,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil         
,,eng9e]s  ,,in/itut$ #aheb             
,,transactions  ,pap] ,no4 #aagc   ,a   
,,concrete ,,wat] ,,t[]4,a  ,,by ,a4    
,,kempkey1 ,,jr41 ,,jun4 ,,am4 ,,soc4   
,c4 ,e4,b  ,,) ,,discussion ,,by        
,,messrs4 ,,maurice ,c4 ,,c\*ot1 ,l4 ,j4
 ,,m5s*1 ,a4 ,h4 ,,m>kw>t1 ,,& ,a4      
,,kempkey1 ,,jr4     ,! ,city (         
,victoria is situat$ on ! s\!rn end (   
,vanc\v] ,isl&1 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,briti%  
,columbia1 ,canada1 & is ! capital ( !  
,prov9ce4  ,9 common ) all cities ( !   
extreme ,we/1 its gr[? has be5 v rapid  
)9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,! population ( !    
city prop]1 toge!r ) t ( ! municipality 
( ,oak ,bay1 imm$iately adjac5t1 is n[  
ab\t #ce1jjj4  ,! ,victoria wat]-works  
are own$ by ! city & op]at$ "u !        
direction ( a ,wat] ,commission] appo9t$
 by ! ,city ,c\ncil4 ,by special        
agreem5t1 wat] is suppli$ to ,oak ,bay 9
 bulk1 ?is municipality hav+ its own    
di/ribut+ sy/em4  ,! rapid increase 9   
population1 toge!r ) ! fact t 9 rec5t   

ye>s v little _h be5 done t[>d increas+ 
! wat] supply1 result$ 9 ! necessity =  
remodel+ ! entire sy/em1 & !re are v few
 cities :]e ?is w\ld involve z _m       
complex problems or a great] v>iety (   
"w4  ,wat] is drawn f ,elk ,lake1       
situat$ ab\t five miles nor? ( ! city2  
!nce x fl[s by gravity to ! pump+ /ation
 ab\t f\r miles di/ant1 & f !re is pump$
 directly to ! consum]s4  ,! remodel+ ( 
! sy/em1 z rec5tly complet$1 provid$ =3 
#a4--;,increas+ ! capacity ( ,elk ,lake 
by a sy/em ( levees4  #b4--;,increas+ ! 
capacity ( ! ma9 to ! pump+ /ation by   
replac+ ab\t two miles ( ! old #af-;941 
wr\ght-iron1 rivet$ pipe ) #bd-;94      
rivet$ /eel pipe4  #c4--;,increas+ !    
capacity ( ! pump+ /ation by !          
in/allation ( a #d1ejj1jjj-;gal4 pump+  
eng9e ( ! close-connect$1 cross-comp\nd1
 ,corliss1 crank-&-fly-:eel type4       
#d4--,! con/ruction ( a                 
#bj1jjj1jjj-;gal4 concrete-l9$ di/ribut+
 res]voir 9 ! city4  #e4--,! entire     
remodel+ ( ! di/ribut+ sy/em1           

necessitat+ ! lay+ ( ab\t #a_/b mile ea*
 ( #ah-;94 & #bg-;94 pipe1 & ab\t #a    
mile ( #bd-;94 rivet$ /eel pipe2 also   
ab\t #c1jjj tons ( ca/-iron pipe1 v>y+ 9
 size f #d to #ab 94  #f4--,! provision 
= a high-level s]vice by means ( an     
elevat$ tank ( approximately #ajj1jjj   
gal4 capacity1 wat] be+ suppli$ to !    
tank by two electrically-driv5 triplex  
pumps1 ea* hav+ a capacity ( #ajj1jjj   
gal4 p] #bd h\rs1 aga9/ a dynamic head (
 #aej ft41 & arrang$ to />t & /op       
automatically ) a v>iation ( #c ft4 9 ! 
elevation ( ! wat] 9 ! tank4 ,^! pumps  
are locat$ ab\t "o mile f ! t[]1 & are  
controll$ by a float-op]at$ auto-/>t1 9 
! base ( ! t[]4  ,a description ( !     
elevat$ tank1 :i* is novel 9 design1 ) !
 reasons = adopt+ ! type ( /ructure us$1
 ! me?od ( con/ruction1 & ! detail$ co/1
 =m ! basis ( ?is pap]4  ,! t[] is on ! 
top ( ! highe/ hill 9 ! city1 9 ! he>t (
 ! mo/ exclusive resid5tial di/rict1    
beautiful homes clu/]+ ab\t its base4 ,!
 necessity = ar*itectural treatm5t ( !  

