ ) wat] acidulat$ ) a little nitric acid1 & aft]w>ds ) wat]2 dry1 ignite1 & weigh z /annic oxide4 ,det]m9ation ( ,t9 9 ,t9 ,ore4--,treat #e grams ( ! dri$ & f9ely-p[d]$ ore ) #cj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid 9 a f\r-in* evaporat+ di%4 ,aft] ! soluble oxides h be5 dissolv$ add #a or #b c4c4 ( nitric acid1 boil (f nitr\s fumes1 dilute1 & filt]4 ,dry ! filt]1 transf] ! clean$ ore to a piece ( combu/ion tube t5 or twelve in*es long & n>r[$ at "o end4 ,pass a curr5t ( hydrog5 ?r\gh ! tube & heat to r$ness = #cj m9utes2 cool :il/ ! gas is /ill pass+4 ,dissolve 9 #bj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid & keep ! solution t9t$ ) p]manganate ( potassium4 ,:5 ! col\r ( ! p]manganate becomes p]man5t dilute to a bulk ( #ej c4c4 ) wat]1 filt]1 & wa%4 ,heat2 add a rod ( z9c weigh+ ab\t #c grams2 all[ to /& = a few m9utes2 decant ?r\gh a filt]2 & wa%1 remov+ ! rema9+ z9c & return+ ! t9 to ! beak]4 ,treat ) #e c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 boil = "s "t1 take up ) wat]1 filt]1 wa%1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh z /annic oxide4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,titration ) ,solution ( ,p]manganate ( ,potassium4--,?is titration may be made ei!r directly on ! solution ( /ann\s *loride 7prep>$ by dissolv+ ! precipitat$ metal 9 hydro*loric acid71 or indirectly1 on a solution ( f]r\s *loride 7produc$ by ! r$uc+ action ( ! precipitat$ metal on f]ric *loride74 ,! /&>d solution ( p]manganate ( potassium is made by dissolv+ #e4cef grams ( ! salt 9 wat] & dilut+ to "o litre4 #ajj c4c4 are equival5t to #a4jj gram ( t94 ,! precipitat$ t9 is transf]r$ to a flask2 & dissolv$ 9 #aj c4c4 hydro*loric acid1 ) ! aid ( heat & 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid4 ,! acid & metal are plac$ 9 ! flask2 :i* is !n fill$ ) ! gas1 & /opp$ ) a cork provid$ ) a rubb] valve4 ,:5 solution is complete ! flask is aga9 fill$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,fifty c4c4 ( wat] fre$ f air & saturat$ ) c>bonic acid are !n add$4 ,?is wat] is made by add+ a gram ( bic>bonate ( soda & #b c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid to #ajj c4c4 ( wat]3 ! eff]vesc5ce sweeps out ! dissolv$ oxyg54 ,! p]manganate ( potassium solution is !n run 9 f a /op-cock burette 9 ! usual way until a fa9t p9k t+e is obta9$4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! effect ( v>iations 9 ! conditions ( ! assay4 ,a solution ( /ann\s *loride equival5t 9 /r5g? to ! p]manganate 0 made by dissolv+ #ai4jf grams ( ! cry/allis$ salt 7,sn,cl#b4b;,h#b,o47 9 #ej c4c4 ( wat] & #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & dilut+ to #a litre ) wat] fre$ f dissolv$ oxyg54 #ajj c4c4 conta9 #a gram ( t94 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts tap wat] 0 us$ & no precautions 7 tak5 = exclud+ air4 ,except :5 o!rwise /at$1 #bj c4c4 ( ! /ann\s *loride 7 us$ 9 ea* exp]im5t ) #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & 7 dilut$ to #ajj c4c4 ) wat] be=e titration4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,hydro*loric ,acid4 ,acid add$ #a4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #ah4h #ah4i #ah4h #ah4h ,! only effect ( ! increase 9 quantity ( acid 0 to give ! br[n ( p]*loride ( manganese in/ead ( ! p9k ( p]manganic acid to m>k ! f9i%+ po9t4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4 ,temp]ature #ae ,c4 #ej ,c4 #gj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #ah4h c4c4 #ah4g c4c4 #ah4f c4c4 #ah4d c4c4 ,rate ( ,atmosph]ic ,oxidation4--,solutions ready = titration 7 expos$ to air at ! ord9>y temp]ature = v>y+ l5g?s ( "t & !n titrat$4 ,"t expos$ #j m94 #e m94 #aj m94 #bj m94 #fj m94 ,p]manganate requir$ #ah4h c4c4 #ah4h c4c4 #ah4h c4c4 #ah4h c4c4 #ah4f c4c4 ,x is be/ to titrate at once1 al?\gh ! loss by oxidation is only small aft] "o h\r's exposure4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,t94 ,/ann\s *loride add$ #a4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #j4g #h4h #ah4j #dg4d #ie4d ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4 ,bulk #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 #bjj4j c4c4 #ejj4j c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$4 #i4j #ah4c #ag4d #ae4a ,! two la/ s]ies %[ an int]f]5ce1 :i* is due to ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ simil> exp]im5ts1 :i* 71 h[ev]1 p]=m$ ) wat] fre$ f oxyg5 & 9 :i* ! titrations 7 effect$ 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,t94--,a new solution ( /ann\s *loride 0 us$4 ,/ann\s *loride add$ #a4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #a4j #aj4j #ai4h #di4f #ii4c ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4 ,bulk #cj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 #bjj4j c4c4 #ejj4j c4c4 ,p]manganate requir$ #ai4h #ai4h #ai4h #ai4h #ai4h ,x w be se5 t 9 work+ "u ^! conditions ! results are proportional & ! me?od satisfactory4 ,exam9ation ( ,t9 ,phosphide4--7,phosphor ,t947--,?is sub/ance is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( phosphor bronze & simil> alloys4 ,x is a cry/all9e1 imp]fectly-malleable1 metallic sub/ance4 ,x is soluble 9 hydro*loric acid ) eff]vesc5ce2 phosphorett$ hydrog51 :i* inflames on ! addition ( a drop or two ( nitric acid1 be+ evolv$4 ,x is attack$ by nitric acid1 yield+ a :ite p[d] ( /annic phosphate2 ?is is n easily decompos$ by ammonium sulphide or readily soluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,phosphor-t9 is made up only ( t9 & phosphorus4 ,= ! e/imation weigh up #a gram4 ,place 9 a weigh$ ,b]l9 di%2 & cov] ) #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid & #c or #d c4c4 ( wat]4 ,let ! reaction proce$ 7"u a clock-glass7 on ! wat]-ba? till complete4 ,remove ! glass2 evaporate to dryness1 & ignite1 at fir/ g5tly ov] a ,buns5 burn]1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! muffle at a r$ heat4 ,cool 9 ! desiccator1 & weigh z quickly z possible :5 cold4 ,! sub/ance conta9s ! t9 z /annic oxide1 ,sn,o#b1 & ! phosphorus z phosphoric oxide1 ,p#b,o#e4 ,! increase 9 weight on ! gram ( sub/ance tak5 gives ! weight ( ! oxyg5 tak5 up by ! phosphorus & t91 & s9ce #a gram ( t9 takes up only #j4bga gram ( oxyg51 & #a gram ( phosphorus takes up #a4bi gram1 ! proportion ( t9 to phosphorus c be calculat$ f ! increase 9 weight4 ,= example1 #a gram ( a sample gave #a4cdaj gram ( mix$ oxides1 :i* is #j4jgj gram 9 excess ( t :i* w\ld be got ) pure t94 ,if ! sub/ance 0 all phosphorus ! excess w\ld be #a4jaij gram2 consequ5tly ! proportion ( phosphorus 9 ! sub/ance is #j4jgj _/ #a4jai1 or #f4hg p] c5t4 ,! t9 is calculat$ by diff]5ce1 #ic4ac p] c5t4 ,ano!r me?od ( sep>at+ & det]m9+ ! phosphorus is z foll[s3--,take #a gram ( ! sub/ance & add to x #ae c4c4 ( hot aqua regia4 ,boil till dissolv$1 dilute1 & precipitate ! t9 ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,to ! filtrate add ammonia & magnesia mixture4 ,filt]2 wa% ! precipitate ) dilute ammonia2 dry1 ignite1 & weigh z magnesic pyrophosphate4 ,calculate ! phosphorus1 & take ! t9 by diff]5ce4 ,a sample ( phosphor t9 gave-- ,t9 #ic4a p] c5t4 7by diff]5ce7 ,phosphorus #f4i ----- #ajj4j ,t9 ,ars5ide4--,?is is met ) 9 t9-smelt+2 x closely resembles ! phosphide1 b ! cry/als h a dull] grey appe>ance4 ,x conta9s simply t9 & ars5ic4 ,! det]m9ation is made by treat+ #a gram ( ! sub/ance ) nitric acid & weigh+ ! mix$ oxides ( t9 & ars5ic 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! case ( ! phosphide4 ,"o gram ( ars5ic w give #a4ecc gram ( ars5ic oxide1 ,z#b,o#e2 consequ5tly ! excess ( weight ( ! mix$ oxides ov] #a4bga gram mu/ be divid$ by #j4bfb2 ! result multipli$ by #ajj gives ! p]c5tage ( ars5ic4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! high] atomic weight ( ars5ic ! results by ?is me?od are n s close z ) ! phosphide4 ,ea* milligram ( excess weight 7ov] #a4bga7 repres5ts #j4ch p] c5t4 ( ars5ic1 ,z4 ,bo? 9 ?is & 9 ! correspond+ phosphide det]m9ation c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid absorption ( moi/ure1 by all[+ ! oxides to cool 9 a desiccator & weigh+ quickly4 ,! p]c5tage ( ars5ic is bett] det]m9$ z foll[s3--,weigh up #a gram ( ! sub/ance1 dissolve 9 aqua regia1 dilute1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,r5d] alkal9e ) ammonia1 & add ammonium sulphide till ! precipitate is dissolv$4 ,add magnesia mixture4 ,filt] (f ! precipitate1 wa% ) dilute ammonia1 ignite ) a few drops ( nitric acid1 & weigh z magnesic pyr>s5ate4 ,calculate ! ars5ic & take ! t9 by diff]5ce4 ,a sample treat$ 9 ?is way gave-- ,t9 #if4h p] c5t4 by diff]5ce ,ars5ic #c4b ----- #ajj4j ,exam9ation ( ,black ,t94--,dry ! ore1 & r$uce x to a f9e p[d]4 ,weigh up #b grams1 & boil ) #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & #b c4c4 ( nitric = t5 or fifte5 m9utes4 ,filt]1 & res]ve ! filtrate4 ,tung/ic ,acid4--,dige/ ! residue ) ab\t #ej c4c4 ( wat] & a few c4c4 ( dilute ammonia = a few m9utes1 & filt]2 collect ! filtrate 9 a weigh$ porcela9 di%1 evaporate to dryness1 ignite1 & weigh z tung/ic acid1 ,,wo#c4 ,/annic ,oxide4--,dry1 ignite1 & weigh ! insoluble residue4 ,transf] to a porcela9 boat1 & r$uce 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 at a r$ heat = half an h\r4 ,all[ to cool :il/ ! hydrog5 is /ill pass+4 ,transf] ! boat to a beak]1 & dissolve up ! t9 9 #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & a c4c4 or s ( nitric4 ,wa% out ! combu/ion tube ) "s acid & add ! wa%+ to ! cont5ts ( ! beak]4 ,w>m g5tly1 dilute ) wat]1 & filt]4 ,collect1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh ! insoluble residue4 ,?r\gh ! filtrate pass a rapid curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 all[ to settle1 & filt]4 ,wa% ! precipitate ) hot wat]1 dry1 calc9e g5tly2 ignite ) ammonium c>bonate1 & weigh z /annic oxide1 ,sn,o#b4 ,! insoluble residue w 9 mo/ cases reta9 "s t94 ,fuse x ) fusion mixture1 take up ) hydro*loric acid1 filt]1 pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! filtrate1 collect & wa% ! sulphide ( t94 ,ignite & weigh z /annic oxide1 & add x to t previ\sly obta9$4 ,copp]4--,pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! acid filtrate obta9$ 9 ! fir/ clean+ ( ! ore1 collect ! precipitate1 & wa% fir/ ) soda solution & !n ) hot wat]4 ,dry1 ignite1 & weigh z cupric oxide1 ,cu,o4 ,mix ! filtrate ) t f ! ma9 portion ( ! sulphide ( t94 ,f]ric ,oxide4--,boil (f ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 f ! mix$ filtrates & p]oxidise ) nitric acid4 ,add ammonia 9 slight excess1 boil1 filt]1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh ! precipitate z f]ric oxide4 ,?is w be practically pure1 b ! iron 9 x mu/ be det]m9$ by dissolv+ & titrat+4 ,! filtrate f ! iron may conta9 z9c1 lime1 & magnesia1 b r>ely 9 quantities suffici5t to be det]m9$4 ,silica1 c4---,! silica may be calculat$ f ! weight ( ! residue insoluble 9 acid1 aft] ! r$uction ( ! t9 9 hydrog51 by d$uct+ f x ! weight ( ! oxide ( t9 subsequ5tly f\nd4 ,or x may be det]m9$ z foll[s3--,! insoluble portion is fus$ ) fusion mixture1 & tak5 up ) hydro*loric acid1 z already describ$4 ,on filt]+1 ! filt] w reta9 a portion ( ! silica4 ,! re/ is recov]$1 aft] ! removal ( ! /ann\s sulphide1 by evaporat+ to dryness1 tak+ up ) hydro*loric acid1 & filt]+ ?r\gh ! same filt]4 ,x is wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z silica4 ,! filtrate f ! silica is boil$ ) a little nitric acid & precipitat$ ) ammonia4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z f]ric oxide & alum9a 7b x frequ5tly conta9s oxide ( titanium74 ,:5 ! la/ is pres5t x is det]m9$ by fus+ ) bisulphate ( pota% & extract+ ) cold wat]4 ,! solution is ne>ly neutralis$ ) ammonia1 *>g$ ) sulphur\s acid1 & boil$4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z oxide ( titanium1 ,ti,o#b4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is weight & t ( ! comb9$ oxides gives ! f]ric oxide & alum9a4 ,! filtrate f ! mix$ oxides is exam9$ = lime & magnesia4 ,sulphur4--,rub up #e grams ( ! ore ) #e grams ( nitre1 transf] to a porcela9 di%1 & fuse ov] a ,buns5 burn] = fifte5 m9utes4 ,:5 cold1 extract ) wat]1 & det]m9e ! sulphur volumetrically ) /&>d b>ium *loride4 ,! sulphur may be pres5t z sulphide or sulphate4 ,ars5ic4--,take #e grams1 & evaporate ) nitric acid2 dilute1 add ammonia1 pass sulphurett$ hydrog51 & filt]4 ,to ! filtrate add magnesia mixture4 ,collect ! precipitate1 ignite ) nitric acid1 & weigh z magnesic pyr>s5ate4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z an example ( ! composition ( an impure black t93-- ,tung/ic acid #a4h ,/annic oxide #gi4j ,silica #b4f ,titanic oxide #j4h ,copp] oxide #j4i ,f]ric oxide #ac4d ,sulphur #j4d ,ars5ic #j4c ---- #ii4b ,exam9ation ( ,h>dhead4--,9 ! smelt+ ( t9 ores a quantity ( speise1 kn[n z h>dhead1 is produc$4 ,x is ess5tially an ars5ide ( iron1 c>ry+ a consid]able quantity ( t94 ,mu* ( ?is la/ is pres5t 9 ! =m ( small buttons ( metal di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! mass4 ,! buttons c be se5 on c>eful inspection1 & become evid5t on p[d]+4 ,9 assay+ ! sub/ance1 a v>iation 9 ! usual me?od ( sampl+ is requir$1 because ( ! quantity ( metal pres5t :i* _c be p[d]$4 ,aft] p[d]+ z f9ely z possible1 ! co>se p>ticles are sift$ (f & weigh$4 ,! weight ( ! p[d] is also tak54 ,! me?od ( work+ is be/ illu/rat$ by an example4 ,a sample ( h>dhead weigh$ #aee4a grams1 & gave #ba4j grams ( co>se p>ticles1 equival5t to #ac4e p] c5t4 ( ! :ole4 ,! f9e portion weigh$ #acd grams1 :i* is equival5t to #hf4e p] c5t4 ,?irte5 & a half grams ( ! co>se mat]ial 7 dissolv$ 9 aqua regia1 & dilut$ ) wat] to #a litre4 ,t5 c4c4 ( ?is conta9 #j4ace gram ( ! metallic portion1 :i* is ! am\nt conta9$ 9 #a gram ( ! orig9al h>dhead4 ,if1 9 a det]m9ation1 #a gram ( ! sub/ance is want$1 weigh up #j4hfe gram ( ! p[d]$ portion1 & add to x #aj c4c4 ( ! solution4 ,x w be se5 t ^! toge!r make up #a gram ( ! orig9al sample4 ,! solution ( ! metallic portion mu/ be sav$ until ! analysis is f9i%$4 ,t9 & ,copp]4--,weigh up ! portion ( ! p[d]$ /uff equival5t to #a gram ( ! sample4 ,transf] to a flask1 & cov] ) #aj c4c4 ( ! solution ( ! metallic portion & #aj c4c4 ( aqua regia4 ,boil g5tly till oxidation is complete & ! nitric acid = ! great] "p driv5 (f4 ,dilute to #ajj c4c4 ) wat]1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 = "s "t4 ,filt]1 wa% ) hot wat]1 & r9se ?r\gh ! funnel back into ! flask4 ,dige/ ) yell[ sodium sulphide until only a light1 floccul5t1 black precipitate is left4 ,filt] ?is (f1 wa% ) hot wat]1 dry1 calc9e1 treat ) a little nitric acid1 ignite1 & weigh z copp] oxide1 ,cu,o4 ,! weight multipli$ by #j4gihc gives ! weight ( copp]4 ,! filtrate conta9+ ! t9 is r5d]$ acid ) hydro*loric acid1 & filt]$4 ,! precipitate is r9s$ into a half-p9t beak]1 cov]$ ) #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & boil$ d[n to ab\t #bj c4c4 ,! solution is filt]$ (f f ! sulphur & sulphide ( ars5ic1 :i*1 aft] wa%+ ) hot wat]1 is transf]r$ to a flask labell$ ars5ic4 ,a /rip ( %eet z9c 7#b 94 by #a 947 is plac$ 9 ! solution4 ,! evolution ( hydrog5 %\ld be brisk4 ,9 five or t5 m9utes decant (f a few c4c4 ( ! liquid1 & te/ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 = t94 ,if no yell[i% precipitate is =m$1 decant (f ! re/ ( ! liquid1 & wa% ! precipitat$ metal ) hot wat] two or ?ree times by decantation4 ,! metal %\ld be 9 a lump2 if !re are any float+ p>ticles !y mu/ be made to s9k by compression ) a glass rod4 ,transf] ! wa%$ metal to an evaporat+ di% #c or #d 94 across1 & cov] ) a few c4c4 ( hot wat]4 ,add nitric acid drop by drop till ! t9 is completely attack$4 ,evaporate ne>ly to dryness1 & add a drop or two m ( nitric acid & #bj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,boil & filt]4 ,wa% ) hot wat]1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh z /annic oxide1 ,sn,o#b4 ,calculate to metallic t9 by multiply+ by #j4ghfg4gf ,! filtrate f ! fir/ treatm5t ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 w probably no long] smell ( ! gas4 ,w>m & pass ! gas = a few m9utes long]4 ,filt] (f any precipitate ( sulphide ( ars5ic1 & transf] x to ! flask = ars5ic4 ,boil ! filtrate 7ignor+ any signs ( a fur!r precipitation ( ars5ic7 ) a few c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & sep>ate ! iron z basic acetate4 ,wa%2 res]ve ! filtrate = cobalt4 ,iron4--,r9se back ! basic acetate1 precipitate into ! flask1 add ammonia1 dilute ) wat] to ab\t #ajj c4c41 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 = a few m9utes4 ,filt]1 & wa% ) hot wat]4 ,collect ! filtrate 9 ! flask labell$ ars5ic4 ,boil ! precipitate ) dilute sulphuric acid1 filt]1 & titrate ! filtrate ) ! p]manganate ( potassium solution aft] boil+ (f ! sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,report ! result z iron4 ,! sulphuric acid w n effect complete solution1 a light black residue w rema91 *iefly sulphur2 ?is mu/ be r9s$ into ! filtrate f ! acetate sep>ation4 ,x conta9s cobalt4 ,cobalt4--,! filtrate f ! acetate sep>ation w h a p9k col\r4 ,r5d] x ammoniacal & pass sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,collect ! precipitate on a filt]1 dry1 & ignite4 ,dissolve 9 hydro*loric acid1 & evaporate ne>ly to dryness ) an excess ( nitric acid4 ,dilute ) #aj or #bj c4c4 ( wat] & add pota% solution 9 slight excess4 ,add acetic acid until ! solution is acid & ! precipitate is q dissolv$4 ,add #bj or #cj c4c4 ( a /rong solution ( potassium nitrite1 & det]m9e ! cobalt1 z describ$ on pp4 #bed1 #bef4 ,boil ! filtrate f ! cobalt1 precipitate ) hydro*loric acid1 r5d] ammoniacal1 & te/ = z9c1 nickel1 & manganese4 ,! rema9d] ( ! t9 w be conta9$ 9 ! flask labell$ ars5ic4 ,acidify ) hydro*loric acid & filt]4 ,r9se into a beak]1 & evaporate to a small bulk ) #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid4 ,dilute & filt]4 ,dry ! precipitate1 consi/+ ( /annic ars5ate 7#b,sn,o#b4;,z#b,o#e71 ignite1 & weigh4 ,calculate ! t9 x conta9s by multiply+ by #j4ddec1 & add to t already f\nd4 ,ars5ic4--,?is is det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate portion4 ,weigh up a portion ( ! p[d] equival5t to #a gram ( ! h>dhead1 place 9 a p9t flask1 & boil ) #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid4 ,:5 action has ceas$ add #aj c4c4 ( ! solution ( ! metallic portion & !n hydro*loric acid 7a few drops at a "t7 till solution is complete4 ,w>m g5tly 9 dissolv+1 b d n boil4 ,dilute to ab\t #ajj c4c41 r5d] alkal9e ) ammonia1 & add #bj c4c4 ( yell[ ammonium sulphide4 ,dige/ at a g5tle heat = ab\t ?irty m9utes1 filt]1 & wa%4 ,add #ej c4c4 ( magnesia mixture1 %ake well1 all[ to /& = an h\r1 filt]1 & wa% ) dilute ammonia4 ,! precipitate is dissolv$ & !n titrat$ ) uranium acetate1 or x is evaporat$ ) nitric acid1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z pyr>s5ate ( magnesia4 ,calculate ! result to ars5ic1 ,z4 ,sulphur4--,weigh up a portion ( ! p[d] equival5t to #b or #c grams ( ! h>dhead4 ,rub up 9 a mort> ) #e grams ( nitre & fuse 9 a porcela9 di% = t5 m9utes4 ,extract ) wat]1 add #bj or #cj c4c4 7z ! case may be7 ( ! solution ( ! metallics4 ,add #aj grams ( sodic acetate1 & f]ric *loride until ! precipitate turns br[n2 dilute ) wat] to half a litre1 boil1 & titrate ) /&>d b>ic *loride1 z describ$ "u ,sulphur4 ,report z sulphur4 ,a sample ( h>dhead exam9$ 9 ?is way gave-- ,sulphur #c4jj ,ars5ic #bg4aj ,t9 #bb4b ,copp] #a4fd ,iron #dc4b ,cobalt #b4f ------ #ii4gd ,exam9ation ( ,t9 ,slags4--,9 t9 smelt+ works ! t]m slag is appli$ to ! unfus$ portion ( ! *>ge4 ,x is made up ( unburnt an?racite & small lumps ( slag prop] toge!r ) "s buttons ( metallic t94 ,?is is r>ely1 if ev]1 assay$4 ,! slag prop] 7or1 z x is g5]ally call$1 glass7 is a silicate ( iron1 alum9a1 & lime1 conta9+ f #c to #g p] c5t4 ( t94 ,x is ?us exam9$3--,! sample aft] bruis+ on an iron plate1 is r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d] by gr9d+ 9 an agate mort>4 ,9 ?is /ate x is 9 mo/ cases readily decompos$ by hydro*loric acid4 ,det]m9ation ( ,t94--,:]e ! p]c5tage ( t9 only is requir$1 take #b grams ( ! p[d]$ slag & well mix ) x #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & heat to boil+4 ,add #a c4c4 ( nitric acid1 all[ to /& = fifte5 m9utes1 dilute ) wat]1 & filt]4 ,pass a rapid curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 = "s "t4 ,all[ to settle1 & filt]4 ,! precipitate1 aft] wa%+ ) hot wat]1 is dri$1 & g5tly calc9$ until ! great] "p ( ! sulphur is burnt (f4 ,x is !n /rongly ignit$ 9 ! muffle 7or ov] ! bl[pipe7 ) ! addition ( a small lump ( ammonic c>bonate4 ,! residue is weigh$ z /annic oxide 7,sn,o#b72 & is calculat$ to metallic t9 by multiply+ by #j4ghg4 ,! p]c5tage on ! slag is calculat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! t9 is always be/ det]m9$ 9 ! exam9ation ( slags by a sep>ate assay c>ri$ out 9 ?is way4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! o!r con/itu5ts is ?us made3-- ,silica4--,take #b grams ( ! p[d]$ slag & cov] !m1 9 a small evaporat+ di%1 ) #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid2 mix well by /irr+ ) a glass rod2 & evaporate to dryness4 ,if 7z is g5]ally ! case7 tung/5 is pres5t ! solution w be blue4 ,take up ) #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid4 ,add #a c4c4 ( nitric acid2 & r$uce by boil+ to ab\t half ! bulk4 ,add ab\t #bj c4c4 ( wat]1 boil1 & filt]4 ,wa% ! residue ) hot dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,x consi/s ( silica ) ! tung/ic acid4 ,wa% x back into ! di%2 & dige/ ) #e or #aj c4c4 ( a cold solution ( ammonic c>bonate4 ,filt]2 & collect ! filtrate & wa%+s 9 a weigh$ porcela9 di%4 ,dry ! residue1 ignite /rongly1 & weigh z silica1 ,si,o#b4 ,9 c]ta9 exceptional cases ?is may conta9 "s unalt]$ cassit]ite1 :i* is easily recognis$ by its appe>ance4 ,tung/54--,! ammonic c>bonate filtrate f ! silica is evaporat$ to dryness1 ignit$ /rongly ov] ! bl[pipe1 & weigh$4 ,! residue is tung/ic acid1 ,,wo#c4 ,! tung/5 may be conv5i5tly report$ 9 ?is =m1 al?\gh x is probably pres5t z a l[] oxide4 ,t94--,! acid filtrate f ! silica & tung/ic acid is treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! sulphide ( t9 is filt]$ (f4 ,s9ce ! p]c5tage ( t9 has be5 already det]m9$1 ?is precipitate may be neglect$2 or may be treat$ 9 ! same way z ! previ\s "o1 s z to *eck ! result4 ,s9ce "s /annic *loride w h be5 lo/ 9 ! evaporation1 a l[ result may be expect$4 ,! t9 %\ld be report$ z /ann\s oxide2 & is calculat$ by multiply+ ! p]c5tage ( t9 by #a4acf4 ,! filtrate f ! t9 is boil$ rapidly d[n to remove sulphurett$ hydrog52 & !n p]oxidis$ ) #a or #b c4c4 ( nitric acid4 ,x is cool$1 transf]r$ to a graduat$ flask1 & dilut$ ) wat] to #bjj c4c4 ,f]r\s ,oxide & ,alum9a4--,half ! filtrate f ! t9 7t is1 #ajj c4c47 is tak51 ne>ly neutralis$ ) soda1 & treat$ ) sodium acetate4 ,! basic acetate precipitate obta9$ on boil+ is filt]$ (f & wa%$4 ,res]ve ! filtrate4 ,! precipitate is dissolv$ (f ! filt] ) hot dilute hydro*loric acid2 & ! solution ?us =m$ is treat$ ) a slight excess ( ammonia1 & boil$4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z mix$ f]ric oxide & alum9a4 ,! ignit$ precipitate is !n dissolv$ ) sulphuric & hydro*loric acids2 & ! iron det]m9$ 9 ! solution by titration ) ! solution ( /ann\s *loride4 ,! iron f\nd is calculat$ to & report$ z f]r\s oxide1 ,fe,o 7factor #a4bhf74 ,to f9d ! alum9a1 :i* is be/ e/imat$ by diff]5ce1 multiply ! iron by #a4dbh to get ! weight ( f]ric oxide1 & d$uct ?is f ! weight ( alum9a & f]ric oxide f\nd4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 gives ! alum9a4 ,a direct det]m9ation may be made by remov+ ! t9 f ! titrat$ solution ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 filt]+1 ne>ly neutralis+ ) ammonia1 & boil+ ) a few grams ( hyposulphite ( soda4 ,! precipitate1 filt]$1 wa%$1 & ignit$1 is ! alum9a1 :i* is weigh$4 ,! direct det]m9ation gives a slightly l[ result4 ,oxides ( ,z9c & ,manganese4--,^! are det]m9$ 9 ! filtrate f ! basic acetate precipitate by r5d]+ alkal9e ) ammonia1 & pass+ a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,g5]ally a small1 b decid$1 precipitate ( alum9a comes d[n1 toge!r ) sulphides ( any z9c or manganese :i* is pres5t4 ,! precipitate is all[$ to settle1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! metals are sep>ately det]m9$ 9 x2 & ! residue is c\nt$ z alum9a1 & add$ to t already f\nd4 ,! mix$ precipitate am\nts to f #a to #b p] c5t4 ( ! sample4 ,lime4--,! filtrate f ! la/ is treat$ ) ammonic oxalate1 boil$ = a few m9utes1 all[$ to settle1 & filt]$4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ ) hot wat]2 dri$2 ignit$2 & weigh$ z c>bonate1 aft] g5tle ignition2 or z lime1 aft] /rong ignition 9 ! muffle4 ,magnesia4--,! filtrate f ! lime is treat$ ) sodic phosphate & ammonia4 ,x is well mix$ by /irr+1 & all[$ to /& ov]night4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ ) dilute ammonia1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z pyrophosphate4 ,soda & ,pota%4--,^! are det]m9$ 9 ! rema9+ half ( ! filtrate f ! t94 ,! solution is r5d]$ ammoniacal ) ammonia2 & treat$1 fir/ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 & !n ) ammonium oxalate4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f & reject$4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ 9 a small porcela9 di% ov] a ,buns5 burn]1 or on ! s& ba?2 & t[>ds ! close 7or e>li] if ! evaporation is n proce$+ well7 nitric acid is add$4 ,! evaporation is c>ri$ to dryness2 & ! residue heat$ ne>ly to r$ness4 ,! residue1 :i* consi/s ( magnesia ) c>bonates & *lorides ( ! alkalies1 is extract$ ) wat]2 & filt]$4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ ) hydro*loric acid 9 a weigh$ plat9um di%1 ignit$ g5tly1 & weigh$4 ,?is gives ! weight ( ! mix$ *lorides ( sodium & potassium2 :i* are !n sep>at$ & det]m9$ z describ$ "u ,pota%4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ :5 calculat+ ! p]c5tage t 7) ! exception ( ! silica1 tung/ic acid1 & t97 ! det]m9ations h be5 made on #a gram ( ! sample4 ,! foll[+ analysis w illu/rate ! composition ( su* a slag3-- ,tung/ic acid #a4c ,silica #ci4d ,/ann\s oxide #h4a ,f]r\s oxide #bf4b ,alum9a #ad4h ,oxide ( manganese traces ,lime #g4i ,magnesia #j4e ,alkalies calculat$ z soda #a4g ----- #ii4i ,,titanium4 ,titanium only occurs z a m9]al 9 its oxidis$ /ate1 or z titanic oxide 7,ti,o#b74 ,x is a sub/ance :i* has little comm]cial value1 & is g5]ally recognis$ z "o ( ! r>e bodies2 al?\gh1 9 small quantities1 x is widely dissem9at$4 ,x occurs 9 granite1 basalt1 & o!r igne\s rocks 9 quantities up to z mu* z #a p] c5t4 ,x is also met ) 9 clays & iron ores1 & 9 riv] s&s1 9 :i* x is (t5 associat$ ) /ream t94 ,! prop] m9]als ( titanium are rutile 7,ti,o#b71 titanif]\s iron 7titanate ( iron71 & sph5e 7titanate & silicate ( lime74 ,! oxide ( titanium 7l cassit]ite & qu>tz7 is undecompos$ by hydro*loric or nitric acid2 s t x is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! residue insoluble 9 acids4 ,! titanates1 h[ev]1 are attack$1 & a portion ( ! titanium dissolves2 s t x mu/ be look$ = 9 bo? ! filtrate & residue4 ,oxide ( titanium 9 its native =m1 or aft] ignition1 may be made soluble by fus+ ! f9ely-divid$ sub/ance ) fusion mixture 9 a plat9um di%4 ,! result+ titanate is dissolv$ out ( ! melt by cold hydro*loric acid4 ,! me?od mo/ commonly us$ is fusion ) bisulphate ( pota%4 ,?is r5d]s ! oxide ( titanium soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,! sub/ance is extract$ ) hydro*loric & nitric acids1 & ! solution res]v$ = fur!r treatm5t2 ! residue is dri$1 moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid1 & evaporat$ once or twice to dryness ) hydr(luoric acid4 ,x is !n fus$ ) bisulphate ( pota%1 & ! melt extract$ ) cold wat] until all soluble matt] is remov$4 ,! solution is filt]$4 ,! residue may consi/ ( unremov$ silica1 & oxides ( tantalum1 niobium1 &1 p]haps1 *romium4 ,on ! prolong$ boil+ ( ! filtrate1 ! oxide ( titanium 7& oxide ( zirconium1 if any7 is precipitat$4 ,any titanium dissolv$ by ! fir/ extraction ) acids is recov]$ 9 ! foll[+ way3--,sulphurett$ hydrog5 is pass$ into ! acid solution1 & any precipitate t may be =m$ is filt]$ (f4 ,! filtrate is oxidis$1 & ! iron1 alum9ium1 & titanium are sep>at$ z basic acetates 7see "u ,iron74 ,! precipitate is dri$ & fus$ ) bisulphate ( pota%4 ,! melt is extract$ ) cold wat]1 filt]$ if necess>y1 & ! solution r5d]$ fir/ fa9tly alkal9e ) ammonia1 !n v slightly acid ) sulphuric acid4 #cj or #dj c4c4 ( a saturat$ solution ( sulphur\s acid is add$1 & ! oxide ( titanium precipitat$ by prolong$ boil+4 ,x is filt]$ (f1 add$ to ! precipitate previ\sly got1 ignit$ ) ammonic c>bonate t[>ds ! end1 & !n weigh$4 ,detection4--,titanium is detect$ 9 an insoluble residue by fus+ ! residue = "s "t 9 a bead ( microcosmic salt4 ,9 ! r$uc+ flame x gives a violet col\r1 :i* becomes r$di%-br[n if mu* iron is pres5t4 ,9 ! oxidis+ flame x gives a col\rless or :iti% bead4 ,x is be/ detect$ 9 acid solutions by ! deep br[n or iod9e col\r develop$ on add+ hydroxyl4 ,a solution ( ?is c be prep>$ by p\r+ p]oxide ( b>ium 7,ba,o#b7 diffus$ 9 wat] into dilute hydro*loric acid 7a little at a "t71 & keep+ ! acid 9 excess4 ,sep>ation4--,9 ! usual c\rse ( an analytical sep>ation ! hydrate ( titanium w be ?r[n d[n ) f]ric hydrate1 c41 on ! addition ( ammonic *loride & ammonia4 ,x is be/ sep>at$ f ?is precipitate by fusion ) bisulphate ( pota%1 z already describ$1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! pres5ce ( mu* m9]al acid prev5ts complete precipitation :5 ! solution is boil$4 ,fur!r1 if phosphates are pres5t1 ! precipitate w conta9 phosphoric oxide2 x may be fre$ f ?is by fusion ) sodium c>bonate4 ,a v good me?od ( sep>at+ titanium f iron is to add t>t>ic acid & ammonia to ! solution1 & !n precipitate ! iron 7z sulphide7 ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! filtrate conta9s ! titanium1 :i* is recov]$ by evaporat+ & ignit+4 ,x may be sep>at$ f zirconia by ! action ( sodium c>bonate1 :i* precipitates bo?2 b :5 conc5trat$1 r$issolves ! zirconia4 ,! sep>ation f l>ge quantities ( silica is be/ effect$ by evaporat+ ) hydr(luoric acid1 :i* volatilises ! silicon2 b sulphuric acid mu/ be pres5t1 o!rwise "s titanium also w be lo/1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1#gg 9 :i* oxide ( titanium 7pure1 ignit$7 0 evaporat$ to dryness ) a quantity ( hydr(luoric acid kn[n by exp]im5t to be suffici5t to volatilise #a gram ( silica4 ,)\t sulphuric acid1 #j4jdff gram ( titanic oxide left #j4jcdj gram1 %[+ a loss ( ab\t #be p] c5t4 ,) sulphuric acid ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3-- ,oxide tak54 ,left aft] ,evaporation & ,ignition4 #j4jcdj gram #j4jcdj gram #j4jdad #j4jdac #j4jebj #j4jebj #j4jceb #j4jceb ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! titanic hydrate ?r[n d[n by ammonia 7or on boil+ ! solution f ! bisulphate7 is collect$1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$ /rongly ) ! addition ( a little ammonic c>bonate1 & weigh$4 ,! sub/ance is titanic oxide 7,ti,o#b71 & is g5]ally report$ z su*4 ,x conta9s #fj4ih p] c5t4 ( titanium4 ,x %\ld be :ite1 if pure 7,holl&71 :ite1 yell[1 or br[n 7,fres5ius71 or black 7,tidy74 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,a me?od has be5 propos$ bas$ on ! r$uction ( titanic oxide by z9c 9 hydro*loric acid solutions to ! sesquioxide4 ,! r$uction is m>k$ by ! developm5t ( a violet or gre5 col\r1 ! =m] ) *lorides & ! latt] :5 fluorides are pres5t4 ,! quantity ( titanium r$uc$ is measur$ by titrat+ ) p]manganate ( potassium solution4 ,! wat] us$ mu/ be free f dissolv$ oxyg54 ,,tung/5 ,,& ,,tung/ates4 ,tung/5 occurs 9 nature only 9 ! oxidis$ /ate1 or z tung/ic acid 7,,wo#c71 ei!r free1 z 9 wolfram9e1 or comb9$ ) oxides ( manganese & iron1 z 9 wolfram1 or ) lime1 z 9 s*eelite4 ,wolfram occurs associat$ ) t9 ores1 ! value ( :i* is consequ5tly l[]$4 ,bo? wolfram & s*eelite are ( consid]able importance z a s\rce ( tung/ic acid = ! manufacture ( sodium tung/ate1 :i* is us$ z a mordant & = "s o!r purposes1 & z a s\rce ( metallic tung/51 :i* is us$ 9 /eel-mak+4 ,! tung/5 m9]als h a high specific gravity 7#f to #g4e74 ,on treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid or aqua regia !y are decompos$2 ! yell[ tung/ic acid sep>ates & rema9s insoluble4 ,tung/5 itself is insoluble 9 nitric acid or aqua regia2 b is conv]t$ into tung/ic acid 7,,wo#c7 by prolong$ & /rong ignition 9 air4 ,alloys conta9+ tung/5 leave tung/ic acid aft] treatm5t ) nitric acid or aqua regia4 ,tung/ic acid may be got into solution aft] fusion ) alkalies or alkal9e c>bonates4 ,?is solution gives ) hydro*loric acid a :ite precipitate ( tung/ic acid1 :i* becomes yell[ on boil+1 b ! sep>ation is n complete4 ,fusion ) bisulphate ( pota% gives a residue1 :i* does n dissolve 9 wat]1 b is soluble 9 ammonic c>bonate4 ,= ! assay ( m9]als conta9+ tung/5 ^! reactions are only occasionally tak5 advantage ( = te/+ or purify+ ! sep>at$ tung/ic acid4 ,detection4--,! m9]als are easily recognis$ by _! physical *>act]s1 & ! yell[ tung/ic acid sep>at$ by boil+ ) acids is ! be/ te/ = its pres5ce2 ?is1 aft] decant+ & wa%+1 imm$iately dissolves 9 a few drops ( dilute ammonia4 ,a solution ( tung/ate acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid becomes int5sely blue on ! addition ( /ann\s *loride & w>m+4 ,fus$ 9 a bead ( microcosmic salt x gives a cle> blue col\r 7r$di%-br[n if iron is also pres5t7 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 b is col\rless 9 ! oxidis+ flame4 ,solution & ,sep>ation4--,! decomposition & solution ( natural tung/ates is difficult to effect ow+ to ! sep>ation ( tung/ic acid2 ! me?od ( treatm5t is z foll[s3--,boil ! f9ely-p[d]$ sub/ance ) hydro*loric acid or aqua regia till x app>5tly ceases to be attack$2 dilute1 filt]1 & wa% ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,cov] ) dilute ammonia1 & filt] ! solution1 :i* conta9s ammonic tung/ate1 into an evaporat+ di%4 ,treat ! residue aga9 ) acid1 & aga9 dissolve out ! sep>at$ tung/ic acid ) ammonia1 & repeat ?is op]ation until decomposition is complete4 ,by ?is means !re w be obta9$--7#a7 a solution conta9+ tung/ate ( ammonia2 7#b7 an insoluble residue ) silicates1 & oxides ( t91 niobium1 tantalum1 c42 & 7#c7 an acid solution conta9+ ! soluble bases4 ,! tung/ate ( ammonia requires simple evaporation on ! wat]-ba? & g5tle ignition 9 ord] to cause ! tung/ic acid to be left 9 an almo/ pure /ate2 possibly1 x may c>ry a little silica4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! tung/ic acid is dissolv$1 & sep>at$ z ammonic tung/ate1 &1 aft] evaporation1 is g5tly ignit$1 ! heat be+ increas$ t[>ds ! end4 ,! residual tung/ic acid is fix$1 s t :5 ! ammonia has be5 driv5 (f x may be /rongly heat$ )\t loss4 ,x is a d>k yell[ or br[n p[d] :il/ hot1 :i* becomes a light yell[ on cool+4 ,if any r$uction has tak5 place x w be m or less gre5i%4 ,x is weigh$ :5 cold1 & is ! trioxide or tung/ic acid 7,,wo#c71 :i* conta9s #gi4ca p] c5t4 ( tung/54 ,aft] its weight has be5 tak5 its purity is *eck$ by fus+ ) hydric potassic sulphate1 extract+ ) wat]1 & treat+ ! residue ) ammonic c>bonate4 ,any silica pres5t w be left undissolv$2 x %\ld be sep>at$ & weigh$1 & its weight d$uct$ f t ( ! tung/ic acid f\nd4 ,det]m9ation ( ,tung/ic ,acid 9 ,wolfram4--,take #b grams ( ! f9ely-p[d]$ sample & boil ) #ej c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid = half an h\r1 add+ #e c4c4 ( nitric acid t[>ds ! end4 ,all[ to /& ov]night & boil aga9 = #ae or #bj m9utes2 dilute ) an equal volume ( wat]1 & filt]4 ,wa% ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 dissolve 9 a few c4c4 ( w>m dilute ammonia1 & dilute to #bjj c4c4 ) di/ill$ wat]2 all[ to settle1 & filt]4 ,evaporate 9 a weigh$ di%1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,! foll[+ analysis w illu/rate ! composition ( a sample ( ,corni% wolfram z br\ght into ! m>ket3-- ,tung/ic acid #ej4a ,cassit]ite #aj4i ,f]r\s oxide #bd4f ,mangan\s oxide #e4d ,niobic oxide1 alum9a1 c4 #c4e ,silica #a4b ,copp] oxide #b4g ,z9c oxide #j4bb ,ars5ic #j4ea ,sulphur #j4bj ----- #ii4cc ,,niobic ,,& ,,tantalic ,,oxides4 ,^! oxides are commonly met ) 9 samples ( wolfram & t9/one1 especially niobic4 ,!y are probably pres5t 9 ! =m ( columbite1 a niobate ( iron & manganese2 & tantalite1 a tantalate ( ! same metals4 ,on boil+ ) hydro*loric acid !y are bo? lib]at$1 & rema9 = ! great] "p 7all ! niobic7 9 ! insoluble residue ) ! tung/ic acid4 ,on remov+ ! latt] ) dilute ammonia !y rema9 z a :ite insoluble precipitate1 v prone to run ?r\gh ! filt] on wa%+4 ,!y may be dissolv$ 9 hydr(luoric acid ei!r at once or aft] fusion ) bisulphate ( pota%1 & extraction ) cold wat]4 ,to ! solution 9 hydr(luoric acid gradually add a boil+ solution ( acid potassium fluoride 7,,hf1 ,,kf474 ,potassic fluotantalate 7soluble 9 #bjj p>ts ( wat]7 sep>ates out fir/1 & aft]w>ds potassic fluoniobate 7soluble 9 #ab p>ts ( wat]74 ,! sep>at$ salts 7aft] heat+ ) sulphuric acid & wa%+ out ! potassium sulphate =m$7 are ignit$ ) ammonic c>bonate1 & weigh$ z tantalic oxide 7,ta#b,o#e7 & niobic oxide 7,nb#b,o#e7 respectively4 ,!y are bo? :ite p[d]s4 ,! oxide ( niobium dissolv$ 9 a bead ( microcosmic salt gives a blui% col\r 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! oxide ( tantalum dissolves 9 ! bead1 b gives no col\r4 ,,footnotes3 #gf ,?is w give almo/ ! :ole ( ! t92 a fur!r portion w be got 9 subsequ5t "w1 & mu/ be add$ to ?is result4 #gg ,publi%$ by ,p4 ,holl&1 9 ! ,*emical ,news1 vol4 lix4 p4 #bg4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,manganese1 ,,*romium1 c4 ,,manganese4 ,manganese occurs ma9ly z black oxide 7,mn,o#b7 9 ! m9]al pyrolusite2 &1 9 a less pure =m1 9 psilomelane & wad4 ,! value ( ! ore dep5ds r on ! p]c5tage ( available oxyg5 ?an on ! proportion ( metal pres5t4 ,! results ( assays are g5]ally report$ z s mu* p] c5t4 ( ! dioxide 7,mn,o#b74 ,9 small] quantities x is v widely di/ribut$4 ,manganese itself has a value = /eel-mak+2 or1 r1 = ! mak+ ( spiegeleis5 & f]ro-manganese1 :i* are us$ 9 ! ,bessem] & ,siem5s processes4 ,= ?is purpose ! p]c5tage ( ! metal 7,mn7 is requir$4 ,consequ5tly ! m9]als ( manganese may be consid]$ 9 two aspects--7#a7 z a s\rce ( oxyg52 & 7#b7 z a s\rce ( manganese4 ,^! w require sep>ate consid]ation4 ,! black oxide is ma9ly us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( *lor9e1 lib]ation ( :i* x br+s ab\t :5 treat$ ) hot hydro*loric acid1 or ) a mixture ( common salt & sulphuric acid4 ,! quantity ( *lor9e :i* is obta9$ dep5ds ^u ! proportion ( dioxide pres5t2#gh & 9 assay+ may ei!r be measur$ by its equival5t ( iod9e lib]at$1 or by ! oxidis+ effect on an acid solution ( f]r\s sulphate4 ,:5 ! ore also c>ries sub/ances :i* h a r$uc+ effect 7su* z f]r\s comp\nds71 su* assays w give1 n ! total dioxide 7,mn,o#b71 b less1 by ! am\nt requir$ to oxidise ^! impurities2 & ?is is exactly :at is requir$ 9 valu+ su* an ore = comm]cial purposes4 ,manganese comp\nds are *>act]is$ by ! read9ess ) :i* !y may be conv]t$ into highly-oxidis$ bodies4 ,solution ( manganese 9 hydro*loric acid1 r5d]$ alkal9e ) ammonia1 yields a cle> solution1#gi :i* rapidly takes up oxyg5 f ! air1 =m+ a br[n precipitate ( ! oxide 7,mn#b,o#c74 ,! addition ( brom9e or *lor9e to su* a solution det]m9es ! precipitation ( a /ill high] oxide 7approximately ,mn,o#b74 ,on treat+ a comp\nd conta9+ manganese ) nitric acid & dioxide ( lead 7,pb,o#b71 ! oxidation is c>ri$ /ill fur!r1 a purple-col\r$ solution ( p]manganic acid 7,h,mn,o#d or ,h#b,o4,mn#b,o#g7 be+ =m$4 ,on fus+ m9]als conta9+ 7ev5 traces (7 manganese ) sodium c>bonate 9 an op5 crucible1 a gre5 melt is obta9$ :i* owes its col\r to sodium manganate 7,na#b,mn,o#d or ,na#b,o4,mn,o#c74 ,?is salt is soluble 9 wat]1 =m+ a gre5 solution2 :i*1 :5 r5d]$ acid1 rapidly *anges into ! p]manganate ) ! *>act]i/ic purple col\r4 ,p]manganate ( pota% is a salt mu* us$ 9 assay+1 ) "s prop]ties ( :i* ! /ud5t w h already become famili>4 ,comp\nds ( manganese1 on boil+ ) /rong hydro*loric acid1 yield mangan\s *loride#hj 7,mn,cl#b74 ,! prop]ties giv5 above s]ve = ! detection ( manganese2 ! high] oxides are di/+ui%$ by caus+ ! evolution ( *lor9e 7) its peculi>ly suffocat+ smell7 :5 act$ on ) hydro*loric acid2 :ile ! gre5 melt1 ) sodium c>bonate1 c be reli$ on = ! recognition ( manganese itself4 ,!re is no dry assay ( manganese ores4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,/rong hydro*loric acid is ! be/ solv5t = ores ( manganese2 b :]e ! proportion ( dioxide 7,mn,o#b7 is requir$1 ! solution is effect$ dur+ ! assay4 ,! ore %\ld be 9 a v f9e /ate ( division be=e treatm5t ) acids4 ,! sep>ation ( manganese f o!r metals is ?us effect$3 ,ignite1 9 ord] to de/roy any organic matt] :i* may be pres5t2 dissolve 9 hydro*loric acid1 & evaporate to dryness1 to sep>ate silica4 ,take up ) hydro*loric acid1 dilute1 pass sulphurett$ hydrog51 & filt]4 ,boil (f ! excess ( gas1 p]oxidise ! iron ) a drop or two ( nitric acid1 & sep>ate ! iron z basic acetate 7z describ$ "u ,iron74#ha ,if ! iron precipitate is bulky1 x is dissolv$ 9 a little hydro*loric acid1 reprecipitat$1 & ! filtrate add$ to ! orig9al "o4 ,neutralise ) soda1 & add brom9e 9 excess2 heat gradually to boil+1 all[ to settle1 & filt]4 ,! precipitate is impure dioxide ( manganese 7conta9+ alkalies &1 possibly1 cobalt or nickel74 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,dissolve ! precipitate 9 hydro*loric acid1 & boil2 add a slight excess ( c>bonate ( soda1 w>m1 & filt]4 ,wa% ) hot wat]1 dry1 c>efully ignite 9 an op5 ,b]l9 crucible1 & weigh4 ,! sub/ance is ! br[n oxide 7,mn#c,o#d71 & conta9s #gb4je p] c5t4 ( manganese4 ,if ! p]c5tage ( dioxide is requir$ x may be calculat$ by multiply+ ! p]c5tage ( manganese by #a4ehb4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! manganese %\ld nev] be calculat$ to dioxide except :5 x is kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ore only 9 t =m4 ,,volumetric ,,me?ods4 ,! two me?ods are bas$ on ! oxidis+ effect ( manganese dioxide2 & if ! metal does n already exi/ 9 ?is =m x w require a prelim9>y treatm5t to conv]t x4 ,! foll[+ me?od due to ,mr4 ,j4 ,patt9son#hb effects ?is3 ,a quantity ( ! ore conta9+ n m ?an 4#be grams ( ! metal 7,mn71 is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid 9 a p9t beak]1 &1 if necess>y1 #c or #d c4c4 ( nitric acid are add$ to p]oxidise ! iron1 & f]ric *loride is add$ if requir$1 s t !re may be at lea/ z mu* iron z manganese4 ,calcium c>bonate is add$ till ! solution is slightly r$2 & next ! r$ness is remov$ by ! cauti\s addition ( acid2 #cj c4c4 ( z9c *loride solution 7conta9+ #ae grams ( z9c p] litre7 are add$1 ! liquid is br\ght to boil & dilut$ to ab\t #cjj c4c4 ) boil+ wat]2 #fj c4c4 ( a solution ( blea*+ p[d] 7#cc grams to ! litre & filt]$71 r5d]$ slightly gre5i% by acid1 are !n run 9 & are foll[$ by #c grams ( calcium c>bonate susp5d$ 9 #ae c4c4 ( boil+ wat]4 ,dur+ eff]vesc5ce ! beak] is cov]$1 ! precipitate is /irr$1 & #b c4c4 ( me?ylat$ _s are mix$ 94 ,! precipitate is collect$ on a l>ge filt]1 wa%$ ) cold wat]1 & !n ) hot1 till free f *lor9e1 :i* is te/$ = ) />* & potassium iodide4 ,! acid f]r\s sulphate solution 7pres5tly describ$7 is !n measur$ into ! beak]1 & ! precipitate1 /ill 9 ! pap]1 add$2 m acid is add$ 7if necess>y71 & ! solution is dilut$ & titrat$4 ,9 place ( blea*+ p[d] solution1 #ij c4c4 ( brom9e wat] 7conta9+ #bb grams p] litre7 may be us$4 ,,f]r\s ,,sulphate ,,assay4 ,?is me?od1 :i* is ! "o commonly us$1 is bas$ on ! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( f]r\s iron oxidis$ by a kn[n weight ( ! ore4 ,x is kn[n t #hg p>ts ( ! dioxide w oxidise #aab p>ts ( f]r\s iron2#hc !re=e #a gram w oxidise #a4bhg gram ( f]r\s iron1 or #a gram ( f]r\s iron oxidis$ w be equival5t to #j4ggfh gram ( ! dioxide4 ,! f9ely-divid$ sub/ance conta9+ ! dioxide is dige/$ 9 a solution ( a kn[n quantity ( iron 9 sulphuric acid4 ,! iron1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be 9 excess1 :i* excess is det]m9$ :5 ! ore is dissolv$ by titrat+ ) /&>d p]manganate or bi*romate ( pota% solution4 ,! assay resolves itself into "o = ! det]m9ation ( f]r\s iron1 = :i* ! /&>d solutions & me?od ( work+ describ$ "u ,iron are us$4 ,! assay is z foll[s3--,= ri* ores1 #b grams ( clean s(t iron wire are treat$1 9 a p9t flask1 ) #ajj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid & w>m$ till dissolv$4 ,c>efully sample ! ore1 & 9 "o portion det]m9e ! moi/ure at #ajj ,c42 gr9d ! re/ 9 a ,w$gwood mort> ) a little pure alcohol until free f grit4 ,?is r$uces ! sub/ance to a f9ely-divid$ /ate & assi/s solution4 ,evaporate (f ! alcohol & dry at #ajj ,c41 mix well1 & keep 9 a weigh+-bottle4 ,weigh up #b grams & add !m to ! solution ( iron 9 ! flask2 c>efully wa% x all d[n into ! acid liquid4 ,on rotat+ ! flask ! ore w rapidly dissolve1 b g5tle heat may be us$ t[>ds ! end to complete ! solution4 ,:5 ! residue is clean & s&y-look+1 & free f black p>ticles1 ! flask is cool$1 & ! residual f]r\s iron is det]m9$ by titration ) p]manganate4 ,! iron ?us f\nd1 d$uct$ f ! #b grams tak51 w give ! am\nt ( iron p]oxidis$ by ! dioxide conta9$ 9 ! #b grams ( ore4 ,?is divid$ by #b & multipli$ by #gg4fh w give ! p]c5tage ( dioxide 9 ! sample1 or multipli$ by #di4da w give t ( metallic manganese4 ,:5 ! quantity ( manganese or ( ! dioxide to be det]m9$ is small1 x is n necess>y to use #b grams ( iron2 #a gram1 or ev5 less1 may be tak54 ,! iron may be us$ 9 ! =m ( a /&>d solution ( f]r\s sulphate & portions measur$ (f1 ?us sav+ ! lab\r ( weigh+4 ,det]m9ation ( ,dioxide 9 a ,manganese ,ore4--,weigh up #a or #b grams ( ! f9ely-p[d]$ ore#hd & an equal weight ( pure iron wire1 dissolve ! wire 9 #ej or #ajj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid1 &1 :5 solution is complete1 add ! ore & w>m till x too is dissolv$4 ,cool & titrate ! rema9+ f]r\s iron ) ! p]manganate or bi*romate ( potassium solution4 ,= example1 #j4gefj gram ( pyrolusite & #a4jjj gram ( iron 7 tak5 & treat$ z above2 #ac4i c4c4 ( p]manganate 7/&>d #ajj c4c4 #j4dibj gram iron7 7 requir$2 ?is indicates t #j4jfhd gram ( iron 0 left unoxidis$ by ! ore4 ,! iron oxidis$1 !n1 0 #j4icaf gram 7#a4jjj - #j4jfhd72 multiply+ ?is by #j4ggfh1 we f9d t #j4gbcg gram is ! quantity ( manganese dioxide :i* 0 pres5t4 ,?is is equival5t to #ie4gg p] c5t42 #j4gefj 3 #j4gbcg 33 #ajj 3 #ie4gg4 ,,iod9e ,,me?od4 ,x has be5 already /at$ t :5 dioxide ( manganese is boil$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid *lor9e is giv5 (f1 & t ! am\nt ( *lor9e s lib]at$ is a measure ( ! dioxide pres5t4 ,if ! *lor9e is pass$ into a solution ( potassium iodide1 an equival5t ( iod9e w be set free4#he ,?is is app>5tly a v indirect way ( det]m9+ h[ mu* ( ! dioxide is pres5t2 b ! reactions are v %>p1 & ! f9al det]m9ation ( ! iod9e is an easy "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,! f9ely-p[d]$ sample ( dioxide is plac$ 9 a small flask provid$ ) an exit tube lead+ into a solution ( potassic iodide 7fig4 #fj74 ,on add+ hydro*loric acid & boil+1 ! *lor9e evolv$ is driv5 into ! iodide solution & !re absorb$2 ! boil+ is cont9u$ till ! /eam & hydro*loric acid fumes h driv5 ! la/ portions ( ! *lor9e out ( ! flask & into ! solution4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t !re is a /rong t5d5cy = ! iodide solution to ru% back into ! flask4 ,?is t5d5cy is ov]come by avoid+ draughts & regulat+ ! heat2 or by plac+ a lump ( magnesite 9 ! flask1 :i* acts by evolv+ c>bonic acid & s produc+ a /eady outw>d pressure4 ,:5 ! di/illation is f9i%$ ! tube conta9+ ! iod9e is deta*$ & wa%$ out into a beak]4 ,if ! solution is /rongly acid x %\ld be almo/ neutralis$ by ! cauti\s addition ( dilute ammonia4 ,if cry/als ( iod9e h sep>at$1 potassium iodide mu/ be add$ 9 quantity suffici5t to dissolve !m4 ,! cond5s] mu/ be kept cool :il/ ! *lor9e is pass+ into x4 ,! solution1 transf]r$ to a beak]1 is titrat$ ) a /&>d solution ( sodic hyposulphite 7#ajj c4c4 #a4bg gram iod9e or #j4dce gram ( dioxide ( manganese74 ,9 titrat+1 ! solution %\ld be cold1 or n w>m] ?an #cj ,c4 ,! bulk may v>y f #ajj to #bjj c4c42 b x is be/ always to "w ) ! same volume4 ,! hypo is run 9 ) con/ant agitation until ! br[n col\r has be5 r$uc$ to a light yell[2 #e c4c4 ( />* solution are !n add$ & ! titration cauti\sly cont9u$ until ! end is rea*$2 ! f9i% is indicat$ by a *ange f blue to col\rless4 ,! assay solution may be acidifi$ ) acetic1 sulphuric1 or hydro*loric acid be=e titrat+ ) hypo2 b x mu/ be only fa9tly s4 ,an excess ( acid may be ne>ly neutralis$ ) ammonia )\t int]f]5ce1 b excess ( alkali is fatal4 ,bic>bonate ( soda mu/ n be us$ 9 excess2 x is be/ to avoid x altoge!r4 ,! assay solution %\ld be titrat$ at once1 z x weak5s on /&+2 & ! hypo solution %\ld be /&>dis$ e two or ?ree days1 z its /r5g? is n con/ant4 ,! /&>d solution ( hyposulphite ( soda is made by dissolv+ #be grams ( ! salt 7,na#b,s#b,o#c4e;,h#b,o7 9 wat] & dilut+ to #a litre4 #ajj c4c4 are equival5t to #a4bg gram ( iod9e4 ,?is solution is /&>dis$ by weigh+1 9 a small beak]1 ab\t half a gram ( iod9e1 to :i* is add$ a cry/al or two ( potassium iodide & a few drops ( wat]4 ,:5 dissolv$1 ! solution is dilut$ to #ajj c4c41 & titrat$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,! />* solution is made 9 ! mann] describ$ "u ! iodide copp] assay4 #e c4c4 are us$ = ea* titration4 ,9 det]m9+ ! effects ( v>iations 9 ! condition ( ! assay a solution ( iod9e 0 us$1 :i* 0 equival5t 9 /r5g? to ! hypo solution4 ,x 0 made by dissolv+ #ab4g grams ( iod9e ) #be grams ( potassium iodide 9 a little wat] & dilut+ to #a litre4 #ajj c4c4 ( ?is solution 7 f\nd 7at ! "t ( ! exp]im5ts7 to be equival5t to #ajb4j c4c4 ( ! hypo4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,! bulk ( ! solution 0 #ajj c4c42 #bj c4c4 ( iod9e 7 tak51 & #e c4c4 ( />* solution 7 add$ t[>ds ! end z indicator4 ,^! conditions are also ^? ( ! o!r exp]im5ts1 except :]e o!rwise /at$4 ,iod9e be+ volatile1 x is to be expect$ t ) hot solutions l[ results w be obta9$4 ,temp]ature #ae #bj #dj #fj #hj ,hypo requir$ #bj4d c4c4 #bj4d c4c4 #bj4a c4c4 #ai4b c4c4 #ae4e c4c4 ,^! %[ t ! temp]ature %\ld n mu* exce$ #bj4 ,effect ( ,exposure ( ! ,iod9e ,solution4--,tw5ty c4c4 ( ! iod9e 7 dilut$ to #ajj c4c41 & expos$ = v>y+ l5g?s ( "t 9 op5 beak]s at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & !n titrat$4 ,"t expos$ -- #a day #b days #c days ,hypo requir$ #bj4d c4c4 #af4a c4c4 #ac4f c4c4 #i4d c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4--,^! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 ! usual way1 bulk only v>y+4 ,bulk #ajj4j c4c4 #bjj4j c4c4 #cjj4j c4c4 #ejj4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #bj4d #bj4d #bj4d #bj4d ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,acid4--,^! exp]im5ts 7 "u ! usual conditions1 ! bulk be+ #ajj c4c4 ,! results 7-- ,acetic acid -- #a4e c4c4 #cj4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #bj4d c4c4 #bj4g #bj4g ,hydro*loric acid -- #a4e c4c4 #ae4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #bj4d c4c4 #bj4f #bj4i ,sulphuric acid -- #j4e c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #bj4d c4c4 #bj4g #ae4b #hf ,nitric acid -- #j4e c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #bj4d c4c4 #ba4e c\ld n be titrat$4 ,9 ! application ( ?is titration to ! assay ( manganese ores1 hydro*loric & hydriodic acids are ! only ones likely to be pres5t4 ,effect ( ,alkalies4--,on !oretical gr\nds ! pres5ce ( ^! is kn[n to be inadmissible4 ,a solution r5d]$ fa9tly alkal9e ) ammonia requir$ only #aa4b c4c4 ( hypo2 & ano!r1 ) #j4e gram ( cau/ic soda1 requir$ #d4j c4c4 in/ead ( #bj4d c4c4 z 9 neutral solutions4 ,effect ( ne>ly ,neutralis+ ,hydro*loric ,acid ,solutions ) ,ammonia4--,provid$ c>e is tak5 n to add excess ( ammonia1 ?is has a good effect1 c\nt]act+ ! int]f]5ce ( excess ( acid4 ,?us #bj c4c4 ( iod9e 7z be=e7 requir$ #bj4d c4c4 ( hypo2 ) #ae c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid #bj4g c4c4 7 requir$1 b ) #ae c4c4 ( acid1 ne>ly neutralis$ ) dilute ammonia #bj4d c4c4 7 us$4 ,effect ( ! ,addition ( ,/>*4--,! addition ( v>y+ quantities ( />* has no effect1 provid$ x is add$ :5 ! titration is ne>ly f9i%$1 z ! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[3-- ,/>* add$ #a4j c4c4 #e4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #bj4d #bj4d #bj4d #bj4e ,b if ! />* is add$ be=e ! titration1 ! results are liable to error4 ,/>* add$ #a4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #bj4d #bd4j ,! />* %\ld be us$ fre%1 & is be/ made on ! day x is us$2 aft] f\r days ! f9i%+ po9t is n s good4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,potassium ,iodide4--,an excess ( iodide is always requir$ to keep ! iod9e 9 solution2 a l>g] excess has little effect4 ,iodide add$ -- #a gram #bj grams ,hypo requir$ #bj4d c4c4 #bj4e c4c4 #bj4f c4c4 ,! #bj c4c4 ( iod9e us$1 itself conta9$ #j4e gram ( potassium iodide4 ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4-- ,bic>bonate ( soda add$ -- #j4e gram #a4e gram #e4j grams ,hypo requir$ #bj4d c4c4 #ah4b c4c4 #ag4a c4c4 #af4j c4c4 ,! solution obvi\sly mu/ be free f bic>bonate ( soda4 ,?is %\ld be rememb]$1 s9ce :5 titrat+ ars5ic assays ) iod9e x mu/ be pres5t2 & /ud5ts mu/ avoid conf\nd+ ! two titrations4 ,9 "s o!r exp]im5ts1 9 :i* #aj grams ea* ( ! salts 7 tak51 ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3-- ,salt add$ -- ,am,cl ,am,n,o#c ,am#b,,s#d ,hypo requir$ #bj4d c4c4 #bj4e c4c4 #bj4c c4c4 #bj4b c4c4 ,salt add$ ,na,cl ,na,n,o#c ,na#b,,s#d ,hypo requir$ #bj4c c4c4 #bj4d c4c4 #bj4d c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,iod9e4-- ,iod9e add$ #a4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,hypo requir$ #a4c #aj4b #bj4d #ea4j #ajb4j ,det]m9ation ( ,dioxide 9 a ,manganese ,ore4--,weigh up #j4be to #j4c gram ( ! p[d]$ ore2 place 9 a flask1 cov] ) #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & close ! flask ) a p>aff9$ cork1 & bulbs 7z %[n 9 fig4 #fj71 hav+ previ\sly *>g$ ! bulb ) #e grams ( potassium iodide 9 /rong solution4 ,heat ! flask1 & boil cauti\sly = ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,wa% ! cont5ts ( ! bulbs into a l>ge beak]1 ne>ly 7b n q7 neutralise ) dilute ammonia1 & titrate ) ! /&>d hypo4 ,z an example1 #j4bfge gram ( pyrolusite 0 tak51 & requir$ #fj4c c4c4 ( /&>d hypo 7#ajj c4c4 equal #a4ahe gram iod9e1 or #j4djdb gram ,mn,o#b71 :i* equals #j4bdcg gram ( ! dioxide or #ia4a p] c5t4 ,,colorimetric ,,me?od4 ,:5 comp\nds ( manganese free f *lorides are boil$ ) nitric acid & dioxide ( lead1#hg ! manganese is conv]t$ into p]manganic acid1 :i* is soluble & t9ts ! solution violet4 ,! dep? ( col\r dep5ds on ! am\nt ( manganese pres5t1 & ?is %\ld n mu* exce$ #aj milligrams4 ,a quantity ( sub/ance conta9+ n m ?an ?is am\nt ( manganese %\ld be boil$ = a few m9utes ) #be c4c4 ( a solution conta9+ #e c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & #aj or #bj c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid1 ) #b or #c grams ( lead dioxide4 ,filt] ?r\gh asbe/os1 wa% by decantation ) dilute sulphuric acid1 make up ) di/ill$ wat]#hh to a def9ite bulk1 & take a measur$ portion = ! colorimetric det]m9ation4 ,! /&>d solution ( manganese is made by dissolv+ #j4adce gram ( p]manganate ( pota% 7,k,mn,o#d7 9 a little wat] acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,"o c4c4 w conta9 #j4je milligram ( manganese4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,:at p]c5tage ( manganese 7,mn7 is conta9$ 9 p]manganate ( pota% 7,k,mn,o#d78 #b4 ,t5 c4c4 ( a solution ( p]manganate ( pota% is f\nd to oxidise #aj c4c4 ( an acid solution ( f]r\s sulphate4 ,! manganese is det]m9$ 9 ! titrat$ solution by precipitation z dioxide & titrat+4 ,h[ mu* ( ! f]r\s solution w be oxidis$ 9 ! second titration8 #c4 ,:at weight ( potassium iodide w\ld be j suffici5t to absorb ! *lor9e evolv$ by #j4e gram ( pure dioxide ( manganese8 #d4 ,:at weight ( iron mu/ be dissolv$ up s z to h an excess ( #j4be gram aft] oxidation by #a gram ( pure dioxide8 #e4 ,:at weight ( ! br[n oxide1 ,mn#b,o#d w be left on ignit+ #a gram ( ! pure dioxide8 ,,*romium4 ,*romium occurs 9 nature *iefly z *romite or *rome iron ore 7,fe,o#b;,cr#b,o#c1 ) m or less ,mg,o & ,al#b,o#c71 :i* is ! *ief ore4 ,x is a con/itu5t ( "s silicates1 & is frequ5tly met ) 9 v small quantities 9 iron ores4 ,x occurs z *romate 9 crocoisite 7,pb,cr,o#d71 & "s o!r r>e m9]als4 ,! metal is us$ 9 /eel-mak+4 ,/eel conta9+ ab\t #j4e p] c5t4 ( x is r5d]$ v h>d2 b its *ief value is 9 its salts1 ! *romates4 ,^! are highly-col\r$ comp\nds1 g5]ally r$ or yell[4 ,"s ( ! insoluble *romates are us$ z pigm5ts2 *romate ( lead or *rome-yell[ is ! mo/ important4 ,! soluble *romates1 ^? ( soda & pota%1 are valuable *emicals1 & are l>gely us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( pigm5ts1 dye+ & tann+1 & z oxidis+ ag5ts4 ,*romium =ms two important classes ( comp\nds--*romic salts1 correspond+ to ! oxide ,cr#b,o#c1 & *romates1 :i* conta9 ! trioxide ,cr,o#c4 ,solutions ( *romic salts are gre51 :il/ ^? ( ! *romates are yell[4 ,*romates are r$uc$ to *romic salts by ! action ( mo/ r$uc+ ag5ts 9 ! pres5ce ( an acid2 & ?is prop]ty is us$ 9 assay+ = ! volumetric det]m9ation ( f]r\s iron1 c4 ,! *romates 9 solution are m /able ?an o!r simil> oxidis+ ag5ts1 & consequ5tly are g5]ally us$ 9 ! laboratory z "o ( ! /&>d oxidis+ ag5ts = volumetric analysis4 ,!y h ! disadvantage ( requir+ an outside indicator4 ,bi*romate ( pota% 7,k#b;,cr#b,o#g7 is ! salt g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose4 ,*romic salts are oxidis$ to *romate by fusion ) fusion mixture & nitre1 or by treat+ ) *lor9e 9 an alkal9e solution4 ,*romic salts closely resemble ^? ( f]ric iron1 & 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( analysis *romic hydrate 7gre57 is precipitat$ toge!r ) f]ric hydrate1 alum9a1 c41 on ! addition ( ammonic *loride & ammonia4 ,! ignit$ oxide1 ,cr#b,o#c1 h[ev]1 is n r$uc$ on heat+ to r$ness 9 a curr5t ( hydrog54 ,detection4--,*romium is detect$ by fus+ ! p[d]$ sub/ance ) fusion mixture & nitre4 ,! melt is extract$ ) wat] & filt]$4 ,! filtrate is acidifi$ ) acetic acid1 & treat$ ) a few drops ( a solution ( lead acetate4 ,a yell[ precipitate indicates *romium4 ,sub/ances conta9+ *romium imp>t a gre5 col\r to ! borax bead 9 bo? flames4 ,small quantities ( *romate 9 neutral solution c be f\nd by ! d>k or violet-r$ col\ration imp>t$ !reto on boil+ ) a dilute decoction ( logwood4 ,solution & ,sep>ation4--,*romates & *romic salts are g5]ally soluble 9 wat] or dilute acids4 ,*rome iron ore1 h[ev]1 & ignit$ *romic oxide are insoluble2 & ! =m] pres5ts consid]able difficulty on attempt+ to op5 up by ! usual me?ods4 ,a l>ge numb] ( mixtures h be5 tri$ 9 ord] to get all ! *romium 9 a soluble =m4 ,among ^! are ! foll[+4 ,"o "p ( ! v f9ely-p[d]$ ore is fus$ ) any ( ^! mixtures4 7#a7 #aj p>ts ( bisulphate ( pota%4 7#b7 #e p>ts ( bisulphate ( pota% & #e p>ts ( potassium fluoride4 7#c7 #e p>ts ( hydric potassic fluoride4 7#d7 #ab p>ts ( bisulphate ( pota%2 &1 aft]w>ds1 ) #f p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda & #f p>ts ( nitre4 7#e7 #h p>ts ( borax2 aft]w>ds1 ) c>bonate ( soda till x ceases to eff]vesce2 !n1 ) #c p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda & #c ( nitre4 7#f7 #d p>ts ( borax & #f p>ts ( fusion mixture4 7#g7 #ab p>ts ( cau/ic pota%4 7#h7 #aj p>ts ( cau/ic soda & #cj ( magnesia4 7#i7 #e p>ts ( cau/ic soda & #c ( magnesia4 7#aj7 #b p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda & #a ( lime4 7#aa7 #f p>ts ( soda-lime & #b ( *lorate ( pota%4 7#ab7 ,sodium p]oxide4 ,( ^!1 numb]s #a1 #b1 & #c yield ! *romium 9 a =m soluble 9 dilute acids1 z *romic salt4 ,! re/ 9 a =m soluble 9 wat]1 z potassium or sodium *romate4 ,on boil+ an insoluble *romium comp\nd ) *lorate ( pota% & nitric acid1 ! *romium passes into solution z *romate4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 does n answ] = *rome iron ore4 ,9 ! fusion me?ods ! ore mu/ be v f9ely p[d]$1 well mix$ ) ! fluxes1 & subject$ to a prolong$ fusion 9 a plat9um vessel at a high temp]ature4 ,undecompos$ p>ticles require re-fusion4 ,! aque\s extract conta9+ ! *romate is ready = volumetric "w1 except 9 ^? cases :]e nitre has be5 us$4 ,= gravimetric "w ! solution is acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 !n mix$ ) ammonia 9 slight excess1 boil$1 & filt]$4 ,! filtrate is acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 w>m$1 r5d]$ slightly alkal9e ) ammonia1 & ! gas aga9 pass$4 ,! *romium is precipitat$ z *romic hydrate mix$ ) sulphur f ! r$uction ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,x is filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 & ignit$4 ,x is weigh$ z *romic oxide4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! solution conta9+ ! *romium1 fre$ f o!r metals & e>?s & 9 ! =m ( 7gre57 *romic salt1 is heat$ to boil+4 ,if any *romate is pres5t r$uce x ) sodium sulphite or sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,add ammonia 9 slight excess1 boil till ! liquid is free f a r$ t9t1 & all[ to settle = a few m9utes4 ,filt]1 wa% ) hot wat]1 dry1 & ignite /rongly 9 a loosely-cov]$ crucible4 ,cool1 & weigh4 ,! sub/ance is *romic oxide1 ,cr#b,o#c1 & conta9s #fh4fb p] c5t4 ( *romium4 ,x is a d>k-gre5 p[d] insoluble 9 acids4 ,:51 z is g5]ally ! case1 ! *romium exi/s altoge!r z *romate 7phosphates & ars5ates be+ abs5t7 x is be/ to proce$ z foll[s3--,r5d] ! solution acid ) acetic acid1 !n add sodium acetate to ! solution & heat ne>ly to boil+2 next treat ) a slight excess ( acetate ( lead1 & boil4 ,all[ to settle1 & filt]4 ,wa% ! precipitate ) hot wat]1 dry 9 ! wat]-ov5 or at a l[ temp]ature4 ,transf] ! precipitate to a weigh$ ,b]l9 crucible1 burn ! filt] sep>ately1 ignite bel[ r$ness1 cool 9 ! desiccator1 & weigh4 ,! sub/ance is lead *romate1 ,pb,cr,o#d1 & conta9s #af4a p] c5t4 ( *romium1 or #bc4ec p] c5t4 ( *romic oxide 7,cr#b,o#c74 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,?is is bas$ on ! oxidation ( f]r\s iron by ! solution conta9+ ! *romium z *romate4 ,a kn[n weight ( iron 7#j4e1 #a1 or #a4e gram1 accord+ to ! quantity ( *romate7 is dissolv$ 9 #ej c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! solution conta9+ ! *romate is add$1 & ! rema9+ f]r\s iron titrat$ ) ! p]manganate or bi*romate ( potassium solution1 z describ$ "u ,iron4 ,! iron ?us f\nd is d$uct$ f t tak51 & ! diff]5ce gives ! iron oxidis$ by ! *romate4 ,?is multipli$ by #j4caja gives ! *romium1 ,cr1 & :5 multipli$ by #j4debi gives ! *romic oxide1 ,cr#b,o#c4 ,,colorimetric ,,me?od4 ,small quantities ( *romium may be det]m9$1 aft] conv]sion into *romate1 colorimetrically4 ,! solution1 :i* %\ld n conta9 m ?an a few milligrams 9 #ajj c4c41 is acidifi$ ) acetic acid & comp>$ aga9/ an equal volume ( wat] r5d]$ acid ) acetic acid & t9t$ ) a /&>d bi*romate ( potassium solution4 ,?is /&>d bi*romate is made by dissolv+ #b4hbg grams ( ! salt 9 wat] & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,"o c4c4 w conta9 #a milligram ( *romium1 ,cr4 ,! mann] ( work+ ?is assay is ! same z t adopt$ 9 ! o!r colorimetric processes4 ,det]m9ation ( ,*romium 9 ,/eel4#hi--,weigh up #b4d grams1 dissolve 9 hydro*loric acid1 & evaporate to dryness4 ,fuse ) sodium c>bonate & nitre1 extract ) wat]1 & make up to #cja c4c4 ,take #bej c4c4 ( ! cle> liquor1 boil ) hydro*loric acid1 add sodium phosphate1 & !n ammonia 9 slight excess4 ,heat till cle>4 ,filt] (f ! precipitate1 dissolve x 9 hydro*loric acid1 & evaporate to dryness4 ,take up ) a little acid1 filt]1 & precipitate ) a slight excess ( ammonia4 ,wa%1 ignite1 & weigh z *romium phosphate 7#c;,cr#b,o#c1b,p#b,o#e71 :i* conta9s #db4b p] c5t4 ( *romium4 ,,vanadium4 ,vanadium occurs 9 c]ta9 r>e m9]als1 su* z vanad9ite 7#c,pb#c7,,vo#d7b4,pb,cl#b71 a vanadate ( lead2 mottramite1 a vanadate ( copp] & lead2 & de*5ite1 a vanadate ( lead & z9c4 ,x is occasionally f\nd 9 iron & copp] ores & 9 ! slags f !m4 ,9 ,spani% copp]-precipitates x is f\nd along ) *romium1 & is probably d]iv$ f ! iron us$ = precipitat+4 ,! vanadates1 l ! *romates1 are col\r$ comp\nds1 g5]ally yell[ or r$4 ,on r$uction1 blue solutions are got4 ,9 _! g5]al reactions vanadates resemble phosphates4 ,vanadium is detect$ by ! r$ col\ration produc$ by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 into ammoniacal solutions = "s "t4 ,on add+ an acid to ! filt]$ solution a br[n precipitate ( ! sulphide is produc$4 ,?is gives ) borax a col\rless bead 9 ! oxidis+1 & a gre5 "o 9 ! r$uc+1 flame4 ,x is sep>at$ by fus+ ! ore ) potassic nitrate1 extract+ ) wat] & precipitat+ ) b>ic *loride4 ,! precipitate is boil$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 filt]$1 neutralis$ ) ammonia1 & saturat$ ) ammonic *loride4 ,ammonium vanadate sep>ates out4 ,x is filt]$ (f1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z vanadic oxide1 ,v#b,o#e1 conta9+ #ef4ah p] c5t4 ( vanadium4 ,,molybd5um4 ,molybd5um occurs 9 nature *iefly z molybd5ite 7,mo,s#b72 x also occurs 9 wulf5ite1 a molybdate ( lead 7,pb,mo,o#d71 & 9 molybdic o*re 7,mo,o#c74 ,molybdate ( ammonia is an important reag5t 9 ! det]m9ation ( phosphates1 ! manufacture ( :i* comp\nd is ! *ief purpose to :i* molybd5um is appli$4 ,iron & copp] ores frequ5tly conta9 molybd5um1 sometimes 9 quantity2 consequ5tly x is met ) 9 slags & pig-iron4 ,molybd5um =ms sev]al s]ies ( salts4 ,9 ^? correspond+ to ! l[] oxides x is basic2 b ! trioxide 7,mo,o#c7 is ! acid oxide :i* =ms a s]ies ( salts call$ ! molybdates4 ,all molybd5um comp\nds are conv]t$ into ! trioxide by boil+ ) nitric acid4 ,! trioxide is a :ite p[d] readily dissolv$ by ammonia4 ,x fuses at a r$ heat1 & volatilises freely 9 contact ) air4 ,x is slightly soluble 9 wat]4 ,molybdates are easily r$uc$1 ) ! production ( col\r$ solutions1 by mo/ r$uc+ ag5ts4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 