,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,canadian ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/w>&*ur *es#jjmccau(t ,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,! ,,*ur*es by ,,joseph ,mc,c,a,b,e ,issu$ = ! ,rationali/ ,press ,association1 ,limit$ ,london3 ,watts ,co4 #ag ,johnson's ,c\rt1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #aiae ,,works ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,mod]n ,rationalism 7,watts71 #bnd ed4 #a_/- ,pet] ,abel>d 7,duckwor?71 #bnd ed4 #c_/f4 ,sa9t ,augu/9e & 8 ,age 7,duckwor?71 #bnd ed4 #c_/f4 ,twelve ,ye>s 9 a ,mona/]y 7,smi? ,eld]71 #crd ed4 #f;d4 & #a_/- ,life 9 a ,mod]n ,mona/]y 7,grant ,ri*>ds74 #f_/- ,life & ,lett]s ( ,g4 ,j4 ,holyoake 7,watts71 #b vols4 #a_/a_/- ,talleyr& 7,hut*9son74 #ad_/- ,! ,iron ,c>d9al 7,na%74 #ab_/- ,goe! 7,na%74 #ae_/- ,a ,c&id ,hi/ory ( ! ,jesuits 7,na%74 #aj_/f4 ,! ,evolution ( ,m9d 7,black74 #e_/- ,evolution 7,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,sci5ce ,s]ies74 #a_/- ,prehi/oric ,man 7,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,sci5ce ,s]ies74 #a_/- ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,evolution 7,! ,nation's ,libr>y74 #a_/- ,! ,decay ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 7,me?u571 #bnd ed4 #g_/f4 ,! ,/ory ( ,evolution 7,hut*9son71 #bnd ed4 #g_/f4 ,! ,empresses ( ,rome 7,me?u574 #ab_/f4 ,! ,empresses ( ,con/ant9ople 7,me?u574 #ab_/f4 ,*ur* ,discipl9e 7,duckwor?74 #c_/f4 ,c we ,dis>m8 7,he9emann74 #b_/f4 ,9 ! ,%ade ( ! ,cloi/] 7pseudonym\s--,con/able74 #f_/- ,! ,bible 9 ,europe 7,watts74 #c_/f4 ,! ,religion ( ,woman 7,watts71 #bnd ed4 #f;d4 ,woman 9 ,political ,evolution 7,watts74 #f;d4 ,haeckel's ,critics ,answ]$ 7,watts71 #bnd ed4 #f;d4 ,f ,rome to ,rationalism 7,watts71 #d? ed4 #d;d4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,life 7,watts74 #a_/- ,secul> ,education 7,watts71 #bnd ed4 #a_/- ,! ,m>tyrdom ( ,f]r] 7,watts71 #bnd ed4 #f;d4 ,! ,religion ( ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury 7,watts74 #a_/- ,a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ( ,education ,controv]sy 7,watts74 #c;d4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,god 7,watts74 #i;d4 ,%akespe>e & ,goe! 7,cole74 #f;d4 ,george ,b]n>d ,%aw 7,kegan ,paul74 #g_/f4 ,! ,religion ( ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge 7,watts74 #b_/- ,,preface ,! se>*+ crisis ?r\gh :i* ! nation is pass+ mu/ h ! effect ( secur+ grave consid]ation = _m aspects ( our life & in/itutions4 ,we h already trav]s$ ! acute /age ( susp5se1 & are gradually becom+ s5sible ( ^! wid] consid]ations4 ,x 0 natural t = a prolong$ p]iod ! di/urbance ( our economic conditions1 ! anxiety = ! safety ( our nation 9 face ( an appall+ m5ace1 ! p]sonal conc]n ( millions ab\t ! lives ( sons or bro!rs :o h bravely respond$ to ! call1 %\ld keep our ?\ghts en*a9$ to ! daily or h\rly =tunes ( ! field ( battle4 ,n[ t ! initial disord] has be5 allay$ & we h atta9$ a quiet & reasonable confid5ce 9 ! issue1 we turn to o!r & broad] aspects ( ?is mighty ev5t ( our g5]ation4 ,h[ comes x t ! mo/ enlight5$ c5tury ! _w has yet se5 %\ld be ?us d>k5$ by "o ( ! bloodie/ & mo/ calamit\s w>s t h ev] spread _! awful w+s ov] ! life ( man8 ,:]e is all ! optimism ( ye/]day8 ,mu/ we reconsid] our reason$ boa/ t our civilisation has lift$ ! life ( man to a level hi!rto unatta9$8 ,is !re some?+ entirely & mo/ mis*iev\sly wrong ) ! f\ndations ( mod]n civilisation8 ,a doz5 su* que/ions w press = an answ]1 b x w be grant$ t "o ( ! mo/ urg5t & mo/ int]e/+ ( ! _m grave consid]ations :i* ! w> sugge/s is its relation to ! prevail+ cre$s & /&>ds ( conduct4 ,! w> co9cides ) an advanc$ /age ( :at is call$ ! spread ( unbelief4 ,9 ea* ( ! nations ( ,europe :i* are engag$ 9 ?is awful /ruggle compla9ts h be5 made e ye> = ! la/ two or ?ree g5]ations t ,*ri/ianity is los+ its moral control ( ! :ite race4 ,9 ! cities1 especially 9 ! capitals1 ( ,europe !re has be5 a prov$ & ackn[l$g$ decay ( *ur*-go+2 &1 h[ev] mu* we may be dispos$ to ?9k t ^! millions :o no long] att5d *ur* reta9 9 _! m9ds ! beliefs ( _! fa!rs1 ! sl5d] circulation ( religi\s lit]ature makes x pla9 t ! va/ majority ( !m d n1 9 po9t ( fact1 receive ei!r ! spok5 or writt5 message ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 ! great cities--& x is und\bt$ t ! life ( a nation is ma9ly controll$ by its cities--!re has be5 an increas+ reluctance to li/5 to ! au?oritative expon5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian gospel4 ,a numb] ( ! cl]gy h v naturally notic$ & /ress$ ?is co9cid5ce4 ,prelates ( high au?ority h1 z we %all see1 ev5 decl>$ t ! w> is a sc\rge delib]ately laid on ! back ( mank9d by ! ,almighty on acc\nt ( ?is spread+ infidelity4 ,z a rule1 ! cl]gy %r9k f advocat+ a !ory :i* has su* grave implications z ?is has1 & !y are cont5t to submit ! m plausible sugge/ion1 t ! decay ( ! ,*ri/ian /&>d ( conduct 9 ! m9d ( a l>ge proportion ( our g5]ation acc\nts = ?is tragic combat ( nations4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,positivi/ writ]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,cott] ,morison1 comm5t+ 9 ! la/ g5]ation on ! decay ( ,*ri/ian belief1 express$ "s su* conc]n 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,x w\ld be ra% to expect t a transition1 unprec$5t$ = its wid? & difficulty1 f !ology to positivism1 f ! s]vice ( ,god to ! s]vice ( ,man1 c\ld be accompli%$ )\t jeop>dy4 ,signs are n want+ t ! preval5t an>*y 9 ?\ght is lead+ to an>*y 9 morals4 ,numb]s :o h put (f belief 9 ,god h n put on belief 9 ,humanity4 ,a common & l(ty /&>d ( duty is be+ trampl$ d[n 9 ! fi]ce battle ( incompatible pr9ciples4#a ,x is true t 9 ! "w f :i* ,i quote#a ! le>n$1 if some:at n]v\s1 ,positivi/ does n1 by 8 ma/]ly survey ( ! moral hi/ory ( ,europe1 af=d u ! lea/ reason to ?9k t we h really det]iorat$ f ! /&>d ( conduct set u by e>li] g5]ations1 b 8 words d t5d to press on our notice ! claim ( _m writ]s1 cl]ical & non-cl]ical1 t we are return+ f ,*ri/ianity to ,paganism1 f a settl$ moral discipl9e to an unheal?y moral scepticism4 ,c "o entirely & safely recon/ruct ! bases ( p]sonal & national conduct 9 "o or two g5]ations8 ,?is v pla9 & plausible !ory is1 h[ev]1 expos$ to criticism f o!r po9ts ( view4 ,! cl]gy z a body are n at all will+ to conc$e t ! decay ( belief has spread z f> z ! !ory w\ld sugge/4 ,9 ord] to suppose t ! life ( ,europe has1 9 a matt] ( ! grave/ importance1 be5 direct$ by a non-,*ri/ian _s1 "o mu/ assume t at lea/ ! majority 9 ea* nation h des]t$ ! traditional cre$4 ,x is by no means conc$$ or e/abli%$ t ! fight+ nations h ceas$ to be pr$om9antly ,*ri/ian4 ,inde$1 if we conf9e ! awful responsibility = ?is trag$y1 z ! evid5ce compels u1 to ,g]many & ,au/ria-,hung>y1 we are ca/+ x ^u ! two nations :i* h be5 ! *ief repres5tatives 9 ,europe ( ! two lead+ bran*es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,mo/ assur$ly no prelate ( ei!r c\ntry w\ld admit t 8 nation has ceas$ to be ,*ri/ian or surr5d]$ its life to non-,*ri/ian impulses2 & 9 our own c\ntry we h frequ5tly be5 assur$ ( late ye>s t ! real p[] ( ,*ri/ianity 0 nev] great]4 ,cle>ly ^! conflict+ claims & ?is contra/ ( pr(ession & practice sugge/ a problem t des]ves consid]ation4 ,! problem becomes ! m int]e/+1 & ! plausible !ory ( non-,*ri/ian responsibility is ev5 m sev]ely %ak51 :5 we reflect t w> is n an innovation ( ?is unbeliev+ age1 b a legacy f ! e>li] & m ?or\ghly ,*ri/ian p]iod4 ,_h mank9d dep>t$ f "s admirable practice ( submitt+ its int]national qu>rels to a religi\s arbitrator1 & 9 our own times devis$ ?is horrible arbitram5t ( ! sword1 we %\ld be m dispos$ to seek ! cause 9 a contempor>y enfeeblem5t ( moral /&>ds4 ,?is is notori\sly n ! case4 ,m5 h w>r$1 & prie/s h bless$ ! bann]s :i* 7 to wave ov] fields ( blood1 f ! v beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 n to speak ( e>li] religi\s epo*s4 ,!re is assur$ly a gha/ly magnitude ab\t mod]n w> :i* almo/ l5ds x an elem5t ( novelty1 b ! appe>ance is illusory4 ,t int5se employm5t ( res\rces :i* makes mod]n w> s sangu9>y t5ds also to %ort5 its duration4 ,no milit>y /ruggle c\ld n[ be prolong$ into ! p]iod ( ! ,napoleonic w>s2 to say no?+ ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s ,w>1 :i* involv$ ! dea?1 ) e circum/ance ( f]ocity1 ( imm5sely l>g] numb]s ?an c\ld be affect$ by any mod]n w>4 ,nor may we =get t x is ! mod]n _s :i* has claim$ "s alleviation ( ! horrors ( ! field1 & t ! majority ( ! nations engag$ 9 ! pres5t /ruggle h obs]v$ ! new rules4 ,^! consid]ations %[ t ! problem is less simple & m s]i\s ?an is (t5 suppos$1 & ,i set out to discuss ea* ( !m ) "s fullness4 ,t ! w> has no relation to ! ,*ur*es w h>dly be claim$ by anybody4 ,su* a claim w\ld mean t !y 7 indiff]5t to "o ( ! v grave/ phases ( human conduct1 or :olly unable to influ5ce x4 ,nor c we avoid ! issue by plead+ t ,*ri/ianity approves & blesses a j def5sive w>1 & t1 s9ce ! %>e ( ?is c\ntry 9 ! w> is entirely j & def5sive1 we h no moral problem to consid]4 ,i h assur$ly no int5tion ( que/ion+ ei!r ! ju/ice ( ,brita9's conduct or ! prud5ce ( ! ,*ur*es 9 adapt+ ! maxims ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt to ! practical ne$s ( life4 ,if & :5 a nation sees its life & prosp]ity ?reat5$ by an ambiti\s or a jeal\s neighb\r1 "o _c b admire its cl]gy = jo9+ 9 ! advocacy ( an effici5t & triumphant def5ce4 ,b ?is is m]ely a sup]ficial & proximate consid]ation4 ,n ! actual w> only1 b ! milit>y sy/em ( :i* x is ! occasional outcome1 has a v p]t95t relation to religion2 ! ma9t5ance ( ?is ma*9]y = settl+ int]national qu>rels 9 an age 9 :i* appli$ sci5ce makes x s =midable is a v grave moral issue4 ,x turns our ?\ghts at once to ^? bran*es ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :i* claim ! pr$om9ant %>e 9 ! m\ld+ ( ! conduct ( ,europe4 ,b ^! que/ions ( ! efficacy ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ or ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s are n ! only or ! mo/ int]e/+ que/ions sugge/$ by ! relation ( ! w> to ! prevail+ religion4 ,! great trag$y :i* d>k5s ! e>? to-day raises aga9 9 its mo/ acute =m ! problem ( evil & ,provid5ce4 ,m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 z ,job rem9ds u1 "s difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 ju/ify+ ! ways ( ,god to m54 ,! mo/ p5etrat+ ?9k] ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 wre/l$ once m ) ! problem1 z if no ^w _h be5 writt5 on x2 & he wre/l$ 9 va94 ,a c5tury & a half ago1 :5 ! ,lisbon e>?quake de/roy$ =ty ?\s& ,portuguese1 ,voltaire attempt$1 ) equal unsuccess1 to v9dicate ,provid5ce ) ! fa9t hope ( ! ,dei/4 ,mod]n sci5ce1 prolong+ ! suff]+s ( liv+ ?+s ov] e>li] millions ( ye>s1 has made t problem "o ( ! great issues ( our age1 & ?is dread spectacle ( human nature r$ 9 too? & claw br+s x impressively be=e u4 ,is ! "w ( ,god re/rict$ to c\nt+ ! hairs ( ! head1 & n enl>g$ to *eck ! murd]\s ?\ghts 9 ! human bra98 ,nay1 :5 we survey ^? horrid /ret*es ( desolation 9 ,belgium & ,pol& & ,s]bia1 :]e ! mutilat$ bodies ( ! innoc5t1 ( wom5 & *ildr51 lie amid/ ! a%es ( _! homes2 :5 we ?9k ( ^? peaceful sailors ( our m]cantile m>9e at ! bottom ( ! deep1 ^? un(f5d+ civilians ^: fle% 0 torn by %ells1 ^? hundr$s ( ?\s&s :om patriotic feel+ alone has summon$ to ! va/ tombs ( ,europe1 ^? millions ( homes t h be5 d>k5$ by susp5se & loss--h[ c we repeat ! anci5t assurance t ,god does c\nt ! hairs ( ! head & m>k ! fall ( ev5 ! sp>r[s8 ,does ,god move ! ins5sate />s only1 & leave to ! less skilful guidance ( man ^? mom5t\s little atoms :i* make up ! bra9 ( /atesm58 ,^! are reflections :i* mu/ occur to e ?\ghtful p]son 9 ! lat] & m m$itative phases ( a great w>1 :5 ! eye has gr[n some:at we>y ( ! glitt] ( /eel & ! col\r ( bann]s1 :5 ! _w m\rns ab\t u & ! long li/s ( ! dead & long] li/ ( ! /up5d\s wa/e sob] ! m9d4 ,some?+ is gravely wrong ) our int]national life2 &1 pla9ly1 x is n a "q :e!r t int]national life dep>ts f ! ,*ri/ian /&>d1 b :y1 aft] fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ( mighty ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 x does s dep>t4 ,is ! moral ma*9]y ( ,europe ineffective8 ,"o c]ta9ly _c say t x has n _h a prolong$ trial2 yet "h1 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 we h1 9 ! mo/ t]rible =m1 "o ( ! mo/ appall+ evils :i* human ag5cy ev] br\ght ^u human he>ts4 ,we h to reconsid] our religi\s & e?ical position2 to ask ourselves :e!r1 if ! influ5ce ( religion has fail$ to direct m5 into pa?s ( wisdom & peace1 "s o!r influ5ce may n be f\nd :i* w prove m p]suasive & m b5efic5t4 ,j4 ,m4 ,ea/]1 #aiae4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,responsibility ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*es #a ,,ii4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,w> #be ,,iii4 ,,! ,,apologies ,,( ,,! ,,cl]gy #dh ,,iv4 ,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,!ism #gj ,v4 ,,! ,,human ,,alt]native #ie ,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,responsibility ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*es ,! fir/ "q :i* ! unprejudic$ inquir] w seek to answ] is3 ,h[ f> 7 ! ,*ur*es able to prev5t1 yet remiss 9 us+ _! influ5ce to prev5t1 ! pres5t w>8 ,!re is1 unhappily1 9 ^! matt]s no su* ?+ z an entirely unprejudic$ inquir]4 ,our preconceiv$ ideas act l magnets on ! mat]ial ( evid5ce :i* is submitt$ to u1 in/9ctively select+ :at be>s 9 _! fav\r & decl9+ to receive :at !y _c utilise4 ,n[h]e is ?is m conspicu\s ?an 9 ! field ( religi\s inquiry1 nor is x conf9$ to ei!r believ]s or unbeliev]s4 ,!re has be5 too mu* mutual abuse1 & too little att5tion to ! fact t ! m9d no less ?an ! m\? has its palate1 its impulsive selections & rejections4 ,"o c meet ! difficulty only by a pati5t & full exam9ation ( ! pleas ( bo? p>ties to a controv]sy4 ,& ! fir/ plea :i* x is mat]ial to exam9e is t1 s9ce x is claim$ t all ! nations engag$ 9 ! w> are ,*ri/ian nations1 "o may accuse !m collectively ( moral failure4 ,f ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,*ri/ian religion x 0 ! boa/ ( ^? :o accept$ x t x aboli%$ all di/9ctions ( ca/e & race4 ,9 ! little community :i* ga!r$ r\nd ! cross !re 0 nei!r bond nor free1 nei!r ,greek nor ,roman4 ,?is cosmopolitanism 01 9 fact1 a natural feature ( religi\s movem5ts at ! "t1 & 0 due n s mu* to _! intr9sic developm5t z to ! political circum/ances ( ! _w 9 :i* !y spread4 ,all r\nd ! ea/]n & nor!rn %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean a great v>iety ( races m+l$ 9 e port & e comm]cial t[n1 & x 0 ! policy ( ! p[]ful ,empire :i* ext5d$ its sway ov] !m all to ov]rule _! national antagonisms4 ,:51 9 ! e>li] p]iod1 ,jew & ,greek & ,egyptian _h ma9ta9$ _! sep>ate nationalities1 ho/ility to o!r races _h be5 a v natural social quality1 an inevitable "p ( ! _s ( self-pres]vation 9 a race4 ,:5 ! great ,empires _h conqu]$ ! small] nationalities or ! decay+ old] ,empires1 ?is mutual ho/ility 0 mod]at$1 &1 z ! va/ movem5ts ( population :i* m>k$ ! end ( ! old & ! beg9n+ ( ! new era fill$ ! ,m$it]ranean cities ) extraord9>ily mix$ cr[ds1 mutual fri5d%ip became ! m fitt+ & m useful social virtue4 ,a good deal ( ! old n>r[ patriotism _h be5 due to ! fact t ea* nation _h its own god4 ,9 ! new ,roman _w ?is !ological exclusivism broke d[n1 & ! prie/s ( a p>ticul> god1 scatt]$ l _! foll[]s among ! cities ( ! ea/]n _w1 began to seek a cosmopolitan r ?an a nationali/ foll[+4 ,9 ! temple ( ea* ( ! lead+ gods ( ! "t--,jahveh1 ,s]apis1 ,mi?ra1 & s on--p ( all races & classes 7 receiv$ on a foot+ ( equality4 ,! doctr9e ( ! bro!rhood ( man spread all ov] t cosmopolitan _w4 ,:5 ! old _w1 to ! s\? & ea/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 0 blott$ out ( hi/ory1 & ,europe 9 turn became a gr\p ( conflict+ nationalities1 racial hatr$ 0 reviv$ & 9 its political & social aspects ! doctr9e ( ! bro!rhood ( man 0 virtually =gott54 ,b ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h embodi$ t doctr9e 9 its sacr$ writ+1 & 0 b\nd to ma9ta9 x4 ,9 its ambition ( a univ]sal dom9ion x 0 ! direct successor ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,all ! races ( ,europe 7 to meet z bro!rs "u ! "o ,god ( ! new _w & "u ! direction ( 8 repres5tatives on e>?4 ,x 0 ?is *ange 9 ! features ( ! _w :i* gave a c]ta9 air ( ins9c]ity to ! ,*ri/ian gospel4 ,9 ! old] days !re _h be5 political unity ) a great div]sity ( religions2 n[ !re 0 religi\s unity spread ov] a great div]sity ( antagoni/ic political bodies4 ,m5 7 bro!rs f ! religi\s po9t ( view &1 only too frequ5tly1 deadly enemies f ! political po9t ( view4 ,! discord 0 made worse by ! feudal sy/em :i* 0 adopt$4 ,ev5 )9 ! same race !re 0 no bro!rhood4 ,9 effect ! cl]gy z a body did n insi/ t ! noble 0 a bro!r ( ! s]f1 & did n exact frat]nal treatm5t ( ! s]f4 ,?us ! phrase1 ! bro!rhood ( man1 :i* _h be5 a mo/ prom95t & active pr9ciple ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 became little m ?an a useless !ological !sis4 ,! solution ( ! difficulty w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h be5 = ! cl]gy1 z ! supreme repres5tatives ( ! doctr9e ( bro!rhood1 to apply t doctr9e boldly to e "p ( man's conduct2 to pron\nce t all viol5ce & blood%$ 7 immoral1 & to devise a humane means ( settl+ int]national qu>rels4 ,i w consid] 9 ! next *apt] :y ! ,*ri/ian lead]s fail$ ev5 to attempt ?is great re=m4 ,= ! mom5t x is en\gh to obs]ve t ! conditions ( mod]n times fav\r$ a fre% ass]tion ( ! doctr9e ( bro!rhood4 ,great z ! p[] ( s9c]e moral idealism has always be51 ! hi/orian mu/ recognise t economic *anges h _h a mo/ important influ5ce ^u ! developm5t or acceptance ( moral ideas4 ,j z 9 e>li] ages ! developm5t ( =ms ( life 0 condition$ by *anges 9 _! mat]ial surr\nd+s1 s man's moral developm5t has be5 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by indu/rial1 comm]cial1 & political *anges4 ,! de/ruction ( feudalism & ! developm5t ( ! mod]n work] 7 notori\sly n due to religi\s influ5ce1 yet !y _h an important relation to religi\s doctr9es4 ,once ! new _s _h ass]t$ its "r1 ! cl]gy recollect$ t all m5 are bro!rs f ! social z well z ! religi\s po9t ( view4 ,_m ( !m1 & ev5 "s social writ]s ( ,*ri/ian views1 ma9ta9 t ! new social ord] is itself bas$ on or inspir$ by ! religi\s doctr9e ( bro!rhood4 ,?is speculation is entirely oppos$ to ! hi/orical facts1 b x w easily be realis$ t :5 ! work]s _h1 9 _! own int]e/1 ass]t$ afre% ! doctr9e ( human bro!rhood1 ! ,*ur*es _h a new occasion to prea* x4 ,h[ timid & t5tative t prea*+ 01 & ev5 is1 we h n to consid] "h4 ,on ! :ole ! bro!rhood ( m5 0 re-affirm$ by ! ,*ur*es bo? 9 ! social & religi\s s5se4 ,?is situation makes m viol5t ?an ev] ! contra/ betwe5 ! political & religi\s relations ( m51 & gives a /rong prima facie case to ! *>ge aga9/ ! ,*ur*es :i* ,i am consid]+4 ,x is :olly artificial & ins9c]e to say t m5 are bro!rs socially & religi\sly1 yet are ju/ifi$ 9 m>*+ out 9 millions1 ) ! mo/ murd]\s app>atus sci5ce c devise1 to meet ea* o!r on ! field ( battle4 ,we condemn crime = social reasons4 ,we h relegat$ to ! ,middle ,ages1 to :i* x belongs1 ! notion t ! crim9al is a man :o has affront$ society1 & t society may take a rev5ge on him4 ,9 ! sane conception ( our "t ! crim9al is a mis*iev\s elem5t di/urb+ ! social ord]1 &1 9 ! int]e/ ( t ord]1 he mu/ be isolat$ or put out ( exi/5ce4 ,x is n ! guilt1 b ! social effect1 :i* we reg>d4 ,& f ?is po9t ( view a s+le great w> is f> m calamit\s ?an all ! crime 9 ,europe dur+ :ole decades4 ,x is e/imat$ by high au?orities t if ! pres5t w> la/s only twelve mon?s x w co/ ,europe1 directly & indirectly1 includ+ ! de/ruction ( prop]ty & ! loss to indu/ry & comm]ce1 no less a sum ?an #i1jjj1jjj1jjj2 & x w c]ta9ly co/ m ?an a million1 if n m ?an two million1 lives1 besides ! incalculable am\nt ( suff]+ f w\nds1 loss ( relatives1 outrages1 & ! incid5tal damage ( w>f>e4 ,! "t w come :5 hi/orians w /udy ) amazem5t ! wond]ful sy/em we h devis$ 9 ,europe = ! suppression ( brea*es ( ! social ord] at a "t :5 we complac5tly suff] ^! appall+ p]iodical de/ructions ( ! entire social ord] ( nations4 ,x is q natural to arraign ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es 9 connection ) ?is disa/r\s outbreak4 ,unless !y dis*>ge ! high task ( ! moral direction ( m51 9 int]national z well z 9 p]sonal conduct1 !y h no raison d'tre4 ,few ( !m to-day w plead t _! function is m]ely to int]pret to _! fell[s :at !y reg>d z ! reveal$ ^w ( ,god4 ,9 face ( ! *all5g+ _s ( our "t !y ma9ta9 t !y dis*>ge a moral mission ( su* importance t society is likely to g to pieces if ,*ri/ianity is ab&on$4 ,we !re=e ask v p]t95tly :]e !y 71 & :at !y 7 do+1 dur+ ! mon?s :5 ! nations ( ,europe 7 sl[ly advanc+ t[>d a decl>ation ( w>4 ,9 exam9+ ! *>ge t1 = "s reason or o!r1 !y neglect$ _! mission at a crisis ( supreme importance1 we mu/ recall t few ( u believ$ t a great w> w\ld occur until we actually he>d ! decl>ation4 ,no indictm5t ( ! cl]gy is valid :i* presupposes t !y are m sagaci\s or f>-see+ ?an ! re/ ( u4 ,yet1 h[ev] mu* we may h d\bt$ ! actual occurr5ce ( w>1 we h kn[n = ye>s1 & h q complac5tly comm5t$ ^u1 ! dang] t half ( ,europe w\ld soon] or lat] be involv$ 9 ! horrors ( ! greate/ w> 9 hi/ory4 ,n[ x is notori\s t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es h done little or no?+1 9 proportion to _! mighty res\rces & influ5ce1 to av]t ?is dang]4 ,no collective action has be5 tak51 & relatively few individuals h us$ _! influ5ce to mod]ate or obviate ! dang]4 ,! supreme head ( ! mo/ p[]fully organis$ & mo/ cosmopolitan religi\s body 9 ! _w1 an in/itution :i* has its ?\s&s ( m9i/]s among ea* ( ! antagoni/ic peoples--,i mean ! ,*ur* ( ,rome--gave 8 att5tion to m9ute que/ions ( doctr9e & adm9i/ration1 & bemoan$ repeat$ly ! evil _s ( our age1 b issu$ n "o s+le syllable ( precise & useful direction to ! v>i\s national regim5ts ( 8 cl]gy 9 connection ) ?is t]rible imp5d+ dang]4 ,! heads or ,c\ncils ( ! v>i\s ,prote/ant bodies 7 equally remiss4 ,"h & !re individual cl]gym5 jo9$ associations1 f\nd$ by laym51 :i* endeav\r$ to ma9ta9 peace & to secure arbitration ^u qu>rels1 & "o ,sunday 9 ! ye> 0 set aside by ! pulpits = ! vague gospel ( peace4 ,b 9 almo/ all cases ^! movem5ts 7 purely secul> 9 orig91 & ! few movem5ts ( a religi\s nature h be5 obvi\sly f\nd$ only to keep ! idealism l9k$ ) a p>ticul> ,*ur*1 h _h no great influ5ce1 & h be5 too vague 9 _! pr9ciples to h _h any effect ^u ! gr[+ *ances ( a ,european w>4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,*ur*es h rema9$ almo/ dumb :ile ,europe 0 prep>+ = its ,armag$don4 ,i speak ( ! cl]gy1 b 9 our "t ! responsibility _c be conf9$ to ^!4 ,ev5 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ! laity h n[ a consid]able influ5ce1 & 9 ! o!r ,prote/ant bodies !y h ev5 m p[] 9 ! control ( policy4 ,no d\bt ! duty ( initiative & ( "w 9 su* matt]s lies ma9ly ) ! m leisur$ & m (ficial int]pret]s ( ! ,*ri/ian _s1 yet x w\ld be absurd to re/rict ! criticism to !m4 ,! v>i\s ,*ri/ian bodies1 z a :ole1 h confront$ a v grave & imm95t dang] ) rem>kable indiff]5ce1 al?