/ructure is ?us se5 to be ( prime       
importance4 ,9 fact1 ! opposition ( !   
local resid5ts to ! ord9>y type (       
elevat$ tank1 t is1 lattic$ columns     
support+ a tank ) a hemisph]ical bottom 
& a conical ro(1 r5d]$ its use          
impossible1 al?\gh t5d]s 7 invit$ on su*
 a /ructure4  ,x is believ$ t "u !      
conditions ( location1 ?ree types (     
/ructure %\ld be consid]$3 ,fir/1 an    
all-/eel /ructure1 ! ornam5tation be+   
produc$ by cas+ 9 ) brick or concrete2  
second1 a brick-&-/eel1 or a            
concrete-&-/eel1 /ructure1 su* z ! "o   
actually erect$2 ?ird1 a typical re9=c$ 
concrete /ructure4  ,consid]+ only t    
portion bel[ ! tank1 ! am\nt ( mat]ial  
requir$ to case 9 a /ructure ( ! fir/   
type w\ld be sub/antially ! same z t us$
 to support ! tank 9 a /ructure ( !     
second type4 ,consequ5tly1 ! /eel       
sub/ructure1 = all practical purposes1  
w\ld repres5t a dead loss1 &1 !re=e1 !  
economy ( ?is type is op5 to s]i\s "q4  
,a t5d] 0 receiv$ = a re9=c$ concrete   

/ructure id5tical 9 outw>d appe>ance ) !
 "o built1 b1 ow+ to ! natural          
cons]vatism ( ! local resid5ts reg>d+   
?is type ( con/ruction1 x 0 n           
acceptable4  ,! t[]1 z built1 consi/s ( 
a holl[ cyl9d] ( pla9 concrete1 #aji ft4
 high1 & hav+ an inside diamet] ( #bb   
ft4 ,! walls are #aj 94 ?ick = ! fir/   
#gj ft4 & #f 94 ?ick = ! rema9+ #ci ft41
 & are ornam5t$ ) six pila/]s 7#gj ft4  
high1 #c ft4 wide1 & #g 94 ?ick71 a     
#d-;ft4 belt1 !n twelve pila/]s 7#ab ft4
 high1 #ah 94 wide1 & #g 94 ?ick71 a    
cornice1 & a p>apet wall4  ,a /eel tank 
( ! ord9>y type is emb$d$ 9 ! upp] #dj  
ft4 ( ?is cyl9d]4 ,to =m ! bottom ( ?is 
tank1 a pla9 concrete dome is ?r[n      
across ! cyl9d] at a po9t ab\t #gj ft4 f
 ! base1 ! ?ru/ ( ?is dome be+ tak5 up  
by two /eel r+s1 #a_/b 94 by #ad 94 &   
#c_/h 94 by #ah 941 b$d$ into ! walls ( 
! t[]1 ! latt] r+ be+ rivet$ to ! l[]   
c\rse ( ! tank4  ,! tank is cov]$ ) a   
ro( ( re9=c$ concrete1 #d 94 ?ick1      
conical 9 %ape1 & re9=c$ ) #a_/b-;94    

twi/$ /eel b>s4 ,! design ( ! /ructure  
is cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4  ,! t[] is    
built on out-cropp+1 solid rock4 ,?is   
rock 0 r\ghly /epp$1 & a concrete       
sub-base built4 ,?is sub-base consi/s ( 
a holl[ r+1 ) an inside diamet] ( #bj   
ft41 ! walls be+ #e ft4 ?ick4 ,x is ab\t
 #b ft4 high on "o side & #g ft4 high on
 ! o!r1 & =ms a level base on :i* ! t[] 
is built4 ,! =ms = ?is sub-base consi/ (
 v]tical lagg+ & circumf]5tial ribs4 ,! 
lagg+ is ( d\ble-dress$1 #b by #c-;94   
segm5ts1 & ! ribs are ( #b by #ab-;94   
segm5ts1 #f ft4 long1 lapp+ pa/ "o ano!r
 & securely spik$ toge!r to =m complete 
or p>tial circles4 ,^! ribs are #b ft4 f
 c5t] to c5t]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#a4--7;,full page image7  ,,wat] ,,t[]  
,,victoria1 ,b4,c4 ,,wat]-,,works       
,simil> con/ruction 0 us$ to =m ! tap]  
base ( ! t[] prop]1 except1 ( c\rse1 t !
 radii ( ! segm5ts =m+ ! successive ribs
 decreas$ ) ! height ( ! rib4 ,tap]$    
lagg+ 0 us$1 be+ made by d\ble dress+ #b
 by #f-;94 pieces to #a-c_/d by         

#e-ac_/af 941 & ripp+ on a diagonal1 ?us
 mak+ two /aves1 #c 94 wide at "o end & 
#b-c_/d 94 wide at ! o!r4 ,?is tap]$    
lagg+ 0 us$ aga9 on ! #d-;ft4 belt &    
cornice =ms1 ! tap] be+ turn$ alt]nately
 up & d[n4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#b4--;,,=ms ,,= ,,wat] ,,t[] ,,victoria1
 ,b4,c4  ,! int]ior diamet] be+ uni=m up
 to ! bottom ( ! dome1 collapsible =ms 7
 us$ f ! beg9n+4 ,^! =ms 7 con/ruct$ 9  
six l>ge sections1 #f ft4 high1 ) "o    
small key section ) w$ge piece to       
facilitate /ripp+1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4    
,!re 7 ?ree ti]s ( ^!1 bolt$ end to end 
horizontally & to ea* o!r v]tically4    
,above ! tap] base & except 9 ! #d-;ft4 
belt & cornice1 collapsible =ms 7 us$ on
 ! outside also4 ,!re 7 six sections    
ext5d+ f column to column & six column  
sections1 all bolt$ toge!r              
circumf]5tially & con/ruct$ z %[n 9     
,fig4 #b4 ,?ree ti]s ( ^! 7 also bolt$  
toge!r bo? v]tically & horizontally4    
,hav+ fill$ ! top ti]1 ! mode ( op]ation
 0 z foll[s3  ,all horizontal bolts 9 ! 

