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,transcrib]'s ,note                     
,9 ,lecture ,i1 !re are p>agraphs numb]$
 #a to #h b omitt+      #d4 ,?is is z 9 
! orig9al1 z is ! inconsi/5t            
hyph5ation ( ! words lawgiv] & tw(old4  
,9 two            in/ances1 errors (    
punctuation h be5 correct$1 & 9 "o      
case obscur$ words h be5 guess$4 ,full  
details c be f\nd     9 ! html v]sion ( 
?is ebook4                              
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,,moral ,,pr9ciples ,,&                 
,,m$ical ,,practice1                    
,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,m$ical ,,jurisprud5ce4
                                        
,,by                        ,,rev4      
,,*>les ,,copp5s1 ,s4,j41               
,pr(essor ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce 9 !   
,john ,a4 ,creighton   ,m$ical ,college1
 ,omaha1 ,neb41 au?or ( ,text-,books on 
,metaphysics1                           
,e?ics1 ,oratory1 & ,rhetoric4          

,,new ,,york1 ,,c9c9nati1 ,,*icago3     
,,b5zig] ,,bro!rs1                      
,pr9t]s to ! ,holy ,apo/olic ,see4      
,,to                          ,,mr4     
,,john ,a4 ,,creighton1                 
,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,?is ,,m$ical ,,college
                                 ,,& ,,(
                         ,,/4           
,,joseph',s ,,hospital1                 
,,z                        ,a ,,slight  
,,tribute ,,( ,,honor                   
,,=                  ,,8 ,,enlight5$    
,,patronage ,,( ,,le>n+                 
,,&              ,,8 ,,*ri/ian ,,*>ity  
,,t[>ds ,,8 ,,fell[-,,m51               
,,?is ,,volume                          
,,is                                    
,,respectfully ,,inscrib$4     ,p]missu 
,sup]iorum4   ,! und]sign$1 ,prov9cial (
 ! ,miss\ri ,prov9ce ( ! ,society (     
,jesus1 9 virtue ( faculties grant$ to  
him by ,v ,rev4 ,l4 ,,m>t91 ,g5]al ( !  
same ,society1 h]eby p]mits !           
publication ( a book entitl$ ,moral     
,pr9ciples & ,m$ical ,practice1 by ,rev4

 ,,*>les ,,copp5s1 ,s4,j41 ! same hav+  
be5 approv$ by ! c5sors appo9t$ by him  
to revise x4                  ,,?omas   
,s4 ,,fitzg]ald1 ,s4,j4      ,,/4       
,,l\is1 ,,mo41 ,july #b1 #ahig4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,imprimatur4                   ,,mi*ael 
,,augu/9e1                              
,ar*bi%op ( ,new ,york4      ,,new      
,,york1 ,july #bj1 #ahig4               
,,copyright1 #ahig1 ,,by ,,b5zig]       
,,bro!rs4     ,,preface4   ,! sci5ce (  
,m$ic9e is progressive2 g5ius irradiates
 its onw>d m>*4 ,few o!r sci5ces h      
advanc$ z rapidly z x has done )9 ! la/ 
half c5tury4 ,h5ce x has happ5$ t 9 _m (
 its bran*es text-books h n kept pace ) 
! k ( its lead+ m9ds4 ,su* is confess$ly
 ! case 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,m$ical          
,jurisprud5ce4 ,?is v t]m1 ,m$ical      
,jurisprud5ce1 z n[ us$ 9 colleges1 is  
g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be a misnom]4 ,!re 
is no reason :y x %\ld be s us$4 ,!     
lead+ m$ical writ]s & practition]s are  
s\nd at pres5t on ! moral pr9ciples t   

ought to direct ! conduct ( physicians4 
,x is high "t t _! pr9ciples be m       
g5]ally & di/9ctly inculcat$ on ! y\ng] 
memb]s1 & especially on ! /ud5ts ( _!   
noble pr(ession4 ,to promote ?is object 
is ! purpose aim$ at by ! au?or4 ,8     
brief volume is n int5d$ to be sub/itut$
 = exi/+ text-books on ,m$ical          
,jurisprud5ce1 b to supply "s *apt]s    
imp]atively dem&$ by sci5ce = ! ?or\gh  
treatm5t ( ?is important subject4       
,,cont5ts4                              
,,page   ,,lecture                      
,i4--,,introduction--,,! ,,f\ndation ,,(
 ,,jurisprud5ce1      #aa               
,,ii4--,,craniotomy1                    
#cg         ,,iii4--,,abortion1         
#eh          ,,iv4--,,views ,,(         
,,sci5ti/s ,,& ,,scioli/s1              
#ha           ,v4--,,v5]eal ,,excesses1 
#ajd          ,,vi4--,,! ,,physician',s 
,,pr(essional ,,rights ,,& ,,duties1    
#abh         ,,vii4--,,! ,,nature ,,(   
,,insanity1                             
#aea        ,,viii4--,,! ,,legal        

,,aspects ,,( ,,insanity1               
#agg          ,,ix4--,,hypnotism ,,& ,,!
 ,,bord]-,,l& ,,( ,,sci5ce1             
#aig     ,,moral ,,pr9ciples ,,&        
,,m$ical ,,practice4     ,,lecture ,i4  
,,introductory--,,! ,,f\ndation ,,(     
,,jurisprud5ce4   ,g5tlem53--#a4 ,:5 ,i 
?\ghtfully consid] ! subject on :i* ,i  
am to address y 9 ?is c\rse ( lectures1 
i4e41 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 ,i am      
deeply impress$ ) ! dignity & !         
importance ( ! matt]4  ,! /udy ( m$ic9e 
is "o ( ! noble/ pursuits to :i* human  
tal5t c be devot$4 ,x is z f> sup]ior to
 geology1 botany1 entomology1 zology1 & 
a score ( k9dr$ sci5ces z its subject1 !
 body ( man1 ! visible "l ( ! creation1 
is sup]ior to ! subject ( all o!r       
physical sci5ces1 :i* d s mu* honor to !
 p[] ( ! human m9d2 a/ronomy1 :i*       
explores ! va/ realms ( space1 traces ! 
c\rses & weighs ! bulks ( its mighty    
orbs2 *emi/ry1 :i* analyzes ! m9ute/    
atoms ( matt]2 physics1 :i* discov]s !  
prop]ties1 & me*anics1 :i* utilizes !   

p[]s ( an endless v>iety ( bodies--all  
^! noble sci5ces toge!r are ( less      
s]vice to man ?an t /udy :i* directly   
promotes ! welf>e ( 8 own /ructure1     
gu>ds 8 v life1 fo/]s ! vigor ( 8 y\?1  
promotes ! physical & m5tal1 aye1 ev5 ! 
moral1 p[]s ( 8 manhood1 su/a9s 8 fail+ 
/r5g?1 re/ores 8 %att]$ heal?1 pres]ves 
! integrity ( 8 ag+ faculties1 & ?r\gh\t
 8 :ole c>e] supplies ^? conditions )\t 
:i* bo? enjoym5t & utility ( life w\ld  
be impossible4  ,! physician1 inde$1 is 
"o ( ! mo/ highly valu$ b5efactors (    
mank9d4 ,!re=e he has ev] be5 held 9    
honor among 8 fell[-m52 by b>b>\s tribes
 he is look$ ^u z a connect+ l9k betwe5 
! visible & ! invisible _w2 9 ! mo/     
civiliz$ communities1 f ! "t (          
,hippocrates1 ! fa!r ( m$ic9e1 to !     
pres5t day1 he has be5 held 9 deep]     
v5]ation ?an ! memb]s ( almo/ any o!r   
pr(ession2 ev5 9 ! sacr$ oracles (      
,revelation 8 (fice is spok5 ( ) !      
highe/ comm5dation3 ,honor ! physician1 
writes ! inspir$ p5man1 = ! ne$ ?\ ha/ (

 him2 = ! ,mo/ ,high ha? creat$ him4 ,! 
skill ( ! physician %all lift up 8 head1
 & 9 ! sight ( great m5 he %all be      
prais$4 ,! ,mo/ ,high has creat$ m$ic9es
 out ( ! e>?1 & a wise man %all n abhor 
!m4 ,! virtue ( ^! ?+s is come to ! k ( 
m51 & ! ,mo/ ,high has giv5 k to m51 t  
,he may be honor$ 9 ,8 wond]s4 ,by ^!   
,he %all cure & %all allay _! pa9s1 & ( 
^! ! apo!c>y %all make sweet            
confections1 & %all make up o9tm5ts (   
heal?1 & ( ,8 works !re %all be no end4 
7,ecclus4 xxxiii4 #a-g74  #b4 ,x is well
 to rem9d y ?us1 g5tlem51 at ! op5+ (   
?is new ye> ( /udies1 ( ! excell5ce (   
y\r int5d$ pr(ession2 = y _c help see+ t
 a sci5ce s noble %\ld be /udi$ = a     
noble purpose4 ,9 ?is age (             
utilit>ianism1 x is1 alas6 too common an
 evil t ! mo/ excell5t objects are      
covet$ exclusively = l[] purposes4      
,true1 no "o c f9d fault ) a physician =
 mak+ 8 pr(ession1 no matt] h[ exalt$1 a
 means ( e>n+ an hone/ livelihood & a   
dec5t compet5cy2 b to ambition ?is c>e] 

solely = its pecuni>y remun]ation w\ld  
be to degrade "o ( ! mo/ sublime        
vocations to :i* man may aspire4 ,!re is
 un=tunately too mu* ( ?is _s abroad 9  
our day4 ,!re are too _m :o talk & act z
 if ! "o highe/ & wor?ie/ ambition (    
life 7 to make z l>ge a =tune 9 z %ort a
 "t & 9 z easy a way z possible4 ,if ?is
 _s ( utilit>ianism %\ld become         
univ]sal1 ! sad consequ5ce ( x to our   
civilization w\ld be incalculable4      
,fancy :at w\ld become ( ! virtue (     
patriotism if (fic]s & m5 _h no high]   
ambition ?an to make money6 ,z a        
patriotic army is ! /ronge/ def5ce ( a  
nation's rights1 s a m]c5>y army is a   
dreadful dang] to a p's lib]ty1 a ready 
tool 9 ! h& ( a tyrant2 z h]oism )      
consequ5t glory is ! noble attribute ( a
 patriot1 s a m]c5>y _s is a /igma on ! 
c>e] ( any public (fic]4 ,we f9d no     
fault ) an artisan1 a m]*ant1 or a      
common labor] if he e/imate ! value ( 8 
toil by ! pecuni>y advantages atta*$ to 
x2 = t is ! nature ( su* ord9>y         

occupations1 s9ce = man labor is !      
ord9>y & provid5tial condition (        
exi/5ce4 ,b 9 ! high] pr(essions we     
always look = l(ti] aspirations4 ,?is   
di/9ction ( rew>ds = diff]5t avocations 
is s evid5t t x has pass$ into ! v t]ms 
( our language3 we speak ( wages z due  
to common labor]s1 ( a sal>y z paid to  
^? :o r5d] m regul> & m intellectual    
s]vices2 ( a fee z appo9t$ = (ficial &  
pr(essional actions2 & ! money paid to a
 physician or a lawy] is di/+ui%$ f     
ord9>y fees by ! especial "n ( honor>y  
or honor>ium4 ,?is t]m evid5tly implies1
 n only t special honor is due to !     
recipi5ts ( su* fees1 b besides t !     
s]vices !y r5d] are too noble to be     
measur$ 9 money values1 & !re=e ! money 
(f]$ is r 9 ! =m ( a tribute to a       
b5efactor ?an ( pecuni>y comp5sation = a
 def9ite am\nt ( s]vice r5d]$4  ,wages  
may be measur$ by ! "t be/[$1 or by !   
effect produc$1 or by ! wants ( ! labor]
 to lead a life ( reasonable com=t2 a   
sal>y is measur$ by ! p]iod ( s]vice2 b 

an honor>y is n dep5d5t on "t employ$1  
or on ne$s ( support1 or on effect      
produc$1 b x is a tribute ( gratitude   
due to a special b5efactor4 ,:atev]     
practical arrangem5ts may be necess>y or
 excusable 9 special circum/ances1 ?is  
is ! ideal :i* makes ! m$ical pr(ession 
s honorable 9 society4  #c4 ,f ^! & _m  
o!r consid]ations t might be add$1 x is 
evid5t1 g5tlem51 t 9 ! pursuit ( !      
di/+ui%$ c>e] = :i* y are prep>+1 y are 
expect$ to make y\rselves ! b5efactors (
 y\r fell[-m54 ,n[1 9 ord] to d s1 x w n
 suffice = y to und]/& ! nature ( !     
v>i\s diseases :i* fle% is heir to1     
toge!r ) ! specific p[]s ( e drug       
describ$ 9 works on mat]ia m$ica4 ,! k (
 anatomy & surg]y1 & ( ! v>i\s bran*es t
 are taught by ! _m pr(essors ) :om ,i h
 ! honor ( be+ associat$ 9 ! "w ( y\r   
m$ical education1 no matt] h[ fully t k 
be ma/]$1 is n sure by itself to make y 
b5efactors to y\r fell[-m51 unless y\r  
conduct 9 ! managem5t ( all y\r res\rces
 ( sci5ce & art be direct$ to procure ! 

real welf>e ( y\r pati5ts4 ,j z a       
skilful politician may d m h>m ?an good 
to 8 c\ntry if he direct 8 ef=ts to     
improp] ends1 or make use ( disgraceful 
means2 z a di%one/ lawy] may be m pot5t 
= ! p]v]sion ?an ! ma9t5ance ( ju/ice   
among 8 fell[-citiz5s2 s likewise an    
able physician may abuse ! b5efic5t     
res\rces ( 8 pr(ession to procure       
inf]ior advantages at ! sacrifice (     
moral rights & sup]ior bless+s4  ,y\r   
c>e]1 g5tlem51 to be truly useful to    
o!rs & pursu$ ) safety & b5efit to      
y\rselves1 ne$s to be direct$ by a      
sci5ce ^: pr9ciples x w be my task to   
expla9 9 ?is c\rse ( lectures--! sci5ce 
( ,,m$ical ,,jurisprud5ce4  ,x is !     
*>act]i/ic ( sci5ce to trace results to 
_! causes4 ,! sci5ce ( ,jurisprud5ce    
inve/igates ! causes or pr9ciples ( law4
 ,x is def9$ z ! /udy ( law 9 connection
 ) its und]ly+ pr9ciples4 ,m$ical       
,jurisprud5ce1 9 its wid] s5se1         
comprises two dep>tm5ts1 namely1 ! /udy 
( ! laws reg>d+ m$ical practice1 &1 m1  

especially1 ! /udy ( ! pr9ciples on :i* 
^? laws are f\nd$1 & f :i* !y d]ive _!  
b9d+ p[] on ! human consci5ce4 ,! =m]   
dep>tm5t1 /yl$ ,m$ical ,law1 is assign$ 
9 ! ,prospectus ( ?is ,college to a     
g5tleman ( ! legal pr(ession4 ,he w     
acqua9t y ) ! laws ( ! l&1 & ( ?is ,/ate
 9 p>ticul>1 :i* regulate ! practice (  
m$ic9e2 he w expla9 ! po9ts on :i* a    
,doctor may come 9 contact ) ! law      
c\rts1 ei!r z a practition] hav+ to     
acc\nt = 8 own actions1 "u a *>ge (     
malpractice p]haps1 or z an exp]t       
summon$ z a witness be=e a c\rt 9 matt]s
 ( civil conte/s or crim9al             
prosecutions4 ,8 field is wide &        
important1 b ! field ( ,m$ical          
,jurisprud5ce1 9 its /rict] or m        
specific s5se1 is wid] /ill & its rese>*
 mu* deep]3 x consid]s ^? pr9ciples (   
reason t und]lie ! laws ( ! l&1 !       
natural rights & duties :i* ^! laws are 
inde$ to en=ce to "s ext5t1 b :i* are   
antec$5t & sup]ior to all human laws1   
be+ !mselves f\nd$ on ! ess5tial &      

et]nal fitness ( ?+s4 ,= ?+s are n "r or
 wrong simply because m5 h *os5 to make 
!m s4 ,y all und]/&1 g5tlem51 t1 ev5 if 
we 7 liv+ 9 a newly discov]$ l&1 :]e no 
code ( human laws _h yet be5 adopt$1 nor
 c\rts ( ju/ice e/abli%$1 nor civil     
gov]nm5t organiz$1 /ill ev5 !re c]ta9   
acts ( ,doctors1 z ( any o!r m51 w\ld be
 "r & praisewor?y1 & o!rs wrong & wor?y 
( condemnation2 ev5 !re ,doctors &      
pati5ts & _! relatives w\ld h c]ta9     
rights & duties4  ,9 su* a l&1 ! lectur]
 on ,m$ical ,law w\ld h no?+ to expla92 
= !re w\ld be no human laws & law c\rts 
) :i* a physician c\ld come 9 contact4  
,b ! lectur] on ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce   
prop] w\ld h z mu* to expla9 z ,i h 9   
?is c\ntry at pres5t2 because he treats 
( ! ,e?ics or moral pr9ciples ( ,m$ical 
,practice1 he deals ) :at is ev] ! same 
= all m5 :]e-ev] !y dwell1 x be+        
consequ5t on ! v nature ( man & 8       
ess5tial relations to 8 ,mak] & 8       
fell[-man4 ,un=tunately ! t]m ,m$ical   
,jurisprud5ce has be5 g5]ally misus$4   

,dr4 ,ewell1 9 8 text-book on ! subject1
 writes ,:ile ! t]m ',m$ical            
,jurisprud5ce' is a misnom]1--!         
collection ( facts & conclusions usually
 pass+ by t "n be+ pr9cipally only      
matt]s ( evid5ce1 & r>ely rules (       
law1--/ill ! t]m is s g5]ally employ$ t 
x w\ld be idle to attempt to br+ into   
use a new t]m1 & we %all accord+ly      
cont9ue ! employm5t ( t :i* has only !  
sanction ( usage to recomm5d x 7,*4 ,i74
  ,i pref] to use t]ms 9 _! g5u9e mean+2
 = misnom]s are out ( place 9 sci5ce1   
s9ce !y are mislead+4 ,yet1 to avoid all
 dang] ( misund]/&+1 ,i w call my       
subject ,moral ,pr9ciples & ,m$ical     
,practice1 & di/9ctly /yle x ,! ,basis (
 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce4  ,on :at l9es w 
my treatm5t ( ! subject dep>t f ! beat5 
pa?8 ,on ! same l9es on :i* mo/ o!r     
improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! sci5ce (     
m$ic9e4 ,sci5ce has n discov]$ new laws 
( physical nature t did n exi/ be=e2 b x
 has succe$$ 9 und]/&+ exi/+ laws m     
p]fectly ?an be=e1 & has %ap$ its       

practice accord+ly4 ,s1 too1 ! lead]s ( 
?\ght among physicians1 especially 9    
,engli%-speak+ c\ntries1 n[ und]/& !    
laws ( moral nature--! pr9ciples (      
,e?ics--m ?or\ghly ?an mo/ ( _!         
pr$ecessors did1 & !y h modifi$ _!      
treatm5t s z to con=m x to ^! rules (   
morality4 ,hi!rto ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce 
_h regulat$ ! conduct ( practition]s by 
human1 positive laws1 & sanction$ acts  
because !y 7 n condemn$ by civil c\rts4 
,n[ we g deep] 9 our /udies1 & appeal f 
human legislation to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( 
"r & wrong1 z ,jurisprud5ce ought to d2 
&1 9 consequ5ce1 "s m$ical op]ations :i*
 us$ to be tol]at$1 or ev5 approv$1 by  
_m 9 ! pr(ession are at pres5t          
absolutely & ju/ly condemn$4 ,! le>n$   
physician ^! days is no long] afraid to 
face ! moral philosoph]2 !re is no long]
 any e/rangem5t betwe5 ,e?ics & ,m$ical 
,practice4 ,m$ic9e1 s5t f ,heav5 to be  
an angel ( m]cy to man1 is n[ ev]       
fai?ful to its b5efic5t mission2 x nev] 
m p]=ms ! task ( a de/roy+ _s1 z--n 9   

wantonness1 b 9 ignorance--x did        
frequ5tly be=e4  ,on ^! l9es1 !n1 ( !   
improv$ und]/&+ ( fir/ pr9ciples1 ,i w  
n[ proce$ to develop ! tea*+s ( ,m$ical 
,jurisprud5ce4  ,! fir/ pr9ciple t ,i w 
lay d[n = explanation is1 t a man is n  
to be held responsible = all 8 acts1 b  
only = ^? :i* he does ( 8 own free w1   
:i*1 !re=e1 x is 9 8 p[] to d or n to d4
 ,^! are call$ human acts1 because !y   
proce$ f a di/9ctively human p[]4 ,a    
brute animal _c p]=m su* acts2 x c only 
d "u giv5 circum/ances :at its impulses 
prompt x to d2 or1 :5 x exp]i5ces v>i\s 
impulses 9 diff]5t directions1 x c only 
foll[ its /ronge/ impulse2 z :5 a dog1  
ru%+ up to attack a man1 turns & runs   
away be=e 8 uplift$ /ick4 ,:5 a bird    
s+s1 x _c help s++2 b a man may s+ or n 
s+ at 8 *oice2 8 s++ is a human act4    
,:51 h[ev]1 "u ! impulse ( viol5t pa91 a
 p]son happ5s involunt>ily to sigh or   
groan or ev5 %riek1 ?is inde$ is ! act (
 a man1 b1 inasmu* z x is physically    
uncontrollable1 x is n a human act4 ,s  