fir/ produces a blue t9t1 & !n precipitates a br[n sulphide4 ,! precipitation z sulphide is only complete on prolong$ treatm5t2 a gre5 col\r indicates t "s molybd5um /ill rema9s 9 solution4 ,! precipitat$ sulphide is soluble 9 ammonium sulphide4 ,detection4--,molybd5um is detect$ by its behavi\r ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,molybd5ite c only be mi/ak5 = graphite1 f :i* x is easily di/+ui%$ by yield+ sulphur dioxide on roa/+1 & by giv+1 on *>coal1 a yell[i% :ite incru/ation1 :i* becomes blue on t\*+ x = a mom5t ) ! r$uc+ flame4 ,! borax-bead is col\rless 9 ! oxidis+1 & d>k-br[n 9 ! r$uc+1 flame4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! solution conta9+ ! molybdate is neutralis$ & treat$ ) an excess ( m]cur\s nitrate4 ,! precipitate is all[$ to settle = "s "t1 filt]$1 & wa%$ ) a dilute solution ( m]cur\s nitrate4 ,!n x is dri$1 transf]r$ to a weigh$ ,b]l9 crucible conta9+ ignit$ oxide ( lead1 mix$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! increase 9 weight gives ! am\nt ( trioxide1 ,mo,o#c4 ,?is conta9s #ff4g p] c5t4 ( molybd5um4 ,,uranium4 ,uranium occurs *iefly z pit*bl5de1 :i* is an impure oxide 7,u#c,o#h74 ,x is also f\nd z sulphate 9 urano*re1 johannite1 c42 & z phosphate 9 ! uranites1 torb]nite 7hydrat$ phosphate ( uranium & copp]71 & autunite 7hydrat$ phosphate ( uranium & lime74 ,x also occurs 9 "s r>] m9]als4 ,! oxide is us$ = col\r+ glass2 & ! nitrate & acetate are us$ z reag5ts4 ,uranium yell[1 us$ = enamel pa9t+1 is sodium uranate4 ,! uranates1 9 :i* ! oxide ( uranium acts z an acid1 are mo/ly insoluble & ( second>y importance4 ,uranium =ms two families ( salts1 uran\s & uranic2 correspond+ to ! oxides ,,uo#b & ,,uo#c respectively4 ,! =m] are g5]ally gre5 & ! latt] yell[4 ,uran\s salts are conv]t$ into uranic by boil+ ) nitric acid or o!r oxidis+ ag5ts4 ,uranic salts1 on ! o!r h&1 are easily r$uc$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 /ann\s *loride or z9c4 ,?is prop]ty is made use ( 9 det]m9+ ! quantity ( uranium 9 pure solutions by titrat+ ) p]manganate ( potassium solution z 9 ! case ) iron4 ,detection4--,! mo/ *>act]i/ic reaction ( ! uranium comp\nds is _! behavi\r 9 ! pres5ce ( alkal9e c>bonates 9 :i* !y are freely soluble2 ev5 ammonium sulphide w n precipitate uranium f ^! solutions4 ,on neutralis+ ! c>bonate ) an acid a uranate ( ! alkali is precipitat$4 ,ammonia or sodic hydrate 7free f c>bonates7 give yell[ precipitates1 :i* are insoluble 9 excess ( ! reag5t1 b are soluble 9 acids4 ,f]rocyanide ( potassium gives a r$di%-br[n precipitate4 ,uranium col\rs ! borax-bead yell[i%-gre5 9 ! oxidis+1 & gre5 9 ! r$uc+1 flame4 ,solution & ,sep>ation4--,! comp\nds ( uranium are soluble 9 acids4 ,p[d] ! sub/ance & evaporate ) an excess ( nitric acid4 ,take up ) hydro*loric acid1 dilute1 pass sulphurett$ hydrog51 & filt]4 ,p]oxidise ! filtrate ) a little nitric acid1 add an excess ( ammonic c>bonate & "s ammonium sulphide1 & filt]4 ,r5d] ! solution acid1 boil2 & precipitate ! uranium by means ( ammonia4 ,filt] (f1 & wa% x ) dilute ammonic *loride4 ,ignite1 & weigh z protosesqui-oxide1 ,u#c,o#h4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! solution conta9+ ! uranium free f o!r metals is1 if requir$1 fir/ p]oxidis$ by boil+ ) nitric acid4 ,ammonia 9 slight excess is add$ to ! ne>ly-boil+ solution4 ,a yell[ precipitate is =m$1 :i* is filt]$ (f hot & wa%$ ) a dilute solution ( ammonium *loride4 ,! precipitate is dri$ & ignit$2 & weigh$ z ,u#c,o#h1 :i* conta9s #hd4h p] c5t4 ( uranium4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,?is is bas$ on ! precipitation ( uranium z phosphate f acetic acid solutions & ! recognition ( complete precipitation by te/+ ) potassic f]rocyanide2 x is ! conv]se ( ! process = ! volumetric det]m9ation ( phosphate4 ,! /&>d solution ( phosphate is prep>$ by dissolv+ #bi4hce grams ( hydric sodic phosphate 7,na#b;,,hpo#d4ab;,h#b,o7 9 wat] & dilut+ to #a litre4 #ajj c4c4 w be equival5t to #b grams ( uranium4 ,take #a gram ( ! sample 7or1 if poor 9 uranium1 #b grams7 & sep>ate ! uranium z describ$4 ,dissolve ! precipitate 9 nitric acid & evaporate to a small bulk1 add #b grams ( sodium acetate1 dilute ) wat] to #ajj c4c41 & boil4 ,titrate ! boil+ solution ) ! sodium phosphate till x ceases to give a br[n col\ration ) potassium f]rocyanide4 ,calculate ! p]c5tage 9 ! usual way4 ,,footnotes3 #gh ,mn,o#b #d;,h,cl ,mn,cl#b ,cl#b #b;,h#b,o4 #gi ,provid$ a suffici5cy ( ammonic *loride is pres5t4 #hj ,) "s silicates1 c41 a prelim9>y fusion ) sodium c>bonate w be necess>y4 #ha ,in/ead ( sodium acetate1 ammonium succ9ate c be us$4 #hb ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,indu/ry1 vol4 x4 p4 #ccc4 #hc ,mn,o#b #b;,fe,s,o#d #b;,h#b,,s#d ,fe#b7,,s#d7c ,mn,s,o#d #b;,h#b,o4 #hd ,if ! ore is v ri*1 a small] quantity 7#j4ge or #a4e gram7 mu/ be tak52 o!rwise ! iron w be insuffici5t4 #he ,mn,o#b #d;,h,cl ,mn,cl#b #b;,h#b,o ,cl#b4 ,cl#b #b,,ki #b,k,cl ,i#b4 #hf ,iod9e probably lo/ by volatilisation4 #hg ,obta9$ z a br[n p[d] by dige/+ r$ lead ) nitric acid & filt]+4 #hh ,! wat] = dilution & ! dilute sulphuric acid us$ = wa%+ %\ld be previ\sly te/$1 to see !y h no r$uc+ action1 ) dilute p]manganate ( potassium solution4 #hi ,arnold & ,h>dy1 ,*emical ,news1 vol4 lvii4 p4 #aec4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,e>?s1 ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s1 ,,alkalies4 ,,alum9a4 ,alum9a1 ! oxide ( alum9ium 7,al#b,o#c71 is f\nd 9 nature fairly pure 9 ! m9]al corundum2 transp>5t & col\r$ v>ieties ( :i* =m ! gems sapphire & ruby4 ,a co>s] compact v>iety contam9at$ ) oxide ( iron con/itutes em]y4 ,comp\nd$ ) silica1 alum9a =ms ! base ( clays & _m rock-=m+ m9]als4 ,*9a clay 7or kaol97 is us$ z a s\rce ( alum9a4 ,bauxite1 hydrat$ alum9a1 is also us$ = ! same purpose--t is1 = ! prep>ation ( sulphate ( alum9a4 ,! m9]al cryolite is a fluoride ( alum9ium & sodium4 ,corundum is *>act]is$ by a high specific gravity 7#d4j7 & extreme h>dness4 ,by ^! x is di/+ui%$ f felsp> & simil> m9]als1 :i* x some:at resembles 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,alum9ium is us$ = a v>iety ( small purposes3 x is :ite1 light1 & v t5aci\s2 b ow+ to ! difficulty ( its r$uction x is exp5sive4 ,alum9ium =ms "o s]ies ( salts :i* closely resemble ^? ( f]ric iron4 ,x =ms an int]e/+ s]ies ( d\ble sulphates1 kn[n z ! alums4 ,common pota% alum is ,al#b7,,s#d7c1,k#b,,s#d1bd;,h#b,o4 ,detection4--,alum9a is n precipitat$ f its acid solution by sulphurett$ hydrog51 b x is ?r[n d[n by ammonia 7) ! o!r e>?s7 z a :ite hydrate1 soluble 9 soda & insoluble 9 ammonic c>bonate4 ,filt]$ (f & ignit$1 x assumes1 aft] treatm5t ) nitrate ( cobalt be=e ! bl[pipe1 a blue col\r :i* is *>act]i/ic4 ,) natural comp\nds conta9+ metallic oxides ?is col\r is mask$4 ,x is m satisfactory to make a sep>ation 9 ! wet way & to te/ ! ignit$ oxide4 ,sep>ation & ,solution4--,if ! sub/ance is insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid x is f9ely p[d]$ & fus$ ) fusion mixture ) ! help1 9 ! case ( corundum 7:i* is v refractory7 ( a little cau/ic soda or pota%4 ,! me?od ( work+ is ! same z t describ$ = op5+ up silicates4 ,see "u ,silica4 ,corundum _c be p[d]$ 9 ,w$gwood1 or ev5 agate1 mort>s2 s9ce x rapidly we>s ^! away & becomes contam9at$ ) _! p[d]4 ,x is be/ to use a h>d /eel mort> & to extract ! metallic p>ticles f ! bruis$ sample ) a magnet or dilute acid4 ,:5 ! sub/ance has be5 completely attack$ & dissolv$1 x is evaporat$ to dryness ) an excess ( hydro*loric acid on ! wat]-ba? to r5d] any silica pres5t insoluble4 ,! residue is extract$ ) hydro*loric acid & fre$ f ! second gr\p ( metals by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! filtrate f ?is 7aft] remov+ ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 by boil+7 is ne>ly neutralis$1 & treat$ ) #h or #aj grams ( hyposulphite ( soda#ij 9 solution4 ,x is !n boil$ till ! sulphur\s oxide is driv5 (f4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z alum9a4 ,x is sometimes m conv5i5t to proce$ z foll[s3--,aft] boil+ (f ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 p]oxidise ! iron ) a little nitric acid1 add a solution ( ammonic *loride1 & !n ammonia 9 v slight excess2 boil1 filt]1 wa%1 ignite1 & weigh ! oxides4 ,^! g5]ally consi/ ( f]ric oxide & alum9a4 ,x is a common practice to det]m9e ! iron1 calculate x to f]ric oxide1 & s to e/imate ! alum9a indirectly4 ,?is may be done ei!r by ignit+ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog5 & e/imat+ ! iron by ! weight ( oxyg5 lo/2 or1 by dissolv+ ) sulphuric & hydro*loric acids1 & det]m9+ ! iron volumetrically4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ^! oxides w also conta9 any phosphoric oxide t happ5$ to be 9 ! m9]al4 ,9 g5]al analyses ( samples conta9+ alum9a1 x may be conta9$ 9 bo? ! soluble & insoluble portions4 ,9 ^! cases x is bett] to fuse ! sample ) fusion mixture be=e treatm5t ) acids4 ,! alum9a 9 ! fus$ mass w exi/ 9 a /ate soluble 9 acids4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,solutions conta9+ alum9a free f ! o!r metals are dilut$ to a conv5i5t bulk & heat$ ne>ly to boil+4 ,add *loride ( ammonium1 & !n ammonia 9 slight excess2 boil1 all[ to settle1 filt]1 & wa% ) hot wat]4 ,dry ! precipitate1 & ignite 9 a plat9um or porcela9 crucible at ! /ronge/ heat4 ,cool1 & weigh4 ,! sub/ance is alum9a1 ,al#b,o#c1 :i* conta9s #eb4id p] c5t4 ( alum9ium4 ,x is only 9 special cases1 su* z ! analysis ( metals & alloys1 t x is report$ z alum9ium4 ,! p]c5tage ( alum9a is g5]ally giv54 ,ignit$ alum9a is difficultly soluble 9 acids2 x is n r$uc$ by hydrog5 at a r$ heat4 ,ignit$ ) ammonium *loride portions are volatilis$4 ,direct ,det]m9ation ( ,alum9a 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ,iron4--,! iron & alum9a are precipitat$ z hydrates by ammonia4 ,! precipitate is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid & ! iron r$uc$ to ! f]r\s /ate4 ,x is !n add$ to a hot solution ( pota% or soda4 ,! solution is boil$ till ! precipitate settles readily1 filt]$1 & wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,! alum9a is conta9$ 9 ! filtrate1 :i* is acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid & ! alum9a precipitat$ !refrom z hydrate ) ammonia1 z j describ$4 ,det]m9ation ( ,alum9a 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ,phosphates & ,iron4--,= details1 see a pap] by ,r4,t4 ,?omson 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 v4 p4 #aeb4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! me?od are z foll[s3--,if ! sub/ance does n already conta9 suffici5t phosphoric oxide to saturate ! alum9a1 "s phosphate is add$4 ,! iron is r$uc$ to ! f]r\s /ate & phosphate ( alum9a precipitat$ 9 an acetic acid solution4 ,x is purifi$ by reprecipitation1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z phosphate 7,al#b,o#c1,p#b,o#e71 :i* conta9s #da4h p] c5t4 ( alum9a1 ,al#b,o#c4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,clays4 ,moi/ure4--,take #e grams ( ! c>efully-prep>$ sample & dry 9 ! wat]-ov5 till ! weight is con/ant4 ,loss on ,ignition4--,weigh up #b grams ( ! sample us$ = ! moi/ure det]m9ation1 & ignite 9 a plat9um-crucible to r$ness1 cool1 & weigh4 ,silica & ,insoluble ,silicates4--,weigh up ano!r #b grams ( ! dri$ sample1 & place !m 9 a plat9um di%2 moi/5 ) wat]1 & cov] ) #bj c4c4 ( sulphuric acid4 ,evaporate & heat g5tly to drive (f ! great] portion ( ! free acid4 ,all[ to cool2 & repeat ! op]ation4 ,extract by boil+ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 filt]1 wa%1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,! quantity ( insoluble silicates is det]m9$ by dissolv+ out ! sep>at$ silica ) a /rong boil+ solution ( sodium c>bonate4 ,! residue 7wa%$1 dri$1 & ignit$7 is weigh$1 & report$ z s&4 ,alum9a & ,f]r\s ,oxide4--,to ! filtrate f ! silica add soda solution till ne>ly neutral1 & !n sodium acetate4 ,boil & filt] (f ! precipitate4 ,res]ve ! filtrate4 ,dissolve ! precipitate 9 hydro*loric acid1 & dilute to exactly #bjj c4c4 ,divide into two p>ts ( #ajj c4c4 ea*4 ,9 "o det]m9e ! iron by r$uc+ & titrat+ 9 ! way describ$ "u volumetric iron4 ,calculate ! p]c5tage z f]r\s oxide1 unless !re are reasons to ! contr>y1 also calculate its weight z f]ric oxide4 ,to ! o!r portion add ammonia 9 slight excess1 & boil4 ,filt]1 wa% ) hot wat]1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh z mix$ alum9a & f]ric oxide4 ,! weight ( ! f]ric oxide has already be5 det]m9$ 9 ! fir/ portion3 d$uct x1 & ! diff]5ce is ! weight ( alum9a4 ,lime4--,to ! res]v$ filtrate1 conc5trat$ by evaporation1 add ammonium oxalate & ammonia2 boil1 filt]1 ignite /rongly1 & weigh z lime4 ,magnesia is sep>at$ f ! filtrate by add+ sodium phosphate4 ,x is weigh$ z magnesium pyrophosphate4 ,pota% & ,soda4--,^! are det]m9$ 9 a fre% portion ( ! sample by ,lawr5ce ,smi?'s me?od1 z describ$ on page #ccc4 ,,?oria4 ,?is is an oxide ( ?orium1 ,th,o#b4 ,x is only f\nd 9 a few r>e m9]als4 ,x is a heavy oxide1 hav+1 :5 /rongly ignit$1 a specific gravity ( #i4b4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( analysis x w be sep>at$ & weigh$ z alum9a4 ,x is sep>at$ f ?is & o!r e>?s by ! foll[+ me?od4 ,! solution 9 hydro*loric acid is ne>ly neutralis$ & !n boil$ ) sodium hyposulphite4 ,! ?oria w be 9 ! precipitate4 ,x is dissolv$1 & ! solution heat$ ) ammonium oxalate 9 excess4 ,! precipitate is ?orium oxalate1 :i* is wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 & ignit$4 ,x is !n weigh$ z ?oria1 ,th,o#b4 ,?oria :i* has be5 ignit$ is n readily soluble 9 acids4 ,,zirconia4 ,! oxide ( zirconium1 ,zr,o#b1 is f\nd 9 ! m9]al zircon1 a silicate ( zirconia1 ,zr,si,o#d4 ,:5 heat$ int5sely x becomes v lum9\s1 & is us$ on ?is acc\nt = inc&esc5t lights4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse x is ?r[n d[n by ammonia ) ! o!r e>?s1 f :i* x is ?us sep>at$3--,! hydrates precipitat$ 9 ! cold1 & wa%$ ) cold wat]1 are dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 ne>ly neutralis$ ) soda1 & precipitat$ by boil+ ) hyposulphite ( soda4 ,dissolve2 & f ! hydro*loric acid solution precipitate ! ?oria 7if any7 ) ammonium oxalate4 ,to ! filtrate add c>bonate ( ammonia1 :i* w precipitate any titanium pres5t4 ,! zirconia w be 9 solution1 & is recov]$ by precipitat+ ) potassium sulphate1 or by evaporat+ ! solution & ignit+4 ,x is sep>at$ f alum9a by tak+ advantage ( its insolubility 9 potassic hydrate4 ,x is e/imat$ 9 zircons 9 ! foll[+ way3--,! p[d]$ sub/ance is fus$ ) bisulphate ( pota%1 & extract$ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! residue is fus$ ) cau/ic soda & extract$ ) wat]4 ,! portion n dissolv$1 consi/+ ( zirconate ( soda1 is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution is dilut$1 filt]$ if necess>y1 & treat$ ) ammonia 9 excess4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z zirconia1 ,zr,o#b4 ,?is is a :ite p[d]1 :i* is insoluble 9 acids2 ev5 9 hydr(luoric acid x is only slightly attack$4 ,,c]ium4 ,c]ium occurs z silicate 7toge!r ) ! oxides ( lan?anum1 didymium1 iron & calcium7 9 ! m9]al c]ite1 :i* is its *ief s\rce4 ,x also occurs z phosphate 9 monazite1 & z fluoride 9 fluoc]ite4 ,! oxalate is us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,c]ium =ms two classes ( salts correspond+ to ! oxides1 c]\s oxide 7,ce#b,o#c7 & c]ic oxide 7,ce,o#b74 ,comp\nds ( c]ium ) volatile acids yield dioxide on ignition2 & ?is1 on solution 9 hydro*loric acid1 yields c]\s *loride & *lor9e4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse c]ium is ?r[n d[n along ) alum9a & ! o!r e>?s by ammonia4 ,x is sep>at$ by dissolv+ ! hydrates 9 hydro*loric acid1 & oxidiz+ ) *lor9e wat]4 ,on treat+ ) oxalic acid1 c]ium1 lan?anum1 & didymium are precipitat$ z oxalates1 :i* on ignition are conv]t$ into oxides4 ,^! are soluble 9 acids4 ,_! solution 9 hydro*loric acid is ne>ly neutralis$2 acetate ( soda is !n add$1 & an excess ( sodium hypo*lorite4 ,on boil+1 ! c]ium is precipitat$ z dioxide1 :i* is filt]$ (f1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,c]ium is detect$ by giv+ ) borax a bead :i* is yell[ 9 ! oxidis+1 & col\rless 9 ! r$uc+ flame4 ,traces ( c]ium comp\nds boil$ ) dioxide ( lead & nitric acid w give a yell[ solution4 ,,lan?anum ,,& ,,didymium occur toge!r ) c]ium 9 c]ite1 & are sep>at$ ) t metal z oxalates1 z describ$ "u ,c]ium4 ,didymium salts h a rose or violet col\r1 & imp>t 7:5 9 suffici5t quantity7 ! same col\r to ! borax bead4 ,solutions h a *>act]i/ic absorption-spectrum4 ,! sep>ation ( lan?anum & didymium 9 ! solution f :i* ! c]ium has be5 precipitat$ is effect$ by precipitat+ !m toge!r z oxalates1 ignit+1 & dissolv+ 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,?is solution is !n evaporat$ to dryness & ignit$1 = a few m9utes1 j bel[ r$ness4 ,a subnitrate ( didymium is =m$1 & rema9s z an insoluble residue on extract+ ) hot wat]4 ,! sep>at$ salts are treat$ ) ammonia & ignit$1 & weigh$ z oxides 7,la#b,o#c & ,di#b,o#c74 ,,yttria4 ,yttria is f\nd 9 gadol9ite & "s o!r r>e m9]als4 ,x is precipitat$ along ) ! o!r e>?s by ammonia4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by ! insolubility ( its hydrate 9 pota%1 by ! insolubility ( its oxalate 9 oxalic acid1 & by n be+ precipitat$ by hyposulphite ( soda or potassium sulphate4 ,fur!r1 x is precipitat$ by pota% 9 ! pres5ce ( t>t>ic acid z an insoluble t>trate4 ,?is reaction di/+ui%es ! memb]s ( ! yttria gr\p f mo/ ( ! o!r e>?s4 ,! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p closely resemble x1 & among/ !m are erbia1 t]bia1 ytt]bia1 sc&ia1 c4 ,,b]yllia4 ,! oxide ( b]yllium1 ,be,o 7also kn[n z gluc9a71 occurs 9 nature ma9ly z silicate4 ,b]yl1 ! gre5 transp>5t v>iety ( :i* is ! em]ald1 is ! be/ kn[n ( ^!4 ,x is a silicate ( alum9a & b]yllia4#ia ,"s o!r m9]als 9 :i* x occurs are ph5akite1 euclase1 & *rysob]yl4 ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( analysis1 b]yllia w be precipitat$ ) alum9a1 c41 by ammonic hydrate4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by ! solubility ( its hydrate 9 ammonic c>bonate1 by n be+ precipitat$ by boil+ ) sodium hyposulphite1 & by n be+ precipitat$ by ammonic sulphide f an ammonic c>bonate solution4 ,! analysis ( silicates conta9+ b]yllia is ?us effect$4 ,! f9ely p[d]$ sub/ance is fus$ ) twice its weight ( potassium c>bonate2 & ! melt is extract$ ) wat]1 & evaporat$ ) a slight excess ( sulphuric acid to r5d] ! silica insoluble4 ,treat ) wat]1 filt]1 & evaporate ! filtrate until a cru/ is =m$4 ,pota% alum cry/allises out4 ,! liquor is p\r$ (f into a w>m /rong solution ( ammonium c>bonate4 ,f]ric hydrate & alum9a w be precipitat$4 ,!y are filt]$ (f1 re-dissolv$1 & aga9 precipitat$ 9 ammonic c>bonate solution2 ! comb9$ filtrates are boil$ = "s "t1 & acidifi$ slightly ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! c>bon dioxide is boil$ (f1 & ! b]yllia is !n precipitat$ z hydrate ) ammonia4 ,! hydrate is wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z b]yllia1 ,be,o4 ,b]yllia has a specific gravity ( #c4jh4 ,x is :ite1 infusible1 & insoluble 9 wat]4 ,aft] ignition1 x is insoluble 9 acids1 except sulphuric1 b is r5d]$ soluble by fusion ) alkalies4 ,b]yllia1 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 is precipitat$ z c>bonate on boil+ 9 proportion z ! c>bonate ( ammonia is volatilis$4 ,! hydrate is dissolv$ by a boil+ solution ( ammonic *loride1 ammonia be+ evolv$4 ,,! ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s4 ,,lime4 ,lime is an oxide ( calcium1 ,ca,o4 ,x occurs abundantly 9 nature1 b only 9 a /ate ( comb9ation4 ,! c>bonate 7,ca,c,o#c71 f\nd z lime/one1 *alk1 & o!r rocks1 & z ! m9]als calcite & arragonite1 is ! mo/ commonly occurr+ comp\nd4 ,! hydrat$ sulphate1 gypsum 7,ca,s,o#d4b;,h#b,o71 is common1 & is us$ 9 mak+ pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,anhydrite 7,ca,s,o#d7 also occurs 9 rock masses1 & is (t5 associat$ ) rock salt4 ,phosphate ( lime1 9 ! =ms ( apatite1 phosphorite1 coprolite1 c41 is l>gely m9$4 ,lime is a compon5t ( mo/ natural silicates4 ,calcium also occurs1 comb9$ ) fluor9e1 9 ! m9]al fluor 7,ca,f#b74 ,9 mo/ ( ^! ! acid is ! important "p ( ! m9]al2 x is only ! c>bonate :i* is us$ z a s\rce ( lime4 ,lime1 9 addition to its use 9 mort>s & cem5ts1 is valuable z a flux 9 metallurgical op]ations1 & z a base 9 *emical "w on a l>ge scale4 ,a mixture ( lime & magnesia is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( basic fire-bricks4 ,c>bonate ( lime on ignition1 especially :5 9 contact ) r$uc+ sub/ances1 loses c>bonic acid1 & becomes lime4 ,?is is kn[n z quicklime2 on treatm5t ) wat] x becomes hot1 exp&s1 & falls to a p[d] ( slak$ lime or calcium hydrate 7,ca,h#b,o#b74 ,! hydrate is slightly soluble 9 wat] 7#j4acfh gram 9 #ajj c4c471 =m+ an alkal9e solution kn[n z lime-wat]4 ,calcium hydrate is m g5]ally us$ susp5d$ 9 wat] z milk ( lime4 ,z a flux x is us$ ei!r z lime/one or z quicklime4 ,silica =ms ) lime a comp\nd1 calcium silicate1 :i* is n v fusible2 b :5 alum9a & o!r oxides are pres5t1 z 9 clays & 9 mo/ rocky sub/ances1 ! addition ( lime gives a v fusible slag4 ,detection4--,calcium is detect$ by ! r$di% col\r :i* its salts imp>t to ! flame4 ,x is be/ to moi/5 ) hydro*loric acid 7or1 9 ! case ( "s silicates1 to treat ) ammonium fluoride7 be=e br++ ! sub/ance into ! flame4 ,:5 se5 ?r\gh a spectroscope1 x %[s a l>ge numb] ( l9es1 ( :i* a gre5 & an orange are mo/ int5se & *>act]i/ic4 ,calcium is detect$ 9 solution 7aft] removal ( ! metals by treatm5t ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 & ammonium sulphide7 by boil+ ) ammonium oxalate & ammonia4 ,! lime is completely ?r[n d[n z a :ite precipitate4 ,lime is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r alkal9e e>?s by =m+ a sulphate insoluble 9 dilute alcohol1 b completely soluble 9 a boil+ solution ( ammonium sulphate4 ,lime comp\nds are = ! mo/ "p soluble 9 wat] or 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,calcium fluoride mu/ be fir/ conv]t$ into sulphate by evaporation 9 a plat9um di% ) sulphuric acid4 ,insoluble silicates are op5$ up by fusion ) fusion mixture1 z describ$ "u ,silica4 ,sep>ation4--,! sep>ation ( lime is effect$ by evaporat+ ) hydro*loric acid1 to sep>ate silica2 & by treat+ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 to remove ! second gr\p ( metals4 ,if ! sub/ance conta9s mu* iron1 ! solution is next oxidis$ by boil+ ) a little nitric acid2 & ! iron1 alum9a1 c41 are remov$ z basic acetates4 ,! filtrate is treat$ ) ammonia & sulphurett$ hydrog51 & all[$ to settle4 ,! filtrate f ?is is heat$ to boil+1 treat$ ) a solution ( ammonium oxalate 9 excess1 boil$ = five or t5 m9utes1 all[$ to settle = half an h\r1 & filt]$4 ,! precipitate conta9s all ! lime z calcium oxalate4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! precipitate ( calcium oxalate is wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 transf]r$ to a weigh$ plat9um crucible1 & ignit$ at a temp]ature n above incipi5t r$ness4 ,?is ignition conv]ts ! oxalate into c>bonate1 ) evolution ( c>bonic oxide1 :i* burns at ! m\? ( ! crucible ) a blue flame4#ib ,g5]ally a small quantity ( ! c>bonate is at ! same "t conv]t$ into lime4 ,to reconv]t x into c>bonate1 moi/5 ) a few drops ( ammonic c>bonate solution1 & dry 9 a wat]-ov54 ,heat g5tly ov] a ,buns5 burn]1 cool1 & weigh4 ,! sub/ance is calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o#c71 & conta9s #ef p] c5t4 ( lime 7,ca,o74 ,x is a :ite p[d]1 & %\ld %[ no alkal9e reaction ) moi/5$ litmus-pap]4 ,:]e ! precipitate is small1 x is bett] to ignite /rongly ov] ! bl[pipe1 & weigh directly z lime4 ,) l>g] quantities1 & :5 _m det]m9ations h to be made1 x is easi] to make ! det]m9ation volumetrically4 ,,volumetric ,,me?ods4 ,^! are c>ri$ out ei!r by dissolv+ ! oxalate at once 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 & titrat+ ) p]manganate ( potassium solution2 or by calc9+ x to a mixture ( lime & c>bonate1 & det]m9+ its neutralis+ p[] ) ! /&>d solutions ( acid & alkali4 ,titration ) ,p]manganate ( ,potassium ,solution4--,?is solution is made by dissolv+ #e4fdc grams ( ! salt 9 wat]1 & by dilut+ to #a litre2 #ajj c4c4 are equival5t to #j4e gram ( lime4 ,! solution is /&>dis$ by titrat+ a quantity ( oxalic acid ab\t equival5t to ! lime pres5t 9 ! assay2 #j4e gram ( lime is equival5t to #a4abe gram ( cry/allis$ oxalic acid4 ,! /&>dis+ may be done ) iron4 ,! /&>d f\nd = iron multipli$ by #j4e gives t = lime4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,! calcium oxalate 7hav+ be5 precipitat$ & wa%$1 z 9 ! gravimetric process7 is wa%$ ?r\gh ! funnel into a flask ) hot dilute sulphuric acid1 boil$ till dissolv$1 dilut$ to #bjj c4c4 ) wat]1 & heat$ to ab\t #hj ,c4 ,! /&>d solution ( p]manganate is !n run 91 7n too quickly1 & ) con/ant %ak+7 until a p]man5t p9k t+e is produc$4 ,! c4c4 us$ multipli$ by ! /&>d1 & divid$ by ! weight ( ! sub/ance tak51 w give ! p]c5tage ( lime4 ,e/imation ( ,lime by ,alkalimetry4--,! me?ods ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( an alkali or base by means ( a /&>d acid solution1 or1 conv]sely1 ( det]m9+ an acid by means ( a /&>d alkal9e solution1 are s closely relat$ t !y are be/ consid]$ "u "o head4 ,! same /&>d solution is applicable = _m purposes1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is conv5i5t to make x ( su* /r5g? t "o litre ( x %all equal an equival5t 9 grams ( any ( ! sub/ances to be det]m9$4 ,su* solutions are t]m$ normal4 ,= example1 a solution ( hydro*loric acid 7,h,cl #cf4e7 conta9+ #cf4e grams ( real acid p] litre1 w\ld be normal & ( equival5t /r5g? to a solution conta9+ ei!r #ag grams ( ammonia 7,,nh#c #ag7 or #dj grams ( sodic hydrate 7,na,h,o #dj7 p] litre4 ,x w be se5 9 ^! cases t ! normal solution conta9s ! molecul> weight 9 grams p] litre2 &1 if solutions ( ^! /r5g?s be made1 x w be f\nd t !y possess equal neutralis+ value4 ,if1 n[1 a solution conta9+ #ih grams ( sulphuric acid 7,h#b,,s#d #ih7 p] litre be made1 x w be f\nd to h twice ! /r5g? ( ! above solution1 t is1 #ajj c4c4 ( ! soda w\ld only require #ej c4c4 ( ! acid to neutralise x4 ,! reason = ?is w be se5 on inspect+ ! equations3-- ,na,h,o ,h,cl ,na,cl ,h#b,o4 #b,na,h,o ,h#b,,s#d ,na#b,,s#d #b;,h#b,o4 ,acids l sulphuric acid are t]m$ bibasic1 & _! equival5t is only half ! molecul> weight4 ,?us1 a normal solution ( sulphuric acid w\ld conta9 #di grams 7#ih_/b7 ( real acid p] litre4 ,simil>ly1 lime & mo/ ( ! bases are bibasic1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ equations2 h5ce _! equival5t w be half ! molecul> weight4 #b;,h,cl ,ca,o ,ca,cl#b ,h#b,o4 #b;,h,cl ,mg,o ,mg,cl#b ,h#b,o4 ,! /&>d normal solution ( hydro*loric acid is made by dilut+ #ajj c4c4 ( ! /rong acid to "o litre ) wat]4 ,?is w be approximately normal4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e its exact /r5g?1 weigh up #c grams ( rec5tly ignit$ pure sodium c>bonate or ( ! ignit$ bic>bonate4 ,transf] to a flask & dissolve 9 #bjj c4c4 ( wat]2 :5 dissolv$1 cool1 t9t fa9tly yell[ ) a few drops ( a solution ( me?yl orange1 & run 9 ! /&>d acid f a burette till ! yell[ *anges to a p9k4 ,read (f ! numb] ( c4c4 us$1 & calculate to h[ mu* sodium c>bonate #ajj c4c4 ( ! acid are equival5t4 ,if ! acid is /rictly normal1 ?is w be #e4c grams4 ,x w probably be equival5t to m ?an ?is4 ,n[ calculate h[ mu* /rictly normal acid w\ld be equival5t to ! /&>d f\nd4 ,= example3 suppose ! /&>d f\nd is #e4e gram ( sodium c>bonate1 !n-- #e4c 3 #e4e 33 #ajj 3 x 7:]e x is ! quantity ( normal acid requir$74 x #ajc4h c4c4 ,to get ! acid ( normal /r5g?1 we %\ld !n add #c4h c4c4 ( wat] to ea* #ajj c4c4 ( ! /&>d solution rema9+4 ,suppose !re 7 left #icj c4c4 ( ! approximate acid1 #ce4c c4c4 ( wat] mu/ be add$ & mix$4 ,x %\ld !n be *eck$ by ano!r titration ) pure sodium c>bonate4 ,! /&>d solution ( semi-normal alkali4 ,! be/ alkali = g5]al purposes is ammonia1 b1 s9ce x is volatile 7especially 9 /rong solutions71 x is be/ to make x ( half ! usual /r5g?1 or semi-normal4 ,"o litre ( ?is w conta9 #h4e grams ( ammonia 7,,nh#c71 & #ajj c4c4 ( x w j neutralise #ej c4c4 ( ! normal acid4 ,take #ajj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia & dilute ) wat] to "o litre4 ,run into a flask #ej c4c4 ( ! /&>d acid1 t9t ) me?yl orange1 & run 9 f a burette ! solution ( ammonia till neutralis$4 ,less ?an #ajj c4c4 w probably be us$4 ,suppose #ie c4c4 7 requir$1 !re %\ld h be5 #ajj1 h5ce !re is a defici5cy ( five4 ,!n1 = ea* #ie c4c4 ( /&>d ammonia left1 add #e c4c4 ( wat]1 & mix well4 #ajj c4c4 w n[ be equival5t to #ej c4c4 ( ! acid4 ,z an example ( ! application ( ?is me?od1 we may take ! det]m9ation ( lime 9 lime/one1 m>ble1 & simil> sub/ances4 ,det]m9ation ( ,lime 9 ,lime/one4--,weigh up #a gram ( ! dri$ sample1 & dissolve 9 #be c4c4 ( normal acid1 cool1 dilute to #ajj c4c41 & titrate ) ! semi-normal solution ( alkali 7us+ me?yl-orange z an indicator74 ,divide ! c4c4 ( alkali us$ by #b1 subtract f #be1 & multiply by #j4jbh to f9d ! weight ( lime4 ,?is me?od is n applicable 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r c>bonates or oxides1 unless ! weight ( ^! sub/ances be aft]w>ds det]m9$ & due correction be made4 ,,/rontia4 ,/rontia1 ! oxide ( /rontium 7,sr,o71 occurs 9 nature z sulphate1 9 ! m9]al cele/9e 7,sr,s,o#d71 & z c>bonate 9 /rontianite 7,sr,c,o#c74 ,x is f\nd 9 small quantities 9 lime/ones1 *alk1 c4 ,/rontia is us$ 9 sug>-ref9+1 & = ! prep>ation ( col\r$ lights4 ,detection4--,x is detect$ by ! crimson col\r :i* its comp\nds 7:5 moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid7 imp>t to ! flame4 ,! spectrum %[s a l>ge numb] ( l9es1 ( :i* a r$1 an orange1 & a blue are mo/ *>act]i/ic4 ,x resembles lime 9 _m ( its comp\nds1 b is di/+ui%$ by ! insolubility ( its sulphate 9 a boil+ solution ( ammonium sulphate1 & by ! insolubility ( its nitrate 9 alcohol4 ,f b>yta1 :i* x also resembles1 x is di/+ui%$ by n yield+ an insoluble *romate 9 an acetic acid solution1 by ! solubility ( its *loride 9 alcohol1 & by ! fact t its sulphate is conv]t$ into c>bonate on boil+ ) a solution =m$ ( #c p>ts ( potassium c>bonate & #a ( potassium sulphate4 ,x is got into solution 9 ! same mann] z lime4 ,! sulphate %\ld be fus$ ) fusion mixture1 extract$ ) wat]1 & ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,! residue w conta9 ! /rontia z c>bonate1 :i* is readily soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric or nitric acid4 ,sep>ation4--,x is sep>at$ 7aft] removal ( ! silica & metals1 z describ$ "u ,lime7 by add+ ammonia & ammonia c>bonate1 & all[+ to /& = "s h\rs 9 a w>m place4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( b>yta or lime x is filt]$ (f1 & weigh$ z /rontium c>bonate1 :i* conta9s #gj4ag p] c5t4 ( /rontia4 ,x is sep>at$ f b>yta by dissolv+ 9 a little hydro*loric acid1 add+ ammonia 9 excess1 & !n acidify+ ) acetic acid1 & precipitat+ ! b>yta ) potassium bi*romate1 z describ$ "u ,b>yta4 ,! /rontia is precipitat$ f ! filtrate by boil+ = "s "t ) a /rong solution ( ammonic sulphate & a little ammonia4 ,fifty p>ts ( ammonic sulphate are requir$ = ea* "p ( /rontia or lime pres5t4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 & wa%$ fir/ ) a solution ( ammonic sulphate1 & !n ) alcohol4 ,x is dri$1 ignit$ & weigh$ z /rontium sulphate4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! det]m9ation ( /rontia 9 pure solutions is be/ made by add+ sulphuric acid 9 excess & alcohol 9 volume equal to t ( ! solution4 ,all[ to /& ov]night1 filt]1 wa% ) dilute alcohol1 dry1 ignite at a r$ heat1 & weigh z sulphate 7,sr,s,o#d74 ,?is conta9s #ef4d p] c5t4 ( /rontia 7,sr,o72 or #dg4g p] c5t4 ( /rontium4 ,,b>yta4 ,b>yta1 oxide ( b>ium 7,ba,o71 commonly occurs 9 comb9ation ) sulphuric oxide 9 ! m9]al b>ytes or heavy sp> 7,ba,s,o#d71 & 9 comb9ation ) c>bon dioxide 9 )]ite 7,ba,c,o#c74 ,^! m9]als are n unfrequ5tly f\nd 9 l>ge quantity 7associat$ ) gal5a & o!r metallic sulphides7 9 lodes4 ,small isolat$ cry/als ( ^! are frequ5tly f\nd 9 m9+ di/ricts4 ,b>ium is a con/itu5t ( c]ta9 m9]al wat]s4 ,! m9]als are recognis$ by _! high specific gravity & _! cry/all9e =m4 ,comp\nds ( b>ium are (t5 us$ by ! assay]1 m especially ! *loride & hydrate4 ,! salts are1 ) ! exception ( ! sulphate1 g5]ally soluble 9 wat] or hydro*loric acid4 ,9 su* solutions sulphuric acid produces a :ite precipitate ( b>ic sulphate1 :i* is practically insoluble 9 all acids4 ,! dioxide 7,ba,o#b7 is us$ = ! prep>ation ( oxyg54 ,on /rong ignition x gives up oxyg51 & is conv]t$ into b>yta 7,ba,o71 :i*1 at a l[] temp]ature1 takes up oxyg5 f ! air1 re-=m+ ! dioxide4 ,detection4--,b>ium is detect$ by ! gre5 col\r its salts1 especially ! *loride1 give to ! flame4 ,?is1 view$ ?r\gh ! spectroscope1 %[s a complicat$ spectrum1 ( :i* two l9es 9 ! gre5 are mo/ easily recognis$ & *>act]i/ic4 ,! salts ( b>ium give no precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ei!r acid or alkal9e solution1 b ) sulphuric acid !y at once give a precipitate1 :i* is insoluble 9 acetate ( soda4 ,9 solutions r5d]$ fa9tly acid ) acetic acid1 !y give a yell[ precipitate ) bi*romate ( pota%4 ,^! reactions are *>act]i/ic ( b>ium4 ,b>yta is got into solution 9 ! mann] describ$ "u ,lime2 b 9 ! case ( ! sulphate ! sub/ance is fus$ ) ?ree or f\r times its weight ( fusion mixture4 ,! melt is extract$ ) wat]1 wa%$1 & ! residue dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,sep>ation4--,! sep>ation is ?us effect$3--,! solution 9 hydro*loric acid is evaporat$ to dryness1 re-dissolv$ 9 hot dilute hydro*loric acid1 & sulphuric acid is add$ to ! solution till no fur!r precipitate is =m$4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 & dige/$ ) a solution ( ammonium acetate or ( sodium hyposulphite at #ej or #fj ,c4 to dissolve out any lead sulphate4 ,! residue is filt]$ (f1 wa%$1 dri$1 & ignit$4 ,! ignit$ sub/ance is mix$ ) f\r or five times its weight ( fusion mixture1 & fus$ 9 a plat9um-di% ov] ! bl[pipe = a few m9utes4 ,:5 cold1 x is extract$ ) cold wat]1 filt]$1 & wa%$4 ,! residue is dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 & 7if necess>y7 filt]$4 ,! solution conta9s ! b>ium z b>ic *loride mix$1 p]haps1 ) salts ( /rontium or lime4 ,to sep>ate ^!1 ammonia is add$ till ! solution is alkal9e1 & !n acetic acid 9 slight excess4 ,*romate ( b>yta is !n ?r[n d[n1 by ! addition ( bi*romate ( pota%1 z a yell[ precipitate4 ,x is all[$ to settle1 filt]$ & wa%$ ) a solution ( acetate or ( nitrate ( ammonia4 ,x is dri$1 ignit$ g5tly1 & weigh$4 ,x is ,ba,cr,o#d1 & conta9s #fj4dg p] c5t4 ( b>yta4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! gravimetric det]m9ation ( b>yta1 :5 lime & /rontia are abs5t1 is z foll[s3--,! solution1 if x conta9s mu* free acid1 is ne>ly neutralis$ ) ammonia1 & !n dilut$ to #ajj or #bjj c4c4 ,x is heat$ to boil+1 & dilute sulphuric acid is add$ till no fur!r precipitation takes place4 ,! precipitate is all[$ to settle = a few m9utes1 decant$ ?r\gh a filt]1 & wa%$ ) hot wat]2 &1 aft]w>ds1 dri$1 transf]r$ to a porcela9 crucible1 & /rongly ignit$ 9 ! muffle or ov] ! bl[pipe = a few m9utes4 ,x is !n cool$1 & weigh$ z sulphate ( b>yta 7,ba,s,o#d74 ,x conta9s #fe4fg p] c5t4 ( b>yta 7,ba,o74 ,9 det]m9+ ! b>yta 9 m9]als :i* are soluble 9 acid1 x is precipitat$ direct f ! hydro*loric acid solution 7ne>ly neutralis$ ) ammonia7 by means ( sulphuric acid4 ,! precipitat$ b>ic sulphate is dige/$ ) a solution ( ammonic acetate2 & filt]$1 wa%$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,,volumetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! pr9ciple & mode ( work+ ( ?is is ! same z t giv5 "u ! ,sulphur ,assay2 b us+ a /&>d solution ( sulphuric acid in/ead ( "o ( b>ium *loride4 ,! /&>d solution ( sulphuric acid is made to conta9 #cb4jb grams ( sulphuric acid 7,h#b,,s#d71 or an equival5t ( a soluble alkal9e sulphate1 p] litre4 #ajj c4c4 w be equal to #e grams ( b>yta4 ,five grams ( ! sub/ance are tak51 & ! b>yta !y conta9 conv]t$ into c>bonate 7if necess>y74 ,! c>bonate is dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,t5 grams ( sodium acetate are add$1 & ! solution1 dilut$ to #ejj c4c41 is boil$1 & titrat$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,lead salts mu/ be abs5t 9 ! titration1 & s mu/ /rontia & lime4 ,f]r\s salts %\ld be p]oxidis$ by means ( p]manganate or *lorate ( pota%4 ,o!r salts d n int]f]e4 ,,magnesia4 ,magnesia1 ! oxide ( magnesium 7,mg,o7 occurs 9 nature 9 ! r>e m9]al p]iclase 7,mg,o72 & hydrat$1 z brucite 7,mg,h#b,o#b74 ,z c>bonate x occurs 9 l>ge quantity z magnesite 7,mg,c,o#c71 :i* is ! *ief s\rce ( magnesia4 ,mix$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 x =ms magnesian lime/one & dolomite4 ,x is pres5t 9 l>g] or small] quantity 9 mo/ silicates2 & ! m9]als1 s]p5t9e1 talc1 /eatite & me]s*aum are ess5tially hydrat$ silicates ( magnesia4 ,soluble magnesian salts occur 9 _m natural wat]s2 m especially ! sulphate & ! *loride4 ,kies]ite 7,mg,s,o#d4;,h#b,o7 occurs 9 quantity at ,/assfurt1 & is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,epsom salts4 ,detection4--,magnesia is be/ detect$ 9 ! wet way4 ,its comp\nds give no col\r to ! flame1 & ! only *>act]i/ic dry reaction is its yield+ a p9k mass :5 ignit$ be=e ! bl[pipe 7aft] treatm5t ) a solution ( cobalt nitrate74 ,9 solution1 x is recognis$ by giv+ no precipitate ) ammonia or ammonic c>bonate 9 ! pres5ce ( ammonic *loride1 & by giv+ a :ite cry/all9e precipitate on add+ sodium phosphate or ars5ate to ! ammoniacal solution4 ,magnesia diff]s f ! o!r alkal9e e>?s by ! solubility ( its sulphate 9 wat]4 ,magnesia is dissolv$ by boil+ ) mod]ately /rong acids2 ! insoluble comp\nds are fus$ ) fusion mixture1 & treat$ z describ$ "u ,silicates4 ,sep>ation4--,x is sep>at$ by evaporat+ ! acid solution to dryness to r5d] silica insoluble1 & by tak+ up ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution is fre$ f ! second gr\p ( metals by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! iron1 alum9a1 c41 are remov$ ) ammonic *loride1 ammonia1 & ammonic sulphide4 ,! some:at dilut$ filtrate is treat$1 fir/1 ) ammonia1 & !n ) c>bonate ( ammonia 9 slight excess4 ,x is all[$ to /& = an h\r 9 a w>m place1 & !n filt]$4 ,! magnesia is precipitat$ f ! filtrate by ! addition ( an excess ( sodium phosphate & ammonia4 ,x is all[$ to /& ov]night1 filt]$1 & wa%$ ) dilute ammonia4 ,! precipitate conta9s ! magnesia z ammonic-magnesic phosphate4 ,9 cases :]e x is n desirable to introduce sodium salts or phosphoric acid into ! assay solution1 ! foll[+ me?od is adopt$4 ,! solution 7fre$ f ! o!r alkal9e e>?s by ammonium c>bonate7 is evaporat$ 9 a small porcela9 di% ) nitric acid4 ,! residue 7aft] remov+ ! ammonic salts by ignition7 is tak5 up ) a little wat] & a few cry/als ( oxalic acid1 transf]r$ to a plat9um di%1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ignit$4 ,! residue is extract$ ) small quantities ( boil+ wat] & filt]$ (f2 :ile ! insoluble magnesia is wa%$4 ,! filtrate conta9s ! alkalies4 ,! residue is ignit$1 & weigh$ z magnesia4 ,x is ,mg,o4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! solution conta9+ ! magnesia is mix$ ) *loride ( ammonium & ammonia 9 excess4 ,if a precipitate %\ld =m1 m ammonic *loride is requir$4 ,add sodium phosphate solution 9 excess1 /ir & all[ to /& ov]night4 ,filt] & wa% ! precipitate ) dilute ammonia4 ,dry1 transf] to a plat9um or porcela9 crucible1 & ignite 7f9ally at int5se r$ness72 cool1 & weigh4 ,! sub/ance is magnesic pyrophosphate 7,mg#b,p#b,o#g71 & conta9s #cf4jd p] c5t4 ( magnesia4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,! magnesia hav+ be5 precipitat$ z ammonic-magnesic phosphate1 :i* is ! usual sep>ation1 its weight c be det]m9$ volumetrically by ! me?od ( titration describ$ "u ,phosphates4 ,! same /&>d solution ( uranium acetate is us$4 ,its /&>d = magnesia is got by multiply+ ! /&>d = phosphoric oxide by #j4edic4 ,= example1 if "o hundr$ c4c4 are equival5t to #j4e gram ( phosphoric oxide1 !y w be equival5t to 7#j4e 4#edic7 #j4bgdf gram ( magnesia4 ,! me?od ( work+ & ! conditions ( ! titration are ! same z = ! phosphate titration4 ,! quantity ( sub/ance tak5 = assay mu/ n conta9 m ?an #j4a or #j4b gram ( magnesia4 ,aft] precipitat+ z ammonic-magnesic phosphate ) sodium phosphate1 & well wa%+ ) ammonia1 x is dissolv$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 neutralis$ ) ammonia1 & sodic acetate & acetic acid are add$ 9 ! usual quantity4 ,! solution is boil$ & titrat$4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,a ,,lime/one4 ,silica & ,insoluble ,silicates4--,take "o gram ( ! dri$ sample & dissolve x 9 #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid2 filt]2 wa%1 dry1 & ignite ! residue4 ,organic ,matt]4--,if ! residue insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid %[s ! pres5ce ( organic matt]1 x mu/ be collect$ on a weigh$ filt] & dri$ at #ajj4 ,on weigh+1 x gives ! comb9$ weights ( organic & insoluble matt]4 ,! latt] is det]m9$ by ignit+ & weigh+ aga94 ,! organic matt] is calculat$ by diff]5ce4 ,lime4--,:]e b little magnesia is pres5t1 ?is is det]m9$ by titration ) /&>d acid4 ,take "o gram1 & dissolve x 9 #be c4c4 ( normal hydro*loric acid4 ,t9t ) me?yl-orange & titrate ) semi-normal ammonia4 ,divide ! quantity ( ammonia us$ by #b1 d$uct ?is f #be1 & multiply ! rema9d] by #b4h4 ,?is gives ! p]c5tage ( lime4 ,:]e magnesia is pres5t1 ! same me?od is adopt$1 & ! magnesia 7:i* is sep>ately det]m9$7 is aft]w>ds d$uct$4 ,! p]c5tage ( magnesia f\nd is multipli$ by #a4d1 & ! result is d$uct$ f ! app>5t p]c5tage ( lime got by titrat+4 ,magnesia4--,dissolve #b grams ( ! lime/one 9 hydro*loric acid1 & sep>ate ! lime ) ammonia & ammonium oxalate4 ,! filtrate is treat$ ) sodium phosphate1 & ! magnesia is weigh$ z pyrophosphate1 or titrat$ ) uranium acetate4 ,iron4--,dissolve #b grams 9 hydro*loric acid1 r$uce1 & titrate ) /&>d p]manganate ( potassium solution4 ,?is gives ! total iron4 ,! f]r\s iron is det]m9$ by dissolv+ ano!r #b grams 9 hydro*loric acid & at once titrat+ ) ! p]manganate ( potassium solution4 ,manganese4--,dissolve #bj grams 9 hydro*loric acid1 ne>ly neutralise ) soda1 add sodium acetate1 boil1 & filt]4 ,to ! filtrate add brom9e2 boil1 & det]m9e ! manganese 9 ! precipitate4 ,see page #cjj4 ,phosphoric ,oxide4--,?is is det]m9$ by dissolv+ ! f]ric acetate precipitate f ! manganese sep>ation 9 hydro*loric acid1 add+ ammonia 9 excess1 & pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,filt] & add to ! filtrate magnesia mixture4 ,! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$ ) ammonia1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z pyrophosphate4 ,,! ,,alkalies4 ,! oxides ( sodium1 potassium1 li?ium1 csium1 & rubidium & ammonia are gr\p$ "u ?is head4 ,( ^! csia & rubidia are r>e1 & li?ia comp>atively s4 ,!y are easily di/+ui%$ by _! spectra4 ,!y are *>act]is$ by ! solubility ( almo/ all _! salts 9 wat]1 &1 consequ5tly1 are f\nd 9 ! solutions f :i* ! e>?s & oxides ( ! metals h be5 sep>at$ by ! usual gr\p re-ag5ts4 ,! solution f :i* ! o!r sub/ances h be5 sep>at$ is evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! product ignit$ to remove ! ammonic salts add$ = ! purpose ( sep>ation4 ,! residue conta9s ! alkali metals g5]ally1 z *lorides or sulphates4 ,be=e det]m9+ ! quantities ( ! p>ticul> alkali metals pres5t1 x is be/ to conv]t !m altoge!r1 ei!r into *loride or sulphate1 & to take ! weight ( ! mix$ salts4 ,x is g5]ally m conv5i5t to weigh !m z *lorides4 ,!y are conv]t$ into ?is =m1 if none ( ! /rong] acids are pres5t1 by simply evaporat+ ) an excess ( hydro*loric acid4 ,nitrates are conv]t$ into *lorides by ?is treatm5t4 ,:5 sulphates or phosphates are pres5t1 ! sub/ance is dissolv$ 9 a little wat]1 & ! sulphuric or phosphoric acid precipitat$ ) a slight excess ( acetate ( lead 9 ! pres5ce ( alcohol4 ,! solution is filt]$1 & ! excess ( lead precipitat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! filtrate f ?is is evaporat$ to dryness ) an excess ( hydro*loric acid1 & ! residue1 consi/+ ( ! mix$ *lorides1 is g5tly ignit$ & weigh$4 ,9 _m cases 7su* z ! analysis ( slags & ( "s natural silicates :]e ! p]c5tage ( alkalies is small7 ! p]c5tage ( soda & pota% 7:i* mo/ commonly occur7 ne$ n be sep>ately det]m9$4 ,x is suffici5t to report ! proportion ( mix$ alkalies2 :i* is ?us asc]ta9$3--,dissolve ! ignit$ & weigh$ *lorides 9 #ajj c4c4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & titrate ) ! /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate 7us+ potassic *romate z indicator7 9 ! mann] describ$ "u ,*lor9e4 ,! c4c4 ( silv] nitrate us$ gives ! weight 9 milligrams ( ! *lor9e pres5t4 ,multiply ?is by #j4gge1 & d$uct ! product f ! weight ( ! mix$ *lorides4 ,?is w give ! comb9$ weight ( ! alkalies 7,na#b,o & ,k#b,o7 pres5t4 ,= example1 #j4jbff gram ( mix$ *lorides requir$ on titrat+ #ad4b c4c4 ( silv] nitrate1 :i* is equival5t to #j4jadb gram ( *lor9e4 ,?is multipli$ by #j4gge gives #j4jaaj to be d$uct$ f ! weight ( ! mix$ *lorides4 ,mix$ *lorides #j4jbff gram ,d$uction #j4jaaj ------ ,mix$ alkalies #j4jaef ,assum+ ?is to h be5 got f #a gram ( a rock1 x w\ld am\nt to #a4ef p] c5t4 ( pota% & soda4 ,! relative proportions ( ! pota% & soda c be asc]ta9$ f ! same det]m9ation4 ,sodium & potassium *lorides h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,sodium #ci4ch ,potassium #eb4df ,*lor9e #fj4fb ,*lor9e #dg4ed ----- ----- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,! p]c5tage ( *lor9e 9 ! mix$ *lorides is calculat$4 ,x necess>ily falls some:]e betwe5 #dg4e & #fj4f p] c5t41 & approa*es ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! numb]s z ! proportion ( ! sodium or potassium prepond]ates4 ,ea* p] c5t4 ( *lor9e 9 excess ( #dg4e repres5ts #g4fc p] c5t4 ( sodium *loride 9 ! mix$ *lorides4 ,! p]c5tage ( pota% & soda 9 ! sub/ance c be calculat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,sodium *loride multipli$ by #j4ecjb gives its equival5t ( soda 7,na#b,o71 & potassium *loride multipli$ by #j4fcag gives its equival5t ( pota% 7,k#b,o74 ,! weight ( sodium *loride 9 ! mix$ *lorides is also calculat$ ?us3--,take ! same example = illu/ration4 ,multiply ! *lor9e f\nd by #b4ajc4 ,?is gives-- 7#j4jadbb4ajc7 #j4jbihg4 ,f ! product d$uct ! weight ( ! mix$ *lorides f\nd-- ,product #j4jbihg ,mix$ *lorides #j4jbffj ------- ,diff]5ce #j4jjcbg ,! diff]5ce multipli$ by #c4fbhh gives ! weight ( sodium *loride 9 ! mixture4 ,9 ?is case x equals #j4jaah gram4 ,! potassium *loride is indicat$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! weight ( ! mix$ *lorides4 ,x equals #j4jadh gram4 ,we h n[ got-- ,sodium *loride #j4jaah gram ,potassium *loride #j4jadh f #a gram ( ! rock tak54 ,multiply+ ^! by _! factors we h 7,soda #j4jaahj4ecjb2 ,pota% #j4jadhj4fcag7-- ,soda #j4fbe p] c5t4 ,pota% #j4ice ,conc5tration ( ! ,alkalies4--,) ! exception ( magnesia1 all ! o!r bases are sep>at$ f ! alkalies 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( "w )\t ! addition ( any re-ag5t :i* _c be remov$ by simple evaporation & ignition4 ,consequ5tly1 ) sub/ances soluble 9 acids1 successive treatm5t ( ! solution ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 ammonia1 ammonic sulphide1 & ammonic c>bonate1 filt]+1 :]e necess>y1 w yield a filtrate conta9+ ! :ole ( ! alkalies ) ammonic salts &1 p]haps1 magnesia4 ,! filtrate is evaporat$ 9 a small porcela9 di%1 ) ! addition ( nitric acid t[>ds ! f9i%4 ,x is c>ri$ to dryness & ignit$4 ,! residue is tak5 up ) a little wat]1 treat$ ) a few cry/als ( oxalic acid1 & aga9 evaporat$ & ignit$4 ,! alkal9e salts are extract$ ) wat]1 & filt]$ f ! magnesia into a weigh$ plat9um di%4 ,! solution is !n evaporat$ ) an excess ( hydro*loric acid1 ignit$ at a l[ r$ heat1 & weigh$4 ,! residue consi/s ( ! mix$ alkal9e *lorides4 ,= sub/ances 7su* z mo/ silicates & simil> bodies7 n completely decompos$ by acids1 ,lawr5ce ,smi?'s me?od is g5]ally us$4 ,?is is z foll[s3--,take f #j4e to #a gram ( ! f9ely p[d]$ m9]al1 & mix1 by rubb+ 9 ! mort>1 ) an equal weight ( ammonium *loride4 ,!n mix ) eight times z mu* pure calcium c>bonate1 us+ a "p ( x to r9se out ! mort>4 ,transf] to a plat9um crucible1 & heat g5tly ov] a ,buns5 burn] until ! ammonic *loride is decompos$ 7five or t5 m9utes74 ,raise ! heat to r$ness1 & cont9ue at ?is temp]ature = ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,! crucible mu/ be kept cov]$4 ,cool1 & turn out ! mass into a #d-;in* evaporat+ di%2 wa% ! crucible & cov] ) di/ill$ wat]1 & add ! wa%+s to ! di%2 dilute to #fj or #hj c4c41 & heat to boil+4 ,filt] & wa%4 ,add to ! filtrate ab\t #a4e gram ( ammonium c>bonate2 evaporate to ab\t #dj c4c41 & add a little m ammonic c>bonate & "s ammonia4 ,filt] into a weigh$ plat9um di%1 & evaporate to dryness4 ,heat g5tly1 to drive (f ! ammonic *loride1 & ignite to a little bel[ r$ness4 ,cool & weigh4 ,! residue consi/s ( ! mix$ alkal9e *lorides4 ,sep>ation ( ! ,alkali-,metals f ea* o!r4--,sodium & li?ium are sep>at$ f ! o!r alkali-metals by tak+ advantage ( ! solubility ( _! *lorides 9 ! pres5ce ( plat9ic *loride2 & f "o ano!r by ! =mation ( an almo/ insoluble li?ic phosphate on boil+ ) a solution ( sodium phosphate 9 a slightly alkal9e solution4 ,csium1 rubidium1 & potassium yield precipitates ) plat9ic *loride1 :i* are some:at soluble1 & mu/ be precipitat$ f conc5trat$ solutions4 ,csium & rubidium are sep>at$ f potassium by fractional precipitation ) plat9um *loride4 ,_! plat9o-*lorides1 be+ less soluble ?an t ( potassium1 are precipitat$ fir/4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( boil+ wat] dissolve #e4ah ( ! potassium plat9o-*loride1 #j4fcd ( ! rubidium salt1 & #j4cgg ( ! correspond+ csium comp\nd4 ,! sep>ation ( li?ium1 csium1 & rubidium is seldom call$ =1 ow+ to _! r>ity4 ,! details ( ! sep>ation ( potassium f sodium are describ$ "u ,potassium4 ,ammonia comp\nds are %>ply m>k$ (f f ! re/ by _! volatility1 & x is always assum$ t !y h be5 remov$ by ignition2 if left 9 ! solution1 !y w\ld c\nt z potassium comp\nds4 ,!y w be consid]$ "u ,ammonia4 ,,sodium4 ,sodium is ! commone/ ( ! alkali metals4 ,x is f\nd 9 nature *iefly comb9$ ) *lor9e z common salt 7,na,cl74 ,?is m9]al is ! s\rce f :i* ! v>i\s comp\nds ( sodium 9 use are prep>$4 ,sodium occurs abundantly z nitrate 7,na,n,o#c7 9 ,*ili saltpetre1 & z silicate 9 v>i\s m9]als1 su* z albite 7or soda-felsp>74 ,x occurs z fluoride 9 cryolite 7,na#c;,al,f#f71 & z c>bonate 9 natron1 c4 ,sulphates are also f\nd4 ,sodium is v widely diffus$1 few sub/ances be+ free f x4 ,! detection ( sodium is easy & c]ta91 ow+ to ! /rong yell[ col\r its salts imp>t to ! flame2 ?is1 :5 view$ by ! spectroscope1 %[s a s+le yell[ l9e4#ic ,! extreme delicacy ( ?is te/ limits its value1 because ( ! wide diffusion ( sodium salts4 ,x is m satisfactory to sep>ate ! *loride1 :i* may be recognis$ by its ta/e1 flame coloration1 fusibility1 & negative action ) reag5ts4 ,! *loride dissolv$ 9 a few drops ( wat] gives ) potassium metantimoniate1 a :ite precipitate ( ! correspond+ sodium salt4 ,sodium salts are dissolv$ out f mo/ comp\nds on treatm5t ) wat] or dilute acids4 ,insoluble silicates are decompos$ & ! alkali r5d]$ soluble by ,lawr5ce ,smi?'s me?od1 :i* has j be5 describ$4 ,! sep>ation ( ! sodium f ! mix$ *lorides is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ way3--,! *lorides are dissolv$ 9 a little wat] & ! potassium sep>at$ z plat9o-*loride4 ,! soluble sodium plat9o-*loride1 ) ! excess ( plat9um1 is boil$1 mix$ ) sulphuric acid1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ignit$4 ,on extract+ ) wat]1 filt]+1 evaporat+1 & ignit+1 sodium sulphate is left1 & is weigh$ z su*4 ,x is m usual1 & q z satisfactory1 to calculate ! weight ( ! sodium *loride by diff]5ce f t ( ! mix$ *lorides1 by subtract+ t ( ! potassium *loride1 :i* is sep>ately det]m9$4 ,= example1 #a gram ( a rock gave--,mix$ *lorides1 #j4jbff gram1 & #j4jdhf gram ( potassic plat9o-*loride4 ,?is la/ is equival5t to #j4jadi gram ( potassium *loride4 ,mix$ *lorides f\nd #j4jbff ,d$uct potassium *loride #j4jadi ------ ,leaves sodium *loride #j4jaag ,! weight ( sodium *loride f\nd1 multipli$ by #j4ecjb1 gives ! weight ( ! soda 7,na#b,o74 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! solution1 :i* mu/ conta9 no o!r metal ?an sodium1 is evaporat$ 9 a weigh$ plat9um crucible or di%4 ,t[>ds ! f9i% an excess1 n too great1 ( sulphuric acid is add$1 & ! evaporation is cont9u$ "u a loosely fitt+ cov]4 ,! residue is ignit$ ov] ! bl[pipe1 a fragm5t ( ammonic c>bonate be+ add$ t[>ds ! end1 :5 fumes ( sulphuric acid cease to be evolv$4 ,?is ensures ! removal ( ! excess ( acid4 ,! crucible is cool$ 9 ! desiccator1 & weigh$4 ,! sub/ance is sulphate ( soda 7,na#b,,s#d71 & conta9s #dc4ff p] c5t4 ( soda 7,na#b,o71 or #cb4ch p] c5t4 ( sodium 7,na74 ,,volumetric ,,me?ods4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods us$ = ! diff]5t comp\nds ( sodium4 ,!re is no "o me?od ( g5]al application4 ,?us ) common salt ! *lor9e is det]m9$ volumetrically2 & ! sodium1 aft] d$uct+ = ! o!r impurities1 is e/imat$ by diff]5ce4 ,) sodic c>bonate & cau/ic soda1 a giv5 weight ( ! sample is titrat$ ) /&>d acid1 & ! equival5t ( soda e/imat$ f ! alkal9ity ( ! solution4 ,) sodium sulphate1 a modification ( ! same me?od is us$4 ,to a solution ( #c4ee grams ( ! salt conta9$ 9 a half-litre flask1 #bej c4c4 ( a solution ( b>yta wat] is add$4 ,! volume is made up to #ejj c4c4 ) wat]4 ,! solution is mix$ & filt]$4 ,half ( ! filtrate is measur$ (f1 treat$ ) a curr5t ( c>bonic acid1 & !n boil$4 ,x is transf]r$ to a half-litre flask1 dilut$ to ! m>k1 %ak5 up1 & filt]$4 #bej c4c4 ( ! filtrate1 repres5t+ a qu>t] ( ! sample tak51 is !n titrat$ ) /&>d acid4 ,! /&>d acid is made by dilut+ #bej c4c4 ( ! normal acid to #a litre4 ,! c4c4 ( acid us$ multipli$ by #b gives ! p]c5tage4 ,a correction mu/ be made to c\nt]act ! effect ( impurities 9 ! b>yta z well z errors inh]5t 9 ! process4 ,?is is small1 & its am\nt is det]m9$ by an exp]im5t ) #c4ee grams ( pure sodium sulphate4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,common ,,salt4 ,moi/ure4--,p[d] & weigh up #aj grams ( ! sample into a plat9um di%4 ,dry 9 a wat] ov5 = an h\r1 & aft]w>ds heat to b>e r$ness ov] a ,buns5 burn]4 ,cool1 & weigh4 ,! loss gives ! wat]4 ,*lor9e4--,weigh up two sep>ate lots ( #a gram ea*2 dissolve 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]1 & det]m9e ! *lor9e by titrat+ ) ! /&>d silv] nitrate solution1 us+ *romate ( pota% z indicator4 ,see ,*lor9e4 ,insoluble ,matt]4--,dissolve #aj grams ( ! salt 9 wat] ) ! help ( a little hydro*loric acid4 ,filt] (f ! s$im5t1 wa%1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,?is residue is *iefly s&4 ,dilute ! nitrate to #ejj c4c4 ,lime4--,take #bej c4c4 ( ! filtrate1 r5d] ammoniacal & add ammonium oxalate2 wa%1 dry1 & ignite ! precipitate4 ,weigh z lime 7,ca,o74 ,magnesia4--,to ! filtrate f ! lime add phosphate ( soda4 ,all[ to /& ov]night1 filt]1 wa% ) dilute ammonia1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh z pyrophosphate4 ,sulphuric ,oxide4--,to ! rema9+ #bej c4c4 ( ! filtrate f ! insoluble1 add an excess ( b>ium *loride4 ,collect1 wa%1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh ! b>ium sulphate4 ,sodium4--,x is e/imat$ by diff]5ce4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z an example3-- ,moi/ure #j4ce ,insoluble matt] #j4dj ,lime #j4dj ,magnesia #j4je ,sulphuric oxide #j4fj ,*lor9e #ei4fj ,sodium #ch4fj ------ #ajj4jj ,,potassium4 ,potassium occurs 9 nature z *loride1 9 ! m9]al sylv9e 7,k,cl71 & m abundantly comb9$ ) magnesium *loride1 9 e>nallite 7,k,cl4,mg,cl#b4f;,h#b,o74 ,x occurs z nitrate 9 nitre 7,,kno#c71 & z silicate 9 _m m9]als1 su* z or?oclase 7or pota%-felsp>7 & muscovite 7or pota%-mica74 ,potassium comp\nds are detect$ by ! *>act]i/ic violet col\r !y imp>t to ! flame4 ,! pres5ce ( sodium salts masks ?is t9t1 b ! int]f]5ce c be neutralis$ by view+ ! flame ?r\gh a piece ( blue glass4 ,view$ ?r\gh ! spectroscope1 x %[s a *>act]i/ic l9e 9 ! r$ & ano!r 9 ! violet4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n s easy to recognise or obta9 z ! sodium "o4 ,conc5trat$ solutions ( potassium salts give a yell[ cry/all9e precipitate ) plat9um *loride1 & a :ite cry/all9e "o ) ! acid t>trate ( soda4 ,= ^! te/s ! solution is be/ neutral4 ,^! te/s are only applicable 9 ! abs5ce ( comp\nds o!r ?an ^? ( potassium & sodium4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,?is process s]ves = its sep>ation f sodium4 ,take #a gram ( ! sample & dissolve x 9 an evaporat+ di% ) #ej c4c4 ( wat]4 ,acidify ) hydro*loric acid 9 quantity suffici5t 7if ! metals are pres5t z *lorides7 to make x acid1 or1 if o!r acids are pres5t1 9 at lea/ su* quantity z w provide ! equival5t ( *lor9e4 ,add #c grams ( plat9um1 9 solution z plat9um *loride1 & evaporate on a wat]-ba? to a /iff pa/e1 b n to dryness4 ,moi/5 ) a few drops ( plat9ic *loride solution )\t break+ up ! pa/e by /irr+4 ,cov] ) #bj c4c4 ( /rong alcohol1 & wa% ! cry/als z mu* z possible by rotat+ ! di%4 ,all[ to settle = a few mom5ts1 & decant ?r\gh a filt]4 ,wa% 9 ! same way two or ?ree times until ! col\r ( ! filtrate %[s t ! excess ( ! plat9um *loride us$ is remov$4 ,wa% ! precipitate on to ! filt] ) a jet ( alcohol f ! wa%-bottle2 clean ! filt]-pap]1 us+ z little alcohol z possible4 ,dry 9 ! wat]-ov5 = an h\r4 ,bru% ! precipitate into a weigh$ di%1 & weigh x4 ,x is potassium plat9o-*loride 7,k#b,pt,cl#f71 & conta9s #af4jc p] c5t4 ( potassium1 or #cj4ef p] c5t4 ( potassium *loride 7,k,cl71 :i* is equival5t to #ai4c p] c5t4 ( pota% 7,k#b,o74 ,if ! filt]-pap] is n free f precipitate1 burn x & weigh sep>ately4 ,! excess ( weight ov] t ( ! a% w be due to plat9um & potassic *loride 7,pt & #b,k,cl74 ,?is multipli$ by #a4dac w give ! weight ( ! potassic plat9o-*loride f :i* x 0 =m$4 ,x mu/ be add$ to ! weight ( ! ma9 precipitate4 ,! mix$ alkal9e *lorides obta9$ 9 ! usual c\rse ( analysis are treat$ 9 ?is mann]2 ! quantity ( plat9um add$ mu/ be ab\t ?ree times z mu* z ! mix$ *lorides weigh4 ,,volumetric ,,me?ods4 ,^! are ! same z ) soda4 ,exam9ation ( ,comm]cial ,c>bonate ( ,pota%4--,! impurities to be det]m9$ are moi/ure1 silica1 & insoluble matt]1 *lor9e1 sulphuric oxide1 & oxide ( iron4 ,^! det]m9ations are made 9 ! ways describ$ "u ! exam9ation ( common salt4 ,! potassium is det]m9$ by conv]t+ x into *loride & precipitat+ ) plat9um *loride1 c41 z j describ$4 ,available ,alkali4--,weigh up #bc4e grams ( ! sample1 dissolve 9 wat]1 & make up to #ejj c4c4 ,take #ej c4c41 t9t ) me?yl orange1 & titrate ) ! normal solution ( acid4 ,! c4c4 ( acid us$ multipli$ by #b gives ! p]c5tage ( available alkali calculat$ z pota% 7,k#b,o74 ,soda4--,?is is calculat$ indirectly 9 ! foll[+ way3--,d$uct f ! potassium f\nd ! quantity requir$ = comb9ation ) ! *lor9e & sulphuric oxide pres5t1 & calculate ! rema9d] to pota% 7,k#b,o74 ,! app>5t surplus excess ( available alkali is ! measure ( ! soda pres5t4 ,c>bon ,dioxide4--,! c4c4 ( acid us$ 9 ! available alkali det]m9ation1 multipli$ by #b4b & divid$ by #b4ce1 gives ! p]c5tage ( c>bon dioxide4 ,,li?ium4 ,li?ia1 ! oxide ( li?ium 7,li#b,o71 occurs 9 quantities ( #c or #d p] c5t4 9 v>i\s silicates1 su* z lepidolite 7or li?ia-mica71 spodum5e1 & petalite4 ,x also occurs z phosphate 9 triphyl9e4 ,x is a con/itu5t ( ! wat] ( c]ta9 m9]al spr+s4 ,a spr+ at ,:eal ,clif=d conta9$ z mu* z #j4cgb gram ( li?ium *loride p] litre4 ,9 small quantities1 li?ia is v widely diffus$4 ,! ,detection ( li?ia is r5d]$ easy by ! spectroscope2 its spectrum %[s a r$ l9e ly+ ab\t midway betwe5 ! yell[ sodium l9e & ! r$ "o ( potassium4 ,x also %[s a fa9t yell[ l9e4 ,! col\r ( ! flame 7a crimson7 is *>act]i/ic4 ,! reactions ( ! li?ium comp\nds lie betwe5 ^? ( ! alkalies & ( ! alkal9e e>?s4 ,solutions are n precipitat$ by t>t>ic acid nor by plat9ic *loride4 ,! oxide is sl[ly soluble 9 wat]4 ,! c>bonate is n freely soluble4 ,li?ia is completely precipitat$ by sodic phosphate1 especially 9 hot alkal9e solutions4 ,9 its det]m9ation ! mix$ alkal9e *lorides obta9$ 9 ! sep>ation ( ! alkalies are dissolv$ 9 wat]1 a solution ( soda is add$ 9 slight excess1 & ! li?ia precipitat$ ) sodic phosphate4 ,be=e filt]+1 x is evaporat$ to dryness & extract$ ) hot wat] r5d]$ slightly ammoniacal4 ,! residue is transf]r$ to a filt]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! precipitate is li?ium phosphate 7#c,li#b,o1 ,p#b,o#e71 & conta9s #ch4h p] c5t4 ( li?ia4 ,! sep>ation ( li?ia f magnesia is n giv5 by ! usual au?orities4 ,wohl] recomm5ds evaporat+ ! solution to dryness ) c>bonate ( soda4 ,on extract+ ! residue ) wat]1 ! li?ia dissolves out & is det]m9$ 9 ! filtrate4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts ( wat] dissolve1 at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 #j4gfi p>ts ( li?ium c>bonate 7,li#b;,,co#c72 ! basic magnesia comp\nd is almo/ insoluble 9 ! abs5ce ( c>bon dioxide & ammonium salts4 ,,caesium4 ,! oxide ( caesium1 caesia 7,cs#b,o71 is f\nd associat$ ) li?ia 9 lepidolite1 c41 &1 toge!r ) rubidium1 9 _m m9]al wat]s4 ,! m9]al pollux is ess5tially a silicate ( alum9a & caesia2 x conta9s #cd4j p] c5t4 ( ! latt] oxide4 ,caesium is be/ detect$ by ! spectroscope1 its spectrum be+ *>act]is$ by two l9es 9 ! blue & "o 9 ! r$2 ! latt] is ab\t midway betwe5 ! li?ium & sodium l9es4 ,if n detect$ by ! spectroscope1 or specially look$ =1 caesia w\ld1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( "w1 be sep>at$ ) ! pota% & weigh$ z potassium plat9o-*loride4 ,caesia is sep>at$ f all ! o!r alkalies by add+ to ! acid solution ( ! mix$ *lorides a /rongly acid cold solution ( antimoni\s *loride4 ,! acid us$ mu/ be hydro*loric4 ,! caesium is precipitat$ z a :ite cry/all9e precipitate 7,cs,cl4,sb,cl#c71 :i* is filt]$ (f1 & wa%$1 :5 cold1 ) /rong hydro*loric acid2 s9ce x is decompos$ by wat] or on w>m+4 ,! precipitate is wa%$ into a beak]1 & treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog52 aft] filt]+ (f ! sulphide ( antimony1 ! solution leaves1 on evaporation1 ! caesium z *loride4 ,,rubidium4 ,rubidium occurs widely diffus$ 9 nature1 b 9 v small quantities4 ,x is g5]ally associat$ ) caesium4 ,x is detect$ by ! spectroscope1 :i* %[s two violet l9es & two d>k r$ ones4 ,l caesium1 x is precipitat$ ) plat9ic *loride1 & 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( "w w\ld be weigh$ z potassium4 ,x is sep>at$ f potassium by fractional precipitation ) plat9ic *loride4 ,rubidium plat9o-*loride is mu* less soluble ?an ! potassium salt4 ,,ammonium4 ,x is usual to look ^u ! salts ( ammonia z conta9+ a comp\nd radical 7,,nh#d ,am71 :i* resembles 9 _m respects ! metals ( ! alkalies4 ,ammonium occurs 9 nature z *loride 9 sal ammoniac 7,am,cl71 z sulphate 9 mascagn9e 7,am#b,,s#d71 z phosphate 9 /ruvite 7,am,mg,p,o#d4ab;,h#b,o74 ,m9]als conta9+ ammonium are r>e1 & are *iefly f\nd ei!r 9 volcanic di/ricts or associat$ ) guano4 ,ammonia & ammonium sulphide occur 9 ! wat]s ( c]ta9 ,tuscan lagoons1 :i* are l>gely work$ = ! boracic acid !y conta94 ,! crude boracic acid f ?is s\rce conta9s f #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( ammonium salts4 ,x is f ^! t ! pur] =ms ( ammonium comp\nds ( comm]ce kn[n z f volcanic ammonia are d]iv$4 ,b ! bulk ( ! ammonia ( comm]ce is prep>$ f ! ammoniacal liquors obta9$ z bye-products 9 ! work+ ( c]ta9 =ms ( bla/ furnaces & coke ov5s1 & m especially 9 gas-mak+4 ,ammonia h>dly comes )9 ! objects ( assay+2 b x is l>gely us$ 9 ! laboratory1 & ! assay] is n unfrequ5tly call$ on to det]m9e x4 ,ammonium salts are mo/ly soluble 9 wat]4 ,9 /rong solutions !y give a yell[ precipitate ( ammonium plat9o-*loride on ! addition ( *loride ( plat9um2 & ) ! acid t>trate ( soda yield a :ite precipitate ( hydric ammonic t>trate4 ,^! reactions are simil> to ^? produc$ ) potassium comp\nds4 ,heat$ ) a base1 su* z lime or sodic hydrate1 ammonium salts are decompos$1 yield+ ammonia gas 7,,nh#c71 :i* is readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,! solution ( ?is sub/ance is kn[n z ammonic hydrate or ammonia4 ,!y are volatilis$ on ignition2 ei!r )1 or )\t1 decomposition accord+ to ! acid pres5t4 ,?is fact is ( importance 9 analytical "w2 s9ce x all[s ( ! use ( alkal9e solutions & reag5ts :i* leave no?+ beh9d on heat+4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t1 al?\gh ammonic *loride is volatile1 x _c be volatilis$ 9 ! pres5ce ( sub/ances :i* =m volatile *lorides )\t loss ( ! latt]4 ,= example3 f]ric oxide & alum9a are ?us lo/1 volatilis+ z *lorides2 & !re are "s o!r comp\nds 7notably ammonic magnesic ars5ate7 :i* on heat+ to r$ness suff] r$uction4 ,! pres5ce ( ammonic *loride 9 su* cases mu/ be avoid$4 ,detection4--,comp\nds ( ammonium are detect$ by _! evolv+ ammonia :5 mix$ or heat$ ) any ( ! /rong] bases4 ,! ammonia is recognis$ by its od\r1 by its alkal9e reaction ) litmus pap]1 & by yield+ :ite fumes1 :5 br\ght 9 contact ) fum+ acid4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! use ( ammonium salts & ammonia z reag5ts1 x is necess>y to make a special te/ = & det]m9ation ( ammonium4#id ,9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( "w x w be lo/ on ignition4 ,! det]m9ation pres5ts little difficulty1 & is bas$ on ! me?od us$ = its detection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,solution & ,sep>ation4--,al?