l[] inside & outside =ms 7 remov$1 z 0  
also ! small key section on ! inside2   
?is left ea* section susp5d$ to !       
correspond+ "o imm$iately above x by !  
v]tical bolts be=e m5tion$4 ,x is ?us   
se5 t 9 ea* case ! c5t] ti] p]=m$ !     
d\ble duty ( hold+ ! upp] ti]1 :i* 0    
full ( gre5 concrete1 & ! sections ( !  
l[] ti]1 until !y 7 hoi/$ up & aga9     
plac$ 9 position to be fill$4  ,^! l[]  
=ms 7 !n hoi/$ by h&--f\r-"p tackles be+
 us$--& plac$ 9 position on ! top =ms1  
_! bottom edges be+ c>efully set flu% ) 
! top edge ( ! =m already 9 position1 & 
!n bolt$ to x4 ,on ! outside1 ! column  
=ms1 & on ! inside1 ! w$ge & key        
sections 7 set la/4 ,a #c-lb4 plumb-bob 
on a f9e l9e 0 susp5d$ f ! inn] scaffold
 & c>efully c5t]$ ov] a po9t set 9 !    
rock at ! base4 ,?is l9e 0 9 ! exact    
c5t] ( ! t[]1 & ! tops ( all ! =ms1 aft]
 ea* %ift1 7 c>efully set f x by        
measurem5t1 ?us keep+ ! /ructure plumb4 
,! fir/ #bc 94 ( ! b>rel ( ! t[] 0 m\ld$
 ) special outside =ms1 con/ruct$ s z to

 =m ! bases ( ! l>ge pila/]s4 ,aft]     
elev5 applications ( ! #f-;ft4 =ms1 ^!  
#bc-;94 sections 7 rev]s$ to =m !       
capitals1 ?us mak+ ^! pila/]s1 #fi ft4  
#aj 94 ov] all4  ,! =ms ( ! #d-;ft4 belt
 & bead+ 7 made 9 twelve sections (     
simple segm5ts & v]tical lagg+1 z %[n 9 
,fig4 #b4  ,two sets ( ! outside =ms 7  
split longitud9ally1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 &
 us$ to =m ! small pila/]s4 ,! fir/ set 
0 put 9 place1 fill$1 & ! concrete all[$
 to h>d54 ,! bolts 7 loos5$ & ! =ms     
rais$ #e-a_/b 94 v]tically1 aga9 bolt$  
up1 & ! second set 0 plac$ 9 position1  
br++ ! top ( ! second set up to ! bottom
 ( ! cornice4 ,! bases & capitals ( !   
small pila/]s 7 m\ld$ on aft]w>d4  ,!   
cornice =ms are cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4  
,! small boxes sep>at+ ! d5tils are made
 ( light /uff1 & tack$ into ! cornice   
=ms s t1 9 /ripp+1 !y w\ld rema9 9 place
 & c\ld be tak5 out sep>ately1 9 ord] to
 prev5t break+ (f ! corn]s ( ! d5tils4  
,a numb] ( outside & inside sections 7  
saw$ 9 half horizontally 9 ord] to      

provide =ms = ! p>apet wall4  ,! inside 
diamet] ( ! tank is #h 94 great] ?an !  
inside diamet] ( ! base4 ,two sets (    
inside =ms 7 split longitud9ally & op5$ 
out1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 & ano!r small    
section 0 add$ to complete ! circle4 ,! 
rema9+ set 0 left 9 place to support !  
dome =ms4  ,! dome =ms 7 made 9 twelve  
sections1 bolt$ toge!r to facilitate    
/ripp+4 ,all ribs & segm5ts 7 cut to    
size on ! gr\nd1 put toge!r 9 place1 &  
!n cov]$ ) lagg+ & two-ply t> pap]4 ,!  
lagg+ on ! l[] %>p curve 0 =m$ ( a d\ble
 ?ickness ( #c_/h-;94 spruce1 ! rema9d] 
be+ #a by #d-;94 p9e1 siz$ to a uni=m   
?ickness ( #g_/h 94 ,fig4 #c %[s !      
con/ruction ( ^! =ms & ! me?od ( putt+  
on ! lagg+4  ,! ro( =ms 7 made 9 eight  
sections & bolt$ toge!r to facilitate   
/ripp+4 ,all ribs & segm5ts 7 cut to    
size on ! gr\nd1 put toge!r 9 place1 &  
cov]$ ) #a by #d-;94 lagg+1 dress$ to a 
uni=m ?ickness ( #g_/h 941 & two-ply t> 
pap]4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! con/ruction ( ^!   
=ms4 ,! segm5ts be+ put 9 horizontally  