:atev] a pati5t may d :ile "u ! influ5ce
 ( *lor(orm is n a human act1 & he is n 
morally responsible = x4 ,8 conduct "u !
 circum/ances may d5ote a brave or a    
c[>dly disposition1 or x may indicate   
habits ( self-comm& or ! abs5ce ( !m4 ,8
 pray]s or curses :ile ?us unconsci\s   
are no d\bt ! effects ( acquir$ virtues 
or vices2 yet1 9 z f> z 8 w has no %>e 9
 ! pres5t acts1 !y are n free or human  
acts4 ,he des]ves praise or blame = 8   
=m] acts1 by :i* he acquir$ su* habits1 
b n = 8 unconsci\s acts z su*4  ,f ?is  
pr9ciple x foll[s t a physician is n    
responsible to ,god or man = su* evil   
consequ5ces ( 8 prescriptions or        
surgical op]ations z are entirely beyond
 8 w & !re=e indep5d5t ( 8 control4 ,if1
 h[ev]1 8 mi/akes arise f 8 ignorance or
 want ( skill1 he is blamable 9 z f> z  
he is ! wilful cause ( su* ignorance2 he
 %\ld h kn[n bett]2 or1 n kn[+ bett]1 he
 %\ld n h und]tak5 ! case = :i* he knew 
he 0 n qualifi$4  ,b x (t5 happ5s t !   
be/ in=m$ & mo/ skilful practition]1 ev5

 :5 act+ ) 8 utmo/ c>e1 causes real h>m 
to 8 pati5ts2 he is ! accid5tal1 n !    
wilful1 cause ( t h>m1 & !re=e he is    
free f all responsibility 9 ! matt]4  ,!
 practical lessons1 h[ev]1 :i* all ( y  
mu/ lay to he>t on ?is subject are3 #a/4
 ,t y are 9 duty b\nd to acquire s\nd k 
& great skill 9 y\r pr(ession2 s9ce !   
consequ5ces involv$ are ( ! greate/     
mom5t1 y\r obligation is ( a mo/ s]i\s  
nature4 #b;d4 ,t 9 y\r future practice y
 w be oblig$ on all occasions to use all
 reasonable c>e = ! b5efit ( y\r        
pati5ts4 #c;d4 ,t y _c 9 consci5ce      
und]take ! managem5t ( cases ( unusual  
difficulty unless y possess ! special k 
requir$1 or avail y\rselves ( ! be/     
c\nsel t c reasonably be obta9$4  #e4 ,a
 second pr9ciple ( ,e?ics 9 m$ical      
practice1 g5tlem51 is ?is1 t _m human   
acts may be highly crim9al ( :i*1 h[ev]1
 human laws & c\rts take no notice      
:atsoev]4 ,9 ?is matt] ,i am n f9d+     
fault ) human legislation4 ,! laws ( !  
l&1 consid]+ ! end & ! nature ( civil   

gov]nm5t1 ne$ take no cognizance ( any b
 ov]t acts2 a man's he>t may be a v     
cesspool ( vice1 envy1 malice1 impurity1
 pride1 hatr$1 etc41 yet human law does 
n & ought n to puni% him = ?is1 z long z
 8 actions d n di/urb ! public peace nor
 tr5* ^u ! happ9ess ( 8 neighbor4 ,ev5 8
 op5 outw>d acts :i* injure only        
himself1 su* z gluttony1 blasphemy1     
impiety1 private drunk5ness1 self-abuse1
 ev5 s$uction & =nication1 are n usually
 legislat$ aga9/ or puni%$ 9 our c\rts4 
,does x foll[ t !y are innoc5t acts &   
lawful be=e ,god8 ,no man 9 8 "r s5ses w
 say s4  ,! goodness & ! evil ( human   
acts is n dep5d5t on human legislation  
alone2 9 _m cases ! moral good or evil  
is s intr9sic to ! v nature ( ! acts t  
,god ,himself c\ld n *ange ! radical    
diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,?us ju/ice1 ob$i5ce
 to lawful au?ority1 gratitude to       
b5efactors1 are ess5tially good2 :ile   
inju/ice1 disob$i5ce1 & +ratitude are   
ess5tially evil4 ,our reason in=ms u (  
?is diff]5ce2 & our reason is no?+ else 

?an our v nature z intellig5t be+s      
capable ( kn[+ tru?4 ,! voice ( our     
reason or consci5ce is ! voice ( ,god   
,himself1 :o speaks ?r\gh ! rational    
nature t ,he has made4 ,?r\gh our reason
 ,god n only tells u ( ! diff]5ce betwe5
 good & evil acts1 b ,he also comm&s u  
to d good & avoid evil2--to d c]ta9 acts
 because !y are prop]1 "r1 ord]ly1      
suitable to ! end = :i* we are creat$2 &
 to avoid o!r acts because !y are       
improp]1 wrong1 disord]ly1 unsuitable to
 ! end ( our exi/5ce4 ,!re is a ?ird    
class ( acts1 :i*1 9 !mselves1 are      
indiff]5t1 i4e41 nei!r good nor evil1   
nei!r necess>y = our end nor int]f]+ )  
its atta9m5t4 ,^! we are free to d or to
 omit z we pref]2 b ev5 ^! become good &
 ev5 obligatory :5 !y are comm&$ by     
prop] au?ority1 & !y become evil :5     
=bidd54 ,9 !mselves1 !y are indiff]5t   
acts4  #f4 ,^! explanations are n m]e   
ab/ractions1 g5tlem51 or m]e            
philosophical speculations4 ,true1 my   
subject is philosophical2 b x is !      

philosophy ( e-day life2 we are deal+ ) 
live issues :i* give rise to ! grave/   
discussions ( y\r m$ical j\rnals2 issues
 on :i* practically dep5d ! lives (     
?\s&s ( human be+s e ye>1 issues :i*    
reg>d physicians m ?an any o!r class (  
m51 & = ! prop] consid]ation ( :i*      
,doctors are responsible to _!          
consci5ce1 to human society1 & to _!    
,god4 ,to %[ y h[ we are deal+ ) pres5t 
live issues1 let me give y an example ( 
a case 9 po9t4 ,9 ! ,m$ical ,record1 an 
e/imable weekly1 n[ 9 almo/ ! fiftie?   
ye> ( its exi/5ce1 !re 0 lately c>ri$ on
 a l5g?y &1 9 "s ( its p>ts1 a le>n$    
discussion1 reg>d+ ! tru? ( ! pr9ciples 
:i* ,i h j n[ expla9$1 namely1 !        
intr9sic diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1    
indep5d5tly ( ! rul+ ( law c\rts & ( any
 human legislation4 ,! subject ( !      
discussion 0 ! lawfulness 9 any case at 
all ( p]=m+ craniotomy1 or ( directly   
de/roy+ ! life ( ! *ild by any process  
:atev]1 at ! "t ( p>turition1 ) !       
int5tion ( sav+ ! life ( ! "m4  ,i w n  

exam9e ?is important matt] 9 all its    
be>+s at pres5t2 ,i mean to take x up   
lat] on 9 our c\rse1 & to lay be=e y !  
tea*+s ( sci5ce on ?is subject1 toge!r )
 ! pr9ciples on :i* !y are bas$4 ,= !   
pres5t ,i w conf9e myself to ! po9t we  
are treat+ j n[1 namely1 ! exi/5ce ( a  
high] law ?an t ( human tribunals1 !    
sup]iority ( ! claims ( natural to ^? ( 
legal ju/ice4 ,"s might ?9k1 at fir/    
sight1 t ?is ne$s no pro(4 ,9 fact we   
are all conv9c$ t human laws are (t5    
unju/1 or1 at lea/1 v imp]fect1 & !re=e 
!y _c be ! ultimate te/ or fix$ /&>d (  
"r & wrong2 yet ! ma9 argum5t advanc$ by
 "o ( ! advocates ( craniotomy re/s ^u !
 d5ial ( a high] law1 & ! ass]tion ( !  
au?ority ( human tribunals z f9al 9 su* 
matt]s4  ,9 ! ,m$ical ,record = ,july   
#bg1 #ahie1 p4 #ada1 ?is g5tleman writes
 9 def5ce ( craniotomy3 ,! "q is a legal
 "o p] se aga9/ :i* any conflict+ view  
is unt5able4 ,! subdivisions "u :i* !   
common law takes consid]ation (         
craniotomy are answ]s 9 !mselves to !   

conclusions quot$ above1 "u ! un=tunate 
necessity :i* dem&s ! op]ation4 ,next he
 quotes ! ,ohio /atute law1 :i*1 he     
rem>ks1 0 enact$ 9 protection (         
physicians :o are confront$ ) ?is dire  
necessity4 ,he is answ]$ ) mu* ability &
 s\nd le>n+ by ,dr4 ,?omas ,j4 ,ke>ney1 
( ,new ,york1 9 ! same ,m$ical ,record =
 ,augu/ #ca1 #ahie1 p4 #cbj1 :o writes3 
,dr4 ,g4 bases 8 argum5t = ! lawfulness 
( craniotomy 9 ! tea*+s ( common law1   
cont5d+1 at lea/ implicitly1 t x is     
unnecess>y to seek f>!r ! desir$        
ju/ification4 ,h[ev]1 ! basis ( common  
law1 ?\gh broad1 is c]ta9ly n broad     
en\gh = ! consid]ation ( su* a "q z !   
pres5t "o4 ,8 coolness rises to sublime 
heights1 9 ?us assum+ infallibility =   
common law1 ignor+ ! v important fact t 
beh9d x !re is ano!r & high] law1 ^:    
imp]ative1 to e "o ) a consci5ce1 is    
ultimate4 ,x evid5tly nev] occurs to him
 t "s "t c\ld be pr(itably sp5t 9       
rese>*1 ) ! view to discov]+ h[ (t5     
common-law maxims1 se5 to be at v>iance 

) ! pr9ciples ( morality1 h be5 abrogat$
 by /atutory enactm5ts4 ,n[ ! maxims (  
common law relat+ to craniotomy1 !      
/atutes 9 con=mity !re)1 z well z ,dr4  
,g4's argum5ts 7"s ( !m at lea/71 re/ on
 a basis ( pure unmitigat$ exp$i5cy2 &  
?is is c]ta9ly 9 direct contrav5tion ( !
 tea*+s ( all s*ools ( moral sci5ce1 ev5
 ! utilit>ian4  ,dr4 ,ke>ney's doctr9e (
 ! exi/5ce ( a high] law1 sup]ior to all
 human law1 is ! doctr9e t has be5      
univ]sally accept$1 9 all ,*ri/ian l&s  
at lea/1 & is s to ! pres5t day4 ,fr\de 
expla9s x correctly :5 he writes3 ,our  
human laws are b ! copies1 m or less    
imp]fect1 ( ! et]nal laws s f> z we c   
read !m1 & ei!r succe$ & promote our    
welf>e or fail & br+ confusion & disa/]1
 accord+ z ! legislator's insight has   
detect$ ! true pr9ciple1 or has be5     
di/ort$ by ignorance or selfi%ness      
7,c5tury ,dict41 ,law74  ,:oev] calmly  
reflects on ! mann] 9 :i* laws are      
enact$ by legislative bodies1 "u !      
influ5ce ( human passions & prejudices1 

(t5 at ! dictation ( p>ty lead]s or (   
popul> s5tim5t1 ( (fice-seek]s or weal?y
 corporations1 etc41 w n ma9ta9 = a     
mom5t t human laws & human tribunals are
 to be accept$ z ! supreme measure or   
norma ( "r & wrong4 ,! common law (     
,engl&1 :i* lies at ! basis ( our       
,am]ican legislation1 & is an integral  
portion ( our civil gov]nm5t1 is less   
fluctuat+ ?an our /atutory law1 & is 9 !
 ma9 s\nd & 9 con=mity ) ! pr9ciples (  
,jurisprud5ce4 ,b no "o w claim         
infallibility = its enactm5ts2 ! e/eem  
we h = x is *iefly due to its g5]al     
accord ) ! requirem5ts ( ! high] law4   
#g4 ,!re is1 !n1 a high] law1 :i* all m5
 are b\nd to obey1 ev5 lawgiv]s & rul]s 
!mselves z well z _! humble/ subjects1 a
 law f :i* no man nor class ( m5 c claim
 exemption1 a law :i* ! ,creator _c fail
 to impose ^u ,8 rational creatures3    
al?\gh ,god 0 free to create or n to    
create z ,he *ose1 s9ce ,he did n ne$   
any?+ to complete ,8 own happ9ess1--yet1
 if ,he did create1 ,he 0 b\nd by ,8 own

 wisdom to put ord] into ,8 "w2 else x  
w\ld n be wor?y ( ,8 supreme wisdom4 ,z 
! poet has s t]sely express$ x1 ,ord] is
 ,heav5's fir/ law4  ,h[ admirably is   
?is ord] display$ 9 ! mat]ial univ]se6  
,! m we /udy ! sci5ces--a/ronomy1       
biology1 botany1 physiology1 m$ic9e1    
etc4--! m we are lo/ 9 admiration at !  
beautiful ord] we see display$ 9 ! t9ie/
 z well z 9 ! va/e/ portions ( !        
creation4 ,& %all man alone1 ! ma/]piece
 ( ,god 9 ?is visible univ]se1 be all[$ 
to be disord]ly1 to be a failure 9 !    
noble/ "p ( 8 be+1 to make himself l to 
! brute or to a demon ( malice1 to wa/e 
8 *oice/ gifts 9 ! indulg5ce ( debas+   
pleasure8 ,! ,creator is b\nd by ,8 own 
wisdom to direct m5 to high purposes1   
wor?y ( _! exalt$ intellectual nature4  
,b h[ %all ,he direct man8 ,he compels  
mat]ial ?+s to move ) ord] to !         
accompli%m5t ( _! allot$ tasks by !     
physical laws ( matt]4 ,he directs brute
 animals mo/ admirably to run _! appo9t$
 c>e]s by ! wond]ful laws ( in/9ct1 :i* 

none ( !m c resi/ at w4 ,b man ,he has  
made free2 ,he mu/ direct him to d wor?y
 actions by means suitable to a free    
be+1 t is1 by ! enact+ ( ! moral law4   
,he makes kn[n to u :at is "r & wrong4  
,he in=ms e "o ( u1 by ! voice ( reason 
itself1 t ,he requires u to d ! "r &    
avoid ! wrong4 ,he has implant$ 9 u !   
s5se ( duty to obey t law4 ,if we d s1  
we lead wor?y lives1 we please ,him1 &1 
9 ,8 goodness1 ,he has rew>ds 9 /ore4   
,b c ,he be pleas$ ) u if we ?w>t ,8    
designs2 if we1 ,8 noble/ works on e>?1 
in/ead ( add+ to ! univ]sal h>mony ( ,8 
creation1 make mon/]s ( ourselves1 moral
 blots ^u ! beautiful face ( ,8 _w8 ,x 7
 idle = ,him to give u ! k ( ,8 w & !n  
to /& by & let u disfigure ,8 faire/    
designs2 to bid u d :at is "r1 & !n let 
u d wrong )\t exact+ r$ress or atonem5t4
 ,if ,he is wise1 ,he mu/ n only lay d[n
 ! law1 b ,he mu/ also en=ce x2 ,he mu/ 
make x our highe/ int]e/ to keep ,8 law1
 to d ! "r2 s t ultimately ^? m5 %all be
 happy :o h done x1 & ^? :o h ?w>t$ ,8  

designs %all be compell$ to rue x4 ,he w
 n deprive u ( lib]ty1 ! faire/ gift to 
an intellig5t creature1 b ,he w hold out
 rew>ds & puni%m5ts to induce u to keep 
! law & to avoid its violation4 ,once   
,he has promis$ & ?reat5$1 ,8 ju/ice &  
,8 hol9ess compel ,him to fulfil ,8     
?reats & promises4 ,a man c commit no   
ra%] act ?an to ignore1 defy1 & violate 
t high] law ( :i* we are speak+1 & :i*1 
if x mu/ direct all m51 especially      
requires ! respect & ob$i5ce ( ^? into  
^: h&s he has plac$ at times ! lives (  
_! fell[-m51 ! greate/ ( e>?ly          
treasures4  ,i h insi/$ s mu*1 g5tlem51 
on ! exi/5ce ( ! high] law1 on its b9d+ 
p[] & on ! necessity ( obs]v+ x1 because
 x is ! f\ndation ( my :ole c\rse (     
lectures4 ,if !re 7 no high] law1 !n !re
 w\ld be no ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 9 !  
true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,= ,jurisprud5ce      
/udies ! pr9ciples t und]lie legal      
enactm5ts1 & if !re 7 no high] law1 !re 
w\ld be no su* pr9ciples2 !n ! k ( !    
human law w\ld fill ! :ole programme4   

,?is 9 fact is ! cont5tion ( ! def5dant 
( craniotomy to :om ,i h ref]r$2 & he   
boldly applies 8 speculation to a matt] 
9 :i* ! physician has ! mo/ frequ5t     
opportunity to exhibit 8 fidelity to    
pr9ciple1 or 8 subs]vi5cy to !          
requirem5ts ( tempor>y exp$i5cy at !    
sacrifice ( duty4  #h4 ,y w f9d1        
g5tlem51 z we proce$ 9 our c\rse1 t     
,doctors h v _m occasions 9 :i* to apply
 ! lessons ( ,jurisprud5ce 9 _! m$ical  
practice4 ,i ev5 suspect t !y ne$ to be 
m consci5ti\s 9 reg>d to ! dictates ( ! 
high] law ?an any o!r class ( m51 !     
cl]gy alone1 p]haps1 except$4 ,!y ne$   
?is n only = _! own good1 b also = !    
good ( _! pati5ts & ( ! community at    
l>ge4 ,! reasons are ^!3  ,a4 ,! matt]s 
entru/$ to _! keep+ are ! mo/ important 
( all e>?ly possessions2 = !y are life  
itself1 &1 along ) life1 heal?1 !       
necess>y condition ( almo/ all temporal 
enjoym5t4 ,no o!r class ( m5 is entru/$ 
) m weighty e>?ly int]e/s4 ,h5ce !      
physician's responsibility is v great2  

h5ce ! common good requires t he be     
em95tly fai?ful & consci5ti\s4  ,b4 ,)  
no o!r class ( m5 does ! p]=mance ( duty
 dep5d m on p]sonal integrity1 on       
consci5ti\s reg>d = ! high] law (       
morality ?an ) ! ,doctor4 ,= ! ,doctor's
 conduct is less op5 to obs]vation ?an t
 ( o!r pr(essions4 ,! lawy] may h _m    
temptations to act unju/ly2 b o!r lawy]s
 are wat*+ him1 & ! c\rts ( ju/ice are  
at h& to *eck 8 evil practices4 ,z to ! 
judge1 he is to pron\nce 8 decisions 9  
public & give reasons = 8 rul+4 ,!      
politician is jeal\sly wat*$ by 8       
political oppon5ts4 ,! public           
function>y1 if he is unju/ 9 8 deal+s1  
is likely soon] or lat] to be br\ght to 
an acc\nt4 ,b ! physician1 on v _m      
occasions1 c be morally sure t 8 conduct
 w nev] be publicly scrut9iz$4 ,su* is !
 nature ( 8 m9i/rations1 & su* too is ! 
confid5ce habitually repos$ 9 8         
integrity1 t he is & mu/ be implicitly  
tru/$ 9 matt]s 9 :i*1 if he happ5s to be
 unwor?y ( 8 vocation1 he may be guilty 