\gh t dang] c\ld become an actual infliction only by s]i\sly immoral conduct on ! "p ( "s nation4 ,!y saw1 z we all saw1 ! va/ armies prep>+ = ! fray1 ! diplomati/s betray+ an increas+ conc]n ab\t ! relations betwe5 _! respective nations1 ! press embitt]+ ^? relations1 & a p]nici\s & provocative lit]ature inflam+ public op9ion4 ,we all saw ^! ?+s1 & knew t a w> ( appall+ magnitude w\ld foll[ ! fir/ infr+em5t ( peace4 ,yet ,i ?9k x w h>dly be controv]t$ t ! ,*ur*es made no s]i\s ef=t to av]t t calamity f ,europe4 ,!y 7 deeply conc]n$ ab\t unbelief1 ab\t p]sonal purity1 ab\t ! cleanness ( plays & books & pictures1 ev5 ab\t que/ions ( social re=m :i* a rebelli\s democracy =c$ on !m2 b !y took no initiative & p]=m$ no important s]vice 9 connection ) ?is t]rible dang]4 ,t is ! indictm5t :i* _m br+ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 & we h n[ to consid] ! g5]al def5ce4 ,i w exam9e lat] a numb] ( religi\s pron\ncem5ts ab\t ! w>1 & w discuss "h only a few g5]al pleas :i* are put =w>d z a def5ce aga9/ ! g5]al indictm5t4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 urg$ t ! moral & humanit>ian tea*+ :i* ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es nev] ceas$ to put be=e ! _w condemn$ 9 advance e dep>ture f ! pa?s ( ju/ice & *>ity2 t x 0 n ! fault ( ,*ri/ianity if m5 refus$ to li/5 to or c>ry into practice t tea*+4 ,b at no p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( morals has x suffic$ to lay d[n g5]al pr9ciples4 ,ev]ybody p]ceives to-day1 n only t slav]y 0 9 itself a crime1 b t x 0 ess5tially oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian morality4 ,yet1 z no ,*ri/ian tea*] = _m c5turies v5tur$ to apply ! pr9ciple by expressly d5\nc+ slav]y1 ! in/itution 0 tak5 ov] f ,paganism by ,*ri/ian ,europe & la/$ c5turies aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,! ,*ur* itself _h va/ numb]s ( slaves1 & lat] ( s]fs1 on its imm5se e/ates4 ,leo ! ,great disda9fully enact$ t ! prie/hood mu/ n be /a9$ by admitt+ s vile a class to its ranks1 & ,gregory ! ,great _h myriads ( slaves on ! ,papal patrimonies4 ,s x 0 ) ! dem& = social re=m :i* *>act]is$ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to-day ,*ri/ians claim t _! pr9ciples sanction$ & gave weight to ^? e>ly dem&s ( re=m1 yet _! pr9ciples _h be5 va9ly repeat$ 9 ,europe = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s1 &1 :5 ! p !mselves at la/ =mulat$ _! dem&s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x is notori\s t ! cl]gy oppos$ !m4 ,! tea*+ ( ab/ract moral pr9ciples is ( no avail4 ,man is ess5tially a casui/4 ,leave to him ! application ( y\r pr9ciples1 & he w adapt almo/ any s*eme ( conduct to !m4 ,! morali/ :o does n boldly & explicitly po9t ! application ( 8 pr9ciples is ei!r too ignorant ( human nature to dis*>ge 8 duty ) effect or is a c[>d4 ,! pla9 fact is t ! prea*+ ( ju/ice & peace ?r\gh\t ,europe has be5 /eadily accompani$ by an increase 9 armam5ts & 9 int]national friction4 ,x _h no moral influ5ce on ! situation4 ,a m valid plea is t we mu/ di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 ! nations :i* inaugurat$ ! w> & ! nations :i* are m]ely def5d+ !mselves1 & we mu/ qu>rel ) ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es only 9 ^? l&s :i* are guilty4 ,x may1 inde$1 be plead$ t1 s9ce ea* nation reg>ds itself z act+ on ! def5sive & uses argum5ts to ?is effect :i* conv9ce its juri/s & s*ol>s no less ?an its div9es1 !re is no occasion at all to introduce ,*ri/ianity4 ,mo/ ( u d n m]ely admit ! "r1 we emphasise ! duty1 ( e citiz5 to take 8 %>e 9 ! j def5ce ( 8 c\ntry1 ei!r by arms or by mat]ial contribution4 ,s9ce !re seems to be a g5]al conviction ev5 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria t ! nation is def5d+ itself aga9/ jeal\s & design+ neighb\rs1 :y qu>rel ) _! cl]gy = support+ ! w>8 ,:5 ! plea is broad5$ to ?is ext5t we mu/ emphatically reject x4 ,!re has be5 too mu* disposition among morali/s to li/5 indulg5tly to su* talk z ?is4 ,:5 we f9d five nations engag$ 9 a t]rible w>1 & ea* decl>+ t x is only def5d+ itself aga9/ its oppon5t1 ! cynic inde$ may indol5tly smile at ! situation1 b ! man ( pr9ciple has a m rigor\s task4 ,"s "o ( ^? peoples is ly+ or is deceiv$1 &1 9 ! future int]e/ ( mank9d1 x is imp]ative to det]m9e & condemn ! del9qu5t4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z an inevitable w>1 nor does ! burd5 ( great armam5ts lead ( itself to ! op5+ ( ho/ilities4 ,x is c]ta9 t on "o side or ! o!r1 if n on bo? sides1 !re is a t]rible guilt1 & x is ! duty ( ,*ri/ian or any o!r morali/s1 :e!r or no !y belong to ! guilty nations1 /]nly to assign & condemn t guilt4 ,x is precisely on ?is loose & l5i5t habit ( m9d t ! eng9e]s ( aggressive w> build 9 our "t1 & we h se51 9 ! case ( neutral nations & ( a section ( our own nation1 :at *ances !y h ( succe$+4 ,!y h only to fill _! p & ! _w at l>ge ) c\nt]-*>ges1 resolutely m5daci\s1 & _m w ?r[ up _! h&s 9 pres5ce ( ! mutual accusations & decl>e t x is impossible to assign ! responsibility4 ,t is a fatal concession to immorality1 & we mu/ hold t 9 "s "o or m ( ! combatant nations ! ,*ur*es h1 = "s reason or o!r1 acquiesc$ 9 a crime4 ,! plea is valid only to ?is ext5t1 t ! guilty nations 9 ?is case 7 notori\sly ,g]many & ,au/ria-,hung>y1 & !re=e "o _c pass any c5sure on ,briti% ,*ri/ians = support+ ! w>4 ,i h 9 o!r works dealt s fully ) ! guilt ( ^? two nations t "h ,i mu/ be cont5t to assume x4 ,! g5]al & incessant cry ( ! ,g]man p1 t !y are only def5d+ _! ,empire aga9/ malignant enemies1 mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! light ( _! rec5t hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,no ,p[] 9 ! _w _h giv5 any indication ( a wi% to de/roy ,g]many2 !re 71 at ! mo/1 a few un9flu5tial appeals 9 ,engl& = an attack on ,g]many1 b solely on ! gr\nd t x m$itat$ an attack on ,engl&1 & ! accumulat$ evid5ce n[ %[s t x did m$itate su* an attack4 ,engl& did n desire an acre ( ,g]man gr\nd4 ,france _h assur$ly n =gott5 ,alsace & ,lorra9e1 b ,france w\ld h _h no support1 & w\ld h fail$ ignom9i\sly1 9 an aggressive campaign to secure ^? prov9ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an imm5se & weighty lit]ature1 :i* is un=tunately v little kn[n 9 ,engl&1 has famili>is$ ,g]many = fifte5 ye>s ) aggressive ideas4 ,! mo/ au?oritative writ]s claim$ t1 z !y said repeat$ly1 ,g]many mu/ & w exp&2 & leagues :i* numb]$ millions ( subscrib]s propagat$ ?is s5tim5t 9 e s*ool & village4 ,a def9ite dem& 0 made ?r\gh\t ,g]many = m colonies & a long] coa/-l9e on ! ,nor? ,sea2 & x 0 9 relation to ?is ambition t ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,russia 7 repres5t$--& ju/ly repres5t$--z ,g]many's oppon5ts4 ,engl&1 9 p>ticul>1 0 describ$ z ! great dragon :i* wat*$ at ! gates ( ,g]many & grimly =bade its developm5t4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! bulk ( ! ,g]man p ma9ta9 t _! action is def5sive4 ,9 pass+1 let me emphasise ?is peculi> economic diff]5ce betwe5 ! f\r nations4 ,russia _h a va/ t]ritory 9 :i* h] p might develop4 ,france _h no surplus population1 & _h a l>ge colonial field = su* ( h] *ildr5 z desir$ adv5ture abroad or w\ld escape ! competition at home4 ,engl& _h1 9 ,canada & ,au/ralasia & ,s\? ,africa1 a magnific5t e/ate = h] surplus population4 ,none ( ^! ,p[]s _h an economic gr\nd = aggression4 ,g]many 0 und\bt$ly 9 a f> less =tunate position1 & _h an ov]fl[+ population4 ,six hundr$ ?\s& m5 & wom5 7mo/ly m57 _h to leave ! fa!rl& e ye>1 &1 z ! colonies 7 small & unsatisfactory1 !y 7 scatt]$ & lo/ among ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,! prop] attitude t[>d ,g]many is1 n to gratify ! cunn+ ( h] lead]s by sup]ficially admitt+ t %e 0 n aggressive1 b to und]/& cle>ly ! v solid gr\nds ( h] desire = expansion4 ,into ! :ole case aga9/ ,g]many1 h[ev]1 ,i _c ent] "h4 ,famili> f _! *ief hi/orical writ]s ) ! suppos$ law ( ! expansion ( p[]ful nations1 conv9c$ by _! economi/s t ! c\ntry w\ld soon bur/ ) population & be *ok$ by _! own indu/rial products unless !y exp&$1 kn[+ well t su* expansion meant w> to ! dea? aga9/ ,france & ,engl& 7:o w\ld suff] by _! expansion71 ! ,g]man p cons5t$ to ! w>4 ,_! (ficial docum5ts absolutely belie ! notion t !y 7 meet+ an aggressive ,engl&4 ,b ! ,*ri/ians ( ,g]many 7 utt]ly false to _! pr9ciples 9 support+ su* a w>4 ,i d n mean m]ely t !y set aside ! precept1 or c\nsel to turn ! o!r *eek to ! smit]1 = no "o n[ expects ei!r nation or individual to act on t maxim4 ,!y 7 false to ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian morals or ( humanity4 ,ev5 if "o 7 desp]ately to suppose t1 le>n$ div9es l ,h>nack 7 unable to assign ! real responsibility = ! w>1 or t ! :ole ( ,g]many is kept 9 a k9d ( hot-h\se ( falsehood1 x w\ld be impossible to def5d !m4 ,! ,*ur*es ( ,g]many h complac5tly wat*$ = tw5ty-?ree ye>s ! t5d5cy :i* ,william ,,ii gave to _! s*ools2 !y h pass$ no c5sure on ! fifte5 ye>s ( ,imp]iali/ propag&a :i* h /eadily prep>$ ! nation = an aggressive w>2 & !y h rais$ no voice aga9/ ! appall+ decision t1 9 ord] to atta9 ,g]many's purposes1 e rule ( morals & humanity %\ld be set aside4 ,!y h s]vilely accept$ e flimsy pretext = outrage1 & h foll[$1 in/ead ( lead+1 _! passion-bl9d$ p4 ,x 0 ! same 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,au/rian & ,hung>ian prelates h pass$ 9 sil5ce ! fe>ful trave/ies ( ju/ice by :i*1 9 rec5t ye>s1 _! /atesm5 s\ght to compass ! judicial murd] ( scores ( ,slavs2 !y rais$ no voice :51 at ! grave risk ( a ,european w>1 ,au/ria di%one/ly annex$ ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a2 !y gave _! tacit or op5 cons5t :5 ,au/ria1 refus+ m$iation1 decl>$ w> on ,s]bia & inaugurat$ ! titanic /ruggle2 & !y h pass$ no condemnation on ! infamies :i* ! ,magy> troops p]petrat$ 9 ,s]bia4 ,i am conc]n$ ma9ly ) ! action or inaction ( ! ,*ur*es 9 ?is c\ntry1 b x is entirely relevant to set out a brief /atem5t ( ^! facts ab\t ,g]many & ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,! ,*ri/ian religion 0 on trial 9 ^? c\ntries z well z "h4 ,x fail$ s lam5tably1 n because !re is m ,*ri/ianity "h ?an 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 n because ! national "* 0 inf]ior to ! ,engli% & less apt to receive ,*ri/ian tea*+1 b because ! temptation 0 great]4 ,until ?is w> occurr$1 no responsible travell] ev] v5tur$ to say t ! ,g]man or ,au/rian "* 0 inf]ior to ! ,briti%4 ,x is n4 ,b ! economic difficulties ( ,g]many & ! political difficulties 7) ! ,slavs7 ( ,au/ria-,hung>y laid a heavi] trial on ^? nations1 & _! ,*ri/ianity entirely fail$4 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant alike--= ! two nations conta9 fifty million ,ca?olics to sixty million ,prote/ants--7 swept onw>d 9 ! tide ( national passion1 or fe>$ to oppose x4 ,"o might h expect$ t at lea/ ! supreme head ( ! ,roman ,*ur* w\ld1 f 8 deta*$ ?rone 9 ,rome1 pass "s grave c5sure on ! outrages committ$ by ,ca?olic ,bav>ians 9 ,belgium or ,ca?olic ,magy>s 9 ,s]bia4 ,n "o syllable ei!r on ! responsibility = ! w> or ! appall+ outrages :i* h *>act]is$ x has come f him4 ,! only ev5t :i* drew f him a prote/--a re/ra9$ & in(f5sive remon/rance--0 ! conf9em5t to 8 palace = "s days ( my old fri5d & tea*]1 ,c>d9al ,m]ci]6 ,to ! /ories ( fe>ful & widespread outrage1 ev5 :5 !y 7 /]nly au!nticat$1 he 0 deaf4 ,"o kn[s :y4 ,if ,g]many & ,au/ria fail 9 ?is w>1 z !y w fail1 ! ,ca?olic bodies ( ,g]many & ,au/ria1 ! /ronge/ ,ca?olic political p>ties 9 ,europe1 w be brok54 ,millions ( ! ,ca?olic subjects ( ,g]many & ,au/ria w pass "u ! rule ( unbeliev+ ,france or s*ismatical ,russia4 ,s ! supreme head ( ! ,roman ,*ur* wraps himself n]v\sly 9 a mantle ( political neutrality & disclaims ! duty ( assign+ moral guilt4 ,on u 9 ,engl& 0 laid only ! task ( def5d+ our homes & our hon\r4 ,x is 9 ^? o!r c\ntries t we mo/ cle>ly see ,*ri/ianity put to ! te/1 & fail+ deplorably "u ! te/4 ,i d n mean t !re 0 no opportunity "h = ! ,*ur*es to display _! effectiv5ess z ! moral guides ( nations4 ,9 ^? fateful ye>s betwe5 #aijh & #aiad1 dur+ :i* we n[ see s pla9ly ! prep>ation = ?is _w-trag$y1 !y might h done mu*4 ,!y did no?+4 ,!y might h se51 at lea/ at ! elev5? h\r1 ! iniquity ( su/a9+ ! milit>y sy/em1 & h ca/ ! :ole ( _! massive influ5ce on ! side ( ! promot]s ( arbitration4 ,i d n mean t any man %\ld advocate dis>mam5t1 or less effective armam5t1 9 ,engl& :ile ! re/ ( ! _w rema9s arm$4 ,z long z we reta9 ! milit>y sy/em in/ead ( an int]national c\rt1 ! soldi]'s pr(ession is hon\rable1 & ! man :o volunt>ily faces ! horrors ( ! field is entitl$ to respect & gratitude4 ,b 9 e c\ntry !re 0 an agitation = ! g5]al ab&onm5t ( milit>ism & ! sub/itution ( lawy]s = soldi]s 9 ! settlem5t ( int]national qu>rels4 ,_h ! ,*ur*es 9 e c\ntry giv5 _! :ole support to ?is agitation1 & insi/$ t x is morally crim9al = ! race z a :ole to prolong ! milit>y sy/em1 we might n h witness$ ?is great cata/rophe4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ,i press ?is *>ge aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian bodies1 let me discuss ! ?ird plea t may be urg$ 9 def5ce ( ! ,*ur*es4 ,x is ! plea ( ^? :o are s eag] to disclaim responsibility t !y are will+ to all[ an enorm\s decay ( religi\s influ5ce 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,y h repeat$ly told u1 !y say to ! ,rationali/1 t ,*ri/ianity has lo/ its hold on ,europe4 ,y speak ( millions :o no long] he> ! ^w ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s1 b :o d read ,rationali/ lit]ature 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,v well1 y _c h x bo? ways4 ,let u admit t ! nations ( ,europe h become non-,*ri/ian1 & we ca/ on y\r non-,*ri/ian influ5ce ! burd5 ( responsibility = ! w>4 ,?is language has be5 us$ m ?an once 9 ,engl&4 ,x leaves ! speak] free to assume t 9 ,engl&1 ^: action 9 ! w> we d n criticise1 ! nation rema9s sub/antially ,*ri/ian1 :ile 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria ! ,*ur*es h lo/ m gr\nd4 ,inde$1 "o may almo/ conf9e att5tion to ,g]many4 ,pr(\ndly corrupt z political life has be5 9 ,au/ria-,hung>y = ye>s1 !re is no little evid5ce 9 ! (ficial publications ( diplomatic docum5ts t at ! la/ mom5t1 :5 ! spectre ( a g5]al w> def9itely arose1 ,au/ria hesitat$ & ent]$ ^u a hopeful negotiation ) ,russia4 ,x 0 ,g]many's crim9al ultimatum to ,russia :i* set ! avalan*e on its t]rible pa?4 ,n[ ,g]many is notori\sly a l& ( religi\s criticism & ,rationalism4 ,*ur*-go+ 9 ,b]l9 is f> l[] ev5 ?an 9 ,london1 :]e six out ( sev5 millions d n att5d places ( wor%ip4 ,x is almo/ z l[ z at ,p>is1 :]e h>dly a t5? ( ! population att5d *ur* on ,sundays4 ,9 o!r l>ge t[ns ( ,g]many ! condition is1 z 9 ,engl&1 proportionate4 ,almo/ 9 proportion to ! size ( ! t[n is ! av]sion ( ! p f ! ,*ur*es4 ,x is absolutely impossible 9 ! case ( ,g]many to det]m9e1 ev5 9 v r\nd numb]s1 h[ _m h ab&on$ _! allegiance to ,*ri/ianity1 ?\gh1 :5 "o rememb]s ! enorm\s rural population & ! high proportion ( believ]s 9 ! small] t[ns1 x seems prepo/]\s to sugge/ t ! c\ntry has1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( "o half1 become non-,*ri/ian4 ,b ,i am anxi\s to d ju/ice to ?is plea1 & w\ld po9t out t x is ! educat$ class & ! m5 ( ! l>ge cities :o control a nation's policy4 ,! rural population--! g5]al population1 9 fact--foll[s its educat$ lead]s4 ,n[ !re is no d\bt t 9 ,g]many1 z else:]e1 ?is body ( ! population--! middle class & ! work]s ( ! great cities--has v l>gely lo/ ! traditional belief4 ,! work]s ( ,b]l9 are solidly ,sociali/ic1 :i* means v l>gely anti-cl]ical4 ,& ,i w\ld boldly draw ! conclusion t ! responsibility = ! w> is %>$ at lea/ equally by ,*ri/ians & non-,*ri/ians4 ,! /ricture ,i h pass$ on ! ,*ur*es ( ,g]many is bas$ on ! fact t !y1 be+ organis$ bodies ) a def9ite moral mission1 7 peculi>ly b\nd to prote/ aga9/ ! obvi\s political developm5t ( _! c\ntry1 & !y entirely fail$ to d s4 ,b ,i %\ld be ! la/ to conf9e ! responsibility to !m4 ,n only religi\s lead]s l ,h>nack & ,euck51 b lead+ ,rationali/s l ,haeckel & ,o/wald1 h cordially support$ ! action ( _! c\ntry4 ,s x 0 f ! fir/4 ,( t l>ge class ( m5 :o may be said to h _h "s real control ( ! =tunes ( _! c\ntry a v high proportion--,i %\ld be dispos$ to say at lea/ "o half--are n ,*ri/ians1 or are ,*ri/ians only 9 "n4 ,:ile we ?us c&idly admit t non-,*ri/ians z well z ,*ri/ians 9 ,g]many be> ! moral responsibility1 we mu/ be equally c&id 9 reject+ ! libell\s *>ge t ! pr9ciples1 or lack ( pr9ciples1 ( ! non-,*ri/ians t5d$ to provoke or enc\rage w>1 9 opposition to ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,?is n uncommon plea ( religi\s p is worse ?an inaccurate1 s9ce x is q easy to asc]ta9 ! pr9ciples ( ^? :o reject ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ,g]many1 z else:]e1 ! non-,*ri/ians are ma9ly an unorganis$ mass1 b !re are two def9ite organisations1 :i*1 9 ?is respect1 reflect or educate ! g5]al non-,*ri/ian s5tim5t4 ,^! are ! ,social ,democrats1 a body ( _m millions :o are = ! mo/ "p oppos$ to ! cl]gy1 & ! ,moni/s1 an expressly ,rationali/ic body4 ,9 bo? cases ! moral pr9ciples ( ! organisation are emphatically humanit>ian & oppos$ to viol5ce1 di%one/y1 or inju/ice2 9 bo? cases ^? pr9ciples are adh]$ to ) a fidelity at lea/ equal to t :i* "o f9ds 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es4 ,x is little %ort ( mon/r\s to say t ! moral tea*+ ( ,bebel & ,s+] & ,liebkne*t1 or ( ,haeckel & ,o/wald--all m5 ( high moral idealism--gave great] occasion ?an ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity to ?is atroci\s w>4 ,! ,sociali/s1 inde$1 7 ! /ronge/ oppon5ts ( w> & advocates ( int]national amity 9 ,europe4 ,h[1 l ! ,evangelical & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 !y fail$ 9 a grave crisis to ass]t _! pr9ciples may be a matt] = int]e/+ consid]ation1 b x w\ld be entirely di%one/ to plead t ! sub/itution ( ! influ5ce ( ,rationali/s & ,sociali/s = ,*ri/ian m9i/]s has 9 any degree facilitat$ ! w>4 ,! ,*ri/ian :o reg>ds all ^! non-,*ri/ian influ5ces z ,pagan1 & feels t a return to ,paganism expla9s ! ess5tial immorality ( ,g]many's conduct1 usually has a grossly inaccurate idea ( ,paganism4 ,:atev] may be said ( sexual developm5ts 9 mod]n & anci5t times1 we %all see t ! ,roman writ]s held pr9ciples :i* mo/ decid$ly made = peace & bro!rhood & ju/ice4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! majority ( ! ,g]man writ]s :o h be5 responsible = ! education ( ,g]many 9 w>-l ideas h be5 ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,emp]or himself1 :o is ma9ly responsible because ( 8 delib]ate pro/itution ( ,g]man s*ools to milit>i/ purposes s9ce #ahia1 w h>dly be describ$ z o!r ?an ,*ri/ian2 c]ta9ly e prelate or m9i/] 9 ,g]many w\ld vehem5tly res5t su* a description4 ,treits*ke1 :o is probably ! be/ kn[n 9 ,engl& ( ! ,imp]iali/ writ]s1 def9itely bases 8 appall+ conception ( life on ,*ri/ian pr9ciples1 & claims t he is act+ f a s5se ( ! div9e mission ( ,g]many4 ,g5]al von ,b]nh>di uses precisely ! same ,*ri/ian language4 ,b ^! are only two 9 a hundr$ writ]s :o1 = m ?an half a c5tury1 h be5 educat+ ,g]many 9 aggressive ideas1 &1 speak+ f p]sonal acqua9tance ) _! works1 ,i %\ld say t ! ov]:elm+ majority ( !m are ,*ri/ians4 ,n a s+le ,sociali/1 & n a s+le well-kn[n ,rationali/1 has contribut$ to _! p]nici\s gospel4 ,probably ! "o ,g]man writ] 9 ! m9d ( ^? ,engli% p :o speak ( ,g]many's return to ,paganism is ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e4 ,x is true t ,nietzs*e 0 bitt]ly anti-,*ri/ian1 & he has probably _h a great] influ5ce 9 ,g]many1 9 spite ( 8 /rictures on ! c\ntry1 ?an _m seem dispos$ to all[4 ,g]man booksell]s h rec5tly drawn up a /atem5t 9 reg>d to ! fav\rite books ( soldi]s 9 ! field1 & x appe>s t ,nietzs*e's ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra is second on ! li/--leagues ahead ( ! ,bible4 ,b to conclude f ?is t ! anti-moral doctr9e ( ! ,pagan ,nietzs*e is ! *ief s\rce ( ! outrages committ$ is "o ( ^? slip%od inf]5ces :i* make "o despair ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,goe! is ev5 m popul> ) ! troops ?an ,nietzs*e1 &1 al?\gh ,goe! too 0 a ,pagan1 8 tea*+ 0 ! v anti!sis ( crime1 viol5ce1 inju/ice1 or hypocrisy4 ,no nobl] human doctr9e 0 ev] set =? ?an 9 ! pages ( 8 ,fau/1 ! fir/ on ?is li/ ( fav\rite books4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is fact at once w>ns u ( a circum/ance :i* we might h tak5 = grant$3 9 ! knapsacks ( ! ov]:elm+ majority ( ! soldi]s !re are no books at all4 ,x is ! m9ority :o read2 & x is q safe to assume t ?is ?\ghtful m9ority are n ! m9ority :o h disgrac$ ,g]man milit>ism4 ,?irdly--& x %\ld h>dly be necess>y to make ?is obs]vation--! s5sitive & high-/rung ,nietzs*e w\ld h reg>d$ ) %udd]+ horror ^! outrages :i* "s ignorantly attribute to 8 influ5ce4 ,x is inde$ probable t1 if he /ill look$ f 8 hill-top ^u ! fields ( ,europe1 he w\ld p\r out 8 mo/ volcanic scorn ^u ! w>r+ nations1 & especially ^u ,g]many & ,au/ria4 ,9 f9e1 x is necess>y to rememb] t ,nietzs*e 0 viol5tly anti-democratic4 ,= ! mass ( ! p he _h only disda91 & x is folly to suppose t 8 ari/ocratic philosophy has be5 accept$ among !m z a gospel4 ,nietzs*e has _h a consid]able influ5ce on ! m ?\ghtful read+ public 9 ,g]many1 yet ev5 "h "o has to make res]ves 9 *>g+ him ) a "p 9 ! prep>ation ( ! c\ntry = an aggressive w>4 ,8 peculi> art & temp]am5tal exagg]ations make x impossible = any b a pati5t few to grasp 8 tea*+ accurately1 & are peculi>ly liable to mislead ! less pati5t4 ,:51 !re=e1 he /resses--z mo/ anti-,sociali/s d--! ,d>w9ian /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :5 he assails ! humanit>ian & ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( help+ ! weak1 :5 he calls into "q ! receiv$ code ( morals1 & :5 he extols self-ass]tion & /r5g? ( w1 8 fi]y words d l5d "s confirmation1 :i* he assur$ly nev] int5d$1 to ! ,prussian ideal ( a ,/ate4 ,nietzs*e 0 too mu* av]se f politics to int5d su* an application ( 8 tea*+1 :i* is ess5tially individuali/ic1 & he _h no?+ b contempt = ! blu/] & phili/9ism ( ! ,prussian ,/ate 9 p>ticul>4 ,we mu/ admit1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is un9t5tional way he contribut$ to ! =mation ( t ,g]man temp] :i* l$ to ! w>4 ,g5]al von ,b]nh>di's admir+ ref]5ces to 8 philosophy suffici5tly %[ ?is4 ,b ,nietzs*e's v limit$ influ5ce on ,g]man ?\ght _c reasonably be quot$ z ju/ification ( ! common say+ t ,g]many _h des]t$ ,*ri/ianity = ,paganism4 ,_h su* a /atem5t be5 made be=e ! w> began1 our div9es w\ld h indignantly repudiat$ x4 ,! tru? is t all classes--,*ri/ian & non-,*ri/ian--h yield$ fatally to ! p]nici\s int]pretation :i* int]e/$ politicians1 soldi]s1 manufactur]s1 & ,j+oi/ic writ]s h put on ! real economic ne$s ( ! c\ntry4 ,( ! ,sociali/ & ,ca?olic p>ties1 9 p>ticul>1 ! two mo/ p[]fully organis$ bodies 9 ,g]many1 we may say t1 9 des]t+ _! ideals1 !y h be5 p>tly deceiv$ into a real belief t ,russia & ,engl& s\ght _! de/ruction1 & !y h p>tly yield$ to t v old & famili> temptation--! desire to reta9 _! num]ical /r5g? by compromis+ ) _! pr9ciples4 ,9 ju/ice to ! ,sociali/s x %\ld be add$ t t p>ty has furni%$ ! only m5 & j\rnals 9 ,g]many to raise any prote/ aga9/ ! madness ( ! nation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ repulsive moral traits 9 ,g]many to-day is1 ev5 :5 we h made ! mo/ lib]al all[ance = ! pa9ful & desp]ate circum/ances ( ! p1 ! a/\nd+ expression & cultivation ( hatr$4 ,x has transpir$ "t aft] "t t ! ,vorwrts has prote/$ aga9/ ?is4 ,n once has x be5 report$ t ! religi\s press or religi\s m9i/]s h prote/$4 ,! new phrase t is (ficially sanction$1 ,god puni% ,engl&1 is a religi\s phrase t no ,neo-,pagan c\ld use4 ,on ! v day on :i* ,i write ?is page x is report$ t ,sociali/s h prote/$ 9 ! ,rei*/ag aga9/ ! (ficial endorsem5t ( outrages4 ,we d n he> ( any ,*ri/ian prote/1 f end to end ( ! campaign4 ,yet ,i d n wi% to disguise ! fact t bo? ,*ri/ians & non-,*ri/ians %>e ! guilt ( ,g]many & ,au/ria-,hung>y4 ,! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! two bodies appe>s :5 we take a broad] view ( ! w>1 & only 9 ?is way c any g5]al indictm5t ( ,*ri/ianity be =mulat$4 ,important z x is to det]m9e ! responsibility = ?is w>1 x is ev5 m important to conceive t ! w> is ! natural outcome ( a sy/em :i* ,europe ought to h aboli%$ ages ago4 ,we are n f> f ! "t :51 9 spite ( ! (ficial tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*es1 e ,*ri/ian nation ma9ta9$ ! practice ( ! duel :i* ! ,teutonic nations introduc$ f\rte5 c5turies ago4 ,al?\gh 9 ,g]many ! ,*ri/ian cl]gy h n ! c\rage to ass]t _! pla9 pr9ciples 9 opposition to ! ,emp]or's b>b>ic patronage ( ! duel1 ! p ( mo/ civilis$ c\ntries n[ reg>d ! duel z a crime4 ,no "o :o surveys ! :ole /ream ( moral developm5t c d\bt t a "t is com+ :5 w>1 ! duel ( nations1 w be reg>d$ z an inf9itely grav] crime4 ,! day is surely ov] :5 sophi/s l ,treits*ke & call\s soldi]s l ,b]nh>di c\ld s+ ! praises ( w>4 ,! pa!tic picture drawn by our great noveli/ ( a wor?less "y "l ly+ at ! feet ( 8 oppon5t t\*$ ,engl& pr(\ndly & ha/5$ ! end ( ! duel 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,if ,engl&1 if ! civilis$ _w1 be n ev5 m deeply t\*$ by ! descriptions we h read1 week aft] week1 ( t5s ( ?\s&s ( brav] & m innoc5t m5 ly+ 9 _! blood1 ( all ! desolation & sorr[ t h be5 br\ght on :ole k+doms ( ,europe1 "o w be almo/ tempt$ to despair ( ! race4 ,w> is ! la/ & wor/ /a9 ( b>b>ism on ! escut*eon ( civilisation4 ,! "q ( real int]e/ is1 !re=e1 ! hi/orical "q4 ,^? ( u :o did n =esee ?is w> until we 7 9 ! v p5umbra ( ! trag$y _c compla9 t our ,*ri/ian neighb\rs did n =esee & prev5t x4 ,^? ( u :o feel t ! p>ticipation ( our c\ntry is j & necess>y may1 ) no /ra9 ( imag9ation1 conceive ! m5 ( o!r c\ntries equally p]suad+ !mselves t ! action ( _! c\ntry is j & necess>y4 ,b f ! day :5 we awoke to an adult p]ception ( ! life ( ! _w we h be5 aw>e t ! e/abli%$ sy/em ( settl+ int]national qu>rels 0 b>b>ic & might 9 any ye> lead to j su* a cata/rophe4 ,h[ comes x t su* a sy/em has surviv$ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ( pr(\nd ,*ri/ian influ5ce8 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ! cl]gy ( to-day1 ) ! m p[]ful cl]gy ( ye/]day we h a grave reckon+4 ,! ,rationali/ is a new ?+ 9 ,europe4 ,! v "n is little m ?an a c5tury old1 & until a few decades ago only a few ?\s& w\ld accept x4 ,n f su* a new & /ruggl+ movem5t d we ask :y ?is milit>y sy/em has dom9at$ ,europe = ages & has only 9 rec5t times be5 s]i\sly *all5g$4 ,dur+ ^? ages ! ,*ur*es suff]$ none b !mselves to pret5d to a moral influ5ce ov] ! life ( ! nations1 nor 7 !re _m bold & indep5d5t en\gh to make ! claim4 ,x is ( ! ,*ur*es we ask :y ?is appall+ sy/em has tak5 su* deep root 9 ! life ( ,europe t x resi/s ! mo/ devot$ ef=ts to eradicate x4 ,x is n ?is w>1 b w>1 t accuses ! ,*ur*es4 ,we are entangl$ 9 a sy/em s widespread & s subtle t1 :5 a w> occurs1 ea* nation c p]suade itself t x is act+ on j gr\nds4 ,x is ! sy/em :i* int]e/s u4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,w> ,! day w come :5 ! /ud5t ( human developm5t w f9d w> "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/itutions t ev] ent]$ & quitt$ hi/ory4 ,civilisation took x ov] f b>b>ism2 b>b>ism f ! savage2 ! savage f ! bea/4 ,s we are accu/om$ to argue1 b we mu/ make a s+ul> res]vation4 ,! l[e/ peoples ( ! human family1 :i* seem to repres5t primitive man1 d n wage w>1 & are little addict$ to viol5ce4 ,!y seem by "s process ( natural selection to h obta9$ ! social quality ( peacefulness & mutual aid4 ,!re 01 9 a s5se1 a /age ( primitive innoc5ce4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ^! primitive peoples grew 9 numb]s & 7 organis$ 9 tribes1 z !y obta9$ collective possessions--flocks & pa/ures & hunt+ gr\nds--!y came into collision ) ea* o!r1 & all ! old pugnacity ( ! bea/ awoke4 ,skill1 & ev5 f]ocity1 9 w> became a valuable social quality1 & we get ! /age ( ! savage4 ,! b>b>ian1 or ! man betwe5 savag]y & civilisation1 0 /ill compell$ to fight = 8 possessions4 ,he 0 usually surr\nd$ by fi]ce savage tribes4 ,! civilis$ man 9 turn 0 surr\nd$ by savages & b>b>ians1 & ne$$ to fight4 ,s ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s ( developm5t ( moral s5tim5t & legal proc$ure ! primitive me?od ( ! bea/ has be5 pres]v$4 ,b ,i am n writ+ a hi/ory ( w>f>e1 & ne$ n describe ^! /ages m closely1 or exam9e ! new s5tim5t ( imp]iali/ expansion :i* gave civilisations a fre% inc5tive to develop me?ods ( w>f>e4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ is to det]m9e at :at /age x might h be5 possible = ! moral elem5t to int]v5e & bid ! w>riors1 9 ! "n ( humanity1 lay d[n _! arms2 at :at /age ! tribunal :i* m5 _h set up to adjudicate betwe5 ! qu>rels ( individuals might h be5 enl>g$ s z to be capable ( arbitrat+ on ! qu>rels ( nations4 ,n[ ?is 0 pla9ly impossible 9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! pres5t era1 & x is !re=e fooli% to ask :y ,pagan morali/s did n d :at we expect ,*ri/ian morali/s to h done4 ,i h already m5tion$1 & h fully describ$ else:]e1 h[ humanit>ian s5tim5ts 7 g5]ally diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! old ,grco-,roman _w4 ,!re is n a phrase ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* has n a p>allel among ! ,jews1 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans4 ,! great fusion ( peoples 9 ! ,roman ,empire begot a feel+ ( bro!rhood1 &1 by a natural reaction on ye>s ( vice & viol5ce1 !re 0 a consid]able gr[? ( l(ty & t5d]1 & (t5 impracticable1 s5tim5ts4 ,morali/s urg$ m5 to avoid ang]1 to be> bl[s ) dignity1 to greet all m5 z bro!rs1 ev5 to love _! enemies4 ,plato & ,epictetus & ,plut>* & ,s5eca & ,m>cus ,aurelius urg$ ^! maxims z =cibly z ,*ri/ did4 ,! ,/oic religion or philosophy1 :i* guid$ ,emp]ors & lawy]s1 & _h a v wide influ5ce 9 ! ,roman _w1 0 int5sely & q mod]nly humanit>ian4 ,its pr9cipal expon5ts condemn$ slav]y & promot$ a rem>kable spread ( philan?ropy4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n possible = ! ,/oics to condemn w>4 ,"s ( ! m ard5t & less practical humanit>ians ( ! "t did ?is1 b no al]t ,roman citiz5 c\ld advocate ! abolition ( ! legions4 ,! ,empire 0 completely surr\nd$ by b>b>ians :o w\ld ru% 9 & trample on its civilisation ! mom5t ! f5ce ( spe>s 0 remov$4 ,f ! turret$ walls 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 :]e m5 wat*$ ! ,picts & ,scots1 to ! des]ts ( ,mesopotamia--f ! banks ( ! ,danube & ,rh9e to ! spurs ( ! ,atlas--x 0 ess5tial to ma9ta9 ^? bronz$ legions :o gu>d$ ! civilis$ prov9ces f m>aud]s4 ,) ^? outly+ b>b>ians no treaty 0 possible or sacr$2 no legal tribunal w\ld h protect$ ^? fronti]s f ! m5 :o look$ covet\sly on ! f]tile fields & com=table cities ( ! ,roman prov9ces4 ,f ! fir/ to ! f\r? c5tury ,rome f\ght1 n = its expansion1 b = its pres]vation aga9/ ^! increas+ enemies2 & x 0 ! f9al int5sification ( ! pressure 9 ! ,danube region by ! arrival ( enorm\s hordes ( b>b>ians f ,asia :i* precipitat$ ! f9al cata/rophe4 ,paganism _h nev] ! slighte/ opportunity to ab&on ! milit>y sy/em1 & only ^? :o are totally unacqua9t$ ) ,roman hi/ory c wond] :y x did n make ! attempt4 ,x w\ld h be5 a crime to ab&on ! civilis$ prov9ces to b>b>ism4 ,?is 0 ! ess5tial position ( ! ,roman ,empire3 ! civil w>s ( ! f\r? c5tury1 by :i* its milit>y sy/em 0 abus$1 ne$ n be consid]$ "h4 ,& ! /ud5t ( hi/ory mu/ recognise ) equal c&\r t ! new ,*ri/ianity1 :i* succe$$ ,paganism 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 0 equally p[]less to aboli% w>f>e4 ,:at we may ju/ly blame is t ! triumphant ,*ri/ianity ( ! f\r? c5tury did n m]ely sanction ! use ( arms 9 def5ce ( civilisation2 x employ$ !m 9 its own int]e/4 ,! e>li] ,*ri/ians _h exasp]at$ ! ,romans by refus+ to be> arms 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,empire1 pla9 z ! ne$ 04 ,to a slight ext5t ?is 0 due to an av]sion f ! %$d+ ( blood2 = ! mo/ "p milit>y s]vice 0 refus$ because x 0 saturat$ ) ,pagan rites4 ,:5 ! ,empire became ,*ri/ian1 ?is objection 0 remov$1 & ! ,*ri/ians freely ent]$ ! army4 ,unhappily1 ! ,*ri/ian body det]iorat$ ) ! new prosp]ity & base in/9cts 7 indulg$4 ,x is an und\bt$ hi/orical fact1 record$ by ,/4 ,j]ome himself1 t ! election ( ,pope ,damasus1 8 fri5d & b5efactor1 0 accompani$ by bloody & fatal riots4 ,f und\bt$ hi/orical s\rces we "k t ! ,*ri/ian mob compell$ ! ,prefect ( ,rome to fly f ! city1 & !re is v s]i\s evid5ce 79 a docum5t writt5 by two ,roman prie/s7 t ,damasus employ$ ! swords & /aves ( 8 support]s to secure 8 position4 ,damasus & subsequ5t ,popes !n obta9$ or sanction$ ! use ( ! ,roman soldi]s = ! suppression ( h]esy & s*ism & ,paganism1 & ,*ri/ianity 0 in/all$ by viol5ce ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,roman ,empire ?+s 7 ev5 worse4 ,viol5ce became ! cu/om>y device 9 ! see?+ religi\s qu>rels ( ! "t1 &1 lit]ally1 t5s ( ?\s&s lo/ _! lives4 ,! ,byzant9e or ,greek ,*ri/ianity ent]$ ^u a record ( crime & viol5ce :i* disgrac$ x = _m c5turies4 ,?is developm5t did n augur well = ! application ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples to w>f>e4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 obs]ve at once t = _m c5turies ! ,roman ,*ur* _h n ! slighte/ *ance ( e/abli%+ peace 9 ,europe4 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,empire & disb&+ ( its armies made an entirely new situation 9 ,italy4 ,! ,popes 71 = ! mo/ "p1 good m51 b !y did n dream at t "t ( controll+ ! c\nsels ( k+s & dictat+ affairs ( ,/ate4 ,ev5 ! /ory ( ,pope ,leo ! ,great ov]aw+ ! ,k+ ( ! ,huns1 ,attila1 & turn+ 8 army away f ,italy1 is a m]e leg5d ( m$ieval writ]s1 & is at v>iance ) ! ne>] au?orities4 ,! nor!rn tribes !mselves 7 to a great ext5t1 & = "s c5turies1 ( ! ,arian fai?1 & took no advice f ,rome4 ,9 a ^w1 x w\ld be /upid to expect ,*ri/ian lead]s ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages to press ! cause ( peace4 ,! nor!rn peoples1 :o w\ld 9 "t =m ! nations ( ,europe1 7 ess5tially viol5t & w>like1 & w\ld h recognis$ no pacific c\nsels 9 t imp]fect /age ( _! religi\s developm5t4 ,:]e ! hi/orian may & mu/ c5sure ! ,*ur* is 9 its adoption ( milit>ism = its own purposes4 ,pope ,gregory ! ,great f\nd ,italy 9 a *aotic & pitiful condition1 & no d\bt he act$1 on ! :ole1 rightly 9 organis+ its milit>y def5ce4 ,! m s]i\s circum/ance 0 t he began to receive imm5se e/ates1 z gifts or legacies1 9 all p>ts ( ,italy z ! prop]ty ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & f t "t ei!r a ,papal army or ! employm5t ( ! army ( "s fri5dly mon>* 0 necess>y 9 ord] to protect ^! e/ates4 ,) ! confirmation & consolidation ( ^! e/ates into a k+dom "u ,*>lemagne 9 ! n9? c5tury ! ,papacy complet$ its moral ab]ration4 ,mo/ ( ! ,popes 7 /ill m5 ( good "*1 & !y no d\bt p]suad$ !mselves t1 s9ce ! income ( ^! e/ates 0 ne$$ = ! fulfilm5t ( _! spiritual task1 x 0 prop] to def5d !m by ! sword4 ,b casui/ry ( ?is k9d has nev] prosp]$ indef9itely1 & few hi/orians w d\bt t ?is temporal developm5t l$ directly to t degradation ( ! ,papacy :i* r5d]$ x unfit to ex]cise moral influ5ce on ,europe4 ,! ,papacy became a pr9c$om to attract ! covet\s & ! ambiti\s1 & ! l9e ( ,popes sank s l[ by ! t5? c5tury t ! grosse/ *>act]s 7 able to occupy ! *air ( ,pet] at a "t :5 ! nations ( ,europe 7 suffici5tly advanc$ to be susceptible ( a s9c]e moral influ5ce4 ,! record ( ! ,papacy1 f ! n9? c5tury to ! n9ete5?1 conta9s on almo/ e page a bloody /ruggle = ! temporal p[]4 ,! mo/ religi\s & mo/ em95t ( ! ,popes1 su* z ,gregory ,,vii & ,innoc5t ,,iii1 7 ! mo/ prompt to set 9 motion ! ma*9]y ( w> 9 def5ce ( _! t]ritories or 9 puni%m5t ( rebels aga9/ _! au?ority4 ,n "o ( !m 0 9 a position to bid k+s disb& _! armies1 or ev] dream$ ( enjo9+ !m to d m ?an obs]ve a few days' truce or keep _! swords f ea* o!r 9 ord] to save !m = ! common enemy ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,x w\ld be useless to speculate ab\t ! date :5 ! new nations ( ,europe _h become suffici5tly civilis$ to he> a gospel ( peace4 ,! idea ( sup]s$+ ! milit>y sy/em ( ,europe by a juridical sy/em occurr$ to no ,*ri/ian lead]1 & !re=e we ne$ n consid] :at prospect x might h _h ( realisation4 ,! ,*ri/ian gospel ( meekness _h become a mock]y3 ev5 ! great abbeys1 9 :i* ! g5tl] & m religi\s 7 suppos$ to be immur$1 _h _! troops1 & abbots & bi%ops1 & v (t5 ,papal ,legates1 appe>$ at ! head ( armies4 ,two ,popes1 ,john ,x & ,julius ,,ii1 m>*$ !mselves at ! head ( _! troops4 ,c>d9als _h _! suites ( swordsm51 & ! ca/les ( ! ,roman ari/ocracy 7 at times /rong =tifications f :i* w> ( ! mo/ f]oci\s & unscrupul\s "* 0 wag$4 ,*ri/5dom 0 /eep$ 9 viol5ce2 only a g5tle sa9t or bi%op "h & !re caught a futile vision ( a _w ( peace4 ,e man 0 arm$ aga9/ possible tr\ble ) 8 neighb\r2 e noble _h 8 reta9]s & kept !m well ex]cis$2 e pr9ce 0 free1 z f> z ! spiritual au?orities 7 conc]n$1 to covet & bloodily exact ! l&s ( 8 neighb\r4 ,! noble1 ( ei!r sex1 f\nd supreme delight 9 j\/s :i* ! mod]n s5tim5t f9ds z inhuman z a sordid qu>rel ( ,apa*es ov] a mi/ress2 ! peasants f\nd a correspond+ pleasure 9 ! play ( qu>t]-/aves or ! combats ( dogs & cocks4 ,x is1 z ,i said1 little use to speculate ab\t ! *ances ( a gospel ( humanity 9 su* a _w4 ,! ov]:elm+ majority ( prie/s & prelates made no ef=t :atev] to re/ra9 ! prevail+ viol5ce4 ,! elem5t>y duty ( any pr(\nd moral ag5cy 0 to prote/ )\t ceas+1 ev5 if ! prote/ 0 unavail+4 ,x is n at all cle> t x w\ld h be5 unavail+4 ,! p[] ( ! ,popes 0 beyond t ( any o!r hi]>*y kn[n to hi/ory1 & at lea/ ! moral education ( ,europe w\ld h proce$$ less sl[ly1 & w> w\ld h be5 aboli%$ c5turies ago1 if !re _h be5 any s]i\s1 collective1 & au?oritative en=cem5t ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,!re 0 n1 & to ?is sil5ce ( ! cl]gy dur+ ^? long ages ( _! p[] we owe ! ma9t5ance 9 ,europe to-day ( ! regime ( viol5ce4 ,!y 7 s f> f enjoy+ moral inspiration 9 ?is respect t !y 7 among/ ! fir/ to bless ! bann]s & swell ! c(f]s ( an aggressive mon>*1 & !y gave ! milit>y sy/em a f9al consecration by employ+ x repeat$ly 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,all t "o c plead 9 mitigation ( ?is deep hi/orical c5sure ( ! m$ieval ,*ur* is t ! fronti]s ( ,*ri/5dom 7 = c5turies ?reat5$ by ! ,turk & ! ,s>ac54 ,! old ne$ ( protect+ civilisation by arms _h almo/ disappe>$4 ,few & feeble peoples rema9$ outside ! range ( ,*ri/ian civilisation aft] ! t5? c5tury4 ,armies 7 ma9ta9$ only 9 ! int]e/ ( crim9al ambition or = ! settlem5t ( disputes :i* ought to h be5 submitt$ to judges4 ,! m5ace ( ! ,turk1 ) 8 ho/ile religion1 01 ( c\rse1 a j gr\nd = armam5ts1 b a few nations g5]ally bore ! :ole brunt ( 8 onset4 ,:atev] religi\s feel+ may make ( ! great ,crusades1 :i* drew to ! ea/ armies f all p>ts ( ,europe1 secul> hi/ory mu/ dismiss !m z appall+ blund]s4 ,! few advantages !y br\ght to ,european culture _c s]i\sly be weigh$ aga9/ ! t]rible sacrifice ( lives & ! ev5 m t]rible consecration ( milit>ism4 ,9 a ^w1 ! m5ace ( ! ,turk c\ld h be5 met admirably by su* an arrangem5t z we are advocat+ 9 ,europe to-day3 ! ma9t5ance ( a small =ce by ea* nation = common action1 "u ! direction ( a supreme legal tribunal1 aga9/ nations :i* w\ld n obey ! common law ( peace4 ,b we ne$ n s]i\sly discuss ! influ5ce ( ! ,turk on ! sy/em4 ,! la/ phases ( ! /ruggle1 :5 ! selfi% nations & ! ambiti\s ,papacy sp5t _! "t 9 idle mutual recrim9ation & left ! ,hung>ians & ,poles to d all ! "w1 ju/ify u 9 dismiss+ t elem5t4 ,k+s & republics ma9ta9$ armies = purely selfi% purposes1 = brutal aggression & def5ce aga9/ aggressors2 & n a prelate 9 ,europe _h any moral repugnance to ! sy/em1 or v5tur$ to condemn x1 especially z ! ,*ur* us$ ! same ag5cy 9 def5ce ( its own temporal int]e/s4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! ,papal p[] & ! advance ( ! peoples ( ,europe ! opportunity ( peace became great]1 b ! spiritual au?ority pl$g$ itself m & m deeply to ! milit>y sy/em4 ,! ,popes aspir$--z ,gregory ,,vii & ,innoc5t ,,iii repeat$ly /ate--to control ! temporal z well z ! spiritual affairs ( ,europe1 to transf] cr[ns :5 !y ?\ght fit1 to direct invasions & milit>y exp$itions aga9/ any :o que/ion$ _! au?ority4 ,hildebr& boa/s 7,ep4 vii1 #bc7 t1 :5 ,william ( ,norm&y s5t envoys to ask ,pope ,alex&] to sanction 8 unscrupul\s invasion ( ,engl&1 & ! ,papal ,c\rt 0 itself too s5sible ( ! enormity to give its sanction1 he 7,hildebr&7 ov]bore ! wav]+ ,pope & =c$ him to bless ! ent]prise2 &1 :5 he _h 9 8 turn m\nt$ ! ,papal ?rone1 he vehem5tly claim$ t 8 action _h made ,engl& a fief = ev] ( ! ,holy ,see6 ,gregory ,,vii & ,innoc5t ,,iii are ! two greate/ & mo/ s9c]ely religions ( ! m$ieval ,popes1 & !y c>ri$ ! p[] ( ! ,papacy to a height :i* excites ! amazem5t ( ! mod]n hi/orian4 ,b !y 7 at ! same "t ! mo/ militant ( ! ,popes1 & on ! lea/ provocation !y set armies--ev5 ! mo/ b>b>ic & f]oci\s troops 9 ,europe--9 motion to c>ry out _! imp]ial comm&s4 ,!y arrogat$ ! p[] ( depos+ mon>*s1 & ?us enc\rag$ civil w> & ! ambitions ( neighb\r+ k+s4 ,! rise ( h]esy & ( prote/s aga9/ ! corruption ( ! ,papacy 0 ano!r v grave pretext ( ! ,*ur* to support ! milit>y sy/em4 ,9 ! days ( ,gregory ,,vii a body ( ,puritans kn[n z ! ,pat>5i spread ov] ! nor? ( ,italy1 & ,rome enc\rag$ a few soldi]s to lead arm$ mobs aga9/ !m & dr[n _! idealism 9 blood4 ,innoc5t ,,iii has a m t]rible /igma on 8 record4 ,! ,albig5sians1 an e>ly type ( ,prote/ants1 7 spread+ 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & ! ,pope sanction$ a crusade--an exp$ition1 l>gely1 ( loot]s & cut-?roats--aga9/ !m f all p>ts ( ,france4 ,! appall+ deceit practis$ by ! ,papal ,legate & sanction$ by ! ,pope1 ! f]ocity ( ! campaign1 & ! desolation br\ght on "o ( ! happie/ & mo/ prosp]\s prov9ces ( ,france1 may be read 9 any hi/ory ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 savagely put to dea?4 ,& ?is 0 only ! beg9n+ ( ! ,papal w> on h]esy1 :i* f ! ?irte5? c5tury nev] ceas$ to spr+ up 9 ,europe until x won its "r ( citiz5%ip 9 ! ,re=mation4 ,ev5 m vehem5tly 0 w> urg$ aga9/ ! ,moors1 !n ! mo/ civilis$ p 9 ,europe4 ,9 face ( ?is notori\s hi/ory ( ,europe dur+ ! long c\rse ( ! ,middle ,ages x is n[ usual = ,ca?olic apologi/s to plead t ! blood ( ! b>b>ian /ill fl[$ 9 ! ve9s ( ! ,*ri/ian nations & m5 7 n yet prep>$ to li/5 to ! message ( peace4 ,?is plea _c = a mom5t be admitt$ 9 ext5uation ( ! ,*ur*'s guilt4 ,! cl]gy _h !mselves no conception ( ! crim9ality ( w>1 & did n rise above ! moral level ( _! age4 ,"h & !re a sa9t or a prelate rais$ a feeble voice aga9/ ! viol5ce ( m51 b we d n e/imate an in/itution by ! words ( an occasional memb]1 especially if !y are at v>iance ) ! (ficial conduct & ! g5]al s5tim5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to boa/ t ! cl]gy at times en=c$ a tempor>y cessation ( fight+ 7! ,truce ( ,god7 only increases our appreciation ( _! guilt4 ,! m5 :o en=c$ t ,truce gave pro( at once ( _! p[] & ( _! p]ception ( ! un-,*ri/ian nature ( w>f>e4 ,b !y 7 unwill+ to condemn outright a ma*9]y :i* !y might employ at any mom5t 9 def5ce or advancem5t ( _! own int]e/s4 ,_h ! ,*ur* be5 a s]i\s moral influ5ce 9 ,europe1 _h x be5 true to ! message 9 virtue ( :i* x _h gr[n ri* & p[]ful1 x w\ld h prote/$ unceas+ly aga9/ ?is reign ( viol5ce4 ,x 0 n a great moral influ5ce4 ,! grossness & illit]acy ( ! p1 ! appall+ immorality ( ! cl]gy & monks & nuns1 & ?is almo/ entire failure to apply ,*ri/ian or ord9>y human pr9ciples to ! wor/ feature ( ! life ( ,europe1 are t]rible (fsets to ! little good x a*iev$4 ,europe 0 /eadily educat$ & enc\rag$1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 9 ! %$d+ ( blood4 ,! ,prote/ant is at times dispos$ to dismiss ! :ole sordid /ory ) ! rem>k t ?is ,roman ,*ur* 0 n ,*ri/ianity at all4 ,he contrives to ov]look ! s]i\s difficulty t1 if ! ,roman ,*ur* did n repres5t ,*ri/ianity f ! six? c5tury to ! sixte5?1 !re 01 contr>y to ! promise ( ,*ri/1 no ,*ri/ianity 9 ,europe = a ?\s& ye>s2 & he surr5d]s all ! wond]ful art ( ! ,middle ,ages 7z he ought7 to entirely non-,*ri/ian =ces4 ,t1 h[ev]1 does n conc]n me "h4 ,! slighte/ recollection ( hi/ory w\ld w>n ! ,prote/ant t ! ,re=mation br\ght no improvem5t :atev]1 z f> z ?is reign ( viol5ce is conc]n$4 ,! =ces set up by ! ,re=mation & ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation f\ght ea* o!r = "s decades ) ! comp>atively peaceful weapons ( mutual abuse & heat$ argum5t4 ,:5 x 0 p]ceiv$ t ^! weapons 7 ( no avail1 !re 0 ! cu/om>y appeal to ! sword4 ,9 ! hi/orical docum5ts :i* tell ! life ( ,pope ,paul ,,iv we see ! ,papacy & ! ,jesuits urg+ ! ,ca?olic pr9ces to lead out _! armies4 ,h]esy 0 to be ext+ui%$ 9 blood2 &1 see+ h[ _m millions 9 ! nor? _h by t "t embrac$ ! h]esy1 !re c h be5 no illusion z to ! magnitude ( ! oceans ( blood t w\ld be requir$ to dr[n x4 ,s ,europe ent]$ ^u ! horrors ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 7#afah-afdh71 :i* put back ! civilisation ( ,g]many = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s & utt]ly ru9$ "s ( ! small pr9cipalities4 ,! population ( ,bohemia alone fell f ?ree millions to less ?an a million4 ,ne>ly e nation 9 ,europe 0 involv$1 & ! w> 0 conduct$ ) all ! brutality ( ! old] m$ieval w>f>e4 ,! fact t political z well z religi\s ambitions 7 engag$ 9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> does n affect my argum5t4 ,9 s f> z religi\s s5tim5t 0 responsible--& x w h>dly be que/ion$ t x _h a l>ge %>e 9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>--we f9d a fre% consecration by ,*ri/ianity itself ( ! use ( ! sword4 ,b ! ma9 po9t we h to consid] is t ! new spiritual au?orities 7 no m incl9$ ?an ! old to decl>e t w>f>e 0 oppos$ to ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,! la/ ?ree c5turies h be5 z full ( aggressive w> z ! ?ree c5turies :i* prec$$1 b !re 0 no prote/ by ,*ri/ian m9i/]s ei!r 9 ,prote/ant ,engl& & ,sc&9avia or 9 ,ca?olic ,france & ,au/ria4 ,x 0 ! p]iod :5 ! mod]n ,p[]s ( ,europe 7 build+ up _! va/ dom9ions1 & no "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! /ory c h any illusion z to ! application to t process ( :at are n[ describ$ z cle> ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,?is is precisely ! pla9t ( mod]n ,g]many4 ,we seek1 !y say1 to d m]ely :at ,engl& & ,france--x 7 indiscreet to m5tion ,au/ria--did 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,!y 7 vigor\s peoples ) an impulse to exp& & to ext5d _! civilisation ov] backw>d l&s4 ,!y appeal$ solely to ! "r ( ! sword1 & all ! ,*ri/ian au?orities 9 ,europe--! bi%ops ( ,william & ( ,anne1 ! bi%ops ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 ! bi%ops ( ,pet] ! ,great--_h n a s+le syllable to say aga9/ ! "r ( ! sword4 ,! v>i\s bran*es ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7 at t "t s+ul>ly unanim\s 9 accommodat+ _! pr9ciples to imp]iali/ & aggressive w>f>e4 ,n[ t y h obta9$ all t y ne$--! aggriev$ ,teuton says--n[ t ,i 9 turn w\ld exp& & colonise1 y discov] t ?is imp]iali/ aggression is supremely oppos$ to ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 ,on "s su* m$itations1 9 "p1 ! ,g]man bases 8 conviction ( ! hypocrisy & p]fidy ( ! ,engli% "*4 ,he is1 ( c\rse1 entirely wrong4 ,a real *ange has tak5 place 9 ! moral s5tim5t ( ?is c\ntry2 a *ange s real t :51 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ! nation ent]$ ^u a w> :i* _m reg>d$ z aggressive & m]ely acquisitive1 !re 0 a v widespread revolt4 ,! cynic might g5ially obs]ve t x is n difficult to retire f evil-do+ & cultivate l(ty pr9ciples :5 y\r =tune has be5 made1 b x is important to realise ?is *ange & und]/& its significance4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a s\nd human elem5t 9 ! cynic's obs]vation4 ,x is easi] to recognise moral pr9ciple :5 ! p]iod ( temptation is ov]4 ,e ?