in/ead ( squ>e ) ! lagg+1 gave circles  
in/ead ( p>abolas1 mak+ !m mu* easi] to 
lay out1 & giv+ a =m :i* 0 amply /iff4  
,! "q ( us+ an inside scaffold only 0   
c>efully consid]$1 b ow+ to !           
consid]able am\nt ( ornam5tation on !   
outside1 necessitat+ a l>ge numb] (     
individual =ms1 x 0 n ?\ght t any       
economy w\ld result4  ,fig4 #d & ,figs4 
#a & #b1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 %[ cle>ly !    
con/ruction ( ! scaffold+4              
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii1 ,,fig4   
#a4--,,scaffold+ ,,= ,,wat] ,,t[]4      
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii1 ,,fig4   
#b4--;,,complet$ ,,wat] ,,t[]4  ,all    
concrete 0 mix$ wet1 9 a motor-driv51   
,smi? mix]1 & h&l$ (f ! outside         
scaffold1 be+ s5t up 9 :eel-b>r[s on !  
ord9>y contractor's hoi/ & plac$ 9 ! =ms
 ?r\gh an iron *ute hav+ a hopp] m\?4   
,?is *ute 0 built 9 ?ree sections bolt$ 
toge!r1 ei!r "o1 two1 or ?ree sections  
be+ us$1 dep5d+ on ! di/ance ( ! =ms    
bel[ ! deck4 ,:5 ! top ( ! =ms rea*$ !  
elevation ( any deck1 ! concrete 0 put 9

 ?r\gh ! *ute f ! deck above4 ,! *ute 0 
light & easily %ift$ by ! :eel-b>r[ m51 
assi/$ by ! man plac+ ! concrete1 dur+ !
 int]val betwe5 successive :eel-b>r[s4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,=ms ,,=    
,,wat] ,,t[] ,,victoria1 ,b4,c4  ,!     
concrete1 except t = ! ro( & p>apet1 0  
compos$ ( s& & brok5 rock1 ! run ( !    
cru%] be+ us$4 ,t = ! ro( & p>apet 0    
compos$ ( s& & gravel4 ,! only reason = 
us+ gravel = ! concrete ( ! ro( 0 ! ease
 ) :i* x c\ld be obta9$ 9 small         
quantities1 ! supply ( brok5 rock hav+  
be5 us$ up1 & ?is be+ ! la/ concrete "w 
to be done4  ,! concrete us$ 0 z foll[s3
 #a3c3f = ! sub-base & tap] base2 #a3c3e
 = ! b>rel ( ! t[] & tank cas+2 & #a3b3d
 = ! dome & ro(4 ,! dome 0 put 9 at "o  
"t1 !re be+ no jo9t1 ! same be+ true ( !
 ro(4 ,vanc\v] ,portl& cem5t1           
manufactur$ on ! isl& ab\t #ae miles f !
 city1 0 us$ ?r\gh\t ! "w4  ,be=e fill+1
 ! inside ( ! tank 0 giv5 a pla/] coat1 
consi/+ ( #a "p cem5t to #a-c_/d p>ts ( 
f9e s&4 ,?is prov$ to be insuffici5t to 

prev5t leakage1 ! wat] seep+ ?r\gh !    
dome & appe>+ on ! outside ( ! /ructure 
along ! l9e ( ! bottom ( ! r+s4 ,?ree m 
coats 7 !n appli$ ov] ! entire tank1 &  
two additional ones ov] ! dome & ab\t #h
 ft4 up on ! sides1 &1 except = "o or   
two small spots :i* %[ j a sign (       
moi/ure1 ! tank is p]fectly tight4  ,!  
b>rel ( ! t[] 0 c>ri$ up to a height (  
#ff ft4 ,a special set ( inside =ms1    
ab\t #b ft4 high1 ext5d+ to ! spr++ l9e 
( ! dome1 0 !n put 91 & ! dome =ms 7 set
 up on x4 ,! idea 0 t ?is #b-;ft4 =m    
c\ld be knock$ out piece by piece & !   
weight ( ! dome =m tak5 on w$ges to !   
la/ #f-;ft4 =m1 ^! w$ges be+ gradually  
slack5$ d[n 9 ord] to all[ ! dome =m to 
settle cle> ( ! dome4 ,z a matt] ( fact1
 ?is 0 done1 b ! dome =ms1 be+ v tight1 
did n settle1 & _h to be pri$ (f a      
section at a "t4 ,a simil> me?od 0 us$ =
 slack+ d[n ! ro( =ms1 ) simil> results4
  ,aft] ! dome =ms _h be5 put 91 !      
concrete 0 c>ri$ up approximately to !  
elevation ( ! bottom ( ! r+s4 ,small    

neat cem5t pads 7 !n put 9 & accurately 
level$1 & on ^! ! /eel r+s 7 plac$1 & ! 
/eel tank 0 erect$4  ,9 ord] to insure a
 p]fectly r\nd tank1 ea* c\rse 0 erect$ 
aga9/ wood5 templates accurately c5t]$ &
 fa/5$ to ! inside scaffold4 ,! tank is 
! ord9>y type ( light /eel1 ! l[] c\rse 
be+ #c_/af-;941 ! next1 ,no4 #h ,b4 w4  
gauge1 ! next1 ,no4 #aj ,b4 w4 gauge1 & 
! rema9+ f\r1 ,no4 #ab ,b4 w4 gauge4    
,"w on ! f\ndation 0 />t$ on ,augu/     
#ae?1 #aijh1 & ! t[] 0 n complet$ until 
,april #a/1 #aiji4 ,mu* "t 0 lo/ wait+ =
 ! deliv]y ( ! /eel1 & also ow+ to a    
p]iod ( v cold wea!r :i* caus$ entire   
cessation ( "w = ab\t "o mon?4  ,! t[] z
 complet$ pres5ts a /rik+ appe>ance4 ,9 
ord] to oblit]ate r+s due to !          
successive application ( ! =ms & to cov]
 ! effloresc5ce s common to concrete    
/ructures1 ! outside 0 giv5 two coats ( 
neat cem5t wa% appli$ ) ord9>y calcim9+ 
bru%es1 &1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ?is seems 
to h be5 v effective 9 accompli%+ !     
desir$ result4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    

