,,nor?we/999999       ,,practical       
,,=e/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,pacific ,,nor?we/     
,protect+ ,exi/+ ,=e/s & ,gr[+ ,new     
,ones1 f ! ,/&po9t ( ! ,public & ,t ( ! 
,lumb]man1 ) an ,outl9e ( ,te*nical     
,me?ods4  by  ,e4 ,t4 ,,all5  ,=e/] = ! 
,we/]n ,=e/ry  ,cons]vation ,association
 7,=m]ly ,u4 ,s4 ,di/rict ,=e/] =       
,oregon1 ,wa%+ton & ,alaska7            
,issu$ by ,! ,we/]n ,=e/ry  ,cons]vation
 ,association ,(fice ( ! ,=e/] #dba     
,yeon ,build+1 ,portl&1 ,oregon4 #aiaa  
,,preface  ,,:at ,,?is ,,book ,,is      
,,ab\t ,,& ,,:y  ,! object ( ?is booklet
 is to pres5t ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( =e/
 cons]vation z !y apply on ! ,pacific   
coa/ f ,montana to ,cali=nia4  ,!re is a
 ke5 & gr[+ int]e/ 9 ?is subject4       
,citiz5s ( ! we/]n /ates are beg9n+ to  
realize t ! =e/ is a community res\rce &
 t its wa/eful de/ruction injures _!    
welf>e4 ,lumb]m5 are com+ to reg>d timb]
 l& n z a m9e to be work$ out & ab&on$1 
b z a possible s\rce ( p]petual indu/ry4
 ,!y f9d little available in=mation1    

h[ev]1 z to h[ ^! !ories c be r$uc$ to  
actual practice4 ,! ,we/]n ,=e/ry &     
,cons]vation ,association believes x c  
r5d] no m practical s]vice ?an by be+ ! 
fir/ to outl9e = public use def9ite     
workable me?ods ( =e/ managem5t         
applicable to we/]n conditions4  ,a     
publication ( ?is l5g? c give little m  
?an an outl9e1 b attempt has be5 made   
ei!r to answ] ! mo/ obvi\s que/ions :i* 
sugge/ !mselves to timb] own]s int]e/$ 9
 =e/ pres]vation or to guide ! latt] 9  
f9d+ _! own answ]s4 ,only ! mo/ reliable
 cons]vative in=mation has be5 drawn on1
 mu* ( x hav+ be5 collect$ by !         
,gov]nm5t4  ,:ile ! booklet is int5d$ to
 be ( use *iefly to =e/ own]s1 a *apt]  
on ! advantage to ! community ( a prop] 
/ate =e/ policy is includ$1 also a *apt]
 on tree gr[+ by f>m]s4 ,! fir/ pres5ts 
! economic relation ( =e/ pres]vation to
 public welf>e1 ) its problems ( fire   
prev5tion1 taxation & re=e/ation2 = !   
use ( writ]s1 legislators1 vot]s1 or    
o!rs desir+ to inve/igate ?is subject ( 

gr[+ public conc]n4 ,x is bas$ ^u !     
conclusions ( ! be/ unprejudic$         
au?orities :o h approa*$ ^! problems f !
 public /&po9t4  ,9 ! te*nical *apt]s on
 =e/ managem5t & its possibilities1 !   
au?or accepts full responsibility =     
conclusions drawn except :5 o!rwise     
not$4 ,to ! ,=e/ ,s]vice1 h[ev]1 is     
entitl$ ! cr$it = collect+ practically  
all ! gr[? & yield figures ^u :i* ^!    
conclusions are bas$4 ,especial         
ackn[l$gem5t is due to ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4     
,kmmel = in=mation on tree plant+4  ,9  
conclud+ ?is preface1 ! au?or regrets t 
! booklet :i* x introduces 0 necess>ily 
writt5 hurri$ly1 a page or two at a "t1 
at odd h\rs tak5 f ! "w ( a busy (fice4 
,= ?is reason its /yle & managem5t      
leaves mu* to be desir$1 b x has be5    
?\ght bett] to make ! in=mation x       
conta9s imm$iately available ?an to     
await a d\btful opportunity to rewrite  
x4     ,,cont5ts  ,,preface  ,:at ,?is  
,book ,is ,ab\t1 & ,:y4  ,,introduction 
,:at ,we ,h 9 ! ,we/4 ,:at ,we ,are ,do+

 ,) ,x4 ,does ,x ,pay8  ,,*apt] ,i4     
,,=e/ry ,,& ,,! ,,public  ,importance ( 
,=e/s z a ,community ,res\rce4 ,weal?   
,_! ,manufacture ,br+s to ,all          
,indu/ries4 ,value z ,s\rce ( ,tax      
,rev5ue4 ,our ,int]e/ z ,consum]s4 ,real
 ,issue ,n ,prop]ty ,protection b       
,conditions ( ,life ,= ,all4 ,p>ticul>ly
 ,favorable ,natural ,=e/ ,conditions on
 ,pacific ,coa/4 ,pres5t ,policy (      
,wa/e4 ,fire ,loss4 ,idl5ess ( ,de=e/$  
,l&4 ,action ,we ,mu/ ,take4 ,fire      
,prev5tion4 ,re=e/ation4 ,tax ,re=m4    
,public ,responsibility4 ,ess5tials (   
,ne$$ ,/ate ,policy4 ,duty ( ! ,av]age  
,citiz54  ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,=e/ry ,,& ,,! 
,,lumb]man  ,economic ,pr9ciples ,gov]n+
 ,=e/ ,production4 ,supply & ,dem&4     
,lumb]man ,mu/ ,consid]4 ,bo? ,pr(it (  
,=e/ry & ,popul> ,dem& = ,its ,practice4
 ,consum] ,mu/ ,pay = ,gr[+ ,timb]4     
,attitude ( ,/ate ,w ,become ,m         
,enc\rag+4 ,h[ ,all ,?is ,affects !     
,lumb]man4 ,%\ld ,plan = ,meet+ !       
,situation4 ,circum/ances t ,det]m9e    

,pr(it4 ,:o ,c ,af=d to ,re=e/ ,cut-ov] 
,l&8  ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,=e/ry ,,& ,,!    
,,=e/  ,te*nical & ,practical ,problems4
 ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples ( ,=e/ ,gr[?4     
,fundam5tal ,sy/ems ( ,managem5t4       
,nature z a ,model4 ,logg+ to ,insure   
,ano!r ,crop4 ,natural & ,artificial    
,reproduction4 ,details ( ,managem5t =  
,ea* ,we/]n ,species4 ,se$+ & ,plant+4  
,co/s & ,c>ry+ ,*>ges4 ,rate ( ,gr[?4   
,probable ,f9ancial ,returns4 ,h>dwood  
,exp]im5ts4  ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,=e/ry ,,&  
,,! ,,fire ,,haz>d  ,! ,sla%+ ,m5ace4   
,bru% ,pil+4 ,sla% ,burn+4 ,fire ,l9es4 
,sp>k ,arre/ors4 ,patrol4 ,associate    
,ef=t4 ,"y ,gr[? z a ,fire ,gu>d4       
,,*apt] ,v4 ,,=e/ry ,,& ,,! ,,f>m]      
,cutt+ ,me?ods on ! ,wood$ ,f>m4 ,be/   
,use ( ,poor ,=e/ ,l&4 ,! ,h&l+ ( ,fire 
9 ,cle>+4 ,plant+ on ,treeless ,f>ms4   
,species ,mo/ ,promis+ = ,fuel &        
,improvem5t ,mat]ial4 ,w9dbreaks to     
,prev5t ,evaporation ( ,soil ,moi/ure4  
,me?ods & ,co/ ( ,tree ,gr[+4  ,,app5dix
  ,tax ,re=ms to ,p]mit ,re=e/ation4    

,op9ions ( ,exp]t ,au?orities4  ,!      
,we/]n ,=e/ry & ,cons]vation            
,association4 ,its ,organization &      
,objects4     ,,introduction  ,,:]e ,,we
 ,,/& ,,today  ,,:at ,,we ,,h  ,! five  
/ates ( ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,wa%+ton1     
,oregon & ,cali=nia conta9 half !       
m]*antable timb] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
today--a fact ( />tl+ economic          
significance4 ,x means fir/ ( all t "h  
is an exi/+ res\rce ( incalculable local
 & national value4 ,x means also t "h   
lies ! mo/ promis+ field ( production = 
all "t4 ,! wond]ful d5sity & ext5t ( our
 ,we/]n =e/s are n accid5tal1 b result  
because climatic & o!r conditions are ! 
mo/ favorable 9 ! _w = =e/ gr[?4 ,9 j ! 
degree t !y excel =e/s else:]e is x     
easi] to make !m cont9ue to d s4  ,,:at 
,,we ,,are ,,do+ ,,) ,,x  ,on ! o!r h&1 
=e/ fires 9 ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,wa%+ton1 
,oregon & ,cali=nia de/roy annually1 on 
an av]age1 timb] :i* if us$ in/ead (    
de/roy$ w\ld br+ =ty million doll>s to  
_! inhabitants1 ,idl5ess ( burn$ &      

cut-ov] l& repres5ts a direct loss almo/
 z great4  ,^! are actual money losses  
to ! community4 ,s is ! failure ( rev5ue
 ?r\gh ! de/ruction ( a tax res\rce4    
,equally important1 & h>dly less direct1
 is ! injury to agricultural & indu/rial
 productiv5ess :i* dep5ds ^u a su/a9$   
supply ( wood & wat]4  ,,does ,,x ,,pay8
  ,practically all ?is loss is          
unnecess>y4 ,o!r c\ntries h /opp$ ! =e/ 
fire evil4 ,o!r c\ntries h f\nd a way to
 make =e/ l& cont9ue to gr[ =e/4        
,consequ5tly we c4 ,x is cle>ly only a  
"q ( :e!r x is wor? :ile4 ,let u consid]
 ?is "q1 n only 9 its relation to       
po/]ity or to ! lumb]man1 b f ! /&po9t (
 ! av]age citiz5 ( ! ,we/ today4        
,,*apt] ,i  ,,=e/ry ,,& ,,! ,,public    
,,timb] ,,means ,,pay ,,*ecks  ,=e/     
weal? is community weal?4 ,! public's   
int]e/ 9 x is affect$ v little by !     
passage ( timb] l&s into private        
own]%ip1 = all ! own] c get out ( !m is 
! /umpage value4 ,! p get ev]y?+ else4  
,our =e/s e>n no?+ except by be+ cut &  

%ipp$ to ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,( ! price    
receiv$ = !m usually mu* less ?an a fif?
 is receiv$ by ! own]4 ,ne>ly all goes  
to pay = labor & supplies "h at home4   
,ev5 n[1 :5 ! we/]n lumb] indu/ry is    
insignificant comp>$ to :at x w be soon1
 x br+s ov] #abe1jjj1jjj a ye> into ^!  
five /ates4 ,?is imm5se rev5ue fl[s     
?r\gh e art]y ( labor1 comm]ce &        
agriculture2 9 ! op5 f>m+ c\ntries z    
well z 9 ! timb]$ di/ricts4 ,x is %>$   
alike by labor]1 f>m]1 m]*ant1 artisan &
 pr(essional man4 ,x is _! greate/ s\rce
 ( income1 = lumb] is ! *ief product    
:i*1 be+ sold else:]e1 actually br+s 9  
outside money4  ,t x is ess5tial to !   
prosp]ity ( e citiz5 to h ?is           
contribution to 8 livelihood cont9ue    
requires no argum5t4 ,f ! manufactur+   
po9t ( view alone1 our =e/ res\rces are 
z important to ev]yone ( u z to !       
lumb]man1 & 9 _m ways m s1 = if !y are  
exhau/$ he c move or *ange 8 bus9ess2   
:ile ! dep5d5t indu/ries _c4 ,b our     
welf>e is at /ake 9 a doz5 o!r ways     

also4  ,,our ,,int]e/ ,,z ,,consum]s  ,e
 p]son :o uses wood1 :e!r to build1     
f5ce1 burn1 box 8 goods1 or timb] 8 m9e1
 is directly int]e/$ 9 a *eap & pl5tiful
 supply ( timb]4 ,e acre burn$1 e       
cut-ov] acre ly+ idle1 raises ! price = 
him )\t furni%+ any rev5ue ) :i* to help
 pay x4 ,e acre sav$ f fire1 e acre ( "y
 gr[?1 l[]s x = him & puts money 9      
circulation besides4  ,simil>ly1 ! co/  
to ! consum] ( mo/ articles ( e day     
necessity is directly affect$ by !      
connection ( =e/ mat]ial ) _!           
production4 ,wood & wat] are almo/ z    
ess5tial to m9+ z are1 h5ce influ5ce !  
price ( metals4 ,9 ! =m ( fuel1 build+s1
 or boxes1 if n z an actual con/itu5t ( 
! product itself1 wood supply be>s a l  
relation to almo/ e indu/ry4  ,e        
r$uction ( ! lumb] traffic :i* helps    
support our railroads1 or ( _! supply ( 
poles1 ties & c> mat]ial1 t5ds to raise 
! co/ ( our groc]ies & o!r              
rail-transport$ commodities4  ,,s*ool   
,,l&s  ,mo/ ( our we/]n /ates h imm5se  

areas ( =e/$ grant l&s1 ! sale ( timb] f
 :i* supports ! public s*ools & o!r /ate
 in/itutions4 ,de/ruction ( ?is asset is
 a direct bl[ to ^! in/itutions :i* c be
 only p>tially met by increas$ taxation4
  ,,! ,,f>m] ,,has ,,! ,,mo/ ,,at ,,/ake
  ,9 ! case ( we/]n agriculture1 !      
relation to ! =e/ is fundam5tal &       
insep>able4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t 
because ( its importance z a su/a9+     
indu/ry lumb] manufacture is a prodigi\s
 factor 9 creat+ a m>ket = f>m products1
 also t ! co/ ( all articles us$ by !   
f>m] is *eap5$ by =e/ pres]vation4 ,b   
back ( ?is lies ! all-important dep5d5ce
 ( we/]n agriculture ^u irrigation4 ,we 
mu/ save ! =e/s t /ore ! wat]s4  ,(     
p>ticul> significance to ! f>m]1 too1 is
 ! trem5d\s importance ( =e/s z a s\rce 
( tax rev5ue to help support /ate &     
c\nty gov]nm5t4 ,! co/ ( gov]nm5t is    
gr[+ z our population gr[s4 ,taxable    
prop]ty gr[s ma9ly 9 ! cities4 ,else:]e 
we confront ! problem ( dim9i%+ timb] to
 tax & consequ5t heavi] & heavi] burd5  

on f>m prop]ty4 ,x w be a bad situation 
= ! f>m] if ! timb] is all de/roy$ & he 
has to pay all ! taxes1 z well z a high]
 price = 8 build+s1 f5ces & fruit boxes4
 ,e acre ( timb] burn$ or wa/$ ha/5s ?is
 day4  ,! cons]vation ?us sugge/$ does n
 mean non-use ( ripe timb]1 b does mean 
protect+ x f useless wa/e & de/ruction1 
& replac+ x by re=e/ation :5 x is us$4  
,,conditions ,,( ,,life ,,! ,,real      
,,issue ,,involv$  ,lack ( space =bids  
rec\nt+ _m o!r ways 9 :i* ! =e/ "q t\*es
 ! av]age citiz54 ,x ent]s into our     
prospects ( developm5t1 our inve/m5t    
values & our insurance rates4 ,l !      
key/one ( an ar*1 or ! l9k ( a *a91 =e/s
 _c be de/roy$ )\t ! collapse ( ! entire
 fabric4 ,_! pres]vation is n prim>ily a
 prop]ty "q1 b a pr9ciple ( public      
economy1 deal+ ) "o ( ! elem5ts ( human 
exi/5ce & progress4 ,failure to treat x 
z su* means h>d] conditions ( life1 a   
h&icap ( indu/ry2 n only = our *ildr51 b
 = u z well4  ,x all sums up to ?is3 ,on
 e acre ( we/]n =e/ de/roy$ by fire1 or 

t fails to gr[ :]e x might gr[1 we1 !   
citiz5s ( ! ,we/ :o are n lumb]m51 be>  
fully eighty p] c5t ( ! direct loss &   
su/a9 s]i\s fur!r injury to our g5]al   
safety & pr(it4  ,,h[ ,,we ,,?r[ ,,away 
,,millions  ,not)/&+ ! above facts1 we  
all[ #dj1jjj1jjj :i* we & our families  
%\ld %>e to vani% e ye>1 leav+ no?+ m   
endur+ ?an a pall ( smoke f ,canada to !
 ,mexican l9e4 ,! great area ?us d5ud$  
uselessly1 ) t :i* produc$ public weal? 
?r\gh lumb] manufacture1 toge!r hav+ be5
 capable ( af=d+ a community res\rce (  
#afe1jjj1jjj1 are ab&on$ to lie idle & a
 m5ace to rema9+ timb]4 ,x is exactly z 
?\gh ! own] ( a #afe-;acre or*>d %\ld   
de/roy =ty acres wantonly & also ab&on !
 re/1 unf5c$1 uncultivat$ & unc>$ =4  ,!
 "o wa/e is z unnecess>y z ! o!r4 ,our  
,pacific coa/ =e/s owe _! unp>allel$    
productiv5ess to a peculi>ly =tunate    
comb9ation ( climate & rapid gr[+       
species unkn[n else:]e4 ,n[h]e else is  
=e/ reproduction s swift & c]ta94 ,n[h]e
 c x be secur$ ) s little ef=t & exp5se4

 ,a little =e?\ght 9 cutt+ me?ods &     
protection ( ! cut-ov] area f recurr+   
fires1 & an e>ly second crop is assur$4 
,saw timb] c be gr[n 9 =ty to           
sev5ty-five ye>s2 ties1 m9e timb] &     
piles 9 less4  ,,h[ ,,we ,,might ,,make 
,,imm5se ,,pr(it ,,in/ead4  ,x is       
reasonable to suppose t1 al?\gh !       
quality may be inf]ior to t ( ! old =e/ 
remov$ n[1 timb] sc>city w make a second
 cut 9 sixty ye>s equally pr(itable p]  
acre4 ,!re=e1 if ! area d5ud$ annually  
at pres5t 7 enc\rag$ to re=e/ &         
protect$1 x %\ld at ! end ( t p]iod aga9
 yield #afe1jjj1jjj to ! community4 ,ea*
 ye>'s gr[? at pres5t w\ld be wor? a    
sixtie? ( t sum1 or #b1gej1jjj4 ,if giv5
 any *ance to d s1 ! area de=e/$ 9 only 
t5 ye>s w\ld actually e>n ! p ( our five
 we/]n =e/ /ates #bg1ejj1jjj a ye>4     
,almo/ no?+ is be+ done to make x d s4  
,z ! result ( ! same popul> neglect1 ?is
 annual loss ( ne>ly tw5ty-eight        
millions ( doll>s is add$ to t ( =ty    
millions caus$ by de/ruction (          

m]*antable timb] by fire1 & ! injury to 
tax rev5ue1 wat] supply & c\ntless      
dep5d5t indu/ries /ill rema9 to be      
reckon$4 ,& to ?is sacrifice ( weal? we 
add t ( scores ( human lives1 incr$ible 
suff]+1 & ! wip+ out ( homes & villages 
by =e/ fires4  ,,pla9 ,,words ,,= ,,our 
,,pres5t ,,policy  ,let u draw a        
p>allel3 ,if riot or invasion %\ld sweep
 our ,pacific coa/ /ates1 kill+         
unprotect$ settl]s1 plund]+ banks &     
treasuries ( #dj1jjj1jjj ( ! p's sav+s &
 bus9ess capital1 & by de/roy+ ! produc+
 p[] ( comm]cial ent]prise r$uce !      
community's income by tw5ty-eight       
millions m1 ! cata/rophe w\ld />tle !   
_w4  ,if ?is /up5d\s disa/] %\ld ?reat5 
to recur ! foll[+ ye> & e ye> !reaft]   
indef9itely1 annually tak+ #fg1jjj1jjj f
 ! e>n+s ( ! p1 dim9i%+ _! inve/$ weal? 
& p>alyz+ _! indu/ries1 ! situation w\ld
 be unbe>able4 ,x w\ld dom9ate ! m9ds ( 
m51 wom5 & *ildr54 ,all else w\ld be    
=gott5 9 _! prep>ation = def5se4  ,=e/  
fire de/ruction is a dang] 9 e way z    

real & imm$iate z riot or invasion1     
equally measurable 9 losses to u today &
 m f> rea*+ 9 effect ^u future          
prosp]ity4 ,al?\gh less s5sational1 x   
dem&s no less prompt action4  ,,!       
,,action ,,we ,,mu/ ,,take  ,! =ego+    
facts prove t our pres5t =e/ policy is  
unpr(itable to ! /ate & its citiz5s4    
,:at1 !n1 is ! rem$y8  ,at fir/ ?\ght x 
may seem t ! responsibility = ?is lies )
 ! man :o controls ! l&1 ! timb] own] & 
lumb]man4 ,he does h 8 "p to play1 :i*  
is discuss$ else:]e 9 ?is booklet4 ,b he
 w n1 inde$ _c1 d s until ! re/ ( u play
 ours4 ,! community mu/ n only cop]ate1 
b 9 "s directions mu/ act fir/1 because 
f ! beg9n+ ! lumb]man is gov]n$ by _m   
conditions :i* are fix$ by ! p4 ,x is = 
! p to make ^! conditions reasonably    
favorable s t he w h nei!r excuse nor   
inc5tive = fail+ to con=m to !m4  ,9 ?is
 cop]ation ! p %\ld n be expect$ to     
grant privileges :i* are n = _! own     
advantage also4 ,nor %\ld !y hesitate to
 cop]ate if x is to _! advantage1 m]ely 

because x is also a help to ! lumb]man4 
,x is natural t ! public %\ld dis9cl9e  
to assume any fur!r burd5 to enri* !    
timb] own]4 ,7 ?is ! sale object ( =e/  
protection x w\ld be fair to leave x to 
him4 ,b x is ! height ( bad economy to  
ob/ruct or refuse to help him 9 h&l+ =e/
 res\rces to our be/ advantage4 ,:e!r he
 ga9s or loses is m]ely incid5tal to u1 
b :e!r we ga9 or lose is ( v great      
importance4  ,,fir/ ,,/ep ,,is ,,to     
,,/op ,,=e/ ,,fires  ,obvi\sly r$uction 
( ! =e/ fire haz>d is ! mo/ urg5t       
problem4 ,n only is fire ! greate/      
de/roy] ( exi/+ =e/s1 b x also          
disc\rages inve/m5t 9 re=e/ation4 ,!    
public has a "r to expect ! lumb]man to 
adopt e safegu>d aga9/ x 9 8 op]ations4 
,nev]!less1 ! fir/ /ep to enc\rage him 9
 ?is is to r$uce ! appall+ c>elessness )
 fire 9 :i* ! p ( ! ,we/ are ! wor/     
(f5d]s 9 ! _w today4  ,=e/ fires are    
almo/ always unnecess>y4 ,!y usually    
result f a neglect ( consid]ation =     
injury & di/ress to o!rs :i* is n %[n by

 ! ,am]ican p 9 any o!r connection4 ,!  
travel] or resid5t 9 =e/ regions simply 
fails to realize t 8 own welf>e & t (   
c\ntless o!rs requires ! same precaution
 n to let fire escape1 & ! same activity
 9 ext+ui%+ fires he discov]s1 t are    
accord$ z a matt] ( c\rse 9 cities &    
t[ns4 ,9 reality !y are m important4 ,a 
,san ,francisco c burn d[n & x is soon  
replac$4 ,insurance & capital come to ! 
rescue1 labor is employ$1 & bus9ess is  
resum$4 ,b :5 ! =e/ burns1 indu/ry dies 
& labor is driv5 away empty h&$4 ,x is a
 big price to pay = neglect+ ! slight   
ef=t requir$ to prev5t x4  ,fairly good 
fire laws are on our /atute books4      
,presumably !y 7 int5d$ to prev5t fires4
 ,yet almo/ e =e/ community sees fire   
aft] fire set ?r\gh ignorance1          
c>elessness or purpose1 & s f> f puni%+ 
! (f5d]s accords !m e privilege (       
bus9ess & society4 ,9 cities1 h[ev]     
insignificant ! damage1 arson leads to !
 p5it5ti>y4 ,a =e/ fire may de/roy      
millions & ! cause n ev5 be inve/igat$4 

,if1 aggravat$ by a p>ticul>ly          
inexcusable case ( malice or            
c>elessness1 "s prop]ty hold] 7seldom ! 
p7 secures an arre/1 acquittal is       
practically c]ta9 because ! community   
consid]s ! matt] none ( its bus9ess4 ,!n
 ! value ( ! fire law is at an end 9 t  
region4 ,c]ta9ly we _c expect ! timb]   
own] to protect our =e/ int]e/s until we
 ourselves respect & at lea/ attempt to 
en=ce our =e/ laws4  ,,patrol ,,s]vice  
,,absolutely ,,ess5tial  ,b necess>y z  
is bett] public s5tim5t1 we mu/ also h  
practical ma*9]y = en=c+ ! laws & =     
/opp+ ! fires t d />t4 ,j z a city is   
safegu>d$ be/ by an organiz$ fire       
dep>tm5t1 s ! =e/ c be protect$         
effectively only by tra9$ m5 :o "k ! "w4
 ,& ! man :o prev5ts ! mo/ fires is !   
man :o is look+ = !m1 n ! man :o goes   
aft] ! fire is "u way4  ,!odore         
,roosevelt says3 ,i hold z fir/ among ! 
tasks be=e ! /ates & ! nation 9 _!      
respective %>es 9 =e/ cons]vation !     
organization ( effici5t fire patrols & !

 enactm5t ( good fire laws on ! "p ( !  
/ates4  ,! ,national ,cons]vation       
,commission reports3 ,ea* /ate )9 ^:    
b\nd>ies =e/ fires are work+ grave      
injury1 & t means e =e/ /ate1 mu/ face !
 fact squ>ely t to keep d[n =e/ fires   
ne$s n m]ely a law ^u ! /atute books1 b 
an effective =ce ( m5 actually on !     
gr\nd to patrol aga9/ fire4  ,we all "k 
t few disa/r\s fires />t "u conditions  
:i* prev5t _! control4 ,usually !y spr+ 
f "s ( ! _m small1 app>5tly innoc5t     
fires :i* burn unnotic$ until w9d & hot 
wea!r fan !m into action4 ,x is f> *eap]
 to put !m out 9 ! incipi5t /age ?an to 
fight !m lat]1 p]haps unsuccessfully    
until aft] great damage has be5 done4 ,&
 if fight+ is necess>y1 x is ( ! highe/ 
importance to h x l$ by compet5t1       
exp]i5c$ m54 ,mom5ts c\nt1 & bad judgm5t
 is exp5sive4  ,mo/ we/]n /ates already 
h laws regulat+ ! use ( fire = cle>+    
dur+ ! dry season4 ,to accompli% ?is )  
safety & )\t h>d%ip requires fire w>d5s 
to issue p]mits & help ) ! burn+ if     

necess>y4  ,public k t !re is someone to
 en=ce ! law t5ds to re/ra9 ! dang]\s   
class4 ,/ill m useful is ! s]vice ( fire
 w>d5s 9 agitat+ ! fire "q & keep+ be=e 
=e/ resid5ts ! advantage ( _! cop]ation4
  ,,co-,,op]ation ,,) ,,private ,,own]s 
,,desirable  ,9 fire patrol1 especially1
 ! /ate & ! lumb]man mu/ "w toge!r4 ,x  
is reasonable t ! timb] own] %\ld       
contribute to ! protection ( 8 prop]ty4 
,he also has peculi> facilities = gett+ 
! "w done well & *eaply4 ,z a rule he is
 will+ to d 8 "p4 ,9 #aiaj ! ,wa%+ton   
,=e/ ,fire ,association & o!r timb]     
own]s 9 t /ate paid out #cjj1jjj =      
patrol & o!r fire "w4 ,! ,coeur d',al5e1
 ,cle>wat]1 ,potlat* & ,p5d d',oreille  
,timb] ,protective associations sp5t ov]
 #bjj1jjj 9 ,idaho4 ,oregon timb]m5 sp5t
 approximately #acj1jjj4 ,figures are n 
available = ,montana & ,cali=nia1 b     
probably ! same proportion holds4       
,?or\gh support by ! /ate is necess>y to
 make private "w effective4 ,! m5       
employ$ mu/ h (ficial au?ority to en=ce 

! law4 ,! dang]\s elem5t does n respect 
a movem5t :i* nom9ally repres5ts only ! 
prop]ty own]4 ,! p 9 g5]al d n aid x z  
mu* z !y d "o 9 :i* !y also %>e4 ,!re=e1
 x is necess>y to h /ate facilities =   
cop]at+ 9 ! organization1 au?orization &
 sup]vision ( all =e/ patrols4  ,,lib]al
 ,,appropriation ,a ,,good ,,inve/m5t   
,b to /op "h is l attempt+ to protect a 
city f fire m]ely by giv+ its factory   
own]s ! "r to ma9ta9 wat*m54 ,we want to
 provide = ! greate/ possible advantage 
to ! p ?r\gh ! timb] own]'s desire to   
protect 8 own prop]ty1 b any =e/ policy 
:i* ends ) ?is is hopelessly weak4 ,we  
_c af=d to leave any matt] ( public     
welf>e :olly to ! wisdom & philan?ropy (
 private ent]prise4 ,if we expect our   
p>am\nt int]e/ 9 =e/ & wat] res\rces to 
be look$ out = prop]ly1 we mu/ pay = x j
 z we d = all o!r protection we get     
?r\gh organiz$ gov]nm5t4 ,nor %\ld we   
=get t ! timb] own] helps u aga9 9 ?is1 
= he pays taxes z well z ! co/ ( 8      
private patrol4  ,!re are also _m       

regions :]e timb] values d n w>rant     
patrol1 b :]e ! safety ( o!r prop]ty1 & 
( life1 dem& bo? patrol & fire fight+4  
,"h ! /ate owes its citiz5s protection4 
,moreov]1 "o ( ! weake/ po9ts 9 our     
pres5t sy/em ev]y:]e is lack ( police   
au?ority to appreh5d violators ( ! fire 
laws4 ,! private w>d5 _c successfully   
arre/ or prosecute (f5d]s1 & ev]ybody   
kn[s x4 ,mo/ fires />t ?r\gh violation (
 law4 ,to prev5t !m ! law mu/ be        
respect$1 & to accompli% ?is !re mu/ be 
/ate (fic]s :o c & w appreh5d (f5d]s )\t
 fe> or favor4  ,any we/]n /ate c well  
af=d to sp5d #ajj1jjj a ye> = a =e/ fire
 s]vice :i* w prev5t a loss ( fifty     
times t sum4 ,! co/ is imp]ceptible by !
 citiz51 8 b5efit imm$iate4 ,=e/        
protection is ! *eape/ =m ( prosp]ity   
insurance a timb]$ /ate c buy4          
,,re=e/ation  ,al?\gh x does n pay to   
burn up our =e/s1 x does pay to use !m4 
,! fa/] we c replace !m ) new ones1 !   
quick] ?is pr(it c be made ) safety4    
,=e/ l& is community capital4 ,to let x 

lie idle is z wa/eful z de/ruction4 ,&  
we mu/ also rememb] t ! day is com+ :5  
our =e/$ /reams mu/ d a hundr$ times _! 
pres5t duty1 & :5 ! lumb] consum]'s "q  
may n be ,:at mu/ ,i pay = a bo>d8 b ,c 
,i get a bo>d at all8 ,we mu/ h new =e/s
 com+ z ! old ones g4  ,! ,f$]al        
,gov]nm5t is practic+ =e/ry 9 ! l&s     
controll$ by ! ,=e/ ,s]vice4 ,:y %\ld ! 
/ates n d ! same ?+ ) _! s*ool & tax de$
 l&s8 ,intellig5t c>e ( timb]$ s*ool l&1
 sell+ ! timb] only "u regulations :i* w
 insure re=e/ation1 w\ld realize z mu*  
today & 9 ! long run pay a ?\s& p] c5t 9
 divid5ds = ! education ( our *ildr5 &  
our *ildr5's *ildr54  ,fur!r ?an ?is1   
!re %\ld be legislation to p]mit ! /ate 
to solidify its =e/ l&s by ex*ange1 :5  
advisable1 & to au?orize ! pur*ase (    
cut-ov] l&s4 ,! ev5tual pr(it 9 ?is is  
c]ta9 to be great1 & no?+ w d m to      
int]e/ ! public & private own]s 9       
re=e/ation4 ,x is ! hi/ory or all       
c\ntries t =e/s are peculi>ly pr(itable 
/ate prop]ty1 especially :51 z is ! case

 ) u1 x c be acquir$ *eaply4 ,x is a    
s\nd & well-prov$ policy t x is well = !
 /ate to own l&s :i* are n adapt$ =     
p]man5t individual developm5t4 ,=e/ l&s 
con/itute ! ideal class1 n only because 
! /ate is 9 ! be/ position to keep up _!
 usefulness to ! community1 b also      
because !y w e>n p]petual rev5ue f>     
great] ?an !y c\ld br+ ?r\gh taxation4  
,!y w pay back ! co/ & int]e/1 become   
increas+ly valuable1 & /ill pay         
divid5ds4  ,x is ev5 m important t      
re=e/ation be secur$ on private l&s1    
because _! area is great] ?an t own$ by 
/ate & gov]nm5t4 ,) ! enc\ragem5t :i*   
c\ld be giv5 ! own] )\t any undes]v$    
concession1 conditions w\ld w>rant him 9
 secur+ x4 ,we h rea*$ t /age 9 our     
developm5t4 ,! exhau/ion ( timb] 9 !    
c\ntry at l>ge1 ! increase (            
consumption1 & our peculi> natural      
advantages1 h comb9$ to promise adequate
 f9ancial return4 ,& ! lumb]man does n  
want to g out ( bus9ess unless he has   
to4  ,,ob/acles ,,to ,,private ,,ef=t   

,to insure a second crop ! lumb]man has 
to lose m or less money :5 he cuts !    
fir/4 ,8 me?ods mu/ be m exp5sive & he  
mu/ =ego pres5t pr(its on trees he      
leaves4 ,if he plants1 ! outlay is      
consid]able4 ,b let u suppose he is     
will+ to d all ?is1 n because he is a   
philan?ropi/ b because he wants m trees 
to run 8 mill "s day4  ,x is a          
comp>atively simple matt] to get 8      
second crop />t$4 ,am]ican =e/ry has    
solv$ ?is problem fairly well4 ,x is    
also easy to calculate 9 mo/ cases1     
beg9n+ ) ! sale value ( cut-ov] l&1 us+ 
safe e/imate ( ! next yield & ! "t      
requir$ to mature x1 & sett+ a          
cons]vative future /umpage value1 t gr[+
 timb] ought to be a pr(itable inve/m5t4
 ,if t 7 all1 we c\ld leave ! lumb]man  
alone & c\nt on him to p]petuate our    
=e/s because x w pay him to d s4  ,b !  
:ole calculation1 consequ5tly ! public's
 int]e/ z well z 81 is upset by two     
factors--! dang] t 8 inve/m5t w burn up 
& ! practical c]ta9ty t taxes w eat up  

all pr(it be=e ! h>ve/4 ,if he figures  
on fire protection at 8 own exp5se aga9/
 ! haz>d z x n[ exi/s1 & ! tax burd5 on 
cut-ov] l& :i* is indicat$ at pres5t1 8 
engagem5t 9 =e/ gr[+ w be negligible f !
 po9t ( view ( public welf>e4 ,9 "s     
cases he may hold ! l& a:ile1 9 few c he
 af=d to protect x1 9 /ill few] is he   
ju/ifi$ 9 actually do+ any?+ to insure  
re=e/ation4  ,if a man proposes to build
 a factory or railroad 9 a community !  
inhabitants usually enc\rage him4 ,!y d 
n refuse him fire protection 9 ! fir/   
place & !n1 if 8 plant burns d[n1 ?reat5
 to burn x aga9 & keep up full taxation 
on ! vacant l&4 ,!y (f] e fair inducem5t
 to get ! indu/ry & keep x fl\ri%+4 ,!y 
expect x to pay its j %>e ( taxation1 b 
want x to cont9ue to d s z long z       
possible4  ,,tax ,,new ,,crop ,,:5      
,,h>ve/$  ,x has be5 %[n t ! fir/       
ob/acle to re=e/ation ( private l& c be 
remov$ only by support+ a fire patrol & 
creat+ public s5tim5t :i* w r$uce !     
numb] ( fires4 ,! second is ev5 m :olly 

9 ! h&s ( ! p1 = by ! sy/em ( taxation  
!y impose !y decide :e!r x %all cont9ue 
an e>n+ p[] & a tax s\rce =ev] or be    
ab&on$ to become a des]t2 non-produc+1  
non-taxable1 & a m5ace to /ream-fl[4    
,:e!r its own] has made money on !      
orig9al crop has no be>+ on ! result1   
nor has 8 be+ ri* or poor1 resid5t or   
ali54 ,cutov] l& pres5ts a di/9ct       
problem to him4 ,he w & %\ld pay a full 
tax on its e>n+ p[]1 :i* w be demon/rat$
 :5 he successfully br+s ano!r crop to  
maturity4 ,b he _c c>ry an inve/m5t =   
fifty ye>s or m )\t return1 ) a risk (  
total loss by fire up to ! la/ mom5t1 at
 a co/ :i* w\ld br+ him bett] pr(it 9 "s
 o!r bus9ess4  ,^! facts are recogniz$  
by all /ud5ts ( =e/ry4 ,! foll[+        
au?orities hold no brief = ! lumb]man4  
,!y approa*$ ! subject solely f ! side (
 ! p3  ,!odore ,roosevelt3 ,second only 
to good fire laws is ! enactm5t ( tax   
laws :i* w p]mit ! p]petuation ( exi/+  
=e/s by use4  ,national ,cons]vation    
,commission3 ,pres5t tax laws prev5t    

re=e/ation ( cut-ov] l& & ! p]petuation 
( exi/+ =e/s by use4 ,an annual tax ^u !
 l& itself1 exclusive ( ! timb]1 & a tax
 ^u ! timb] :5 cut is well adapt$ to    
actual conditions ( =e/ inve/m5t & is   
practicable & c]ta94 ,x w\ld insure a   
p]man5t rev5ue f ! =e/ 9 ! aggregate f> 
great] ?an is n[ collect$1 & yet be less
 burd5some ^u ! /ate & ^u ! own]4 ,x is 
bett] f e side t =e/ l& %\ld yield a    
mod]ate tax p]man5tly ?an t x %\ld yield
 an excessive rev5ue tempor>ily1 & !n   
cease to yield at all4  ,h4 ,s4 ,graves1
 ,*ief ,=e/] = ! ,u4 ,s43 ,private own]s
 d n practice =e/ry = "o or m ( ?ree    
reasons3 #a4 ,! risk ( fire4 #b4        
,burd5some taxation4 #c4 ,l[ prices (   
products4  ,pr(essor ,fair*ild1 tax     
exp]t1 ,yale ,univ]sity3 ,=e/ry mu/ come
 "s "t1 & its e>ly com+ is a ?+ greatly 
to be desir$4 ,we c h>dly hope to see ! 
g5]al practice ( =e/ry z long z ! pres5t
 me?ods ( taxation cont9ue4 ,) reg>d to 
its effect on rev5ue1 !re is little to  
be fe>$ f ! tax on yield4 ,x is         

equitable & c]ta94 ,if a tax at once    
equitable & dep5dable is gu>ante$1 !    
bus9ess ( =e/ry w n ne$ to ask special  
favors4  ,,cry+ ,,ne$ ,,= ,,def9ite     
,,/ate ,,policy  ,to accompli% ^! re=ms 
w take law-mak+ & law-en=c+4 ,h[ev] well
 we /udy exi/+ conditions & legislate ^u
 ! premises !y furni%1 success dep5ds ^u
 compet5t application ( ! laws & _!     
improvem5t z conditions *ange4 ,x is a  
bitt] repro( to u ( ! ,we/ t ,ea/]n     
/ates1 ) =e/ & wat] res\rces            
insignificant comp>$ to ours1 h gone s  
mu* f>!r 9 secur+ ! s]vices ( tra9$ m5  
to /udy ^! que/ions & to gu>d bo?       
private & public int]e/s4 ,! v fir/ /ep 
%\ld be to get compet5t tra9$ /ate =e/]s
 :o w devise wise measures1 protect u f 
unwise ones1 & educate lumb]m5 & public 
alike to ! common ne$ ( action4 ,we pay 
*e]fully = e o!r k9d ( public s]vice1 = 
geologi/s1 vet]9>ians1 insurance        
commission]s1 b>b] exam9]s1 & :at n4 ,b 
! two ?+s we mu/ h--wood & wat]--we     
leave pretty mu* to take c>e ( !mselves1