\ghtful & humane ,engli%man w make all[ance = ! less =tunate position ( ,g]many1 & n fooli%ly pride himself on 8 own sup]iority ( "*4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t !re has be5 a real moral improvem5t 9 ,engl& & ,france1 & x w\ld n[ be impossible = ^? nations to ent] ^u ! aggressive & nak$ly ambiti\s w>s :i* !y 7 accu/om$ to und]take be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we h a g5u9e abhorr5ce ( ! lu/ = l& :i* has impell$ ,g]many to plunge ,europe into w>4 ,b until a c5tury or two ago t lu/ = l& 0 consid]$ a legitimate appetite 9 ,europe1 & ! cl]gy cr[d$ ) ! p to greet ! w>riors :o came home ) ! news t !y _h add$1 by ! sword1 "o m prov9ce to our spread+ ,empire4 ,t ?is *ange ( he>t is n m]ely a feel+ t we h no fur!r ne$ ( aggression1 & w\ld ourselves suff] by ! aggression ( o!rs1 c\ld easily be prov$1 if x 7 necess>y4 ,9 ! same p]iod ( *ange we aboli%$ ! duel1 & !re 0 no mat]ial advantage 9 discov]+ ! immorality ( ! duel4 ,we aboli%$ dog-fight+1 cock-fight+1 bull-bait+1 & o!r brutalis+ spectacles4 ,we und]took a re=m ( our indu/rial & p5al sy/ems :i*1 h[ev] imp]fect x be1 0 v consid]able 9 itself1 & 0 inspir$ solely by motives ( humanity4 ,!re 0 a g5]al & m>k$ improvem5t ( public s5tim5t1 & x is z "p ( ?is improvem5t t we n[ f9d a univ]sal condemnation ( aggressive w> & a widespread dem& = ! entire abolition ( w>4 ,! con/ruction ( ,engli% hi/ory & ,engli% "* on ! l9es ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,%aw may be ent]ta9+1 & may save consid]able tr\ble ( rese>*1 b x does n conduce to s\nd judgm5t4 ,! lam5ts ( social pessimi/s & ( c]ta9 religi\s controv]siali/s are nev] support$ by accurate k4 ,e social hi/orian :o gives evid5ce ( kn[+ ! evils ( ! ,engl& ( a c5tury ago z well z ! ,engl& ( to-day admits t !re has be5 a great moral advance4 ,i w exam9e 9 ! next *apt] c]ta9 comm5ts ( religi\s writ]s & speak]s on ?is advance4 ,"h ,i wi% to det]m9e ! facts ) "s cle>ness4 ,x has n be5 necess>y = me to discuss ! m$ieval & ! e>ly mod]n p]iod ) any fullness4 ,!re is no dispute ab\t ! features ( ^? p]iods4 ,!y 7 ages ( viol5ce1 ( incessant & frankly aggressive w>1 ( unre/ra9$ ambition4 ,! smalle/ pretext suffic$ = a mon>*1 if 8 =ces & f9ances 7 9 ord]1 to invade 8 neighb\r's t]ritory & annex z mu* ( x z he c\ld hold by ! sword4 ,fr$]ic ! ,great & ,napoleon did n introduce new ideas into ,europe2 !y attempt$ to revive m$ieval ideas 9 a *ang+ _w4 ,au/ria 9 its annexation ( ,bosnia & ,h]zegov9a1 ,g]many 9 its ambition to annex ,belgium & ! colonies :i* o!r ,p[]s h labori\sly cultivat$1 are foll[+ _! example4 ,!y are n inv5t+ new =ms ( crim9ality2 !y are n return+ to ,pagan ideals3 !y are rev]t+ m]ely to ideals :i* 7 accept$ ?r\gh\t ,europe = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ! m brutal features ( w> to :i* !y h desc5d$ !y are ev5 m emphatically rev]t+ to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,romans did n commit su* outrages at ! comm& ( educat$ (fic]s4 ,m$ieval ,*ri/ians did3 ! record ( ,papal w>f>e1 d[n to ! ,massacre ( ,p]ugia 9 #ahei1 is z deeply /a9$ z any by ^! abom9able me?ods4 ,my fur!r po9t1 t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* or ,*ur*es made no s]i\s resi/ance to ! prevail+ brutality1 is j z easy to e/abli%4 ,x is a %e] trave/y ( argum5t to put =w>d ! g5tle exhortations ( a ,francis ( ,assisi z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :5 ! ,pope ( ! "t1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & consci5ti\s ,popes ( all "t1 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 0 ?reat5+ or direct+ ! movem5ts ( f]oci\s armies all ov] ,europe4 ,mo/ assur$ly !re 7 among ! numb]s ( f9e *>act]s :o appe>$ 9 ,*ri/5dom 9 ! c\rse ( a ?\s& ye>s _m :o deeply res5t$ ! prevail+ viol5ce4 ,b :5 we speak ( ! ,*ur*1 we speak ( its (ficial action & its pr$om9ant s5tim5t4 ,! (ficial action ( ! ,popes 01 dur+ all t p]iod1 to make ! same use z any t]re/rial mon>* ( ! s]vice ( soldi]s2 !y fail$1 f ,gregory ! ,great to ,pius ,x1 to recognise "o ( ! supreme moral ne$s ( ,europe4 ,! bi%ops ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & ! heads ( ! ,lu!ran & ,calv9i/ic ,*ur*es did n prove to h any s\nd] moral inspiration 9 ?is respect4 ,x 0 left to despis$ bodies l ! ,fri5ds1 :o 7 h>dly recognis$ z ,*ri/ians1 & to r>e individuals to prote/ aga9/ ! sy/em :i* has br\ght su* appall+ evil on ,europe4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! moral s5tim5t ( ,europe began to advance m rapidly ?an x _h previ\sly done1 & ! idea ( sub/itut+ arbitration = w> began to spread4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is re=m has n yet be5 writt51 z f> z ,i c discov]1 b x is h>dly likely t any w be bold en\gh to sugge/ t ! idea 0 due to ,*ri/ianity4 ,aft] ! ,napoleonic w>s1 at lea/1 ,europe 0 ripe = su* a re=m4 ,i d n mean t public feel+ 9 ,europe 0 prep>$ = ! idea4 ,x w\ld h met ) a v consid]able degree ( resi/ance1 & w\ld h g5]ally be5 conceiv$ z ! dream ( an amiable fanatic4 ,su* resi/ance makes ! duty ( ! morali/ or ! re=m] all ! m press+1 & x is m]ely amaz+ to he> ! e>li] ,*ri/ian cl]gy exon]at$ on ! gr\nd t ! _w 0 n prep>$ to receive a message ( peace f !m4 ,!y did n try ! exp]im5t because x did n occur to !m1 or because !y 7 too closely dep5d5t on ! mon>*s ( ! e>? to "q ! wisdom ( _! arrangem5ts4 ,europe 01 9 po9t ( fact1 q ripe = ! *ange 9 ! second decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & !re w\ld assur$ly be no w> to-day if ! ,*ur*es _h _h ! moral inspiration & ! moral c\rage to insi/ on x4 ,! fronti]s ( ! nations 7 7except 9 ! case ( ,italy & ,pol&7 def9$ ) a fair %[ ( ju/ice1 & ! "t _h come to disb& armies & submit any future qu>rel to arbitration3 to reta9 only a small /&+ army 9 ea* c\ntry = ! def5ce ( its colonial fronti]s aga9/ tribes :i* d n respect arbitration1 or = ! en=cem5t ( ! decisions ( ! c5tral tribunal4 ,! conditions 7 almo/ z fav\rable = su* a *ange 9 #ahaf z !y are to-day1 or w be 9 #aiaf1 & x is ano!r grave po9t 9 ! indictm5t ( ,*ri/ianity t x _h no inspiration to dem& t *ange4 ,! bi%ops ( ,engl& no less ?an ! bi%ops ( ,rome 7 deeply conc]n$ ab\t ! rise ( democracy & ! spread ( unbelief1 & !y jo9$ ) ! mon>*s 9 en=c+ a sy/em ( viol5t repression4 ,= ! l>g] & m real ne$ ( ,europe !y _h no feel+ :atev]1 & milit>ism ent]$ ^u its la/ & mo/ t]rible phase3 ! /age ( national armies & ( means ( de/ruction prep>$ ) all ! fe>ful skill ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,z ! n9ete5? c5tury proce$$1 humanit>ianism atta9$ cle>] conceptions & m articulate spee*4 ,! s*eme ( sub/itut+ legal proc$ure = milit>y viol5ce 0 def9itely put be=e ! _w4 ,x is n necess>y1 & w\ld be difficult1 to trace ! e>lie/ developm5ts ( ?is idea4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,i f9d no claim t x 0 put =w>d by repres5tatives ( ,*ri/ianity2 on ! o!r h&1 lit]>y rese>* among ! records ( ! e>ly ,rationali/ movem5ts 9 ?is c\ntry has %[n me t ! idea 0 famili> & welcome among/ !m4 ,no d\bt ! av]sion ( ! ,fri5ds f blood%$ _h "s influ5ce1 & we f9d repres5tatives ( t noble-m9d$ ,society active 9 m ?an "o ( ! e>ly re=m-movem5ts4 ,b1 z f> z ,i c discov]1 x 0 ,rob]t ,ow5 :o fir/ def9itely advanc$ ! idea ( sub/itut+ arbitration = w>1 & x 0 repeat$ly discuss$ among ! ,rational ,religion ,societies--:i* 7 n at all religi\s--t he f\nd$ or inspir$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! imm5se influ5ce :i* he obta9$ 9 ! ?irties & =ties enabl$ him to direct public att5tion to ! re=m4 ,?is e>ly hi/ory is1 h[ev]1 z yet vague & un/udi$1 nor d we ne$ to ent] into any ung5]\s /ruggle ab\t priority4 ,x is en\gh t ! ideali/ s*eme 0 well kn[n 9 ,engl& long be=e ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,did ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es adopt & en=ce x8 ,"h1 at lea/1 no m9ute rese>* is ne$$4 ,! ,*ri/ian bodies fail$ lam5tably & totally 7ap>t f ! het]odox ,fri5ds7 ev5 to recognise ! moral & humane greatness ( ! idea :5 x 0 def9itely pres5t$ to !m4 ,x is only 9 ! la/ few ye>s t a ,peace ,sunday has--at ! sugge/ion ( lay associations--be5 adopt$ 9 ! *ur*es & *apels ( ,engl&4 ,x is only 9 q rec5t times t bi%ops & m9i/]s h /ood on peace-plat=ms & advocat$ ! re=m4 ,& ev5 to-day1 :5 peace associations f\nd$ by laym5 h be5 endeav\r+ = decades to educate ! c\ntry1 no bran* ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has (ficially & collectively decre$ t ,*ri/ian pr9ciples enjo9 ! re=m2 no ,pope or ,ar*bi%op or ,*ur* ,c\ncil has support$ x ) a /]n & (ficial injunction t ,*ri/ian & moral pr9ciple dem&s t all ! memb]s ( ! p>ticul> ,*ur* %all subscribe to & "w = ! re=m4 ,ev5 at ?is elev5? h\r1 :5 ! issue ( peace or w> confronts ! :ole ( mank9d1 "o notices hesitation1 res]ve1 ambiguity4 ,dur+ ! fateful ye>s betwe5 #aijj & #aiad1 :5 ! nations 71 9 ! eyes ( all1 prep>+ ! mo/ appall+ armam5ts ev] kn[n 9 hi/ory1 :5 m5 7 speak+ freely all ov] ,europe ( ! next w> & ! t]rific dim5sions :i* mod]n sci5ce & mod]n alliances w\ld give to x1 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* adh]$ to _! anci5t & futile practice ( prea*+ g5]al pr9ciples 7z f> z national conduct is conc]n$71 & _h little practical influ5ce on ! developm5t4 ,i am n unaw>e ( ! small movem5ts among ! cl]gy = cultivat+ int]national cl]ical fri5d%ip1 or ( ! ext5t to :i* individual cl]gym5 h co-op]at$ 9 ! v>i\s arbitration movem5ts4 ,t is only a feeble dis*>ge ( a small "p ( _! duty4 ,_h ,leo ,,xiii or ,pius ,x issu$ a pla9 & explicit ,encyclical on ! subject1 & direct$ 8 va/ int]national organisation ( cl]gy to lab\r :olehe>t$ly = its realisation1 :o c e/imate :at ! result w\ld h be58 ,_h ! cl]gy ( ,g]many issu$ a /]n & collective d5unciation ( ! ,pan-,g]man & ,imp]iali/ lit]ature :i* 0 in/ill+ poison into e village ( ! c\ntry1 c we suppose t x w\ld h be5 )\t avail8 ,_h ! ,ar*bi%ops & ,bi%ops ( ,engl&1 & ! lead]s ( ! ,free ,*ur*es1 def9itely in/ruct$ _! p t ! pacifi/ ideal 0 n m]ely 9 accord ) ,*ri/ian pr9ciples1 b 0 "o ( ! mo/ urg5t & b5efic5t re=ms ( our "t1 w\ld ! ,engli% p h pass$ z inobs]vantly z x did ?r\gh ! five ye>s ( prep>ation = a great w>8 ,x is no "p ( my plan to analyse ?is deplorable failure ( ! ,*ur*es z moral ag5cies4 ,! explanation w\ld be complex1 & is n[ sup]flu\s4 ,! cl]gy 71 l ! majority ( _! fell[s1 obsess$ by ! milit>y sy/em & unable to realise ! possibility ( a *ange4 ,9 "p !y 7 delud$ by ! cat*-words ( sup]ficial lit]ature4 ,!y _h an idea t we 7 ask+ ,engl& to l[] its armam5t :ile ! re/ ( ! _w increas$ its armam5t4 ,!y mutt]$ t ! "t 0 n ripe1 n realis+ t x 0 _! bus9ess to make x ripe4 ,!y _h be5 accu/om$ = ages to prea*+ a purely individuali/ morality1 & !y felt ill at ease 9 ! l>g] social applications ( moral pr9ciple :i* our age reg>ds z m important4 ,!y fe>$ to (f5d milit>y support]s1 & did n realise t "o may entirely hon\r ! soldi] z long z ! milit>y sy/em la/s1 yet res5t ! sy/em4 ,!y felt t ?is new movem5t 0 suspici\sly hail$ by ,sociali/s1 & t to d5\nce armies _h an air ( politics ab\t x4 ,!y 7 peculi>ly w$d$ to tradition1 on acc\nt ( ! v nature !y claim$ = _! traditions1 & !y in/9ctively felt t to d5\nce w> w\ld be to attempt to improve1 n m]ely on _! pr$ecessors1 b on ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,!y solac$ !mselves ) ! ?\ght t unnecess>y viol5ce 0 condemn$ 9 _! g5]al tea*+1 & t1 if x ev5tually transpir$ t w> 0 unnecess>y1 !y c\ld po9t out once m ! all-embrac+ "* ( ! ,*ri/ian e?ic4 ,9 f9e1 !y 7 = ! great] "p1 l ! great] "p ( _! fell[s1 m5tally indol5t & indispos$ to ?9k out or fight = a new idea4 ,:atev] ! explanation1 ! fact rema9s4 ,by ! t5? c5tury ,*ri/ianity 0 fully organis$1 & all ! peoples ( ,europe 7 ,*ri/ian2 by ! ?irte5? c5tury ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* 0 enorm\s & ! nations ( ,europe 7 settl$ & civilis$4 ,b nei!r !n nor at any lat] p]iod did ,*ri/ianity p]ceive ! crime & /upidity ( ! prevail+ sy/em4 ,! p]ception is ev5 n[ only fa9t & p>tial4 ,x is ?is long tol]ation ( ! milit>y sy/em1 ! ?\s&-ye> sil5ce on :at is n[ acclaim$ z "o ( ! greate/ applications ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciple1 t "o f9ds x difficult or impossible to =give4 ,! zeal ( "s ( ! mod]n cl]gy is op5 to a c]ta9 n unnatural suspicion3 9 view ( _! %r9k+ au?ority & ! gr[+ indiff]5ce ( ! _w to dogma & ritual1 !y h be5 =c$ to take up ^! new & l>g] ideas ( our "t4 ,ev5 if "o lays aside t suspicion1 & 9 _m cases x is q unju/1 ! cl]gy mu/ realise t ! indictm5t ( ,*ri/ianity is grave1 & is almo/ unatonable4 ,^? ?\s& ye>s ( conflict1 dur+ :i* !y sanction$ e v>iety ( w> & initiat$ _m w>s 9 _! own int]e/1 h giv5 ! milit>y sy/em su* root 9 ! he>ts ( m5 t x w require a supreme & prolong$ ef=t to de/roy x4 ,! prov]bial visitor f ,m>s w\ld n be s mu* amaz$ at any feature ( our life z at ?is ret5tion amid a great civilisation ( ! b>b>ic me?od ( settl+ int]national diff]5ces4 ,he w\ld ask 9 a/oni%m5t h[ an intellig5t & g5]ally humane race1 a race :i* raises homes = /ray cats & ag$ horses1 c\ld cl+ to a sy/em :i*1 on infallible exp]i5ce1 plunges "o or m c\ntries 9 ! deepe/ suff]+ e few ye>s4 ,he w\ld le>n t !re has n be5 a w> 9 ,europe = a hundr$ ye>s ! initial cause ( :i* w\ld n h be5 bett] appreciat$ & adjudicat$ on by a body ( imp>tial lawy]s2 & t1 if ! qu>rels _h ?us be5 submitt$ to arbitration1 we %\ld h sav$ 7includ+ ! annual milit>y exp5diture & ! co/ ( ! pres5t w>7 "s ?ree million lives & m ?an #ae1jjj1jjj1jjj--s9ce ! end ( ! ,napoleonic w>s4 ,9 answ] to ! amazem5t ( ?is imag9>y critic1 we c\ld reply only t ,europe has gr[n to reg>d ! milit>y sy/em z s p]man5t & unque/ion$ an in/itution ( our civilisation t x simply _c imag9e ! abolition ( t sy/em4 ,= ?is incapacity1 ?is widespread in]tia1 ?is blund]+ idea t !re is "s s]i\s intr9sic difficulty 9 ! matt]1 ! ,*ur*es are responsible4 ,if !y _h direct$ to w> ! smalle/ p>ticle ( ! ard5t rhetoric !y h p\r$ on disbelief 9 dogmas :i* !y are to-day ab&on+1 ! public m9d w\ld h awak5$ long ago4 ,!re is no intr9sic difficulty 9 sub/itut+ arbitration = w>4 ,!re are te*nical difficulties :i* ! great lawy]s & /atesm5 ( ! peace-movem5t h giv5 ample promise ( surm\nt+1 b ! ov]:elm+ ob/acle is m]ely ?is--! peoples ( ,europe d n insi/ on ! re=m4 ,( all ! l>ge problems :i* confront ! mod]n m9d ?is is incomp>ably ! simple/4 ,we are hopelessly divid$ z to ! nature ( ! rem$y = mo/ ( our social ills4 ,"h ! rem$y is ackn[l$g$3 ! plan has be5 elaborat$ almo/ 9 entirety3 ! int]national tribunal already exi/s1 & awaits only its executive1 :i* ! nations ( ,europe c\ld supply to-morr[4 ,x is ! w1 ! dem&1 t is want+4 ,= t lack we *>ge ! utt] failure ( ! ,*ur*es dur+ ! ages ( _! p[] to enunciate a pla9 moral lesson1 & _! positive enc\ragem5t ( an evil sy/em4 ,t is ! real indictm5t4 ,x affects ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 e nation4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,apologies ,,( ,,! ,,cl]gy ,any p]son :o c>es to read ! reports ( ! utt]ances ( our cl]gy 9 ! curr5t religi\s p]iodicals w recognise t !y are pa9fully consci\s ( ! reproa* :i* ?is w> implies4 ,"o con/antly f9ds !m repeat+ t 9 ?is ye> ( trag$y ,*ri/ianity has fail$ & ! gospel has brok5 9 our h&s4 ,x _h be5 _! boa/ t ,*ri/ianity _h civilis$ ,europe1 & none ( !m has ! audacity or indec5cy to claim1 z "s writ]s h done1 t su* a w> is 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples & ideals ( civilisation4 ,!y h prea*$ bro!rhood & peace1 & ! great] "p ( ,*ri/5dom is engag$ 9 a /rife ( ! mo/ t]rible nature4 ,x is n a /ruggle ( ,*ri/ian & infidel2 x is a /ruggle ( ,*ri/ian & ,*ri/ian1 & "o or sev]al ( ! ,*ri/ian nations involv$ are guilty ( a crime great] 9 magnitude ?an all ! murd]s 9 ,europe dur+ a decade4 ,above all patriotism1 above all imm$iate anxiety1 above all argum5tation ab\t responsibility1 ?is grim fact /&s out & reproa*es !m3 aft] fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ( ,*ri/ian prea*+ ,europe is lock$ 9 ! bloodie/ /ruggle ( all "t4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifty or hundr$ ye>s ! cl]gy h develop$ "s exp]tness 9 mak+ apologies4 ,!y h liv$ 9 a _w ( anxi\s que/ions & heat$ *>ges1 & a special dep>tm5t call$ ,apologetics has be5 add$ to !ology4 ,!y are1 x is true1 sorely p]plex$1 divid$ 9 c\nsel1 uneasy z to _! proc$ure4 ,"s w\ld ignore ! p]t9aci\s outsid] & p]suade _! foll[]s t he is negligible2 o!rs w\ld su/a9 an en]getic campaign aga9/ him4 ,"s w\ld op5ly & c&idly meet ! que/ions ( _! foll[]s2 o!rs w\ld pref] n to unsettle ! l>ge numb] :o nev] ask que/ions4 ,at ! pres5t juncture x is impossible to be :olly sil5t4 ,"s ( ! cl]gy1 x seems--,i le>n ?is f ! record$ words ( em95t prea*]s--wi% to ignore ! w> & g on ) _! bus9ess z usual4 ,b ! majority feel t su* a proc$ure is dang]\s4 ,?is viol5t brea* ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples by ,*ri/ian nations requires "s explanation4 ,:]e is ! long-boa/$ moral influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,:]e is ! all-lov+ rul] ( ! univ]se8 ,let u exam9e "s ( ! apologies ( ! prea*]s4 ,let me confess t1 f a long exp]i5ce ( ?is apologetic bran* ( !ology1 ,i am n surpris$ to f9d t n a s+le speak] or writ]--z f> z my read+ ( _! utt]ances goes--fairly meets ! ma9 difficulty4 ,mo/ ( !m1 naturally1 are cont5t to plead t ! w> has be5 =c$ on ,europe by ,g]many1 & t !re=e no responsibility lies on ,*ri/ianity z a :ole = ! trag$y & ! moral failure x involves4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m g ev5 f>!r4 ,!y po9t to ! h]oic sacrifices made 9 def5ce ( an ideal by ,france1 ,belgium1 ,engl&1 & ,russia--! millions ( m5 /ream+ to ! battle-field1 ! millions ( wom5 bravely endur+ ! susp5se & ! loss1 ! millions :o g5]\sly op5 _! purses to e philan?ropic ent]prise--& !y acclaim ?is z a triumph ( ,*ri/ian civilisation4 ,z to ! failure ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,g]many to /& ! te/1 !y ei!r po9t sup]ficially to ! gr[? ( ,rationalism1 ,biblical ,criticism1 & ,socialism 9 t c\ntry1 or !y take refuge 9 ! confusions ( ! extreme pacifi/s & refuse to assign responsibility at all1 or !y p]suade !mselves t a small m9ority ( m5 :o 7 n ,*ri/ians delud$ ! ,g]man p into cons5t+ to ! w>4 ,9 any case1 !y insi/ t ,*ri/ianity z a :ole is n impea*$4 ,assume t ,au/ria 0 dragg$ into ! w> by ,g]many1 & y h f\r ,*ri/ian nations--five1 if "o includes ,s]bia--behav+ ) great gallantry & entire propriety1 & only "o ,*ri/ian nation misbehav+4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is is ! common religi\s attitude1 b x does n satisfy "s ( ! m ?\ghtful & e>ne/ prea*]s4 ,?is optimism seems to !m rebuk$ by ! v fact t ,*ri/5dom is 9 a /ate ( w> to :i* ,paganism c (f] no p>allel4 ,!y ?9k ( ! l&s beyond ! sea to :i* !y h be5 s5d+ ! ,*ri/ian message ( peace & bro!rhood4 ,!y fancy !y see ,*9a & ,japan smil+ _! fa9t b di/ress+ smile at ! situation 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe4 ,!y h assur$ all ^! di/ant peoples t _! fai? has built up a %9+ civilisation 9 ,europe1 & n[ !re fla% & quiv] ?r\gh ! n]ves ( ! _w ! daily messages ( horror1 ( fi]ce hatr$1 ( appall+ c>nage1 ( ! wanton de/ruction by ,*ri/ians ( ,*ri/ian temples4 ,! ,gospel has1 someh[1 brok5 d[n 9 ,europe1 !y regretfully admit4 ,b !y nev] g beyond ?is vague admission & boldly /ate ! s9 ( ! ,*ur*es4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t1 9 spite ( its obvi\s & lam5table failure1 !y /ill ?