#d4--7;,full page image7  ,,scaffold ,,=
 ,,wat] ,,t[]  ,irregul>ities due to =ms
 are unnoticeable at a di/ance ( #bjj or
 #cjj ft41 & ! gr\t+ gave a v uni=m     
color4  ,! application ( two coats (    
cem5t wa% co/1 = labor1 #ig4fh1 & =     
mat]ial1 #ae4ah1 or #a4cb p] #ajj sq4   
ft41 labor be+ at ! rate ( #b4be p] #h  
h\rs & cem5t co/+ #b4ec p] bbl4 deliv]$ 
on ! "w4  ,! t[] 0 design$ by ,ar?ur ,l4
 ,adams1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 "u ^:  
direction ! plans = all ! "w ( remodel+ 
! wat]-works sy/em 7 prep>$ & execut$4  
,! =ms1 scaffold+1 etc41 7 design$ by ! 
writ]1 :o 0 also 9 imm$iate *>ge ( !    
erection4  ,t5d]s receiv$ = !           
con/ruction ( ! t[] cov]$ an extremely  
wide range1 & indicat$ at once ! utt]   
lack ( k on ! "p ( ! bidd]s ( ! co/ ( a 
/ructure ( ?is k9d4 ,inasmu* z none ( !m
 _h _h previ\s exp]i5ce 9 ?is class (   
con/ruction1 ! eng9e] deem$ x ! "p (    
wisdom & economy to reta9 ! con/ruction 
"u 8 imm$iate sup]vision1 &1 !re=e1 ! "w
 0 done by days' labor4  ,table #a gives

 ! co/ ( ! /ructure4 ,! total h]e9 giv5 
w n co9cide ) ! total co/ z %[n by !    
city's books1 = ! reason t v>i\s items n
 prop]ly *>geable to ! /ructure itself h
 be5 omitt$1 ! pr9cipal ones ( :i* are !
 co/ ( ! site1 ! lay+ ( ab\t #fjj ft4 ( 
sew] pipe to connect ) ! ov]fl[1 &      
consid]able exp5se incid5t to !         
con/ruction ( a wagon road to ! t[]4  ,!
 rates ( wages paid1 all be+ on a basis 
( an #h-;h\r day1 7 z foll[s3  ,common  
labor                         #b4be &   
#b4ej ,c>p5t]                           
#d4jj ,c>p5t]'s help]                   
#b4ge ,boil]-mak]                       
#c4ej ,hold]s on                        
#b4ej ,boil]-mak] =eman                 
#e4jj ,pla/]]s                          
#f4jj ,pla/]]s' help]s                  
#c4jj  ,! co/ ( mat]ial 0 z foll[s3     
,cem5t1 p] b>rel                   #b4ec
 ,s&1 p] y>d                            
#a4dg ,rock1 p] y>d                     
#j4hj ,lumb]1 p] #a1jjj ft4 b4 m4       
#ad4jj & #af4jj  ,all ^! prices are =   

mat]ial deliv]$ on ! "w4  ,an exam9ation
 ( ! co/ data1 z giv51 w %[ t = ! mo/ "p
 ! unit co/s are v high4 ,?is is due    
*iefly to ! cont9u$ int]ruption ( ! "w1 
dur+ its lat] /ages1 ow+ to bad wea!r1  
p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ! erection ( !    
/eel tank4 ,! mat]ial co/ 9 ?is case 0  
also exce$+ly high4  ,9 ! case ( !      
concret+1 inability to pur*ase a hoi/ & 
motor & ! high co/ ( r5t+ ! same1 toge!r
 ) ! delays m5tion$1 add$ greatly to !  
unit co/4  ,:5 x is consid]$ t ! co/ (  
pla/]+ cov]s t ( f\r coats ov] ! entire 
inside ( ! tank & ?ree m ov] ab\t       
"o-?ird ( x1 x does n appe> s high1     
especially 9 view ( ! high rate ( wages 
paid4  ,! co/ p] y>d = concrete alone 0 
#be4abf1 & ?is is probably ab\t #be 9   
excess ( ! co/ ( ! same class ( "w      
execut$ "u m favorable conditions z to  
location1 wea!r conditions1 etc4        
,,table #a4--;,,co/ ,,( ,,high-,,level  
,,t[]1 ,,victoria ,,wat]-,,works4 7#dab 
cu4 yd47                                
,,total ,,co/4                 ,,unit   