( ! mo/ outrage\s wrongs4  ,! highe/    
int]e/s ( e>? are 9 8 h&s4 ,if he is n  
consci5ti\s1 or if he lets himself be   
c>ri$ ab\t by e w9d ( mod]n             
speculations1 he c readily p]suade      
himself t a measure is lawful because x 
is pres5tly exp$i5t1 t acts c ju/ly be  
p]=m$ because ! c\rts d n puni% !m2 &   
?us he w (t5 violate ! mo/ sacr$ rights 
( 8 pati5ts or ( _! relatives4 ,:o has m
 frequ5t opportunities ?an a lic5ti\s   
,doctor to s$uce ! innoc5t1 to p&] to ! 
passions ( ! guilty1 to play into ! h&s 
( gre$y heirs1 :o may be mo/ will+ to   
pay him = 8 s]vices8 ,no "o c d x m     
safely1 z f> z human tribunals are      
conc]n$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _m1 all ov] 
?is l& & o!r l&s1 are (t5 guilty (      
pro/itut+ _! noble pr(ession to ! vile/ 
uses4 ,! evil becomes all ! m s]i\s :5  
false doctr9es are ins9uat$1 or publicly
 advocat$1 :i* ?r[ d\bt ^u ! mo/ sacr$  
pr9ciples ( morality4 ,true1 ! s\nd] &  
by f> ! l>g] portion ( m$ical m5 prote/ 
aga9/ ^! false tea*+s by _! own conduct 

at lea/2 b x v frequ5tly happ5s t !     
hone/ man is less zeal\s 9 8 advocacy ( 
:at is "r ?an is ! propag&i/ ( bold     
speculations & dang]\s new !ories 9 !   
spread+ ( :at is p]nici\s4  ,! effect   
?us produc$ ^u _m m9ds is to %ake _!    
convictions1 to say ! lea/2 & ,i ne$ n  
tell y1 g5tlem51 t weak convictions are 
n likely to be pro( aga9/ viol5t &      
repeat$ temptations4 ,9 fact1 if a      
physician1 misl$ by any ( ^? _m !ories  
:i* are (t5 inculcat$ or at lea/        
ins9uat$ by false sci5ti/s1 c ev]       
conv9ce himself1 or ev5 c beg9 to       
surmise t1 aft] all1 !re may be no su*  
?+ z a high] law be=e :i* he is         
responsible = ev5 8 secret conduct1 !n  
:at is to prev5t him f becom+ a dang]\s 
p]son to ! community8 ,if he see mu*    
temporal ga9 on ! "o h&1 & security f   
legal prosecution on ! o!r1 :at w\ld    
keep him 9 ! pa? ( duty & hone/y8       
,especially if he c once make himself   
believe t1 = all he kn[s1 he may be no?+
 m ?an a r curi\sly develop$ lump (     

matt]1 :i* is to lose =ev] all          
consci\sness 9 dea?4 ,:y %\ld he n get  
rid ( any o!r evolv$ lump ( matt] if x  
/& 9 ! way ( 8 pres5t or prospective    
happ9ess8 ,^? are dang]\s m5 :o         
inculcate su* !ories2 x 7 a sad day = ! 
m$ical pr(ession & = ! _w at l>ge if ev]
 !y f\nd mu* c\nt5ance among physicians4
 ,society _c d )\t ! high] law2 ?is law 
is to be /udi$ 9 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce4 
,x is my direct object1 g5tlem51 to     
expla9 ?is law to y 9 its mo/ important 
be>+s1 & ?us to lay be=e y ! *ief duties
 ( y\r pr(ession4 ,! pr9cipal reason :y 
,i h und]tak5 to deliv] ?is c\rse (     
lectures--! *ief reason1 9 fact1 :y !   
,creighton ,univ]sity has assum$ !      
managem5t ( ?is ,m$ical ,college--is t  
we wi% to provide = ! ,we/1 z f> z we   
are able1 a goodly supply ( consci5ti\s 
physicians1 :o %all be z fai?ful &      
reliable z !y w be able & well in=m$2 ^:
 solid pr9ciples & /]l+ integrity %all  
be gu>antees ( upright & virtu\s        
conduct4  ,t ?is task ( m9e may be      

successfully accompli%$1 ,i w endeavor  
to answ] all difficulties & objections t
 y may propose4 ,i w nev] consid] x a   
want ( respect to me z y\r pr(essor if y
 w urge y\r que/ions till ,i h answ]$ !m
 to y\r full satisfaction4 ,on !        
contr>y1 ,i reque/ y to be v            
inquisitive2 & ,i w be be/ pleas$ ) ^?  
:o %[ !mselves ! mo/ ready to po9t out  
^? difficulties1 connect$ ) my lectures1
 :i* seem to require fur!r answ]s &     
explanations4     ,,lecture ,,ii4       
,,craniotomy4   ,g5tlem53--,9 my fir/   
lecture ,i prov$ to y ! exi/5ce & ! b9d+
 p[] ( a high] law ?an t ( human        
legislators1 namely1 ( ! et]nal law1    
:i*1 9 ,8 wisdom1 ! ,creator1 if ,he    
creat$ at all1 c\ld n help enact+1 & :i*
 ,he is b\nd by ,8 wisdom & ju/ice to   
en=ce ^u mank9d4  ,we are next to       
consid] :at are ! duties :i* t high] law
 imposes ^u ! physician4 ,9 ?is pres5t  
lecture ,i w conf9e myself to "o duty1 t
 ( respect = human life4  ,a duty is a  
bond impos$ on our w4 ,god1 z ,i rem>k$ 

be=e1 imposes su* bonds1 & by !m ,he    
directs free be+s to lead wor?y lives4  
,z ,he directs matt] by irresi/ible     
physical laws1 s ,he directs intellig5t 
& free be+s by moral laws1 t is1 by lay+
 duties or moral bonds ^u !m1 :i* !y    
ought to obey1 :i* ,he mu/ require !m to
 obey1 en=c+ ,8 comm&s by suitable      
rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,?us ,he e/abli%es &
 en=ces ! moral ord]4  ,n[ ! duties ,he 
lays ^u u are ( ?ree classes4 ,fir/1 !re
 are duties ( rev]5ce & honor t[>ds     
,himself z our sov]eign ,"l & ,ma/]4 ,^!
 are call$ ! duties ( ,religion1 ! /udy 
( :i* does n belong to ,m$ical          
,jurisprud5ce4 ,! o!r classes ( duties  
reg>d ourselves & our fell[-m51 ) ^! we 
are to deal 9 our lectures4  ,i4 ,ord]  
requires t ! mean] species ( creatures  
%all exi/ = ! b5efit ( ! nobl]2 ! in]t  
clod ( e>? supports vegetable life1 !   
vegetable k+dom supplies ! wants (      
animal life1 ! brute animal ) all       
inf]ior ?+s subs]ves ! good ( man2 :ile 
man1 ! ma/] ( ! visible univ]se1 himself

 exi/s directly = ! honor & glory (     
,god4 ,9 ?is beautiful ord] ( creation1 
man c use all inf]ior ?+s = 8 own       
b5efit4  ,?is is :at reason tea*es      
conc]n+ our /atus 9 ?is _w2 & ?is tea*+ 
( reason is confirm$ by ! convictions ( 
all nations & all ages ( mank9d4 ,!     
olde/ page ( lit]ature t has come d[n to
 u1 namely1 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! fir/ book (
 ,holy ,writ1 lays d[n ?is same law1 &  
no improvem5t has be5 made 9 x dur+ all 
subsequ5t ages4 ,:e!r we reg>d ?is writ+
 z inspir$1 z ,*ri/ians & ,jews h always
 done1 or only z ! te/imony ( ! mo/     
remote antiquity1 confirm$ by !         
acceptance ( all subsequ5t g5]ations1 x 
is = e s5sible man ( ! highe/ au?ority4 
,"h is ! passage3 ,god said1 ,let u make
 man to our image & lik5ess2 & let him h
 dom9ion ov] ! fi%es ( ! sea1 & ! f[ls (
 ! air1 & ! bea/s1 & ! :ole e>?1 & e    
creep+ creature t creepe? ^u ! e>?4 ,&  
lat] on 9 hi/ory1 aft] ! deluge1 ,god m 
explicitly decl>$ ! ord] ?us e/abli%$1  
say+ to ,noe & 8 po/]ity3 ,e ?+ t move? 

& live? %all be meat = y2 ev5 z ! gre5  
h]bs h ,i deliv]$ !m to y4 ,b ,he       
emphatically adds t ! lives ( m5 are n  
includ$ 9 ?is grant2 !y are directly    
res]v$ = ,8 own disposal4 ,at ! h& ( e  
man1 ,he says1 w ,i require ! life (    
man4  ,all ?+s !n are creat$ = man2 man 
is creat$ directly = ,god1 & is n to be 
sacrific$ = ! advantage ( a fell[-man4  
,?us reason & ,revelation 9 unison      
proclaim t we c use brute animals z well
 z plants = our b5efit1 tak+ away _!    
lives :5 x is necess>y or useful to d s 
= our own welf>e2 :ile no man is ev]    
all[$ to slay 8 fell[-man = 8 own use or
 b5efit3 ,at ! h& ( e man w ,i require !
 life ( man4  ,,ii4 ,! fir/ practical   
application ,i w make ( ^! g5]al        
pr9ciples to ! conduct ( physicians is  
?is3 a physician & a /ud5t ( m$ic9e c1 )
 a safe consci5ce1 use any brute animal 
t has n be5 appropriat$ by ano!r man1   
:e!r x be bug or bird or bea/1 to       
exp]im5t ^u1 :atev] speci\s argum5ts    
humane societies may advance to !       

contr>y4 ,brute animals are = ! use (   
man1 = 8 food & clo?+1 8 m5tal &        
physical improvem5t1 & ev5 8 reasonable 
recreations4 ,man c lawfully hunt & fi% 
& practise 8 skill at ! exp5se ( ! brute
 creation1 not)/&+ ! mod]n fad (        
s5tim5tali/s4 ,! tea*] & ! pupil c use  
vivisection1 & ?us to "s ext5t prolong !
 suff]+s ( ! brute subject = ! sake (   
sci5ce1 ( m5tal improvem5t1 & intellig5t
 obs]vation4 ,b is n ?is cruelty8 & has 
a man a "r to be cruel8 ,no man has a "r
 to be cruel2 cruelty is a vice1 x is   
degrad+ to man's noble nature4 ,b       
vivisection practis$ = sci5tific        
purposes is n cruel4 ,cruelty implies ! 
wanton infliction ( pa93 !re are p :o   
delight 9 see+ a victim tortur$2 ?is is 
cruelty or savag]y1 & is a disgrace to  
man4 ,ev5 to inflict pa9 )\t b5efit is  
cruel & wrong2 b n :5 x is inflict$ on !
 brute creation = ! b5efit ( man1 unless
 ! pa9 %\ld be v great & ! b5efit v     
small4 ,c]ta9ly x is "r to cultivate    
habits ( k9dness ev5 to animals2 b ?is  

matt] mu/ n be c>ri$ to excess4  ,!     
tea*+ ( humane societies condemn+ all   
vivisection is due to ! exagg]ation ( a 
good s5tim5t & to ignorance ( fir/      
pr9ciples4 ,= !y suppose t suff]+s      
inflict$ on brute animals are a         
violation ( _! rights4 ,n[ we ma9ta9 t  
brute animals h no rights 9 ! true s5se 
( ! ^w4 ,to prove ?is !sis we mu/ expla9
 :at a "r is & h[ m5 get to h rights4 ,a
 "r is a moral claim to a ?+1 :i* claim 
o!r p]sons are oblig$ to respect4 ,s9ce 
e man has a de/9y appo9t$ = him by 8    
,creator1 & :i* he is to "w out by 8 own
 acts1 he mu/ h ! means giv5 him to d s4
 ,= to assign a p]son a task & n to give
 him ! means ( accompli%+ x w\ld be     
absurd4 ,!re=e ! ,creator wants him to h
 ^? means1 & =bids e "o to deprive him (
 ^? means4 ,"h is ! f\ndation ( rights4 
,e man1 9 virtue ( ! ,creator's w1 has  
c]ta9 advantages or claims to advantages
 assign$ him :i* no o!r man may infr+e4 
,^? advantages & claims con/itute 8     
rights1 gu>ante$ him by ! ,creator2 &   

all o!r m5 h ! duty impos$ on !m to     
respect ^? rights4 ,?us rights & duties 
are se5 to be correlative & insep>able2 
! rights lodg$ 9 "o man beget duties 9  
o!r m54 ,! same ,creator t assigns      
rights to "o man lays ^u all o!rs duties
 to respect ^? rights1 t ?us e free be+ 
may h ! means ( work+ out its           
,heav5-appo9t$ de/9y4  ,?us x is app>5t 
t rights & duties suppose free be+s1    
p]sons2 n[ an irrational animal is n a  
p]son2 x is n a free be+1 hav+ a de/9y  
to "w out by its free acts2 x is !re=e  
incapable ( hav+ duties4 ,duties are    
matt]s ( consci5ce2 !re=e !y _c belong  
to ! brute animal2 = x has no consci5ce4
 ,&1 s9ce rights are giv5 to creatures  
because ( ! duties incumb5t on !m1 brute
 animals are incapable ( hav+ rights4   
,:5 a brute animal has s]v$ man's       
purpose1 x has rea*$ its de/9y4  ,,iii4 
,b x is entirely diff]5t ) man3 !re is  
:at we may call an inf9ite di/ance      
betwe5 man & brute4 ,e man is creat$    
directly = ! honor & s]vice n ( o!r m51 

b ( ,god ,himself3 by s]v+ ,god man mu/ 
"w out 8 own de/9y--et]nal happ9ess4 ,9 
?is respect all m5 are equal1 hav+ !    
same ess5ce or nature & ! same de/9y4 ,!
 poor *ild has z mu* "r to atta9 et]nal 
happ9ess z ! ri* *ild1 ! infant z mu* z 
! gray-be>d$ sire4 ,e "o is only at !   
beg9n+ ( an endless exi/5ce1 ( :i* he is
 to det]m9e ! nature by 8 own free acts4
 ,9 ?is inf9ite de/9y lies ! inf9ite    
sup]iority ( man ov] ! brute creation4  
,t all m5 are equal 9 _! ess5tial rights
 is ! dictate ( common-s5se & ( s\nd    
philosophy4 ,?is tru? may n flatt] k+s &
 pr9ces2 b x is ! *>t] ( human rights1  
f\nd$ deep] & broad] 9 nature & on !    
,creator's w ?an any o!r claim ( mank9d4
 ,z ord] requires ! subord9ation ( l[]  
natures to high]1 s x requires equality 
( ess5tial rights among be+s ( ! same   
nature4 ,n[ all m5 are ( ! same nature1 
h5ce !y h all ! same ess5tial rights4   
,if any p on e>? mu/ /& by ^! pr9ciples1
 c]ta9ly ! ,am]ican p mu/ d s2 = we h   
put !m z ! f\ndation-/ones ( our civil  

lib]ty4 ,!re is m wisdom ?an _m1 ev5 (  
its admir]s1 imag9e 9 ! preamble to our 
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce2 ^u x we are  
to base ! mo/ important rights & duties 
:i* belong to ,jurisprud5ce4 ,! words ( 
! preamble read z foll[s3 ,we hold ^!   
tru?s z self-evid5t1 t all m5 are creat$
 equal2 t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) 
c]ta9 inali5able rights2 t among ^! are 
life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,i
 feel conv9c$1 g5tlem51 & ,i w take x = 
grant$ h5ce=?1 unless y br+ objections  
to ! contr>y1 t y all agree ) me on ?is 
important po9t t e man has a natural "r 
to 8 life1 a "r :i* all o!r m5 are      
solemnly b\nd to respect4 ,x is 8 *ief  
e>?ly "r4 ,x is call$ an inali5able "r2 
by :i* t]m ! fa!rs ( our lib]ty meant a 
"r :i* "u no circum/ances c be lawfully 
disreg>d$4 ,a man :o takes x ^u himself 
to deprive ano!r ( life commits two     
griev\s wrongs3 "o t[>ds 8 victim1 ^:   
mo/ important "r he violates1 & "o t[>ds
 ,god1 :o has a "r to ! life & s]vice ( 
,8 creatures4 ,?\ %alt n kill is a      

precept z deeply engrav5 on ! human he>t
 by reason itself z x 0 on ! /one tables
 ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts by ,revelation4  ,s 
f> we h *iefly consid]$ murd] z a       
violation ( man's "r to 8 life4 ,we mu/ 
n[ turn our att5tion to ,god's "r1 :i* !
 murd]] violates4 ,x may inde$ happ5 t a
 man will+ly resigns 8 "r to live1 t he 
is tir$ ( life1 & longs & implores = "s 
"o to take x away4 ,c y !n d x8 ,y _c4  
,8 life does n belong to him alone1 b to
 ,god also1 & to ,god pr9cipally2 if y  
de/roy x1 y violate ,god's "r1 & y w h  
to settle ) ,him4 ,god wills ?is man to 
live & s]ve ,him1 if x 7 only by pati5t 
endurance ( 8 suff]+s4  ,= a man may be 
mu* ennobl$ & p]fect$ by ! practice (   
pati5ce "u pa9 & agony4 ,"s ( ! noble/  
*>act]s ( hi/ory are mo/ glori\s = su*  
endurance4 ,! suicide rejects ?is       
greatness2 he robs ,god ( s]vice &      
glory1 he rebels aga9/ 8 ,creator4 ,ev5 
,plato ( old und]/ood ! bas5ess (       
suicide1 :5 he wrote 9 8 dialogue call$ 
,phdon t a man 9 ?is _w is l a soldi]   

/ation$ on gu>d2 he mu/ hold 8 po/ z    
long z 8 comm&] requires x2 to des]t x  
is c[>dice & trea*]y2 ?us1 he says1     
suicide is a griev\s crime4  ,?is be+ s1
 c a ,doctor1 or any o!r man1 ev]       
presume to contribute 8 %>e to ! %ort5+ 
( a p]son's life by aid+ him to commit  
suicide8 ,we mu/ emphatically say ,no1  
ev5 ?\gh ! pati5t %\ld desire dea?3 !   
,doctor _c1 9 any case1 l5d 8 assi/ance 
to violate ! "r & ! law ( ! ,creator3   
,?\ %alt n kill4  ,i h no d\bt1 g5tlem51
 t "s ( y h be5 say+ to y\rselves1 ,:y  
does ! lectur] insi/ s long ^u a po9t   
:i* is s cle>8 ,( c\rse1 none ( u d\bts 
t we c 9 no case aid a pati5t to commit 
suicide4 ,my reason = ?us insi/+ on ?is 
matt] is t "h aga9 we are deal+ ) a liv+
 issue4 ,!re are to-day physicians &    
o!rs :o d5y ?is tru?1 n 9 _! secret     
practice only1 b1 ( late1 to ju/ify _!  
conduct1 !y h boldly =mulat$ ! !sis t   
pres5t app>5t exp$i5cy c lawfully be    
pref]r$ to any high] consid]ation4 ,"h  
is ! fact4 ,at a ,m$ico-,legal          