 & !y ar5't do+ x & nev] w4  ,!         
ess5tials ( a wise /ate =e/ policy1 bas$
 n on !ory b on successful exp]i5ce     
else:]e1 are z *eap z !y are simple4    
,:]e tri$ !y h nev] be5 ab&on$4 ,if !y  
pay else:]e1 c we af=d n to try8 ,foll[+
 is ! framework ( a code dem&$ by !     
situation 9 e ,we/]n /ate4 ,"s already  
approa* x1 b none goes f> en\gh3        
,,ess5tials ,,( ,,effective ,,/ate ,,=e/
 ,,code  #a4 ,a ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,=e/ry    
select$ ) ! s+le view ( insur+ ! mo/    
compet5t exp]t judgm5t on ! matt]s ) :i*
 x deals4 ,9 o!r words1 ! bo>d %\ld n be
 political1 b appo9tm5t by ! ,gov]nor   
%\ld be re/rict$ to responsible         
repres5tatives nom9at$ by ! int]e/s mo/ 
famili> ) =e/ managem5t1 su* z /ate =e/ 
s*ools1 lumb]m5's associations1 =e/ fire
 associations1 cons]vation associations 
& ! resid5t ,f$]al =e/ s]vice4  #b4 ,a  
tra9$ /ate =e/]1 :olly indep5d5t (      
politics4 ,executive ability & practical
 =e/ k %\ld be consid]$ ess5tial1 also  
sci5tific tra9+4 ,he %\ld h "o or m     

assi/ants ( 8 own appo9t+4  #c4 ,a      
lib]ally support$ =e/ fire s]vice1 9 :i*
 ! /ate =e/] has ample latitude 9       
cop]ation1 f9ancial & o!rwise1 ) all o!r
 ag5cies 9 ! same "w4  #d4 ,a sy/ematic 
/udy ( =e/ conditions to af=d basis (   
bo? intellig5t adm9i/ration & desirable 
fur!r legislation4  #e4 ,a sy/em =      
active g5]al popul> education1 )        
specific advice to individuals 9 prop]  
=e/ managem5t4  #f4 ,application ( =e/ry
 pr9ciples to ! managem5t ( /ate-own$   
=e/ l&s & ! pur*ase ( cut or burn$ ov]  
l& bett] suit$ = /ate ?an = private     
=e/ry4 ,?is is to furni% educative      
examples ( cons]vative managem5t z well 
z to ma9ta9 /ate rev5ue & prop] =e/     
conditions4  #g4 ,improvem5t & /rict    
en=cem5t ( laws aga9/ fire & trespass1 )
 p5alty = neglect to en=ce !m by any    
(fic] :o is paid to d s4  #h4           
,enc\ragem5t ( re=e/ation by assess+    
de=e/$ l& annually on l& value only1    
def]r+ taxation ( =e/ gr[? until its    
cutt+ furni%es income ) :i* to meet !   

tax4  #i4 ,?or\gh /udy ( ! subject (    
tax+ /&+ timb]1 to ! end ( secur+ a     
sy/em :i*1 by insur+ a fair rev5ue )\t  
en=c+ bad =e/ managem5t1 w result 9 !   
greate/ community good4  ,,d ,,x ,,n[   
,y1 ! av]age citiz5 ( ! ,we/1 are       
responsible = ! pres5t situation & = its
 rem$y4 ,m]ely to agree t x is          
un=tunate1 & virtu\sly to condemn       
firebugs1 c>eless lumb]m5 & indiff]5t   
legislators1 does n relieve y ( !       
responsibility4 ,nei!r w x protect y f !
 consequ5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! firebug w 
n fire if he kn[s x w n be tol]at$4 ,!  
lumb]man w adopt protective me?ods if y 
enc\rage him4 ,! legislator is glad to  
help 9 any way 8 con/itu5ts sugge/4 ,!y 
are all only wait+ = a ^w f y1 ^: welf>e
 is really at /ake & f :om ! ^w %\ld    
come4  ,if any o!r pr9ciple ( public    
safety--say suppression ( fraud1 burgl>y
 or murd]--0 be+ s g5]ally ignor$1 :at  
w\ld y d8 ,w\ld y n look up ! laws ( !  
/ate & f9d a way ( lett+ ev]yone        
connect$ ) _! en=cem5t "k t y expect$ !m

 to be en=c$8 ,if y f\nd laws or        
appropriations inadequate1 w\ld y n see 
to x t e repres5tative 9 ! legislature  
knew 8 con/itu5ts dem&$ improvem5t8  ,! 
legislator or public (ficial is anxi\s  
to comply ) ! p's wi%es1 b he mu/ "k :at
 ! p want4 ,x is ess5tial to let him "k 
t y want a progressive & lib]ally       
support$ /ate policy t w save our imm5se
 =e/ weal? f ne$less de/ruction4        
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,=e/ry ,,& ,,! ,,lumb]man
  ,,! ,,und]ly+ ,,pr9ciples  ,! lumb]   
indu/ry is und]go+ a process (          
reorganization :i* rea*es to its v      
f\ndations4 ,x is s deep-seat$ z to be  
almo/ imp]ceptible f outw>d evid5ce1 b  
is ( pr(\nd significance to ! own] (    
timb] l& & to ! public4  ,hi!rto lumb]+ 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has consi/$ *iefly (  
manufactur+ & sell+4 ,! raw mat]ial has 
occupi$ no consi/5t place 9 ! equation4 
,! value x has _h 9 fix+ ! price ( !    
f9i%$ product has be5 m]ely 9 its       
relation to transportation4             
,intr9sically x has be5 accord$ no      

value4 ,?is situation cont9u$ j z long z
 !re 0 practically free ,gov]nm5t timb] 
to be _h by op5+ x up4  ,x cont9ues n[  
only relatively1 h[ev]4 ,transportation 
mu/ always rema9 a great factor2 ! timb]
 own] is /ill oblig$ tempor>ily to meet 
8 obligations by means det]m9$ "u ! old 
basis4 ,nev]!less1 ! mom5t x became     
impossible to get timb] to manufacture  
)\t assum+ ! co/s ( produc+1 su* z fire 
protection1 taxation & int]e/1 began an 
era ( inevitable natural regulation4 ,f 
t "t on timb] began to assume a value   
:i*1 al?\gh affect$ by transportation   
facilities1 mu/ ev5tually be fix$ *iefly
 by ! co/ ( gr[+ o!r timb] to compete ) 
x4  ,,timb] ,,is ,,wor? ,,! ,,co/ ,,(   
,,gr[+ ,,x  ,9 o!r words1 ! value (     
any?+ is :at x co/s to produce x1 :e!r x
 is a tree or a box ( apples4 ,t we f\nd
 our timb] or*>d gr[+ :5 we came to ?is 
c\ntry does n *ange ?is law4 ,x 0       
susp5d$ tempor>ily :ile any individual  
c\ld pr(it by ! gr[? produc$ )\t co/1 b 
began to op]ate aga9 :5 he c\ld no long]

 d s4 ,we are n[ 9 a transition p]iod ( 
adju/m5t4 ,! important ?+ to rememb] is 
t ?is w n cont9ue until ! entire output 
has actually borne ! full co/ (         
production1 = be=e !n inve/m5ts 9 /&+   
timb] w h be5 regulat$ by ! same        
influ5ce4  ,x is true t at pres5t ! co/ 
( lumb] to ! consum] is n fix$          
absolutely ev5 by ! co/ ( manufactur+ & 
sell+ x1 & t on ! contr>y x fluctuates  
greatly ) ! will+ness ( ! consum] to    
buy4 ,b ?is1 except )9 limits1 is n a   
s\nd work+ out ( ! law ( supply & dem&4 
,x is an incid5t to ! uns\nd basis (    
production :i* /ill prevails4 ,s long z 
a v l>ge portion ( our /&+ timb] has n  
co/ ! own] mu* 9 ei!r price1 protection1
 taxes & int]e/1 "s ( x w be put on !   
m>ket at a l[ price 9 ord] to c>ry a    
mill+ bus9ess ?r\gh a depress$ p]iod1 to
 realize money1 or = o!r exig5cy        
reasons4 ,s may a :eat gr[] lose money  
on "o or two ye>s' crops4 ,b if 9 ! long
 run ! _w refuses to pay = :eat :at x   
co/s to gr[ x1 :eat w n be gr[n4 ,! real

 "q is :e!r or n ! _w ne$s =e/s en\gh to
 pay = !m4  ,,dem& ,,w ,,cont9ue  ,x is 
evid5t1 f ! hi/ory ( old] c\ntries1 t x 
does4 ,:ile consumption p] capita w     
und\bt$ly decrease1 population is gr[+4 
,sub/itution w be necess>y1 b w n       
supplant wood = a multitude ( purposes4 
,mu* has be5 said ab\t ! use ( /eel1    
concrete & l mat]ials 9 build+4 ,!      
build+ trades only use #fj p] c5t ( our 
lumb] today1 )\t consid]+ fuel4 ,x is   
unlikely t ! r$uction ( ?is p]c5tage w v
 mu* m ?an (fset ! gr[? 9 volume ( !    
r$uc$ p]c5tage due to increas$          
population4 ,fifty ye>s ago !re 0       
sc>cely a lumb] us] we/ ( ! ,mississippi
 riv]4 ,we "k ! settlem5ts1 m9es1       
railroads & cities t h develop$ s9ce to 
use lumb]4 ,x is a poor ,we/]n] :o d\bts
 t ! next fifty ye>s w see a f> great]  
developm5t4 ,& ! ,panama ,canal is com+1
 ) ! c]ta9 result ( mak+ our fa/-produc+
 =e/s able to compete successfully )    
,ea/]n & ,european =e/ crops gr[n ) less
 natural advantage4  ,moreov]1 we n[ use

 ?ree & a half times z mu* wood a ye> z 
our =e/s produce4 ,consequ5tly ! dem&   
might ev5 fall (f ?ree & a half times & 
/ill consume ! product4 ,& ! =e/ produc+
 area dim9i%es con/antly4 ,little z we  
n[ consid] ! possibilities ( food fam9e1
 hi/ory %[s t nations rapidly increase  
to ! limit ( _! agricultural production 
or beyond1 & we mu/ reckon n only on our
 own increase b also ^u immigration f1 &
 export to1 nations ^: pressure ^u _!   
production exce$s ours4 ,x is c]ta9 t l&
 n[ consid]$ too remote1 r\gh & poor =  
agriculture w be put to t use4 ,we "k t 
o!r c\ntries d n to any consid]able     
ext5t devote l& to =e/ t w gr[ food     
crops at all well4  ,,adju/m5t ,,only   
,,"q ,,( ,,"t  ,consequ5tly x is safe to
 assume t )9 reasonable limits ! consum]
 w be glad to pay ! co/ ( gr[+ timb] :5 
he is oblig$ to d s4 ,x is also to be   
expect$ t ! community w desire to ma9ta9
 a res\rce :i* employs labor1 pays      
taxes1 & cons]ves /ream fl[4 ,!re=e1 !  
price ( lumb] w be gov]n$1 z ! price ( e

 /aple commodity is gov]n$1 by a co/ (  
production includ+ reasonable pr(it by  
^? engag$ 9 ! sev]al /ages ( ! process4 
,t x w include ! gr[+ ( new timb] on a  
s\nd1 pr(itable basis is prov$ by !     
hi/ory ( o!r c\ntries :i* h und]gone !  
same regulation4 ,?is1 aft] all1 is !   
/ronge/ argum5t ) :i* to answ] ! skeptic
 :o1 on premises & judgm5t ( 8 own1     
d\bts ! above conclusions4 ,we ne$ n    
claim great] prophetic ability1 b h only
 to make ! und5iable ass]tion t h9dsight
 is bett] ?an =esight4 ,no?+ demon/rates
 economic laws s irrefutably z exp]i5ce4
  ,less ?an #bi p] c5t ( ! l& area ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates is occupi$ by =e/s today1 
includ+ swamps1 burns & mu* l& :i* w be 
devot$ to agriculture4 ,g]many1 :]e     
great economy ( mat]ial is practic$1 :]e
 wood5 build+s are f> few]1 :]e1 inde$1 
! p] capita consumption is only a sev5? 
( ours1 keeps #bf p] c5t ( h] l& area "u
 ! mo/ exp5sive =e/ managem5t & f9ds !  
pr(it con/antly increas+4 ,%e is        
increas+ h] production & import+ heavily

 f c\ntries :]e lumb] is *eap1 l !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 yet ! net returns p] acre
 f ! =e/s ( ,bad5 rose f #b4ch 9 #ahhj  
to #e4jh 9 #aijb4 ,?is 0 due hugely1 (  
c\rse1 to improvem5t ( managem5t4 ,9    
,france l&s :i* only fifty ye>s ago c\ld
 n be sold = #d an acre n[ br+ an annual
 rev5ue ( #c4 ,9 #aijc ! t[n =e/ (      
,w9t]?ur1 ,switz]l&1 br\ght net receipts
 ( #aa4fi an acre4 ,^! are fair examples
 9 c\ntries :]e ! influ5ce t5d+ t[>d    
less use ( wood h be5 work+ = a v long  
"t4 ,!y %[ su* influ5ces d n result 9   
refusal to pay ! co/ ( gr[+ all ! wood t
 c be gr[n4 ,wood consumption 9         
,european c\ntries is increas+ at a rate
 ( f #a-a_/b to #b p] c5t a ye>4 ,9 o!r 
words1 ! consum]s are actually will+ to 
pay = m wood ?an !y h f\nd necess>y1 &  
are w>rant+ ! gr[]s 9 adopt+ /ill m     
exp5sive me?ods to increase ! output4   
,nor has =e/ gr[+ prov$ to be possible  
only by ! ,/ate or ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,g]many
 #df4e p] c5t ( ! =e/ area is own$      
privately1 9 ,au/ria #fa p] c5t1 9      

,france #fe p] c5t1 9 ,norway #gj p]    
c5t4 ,:ile x is true t ! ,european      
private own] has bett] tax & fire       
conditions1 x mu/ also be rememb]$ t !  
value ( ! l& on :i* he makes ! gr[+ crop
 yield a good divid5d is ab\t t5 times z
 high z x n[ is 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,!  
prospective gr[] ( new timb] 9 !        
,am]ican ,we/ c expect equal pr(it "h at
 "s "t4 ,8 *ief conc]n is :e!r its      
=e%ad[+ influ5ces are suffici5tly /rong 
at pres5t4 ,to det]m9e ?is he mu/       
consid] ! probable attitude ( ! public &
 ( ! lumb]m5 !mselves4  ,,:at ,,x       
,,means ,,to ,,! ,,consum]  ,to !       
consum] ! pr9ciples previ\sly outl9$    
mean t ! price ( lumb] w rise some:at4  
,inde$1 he mu/ expect t1 reg>dless ( !  
production factor1 = ! timb] own] _c pay
 taxes1 prev5t fire1 & keep 8 money ti$ 
up1 all = a consid]able p]iod1 & /ill   
sell ! mat]ial z *eap z he c\ld be=e ^! 
exp5ses accru$4 ,x also means t if !    
consum] fails to recognize & conc$e ^!  
pr9ciples x w be at 8 own sacrifice4    

,too l[ prices n[ m]ely mean too high   
prices 9 ! e>ly future1 = !y w n p]mit  
protection1 economy or re=e/ation4 ,he  
mu/ ev5tually1 & n f> h5ce1 pay ! total 
co/ ( production4 ,x is urg5tly to 8    
int]e/ n to add to ?is by prev5t+       
production & ?us p]mitt+ ! own] ( !     
timb] already produc$ to speculate on ! 
approa*+ %ortage4  ,! dang] ( ?is c be  
illu/rat$ by a comp>ison4 ,suppose      
?ree-qu>t]s ( ! apple gr[]s ( ! c\ntry1 
ei!r ?r\gh ignorance ( ! pr9ciples ( _! 
indu/ry or ?r\gh %ortage ( money ) :i*  
to pay _! debts1 %\ld be =c$ = a        
consid]able p]iod to accept a price = _!
 crop s l[ t aft] pay+ curr5t bills !y 7
 oblig$ to neglect _! or*>ds absolutely1
 )\t pl[+1 f5c+ or spray+4 ,suppose     
fur!r t ! public %\ld also de/roy a l>ge
 portion ( ! or*>ds1 z ! =e/s are by    
fire1 & also ov]tax ! l& s z to complete
 ! disc\ragem5t4 ,cle>ly apples w\ld    
imm$iately g up4 ,a few gr[]s w\ld      
d\btless escape absolute de/ruction &   
^!1 z long z _! or*>ds la/$1 w\ld dem& a

 price ov]balanc+ _m times ! sav+ !     
consum] made tempor>ily :ile he 0       
de/roy+ ! indu/ry4 ,ev]yone conc]n$ w\ld
 be worse (f ?an if prices _h rema9$ j  
high en\gh to ma9ta9 an adequate supply4
  ,x is improbable1 h[ev]1 t ! consum] w
 ev] volunt>ily pay m ?an he has to1 ev5
 if x is to 8 ultimate advantage4 ,! mo/
 t c be hop$ is t z ! public at l>ge    
comes to und]/& ! situation1 x w n      
support him 9 ! claim t inju/ice is be+ 
done by ! rises he is =c$ to meet z     
conditions adju/ !mselves4 ,8 reluctance
 w ret>d1 b n /op1 ! progress ( good =e/
 managem5t4  ,,/ates ,,w ,,take ,a ,,h& 
,on ! o!r h&1 x is reasonable to suppose
 t ! p ( ! timb]-produc+ /ates w        
gradually come to see t _! int]e/1 z    
well z t ( ! lumb]man1 is to be fur!r$  
by plac+ ! indu/ry on a s\nd basis4     
,sell+ m lumb] ?an !y consume1 !y w n   
rejoice ov] l[ prices any m ?an a :eat  
/ate does ov] ! fall ( :eat because x   
uses "s fl\r1 b !y w be equally unable  
to ex]t mu* /iff5+ influ5ce on ! price4 

,consequ5tly !y w probably attempt to   
su/a9 ! indu/ry by increas+ production4 
,b 9 ?is attempt !y w consid] imm$iate  
community advantage fir/1 future        
community advantage next1 & ! lumb]man's
 advantage only z x is incid5tal4 ,& su*
 measures z !y endorse !y are likely to 
en=ce by law4  ,we see1 !n1 t two =ces  
are mak+ = ! bett] h&l+ ( our =e/       
res\rces2 ! economic necessity ( !      
public & ! bus9ess advantage ( ! own]4  
,bo? dem& ! maximum production4         
,obvi\sly1 s9ce _! aims are id5tical1   
ea* has to ga9 f e>ne/ cop]ation4 ,nei!r
 c succe$ alone1 = ! own] _c g f> aga9/ 
ho/ile laws or s5tim5t1 & ! public _c   
accompli% half z mu* by compulsion z by 
enc\rag+ ! own]4 ,b ! great dang] to ea*
 lies 9 mutual di/ru/1 :i* def]s !      
e/abli%m5t ( effective cop]ation4       
,,lumb]man ,,mu/ ,,%[ ,,good ,,fai?  ,! 
prim>y & all-important moral :i* all ?is
 po9ts out to ! lumb]man is t 8 position
 "u com+ conditions w be l>gely :at he  
makes x by 8 own attitude4 ,) ! rapidity

 ) :i* he gets into a position :]e 8    
voice is li/5$ to z unselfi% &          
au?oritative on ! cons]vation subject1 w
 8 influ5ce on ! new conditions be      
measur$4 ,!re=e1 he mu/ /udy ! subject4 
,he mu/ be able to support good laws &  
oppose bad laws ) facts & argum5ts :i* w
 /& scrut9y4 ,above all1 he mu/ %[ fai? 
by practic+ :at he prea*es s f> z he is 
able4 ,he mu/ %[ conclusively ! inju/ice
 ( ! public suspicion f :i* he suff]s4  
,cons]vative =e/ managem5t has ?ree     
ess5tials3 ,protection1 utilization &   
reproduction4 ,! la/ p>ticul>ly dep5ds  
on ! fir/4 ,! timb] own] _c protect     
adequately alone4 ,be=e he c expect mu* 
public help1 h[ev]1 he mu/ %[ 8         
will+ness to d 8 %>e1 = ! /ate w n      
assume ! :ole burd54 ,! progressive     
memb]s ( ! indu/ry h %[n x already1 & ! 
result is evid5t 9 ! comm5cem5t ( !     
/ates to help4 ,_! help w increase 9 !  
proportion t private ef=t spreads4      
,presumably x w be ! same ) re=e/ation4 
,) ! fire haz>d less5$ !re w rema9 !    

ob/acle ( ov]taxation on prop]ty return+
 no income ) :i* to meet x4 ,! public w 
d\btless soon see t ?is is bad = !      
community1 b w hesitate to =ego pres5t  
rev5ue 9 ord] to reap great] future     
rev5ue until conv9c$ t ! own] w actually
 re=e/ if giv5 ! *ance4 ,ev5 if no      
actual desire to take advantage is      
ascrib$1 !re may be fe> t he w make no  
active ef=t to />t & protect ! second   
crop1 b w m]ely cont9ue ! c\rse ( lea/  
exp5se 9 ! hope t a new =e/ w e/abli%   
itself1 ) little to lose if x fails4    
,be=e he w receive ! enc\ragem5t he     
des]ves1 he mu/ prove 8 good fai?4 ,!   
sure/ way to d ?is is to beg9 actual "w 
n[1 :]e he c )\t c]ta9ty ( failure4     
,un=tunately1 ?is is (t5 impossible1 b  
he c at lea/ /udy & exp]im5t s he c     
argue conv9c+ly t mutual success w foll[
 reasonable enc\ragem5t4  ,,circum/ances
 ,,det]m9e ,,pr(it  ,let u assume1 !n1 t
 x is be/ = ! lumb]man to />t ! practice
 ( =e/ry = ! purpose ( /r5g!n+ 8        
position & gett+ ! mo/ favorable        

conditions possible = its g5]al adoption
 & cont9uance4 ,h[ mu* does he dep5d ^u 
success 9 ?is8 ,obvi\sly1 e>ly public   
favor w ha/5 & add to ! security ( =e/  
gr[+ z a bus9ess1 b is x absolutely     
ess5tial8 ,d exi/+ conditions &         
inevitable future conditions1 reg>dless 
( public intellig5ce1 furni% premises ^u
 :i* we c calculate c]ta9 pr(it 9 "s    
degree8  ,?is dep5ds ^u ! circum/ances (
 ! individual inve/or4 ,)\t an          
expectation ( m favorable fire & tax    
influ5ces1 re=e/ation _c be univ]sally  
recomm5d$ z a bus9ess proposition4 ,_m  
timb] own]s are n w>rant$ 9 und]tak+ x4 
,n en\gh are w>rant$ 9 do+ s to insure !
 future timb] supply ^u :i* public      
welf>e dep5ds4 ,nev]!less1 !re are      
conditions "u :i* x is a good inve/m5t4 
,x is ev5 probable t = ^? :o are well   
situat$1 ! v ob/acles :i* det] o!rs w be
 advantage\s ?r\gh r$uc+ competition4   
,?is fact is ( peculi> significance to !
 public1 = if ! latt] fails to /imulate 
re=e/ation g5]ally x w play directly    

into ! h&s ( ! few :o are indep5d5t (   
enc\ragem5t4  ,x is cu/om>y1 9 speculat+
 ^u ! pr(its ( a second timb] crop1 to  
attempt to r$uce x to a f9ancial        
calculation bas$ ^u e/imat$ yield1      
e/imat$ future values & e/imat$ c>ry+   
*>ges4 ,^! consid]ations are important1 
b _! importance is l>gely 9 proportion  
to ! f9ancial weakness ( ! prospective  
timb] gr[]4 ,we rev]t aga9 to !         
practical c]ta9ty t unless re=e/ation is
 g5]al1 ! exhau/ion ( virg9 timb] w be  
foll[$ by a %ortage1 & t ! man :o has a 
second crop at t "t c obta9 a price :i* 
w reimburse 8 c>ry+ *>ges be !y high or 
l[4 ,! co/ ( ov]com+ pres5t ob/acles w  
be %ift$ to ! consum]4 ,! possibility ( 
su* an inve/m5t is det]m9$ l>gely by    
ability to ma9ta9 a protective sy/em )  
economy & to be> ! exp5se ( ?is & (     
heavy taxation dur+ ! p]iod ( no return4
  ,9 %ort1 ! weakness ( ! ord9>y        
f9ancial calculation ^u exi/+ conditions
 is t x attempts to e/imate future      
/umpage values )\t k ( ! true factor :i*

 w det]m9e !m4 ,?is factor is n !       
probable rise ( exi/+ /umpage :ile x    
cont9ues to exi/1 b is ! ext5t ( !      
new-gr[n supply :i* w foll[ x provid$   
exi/+ conditions rema9 un*ang$4 ,x is   
inconsi/5t to figure ! co/ ^u almo/     
prohibitive pres5t conditions )\t also  
recogniz+ t su* conditions1 if cont9u$1 
w completely *ange ! influ5ces :i* n[   
det]m9e ! m>ket4  ,,:o ,,c ,,af=d ,,to  
,,re=e/ ,,n[  ,on ! o!r h&1 timb] own]s 
h by no means equal opportunity to take 
advantage ( ?is fact4 ,! productive     
capacity ( _! l& v>ies1 _! taxes v>y1 ! 
ext5t & location ( _! hold+s affects !  
exp5se ( protection aga9/ fire1 & !y h n
 ! same facilities = f9anc+ a long t]m  
inve/m5t4 ,x is ! balance ( ^! factors t
 det]m9e _! opportunity4 ,assum+ rate ( 
timb] gr[? to be equal1 pres5t fire &   
tax conditions classify !m 9 relative   
advantage ab\t z foll[s3  #a4 ,own]s (  
l>ge hold+s ( virg9 timb] :o c meet     
c>ry+ *>ges by occasional sales at a    
pr(it ov] _! pur*ase price1 b w n sell  

mu* m ?an is necess>y because all !y c  
af=d to hold is advanc+ 9 value4 ,su*   
own]s h m or less l& de=e/$ by fire or  
_! own mill+ op]ations1 & w incl9e to   
sell only /umpage )\t l&4 ,?is l& is n  
easily realiz$ ^u at pres5t1 & = !      
speculative reason /at$1 !y w cont9ue 9 
bus9ess long en\gh to gr[ a new crop on 
x4 ,! l>g] _! hold+s1 ! great] ! c]ta9ty
 ( ?is & ! *eap]1 relatively1 ! co/ (   
protection4 ,moreov]1 conc]ns deal+ )   
l>ge & long t]m inve/m5ts c consid] a   
l[] int]e/ rate4  #b4 ,own]s ) less     
facility = mak+ an actual pr(it ?r\gh   
gr[+ timb]1 b desir+ to ma9ta9 a mill+  
bus9ess4 ,ev5 if ! co/ ( gr[+ approa*es 
or equals ! value ( ! crop1 !y w be able
 to c\nt on cont9u$ manufactur+ pr(it4  
7,bo? ( ! above classes face a          
possibility ( s heavy a tax on _! virg9 
timb] 9 "s in/ances t !y w be oblig$ to 
cut x & g out ( bus9ess4 ,?is is        
unlikely to occur g5]ally1 h[ev]1 = tax 
re=m is almo/ inevitable1 & x w\ld h a  
comp5satory effect ( enhanc+ ! value ( !

 second crop47  #c4 ,own]s ^: hold+s are
 n l>ge en\gh to keep !m 9 bus9ess until
 a second crop matures b are            
advantage\sly locat$4 ,second gr[? ne$ n
 be mature to h a value4 ,z ! pres5t    
supply dim9i%es1 available com+ supply w
 ga9 a high expectation value :i* c be  
realiz$ ^u4 ,! pr(it x (f]s w be l>gely 
det]m9$ by its proximity to m>ket &     
especially by its proximity to e/abli%$ 
mills :i* see _! own supply runn+ %ort &
 h fail$1 ?r\gh inability or lack (     
=esight1 to engage 9 re=e/ation         
!mselves4 ,x w also be affect$ by tax & 
fire *>ges1 & ! latt]1 especially1 w be 
l>gely a matt] ( location4  #d4 ,! own] 
) no peculi> advantages1 :o c only set !
 g5]al c]ta9ty ( a m>ket = second gr[?  
aga9/ 8 ability to c>ry a co/ly &       
unc]ta9 inve/m5t = an indet]m9ate "t4   
,( c\rse a fir/ consid]ation 9 mo/ cases
 is ! comp>ative pr(its ( o!r possible  
inve/m5ts or1 9 o!r words1 ! exact      
int]e/ dem&$ z satisfactory4            
,individuals are 9 by no means ! same   

position 9 ?is respect by ei!r          
incl9ation1 opportunity or tal5t4 ,:]e  
"o might be saf] ) 8 money 9 timb]1     
ano!r c\ld make m by manufactur+4       
,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 cons]vative     
judgm5t leads to ! conclusion t ! pres5t
 attitude ( ! public w>rants ! fir/ ( ! 
above f\r classes ( own]s 9 und]tak+    
inexp5sive re=e/ation :]e ! l& has      
little sale value = o!r purposes & :]e !
 gr[? & fire factors are reasonably     
favorable4 ,! second class c also       
und]take x to advantage on mu* ! same   
basis1 b hav+ less capacity = meet+ !   
c>ry+ *>ge1 requires /ill m favorable   
conditions4 ,! ?ird class mu/ h !       
maximum advantage ( e k9d4 ,x mu/       
calculate closely on ! factors ( co/ &  
pr(it indicat$ by pres5t conditions4 ,9 
mo/ cases ! risk w be too great =       
prud5ce1 & 9 ne>ly all f9ancial ability 
w be lack+4 ,! f\r? class _c ev5 consid]
 x until ! public's attitude *anges4    
,,bett] ,,day ,,= ,,all ,,is ,,ne>  ,on 
! o!r h&1 x is reasonable to suppose t  

publicly-impos$ ob/acles w decrease4 ,x 
w become app>5t t _! p]si/5ce is bad    
economy4 ,fires w gr[ few] & ! /ate w   
aid 9 patrol4 ,re=e/ation 9 itself is a 
me?od ( fire prev5tion :5 x places a    
gre5 "y gr[? on a fire-invit+ tract (   
sun-dri$ litt] & we$s4 ,taxation w be   
def]r$4 ,z ! c\ntry develops int]e/     
rates w fall2 mak+ x easi] to c>ry =e/  
inve/m5ts & h>d] to ga9 m ?r\gh o!r     
inve/m5ts4 ,! /ate itself w engage m & m
 9 =e/ry1 ) ! result ( mak+ its         
pr9ciples und]/ood & endors$4 ,/umpage  
values w increase4 ,immature timb] w h a
 sale value1 less5+ ! t]m ( inve/m5t4   
,gradually ! bus9ess w get on a s\nd    
production basis1 bett] = ! consum]1    
bett] = ! /ate support$ by a =e/ income1
 & m pr(itable = ! gr[]4 ,in/ead (      
capitaliz+ bad managem5t & ! sacrifice (
 ! consum]1 :i* 9 effect x does n[ by   
=c+ ! prospective gr[] to calculate on  
cov]+ unnecess>y co/ 9 ! price receiv$1 
x w capitalize ! e>n+ p[] ( =e/ l&4     
,:ile f9al adju/m5t on ?is basis is /ill

 9 ! future1 x is by no means entirely  
dep5d5t ^u popul> =esight4 ,! process is
 go+ on con/antly1 :e!r we "k x or n4 ,!
 sun is /ill beh9d ! horizon1 b ! day is
 sure4 ,_m ,we/]n timb] own]s are /ill 9
 too dim a light to make _! foot/eps    
c]ta92 o!rs h a high vantage gr\nd :]e  
dawn already lights ! pa?4     ,,*apt]  
,,iii  ,,=e/ry ,,& ,,! ,,=e/  ,,elem5t>y
 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,=e/ ,,gr[?  ,:e!r !  
lumb]man's judgm5t ( economic influ5ces 
leads him to be optimi/ic or o!rwise z  
to ! pr(it ( =e/ry 9 g5]al1 he is mo/   
int]e/$ 9 ! p>ticul> =e/ ) :i* he has to
 deal4 ,he c nei!r accept nor dismiss ! 
proposition intellig5tly1 mu* less put 8
 ideas into actual practice1 )\t kn[+   
some?+ ( ! capability ( 8 l& to respond 
to 8 ef=t4 ,:at me?ods are be/1 :at w !y
 co/1 & :at w be ! result8 are que/ions 
:i* arise at ! v outset4 ,!y lead at    
once into ! doma9 ( te*nical =e/ry4  ,) 
u =e/ry has n be5 practic$ long en\gh to
 furni% demon/rat$ examples ) :i* to    
answ] su* que/ions4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 pr(it 

by exp]i5ce ga9$ else:]e1 = ! laws :i*  
gov]n tree life are z univ]sal z ^? :i* 
gov]n ! life ( m5 & animals4 ,9 deal+ ) 
new species & new environm5ts we h no   
great difficulty 9 judg+ _! future f _! 
pa/1 :i* lies writt5 pla9ly = ^? :o c>e 
to /udy x4  ,:ile to "s ext5t trees     
require elem5ts obta9able only f ! soil1
 !y are m indep5d5t 9 ?is respect ?an   
mo/ o!r =ms ( vegetation4 ,soil         
influ5ces =e/ trees ma9ly by its        
physical "*1 especially z ?is det]m9es !
 moi/ure cont5ts4 ,v little n\ri%m5t is 
actually tak5 out ( ! soil =1 z someone 
has said1 wood is no?+ b air solidifi$  
by sun%9e4 ,a tree's imm5se & complicat$
 foliage sy/em is ! laboratory ) :i* x  
effects ?is trans=mation4  ,s9ce air    
exi/s ev]y:]e & ! *emical quality ( !   
soil is comp>atively unimportant1 !     
requirem5ts ( diff]5t species = light1  
heat & moi/ure are :at ma9ly det]m9e _! 
di/ribution & habits ( gr[?4 ,& s9ce    
heat & moi/ure are l>gely climatic      
factors & fairly uni=m 9 giv5           

localities1 x foll[s t ! dem& ( a       
species ^u light may practically fix its
 habits & possibilities 9 ^? localities4
 ,! v great v>iance ( species 9 light   
requirem5t acc\nts to a l>ge ext5t = !  
composition ( mo/ primeval =e/s4 ,x is (
 peculi> importance 9 ! managem5t ( =e/s
 by man because he _c control x z he may
 be able to control "s ( ! o!r ag5cies  
:i* affect$ ! primeval =e/1 su* z fire  
or se$ supply4  ,,selection ,,=e/s  ,x  
w\ld be unpr(itable to discuss "h all ! 
_m me?ods ( =e/ managem5t :i* h prov$ to
 be be/1 te*nically1 = giv5 species &   
comb9ations ( species4 ,:]e m>ket &     
transportation facilities are highly    
favorable1 z 9 ,europe1 ! timb] own] c  
adopt ! me?od :i* w br+ ! be/ results1 b
 "h he has no su* *oice4 ,he c b be> 9  
m9d c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples1 uni=mly 
applicable to l>ge areas = consid]able  
p]iods ( "t4 ,r\ghly1 h[ev]1 our ,we/]n 
=e/s c be classifi$ by _! adaptability  
to ! two directly opposite sy/ems1 kn[n 
z clean cutt+ & selection cutt+1 ( :i*  

almo/ all me?ods are modifications4  ,a 
selection =e/ is "o 9 :i* all ages (    
trees exi/1 f se$l+ to maturity4 ,x is !
 natural gr[? ( species :i* are tol]ant 
( %ade4 ,9 a natural /ate1 undi/urb$ by 
cutt+1 x ma9ta9s mu* ! same aspect      
cont9u\sly1 = z ! olde/ trees die1 _!   
place is tak5 by y\ng] ones4 ,obvi\sly  
su* a =e/ mu/ be compos$ ( species1 :e!r
 "o or sev]al1 :i* c gr[ b5ea? its own  
%ade4 ,! und]/ories ( v>y+ ages are z   
d5se z _! light requirem5ts & ! d5sity (
 ! ov]wood p]mit4  ,! common h>dwood    
=e/s ( ! ,ea/ illu/rate "o type ( !     
natural selection =e/4 ,on ! ,pacific   
slope an example is af=d$ by hemlock1   
ei!r practically pure or mix$ ) :ite    
fir1 b probably ! mo/ typical is !      
ord9>y ,we/]n yell[ p9e "u c]ta9        
conditions4 ,at its be/ ?is tree        
composes a =e/ s d5se t all "y gr[? is  
%ad$ out1 b ev]yone is famili> ) !      
frequ5t op5] /& conta9+ all ages4 ,!    
y\ng] trees are (t5 call$ blackjack4    
,,ev5-,,ag$ ,,=e/s  ,on ! o!r h&1 trees 