,,co/4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,rate                                   
p]    ,am\nt4 ,complete4     ,labor4    
,mat]ial4                        h\r4   
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,prelim9>y ,"w3                         
,labor1 ,c>p5t]    #j4ej    #aa4jj      
,labor              #j4cdd    #fd4id    
#j4bha    #bdi4fg    #cbe4fa #j4gij     
,mat]ial                      #acc4fb   
#acc4fb                #j4cbd           
,=ms3                                   
,build+s1 %ift+                         
& /ripp+3                               
,labor1 ,c>p5t]   #j4ej    #a1hcb4ii    
,labor             #j4cdd      #hj4he   
#j4bha     #efc4hd  #b1dgg4fh #f4jad    
,mat]ial3                               
,lumb]                       #ehc4di    
,h>dw>e                     #cbe4ea     
,miscellane\s                 #ac4ij    
#ibb4ij                 #b4bdj          

,scaffold3                              
,erect+ &                               
te>+ d[n3                               
,labor1 ,c>p5t]   #j4ej      #fic4jj    
,labor             #j4cdd     #cej4ei   
#j4bha     #aag4bg  #a1afj4hf #b4hah    
,mat]ial3                               
,lumb]                       #dhg4gg    
,h>dw>e                     #bjb4gi     
#fij4ef                 #a4fgf          
,concret+3                              
,labor                #j4ej      #adb4jj
                                        
#j4cdd      #aa4jj                      
#j4bha     #idg4ha  #a1ajj4ha #b4fgb    
,mat]ial3                               
,rock                         #cag4cj   
,s&                         #che4gb     
,cem5t                     #a1eha4ig    
,motor & ,hoi/3                         
,r5tal                       #djf4ef    
,p[]                         #hc4ec     
#b1gce4jh                 #f4fch        
,pla/]+                                 
7#c1jjj sq4 ft473                       

,labor1 ,pla/]]s    #j4ge      #aaf4ej  
,labor              #j4df-g_/h   #ae4jj 
#j4cg-a_/b  #aih4eb                     
#j4bha     #aje4ff    #dce4fh #ad4eb    
p] sq4 ft4   ,mat]ial3                  
,s&                           #h4fd     
,cem5t                        #ff4aj    
,alum & ,pota%               #af4jj     
#ij4gd  #c4be                           
p] sq4 ft4                              
,cem5t ,wa%                             
7#h1efj sq4 ft473                       
,labor              #j4dh-c_/d   #ej4jj 
#j4bha      #dg4fh     #ig4fha4ad p]    
#ajj sq ft4    ,mat]ial3                
,cem5t                        #ae4ah    
#ae4ah #j4ah                            
,w9d[s1 doors1                          
& scuttle3                              
,labor              #j4ej       #di4jj  
#di4jj                 ,mat]ial3        
#a door1                                
#g w9d[s1 etc4              #dg4bf      
#dg4bf                                  
,equipm5t3                              

#dj ( #dfa4df                 #ahd4eh   
#ahd4eh #j4ddh                          
,sup]9t5d5ce                            
#a1bda4de #a4ejf                        
,/eel ,tank3                            
,labor1 ,c>p5t]    #j4ej     #abd4bd    
,help]             #j4cdd       #b4ge   
,boil]-mak]s                #chb4eg     
,hold]s on                   #adg4cc    
,labor                         #dj4fa   
,=eman            #j4fbe     #ahf4be    
#hhc4gej4jdda p] lb4                    
,mat]ial3                               
,tank1 rivets1 etc4                     
7#bj1jjj lb47                           
#a1gdj4fi                #j4jhge        
,iron-"w3                               
,spiral /airway1                        
inlet1 & ov]fl[                         
pipes1 v5tilator1                       
re9=c+ /eel1                            
etc43                                   
,labor1 ,ma*9i/s   #j4ej      #hi4ej    
,help]             #j4cdd    #bdj4af    
,labor              #j4bha    #ajj4gi   

#dcj4de                                 
,mat]ial                   #a1had4ga    
#a1had4ga                               
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,total                                  
#af1egh4bi                              
,,discussion   ,,maurice ,c4 ,,c\*ot1   
,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,x
 appe>s to ! writ] t 9 ! design ( ?is   
/ructure two features are op5 to        
criticism4 ,! fir/ is t su* a high      
/ructure 0 built ( pla9 concrete )\t any
 re9=cem5t4 ,ev5 if ! computation (     
/resses did n %[ ! necessity = /eel     
re9=cem5t1 "s %\ld h be5 emb$d$ 9 ! "w4 
,z a matt] ( fact1 ! writ] believes t1 )
 ! pres5t k ( ! b5efit ( re9=c$         
concrete1 a /ructure su* z ?is %\ld n be
 built )\t x4 ,?is applies ma9ly to !   
t[] bel[ ! tank4  ,! second feature1 :i*
 is /ill m important1 ref]s to !        
ins]tion ( a %ell ( smoo? /eel plate to 
take ! /resses due to ! hydro/atic      
pressure1 & also to insure aga9/ leakage