,congress1 held 9 ! summ] ( #ahie1 ,dr4 
,ba*1 "o ( its lead+ lights1 op5ly      
ma9ta9$ x z 8 op9ion t ,physicians h !  
moral "r to end life :5 ! disease is    
incurable1 pa9ful1 & agoniz+4  ,:at 8   
argum5ts 7 9 support ( 8 />tl+          
proposition1 ,i h n be5 able to le>n4 ,b
 ,i "k t a cry ( horror & indignation   
has gone up f _m a he>t4 ,_m h prote/$ 9
 pr9t2 b unless1 on an occasion l ?is1  
morali/s raise _! voice aga9/ x ) all ! 
influ5ce :i* s\nd pr9ciples comm&1 !    
say+ ( ,dr4 ,ba* may at lea/ %ake !     
convictions ( ! ris+ g5]ation (         
physicians4 ,! only argum5t = ,dr4      
,ba*'s ass]tion t ,i c imag9e--& x is "o
 proce$+ f ! he>t r ?an ! head--is t x  
is cruel to let a poor man suff] :5 !re 
is no long] hope ( recov]y4 ,x is n !   
,physician t makes him suff]2 x is ,god 
:o controls ! case1 & ,god is nev]      
cruel4  ,he kn[s ,8 own bus9ess1 & =bids
 y to ?w>t ,8 designs4 ,if ! suff]] be  
virtu\s1 ,god has an et]nity to rew>d 8 
pati5t endurance2 if guilty1 ! ,"l (t5  

puni%es 9 ?is _w t ,he may sp>e 9 !     
next4 ,let ,him h ,8 way1 if y are wise2
 ,8 comm& to all is cle>1 ,?\ %alt n    
kill4  ,"o ra% utt]ance1 l t ( ,dr4     
,ba*1 c d an incalculable am\nt ( h>m4  
,:y1 g5tlem51 j ?9k :at consequ5ces mu/ 
foll[ if 8 pr9ciple 71 admitt$6 ,= !    
only reason t c\ld give x any           
plausibility w\ld be t ! pati5t's life  
is become useless & insupportable4 ,if t
 7 a reason = tak+ human life away1 !n x
 w\ld foll[ t1 :5ev] a man consid]s 8   
life z useless & no long] supportable1  
he c\ld end x1 he c\ld commit suicide4  
,t reason+ w\ld practically ju/ify almo/
 all suicides4 ,=1 :5 p kill !mselves1 x
 is1 9 almo/ all cases1 because !y      
consid] _! lives useless &              
insupportable4 ,:e!r x results f        
physical or f moral causes t !y consid] 
_! life a burd51 _c1 x seems to me1 make
 any mat]ial diff]5ce2 grief1 %ame1     
despair are z t]rible suff]+s z bodily  
pa9s4 ,if1 !n1 we accept ,dr4 ,ba*'s    
pr9ciple1 we mu/ be prep>$ = all its    

baneful consequ5ces4  ,,iv4 ,b are !re  
no exceptions to ! g5]al law1 ,?\ %alt n
 kill8 ,are !re no cases 9 :i* x is     
all[$ to take ano!r's life8 ,:at ab\t   
ju/ifiable homicide8 ,!re are ?ree cases
 ( ?is nature1 g5tlem52 namely1         
self-def5ce1 capital puni%m5t inflict$  
by ! /ate1 & active w>f>e4 ,) only "o ( 
^! c a physician1 z su* be conc]n$ or   
?9k himself conc]n$4 ,he is n a public  
hangman execut+ a s5t5ce ( a crim9al    
c\rt2 nor is he act+ z a soldi] proce$+ 
by public au?ority aga9/ a public foe4  
,z to ! plea ( self-def5ce1 x mu/ be    
correctly und]/ood1 le/ he usurp a p[]  
:i* nei!r human nor div9e law has       
conf]r$ ^u him4  #a4 ,self-def5ce4 ,x is
 a dictate ( common-s5se1 already quot$ 
by ,cic]o z a univ]sally receiv$ maxim (
 ,jurisprud5ce 9 8 day1 t x is          
ju/ifiable to repel viol5ce by viol5ce1 
ev5 if ! dea? ( our unju/ assailant %\ld
 result4 ,9 su* a case1 let u consid]   
:at really takes place4 ,a ruffian      
attempts to take away my life2 ,i h a "r

 to my life4 ,i may1 !re=e1 protect x   
aga9/ him2 &1 = t purpose1 ,i may use   
all lawful means4 ,a lawful means is "o 
t violates no law1 "o t ,i may use )\t  
giv+ any "o reasonable gr\nd ( compla9t4
 ,suppose ,i h no o!r means to protect  
my life ?an by %oot+ my aggressor2 has  
he a "r to compla9 ( my conduct if ,i   
try to d s8 ,no1 because he =ces me to !
 act2 he =ces me to *oose betwe5 my life
 & 84 ,good ord] is n violat$ if ,i     
pref] my own life3 well-ord]$ *>ity     
beg9s at home4 ,b is n ,god's "r        
violat$8 ,x is2 = ,god has a "r to my   
life & to t ( my assailant4 ,! ruffian  
:o compels me to %oot him is to blame = 
br++ bo? our lives into dang]2 he is    
responsible = x to ,god4 ,b ! ,creator w
 n blame me = def5d+ my life by ! only  
means 9 my p[]1 & t :5 compell$ by an   
unju/ assailant1 :o _c reasonably f9d   
fault ) my conduct4  ,b x may be object$
 t no evil act may be done to procure a 
good result1 t a good end does n ju/ify 
a bad means4 ,t is a correct pr9ciple1 &

 we w consid] x c>efully "s o!r day4 ,b 
my act ( necess>y self-def5ce is n evil1
 & !re=e ne$s no ju/ification2 = ! means
 ,i employ are1 "u ! circum/ances1      
well-ord]$ & lawful means1 :i* violate  
no "o's rights1 z has j be5 %[n4 ,(     
c\rse ! h>m ,i d to ! aggressor is j    
only 9 z f> z x is /rictly necess>y to  
def5d ! inali5able "r ,i h to life or   
limb or v valuable prop]ty4 ,h5ce ,i mu/
 keep )9 ! j limits ( self-def5ce4 ,to  
%oot an assailant1 :5 ,i am 9 no s]i\s  
dang]1 or :5 ,i c free myself "s o!r    
way1 or :5 ,i act ?r\gh malice1 w\ld n  
be self-def5ce1 b unju/ifiable viol5ce  
on my "p4  #b4 ,! pr9ciples t make x    
lawful = a man to def5d 8 own life )    
viol5ce aga9/ an unju/ assailant w also 
ju/ify a p>5t 9 ?us def5d+ 8 *ildr51 a  
gu>dian 8 w>ds2 & 9 fact any "o may     
=cibly def5d any o!r human be+ aga9/    
unju/ viol5ce4 ,a p>5t or gu>dian n only
 c1 b he is 9 duty b\nd to1 def5d ^? "u 
8 *>ge by all lawful means4 ,simil>ly ! 
physician w\ld be oblig$ to def5d 8     

pati5t by ! ex]cise ( 8 pr(ession 9 8   
behalf4  ,n[ ! only case 9 :i* ! ne$ (  
m$ical treatm5t aga9/ unju/ aggression  
c\ld become a matt] = discussion 9      
,jurisprud5ce is ! case ( a "m ) *ild4  
,is ! *ild "u ^? circum/ances really an 
unju/ aggressor8 ,let u /udy t important
 case ) ! close/ att5tion4 ,let all !   
rays ( light we h ga!r$ s f> be focuss$ 
on ?is p>ticul> po9t4 ,c a physician ev]
 be ju/ifi$ 9 de/roy+ ! life ( a *ild1  
be=e or dur+ its bir?1 by craniotomy or 
9 any o!r mann]1 9 ord] to save its "m's
 life1 on ! plea t ! *ild is an unju/   
assailant ( ! life ( its "m8 ,put ! case
 9 a def9ite %ape be=e y4 ,"h is a "m 9 
! pangs ( p>turition4 ,an organic       
defect1 no matt] 9 :at %ape or =m1      
prev5ts deliv]ance by ! ord9>y *annels4 
,all t m$ical skill c d to assi/ nature 
has be5 done4 ,! case is desp]ate4 ,o!r 
physicians h be5 call$ 9 = consultation1
 z ! civil law requires be=e x w tol]ate
 extreme measures4 ,all agree t1 if no  
surgical op]ation is p]=m$1 bo? "m &    

*ild mu/ die4 ,!re are ! ,cs>ian        
section1 ! ,porro op]ation1 lap>otomy1  
symphysiotomy1 all approv$ by sci5ce & !
 moral law4 ,b we w suppose an extreme  
case2 namely1 ! circum/ances are s      
unfavorable = any ( ^! op]ations--:e!r  
ow+ to want ( skill 9 ! ,doctors pres5t1
 or = any o!r reason--t none c safely be
 attempt$2 any ( !m w\ld be fatal to !  
"m4  ,9 ?is extreme case ( necessity1 c 
! ,doctor break ! cranium ( ! liv+ *ild1
 or 9 any way de/roy its life ) a view  
to save ! "m8 ,if ?ree consult+         
physicians agree t ?is is ! only way to 
save h]1 he w n be mole/$ by ! law c\rts
 = p]=m+ ! murd]\s op]ation4 ,b w ! law 
( nature & ( nature's ,god approve or   
all[ 8 conduct8 ,?is is ! precise "q "u 
our consid]ation4 ,we h se5 t ! infant1 
a true human be+1 has a "r to live1 z   
well z its "m4 ,all m5 are creat$ equal1
 & h an equal "r to life1 decl>es ! fir/
 pr9ciple ( our lib]ty4 ,! ,creator1    
too1 z reason tea*es1 has a cle> "r to !
 *ild's life2 t *ild may answ] a v      

special purpose ( ,provid5ce4 ,b :e!r x 
w or n1 ,god is ! supreme & ! only ,ma/]
 ( life & dea?1 & ,he has laid d[n !    
/rict prohibition1 ,?\ %alt n kill4  ,n[
 comes ! plea ( self-def5ce aga9/ an    
unju/ aggressor4 ,if ! *ild is su*1 if x
 unju/ly attacks its "m's life1 !n %e c 
de/roy x to save h]self1 & h] physician 
c aid ! innoc5t aga9/ ! guilty p>ty4 ,b 
c x be prov$ t ! infant is an unju/     
aggressor 9 ! case8 ,!re c be no        
int5tional or =mal guilt 9 ! little     
innoc5t babe4 ,b c we argue t ! actual  
situation ( ! *ild is an unju/ act1     
unconsci\sly done1 yet mat]ially unju/1 
unlawful8 ,?us1 if a madman w\ld ru% at 
me ) a %>p sword1 evid5tly int5t on     
kill+ me1 he may be call$ an unju/      
aggressor2 ?\gh1 be+ a rav+ maniac1 he  
does n "k :at crime he is committ+1 & is
 =mally innoc5t ( murd]\s int5t4        
,mat]ially consid]$1 ! act is unju/1 &  
,i c def5d myself lawfully z aga9/ any  
o!r unju/ assailant4 ,su* is ! common   
tea*+ ( morali/s4 ,b c ! innoc5t babe be

 class$ 9 ! same category ) ! rav+      
maniac8 ,:y %\ld x8 ,x is do+ no?+2 x is
 m]ely passive 9 ! :ole process (       
p>turition4  ,w any "o object t ! infant
 has no "r to be !re at all8 ,:o put x  
!re8 ,! only human ag5ts 9 ! matt] 7 its
 p>5ts4 ,! "m is m acc\ntable = !       
un=tunate situation ?an ! *ild4 ,c]ta9ly
 y c\ld n1 to save ! *ild1 directly kill
 ! "m1 treat+ h] z an unju/ assailant ( 
h] *ild's life8 ,/ill less c y treat !  
infant z an unju/ assailant ( its "m's  
life4  ,! plea ( self-def5ce aga9/ unju/
 aggression be+ ?us rul$ out ( c\rt 9   
all su* cases1 & no o!r plea rema9+ = ! 
craniotomi/1 we h e/abli%$1 on ! cle>e/ 
pr9ciples ( ,e?ics & ,jurisprud5ce1 t x 
is nev] all[$ directly to kill a *ild z 
a means to save its "m's life4 ,x w\ld  
be a bad means1 morally evil2 & no moral
 evil c ev] be done t good may come ( x2
 ! end _c ju/ify an evil means4 ,9 !ory 
all good m5 agree ) u t ! end c nev]    
ju/ify ! means4 ,b 9 practice x seems to
 be diff]5t ) "s ( ! m$ical pr(ession4  

,( late1 h[ev]1 ! practice ( craniotomy 
& all equival5t op]ations ^u liv+       
subjects has gone almo/ entirely out (  
fa%ion among ! bett] class ( physicians4
  ,all[ me1 g5tlem51 to conclude ?is    
lecture ) ! read+ ( two extracts f      
articles ( m$ical writ]s on ! pres5t    
/ate ( craniotomy 9 _! pr(ession4 ,y w  
f9d !m 9 accord ) ! conclusions at :i*  
we h arriv$ by reason+ ^u ! pr9ciples ( 
,jurisprud5ce4  ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,p>i%      
writes 7,am4 ,eccles4 ,review1 ,novemb]1
 #ahic1 p4 #cfd73 ,! op]ations (        
craniotomy & embryotomy are to-day (    
relatively infrequ5t occurr5ce1 & _m    
ob/etricians ( l>ge exp]i5ce h nev]     
p]=m$ !m4 ,advanc$ ob/etricians advocate
 ! p]=mance ( ! ,ces>ian section or its 
modification--! ,porro op]ation--9      
pref]5ce to craniotomy1 because ne>ly   
all ! *ildr5 are sav$1 & ! unavoidable  
mortality among mo!rs is n mu* high] ?an
 t :i* att5ds craniotomy4 ,( "o hundr$  
wom5 on :om ,ces>ian section is p]=m$ "u
 favorable conditions & ) atta9able     

skill1 ab\t n9ety-five mo!rs %\ld recov]
 & fully ! same numb] ( *ildr54 ,( "o   
hundr$ craniotomies1 n9ety-five mo!rs or
 possibly a l>g] numb] w recov]1 & (    
c\rse none ( ! *ildr54 ,! problem       
resolves itself into ?is3 ,:i* %all we  
*oose--,ces>ian section ) "o hundr$ &   
n9ety liv+ be+s z ! result1 or          
craniotomy ) ab\t n9ety-five liv+ be+s8 
,ev5 if a lib]al d$uction be made =     
unfavorable circum/ances & defici5t     
skill1 ! results1 g5tlem51 w /ill leave 
a wide m>g9 9 favor ( ,ces>ian section4 
,my second extract is f an article (    
,dr4 ,m4 ,o',h>a1 & x is support$ by ! v
 highe/ au?orities 7ib4 p4 #cfa73       
,rec5tly ,augu/ #a1 #ahic ! ,briti%     
,m$ical ,association1 ! mo/ au?oritative
 m$ical body 9 ,great ,brita91 at its   
sixty-fir/ annual meet+1 held at        
,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 def9itely discuss$ !
 subject be=e u4 ,9 ! address deliv]$ at
 ! op5+ ( ! section ( ,ob/etric ,m$ic9e 
& ,gynecology1 an ass]tion 0 put =? :i* 
,i reg>d z v rem>kable1 my recollection 

n tak+ 9 any simil> pron\ncem5t made 9  
any l repres5tative m$ical body4 ,!     
au?oritative value ( ?is /atem5t1       
accept$ z undisput$ by ! memb]s ( !     
association1 :i* c\nts ab\t fifte5 ?\s& 
practition]s1 ne$ n be emphasiz$4  ,dr4 
,james ,murphy 7',briti% ,m$ical        
,j\rnal1' ,augu/ #bf1 #ahic71 ( !       
,univ]sity ( ,durham1 made ! presid5tial
 address4 ,he fir/ allud$ to ! p]fection
 to :i* ! =ceps _h rea*$ = pelves n>r[$ 
at ! brim1 & ! means ( correct+ faulty  
position ( ! ftus dur+ labor4 ,he !n    
/at$3 ',9 cases ( great de=mity ( !     
pelvis1 x has long be5 ! ambition ( !   
ob/etrician1 :]e x has be5 impossible to
 deliv] a liv+ *ild p] vias naturales1  
to f9d "s means by :i* t *ild c\ld be   
born alive ) comp>ative safety to ! "m2 
& t "t has n[ arriv$4 ,x is n = me to   
decide1' he says1 ':e!r ! mod]n ,ces>ian
 section1 ,porro's op]ation1            
symphysiotomy1 is*iopubotomy1 or o!r    
op]ation is ! safe/ or mo/ suitable1 nor
 yet is !re suffici5t mat]ial = ?is "q  

to be decid$2 b :5 su* spl5did &        
successful results h be5 a*iev$ by      
,porro1 ,leopold1 ,sa5g]1 & by our own  
,murdo* ,cam]on1 ,i say x delib]ately & 
) :atev] au?ority ,i possess1 & ,i urge 
x ) all ! =ce ,i c ma/]1 t we are n n[  
ju/ifi$ 9 de/roy+ a liv+ *ild2 & :ile   
!re may be "s ?+s ,i look back ^u )     
pleasure 9 my pr(essional c>e]1 t :i*   
gives me ! greate/ satisfaction is t ,i 
h nev] done a craniotomy on a liv+      
*ild4'  ,y w please notice1 g5tlem51 t  
:5 ?is di/+ui%$ ,doctor said1 ,we are n 
n[ ju/ifi$ 9 de/roy+ a liv+ *ild1 he 0  
speak+ f a m$ical /&po9t1 & meant to say
 t su* de/ruction is n[ sci5tifically   
unju/ifiable1 is a blund] 9 surg]y4 ,f a
 moral po9t ( view x is n only n[1 b x 0
 always1 unju/ifiable to slay a *ild z a
 means to save ! "m's life2 a good end  
_c ju/ify an evil means1 is a tru? t _c 
be too emphatically inculcat$4 ,?is is  
"o ( ! mo/ important subjects on :i*    
,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce has be5 improv$1 &
 mo/ ( its text-books are defici5t4 ,!  

improvem5t is expla9$ ) mu* sci5tific   
detail 9 an address ( ! ,presid5t1      
,samuel ,c4 ,busey1 ,m4,d41 be=e !      
,wa%+ton ,ob/etrical & ,gynecological   
,society 7,am4 ,j\rnal ( ,ob/etrics &   
,diseases ( ,wom5 & ,*ildr51 vol4 xvii4 
n4 #b74     ,,lecture ,,iii4            
,,abortion4   ,abortion1 g5tlem51 is !  
!me ( my pres5t lecture4  ,i4 ,an       
important po9t to be det]m9$ is !       
precise "t :5 ! human embryo is fir/    
animat$ by its own specific pr9ciple (  
life1 its human s\l4 ,x is int]e/+ to   
read :at v>i\s conjectures h be5 v5tur$ 
on ?is subject by ! le>n$ ( =m] ages4   
,!y 7 totally at sea4 ,?\gh gift$ ) ke5 
m9ds1 !y _h n ! prop] data to reason f4 
,& yet "s ( ^? sages made v %rewd       
guesses4 ,= in/ance1 z e>ly z ! f\r?    
c5tury ( our era1 ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 
taught ! true doctr9e1 :i* mod]n sci5ce 
has n[ univ]sally accept$4 ,he taught t 
! rational s\l is creat$ by ,almighty   
,god & infus$ into ! embryo at ! v mom5t
 ( conception4 ,/ill1 z ,/4 ,gregory    

c\ld n prove ! c]ta9ty ( 8 doctr9e1 x 0 
oppos$ by ! majority ( ! le>n$4  ,!     
,s*oolm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :ile        
condemn+ abortion f ! "t ( conception1  
pref]r$ ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 t !       
rational s\l is n infus$ till ! ftus is 
suffici5tly develop$ to receive x4 ,!   
embryo liv$ fir/1 !y taught1 ) a        
vegetable life2 aft] a few days an      
animal s\l replac$ ! vegetative         
pr9ciple2 ! human s\l 0 n infus$ into ! 
t9y body till ! =tie? day = a male1 & ! 
eightie? day = a female *ild4 ,all ?is  
s\nds v fooli% n[2 & yet we %\ld n sne] 
at _! ignorance2 _h we liv$ 9 _! times1 
we c\ld probably h done no bett] ?an !y4
  ,x 0 n till #afbj t ,fi5us1 a         
physician ( ,l\va91 9 ,belgium1 publi%$ 
! fir/ book ( mod]n times t came ne> !  
tru?4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ! human s\l 0 creat$
 & infus$ into ! embryo ?ree days aft]  
conception4 ,ne>ly =ty ye>s lat]1 9     
#afeh1 a religi\s prie/1 call$          
,flor5t9ius1 wrote a book 9 :i* he      
taught t1 = all we "k1 ! s\l may be     

intellectual or human f ! fir/ mom5t (  
conception2 & ! ,pope's physician       
,za*ias soon aft] ma9ta9$ ! !sis z a    
c]ta9ty t ! human embryo has f ! v      
beg9n+ a human s\l4  ,great writ]s      
applaud$ ,fi5us & 8 successors2         
univ]sities favor$ _! views2 !          
,b5$ict9es1 ! ,dom9icans1 & ! ,jesuits  
support$ !m4 ,mod]n sci5ce claims to h  
prov$ beyond all d\bt t ! same s\l      
animates ! man t animat$ ! ftus f ! v   
mom5t ( conception4 ,! ,m$ical          
,jurisprud5ce ( ,:>ton & ,/ill quotes   
,dr4 ,hodge ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,univ]sity 
z foll[s 7p4 #aa73 ,9 a mo/ my/]i\s     
mann] br\ght into exi/5ce1 h[ wond]ful  
its =mation6 ,imp]fect 9 ! fir/ in/ance1
 nay1 ev5 invisible to ! nak$ eye1 !    
embryo is nev]!less end[$1 at once1 ) ! 
pr9ciples ( vitality2 & al?\gh reta9$ 9 
! sy/em ( its "m1 x has1 9 a /rict s5se1
 an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,x imm$iately    
manife/s all ! ph5om5a ( organic life2 x
 =ms its own fluids & circulates !m2 x  
is n\ri%$ & develop$2 &1 v rapidly f be+

 a rudis indige/aque moles1 app>5tly an 
inorganic drop ( fluid1 its organs are  
g5]at$ & its =m p]fect$4 ,x daily ga9s  
/r5g? & gr[s2 &1 :ile /ill )9 ! organ ( 
its "m1 manife/s "s ( ! ph5om5a ( animal
 life1 especially z reg>ds mobility4    
,aft] ! f\r? mon? its motions are       
p]ceptible to ! "m1 & 9 a %ort p]iod c  
be p]ceiv$ by o!r individuals on close  
inve/igation4  ,! usual impression1 !   
au?ors add1 & "o :i* is probably /ill   
ma9ta9$ by ! mass ( ! community1 is t ! 
embryo is p]fect$ at ! p]iod (          
quick5+--say ! "o hundr$ & twelf? or "o 
hundr$ & tw5tie? day4 ,:5 ! "m fir/     
p]ceives motion1 is consid]$ ! p]iod :5 
! ftus becomes animat$--:5 x receives   
its spiritual nature into union ) its   
corporeal4  ,^! & simil> suppositions   
are1 z has be5 already %[n1 contr>y to  
all fact1 &1 if x 7 n = ! high          
au?orities--m$ical1 legal1 &            
!ological--9 opposition1 we might add1  
to common-s5se4  ,at pres5t1 g5tlem51   
!re seems to be no long] any au?ority to

