,riv]side ,educational ,monographs ,edit$ by ,h5ry ,suzzallo ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton ,seattle1 ,wa%+ton ,,! ,,recitation by ,,george ,,h]b]t ,,betts1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology ,cornell ,college1 ,i[a ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company ,bo/on ,new ,york ,*icago ,san ,francisco ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge ,copyright1 #aiaj1 by ,george ,h]b]t ,betts ,copyright1 #aiaa1 by ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company ,,cont5ts ,,editor',s ,,introduction ,i4 ,,! ,,purposes ,,( ,,! ,,recitation ,,ii4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,! ,,recitation ,,iii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,que/ion+ ,,iv4 ,,conditions ,,necess>y ,,to ,a ,,good ,,recitation ,v4 ,,! ,,assignm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lesson ,,outl9e ,,editor',s ,,introduction ,tea*]s are n always cle> z to :at !y mean :5 !y speak ( ! recitation4 ,_m diff]5t mean+s are associat$ ) ! t]m4 ,"s ( ^! are sugge/ive b q vague2 & o!rs1 al?\gh m def9ite1 are b p>tial tru?s t h9d] z mu* z !y help4 ,x is n surpris+ t a confus$ usage ( ! t]m is curr5t among tea*]s4 ,f "o po9t ( view1 ! recitation is a recitation-p]iod1 a segm5t ( ! daily "t s*$ule4 ,9 ?is s5se x is an adm9i/rative unit1 valuable 9 apportion+ to ea* s*ool subject its "p ( ! "t devot$ to ! curriculum4 ,?us1 we speak ( five recitations 9 ari?metic1 ?ree 9 music1 or two 9 draw+1 hav+ 9 m9d m]ely ! numb] ( times ! class meets = in/ruction 9 a p>ticul> s*ool /udy4 ,a recitation "h means no m ?an a class-p]iod1 a m or less arbitr>y device = controll+ ! tea*]'s & pupils' di/ribution ( en]gy among ! v>i\s subjects taught4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 ! recitation is a =m ( educative activity r ?an a m]e "t allotm5t4 ,9 ?is s5se ! recitation is a process ( in/ruction1 a mode ( tea*+1 :]e9 pupils & tea*]1 fac+ a common situation1 proce$ t[>d a m or less consci\s end4 ,x is a di/9ct movem5t 9 classroom exp]i5ce1 s organiz$ t a def9ite beg9n+1 progression1 & end are cle>ly di/+ui%able4 ,?us we speak ( ! me?od ( ! recitation1 ! five =mal /eps ( ! recitation1 or ! v>i\s types ( recitation4 ,su* a usage makes recitation synonym\s ) lesson4 ,inde$1 :5 we pass f g5]al p$agogical discussion to a detail$ treatm5t ( special me?ods ( tea*+1 we usually ab&on ! t]m recitation & use ! ^w lesson4 ,al?\gh !re is always "s notion ( a "t-p]iod 9 ! curriculum 9 our idea ( a lesson1 yet ! t]m lesson is m intimately connect$ ) ! ?\ght ( a tea*+ ex]cise 9 :i* ideas are develop$ & fix$ 9 memory4 ,x is ?r\gh ! lesson or recitation t pupils & tea*]s influ5ce "o ano!r's ?\ght & action2 & :5 ?is condition exi/s1 !re is always educative activity4 ,^! two ways ( ?9k+ ( ! recitation1 "o prim>ily adm9i/rative & ! o!r prim>ily educative1 ne$ to be some:at %>ply diff]5tiat$ 9 our ?9k+4 ,h[ev] closely relat$ !y are 9 actual s*oolroom "w1 h[ev] greatly !y influ5ce ea* o!r 9 practice1 !y require a !oretic sep>ation4 ,only by ?is me?od c we avoid "s ( ! error & confusion curr5t 9 tea*+ !ory & practice4 ,a s+le in/ance w suffice to %[ ! value ( ! di/9ction4 ,no "o ( u w\ld delib]ately assume t ! tea*+ process requir$ = ! in/ruction ( a *ild w\ld j cov] ! tw5ty1 ?irty1 or =ty m9utes allott$ to ! class-p]iod1 day aft] day & ye> aft] ye>1 reg>dless ( ! subject pres5t$ or ! *ild taught4 ,yet ?is is precisely ! sort ( assumption t is impli$ ?r\gh\t a consid]able portion ( our curr5t discussion ( ! tea*+ process4 ,we talk ab\t a developm5tal-lesson or a review-recitation 91 say1 geography1 z ?\gh x began & end$ ) ! recitation-p]iod ( ! day4 ,! daily lesson-plans we dem& ( appr5tice-tea*]s 9 tra9+-s*ools are l>gely built ^u ?is basis4 ,( c\rse ! fact t "o mu/ beg9 a !me at a giv5 mom5t & close at a simil> arbitr>y po9t affects ! tea*]'s proc$ure some:at4 ,he w always h to attack ! problem anew at t5 o'clock & pull toge!r ! loose ends ( discussion at t5-?irty1 if ^! happ5 to be ! limits ( "t assign$ him4 ,b :o w be bold en\gh to ass]t t ! psy*ological movem5t = ! developm5t & solution ( ! p>ticul> problem at h& w always be exactly ?irty m9utes long8 ,x is possible1 & q probable1 t ! typical movem5ts 9 in/ruction--developm5t1 drill1 exam9ation1 practice1 & review--may occur )9 a s+le class-p]iod1 foll[+ fa/ ^u ! heels ( ea* o!r z ! situation may dem&4 ,x is equally probable t 9 _m cases any "o ( !m may rea* across sev]al class-p]iods4 ,we ne$ a m flexible way ( ?9k+ ( ! recitation & ( ! tea*+ activities involv$ 9 class-p]iods & ( o!r adm9i/rative factors :i* condition ! effectiv5ess ( tea*+4 ,su* a cle>1 flexible treatm5t ( ! recitation is (f]$ 9 ?is volume4 ,we feel t x w be p>ticul>ly welcome to ! practical tea*] s9ce s _m previ\s treatm5ts ( ?is subject h be5 =mal or obscure4 ,comb9+ ! tra9+ ( a psy*ologi/ ) ! exp]i5ce ( a class tea*]1 ,pr(essor ,betts has giv5 u a lucid1 helpful1 & common-s5se treatm5t ( ! recitation )\t fall+ into sci5tific te*nicality or p$agogical =malism4 ,i ,,! ,,purposes ,,( ,,! ,,recitation ,! tea*] has two great functions 9 ! s*ool2 "o is t ( organiz+ & manag+1 ! o!r1 t ( tea*+4 ,9 ! fir/ capacity he =ms ! s*ool into its prop] divisions or classes1 arranges ! programme ( daily recitations & o!r ex]cises1 provides = call+ & dismiss+ classes1 pass+ into & out ( ! room1 etc41 & controls ! conduct ( ! pupils2 t is1 keeps ord]4 ,! organization & managem5t ( ! s*ool is ( ! highe/ importance1 & fundam5tal to ev]y?+ else t goes on 9 ! s*ool4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! tea*]s :o are look$ ^u z unsuccessful fail at ?is po9t4 ,probably at lea/ two out ( ?ree :o lose _! positions are dropp$ f inability to organize & manage a s*ool4 ,:ile ?is is true1 h[ev]1 ! organiz+ & manag+ ( ! s*ool is :olly second>y2 x exi/s only t ! tea*+ may g on4 ,tea*+ is1 aft] all1 ! prim>y ?+4 ,lack+ good tea*+1 no am\nt ( good managem5t or organization c r$eem ! s*ool4 #a4 ,! tea*] & ! recitation ,tea*+ goes on *iefly 9 :at we call ! recitation4 ,?is is ! tea*]'s po9t ( contact ) 8 pupils2 "h he meets !m face to face & m9d to m9d2 "h he succe$s or fails 9 8 function ( tea*+4 ,failure 9 tea*+ is h>d] to measure ?an failure 9 organization & managem5t4 ,x quickly becomes nois$ abroad if ! *ildr5 are n well classifi$1 or if ! tea*] _c keep ord]4 ,if ! ma*9]y ( ! s*ool does n run smoo?ly1 its creak+ soon attracts public att5tion1 & ! skill ( ! tea*] is at once call$ into "q4 ,b ! tea*] may be do+ indiff]5t "w 9 ! recitation1 & ! class h>dly be aw>e ( x & ! patrons "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,!re is no def9ite measure = ! am\nt ( inspiration a tea*] is giv+ daily to 8 pupils1 & no foot-rule ) :i* to te/ ! wor? ( 8 in/ruction 9 ! recitation4 ,& x is ?is v fact t makes x s necess>y t ! tea*] %\ld /udy ! pr9ciples ( tea*+ z appli$ to ! recitation4 ,! difficulty ( accurately measur+ failure 9 actual tea*+ t5ds to make u all c>eless at ?is po9t4 ,yet ?is is ! v po9t above all o!rs t is vital to ! pupil4 ,inspir+ tea*+ may comp5sate 9 l>ge degree = poor managem5t1 b no?+ c make up to a pupil = dull & unskillful tea*+4 ,if ! recitations are = him a failure1 no?+ else c make ! s*ool a success s f> z he is conc]n$4 ,! ultimate measure ( a tea*]1 !re=e1 is ! measure tak5 be=e 8 class1 :ile he is conduct+ a recitation4 #b4 ,! necessity ( hav+ a cle> aim ,any discussion ( ! recitation %\ld beg9 ) its aims or purposes2 = ^u aim or purpose ev]y?+ else dep5ds4 ,= example1 if y ask me ! be/ me?od ( conduct+ a recitation1 ,i %all h to inquire be=e answ]+1 :e!r y\r purpose 9 ?is recitation is to discov] :at ! pupils h prep>$ ( ! "w assign$ !m2 or to introduce ! class to a new subject1 su* z p]c5tage 9 ari?metic2 or to drill !m1 z ^u ! multiplication table4 ,ea* ( ^! purposes w\ld dem& a diff]5t me?od 9 ! recitation4 ,aga91 if y\r purpose is to %[ (f a class be=e visitors1 y w ne$ to use a v diff]5t me?od f :at y w employ if y\r aim is to enc\rage ! class 9 self-expression & indep5d5ce 9 ?9k+4 ,!re are ?ree great purposes to be accompli%$ ?r\gh ! recitation3 te/+1 tea*+1 & drill+4 ,^! ?ree aims may all be accompli%$ at times 9 ! same recitation1 may ev5 alt]nate ) ea* o!r 9 successive que/ions1 b !y are nev]!less :olly di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & require diff]5t me?ods = _! accompli%m5t4 ,! skillful tea*] w h "o or ! o!r ( ^! ?ree aims be=e him ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly at ea* mom5t ( ! recitation1 & w "k :5 he *anges f "o to ! o!r & = :at reason4 ,let u proce$ to consid] ea* ( ^! aims some:at m 9 detail4 #c4 ,te/+ z an aim 9 ! recitation ,te/+ deals ) gr\nd already cov]$1 ) matt] already le>n$1 or ) p[]s already develop$4 ,x conc]ns itself ) ! old1 in/ead ( progress+ into ! new4 ,x seeks to f9d out :at ! *ild kn[s or :at he c d ( t :i* he has already be5 ov] 9 8 "w4 ,( c\rse e new lesson or task attempt$ is 9 "s measure a te/ ( all t has prec$$ x1 b te/+ ne$s to be mu* m def9ite & specific ?an ?is4 ,! te/+ discuss$ "h mu/ n be confus$ ) :at we sometimes call te/s1 b :i* really are exam9ations1 giv5 at m or less infrequ5t int]vals4 ,te/+ may & %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ! regul> daily recitations by que/ions & answ]s ei!r oral or writt51 be>+ on matt] previ\sly assign$2 by discussions ( topics ( ! lesson assign$2 or by requir+ new "w involv+ ! k or p[] ga9$ 9 ! pa/ "w :i* is be+ te/$4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! pr9cipal ?+s :i* we %\ld te/ 9 ! recitation3-- a4 ,! prep>ation ( ! lesson assign$4--,! prep>ation ( e lesson assign$ %\ld be te/$ 9 "s def9ite way4 ,?is is ( ! utmo/ importance1 especially 9 all elem5t>y grades4 ,we are all s con/itut$ m5tally t we h a t5d5cy to gr[ c>eless 9 assign$ tasks if _! p]=mance is n /rictly requir$ ( u4 ,no matt] h[ c>eful may be ! assignm5t ( ! lesson1 & no matt] h[ mu* ! tea*] may urge ^u ! class at ! "t ( ! assignm5t t !y prep>e ! lesson well1 ! pupils mu/ be held responsible = ?is prep>ation day by day1 )\t fail1 if we are to insure _! ma/]y ( x4 ,nor is x en\gh to inquire1 ,h[ _m und]/& ?is lesson8 or ,h[ _m got all ! examples8 ,x is ! tea*]'s bus9ess to te/ ?or\ghly = himself ! pupil's ma/]y ( ! lesson or ! k or p[] requir$ = ! examples1 9 "s def9ite & concrete way4 ,x w n suffice to take ! pupil's judgm5t ( 8 own prep>ation & ma/]y1 = _m w all[ a hazy or d\btful po9t to g by unexpla9$ r ?an confess be=e tea*] & class _! lack ( /udy or inability to grasp ! topic4 ,fur!r1 pupils seldom h ! /&>ds ( ma/]y :i* enable !m to judge :at con/itutes an adequate grasp ( ! subject4 b4 ,! pupil's k & 8 me?ods ( /udy4--,entirely aside f ! "q ( ! prep>ation ( ! lesson assign$1 ! tea*] mu/ con/antly te/ ! pupil's k 9 ord] t he may "k h[ & :at next to tea* him2 = no maxim ( tea*+ is bett] e/abli%$ ?an t we %\ld proce$ f ! kn[n to ! relat$ unkn[n4 ,& ?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t we %\ld build all new k ^u ! f\ndation ( k already ma/]$4 ,to illu/rate3 ,pupils mu/ h a ?or\gh ma/]y & ready k ( addition1 subtraction1 multiplication1 & division be=e we c proce$ to tea* !m measurem5ts or fractions4 ,& )\t d\bt mu* "t is wa/$ 9 attempt+ to tea* ^! subjects )\t a ready comm& ( ! fundam5tal op]ations4 ,fur!r1 pupils mu/ "k well bo? common & decimal fractions be=e !y c proce$ to p]c5tage4 ,!y mu/ "k & be able to recognize readily ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee* be=e !y c analyze s5t5ces 9 gramm>4 ,b n less important ?an :at ! pupil kn[s is h[ he kn[s ! ?+2 t is1 :at are 8 me?ods ( /udy & le>n+4 ,! pupil 9 a hi/ory class may be able to recite :ole pages ( ! text almo/ v]batim1 b :5 que/ion$ z to ! mean+ ( ! ev5ts & facts %[ v little k ab\t !m4 ,a /ud5t confess$ to h] tea*] t %e _h committ$ all h] geometry lessons to memory in/ead ( reason+ !m out4 ,%e c\ld 9 ?is way satisfy a c>eless tea*] :o did n take ! tr\ble to inquire h[ ! pupil _h prep>$ h] lessons1 b %e knew little or no geometry4 ,! m9d has :at may be call$ ?ree diff]5t levels4 ,! fir/ is ! s5sory level1 repres5t$ by ! phrase 9 at "o e> & out ( ! o!r4 ,e "o has exp]i5c$ read+ a page :5 ! m9d w\ld w&] & only ! eyes foll[ ! l9es on d[n to ! bottom ( ! page1 no?+ rema9+ z to ! mean+ ( ! text4 ,x is easy to glance a lesson ov] j be=e recit+1 & h x /ick 9 ! memory only long en\gh to s]ve ! purposes ( ! recitation4 ,?+s le>n$ 9 ?is way are n p]man5tly s]viceable & really con/itute no "p ( an education4 ,! second level ( ! m9d may be call$ ! memory level4 ,matt] :i* ent]s ! m9d only to ?is dep? may be reta9$ = a consid]able "t b is little und]/ood & h5ce ( small value4 ,all rules & def9itions committ$ )\t kn[+ _! mean+ or see+ _! application1 & all lessons le>n$ m]ely to recite )\t a reasonable grasp ( _! mean+1 s9k only z deep z ! memory level4 ,! ?ird & deepe/ level is t ( ! und]/&+4 ,matt] :i* p]meates d[n ?r\gh ! s5sory & memory levels1 gett+ ?or\ghly into ! und]/&+ level1 is n only rememb]$ b is und]/ood & appli$1 & !re=e becomes ( real s]vice 9 our education4 ,( c\rse x is cle> t ! ideal 9 tea*+ %\ld be to lead our pupils s to le>n t mo/ ( :at ent]s _! memory %all also be ma/]$ by _! und]/&+4 ,!re=e1 9 ! recitation we %\ld te/ n alone to see :at ! pupil kn[s1 b also to see h[ he kn[s x2 n only to f9d out :e!r he c recite1 b also :at are 8 me?ods ( le>n+4 ,we %\ld discov] n alone :e!r ! facts le>n$ h ent]$ ! memory1 b :e!r !y h sunk d[n into ! und]/&+1 s t !y c be us$ 9 ! acquisition ( fur!r education4 c4 ,! pupil's po9ts ( failure & ! cause !re(4--,e tea*] has be5 surpris$ _m times to discov] weak places 9 ! pupil's "w :5 ev]y?