\gh ammonium salts are soluble 9 wat]1 !re is no necessity = dissolv+ !m4 ,! comp\nd conta9+ ! ammonia is boil$ ) an alkal9e solution2 & ! lib]at$ ammonia cond5s$ & collect$4 ,! sub/ance is weigh$ out into a flask ( ab\t #bjj c4c4 capacity4 ,! flask is clos$ ) a rubb] cork p]=at$ to c>ry a #bj c4c4 pipette & a bulb exit tube4 ,! latt] is connect$ ) a receiv]1 :i* is a small flask conta9+ dilute hydro*loric acid 7fig4 #fa74 ,! flask conta9+ ! sub/ance is cork$1 & ! great] "p ( ! soda solution is run 9 f ! pipette4 ,! solution is !n boil$4 ,! ammonia volatilises1 & is c>ri$ ov] into ! hydro*loric acid1 ) :i* x comb9es to =m ammonic *loride4 ,! di/illation is c>ri$ on g5tly until ! bulk ( ! liquid is driv5 ov]4 ,! ammonia 9 ! receiv] w be mix$ only ) ! excess ( hydro*loric acid4 ,?is sep>ation is us$ 9 all det]m9ations4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,! cont5ts ( ! flask are transf]r$ to a weigh$ plat9um di%1 & evaporat$ on ! wat]-ba?4 ,x is dri$ until ! weight is con/ant4 ,! *loride ( ammonium rema9s z a :ite mass :i*1 aft] cool+ 9 a desiccator1 is weigh$4 ,x conta9s #cc4gb p] c5t4 ( ammonium 7,,nh#d71 or #ca4he p] c5t4 ( ammonia 7,,nh#c74 ,on heat+ ov] ! ,buns5 burn] x is completely volatilis$1 leav+ no residue4 ,,volumetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,weigh up #a4g gram ( ! sub/ance & place x 9 ! flask4 ,measure (f #ej c4c4 ( ! normal solution ( acid1 place !m 9 ! receiv]1 & dilute ) an equal volume ( wat]4 ,run 9 ?r\gh ! pipette 7by op5+ ! clip7 #bj c4c4 ( a /rong solution ( soda1 boil until ! ammonia has pass$ ov]1 & !n aspirate a curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,disconnect ! receiv]1 & t9t its cont5ts ) me?yl orange4 ,titrate ! residual acid ) a semi-normal solution ( alkali4 ,divide ! c4c4 ( ! alkali solution us$ by #b1 & d$uct f ! #ej c4c4 ,! diff]5ce w give ! numb] ( c4c4 ( ! normal acid solution neutralis$ by ! ammonia di/ill$ ov]4 ,ea* c4c4 ( acid s neutralis$1 repres5ts #a p] c5t4 ( ammonia 9 ! sample4 ,if ! results are to be report$ z ammonium1 #a4h gram ( ! sample is tak5 in/ead ( #a4g gram4 ,,colorimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,?is is effect$ by means ( ,nessl]'s reag5t1 :i* /rikes a br[n col\r ) traces ( ammonia1 ev5 ) a few hundr$?s ( a milligram 9 #ajj c4c4 ( liquid4 ,) l>g] quantities ( ammonia ! reag5t gives a precipitate4 ,?is reag5t is a /rongly alkal9e solution ( potassic m]curic iodide2 & is ?us made3-- ,nessl]'s solution3 ,dissolve #ag grams ( m]curic *loride 9 #cjj c4c4 ( wat]2 & add ! solution to "o ( #ce grams ( potassium iodide 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat] until a p]man5t precipitate is produc$4 ,bo? solutions mu/ be cold4 ,!n make up to a litre by add+ a #bj p] c5t4 solution ( pota%4 ,add m ( ! m]curic *loride 7a little at a "t7 until a p]man5t precipitate is aga9 =m$4 ,all[ to settle1 decant1 & use ! cle> liquor4 ,f\r or five c4c4 are us$ = ea* #ajj c4c4 ( liquid to be te/$4 ,a ,/&>d ,solution ( ,ammonia is made by dissolv+ #j4cae gram ( ammonic *loride 9 wat]1 & dilut+ to #ajj c4c4 ,t5 c4c4 ( ?is are tak5 & dilut$ to #a litre4 ,"o c4c4 conta9s #j4ja milligram ( ammonia 7,,nh#c74 ,9 work+1 ! solution conta9+ ! ammonia is dilut$ to a def9ite volume1 & to su* an ext5t t #ej c4c4 ( x %all n conta9 m ?an #j4jb or #j4jc milligram ( ammonia4 ,fifty c4c4 ( x are transf]r$ to a ,nessl] glass & mix$ ) #b c4c4 ( ,nessl]'s reag5t4 ,! col\r is not$1 & an e/imate made z to ! am\nt ( ammonia x indicates4 ,a measur$ quantity ( ! /&>d ammonia1 judg$ to conta9 ab\t z mu* ammonia z t 9 ! assay1 is !n put into ano!r ,nessl] glass4 ,x is dilut$ to #ej c4c4 ) wat]1 & mix$ ) #b c4c4 ( ,nessl]4 ,aft] /&+ a m9ute or two1 ! col\rs 9 ! two glasses are comp>$4 ,if ! t9ts are equal1 ! assay is f9i%$2 b if ! /&>d is weak] or /rong] ?an ! assay1 ano!r /&>d1 conta9+ m or less ammonia1 z ! case may be1 mu/ be prep>$ & comp>$ ) ! assay4 ,two su* exp]im5ts w g5]ally be suffici5t2 b1 if n1 a ?ird mu/ be made4 ,! addition ( m /&>d ammonia to ! solution to :i* ! ,nessl] has already be5 add$ does n give a satisfactory result4 ,:5 ! ammonia 9 #ej c4c4 has be5 det]m9$1 t 9 ! :ole solution is asc]ta9$ by a suitable multiplication4 ,by #aj1 = example1 if ! bulk 0 #ejj c4c41 or by #bj if x 0 a litre4 ,di/ill$ wat] is us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,x mu/ be free f ammonia2 & is be/ prep>$ by di/ill+ an ammonia-free spr+ wat]4 ,,footnotes3 #ij ,al#b;,cl#f #c,na#b,s#b,o#c #c;,h#b,o ,al#b7;,,ho7#f #f,na,cl #c,s #c,,s#b #ia #c;,be,o1,al#b,o#c1f,si,o#b #ib ,ca,c#b,o#d ,ca,c,o#c;,,co4 #ic ,resolv$ into two ) a p[]ful spectroscope4 #id ,ammonium comp\nds are frequ5tly produc$ :5 dissolv+ metals 9 nitric acid2 or :5 nitrates are heat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! metals4 ,,"p ,,iii--,,non-,,metals4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,oxyg5 ,,& ,,oxides4--,,! ,,halog5s4 ,,oxyg54 ,oxyg5 occurs 9 nature 9 ! free /ate1 =m+ #bc p] c5t4 by weight1 or #ba p] c5t4 by volume ( ! atmosph]e2 b1 s9ce x is a gas1 its pres5ce is easily ov]look$ & its importance und]e/imat$4 ,except 9 ! exam9ation ( furnace-gases1 c41 ! assay] is n (t5 call$ ^u to det]m9e its quantity1 b x =ms "o ( 8 mo/ useful reag5ts1 & !re are _m cases :]e he _c af=d to disreg>d its pres5ce4 ,x occurs n only 9 ! air1 b also dissolv$ 9 wat]2 ord9>y wat]s conta9+ on an av]age #j4jjjhe p] c5t4 by weight1 or #j4he p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 ,*emically1 x is *>act]is$ by its p[] ( comb9+1 especially at high temp]atures1 ) ! o!r elem5ts1 =m+ an important class ( comp\nds call$ oxides4 ,?is comb9ation1 :5 rapid1 is accompani$ by ! evolution ( light & heat2 h5ce oxyg5 is g5]ally call$ ! support] ( combu/ion4 ,?is prop]ty is tak5 advantage ( 9 ! op]ation ( calc9+1 scorify+1 cupell+1 c4 ,! importance ( a free access ( air 9 all su* "w is se5 :5 x is rememb]$ t #a litre ( air conta9s #j4bige gram ( oxyg51 & ?is quantity w only oxidise #j4aaae gram ( c>bon1 #j4bige gram ( sulphur1 or #c4hdi grams ( lead4 ,oxidation takes place at ! ord9>y temp]ature ) _m sub/ances4 ,examples ( su* action are se5 9 ! wea!r+ ( pyrites1 ru/+ ( iron1 & 79 ! assay (fice7 ! weak5+ ( solutions ( _m r$uc+ ag5ts4 ,= me?ods ( det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 9 gases1 = te*nical purposes1 ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,w9kl] ,lunge's ,te*nical ,gas ,analysis4 ,,oxides4 ,oxides are abundant 9 nature1 almo/ all ! commonly occurr+ bodies be+ oxidis$4 ,wat] 7,h#b,o7 conta9s #hh4h p] c5t4 ( oxyg52 silica1 lime1 alum9a1 magnesia1 & ! o!r e>?s are oxides1 & ! oxides ( ! heavi] metals are 9 _m cases important ores2 z1 = example1 cassit]ite 7,sn,o#b71 hmatite 7,fe#b,o#c71 magnetite 7,fe#c,o#d71 & pyrolusite 7,mn,o#b74 ,9 fact1 ! la/-nam$ m9]al owes its value to ! excess ( oxyg5 x conta9s1 & may be reg>d$ z an ore ( oxyg5 r ?an ( manganese4 ,mo/ ( ! metals1 :5 heat$ to r$ness 9 contact ) air1 lose _! metallic lu/re & become coat$ )1 or 7if ! heat+ be prolong$7 altoge!r conv]t$ into1 oxide4 ,?is oxide 0 =m]ly t]m$ a calx1 & has long be5 kn[n to weigh m ?an ! metal f :i* x 0 obta9$4 ,= example1 "o "p by weight ( t9 becomes1 on calc9+1 #a4bga p>ts ( oxide 7putty p[d]74 ,! /ud5t w d well to try ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3--,take #bj grams ( t9 & heat !m 9 a muffle on a scorifi]1 scrap+ back ! dross z x =ms1 & cont9u+ ! op]ation until ! :ole ( ! metal is burnt to a :ite p[d] & ceases to increase 9 weight4#ie ,take c>e to avoid loss1 &1 :5 cold1 weigh ! oxide =m$4 ,! oxide %\ld weigh #be4db grams1 :i* increase 9 weight is due to ! oxyg5 absorb$ f ! air & comb9$ ) ! metal4 ,x c be calculat$ f ?is exp]im5t 7if !re has be5 no loss7 t oxide ( t9 conta9s #ba4cc p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 & #gh4fg p] c5t4 ( t94 ,oxidation is p]=m$ ) great] conv5i5ce by wet me?ods1 us+ reag5ts1 su* z nitric acid1 :i* conta9 a l>ge proportion ( oxyg5 loosely held4 ,su* reag5ts are t]m$ oxidis+ ag5ts4 ,besides nitric acid1 p]manganate ( pota%1 bi*romate ( pota%1 & p]oxide ( hydrog5 are l>gely us$ = ?is purpose4 ,"o c4c4 ( nitric acid conta9s z mu* oxyg5 z #b4ef litres ( air1 & ! great] "p ( ?is is available = oxidis+ purposes4 ,try ! foll[+ exp]im5t3--,take #b grams ( t9 & cov] 9 a weigh$ ,b]l9 di% ) #bj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 heat till decompos$1 evaporate to dryness1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,! #b grams ( t9 %\ld yield #b4edb grams ( oxide4 ,! increase 9 weight w be proportionally ! same z 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t by calc9ation1 & is due to oxyg51 :i* 9 ?is case has be5 d]iv$ f ! nitric acid4 ,! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 9 ?is oxide ( t9 7or 9 any ( ! oxides ( ! heavi] metals7 may be directly det]m9$ by heat+ su* oxides 9 a curr5t ( hydrog51 & collect+ & weigh+ ! wat] =m$4 ,x is f\nd by exp]im5t t #hh4hf p>ts by weight ( oxyg51 comb9+ ) #aa4ad p>ts ( hydrog51 =m #ajj p>ts ( wat]2 s t f ! weight ( wat] =m$ x is easy to calculate ! am\nt ( oxyg5 ! oxide conta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,take #a gram ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ oxide & place x 9 a w>m dry combu/ion tube4 ,place ! tube 9 a furnace1 & connect at "o end ) a hydrog5 app>atus provid$ ) a sulphuric acid bulb = dry+ ! gas1 & at ! o!r ) a weigh$ sulphuric acid tube = collect+ ! wat] =m$4 ,! app>atus requir$ is %[n 9 fig4 #fb4 ,pass hydrog5 ?r\gh ! app>atus1 &1 :5 ! air has be5 cle>$ out1 light ! furnace4 ,cont9ue ! heat & curr5t ( hydrog5 = half an h\r 7or long]1 if necess>y74 ,all[ to cool4 ,draw a curr5t ( dry air ?r\gh ! weigh$ tube4 ,weigh4 ,! increase 9 weight gives ! am\nt ( wat] =m$1 & ?is1 multipli$ by #j4hhhf1 gives ! weight ( ! oxyg54 ,! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 ?us det]m9$ %\ld be comp>$ ) t got by ! oxidation ( ! metal4 ,x w be practically ! same4 ,! foll[+ results c be tak5 z examples3-- ,tw5ty grams ( t91 calc9$ z describ$1 gave #be4cg grams ( oxide4 ,two grams ( t91 oxidis$ ) nitric acid & ignit$1 gave #b4eea grams ( oxide4 ,"o gram ( ! oxide ( t91 on r$uction 9 a curr5t ( hydrog51 gave #j4bcfj gram ( wat] 7equival5t to #j4bjih gram ( oxyg571 & left #j4gijj gram ( metal4 ,t5 grams ( f]r\s sulphate gave1 on /rong ignition1 #b4hih grams ( f]ric oxide 7,fe#b,o#c7if in/ead ( #b4hgg4 ,! /ud5t %\ld simil>ly det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 9 oxides ( copp] & iron4 ,! =m] oxide may be prep>$ by dissolv+ #e grams ( copp] 9 #ej c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid1 evaporat+ to dryness1 & /rongly ignit+ ! residue4 ,! oxide ( iron may be made by weigh+ up #aj grams ( p[d]$ f]r\s sulphate 7 to #b4jad grams ( iron7 & heat+1 at fir/ g5tly1 to drive (f ! wat]1 & !n at a r$ heat1 until completely decompos$4 ,! weight ( oxide1 9 ea* case1 %\ld be det]m9$2 & ! p]c5tage ( oxyg5 calculat$4 ,comp>e ! figures arriv$ at ) ^? calculat$ f ! =mula ( ! oxides1 ,cu,o & ,fe#b,o#c4 ,x w\ld be f\nd 9 a m ext5d$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts t ! same metal w1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 =m two or m oxides diff]+ among !mselves 9 ! am\nt ( oxyg5 !y conta94 ,^! oxides are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by su* names z high] & l[] oxides1 p]oxides1 protoxides1 dioxides1 c4 ,! oxides may be conv5i5tly classifi$ "u ?ree heads3-- 7#a7 ,^? t are r$uc$ to metal by heat alone1 su* z ! oxides ( m]cury1 silv]1 plat9um1 gold1 c42 7#b7 ,^? :i* are r$uc$ by hydrog5 at a r$ heat1 :i* includes ! oxides ( ! heavy metals2 7#c7 ,^? :i* are n r$uc$ by ^! means1 good examples ( :i* are silica1 alum9a1 ! alkalies1 & ! alkal9e e>?s4 ,ano!r important classification is into acid1 basic & neutral oxides4 ,! oxides ( ! non-metallic elem5ts1 su* z sulphur1 c>bon1 phosphorus1 c41 are1 z a rule1 acid2 & ! m oxyg5 !y conta91 ! m di/9ctly acid !y are4 ,! oxides ( ! metals are ne>ly all basic2 &1 z a rule1 ! less oxyg5 !y conta91 ! m di/9ctly basic !y are4 ,! basic oxides1 :i* are soluble 9 acids1 give rise to ! =mation ( salts :5 dissolv$ !re94 ,dur+ ! solution1 wat] is =m$1 b no gas is evolv$4 ,! oxide dissolv$ 9 ea* case neutralizes an equival5t ( ! acid us$ = solution4#ig ,! basic prop]ties ( _m ( ^! c be tak5 advantage ( = _! det]m9ation4 ,?is is done 9 ! case ( soda1 pota%1 lime1 c41 by f9d+ ! quantity ( acid requir$ to neutralize a giv5 weight ( ! sub/ance4 ,!re are "s oxides :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 are acid to "o sub/ance 7a /rong] base7 & basic to ano!r 7a /rong] acid74 ,= example1 ! oxides ( lead & ( t91 z also alum9a1 dissolve 9 cau/ic soda1 act+ z acids2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 !y comb9e ) sulphuric or hydro*loric acid1 play+ ! "p ( bases4 ,! oxides kn[n z e>?s1 :5 ignit$1 are _m ( !m insoluble 9 acids1 al?\gh easily dissolv$ be=e ignition4 ,x is common 9 complete analyses ( m9]als to meet ) cases 9 :i* ! sum total ( ! elem5ts f\nd falls %ort ( ! am\nt ( ore tak52 & "h oxyg5 mu/ be look$ =4 ,= example1 ?is occurs 9 ! case ( a mixture ( pyrites ) oxide ( iron1 or 9 a mixture ( sulphides & sulphates4 ,! /ate 9 :i* ! elem5ts are pres5t1 & ! p]c5tage 7say ( sulphides & sulphates7 c 9 _m cases be det]m9$2 b ?is is n always requir$4 ,:5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sum total & ! elem5ts f\nd is small1 x is report$ z oxyg5 & loss4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is consid]able1 ! oxyg5 may be report$ z su*2 & its am\nt be ei!r det]m9$ directly 9 ! way already describ$1 or calculat$ f ! be/ det]m9ation t c be made ( ! relative am\nts ( oxides1 sulphides1 sulphates1 c41 pres5t4 ,su* cases require a c>eful qualitative analysis to f9d out t ! sub/ance is pres5t2 & !n ! sep>ation ( ea* con/itu5t is made z /rictly z possible4 ,^! rem>ks apply especially to ores ( ! heavy metals4 ,! sep>ation ( ! con/itu5ts is effect$ ) suitable solv5ts appli$ 9 prop] ord]4 ,! soluble sulphates1 = example1 are extract$ ) wat]2 ! oxides by ! dilute acids or alkalies 9 :i* !y are kn[n to be soluble4 ,! oxyg5 9 ! sulphates & oxides ?us obta9$ is e/imat$ by det]m9+ ! sulphur & metals 9 ! solutions1 & calculat+ ! am\nt ( oxyg5 ) :i* !y comb9e4 ,! metals ( ! e>?s & alkalies are almo/ inv>iably pres5t z oxides1 & are report$ z su*2 except x is kn[n t !y are pres5t 9 "s o!r =m1 su* z fluoride or *loride4 ,?us1 silica1 alum9a1 lime1 wat]1 c41 appe> 9 an analysis2 ev5 9 ^? cases :]e oxyg5 & loss is also m5tion$4 ,z an example ( su* a report1 take ! foll[+ analysis ( ,spani% pyrites3-- ,sulphur #di4jj ,iron #dc4ee ,copp] #c4bj ,ars5ic #j4dg ,lead #j4ic ,z9c #j4ce ,lime #j4aj ,silica1 c4 #j4fc ,wat] #j4gj ,oxyg5 & loss #a4jg ----- #ajj4jj ,! foll[+ example w illu/rate ! mode ( calculat+ & report+4 ,a m9]al1 occurr+ z blue cry/als soluble 9 wat]1 & f\nd on te/+ to be a mix$ sulphate ( iron & copp]1 gave on analysis ! foll[+ results3-- ,wat] #dd4ea p] c5t4 ,sulphuric oxide #bh4hb ,copp] #h4dd ,f]r\s iron #aa4ha ,f]ric iron #j4ch ,z9c #j4bh ----- #id4bd ,!re is "h a defici5cy ( #e4gf p] c5t4 due to oxyg54 ,no?+ else c\ld be f\nd1 & x is kn[n t 9 ! sulphates ! metals exi/ z oxides4 ,by multiply+ ! weight ( ! copp] by #a4beb1 ! weight ( copp] oxide 7,cu,o7 w be asc]ta9$2 9 ?is case x equals #aj4eg p] c5t4 ,! f]r\s iron multipli$ by #a4bhf w give ! f]r\s oxide 7,fe,o72 9 ?is case #ae4ai p] c5t4 ,! f]ric iron multipli$ by #a4dbh w give ! f]ric oxide 7,fe#b,o#c72 9 ?is case #j4ed p] c5t4 ,! z9c multipli$ by #a4bdf w give ! z9c oxide 7,zn,o72 9 ?is case x equals #j4ce p] c5t4 ,! analysis w be report$ z-- ,wat] #dd4ea ,sulphuric oxide #bh4hb ,copp] oxide #aj4eg equal to copp] #h4dd ,f]r\s oxide #ae4ai ,f]ric oxide #j4ed ,z9c oxide #j4ce ----- #ii4ih ,! foll[+ 7,a7 is an analysis ( a sample ( ,s\? ,am]ican copp] ore1 :i* w s]ve z a fur!r illu/ration4 ,! analysis %[$ ! pres5ce ( #f4hi p] c5t4 ( f]r\s oxide1 & "s oxide ( copp]4 ,! analysis 7,b7 is t ( an ore f ! same m9e aft] an imp]fect roa/+4 ,x w be se5 t ! c>bonates h be5 conv]t$ into sulphates4 ,if ! total sulphur simply _h be5 det]m9$1 & ! sulphate ov]look$1 ! oxyg5 & loss w\ld h be5 #e4fe p] c5t41 an am\nt :i* w\ld obvi\sly require an explanation4 ,a4 ,b4 ,wat] #j4be #j4ei ,organic matt] #j4ed -- ,sulphur #bi4ej #ba4cc ,copp] #aj4ib #i4hj ,copp] #i4eg ,copp] oxide #j4bh ,iron #cb4ji #ci4gc ,iron #cd4cb ,f]ric oxide #g4gc ,lead #j4ce #j4ab ,z9c #j4hf #j4fi ,cobalt #j4jf #j4aa ,lime #e4be #g4fi ,magnesia #b4cc #b4ee ,sulphuric oxide #a4jj #e4cj ,c>bon dioxide #h4hg -- ,insoluble silicates #e4ab #h4ch ,oxyg5 & loss #b4hf #b4dg ----- ,pota% #j4ae #ajj4jj ,soda #a4ji ----- #ajj4jj ,,wat]4 ,wat] occurs 9 m9]als 9 two =ms1 free & comb9$4 ,! t]m moi/ure ought1 /rictly1 to be limit$ to ! fir/1 al?\gh1 z has already be5 expla9$1 x is m conv5i5t 9 assay+ to apply ! t]m to all wat] :i* is driv5 (f on dry+ at #ajj ,c4 ,! comb9$ wat] is really a "p ( ! m9]al itself1 al?\gh x may be driv5 (f at a high temp]ature1 :i* v>ies ) ! base4 ,9 "s cases a prolong$ r$ heat is requir$2 :il/ ) cry/allis$ salts x is sometimes giv5 (f at ! ord9>y temp]atures4 ,?is latt] ph5om5on1 kn[n z effloresc5ce1 is mo/ly conf9$ to artificial salts4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! comb9$ wat] may (t5 be made by simply ignit+ ! sub/ance f :i* ! moi/ure has be5 remov$4 ,! quantity ( wat] may be det]m9$1 ei!r indirectly by ! loss1 or directly by collect+ x 9 a calcium *loride tube1 & weigh+4 ,9 "s cases1 9 :i* ! loss on ignition does n give simply ! proportion ( comb9$ wat]1 x c be se5 f ! analysis to :at else ! loss is due2 &1 aft] a prop] d$uction1 ! am\nt ( wat] c be e/imat$4 ,= example1 #a gram ( cry/allis$ iron sulphate 0 f\nd to conta9 on analysis #j4bhgg gram ( sulphuric oxide2 & on ignit+ ano!r gram1 #j4bhgg gram ( f]ric oxide 0 left4 ,z ! salt is kn[n to be made up ( f]r\s oxide1 sulphuric oxide1 & comb9$ wat]1 ! comb9$ wat] c be ?us calculat$3 #j4bhgg gram ( f]ric oxide is equal to #j4behi gram ( f]r\s oxide1#ih & consequ5tly1 ! loss on ignition has be5 dim9i%$ by #j4jbhh gram1 :i* is ! weight ( oxyg5 absorb$ by ! f]r\s oxide dur+ calc9+4 ,! loss on ignition 0 #j4gabc gram1 to :i* mu/ be add$ #j4jbhh gram2 h5ce #j4gdaa gram is ! weight ( ! comb9$ sulphuric oxide & wat] pres5t4 ,d$uct+ ! weight ( sulphuric oxide f\nd1 #j4bhgg gram1 !re is left = comb9$ wat] #j4decd gram4 ,! composition ( #a gram ( ! dry salt is !n3-- ,wat] #j4decd ,sulphuric oxide #j4bhgg ,f]r\s oxide #j4behi ------ #a4jjjj ,! foll[+ is ano!r example3--,a sample ( mala*ite lo/ on ignition #bh4dg p] c5t41 leav+ a residue :i* 0 f\nd on analysis to be made up ( oxide ( copp] 7equal to #gj4af p] c5t4 on ! m9]al71 & silica & oxide ( iron 7equal to #a4cg p] c5t474 ,c>bon dioxide & wat] 7b no?+ else7 0 f\nd to be pres5t1 & ! c>bon dioxide am\nt$ to #ai4fd p] c5t42 d$uct+ ?is f ! loss on ignition1 we h #h4hb z ! p]c5tage ( wat] pres5t4 ,! analysis 0 !n report$ z foll[s3-- ,cupric oxide #gj4af equal to #ef4j copp]4 ,silica & f]ric oxide #a4cg ,c>bon dioxide #ai4fd ,wat] #h4hb ----- #ii4ii ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,direct ,det]m9ation ( ,comb9$ ,wat]4--,transf] ab\t #c grams ( ! sub/ance to a piece ( combu/ion tube 7#h or #aj in*es long71 atta*$ 7z 9 fig4 #fc7 at "o end to a ,u-tube conta9+ sulphuric acid1 & at ! o!r end to a calcium *loride tube4 ,! la/ is weigh$ previ\s to ! det]m9ation4 ,! tube %\ld be w>m$ to ensure complete dryness1 & mu/ be free f a mi/y appe>ance4 ,aspirate a curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! app>atus1 heat ! m9]al by means ( a ,buns5 burn]1 cauti\sly at fir/1 & aft]w>ds to r$ness 7if necess>y74 ,! wat] is driv5 (f & cond5ses 9 ! calcium *loride tube1 :i* is aft]w>ds cool$ & weigh$4 ,! increase 9 weight is due to ! wat]4 ,if ! sub/ance gives (f acid products on heat+1 x is previ\sly mix$ ) "s dry oxide ( lead or pure calc9$ magnesia4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,wat]s4 ,! assay] is occasionally call$ on to te/ wat] = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! nature & quantity ( ! salts conta9$ 9 x1 & :e!r x is or is n fit = te*nical & dr9k+ purposes4 ,9 m9]al di/ricts ! wat] is g5]ally ( exceptional "*1 be+ m or less *>g$1 n only ) e>?y salts1 b also frequ5tly ) ^? ( ! metals4 ,di/ill$ wat] is only us$ by assay]s 9 c]ta9 exceptional cases1 s t by _m x w\ld be class$ among ! r>] oxides4 ,wat] ( ord9>y purity w d = mo/ purposes1 b ! nature & quantity ( ! impurities mu/ be kn[n4 ,! foll[+ det]m9ations are ( *ief importance3-- ,total ,solids at #ajj ,c4--,:]e simply ! am\nt is requir$1 take #ajj c4c4 & evaporate on ! wat]-ba? 9 a weigh$ di%2 !n dry 9 ! wat]-ov51 & weigh4 ,total ,solids ,ignit$4--,! above residue is v g5tly ignit$ 7keep+ ! heat well bel[ r$ness71 & aga9 weigh$4 ,a l>g] loss ?an #d or #e p>ts p] #ajj1jjj on ! wat] requires an explanation4 ,*lor9e4--,take #ajj c4c4 ( ! wat] 9 a porcela9 di%1 add #b c4c4 ( a #e p] c5t4 solution ( neutral potassic *romate1 & titrate ) a neutral /&>d solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 made by dissolv+ #d4ghi grams ( cry/allis$ silv] nitrate 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,! addition ( ! nitrate ( silv] is cont9u$ until ! yell[ ( ! solution assumes a r$di% t9t4 ,! reaction is v %>p4 ,ea* c4c4 ( nitrate ( silv] us$ is equal to #a "p by weight ( *lor9e 9 #ajj1jjj ( wat]4 ,at inl& places ?is r>ely am\nts to m ?an #a 9 #ajj1jjj2 b ne> ! sea x may am\nt to #c or #e4 ,m ?an ?is requires explanation1 & g5]ally indicates sewage pollution4 ,nitric ,p5toxide 7,n#b,o#e74--;,x is m g5]ally report$ "u ! head+1 nitrog5 z nitrates4 ,take #bej c4c4 ( ! wat] & evaporate to #b or #c c4c42 acidulate ) a few drops ( dilute sulphuric acid1 & transf] to a nitromet] 7us+ /rong sulphuric acid to wa% 9 ! la/ traces74 ,! sulphuric acid mu/ be add$ to at lea/ twice ! bulk ( ! liquid4 ,%ake up ) m]cury4 ,! m]cury rapidly fl\rs1 & nitric oxide is giv5 (f 7if any nitrate is pres5t74 ,! volume ( ! nitric oxide 7correct$ to normal temp]ature & pressure71 multipli$ by #j4be1 gives ! p>ts ( nitrog5 p] #ajj1jjj2 or1 multipli$ by #j4ife1 w give ! nitric p5toxide 9 p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 ,9 well & spr+ wat]s ! nitrog5 may am\nt to #j4c or #j4d p>ts p] #ajj1jjj2 or 9 ri*ly cultivat$ di/ricts #j4g or #j4h p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 ,an excess ( nitrates is a suspici\s feature1 & is g5]ally due to previ\s contam9ation4 ,ammonia4--,take #ejj c4c4 ( ! wat] & place !m 9 a retort connect$ ) a ,liebig's cond5s]4 ,add a drop or two ( a solution ( c>bonate ( soda & di/il ov] #ajj c4c42 collect ano!r #ej c4c4 sep>ately4 ,det]m9e ! ammonia 9 ! di/illate colorimetrically 7) ,nessl]'s solution1 z describ$ "u ,ammonia7 & comp>e ) a /&>d solution ( ammonic *loride conta9+ #j4jcae gram ( ammonic *loride 9 #a litre ( wat]4 ,"o c4c4 conta9s #j4ja milligram ( ammonia4 ,! second di/illate w %[ little1 if any1 ammonia 9 ord9>y cases4 ,! am\nts f\nd 9 bo? di/illates are add$ toge!r1 & express$ 9 p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 ,wat]s 7o!r ?an ra9 & tank wat]s7 :i* conta9 m ?an #j4jjc p] #ajj1jjj are suspici\s4 ,organic ,matt]4--,! organic matt] _c be det]m9$ directly2 b = ord9>y purposes x may be measur$ by ! am\nt ( p]manganate ( potassium :i* x r$uces1 or by ! am\nt ( ammonia :i* x evolves on boil+ ) an alkal9e p]manganate ( potassium solution4 ,a4 ,album9oid ,ammonia4--,to ! residue left aft] di/ill+ ! ammonia add #ej c4c4 ( a solution made by dissolv+ #bjj grams ( pota% & #h grams ( potassium p]manganate 9 #aajj c4c4 ( wat]1 & rapidly boil+ till ! volume is r$uc$ to #a litre 7?is %\ld be kept 9 a well /opp]$ bottle1 & be occasionally te/$ to see t x is free f ammonia74 ,cont9ue ! di/illation1 collect+ #ej c4c4 at a "t1 until ! di/illate is free f ammonia4 ,?ree or f\r fractions are g5]ally suffici5t4 ,det]m9e ! ammonia colorimetrically z be=e4 ,if ! total album9oid ammonia does n exce$ #j4jje 9 #ajj1jjj1 ! wat] may be reg>d$ z clean z reg>ds organic matt]2 if x am\nts to m ?an #j4jae1 x is dirty4 ,b4 ,oxyg5 ,consum$4--,a /&>d solution ( p]manganate ( pota% is made by dissolv+ #j4cie gram ( ! salt 9 wat] & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,ea* c4c4 equals #j4a milligram ( available oxyg54 ,! foll[+ are also requir$3--#a4 ,a solution ( sodium hyposulphite conta9+ #a gram ( ! salt 7,na#b,s#b,o#c4e;,h#b,o7 9 #a litre ( wat]4 #b4 ,dilute sulphuric acid1 made by add+ "o "p ( ! acid to ?ree ( wat]1 & titrat+ ) ! p]manganate solution till a fa9t p9k p]si/s aft] w>m+ = sev]al h\rs4 #c4 ,/>* pa/e4 #d4 ,potassium iodide solution4 ,take #bej c4c4 ( ! wat] 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 add #aj c4c4 ( sulphuric acid & #aj c4c4 ( ! p]manganate1 & all[ to /& 9 a w>m place = f\r h\rs4 ,!n add a few drops ( ! solution ( potassium iodide1 & titrate ! lib]at$ iod9e ) hypo1 us+ />* pa/e t[>ds ! end z an indicator4 ,to /&>dise ! hyposulphite1 take #bej c4c4 ( wat] & #aj c4c4 ( sulphuric acid1 & a few drops ( potassium iodide2 !n run 9 #aj c4c4 ( ! p]manganate solution1 & aga9 titrate2 ab\t #cj c4c4 ( ! hypo w be us$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two titrations1 divid$ by ! la/ & multipli$ by #aj1 w give ! c4c4 ( p]manganate solution us$ 9 oxidis+ ! organic matt] 9 ! #bej c4c4 ( wat]4 ,ea* c4c4 repres5ts #j4jd p>ts ( oxyg5 9 #ajj1jjj4 ,metals4--,^! may = ! mo/ "p be e/imat$ colorimetrically4 ,lead4--,take #ajj c4c4 ( ! wat] 9 a ,nessl] tube1 & add #aj c4c4 ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat]1 & comp>e ! t9t1 if any1 aga9/ a /&>d lead solution1 z describ$ "u ,colorimetric ,lead4 ,report 9 p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 ,copp]4--,proce$ z ) ! la/-m5tion$ metal2 b1 if lead is also pres5t1 boil d[n #ejj c4c4 to ab\t #ej c4c41 !n add ammonia1 filt]1 & e/imate ! copp] 9 ! blue solution1 z describ$ "u ,colorimetric ,copp]4 ,iron4--,take #ej c4c41 or a small] quantity 7if necess>y71 dilute up to ! m>k ) di/ill$ wat]1 & det]m9e ) potassium sulphocyanate1 z describ$ "u ,colorimetric ,iron4 ,z9c4--,z9c is ! only o!r metal likely to be pres5t2 &1 s9ce x _c be det]m9$ colorimetrically1 x mu/ be sep>ately e/imat$ dur+ ! exam9ation ( ! total solids4 ,exam9ation ( ,total ,solids4--,evaporate #ejj c4c4 to dryness ) a drop or two ( hydro*loric acid4 ,take up ) hydro*loric acid1 filt]1 ignite1 & weigh ! residue z silica4 ,to ! filtrate add a little ammonic *loride & ammonia1 boil & filt]1 ignite1 & weigh ! precipitate z oxide ( iron & alum9a4 ,collect ! filtrate 9 a small flask1 add a few drops ( ammonium sulphide or pass sulphurett$ hydrog51 cork ! flask1 & all[ to /& ov]night2 filt]1 wa%1 & det]m9e ! z9c gravimetrically z oxide ( z9c4 ,if copp] or lead 7 pres5t1 !y %\ld h be5 previ\sly remov$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ! acid solution4 ,to ! filtrate add ammonic oxalate & ammonia1 boil = "s "t1 all[ to /&1 filt]1 wa%1 ignite1 & weigh z lime4 ,evaporate ! filtrate ) nitric acid1 & ignite4 ,take up ) a few drops ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 add b>ic hydrate 9 excess1 evaporate1 & extract ) wat]4 ,! residue conta9s ! magnesia2 boil ) dilute sulphuric acid1 filt]1 precipitate x ) phosphate ( soda & ammonia1 & weigh z pyrophosphate4 ,! aque\s extract conta9s ! alkalies ) ! excess ( b>ium4 ,add sulphuric acid 9 slight excess1 filt]1 evaporate1 & ignite /rongly4 ,! residue consi/s ( ! sulphates ( ! alkalies 7:i* are sep>ately det]m9$1 z describ$ "u ,pota%74 ,sulphuric ,oxide 7,,s#c74--,take #bjj c4c4 & boil to a small bulk ) a little hydro*loric acid1 filt] 7if necess>y71 add b>ic *loride solution 9 slight excess to ! hot solution1 filt]1 ignite1 & weigh z b>ic sulphate4 ,c>bon ,dioxide 7free74--,c>bon dioxide exi/s 9 wat]s 9 two =ms1 free & comb9$4 ,! latt] g5]ally occurs z bic>bonate1 al?\gh on analysis x is m conv5i5t to consid] x z c>bonate1 & to c\nt ! excess ( c>bon dioxide ) ! free4 ,! me?od is z foll[s3--,to det]m9e ! free c>bon dioxide1 take #ajj c4c4 ( ! wat]1 place !m 9 a flask ) #c c4c4 ( a /rong solution ( calcium *loride & #b c4c4 ( a solution ( ammonic *loride1 next add #ej c4c4 ( lime-wat]4 ,! /r5g? ( ! lime-wat] mu/ be kn[n4 ,make up to #bjj c4c4 ) di/ill$ wat]1 /op ! flask1 & all[ ! precipitate to settle4 ,take out #ajj c4c4 ( ! cle> solution ) a pipette1 & titrate ) ! /&>d solution ( acid4#ii ,! numb] ( c4c4 requir$1 multipli$ by two1 & d$uct$ f t requir$ = ! #ej c4c4 ( lime-wat]1 & !n multipli$ by #j4jjde1 w give ! c>bon dioxide pres5t o!r ?an z normal c>bonates4 ,c>bon ,dioxide comb9$ z normal c>bonate4--#ajj c4c4 ( ! wat] are t9t$ ) ph5acetol9 or lacmoid2 !n heat$ to ne> boil+1 & titrat$ ) /&>d acid4 ,! numb] ( c4c4 us$1 multipli$ by #j4jjde1 w give ! weight 9 grams ( ! comb9$ c>bon dioxide4 ,free ,acid4--,9 "s wat]s 7especially ^? f m9+ di/ricts7 !re w be no c>bonates4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re may be free m9]al acid or acid salts4 ,9 ^! cases x is necess>y to det]m9e ! am\nt ( acid 7o!r ?an c>bon dioxide7 pres5t 9 excess ( t requir$ to =m normal salts4 ,?is is done 9 ! foll[+ way3--,make an ammoniacal copp] solution by tak+ #ac grams ( copp] sulphate 7,cu,s,o#d4e;,h#b,o71 dissolv+ 9 wat]1 add+ solution ( ammonia until ! precipitate fir/ =m$ has ne>ly dissolv$1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,all[ to settle1 & decant (f ! cle> liquid4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is solution is det]m9$ by titrat+ aga9/ #aj or #bj c4c4 ( ! /&>d solution ( sulphuric acid 7#ajj c4c4 #a gram ,h#b,,s#d74 ,! f9i%+ po9t is rea*$ z soon z ! solution becomes turbid f precipitat$ cupric hydrate4 ,at fir/1 z ea* drop falls into ! acid solution1 ! ammonia & cupric hydrate comb9e ) ! free acid to =m ammonic & cupric sulphates2 b z soon z ! free acid is us$ up1 ! ammonia 9 ! next drop n only precipitates an equival5t ( cupric hydrate f ! solution1 b also ?r[s d[n t c>ri$ by itself4 ,?is me?od is applicable 9 ! pres5ce ( metallic sulphates o!r ?an f]ric4 ,! /&>dis+ & titration %\ld be made "u ! same conditions4 ,s9ce sulphuric acid & sulphates are pr$om9ant 9 wat]s ( ?is k9d1 x is mo/ conv5i5t to report ! acidity ( ! wat] z equival5t to s mu* sulphuric acid4 ,dissolv$ ,oxyg54--,= ! gasometric me?od ( analys+ = dissolv$ oxyg51 & = ! ,s*tz5b]g]'s volumetric me?od1 ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,sutton's ,volumetric ,analysis4 ,! foll[+ is an easy me?od ( e/imat+ ! free oxyg5 9 a wat]3--,take #bj c4c4 ( a /ann\s *loride solution 7ab\t #bj grams ( ! salt ) #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid to ! litre72 add #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & titrate 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bon dioxide ) /&>d p]manganate ( potassium solution 7made by dissolv+ #a4ige gram ( ! salt 9 #a litre ( wat]3 #a c4c4 equals #j4e milligram ( oxyg574 ,a simil> titration is made ) ! addition ( #ajj c4c4 ( ! wat] to be te/$4 ,less p]manganate w be requir$ 9 ! second titration1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( oxyg5 9 ! wat]2 & ! diff]5ce1 multipli$ by #j4e1 w give ! weight ( ! oxyg5 9 milligrams4 ,small quantities ( nitrates d n int]f]e4 ,9 ,,report+ ! results ( ! analysis1 x is cu/om>y to comb9e ! acids & bases f\nd on "s su* pr9ciple z ! foll[+3--,! sulphuric oxide is calculat$ z comb9$ ) ! pota%1 & report$ z potassic sulphate 7,k#b,,s#d72 ! balance ( ! sulphuric oxide is !n apportion$ to ! soda1 & report$ z sulphate ( soda 7,na#b,,s#d72 if any is /ill left1 x is report$ z calcium sulphate 7,ca,s,o#d71 & aft] t z magnesic sulphate 7,mg,s,o#d74 ,:5 ! sulphuric oxide has be5 satisfi$1 ! *lor9e is di/ribut$1 tak+ ! bases 9 ! same ord]1 !n ! nitric p5toxide1 & la/ly ! c>bon dioxide4 ,b any me?od = ?us comb9+ ! bases & acids mu/ be arbitr>y & inaccurate4 ,x is extremely improbable t any simple /atem5t c repres5t ! mann] 9 :i* ! bases & acids are di/ribut$ :il/ 9 solution2 &1 s9ce diff]5t *emi/s are n agre$ z to any "o sy/em1 x is bett] to give up ! attempt1 & simply /ate ! results ( ! analysis4 ,?is has only "o inconv5i5ce4 ,! bases are repres5t$ z oxides2 &1 s9ce "s ( !m are pres5t z *lorides1 ! sum total ( ! analysis w be 9 excess ( ! actual am\nt pres5t by ! weight ( ! oxyg5 equival5t to ! *lor9e pres5t z *loride4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( su* a /atem5t3-- ,p>ts p] #ajj1jjj4 ,total solids1 dri$ at #ajj ,c4 #bh4gc ,*lor9e #a4gj ,nitrog5 z nitrate #j4jc ,ammonia #j4jja ,album9oid ammonia #j4jjd ,oxyg5 consum$ 9 #d h\rs #j4ja ,! solids 7 made up z "u3-- ,p] #ajj1jjj ( ! ,wat]4 ,pota% #j4ch ,soda #b4ja ,magnesia #a4dd ,lime #aj4ee ,f]ric oxide #j4ja ,silica #j4cj ,sulphuric oxide #c4fi ,nitrog5 p5toxide #j4aa ,c>bon dioxide #h4ch ,*lor9e #a4gj ,volatile & organic matt] #j4ff ----- #bi4bc ,less oxyg5 equival5t to *lor9e f\nd #j4ci ----- #bh4hd ,= ! prep>ation ( di/ill$ wat]1 ! app>atus %[n 9 fig4 #fd is conv5i5t = laboratory use4 ,x consi/s ( a copp] retort heat$ by a r+ gas-burn]1 & connect$ ) a worm-cond5s]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd ,,practical ,,ex]cise4 ,a m9]al1 on analysis1 gave ! foll[+ results3--,wat]1 #dd4id p] c5t42 sulphuric oxide1 #bh4gb p] c5t42 f]r\s iron1 #ac4ib p] c5t42 f]ric iron1 #j4ce p] c5t42 copp]1 #f4a p] c5t4 ,! m9]al 0 soluble 9 wat]1 & %[$ no?+ else on te/+4 ,h[ w\ld y report ! analysis8 ,calculate ! =mula = ! salt4 ,,! ,,halog5s4 ,!re is a gr\p ( closely alli$ elem5ts to :i* ! "n halog5 7salt-produc]7 has be5 giv54 ,x comprises *lor9e1 brom9e1 iod9e1 & fluor9e4 ,^! elem5ts comb9e directly ) metals1 =m+ z _m s]ies ( salts 7*lorides1 bromides1 iodides1 & fluorides71 correspond+ to ! respective oxides1 b diff]+ 9 _! =mul by hav+ two atoms ( ! halog5 9 ! place ( "o atom ( oxyg54 ,= example1 f]r\s oxide is ,fe,o & f]r\s *loride is ,fe,cl#b1 &1 aga91 f]ric oxide is ,fe#b,o#c1 :il/ f]ric *loride is ,fe#b;,cl#f4 ,^! salts diff] f ! c>bonates1 nitrates1 c41 9 conta9+ no oxyg54 ,consequ5tly1 x is incorrect to speak ( su* comp\nds z *loride ( pota%1 fluoride ( lime1 c41 s9ce pota% & lime are oxides4 ,x is important to be> ?is 9 m9d 9 report+ analyses 9 :i* det]m9ations h be5 made1 say1 ( *lor9e1 magnesia1 & pota%1 or ( fluor9e1 silica1 & alum9a4 ,x is necess>y 9 all su* cases to d$uct f ! total an am\nt ( oxyg5 equival5t to ! halog5 f\nd1 except1 ( c\rse1 :]e ! base has be5 det]m9$ & record$ z metal4 ,comp\nds conta9+ oxides & fluorides1 c41 d n l5d !mselves to ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! halog5 by diff]5ce4 ,= example1 topaz1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dana1 has ! =mula ,al#b,si,o#d;,f#b1 w\ld yield 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( analysis-- ,alum9a #ee4d ,silica #cb4f ,fluor9e #bj4f ----- #ajh4f ,! oxyg5 equival5t to #bj4f p] c5t4 fluor9e may be f\nd by multiply+ ! p]c5tage ( fluor9e by #j4dba2 x is #h4g p] c5t41 & mu/ be d$uct$4 ,! analysis w\ld !n be report$ ?us3-- ,alum9a #ee4d ,silica #cb4f ,fluor9e #bj4f ----- #ajh4f ,less oxyg5 equival5t to fluor9e #h4g ----- #ii4i ,take z an illu/ration ! foll[+ actual analysis by ,f4,w4 ,cl>ke & ,j4,s4 ,dill]3-- ,alum9a #eg4ch ,silica #ca4ib ,fluor9e #af4ii ,pota% #j4ae ,soda #a4cc ,wat] #j4bj ------ #ajg4ig ,d$uct oxyg5 equival5t #g4af ------ #ajj4ha ,9 calculat+ ! factor = ! oxyg5 equival5t1 divide ! weight ( "o atom ( oxyg5 7#af7 by ! weight ( two atoms ( ! halog52 = example1 ) *lor9e x w\ld be #af_/ga or #j4bbec2 ) brom9e1 #af_/afj or #j4ajjj2 ) iod9e1 #af_/bed or #j4jfc2 & ) fluor9e1 #af_/ch or #j4dba4 ,,*lor9e ,,& ,,*lorides4 ,*lor9e occurs 9 nature *iefly comb9$ ) sodium1 z halite or rock salt 7,na,cl74 ,) potassium x =ms sylv9e 7,k,cl71 &1 toge!r ) magnesium1 c>nallite 7,k,cl4,mg,cl#b4f;,h#b,o74 ,( ! metallif]\s m9]als conta9+ *lor9e1 k]>gyrite1 or horn silv] 7,ag,cl71 & atacamite1 an oxy*loride ( copp] 7,cu,cl#b4c;,cu7,,ho7#b47 are ! mo/ important4 ,apatite 7phosphate ( lime7 & pyromorphite 7phosphate ( lead7 conta9 a consid]able am\nt ( x4 ,*lor9e is a gas ( a gre5i% col\r1 possess+ a *>act]i/ic od\r1 & mod]ately soluble 9 wat]4 ,x does n occur native1 & is g5]ally prep>$ by ! action ( an oxidis+ ag5t on hydro*loric acid4 ,x comb9es directly ) metals at ! ord9>y temp]ature 7ev5 ) plat9um & gold71 =m+ *lorides1 :i* 7except 9 ! case ( silv]7 are soluble4 ,x is important 9 metallurgy1 because ( ! ext5sive use ( x 9 extract+ gold by *loridis+ processes4 ,x is also us$ 9 ref9+ gold4 ,detection4--,comp\nds conta9+ ! oxides ( *lor9e are n f\nd 9 nature1 because ( ! read9ess ) :i* !y lose oxyg54 ,by r$uction !y yield a *loride2 ! =m 9 :i* *lor9e is met ) 9 m9]als4 ,9 te/+1 ! comp\nd suppos$ to conta9 a *loride is boil$ ) wat]1 or1 9 "s cases1 dilute nitric acid4 ,to ! cle> solution conta9+ nitric acid a few drops ( nitrate ( silv] solution are add$4 ,if1 on %ak+1 a :ite curdy precipitate1 soluble 9 ammonia1 sep>ates out1 x is suffici5tly satisfactory evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( *lorides4 ,solution & ,sep>ation4--,! *lorides are g5]ally soluble 9 wat]1 & are got into solution by extract+ ) w>m dilute nitric acid4 ,or1 if insoluble1 ! sub/ance is fus$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 extract$ ) wat]1 & ! filtrate acidifi$ ) nitric acid4 ,= ! det]m9ation1 x is n necess>y to obta9 ! solution ( ! *loride free f o!r acids or metals4 ,if t91 antimony1 m]cury1 or plat9um is pres5t1 x is be/ to sep>ate by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! *loride is det]m9$ 9 ! solution aft] removal ( ! excess ( ! gas4 ,:]e traces ( *lorides are be+ look$ =1 a blank exp]im5t is made to det]m9e ! quantity introduc$ ) ! reag5ts4 ,"o hundr$ c4c4 ( ord9>y wat] conta9s f #a to #c milligrams ( *lor9e4 ,on ! addition ( nitrate ( silv] to ! nitric acid solution1 *loride ( silv] sep>ates out4 ,?is is free f o!r sub/ances1 except1 p]haps1 bromide & iodide4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,freely mix ! solution conta9+ ! *loride ) dilute nitric acid1 filt] 7if necess>y71 & treat ) nitrate ( silv]4 ,heat ne>ly to boil+1 &1 :5 ! precipitate has settl$1 filt]1 & wa% ) hot di/ill$ wat]4 ,dry1 & transf] to a weigh$ ,b]l9 crucible4 ,burn ! filt]-pap] sep>ately1 & conv]t any r$uc$ silv] into *loride by alt]nate treatm5t ) drops ( nitric & ( hydro*loric acid4 ,add ! ma9 portion to ?is1 & heat cauti\sly till ! edges ( ! mass %[ signs ( fus+ 7ab\t #bfj74 ,cool 9 ! desiccator & weigh4 ,! sub/ance is *loride ( silv] 7,ag,cl71 & conta9s #bd4gc p] c5t4 ( *lor9e4 ,! precipitat$ *loride is filt]$ & wa%$ z soon z possible aft] settl+1 s9ce on exposure to light x becomes purple1 & loses a small am\nt ( *lor9e4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,!re are sev]al volumetric me?ods2 b t bas$ on ! precipitation ( silv] *loride 9 neutral solution1 by means ( a /&>d solution ( silv] nitrate 7us+ potassium *romate z indicator71 is pref]r$4 ,silv] *romate is a r$-col\r$ salt2 &1 :5 silv] nitrate is add$ to a solution conta9+ bo? *loride & *romate1 ! developm5t ( ! r$ col\r m>ks (f %>ply ! po9t at :i* ! *loride is us$ up4 ,silv] *romate is decompos$ & consequ5tly decoloris$ by solution ( any *loride4 ,! solution = ?is me?od mu/ be neutral1 s9ce free acid prev5ts ! =mation ( ! r$ silv] *romate4 ,if n already neutral1 x is neutralis$ by titrat+ cauti\sly ) a solution ( soda4 ,9 a neutral solution1 o!r sub/ances 7su* z phosphates & ars5ates7 also yield a precipitate ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]2 & w c\nt z *loride if !y are n remov$4 ,! ,/&>d ,solution ( ,nitrate ( ,silv] is made by dissolv+ #bc4id grams ( ! salt 7,ag,n,o#c7 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dilut+ to #a litre2 #ajj c4c4 are equal to #j4e gram ( *lor9e4 ,! indicator is made by add+ silv] nitrate to a /rong neutral solution ( yell[ *romate ( pota% 7,k#b;,cr,o#d71 till a p]man5t r$ precipitate is =m$4 ,! solution is all[$ to settle1 & ! cle> liquid decant$ into a /opp]$ bottle labell$ *romate indicator = *lor9e4 ,/&>dise ! silv] nitrate by weigh+ up #j4e gram ( pure sodium *loride 7or potassium *loride74 ,transf] to a flask & dissolve 9 di/ill$ wat]2 dilute to #ajj c4c4 ,fill an ord9>y burette ) ! /&>d silv] solution1 & 7aft] adju/+7 run into ! flask a quantity suffici5t to ?r[ d[n ! great] "p ( ! *lor9e4 ,add a few drops ( ! *romate indicator & cont9ue ! addition ( ! silv] nitrate until ! yell[ col\r ( ! solution becomes p]man5tly t9t$ r$1 aft] %ak+4 ,?is %[s t ! *lor9e is all precipitat$1 & t ! *romate is beg9n+ to come d[n4 ,! fur!r addition ( a c\ple ( drops ( ! silv] solution w cause a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! t9t4 ,read (f ! quantity run 91 & calculate ! /&>d4 ,"o gram ( sodium *loride conta9s #j4fjfb gram ( *lor9e2 & #a gram ( potassium *loride conta9s #j4dged gram4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( small quantities ( *loride 7a few milligrams71 ! same me?od is us$2 b ! /&>d solution is dilut$ s t ea* c4c4 is equal to #a milligram ( *lor9e2 & ! *romate indicator is add$ be=e titrat+4 ,! /&>d solution is made by measur+ (f #bjj c4c4 ( ! solution describ$ above1 & dilut+ ) di/ill$ wat] to #a litre4 ,,brom9e ,,& ,,bromides4 ,brom9e closely resembles *lor9e 9 ! nature ( its comp\nds4 ,x does n occur free 9 nature1 b is occasionally f\nd 9 comb9ation ) silv] z brom>gyrite 7,ag,br7 &1 toge!r ) *loride1 9 embolite4 ,x ma9ly occurs z alkal9e bromides 9 c]ta9 natural wat]s4 ,ne>ly all ! brom9e ( comm]ce is d]iv$ f ! "m liquors ( salt-works--i4e41 ! liquors f :i* ! common salt has be5 cry/allis$ out4 ,brom9e comb9es directly ) ! metals1 =m+ a s]ies ( salts--! bromides4 ,9 ord9>y "w !y are sep>at$ )1 & 7except :5 specially te/$ =7 c\nt$ z1 *lorides4 ,!y are detect$ by add+ *lor9e wat] to ! suspect$ solution & %ak+ up ) c>bon bisulphide4 ,brom9e col\rs ! latt] br[n4 ,,iod9e ,,& ,,iodides4 ,iod9e does n occur 9 nature 9 ! free /ate2 & iodides are r>e1 iod>gyrite or iodide ( silv] 7,ag,i7 be+ ! only "o :i* ranks z a m9]al species4 ,iodates are f\nd associat$ ) ,*ili saltpetre1 :i* is an important s\rce ( ! elem5t4 ,iod9e & ,iodides are l>gely us$ 9 ! laboratory1 & h already be5 frequ5tly ref]r$ to4 ,x is us$ z an oxidis+ ag5t 9 a simil> mann] z p]manganate & bi*romate ( pota%1 especially 9 ! det]m9ations ( copp]1 ars5ic1 antimony1 & manganese4 ,iod9e is n readily soluble 9 wat]2 b dissolves easily 9 a conc5trat$ solution ( potassium iodide4 ,its solutions are /rongly col\r$2 a drop ( a dilute solution col\rs a l>ge volume ( wat] decid$ly yell[2 on ! addition ( />* pa/e1 ?is becomes blue4 ,! delicacy ( ?is reaction is tak5 advantage ( 9 titrations to det]m9e :5 free iod9e is pres5t4 ,! blue col\r may be alt]nately develop$ & remov$ by ! addition ( iod9e 7or an oxidis+ ag5t7 & hyposulphite ( soda 7or "s o!r r$uc+ ag5t74 ,9 decoloris+1 ! solution *anges f blue or black to col\rless or pale yell[ accord+ to circum/ances4 ,sometimes ! solution1 in/ead ( rema9+ col\rless1 gradually develops a blue :i* recurs 9 spite ( ! fur!r addition ( ! r$uc+ ag5t4 ,9 ^! cases ! conditions ( ! assay h be5 dep>t$ f1 or 7& ?is is m (t5 ! case7 !re is "s sub/ance pres5t capable ( lib]at+ iod9e4 ,iod9e =ms a s]ies ( salts--! iodides--resembl+ 9 _m respects ! *lorides4 ,^! c be obta9$ by direct comb9ation ( ! metals ) iod9e4 ,detection4--,free iod9e is be/ recognis$ by ! violet vap\rs evolv$ f ! solution on heat+1 & by ! blue or black col\r :i* x /rikes on ! addition ( />* pa/e4 ,iodides are detect$ by boil+ ) /rong solutions ( f]ric sulphate or *loride4 ,iod9e is lib]at$1 di/ill$ ov]1 & collect$4 ,*lor9e also lib]ates iod9e f iodides2 & ?is reaction is frequ5tly made use ( 9 assay+4 ,a process bas$ on ?is is describ$ "u ,manganese4 ,all sub/ances :i* lib]ate *lor9e on boil+ ) hydro*loric acid 7dioxides1 bi*romates1 p]manganates1 c47 are det]m9$ 9 a simil> way4 ,solution & ,sep>ation4--,mo/ iodides are soluble 9 wat] or dilute acids4 ,! sep>ation is effect$ by di/ill+ ! sub/ance ) solution ( f]ric sulphate1 & collect+ ! vap\r 9 a dilute solution ( sulphur\s acid or ars5ite ( soda4 ,on ! completion ( ! di/illation1 ! iod9e w be 9 ! di/illate z iodide2 & ! gravimetric det]m9ation is made on ?is4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,to ! solution conta9+ ! iod9e1 z iodide1 & :i* is free f *lorides 7& bromides71 add a little dilute nitric acid & nitrate ( silv] till no fur!r precipitate is produc$4 ,filt] (f1 wa% ) hot wat]1 & dry4 ,clean ! filt]-pap] z mu* z possible1 & burn x4 ,collect ! a% 9 a weigh$ porcela9 crucible1 add ! ma9 portion1 & heat to incipi5t fusion2 cool1 & weigh4 ,! sub/ance is silv] iodide1 & conta9s #ed4jc p] c5t4 ( iod9e4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,?is is = ! titration ( free iod9e1 & is practically t :i* is describ$ "u ,manganese4 ,! sub/ance to be det]m9$ is di/ill$ ) f]ric sulphate1 & ! iod9e is collect$ 9 a solution ( potassium iodide1 9 :i* x readily dissolves4 ,if flaky cry/als sep>ate out 9 ! receiv]1 m potassium iodide cry/als are add$4 ,:5 ! di/illation is f9i%$1 ! receiv] is disconnect$1 & its cont5ts wa%$ out into a beak] & titrat$ ) hypo4 ,! /&>d solution ( hypo is made by dissolv+ #ai4eh grams ( hyposulphite ( soda 7,na#b,s#b,o#c4e;,h#b,o7 9 wat] & dilut+ to #a litre2 #ajj c4c4 are equal to #a gram ( iod9e4 ,to /&>dise ! solution1 weigh up #j4be gram ( pure iod9e 9 a small beak]4 ,add #b or #c cry/als ( potassium iodide2 cov] ) wat]2 &1 :5 dissolv$1 dilute to #ej or #ajj c4c4 ,titrate1 & calculate ! /&>d4 ,,fluor9e ,,& ,,fluorides4 ,fluor9e is frequ5tly met ) z calcium fluoride or fluor-sp> 7,ca,f#b74 ,x occurs less abundantly z cryolite 7,na#c;,al,f#f71 a fluoride ( alum9ium & sodium1 :i* is us$ 9 glass-mak+4 ,c]ta9 o!r r>] fluorides are occasionally met )4 ,fluor9e is also f\nd 9 apatite1 & 9 "s silicates1 su* z topaz1 t\rmal9e1 micas1 c4 ,hydr(luoric acid is us$ = et*+ glass & op5+ up silicates4 ,x attacks silica1 =m+ fluoride ( silicon 7,si,f#d71 :i* is volatile4 ,silica is by ?is means elim9at$ f o!r oxides1 :i*1 9 ! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid1 are fix$4 ,! comm]cial acid is seldom pure1 & g5]ally weak2 & ! acid itself is dang]\sly obnoxi\s4 ,! use ( ammonium fluoride 7or sodium fluoride7 & a m9]al acid is m conv5i5t4 ,det]m9ations ( ?is k9d are made 9 plat9um di%es enclos$ 9 lead or copp] vessels 9 a well-v5tilat$ place4 ,fluor-sp> is useful z a flux 9 dry assay+2 x r5d]s slags1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be pa/y1 q fluid4 ,fluorides g5]ally are fusible1 & imp>t fusibility to sub/ances ) :i* !y =m weak comp\nds4 ,_! flux+ action does n dep5d on ! removal ( silicon z fluoride4 ,detection4--,fluorides 9 small quantity are easily ov]look$ unless specially s\ght =4 ,9 l>g] am\nts !y are recognis$ by ! prop]ty hydr(luoric acid has ( et*+ glass4 ,a wat*-glass is w>m$1 & a lay] ( wax is melt$ ov] ! convex side4 ,:5 cold1 "s l9es are engrav$ on ! wax$ surface ) any %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t4 ,! sub/ance to be te/$ is p[d]$2 & moi/5$1 9 a plat9um di%1 ) sulphuric acid4 ,! wat*-glass is fill$ ) cold wat] & support$ ov] ! di%4 ,! di% is !n c>efully w>m$1 b n suffici5tly to melt ! wax4 ,aft] a m9ute or two1 ! glass is tak5 (f1 & ! wax remov$4 ,if ! sub/ance conta9$ fluor9e1 ! *>act]s w be f\nd p]man5tly et*$ on ! glass4 ,an equally good1 b m rapid1 te/ is to mix ! p[d]$ sub/ance ) "s silica1 & to heat ! mixture 9 a te/ tube ) sulphuric acid4 ,silicon fluoride is evolv$1 &1 if a moi/5$ glass rod is held 9 ! tube1 x becomes coat$ ) a :ite deposit ( silica1 =m$ by ! decomposition ( ! silicon fluoride by ! wat]4 ,?is is also us$ z a te/ = silica2 b 9 ?is case ! sub/ance is mix$ ) a fluoride1 & ! exp]im5t mu/ obvi\sly be c>ri$ out 9 a plat9um vessel4 ,sep>ation & ,det]m9ation4--,! det]m9ation ( fluor9e is difficult4 ,9 ! case ( fluorides free f silicates 7su* z fluor-sp>71 x is det]m9$ indirectly by decompos+ a weigh$ portion ) sulphuric acid1 evaporat+1 ignit+1 & weigh+ ! residual sulphate4 ,! increase 9 weight multipli$ by #j4fee gives ! weight ( fluor9e4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( silica ?is me?od does n answ]1 because ( ! volatilisation ( silicon fluoride4 ,9 ^! cases ,whl] adopt$ ! foll[+ plan1 :i* resembles t = ! indirect det]m9ation ( c>bon dioxide4 ,mix ! weigh$ sub/ance 9 a small flask ) p[d]$ silica & sulphuric acid4 ,! m\? ( ! flask is clos$ ) a cork c>ry+ a tube :i* is fill$1 ! fir/ half ) calcium *loride & ! second half ) pumice coat$ ) dri$ copp] sulphate4 ,! app>atus is weigh$ quickly1 & !n w>m$ till decomposition is complete4 ,a curr5t ( dry air is aspirat$ = a m9ute or two2 & ! app>atus aga9 weigh$4 ,! loss 9 weight gives t ( ! silicon fluoride 7,si,f#d71 :i*1 multipli$ by #j4gcjg1 gives ! weight ( fluor9e4 ,fres5ius uses ! same reaction2 b collects & weighs ! silicon fluoride4 ,! f9ely p[d]$ & dri$ sub/ance is mix$ ) t5 or fifte5 times its weight ( ignit$ & p[d]$ silica4 ,! mixture is introduc$ into a small dry flask connect$ on "o side ) a s]ies ( dry+-tubes1 & on ! o!r ) an empty tube 7to cond5se any sulphuric acid74 ,to ?is la/ is jo9$ a dry+-tube conta9+ *loride ( calcium & anhydr\s copp] sulphate4 ,?is is directly connect$ ) a s]ies ( ?ree weigh$ tubes 9 :i* ! fluoride ( silicon is collect$4 ,! la/ ( ^! is jo9$ to ano!r dry+-tube4 ,! fir/ weigh$ tube conta9s pumice & cotton wool1 moi/5$ ) wat]2 ! second tube conta9s soda-lime z well z 79 ! upp] half ( ! second limb7 fus$ calcium *loride betwe5 plugs ( wool2 ! ?ird tube is fill$ half ) soda-lime & half ) fus$ calcium *loride4 ,! di/ill+-flask conta9+ ! sub/ance mix$ ) silica is *>g$ ) #dj or #ej c4c4 ( sulphuric acid1 & plac$ on ! hot plate4 ,alongside x is plac$ a simil> dry flask conta9+ a !rmomet]1 & ! temp]ature 9 ?is is kept at #aej or #afj ,c4 ,a curr5t ( air is s5t ?r\gh ! tubes dur+ ! op]ation1 :i* takes f "o to ?ree h\rs = f #j4a to #a gram ( ! sub/ance4 ,a correction is made by d$uct+ #j4jja gram = e h\r ! dri$ air has be5 pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! increase 9 weight ( ! ?ree tubes gives ! weight ( ! silicon fluoride4 ,p5field uses a simil> arrangem5t1 b passes 8 silicon fluoride into an alcoholic solution ( potassium *loride4 ,silica & potassium silico-fluoride are precipitat$1 & hydro*loric acid is set free4#ajj ,! acid ?us lib]at$ is titrat$1 ) a /&>d solution ( alkali1 9 ! alcoholic solution1 & f ! am\nt ( free acid f\nd ! fluor9e is calculat$4 ,! weight ( hydro*loric acid 7,h,cl7 f\nd1 multipli$ by #a4efb1 gives ! weight ( ! fluor9e4 ,) ?is me?od ( work+1 few] ,u-tubes are requir$4 ,! exit tube f ! flask is b5t s z to =m a small ,v1 :i* is kept cool 9 wat]2 ?is is directly connect$ ) ! ,u-tube conta9+ ! alcoholic solution ( potassium *loride4 ,! flask ) ! assay is heat$ = ab\t two h\rs1 & a curr5t ( dry air is aspirat$ ?r\gh\t ! det]m9ation4 ,fluoride ( silicon is a gas n easily cond5s$ to a liquid3 b is imm$iately decompos$ by wat] or moi/ air4 ,,footnotes3 #ie ,?is w require two or ?ree h\rs to ?or\ghly complete4 ,x is be/ to p[d] ! oxide fir/ produc$1 & recalc9e4 #if ,no magnetic oxide 0 =m$4 #ig ,= example3-- ,ca,o #b;,h,cl ,ca,cl#b ,h#b,o4 ,pb,o ,h#b,,s#d ,pb,s,o#d ,h#b,o4 ,mg,o #b;,,hno#c ,mg7,,no#c7b ,h#b,o4 ,al#b,o#c #f;,h,cl ,al#b;,cl#f #c;,h#b,o4 ,fe#b,o#c #c;,h#b,,s#d ,fe#b7,,s#d7c #c;,h#b,o4 #ih ,fe#b,o#c3 #b;,fe,o33 #j4bhgg3 #j4behi4 #ii #ajj c4c4 conta9 #a gram ( sulphuric acid4 #ajj #c,si,f#d #d,k,cl #b;,h#b,o #b,k#b,si,f#f ,si,o#b #d;,h,cl4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,sulphur ,,& ,,sulphates4 ,sulphur occurs native 9 volcanic di/ricts1 & is m9$ 9 ,sicily1 ,italy1 & ,cali=nia 9 consid]able quantities4 ,comb9$ ) metals 7sulphides71 x is common 9 all m9]al di/ricts4 ,iron pyrites 7,fe,s#b7 is ! mo/ abundant s\rce ( ?is elem5t4 ,sulphates1 su* z gypsum1 are fairly common1 b h no value s f> z ! sulphur 9 !m is conc]n$4 ,9 coal x exi/s z an impurity1 occurr+ p>tly z a con/itu5t ( organic comp\nds4 ,sulphur1 :e!r free or comb9$ ) metals1 =ms1 on burn+1 sulphur\s oxide 7,,s#b71 :i* by ! action ( oxidis+ ag5ts & wat] is conv]t$ into sulphuric acid4 ,x =ms two oxides1 sulphur\s 7,,s#b7 & sulphuric 7,,s#c71 :i* comb9e ) bases to =m sulphites & sulphates4 ,sulphites are ( little importance to ! assay]1 & are conv]t$ into sulphates by ! action ( nitric acid & o!r oxidis+ ag5ts4 ,! native sulphides1 :5 act$ on ) hydro*loric acid1 give (f sulphurett$ hydrog52 ) nitric acid or aqua regia1 sulphates are =m$1 & m or less sulphur sep>at$4 ,sulphur is detect$ 9 sulphides by ! irritat+ od\r ( sulphur\s oxide giv5 (f on roa/+1 by ! evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 :5 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 or by a :ite precipitate ( b>ium sulphate =m$ :5 b>ium *loride is add$ to ! aqua regia solution4 ,dry ,assay4--,!re is no me?od ( g5]al application4 ,free or native sulphur may be volatilis$1 cond5s$1 & weigh$1 b pyrites only gives up a portion ( its sulphur :5 heat$ 9 a clos$ vessel1 :ile mo/ sulphides1 & all sulphates1 give up none at all4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( sulphur 9 brim/one1 #aj grams ( ! sub/ance are tak51 plac$ 9 a small porcela9 di%1 heat$ ov] a ,buns5 burn] 9 a well-v5tilat$ place1 & ignit$4 ,:5 ! sulphur has be5 completely burnt (f1 ! residue 7:i* consi/s *iefly ( s&7 is collect$ & weigh$4 ,9 a sep>ate portion ! moi/ure & ars5ic are det]m9$2 ! am\nts ( ^! are d$uct$ f ! loss 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t4 ,! diff]5ce1 multipli$ by #aj1 gives ! p]c5tage ( sulphur4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,solution4--,all sulphates1 except+ ^? ( lead1 b>ium1 /rontium1 & lime1 are soluble 9 wat] or dilute acid4 ,all sulphides1 except c9nab>1 are conv]t$ into sulphates by ! action ( nitric acid at a g5tle heat2 or1 bett]1 by ! action ( a mixture ( ?ree volumes ( nitric acid & "o volume ( hydro*loric acid4 ,?is la/ attacks c9nab> z well4 ,) mo/ sub/ances x is difficult to conv]t ! :ole ( ! sulphur into sulphuric acid4 ,! sulphur sep>ates out at fir/ z a d>k spongy mass1 :i* 7on cont9u$ treatm5t7 *anges to light-col\r$ flakes4 ,:5 ! solution becomes conc5trat$ & ! temp]ature rises suffici5tly1 ! sulphur fuses into "o or m honey-col\r$ globules :i*1 ow+ to ! small surface !y oppose to ! acid1 are v sl[ly oxidis$4 ,x is n desirable to assi/ ! =mation ( ^! globules2 !re=e1 ! temp]ature is kept z l[ z possible1 & /rong nitric acid is us$4 ,:5 su* globules =m1 x is be/ to all[ ! solution to cool1 :5 ! globules w solidify4 ,!y c !n be filt]$ (f & pick$ out f ! insoluble residue1 dri$1 weigh$1 ignit$1 & aga9 weigh$1 ! loss be+ c\nt$ z sulphur4 ,) iron pyrites ?is difficulty seldom occurs4 ,metallic sulphides :5 fus$ ) an excess ( nitre are completely oxidis$4 ,if ! ore is ri* 9 sulphur1 "s in]t body 7su* z sodium *loride1 or1 bett]1 sodium c>bonate7 is add$ to dilute ! action4 ,) pure sulphur1 ! action is s en]getic z to cause an explosion1 s t c>e %\ld be tak54 ,) burnt ores 7incompletely calc9$ pyrites71 !re is suffici5t oxide ( iron pres5t to prev5t too rapid action4 ,^! fusions ) nitre are be/ conduct$ 9 a plat9um di% cov]$ ) a piece ( plat9um foil4 ,! ore is gr\nd ) ! nitre to ensure complete mix+4 ,! heat ne$ n be excessive1 s t a s+le ,buns5 burn] plac$ b5ea? ! di% w suffice2 if ! bottom ( ! di% is se5 to be r$-hot1 x is suffici5t4 ,on cool+ & extract+ ) wat]1 ! sulphur w pass into solution z potassium sulphate1 :i* is !n filt]$ (f f ! insoluble oxides ( iron1 copp]1 c4 ,! filtrate1 aft] hav+ be5 treat$ ) a l>ge excess ( hydro*loric acid1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & re-dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is ready = ! det]m9ation4 ,lead sulphate may be dissolv$ by boil+ ) ammonium acetate4 ,! insoluble sulphates ( b>ium1 /rontium1 & lime1 are decompos$ by fus+ ) #d or #e times _! weight ( fusion mixture4 ,! alkal9e sulphates are !n dissolv$ out ) wat]1 & filt]$ (f f ! insoluble residue4 ,! filtrate is r5d]$ acid ) hydro*loric acid4 ,sep>ation4--,! det]m9ation ( ! sulphuric acid 9 ^! solutions by precipitation ) b>ium *loride also s]ves z a sep>ation2 b 9 hot acid solutions conta9+ copp]1 & m especially iron salts1 ! b>ic sulphate has a /rong t5d5cy to c>ry d[n am\nts ( ^? bodies1 v>y+1 no d\bt1 ) ! conditions ( ! precipitation4 ,boil+ hydro*loric acid fails to completely extract !m4 ,moreov]1 ! use ( hot conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid causes a loss by dissolv+ b>ium sulphate4 ,nitric acid & nitrates mu/ be decompos$ by prolong$ boil+ & evaporation ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! iron may be remov$ by add+ a slight excess ( ammonia to ! fa9tly acid solution1 filt]+ (f1 & wa%+ ! precipitat$ f]ric hydrate ) hot wat]4 ,by slightly acidulat+ ! filtrate ) hydro*loric acid1 x w be r5d]$ ready = ! det]m9ation4 ,,gravimetric ,,me?od4 ,?is assay is "o ( ^? :i* /rik+ly %[s ! necessity ( gett+ ! assay solution "u prop] conditions1 9 ord] to obta9 satisfactory results4 ,! me?od has be5 repeat$ly inve/igat$1 & ! conclusion arriv$ at1 t x c be correct only by accid5t4 ,yet !re are _m *emi/s :o get good results1 & place consid]able fai? 9 its accuracy4 ,?is c only be due to diff]5ces 9 ! mann] ( work+4 ,x is g5]ally und]/ood t nitric acid or nitrates mu/ be abs5t2 & our exp]i5ce fully confirms ?is4 ,precipitations 9 nitrate solutions are wor?less1 z ! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[4 ,9 ea* exp]im5t ! bulk ( ! solution 0 #aej c4c4 ,! solutions conta9$ #aj grams ( nitre1 7 freely acid ) hydro*loric acid1 & 7 precipitat$ 7:ile boil+7 ) slight excess ( b>ic *loride4 ,sulphuric acid tak5 #j4jbj gram #j4jej gram #j4ajj gram f\nd #j4jai #j4jdg #j4jih tak5 #j4ejj #a4jjd #a4jjj f\nd #j4ebf #a4abf #a4abf ,all ! precipitates 7 boil$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ?or\ghly wa%$ be=e weigh+4 ,! results ( "s o!r exp]im5ts on ?is subject are giv5 "u sulphur 9 ! exam9ation ( comm]cial copp]1 page #bjg4 ,! solution hav+ be5 obta9$ free f nitrates & *lorates 7& conta9+ b little free hydro*loric acid71 is l>gely dilut$1 heat$ to boil+1 & precipitat$ ) a mod]ate excess ( a solution ( *loride ( b>ium 7#h p>ts ( ! cry/alliz$ b>ium *loride are suffici5t = #a ( sulphur74 ,x is all[$ to settle = half-an-h\r1 & !n decant$ ?r\gh a filt]4 ,! precipitate is %ak5 up ) boil+ wat]1 r5d]$ slightly acid1 filt]$1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! ignit$ precipitate1 :5 pure1 is :ite1 & is n decompos$ at a r$ heat2 x is b>ium sulphate 7,ba,s,o#d71 & conta9s #ac4gc p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 or #cd4cc p] c5t4 ( sulphuric oxide 7,,s#c74 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulphur 9 ,pyrites4--,weigh up half a gram ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ sample1 & treat ) #aj c4c4 ( a mixture ( #c volumes ( nitric acid & #a volume ( hydro*loric acid1 occasionally heat+4 ,evaporate to dryness1 treat ) #e c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & aga9 evaporate2 take up ) #a c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & #ajj c4c4 ( hot wat]1 filt] ?r\gh a small filt]1 & wa%4 ,! residue may conta9 sulphates ( lead1 b>ium1 or lime2 x mu/ be sep>ately exam9$1 if ! total sulphur is want$4 ,! filtrate is heat$1 & r5d]$ slightly alkal9e ) ammonia4 ,filt] (f ! precipitat$ f]ric hydrate ?r\gh a quick filt]1 & wa% ) hot wat]4 ,if necess>y1 evaporate ! bulk to ab\t #bjj c4c41 r5d] fa9tly acid ) hydro*loric acid1 & add #bj c4c4 ( solution ( b>ium *loride2 all[ to /& = half-an-h\r1 & decant ?r\gh a filt]4 ,wa% ) hot wat]1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,pure pyrites conta9s #ec4cc p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,?is is bas$ ^u ! easy conv]sion ( all sulphur comp\nds into sulphates by fusion ) nitre or by oxidation ) nitric acid2 & on ! det]m9ation ( ! sulphate =m$ by titration 9 an acetic acid solution ) b>ic *loride4#aja ,! f9i%+ po9t is det]m9$ by filt]+ (f portions ( ! assay solution1 & te/+ ) sulphuric acid4 ,a slight excess ( b>ic *loride w cause a precipitate4 ,! process may be divid$ into--7#a7 ! prep>ation ( ! solution1 & 7#b7 ! titration4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,solution4--,weigh up f #a to #e grams ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ sub/ance1 & mix intimately ) #d grams ( p[d]$ nitre2 clean out ! mort> ) ano!r gram ( nitre1 & add ?is z a cov]4 ,heat 9 a plat9um crucible = fifte5 m9utes at a l[ temp]ature2 cool1 & extract ) wat] 9 an evaporat+-di% ab\t #i in*es across1 & hold+ #gjj or #hjj c4c4 ,add #aj grams ( sodium acetate & #aj c4c4 ( acetic acid1 & dilute to half a litre4 ,boil4 ,! solution is ready = titrat+4 ,sub/ances :i* lose sulphur on heat+ 7su* z pyrites7 are ?us treat$3--,weigh up #a gram1 & evaporate ne>ly to dryness ) #aj c4c4 ea* ( nitric & hydro*loric acids4 ,take up ) #aj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & aga9 boil d[n to a small bulk2 dilute & transf] to a #i-;in* evaporat+-di%2 add #aj grams ( sodium acetate & #e c4c4 ( acetic acid1 dilute to half a litre1 & boil4 ,! solution is ready = titrat+4 ,sulphates may be dissolv$ up 9 ! di% itself ) ! help ( a c4c4 or s ( hydro*loric acid2 sodium acetate & acetic acid are !n add$2 &1 aft] dilution & boil+1 ! solutions are at once titrat$4 ,! solution be=e titration mu/ conta9 no free m9]al acid1 b #e or #aj c4c4 ( acetic acid %\ld be pres5t4 ,x mu/ conta9 #aj grams ( sodium acetate1 or suffici5t to conv]t any free m9]al acid into its correspond+ sodic salt2 or1 if *lorides1 nitrates or sulphates ( ! metals are pres5t1 suffici5t to decompose !m4 ,if a precipitation occurs1 z is ! case ) f]ric salts1 c41 ! solution is titrat$ ) ! precipitate 9 x4 ,! ,titration4--,! /&>d solution ( b>ium *loride is made by dissolv+ #gf4be grams ( ! cry/alliz$ salt 7,ba,cl#b4b;,h#b,o7 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 #ajj c4c4 w equal #a gram ( sulphur4 ,z indicator1 use dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! /r5g? ( ! solution may be *eck$ by ! titration ( #e grams ( f]r\s sulphate 7oxidiz$ ) p]manganate ( potassium or a few drops ( nitric acid71 :i* %\ld require #eg4e c4c4 ( ! b>ium *loride solution2 or any pure sulphate ( kn[n composition c be us$2 anhydr\s salts %\ld be pref]r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,fill an ord9>y #ajj c4c4 burette ) ! solution ( b>ium *loride4 ,! evaporat+ di% conta9+ ! assay solution is plac$ on a r\nd burn] 7z %[n 9 fig4 #fe71 & ! solution is kept /eadily boil+4 ,an ord9>y ,buns5-burn] flame w cause bump+1 & %\ld n be us$4 ,run 9 ! /&>d solution 9 quantity kn[n to be insuffici5t2 !n )draw a portion ( ab\t #b c4c41 ) a pipette1 & filt] ?r\gh a f9e filt]-pap] into a te/ tube4 ,run 9 ano!r #j4e c4c4 ( ! /&>d solution1 & )draw & filt] into a te/ tube ano!r portion ( #b c4c42 & cont9ue ?is op]ation until half-a-doz5 or m portions h be5 drawn (f4 ,! te/ tubes %\ld be arrang$ 9 ord] 9 a /& re/+ on a piece ( pap]1 s t ea* te/ tube repres5t+ #j4e c4c4 ( ! /&>d b>ic *loride may h its value record$ b5ea? x 7fig4 #ff74 ,add to ea* te/ tube #c drops ( dilute sulphuric acid2 t :i* %[s ! fir/ appe>ance ( a precipitate m>ks ! po9t at :i* ! titration is complete4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! te/ tube m>k$ #dh4e c4c4 %[s no precipitate1 :ile t at #di4j c4c4 %[s "o1 x is evid5t t ! f9i%+ po9t lies betwe5 ^! read+s4 ,) a little practice1 "o c judge f ! appe>ance ( ! precipitate 9 ! #di c4c4 tube1 :e!r #a_/d c4c4 %\ld be d$uct$ or n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,x is bett] to add dilute sulphuric acid1 & to wat* = ! appe>ance ( a precipitate 9 ! te/ tube1 ?an to add b>ic *loride & to look = its non-appe>ance2 besides1 b>ic *loride is mu* less likely to be pres5t 9 a te/ tube z impurity ?an sulphates are4 ,9 ?is way ! *ance ( error f :at are t]m$ accid5tal causes is dim9i%$4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! effect ( v>iation 9 ! conditions ( titration3-- ,make a /&>d solution ( sulphuric acid by dilut+ #dc4fe grams ( sulphuric acid 7sp4 g4 #a4fafe7 to #a litre3 #ajj c4c4 w conta9 #a gram ( sulphur4 ,an equival5t solution may be made by dissolv+ #ajj4fb grams ( sodium sulphate cry/als 7,na#b,,s#d4aj;,h#b,o71 or #hf4hh grams ( f]r\s sulphate 7,fe,s,o#d4g;,h#b,o71 9 wat] 7oxidis+ ! latt]71 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ^! exp]im5ts are giv5 is t 9 :i* !y 7 made 9 an inve/igation into ! conditions "u :i* ! titration c\ld mo/ accurately be effect$4 ,effect ( ,hydro*loric & ,nitric ,acids4--,! titrations 7 p]=m$ 9 ! mann] already describ$1 b sodic acetate & acetic acid 7 abs5t4 ,tw5ty c4c4 ( ! /&>d solution ( sulphuric acid 7 us$4 ,hydro*loric acid pres5t #j4j c4c4 #a4j c4c4 #b4j c4c4 #e4j c4c4 ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j #bj4j #ai4g #ab4e ,nitric acid pres5t #j4j c4c4 #a4j c4c4 #b4j c4c4 #e4j c4c4 ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j #ai4e #ah4j #aj4j ,^! %[ cle>ly ! int]f]5ce ( free m9]al acids1 al?