 ! contr>y4 ,b _m p1 & "s ,doctors1 seem
 to be sev]al g5]ations beh9d ! times2 =
 !y /ill act & reason z if 9 ! fir/     
weeks ( pregnancy no immortal or human  
s\l 7 9 "q4  ,physicians wor?y ( _!     
noble pr(ession %\ld /rive to remove su*
 gross & mis*iev\s ignorance4 ,9 _m ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates ! law ca/s its protection 
ar\nd an unborn infant f its fir/ /age (
 asc]ta9able exi/5ce2 no matt] :e!r     
quick5+ has tak5 place or n1 &          
consequ5tly no matt] :at may be ! /age (
 ge/ation1 an indictm5t lies = its      
wilful de/ruction 7,:>ton & ,/ill1 p4   
#hfa74 ,:]e !re has be5 z yet no        
judicial settlem5t ( ! imm$iate "q1 x   
may be reasonably cont5d$ t to make !   
crim9ality ( ! (f5ce dep5d ^u ! fact (  
quick5+ is z repugnant to s\nd morals z 
x is to enlight5$ physiology 7ib474 ,t x
 is inconsi/5t ) ! analogies ( ! law is 
%[n by ! fact t an infant1 born ev5 at !
 extreme limit ( ge/ation aft] its      
fa!r's dea?1 is capable ( tak+ by       
desc5t1 & be+ appo9t$ executor 7ib474   

,dr4 ,hodge adds ?is s5sible rem>k3 ,x  
is !n only at conception ! fa!r c 9 any 
way ex]t an influ5ce ov] 8 (fspr+2 x is 
!n only ! female g]m is 9 direct union )
 ! "m--! connection aft]w>ds is indirect
 & imp]fect 7ib474 ,! fact1 !re=e1 is n[
 sci5tifically e/abli%$ t ! embryo f !  
fir/ mom5t ( conception or fecundation  
is a human be+1 hav+ a human immortal   
s\l4  ,,ii4 ,n[ we come to ! direct /udy
 ( abortion4 ,abortion1 or misc>riage1  
/rictly means ! expulsion ( ! ftus be=e 
x is viable1 i4e41 be=e x is suffici5tly
 develop$ to cont9ue its life outside ( 
! mat]nal womb4 ,! p]iod ( arrival at   
viability is usually aft] ! tw5ty-eigh? 
week ( ge/ation4 ,:5 bir? occurs lat]   
?an t p]iod1 & yet be=e ! full t]m ( n9e
 mon?s1 x is call$ premature bir?1 :i*  
is altoge!r diff]5t f abortion2 = x may 
save ! life ( ! *ild1 :i* abortion      
always de/roys4 ,premature labor is     
frequ5tly induc$ 9 legitimate m$ical    
practice1 = ! purpose ( avoid+ ! risks  
:i* 9 "s cases att5d p>turition at      

t]m4444 ,! av]age numb] ( *ildr5 sav$ by
 ?is means is r m ?an "o-half ( ! cases 
op]at$ ^u1 say ,:>ton & ,/ill           
7,p>turition1 p4 #if74 ,b !y caution !  
physician aga9/ too ready rec\rse to ?is
 treatm5t2 =1 !y add v truly1 ,!        
sympa!tic ph5om5a ( pregnancy are (t5 m 
al>m+ 9 appe>ance ?an 9 reality1 & w    
r>ely ju/ify any int]f]5ce ) ! natural  
progress ( ge/ation4 ,9 all cases !     
physician %\ld consult ) "o or m ( 8    
colleagues be=e induc+ premature labor2 
9 ?is mann] 8 humane int5tions w n      
expose him1 9 case ( failure1 to        
reproa*1 suspicion1 or prosecution4  ,! 
fir/ "t my att5tion 0 practically call$ 
to ! case ( a *ild 9 dang] ( dy+ be=e ! 
"t ( deliv]y occurr$ ov] tw5ty ye>s ago1
 :5 ! "m ( a highly respect$ family1 !n 
9 my spiritual *>ge1 0 wa/+ away )      
consumption dur+ h] /ate ( pregnancy4 ,y
 "k t we ,ca?olics are v solicit\s t    
infants %all n die )\t ,baptism1 because
 we believe t heav5 is n promis$ to !   
unbaptiz$4 ,i !re=e direct$ ! lady's    

husb& to consult _! family physician on 
! prospects ( ! case1 & take timely     
precautions1 s t1 if dea? %\ld come on !
 "m be=e h] deliv]y1 ! infant might be  
rea*$ at once & be baptiz$ be=e x       
expir$4 ,! physician1 a le>n$ &         
consci5ti\s practition]1 answ]$ t we    
%\ld n be solicit\s2 = t ,nature _h s   
provid$ t mo!rs 9 su* cases r>ely die   
be=e ! *ild is born4 ,he 0 "r4 ,! *ild 0
 born & baptiz$2 ! "m di$ a few h\rs    
lat]2 ! little "o liv$ sev]al weeks be=e
 x w5t to jo9 ! angels 9 heav54 ,i le>n$
 f t occurr5ce ! lesson :i* ,:>ton &    
,/ill inculcate t ! ph5om5a ( pregnancy 
are (t5 f> m al>m+ 9 appe>ance ?an 9    
reality1 & we are r>ely ju/ifi$ 9       
int]f]+ ) ! natural progress ( ge/ation4
  ,to return to our subject4 ,abortion1 
or misc>riage1 is (t51 z y "k1 g5tlem51 
! result ( natural causes beyond human  
control2 at o!r times x is br\ght on by 
un9t5tional imprud5ce on ! "p ( ! "m or 
h] att5dants4 ,x is ! duty ( ! family   
physician1 :5 occasions (f]1 to in/ruct 

8 pregnant pati5ts & o!r p]sons conc]n$ 
on ! dang]s to be avoid$4 ,a good       
,doctor %\ld be to 8 pati5ts :at a fa!r 
is to 8 *ildr52 v important matt]s are  
confid$ to him1 & !re=e grave           
responsibilities re/ on 8 consci5ce4    
,,iii4 ,we are n[ ready to consid] !    
*ief "q ( ?is lecture1 namely1 :e!r !re 
c be any cases 9 :i* a physician is     
ju/ifi$ 9 br++ ab\t an abortion1 or 9   
prescrib+ a treatm5t f :i* he kn[s an   
abortion is likely to result4  #a4 ,x is
 evid5t t1 if he acts ) due prud5ce1 &  
yet1 f "s cause :i* he did n =esee &    
c\ld n h be5 =ese51 8 treatm5t br+s ab\t
 a misc>riage1 he _c ju/ly be held      
acc\ntable = :at he c\ld n help4  #b4 ,b
 :at if he =esees t a drug or treatm5t1 
:i*1 he ?9ks1 is ne$$ = ! "m's heal?1   
may p]haps br+ on a misc>riage8 ,c he   
/ill adm9i/] t drug or prescribe t      
treatm5t8 ,notice ! "q c>efully4 ,x is n
 suppos$ t he wants to br+ on !         
misc>riage4 ,he does n2 he w d all he c 
to prev5t x4 ,nor w 8 treatm5t or drug  

directly de/roy ! life or ! organism ( !
 embryo2 b x is int5d$ to affect        
favorably ! sy/em ( ! "m1 & x is appli$ 
to h] own organism4 ,/ill ! ,doctor kn[s
 t ! prescription may indirectly br+    
ab\t abortion4 ,c he prescribe ! drug or
 treatm5t f :i* he kn[s ! dea? ( ! ftus 
may indirectly result1 ! direct purpose 
be+ to remove an ailm5t ( ! "m's8  ,!re 
is a s\nd moral pr9ciple be>+ on su*    
cases2 x is univ]sally admitt$ 9 ,e?ics 
& ,jurisprud5ce1 & its application is s 
ext5sive t x well des]ves c>eful /udy4  
,x is ?is3 ,he :o wilfully puts a cause 
is answ]able = ! effect ( t cause1 causa
 caus e/ causa causati4 ,!re=e1 if !    
effect is evil1 he is answ]able = t     
evil4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 supposes t he c\ld   
=esee ! dang] ( su* evil effect4  ,t    
evil effect is said to be indirectly    
will$2 = x foll[s f a cause :i* is      
directly will$4 ,if1 !n1 y %\ld give a  
dose to a pregnant "m :i* is int5d$ to  
/op h] fev] or o!r ailm5t1 b may also   
br+ on abortion1 ! /opp+ ( h] fev] is   

directly int5d$1 & ! abortion is said to
 be indirectly int5d$ or will$4 ,^? are 
! receiv$ t]ms 9 moral sci5ce4 ,x 7 m   
correct to say t ! abortion 9 ?is case  
is an effect n int5d$ at all1 b only    
p]mitt$4 ,t1 !n1 :i* is p]mitt$ to      
result f our acts is said to be         
indirectly will$4  ,are we !n always    
responsible = evil effects p]mitt$ or   
indirectly will$8 ,! pr9ciple laid d[n  
seems to say s4 ,b !n t pr9ciple admits 
( important exceptions4 ,if we c\ld nev]
 d an act f :i* we "k evil consequ5ces  
may foll[1 !n we c\ld sc>cely d any?+ ( 
importance2 a "y man c\ld c]ta9ly n     
become a physician at all1 = he is almo/
 c]ta9 to injure "s ( 8 pati5ts 9 !     
c\rse ( 8 pr(essional life4 ,b if we _h 
no ,doctors1 su* a loss w\ld be a mu*   
great] evil to mank9d ?an _! occasional 
mi/akes4 ,"h !n we seem to be 9 a       
dilemma1 ) evil on bo? sides ( u4 ,& !n 
we are rem9d$ ( t o!r pr9ciple ( :i* we 
spoke be=e1 t we may nev] d evil at all 
t good may come ( x4 ,:at %all we d8 ,! 

solution is ?is3 we %\ld nev] d evil1 b 
we are (t5 ju/ifi$ 9 p]mitt+ evil to    
happ52 9 o!r words1 we c nev] w evil    
directly1 b we c (t5 w x indirectly3 we 
c d :at is "r 9 itself1 ev5 ?\gh we "k  
or fe> t evil w also result f our good  
act4  ,?is conduct requires f\r         
conditions3 #a4 ,t we d n wi% ! evil    
itself1 b make all reasonable ef=t to   
avoid x4 #b4 ,t ! imm$iate effect we wi%
 to produce is good 9 itself4 #c4 ,t !  
good effect int5d$ is at lea/ z         
important z ! evil effect p]mitt$4 #d4  
,t ! evil is n made a means us$ to obta9
 ! good effect4  ,n[ let u apply ^!     
pr9ciples to ! case 9 h&4  #a4 ,if !    
m$ic9e is necess>y to save ! "m's life1 
& x is n c]ta9 to br+ on abortion1 ?\gh 
x is likely to d s1 !n ! good effect is 
great] & m imm$iate or direct ?an ! bad 
effect2 !n give ! m$ic9e to save ! "m1 &
 p]mit ! probable dea? ( ! *ild4  #b4   
,if ! m$ic9e is n necess>y to save !    
"m's life1 ?\gh v useful1 = ! sake ( su*
 an advantage1 y _c ju/ly expose !      

*ild's life to s]i\s dang]4  #c4 ,b if !
 dang] x is expos$ to is n s]i\s b      
slight1 & ! rem$y1 ?\gh n necess>y1 is  
expect$ to be v useful to ! "m1 y may !n
 adm9i/] ! m$ic9e2 = a slight risk ne$ n
 prev5t a prud5t man f /riv+ to obta9 v 
good results4  #d4 ,b :at if ! drug is  
necess>y to save ! "m1 & z dang]\s to ! 
*ild z x is b5eficial to h]2 c y !n give
 ! m$ic9e ) ! moral c]ta9ty t x w save  
h] & kill h] *ild8 ,:5 we "k pr9ciples  
cle>ly we c apply !m boldly4 ,i answ] !n
 ) ?is important di/9ction3 y c give su*
 m$ic9e z w act on h] sy/em1 h] organs1 
9 a mann] to save h] life1 & y may p]mit
 ! sad effects :i* w indirectly affect !
 *ild2 b y _c injure ! *ild directly z a
 means to b5efit h] indirectly2 t w\ld  
be us+ a bad means to obta9 a good end4 
,suppose1 !n1 :at is said to be a real  
case ( occasional recurr5ce 9 ob/etrical
 practice1 namely1 t a pregnant "m is   
seiz$ ) viol5t & unceas+ attacks (      
vomit+1 s t %e mu/ die if ! vomit+ be n 
/opp$2 & y1 z well z ! consult+         

physician call$ 91 c discov] no means ( 
reliev+ ! vomit+ except by procur+ an   
abortion1 by reliev+ ! womb ( its liv+  
burd54 ,abortion is !n ! means us$ to   
/op ! vomit+4 ,are y ju/ifi$ 9 us+ t    
means8 ,abortion is ! dislodg+ ( ! *ild 
f ! only place :]e x c live & :]e nature
 has plac$ x = t purpose4 ,!re=e        
abortion directly kills ! *ild1 z truly 
z plung+ a man "u wat] kills ! man4 ,c y
 ?us kill ! *ild to save ! "m8 ,y _c4   
,nei!r 9 ?is case nor 9 any o!r case c y
 d evil t good may come ( x4  ,y notice1
 g5tlem51 t ,i lay great /ress on1 ?is  
pr9ciple t ! end c nev] ju/ify ! means4 
,x is an evid5t pr9ciple1 :i* all       
civiliz$ nations ackn[l$ge4 ,its        
opposite1 t ! end ju/ifies ! means1 is s
 odi\s t ! practice ( x is a black /amp 
( ignom9y on any man or any set ( m5 t  
w\ld be guilty ( x4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur*   
has1 all ?r\gh h] c\rse ( exi/5ce1      
taught ! maxim t ! end _c ju/ify !      
means4 ,%e has impress$ x on ! laws &   
he>ts ( all ,*ri/ian peoples4 ,%e       

inculcates x 9 ! tea*+s ( all h]        
!ologians & moral philosoph]s & 9 all h]
 *annels ( education4 ,& s9ce we        
,jesuits are among h] lead+ educators & 
writ]s1 we h ma9ta9$ t !sis 9 ?\s&s (   
pr9t$ volumes1 z firmly z ,i am ma9ta9+ 
x be=e y to-day4 ,no ,jesuit ev]1 nor   
any ,ca?olic !ologian or philosoph]1 has
 taught ! contr>y4 ,& yet ev5 su*       
pret5ti\s works z ! ,encyclopdia        
,britannica h c>ri$ all ov] ! e>? ! sl&]
 t we tea* ! opposite maxim1 t ! end    
does ju/ify ! means1 & ! odi\s t]m      
,jesuitry has be5 co9$ to embody t sl&]4
  ,is x n /range !n1 v /range1 t !y :o  
?us falsely accuse u are (t5 ! v m5 :o w
 procure an abortion to save ! "m's     
life1 :o w d wrong t good may come ( x8 
,& y f9d su* m5 ma9ta9+ ! lawfulness (  
abortion on ! plea t ! op]ation1 :e!r   
licit or n1 is a necess>y means to obta9
 a good end4  ,,iv4 ,g5tlem51 if once y 
grant t grave reasons w\ld ju/ify       
abortion1 !re is no tell+ :]e y w /op 9 
y\r c>e] ( crime4 ,to-day1 = in/ance1 y 

are call$ to att5d a "m1 :o1 y ?9k1 mu/ 
die if y d n br+ on a misc>riage4 ,y are
 urg$ to d x by h]self & h] husb&1 &    
p]haps by o!r physicians4 ,!re are money
 consid]ations too1 & ! possible loss ( 
practice4 ,w y yield to ! temptation8 ,!
 next day y are visit$ by a mo/         
respectable lady2 b %e has be5 unfai?ful
 to h] m>riage v[4 ,! consequ5ces ( h]  
fall are becom+ evid5t4 ,if h] husb&    
f9ds out h] condition1 he may wreak a   
t]rible v5geance4 ,h] situation is sadd]
 ?an t ( ! sick "m ( ! prec$+ day4 ,y c 
easily remove ! pro( ( h] guilt1 we w   
suppose1 & sp>e a _w ( woes4 ,w y )/& ! 
temptation8 ,! ?ird day comes a "y lady1
 a daught] ( an excell5t family2 bright 
prospects lie be=e h]2 h] p>5ts' lives &
 happ9ess are wrapp$ up 9 t girl4 ,b 9  
an evil h\r %e has be5 l$ a/ray4 ,n[ %e 
is ) *ild4 ,%e begs1 %e implores y to   
save h] f ru91 & h] p>5ts f despair4 ,if
 y d n help h]1 "s o!r ,doctor or a     
quack w d x2 b y c\ld d x s mu* bett]4  
,if y %\ld h yield$ on ! two =m]        

occasions1 if y h already /a9$ y\r he>t 
) innoc5t blood1 w y n[ refuse8 ,:]e are
 y go+ to draw ! l9e8  ,! passions ( m5 
are insatiate1 ev5 9 mod]n society2 ! m 
y yield to !m1 ! /rong] gr[s _! crav+4  
,let me illu/rate my mean+ by a fact t  
happ5$ a few ye>s ago 9 ,russia4 ,x is j
 to our po9t4 ,dur+ a sev]e w9t]1 a     
f>m]1 hav+ 8 wife & *ildr5 ) him on a   
wagon1 0 driv+ ?r\gh a wild =e/4 ,all 0 
/ill z dea? except ! h[l+ ( wolves 9 !  
di/ance4 ,! h[l+ came ne>] & ne>]4 ,aft]
 a :ile a pack ( hungry wolves 0 se5    
foll[+ 9 ! track ( ! wagon4 ,! f>m]     
drove on fa/]1 b !y ga9$ on him4 ,x 0 a 
desp]ate race to keep out ( _! rea*4 ,at
 la/ !y are j back ( ! wagon4 ,:at c be 
done8 ,! next mom5t ! wolves may jump on
 ! uncov]$ vehicle4 ,! *ildr51 horrifi$1
 cr\* ne> _! trembl+ "m4 ,sudd5ly !     
fa!r1 driv5 to despair1 seizes "o ( !   
little *ildr5 & fl+s x among ! pack (   
wolves1 hop+ t by yield+ !m "o he may   
save ! re/4 ,! hungry bea/s /op a few   
mom5ts to fight ov] _! prey4 ,b soon !y 

are 9 hot pursuit aga91 fi]c] because !y
 h ta/$ blood4 ,a second *ild is ?r[n to
 !m1 & aft] a :ile a ?ird & a f\r?4     
,human society1 g5tlem51 9 ?is matt] (  
sacrific+ ftal life is z insatiable z a 
pack ( hungry wolves4 ,woe to any "o ( y
 if he beg9s to yield to its crav+s2 !re
 is no tell+ :]e he w /op4 ,9 pro( ( my 
/atem5t1 let me read to y an extract f a
 lecture on ,ob/etrics1 deliv]$ by      
,doctor ,hodge1 ( ,philadelphia1 to !   
m$ical /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity (          
,p5nsylvania3 ,we blu% :ile we record ! 
fact1 t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 our cities &   
t[ns1 9 ?is city :]e lit]ature1 sci5ce1 
morality1 & ,*ri/ianity are suppos$ to h
 s mu* influ5ce2 :]e all ! dome/ic &    
social virtues are report$ z be+ 9 full 
& delightful ex]cise2 ev5 "h            
individuals1 male & female1 exi/ :o are 
cont9ually imbru+ _! h&s & consci5ces 9 
! blood ( unborn infants2 yea1 ev5      
m$ical m5 are to be f\nd :o1 = "s trifl+
 pecuni>y recomp5se1 w poison ! f\nta9s 
( life1 or =cibly induce labor1 to !    