+ _h seem+ly be5 ?or\ghly le>n$4 ,) ! be/ tea*+ ^! weak places w occasionally occur4 ,x is n less ess5tial to "k ^! po9ts ( failure ?an to "k ! f\ndations ( k :i* ! pupil has already ma/]$4 ,= ^! weak spots mu/ be rem$i$ z we g along if ! lat] "w is to be successful4 ,v frequ5tly classes are unable to proce$ satisfactorily because ( lack ( ?or\ghness 9 ! f\ndation "w :i* prec$es4 ,to "k :]e a pupil is fail+ is ! fir/ requisite if we are to help him rem$y 8 weakness4 ,b n only mu/ ! tea*] "k :]e ! pupil is fail+1 b also ! cause ( 8 failure4 ,only :5 we "k ?is c we intellig5tly apply ! rem$y = ! failure4 ,a physician fri5d ( m9e tells me t almo/ any quack c prescribe successfully = sickness if he has an exp]t at h& to diagnose ! case & tell him :at is ! matt]4 ,?is is ! h>de/ "p ( a physician's "w & requires ! mo/ skill4 ,s x is ) ! tea*]'s "w z well4 ,if we are sure t a c]ta9 boy is fail+ 9 8 recitations because he is lazy1 x is n s difficult to devise a rem$y to fit ! case4 ,if we "k t ano!r is fail+ because ! "w is too advanc$ = 8 prep>ation1 we select a diff]5t rem$y4 ,b 9 e case we mu/ fir/ "k ! cause ( failure if we hope to prescribe a rem$y c]ta9 to produce a cure4 ,"s tea*]s prescribe = poorly le>n$ lessons mu* aft] ! pat5t m$ic9e me?od4 ,a rec5t adv]tisem5t ( "o p>ticul> no/rum promises ! cure ( any "o ( ?irty-sev5 diff]5t diseases4 ,surely ) su* a rem$y z ?is at h& !re w be no ne$ to diagnose a case ( sickness to f9d out :at is ! tr\ble4 ,all we ne$ to d is to take ! regulation dose4 ,& all pati5ts w be treat$ j alike :atev] _! ailm5t4 ,?is is ! quack doctor's me?od z x is ! quack tea*]'s4 ,if ! tea*] is unskillful or lazy ! rem$y = poor recitations usually is1 ,take ! same lesson = to-morr[4 ,!re is ev5 no attempt to discov] ! cause ( failure & no ?\ght put on ! "q ( h[ be/ to rem$y ! failure & prev5t its recurr5ce4 #d4 ,tea*+ z an aim 9 ! recitation ,:ile te/+ deals ) ! old1--review+ & fix+ m firmly t :i* we h already le>n$1--tea*+1 by us+ ! old1 leads on to ! new4 ,to educate means to lead out--to lead ! *ild out f :at he already has atta9$ & ma/]$ to new atta9m5ts & new ma/]y4 ,?is is accompli%$ ?r\gh tea*+4 ,x is n en\gh1 !re=e1 to employ ! recitation z a "t = te/+ ! class2 ! recitation is also ! tea*]'s opportunity to tea*4 ,tea*+ z di/+ui%$ f te/+ becomes1 !re=e1 "o ( ! great aims ( ! recitation4 ,tea*+ %\ld accompli% ! foll[+ objects 9 ! recitation3-- a4 ,give ! *ild an opportunity = self-expression4--,we le>n to d by do+1 provid+ ! do+ is really ours4 ,if ! do+ holds our int]e/ & ?\ght no?+ w s]ve to cle> up faulty ?9k+ & p>tly ma/]$ k l attempt+ to express x4 ,"o really nev] fully kn[s a ?+ until he c s express x t o!rs are caus$ to "k x also4 ,fur!r1 e p]son ne$s to cultivate ! p[] ( expression = its own sake4 ,expression consi/s n only ( language1 b ! "w ( ! h& 9 ! v>i\s arts & h&icrafts1 bodily poise & c>riage1 facial expression1 ge/ure1 laught]1 & any o!r means :i* ! m9d has ( mak+ itself kn[n to o!rs4 ,^! v>i\s =ms ( expression are ! only way we h ( caus+ o!rs to "k :at we ?9k or feel4 ,& ! _w c>es v little h[ mu* we may "k or h[ deeply we may feel if we h n ! p[] to express our ?\ghts & emotions4 ,! *ild %\ld h1 !re=e1 ! fulle/ possible opportunity 9 ! recitation = z _m ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( expression z are suitable to ! "w ( ! recitation4 ,n only mu/ ! tea*] be c>eful n to monopolize ! "t ( ! class himself1 b he mu/ ev5 lead ! *ildr5 out1 enc\rag+ !m to express 9 _! own words or ?r\gh _! draw+s & pictures1 or ?r\gh maps !y make or ?r\gh ! ?+s !y con/ruct ) _! h&s1 or 9 any o!r way possible1 _! own k & ?\ght4 ,! timid *ild :o %r9ks f recit+ or go+ to ! blackbo>d to draw or write ne$s enc\ragem5t & tea*+ especially4 ,! con/ant dang] ) all tea*]s is t ( call+ ^u ! unusually quick & bright pupil :o is ready to recite1 ?us giv+ him m ?an 8 %>e ( tra9+ 9 expression & robb+ !reby ! m timid ones :o ne$ ! practice4 b4 ,give help on difficult po9ts4--,a compla9t frequ5tly he>d 9 "s s*ools1 & no d\bt 9 "s degree m]it$ 9 all1 is1 ,tea*] w n help1 or1 ,tea*] does n expla94 ,no matt] h[ excell5t ! "w be+ done by ! class or h[ skillful ! tea*+1 !re w always be h>d po9ts 9 ! lessons :i* ne$ analysis or explanation4 ,?is %\ld usually be done :5 ! lesson is assign$4 ,a tea*] :o kn[s bo? ! subject-matt] & ! class ?or\ghly c e/imate almo/ precisely :]e ! class w h tr\ble ) ! lesson1 or :at important po9ts w ne$ especial emphasis4 ,& 9 ! explanation & elaboration ( ^! po9ts is "o ( ! be/ opportunities = good tea*+4 ,! good tea*] w help j en\gh1 b n too mu*2 j en\gh s t ! class w "k h[ to g to "w ) ! lea/ loss ( "t & ! greate/ am\nt ( en]gy2 n en\gh s t ! lesson is already ma/]$ = ! class be=e !y beg9 _! /udy4 ,b x is necess>y to help ! class on ! h>d po9ts n only 9 assign+ ! lesson1 b also 9 ! recitation4 ,! al]t tea*] w 9 almo/ e recitation discov] "s po9ts :i* ! class h fail$ to und]/& or ma/] fully4 ,x is ! ov]look+ ( su* half-ma/]$ po9ts z ^! t leaves weak places 9 ! pupil's k & br+s tr\ble to him lat] on4 ,^! weak po9ts left un/r5g!n$ 9 ! recitation are ! lazy tea*]'s greate/ reproa*2 ! occasion ( ! unskillful tea*]'s greate/ bungl+2 & ! inexp]i5c$ tea*]'s greate/ dang] po9ts4 c4 ,br+ 9 new po9ts supplem5t+ ! text4--,:ile ! lesson ( ! textbook %\ld be foll[$ 9 ! ma91 & mo/ ( ! "t devot$ !reto1 yet ne>ly e lesson gives ! wide-awake tea*] opportunity to supplem5t ! text ) int]e/+ mat]ial drawn f o!r s\rces4 ,?is rightly done l5ds life & int]e/ to ! recitation1 broad5s ! *ild's k1 & increases 8 respect = ! tea*]4 ,9 ?is way _m lessons 9 hi/ory1 geography1 lit]ature--9 fact1 9 ne>ly all ! /udies1--c h _! application %[n1 & h5ce be made m real to ! pupils4 d4 ,inspire ! pupils to bett] ef=ts & high] ideals4--,! recitation is ! tea*]'s m5tal po9t ( contact ) 8 pupils4 ,he meets !m socially 9 a fri5dly way at int]missions & on ! playgr\nd4 ,8 moral "* & p]sonality are a model to ! *ildr5 at all times4 ,b x is *iefly 9 ! recitation t ! m5tal /imulus is giv54 ,! tea*] :o is lifeless & un9spir+ 9 ! tea*+ ( ! recitation _c b fail to inspire 8 s*ool to a /rong m5tal gr[?1 :atev] else he may accompli%4 ,mo/ pupils h p[]s f> 9 excess ( ^? !y are us+4 ,!y only ne$ to be inspir$1 to be wak5$ up m5tally by a tea*] ^: m9d is alive & gr[+4 ,!y ne$ to be made hungry = education1 & ?is c be accompli%$ only by a tea*] :o is himself full ( en?usiasm4 ,inspiration is caught1 n taught4 e4 ,lead pupils into good habits ( /udy4--,x is probably n too mu* to say t "o ?ird or "o half ( ! pupil's "t is lo/ 9 s*ool because ( n kn[+ h[ to /udy4 ,ov] & ov] pupils say to ! tea*]1 ,i didn't "k h[ to get ?is4 ,_m times *ildr5 labor h>d ov] a lesson )\t ma/]+ x1 simply because !y d n "k h[ to pick out & classify its pr9cipal po9ts4 ,!y "w on :at is to !m a m]e jumble1 because !y lack ! p[] ( analysis or h nev] be5 taught its use4 ,v e>ly 9 s*ool life ! pupil %\ld be taught to look = & make a li/ ( ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ! lesson4 ,if ! lesson />ts ) a ,roman num]al ,i1 ! *ild %\ld be taught to look = ,,ii & ,,iii1 & to see h[ !y are relat$ to ,i4 ,an ,arabic #a usually means t #b1 & p]haps #c & #d are to foll[2 ! lett] a at ! head ( a p>agraph %\ld />t ! pupil to look+ = b1 c1 etc4 ,& if ! text does n conta9 su* numb]+ or lett]+1 ! pupil %\ld be l$ to se>* = ! ma9 divisions & topics ( ! lesson = himself4 ,( c\rse ^! pr9ciples w n apply to spell+ lessons1 m]e li/s ( s5t5ces to be analyz$ or problems to be solv$1 b !y d apply to almo/ e o!r type ( lesson4 ,! be/ "t to tea* ! *ild to make ! k9d ( analysis sugge/$ is :5 we are assign+ ! lesson4 ,we c !n g ov] ! text ) ! class1 help+ !m to select ! *ief po9ts ( ! lesson until !y !mselves h le>n$ ?is me?od ( /udy4 #e4 ,drill z an aim 9 ! recitation ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 m]ely kn[+ a ?+ & kn[+ x s well t we c use x easily & ) skill4 ,p]haps all ( u "k ! alphabet backw>ds2 yet if ! ord] ( ! diction>y 7 rev]s$ s t x w\ld run f ,z to ,a1 we w\ld = a "t lack ! skill we n[ h 9 quickly f9d+ any desir$ words 9 ! diction>y4 ,c]ta9 fundam5tals 9 our education ne$ to be s well le>n$ t !y are practically automatic1 & c h5ce be skillfully p]=m$ )\t ?\ght or att5tion4 ,we mu/ "k our spell+ 9 ?is way1 s t we d n h to /op & ?9k h[ to spell ea* ^w4 ,9 ! same mann] we mu/ "k ! me*anics ( read+1 t is1 ! recognition & pronunciation ( words1 ! mean+ ( punctuation m>ks1 etc42 & simil>ly multiplication & ! o!r fundam5tal op]ations 9 ari?metic4 ,pupils %\ld come to "k ^! ?+s s well t !y are z automatic z spee*1 or z walk+1 eat+1 or any o!r ( ! _m acts :i* d !mselves4 ,if ?is degree ( skill is n rea*$1 x means halt+ & ineffici5t "w 9 all ^! l9es f>!r on4 ,_m are ! *ildr5 :o are crippl$ 9 _! "w 9 hi/ory1 geography1 & o!r /udies because !y _c read well en\gh to und]/& ! text4 ,_m are /ruggl+ along 9 ! m advanc$ p>ts ( ! ari?metic1 unable to ma/] x because !y are defici5t 9 ! fundam5tals1 because !y lack skill4 ,& _m are wa/+ "t try+ to analyze s5t5ces :5 !y _c recognize ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee*4 ,skill is effici5cy 9 do+4 ,x is always a gr[?1 & nev] comes to u ready-made4 ,to be sure1 "s pupils c develop skill mu* fa/] ?an o!rs1 b ! po9t is1 t skill has to be develop$4 ,skill is ! result ( repetition1 or practice1 t is1 ( drill4 ,! foll[+ pr9ciples %\ld guide 9 ! use ( drill 9 ! recitation3 a4 ,drill %\ld be employ$ :]ev] a high degree ( skill is requir$4--,?is applies to :at h be5 call$ ! tools ( k1 or ^? ?+s :i* are necess>y 9 ord] to secure all o!r k4 ,su* are ! ?ree ,r's1 read+1 7w7rit+1 & 7a7ri?metic1 to :i* we may add spell+4 ,)\t a good f\ndation 9 ^!1 all o!r k w be up-hill "w1 if n :olly impossible4 b4 ,drill mu/ be ^u correct models1 & ) al]t int]e/ & att5tion4--,m]e repetition is n en\gh to secure skill4 ,:at tea*] has n be5 driv5 to h] wits' ends to prev5t ! successive l9es 9 ! copy book f gr[+ /eadily worse z !y increase 9 numb] f ! copy on d[n ! page6 ,surely drill ) su* a result w\ld be long 9 arriv+ at skill4 ,su* practice is n only :olly wa/$1 b actually results 9 e/abli%+ false models & c>eless habits 9 ! pupil's m9d4 ,ea* l9e mu/ be writt5 ) correct models 9 m9d1 & ) ! ef=t to make x bett] ?an any prec$+ "o1 if skill is to be ! outcome4 ,mu* ( ! value ( drill is (t5 lo/ ?r\gh lack ( int]e/ & att5tion4 ,! *ild lazily s+-song+ ! multiplication table may le>n to say x z he w\ld a v]se ( poetry1 & yet n "k ! sep>ate comb9ations :5 he ne$s !m 9 problems4 ,:at he ne$s is drill ^u ! diff]5t comb9ations hit-&-miss1 & 9 simple problems1 rapidly & _m times ov]1 ) suffici5t v>iety & spice1 s t 8 int]e/ & att5tion are always al]t4 ,a c]ta9 boy p]si/$ 9 say+ h w5t in/ead ( h gone4 ,f9ally 8 tea*] said1 ,johnny1 y may /ay to-night aft] s*ool & write 'h gone' on ! blackbo>d "o hundr$ times4 ,!n y w n miss x aga94 ,johnny /ay$ aft] s*ool & wrote h gone "o hundr$ times z ! tea*] _h direct$4 ,:5 he _h complet$ 8 task ! tea*] _h gone to ano!r "p ( ! build+4 ,be=e leav+ = home ,johnny politely left ?is note on ! tea*]'s desk3 ,de> ,tea*]3 ,i h w5t home4 ,pl5ty ( drill1 b x 0 n accompani$ by int]e/ & att5tion1 & h5ce left no effect4 c4 ,drill mu/ n /op %ort ( a reasonable degree ( effici5cy1 or skill4--,mo/ tea*]s w\ld r te/ or tea* ?an drill4 ,o!rs d n see ! necessity ( drill4 ,h5ce x happ5s t a l>ge proportion ( our pupils are n giv5 practice or drill en\gh to arrive at ev5 a fair degree ( skill4 ,set t5 pupils ( ! int]m$iate grades to add+ up f\r columns ( figures av]ag+ a foot+ ( #ajj to ! column1 & y w probably h at lea/ five diff]5t answ]s4 ,& s ) _m ( ! fundam5tals 9 o!r bran*es z well4 ,we too (t5 /op practice j %ort ( effici5cy1 & !reby wa/e bo? "t & ef=t4 d4 ,drill mu/ be gov]n$ by def9ite aims4--,probably drill+ requires m plann+ & c>e on ! "p ( ! tea*] ?an any o!r "w ( ! recitation4 ,drill appli$ indiscrim9ately wa/es "t & kills int]e/4 ,to /udy a spell+ lesson ov] fifte5 times z "s tea*]s require is folly4 ,e spell+ li/ w conta9 "s words :i* ! pupil already kn[s4 ,he %\ld put little or no drill on ^!1 b only on ! tr\blesome ones4 ,9 le>n+ & us+ ! pr9cipal p>ts ( v]bs x is always ! few t cause ! difficulty4 ,he done x2 ,has ! bell rang8 ,set d[n4 ,^! & a few o!r =ms are ! ones :i* give ! tr\ble2 !y %\ld receive ! drill4 ,likewise 9 ari?metic1 !re are c]ta9 comb9ations 9 ! tables1 & c]ta9 op]ations 9 fractions1 measurem5ts1 etc41 :i* always make tr\ble4 ,!y are ! dang] po9ts1 & ^u ^! ! practice %\ld be put4 ,! tea*] mu/ aim1 !re=e1 to select ! difficult & ! important po9ts & drill ^u ^! until !y are ma/]$1 be+ c>eful n to /op at ! half-way h\se1 b /eadily to g on until skill is obta9$4 ,he mu/ be res\rceful 9 me?ods & devices :i* w relieve ! monotony ( repetition2 he mu/ be p]si/5t & pati5t1 insi/+ on ! atta9m5t ( skill1 b realiz+ t x takes "t to develop x2 he mu/ possess a good p$agogical consci5ce :i* w be satisfi$ ) no?