\gh v dilute hydro*loric acid 7#a c4c4 9 #ejj ( wat]7 has no effect4 ,effect ( ,acetic & ,citric ,acids4--,a simil> s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) ^! acids gave ! foll[+ results3-- ,acetic acid pres5t #j4j c4c4 #e4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j #bj4j #bj4j #bj4j ,citric acid pres5t #j gram #a gram #e grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,^! acids d n int]f]e4 ,effect ( ,sodic ,acetate & ,acetic ,acid4--,9 ea* ( ^! exp]im5ts #e c4c4 ( acetic acid 0 pres5t4 ,sodium acetate add$ #j gram #a gram #aj grams #ej grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,z sodic acetate & acetic acid did n int]f]e1 x became desirable to make "s exp]im5ts on ! f9i%+ po9t4 ,! fir/ object s\ght = 0 ! smalle/ am\nt ( ! /&>d b>ic *loride 9 #ejj c4c4 ( wat]1 requir$ to give an indication :5 te/$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,b>ic ,*loride ,conditions ( ,assay ,solution4 requir$4 ,wat] only #j4je c4c4 ,) #aj grams ( sodium acetate & #e c4c4 ( acetic acid #j4je ,! same ) #e grams ( nitre #j4aj ,l ! la/1 b ) #e grams ( salt in/ead ( nitre #j4aj ,^! %[ t z small an am\nt ( b>ic *loride solution z is equal to only #j4jjjjjb gram ( sulphur 9 ! #b c4c4 ( solution te/$ yields a decid$ precipitate on ! addition ( #c drops ( sulphuric acid4 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! same f9i%+ po9t is obta9$ on te/+ ! filt]$ portions 9 ! te/ tubes ) b>ic *loride z is obta9$ on te/+ ) sulphuric acid1 a titration 0 made ) #bj c4c4 ( /&>d solution ( sulphuric acid1 toge!r ) ! usual quantities ( sodic acetate & acetic acid2 & two lots ( #b c4c4 ea* 7 filt]$ into two sets ( te/ tubes aft] ea* addition ( ! /&>d b>ic *loride4 ,to "o s]ies #c drops ( b>ic *loride solution 7 add$1 & to ! o!r #c drops ( sulphuric acid4 ,! results 7-- ,) ,dilute ,) ,b>ic ,b>ic ,*loride add$4 ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,*loride ,solution4 #ai4e c4c4 ,cle> ,cl\dy #ai4ge ,cle> ,cl\dy #bj4j ,f9i%$ ,f9i%$ #bj4be ,cl\dy ,cle> #bj4e ,cl\dy ,cle> ,! two me?ods ( te/+ give ! same result4 ,b ?is balance is di/urb$ 9 ! pres5ce ( mu* nitre1 ! indications ) b>ic *loride be+ di/urb$ by an opalesc5ce = "s c4c4 beyond ! f9i%+ po9t4 ,9 solutions conta9+ free hydro*loric or nitric acid1 a precipitate is obta9$ ) ei!r b>ic *loride or sulphuric acid4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,sulphur4--,9 ^! & ! subsequ5t exp]im5ts ! titrations 7 p]=m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( #aj grams ( sodic acetate & #aj c4c4 ( acetic acid 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,/&>d sulphuric acid us$ #e4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,b>ic *loride requir$ #e4j #aj4j #bj4j #ej4j #ajj4j ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,) #e c4c4 ( /&>d sulphuric acid titrat$ at #ae ,c41 #e c4c4 ( b>ic *loride 7 requir$2 b ) l>g] quantities ! results 7 altoge!r unsatisfactory :5 titrat$ cold4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4-- ,bulk #ajj4j c4c4 #bjj4j c4c4 #ejj4j c4c4 #ajjj4j c4c4 ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j #bj4j #bj4j #bj4e ,consid]able v>iation 9 bulk has no effect1 b #ejj c4c4 is ! mo/ conv5i5t volume to "w )4 ,x is well to occasionally replace ! wat] boil$ (f dur+ titration4 ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,9 all ^! exp]im5ts #bj c4c4 ( sulphuric acid 7 us$1 & ! titration 0 p]=m$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,sodic *loride add$ #j gram #e grams #aj grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ai4g c4c4 ,ammonic *loride add$ #j gram #e grams #aj grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ai4e c4c4 ,calcic *loride add$ #j gram #a gram #b grams #e grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ai4b c4c4 #ai4j c4c4 ,z9c *loride add$ #j gram #a gram #c grams #e grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,f]r\s *loride add$ #j gram #a gram #c grams #e grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #ai4g c4c4 #ai4e c4c4 #ai4j c4c4 ,f]ric *loride add$ #j gram #a gram #c grams #e grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,copp] *loride add$ #j gram #a gram #c grams #e grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,potassic ,nitrate add$ #j gram #a gram #e grams #aj grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ai4j c4c4 ,potassic ,nitrite add$ #j gram #a gram #e grams ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,sodic phosphate add$ #j gram #a gram ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bb4e c4c4 ,sodic ars5ate add$ #j gram #a gram ,b>ic *loride requir$ #bj4j c4c4 #bj4e c4c4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( f]ric salts1 phosphates & ars5ates c\nt z sulphur4 ,9 two s]ies ( exp]im5ts = det]m9+ ! effect ( v>y+ am\nts ( sulphur 9 ! =m ( f]r\s sulphate1 we obta9$ ! foll[+ results3--,9 ! fir/ s]ies ! assay solution 0 prep>$ 9 ! mann] we h describ$ = ,pyrites2 & 9 ! second s]ies1 by fusion ) nitre4 ,sulphur add$ #j4jej gram #j4ajj gram #j4bjj gram ,b>ic *loride requir$ 7#a7 #e4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 7#b7 #d4g #aj4j #bj4j ,sulphur add$ #j4ejj gram #a4jjj gram ,b>ic *loride requir$ 7#a7 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 7#b7 #ej4j #ajj4j ,m ?an #e grams ( nitre mu/ n be us$ 9 an assay2 &1 s9ce ! requisite am\nt ( nitre consid]ably exce$s t suffici5t to oxidise ! sulphur1 n m ?an #j4e gram ( unoxidis$ sulphur %\ld be pres5t 9 ! portion ( ! sample weigh$ up = det]m9ation4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( sulphur pres5t is n kn[n )9 reasonable limits1 ! te/ portions may be tri$ ) a drop ( b>ic *loride solution in/ead ( sulphuric acid1 s t ! dim9i%+ quantity ( precipitate may give w>n+ ( an approa* to ! f9i%+ po9t4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulphur 9 ,bl5de4--,weigh up #a gram ( dri$ & p[d]$ bl5de1 & mix & fuse ) #e grams ( nitre 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,place ! di% & its cont5ts 9 ! titrat+-di%1 extract ) wat]1 add #aj grams ( sodium acetate & #aj c4c4 ( acetic acid1 remove & wa% ! plat9um-di%1 & dilute to #ejj c4c42 boil & titrate4 ,9 ! example1 duplicate det]m9ations requir$ 7a7 #cb4j c4c41 7b7 #cb4be c4c41 giv+ an av]age ( #cb4a p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulphur 9 ,*alcopyrite 7,yell[ ,copp] ,ore74--,take #a gram ( ! f9ely-p[d]$ sample1 & #e grams ( nitre4 ,spr9kle a little ( ! nitre 9 a small ,w$gwood mort>1 place ! ore on x1 & cov] ) #b or #c grams m ( ! nitre4 ,rub up toge!r1 & transf] to a small porcela9 di%2 clean out ! mort> ) ! re/ ( ! nitre1 & add to ! cont5ts ( ! di%4 ,cov] ) a piece ( plat9um foil1 & heat g5tly ) a ,buns5 burn] till ! nitre melts & ! /uff %[s signs ( deflagrat+2 remove ! heat1 & all[ ! action to g on by itself = a m9ute or s1 !n heat ov] ! ,buns5 burn] = #aj m9utes4 ,cool2 transf] ! :ole to ! titrat+-di%2 boil ) #ejj c4c4 ( wat]2 remove ! small di% & foil2 add sodic acetate & acetic acid1 & titrate4 ,= example1 #a gram requir$ #cd4e c4c4 ( b>ium *loride 7/&>d #a4jje gram ,s71 :i* is equival5t to #cd4g p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,! !oretical p]c5tage is #cd4h4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulphur 9 ,*alcocite 7,grey ,copp] ,ore74--,proce$ z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t b1 s9ce ! action ) nitre is m mod]ate1 no special precautions ne$ be tak5 on heat+4 ,a plat9um di% may be us$4 ,an example :i* 0 heat$ = #cj m9utes requir$ #bj4e c4c4 ( ! b>ium *loride solution4 ,?is is equival5t to #bj4f p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,! !oretical yield is #bj4b p] c5t4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulphur 9 ,pyrites4--,take #a gram ( ! f9ely-p[d]$ sample1 cov] ) #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 &1 :5 action has ceas$1 evaporate to a small bulk4 ,add #c or #d c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & aga9 evaporate to a pa/e4 ,take up ) #a or #b c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 dilute ) wat]1 transf] to a titrat+-di%1 add #aj grams ( sodic acetate & #e c4c4 ( acetic acid1 & dilute ) wat] to #ejj c4c4 ,boil & titrate4 ,an example ) #a gram ( a pure cry/alliz$ pyrites requir$ #eb4g c4c4 ( ! b>ium *loride solution1 :i* is equival5t to #ec4j p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,!ory requires #ec4c p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulphur 9 ,mispickel4--,take #a gram ( ! p[d]$ ore & evaporate ) #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & take up ) #c or #d c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid4 ,if any globules ( sulphur rema91 aga9 evaporate ) nitric acid4 ,dilute1 & transf] to ! titrat+-di%4 ,add #aj grams ( sodic acetate1 dilute ) wat]1 boil1 & titrate4 ,! mispickel c>ries 7accord+ to !ory7 exactly suffici5t iron to precipitate ! ars5ic z f]ric ars5ate 9 an acetic acid solution1 s no m iron ne$ be add$4 ,! f]ric ars5ate w sep>ate out z a yell[i%-:ite floccul5t precipitate4 ,an example requir$1 9 duplicate exp]im5t1 #ah4e c4c4 & #ah4g c4c4 ( b>ium *loride1 equival5t to #ah4g p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,! =mula1 ,fe,s#b4;,fe,as#b1 requires #ai4f p]c5t41 b ! sulphur g5]ally v>ies consid]ably f ?is am\nt4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulphur 9 ,burnt ,ores4--,take #e grams ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ ore1 & rub up ) #d grams ( nitre2 transf] to ! plat9um-di%2 clean out ! mort> ) ano!r gram ( nitre1 & add ?is z a cov]4 ,heat1 & extract ) wat] z be=e2 add ! sodium acetate & acetic acid2 & titrate4 ,burnt ores c>ry f #b4e to #e p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,a s]ies ( f\r det]m9ations gave3-- ,b>ic ,*loride ,requir$4 ,p]c5tage ( ,sulphur4 ,gravimetric ,results4 #ab4f c4c4 #b4eb #b4de #bi4i #e4ih #e4hd #ah4a #c4fb #c4ec #bb4j #d4dj #d4dc ,= ores c>ry+ less ?an #a p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 take #aj grams = ! assay4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulphuric ,oxide 7,,s#c7 9 ,sulphates4--,:5 ! sulphur exi/s 9 ! sample receiv$ by ! assay] 9 an oxidis$ /ate z sulphate1 x is usual to report x 9 t]ms ( sulphuric oxide 7,,s#c74 ,9 ?is case1 ! metal mu/ also be report$ z oxide4 ,= example1 an analysis ( copp] sulphate w\ld be ?us report$3-- ,oxide ( copp] 7,cu,o7 #ca4h ,sulphuric oxide 7,,s#c7 #cb4a ,wat] #cf4a ----- #ajj4j ,! p]c5tage ( sulphur multipli$ by #b4e gives ! p]c5tage ( sulphuric oxide4 ,?us a sample ( copp] sulphate conta9+ #ab4he p] c5t4 ( sulphur w conta9 #ab4he #b4e or #cb4ab p] c5t4 ( sulphuric oxide4 ,9 m9]als & metallurgical products1 x is common to f9d ! sulphur 9 bo? conditions--i4e41 z sulphate & sulphide4 ,g5]ally 9 ^! ! p]c5tage ( sulphur only is want$2 b ?is w dep5d entirely on comm]cial requirem5ts1 & n on ! fancy ( ! assay]4 ,soluble sulphates are det]m9$ sep>ately by extract+ ) small quantities ( cold wat]1 s z to avoid ! sep>ation ( basic sulphates1 or1 if ! sulphides pres5t are n at ! same "t attack$1 by dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,lead sulphate may be extract$ by boil+ ) ammonic acetate2 :il/ b>ium1 /rontium1 &1 p]haps1 calcium sulphate1 w be ma9ly f\nd 9 ! residue insoluble 9 acids4 ,weigh up f #b to #e grams ( ! mat]ial accord+ to ! am\nt ( sulphur judg$ to be pres5t1 & dissolve !m 9 ! titrat+-di% ) #a c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid & #ej c4c4 ( wat]4 ,add #aj grams ( sodic acetate1 & #aj c4c4 ( acetic acid2 dilute1 boil1 & titrate4 ,9 ! case ( f]ric salts1 half ! quantity ( acetic acid w be bett]1 z !n ! f]ric iron w be precipitat$1 & a col\rless solution w be left1 9 :i* ! end reaction is m readily di/+ui%$4 ,det]m9$ 9 ?is way1 #e gram samples ( ! foll[+ salts gave ! results indicat$ bel[3-- ,b>ium ,*loride ,salt4 ,requir$4 ,sulphuric ,oxide4 ,copp] sulphate #fd4be c4c4 #cb4ab ,magnesium sulphate #fe4be #cb4fb ,z9c sulphate #ef4be #bh4ab ,f]r\s sulphate #eh4be #bi4ab ,sodium sulphate #ea4be #be4fj ,det]m9ation ( ,sulphuric ,oxide 9 ,b>ytes 7,heavy sp>74--,fuse #b grams ( ! p[d]$ m9]al ) #e grams ( fusion mixture = five m9utes2 &1 :5 cold1 extract ) wat]4 ,filt]1 acidulate ! filtrate ) an excess ( #aj c4c4 ( acetic acid1 dilute1 boil1 & titrate4 ,= example1 a transp>5t cry/allis$ sample requir$ #bg4j c4c4 ( b>ium *loride1 :i* is equival5t to #ac4f p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 or #cd4j p] c5t4 ( sulphuric oxide4 ,!ory requires #cd4c p] c5t4 ( ! latt]4 ,s9ce bo? c>bonate ( soda & pota% are liable to conta9 sulphates1 a blank det]m9ation %\ld be made on #e grams ( ! fusion mixture1 & ! am\nt f\nd be d$uct$ f t got 9 ! assay4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,! price ( sulphur 9 an ore be+ #d-a_/b;d4 p] unit 9 ! nor!rn m>kets1 :at w\ld be ! price ( a ton ( ore conta9+ #di p] c5t4 ( sulphur8 ,:at w\ld be ! effect on ! price ( an error ( #j4be p] c5t4 9 ! assay8 #b4 ,pyrites c>ries #ej p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 & on calc9+ yields #gj p] c5t4 ( its weight ( burnt ore4 ,suppos+ ! burnt ore c>ries #c4e p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 :at proportion ( ! sulphur w h be5 remov$ 9 ! calc9+8 #c4 ,h[ w\ld bl5de comp>e ) pyrites z a s\rce ( sulphur = sulphuric acid mak+8 #d4 ,h[ w\ld y det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( sulphuric oxide 9 a sample ( gypsum8 ,:at is sulphuric oxide1 & :at relation does x be> to sulphur8 #e4 ,a m9]al conta9s #bj4g p] c5t4 ( wat]1 #cb4d p] c5t4 ( lime1 & #ah4f p] c5t4 ( sulphur4 ,:at is its probable composition8 ,:at exp]im5t w\ld y try to det]m9e ! accuracy ( y\r conclusion8 ,,sel5ium occurs 9 nature comb9$ ) copp]1 m]cury1 & lead1 9 c]ta9 r>e m9]als4 ,9 small quantities x is f\nd 9 _m ores4 ,x is detect$ 9 solution by ! r$ precipitate produc$ on boil+ ! acid solution ) sodium sulphite4 ,?is reaction is us$ = its det]m9ation4 ,solution4--,! solution is effect$ by boil+ ) nitric acid or aqua regia1 or by fus+ ) nitre4 ,to sep>ate ! sel5ium1 ! solution is evaporat$ ) an excess ( hydro*loric acid & a little sodium or potassium *loride4 ,?is de/roys any nitric acid t may be pres5t1 & r$uces sel5ic acid 7,h#b,se,o#d7 to sel5i\s 7,h#b,se,o#c74 ,! solution is dilut$ ) wat]1 & treat$ ) a solution ( sulphite ( soda4 ,x is w>m$1 & at la/ boil$4 ,! sel5ium sep>ates z a r$ precipitate1 :i* 7on boil+7 becomes d5s] & black4 ,x is collect$ on a weigh$ filt]1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$ at #ajj ,c41 & weigh$ z pure sel5ium4 ,sel5ium c be precipitat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 z a sulphide1 :i* is readily soluble 9 ammonium sulphide4 ,?is sulphide may be oxidis$ ) hydro*loric acid & *lorate ( pota%2 & ! sel5ium sep>at$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,,tellurium4 ,tellurium occurs 9 nature1 native1 & 9 comb9ation ) gold1 silv]1 bismu? & lead4 ,x is sometimes met ) 9 assay+ gold ores4 ,x may be detect$ by ! purple col\r x imp>ts to /rong sulphuric acid :5 dissolv$ 9 ! cold1 & by ! black precipitate ( metallic tellurium :i* its solutions yield on treatm5t ) a r$uc+ ag5t4 ,telluric acid is r$uc$ to tellur\s 7) evolution ( *lor9e7 on boil+ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,solution is effect$ by boil+ ) aqua regia1 or by fus+ ) nitre & sodium c>bonate4 ,sep>ation4--,tellurium closely resembles sel5ium 9 its reactions4 ,x is sep>at$ & det]m9$ 9 ! same way4 ,l x1 x =ms a sulphide soluble 9 ammonium sulphide4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f sel5ium by ! insolubility1 9 a solution ( cyanide ( potassium1 ( ! metal precipitat$ by sodium sulphite2 :]eas sel5ium dissolves1 =m+ a soluble potassic sel5o-cyanide4#ajb ,= ! det]m9ation1 solution is effect$ by fus+ ) nitre & sodium c>bonate1 dissolv+ out ! tellurate ( pota% ) wat]1 & boil+ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,tellur\s comp\nds are =m$1 ) evolution ( *lor9e2 & ! solution1 on treat+ ) a r$uc+ ag5t 7su* z sulphur\s acid or /ann\s *loride71 yields metallic tellurium2 :i* is wa%$1 dri$ at #ajj ,c41 & weigh$4 ,,footnotes3 #aja ,ba,cl#b ,na#b,,s#d ,ba,s,o#d #b,na,cl4 #ajb ,se ,k,cy ,k,cy,se4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,ars5ic1 ,,phosphorus1 ,,nitrog54 ,,ars5ic4 ,! *ief s\rce ( ! ars5ic ( comm]ce is ars5ical pyrites1 or mispickel1 :i* conta9s ab\t #de p] c5t4 ( ars5ic 7,z74 ,ars5ic also occurs z a con/itu5t ( sev]al comp>atively r>e m9]als2 &1 z an impurity1 x is v widely di/ribut$4 ,:ite ars5ic is an oxide ( ars5ic1 & is obta9$ by roa/+ ars5ical ores1 & ref9+ ! mat]ial 7crude ars5ic71 :i* cond5ses 9 ! flues4 ,ars5ic itself is volatile1 & _m ( its comp\nds h ! same prop]ty4 ,x =ms two well-def9$ s]ies ( salts1 correspond+ to ! oxides3 ars5i\s oxide 7,z#b,o#c71 & ars5ic oxide 7,z#b,o#e74 ,^! comb9e ) bases to =m ars5ites & ars5ates respectively4 ,boil+ ) nitric acid conv]ts ! l[] into ! high] oxide2 & p[]ful r$uc+-ag5ts1 su* z cupr\s *loride1 h ! opposite effect4 ,ars5ic may be detect$ by dissolv+ ! sub/ance 9 hydro*loric acid1 or 9 aqua regia 7avoid+ an excess ( nitric acid71 & add+ a little ( ?is solution to ! cont5ts ( a small flask 9 :i* hydrog5 is be+ made by ! action ( z9c & hydro*loric acid4 ,! ignit$ jet ( hydrog5 assumes a blue col\r if ars5ic is pres5t1 & a cold porcela9 di% held 9 ! flame 7fig4 #fg7 becomes coat$ ) a d>k deposit ( metallic ars5ic4 ,antimony produces a simil> effect1 b is di/+ui%$ by ! insolubility ( its deposit 9 a cold solution ( blea*+-p[d]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fg4 ,ars5ites are di/+ui%$ by ! volatility ( ! *loride2 by decoloris+ a solution ( p]manganate ( potassium1 & by imm$iately giv+ a yell[ precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,ars5ates are di/+ui%$ 7aft] conv]t+ into soda salts by boil+ ) c>bonate ( soda & neutralis+7 by giv+ ) nitrate ( silv] a r$ precipitate1 & ) magnesia mixture a :ite cry/all9e "o4 ,dry ,assay4--,!re is no dry assay :i* is tru/wor?y4 ,! foll[+ me?od is sometimes us$ to f9d ! proportion ( ars5i\s oxide 9 crude ars5ic3--,weigh up #e grams ( ! dri$ sample1 & place !m 9 a clean dry te/-tube ab\t #f in*es long4 ,tie a small filt]-pap] ov] ! m\? ( ! tube1 s z to prev5t air-curr5ts4 ,heat ! tube cauti\sly s z to sublime (f ! :ite ars5ic into ! upp] "p ( ! tube4 ,cut (f ! bottom ( ! te/-tube by wett+ :il/ hot4 ,scrape out ! ars5ic & weigh x4 ,! weight gives an approximate idea ( ! quantity1 & ! col\r ( ! quality1 ( ! :ite ars5ic obta9able f ! sample4 ,"s work]s 7sell]s7 weigh ! residue1 & det]m9e ! :ite ars5ic by diff]5ce4 ,9 det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure 9 ^! samples1 ! sub/ance is dri$ on a wat]-ba? or 9 a wat]-ov54 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,solution4--,:]e1 z 9 crude ars5ic1 ! sub/ance is ars5i\s oxide 7,z#b,o#c7 mix$ ) impurities1 ! ars5ic is be/ got into solution by w>m+ ) cau/ic soda1 & neutralis+ ! excess ) hydro*loric acid2 x w be pres5t z sodium ars5ite4 ,metals & alloys are act$ on by means ( nitric acid2 or ! ars5ic may be at ! same "t dissolv$ & sep>at$ by di/ill+ ) a /rongly-acid solution ( f]ric *loride1 9 ! way describ$ "u ,volumetric ,me?ods4 ,) m9]als1 mattes1 c41 solution is ?us effect$3--,! f9ely-p[d]$ sub/ance is mix$ 79 a l>ge plat9um or porcela9 crucible7 ) f six to t5 times its weight ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda & nitre4 ,! mass is !n heat$ gradually to fusion1 & kept = a few m9utes 9 t /ate4 ,:5 cold1 x is extract$ ) w>m wat]1 & filt]$ f ! insoluble residue4 ,! solution1 acidifi$ ) nitric acid & boil$1 conta9s ! ars5ic z sodium ars5ate4 ,) mispickel1 & ^? sub/ances :i* easily give (f ars5ic on heat+1 ! sub/ance is fir/ treat$ ) nitric acid1 evaporat$ to dryness1 & !n ! residue is treat$ 9 ! way j describ$4 ,:5 ! ars5ic is pres5t z ars5ite or ars5ide1 di/illation ) an acid solution ( f]ric *loride w give ! :ole ( ! ars5ic 9 ! di/illate free f any metal except1 p]haps1 t9 z /annic *loride4 ,) ars5ates1 dissolve ! sub/ance 9 acid & !n add an excess ( soda4 ,pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 into ! solution2 w>m1 & filt]4 ,acidulate ! filtrate1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,decant (f ! liquid ?r\gh a filt]1 & dige/ ! precipitate ) ammonic c>bonate2 filt]1 & re-precipitate ) hydro*loric acid & sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,all[ to /& 9 a w>m place1 & filt] (f ! yell[ sulphide ( ars5ic4 ,wa% x into a beak]1 clean ! filt]-pap] 7if necess>y7 ) a drop or two ( dilute ammonia2 evaporate ) #aj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid to a small bulk2 dilute2 & filt] (f ! globules ( sulphur4 ,! filtrate conta9s ! ars5ic z ars5ic acid4 ,,gravimetric ,,me?od4 ,hav+ got ! ars5ic into solution z ars5ic acid1 & 9 a volume n mu* exce$+ #ej c4c41 add ab\t #bj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia & #bj c4c4 ( magnesia mixture4 ,/ir ) a glass rod1 & all[ to settle ov]night4 ,filt]1 & wa% ) dilute ammonia1 avoid+ ! use ( l>ge quantities ( wa% wat]4 ,dry1 transf] ! precipitate to a ,b]l9 crucible1 & clean ! filt]-pap] ?or\ghly4 ,burn ?is pap] c>efully & completely2 & add ! a% to ! cont5ts ( ! crucible1 toge!r ) #d or #e drops ( nitric acid4 ,evaporate ) a ,buns5 burn]1 & sl[ly ignite1 f9i%+ (f ) ! bl[-pipe or muffle4 ,cool1 & weigh4 ,! ignit$ precipitate is pyr>s5ate ( magnesia 7,mg#b;,z#b,o#g71 & conta9s #dh4d p] c5t4 ( ars5ic 7,z74 ,in/ead ( ignit+ ! precipitate ) nitric acid1 x may be collect$ on a weigh$ filt]-pap]1 dri$ at #ajj ,c41 & weigh$ z ammonic-magnesic ars5ate 7#b;,am,mg,as,o#d4;,h#b,o71 :i* conta9s #ci4e p] c5t4 ( ars5ic4 ,! results 9 ?is case are likely to be a little high]4 ,! dry+ is v t$i\s1 & is likely to leave beh9d m wat] ?an is all[$ = 9 ! =mula4 ,9 a s]ies ( det]m9ations 9 :i* ! ars5ic 0 weigh$ 9 bo? =ms1 ! results 73-- ,ammonic-magnesic ,ars5ic ,magnesium ,pyr>s5ate ,ars5ic ,ars5ate 9 grams4 9 grams4 9 grams4 9 grams4 #j4jjhj #j4jjcb #j4jjfe #j4jjca #j4jdjj #j4jaeh #j4jccj #j4jafj #j4jgii #j4jcaf #j4jfcc #j4jcjf #j4afjj #j4jfcb #j4abhg #j4jfbc #j4djjj #j4aehj #j4cbje #j4aeea #j4giij #j4caef #j4fdce #j4caad ,,volumetric ,,me?ods4 ,!re are two me?ods3 "o = det]m9+ ! ars5ic 9 ! l[]1 & ! o!r 9 ! high] /ate ( oxidation4 ,9 ! fir/-m5tion$ me?od ?is is done by titrat+ ) a /&>d solution ( iod9e2 & 9 ! latt] ) a solution ( uranium acetate4 ,:]e ! ars5ic already exi/s z ars5i\s oxide1 or :]e x is mo/ conv5i5tly sep>at$ by di/illation z ars5i\s *loride1 ! iod9e me?od %\ld be us$2 b :5 ! ars5ic is sep>at$ z ammonic-magnesic ars5ate or z sulphide1 ! uranium acetate titration %\ld be adopt$4 ,,iod9e ,,process4 ,?is is bas$ on ! fact t sodium ars5ite 9 a solution conta9+ an excess ( bic>bonate ( soda is indirectly oxidis$ by iod9e to sodium ars5ate1#ajc & t an excess ( iod9e may be recognis$ by ! blue col\r x /rikes ) />*4 ,! process is divid$ into two p>ts--7#a7 ! prep>ation ( ! solution1 & 7#b7 ! titration4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,solution4--,= sub/ances l crude ars5ic1 9 :i* ! ars5ic is pres5t z ars5i\s oxide1 ! me?od is z foll[s3--,take a portion :i* %all conta9 f #j4be to #j4e gram ( ! oxide1 place 9 a beak]1 & cov] ) #aj c4c4 ( sodic hydrate solution2 w>m till dissolv$1 put a small piece ( litmus pap] 9 ! solution1 & r5d] acid ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,add #b grams ( bic>bonate ( soda 9 solution1 filt] 7if necess>y71 & dilute to #ajj c4c4 ,! solution is n[ ready = titrat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,:]e ! ars5ic has to be sep>at$ z ars5i\s *loride1 ! process is z foll[s3#ajd--,weigh up #a gram ( ! f9ely-p[d]$ ore 7metals %\ld be hamm]$ out into a ?9 foil or be us$ z fil+s71 & place 9 a #af-ounce flask provid$ ) a well-fitt+ cork1 & connect$ ) a ,u-tube1 z %[n 9 ! draw+ 7fig4 #fh74 ,! ,u-tube %\ld conta9 #b or #c c4c4 ( wat]1 & is cool$ by be+ plac$ 9 a j> or l>ge beak] ( cold wat]4 ,! wat] us$ = cool+ %\ld be r5ew$ = ea* assay4 ,p\r on ! assay 9 ! flask #ej c4c4 ( a f]ric *loride mixture1 made by dissolv+ #fjj grams ( calcium *loride & #cjj grams ( f]ric *loride 9 #fjj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & mak+ up to #a litre ) wat]4 ,firmly cork up ! app>atus1 & boil ov] a small ,buns5-burn] flame = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes1 b avoid evaporat+ to dryness4 ,disconnect ! flask1 & p\r away its cont5ts at once to prev5t breakage ( ! flask by _! solidification4 ,! ars5ic w be cond5s$ 9 ! ,u-tube1 toge!r ) ! great] "p ( ! hydro*loric acid2 transf] ! di/illate to a beak] wa%+ out ! tube two or ?ree times ) wat]2 add a small piece ( litmus pap]2 neutralise ) ammonia2 r5d] fa9tly acid ) dilute hydro*loric acid2 add #b grams ( bic>bonate ( soda 9 solution2 & dilute to #bej c4c4 ,! solution is n[ ready = titrat+4 ,! ars5ic comes ov] 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! di/illation1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 made on #a gram ( copp] precipitate2 9 :i* exp]im5t ! di/illate 0 collect$ 9 sep>ate portions at equal int]vals1 & ! ars5ic 9 ea* portion det]m9$3-- ,"t ,iod9e ,equival5t to ,ars5ic ,di/ill+4 ,requir$4 9 ! ,di/illate4 #e m9utes #ab4j c4c4 #j4jdej gram #e #j4ag #j4jjje #e #j4j #e #j4j ,to dryness #j4j ,! volume ( ea* di/illate 0 ab\t #e c4c4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! metals are conv]t$ into *lorides by ! action ( f]ric *loride1 :i* gives up a "p ( its *lor9e1 & becomes r$uc$ to ! f]r\s salt4 ,! calcium *loride does n ent] into ! *emical reaction1 b raises ! temp]ature at :i* ! solution boils1 & is ess5tial = ! completion ( ! di/illation4#aje ,two exp]im5ts ) mat]ial conta9+ #c4dh p] c5t4 ( ars5ic gave--7#a7 ) f]ric *loride alone1 #b4gd p] c5t42 & 7#b7 ) ! addition ( calcium *loride1 #c4dh p] c5t4 ,x is always necess>y to make a blank det]m9ation ) #a gram ( electrotype copp]1 to f9d out ! am\nt ( ars5ic 9 ! f]ric *loride mixture4#ajf ,un=tunately1 a correction is always requir$4 ,?is am\nts to ab\t #j4ae p] c5t4 ( ars5ic on ea* assay1 ev5 :5 ! mixture has be5 purifi$2 & ?is con/itutes ! weakness ( ! me?od1 s9ce1 9 "s cases1 ! correction is z mu* z1 or ev5 great] ?an1 ! p]c5tage to be det]m9$4 ,! acid di/illate conta9+ ! ars5i\s *loride may be left = an h\r or s )\t mu* fe> ( oxidation2 b x is saf] to neutralise & !n to add ! bic>bonate ( soda1 z ! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[4 ,sev]al portions ( a solution1 ea* hav+ a bulk ( #ajj c4c41 7 expos$ = v>y+ l5g?s ( "t1 & ! ars5ic 9 ea* det]m9$4 ,acid ,solutions4 ,neutralis$ ,solutions4 ,"t ,expos$4 ,iod9e ,ars5ic ,f\nd4 ,iod9e ,ars5ic ,f\nd4 ,requir$4 ,requir$ -- #ah4b c4c4 #j4jacf gram #ah4a c4c4 #j4jacf gram #a h\r #ah4b #j4jacf #ah4b #j4jacf #b h\rs #ag4g #j4jacc #ah4j #j4jace #d #ag4e #j4jaca #ah4d #j4jach #e #ag4j #j4jabg #ah4c #j4jacg ,! ,titration4--,make a /&>d solution ( iod9e by weigh+ up 9 a beak] #af4icc grams ( iod9e & #cj grams ( potassium iodide 9 cry/als2 add a few c4c4 ( wat]1 &1 :5 dissolv$1 dilute to #a litre3 #ajj c4c4 w equal #j4ejj gram ( ars5ic4 ,a solution ( />* simil> to t us$ 9 ! iodide-copp] assay w be requir$4 ,use #b c4c4 = ea* assay4 ,v>iations 9 ! quantity ( />* us$ d n int]f]e2 b ! solution mu/ be fre%ly prep>$1 z aft] sev5 or eight days x becomes useless4 ,to /&>dise ! iod9e solution1 weigh up #j4c gram ( :ite ars5ic2 dissolve 9 cau/ic soda2 neutralise2 aft] acidulat+1 add #b grams ( bic>bonate ( soda & #b c4c4 ( ! />* solution1 & dilute to #bjj c4c4 ) cold wat]4 ,fill a burette hav+ a glass /op-cock ) ! iod9e solution1 & run x into ! solution ( ars5ic1 rapidly at fir/1 & !n m cauti\sly1 till a f9al drop produces a blue col\r ?r\gh\t ! solution4 ,calculate ! /&>d 9 ! usual way4 ,:ite ars5ic conta9s #ge4gf p] c5t4 ( ars5ic4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! effect ( v>iation 9 ! conditions ( ! titration3-- ,make a solution ( ars5ic by dissolv+ #f4fj grams ( :ite ars5ic 9 #ajj c4c4 ( sodic hydrate solution2 r5d] slightly acid ) hydro*loric acid2 add #aj gra9s ( bic>bonate ( soda1 & dilute to #a litre3 #ajj c4c4 w conta9 #j4ej gram ( ars5ic4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,! reaction goes on v quickly 9 ! cold1 &1 s9ce !re is no occasion = heat+1 all titrations %\ld !re=e be c>ri$ out cold4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 #bj c4c4 ( ars5ic solution 7 tak51 #b grams ( bic>bonate ( soda & #b c4c4 ( />* solution add$1 & wat] suppli$ to ! requir$ bulk4 ,! results 73-- ,bulk #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 #bej4j c4c4 #ejj4j c4c4 ,iod9e requir$ #bj4j #bj4j #bj4j #bj4j ,consid]able v>iation 9 bulk does n int]f]e4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bic>bonate ( ,soda4--,?is salt mu/ be pres5t 9 ea* titration 9 consid]able excess1 to prev5t ! int]f]5ce ( free acid4 ,! bic>bonate mu/ be dissolv$ )\t heat+1 z neutral c>bonates %\ld be avoid$4 ,bic>bonate add$ #a gram #b grams #e grams #aj grams ,iod9e requir$ #bj4a c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #bj4a c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,^! results %[ t l>ge v>iation 9 ! quantity ( bic>bonate has no effect4 ,effect ( ,free ,acid4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! ars5ic tak51 ! />*1 & ! bulk 7 z be=e1 b no bic>bonate 0 add$4 ,9 "o case ! solution 0 r5d]$ acid ) #e c4c4 ( acetic acid1 & 9 ! o!r ) #e c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid2 9 bo? cases ! int]f]5ce 0 /rongly m>k$1 & no satisfactory f9i%+ po9t c\ld be obta9$4 ,?is 0 mu* m m>k$ ) ! hydro*loric acid4 ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,! process = gett+ ! ars5ic into solution w exclude all metals except t91 b ! solution w be *>g$ ) sodium or ammonium salts 9 ! process ( neutralis+1 s t x is only necess>y to see if ^! cause any int]f]5ce4 ,! alkal9e hydrates1 includ+ ammonia1 are pla9ly inadmissible1 s9ce no free iod9e c exi/ 9 _! pres5ce4 ,monoc>bonates simil>ly int]f]e1 b to a mu* less ext5t2 h5ce ! necessity = r5d]+ ! assay di/9ctly acid be=e add+ ! bic>bonate ( soda4 ,) #bj c4c4 ( ars5ic solution2 & ) bulk1 soda1 & />* z be=e1 ! results obta9$ 73-- ,iod9e requir$4 ,) #bj grams ( ammonic *loride #bj4j c4c4 #bj grams ( sodium *loride #bj4j #bj grams ( sodium acetate #bj4j #j4jej gram ( t91 z /annic *loride #ai4f ,)\t any addition #bj4j ,! int]f]5ce ( ! /annic salt is probably me*anical1 ! precipitate c>ry+ d[n "s ars5i\s acid4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,ars5ic4--,) bulk1 />*1 & soda z be=e1 b ) v>y+ ars5ic1 ! results 73-- ,ars5ic add$ #a4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,iod9e requir$ #a4a #i4i #bj4j #ej4j #ajj4j ,det]m9ation ( ,ars5ic 9 ,metallic ,copp]4--,put #a gram ( ! copp] fil+s1 fre$ f p>ticles ( ! file ) a magnet1 into a #af-oz4-flask2 & di/il ) ! f]ric *loride mixture1 z above describ$4 ,neutralise ! di/illate2 acidify2 add bic>bonate ( soda & />*2 dilute2 & titrate ) ! /&>d solution ( iod9e4#ajg ,make a blank det]m9ation ) #a gram ( electrotype copp]1 proce$+ exactly z ) ! assay2 & d$uct ! am\nt ( ars5ic f\nd 9 ?is exp]im5t f t previ\sly obta9$4 ,work+ 9 ?is way on a copp] conta9+ #j4ch p] c5t4 ( ars5ic & #j4hj p] c5t4 ( antimony1 #j4ch p] c5t4 ( ars5ic 0 f\nd4 ,det]m9ation ( ,:ite ,ars5ic 9 ,crude ,ars5ic4--,weigh out #a gram ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ sub/ance 7or #j4e gram if ri*71 & dige/ ) #aj c4c4 ( a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( soda2 dilute to ab\t #ej c4c41 & filt]4 ,r5d] fa9tly acid ) hydro*loric acid1 & filt] 7if necess>y72 add #b or #c grams ( bic>bonate ( soda 9 solution1 !n #e c4c4 ( />*1 & titrate ! cold solution ) ! /&>d solution ( iod9e4 ,! foll[+ is an example3-- #a gram ( crude ars5ic requir$ #ec4g c4c4 ,iod9e2 #ajj c4c4 ,iod9e #j4fjjj gram :ite ars5ic2 #ajj 3 #ec4g 33 #j4f 3 #j4cbbb1 or #cb4b p] c5t4 ,) ! te/-tube me?od ( dry assay+1 ?is same sample gave results v>y+ f #cc to #ce p] c5t4 ( :ite ars5ic1 :i* 7judg+ f its appe>ance7 0 impure4 ,,uranic ,,acetate ,,process4 ,?is may be look$ ^u z an alt]native to ! gravimetric me?od4 ,x is applicable 9 all cases :]e ! ars5ic exi/s 9 solution z ars5ic acid or z ars5ate ( soda4 ,! process may be consid]$ 9 two p>ts3 7#a7 ! prep>ation ( ! solution1 & 7#b7 ! titration4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,solution4--,if ! ars5ic has be5 sep>at$ z sulphide1 x is suffici5t to attack x ) #aj or #ae c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & to heat g5tly till dissolv$1 avoid+ too high a temp]ature at fir/4 ,aft]w>ds cont9ue ! heat till ! sep>at$ sulphur runs into globules1 & ! bulk ( ! acid has be5 r$uc$ to #c or #d c4c4 ,dilute ) #bj or #cj c4c4 ( wat]2 put 9 a piece ( litmus pap]2 & add dilute ammonia until j alkal9e4 ,!n add #e c4c4 ( ! sodium acetate & acetic acid solution 7:i* %\ld make ! solution di/9ctly acid72 dilute to #aej c4c41 & heat to boil+4 ,! solution is ready = titrat+4 ,:5 ! ars5ic exi/s 9 a nitric acid solution mix$ ) mu* copp]1 x is sep>at$ 9 ! way describ$ "u ,exam9ation ( ,comm]cial ,copp] 7,ars5ic & ,phosphorus71 pages #bjh1 #bji4 ,if ! ars5ic has be5 sep>at$ z ammonium-magnesium ars5ate1 & phosphates are kn[n to be abs5t2 dissolve ! precipitate 7aft] filt]+1 b )\t wa%+7 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,add dilute ammonia till a slight precipitate is =m$1 & !n #e c4c4 ( ! sodium acetate & acetic acid solution2 dilute to #aej c4c41 & heat to boil+4 ,titrate4 ,if phosphates are pres5t 7:i* w always be ! case if !y 7 pres5t 9 ! orig9al sub/ance1 & no sep>ation ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 has be5 made71 ! phosphorus w c\nt 9 ! subsequ5t titration z ars5ic 7"o "p ( phosphorus c\nt+ z #b4d p>ts ( ars5ic74 ,x w be necess>y to dissolve ! mix$ ars5ate & phosphate ( magnesia 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,add ab\t f\r or five times z mu* iron 7z f]ric *loride7 z ! comb9$ phosphorus & ars5ic pres5t w unite )1 & sep>ate by ! basic acetate process z describ$ "u ,,phosphorus 9 ! ,exam9ation ( ,comm]cial ,copp]1 page #bji4 ,obvi\sly1 :5 phosphates are pres5t1 x is easi] to sep>ate ! ars5ic z sulphide ?an to precipitate x ) ! magnesia mixture4 ,! ,titration4--,! /&>d solution ( uranium acetate is made by dissolv+ #cd4a grams ( ! salt 7) ! help ( #be c4c4 ( acetic acid7 9 wat]2 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,! wat] & acid are add$ a little at a "t1 & w>m$ till solution is effect$2 !n cool$1 & dilut$ to ! requir$ volume3 #ajj c4c4 w equal #j4ej gram ( ars5ic4 ,! sodic acetate & acetic acid solution is made by dissolv+ #ajj grams ( sodic acetate 9 #ejj c4c4 ( acetic acid1 & dilut+ ) wat] to #a litre4 ,five c4c4 are us$ = ea* assay4 ,! solution ( potassic f]rocyanide us$ z indicator is made by dissolv+ #aj grams ( ! salt 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,to /&>dise ! solution ( uranium acetate1 weigh up a quantity ( :ite ars5ic 7,z#b,o#c7 :i* %all be ab\t equival5t to ! ars5ic conta9$ 9 ! assay 7#j4a or #j4b gram72 transf] to a flask1 & dissolve 9 #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid ) ! aid ( heat4 ,evaporate to a small bulk 7tak+ c>e to avoid ! pres5ce ( hydro*loric acid72 dilute ) wat]2 add a small piece ( litmus pap]2 r5d] fa9tly alkal9e ) ammonia2 !n add #e c4c4 ( ! sodic acetate mixture2 dilute to #aej c4c42 & heat to boil+4 ,fill an ord9>y burette ) ! uranium acetate solution1 & run into ! assay a quantity kn[n to be insuffici5t4 ,aga9 heat = a m9ute or two4 ,arrange a s]ies ( drops ( ! solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium on a porcela9 slab1 &1 ) ! help ( a glass rod1 br+ a drop ( ! assay solution 9 contact ) "o ( ^!4 ,if no col\r is produc$1 run 9 ! uranium acetate1 #a c4c4 at a "t1 te/+ aft] ea* addition1 till a br[n col\r is develop$4 ,x is be/ to ov]do ! assay1 & to c\nt back4 ,x is n necess>y to filt] (f a portion ( ! assay be=e te/+ ) ! f]rocyanide1 s9ce ! precipitate 7uranic ars5ate7 has no effect4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! effect ( v>iation 9 ! conditions ( titration4 ,make a solution ( ars5ic acid by dissolv+ #d4ie grams ( ars5i\s acid 7,z#b,o#c7 9 a cov]$ beak] ) #ce c4c4 ( nitric acid2 evaporate d[n to #g or #h c4c42 & dilute ) wat] to #a litre3 #ajj c4c4 w conta9 #j4cge gram ( ars5ic4 ,use #bj c4c4 = ea* exp]im5t4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,x is g5]ally recomm5d$ to titrate ! boil+ solution1 s9ce x is possible t ! precipitation is only complete on boil+4 ,l[ results are obta9$ 9 a cold solution1 ! app>5t excess ( uranium acetate /rik+ a col\r at once2 on boil+1 h[ev]1 x ceases to d s2 consequ5tly1 ! solution %\ld always be boil$ directly be=e te/+4 ,9 f\r exp]im5ts made 9 ! way describ$1 b ) #bj c4c4 ( a solution ( ars5ic acid /rong] ?an t giv5 7#ajj c4c4 #j4e gram ,z71 ! results at v>y+ temp]atures 73-- ,temp]ature #ae ,c4 #cj ,c4 #gj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 ,uranium requir$ #ah4j c4c4 #ah4e c4c4 #ah4e c4c4 #ah4g c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4--,^! exp]im5ts 7 l ^? la/ m5tion$1 b 7 titrat$ boil+1 & ! volume 0 v>i$3-- ,bulk #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 #bjj4j c4c4 #cjj4j c4c4 ,uranium requir$ #ad4j #ad4j #ad4e #ae4j ,consid]able v>iations 9 bulk are to be avoid$4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,sodium ,acetate4--,^! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out l ^? la/ notic$1 b ! bulk 0 #aej c4c41 & v>y+ am\nts ( sodic acetate 7 add$ 9 excess ( ! quantity us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts previ\sly describ$3-- ,sodic acetate add$ #j gram #a gram #aj grams #bj grams ,uranium requir$ #ad4e c4c4 #ad4e c4c4 #af4j c4c4 #ah4j c4c4 ,x is evid5tly important t ! quantity ( ?is salt pres5t 9 ea* titration be measur$ out1 s z to avoid v>iation4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ! ,sodium ,acetate & ,acetic ,acid ,solution4--,acetic ,acid also affects ! results1 b 9 ! opposite direction1 by prev5t+ ! precipitation ( uranium ars5ate4 ,) v>y+ volumes ( ! solution n[ "u notice1 ! results 73-- ,solution add$ #j4j c4c4 #e4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #ae4j c4c4 ,uranium requir$ #ad4e #ad4e #ad4e #ad4j ,solution add$ #bj4j #cj4j #dj4j #ej4j ,uranium requir$ #ac4b #aj4j #f4j #b4j ,^! %[ t ! quantity ord]$ 7#e c4c47 mu/ be adh]$ to4 ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 #aj grams ( ! salt 7! effect ( :i* x 0 desir$ to det]m9e7 7 add$ to a solution 9 o!r respects resembl+ ^? previ\sly us$3-- ,salt add$ ,ammonic ,ammonic ,ammonic ,magnesium sulphate nitrate *loride sulphate ,uranium requir$ #ae4e c4c4 #ae4e c4c4 #ae4c c4c4 #ae4c c4c4 ,)\t any addition1 #ae4j c4c4 7 requir$2 & 9 ano!r exp]im5t1 9 :i* #cj grams ( ammonic salts 7 pres5t1 #ae4f c4c4 ( uranium solution 7 requir$4 ,su* v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( ammonic salts z occur 9 ord9>y work+ are unimportant4 ,phosphates1 ( c\rse1 int]f]e4 ,9 fact1 ! uranium acetate solution c be /&>dis$ by titrat+ ) a kn[n weight ( phosphate1 & calculat+ its equival5t ( ars5ic4 ,?us1 9 an exp]im5t ) #j4f gram ( hydric sodic phosphate 7,na#b;,,hpo#d4ab;,h#b,o71 equival5t to #j4jeaie gram ( phosphorus1 or #j4abef gram ( ars5ic1 #bc4be c4c4 ( a solution ( uranium acetate 7 requir$4 ,! same solution /&>dis$ ) :ite ars5ic gave a /&>d ( :i* #ajj c4c4 #j4eccc gram ars5ic4 ,on ?is /&>d ! #j4f gram ( sodic phosphate %\ld h requir$ #bc4e c4c4 ,exp]im5ts 9 :i* #j4a gram ( bismu? & #j4a gram ( antimony 7 pres5t ) #j4a gram ( ars5ic1 %[$ no int]f]5ce on ! titration4 ,f]ric or alum9ic salts w\ld remove _! equival5t ( ars5ic1 &1 consequ5tly1 mu/ be remov$ be=e titrat+4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,ars5ic4--,v>y+ am\nts ( metallic ars5ic 7 weigh$ up & dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 c41 & titrat$3-- ,ars5ic tak5 #j4jaj gram #j4jej gram #j4ajj gram #j4bjj gram ,ars5ic f\nd #j4jaj #j4jej #j4ajj #j4aig ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t ! me?od yields good results )9 ^! limits4 ,det]m9ation ( ,ars5ic 9 ,mispickel4--,weigh up #a gram ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ ore1 & evaporate to ne> dryness ) #bj c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid4 ,make up to #ajj c4c4 ) wat]1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 to r$uce ! f]ric iron to ! f]r\s /ate1 !n add #bj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 & aga9 pass sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,w>m1 filt]1 & evaporate ! filtrate to drive (f ! excess ( ammonia2 !n add #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & boil d[n till ! sulphide ( ars5ic at fir/ precipitat$ is dissolv$2 neutralise2 add #e c4c4 ( sodium acetate & acetic acid solution2 transf] to a p9t flask1 boil1 & titrate4 ,= example1 an impure sample ( ore requir$1 9 duplicate assay ( half a gram ea*1 :5 treat$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ way1 #ci4f & #ci4e c4c4 ( ! uranium acetate solution 7#ajj c4c4 #j4ecg gram ( ars5ic71 equival5t to #j4baad gram ( ars5ic1 or #db4c p] c5t4 ,an alt]native me?od is z foll[s4 ,p[d] ! ore v f9ely & weigh up 4#e gram4 ,place 9 a #b-c_/d in* b]l9 di% & add /rong nitric acid1 "o drop at a "t until ! action ceases2 ) c>e !re ne$ be no v viol5t reaction4 ,dry ov] a wat] ba?4 ,cov] ) #b grams ( nitre & ov] ?is spread #e grams ( a mixture ( equal p>ts ( nitre & c>bonate ( soda4 ,fuse 9 a muffle or ov] a l>ge g5tle bl[-pipe flame = #d or #e m9utes4 ,?is w spoil ! di%4 ,all[ to cool & boil out 9 a l>g] di% ) #ajj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,filt] & wa% into an #h oz4 flask4 ,acidify ! liquor ) nitric & boil d[n to ab\t #ajj c4c4 ,! acid %\ld n be 9 too l>ge excess1 b an excess is ne$$ to de/roy nitrites4 ,neutralise ) soda or ammonia4 ,add #e c4c4 ( ! mixture ( sodium acetate & acetic acid4 ,titrate ) uranium acetate4 ,det]m9ation ( ,ars5ic 7,z7 9 ,crude ,ars5ic4--,! me?od giv5 "u ! iod9e titration simply det]m9es t portion ( ! ars5ic :i* is pres5t 9 ! sub/ance z ars5i\s oxide or :ite ars5ic4 ,! foll[+ me?od w give ! total ars5ic 9 ! sample4 ,x w\ld be incorrect to report ?is z s mu* p] c5t4 ( ars5i\s oxide1 al?\gh x may be report$ z s mu* p] c5t4 ( ars5ic equival5t to s mu* p] c5t4 ( :ite ars5ic1 ?us3-- ,ars5ic #cj4j p] c5t4 ,equival5t to :ite ars5ic #ci4f ,! equival5t ( :ite ars5ic is calculat$ by multiply+ ! p]c5tage ( ars5ic by #a4cb4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! p]c5tage ( ars5ic is z foll[s3---,boil #a gram ( ! sample ) #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid4 ,:5 ! bulk ( ! solution has be5 r$uc$ to "o-half1 & r$ fumes are no long] evolv$1 dilute ) a little wat]1 & filt] into a flask4 ,neutralise ! filtrate1 add #e c4c4 ( sodic acetate solution1 boil & filt]4 ,! precipitate 7f]ric ars5ate7 is transf]r$ to a small beak]1 treat$ ) #e c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 & sulphurett$ hydrog5 pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! iron sulphide is filt]$ (f1 & ! filtrate evaporat$ ) an excess ( nitric acid4 ,:5 ! solution is cle>1 x is neutralis$1 & #a or #b c4c4 ( sodic acetate solution hav+ be5 add$1 is !n mix$ ) ! fir/ filtrate4 ,! solution is boil$ & titrat$4 ,a sample treat$ 9 ?is way requir$ #di4b c4c4 ( ! uranium acetate solution 7#ajj c4c4 #j4ecg gram ( ars5ic71 equival5t to #bf4d p] c5t4 ,det]m9ation ( ,ars5ic 9 ,brim/one4--,take #aj grams ( ! sub/ance1 & p[d] 9 a mort>2 rub up ) #aj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia & a little wat]2 r9se into a p9t flask2 pass a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog52 & w>m on a hot plate = a few m9utes4 ,filt]1 acidulate ! filtrate ) sulphuric acid2 filt] (f ! precipitate2 attack x ) #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid2 & proce$ z 9 ! o!r det]m9ations4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,mispickel conta9s #de4j p] c5t4 ( ars5ic1 to h[ mu* :ite ars5ic w ?is be equival5t8 #b4 ,h[ w\ld y make a /&>d solution ( iod9e s t #ajj c4c4 %all be equival5t to #a gram ( :ite ars5ic8 #c4 ,:at weight ( ars5ic is conta9$ 9 #a gram ( pyr>s5ate ( magnesia1 & :at weight ( ammonic-magnesic ars5ate w\ld x be equival5t to8 #d4 ,! residue1 aft] heat+ #aj grams ( crude ars5ic1 weigh$ #j4fb gram4 ,:at in=mation does ?is give z to ! composition ( ! sub/ance8 ,if ano!r #aj grams ( ! sub/ance1 heat$ on a wat]-ba?1 lo/ #j4dc gram1 :at conclusions w\ld y draw1 & h[ w\ld y report y\r results8 #e4 ,if a sample ( copp] conta9$ #j4e p] c5t4 ( ars5ic1 & #a gram ( x 7 tak5 = an assay1 h[ mu* /&>d uranium acetate solution w\ld be requir$ 9 ! titration8 ,,phosphorus ,,& ,,phosphates4 ,phosphorus r>ely occurs among m9]als except 9 its highe/ oxidiz$ /ate1 phosphoric oxide 7,p#b,o#e71 9 :i* x occurs abundantly z rock phosphate1 a v>iety ( apatite :i* is ma9ly phosphate ( lime4 ,phosphates ( mo/ ( ! metallic oxides are f\nd4 ,phosphoric oxide 9 small quantities is widely diffus$1 & is a con/itu5t ( mo/ rocks4 ,its pres5ce 9 v>y+ am\nts 9 iron ores is a matt] ( importance1 s9ce x affects ! quality ( ! iron obta9able f !m4 ,phosphorus occurs 9 alloys 9 ! unoxidiz$ /ate4 ,x is directly comb9$ ) ! metal1 =m+ a phosphide4 ,9 ?is mann] x occurs 9 meteoric iron4 ,! alloy phosphor-bronze is made up ( copp]1 t91 z9c1 & phosphorus4 ,phosphates are m9$ 9 l>ge quantities = ! use ( manure manufactur]s1 & = mak+ phosphorus4 ,phosphorus & ars5ic closely resemble ea* o!r 9 _! *emical prop]ties1 m especially ^? :i* ! assay] makes use ( = _! det]m9ation4 ,phosphorus =ms sev]al s]ies ( salts2 b ! phosphates are ! only ones :i* ne$ be consid]$4 ,pyrophosphate ( magnesia1 :i* is ! =m 9 :i* phosphoric oxide is g5]ally weigh$1 diff]s f ! ord9>y phosphate 9 ! proportion ( base to acid4 ,metaphosphates diff] 9 ! same way4 ,if ^! are pres5t1 x mu/ be rememb]$ !y act diff]5tly ) "s reag5ts f ! ord9>y phosphates1 :i* are call$ or?ophosphates4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 all conv]tible into or?ophosphates by "s means :i* w remove _! base1 su* z fusion ) alkal9e c>bonates1 boil+ ) /rong acids1 c4#ajh ,phosphides are conv]t$ into phosphates by ! action ( nitric acid or o!r oxidiz+ ag5ts4 ,dilute acids1 :5 !y act on ! sub/ance1 evolve phosphurett$ hydrog5 7,,ph#c74 ,! /ud5t %\ld be on 8 gu>d aga9/ los+ phosphorus 9 ?is mann]4 ,!re is no dry assay = phosphorus4 ,all assays = x are made ei!r gravimetrically or volumetrically4 ,! sep>ation ( phosphoric oxide is made z foll[s3--,! ore or metal is dissolv$ 9 acid & evaporat$1 to r5d] ! silica insoluble4 ,x is tak5 up ) hydro*loric acid1 dilut$ ) wat]1 & treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! filtrate is boil$1 to get rid ( ! excess ( gas1 & treat$ ) nitric acid1 to p]oxidize ! iron pres5t4 ,if ! iron is n pres5t 9 m ?an suffici5t quantity to =m f]ric phosphate ) all ! phosphorus pres5t1 "s f]ric *loride is add$4 ,! iron is !n sep>at$ z basic acetate4 ,! precipitate w conta9 ! phosphorus1 toge!r ) any ars5ic acid n r$uc$ by ! sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! precipitate %\ld h a decid$ br[n col\r4 ,! precipitate is wa%$1 transf]r$ to a flask1 & treat$ fir/ ) ammonia1 & !n ) a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! filtrate f ?is 7acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 &1 if necess>y1 filt]$7 conta9s ! phosphorus z phosphoric acid4 ,?is me?od is n applicable 9 ! pres5ce ( alum9a1 *romium1 titanium1 or t91 if ! solution is effect$ ) nitric acid4 ,! precipitate obta9$ by ! action ( nitric acid on t9 reta9s any phosphoric or ars5ic oxide t may be pres5t4 ,a me?od ( sep>ation m g5]ally applicable & m conv5i5t to "w is bas$ on ! precipitation ( a yell[ phospho-molybdate ( ammonia1#aji by ! action ( an excess ( ammonic molybdate ^u a solution ( a phosphate 9 nitric acid4 ,dissolve ! sub/ance by treatm5t ) acid1 & evaporate to dryness4 ,take up ) #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & add #bj grams ( ammonic nitrate1 toge!r ) a little wat]4 ,next put 9 ! solution ( ammonium molybdate solution 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #ej c4c4 = ea* #j4a gram ( phosphoric oxide judg$ to be pres5t4 ,w>m to ab\t #hj ,c41 & all[ to /& = an h\r4 ,filt]1 & wa% ) a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( ammonic nitrate4 ,x is n necess>y t ! :ole ( ! precipitate be plac$ on ! filt]2 b ! beak] mu/ be completely clean$4 ,dissolve ! precipitate (f ! filt] ) dilute ammonia1 & run ! solution into ! orig9al beak]4 ,run 9 f a burette1 sl[ly & ) /irr+1 magnesia mixture1 us+ ab\t #ae c4c4 = ea* #j4a gram ( phosphoric oxide4 ,all[ to /& = "o h\r4 ,! :ite cry/all9e precipitate conta9s ! phosphorus z ammonium-magnesium phosphate4 ,phosphate ( lead is decompos$ by sulphuric acid2 ! lead is conv]t$ into ! insoluble lead sulphate1 & ! phosphoric acid is dissolv$4 ,phosphate ( copp] & phosphate ( iron may be treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog52 ! =m] 9 an acid1 & ! latt] 9 an alkal9e1 solution4 ,phosphate ( alum9a is g5]ally weigh$ )\t sep>ation ( ! alum9a1 s9ce ?is requires a fusion4 ,9 all cases ! aim is to get ! phosphoric oxide ei!r free1 or comb9$ ) "s metal ^: phosphate is soluble 9 ammonia4 ,j\lie's me?od ( sep>ation is z foll[s3--,"o to t5 grams ( ! sample are treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & evaporat$ to dryness ) ! addition 7if any pyrites is pres5t7 ( a little nitric acid4 ,! residue is tak5 up ) hydro*loric acid1 cool$1 transf]r$ to a graduat$ flask1 & dilut$ to ! m>k4 ,x is !n %ak5 up1 filt]$ ?r\gh a dry filt]1 & a measur$ portion 7conta9+ ab\t #j4je gram ( phosphoric acid7 transf]r$ to a small beak]4 ,t5 c4c4 ( a citric-acid solution ( magnesia#aaj is add$1 & !n an excess ( ammonia4 ,if an imm$iate precipitate is =m$1 a fre% portion mu/ be measur$ out & treat$ ) #bj c4c4 ( ! citrate ( magnesia solution & ) ammonia z be=e4 ,! beak] is put aside = f two to twelve h\rs4 ,! precipitate is !n filt]$ (f & wa%$ ) weak ammonia2 x conta9s ! phosphorus z ammonium-magnesium phosphate4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,if ! phosphate is n already 9 ! =m ( ammonic-magnesic phosphate1 x is conv]t$ into ?is by ! addition to its solution ( an excess ( ammonia & magnesia mixture4 ,9 ord] to get ! precipitate pure1 ! magnesia mixture is run 9 gradually 7by drops7 f a burette1 ) con/ant /irr+4 ,a :ite cry/all9e precipitate at once falls1 if mu* phosphorus is pres5t2 b1 if !re is only a small quantity1 x may be an h\r or two be=e x %[s itself4 ,! solution is be/ all[$ to re/ = twelve or fifte5 h\rs 7ov]night7 be=e filt]+4 ,! pres5ce ( t>t>ic acid %\ld be avoid$2 & ! appe>ance ( ! precipitate %\ld be cry/all9e4 ,! solution is decant$ ?r\gh a filt]1 & ! precipitate wa%$ ) dilute ammonia1 us+ z little z may be necess>y4 ,! precipitate is dri$1 transf]r$ to a weigh$ ,b]l9 or plat9um crucible2 ! filt]-pap] is c>efully burnt1 & its a% add$ to ! precipitate1 :i* is !n ignit$1 at fir/ g5tly ov] a ,buns5 burn]1 & !n m /rongly ov] ! bl[pipe or 9 ! muffle4 ,! residue is a :ite mass ( magnesium pyrophosphate conta9+ #bg4ib p] c5t4 ( phosphorus1 or #fc4if p] c5t4 ( phosphoric oxide4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,in/ead ( sep>at+ & weigh+ ?is comp\nd1 ! phosphoric oxide 9 x c be det]m9$ by titration4 ,9 _m cases ! ore may be dissolv$ & imm$iately titrat$ )\t previ\s sep>ation4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to c>ry ! sep>ation s f> z to get phosphoric acid1 an alkal9e phosphate1 or ! magnesia precipitate4 ,x may !n be prep>$ = titration 9 ! foll[+ way3--,! precipitate 9 ! la/ case 7)\t mu* wa%+7 is dissolv$ 9 a little hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution 9 any case r5d]$ fairly acid4 ,dilute ammonia is add$ till x is j alkal9e1 & !n #e c4c4 ( ! sodic acetate & acetic acid mixture 7z describ$ "u ! ,ars5ic ,assay74 ,?is %\ld yield a cle> di/9ctly-acid solution4 ,x is dilut$ to #ajj or #aej c4c41 heat$ to boil+1 & titrat$ ) ! uranium acetate solution1 us+ t ( potassic f]rocyanide z indicator4 ,! /&>d solution requir$ is made by dissolv+ #ce grams ( uranium acetate 9 wat] ) ! aid ( #be c4c4 ( acetic acid1 & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,an equival5t solution ( phosphoric oxide is made by dissolv+ #be4ba grams ( cry/allis$ hydric disodic phosphate 7,h,na#b,,po#d4ab;,h#b,o7 9 wat]1 & mak+ up to #a litre4 #ajj c4c4 w conta9 #j4e gram ( phosphoric oxide 7,p#b,o#e71 or #j4bahc gram ( phosphorus4 ,9 mak+ ?is solution1 transp>5t cry/als only mu/ be us$4 ,! uranium acetate solution is only approximately equival5t to ?is1 s t its exact /&>d mu/ be det]m9$4 ,sodic ,acetate & ,acetic ,acid ,solution4--,x is ! same z t describ$ "u ,ars5ic4#aaa ,use #e c4c4 = ea* assay4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! effect ( v>iation 9 ! conditions ( ! titration3-- ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,temp]ature4--,! solution %\ld be titrat$ :ile boil+4 ,?is is especially necess>y = ! la/ few c4c4 9 ord] to get a decid$ & fix$ f9i%+ po9t4 ,temp]ature #ae ,c4 #cj ,c4 #gj ,c4 #ajj ,c4 ,uranium requir$ #ah4j c4c4 #ai4b c4c4 #ai4j c4c4 #ah4i c4c4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,bulk4-- ,bulk #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 #bjj4j c4c4 #cjj4j c4c4 ,uranium requir$ #ah4h #ah4i #ai4j #ai4c ,v>iation 9 bulk affects ! results2 !re=e1 a con/ant bulk %\ld be adh]$ to4 ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,sodium ,acetate & ,acetic ,acid ,solution4-- ,sodium acetate & acetic acid solution #j4j c4c4 #a4j c4c4 #e4j c4c4 #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 ,uranium requir$ #ah4i #ah4i #ai4j #ah4h #ag4e ,z 9 ! titration ) ars5ates1 an excess is dang]\s to ! assay2 a def9ite quantity 7#e c4c47 %\ld1 !re=e1 be us$4 ,effect ( ,=eign ,salts4--,besides ! sodium acetate1 c41 add$1 ! only salts likely to be pres5t are ^? ( ammonia & magnesia4 ,9 ?ree exp]im5ts1 9 "o ( :i* no =eign salts 7 introduc$1 :ile 9 ! o!r two #e grams ( ammonic *loride & ( magnesium sulphate respectively 7 add$1 !re 7 requir$3-- ,) ammonic *loride #ah4h c4c4 ,uranium solution ,) magnesium sulphate #ai4j ,)\t =eign salts #ah4i ,effect ( ,v>y+ ,phosphate4-- ,phosphate solution add$ #aj4j c4c4 #bj4j c4c4 #ej4j c4c4 #ajj4j c4c4 ,uranium requir$ #i4h #ah4i #dg4f #id4e ,! quantity ( phosphoric oxide 9 ! assay solution = ! conditions ( titration %\ld n be mu* less ?an #j4je gram4 ,= small] quantities ! uranium solution %\ld be dilut$ to half its /r5g?1 & ! assay solution conc5trat$ by r$uc+ its bulk to #ej c4c4 & us+ #b4e c4c4 ( ! sodium acetate & acetic acid solution4 ,det]m9ation ( ,phosphoric ,oxide 9 ,apatite4--,weigh up #j4e gram ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ sample1 & dissolve x 9 #e c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid4 ,evaporate to a pa/e1 add #e c4c4 ( ! sodic acetate & acetic acid solution1 dilute to #ajj c4c4 ) wat]1 boil1 & titrate ) uranium acetate solution4 ,9 an example1 #j4e gram ( apatite requir$ #cg4d c4c4 ( uranium acetate solution 7/&>d equal to #j4ebia gram ( phosphoric oxide74 ,! sample !re=e conta9$ #j4aigi gram ( ,p#b,o#e1 equal to #ci4eh p] c5t4 ,det]m9ation ( ,phosphoric ,oxide 9 an ,iron ,ore4--,take #aj grams1 boil ) #ej c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & evaporate to a pa/e2 take up ) #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 & dilute ) wat] to #djj c4c4 ,pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 = ne>ly a qu>t] ( an h\r2 w>m1 & filt]4 ,boil (f ! excess ( gas2 cool1 add ammonia till ne>ly neutral1 & !n a few drops ( f]ric *loride solution1 & #d or #e grams ( sodium acetate1 ) a drop or two ( acetic acid4 ,boil & filt]4 ,dissolve ! precipitate 9 hot dilute hydro*loric acid1 & add citro-magnesia mixture & ammonia2 all[ to /& ov]night2 filt]1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,9 an example1 #aj grams ( ore gave #bh4e milligrams ( magnesic pyrophosphate1 :i* is equival5t to #j4ah p] c5t4 ( phosphoric oxide4 ,det]m9ation ( ,phosphorus 9 ,iron4--,take f #b to #aj grams 7accord+ to ! am\nt ( phosphorus pres5t71 & dissolve 9 aqua regia1 keep+ ! nitric acid 9 excess2 evaporate to dryness & take up ) hydro*loric acid1 boil1 dilute1 & filt]4 ,add #aj c4c4 ( nitric acid1 ne>ly neutralise ) ammonia1 r5d] acid ) #c or #d c4c4 ( nitric acid1 & add #aj or #bj c4c4 ( ammonic molybdate solution4 ,heat = "s "t1 all[ to settle1 filt]1 & wa% ! precipitate ) a solution ( ammonic nitrate4 ,dissolve ! precipitate 9 dilute ammonia1 ne>ly neutralise ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 & add fir/ magnesia mixture1 & !n ammonia2 all[ to /& ov]night2 filt]1 wa% ) dilute ammonia1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh z magnesic pyrophosphate4 ,calculate to phosphorus4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,t5 grams ( an iron yield$ #ab milligrams ( pyrophosphate ( magnesia4 ,:at p]c5tage ( phosphorus did ! metal conta98 #b4 ,t5 grams ( an iron ore gave #ab milligrams ( pyrophosphate4 ,:at p]c5tage ( phosphoric oxide did x conta98 #c4 ,:at weight ( apatite #c;,ca#c7,,po#d7b4;,ca,cl,f w\ld require #ej c4c4 ( /&>d uranium solution 7#ajj c4c4 equal to #j4e gram ( ,p#b,o#e78 #d4 ,y h reason to believe t a precipitate :i* has be5 weigh$ z magnetic pyrophosphate conta9s "s ars5ate4 ,h[ w\ld y det]m9e ! am\nt ( phosphate really pres5t8 #e4 ,tw5ty c4c4 ( a solution ( sodic phosphate conta9+ #j4ajj gram ( ,p#b,o#e 0 f\nd to require a solution conta9+ #j4gjj gram ( hydrat$ uranium acetate 9 a titration4 ,! precipitate conta9s #hj4ji p] c5t4 uranium oxide & #ai4ia p] c5t4 ( phosphoric oxide4 ,:at p]c5tage ( uranium oxide 0 conta9$ 9 ! uranic acetate8 ,,nitrog5 ,,& ,,nitrates4 ,nitrog5 occurs 9 nature 9 ! free /ate1 & =ms ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 comb9ation1 z nitrate1 x is f\nd 9 nitre 7,,kno#c71 & ,*ili saltpetre 7,na,n,o#c71 m9]als :i* h a comm]cial importance4 ,! latt] occurs 9 b$s1 & is ext5sively work$ = use z a manure & 9 ! prep>ation ( nitric acid4 ,nitrog5 is ma9ly *>act]is$ by negative prop]ties1 al?\gh _m ( its comp\nds are v en]getic bodies4 ,x is a gas1 pres5t ev]y:]e1 b s inactive t ! assay] c always af=d to ignore its pres5ce1 &1 except 9 te/+ furnace gases1 c41 he is nev] call$ on to det]m9e its quantity4 ,! nitrates are an important class ( salts1 & may be look$ on z comp\nds ( ! bases ) nitric p5toxide 7,n#b,o#e74 ,!y are1 ) ! exception ( a few basic comp\nds1 soluble 9 wat]1 & are rem>kable = ! ease ) :i* !y give up _! oxyg54 ,! alkal9e nitrates fuse readily1 & lose oxyg5 ) eff]vesc5ce =m+ nitrites2 :ile at a high] temp]ature !y yield m oxyg5 & lose _! nitrog51 ei!r z a l[] oxide or z nitrog54 ,! nitrates ( ! metals1 on heat+1 leave ! oxide ( ! metal4 ,x is z yield]s ( oxyg5 t nitrates are s l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( explosives4 ,gunp[d] conta9s f #fe to #ge p] c5t4 ( potassium nitrate 7nitre74 ,nitrates are be/ detect$ & det]m9$ by _! yield+ nitric oxide :5 treat$ ) sulphuric acid & a suitable r$uc+ ag5t1 su* z f]r\s sulphate1 m]cury1 or copp]4 ,nitric oxide is a col\rless gas v slightly soluble 9 wat]4 ,x comb9es at once ) oxyg51 on mix+ ) ! air1 to =m br[n nitr\s fumes1 & dissolves 9 a solution ( f]r\s sulphate1 produc+ a *>act]i/ic blacki%-br[n col\r4 ,x is ?is col\r :i* af=ds ! be/ & mo/ easily-appli$ te/ = nitrates4 ,! sub/ance suspect$ to conta9 nitrates is dissolv$ 9 ab\t #a c4c4 ( wat]1 & treat$ ) an equal volume ( /rong sulphuric acid4 ,aft] cool+1 a solution ( f]r\s sulphate is p\r$ on its surface1 s z to =m a lay] re/+ on x4 ,on /&+1 a br[n or black r+ is develop$ :]e ! liquids jo91 if any nitrate or nitrite is pres5t4 ,nitrites are di/+ui%$ f nitrates by eff]vesc+ & yield+ br[n fumes :5 treat$ ) a little dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! sep>ation ( nitrates is 9 _m cases difficult4 ,g5]ally1 on treat+ ! sub/ance ) wat]1 ! nitrate w be 9 ! solution1 & is filt]$ (f f any insoluble matt]4 ,9 ! exceptional cases x is got into solution by treat+ ) a boil+ solution ( sodium c>bonate2 ! nitrate w conta9 x z an alkal9e nitrate4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 9 _! det]m9ation1 nitrates are nev] sep>at$ & weigh$ z su*1 ! difficulty ( sep>at+ !m has little importance4 ,usually1 ! det]m9ation c be made on ! orig9al aque\s solution1 & x is nev] necess>y to d m ?an remove any special sub/ance :i* has a bad effect2 & ?is is easily done by ! usual reag5ts4 ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 said t !re is no direct gravimetric det]m9ation4 ,! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 p5toxide 7,n#b,o#e7 9 a comp>atively pure nitrate is sometimes det]m9$ indirectly 9 ! foll[+ way3--,place 9 a plat9um-crucible #d or #e grams ( p[d]$ & clean$ qu>tz4 ,ignite1 cool 9 a desiccator1 & weigh ) ! cov]4 ,mix #a gram ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ salt ) ! qu>tz 9 ! crucible by /irr+ ) a /\t plat9um-wire4 ,cov] ! crucible1 & heat 9 a ,buns5-burn] flame at sc>cely visible r$ness = half-an-h\r4 ,cool & weigh4 ,! loss 9 weight gives ! am\nt ( nitrog5 p5toxide4 ,sulphates & *lorides 9 mod]ate quantity d n int]f]e4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( ! process3-- ,crucible & s& #bf4fdhe grams ,nitre tak5 #a4jjjj ------- #bg4fdhe ,weight aft] ignition #bg4aafj ------- ,loss on ignition #j4ecbe ,?is is equal to #ec4be p] c5t4 ( nitrog5 p5toxide4 ,,volumetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,?is is bas$ on ! oxidis+ action ( nitric acid1 or ( nitrates 9 acid solutions on f]r\s salts4 ,! p5toxide 7,n#b,o#e7 ( ! nitrate is r$uc$ to nitric oxide 7,,no71 s t #ccf p>ts ( iron p]oxidis$ repres5t #ajh p>ts ( nitric p5toxide z oxidis+ ag5t4#aab ,! quantity ( iron p]oxidis$ is det]m9$ by tak+ a kn[n quantity ( f]r\s salt1 oxidiz+ ) a weigh$ sample ( nitrate1 & !n det]m9+ ! residual f]r\s iron by titration ) bi*romate or p]manganate ( potassium solution4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! f]r\s iron tak5 & t f\nd1 gives ! am\nt oxidiz$ by ! nitrate4 ,! spe$ ) :i* nitric oxide takes up oxyg5 f ! air1 & ?us becomes capable ( oxidis+ m iron1 r5d]s "s precautions necess>y2 f]r\s *loride %\ld1 !re=e1 be us$1 s9ce x is easi] to expel nitric oxide 7by boil+7 f solutions ( a *loride ?an x is f ^? ( a sulphate4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,dissolve #b grams ( ?9 s(t iron wire 9 #ej c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid 9 a flask provid$ ) an arrangem5t = ma9ta9+ an atmosph]e ( c>bon dioxide4 ,:5 ! iron has dissolv$1 all[ ! solution to cool1 & add #j4e gram ( ! nitrate4 ,heat g5tly = a few m9utes1 & !n boil until ! nitric oxide is expell$4 ,an atmosph]e ( c>bon dioxide mu/ be kept up4 ,dilute ) wat]1 & titrate ! residual iron ) /&>d solution ( bi*romate ( potassium4 ,! /&>d bi*romate is made by dissolv+ #ag4e grams ( ! salt 7,k#b;,cr#b,o#g7 9 wat]1 & dilut+ to #a litre3 #ajj c4c4 equal #b grams ( iron4 ,d$uct ! weight ( iron f\nd f ! #b grams orig9ally tak51 & multiply by #j4cbad4 ,?is gives ! weight ( ! p5toxide 9 ! sample4 ,9 an example1 #j4e gram ( nitre 0 tak51 & #ei4d c4c4 ( ! bi*romate solution 7 requir$4 ,! #ei4d c4c4 ?us us$ are equival5t to #a4aih gram ( iron4 ,?is leaves #j4hbb gram z ! quantity oxidis$ by ! nitre1 :i*1 multipli$ by #j4cbad1 gives #j4bfdb gram = ! nitrog5 p5toxide1 or #eb4h p] c5t4 ,,gasometric ,,me?od4 ,?is is bas$ ^u ! measurem5t ( ! nitric oxide evolv$ on %ak+ up a weigh$ quantity ( ! nitrate ) sulphuric acid ov] m]cury 9 a nitromet]4 ,ea* c4c4 ( nitric oxide obta9$1 :5 r$uc$ to normal temp]ature & pressure1 is equival5t to3-- #j4fbg milligram ( nitrog54 #a4cdc ( nitric oxide4 #b4dah ( nitric p5toxide4 #b4hbj ( nitric acid4 #c4hje ( sodium nitrate4 #d4ebc ( potassium nitrate4 ,9 work+ on sub/ances n ri* 9 nitrates1 an ord9>y nitromet] 7fig4 #fi7 is us$2 b 9 ! assay ( sodium nitrate1 nitroglyc]9e1 c41 an in/rum5t provid$ ) a bulb hav+ a capacity ( #ajj c4c4 is employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,! plan ( work+ is z foll[s3--,! measur+ tube is fill$ ) m]cury until x rea*es up into ! tap1 & ! levell+-tube is plac$ s t x conta9s an in* or two ( m]cury4 ,if ! nitrate is 9 solution1 #b or #c c4c4 ( ! liquid 7dilute liquids are br\ght to ?is bulk by evaporation7 are measur$ into ! cup4 ,! levell+-tube is l[]$ a little1 & ! tap cauti\sly op5$ until all b ! la/ drop ( ! liquid has run 94 ,! cup is !n r9s$ ) #b or #c c4c4 ( sulphuric acid1 :i* is run 9 9 ! same way1 & ! op]ation is repeat$ ) ano!r lot ( acid4 ,! measur+-tube is n[ tak5 f ! clamp1 & %ak5 = two or ?ree m9utes1 until no m gas is giv5 (f4 ,x is replac$1 & ! m]cury-level 9 ! two tubes adju/$4 ,!n x is all[$ to /& until ! fro? has subsid$1 & ! gas has cool$ to ! temp]ature ( ! room4 ,! volume ( ! gas is !n read (f4 ,9 adju/+ ! level1 acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! sulphuric acid 9 ! measur+-tube2 ?is is all[$ = by hav+ ! m]cury high] 9 ! o!r tube by1 say1 #a mm4 = ea* #f4e mm4 ( sulphuric acid1 or x is c\nt]pois$ by an equal height ( sulphuric acid 9 ! levell+-tube1 9 :i* case ! two m]cury-levels are made to correspond4 ,on op5+ ! tap aft] read+ (f ! volume1 !re %\ld be no *ange 9 ! level ( ! m]cury4 ,if x %\ld rise or fall a little1 a slight increase or decrease 7say #j4a c4c47 is made to ! volume previ\sly read (f4 ,9 work+ ) nitrate ( soda1 c41 9 ! bulb nitromet]1 x is necess>y to take a quantity ( ! sub/ance :i* w yield m ?an #ajj & less ?an #aej c4c4 ( ! gas4 ,,footnotes3 #ajc ,na#c;,as,o#c ,h#b,o #b;,i ,na#c;,as,o#d #b;,,hi4 ,! acid is at once neutralis$4 #ajd ,mr4 ,?omas ,gibb is ! orig9ator ( ?is +5i\s process4 #aje ,by tak+ hold ( ! wat] pres5t1 x may prev5t ! dissociation ( ars5i\s *loride4 #ajf ,x is difficult to get f]ric *loride free f ars5ic2 b ! foll[+ treatm5t w remove #hj or #ij p] c5t4 ( ! ars5ic conta9$ 9 ! comm]cial mat]ial3--,dissolve #b or #c lbs4 ( f]ric *loride ) ! smalle/ am\nt ( wat] t w effect solution ) ! addition ( #ajj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid2 add a solution ( sulphur\s acid 9 quantity suffici5t to r$uce #b or #c p] c5t4 ( ! iron to ! f]r\s /ate2 all[ to /& a week2 & !n boil1 to remove ! hydro*loric acid add$4 ,nitric acid1 :i* is prejudicial1 is also remov$ by ?is treatm5t4 #ajg ,:5 ! am\nt ( ars5ic to be e/imat$ is small 7z 9 ref9$ copp]s71 x is bett] to use a weak] solution ( iod9e4 ,?is is made by dilut+ #bjj c4c4 ( ! /&>d solution ) wat] to #a litre4 ,ea* c4c4 w equal #j4a p] c5t41 if #a gram ( ! metal has be5 tak5 = ! assay4 #ajh ,! con/itution ( ^! phosphates may be ?us illu/rat$-- ,magnesic meta-phosphate ,mg,o4,p#b,o#e4 ,magnesic pyro-phosphate #b,mg,o4,p#b,o#e4 ,magnesic or?o-phosphate #c,mg,o4,p#b,o#e4 #aji ,! composition ( :i* is-- ,mo,o#b #ij4gd1 ,p#b,o#e #c4ad1 7,,nh#d7b,o #c4eg1 ,h#b,o #b4ee #ajj4jj4 #aaj ,?is is made by add+ #bg grams ( magnesium c>bonate 7a little at a "t7 to a solution ( #bgj grams ( citric acid 9 #cej c4c4 ( w>m wat]2 &1 :5 dissolv$1 add+ #djj c4c4 ( dilute ammonia1 & mak+ up ! bulk to #a litre2 #bj c4c4 ( ! solution is suffici5t = #j4a gram ( ,p#b,o#e1 al?