c]ta9 de/ruction ( ! ftus & n           
infrequ5tly ( ! p>5t4  ,s l[1 g5tlem51  
is ! moral s5se ( ! community on ?is    
subject1 s ignorant are ! great] numb] (
 individuals1 t ev5 mo!rs1 9 _m         
in/ances1 %r9k n f ! commission ( ?is   
crime1 b w volunt>ily de/roy _! own     
prog5y1 9 violation ( e natural s5tim5t 
& 9 opposition to ! laws ( ,god & man4  
,p]haps !re are few individuals 9       
ext5sive practice :o h n _h frequ5t     
applications made to !m by ! fa!rs &    
mo!rs ( unborn infants 7respectable &   
polite 9 _! g5]al appe>ance & mann]s7 to
 de/roy ! fruit ( illicit pleasure1 "u !
 va9 hope ( pres]v+ _! reputation by ?is
 unnatural & guilty sacrifice4  ,m>ri$  
wom51 also1 f ! fe> ( labor1 f          
indisposition to h ! c>e1 ! exp5se1 or !
 tr\ble ( *ildr51 or "s o!r motive      
equally trifl+ & degrad+1 h solicit$ t !
 embryo %\ld be de/roy$ by _! m$ical    
att5dant4 ,& :5 su* individuals are     
in=m$ ( ! nature ( ! transaction1 !re is
 an expression ( real or pret5d$        

surprise t any "o %\ld deem t act       
improp]1 mu* m guilty2 nay1 9 spite ev5 
( ! solemn w>n+s ( ! physician1 !y w    
resort to ! debas$ & murd]\s *>latan1   
:o1 = a piece ( silv]1 w annihilate !   
life ( ! ftus1 & endang] ev5 t ( its    
ignorant or guilty "m4  ,?is l[ e/imate 
( ! importance ( ftal life is by no     
means re/rict$ to ! ignorant or to ! l[]
 classes ( society4 ,educat$1 ref9$1 &  
fa%ionable wom51 yea1 9 _m in/ances1    
wom5 ^: lives are 9 o!r respects )\t    
reproa*--mo!rs :o are devot$ ) an ard5t 
& self-d5y+ affection to ! *ildr5 :o    
already con/itute ! family--are p]fectly
 indiff]5t conc]n+ ! ftus 9 ut]o4 ,!y   
seem n to realize t ! be+ )9 !m is inde$
 animate1 t x is 9 v]ity a human be+1   
body & _s2 t x is ( importance2 t its   
value is ine/imable1 hav+ ref]5ce to ?is
 _w & ! next4 ,h5ce !y 9 e way neglect  
its int]e/s4 ,!y eat & dr9k1 !y walk &  
ride2 !y w practise no self-re/ra9t1 b w
 indulge e caprice1 e passion1 utt]ly   
reg>dless ( ! unse51 unlov$ embryo4444  

,^! facts are horrible1 b !y are too    
frequ5t & too true2 (t51 v (t51 mu/ all 
! eloqu5ce & all ! au?ority ( !         
practition] be employ$2 (t5 he mu/ z x 7
 grasp ! consci5ce ( 8 weak & err+      
pati5t1 & let h] "k1 9 language n to be 
misund]/ood1 t %e is responsible to h]  
,creator = ! life ( ! be+ )9 h]4 7,:>ton
 & ,/ill's ,m$4 ,jur41 ,p>turition1 p4  
#ib47  ,dr4 ,walt] ,*ann+1 (            
,massa*usetts1 ref]s to ! difficulty (  
obta9+ a conviction = abortion1 & adds3 
,i believe !re has nev] be5 "o 9 ?is    
,/ate1 ?is moral ,/ate by em95ce1 &     
p]haps 9 none is ?is crime m rife4      
7,bo/on ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal1 ,april1  
#ahei1 p4 #ace74  ,v4 ,we h1 !n1 prov$1 
g5tlem51 two important & pregnant       
pr9ciples3 #a4 ,t we c nev] directly    
procure abortion1 & #b1 t we c procure x
 indirectly 9 extreme cases2 or r t we c
 take su* extreme measures 9 press+     
dang] z may likely result 9 abortion    
aga9/ our w4  ,:ile ^! pr9ciples are    
cle> & und\bt$1 !re are cases 9 :i* ! "r

 application ( !m is beset ) great      
difficulties4 ,^! (t5 occur 9 connection
 ) :at is call$ ectopic or extra-ut]9e  
ge/ation1 namely1 :5 ! nasc5t human =m  
lodges 9 "s recess n int5d$ by nature = 
its abode4 ,( late ye>s1 ,dr4 ,velpeau1 
( ,p>is2 ,dr4 ,tait1 ( ,birm+ham1 & _m  
o!r em95t physicians h %[n t cases (    
ectopic ge/ation are m num]\s ?an _h be5
 suppos$2 "o practition] reports t he _h
 att5d$ fifty cases1 ano!r eighty-five4 
#a4 ,we w fir/ suppose ! case ( an      
int]ior gr[? occurr+1 ! nature ( :i* _c 
be det]m9$4 ,x may be only a tumor1 yet 
x may be ! gr[? ( a liv+ ftus4 ,if no   
imm$iate crisis is fe>$1 y w wait1 (    
c\rse1 = fur!r developm5ts4 ,if x proves
 to be a *ild1 y w attempt no op]ation  
till x becomes viable at lea/4 ,b       
suppose t fatal consequ5ces are         
appreh5d$ be=e ! pres5ce ( a human be+ c
 be asc]ta9$ by ! beat+ ( ! he>t2       
suppose t delay w\ld endang] ! "m's     
life2 & yet if y und]take to cut out !  
tumor1 y may f9d x to conta9 ftal life4 

,9 su* urg5t dang]1 c y lawfully p]=m ! 
op]ation8 ,let u apply our pr9ciples4 ,y
 mean to op]ate on a tumor affect+ "o ( 
! "m's organs4 ,! consequ5ces ?is may h 
= ! *ild are n directly will$1 b        
p]mitt$4 ,! f\r conditions m5tion$ be=e 
are h]eby v]ifi$1 "u :i* ! evil result1 
! dea? ( ! possible ftus1 may be        
lawfully p]mitt$2 namely3 7a7 ,y d n wi%
 its dea?2 7b7 ,:at y int5d directly1 ! 
op]ation on ! "m's organism1 is good 9  
itself2 7c7 ,! good effect int5d$1 h]   
safety1 to :i* %e has an und\bt$ "r1    
ov]balances ! evil effect1 ! possible   
dea? ( ! *ild1 ^: "r to life is d\btful1
 s9ce its v exi/5ce is d\btful2 n[1 a   
c]ta9 "r mu/ take prec$5ce ( a d\btful  
"r ( ! same species2 7d7 ,! evil is n   
made ! means to obta9 ! good effect 7see
 ,am4 ,eccl4 ,rev41 ,nov41 #ahic1 p4    
#cec74 ,?is la/ condition w\ld n be     
v]ifi$ if x 7 propos$1 n to cut out !   
cy/1 b to de/roy its cont5ts by an      
electric curr5t4 ,!n1 x w\ld seem1 !    
ftus itself1 if !re be "o1 w\ld be      

directly attack$4  #b4 ,! case w\ld     
pres5t great] difficulties if ! gr[? 9  
"q 7 kn[n to conta9 a liv+ ftus4 ,su* a 
case is discuss$ 9 all its details1 )   
rem>kable philosophical acum51 & 9 !    
light ( copi\s in=mation furni%$ by     
prom95t memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 9 !
 pages ( ! ,am]ican ,ecclesia/ical      
,review = ,novemb]1 #ahic1 pages        
#cca-cfj4 ,! p>ticipants 9 ?is int]e/+  
discussion are writ]s :o enjoy a _w-wide
 reputation = ke5ness ( intellect &     
s\ndness ( doctr9e 9 philosophical &    
!ological le>n+4 ,!y are n at all agre$ 
z to ! practical conclusion arriv$ at1 &
 ev5 ^? :o agree to ! same conclusion d 
s = diff]5t reasons4 ,?ree ( !m agree t 
9 ! case ( a cy/ kn[n to conta9 a liv+  
embryo1 :5 a rupture mo/ probably fatal 
to "m & *ild is imm95t1 ! abdom9al      
section might be p]=m$ lawfully1 ! cy/  
op5$ & ! *ild baptiz$ be=e its c]ta9    
dea?4 ,two ( ^! ju/ify ?is conclusion on
 ! pr9ciple t ! dea? ( ! *ild is !n     
p]mitt$ only or indirectly int5d$2 "o   

ma9ta9s t ! kill+ ( ! embryo is !n      
directly procur$1 b he consid]s t an    
embryo 9 a place n int5d$ = x by nature 
is :]e x has no "r to be1 & !re=e may be
 treat$ z an unju/ aggressor ^u ! "m's  
life4 ,at lea/ "o ( ! disputants        
condemns ! op]ation z absolutely        
unlawful4  ,g5tlem51 :5 su* au?orities  
disagree1 ,i w\ld n presume to attempt a
 !oretic decision4 ,b !n we h ?is o!r   
pr9ciple practically to guide u1 t 9    
matt]s s v d\btful we ne$ n condemn ^?  
:o diff] f our view1 z long z !y feel   
conv9c$ t !y are act+ wisely & prud5tly4
 ,9 ,jurisprud5ce1 reason mu/ be our    
guide :5 x af=ds u evid5ce ( ! tru?4 ,b 
:5 our reason (f]s argum5ts on bo? sides
 ( ! "q1 s t we c arrive at no c]ta9    
conclusion1 !n we act prud5tly by invok+
 ! au?ority ( wis] m9ds :o make moral   
que/ions a speciality1 & we are p]fectly
 safe if we foll[ ! be/ au?ority        
obta9able4  ,a ,ca?olic physician has "h
 a special advantage3 = he has 9 cases (
 great difficulty ! decisions ( ,roman  

tribunals1 compos$ ( mo/ le>n$ m51 &    
r5[n$ = ! ?or\ghness ( _! inve/igations 
& ! prud5ce ( _! v]dicts1 to s]ve him z 
guides & v\*]s = 8 conduct4 ,al?\gh ^!  
tribunals claim no infallibility1 yet !y
 (f] all ! advantages t we look =1 )    
reg>d to civil matt]s1 9 ! decisions (  
our ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,^! ,roman c\rts h  
uni=mly decid$ aga9/ any op]ation t5d+  
directly to ! dea? ( an innoc5t *ild    
7,am4 ,eccl4 ,rev41 ,nov41 #ahic1 pp4   
#ceb1 #cec2 ,feb41 #ahie1 p4 #aga74     
,non-,ca?olics are1 ( c\rse1 n oblig$ to
 obey su* pron\ncem5ts2 yet1 ev5 = !m1 x
 _c be injuri\s1 b r v useful1 to "k !  
views ( s compet5t a c\rt on matt]s ( ! 
mo/ vital int]e/ 9 _! le>n$ pr(ession4  
,?is is ! reason :y ! ,m$ical ,record   
has publi%$ ( late s _m articles on !   
tea*+s ( ,ca?olic au?orities ) reg>d to 
craniotomy & abortion 7see vol4 xlvii4  
nos4 #e1 #i1 #be2 vol4 xlviii4 nos4 #a1 
#b1 #c1 #d74     ,,lecture ,,iv4        
,,views ,,( ,,sci5ti/s ,,& ,,scioli/s4  
,9 my =m] lectures1 g5tlem51 ,i expla9$ 

to y ! pr9ciples condemnatory (         
craniotomy & abortion1 view+ ^! *iefly f
 ! /&po9t ( ! e?ical philosoph] & !     
juri/4 ,n be+ a physician myself1 ,i ?9k
 x prop]1 on matt]s ( s mu* importance1 
to quote "h freely f a lecture deliv]$  
on ?is subject by a late pr(essional    
gynecologi/1 an old exp]i5c$            
practition]1 :o 0 = _m ye>s a pr(essor (
 ob/etrics 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is ,m$ical        
,college4 ,i quote him ) ! m pleasure   
because ( my p]sonal acqua9tance ) him1 
& ( ! univ]sal e/eem = ability &        
integrity 9 :i* he 0 held by ! m$ical   
pr(ession4  ,dr4 ,l4 ,*>les ,boisl9ire1 
to :om ,i ref]1 _h by 8 sci5tific       
acquirem5ts & 8 successful practice1    
dur+ =ty ye>s ( 8 life1 become1 to a    
great ext5t1 id5tifi$ ) ! progress ( !  
sci5ce ( ob/etrics 9 ?is c\ntry2 & a few
 mon?s be=e 8 late demise1 he _h publi%$
 a useful "w on ,ob/etric ,accid5ts1    
,em]g5cies1 & ,op]ations4  ,9 #ahib he  
read1 be=e ! ,/4 ,l\is ,ob/etrical &    
,gynecological ,society1 a lecture on ! 

moral aspects ( craniotomy & abortion1 (
 :i* a consid]able portion is v mu* to  
our pres5t purpose4 ,! ,doctor h]e9     
cle>ly demon/rates t1 9 ?is matt] at    
lea/1 ,e?ics & ,m$ical ,sci5ce are      
to-day p]fectly concordant4 ,he says3   
,! op]ation ( craniotomy is a v old "o4 
,! anci5ts ent]ta9$ ! belief t1 9       
difficult labors1 ! unborn *ild 0 an    
unju/ aggressor aga9/ ! "m1 & mu/1      
!re=e1 be sacrific$ to save h] life4    
,hippocrates1 ,celsus1 ,avic5na1 & !    
,arabian ,s*ool inv5t$ a numb] (        
vuln]at+ in/rum5ts to ent] & cru% !     
*ild's cranium4 ,) ! advance ( !        
ob/etric art1 m cons]vative measures 7  
gradually adopt$1 su* z ! =ceps1 v]sion1
 induction ( premature labor1 &1 f9ally1
 ,ces>ean section4  ,ces>ean section is 
report$ to h be5 p]=m$ by ,nicola de    
,falcon 9 ! ye> #adia4 ,nuf]1 9 #aejj1 &
 ,r\sset1 9 #aeha1 p]=m$ x a great _m   
times1 always successfully2 s t1 ,scipio
 ,murunia affirms1 x 0 z common 9       
,france dur+ t epo* z blood-lett+ 0 9   

,italy1 :]e at t "t pati5ts 7 bl$ =     
almo/ e disease4 ,h[ev]1 a reaction soon
 foll[$1 head$ by ,guillemau & ,ambrose 
,p>e1 :o _h fail$ 9 _! attempts at      
,ces>ean section4 ,9 our days a m>k$    
*ange ( op9ion on ?is int]e/+ & delicate
 "q is rapidly tak+ place4  ,) ^!       
advances 9 view1 ! "q n[ is3  ,are we   
ev] ju/ifi$ 9 kill+ an unborn *ild 9    
ord] to save ! "m's life8  ,?is is a    
burn+ "q1 & ! soon] & m satisfactorily x
 is settl$1 ! great] w be ! peace to !  
m$ical m9d & consci5ce4  ,9 answ] to !  
"q1 ,i1 at ! outset1 reply ,no1 & claim 
t1 "u no conditions or circum/ances1 is 
x ev] all[able to de/roy ! life ( ! *ild
 9 ord] to increase ! "m's *ances (     
liv+4 ,& ! day may arrive :51 by ! law (
 ! l&1 ! act w be consid]$ crim9al &    
puni%$ z su*4 ,9 support ( ?is op9ion1 &
 to illu/rate ?is position1 all[ me to  
take a purely e?ical & m$ico-legal view 
( ! subject1 & to relate to y a p>allel 
case1 z also ! decision arriv$ at by !  
,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,engl&1 ,judge      

,col]idge1 ?an :om !re is n a great]    
juri/ liv+4  ,! case is t ( ! ,briti%   
ya*t ',mignonette4' ,on ,july #e1 #ahhd1
 ! prison]s ,dudley & ,/ev5s1 ) "o      
,brookes & ! deceas$1 an ,engli% boy    
betwe5 #ag & #ah ye>s ( age1 "p ( ! crew
 ( ! ',mignonette1' 7 ca/ away 9 a /orm 
at sea #a1fjj miles f ! ,cape ( ,good   
,hope1 & 7 compell$ to take to an op5   
boat4  ,!y _h no supply ( wat]1 no      
supply ( food1 & subsi/$ = tw5ty days on
 two p\nds ( turnips & a small turtle !y
 _h caught4 ,!y manag$ to collect a     
little ra9-wat] 9 _! oil-sk9 capes4  ,on
 ! eighte5? day1 hav+ be5 )\t food =    
sev5te5 days & )\t wat] = five days1 !  
prison]s sugge/$ t "s "o %\ld be        
sacrific$ to save ! re/4 ,brookes       
diss5t$1 & ! boy1 to :om !y ref]r$1 0 n 
consult$4 ,on t day ,dudley & ,/ev5s    
spoke ( _! hav+ families1 & ( _! lives  
be+ m valuable ?an t ( ! boy4 ,! boy 0  
ly+ 9 ! bottom ( ! boat1 q helpless1    
extremely weak & unable to make any     
resi/ance2 nor did he ass5t to be kill$ 

to save ! o!rs4 ,dudley1 ) ! ass5t (    
,/ev5s1 w5t to ! boy &1 tell+ him t 8 "t
 _h come1 put a knife into 8 ?roat &    
kill$ him4 ,!y f$ ^u 8 fle% = f\r days4 
,on ! f\r? day ! boat 0 pick$ up by a   
pass+ vessel1 & ! sailors 7 rescu$1 /ill
 alive b 9 a /ate ( extreme pro/ration4 
,! prison]s 7 c>ri$ to ! port ( ,falm\? 
& committ$ = trial1 ! *>ge be+ murd]4   
,_! excuse 0 t1 if !y _h n kill$ ! boy &
 f$ ^u 8 fle%1 !re be+ no sail 9 sight1 
!y w\ld h di$ ( />vation be=e be+       
rescu$4 ,!y said t !re 0 no *ance ( sav+
 _! lives1 except by kill+ "s "o = !    
o!rs to eat4 ,! prison]s 7 committ$ =   
murd] & s5t5c$ to dea?1 b appeal$ to !  
m]cy ( ! c\rt1 plead+ ignorance4 ,x 0   
f\nd by ! v]dict t ! boy 0 incapable (  
resi/ance1 & au?orities 7 !n quot$ to   
prove t1 9 ord] to save y\r own life1 y 
h ! "r to take ! life ( an unju/        
aggressor 9 self-def5ce--a pr9ciple !   
tru? ( :i* is univ]sally admitt$4  ,b ! 
evid5ce cle>ly %[$ t ! def5celess boy 0 
n an unju/ aggressor aga9/ _! lives1 &1 

consequ5tly1 _! only plea 0 t (         
exp$i5cy4  ,9 a *apt] 9 :i* he deals ) !
 exception creat$ by necessity1 ,"l     
,hale1 quot$ by ,ju/ice ,col]idge1 ?us  
expresses himself3  ',if a man be       
desp]ately assault$ & 9 p]il ( dea?1 &  
_c o!rwise escape1 except by kill+ an   
innoc5t p]son !n pres5t1 ! act w n      
acquit him ( ! crime & puni%m5t ( murd]2
 = he ought r to die himself ?an to kill
 an innoc5t4'  ,9 ! case ( two m5 on a  
plank at sea1 :i* c only support "o1 !  
"r ( "o occupant to ?r[ ! o!r ov]bo>d to
 save 8 own life1 & 9 ! in/ance (       
sailors1 to save !mselves1 ?r[+ pass5g]s
 9 ! sea1 are equally condemn$ by ,"l   
,col]idge z unju/ifiable homicide4 ,s t 
"u no circum/ances is x all[able to kill
 an innoc5t aggressor to save y\r own   
life4 ,i say innoc5t aggressor2 b x is  
all[$1 9 self-def5ce1 to kill1 if       
necess>y1 an unju/ aggressor aga9/ y\r  
life4  ,?is case is exactly analog\s to 
t ( ! *ild ly+ helpless 9 its "m's womb4
 ,%e causes its dea? by h] cons5t to !  