+ %ort ( success 9 8 aims4 #f4 ,a desirable balance among ! ?ree aims ,! aims to be accompli%$ ?r\gh ! recitation are1 !n1 te/+1 tea*+1 & drill+4 ,^! ?ree aims may1 z said be=e1 all be c>ri$ on 9 ! same recitation1 or !y may come 9 diff]5t recitations1 z ! ne$s ( ! subject require4 ,n infrequ5tly !y may alt]nate ) ea* o!r )9 a few mom5ts4 ,9 e case1 h[ev]1 ! tea*] %\ld h cle>ly 9 m9d :i* "o ( ! ?ree processes he is employ+ & :y4 ,n t ! tea*] mu/ always /op to reason ! matt] out be=e he employs "o or ! o!r1 b t he %\ld become s famili> ) ! nature & use ( ea* t he almo/ unconsci\sly passes f "o to ! o!r z ! ne$ = x arises4 ,n _m tea*]s are equally skill$ 9 ! use ( te/+1 tea*+1 & drill+4 ,"s h a t5d5cy to put mo/ ( ! recitation "t on te/+ :e!r ! class h prep>$ ! assignm5t1 & devote b little "t to tea*+ or drill+4 ,o!rs love to tea*1 b d n l to te/ or drill4 ,x is highly desirable t e tea*]1 "y or old 9 exp]i5ce1 %\ld exam9e himself on ?is "q &1 if he f9ds himself lack+ 9 any "o ( ! ?ree1 c>efully set to "w to rem$y ! defect4 ,! ideal = u all to rea* is equal skill 9 ea* ( ! ?ree processes ( ! recitation1 te/+1 tea*+1 & drill+4 ,,ii ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,! ,,recitation #a4 ,me?od v>ies ) aim ,9 ! la/ *apt] we discuss$ ! aims or purposes ( ! recitation4 ,we n[ come to see h[ ^! aims affect ! me?ods we employ4 ,= x is evid5t at ! outset t ! me?od we *oose mu/ dep5d on ! aim s\ght 9 ! recitation4 ,if we seek to-day to make ! recitation *iefly a te/ ( h[ well ! lesson has be5 prep>$1 or h[ mu* ( ye/]day's "w has be5 reta9$1 we w select a me?od suit$ = te/+4 ,if we aim to introduce ! class to ! subject ( p]c5tage = ! fir/ "t1 ! me?od mu/ be adapt$ to tea*+4 ,if we wi% to make ! recitation a drill 9 ! diacritical m>k+s or ! multiplication table1 ! me?od mu/ be /ill a diff]5t "o4 ,9 o!r words1 ! me?od mu/ be plann$ to accompli% c]ta9 def9ite ends if ! tea*+ is to be purposeful & effective4 #b4 ,fundam5tal pr9ciples ( me?od ,!re are c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( me?od :i* und]lie all tea*+1 & :i*1 !re=e1 are to be s\ght 9 e recitation1 no matt] :at ! special me?od us$ may *ance to be4 ,! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples may be /at$ z foll[s3-- a4 ,int]e/ is ! fir/ requisite = att5tion & all m5tal activity4--,a recitation )\t int]e/ is a dead recitation4 ,because x possesses no life x _c lead to gr[?4 ,no?+ c take ! place ( int]e/4 ,fe> may drive to "w = a "t1 b x does n result 9 developm5t4 ,only int]e/ c br+ all ! p[]s & capacities ( ! *ild into play4 ,h5ce ! tea*]'s fir/ & greate/ problem 9 ! recitation is ! problem ( int]e/4 ,to secure int]e/ he mu/ use e res\rce at 8 comm&4 ,?is does n mean t he is to bid = ! *ildr5's int]e/ ) s5sational me?ods & *eap devices4 ,?is is n ! way to secure true int]e/4 ,x means1 r1 t he is to (f] to ! class subject-matt] suit$ to _! age & exp]i5ce1 & pres5t$ 9 a way adapt$ to _! capacity & und]/&+2 t he is to h all conditions surr\nd+ ! recitation z favorable z possible2 & t he is himself to be con/antly a s\rce ( int]e/ & en?usiasm4 ,if ^! conditions are all met ! problem ( int]e/ w pres5t few difficulties4 b4 ,! natural mode ( le>n+ is to proce$ f ! kn[n to ! relat$ unkn[n4--,?is is a /atem5t ( :at is kn[n z ! pr9ciple ( app]ception or ! le>n+ ( ! new by connect+ x ) ! old already 9 ! m9d4 ,to make use ( ?is pr9ciple x is necess>y to fre%5 up :at ! pupil kn[s on a topic by ask+ him que/ions or o!rwise caus+ him to ?9k anew ! facts previ\sly le>n$ t are relat$ to :at he is ab\t to le>n4 ,= example1 :5 beg9n+ ! subject ( p]c5tage1 ! subject ( decimals %\ld be review$1 s9ce p]c5tage is b an application ( decimals & c mo/ easily be le>n$ & und]/ood z su*4 ,likewise 9 beg9n+ ! /udy ( ! ,civil ,w>1 ! "q ( slav]y & t ( ! doctr9e ( /ates' rights %\ld be review$1 s9ce ^! are fundam5tal to an und]/&+ ( ! causes ( ! w>4 ,9 simil> mann] we might apply ! illu/ration to e bran* ( /udy1 ,inde$ !re is h>dly a s+le recitation :i* %\ld n />t ) a brief review or a few que/ions to fre%5 up 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils ! po9ts relat$ to ! com+ lesson4 ,n only w ?is insure t ! lessons !mselves %all be bett] und]/ood1 b ! entire subject w 9 ?is way come to possess a unity in/ead ( consi/+ ( a s]ies ( m or less disconnect$ lessons 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild4 #c4 ,! use ( special =ms ( me?od ,hav+ /at$ ^! two g5]al pr9ciples ( me?od1 we w n[ consid] "s ( ! special =ms ( me?od to be employ$ 9 ! recitation4 ,9 discuss+ ^! me?ods & comp>+ !m x is n to be =gott5 t att5tion & int]e/ are dep5d5t 9 l>ge measure on *ange & v>iety4 ,! same me?od us$ day aft] day 9 ! recitation palls ^u a class & invites li/lessness & inatt5tion4 ,a tea*] %\ld nev] employ *eap or s5sational devices 9 a recitation j to h some?+ new1 b nei!r %\ld he "w a good me?od to dea? by too con/ant use4 #d4 ,! "q-&-answ] me?od ,! "q-&-answ] me?od is s famili> to e "o t x requires no =mal def9ition4 ,x is employ$ 9 all grades f ! prim>y to ! univ]sity1 & x is adapt$ alike to te/+1 tea*+1 & drill+4 ,?is me?od admits ( wide modification to suit x to specific uses4 ,! que/ions ask$ may require b a %ort & simple answ]1 su* z c be giv5 by a prim>y pupil4 ,!y may also require a long & complex answ] :i* w te/ ! p[]s ( ! mo/ advanc$ /ud5t4 ,! que/ions may be detail$ & se>*+1 cov]+ e po9t ( ! lesson1 z :5 we are te/+ prep>ation4 ,!y may deal only ) c]ta9 relat$ tru?s1 z :5 we develop a new subject int5tionally by que/ions & answ]s4 ,or !y may select only ! mo/ important po9ts ^u :i* ! class ne$s drill4 a4 ,:5 & :]e to employ ! "q-&-answ] me?od4--,! "q-&-answ] me?od is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! l[] grades1 9 :i* ! *ildr5 h n yet develop$ ! ability to recite indep5d5tly on long topics4 ,?is me?od all[s ! tea*] to enc\rage & draw out ! *ild by :at is really a conv]sation betwe5 ! two1 ! tea*] ask+ simple que/ions & ! *ild respond+ to !m4 ,9 m advanc$ grades ! que/ions may be s arrang$ z to require long] & m complex answ]s1 & ?us lead up to ! topical me?od ( recit+4 ,! "q-&-answ] me?od is also suitable to employ at ! beg9n+ ( a recitation to recall to ! m9ds ( ! class previ\s lessons to :i* ! lesson ( ! day is relat$4 ,!re is h>dly "o recitation 9 a hundr$ t does n require an introduction ( ?is k9d4 ,! only true me?od 9 tea*+ is to build ! new k on ! relat$ old k :i* is already 9 ! m9d4 ,?is is :at is meant 9 p$agogy by proce$+ f ! kn[n to ! relat$ unkn[n4 ,& ! kn[n mu/ always be fre% & imm$iately pres5t to ! m9d4 ,h5ce ! necessity = ! introductory review4 ,?is me?od is also s]viceable 9 review+ =m] lessons4 ,by ! use ( well-select$ que/ions a l>ge numb] ( important po9ts already pass$ ov] c be br\ght be=e ! class 9 a %ort "t4 ,on ! :ole1 x is probable t we d n review frequ5tly en\gh 9 our recitation "w4 ,we review a subject :5 we h f9i%$ ! text ^u x1 or be=e exam9ation "t1 b ?is is n en\gh4 ,c>eful psy*ological te/s h %[n t ! m9d =gets )9 ! fir/ ?ree days a l>ge proportion ( :at x w f9ally fail to reta94 ,fur!r1 !re is great economy 9 cat*+ up a fad+ fact be=e x gets :olly away f u4 ,?is w\ld sugge/ ! con/ant use ( ! "q-&-answ] me?od to fix m firmly ! important po9ts 9 gr\nd we h already pass$ ov]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important uses ( ?is me?od is f\nd 9 inductive tea*+4 ,! fam\s ,socratic me?od 0 simply ! "q-&-answ] me?od appli$ by ,socrates to tea*+ new tru?s4 ,?is not$ tea*] w\ld1 by a s]ies ( skillful que/ions calculat$ to call =? :at ! pupil already knew1 lead him on to new k )\t actually tell+ ! y\? any?+ himself4 ,& ?is is ! v height ( good tea*+--! goal t[>d :i* we all %\ld /rive4 ,x is a safe maxim nev] to tell a *ild :at "o c lead him by que/ion+ to see = himself4 ,to illu/rate3 ,suppose an elem5t>y ari?metic class already "k ?or\ghly h[ to f9d ! area ( a rectangle by multiply+ its base by its altitude1 & t we are n[ ready to tea* !m h[ to f9d ! area ( a triangle4 ,let u see :e!r we c lead !m to develop ! rule in/ead ( le>n+ x out ( ! text2 t is1 we w proce$ inductively4 ,fir/ draw a rectangle #d by #f on ! bo>d4 ,q4 ,:at d we call ?is figure8 ,a4 ,a rectangle4 ,q4 ,h[ %all we f9d its area8 ,a4 ,multiply its base #d by its altitude #f2 ! area is #bd4 ,q4 ,n[ ,i draw a l9e diagonally across ! rectangle2 h[ _m figures are !re8 ,a4 ,two4 7,tea*] "h gives new ^w triangle & expla9s x47 ,q4 ,h[ d ! base & altitude ( ! triangles comp>e ) ! base & altitude ( ! rectangle8 ,a4 ,!y are ! same4 ,q4 ,h[ d ! two triangles comp>e 9 area8 ,a4 ,!y are equal2 ea* is half ( ! rectangle4 ,q4 ,!n1 if ea* is half ( ! rectangle1 :at mu/ be ! area ( "o ( ! triangles8 ,a4 ,! area ( ea* triangle is #ab1 = ! area ( ! rectangle is #bd1 & ! area ( ea* triangle is half t ( ! rectangle4 ,q4 ,!n1 h[ may we f9d ! area ( a triangle8 ,a4 ,multiply ! base by ! altitude & take "o half ! product4 ,( c\rse ! tea*] may h to supplem5t que/ions l ! above by o!rs to assi/ ! *ild 9 arriv+ at ! desir$ answ]1 b ! me?od is ! same 9 any case4 ,! inductive me?od is ! *ild's natural way ( le>n+1 & %\ld be appli$ to ne>ly all s*ool bran*es4 ,too _m tea*]s h *ildr5 le>n rules & def9itions :i* mean little or no?+ to !m4 ,?is is n only disc\rag+ to ! *ild & a s]i\s wa/e ( "t1 b x develops bad habits ( /udy by mak+ ! pupil ?9k he is le>n+ some?+ :5 he is n4 ,only :5 ! fact or process le>n$ is und]/ood is x true k4 ,! inductive me?od beg9s ) :at ! *ild already kn[s &1 /ep by /ep1 leads him to und]/& ! new tru?s4 ,x comes la/ to ! rule or def9ition aft] ! mean+ is cle>ly se54 b4 ,dang]s ( ! "q-&-answ] me?od4--,no matt] h[ good a me?od may be1 !re are always "s dang]s connect$ ) its use1 "s po9ts at :i* a tea*] ne$s to be on gu>d to see t ! me?od is n misus$ or ov]-us$4 ,! "q-&-answ] me?od is no exception to ?is rule4 ,"o ( ! greate/ dang]s 9 ! use ( ?is me?od is t pupils w come to dep5d on ! que/ions z a crut* to help !m along m5tally :5 !y %\ld be able to proce$ by !mselves4 ,n infrequ5tly d pupils say to ! tea*] :5 call$ ^u = a topical discussion1 ,if y w ask me que/ions ^u ! topic ,i c answ] !m1 b ,i _c recite ^u ! topic4 ,x is v mu* easi] to answ] a s]ies ( que/ions ^u a subject ?an to discuss x indep5d5tly4 ,?is me?od is well adapt$ to y\ng] *ildr52 & ?is v reason makes x a dang] :5 ov]-us$ ) m advanc$ pupils4 ,we ne$ to le>n to ?9k a subject ?r\gh & talk ab\t topics )\t ! help ( a tea*] to /& by & ask que/ions2 we ne$ to become indep5d5t 9 our ?9k+2 we ne$ practice 9 organiz+ & express+ our ?\ghts = ourselves4 ,! second dang] we note 9 ! "q-&-answ] me?od is t x does n give z mu* opportunity = tra9+ 9 self-expression z ! topical me?od4 ,9 tea*+ by ! "q-&-answ] me?od1 ! tea*] occupies ne>ly or q z mu* "t ) ! que/ions z ! class d ) ! answ]s4 ,?is does n give opportunity = practice en\gh 9 recit+ on ! "p ( ! pupil1 if ! "q-&-answ] me?od is employ$ exclusively4 ,! only way = a *ild to le>n to recite well is by recit+2 ! only way to le>n to express "o's self is by hav+ opportunity = expression4 #e4 ,! topical me?od ,! topical me?od is too famili> to require def9ition4 ,9 ?is me?od ! tea*] sugge/s a topic ( ! lesson or asks a "q :i* requires ! pupil to g on 9 8 own way & tell :at he c ab\t ! po9t "u discussion4 ,!re is really no h>d & fa/ l9e betwe5 ! topical me?od & ! "q-&-answ] me?od4 ,! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is ?is3 ,9 ! "q-&-answ] me?od1 ! "q is def9itely ^u "s fact or po9t1 & requires a specific answ] be>+ on ! fact or po9t ( ! "q2 9 ! topical me?od1 ! "q or topic sugge/$ requires ! pupil to decide ^u :at facts or po9ts ne$ discussion1 & !n to plan 8 own discussion4 a4 ,:]e ! topical me?od is mo/ s]viceable4--,z has already be5 expla9$1 ! topical me?od requires m indep5d5ce ( ?\ght ?an ! "q-&-answ] me?od1 & w !re=e f9d its greate/ use 9 ! high] grades4 ,we are n to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! topical me?od is n to be us$ until "s c]ta9 grade has be5 rea*$1 & t !n ! *ild w sudd5ly f9d himself able to use x4 ,! ability to ?9k indep5d5tly & speak "o's ?\ghts freely is a gr[?1 & is n atta9$ sudd5ly at a giv5 age4 ,ev5 little *ildr51 tell+ _! language /ories1 are us+ ! topical me?od1 & %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 its use4 ,z ! grades advance1 h[ev]1 ! use ( ?is me?od %\ld increase1 & ! l5g? & difficulty ( ! topics %\ld gr[1 s t recitation by topics c be effici5tly c>ri$ on 9 ! high] int]m$iate & gramm> grades4 ,probably ! easie/ =ms ( ! topical recitation are f\nd 9 hi/ory or read+ lessons1 :]e n>ration ab\nds4 ,n>ration deals ) a succession ( ev5ts1 & is always f\nd "o ( ! easie/ =ms ( disc\rse4 ,9 pro( ( ?is1 "o has b to note ! flu5cy & ease ) :i* a *ild w n>rate ! ev5ts ( a game1 a trip1 or an accid5t1 :]eas if y call ^u him = logical explanations or ev5 = description1 z = example1 ,j :at k9d ( look+ team 0 x t ran away8 mu* m difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 tell+ ab\t x4 ,ano!r great field = topical recitations is f\nd 9 all l9es :]e description is requir$4 ,?is applies to all nature /udy & sci5ce1 to geography1 to c]ta9 phases ( lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,to describe ev5 a commonplace object accurately & well is an art m r>e ?an mo/ ( u w\ld ?9k4 ,suppose y ask ! fir/ p]son y meet to describe fully ! h\se 9 :i* he lives or ! sunset :i* he has j se54 ,if he s]i\sly tries to comply ) y\r reque/1 y w probably be surpris$ bo? by ! difficulty he has 9 8 attempt1 & ! little t he really c say ^u ^! famili> subjects4 ,! int]e/+ /ory tell] is a r>ity1 :i* is only ano!r way ( say+ t ! ability to n>rate & describe ne$s cultivation4 ,!re is no bett] opportunity possible ?an t ( ! topical recitation4 ,! topical me?od c manife/ly be us$ to supplem5t ! "q-&-answ] me?od 9 te/+ ! pupils on ! prep>ation ( ! lesson1 or 9 review+ =m] lessons4 ,x c also be well us$ 9 tea*+ new subject-matt] :i* does n p>ticul>ly require ! developm5tal1 or ,socratic1 me?od4 ,illu/rations ( su* mat]ial are to be f\nd 9 mu* ( ! "w 9 hi/ory & 9 lit]ature2 also 9 ! descriptive p>ts ( geography1 nature /udy1 & sci5ce4 ,:5 ! topical me?od is be+ employ$ x w ne>ly always ne$ to be supplem5t$ by que/ions & answ]s4 ,v r>ely w a pupil recite ^u any important topic ) su* accuracy & complet5ess t no?