\gh m w be requir$ if mu* iron or alum9a is pres5t4 #aaa ,= ! details ( ! titration1 ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ! same place4 #aab ,n#b,o#e #f;,fe,o #c;,fe#b,o#c #b,,no4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,silicon1 ,,c>bon1 ,,boron4 ,,silicon ,,& ,,silicates4 ,9 assay+1 m especially products direct f ! m9e1 !re is always f\nd1 :5 ! rock is silice\s1 a quantity ( :ite s&y-look+ sub/ance1 insoluble 9 acids1 :i* is sometimes accompani$ by a light gelat9\s mat]ial v difficult to filt]4 ,?is is v>i\sly describ$ z insoluble1 s&1 insoluble silicates1 gangue1 or rocky matt]4 ,x may be pure qu>tz2 b (t5] x is mix$ ) silicates f ! rock conta9+ ! m9]al4 ,"s silicates1 b n _m1 are completely decompos$ by boil+ ) hydro*loric acid or aqua regia2 & o!rs are p>tly s1 !y yield a gelat9\s precipitate ( silica :i* greatly int]f]es ) ! filt]+4 ,x is a common practice ) assay]s to c>ry ! fir/ attack ( ! sample ) acids to dryness1 & to take up ) a fre% portion ( acid4 ,by ?is means ! sep>at$ silica becomes granul> & insoluble1 & capable ( be+ filt]$ (f & wa%$ ) comp>ative ease4 ,?is residue may be ignit$ & weigh$2 & be report$ z s mu* p] c5t4 ( silica & silicates insoluble 9 acids4 ,unless specially want$1 a det]m9ation ( its con/itu5ts ne$ n be made4 ,:5 requir$1 ! analysis is be/ made on ! ignit$ residue1 & sep>ately report$ z analysis ( ! insoluble portion4 ,silicon only occurs 9 nature 9 ! oxidis$ /ate2 b ! oxide g5]ally kn[n z silica 7,si,o#b7 is common1 be+ repres5t$ by ! abundant m9]als--qu>tz1 fl9t1 c4 ,silica1 comb9$ ) alum9a1 lime1 oxide ( iron1 magnesia & ! alkalies1 =ms a l>ge numb] ( rock-=m+ m9]als4 ,mo/ rock masses1 o!r ?an lime/ones1 conta9 ov] #ej p] c5t4 ( silica4 ,! foll[+ are analyses ( "s ( ! common] silicates2 b x mu/ be not$ t ^! m9]als (t5 %[ great v>iation 9 composition4 ,?is is m especially true ( *lorite1 s*orl1 hornbl5de & augite4 ,table has be5 split into two because ( its wid?--,transcrib] ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,f]ric ,f]r\s ,silica ,alum9a ,oxide1 ,oxide1 ,fluor9e1 ,si,o#b4;,al#b,o#c4;,fe#b,o#c4 ,fe,o4 ,wat] c4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,pota%-felsp> #fe4b #ah4b #j4b -- ,soda-felsp> #fg4j #ai4b -- #j4c ,lime-felsp> #dc4c #ce4d -- #a4c ,pota%-mica #de4g #cc4g #c4a -- ,f 7#j4h7 ,h#b,o 7#d4i7 ,magnesia-mica #ci4a #ae4d #g4a -- ,f 7#j4g7 ,hornbl5de #dj4f #ad4c #e4h #g4b ,augite #ej4j #c4g #b4d #f4f ,mn,o 7#j4a7 ,alm&9e 7,g>net7 #ci4g #ai4g -- #ci4g ,mn,o 7#a4h7 ,*lorite 7,pea*7 #cb4a #ah4e -- -- ,h#b,o 7#ab4a7 ,s*orl #cg4j #cc4a #i4c #f4b ,b#b,o#c 7#g4g7 ,f 7#a4e7 ,*9a-clay #df4g #ci4f -- -- ,h#b,o 7#ac4d7 ,talc #fa4g -- -- #a4g ,h#b,o 7#c4h7 ,s]p5t9e #db4i -- -- #c4h ,h#b,o 7#ab4f7 ,oliv9e #ci4c -- -- #ad4h ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,lime1,magnesia,pota% ,soda1 ,fluor9e1 ,ca,o4 ,mg,o4 ,k#b,o4,na#b,o4 ,wat]1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pota%-felsp> -- -- #ad4g #a4e ,soda-felsp> #a4b #a4h #b4b #g4b ,lime-felsp> #ag4d #j4ce #j4e #j4i ,pota%-mica -- #a4a #g4e #b4h ,f 7#j4h7 ,h#b,o 7#d4i7 ,magnesia-mica -- #bc4f #g4e #b4f ,f 7#j4g7 ,hornbl5de #ab4e #ad4j #a4e #a4f ,augite #bb4h #ac4e -- -- ,mn,o 7#j4a7 ,alm&9e 7,g>net7 -- -- -- -- ,mn,o 7#a4h7 ,*lorite 7,pea*7 -- #cf4g -- -- ,h#b,o 7#ab4a7 ,s*orl #j4e #b4f #j4g #a4d ,b#b,o#c 7#g4g7 ,f 7#a4e7 ,*9a-clay -- -- -- -- ,h#b,o 7#ac4d7 ,talc -- #ca4g -- -- ,h#b,o 7#c4h7 ,s]p5t9e -- #dj4e -- -- ,h#b,o 7#ab4f7 ,oliv9e -- #de4h -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,silicon1 f a *emical po9t ( view1 is an int]e/+ body4 ,x comb9es ) iron to =m a silicide2 & is pres5t 9 ?is condition 9 ca/ iron4 ,only 9 ! case ( ! analysis ( ?is & simil> sub/ances is ! assay] call$ on to report ! p]c5tage ( silicon4 ,silicon is readily conv]t$ into silica by ! action ( oxidiz+ ag5ts4 ,silica =ms only "o s]ies ( salts--! silicates--:i* h 9 _m cases a complex con/itution2 ?us !re are a l>ge numb] ( d\ble silicates1 :i* v>y among !mselves1 n only 9 ! relation ( base to acid 7:i* is ! ess5tial diff]5ce71 b also 9 ! ratio ( ! bases betwe5 !mselves 7:i* v>ies ) almo/ e specim574 ,silica is detect$ by heat+ ! sub/ance ) a fluoride & sulphuric acid 9 a plat9um-crucible4 ,on hold+ a rod1 moi/5$ ) a drop ( wat]1 ov] ! escap+ fumes1 ! :ite cru/ ( silica =m$ on ! drop ( wat] %[s its pres5ce4 ,! insolubility ( a fragm5t ( ! m9]al 9 a bead ( microcosmic salt1 is also a v good te/2 ! fragm5t1 on prolong$ heat+1 does n lose its angul> =m4 ,!re is no dry assay = ?is sub/ance1 nor volumetric me?od2 :5 ! det]m9ation is requir$1 x is c>ri$ out gravimetrically &1 g5]ally1 by ! foll[+ plan4 ,if ! sample conta9s oxides1 sulphides1 c41 9 any quantity1 ^! are fir/ dissolv$ out by treatm5t ) acid1 evaporat$ to dryness1 tak5 up ) hydro*loric acid1 & filt]$4 ,! dri$ residue is treat$ 9 ! same way z ! silicates4 ,"s silicates are completely decompos$ by su* treatm5t2 b x saves "t 7unless "o is sure t no undecomposable silicate is pres5t7 to treat ^! 9 ! same way z ! o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s silicates :i* are only attack$ ) difficulty ev5 by fusion ) alkal9e c>bonates2 consequ5tly1 x is always well to h ! sub/ance r$uc$ to ! f9e/ /ate ( division by c>eful p[d]+1 z ?is greatly assi/s ! subsequ5t action4 ,) v h>d silicates1 ! gr9d+ away ( ! mort> 9 ?is op]ation w be p]ceptible2 ! =eign matt] ?us introduc$ mu/ n be ignor$4 ,previ\sly ignit+ ! sub/ance sometimes assi/s ! p[d]+2 b x is be/ to use a /eel mort>4 ,! p>ticles ( /eel c be remov$ by a magnet1 or1 :]e ! nature ( ! sub/ance w all[ x1 by boil+ ) a little dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! dri$ & p[d]$ mat]ial is intimately mix$ ) f\r times its weight ( fusion mixture 9 a plat9um-crucible or di%4 ,x is !n mod]ately heat$ ov] a ,buns5 burn]1 & aft]w>ds m /rongly fus$ ov] a bla/1 or enclos$ 9 a clay crucible 9 ! w9d-furnace4 ,! action is cont9u$ until ! fus$ mass is p]fectly tranquil4 ,) v refractory sub/ances1 ! action mu/ be long cont9u$ at a high temp]ature4 ,:5 suffici5tly cold1 ! crucible is exam9$ to see t no p>ticles ( =eign matt] are adh]+ to its out] surface4 ,x is !n transf]r$ to a five- or six-in* evaporat+-di%1 :]e its cont5ts are act$ ^u ) w>m wat] = "s "t4 ,! melt w sl[ly dissolve1 b ! solution %\ld be ha/5$ by keep+ ! liquid mod]ately acid ) hydro*loric acid4 ,:5 ! melt has dissolv$1 clean & remove ! plat9um-di%1 & evaporate ! solution to a pa/e4 ,cont9ue ! evaporation to dryness on a wat]-ba? 7n on ! hot plate71 & :il/ dry+ /ir ) a glass rod1 feel+ at ! bottom ( ! di% = any unfus$ p>ticles1 :i*1 if pres5t1 c be detect$ by _! gritt9ess4 ,if !re is mu* grit1 x w be necess>y to repeat ! assay2 b ) a small quantity x w only be necess>y to refuse ! grit & silica aft] ignition4 ,dur+ solution ( ! melt & evaporation 7:i* may be c>ri$ on toge!r71 a cle> solution w n be obta9$1 a floccul5t silica w sep>ate out1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! evaporation ! mass w get gelat9\s4 ,! dry+ ( ! jelly mu/ be f9i%$ on ! wat]-ba?2 fir/1 because at ?is temp]ature ! silica is r5d]$ insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 :il/ ! solubility ( ! alum9a1 iron1 c41 is unaffect$1 :i* w\ld n be ! case at a mu* high] temp]ature2 & second1 because ! gelat9\s residue requires v cauti\s dry+ to prev5t loss f spirt+4 ,:5 dry1 ! sub/ance is moi/5$1 & heat$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid1 & ! sides ( ! di% are wa%$ d[n ) wat]4 ,! silica is wa%$ by decantation two or ?ree times ) hydro*loric acid & hot wat]1 be=e be+ ?r[n on to ! filt]4 ,! filtrate is aga9 evaporat$ to dryness1 tak5 up ) a little hydro*loric acid & wat] & aga9 filt]$4 ,! residue on ! filt] is silica4 ,! two lots ( silica are wa%$ free f *lorides ) hot wat]1 dri$ on an air-ba?1 transf]r$ to a plat9um-crucible1 ignit$ g5tly at fir/1 at la/ /rongly ov] ! bla/ or 9 a muffle1 cool$ 9 a desiccator1 & weigh$4 ,! :ite p[d]y precipitate is silica 7,si,o#b71 & its weight1 multipli$ by #ajj1 & divid$ by ! weight ( ore tak51 gives ! p]c5tage ( silica 9 ! sample4 ,:]e ! p]c5tage ( silicon is want$1 :i* is v r>ely ! case1 x is got by multiply+ ?is result by #j4dffg4 ,x is always necess>y to exam9e ! purity ( ! body weigh$ z silica4 ,?is is done by re-fus+ ! mat]ial weigh$1 & re-det]m9+ ! silica 9 x2 or1 bett]1 by mix+ a weigh$ portion 9 a plat9um-di% ) a little /rong sulphuric acid1 cov]+ ) hydr(luoric acid1 & evaporat+4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! silica w be conv]t$ into fluoride1 :i* w be driv5 (f1 & ! impurities w be left beh9d z sulphates ( b>ium1 phosphate & oxide ( t91 titanium1 c4 ,?is mu/ be weigh$ & d$uct$ f ! weight ( ! silica4 ,9 a complete exam9ation ( a silicate x %\ld be treat$ ) ! precipitate conta9+ alum9a1 f]ric oxide1 c4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,silicates4 ,! /ud5t int]e/$ 9 ! analysis ( rocks & rock-=m+ m9]als is advis$ to consult a valuable pap] by ,dr4 ,w4,f4 ,hillebr& 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,no4 #adh1 to :i* ,i am v l>gely indebt$ 9 ! revision ( ! foll[+ pages4 ,moi/ure4--,five grams ( ! p[d]$ sample is dri$ betwe5 wat*-glasses 9 ! wat]-ov5 = two h\rs1 or till its weight is con/ant2 & ! loss is report$ z wat] lo/ at #ajj ,c4 ,! re/ ( ! det]m9ations are made on ?is dri$ m9]al4 ,comb9$ ,wat]1 c4--,weigh up #a gram ( ! sub/ance1 & ignite ov] ! bl[pipe = "s "t 9 a plat9um-crucible1 cool 9 a desiccator1 & weigh4 ,record ! loss z loss on ignition1 n z comb9$ wat]4 ,silica4--,! ignition %\ld h be5 p]=m$ 9 an oxidis+ atmosph]e 9 a muffle or ov] a slant+ bl[pipe flame2 ?is w ensure ! oxidation ( any pyrites or o!r sulphide pres5t1 :i* if unoxidis$ w\ld injure ! crucible 9 ! next op]ation4 ,! ignit$ residue is mix$ ) #f or #g grams ( anhydr\s sodium c>bonate4 ,?is reag5t %\ld be ! pure/ obta9able1 b its purity %\ld be *eck$1 or r its impurities %\ld be det]m9$ by runn+ a *eck or blank assay ) #aj grams ( x ?r\gh ! /ages ( ! analysis2 ! impurities w be *iefly silica1 alum9a & lime1 & altoge!r !y ought n to exce$ #a milligram4 ,! crucible ) ! mixture is heat$ at fir/ g5tly ov] a ,buns5 & aft]w>ds m /rongly 9 an oxidis+ atmosph]e 9 a muffle or ov] ! bl[pipe4 ,! fus$ mass is all[$ to cool 9 ! crucible1 & is !n dissolv$ out 9 a bas9 ) wat] & a small excess ( hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] ! removal & clean+ ( ! crucible1 ! liquor is evaporat$ almo/ to dryness4 ,dr4 ,hillebr& advises /opp+ %ort ( complete dryness4 ,! residue is tak5 up ) a little hydro*loric acid & wat] & filt]$ & wa%$4 ,! liquor1 includ+ ! wa%+s1 is aga9 evaporat$ & tak5 up ) wat] & a little acid4 ,usually ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( silica w be ?us recov]$4 ,x is to be filt]$ (f & wa%$ & add$ to ! ma9 silica4 ,! filtrate is res]v$4 ,! silica1 ?or\ghly wa%$1 is dri$ & ignit$ at a high temp]ature = tw5ty or ?irty m9utes4 ,x is !n weigh$ 9 a plat9um crucible4 ,aft] weigh+ x is treat$ ) hydr(luoric acid & a little sulphuric1 c>efully evaporat$ & ignit$ /rongly4 ,! residue1 :i* 9 extreme cases may am\nt to #b or #c p] c5t4 ( ! rock1 is weigh$ & d$uct$ f ! weight ( ! impure silica4 ,x is reta9$ 9 ! crucible4 ,alum9a1 c4--,! filtrate f silica is treat$ by ! basic acetate me?od4 ,t is1 x is fir/ treat$ by a cauti\s addition ( a solution ( soda1 almo/ to ! po9t ( produc+ a precipitate1 9 ord] to neutralise ! excess ( acid2 #b or #c grams ( sodium acetate are add$1 & ! :ole boil$ = a m9ute or s4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f & wa%$ only slightly4 ,save ! filtrate4 ,! precipitate is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric1 or1 p]haps bett]1 9 nitric acid2 & is reprecipitat$ by add+ an excess ( ammonia & boil+4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ & wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ #b p] c5t4 ( ammonium nitrate4 ,bo? filtrates are evaporat$ sep>ately to a small bulk1 a drop or two ( ammonia be+ add$ to ! second t[>ds ! f9i%4 ,!y are next filt]$ into a #f or #h-ounce flask ?r\gh a small filt]1 ! second filtrate com+ aft]1 & s]v+ 9 a mann] z wa% wat] = ! fir/#aac4 ,! two wa%$ alum9a precipitates are dri$ & plac$ 9 ! plat9um crucible conta9+ ! residue f silica aft] treatm5t ) hydr(luoric acid4 ,!y are !n ignit$ 9 an oxidis+ atmosph]e at a high temp]ature = ab\t #aj m9utes4 ,! weight1 includ+ t ( ! residue f ! silica1 is not$ z t ( alum9a1 c4 ,! weigh$ oxides are next fus$ ) bisulphate ( pota% = "s h\rs4 ,! bisulphate %\ld h be5 fir/ fus$1 ap>t1 until ! eff]vesc5ce f ! escape ( /eam has /opp$4 ,! melt is dissolv$ out ) cold wat] & dilute sulphuric acid1 & any insoluble residue is filt]$ (f1 wa%$1 ignit$ & weigh$4 ,! filtrate is res]v$ = det]m9ations ( iron & titanium4 ,! residue1 aft] weigh+1 may be treat$ ) hydr(luoric & sulphuric acids = any silica1#aad :i* w\ld be det]m9$ by loss4 ,x may be te/$ = b>ium sulphate by treatm5t ) hot /rong sulphuric acid2 9 :i* ?is salt dissolves1 b is aga9 insoluble 7& s comes out z a :ite precipitate7 on dilut+ ) cold wat]2 ! acid also mu/ be cold be=e add+ ! wat]4 ,! filtrate conta9+ ! iron is r$uc$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 boil$ till free f t gas1 filt]$ & titrat$ ) a /&>d solution ( p]manganate ( potassium4 ,! iron f\nd is calculat$ to f]ric oxide by divid+ by 4#g4 ,! iron solution aft] titration s]ves = ! det]m9ation ( titanium oxide 7,ti,o#b74 ,?is is done colorimetrically1 by add+ p]oxide ( hydrog5 free f hydr(luoric acid1 & comp>+ ! br[n col\r produc$ ) t produc$ by ! addition ( a /&>d solution ( titanium to an equal volume ( wat] conta9+ sulphuric acid4#aae ,! alum9a is det]m9$ by diff]5ce4 ,f ! weight ( ! comb9$ precipitate :i* has be5 record$ z ,alum9a1 c41 d$uct 7#a7 ! residue1 insoluble1 aft] fusion ) bisulphate2 7#b7 ! f]ric oxide2 7#c7 ! titanium oxide2 & 7#d7 ! phosphoric oxide 7,p#b,o#e71 ! am\nt ( :i* is subsequ5tly det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate portion4 ,?is gives ! alum9a4 ,mangan\s oxide1 c4--,! filtrate f ! alum9a1 c4 conta9$ 9 a #f or #h-ounce flask1 :i* x ne>ly fills1 is made slightly alkal9e ) ammonia & treat$ ) a small excess ( ammonium sulphide2 ! flask is !n cork$ & plac$ on "o side = "s "t 7a day or s7 s t ! manganese sulphide may sep>ate4 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f & wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ ammonium *loride & a few drops ( ammonium sulphide4 ,! filtrate is res]v$ = lime1 c4 ,! precipitate is dige/$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 wat]1 to :i* "o-fif? ( its volume ( /rong hydro*loric acid has be5 add$2 ?is dissolves ! sulphides ( z9c & manganese2 any black residue %\ld be te/$ = copp] & p]haps nickel4 ,! solution is evaporat$ to dryness1 tak5 up ) a little wat] & treat$ ) a small excess ( solution ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,x is boil$ & aga9 evaporat$1 wa%$ out ) hot wat] & filt]$ on to a small filt]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$ z ,mn#c,o#d4 ,x is calculat$ to ,mn,o4 ,x may conta91 & %\ld be te/$ = oxide ( z9c1 :i*1 if pres5t1 mu/ be d$uct$4 ,if ! di% becomes /a9$ dur+ evaporation1 take up ) a few drops ( hydro*loric & sulphur\s acids1 evaporate1 & !n treat ) c>bonate ( soda4 ,lime1 c4--,! filtrate f ! manganese sulphide is boil$1 & )\t cool+1 treat$ ) ammonium oxalate 9 solution1 :i* also %\ld be heat$ to boil+4 ,! liquid is filt]$ (f & res]v$ = magnesia4 ,! precipitate is dissolv$ 9 v little hydro*loric acid & reprecipitat$ by add+ ammonium oxalate & ammonia to ! boil+ solution4 ,! filtrate & wa%+s f ?is are res]v$ = magnesia4 ,! precipitate is ei!r dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric & titrat$ ) p]manganate ( pota% z describ$ "u ,lime 7p4 #cbb72 or x is ignit$ & weigh$ z oxide4 ,9 ?is la/ case x may be exam9$ = b>ium & /rontium1 ! =m] ( :i* w r>ely be pres5t4 ,magnesia4--,! filtrate f ! fir/ lime precipitate is treat$ ) sodium phosphate & ammonia1 & all[$ to /& ov]night4 ,x is !n filt]$4 ,! precipitate is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid2 ! solution is filt]$ into ! beak] conta9+ ! solution f ! second lime precipitate4 ,ammonia & sodium phosphate are aga9 add$1 & ! precipitate1 aft] /&+1 is filt]$ (f1 wa%$ ) wat] conta9+ ammonia2 x is !n dri$1 ignit$ & weigh$ z magnesium pyrophosphate4 ,?is is calculat$ into magnesia4 ,pota% & ,soda4--,weigh out 4#e gram ( ! dri$ ore1 & mix ) an equal quantity ( ammonic *loride2 & to ! mixture add gradually #d grams ( calcium c>bonate 7precipitat$74 ,introduce into a plat9um-crucible & cov] loosely4 ,heat1 at fir/1 g5tly2 & !n at a r$ heat = f =ty to sixty m9utes4 ,transf] to a porcela9 di%1 & dige/ ) #fj or #hj c4c4 ( wat]2 w>m & filt]3 to ! filtrate add ammonic c>bonate & ammonia1 & filt]2 evaporate ! filtrate to dryness1 add+ a few drops m ( ammonic c>bonate t[>ds ! end2 :5 dry1 heat g5tly1 & !n raise ! temp]ature to a little bel[ r$ness4 ,dissolve 9 a small quantity ( wat]1 add a drop ( ammonic c>bonate1 & filt] ?r\gh a small filt] into a weigh$ plat9um di%4 ,evaporate1 ignite g5tly1 & weigh4 ,! residue conta9s ! soda & pota% ( ! m9]al z *lorides4 ,to det]m9e ! proportion ( potassium1 dissolve ?is residue 9 a little wat]1 add plat9um *loride 9 excess1 evaporate to a pa/e1 extract ) alcohol1 decant ?r\gh a small weigh$ filt]1 wa% ) alcohol1 & dry at #ajj ,c4 ,weigh4 ,! sub/ance is potassium plat9ic *loride 7#b,k,cl4,pt,cl#d74 ,its weight1 multipli$ by #j4aida1 w give ! weight ( pota% 7,k#b,o74 ,to f9d ! proportion ( soda1 multiply ! weight ( ! potassium plat9ic *loride by #j4cjf2 ?is gives ! weight ( potassium *loride4 ,d$uct ?is f ! weight ( ! mix$ *lorides fir/ got2 ! diff]5ce w be ! sodium *loride1 :i* weight1 multipli$ by #j4ec1 w give ! weight ( soda 7,na#b,o74 ,f]r\s ,oxide4--,:5 a qualitative te/ %[s bo? f]ric & f]r\s oxide to be pres5t1 ! proportion ( ! f]r\s oxide mu/ be sep>ately det]m9$4 ,! f9ely gr\nd m9]al mix$ ) dilute sulphuric acid is treat$ on a wat] ba? ) hydr(luoric acid4 ,solution is be/ effect$ 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid4 ,9 ab\t an h\r ! decomposition is complete1 & ! solution is dilut$ ) cold wat]1 & titrat$ ) ! solution ( bi*romate or ( p]manganate ( potassium4 ,! iron f\nd is multipli$ by #a4bhf1 & report$ z f]r\s oxide4 ,to f9d ! proportion ( f]ric oxide1 ! f]r\s iron f\nd is multipli$ by #a4dbh1 & ?is is d$uct$ f ! weight ( f]ric oxide obta9$ by precipitation ) ammonia4 ,! ammonia precipitate conta9s ! :ole ( ! iron z f]ric oxide2 h5ce ! necessity = calculat+ ! f]r\s oxide z f]ric1 & d$uct+ x4 ,phosphoric ,oxide 7,p#b,o#e74--,weigh up #e grams ( ! f9ely-divid$ & dry sample1 & dige/ ) #aj or #bj c4c4 ( nitric acid2 evaporate to dryness on ! wat]-ba?2 take up ) a little dilute nitric acid2 dilute ) wat]2 & filt]4 ,add a few grams ( ammonic nitrate & #aj c4c4 ( ammonium molybdate solution1 heat ne>ly to boil+1 & all[ to settle2 filt] (f1 & wa% ! yell[ precipitate4 ,dissolve ) dilute ammonia1 add magnesia mixture1 & all[ to /& ov]night4 ,filt]1 wa% ) dilute ammonia1 dry1 ignite1 & weigh z pyrophosphate ( magnesia4 ,! weight1 multipli$ by #j4fcif1 gives ! weight ( phosphoric oxide4 ,soluble ,silica4--,"s silicates are act$ on by hydro*loric acid1 & leave on evaporation a residue2 :i*1 :5 ! soluble salts h be5 wa%$ out1 consi/s g5]ally ( ! sep>at$ silica ) p]haps qu>tz & unattack$ silicates4 ,x %\ld be ignit$1 weigh$ & boil$ ) a solution conta9+ less ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( cau/ic soda3 ?is dissolves ! sep>at$ silica4 ,! liquor is dilut$1 r5d]$ fa9tly acid1 & filt]$4 ,! residue is wa%$1 ignit$ & weigh$4 ,! loss gives ! soluble silica4 ,e/imation ( ,silica 9 ,slags 7,f]r\s silicates74--,take #a gram ( ! p[d]$ slag1 treat ) aqua regia1 evaporate to dryness1 extract ) hydro*loric acid1 filt]1 dry1 ignite1 & fuse ! ignit$ residue ) fusion mixture1 !n sep>ate & weigh ! silica 9 ! usual way4 ,slags are = ! mo/ "p decompos$ by boil+ ) aqua regia1 b x w be f\nd m conv5i5t & accurate to fir/ extract ) acids & !n to treat ! residue z an insoluble silicate4 ,e/imation ( ,silica & ,insoluble ,silicates 9 an ,ore4--,take #b grams ( ! p[d]$ m9]al1 evaporate ) nitric acid 7if sulphides are pres5t71 treat ! dri$ residue 7or ! orig9al sub/ance if sulphides are abs5t7 ) #aj or #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid2 aga9 evaporate to dryness1 take up ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 filt]1 wa%1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,e/imation ( ,silicon 9 ,iron4--,place #b grams ( ! metal 7bor+s or fil+s7 9 a f\r-in* evaporat+ di%1 & dissolve 7) aid ( heat7 9 #be c4c4 ( dilute nitric acid4 ,evaporate to complete dryness1 take up ) #bj c4c4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & all[ to dige/ = "o h\r4 ,boil d[n to a small bulk1 dilute ) a #e p] c5t4 solution ( hydro*loric acid1 boil1 & filt]4 ,wa% ) acid & wat]1 dry1 ignite 9 a plat9um crucible1 & weigh ! ,si,o#b4 ,?is1 multipli$ by #j4dfgc1 gives ! weight ( ! silicon4 ,! p]c5tage is calculat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,a c]ta9 rock is a mixture ( #gj p] c5t4 ( qu>tz1 #be p] c5t4 ( pota%-felsp>1 & #e p] c5t4 ( pota%-mica4 ,:at p] c5t4 ( silica w x conta98 #b4 ,two grams ( a mixture ( silica & cassit]ite left1 aft] r$uction 9 hydrog51 #a4gh grams4 ,assum+ all ! oxide ( t9 to h be5 r$uc$1 :at w be ! p]c5tage ( silica8 #c4 ,! =mula ( a comp\nd is #b;,fe,o4,si,o#b4 ,:at p]c5tage ( silica w x conta98 #d4 ,two grams ( a sample ( ca/-iron gave #j4jbe gram ( silica4 ,f9d ! p]c5tage ( silicon 9 ! metal4 #e4 ,:at weights ( qu>tz & m>ble 7,ca,c,o#c7 w\ld y take to make #cj grams ( a slag hav+ ! =mula ,ca,o4,si,o#b8 ,,c>bon ,,& ,,c>bonates4 ,c>bon comp\nds ent] s l>gely into ! /ructure ( organis$ bodies t _! *emi/ry is g5]ally consid]$ ap>t f t ( ! o!r elem5ts "u ! head ( ,organic ,*emi/ry4 ,c>bon occurs1 h[ev]1 among m9]als n only 9 ! oxidis$ /ate 7z c>bonates71 b also 9 ! elem5t>y =m 7z 9 diamond & graphite71 & comb9$ ) hydrog51 oxyg51 c4 7z 9 petroleums1 bitum5s1 lignites1 %ales1 & coals74 ,9 small quantities organic matt] is widely diffus$ 9 m9]als & rocks4 ,9 %ales & clays x may am\nt to z mu* z #aj or #bj p] c5t4 7ma9ly z bitum9\s & coaly matt]s74 ,! assay] has only to take acc\nt ( ! organic matt] :5 x is ( comm]cial importance1 s t 9 assays x is g5]ally includ$ "u loss on ignition4 ,9 coals1 %ales1 lignites1 c41 ! c>bon comp\nds are1 on heat+1 split up into oils & simil> comp\nds4 ,! products ( di/illation may be classifi$ z wat]1 gas1 t>s1 coke1 & a%4 ,! assay ( ^! bodies g5]ally resolves itself into a di/illation1 &1 9 ! case ( ! %ales1 an exam9ation ( ! di/illates = ! useful oils1 p>aff91 creosote1 c41 conta9$ 9 !m4 ,elem5t>y c>bon is f\nd 9 nature 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms1 b ^! all re-act *emically 9 ! same way4 ,!y comb9e ) oxyg5 to =m ! dioxide4#aaf ,! weight ( oxyg5 requir$ to burn a giv5 weight ( any =m ( c>bon is ! same1 & ! result+ product f all ?ree has ! same *>act]i/ic prop]ties4 ,c>bon dioxide is ! common oxide ( c>bon4 ,a l[] oxide exi/s1 b on burn+ x is conv]t$ into ! dioxide4 ,:]ev] ! oxidation ( c>bon takes place1 if !re is suffici5t oxyg51 c>bon dioxide 7c>bonic acid7 is =m$2 ?is re-action is ! "o us$ = ! det]m9ation ( c>bon 9 bodies g5]ally4 ,! dioxide has acid prop]ties1 & comb9es ) lime & o!r bases =m+ a s]ies ( salts call$ c>bonates4 ,! c>bon-comp\nds 7o!r ?an c>bonates1 :i* w be subsequ5tly consid]$7 occurr+ 9 m9]als are g5]ally *>act]is$ by _! sp>+ solubility 9 acids4 ,! diamond is di/+ui%$ f o!r cry/als by its h>dness1 lu/re1 & specific gravity4 ,x may be subject$ to a r$ heat )\t be+ app>5tly affect$1 b at a high] temp]ature x sl[ly burns away4 ,graphite1 also1 burns sl[ly1 b at a l[] temp]ature4 ,! o!r bodies 7coals1 %ales1 c47 diff] consid]ably among !mselves 9 ! temp]ature at :i* !y comm5ce to burn4 ,"s1 su* z an?racite1 burn ) little or no flame1 b mo/ give (f gases1 :i* burn ) a lum9\s flame4 ,!y deflagrate :5 spr9kl$ on fus$ nitre1 =m+ c>bonate ( pota%4 ,9 mak+ ?is te/ ! /ud5t mu/ rememb] t sulphur &1 9 fact1 all oxidisable bodies simil>ly deflagrate1 b x is only 9 ! case ( c>bon comp\nds t c>bonate ( pota% is =m$4 ,c>bon unites ) iron & "s ( ! metals to =m c>bides2 comb9$ c>bon ( ?is k9d is detect$ by ! od\r ( ! c>burett$ hydrog5 evolv$ :5 ! metal is treat$ ) hydro*loric acid2 = example1 on dissolv+ /eel 9 acid4 ,! natural c>bon comp\nds1 al?\gh1 speak+ g5]ally1 insoluble 9 hydro*loric or nitric acids1 are m or less attack$ by aqua regia4 ,! assay] seldom requires ^! comp\nds to be 9 solution4 ,! pres5ce ( organic matt]#aag int]f]es ) mo/ ( ! reactions :i* are us$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! metals4 ,consequ5tly1 9 su* cases1 x %\ld be remov$ by calc9ation unless x is kn[n t its pres5ce w n int]f]e4 ,:5 calc9ation is n admissible x may be de/roy$ by heat+ ) /rong sulphuric acid & bi*romate or p]manganate ( pota% or by fusion ) nitre4 ,c>bon may be sep>at$ f o!r sub/ances by conv]sion into c>bon dioxide by burn+4 ,9 mo/ cases sub/ances soluble 9 acids are fir/ remov$1 & ! insoluble residue dri$1 weigh$1 & !n calc9$ or burn$ 9 a curr5t ( air4 ,! quantity ( organic matt] may be det]m9$ indirectly by ! loss ! sub/ance und]goes1 b x is bett] to det]m9e ! organic c>bon by conf9+ ! calc9ation 9 a tube1 & collect+ & weigh+ ! c>bon dioxide =m$4 ,ea* gram ( c>bon dioxide is equival5t to #j4bgbg gram ( c>bon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,in/ead ( a curr5t ( oxyg5 or air1 oxide ( copp] may be m conv5i5tly us$4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3--,take a clean & dry piece ( combu/ion tube drawn out & clos$ at "o end1 z %[n 9 ! figure 7fig4 #gj71 & ab\t eighte5 in*es long4 ,fit x ) a p]=at$ cork connect$ ) a ,u-tube 7conta9+ fre%ly-fus$ calcium *loride 9 co>se gra9s7 & a set ( pota% bulbs 7fig4 #ga7 7conta9+ a /rong solution ( pota%71 ! exit ( :i* la/ is provid$ ) a small tube conta9+ calcium *loride or a /ick ( pota%4 ,bo? ! ,u-tube & bulbs %\ld h a loop ( f9e wire1 by :i* !y may be susp5d$ on ! hook ( ! balance = conv5i5ce 9 weigh+4 ,!y mu/ bo? be weigh$ be=e ! combu/ion is comm5c$2 to prev5t absorption ( moi/ure dur+ weigh+1 c41 ! ends are plugg$ ) pieces ( tube & glass rod4 ,fill ! combu/ion tube to a dep? ( ab\t eight in*es ) "s copp] oxide1 :i* has be5 rec5tly ignit$ & cool$ 9 a close vessel4 ,put 9 ! weigh$ portion = assay & a little fre% copp] oxide1 & mix 9 ! tube by means ( an iron wire %ap$ at ! end aft] ! mann] ( a corkscrew4 ,put 9 "s m oxide ( copp]1 & clean ! /irr] 9 x4 ,close loosely ) a plug ( rec5tly ignit$ asbe/os1 place 9 ! furnace1 & connect ! ,u-tube & bulbs 9 ! way %[n 9 ! sket* 7fig4 #gb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,see t ! jo9ts are tight1 & !n comm5ce ! combu/ion by light+ ! burn]s ne>e/ ! ,u-tube2 make ! fir/ ?ree or f\r in*es r$ hot1 & gradually ext5d ! heat backw>ds ! l5g? ( ! tube1 b avoid too rapid a dis5gagem5t ( gas4 ,:5 gas ceases to come (f1 op5 ! po9t$ end ( ! tube & draw a curr5t ( dri$ air ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,! c>bon dioxide is absorb$ 9 ! pota% bulbs1 & _! increase 9 weight multipli$ #j4bgbg gives ! am\nt ( c>bon 9 ! sub/ance tak54 ,! increase 9 weight 9 ! calcium *loride tube w be due to ! wat] =m$ by ! oxidation ( ! comb9$ hydrog54 ,if ?is la/ is requir$ ! increase 9 weight multipli$ by #j4aaa gives its am\nt4 ,,coals4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! actual c>bon 9 coals & %ales is seldom call$ =2 if requir$1 x w\ld be p]=m$ 9 ! way j describ$4#aah ,! ord9>y assay ( a sample ( coal involves ! foll[+ det]m9ations--moi/ure1 volatile matt]1 fix$ c>bon1 a%1 & sulphur4 ,^! are ?us c>ri$ out3-- ,det]m9ation ( ,moi/ure4--,take #c grams ( ! p[d]$ sample & dry 9 a wat]-ba? = an h\r or s4 ,! loss is report$ z moi/ure4 ,coals c>ry f #a to #b p] c5t4 ,if ! dry+ is c>ri$ too f>1 coals ga9 a little 9 weight ow+ to oxidation1 s t x is n advisable to ext5d x ov] m ?an "o or two h\rs4 ,det]m9ation ( ,volatile ,matt]4--,?is det]m9ation is an approximate "o1 & x is only :5 work+ "u ! same conditions ) reg>d to "t1 am\nt ( coal tak51 & degree ( heat us$1 t concordant results c be arriv$ at4 ,x is a matt] ( importance :e!r ! coal has be5 previ\sly dri$ be=e heat+ or n1 s9ce a diff]5ce ( #b p] c5t4 may be got by work+ on ! dri$ or undri$ sample4 ,take #b grams ( ! p[d]$1 b undri$1 sample ( coal1 place 9 a weigh$ plat9um crucible1 & support ?is ov] a good ,buns5 burn] by means ( a ?9 plat9um-wire triangle4 ,! heat is cont9u$ until no fur!r quantity ( gas comes (f & burns at ! m\?4 ,?is takes only a few m9utes4 ,! cov] is tightly fitt$ on1 & :5 cold ! crucible is weigh$4 ,! loss 9 weight1 aft] d$uct+ ! moi/ure1 gives ! volatile matt]1 & ! residue consi/s ( fix$ c>bon & a%4 ,det]m9ation ( ,a%4--,! coke produc$ 9 ! la/ op]ation is turn$ out into a porcela9 di% & ignit$ ov] a ,buns5 burn] till ! residue is free f p>ticles ( c>bon4 ,calc9ation is ha/5$ by /irr+ ) a plat9um wire4 ,! op]ation may be done 9 a muffle1 b ?is gives results a few t5?s ( a p] c5t4 too l[4 ,! di% is cool$ 9 a dessicator1 & weigh$4 ,! increase 9 weight gives ! am\nt ( a%1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! weight ( ! coke gives ! fix$ c>bon4 ,! assay is report$ z foll[s3-- ,moi/ure at #ajj ,c4 ---- p] c5t4 ,volatile matt] ---- ,fix$ c>bon ---- ,a% ---- conta9s sulphur ---- p] c5t4 ,det]m9ation ( ,sulphur4--,! sulphur exi/s 9 ! coal p>tly 9 organic comb9ation1 p>tly z metallic sulphide 7iron pyrites1 m>casite1 c471 &1 p]haps1 z sulphate4 ,s t ! sulphur det]m9ation mu/ be sep>ately report$1 s9ce a portion w g (f ) ! volatile matt]1 & ! rema9d] w\ld be reta9$ & weigh$ ) ! coke4 ,! sulphur is ?us det]m9$3--,take #a gram ( ! coal & mix ) #a4e gram ( a mixture ( #b p>ts ( calc9$ magnesia & #a "p ( c>bonate ( soda1 & heat 9 a plat9um crucible = "o h\r or until oxidation is complete4 ,turn out ! mass & extract x ) wat] & brom9e1 filt]1 acidulate ) hydro*loric acid1 boil (f ! brom9e1 & precipitate ) b>ic *loride 7e/imat+ gravimetrically z giv5 "u ,sulphur74 ,ano!r me?od is z foll[s3--,take #a gram ( ! coal & drop x gradually f a %eet ( note pap] on to #e grams ( fus$ nitre conta9$ 9 a plat9um di%4 ,extract ) wat]1 acidify ) acetic acid1 & e/imate volumetrically z describ$ "u ,sulphur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,calorific ,effect ( ,coals4--,! heat-giv+ value ( a coal is be/ express$ 9 ! numb] ( p\nds ( wat]1 previ\sly heat$ to ! boil+ po9t1 :i* x w conv]t into /eam4 ,?is is g5]ally t]m$ its evaporative-p[]4 ,x may be det]m9$ by means ( ! calorimet] 7fig4 #gc74 ,?is consi/s ( a glass cyl9d] m>k$ to hold #bi4jaj gra9s ( wat]4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( a p]=at$ copp] /&1 provid$ ) a socket & ?ree spr+s4 ,! socket holds a copp] cyl9d] :i* is *>g$ ) #cj gra9s ( ! dri$ coal mix$ ) #cjj gra9s ( a mixture ( #c p>ts ( potassium *lorate & #a "p ( nitre4 ,! *>ge is well pack$ 9 ! cyl9d] & provid$ ) a small fuse ( cotton saturat$ ) nitre4 ,fill ! glass cyl9d] to its m>k ) wat] & take ! temp]ature ) a !rmomet] m>k$ 9 degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,ignite ! fuse & imm$iately cov] ) ! out] copp] cyl9d] 7ext+ui%]-fa%ion71 :i* w be held 9 its place by ! spr+s4 ,! /op-cock %\ld be clos$ be=e ?is is done4 ,place ! app>atus quickly 9 ! cyl9d] ( wat]4 ,:5 ! action is ov] op5 ! /op-cock & agitate ! wat] by rais+ & l[]+ ! in/rum5t a few times4 ,aga9 take ! temp]ature4 ,! rise 9 temp]ature1 plus #aj p] c5t4 = ! heat us$ 9 w>m+ ! app>atus & lo/ by radiation1 gives ! evaporative-p[]4 ,! foll[+ is an example3-- ,temp]ature be=e exp]im5t #fg4j ,f4 ,temp]ature aft] #gi4j -------- ,rise #ab4j #a_/aj? #a4b -------- ,gives #ac4b ,"o p\nd ( ! coal w evaporate #ac4b p\nds ( wat]4 ,,%ales1 ,,etc4 ,! assay ( ^! is c>ri$ out 9 ! same way z t ( coals1 b ! volatile matt]s are sep>ately exam9$1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 a l>g] quantity ( mat]ial mu/ be us$4 ,= ! moi/ure1 volatile matt]1 fix$ c>bon & a%1 ! det]m9ations are ! same1 b a special di/illation mu/ be made to obta9 a suffici5t quantity ( ! volatile products = subsequ5t exam9ation4 ,take #ejj or #ajjj grams ( ! well-sampl$ & p[d]$ %ale1 & introduce into a ca/-iron retort z %[n 9 fig4 #gd4 ,lute ! jo9t ) fire-clay1 place ! cov] on1 & bolt x d[n4 ,! bolts %\ld h a cov]+ ( fire-clay to protect !m f ! action ( ! fire4 ,place ! retort 9 a w9d furnace1 support+ x on a brick1 & pack well ar\nd ) coke4 ,build up ! furnace ar\nd & ov] ! retort ) loose fire-bricks1 & heat gradually4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,z soon z wat] beg9s to drip1 ! tube ( ! retort is cool$ by wrapp+ a wet clo? ar\nd x1 & keep+ wet ) wat]4 ,! wat] is kept f runn+ into ! receiv] by a r+ ( damp fire-clay4 ,a quantity ( gas fir/ comes ov] & w be lo/1 aft]w>ds wat] & oily matt]s4 ,! retort mu/ be r$ hot at ! close ( ! di/illation1 & :5 no?+ m di/ils (f1 :i* occurs 9 ab\t two or ?ree h\rs1 ! wet clo? is remov$1 & ! tube heat$ ) a ,buns5 burn] to drive =w>d ! matt] cond5s$ 9 x into ! receiv]1 & ?us to clean ! tube4 ,x c be se5 :5 ! tube is clean by look+ up ?r\gh x into ! r$-hot retort4 ,! receiv] is !n remov$1 & ! retort1 tak5 f ! furnace1 is all[$ to cool4 ,:5 cold x is op5$1 & ! fix$ c>bon & a% weigh$1 z a *eck on ! small] assay4 ,! di/illate ( wat] & oil is w>m$1 & w sep>ate into two lay]s1 ! upp] "o ( :i* is oil1 & ! l[] wat]4 ,^! are measur$1 & if ! specific gravity ( ! oil is tak51 its weight may be calculat$4 ,if ! two liquids d n sep>ate well1 ! wat] may be filt]$ (f1 aft] cool+1 ?r\gh a damp$ filt]4 ,! sep>ation is1 h[ev]1 be/ effect$ 9 a sep>ator 7fig4 #ge74 ,! liquids are p\r$ into ?is1 all[$ to settle1 & ! l[] lay] dra9$ (f4 ,! volume ( ! wat] is measur$ & its weight calculat$ 9 p] c5ts4 on ! am\nt ( %ale tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,oil4--,a suffici5t quantity ( ! oil mu/ be got1 s t if "o di/illation does n yield en\gh1 ! requisite quantity mu/ be obta9$ by mak+ two or m di/illations4 ,! oils are mix$1 & ! mixture1 aft] hav+ _h its volume & specific gravity asc]ta9$1 is plac$ 9 a copp] retort1 & re-di/ill$ ) ! aid ( a curr5t ( /eam4 ,! residue 9 ! retort is coke4 ,! di/illate is sep>at$ f ! wat] by means ( ! sep>ator1 & %ak5 = t5 m9utes ) "o-tw5tie? ( its bulk ( sulphuric acid 7sp4 g4 #a4gj74 ,! temp]ature %\ld n be all[$ to rise above #dj4 ,all[ to /&1 & run (f ! acid t>4 ,! oil is n[ %ak5 up ) f #aj c4c4 to #bj c4c4 ( sodic hydrate solution 7sp4 g4 #a4c71 all[$ to /&1 w>m$ = half-an-h\r1 & ! soda-t> run (f4 ,on mix+ ?is soda-t> ) dilute acid1 ! crude %ale oil creosote sep>ates1 & is measur$ (f4 ,! purifi$ oil is next re-di/ill$ 9 fractions1 :i* come ov] 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--,naph?a1 light oil1 heavy oil1 & /ill bottoms4 ,= ! fir/ product1 :i* is only got f c]ta9 %ales1 ! receiv] is *ang$ :5 ! di/illate has a specific gravity ( #j4gh4 ,= ! second product ! process is cont9u$ till a drop ( ! di/illate1 caught z x falls f ! neck ( ! retort on a cold spatula1 %[s signs ( solidify+4 ,?is is crude light oil4 ,! receiv] is *ang$1 & ! heavy oil comes ov]2 t[>ds ! end a ?ick br[n or yell[ viscid product is got4 ,! receiv] is aga9 *ang$1 & ! di/illation c>ri$ to dryness4 ,! crude light oil is wa%$ cold ) #b p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid 7conc5trat$71 & aft]w>ds ) excess ( soda4 ,?us purifi$ x is aga9 di/ill$ to dryness1 ?ree fractions be+ collect$ z be=e4 ,naph?a1 :i* is add$ to ! ma9 portion1 & measur$2 light oil1 :i* is also measur$2 & heavy oil1 :i* is add$ to t got 9 ! fir/ di/illation4 ,?is la/ is p\r$ into a flat-bottom capsule1 & all[$ to cool sl[ly4 ,! temp]ature may ) advantage be c>ri$ bel[ freez+-po9t4 ,! cool$ cake is press$ betwe5 folds ( l951 & ! p>aff9 scale deta*$ & weigh$4 ,! results may be report$ ?us3-- ,naph?a1 sp4 g4 ---- ,light oil1 sp4 g4 ---- ,heavy oil1 sp4 g4 ---- ,p>aff9 scale ---- ,coke1 c4 ---- ,! results are calculat$ 9 p] c5ts4 on ! oil tak54 ,"s work]s take _! fractions at ea* rise ( #ej ,c4 ,! composition ( av]age %ale1 z giv5 by ,mills1 is z foll[s3--,specific gravity1 #a4hgg2 moi/ure1 #b4ed4 ,gas ,volatile matt]1 wat]1 ammonia #bc4ec ,oil ,fix$ c>bon #ab4fi ,a% #fc4gd #ii4if ,! a% is made up ( silica1 #ee4f2 f]ric oxide1 #ab4b2 alum9a1 #bb4ad2 lime1 #a4e2 sulphur1 #j4i2 soluble salts 7conta9+ #j4ib p] c5t4 sulphuric oxide71 #h4c4 ,total sulphur 9 %ale #a4h p] c5t4 9 a% #a4c ,= fur!r in=mation on ^! assays1 & = ! assay ( petroleums1 bitum5s1 c41 ! /ud5t is ref]r$ to ,all5's ,comm]cial ,organic ,analysis1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,det]m9ation ( ,organic ,c>bon 9 a ,lime/one4--,take #a or #b grams & dissolve ) a v slight excess ( dilute hydro*loric acid1 evaporate to dryness1 & det]m9e ! c>bon 9 ! residue by combu/ion ) copp] oxide4 ,e/imation ( ,c>bon 9 a ,sample ( ,graphite 7,black-lead74--,weigh up #a or #b grams 9 a di% & calc9e 9 ! muffle till ! c>bon is burnt (f4 ,weigh ! residue1 & calculate ! c>bon by diff]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,det]m9ation ( ,c>bon 9 ,iron4--,! c>bon exi/s 9 two /ates--free 7graphite7 & comb9$4 ,! foll[+ process e/imates ! total c>bon3--,! c>bon exi/+ z graphite may be sep>ately e/imat$ 9 ano!r portion by ! same process1 b us+ hydro*loric acid to dissolve ! iron in/ead ( ! copp] solution3--,weigh up #b grams ( ! iron 7or a l>g] quantity if v poor 9 c>bon71 & attack x ) #cj grams ( ammonic-cupric *loride#aai dissolv$ 9 #ajj c4c4 ( wat]4 ,let ! reaction proce$ = a qu>t]-(-an-h\r1 & !n w>m until ! copp] is dissolv$4 ,all[ to settle1 & filt] ?r\gh a filt]+-tube4 ,?is is a piece ( combu/ion tube drawn out & n>r[$ at "o end1 z %[n 9 fig4 #gf4 ,! n>r[ "p is block$ ) a pea ( bak$ clay1 & on ?is is plac$ half-an-in* ( silica s& 7previ\sly calc9$ to remove organic matt]71 !n a small plug ( asbe/os1 & !n a qu>t]-(-an-in* ( s&4 ,! tube is connect$ ) a pump work+ at a g5tle pressure1 & ! solution is filt]$ ?r\gh ! tube ) ! aid ( a small funnel 7fig4 #gg74 ,! residue is wa%$1 fir/ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 & !n ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! tube is dri$ by aspirat+ air ?r\gh x1 & g5tly w>m+ ) a ,buns5 burn]4 ,! tube is !n plac$ 9 a small combu/ion-furnace1 & connect$ ) calcium *loride & pota% bulbs1 z %[n 9 fig4 #gh4 ,! pota% bulb to ! "r ( ! figure mu/ be weigh$4 ,a sl[ /ream ( air is drawn ?r\gh ! app>atus1 & ! heat gradually rais$2 9 f ?irty m9utes to "o h\r ! combu/ion w be complete4 ,! pota% bulbs are !n disconnect$ & weigh$1 & ! increase multipli$ by #j4bgbg gives ! weight ( c>bon4 ,,c>bonates4 ,c>bon dioxide1 :i* is =m$ by ! complete oxidation ( c>bon1 is a gas ) a sweeti% od\r & ta/e1 hav+ a /rong aff9ity = alkalies1 & =m+ a s]ies ( comp\nds t]m$ c>bonates4 ,! gas itself occurs 9 nature1 & is sometimes met ) 9 quantity 9 m9+4 ,! c>bonates occur l>gely 9 nature1 =m+ m\nta9 masses ( lime/one1 c4 ,c>bonates ( _m ( ! metals1 su* z c>bonate ( lead 7c]ussite71 c>bonate ( iron 7*alybite71 c>bonates ( copp] 7mala*ite & *essylite71 & c>bonate ( magnesia 7magnesite71 are common4 ,all ! c>bonates 7^? ( ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s except$7 are completely decompos$ on ignition into ! oxide ( ! metal & c>bon dioxide2 b ! temp]ature requir$ = ?is decomposition v>ies ) ! nature ( ! base4 ,all c>bonates are soluble ) eff]vesc5ce 9 dilute acids2 "s1 su* z *alybite & magnesite1 require ! aid ( heat4 ,! alkal9e c>bonates are soluble 9 wat]2 ! re/1 ) ! exception ( ! bic>bonates1 are insoluble !re94 ,c>bonates are recognis$ by _! eff]vesc5ce ) acids--a /ream ( bubbles ( gas are giv5 (f :i* collect 9 ! tube1 & possess ! prop]ty ( ext+ui%+ a light$ mat*4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic te/ = ! gas is a :ite precipitate1 :i* is produc$ by pass+ x into lime or b>yta-wat]1 or into a solution ( subacetate ( lead4 ,! expulsion ( c>bon dioxide by ! /rong] acids s]ves = ! sep>ation ( ?is body f ! o!r acids & bases4 ,dry ,assay4--,!re is no dry assay 9 use4 ,any me?od :i* may be adopt$ w necess>ily be applicable only to special comp\nds4 ,,wet ,,me?ods4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods 9 use :i* leave little to be desir$ ei!r 9 spe$ or accuracy4 ,we w give 7#a7 a gravimetric me?od 9 :i* ! e/imation may be made directly by weigh+ ! c>bonic acid1 or1 indirectly1 by e/imat+ ! c>bon dioxide f ! loss2 7#b7 a volumetric "o1 by :i* an indirect det]m9ation is made ( ! gas2 & 7#c7 a gasometric me?od1 9 :i* ! volume ( c>bon dioxide giv5 (f is measur$1 & its weight d$uct$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,direct ,gravimetric ,me?od4--,fit up ! app>atus %[n 9 ! diagram 7fig4 #gi74 ,! v>i\s tubes are support$ by a fix$ rod ) nails & wire loops1 & connect$ by %ort l5g?s ( rubb]-tub+4 ,! fir/ tube conta9s soda-lime4 ,! small flask is fitt$ ) a rubb]-/opp] p]=at$ ) two holes1 ?r\gh "o ( :i* passes ! tube ( a pipette hold+ #be or #cj c4c4 ,?is pipette is to conta9 ! acid4 ,! sub/ance to be det]m9$ is weigh$ out into ! flask4 ,! second tube conta9s /rong sulphuric acid2 ! ?ird1 pumice /one1 saturat$ ) copp] sulphate solution1 & dri$ until ne>ly :ite 7at #bjj ,c472 ! f\r? conta9s rec5tly fus$ calcium *loride2 & ! fif?1 :i* is ! weigh$ tube 9 :i* ! c>bonic acid is absorb$1 conta9s calcium *loride & soda-lime1#abj z %[n 9 fig4 #hj4 ,! six? also conta9s calcium *loride & soda-lime2 its object is to prev5t ! access ( moi/ure & c>bonic acid to ! weigh$ tube f ?is direction2 x is connect$ ) an aspirator4 ,hav+ weigh$ ! ,u-tube & got ! app>atus 9 ord]1 weigh up #a1 #b1 or #e grams ( ! sub/ance & place 9 ! flask4 ,fill ! pipette ) dilute acid1 close ! clamp1 & cork ! flask4 ,!n see t ! app>atus is tight4 ,op5 ! clamp & all[ f #aj to #bj c4c4 ( ! acid to run on to ! assay4 ,c>bonic acid w be evolv$ & w be driv5 ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,! gas %\ld bubble ?r\gh ! sulphuric acid 9 a mod]ate & regul> /ream4 ,:5 ! eff]vesc5ce slack5s ! clamp is op5$ & ! great] "p ( ! rema9+ acid run 94 ,:5 ! eff]vesc5ce has ceas$ ! clamp is op5$ to its full ext5t & a curr5t ( air drawn ?r\gh ) an aspirator4 ,a g5tle heat is appli$ to ! flask2 b x %\ld n be prolong$ or c>ri$ to boil+4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! heat a g5tle curr5t ( air is drawn ?r\gh ! app>atus = #cj or #dj m9utes4 ,! weigh$ ,u-tube1 :i* 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! op]ation w h become w>m if mu* c>bonic acid 0 pres5t1 w by ?is "t be cold4 ,x is disconnect$1 plugg$1 & weigh$4 ,! increase 9 weight is due to ! c>bon dioxide ( ! sample4 ,example4--,ore tak5 #a gram4 ,weight ( tube1 be=e #db4febe grams aft] #dc4jidj ------- ,increase equals ,,co#b #j4ddae ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,indirect ,gravimetric1 or ,det]m9ation by ,loss4--,take a ,geissl]'s c>bonic-acid app>atus 7fig4 #ha7 & place 9 ! d\ble bulb "s /rong sulphuric acid4 ,put into ! o!r bulb1 ! /opcock be+ clos$1 #c or #d c4c4 ( nitric acid dilut$ ) wat]4 ,leave ! app>atus 9 ! balance-box = a few m9utes & weigh4 ,introduce into ! flask 7?r\gh ,a7 ab\t #a gram ( ! p[d]$ sub/ance & aga9 weigh to f9d ! exact am\nt add$4 ,all[ ! acid to run gradually on to ! c>bonate1 & :5 solution is complete1 heat & aspirate4 ,cool & aga9 weigh2 ! loss 9 weight is ! c>bonic acid4 ,= ,example3-- ,weight ( app>atus & acids #he4did grams m>ble #hf4hgi ------ ,equal to m>ble tak5 #a4che ,weight ( app>atus & m>ble #hf4hgi grams m9us c>bonic acid #hf4bfib ------- ,equal to c>bonic acid #j4fjih #a4che 3 #ajj 33 #j4fjih 3 x x #dd4jc p] c5t4 ,! sub/ance conta9s #dd4jc p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid2 a duplicate exp]im5t gave #dc4gc p] c5t4 ,?is me?od is quick]1 b less exact1 ?an ! direct gravimetric det]m9ation4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,?is1 :i* is ( some:at limit$ application1 is bas$ ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( acid requir$ to decompose ! c>bonate4 ,x consi/s 9 add+ to a weigh$ quantity ( ! m9]al a kn[n am\nt ( /&>d solution ( acid :i* is 9 excess ( t requir$ to effect ! decomposition4 ,! quantity ( residual acid is !n det]m9$ by titrat+ ) /&>d solution ( alkali4 ,?is me?od has be5 describ$ "u ,lime4 ,,gasometric ,,me?od4 ,?is me?od is ! quicke/ ( all1 & ! lea/ tr\blesome aft] ! app>atus has be5 once prep>$4 ,x yields fairly accurate results :5 work$ 9 ! mann] describ$ bel[2 b if great] precautions are tak5 ! results are exact4 ,x dep5ds on ! measurem5t ( ! volume ( gas giv5 (f on treat+ ! weigh$ sample ) acid4 ,! app>atus describ$1 page #eb1 is us$4 ,weigh out a portion ( ! m9]al :i* %all conta9 n m ?an #j4ae gram ( c>bonic acid 7or #j4d gram ( c>bonate ( lime7 & put x 9 ! bottle4 ,put 9 ! inn] tube #aj c4c4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid 7#a--a71 cork tightly1 & read (f ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! burette aft] adju/+ ! pressure4 ,turn ! acid ov] on to ! m9]al4 ,run out ! wat] s z to keep ! level 9 ! two burettes ! same4 ,:5 eff]vesc5ce has ceas$1 rotate ! cont5ts ( ! bottle2 f9ally1 adju/ ! level 9 ! burettes & read (f ! volume4 ,! increase 9 volume is due to ! evolv$ c>bon dioxide4 ,at ! same "t read (f ! volume corrector4 ,"s ( ! c>bon dioxide rema9s dissolv$ 9 ! acid 9 ! g5]at+ bottle1 & ! quantity ?us dissolv$ w dep5d on ! am\nt ( c>bonate z well z on ! am\nt ( acid pres5t4 ,consequ5tly1 a measur$ quantity ( acid %\ld be us$ 9 ea* assay & a comp>ative exp]im5t made ) a kn[n weight ( pure c>bonate ( lime :i* w yield ab\t ! same volume ( gas4 ,! numb] ( c4c4 ( gas got 9 ! assay multipli$ by #d4g w give ! numb] ( milligrams ( pure c>bonate ( lime t mu/ be tak5 = ! /&>d4 ,) ord9>y "w ! error r>ely exce$s half a c4c4 ,! foll[+ example w illu/rate ! calculations3-- ,"o gram ( a m9]al 0 tak51 & yield$ #di4j c4c4 ( gas4 ,! volume corrector read+ 0 #ajj4d c4c4 #j4bdje gram ( pure c>bonate ( lime 0 !n tak51 & treat$ 9 ! same way2 #ej4e c4c4 ( gas 7 got4 ,! volume corrector /ill read #ajj4d c4c4 #j4bdje gram ( c>bonate ( lime is equival5t to #j4ajeh gram ( c>bon dioxide2 !n1 #ej4e 3 #di4j 33 #j4ajeh 3 x x #aj4bf p] c5t4 ,e/imation ( ,c>bonic ,acid 9 ! ,air ( ,m9es4--,accord+ to a s]ies ( analyses by ,angus ,smi?1 ! proportion ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air ( und]gr\nd work+s v>i$ f #j4jd to #b4g p] c5t4 by volume4 ,9 places :]e m5 are work+ ! proportion ought n to rea* #j4be p] c5t4 ,a simple me?od ( det]m9+ :e!r a sample ( air rea*es ?is limit 7#j4be p] c5t47 is describ$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,le ,neve ,fo/] 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,m9+ ,association & ,in/itute ( ,cornwall = #ahhh4 ,! app>atus us$ is an ord9>y cork$ #h-ounce m$ic9e bottle4 ,?is is fill$ ) ! air to be exam9$ by suck+ out its cont5ts ) a piece ( rubb]-tube4 ,half-an-ounce ( dilute lime-wat]#aba 7t9t$ ) ph5olph?ale97 is p\r$ 94 ,if1 on cork+ ! bottle & %ak+1 ! col\r is n dis*>g$1 ! air conta9s less ?an #j4be p] c5t4 ( c>bon dioxide4 ,if ! col\r fades sl[ly1 & does n f9ally vani% till aft] a great deal ( %ak+1 x may be assum$ t ! p]c5tage ( c>bon dioxide does n greatly exce$ "o qu>t]2 :]eas1 if ! disappe>ance is rapid aft] a v few %akes1 ! contr>y1 ( c\rse1 is ! case4 ,! dilute lime-wat] is measur$ out & c>ri$ 9 ord9>y half-ounce phials4 ,?is me?od does n pret5d to great accuracy1 b z a me?od ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 good & bad air x is v conv5i5t1 & w be f\nd useful4 ,= det]m9+ ! actual proportion 9 ! air ! foll[+ plan is adopt$3--,take a bottle :i* w hold ab\t #ej ounces1 & measure its capacity2 fill ! bottle ) ! air to be exam9$1 p\r 9 #ajj c4c4 ( lime-wat]1 & %ake up = "s "t2 add ph5olph?ale91 & titrate ! rema9+ calcium hydrate ) /&>d solution ( oxalic acid4 ,! solution ( oxalic acid is made by dissolv+ #b4be grams ( re-cry/allis$ oxalic acid 7,h#b;,c#b,o#d4b;,h#b,o7 9 wat] & dilut+ to #a litre4 ,"o c4c4 #j4jja gram ( lime 7,ca,o71 or #j4jjjgheg gram ( c>bon dioxide4 ,take #ajj c4c4 ( ! same lime-wat]1 to :i* add ! same am\nt ( ph5olph?ale9 z be=e4 ,titrate4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two read+s gives ! am\nt ( acid equival5t to ! lime-wat] neutralis$ by ! c>bon dioxide4 ,! numb] ( c4c4 ?us us$ up1 :5 multipli$ by #j4cihi1 gives ! numb] ( c4c4 ( c>bon dioxide 7at #j ,c4 & #gfj mm47 9 ! volume ( air tak54 ,?is volume1 :i* is t ( ! bottle less #ajj c4c41 mu/ 9 accurate "w be r$uc$ to ! normal temp]ature & pressure4#abb ,! p]c5tage by volume c !n be calculat$4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises4 #a4 ,9 a gasometric det]m9ation #ga4c c4c4 ( gas 7 obta9$ f #j4bjee gram ( m9]al4 ,! volume corrector read+ 0 #ajb4b c4c4 #j4cdde gram ( pure c>bonate ( lime gave #gd4a c4c4 ,! volume corrector read+ 0 #ajj4f4 ,:at is ! p]c5tage ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! sub/ance8 #b4 ,:at volume ( dry gas at #j ,c4 & #gfj m4m4 pressure %\ld be obta9$ f #j4cdde gram ( c>bonate ( lime8 #a c4c4 ( ,,co#b "u ^! conditions weighs #a4ig milligrams4 #c4 ,a sample ( coal is report$ on z foll[s3-- ,specific gravity #a4cae ,moi/ure #a4jja ,volatile matt] #ce4dhd ,fix$ c>bon #ej4agb ,a% #ab4jbh ------- #ajj4jjj ,:at is !re ab\t ?is requir+ explanation8 #d4 ,calculate ! p]c5tage ( c>bonic acid 9 a m9]al f ! foll[+ data3-- ,weight ( app>atus & acids #hg4jhhh grams plus m9]al #hh4hheh aft] loss ( c>bonic acid #hh4ajjj #e4 ,a sample ( pig iron conta9s #a4dc p] c5t4 ( comb9$ & #b4jb p] c5t4 ( free c>bon4 ,tak+ #b grams ( x = ea* det]m9ation1 :at weight ( ,,co#b w be got on burn+ ! residue f solution 9 ammonium cupric *loride1 & :at f ! residue aft] solution 9 hydro*loric acid8 ,,boron ,,& ,,borates4 ,boron occurs 9 nature z boric acid or sassol9e 7,h#c;,,bo#c72 borax or t9cal 7,na#b;,b#d,o#g4aj;,h#b,o72 ulexite or boronatrocalcite 7#b;,ca,b#d,o#g4,na#b;,b#d,o#g72 borocalcite 7,ca,b#d,o#g4d;,h#b,o72 boracite1 #b,mg#c;,b#h,o#ae4,mg,cl#b1 & "s o!r m9]als4 ,boric acid is also a con/itu5t ( c]ta9 silicates1 su* z t\rmal9e1 ax9ite1 & da?olite4 ,! natural borates are us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( borax1 :i* is l>gely employ$ z a pres]vative ag5t1 = flux+1 & = o!r purposes4 ,!re is only "o s]ies ( boron comp\nds :i* h any importance4 ,^! are ! borates 9 :i* ! trioxide 7,b#b,o#c7 acts ! "p ( a weak acid4 ,! addition ( any acid lib]ates boric acid1 :i* sep>ates out 9 cold solutions z a cry/all9e precipitate4 ,boric acid is soluble 9 alcohol & 9 hot wat]4 ,on evaporat+ ^! solutions x is volatilis$1 al?\gh ! anhydr\s oxide is fix$ at a r$ heat4 ,! borates are mo/ly fusible comp\nds1 & are soluble 9 acids & 9 solutions ( ammonic salts4 ,detection4--,boron 9 small quantities w escape detection unless specially look$ =1 b !re is no difficulty 9 detect+ its pres5ce4 ,heat$ 9 ! ,buns5-burn] flame ) ,turn]'s te/1 x gives an evanesc5t yell[i%-gre5 col\r1 due to fluoride ( boron 7,,bf#c74 ,turn]'s te/ is a mixture ( #e p>ts ( bisulphate ( pota% & #a "p ( fluor sp>4 ,boric acid itself imp>ts a *>act]i/ic gre5 col\r to ! flame1 :i* gives a spectrum made up ( f\r well-m>k$ & equidi/ant l9es1 ?ree 9 ! gre5 & "o 9 ! blue4 ,solutions ( boric acid give ) turm]ic pap]1 :i* has be5 dipp$ into x & dri$1 a *>act]i/ic r$ t9t4 ,?is is a v delicate te/1 b 9 try+ x a blank exp]im5t %\ld be c>ri$ out alongside ) a solution made up ( ! same re-ag5ts :i* h be5 us$ 9 lib]at+ ! boric acid 9 ! sample4 ,solution & ,sep>ation4--,! solution pres5ts no difficulty1 b ! sep>ation is tr\blesome4 ,! be/ me?od is t ( ,goo*2 :o1 if necess>y1 fir/ fuses ) c>bonate ( soda1 & aft] ! removal ( *lorides & fluorides 7by nitrate ( silv] or a lime salt71 evaporates ! aque\s extract ) nitric or acetic acid to dryness 9 a retort &1 subsequ5tly1 ) repeat$ doses ( #aj c4c4 ea* ( me?yl alcohol4 ,! di/illate conta9s ! boron z boric acid4 ,half a gram ( ! trioxide 7,b#b,o#c7 is completely c>ri$ ov] by two evaporations1 ea* ) #aj c4c4 ( ! alcohol2 b if wat] or =eign salts are pres5t1 m ?an ?is is requir$4 ,9 ord9>y cases six su* evaporations are suffici5t = #j4b gram ( ! oxide4#abc ,,gravimetric ,,det]m9ation4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ,goo*'s process x 0 usual to det]m9e ! boron trioxide by diff]5ce4 ,if ! alcoholic di/illate conta9+ ! boric acid is dige/$ ) ab\t #a gram 7a kn[n weight7 ( lime = t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 ! alcohol c be evaporat$ (f )\t dang] ( loss4 ,ei!r calcium nitrate or acetate 7:i* w be =m$ at ! same "t7 yields lime ^u subsequ5t ignition4 ,consequ5tly1 ! increase 9 weight1 aft] ignition1 ^u t ( ! lime tak5 gives ! am\nt ( boron trioxide pres5t4 ,! trioxide conta9s #ca4d p] c5t4 ( boron 7,b74 ,s9ce magnesia does n =m a soluble hydrate x _c satisfactorily be us$ in/ead ( lime4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,! app>atus requir$ is %[n 9 fig4 #hb4 ,x consi/s ( a small retort or evaporat+ vessel made out ( a pipette ( #bjj c4c4 capacity4 ,?is is heat$ by means ( a p>aff9-ba? at #acj or #adj ,c4 ,x is connect$ ) an upright cond5s]1 at ! l[] end ( :i* is a small flask :i* s]ves z a receiv]4 ,! quantity ( ! borate tak5 %\ld conta9 n m ?an #j4b gram ( ! trioxide4 ,insoluble comp\nds are dissolv$ 9 nitric acid at once1 or1 if necess>y1 fir/ fus$ ) sodium c>bonate4 ,) soluble & alkal9e borates suffici5t nitric acid is add$ to r5d] x fa9tly acid4 ,! solution is !n introduc$ into ! retort4 ,! lime1 to reta9 ! boric acid 9 ! di/illate1 is ignit$ 9 ! crucible 9 :i* ! evaporation ( ! di/illate is to be made subsequ5tly4 ,x is !n cool$ 9 ! desiccator = t5 m9utes1 & weigh$4 ,! lime is transf]r$ to ! receiv+ flask & slak$ ) a little wat]4 ,! retort is l[]$ into ! ba? s t only ! re> dips bel[ ! surface4 ,! evaporation is c>ri$ to dryness1 ! retort be+ l[]$ fur!r into ! ba? z ! evaporation proce$s4 ,t5 c4c4 ( me?yl alcohol are introduc$ ^u ! residue1 & ! evaporation aga9 />t$4 ,six su* portions ( alcohol are ?us di/ill$ & #b c4c4 ( wat] are introduc$ & evaporat$ betwe5 ! second & ?ird1 z also betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? di/illations4 ,if acetic acid is us$ in/ead ( nitric 9 ! fir/ in/ance ?is addition ( wat] is unnecess>y4 ,! di/illate is evaporat$ 9 ! crucible ignit$ ov] ! bl[pipe1 cool$ 9 ! desiccator = t5 m9utes & weigh$4 ,! increase 9 weight gives ! boron trioxide4 ,! results t5d to be f #a to #b milligrams too high4 ,,volumetric ,,me?od4 ,?is me?od is applicable to ! indirect det]m9ation ( boric acid 9 borax & simil> comp\nds4 ,x is bas$ on ! measurem5t ( ! quantity ( normal solution ( acid requir$ to replace ! boric acid1 &1 consequ5tly1 is r a measure ( ! soda pres5t4 ,! process is an alkalimetric "o1 & is c>ri$ out z foll[s3--,weigh up #c grams ( ! sample & dissolve 9 wat]4 ,t9t ) me?yl orange1 & run 9 f an ord9>y burette normal solution ( sulphuric acid until a p9k t9t is got4 #ajj c4c4 ( ! normal solution ( acid are equal to #g4j grams ( boron trioxide 7,b#b,o#c71 or #aj4a grams ( anhydr\s borax 7,na#b;,b#d,o#g74 ,exam9ation ( ,borax4--,9 addition to ! det]m9ation j giv51 ! foll[+ det]m9ations are also requir$3-- ,wat]4--,take ab\t #b grams & heat to tranquil fusion 9 a plat9um crucible4 ,c\nt ! loss 9 weight z wat]4 ,sulphuric ,oxide4--,take #b grams1 dissolve 9 wat]1 acidify ) hydro*loric acid1 filt]1 & precipitate ) b>ium *loride4 ,wa% ! precipitate1 ignite1 & weigh z b>ium sulphate 7see ,sulphur74 ,*lor9e4--,take #b grams1 dissolve 9 wat]1 acidify ) nitric acid1 filt]1 & add silv] nitrate4 ,collect1 wa%1 & weigh ! precipitate z silv] *loride4 ,alum9a4--,take #e or #aj grams1 dissolve 9 wat]1 boil1 add ammonia 9 slight excess1 & filt] (f ! precipitate :5 x has settl$4 ,wa% ) hot wat]1 ignite1 & weigh z alum9a 7,al#b,o#c74 ,,footnotes3 #aac ,if ! di%es %[ a manganese /a91 wa% !m out ) a few drops ( hydro*loric & sulphur\s acids4 ,pass ! acid liquor ?r\gh ! same small filt] b collect ! liquor ap>t4 ,make ammoniacal & aga9 pass ?r\gh ! filt]1 ?is "t collect+ ! liquid ) ! ma9 filtrate4 #aad ,?is r>ely am\nts to m ?an #a milligram4 #aae ,to make ?is1 dissolve #a gram ( titanium oxide by fus+ = "s "t ) an excess ( bisulphate ( pota% & dissolve out ) cold wat] & sulphuric acid4 ,dilute to #a litre1 hav+ previ\sly add$ n less ?an #ej c4c4 ( /rong sulphuric acid3 #a c4c4 w conta9 4#ja gram ( ,ti,o#b4 ,= ! assay take #aj c4c4 ( ?is1 add #b c4c4 ( p]oxide ( hydrog5 & dilute to #ajj c4c4 ,run ?is f a burette into ! flask until ! col\r equals t ( ! assay4 ,ea* c4c4 equals #a milligram ( ,ti,o#b4 ,fluorides mu/ be abs5t4 #aaf ,c ,o#b ,,co#b #aag ,= example1 soluble organic acids =m$ by p>tial oxidation ) nitric acid4 #aah ,= coals1 & o!r bodies conta9+ sulphur1 *romate ( lead %\ld be us$ in/ead ( oxide ( copp]2 & ! temp]ature %\ld be limit$ to dull r$ness4 #aai ,?is may be prep>$ by dissolv+ #ecd grams ( ammonium *loride & #hed grams ( cry/alliz$ cupric *loride 7,cu,cl#b4b;,h#b,o7 9 hot wat] & cry/alliz+4 #abj ,soda-lime is made by dissolv+ #ajj grams ( soda 9 wat]1 & c>efully slak+ #bjj grams ( lime ) x4 ,evaporate to dryness 9 an iron di% & ignite at a l[ r$ heat 9 a crucible4 ,use ! small lumps4 #aba ,made by dilut+ #a "p by measure ( saturat$ lime-wat] up to #aj ) rec5tly boil$ di/ill$ wat]4 #abb ,see "u ,gasometric ,assays4 #abc ,see ,a ,me?od = ! ,sep>ation & ,e/imation ( ,boric ,acid1 by ,f4,a4 ,goo*1 ,*emical ,news1 ,janu>y #g1 #ahhg4 ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,table ,,( ,,atomic ,,weights ,,& ,,o!r ,,con/ants4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,symbols4 ,names4 ,atomic ,specific ,melt+ ,weights4 ,gravity4 ,po9ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,c4 ,ag ,silv] #ajg4i #aj4e #ajjj ,al ,alum9ium #bg4j #b4g #gjj ,z ,ars5ic #ge4j #e4i ,au ,gold #aig4c #ai4b #abjj ,b ,boron #aa4j #b4g ,ba ,b>ium #acg4j #d4j ,be ,b]yllium #i4j #b4a ,bi ,bismu? #bjh4i #i4h #bgj ,br ,brom9e #hj4j #c4b -#be ,c ,c>bon #ab4j ,ca ,calcium #dj4j #a4f ,cd ,cadmium #aab4j #h4f #cae ,ce ,c]ium #adj4b #f4g ,cl ,*lor9e #ce4e ,co ,cobalt #ei4j #h4e ,cr ,*romium #eb4a #g4c ,cs ,caesium #acb4i #a4i #be ,cu ,copp] #fc4d #h4i #ajij ,di ,didymium #adb4c #f4e ,er ,erbium #aff4c ,f ,fluor9e #ai4j ,fe ,iron #ef4j #g4h ,ga ,gallium #fi4j #e4i #cj ,ge ,g]manium #gb4c ,h ,hydrog5 #a4j ,hg ,m]cury #bjj4j #ac4f -#dj ,i ,iod9e #abf4h #d4i #ajf ,9 ,indium #aac4g #g4d #age ,ir ,iridium #aic4a #bb4d ,k ,potassium #ci4a #j4hf #fb4e ,la ,lan?anum #ach4b #f4a ,li ,li?ium #g4j #j4ei #ahj ,mg ,magnesium #bd4c #a4g ,mn ,manganese #ee4j #h4j ,mo ,molybd5um #if4j #h4f ,n ,nitrog5 #ad4j ,na ,sodium #bc4j #j4ig #ie4f ,nb ,niobium #id4j #d4a ,ni ,nickel #eh4g #h4i ,o ,oxyg5 #af4j ,os ,osmium #aia4g #bb4d ,p ,phosphorus #ca4j #a4h #dd ,pb ,lead #bjf4i #aa4d #ccd ,pd ,palladium #ajf4f #aa4d #acej ,pt ,plat9um #aie4j #ba4e #bjjj ,rb ,rubidium #he4e #a4e #ch4e ,rh ,rhodium #ajc4e #ab4a ,ru ,ru!nium #aja4f #aa4d ,s ,sulphur #cb4j #b4j #aae ,sb ,antimony #abj4j #f4g #dbe ,se ,sel5ium #gi4j #d4h #ajj ,si ,silicon #bh4d #b4j ,sn ,t9 #aai4j #g4c #bce ,sr ,/rontium #hg4f #b4e ,ta ,tantalum #ahb4f ,te ,tellurium #abe4j #f4b #dhj ,? ,?orium #bcb4f #g4h ,ti ,titanium #dh4j #e4c ,tl ,?allium #bjd4b #aa4i #bid ,u ,uranium #bci4f #ah4d ,v ,vanadium #ea4d #e4e ,w ,tung/5 #ahd4j #ai4a ,y ,yttrium #hi4a ,yb ,ytt]bium #agc4j ,zn ,z9c #fe4c #f4i #dbc ,zr ,zirconium #ij4f #d4a ,! atomic weights 9 ?is table are 9 accord ) ! numb]s giv5 by ,f4,w4 ,cl>ke 7,dec4 #f1 #ahij71 *ief *emi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,illu/ration3 ,table = ,conv]t+ ,degrees ( ! ,c5tigrade ,!rmomet] into ,degrees ( ,fahr5heit's ,scale4 ,nitric ,acid4 ,table %[+ ! p]c5tage1 by ,weight1 ( ,real ,acid 7,,hno#c7 9 ,aque\s ,solutions ( ,nitric ,acid ( diff]5t ,specific ,gravities4 ,temp]ature1 #ae ,c4 ---------------------------------------- -- #a4ecj #ajj4j #a4dje #ff4j #a4bje #cc4j #a4ebg #ii4j #a4djj #fe4j #a4aih #cb4j #a4ebd #ih4j #a4cie #fd4j #a4aib #ca4j #a4ebj #ig4j #a4cij #fc4j #a4ahe #cj4j #a4eaf #if4j #a4chf #fb4j #a4agi #bi4j #a4eac #ie4j #a4chj #fa4j #a4agb #bh4j #a4eji #id4j #a4cgd #fj4j #a4aff #bg4j #a4ejf #ic4j #a4cfh #ei4j #a4aei #bf4j #a4ejc #ib4j #a4cfc #eh4j #a4aeb #be4j #a4dii #ia4j #a4ceh #eg4j #a4ade #bd4j #a4die #ij4j #a4cec #ef4j #a4ach #bc4j #a4dib #hi4j #a4cdf #ee4j #a4acb #bb4j #a4dhh #hh4j #a4cda #ed4j #a4abf #ba4j #a4dhe #hg4j #a4cce #ec4j #a4abj #bj4j #a4dhb #hf4j #a4cbi #eb4j #a4aad #ai4j #a4dgh #he4j #a4cbc #ea4j #a4ajh #ah4j #a4dgd #hd4j #a4cag #ej4j #a4ajb #ag4j #a4dgj #hc4j #a4caa #di4j #a4jif #af4j #a4dfg #hb4j #a4cjd #dh4j #a4jhi #ae4j #a4dfc #ha4j #a4bih #dg4j #a4jhc #ad4j #a4dfj #hj4j #a4bia #df4j #a4jgg #ac4j #a4def #gi4j #a4bhd #de4j #a4jga #ab4j #a4deb #gh4j #a4bgg #dd4j #a4jfe #aa4j #a4ddi #gg4j #a4bgj #dc4j #a4jfj #aj4j #a4dde #gf4j #a4bfd #db4j #a4jec #i4j #a4ddb #ge4j #a4beg #da4j #a4jdg #h4j #a4dch #gd4j #a4bea #dj4j #a4jda #g4j #a4dce #gc4j #a4bdd #ci4j #a4jcd #f4j #a4dca #gb4j #a4bch #ch4j #a4jbh #e4j #a4dbg #ga4j #a4bcb #cg4j #a4jbb #d4j #a4dbc #gj4j #a4bbe #cf4j #a4jaf #c4j #a4dah #fi4j #a4bah #ce4j #a4jaj #b4j #a4dad #fh4j #a4bab #cd4j #a4jjd #a4j #a4daj #fg4j ---------------------------------------- --- ,,hydro*loric ,,acid4 ,table %[+ ! p]c5tage1 by ,weight1 ( ,real ,acid 7,h,cl7 9 ,aque\s ,solutions ( ,hydro*loric ,acid ( diff]5t ,specific ,gravities4 ,temp]ature1 #ae ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a4bjjj #dj4gh #a4adaj #bh4ed #a4jgih #af4ca #a4aihb #dj4cg #a4achi #bh4ac #a4jggh #ae4ij #a4aifd #ci4if #a4acfi #bg4gb #a4jgeh #ae4di #a4aidf #ci4ee #a4acdi #bg4cb #a4jgch #ae4jh #a4aibh #ci4ad #a4acbh #bf4ia #a4jgah #ad4fh #a4aiaj #ch4gd #a4acjh #bf4ej #a4jfig #ad4bg #a4ahic #ch4cc #a4abhg #bf4aj #a4jfgg #ac4hf #a4ahge #cg4ib #a4abfg #be4fi #a4jfeg #ac4de #a4aheg #cg4ea #a4abdg #be4bh #a4jfcg #ac4je #a4ahdf #cg4aa #a4abbf #bd4hg #a4jfag #ab4fd #a4ahbb #cf4gj #a4abjf #bd4df #a4jeig #ab4bc #a4ahjb #cf4bi #a4aahe #bd4jf #a4jegg #aa4hb #a4aghb #ce4hh #a4aafd #bc4fe #a4jeeg #aa4da #a4agfb #ce4dg #a4aadc #bc4bd #a4jecg #aa4ja #a4agda #ce4jg #a4aabc #bb4hc #a4jeag #aj4fj #a4agba #cd4ff #a4aajb #bb4dc #a4jdig #aj4ai #a4agja #cd4be #a4ajhb #bb4jb #a4jdgg #i4gh #a4afha #cc4hd #a4ajfa #ba4fa #a4jdeg #i4ch #a4affa #cc4dc #a4ajda #ba4bj #a4jdcg #h4ig #a4afda #cc4jc #a4ajbj #bj4gi #a4jdag #h4ef #a4afbj #cb4fb #a4ajjj #bj4ci #a4jcig #h4ae #a4aeii #cb4ba #a4jihj #ai4ih #a4jcgg #g4ge #a4aegh #ca4hj #a4jifj #ai4eg #a4jceg #g4cd #a4aeeg #ca4dj #a4jici #ai4af #a4jccg #f4ic #a4aecf #cj4ii #a4jiai #ah4gf #a4jcah #f4eb #a4aeae #cj4eh #a4jhii #ah4ce #a4jbih #f4aa #a4adid #cj4ag #a4jhgi #ag4id #a4jbgi #e4ea #a4adgc #bi4gf #a4jhei #ag4ec #a4jbei #e4cj #a4adeb #bi4cf #a4jhch #ag4ab #a4jbci #d4hi #a4adca #bh4ie #a4jhah #af4gb #a4jbjj #d4ja ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,ammonia4 ,table %[+ ! p]c5tage1 by ,weight1 ( ,real ,ammonia 7,,nh#c7 9 ,aque\s ,solutions ( ,ammonia ( diff]5t ,specific ,gravities4 ,temp]ature1 #ad ,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #j4hhdd #cf4j #j4iade #bc4f #j4iecd #aa4f #j4hheb #ce4f #j4iaef #bc4b #j4iedi #aa4b #j4hhfj #ce4b #j4iafh #bb4h #j4iefc #aj4h #j4hhfh #cd4h #j4iahj #bb4d #j4iegh #aj4d #j4hhgg #cd4d #j4iaia #bb4j #j4ieic #aj4j #j4hhhe #cd4j #j4ibjc #ba4f #j4ifjh #i4f #j4hhid #cc4f #j4ibae #ba4b #j4ifbc #i4b #j4hijc #cc4b #j4ibbg #bj4h #j4ifci #h4h #j4hiaa #cb4h #j4ibci #bj4d #j4ifed #h4d #j4hibj #cb4d #j4ibea #bj4j #j4ifgj #h4j #j4hibi #cb4j #j4ibfd #ai4f #j4ifhe #g4f #j4hich #ca4f #j4ibgg #ai4b #j4igja #g4b #j4hidh #ca4b #j4ibhi #ah4h #j4igag #f4h #j4hieg #cj4h #j4icjb #ah4d #j4igcc #f4d #j4hifg #cj4d #j4icad #ah4j #j4igdi #f4j #j4higf #cj4j #j4icbg #ag4f #j4igfe #e4f #j4hihf #bi4f #j4icdj #ag4b #j4igha #e4b #j4hiif #bi4b #j4icec #af4h #j4igij #d4h #j4ijjf #bh4h #j4icff #af4d #j4ihjg #d4f #j4ijaf #bh4d #j4ichj #af4j #j4ihbc #d4b #j4ijbf #bh4j #j4icic #ae4f #j4ihci #c4h #j4ijcf #bg4f #j4idjg #ae4b #j4ihee #c4d #j4ijdg #bg4b #j4idbj #ad4h #j4ihgc #c4j #j4ijeg #bf4h #j4idcd #ad4d #j4ihij #b4f #j4ijfh #bf4d #j4iddi #ad4j #j4iijg #b4b #j4ijgh #bf4j #j4idfc #ac4f #j4iibd #a4h #j4ijhi #be4f #j4idgg #ac4b #j4iida #a4d #j4iajj #be4b #j4idia #ab4h #j4iiei #a4j #j4iaaa #bd4h #j4ieje #ab4d #j4iige #j4f #j4iabb #bd4d #j4iebj #ab4j #j4iiia #j4b #j4iacc #bd4j ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,table %[+ ! p]c5tage1 by ,weight1 ( ,real ,acid 7,h#b,,s#d7 9 ,aque\s ,solutions ( ,sulphuric ,acid ( v>y+ ,specific ,gravity4 ,temp]ature1 #ae ,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a4hch #ajj4j #a4efh #ff4j #a4bdg #cc4j #a4hdj #ii4j #a4eeg #fe4j #a4bci #cb4j #a4hda #ih4j #a4ede #fd4j #a4bca #ca4j #a4hda #ig4j #a4ecd #fc4j #a4bbc #cj4j #a4hdj #if4j #a4ebc #fb4j #a4bae #bi4j #a4hch #ie4j #a4eab #fa4j #a4bjf #bh4j #a4hcf #id4j #a4eja #fj4j #a4aih #bg4j #a4hcd #ic4j #a4dij #ei4j #a4aij #bf4j #a4hca #ib4j #a4dhj #eh4j #a4ahb #be4j #a4hbg #ia4j #a4dfi #eg4j #a4agd #bd4j #a4hbb #ij4j #a4deh #ef4j #a4afg #bc4j #a4haf #hi4j #a4ddh #ee4j #a4aei #bb4j #a4hji #hh4j #a4dch #ed4j #a4aea #ba4j #a4hjb #hg4j #a4dbh #ec4j #a4add #bj4j #a4gid #hf4j #a4dah #eb4j #a4acf #ai4j #a4ghf #he4j #a4djh #ea4j #a4abi #ah4j #a4ggg #hd4j #a4cih #ej4j #a4aba #ag4j #a4gfg #hc4j #a4chh #di4j #a4aac #af4j #a4gef #hb4j #a4cgi #dh4j #a4ajf #ae4j #a4gde #ha4j #a4cgj #dg4j #a4jih #ad4j #a4gcd #hj4j #a4cfa #df4j #a4jia #ac4j #a4gbb #gi4j #a4cea #de4j #a4jhc #ab4j #a4gaj #gh4j #a4cdb #dd4j #a4jge #aa4j #a4fih #gg4j #a4ccc #dc4j #a4jfh #aj4j #a4fhf #gf4j #a4cbd #db4j #a4jfa #i4j #a4fge #ge4j #a4cae #da4j #a4jec #h4j #a4ffc #gd4j #a4cjf #dj4j #a4jdf #g4j #a4fea #gc4j #a4big #ci4j #a4jci #f4j #a4fci #gb4j #a4bhi #ch4j #a4jcb #e4j #a4fbg #ga4j #a4bha #cg4j #a4jbe #d4j #a4fae #gj4j #a4bgb #cf4j #a4jai #c4j #a4fjd #fi4j #a4bfd #ce4j #a4jac #b4j #a4eib #fh4j #a4bef #cd4j #a4jjf #a4j #a4ehj #fg4j ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,e/imation ,,( ,,small ,,quantities ,,( ,,gold4#abd ,9 ! case ( small buttons ( gold ! weight c be det]m9$ m easily & accurately by measur+ ) ! help ( a microscope ?an by ! actual use ( a balance4 ,moreov]1 ! me?od ( measurem5t is applicable to ! det]m9ation ( quantities ( gold too m9ute to affect ev5 ! mo/ delicate balance4 ,= quantities ( gold ( f 4#e to 4#jje milligram a microscope ) #a_/b in* objective & ,b eyepiece is suitable4 ,! measurem5ts are made ) ! help ( a scale engrav$ 7or1 bett]1 photograph$7 on a circul> piece ( glass :i* re/s on ! diaphragm ( ! eyepiece4 ,?is scale & ! object ^u ! /age c be easily br\ght into focus at ! same "t4 ,! button ( gold obta9$ by cupell+ is loos5$ f ! cupel by g5tly t\*+ ) ! moi/5$ po9t ( a knife2 x g5]ally adh]es to ! knife1 & is !n transf]r$ to a glass slide4 ,! slide is plac$ on ! /age ( ! microscope1 illum9at$ f bel[2 & ! button is br\ght into focus1 & s plac$ t x app>5tly co9cides ) ! scale4 ,! diamet]s 9 two or ?ree directions 7avoid+ ! flatt5$ surface7 are !n read (f3 ! diff]5t directions be+ got by rotat+ ! eyepiece4 ,! mean diamet] is tak54 ,! weight ( ! button is arriv$ at by comp>+ ) ! mean diamet] ( a /&>d prill ( gold ( kn[n weight4 ,! weights are 9 ! proportion ( ! cubes ( ! diamet]s4 ,= example1 suppose a prill has be5 obta9$ :i* measures #ab4e divisions ( ! scale1 & t a /&>d prill weigh+ #j4a milligram measures #aa4a divisions4 ,! weight w be calculat$ z foll[s3 #aa4ac 3 #ab4ec 33 #j4a 3 x #j4aab4eab4eab4e x -------------------- #j4adc milligram4 #aa4aaa4aaa4a ,! calculations are simplifi$ by ! use ( a table ( cubes4 ,! /&>d prills us$ 9 ! comp>ison %\ld n diff] mu* 9 size f ! prills to be det]m9$4 ,!y are prep>$ by alloy+ kn[n weights ( gold & lead1 s z to get an alloy ( kn[n composition1 say "o p] c5t4 gold4 ,portions ( ! alloy conta9+ ! weight ( gold requir$ 7say #j4a milligram7 are !n weigh$ (f & cupell$ on small smoo? cupels1 made ) ! f9e/ bone-a%4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to remove ! cupels z soon z cupellation has f9i%$4 ,sev]al /&>d prills ( ! same size %\ld be made at ! same "t1 & _! mean diamet] calculat$4 ,! lead = mak+ ! gold-lead alloy is prep>$ f li?