 9 ! walls ( ! tank4 ,! #f-;94 %ell (   
pla9 concrete outside ! /eel %ell1 & !  
#c-;94 %ell inside1 d n "w toge!r1 & are
 practically ( no value z walls1 b are  
simply outside & inside l9+s4 ,al?\gh ! 
design] provid$ lugs to insure !        
adhesion ( ! concrete to ! plate1 su*   
precaution1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 w n     
prev5t ! sep>ation ( ! concrete f !     
smoo? /eel plate1 &1 at "s future "t1 ! 
wat] w rea* & corrode ! /eel4 ,x w\ld h 
be5 bett] to h re9=c$ ! wall ( ! tank ) 
rods1 z is g5]ally done4 ,! full        
?ickness w\ld h be5 available1 & less   
pla/]+ w\ld h be5 requir$4 ,fur!rmore1 !
 adhesion ( concrete to a smoo? /eel    
plate is ( d\btful value1 =1 9 re9=c$   
concrete1 x is n ! adhesion :i* does !  
"w1 b ! gripp+ ( ! /eel by ! concrete 9 
! process ( sett+4   ,l4 ,j4 ,,m5s*1 ,m4
 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,?is 
wat]-t[] is probably ! sightlie/        
/ructure ( its k9d 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2     
/ill1 x does n look l a wat]-t[]1 &1 f  
an ar*itectural po9t ( view1 ! cr[n     

portion is faulty1 because x makes !    
tank appe> to be mu* less 9 dep? ?an x  
really is4  ,! co/ ( ?is /ructure f>    
exce$s t ( simil> tanks 9 ! ,unit$      
,/ates4 ,! /&-pipe at ,attleboro1 #ej   
ft4 9 diamet] & #ajj ft4 high1 co/ ab\t 
#be1jjj4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ! writ]       
propos$ to build an elevat$ tank1 #fj   
ft4 9 diamet] & #dj ft4 deep1 ! bottom (
 :i* 0 to be #ej ft4 above ! gr\nd1 =   
#ba1jjj4  ,among o!r elevat$ tanks kn[n 
to ! writ] is "o hav+ a capacity (      
#ajj1jjj gal41 ! bottom be+ #fj ft4     
above ! gr\nd4,c ,! total quantities (  
mat]ial requir$ = ?is tank are giv5 z   
#d1dhj cu4 ft4 ( concrete1 #bc1bjj lb4 (
 re9=c+ /eel1 & #bg1fjj ft41 b4 m41 ( =m
 lumb] & /ag+4 ,calculat+ at !          
abnormally high unit prices ( #dj c5ts  
p] cu4 ft4 = concrete1 #d c5ts p] lb4 = 
/eel1 & #ej p] #a1jjj ft41 b4 m41 =     
lumb]1 ! co/ ( ! concrete w\ld be       
#a1gib1 ! /eel1 #ibh1 & ! =m lumb] &    
/ag+1 #a1chj4 ,add+ to ?is ! co/ ( a    
spiral /aircase1 at ! high figure ( #g  

p] l9e> foot 9 height1 ! total co/ ( ?is
 /ructure w\ld be #d1eih4 ,! factor (   
safety us$ 9 ?is /ructure 0 f\r1 b "s   
eng9e]s :o are n famili> ) concrete     
con/ruction may require a high] factor4 
,by d\bl+ ! quantities ( concrete &     
/eel1 :i* w\ld mean a t5sile /ress 9 !  
/eel ( only #h1jjj lb4 p] sq4 941 & a   
compressive /ress 9 ! concrete ( only   
#bbe lb4 p] sq4 941 ! co/ ( ! tank w\ld 
be only #g1cah1 z comp>$ ) ! #af1egh    
m5tion$ 9 ! pap]4 ,?is enorm\s          
discrepancy betwe5 a good design & an   
amateur design1 & betwe5 day-labor "w & 
contract "w %\ld be a lesson :i*        
consult+ eng9e]s & manag]s ( l>ge       
corporations1 :o pref] _! own designs & 
day-labor "w1 %\ld take to he>t4   ,a4  
,h4 ,,m>kw>t1 ,,assoc4 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 
,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,x is ! writ]'s    
op9ion t ! /eel tank enclos$ )9 !       
concrete ( ! upp] cyl9d]1 to take up !  
hoop t5sion & presumably to provide a   
wat]-tight t[]1 w n fulfill ?is latt]   
requirem5t4 ,if a pla/]$ surface on !   

dome-%ap$ bottom provid$ ! necess>y     
imp]vi\sness1 x w\ld seem t pla/]$ walls
 w\ld h prov$ satisfactory4  ,app>5tly1 
! %eet-metal tank is int5d$ to exclude !
 possibility ( ext]ior leakage1 b x     
occurs to ! writ] t x w fail to be      
effici5t 9 ?is p>ticul>1 because1 "u    
pressure1 ! wat] w =ce itself "u ! /eel 
tank & ! dome ?ru/ r+s & out to !       
ext]ior ( ! t[] j bel[ ! tank1 ?us %[+ t
 insurance aga9/ leakage is actually    
provid$ by ! pla/]$ int]ior surfaces & n
 by ! %eet-metal tank1 &1 = ?is reason1 
ord9>y de=m$ rod re9=cem5t1 9 ! writ]'s 
op9ion1 w\ld h prov$ *eap] & bett]1 & m 
9 l9e ) o!r p>ts ( ! re9=cem5t4  ,mr4   
,kempkey /ates3       ,be=e fill+1 !    
inside ( ! tank 0 giv5 a pla/] coat1    
consi/+ ( #a "p cem5t to #a-c_/d p>ts ( 
f9e s&4 ,?is      prov$ to be           
insuffici5t to prev5t leakage1 ! wat]   
seep+      ?r\gh ! dome & appe>+ on !   
outside ( ! /ructure      along ! l9e ( 
! bottom ( ! r+s4 ,?ree m coats 7       
!n appli$ ov] ! entire tank1 & two      