+ m ne$s to be said conc]n+ x4 ,h5ce1 aft] ! pupil has complet$ 8 topical discussion1 ! tea*] c r\nd out ! subject1 impress ! m important po9ts1 or correct wrong impressions1 by a few que/ions to be answ]$ ei!r by ! pupil :o has _h ! discussion or by ! rema9d] ( ! class4 ,! topical me?od gives ! tea*] ! be/ opportunity to tea* ! pupils h[ to /udy4 ,x is safe to say t mo/ pupils consid] t !y h _! lesson :5 !y und]/& x1 or ?9k !y c rememb] x4 ,b if ! *ild is to be taught expression1 z well z giv5 k1 x is evid5t t ?is is n en\gh4 ,n only %\ld a pupil be sure t he und]/&s 8 lesson & c rememb] x1 b also he %\ld ?9k h[ be/ to express x 9 ! recitation4 ,! tea*] c help ! class 9 ?is :5 assign+ ! topics by %[+ ! pupils h[ to pick out ! ma9 po9ts ( ! topics1 & arrange !m 9 ord] = discussion4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 really tra9+ 9 analysis--a p[] t all pupils ne$ to cultivate4 b4 ,! "q ( /&>ds 9 topical recitations4--,! success ( ! topical me?od w dep5d mu* on ! tea*]'s /&>ds ( ?or\ghness appli$ to its use4 ,*ildr51 p>ticul>ly ( ! l[] grades1 h n yet develop$ mu* grasp ( m9d1 & consequ5tly are n able to judge :5 !y h suffici5tly cov]$ a topic giv5 !m = recitation4 ,!y are likely to ?9k t if !y /& up & say some?+ ab\t ! topic1 ?is is suffici5t4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! tea*] ne$s to ex]cise great c>e4 ,! *ild mu/ n be disc\rag$ by h>% criticism1 b nei!r mu/ an incomplete recitation be accept$ z a complete "o4 ,! tea*] mu/ judge c>efully h[ full a discussion %\ld be expect$ f a *ild ( ! giv5 age1 tak+ into acc\nt ! treatm5t ( ! topic 9 ! pupil's textbook4 ,!n by que/ions1 fur!r discussion by o!r pupils1 k9dly criticisms1 & helpful sugge/ions1 ! /&>d %\ld be plac$ z high z ! class c atta94 ,nor is x to be =gott5 t ! /&>d is to be a con/antly advanc+ "o4 #f4 ,! lecture1 or supplem5tal me?od ,! lecture me?od is r too =mal a "n = ! me?od 9 :i* ! tea*] talks to ! class in/ead ( ask+ !m to recite4 ,he may ei!r take ! entire p]iod 9 a lecture1 or talk1 or he may only supplem5t n[ & !n ! answ]s or topical recitations ( ! pupils4 ,?is me?od is almo/ exclusively us$ 9 _m univ]sities & colleges1 b is n suit$ = ext5sive use 9 m elem5t>y s*ools4 a4 ,h[ ! lecture me?od is to be us$4--,:ile ! lecture me?od %\ld be employ$ sp>+ly 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool1 yet x is mo/ valuable to supplem5t o!r me?ods4 ,fir/1 9 introduc+ a class to a new subject or section ( "w1 x is frequ5tly desirable t ! tea*] %\ld take a "p or ! :ole ( a recitation p]iod to expla9 ! nature ( ! "w or to int]e/ ! pupils 9 x4 ,= example3 ,9 tak+ up ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! tea*] c create int]e/ by tell+ ! class ( ! wond]ful ev5ts go+ on 9 ,europe dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 ( ! life ( ,columbus z a boy1 ( ! %ips !n 9 use1 comp>+ !m ) our pres5t /eam%ips1 etc4 ,simil>ly = almo/ e new section tak5 up 9 any /udy4 ,! lecture me?od is also useful 9 supplem5t+ ! recitations ( ! pupils4 ,! tea*]'s k mu/ be mu* broad] ?an ! textbook2 & a little explanation add$1 an incid5t told1 or an application ( ! lesson made w (t5 d mu* to broad5 ! pupil's k ( ! subject1 & w at ! same "t l5d int]e/ to ! recitation1 besides increas+ respect = ! tea*]'s education4 ,!re is no?+ m dead5+ to ! recitation ?an a me*anical plodd+ ?r\gh ! que/ions & answ]s ( a textbook )\t any explanation or amplification1 & (t5 )\t mu* compreh5sion on ! "p ( ! class4 ,! tea*] :o has no?+ ( 8 own to add is incapable ( tea*+ 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,at be/ he c only te/ z to ! prep>ation f ! textbook4 b4 ,dang]s f ! lecture me?od4--,:ile we ju/ly condemn ! tea*] :o has no?+ ( 8 own to add to ! recitation1 we mu/ n =get t !re is a dang] on ! o!r side4 ,ask any assemblage ( tea*]s h[ _m ?9k t1 9 g5]al1 _! own tea*]s us$ to talk too mu* 9 ! recitation1 !reby monopoliz+ ! "t1 & two ?irds w blame _! =m] tea*]s = ov]-us+ ! lecture me?od4 ,mo/ p1 :5 !y are sure ( an audi5ce1 l to talk1 & probably tea*]s are no exception to ! rule4 ,! tea*] :o is full ( in=mation & en?usiasm = ! recitation is l$ by ?is v fact into temptation4 ,"s po9t 9 ! lesson sugge/s an int]e/+ /ory or illu/ration1 or "s additional bit ( in=mation1 & ! tea*] />ts to tell x to ! class4 ,he becomes himself s int]e/$ 9 x t ! lesson is =gott5 & ! class p]iod end$ long be=e ! /ory is complet$4 ,?is may d occasionally2 b1 once x becomes a habit1 x is fatal to good tea*+4 ,! recitation z prep>$ by ! class %\ld be ! *ief int]e/ ( ! class p]iod4 ,! tea*] mu/ le>n to supplem5t )\t monopoliz+4 #g4 ,! writt5 recitation ,! writt5 recitation c h>dly be call$ a me?od1 s9ce x c be itself appli$ to any or all ( ! me?ods ( recit+4 ,l all o!r me?ods1 ! writt5 recitation has its /rong po9ts ( excell5ce & also its dang]s4 a4 ,! use ( ! writt5 recitation4--,! writt5 recitation is especially useful 9 cases :]e all ( ! class %\ld recite ^u all ( ! lesson4 ,x is easy to see t by hav+ ea* ( a class ( t5 answ] t5 que/ions1 a f> l>g] am\nt ( answ]+ is done 9 ! aggregate ?an if only "o c\ld answ] at a "t1 z 9 oral recitation4 ,!re are c]ta9 k9ds ( k t are seldom us$ except 9 writ+4 ,= example1 we are nev] call$ ^u to spell or to use lett] =ms1 bus9ess =ms1 punctuation m>ks1 etc41 except 9 writ+4 ,x is safe to say t matt] ( su* k9ds %\ld usually be taught by hav+ x writt54 ,! writt5 recitation also leads to accuracy & precision ( ?\ght & expression4 ,we all =mulate m c>efully :at we write ?an :at we speak4 ,! writt5 recitation also gives an opportunity = tra9+ 9 v]bal expression4 ,e p]son ne$s to be able to express himself easily & =cibly 9 writ+4 ,b ?is requires mu* practice1 & !re is no bett] practice ?an 9 =mulat+ 9 writ+ ! ?\ghts ( ! daily lessons4 b4 ,dang]s 9 ! use ( ! writt5 me?od4--,valuable z ! writt5 me?od is1 !re are c]ta9 cautions to be obs]v$ 9 its use4 ,?is me?od does n ord9>ily possess ! int]e/ & spontaneity ( ! oral recitation4 ,!re is no opportunity = ! tea*] to supplem5t ) po9ts br\ght 94 ,misconceptions are n cle>$ up 9 ! m9ds ( ! pupils1 at lea/ dur+ t recitation p]iod1 unless ! writt5 pap]s are read at once4 ,usually "t does n p]mit ?is4 ,_m *ildr5 d n l to write1 & h5ce f9d ! lesson tiresome1 especially if cont9u$ = a :ole class p]iod4 ,! am\nt ( writ+ requir$ ( *ildr5 may be too great4 ,few pupils c write long at a "t )\t eye-/ra91 muscle cramp1 & bad bodily positions4 ,:]e ?is is ! case1 ov]-fatigue results if ! am\nt ( writt5 "w requir$ is l>ge4 ,x is n unusual to f9d s*ools 9 :i* *ildr5 are requir$ to sp5d almo/ half ( _! s*ool h\rs 9 "s =m ( writt5 "w4 ,?is is a s]i\s mi/ake bo? educationally & f ! /&po9t ( heal?4 ,!re is also /ill ano!r side ( ! matt] to consid]4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( writt5 "w is t ! pupil may h 8 errors %[n him1 s t he may reflect ^u !m & correct !m4 ,b n infrequ5tly1 :]e ! am\nt ( writt5 "w is too l>ge1 ! errors are n c>efully correct$ by ! tea*]1 & n correct$ at all by ! pupil4 ,?is is :y _m pupils w keep on mak+ ! same error "t aft] "t on _! pap]s4 ,! correction has n suffici5tly impress$ !m4 ,all writt5 "w1 ) p]haps r>e exceptions1 %\ld be c>efully gone ov] by ! tea*]1 & all s]i\s or (t-repeat$ errors correct$ by ! pupils :o make !m4 ,n infrequ5tly may *ildr5 be se5 to glance ov] a pap] ^u :i* ! tea*] has put preci\s "t & "s r$ ink 9 mak+ corrections1 & !n crumple ! pap] & ?r[ x into ! wa/e basket4 ,sometimes ?is is done 9 %e] c>elessness1 & sometimes 9 petulance because ( ! _m corrections4 ,?is is all a loss ( "t & opportunity4 ,! tea*] %\ld h tact en\gh to %[ ! pupils t corrections are made on _! pap]s = _! b5efit1 & n z a puni%m5t4 ,& !n ! pupils %\ld take ! tr\ble to correct ! errors1 t !y may n occur aga94 ,bett] a ?\s& times correct c>efully an old pap] ?an write a new "o conta9+ ! same errors4 ,,iii ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,que/ion+ #a4 ,! importance ( good que/ion+ ,skill 9 ! art ( que/ion+ lies at ! basis ( all good tea*+4 ,:5 we 7 *ildr5 x look$ s easy = ! tea*] to sit & ask ! que/ions :i* we 7 expect$ to answ]4 ,:5 we become tea*]s we f9d t x is mu* h>d] to ask ! que/ions ?an to answ] !m4 ,= to "q well1 "o mu/ n only "k ! subject ?or\ghly1 b mu/ also con/antly int]pret ! m9d ( ! pupil to discov] :at "q next to ask1 & :e!r he is ma/]+ :at we are tea*+ him4 ,good que/ion+ /imulates ?\ght1 leads to inquiry1 & results 9 und]/&+ & ma/]y4 ,poor que/ion+ leaves ! m5tal p[]s unawak5$1 cripples ?\ght1 & results 9 ineffici5cy & lack ( ma/]y4 #b4 ,ne$ ( fundam5tal pr9ciples ,good que/ion+ is dep5d5t ^u ! tea*]'s hav+ a firm comm& ( a few ess5tial pr9ciples :i* apply to all que/ion+ us$ 9 tea*+4 ,! tea*]'s con/ant self-criticism 9 ! light ( ^! w greatly improve 8 control ( discussion 9 ! class room4 #c4 ,! pr9ciple ( fre$om f textbooks ,! que/ions ( ! recitation mu/ ( c\rse deal ) ! matt] ( ! textbook & be directly sugge/$ by x4 ,yet !re are two dang]s to be avoid$ 9 ?is connection3 7#a7 ,que/ions %\ld n foll[ ! language ( ! text1 & 7#b7 ! tea*] %\ld n be dep5d5t on ! textbook to sugge/ ! "q itself or to det]m9e ! correctness ( ! answ]4 ,! tea*] :o has n ! lesson well prep>$1 or :o is m5tally lazy1 has a con/ant temptation to ask que/ions 9 ! words ( ! book4 ,?is is mu* easi] ?an to "k ! subject & ! textbook bo? well en\gh to =mulate orig9al1 appropriate que/ions4 ,an illu/ration ( :at is meant is f\nd 9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a recitation conduct$ f ,montgom]y's ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ! lesson be+ on ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims 7pp4 #gg1 #gh73-- ,q4 ,on a morn+ late 9 ,novemb]1 :at did ! ,pilgrims d8 ,a4 ,!y sight$ ,cape ,cod4 ,q4 ,two days lat]1 :]e did ! ,mayfl[] come to an*or8 ,a4 ,9 ,prov9cet[n ,h>bor4 ,q4 ,:ile ! ,mayfl[] rema9$ at an*or1 :at did ,capta9 ,/&i% & a boatload ( m5 d8 ,a4 ,!y w5t out to explore4 ,q4 ,on ! %ore ( ,plym\? h>bor :at is !re ly+8 ,a4 ,a granite b[ld]4 ,x is se5 t ea* ( ^! que/ions foll[s ! words ( ! text1 & t ! answ] b completes ! s5t5ce ( :i* ! "q is a "p4 ,que/ions ( ?is k9d only sugge/ to ! memory ! /atem5t ( ! text1 & d n cause ! pupil to use 8 own ?\ght 9 realiz+ ! actual ev5t4 ,h5ce !y ar\se little int]e/ & leave little impression4 ,!y tra9 ! v]bal memory1 b leave imag9ation1 ?\ght1 & und]/&+ unt\*$4 ,h[ mu* bett] su* que/ions z ^!3-- ,:5 did ! ,pilgrims fir/ sight l&8 ,:at l& did !y see8 ,:at 0 its appe>ance8 ,h y ev] se5 a /ret* ( %ore l ?is "o8 ,:y did n ! ,pilgrims l& at ?is po9t8 ,:]e did !y f9ally an*or8 ,:at measures did !y take to see :e!r ?is 0 a suitable place to l&8 ,:y is ! "n ,plym\? ,rock s fam\s 9 ,am]ican hi/ory8 ,^! que/ions cov] j ! same gr\nd z ! ones above1 b !y sugge/ liv+ pictures & actual ev5ts r ?an ! language ( ! textbook4 ,! unprep>$ or lazy tea*] is also 9 dang] ( rely+ on ! textbook = 8 que/ions ev5 :5 he does n =mulate !m 9 ! language ( ! pr9t$ page4 ,n infrequ5tly tea*]s conduct ! :ole ( a recitation ) ! text op5 be=e !m1 h>dly tak+ _! eyes f ! book1 & seem+ to h no inspiration or que/ions n imm$iately glean$ f ! page be=e !m4 ,9 extreme cases ( unprep>$ness !y may ev5 h to te/ ! correctness ( ! answ]s giv5 by ! class by ref]5ce to ! text4 ,( c\rse ?is is all ! highe/ degree ( ineffici5cy4 ,x %\ld n be call$ tea*+ at all1 = no "o c tea* ano!r t :i* he does n himself possess z a "p ( 8 own m5tal equipm5t4 ,no?+ c be m dead5+ to a class ?an to see a tea*]1 :om !y look ^u z _! intellectual lead]1 fl\nd]+ 9 su* a va9 attempt to tea* some?