extremely intol]ant ( %ade occur only 9 
:at ! =e/] calls ev5-ag$ =e/s4 ,be+     
unable to />t 9 ! d>kness ( an exi/+ /& 
( any consid]able d5sity1 !y mu/ seize  
opportunities to recov] op5+s4 ,!       
,d\glas fir ( ! ,nor?we/1 m commonly    
call$ r$ or yell[ fir1 is an excell5t   
illu/ration4 ,9 ! int]ior /ates ?is     
species reproduces "u cov] to "s ext5t1 
because !re is a /rong] light av]age    
?r\gh\t ! ye> & because ! /& is n s     
d5se4 ,9 ! typical ,d\glas fir =e/s (   
,oregon & ,wa%+ton1 discuss$ 9 ?is      
booklet1 x nev] does s4 ,:ile hemlock1  
c$> & :ite fir und]gr[? may be abundant1
 ,d\glas fir se$l+s are seldom se5      
except 9 burns1 sla%+s1 roads1 or op5   
spots 9 ! woods4 ,& ! fir trees compos+ 
! dom9ant /& are ( ne>ly ! same age4    
,h[1 !n1 did ?is ev5-ag$ fir =e/ beg98  
,close scrut9y w practically always f9d 
! answ] 9 fragm5ts ( *>r$ wood4 ,long   
ago ano!r simil> =e/ occupi$ ! gr\nd    
until lightn+ or an ,indian's fire />t$ 
a new cycle4 ,possibly recurr+ burns    

swept ! area _m times be=e w9d-bl[n se$s
 began to />t advance gr\ps ( fir1 :i*1 
:5 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s old1 !mselves   
fruit$ & fill$ ! blanks betwe5 !m4      
,p]haps de/ruction 0 n s complete &     
surviv+ trees made ! process a swift]   
"o4 ,except 9 ! v olde/ =e/s1 :]e rema9s
 ( ! orig9al /& h entirely rott$ away1 !
 hi/ory 9 ei!r case may be read 9 anci5t
 snags & fall5 logs4  ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t
 fire _h n come to aid ! fir 9 p]petuat+
 itself8 ,?is1 too1 we c answ] f ! signs
 today4 ,e ,nor?we/]n woodsman kn[s     
tracts ( v>y+ size 7usually small       
because fire has be5 almo/ univ]sal7    
cov]$ ) big old hemlock1 :ite fir & c$>1
 ) "h & !re a dy+ giant fir1 p]haps1 b  
ma9ly %[+ fir occupancy only by rott+   
/umps & logs4 ,no sign ( fire is se54   
,:5 ?is fir =e/ 0 approa*+ middle age1 !
 %ade be>+ species began to appe> b5ea? 
x4 ,z ! firs began to cr[d !mselves out1
 ! lat] com]s %ot up ) ! increas$ light 
& fill$ ! op5 places4 ,at la/ ! ev5-ag$ 
fir =e/ 0 completely trans=m$ into a    

selection =e/ ( o!r trees1 :i* w rema9  
until "s accid5t aga9 gives fir a *ance 
if any survives ne> en\gh to rea* ! spot
 ) se$4  ,d\glas fir is n ! only ,we/]n 
tree :i* usually gr[s 9 ev5-ag$ /&s4    
,lodgepole p9e has ! same habit1 (t5    
supplant+ yell[ p9e aft] fire or logg+4 
,we/]n :ite p9e is p]haps m tol]ant ?an 
,d\glas fir1 h5ce m likely to hold its  
own )\t artificial aid1 b is also m     
c]ta9 to compete successfully if x has  
su* aid4 ,! same is true ( tam>ack4     
,,nature ,,z ,a ,,model  ,we ?us see t  
if economic reasons sugge/ x1 we may use
 ! selection sy/em z a basis =          
artificially manag+ ! %ade be>+ species 
su* z hemlock1 :ite fir1 c$>1 spruce1 & 
ev5 ,we/]n yell[ p9e4 ,we may cut !     
l>ge/ & olde/ trees & /ill h a well />t$
 second crop4 ,if !re is n mu* "y gr[?  
to leave1 ev5 a little is valuable4 ,x  
may be decid$ly be/ to leave m$ium siz$ 
trees1 :i* o!rwise we w\ld cut1 because 
!y are /ill gr[+ rapidly4  ,on ! o!r h&1
 we see t ?is me?od w\ld n be ( any     

advantage at all 9 insur+ a second crop 
( ,d\glas fir1 = !re is no "y gr[? ( ?is
 species to protect4 ,! small & m$ium   
siz$ trees1 in/ead ( be+ immature1 are  
m]ely /unt$ specim5s ( ! same age z _!  
l>g] bro!rs & unlikely to ga9 9 size if 
left4 ,selection cutt+ "h w\ld save =   
future use only su* und]/ory ( %ade-be>+
 species z may exi/4 ,unless ?is is an  
object1 ! be/ plan is to cut clean & get
 all we c4 ,if we leave any fir at all x
 is = ! purpose ( rese$+1 n to secure   
bett] utilization ( ! trees !mselves1 & 
:e!r we d s dep5ds1 !oretically at lea/1
 ^u :e!r x is bett] ?an artificial se$+ 
or plant+4 ,9 %ort1 selection cutt+     
h>ve/s ! ripe/ trees ( a p]petual =e/1  
:ile clean cutt+ de/roys ! =e/ 9 ord] to
 />t an entirely new & m rapid gr[+ "o4 
,clean cutt+ is !re=e necess>y z well z 
natural 9 deal+ ) intol]ant trees4 ,b x 
does n foll[ t ! selection sy/em1 al?\gh
 natural to tol]ant species1 is ! only  
"o adaptable to !m4 ,:ile ! "o class    
dem&s light1 ! o!r does n dem& %ade4 ,x 

is m]ely capable ( endur+ x4 ,inde$1    
except = ! great] susceptibility ( "s   
species to extreme heat & dryness :5 v  
"y1 z a rule %ade be>+ trees gr[ mu*    
bett] if !y d h ample light supply4     
,consequ5tly clean cutt+ may be ! be/   
sy/em = ^! also "u c]ta9 economic       
conditions4  ,besides its influ5ce ^u ! 
occurr5ce ( species 9 ! =e/1 light      
practically gov]ns ! physical =m ( !    
individual tree4 ,if gr[n 9 an op5+ & n 
artificially prun$1 a tree w h a conical
 trunk & liv+ bran*es almo/ d[n to !    
gr\nd4 ,! d5s] & consequ5tly d>k] ! =e/1
 ! m cyl9drical ! trunk1 ! small] ! cr[n
 ( bran*es & ! great] ! cle> l5g?4 ,!   
individual tree has no object 9 assum+ a
 desirable comm]cial =m & does s only :5
 depriv$ ( side light by num]\s         
neighbors4 ,!n x sacrifices diamet] gr[?
 to height gr[? 9 rea*+ = ! top light   
necess>y = its life4 ,at ! same "t ! l[]
 bran*es are kill$ by %ade & drop (f1 ! 
sc>s be+ heal$ & ev5tually buri$4 ,! p9 
knots ne> ! c5t] ( a big cle> log are ! 

rema9s ( bran*es :i* :5 liv+ 7 at ! top 
( ! "y tree4  ,?is is :y1 if x is to    
produce good timb]1 any =e/ mu/ be d5se 
en\gh to cov] ! gr\nd ?r\gh\t ! e>ly "p 
( its life at lea/4 ,:5 we see an       
excell5t cle> /& ( mature ,d\glas fir1 =
 example1 we may "k t x consi/s ( !     
comp>atively few survivors ( a close    
sapl+ gr[? 9 :i* ! weak 7 gradually     
kill$ out aft] s]v+ _! (fice ( prun+ &  
=c+ ! vigor\s4 ,_h only ! trees we n[   
see be5 on ! gr\nd !y w\ld be wor?less  
except = firewood4 ,= ! same reason     
artificial =e/ plant+ mu/ be ?ick1      
al?\gh ! fill]s or nurse trees may be ( 
inf]ior species if n ( s rapid gr[? z to
 ga9 ! ma/]y4  ,nature tea*es _m lessons
 :i* we mu/ recognize 9 artificial      
managem5t or fail1 b %e is no m ! be/   
gr[] ( =e/ crops ?an %e is (            
agricultural crops4 ,we h to /udy       
natural me?ods ( =e/ p]petuation to see 
h[ !y may be improv$ ^u z mu* z to adopt
 !m z models4 ,z a rule ! virg9 =e/ is  
exce$+ly wa/eful ( gr\nd4 ,!            

possibilities "u intellig5t c>e are n   
indicat$ by nature's av]age1 b by h]    
accid5tal be/1 & usually !y f> exce$ ev5
 ?is4 ,a fair comp>ison is t ( sci5tific
 f>m+ ) unsy/ematic glean+ f wild &     
unt5d$ fields4 ,! =ego+ g5]al pr9ciples 
( =e/ gr[? h be5 purposely outl9$ v     
briefly s z to s]ve z a m]e introduction
 to _! application or modification 9    
concrete cases4  ,,managem5t ,,(        
,,specific ,,types  ,,d\glas ,,fir      
7,pseudotsuga taxifolia7  ,comp>$ ) mo/ 
important comm]cial trees1 ! ,nor?we/]n 
,d\glas fir is rem>kably easy to        
reproduce4 ,x is an abundant se$]1 gr[s 
v rapidly1 & inhabits a region ) e      
climatic advantage4 ,9 ! typical fir    
di/ricts ( ,oregon & ,wa%+ton de=e/$ l& 
:i* escapes recurr+ fire is usually     
re/ock$ naturally & ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 
,! exceptions to ?is rule are :]e !     
de/ruction ( se$ trees has be5 wide &   
absolute1 :]e already e/abli%$ compet+  
species are n remov$ ) ! orig9al =e/1 & 
:]e ! surviv+ fir is too old to se$4 ,! 

two latt] conditions are mo/ preval5t   
ne> ! coa/1 :]e ! wet climate n only    
t5ds to protect sla%+s f fire & ?us     
pres]ve ! und]gr[? ( %ade be>+ species  
:i* escapes logg+1 b has also prev5t$ ! 
accid5tal de/ruction 9 ! pa/ ( ! orig9al
 fir /& by fire4  ,9 consid]+ ^! natural
 results z !y be> ^u propos$ me?ods1 we 
f9d actual de/ruction ( se$ supply !    
easie/ to avoid4 ,if ! orig9al /&       
conta9s suitable se$ trees we c protect 
a suffici5t numb] ( !m4 ,if n1 or if x  
is less exp5sive1 we c secure se$       
else:]e4 ,m frequ5t difficulty w lie 9  
det]m9+ :e!r ! reproduction ( fir %\ld  
be ! sole ef=t1 or :e!r x %\ld n be     
sacrific$1 if necess>y1 9 ord] to       
utilize an exi/+ />t t[>d a second crop 
( o!r species4 ,?is is ( peculi> & e>ly 
importance1 = x usually also decides !  
"q ( protect+ ! sla%+ f fire4  ,if !    
pres5t /& is ne>ly pure fir1 or if o!r  
species are repres5t$ almo/ :olly by    
m]*antable trees1 !re w be no "y gr[?   
wor? sav+4 ,a new crop mu/ be />t$ f    

se$1 & s9ce fir is ! quicke/ & easie/ to
 gr[1 z well z probably ! mo/ valuable1 
x %\ld be giv5 e enc\ragem5t4  ,sla%    
,burn+ & ,its ,exceptions4  ,9 mo/ cases
 ?is requires burn+ ! gr\nd aft] logg+1 
n only to r$uce ! future fire risk b    
also to provide a suitable se$b$4 ,fir  
mu* pref]s m9]al soil to />t 91 z is    
easily se5 f ! f> great] frequ5cy (     
se$l+s on road grades ?an on adjac5t    
undi/urb$ gr\nd cov]$ ) humus & rott5   
wood4 ,hemlock has no su* fa/idi\sness1 
ev5 pref]r+ rott5 wood z a se$b$4 ,to   
protect ! sla%+ f fire1 !re=e1 bo?      
pres]ves ! mo/ unfavorable conditions = 
fir & subjects x to unnecess>y          
competition by its rival4 ,hemlock      
se$l+s already e/abli%$1 se$s ly+ on !  
gr\nd1 & surr\nd+ or surviv+ trees :i*  
may scatt] m se$1 are all enc\rag$ to   
%ade & /ifle ! /ruggl+ fir se$l+s       
already h&icapp$ by dislike = _!        
situation4  ,on ! o!r h&1 a l>ge        
proportion ( :at we n[ consid] typically
 fir =e/ has a vigor\s gr\nd cov] (     

hemlock & c$> :i* may become m]*antable 
_m ye>s be=e an entirely new fir crop c 
be gr[n4 ,! presumably great] value ( ! 
latt] may be consum$ by ! heavi] c>ry+  
*>ge be=e returns are available4        
,c]ta9ly if ! promise ( pr(it f o!r     
species & ! difficulty ( e/abli%+ fir   
bo? rea* ! extreme1 protection ( ! gr[? 
already />t$ is ! be/ =e/ry if x is     
practicable4 ,moreov]1 !re may be       
consid]able "y gr[? ( o!r species "u    
conditions :i* d n preclude satisfactory
 additional rese$+ by fir4  ,:5 ! own]  
is 9 position to plan f> into ! future1 
l ! ,gov]nm5t or ,/ate1 he may seek a   
tempor>y compromise1 al?\gh expect+     
ev5tually to secure pure fir4 ,9 su* a  
case x may (t5 be be/ to utilize a fir/ 
new crop ( hemlock1 b on h>ve/+ ?is a   
few decades h5ce to burn clean & />t !  
next rotation ) fir only4  ,conditions  
,v>y ,me?ods4  ,betwe5 conditions cle>ly
 sugge/+ "o c\rse or ano!r1 all         
gradations w pres5t !mselves & no writt5
 rule c be giv5 = det]m9+ ! divid+ l9e4 

,mu* dep5ds ^u future relative values ( 
species1 ^u :i* ! own] w h 8 own op9ion4
 ,m dep5ds ^u ! "* ( exi/+ "y gr[? &    
consequ5t adaptability to *ang$         
conditions aft] logg+4 ,ev5 a v ?ick /& 
( "y hemlock is unlikely to produce mu* 
if ! ov]wood has be5 v d5se1 = mu* ( x  
may be s old & /unt$ by %ade t sudd5    
adv5t ( /rong light w result m]ely 9    
di/ort$ wor?less bran* gr[? or 9 kill+ x
 outright4 ,occasional vigor\s "y trees 
j "u pres5t m]*antable size are (       
d\btful value because !y are likely to  
bl[ d[n4 ,! mo/ promis+ class ( und]gr[?
 f\nd 9 fir =e/s ( ! ,nor?we/ is :]e !re
 has be5 suffici5t light to produce a   
fairly ?ick /& ( "y hemlock or c$> f    
five to fifty feet high4  ,if ! und]gr[?
 f :i* any second crop may develop is   
insuffici5t to be wor? mu* consid]ation1
 & rese$+ mu/ be dep5d$ ^u entirely1 !re
 may /ill be a "q z to species4 ,if     
ample natural supply ( fir se$ c be     
expect$1 sla% burn+ is indicat$4 ,b if n
 & ! own] is n prep>$ to und]take !     

exp5se ( artificial se$+1 :ile at ! same
 "t !re is a promis+ natural hemlock    
supply1 burn+ has no object except !    
r$uction ( future fire risk4 ,x may ev5 
ret>d hemlock reproduction1 bo? by      
de/roy+ "p ( ! se$ supply & by enc\rag+ 
! gr[? ( brakes on ! area4 ,! "q "h is a
 really f9ancial "o4 ,! co/ ( plant+ fir
 "u ^! conditions may be m ?an reimburs$
 by ! resultant m valuable & rapid gr[+ 
crop4 ,! own] mu/ d 8 own conjectur+ z  
to future comp>ative values ( ! species4
  ,s f> we h discuss$ sla% burn+ only 9 
its sylvicultural relation1 f9d+ t x    
enc\rages ,d\glas fir reproduction & is 
consequ5tly advisable 9 ,nor?we/]n      
,d\glas fir types unless !re is an      
exceptionally promis+ second gr[?       
already />t$4 ,! balance w be fur!r 9   
its favor1 9 d\btful cases1 because ( ! 
protective feature4 ,?is is discuss$ m  
fully 9 ano!r *apt]1 b x is well to     
recall "h t immunity f recurr+ fire is !
 fir/ ess5tial ( pr(itable re=e/ation4  
,to secure second gr[? by treatm5t :i*  

?reat5s its de/ruction lat] is bad      
managem5t unless ! orig9al sav+ is ample
 to cov] subsequ5t great] co/ (         
protection4 ,?is is seldom ! case4  ,h[ 
to ,rese$ ! ,area4  ,dismiss+ !         
exceptions not$1 & return+ to our rule t
 ano!r crop ( ,d\glas fir is usually !  
be/ secur$ by foll[+ nature--cutt+      
practically clean1 burn+ ! gr\nd & />t+ 
a new ev5-ag$ /&--we h /ill to consid]  
means ( gett+ ?is /& />t$4 ,we may dep5d
 ^u natural rese$+ f trees pres]v$ = !  
purpose or f ! surr\nd+ =e/1 or we may  
resort to plant+4 ,:at are ! comp>ative 
advantages ( ^! two me?ods & !          
circum/ances gov]n+ *oice betwe5 !m8    
,hi!rto1 /ud5ts ( ! subject h incl9$ to 
favor natural reproduction4 ,! v g5]al  
second gr[? on de=e/$ l& :]e no aid has 
be5 giv5 indicates t excell5t results w 
foll[ slight assi/ance4 ,r$ fir fruits  
frequ5tly & pr(usely1 & ! se$s c>ry well
 9 ! w9d4 ,burns h be5 kn[n to re/ock   
fully f se$ bl[n f =e/$ hills a mile or 
m away4 ,moreov]1 :ile plant+ always    

involves initial exp5se1 sometimes mu*  
may be done to insure natural se$+ )    
little or no actual outlay4  ,!re is    
dang]1 h[ev]1 t 9 _m in/ances ?is       
economy w be m app>5t ?an real if x is  
effect$ by actually leav+ mu* value 9   
se$ trees4 ,abroad & 9 ! ,ea/ !re is    
comp>atively little loss 9 leav+ ev5 a  
f\r? or fif? ( ! orig9al /& to furni%   
se$4 ,! individual trees left may be    
good se$]s1 al?\gh small4 ,little       
capital is ti$ up 9 !m & !y may be      
utiliz$ lat] to equal advantage4 ,a     
mature fir =e/ ( ! ,pacific coa/ may h  
no small fruit+ trees at all1 & if left 
su* are likely to be knock$ d[n 9 logg+4
 ,to leave #bj p] c5t ( ! l>ge trees /&+
 w\ld sometimes tie up #bj1jjj feet to !
 acre1 wor? #dj or #ej4 ,age & w9dfall  
may cause loss equal to /umpage         
increase2 moreov]1 !y c nev] be utiliz$ 
)\t ! same exp5se = roads & ma*9]y t is 
necess>y 9 ! orig9al logg+4 ,! second   
crop w n be all[$ to rea* a size requir+
 su* equipm5t4 ,9 consid]+ possible     

w9dfall loss1 n ! normal w9d b !        
possible maximum /orm )9 ! entire life (
 ! second crop mu/ be reckon$ )4  ,x is 
probably safe to say ( mature ,pacific  
coa/ fir t leav+ en\gh m]*antable timb] 
on a cutt+ area = adequate se$+ co/s m  
?an to use x & re/ock4 ,re/ock+ c be    
done = #b to #aj an acre1 :i* w\ld leave
 a decid$ m>g9 = pr(it on ! se$ trees4  
,& if we und]take to r$uce ?is balance  
by leav+ v few se$ trees1 we decrease ! 
c]ta9ty ( successful reproduction &     
increase ! dang] ( entire failure ?r\gh 
w9dfall or accid5tal de/ruction :5 we   
burn ! sla%+4 ,x _c be d5i$1 h[ev]1 t   
fire aft] plant+ w\ld result 9 complete 
loss1 :ile se$ trees might re/ock ! area
 aga9 & aga9 aft] su* accid5ts4         
,natural ,reproduction4  ,on ! o!r h&1  
natural reproduction does n always      
require ! leav+ ( m]*antable timb] on ! 
cutt+ area4 ,frequ5tly !re are en\gh    
crook$ or conky trees to s]ve ! purpose4
 ,^! defects are n directly             
transmissible ?r\gh se$ to ! (fspr+1    

al?\gh conk is infecti\s & ! "y crop    
%\ld be protect$ by ! removal ( !       
diseas$ p>5ts aft] x is well />t$4      
,aga91 se$+ f adjac5t timb] c (t5 be    
reli$ ^u4 ,?is is a "q ( economy 9 logg+
 op]ations1 lay ( ! gr\nd1 prevail+ w9d 
direction1 f]tility ( ! /& & o!r local  
consid]ations4 ,a valley ) heal?y fir   
woods on ei!r side is likely to se$ up  
promptly ev5 if a half mile wide4 ,s is 
a flat at ! leew>d foot ( a hill timb]$ 
on ! summit :]e ! w9d /rikes4 ,a cutt+  
on a ridge is correspond+ly unlikely to 
re/ock4 ,!oretically if a tract ( timb] 
7 l>ge en\gh1 x c\ld be op5$ up by logg+
 op]ations :i*1 in/ead ( proce$+ /eadily
 f "o edge1 might skip e o!r l&+ or s   
until ! mo/ remote portion 0 rea*$ aft] 
a few ye>s1 & !n "w back aga91 clean+ up
 ! neglect$ portions aft] !y _h se$$ !  
fir/ op5+s4 ,! same effect sometimes    
results f actual accid5tal practice4  ,x
 is app>5t t rules _c be laid d[n =     
g5]al application4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a   
logg] int]e/$ 9 fir re=e/ation %\ld /udy

 8 gr\nd to see if naturally1 or1 )     
inexp5sive aid1 ! cut-ov] area w n rese$
 f ! sides & f ! cull trees he w leave  
uncut4 ,if n1 he may leave a few        
m]*antable se$ be>+ trees provid$ ! soil
 is su* z to make !m deep-root$ &       
w9d-firm4 ,gr\ps are bett] ?an s+le     
trees because less likely to be bl[n d[n
 & easi] to protect f ! sla%+ fire4 ,m  
%\ld be left t[>d ! w9dw>d edge4 ,b be=e
 tie+ up any consid]able sum 9          
m]*antable trees he %\ld consid] ! co/ &
 safety ( supplem5t+ any %ortage (      
natural supply by artificial se$+4      
,,we/]n ,,hemlock 7,tsuga het]ophylla7  
,s9ce hemlock is s frequ5tly associat$ )
 ,d\glas fir1 ! pr9ciples gov]n+ its    
reproduction & its relative promise z a 
second crop h necess>ily be5 l>gely     
cov]$ 9 ! prec$+ discussion ( fir4 ,!   
foll[+ rem>ks are m]ely additional4  ,we
 h se5 t ! p]petuation ( hemlock is     
advisable only :]e fir reproduction is  
difficult to obta9 or w be at too great 
a sacrifice ( valuable exi/+ hemlock4 ,!

 fir/ ( ^! conditions is conf9$ *iefly  
to pure hemlock /&s & to coa/ regions   
:]e ! fir is (t5 too old to se$ well4 ,!
 second may exi/ on ! coa/ or 9 c]ta9   
moi/ int]ior regions :]e !re is a heavy 
hemlock und]gr[?4 ,9 ei!r case natural  
hemlock reproduction w be c\nt$ ^u1 bo? 
because x is practically c]ta9 to occur 
& because if x 7 n c]ta9 & artificial   
aid 7 necess>y1 we w\ld ab&on hemlock   
entirely & devote our ef=ts to fir4 ,9  
%ort1 discussion ( hemlock z a second   
crop ne$ n include sy/ematic attempts to
 se$ ! gr\nd b may be conf9$ to         
protection ( :at we h to beg9 )4  ,9 a  
/raight hemlock proposition1 !          
protection "q may diff] consid]ably f t 
involv$ by decid+ betwe5 fir & hemlock4 
,9 ! latt] case1 because ( ! assi/ance (
 fire to fir1 ! gr[? already on ! gr\nd 
mu/ h consid]able value to w>rant =ego+ 
! sev]al advantages ( sla% burn+4 ,9 !  
=m]1 sla% burn+ has no object except to 
r$uce future risk4 ,! inf]5ce is t a mu*
 less promis+ /ock ( "y gr[? is wor?    

protect+4  ,:ile ?is is true1 !re is    
dang] ( ov]e/imat+ its value1 especially
 if c>e is n tak5 9 logg+4 ,x has be5   
rem>k$ t suppress$ mis%ap5 hemlock is n 
apt to make a heal?y gr[?1 t w9dfall is 
a p]il1 & t if ! previ\s %ade has be5   
heavy1 sudd5 op5+ to sunlight may be    
fatal4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ev5   
slightly injur$ "y hemlock is wor?less1 
= x is almo/ c]ta9 to be attack$ by     
bor]s4 ,any?+ :i* dead5s a small portion
 ( ! b>k l axe blazes1 fire scor*1 or   
sc>s f /rap leads1 is dang]\s4 ,hemlock 
is m liable ?an fir to g5]al defects l  
black /reak1 bor]s1 fung\s disease &    
mi/letoe1 !re=e inve/m5t 9 re=e/ation   
ne$s ! maximum safegu>d aga9/ !m4 ,9 _m 
in/ances bett] results may be obta9$ f a
 new heal?y se$l+ /& foll[+ a purify+   
fire1 ev5 at "s loss ( "t1 ?an f well   
/>t$ "y gr[? :i* is unheal?y & likely n 
only to fail itself b also to infect any
 se$l+s :i* may come 9 among x4         
,consequ5tly if ! sla%+ is n l>ge1 &    
reproduction f ! sides may be c\nt$ on1 

! above consid]ations1 c\pl$ ) !        
r$uction ( future fire risk1 may sugge/ 
sla% burn+ j z 9 ! case ( fir4 ,! rem>ks
 apply p>ticul>ly if x is consid]$      
necess>y to log z clean z possible4  ,) 
a good1 heal?y />t t[>d a new =e/1      
h[ev]1 x w usually be be/ to keep fire  
out1 = ! mat]ial sav$ w w>rant great]   
exp5se 9 protection dur+ ! gr[+ p]iod4  
,repres5tative tracts1 bo? on ! coa/ & 9
 ! ,cascades1 h be5 /udi$ :i* %[$ t1 )  
c>e 9 lumb]+1 en\gh good "y hemlock too 
small = logs or skids c\ld be sav$ aft] 
pres5t-day logg+ ( a heavy mix$ fir &   
hemlock /& to produce 9 fifty ye>s      
#aa1jjj or #ab1jjj feet ( timb] ov] #ad 
in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is w\ld n be :olly   
additional to ! second crop ( se$l+s :i*
 might be produc$ if ^! trees 7 n       
pres]v$1 = ! gr\nd & light !y use w\ld  
be d5i$ to ! se$l+s1 b und\bt$ly ! yield
 w\ld be great] ?an c\ld be secur$ if !y
 7 de/roy$4  ,?is means t "u simil>     
conditions we may g /ill fur!r &        
actually apply ! selection sy/em1       

especially if ! orig9al /& is ne>ly pure
 hemlock4 ,s f> we h discuss$ areas left
 by pres5t-day logg+ me?ods4 ,suppose1  
h[ev]1 ! own] ( a good tract ( hemlock1 
hav+ decid$ t conditions d n w>rant try+
 to get fir1 is will+ to modify 8 me?ods
 = ! sake ( bett] hemlock returns at "s 
future cutt+4 ,he w\ld probably d be/ to
 take out only ! mature trees1 leav+    
ev]y?+ :i* is /ill gr[+ ) fair rapidity4
 ,great] light w /imulate ^! imm5sely z 
well z enc\rage fur!r se$+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,!
 few m]*antable trees he sp>es1 toge!r )
 ^? n[ unm]*antable1 w1 9 p]haps tw5ty  
ye>s1 make ano!r excell5t crop4 ,by     
leav+ a fairly d5se /& he prev5ts !     
w9dfall dang] :i* ?reat5s ! survivors ( 
too vigor\s cutt+1 & also prev5ts !m f  
assum+ ! bran*y =m ( trees :i* receive  
too mu* side light4 ,! fire dang] is mu*
 r$uc$ by resultant %ad+ ( ! gr\nd &    
slightly by ! less] cov] ( debris4 ,9   
%ort1 he makes ! mo/ economical use ( ! 
gr\nd1 & ! capital repres5t$ by ! trees 
he sp>es is well inve/$4  ,to sum up1   

hemlock l5ds itself to almo/ e =m (     
managem5t4 ,det]m9ation z to :i* is mo/ 
advisable is gov]n$ by its extremely    
v>iable mann] ( occurr5ce & by ! local  
promise (f]$ by associate species4 ,!   
=ego+ discussion c only s]ve z sugge/ive
 :5 consid]+ giv5 conditions4  ,,we/]n  
,,c$> 7,?uya plicata7  ,except = small  
swamp & riv] bottom areas1 :]e ! l& is  
likely to be m valuable = agriculture   
?an = =e/ culture1 pure c$> /&s are n   
common4 ,!re=e x is z a compon5t ( mix$ 
/&s t c$> is likely to become a problem 
9 cons]vative managem5t4 ,to "s ext5t x 
pres5ts a peculi> "q by be+ tak5 out    
alone = special purposes1 su* z poles & 
bolts1 indep5d5t ( ord9>y logg+ (       
sawtimb]4  ,we/]n c$> is a typically    
%ade-be>+ tree & also endures mu* gr\nd 
moi/ure4 ,its occurr5ce z an "u /ory & 9
 swamps does n indicate t x always      
requires su* conditions1 h[ev]1 b m (t5 
means m]ely t !y protect$ x f           
competition or f de/ruction by fire4    
,*>r$ rema9s ( v l>ge1 f9e c$> are (t5  

f\nd on comp>atively dry slopes :]e fire
 has result$ 9 complete occupation by   
fir at pres5t4 ,c$>'s failure to reappe>
 !re aft] removal is probably because   
its ?9 b>k & %all[ roots all[$ its      
de/ruction by a fire :i* 0 surviv$ by "s
 bett] protect$ fir se$ trees4          
,nev]!less1 c$> mu/ be classifi$ z a    
moi/ure-lov+ species & occupies dry     
soils only 9 coa/ or m\nta9 localities  
:]e !re is a comp5sat+ heavy ra9fall4   
,reproduction & managem5t ( we/]n c$> h 
n be5 suffici5tly /udi$ to w>rant v     
positive conclusions4 ,?is neglect is   
probably due to a wide belief t 9 spite 
( its pres5t comm]cial importance1 its  
place 9 ! future =e/ w be small4 ,x mo/ 
commonly occurs ) o!r trees 9 heavy /&s1
 :i* make ! pres]vation ( any "y c$>    
difficult because ( ! de/ructiv5ess (   
logg+4 ,be+ ( comp>atively sl[ gr[?1    
also p]si/5t 9 reta9+ bran*es :5 gr[n 9 
! light1 x is n z promis+ = artificial  
reproduction z ,d\glas fir or :ite p9e4 
,to let x become old en\gh = good %+le  

mat]ial w be too exp5sive to pay1 = ro(+
 is "o ( ! wood products easie/ to      
sub/itute =4 ,:ile c$> is adapt$ =      
poles1 po/s & o!r und]gr\nd use1 less   
decay-resi/+ species c be made equally  
durable by *emical treatm5t4 ,9 o!r     
words1 z a second crop x is probably    
bel[ o!r species 9 ease ( e/abli%m5t1   
rapidity & quantity1 & w n h suffici5t  
peculi> value to comp5sate = consequ5t  
less economical use ( ! gr\nd4  ,!re may
 be exceptions to ?is rule4 ,good "y c$>
 9 =e/s :i* are to be h&l$ "u !         
selection sy/em %\ld be c>efully        
protect$4 ,x c always be utiliz$ & may  
br+ rev5ue be=e any?+ else c be cut4 ,= 
! same reason x has be5 sugge/$ = plant+
 ) fir & :ite p9e1 ei!r simultane\sly z 
a small proportion or lat] 9 blank      
spaces :]e ! o!rs fail4 ,"u su*         
conditions ! ma9 /& w n be modifi$ & !  
c$> w af=d a valuable adjunct4  ,,sitka 
,,spruce 7,picea sit*5sis7  ,al?\gh f\nd
 9 ! moi/] m\nta9 regions1 ?is exce$+ly 
valuable tree seldom occurs to a        

comm]cially important ext5t except along
 ! coa/1 :]e x is common on swales &    
f]tile b5*es & 9 riv] bottoms (t5 =ms   
pure /&s ( great d5sity4 ,yields (      
#ajj1jjj feet an acre are n unusual & ! 
trees are v l>ge4 ,x is also common1    
al?\gh ( small size1 9 swamps4  ,?is    
spruce reproduces readily 9 op5+s1 :e!r 
made by fire or cutt+4 ,un?rifty        
specim5s may be f\nd "u %ade1 b         
consid]able light is necess>y =         
successful developm5t4 ,ev5 !n1 height  
gr[? 9 y\? av]ages sl[] ?an t ( fir or  
hemlock4 ,! lead] %oot is likely to die1
 s t h>dly m ?an #be p] c5t ( ! "y trees
 e/abli% a regul> =m ( gr[? be=e a      
height ( #bj or #cj feet is rea*$4 ,aft]
 ?is /age spruce gr[s uni=mly & rapidly1
 /ill some:at sl[] ?an fir 9 height b   
exce$+ x 9 diamet]4 ,! bran*es are sl[  
to die1 h[ev]1 s t ! tree rema9s bu%y = 
mo/ ( its l5g? until x rea*es #fj or #hj
 feet 9 height1 & ev5 aft]w>d a d5se /& 
is requir$ to cle> x4 ,9 _m pure spruce 
=e/s ! l>g] trees h be5 able to )/& !   

prun+ influ5ces & rema9 limby1 :ile !   
small] ones1 be+ pu%$ 9 height gr[? to  
rea* suffici5t light = survival1 h cle>$
 !mselves ) rem>kable rapidity4  ,!     
natural occurr5ce ( ,sitka spruce1      
except 9 ,alaska1 is probably limit$    
*iefly to situations :]e x escapes      
competition1 9 y\? at lea/1 ) ! m h>dy &
 rapid-gr[+ species4 ,x has ! greate/   
advantage ov] ^! on riv] bottoms & flats
 :]e !re is a d5se gr[? ( decidu\s bru% 
& :]e ! soil is v wet 9 spr+4 ,9        
consid]+ x z a possible second crop1 !  
same competition mu/ be rememb]$4 ,:e!r 
se$+ is natural or artificial1 ! ext5t  
to :i* x w hold its own ) any           
consid]able quantity ( o!r species is   
d\btful4 ,if su* are pres5t & !         
situation is adapt$ to !m1 any exp5sive 
ef=t to get spruce m]ely by modify+     
me?ods ( logg+ or h&l+ ! sla% is c]ta9ly
 likely to be disappo9t+4 ,"u !         
conditions m5tion$ z peculi>ly favorable
 = spruce1 gradual natural re/ock+ may  
be expect$ if "s se$ supply is pres]v$1 

b s9ce ! gr[? is r sl[ & a ?9 /& w rema9
 limby1 x may pay to ha/5 returns by    
supplem5t>y artificial plant+4 ,"s      
au?orities "q ! f9ancial practicability 
( ?is on ! gr\nd t s9ce spruce is ( sl[]
 gr[? x w pay bett] to use ! gr\nd =    
fir1 b ! latt] is unlikely to be true ( 
bottom l&4  ,aft] summ+ all its         
advantages1 ! peculi> m]its ( spruce =  
c]ta9 purposes %\ld be weigh$1 =        
suffici5tly high] /umpage value w       
comp5sate = delay 9 h>ve/+ ! crop4      
,moreov]1 ,sitka spruce has n be5 z     
?or\ghly /udi$ by =e/]s z ! m prom95t   
,we/]n trees1 & :ile ! =ego+ notes      
repres5t g5]al pres5t op9ion1 fur!r     
figures on rate ( height gr[? may be m  
enc\rag+4 ,!re is no d\bt t diamet]     
increase is rapid f ! />t4 ,mo/ ( !     
disadvantages m5tion$ also decrease t[>d
 ! s\!rn limit ( ! spruce range1 ! gr[? 
on ! ,oregon ,coa/ be+ rapid4  ,,we/]n  
,,yell[ ,,p9e 7,p9us pond]osa7  ,9 ?is  
species we h ! important we/]n conif]   
:i* mo/ (t5 p]mits ! selection sy/em (  

managem5t4 ,) c]ta9 exceptions 9 :i* !  
entire /& is mature1 ! object (         
cons]vative logg+ %\ld be to remove     
trees pa/ ! age ( rapid gr[? & fo/] ^? t
 rema9 = a lat] cut4 ,:5 compris+ !     
entire /&1 or at lea/ cle>ly dom9at+ x1 
) all ages fairly ev5ly repres5t$1      
successful 9 reproduction1 & n s d5se z 
to pres5t me*anical difficulties1 x is  
ideally adapt$ to ?is =m ( managem5t4 ,!
 important und]ly+ pr9ciple is t1 s9ce =
 a p]iod ( its life ! normal individual 
tree increases 9 wood production & !n   
decl9es1 x is bad economy to cut x :ile 
x is /ill gr[+ rapidly or to all[ x1    
aft] sl[+ d[n1 to occupy gr\nd :i* might
 be us$ by a tree /ill 9 ! vigor (      
production4 ,= example1 if at #ajj ye>s 
old x conta9s #ejj bo>d feet1 x has     
av]ag$ an addition ( #e feet1 a ye>     
?r\gh\t its life4 ,if at #abe ye>s old x
 conta9s b #efj feet1 ! av]age increm5t 
w be b #d-a_/b feet a ye>4 ,x w n give  
equal return = ! soil1 moi/ure & light x
 monopolizes dur+ ^! #be ye>s4 ,at !    