>ge purifi$ by r$uc+ f x ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( its lead by fusion ) a suitable proportion ( fl\r2 ! purifi$ li?>ge is p[d]$1 mix$ ) suffici5t fl\r & r$uc$ to metal4 ,9 det]m9+ ! gold conta9$ 9 small buttons ( silv]-gold alloy obta9$ 9 assay+ 7& 9 :i* ! silv] is almo/ sure to be 9 excess ( t requir$ = p>t+71 transf] ! button f ! cupel to a small clean porcela9 crucible2 p\r on x a drop or two ( nitric acid 7dilut$ ) half its bulk ( wat]71 & heat g5tly & cauti\sly until action has ceas$4 ,if ! residual gold is brok5 up1 move ! crucible s z to br+ ! p>ticles toge!r1 s t !y may coh]e4 ,wa% ?ree or f\r times ) di/ill$ wat]1 ab\t half fill+ ! crucible ea* "t & decant+ (f aga9/ ! f+]4 ,dry ! crucible 9 a w>m place2 & :5 dry1 b :il/ /ill black1 take ! gold up on a small piece ( pure lead4 ,half a gra9 ( lead is suffici5t1 & x is be/ to hold x on ! po9t ( a blunt p5knife1 & press x on ! gold 9 ! crucible4 ,! latt] g5]ally adh]es4 ,transf] to a small smoo? cupel & place 9 ! muffle4 ,:5 ! cupellation has f9i%$1 ! button ( gold is measur$ z already describ$4 ,,practical ,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,iodide ,,process ,,( ,,copp] ,,assay+4 ,= ! foll[+ rem>ks & exp]im5ts we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,j4,w4 ,we/morel&1 :o has _h consid]able exp]i5ce ) ! process4 ,hav+ dissolv$ ! ore he conv]ts ! metals into sulphates by evaporat+ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! copp] is !n sep>at$ z subsulphide by means ( hyposulphite ( soda1 & ! precipitate is wa%$1 dri$1 & calc9$4 ,! result+ oxide ( copp] is !n dissolv$ 9 nitric acid2 & to ! conc5trat$ solution1 a saturat$ solution ( c>bonate ( soda is add$ 9 suffici5t quantity to ?r[ d[n a consid]able proportion ( ! copp]4 ,acetic acid is add$ to dissolve ! precipitate1 & :5 ?is is effect$ m ( ! acid is p\r$ on s z to r5d] ! solution /rongly acid4 ,to ?is potassium iodide cry/als are add$ 9 ! proportion ( t5 p>ts ( iodide to ea* "o "p ( copp] suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,! solution is !n titrat$ ) hypo z usual4 ,= ! exam9ation ( te*nical products exp]im5ts made 9 sulphuric acid solutions h no value1 s9ce ars5ic acid1 :i* is g5]ally pres5t to a great] or less ext5t1 affects ! end reaction4 ,9 su* solutions bismu? may also int]f]e4 ,! solution be/ suit$ = ! assay is "o conta9+ acetate ( soda & free acetic acid4 ,! pres5ce ( acetate ( soda c\nt]acts ! int]f]5ce ( ars5ic & ( bismu?4 ,! return ( ! blue col\r aft] titration is due to ! excessive dilution ( ! assay1 or to an insuffici5cy ( potassium iodide1 or to ! pres5ce ( nitr\s fumes4 ,! int]f]5ce ( an excess ( sodium acetate is avoid$ by add+ m iodide cry/als to ! ext5t ( d\bl+ ! usual am\nt4 ,! int]f]5ce ( lead c be avoid$ by ! addition ( sulphuric acid or ( phosphate ( soda to ! acid solution conta9+ ! copp]1 & be=e neutralis+ ) c>bonate ( soda4 ,! end reaction is1 h[ev]1 ) c>e di/+ui%able )\t ?is addition4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 ea* conta9+ 4#jfdh gram ( lead1 7 made by him 9 illu/ration3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,copp] tak54 ,reag5t add$4 ,copp] f\nd4 ,end reaction4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 4#bjib gram -- 4#bjgg gram fairly satisfactory 4#baja -- 4#bjib 4#bafg sulphuric acid 4#baeb 4#baag 4#bajh 4#baji phosphate ( soda 4#bjib good1 col\rless 4#bbje 4#bagd r yell[ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,effect ( ,sodium ,acetate4--,ea* solution conta9$ 4#ccdc gram ( copp]4 a4b4c4 d4 e4 f4 g4 grams4 grams4 grams4 grams4 grams4 ,acetate add$ -- #af4b #af4b #af4b #af4b ,iodide add$ #c4e #c4e #g4j #c4e #g4j ,copp] f\nd 4#ccdc 4#ccbd 4#ccea 4#cbfi 4#ccef ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 except ) ! excessive quantities ( acetate ( soda & ! insuffici5cy ( potassium iodide 9 ! cases ( c & f1 !re 0 no difficulty ) ! aft]-blue+4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,sep>at+ ,,cobalt ,,& ,,nickel4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( sep>at+ & e/imat+ cobalt & nickel has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,james ,hope1#abe ) :om x has be5 9 daily use = sev]al ye>s ) completely satisfactory results4 ,! quantity ( ore tak5 %\ld conta9 ab\t 4#e gram ( ! mix$ metals4 ,x is dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid or aqua regia1 & ! solution evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! residue is tak5 up ) dilute hydro*loric acid & hot wat]4 ,! solution is filt]$ (f f ! silica1 fre$ f second gr\p metals by treatm5t ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 & filt]$1 & aft] oxidation ) nitric acid is sep>at$ f iron & alum9a by ! basic acetate me?od 7page #bcc74 ,! precipitate is r$issolv$ 9 a little hydro*loric acid1 & aga9 precipitat$ by sodium acetate4 ,! two filtrates are mix$ & treat$ ) a little acetic acid1 & ! cobalt & nickel are !n precipitat$ z sulphides by a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! precipitate is filt]$ (f1 wa%$1 dri$1 & calc9$1 & ! result+ oxides are weigh$ to get an idea z to ! quantity ( ! two metals pres5t4 ,! calc9$ precipitate is dissolv$ 9 a small cov]$ beak] 9 aqua regia ) ! help ( a few drops ( brom9e to remove any sep>at$ sulphur1 & ! solution evaporat$ to dryness ) a few drops ( sulphuric acid4 ,! residue is dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 dilut$ to ab\t #ej c4c41 & heat$ to boil+4 ,ab\t #b grams 7f\r times ! quantity ( mix$ metals pres5t7 ( ammonium phosphate 7,am,h#b,,po#d7 are weigh$ (f1 dissolv$ 9 ! smalle/ possible quantity ( wat]1 & boil$ = a m9ute or two ) a few c4c4 ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,?is is add$ to ! boil+-hot solution ( cobalt & nickel1 :i* is !n treat$ cauti\sly ) dilute ammonia until ! precipitate p>tially dissolves4 ,! addition ( ! ammonia is cont9u$ drop by drop ) con/ant /irr+1 until ! cobalt comes d[n z a p9k precipitate ( ammonium cobalt phosphate 7,am,co,p,o#d74 ,! beak] is plac$ on ! top ( a wat] ba? ) occasional /irr+ = five or t5 m9utes4 ,! blue liquid conta9+ ! nickel is decant$ ?r\gh a small filt] & ! precipitate is dissolv$ ) a few drops ( dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! result+ solution is treat$ ) a small excess ( ammonium phosphate & ! cobalt aga9 precipitat$ by ! cauti\s addition ( ammonia exactly z be=e4 ,! precipitate conta9+ ! :ole ( ! cobalt is filt]$ (f & wa%$ ) small quantities ( hot wat]4 ,! filtrate is add$ to ! previ\s "o conta9+ ! great] "p ( ! nickel4 ,! ammonium cobalt phosphate is dri$1 transf]r$ to a plat9um crucible1 & ignit$ ov] a ,buns5 flame = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,a purple col\r$ cobalt pyrophosphate 7,co#b,p#b,o#g7 is ?us =m$1 & is weigh$4 ,x conta9s #dj4c p] c5t4 ( cobalt4 ,! mix$ filtrates conta9+ ! nickel are plac$ 9 a tall beak]1 & dilat$ if necess>y to ab\t #bjj c4c4 ,t5 c4c4 ( /rong ammonia are add$1 & ! solution1 heat$ to #gj ,c41 is ready = electrolysis4 ,a batt]y ( two #a-a_/b p9t ,buns5 cells is us$4 ,?is is f\nd capable ( deposit+ f 4#ae to 4#bj gram ( nickel p] h\r1 & f two to ?ree h\rs is g5]ally suffici5t = ! electrolysis4 ,! electrode ) ! deposit$ nickel is wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 aft]w>ds ) alcohol z describ$ "u copp]1 & is !n dri$ & weigh$4 ,! foll[+ results obta9$ ) ?is me?od by ,mr4 ,hope illu/rate ! accuracy ( ! me?od4 ,!y 7 obta9$ by work+ on solutions conta9+ kn[n weights ( ! two metals3 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,tak54 ,f\nd4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,cobalt4 ,nickel4 ,cobalt4 ,nickel4 ---------------------------------------- -------- 4#abcf gram 4#aaee gram 4#abdb gram 4#aaee gram 4#abcf 4#jegg 4#abcb 4#jege 4#bdgb 4#jegg 4#bddi 4#jehe 4#cgjh 4#jegg 4#cgja 4#jehj 4#jfah 4#cdfe 4#jfai 4#cded 4#jfah 4#bcaj 4#jfbe 4#bbie 4#jfah 4#aaee 4#jfba 4#aaee ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,footnotes3 #abd ,= full] in=mation see a pap] on ,! ,e/imation ( ,m9ute ,quantities ( ,gold1 by ,dr4 ,george ,tate2 read be=e ! ,liv]pool ,polyte*nic ,society1 ,nov4 #ahhi4 #abe ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,no #d1 vol4 ix4 ,april #cj1 #ahij4 ,,app5dix ,c4 ,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,sampl+4 ,! problem ( ! sampl] is ess5tially ! same z t ( ! /ud5t ( /ati/ics4 ,"o aims at gett+ a small p>cel ( ore1 ! o!r a numb] ( data1 b ea* hopes to obta9 :at %all repres5t a true av]age applicable to a mu* l>g] mass ( mat]ial4 ,ignor+ ! me*anical "p ( ! problems1 ! sampl+ errors ( ! "o & ! deviations f ! av]age ( ! o!r are ! same ?+4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r _m n specially tra9$ 9 ! /udy ( /ati/ics c\ld answ] su* a "q z ! foll[+3--,sev5 hundr$ ?\s& m5 be+ employ$1 !re are1 9 a giv5 ye>1 "o ?\s& dea?s f accid5t4 ,assum+ ! conditions to rema9 unalt]$1 )9 :at limits c\ld "o =etell ! numb] ( dea?s by accid5t 9 any o!r ye>8 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a widespread belief 9 ! efficacy ( :at is call$ ! law ( av]ages4 ,ev5 ! ord9>y newspap] read] is accu/om$ to look on ! national dea?-rate or bir?-rate z a ?+ capable ( be+ /at$ ) accuracy to "o or two places ( decimals1 & he kn[s t ! annual numb] ( suicides is practically con/ant4 ,if a man play$ :i/ (t5 & kept a record ( ! numb] ( trumps n ea* h&1 he w\ld f9d =tune treat$ him q fairly2 9 a ye>'s play ! av]age numb] w\ld deviate v little f ! !oretical av]age1 i4e41 "o-qu>t] ( ?irte54 ,& a k ( ?is tru? is useful1 & t n m]ely 9 keep+ ejaculations 9 due re/ra9t4 ,b e good play] kn[s m ?an ?is3 he has a s5se ( :at v>iations 9 ! numb] ( trumps may reasonably be expect$4 ,= example1 he w be prep>$ to risk some?+ on nei!r ( 8 oppon5ts hav+ m ?an five trumps1 & w accept x z a practical c]ta9ty t no "o has m ?an eight4 ,mu* ( :at is kn[n z good judgm5t is bas$ on a prop] e/imate ( deviations f ! av]age4 ,! "q has an important be>+ on sampl+1 z may be se5 f ! fact t %uffl+ & deal+ at c>ds are b modifications ( ! well-kn[n mix+ & qu>t]+ ( ! sampl]4 ,because ( ?is be>+ on sampl+ & = o!r reasons1 ,i became _m ye>s ago mu* int]e/$ 9 ! "q1 & gave to its solution p]haps m lab\r ?an x 0 wor?4 ,9 books on ,m$ical ,/ati/ics ! answ] to ! "q is /at$ 9 a ma!matical =mula1 call$ ,poisson's =mula1 :i*1 9 a modifi$ =m1 ,i %all give fur!r on4 ,b ?is did n satisfy me1 because ,i want$ to le>n :at a reasonably safe limit ( error actually meant1 & ?is c\ld be be/ le>nt by exp]im5t2 s ) ! help ( "s fri5ds ,i w5t 9 = a ?or\gh c\rse ( p5ny-toss+4 ,toss+ a p5ny tw5ty times1 an av]age result w\ld be t5 heads & t5 tails4 ,to f9d ! deviations f ?is1 we toss$ two hundr$ tw5ties1 i4e41 f\r ?\s& times4 ,( ! two hundr$1 ?irty-?ree gave ! exact av]age1 viz43--#aj heads2 sixty-f\r gave an error ( "o1 viz43--#i or #aa heads2 =ty-n9e1 an error ( two2 tw5ty-six1 an error ( ?ree2 tw5ty1 an error ( f\r2 eight gave an error ( five1 & ?is limit 0 n exce$$4 ,f ^! we may say t six is a reasonably safe limit ( error4 ,n9ety-sev5 cases1 say "o-half1 gave an error n exce$+ "o2 & ! mean error is #a4h4 ,9 o!r words1 9 tw5ty tosses y w n get m ?an #af nor less ?an #d heads2 y are z likely z n to get #i1 #aj1 or #aa heads2 & la/ly1 if y lo/ 9 tw5ty ?r[s all heads or tails ov] #aj y\r av]age loss w\ld be #a4h p5ny1 or say r\ghly #b;d4 on ! tw5ty ?r[s4 ,x 0 necess>y to comp>e ^! ) ano!r s]ies conta9+ a l>g] av]age1 say t ( #ajj heads 9 #bjj ?r[s4 ,i confess ! lab\r ( toss+ p5nies two hundr$ at a "t 0 little to our ta/e4 ,s f a bag ( p5nies borr[$ f ! bank1 we weigh$ out samples conta9+ two hundr$1 & = an ev5+ we 7 busy c\nt+ heads & tails 9 ^!4 ,! heads 9 sixty samples rang$ f #hj to #aad4 ,"o hundr$ heads occurr$ sev5 times4 ,! ext5t & frequ5cy ( ! errors is %[n 9 ! table4 --------------------------------------- ,error4,no4 ( ,error4,no4 ( ,error4,no4 ( ,times4 ,times4 ,times4 --------------------------------------- #a #h #f #c #aa #a #b #e #g #c #ad #c #c #f #h #c #ae #a #d #c #i #g #ah #b #e #f #aj #a #bj #a ---------------------------------------- ---- ,we may call ! limit ( error #ba4 ,tw5ty-n9e results out ( sixty1 say "o-half1 _h an error n exce$+ #d2 & ! mean error is #e4f4 ,9 comp>+ ^! ) ! s]ies #aj 9 #bj we mu/1 work+ by rule1 divide n by #aj b by #c4af1 ! squ>e root ( #aj2 = if we multiply an av]age by any numb]#abf ! error is also multipli$ b only by ! squ>e root ( ! numb]4 ,! error v>ies z ! squ>e root ( ! numb]4 ,n[ #ba_/c4af #f4f limit ( error = #aj 9 #bj4 #e4f_/c4af #a4h mean error #d_/c4af #a4b probable error ,x w be se5 t ^! calculat$ results agree fairly well ) ^? actually obta9$4 ,! rule by :i* ^! calculations are made is important & w be> fur!r illu/ration4 ,to calculate ! numb] ( heads 9 #cbjj ?r[s1 we h to f9d ! limit ( error on a true av]age ( #afjj 9 #cbjj4 ,?is be+ #af times ! av]age ( #ajj 9 #bjj1 ! correspond+ errors mu/ be multipli$ by #d4 ,?is gives #bad #hd limit ( error4 #e4fd #bb4d mean error4 #dd #af probable error4 ,! results ,i h actually obta9$ ) ^! l>ge numb]s are h>dly en\gh to base mu* on1 b h a value by way ( confirmation4 ,expect+ #afjj heads1 ! actual numb]s 7 #aefj1 #aeif1 #afdc1 #aeeg1 #aeia1 #afje1 #afae1 #aede4 ,x w be se5 t exactly half are )9 ! probable error2 b ?is1 consid]+ ! small numb] ( results1 mu/ be m or less ( an accid5t2 x is m to ! po9t !y are all well )9 ! limits ( error4 ,i h a l>ge numb] ( o!r results :i* ) a s+le exception are all 9 accord ) ^? giv52 & ?is exception only j ov]/epp$ ! limits4 ,x 0 l a case ( n9e trumps1 :i* ?\gh 9 a s5se possible1 is v unlikely to happ5 9 any "o's exp]i5ce4 ,b ev5 n[ we are n q 9 a position to answ] ! "q ) :i* we />t$4 ,if y ref] to x y w see t we are face to face ) ?is problem3 ! limit ( v>iation on ! #ajjj :o di$ w\ld be say #gj1abg ignor+ decimals4 ,b if we calculate on ! numb] :o did n die1 viz4--#fii1jjj1abh we %all get a v>iation #bf times z great z ?is4 ,b x is evid5t ! v>iation mu/ be ! same 9 ea* case4 ,i submitt$ ?is k9d ( problem also to ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 ! results ( :i* gave me great fai? 9 ,poisson's =mula4 ,imag9e two hundr$ p5nies 9 a bag all heads up4 ,any %ak+ w spoil ?is arrangem5t & give a c]ta9 proportion ( tails4 ,&1 fur!r1 ! probable effect ( %ak+ & turn+ w be to r$uce ! prepond]ance ( heads or tails :i*ev] may be 9 excess4 ,?is ( c\rse is ! reason :y we are s unlikely to get m ?an #abj ( !m 9 ei!r position4 ,b if ! two hundr$ p5nies are increas$ to #bj1jjj by add+ p5nies :i* h tails on bo? sides1 !n ! %ak+ or mix+ w\ld be less effective4 ,we %\ld /ill expect z an av]age result to get ! #ajj heads b 9 #bj1jjj in/ead ( #bjj4 ,! v>iation w be #bh or #bi on ! #ajj in/ead ( #bj4 ,& ?is is a bett] limit 9 su* cases4 ,tak+ #bh z ! limit ( error on #ajj in/ances & proportionally increas+ ! o!rs s t ! mean error becomes #g4h & ! probable error #e4f1 we may n[ calculate ! answ] )\t gross mi/ake4 ,! probable v>iation on ! #ajjj dea?s by accid5t w be #ah1 ! mean v>iation w be #bd4f1 & ! limits ( v>iation #hh4e4 ,"o su* table %[+ 9 five ye>s a mean numb] ( dea?s ( ab\t #aabj p] annum gives an annual deviation ( ab\t #ej up or d[n ( ?is4 ,x w be se5 at once t an improvem5t ( #cj or #dj 9 any "o ye> w\ld be )\t mean+1 b t an improvem5t ( f #ajj to #bjj w\ld indicate "s *ange = ! bett] 9 ! circum/ances ( ! indu/ry4 ,be=e apply+ ^! pr9ciples to ! elucidation ( "s ( ! problems ( sampl+ x w be well to give ,poisson's =mula 79 a modifi$ =m7 & to illu/rate its work+4 ,let x equal ! numb] ( cases ( "o sort1 y ! cases ( ! o!r sort1 & z ! total4 ,9 ! example1 z w be ! #gjj1jjj engag$ 9 ! indu/ry2 x w be ! #ajjj kill$ by accid5ts1 & y w be ! #fii1jjj :o did n s die4 ,! limit ( deviation or error calculat$ by ,poisson's =mula w be ! squ>e root ( #hxy_/z4 ,replac+ x1 y & z by ! figures ( ! example we get ! squ>e root ( 7#hajjjfiijjj7_/gjj1jjj1 :i* works out to ! squ>e root ( #gihh4eg1 or #hi4c4 ,:i* means t we may reasonably expect ! numb] ( dea?s n to v>y f #ajjj by m ?an #hi1 i4e41 !y w be betwe5 #ajij & #iaj4 ,x w be se5 t ?is numb] is 9 v satisfactory agreem5t ) #hh4e giv5 by ! r\gh] calculation bas$ on my own exp]im5ts4 ,to come to ! "q ( sampl+4 ,consid] a p[d] ( uni=m f95ess & f9e en\gh to pass ?r\gh an #hj sieve4 ,= purposes ( calculation ?is may be assum$ to be made up ( p>ticles ( ab\t "o-eigh? ( a millimetre across 7say r\ghly #a_/bjj ( an in*72 cub$1 ?is gives ! cont5t z ab\t #a_/ejj 7/rictly #a_/eab7 ( a cubic m4m4 ,n[ "o cubic m4m4 ( wat] weighs #a milligram2 !re=e #ejj su* p>ticles if !y h ! specific gravity ( wat] weigh #a milligram1 & o!rwise weigh #a milligram multipli$ by ! sp4 gr43 #ejj p>ticles ( ruby silv] 7,pyr>gyrite7#abi w weigh #e4h milligrams & w conta9 ne>ly #c4e milligrams ( silv]4 ,n[ suppose a portion ( #c4bffg grams 7#a_/aj ,assay ,ton7 ( silv] ore to conta9 #ejj su* p>ticles ( ruby silv] & no o!r mat]ial c>ry+ silv]3 su* an ore w\ld conta9 #ce ozs4 ( silv] to ! ton4 ,b ! limits ( v>iation on #ejj p>ticles w\ld be #bhacj multipli$ by ! squ>e root ( #e1 or #fb p>ticles4 ,?us ! limit ( sampl+ error w\ld am\nt to j "o-eigh? ( ! silv] pres5t1 or say to r m ?an #d ozs4 to ! ton2 ! mean sampl+ error w\ld be r m ?an a qu>t] ( ?is1 or say ab\t #a4c ozs4 to ! ton4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "o took = ! assay a *>ge six times great] 7say ab\t #bj grams71 ! numb] ( p>ticles w\ld be #cjjj & ! limits ( v>iation w\ld be #bh multipli$ by ! squ>e root ( #cj1 or #aec p>ticles1 :i* is v closely #a_/bj ( ! silv] pres5t1 or say #a4ge ozs4 to ! ton1 :il/ ! mean error w\ld am\nt to ab\t 4#e ozs4 to ! ton4 ,to "w ^! examples by ,poisson's =mula let u assume ! gangue to h a mean sp4 gr4 ( #c4 ,!n #ejj p>ticles w\ld weigh #c milligrams2 & #c4bfjiaca grams w\ld conta9 #edc1ejj p>ticles4 ,!re w\ld be !n #ejj ( ruby silv] & #edc1ejj ( gangue1 toge!r #edd1jjj1 & ! =mula gives ! squ>e root ( 7#hejjedcejj7_/eddjjj1 :i* works out to #fc p>ticles z aga9/ #fb by ! o!r me?od4 ,a practical conclusion f ?is is ( c\rse t ei!r ! ore mu/ be p[d]$ m f9ely or a l>g] portion ?an #c grams mu/ be tak5 = ! assay4 ,moreov]1 x is evid5t t on su* an ore no small sample mu/ be tak5 conta9+ less ?an sev]al million p>ticles4 ,consid] n[ a copp] ore ( ! same uni=m f95ess conta9+ p>ticles ( copp] pyrites 7sp4 gr4 #d7 ( :i* #ajjj p>ticles w weigh #h milligrams1 mix$ ) gangue ( :i* #ajjj p>ticles weigh #f milligrams4 ,if "o gram ( su* ore conta9 4#e gram ( copp] pyrites 7 4#agbe gram copp]7 & 4#e gram ( gangue1 ^! w conta9 #fb1ejj & say #hc1ejj p>ticles respectively4 ,altoge!r #adf1jjj p>ticles4 ,) ,poisson's =mula ?is gives ! limit ( sampl+ error z ! squ>e root ( 7#hfbejjhcejj7_/adfjjj or #eba p>ticles4 ,b a v>iation ( #eba on #fb1ejj is a v>iation ( 4#hc p] c5t4 ,! p]c5tage ( copp] 9 ! ore is #ag4be p] c5t41 & 4#hc p] c5t4 ( ?is is 4#ad p] c5t4 ,! limits ( sampl+ error1 !re=e1 are #ag4aa p] c5t4 & #ag4ci p] c5t4 ,aga91 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! mean sampl+ error w\ld be a little ov] "o-qu>t] ( ?is1 or say f #ag4b p] c5t4 to #ag4c p] c5t4 ,! practical conclusion is t a p[d] ( ?is degree ( f95ess is n f9e en\gh4 ,9 ! la/ place let u consid] a simil> iron ore conta9+ #ij p] c5t4 ( hmatite 7sp4 gr4 #e7 & #aj p] c5t4 ( gangue 7sp4 gr4 #c71 #a gram ( su* ore w conta9 #ij1jjj p>ticles ( hmatite weigh+ 4#i gram & conta9+ 4#fc gram ( iron ) say #af1ejj p>ticles ( gangue weigh+ 4#a gram4 ,altoge!r #ajf1ejj p>ticles4 ,poisson's =mula !n gives ! limits ( v>iation z ! squ>e root ( 7#hijjjjafejj7_/ajfejj or #ccd p>ticles4 ,b #ccd on #ij1jjj is #j4bc on #fc4j1 :i* is ! p]c5tage ( iron pres5t4 ,! limits ( sampl+ error !n are #fb4gg p] c5t4 & #fc4bc p] c5t4 & ! mean v>iation is f #fb4id p] c5t4 to #fc4jf p] c5t4 ,^! examples are wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! calculations are made on ! assumption t ! ore is made up ( uni=m p>ticles ( m9]al ( su* f95ess z w\ld pass easily ?r\gh an #hj sieve1 b :i* does n pret5d to repres5t ) great exactness ! f95ess ( ! p[d]$ ore cu/om>y 9 practice4 ,!y %[ t hav+ pass$ ?r\gh su* a sieve is no pro( ( suffici5t p[d]+1 n t all ores p[d]$ & s sift$ are unfit = assay+4 ,?is la/ w\ld be an absurd & illogical conclusion4 ,if an ore be p[d]$ to a fairly f9e s& & !n be pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( sieves1 say a #dj1 #fj1 & #hj1 9 su* a /ate t little or none rema9s on ! fir/1 b ! o!rs reta9 a l>ge proportion2 !n ( t :i* comes ?r\gh ! #hj sieve1 p]haps two-?irds by weight may be ev5 co>s] ?an ! p[d] ,i h us$ 9 ! example4 ,( ! re/ mo/ may be ( ab\t half ?is diamet]2 ! weight ( ! really f9e p[d] may be q inconsid]able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! gr9d+ be cont9u$ until1 on sift+1 little or no?+ t is p[d]able rema9s on ! sieves2 !n 9 ! sift$ product ! proportions w be v diff]5t4 ,?is la/1 ( c\rse1 is ! only "r way ( p[d]+4 ,also x is evid5t t s mu* dep5ds on ! mann] ( p[d]+ t no?+ precise c be /at$ z to ! av]age co>s5ess ( ! p[d]4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 by good p[d]+ a product is obta9$ :i* may be repres5t$ by a uni=m p[d] ) p>ticles #a_/bj? ( a millimetre 9 diamet] 7say r\ghly #a_/ejj in*74 ,comp>$ ) ! previ\s p[d]1 ! diamet] has be5 divid$ by #b4e2 _! numb]1 !re=e1 9 any giv5 weight has be5 increas$ by ! cube ( #b4e1 :i* is #ae4f4 ,b ! value ( a sample v>ies z ! squ>e root ( ! numb] ( p>ticles4 ,h5ce ! r$uction 9 size & consequ5t increase 9 numb] has made ! sample ne>ly f\r times bett] ?an be=e2 & x w be se5 t ?is br+s ! sampl+ error )9 tol]able limits4 ,!re are "o or two words ( w>n+ :i* %\ld be giv54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 us+ a #ij sieve in/ead ( an #hj mu/ n be too mu* reli$ on2 ! p[d] ,i took 9 ! example w\ld pass ?r\gh x4 ,x is a "q ( good p[d]+ r ?an ( f9e sift+4 ,9 ! second place1 a set (1 say half-a-doz51 assays concordant )9 #a oz4 :]e ! !ory gives #d ozs4 z ! limit ( error does n upset ! !ory3 ! !ory itself /ates ?is z likely4 ,x is ! error y may get 9 "o or two assays out ( a hundr$1 n ! error y are likely to get 9 any "o assay1 :i* is consid]$ "u ! head+ limit ( error4 ,accept+ ! result j arriv$ at t a portion ( #a gram may be safely tak5 = an assay if ! p>ticles are #a-bj? ( a millimetre 9 diamet]1 ! fur!r "q rema9s z to :at weight ( ! orig9al sample mu/ be r$uc$ to ?is degree ( f95ess4 ,?is may be answ]$ on ! pr9ciple t ! same degree ( excell5ce %\ld be aim$ at 9 ea* ( a s]ies ( sampl+s4 ,?is pr9ciple is illu/rat$ 9 ! table on page #b4 ,a f9e s&1 su* z w\ld pass a #dj sieve b be reta9$ on a #fj sieve1 w\ld be fairly repres5t$ by p>ticles "o-qu>t] ( a millimetre 9 diamet]4 ,?is be+ five times co>s]1 to conta9 ! same numb] ( p>ticles mu/ be #abe times 7! cube ( #e7 z heavy2 !re=e #abe grams ( x c be tak5 ) ! same degree ( safety z #a gram ( ! f9] p[d]4 ,( su* a s& ab\t ?is weight %\ld be tak5 & r$uc$ to ! f9] p[d]4 ,if ! ore 7 9 co>se s&1 say 9 p>ticles #a millimetre 9 diamet]1 ?is w\ld be f\r times z co>se z t la/ consid]$1 & we %\ld h to take #fd times z mu* ( x3 #fd times #abe grams is #h kilos1 or say r\ghly f #ae to #bj lbs4 ,?is %\ld be cru%$ to ! f9] size & mix$2 !n f #ajj to #aej grams %\ld be tak5 & gr\nd to ! f9e/ p[d]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a reason :y1 on ! co>s] /uff1 a small] proportion may safely be us$4 ,?is becomes m evid5t if we consid] a /ill co>s] sample4 ,a heap ( ore 9 /ones ab\t #b in*es across w\ld be #ej times co>s] ?an ! s&1 & an equival5t sample w\ld ne$ to be #abe1jjj times heavi]2 ?is w\ld am\nt to ab\t #ajjj tons4 ,exp]i5c$ sampl]s w\ld say t "u su* conditions s l>ge a sample 0 h>dly necess>y4 ,?is is because ,i h assum$ 9 ! calculations t ! gra9s ( copp] pyrites1 = example1 7 all copp] pyrites & ! p>ticles ( gangue 7 free f copp]4 ,?is w\ld be true or ne>ly s = ! v f9e p[d]1 b f> f true 9 ! case ( ! ore heap4 ,9 ! heap probably few ( ! /ones w\ld be pure ore & /ill few] w\ld be free f copp]4 ,! /ones w\ld diff] among !mselves 9 _! copp] cont5ts only )9 c]ta9 comp>atively n>r[ limits4 ,& x is evid5t t1 if replac+ "o /one by ano!r1 in/ead ( result+ 9 ! ga9 or loss ( all ! copp] "o or o!r conta9$1 m]ely affect$ ! result to "o-t5? ( ?is am\nt1 !n a sample ( #a-ajj? ( ! weight 7say #aj tons7 w\ld be equally safe4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t :ile ! man :o samples on a l>ge scale c safely & prop]ly r$uce ! size ( 8 samples on ?is acc\nt1 yet ! pr9ciple is "o :i* c\nts less & less z ! /uff becomes m f9ely divid$1 & ought to be ignor$ 9 ! work+ d[n ( ! small] samples :i* come to ! assay]4 ,,footnotes3 #abf ,! #aj 9 #bj multipli$ by #aj #ajj 9 #bjj4 #abg ,multiply ! errors = #ajj by ! squ>e root ( #aj4 #abh ,multiply ! errors = #ajj by ! squ>e root ( #fiij4 #abi ,sp4 ,gr4 #e4h4 ,silv] #fj p] c5t4 #acj ,tak+ #bh z ! limit ( v>iation on #ajj4 #aca ,! weight ( ! ore less ! weight ( ruby silv] 9 x4 ,,index4 ,acid measures1 #di ,acidimetry1 #cbc ,acidity ( ores1 #afh ,acids1 #ed /r5g? (1 #ed1 #ge1 #dcf ,air ( m9es1 c>bonic acid 91 #dbh ,alkalies1 #ccj det]m9ation (1 #cca ,lawr5ce ,smi?'s me?od =1 #ccc1 #dab sep>ation (1 #ccb ,alkalimetry1 #cbc ,alkal9e e>?s1 #cbj ,alum9a1 #cad det]m9ation (1 #cae 9 m9]al phosphates1 #caf sep>ation (1 #cad1 #caf ,amalgamation1 #abf ,ammonia1 detection (1 #cda det]m9ation (1 #cdb 9 natural wat]s1 #cec ,antimony1 #bbe detection (1 #bbg dry assay =1 #bbf gravimetric assay1 #bbh sep>ation (1 #bbh volumetric assay1 #bbi ,ars5ic1 #cha detection (1 #cha dry assay =1 #chb gravimetric assay1 #chc 9 brim/one1 #cic 9 crude ars5ic1 #chh1 #cic 9 mispickel1 #abe1 #cib iod9e1 assay =1 #chf sep>ation by di/ill+1 #chd uranium acetate1 assay =1 #chi ,volh>d's me?od appli$ to1 #abd ,assay book1 #aa note1 #ab results1 #g tons1 #ac1 #aca ,assay+1 #a me?ods1 #ae ,assays1 *eck1 #aed prelim9>y1 #adg ,atomic weights1 #fi table (1 #dcc ,b>ium1 #cbf ,b>yta1 #cbf ,b>ytes1 sulphur 91 #cgh ,base bullion1 sampl+ (1 #aeg ,basic acetate sep>ation1 #bcc ,baum's hydromet]1 #gg ,b]yllia1 #cai ,bismu?1 #bbj colorimetric assay1 #bbc detection (1 #bba gravimetric det]m9ation (1 #bbb 9 comm]cial copp]1 #bjh sep>ation (1 #bbb ,black t91 #bga an analysis (1 #bhg assay (1 #bgf copp] 91 #bjd exam9ation (1 #bhe sep>ation by vann+1 #bgb ,blank assays1 #cd ,bl5de1 sulphur 91 #cge z9c 91 #bff ,book1 assay1 #aa laboratory1 #aj sample1 #i ,boracic acid4 ,see ,boron ,borax1 exam9ation (1 #dca ,boron1 #dbi direct det]m9ation (1 #dca ,brass1 copp] 91 #aid z9c 91 #bfe ,brom9e & bromides1 #cfa ,bronze1 copp] 91 #aid t9 91 #bha ,burettes1 #ea ,burnt ore1 silv] 91 #aaf1 #aah sulphur 91 #cgg ,cadmium1 #bfi gravimetric det]m9ation1 #bfi sep>ation (1 #bfi ,caesium1 #cci ,calc9ation1 #bb1 #ib1 #aci1 #cde ,calcium1 #cbj detection (1 #cba gravimetric det]m9ation1 #cba sep>ation (1 #cba titration ) normal acid1 #cbb titration ) p]manganate1 #cbb ,calculation ( results1 #g ,calculations f =mul1 #gj ,calorific effect ( coal1 #dai ,calorimet]1 #dai ,calx1 #cde ,c>bon1 #dad gravimetric det]m9ation1 #daf 9 iron or /eel1 #dbc ,c>bonates1 #dbd ,c>bonic acid 9 ! air ( m9es1 #dbh ,cau/ic pota% potassium hydroxide1 #fe ,cau/ic soda sodium hydroxide1 #ff ,c]ium1 #cah ,*alybite1 iron 91 #bdc ,*>coal1 #ba1 #id ,*eck assays = gold1 #aed = silv]1 #ajd1 #aac ,*lor9e & *lorides1 #cei ,*romium1 #cjg gravimetric assay1 #cji 9 *rome iron ore1 #cjh volumetric assay1 #cji ,clays1 exam9ation (1 #caf ,coals1 #dah ,cobalt1 #bei detection (1 #bei dry assay =1 #bea gravimetric det]m9ation1 #bfj 9 h>dhead1 #bhh sep>ation f nickel1 #ddb1 #bed1 #beh ,coke1 #be ,common salt1 exam9ation (1 #ccf ,conc5trates1 assay = gold (1 #adj ,colorimetric assays1 #dd ,copp]1 #age ,copp]1 bismu? 91 #bjh colorimetric assay =1 #aij1 #bjc comm]cial1 ars5ic 91 #bjh1 #chh comm]cial1 copp] 91 #aic comm]cial1 exam9ation (1 #bje cyanide assay =1 #aid dry assay (1 #agf dry assay1 loss (1 91 #agf electrolytic assay =1 #aij1 #bjc gold 91 #bjf iodide assay =1 #aii iron 91 #bji1 #bdi lead 91 #bjf sep>ation (1 #ahc silv] 91 #bje sulphur 91 #bjg ,copp] ores1 solution (1 #ahc valuation (1 #aha ,copp] pyrites1 copp] 91 #agi1 #ahh1 #aih1 #bjb sulphur 91 #cgf ,culm1 #bb ,cupel1 #bc1 #adb ,cupellation1 loss1 corrections =1 #ajc loss 9 gold1 #ade loss 9 silv]1 #aja ( gold lead alloys1 #ahb ( silv] lead alloys1 #ih1 #aaj temp]ature (1 #adc ,cyanicides1 #afi ,cyanide assay = copp]1 #aid = nickel1 #bee = t91 #bgh ,cyanides1 alkal9ity (1 #afg assay (1 #afg comm]cial1 #afj d\ble1 #afa gold-dissolv+ p[]1 #afb prussic acid1 #afb volumetric det]m9ation (1 #afc1 #afe ,cyanide liquors1 alkal9ity (1 #afg assay (1 #afd1 #afe assay (1 = gold1 #adj assay (1 = z9c1 c41 #afi ,daniell cells1 #ahe ,didymium1 #cai ,doll>s to ! ton1 #i ,dry assays1 #af ,dry+1 #e1 #cc ,e>?s1 #cad ! alkal9e1 #cbj ,electrodes1 #ahg ,electrolysis = copp]1 #ahd = nickel1 #bed ,equations1 #fi ,erbia1 #cai ,f]r\s & f]ric salts1 #bca ,filtration1 #ca ,f9i%+ po9t1 #db ,flasks1 graduat$1 #di ,flatt+1 #adi ,fluor9e & fluorides1 #cfc ,fluxes1 #af1 #ic1 #acf1 #ach1 #adj ,=mul1 #fh ,furnaces1 #be ,gal5a1 lead 91 #bag1 #bah ,gangue1 #dje iron 9 !1 #bdd ,gas-measur+ app>atus1 #eb ,gases1 measurem5t (1 #dd ,gay-,lussac's assay = silv]1 #aai assay = silv] modifi$1 #abc ,g]man silv]1 copp] 91 #aid nickel 91 #bee1 #bei ,gold1 #abf amalgamation (1 #abf 9 cyanide liquor1 #adj loss (1 9 cupellation1 #ade loss (1 9 p>t+1 #aed prep>ation (1 #fc silv] 91 #aeg silv] 91 aft] p>t+1 #aed te/ =1 #abf ,gold-lead alloys1 cupellation (1 #adb sampl+ (1 #aeh ,gold ores assay ) cyanide solutions1 #ada calc9ation (1 #aci conc5trates1 #adj flux+1 #acf1 #ach1 #adj sampl+ (1 #abg size ( assay *>ges1 #abg tail+s1 #adj ,gold-p>t+1 #aej plat9um 91 #ade1 #aed1 #agj1 #aga ,gold-z9c slimes1 #adb ,graduat$ vessels1 #di ,gravimetric me?ods1 #ae1 #bg ,halog5s1 #ceh ,h>dhead1 #bhg an analysis (1 #bhi ,hot plate1 #cj ,hydrog51 prep>ation (1 #fb r$uction by1 #bhj ,hydromet]1 #gg ,ignition1 #cb 9 hydrog51 #bhj ,indicators1 #db ,inqu>tation1 #adf ,iod9e & iodides1 #cfb ,iridium1 #aga ,iron1 #bca bi*romate assay =1 #bcg1 #bdc1 c>bon 91 #dbc colorimetric assay =1 #bdg f]r\s & f]ric1 #bca gravimetric det]m9ation1 #bcc p]manganate assay =1 #bcf1 #bch phosphorus 91 #cii r$uction ( f]ric solutions1 #bce1 #bda sep>ation (1 #bcb /ann\s *loride assay =1 #bdd volumetric assays =1 #bcd ,iron ores1 iron 91 #bdd1 #bdg phosphates 91 #cii ,laboratory books1 #i ,lan?anum1 #cai ,lawr5ce ,smi?'s me?od = alkalies1 #ccc1 #dab ,lead1 #baa colorimetric assay =1 #bah detection (1 #baa dry assay =1 #baa gravimetric det]m9ation (1 #bac 9 comm]cial copp]1 #bjf 9 comm]cial z9c1 #bad 9 gal5a1 #bag1 #bah sep>ation (1 #baa1 #bac volumetric det]m9ation (1 #bad ,li?>ge1 use (1 9 dry assays1 #bj1 #ic ,li?ium1 #cch ,lime1 #cbj milk (1 #cba volumetric assays =1 #cbb ,lime/one1 exam9ation (1 #cbi lime 91 #cbd ,limewat]1 #cba ,lo?s1 #i ,magnesia1 magnesium1 #cbh mixture1 prep>ation (1 #fd ,manganese1 #bih colorimetric assay1 #cjf detection (1 #bii gravimetric det]m9ation (1 #cjj sep>ation (1 #bii volumetric det]m9ation (1 #cjj ,manganese p]oxide1 f]r\s sulphate assay =1 #cja iod9e assay =1 #cjb manganese dioxide1 #bih ,manganese ore1 copp] 91 #bjd manganese 91 #cjj p]oxide 91 #cjb ,matte1 #ah ,measur+1 #di flasks1 #di gases1 #dd1 #eb gold buttons1 #acc1 #ddj1 liquids1 #di silv] buttons1 #ajf ,me*anical me?ods1 #af ,m]cury1 #aga dry assay1 #agb wet assay1 #agc ,metallic p>ticles 9 ores1 gold1 #abi p>ticles 9 ores1 silv]1 #ajh p>ticles1 t91 #bgh1 #bhg ,micromet]1 #acc ,microscope1 measur+ ) !1 #ddj1 #acc ,mispickel1 ars5ic 91 #abe1 #cib sulphur 91 #cgf ,moi/ure1 #g1 #cej ,molybdate sep>ation = phosphates1 #cie solution1 prep>ation (1 #fj ,molybd5um1 #caa ,muffle1 #be ,nessl]'s solution1 #cdb ,nickel1 #bea dry assay =1 #bea electrolytic assay1 #bed gravimetric det]m9ation (1 #bed 9 ,g]man silv]1 #bee1 #bei sep>ation f cobalt1 #bed1 #beh1 #ddb sep>ation f iron1 #beh sep>ation f manganese1 #beh sep>ation (1 #bec volumetric assay1 #bee ,niobium1 #big ,nitre1 #bb use (1 9 dry assays1 #ie ,nitrog5 & nitrates1 #djj ,nitromet]1 #djc ,normal acid1 normal solutions1 #cbc ,ores1 det]m9+ wat] 91 #e1 #cea dry+1 #e p[d]+1 #d1 #aji1 #acj1 #ddh quantities (1 = an assay1 #aa1 #bg1 #abg sampl+1 #a1 #abg1 #ddd ) metallic p>ticles1 #c1 #ajh1 #abi ,osmiridium1 #aga ,osmium1 #aga ,ounces to ! ton1 long1 #ajg to ! ton1 %ort1 #acb ,oxidation1 #cde ,oxides1 #cde det]m9ation ( oxyg5 91 #cdf ,oxidis+ ag5ts1 #bb1 #ie1 #cde effect ( nitre1 #ie effect ( nitric acid1 #ef ,oxyg51 #cdd equival5t1 #ceh 9 natural wat]s1 #cdd1 #cef 9 ores1 #cdh ,palladium1 #aga ,p>t+1 #aej acids1 #aej 9 flasks1 #aea 9 glaz$ crucibles1 #aec 9 special app>atus1 #aef 9 te/ tubes1 #aeb ,phosphate1 assay ( apatite =1 #cii assay ( iron ore =1 #cii ,phosphates1 gravimetric assay1 #cif volumetric assay1 #cig ,phosphorus & phosphates1 #cid 9 iron1 #cii ,pipette1 #ej1 #abj ,plat9um1 #agj 9 gold1 #ade1 #aed1 #agj ,pota%1 comm]cial exam9ation (1 #cch ,potassium1 #ccf gravimetric det]m9ation1 #ccg ,potassium cyanide1 #bb1 #fe1 #afj comm]cial assay (1 #afg comm]cial1 purity (1 #afa ,p[d]+1 #d1 #acj1 #ddh1 #aji ,precipitation1 #cj ,precipitates1 dry+1 #cb ignit+1 #cb1 #cd wa%+1 #ca ,prelim9>y assays1 #ajd1 #adg ,prep>ation ( acids1 #ed ( o!r reag5ts1 #ei ,prill1 #ajh1 #abi1 #bgh1 #bhg ,produce1 #h ,pyr>s5ate ( magnesia1 #chc ,pyrites1 iron 91 #bdd sulphur 91 #cgj1 #cgf ,pyrophosphate ( magnesia1 #cig ,quantity to be tak5 = an assay1 #aa1 #bg1 #abg ,qu>tation1 #adf ,qu>t]+1 #b ,reag5ts1 /r5g? (1 #ed ,r$ lead = dry assays1 #bj1 #bb1 #id ,r$uc+ ag5ts1 #ba1 #id effects ( *>coal1 c41 #id effect ( m9]al sulphides1 #ie1 #ig1 #ih ,r$uction by hydrog51 #bhj ( f]ric solutions1 #bce1 #bdb1 #bdd ,regulus1 #ah ,report =m1 #ab ,results1 calculation (1 #g1 #ac1 #af1 #ch1 #ajg1 #aca1 #acb /atem5t (1 #g ,rhodium1 #aga ,roa/+1 #bb1 #cde ,roll+1 #adi ,rubidium1 #cdj ,ru!nium1 #aga ,sample book1 #i ,sampl+1 #a effect ( p[d]+ on1 #ddi errors1 #ddg gold ores1 #abg metals1 #aeg !ory (1 #ddd ,scorification ( silv] ores1 #hh ,scorifi]1 #bc1 #hi ,sel5ium1 #cgi ,sep>ation1 z sulphides1 #eg basic acetate1 #bcc molybdate1 #cie ,%ales1 bitum9\s1 #dbj ,silicon & silicates1 #dje 9 iron1 #dad ,silica 9 rocks1 #dji 9 slags1 #dad ,silicates1 alkalies 91 #ccc1 #dab b]yllia 91 #cbj exam9ation (1 #dji titanium 91 #daa ,silv]1 #hg correction = cupellation loss1 #ajc detection (1 #hg ,gay-,lussac's assay1 #aai ,gay-,lussac's assay modifi$1 #abc gravimetric det]m9ation (1 #aag 9 bullion1 #aac 9 burnt ore1 #aaf1 #aah 9 copp]1 #aad1 #bje 9 gal5a1 #aad 9 lead1 #aac 9 oxide ( lead1 #aac 9 silv] precipitate1 #aae loss 9 cupellation1 #aja pure prep>ation (1 #ff ,volh>d's assay1 #aba volumetric me?ods1 #aai1 #aba1 #abc ,silv] lead alloys1 cupellation (1 #ih sampl+ (1 #aeg ,silv] ore1 crucible assay (1 #ij metallic p>ticles 91 #ajh scorification (1 #hh ,size ( assay *>ges1 #aa1 #bg1 #abg ,slags1 #ai ,soda-lime1 #dbe ,sodium1 #ccd ,sodium cyanide1 #afj ,solution1 #bi ,solutions1 normal1 #cbc /&>d1 #cf ,specific gravity1 #ge1 #dcf ,speise1 #ai ,/&>d1 #cg solutions1 #cf ,/&>dis+1 #cg ,/eel1 c>bon 91 #dbc *romium 91 #caj manganese 91 #cjj ,/ok+1 #be1 #adc ,/r5g? ( reag5ts1 #ed ,/rontium1 #cbd ,sulphates & sulphur1 #cfg gravimetric det]m9ation1 #cfi volumetric det]m9ation1 #cgj ,sulphides1 r$uc+ action (1 #i1 #ie ,sulphocyanate assay = silv]1 #aba ,sulphur 9 bl5de1 #cge 9 burnt ore1 #cgg 9 *alcocite1 #cgf 9 coal1 #dai 9 copp]1 #bjg 9 copp] pyrites1 #cgf 9 mispickel1 #cgf 9 pyrites1 #cgj1 #cgf ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 prep>ation1 #eg ,sur*>ge1 #aed ,sy/em 9 assay+1 #bh ,table1 atomic weights1 #dcc comp>+ !rmomet]s1 #dce ounces to ! long ton1 #ajg ounces to ! %ort ton1 #acb sp4 g4 ammonia1 #dch sp4 g4 hydro*loric acid1 #dcg sp4 g4 m9]als1 #hf sp4 g4 nitric acid1 #dcf sp4 g4 sulphuric acid1 #dci sp4 g4 wat]1 #hc ,tantalum1 #big ,t>t>1 #bj1 #id ,tellurium1 #cgi improv$ te/ =1 #aej ,?allium1 #bai ,?orium1 #cag ,t91 #bga ,see also ,black t9 assay =1 by vann+1 #bgc copp] 91 #bjd ,corni% assay1 #bgf cyanide assay1 #bgh detection (1 #bgi gravimetric det]m9ation (1 #bha iron 91 #bej sep>ation (1 #bhj volumetric assay =1 #bhb ,t9 ars5ide1 #bhd ,t9 phosphide1 #bhd ,t9 slag1 #bij an analysis (1 #bib t9 91 #bij ,titanium1 #bib detection (1 #bic 9 black t91 #bgb1 #bhg 9 rocks1 #daa sep>ation1 c41 #bid ,titration1 #ce indirect1 #dc1 #gb ,ton1 assay1 #ac1 #aca1 long1 #bbdj lbs4 #cb1fff4f oz41 #ajg %ort1 #bjjj lbs #bi1aff4f oz41 #acb ,tung/51 #bie ,tung/ic acid1 #bie gravimetric det]m9ation1 #bif 9 black t91 #bhe 9 wolfram1 #bif ,uranium1 #cab ,valuation1 ( copp] ores1 #aha ,vanadium1 #caj ,vann+1 #bgc ,volh>d's assay appli$ to ars5ic1 #abd silv] assay1 #aba ,volume-corrector1 #ec ,volumetric assay1 #ce1 #ch ,wat]1 #g1 #cej direct det]m9ation (1 #cea exam9ation (1 #ceb expansion (1 #hc solids 91 #ced ,weigh+1 #dg small gold buttons1 #aca ,weights1 #dg ,wolfram1 an analysis (1 #bif tung/ic acid 91 #bif ,yttria1 #cai ,z9c1 #bfa comm]cial1 exam9ation (1 #bfh comm]cial1 iron 91 #bdi comm]cial1 lead 91 #bad dry assay1 #bfa gasometric assay1 #bff gravimetric det]m9ation1 #bfb 9 bl5de1 #bff 9 cyanide liquors1 #afi 9 silv] precipitate1 #bff sep>ation (1 #bfb volumetric assay1 #bfc ,zirconia1 #cag ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,co4 ,london ,ed9burgh4 ,a ,,selection ,,f ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,te*nical ,,works ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,griff9 ,,company1 ,,limit$4 ,illu/ration ,,messrs4 ,,*>les ,,griff9 ,,company',s ,,publications may be obta9$ ?r\gh any ,booksell] 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 or w be s5t ,po/-free on receipt ( a remittance to cov] publi%$ price4 ,to prev5t delay1 ,ord]s %\ld be accompani$ by a ,*eque or ,po/al ,ord] cross$ ,,union ,,( ,,london ,,& ,,smi?',s ,,bank1 ,*anc]y ,lane ,bran*4 999999 ,= ,,index1 see next page4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,no index on next page4 ,illu/ration ,,complete ,,te*nical1 ,,m$ical1 & ,,g5]al ,,catalogues =w>d$ ,po/-free on ,application4 ,,london3 ,,exet] ,,/reet1 ,,/r&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$1 ) an ,additional ,*apt] on ,f\ndations4 ,num]\s ,diagrams1 ,examples1 & ,tables4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,clo?4 #afs4 ,,! ,,design ,,( ,,/ructures3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,build+ ( ,bridges1 ,ro(s1 c4 ,,by ,s4 ,,angl91 ,c4,e41 ,ma/] ( ,eng9e]+1 ,royal ,univ]sity ( ,irel&1 late ,:itwor? ,s*ol>1 c4 ,/ud5ts ( ,eng9e]+ w f9d ?is ,text-,book ,,invaluable4--,ar*itect4 ,! au?or has c]ta9ly succe$$ 9 produc+ a ,,?or\ghly ,,practical ,text-,book4--,build]4 ,we c unhesitat+ly recomm5d ?is "w n only to ! ,/ud5t1 z ! ,,be/ ,,text-,,book on ! subject1 b also to ! pr(essional eng9e] z an ,,exce$+ly ,,valuable book ( ref]5ce4--,me*anical ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$4 ,royal #hvo4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & #ac ,li?ographic ,plates4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,price #cjs4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,bridge-,,con/ruction3 ,be+ a ,text-,book on ! ,con/ruction ( ,bridges 9 ,iron & ,/eel4 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/ud5ts1 ,,draughtsm51 ,,& ,,eng9e]s4 ,,by ,t4 ,,claxton ,,fidl]1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,pr(4 ( ,eng9e]+1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,dundee4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,,"p ,i4--,elem5t>y ,/atics4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,bridge-,con/ruction4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,! ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,! ,design ( ,bridges 9 ,detail4 ,! new edition ( ,mr4 ,fidl]'s "w w aga9 occupy ! same ,,conspicu\s ,,position among pr(essional text-books & treatises z has be5 accord$ to its pr$ecessors4 ,! in/ruction imp>t$ is ,,s\nd1 ,,simple1 ,,& ,,full4 ,! volume w be f\nd valuable & useful alike to ^? :o may wi% to /udy only ! !oretical pr9ciples enunciat$1 & 444 to o!rs ^: object & bus9ess is 444 practical4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ,press4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,copi\s ,plates & ,illu/rations4 ,! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,,dock ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,,bryson ,,cunn+ham1 ,b4,e41 ,,assoc4,m4,,in/4,c4,e41 ,( ! ,eng9e]s' ,dep>tm5t1 ,m]sey ,docks & ,h>b\r ,bo>d4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,hi/orical & ,discursive4--,dock ,design4--,con/ructive ,appliances4--,mat]ials4--,dock & ,quay ,walls4--,entrance ,passages & ,locks4--,jetties1 ,:>ves1 & ,pi]s4--,dock ,gates & ,caissons4--,transit ,%$s & ,w>eh\ses4--,dock ,bridges4--,grav+ & ,repair+ ,docks4--,work+ ,equipm5t ( ,docks4--,,index4 999999 ,! object ( ! ,au?or has be5 to deal fully & compreh5sively ) ! problems aris+ out ( ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( ,docks & _! appanages1 n simply z a record ( works c>ri$ out1 b z a treatise on ! pr9ciples und]ly+ _! con/ruction & an inve/igation ( ! ma!matical !ories involv$4 ,x is prim>ily int5d$ = ! /ud5t2 b x is hop$ t ! l>ge am\nt ( data & mat]ial collect$ f v>i\s s\rces1 & 9 _m cases contribut$ specially = ?is book1 w r5d] x useful to ! exp]t eng9e] z a "w ( ref]5ce2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ( g5]al int]e/ to directors & o!rs connect$ ) ! managem5t & adm9i/ration ( seaports4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,9 ,two ,p>ts1 ,publi%$ ,sep>ately4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,eng9e]+ ,draw+ & ,design ,vol4 ,i4--,practical ,geometry1 ,plane1 & ,solid4 #cs4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4--,ma*9e & ,eng9e ,draw+ & ,design4 #ds4 #f;d4 by ,,sidney ,h4 ,,wells1 ,,:4,,sc41 ,a4,m4,,in/4,c4,e41 ,a4,m4,,in/4,,me*4,e41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,batt]sea ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 & ,head ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t !re92 =m]ly ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,york%ire ,college1 ,le$s2 & ,dulwi* ,college1 ,london4 ,) _m ,illu/rations1 specially prep>$ = ! ,"w1 & num]\s ,examples1 = ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts 9 ,te*nical ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,a ,,capital ,,text-,,book1 arrang$ on an ,,excell5t ,,sy/em1 calculat$ to give an intellig5t grasp ( ! subject1 & n ! m]e faculty ( me*anical copy+4444 ,mr4 ,wells %[s h[ to make complete work+ draw+s1 discuss+ fully ea* /ep 9 ! design4--,electrical ,review4 ,! fir/ book leads easily & naturally t[>ds ! second1 :]e ! te*nical pupil br\ght into contact ) l>ge & m complex designs4--,! ,s*oolma/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,works by ,,bryan ,,donk91 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,me*4 ,e41 c4 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) additional ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 #bes4 ,,gas1 ,,oil1 ,,& ,,air ,,eng9es3 ,a ,practical ,text-,book on ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,motors )\t ,boil]4 ,,by ,,bryan ,,donk91 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,,me*4 ,e4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,gas ,eng9es3--,g5]al ,description--,hi/ory & ,developm5t--,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man ,gas ,eng9es--,gas ,production = ,motive ,p[]--,!ory ( ! ,gas ,eng9e--,*emical ,composition ( ,gas 9 ,gas ,eng9es--,utilisation ( ,heat--,explosion & ,combu/ion4 ,oil ,motors3--,hi/ory & ,developm5t--,v>i\s ,types--,prie/man's & o!r ,oil ,eng9es4 ,hot-,air ,eng9es3--,hi/ory & ,developm5t--,v>i\s ,types3 ,/irl+'s1 ,ericsson's1 c41 c4 ,! ,,be/ ,,book ,,n[ ,,publi%$ on ,gas1 ,oil1 & ,air ,eng9es4444 ,w be ( ,,v ,,great ,,int]e/ to ! num]\s practical eng9e]s :o h to make !mselves famili> ) ! motor ( ! day4444 ,mr4 ,donk9 has ! advantage ( ,,long ,,practical ,,exp]i5ce1 comb9$ ) ,,high ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,exp]im5tal ,,k1 & an accurate p]ception ( ! requirem5ts ( ,eng9e]s4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,we ,,he>tily ,,recomm5d ,mr4 ,donk9's "w4444 ,a monum5t ( c>eful lab\r4444 ,lum9\s & compreh5sive4--,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 ,a ?or\ghly ,,reliable ,,& ,,exhau/ive ,treatise4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,qu>to1 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,num]\s ,plates4 #bes4 ,,! ,,heat ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,/eam ,,boil]s 7,,l&1 ,,m>9e1 ,,& ,,locomotive74 ,) _m ,te/s & ,exp]im5ts on diff]5t ,types ( ,boil]s1 z to ! ,heat+ ,value ( ,fuels1 c41 ) ,analyses ( ,gases & ,am\nt ( ,evaporation1 & ,sugge/ions = ! ,te/+ ( ,boil]s4 ,,by ,,bryan ,,donk91 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,classification ( diff]5t ,types ( ,boil]s--#dbe ,exp]im5ts on ,engli% & ,=eign ,boil]s ) _! ,heat ,effici5cies %[n 9 ,fifty ,tables--,fire ,grates ( ,v>i\s ,types--,me*anical ,/ok]s--,combu/ion ( ,fuel 9 ,boil]s--,transmission ( ,heat ?r\gh ,boil] ,plates1 & _! ,temp]ature--,fe$ ,wat] ,heat]s1 ,sup]heat]s1 ,fe$ ,pumps1 c4--,smoke & its ,prev5tion--,in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,te/+ ,boil]s--,m>9e & ,locomotive ,boil]s--,fuel ,te/+ ,/ations--,discussion ( ! ,trials & ,conclusions--,on ! ,*oice ( a ,boil]1 & ,te/+ ( ,l&1 ,m>9e1 & ,locomotive ,boil]s--,app5dices--,bibliography--,ind ex4 ,) ,plates illu/rat+ ,progress made dur+ rec5t ye>s1 & ! be/ ,mod]n ,practice4 ,a ,,"w ,,( ,,ref]5ce ,,at ,,pres5t ,,unique4 ,w give an answ] to almo/ any "q connect$ ) ! p]=mance ( boil]s t x is possible to ask4--,eng9e]4 ,probably ! ,,mo/ ,,exhau/ive rsum t has ev] be5 collect$4 ,a ,,practical ,,book by a ?or\ghly practical man4--,iron & ,coal ,trades ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,pocket-,size1 ,lea!r1 #abs4 #f;d42 also ,l>g] ,size = ,(fice ,use1 ,clo?1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,boil]s1 ,m>9e & ,l&3 ,,_! ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,/r5g?4 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,rules1 ,,=mul1 ,,tables1 ,c41 ,,relative ,,to ,,mat]ial1 ,,scantl+s1 ,,& ,,pressures1 ,,safety ,,valves1 ,,spr+s1 ,,fitt+s ,,& ,,m\nt+s1 ,c4 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,eng9e]s1 ,,surveyors1 ,,boil]-,,mak]s1 ,,& ,,/eam ,,us]s4 ,,by ,t4,w4 ,,traill1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,e4,r4,n41 ,late ,eng9e] ,surveyor-9-,*ief to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 999999 ,to ! ,second & ,?ird ,editions _m ,new ,tables = ,pressure1 up to #bjj ,lbs4 p] ,squ>e ,in* h be5 add$4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,valuable ,,"w on ,boil]s publi%$ 9 ,engl&4--,%ipp+ ,_w4 ,conta9s an ,,enorm\s ,,quantity ,,( ,,in=mation arrang$ 9 a v conv5i5t =m4444 ,a ,,mo/ ,,useful ,,volume 444 supply+ in=mation to be _h n[h]e else4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ird ,impression4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #fs4 ,,eng9e-,,room ,,practice3 ,a ,h&book = ,eng9e]s & ,(fic]s 9 ! ,royal ,navy & ,m]cantile ,m>9e1 ,includ+ ! ,managem5t ( ! ,ma9 & ,auxili>y ,eng9es on ,bo>d ,%ip4 ,,by ,,john ,g4 ,,liv]sidge1 ,eng9e]1 ,r4,n41 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,in/ructor 9 ,appli$ ,me*anics at ! ,royal ,naval ,college1 ,gre5wi*4 ,cont5ts4--,g5]al ,description ( ,m>9e ,ma*9]y4--,! ,conditions ( ,s]vice & ,duties ( ,eng9e]s ( ! ,royal ,navy4--,entry & ,conditions ( ,s]vice ( ,eng9e]s ( ! ,lead+ ,s4,s4 ,companies4--,rais+ ,/eam4--,duties ( a ,/eam+ ,wat* on ,eng9es & ,boil]s4--,%utt+ (f ,/eam4--,h>b\r ,duties & ,wat*es4--,adju/m5ts & ,repairs ( ,eng9es4--,pres]vation & ,repairs ( ,tank ,boil]s4--,! ,hull & its ,fitt+s4--,clean+ & ,pa9t+ ,ma*9]y4--,reciprocat+ ,pumps1 ,fe$ ,heat]s1 & ,automatic ,fe$-,wat] ,regulators4--,evaporators4--,/eam ,boats4--,electric ,light ,ma*9]y4--,hydraulic ,ma*9]y4--,air-,compress+ ,pumps4--,refrig]at+ ,ma*9es4--,ma*9]y ( ,de/roy]s4--,! ,managem5t ( ,wat]-,tube ,boil]s4--,regulations = ,entry ( ,assi/ant ,eng9e]s1 ,r4,n4--,que/ions giv5 9 ,exam9ations = ,promotion ( ,eng9e]s1 ,r4,n4--,regulations respect+ ,bo>d ( ,trade ,exam9ations = ,eng9e]s1 c4 ,! cont5ts ,,_c ,,fail ,,to ,,be ,,appreciat$4--,! ,/eam%ip4 ,?is v useful book4444 ,,illu/rations are ( ,,great ,,importance 9 a "w ( ?is k9d1 & x is satisfactory to f9d t ,,special ,,att5tion has be5 giv5 9 ?is respect4--,eng9e]s' ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo1 extra1 ) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,%ortly4 ,,gas ,,& ,,oil ,,eng9es3 ,an ,introductory ,text-,book on ! ,!ory1 ,design1 ,con/ruction1 & ,te/+ ( ,int]nal ,combu/ion ,eng9es )\t ,boil]4 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/ud5ts4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,w4,h4 ,,watk9son1 ,,:it4 ,,s*41 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,,me*4 ,e41 ,glasg[ & ,we/ ( ,scotl& ,te*nical ,college4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,) num]\s ,plates r$uc$ f ,work+ ,draw+s & #bhj ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 #bas4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,locomotive ,,eng9e]+3 ,a ,practical ,text-,book = ! ,use ( ,eng9e ,build]s1 ,design]s & ,draughtsm51 ,railway ,eng9e]s1 & ,/ud5ts4 ,,by ,,william ,,frank ,,pettigrew1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,) a ,section on ,am]ican & ,cont95tal ,eng9es4 ,,by ,,alb]t ,f4 ,,rav5%e>1 ,b4,,sc41 ,( ,8 ,maje/y's ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,cont5ts4--,hi/orical ,introduction1 #agfc-ahfc4--,mod]n ,locomotives3 ,simple4--,mod]n ,locomotives3 ,comp\nd4--,prim>y ,consid]ation 9 ,locomotive ,design4--,cyl9d]s1 ,/eam ,*e/s1 & ,/uff+ ,boxes4--,pi/ons1 ,pi/on ,rods1 ,cros%eads1 & ,slide ,b>s4--,connect+ & ,c\pl+ ,rods4--,:eels & ,axles1 ,axle ,boxes1 ,hornblocks1 & ,be>+ ,spr+s4--,balanc+4--,valve ,ge>4--,slide ,valves & ,valve ,ge> ,details4--,fram+1 ,bogies & ,axle ,trucks1 ,radial ,axle ,boxes4--,boil]s4--,smokebox1 ,bla/ ,pipe1 ,firebox ,fitt+s4--,boil] ,m\nt+s4--,t5d]s4--,railway ,brakes4--,lubrication4--,consumption ( ,fuel1 ,evaporation & ,eng9e ,effici5cy4--,am]ican ,locomotives4--,cont95tal ,locomotives4--,repairs1 ,runn+1 ,inspection1 & ,r5ewals4--,?ree ,app5dices4--,index4 ,likely to rema9 = _m ye>s ! ,,/&>d ,,"w = ^? wi%+ to le>n ,design4--,eng9e]4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ & valuable addition to ! bibliography ( ! ,locomotive4--,railway ,(ficial ,gazette4 ,we recomm5d ! book z ,,?or\ghly ,,practical 9 its "*1 & ,,m]it+ ,a ,,place ,,9 ,,any ,,collection ( 444 works on ,locomotive ,eng9e]+4--,railway ,news4 ,! "w ,,conta9s ,,all ,,t ,,c ,,be ,,le>nt f a book ^u su* a subject4 ,x w at once rank z ,,! ,,/&>d ,,"w ,,^u ,,?is ,,important ,,subject4--,railway ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,plates & ,illu/rations4 #afs4 ,,light ,,railways ,,at ,,home ,,& ,,abroad4 ,,by ,,william ,,h5ry ,,cole1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,late ,deputy-,manag]1 ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 ,india4 ,cont5ts4--,discussion ( ! ,t]m ,light ,railways4--,engli% ,railways1 ,rates1 & ,f>m]s4--,light ,railways 9 ,belgium1 ,france1 ,italy1 o!r ,european ,c\ntries1 ,am]ica & ! ,colonies1 ,india1 ,irel&4--,road ,transport z an alt]native4--,! ,light ,railways ,act1 #ahif4--,! ,"q ( ,gauge4--,con/ruction & ,work+4--,locomotives & ,roll+-,/ock4--,light ,railways 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales4--,app5dices & ,index4 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,cole has br\ght toge!r 444 a ,,l>ge ,,am\nt ,,( ,,valuable ,,in=mation 444 hi!rto practically inaccessible to ! ord9>y read]4--,times4 ,w rema91 = "s "t yet a ,,/&>d ,,"w 9 ev]y?+ relat+ to ,light ,railways4--,eng9e]4 ,! au?or has ext5d$ practical exp]i5ce t makes ! book lucid & useful4 ,x is ,,exce$+ly well done--,eng9e]+4 ,! :ole subject is ,,exhau/ively & ,,practically consid]$4 ,! "w c be cordially recomm5d$ z ,,indisp5sable to ^? ^: duty x is to become acqua9t$ ) "o ( ! prime necessities ( ! imm$iate future4--,railway ,(ficial ,gazette4 ,,!re ,,c\ld ,,be ,,no ,,bett] ,,book ( fir/ ref]5ce on its subject4 ,all classes ( ,eng9e]s w welcome its appe>ance4--,scotsman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 ,,valves ,,& ,,valve-,,ge>+3 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,corliss ,,valve ,,& ,,trip ,,ge>s4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,hur/1 ,practical ,draughtsman4 ,,concise explanations illu/rat$ by #aae ,,v ,,cle> ,,diagrams & draw+s & #d fold+-plates 444 ! book fulfils a ,,valuable function4--,a!num4 ,,mr4 ,,hur/',s ,,valves ,,& ,,valve-,,ge>+ w prove a v valuable aid1 & t5d to ! production ( ,eng9es ( ,,sci5tific ,,design ,,& ,,economical ,,work+4444 ,w be l>gely s\ght aft] by ,/ud5ts & ,design]s4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 ,,useful ,,& ,,?or\ghly ,,practical4 ,w und\bt$ly be f\nd ( ,,great ,,value to all conc]n$ ) ! design ( ,valve-ge>+4--,me*anical ,_w4 ,almo/ ,,e ,,type ,,( ,,valve & its ge>+ is cle>ly set =?1 & illu/rat$ 9 su* a way z to be ,,readily ,,und]/ood & ,,practically ,,appli$ by ei!r ! ,eng9e]1 ,draughtsman1 or ,/ud5t4444 ,%\ld prove bo? ,,useful & ,,valuable to all ,eng9e]s seek+ = ,,reliable & ,,cle> in=mation on ! subject4 ,its mod]ate price br+s x )9 ! rea* ( all--,indu/ries & ,iron4 ,mr4 ,,hur/',s "w is ,,admirably suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! practical me*anic4444 ,x is free f any elaborate !oretical discussions1 & ! explanations ( ! v>i\s types ( valve-ge> are accompani$ by diagrams :i* r5d] !m ,,easily ,,und]/ood4--,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h9ts on ,/eam ,eng9e ,design & ,con/ruction4 ,by ,,*>les ,,hur/1 ,au?or ( ,valves & ,valve ,ge>+4 ,9 ,pap] ,bo>ds1 #hvo41 ,clo? ,back4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 net4 ,,cont5ts4--,i4 ,/eam ,pipes4--,,ii4 ,valves4--,,iii4 ,cyl9d]s4--,,iv4 ,air ,pumps & ,cond5s]s4--,v4 ,motion ,"w4--,,vi4 ,crank ,%afts & ,p$e/als4--,,vii4 ,valve ,ge>4--,,viii4 ,lubrication4--,,ix4 ,miscellane\s ,details--,,index4 ,a h&y volume :i* e practical "y eng9e] %\ld possess4--,! ,model ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,j ,,out4 ,/rongly ,b\nd 9 ,sup] ,royal #hvo4 ,clo? ,bo>ds4 ,,bonus ,,tables3 ,= ,calculat+ ,wages on ! ,bonus or ,premium ,sy/ems4 ,= ,eng9e]+1 ,te*nical & ,alli$ ,trades4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,gold+1 ,a4,m4,,in/4,m4,e41 ,te*nical ,assi/ant to ,messrs4 ,bryan ,donk9 & ,cl5*1 ,ltd41 & ,assi/ant ,lectur] 9 ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ at ! ,nor?ampton ,in/itute1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,! adoption ( ?is sy/em = ! paym5t ( workm5 has creat$ a dem& = "s h&y table or s]ies ( tables1 by means ( :i* ! wages may be easily f\nd )\t ! necessity ( any calculations :atev]4 ,) ! object ( supply+ ?is ne$1 ! au?or has compil$ ! foll[+ tables1 :i* h be5 9 practical use = "s "t pa/ at a l>ge eng9e]+ works 9 ,london1 & h be5 f\nd ( ine/imable value4 ,n only are !y ( great value z a '"t sav+ appliance1' ! computation ( ! bonus or premiums e>n$ by a numb] ( m5 tak+ only "o-t5? ! "t by ! aid ( ^! tables comp>$ ) ord9>y calculations1 b !y possess ! additional advantage ( be+ less liable to error1 z !re is practically no possibility ( a mi/ake occurr+4--,extract f ,preface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,illu/rations1 ,tables1 c4 #bas4 ,lubrication ,lubricants3 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,lubrication ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,nature1 ,,prop]ties1 ,,& ,,te/+ ,,( ,,lubricants4 ,,by ,,leon>d ,,ar*butt1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,*emi/ to ! ,midl& ,railway ,company1 ,,& ,r4 ,,m\nt=d ,,deeley1 ,m4,i4,m4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,midl& ,railway ,locomotive ,works' ,manag]1 ,d]by4 ,,cont5ts4--,i4 ,friction ( ,solids4--,,ii4 ,liquid ,friction or ,viscosity1 & ,pla/ic ,friction4--,,iii4 ,sup]ficial ,t5sion4--,,iv4 ,! ,!ory ( ,lubrication4--,v4 ,lubricants1 _! ,s\rces1 ,prep>ation1 & ,prop]ties4--,,vi4 ,physical ,prop]ties & ,me?ods ( ,exam9ation ( ,lubricants4--,,vii4 ,*emical ,prop]ties & ,me?ods ( ,exam9ation ( ,lubricants4--,,viii4 ,! ,sy/ematic ,te/+ ( ,lubricants by ,physical & ,*emical ,me?ods4--,,ix4 ,! ,me*anical ,te/+ ( ,lubricants4--,x4 ,! ,design & ,lubrication ( ,be>+s4--,,xi4 ,! ,lubrication ( ,ma*9]y4--,,index4 ,de/9$ to become a ,,classic on ! subject4--,indu/ries & ,iron4 ,conta9s practically ,,all ,,t ,,is ,,kn[n on ! subject4 ,des]ves ! c>eful att5tion ( all ,eng9e]s4--,railway ,(ficial ,guide4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,v fully ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,/eam-,,boil]s3 ,,_! ,,defects1 ,,managem5t1 ,,& ,,con/ruction4 ,,by ,r4,d4 ,,munro1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,scotti% ,boil] ,insurance & ,eng9e ,inspection ,company4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,i4 ,,explosions caus$ 7#a7 by ,ov]heat+ ( ,plates--7#b7 ,by ,defective & ,ov]load$ ,safety ,valves--7#c7 ,by ,corrosion1 ,int]nal or ,ext]nal--7#d7 ,by ,defective ,design & ,con/ruction 7,unsupport$ ,flue ,tubes2 ,un/r5g!n$ ,manholes2 ,defective ,/ay+2 ,/r5g? ( ,rivett$ ,jo9ts2 ,factor ( ,safety7--,,ii4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,v]tical ,,boil]s3 ,%ells--,cr[n ,plates & ,uptake ,tubes--,man-,holes1 ,mud-,holes1 & ,fire-,holes--,fireboxes--,m\nt+s--,mana gem5t--,clean+--,table ( ,bur/+ ,pressures ( ,/eel ,boil]s--,table ( ,rivett$ ,jo9ts--,specifications & ,draw+s ( ,lanca%ire ,boil] = ,work+ ,pressures 7a7 #hj lbs42 7b7 #bjj lbs4 p] squ>e in* respectively4 ,a valuable companion = workm5 & eng9e]s engag$ ab\t ,/eam ,boil]s1 ought to be c>efully /udi$1 & ,,always ,,at ,,h&4--,coll4 ,gu>dian4 ,! book is ,,v ,,useful1 especially to /eam us]s1 artisans1 & "y ,eng9e]s4--,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,kit*5 ,,boil] ,,explosions3 ,:y !y ,occur1 & ,h[ to ,prev5t _! ,occurr5ce4 ,a ,practical ,h&book bas$ on ,actual ,exp]im5t4 ,) ,diagram & ,col\r$ ,plate4 ,price #cs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,j ,,out4 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #es4 net4 ,,em]y ,,gr9d+ ,,ma*9]y4 ,a ,text-,book ( ,work%op ,practice 9 ,g5]al ,tool ,gr9d+1 & ! ,design1 ,con/ruction1 & ,application ( ! ,ma*9es ,employ$4 ,,by ,r4,b4 ,,hodgson1 ,a4,m4 ,,in/4 ,,me*4 ,e41 ,au?or ( ,ma*9es & ,tools ,employ$ 9 ! ,work+ ( ,%eet ,metals4 ,,introduction4--,tool ,gr9d+4--,em]y ,:eels4--,m\nt+ ,em]y ,:eels4--,em]y ,r+s & ,cyl9d]s4--,conditions to ,ensure ,effici5t ,work+4--,lead+ ,types ( ,ma*9es4--,concave & ,convex ,gr9d+4--,cup & ,cone ,ma*9es4--,multiple ,gr9d+4--,gue/ ,univ]sal & ,cutt] ,gr9d+ ,ma*9es4--,w>d ,univ]sal ,cutt] ,gr9d]4--,press4--,tool ,gr9d+4--,la! ,c5tre ,gr9d]4--,poli%+4--,,index4 ,deals practically ) e phase ( 8 subject4--,ironmong]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fif? ,,edition4 ,folio1 /rongly half-b\nd1 #ba_/4 ,,trav]se ,,tables3 ,comput$ to ,f\r ,places ( ,decimals = e ,m9ute ( ,angle up to #ajj ( ,di/ance4 ,= ! use ( ,surveyors & ,eng9e]s4 ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,lloyd ,,gurd51 ,au?oris$ ,surveyor = ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria4 999999 ,publi%$ ) ! ,concurr5ce ( ! ,surveyors-,g5]al = ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria4 ,^? :o h exp]i5ce 9 exact ,,survey-,,"w w be/ "k h[ to appreciate ! enorm\s am\nt ( lab\r repres5t$ by ?is valuable book4 ,! computations enable ! us] to asc]ta9 ! s9es & cos9es = a di/ance ( twelve miles to )9 half an in*1 & ?is ,,by ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,b ,,"o ,,table1 9 place ( ! usual ,fifte5 m9ute computations requir$4 ,?is alone is evid5ce ( ! assi/ance :i* ! ,tables ensure to e us]1 & z e ,surveyor 9 active practice has felt ! want ( su* assi/ance ,,few ,,kn[+ ,,( ,,_! ,,publication ,,w ,,rema9 ,,)\t ,,!m4--,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,&rew ,,jamieson1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+1 ,! ,glasg[ & ,we/ ( ,scotl& ,te*nical ,college4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr(essor ,,jamieson',s ,,advanc$ ,,text-,,books4 ,9 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,,/eam ,,& ,,/eam-,,eng9es 7,a ,text-,book on74 ,= ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts prep>+ = ,competitive ,exam9ations4 ,) #fjj pp41 ov] #bjj ,illu/rations1 #f ,fold+ ,plates1 & num]\s ,exam9ation ,pap]s4 ,,?irte5? ,,edition1 ,revis$4 #h_/f4 ,pr(essor ,jamieson fasc9ates ! read] by 8 ,,cle>ness ,,( ,,conception ,,& ,,simplicity ,,( ,,expression4 ,8 treatm5t recalls ! lectur+ ( ,f>aday4--,a!num4 ,! ,,be/ ,,book yet publi%$ = ! use ( ,/ud5ts4--,eng9e]4 ,,magnetism ,,& ,,electricity 7,an ,advanc$ ,text-,book on74 ,= ,advanc$ & ,hon\rs ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,pr(4 ,jamieson1 assi/$ by ,david ,rob]tson1 ,b4,sc41 ,pr(essor ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,m]*ant ,v5tur]s' ,te*nical ,college1 ,bri/ol4 ,%ortly4 ,,appli$ ,,me*anics 7,an ,advanc$ ,text-,book on74 ,vol4 ,i4--,compris+ ,"p ,i43 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,"w & its applications2 ,"p ,,ii43 ,ge>+4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,,fully ,,ma9ta9s ! reputation ( ! ,au?or4--,pract4 ,eng9e]4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,compris+ ,p>ts ,,iii4 to ,,vi43 ,motion & ,en]gy2 ,graphic ,/atics2 ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials2 ,hydraulics & ,hydraulic ,ma*9]y4 ,,second ,,edition4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,well ,,& ,,lucidly ,,writt54--,! ,eng9e]4 999999 ,ea* ( ! above volumes is complete 9 itself1 & sold sep>ately4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr(essor ,,jamieson',s ,,introductory ,,manuals4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,exam9ation ,pap]s4 ,,/eam ,,& ,,! ,,/eam-,,eng9e 7,elem5t>y ,manual (74 ,= ,fir/-,ye> ,/ud5ts4 ,,n9? ,,edition1 ,revis$4 #c_/f4 ,%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ,,e eng9e]+ appr5tice4--,practical ,eng9e]4 ,,magnetism ,,& ,,electricity 7,elem5t>y ,manual (74 ,= ,fir/-,ye> ,/ud5ts4 ,,fif? ,,edition44 #c_/f4 ,a ,,capital ,,text-,,book4444 ,! diagrams are an important feature4--,s*oolma/]4 ,a ,,?or\ghly ,,tru/wor?y ,text-book4 ,,practical & cle>4--,nature4 ,,appli$ ,,me*anics 7,elem5t>y ,manual (74 ,specially arrang$ = ,fir/-,ye> ,/ud5ts4 ,,fif? ,,edition1 ,revis$4 #c_/f4 ,! "w has ,,v ,,high ,,qualities1 :i* may be cond5s$ into ! "o ^w ',,cle>4'--,sci5ce & ,art4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 #cjj pages4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,,mod]n ,,electric ,,tramway ,,traction3 ,a ,text-,book ( ,pres5t-,day ,practice4 ,= ! ,use ( ,electrical ,eng9e]+ ,/ud5ts & ^? int]e/$ 9 ,electric ,transmission ( ,p[]4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,&rew ,,jamieson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,pocket-,,book ( ,,electrical ,,rules & ,,tables4 ,= ! ,use ( ,electricians & ,eng9e]s4 ,pocket ,size4 ,lea!r1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,sixte5? ,,edition4 ,see p4 #di4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,macquorn ,,rank9e1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,late ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,civil ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,,?or\ghly ,,revis$ ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,mill>1 ,c4,e41 ,late ,secret>y to ! ,in/itute ( ,eng9e]s & ,%ipbuild]s 9 ,scotl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,appli$ ,,me*anics3 ,compris+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,/atics & ,c9ematics1 & ,!ory ( ,/ructures1 ,me*anism1 & ,ma*9es4 ,) ,num]\s ,diagrams4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,,sixte5? ,,edition4 #abs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]+3 ,compris+ ,eng9e]+ ,surveys1 ,e>?work1 ,f\ndations1 ,masonry1 ,c>p5try1 ,metal ,"w1 ,roads1 ,railways1 ,canals1 ,riv]s1 ,wat]works1 ,h>b\rs1 c4 ,) ,num]\s ,tables & ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?4 ,,tw5ty-,,fir/ ,,edition4 #afs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,ma*9]y ,,& ,,millwork3 ,compris+ ! ,geometry1 ,motions1 ,"w1 ,/r5g?1 ,con/ruction1 & ,objects ( ,ma*9es1 c4 ,illu/rat$ ) ne>ly #cjj ,woodcuts1 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,,sev5? ,,edition4 #abs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,/eam-,,eng9e ,,& ,,o!r ,,prime ,,mov]s3 ,) a ,section on ,,gas1 ,,oil1 & ,,air ,,eng9es1 by ,,bryan ,,donk91 ,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,) ,fold+ ,plates & ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,,fifte5? ,,edition4 #abs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,rules ,,& ,,tables3 ,= ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,f\nd]s1 ,me*anics1 ,%ipbuild]s1 ,surveyors1 c4 ,) ,,app5dix = ! use ( ,,electrical ,,eng9e]s4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,jamieson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,sev5? ,,edition4 #ajs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,me*anical ,,text-,,book3 ,a ,practical & ,simple ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,me*anics4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,rank9e & ,e4,f4 ,,bamb]1 ,c4,e4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,,fif? ,,edition4 #is4 999999 ,! ,,me*anical ,,text-,,book 0 design$ by ,pr(essor ,,rank9e z an ,,introduction to ! above ,s]ies ( ,manuals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,miscellane\s ,,sci5tific ,,pap]s4 ,royal #hvo4 ,clo?1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,"p ,i4 ,pap]s relat+ to ,temp]ature1 ,ela/icity1 & ,expansion ( ,vap\rs1 ,liquids1 & ,solids4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,pap]s on ,en]gy & its ,trans=mations4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,pap]s on ,wave-,=ms1 ,propulsion ( ,vessels1 c4 ,) ,memoir by ,pr(essor ,,tait1 ,m4,a4 ,edit$ by ,w4,j4 ,,mill>1 ,c4,e4 ,) f9e ,portrait on ,/eel1 ,plates1 & ,diagrams4 ,no m endur+ ,memorial ( ,pr(essor ,rank9e c\ld be devis$ ?an ! publication ( ^! pap]s 9 an accessible =m4444 ,! ,collection is mo/ valuable on acc\nt ( ! nature ( 8 discov]ies1 & ! beauty & complet5ess ( 8 analysis4444 ,! ,volume exce$s 9 importance any "w 9 ! same dep>tm5t publi%$ 9 our "t4--,ar*itect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,%elton-,,bey 7,w4 ,v9c5t1 ,=eman to ! ,imp]ial ,ottoman ,gun ,factories1 ,con/ant9ople73 ,,! ,,me*anic',s ,,guide3 ,a ,h&-,book = ,eng9e]s & ,artizans4 ,) ,copi\s ,tables & ,valuable ,recipes = ,practical ,use4 ,illu/rat$4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #g_/f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some clo?1 #cds4 ,,hydraulic ,,p[] ,,& ,,hydraulic ,,ma*9]y4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,rob9son1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,k+',s ,,college1 ,,london2 ,,pr(4 ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]+1 ,,k+',s ,,college1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts1 & ,sixty-n9e ,plates4 ,a ,book ( great ,pr(essional ,usefulness4--,iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,frontispiece1 sev]al ,plates1 & ov] #bej ,illu/rations4 #bas4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,pump+ ,,ma*9]y 7,,/eam ,,& ,,wat] ,,pressure74 ,) ,practical ,illu/rations ( ,,eng9es & ,,pumps appli$ to ,,m9+1 ,,t[n ,,wat] ,,supply1 ,,dra9age ( ,l&s1 c41 also ,economy & ,effici5cy ,trials ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,davey1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,,cont5ts--,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,pump+ ,eng9es--,/eam ,pump+ ,eng9es--,pumps & ,pump ,valves--,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,non-,rotative ,pump+ ,eng9es--,! ,corni% ,eng9e1 ,simple & ,comp\nd--,types ( ,m9+ ,eng9es--,pit ,"w--,%aft ,s9k+--,hydraulic ,transmission ( ,p[] 9 ,m9es--,valve ,ge>s ( ,pump+ ,eng9es--,wat] ,pressure ,pump+ ,eng9es--,wat] ,works ,eng9es--,pump+ ,eng9e ,economy & ,trials ( ,pump+ ,ma*9]y--,c5trifugal & o!r ,l[-,lift ,pumps--,hydraulic ,rams4 ,pump+ ,ma9s1 c4--,,index4 ,by ! '"o' ,engli% ,eng9e] :o probably kn[s m ab\t ,pump+ ,ma*9]y ?an ,,any ,,o!r4' 444 ,a ,,volume ,,record+ ,,! ,,results ,,( ,,long ,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,/udy4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,und\bt$ly ,,! ,,be/ ,,& ,,mo/ ,,practical ,,treatise on ,pump+ ,ma*9]y ,,t ,,has ,,yet ,,be5 ,,publi%$4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,royal #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & ,tables4 #bes4 ,,! ,,/ability ,,( ,,%ips4 ,,by ,,sir ,,edw>d ,j4 ,,re$1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,p41 ,,knight ,,( ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,ord]s ,,( ,,/4 ,,/anilaus ,,( ,,russia2 ,,francis ,,joseph ,,( ,,au/ria2 ,,m$jidie ,,( ,,turkey2 ,,& ,,ris+ ,,sun ,,( ,,japan2 ,,vice-,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,naval ,,ar*itects4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! "w complete = ! purposes ( ! ,%ipbuild]1 :e!r at home or abroad1 ! ,me?ods ( ,calculation introduc$ by ,mr4 ,f4,k4 ,,b>nes1 ,mr4 ,,gray1 ,m4 ,,ree*1 ,m4 ,,daym>d1 & ,mr4 ,,b5jam91 are all giv5 sep>ately1 illu/rat$ by ,tables & work$-out examples4 ,! book conta9s m ?an #bjj ,diagrams1 & is illu/rat$ by a l>ge numb] ( actual cases1 d]iv$ f %ips ( all descriptions4 ,sir ,,edw>d ,,re$',s ',,/ability ,,( ,,%ips' is ,,invaluable4 ,! ,,naval ,,ar*itect w f9d br\ght toge!r & ready to 8 h&1 a mass ( in=mation :i* he w\ld o!rwise h to seek 9 an almo/ endless v>iety ( publications1 & "s ( :i* he w\ld possibly n be able to obta9 at all else:]e4--,/eam%ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,design ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,%ips4 ,by ,,john ,,h>v>d ,,biles1 ,m4,,in/4,n4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,naval ,ar*itecture 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,9 ,prep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,plates1 ,num]\s ,diagrams1 & ,figures 9 ! ,text4 #ahs4 net4 ,,/eel ,,%ips3 ,,_! ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,ma9t5ance4 ,a ,manual = ,%ipbuild]s1 ,%ip ,sup]9t5d5ts1 ,/ud5ts1 & ,m>9e ,eng9e]s4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,walton1 ,,naval ,,ar*itect1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,"k ,,y\r ,,own ,,%ip4 ,,cont5ts4--,i4 ,manufacture ( ,ca/ ,iron1 ,wr\ght ,iron1 & ,/eel4--,composition ( ,iron & ,/eel1 ,quality1 ,/r5g?1 ,te/s1 c4 ,,ii4 ,classification ( ,/eel ,%ips4 ,,iii4 ,consid]ations 9 mak+ *oice ( ,type ( ,vessel4--,fram+ ( ,%ips4 ,,iv4 ,/ra9s exp]i5c$ by ,%ips4--,me?ods ( ,comput+ & ,comp>+ ,/r5g?s ( ,%ips4 ,v4 ,con/ruction ( ,%ips4--,alt]native ,modes ( ,con/ruction4--,types ( ,vessels4--,turret1 ,self ,trimm+1 & ,trunk ,/eam]s1 c4--,rivets & ,rivett+1 ,workman%ip4 ,,vi4 ,pump+ ,arrangem5ts4 ,,vii4 ,ma9t5ance4--,prev5tion ( ,det]ioration 9 ! ,hulls ( ,%ips4--,cem5t1 ,pa9t1 c4--,,index4 ,s ?or\gh & well writt5 is e *apt] 9 ! book t x is difficult to select any ( !m z be+ wor?y ( exceptional praise4 ,altoge!r1 ! "w is excell5t1 & w prove ( great value to ^? = :om x is int5d$4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,mr4 ,walton has writt5 = ! pr(ession ( :i* he is an ornam5t4 ,8 "w w be read & appreciat$1 no d\bt1 by e ,m4,i4,n4,a41 & ) great b5efit by ! majority ( !m4--,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,clo?1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,lea!r1 = ! ,pocket1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,griff9',s ,,electrical ,,price-,,book3 ,= ,electrical1 ,civil1 ,m>9e1 & ,bor\gh ,eng9e]s1 ,local ,au?orities1 ,ar*itects1 ,railway ,contractors1 c41 c4 ,edit$ by ,h4,j4 ,,d[s+4 ,! ,,electrical ,,price-,,book ,,removes ,,all ,,my/]y ab\t ! co/ ( ,electrical ,p[]4 ,by its aid ! ,,exp5se t w be entail$ by utilis+ electricity on a l>ge or small scale c be discov]$4--,ar*itect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,griff9',s ,,nautical ,,s]ies1 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,edw4 ,,blackmore1 ,ma/] ,m>9]1 ,fir/ ,class ,tr9ity ,h\se ,c]tificate1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,n4,a42 ,,& ,,writt51 ,,ma9ly1 by ,,sailors = ,,sailors4 ,,?is ,,admirable ,,s]ies4--,fairplay4 ,a ,,v ,,useful ,,s]ies4--,nature4 ,! volumes ( ,,messrs4 ,,griff9',s ,,nautical ,,s]ies may well & pr(itably be read by ,,all int]e/$ 9 our ,,national ,,m>itime ,,progress4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 ,,e ,,%ip %\ld h ! ,,:ole ,,s]ies z a ,,ref]5ce ,,libr>y4 ,,h&somely ,,b\nd1 ,,cle>ly ,,pr9t$ & ,,illu/rat$4--,liv]pool ,j\rn4 ( ,comm]ce4 ,! ,briti% ,m]cantile ,m>9e3 ,an ,hi/orical ,sket* ( its ,rise & ,developm5t4 ,by ! ,,editor1 ,,capt4 ,,blackmore4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,capta9 ,blackmore's ,,spl5did ,,book 444 conta9s p>agraphs on e po9t ( int]e/ to ! ,m]*ant ,m>9e4 ,! #bdc pages ( ?is book are ,,! ,,mo/ ,,valuable to ! sea capta9 t h ,,ev] be5 ,,compil$4--,m]*ant ,s]vice ,review4 ,elem5t>y ,seaman%ip4 ,by ,d4 ,,wilson-,,b>k]1 ,ma/] ,m>9]1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) num]\s ,plates1 two 9 ,col\rs1 & ,frontispiece4 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$1 ,enl>g$1 & ,re-set4 ,) additional ,illu/rations4 #fs4 ,?is ,,admirable ,,manual1 by ,,capt4 ,,wilson ,,b>k]1 ( ! ',worce/]'1 seems to u ,,p]fectly ,,design$4 --,a!num4 ,"k ,y\r ,own ,%ip3 ,a ,simple ,explanation ( ! ,/ability1 ,con/ruction1 ,tonnage1 & ,freebo>d ( ,%ips4 ,by ,,?os4 ,,walton1 ,naval ,ar*itect4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & additional ,*apt]s on ,buoyancy1 ,trim1 & ,calculations4 ,,six? ,,edition1 ,revis$4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,mr4 ,,walton',s book w be f\nd ,,v ,,useful4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,navigation3 ,!oretical & ,practical4 ,by ,d4 ,,wilson-,,b>k]1 ,ma/] ,m>9]1 c41 & ,,william ,,all+ham4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,precisely ! k9d ( "w requir$ = ! ,new ,c]tificates ( compet5cy4 ,c&idates w f9d x ,,invaluable4--,dundee ,adv]tis]4 ,m>9e ,meteorology3 ,= ,(fic]s ( ! ,m]*ant ,navy4 ,by ,,william ,,all+ham1 ,fir/ ,class ,hon\rs1 ,navigation1 ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t4 ,) ,illu/rations1 ,maps1 & ,diagrams1 & facsimile reproduction ( log page4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,q ! ,,be/ ,,publication on ?is subject4--,%ipp+ ,gazette4 ,latitude & ,longitude3 ,h[ to f9d !m4 ,by ,w4,j4 ,,mill>1 ,c4,e41 late ,sec4 to ! ,in/4 ( ,eng9e]s & ,%ipbuild]s 9 ,scotl&4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 #bs4 ,_c b prove an acquisition to ^? /udy+ ,navigation4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 ,practical ,me*anics3 ,appli$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,sailor4 ,by ,,?os4 ,,mack5zie1 ,ma/] ,m>9]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,well ,,wor? ! money 444 ,,exce$+ly ,,helpful4--,%ipp+ ,_w4 ,trigonometry3 ,= ! ,"y ,sailor1 c4 ,by ,,ri*4 ,c4 ,,buck1 ( ! ,?ames ,nautical ,tra9+ ,college1 ,h4,m4,s4 ,worce/]4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,?is ,,em95tly ,,practical & reliable volume4--,s*oolma/]4 ,practical ,algebra4 ,by ,,ri*4 ,c4 ,,buck4 ,companion ,volume to ! above1 = ,sailors & o!rs4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,x is ,,j ,,! ,,book = ! "y sailor m9dful ( progress4--,nautical ,magaz9e4 ,! ,legal ,duties ( ,%ipma/]s4 ,by ,,b5$ict ,,wm4 ,,g9sburg1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ( ! ,inn] ,temple & ,nor!rn ,circuit2 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$ & ,ext5d$4 ,price #ds4 #f;d4 ,,invaluable to ma/]s 444 ,we c fully recomm5d x4--,%ipp+ ,gazette4 ,a ,m$ical & ,surgical ,help = ,%ipma/]s4 ,includ+ ,fir/ ,aid at ,sea4 ,by ,,wm4 ,,johnson ,,smi?1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,pr9cipal ,m$ical ,(fic]1 ,seam5's ,hospital1 ,gre5wi*4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 #fs4 ,,s\nd1 ,,judici\s1 ,,really ,,helpful4--,! ,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,introductory ,volume4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,briti% ,m]cantile ,m>9e4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,blackmore1 ,,ma/] ,,m>9]2 ,,associate ,,( ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,naval ,,ar*itects2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,%ipbuild]s ,,9 ,,scotl&2 ,,editor ,,( ,,griff9',s ,,nautical ,,s]ies4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,,hi/orical3 ,f ,e>ly ,times to #adhf--,progress "u ,h5ry ,,viii4--,to ,dea? ( ,m>y--,dur+ ,elizabe?'s ,reign--,up to ! ,reign ( ,william ,,iii4--,! #ah? & #ai? ,c5turies--,in/itution ( ,exam9ations--,rise & ,progress ( ,/eam ,propulsion--,developm5t ( ,free ,trade--,%ipp+ ,legislation1 #ahfb to #ahge--,locksley ,hall ,case--,%ipma/]s' ,societies--,load+ ( ,%ips--,%ipp+ ,legislation1 #ahhd to #ahid--,/ati/ics ( ,%ipp+4 ,,! ,,p]sonnel3 ,%ip[n]s--,(fic]s--,m>9]s--,duties & ,pres5t ,position4 ,,education3 ,a ,seaman's ,education3 :at x %\ld be--,pres5t ,means ( ,education--,h9ts4 ,,discipl9e ,,& ,,duty--,po/script--,! ,s]i\s ,decrease 9 ! ,numb] ( ,briti% ,seam51 a ,matt] dem&+ ! ,att5tion ( ! ,nation4 ,,int]e/+ ,,& ,,in/ructive 444 may be read ,,) ,,pr(it ,,& ,,enjoym5t4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,,e ,,bran* ( ! subject is dealt ) 9 a way :i* %[s t ! writ] 'kn[s ! ropes' famili>ly4--,scotsman4 ,?is ,,admirable book 444 ,,teems ) useful in=mation--,%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e ,sailor4--,we/]n ,morn+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$1 ,enl>g$1 & ,re-set4 ,) ,additional ,illu/rations4 ,price #fs4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,seaman%ip4 ,,by ,d4 ,,wilson-,,b>k]1 ,,ma/] ,,m>9]2 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,c41 ,c42 ,,y\ng] ,,bro!r ,,( ,,! ,,tr9ity ,,h\se4 ,) ,frontispiece1 ,num]\s ,plates 7,two 9 ,col\rs71 & ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,! ,build+ ( a ,%ip2 ,p>ts ( ,hull1 ,ma/s1 c4--,ropes1 ,knots1 ,splic+1 c4--,ge>1 ,lead & ,log1 c4--,rigg+1 ,an*ors--,sailmak+--,! ,sails1 c4--,h&l+ ( ,boats "u ,sail--,signals & ,signall+--,rule ( ! ,road--,keep+ & ,reliev+ ,wat*--,po9ts ( ,etiquette--,gloss>y ( ,sea ,t]ms & ,phrases--,index4 999999 ,! volume conta9s ! ,,new ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,road4 ,?is ,,admirable ,,manual1 by ,,capt4 ,,wilson-,,b>k] ( ! ',worce/]1' seems to u ,,p]fectly ,,design$1 & holds its place excell5tly 9 ,,griff9',s ,,nautical ,,s]ies4' 444 ,al?\gh int5d$ = ^? :o are to become ,(fic]s ( ! ,m]*ant ,navy1 x w be f\nd useful by ,,all ,,ya*tsm54--,a!num4 999999 ,= complete ,li/ ( ,,griff9',s ,,nautical ,,s]ies1 see p4 #ci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,illu/rat$4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,navigation3 ,,practical ,,& ,,!oretical ,,by ,,david ,,wilson-,,b>k]1 ,r4,n4,r1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 c41 c41 ,,& ,,william ,,all+ham1 ,,fir/-,,class ,,honors1 ,,navigation1 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,art ,,dep>tm5t4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations & ,exam9ation ,que/ions4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,def9itions--,latitude & ,longitude--,in/rum5ts ( ,navigation--,correction ( ,c\rses--,plane ,sail+--,trav]se ,sail+--,day's ,"w--,p>allel ,sail+--,middle ,latitude ,sail+--,m]cator's ,*>t--,m]cator ,sail+--,curr5t ,sail+--,position by ,be>+s--,great ,circle ,sail+--,! ,tides--,que/ions--,app5dix3 ,compass ,error--,num]\s ,useful ,h9ts1 c4--,index4 ,,precisely ! k9d ( "w requir$ = ! ,new ,c]tificates ( compet5cy 9 grades f ,second ,mate to extra ,ma/]4444 ,c&idates w f9d x ,,invaluable4--,dundee ,adv]tis]4 ,a ,,capital ,,little ,,book 444 specially adapt$ to ! ,new ,exam9ations4 ,! ,au?ors are ,,capt4 ,,wilson-,,b>k] 7,capta9-,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nautical ,college1 ,h4,m4,s4 ',worce/]1' :o has _h great exp]i5ce 9 ! highe/ problems ( ,navigation71 & ,,mr4 ,,all+ham1 a well-kn[n writ] on ! ,sci5ce ( ,navigation & ,nautical ,a/ronomy4--,%ipp+ ,_w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,m>9e ,,meteorology1 ,,= ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,! ,,m]*ant ,,navy4 ,,by ,,william ,,all+ham1 ,jo9t ,au?or ( ,navigation1 ,!oretical & ,practical4 ,) num]\s ,plates1 ,maps1 ,diagrams1 & ,illu/rations1 & a facsimile ,reproduction ( a ,page f an actual ,meteorological ,log-,book4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,introductory4--,in/rum5ts ,us$ at ,sea = ,meteorological ,purposes4--,meteorological ,log-,books4--,atmosph]ic ,pressure4--,air ,temp]atures4--,sea ,temp]atures4--,w9ds4--,w9d ,=ce ,scales4--,hi/ory ( ! ,law ( ,/orms4--,hurricanes1 ,seasons1 & ,/orm ,tracks4--,solution ( ! ,cyclone ,problem4--,ocean ,curr5ts4--,iceb]gs4--,syn*ron\s ,*>ts4--,dew1 ,mi/s1 ,fogs1 & ,haze4--,cl\ds4--,ra91 ,sn[1 & ,hail4--,mirage1 ,ra9b[s1 ,coronas1 ,halos1 & ,meteors4--,lightn+1 ,corposants1 & ,auroras4--,,que/ions4--,,app5dix4--,,in dex4 ,q ! ,,be/ publication1 ,,& c]ta9ly ! ,,mo/ ,,int]e/+1 on ?is subject ev] pres5t$ to ,nautical m54--,%ipp+ ,gazette4 999999 ,= ,complete ,li/ ( ,,griff9',s ,,nautical ,,s]ies1 see p4 #ci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,practical ,me*anics3 ,appli$ to ! ,requirem5ts ( ! ,sailor4 ,by ,,?os4 ,,mack5zie1 ,ma/] ,m>9]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,resolution & ,composition ( ,=ces--,"w done by ,ma*9es & ,liv+ ,ag5ts--,! ,me*anical ,p[]s3 ,! ,lev]2 ,d]ricks z ,b5t ,lev]s--,! ,:eel & ,axle3 ,w9dlass2 ,%ip's ,cap/an2 ,crab ,w9*--,tackles3 ! ,old ,man--,! ,incl9$ ,plane2 ! ,screw--,! ,c5tre ( ,gravity ( a ,%ip & ,c>go--,relative ,/r5g? ( ,rope3 ,/eel ,wire1 ,manilla1 ,hemp1 ,coir--,d]ricks & ,%e>s--,calculation ( ! ,cross-break+ ,/ra9 ( ,fir ,sp>--,c5tre ( ,ef=t ( ,sails--,hydro/atics3 ! ,div+-bell2 ,/ability ( ,float+ ,bodies2 ! ,%ip's ,pump1 c4 ,,?is ,,excell5t ,,book 444 conta9s a ,,l>ge ,,am\nt ( in=mation4--,nature4 ,,well ,,wor? ! money 444 w be f\nd ,,exce$+ly ,,helpful4--,%ipp+ ,_w4 ,,no ,,%ips' ,,(fic]s' ,,bookcase w h5ce=? be complete )\t ,,capta9 ,,mack5zie',s ',,practical ,,me*anics4' ,not)/&+ my _m ye>s' exp]i5ce at sea1 x has told me h[ mu* m !re is to acquire4--7,lett] to ! ,publi%]s f a ,ma/] ,m>9]74 ,i mu/ express my ?anks to y = ! lab\r & c>e y h tak5 9 ',,practical ,,me*anics4' 444 ,,x ,,is ,a ,,life',s ,,exp]i5ce4 444 ,:at an am\nt we frequ5tly see wa/$ by rigg+ pur*ases )\t reason & accid5ts to sp>s1 c41 c46 ',,practical ,,me*anics' ,,w\ld ,,save ,,all ,,?is4--7,lett] to ! ,au?or f ano!r ,ma/] ,m>9]74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,ri*>d ,c4 ,,buck1 ( ! ,?ames ,nautical ,tra9+ ,college1 ,h4,m4,s4 ',worce/]4' ,a ,manual ( ,trigonometry3 ,) ,diagrams1 ,examples1 & ,ex]cises4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,correct$4 999999 ,mr4 ,buck's ,text-,book has be5 ,,specially ,,prep>$ ) a view to ! ,new ,exam9ations ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 9 :i* ,trigonometry is an obligatory subject4 ,?is ,,em95tly ,,practical & ,,reliable ,,volume4--,s*oolma/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,manual ( ,algebra4 ,design$ to meet ! ,requirem5ts ( ,sailors & o!rs4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 999999 ,^! elem5t>y works on ,,algebra & ,,trigonometry are writt5 specially = ^? :o w h little opportunity ( consult+ a ,tea*]4 ,!y are books = ,,self-,,help4 ,all b ! simple/ explanations h1 !re=e1 be5 avoid$1 & ,,answ]s to ! ,ex]cises are giv54 ,any p]son may readily1 by c>eful /udy1 become ma/] ( _! cont5ts1 & ?us lay ! f\ndation = a fur!r ma!matical c\rse1 if desir$4 ,x is hop$ t to ! y\ng] ,(fic]s ( our ,m]cantile ,m>9e !y w be f\nd decid$ly s]viceable4 ,! ,examples & ,ex]cises are tak5 f ! ,exam9ation ,pap]s set = ! ,cadets ( ! ,worce/]4 ,cle>ly arrang$1 & well got up4444 ,a fir/-rate ,elem5t>y ,algebra4--,nautical ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$ & ,ext5d$4 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,price #ds4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,legal ,,duties ,,( ,,%ipma/]s4 ,,by ,,b5$ict ,,wm4 ,,g9sburg1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 7,,cantab471 ,( ! ,inn] ,temple & ,nor!rn ,circuit2 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,g5]al ,cont5ts4--,! ,qualification = ! ,position ( ,%ipma/]--,! ,contract ) ! ,%ip[n]--,! ,ma/]'s ,duty 9 respect ( ! ,crew3 ,engagem5t2 ,appr5tices2 ,discipl9e2 ,provisions1 ,accommodation1 & ,m$ical ,com=ts2 ,paym5t ( ,wages & ,dis*>ge--,! ,ma/]'s ,duty 9 respect ( ! ,pass5g]s--,! ,ma/]'s ,f9ancial ,responsibilities--,! ,ma/]'s ,duty 9 respect ( ! ,c>go--,! ,ma/]'s ,duty 9 ,case ( ,casualty--,! ,ma/]'s ,duty to c]ta9 ,public ,au?orities--,! ,ma/]'s ,duty 9 relation to ,pilots1 ,signals1 ,flags1 & ,light ,dues--,! ,ma/]'s ,duty ^u ,arrival at ! ,port ( ,dis*>ge--,app5dices relative to c]ta9 ,legal ,matt]s3 ,bo>d ( ,trade ,c]tificates1 ,diet>y ,scales1 ,/[age ( ,gra9 ,c>goes1 ,load ,l9e ,regulations1 ,life-sav+ ,appliances1 ,c>riage ( ,cattle at ,sea1 c41 c4--,copi\s ,index4 ,no intellig5t ,ma/] %\ld fail to add ?is to 8 li/ ( necess>y books4 ,a few l9es ( x may ,,save ,a ,,lawy]',s ,,fee1 ,,besides ,,endless ,,worry4--,liv]pool ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce4 ,,s5sible1 pla9ly writt51 9 ,,cle> & ,,non-,,te*nical ,,language1 & w be f\nd ( mu* s]vice by ! ,%ipma/]4--,briti% ,trade ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,) ,diagrams4 ,price #bs4 ,latitude & ,longitude3 ,h[ to ,f9d !m4 ,by ,w4,j4 ,,mill>1 ,c4,e41 ,late ,secret>y to ! ,in/4 ( ,eng9e]s & ,%ipbuild]s 9 ,scotl&4 ,,concisely & ,,cle>ly ,,writt5 444 _c b prove an acquisition to ^? /udy+ ,navigation4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 ,"y ,seam5 w f9d x ,,h&y & ,,useful1 ,,simple & ,,cle>4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fir/ ,,aid ,,at ,,sea4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,) ,col\r$ ,plates & ,num]\s ,illu/rations1 & compris+ ! late/ ,regulations ,respect+ ! ,c>riage ( ,m$ical ,/ores on ,bo>d ,%ip4 ,price #fs4 ,a ,,m$ical ,,& ,,surgical ,,help ,,= ,,%ipma/]s ,,& ,,(fic]s ,,9 ,,! ,,m]*ant ,,navy4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,,johnson ,,smi?1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,pr9cipal ,m$ical ,(fic]1 ,seam5's ,hospital1 ,gre5wi*4 999999 ,! att5tion ( all int]e/$ 9 our ,m]*ant ,navy is reque/$ to ?is exce$+ly useful & valuable "w4 ,x is ne$less to say t x is ! outcome ( _m ye>s ,,practical ,,exp]i5ce among/ ,seam54 ,,s\nd1 ,,judici\s1 ,,really ,,helpful4--,! ,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,six? ,,edition4 ,revis$1 ) ,*apt]s on ,trim1 ,buoyancy1 & ,calculations4 ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,h&some ,clo?1 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,"k ,,y\r ,,own ,,%ip4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,walton1 ,,naval ,,ar*itect4 ,,specially ,,arrang$ ,,to ,,suit ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,,%ips' ,,(fic]s1 ,,%ip[n]s1 ,,sup]9t5d5ts1 ,,draughtsm51 ,,eng9e]s1 ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,?is "w expla9s1 9 a simple mann]1 su* important subjects z3-- ,displacem5t1 ,deadweight1 ,tonnage1 ,freebo>d1 ,mom5ts1 ,buoyancy1 ,/ra91 ,/ructure1 ,/ability1 ,roll+1 ,balla/+1 ,load+1 ,%ift+ ,c>goes1 ,admission ( ,wat]1 ,sail ,area1 c41 c4 ,! little book w be f\nd ,,exce$+ly ,,h&y by mo/ (fic]s & (ficials connect$ ) %ipp+4444 ,mr4 ,walton's "w w obta9 ,,la/+ ,,success1 because ( its unique fitness = ^? = :om x has be5 writt54--,%ipp+ ,_w4 ,an ,,excell5t ,,"w1 full ( solid in/ruction & ,,invaluable to e (fic] ( ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e :o has 8 pr(ession at he>t4--,%ipp+4 ,n "o ( ! #bdb pages c\ld well be sp>$4 ,x w admirably fulfil its purpose 444 useful to %ip own]s1 %ip sup]9t5d5ts1 %ip draughtsm51 & all int]e/$ 9 %ipp+4--,liv]pool ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce4 ,a mass ( ,,v ,,useful ,,in=mation1 accompani$ by diagrams & illu/rations1 is giv5 9 a compact =m4--,fairplay4 ,we h f\nd no "o /atem5t t we c\ld h wi%$ diff]5tly express$4 ,! matt] has1 s f> z cle>ness all[s1 be5 admirably cond5s$1 & is simple en\gh to be und]/ood by e seaman4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,/eel ,%ips3 ,_! ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance4 7,see page #ch47 99 99 99 99 99 ,f\rte5? ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,price #bas4 ,demy #hvo1 ,clo?4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations1 r$uc$ f ,work+ ,draw+s4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]+3 ,,compris+ ,,! ,,design+1 ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,work+ ,,( ,,m>9e ,,ma*9]y4 ,by ,a4,e4 ,,seaton1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,me*4 ,e41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,n4,a4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,,"p ,i4--,pr9ciples ( ,m>9e ,propulsion4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,pr9ciples ( ,/eam ,eng9e]+4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,details ( ,m>9e ,eng9es3 ,design & ,calculations = ,cyl9d]s1 ,pi/ons1 ,valves1 ,expansion ,valves1 c4 ,,"p ,,iv4--,propell]s4 ,,"p ,v4--,boil]s4 ,,"p ,,vi4--,miscellane\s4 999999 ,?is ,,edition includes a ,*apt] on ,,wat]-,,tube ,,boil]s1 ) ,illu/rations ( ! lead+ ,types & ! ,revis$ ,rules ( ! ,bureau ,v]itas4 ,9 ! ?ree-fold capacity ( enabl+ a ,/ud5t to le>n h[ to design1 con/ruct1 & "w a ,m>9e ,/eam-,eng9e1 ,mr4 ,seaton's ,manual has ,,no ,,rival4--,times4 ,by f> ! ,,be/ ,,manual 9 exi/5ce4444 ,gives a complete acc\nt ( ! me?ods ( solv+1 ) ! utmo/ possible economy1 ! problems be=e ! ,m>9e ,eng9e]4--,a!num4 ,! ,/ud5t1 ,draughtsman1 & ,eng9e] w f9d ?is "w ! ,,mo/ ,,valuable ,,h&book ( ,ref]5ce on ! ,m>9e ,eng9e n[ 9 exi/5ce4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sev5? ,,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$4 ,pocket-,size1 ,lea!r4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,pocket-,,book ,,( ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]+ ,,rules ,,& ,,tables1 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,m>9e ,eng9e]s1 ,naval ,ar*itects1 ,design]s1 ,draughtsm51 ,sup]9t5d5ts & ,o!rs4 ,,by ,a4,e4 ,,seaton1 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,me*4,e41 ,m4,i4,n4,a41 ,,& ,h4,m4 ,,r\n?waite1 ,m4,i4,me*4,e41 ,m4,i4,n4,a4 ,,admirably ,,fulfils its purpose4--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,b4 ,,cunn+ham4 ,,docks3 ,,_! ,,con/ruction ,,ma9t5ance4 7,see page #bg47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,rob]t ,h4 ,,smi?1 ,assoc4 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e41 ,m4,i4,el4,b41 ,m4,i4 ,m94 ,e41 ,:it4 ,s*41 ,m4 ,ord4 ,meiji4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,calculus ,,= ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,physici/s1 ,appli$ to ,te*nical ,problems4 ,,) ,,ext5sive ,,classifi$ ,,ref]5ce ,,li/ ,,( ,,integrals4 ,by ,,pr(4 ,,rob]t ,h4 ,,smi?4 ,,assi/$ ,,by ,r4,f4 ,,muirhead1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,=m]ly ,cl>k ,fell[ ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 & ,lectur] on ,ma!matics at ,mason ,college4 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo1 extra1 ) ,diagrams & ,fold+-,plate4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,pr(4 ,r4,h4 ,,smi?',s book w be s]viceable 9 r5d]+ a h>d road ,,z ,,easy ,,z ,,practicable = ! non-ma!matical ,/ud5t & ,eng9e]4--,a!num4 ,int]e/+ diagrams1 ) practical illu/rations ( actual occurr5ce1 are to be f\nd "h 9 abundance4 ,,! ,,v ,,complete ,,classifi$ ,,ref]5ce ,,table w prove v useful 9 sav+ ! "t ( ^? :o want an integral 9 a hurry4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,measurem5t ,,conv]sions 7,engli% & ,fr5*73 #bh ,,graphic ,,tables ,,or ,,diagrams4 ,%[+ at a glance ! ,,mutual ,,conv]sion ( ,,measurem5ts 9 ,,diff]5t ,,units ,( ,l5g?s1 ,areas1 ,volumes1 ,weights1 ,/resses1 ,d5sities1 ,quantities ( ,"w1 ,horse ,p[]s1 ,temp]atures1 c4 ,= ! use ( ,eng9e]s1 ,surveyors1 ,ar*itects1 & ,contractors4 ,9 #dto1 ,bo>ds4 #gs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 999999 ,pr(4 ,,smi?',s ,,conv]sion-,,tables =m ! mo/ unique & compreh5sive collection ev] plac$ be=e ! pr(ession4 ,by _! use mu* "t & lab\r w be sav$1 & ! *ances ( error 9 calculation dim9i%$4 ,x is believ$ t h5ce=? no ,eng9e]'s ,(fice w be consid]$ complete )\t !m4 ,! "w is ,,invaluable4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,ought to be 9 ,,e (fice :]e ev5 occasional conv]sions are requir$4444 ,pr(4 ,,smi?',s ,,tables =m v ,,excell5t ,,*ecks on results4--,electrical ,review4 ,pr(4 ,smi? des]ves ! he>ty ?anks1 n only ( ! ,,eng9e]1 b ( ! ,,comm]cial ,,_w1 = hav+ smoo!d ! way = ! ,,adoption ( ! ,,metric ,,sy/em ( ,,measurem5t1 a subject :i* is n[ assum+ great importance z a factor 9 ma9ta9+ our ,,hold ^u ,,=eign ,,trade4--,! ,ma*9]y ,m>ket4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,*emi/ry ,,= ,,eng9e]s4 ,,by ,,b]tram ,,bl\nt1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,a4,i4,c4,e41 ,consult+ ,*emi/ to ! ,cr[n ,ag5ts = ! ,colonies4 ,,& ,a4,g4 ,,bloxam1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,consult+ ,*emi/1 ,head ( ! ,*emi/ry ,dep>tm5t1 ,goldsmi?s' ,in/41 ,new ,cross4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,introduction--,*emi/ry ( ! ,*ief ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction--,s\rces ( ,en]gy--,*emi/ry ( ,/eam-rais+--,*emi/ry ( ,lubrication & ,lubricants--,metallurgical ,processes us$ 9 ! ,w9n+ & ,manufacture ( ,metals4 ,! au?ors h ,,succe$$ beyond all expectation1 & h produc$ a "w :i* %\ld give ,,fre% ,,p[] to ! ,eng9e] & ,manufactur]4--,! ,times4 ,,practical ,,?r\gh\t 444 an ,,admirable ,,text-,,book1 useful n only to ,/ud5ts1 b to ,,eng9e]s & ,,manag]s ,,( ,,works 9 ,,prev5t+ ,,wa/e & ,,improv+ ,,processes4--,scotsman4 ,a book wor?y to take ,,high ,,rank 444 treatm5t ( ! subject ( ,,gase\s ,,fuel p>ticul>ly good4444 ,,wat] ,,gas & its production cle>ly work$ out4444 ,we ,,w>mly ,,recomm5d ! "w4--,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 ,= ,companion ,volume by ! same ,au?ors1 see ,,*emi/ry ,,= ,,manufactur]s1 p4 #ga4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,works ,,by ,,walt] ,r4 ,,br[ne1 ,m4,a41 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,late ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,me*anics3 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,=ce & ,motion4 ,) ,diagrams4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,cle> 9 /yle & practical 9 me?od1 ',,! ,,/ud5t',s ,,me*anics' is cordially to be comm5d$ f all po9ts ( view4--,a!num4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,me*anics4 ,pap]s repr9t$ f ! ,eng9e]4 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 99 99 99 99 99 ,demy #hvo1 ) ,num]\s ,illu/rations1 #is4 ,,fuel ,,& ,,wat]3 ,a ,manual = ,us]s ( ,/eam & ,wat]4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,franz ,,s*wackh,,f] ,,( ,,vi5na1 ,,& ,,walt] ,r4 ,,br[ne1 ,m4,a41 ,c4,e4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,heat & ,combu/ion--,fuel1 ,v>ieties (--,fir+ ,arrangem5ts3 ,furnace1 ,flues1 ,*imney--,! ,boil]1 ,*oice (--,v>ieties--,fe$-wat] ,heat]s--,/eam ,pipes--,wat]3 ,composition1 ,purification--,prev5tion ( ,scale1 c41 c4 ,! ,section on ,heat is "o ( ! be/ & mo/ lucid ev] writt54--,eng9e]4 ,_c fail to be valuable to ?\s&s us+ /eam p[]4--,railway ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,griff9s ,,local ,,gov]nm5t ,,h&books4 ,,works ,,suitable ,,= ,,municipal ,,& ,,c\nty ,,eng9e]s1 ,,analy/s1 ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,see also ,davies' ,hygi5e1 p4 #ii1 & ,mac,leod's ,public ,heal?1 p4 #aaj4 ,gas ,manufacture 7,! ,*emi/ry (74 ,a ,h&book on ! ,production1 ,purification1 & ,te/+ ( ,illum9at+ ,gas1 & ! ,assay ( ,bye-,products4 ,by ,w4,j4,a4 ,,butt]field1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$ 79 prep>ation74 ,see page #gg4 ,wat] ,supply3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,selection ( ,s\rces & ! ,di/ribution ( ,wat]4 ,by ,,reg9ald ,e4 ,,middleton1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,me*4 ,e41 ,f4,s4,i4 ,) ,f\r ,plates & ,num]\s ,diagrams4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,see page #gg4 ,c5tral ,electrical ,/ations3 ,_! ,design1 ,organisation1 & ,managem5t4 ,by ,c4,h4 ,word+ham1 ,a4,k4,c41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,price #bds4 net4 ,= details see opposite page4 ,sewage ,disposal ,works3 ,a ,guide to ! ,con/ruction ( ,works = ! ,prev5tion ( ! ,pollution by ,sewage ( ,riv]s & ,e/u>ies4 ,by ,w4 ,,santo ,,crimp1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) #cg ,plates4 ,price #cjs4 ,see page #gf4 ,trades' ,wa/e3 ,its ,treatm5t & ,utilisation1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,prev5tion ( ,riv]s' ,pollution4 ,by ,w4 ,,naylor1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,a4,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,) ,num]\s ,plates1 ,diagrams1 & ,illu/rations4 #bas4 net4 ,see page #gf4 ,calc>e\s ,cem5ts3 ,_! ,nature1 ,prep>ation1 & ,uses4 ,) "s ,rem>ks ^u ,cem5t ,te/+4 ,by ,,gilb]t ,,r$grave1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,) ,illu/rations1 ,analytical ,data1 & ,app5dices on ,co/s1 c4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,see page #gf4 ,road ,mak+ & ,ma9t5ance3 ,a ,practical ,treatise = ,eng9e]s1 ,surveyors1 & o!rs4 ,) an ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,practice4 ,by ,,?omas ,,aitk51 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,assoc4 ,municipal & ,c\nty ,engrs42 ,m4 ,san4 ,in/4 ,) num]\s ,plates1 ,diagrams1 & ,illu/rations4 #bas4 ,see page #gi4 ,light ,railways at ,home & ,abroad4 ,by ,,william ,,h5ry ,,cole1 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 late ,deputy ,manag]1 ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway1 ,india4 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?1 ,plates & illu/rations4 #afs4 ,see page #cj4 ,practical ,sanitation3 ,a ,h&book = ,sanit>y ,inspectors & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ,sanitation4 ,by ,,geo4 ,,reid1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,m$ical ,(fic]1 ,/af=d%ire ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,) ,app5dix on ,sanit>y ,law1 by ,h]b]t ,manley1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,b41 ,d4,p4,h4 ,,t5? ,,edition1 ,revis$4 #fs4 ,see page #gh4 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+3 ,a ,practical ,manual ( ,t[n ,dra9age & ,sewage & ,refuse ,disposal4 ,by ,,frank ,,wood1 ,a4,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,bor\gh ,surveyor1 ,fulham4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,see page #gh4 ,dairy ,*emi/ry3 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ,dairy ,manag]s1 ,*emi/s1 & ,analy/s4 ,by ,h4 ,droop ,ri*mond1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,*emi/ to ! ,aylesbury ,dairy ,company4 ,) ,tables1 ,illu/rations1 c4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #afs4 ,see page #gc4 ,milk3 ,its ,production & ,uses4 ,) ,*apt]s on ,dairy ,f>m+1 ,! ,diseases ( ,cattle1 & on ! ,hygi5e & ,control ( ,supplies4 ,by ,,edw>d ,f4 ,,will\ghby1 ,m4,d4 7,lond471 ,d4,p4,h4 7,lond4 & ,camb471 ,inspector ( ,f>ms & ,g5]al ,sci5tific ,advis] to ,wel=d ,sons1 ,ltd4 ,see page #gc4 ,fle% ,foods3 ,) ,me?ods = _! ,*emical1 ,microscopical1 & ,bact]iological ,exam9ation4 ,a ,h&book = ,m$ical ,m51 ,inspectors1 ,analy/s1 & o!rs4 ,by ,c4 ,,a9swor? ,,mit*ell1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,mem4 ,c\ncil ,soc4 ( ,public ,analy/s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & a col\r$ ,plate4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,see page #gc4 ,foods3 ,_! ,composition & ,analysis4 ,by ,a4 ,,wynt] ,,bly?1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,public ,analy/ = ! ,c\nty ( ,devon4 ,) ,tables1 ,fold+ ,plate1 & ,frontispiece4 ,,fif? ,,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$4 #bas4 ,see page #gb4 ,,an ,,admirable ,,dige/ ( ! mo/ rec5t /ate ( k4--,*emical ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrical ,,eng9e]+4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) ,plates1 ,diagrams1 & ,figures4 #bds4 net4 ,,c5tral ,,electrical ,,/ations3 ,_! ,design1 ,organisation1 & ,managem5t4 ,,by ,,*as4 ,h4 ,,word+ham1 ,a4,k4,c41 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,,me*4 ,e41 ,late ,memb4 ( ,c\ncil ,in/4 ,e4,e41 & ,electrical ,eng9e] to ! ,city ( ,man*e/]4 ,,abridg$ ,,cont5ts4 ,introductory4--,c5tral ,/ation ,"w z a ,pr(ession4--,z an ,inve/m5t4--,! ,e/abli%m5t ( a ,c5tral ,/ation4--,sy/ems ( ,supply4--,site4--,ar*itecture4--,plant4 --,boil]s4--,sy/ems ( ,draught & ,wa/e ,heat ,economy4--,coal ,h&l+1 ,weigh+1 & ,/or+4--,! ,transmission ( ,/eam4--,g5]ators4--,cond5s+ ,appliances4--,swit*+ ,ge>1 ,in/rum5ts1 & ,connections4--,di/ribut+ ,ma9s4--,insulation1 ,resi/ance1 & ,co/4--,di/ribut+ ,networks4--,s]vice ,ma9s & ,fe$]s4--,te/+ ,ma9s4--,met]s & ,appliances4--,/&>dis+ & ,te/+ ,laboratory4--,second>y ,batt]ies4--,/reet ,light+4--,co/4--,g5]al ,organisation4--,ma9s ,dep>tm5t4--,in/allation ,dep>tm5t4--,/&>dis+ ,dep>tm5t4--,draw+ ,(fice4--,cl]ical ,dep>tm5t4--,! ,consum]4--,r\t9e & ,ma9 ,lay+4--,,index4 ,"o ( ! ,,mo/ ,,valuable ,,contributions to ,c5tral ,/ation lit]ature we h _h = "s "t4--,electricity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electricity ,,control4 ,a ,treatise on ,electricity ,swit*ge> & ,sy/ems ( ,transmission4 ,,by ,,leon>d ,,&rews1 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,ex-,memb] ( ,c\ncil ( ! ,incorporat$ ,municipal ,electrical ,association2 ,consult+ ,electrical ,eng9e] to ! ,ha/+s ,corporation1 c41 c4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,swit*ge> ,design4--,con/ructional ,details4--,circuit ,break]s or ,arc ,int]rupt+ ,devices4--,automatically ,op]at$ ,circuit ,break]s4--,alt]nat+ ,rev]se ,curr5t ,devices4--,arrangem5t ( ',bus ,b>s1 & ,app>atus = ,p>allel ,runn+4--,g5]al ,arrangem5t ( ,controll+ ,app>atus = ,high ,t5sion ,sy/ems4--,g5]al ,arrangem5t ( ,controll+ ,app>atus = ,l[ ,t5sion ,sy/ems4--,examples ( ,complete ,in/allations4--,long ,di/ance ,transmission ,s*emes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sixte5? ,,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,a ,,pocket-,,book ,,( ,,electrical ,,rules ,,tables ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,electricians ,,& ,,eng9e]s4 ,,by ,,john ,,munro1 ,c4,e41 ,,pr(4 ,,jamieson1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,) ,num]\s ,diagrams4 ,pocket ,size4 ,lea!r1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,units ( ,measurem5t4--,measures4--,te/+4--,condu ctors4--,dielectrics4-- ,subm>9e ,cables4--,telegraphy4--,electro-,*emi/r y4--,electro-,metallurgy4-- ,batt]ies4--,dynamos & ,motors4--,trans=m]s4--,electric ,light+4--,miscellane\s4--,log>i?ms4--,a pp5dices4 ,,wond]fully ,,p]fect4444 ,wor?y ( ! highe/ comm5dation we c give x4--,electrician4 ,! ,,/]l+ ,,value ( ,messrs4 ,,munro & ,,jamieson',s ,,pocket-,,book4--,electrical ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,,pr(essors ,j4,h4 ,,poynt+ ,j4,j4 ,,?omson4 ,9 ,five ,volumes4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,sold ,sep>ately4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,physics4 ,,by ,j4,h4 ,,poynt+1 ,,sc4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,late ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge2 ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 ,birm+ham ,univ]sity4 ,,& ,j4,j4 ,,?omson1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge2 ,pr(4 ( ,exp]im5tal ,physics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,introductory ,volume1 fully ,illu/rat$4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,matt]4 ,,cont5ts4--,gravitation4--,! ,accel]ation ( ,gravity4--,ela/icity4--,/resses & ,/ra9s4--,torsion4--,b5d+ ( ,rods4--,spiral ,spr+s4--,collision4--,compressibility ( ,liquids4--,pressures & ,volumes ( ,gases4--,!rmal ,effects ,accompany+ ,/ra94--,capill>ity4--,surface ,t5sion4--,laplace's ,!ory ( ,capill>ity4--,diffusion ( ,liquids4--,diffusion ( ,gases4--,viscosity ( ,liquids4--,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,volume ,,ii4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 ,,s\nd4 ,,cont5ts4--,! ,nature ( ,s\nd & its *ief ,*>act]i/ics4--,! ,velocity ( ,s\nd 9 ,air & o!r ,m$ia4--,reflection & ,refraction ( ,s\nd4--,frequ5cy & ,pit* ( ,notes4--,resonance & ,=c$ ,oscillations4--,analysis ( ,vibrations4--,! ,transv]se ,vibrations ( ,/ret*$ ,/r+s or ,wires4--,pipes & o!r ,air ,cavities4--,rods4--,plates4--,membranes 4--,vibrations ma9ta9$ by ,heat4--,s5sitive ,flames & ,jets4--,musical ,s&4--,! ,sup]position ( ,waves4--,,index4 ,! 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"w des]ves its title1 t x is full ( ',,aids1' & 9 ! highe/ degree ',,practical1' w be ! v]dict ( all :o use x4--,nature4 ,?is ,,excell5t ,,manual 444 w be ,a ,,v ,,great ,,help4444 ,! ,section on ! ,exam9ation ( ,fossils is probably ! ,,be/ ( its k9d yet publi%$4444 ,,full ( well-dige/$ in=mation f ! newe/ s\rces & f p]sonal rese>*4--,annals ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,griff9s ,,new ,,l& ,,s]ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,practical ,h&-,books = ! ,use ( ,prospectors1 ,explor]s1 ,settl]s1 ,coloni/s1 & all ,int]e/$ 9 ! op5+ up & ,developm5t ( ,new ,l&s4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,gr5ville ,a4,j4 ,,cole1 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce = ,irel&1 & ,exam9] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 #es4 ,) ,num]\s ,maps ,specially ,drawn & ,execut$ = ?is ,"w4 ,,new ,,l&s3 ,,_! ,,res\rces ,,& ,,prospective ,,advantages4 ,,by ,,hugh ,,rob]t ,,mill1 ,d4,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,libr>ian to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,,introductory4--,! ,developm5t ( ,new ,l&s4--,! ,dom9ion ( ,canada4--,canada1 ,ea/]n ,prov9ces4--,canada1 ,we/]n ,prov9ces & ,t]ritories4--,newf\ndl&4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,lat9 ,am]ica1 ,mexico4--,lat9 ,am]ica1 ,temp]ate ,brazil & ,*ili4--,lat9 ,am]ica1 ,arg5t9a4--,! ,falkl& ,isl&s4--,victoria4--,new ,s\? ,wales4--,que5sl&4--,s\? ,au/ralia4--,tasmania4--,we/]n ,au/ralia4--,new ,zeal&4--,! ,res\rces ( ,s\? ,africa4--,s\!rn ,rhodesia4--,,index4 ,,pa9/ak+ 444 ,,complete 444 ( great ,,practical ,,assi/ance4--,! ,field4 ,a want admirably suppli$4444 ,has ! advantage ( be+ writt5 by a pr(ess$ ,geograph]4--,geographical ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 ,,build+ ,,con/ruction ,,9 ,,wood1 ,,/one1 ,,& ,,concrete4 ,by ,,james ,,lyon1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,eng9e]+ 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce = ,irel&2 sometime ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge2 & ,j4 ,taylor1 ,a4,r4,c4,s4,i4 99 99 99 99 99 999999 ,o!r ,volumes1 deal+ ) subjects ( ,,prim>y ,,importance 9 ! ,,exam9ation & ,,utilisation ( ,l&s :i* h n z yet be5 fully develop$1 are 9 prep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #es4 ,,prospect+ ,,= ,,m9]als4 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ,prospectors1 ,explor]s1 ,settl]s1 & all int]e/$ 9 ! ,op5+ up & ,developm5t ( ,new ,l&s4 ,,by ,s4 ,,h]b]t ,,cox1 ,assoc4 ,r4,s4,m41 ,m4 ,in/4 ,m4,m41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,introduction & ,h9ts on ,geology--,! ,det]m9ation ( ,m9]als3 ,use ( ! ,bl[-pipe1 c4--,rock-=m+ ,m9]als & ,non-,metallic ,m9]als ( ,comm]cial ,value3 ,rock ,salt1 ,borax1 ,m>bles1 ,li?ographic ,/one1 ,qu>tz & ,opal1 c41 c4--,preci\s ,/ones & ,gems--,/ratifi$ ,deposits3 ,coal & ,ores--,m9]al ,ve9s & ,lodes--,irregul> ,deposits--,dynamics ( ,lodes3 ,faults1 c4--,alluvial ,deposits--,noble ,metals3 ,gold1 ,plat9um1 ,silv]1 c4--,lead--,m]cury--,copp]--,t9--,z9c--, iron--,nickel1 c4--,sulphur1 ,antimony1 ,ars5ic1 c4--,combu/ible ,m9]als--,petroleum--,g5]al ,h9ts on ,prospect+--,gloss>y--,index4 ,?is ,,admirable ,,little ,,"w 444 writt5 ) ,,sci5tific ,,accuracy 9 a ,,cle> & ,,lucid /yle4444 ,an ,,important ,,addition to te*nical lit]ature 444 w be ( value n only to ! ,/ud5t1 b to ! exp]i5c$ ,prospector4444 ,if ! succe$+ volumes ( ! ,,new ,,l& ,,s]ies are equal 9 m]it to ! ,fir/1 we mu/ congratulate ! ,publi%]s on successfully fill+ up a gap 9 exi/+ lit]ature4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,?is ,,excell5t ,,h&book w prove a p]fect ,vade-mecum to ^? engag$ 9 ! practical "w ( ,m9+ & ,metallurgy4--,times ( ,africa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) _m ,engrav+s & ,photographs4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,food ,,supply4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,bruce1 ,agricultural ,sup]9t5d5t to ! ,royal ,dubl9 ,society4 ,) ,app5dix on ,pres]v$ ,foods by ,c4,a4 ,mit*ell1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,l4,c4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,climate & ,soil--,dra9age & ,rotation ( ,crops--,se$s & ,crops--,vegetables & ,fruits--,cattle & ,cattle-,bre$+--,%eep & ,%eep ,re>+--,pigs--,p\ltry--,horses--,! ,dairy--,! ,f>m]'s ,implem5ts--,! ,settl]'s ,home4 ,,bri/les ,,) ,,in=mation4--,f>m]s' ,gazette4 ,! "w is "o :i* w appeal to ^? int5d+ to become f>m]s at home or 9 ! ,colonies1 & :o desire to obta9 a g5]al idea ( ! true pr9ciples ( f>m+ 9 ,,all ,,its ,,bran*es4--,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,colonial ,in/4 ,a mo/ ,,readable & ,,valuable book1 & m]its an ,,ext5sive ,,sale4--,scotti% ,f>m]4 ,w prove ( s]vice 9 ,,any ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,_w4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\r? ,,edition1 ,revis$1 & br\ght ?or\ghly up-to-date by ,l4,h4 ,,cooke1 ,in/ructor 9 ,m9e ,survey+1 ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce4 ,) ,frontispiece & #gaf ,illu/rations4 ,price #cds4 ,,ore ,,/one ,,m9+4 ,,by ,c4 ,,le ,,neve ,,fo/]1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,m9+1 ,,royal ,,college ,,( ,,sci5ce2 ,,exam9] ,,9 ,,m9+ ,,to ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,education4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction4 ,mode ( ,occurr5ce ( ,m9]als4--,prospect+4--,bor+4--,break+ ,gr\nd4--,support+ ,excavations4--,exploitation4--,haulage or ,transport4--,hoi/+ or ,w9d+4--,dra9age4--,v5tilation4--,light+ 4--,desc5t & ,asc5t4--,dress+4--,pr9ciples ( ,employm5t ( ,m9+ ,lab\r4--,legislation affect+ ,m9es & ,qu>ries4--,condition ( ! ,m9]4--,accid5ts4--,index4 ,dr4 ,fo/]'s book 0 expect$ to be epo*-mak+1 & x fully ju/ifies su* expectation4444 ,a ,,mo/ ,,admirable acc\nt ( ! mode ( occurr5ce ( practically ,,all ,,kn[n ,,m9]als4 ,probably /&s unrivall$ = complet5ess4--,! ,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,?is ,,epo*-,,mak+ "w 444 appeals to ,,m5 ,,( ,,exp]i5ce no less ?an to /ud5ts4--,b]g- und ,htt5mnnis*e ,zeitung4 ,?is ,,spl5did ,,"w4--,oe/]r4 ,zts*rft4 fr ,b]g- und ,htt5wes54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,elem5t>y ,,m9+ ,,& ,,qu>ry+ 7,an ,introductory ,text-book74 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,,le ,,neve ,,fo/]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,at ,press4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\r? ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,greatly ,enl>g$4 ,) ,num]\s ,additional ,illu/rations1 mo/ly r$uc$ f ,work+ ,draw+s4 ,price #bds4 net4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,coal-,,m9+3 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,colli]y ,,manag]s ,,& ,,o!rs ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,coal-,,m9+4 ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,william ,,hughes1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,assoc4 ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,g5]al ,manag] ( ,s&well ,p>k ,colli]y4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,geology4--,se>* = ,coal4--,break+ ,gr\nd4--,s9k+4--,prelim9>y ,op]ations4--,me?ods ( ,work+4--,haulage4--,w9d+4--,pump+4-- ,v5tilation4--,light+4--,works at ,surface4--,prep>ation ( ,coal = ,m>ket4--,,index4 ,q ,,! ,,be/ book ( its k9d 444 z ,,practical 9 aim z a book c be 444 ,! illu/rations are ,,excell5t4--,a!num4 ,we cordially recomm5d ! "w4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,w soon come to be reg>d$ z ! ,,/&>d ,,"w ( its k9d4--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,t5? ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) ,num]\s ,diagrams4 ,clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,m9e-,,survey+3 ,= ! use ( ,manag]s ( ,m9es & ,colli]ies1 ,/ud5ts at ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 c4 ,by ,,b5nett ,h4 ,,br\gh1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,=m]ly ,in/ructor ( ,m9e-,survey+1 ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,g5]al ,explanations4--,measurem5t ( ,di/ances4--,m9]'s ,dial4--,v>iation ( ! ,magnetic-,ne$le4--,survey+4--,g]man ,dial4--,!odolite4--,trav]s+ ,und]gr\nd4--,surface-,surveys4--,plott+ ! ,survey4--,calculation ( ,areas4--,levell+4--,measur+ ,di/ances by ,telescope4--,sett+-out4--,problems4--,p hotographic ,survey+4--,app5dices4 ,its ,,cle>ness ( ,,/yle1 ,,lucidity ( ,,description1 & ,,fulness ( ,,detail h long ago won = x a place unique 9 ! lit]ature ( ?is bran* ( m9+ eng9e]+1 & ! pres5t edition fully ma9ta9s ! high /&>d ( its pr$ecessors4 ,to ! /ud5t1 & to ! m9+ eng9e] alike1 ,,its ,,value is ine/imable4 ,! illu/rations are excell5t4--,! ,m9+ ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,m9e ,acc\nts & ,m9+ ,book-keep+4 ,= ,/ud5ts1 ,manag]s1 ,secret>ies1 & o!rs4 ,) ,examples tak5 f ,actual ,practice ( ,lead+ ,companies4 ,,by ,,james ,,gunson ,,lawn1 ,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,assoc4 ,mem4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,m9+ at ! ,s\? ,african ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,c4 ,,le ,,neve ,,fo/]1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,introduction4--,"p ,i4 ,engagem5t & ,paym5t ( ,workm54--,"p ,,ii4 ,pur*ases & ,sales4--,"p ,,iii4 ,work+ ,summ>ies & ,analyses4--,"p ,,iv4 ,l$g]1 ,balance ,%eet1 & ,company ,books4--,"p ,v4 ,reports & ,/ati/ics4 ,x seems ,,impossible to sugge/ h[ ,mr4 ,,lawn',s book c\ld be made m ,,complete or m ,,valuable1 c>eful1 & exhau/ive4--,acc\ntants' ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations & ,fold+-,plates4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,bla/+3 ,,& ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,explosives4 ,a ,h&book = ,eng9e]s & o!rs ,engag$ 9 ,m9+1 ,tunnell+1 ,qu>ry+1 c4 ,,by ,,osc> ,,guttmann1 ,,assoc4 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,memb] ( ! ,societies ( ,civil ,eng9e]s & ,ar*itects ( ,vi5na & ,budape/1 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,imp4 ,roy4 ,geological ,in/itution ( ,au/ria1 c4 ,?is ,,admirable "w4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,%\ld prove a vade-mecum to ,m9+ ,eng9e]s & all engag$ 9 practical "w4--,iron & ,coal ,trades ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,h&some clo?4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #fs4 net4 ,,electrical ,,practice ,,9 ,,colli]ies4 ,,by ,d4 ,,burns1 ,m4,e41 ,m4,,in/4,m4,e41 ,c]tificat$ ,colli]y ,manag]1 & ,lectur] on ,m9+ & ,geology to ! ,glasg[ & ,we/ ( ,scotl& ,te*nical ,college4 ,units ( ,measurem5t1 ,conductors1 c4--,! ,!ory ( ! ,dynamo4--,! ,dynamo1 ,details ( ,con/ruction & ,work+4--,motors4--,light+ ,in/allations 9 ,colli]ies4--,pump+ by ,electricity4--,electrical ,haulage4--,coal ,cutt+4--,miscellane\s ,applications ( ,electricity 9 ,m9es4--,,index4 ,a cle> & concise introduction to electrical practice 9 colli]ies4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ov] #ebj ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,practical ,,coal-,,m9+3 ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,manag]s1 ,,"u-,,manag]s1 ,,colli]y ,,eng9e]s1 ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,) ,work$-out ,problems on ,haulage1 ,pump+1 ,v5tilation1 c4 ,,by ,,george ,l4 ,,k]r1 ,m4,e41 ,m4,,in/4,m4,e4 ,an ,,ess5tially ,,practical ,,"w1 & c be confid5tly recomm5d$4 ,no dep>tm5t ( ,coal-,m9+ has be5 ov]look$4--,eng9e]s' ,gazette4 ,?is book ,,j ,,meets ! wants ( ,/ud5ts prep>+ = ! ,colli]y ,manag]s' ,exam9ations4 ,i h decid$ to use x = our classes "h4444 ,we h1 ,i believe ! l>ge/ at9+ class 9 ,great ,brita94--,! ,pr9cipal ( a ,tra9+ ,college4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,elem5t>y ,,coal-,,m9+3 ,= ! ,use ( ,/ud5ts1 ,m9]s1 & o!rs prep>+ = ,exam9ations4 ,by ,,george ,l4 ,,k]r1 ,m4,e41 ,m4,,in/4,m4,e41 ,au?or ( ,practical ,coal-,m9+4 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) #bjj ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,an abundance ( in=mation convey$ 9 a popul> & attractive =m4444 ,w be ( great use to all :o are 9 any way int]e/$ 9 coal m9+4--,scotti% ,critic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,gett+ ,,gold3 ,a ,,gold-,,m9+ ,,h&book ,,= ,,practical ,,m54 ,,by ,j4,c4,f4 ,,johnson1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,a4,i4,m4,e41 ,life ,memb] ,au/ralasian ,m9e-,manag]s' ,association4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,introductory3 ,prospect+ 7,alluvial & ,g5]al7--,lode or ,reef ,prospect+--,g5esiology ( ,gold--,aurif]\s ,lodes--,drifts--,gold ,extraction--,lixiviation--,calc9ation-- ,motor ,p[] & its ,transmission--,company ,=mation--,m9+ ,appliances & ,me?ods--,au/ralasian ,m9+ ,regulations4 ,,practical f beg9n+ to end 444 deals ?or\ghly ) ! ,prospect+1 ,s9k+1 ,cru%+1 & ,extraction ( gold4--,brit4 ,au/ralasian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ,plates & ,illu/rations4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,at ,press4 ,,! ,,cyanide ,,process ,,( ,,gold ,,extraction4 ,a ,text-,book = ! ,use ( ,metallurgi/s & ,/ud5ts at ,s*ools ( ,m9es1 c4 ,,by ,,james ,,p>k1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m4,,in/4,m4,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,m9+ & ,director ( ! ,otago ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m9es2 late ,director ,?ames ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 & ,geological ,surveyor & ,m9+ ,geologi/ to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,,?ird ,,engli% ,,edition4 ,?or\ghly ,revis$ & ,greatly ,enl>g$4 ,) additional details conc]n+ ! ,siem5s-,halske & o!r rec5t processes4 ,,cont5ts4--,! ,mac,arthur ,process4--,*emi/ry ( ! ,process4--,laboratory ,exp]im5ts4--,control ,te/+ & ,analysis ( ,solutions4--,appliances = ,cyanide ,extraction4--,! ,actual ,extraction by ,cyanide4--,application ( ! ,process4--,lea*+ by ,agitation4--,z9c ,precipitation ( ,gold4--,! ,siem5s-,halske ,process4--,o!r ,cyanide ,processes4--,antidotes = ,cyanide ,poison+4--,cyanid+ 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,mr4 ,p>k's book des]ves to be rank$ z among/ ! ,,be/ ,,( ,,exi/+ ,,treatises ,,on ,,?is ,,subject4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,at ,,press4 ,) ,num]\s ,plates1 ,maps1 & ,illu/rations4 ,,cyanid+ ,,gold ,,silv] ,,ores4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,cyanide ,process2 its ,application1 ,me?ods ( ,work+1 ,design & ,con/ruction ( ,plant1 & ,co/s4 ,,by ,h4 ,,=bes ,,julian1 ,m9+ & ,metallurgical ,eng9e]2 ,speciali/ 9 ,gold3 ,late ,te*nical ,advis] ( ! ,deuts*e ,gold und ,silb] ,s*eide ,an/alt1 ,frank=t-on-,ma9e4 ,,& ,,edg> ,,sm>t1 ,a4,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,civil & ,metallurgical ,eng9e]4 999999 ,?is book deals ) ! ,cyanide ,process f ,te*nical1 ,comm]cial1 & ,sci5tific po9ts ( view4 ,x is adapt$ = ! ,use ( ,directors1 ,manag]s1 & ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ,m9es & ,metallurgical ,works1 ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 ,metallurgi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,assay]s1 ,work+ ,cyanid]s1 & ,/ud5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,cr[n4 #hvo4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fancy ,clo? ,bo>ds4 #d;c4 #f;c4 ,,gold ,,seek+ ,,9 ,,s\? ,,africa3 ,a ,h&book ( ,h9ts = int5d+ ,explor]s1 ,prospectors1 & ,settl]s4 ,,by ,,!o ,,kassn]1 ,m9e ,manag]1 ,au?or ( ! ,geological ,sket* ,map ( ! ,de ,kaap ,gold ,fields4 ,) a ,*apt] on ! ,agricultural ,prospects ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,cont5ts--,hi/ory4--,geology4--,prospec t+4--,! ,de ,kaap ,goldfields4--,komati & ,swazil&4--,co/ ( ,m9+1 ,native ,lab\r1 c4--,lyd5b]g ,goldfields--,z\tspanb]g4--,witwat]sr&4- -,o!r ,goldfields4--,g5]al ,consid]ations--,conclusions4--,agricult ural ,prospects1 ,tables1 ,index1 c4 ,z fasc9at+ 9 its way z any?+ ev] p5n$ by ,jules ,v]ne4 ,mr4 ,kassn] manages to imp>t 8 in=mation 9 a way t enables him to be und]/&$ ev5 ( ! dulle/4--,african ,comm]ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,at ,,press4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,metallurgical ,,analysis ,,assay+3 ,a ,,?ree ,,ye>s' ,,c\rse ,,= ,,/ud5ts ,,( ,,s*ools ,,( ,,m9es4 ,by ,w4,a4 ,,macleod1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,a4,o4,s4,m4 7,n4,z471 ,=m]ly ,assi/4-,director1 ,?ames ,s*ool ( ,m9es 7,n4,z471 & ,lectur] 9 ,*emi/ry1 ,univ]sity ( ,tasmania2 ,director ( ,que5sl& ,gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,*>t]s ,t[]s2 ,,& ,,*as4 ,,walk]1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,=m]ly ,assi/4-,demon/rator 9 ,*emi/ry1 ,sydney ,univ]sity2 ,lectur] 9 ,*emi/ry & ,metallurgy1 ,*>t]s ,t[]s ,s*ool ( ,m9es ,,"p ,i4--,,qualitative ,,analysis ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,gases4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,qualitative ,,& ,,quantitative ,,analysis4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,assay+1 ,,te*nical ,,analysis 7,,gas1 ,,wat]1 ,,fuels1 ,,oils1 ,c474 999999 ,! aim ( ?is "w is to provide ! /ud5t ) a grad$ c\rse ( "w lead+ f ,simple ,quantitative ,analysis up to ! ,te*nical ,quantitative ,me?ods4 ,x has be5 specially prep>$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ,s*ools ( ,m9es1 & m especially1 ( ^? 