+ t he does n himself "k4 ,! eyes & ! m9d ( ! tea*] mu/ bo? be free 9 ! recitation--! eyes to look int]e/ & enc\ragem5t into ! eyes ( ! class1 ! m9d to m>%al ! po9ts ( ! lesson & wat* ! effects ( _! pres5tation on ! m9ds ( ! pupils4 ,a recitation at its be/ consi/s ( an animat$ & int]e/+ conv]sation betwe5 tea*] & class4 ,& no conv]sation c be live & int]e/+ :5 "o ( its p>ticipants has m9d & eyes rivet$ to a book2 = conv]sation involves an int]*ange ( expression1 ( _s1 & ( p]sonality z well z ( words4 ,x is n meant t a tea*] mu/ nev] h a textbook op5 be=e him dur+ a recitation4 ,(t5 x is n only desirable1 b necess>y t he %\ld d s2 b only = sugge/ion & ref]5ce1 & nev] to supply que/ions & te/ answ]s4 ,x is c]ta9ly mu* bett] to h ! textbook be=e "o ?an to tea* ! lesson aft] a disconnect$ & haphaz>d fa%ion f lack ( famili>ity ) its po9ts4 ,an excell5t sub/itute = ! text1 h[ev]1 is an outl9e1 or plan ( ! lesson embody+ ! ma9 po9ts1 illu/rations1 & applications to be made4 ,su* an outl9e w save ! tea*] f w&]+ too f> afield 9 ! discussions1 w insure unity 9 ! lesson1 & make c]ta9 t important po9ts %all n be ov]look$4 ,a desirable rule = ! tea*] to set = himself w\ld be s to prep>e = ! recitation by ma/]y ( ! subject1 & by lesson plan or outl9e1 t he does n ne$ to h ! textbook op5 be=e him :5 ! pupils d n also h _! books op54 ,! tea*] :o w h]oically meet ?is /&>d w soon f9d gr[+ 9 himself a feel+ ( ma/]y ( 8 subjects & ( joy 9 8 tea*+4 #d4 ,! pr9ciple ( unity or cont9uity 9 que/ions ,que/ions %\ld be s plann$ t !y develop or br+ out ! unity ( ! lesson4 ,x is possible = que/ions to be s haphaz>d & disconnect$ t ! pupil receives ! impression ( a s]ies ( unrelat$ facts1 r ?an a unifi$ & relat$ subject4 ,9 good que/ion+1 "o "q naturally gr[s out ( ano!r1 s t ! s]ies develops /ep by /ep ! tru? conta9$ 9 ! lesson1 & br+s x to ! m9d ( ! *ild z a complete :ole4 ,?is means t ! tea*] mu/ "k ! :ole subject s ?or\ghly t ! "r que/ions come to him easily & naturally1 & 9 ! "r ord] to br+ out ! successive /eps ( ! lesson 9 _! logical relations4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a relat$ s]ies ( que/ions & an unrelat$ is %[n 9 two li/s :i* foll[4 ,bo? deal ) ! same subject-matt]1 a physiology lesson on respiration4 ,! que/ions ( ! fir/ li/ are n !mselves faulty1 b !re is no cont9uity among !m2 "o does n gr[ out ( ano!r s z to develop ! subject 9 ! m9ds ( ! class4 ,:at *ange takes place 9 ! air :ile 9 ! lungs8 ,:at *ange takes place 9 ! blood :ile 9 ! lungs8 ,h[ _m cubic in*es ( air w ! lungs conta98 ,h[ mu* ( ?is _c be expell$ by brea?+ out8 ,h[ _m times d we naturally brea! 9 a m9ute8 ,:at are "s ( ! effects ( brea?+ impure air8 ,h[ is ! oxyg5 c>ri$ by ! blood8 ,:at is animal heat8 ,:at is ! temp]ature ( ! body8 ,^! que/ions 7 all answ]$ fairly well by ! class1 b ! answ]s conta9$ only s _m bits ( isolat$ in=mation1 & ! pupils did n und]/& ! subject aft] !y _h recit$ ^u x4 ,ano!r tea*] ask$ ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,:y mu/ ! body h air to brea!8 ,( :at use is oxyg5 9 ! body8 ,:]e does ?is oxidization1 or burn+ up ( worn-out cells1 take place8 ,b h[ is ! oxyg5 c>ri$ to e "p ( ! body & br\ght into contact ) ! tissues8 ,:]e d ! corpuscles ( ! blood get _! loads ( oxyg58 ,:at gas d !y give up 9 ex*ange = ! oxyg58 ,:]e d !y get ! c>bon dioxide8 ,h[ does air ent]+ ! lungs diff] f air leav+ !m8 ,:at correspond+ *ange takes place 9 ! blood :ile x is 9 ! lungs8 ,expla9 h[ ! *ange is effect$ 9 ea* case4 ,suppose we brea! air t conta9s too little oxyg51 :at w be ! effect on ! corpuscles8 ,:at w be ! effect on oxidization 9 ! tissues8 ,& :at is ! effect ( poor oxidization on physical vitality8 ,on m5tal vitality8 ,! class t answ]$ ^! que/ions n only _h ! in=mation belong+ to ea* sep>ate "q1 b also und]/ood ! lesson z a :ole1 because ea* "q grew out ( ! ones t prec$$ x1 ?us mak+ ! recitation a unifi$ :ole4 #e4 ,! pr9ciple ( cle>ness ,que/ions mu/ be made cle>1 s t _! mean+ may be und]/ood4 ,?is is n always an easy task1 & ! tea*] frequ5tly misses be+ :olly cle>4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! fact t (t5 :5 a pupil fails to answ] a "q ask$ 9 "o way1 he c answ] x easily :5 ! word+ is *ang$4 ,?is means t ! difficulty = ! pupil exi/$ 9 ! "q1 & n 9 ! answ]4 ,cle>ness 9 que/ion+ involves ?ree factors3 7#a7 ,fre$om f ambiguity or obscurity ( word+2 7#b7 adaptation to ! age & und]/&+ ( ! pupil2 7#c7 reasonable brevity4 a4 ,fre$om f ambiguity or obscurity ( word+4--,?is is fundam5tally a matt] ( ! use ( good ,engli%4 ,x requires su* a *oice & arrangem5t ( words & clauses t !re c be no d\bt z to ! mean+ to be convey$4 ,assum+ a fair comm& ( ! language & c>e 9 its use1 ! basis ( cle>ness at ?is po9t is ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! subject-matt] ( ! que/ions1 s t ! tea*] himself und]/&s cle>ly j :at he means to ask4 ,! foll[+ illu/rations %[ "s que/ions t are faulty f ! /&po9t ( obscurity ( mean+3-- ,:at caus$ ,l9coln to issue ! ,emancipation ,proclamation 9 #ahfc8 7,n cle> :e!r "q means :y did he issue ! ,emancipation ,proclamation at all1 or :y did he issue x 9 #ahfc in/ead ( at "s o!r "t47 ,:at are ! effects ( att5tion to a mov+ object8 7,n cle> :e!r "q means effects on ! p]son att5d+ or ! effect :i* ! mov+ ( an object has 9 mak+ itself se547 ,:o *as$ :om d[n :at valley8 ,:y has a cat fur & a duck fea!rs8 b4 ,adaptation to ! age & und]/&+ ( ! *ild4--,que/ions t are p]fectly cle> to an adult may be hazy or incompreh5sible to a *ild because he does n und]/& ! t]ms us$ 9 ! "q1 or because x deals ) matt]s beyond 8 grasp4 ,! tea*] mu/ keep )9 ! vocabul>y ( ! *ild 9 =mulat+ 8 que/ions4 ,:]e x is necess>y or desirable to introduce new words into que/ions1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! *ild kn[s fully ! mean+ ( ! new t]ms4 ,a tea*] ask$ a class 9 elem5t>y physiology1 ,:at measures w\ld y take to resuscitate a p]son asphyxiat$ ) c>bon dioxide8 ,! class all look$ blank4 ,no "o seem$ to "k :at to d4 ,x *anc$ t ! sup]9t5d5t 0 visit+ ! s*ool1 & he said to ! tea*]1 ,let me try4 ,!n he ask$ ! class1 ,:at w\ld y d = a p]son :o _h be5 smo!r$ by brea?+ coal gas8 ,! class bright5$ up1 & e h& 0 rais$ indicat+ read9ess to answ] ! "q4 ,ano!r tea*] bewild]$ 8 class by ask+1 ,:i* ph5om5a ( ! fratricidal /rife 9 ! ,am]ican ,republic 7 mo/ det]m9ative ( ! ultimate fate ( ! nation8 ,no "o knew4 ,_h he ask$ 8 "q 9 pla9 t]ms1 no d\bt ! class c\ld h answ]$ x4 ,9 an elem5t>y hi/ory class1 a tea*] prop\nd$ ?is "q3 ,:at ,am]ican in/itutions h be5 f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( social democracy8 ,n only ! t]ms ( ! "q1 b ! ?\ght also is beyond ! compreh5sion ( *ildr54 ,su* que/ions are n only useless z a means ( te/+1 tea*+1 or drill+1 b s]ve to confuse & disc\rage ! *ild1 & cause him to lose int]e/ 9 s*ool4 c4 ,brevity4--,no matt] h[ well a "q is word$1 or h[ well x is adapt$ to ! age & capacity ( ! pupil1 x may fail 9 cle>ness because x is too long & disjo9t$1 or because x deals ) too _m po9ts4 ,f> bett] break a complicat$ "q up into sev]al simple ones1 conc]n+ ^: mean+ !re c be no d\bt4 ,a tea*] :o _h n yet ma/]$ ! art ( que/ion+ ask$ 8 physiology class a "q some:at l ?is3 ,d y consid] x advisable1 tak+ into acc\nt ! fact t none ( ! vital processes g on z vigor\sly dur+ sleep z dur+ ! wak+ h\rs 7y rememb] t ! brea?+ & ! pulse are less rapid & ! temp]ature ( ! body also l[]71 to eat j be=e retir+ at night1 especially if "o is v tir$ & exhau/$--a condition :i* /ill fur!r l[]s ! vitality & h5ce decreases ! p[]s ( dige/ion & assimilation1 & w\ld y\r answ] be diff]5t if x is und]/ood t ! food tak5 is to be light & easily dige/$8 ,x is ne$less to say t ! class f\nd !mselves lo/ 9 ! maze ( conditions & p>5!tical expressions & did n attempt an answ]4 ,! "q conta9s mat]ial = a doz5 diff]5t que/ions1 & probably ! class c\ld h answ]$ !m all _h !y be5 prop]ly ask$4 #f4 ,! pr9ciple ( def9it5ess ,que/ions %\ld be def9ite1 s t !y c h b "o mean+4 ,x is possible to ask a "q s t its g5]al mean+ is cle> en\gh1 b s t its precise mean+ is 9 d\bt4 ,su* que/ions leave ! pupil puzzl$1 & usually lead to indirectness or guess+ 9 ! answ]4 ,failure to make que/ions def9ite1 s t !y c h b "o mean+ is responsible = mu* ( ! diff]5ce ( op9ion on disput$ que/ions4 ,_m a /ock "q ^u :i* amateur debat+ societies h ex]cis$ _! tal5ts w\ld admit ( no debate at all1 if once ! "q 7 made def9ite4 ,= ! gr\nd = debate lies 9 ! diff]5ce 9 int]pretation ( ! "q & n 9 ! facts !mselves4 ,= example3 ,if a cannon ball 7 to be fir$ (f by "s me*anical device a million miles f :]e !re 0 any e> to he>1 w\ld !re be any s\nd8 ,! lack ( def9it5ess "h :i* p]mits diff]5ce ( op9ion lies 9 ! ^w s\nd4 ,if we add aft] ! ^w s\nd ! phrase1 9 ! s5se ( a consci\s auditory s5sation1 ! answ] w\ld obvi\sly be1 ,no1 s9ce !re c be no auditory s5sation )\t an e> to he> x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 in/ead ( ! above phrase we add1 9 ! s5se ( wave-vibrations 9 ! air1 ! answ] w obvi\sly be1 ,yes1 s9ce ! wave-vibrations 9 ! air d n dep5d on ! pres5ce ( an e> to be affect$ by !m4 ,likewise1 9 ! "q1 ,if a man />ts to walk ar\nd a squirrel :i* is cl++ to ! limb ( a tree1 & if1 z ! man circles ! tree1 ! squirrel also circles ! tree s t he con/antly faces ! man1 :5 ! man has gone completely ar\nd ! tree1 has he gone ar\nd ! squirrel8 ,"h ! indef9it5ess lies 9 ! mean+ ( to g ar\nd4 ,) ?is indef9it5ess rem$i$1 !re is no long] any possibility ( diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,indef9it5ess may come f ! use ( c]ta9 words t f _! v nature are indef9ite 9 mean+4 ,su* are ! v]bs be1 d1 h1 become1 happ51 & ! prepositions ( & ab\t4 ,examples ( indef9it5ess gr[+ out ( su* colorless words are f\nd 9 ! foll[+ que/ions1 :i* are types ( _m ask$ 9 our s*ools daily3-- ,:at does wat] d :5 heat$8 7,exp&s1 evaporates1 boils47 ,:at happ5s :5 x lightn+s8 7,?und]1 dis*>ge ( electricity1 fla%47 ,:at mu/ immigrants com+ into ?is c\ntry h8 7,money1 fre$om f disease1 "*47 ,:at did ,arnold become8 7,a traitor1 a ,briti% g5]al1 an outca/1 a rep5tant man47 ,:at is ! c[8 7,a mammal1 a quadrup$1 a produc] ( milk1 butt]1 & beef2 an h]bivor\s animal47 ,:at ab\t ! ,monroe ,doctr9e8 7,a doz5 diff]5t ?+s47 ,:at ( ! animals 9 ! temp]ate zone8 ,que/ions may be s g5]al z to be indef9ite4 ,! tea*] asks1 ,:]e is ,*icago8 ,! class may answ]1 ,9 ,ill9ois on ,lake ,mi*igan2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 9 ,cook ,c\nty4 ,! tea*] %\ld "k j :at answ] he desires1 & !n ask1 ,9 :at ,/ate2 on :at cont95t2 on :at lake2 or 9 :at c\nty8 ,o!r illu/rations ( vagu5ess com+ f ! use ( words ( too g5]al a mean+ are f\nd 9 su* que/ions z1 ,:at k9d ( man 0 ,george ,wa%+ton8 ,:5 does a p]son ne$ food8 ,h[ does tobacco gr[8 ,:at d birds l8 ,all indef9ite que/ions des]ve & usually receive an indef9ite answ]1 & h5ce lead to & enc\rage guess+4 ,if ! answ]s to su* que/ions z ! above are n indef9ite1 !y mu/ be purely memorit]1 m]ely reproduc+ ! words ( ! text )\t compreh5sion ( any real mean+4 ,indef9ite que/ion+ usually comes f a lack ( cle> ?9k+ on ! "p ( ! que/ion]4 ,! tea*] himself does n "k precisely :at he means to ask1 & h5ce _c be def9ite4 ,x is safe to say t ! tea*]'s que/ions cov]+ a subject w nev] be any m cle> or def9ite ?an ! subject itself is 9 8 m9d4 ,inde$ x is h>d = "o to be :olly def9ite 9 que/ion+ ev5 :5 he is a p]fect ma/] ( 8 subject4 ,c]ta9ly1 !n1 et]nal vigilance w be ! price ( cle>ness & def9it5ess on ! "p ( ! "y tea*] :o is z yet /riv+ = ma/]y ( :at he is tea*+4 #g4 ,second>y pr9ciples ( good que/ion+ ,besides ! =ego+ fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ ! art ( que/ion+1 !re are a few second>y pr9ciples1 "s ( :i* are ( h>dly less importance3-- #a4 ,que/ions %\ld be ask$ naturally1 & 9 a conv]sational tone1 & n explosively dem&$ ( pupils4 #b4 ,usually ! "q %\ld be address$ to ! entire class &1 aft] all h _h a mom5t to ?9k1 "s "o !n designat$ to answ]4 ,! reason = ?is is obvi\s4 ,if ! "o :o is to answ] is designat$ be=e ! "q is ask$1 ! inc5tive to ! re/ ( ! class to ?9k ! answ] is greatly less5$4 #c4 ,no regul> ord] %\ld be foll[$ 9 call+ on pupils4 ,if su* an ord] is e/abli%$1 ! lazy & un9t]e/$ ones h a t5d5cy to rema9 inactive until call$ ^u4 ,by ! hit-&-miss me?od ( call+ no "o kn[s at :at mom5t he may be ! next "o1 h5ce !re is a /rong inc5tive to att5d to ! lesson4 ,x is also desirable to call on a pupil occasionally ! second "t v soon aft] he has previ\sly be5 call$ ^u4 ,?is prev5ts him f ?9k+ t z soon z he has recit$ once he c !n safely relax 8 att5tion4 #d4 ,inatt5tive or mis*iev\s pupils %\ld be ! m>k = frequ5t que/ions4 ,if x comes to be kn[n t any inatt5tion is sure to br+ que/ions to ! pupil at fault1 ! battle = att5tion is half won4 ,!re is a /rong t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! tea*] to ask = ! answ] to a "q f ^? ^: eyes %[ t !y are att5tive & ready ) an answ]4 ,:ile ?is read9ess & att5tion %\ld be rew>d$ by giv+ an opportunity to answ]1 x mu/ n lead ! tea*] to neglect ^? :o may ne$ ! "q m ?an ! m ready ones4 ,! que/ions %\ld be imp>tially di/ribut$ among ! bright & ! dull pupils4 #e4 ,x is highly important t que/ions %all be ask$ s t !y dem& ?\ght 9 answ]+1 & usually s t ! answ] mu/ be giv5 9 a full /atem5t4 ,seldom %\ld a "q be ask$ 9 su* =m t a simple ,yes or ,no w answ] x4 ,?is does n require suffici5t ?\ght on ! "p ( ! pupil1 x p]mits guess-"w1 & fails to cultivate ability 9 expression4 ,answ]s t may be giv5 9 a ^w or two1 or by ,yes or ,no1 may be accept$ 9 rapid drill or review "w1 & also 9 ! inductive que/ion+ us$ 9 develop+ a new subject1 b %\ld be us$ v sp>+ly 9 o!r places 9 ! recitation4 #f4 ,! pump+ "q %\ld n be us$4 ,9 ?is type ( "q1 ! tea*] =mulates ! answ] & leaves only ! key ^w = ! pupil to supply4 ,! tea*] sometimes goes s f> z to sugge/ ! necess>y ^w by pron\nc+ ! fir/ syllable or two ( x4 ,a dialogue l ! foll[+ 0 he>d 9 "o s*ool3-- ,q4 ,columbus 0 an ----8 ,a4 ,explor]4 ,q4 ,no1 he 0 an ,x----8 ,a4 ,oh1 an ,italian4 ,su* an attempt at tea*+ w\ld be amus+1 7 x n s s]i\s = ! *ild4 #h4 ,! treatm5t ( answ]s ,! tea*]'s treatm5t ( ! answ]s giv5 is ( h>dly less importance ?an ! =mulation ( ! que/ions !mselves4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t ! recitation is an int]*ange ( ?