same "t1 probably !re are "y trees ne>by
 :i* hi!rto h av]ag$ bel[ ! maximum1 b  
if releas$ f its competition w =ge ahead
 = a p]iod at ! end ( :i* !y w give a   
great] annual return ?an if cut at      
pres5t4 ,x w\ld be z bad economy to cut 
^! today z to sp>e ! ov]-mature tree4 ,9
 %ort1 ! production ( ! =e/ is n only   
su/a9$1 b actually increas$1 by remov+ !
 olde/ trees at j ! prop] "t2 & is      
decreas$ by tak+ out "y trees ei!r n yet
 at ! natural age ( greate/ mean annual 
increm5t or capable ( artificial        
/imulation by ?9n+4  ,by /udy+ !        
relation ( age to production 9 !        
p>ticul> locality1 ! proportion (       
diff]5t age classes1 & also f9d+ !      
approximate av]age diamet] :i*          
corresponds to ! age at :i* he desires  
to cut1 ! pr(essional =e/] c make a v   
accurate selection ( ! trees :i* c be   
remov$ to be/ advantage at pres5t & also
 fix ! "t & yield ( ! next cutt+4       
,=tunately1 h[ev]1 comm]cial &          
silvicultural consid]ations accid5tally 

co9cide s ne>ly "u av]age yell[ p9e     
conditions z to make c]ta9 r\gh rules   
:i* c be laid d[n entirely consi/5t )   
logg+ me?ods n[ 9 practice4 ,diamet] is 
f> f exact indication ( age1 = !        
location ( ! =e/ & ! situation ( !      
individual tree1 especially z x affects 
! relation betwe5 height & diamet] gr[?1
 are pot5t factors1 b z a rule          
m]*antability = saw-mat]ial is n f> f   
maturity4  ,9 a great majority ( cases !
 approximate m9imum diamet] = cutt+ :i* 
w\ld be fix$ by x =e/] w\ld be some:]e  
betwe5 #af & #cj in*es1 b say x 7 #ah   
in*es1 = example1 x w\ld n arbitr>ily   
apply ?r\gh\t ! /&4 ,mo/ trees ) yell[1 
smoo? b>k & small heavy-limb$ tops1     
p]haps p>tially dead1 are mature        
reg>dless ( _! size4 ,if small1 !y h be5
 cr[d$ or /unt$ & may z well be cut4    
,trees ) l>ge1 heal?y cr[ns compos$ ( _m
 comp>atively small bran*es1 & ) r\gh   
d>k b>k %[+ no flat scal+1 are sure to  
be gr[+ rapidly1 ev5 if q l>ge4 ,!y are 
also less desir$ by ! lumb]man1 :o (t5  

calls !m black p9e or black jack1 s may 
(t5 be sp>$1 )\t mu* sacrifice1 = se$   
trees or 9 ord] to cont9ue _! rapid wood
 production4  ,! se$ tree problem 9 su* 
a p9e =e/ & "u su* a sy/em z has be5    
describ$ is comp>atively simple1 = !re  
are likely to be en\gh "y trees ( fruit+
 age left to fill up ! blanks betwe5    
exi/+ se$l+s4 ,! d5sity ( ! latt]       
det]m9es to a l>ge ext5t ! numb] &      
location ( se$ trees necess>y1 b !re    
%\ld always be two to f\r to ! acre1 ev5
 if ?is requires leav+ "s t w\ld o!rwise
 be logg$4  ,"u ?is sy/em recurr+ cuts  
may be made at p]iods ( p]haps #cj or   
#dj ye>s1 tak+ out ea* "t ! trees :i* h 
pass$ ! m9imum diamet] s9ce ! la/       
previ\s cut4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t if !
 process is to cont9ue indef9itely1     
protection mu/ be absolute4 ,de/ruction 
( "y gr[? w /op ! rotation at ! "t !    
surviv+ old] mat]ial is h>ve/$4 ,at ea* 
cut ! bru% %\ld be dispos$ ( ) ?is end 9
 view4 ,if ! /& is v ?9 x may n add mu* 
to ! dang] ( fire &1 especially if      

reproduction is difficult & requires    
%elt]1 may be/ be left spread on ! gr\nd
 at "s di/ance f rema9+ trees4 ,o!rwise1
 & ?is is ! rule1 x %\ld be pil$ &      
usually burn$4 ,9 ?is process & 9 logg+ 
e ef=t %\ld be made to protect exi/+ "y 
gr[? f injury4 ,gr\nd fires %\ld be     
prev5t$ n[ & always h]eaft]4  ,s f>1    
h[ev]1 we h be5 consid]+ h[ to make !   
mo/ ( a /& ( _m ages1 due to con/ant    
reproduction p]mitt$ by ! light supply 9
 a fairly op5 =e/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 yell[  
p9e sometimes produces a mature /& s    
heavy t !re is little "y gr[? b5ea? x1  
or ev5 a ?9 old /& ) ei!r little        
reproduction or an invasion ( lodge-pole
 p9e4 ,su* conditions are usually due to
 fire at "s p]iod4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! cases1
 usually ! d5se /& has result$ f a fire 
:i* de/roy$ its pr$ecessor n s          
completely z to remove ! se$ supply1 b  
suffici5tly to af=d light = a m uni=mly 
d5se crop ( se$l+s ?an w\ld occur 9 !   
normal =e/4 ,^! h be5 ?9n$ out z ! /&   
grew old1 b nev] to a degree :i* all[$  

mu* reproduction b5ea? !m4 ,! natural   
cycle w be begun aga9 9 "t1 = t[>d ! end
 ( ! life ( ?is unusually heavy /&1     
se$l+s w beg9 to appe> gradually z      
individual old trees die & admit m & m  
light4 ,! o!r exceptions describ$ are   
due to m rec5t gr\nd fires :i* h de/roy$
 only ! less h>dy "y gr[? & p]haps also 
enc\rag$ ! lodge pole :i*1 )9 its range1
 is always quick to take burn$ gr\nd4   
,! same result is almo/ sure to foll[ ! 
,indian me?od ( =e/ protection sometimes
 advocat$1 :i* consi/s ( purposely runn+
 gr\nd fires frequ5tly 9 ord] to prev5t 
accumulation ( suffici5t debris to make 
an accid5tal fire fatal to timb] (      
comm]cial size4 ,:ile su* immunity may  
be secur$1 & p]haps )\t sacrifice 9 /&s 
s heavy z to h no reproduction or :5 !  
latt] has already be5 de/roy$1 x is     
obvi\sly at ! exp5se ( "y gr[? if any   
exi/s4 ,! c\nt] argum5t t a small       
proportion escap+ w be suffici5t = !    
second crop is fallaci\s1 because good  
timb] w n be produc$ f ^! scatt]+ se$l+s

 subject$ to /rong light by lat] logg+4 
,o!r means are necess>y if ! =e/ is to  
be reproduc$4  ,?is br+s u to ! possible
 managem5t ( yell[ p9e z an ev5-ag$ =e/4
 ,?\ghtful =e/]s are beg9n+ to suspect t
 :ile ! ,indian sy/em ( fire protection 
w usually be fatal if ord9>y logg+      
practice is foll[$1 x may s]ve z an     
adjunct to a sy/em :i*1 if c>efully     
appli$1 w be bett] ?an selection cutt+ =
 "s ( our p9e areas4 ,?is plan is       
sugge/$ :]e !re is little "y gr[? wor?  
protect+ & consi/s ( dep5d+ ^u se$ trees
 almo/ entirely = reproduction1 protect+
 c>efully until ! resultant ev5-ag$     
second gr[? is l>ge en\gh to /& ,blight 
fire1 & !n burn+ p]iodically at su* a   
season & ) su* safegu>ds z w prev5t !   
fire f be+ injuri\sly sev]e4  ,n only   
are !re _m exi/+ =e/s :]e abs5ce ( small
 trees w p]mit clean cutt+ )\t          
sacrifice1 b ! same condition is likely 
to occur ev5tually 9 /&s foll[+         
selective logg+ if ! second cut is long 
delay$4 ,al?\gh a good repres5tation (  

all ages "u ! diamet] limit rema9s1 !   
d5sity ( ?is may become too great to    
all[ fur!r reproduction1 & 9 "t !       
dom9ant trees w %ade out all small]     
gr[?4 ,to all[ ?is purposely1 *oos+     
heavy cuts at int]vals long en\gh to    
mature ! crop f se$ r ?an frequ5t light 
cuts ( a con/antly repl5i%+ /&1 ?us     
r$uc+ ! necessity ( fire prev5tion1 is !
 aim ( ^? :o favor clean cutt+ z ! mo/  
practicable sy/em4 ,!y assume t         
additional inve/m5t 9 se$ trees1 or     
plant+ to insure prompt />t+ ( a new    
crop aft] cutt+1 w be unnecess>y or at  
lea/ (fset by ! small] fire *>ge &      
great] economy ( logg+4  ,!oretically1  
su* practice ) a species adapt$ to !    
selective me?od is uneconomical1 = !    
gr\nd is n fully utiliz$4 ,accid5tal op5
 places 9 ! /& are n occupi$ by "y trees
 :i* w\ld o!rwise fill !m4 ,"t is lo/ by
 n />t+ ! second crop until aft] logg+1 
= 7 !re no fire previ\sly !re w\ld be   
consid]able se$l+ gr[? :i*1 al?\gh      
p]haps dormant because ( %ade1 w\ld beg9

 to am\nt to some?+ mu* quick] ?an t    
suppli$ by se$ trees aft]w>d4 ,nor is ! 
sy/em feasible :]e !re is mu* fir or o!r
 species less fire-resi/+ ?an p9e4 ,x is
 dang]\s 9 practice except :]e !re is v 
little combu/ible matt] on ! gr\nd &    
fire is g5]ally easy ( control1 &       
exce$+ly dang]\s to advocate because    
s]ves z a pretext & example =           
indiscrim9ate c>elessness ) fire "u all 
conditions4 ,f9ally1 ! alleg$ immunity (
 p9e f injury by gr\nd fires is         
exagg]at$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :ile !    
:ole /& is seldom p]ceptibly hurt1 !    
imm$iate or gradual dea? ( a good tree  
"h & !re ?9s ! /& v consid]ably 9 a few 
ye>s & x is su* a ?9n+ process 9 ! pa/  
:i* makes _m p9e tracts be> b #e1jjj    
feet to ! acre :]e o!rwise !y w\ld yield
 two or ?ree times z mu*4 ,scor*+ also  
ret>ds ! gr[? ( trees n actually injur$ 
o!rwise4  ,! te*nical objections giv5   
above may sometimes be (fset by         
practical advantages & ! sy/em is likely
 to receive exp]t approval = c]ta9      

conditions provid$ x is n us$ z a cloak 
)\t tak+ s9c]e /eps to replace ! de/roy$
 second gr[? by adequate se$ trees or   
artificial se$+4 ,! latt] dang] may     
easily w>rant public al>m manife/$ by   
re/rictive laws4 ,univ]sal gr\nd burn+ (
 gre5 timb] w di/9ctly r$uce ! prospect 
( unassi/$ natural re=e/ation on ! great
 area ( pot5tial timb] l& 9 :i*1 z a    
res\rce1 reg>dless ( own]%ip1 ! public  
is vitally int]e/$4 ,"u pres5t          
conditions at lea/1 a l>ge proportion ( 
?is is likely to be logg$ )\t any view  
to a future crop4 ,x is que/ionable :e!r
 any /ate %\ld1 or w1 legally approve   
gr\nd burn+ except "u /ipulation ( prop]
 managem5t !reaft]4  ,un=tunately1 x is 
necess>y1 9 conclud+ ?is discussion (   
yell[ p9e1 to admit t :ile an attempt   
has be5 made to outl9e ! me?ods :i* w   
insure a second crop1 ! promise (       
satisfactory f9ancial return is m       
d\btful ?an t (f]$ by "s o!r species4   
,comp>$ ) ! typical coa/ trees1 su* z   
,d\glas fir1 spruce & hemlock1 ! gr[? is

 sl[ & ! yield small4 ,! *ief           
circum/ances 9 its favor are l[ l&      
values1 less] fire risk1 *eapness &     
c]ta9ty ( reproduction & excell5t m>ket 
prospects4 ,less inve/m5t comp5sates    
some:at = long] rotation & small] yield4
 ,l[ taxation1 h[ev]1 is an absolute    
ess5tial4  ,,we/]n ,,:ite ,,p9e 7,p4    
,monlicola7  ,al?\gh z a di/9ct =e/ type
 ?is valuable tree is limit$ *iefly to  
,idaho1 x occurs occasionally 9 mixture 
or small tracts ov] a wide range1 & no  
reason appe>s :y its comm]cial          
importance %\ld n be ext5d$ by plant+ on
 cut-ov] l&s4 ,its high value1 rapid    
gr[? & heavy yield make x a p>ticul>ly  
promis+ species = gr[+ "u =e/ry         
pr9ciples4 ,its *ief requirem5ts =      
success are fairly good moi/ l&1 access 
by ! se$ to m9]al soil & ample light = !
 "y se$l+s4  ,except t x is m fa/idi\s z
 to soil1 :ite p9e usually dem&s ab\t ! 
same treatm5t z t prescrib$ = ,d\glas   
fir1 includ+ clean cutt+1 sla% burn+ &  
e/abli%+ a new ev5-ag$ /& by se$ trees  

or artificial re/ock+4 ,"u favorable    
conditions ! /& is ne>ly ev5-ag$1 )     
little und]gr[? except ( undesirable    
species4 ,:at small p9e may exi/ is     
seldom ?rifty en\gh to be wor? sav+1 s !
 be/ ?+ is to clean (f ! gr\nd = ! d\ble
 purpose ( remov+ we$ trees & favor+    
valuable reproduction4 ,l t ( fir1 !    
natural rotation ( :ite p9e =e/s seems  
to h be5 accompli%$ (t5 by ! aid ( fire1
 & :]e n giv5 ?is aid x suff]s f lack ( 
suitable se$-b$ & f ! competition ( o!r 
species already e/abli%$4  ,individual  
se$ trees left 9 logg+ are n successful 
because ( %all[ root sy/em & almo/ c]ta9
 w9dfall4 ,replacem5t mu/ be by se$+ or 
plant+1 or by leav+ small tracts ( p9e  
surr\nd$ by cle>$ fire l9es to protect  
!m :5 ! sla%+ is burn$4 ,! size &       
di/ance ap>t ( ^! mu/ be det]m9$ by _!  
situation & exposure to w9d1 consid]+   
bo? ! dang] ( w9dfall & ! c>ry+ ( se$4  
,especially 9 y\ng] gr[?s1 ! quantity ( 
m]*antable mat]ial ti$ up 9 ?is way is n
 s great z is sometimes necess>y 9 !    

case ( r$ fir1 :]e s+le se$ trees may   
conta9 sev]al ?\s& bo>d feet4 ,on ! o!r 
h&1 /umpage value may be high4 ,= ?is   
reason artificial replacem5t may (t5 be 
m pr(itable1 especially :]e !re is      
reasonable safety aga9/ recurr+ fire4   
,a ?+ to be borne 9 m9d is t :ite p9e   
seems to rea* a heal?i] & bett]         
developm5t :5 mix$ ) a small proportion 
( o!r species1 su* z c$>1 tam>ack1      
spruce1 lodgepole p9e & ,d\glas fir1 s  
!re is no object 9 try+ to produce an   
absolutely pure /&4 ,"s au?orities ?9k t
 #fj p] c5t ( p9e1 ) ! re/ help+ to     
prune x1 is an ideal mixture4           
,,lodgepole ,,p9e 7,p4 ,murrayana7      
,pres5t int]e/ 9 private reproduction ( 
?is species h>dly w>rants treat+ x at   
l5g? 9 ?is publication1 al?\gh          
unque/ionably x w ev5tually occupy a    
high] place 9 ! m>ket ?an at pres5t &   
its read9ess to seize burn$ l& 9 _m     
regions w make x a factor :e!r desir$ or
 n4 ,:]e yell[ p9e w gr[1 ! problem is  
mo/ likely to be to disc\rage lodgepole 

competition4  ,9 /rictly lodgepole      
t]ritory1 h[ev]1 x may be ! only promise
 ( a new =e/4 ,g5]ally speak+1 an       
ev5-ag$ gr[? %\ld be induc$ by clean    
cutt+ if ! entire crop c be utiliz$4    
,sla% burn+ 9 su* cases is desirable4 ,!
 *ief difficulty is 9 provid+ se$       
supply1 = ei!r individual se$ trees or  
small gr\ps are almo/ c]ta9 to be bl[n  
d[n4 ,exp]im5ts s f> indicate t heavy   
/rips mu/ be sp>$1 *os5 to af=d ! lea/  
pres5t loss & safegu>d$ by fire l9es4   
,9 "s lodgepole /&s1 especially :]e only
 c]ta9 sizes are m>ketable1 ! cutt+     
practically am\nts to ?9n+4 ,"h obvi\sly
 ! ef=t %\ld be to prev5t ov]-?9n+ & to 
remove debris ) ! lea/ damage to !      
rema9+ /&4 ,pil+ & burn+ is ess5tial4   
,,sug> ,,p9e 7,p4 ,lamb]tiana7  ,?is    
extremely valuable p9e1 comm]cially     
limit$ to ! ,oregon & ,cali=nia m\nta9s1
 is fa/idi\s 9 its *oice ( conditions4  
,n a frequ5t or prolific se$ be>]1 x    
/ill insi/s on a moi/ loose se$-b$ &    
pref]s ! natural =e/ floor to burn$-ov] 

l&4 ,x _c /& dr\ght :5 "y & except on   
cool nor!rn slopes se$l+s may be kill$  
or /unt$ by exposure to full sunlight4  
,on ! contr>y x dem&s m & m light z x   
gr[s old] & w be suppress$ or kill$ if  
unable to secure x4 ,"u natural         
conditions x p]petuates itself be/ by   
fill+ op5 places 9 ! =e/4  ,= ! above   
reasons1 sug> p9e is naturally a        
compon5t ( mix$ =e/s & x is d\btful :e!r
 x w be successfully gr[n z a pure /&4  
,un=tunately1 also1 logg+ me?ods :i* are
 bo? ! simple/ & mo/ favorable to !     
reproduction ( its associates may be    
disc\rag+ to sug> p9e reproduction4     
,nev]!less1 its value w>rants /rong     
ef=ts to favor x & is an argum5t1 :]e   
consid]able "y sug> p9e exi/s1 aga9/    
ei!r clean cutt+ or ! use ( fire4  ,!   
,=e/ ,s]vice1 = :i* au?ority mu* ( !    
above discussion ( ?is species 0 tak51  
(f]s ! foll[+ g5]al outl9e = managem5t 9
 ,cali=nia3  ,s9ce ! =e/s 9 :i* sug> &  
yell[ p9e occur v>y greatly 9           
composition1 ! me?od ( treatm5t mu/ also

 v>y4 ,= ?is ! =e/ types already        
di/+ui%$ may =m a basis4  ,on ! l[]     
portion ( ! sug> p9e-yell[ p9e type1 :]e
 sug> p9e =ms b a small proportion ( !  
/&1 only ! yell[ p9e %\ld be consid]$ = 
! future =e/4 ,all m]*antable sug> p9e  
may !re=e be remov$4 ,x w be necess>y to
 leave only a few se$ trees ( yell[ p9e 
to re/ock ! gr\nd1 al?\gh usually x w be
 a wis] policy to leave a fair /&1 s9ce 
?is c be remov$ z a second cutt+ :5     
reproduction is e/abli%$4 ,?is proc$ure 
w\ld also hold = areas on :i* yell[ p9e 
occurs 9 ne>ly pure /&s4 ,9 ^!          
localities d5se /&s ( second-gr[? yell[ 
p9e occur4 ,x w (t5 be pr(itable1 :]e   
!re is a m>ket at h&1 to ?9 ^! /&s :5 !y
 are ab\t #cj ye>s old1 remov+ !        
suppress$ trees = m9e props4 ,trees #f1 
#h & #aj in*es & up are us$ = ?is       
purpose1 & sell = f #e to #f c5ts a     
runn+ foot4  ,on ! upp] portion ( ! sug>
 p9e-yell[ p9e type1 :]e bo? species h  
ab\t an equal repres5tation 9 ! /&1 se$ 
trees ( ea* %\ld be left1 :]ev]         

practicable1 9 ! proportion ( two sug>  
p9es to "o yell[ p9e4  ,9 ! fir belt1   
:]e sug> p9e & fir are ! pr9cipal       
species1 ! fir %\ld be cut clean :]ev]  
possible & sug> p9e %\ld be reli$ ^u = !
 future =e/4  ,on all l&s1 ! ,d\glas    
spruce1 :ite fir & inc5se c$> %\ld be   
cut :5ev] possible1 & *utes1 skidways & 
bridges %\ld be con/ruct$ f ! two la/   
nam$ species4  ,! foll[+ specific       
in/ructions are issu$ = m>k+ timb] on   
,national ,=e/ sales 9 ! sug> p9e-yell[ 
p9e type3  ,ow+ to ! l>ge size ( !      
trees1 m>k+ 9 ?is type ( =e/ %\ld be    
done ) special c>e1 s9ce a slight mi/ake
 involves a comp>atively l>ge am\nt (   
timb]4  ,on ne>ly all ( ! l&s includ$ 9 
?is type ! gr\nd is n[ b p>tly &        
insuffici5tly /ock$ ) "y timb]1 ! areas 
( =e/ are con/antly becom+ m accessible 
to m>kets1 & !re is e indication ( a    
/rong future dem& at greatly increas$   
prices4 ,on ne>ly e tract1 a second cut 
c be made )9 ?irty ye>s4 ,all m>k+ "u   
pres5t sales %\ld be done /rictly )     

ref]5ce to two po9ts3  #a4 ,/ock+ !     
cut-ov] l& z fully z possible ) sug> &  
yell[ p9e4  #b4 ,secur+ a second cut )9 
?irty ye>s4  ,all cutt+ %\ld be done "u 
! 'selection sy/em1' :i* requires a     
c>eful *oice ( ! individual trees to be 
remov$4 ,fix$ diamet] limits & ! leav+ (
 any specifi$ numb] ( se$ trees p] acre 
c be v l>gely disreg>d$4  ,! condition (
 e sug> & yell[ p9e on ! sale area %\ld 
be /udi$ closely to det]m9e :e!r t tree 
w be m]*antable ?irty ye>s h5ce1 by :i* 
"t a second cut is probable4 ,z a rule !
 trees :i* w rema9 m]*antable = ano!r   
?irty ye>s %\ld be left4 ,suppress$ &   
cr[d$ trees :i* _c develop %\ld be      
remov$4 ,"u ?is sy/em ( m>k+1 ord9>ily  
ab\t "o-half ( ! pres5t /& ( m]*antable 
p9e w\ld be left uncut4 ,w x pay8  ,on  
areas :]e practically all ( ! p9e is    
ov]-matur$ & w\ld be cut "u ! rule giv5 
above1 a suffici5t /& mu/ be left to    
rese$ ?or\ghly ! cut-ov] l&4 ,?is       
requires n less ?an f\r full se$-be>+   
trees1 at lea/ #be in*es 9 diamet]1 p]  

acre4 ,! /ronge/ & ?riftie/ trees       
available %\ld be select$ = ?is purpose1
 b n less ?an ! numb] specifi$ mu/ be   
left ev5 if e tree w be a total loss    
be=e a second cut is possible4          
,ext5sive areas ( p9e timb] :i* are n   
yet fully mature %\ld be exclud$ f !    
sale4 ,on pat*es or small areas (       
immature p9e1 :i* x is n practicable to 
exclude f ! sale1 cutt+ %\ld be v light1
 limit$ to "o-?ird or less ( ! l>ge/    
trees1 or omitt$ altoge!r4  ,no attempt 
to discrim9ate %>ply betwe5 sug> & yell[
 p9e %\ld be made1 z bo? trees are almo/
 equally desirable4 ,:]e a *oice is     
necess>y1 sug> p9e %\ld be favor$ on    
moi/ situations1 z 9 canyons1 moi/      
pockets1 or b5*es & on nor!rly          
exposures4 ,yell[ p9e %\ld be favor$ on 
dry situations1 includ+ expos$ ridges & 
s\!rn exposures4  ,fir & inc5se c$> %\ld
 be m>k$1 z a rule1 to z l[ a diamet] z 
^! trees are m]*antable 9 ord] to r$uce 
! proportion ( ^! species 9 com+        
reproduction4 ,x is ess5tial1 h[ev]1 t  

no l>ge op5+s be made 9 ! pres5t /& s9ce
 ! expos$ gr\nd is 9 dang] ( rev]t+ to  
*ap>ral or ( becom+ s dry f evaporation 
t no reproduction w foll[ cutt+4 ,:]e ! 
/& ( p9e is insuffici5t to rese$        
?or\ghly & protect ! cut-ov] area1 en\gh
 s\nd1 ?rifty fir & c$> %\ld be left to 
=m a fairly ev5 cov] ) op5+s less ?an a 
qu>t] ( an acre 9 size4'  ,! "u curr5t (
 all op9ion ^u sug> p9e up to date is t 
reproduction w n be v successful unless 
en\gh gr[? to %elt] ! se$l+s rema9s aft]
 logg+4 ,:]e ! fire risk p]mits1 ! same 
end may be fur!r$ by leav+ ! tops       
scatt]$ on ! gr\nd4  ,little exp]im5t+  
has be5 done 9 plant+ sug> p9e1 b !re   
are _m indications t except :]e         
conditions /rongly favor natural        
reproduction x w be resort$ to ev5tually
 if any p>ticul> attempt is made to get 
?is species4 ,leav+ l>ge se$ trees is n 
only exp5sive1 b r unc]ta91 because     
heavy se$ ye>s are sev]al ye>s ap>t &   
squirrels consume a l>ge portion ( an   
ord9>y crop4 ,transplants :i* h receiv$ 

nurs]y %elt] until pa/ ! greate/ dang] (
 dry+ out %\ld prove mo/ successful on  
heavily-cut s\? slopes4  ,,r$wood       
7,sequoia semp]vir5s7  ,al?\gh probably 
! mo/ rapid-gr[+ ( all ,am]ican         
comm]cial trees & also ( high m>ket /&+1
 r$wood has be5 little /udi$ by =e/]s4  
,! layman is /ill m confus$ by its _m   
peculi>ities4 ,gr[+ to a size ( #bj feet
 9 diamet] & #cej feet high1 rea*+ an   
age ( well ov] #a1jjj ye>s & seldom     
reproduc+ by means ( se$1 x is n        
surpris+ t x 0 long reg>d$ z ill-adapt$ 
to second crop managem5t4 ,al?\gh obs]v+
 t suck]s spr\t f ! /umps ) great       
rapidity1 ! lumb]man g5]ally reg>d$ ^!  
mu%room gr[?s z abnormal & tempor>y1 &  
believ$ 8 virg9 timb] to be !           
f9ally-vani%+ remnant ( a prehi/oric    
species unsuit$ to pres5t-day           
conditions4  ,x 0 next discov]$ t !     
suck]+ habit is no new "o1 inde$ t !    
majority ( ! pres5t /&1 h[ev] old1 began
 z spr\ts f roots or /umps ( its        
pr$ecessors4 ,?is is evid5t f ! circul> 

arrangem5t ( sev]al trees ar\nd ! spot  
:]e _! p>5t /ood4 ,^! old spr\ts 7 ( v  
sl[ gr[?1 = !y 7 %ad$ by a =e/ ( extreme
 d5sity4 ,z se$l+s !y c\ld h nei!r      
g]m9at$ nor gr[n1 b z suck]s !y 7 kept  
alive by ! p>5t until light supply      
became available ?r\gh _! increas+      
height or ?r\gh ?9n+ ( ! =e/4 ,"u su*   
conditions c5turies 7 requir$ to produce
 l>ge trees4  ,! own] ( today1 by cutt+ 
d[n ! old /&1 gives ! suck]s conditions 
hi!rto unkn[n to ! r$wood4 ,! vigor &   
susceptibility to ! aid ( light1 :i*    
orig9ally 0 necess>y 9 ! spr\t gr[? to  
p]petuate ! species at all1 n[ respond  
to entire fre$om & light 9 an a/oni%+   
mann]4 ,ev5 aft] sev]e sla%+ fires *> ! 
/umps1 ! latt] ?r[ out clu/]s ( spr\ts  
:i* gr[ sev]al feet a ye>4 ,logg+ works 
#cj or #dj ye>s old h come up to trees  
ne>ly #ajj feet high4 ,naturally su*    
timb] has a heavy p]c5tage ( sapwood &  
is s(t & brittle1 b x is already        
suitable = pil+1 box lumb] & l purposes 
& improves con/antly4  ,s9ce            

reproduction by se$ does n ent] into !  
problem1 f9ancial possibilities dep5d   
almo/ :olly on ! nature ( ! orig9al /&4 
,!re are _m types ( r$wood =e/1 pure &  
mix$1 flat & slope4 ,if ! old trees are 
few to ! acre1 ! spr\t clu/]s w be s f> 
ap>t t excess ( side light w produce    
clumps ( swell-butt$1 %ort limby trees1 
( little use = lumb]2 t is1 unless !re  
is also a se$l+ gr[? ( fir or o!r       
species to fill ! blanks & br+ up !     
d5sity4 ,:]e su* a nurse gr[? is to be  
c\nt$ on1 or :]e ! r$wood trees are     
small & close toge!r1 ideal conditions =
 a c]ta91 rapid & well =m$ second crop  
exi/4  ,! ?9n] ! orig9al r$wood /&1 !   
great] ! ef=t necess>y at ! "t ( logg+  
to obta9 ! requir$ d5sity4 ,! leav+ (   
se$ trees ( o!r species1 ) z _m z       
possible small trees ( bo? r$wood & o!r 
species & ! maximum protection ( all f  
fire1 %\ld !n be ! means employ$4 ,on "s
 tracts ! proportion ( r$wood w n w>rant
 ?is ef=t2 on "s x is n ev5 requir$4 ,! 
"q ( :e!r x pays to hold r$wood l& is   

!re=e almo/ :olly local1 b :5 conditions
 are favorable x c be answ]$            
affirmatively1 because ( ! extremely    
rapid gr[?1 ) less d\bt ?an ( almo/ any 
o!r species4  ,!re is "s t5d5cy to      
ov]-production ( spr\ts by r$wood /umps4
 ,removal ( ! excess ) an ax1 sav+ ^?   
close/ to ! gr\nd & n ov]-?9n+ to !     
ext5t ( r$uc+ ! d5sity conducive to     
height gr[? & %$d+ ( l[ bran*es1        
improves ! *ances ( ^? rema9+4  ,,se$+  
,,& ,,plant+  ,,se$ ,,supply  ,x has be5
 %[n 9 a previ\s *apt] t ! own] ( de=e/$
 l& :o desires to secure a second crop  
may f9d x necess>y or *eap] to adopt    
artificial measures :olly or 9 "p in/ead
 ( dep5d+ ^u natural reproduction4 ,^!  
measures may be ( two k9ds--direct se$+1
 9 :i* ! se$ is s[n :]e ! trees are to  
/& p]man5tly1 & ! plant+ ( trees gr[n 9 
nurs]ies4  ,:e!r artificial re=e/ation  
is accompli%$ by means ( s[+ se$ or     
plant+ trees1 ! fir/ requisite is a     
supply ( tree se$ ( ! desir$ species & (
 good quality4 ,un=tunately = ! timb]   

own] :o wi%es to ent] ^u ext5sive se$+  
op]ations1 ! bus9ess ( collect+ & prep>+
 =e/ tree se$ = m>ket has receiv$ b     
little att5tion f old-e/abli%$ se$      
firms1 & x is n always possible to      
pur*ase ! species & quantity desir$4    
,moreov]1 ! prices *>g$ are (t5         
excessive4  ,9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/1     
h[ev]1 ! dem& = se$ ( ,d\glas fir &     
,sitka spruce has l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a
 consid]able trade 9 ^! species1 & at   
reasonable prices1 s t :]e ^! species   
are to be us$1 or only small quantities 
( o!r species1 ! timb] own] w probably  
f9d x to 8 advantage to pur*ase ! se$ r 
?an to attempt collect+ x himself4      
,d\glas fir se$ is quot$ at #a4dj to    
#b4jj p] p\nd & ,sitka spruce se$ at    
#b4be to #c4jj4  ,9 pur*as+ se$ x is    
common practice to specify t x %all be (
 ! new crop1 because tree se$ kept 9    
ord9>y /orage loses its vitality        
mat]ially4 ,:5 prop]ly /or$ 9 air-tight 
receptacles1 h[ev]1 z is n[ done by "s  
se$ deal]s1 x w reta9 its g]m9ative p[] 

= sev]al ye>s ) only slight             
depreciation4 ,moreov]1 fre% se$1 if    
improp]ly treat$1 may be ( v poor       
quality1 s t ! age ( ! se$ is ( little  
value 9 ! det]m9ation ( its wor? & !    
only sure me?od ( asc]ta9+ ?is is by    
means ( g]m9ation or cutt+ te/s4 ,!     
latt] me?od is ! quicke/ & mo/ simple & 
consi/s ( cutt+ op5 a numb] ( ! se$s &  
asc]ta9+ ! p] c5t ^: k]nel is s\nd1     
plump & moi/4 ,se$ ( good av]age quality
 %\ld conta9 n m ?an #be-cj p] c5t (    
inf]tile se$4  ,:5 se$ _c be pur*as$1 x 
is necess>y to collect4 ,s9ce no species
 ( conif]\s trees be> abundant crops (  
se$ ea* ye> & (t5 sev]al seasons w      
elapse betwe5 good crops1 x is necess>y 
to ga!r suffici5t se$ :5 ! supply is    
abundant to provide = succe$+ ye>s :5 ! 
crop is apt to be a failure4  ,! se$    
rip5s 9 ! fall1 usually dur+ ,augu/ or  
,septemb]1 & ! cones %\ld be collect$ at
 t "t4 ,p9es require two ye>s 9 :i* to  
mature ! se$2 t is1 ! cones are n fully 
=m$ & ! se$ ripe until ! second fall    

aft] ! f]tilization ( ! fl[]s 9 ! spr+4 
,mo/ ( ! o!r important conif]s rip5 _!  
se$ 9 ! fall ( ! same season4 ,%ortly   
aft] ! se$ is ripe1 ! cones op5 & all[ x
 to dissem9ate1 consequ5tly !y mu/ be   
ga!r$ be=e ?is occurs4  ,! cones are    
ga!r$ ei!r by climb+ ! trees & cutt+ !m 
(f f ! bran*es1 by pick+ f ! tops (     
fell$ trees1 or by robb+ squirrels'     
ho>ds4 ,:]e squirrels are abundant 9 !  
=e/1 ! la/ me?od is ! *eape/4 ,climb+   
trees is practic$ only :]e ! trees are  
small4 ,:5 ?is me?od is employ$1 !      
workm5 %\ld be equipp$ ) l9em5's belts &
 climb]s4 ,pick+ f fell$ trees is       
readily c>ri$ on except :]e d5se        
und]bru% int]f]es1 z is ! case 9 !      
ord9>y ,d\glas fir =e/4  ,trees gr[+ 9 !
 op51 ) l>ge cr[ns ext5d+ d[n ! great]  
"p ( ! bole1 be> cones m abundantly ?an 
trees 9 d5se =e/s1 & = ?is reason       
collect+ f scatt]$ op5 gr[?s c be done m
 *eaply ?an on logg+ areas4 ,(t5 l>ge   
quantities ( cones c be pur*as$ f       
settl]s :o w collect & deliv] !m at     

c5tral po9ts at a /ipulat$ price4 ,:5   
?is me?od is employ$1 h[ev]1 frequ5t    
exam9ation ( ! cones %\ld be made to    
asc]ta9 t !y conta9 ! full numb] ( se$1 
= (t5 op5$ cones f :i* a "p or all ( !  
se$ has be5 dissem9at$ w be (f]$ = sale4
 ,insect l>v also (t5 de/roy a l>ge     
proportion ( ! se$1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! crop
 is light & c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! cones  
pur*as$ are n infe/$4 ,! prices paid =  
cones v>y f #be c5ts to #ej c5ts p] sack
 = ! l>g] cones1 l yell[ & :ite p9e1 &  
#ej c5ts to #a4jj = ,d\glas fir &       
spruce1 dep5d+ ^u ! abundance ( ! crop4 
,aft] ! cones are ga!r$ ! se$ mu/ be    
extract$ & clean$4 ,:]e climatic        
conditions 9 ! fall ( ! ye> w p]mit     
air-dry+1 ! cones may be spread out on  
%eets or blankets :]e !y w be expos$ to 
! sun & w9d4 ,"u ?is treatm5t !y w op5 9
 f #c to #f days1 dep5d+ ^u ! wea!r & ! 
species4 ,:]e bad wea!r w int]f]e )     
air-dry+1 ! cones mu/ be dri$ und]cov]  
by artificial heat4 ,?is is ! me?od     
usually employ$ by pr(essional se$      

collectors1 & :]e l>ge quantities (     
cones are to be treat$ ea* ye> special  
dry h\ses are con/ruct$ & fitt$ )       
elaborate dry+ app>atus4 ,! "w c be done
 mo/ *eaply ) su* an e/abli%m5t1 b = !  
ord9>y timb] own] :o expects to collect 
se$ only occasionally1 a make%ift       
dry-h\se :i* w answ] ! purpose c be     
fitt$ up inexp5sively 9 any unus$       
build+4 ,! ess5tial features are %elves 
or trays #d feet wide arrang$ ar\nd !   
walls ( ! room1 "o above ! o!r & sep>at$
 ab\t #h in*es ap>t1 & a heat+ /ove     
plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! room4 ,! %elves may  
be made ( burlap /ret*$ tight1 or1 bett]
 /ill1 ( wire scre5+ ( #a-a_/b in* or   
#c_/d-;in* me%4  ,aft] be+ subject$ to a
 temp]ature n exce$+ #aaj ,fahr4 = f #bd
 to #dh h\rs1 ! cones w op51 all[+ ! se$
 to fall out :5 %ak5 or p\nd$4 ,! se$ :5
 sep>at$ f ! cones is !n mix$ ) a co>se 
gravel 9 ab\t ! proportion ( #d to #a & 
*urn$ to remove ! w+s4 ,f9ally1 all     
=eign matt] is remov$ by scre5+ & holl[ 
se$ bl[n out by pass+ x ?r\gh an ord9>y 

fann+ mill4  ,,se$+ ,,v]sus ,,plant+  ,!
 selection ( ! me?od ( re=e/ation to    
employ1 :e!r direct se$+ or plant+1     
dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! "* ( ! area to be  
re/ock$4 ,direct se$+ is usually        
consid]ably *eap] :5 ! results are      
satisfactory1 b only on ! m favorable   
sites :]e moi/ure & soil conditions are 
"r is !re any assurance ( success4 ,ev5 
9 su* cases p>tial or total de/ruction (
 ! se$ (t5 results f birds & rod5ts4 ,9 
expos$ situations :]e ! soil is %all[1  
or :]e because ( climatic conditions    
soil dries out sev]al in*es deep dur+ ! 
gr[+ season1 ! se$ may n g]m9ate at all1
 or ! "y se$l+s may be kill$ be=e !y h  
"t to s5d _! roots d[n to ! p]man5t     
moi/ure level4 ,9 su* situations1 plant+
 is ! only reliable me?od4 ,if ! plant  
mat]ial is ( ! prop] k9d & ! "w well    
done1 satisfactory results are almo/    
c]ta9 to foll[4 ,direct se$+ is a mu* m 
rapid me?od ?an plant+1 & :]e ext5sive  
areas are to be re/ock$ )9 a %ort p]iod 
& se$ is abundant1 ! "w c be complet$   

quickly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is me?od is     
wa/eful ( se$ because a l>ge proportion 
fails to g]m9ate & ! "y se$l+s (t5      
succumb to adv]se conditions1 s t :]e   
se$ is sc>ce or its co/ high1 plant+ is 
! m practical me?od4  ,because plant+ is
 ! mo/ reliable me?od x has be5 ! "o mo/
 l>gely employ$ 9 ext5sive op]ations1   
bo? "h & 9 mo/ ,european c\nties1 b     
?or\gh te/s are n[ be+ made ( direct    
se$+ & "u prop] conditions x promises to
 be fairly satisfactory4 ,! ,d\glas fir 
region we/ ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s (f]s ! 
mo/ favorable conditions = direct se$+ &
 except on badly expos$ s\? slopes1 or  
:]e ! gr[? ( bru% is exce$+ly d5se1 x is
 believ$ ?is me?od w prove a            
satisfactory "o = ! timb] own] to       
employ4  ,9 ! yell[ p9e regions         
conditions are n s satisfactory = direct
 se$+1 s9ce ?is tree occurs l>gely 9 a  
region ( defici5t ra9fall4 ,h[ev]1      
natural reproduction is abundant ?r\gh\t
 _m portions ( ?is type1 & x is probable
 t direct se$+ w prove fairly successful

 if ! prop] me?ods are employ$ & if =e/ 
conditions h n be5 too greatly di/urb$4 
,t "s me?od ( successfully employ+      
direct se$+ ) yell[ p9e be f\nd is      
greatly to be desir$1 s9ce yell[ p9e    
se$l+s d n )/& transplant+ well1 b !re  
is ne$ = c>eful exp]im5tation be=e      
ext5sive se$+ op]ations 9 ?is type by   
private timb] own]s w\ld be ju/ifiable4 
,we/]n :ite p9e1 x is believ$1 w be easy
 to reproduce 9 mo/ ( its native        
situations by direct se$+1 ?\gh ! great]
 sc>city ( its se$ & ! fact t x w be m  
subject to de/ruction by birds & rod5ts 
because ( its l>g] size may make plant+ 
! m practical me?od4  ,trees = plant+ c 
ei!r be pur*as$ f comm]cial nurs]ym5 or 
gr[n 9 nurs]ies e/abli%$ = t purpose ne>
 ! plant+ site4 ,:5 only a few ?\s&     
trees are ne$$ x is *eap] to pur*ase !m1
 b :5 ext5sive op]ations are            
contemplat$1 cov]+ hundr$s ( acres 9 :i*
 millions ( trees w be ne$$1 x is f>    
pref]able = ! own] to gr[ ! trees 9 8   
own nurs]y4 ,"s initial outlay = !      