act ( h] ag5t1 ! physician 9 att5dance4 
,rem>k t ,brookes1 "o ( ! sailors1      
diss5t$ to ! kill+ ( ! sailor-boy4 ,?is 
may happ5 9 consultation1 :5 "o ( !     
consultants does n admit ! "r to kill an
 unborn *ild4 ,please also rememb] t !  
sailor-boy lay helpless at ! bottom ( ! 
boat :5 8 assailants kill$ him to save  
_! own lives4  ,! *ild is n an unju/    
aggressor aga9/ ! "m4 ,x is plac$ 9 !   
womb )\t its cons5t & is def5celess4 ,x 
is ! "m :o is1 z x 71 ! aggressor f !   
ob/acles caus$ by a de=m$ pelvis1       
tumors1 etc42 & %e has n ! "r to ask or 
cons5t to ! kill+ ( ! *ild :o does n    
attack h]4  ,!re=e1 ,i repeat t ! two   
cases are analog\s2 & if1 z rem>k$ by   
,ju/ice ,col]idge1 murd] 0 committ$ 9 ! 
fir/ in/ance1 s is murd] committ$ 9 !   
analogue4 ,s1 we see1 ! pr9cipal po9ts (
 ! op9ion enunciat$ by ! le>n$ judge1 & 
! pr9ciples !re9 laid d[n1 c1 ) equal   
=ce1 be appli$ to ! non-ju/ification (  
craniotomy1 by :i* ! life ( a def5celess
 *ild is sacrific$ to save ! "m4        

,notice also t two ( ! p]petrators ( !  
de$ claim$ t !y _h families1 & t _!     
lives 7 m valuable ?an t ( ! murd]$ boy4
 ,by craniotomi/s ?is reason or excuse  
is frequ5tly giv5 ) mu* s5tim5tality to 
ju/ify ! kill+ ( ! *ild4 ,! *ild1 !y    
say1 has no social value1 ! "m is ! idol
 ( h] husb&1 ! pride ( ! h\sehold1 (t5  
an ornam5t to society1 ! "m ( liv+ or   
possible *ildr54 ,!re=e1 h] life is m   
valuable ?an t ( ! unborn *ild4 ,b :o is
 to be ! judge ( ! value ( life8 ,7 n   
,scipio ,africanus1 ,manlius1 0 n ,cs>1 
f :om ! v "n ( ! op]ation1 deliv]$ by   
section f _! "m's womb8 ,! op]ation 0   
famili>ly kn[n to ,%akespe>e1 :o tells  
u3      ',macduff 0 f 8 "m's womb       
untimely ripp$4'  ,!re c nev] be a      
necessity = kill+--except an unju/      
aggressor & 9 self-def5ce--unless !     
kill+ c be ju/ifi$ by "s recogniz$      
excuse admitt$ by ! law4 ,9 ! case ( !  
murd]$ sailor-boy1 !re 0 n su* an       
excuse1 unless ! kill+ 0 ju/ifi$ by :at 
has be5 call$ necessity4 ,b1 z /at$     

above1 !re nev] is an excuse = kill+ an 
innoc5t aggressor1 & ! temptation to !  
act & its exp$i5cy is n :at ! law has   
ev] call$ necessity4 ,nor is ?is to be  
regrett$2 = if 9 ?is case ! temptation  
to murd] & ! exp$i5cy ( ! de$ _h be5    
held by law z absolute def5ce ( ! de$1  
!re w\ld h be5 no guilt 9 ! case4       
,happily ?is is n s4 ,! plea ( necessity
 once admitt$ might be made ! legal     
cloak = unbridl$ passions & atroci\s    
crimes1 su* z ! produc+ ( abortion1 etc4
  ,z 9 ! case ( ?is "y sailor1 s 9 !    
kill+ ( an unborn *ild1 no su* excuse c 
be plead$2 ! unborn *ild _c be !        
aggressor1 no m s ?an ! def5celess      
sailor-boy 04  ,to pres]ve "o's life is1
 g5]ally speak+1 a duty3 b x may be !   
pla9e/ duty1 ! highe/ duty1 to sacrifice
 "o's life4 ,w> is full ( su* in/ances 9
 :i* x is n man's duty to live1 b to    
die4 ,! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors conta9 _m 
examples 9 :i* ! duty ( dy+ = o!rs is   
laid d[n 9 mo/ gl[+ & eloqu5t language4 
',dulce et decorum e/ pro patria mori1' 

says ,horace4 ,su* 0 hea!n e?ics1 & x is
 en\gh 9 a ,*ri/ian c\ntry to tea* t !re
 is n always an absolute & unqualifi$   
necessity to pres]ve "o's life4  ,?us1 z
 a p>allel case1 is ! situation ( a     
woman 9 a difficult labor1 :5 h] life & 
t ( h] unborn *ild are 9 extreme dang]4 
,9 ?is in/ance1 x is ! "m's duty to die 
r ?an to cons5t to ! kill+ ( h] *ild4   
,9 a subject ( su* delicacy & importance
 ,i h avoid$ all argum5t bas$ ^u !      
doctr9es ( any p>ticul> religion1 &     
consid]$ ! subject ^u its purely e?ical 
& sci5tific basis4 ,i am aw>e t ,i am   
tak+ a position q at v>iance ) t occupi$
 by _m m5 influ5c$ by =m] tea*+s &      
prejudices4  ,i respect ! hone/         
convictions ( ^? oppos$ to ! op9ions    
pres5t$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,b x is hop$ t      
?\ghtful physicians w soon reconsid] _! 
views & adopt a m j & humane me?od (    
deal+ ) ! rights ( a liv+ unborn *ild4  
,z a hopeful sign1 x is to be notic$ t a
 gradual *ange is tak+ place 9 ! op9ions
 ( ! pr(ession z to ! propriety ( p]=m+ 

craniotomy4 ,busey says3 ',to /ate !    
issue pla9ly1 ! av]m5t mu/ be made t no 
consci5ti\s physician w\ld delib]ately &
 wilfully kill a ftus1 if he believ$ t !
 act 0 a violation ( ! comm&m5t ,?\ %alt
 n kill4' ,x has be5 well said by       
,b>nes1 ! able/ & mo/ cons]vative def5d]
 ( craniotomy1 t 'x is n simply a "q =  
m$ic9e to decide4 ,religion & ! civil   
law claim a prepond]at+ voice4 ,9 ! :ole
 range ( ! practice ( m$ic9e1 !re arises
 no situation ( equal solemnity4'  ,hav+
 ?us f> consid]$ ! subject f a purely   
e?ical /&po9t1 ,i %all n[ pres5t its    
sci5tific & practical aspect4  ,p>v9    
says t ! improv$ ,ces>ean section has   
giv5 9 ,g]many results s satisfactory t1
 possibly1 ! day is at h& :5 craniotomy 
^u ! liv+ ftus w be v r>ely p]=m$1 if   
done at all4 ,k9kead1 a high ,engli%    
au?ority1 /ates3 ',to r$uce ! bulk ( !  
*ild1 or to extract x aft]w>d ?r\gh a   
pelvis ( two & "o-half or less conjugate
 diamet]1 is an op]ation ( extreme      
difficulty1 l5g?y1 requir+ a v great    

exp]i5ce1 z f> z ! "m is conc]n$1       
requir+ an am\nt ( manual dext]ity r>ely
 to be acquir$ outside ( a l>ge city4   
,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ces>ean section  
is an easy op]ation1 capable (          
successful p]=mance by any surgeon (    
ord9>y skill4'  ,tait rem>ks t he 'feels
 c]ta9 t ! decision ( ! pr(ession w be1 
be=e long1 to give up ! p]=mance ( su*  
op]ations z are de/ructive to ! *ild1 9 
favor ( an op]ation t saves x1 &        
subjects ! "m to little m risk4 ,!      
op]ation ( ,ces>ean section1 or ! ,porro
 amputation ( ! pregnant womb1 w        
revolutionize ! ob/etric art1 & 9 two   
ye>s we %all he> no m ( craniotomy2 = ! 
improv$ me?od w save m lives1 & is f>   
easi] ( p]=mance4 ,x is ! easie/        
op]ation 9 abdom9al surg]y1 & e c\ntry  
practition] ought to be able1 & always  
prep>$1 to d x4' ,s said ,lawson ,tait 9
 #ahhh4  ,i c\ld quote _m o!r           
au?orities1 %[+ ! *ange t is tak+ place 
9 ! pr(ession ^u ?is important "q4 ,x is
 e/abli%$ by ! cons5sus ( pr(essional   

op9ion t craniotomy has be5 frequ5tly   
p]=m$ 9 cases :]e deliv]y c\ld h be5    
safely accompli%$ by ! =ceps1 turn+1 &  
ev5 by ! unaid$ p[] ( nature 7,busey72 &
 !re is no case kn[n to him :]e a woman1
 on :om a section _h be5 successfully   
p]=m$1 has refus$ to submit to its      
repetition 9 subsequ5t pregnancies4 ,9  
,belgium ! ,ces>ean section has be5     
p]=m$ sev5 times on ! same woman1 & 9   
,philadelphia ?ree times4 ,doctor       
,bretoneaux1 ( ,t\rs1 has p]=m$ x six   
times on ! same woman2 & ?is woman 8    
wife4 ',! brutal epo* ( craniotomy has  
c]ta9ly pass$4 ,! legitimate aspiration 
& t5d5cy ( sci5ce is to elim9ate        
craniotomy on ! liv+ & viable *ild f    
ob/etric practice4'--,b>nes' words z    
quot$ by ,busey4 ,tyl] ,smi? is 9 p]fect
 accordance ) ,b>nes4 ,b>nes aga9       
writes3 ',= ! ,ces>ean section two v    
p[]ful argum5ts may be advanc$4 ,fir/1 t
 ! *ild is n sacrific$4 ,second1 t ! "m 
has a reasonable prospect ( be+ sav$4'  
,late reports ( ! ,dubl9 ,rotunda       

,hospital %[ t1 9 #c1fca cases ( labor1 
craniotomy 0 p]=m$ only f\r times1 & 9  
?ree ( ^!1 positive diagnosis ( ! *ild's
 dea? 0 asc]ta9$ be=e ! op]ation4 ,9 "o 
( ^! cases ! diagnosis 0 d\btful4  ,m   
,madd51 a celebrat$ ob/etrician ( =ty   
ye>s' exp]i5ce1 nev] p]=m$ x once4  ',! 
brilliant a*ievem5ts 9 abdom9al surg]y  
give assurance t ! ,ces>ean section is n
 only a legitimate op]ation1 b "o almo/ 
free f dang]2 also1 t ! tragic sc5es    
h]et(ore witness$ 9 c]ta9 cases1 9 :i* !
 de/ruction ( ! *ild 0 resort$ to1 may  
be relegat$ to hi/ory 7,a4 ,p4 ,cl>ke74'
  ,fur!r on1 ,dr4 ,boisl9ire speaks m   
directly ( abortion4 ,he says3  ,!      
pr9ciple once admitt$ t y are n         
ju/ifiable 9 kill+ an innoc5t aggressor 
except 9 self-def5ce1 equally prohibits 
any int]f]5ce ) e>ly ge/ation4  ,f !    
mom5t ( conception ! *ild is liv+4 ,x   
gr[s1 & :at gr[s has life4 ',homo e/ qui
 homo futurus1' says an anci5t & high   
au?ority4  ,!re=e1 fticide is n         
p]missible at any /age ( ut]o-ge/ation4 

,! kill+ ( ! def5celess ftus is         
sometimes done 9 cases ( uncontrollable 
vomit+ ( pregnancy1 9 cases ( tubal or  
abdom9al ge/ation1 & ! kill+ ( ! ftus is
 done by electricity1 injections (      
morph9e 9 ! amniotic sac1 ! punctur+ ( t
 sac1 etc4  ,?is practice is too lightly
 adopt$ by ?\ghtless or consci5celess   
physicians4 ,?is practice is mu* on !   
increase4 ,i once he>d a kn[n           
ob/etrician ( ! old s*ool say3 ',i w\ld 
z lief kill1 if necess>y1 an unborn *ild
 z a rat4' ,s mu* = ! e/imate he put on 
! value ( human life6 ,o tempora6 ,o    
mores6  ,is x n "t t ?is wanton         
'massacre ( ! innoc5ts' %\ld cease8     
,)\t wi%+ to load ?is pap] ) elaborate  
/ati/ics1 ,i %all furni% ! late/ arriv$ 
at 9 ! two op]ations ( craniotomy &     
,ces>ean section4  ,9 ! comb9$ reports (
 ! cl9ics ( ,b]l91 ,halle1 & ,dresd51 ! 
mat]nal mortality 9 craniotomy 0 #e4h p]
 c5t--( c\rse1 "o hundr$ p] c5t ( !     
*ildr5 lo/4  ,9 ,ces>ean section !      
mat]nal mortality 0 eight or elev5 p]   

c5t2 *ildr5's mortality1 ?irte5 p] c5t4 
,c>uso1 ! late/ & mo/ reliable          
/ati/ician1 n an optimi/1 sums up !     
results f ! diff]5t cl9ics1 & comes to !
 conclusion t craniotomy %[s n9ety-?ree 
& "o "o-hundr$? mo!rs recov]1 ,ces>ean  
section eighty-n9e & f\r "o-hundr$?s4   
,c>uso1 !re=e1 concludes t craniotomy on
 ! liv+ *ild is to be sup]s$$ by        
,ces>ean section4 ,he says1 !re=e1 t !  
"m has ?ree *ances out ( f\r1 & h] *ild 
n9e out ( t51 = life4  ,leopold1 z /at$ 
above1 %[s a mu* bett] result1 viz43    
n9ety-five mo!rs sav$ out ( "o hundr$ by
 ,ces>ean section1 a result equal t     
obta9$ 9 craniotomy4  ,y notice1        
g5tlem51 t ! em95t physician :om ,i h   
be5 quot+ speaks ) mu* indignation ( !  
kill+ ( ! embryo1 :5 he calls x a       
massacre ( ! innoc5ts4 ,by ?is odi\s t]m
 we usually d5ote ! massacre ( ! babes  
at ,be?lehem1 ord]$ by ! infam\s ,h]od  
to def5d himself aga9/ ! future         
aggression1 z he imag9$1 ( ! new-born   
,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,a craniotomi/ w\ld1 no  

d\bt1 feel insult$ at be+ comp>$ )      
,h]od4 ,& yet1 if we exam9e ! matt]     
closely1 we %all f9d t ! two massacres1 
,h]od's & ! craniotomi/'s1 c\ld only be 
def5d$ by ! same plea1 t ( necessity4   
,necessity kn[s no law1 writes ,dr4     
,gall[ay1 9 8 def5ce ( craniotomy1 to   
:i* ,i ref]r$ 9 a =m] lecture4 ,! same  
law1 he writes 9 ! ,m$ical ,record =    
,july #bg1 #ahie1 :i* lies at ! basis ( 
,jurisprud5ce 9 ?is respect ju/ifies !  
sacrifice ( ! life ( "o p]son :5        
actually necess>y = ! pres]vation ( !   
life ( ano!r1 :5 ! two are r$uc$ to su* 
extremity t "o or ! o!r mu/ die4 ,?is is
 ! necessitas non habet legem4  ,did n  
,h]od look on ! matt] j 9 t light8      
,expect+ ,*ri/ to be1 n a spiritual1 b a
 temporal rul]1 z ! ,jewi% nation       
suppos$ at ! "t1 he look$ ^u x z a case 
( necessity to sacrifice ! lives ( !    
innoc5ts = 8 own pres]vation4 ,necessity
 kn[s no law 0 8 pr9ciple4 ,true1 _m _h 
to die on t occasion to save "o2 b !n he
 0 a k+4 ,anyh[1 _! dea? 0 necess>y1 &  

necessitas non habet legem2 t settles x3
 ,h]od mu/ n be blam$1 on t pr9ciple4 ,x
 is n ev5 c]ta9 t1 cruel z he 01 he w\ld
 h confess$1 ) ! mod]n ob/etrician1 ,i  
w\ld z lief1 if x 7 necess>y1 kill an   
unborn *ild z a rat4  ,su* s5tim5ts1    
revolt+ z !y are1 & a disgrace to       
civilization1 are ! natural outcome (   
ra% speculations ab\t ! fir/ pr9ciples (
 morality4  ,! pr9ciple ,necessitas non 
habet legem has inde$ a true & h>mless  
mean+ :5 prop]ly und]/ood2 x means t no 
law is violat$ :5 a man does :at he is  
physically necessitat$ to d1 & t no law 
c compel him to d m ?an he c d4 ,?us a  
disabl$ soldi] _c be compell$ to m>* on 
) 8 regim5t2 necessity compels him to   
rema9 beh9d4 ,9 ?is s5se ! pr9ciple     
quot$ is a truism2 h5ce its univ]sal    
acceptance4 ,apply+ ! same pr9ciple 9 a 
wid] s5se1 morali/s agree t human       
law-giv]s d n1 & 9 ord9>y circum/ances  
_c1 impose obligations ! fulfilm5t ( :i*
 requires extraord9>y virtue4 ,ev5 ,god 
,himself does n usually exact ( m5 !    