\ght & expression betwe5 tea*] & class4 ,to ?is end1 ! response mu/ be mutual4 ,n alone :5 ! "q is be+ ask$ is ! tea*] to be animat$ & int]e/$1 b likewise :ile ! answ] is be+ giv54 ,x is nei!r good p$agogy nor good mann]s = a tea*] to sit unresponsive & inatt5tive :5 a pupil is recit+4 ,n t ! tea*] ne$s always to comm5t on an answ]1 or say t x is correct2 x is r a matt] ( mann]1 ( att5tion & int]e/ to ! answ]4 ,we f9d x emb>rass+ ei!r 9 a recitation or out ( x to talk to a p]son :o seems n to be li/5+4 ,"r at ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 !re lurks an insidi\s dang]4 ,x comes easily & naturally to "o to give "s sign ( ass5t or disapproval z to ! correctness ( ! answ] :ile x is be+ spok54 ,! slighte/ incl9ation ( ! head1 ! dropp+ ( ! eyelids1 or a c]ta9 expression ( ! face1 comes to be read by ! pupil z a signbo>d to guide him 9 8 /atem5ts4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 all wrong4 ,! tea*] %\ld give absolutely no sign :ile ! answ] is go+ on4 ,?us to help ! *ild leads him to dep5d on ! tea*] in/ead ( rely+ on 8 own k4 ,x leads to guess+1 & s skillful does ?is sometimes become t a bright b unprep>$ pupil is able to /e] ?r\gh a recitation guid$ by ! unsuspect+ tea*]4 ,answ]s %\ld n be repeat$ by ! tea*]4 ,?is is a v common fault1 & a habit t is usually acquir$ be=e ! tea*] is aw>e ( x4 ,! t5d5cy to repeat answ]s probably arises at fir/ f a m5tal unread9ess on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,he has n 8 next "q q ready1 & s bridges ov] ! int]val by say+ ov] ! answ] j giv5 by ! pupil4 ,x is a me?od ( ga9+ "t1 b really f9ally results 9 great loss ( "t 9 ! recitation4 ,by actual c\nt1 _m tea*]s h be5 f\nd to repeat z _m z #ge ( ! answ]s giv5 9 ! recitation4 ,besides ! great wa/e ( "t1 ! repetition ( answ]s is a s\rce ( di/raction & annoyance to pupils4 ,no "o enjoys hav+ 8 words said ov] aft] him con/antly4 ,( c\rse answ]s may sometimes ne$ to be repeat$ to emphasize "s important po9t4 ,b :5 repetition has become a habit1 no emphasis is ga9$ by ! repetition4 ,f9ally1 answ]s %\ld be requir$ 9 good ,engli%1 cle> & def9ite1 l ! que/ions4 ,pupils :o say1 ,an improp] fraction is ':]e' ! num]ator is great] ?an ! d5om9ator2 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce is ':5' x has two or m indep5d5t clauses1 %\ld be l$ to re/ate _! answ]s 9 cle> & correct language4 ,,iv ,,conditions ,,necess>y ,,to ,a ,,good ,,recitation ,we h n[ discuss$ ! aim ( ! recitation1 its me?ods1 & ! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! art ( que/ion+4 ,b no matt] h[ well def9$ ! aim = ! recitation1 no matt] h[ excell5t its me?od1 no matt] h[ skill$ ! tea*] may be 9 ! art ( que/ion+1 ^! ?+s alone _c make a good recitation4 ,c]ta9 o!r fundam5tal conditions mu/ obta9 if ! recitation is to be a success4 ,let u n[ discuss ! m important ( ^! conditions4 #a4 ,fre$om f di/ractions ,di/ractions ( any nature result 9 a d\ble wa/e4 ,fir/1 a wa/e ( p[] ?r\gh prev5t+ conc5tration & cont9uity ( ?\ght4 ,try z h>d z "o may1 he _c secure ! be/ results f 8 m5tal ef=t1 if 8 /ream ( ?\ght is be+ brok5 9 ^u4 ,! loss by ?is process is comp>able to t involv$ 9 runn+ a tra9 ( c>s1 /opp+ x e t5 rods in/ead ( e t5 or e "o hundr$ miles4 ,b ?is =m ( wa/e is n all4 ,!re is also a s]i\s wa/e ( int]e/ & en?usiasm result+ f int]rupt$ recitations4 ,e tea*] has at times felt ! sudd5 drop 9 att5tion & int]e/ on ! "p ( ! class aft] "s int]ruption :i* took ! m9ds ( ! class (f ! subject4 ,try z h>d z ! tea*] may1 x is impossible to g back to ! same level ( effici5cy aft] su* a break4 ,! foll[+ %[ "s ( ! *ief s\rces ( di/ractions3-- a4 ,di/ractions by ! tea*]4--,/range z x may seem1 _m tea*]s are to be criticis$ on ?is po9t4 ,any /rik+ feature or peculi>ity ( mann]1 dress1 or c>riage :i* attracts ! att5tion ( ! class is a di/raction4 ,a l\d or ill-modulat$ voice1 tones too l[ or indi/9ct to be he>d well1 ! habit ( walk+ up & d[n ! aisles or back & =? be=e ! class1 assum+ awkw>d positions /&+ or sitt+ be=e ! class--^! are all p]sonal factors :i* ! tea*] ne$s to keep con/antly "u surveillance4 ,! tea*] may also di/ract ! class by answ]+ que/ions ask$ by ! pupils at _! seats1 or by rebuk+ misdemeanors se5 among ^? n 9 ! recitation4 ,mo/ ( su* int]ruptions are :olly unnecess>y1 & c\ld be avoid$ by a little =esight & managem5t4 ,! lesson %\ld be s cle>ly assign$ t ! pupils c h no excuse to ask lat] ab\t ! assignm5t1 & !n !re %\ld be a p5alty = =gett+ x4 ,! dr9ks ( wat] %\ld be _h & ! err&s att5d$ to betwe5 classes4 ,! p5cils %\ld be suppli$ & %>p5$ be=e ! session beg9s4 ,! mis*iev\s culprits %\ld be taught t x is a s]i\s (f5se to int]rupt a recitation4 ,! tea*] :o p]mits ^! di/ractions by ! s*ool has n yet le>n$ ! secret ( good managem5t1 & c\ld h>dly adv]tise 8 ineffici5cy 9 ?is reg>d any m effectively ?an by p]mitt+ su* int]ruptions to cont9ue4 ,x is also possible = ! tea*] to di/ract ! p]son recit+ by int]rupt+ :5 !re is a slight pause to ?9k ( ! next po9t1 or a hesitation be=e pron\nc+ a ^w4 ,tea*]s sometimes ev5 int]rupt a pupil :o is recit+ & !mselves (f] explanations1 make rem>ks1 or cont9ue ! discussion1 leav+ ! *ild /&+ & n kn[+ :e!r he is excus$ or n4 ,( c\rse ?is is bad mann]s on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 & x is ev5 worse p$agogy4 ,x is n enc\rag+ to ! pupil to feel t he may be int]rupt$ at any mom5t1 & few c ?9k cle>ly or recite well :5 expect+ su* int]ruptions4 ,! pupil %\ld n expect to be all[$ to ?9k out a lesson or a po9t :5 he is recit+1 :i* he %\ld h ?\ght out be=e com+ to class4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tea*] mu/ rememb] t ! *ild's m9d is work+ on :at to him is new & difficult matt]1 & h5ce _c move z rapidly z ! tea*]'s4 b4 ,di/ractions by ! class4--,inatt5tion1 re/lessness1 & mis*ief are great s\rces ( di/raction f ! class !mselves4 ,all ^! ?+s h a t5d5cy to be contagi\s1 & 9 any case always break 9 ^u ! tra9 ( ?\ght ( ! recitation4 ,because ( ?is ! tea*] mu/ w9 ! inatt5tive & re/less1 & mu/ *eck ! re/less1 if he w\ld save 8 recitation4 ,n infrequ5tly1 9 ! m elem5t>y classes1 a c]ta9 k9d ( di/raction is fo/]$ & enc\rag$ by ! tea*] ) ! aim ( secur+ ! att5tion ( ! :ole class to ! "o :o is recit+4 ,?is =m ( di/raction consi/s 9 hav+ ! :ole class wat* ! "o :o is recit+1 &1 if !y obs]ve an error 9 ! recitation1 at once raise _! h&s1 :5 ! "o recit+ mu/ /op4 ,?is is a mi/ake f almo/ e /&po9t1 & has v little to r$eem x4 ,x may result 9 clos] att5tion on ! "p ( ! class2 b ! motive :i* prompts ! att5tion is bad4 ,x leads to elation & rejoic+ ov] ! mi/akes & failures ( ano!r1 & x c5tres att5tion on ! mi/akes r ?an on ! facts to be br\ght out4 ,att5tion %\ld be tra9$ s t x w n h to dep5d on ?is k9d ( motive1 & ! memory %\ld be tra9$ to note & hold a correction until ! "o recit+ has f9i%$4 ,fur!r1 x is a mo/ s]i\s di/raction to ! "o :o is recit+ to be expect+ t a =e/ ( h&s may at any mom5t be wildly wav+ ab\t 8 e>s1 gleefully ann\nc+ t he has made an error4 ,condemnation ( ?is me?od ( secur+ att5tion c h>dly be too sev]e4 c4 ,di/ractions by ! s*ool4--,9 any busy s*ool !re is b\nd to be m or less ( hum & confusion4 ,9 _m s*ools1 h[ev]1 !re is mu* m ?an is w>rant$4 ,x is true t *ildr5 get tir$ ( sitt+ /ill = an entire session1 & t !y f9d relief 9 go+ = a dr9k1 or go+ to ! diction>y1 or on "s o!r err& ab\t ! room4 ,9 "s s*ools1 "o or m pupils may be f\nd walk+ ab\t ! room at almo/ any "t ( ! day1 & n infrequ5tly sev]al are on err&s at ! same "t4 ,?is1 z previ\sly not$1 is usually a fault 9 managem5t on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,! l>g] "p ( ^! int]ruptions c j z well be sav$ by a little =esight & firmness4 ,"s tea*]s ev5 leave ! class :i* !y are he>+ to answ] que/ions or give help to pupils 9 ! s*ool :o h n be5 tra9$ to wait = _! reque/s until ! class is dismiss$4 ,usually1 only a v small p]c5tage ( ^! que/ions %\ld h be5 ask$ at all1 or w\ld h be5 ) ! prop] managem5t ( ! s*ool4 ,& all ! necess>y que/ions & reque/s %\ld almo/ )\t exception be held = ! int]val betwe5 recitations4 ,! s*ool %\ld be taught t no?+ %ort ( ! dire/ necessity w w>rant ask+ a "q or mak+ a reque/ dur+ a recitation4 ,likewise 9 ! case ( misdemeanors4 ,! class :i* is recit+ %\ld n be int]rupt$ = m9or misdemeanors :i* occur dur+ ! recitation4 ,?is does n mean t ! misdemeanor is to g by unnotic$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! settlem5t = x may be all ! m sev]e = hav+ to wait until ! class is dismiss$4 d4 ,physical di/ractions4--,di/ractions f ! physical environm5t may be ( sev]al k9ds4 ,n infrequ5tly1 especially 9 ! old] s*oolh\ses1 ! seats are s plac$ ) ref]5ce to w9d[s t ! light /rikes ! eyes ( ! pupils1 in/ead ( ! pages ( ! books2 or x may be t a /ray sunbeam /rikes a?w>t ! class & dazzles ! eyes4 ,x ne$ h>dly be sugge/$ t no su* di/raction z ?is %\ld g unrem$i$4 ,9 ! rural s*ools ! recitation seats are (t5 ne> ! /ove1 :]e ! temp]ature becomes unbe>ably hot :5 ! /ove mu/ be g5]\sly fir$ to heat ! rema9d] ( ! room4 ,n infrequ5tly ! v5tilation is bad1 & ! room is fill$ ) f\l air1 f :i* ! major "p ( ! oxyg5 has be5 exhau/$4 ,no matt] h[ good ! int5tions ( ! class or h[ zeal\s ! tea*]1 su* conditions w kill ! recitation4 ,:atev] may be ! cause ( physical discom=t or unre/ %\ld be rem$i$4 ,"o's body %\ld be s com=table & heal?y t x does n attract att5tion to itself1 except :5 ne$+ food or o!r c>e1 & x is ! duty ( ! s*ool to d all possible to br+ ?is condition ab\t4 #b4 ,int]e/ & en?usiasm ,int]e/ is ! f\ndation ( all m5tal activity4 ,its v nature is to lead to ?\ght & action4 ,gr[n ard5t1 int]e/ becomes en?usiasm1 )\t :i*1 says ,em]son1 no?+ great 0 ev] accompli%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! abs5ce ( int]e/ leaves ! pupil lifeless & in]t m5tally1 8 "w a bore & a*ievem5t impossible4 ,int]e/ is1 !re=e1 a fir/ consid]ation 9 ! recitation4 ,int]e/ is contagi\s4 ,no "o ev] saw an int]e/$ & en?usia/ic tea*] ) a dull & lifeless class4 ,nor c int]e/ & en?usiasm on ! "p ( a class cont9ue 9 ! pres5ce ( a me*anical & lifeless tea*]4 ,! tea*] is ! model1 & he sets ! /&>d & pace = 8 class4 ,unconsci\sly ! pupils come1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! tea*]'s p]sonality1 to reflect 8 type ( m9d & attitude t[>d ! "w ( ! s*ool4 ,! tea*]'s int]e/ & vivacity 9 ! recitation dep5d on _m factors1 "s ( :i* are l>gely "u 8 own control4 a4 ,! tea*]'s comm& ( ! subject-matt] ( ! recitation4--,a tea*] ^: grasp ( ! lesson is d\btful1 :o does n feel sure t he is a ma/] ( all its po9ts1 :o fe>s t que/ions may be ask$ t he _c answ] or po9ts rais$ t he _c expla91 c h>dly possess an attitude ( true int]e/ t[>d ! recitation4 ,8 m9d is too full ( worry & /ra9 & emb>rassm5t4 ,he lacks ! s5se ( ease & fre$om :i* comes f a feel+ ( ma/]y4 ,comm& ( ! subject-matt] ( ! recitation dep5ds1 fir/ on ! tea*]'s g5]al ma/]y ( ! bran*1 &1 second1 on be+ fre%ly prep>$ ^u x4 ,x behooves e "y tea*]1 !re=e1 to /rive = ma/]y z he tea*es4 ,b no matt] h[ good ! prelim9>y prep>ation1 ?is _c take ! place ( ! fre% daily review1 :i* gives ! m9d a new read9ess & grasp on ! subject4 ,let ! tea*]s :o feel t _! recitations are sl[ & dull1 seek ! cause fir/ ( all 9 _! own lack ( prep>ation 9 "o ( ! two l9es m5tion$4 b4 ,! tea*]'s attitude t[>d 8 "w4--,if ! tea*] looks ^u tea*+ z a me*anical process2 if he looks on ! recitation z he>+ ! class recite2 if he realizes no?+ ( ! opportunities & responsibilities connect$ ) tea*+ *ildr51 !n he c comm& little int]e/ & no en?usiasm4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 tea*+ is to ! tea*] a joy2 if he loves to wat* ! m9ds ( *ildr5 unfold2 if he rejoices 9 8 opportunities & responsibilities z a tea*]1 !n he is sure to develop an int]e/ :i* w soon int5sify ) en?usiasm4 c4 ,! tea*]'s heal?4--,all h exp]i5c$ ! m5tal depression & lack ( int]e/ 9 ?+s :i* comes f ov]-fatigue4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ occupation palls on u :5 we are fagg$1 or :5 our vitality is l[ f d]angem5t ( heal?4 ,a case ( indige/ion may sweep u out ( our usual *e]y mood into a mood ( disc\ragem5t & pessimism4 ,fray$ n]ves & an ill-n\ri%$ or exhau/$ bra9 are fatal to en?usiasm4 ,tea*+ is f\nd to be a v try+ occupation on ! g5]al heal?1 & p>ticul>ly on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,_m girls break d[n or develop a *ronic n]v\s tr\ble 9 a few ye>s 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,! comb9$ "w & worry prove too mu* = _! /r5g?2 & n infrequ5tly1 also1 ! tea*] :o bo>ds & c>ries a cold lun*eon to s*ool fails to secure ! "r k9d ( food4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! rural s*ools4 ,f>m]s h en\gh to eat1 b (t5 ! food suitable = m5 engag$ 9 heavy manual labor is :olly unsuit$ = "o :o works ) ! bra9 & does n h a l>ge am\nt ( out-door ex]cise4 ,nor d tea*]s always secure en\gh pure air4 ,! air ( s*oolrooms is usually vitiat$ to su* a degree t "o on com+ 9 f ! out-door air c detect a f\l odor4 ,b ! air ( a room ceases to be fit to brea! long be=e an odor c be detect$ f its impurities4 ,^! are "s ( ! *ief factors :i* are prov+ s fatal to ! heal? ( _m ( our tea*]s1 & to int]e/ & en?usiasm on ! "p ( ! tea*] 9 8 "w4 ,bo? = ! sake ( 8 heal? & 8 "w1 e tea*] %\ld seek to control ^! ?ree factors z f> z possible4 ,/ra9 & worry & we> ( n]ves c be greatly less5$ by c>eful plann+ ( "w1 by good organization & c>eful managem5t1 & by ex]cise ( ! w to prohibit worry ov] matt]s l>ge or small :5 worry w n help solve !m4 ,! tea*] c 9 "s degree det]m9e :at food he w eat1 ev5 if x means a *ange ( bo>d+-place4 ,& surely e tea*] c control ! supply ( fre% air = ! s*oolroom & 8 b$room1 & ?is is p]haps ! mo/ important ( all4 d4 ,exp]i5ce4--,! "y tea*]1 )\t exp]i5ce1 may f %e] emb>rassm5t & lack ( ma/]y fail to %[ ! en?usiasm :i* he feels1 = emb>rassm5t ( any k9d & en?usiasm d n ?rive well toge!r4 ,b if ! tea*] is really fundam5tally int]e/$ 9 8 tea*+1 ! en?usiasm w soon come4 ,& bett] a ?