\ght t _! pr$ecessors _h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 prea*+ only ! g5]al t]ms ( ! ,*ri/ian gospel & nev] apply+ x to w>4 ,"o w\ld fancy t !y are s unacqua9t$ ) hi/ory z to suppose t dur+ ! long ages ( ! pa/ ! ,*ur*es 7 really fr[n+ on viol5ce & w>f>e1 in/ead ( bless+ & employ+ x4 ,!y fe> to draw out 9 its full proportion ! inefficacy 7because ( its vagu5ess7 ( ! gospel & ! long p]v]sion ( its m9i/]s4 ,yet we _c evade ?is fundam5tal fact ( ! situation1 t ?is p>ticul> w> is an outcome ( a g5]al milit>y sy/em1 & ! ,*ur*es h a v grave responsibility = ! ma9t5ance ( t sy/em until ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,we all "k h[ ! te*nical moral !ologian ( rec5t times has gloss$ ! complac5cy ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,he has drawn a di/9ction betwe5 (f5sive & def5sive w>1 &1 s9ce ! latt] is obvi\sly j1 he has ma9ta9$ t armies are rightly rais$ to wage x :5 necess>y4 ,on ?is petty fallacy ! ,*ur*es h s long reconcil$ !mselves to milit>ism1 & h1 9 fact1 be5 among/ its close/ allies4 ,! cl]gy did n1 or w\ld n1 see t ! ret5tion ( ! milit>y sy/em 0 9 itself ! sure/ provocation ( (f5sive w>2 t ambition or covet\sness c\ld almo/ always f9d a moral pretext = aggression1 & t !re h be5 comp>atively few prie/s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,europe :o ev] /ood out & unmask$ ! hypocrisy ( su* mon>*s4 ,z long z ! milit>y sy/em la/$1 x 0 c]ta9 t w>s w\ld take place1 yet !y nev] d5\nc$ ! sy/em4 ,! great conception ( sub/itut+ ju/ice = viol5ce1 law = lawlessness1 did n ent] ! m9d ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 born ( ! secul> humanit>ian _s ( mod]n times4 ,= any s]i\s p]son ?is is ! grave/ *>ge :i* ! cl]gy h to meet1 & !y "o & all evade x4 ,! civilisation ( ,europe has a unique greatness on its mat]ial side2 9 its appli$ sci5ce1 its eng9e]+1 its indu/ries1 its comm]ce4 ,= t1 assur$ly1 ! ,*ur*es are n 9 any degree responsible4 ,our civilisation is unique also 9 its political p[]1 its ma/]y ov] o!r peoples2 & = t aga9 ! ,*ur*es are n responsible4 ,x is great on ! intellectual side1 9 its sci5ce & philosophy1 its art & g5]al culture2 & t greatness1 too1 has be5 won indep5d5tly (1 or 9 defiance (1 ! cl]gy4 ,on ! moral side only x may plausibly be connect$ ) its e/abli%$ religion1 & "h precisely x fails & approa*es b>b>ism4 ,i d n wond] t ! ,*ur*es are tr\bl$1 & d n wond] greatly t !y are sil5t4 ,b :ile !y are sil5t on ! ma9 issue1 !y h a va/ am\nt to say ab\t m9or issues & second>y aspects4 ,!y console & reconcile _! p 9 a hundr$ ways4 ,actually !y seem1 9 a great measure1 to ent]ta9 ! idea t ! ,*ur*es are go+ to em]ge f ?is trial /rong] ?an ev]1 & to witness at la/ t religi\s revival :i* !y _h almo/ begun to despair ( secur+4 ,let me exam9e a few ( ^! cl]ical pron\ncem5ts4 ,i d n *oose ! ecc5tric s]mons ( ill-educat$ rural prea*]s1 b ! utt]ances ( "s ( ! m di/+ui%$ prea*]s1 reproduc$ ) pride & hon\r 9 ! lead+ religi\s p]iodicals4 ,yet no p]son c coldly reflect on ^! pron\ncem5ts & fail to realise t our g5]ation acts n unnaturally 9 pass+ by ! op5 doors ( ! ,*ur*es2 t ! cl]gy are1 z usual1 %irk+ ! mo/ s]i\s que/ions ( ! mod]n intellig5ce1 & tru/+ ma9ly to pr(it by ! heat$ & disord]$ & confus+ emotions ( ! h\r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ( ^! deliv]ances rea*es me f ,au/ralia1 b z x comes f "o ( ! lead+ prelates ( ! ,commonweal? & does assur$ly express :at multitudes ( prea*]s are say+ ev]y:]e1 ,i d n hesitate to give x prom95ce4 ,ar*bi%op ,c>r1 ( ,melb\rne1 set out 9 ! middle ( ! w> to enlight5 8 foll[]s1 & 8 words are report$ ) great def]5ce 9 ! ,melb\rne ,age 7,decemb] #bh?74 ,! prelate obs]v$ t he _h v /rong ideas ab\t ! w> 7,i quote ! words ( ! ,age71 & did n believe x _h happ5$ by accid5t1 or by ! *ance action ( "s k+ or emp]or4 ,he believ$ t ! great ,god :o provid$ = all human creatures1 ?r\gh ! w> 0 puni%+ s9 t _h prevail$ = a long "t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! %ape ( infidelity4 ,! ,ar*bi%op prov$ f hi/ory & ! ,bible t w> did come sometimes z a puni%m5t ( s91 & he conclud$1 or ! j\rnal ?us summ>ises 8 conclusion3 ,! reason t ,god 0 us+ ! pres5t w> = ! puni%m5t ( ! nations 0 t = a v consid]able "t !re _h be5 n m]ely neglect ( ! wor%ip & s]vice ( ,god1 :i* _h always exi/$ to a great] or less ext5t1 b a regul> uprais+ ( human light & human und]/&+ & human w aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,x 0 n s common among u "h x is j z common1 b !re 7 c\ntries 9 ,europe 9 :i* ! _s ( infidelity & ! abs5ce ( sup]natural fai? _h be5 increas+ = _m ye>s4 ,m5 7 com+ to ?9k !y 7 q suffici5t 9 !mselves = ! work+ out ( _! own de/9ies1 b ! w> _h come1 & x 0 humbl+ su* m54 ,ar*bi%op ,c>r is n adduc$ "h z a repres5tative type ( cl]ical culture4 ,on :at gr\nds ! ,roman ,ca?olic au?orities select m5 l him & ! late ,c>d9al ,moran to preside ov] ! de/9ies ( _! ,*ur* 9 our great & promis+ ,commonweal? is n cle>4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is important s]mon1 9 :i* he is deliv]+ 8 v p]sonal & mature conclusions on ! greate/ issue ( ! h\r1 ! ,ar*bi%op obs]v$ t ! ,roman ,empire _h be5 attack$ by ,attila & ,attila sc\rg$ ! ,romans = ! crimes ( :i* !y _h = a long :ile be5 guilty4 ,"o is surpris$ t he did n add ! pretty leg5d ( ! awe-/rick5 ,hun retreat+ be=e ! maje/ic figure ( ,pope ,leo ,i4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( u are aw>e t1 z a /ud5t 9 any college ( ,au/ralia ought to be able to in=m ! ,ar*bi%op1 ,attila nev] rea*$ )9 two hundr$ miles ( ,rome1 & t ! ,pagan ,romans1 :om ! ,ar*bi%op obvi\sly has 9 m9d1 _h be5 ext+ui%$ long be=e ! mon>* ( ! ,huns 0 born4 ,!re is no great] hi/orical s*ol>%ip 9 ! o!r pro(s :i* ! prelate br+s 9 support ( 8 !sis t w> is (t5 delib]ately s5t z a puni%m5t4 ,b :at are we to make ( ! moral /&>ds ( an em95t prelate ( ! ,roman ,*ur* :o c hold & express s appall+ a !ory8 ,x is bas$ on ! moral /&>d ( ! ,prussian (fic]1 ( ! m$ieval tortur]4 ,! majority ( cl]gym5 h at l5g? come to realise1 t>dily & reluctantly1 t ! man or woman :o rejects ! cre$s !y (f] may q possibly n believe 9 !m4 ,! practice ( describ+ a refusal to ass5t to ! doctr9e ( hell & heav5 z a wilful rebellion ( passion aga9/ ! re/ra9+ influ5ces ( ,*ri/ianity is go+ out ( fa%ion4 ,*ri/ian p 7 meet+ too _m h]etics 9 ! fle%1 & did n recognise ! ?+ describ$ f ! pulpit4 ,! /urdy ,ar*bi%op w h none ( ?is pamp]+4 ,unbelief is a matt] ( ! w z well z ! und]/&+4 ,& he actually believes t ,god guid$ ! ?\ghts ( ,william ,,ii 9 eng9e]+ ?is w>--believes x = a reason a hundr$ times worse ?an ! ,kais]'s idea4 ,he believes t ,god s5t on ,europe a w> t w co/ #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj1 t is bla/+ ! homes & embitt]+ ! he>ts ( millions1 t m+les ! innoc5t & guilty 9 "o common & fe>ful desolation1 t s5ds millions to a premature dea? amid/ circum/ances :i* d n l5d !mselves to a dev\t prep>ation1 t is rais+ /orms ( hatr$ & p]v]t+ ! s\ls ( millions1 because a few o!r millions refuse to g to *ur*4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conceive a crud] & m b>b>\s idea4 ,attila did n sc\rge ! ,romans1 b he did sc\rge o!r peoples2 & we hold him up to execration = ev] = x4 ,b ,ar*bi%op ,c>r1 & _m o!r prea*]s1 ?9k t an all-holy & all-intellig5t ,god c d inf9itely worse ?an ,attila4 ,he is go+ to puni% ! unbeliev]s 9 et]nal fire :5 !y die3 meantime he w make a hell on e>? = ! innoc5t z well z ! suppos$ guilty1 ! *ild & ! "m z well z ! free-?9k+ fa!r4 ,( a tru?1 x is n surpris+ t a reluctance to li/5 to s]mons has spread to ,melb\rne1 & t m5 are wond]+ :e!r !y _h bett] n take 9 h& _! own de/9ies r ?an entru/ !m to su* spiritual guides z ?is4 ,note1 p>ticul>ly1 9 pass+ ! emphasis :i* ! ,ar*bi%op puts on ! det]m9ation ( our g5]ation to control its own de/9ies4 ,until ! n9ete5? c5tury m5 entru/$ _! de/9ies1 on ! moral side1 to guides l ,ar*bi%op ,c>r4 ,i h describ$ ! result4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury !re began ?is practice1 :i* ! ,ar*bi%op ?9ks wor?y ( s inhuman a *a/isem5t1 ( m5 att5d+ to _! own moral int]e/s4 ,( ?is also ,i h describ$ ! result4 ,! moral s5tim5t ( ,europe has greatly improv$1 & !re is at lea/ a widespread revolt aga9/ w>f>e & a prospect ( aboli%+ x4 ,= ?is ,god1 ! m ?an human1 scor*$ ,europe ) ! horrible flames :i* ,ar*bi%op ,c>r ?9ks he keeps 9 8 ars5al ( torture-implem5ts4 ,! ,ar*bi%op says t infidelity has n spread s mu* 9 ,au/ralia4 ,i %\ld1 if ,i 7 n well acqua9t$ ) ! ,commonweal?1 be dispos$ to see 9 t ! reason :y em95t prelates c /ill utt] su* gross m$ieval nons5se 9 t c\ntry4 ,9 ,engl& ?is p>ticul>ly crude type ( nons5se is n usually utt]$ by prea*]s ( di/9ction1#b ?\gh x is common en\gh among less responsible prea*]s2 b !re is a dang]\s approa* to x 9 "s ( ! s]mons :i* ! religi\s p]iodicals reg>d z important4 ,look+ ov] ! curr5t issues ( ! religi\s press1 ,i notice a s]mon on ! w> by ,pr(essor ,cl[1 9 :i* ! ,allies are1 9 h>mony ) 8 te/1 describ$ z ! vultures ( ,god4 ,g]many1 x seems1 is ! prey1 & ,g]many's s9s are pa9t$ black4 ,pr(essor ,cl[1 x is true1 %r9ks f ! v natural implication ( 8 words1 b he cle>ly intimates t he sees ! action ( ,god 9 ! milit>y conduct ( ! ,allies1 & to t ext5t he is h>dly less revolt+1 9 view ( 8 culture1 ?an ! ar*bi%op4 ,c\ld ! ,god ( ,pr(essor ,cl[ f9d no o!r way ( remov+ ,g]many's arrogance ?an to se> & bla/ x ) a _w-w> & involve millions ( innoc5t along ) ! guilty 9 8 lakes ( fire & blood8 ,m important1 h[ev]1 is a s]mon deliv]$ be=e ! rec5t ,national ,free ,*ur* ,c\ncil by "o ( ! mo/ e/eem$ ,noncon=mi/ prea*]s1 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,ru%brooke1 & reproduc$ admir+ly 9 ! ,noncon=mi/ j\rnals4 ,! cl\d ( w>1 naturally1 brood$ ov] ?is ga!r+ ( m9i/]s4 ,"s ( !m h]oically clos$ _! eyes to x & w5t on ) _! cl]ical bus9ess z usual4 ,b mo/ ( ! speak]s seem to h felt t all o!r issues 7 ?ru/ aside 9 ! m9ds ( _! foll[]s j n[1 & t a grave & s\l-%ak+ "q possess$ !m4 ,z a result we h1 ,i suppose1 ! f9e/ ef=ts ( ,noncon=mity to meet t "q & save ! pre/ige ( ! ,*ur*es4 ,mr4 ,ru%brooke frankly describ$ ! w> z an ov]:elm+ cata/rophe1 gravely di/urb+ ! religi\s m9d4 ,x bore witness1 he said1 to ! failure ( organis$1 or disorganis$1 ,*ri/ianity4 ,he conceiv$ x z ,god's judgm5t ^u ! ,*ur*'s failure s]i\sly to devote h]self to ! great cause ( peace on e>? & good-w among m54 ,) all _! boa/s ( :at ,*ri/ianity _h done 9 ,europe1 x n[ appe>$ t t civilisation 0 rais$ ^u f\ndations ( s&4 ,! prea*] claim$ t mu* 0 be+ done 9 mod]n times by ! cl]gy to promote int]national amity1 b he seem$ to feel t x 0 little & 0 v rec5t4 ,! spectacle unfold$ be=e u 9 ,europe to-day is a suffici5t pro( ( its inadequacy4 ,&1 z ,mr4 ,ru%brooke said1 we n[ see h[ little use x is to prea* ideals at home & n apply !m to ! common life ( ! _w4 ,^! words are ! ne>e/ to wisdom t ,i h f\nd among a l>ge collection ( pulpit-utt]ances & religi\s articles4 ,! prea*] pla9ly sees1 & ) "s measure ( c&\r confesses1 t long remissness ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s 9 apply+ _! pr9ciples to :i* ! w>1 & all w>s1 are fundam5tally due4 ,! record :i* he c>efully makes ( rec5t ef=ts to r$eem ! failure is paltry 9 comp>ison ) ! res\rces ev5 ( ! ,free ,*ur*es1 & only s]ves to br+ out m cle>ly ! awful neglect ( ,*ri/ian m9i/]s dur+ ! long ages :5 !y _h a mighty p[] 9 ,europe4 ,b ,mr4 ,ru%brooke makes "o grave error4 ,he feels t n m]ely ! relation ( ! w> to ,*ri/ianity1 b its relation to ,god1 is engag+ public att5tion1 & he /umbles into ! !ory t ,god s5t ! w>4 ,x is ,god's judgm5t on ! ,*ur*'s failure4 ,we mu/ suppose t ,mr4 ,ru%brooke did n lit]ally mean :at he said4 ,8 words imply a !ory ( ! w> m mon/r\s ev5 ?an t ( ,ar*bi%op ,c>r4 ,to puni% ,europe = ! s9s ( unbeliev]s has at lea/ a g5u9e m$ieval plausibility ab\t x2 b to s5d ?is indescribable plague on ! nations ( ,europe because ! cl]gy fail$ to d _! duty4444 ,"o mu/ really assume t ,mr4 ,ru%brooke did n mean :at he said1 & leave ! s5t5ce unf9i%$4 ,:at he meant x is impossible to conjecture4 ,to ! religi\s m9d ,god's judgm5t means a *a/isem5t s5t by ,god4 ,b1 :atev] ,mr4 ,ru%brooke meant1 he _h be5 wis] to leave ! idea ( ,god out ( 8 comm5ts on ?is w>1 & to say frankly t x w\ld br+ on !m & on _! pr$ecessors1 on ! :ole ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! judgm5t ( man & ! judgm5t ( hi/ory = _! neglect ( _! opportunities4 ,! ,rev4 ,a4 ,t4 ,gutt]y address$ ! ,c\ncil 9 a m *e]ful mood1 & 8 reflections are *>act]i/ic ( a l>ge gr\p ( ! cl]gy4 ,he w\ld n = a mom5t all[ ! failure ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,*ur*es _h1 he said1 be5 s successful 9 compell+ ! _w to recognise ! evil ( aggressive w>f>e t ev5 ! ,g]mans 7 eag] to describe _! action z purely def5sive4 ,! ,pagan glory ( w> = its own sake 0 gone4 ,& :5 we ackn[l$ge ! comp>ative failure ( religion 9 ,g]many1 & re/rict our att5tion to ! sph]e ( our own cl]gy1 we f9d t !y h creat$ an entirely new _s4 ,! lu/ = t]ritory & = gold is felt no m 9 ,engl&4 ,"h !re is no maffick+ ov] victories1 !re are no hymns ( hate4 ,! ,briti% nation has be5 sob]$ by ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we may regret t ! ,g]man p has n prov$ equally susceptible1 & its pa/ors equally en]getic1 b we _c be> _! burd54 ,_! naught9ess alone has di/urb$ ! moral progress :i*1 ev5 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 ,*ri/ianity 0 fo/]+4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 a v usual attitude ( ! cl]gy1 & ,i h already appreciat$ ! s\nd elem5t ( x4 ,!re is no comp>ison betwe5 ! behavi\r ( ! two nations4 ,:e!r ,engl& des]ves q all ! complim5ts :i* ,mr4 ,gutt]y %[]s ^u x may be a matt] ( op9ion4 ,we h z yet little cause = maffick+1 b !re is v little d\bt t x w occur on a gr&iose scale be=e ! w> is ov]4 ,we d n s+ hymns ( hate2 b x might be haz>d\s to speculate :at we w\ld d if "s nation drew an iron r+ r\nd our c\ntry & r$uc$ u almo/ to a condition ( />vation4 ,we h no lu/ = t]ritory--,i am n sure ab\t ! lu/ = gold--because we h 9 our ,empire t]ritory en\gh = our population2 & we may wait to see if ,engl& does n annex any "p ( ,g]many's ,african or ,pacific possessions4 ,mr4 ,gutt]y's contra/ is crude & sup]ficial4 ,he ignores ! economic & geographical conditions :i* give u a feel+ ( cont5t & ,g]many a pr(\nd feel+ ( discont5t & a dang]\s ambition4 ,! ,g]man "* is n 9 itself inf]ior to ours1 & x 7 well = u to fancy ourselves 9 ,g]many's position & wond] if we w\ld h act$ o!rwise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i h freely ackn[l$g$1 or claim$1 t !re has be5 a great improvem5t 9 ! moral temp] ( ,europe1 & t ?is is especially se5 9 ! odium t is n[ ca/ on aggressive or (f5sive w>4 ,b to claim ?is improvem5t = ! cr$it ( religion is1 to say ! lea/1 audaci\s4 ,! m simple-m9d$ ( ,mr4 ,gutt]y's he>]s w\ld imag9e t ! *ange set 9 ) ! fall ( ,paganism4 ,! ,pagan glory ( w> = its own sake is gone4 ,:5 cl]ical writ]s speak ( ,paganism !y ?9k t any evil de$ ev] done by a ,pagan is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole body2 !y ask u to apply a diff]5t /&>d to _! own body4 ,plato & ,socrates 7 ,pagans2 ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,anton9us ,pius--to speak ( w>riors & /atesm5--7 ,pagans4 ,! tru? is t a glory 9 w> = its own sake 0 no m g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( ,paganism ?an x 0 ( ,*ri/ian ,europe until a c5tury ago3 x 0 probably less4 ,mo/ ( ! ,g]man ,emp]ors & ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,spa9 w\ld fairly come "u ! description :i* ,mr4 ,gutt]y calls ,pagan4 ,"o h>dly ne$s to "k mu* ( hi/ory to p]ceive t ?is moral improvem5t 9 ! conception ( w> belongs to ! la/ c5tury & a half1 & x is some:at bold to claim t a *ange :i* made no appe>ance dur+ a ?\s& ye>s ( pr(\nd ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 & did beg9 to appe> & make progress z t fai? wan$1 c be claim$ = ,*ri/ianity4 ,i d n =get t ! !ologian began long ago1 9 ! seclusion ( 8 cell or /udy1 to condemn (f5sive w>f>e4 ,b !re h be5 hundr$s ( (f5sive w>s wag$ by ,*ri/ian mon>*s s9ce t date1 & we d n read ( any in/ance 9 :i* ! cl]gy fail$ to endorse ! ?9 casui/ry by :i* ! (f5sive 0 turn$ into a def5sive or a prev5tive w>1 or refus$ to sanction an entire neglect ( ! pr9ciple4 ,dr4 ,scott-,lidgett foll[$ on some:at simil> l9es4 ,! :ole tr\ble1 he prote/$1 0 due to an anti-,*ri/ian1 illib]al1 & inhuman sy/em4 ,x seems t he 0 ref]r+ to ,prussia1 & x is regrettable t he did n feel call$ to expla9 :y t sy/em prevails 9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l #aiae1 or h[ x f9ds an in/rum5t ( its ambition 9 a milit>ism t ought to h be5 d5\nc$ & aboli%$ c5turies ago4 ,mr4 ,%akespe>e1 ano!r di/+ui%$ ,noncon=mi/1 foll[s ! same facile c\rse--ca/s all ! responsibility on ,g]many--& equally fails to expla9 h[ ,g]many came to f9d ! ma*9]y ( de/ruction at its h& 9 our age4 ,9 f9e1 ,dean ,welldon1 "o ( ! mo/ en]getic spokesm5 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 address$ ?is ,free ,*ur* ,c\ncil1 & imp>t$ an elem5t ( orig9ality4 ,he us$ ! inconclusive & dang]\s argum5t ( tu quoque4 ,if1 he said1 y claim t ?is w> exhibits ! failure ( ,*ri/ianity1 y mu/ admit t x %[s equally ! failure ( sci5ce & civilisation4 ,nay1 he says1 gr[+ bold]1 if y\r cont5tion is true1 ,*ri/ianity has done no m ?an supply ! in/rum5t ( its own de/ruction1 b sci5ce & civilisation h br\ght u back to savag]y4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 difficult to foll[ a man's r\nd$ ?\ght 9 ! crabb$ phrases ( an abbreviat+ report]1 b x is pla9 t ,dean ,welldon has "h be5 guilty ( a confusion :i* only betrays 8 apologetic pov]ty 9 face ( ?is great crisis4 ,sci5ce--& x is especially sci5ce t ! cl]gy conceive z ! rival !y h to discr$it--has no conc]n :atev] ) ! w>4 ,sci5ce1 ei!r z an organis$ body ( tea*]s or z a bran* ( culture1 has nev] discuss$ w>1 & nev] _h ! fa9te/ duty or opportunity to d s4 ,economic sci5ce may discuss p>ticul> aspects ( w>1 b ! economi/ deals ) ?+s z !y are1 n z !y ought to be4 ,moral sci5ce ev5 is n a prea*+ ag5cy1 desir\s ( divid+ ) ! cl]gy ! e?ical guidance ( ! p4 ,:5 m5 pit sci5ce aga9/ religion1 !y usually ref] to its sup]ior p[] ( expla9+ reality4 ,& if x be object$ t !re=e no morally educative ag5cy w\ld rema9 if religion 7 disc>d$1 ! answ] is simple4 ,a sy/em ( moral idealism f\nd$ on sci5ce--x is absurd to call x sci5ce--does exi/1 & might at any "t be enl>g$ to ! proportions ( a national or int]national educative ag5cy4 ,z yet x is left to individual cultivation or cry/allis$ 9 a few t9y associations1 su* z ,e?ical & ,secul>i/ &1 p>tly1 ,sociali/ ,societies2 & ,i v5ture to say1 f a l>ge exp]i5ce ( ^! bodies1 t1 ap>t f ! pr(ess$ peace societies1 !y h be5 m assidu\s ?an any religi\s associations 9 ,engl&1 9 proportion to _! "w1 9 dem&+ ! sub/itution ( arbitration = w>1 & t ! ov]:elm+ majority1 almo/ ! entirety1 ( _! memb]s are pacifi/s4 ,to speak ( ?is small organis$ =ce1 ) its sl5d] influ5ce1 z equally discr$it$ ) ! f> mighti] & ?\s&-ye>-old] influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*es w\ld be /rangely incongru\s2 & x is h>dly less incongru\s to drag sci5ce into ! comp>ison4 ,a some:at simil> di/9ction mu/ be obs]v$ 9 reg>d to civilisation4 ,! anti!sis ( religion & civilisation is confus$ & confus+4 ,*ri/ian m9i/]s h claim$ t !y are ! moral elem5t ( civilisation1 & !y h jeal\sly combat$ e ef=t to take f !m or divide ) !m t function4 ,!y resi/ e attempt to exclude _! almo/ useless ,bible-lessons f our s*ools1 & to sub/itute = !m a direct & m practical moral education ( *ildr54 ,!y h = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s claim$ & possess$ ! monopoly ( e?ical culture 9 ,european civilisation1 & we are a little puzzl$ :5 !y turn r\nd & say1 ) an air ( argum5t1 t if ,*ri/ianity has fail$ civilisation also has fail$4 ,!re is only "o civilisation 9 ,europe t has attempt$ to sub/itute a humanit>ian = a religi\s tra9+ ( conduct2 "o nation t is pla9ly & ov]:elm+ly non-,*ri/ian4 ,t nation is ,france4 ,& ,france has "o ( ! be/ moral records 9 mod]n ,europe1 & has behav$ nobly ?r\gh\t ?is lam5table bus9ess4 ,9 f9e1 if we take ,dean ,welldon's words 9 ! mo/ g5]\s s5se1 if we assume t he ref]s to ! :ole body ( culture & s5tim5t :i*1 9 our "t1 aspires to m\ld & direct ! race ap>t f ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 ! answ] has already be5 giv54 ,*ri/ianity is1 z a p[] 9 ,europe1 f\rte5 c5turies old2 ?is humanit>ianism is h>dly a c5tury old4 ,b !re has surely be5 m progress made dur+ ?is la/ c5tury t[>d ! de/ruction ( ! milit>y sy/em1 & m progress 9 ! elim9ation ( brutality f w>1 ?an 9 ! :ole prec$+ ?irte5 c5turies4 ,does ,dean ,welldon d\bt t8 ,or does he reg>d x z a m]e co9cid5ce8 ,?us1 :e!r we turn to ,*ur*man or ,noncon=mi/1 to cl]ic or layman1 we f9d no satisfactory apology4 ,i h be=e me a %ort article by ,mr4 ,max ,pemb]ton on ! "q1 ,w ,*ri/ianity survive ! w>8 ,he uses ! mo/ consecrat$ phrases ( ! ,*ur*1 & leaves no d\bt :atev] t he writes 9 def5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ,mr4 ,pemb]ton practically conf9es himself to a v emphatic p]sonal assurance t ,*ri/ianity w survive ! w>1 & does n hone/ly face a s+le "o ( ! que/ions ( ! ,pagan aga9/ :om he is writ+4 ,he does make "o s]i\s po9t ( a peculi> "*4 ,!re are1 he says1 #bc1jjj prie/s fight+ = ,france 9 ! tr5*es4 ,mr4 ,pemb]ton seems to f9d x easy to accept ! int]e/$ /atem5ts ( ^? ,roman ,ca?olic j\rnali/s :o make sect>ian use ( "s ( ! ,london dailies4 ,!re are only ab\t #cj1jjj prie/s 9 ,france1 &1 s9ce none ( !m are y\ng] ?an tw5ty-?ree1 to suppose t sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( !m are ( milit>y age is to take a rem>kable view ( ! population ( ,france4 ,9 any case1 !re is no special gr\nd = rhapsody4 ,!y are n volunte]s2 9 ,france e man mu/ d 8 civic duty4 ,we may appreciate _! devotion to _! religion on ! battle-field1 b ,mr4 ,pemb]ton mu/ be imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! ,fr5* "* if he supposes t ! ?irty-f\r million unbeliev]s ( ,france are go+ to return to ! ,*ur* because ! y\ng] curs did n try to evade ! milit>y s]vice :i* ! ,/ate impos$ on !m4 ,ano!r docum5t ,i may quote is a manife/o issu$ by ! ,hamp/ead ,evangelical ,free ,*ur* ,c\ncil1 a jo9t decl>ation ( ! pr9cipal ,noncon=mi/ m9i/]s ( t highly cultivat$ suburb4 ,x does n purport to v9dicate ! ,*ur*es1 yet "s ( its obs]vations 9 connection ) ! w> op5 out a new page ( apologetics4 ,^! cl]gym5 invite all ! citiz5s ( _! di/rict1 on ! gr\nd ( ! w>1 to att5d *ur*1 ev5 if !y h n be5 9 ! habit ( do+ s4 ,on :at m precise gr\nd8 ,! able lawy] :o receiv$ ?is invitation1 & =w>d$ x to me1 ?\ght x1 n ! mo/ +5i\s1 b ! mo/ curi\s1 piece ( plead+ he _h ev] kn[n4 ,! citiz5s ( ,hamp/ead 7 invit$ to g to *ur* to (f] up to ,god a sacrifice ( praise & ?anksgiv+ = 8 goodness to u z a nation6 ,at ! v "t ! em95t prea*]s 7 writ+ ?is1 ! d>k5$ city /ill c[]$ "u ! ?reat ( a horrible outrage2 ! %att]$ homes & fre% graves ( ,sc>bor\gh & ,:itby rem9d$ u fa9tly ( ! horrors beyond ! sea2 ! maim$ soldi]s all ov] ! c\ntry1 ! sad figures ( ! b]eav$1 ! anxi\s he>ts ( a million ( our p1 7 b a beg9n+ ( ! evil t _h fall5 on u4 ,we _h 9 f\rte5 ye>s1 s9ce ! la/ w>1 be5 oblig$ to sp5d a ?\s& millions /]l+ 9 prep>ation = a w> we did n desire1 & we 7 ent]+ ^u an exp5diture ( some?+ m ?an a ?\s& millions 9 a ye>4 ,all ?is we _h incurr$ ?r\gh no fault ( ours4 ,& ^! cl]gym5 ?\ght x a good opportunity to invite u to g to *ur* to ?ank ,god = 8 goodness to u z a nation4 ,ano!r manife/o is sign$ by a body ( ar*bi%ops & bi%ops ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*4 ,x enjo9$ all ! fai?ful to supplicate ! ,almighty on ,janu>y #crd to /op ! w>4 ,?is 0 to be done all r\nd ! ,empire4 ,i w n indulge 9 any *eap s>casm z to ! result1 ?\gh "o w\ld probably be "r 9 say+ t1 if ! end be def]r$ to ! ye> #aiag1 !y w /ill believe t _! pray]s _h effect4 ,:at x is m mat]ial to notice is t ! prelates ?9k t ^! are days ( great spiritual opportunity4 ,x seems t ! %att]+ ( s mu* t seem$ e/abli%$ reveals ! vanity ( human affairs1 & t anxiety1 sep>ation1 & loss h made _m he>ts s5sible ( ! approa* ( ,*ri/ to ! s\l4 ,x is1 p]haps1 unk9d to exam9e ?is emotional language f an intellectual po9t ( view1 b "o feels t !re is a subtle elem5t ( apology 9 x4 ,^! spiritual advantages may outweigh ! secul> pa92 may ev5 ju/ify ,god's %>e 9 ! great cata/rophe4 ,i h exam9$1 & w discuss m fully 9 ! next *apt]1 ! !i/ic side ( ?is plea4 ,intellectually1 x bord]s on mon/rosity3 x is ! survival ( an anci5t & b>b>ic conception4 ,! notion t ! approa* ( ,*ri/ to ! s\l is felt especially 9 "t ( affliction is m]ely a /atem5t ( a c]ta9 type ( emotional exp]i5ce1 :ile ! revelation ( ! vanity ( human affairs is %e] p]v]sity4 ,human affairs h = ages be5 s badly manag$1 9 ?is respect1 t we _c 9 a decade or a c5tury rid ourselves ( su* a legacy4 ,! real moral is to discov] :o 7 responsible = t legacy ( disord] & viol5ce1 & to put our affairs on a new & s\nd] basis4 ,a consid]able numb] ( cl]ical writ]s proce$ on ! sugge/ion discreetly advanc$ by ^! ,anglican prelates4 ,let u wait1 !y ask1 until ! cl\ds ( w> h roll$ away1 & !n e/imate ! spiritual ga9 to m5 f ! trial ?r\gh :i* !y h pass$1 & ! clos] association ( ! ,*ur*es :i* x may br+ ab\t4 ,n[ ,i h no d\bt t _m :o really believe ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 yet h = ye>s neglect$ ! duties :i* _! belief imposes on !m1 w be induc$ by ?is awful exp]i5ce to return to allegiance4 ,! numb] is limit$1 & an equal or great] numb] may be1 & probably w be1 induc$ to surr5d] religion entirely1 & ) good reason1 by ! reflections ) :i* ?is w> inspires !m4 ,b to ins9uate t ?is spiritual advantage1 if x be an advantage1 ( ! few is ju/ly pur*as$ by ! appall+ suff]+ & disord] br\ght ab\t by ! w> is "o ( ^? religi\s affirmations :i* seem to ! outsid] positively repulsive4 ,i d n speak m]ely ( ! dea?s1 ! pa91 ! privation1 ! outrages1 ! flood ( te>s & blood ov] half ( ,europe4 ,?is1 inde$1 is ( itself en\gh to make ! !ory repell5t to any :o d n %>e ! ascetic views taught 9 ! ,*ur*es4 ,! notion t an evil is ju/ifi$ if good issue f x is ak9 to ! notion t ! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,b ,i w\ld draw att5tion to an aspect ( ! w> :i* is almo/ ignor$ by ^! eloqu5t prea*]s4 ,!y eag]ly record e fla% ( h]oism1 e sp>k ( *>ity & m]cy1 t ! w> evokes4 ,!y ref] sympa!tically to ! dead & ! b]eav$1 ! outrag$ girls & wom5--:om1 9 ! n>r[e/ ,puritanism1 !y =bid to rid !mselves ( ! awful burd5 laid on !m by drunk5 brutes--! %att]$ homes & monum5ts4 ,b !re is a side ( w> :i* !y mu/ "k1 & x dem&s pla9 speak+4 ,x relaxes ! control ( moral re/ra9ts ev5 :]e x 0 be=e op]ative4 ,! illegitimate-bir? rate ( ,engl& & ,france w fa9tly tell ! /ory be=e ! ye> is out4 ,inquiry 9 any t[n :]e our soldi]s are lodg$1 or 9 ! re> ( ! ,fr5* & ,engli% 7or any o!r7 tr5*es1 w tell x m fully4 ,i d n speak ( crime & viol5ce1 b ( will+ sexual int]c\rse :]e x 0 nev] kn[n be=e4 ,^! ?+s1 & ! increas$ drunk5ness & ! /irr+ ( old passions1 are reg>d$ by ! cl]gy z among/ ! mo/ evil ?+s ( life4 ,d !y s]i\sly sugge/ t !y h be5 br\ght 9 to secure1 or are ju/ifi$ by1 ! spiritual advantage ( ! ref9$ & emotional few ^: religion is only deep5$ by affliction8 ,9 %ort1 ,i f9d n a s+le phrase ( valid explanation or apology 9 ^! & o!r prom95t cl]ical pron\ncem5ts ,i h read4 ,!y are sup]ficial1 contradictory1 & vapid4 ,no?+ is m common ?an = religi\s writ]s to prote/ t ! conception ( reality :i* is oppos$ to !irs is %all[4 ,:at dep?1 :at s9c]e grip ( reality1 does "o f9d 9 any ( ^! pulpit utt]ances8 ,yet ,i h tak5 ! pron\ncem5ts ( (ficial bodies or ( di/+ui%$ prea*]s :o may be tru/$ to put ! ,*ri/ian feel+ 9 its mo/ p]suasive =m4 ,"o ?9ks t ,god s5t ! w>2 ano!r attributes x to ,g]man rebels aga9/ ,god4 ,"o reg>ds x z a spiritual ag5cy devis$ = our good2 ano!r says t x is an unmitigat$ calamity s5t = our puni%m5t4 ,"o sees 9 x ! failure ( ,*ri/ianity2 o!rs f9d 9 x precisely a confirmation ( ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,"s ?9k x w draw m5 to ,god2 o!rs t x w drive m5 f ,god4 ,unity1 p]haps1 we _c expect2 b ! empty rhetoric & utt] sophi/ry ( mo/ ( ^! utt]ances reveal ! complete lack ( def5ce4 ,on ! ma9 indictm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 its failure to h condemn$ & remov$ milit>ism long ago1 all are sil5t2 or ! "o prea*] :o notices x c only deject$ly confess t x is true4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,w> ,,& ,,!ism ,9 ! lead+ ,ca?olic p]iodical ( ?is c\ntry !re has be5 "s n]v\s discussion ( ! attitude ( ! ,pope4 ,a new man1 a /rong & enlight5$ man1 happ5s to h m\nt$ ! *air ( ,pet] 9 ! mid/ ( ! w>4 ,= m ?an a c5tury 8 pr$ecessors h bemoan$ ! increas+ wick$ness ( ! _w3 ,pius ,,vii1 toss$ l a helpless cork on ! waves ( ! ,revolution2 ,leo ,,xii & ,pius ,,viii1 ! associates ( ! ,holy ,alliance2 ,gregory ,,xvi1 eat+ sweetmeats or mumbl+ 8 brevi>y :ile "y ,italy sweat$ blood2 ,pius ,,ix1 grasp+ eag]ly 8 tatt]s ( sov]eignty2 ,leo ,,xiii1 ! unsuccessful diplomati/2 ,pius ,x1 ! m$ieval monk4 ,!y saw _! ,*ur* %r9k decade by decade1 & !y witness$ ! prosp]ity ( all t !y d5\nc$4 ,b5$ict ,,xv came to save ! ,*ur*1 & a great moral opportunity await$ him4 ,b1 :ile claim+ to be ! moral arbitrator ( ! _w1 he avoids 8 pla9 duty1 & is cont5t to repeat ! worn phrases ab\t ! iniquity ( ! mod]n _s4 ,8 apologi/s say t ! w> is politics1 & t ,popes mu/ n int]f]e 9 politics4 ,i h e>li] expla9$ 9 :at s5se ?is w> pres5ts a political aspect to ,b5$ict ,,xv1 & giv5 ! reason = 8 reluctance4 ,x is typical ( ! :ole failure ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a little ov] n9ete5 c5turies ago1 x is said 9 ! *ur*es1 a /> %one ov] ! cradle ( ! ,savi\r1 & *oirs ( angels ann\nc$ 8 com+ z a promise ( peace on e>? & good-w among m54 ,i am n 9 ?is little "w exam9+ ! :ole "q ( ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b x is well to recall t1 accord+ to its own records1 its fir/ & greate/ promise to ! _w 0 peace2 & to t old ,roman ,empire1 & to ,europe at any /age 9 its lat] hi/ory1 no great] bless+ c\ld h be5 br\ght4 ,has ,*ri/ianity succe$$8 ,b ! religi\s int]e/ ( ! w> is by no means exhau/$ :5 we h conclud$ t x m>ks1 9 "o ( ! mo/ important dep>tm5ts ( human action1 ! complete failure ( hi/orical ,*ri/ianity4 ,my purpose is to discuss ?is relation to ! ,*ur*es1 & x w\ld n be complet$ unless ,i consid]$ ! w> 9 relation to _! fundam5tal doctr9e1 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se by a ,supreme ,be+4 ,9 a few mon?s1 we hope1 ! w> w be ov]3 ! ,allies w h triumph$4 ,we "k1 f exp]i5ce & f hi/ory1 :at w foll[ 9 ! ,*ur*es4 ,f end to end ( ,brita91 f ,dov] to ,p5zance & f ,s\?ampton to ,ab]de51 !re w rise a jubilant cry t ,god has bless$ our arms & aw>d$ u ! victory4 ,n[ t we are 9 ! mid/ ( ! horrors & burd5s ( ! w> ,god is little m5tion$4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t ! great majority ( ! cl]gy conceiv$ him z /&+ aside1 = "s inscrutable reason1 & lett+ wick$ m5 deploy _! p]v]se =ces4 ,:5 ! triumph comes1 gild+ ! pa/ sacrifices or driv+ !m f memory1 ,god w be on e lip4 ,! :ole nation w be implor$ to come & kneel be=e ! alt>s4 ,royalty & nobility & milit>y1 judges & /ockbrok]s & work+ m5--above all1 a surg+1 ?rill+1 ec/atic mass ( wom5--w ga!r r\nd ! cl]gy1 & w av[ t !y see ! f+] ( ,god 9 ?is glori\s consummation4 ,! relation ( ! w> to ,god w !n become ! supreme consid]ation = ! ,*ri/ian m9d4 ,x may be m in/ructive to consid] x n[1 be=e ! la/ flood ( emotion p\rs ov] our judgm5ts4 ,i h already discuss$ "s ( ! cl]ical allusions to ! %>e ( ,god 9 ! w>4 ,!y are s frankly repell5t t "o _c be surpris$ t ! majority ( ! cl]gy pref] to be sil5t on t po9t4 ,!y pref] to await ! victory & build on its m g5ial & indulg5t emotions4 ,! w> is ei!r a bless+ or a curse4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t !re 0 n mu* room = *oice1 b we saw t "s are bold en\gh to h9t t ! spiritual good may outweigh ! bodily pa94 ,!y rem9d u ( a ,treits*ke or a ,b]nh>di writ+ smugly ( ! moral gr&eur ( w>1 ! ne$ to brace ! slackness ( human nature p]iodically by w>1 ! *ivalry & devotion x calls out1 & s on4 ,/ill worse is ! !ory ( ^? :o reg>d w> frankly z a curse1 yet put x to ! direct au?or%ip ( ! ,almighty4 ,?is !ory is natural en\gh 9 ! m9ds ( m5 & wom5 :o believe 9 hell4 ,9 e>li] ages m5 c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 ! law ( retaliation & ! ne$ to det] crim9als by us+ viol5ce aga9/ !m :5 !y transgress$4 ,9 _m primitive sy/ems ( ju/ice ! law ( retaliation is expressly consecrat$4 ,x is ev5 introduc$1 inconsi/5tly & z a survival ( b>b>ic times1 9 ! ,babylonian & ! ,judaic codes1 side by side ) san] views4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 m]ely a sy/ematisation ( brute passion4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 if a man knock$ y\r too? out1 y knock$ "o ( 8 tee? out4 ,) ! gr[? ( law & ju/ice1 ! b>b>\s nature ( ! impulse 0 recognis$1 & ! community1 by its repres5tatives1 inflict$ a puni%m5t on ! (f5d] in/ead ( all[+ ! (f5d$ to retaliate4 ,) ! mod]n improvem5t ( moral s5tim5ts we h realis$ t ?is is an imp]fect advance on ! b>b>ic idea4 ,! community has no m "r to puni% ?an ! (f5d$ individual _h4 ,we n[ impose h>d%ip on an (f5d] only = ! purpose ( intimidat+ him f repeat+ ! (f5ce1 or ( det]r+ o!rs f (f5d+4 ,! idea is /ill some:at crude1 & a ?ird /age w 9 "t be rea*$2 b x is satisfactory t we n[--n s9ce ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 b s9ce ! rise ( mod]n humanism--all admit t ! only p]missible proc$ure is det]r5ce1 & n puni%m5t z su*4 ,x may seem ungraci\s to be ev] repeat+ t ^! improvem5ts did n take place dur+ ! p]iod ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 b 9 ! rec5t p]iod ( its decay4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case a mo/ important & urg5t reason = emphasis+ ! fact4 ,i say t we all admit ! m humane conception ( puni%m5t1 b ?is mu/ be qualifi$4 ,9 human affairs we d3 ,c>lyle 01 p]haps1 ! la/ morali/ to cl+ to ! old conception4 ,b 9 ! religi\s _w ! old idea has be5 flagrantly reta9$4 ,! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t is cle>ly bas$ on ! b>b>ic old idea t a pr9ce ^: dignity has be5 insult$ may ju/ly inflict ! mo/ b>b>\s puni%m5t on ! (f5d]4 ,!ologians h1 s9ce ! days ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1 wa/$ :ole reams ( p>*m5t 9 def5d+ ! dogma ( hell1 because !y knew no?+ :atev] ( comp>ative jurisprud5ce & ! evolution ( moral ideas4 ,to u ! developm5t ( ! doctr9e is cle>4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( hell we h a flagrant survival ( ! e>ly b>b>ic !ory ( puni%m5t4 ,mod]n div9es--:ile cont9u+ to describe ! non-religi\s view ( life z sup]ficial & ! ,*ri/ian z pr(\nd--h actually yield$ to ! mod]n s5tim5t1 & 9 a v l>ge measure reject$ "o ( ! fundam5tal dogmas ( ! ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,9 ord] to conceal ! proc$ure z f> z possible1 "s ( !m are n[ cont5d+ braz5ly t ,*ri/ nev] taught ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t1 & are delud+ _! uncultivat$ congregations ) sophi/ical manipulations ( ,greek words4 ,?is does n mean t ,*ri/ians h l[] moral s5tim5ts ?an non-,*ri/ians1 b t ! rigidity ( _! traditions1 :i* !y reg>d z sacr$ & unalt]able1 imposes re/rictions on !m4 ,h5ce ! fact t1 :ile ,prote/ants h s v l>gely reject$ ! doctr9e ( hell1 ,roman ,ca?olics1 ) _! m rigid cons]vatism & claim ( infallibility1 /ill cl+ to x1 & (f] ! amaz+ spectacle ( a body claim+ to possess ! highe/ ideals 9 ! _w1 yet actually *]i%+ an entirely b>b>ic !ory4 ,!re is probably n a ,ca?olic lawy] 9 ! _w :o does n reject ! old idea ( puni%m5t z b>b>ic1 yet he placidly believes t ,god reta9s x4 ,t is :y we f9d a ,ca?olic ar*bi%op l ,c>r putt+ =? s revolt+ an idea ( ! w>1 :ile ,prote/ant prea*]s z a rule %r9k f m5tion+ ,god 9 connection ) x4 ,^! ?+s make x impossible = "o to und]/& h[ non-,*ri/ians c say1 z !y d sometimes1 t if !y 7 to accept a cre$1 x w\ld be ! ,roman cre$4 ,any !ory ( ! w> :i* proce$s on ! l9es ( ! hell-!ory is simply b>b>ic1 & is b5ea? s]i\s discussion4 ,we "k to-day t bo? e?ics & religion are 9 a /ate ( con/ant evolution4 ,we look back ov] a /ream ( sev]al ?\s& ye>s ( hi/orically traceable developm5t2 we foll[ t /ream fa9tly ?r\gh e>li] t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! ideas ( primitive peoples2 & we see ! evolution go+ on pla9ly 9 ! cre$s & e?ical codes ( our own "t4 ,b ! practice ( regi/]+ c]ta9 /ages ( ?is evolution 9 sacr$ books or codes1 :i* are !n impos$ on man = c5turies or mill5nia z some?+ unalt]able1 has be5 & is a v s]i\s h9drance to developm5t1 bo? 9 e?ics & religion4 ,x is all ! worse because ^! codes & sacr$ books always conta9 c]ta9 elem5ts :i* belong to ev5 e>li] & less enlight5$ /ages1 & :ole regim5ts ( philosoph]s or !ologians are employ$ = ages 9 putt+ glosses on anci5t & b>b>ic ideas at :i* ! _w ev5tually laughs4 ,h[ev]1 we ne$ n l+] "h ov] ^! anci5t ways ( reg>d+ life4 ,! man :o keeps 8 ,god at a moral level :i* we disda9 ourselves r>ely li/5s to argum5t4 ,he protects 8 fai? by believ+ t x is a mortal s9 7involv+ s5t5ce ( hell7 to read any book t w\ld exam9e x critically4 ,x is a mo/ +5i\s arrangem5t by :i* ! doctr9e ( a v9dictive ,god protects itself aga9/ moral progress4 ,n[ any sugge/ion t ,god s5t ?is w> ^u ,europe--:e!r z a judgm5t on ! cl]gy1 or a judgm5t on unbeliev]s1 or a judgm5t on ! arrogance ( ! ,g]mans1 etc4--is "p ( ?is old b>b>ism1 & may be disreg>d$4 ,x conceives t ,god is v9dictive1 & at ! same "t assures u t ,*ri/ianity /]nly condemns v9dictiv5ess4 ,x all[s ,god to deal mighty bl[s at ^? :o affront him1 & tells m5 to be> affront ) pati5ce & turn ! o!r *eek to ! smit]4 ,x is simply "p ( t mixture & confusion ( old & new ideas :i* a codifi$ religion always exhibits4 ,we pass x by1 & turn to m s]i\s consid]ations4 ,i pass by also ecc5tric ideas ( ,deity l ^? ( ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge or ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,%aw--two oracles :o h be5 s+ul>ly sil5t on ! religi\s aspect ( ! w>4 ,let u exam9e ! ma9 religi\s problem z broadly & z hone/ly z we c4 ,! fir/ & *ief reflection t occurs to any man :o does ?us s]i\sly exam9e ! relation ( ! w> to !ism is t1 aft] all1 x is n s easy to dis5tangle !ology f ! crude old doctr9es :i* our m lib]al div9es ?9k !y h ab&on$4 ,!y tell u t !y d n believe 9 a v9dictive ,deity1 !y disda9 ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t1 !y smile at _m ( ! ,judaic conceptions ( ,jehovah 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,god is ! all-holy & b5evol5t rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,!y refuse to believe t ! s\ls ( s9n]s & unbeliev]s are tortur$ = ev] aft] dea?1 & tru/ ! :ole s*eme ( ?+s to ! love & ju/ice ( ,god4 ,! grave difficulty ( ?is enlight5$ !ology1 inde$ ( all !ology1 is ! imm5se am\nt ( pa9 & evil 9 ! univ]se1 & ?is mighty w> we are consid]+ puts x 9 a v acute =m4 ,x is amus+ to look back on "s ( ! l9es ( apologetics 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,!re 0 a s*ool ( p1 foll[+ "s pr(\nd religi\s ?9k]1 :o held t evil 0 only relative4 ,!y made ! wond]ful discov]y t ev]y?+ real is good1 9 ! metaphysical s5se1 & evil is unreal4 ,evil1 !y said1 is m]ely ! negation1 ! fall+-%ort1 ( good2 & y d n ask = ! creator or cause ( a negative ?+4 ,m rec5tly a s*ool endeav\r$ to come to _! assi/ance ) ! discov]y t pa9 does n really exi/ at all4 ,"o did n ne$ to "k philosophy or sci5ce 9 ord] to realise t a s5sation ( pa9 is j z positive & real a ?+ z a s5sation ( pleasure2 or t1 al?\gh dea? is only ! negation ( life1 "o is really entitl$ to ask :y "o's de> *ild is ?us negat$ at ! age ( six or twelve4 ,!n !re came ?is new s*ool ) its discov]y t pa9 does n exi/4 ,dea?1 ( c\rse1 is an entry into a m glori\s life beyond2 pa9 is an illusion to be bani%$ by resolute ?\ght4 ,^! *ildi% symposia 7 int]rupt$ e few ye>s by "s disa/r\s e>?quake1 ! s9k+ ( a great l9]1 an epidemic ( disease1 a fam9e1 & s on2 b ! pi\s philosoph]s bravely /ruggl$ on4 ,"o may tru/ t ! w> has r$uc$ !m to sil5ce1 & t we ne$ n l+] ov] !m4 ,!n !re 0 ! s*ool :i* s\ght desp]ately to f9d good 9 evil4 ,a man or woman is /rick5 ) disease4 ,v (t5 x br+s ) x a s(t5+1 an improvem5t1 ( "*2 ei!r 9 ! pati5t or 9 ! nurses1 or 9 bo?4 ,our religi\s philosoph]s fanci$ !y caught 9 ?is a glimpse ( ! div9e plan3 canc] 0 an in/rum5t ( righte\sness 9 ! h&s ( ! ,almighty1 ! bacillus ( tub]culosis 0 a moral ag5cy4 ,!y detect$ cases 9 :i* adv]se =tune _h sob]$ & s(t5$ a man3 ! f+] ( ,provid5ce4 ,9 ,france !re 0 a v consid]able return to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & recov]y ( its p[]1 aft] ! disa/r\s w> ( #ahgj4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,italy !re is always mu* less sexual fre$om = a "t aft] an e>?quake has buri$ a few t5s ( ?\s&s "u ! ru9s ( _! h\ses4 ,i w\ld und]take to fill a qu>to volume ) in/ances ( good ?+s :i* arose out ( or foll[$ ^u evil exp]i5ces4 ,we saw t ! pres5t w> is be+ exam9$ 9 ! same respect4 ,!re are great spiritual opportunities3 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( "y m5 are be+ compell$ 7by ! au?orities7 to g to *ur* :o _h n be5 = ye>s2 ! diff]5t d5om9ations are frat]nis+ z !y nev] did be=e2 ! *ur*es are r full] ?an !y _h be5 ( late3 *>ity is awak5$ on a prodigi\s scale2 zeal = an ideal 7! violat$ peace ( ,belgium7 is dragg+ m5 ev5 f our slums to ! col\rs4 ,"h aga9 "o c\ld at lea/ fill a mod]ate treatise ) ! ?+s a*iev$2 & beyond !m all is ! unutt]$ vision ( ! cr[d$ *ur*es at ! triumphant close ( ! w>1 p]haps t long-covet$ religi\s revival4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] t ?is !ory ( ! w> w be assidu\sly press$ :5 nature has drawn h] gre5 mantle once m ov] ! black5$ area ( ! w> & our he>ts are lift$ up by ?\ght ( victory4 ,x is already be+ urg$1 & ,i w\ld add a little to ! comm5ts ,i h already pass$ on x4 ,! cl]gy w\ld d well to realise t1 :atev] virtue ?is !ory may h 9 soo?+ ! m9ds & dissolv+ ! d\bts ( _! foll[]s1 to an outsid] x seems mon/r\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x includes no s5se ( proportion1 & am\nts to a colossal untru?4 ,we mu/ surely take into acc\nt ! am\nt ( evil inflict$ & ! am\nt ( good t ensues4 ,take sickness1 = in/ance4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t1 if ,*ri/ians s]i\sly believe t illness is s5t by ,god to a*ieve c]ta9 salut>y modifications ( "*1 !y ought /r5u\sly to oppose ! mod]n det]m9ation to r$uce disease to a m9imum4 ,!y d n1 & w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 soon r$uce to sil5ce any religi\s crank :o propos$ x4 ,!y "k p]fectly well t ! cases ( spiritual advantage f illness be> no proportion :atev] to ! am\nt ( suff]+ 9 ! _w4 ,slight b pa9ful illnesses r>ely h any b5efic5t effect on "*2 v frequ5tly ! rev]se4 ,any l>ge city1 at any giv5 mom5t1 is rack$ ) pa9s :i* d b give rise to curses1 or a polite equival5t4 ,mo/ ( ! irritation & p]v]sion ( "* is due to morbid influ5ces4 ,& = e case 9 :i* a long illness issues 9 "s signal advance ( "*1 a hundr$ o!rs c\ld be quot$ 9 :i* ! illness 0 an unmitigat$ calamity4 ,s x is ) b]eavem5t & ) adv]sity ( =tune4 ,look hone/ly into ! exp]i5ce ( any class ( ! community1 & ask 9 :at proportion ( cases n>r[ness ( means1 especially aft] com=t1 br+s a spiritual advantage4 ,s x is above all ) ?is w>4 ,any man :o ?9ks t ! awful p]v]sion ( ! "* ( a great ,european p1 ! dea? ( su* va/ numb]s 9 su* pa9ful circum/ances1 ! ru9 ( fur!r millions1 & all ! innum]able ugly results ( a great w>1 7 wor? br++ ab\t 9 ord] to secure a few spiritual advantages has nei!r s5se ( proportion nor s5se ( dec5cy nor s5se ( hum\r4 ,! !ory w\ld be too repulsive if x 7 put 9 ?is pla9 =m1 & x is m usual m]ely to po9t out ^! good results & h9t t w> is n absolutely & 9 e respect an evil4 ,z if any p]son ev] said t x 04 ,! po9t is simple1 & ought n to be obscur$4 ,a few incid5tal advantages d n reconcile u to ?is colossal mis]y1 suff]+1 & wa/e1 & d n 9 ! slighte/ degree alleviate ! position ( ! man :o ?9ks t ,god direct$ human ev5ts to ?is awful consummation4 ,if an e>?ly rul] employ$ su* ag5cies to educate 8 subjects1 ) su* an extraord9>y disproportion betwe5 ! suff]+ inflict$ & ! results atta9$1 :at %\ld we ?9k ( him8 ,! p>allel rem9ds u t ( inf9ite wisdom we expect inf9itely m ?an ( a human rul]4 ,once un9tellig5t nature _h a crude1 wa/eful1 h>d me?od ( produc+ new & high] types ( life4 ,man1 hav+ intellig5ce1 produces ! same result )\t wa/e or suff]+4 ,we expect immeasurably high] proc$ure ( su* an intellig5ce z ,*ri/ians ascribe to ,god4 ,"o c und]/& ! man :o says t ! plan ( su* an intellig5ce might be beyond human k51 b ,i am discuss+ ! op9ions ( p :o cont5d t !y br+ x )9 human k54 ,9 fact1 !re is no ne$ "h to rem9d u ( ! my/]i\sness ( ! ways ( an inf9ite intellig5ce4 ,if ! w> 0 design$ = c]ta9 practical uses1 su* z ^? we h _h sugge/$ by v>i\s div9es1 "o may reply at once t a m brutal & unju/ way ( atta9+ ^? ends c\ld n h be5 devis$4 ,x is almo/ impossible to conceive any man s]i\sly ent]ta9+ ! notion4 ,yet all ! jubilation & ?anksgiv+ t w foll[ ! w>1 all ! supplication t accompanies its =tunes to-day1 & ! :ole tea*+ ( ,*ri/ian !ology1 imply t ,god did direct ! political movem5ts & milit>y ambitions :i* h culm9at$ 9 ! w>4 ,ev5 a human /atesman c\ld h devis$ a less t]rible me?od ( atta9+ any end t has yet be5 conceiv$ = ! w>4 ,! idea ( ! w> z a puni%m5t is q logical & intelligible1 ?\gh five hundr$ ye>s out ( date4 ,b ! idea ( ! w> z a m$ic9al or an educative process has nei!r logic nor intelligibility1 & does n ev5 atta9 t consi/5cy ) mod]n e?ical s5tim5ts :i* x seeks4 ,! colossal am\nt ( suff]+ inflict$ on innoc5t p & on *ildr5 puts x entirely out ( c\rt4 ,?irdly1 ?is !ory1 z ,i said1 raises ! "q :e!r ! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,"h we h ano!r illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ,*ri/ian dogma keeps ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce 9 _m matt]s beh9d ! e?ical s5tim5t ( ! age4 ,_m lib]al div9es w\ld express g5u9e repugnance at ,ar*bi%op ,c>r's view ( ! w>2 yet "s ( ! mo/ lib]al ( ^! div9es & laym5 are almo/ z backw>d 9 ano!r direction4 ,!y ju/ify ! _w-process ?r\gh :i* we are /ruggl+ on ! gr\nd t x w1 we hope1 issue 9 a nobl] ord] ( ?+s3 ( ! w>1 9 p>ticul>1 t hope is ent]ta9$1 & to ! w>1 accord+ly1 ?is !ory ( ju/ification is appli$4 ,t is a case ( ! end ju/ify+ ! means4 ,*ri/ian ?9k]s are advanc+ s rapidly & erratically t 9 "s cases we are n cle> :e!r ! writ] does or does n reg>d ,god z inf9ite 9 p[] & intellig5ce4 ,we may ignore ^! few cases4 ,! va/ majority emphatically hold t view4 ,9 _! reg>d we c say only :at has be5 said a hundr$ times4 ,:e!r y speak ( ! _w-process 9 g5]al or any p>ticul> cruel phase ( x1 su* z ?is w>1 y ma9ta9 t ,god *ose1 out ( _m conceivable ways1 ! "o way t is m>k$ by cruelty & suff]+4 ,an inf9ite ,god is n s conf9$ 9 ! *oice ( means4 ,& j z we say ( ! _w-process 9 g5]al1 t to build ! sunni] lives ( a remote g5]ation on ! suff]+s ( ?is & e>li] g5]ations implies a grave inju/ice to u1 s we mu/ say ( ! w>4 ,no spiritual advantages to ^? :o survive w reconcile u to ! suff]+ & ! loss ( ^? :o fell 9 ! tragic combat4 ,i speak imp]sonally4 ,x happ5s t ,i h no ne> relatives ( milit>y age1 & nei!r ,i nor any ne> relative is likely to suff] by ! w>4 ,b :5 ,i brood ov] ! agony ( ! less =tunate millions1 ov] ! h>r[+ exp]i5ce ( ,belgians1 ,poles1 & ,s]bs1 ov] ! :ole gha/ly orgy ( blood & te>s 9 ,europe1 ,i feel unutt]able disda9 ( ^! paltry ef=ts to ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man4 ,let u look a little deep] into ! matt]4 ,no d\bt ! pla9 /atem5t t ,god s5t or caus$ ?is w> w excite a c]ta9 repugnance 9 _m ,*ri/ian m9ds4 ,!y w pref] to say t ,god p]mitt$ x4 ,man has free w1 & x is ! plan ( provid5ce to give a c]ta9 play to ?is free w4 ,:5 man has bruis$ 8 %9s--m frequ5tly ! %9s ( o!r p--,god may1 on be+ supplicat$ suffici5tly1 issue 8 veto & put matt]s "r4 ,i am q acqua9t$1 f a sev]e !ological education1 ) ! m le>n$ language 9 :i* ?is !ory is express$ by !ologians1 b ,i pref] to deal ) x z x exi/s 9 ! words ( mo/ prea*]s & ! m9ds ( mo/ ,*ri/ians4 ,x w\ld be impossible "h to deal at any l5g? ) ! doctr9e ( free w4 ,unless y conceive x 9 "s novel & irrelevant s5se1 z ,pr(essor ,b]gson does1 x is a v mu* disput$ ?+ among/ ! exp]ts ^: bus9ess x is to in=m u on ! subject--our psy*ologi/s4 ,! majority ( mod]n psy*ologi/s seem to reject x altoge!