additional ones ov] !      dome & ab\t  
#h ft4 up on ! sides1 &1 except = "o or 
two      small spots :i* %[ j a sign (  
moi/ure1 ! tank is      p]fectly tight4 
,?is sub/antiates ! writ]'s cont5tion t 
wat]-tightness 0 actually obta9$ by a   
lib]al use ( cem5t pla/]1 :i* w\ld also 
h be5 true _h ! re9=cem5t be5 rods4  ,z 
a fur!r comm5t1 x might be /at$ t a     
wat]-tight concrete = ! tank c\ld h be5 
obta9$ by add+ f #h to #aj ( hydrat$    
lime to ! #a3b3d mixture4 ,?is seems    
advisable 9 all cases :]e a wat]-tight  
concrete is necess>y4 ,! int]ior pla/]+ 
c\ld !n h be5 done z a fur!r precaution4
   ,a4 ,,kempkey1 ,,jr41 ,,jun4 ,,am4   
,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,mr4        
,c\*ot's /atem5t1 t ! #c-;94 inside &   
outside %eets =m+ ! tank cas+ d n act   
toge!r1 is q true1 & x 0 n expect$ t !y 
w\ld1 o!r ?an to protect ! /eel & =m an 
ornam5tal cov]+ = x4  ,!re is c]ta9ly   
adhesion betwe5 concrete & /eel1 ev5    
?\gh ! /eel be 9 ! =m ( a ?9 %ell1 & 9 a
 /ructure ( ?is k9d :]e ! /eel is       

design$1 ) a l[ unit /ress1 to take all 
! /ra91 & :]e ! load is at all times    
quiesc5t1 x is difficult to see h[ ?is  
bond c be de/roy$2 ! writ] feels no     
conc]n on ?is score4  ,mr4 ,m>kw>t's    
/atem5t1 t ! /eel tank enclos$ )9 !     
concrete ( ! upp] cyl9d]1 presumably to 
provide a wat]-tight t[]1 w n fulfill   
?is latt] requirem5t1 is n true1 z %[n  
by ! /atem5t 9 ! pap] t ! only leakage  
:i* occurr$ 0 t :i* pass$ "u ! tank1 !  
entire rema9+ portion be+ absolutely    
tight4 ,! am\nt ( leakage1 :ile         
insignificant1 01 until rem$i$1         
suffici5t to spot ! outside ( ! t[]1    
mak+ x unsightly2 & ?is1 9 ! writ]'s    
op9ion1 is j :at w\ld h happ5$ _h ! tank
 be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 ) de=m$
 b>s1 except t x w\ld h ext5d$ ov] m or 
less ( ! entire surface1 in/ead ( be+   
localiz$1 z 0 actually ! case1 & w\ld h 
requir$ m in/ead ( less pla/]+4 ,x is   
also d\btful :e!r ! addition ( hydrat$  
lime w\ld h produc$ a tight tank1 9 !   
s5se t ?is /ructure 0 requir$ to be     

tight4  ,9 ! pap] ! writ] endeavor$ to  
br+ out ! fact t ?is is "o ( ! few      
in/ances :]e ! /hetic design ( a        
/ructure ( ?is sort is ( prime          
importance1 & co/ a second>y            
consid]ation4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no use 9  
comp>+ its co/ ) t ( a /ructure 9 no way
 its equal 9 ?is respect & ! use ( :i*  
w\ld n h be5 p]mitt$ any m ?an ! use ( !
 ord9>y type ( /eel /ructure1 ev5 ?\gh !
 e/imat$ co/ 7 #ge less4  ,mr4 ,m5s* has
 be5 pleas$ to t]m ?is design amateuri%1
 presumably because ( ! cons]vative "* (
 ! /resses us$ & because ( its co/2 at !
 same "t1 he sets up ! design to :i* he 
makes ref]5ce z a good "o simply because
 ( its *eapness4 ,he w f9d ! enorm\s    
discrepancy1 to :i* he calls att5tion1  
acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! good design w\ld
 n h be5 tol]at$ because ( its appe>ance
 & because ( ! fact t ! excessively high
 unit /resses1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,m5s* is an   
expon5t1 did n comm5d !mselves ei!r to !
 design]1 9 common ) mo/ eng9e]s1 or to 
,victorian ta/e2 :ile ! design us$ has  

prov5 em95tly satisfactory to a m ?an   
usually cons]vative & discrim9at+       
community4  ,mr4 ,m5s*'s /atem5t ( unit 
co/s1 ev5 ?\gh appli$ to a mu* pla9]    
/ructure1 is n calculat$ to inspire     
confid5ce 9 ! s\ndness ( 8 d$uctions 9  
any "o famili> ) ,victoria conditions4  
,,footnotes3      ,footnote ,a3 ,pres5t$
 at ! meet+ ( ,m>* #af?1 #aiaj4         
,footnote ,b3 ,n[ ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4
 ,c4 ,e4      ,footnote ,c3 ,! ,re9=c$  
,concrete ,pocket ,book1 p4 #abd4