e/abli%m5t ( ! nurs]y w be necess>y & a 
practical nurs]yman %\ld be employ$1 b !
 sav+ 9 ! co/ ( ! trees w fully         
comp5sate = ^!4  ,"o1 two & ?ree ye> old
 trees1 ! latt] once transplant$1 are   
usually employ$ 9 plant+1 ! old] trees  
be+ us$ = ! less favorable sites4 ,9    
plant+ !y are plac$ 9 r[s equidi/ant    
ap>t1 ! spac+ v>y+ f #d to #ab feet1 ) a
 g5]al av]age ( ab\t #f feet4 ,! "w may 
be done ei!r 9 ! fall aft] gr[? has     
ceas$ or 9 ! spr+ be=e gr[? comm5ces4   
,! co/ ( plant+1 ( c\rse1 w v>y greatly 
) ! age ( ! trees1 ! numb] plant$ p]    
acre & ! accessibility & "* ( ! plant+  
site4 ,) "y trees & wide spac+1 ! co/   
may be z l[ z #f4jj p] acre1 :ile 9 m   
unfavorable situations :]e old] plants  
are us$ & plant+ is m labori\s x may be 
z high z #af4jj4 ,a fair av]age1 h[ev]1 
= ^? areas :i* a timb] own] w\ld be mo/ 
likely to plant up is ab\t #h4jj to     
#aj4jj p] acre4  ,9 direct se$+1 sev]al 
diff]5t me?ods may be employ$1 su* z    
broadca/+ ov] ! entire area ) or )\t    

previ\s prep>ation ( ! soil1 s[+ 9      
/rips1 or s[+ 9 se$ spots2 b obs]vation 
& exp]im5t h %[n t x is necess>y = se$  
su* z ,d\glas fir1 yell[ p9e & we/]n    
:ite p9e to come 9 close contact ) !    
m9]al soil 9 ord] t x may g]m9ate & !   
se$l+s live2 consequ5tly only ^? me?ods 
%\ld be us$ :i* w accompli% ?is4 ,:]e ! 
area has be5 burn$ ov] previ\s to s[+ & 
! m9]al soil laid b>e1 broadca/ se$+ may
 be employ$4 ,:]e ! gr\nd w p]mit ! use 
( a h>r[ good results are obta9able by  
sc>ify+ ! soil 9 /rips ab\t #aj feet    
ap>t & s[+ ! se$ 9 ^! /rips4 ,on unburn$
 areas cov]$ ) a d5se gr[? ( f]n1 salal1
 moss1 grass1 or o!r plants1 ?is cov]+  
mu/ be remov$ by ! se$ spot me?od4 ,?is 
consi/s 9 remov+ ! gr\nd cov] ) a grub  
hoe or mattock 9 spots ( v>y+ diamet]   
7#f in*es to #c feet7 & ( v>i\s di/ances
 ap>t 7#f to #ae feet71 & s[+ ! se$ 9 ^!
 spots4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od are t 
a m9imum am\nt ( se$ is us$2 ! gr\nd c  
be prep>$ & ! se$ cov]$ to :atev] ext5t 
is desirable1 & ! soil press$ d[n4 ,?is 

me?od is believ$ to be ! "o be/ suit$ to
 ! greate/ v>iety ( sites4  ,! am\nt (  
se$ us$ p] acre w1 ( c\rse1 v>y ) !     
species & ! me?od us$1 & ! quality ( !  
se$4 ,! foll[+ table indicates !        
approximate quantity ( se$ ( good av]age
 quality requir$ p] acre = ?ree diff]5t 
me?ods1 ! av]age co/ :5 collect$ 9      
fairly l>ge quantities1 & ! numb] ( se$ 
p] p\nd3                                
,no4 p\nds requir$ p] acre4             
,no4 se$  ,co/ p]  ,broadca/1           
,se$spots     ,species4        p] lb4   
p\nd4  entire area4   ,/rips4      #f'  
ap>t4 ,d\glas fir          #db1jjj      
#a4ej     #b - #c       #a_/b - #a      
#a_/b - #c_/d ,yell[ p9e                
#h1jjj      4#ej    #aj - #ab     #b -  
#b-a_/b    #a-a_/b - #b ,we/]n :ite p9e 
#ad1jjj      4#ge     #f - #h    #a-a_/b
 - #a-c_/d  #a - #a-a_/b  ,! total co/1 
too1 w v>y widely1 n only because ( !   
diff]5t quantities ( se$ us$ b also     
because ( ! great ext5t to :i* ! me?ods 
are v>i$ to suit ! conditions occurr+ ^u

 ! area4 ,simple broadca/+ )\t any      
prep>ation or treatm5t ( ! soil w n     
exce$ #bj c5ts to #be c5ts p] acre =    
labor2 h>r[+ & s[+ 9 /rips1 #he c5ts to 
#a4aj p] acre1 & s[+ 9 se$spots1 #b4jj  
to #e4jj p] acre4 ,^u ?is basis ! total 
co/ p] acre w approximate ! figures giv5
 9 ! table bel[3                        
,broadca/ ov]                ,se$spots1 
,species4         entire area4          
,/rips4       #f' ap>t4 ,d\glas fir     
#c4bj-d4ge     #a4jj-b4fj    #b4ge-f4jj 
,yell[ p9e           #e4bj-f4be         
#a4he-b4ce     #b4ge-f4jj ,we/]n :ite   
p9e    #d4gj-f4be      #b4jj-b4dj       
#b4ge-f4jj  ,,rate ,,( ,,gr[? ,,&       
,,probable ,,returns  ,( all factors 9  
calculat+ ! f9ancial possibilities (    
second =e/ crops1 ! gr[? to be expect$  
is ! easie/ to det]m9e ) fair accuracy4 
,future /umpage value1 tax burd5 & fire 
risk are all subject to unc]ta9         
influ5ces1 b ! approximate yield ( a    
giv5 species "u giv5 natural conditions 
w be ! same 9 ! future t x is n[4 ,to   

pr$ict x requires only /udy ( exi/+ /&s 
)\t be+ misl$ by ! influ5ce ( conditions
 :i* w n be repeat$4  ,on ! o!r h&1 an  
imm5se am\nt ( mis9=mation is circulat$ 
because ( sup]ficial obs]vation4        
,en?usia/s discov]+ individual trees :i*
 h made prodigi\s gr[?1 or ev5 fairly   
ext5sive /&s on f]tile soil ) heavy     
ra9fall1 w compute sawlog yields at #dj 
or #ej ye>s :i* are mu* too optimi/ic = 
g5]al application4 ,o!rs1 rememb]+ "s /&
 !y h se5 9 unfavorable localities1 or  
not+ %ade-suppress$ trees :i* w n be    
p>allel$ aft] ! virg9 =e/ is remov$1 are
 unduly disc\rag$4 ,x is mo/ ess5tial t 
yield tables be made by tra9$ obs]v]s :o
 "k h[ to rea* ! true av]age1 & t !     
figures ei!r actually come f ! region to
 :i* !y are to be appli$ or are         
accompani$ by a sy/ematic analysis (    
climatic & o!r conditions :i* p]mits    
intellig5t comp>ison4  ,9 calculat+     
ano!r yield on cut-ov] l&1 ! sy/em = an 
ev5-ag$ new gr[?1 su* z w foll[ clean   
cutt+ ( ,d\glas fir1 = example1 is q    

diff]5t f t necess>y if ! cutt+ am\nts  
only to selection ( ! m]*antable trees &
 leaves a fair /& ( small] ones4 ,9 !   
latt] case1 yield tables bas$ on av]age 
acreage production are ( little use     
because s mu* dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! /& :i* 
rema9s on ! tract 9 "q4 ,"h ! basis mu/ 
be ! rate ( gr[? ( ! av]age individual  
tree4 ,an e/imate by ! numb] 9 ea*      
pres5t diamet] class may be made ( !    
trees :i* w escape logg+1 %[+1 let u say
 = example1 ab\t five trees ( ea*       
diamet] f #f to #ab in*es1 or ?irty-five
 9 all :i* are ov] #f in*es4 ,if ! gr[? 
/udy indicates t 9 #bj ye>s !re w h be5 
add$ #f in*es 9 diamet] we c e/imate a  
crop ( five trees ea* ( classes ext5d+ f
 #ab to #ah in*es4 ,actually ! process w
 n be s simple1 = ! diff]5t ag$ trees w 
n gr[ ) equal rapidity1 & sev]al o!r    
factors mu/ be reckon$ )1 b ! g5]al     
pr9ciple is to apply rate ( gr[? k to ! 
mat]ial on h&1 & /udy ( ?is mat]ial is  
ess5tial4  ,= pr$ict+ ev5-ag$ crops     
result+ f entire re/ock+1 ! acquisition 

( necess>y basic in=mation is z         
difficult1 or m s1 b its application is 
f> simpl]4 ,t ! gr\nd w be fully /ock$  
by natural or artificial means mu/ be   
assum$1 b we c also assume t ! result w 
be influ5c$ only by normal locality     
conditions & n by accid5tal condition ( 
! pres5t =e/4 ,!re=e we use a yield     
table & n a gr[? table4 ,?is c be made  
by actual measurem5t ( exi/+ second gr[?
 /&s ( diff]5t ages1 :i* proves n only !
 gr[? rate b also ! numb] ( trees :i* ! 
natural %ade-?9n+ process results 9 at  
diff]5t p]iods ( ! =e/ life4 ,! *ief    
dang] ( inaccuracy 9 su* in=mation lies 
9 bas+ x on insuffici5t measurem5ts or 9
 apply+ x :]e soil or moi/ure conditions
 are greatly diff]5t4 ,! latt] error c  
be gu>d$ aga9/1 h[ev]1 by use ( gr[?    
figures tak5 9 conjunction ) x4 ,=      
example1 if a yield table %[+ #be1jjj   
feet to ! acre at #ej ye>s f se$ is     
accompani$ by "o %[+ t ! av]age /& x    
repres5ts is #abe high at #ej ye>s & its
 av]age #ej-ye>-tree is #ad in*es 9     

diamet]1 little inve/igation is necess>y
 to det]m9e :e!r 9 any giv5 locality !  
gr[? falls f> above or bel[ t4  ,an     
attempt to reproduce "h any consid]able 
numb] ( gr[? & yield tables w\ld be (   
d\btful use )\t m space ?an is all[$ to 
expla9 h[ !y are made & us$4 ,!re are _m
 te*nicalities1 bo? ma!matical &        
silvicultural1 & un=tunately mo/ ( !    
available figures = ! ,nor?we/1 obta9$  
by ! ,=e/ ,s]vice1 h n be5 g5]aliz$     
en\gh = wide popul> value4 ,?is is      
p>ticul>ly true ( yield tables :i*      
necess>ily require assum+ /&>ds (       
m]*antability4 ,:ile ! be/ we/]n :ite   
p9e table assumes t by ! "t a new crop  
is cut #g-;in* :ite p9e w be salable1 ! 
be/ fir table 0 work$ ^u a #ab-;in*     
diamet] basis4 ,obvi\sly ?is w\ld %[ an 
unfairly great] yield ( a p9e =e/       
conta9+ trees betwe5 #g & #ab in*es & be
 v mislead+ 9 calculat+ f9ancial results
 at ! same age & /umpage rates2 yet )\t 
! orig9al data !re is no way ( r$uc+ bo?
 tables to ! same basis4 ,z an example1 

h[ev]1 to indicate h[ ! f9ancial        
possibilities ( second gr[? c be arriv$ 
at if a sy/ematic /udy is made1 let u   
take ! ,d\glas fir figures ref]r$ to4   
,,d\glas ,,fir  ,^! are exce$+ly        
reliable4 ,measurem5ts 7 tak5 by ! ,=e/ 
,s]vice ( practically pure fir on ab\t  
#djj areas 9 ?irty-five diff]5t age /&s 
f #aj to #adj ye>s old1 rang+ along !   
we/]n ,cascade foo?ills f ! ,canadian   
l9e to c5tral ,oregon4 ,s9ce re=e/ation 
inve/m5t is likely to be conf9$ ma9ly to
 ! m promis+ opportunities1 only su*    
gr[? 0 measur$ z gave an av]age         
repres5tation ( ! bett] class ( ! two   
%\ld all ! g5]al t]ritory cov]$ be grad$
 9 two quality classes ( all ar\nd      
ability to produce =e/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1  
c>e 0 tak5 n to repres5t ! maximum ( !  
bett] class1 data be+ tak5 only f       
p]man5t =e/ l& & n f ri* pot5tial       
agricultural l& :i* might %[ unfairly   
rapid =e/ gr[?4 ,! av]age areas 7       
actually measur$ & ! numb]1 age1 =m1    
diamet] gr[?1 height gr[?1 bo>d foot    

cont5ts1 etc41 ( all ! trees on !m 7    
accurately det]m9$4 ,trees #ab in*es 9  
diamet] #d-a_/b feet f ! gr\nd 7        
consid]$ m]*antable1 & x 0 assum$ !y    
c\ld be us$ to #h in*es 9 ! top4 ,f ?is 
data 7 prep>$ tables & diagrams %[+ !   
av]age developm5t ( trees & /&s "u      
fairly favorable conditions 9 ! region  
we/ ( ! ,cascades4  ,?is gave ! foll[+  
yield p] acre3  ,age ( ,/&4    ,feet1   
,b4 ,m4    ,age ( ,/&4    ,feet1 ,b4 ,m4
      #dj            #ab1djj            
#ij             #gj1bjj      #ej        
#bh1jjj           #ajj                  
#gi1hjj      #fj            #da1jjj     
#aaj             #ij1cjj      #gj       
#ea1gjj           #abj                  
#aja1ejj      #hj            #fa1ajj    
#acj            #aac1jjj  ,let u see h[ 
^! figures c be us$ 9 answ]+ ! prim>y "q
 ( ! prospective timb]-gr[]3 ,w x pay to
 hold my cut-ov] l& = a second crop8    
,obvi\sly no c]ta9 answ] c be pr9t$ "h1 
n only because no uni=m /umpage prices  
or c>ry+ *>ges c be pr$ict$ b also      

because individuals may diff] z to :at  
pr(it is necess>y to make ! inve/m5t    
pay1 s x w be necess>y to analyze !     
situation s ea* may select ! premises   
:i* suit 8 own case & judgm5t4 ,!       
inve/m5t made by ! hold] ( cut-ov] l& is
 ( two k9ds2 t repres5t$ by ! l& :i*    
o!rwise he might sell1 putt+ ! proce$s  
at "w 9 "s o!r bus9ess1 & ! annual c>ry+
 *>ges :i* o!rwise he might also inve/  
diff]5tly4 ,! sum obta9able by inve/+ ! 
money available by sale aft] logg+1 add+
 to x ye>ly ! sum requir$ = fire        
prev5tion & taxes1 & comp\nd+ bo? at a  
satisfactory int]e/ = ! entire p]iod1 is
 practically ! co/ ( hold+ ! tract = any
 giv5 numb] ( ye>s4 ,by calculat+ ?is   
co/ ^u a basis ( "o acre1 & divid+ x by 
! yield bo>d measure :i* ! same p]iod w 
produce1 ! co/ p] ?\s& feet ( gr[+ a    
second crop is arriv$ at4  ,aga9/ ?is   
may be set ! gross return f ! same      
expect$ yield at any giv5 /umpage rate4 
,! yield at ! end ( a #ej-ye> inve/m5t w
 n be t ( a #ej-ye> =e/1 h[ev]1 = al?\gh

 ! c>ry+ co/ beg9s at once1 ! new =e/   
requires a few ye>s to become e/abli%$4 
,no exact figure c be set = ?is1 = "s   
se$ w spr\t ! fir/ ye> & "s blank spaces
 may p]si/ sev]al ye>s1 b 9 ! tables to 
foll[ five ye>s has be5 all[$ = an      
av]age4 ,consequ5tly1 in/ead ( calculat+
 on a #bh ,m yield z ! return at ! end (
 #ej ye>s1 z indicat$ 9 ! yield table on
 ! prec$+ page1 ! #de-ye> yield (       
#bj-a_/b ,m is us$1 & simil>ly = ! o!r  
p]iods ( #fj1 #gj & #hj ye>s4 ,^! f\r   
rotations only w be consid]$ "h1 = 9    
less ?an #ej ye>s second gr[? w probably
 be too small to be cut at ! highe/     
pr(it1 :ile aft] #hj ye>s ! inve/m5t    
comp\nds s heavily z to make x          
improbable t increas+ /umpage values w  
comp5sate4  ,?ree int]e/ rates h be5 us$
 9 ! fir/ table to foll[3 #d1 #e & #f p]
 c5t1 comp\nd4 ,=e/ calculations at l[] 
rates are (t5 se51 b x is n believ$ t   
less ?an #e p] c5t w be satisfactory to 
private own]s & _m w insi/ on #f p] c5t4
 ,! fair /&>d is :at ! own] c make 9 o!r

 bus9ess today1 & s9ce he c re9ve/ 8    
income 9 ! same bus9ess1 x is reasonable
 to figure at a comp\nd rate4 ,a few    
examples are giv5 to %[ h[ simil>       
calculations may be made ) any set (    
inve/m5t & /umpage factors :i* appeal to
 individual judgm5t4 ,! second table1   
prep>$ f ! fir/1 %[s at a glance ! price
 t mu/ be receiv$ = ,d\glas fir to make 
x pay ei!r #e or #f p] c5t comp\nd      
int]e/ "u a range ( sixty diff]5t       
conditions ( orig9al inve/m5t & annual  
co/4  ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t1 al?\gh  
pres5t l& value is made a *>ge1 ! value 
( ! l& at ! "t ( h>ve/ is n consid]$4   
,?is value is c]ta9 to increase greatly 
9 ! long p]iods involv$4 ,taxation *>ges
 w be aga9/ x z well z aga9/ ! timb]4   
,inde$ mu* l& is n[ held )\t any reg>d  
to possible second gr[?4 ,x %\ld be     
assum$ !re=e t any pr(it 9 =e/ inve/m5t 
%[n w be increas$ by ! sum obta9able = !
 l& at ! end ( ! same p]iod4            
,co/ p] ,m ( gr[+            ,co/ p] ,m 
( gr[+           ,d\glas fir result+    

,d\glas fir result+           f e #a p] 
acre         f e #a c5t p] acre         
orig9ally inve/$4           ( annual    
c>ry+ *>ge4        --------,at ! end    
(---------  --------,at ! end (---------
          #ej      #fj      #gj      #hj
      #ej      #fj      #gj      #hj    
,ye>s4  ,ye>s4  ,ye>s4  ,ye>s4  ,ye>s4  
,ye>s4  ,ye>s4  ,ye>s4 ,at #d   4#ce    
4#cj   4#cc    4#da     4#jgd   4#jfh   
4#jgh   4#jih ,at #e    4#ef     4#ec   
4#fe     4#hh      4#ajb    4#aja       
4#abf    4#agb ,at #f    4#ij     4#id  
#a4bg    #a4hg      4#adb    4#aeb      
4#bjh    4#cji  ,example #a3 ,) l& wor? 
#b4ej an acre at pres5t1 & an e/imat$   
c>ry+ *>ge ( #c c5ts a ye> = protection 
& #bj c5ts p] taxes1 :at /umpage price =
 a #ej-ye> crop w pay #e p] c5t comp\nd 
int]e/8 #f p] c5t8              #e      
#f   #b-a_/b ,x 4#ef   #a4dj     #b-a_/b
 ,x 4#ij   #b4be  #bc     ,x 4#ajb      
#b4ce    #bc     ,x 4#adb   #c4bg       
-----                    -----          
#c4ge                    #e4eb  ,example

 #b3 ,) l& wor? #e an acre at pres5t1 & 
/umpage e/imat$ to rea* #g4jj 9 #fj     
ye>s1 :at is ! maximum annual c>ry+ *>ge
 p] acre :i* c be paid dur+ ?is p]iod & 
p]mit a #e p] c5t return8 ,a #f p] c5t  
return8          #e                     
#f   ,gross return  #g4jj               
,gross return  #g4jj   #e ,x 4#ec       
#b4fe             #e ,x 4#id            
#d4gj                  -----            
-----                  #d4ce_/4aja      
#dc;c                 #b4cj_/4aeb  #ae;c
  ,example #c3 ,assum+ t /umpage w be   
wor? #f4jj 9 #ej ye>s1 & t public       
enlight5m5t w keep ! annual fire & tax  
*>ge f exce$+ #bj c5ts1 :at price       
obta9able = cut-ov] l& today1 made to   
e>n #e p] c5t comp\nd int]e/ 9 "s o!r   
bus9ess1 is z pr(itable z keep+ ! l& = a
 second crop8 ,if o!r bus9ess w\ld e>n  
#f p] c5t8         #e                   
#f   ,gross return  #f4jj               
,gross return  #f4jj   #bj ,x 4#ajb     
#b4jd              #bj ,x 4#adb         
#b4hd                  -----            

-----                  #c4jf_/4ef  #g4jg
                 #c4af_/4ij  #c4ea      
,,future ,,/umpage ,,prices ,,necess>y  
,,to ,,make ,,d\glas ,,fir ,,second     
,,crop ,,pay ,,ei!r #e ,,or #f ,,comp\nd
 ,,int]e/ ,,on ,,inve/m5t4  ,maximum    
,orig9al ,inve/m5t #g4ej an ,acre4      
,maximum ,annual ,c>ry+ ,*>ge #cj;c an  
,acre4                                  
------------,co/ p] ,m ,feet----------- 
,taxes &   #ej ye>   #fj ye>   #gj ye>  
#hj ye>           ,orig9al    protection
  rotation  rotation  rotation  rotation
          inve/m5t  paid ye>ly  7#bj4e  
,m   7#ce ,m4    7#df4f ,m   7#ef4e ,m  
p] acre4   p] acre4    p] ,a47   p] ,a47
   p] ,a47   p] ,a47                    
7c5ts7            -            - #aj    
#b4dj     #b4ce     #b4ij     #c4ij     
#ae        #b4ie      #b4he      #c4ej  
#d4hj            #b4ej        #bj       
#c4de      #c4ce      #d4ae      #e4fe  
#be        #c4ie      #c4he      #d4ge  
#f4ej                        - #cj      
#d4de      #d4ce      #e4dj      #g4ce  

- #aj        #c4hj      #c4fe      #d4ej
      #f4aj    #e                   #ae 
#d4ce      #d4bj      #e4ae      #f4ie  
,comp\nd    #e4jj        #bj            
#d4he      #d4gj      #e4ge      #g4hj  
,int]e/                #be        #e4ce 
#e4bj      #f4dj      #h4gj             
- #cj        #e4he      #e4gj      #g4je
      #i4ee                             
- #aj        #e4bj      #e4jj      #f4ae
      #h4cj                         #ae 
#e4ge      #e4ej      #f4ge      #i4bj  
#g4ej        #bj        #f4be      #f4jj
      #g4dj     #aj4je                  
#be        #f4ge      #f4ej      #h4jj  
#aj4jj            -            - #cj    
#g4be      #g4jj      #h4fe     #aa4ge  
-            - #aj        #c4fe         
#c4he      #e4be      #g4ge             
#ae        #d4dj      #d4fe      #f4cj  
#i4cj             #b4ej        #bj      
#e4aj      #e4dj      #g4ce     #aj4he  
#be        #e4hj      #f4ae      #h4ce  
#ab4ce                        - #cj     
#f4ej      #f4ij      #i4dj     #ac4ij  

- #aj        #e4ij      #f4bj      #h4de
     #ab4de    #f                   #ae 
#f4fe      #g4hj      #i4de     #ad4jj  
,comp\nd    #e4jj        #bj            
#g4ce      #g4ge     #aj4ej     #ae4ej  
,int]e/                #be        #h4je 
#h4ej     #aa4ee     #ag4je             
- #cj        #h4ge      #i4be     #ab4fj
     #ah4fj                             
- #aj        #h4ae      #h4ee     #aa4fj
     #ag4aj                         #ae 
#h4ij      #i4ce     #ab4fe     #ah4fe  
#g4ej        #bj        #i4fj     #aj4aj
     #ac4gj     #bj4bj                  
#be       #aj4cj     #aj4he     #ad4gj  
#ba4ge            -            - #cj    
#aa4jj     #aa4fj     #ae4ge     #bc4cj 
,^! tables br+ out a numb] ( v int]e/+  
prim>y facts3  #a4 ,! rate ( int]e/     
dem&$ ( ! inve/m5t is "o ( ! mo/        
important factors4 ,?is is because su*  
long t]ms are involv$4 ,! *>ges comp\nd 
) prodigi\s rapidity t[>d ! la/4 ,9 any 
o!r bus9ess pay+ #f p] c5t1 comp\nd1 !  
maximum inve/m5t p] acre giv5 9 ! prec$+

 table1 t ( a l& value ( #g4ej & a      
#cj-;c5t annual *>ge = #hj ye>s1 w\ld   
e>n #a1cag4 ,a #ge-ye> =e/ !n h>ve/able 
%\ld h #ef-a_/b ,m to ! acre1 b ?is w\ld
 h to br+ ov] #be p] ,m to pay z well4  
,on ! o!r h&1 ! same deposits e>n+ #d p]
 c5t w\ld only am\nt to #cch 9 ! same   
p]iod :i* w\ld be equal$ by timb] at #f 
p] ,m4  #b4 ,= simil> reasons1 ! l5g? ( 
"t be=e cutt+ has mu* to d ) pr(it or   
loss4 ,! comp\nd+ ( c>ry+ *>ges         
ev5tually out/rips ! production (       
mat]ial to a degree :i* c be (fset only 
by ! mo/ rapid rise ( /umpage values4   
#c4 ,! great] ! inve/m5t1 ! m m>k$ !    
above effect & consequ5tly ! t5d5cy to  
m>ket an inf]ior product4 ,a #fj-ye>    
rotation is indicat$ by a majority ( !  
conditions %[n4  #d4 ,a comp>atively    
slight increase 9 annual tax or fire    
*>ges may make ! diff]5ce betwe5 pr(it &
 loss4 ,r\ghly1 /umpage mu/ br+ #a p] ,m
 m to comp5sate = ea* #aj c5ts an acre =
 taxes at #e p] c5t or = #g c5ts at #f  
p] c5t4  #e4 ,if ! l& is salable = #e an

 acre or m x _c be made to pay #f p] c5t
 comp\nd int]e/ "u ! mo/ favorable      
conditions1 unless ! /umpage receiv$    
exce$s #f4 ,at #e /umpage & ) reasonable
 taxation x w pay #e p] c5t if x escapes
 fire4  #f4 ,?irty c5ts an acre is      
app>5tly ab\t ! maximum annual c>ry+    
*>ge :i* w p]mit a #f p] c5t pr(it1 ev5 
) v high /umpage prices4 ,consequ5tly1  
:ile pres5t taxes on cut-ov] l& are     
seldom prohibitive1 !re mu/ be          
reasonable c]ta9ty t excessive increase 
w n occur4  ,! c>ry+ *>ges %[n 9 !      
second table cov] bo? fire protection & 
taxes1 z by read+ ! #ae-;c5t l9e to     
include a #aj-;c5t tax & a #e-;c5t fire 
patrol4 ,! inve/m5t *>ge may be us$ to  
repres5t sale value only1 or sale value 
plus any exp5se incurr$ at "t ( logg+ 9 
ord] to secure reproduction1 su* z leav+
 salable mat]ial 9 se$ trees1 or plant+4
 ,if desir$1 any own] may make a simil> 
calculation on any o!r valuation bett]  
fitt+ 8 own situation4 ,! table is n    
int5d$ = univ]sal use b m]ely z an      

illu/ration ( h[ =e/ calculations may be
 made4  ,,:ite ,,p9e  ,too mu* space    
w\ld be requir$ to give a simil> table =
 all we/]n species1 ev5 7 z good yield  
figures available4 ,r\ghly speak+1      
h[ev]1 we/]n :ite p9e1 "u conditions    
?or\ghly favorable to x1 may be expect$ 
to make z good a yield z ,d\glas fir1 & 
! above fir table w n be f> (f = x4 ,a  
probably high] /umpage value %\ld (fset 
any less] production4  ,,hemlock  ,we/]n
 hemlock is ( some:at1 b n mu*1 sl[]    
gr[? :5 com+ 9 on op5 l& z an ev5-ag$   
/&4 ,no yield table bas$ on ! same      
m]*antable /&>ds z ! fir table quot$ has
 be5 prep>$1 b ! foll[+ is fairly safe  
to include all trees #ad in*es 9 diamet]
 us$ to #ab in*es 9 ! top3 ,at #ej ye>s1
 #b ,m p] acre2 at #fj ye>s1 #bb ,m2 at 
#gj ye>s1 #cc ,m2 at #hj ye>s1 #dj ,m4  
,! abs5ce ( a #dj-ye> figure1 & ! sudd5 
jump betwe5 #ej & #fj ye>s1 is because v
 few hemlock trees rea* #ad in*es at #ej
 ye>s1 b a l>ge numb] ( #ab & #ac-;in*  
trees pass into t class dur+ ! t5 ye>s  

foll[+4 ,any yield figures = an ev5-ag$ 
=e/ %[ a simil> jump at ! po9t :]e ! /& 
z a :ole rea*es ! det]m9$ m9imum        
m]*antable size4 ,= ! same reason ^!    
hemlock figures are n v f> less promis+ 
?an ^? giv5 = fir1 = at correspond+ ages
 ! latt] include #ab & #ac-;in* trees & 
all trees are consid]$ m]*antable to a  
top diamet] ( #h in*es4  ,,spruce  ,s9ce
 no sy/ematic /udy ( ,sitka spruce      
second gr[? has be5 made1 x c only be   
pr$ict$ f k ( its habits t :ile 9       
favorable situation x w yield z heavily 
z ,d\glas fir1 9 o!r localities its gr[?
 9 e>ly life is sl[] & less regul>1 mak+
 x less likely to produce a good crop   
be=e ! c>ry+ *>ges become burd5some4 ,if
 ?is proves true1 taxation rates & l&   
values w be extremely important factors1
 (fset to "s degree by a small] fire    
haz>d & ! probability ( high /umpage4   
,,r$wood  ,= r$wood we also lack good   
figures = any consid]able range (       
conditions & ages1 = r$wood gr[? :i*    
foll[$ burns does n exi/ & !re are no v 

old cutt+s4 ,gov]nm5t /udies on ! nor!rn
 ,cali=nia coa/ prove conclusively1     
h[ev]1 t ?is is our mo/ rapid gr[+      
native comm]cial tree4 ,9 ?irty ye>s1 9 
fair soil1 x w produce a tree ( #af     
in*es diamet]1 #hj feet high1 & "s exi/+
 #de-ye> /&s run #bj to #cj in*es on !  
/ump & ab\t #ajj feet high4 ,reckon+    
#ad-;in* trees z m]*antable1 to be us$  
to #aj in*es 9 ! tops1 a #be to #cj-ye> 
second gr[? aft] logg+ ne> ,cresc5t     
,city 0 f\nd to h #b-a_/b ,m feet to !  
acre & ! future increase %\ld be v      
rapid4 ,!re is little "q ( ! pr(it (    
gr[+ r$wood1 provid$ ! difficulties     
describ$ else:]e ( gett+ a d5se crop    
/>t$ are ov]come4  ,,pr(itable ,,?9n+s  
,9 addition to ! yield ( saw timb] to be
 expect$ :5 ! second crop rea*es        
manufactur+ size1 !re w be a m>ket 9 _m 
cases = mat]ial obta9$ by ?9n+4 ,x is   
p]fectly fair to comp\nd = ! rema9d] ( !
 rotation any net pr(it s obta9$ & to   
set x aga9/ ! c>ry+ *>ges4 ,9 _m cases x
 w g f> to turn an app>5tly los+        

inve/m5t into a v pr(itable "o4         
,moreov]1 ! prop] ?9n+ ( gr[+ /&s n only
 utilizes mat]ial :i* w\ld o!rwise die &
 be lo/ be=e ! ma9 h>ve/1 b actually    
improves ! quality ( ! fir/ yield4  ,9  
obta9+ ! figures previ\sly quot$ ! ,=e/ 
,s]vice f\nd t ! av]age ,d\glas fir /&  
at #dj ye>s conta9s #daj liv+ trees1 mo/
 ( !m betwe5 #f & #ae in*es 9 diamet]4  
,at #fj ye>s !re are b #bfe trees1 #ade 
hav+ di$ & decay$ 9 ! #bj-ye> int]val   
:i* 7 suitable = ties or o!r small timb]
 products4 ,! rema9+ trees w\ld h be5   
improv$ by ?9n+ to prev5t ?is loss1 = ! 
greate/ diamet] gr[? is made :5 ! /& is 
op51 & ! ideal is to h j ! d5sity :i* w 
get ! greate/ wood production & /ill    
result 9 prop] prun+ & cle>+ ( ! trees4 
,comm5t+ along ?is l9e ,mr4 ,t4 ,t4     
,mung]1 :o conduct$ ! inve/igation1     
says3  ,t ?9n+s are silviculturally     
practicable & f9ancially pr(itable 9 !  
,pacific ,nor?we/ has be5 demon/rat$4 ,9
 ! vic9ity ( ,cottage ,grove1 ,oregon1  
_m fully /ock$ ev5-ag$ ,d\glas fir /&s  

n[ ab\t #ej ye>s old1 mo/ ( !m =m+ a "p 
( ran*es4 ,_m ( ^! /&s h be5 cut ov] 9 !
 la/ #aj ye>s & all ! mat]ial !n l>ge   
en\gh = pil+ or m9e timb] cut out4 ,?is 
remov$ ab\t #bj p] c5t ( ! /&4 ,at !    
pres5t "t _m ( ^! same /&s n[ conta9 mu*
 mat]ial valuable = small piles1 ties & 
m9e timb]1 yet ! cr[n canopy is z d5se &
 ! trees z close & f9e quality z ?\gh no
 cutt+ _h ev] be5 done 9 ! /&4 ,9 fact1 
"s ( ! #ej-ye> old /&s h already be5 cut
 ov] a second "t1 & ea* "t ) decid$     
pr(it to ! own] & no damage to ! =e/4 ,f
 "o #aj-;acre block ( second gr[? n[ #ej
 ye>s old1 situat$ #g miles f !         
railroad1 already #cb1jjj feet ( m9+    
timb] & ab\t #ajj #ej-;foot piles h be5 
tak5 out1 yet ! /& is n[ 9 good         
condition1 & 9 a few ye>s m ( ! small]  
trees c be remov$ )\t infr++ on ! yield 
( ! f9al crop4 ,! mat]ial f ^! ?9n+s 0  
wor? at ! railroad ab\t #hj p] acre4    
,,conclusions  ,?r\gh\t ! prec$+ pages  
on ! f9ancial promise ( timb]-gr[+ 9 !  
,we/1 ! attempt has be5 n to give       

conclusions b to /ate c]ta9 kn[n facts  
reg>d+ tree gr[? & indicate h[ ^! may be
 us$ 9 arriv+ at conclusions bas$ l>gely
 ^u ! conditions & judgm5t ( !          
individual own]4 ,9 _m cases !y w d     
little m ?an sugge/ fur!r inve/igation  
necess>y4 ,! ,we/]n ,=e/ry  ,cons]vation
 ,association &1 d\btless1 ! ,di/rict   
,=e/]s = ! ,=e/ ,s]vice1 w be glad to   
discuss su* "w & assi/ if possible4     
,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al cons]vative     
d$uctions to be made3  #a4 ,! ,pacific  
coa/ /ates conta9 l>ge areas hav+       
species & climatic conditions peculi>ly 
favorable = =e/-gr[+ z a bus9ess4 ,!    
rapidity & quantity ( yield insure pr(it
 "u conditions :i* w\ld be prohibitive  
else:]e4  #b4 ,9 _m cases1 p]haps 9 mo/1
 a second crop c be />t$ ) little       
initial exp5se4  #c4 ,!re is mu* l& ( no
 value = any o!r purpose4  #d4 ,ev5 if !
 own] does n c>e to hold 8 l& long en\gh
 = ano!r crop1 or if he is prev5t$ f do+
 s at "s future "t by excessive taxation
 or o!r prohibition1 its disposal value 

w be great] if x be>s "y =e/ gr[? ?an if
 x does n4  #e4 ,/umpage values are     
c]ta9 to advance greatly & _! advance w 
be gov]n$ l>gely by ^! factors3  a4     
,speculative influ5ce necess>ily        
accompany+ ! less5+ ( ! nation's & !    
_w's timb] supply4  b4 ,! c>ry+ *>ges ( 
fire prev5tion & taxation impos$ by !   
community ^u virg9 timb]1 :i*1 s9ce !y  
repres5t an inve/m5t :i* mu/ be rec\p$1 
w ei!r be add$ 9 ! long run to ! price (
 /umpage exactly 9 ! measure ( _!       
sev]ity & s transf]r$ to ! consum]1 or  
result 9 rapid cutt+ & consequ5tly raise
 ! speculative value ( t :i* escapes    
cutt+4 7,?is ! consum] w pay also47  c4 
,! quantity ( new timb] gr[n4  #f4 ,x is
 probable t future dem& = timb] w       
reimburse ! co/ ( gr[+ x1 be ?is co/    
high or l[ )9 reasonable limits4  #g4   
,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t ! timb]l&    
own] w or c g5]ally engage 9 ! bus9ess  
:5 ! co/ is excessive4 ,:ile he c\ld    
probably make a good pr(it ev5tually1   
su* an inve/m5t is too heavy & prolong$ 