9 ! ,colonies1 ! subject matt] hav+ be5 select$ to cov] a ?ree ye>s' laboratory c\rse4--,extract f ,au?or's ,preface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,) ,fold+ ,plates & ,_m ,illu/rations4 #cfs4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,metallurgy4 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,extract+ ,,metals ,,f ,,_! ,,ores4 ,,by ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,phillips1 ,m4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,g4,s41 c41 ,,& ,h4 ,,bau]man1 ,v4,p4,g4,s4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,refractory ,mat]ials4--,fire-,clays4--,fuels1 c4--,alum9ium4--,copp]4--,t94--,antimony 4--,ars5ic4--,z9c4--,m]cury4-- ,bismu?4--,lead4--,iron4--,cobalt4--,nic kel4--,silv]4--,gold4--,plat9um4 ,( ! ,,?ird ,,edition1 we are /ill able to say t1 z a ,text-book ( ,metallurgy1 x is ,,! ,,be/ ) :i* we are acqua9t$4--,eng9e]4 ,a "w :i* is equally valuable to ! ,/ud5t z a ,text-book1 & to ! practical ,smelt] z a ,/&>d ,"w ( ,ref]5ce4444 ,! ,illu/rations are admirable examples ( ,wood ,engrav+4--,*emical ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,m9+ ,,eng9e]s' ,,report ,,book ,,& ,,directors' ,,& ,,%>ehold]s' ,,guide ,,to ,,m9+ ,,reports4 ,by ,,edw9 ,r4 ,,field1 ,m4,,in/4,m4,m4 ,) ,notes on ! ,valuation ( ,m9+ ,prop]ty & ,tabulat+ ,reports1 ,useful ,tables1 c41 & provid$ ) deta*able blank pages = ,,ms4 ,notes4 ,an ,,admirably compil$ book :i* ,m9+ ,eng9e]s & ,manag]s w f9d ,,extremely ,,useful4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition4 ,9 ,prep>ation4 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,) ,num]\s ,maps1 ,plates1 & ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text4 ,price #des4 ,,petroleum ,,& ,,its ,,products3 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise4 ,by ,dr4 ,,bov]ton ,,r$wood1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,,assoc4,r4,c4,s41 ,hon4 ,corr4 ,mem4 ( ! ,imp]ial ,russian ,te*nical ,society2 ,mem4 ( ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society2 ,advis] to ! ,home ,(fice & to ! ,corporation ( ,london "u ! ,petroleum ,acts1 c41 c4 ,,assi/$ ,,by ,,geo4 ,t4 ,,holl[ay1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,,assoc4 ,r4,c4,s41 ,& ,num]\s ,contributors4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,i4 ,hi/orical4--,,ii4 ,geological & ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,petroleum & ,natural ,gas4--,,iii4 ,*emical & ,physical ,prop]ties4--,,iv4 ,orig9--,v4 ,production4--,,vi4 ,ref9+4--,,vii4 ,! ,%ale ,oil & ,alli$ ,indu/ries4--,,viii4 ,transport1 ,/orage1 & ,di/ribution4--,,ix4 ,te/+4--,x4 ,application & ,uses4--,,xi4 ,legislation at ,home & ,abroad4--,,xii4 ,/ati/ics4--,,index4 ,! ,,mo/ ,,compreh5sive ,,& ,,conv5i5t ,,acc\nt t has yet appe>$ ( a gigantic ,indu/ry :i* has made incalculable additions to ! com=t ( civilis$ man4--,! ,times4 ,a ,,spl5did ,,contribution to our te*nical lit]ature4--,*emical ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ,plates 7,"o ,col\r$7 & ,illu/rations4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a ,,h&book ,,on ,,petroleum4 ,,= ,,inspectors ,,"u ,,! ,,petroleum ,,acts1 ,& = ^? engag$ 9 ! ,/orage1 ,transport1 ,di/ribution1 & ,indu/rial ,use ( ,petroleum & its ,products1 & ( ,calcium ,c>bide4 ,) sugge/ions on ! ,con/ruction & ,use ( ,m9]al ,oil ,lamps4 ,,by ,,capta9 ,j4,h4 ,,?omson1 ,h4,m4 ,*ief ,inspector ( ,explosives1 ,,& ,,dr4 ,,bov]ton ,,r$wood1 ,au?or ( ,petroleum & its ,products4 ,,cont5ts4--,i4 ,introductory4--,,ii4 ,s\rces ( ,supply4--,,iii4 ,production4--,,iv4 ,*emical ,products1 ,%ale ,oil1 & ,coal ,t>4--,v4 ,fla% ,po9t & ,fire ,te/4--,,vi4 ,te/+s4--,,vii4 ,exi/+ ,legislation relat+ to ,petroleum4--,,viii4--,,ix4--,precaution s ,necess>y4--,x4 ,petroleum ,oil ,lamps4--,,xi4 ,c>bide ( ,calcium & ,acetyl5e4--,app5dices4--,,index4 ,a volume t w enri* ! _w's petroleum lit]ature1 & r5d] a s]vice to ! ,briti% bran* ( ! indu/ry4444 ,reliable1 indisp5sable1 a brilliant contribution4--,petroleum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,petroleum ,,lamp3 ,its ,*oice & ,use4 ,a ,guide to ! ,safe ,employm5t ( ,m9]al ,oil 9 :at is commonly t]m$ ! ,p>aff9 ,lamp4 ,by ,,capt4 ,j4,h4 ,,?omson & ,dr4 ,,bov]ton ,,r$wood4 ,popul> ,edition1 ,illu/rat$4 #as4 net4 ,! book conta9s a great deal ( int]e/+ read+1 mu* ( :i* is ?or\ghly practical & useful4 ,x is a "w :i* w meet e purpose = :i* x has be5 writt54--,petroleum4 99 99 99 99 99 ,griff9's ,metallurgical ,s]ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/&>d ,,works ,,( ,,ref]5ce ,,= ,metallurgi/s1 ,m9e-,own]s1 ,assay]s1 ,manufactur]s1 & all int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,metallurgical ,indu/ries4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,sir ,w4 ,,rob]ts-,,au/51 ,k4,c4,b41 ,d4,c4,l1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,illu/rations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction to ! ,,/udy ( ,,metallurgy4 ,by ! ,,editor4 ,,fif? ,,edition4 #ahs4 7,see p4 #fc47 ,,gold 7,! ,metallurgy (74 ,by ,,?os4 ,,kirke ,,rose1 ,d4,sc41 ,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,*emi/ & ,assay] ( ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,,f\r? ,,edition4 #bas4 7,see p4 #fc47 ,,lead ,,& ,,silv] 7,! ,metallurgy (74 ,by ,h4,f4 ,,coll9s1 ,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,m4,in/4,m4,m4 ,"p ,i41 ,lead1 #afs2 ,"p ,,ii41 ,silv]1 #afs4 7,see p4 #fd47 ,,iron 7,! ,metallurgy (74 ,by ,t4 ,,turn]1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 #afs4 7,see p4 #fe47 ,,/eel 7,! ,metallurgy (74 ,by ,f4,w4 ,,h>bord1 ,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,i4,c41 ) a ,section on ,me*anical ,treatm5t by ,j4,w4 ,,hall1 ,a4,m4,in/1 ,c4,e4 7,see p4 #fe47 ,ready %ortly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,w be ,publi%$ at ,%ort ,int]vals4 ,,metallurgical ,,ma*9]y3 ! ,application ( ,eng9e]+ to ,metallurgical ,problems4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,*>les ,,j5k9s1 ,:4,sc41 ,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,assoc4,m4,in/4,c4,e41 ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce4 7,see p4 #fd74 ,,alloys4 ,by ! ,,editor4 999999 ,o!r ,volumes 9 ,prep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fif? ,,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$ & consid]ably ,enl>g$4 ,l>ge #hvo1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations & ,micro-,photographic ,plates ( diff]5t v>ieties ( ,/eel4 #ahs4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,,metallurgy4 ,,by ,sir ,w4 ,,rob]ts-,,au/51 ,k4,c4,b41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,late ,*emi/ & ,assay] ( ! ,royal ,m9t1 & ,pr(essor ( ,metallurgy 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,! ,relation ( ,metallurgy to ,*emi/ry4--,physical ,prop]ties ( ,metals4--,alloys4--,! ,!rmal ,treatm5t ( ,metals4--,fuel & ,!rmal ,measurem5ts4--,mat]ials & ,products ( ,metallurgical ,processes4--,furnaces4--,means ( ,supply+ ,air to ,furnaces4--,!rmo-,*emi/ry4--,typical ,metallurgical ,processes4--,! ,micro-,/ructure ( ,metals & ,alloys4--,economic ,consid]ations4 ,no ,engli% text-book at all approa*es ?is 9 ! ,,complet5ess ) :i* ! mo/ mod]n views on ! subject are dealt )4 ,pr(essor ,au/5's volume w be ,,invaluable1 n only to ! /ud5t1 b also to ^? ^: k ( ! art is f> advanc$4--,*emical ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f\r? ,,edition1 ,revis$1 ,consid]ably ,enl>g$1 & 9 "p ,re-writt54 ,includ+ ! mo/ rec5t ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,cyanide ,process4 ,) ,frontispiece & num]\s ,illu/rations4 #bas4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,gold4 ,,by ,t4 ,,kirke ,,rose1 ,d4,sc4,lond41 ,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,*emi/ & ,assay] ( ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,! ,prop]ties ( ,gold & its ,alloys4--,*emi/ry ( ,gold4--,mode ( ,occurr5ce & ,di/ribution4--,plac] ,m9+4--,%all[ ,deposits4--,deep ,plac] ,m9+4--,qu>tz ,cru%+ 9 ! ,/amp ,batt]y4--,amalgamation4--,o!r ,=ms ( ,cru%+ & ,amalgamat+4--,conc5tration4--,/amp ,batt]y ,practice4--,*lor9ation3 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,ore4--,! ,vat ,process4--,! ,b>rel ,process4--,*lor9ation ,practice 9 ,p>ticul> ,mills4--,! ,cyanide ,process4--,*emi/ry ( ! ,process4--,pyritic ,smelt+4--,! ,ref9+ & ,p>t+ ( ,gold ,bullion--,! ,assay ( ,gold ,ores4--,! ,assay ( ,bullion--,economic ,consid]ations4--,bibliography4 ,a ,,compreh5sive ,,practical ,,treatise on ?is important subject4--,! ,times4 ,! ,,mo/ ,,complete description ( ! ,,*lor9ation ,,process :i* has yet be5 publi%$4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,adapt$ = all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! ,gold ,m9+ ,indu/ry1 be+ free f te*nicalities z f> z possible1 b is m p>ticul>ly ( value to ^? engag$ 9 ! indu/ry4--,cape ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,sir ,w4 ,,rob]ts-,,au/51 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,d4,c4,l4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,illu/rations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 ,ea* ,complete 9 ,itself & ,sold ,sep>ately4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,lead ,,& ,,silv]4 ,,by ,h4,f4 ,,coll9s1 ,,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,m4,,in/4,m4,m4 ,"p ,i4--,,lead3 ,a ,complete & ,exhau/ive ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,lead1 ) ,sections on ,smelt+ & ,desilv]isation1 & ,*apt]s on ! ,assay & ,analysis ( ! ,mat]ials involv$4 ,price #afs4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4--,sampl+ & ,assay+ ,lead & ,silv]4--,prop]ties & ,comp\nds ( ,lead4--,lead ,ores4--,lead ,smelt+4--,rev]b]atories4--,lead ,smelt+ 9 ,he>?s4--,! ,roa/+ ( ,lead ,ores4--,bla/ ,furnace ,smelt+2 ,pr9ciples1 ,practice1 & ,examples2 ,products4--,flue ,du/1 its ,composition1 ,collection & ,treatm5t4--,co/s & ,losses1 ,pur*ase ( ,ores4--,treatm5t ( ,z9c1 ,lead ,sulphides1 ,desilv]isation1 ,s(t5+ & ,ref9+4--,! ,patt9son ,process4--,! ,p>kes ,process4--,cupellation & ,ref9+1 c41 c4 ,a ,,?or\ghly ,,s\nd & useful dige/4 ,may ) ,,e ,,confid5ce be recomm5d$4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,silv]4 ,compris+ ,details reg>d+ ! ,s\rces & ,treatm5t ( ,silv] ,ores1 toge!r ) ,descriptions ( ,plant1 ,ma*9]y1 & ,processes ( ,manufacture1 ,ref9+ ( ,bullion1 ,co/ ( ,work+1 c4 ,price #afs4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,cont5ts4--,prop]ties ( ,silv] & its ,pr9cipal ,comp\nds4--,silv] ,ores4--,! ,patio ,process4--,! ,kazo1 ,fondon1 ,krhnke1 & ,t9a ,processes4--,! ,pan ,process4--,roa/ ,amalgamation4--,treatm5t ( ,tail+s & ,conc5tration4--,retort+1 ,melt+1 & ,assay+4--,*loridis+-,roa/+4--,! ,augu/91 ,claudet1 & ,zi]vogel ,processes4--,! ,hypo-,sulphite ,lea*+ ,process4--,ref9+4--,matte ,smelt+4--,pyritic ,smelt+4--,matte ,smelt+ 9 ,rev]b]atories4--,silv]-,copp] ,smelt+ & ,ref9+4--,,index4 ,! au?or has focuss$ ,a ,,l>ge ,,am\nt ,,( ,,valuable ,,in=mation into a conv5i5t =m4444 ,! au?or has evid5tly consid]able practical exp]i5ce1 & describes ! v>i\s processes cle>ly & well4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 ,,metallurgical ,,ma*9]y3 ,! ,application ( ,eng9e]+ to ,metallurgical ,problems4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,,*>les ,,j5k9s1 ,:4,sc41 ,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,assoc4,m4,in/4,c4,e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ready ,,%ortly4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,/eel4 ,,by ,f4,w4 ,,h>bord1 ,,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,consult+ ,metallurgi/ & ,analytical ,*emi/ to ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t1 ,royal ,indian ,eng9e]+ ,college1 ,coop]s ,hill4 ,) ov] #dj ,plates1 #ejj ,illu/rations 7compris+ ne>ly #ajj ,micro-,sections ( ,/eel71 ,diagrams ( ,plant & ,ma*9]y1 r$uc$ f ,work+ ,draw+s1 & a ,section on ,mill ,practice4 ,,by ,j4,w4 ,,hall1 ,a4,m4,,in/4,c4,e4 ,,abridg$ ,,cont5ts4--,! ,plant1 ,ma*9]y1 ,me?ods & ,*emi/ry ( ! ,bessem] & ( ! ,op5 ,he>? ,processes 7,acid & ,basic74--,! ,me*anical ,treatm5t ( ,/eel compris+ ,mill ,practice1 ,plant & ,ma*9]y4--,! ,influ5ce ( ,metalloids1 ,heat ,treatm5t1 ,special ,/eels1 ,micro/ructure1 ,te/+1 & ,specifications4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,price #afs4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,iron4 ,,by ,,?omas ,,turn]1 ,,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,pr(essor ( ,metallurgy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?1 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations 7_m f ,photographs74 ,g5]al ,cont5ts4--,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,iron4--,mod]n ,hi/ory ( ,iron4--,! ,age ( ,/eel4--,*ief ,iron ,ores4--,prep>ation ( ,iron ,ores4--,! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,! ,air us$ 9 ! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,reactions ( ! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,! ,fuel us$ 9 ! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,slags & ,fluxes ( ,iron ,smelt+4--,prop]ties ( ,ca/ ,iron4--,f\ndry ,practice4--,wr\ght ,iron4--,indirect ,production ( ,wr\ght ,iron4--,! ,puddl+ ,process4--,fur!r ,treatm5t ( ,wr\ght ,iron4--,corrosion ( ,iron & ,/eel4 ,a ,,mo/ ,,valuable ,,summ>y ( k relat+ to e me?od & /age 9 ! manufacture ( ca/ & wr\ght iron 444 ri* 9 *emical details4444 ,,exhau/ive & ,,?or\ghly ,,up-,,to-,,date4--,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,iron & ,/eel ,association4 ,?is is ,a ,,delightful ,,book1 giv+1 z x does1 reliable in=mation on a subject becom+ e day m elaborate4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,a ,,?or\ghly ,,useful ,,book1 :i* br+s ! subject ,,up ,,to ,,date4 ,,( ,,great ,,value to ^? engag$ 9 ! iron indu/ry4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 999999 ,= ,details ( ,,works ,,on ,,m9+1 see pages #ee-ei4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,assay+3 ,= ! use ( ,/ud5ts1 ,m9e ,manag]s1 ,assay]s1 c4 ,,by ,j4,j4 ,,b]+]1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,public ,analy/ =1 & ,lectur] to ! ,m9+ ,association (1 ,cornwall4 ,,& ,c4 ,,b]+]1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,late ,*ief ,assay] to ! ,rio ,t9to ,copp] ,company1 ,london4 ,) num]\s ,tables & ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,eigh? ,,edition4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,,"p ,i4--,,introductory2 ,,manipulation3 ,sampl+2 ,dry+2 ,calculation ( ,results--,laboratory-books & ,reports4 ,,me?ods3 ,dry ,gravimetric2 ,wet ,gravimetric--,volumetric ,assays3 ,titrometric1 ,colorimetric1 ,gasometric--,weigh+ & ,measur+--,reag5ts--,=mul1 ,equations1 c4--,specific ,gravity4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,metals3 ,detection & ,assay ( ,silv]1 ,gold1 ,plat9um1 ,m]cury1 ,copp]1 ,lead1 ,?allium1 ,bismu?1 ,antimony1 ,iron1 ,nickel1 ,cobalt1 ,z9c1 ,cadmium1 ,t91 ,tung/51 ,titanium1 ,manganese1 ,*romium1 c4--,e>?s1 ,alkalies4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,non-,,metals3 ,oxyg5 & ,oxides2 ,! ,halog5s--,sulphur & ,sulphates--,ars5ic1 ,phosphorus1 ,nitrog5--,silicon1 ,c>bon1 ,boron--,useful ,tables4 ,a ,,really ,,m]itori\s ,,"w1 t may be safely dep5d$ ^u ei!r = sy/ematic in/ruction or = ref]5ce4--,nature4 ,?is "w is "o ( ! be/ ( its k9d4--,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #fs4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,metallurgy4 ,includ+ ! ,au?or's ,practical ,laboratory ,c\rse4 ,,by ,a4 ,,humboldt ,,sexton1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,metallurgy 9 ! ,glasg[ & ,we/ ( ,scotl& ,te*nical ,college4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,introduction4--,prop]ties ( ! ,metals4--,combu/ion4--,fuels4--,refract ory ,mat]ials4--,furnaces4--,occurr5ce ( ! ,metals 9 ,nature4--,prep>ation ( ! ,ore = ! ,smelt]4--,metallurgical ,processes4--,iron4--,/eel4---,copp]4--, lead4--,z9c & ,t94--,silv]4--,gold4--,m]cury4--,alloys 4--,applications ( ,,electricity to ,metallurgy4--,,laboratory ,,c\rse4 ,j ! k9d ( "w = ,/ud5ts comm5c+ ! /udy ( ,metallurgy1 or = ,,eng9e]+ ,/ud5ts4--,practical ,eng9e]4 ,,excell5tly got-up & ,,well-,,arrang$4--,*emical ,trade ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,price #ds4 ,,tables ,,= ,,quantitative ,,metallurgical ,,analysis4 ,,= ,,laboratory ,,use4 ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,gr\p ,,sep>ations4 ,,by ,j4 ,,james ,,morgan1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,m4,s4,c4,i4 ,! ,au?or may be ,,congratulat$ on ! way 8 "w has be5 c>ri$ out4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,w ,,comm5d ,,itself highly 9 ,laboratory ,practice4 ,its ,,cle>ness & ,,precision m>k ! book out z a highly useful "o4--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$1 ,enl>g$1 & 9 "p ,re-writt54 ,) ,additional ,sections on ,,mod]n ,,!ories ,,( ,,electrolysis ,,co/s1 c4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,electro-,,metallurgy3 ,embrac+ ! ,application ( ,electrolysis to ! ,plat+1 ,deposit+1 ,smelt+1 & ,ref9+ ( v>i\s ,metals1 & to ! ,reproduction ( ,pr9t+ ,surfaces & ,art-,"w1 c4 ,,by ,,walt] ,g4 ,mc,m,i,l,l,a,n1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,secret>y to ! ,in/itution ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s2 late ,lectur] 9 ,metallurgy at ,mason ,college1 ,birm+ham4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?4 ,?is excell5t treatise1 444 "o ( ! ,,be/ & ,,mo/ ,,complete manuals hi!rto publi%$ on ,electro-,metallurgy4--,electrical ,review4 ,?is "w w be a ,,/&>d4--,jewell]4 ,any metallurgical process :i* ,,r$uces ! co/ ( production mu/ ( necessity prove ( great comm]cial importance4444 ,we recomm5d ?is manual to ,,all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! ,,practical ,,application ( electrolytic processes4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 l>ge #hvo4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations & ,?ree ,fold+-,plates4 ,price #bas4 ,,electric ,,smelt+ ,,ref9+3 ,a ,practical ,manual ( ! ,extraction & ,treatm5t ( ,metals by ,electrical ,me?ods4 ,be+ ! ,,elektro-,,metallurgie ( ,,dr4 ,w4 ,,bor*]s4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,edition by ,,walt] ,g4 ,mc,m,i,l,l,a,n1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4--,,alkalies ,,& ,,alkal9e ,,e>? ,,metals3 ,magnesium1 ,li?ium1 ,b]yllium1 ,sodium1 ,potassium1 ,calcium1 ,/rontium1 ,b>ium1 ! ,c>bides ( ! ,alkal9e ,e>? ,metals4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,! ,,e>? ,,metals3 ,alum9ium1 ,c]ium1 ,lan?anum1 ,didymium4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,heavy ,,metals3 ,copp]1 ,silv]1 ,gold1 ,z9c & ,cadmium1 ,m]cury1 ,t91 ,lead1 ,bismu?1 ,antimony1 ,*romium1 ,molybd5um1 ,tung/51 ,uranium1 ,manganese1 ,iron1 ,nickel1 & ,cobalt1 ! ,plat9um ,gr\p4 ,,compreh5sive & ,,au?oritative 444 n only ,,full ( ,,valuable ,,in=mation1 b gives evid5ce ( a ,,?or\gh ,,insight into ! te*nical ,,value & ,,possibilities ( all ! me?ods discuss$4--,! ,electrician4 ,dr4 ,,bor*]s' ,,well-,,kn[n ,,"w 444 mu/ ( ,,necessity ,,be ,,acquir$ by e "o int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,,excell5tly put into ,engli% ) additional matt] by ,mr4 ,,mcmillan4--,nature4 ,w be ( ,,great ,,s]vice to ! practical man & ! ,/ud5t4--,electric ,smelt+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #dto1 ,libr>y ,/yle4 ,beautifully ,illu/rat$ ) #bj ,plates1 _m 9 ,col\rs1 & #id ,figures 9 ! ,text4 ,,preci\s ,,/ones3 ,_! ,prop]ties1 ,occurr5ces1 & ,uses4 ,a ,treatise = ,deal]s1 ,manufactur]s1 ,jewell]s1 & = all ,collectors & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ,gems4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,max ,,bau]1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg1 ,,translat$ ,,by ,l4,j4 ,,sp5c]1 ,m4,a4 7,,cantab471 ,f4,g4,s4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,g5]al ,prop]ties ( ,gems3 ,_! ,natural ,*>act]s1 ,occurr5ce1 ,application1 & ,uses4--,detail$ ,description ( ,p>ticul> ,gems3 ,! ,diamond1 ,rubies1 ,sapphires2 ,em]alds1 ,t\rmal9es1 & ,opals2 ,felsp>s1 ,amphiboles1 ,mala*ite4--,non-m9]al ,gems3 ,amb]1 c4--,optical ,features1 ,transp>5cy1 ,transluc5cy1 ,opacity1 ,refraction & ,disp]sion1 c4--,,app5dix3 ,pe>ls2 ,coral4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,! ,art ( ! ,goldsmi? & ,jewell] ,a ,manual on ! ,manipulation ( ,gold & ! ,manufacture ( ,p]sonal ,ornam5ts4 ,,by ,,?os4 ,b4 ,,wigley1 ,headma/] ( ! ,jewell]s & ,silv]smi?s' ,association ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,birm+ham4 ,,assi/$ ,,by ,j4,h4 ,,/ansbie1 ,b4,,sc4 7,,lond471 ,f4,i4,c41 ,lectur] at ! ,birm+ham ,municipal ,te*nical ,s*ool4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,introduction4--,! ,anci5t ,goldsmi?'s ,art4--,metallurgy ( ,gold4--,prices1 c4--,alloys4--,melt+1 ,roll+1 & ,slitt+ ,gold4--,! work%op & ,tools4--,wire ,draw+4--,r+s4--,*a9s & ,insignia4--,antique ,jewell]y ,"w4--,,preci\s ,,/ones4--,cutt+4--,poli%+ & ,f9i%+4--,*as+1 & its ,revival4--,etruscan ,emboss+1 & ,rep\ss ,"w4--,col\r+ & ,f9i%+4--,enamell+4--,engrav+4--,m\ld+ & ,ca/+ ,ornam5ts1 c4--,fluxes4 c4--,recov]y ( ! ,preci\s ,metals4--,ref9+ & ,assay+4--,gild+ & ,electro ,deposition4--,hall-,m>k+4--,miscellane\ s4--,app5dix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,griff9's ,*emical & ,te*nological ,publications4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ,metallurgy & ,electro-,metallurgy1 see previ\s ,section4 ,,page ,inorganic ,*emi/ry1 ,,pr(s4 ,,dupr ,,& ,,hake1 #gj ,quantitative ,analysis1 ,,pr(4 ,,humboldt ,,sexton1 #gj ,qualitative #gj ,*emi/ry = ,eng9e]s1 ,,bl\nt ,,& ,,bloxam1 #ga ,manufactur]s1 #ga ,foods1 ,analysis (1 ,a4 ,,wynt] ,,bly?1 #gb ,poisons1 ,detection (1 #gb ,tables = ,*emi/s & ,manufactur]s1 ,,pr(4 ,,ca/ell-,,evans1 #gi ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 ,,pr(4 ,j4,m4,h4 ,,munro1 #ge ,dairy ,*emi/ry1 ,h4 ,d4 ,,ri*mond1 #gc ,milk1 ,e4,f4 ,,will\ghby1 #gc ,fle% ,foods1 ,c4,a4 ,,mit*ell1 #gc ,practical ,sanitation1 ,,dr4 ,g4 ,,reid1 #gh ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 ,f4 ,,wood1 #gh ,te*nical ,mycology1 ,,laf> ,,& ,,salt]1 #gd ,f]m5ts1 ,c4 ,,opp5heim]1 #gd ,brew+1 ,,dr4 ,w4,j4 ,,sykes1 #ge ,sewage ,disposal1 ,,santo ,,crimp1 #gf ,trades' ,wa/e1 ,w4 ,,naylor1 #gf ,cem5ts1 ,g4,r4 ,,r$grave1 #gf ,wat] ,supply1 ,r4,e4 ,,middleton1 #gg ,road ,mak+1 ,,?os4 ,,aitk51 #gi ,gas ,manufacture1 ,w4 ,,atk9son ,,butt]field1 #gg ,acetyl5e1 ,,le$s ,,& ,,butt]field1 #gg ,fire ,risks1 ,,dr4 ,,s*w>tz1 #gg ,petroleum1 ,,r$wood ,,& ,,holl[ay1 #fa ---- 7,h&book71 ,,?omson ,,& ,,r$wood1 #fa ,oils1 ,soaps1 ,c&les1 ,,dr4 ,,ald] ,,wright1 #ha ,lubrication & ,lubricants1 ,,ar*butt ,,& ,,deeley1 #cb ,india ,rubb]1 ,,dr4 ,,c>l ,o4 ,,web]1 #ha ,pa9t]s' ,col\rs1 ,oils1 & ,v>ni%es1 ,g4,h4 ,,hur/1 #hj ,pa9t]s' ,laboratory ,guide1 #hj ,pa9t+ & ,decorat+1 ,w4,j4 ,,pe>ce1 #hj ,photography1 ,a4 ,,bro!rs1 #ba ,dye+1 ,,kne*t ,,& ,,rawson1 #hb ,diction>y ( ,dyes1 ,,rawson1 ,,g>dn]1 ,,& ,,laycock1 #hb ,textile ,pr9t+1 ,,seym\r ,,ro?well1 #hc ,textile ,fibres ( ,comm]ce1 ,w4,i4 ,,hannan1 #hc ,dye+ & ,clean+1 ,g4,h4 ,,hur/1 #hd ,blea*+ & ,calico-,pr9t+1 ,,geo4 ,,du]r1 #hd 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,%ort ,,manual ,,( ,,inorganic ,,*emi/ry4 ,,by ,a4 ,,dupr1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,& ,,wilson ,,hake1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,( ! ,we/m9/] ,hospital ,m$ical ,s*ool ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$1 ,enl>g$1 & ,re-issu$4 ,price #fs4 net4 ,a well-writt51 cle> & accurate ,elem5t>y ,manual ( ,inorganic ,*emi/ry4444 ,we agree he>tily ) ! sy/em adopt$ by ,drs4 ,dupr & ,hake4 ,,w ,,make ,,exp]im5tal ,,"w ,,trebly ,,int]e/+ ,,because ,,intelligible4--,saturday ,review4 ,!re is no "q t1 giv5 ! ,,p]fect ,,gr\nd+ ( ! ,/ud5t 9 8 ,sci5ce1 ! rema9d] comes aft]w>ds to him 9 a mann] mu* m simple & easily acquir$4 ,! "w is ,,an ,,example ,,( ,,! ,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,sy/ematic ,,treatm5t ( a ,sci5ce ov] ! fragm5t>y /yle s g5]ally foll[$4 ,,by ,a ,,long ,,way ,,! ,,be/ ( ! small ,manuals = ,/ud5ts4--,analy/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,laboratory ,,h&books ,,by ,a4 ,,humboldt ,,sexton1 ,pr(essor ( ,metallurgy 9 ! ,glasg[ & ,we/ ( ,scotl& ,te*nical ,college4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,quantitative ,,analysis4 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/ud5ts4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cs4 ,a ,,compact ,,laboratory ,,guide = beg9n]s 0 want$1 & ! want has be5 ,,well ,,suppli$4444 ,a good & useful book4--,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,qualitative ,,analysis4 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/ud5ts4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,f\r? ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! "w ( a ?or\ghly practical *emi/4--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,compil$ ) great c>e1 & w supply a want4--,j\rnal ( ,education4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,elem5t>y ,,metallurgy3 ,includ+ ! ,au?or's ,practical ,laboratory ,c\rse4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,see p4 #ff4 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #fs4 ,j ! k9d ( "w = /ud5ts comm5c+ ! /udy ( metallurgy4--,practical ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*emi/ry ,,= ,,eng9e]s ,,& ,,manufactur]s4 ,a ,,practical ,,text-,,book4 ,,by ,,b]tram ,,bl\nt1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,assoc4,in/4,c4,e41 ,consult+ ,*emi/ to ! ,cr[n ,ag5ts = ! ,colonies4 ,,& ,a4,g4 ,,bloxam1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,consult+ ,*emi/1 ,head ( ! ,*emi/ry ,dep>tm5t1 ,goldsmi?s' ,in/41 ,new ,cross4 ,9 ,two ,vols41 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,sold ,sep>ately4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! au?ors h ,,succe$$ beyond all expectations1 & h produc$ a "w :i* %\ld give ,,fre% ,,p[] to ! ,eng9e] & ,manufactur]4--,! ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,volume ,i4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,eng9e]+1 ,,build+1 ,,& ,,metallurgy4 ,g5]al ,cont5t4--,,introduction--,*emi/ry ( ! ,*ief ,mat]ials ( ,con/ruction--,s\rces ( ,en]gy--,*emi/ry ( ,/eam-rais+--,*emi/ry ( ,lubrication & ,lubricants--,metallurgical ,processes us$ 9 ! ,w9n+ & ,manufacture ( ,metals4 ,,practical ,,?r\gh\t 444 an ,,admirable ,,text-,,book1 useful n only to ,/ud5ts1 b to ,,eng9e]s & ,,manag]s ,,( ,,works 9 ,,prev5t+ ,,wa/e & ,,improv+ ,,processes4--,scotsman4 ,,em95tly ,,practical4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,a book wor?y ( ,,high ,,rank 444 its m]it is great 444 treatm5t ( ! subject ( ,,gase\s ,,fuel p>ticul>ly good4444 ,,wat] ,,gas & ! production cle>ly work$ out4444 ,altoge!r a mo/ cr$itable production4 ,,we ,,w>mly ,,recomm5d ,,x1 & look =w>d ) ke5 int]e/ to ! appe>ance ( ,vol4 ,,ii4--,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 ,,volume ,,ii4 ,price #afs4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,manufactur+ ,,processes4 ,g5]al ,cont5ts4--,sulphuric ,acid ,manufacture--,manufacture ( ,alkali1 c4--,de/ructive ,di/illation--,artificial ,manure ,manufacture--,petroleum--,lime & ,cem5t--,clay ,indu/ries & ,glass--,sug> & ,/>*--,brew+ & ,di/ill+--,oils1 ,res9s1 & ,v>ni%es--,soap & ,c&les--,textiles & ,blea*+--,col\r+ ,matt]s1 ,dye+1 & ,pr9t+--,pap] & ,pa/ebo>d--,pigm5ts & ,pa9ts--,lea!r1 ,glue1 & ,size--,explosives & ,mat*es--,m9or ,*emical ,manufactures4 ,c]ta9ly a ,,good & ,,useful ,,book1 con/itut+ a ,,practical ,,guide = /ud5ts by af=d+ a cle> conception ( ! num]\s processes z a :ole4--,*emical ,trade ,j\rnal4 ,we ,,confid5tly ,,recomm5d ?is volume z a ,,practical1 & n ov]load$1 ,,text-,,book1 ( ,,great ,,value to /ud5ts4--,! ,build]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,j ,,out4 ,,fif? ,,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$1 ,greatly ,enl>g$ & ,re-writt54 ,) additional ,tables1 ,plates1 & ,illu/rations4 #bas4 ,,foods3 ,,_! ,,composition ,,& ,,analysis4 ,,by ,a4 ,,wynt] ,,bly?1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 ,public ,analy/ = ! ,c\nty ( ,devon1 & ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? = ,/4 ,m>ylebone4 ,,& ,m4 ,,wynt] ,,bly?1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,,sc41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,hi/ory ( ,adult]ation4--,legislation4--,app>atus4 --,a%4--,sug>4--,confection]y4-- ,honey4--,treacle4--,jams & ,pres]v$ ,fruits4--,/>*es4--,:eat5-,fl\r4-- ,bread4--,oats4--,b>ley4--,rye4--,rice4- -,maize4--,millet4--,potato4--,peas4-- ,l5tils4--,beans4--,milk4--,cream4--,but t]4--,oleo-,m>g>9e4--,*eese4-- ,l>d4--,tea4--,c(fee4--,cocoa & ,*ocolate4--,alcohol4--,br&y4--,rum4-- ,:isky4--,g94--,arrack4--,liqueurs4--,ab s9!4--,yea/4---,be]4--,w9e4-- ,v9eg>4--,lemon & ,lime ,juice4--,mu/>d4--,pepp]4--,sweet & ,bitt] ,almonds4--,annatto4--,olive ,oil4--,wat] ,analysis4--,app5dix3 ,adult]ation ,acts1 c4 ,simply ,,indisp5sable 9 ! ,analy/'s laboratory4--,! ,lancet4 ,a new edition ( ,mr4 ,wynt] ,bly?'s ,/&>d "w1 ,,enri*$ ,,) ,,all ,,! ,,rec5t ,,discov]ies ,,& ,,improvem5ts1 w be accept$ z a boon4--,*emical ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,clo?1 ) ,tables & ,illu/rations4 ,price #bas4 ,,poisons3 ,,_! ,,effects ,,& ,,detection4 ,,by ,a4 ,,wynt] ,,bly?1 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,b>ri/]-at-,law1 ,public ,analy/ = ! ,c\nty ( ,devon1 & ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? = ,/4 ,m>ylebone4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,i4--,hi/orical ,introduction4 ,,ii4--,classification--,/ati/ics--,conn ection betwe5 ,toxic ,action & ,*emical ,composition--,life ,te/s--,g5]al ,me?od ( ,proc$ure--,! ,spectroscope--,exam9ation ( ,blood & ,blood ,/a9s4 ,,iii4--,poison\s ,gases4 ,,iv4--,acids & ,alkalies4 ,v4--,m or less ,volatile ,poison\s ,sub/ances4 ,,vi4--,alkaloids & ,poison\s ,vegetable ,pr9ciples4 ,,vii4--,poisons d]iv$ f ,liv+ or ,dead ,animal ,sub/ances4 ,,viii4--,! ,oxalic ,acid ,gr\p4 ,,ix4--,inorganic ,poisons4 ,app5dix3 ,treatm5t1 by ,antidotes or o!rwise1 ( ,cases ( ,poison+4 ,und\bt$ly ,,! ,,mo/ ,,complete ,,"w on ,toxicology 9 our language4--,! ,analy/ 7on ! ,?ird ,edition74 ,z a ,,practical ,,guide1 we "k ,,no ,,bett] "w4--,! ,lancet 7on ! ,?ird ,edition74 999999 ,9 ! ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,enl>g$ & p>tly ,re-writt51 ,,new ,,analytical ,,me?ods h be5 introduc$1 & ! ,,cadav]ic ,,alkaloids1 or ,,ptoma9es1 bodies play+ s great a "p 9 ,food-poison+ & 9 ! ,manife/ations ( ,disease1 h receiv$ special att5tion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) ,num]\s ,tables1 & #bb ,illu/rations4 #afs4 ,,dairy ,,*emi/ry ,,= ,,dairy ,,manag]s1 ,,*emi/s1 ,,& ,,analy/s ,a ,practical ,h&book = ,dairy ,*emi/s & o!rs hav+ ,control ( ,dairies4 ,,by ,h4 ,,droop ,,ri*mond1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,,*emi/ ,,to ,,! ,,aylesbury ,,dairy ,,company4 ,cont5ts4--,i4 ,introductory4--,! ,con/itu5ts ( ,milk4 ,,ii4 ,! ,analysis ( ,milk4 ,,iii4 ,normal ,milk3 its ,adult]ations & & _! ,detection4 ,,iv4 ,! ,*emical ,control ( ! ,dairy4 ,v4 ,alt]ations1 ,biological & ,sanit>y ,matt]s4 ,,vi4 ,butt]4 ,,vii4 ,o!r ,milk ,products4 ,,viii4 ,! ,milk ( ,mammals o!r ?an ! ,c[4--,app5dices4--,tables4--,index4 444 ,9 our op9ion ! book is ! ,,be/ ,,contribution ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,t ,,has ,,yet ,,appe>$ 9 ! ,engli% language4--,lancet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,at ,,press1 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,,milk3 ,,its ,,production ,,uses4 ,) ,*apt]s on ,dairy ,f>m+1 ,! ,diseases ( ,cattle1 & on ! ,hygi5e & ,control ( ,supplies4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,f4 ,,will\ghby1 ,m4,d4 7,lond471 ,d4,p4,h4 7,lond4 & ,camb471 ,inspector ( ,f>ms & ,g5]al ,sci5tific ,advis] to ,wel=d & ,sons1 ,ltd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,fle% ,,foods3 ,) ,me?ods = _! ,*emical1 ,microscopical1 & ,bact]iological ,exam9ation4 ,a ,practical ,h&book = ,m$ical ,m51 ,analy/s1 ,inspectors & o!rs4 ,,by ,c4 ,,a9swor? ,,mit*ell1 ,b4,a47,,oxon71 ,fell[ ( ! ,in/itute ( ,*emi/ry2 ,memb] ( ,c\ncil1 ,society ( ,public ,analy/s4 ,) ,num]\s ,tables1 ,illu/rations1 & a ,col\r$ ,plate4 ,,cont5ts4--,/ructure & ,*emical ,composition ( ,muscul> ,fibre4--( ,connective ,tissue1 & ,blood4--,! ,fle% ( ,diff]5t ,animals4--,! ,exam9ation ( ,fle%4--,me?ods ( ,exam9+ ,animal ,fat4--,! ,pres]vation ( ,fle%4--,composition & ,analysis ( ,sausages4--,proteids ( ,fle%4--,meat ,extracts & ,fle% ,peptones4--,! ,cook+ ( ,fle%4--,poison\s ,fle%4--,! ,animal ,p>asites ( ,fle%4--,! ,bact]iological ,exam9ation ( ,fle%4--,! ,extraction & ,sep>ation ( ,ptoma9es4--,,index4 999999 ,?is "w is a complete comp5dium ( ! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,animal ,,tissues4 ,x conta9s directions = ! detection ( morbid conditions1 putrefactive *anges1 & poison\s or injuri\s con/itu5ts1 toge!r ) an acc\nt ( _! causes & effects4--,publi%]s' ,note4 ,a compilation :i* w be mo/ useful = ! class = :om x is int5d$4--,a!num4 ,a book :i* ,,no ,,"o ^: duties involve consid]ations ( food supply ,,c ,,af=d ,,to ,,be ,,)\t4--,municipal ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,ea* ,volume ,complete 9 ,itself1 & ,sold ,sep>ately4 ,,te*nical ,,mycology3 ,,! ,,utilisation ,,( ,,micro-,,organisms ,,9 ,,! ,,arts ,,& ,,manufactures4 ,a ,practical ,h&book on ,f]m5tation & ,f]m5tative ,processes = ! ,use ( ,brew]s & ,di/ill]s1 ,analy/s1 ,te*nical & ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 & all int]e/$ 9 ! ,indu/ries dep5d5t on ,f]m5tation4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,franz ,,laf>1 ,pr(essor ( ,f]m5tation-,physiology & ,bact]iology 9 ! ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool1 ,vi5na4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,dr4 ,,emil ,,*r4 ,,hans51 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,c>lsb]g ,laboratory1 ,cop5hag54 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,*>les ,t4,c4 ,,salt]4 ,vol4 ,i4--,,s*izomycetic ,,f]m5tation4 #aes4 ,includ+ ! ,!ory ( ,f]m5tation1 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,/]ilization1 & ,pure ,culture ,processes4 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,"p ,i4 ,,eumycetic ,,f]m5tation4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,! ,morphology1 ,*emi/ry1 ,physiology1 & ,f]m5tative ,processes ( ! ,eumycetes1 ,zygomycetes1 & ,sac*>omycetes4 ,! fir/ "w ( ! k9d :i* c lay claim to complet5ess 9 ! treatm5t ( a fasc9at+ subject4 ,! plan is admirable1 ! classification simple1 ! /yle is good1 & ! t5d5cy ( ! :ole volume is to convey sure in=mation to ! read]4--,lancet4 999999 ,! publi%]s tru/ t be=e long !y w be able to pres5t ,engli% read]s ) ! :ole ( ! second volume1 arrangem5ts hav+ be5 conclud$ :]eby1 ^u its appe>ance 9 ,g]many1 ! ,engli% translation w be at once put 9 h&4 ,?is is n[ be+ done ) ,"p ,i41 :i* w be issu$ %ortly1 & :i* w be foll[$ by ! two f9al p>ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,f]m5ts ,,& ,,_! ,,actions4 ,a ,text-book on ! ,*emi/ry & ,physics ( ,f]m5tative ,*anges4 ,,by ,,c>l ,,opp5heim]1 ,,ph4,d41 ,m4,d41 ,( ! ,physiological ,in/itute at ,eilang54 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,by ,c4 ,,a9swor? ,,mit*ell1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,abridg$ ,,cont5ts4--,introduction4--,def9ition4- -,*emical ,nature ( ,f]m5ts4--,influ5ce ( ,ext]nal ,factors4--,mode ( ,action4--,physiological ,action4--,secretion4--,importance ( ,f]m5ts to ,vital ,action4--,proteolytic ,f]m5ts4--,tryps94--,bact]iolytic & ,hmolytic ,f]m5ts4--,vegetable ,f]m5ts4--,coagulat+ ,f]m5ts4--,sac*>ify+ ,f]m5ts4--,dia/ases4--,polysac*>ides4--, enzymes4--,f]m5ts :i* decompose ,glucosides4--,hydrolytic ,f]m5ts4--,lactic ,acid ,f]m5tation4--,alcoholic ,f]m5tation4--,biology ( ,alcoholic ,f]m5tation4--,oxydases4--,oxidis+ ,f]m5tation4--,bibliography4--,,index4 ,! pres5t ,translation embodies ,notes & ,additions to ! ,"w made by ! ,au?or subsequ5t to its ,publication 9 ,g]many4 ,su* a v]itable multum 9 p>vo has nev] yet appe>$4 ,! au?or has set himself ! task ( writ+ a "w on ,f]m5ts t %\ld embrace human erudition on ! subject--,brew]s' ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,plate & ,illu/rations4 ,price #bas4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,brew+4 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,practical ,,m54 ,,by ,,walt] ,j4 ,,sykes1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,,editor ,,( ,,! ,,analy/4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,physical ,pr9ciples involv$ 9 ,brew+ ,op]ations4 ,*emi/ry ) special ref]5ce to ! mat]ials us$ 9 ,brew+4 ,,ii4 ,! ,microscope4 ,vegetable ,biology4 ,f]m5tation4 ,,iii4 ,wat]4 ,b>ley & ,malt+4 ,brew]y ,plant4 ,brew+4 ,be] & its ,diseases4 ,app5dices4 ,index4 ,a volume ( ,brew+ ,sci5ce1 :i* has long be5 await$4444 ,we consid] x "o ( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,complete 9 ,,cont5ts & ,,novel ,,9 ,,arrangem5t t has yet be5 publi%$4444 ,w comm& a l>ge sale4--,! ,brew]s' ,j\rnal4 ,! appe>ance ( a "w su* z ?is s]ves to rem9d u ( ! ,,enorm\sly ,,rapid ,,advances made 9 our k ( ! ,sci5tific ,pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ,brew+ ,processes4444 ,dr4 ,sykes' "w w und\bt$ly be ( ! ,,greate/ ,,assi/ance1 n m]ely to ,brew]s1 b to all ,*emi/s & ,biologi/s int]e/$ 9 ! problems :i* ! ,f]m5tation ,indu/ries pres5t4--,! ,analy/4 ,! publication ( ,,dr4 ,,sykes' ,,ma/]ly ,,treatise on ! art ( ,brew+ is q an ev5t 9 ! ,brew+ ,_w4444 ,des]ves our w>me/ praise4444 ,a bett] guide ?an ,dr4 ,sykes c\ld h>dly be f\nd4--,c\nty ,brew]s' ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,analysis3 ,a ,,practical ,,h&book ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,agricultural ,,/ud5ts4 ,,by ,j4,m4,h4 ,,munro1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,d[nton ,college ( ,agriculture4 ,9 ,prep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$4 ,) ,tables1 ,illu/rations 9 ! ,text1 & #cg ,li?ographic ,plates4 ,m$ium #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 #cjs4 ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works3 ,a ,guide to ! ,con/ruction ( ,works = ! ,prev5tion ( ! ,pollution by ,sewage ( ,riv]s & ,e/u>ies4 ,,by ,w4 ,,santo ,,crimp1 ,m4,,in/4,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,late ,assi/ant-,eng9e]1 ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,,"p ,i4--,,introductory4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,sewage ,,disposal ,,works ,,9 ,,op]ation--,,_! ,,con/ruction1 ,,ma9t5ance1 ,,& ,,co/4 999999 ,f ! fact ( ! ,au?or's hav+1 = "s ye>s1 _h *>ge ( ! ,ma9 ,dra9age ,works ( ! ,nor!rn ,section ( ! ,metropolis1 ! *apt] on ,,london w be f\nd to conta9 _m important details :i* w\ld n o!rwise h be5 available4 ,all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ,sanit>y ,sci5ce owe a debt ( gratitude to ,mr4 ,crimp4444 ,8 "w w be especially useful to ,,sanit>y ,,au?orities & _! advis]s 444 ,,em95tly ,,practical ,,& ,,useful4--,lancet4 ,probably ! ,,mo/ ,,complete ,,& ,,be/ ,,treatise on ! subject :i* has appe>$ 9 our language4444 ,w prove ( ! greate/ use to all :o h ! problem ( ,sewage ,disposal to face4--,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,beautifully ,illu/rat$1 ) ,num]\s ,plates1 ,diagrams1 & ,figures 9 ! ,text4 #bas4 net4 ,,trades' ,,wa/e3 ,,its ,,treatm5t ,,& ,,utilisation4 ,a ,h&book = ,bor\gh ,eng9e]s1 ,surveyors1 ,ar*itects1 & ,analy/s4 ,,by ,w4 ,,naylor1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,a4,m4,,in/4,c4,e41 ,*ief ,inspector ( ,riv]s1 ,ribble ,jo9t ,committee4 ,,cont5ts4--,i4 ,introduction4--,,ii4 ,*emical ,eng9e]+4--,,iii4--,wool ,de-greas+ & ,grease ,recov]y4--,,iv4 ,textile ,indu/ries2 ,calico ,blea*+ & ,dye+4--,v4 ,dye+ & ,calico-,pr9t+1--,,vi4 ,tann+ & ,fellmong]y4--,,vii4 ,brew]y & ,di/ill]y ,wa/e4--,,viii4 ,pap] ,mill ,refuse4--,,ix4 ,g5]al ,trades' ,wa/e4--,,index4 ,!re is probably no p]son 9 ,engl& to-day bett] fitt$ to deal rationally ) su* a subject4--,briti% ,sanit>ian4 ,! "w is ?or\ghly practical1 & w s]ve z a h&book 9 ! future = ^? :o h to enc\nt] ! problems discuss$4--,*emical ,trade ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,extra4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,calc>e\s ,,cem5ts3 ,,_! ,,nature1 ,,prep>ation1 ,,& ,,uses4 ,) "s ,rem>ks ^u ,cem5t ,te/+4 ,,by ,,gilb]t ,r4 ,,r$grave1 ,,assoc4 ,,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,assi/ant ,secret>y = ,te*nology1 ,bo>d ( ,education1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,,invaluable to ! ,/ud5t1 ,ar*itect1 & ,eng9e]4--,build+ ,news4 ,w be useful to all int]e/$ 9 ! ,,manufacture1 ,,use1 & ,,te/+ ( ,cem5ts4--,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j ,out4 ,) ,f\r ,fold+ ,plates & ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,,wat] ,,supply3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,selection ( ,s\rces & ! ,di/ribution ( ,wat]4 ,,by ,,reg9ald ,e4 ,,middleton1 ,m4,,in/4,c4,e41 ,m4,,in/4,,me*4,e41 ,f4,s4,i4 ,,abridg$ ,,cont5ts4--,introductory4--,requirem5ts z to ,quality4--,requirem5ts z to ,quantity4--,/orage ,res]voirs4--,purification4--,s]vice ,res]voirs4--,! ,fl[ ( ,wat] ?r\gh ,pipes4--,di/ribut+ ,sy/ems4--,pump+ ,ma*9es4--,special ,requirem5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,at ,press4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,gas ,,manufacture3 ,a ,h&-,book on ! ,production1 ,purification1 & ,te/+ ( ,illum9at+ ,gas1 & ! ,assay ( ! ,bye-,products ( ,gas ,manufacture4 ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,atk9son ,,butt]field1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,=m]ly ,head ,*emi/1 ,gas ,works1 ,beckton1 ,london1 ,e4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,i4 ,raw ,mat]ials = ,gas ,manufacture4--,,ii4 ,coal ,gas4--,,iii4 ,c>burett$ ,wat] ,gas4--,,iv4 ,oil ,gas4--,v4 ,enri*+ by ,light ,oils4--,,vi4 ,f9al ,details ( ,manufacture4--,,vii4 ,gas ,analysis4--,,viii4 ,photometry4--,,ix4 ,applications ( ,gas4--,x4 ,bye-,products4--,,xi4 ,acetyl5e4--,,index4 ,! ,,be/ ,,"w ( its k9d :i* we h ev] _h ! pleasure ( review+4--,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,j ,,out4 ,) ,diagrams & ,illu/rations4 #es4 net4 ,,acetyl5e3 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,its ,,g5]ation ,,& ,,use4 ,,by ,f4,h4 ,,le$s1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,public ,analy/s & ( ! ,acetyl5e ,association2 ,,& ,w4,j4 ,,atk9son ,,butt]field1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,consult+ ,*emi/1 ,au?or ( ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,gas ,manufacture4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,introductory4--,advantages ( ,acetyl5e & o!r ,illum9ants4--,*emi/ry & ,physics4--,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,acetyl5e ,g5]ation4--,*oice ( a ,g5]ator4--,/atutory ,regulations4--,treatm5t ( ,acetyl5e aft] ,g5]ation4--,g5]al ,prop]ties4--,ma9s & ,s]vice ,pipes4--,subsidi>y ,app>atus4--,burn]s4--,inc&esc5t ,burn]s4--,heat+ ,app>atus & ,motors4--,c>burett$1 ,compress$1 & ,dissolv$ ,acetyl5e4--,mixtures ) o!r ,gases4--,sundry ,uses4--,acetyl5e ,lamps4--,valuation & ,analysis ( ,c>bide4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ready ,,imm$iately4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,price #afs4 net4 ,,fire ,,& ,,explosion ,,risks4 ,a ,h&book ( ! ,detection1 ,inve/igation1 & ,prev5tion ( ,fires & ,explosion4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,von ,,s*w>tz4 ,translat$ f ! ,revis$ ,g]man ,edition ,,by ,c4,t4,c4 ,,salt]4 ,,abridg$ ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,fires & ,explosions ( a ,g5]al ,"*4--,dang]s aris+ f ,s\rces ( ,light & ,heat4--,dang]\s ,gases4--,risks ,att5d+ ,special ,indu/ries4--,mat]ials ,employ$4--,agricultural ,products4--,fats1 ,oils1 & ,res9s4--,m9]al ,oils & ,t>4--,alcohol1 c4--,metals1 ,oxides1 ,acids1 c4--,lightn+1 ,ignition ,appliances1 ,fireworks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,t5? ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,price #fs4 ,,practical ,,sanitation3 ,a ,,h&-,,book ,,= ,,sanit>y ,,inspectors ,,& ,,o!rs ,,int]e/$ ,,9 ,,sanitation4 ,,by ,,george ,,reid1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,fell[1 ,mem4 ,c\ncil1 & ,exam9]1 ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 & ,m$ical ,(fic] to ! ,/af=d%ire ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,) an ,app5dix on ,sanit>y ,law4 ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,manley1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,b41 ,d4,p4,h41 ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal? = ! ,c\nty ,bor\gh ( ,we/ ,bromwi*4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,introduction--,wat] ,supply3 ,dr9k+ ,wat]1 ,pollution ( ,wat]--,v5tilation & ,w>m+--,pr9ciples ( ,sewage ,removal--,details ( ,dra9age2 ,refuse ,removal & ,disposal--,sanit>y & ,insanit>y ,"w & ,appliances--,details ( ,plumb]s' ,"w--,h\se ,con/ruction--,infection & ,dis9fection--,food1 ,inspection (2 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,good ,meat2 ,meat1 ,milk1 ,fi%1 c41 unfit = ,human ,food--,app5dix3 ,sanit>y ,law2 ,model ,bye-,laws1 c4 ,dr4 ,reid's v useful ,manual 444 ,,ab\nds ,,9 ,,practical ,,detail4--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,a ,,v ,,useful ,,h&book1 ) a v useful ,app5dix4 ,we recomm5d x n only to ,,sanit>y ,,inspectors1 b to ,,h\sehold]s & ,,all int]e/$ 9 ,sanit>y matt]s4--,sanit>y ,record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,companion ,,volume ,,to ,,reid',s ,,sanitation4 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+3 ,a ,practical ,manual ( ,t[n ,dra9age & ,sewage & ,refuse ,disposal4 ,= ,sanit>y ,au?orities1 ,eng9e]s1 ,inspectors1 ,ar*itects1 ,contractors1 & ,/ud5ts4 ,,by ,,francis ,,wood1 ,a4,m4,,in/4,c4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ,bor\gh ,eng9e] & ,surveyor1 ,fulham2 late ,bor\gh ,eng9e]1 ,bacup1 ,lancs4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction4--,hydraulics4--,velocity ( ,wat] 9 ,pipes4--,e>? ,pressures & ,reta9+ ,walls4--,p[]s4--,h\se ,dra9age4--,l& ,dra9age4--,sew]s4--,sep>ate ,sy/em4--,sewage ,pump+4--,sew] ,v5tilation4--,dra9age ,areas4--,sew]s1 ,manholes1 c4--,trade ,refuse4--,sewage ,disposal ,works4--,,bact]iolysis4--,sludge ,disposal4--,con/ruction & ,cleans+ ( ,sew]s4--,refuse ,disposal4--,*imneys & ,f\ndations4 ,! volume bri/les ) in=mation :i* w be gre$ily read by ^? 9 ne$ ( assi/ance4 ,! book is "o t ought to be on ! book%elves ( ,,e ,,practical ,,eng9e]4--,sanit>y ,j\rnal4 ,a ,,v]itable ,,pocket ,,comp5dium ( ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+4444 ,a "w :i* may1 9 _m respects1 be consid]$ z ,,complete 444 ,,comm5dably ,,cauti\s 444 ,,int]e/+ 444 ,,sugge/ive4--,public ,heal? ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,n[ ,,ready4 ,,9 ,,half ,,morocco1 #bd,s4 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 ea* complete 9 itself4 ,,physico-,,*emical ,,tables ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,analy/s1 ,,physici/s1 ,,*emical ,,manufactur]s1 ,,& ,,sci5tific ,,*emi/s4 ,volume ,i4--,*emical ,eng9e]+1 ,physical ,*emi/ry4 ,j ,out4 ,volume ,,ii4--,*emical ,physics1 ,pure & ,analytical ,*emi/ry4 ,,by ,,john ,,ca/ell-,,evans1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,*emical ,laboratories1 & ,lectur] on ,inorganic ,*emi/ry & ,metallurgy at ! ,f9sbury ,te*nical ,college4 ,! ,tables may almo/ claim to be exhau/ive1 & embody & collate all ! mo/ rec5t data e/abli%$ by exp]im5tali/s at home & abroad4 ,! volumes w be f\nd invaluable to all engag$ 9 rese>* & exp]im5tal inve/igation 9 ,*emi/ry & ,physics4 ,! ,"w compreh5ds z f> z possible ,,all ,,rulles ,,& ,,tables requir$ by ! ,analy/1 ,brew]1 ,di/ill]1 ,acid- & ,alkali-,manufactur]1 c41 c42 & also ! pr9cipal data 9 ,,!rmo-,,*emi/ry1 ,,electro-,,*emi/ry1 & ! v>i\s bran*es ( ,,*emical ,,physics4 ,e possible c>e has be5 tak5 to ensure p]fect accuracy1 & to include ! results ( ! mo/ rec5t inve/igations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,beautifully ,illu/rat$4 ,) ,plates & ,figures 9 ! ,text4 #bas4 ,road ,mak+ & ,ma9t5ance3 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,= ,,eng9e]s1 ,,surveyors1 ,,& ,,o!rs4 ,,) ,,an ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,practice4 ,,by ,,?os4 ,,aitk51 ,,assoc4,m4,,in/4,c4,e41 ,memb] ( ! ,association ( ,municipal & ,c\nty ,eng9e]s2 ,memb] ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/42 ,surveyor to ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil ( ,fife1 ,cup> ,division4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,plates1 ,,diagrams1 ,,& ,,illu/rations4 ,,cont5ts4--,hi/orical ,sket*4--,resi/ance ( ,traction4--,lay+ out ,new ,roads4--,e>?works1 ,dra9age1 & ,reta9+ ,walls4--,road ,mat]ials1 or ,metal4--,qu>ry+4--,/one ,break+ & ,haulage4--,road-,roll+ & ,sc>ify+4--,! ,con/ruction ( ,new1 & ! ,ma9t5ance ( exi/+ ,roads4--,c>riage ,ways & ,foot ,ways4 ,! ,lit]>y /yle is ,,excell5t 444 ,a ,,compreh5sive & ,,excell5t ,mod]n ,book1 an ,,up-,,to-,,date "w 444 ,%\ld be on ! ref]5ce %elf ( e ,municipal & ,c\nty ,eng9e] or ,surveyor 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ( e ,colonial ,eng9e]4--,! ,surveyor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) ,illu/rations1 #abs4 #f;d4 ,pa9t]s' ,col\rs1 ,oils1 ,v>ni%es3 ,a ,,practical ,,manual4 ,,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hur/1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry2 ,lectur] on ! ,te*nology ( ,pa9t]s' ,col\rs1 ,oils1 & ,v>ni%es1 ! ,municipal ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,man*e/]4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,introductory--,,! ,,composition1 ,,manufacture1 ,,assay1 & ,,analysis ( ,,pigm5ts1 ,:ite1 ,r$1 ,yell[ & ,orange1 ,gre51 ,blue1 ,br[n1 & ,black--,,lakes--,col\r & ,pa9t ,ma*9]y--,pa9t ,vehicles 7,oils1 ,turp5t9e1 c41 c47--,dri]s--,,v>ni%es4 ,a ,,?or\ghly ,,practical book1 444 ! ,,only ,engli% "w t satisfactorily treats ( ! manufacture ( oils1 col\rs1 & pigm5ts4--,*emical ,trades' ,j\rnal4 999999 ,,= ,,mr4 ,,hur/',s ,,g>m5t ,,dye+ ,,& ,,clean+1 see p4 #hd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,! ,,pa9t]',s ,,laboratory ,,guide4 ,a ,/ud5t's ,h&book ( ,pa9ts1 ,col\rs1 & ,v>ni%es4 ,,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hur/1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,m4,s4,c4,i4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,cont5ts4--,prep>ation ( ,pigm5t ,col\rs4--,*emical ,pr9ciples ,involv$4--,oils & ,v>ni%es4--,prop]ties ( ,oils & ,v>ni%es4--,te/s & ,exp]im5ts4--,plants1 ,me?ods1 & ,ma*9]y ( ! ,pa9t & ,v>ni% ,manufactures4 ,?is ,"w has be5 design$ by ! ,au?or = ! ,laboratory ( ! ,te*nical ,s*ool1 & ( ! ,pa9t & ,col\r ,works1 & = all int]e/$ or engag$ 9 ^! indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,9 ,cr[n #hvo4 extra4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations & ,plates 7"s 9 ,col\rs71 includ+ ,orig9al ,designs4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,pa9t+ & ,decorat+3 ,a ,complete ,practical ,manual = ,h\se ,pa9t]s & ,decorators4 ,,by ,,walt] ,,john ,,pe>ce1 ,,lectur] ,,at ,,! ,,man*e/] ,,te*nical ,,s*ool ,,= ,,h\se-,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,decorat+4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction--,work%op & ,/ores--,plant & ,appliances--,bru%es & ,tools--,mat]ials3 ,pigm5ts1 ,dri]s1 ,pa9t]s' ,oils--,wall ,hang+s--,pap] ,hang+--,col\r ,mix+--,di/emp]+--,pla9 ,pa9t+--,/a9+--,v>ni% & ,v>ni%+--,imitative ,pa9t+--,gra9+--,m>bl+--,gild+--,sign-,w rit+ & ,lett]+--,decoration3 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples--,decoration 9 ,di/emp]--,pa9t$ ,decoration--,relievo ,decoration--,col\r--,measur+ & ,e/imat+--,coa*-,pa9t+--,%ip-,pa9t+4 ,a ,,?or\ghly ,,useful ,,book 444 ,,good1 ,,s\nd1 ,,practical ,,in=mation 9 a ,,cle> & ,,concise ,,=m4--,plumb] & ,decorator4 ,a ,,?or\ghly ,,good ,,& ,,reliable ,,text-,,book4444 ,s ,,full & ,,complete t x w\ld be difficult to imag9e h[ any?+ fur!r c\ld be add$ ab\t ! ,pa9t]'s craft4--,build]s' ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) #d ,plates & ,sev]al ,illu/rations4 #afs4 net4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,india ,,rubb]4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,nature ( ,india ,rubb]1 its ,*emical & ,physical ,exam9ation1 & ! ,det]m9ation & ,valuation ( ,india ,rubb] ,sub/itutes4 ,includ+ ! ,outl9es ( a ,!ory on ,vulcanisation4 ,,by ,,c>l ,,otto ,,web]1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,cont5ts4--,introduction4--,! ,*emi/ry ( ,india ,rubb]4--,! ,exam9ation & ,valuation ( ,india ,rubb]4--,exam9ation ( ,india ,rubb] ,sub/itutes4--,inorganic ,fill+ ,mat]ials4--,vulcanis]s & ,sulphur ,c>ri]s4--,india ,rubb] ,solv5ts4--,col\r+ ,matt]s & ,pigm5t ,col\rs4--,con/ructive ,compon5ts ( ,india ,rubb] ,articles4--,analysis ( ,manufactur$ ,india ,rubb]4--,sanit>y ,conditions 9 ,india ,rubb] ,works4--,,index4 ,replete ) sci5tific & also ) te*nical int]e/4444 ,! sub-section on ! physical prop]ties is a complete rsum ( e ?+ kn[n to-day on ! subject4--,india-rubb] ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,edition4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,) #add ,illu/rations4 ,,oils1 ,,fats1 ,,butt]s ,,waxes3 ,,_! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,prop]ties1 ,,& ,,manufacture ,,!refrom ,,( ,,c&les1 ,,soaps1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,products4 ,,by ,c4,r4 ,,ald] ,,wright1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,late ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry1 ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital ,m$ical ,s*ool2 ,exam9] 9 ,soap to ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute4 ,?or\ghly ,revis$1 ,enl>g$1 & 9 ,"p ,rewritt5 ,,by ,c4 ,,a9swor? ,,mit*ell1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,i4,c4 ,dr4 ,,wright',s "w w be f\nd ,,absolutely ,,indisp5sable by e ,*emi/4 ,,teems ) in=mation valuable alike to ! ,analy/ & ! ,te*nical ,*emi/4--,! ,analy/4 ,w rank z ! ,,/&>d ,,engli% ,,au?ority on ,,oils & ,,fats = _m ye>s to come4--,indu/ries & ,iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,textile ,,indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,two ,l>ge ,volumes1 #ibj pp41 ) a ,supplem5t>y ,volume1 conta9+ ,specim5s ( ,dy$ ,fabrics4 #des4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,dye+3 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,practical ,,dy]s1 ,,manufactur]s1 ,,/ud5ts1 ,,& ,,all ,,int]e/$ ,,9 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,dye+4 ,,by ,e4 ,,kne*t1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,head ( ! ,*emi/ry & ,dye+ ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,te*nical ,college1 ,man*e/]2 ,editor ( ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,dy]s & ,col\ri/s2 ,,*r4 ,,rawson1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,late ,head ( ! ,*emi/ry & ,dye+ ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,te*nical ,college1 ,brad=d2 ,memb] ( ,c\ncil ( ! ,society ( ,dy]s & ,col\ri/s2 ,& ,,ri*>d ,,loew5?al1 ,ph4,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,*emical ,te*nology ( ! ,textile ,fabrics--,wat]--,wa%+ & ,blea*+--,acids1 ,alkalies1 ,mordants--,natural ,col\r+ ,matt]s--,artificial ,organic ,col\r+ ,matt]s--,m9]al ,col\rs--,ma*9]y us$ 9 ,dye+--,t9ctorial ,prop]ties ( ,col\r+ ,matt]s--,analysis & ,valuation ( ,mat]ials us$ 9 ,dye+1 c41 c4 ,! ,,mo/ ,,valuable & ,,useful ,,"w on ,dye+ t has yet appe>$ 9 ! ,engli% language 444 likely to be ! ,,/&>d ,,"w ,,( ,,ref]5ce = ye>s to come4--,textile ,m]cury4 ,?is au?oritative & exhau/ive "w 444 ! ,,mo/ ,,complete we h yet se5 on ! subject4--,textile ,manufactur]4 ,! ,,mo/ ,,exhau/ive ,,& ,,complete ,,"w on ! subject extant4--,textile ,record]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,companion ,volume to ,kne*t ,rawson's ,dye+4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?1 ,libr>y ,/yle4 #afs4 net4 ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,dyes1 ,,mordants1 ,,o!r ,,comp\nds ,,us$ ,,9 ,,dye+ ,,& ,,calico ,,pr9t+4 ,) ,=mul1 ,prop]ties1 & ,applications ( ! v>i\s sub/ances describ$1 & concise directions = _! ,comm]cial ,valuation4 & = ! ,detection ( ,adult]ants4 ,,by ,,*ri/oph] ,,rawson1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,consult+ ,*emi/ to ! ,beh> ,indigo ,plant]s' ,association3 ,co-,au?or ( ,a ,manual ( ,dye+2 ,,walt] ,m4 ,,g>dn]1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,head ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,*emi/ry & ,dye+1 ,brad=d ,municipal ,te*nical ,college2 ,editor ( ! ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ,dy]s & ,col\ri/s2 ,,& ,w4,f4 ,,laycock1 ,,ph4,d41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,analytical & ,consult+ ,*emi/4 ,turn to ! book z "o may on any subject1 or any sub/ance 9 connection ) ! trade1 & a ref]5ce is sure to be f\nd4 ,! au?ors h app>5tly left no?+ out4 ,consid]+ ! imm5se am\nt ( in=mation1 ! book is a *eap "o1 & we tru/ x w be widely appreciat$1--,textile ,m]cury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ,h&some ,clo?1 ) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #is4 net4 ,,textile ,,fibres ,,( ,,comm]ce4 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,! ,occurr5ce1 ,di/ribution1 ,prep>ation1 & ,indu/rial ,uses ( ! ,animal1 ,vegetable1 & ,m9]al ,products us$ 9 ,sp9n+ & ,weav+4 ,,by ,,william ,i4 ,,hannan1 ,lectur] on ,botany at ! ,a%ton ,municipal ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,lectur] on ,cotton ,sp9n+ at ! ,*orley ,sci5ce & ,art ,s*ool1 c4 ,) ,num]\s ,photo ,engrav+s f ,nature4 999999 ,! subjects discuss$ 9 ?is volume are1 9 ord] to facilitate ref]5ce1 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord] "u _! respective heads4 ,! "w may ?us be reg>d$ z a ,diction>y ( ,textile ,fibres4 ,a feature ( ! "w is ! weal? ( botanical description :i* accompanies ! ,section deal+ ) ,vegetable ,fibres4--,publi%]s' ,note4 ,,useful ,,in=mation4444 ,,admirable ,,illu/rations4444 ,! in=mation is n easily atta9able1 & 9 its pres5t conv5i5t =m w be valuable4--,textile ,record]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,textile ,,pr9t+3 ,a ,,practical ,,manual4 ,includ+ ! ,processes ,us$ 9 ! ,pr9t+ ( ,,cotton1 ,,wooll51 ,,silk1 & ,,half-,,silk ,,fabrics4 ,by ,c4,f4 ,,seym\r ,,ro?well1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,mem4 ,soc4 ( ,*emical ,indu/ries2 late ,lectur] at ! ,municipal ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,man*e/]4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations & ,pr9t$ ,patt]ns4 ,price #bas4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,introduction4--,! ,ma*9]y ,us$ 9 ,textile ,pr9t+4--,?ick5]s & ,mordants4--,! ,pr9t+ ( ,cotton ,goods4--,! ,/eam ,/yle4--,col\rs ,produc$ ,directly on ! ,fibre4--,dy$ ,/yles4--,padd+ ,/yle4--,resi/ & ,dis*>ge ,/yles4--,! ,pr9t+ ( ,comp\nd ,col\r+s1 c4--,! ,pr9t+ ( ,wooll5 ,goods4--,! ,pr9t+ ( ,silk ,goods4--,practical ,recipes = ,pr9t+4--,app5dix4--,useful ,tables4--,patt]ns4 ,,by ,,f> ,,! ,,be/ & ,,mo/ ,,practical ,,book on ,,textile ,,pr9t+ :i* has yet be5 br\ght out1 & w long rema9 ! /&>d "w on ! subject4 ,x is ess5tially practical 9 "*4--,textile ,m]cury4 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,practical ,,manual ( ,,textile ,,pr9t+ :i* has yet appe>$4 ,we h no hesitation 9 recomm5d+ x4--,! ,textile ,manufactur]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,blea*+ ,,calico-,,pr9t+4 ,a ,%ort ,manual = ,/ud5ts & ,practical ,m54 ,,by ,,george ,,du]r1 ,director ( ! ,blea*+1 ,dye+1 & ,pr9t+ ,dep>tm5t at ! ,accr+ton & ,bacup ,te*nical ,s*ools2 ,*emi/ & ,col\ri/ at ! ,irwell ,pr9t ,works4 ,,assi/$ ,,by ,,william ,,turnbull 7( ,turnbull ,/ockdale1 ,limit$74 ,) ,illu/rations & upw>ds ( ,"o ,hundr$ ,dy$ & ,pr9t$ ,patt]ns design$ specially to %[ v>i\s ,/ages ( ! ,processes describ$4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,,cotton1 ,composition (2 ,,blea*+1 ,new ,processes2 ,,pr9t+1 ,h&-,block2 ,flat-,press ,"w2 ,ma*9e ,pr9t+--,,mordants--,,/yles ,,( ,,calico-,,pr9t+3 ,! ,dy$ or ,madd] ,/yle1 ,resi/ ,padd$ ,/yle1 ,dis*>ge & ,extract ,/yle1 ,*rom$ or ,rais$ ,col\rs1 ,insoluble ,col\rs1 c4--,?ick5]s--,natural ,organic ,col\r+ ,matt]s--,tann9 ,matt]s--,oils1 ,soaps1 ,solv5ts--,organic ,acids--,salts--,m9]al ,col\rs--,coal ,t> ,col\rs--,dye+--,wat]1 ,s(t5+ (--,!ory ( ,col\rs--,weights & ,measures1 c4 ,:5 a ,,ready ,,way out ( a difficulty is want$1 x is ,,9 ,,books ,,l ,,?is t x is f\nd4--,textile ,record]4 ,mr4 ,,du]r',s ,,"w w be f\nd ,,mo/ ,,useful4444 ,! in=mation giv5 is ( ,,great ,,value4444 ,! ,recipes are ,,?or\ghly ,,practical4--,textile ,manufactur]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,second ,,edition4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,g>m5t ,,dye+ ,,& ,,clean+4 ,a ,practical ,book = ,practical ,m54 ,,by ,,george ,h4 ,,hur/1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,te*nology ( ! ,textile ,fibres--,g>m5t ,clean+--,dye+ ( ,textile ,fabrics--,blea*+--,f9i%+ ( ,dy$ & ,clean$ ,fabrics--,sc\r+ & ,dye+ ( ,sk9 ,rugs & ,mats--,clean+ & ,dye+ ( ,fea!rs--,glove ,clean+ & ,dye+--,/raw ,blea*+ & ,dye+--,gloss>y ( ,drugs & ,*emicals--,useful ,tables4 ,an ,,up-,,to-,,date h& book has long be5 want$1 & ,mr4 ,hur/ has done no?+ m complete ?an ?is4 ,an important "w1 ! m s t sev]al ( ! bran*es ( ! craft "h treat$ ^u are almo/ entirely )\t ,engli% ,manuals = ! guidance ( work]s4 ,! price br+s x )9 ! rea* ( all4--,dy] & ,calico-,pr9t]4 ,mr4 ,hur/'s "w ,,decid$ly ,,fills ,a ,,want 444 ought to be 9 ! h&s ( e ,,g>m5t ,,dy] & clean] 9 ! ,k+dom--,textile ,m]cury4 99 99 99 99 99 ,boys ,,c\ld ,,n ,,h ,a ,,m ,,allur+ ,,introduction to sci5tific pursuits ?an ^! *>m+-look+ volumes4--,lett] to ! ,publi%]s f ! ,headma/] ( "o ( our great ,public ,s*ools4 ,h&some ,clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,gilt1 = ,pres5tation1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,op5-,,air ,,/udies ,,9 ,,botany3 ,,sket*es ,,( ,,briti% ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,,9 ,,_! ,,homes4 ,,by ,r4 ,,lloyd ,,praeg]1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,illu/rat$ by ,draw+s f ,nature by ,s4 ,rosamond ,praeg]1 & ,photographs by ,r4 ,wel*4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,a ,daisy-,/>r$ ,pa/ure--,"u ! ,haw?orns--,by ! ,riv]--,along ! ,%+le--,a ,fragrant ,h$g][--,a ,connem>a ,bog--,:]e ! ,samphire gr[s--,a ,fl[]y ,mead[--,among ! ,corn 7a ,/udy 9 ,we$s7--,9 ! ,home ( ! ,alp9es--,a ,city ,rubbi%-,heap--,gloss>y4 ,a ,,fre% ,,& ,,/imulat+ book 444 %\ld take a high place4444 ,! ,illu/rations are drawn ) mu* skill4--,! ,times4 ,,beautifully ,,illu/rat$4444 ,"o ( ! ,,mo/ ,,accurate z well z ,,int]e/+ books ( ! k9d we h se54--,a!num4 ,r$ol5t ) ! sc5t ( woodl& & mead[4--,! ,/&>d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) #ab ,full-,page ,illu/rations f ,photographs4 ,clo?4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,op5-,,air ,,/udies ,,9 ,,geology3 ,an ,introduction to ,geology ,out-(-doors4 ,,by ,,gr5ville ,a4,j4 ,,cole1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce = ,irel&1 & ,exam9] 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,,g5]al ,,cont5ts4--,! ,mat]ials ( ! ,e>?--,a ,m\nta9 ,holl[--,d[n ! ,valley--,along ! ,%ore--,across ! ,pla9s--,dead ,volcanoes--,a ,granite ,highl&--,! ,annals ( ! ,e>?--,! ,surrey ,hills--,! ,folds ( ! ,m\nta9s4 ,! ,,fasc9at+ ',,op5-,,air ,,/udies' ( ,,pr(4 ,,cole give ! ,subject a ,,gl[ ,,animation 444 _c fail to ar\se ke5 int]e/ 9 geology4--,geological ,magaz9e4 ,a ,,*>m+ ,,book1 beautifully illu/rat$4--,a!num4 99 99 99 99 99 ,beautifully ,illu/rat$4 ,) a ,frontispiece 9 ,col\rs1 & ,num]\s ,specially ,drawn ,plates by ,*>les ,:ymp]4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,op5-,,air ,,/udies ,,9 ,,bird-,,life3 ,,sket*es ,,( ,,briti% ,,birds ,,9 ,,_! ,,haunts4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,dixon4 ,! ,spaci\s ,air4--,! ,op5 ,fields & ,d[ns4--,9 ! ,h$g][s4--,on ,op5 ,hea? & ,moor4--,on ! ,m\nta9s4--,among/ ! ,ev]gre5s4--,copse & ,woodl&4--,by ,/ream & ,pool4--,! ,s&y ,wa/es & ,mud-flats4--,sea-lav$ ,rocks4--,birds ( ! ,cities4--,,index4 ,enri*$ ) excell5t illu/rations4 ,a welcome addition to all libr>ies4--,we/m9/] ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tw5tie? ,annual ,issue4 ,h&some clo?1 #gs4 #f;d4 7,to ,subscrib]s1 #fs474 ,,! ,,(ficial ,,ye>-,,book ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,le>n$ ,,societies ,,( ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel&4 ,,compil$ ,,f ,,(ficial ,,s\rces4 ,compris+ 7toge!r ) o!r ,(ficial ,in=mation7 ,,li/s ( ! ,,pap]s read dur+ ! ,session #aijb-aijc be=e all ! ,,lead+ ,,societies ?r\gh\t ! ,k+dom engag$ 9 ! foll[+ ,dep>tm5ts ( ,rese>*3-- #a4 ,sci5ce ,g5]ally3 i4e41 ,societies occupy+ !mselves ) sev]al ,bran*es ( ,sci5ce1 or ) ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature jo9tly4 #b4 ,ma!matics & ,physics4 #c4 ,*emi/ry & ,photography4 #d4 ,geology1 ,geography1 & ,m9]alogy4 #e4 ,biology1 includ+ ,microscopy & ,an?ropology4 #f4 ,economic ,sci5ce & ,/ati/ics4 #g4 ,me*anical ,sci5ce1 ,eng9e]+1 & ,ar*itecture4 #h4 ,naval & ,milit>y ,sci5ce4 #i4 ,agriculture & ,horticulture4 #aj4 ,law4 #aa4 ,lit]ature4 #ab4 ,psy*ology4 #ac4 ,ar*ology4 #ad4 ,m$ic9e4 ,,fills ,a ,,v ,,real ,,want4--,eng9e]+4 ,,indisp5sable to any "o :o may wi% to keep himself abrea/ ( ! sci5tific "w ( ! day4--,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 ,! ,,ye>-,,book ,,( ,,societies is a ,record :i* ought to be ( ! greate/ use = ! progress ( ,sci5ce4--,"l ,playfair1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,k4,c4,b41 ,m4,p41 ,pa/-,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,x goes almo/ )\t say+ t a ,h&book ( ?is subject w be 9 "t "o ( ! mo/ g5]ally useful works = ! libr>y or ! desk4--,! ,times4 ,briti% ,societies are n[ well repres5t$ 9 ! ',ye>-,book ( ! ,sci5tific & ,le>n$ ,societies ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&'--7,art4 ,societies 9 ,new ,edition ( ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 xxii47 99 99 99 99 99 ,copies ( ! ,,fir/ ,,issue1 giv+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,organization1 & ,conditions ( ,memb]%ip ( ! v>i\s ,societies1 & =m+ ! gr\ndwork ( ! ,s]ies1 may /ill be _h1 price #g_/f4 ,also ,copies ( ! ,issues foll[+4 ,! ,,ye>-,,book ,,( ,,societies =ms a complete ,,index ,,to ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,"w ( ! sessional ye> 9 ! v>i\s ,dep>tm5ts4 ,x is us$ z a ,,h&book 9 all our great ,,sci5tific ,,c5tres1 ,,museums1 & ,,libr>ies ?r\gh\t ! ,k+dom1 & has become an ,,indisp5sable ,,book ,,( ,,ref]5ce to e "o engag$ 9 ,sci5tific ,"w4 ,,ready ,,9 ,,octob] ,,ea* ,,ye>4 ,griff9's ,metallurgical ,s]ies4 ,edit$ by ,,sir ,w4 ,,rob]ts-,,au/51 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,d4,c4,l4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fif? ,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$ & ,consid]ably ,enl>g$4 #ahs4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,metallurgy4 ,by ,sir ,w4,c4 ,,rob]ts-,,au/54 ,) additional ,illu/rations & ,micro-,photographic ,plates ( ,diff]5t ,v>ieties ( ,/eel4 ,f\r? ,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #bas4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,gold4 ,by ,t4 ,,kirke ,,rose1 ,d4,sc41 ,assay] ( ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,includ+ ! mo/ rec5t ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,cyanide ,process4 ,) new ,frontispiece & additional ,illu/rations4 ,9 ,two ,volumes1 ea* complete 9 itself4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,lead ,,& ,,silv]4 ,by ,h4,f4 ,,coll9s1 ,assoc4 ,r4,s4,m41 ,m4,in/4,m4,m4 ,"p ,i4--,,lead4 ,) ,sections on ,smelt+ & ,desilv]isation1 & ! ,assay & ,analysis ( ! ,mat]ials ,involv$4 #afs4 ,"p ,,ii4--,,silv]4 ,s\rces & ,treatm5t ( ,ores1 ) ,descriptions ( ,plant1 ,ma*9]y1 c4 #afs4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #afs4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,iron4 ,by ,,?omas ,,turn]1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,assoc4 ,r4,s4,m4 ,pr(essor ( ,metallurgy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$ ) ,plates & ,diagrams4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,/eel4 ,by ,f4,w4 ,,h>bord4 ,) a ,section on ! ,me*anical ,treatm5t ( ,/eel4 ,by ,j4,w4 ,,hall4 #bes4 net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,assay+4 ,by ,j4,j4 ,,b]+]1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 & ,c4 ,,b]+]1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,n9? ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,) ,diagrams1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,gett+ ,,gold4 ,a ,practical ,treatise = ,prospectors & ,,m9]s4 ,by ,j4,c4,f4 ,,johnson1 ,a4,i4,m4,e44 ,f4,g4,s41 ,life ,memb] ,au/ralian ,m9e ,manag]s' ,association4 ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,,second ,,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,gold ,,seek+ ,,9 ,,s\? ,,africa4 ,a ,h&book ( ,h9ts = ,int5d+ ,explor]s1 ,prospectors1 & ,settl]s4 ,by ,,!o4 ,,kassn]4 ,) a ,*apt] on ,agriculture4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ,fancy ,clo? ,bo>ds4 ,illu/rat$4 #ds4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,cyanide ,,process ,,( ,,gold ,,extraction4 ,by ,,james ,,p>k1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m4,in/4,m4,m41 late ,geological ,surveyor & ,m9+ ,geologi/ to ! ,new ,zeal& ,gov]nm5t4 ,,new ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ f ! la/ ,new ,zeal& ,edition4 ,) ,frontispiece1 ,plates & ,illu/rations4 #fs4 net4 ,,prospect+ ,,= ,,m9]als4 ,a ,practical ,h&book4 ,by ,s4 ,,h]b]t ,,cox1 ,assoc4 ,r4,s4,m41 ,m4,in/4,m4,m41 ,f4,g4,s41 c4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$4 ,clo?1 #es42 ,lea!r1 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,tables ,,= ,,quantitative ,,metallurgical ,,analysis ,,= ,,laboratory ,,use4 ,by ,j4 ,,james ,,morgan1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,l>ge #hvo1 /rongly b\nd1 clo?1 #ds4 ,,electric ,,smelt+ ,,& ,,ref9+4 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,,bor*]s4 ,translat$ by ,,walt] ,g4 ,,mcmillan1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 f ! ,second ,g]man ,edition4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & ,?ree ,fold+ ,plates4 #bas4 ,,m9e ,,acc\nts ,,& ,,m9+ ,,bookkeep+4 ,f ! ,,actual ,,practice ( lead+ ,m9+ ,companies4 ,by ,,james ,g4 ,,lawn1 ,assoc4 ,r4,s4,m41 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e4,f4,g4,s4 ,edit$ by ,sir ,,le ,,neve ,,fo/]1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,,?ird ,,edition4 #ajs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,illu/rat$1 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,metallurgical ,,analysis ,,& ,,assay+3 ,a ,?ree ,ye>s' ,c\rse = ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,w4,a4 ,,macleod1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,a4,o4,s4,m4 7,n4,z471 & ,,*as4 ,,walk]1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,"p ,i4--,qualitative ,analysis1 & ,prep>ation & ,prop]ties ( ,cases4 ,"p ,,ii4--,qualitative & ,quantitative ,analysis4 ,"p ,,iii4--,assay+1 ,te*nical ,analysis 7,gas1 ,wat]1 ,fuels1 ,oils1 c474 99 99 99 99 99 ,london3 ,*>les ,griff9 ,co41 ,ltd41 ,exet] ,/reet1 ,/r&4