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no !ologian has ev] yet reconcil$ x 9 any intelligible s*eme ) ! suppos$ omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,b x is n necess>y to ent] into ^! ab/ruse consid]ations4 ,let u take ! matt] 9 ! concrete4 ,we look back to-day on a long s]ies ( processes & circum/ances :i* culm9ate 9 ! w>4 ,!re is ! :ole hi/ory ( ,g]many = a hundr$ & fifty ye>s inspir+ ! ,g]man p ) a bias t[>d aggressive w>2 !re are ! economic & geographical circum/ances :i*1 at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 beg9 to make x ?9k aga9 ( aggressive w>2 !re is ! ov]fl[+ population1 br$ by ord] ( ! cl]gy :o /upidly condemn an artificial re/riction ( bir?s2 !re is ! co9cid5t tr\ble ( ,au/ria ) ! ,slavs1 ( ,engl& ) its subject peoples1 & s on4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! c>eful /ud5t a hundr$ l9es ( circum/ance & developm5t h l$ to ?is w>4 ,! melodramatic idea t x all spr+s f ! free w ( ! ,kais]1 or ( a gr\p ( soldi]s & /atesm51 ne$ n be s]i\sly consid]$4 ,moreov]1 ev5 :5 we introduce ! p]sonal elem5t--& ! p]sonality ( ! ,kais] has _h a v consid]able influ5ce--x is fooli% to ?r[ ! :ole burd5 on free w4 ,! mood & outlook & ambition ( ! ,kais] take _! col\r f 8 notori\sly morbid n]v\s frame4 ,9 a ^w1 y h a mighty concurr5ce ( movem5ts1 :e!r acts ( w or o!rwise1 conv]g+ 9 all p>ts ( ,europe t[>d ?is w>4 ,0 ,god indiff]5t to ! :ole ( ^? movem5ts8 ,^? movem5ts are p>ticul>ly traceable 9 ,europe dur+ ! la/ f\rte5 ye>s4 ,be=e t !re 0 a simil> concurr5ce ( movem5ts ev5tuat+ 9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w>2 & 9 ! meantime a s]ies ( processes & circum/ances _h giv5 u ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> & ! ,balkan-,turki% ,w> & ! ,mexican ,w>4 ,s we might g ov] ! w>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & all e>li] w>s4 ,! p]missiv5ess or indiff]5ce ( ! rul] ( ! univ]se gr[s amaz+ly4 ,9 ! meantime we _h mighty cata/rophes l ! s9k+ ( ! ,titanic & o!r %ips1 ! e>?quakes at ,mess9a & else:]e1 fam9es & epidemics & floods 9 v>i\s places1 & great numb]s ( murd]s1 railway & o!r accid5ts1 etc4 ,we beg9 to ask :]e ! rul+ ( ! univ]se comes 9 at all1 &1 z f> z human ev5ts g1 all t we c ga!r 9 ! way ( reply is t sometimes individuals :o pray v f]v5tly get _! diseases heal$ or _! c(f]s fill$2 & ev5 ^! claims d n pass rational inquiry4 ,n[ "h is ! precise difficulty ( ! unbeliev]1 & ?is pres5t trag$y makes x acute4 ,we ask our neighb\r1 or seek 9 "s le>n$ !ological treatise1 :at are ! indications ( ?is gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 & we are told ab\t ! mak+ ( />s & ! decoration ( fl[]s & ! putt+ ( in/9cts into animals or pretty patt]ns on _! sk9s4 ,b :5 we po9t out t ! really important ?+ 9 our "p ( ! univ]se is ?is human life ( ours1 imp]fectly protect$ z yet aga9/ disease & malice 7:i* is l>gely disease7 & natural =ces1 ! !ologian has no cle> evid5ce to produce4 ,ev5 ! evid5ce he draws f />s & fl[]s & peacocks' tails & sunsets1 ) :i* he is1 z a rule1 v imp]fectly acqua9t$1 is1 ( c\rse1 heat$ly disput$1 & ! prop] au?orities on ^! subjects are1 on ! :ole1 n well dispos$ t[>d 8 int]pretation4 ,b we ne$ n consid] t "h4 ,:]e we %\ld mo/ logically expect ! h& ( ,provid5ce is 9 ! human ord]1 because 9 t ord] cata/rophe is inf9itely m important1 9 view ( man's capacity = pa94 ,yet x is precisely 9 reg>d to ?is ord] t ! !ologian is vague/ & lea/ satisfactory4 ,he talks gr&ly ( ,god mov+ e atom 9 ! univ]se1 c\nt+ ! hairs ( our heads1 numb]+ 7b n prev5t+7 ! fall ( ! sp>r[s1 & s on2 b :5 we ask = ! evid5ce ( ,god's conc]n ) contempor>y human ev5ts he is v vague if !y are good ev5ts1 &1 if !y are evil1 he ha/ily disclaims any int]f]5ce ( ! ,deity4 ,"s ( our m advanc$ !ologians are claim+ t ! f9e/ improvem5t !y h made 9 _! sci5ce is to h br\ght ,god f )\t ! univ]se 7:]e no !ologian _h ev] put him7 & make him imman5t 9 x4 ,b !y seem j z incapable z ! o!rs to trace 8 int]position 9 human ev5ts4 ,!ologians /ill ma9ta9 a valiant & /ubborn fight aga9/ sci5tific m51 b !y d n fight hi/orians4 ,!y are v ke5 on ma9ta9+ ! influ5ce ( ,god ov] atoms & />s & roses & birds1 b n half s ke5 to v9dicate x 9 ! life ( man4 ,! /ory ( ! _w1 our _w1 may be divid$ into ?ree *apt]s3 a *apt] describ+ ! m\ld+ ( ! globe & ! rocks1 a *apt] describ+ ! sl[ evolution ( ! plants & animals1 & a *apt] describ+ ! antics & =tunes ( man4 ,"s may surr5d] ! fir/ *apt] to sci5ce1 "s ! second *apt]1 b x looks z if !y all surr5d] ! ?ird4 ,!y h long be5 accu/om$ to surr5d] ! e>ly "p1 & v mu* ! long] & m labori\s "p1 ( man's /ory to natural =ces1 or ! devil4 ,!n !re 0 a melodramatic notion t ,god1 aft] ! lapse ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 began to take an int]e/ 9 "o v small p & kept reveal+ ?+s to x1 & smit+ its enemies1 until ,*ri/ianity 0 giv5 to ! _w4 ,hi/ory tells ! /ory 9 a totally diff]5t way4 ,we f9d ! /ream ( moral & religi\s evolution fl[+ /eadily on n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 mu* z we d to-day4 ,at ?is po9t1 ( c\rse1 ! !ologian does make a /ruggle ) ! hi/orian4 ,9 proportion to ! imp]fectness ( 8 culture & ! backw>dness & cons]vatism ( 8 ,*ur*1 he fights = miracul\s int]positions 9 human ev5ts n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b we ne$ n delay to exam9e t diff]5ce ( op9ion1 because ! lat] p]iod suffices = my purpose4 ,a few !ologians1 n well acqua9t$ ) hi/ory1 see ano!r miracul\s int]position 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 e/abli%$2 & ! ,roman ,ca?olic--9 ! intellectual re>1 z usual--believes 9 hundr$s ( miracul\s int]positions1 9 small matt]s1 z late z ! ye> #aiad4 ,b 9 ord] to take a broad view ( ! matt] we may leave ^! controv]sies ) ! m reaction>y on "o side4 ,! hi/ory ( ,europe = ! la/ fifte5 c5turies at lea/ is n[ entru/$ to able laym51 & x has be5 purg$ ( div9e int]positions4 ,innum]able my?s & leg5ds1 (t5 bas$ on :at are n[ ackn[l$g$ to be spuri\s docum5ts1 h be5 ca/ out ( ! sci5ce1 & we are pres5t$ ) a q cont9u\s & purely natural sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,religi\s hi/orians l ,bi%op ,creighton or ,"l ,bryce d n f9d _! p]iods brok5 by div9e int]positions2 ! writ]s ( ! ,cambridge ,hi/ory d n occasionally arre/ u be=e "s great ev5t & w>n u t ! *a9 ( human causation seems to be obscure or discont9u\s4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 problems ( hi/ory1 b !y are n obscurities :i*1 l ! obscure places 9 sci5ce1 tempt ! !ologian to ent] & claim a div9e int]position4 ,! /ory is f beg9n+ to end--to use ,nietzs*e's phrase--human1 all too human4 ,on ! :ole1 z x has be5 hi!rto writt51 x is a /ory ( w>s1 &1 ?\gh patriotic piety puts its gloss on ! issue ( a w> "h & !re1 ! hi/orian does n f9d any s]i\s problem 9 !m4 ,no ,fr5* hi/orian w n[ claim div9e action 9 ! ,napoleonic w>s1 & assur$ly few ( u are prep>$ to see ! f+] ( ,god 9 ! =tunate issue ( ,prussia's _m campaigns s9ce ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ! cosmic process g5]ally1 ! human "p ( t process does n enc\rage a !ological int]pretation4 ,man is work+ out 8 own de/9y1 & do+ x ill4 ,we see him1 l "s p$l> plodd+ along a c\ntry road "u 8 burd5s1 c>ry+ ?r\gh :ole c5turies in/itutions & ideas & follies t he w ev5tually %$4 ,:5 he drops !m1 !re is no m elem5t ( miracle or revelation 9 8 action ?an :5 he discov]s ! use ( /eam or ( alum9ium or ( ! spectroscope4 ,8 m9d exp&s & 8 ideals rise4 ,x is a little incongru\s to suppose t "s inf9itely wis] & affectionate p>5t 0 look+ on all ! "t & giv+ no assi/ance4 ,9 ! dialogue betwe5 ,mephi/opheles & ,god :i* ,goe! prefixes to 8 ,fau/1 ! devil obvi\sly scores4 ,9 ! sight ( su* an intellig5ce man mu/ h made a pretty fool ( himself dur+ ! la/ #aejj ye>s4 ,we human be+s are m *>itable4 ,take ! :ole /ory z ! gradual developm5t ( human intellig5ce & emotion "u unfav\rable political conditions1 hamp]$ by a despotic & p]v]se cl]gy1 & x seems natural en\gh4 ,?is is ! impression "o gets f hi/ory1 & ! ne>] hi/ory is to our own "t & ! bett] we "k x1 ! less x sugge/s a div9e guidance4 ,!re is some?+ p>o*ial or rural ab\t ! av]age ,*ri/ian way ( look+ at ev5ts4 ,"o day ! ,g]man ,*ri/ian goes to *ur* to ?ank ,god = driv+ ! ,russians out ( ,ea/ ,prussia2 ! next day ! ,engli% ,*ri/ian ?anks ! same ,god = kill+ or w\nd+ #bj1jjj ,g]mans at ,neuve ,*apelle--) ! help ( #cej guns4 ,yet su* ?+s z ^! are ! only claims we h (f]$ to u ( ! action ( ,god 9 human ev5ts4 ,nei!r ! /eps t man takes onw>d nor ! /eps t he takes backw>d are ascrib$ to div9e influ5ce4 ,all t is claim$ is t :5 a %ip goes d[n1 = in/ance1 he saves ! sav$1 & p]mits ! re/ to be dr[n$2 :5 a w> has be5 rag+ = a few mon?s by 8 p]mission1 he puts a /op to x :5 "o army is worn out4 ,! unbeliev] is really entitl$ to a good deal ( sympa?y = 8 inability to foll[ ?is tortu\s reason+ ) confid5ce4 ,"o _c entirely blame him = be+ m int]e/$ 9 ! he>t ( man ?an 9 ! petals ( a rose4 ,^! consid]ations are1 ( c\rse1 n novel4 ,i am only apply+ to ?is special case ( ! w> a difficulty t has be5 discuss$ 9 all ages1 & has be5 acutely felt by v able religi\s ?9k]s4 ,h[ a gr\p ( bi%ops c sit d[n to write1 9 v delib]ate & elegant language1 t su* a calamity z ?is makes ! s\l m s5sible ( ! approa* ( ,*ri/ is "o ( ! _m little my/]ies ( ! cl]ical m9d4 ,x has precisely ! opposite effect 9 any logical m9d4 ,:5 ! way ( life is smoo?1 & our nation or home is prosp]+1 we may be g5ially dispos$ to ?9k t ,god is ne> & is look+ aft] u z well z ! sp>r[s4 ,b :5 a black /orm bur/s sudd5ly & disa/r\sly on u2 :5 ! e>? %akes _! ro(s on t5 ?\s& ( our fell[s1 or a great %ip /rikes a rock & p\rs a laugh+ cr[d sudd5ly into ! lap ( dea?2 :5 va/ prov9ces are laid desolate by w>1 & we see ! t5s ( ?\s&s clasp+ ! h& ( _! lov$ ones = ! la/ "t1 x seems r uncanny t ?is %\ld sugge/ to any p]son ! approa* ( ,*ri/4 ,to v _m p x is a confirmation ( ! g5]al impression !y get f ! _w-process & ! /ory ( man3 t ^! great =ces deploy & int]lace & build up & de/roy )\t ! slighte/ int]v5tion f )\t4 ,9 our "t1 we mu/ rememb]1 ?is difficulty _h already be5 enorm\sly increas$4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o felt ! problem acutely 9 ! prime ( 8 intellig5ce1 _h really a v mu* light] task ?an ! mod]n div9e4 ,he _h m]ely to sugge/ :y evil 0 p]mitt$ 9 ! n>r[ _w he knew2 & he _h ! great advantage ( be+ able to appeal to a primitive s9 & primitive puni%m5t ( ! race4 ,! problem became m s]i\s :5 orig9al s91 or at lea/ ! notion t ! race might ju/ly be damn$ = "o man's fault1 0 ab&on$4 ,x became grav] /ill :5 sci5ce discov]$ ! tombs ( inhabitants ( ?is globe :o _h liv$ dur+ millions ( e>li] ye>s1 & %[$ t ! v law ( _! life & progress 0 /ruggle aga9/ evil4 ,e attempt to m9imise ! /ruggle ( ^? e>li] ages has fail$4 ,at a "t :5 !re 0 no possibility ( spiritual advantage !re 0 acute consci\sness ( pa91 ! /ruggle & suff]+ 7 prodigi\s4 ,!i/ic lit]ature ( ! la/ half c5tury1 gr[+ m we>y & m wi/ful 9 ea* decade1 reflects ! increas+ difficulty4 ,if any man c see 9 ?is w> a relief ( ! difficulty1 & n an appall+ acc5tuation & illu/ration ( x1 he mu/ be gift$ ) a peculi> type ( m9d & emotion4 ,x is m probable t an increas+ numb] w conclude t1 if ,god is indiff]5t to ^! ?+s1 !y w be indiff]5t to him4 ,pr(essor ,william ,james1 9 8 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 decl>$ t ! only gods ! m5 ( ! new g5]ation w\ld recognise w\ld be gods ( "s use to !m4 ,! w> does n enc\rage ! *ances ( ! ,*ri/ian ,god4 ,a few mod]n religi\s ?9k]s seem to imag9e t !y h f\nd "s relief by devis+ ! =mula t ,god's plan is to co-op]ate ) man1 & 9 ^? mod]n advances :i* ,i h freely admitt$ !y see indications ( ?is co-op]ation4 ,?is new =mula is n a :it bett] ?an ! o!r phrases :i* h1 at v>i\s /ages1 be5 reg>d$ by religions p z pr(\nd ?\ghts4 ,9 ! rec5t hi/ory ( moral progress we h1 z a rule1 a m9ority ( high-m9d$ m5 & wom5 /ruggl+ to impress _! s5tim5ts on ! in]t majority4 ,! new !ologian is n daunt$ 9 ! application ( 8 !ory by ! fact t a l>ge proportion ( ^! pione]s did n believe 9 ,god at all1 s ,i w n discuss t aspect2 ?\gh no d\bt ! pla9 man w f9d x int]e/+ to trace h[1 9 ! e>li] & m difficult days ( mod]n humanism1 s few ( ! re=m]s 7 ,*ri/ian m9i/]s & s _m ,rationali/s4 ,f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 we f9d ?is l9e ( developm5t q intelligible4 ,we f9d1 = in/ance1 ,rob]t ,ow5 7a great ,rationali/7 advocat+ ! sub/itution ( arbitration = w> ne>ly a c5tury ago1 & we discov] ! e>li] s\rces ( ,ow5's en?usiasm 9 ,engli% ,radicals l ,godw91 :o 7 affect$ by ! e>ly ,fr5* ,revolution>ies1 :o _h be5 influ5c$ by ,r\sseau1 & s on4 ,x is a q natural evolution ( ideas1 z !y f9d a cong5ial soil 9 ea* g5]ation 9 c]ta9 types ( temp]am5t4 ,b :]e are ! traces or :at 0 ! nature ( ,god's co-op]ation ) ^! m58 ,look+ to _! g5]ally het]odox "* & ! ho/ility ( ! ,*ur*es to !m1 ! idea is n )\t hum\r2 b1 ev5 if we reconcile ourselves to ?is peculi> feature1 any?+ 9 ! nature ( positive evid5ce ( div9e action is :olly lack+1 & we c und]/& ! :ole process )\t x4 ,! !ory is m]ely a desp]ate & unf\nd$ ass]tion ( m5 :o are det]m9$ t ,god %all n be left out4 ,!re is a fur!r grave difficulty4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t ! k9d ( pat]nal affection :i* is ascrib$ to ,god w\ld h induc$ him to int]v5e at an e>li] /age4 ,! k9d ( fa!r :o co-op]ates ) ! m gift$ & ambiti\s ( 8 *ildr51 & does no?+ = ! less gift$ & sluggi%1 is a n>r[-m9d$ & n>r[-he>t$ man4 ,affection turns r to ^? :o _c help !mselves1 or :o ne$ judici\s & con/ant inspiration4 ,?is view we are consid]+ is ev5 less flatt]+ to ,god1 because ! aspir+ *ildr5 ( ! n9ete5? & tw5tie? c5turies seem able to disp5se ) 8 co-op]ation1 :ile ! ignorant & prie/-ridd5 *ildr5 ( e>li] ages c\ld d little ( !mselves4 ,! !ologians :o h f\nd ?is new =mula are ( ! m lib]al s*ool4 ,!y d n attribute all ! blund]s & crimes & failures ( ! ,middle ,ages to free w1 to a %e] & delib]ate ob/9acy 9 cl++ to evil4 ,!y realise ! ov]p[]+ nature ( ! environm5t & ! dra/ic disc\ragem5t by ! cl]gy ( any?+ l novelty or initiative 9 e?ics4 ,x 0 !n t man ne$$ ,god1 if !re is a ,god4 ,b1 on ?is !ory1 ,god argu$ ) ! academic wisdom ( a m$ieval !ologian2 he conclud$ t m$ieval m5 7 q capable ( orig9at+ mod]n ideas1 & he w\ld n co-op]ate until !y did4 ,! !ory is prepo/]\s 9 e respect4 ,f9ally1 we h ! v l>ge class ( c&id or ( hopelessly puzzl$ ,*ri/ians :o give up ! matt] z a my/]y4 ,!y d n und]/& h[ ?is rul+ ( ! univ]se :i* !y seem to see cle>ly 9 />s & fl[]s %\ld become s obscure or disappe> altoge!r 9 ! human ord]4 ,!y realise t1 if ?is w> 7 an isolat$ occurr5ce1 !y might imag9e ,god hold+ 8 h& = a season1 = "s reason unkn[n to u2 b !y "k t x is n an isolat$ occurr5ce3 x is "p ( ! human ord] ( ?+s4 ,x has be5 prec$$ by o!r w>s at int]vals ( e few ye>s1 & w> itself is only "o ( a s]ies ( cata/rophes & calamities t spla% ! human *ronicle ) innoc5t blood4 ,!y give x up1 sorr[fully1 & f9d a ?9 consolation 9 le>n$ =mul ab\t ! impossibility ( a f9ite m9d und]/&+ an inf9ite m9d1 & s on3 :i* give1 z ,i say1 ?9 consolation1 = "o may at lea/ see t an inf9ite b5evol5ce ought n to act worse ?an a mod]ate human b5evol5ce4 ,n[ if !re 7 any v /rong evid5ce ( div9e rul+ outside ! human ord]1 we might f9d a c]ta9 am\nt ( logic 9 ?is position4 ,! my/]y ( a ,god :o moves ! />s & inspires ! bees1 yet leaves man to 8 own unhappy impulses 7aft] putt+ ^? impulses 9 him71 w\ld be1 "o imag9es1 pa9ful en\gh2 b if !re 7 irresi/ible evid5ce t ,god does move ! />s & quick5 ! bird & bea/1 we might be compell$ to reconcile ourselves to t unhappy dilemma4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no su* irresi/ible evid5ce4 ,?is is n ! place to exam9e su* evid5ce z is adduc$4 ,i mu/ be cont5t to recall ! fact t x is all highly controv]t$2 t !ologians te> to pieces ea* o!r's pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 & t a l>ge & increas+ body ( cultivat$ m5 & wom5 disc>d ! evid5ce entirely4 ,s t1 9 ! la/ resort1 ! situation is ?is3 on ! "o h& we h a numb] ( v disputable sugge/ions1 :i* are gr[+ fa9t] 9 proportion z sci5ce inve/igates ^! matt]s1 ( div9e action 9 />s & rocks & reptiles1 & on ! o!r h& we h a /up5d\s mass ( suff]+1 />t+ millions ( ye>s ago at ! v bir? ( consci\sness & pil$ up m\nta9s high 9 ?is ye> #aiae1 :i* no ?9k] has ev] yet reconcil$ ) ! notion ( a div9e rul+ ( ! life ( man4 ,?is is a v grave & pla9 situation1 & if ! cl]gy h no?+ m to say ab\t x ?an to borr[ f an anci5t ,hebrew c]ta9 (f5sive gibes at ! unbeliev]1 or to (f] u ! k9d ( apologies we exam9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 "o mu/ conclude t !y d n realise ! situation4 ,! w> has t]ribly acc5tuat$ ! mo/ t]rible difficulty !y ev] _h to face4 ,:e!r !re is intellig5ce manife/$ 9 nature is1 aft] all1 an academic "q :i* does n pr(\ndly /ir ! mod]n _w4 ,:e!r !re is b5evol5ce1 a moral p]sonality1 reflect$ 9 ! c\rse ( man's hi/ory is ! mu* m important "q4 ,& ?is appall+ calamity w induce _m to take a m c&id view ( ! _w-process & conclude t1 z f> z ! critical eye c see1 man's _w seems to be left entirely to 8 own ef=ts1 to 8 own crimes & blund]s & aspirations4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,human ,,alt]native ,if ! obs]vations ,i h made 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s are ev5 approximately j1 ! hope :i* _m ( ! cl]gy express1 t !re w be a religi\s revival at ! close ( ! w>1 is v s+ul>4 ,no d\bt x means1 on ! :ole1 t "s advantage to religion w be s\ght 9 ! flood ( g5ial & g5]\s emotion :i* w surge ?r\gh ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 "o imag9es1 religion w h a r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,! p :o wrote & repeat$ con/antly1 ,gott /rafe ,engl&--:i*1 by ! way1 is ano!r pro( t ! g5]al ,g]man attitude is !ological r ?an humani/--w h a few s]i\s que/ions to put to ! cl]gy1 z well z to _! secul> rul]s4 ,9 ,france1 despite ! reports ( int]e/$ p1 !re w be little *ange4 ,! nation1 be+ ov]:elm+ly ,rationali/ic1 reli$ on its #ge-;c5timetre guns r ?an on pray]1 & w f9d its wisdom ju/ifi$4 ,b 9 ,engl& & ,russia1 & 9 ! backw>d ,slav c\ntries1 !re w be mighty flag-wav+ 9 ,*ur*1 & no d\bt a great numb] ( n v ?\ghtful p w conclude t ! cl]gy & ! ,y4,m4,c4,a4 & ! ,salvation ,army h behav$ v nicely ov] ! :ole affair1 & !re w be1 = a "t1 an increas$ att5dance at *ur*4 ,we may suppose t ?is emotional /orm w n la/ long1 & ! nation w settle d[n to face ! bill1 ! empty *airs at home1 & ! disorganisation ( its indu/ries4 ,!n w arise ! que/ions ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to answ] 9 ?is little book4 ,! cl]gy behav$ v well dur+ ! w>1 %ort ( volunte]+ 9 any conspicu\s numb] = active s]vice2 b :at is ! s5se ( ?is l(ty message ( peace on e>? & good-w among m5 :i* nev] produces any result8 ,! ,*ur*es are fairly eag] to jo9 9 ! "w ( peace n[ t x is be+ promot$ by l>ge associations ( laym52 b :]e1 9 ! "n ( heav51 7 !y dur+ ^! ages ( fai? :i* !y bemoan8 ,god may conceivably h be5 at "w some:]e among ! batt]ies or ! infantry ( ! ,allies--x is s v difficult to analyse ^! ?+s--b we %\ld be inf9itely m grateful if he _h ass]t$ 8 p[] e>li] & sp>$ u all ! blood%$4 ,he may be a v /]n s*oolma/]1 tea*+ u a valuable lesson by means ( ?is w>2 b we 7 really q op5 to conviction if he _h s5t u ! lesson 9 a m humane =m4 ,a great _m good p may h d]iv$ spiritual advantages f ! w>1 b ! price 0 /up5d\s1 & we w\ld r !y got _! spiritual advantages 9 ano!r way4 ,^! que/ions & reflections mu/ surely arise1 & !y w lead to l>g] reflections4 ,m5 w p]ceive ! anti!sis ,i po9t$ out betwe5 all t is claim$ = ,*ri/ianity 9 ,europe & ! actual condition ( ,europe2 betwe5 ! suppos$ lum9\s traces ( ! f+] ( ,god 9 ! non-human _w & ! complete abs5ce ( !m f ! human _w4 ,f ! samples ( cl]ical eloqu5ce :i* we h exam9$1 we c h>dly suppose t ! cl]gy w h great success 9 meet+ ! inquir]s4 ,an enorm\s proportion ( _! foll[]s1 ( c\rse1 w n ask que/ions1 or w be satisfi$ ) any?+ 9 ! nature ( an answ]4 ,i he>d a gr\p ( m5 discuss+ ! subject 9 a rural ale-h\se1 & ! mo/ intellig5t man 9 ! gr\p1 to :om1 z an educat$ visitor1 ! natives look$ up ) respect1 said3 ,w> is ,god's way ( purify+ & brac+ nations f "t to "t4 ,?is sort ( /uff pacifies hundr$s ( ?\s&s3 l ! /uff t ,ar*bi%op ,c>r f\nd x possible to put be=e 8 ,au/ralian ,ca?olics4 ,b inquiry & reflection gr[ among ! adh]5ts ( ! ,*ur*es1 &1 al?\gh ! ,press g5]ally refuses to br+ books ( ?is "* to ! notice ( ! public1 & cl]gym5 (t5 /oop to ! mo/ despicable means to exclude !m f book/alls & %ops1 !y seem to f9d a fairly l>ge public to-day4 ,?9k+ is z ne$ful an ex]cise = ! m9d z "w is = ! body1 & ! only plausible gr\nd on :i* y c seek to suppress ?9k+ ab\t ,*ri/ianity is ! fe> t x w n be good = ,*ri/ianity4 ,!n we %all h ! next & inevitable "q3 ,:at w\ld y put 9 ! place ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,"y m5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry hurl t "q at "o z if x 7 really v s]i\s1 putt+ an end to all dispute4 ,any p]son :o is q c&id & s9c]e ab\t ^! matt]s c f9d ! mat]ial = an answ] easily en\gh4 ,take ,france4 ,=ty ye>s ago ! nation 0 ov]:elm+ly ,*ri/ian2 to-day x is ov]:elm+ly non-,*ri/ian4 ,x has n put any?+ 9 ! place ( ,*ri/ianity1 & has prosp]$ rem>kably4 ,!re is a legacy ( :at is call$ vice :i* comes d[n f e>li] religi\s times1 b any p]son :o c>es to exam9e crim9al & o!r /ati/ics1 ! only positive te/s ( a nation's heal?1 w f9d t ,france has be5 extraord9>ily successful )\t ,*ri/ianity & )\t putt+ any?+ 9 its place4 ,!re are1 x is true1 moral lessons 9 its s*ools1 b ,i w\ld n claim t !y are mu* responsible3 ! sy/em is imp]fect1 & ! tea*]s n well equipp$4 ,take our ally ,japan4 ,! moral discipl9e ( ! nation1 :i*1 9 spite ( "s rec5t det]ioration ?r\gh ,we/]n influ5ce1 is admirable1 does n re/ on religi\s f\ndations4 ,take ,london or any metropolis ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! bulk ( ! p h ceas$ to receive any influ5ce f ! repres5tatives ( ,*ri/ianity1 yet !re has be5 moral progress in/ead ( det]ioration4 ,^? :o speak ( deg5]ation 9 ,london or ,p>is d n accurately "k & e/imate ! /ate ( ^? cities 9 m religi\s times4 ,?is exp]i5ce might be enl>g$ indef9itely1 b "o or two in/ances w suffice = my purpose4 ,! s\ndness ( ^! in/ances :i* ,i quote ,i h e/abli%$ else:]e1 & ! g5]al tru? to :i* ,i ref] may be suffici5tly ga!r$ f ! words ( ! cl]gy !mselves4 ,! rhetorical way 9 :i* !y *>act]ise our times is m or less typical ( ! c>elessness ( _! judgm5ts & ! /r5g? ( _! prejudices4 ,"o gr\p ( cl]ical writ]s1 :i* g5]ally includes ! reign+ ,pope1 speak 9 ! d>ke/ t]ms ( our age & sugge/ t a s5sible deg5]ation has foll[$ ! decrease ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*es4 ,ano!r gr\p1 consid]+ ! rem>kable spread ( idealism 9 our g5]ation1 ! gr[+ dem& = peace1 ju/ice1 & sobriety1 claim t ?is moral progress1 :i* !y _c d5y1 is due to "s t>dy recognition ( ! _s ( ,*ri/3 a /range cont5tion1 see+ t our age is less & less will+ to he> ! words ( ,*ri/ & ascribes its s5tim5ts to entirely diff]5t inspiration4 ,h5ce !re are a few :o frankly admit t ! idealism ( mod]n times is to !m a rebuke & a my/]y4 ,"o ( ^! m s5sitive religi\s writ]s once confess$ to me t ! fact t ! times became bett] :ile ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity grew less 0 to him a p]plex+ tru?4 ,! really hone/ social /ud5t1 :o does n measure 8 age by 8 prejudices1 b fa%ions 8 !ories accord+ to ! c>efully asc]ta9$ facts1 w try to discov] ! causes ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,9 ^? wide & v>i$ areas :]e x is obs]v$1 we _c say t any?+ has tak5 ! place ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,press sometimes flatt]s itself t x has tak5 ! place ( ! pulpit1 b op9ions w diff] 9 reg>d to its efficacy z a moral ag5cy4 ,on ! :ole1 x is too apt to reflect ! moral s5tim5ts ( ! m reaction>y1 :o are g5]ally ! mo/ self-ass]tive1 & x has no moral1 z di/9ct f political1 lead]%ip4 ,!n !re are ,e?ical & k9dr$ societies :i* hold s]vices ( a humanit>ian "*1 & are to _m p a sub/itute = ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es4 ,_! influ5ce is1 h[ev]1 re/rict$ to a few ?