to be invit+2 besides !re is !          
possibility ( entire loss by fire4 ,he w
 naturally comp>e x ) o!r inve/m5ts hav+
 less disadvantages4 ,= example1 s9ce   
conditions :i* disc\rage ! gr[+ ( new   
compet+ =e/s t5d = ?is v reason to      
enhance ! value ( exi/+ =e/s1 he might  
inve/ fur!r 9 ! latt] in/ead1 ) equal   
ultimate pr(it & ) easi] access to 8    
money at any "t4  #h4 ,consequ5tly !    
gr[+ ( timb] is promis+ to ! private    
own] only :5 ! inve/m5t c be borne      
easily4 ,s9ce x has ?ree =ms--l& value1 
fire protection1 & taxation--all mu/ be 
mod]ate or1 if "o or m is high1 ! re/   
mu/ be l[4  #i4 ,) ! fire haz>d great at
 pres5t1 & taxation s unc]ta9 z to      
require all[+ = its be+ excessive1 !    
initial inve/m5t mu/ be insignificant4  
#aj4 ,?is conf9es x to l& ( l[ sale     
value & precludes mu* exp5se to insure !
 second crop4  #aa4 ,to secure !        
p]petuation ( =e/s on ! scale ess5tial  
to public welf>e1 ! public mu/ provide !
 private own] bett] fire protection & an

 equitable taxation sy/em4 ,or else x   
mu/ pur*ase suffici5t cut-ov] l& &      
engage 9 =e/ry itself1 be>+ ! co/ & tak+
 ! risk4  #ab4 ,nev]!less !re are sev]al
 practical exceptions to ! some:at      
unfavorable situation !oretically outl9$
 above3  7a7 ,_m own]s are w>rant$ 9    
hold+ cut-ov] l& = "s "t1 if n          
indef9itely1 because ( ! upw>d tr5d ( l&
 values g5]ally4 ,unless cle>ly mo/     
useful = agriculture1 su* l& w be made m
 valuable by a gr[? ( "y timb]4 ,h[ev]  
indef9ite ! pr(it ( enc\rag+ ?is gr[? & 
protect+ x f fire may be if ! pres5t    
sale value & taxes are comput$ aga9/ su*
 outlay1 ! two latt] *>ges are be+ c>ri$
 anyway & are ! mo/ important ones4     
,m]ely t x _c be prov$ t !y c be m ?an  
(fset is no reason = n try+ to comp5sate
 z f> z possible at slight fur!r exp5se4
 ,:ile ?is may n (t5 p]mit any great    
ef=t to re=e/1 x w usually w>rant       
protection ( ! natural new gr[? t w     
foll[ if giv5 a *ance4  7b7 ,_m own]s   
w\ld pref] to h _! mill+ bus9ess cont9ue

 indef9itely4 ,if su* h or c pur*ase    
virg9 timb] to c>ry !m #ej ye>s or m !y 
may d well to gr[ a log supply to come  
into use at t "t1 ev5 if !y w\ld n d s  
m]ely z a /umpage inve/m5t4  7c7 ,x is  
highly probable t hi/ory w repeat itself
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially 9 !      
,pacific coa/ /ates :]e e o!r condition 
is s favorable to mak+ =e/ry a great    
b5efit to ! community1 & t fire & tax   
disc\ragem5ts w be remov$ z soon z !    
public realizes ! situation4 ,! own] :o 
anticipates ?is & gets 8 crop />t$ fir/ 
w be ! fir/ to pr(it f x1 & s9ce x is ! 
comp\nd+ t[>d ! latt] end ( ! rotation  
:i* n[ appe>s s]i\s1 ! *ances are t he w
 n h a heavy burd5 be=e relief ( ?is k9d
 arrives4  7d7 ,e own] ( virg9 timb] :i*
 he expects to hold uncut = #aj ye>s or 
m %\ld consid] re=e/ation ( adjac5t     
cut-ov] l& 9 ! light ( fire protection  
also4 ,x is ! inflammable1 sun-dri$1    
brake-cov]$ op5+s1 ye>ly increas+ 9     
ext5t1 :i* con/itute 8 greate/ fire     
m5ace4 ,! conv]sion ( ^! into gre5 "y   

gr[?1 too d5se = f]n & salal &          
de/ructible only by ! hotte/ cr[n fires1
 is ! be/ protection he c give mature   
timb] surr\nd$ by !m4 ,"s additional    
exp5se = a few ye>s to accompli% ?is w  
usually be *eap] & saf] ?an ! patrol    
o!rwise requir$ = an indef9ite p]iod4   
7e7 ,advance 9 value ( ! l& itself1     
realizable :5 ! second crop is cut1 w 9 
_m cases be great en\gh to make an      
o!rwise unpromis+ re=e/ation inve/m5t   
pr(itable4  ,,h>dwood ,,exp]im5ts  ,9 ! 
=ego+ pages consid]ation has be5 giv5 to
 ! gr[+ ( native conif]\s species only4 
,!re is a field1 h[ev]1 yet to be ent]$ 
into by ! timb] gr[] 9 ! ,pacific       
,nor?we/1 :i* gives promise ( good      
returns4 ,?is is ! gr[+ ( ea/]n         
h>dwoods4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! supply (   
native h>dwoods 9 ?is region is defici5t
 & ^? occurr+ are ( poor quality4 ,!    
dem& = /aple h>dwoods is con/ant1 & at  
pres5t c be fill$ only ?r\gh importation
 f ! ,ea/4 ,moreov]1 ! manufactur+      
indu/ry 9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/ is z yet  

only 9 its infancy1 & z ?is indu/ry     
becomes ( great] importance 9 ! future1 
! dem& = h>dwood lumb] is b\nd to       
increase4 ,?is increase 9 dem&1 c\pl$ ) 
! rapidly dim9i%+ supply 9 ! ,ea/1 seems
 c]ta9 to create a condition "u :i* x w 
be pr(itable to gr[ h>dwoods            
comm]cially4  ,t ea/]n species w ?rive  
"u =e/ conditions 9 ?is region has n1 ( 
c\rse1 be5 demon/rat$1 b ! great v>iety 
( species plant$ successfully z %ade    
trees 9 t[ns & cities1 & 9 _m in/ances  
by settl]s 9 ! m\nta9s & f>m+ di/ricts1 
toge!r ) ! m>k$ success ( v>i\s fruits  
introduc$ "h1 w\ld t5d to indicate _!   
adaptability to ! climate4 ,9 _m        
respects ! climate along ! coa/ (       
,oregon & ,wa%+ton is simil> to t f\nd  
?r\gh\t ! great h>dwood region ( !      
,s\!rn ,appala*ian m\nta9s4  ,( ! _m    
species occurr+ 9 ! ,ea/1 sev]al appe>  
prem95tly suit$ to exp]im5tation because
 ( _! p>ticul> value 9 ! trade & rapid  
gr[?4 ,hickory is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( 
ea/]n woods1 & ! supply rema9+ is       

probably lea/ ( all ! important species4
 ,x is l>gely us$ 9 ! vehicle indu/ry1 &
 because ( ! fact t ! trade c use trees 
( small size1 & ev5 pref]s second gr[?  
hickory to ! m mature =m1 a crop c be   
gr[n )9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,%agb>k 
or pignut are probably ! be/ species to 
plant4 ,r$ oak is ano!r species = :i*   
!re is a l>ge dem&1 & :ile x does n     
equal ! :ite oak 9 value1 its m rapid   
gr[? makes x a m desirable species to   
gr[4 ,! increas+ sc>city ( :ite oak has 
br\ght ab\t ! sub/itution ( r$ oak = _m 
purposes = :i* ! m sup]ior v>iety 0     
=m]ly us$ exclusively4 ,black walnut is 
a wood highly priz$ 9 furniture         
manufacture1 & ?is1 c\pl$ ) its rapid   
gr[?1 places x among ! fir/ rank (      
h>dwood trees4 ,*e/nut1 :ite a%1 tulip1 
popl> & black *]ry are o!r species ^:   
value = v>i\s purposes sugge/s !        
possible advisability ( _! introduction4
  ,mu* t has be5 said 9 ! *apt] conc]n+ 
! me?ods ( e/abli%+ conif]\s woods      
applies equally well to h>dwoods4 ,^?   

species1 h[ev]1 ^: se$s are 9 ! =m (    
nuts1 su* z hickories1 black walnut1    
*e/nuts1 & oaks1 are p>ticul>ly adapt$  
to propagation by direct se$+4 ,o!r     
species1 su* z a%1 tulip1 popl>1 & black
 *]ry1 ^: se$s are small1 are bett] gr[n
 = "o ye> 9 nurs]ies be=e transplant+   
into ! field4 ,:]e plantations are />t$ 
by plant+ ! nuts directly 9 ! field1 !  
co/ w be mod]ate4 ,! nuts c be obta9$ 9 
any quantity f ea/]n se$ deal]s1 & _!   
co/1 toge!r ) ! labor ( plant+ !m1 %\ld 
n exce$ #d p] acre4 ,:]e ! area plant$  
is level & free f und]bru%1 prelim9>y   
pl[+ & h>r[+1 :ile add+ #a4ej to #b to !
 co/ p] acre1 w add mu* to ! success ( !
 plantation4 ,cultivation dur+ ! e>ly   
ye>s ( ! life ( ! trees w also result 9 
increas$ gr[?4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,=e/ry
 ,,& ,,! ,,fire ,,haz>d  ,,! ,,sla%+    
,,m5ace  ,! function ( fire z an aid to 
reproduction ( ! =e/ 9 "s in/ances has  
be5 discuss$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]4 ,!       
protection "q is ( ev5 great]           
importance1 = :e!r we consid] mature    

timb] or re=e/ation1 no =e/ managem5t is
 wor? :ile if ! inve/m5t is to burn up4 
,x c be divid$ broadly "u two heads1    
r$uction ( risk due to op]ative me?ods &
 g5]al protection4 ,:i*ev] we consid]1 !
 int]e/ ( e lumb]man is at /ake4 ,! fire
 "q affects him 9 _m ways beside ! dang]
 ( direct loss4 ,! sale value ( timb] 9 
any region is increas$ by k t           
progressive protective me?ods prevail   
among ^? op]at+ !re4 ,no?+ m effectively
 removes public c>elessness ) fire1 or  
lack ( helpful sympa?y ) ! lumb] indu/ry
 9 g5]al1 ?an evid5ce t ! lumb]man      
himself is devot+ e ef=t to safegu>d+   
in/ead ( wa/+ ?is great public res\rce4 
,( op]ative me?ods r$uc+ fire risk1 "o (
 ! mo/ important is disposal ( logg+    
debris4 ,! delib]ate accumulation (     
imm5sely inflammable mat]ial1 almo/     
always :]e extremely likely to be       
ignit$1 is a =m ( actually invit+ disa/]
 practic$ by no prop]ty hold]s except   
lumb]m54 ,n[h]e is x c>ri$ to su* an    
extreme z 9 ! ,we/1 :]e ! refuse left on

 ! gr\nd is ( s great volume z to       
preclude human control if x is once fir$
 at a dry "t1 & :]e accid5tal fire is   
(t5 m ( a c]ta9ty ?an a liability4 ,(   
late1 h[ev]1 ! m progressive lumb]m5 ( !
 fir region h adopt$ ! practice ( fir+  
_! sla%+s annually at a "t :5 ! surr\nd+
 woods w n burn1 & ! p9e m5 ( ,idaho &  
,montana h q widely endors$ bru% pil+4  
,idaho has a pil+ law4 ,oregon already  
has a sla% burn+ law :i* is p>tially    
obs]v$4 ,! greate/ objection to su* a   
law is t nei!r re=e/ation nor economical
 protection indicates ! same practice 9 
diff]5t types ( =e/ & x is extremely    
difficult to make ! law bo? flexible &  
effective4 ,m w be accompli%$ by        
volunt>y adoption ( ! me?od be/ suit$ to
 ea* condition4  ,,bru% ,,pil+  ,9 ! m  
op5 p9e /&s ( ! int]ior1 :]e bo? logg+  
debris & orig9al combu/ible gr\nd cov]  
are small1 sla%+s ?reat5 ! adjac5t timb]
 less ?an 9 d5s] =e/s1 b are ( peculi>  
dang] to ! valuable "y gr[? usually left
 on ! area itself4 ,z we h se5 9 a      

previ\s *apt] on we/]n yell[ p9e1       
reproduction 9 dry localities may       
require scatt]+ ! bru% ov] ! gr\nd &    
keep+ fire out1 & !re may be abnormally 
d5se /&s sugge/+ clean sla% burn+1 b z a
 rule bru% pil+ is ! be/ c\rse4 ,9 view 
( ! importance ( ?is subject ! foll[+   
extracts are tak5 f a circul> issu$ by !
 ,=e/ ,s]vice3  ,advantages ( ,bru%     
,burn+  ,! greate/ advantage ( bru%     
burn+ is ! protection x gives aga9/     
fire4 ,9 _m cases bru% burn+ is ! only  
practicable safegu>d aga9/ fire4 ,aft] !
 av]age lumb]+ op]ation ! gr\nd is cov]$
 ) sla%1 scatt]$ ab\t or pil$1 j z !    
swamp]s h left x4 ,?is1 9 ! dry season1 
is a v]itable fire trap4 ,probably #ij  
p] c5t ( all uncontroll$ cutt+s are     
burnt ov]1 :i* ret>ds ! second crop at  
lea/ f fifty to "o hundr$ ye>s & p]haps 
p]man5tly *anges ! composition ( ! =e/4 
,fires may be set by logg]s :ile /ill at
 "w on ! area or sev]al ye>s aft] by    
lightn+1 camp]s1 or locomotives4 ,by    
pil+ ! bru% & burn+ x 9 wet wea!r1 or 9 

sn[1 :5 !re is no dang] ( ! fire        
spread+1 all inflammable mat]ial is     
remov$1 & ! second gr[? c come up )\t   
s]i\s risk ( be+ de/roy$4 ,ev5 :]e only 
"p ( ! bru% is burn$ & ! re/ is pil$1 z 
:5 ! piles 9 op5 places1 along ridges1  
/reams1 or laid (f l9es are burn$1 v mu*
 is ga9$ 9 case ( fire1 s9ce ^! cle>$   
lanes =m bases f :i* a fire may be      
f\ght4  ,besides less5+ ! dang] f fire1 
bru% burn+ has c]ta9 m9or advantages4   
,:5 ! bru% on ! gr\nd is remov$ x is mu*
 easi] = rang]s & o!rs to ride or walk  
?r\gh ! =e/4 ,?is may be v important 9  
case ( a fire or 9 r\nd+ up cattle4 ,x  
is also mu* easi] to cut & h&le ties1   
cordwood1 or o!r timb] :i* may lat] be  
tak5 f ! cut-ov] areas if ! sla% is out 
( ! way4 ,by pil+ & burn+ ! gre5 bru% z 
x is cut f ! trees by ! swamp]s1 z is n[
 be+ done 9 ,m9nesota & p>ts ( ,montana1
 ! gr\nd is cle>$ & skidd+ is made easi]
 & *eap]4 ,aga91 c>eful pil+ & burn+ (  
bru% improves ! appe>ance ( ! =e/4 ,!re 
is no?+ mu* m unsightly ?an a rec5tly   

cutov] area :]e no attempt has be5 made 
to dispose ( tops & lops4 ,ne> t[ns or  
resorts & along roads or /reams frequ5t$
 by t\ri/s ?is po9t %\ld be c>efully    
consid]$1 b z a g5]al rule ! utility ( !
 =e/ %\ld n be sacrific$ = beauty4      
,disadvantages ( ,burn+  ,!             
disadvantages ( burn+ bru% are _m &1 ) !
 "o exception ( protection f fire1 f>   
outweigh ! advantages4 ,if protection c 
be _h 9 "s o!r way1 z ) m effici5t      
patrol s]vice or m /r+5t laws1 !        
practice %\ld 9 _m cases be ab&on$4 ,9  
_m places1 especially 9 ! yell[ p9e     
type1 ! be/1 & (t5 ! only1 reproduction 
comes up "u a fall5 treetop or o!r bru%4
 ,:]e !re is little ( ! old /& left1 !  
/raggl+ op5 top protects ! se$l+s f !   
direct heat ( ! sun4 ,yet bru% n only   
protects ! se$l+s f ! sun b1 :at is m   
important1 ! leaves & brok5 twigs =m a  
cov] :i* ret>ds evaporation ( moi/ure f 
! soil4 ,ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,we/ ! soil
 dries out v rapidly dur+ ! dry season1 
& ?is s]i\s ret>ds or ev5 prev5ts ! gr[?

 ( se$l+s4 ,ev5 9 ! moi/] regions1 su* z
 t ( ! ,engelmann spruce type1 x is v   
necess>y to cons]ve ! moi/ure 9 ! soil  
aft] logg+ to prev5t ! rema9+ trees f   
be+ kill$ ?r\gh lack ( soil moi/ure4 ,a 
?ird reason :y se$l+s s (t5 come up only
 "u ! d[n treetops is t !y are protect$ 
f /ock4 ,next to dr\ght1 %eep are p]haps
 ! mo/ s]i\s m5ace to reproduction1 &   
?\gh x w\ld be be/ to keep all /ock (f !
 area = sev]al ye>s aft] logg+1 9 _m    
cases ?is is n practicable1 & on _m     
areas ! leav+ ( ! tops on ! gr\nd is !  
only way to protect reproduction f      
injury4  ,9 _m places aft] ! timb] has  
be5 cut (f gullies & wa%es />t 9 ! old  
:eel ruts1 log slides1 etc41 & ^! & o!r 
=ms ( erosion c be/ be prev5t$ by leav+ 
! bru% on ! gr\nd1 ei!r laid 9 !        
incipi5t wa%es or scatt]$ ov] ! soil t  
is likely to wa%4 ,bru% burn+ de/roys ! 
valuable soil cov]1 & on ! spots :]e !  
piles are burn$ ! soil is loos5$1 :i*   
r5d]s x ev5 m liable to erosion4  ,x is 
well kn[n t :]e ! =e/ is burn$ ea* ye> !

 soil becomes poor] & poor]1 because    
nitrog51 ! *ief f]tiliz+ +r$i5t ( !     
soil1 is giv5 (f 9 ! smoke1 & only !    
m9]al elem5ts g back to ! soil 9 ! a%es4
 ,&1 :at is m injuri\s1 ! humus--i4 e41 
! decompos$ vegetable matt] 9 ! top     
soil--is de/roy$4 ,9 burn+ bru% aft]    
logg+ all ! f]tiliz+ & humus-=m+ leaves 
& twigs are de/roy$ j :5 mo/ ne$$1 =    
ano!r good crop or leaves _c be expect$ 
= _m ye>s4  ,! add$ co/1 bo? to !       
lumb]man & to ! ,gov]nm5t1 is ano!r     
argum5t aga9/ bru% burn+4 ,! co/ ( pil+ 
bru% has v>i$ all ! way f #ae c5ts to #a
 or m p] ?\s&1 ) an av]age or #dj or #ej
 c5ts1 :ile ! co/ or burn+ may be f #e  
c5ts to #be c5ts p] ?\s&1 av]ag+ ab\t   
#ae c5ts4 ,by ab&on+ ! practice ( bru%  
pil+ ?is #fj c5ts a ?\s& w n be entirely
 sav$1 z is claim$ by "s1 = ! bru% w    
/ill h to be lopp$ & dispos$ ( 9 "s o!r 
way1 :i* w co/1 x is e/imat$1 at lea/   
half z mu* z pil+ & burn+4 ,b ev5 a sav+
 ( #be or #cj c5ts a ?\s& is a /rong    
argum5t aga9/ ! practice4  ,?us1 f a    

silvicultural viewpo9t1 ! disadvantages 
( bru% burn+ f> outweigh its advantages4
 ,yet1 z a g5]al policy1 x seems unwise1
 until o!r me?ods h prov$ _! effici5cy1 
to ab&on bru% pil+ & burn+ to any great 
ext5t at pres5t4 ,! fire dang] is a kn[n
 quality1 &1 ?\gh x is be+ r$uc$ ea*    
ye>1 x is /ill a m5ace4 ,!re=e *anges f 
! pres5t practice %\ld be made )        
caution4 ,bru% pil+ & burn+ is c]ta9ly n
 advisable 9 all cases1 & ext5sive      
exp]im5ts %\ld be made to det]m9e :at is
 ! be/ me?od ( bru% disposal = ! diff]5t
 types & conditions4  ,bru% ,pil+ &     
,burn+  ,! co/ ( pil+ v>ies ) ! co/ (   
labor1 ! me?ods ( logg+1 ! type1 !      
topography1 ! k9d ( trees cut1 & ! "t ( 
! ye> x is done4 ,a few figures w       
illu/rate ?is v>iation4 ,9 ! yell[ p9e  
type 9 ,montana an addition to !        
swamp]s' wages ( #ae c5ts a ?\s& w\ld1 x
 is said1 enable !m to pile ! bru%1 z !y
 h to h&le x anyway4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! 
pil+ is done by a sep>ate crew4 ,mu* ( !
 "w is ?us duplicat$4 ,9 yell[ p9e 9 !  

,s\?we/1 bru% pil+ co/s f #de to #ej    
c5ts1 :ile 9 ,montana x c be done = #be 
c5ts4 ,"o op]ator 9 lodgepole 9 ,montana
 says x is *eap] = him to pile ?an n to1
 because he c get 8 skidd+ done s mu*   
*eap]1 yet on o!r op]ations x has co/ f 
#ej c5ts to #a a ?\s&1 dep5d+ on h[     
?or\ghly x is clean$ up4 ,9 ! sug> p9e  
type ( ,cali=nia ! co/ ( pil+ av]ages f 
#be to #ce c5ts1 :ile ! co/ 9 ! ,d\glas 
fir type1 9 ,montana & ,idaho1 av]ages  
ab\t #dj c5ts1 & 9 ,engelmann spruce    
type ! co/ is only ab\t #be c5ts a ?\s&4
 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! co/ ( pil+ w   
ev]y:]e be mat]ially r$uc$ :5 ! op]ators
 beg9 to look on pil+ z "p ( ! swamp]s' 
regul> "w & n z an entirely sep>ate job4
  ,dry bru% %\ld nev] be burn$ dur+ !   
dry season1 unless absolutely necess>y =
 ! suppression ( an insect invasion4    
,gre5 bru% 9 "s places may be burn$ at  
any "t1 b z a rule x is unsafe to burn x
 9 dry wea!r4 ,! be/ "t to burn bru% is 
9 ! fall1 j aft] ! fir/ sn[fall4 ,!n !  
piles are dry1 & !re is no dang] t !    

fire w get beyond control4 ,bru% may    
also be burn$ at ! beg9n+ ( or dur+ !   
ra9y season1 :5 ! gr\nd is damp en\gh to
 prev5t ! fire f spread+1 & ! bru% dry  
en\gh to burn readily4  ,! co/ ( bru%   
burn+ v>ies l ! co/ ( pil+4 ,x v>ies ev5
 m 9 ! same localities1 ) wea!r         
conditions & me?ods ( pil+4 ,bru% t c be
 burn$ = #aj or #ae c5ts a ?\s& at a    
favorable "t1 z j aft] ! fir/ sn[1 w co/
 five or t5 times z mu* to burn 9 dry   
wea!r1 or :5 ! piles are v wet4 ,bru% c 
be burn$ m easily ! fir/ fall aft] cutt+
 ?an x c ! second ye>1 :5 _m ( ! leaves 
h fall5 (f4 ,bru% burn+ has be5 done =  
#ac c5ts a ?\s& 9 lodgepole1 9 ! ,m$ic9e
 ,b[ ,national ,=e/1 :ile x has co/ #bb 
c5ts 9 simil> timb] 9 ! ,yell[/one1 &   
e/imates ( #dj c5ts a ?\s& h be5 made = 
x 9 ! ,rockies4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t 
bru% c be mo/ economically burn$ by !   
same p :o pile x4 ,rec5tly sev]al       
contracts h be5 made 9 :i* ! pur*as] ( !
 timb] is requir$ to pile & burn ! bru% 
"u ! direction ( =e/ (fic]s1 z has be5 !

 practice 9 ! ,m9nesota =e/ = "s "t4    
,?is w light5 ! total co/1 & :5 ! wea!r 
all[s ! bru% to be burn$1 z logg+       
proce$s1 ! co/ ( burn+ w be (fset by !  
subsequ5t r$uction 9 ! co/ ( skidd+4    
,pil+ ,)\t ,burn+  ,bru% pil$ prop]ly1  
ev5 ?\gh x is n burn$1 is a great       
protection to ! =e/4 ,inflammable       
mat]ial is remov$ f among ! liv+ trees1 
& %\ld a fire occur x w\ld be mu* easi] 
to fight4 ,?is is especially true :]e   
reproduction is d5se4 ,:]e op5+s are    
sc>ce piles %\ld be made 9 ! mo/ op5    
places1 & may be l>g] ?an ^? made to be 
burn$4  ,,sla% ,,burn+  ,9 _m regions1  
especially 9 we/]n ,oregon & ,wa%+ton1  
logg+ debris is too great to make pil+  
practicable4 ,b except = ! damp]        
localities close to ! ,pacific1 ! dang] 
f ^! imm5se accumulations is all ! m    
excessive &1 z we h se5 else:]e1 _!     
removal is (t5 desirable 9 ord] to fur!r
 re=e/ation by desirable species4 ,"h ! 
only c\rse is to burn ! sla%+ clean4    
,?is is a dang]\s process unless e      

safegu>d is employ$4 ,burn+ mu/ be at a 
"t 9 spr+ or fall :5 ! sla%+ is dry     
en\gh b ! surr\nd+ woods are n4 ,spr+   
burn+ is !oretically pref]able1 = x     
leaves less inflammable mat]ial dur+ !  
fire season4 ,! fir/ fire is also easi] 
to control !n1 because repeat$ exp]im5ts
 may be made1 z ! sla%+ dries1 until j !
 "r conditions exi/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is 
dang]\s if !re are _m old /umps & logs 9
 :i* fire may sm\ld] to make tr\ble     
lat]4 ,! expon5ts or fall burn+ also    
argue t ) c>e !y c be ready to fire a v 
dry sla%+ safely at ! beg9n+ ( a        
ra9/orm4 ,spr+ burn+ seems to h ! mo/   
advocates1 b x is d\btful :e!r any rule 
= all localities & conditions c be giv5 
) confid5ce4 ,frequ5tly failure at "o   
season leads to po/ponem5t until ! next4
  ,9 ei!r case ! sla%+ c be giv5 !      
advantage ( ! greate/ dryness ) safety  
if x is surr\nd$ by a cle>$ fire l9e f  
:i* to "w4 ,fir+ %\ld be aga9/ ! w9d &  
if ! w9d *anges sudd5ly ! opposite edge 
%\ld be back fir$4 ,previ\s cutt+ ( all 

dead trees & snags ov] #be feet high is 
urg5tly recomm5d$4 ,! camp crew %\ld be 
held 9 read9ess1 well provid$ ) tools1 z
 insurance aga9/ accid5tal escape4  ,its
 probable re/riction ( insect bre$+ is a
 po9t ( sla% burn+ likely to receive mu*
 future /udy4 ,x is well kn[n t mo/     
=e/-injur+ insects pref] dy+ trees to   
vigor\s ones2 also t ! exi/5ce ( an     
abnormal am\nt ( su* mat]ial t5ds to    
abnormal bre$+ & consequ5t s]i\s attack 
( vigor\s timb] :5 ! dead mat]ial       
becomes too dry to be invit+4 ,x is by  
no means impossible t ! suppos$ immunity
 ( ,d\glas fir f insect injury may be   
l>gely due to ! almo/ univ]sal          
de/ruction by fire ( logg+ debris :i*   
w\ld o!rwise af=d ideal bre$+ places4   
,,fire ,,l9es  ,! division ( mature =e/ 
into comp>tm5ts sep>at$ by fire l9es is 
seldom practicable 9 ?is c\ntry4        
,nev]!less sla%+s1 dead5+s & simil> fire
 traps c v (t5 be pr(itably conf9$ by ! 
clean+ ( /rips :i* w n only /op or ret>d
 ! progress ( a mod]ate fire b also     

facilitate patrol1 fire fight+ or back  
fir+4 ,on favorable gr\nd1 :]e "s *oice 
is (f]$1 mu* may be done by fall+ timb] 
inw>d s z to leave few tops ne> ! uncut 
timb] & by ! location ( skidroads4 ,s f>
 z practicable fire l9es %\ld be on !   
tops ( ridges1 =1 be+ sl[] to g d[nhill 
?an up1 fire is m easily disc\rag$ j z x
 rea*es a cre/4 ,bottoms ( gul*es are   
next 9 /rategic value1 & midslopes lea/4
  ,,safegu>d+ ,,equipm5t  ,! mo/        
fruitful s\rce ( fires is sp>k-emitt+   
locomotives & logg+ eng9es4 ,mu* data   
has be5 collect$ %[+ t ) oil at a       
reasonable price its use is economical f
 a labor-sav+ po9t ( view z well z f t (
 safety4 ,x r$uces exp5se = wat*m51     
patrol1 fuel cutt+1 firebox clean+ &    
fir+4 ,& s9ce x is an absolute          
prev5tion1 :ile all o!r measures m]ely  
seek to m9imize ! risk1 x is probable t 
ev5 :]e ! co/ ( ! oil m ?an balances ^! 
sav+s x w save 9 ! long run by av]t+ a  
co/ly fire4  ,:]e ! use ( oil _c be     
consid]$1 sp>k arre/]s are ess5tial4 ,! 

argum5t t !y prev5t draft is n wor?     
att5tion4 ,x is greatly exagg]at$ by    
eng9e]s & firem5 prejudic$ aga9/        
innovation or too inatt5tive to keep _! 
fires up prop]ly & consequ5tly          
unnecess>ily dep5d5t on occasional =c$  
draft4 ,! slight disadvantage involv$ by
 ! mod]n improv$ arre/] is n to be      
comp>$ ) ! importance ( ! safety        
acquir$4  ,9 addition to sp>k arre/]s1  
:i* may fail or be out ( ord]1 logg+    
eng9es us+ fuel o!r ?an oil %\ld be     
provid$ ) a con/ant tank or b>rel supply
 ( six to twelve b>rels ( wat] & #ajj   
feet ( hose ) prop] pump+ atta*m5t4 ,)  
?is a sp>k fire c be promptly soak$ out 
beyond dang] ( invisible sm\ld]+ 9 rott5
 wood or duff4 ,:5 conditions are       
dang]\s1 c>eful logg]s s5d a man back to
 ea* donkey-sett+ betwe5 supp] & b$time 
to look = possible fires t 7 n se5 :5 ! 
crew left4 ,_m keep a wat*man on ! r\nds
 all night4  ,railroad rights ( way c   
usually be kept clean$ & burn$ at a co/ 
f> less ?an t ( o!rwise frequ5t %utd[ns 

( ! entire camp to fight fire or rebuild
 bridges1 to say no?+ ( loss ( timb]4   
,,patrol  ,! be/ way to prev5t fire is  
to prev5t x4 ,putt+ out fires already   
/>t$ is bett] ?an lett+ !m burn1 b z !  
real f\ndation ( a protective sy/em x is
 ab\t l l[]+ a lifeboat aft] ! %ip has  
/ruck4 ,only by patrol c ! incipi5t sp>k
 or camp fire be ext+ui%$ be=e x becomes
 a =e/ fire t has to be f\ght1 tak+ h\rs
 or days in/ead ( m9utes4 ,"o patrolman 
c /op #ajj incipi5t fires easi] ?an #ajj
 m5 c /op "o big fire4 ,fires 9 ! =e/   
may nev] be :olly av]t$1 b patrol w     
prev5t !m f becom+ =e/ fires4  ,?is is  
:y ! progressive lumb]man no long] waits
 till =c$ to lay(f 8 crew to fight1     
sp5d+ 9 a day or two a patrolman's sal>y
 = a season1 %utt+ d[n 8 road & mill =  
lack ( logs1 & p]haps 9 spite ( all los+
 sev]al ?\s& doll>s' wor? ( timb] &     
equipm5t4 ,x is also :y ! progressive   
non-op]at+ own] no long] consid]s fire  
loss ! act ( ,god1 to be reckon$ z an   
inve/m5t risk ( sev]al p] c5t4 ,! man :o

 does n patrol 8 timb] n[adays is l a   
millman :o hires no wat*man1 has no hose
 or spr9kl] equipm5t1 & c>ries no       
insurance4 ,he may escape loss1 b by n  
mak+ a reasonable ef=t to insure aga9/ x
 he takes a c\rse practically unkn[n )  
o!r =ms ( prop]ty4  ,mod]n fire patrol  
is sy/ematic4 ,tra9$ & organiz$ m5 h    
def9ite duties4 ,tools1 assi/ance &     
supplies are available at kn[n po9ts &  
)\t delay4 ,trails & look out /ations1  
(t5 supplem5t$ by telephone l9es1 give !
 greate/ effici5cy ) ! lea/ numb] ( m54 
,above all1 ! sy/em is bas$ on ! fact t 
results are mo/ truly measur$ n by !    
numb] ( fires ext+ui%$ b by ! abs5ce (  
fire at all4 ,settl]s1 camp]s & lumb]m5 
are visit$1 caution$ & conv]t$4 ,9 %ort1
 ! patrolman has a c]ta9 area 9 :i* to  
improve public s5tim5t4 ,8 success 9 ?is
 is wor? m ?an effici5cy 9 fight+ fires 
due to lack ( su* success4 ,a sy/em     
devot$ to m]e fire fight+ to be adequate
 mu/ gr[ l>g] z "t goes on4 ,"o devot$  
to prev5t+ fire may be r$uc$1 z "t makes

 x successful4  ,! co/ ( effici5t patrol
 v>ies s directly ) ! risk t x is almo/ 
con/ant z an insurance inve/m5t4 ,:]e   
preval5ce ( fire1 difficulty ( h&l+ x1  
etc41 make ! co/ p] acre comp>atively   
high1 !re is equival5t c]ta9ty ( great] 
loss if ?is sum is n sp5t4 ,:]e ! own]  
is w>rant$ 9 believ+ 8 risk small x co/s
 b a trifle to provide suffici5t patrol 
to insure aga9/ x4 ,"o to #c c5ts an    
acre is sp5t 9 ! great majority (       
successful patrols 9 ord9>y seasons4    
,,associate ,,ef=t  ,"o ( ! fir/ lessons
 le>n$ f ! e/abli%m5t ( private patrol 9
 ! ,we/ 0 t bo? effici5cy & economy are 
obta9$ by co-op]ation betwe5 own]s4     
,obvi\sly if "o patrolman c cov] !      
hold+s ( sev]al1 x is fooli% = ea* to   
hire a man4 ,if a fire ?reat5s sev]al   
tracts1 x is bett] to %>e ! exp5se (    
labor hir$ to put x out4 ,! same is true
 ( build+ trails1 buy+ tool supplies1   
etc4 ,?is has l$ to ! =m+ ( associations
 :i* at a m9imum co/ to ea* memb]       
accompli% ! _m tasks ( f9d+ suitable m51

 hav+ !m au?oriz$ by ! ,/ate1 sup]vis+ &
 supply+ !m1 pay+ em]g5cy exp5se1 op5+  
trails1 etc4 ,ea* memb] pays 8 %>e ^u ! 
acreage he repres5ts4  ,^! associations 
(f] o!r important advantages besides !  
m]e *eap5+ ( "w4 ,!y are admirably      
adapt$ to modify+ ! co/ to fit ! season4
 ,beg9n+ 9 spr+ ) an assessm5t to cov]  
putt+ ! :ole t]ritory "u ! ess5tials (  
sup]vision & patrol1 !y c add m5 j z    
requir$ by ! progress ( dry wea!r &     
r$uce aga9 9 ! fall4 ,m5 c be c5traliz$ 
at dang] po9ts bett] ?an ?r\gh          
individual ef=t4 ,exce$+ly important is 
! means !y af=d ( br++ 9 ! non-resid5t  
own]1 ! small own] :o is n w>rant$ 9    
employ+ anyone alone1 & !               
non-progressive own] :o w\ld o!rwise d  
no?+ b is a%am$ to /ay out ( a g5]al    
movem5t4  ,no tract c be safely consid]$
 z an indep5d5t unit4 ,no protection    
conf9$ to x alone is z good insurance z 
! removal ( risk f ! di/rict )9 :i* x   
lies4 ,fire is no respect] ( section    
l9es4 ,!re is always dang] ( unusual    

wea!r 9 :i* x may travel a long di/ance4
 ,x is f> bett] to secure ! maximum     
g5]al safety 9 ! locality ?an to h gu>d$
 tracts alt]nat+ ) fire traps4 ,moreov] 
att5tion to individual tracts does n    
improve surr\nd+ conditions1 & ! latt]  
may easily become s bad z to make ! co/ 
( individual patrol1 z well z ! risk1 f>
 ov]balance any f9ancial disadvantage at
 pres5t ?r\gh co-op]ation4  ,aga91 !    
public is f> m likely to take k9dly to !
 en=cem5t ( fire laws by an association 
?an to ! action ( an individual own]    
aga9/ :om "s prejudice may exi/4        
,associations greatly simplify          
co-op]ation ) ,/ate & ,gov]nm5t 9 fire  
"w & t5d to br+ ab\t appropriations = ! 
purpose4 ,!y enable uni=m & conc5trat$  
ef=t to improve s5tim5t & legislation4  
,?is booklet & ! o!r "w done by ! ,we/]n
 ,=e/ry  ,cons]vation ,association 0    
made possible by ! exi/5ce ( ! local    
organizations x repres5ts4 ,_! indep5d5t
 local & ,/ate effect has be5 m>k$4  ,! 
bad fire season ( #aiaj 0 a supreme te/ 