\s& times ! "y tea*] :o is e>ne/ly fight+ = fre$om & ma/]y 9 ! recitation1 ?an ! old tea*] :o has gr[n we>i$ ( ! r\t9e & has made out ( ! recitation a ma*9e process4 #c4 ,well-ma/]$ lessons ,probably ! wor/ ( all drawbacks to good recitations is poorly prep>$ lessons4 ,"o ( ! greate/ criticisms to :i* our educational sy/em is op5 is t tea*]s try to tea* & pupils try to recite lessons :i* are badly or indiff]5tly prep>$ by bo?4 ,!re is no?+ m /upefy+ to ! m9d1 or m fatal to int]e/ 9 s*ool "w ?an ! halt+1 /umbl+1 ineffective recitations he>d 9 _m s*ools4 ,tea*]s :o try to tea* lessons ) :i* !y are n ?or\ghly famili> are b bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d1 & bo? !y & _! pupils are sure to fall into ! dit*4 a4 ,prep>ation by ! tea*]4--,! tea*] is ! key to ! situation4 ,if he himself lacks 9 prep>ation1 he c nei!r lead nor compel 8 pupils to ! prep>ation ( _! lessons4 ,he sets ! /&>d4 ,a /ream does n rise high] ?an its s\rce4 ,! tea*]'s prep>ation has two diff]5t aspects3 7#a7 ,! g5]al fundam5tal k ( ! subject z a :ole obta9$ by previ\s /udy2 & 7#b7 ! daily prep>ation by /udy1 ?\ght1 or read+ = ! recitation4 ,9 g5]al x is safe to say t tea*]s ent] ^u _! vocation )\t suffici5t education4 ,our c]tificate requirem5ts are l[1 & _m ent] ^u tea*+ ) little or no m s*ool+ ?an t obta9$ 9 ! s*ools :]e !y beg9 tea*+4 ,( c\rse ?is is radically wrong1 b x is ! fault ( our s*ool sy/em & n ( ! tea*]4 ,x behooves tea*]s ent]+ ^u _! "w ) ?is scanty prep>ation to recognize _! limitations1 h[ev]1 & to d _! be/ to rem$y !m4 ,l[ grade ( c]tificate1 l[ /&+s 9 any bran*es1 or ! tea*]'s own consci\sness ( lack ( ma/]y %\ld be suffici5t to s5d ! s9c]e & e>ne/ tea*] to s*ool aga91 ev5 if ?is mu/ be to summ] s*ools in/ead ( long] sessions4 ,?is sacrifice w n only pay abundantly 9 high] sal>y1 b also 9 great] tea*+ p[] & 9 ! s5se ( great] ma/]y & p]sonal gr[?4 ,b no am\nt ( prep>ation 9 a bran* w relieve a tea*] ( ! necessity ( daily prep>ation = ! recitation4 ,dr4 ,arnold express$ ?is ?\ght :5 he said3 ,i pref] t my pupils %all dr9k f a runn+ /ream1 r ?an f a /agnant pool4 ,9 ord] t "o may develop a l9e ( ?\ght easily x mu/ be fre% 9 8 m9d2 x is n en\gh t he has once kn[n x well4 ,"o ( ! ma/] tea*]s ( our c\ntry1 a univ]sity pr(essor :o is recogniz$ z a great au?ority 9 8 *os5 subject1 ,lat91 rec5tly said to a gr\p ( ,lat9 tea*]s3 ,i h taught ,cic]o = tw5ty ye>s1 until ,i "k x by he>t4 ,b yet1 e day1 "o h\r be=e ! "t = my ,cic]o class1 ,i g to my /udy & sp5d an h\r ) ,cic]o1 j to get into ! _s ( x4 ,i w\ld n d>e to meet my class )\t ?is4 ,x is true t ! tea*] ) tw5ty classes a day _c sp5d an h\r on ! prep>ation ( ea* lesson4 ,b mo/ ( ! lessons w n require s mu*--sometimes ! prep>ation w be ! mak+ ( an outl9e or plan1 sometimes read+ ! lesson ov] to fre%5 ! m9d ^u x1 sometimes only ?9k+ ! lesson ?r\gh1 = its plan & topics4 ,x may at times1 h[ev]1 mean h>d & s]i\s /udy to ma/] ! difficult po9ts & _! pres5tation4 ,b :atev] x means1 ! consci5ti\s & gr[+ tea*] w g to ! lesson prep>$ to tea* x 9 su* a way z to inspire to high /&>ds & ma/]y on ! "p ( ! pupils4 b4 ,prep>ation by ! class4--,b 9 addition to ! well-prep>$ tea*]1 !re mu/ also be a well-prep>$ class4 ,! tea*] _c make bricks )\t /raw4 ,e failure to recite :5 call$ ^u is a dead weight ^u ! progress ( ! recitation2 & ea* failure makes x easi] = ! next "o to fail ) impunity1 or at lea/ )\t disgrace4 ,x !re=e behooves ! tea*] :o w\ld h inspir+ recitations to lead ! pupils to a high /&>d ( prep>ation4 ,! pupil's prep>ation ( ! lesson %\ld include two di/9ct l9es3 7#a7 ,ma/]y ( ! facts1 ?\ght1 or mean+ ( ! lesson2 & 7#b7 ?\ght or plans h[ be/ to express ! lesson 9 ! recitation4 ,mo/ pupils ?9k !y h _! lesson :5 !y h memoriz$ x or come to und]/& x4 ,!y mu/ also be made to see t an important "p ( _! prep>ation lies 9 ! ability to tell well :at !y h le>n$4 #d4 ,high /&>ds 9 ! recitation ,!re is no m pot5t =ce ?an public op9ion to compel to high a*ievem5t or re/ra9 f unwor?y acts4 ,a s*ool 9 :i* ! /&>ds ( prep>ation & recitation are l[ pres5ts a difficult problem = ! tea*] 9 ! recitation4 ,9 "s s*ools pupils :o are diffid5t ab\t recit+1 or :o d n c>e to take ! tr\ble1 %ake _! heads 9 refusal almo/ be=e !y he> ! "q 9 full4 ,o!rs sit 9 /olid sil5ce :5 call$ ^u1 & make no response ( any k9d4 ,9 /ill o!r cases ! class smile or giggle :5 sev]al h be5 call$ ^u & h fail$ to recite1 ?us tak+ ! failure z a joke4 ,( c\rse su* a lack ( /&>ds proclaims ! previ\s tea*+ to h be5 weak & bungl+4 ,x %[s ! effects ( a tea*] )\t /&>ds or skill4 ,b ! imm$iate "q is h[ to rem$y su* an evil situation :5 "o f9ds x exi/+ 9 a s*ool4 ,x is probable t l[ /&>ds come z (t5 f "w t is too difficult or too great 9 am\nt z f any o!r s\rce4 ,if ! *ild fails to und]/& ! lesson1 or has n _h "t to ma/] x1 he _c recite1 h[ev] mu* he may desire to4 ,all t is left = him is to decl9e :5 call$ ^u4 ,he may be *agr9$ at fir/ ov] 8 failure2 b if failure foll[s failure1 he soon ceases to c>e :5 unable to recite4 ,! rem$y sugge/s itself at once2 assign lessons t are )9 ! *ild's ability1 & also )9 ! "t available = _! prep>ation4 ,!n insi/ t ! "w be done & ! recitation be made4 ,if ! failure comes f laz9ess1 lack ( /udy1 indulg5ce 9 mis*ief1 or any su* cause1 ! rem$y w be a diff]5t "o4 ,b a rem$y mu/ be devis$ & appli$4 ,no s*ool c run successfully )\t good /&>ds well ma9ta9$ = ! recitation4 ,! tea*] :o feels t ! /&>ds ( ! s*ool are too l[ 9 ?is p>ticul> %\ld nev] be satisfi$ until ! cause = su* a condition is discov]$1 & wor?y /&>ds in/itut$4 ,?is w be "o ( ! h>de/ te/s ^u ! tea*]'s +5uity & skill4 ,! public op9ion ( ! s*ool mu/ be br\ght to take ! recitation s]i\sly4 ,x mu/ n be a cause = levity :5 sev]al pupils fail4 ,failure mu/ come to be look$ =w>d to ) appreh5sion1 & look$ back ^u ) humiliation4 ,& all ?is mu/ be done )\t scold+ & bick]+4 ,x mu/ be done ) great pati5ce & good nature1 b x mu/ be done4 ,! tea*] mu/ himself h a high /&>d ( excell5ce1 & mu/ p]si/5tly impress ?is ^u 8 class4 ,"h aga9 ! ideals ( ! tea*] are contagi\s4 #e4 ,a _s ( coop]ation ,mu* dep5ds on ! _s ) :i* class & tea*] ent] ^u ! recitation4 ,if ! _s ( coop]ation is lack+2 if ! relations betwe5 tea*] & pupils are /ra9$ or n cordial2 if ! class look ^u ! recitation z a k9d ( game 9 :i* ! tea*] tries to corn] & cat* ! class1 & ! class try to avoid be+ corn]$ & caught1 !n ! recitation is c]ta9 to be a failure4 ,"u skillful tea*+ ! pupils %\ld come to look =w>d to ! recitation ) pleasure & anticipation4 ,x %\ld be a "t :5 tea*] & class "w toge!r 9 :ole-he>t$1 en?usia/ic ef=t1 ) ! common aim ( br++ ! class to ma/] m fully ! matt] ( ! lesson4 ,!re %\ld be no feel+ t ! tea*] has "o aim & ! class ano!r aim1 or t _! int]e/s are 9 any way antagoni/ic2 no feel+ t ! tea*]'s highe/ ambition is to cat* pupils 9 errors1 & ! pupil's highe/ a*ievem5t to avoid be+ caught4 ,!re %\ld be no attempt at bluff+1 or cov]+ up errors or po9ts n und]/ood4 ,probably ! greate/ factor 9 e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ a _s ( coop]ation betwe5 tea*] & class is a deep-seat$ & sympa!tic desire on ! "p ( ! tea*] to be helpful4 ,if 8 attitude is t ( a fri5d & co-work]1 & 8 criticisms & corrections are all made 9 ! _s ( help+ to a bett] und]/&+ r ?an 9 ! _s ( fault-f9d+1 ?is w g f> t[>d e/abli%+ a _s ( coop]ation 9 ! class4 ,?is does n mean t ! tea*] %all be weak1 & let mi/akes or failures g by unnotic$4 ,weak tea*]s are nev] lik$ or respect$4 ,x only means t ! tea*]1 9 mak+ corrections or call+ att5tion to failures1 %all manife/ ! _s ( a help] & n ( a faultf9d]4 ,x means t no matt] h[ _m times a tea*] may h to correct or ev5 puni% a pupil1 8 attitude t[>d ! pupil w /ill be cordial & fri5dly4 ,!re are _m p]sons :o _c correct a fault )\t hav+ "s enmity arise t[>d ! "o correct$4 ,b :at ! tea*] ne$s is to be able to correct1 rebuke or puni%1 & at ! same "t keep ! he>t w>m t[>d ! wrongdo]4 ,?is w n only secure bett] results f ! corrections1 b w also fo/] ! _s ( helpfulness & coop]ation betwe5 tea*] & s*ool4 ,f9ally1 ! class %\ld be br\ght to see t ! s*ool is _! s*ool1 & n ! tea*]'s s*ool or ! bo>d's s*ool4 ,!y %\ld realize t failure or l[ a*ievem5t is _! loss1 & n ! tea*]'s loss4 ,!y %\ld feel t _! int]e/s & ^? ( ! tea*]1 ! bo>d1 & ! taxpay]s :o support ! s*ool are all common int]e/s1 & t only z ! pupils d _! "p w ! int]e/s ( all be cons]v$4 ,v ,,! ,,assignm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lesson #a4 ,! importance ( prop] assignm5t ,^u ! prop] assignm5t ( ! lesson dep5ds mu* ( ! success ( ! recitation1 & also mu* ( ! pupils' progress 9 le>n+ h[ to /udy4 ,! assignm5t ( ! lesson ?us becomes "o ( ! mo/ important duties ( ! recitation p]iod4 ,too _m times ?is is left until ! v close ( ! class h\r1 :5 !re is no "t left = prop] assignm5t1 & ! tea*] c only say1 ,take ! next f\r pages1 or ,"w out ! next tw5ty problems4 #b4 ,good assignm5t & tea*+ ! art ( /udy ,we =get t *ildr5 d n und]/& h[ to g to "w at ! lesson z we "k h[4 ,! result is t !y come back to ! next recitation li/less & un9t]e/$1 ) ! lesson n prep>$4 ,or1 x may happ5 t ! less timid ones1 :5 !y come to /udy ! lesson1 call ^u ! tea*] to %[ !m h[ to g to "w4 ,! tea*] has !n to take "t ne$$ = o!r ?+s to %[ diff]5t individuals :at %\ld h be5 pres5t$ to ! entire class :5 ! lesson 0 assign$4 ,su* a me?od is comp>able ) giv+ a set ( tools into ! h&s ( novices :o d n "k h[ to use !m1 & !n1 )\t any in/ruction 9 ! use ( ! tools1 expect+ !m to turn out good "w1 )\t loss ( "t4 ,little *ildr5 are unfamili> ) books1--) ! p>agraphs1 outl9es1 divisions1 & subdivisions ( a subject4 ,!y h>dly "k h[ to ga!r ?\ght f a pr9t$ page1 & yet we expect !m to get _! lesson )\t be+ %[n h[ to g at x4 ,mu* "t is lo/ 9 ?is way1 & _m *ildr5 are disc\rag$ 9 _! "w & caus$ to dislike go+ to s*ool4 ,! ,g]mans f> excel u 9 ?is feature ( _! s*ool "w4 ,no class ( ,g]man *ildr5 are ev] s5t to _! seats ) ! simple direction to take s _m pages 9 advance4 ,tea*] & class toge!r g ov] ! next lesson1 ! tea*] call+ ! att5tion ( ! class to ! po9ts ( ! lesson1 ask+ !m to hunt out subdivisions1 etc41 & in/ruct+ !m h[ to prep>e ! lesson4 ,& ! class1 hav+ ?is necess>y help1 are able to prep>e _! lesson bett] & recite x bett] ?an ! ,am]ican *ildr5 ( ! same age4 #c4 ,! tea*]'s prep>ation = assignm5t ,!re are ?ree *ief reasons :y tea*]s d n give m att5tion to ! assignm5t ( ! lesson3 7#a7 ,lack ( "t1 7#b7 failure !mselves to prep>e ! lesson 9 advance s z to be able to assign x1 & 7#c7 lack ( und]/&+ ( prop] me?ods ( /udy4 ,lack ( "t is n an adequate excuse = failure prop]ly to assign ! lesson4 ,if !re is b fifte5 m9utes = ! recitation1 all ! m reason :y ?is "t %\ld be us$ to ! be/ advantage = ! pupils4 ,if "o ?ird ( ?is "t %\ld be tak5 = ! assignm5t ( ! next lesson 7& ?is is usually n too l>ge a proportion 9 elem5t>y classes71 !n ?is mu* "t %\ld be tak54 ,&1 besides1 if ! lesson is well assign$1 s t x is bett] und]/ood & prep>$ by ! class1 m c be accompli%$ 9 t5 m9utes ( actual recit+ ?an 9 fifte5 "u ! old me?od4 ,x may sometimes be advisable to assign ! advance lesson at ! beg9n+ ( ! recitation1 b usually x is bett] to wait until ! close2 = !n ! connection betwe5 ! pres5t lesson & ! next c bett] be br\ght out4 ,failure to look ahead 9 ! textbook & become famili> ) ! next lesson r5d]s x impossible prop]ly to make ! assignm5t4 ,! tea*] mu/ "k ! scope ( ! lesson1 its *ief po9ts1 & ! ma9 difficulties x w pres5t to ! class4 ,h[ (t5 tea*]s are oblig$ to say to an unprep>$ class3 ,i did n realize h[ h>d t lesson 01 or ,i w\ld n h assign$ s mu*2 or1 ,t lesson 0 long] ?an ,i int5d$4 ,all ( :i* is a confession t ! tea*] 0 unprep>$ to make ! assignm5t prop]ly4 ,x is true t ! tea*] is v busy & has _m lessons to prep>e2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tea*] :o keeps a day ahead ( ! class 9 8 prep>ation w f9d t x abundantly pays 9 ! great] ma/]y ( 8 subject & ! "t sav$ 9 review+ x prep>atory to ! recitation4 ,?is is n "t lo/1 x is "t sav$4 ,! "y tea*]'s lack ( k ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! art ( /udy is a m s]i\s matt]1 & a difficulty h>d] to ov]come4 ,e tea*] %\ld make a special /udy ( ! psy*ology ( att5tion & int]e/4 ,he %\ld also come to "k h[ ! m9d naturally approa*es any new subject1 fir/ secur+ a syn!tic or bird's-eye view ( x z a :ole2 h[ next x analyzes x into its elem5ts2 & h[ f9ally x ?9ks !m toge!r1 or syn!sizes !m1 into a new & bett]-und]/ood :ole4 #d4 ,h[ to assign a lesson ,!re may1 ( c\rse1 be "s lessons t c prop]ly be assign$ 9 a mom5t by tell+ ! class h[ mu* to take 9 advance4 ,?is is true ( lessons t are only a cont9uation ( matt] ) :i* ! class are already some:at famili>1 :i* !y "k h[ to /udy1 & :i* conta9s no special difficulties4 ,= example1 spell+ lessons pres5t+ no new difficulties or especially h>d words2 ari?metic lessons conta9+ practice problems int5d$ = drill1 b no new topics = /udy2 gramm> lessons consi/+ ( applications ( pr9ciples or rules already ma/]$4 ,b all lessons t are built ^u a logical outl9e1 or conta9 new or difficult pr9ciples1 or involve especial difficulties ( any k9d %\ld be assign$ c>efully & ) suffici5t detail to make sure t ! class "k h[ to g to "w 9 prep>+ ! lesson )\t loss ( "t & int]e/4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve a caution 9 ?is connection4 ,!re is "s dang] ( assign+ lessons 9 su* a way z to r5d] too mu* help1 & ?us relieve ! pupil ( ! necessity ( ma/]+ x = himself4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! mi/ake ( help+ too mu* 9 ! assignm5t1 or n help+ en\gh is ! m s]i\s4 ,! tea*] mu/ "k 8 class & 8 textbook1 & !n use ! be/ judgm5t he has 9 mak+ j su* sugge/ions z w result 9 ! be/ ef=t & ma/]y by ! pupils )\t robb+ !m ( ! necessity = "w4 #e4 ,pr9ciples gov]n+ ! assignm5t ,! foll[+ are ! *ief po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 assign+ ! lesson3-- #a4 ,g ov] ! lesson ) ! class 9 su* a way z to give !m a bird's-eye view ( ! :ole1 a g5]al idea ( :at ! entire lesson is ab\t1 or :at x is meant to tea*4 ,sometimes ?is c be/ be done ) ! books op5 9 ! h&s ( ! pupils1 ! tea*] call+ att5tion to ! topics treat$4 ,occasionally ! tea*] may himself /ate ! aim or scope ( ! lesson )\t ! use ( ! text4 ,gett+ ?is syn!tic view ( ! lesson enables ! pupil to beg9 /udy ) bett] intellig5ce1 & also helps him bett] to und]/& ! relation ( ! sep>ate p>ts to ! lesson z a :ole4 ,9 ?is bird's-eye view ( ! lesson its relation to ! lesson j recit$1 or o!r previ\s lessons1 %\ld be br\ght out s z to unite ! sep>ate lessons into a cont9u\s view ( ! subject4 #b4 ,sugge/ions %\ld be giv5 z to ! analysis ( ! lesson into its diff]5t topics4 ,if ! text uses a sy/em ( num]als 9 designat+ ! po9ts1 ! pupils %\ld =m ! habit ( us+ ^! 9 /udy+ ! lesson4 ,= example1 f9d+ ,i1 !y %\ld look = ,,ii1 ,,iii1 etc41 ?us gett+ ! ma9 heads4 ,"u ^! ma9 topic num]als w (t5 be f\nd a s]ies ( p>agraphs numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 indicat+ ! diff]5t topics "u ea* head4 ,! sy/em may ev5 ext5d to sub-topics lett]$ a1 b1 c1 etc4 ,! pupil %\ld e>ly le>n to look = & make use ( ^! helps 9 ! analysis ( ! lesson4 ,& ev5 :5 ! au?or does n introduce any su* sy/em ( numb]+ he /ill foll[s "s outl9e m or less logically arrang$4 ,no bett] tra9+ 9 analysis1 & no bett] me?od ( ma/]+ a lesson c be f\nd ?an = ! pupil himself to make a writt5 outl9e ( ! lesson1 us+ su* a sy/em ( numb]+ ! topics & sub-topics z t sugge/$ above4 #c4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be taught to make a f9al summ>y1 or syn!sis1 ( ! lesson aft] !y h analyz$ x into its sep>ate po9ts4 ,( c\rse a l>ge proportion ( ! details le>n$ & recit$ 9 any lesson w f9ally be =gott54 ,b ?is does n mean t su* details 7 unnecess>y4 ,x r means t _! "p 0 to help 9 br++ out ! few ma9 facts or po9ts & mak+ !m cle>4 ,= mo/ lessons c be r$uc$ to a few *ief po9ts4 ,^! are ! ones to be rememb]$ & us$ 9 fur!r le>n+4 ,x is ^! important po9ts :i* ! pupil %\ld summ>ize & fix 9 8 memory & und]/&+ z ! f9al act 9 prep>+ ! lesson4 ,n to d ?is is to fail to reap ! be/ results f ! "w put ^u ! lesson1 = ^! m important po9ts are lo/ almo/ z readily z ! less important details unless !y are emphasiz$ 9 "s su* way z has be5 sugge/$4 ,x is ( c\rse n meant t ?is summ>y ( po9ts %\ld be work$ out by ! tea*] :5 ! lesson is be+ assign$4 ,t is = ! pupils to d z a result ( _! analysis ( ! lesson4 ,b ! tea*] %\ld specifically call att5tion to ! necessity = su* a summ>y until ! habit is s fix$ t ! pupils foll[ ?is me?od ( /udy )\t fur!r direction4 ,! pupil's summ>y ( ! lesson %\ld be te/$ 9 ! recitation j z mu* z 8 analysis ( ! facts ( ! lesson4 ,?is is done by few tea*]s4 #d4 ,p>ticul>ly difficult po9ts1 or po9ts ( importance z a basis = lat] "w1 %\ld be especially emphasiz$ 9 ! assignm5t ( ! lesson4 ,?is w g f> t[>d sav+ ! fatal weakness on fundam5tal po9ts :i* is %[n 9 lat] "w by s _m pupils4 ,n hav+ be5 ov] ! gr\nd be=e & !re=e n realiz+ ! importance or difficulty ( ! critical po9ts 9 a subject1 ! pupils mu/ ( necessity be l>gely dep5d5t on ! tea*] = su* sugge/ions4 #e4 ,pupils ne$ to be taught to look up & come to und]/& ! allusions & v>i\s ref]5ces (t5 us$ 9 hi/ory1 read+1 or o!r lessons4 ,! y\ng] pupils w (t5 h to be %[n h[ to d ?is4 ,!re=e su* po9ts %\ld be ref]r$ to 9 mak+ ! assignm5t1 & any necess>y directions %\ld be giv54 #f4 ,n infrequ5tly new or unusual words or phrases are enc\nt]$ by pupils 9 prep>+ _! lessons1 & !y are hamp]$ 9 _! /udy by fail+ to und]/& ! new t]ms4 ,! tea*]1 kn[+ 8 pupils1 %\ld be able to anticipate any tr\ble ( ?is k9d1 & give su* explanations or help z may be necess>y :5 assign+ ! lesson4 #g4 ,9 case writt5 "w is to con/itute a "p ( ! prep>ation1 ! directions gov]n+ :at is to be done %\ld be s cle> & explicit t !re is no possibility ( _! n be+ und]/ood1 & ! tea*]'s be+ int]rupt$ next day to expla9 to memb]s ( ! class4 ,mu* "t c be sav$ = bo? tea*] & pupils1 & _m di/ractions prev5t$ f di/urb+ recitations if ?is simple direction is foll[$4 #h4 ,if ! pr9ciples sugge/$ above are foll[$ 9 assign+ lessons1 !re w be little excuse = a pupil's =gett+ ! assignm5t4 ,x w !re=e be a safe rule n to repeat assignm5ts = ! b5efit ( c>eless or inatt5tive pupils4 ,! tea*] :o w refuse to be int]rupt$ dur+ recitation h\rs to tell pupils :at ! lesson is1 b :o w reassign ! lesson = ! pupil at recess-"t1 or aft] s*ool1 w v soon f9d all su* tr\bles vani%1 & w at ! same "t be giv+ 8 pupils valuable & necess>y tra9+ 9 att5tion & memory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,outl9e ,i4 ,,! ,,purposes ,,( ,,! ,,recitation #a4 ,! tea*] & ! recitation1 #b #b4 ,! necessity ( hav+ a cle> aim1 #c #c4 ,te/+ z an aim 9 ! recitation1 #e a4 ,! prep>ation ( ! lesson assign$1 #f b4 ,! pupil's k & 8 me?ods ( /udy1 #g c4 ,! pupil's po9ts ( failure & ! cause !re(1 #aj #d4 ,tea*+ z an aim 9 ! recitation1 #ab a4 ,give ! *ild an opportunity = self-expression1 #ac b4 ,give help on difficult po9ts1 #ae c4 ,br+ 9 new po9ts supplem5t+ ! text1 #af d4 ,inspire ! pupils to bett] ef=ts & high] ideals1 #ag e4 ,lead pupils into good habits ( /udy1 #ag #e4 ,drill z an aim 9 ! recitation1 #ai a4 ,drill %\ld be employ$ :]ev] a high degree ( skill is requir$1 #ba b4 ,drill mu/ be ^u correct models1 & ) al]t int]e/ & att5tion1 #ba c4 ,drill mu/ n /op %ort ( a reasonable degree ( effici5cy1 or skill1 #bc d4 ,drill mu/ be gov]n$ by def9ite aims1 #bc #f4 ,a desirable balance among ! ?ree aims1 #be ,,ii4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,! ,,recitation #a4 ,me?od v>ies ) aim1 #bi #b4 ,fundam5tal pr9ciples ( me?od1 #cj a4 ,int]e/ is ! fir/ requisite = att5tion & all m5tal activity1 #cj b4 ,! natural mode ( le>n+ is to proce$ f ! kn[n to ! relat$ unkn[n1 #ca #c4 ,! use ( special =ms ( me?od1 #cb #d4 ,! "q-&-answ] me?od1 #cc a4 ,:5 & :]e to employ ! "q-&-answ] me?od1 #cd b4 ,dang]s ( ! "q-&-answ] me?od1 #ch #e4 ,! topical me?od1 #dj a4 ,:]e ! topical me?od is mo/ s]viceable1 #da b4 ,! "q ( /&>ds 9 topical recitations1 #dd #f4 ,! lecture1 or supplem5tal1 me?od1 #de a4 ,h[ ! lecture me?od is to be us$1 #df b4 ,dang]s f ! lecture me?od1 #dg #g4 ,! writt5 recitation1 #dh a4 ,! use ( ! writt5 recitation1 #dh b4 ,dang]s 9 ! use ( ! writt5 me?od1 #di ,,iii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,que/ion+ #a4 ,! importance ( good que/ion+1 #ee #b4 ,ne$ ( fundam5tal pr9ciples1 #ef #c4 ,! pr9ciple ( fre$om f textbooks1 #ef #d4 ,! pr9ciple ( unity or cont9uity 9 que/ions1 #fa #e4 ,! pr9ciple ( cle>ness1 #fd a4 ,fre$om f ambiguity or obscurity ( word+1 #fe b4 ,adaptation to ! age & und]/&+ ( ! *ild1 #ff c4 ,brevity1 #fg #f4 ,! pr9ciple ( def9it5ess1 #fh #g4 ,second>y pr9ciples ( good que/ion+1 #gc #h4 ,! treatm5t ( answ]s1 #gf ,,iv4 ,,conditions ,,necess>y ,,to ,a ,,good ,,recitation #a4 ,fre$om f di/ractions1 #ha a4 ,di/ractions by ! tea*]1 #hb b4 ,di/ractions by ! class1 #hd c4 ,di/ractions by ! s*ool1 #hf d4 ,physical di/ractions1 #hg #b4 ,int]e/ & en?usiasm1 #hi a4 ,! tea*]'s comm& ( ! subject-matt] ( ! recitation1 #ij b4 ,! tea*]'s attitude t[>d 8 "w1 #ia c4 ,! tea*]'s heal?1 #ia d4 ,exp]i5ce1 #ic #c4 ,well-ma/]$ lessons1 #id a4 ,prep>ation by ! tea*]1 #id b4 ,prep>ation by ! class1 #ig #d4 ,high /&>ds 9 ! recitation1 #ih #e4 ,a _s ( coop]ation1 #ajj ,v4 ,,! ,,assignm5t ,,( ,,! ,,lesson #a4 ,! importance ( prop] assignm5t1 #ajg #b4 ,good assignm5t & tea*+ ! art ( /udy1 #ajg #c4 ,! tea*]'s prep>ation = assignm5t1 #aji #d4 ,h[ to assign a lesson1 #aaa #e4 ,pr9ciples gov]n+ ! assignm5t1 #aac 99 99 99 99 99 ,,riv]side ,,educational ,,monographs ,edit$ by ,,h5ry ,,suzzallo ,&ress's ,! ,tea*+ ( ,hygi5e 9 ! ,grades ,atwood's ,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,bailey's ,art ,education ,betts's ,new ,ideals ,9 ,rural ,s*ools ,betts's ,! ,recitation ,bloomfield's ,vocational ,guidance ( ,y\? ,cabot's ,volunte] ,help to ! ,s*ools ,cole's ,indu/rial ,education 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,cooley's ,language ,tea*+ 9 ! ,grades ,cubb]ley's ,*ang+ ,conceptions ( ,education ,cubb]ley's ,! ,improvem5t ( ,rural ,s*ools ,dewey's ,int]e/ & ,ef=t 9 ,education ,dewey's ,moral ,pr9ciples 9 ,education ,dooley's ,! ,education ( ! ,ne'er-,d-,well ,e>h>t's ,tea*+ ,*ildr5 to ,/udy ,eliot's ,education = ,effici5cy ,eliot's ,concrete & ,practical ,9 ,mod]n ,education ,em]son's ,education ,evans's ,! ,tea*+ ( ,high ,s*ool ,ma!matics ,fair*ild's ,! ,tea*+ ( ,poetry 9 ! ,high ,s*ool ,fiske's ,! ,mean+ ( ,infancy ,freeman's ,! ,tea*+ ( ,h&writ+ ,haliburton & ,smi?'s ,tea*+ ,poetry 9 ! ,grades ,h>twell's ,! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory ,haynes's ,economics 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,hill's ,! ,tea*+ ( ,civics ,horne's ,! ,tea*] z ,arti/ ,hyde's ,! ,tea*]'s ,philosophy ,j5k9s's ,read+ 9 ! ,prim>y ,grades ,judd's ,! ,evolution ( a ,democratic ,s*ool ,sy/em ,k5dall & ,/ryk]'s ,hi/ory 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,grades ,kilpatrick's ,! ,montessori ,sy/em ,exam9$ ,leon>d's ,engli% ,composition z a ,social ,problem ,lewis's ,democracy's ,high ,s*ool ,maxwell's ,! ,obs]vation ( ,tea*+ ,maxwell's ,! ,selection ( ,textbooks ,m]$i?'s ,! ,educational ,be>+s ( ,mod]n ,psy*ology ,palm]'s ,e?ical & ,moral ,in/ruction 9 ! ,s*ools ,palm]'s ,self-,cultivation 9 ,engli% ,palm]'s ,! ,ideal ,tea*] ,palm]'s ,trades & ,pr(essions ,p]ry's ,/atus ( ! ,tea*] ,pross]'s ,! ,tea*] & ,old ,age ,russell's ,economy 9 ,second>y ,education ,smi?'s ,e/abli%+ ,indu/rial ,s*ools ,sn$d5's ,! ,problem ( ,vocational ,education ,/ockton's ,project ,"w 9 ,education ,/ratton's ,develop+ ,m5tal ,p[] ,suzzallo's ,! ,tea*+ ( ,prim>y ,ari?metic ,suzzallo's ,! ,tea*+ ( ,spell+ ,swift's ,spee* ,defects 9 ,s*ool ,*ildr5 ,t]man's ,! ,tea*]'s ,heal? ,?orndike's ,individuality ,tuell's ,! ,/udy ( ,nations ,weeks's ,! ,p's ,s*ool 99 99 99 99 99 ,,riv]side ,,textbooks ,,9 ,,education ,g5]al ,educational ,!ory ,,av]ill3 ,psy*ology = ,normal ,s*ools ,,freeman3 ,exp]im5tal ,education ,,freeman3 ,h[ ,*ildr5 ,le>n ,,freeman3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,common ,bran*es ,,p]ry3 ,discipl9e z a ,s*ool ,problem ,,smi?3 ,an ,introduction to ,educational ,sociology ,,?omas3 ,tra9+ = ,effective ,/udy ,,waddle3 ,an ,introduction to ,*ild ,psy*ology ,hi/ory ( ,education ,,cubb]ley3 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,education ,,cubb]ley3 ,a ,brief ,hi/ory ( ,education ,,cubb]ley3 ,read+s 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,education ,,cubb]ley3 ,public ,education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,adm9i/ration & ,sup]vision ( ,s*ools ,,ayres1 ,,williams1 ,,wood3 ,heal?ful ,s*ools ,,cubb]ley3 ,public ,s*ool ,adm9i/ration ,,cubb]ley3 ,rural ,life & ,education ,,hoag ,,& ,,t]man3 ,heal? ,"w 9 ! ,s*ools ,,monroe3 ,introduction to ! ,!ory ( ,educational ,measurem5ts ,,monroe3 ,measur+ ! ,results ( ,tea*+ ,,monroe1 ,,devoss1 ,,kelly3 ,educational ,te/s & ,measurem5ts ,,nutt4 ,! ,sup]vision ( ,in/ruction ,,rugg3 ,/ati/ical ,me?ods ,appli$ to ,education ,,se>s3 ,classroom ,organization & ,control ,,%[alt]3 ,a ,h&book = ,rural ,s*ool ,(fic]s ,,t]man3 ,! ,hygi5e ( ! ,s*ool ,*ild ,,t]man3 ,! ,measurem5t ( ,intellig5ce ,,t]man3 ,! ,intellig5ce ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,,bol5ius3 ,tea*+ ,lit]ature 9 ! ,gramm> ,grades & ,high ,s*ool ,,k5dall1 ,,mirick3 ,h[ to ,tea* ! ,fundam5tal ,subjects ,,k5dall1 ,,mirick3 ,h[ to ,tea* ! ,special ,subjects ,,/one3 ,sil5t & ,oral ,read+ ,,trafton3 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,sci5ce 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool ,,wo(t]3 ,tea*+ 9 ,rural ,s*ools ,second>y ,education ,,briggs3 ,! ,junior ,high ,s*ool ,,+lis3 ,pr9ciples ( ,second>y ,education ,,sn$d53 ,problems ( ,second>y ,education ,,?omas3 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,engli% 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ool ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company