\s& p 9 ! :ole c\ntry1 & signs are n want+ t _! usefulness w be only transitory4 ,! exp]i5ce ( any c>eful obs]v] is t ! mass ( p :o cease to att5d *ur* desire & ne$ no sub/itute :atev] = ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,rationali/ lit]ature :i* _m ( !m read is1 z a rule1 ( a high ideali/ "*2 b "h aga9 ! influ5ce is v re/rict$4 ,no organis$ influ5ce is at "w to any great ext5t z a successor to ,*ri/ianity1 yet x is indubitable t1 z ,*ri/ian influ5ce wanes1 ! temp] ( ! age improves4 ,?is improvem5t mu/ h an adequate cause1 & x w\ld be m]ely ano!r =m ( crude social reason+ & ( sect>ian prejudice to say1 9 ! ri* language ( ! old] anti-cl]icals1 t break+ ! fett]s ( sup]/ition & prie/craft l$ ( itself to su* a result4 ,b ?is sangu9e rhetoric does conta9 or obscure a c]ta9 tru?4 ,9 pla9 human language1 :5 y prev5t a man f rely+ on ! old traditional inspirations1 he may = a "t be tempt$ to act )\t inspiration4 ,9 ! matt] ( 8 deal+s ) 8 fell[s x is an und5iable fact t1 on ! :ole1 he has n be5 ?us tempt$4 ,x is absurd to heap up all ! contempor>y in/ances ( corruption 9 trade & politics1 loos5ess 9 dome/ic life1 & s on1 unless y make a simil> /udy ( ! vices & crimes ( an e>li] & m ,*ri/ian g5]ation1 & c>efully comp>e ! two4 ,x is n a "q :e!r !re is evil 9 our g5]ation2 x is a "q :e!r !re is m or less evil ?an 9 e>li] g5]ations4 ,i mu/ be p>don$ = reit]at+ ?is1 because1 al?\gh ?is comp>ison is ess5tial = =m+ an accurate judgm5t on ! moral effect ( ! decay ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is r>ely in/itut$ ) ! lea/ pret5ce ( rig\r4 ,i h suffici5tly /udi$ x 9 e>li] works 7especially ,! ,bible 9 ,europe71 & w n repeat ! facts4 ,cott] ,morison1 :om ,i quot$ on an e>ly page1 0 wrong 9 8 expectation4 ,! *ange f ,*ri/ian to humani/ inspiration is tak+ place )\t disord] & ) increas+ advantage4 ,! solution ( ?is app>5t problem is really n obscure4 ,if ! g5u9e basis ( human conduct ne$$ an elaborate se>*--if x _h to be reveal$ by a ,deity or labori\sly e/abli%$ by moral !ologians or moral philosoph]s--no d\bt ! age ( transition w\ld be an age ( disord]1 & a v compreh5sive educational organisation w\ld be ne$$4 ,b ! true basis ( human conduct is simple4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 ,rationali/s :o feel t "s v ab/ruse sci5ce ( e?ics has to be con/ruct$ z ! solid f\ndation ( conduct2 b ?is has z little relation to ! conduct ( ord9>y m5 z ! le>n$ p$ants ( ! sci5ce ( prosody h to ord9>y speak]s ( prose4 ,exp]i5ce is ! real base & guide ( conduct1 & x =ces itself on e man & woman1 ev5 on ! *ild4 ,d unto o!rs z y w\ld t !y %\ld d unto y is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( morals2 & to inculcate x y ne$ nei!r ! ?und]s ( ,jupit] nor ! impressive ab/ractions ( a sci5ce ( e?ics3 nor d y ne$ any moral g5ius or philosophical skill to discov] x4 ,x is a rule ( life t sugge/s itself spontane\sly4 ,x is a natural & prompt expression ( ! fact t our life is social3 our acts h ! close/ relation to o!rs besides ourselves4 ,n[ & aga91 p]haps1 a man is tempt$ to ass]t 8 own p]sonality1 or seek 8 own gratification1 9 su* a way z to ignore 8 fell[s2 b he is usually arre/$ be=e long by ! simple exp]i5ce t he himself suff]s f ! actions ( o!rs j z !y may suff] f 8 conduct4 ,x is a lesson ( life :i* "o ne$s no p[] ( analysis to le>n4 ,& ! *ief reason :y ! ab&onm5t ( ! old doctr9es is proce$+ )\t any moral deg5]ation is t ?is exp]i5ce 0 really always ! basis ( g5]al morality4 ,we ne$ n "q--x w\ld be absurd to "q--t ref9$ natures h receiv$ moral aid f _! belief 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 or 9 a desire to please ,god by accept+ ! law ( virtue z a decl>ation ( 8 w2 ?\gh we mu/ be equally c&id 9 admitt+ t m5 & wom5 ( ?is nature h n be5 obs]v$ to det]iorate :5 !y sacrifice _! religi\s beliefs1 z ?\s&s ( !m h done4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we w h>dly "q t numb]s ( p ( co>s] nature h be5 det]r$ f evil-do+ by dread ( sup]natural puni%m5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 notori\s 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ,europe t ^! religi\s beliefs h be5 consi/5t ) a va/ am\nt ( transgression ( ! decalogue3 m ?an we witness 9 any civilis$ c\ntry 9 our own "t4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to discov] :at 7 ! real spr+s ( conduct 9 ! mass ( ord9>ily dec5t p8 ,x seems to me t ! only accurate me?od is to avoid !ories & consid] p 9 ! fle%4 ,d our ,*ri/ian fri5ds--did we ourselves 9 ,*ri/ian days--refra9 f ly+1 di%one/y1 inju/ice1 cruelty1 & injury1 solely or ma9ly because ,god =bids !m or w puni% !m8 ,i h n met ! man1 except 9 ! imag9ative pages ( religi\s controv]sy1 :o confess$ t he w\ld /oop freely to ^! ?+s if !re 7 no ,*ri/ian prohibition4 ,! ma9spr+ ( ord9>y dec5t conduct 9 any educat$ community has always be5 a p]ception ( its human & social value4 ,! only l9e ( ! decalogue ab\t :i* !re is likely to be any dispute 9 ?is reg>d is t putt+ re/ra9t on sexual relations4 ,i h n to consid] "h a subject s remote f my imm$iate int]e/1 & w obs]ve only t any act :i* hurts ei!r an individual or ! social int]e/ w z pla9ly come "u a humanit>ian law z ! practice ( ly+3 acts :i* inflict no injury & h be5 =bidd5 only on my/ic gr\nds are n likely to rema9 on ! moral code ( ! future4 ,b ,i am conc]n$ "h ) a def9ite issue1 & ne$ discuss g5]al morality only 9 s f> z t issue is affect$4 ,"h1 at lea/1 ! way ( ! humanit>ian is pla94 ,s]mons on ! bro!rhood ( m5 "u ! fa!rhood ( ,god h be5 totally ineffective to prev5t w> & aboli% milit>ism4 ,!re is some?+ incongru\s 9 ! introduction into a mod]n peace-meet+ ( "s cl]ical speak] :o talks unctu\sly ab\t ! great promise & precept ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! meet+ itself1 be+ held n9ete5 c5turies aft] ! promise 0 made1 is a suffici5t indication ( its futility4 ,no progress 0 made or s]i\sly attempt$ 9 ! "w ( peace until a g5u9e human passion 0 sub/itut$ = t empty phraseology4 ,! bro!rhood ( m5 01 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( t phrase1 too ab/ruse & prec>i\s a conclusion to be ( use 9 su* a /ruggle4 ,! pla9 fact is t x 0 ( no use1 & is ( no use to-day4 ,!re is1 inde$1 reason to ?9k t we %\ld make m progress if we entirely disc>d$ figures ( spee* l ! bro!rhood ( m54 ,! fact t we are all *ildr5 ( ,god1 or *ildr5 ( ,eve1 or *ildr5 ( "s ,t]ti>y an?ropoid1 does n v obvi\sly impose on u ! duty n to take up arms 9 an int]national qu>rel4 ,! ultimate basis ( morality is1 z ,s*op5hau] said1 sympa?y1 ?\gh 9 an advanc$ social ord] ?is s5tim5t approves itself to ! intellect1 & its requirem5ts may be precisely =mulat$ by reason4 ,"o is n sure :e!r !re w n be m morality 9 ! _w :5 ! ^w morality1 ) all its my/ic entanglem5ts1 is disc>d$1 & we speak pla9ly ( social law4 ,viol5ce1 ! infliction ( pa9 & inju/ice1 is "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s infractions ( social law1 q ap>t f any religi\s comm&m5ts4 ,its social evil is s obvi\s t ! community has1 at an e>ly date 9 its developm5t1 elaborat$ a special ma*9]y = re/ra9+ x1 & has impos$ p5alties 9 ?is _w1 :atev] x ?9ks ab\t ! next4 ,!re may be que/ions rais$1 & "o c und]/& p :o are conf9$ to a religi\s environm5t feel+ a g5u9e conc]n1 ab\t o!r sections ( moral law2 b x w\ld be obvi\sly absurd to ?9k t a humanit>ian e?ic w\ld fail "h4 ,!re h be5 attempts 9 mod]n times to "q ! validity ( e?ical law altoge!r4 ,9 s f> z ?is movem5t aims at /ripp+ moral law ( its my/icism & fe>lessly inve/igat+ its traditional cont5t1 x is admirable & w gr[2 b 9 s f> z ^! moral rebels w\ld res5t re/ra9t ( any k9d1 & pron\nce ! fre$om ( e individual impulse1 !y seem to ov]look a factor ( great importance--! impulse ( retaliation4 ,a pretty /ate ( society we %\ld h if su* a !ory 7 g5]ally1 or l>gely1 c>ri$ into practice4 ,b ^! are academic vag>ies1 l ^? ( ! my/ic or ! moral !ologian4 ,:atev] be ! future =tune ( ,*ri/ian leg5ds1 m5 are n likely to sacrifice ! peace & security ( social life to su* !ories ( fre$om any m ?an !y are likely to expose prop]ty to a g5]al scramble4 ,! in/9ct ( sympa?y is n[ gr[+ deep] 9 e c5tury4 ,mo/ ( ! great improvem5ts ( social life 79 its wide/ s5se7 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* we h inh]it$1 7 due to t developm5t ( sympa?y4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! re=m] 0 ,*ri/ian or non-,*ri/ian--,elizabe? ,fry & ,flor5ce ,night+ale or ,rob]t ,ow5 & ,john ,/u>t ,mill--! impulse 0 sympa?y ) suff]+ fell[-humans4 ,all ! hope ( improvem5t 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury looks to a cont9u$ gr[? ( t s5tim5t4 ,x becomes a v]itable passion 9 c]ta9 natures1 z long z !re are l>ge & cruel evils to r$ress2 & ?is passion ( a few lead+ spirits1 communicat+ some?+ ( its fire to ! cold] mass1 is ! great cause ( progress4 ,surely t is ! correct int]pretation ( ! progressive life ( ! n9ete5? & ! tw5tie? c5turies8 ,m5 realis$ t to cultivate sympa?y because x 0 enjo9$ by religion 0 a m or less m]cantile proc$ure3 x 0 wor? cultivat+ = its own sake4 ,"h we h ! reply to ^? :o1 unfamili> ) any b _! own religi\s environm5t1 ask :at place !re w be = sympa?y 9 an intellectual or nationali/ic age4 ,x is a v grave error to suppose ei!r t our age is becom+ less emotional or t ,rationalism has no place = emotions4 ,9 pursu+ its task dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury ,rationalism 0 an int5sely emotional movem5t4 ,mr ,g4 ,k4 ,*e/]ton1 9 8 ,victorian ,age 9 ,lit]ature1 speaks ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's h>d rationalism 9 religion & h>d egoism 9 e?ics4 ,l v _m o!r /atem5ts 9 t lam5table book1 ^! are inexplicably unju/4 ,mill 0 s f> f be+ h>d 9 religion t he end$ 8 days 9 a k9d ( s5tim5tal !ism2 he 0 s f> f be+ a h>d egoi/ 9 e?ics t he decl>$ t he w\ld burn 9 hell = ev] r ?an lie at ! suppos$ bidd+ ( a ,deity4 ,rob]t ,+]soll1 ! mo/ popul> ,rationali/ ( t age1 0--,i judge f 8 private lett]s1 n 8 ornate spee*es--a man ( ! mo/ t5d] & f9e s5tim5t4 ,x is simply ludicr\s to suppose t1 because we d n admit emotion to be a te/ ( ! accuracy ( /atem5ts ( fact 7z all religi\s dogmas claim to be71 we d n f9d any room = emotion 9 life4 ,is ! :ole ( man's life an affirmation ab\t reality or criticism ( su* affirmation8 ,?is suppos$ h>dness--,i dete/ ^! vague phrases1 b "o kn[s :at is meant--( ! ,rationali/ temp] is "o ( ! /range/ my?s ! cl]gy h inv5t$4 ,reason n m]ely approves1 b enjo9s1 ! cultivation ( s5tim5t4 ,:5 ! s5tim5t 9 "q is "o t %[s a p[] ( trans=m+ life & impell+ m5 to /ruggle aga9/ pa9 & evil1 reason applauds x z "o ( ! mo/ valuable =ces we c cultivate4 ,su*1 pla9ly1 is ! s5tim5t ( sympa?y4 ,we look back to-day ) horror on ! indu/rial & social condition ( ,engl& 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury3 ! burd5$ lives & few gross pleasures ( ! work]s1 ! horrible cell>-homes ( ! poor1 ! gha/ly treatm5t ( *ild-work]s1 ! /upid & brutal h]d+ ( crim9als1 ! trag$ies ( asylums & workh\ses1 ! fe>ful political corruption & despotism1 ! subjection ( wom51 ! revolt+ proportions ( ! bir?-rate & dea?-rate4 ,we h /ill mu* to d to r$eem our civilisation f m$ieval errors1 b :5 "o contemplates ! social revolution t human sympa?y has br\ght ab\t 9 ! life ( ,engl&1 "o feels t ?is1 & n ! long-futile tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 is ! hope ( ! future4 ,*ri/ian prea*+ ( virtue has be5 individuali/ic4 ,ev5 9 our "t ! cl]gy hesitate & are divid$ 9 face ( social problems :i* pla9ly involve moral pr9ciples4 ,b ! humanit>ian e?ic is ess5tially social1 & ?is passion ( sympa?y is its *ief root4 ,we wi%1 !n1 n to sub/itute any cre$ or organisation = ,*ri/ianity1 b to sweep away ^! primitive or m$ieval speculations ab\t life1 & let ! human m9d & human he>t increas+ly devote !mselves1 directly1 to human int]e/s4 ,9 discuss+ ! "q ( peace & w>1 ! application is obvi\s4 ,we enclose or dispat* ! murd]]1 le/ "s fre% grave act ( viol5ce be p]petrat$4 ,we agree t ! viol5t & premature t]m9ation ( a life is ! mo/ s]i\s transgression ( social law t a man c p]petrate4 ,next to x we put rape1 mutilation1 ! de/ruction ( a man's home or =tune2 all acts1 9 a ^w1 t come ne>e/ to x 9 ?reat5+ or caus+ ! greate/ desolation4 ,yet we h suff]$1 age aft] age1 t e few ye>s all ^! acts %\ld be ga!r$ into "o mighty outrage & %[]$ ^u :ole populations4 ,! "t w come :5 m5 w read ) bewild]m5t ! ?+s t h be5 writt5 ab\t w>f>e 9 ! n9ete5?1 & ev5 ! tw5tie?1 c5tury4 ,! m5 ( cle> judgm5t & s\nd emotion ( "s com+ age w see angui% ris+1 z vap\r does f "s tropical sea1 f our va/ battle-fields4 ,!y w read ( ,cats' ,homes1 & ,anti-,vivisection ,societies1 & ,homes ( ,re/ = ,horses1 & a hundr$ su* in/itutions1 & !y w f9d contributors to ^! in/itutions /irr+ n "o f+] :5 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m5 wri! "u hails ( %rapnel1 & cr[ds ( homeless wom5 & *ildr5 fly 9 t]ror be=e ! unavoidable calamities or ! sup]flu\s brutalities ( w>4 ,!y w see a g5]ation %ak5 & %udd]+ z ! gha/ly picture is daily unfold$ be=e x1 & !y w see t same g5]ation 9 a few mon?s gr[ dully indiff]5t to1 if n actively support+1 ! milit>y sy/em :i* inv>iably br+s ^! horrors e few ye>s ^u ! _w4 ,!y w read ( social aspiration spread+ ?r\gh our civilisation1 & /atesm5 regrett+ t want ( funds alone prev5ts !m f rem$y+ our social ills2 & !y w read h[ ,europe 9 "o ye> wa/$ 9 but*]y ! res\rces t might h r5ovat$ its disfigur$ civilisation1 & ! next ye> complac5tly %\ld]$ its milit>y burd51 its annual wa/e ( a ?\s& millions /]l+1 ) ! prospect ( a co/li] w> ?an ev]4 ,9 face ( ?is situation ! "q1 ,:at w\ld y put 9 place ( ,*ri/ianity8 is a m]e mock]y4 ,"o c see "s p]t95ce & use 9 ! "q3 ,h[ %all we induce ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es to employ _! /ill great res\rces 9 help+ to br+ on ! reign ( peace8 ,b x is n to !m t we n[ look = r$emption4 ,x is to ! humanit>ian _s1 ! cle>] reason1 ( our age4 ,i h describ$ ! situation 9 t]ms ( emotion1 because ?us x spontane\sly rises be=e me2 b x may be record$ 9 t]ms ( pure reason4 ,we ma9ta9 9 ,europe a ma*9]y = settl+ int]national qu>rels :i* co/s u m ?an a ?\s& millions /]l+ annually1 :ile we c\ld erect at a co/ ( a few ?\s&s annually an effici5t ma*9]y = deal+ ) ^? qu>rels1 & = a few millions we c\ld add ! ma*9]y = c>ry+ out its decisions4 ,we boa/ t our civilisation is f\nd$ on ju/ice2 yet1 ( ! two types ( ma*9]y = adju/+ qu>rels1 we reta9 ! "o t is ! lea/ possible adapt$ = secur+ ! triumph ( ju/ice & disc>d ! "o t is pre-em95tly fitt$ to secure x4 ,we flatt] ourselves t we rise above ! savage 9 enjoy+ security ( life & prop]ty1 & we reta9 ?is sy/em ?\gh we "k t1 p]iodically1 x w invade life & prop]ty on a scale t surpasses ! exp]i5ce ( ! savage z mu* z a ,dreadn\ght surpasses a canoe4 ,x is j z easy to /ate our situation 9 t]ms ( reason z 9 t]ms ( s5tim5t3 x w\ld n be easy to say 9 :i* guise x is uglie/4 ,let u talk no m nons5se ab\t ne$+ religion to help u to get rid ( ?is atroci\s nightm>e4 ,x drives bo? reason & s5tim5t to ! br9k ( insanity4 ,bo? prote/ aga9/ x ) e p>ticle ( _! en]gy4 ,:y ,*ri/ianity fail$ to prote/ aga9/ x 9 fifte5 hundr$ ye>s may or may n be obscure2 b !re is no obscurity :atev] ab\t ! probable effect on milit>ism & w> ( a cultivation ( reason & sympa?y4#c ,_m a re=m has be5 actually ret>d$ by ! use ( rhetoric4 ,an outp\r ( vehem5t language seems to release1 bo? 9 ! speak] & 9 ! ass5t+ audi5ce1 a "p ( t en]gy :i* ought to issue 9 action4 ,x has be5 "o ( ! grave blund]s ( ! ,*ur*es t !y ?\ght _! function end$ ) ! eloqu5t ann\ncem5t t m5 7 bro!rs4 ,we mu/ be m practical4 ,n[1 :ile ! imag9ation ( ! _w is fill$ ) ! horrors ( w>1 & sympa?y is ready to fire u ) a mighty en]gy1 is "o ( ! great opportunities ( peace4 ,"o may tru/ t1 aft] ?is exp]i5ce1 ! ,*ur*es w awak5 to ! implications ( _! moral doctr9e & set to "w to impress x emphatically & repeat$ly1 z a moral duty1 on _! foll[]s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n impossible t1 ) all _! sc\tma/]s & *apla9s & s]vices ( ?anksgiv+ = victory1 a v l>ge "p ( ! cl]gy w f9d !mselves s closely alli$ ) milit>ism :5 ! w> is ov]1 s confus$ 9 _! appreciation ( :at x has done = u1 t !y w cont9ue to mumble only g5]al pr9ciples & halt+ c\nsels4 ,9 any case1 9 ! cities & l>ge t[ns ( ?is k+dom1 :]e are f\nd ! effective controll]s ( our de/9y1 ! majority d n any long] sit at ! feet ( ! cl]gy4 ,precise /ati/ical obs]vation has %[n ?is4 ,let u rememb] t ! "o task be=e u is to inspire ! majority 9 ea* civilis$ nation ) a det]m9ation t ! sy/em %all end4 ,! only practical difficulty ( consid]able magnitude is ! economic difficulty3 ! disorganisation ( ! indu/rial _w by suppress+ w>-indu/ries & l>ge /&+ armies4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fooli% to reg>d ?is z an ob/acle to dis>mam5t1 s9ce--to put an extreme case--x w\ld be m pr(itable to a nation to ma9ta9 ^! m5 9 idl5ess ?an run ! risk ( ano!r w>4 ,= dis>mam5t itself :at is ne$$ is t half a doz51 at lea/1 ( ! great ,p[]s %all agree to submit all qu>rels to arbitration1 & r$uce _! armies to ! proportions ( an int]national police1 at ! s]vice ( ! int]national tribunal & = use 7"u its p]mit7 aga9/ l[] peoples :o turn aggressive4 ,no "o d\bts t ?is c be done :5 ! ,p[]s agree to d x4 ,b = "o reason or o!r1 :i* ,i ne$ n discuss1 ! ,gov]nm5ts w probably n d ?is until a majority ( ! electorate indicate a resolute dem& = x4 ,! imm$iate task is to secure ?is majority by education2 & ! "w ( education w be be/ conduct$ by va/ non-sect>ian peace-organisations4 ,! mixture ( futile ,*ri/ian phraseology & g5u9e humanit>ian int]e/s 9 "s ( ^! movem5ts has be5 hi!rto a grave disadvantage4 ,! movem5t has be5 compell$ to split into sect>ian bran*es1 & has proportionately lo/ efficacy4 ,if ! cl]gy insi/ on w9n+ pre/ige = !mselves1 or respect & recognition = _! doctr9es1 by act+ 9 ^! bodies1 !y are aga9 hamp]+ ! "w ( re=m4 ,a great national agitation1 l9k$ ) simil> agitations 9 o!r l&s1 avoid+ ,*ri/ian =mul z well z anti-,*ri/ian reproa*es1 w alone secure ! object4 ,i confess--) ard5t hope t ,i may be wrong--t ,i expect no imm$iate realisation ( ! re=m4 ,x may take ye>s1 ev5 aft] ! grim lesson t milit>ism has giv5 u1 to inspire ! majority ( our p ) an unsleep+ & irresi/ible dem&1 & ! "w w gr[ m ardu\s z ! memory ( ! h>d%ips ( ! w> fades4 ,on ! day on :i* ,i write ?is ,i h li/5$ to ! conv]sation1 9 a tra91 ( a weal?y1 ref9$1 & cultivat$ ,*ur*woman4 ,i said to my son :5 he set out1 %e obs]v$1 ) a laugh1 to h] neighb\r1 t x 0 f> bett] = him to get %ot ?an to die ( diph!ria or some?+ at home4 ,if t s5tim5t1 t obtus5ess to ! massive horrors ( w> ev5 :5 a son 0 involv$1 is widespread1 ! outlook is d>k4 ,"o fe>s t x is n v promis+4 ,! lady ,i quote w\ld read ^! pages1 if %e c\ld con/ra9 h]self to d s1 ) a g5u9e %udd]4 ,ab&on ,*ri/ianity6 ,%e w\ld volubly reel (f ! eloqu5t =eca/s ( ! doom ( society :i* %e has he>d f a hundr$ pulpits4 ,meantime %e is "o ( ! grave/ ob/acles 7z a type ( h] class7 to ! removal f society ( "o ( its mo/ cru%+ burd5s & mo/ crim9al usages4 ,to me h] class illu/rates ! limitations ( ,*ri/ianity1 & x confirms me 9 ! belief t we %all make m rapid progress )\t x4 ,%e 0 a lady ( ke5 sympa?ies & ( great activity = o!rs3 ! k9d ( woman :o1 z %e w\ld put x1 practis$ h] ,*ri/ianity4 ,yet 9 face ( ?is mighty disord] %e %[$ at once ! failure ( ,*ri/ianity & ! reason ( x4 ,h] g5u9e human sympa?y 0 direct$ by an anci5t & outworn code ( duties4 ,:]e ,*ri/ianity _h deliv]$ no cle> message1 ! exp&+ ( h] sympa?y 0 b>r$4 ,w> 0 "p ( ! e/abli%$ ord] ( ?+s4 ,%e c\ld ev5 *eat h] mat]nal s5tim5t ) ?9 fallacies1 because !y reconcil$ h] to :at ! ,*ur* _h n condemn$4 ,%e _h nev] se5 ! vision ( peace1 nev] grasp$ ! comp>atively easy alt]native to w>4 ,?is1 9 g5]al t]ms1 is :at "o means by ! expectation t a surr5d] ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es w c]ta9ly n *eck ! gr[? ( sympa?y1 & is m likely to promote x4 ,x w direct itself spontane\sly to dep>tm5ts ( suff]+ to :i* ! ,*ur* _h n direct$ x4 ,b we %\ld be fooli% to rely on ?is free gr[? & spontane\s application ( sympa?y4 ,x mu/ be cultivat$3 our g5]ation mu/ be educat$ to a s5se ( its value4 ,z f> z ! *ild is conc]n$1 ! ne$ is pla94 ,*ildr5 d n m]ely h ve9s ( cruelty2 !y h1 z comp>ative psy*ology kn[s1 ! blood & impulses ( primitive man4 ,! g5]al impulse ( a heal?y boy is to exact an eye = an eye3 ! impulse :i* x is ! supreme c>e ( a mod]n ,/ate to curb 9 its citiz5s4 ,to educate su* *ildr5 9 milit>y hi/ory1 :e!r ( anci5t ,jews or m$ieval ,engli%m5 or mod]n ,g]mans1 is1 z ,william ,,ii kn[s1 ! be/ means ( ma9ta9+ w>4 ,z to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 its language is n address$ to *ildr51 its s5tim5ts are (t5 s obvi\sly impracticable t x defeats ! end ( education1 & its precepts & c\nsels are s emphatically bas$ on a disputable rew>d 9 heav5 t _! e?ic sav\rs ( a risky comm]cial speculation4 ,we mu/ ab&on ,bible lessons1 & tea* *ildr5 to be human4 ,b = ! "w ( education to end :5 ! *ild leaves ! s*ool is "o ( ! crudities ( our elem5t>y civilisation4 ,! human mat]ial is j becom+ fit = ! ef=ts ( ! educator :5 ! *ild leaves s*ool1 yet f t mom5t we leave x to ! casual & l>gely p]nici\s influ5ces ( its environm5t4 ,"s day1 p]haps1 our education dep>tm5t w be m s]i\sly conc]n$ ab\t ! y\? & ! adult ?an ab\t impress+ a few facts ( hi/ory & geography on ! memory ( ! *ild3 ev5 if x did no m ?an organise & direct ! innum]able f\ndations & volunt>y organisations :i* actually exi/1 & br+ !m into liv+ & practical contact ) our spl5did museums & libr>ies & art-collections1 a va/ am\nt c\ld be done 9 ! education ( ! adult4 ,meantime a p]si/5t1 compreh5sive1 int5sely e>ne/ propag&a ( peace is ne$$4 ,s9ce ,i wrote a little "w on ^? l9es 9 #ahii ,i h _h fifte5 ye>s' exp]i5ce ( prea*+ ! gospel ( peace1 & "k well h[ conv9c+ are its argum5ts & h[ little x has to ov]come except in]tia4 ,we ne$ only to help ! imag9ation ( ! mass ( p2 to put cle>ly be=e !m ! comp>ative eas9ess & ! incalculable value ( ! *ange4 ,*ri/ianity has n tri$ & fail$2 x has n ev5 tri$4 ,x has wa/$ its res\rces 9 g5]alities :i* h prov$ :olly futile4 ,we mu/ speak z m5 to m52 & m5 w be m op5 to conviction :5 we plead t1 n ! suppos$ comm&s ( a ,galilean prea*] ( n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 b _! own highe/ & mo/ sacr$ in/9cts1 bid !m lay d[n _! arms & inaugurate ! age ( int]national peace4 ,footnote #a3 ,! ,s]vice ( ,man 7#f;d4 edition71 p4 #af4 ,footnote #b3 ,z ,i write1 ! ,press describes ,canon ,gre5 ( ,burnley z say+ t ! w> is a div9e judgm5t on ! _w--,engl& = ! la/ t5 ye>s has be5 ,god-=gett+1 drunk51 immoral4 ,footnote #c3 ,let me aga9 gu>d myself aga9/ misrepres5tation4 ,7 ,i ( milit>y age1 ,i %\ld to-day be 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! m5 :o1 z long z ! milit>y sy/em is reta9$1 expose _! lives 9 our def5ce h my entire respect & gratitude4 ,x is ! sy/em ,i impugn4 ,pr9t$ by ,watts ,co41 ,johnson's ,c\rt1 ,fleet ,/reet1 ,e4,c4