( ! associations ( ! ,pacific ,nor?we/4 
,!y kept ! bad fires 9 _! imm5se        
t]ritory d[n to a numb] :i* c be c\nt$  
on ! f+]s & _! losses 7 comp>atively    
insignificant4 ,yet "u ! wea!r          
conditions :i* exi/$ ! ?\s&s ( fires !y 
ext+ui%$ w\ld c]ta9ly o!rwise h swept ! 
c\ntry & caus$ a disa/] probably        
unp>allel$ 9 ,am]ican hi/ory4           
,,re=e/ation ,,z ,a ,,fire ,,prev5tative
  ,h[ev] progressive ! prev5tive        
policies adopt$1 ! race betwe5 !m & !   
increas+ s\rces ( haz>d resembles t     
betwe5 armor plate & ordnance 9 !       
con/ruction ( battle%ips4 ,:ile = a giv5
 population engag$ 9 pursuits endang]+ !
 =e/s ! risk less5s1 ! total activity   
increases at a rate :i* makes ! small]  
proportionate risk z great 9 actual     
measure4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( !    
gr[? ( sla%+ areas4 ,! virg9 =e/ becomes
 m & m & *eck]$ by burn$ & cut-ov]      
dead5+s1 v]itable fire-traps op5 to sun 
& w9d1 &1 especially we/ ( ! ,cascades1 
usually cov]$ by inflammable debris1    

bru% or dead f]ns4 ,ea* ye> br+s ne>] ! 
"t :51 unless some?+ is done1 su* w     
con/itute ! majority ( once =e/$ l& & ! 
uncut timb] w rema9 l isl&s 9 expanses (
 extreme dang]4  ,next to cultivation1  
:i* b a small p]c5tage w receive1 !     
safe/ insurance aga9/ recurr+ fires 9 ^!
 cut-ov] areas is a ?rifty "y second    
gr[?4 ,x %ades ! gr\nd1 keeps out annual
 vegetation t furni%es fuel :5 dead1 & w
 itself c>ry none b su* furi\s          
cr[n-fires z w\ld be practically unkn[n 
7 !re no op5+s = !m to ga9 headway 94   
,?is is less true ( p9e1 b ! v be/      
protection :i* c be giv5 a tract (      
m]*antable fir is a /rip ( #aj to       
#ej-ye> second gr[? surr\nd+ x4  ,:e!r  
reg>d$ f ! own]'s /&po9t or t ( !       
public1 re=e/ation %\ld be consid]$ z a 
protective measure ( extreme importance4
 ,actual exp5diture to obta9 x may      
easily be pr(itable = ?is reason alone1 
= once e/abli%$ x w decrease ! co/ (    
patrol !reaft]4 ,7 all cut-ov] l& 9 !   
,nor?we/ imm$iately re/ock$1 ! fire     

haz>d w\ld be enorm\sly r$uc$4          
,,*apt] ,v  ,,=e/ry ,,& ,,! ,,f>m]      
,,cutt+ ,,me?ods  ,if !re is anyone =   
:om ! practice ( =e/ry is practical &   
pr(itable1 x is ! f>m] :o owns ! timb]  
he uses = fuel or o!r purposes4 ,8      
supply ( ! mo/ suitable mat]ial is almo/
 always limit$ & 9 any case 8 me?od (   
us+ x is practically c]ta9 to influ5ce 8
 p]man5t labor exp5ses4 ,nev]!less1     
especially 9 well-timb]$ regions1 cutt+ 
is apt to be ) b two consid]ations--!   
quicke/ cle>+ ( l& or ! easie/ imm$iate 
fulfillm5t ( "s ne$ = tree products--& !
 passage ( a few ye>s br+s realization t
 ?is e>ly ?\ghtlessness mu/ be paid = at
 a high price4  ,9 ! fir/ place almo/   
all timb] ( a comm]cial species has real
 & increas+ value4 ,if x is "y1 ?is     
value is increas+ d\bly because ( gr[?4 
,v>y+ greatly1 ( c\rse1 "y timb] 9 !    
,pacific ,nor?we/ v (t5 adds f #ejj to  
#a1jjj bo>d feet to ! acre annually4    
,?is annual ga9 is tak+ place ev5 if !  
timb] has n rea*$ m]*antable size1 be+ l

 co9 deposit$ 9 a toy bank :i* does n   
op5 until full4 ,& ?is is true :e!r !   
ultimate use may be = fuel1 poles1 or   
salable mat]ial l tie or saw timb]4     
,too mu* l& is cle>$ ( "y gr[?1 m]ely   
because su* cle>+ is easy1 :i* is ( su* 
l[ value = till+ or ev5 pa/ure t its use
 = ^! purposes does n pay z well 9 !    
long run z w\ld its use = gr[+ timb]1   
especially :5 ! inve/m5t ( cle>+ is     
consid]$4 ,! result+ expanse ( *>r$     
/umps & logs1 produc+ little b f]ns1 is 
a small f>m asset at be/4 ,! timb] x    
w\ld gr[ may ev5tually be a l>ge asset4 
,& ! labor ( cle>+ appli$ to a small]   
tract ( good l& is sure to br+ great]   
returns4 ,an illu/ration is furni%$ by  
two tracts ne> ! end ( a rec5tly        
complet$ railroad 9 we/]n ,wa%+ton4     
,tw5ty ye>s ago a settl] sla%$ a l>ge   
area ( presumably wor?less sapl+ fir    
adjo9+ 8 tillable bottom l&1 set fire to
 x1 pil$ & burn$ ! rema9+ poles1 se$$   
d[n a pa/ure1 & enclos$ x by an exp5sive
 c$> rail f5ce4 ,! pa/ure1 nev] useful  

except 9 e>ly spr+1 grew up to f]ns1 & 0
 f9ally ab&on$4 ,ev5 ! f5ce 0 mov$4 ,!  
settl] on ! next claim left 8 "p ( !    
same sapl+ gr[? to gr[ & ?is ye> sold ! 
timb] alone = #a1jjj to a tie mill :i*  
came into ! neighborhood ) ! railroad4  
,! moral ( ?is does n apply to cutt+    
alone1 b argues equally = prev5t+ fire 9
 second gr[?4  ,x is also poor economy1 
if mature timb] exi/s1 to cut rapidly   
gr[+ "y timb] = fuel because x is ne>] !
 h\se or easi] to cut4 ,! =m] has become
 /ation>y 9 production1 :ile ! latt]1 if
 left1 is e>n+ money by gr[+ 9 quantity 
& quality4 ,if "y timb] mu/ be us$1 & ! 
l& is n wor? actually cle>+ =           
cultivation or pa/ure1 x is usually f>  
bett] to ?9 out ! poore/ trees1 ?us     
leav+ ! rema9d] /imulat$ to a m rapid   
gr[?1 :i* w soon replace ^? remov$1 ?an 
to beg9 on ! edge & take ev]y?+4  ,!re  
is no reason :y a c]ta9 poor-soil$      
timb]$ portion ( ! av]age claim %\ld n  
be consid]$ z a p]man5t wood lot1 to be 
treat$ ) ! same int]e/ & pride 9 mak+ x 

produce ! greate/ quantity ( =e/        
products = sale or use t ! own] accords 
8 fields4 ,) ?is po9t ( view e/abli%$ & 
consequ5t /udy giv5 ! subject1 x w also 
be easi] to decide h[ l>ge ?is portion  
%\ld be4 ,9 _m cases ! result w be      
ab&onm5t ( ! idea t all =e/ gr[? is an  
enemy1 to be de/roy$ on g5]al pr9ciples 
)\t calculat+ :at actual pr(it !re is 9 
de/ruction4  ,ano!r po9t (t5 ov]look$ 9 
! ,pacific ,nor?we/1 because ( our local
 t5d5cy to consid] ! =e/ only z some?+  
to /ruggle aga9/1 is ! exactly opposite 
influ5ce ( prop]ly plac$ tree gr[? ^u   
sale values if ! prospective buy] is f !
 ,ea/ or f our own cities or tree-less  
regions4 ,su* are attract$ /rongly by ! 
grove-l effect ( a few trees left ar\nd 
! h\se4 ,_! desire = ?is is z /rongly   
+ra9$ z ! av]age local resid5t's desire 
= a completely free outlook to m>k 8    
victory ov] unfri5dly nature4 ,! appeal 
a place makes to a buy] z a pleasant    
home has frequ5tly z important an       
influ5ce on 8 decision z its purely     

practical m]its4  ,8 judgm5t ( ! latt]1 
h[ev]1 is also affect$ by 8 e>li]       
environm5t4 ,if he has liv$ :]e f>m+ l& 
is op51 evid5ces ( ! labor ( cle>+ are  
disc\rag+4 ,! unt\*$ =e/1 be+ totally   
beyond 8 capacity to e/imate ! labor its
 removal entails1 repels him less ?an   
/umps1 logs1 desolate burn+s & l detail$
 evid5ces ( ! "w :i* lies be=e him4 ,?is
 is ano!r reason :y ! cle>+ ( cle>ly    
f]tile l& may be bett] bus9ess ?an !    
half-cle>+ ( l& p]haps be/ suit$ = =e/  
gr[? anyway4 ,aga91 n fully realiz+ !   
pl5tifulness ( =e/ products 9 ! new     
locality1 he may actually ov]e/imate !  
value ( an attractive piece ( =e/ l& %[+
 evid5ce ( ! ?\ghtful c>e sugge/$ 9 a   
prec$+ p>agraph4  ,,use ,,( ,,fire      
,above all1 x pays ! settl] 9 wood$     
regions to be c>eful ) fire4 ,prop]ly   
direct$ & conf9$1 fire is necess>y 9    
cle>+ l&4 ,b !re is no pr(it 9 all[+    
uncontroll$ fire to spread f ! actual   
cle>+ to create a sn>l ( dead1 decay+ & 
fall+ trees & und]bru%4 ,x is usually   

h>d] to ext5d ! cle>+ into su* gr\nd ?an
 into gre5 timb]4 ,?is add$ "w lat] is  
_m times t necess>y to safegu>d ! burn+ 
9 ! fir/ place4  ,9 e case t fire ev]   
escap$ f cle>+ op]ations1 ! cause 0 ei!r
 ?\ghtlessness or unwill+ness to p]=m   
c]ta9 "w4 ,because x is easi] to burn a 
sla%+ ?an to pile & burn2 or :5 a gr\nd 
burn is desirable1 because x is easi] to
 take *ances ?an to cle> a fire l9e     
ar\nd ! area & h a =ce ( m5 pres5t2     
because burn+ at a dry1 dang]\s "t w be 
clean] & ?us save "w aft] ! fire2       
inexp]i5ce1 c\pl$ ) unwill+ness to take 
advice f ! exp]i5c$--^! & l reasons are 
responsible = ! de/ruction ( lives &    
prop]ty wor? ov] & ov] aga9 ! sum t 0   
sav$ by ! attempt$ economy4 ,&1 al?\gh  
?is does n save o!rs1 ! p]son           
responsible also usually loses in/ead ( 
ga9+4  ,)\t deprecat+ 9 ! lea/ !        
importance ( agricultural developm5t or 
( light5+ ! useful & n easy task ( !    
settl]1 x is /ill t]ribly true t !      
agricultural indu/ry & ! settl] suff] an

 annual loss ?r\gh ! de/ruction (       
improvem5ts1 crops & /ock by fires f    
c>eless cle>+ t is f> great] f9ancially 
?an ! sav+ 9 cle>+ co/ :i* 0 ! cause4 ,9
 o!r words1 agricultural developm5t is  
ret>d$ in/ead ( advanc$ by its pres5t   
c>eless use ( fire4  ,,plant+ ,,= ,,fuel
 ,,& ,,timb]  ,great z are ! timb]      
res\rces ( ! ,pacific ,nor?we/1 !re are 
ext5sive regions 9 c5tral & ea/]n       
,oregon & ,wa%+ton :]e timb] is a       
sc>city1 & wood = fuel & f>m repair     
purposes = settl]s & ran*]s c be obta9$ 
only at heavy co/4 ,9 su* situations x w
 be a pay+ inve/m5t = ! f>m] to set out 
a small plantation simply to produce 8  
own wood = fuel1 f5ce po/s & o!r        
purposes4 ,x is true t "s "t mu/ elapse 
be=e plantations beg9 to be productive1 
b by *oos+ rapid-gr[+ species & plant+  
closely1 ! ?9n+s :i* w be necess>y 9 a  
few ye>s1 ev5 ?\gh ! trees be small1 w d
 = ! woodpile4 ,trees :i* gr[ rapidly & 
at ! same "t produce good wood are1 (   
c\rse1 pref]able4 ,if !y also spr\t f ! 

/ump1 a little c>e w ma9ta9 ! supply    
indef9itely4  ,! *oice ( species = a    
woodlot mu/ be gov]n$ to a great ext5t  
by ! location4 ,_m portions ( ! treeless
 areas 9 ?is region are situat$ at a    
high altitude :]e ! climatic conditions 
are sev]e & fro/s are common ?r\gh\t e  
mon? ( ! ye>4 ,9 su* locations only !   
mo/ h>dy trees w succe$4 ,o!r areas are 
defici5t 9 moi/ure1 & :]e ?is defici5cy 
is s great z to prohibit ! gr[+ (       
agricultural crops by dry f>m+ x is     
useless to attempt gr[+ trees )\t       
irrigation4  ,probably ! tree mo/       
commonly plant$ 9 treeless regions has  
be5 "s species ( cottonwood4 ,lomb>dy   
popl> & ,balm ( ,gilead h be5 great     
favorites4 ,cottonwood gr[s rapidly & is
 h>dy aga9/ fro/1 b requires a          
nev]-fail+ supply ( wat] )9 five to     
tw5ty feet ( ! surface4 ,because ( its  
dem&s = moi/ure x w n gr[ on upl&s1 b   
?rives along wat] c\rses or :]e !re is  
pl5tiful supply ( moi/ure bel[ !        
surface4 ,its fuel value is n high1 ?\gh

 ! quantity ( its wood production       
comp5sates = its poor quality1 nor does 
x make good f5ce po/s4 ,:]e quick gr[?  
is ! ma9 consid]ation1 h[ev]1 x is a    
good tree to plant4 ,! v>ieties kn[n z  
,norway & ,c>ol9a popl> are ! be/4      
,gre5 a% & hackb]ry are also h>dy aga9/ 
bo? cold & moi/ure1 b ( sl[ gr[?4 ,_!   
wood is durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 mak+
 !m suitable = f5ce po/s4 ,:]e x succe$s
 black locu/ comb9es _m ( ! desirable   
qualities to ! highe/ degree4 ,x is a   
rapid gr[]1 makes excell5t f5ce po/s &  
has high fuel value4 ,x is n z h>dy     
aga9/ fro/ z cottonwood & a%1 & :ile x  
has be5 plant$ successfully 9 %elt]$    
locations on high plateaus1 its success 
:]e fro/s occur dur+ ! summ] mon?s is   
problematical4 ,a closely relat$        
species1 honey locu/1 is m fro/-h>dy b  
less desirable 9 o!r respects1 ?\gh an  
excell5t tree nev]!less4 ,o!r fairly    
h>dy & dr\ght-resi/ant trees are osage  
orange & ,russian mulb]ry4 ,_! value =  
fuel & f5ce po/s is high1 b !y w n      

succe$ 9 ! mo/ sev]e situations4 ,box   
eld] is h>dy & has be5 widely plant$1 b 
x is ( l[ fuel value & %ort liv$4  ,9   
favorable localities at l[ altitudes1   
:]e moi/ure is abundant ei!r ?r\gh      
natural precipitation or f irrigation1 !
 numb] ( species :i* are adapt$ to      
woodlot plant+ is l>gely increas$4      
,black walnut1 black *]ry & h>dy catalpa
 are probably ! mo/ valuable ( ^!4 ,!   
latt]1 h[ev]1 is s5sitive to e>ly & late
 fro/s4  ,,w9dbreaks  ,! plant+ (       
w9dbreaks & %elt] belts ar\nd dwell+s & 
fields is ( prime importance to ! settl]
 9 an op5 c\ntry4 ,no?+ adds m to !     
com=t ( ! dwell] ?an a belt ( timb] ab\t
 ! home to protect x f ! w9d4 ,or*>ds   
ne$ w9dbreaks to save !m f injury 9 a   
w9d-swept c\ntry1 & g>d5s are m         
successful :5 surr\nd$ by trees4 ,"o ( !
 mo/ important functions ( ! w9dbreak1  
h[ev]1 is ! sav+ ( soil moi/ure )9 !    
protect$ area1 = x is a well e/abli%$   
fact t evaporation takes place m rapidly
 :5 !re is a movem5t ( ! atmosph]e ?an  

:5 x is calm4 ,x is safe to say t a     
w9dbreak is effective 9 prev5t+         
evaporation = a di/ance equal to t5 to  
fifte5 times its height4  ,"s species1  
because ( ! =m ( _! cr[ns & _! rapid    
gr[?1 are m effective = w9dbreaks ?an   
o!rs4 ,s9ce m conif]\s trees reta9 _!   
foliage ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>1 !y af=d   
protection 9 w9t] z well z 9 summ]4 ,su*
 species z we/]n yell[1 ,scot* &        
,au/rian p9e gr[ rapidly1 are h>dy1 &   
s]ve ! purpose well4 ,9 regions (       
abundant moi/ure ,d\glas fir or ,norway 
& ,sitka spruce are unequal$4 ,european 
l>* has also be5 v successful 9 _m      
regions1 b1 unlike mo/ conif]s1 x %$s   
its leaves 9 w9t]4 ,:]e a w9dbreak is to
 consi/ ( a s+le r[ only1 x %\ld be ( a 
d5sely gr[+ type t bran*es close to !   
gr\nd4 ,= l[ breaks ( ?is "* ! ,russian 
mulb]ry & ,osage orange are excell5t4   
,trees = woodlot or w9dbreak plant+ c be
 pur*as$ f comm]cial nurs]ym5 or gr[n by
 ! f>m]4 ,_m gr[]s ( or*>d trees1       
p>ticul>ly 9 ! /ates 9 ! middle ,we/1 d 

a l>ge bus9ess 9 =e/ tree se$l+s4 ,s9ce 
! transportation *>ges are (t5 high1 &  
s9ce mo/ f>m]s c give ! att5tion & labor
 necess>y to rais+ ! trees !mselves )\t 
inconv5i5ce or extra exp5se1 x is (t5   
desirable = !m to d s4 ,! ,=e/ ,s]vice (
 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has 
issu$ sev]al publications conta9+ full  
directions = ! e/abli%m5t ( nurs]ies1 & 
^! c be obta9$ f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public
 ,docum5ts1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 free or  
at a nom9al co/499  ,footnote 993       
,repr9t f ,ye>book1 ,dept4 ( ,agr41     
#aije1 ,h[ to ,gr[ ,"y ,trees = ,=e/    
,plant+4  ,bullet9 ,no4 #bi1 ,! ,=e/    
,nurs]y4  ,plant+ leaflets = almo/ all  
important =e/ trees4  ,plant+ may be    
done 9 ! spr+ or fall1 ! latt] be+ (t5  
pref]able 9 regions :]e a dry season    
occurs e>ly 9 ! summ]4 ,= plantations ( 
broadleaf species1 "o-ye>-old se$l+s are
 be/ suit$1 :ile conif]\s species %\ld  
be two to ?ree ye>s old4 ,! *ief po9ts  
to rememb] 9 sett+ out ! trees are n to 
all[ ! roots1 p>ticul>ly ( conif]\s     

trees1 to dry out2 to dig ! holes l>ge  
en\gh to enable ! roots to take a normal
 position )\t d\bl+ up1 & to pack ! soil
 firmly ar\nd !m4 ,:]e plant+ is done on
 op5 gr\nd1 x is highly advantage\s to  
pl[ & h>r[ ! soil be=e sett+ out ! trees
 9 ord] to pres]ve ! moi/ure & kill we$s
 & sod4  ,will[s1 cottonwoods & o!r     
popl>s are v easily propagat$ f cutt+s4 
,cutt+s %\ld be ( /rong1 heal?y wood ( !
 previ\s season's gr[? :i* rip5$ well & 
did n %rivel dur+ ! w9t]4 ,a good l5g?  
is #h to #ab in*es1 ) ! upp] cut j above
 a bud4 ,!y may be made :5 want$ &      
plant$ ) a spade1 or if ! gr\nd is mell[
 !y c be m]ely %ov$ into ! soil until   
only "o bud is above ! surface & !n     
tramp$4  ,! spac+ ( ! trees is a "q     
l>gely ( utility1 ) "s v>iation =       
diff]5t species4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 close 
plant+ is advisable 9 treeless regions1 
s9ce an artificial =e/ mu/ /& 9 a d5se  
mass if x is to succe$ 9 ! /ruggle aga9/
 native vegetation1 w9d1 sun%9e1 fro/ & 
dry wea!r4 ,a s+le tree or r[ unprotect$

 by associates has a poor] *ance4       
,cultivation is ! be/ me?od ( cons]v+   
soil moi/ure4 ,to obta9 ! be/ results   
plantations %\ld be cultivat$1 if       
possible1 at lea/ dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s4 
,! less c>e ! trees are to h1 ! ?ick] !y
 %\ld be set 9 ord] t !y w be close     
en\gh to e/abli% =e/ conditions ( %ade1 
litt] & und]bru%4 ,?9n+s c !n be made z 
!y gr[ & ne$ m room4 ,! mat]ial ?us     
obta9$ w provide an e>ly supply ( fuel1 
/akes & po/s4 ,a spac+ ( #dx#d feet is  
common1 b ?is does n all[ = cultivation4
 ,= ?is reason #bx#h feet is pref]able4 
,%elt] belts %\ld be plant$ closely 9   
ord] to give protection quickly4  ,,co/ 
,! co/ ( plant+ is n great4 ,broadleaf  
se$l+s w co/ f #a to #f p] ?\s& at !    
nurs]y1 conif]\s plants #b4ej to #aj4   
,if gr[n at home ! co/ w be greatly     
r$uc$4 ,! prep>ation ( ! soil by pl[+ & 
h>r[+ %\ld n exce$ #b p] acre1 & plant+ 
f #b4ej to #e p] ?\s&1 accord+ to !     
species1 ! me?od us$ & ! condition ( !  
soil4     ,,app5dix  ,,tax ,,re=m ,,to  

,,p]mit ,,re=e/ation  ,,loss ,,9 ,,idle 
,,l&  ,x is ( ! v highe/ importance to h
 t "p ( our con/antly increas+ area (   
cut & burn$ ov] =e/ l& :i* is n m       
valuable = agriculture put to its only  
useful purpose--! gr[+ ( ano!r =e/ crop4
 ,if ?is is done x w cont9ue to be a    
s\rce ( tax rev5ue1 to employ labor &   
support indu/ry1 to supply our =e/ ne$s1
 to br+ rev5ue into ! /ate1 & to protect
 our /reams4 ,o!rwise x w become a      
des]t1 non-taxable1 non-productive1 a   
fire m5ace1 & 9 e way worse ?an a dead  
loss to ! /ate 9 :i* x exi/s & to !     
c\ntry at l>ge4 ,9 ! "o way x w be ( use
 to e citiz51 :atev] 8 occupation2 9 !  
o!r x w be a burd5 ^u e citiz54  ,!     
realness & directness ( ?is problem 9 ! 
,pacific ,nor?we/ is seldom realiz$4    
,our de=e/$ areas are great & gr[+1 b ( 
ev5 m peculi> significance is our       
unp>allel$ opportunity = mak+ !m quickly
 pr(itable to ! community4 ,=e/ gr[? is 
m rapid & c]ta9 ?an else:]e4 ,a heavy   
crop may be _h aga9 9 f #dj to #fj ye>s4

 ,x w h>dly be ( ! quality ( t n[ be+   
cut1 b consid]+ ! %ortage !n to prevail 
%\ld br+ fully z mu* weal? into ! /ate f
 its manufacture1 ! majority to be      
circulat$ z paym5t = supplies & labor4  
,s9ce1 !re=e1 our d5ud$ l& %\ld 9 #fj   
ye>s or less br+ 9 aga9 z mu* z x has   
already1 its idl5ess co/s u ea* ye> a   
sixtie? or m ( t imm5se sum1 am\nt+ to a
 great _m millions ( doll>s annually4   
,to ?is loss is add$ ! loss ( tax rev5ue
 :i* ! new crop w\ld yield1 ) c\ntless  
indirect injuries4  ,,! ,,own]',s       
,,compulsory ,,attitude  ,= ?is         
situation our sy/em ( taxation is *iefly
 responsible4 ,! own] may or may n hold 
! l& = a "t "u ! pres5t sy/em1 9 ! hope 
( sell+ x or ( tax re=m1 b he w seldom  
if ev] take any /eps to insure re=e/+1  
because to d s is too likely to be at an
 actual loss4 ,:e!r he has made money on
 ! orig9al crop has no be>+2 nor has 8  
be+ ri* or poor1 resid5t or ali54 ,8    
cut-ov] l& pres5ts a di/9ct problem to  
him4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 its sale value   

repres5ts an inve/m5t4 ,he may sell &   
re9ve/ ! money 9 any bus9ess :i* looks  
invit+--p]haps 9 /&+ timb]4 ,presumably 
he c get ord9>y bus9ess returns1 #f p]  
c5t or m1 & cont9ue to re9ve/ ^!        
returns4 ,!re=e if he leaves ?is money 9
 =e/ l& = #ej ye>s )\t return1 = e doll>
 s ti$ up he mu/ get #ah4db at ! end ( t
 p]iod if he is to make #f p] c5t on !  
inve/m5t4 ,& ?is applies n only to !    
pres5t value ( ! l&1 b also to any add$ 
exp5se he incurs 9 modify+ 8 cutt+      
me?ods1 or 9 replant+1 9 ord] to insure 
re=e/ation4 ,if bo? toge!r am\nt to #e  
an acre1 he mu/ net #ib4aj at ! end ( 8 
#ej ye>s 9 ord] to make #f p] c5t4  ,s  
f> no compla9t c be made4 ,b if ! l& is 
to produce a second crop x _c be left to
 take c>e ( itself1 z x might 7 x be+   
held = speculative purposes only4 ,x mu/
 be protect$ f fire & trespass4 ,& s9ce 
! int]e/ & pr9cipal inve/$ w am\nt to s 
mu* = s long a p]iod & be totally lo/ 9 
case ( de/ruction1 ! protection mu/ be  
adequate1 practically am\nt+ to         

insurance4 ,! annual co/ w v>y greatly  
accord+ to locality1 class ( timb]1 & ! 
en=cem5t ( fire laws1 b w be f #a c5t at
 ! m9imum to #ae c5ts at ! maximum 9 bad
 seasons4 ,if all co/ ( protection &    
adm9i/ration is plac$ at only #e c5ts   
annually1 = ! sake ( illu/ration1 ?is   
repres5ts ano!r inve/m5t con/antly      
increas+ & comp\nd+1 :i*1 at ! end ( #ej
 ye>s at #f p] c5t1 w am\nt to #ad4ea an
 acre4 ,consequ5tly1 add+ t to 8 orig9al
 inve/m5t :i* w h become #ib4aj1 he mu/ 
net #ajf4fa to make 8 #f p] c5t4  ,,h[  
,,taxes ,,ent] ,,! ,,problem  ,let u n[ 
consid] ! influ5ce ( taxation4 ,we h    
assum$ ! l& to be valuable = =e/ gr[+   
only1 & 9 call+ 8 inve/m5t #e an acre   
includ$ "s co/ ( insur+ re=e/ation4     
,place ?is at #b & leave a l& value (   
#c1 to be fully tax$ at #cj mills = bo? 
/ate & c\nty purposes1 :i* is p]haps a  
fair av]age4 ,?is repres5ts ! ?ird =m ( 
8 inve/m5t1 or #i c5ts an acre inve/$   
annually & left unavailable = #ej ye>s1 
& w am\nt at ! end ( t "t1 at #f p] c5t1

 to #bf4ac4 ,he has n[ to cle> #acb4gd  
an acre1 besides be+ always 9 dang] (   
total or p>tial loss f fire1 & dur+ all 
?is "t has to h ! money1 made 9 "s o!r  
way1 to meet all ! annual paym5ts4 ,b no
 inju/ice appe>s1 = he has be5 tax$ on  
an equal basis ) o!r produc]s4 ,if 8    
acre yields #bj1jjj feet 7! maximum to  
expect71 wor? #g a ?\s&1 he has made 8  
#f p] c5t1 ! community has ga9$ a       
res\rce1 & ev]yone is satisfi$4 ,8 l&   
has be5 tax$ fairly & z he n[ has a crop
 to sell he c af=d to pay a tax on x    
also4 ,if x is tax$ at #c p] c5t1 or    
#d4bj an acre1 c\nty & /ate w altoge!r h
 receiv$ f him ! same tax rev5ue !y     
collect f o!r =ms ( prop]ty & indu/ry ( 
l value & pr(it1 & receiv$ also ! o!r   
b5efits ( =e/ production & ( 8          
exp5diture ( wages = protection4  ,b ?is
 is j :at _c legally be done "u our     
pres5t tax sy/em4 ,by failure to        
recognize t ! gr[? produc$ is a crop1   
di/9ct f ! l&1 gr[n at ! own]'s ef=t &  
exp5se1 & return+ no rev5ue until ripe1 

! law n[ compels ! repeat$ annual       
taxation ( ! own]'s ef=t to an ext5t v  
likely to am\nt to confiscation4 ,x has 
be5 se5 t ev5 "u ! fair sy/em outl9$ 9 !
 prec$+ p>agraph1 =e/ gr[+ is n m ?an   
ord9>ily invit+ & involves consid]able  
risk & capital4 ,yet x assum$ only a    
fair annual tax on ! l&4 ,"u our pres5t 
sy/em1 logically c>ri$ out1 "h is :at   
w\ld happ53  ,! fir/ ye> ! tax w\ld be !
 same4 ,! second ye> a fiftie? ( ! total
 fifty-ye> crop1 :i* we h assum$ wor?   
ab\t #adj1 or #b4hj1 w\ld be add$ to !  
l&2 !re=e n #c1 b #e4hj1 w be> !        
#cj-mill levy1 & n #i c5ts1 b #ag c5ts1 
actual tax w be paid4 ,! ?ird ye> ! tax 
w be #be c5ts an acre2 at ! tw5ty-fif?  
ye> x w be ov] #b an acre4 ,we h se5 t  
ev5 a #i-;c5t tax am\nt$ to an inve/m5t 
( ov] #bf an acre 9 ord] to produce !   
crop4 ,! cont9ual increase ( ?is accord+
 to gr[? w\ld make ! inve/m5t run into  
_m hundr$s ( doll>s if ! same int]e/ is 
calculat$1 & 9 any case w\ld make       
re=e/ation f9ancially impossible4  ,9   

actual practice1 ! increas$ valuation   
w\ld probably n be made by ! assessor 9 
! mann] j describ$4 ,in/ead ( det]m9+ ! 
rate ( gr[? sci5tifically & apply+ x    
annually1 he n[ makes an ocul>          
reappraisem5t at consid]able int]vals4  
,9 mo/ cases !re is no increas$ value1 =
 ! l& does n re=e/ b is cont9ually      
reburn$4 ,:]e x accid5tally does re=e/1 
he makes a r\gh calculation ( ! value ( 
! second gr[?1 bas$ ^u no p>ticul> sy/em
 & seldom alike 9 diff]5t c\nties4 ,b ! 
pr9ciple rema9s ! same & ! result diff]s
 only 9 degree4 ,) ! mo/ l5i5t valuation
 at #aj or #ae-ye> int]vals1 ! addition 
( mat]ial :i* makes gr[+ =e/s s diff]5t 
f our /ation>y mature =e/s ( today is   
b\nd1 "u our pres5t sy/em1 to h         
confiscatory effect4 ,! l& own]1 s f> f 
be+ enc\rag$ to e/abli% & protect a new 
=e/1 is actually p5aliz$1 = he mu/      
assume t its expectation value w be tax$
 annually1 p]haps on an exorbitant      
basis1 z soon z x becomes app>5t4  ,if  
only ! value add$ ea* ye>1 #b4hj 9 our  

illu/ration1 7 tax$ annually1 !re w\ld  
be no inju/ice4 ,! tax w\ld !n1 9 ! case
 cit$1 be #i c5ts ! fir/ ye> & #ag c5ts 
e ye> !reaft]4 ,b ?is _c be calculat$ ) 
suffici5t accuracy ^u our pres5t k ( =e/
 gr[? & "u conditions v>y+ ) e trace or 
acre4 ,our example1 ) its sev]al        
arbitr>y factors ( gr[?1 tax rate1      
int]e/ rate1 & future /umpage price1 0  
m]ely = ! purpose ( illu/ration4        
,fur!rmore1 su* a solution w\ld /ill be 
illegal "u our pres5t laws4             
,,requirem5ts ,,re=m ,,mu/ ,,meet  ,^!  
facts are recogniz$ by all /ud5ts (     
=e/ry & taxation4 ,9 all c\ntries :]e   
=e/s are gr[n ! g5]al prop]ty tax has   
be5 ab&on$4 ,dis9t]e/$ au?orities ( e   
class1 approa*+ ! subject only f !      
public's po9t ( view & hold+ no brief = 
! timb]l& own]1 unite 9 say+            
emphatically t its application to gr[+  
=e/s w ret>d or prev5t =e/ry 9 our      
c\ntry4 ,^! au?orities include /atesm5 l
 ,roosevelt & our mo/ prom95t gov]nors &
 s5ators2 exp]t au?orities on taxation  

g5]ally1 l /ate1 national1 &            
int]national tax conf]5ces & pr(essors (
 economics 9 ! lead+ univ]sities2 =e/ry 
au?orities l ,graves1 ,p9*ot & ,/ate    
=e/]s2 & all ! _m associations &        
congresses devot$ to su* subjects4  ,^! 
au?orities all agree t ! =e/ crop %\ld n
 be tax$ till h>ve/$1 b diff] some:at z 
to ! degree to :i* ! public ne$ (       
re=e/ation w>rants def]r+ "p or all ( ! 
l& tax also4 ,?is ,association1 aft]    
c>eful /udy ( ! subject1 includ+        
,european me?ods1 ! exp]im5ts made by   
sev]al ( our ,/ates1 & ! plans propos$  
by _m o!rs1 believes ! foll[+ objects   
%\ld be s\ght3  #a4 ,great] p]man5t     
rev5ue to /ate & c\ntry ?an is possible 
"u ! pres5t sy/em ( de/roy+ ! taxable   
s\rce4  #b4 ,su/5tion ( pres5t rev5ue to
 ! highe/ degree compatible ) p]man5ce4 
#c4 ,assurance t ! own] w d 8 fair "p to
 make ! l& productive4  #d4 ,assurance  
to ! own] 9 return t future action by ! 
community w n confiscate all pr(it      
result+ f 8 ef=t4  #e4 ,division ( risk1

 s bo? own] & community w seek highe/   
production & safety f fire4  #f4        
,demon/rable ju/ice to all conc]n$1 r   
?an subsidy :i*1 :ile d\btless          
w>rantable to secure ! public good1     
af=ds less precise basis ( legislation  
at ! pres5t "t4  #g4 ,simplicity 9      
adoption & op]ation4  ,a ,,sugge/$      
,,solution  ,^! requirem5ts c be met by 
legislation1 foll[+ con/itutional       
am5dm5t :]e necess>y1 provid+ t :]e !   
own] ( cut or burn$-ov] l& w contract ) 
! ,/ate to insure re=e/ation &          
protection = a specifi$ t]m ( ye>s1 !   
,/ate %all notify ! c\nty assessor t !  
l& is sep>at$ = taxation purposes f any 
=e/ gr[? !reon4 ,! l& may cont9ue to pay
 a fair dep5dable tax1 b ! crop %all n  
be tax$ until h>ve/$4 ,to ! end t cutt+ 
( /&+ timb] %all be conduct$ s z to     
place ! l& 9 ! be/ condition = re=e/+1  
uncut =e/ l& %\ld be subject to         
exam9ation & simil> contract1 & !       
sep>ate classification = taxation %\ld  
take effect )9 a ye> aft] ! timb] is    

remov$ 9 compliance ) ! contract4  ,?is 
w\ld mean t :5 ! own] ( de=e/$ l& *iefly
 valuable to ! community = =e/          
production agrees to make x produce1 he 
%all be tax$ n on 8 ef=t b ^u ! results 
( 8 ef=t1 & !n exactly z o!r produc]s   
are tax$ ^u _! results4 ,he may pay tax 
^u 8 l&1 z o!r l& own]s d1 ^u its actual
 value1 b )\t ?is value be+ enhanc$ =   
taxation purposes by reason ( any crop  
!reon4  ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,pres5t ,,sy/em
 ,,9 ,,results  ,! community w\ld get no
 less tax rev5ue1 b presumably m1 ?an x 
does "u ! pres5t sy/em4 ,9 ei!r case !  
own] w really pay annually only ^u ! l& 
value1 n ^u ! gr[?2 ! only diff]5ce be+ 
t "u ! propos$ sy/em he w\ld n be ask$  
to1 :ile "u ! pres5t sy/em ei!r !re w be
 no gr[? to tax1 or1 if !re is1 he _c   
af=d to pay & ! l& w rev]t4 ,x mu/ be   
borne 9 m9d t :ile cut-ov] l& is        
actually be+ held "u ! pres5t sy/em1 x  
has seldom gr[n any?+ yet4 ,no exp5se   
has be5 incurr$ to e/abli% a crop1      
accid5tal gr[? is almo/ always de/roy$  

by fire because x does n pay to protect 
x1 & if x is n s de/roy$ x has n yet be5
 accord$ ! expectation value :i* !      
assessor w be oblig$ to recognize 9 !   
e>ly future if he really obs]ves !      
pres5t law4 ,! inevitable t5d5cy ( !    
pres5t sy/em is cont9uance to pay on !  
l& ) speculative value = purposes o!r   
?an =e/ry b ab&onm5t ( l& valuable only 
= =e/ry1 ) de/ruction ( ! =e/ gr[? 9    
ei!r case1 by purpose or neglig5ce1     
because x means add$ co/ ( hold+ ) no   
possibility ( pr(it4 ,s9ce ! own] _c be 
compell$ to gr[ timb] to be tax$ at 8   
net loss1 no timb] tax at all w be      
receiv$ by ! community & its annual l&  
tax w be conf9$ to l& wor? hold+ )\t    
timb] = purposes o!r ?an timb] gr[+4 ,"u
 ! propos$ sy/em1 ! latt] class w\ld pay
 ! same annual tax1 ! annual tax rev5ue 
f /rictly =e/ l& w\ld be great]1 & 9    
addition to bo? w\ld be ! future yield  
tax ^u ! crop4  ,,an ,,objection ,,met  
,a possible sup]ficial criticism may be 
t1 leav+ ! l& out ( consid]ation1 !     

propos$ yield tax at a p]sonal prop]ty  
valuation ( ! crop means t b "o ye>'s   
tax is to be paid ^u ! timb]4 ,! fallacy
 ( ?is1 h[ev]1 w be se5 :5 x is rememb]$
 t x is a crop1 hav+ be5 produc$ f no?+ 
by ! own]1 s9ce 8 acquisition ( ! l& &  
:ile he 0 pay+ taxes ^u 8 l& ^u its     
value = productive purposes ?r\gh\t !   
entire p]iod j z any o!r crop gr[] loes4
 ,x is n une>n$ speculative increm5t4   
,to tax x annually is exactly equival5t 
to tax+ an agricultural crop #ej times  
dur+ its gr[+ p]iod4 ,! propos$ plan    
does tax ! annual production fully1     
al?\gh n until ! crop is produc$1 = tax+
 its full value :5 gr[n is ! same z tax+
 ea* ye> ! increm5t add$ s9ce ! prec$+  
ye>4 ,if x is wor? #aej an acre1 aft]   
#ej ye>s f se$1 a #c p] c5t yield tax   
w\ld be #d4ej4 ,ea* ye> s9ce ! fir/ mu/ 
h produc$ a fiftie? ( ! ultimate value1 
or #c1 & _h ?is be5 tax$ at #c p] c5t1  
or #i c5ts1 ! same aggregate rev5ue (   
#d4ej w\ld h result$4 ,to also tax      
annually ! value ( proce$+ ye>s'        

production1 l tax+ a :eat crop twice a  
week1 is exactly ! confiscatory         
prohibition ( =e/ gr[+ :i* we %\ld seek 
to avoid4  ,:5 ! ess5tial diff]5ce ( !  
two sy/ems ,is grasp$--t ! crop is      
di/9ct f ! l& & ! latt] is /ill fully   
tax$--x w be se5 t b "o tax ^u ! crop1  
at ! rate o!r prop]ty pays1 is all t is 
j & all t c possibly be paid 9 a        
competitive comm]cial bus9ess4 ,! case  
is n analog\s ) our pres5t sy/em ( tax+ 
mature timb]1 9 :i* l& & timb] toge!r   
are assum$ to con/itute insep>able      
realty1 /ation>y 9 production & increas+
 only speculatively 9 value1 !re=e !    
comp>ison ) "o ye>'s taxation "u our    
pres5t sy/em has no weight4  ,,f ,,!    
,,own]',s ,,/&po9t  ,nor does ! propos$ 
sy/em by any means ei!r subsidize ! =e/ 
gr[] or assure him a pr(it4 ,x m]ely    
puts on a basis simil> to t ( o!r       
ent]prises a bus9ess m greatly h&icapp$ 
by long-def]r$ returns1 risk ( loss1    
unc]ta9ty ( future prices1 & cont9u$    
curr5t exp5se )\t curr5t rev5ue4 ,only  

escape f fire & high future /umpage     
prices w p]mit pr(it at be/4 ,o!rwise1  
s9ce ! tax is def9ite & n ^u income1 !  
=e/ gr[] w pay ! community = ! honor (  
provid+ x a res\rce at 8 own exp5se4  ,x
 is believ$1 h[ev]1 t a m =tunate       
outcome is suffici5tly promis$ 9 ?is    
region ( rapid gr[? if we remove ! s+le 
fatal h&icap ( unc]ta9 confiscatory     
taxation4  ,,views ,,( ,,exp]t          
,,au?orities  ,,!odore ,,roosevelt3     
,second only 9 importance to good fire  
laws well en=c$ is ! enactm5t ( tax laws
 :i* w p]mit ! p]petuation ( exi/+ =e/s 
by use4  ,,gif=d ,,p9*ot3 ,l& be>+ =e/s 
%\ld be tax$ annually on ! l& value     
alone1 & ! timb] crop %\ld be tax$ :5   
cut1 s private =e/ry may be enc\rag$4   
,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,cons]vation          
,,conf]5ce1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c43 ,believ+ 
t excessive taxation on /&+ timb]       
privately own$ is a pot5t cause ( =e/   
de/ruction by increas+ ! co/ ( ma9ta9+  
gr[+ =e/s1 we agree 9 ! wisdom & ju/ice 
( sep>at+ ! taxation ( timb] l& f !     

taxation ( timb] gr[+ ^u x1 & adju/+ bo?
 9 su* mann] z to enc\rage =e/          
cons]vation & =e/ gr[+4  ,! private     
own]s ( l& unsuit$ to agriculture1 once 
=e/$ & n[ impov]i%$ or d5ud$1 %\ld be   
enc\rag$ by practical in/ruction1       
adju/m5t ( taxation1 & 9 o!r prop] ways1
 to und]take ! re=e/+ !re(4      ,,gif=d
 ,,p9*ot1     ,,rob]t ,,bacon1          
,,james ,r4 ,,g>field1   ,commission]s  
repres5t+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4     ,,sydney 
,,fi%]1     ,,clif=d ,,sifton1          
,,h5ri ,s4 ,,bol&1   ,commission]s      
repres5t+ ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada4         
,,romulu ,,escob>1     ,,miguel ,a4 ,,de
 ,,quev$o1     ,,c>los ,,sell]i]1       
,commission]s repres5t+ ! ,republic (   
,mexico4     ,e4 ,h4 ,,out]bridge1      
,commission] repres5t+ ! ,colony (      
,newf\ndl&4  ,,fr$4 ,r4 ,,fair*ild1     
,pr(essor ( ,economics1 ,yale           
,univ]sity1 memb] ,int]national ,tax    
,conf]5ce3 ,probably no?+ m effectually 
disc\rages inve/m5t ?an unc]ta9ty z to  
future co/s4 ,& :atev] may be said ( !  

pres5t sy/em ( taxation1 !re c be no "q 
( its arbitr>9ess & unc]ta9ty4 ,if to   
all ! o!r risks ( =e/ry we add unc]ta9ty
 z to :at ! taxes are go+ to be1 we _c  
blame inve/ors = "s hesitation 9 emb>k+ 
on an ent]prise :i* may h to pay taxes  
fifty ye>s be=e ! returns come 94 ,& m  
?an ?is2 ! inve/or _c safely base 8     
calculations on ! cont9uance ( ! pres5t 
l5i5t adm9i/ration ( ! prop]ty tax4 ,z  
has be5 %[n1 ! t5d5cy today is t[>d a   
/rict] en=cem5t ( ! law & a heavi] burd5
 ( taxation4  ,/ate con/itutions /&     
today 9 ! way ( _m plans = re=m 9 ,/ate 
& local taxation4 ,! movem5t t[>d _!    
am5dm5t is gr[+ z "p ( ! g5]al programme
 ( tax re=m4  ,! real problem ( =e/     
taxation is 9 connection ) ! future (   
our timb] l&s r ?an ) _! pa/4 ,!        
pres]vation ( ! =e/s is a matt] ( !     
utmo/ importance4 ,s f> our =e/s h be5  
exploit$ ) little or no reg>d = !       
future4 ,b ! pres5t me?ods _c la/ mu*   
long]4 ,=e/ry mu/ come "s "t1 & its e>ly
 com+ is a ?+ greatly to be desir$4 ,&  

:5ev] we are ready to s]i\sly und]take x
 we w f9d our pres5t me?ods ( taxation a
 sev]e h&icap4 ,/rictly en=c$1 accord+  
to ! lett] ( ! law1 ! annual tax on !   
full value ( ! l& & /&+ timb] is almo/  
sure to result 9 excessive taxation1 & !
 timb] own] _c c\nt on ! cont9uance ( ! 
pres5t l5i5t en=cem5t ( ! law4 ,ev5 if !
 tax might n be excessive1 its unc]ta9ty
 w\ld be a s]i\s ob/acle to inve/m5t4   
,we c h>dly hope to see ! g5]al practice
 ( =e/ry z long z ! pres5t me?ods (     
taxation cont9ue4  ,to be equitable1    
taxation ( timb] l&s l taxation ( any?+ 
else %\ld be bas$ on income or e>n+ p[]4
  ,) reg>d to its effect on rev5ue1 !re 
is little to be fe>$ f ! tax on yield4  
,ev5tually1 rev5ue w be increas$ by a   
me?od ( taxation :i* does n prev5t !    
developm5t ( =e/ry4 ,=e/s pay+ a mod]ate
 tax are bett] ?an wa/e l&s ab&on$ &    
pay+ no tax at all4  ,! tax on yield has
 _m decid$ advantages4 ,x avoids ! evils
 ( ! g5]al prop]ty tax4 ,x is equitable 
& c]ta94 ,x is 9 h>mony ) ! peculi>ities

 ( ! bus9ess ( =e/ry1 & w be a di/9ct   
enc\ragem5t to ! practice ( =e/ry4 ,its 
adoption by ! ,/ates w\ld remove "o     
ob/acle to ! p]petuation ( ! nation's   
=e/ res\rces4  ,,national ,,cons]vation 
,,commission1 appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,x is f> bett] t =e/ l& 
%\ld pay a mod]ate tax p]man5tly ?an t x
 %\ld pay an excessive rev5ue tempor>ily
 & !n cease to pay at all4  ,we tax our 
=e/s "u ! g5]al prop]ty tax1 a me?od (  
taxation ab&on$ long ago by e o!r great 
nation4 ,9 "s regions ( great importance
 = timb] supply1 & 9 individual cases 9 
all regions1 ! taxation ( =e/ l&s has   
be5 excessive & has l$ to wa/e by =c+ ! 
de/ructive logg+ ( mature =e/s1 z well z
 ?r\gh ! ab&onm5t ( cut-ov] l&s = taxes4
 ,t ?is has n be5 ev5 m g5]al is due to 
"u-assessm5t1 to lax adm9i/ration ( !   
law1 b to no virtue 9 ! law itself4     
,already taxes ^u =e/ l&s are be+       
increas$ by ! /rict en=cem5t ( ! tax    
laws4 ,ev5 :]e ?is has n yet be5 done1 !
 fe> t x w be done is a b> to ! practice

 ( =e/ry4  ,we %\ld s adju/ taxation t  
cut-ov] l&s c be held = a second crop4  
,we %\ld recognize t x co/s to gr[ timb]
 z well z to log & saw x4  ,f n[ on !   
relation ( taxation to ! p]man5t        
usefulness ( ! =e/ w be vital4 ,pres5t  
tax laws prev5t re=e/ation on cut-ov]   
l&s & ! p]petuation ( exi/+ =e/s by use4
  ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,=e/ ,,s]vice3 ,x is 
evid5t t ! old me?od ( tax+ =e/ prop]ty1
 z well z o!r prop]ty1 at its suppos$ly 
full value w1 z ! value ( timb]         
increases & is recogniz$1 put a premium 
on premature & reckless cutt+1 & w h9d] 
any ef=t to re=e/ cut-ov] l&s4 ,no      
bus9ess man w engage 9 an und]tak+ :]e !
 returns are s long def]r$ & ! risks are
 un9surable unless he c e/imate !       
probable exp5ses & a reasonably l>ge    
pr(it4 ,t ! =e/s !mselves1 irrespective 
( _! ability to /& taxation1 are ( great
 value to ! communities 9 :i* !y are    
locat$1 = wat] protection1 lumb] supply1
 & sc5]y 9 resort regions is und\bt$4   
,! fundam5tal difficulty is t ! tax %\ld

 be 9 proportion to yield or income & n 
9 proportion to ! m>ket value ( ! l& &  
/&+ timb]4 ,economi/s are sub/antially  
agre$ t ?is pr9ciple is applicable to ! 
taxation ( all k9ds ( prop]ty ) c]ta9   
exceptions4 ,:]e !re is a reasonably    
c]ta9 annual yield or income ! m>ket    
value is !oretically dep5d5t ^u x4 ,a   
woodlot or =e/1 h[ev]1 usually 9 ?is    
c\ntry has no annual yield4 ,x is unju/ 
to require ! own] to c>ry ! full annual 
burd5 ( taxes1 risk & protection 9 e ye>
 = ! *ance ( a yield once 9 fifty ye>s1 
& x is impossible = ! own] to d x1 = !  
taxes ) comp\nd int]e/ w\ld confiscate 8
 entire capital4  ,,int]national ,,tax  
,,conf]5ce1 held at ,toronto3 ,resolv$1 
,t x is )9 ! legitimate prov9ce ( tax   
laws to enc\rage ! gr[? ( =e/s 9 ord] to
 protect wat]%$s & insure a future      
supply ( timb]2 & legislation1 or       
con/itution am5dm5t :]e necess>y1 is    
recomm5d$ = ^! purposes4  ,,am]ican     
,,=e/ ,,congress1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c43    
,resolv$1 ,t we e>ne/ly comm5d to all   

/ate au?orities444 r$uc+ ! burd5 (      
taxation on l&s held = =e/ reproduction 
9 ord] t p]sons & corporations may be   
induc$ to put 9 practice ! pr9ciples (  
=e/ cons]vation4  ,,p5nsylvania         
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,=e/ry3 ,tax assessors h
 diff]+ ideas ( value & _! assessm5ts   
v>y widely4 ,! only rem$y = ! =e/ own]  
is to appeal f ! assessm5t to ! c\nty   
commission]s1 &1 if "h unsuccessful1 to 
! c\nty c\rt1 a matt] involv+ bo? "t &  
exp5se & frequ5tly m co/ly ?an !        
diff]5ces 9 taxes to be ga9$2 b at !    
same "t ! fact is well recogniz$ t =e/$ 
l& is bo? unequally & unfairly tax$4    
,h4 ,s4 ,,graves1 ,*ief ,=e/] = ! ,unit$
 ,/ates3 ,! =e/ areas n[ own$ *iefly by 
lumb] companies w cease to be deva/at$ z
 soon z fires are /opp$4 ,!y w n1 h[ev]1
 be h&l$ to any l>ge ext5t ) a view (   
future production until ! taxes are     
plac$ on a fair basis4  ,,filib]t ,,ro?1
 ,pr(essor ( ,=e/ry1 ,univ]sity (       
,mi*igan1 ,/ate ,fire ,w>d5 ( ,mi*igan  
7speak+ ( frequ5t local attitude t[>d   

non-resid5t own]73  ,?\gh1 9 tru?1 ^!   
resid5t p (t5 make _! liv+ f ! tax money
 ( ! non-resid5t1 & ?\gh ! latt]        
contributes t[>d e rod ( road & e       
s*oolh\se built1 & o!r improvem5t1 yet  
he is treat$ z if he 7 a wrongdo]1 is   
tax$ unm]cifully1 &1 9 addition1 a      
trespass on 8 l& or =e/ is excus$ & x is
 almo/ impossible 9 _m places to get    
conviction4  ,if ! ,/ate & local p _h   
treat$ ! own]s ( timb] hone/ly & _h sp5t
 a reasonable "p ( ! taxes 9 giv+ !     
protection :i* ! own] _h a "r to expect 
"u ! ,con/itution1 !re w\ld /ill be m   
?an half ( our p9]y l&s cov]$ by =e/4   
,=e/ry is no sug> tru/ baby1 z s _m are 
try+ to make x out4 ,=e/s c pay taxes z 
well z any o!r prop]ty4 ,=e/ry is l any 
o!r hone/ bus9ess1 x _c /& confiscation4
  ,suppose y h a tw5ty-acre lot ( sug>  
beets & ! assessor w\ld hang ar\nd until
 ! beets are ripe & !n figure3 ,! l& is 
good2 ,i assess x at #ge p] acre1 & !   
crop is wor? #ge m1 s t ?is prop]ty w /&
 at #aej4 ,:at w\ld y say8 ,b ! assessor

 :o assesses ! timb] z "p ( ! real e/ate
 & assesses ! same crop ( timb] ye> aft]
 ye> does precisely ?is ?+4 ,he assesses
 l& & crop = ! own] ( a woodlot & =e/1  
:ile = all o!r f>m]s he assesses only ! 
l&4  ,let ! ,/ate pass a few simple     
laws2 provide = ! protection ( =e/      
prop]ty z we provide = o!r prop]ty2     
prev5t confiscation "u ! guise (        
taxation2 /op =c+ its poor tax l&s on ! 
m>ket1 & g ahead ) a good example on its
 own l&s1 & in/ead ( hold+ !m 9 a wa/e  
l& condition protect !m & gr[ timb]4    
,a4 ,t4 ,,hadley1 ,presid5t ,yale       
,univ]sity3 ,we h x 9 our p[] to make   
intellig5t =e/ry by individuals m       
pr(itable4 ,! m>g9 betwe5 bus9ess t     
succe$s & bus9ess t fails is a n>r[ "o1 
& by j cov]+ t m>g9 by diff]5ces 9 tax  
laws1 by diff]5ces 9 protective laws1 by
 laws = ! prev5tion ( fires1 we c make  
pr(itable an indu/ry :i* ! public ne$s1 
b :i* today is unpr(itable4  ,,james ,o4
 ,,davidson1 ,gov]nor ( ,wiscons93 ,x is
 to be hop$ t laws w be pass$ enc\rag+  

own]s to cut timb] cons]vatively "u     
=e/ry regulations1 r ?an oblige !m to   
cut z quickly z possible to escape !    
inju/ice ( taxation4  ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,g4
 ,,mill]1 ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton3 ,next  
to fire ! mo/ s]i\s h&icap to ! progress
 ( =e/ry is our unju/ me?od ( =e/       
taxation4 ,lay+ z we d a ye>ly tax on   
bo? ! gr[+ crop & ! l&1 ! burd5 (       
taxation makes ! hold+ ( l& = a second  
crop prohibitive z f> z ! private own]  
is conc]n$4  ,! f>m] pays a ye>ly tax on
 8 l&1 & a tax on 8 crop ea* "t he      
h>ve/s "o4 ,?is is usually annually4    
,h[ev]1 if ?r\gh dr\ght1 insect invasion
 or o!r mis=tune he loses 8 crop1 he is 
n call$ ^u to pay a tax ^u x4  ,,s5ator 
,,re$ ,,smoot1 ( ,utah1 ,*airman        
,section ( ,=e/s1 ,national ,cons]vation
 ,commission3 ,"o ( ! urg5t tasks be=e !
 ,/ates is ! imm$iate passage ( tax laws
 :i* w enable ! private own] to protect 
& keep productive "u =e/ ^? l&s suitable
 only = =e/ gr[?4 ,9 our discussion 9   
committee meet+ !re 0 a "q rais$ by a   

memb] pres5t z to ?is recomm5dation1    
claim+ t x w\ld enc\rage great          
monopolies 9 secur+ l>g] hold+s ( timb]1
 if an annual tax 0 n requir$ on ! timb]
 itself4 ,i h /udi$ ?is "q 9 =eign l&s1 
p>ticul>ly 9 ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 & ,i  
f9d t ! result has be5 exactly !        
opposite4 ,x is a %ort-sight$ policy :i*
 invites1 ?r\gh excessive taxation1 !   
de/ruction ( ! only crop :i* /eep m\nta9
 l&s w produce pr(itably4 ,taxes on =e/ 
l& %\ld be levi$ on ! crop :5 cut1 n on 
! basis ( a g5]al prop]ty tax--t uns\nd 
me?od ( taxation long ab&on$ by e o!r   
great nation4  ,,gov]nor ,,newton ,c4   
,,blan*>d1 ( ,l\isiana3 ,"u ! pres5t tax
 laws ( _m ( ! ,/ates l>ge assessm5ts   
are put on timb] l&s1 & ?is is =c+ timb]
 hold]s--! own]s ( ! sawmills--to cut (f
 t timb] too rapidly4 ,at lea/ x is hav+
 mu* effect t way4 ,give !m !           
enc\ragem5t to hold back & n =ce _!     
product ^u ! m>kets1 & !n exempt1 by a  
sy/em ( wise tax laws1 cut-ov] l&s      
devot$ to purposes ( re=e/ation4        

,,m>yl& ,,/ate ,,bo>d ,,( ,,=e/ry3 ,!   
pres5t me?od is to assess woodl&s "u !  
g5]al prop]ty tax1 mak+ ! assessm5t high
 :]e ! timb] is valuable & plac+ x l[   
:]e ! timb] has be5 cut (f4 ,!re is 9 ! 
op]ation ( ?is sy/em a t5d5cy to cut (f 
! timb] be=e x rea*es maturity to avoid 
! high rate ( taxation4 ,a premium is   
plac$ on =e/ de/ruction & a p5alty on   
=e/ cons]vation4  ,! gr[? ( timb] is sl[
 & "u pres5t /umpage prices & rates (   
taxation !re are comp>atively few cases 
:]e ! sale value ( ! crop equals ! co/ (
 gr[+ x1 if a fair r5tal = ! l& is      
consid]$4 ,x is true t mo/ ( ! =e/s are 
on l&s t c\ld n be us$ = any?+ else1 b x
 is n fair to expect ! l&[n] to produce 
timb] :i* is a public necessity1 ! use (
 :i* is only less univ]sal ?an food     
crops1 at a f9ancial sacrifice4         
,increas+ prices & bett] =e/ managem5t  
are reliev+ ! situation to "s ext5t1 b !
 mo/ effective1 z well z ! mo/ equitable
 way1 is ?r\gh a *ange or modification (
 pres5t tax laws4  ,,pr(essor ,,edw9 ,r4

 ,a4 ,,seligman1 ,columbia ,univ]sity3  
,! g5]al prop]ty tax z actually adm9i/]$
 is beyond all d\bt "o ( ! wor/ taxes   
kn[n 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,because ( its    
attempt to tax intangible z well z      
tangible ?+s1 x s9s aga9/ ! c>d9al rules
 ( uni=mity1 ( equality1 & ( univ]sality
 ( taxation4  ,,pr(essor ,,alfr$        
,,ak]man1 ,georgia ,univ]sity3 ,"o      
reason :y x 7! g5]al prop]ty tax7 is s  
outrage\s 9 practice is t x is wrong 9  
!ory4 ,! m]e possession ( prop]ty may or
 may n be an index to ! ability ( ! own]
 to pay tax4 ,x all dep5ds on :e!r !    
prop]ty br+s income4  ,,all5 ,,hollis1  
,secret>y ,society = ,protection ( ,new 
,hamp%ire ,=e/s3 ,taxation today1 9 my  
op9ion1 is ! greate/ m5ace to =e/       
pres]vation4  ,"o pr9ciple is absolutely
 s\nd--we all "k x1 & :at we h to d is  
to make ev]ybody else "k x--& t is1 t ! 
annual taxation on a crop :i* is        
con/antly increas+ 9 value ea* ye> means
 confiscation ( t prop]ty4  ,x is       
submitt$ "h t no s+le factor be>s s     

def9itely ^u ! future ( our =e/s z ?is  
con/itutional requirem5t ( equality 9   
taxation4 ,z a bus9ess proposition1 no  
"o c af=d to hold woodl&s & pay annually
 #b p] c5t ^u _! actual value1 increas$ 
ea* ye> by gr[? & advanc+ prices1 dur+ !
 fifty to "o hundr$ ye>s necess>y =     
matur+ ! crop4  ,,*>les ,,la?rop ,,pack1
 ,director ,am]ican ,=e/ry ,association3
 ,:ile ! nation & ! ,/ate are work+ to  
devise ways & means ( cons]v+ our =e/   
res\rces1 we are at ! same "t1 9 a real 
s5se1 tax+ our timb] to dea?4  ,our     
pres5t tax laws prev5t re=e/ation on    
cut-ov] l&s & ! p]petuation ( exi/+ =e/s
 by prop] use & economic cutt+4  ,,/ate 
,,( ,,mi*igan ,,=e/ry ,,commission      
7extracts f report to gov]nor73 ,! sy/em
 ( taxation %\ld be modifi$ s z to      
/imulate timb] production in/ead (      
repress+ x4  ,!re is no logical1 moral  
or political reason :y a crop ( gr[+    
trees %\ld be includ$ 9 ! assessm5t1 9  
addition to ! actual value ( ! l&1 t    
does n apply ) equal =ce & reason to f>m

 l&s :i* are cont9u\sly cropp$ ) gra9s1 
root crops or hay4 ,! unc]ta9ty (       
realiz+ ^u a tree crop is v mu* l !     
unc]ta9ty ( a giv5 f>m's produc+ its    
crop 9 full4 ,! only diff]5ce is t ! =e/
 crop is subject$ to ! vicissitudes &   
*ances ( a long s]ies ( ye>s1 :ile ! f>m
 crops are subject only to !            
vicissitudes ( ab\t "o ye>4 ,_m ( !     
crops are only subject to ! accid5ts (  
five or six mon?s4  ,9 ! pres5t /age (  
=e/ry 9 ?is c\ntry1 :at is mo/          
imp]atively requir$ is su* a treatm5t ( 
! subject ( taxation ( =e/$ l&s z w     
induce private own]s to reta9 _! =e/s   
until ripe to ! h>ve/ & to re=e/ d5ud$  
l&s4 ,?is w\ld apply to ^? hav+ l&s     
suitable = su* purpose1 or o!rs :o might
 pur*ase l&s suitable !re=1 :o1 "u !    
pres5t div]se1 & (t5times inequitable1  
practice ( assessm5ts1 _c be induc$ to  
make inve/m5ts ( t "*4  ,,report ,,(    
,,society ,,= ,,protection ,,( ,,new    
,,hamp%ire ,,=e/s1 ,,ex-,,gov]nor       
,,frank ,w4 ,,roll9s1 ,presid5t3 ,! law 

( ,new ,hamp%ire requires t all prop]ty 
%all be tax$ equally1 accord+ to its    
value1 a law con/antly & necess>ily     
violat$ by assessors ( =e/ prop]ty      
?r\gh\t ! ,/ate4 ,its /rict application 
ev5 = a %ort p]iod w\ld g f> to rid !   
,/ate ( its /&+ timb]4 ,! reason = ?is  
is t timb] is a gr[+ crop--! only crop  
tax$ m ?an once1 & if tax$ annually at  
its full value ! co/ to ! own] ( hold+ !
 prop]ty w\ld be s excessive z to       
require its ha/y disposal4 ,assessors   
ev]y:]e feel in/9ctively ! inh]5t       
inju/ice ( tax+ a gr[+ crop at a high   
annual rate1 & violate ! law & _! oa?s (
 (fice ) impunity4 ,! result is !re are 
z _m sy/ems ( =e/ taxation 9 ! ,/ate z  
!re are assessors1 & gl>+ inequalities  
exi/1 n only betwe5 neighbor+ t[ns1 b   
also 9 "s in/ances betwe5 diff]5t p>ts (
 ! same t[n4  ,! unequally high rate    
plac$ ^u ! timb] ( non-resid5ts is :olly
 iniquit\s4  ,,new ,,hamp%ire ,,/ate    
,,grange1 ,committee on ,agriculture3   
,_m ( ! t[ns 9 our ,/ate invite ! misuse

 ( =e/s by ov]taxation4 ,?is %\ld be    
gu>d$ aga9/4 ,by reasonable ?rift we c  
produce a con/ant wood & timb] supply   
beyond our own ne$1 & ) x cons]ve !     
usefulness ( our /reams = wat] supply1  
navigation & p[]1 & at ! same "t        
increase ! value ( our f>ms4  ,e4 ,m4   
,,griffi?1 ,/ate ,=e/] ( ,wiscons93 ,!  
pres5t me?od ( tax+ timb]l&s is ho/ile  
to ! =e/ry int]e/s ( ! ,/ate1 z a s+le  
timb] crop is tax$ heavily & repeat$ly1 
& ! own]s are =c$ by our pres5t laws to 
cut _! mature timb] 9 ord] to escape    
inequitable taxation1 to sacrifice _! "y
 gr[?1 & to disreg>d cons]vative me?ods 
( =e/ managem5t4  ,taxes are un=tunately
 a v valid reason 9 _m sections ( !     
,/ate = n practic+ =e/ry4 ,_m t[n       
assessors seem to feel t !y mu/ tax !   
timb]l& own]1 especially ! non-resid5t  
own]1 z heavily z possible1 & naturally 
9 self-def5se ! own] is =c$ to cut 8    
timb] & s r$uce ! taxes to a reasonable 
am\nt4 ,!n1 :5 x is too late1 ! t[ns f9d
 t !y h kill$ ! goose t laid ! gold5    

egg4 ,h[ev]1 ! loss ( ! taxes on ! timb]
 is b a drop 9 ! bucket comp>$ to !     
irrep>able damage to _m communities f   
los+ ! indu/ries :i* dep5d$ ^u ! =e/s = 
_! raw mat]ial4 ,to appreciate ?is "o   
only ne$s to visit t[ns 9 :i* ! sawmills
 h %ut d[n on acc\nt ( lack ( timb]4  ,(
 late ye>s ! end ( ! timb] has be5      
l>gely ha/5$ on acc\nt ( ! excessive    
taxes plac$ ^u x4 ,! :ole sy/em ( =e/   
taxation 9 ?is c\ntry is wrong1 = x puts
 a premium on =e/ de/ruction4  ,,ralph  
,c4 ,,hawley1 ,in/ructor 9 ,=e/ry1 ,yale
 ,univ]sity3 ,a sy/em ( taxation :i*    
discrim9ates aga9/ timb]1 "o ( ! *ief   
natural res\rces ( ! commonweal?1 is to 
be condemn$4  ,,k5tucky ,,/ate          
,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,report3  
,:5 a rise 9 ! valuation ( o!r ?an =e/  
prop]ty becomes necess>y because ( !    
great] developm5t ( ! res\rces ( !      
region1 ! valuation ( =e/ prop]ty %\ld  
be increas$ ) great caution 9 ord] t !  
=e/ l&s may be held to advantage = !    
production ( future timb] crops4 ,a     

timb] crop is m>ket$ only aft] ! "y gr[+
 timb] has be5 held = a long t]m ( ye>s1
 dur+ :i* "t ! =e/ has be5 yield+ only a
 v slight rev5ue1 if any1 to ! own]4 ,if
 ! valuation ( ! =e/ or its rates (     
taxation goes beyond a comp>atively l[  
limit1 ! hold+ ( =e/ l& = a second crop 
( timb] is impracticable or ne>ly       
prohibitive4 ,?is condition has prevail$
 9 _m o!r ,/ates :]e n[ ! problem (     
taxation is a difficult "o to solve4    
,,alfr$ ,,gaskill1 ,/ate ,=e/] = ,new   
,j]sey3 ,! pres5t practices favor &     
enc\rage ! untimely or wa/eful use ( /&+
 =e/s1 disc\rage ! propagation ( o!rs1 &
 t5d to ha/5 ! "t :5 ! c\ntry %all be   
=c$ to face a wood fam9e4  ,x w\ld be   
impossible to apply ! ,european sy/em "h
 ) any?+ l ! exactness t atta*es to x 9 
! old c\ntries1 because we h n ! means (
 kn[+ ! true wor? ( =e/ soil or ( =e/   
crops1 b ! pr9ciple is applicable       
any:]e4 ,ev5 9 ! h&s ( non-exp]t        
assessors x gives a fair] basis (       
valuation ?an our pres5t me?od1 & 9 !   

long run w insure l>g] returns4  ,j4 ,e4
 ,,fro/1 ,tax ,commission] ( ,wa%+ton3  
,! ,/ate's sy/em ( taxation is obsolete1
 & only #ac civiliz$ communities 9 ! _w 
h su* an out-(-date sy/em4 ,! ,/ate is  
conf9$ by ! con/itution to prop]ty tax1 
well kn[n z a primitive sy/em1 utt]ly   
incapable ( cop+ ) mod]n bus9ess4 ,x c  
be rem$i$ only by recogniz+ ! diff]5t   
classes ( taxable prop]ty4  ,,dr4       
,,francis ,l4 ,,mcvey1 ,univ]sity       
,presid5t & ,tax ,exp]t3 ,"u ! old plan 
( valu+ annually ! prop]ty x 0 difficult
 to secure an appraisem5t t 0           
satisfactory to anybody &1 :at 0 m1 z ! 
ye>s w5t by ! local gov]nm5ts f\nd _!   
assess$ values decreas+ & ! burd5 (     
gov]nm5t mat]ially increas+ ) ! decl9e 9
 am\nt ( /&+ timb]4 ,! annual taxation (
 ! l& ^u :i* ! timb] /&s meets ?is      
difficulty1 :ile ! taxation ( ! product 
at ! "t ( h>ve/+ provides a plan t is   
fair bo? to ! local gov]nm5t & to ! own]
 ( timb]4  ,,colorado ,,cons]vation     
,,commission3 ,resolv$1 ,t x is ! s5se (

 ! ,colorado ,cons]vation ,commission t 
! gov]nor & legislators %\ld submit to !
 p at z e>ly a date z possible an       
am5dm5t to ! con/itution1 exempt+ f     
taxation l&s devot$ solely to ! gr[? &  
culture ( new timb]1 & if su* am5dm5t is
 adopt$1 ! same to be foll[$ by suitable
 legislation4  ,,oregon ,,/ate          
,,cons]vation ,,commission3             
,con/itutional am5dm5t & legislation    
%\ld be invok$ to p]mit a l[ fix$ tax on
 cut-ov] l& dur+ ! p]iod ( no return to 
! own]1 ! ,/ate to be comp5sat$ by a tax
 on ! crop :5 cut4 ,obvi\sly ?is        
inducem5t %\ld be (f]$ only to ^? hold]s
 ( cut-ov] l& :o w reciprocate by fur!r+
 ! object s\ght4 ,! result ( su* a sy/em
 w\ld be n only p]petuation ( ! =e/ &   
its att5dant indu/ries & payroll1 b also
 a f> great] tax return ?an ! pres5t "o 
( enc\rag+ pot5tial =e/ l& to become    
wor?less & non-taxable4  ,,legislature  
,,( ,,m9nesota3 ,sec4 #ag a4 ,laws may  
be enact$ exempt+ l&s f taxation = !    
purpose ( enc\rag+ & promot+ ! plant+1  

cultivation & protection ( useful =e/   
trees !reon4 ,?is is ! text ( an act    
am5d+ ! ,m9nesota con/itution pass$ by !
 legislature4  ,,wa%+ton ,,cons]vation  
,,association1 ,walla1 ,walla3 ,:]eas1  
,! "q ( hold+ cut-ov] =e/ l& = a second 
crop is ( p>am\nt importance to ! ,/ate1
 &  ,:]eas1 ,?is is made impossible on !
 "p ( private own]s by our pres5t me?od 
( =e/ taxation1 :]eby ! own] is oblig$  
to pay an annual tax on ! l& z well z an
 annually repeat$ tax on ! same gr[+    
crop1 !re=e be x  ,resolv$1 ,t ?is      
conv5tion favors su* rem$ial legislation
 z w enc\rage re=e/ation ( privately    
own$ l&s1 & be x fur!r  ,resolv$1 ,t x  
is ! s5se ( ?is conv5tion t z appli$ to 
re=e/ation su* rem$ial legislation c be 
secur$ by a plan :i* w levy an annual   
tax on ! l& & an income tax on ! =e/    
crop only :5 ! crop is h>ve/$4  ,,fir/  
,,national ,,cons]vation ,,congress1    
,seattle3 ,resolv$1 ,t we urge !        
adoption ( a sy/em ( taxation "u :i*    
woodl&s w pay a mod]ate annual l& tax & 

! timb] w be tax$ only :5 cut4     ,,!  
,,we/]n ,,=e/ry ,,& ,,cons]vation       
,,association  ,! ,we/]n ,=e/ry &       
,cons]vation ,association has no        
individual memb]%ip1 b consi/s ( &      
repres5ts all organiz$ ag5cies = =e/    
protection 9 ! ,/ates ( ,montana1       
,idaho1 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon & ,cali=nia4  
,foll[+ is ,article ,,iv ( its          
con/itution3  ,any association =m$ = !  
purpose ( organiz$ ef=t 9 ! protection (
 =e/s f fire & = ! re=e/ation &         
cons]vation ( ! =e/ res\rces ( ! ,/ates 
repres5t$ %all be eligible = memb]%ip4  
,any organization admitt$ to memb]%ip   
%all be entitl$ to two votes 9 ! meet+s 
( ?is ,association4 ,! *ief =e/ (fic] ( 
ea* ( ! five ,/ates embrac$1 & ( ea*    
di/rict ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice  
embrac$1 %all be honor>y memb]s4  ,!    
alli$ organizations are at pres5t fifte5
 9 numb]3 ,! ,oregon ,=e/ ,fire1 ,oregon
 ,cons]vation1 ,nor? ,willamette ,=e/   
,fire1 ,coos ,c\nty ,fire ,patrol1      
,nor?we/ ,oregon ,=e/ ,fire1 ,klama?    

,lake ,c\nties ,=e/ ,fire1              
,polk-,yamhill ,=e/ ,fire1              
,l9coln-,b5ton ,=e/ ,fire1 ,nor? ,idaho 
,=e/ry1 ,wa%+ton ,=e/ ,fire1 ,wa%+ton   
,cons]vation1 ,inl& ,=e/ ,fire1 ,potlat*
 ,timb] ,protective1 ,cle>wat] ,timb]   
,protective1 ,p5d d',oreille ,timb]     
,protective1 ,coeur d',al5e ,timb]      
,protective & ,nor!rn ,montana ,=e/ry   
,association4  ,! purpose ( ! ,we/]n    
,=e/ry  ,cons]vation ,association is to 
promote =e/ fire prev5tion1 cons]vative 
=e/ managem5t1 re=e/+ ( cut-ov] l&s n m 
valuable = agriculture1 improvem5t 9    
taxation sy/ems1 pres]vation ( /ream    
fl[1 & all o!r ?+s compreh5d$ by =e/    
cons]vation4  ,its meet+s enable        
repres5tatives ( ! alli$ associations & 
( ,/ate & gov]nm5t to ex*ange ideas &   
devise ways & means = c>ry+ on ^!       
movem5ts 9 h>mony along practical &     
effective l9es4 ,x also af=ds means (   
collect+ & di/ribut+ in=mation f ^!     
sev]al s\rces4  ,x believes 9 ! use ( e 
legitimate means ( publicity & education

 to int]e/ lumb]m51 legislators &       
public1 n only 9 pav+ ! way = future    
advance1 b also 9 su* actual1 workable1 
cons]vation measures z c be put into    
practice imm$iately4  ,to ?is end1      
believ+ action speaks l\d] ?an words1 x 
practices :at x prea*es4 ,:ile fully    
recogniz+ ! great value & necessity (   
associations devot$ entirely to         
propag&a1 x sees also a ne$ ( r$uc+ !ory
 to a s\nd bus9ess basis4 ,ei!r z       
associations or ?r\gh _! memb]s ! =e/   
protective associations x repres5ts sp5t
 ab\t #gjj1jjj 9 #aiaj = patrol & fire  
fight+ to protect ! =e/s ( ! ,we/4 ,!y  
safegu>d$ millions ( acres ( timb]1 put 
out _m ?\s& fires1 & sav$ =e/ res\rces  
wor? billions ( doll>s to ! community4  
,z a result ( _! ef=t ! losses 9 ,idaho1
 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon 7 kept d[n to ab\t a
 qu>t] ( #a p] c5t ( ! privately-own$   
timb] 9 ^! ,/ates1 & ?is not)/&+ t x 0  
"o ( ! wor/ fire ye>s 9 ,am]ican hi/ory4
  ,:ile !y unite 9 ! ,we/]n ,=e/ry &    
,cons]vation ,association1 & levy a     

special assessm5t to support its "w1 !  
local organizations are :olly indep5d5t 
9 _! actual =e/ fire "w4 ,_! sy/ems v>y 
slightly1 b ! majority foll[ ! g5]al    
plan outl9$ on pages #ajj-ajc ( ?is     
booklet4  ,"o ( ! prim>y objects &      
ambitions ( ! ,association is to ext5d  
?is ef=t until all ! timb] own]s 9 !    
five ,/ates d _! "p & e acre ( private  
=e/ l& is br\ght "u a highly tra9$ &    
organiz$ s]vice4 ,if ! ,/ates !mselves  
l5d aid & back+ ?is c be made ! mo/     
effici5t fire s]vice 9 exi/5ce1 z ! mo/ 
magnific5t body ( /&+ timb] 9 ! _w      
des]ves4  ,! ,association also employs a
 tra9$ =e/] to assi/ its memb]s :o      
control timb] to in/all & ma9ta9 improv$
 me?ods ( protection1 cutt+ &           
re=e/ation4 ,9 ?is way x n only helps ^?
 :o w to really accompli% ! end 9 view1 
b by publi%+ su* mat]ial z is conta9$ 9 
?is booklet makes ! exp]im5ts s]ve z    
object lessons to o!rs4  ,p]haps ! mo/  
unique function ( ! ,association is to  
furni% ! only common meet+ gr\nd & cle>+

 h\se = ! _m public & private ag5cies = 
=e/ protection4 ,at its meet+s ,f$]al & 
,/ate (ficials1 repres5tatives ( public 
cons]vation associations & timb] own]s  
jo9 on equal foot+1 )\t controv]sy ov]  
rights or au?ority1 9 discuss+ practical
 details ( h[ to accompli% ! be/ results
 toge!r "u conditions z !y exi/4 ,e man 
pres5t is !re because he wants to d 8   
"p1 ) 8 own h&s or money1 to pres]ve !  
=e/s ( ! ,we/4 ,he kn[s :at he is talk+ 
ab\t & ! o!rs are glad to he> him4 ,!   
result is a mutual und]/&+ & cop]ation  
along practical l9es :i* is ( imm5se    
b5efit to ! public ^: welf>e dep5ds     
l>gely ^u ^! ag5cies t really control   
its =e/ res\rces4