p]=mance ( positive h]oic acts4 ,b no   
su* plea c be urg$ to ju/ify acts :i*   
,god =bids by ! natural law4#a ,:5      
necessity is us$ z a synonym = a v /rong
 reason1 z x is 9 ! plea ( !            
craniotomi/1 !n x is utt]ly false t v   
/rong reasons = do+ an act _c be set    
aside by a div9e law to ! contr>y2 :at  
is wrong 9 itself c nev] become "r1 ev5 
?\gh ! /ronge/ argum5ts c\ld be adduc$ 9
 its favor4 ,x w\ld be do+ wrong t good 
may come ( x1 or mak+ ! end ju/ify !    
means4 ,su* pr9ciples may be f\nd 9 !   
code ( tyrants & crim9als1 b %\ld n be  
look$ = 9 ! code ( ,m$ical              
,jurisprud5ce4    #a ,see ?is po9t m    
fully treat$ 9 ! ,au?or's ,moral        
,philosophy1 ,book4 ,i4 c4 ii41 ,!      
,morality ( ,human ,acts4  ,!re is b "o 
plea left1 ,i believe1 on :i*1 ( late   
ye>s1 x is sometimes attempt$ to ju/ify 
! murd] ( little *ildr54 ,x is ! plea ( 
"s evolutioni/s :o ma9ta9 t ! infant has
 n yet a true human s\l4 ,i %\ld n deign
 to consid] ?is !ory if x 7 n t ,i f9d x

 s]i\sly treat$ by a contributor to !   
,m$ical ,record1 9 an article :i*1 on   
,septemb] #d1 #ahie1 conclud$ a long    
discussion on craniotomy publi%$ 9 t    
le>n$ p]iodical4  ,! writ] ( ?is article
 ass]ts3 ,procur+ ! dea? ( ! ftus to    
save ! life ( ! "m is1 ,i am sure1 to be
 def5d$ on e?ical gr\nds4 ,& "h is ! way
 he attempts to def5d x3 ,we may safely 
assume1 he argues1 t ! !ory ( evolution 
is ! be/ work+ hypo!sis 9 e bran* (     
natural sci5ce4 ,we are le>n+ ?r\gh     
,h]b]t ,sp5c] & all late writ]s on e?ics
 & politics1 t ! same pr9ciple w be/    
expla9 ! facts 7p4 #cie74  ,i d n d5y t 
a c]ta9 s*ool ( sci5ti/s is try+ to     
rewrite all hi/ory & all ,e?ics &       
,jurisprud5ce4 ,b ! writ] /rangely      
mis/ates ! case :5 he says t all great  
writ]s on e?ics & politics agree ) ,mr4 
,sp5c]4 ,besides a multitude ( o!rs1 ,"l
 ,salisbury = "o1 has cle>ly %[n ( late 
t ! s*ool ( agno/ic evolutioni/s is com+
 to grief2 x has _h its %ort day1 & x is
 n[ sett+ bel[ ! horizon ( ignom9y &    

subsequ5t oblivion4 ,! writ] ( ! article
 9 "q does n attempt to prove !         
evolution !ory2 !re=e ,i ne$ n /op to   
disprove x4 ,b he makes ! foll[+        
application ( x to our subject--an      
application s %ock+ to humanity & s     
revolt+ to common s5se t1 if x is       
logical1 x is by itself suffici5t to    
refute ! :ole !ory ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] & 8    
s*ool4  ,he argues t1 if t !ory be      
admitt$1 x mu/ necess>ily foll[ t1 :ile 
! human embryo is f ! fir/ alive1 x is n
 a human be+ until x has develop$ &     
diff]5tiat$ to su* a po9t z corresponds 
to t po9t at ! bir? ( ! race :]e !      
animal becomes a man4 ,i am sure1 he    
adds1 ,i d n "k :5 t occurr$ 9 ! pa/1 & 
,i d n "k at :at po9t x occurs 9 !      
individual4444 ,9 inquir+ = t di/9ct    
feature :i* di/+ui%es ! man f ! animal1 
,i f9d none b m5tality4 ,if we wait =   
di/9ct m5tality to appe> 9 ! developm5t 
( ! individual1 x w\ld be "s "t aft]    
bir?4  ,accord+ to ?is reason+ a *ild is
 n kn[n to be a human be+ till "s "t    

aft] its bir?4 ,& ?is is n utt]$ by "s  
speculative philosoph] 9 8 closet1 b by 
a m$ical practition] on 8 daily r\nds1  
tools 9 h&1 z x 71 to c>ry out 8 !ory & 
break ! skulls ( any & all luckless     
babes t may come 9 8 way 9 ! ex]cise (  
:at he calls 8 legitimate practice4 ,h[ 
long aft] bir? ! *ild rema9s )\t becom+ 
a human be+1 he does n pret5d to "k2 !y 
rema9 non-human till !y manife/ m5tal   
action4 ,till !n1 n be+ human1 he       
assigns !m no human rights--no rights at
 all :i* we are consci5ti\sly oblig$ to 
respect4 ,h]od may h be5 "r aft] all :5 
he appo9t$ ! t]m ( two ye>s old & "u z !
 limit ( ! but*]y at ,be?lehem4 ,! writ]
 pret5ds to less5 ! horror inspir$ by 8 
!ory by ref]r+ to "s re/rictions ( canon
 law4 ,b :at d he & 8 l c>e ab\t canon  
law8 ,he w\ld be ! fir/ to sc\t ! idea (
 lett+ canon law limit 8 fre$om ( action
 & speculation4  ,:at w\ld be ! real    
results 9 practical life if we 7 to     
accept z rules ( conduct ^! ra% !ories (
 agno/ic philosoph]s & infidel sci5ti/s8

 ,ju/ly does ! writ] proce$ to say3 ,i  
am well aw>e t ! idea ar\ses antagonism 
& inflammatory d5unciation 9 "s m9ds4   
,c]ta9ly x does4 ,he adds3 ,t x ! idea w
 prove to be ! true "o1 h[ev]1 dep5ds   
only on ! tru? ( ! g5]al !ory (         
developm5t4 ,if ?is be ! logical        
consequ5ce ( evolution1 or ,d>w9ism1 z  
he calls x1 !n all ! worse = ,d>w9ism4  
,society _c get along on a !ory t begets
 su* pr9ciples ( action2 ! m s s9ce1 9  
,sp5c]'s & 9 ,d>w9's sy/em1 ! human s\l1
 ev5 9 gr[n p]sons1 is only a mat]ial   
modification ( ! body & p]i%es ) x 9    
dea?4 ,h5ce !re w\ld be no              
responsibility aft] dea?4 ,on ?is !ory !
 physician is only a lump ( v curi\sly  
evolv$ matt]2 he1 too1 l ! embryo1 is   
)\t an immortal s\l1 is n a free be+1 & 
!re=e is incapable ( hav+ rights or     
duties4  ,be=e we remodel our codes (   
,e?ics & ,jurisprud5ce by ! admission   
into !m ( su* de/ructive & revolution>y 
pr9ciples1 we %all at lea/ be all[$ to  
*all5ge ^! aggressors & ask solid pro( (

 _! ra% innovations4 ,we may address to 
!m ! wise words utt]$ aga9/ simil>      
speculators by "o ( ! mo/ logical (     
mod]n reason]s1 ! illu/ri\s ,c>d9al     
,newman4 ,:y may n my fir/ pr9ciples    
conte/ ! prize ) y\rs8 !y h be5 long] 9 
! _w1 !y h la/$ long]1 !y h done h>d]   
"w1 !y h se5 r\gh] s]vice4 ,y sit 9 y\r 
easy-*airs1 y dogmatize 9 y\r           
lecture-rooms1 y wield y\r p5s3 x all   
looks well on pap]2 y write exce$+ly    
well2 !re nev] 0 an age 9 :i* !re 0     
bett] writ+1 logical1 n]v\s1 eloqu5t1 & 
pure1--g & c>ry x out 9 ! _w4 ,take y\r 
fir/ pr9ciples1 ( :i* y are s pr\d1 into
 ! cr[d$ /reets ( our cities1 into !    
=midable classes :i* make up ! bulk (   
our population3 try to "w society by !m4
 ,y ?9k y c2 ,i say y _c2 at lea/ y h n 
z yet1 x is to be se5 if y c4444 ,my    
pr9ciples1 :i* ,i believe to be et]nal1 
h at lea/ la/$ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s2 let 
y\rs la/ z _m mon?s4444 ,^! pr9ciples h 
be5 ! life ( nations2 !y h %[n !y c\ld  
be c>ri$ out2 let any s+le nation c>ry  

out y\rs 7,pres5t ,position ( ,ca?olics 
9 ,engl&4 p4 #bic74  ,g5tlem51 let no "o
 trifle ) ! pr9ciples ( ,e?ics &        
,jurisprud5ce2 human society _c get     
along )\t !m4 ,morality is ! he>t (     
civilization3 its pr9ciples are !       
life-blood1 :i* x s5ds =? to fe$ & w>m &
 /r5g!n & beautify all ! organs ( its   
e>?ly frame4 ,a fle%-w\nd may be heal$1 
a bone may be set1 x may knit & gr[     
vigor\s aga92 b y mu/ n puncture ! he>t1
 nor attempt to *ange ! natural *annels 
( ! circulat+ blood1 "u ! p5alty ( hav+ 
a corpse on y\r h&s4 ,s y mu/ respect ! 
et]nal laws t direct ! curr5t ( man's   
moral actions1 ! pr9ciples ( ,e?ics &   
,jurisprud5ce4     ,,lecture ,v4        
,,v5]eal ,,excesses4   ,9 ! op5+ lecture
 ( ?is c\rse1 ,i rem>k$ to y1 g5tlem51 t
 ! scope ( ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce is mu* 
wid] ?an t ( ,m$ical ,law4 ,x embraces  
_m subjects ( :i* human laws take no    
cognizance1 & 9 p>ticul> su* vici\s     
actions z d n violate ! rights ( o!rs1 b
 are injuri\s to ^? only :o practise !m4

 ,!y und]m9e ! heal? & %ort5 ! lives ( !
 guilty p>ties1 & br+ 9 _! tra9 diseases
 ! mo/ de/ructive & (t5 ! mo/ incurable4
 ,x is ! physician's b5efic5t task to   
less5 ! weaknesses & suff]+s ( ! body1 &
 to prolong human life 9 well-pres]v$   
vigor to a gre5 old age4 ,x is n ! lea/ 
important "p ( 8 valuable s]vices to    
provide = ! s\nd & vigor\s propagation (
 ! human race to future g5]ations4 ,(   
?is propagation ( our race1 ( ! laws :i*
 gov]n x1 & ( ! crim9al abuses by :i* ^!
 laws are violat$1 ,i am to treat 9 ?is 
pres5t lecture4 ,my subject is ,v5]eal  
,excesses4  ,i4 ,if a physician's       
purpose 7 only to make money1 8 task    
w\ld !n be to multiply diseases &       
infirmities2 he w\ld !n be z great a    
curse to mank9d z he is really int5d$ to
 be a bless+2 & an imm5se bless+ he w be
 to 8 fell[-m5 if he /udies to remove   
ev5 ! remote causes ( diseases &        
untimely dea?s4 ,he c d s 9 a v>iety (  
ways & n ! lea/ by provid+ aga9/ sexual 
excesses & abuses4 ,^! are a copi\s     

f\nta9 ( ill to humanity4 ,a ho/ (      
diseases1 su* z tub]culosis1 diabetes1  
c>dial & n]v\s affections1 epilepsy1    
hy/]ia1 g5]al debility1 weaknesses (    
sight1 languor & g5]al wor?lessness1    
hypo*ondria1 weakness & total loss (    
reason1 &1 9 m>ri$ life1 impot5ce &     
/]ility are "s ( ! effects ( v5]eal     
excesses4 ,any excitem5t ( ! sexual     
passion be=e ! body has receiv$ its full
 developm5t is m or less injuri\s to its
 welf>e2 & all excesses or unnatural    
indulg5ce ( x at any p]iod ( life is    
pregnant ) deplorable consequ5ces4 ,n[1 
su* evil practices are too mu* ov]look$ 
by _m physicians2 yet x is c]ta9 t ?\s&s
 ( pati5ts might1 by timely w>n+ on ^!  
matt]s1 be sav$ f unspeakable m5tal &   
physical suff]+s4 ,to give s5sible &    
intelligible directions on a subject z  
delicate z x is important 9 m$ical      
practice1 x w be necess>y to ent] into  
"s sci5tific details4  ,! passion :i*   
prompts to sexual int]c\rse is altoge!r 
natural 9 itself1 &1 z su*1 int5d$ by ! 

,creator to be indulg$ 9 at ! "r "t & 9 
! prop] mann]4 ,x is ! /imulus :i* ,he  
has provid$ = ! propagation ( ! human   
race4 ,if ! /imulus is /rong at times1  
?is too is a special effect ( ,8 wisdom2
 because )\t a p[]ful prompt+ ( ?is k9d1
 mo/ m5 w\ld %irk ! burd5 ( m>ri$ life1 
j z v _m w\ld n c>e to toil if !y _h no 
hung] & ?ir/ & o!r bodily wants to      
satisfy4  ,b ?\gh all ^! crav+s are     
useful & ev5 indisp5sable to mank9d1 all
 ( !m ne$ ! regulation ( reason4 ,:5 !y 
are indulg$ immod]ately or 9 unnatural  
ways1 !y become mo/ copi\s s\rces (     
bodily diseases1 ( m5tal disord]s1 &    
moral degradation4 ,e "o kn[s h[ !      
passion ( dr9k1 :5 abus$1 proves !      
ru9ation ( millions2 excessive eat+1    
too1 injures ! sy/ems ( c\ntless p4 ,b  
no animal passion is m liable to become 
disord]ly1 none ne$s m firm control &   
habitual wat*fulness1 ?an ! passion (   
lu/4 ,reason dictates t x %\ld be       
indulg$ = no o!r purpose ?an t = :i* !  
,creator has made x1 namely1 m>ital     

int]c\rse4 ,i say m>ital & n m]ely      
sexual int]c\rse2 = outside ( m>ri$ life
 all nations h always condemn$ its      
indulg5ce4  ,besides1 x is only 9 !     
m>ri$ /ate t ! *ildr51 :i* are ! fruit (
 su* int]c\rse1 c be prop]ly educat$4   
,to g5]ate a race ( "y b>b>ians is      
c]ta9ly n ! purpose ( ! sexual          
relations4 ,*ildr5 mu/ n be begott5     
unless !y c be prop]ly rais$1 9 a mann] 
wor?y ( _! noble de/9y4 ,n[1 x is only 9
 ! m>ri$ /ate1 9 ! family or dome/ic    
society1 t !y c be ?us educat$4 ,!y ne$ 
! t5d] h& ( a "m to supply _! mat]ial   
wants2 !y ne$ ! manly c>e ( a devot$    
fa!r to provide ! necess>ies ( life1 8  
firm h& to break _! wanton wills1 & 8   
wise direction to set !m well on ! road 
to temporal & et]nal happ9ess4 ,!re=e1  
no "o has ! "r to beget or to be> *ildr5
 except 9 m>ital life4 ,n[1 ! sexual    
passion is to be ex]cis$ only 9         
connection ) its prop] object1 !        
procreation ( *ildr5 & ! fo/]+ ( su*    
mutual love betwe5 husb& & wife z is    

conducive to dome/ic happ9ess4 ,!re=e   
?is passion is to be kept "u c>eful &   
rational con/ra9t4 ,?is ! law ( morality
 requires2 all nations h ev] exact$ t   
?is passion %all be subject to e/abli%$ 
rules2 no free-love has ev] be5 tol]at$ 
:]e !re 0 ! lea/ pret5ce to             
civilization1 & ,i d n "k t x 0 ev]     
p]mitt$ ev5 among b>b>ians4  ,ev5 !     
di/ant approa* t ,mormonism made t[>ds  
free-love has be5 absolutely condemn$ & 
repress$ by ! common-s5se ( ! ,am]ican  
p1 z incompatible ) civilization4 ,9    
fact1 all hi/ory te/ifies t ! true      
civilization ( any race or c\ntry rises 
or falls ) ! re/ra9ts impos$ on !       
passion ( lu/2 no polygam\s nation has  
ev] be5 m ?an half-civiliz$4 ,!         
greatness ( ,rome & ,greece decay$ :5 ! 
laws ( social purity decl9$2 & 9 our own
 day ! immorality ( :at is call$ !      
social evil is ! d>ke/ /a9 on mod]n     
civilization4  ,& :at we say (          
civilization or social s\ndness1 !      
s\ndness ( ! body politic1 applies 9 a  

great measure to individual s\ndness1 ! 
heal? ( e p]son's m9d & body4 ,p]sonal  
purity promotes heal? & vigor1 x l5ds   
beauty to =m1 gives a ke5 edge to !     
intellect1 adds en]gy & br+s success to 
manhood1 & prep>es = endur+ & honor$ old
 age4 ,v5]eal excesses1 on ! contr>y1   
und]m9e ! vigor ( ! con/itution1 br+ on 
a ho/ ( bodily infirmities1 exhau/ !    
sy/em be=e ! prop] "t1 debau* & degrade 
! m9d & w1 & prep>e _! victims = an e>ly
 grave or a decrepit old age4  ,,ii4 ,b 
h[ c a passion s ard5t be prop]ly       
re/ra9$8 ,9 p>ticul>1 :at c a physician 
d to prev5t ! manifold injuries :i*1 if 
n prop]ly controll$1 x w br+ to 8       
pati5ts8 ,^! are practical que/ions     
directly to our purpose4  ,! fir/       
requisite = all effective action is to h
 correct k & /rong convictions on a     
subject4 ,no "o w *eck a passion )      
firmness if he h a l+]+ d\bt z to :e!r1 
aft] all1 he is /rictly b\nd to re/ra9  
x4 ,z a man's m9d matures1 at lea/ if 8 
m9d be upright & n di/ort$ by ! /ra9 ( a

 rul+ passion1 he und]/&s m & m ?or\ghly
 t 8 p]fection consi/s & 8 highe/       
int]e/s lie 9 obey+ at all times ! law (
 reason1 9 ma9ta9+ 8 specific dignity ( 
a rational be+1 & n all[+ himself to be 
controll$ by passion1 ! rul+ p[] ( brute
 animals4 ,besides1 he becomes aw>e 9   
v>i\s ways ( ! evil results ( immoral   
practices1 & he sees _m reasons to keep 
8 passions 9 *eck4 ,b "y p h nei!r su*  
exp]i5ce nor su* in=mation1 & !y are n  
always wise en\gh to und]/& ! imp]ative 
dictates ( self-re/ra9t4 ,& yet x is (t5
 9 e>ly ye>s1 :ile body & m9d are 9 !   
p]iod ( developm5t1 t ! mo/ s]i\s injury
 is done to ! con/itution & to ! "* by !
 indulg5ce ( c>nal pleasures4 ,habits   
are !n eng5d]$ :i* become a real slav]y2
 s t lat] 9 life :5 !re arises a s9c]e  
desire to /op su* disgraceful practices1
 !re is a feel+ ( impot5ce to resi/     
temptations :i* by "o's own fault h     
become a second nature4  ,:at !n c be   
done ) ! "y8 ,!y mu/ e>ly &             
au?oritatively be told ( ! wrong1 ! s9 (

 base self-indulg5ce1 & ( e practice t  
leads to x4 ,if a beg9n+ ( immorality is
 discov]$ 9 a *ild1 x mu/ be pla9ly told
 & emphatically w>n$ ( ! s]i\s          
consequ5ces involv$4 ,! *ild's "m is1 z 
a rule1 ! be/ guide & director 9        
infancy4 ,lat] on1 ! ,doctor has frequ5t
 *ances to d s2 x comes f him ) bett]   
grace ?an f o!rs2 & 8 w>n+ is likely to 
be m9d$1 because x is cle> t he kn[s &  
ought to "k :at he is talk+ ab\t ) reg>d
 to bodily consequ5ces4 ,yet x is always
 a matt] ( delicacy2 & great c>e %\ld be
 tak5 le/1 :ile po9t+ out ! evil1 !re be
 also a /imulus add$ to a pruri5t       
curiosity4  ,mu* good s5se is requir$ 9 
any giv5 case to decide :e!r m good or m
 evil is likely to result f ! w>n+2 9   
d\bt ( success1 x is bett] to leave !   
matt] alone4      ,:]e ignorance is     
bliss      ',tis folly to be wise4  ,!  
safe/ way ( repress+ ! passion ( lu/ is 
! provision t an all-wise ,provid5ce    
supplies 9 ,religion1 9 :i* ,god        
au?oritatively =bids all immoral action 

& ev5 all immoral covet+ or desire4     
,positive dogmatic tea*+ on ?is subject 
is requir$1 especially ) ! "y4 ,y _c    
argue ) !m on ?is matt] z y c ) gr[n p4 
,t is "o reason :y religi\s tea*+ %\ld  
p]meate e>ly education4 ,! ,decalogue   
%\ld be ! back-bone ( a *ild's tra9+3 & 
x %\ld be propos$ on ! au?ority ( ,god1 
& expla9$ s z to *eck n only s9ful acts1
 b also covet+s1 pruri5t curiosity1     
improp] read+1 immode/ looks & ?\ghts1 9
 a ^w1 :atev] paves ! way to ! walks (  
s94 ,! greate/ ( tea*]s has ,himself    
laid d[n ! law 9 ?is matt]3 x mu/ be    
propos$ z com+ f ,8 div9e lips1 z x did3
 ,i say to y t :osoev] %all look on a   
woman to lu/ aft] h] has already        
committ$ adult]y ) h] 9 8 he>t 7,/4     
,matt4 v4 #bh74 ,! lesson is en=c$ by ^!
 words ( ! great ,apo/le3 ,nei!r        
=nicators1 nor adult]]s1 nor ! effem9ate
 444 %all possess ! k+dom ( ,god 7#a    
,cor4 vi4 #i1 #aj74  ,true1 ! *ild w n  
realize ! full import ( su* lessons2 b  
he w und]/& x 9 due "t2 & already 9 e>ly

 ye>s he w be w>n$ aga9/ indulg+ 8      
nasc5t passions4 ,x is well t !         
consci5ce %\ld be e>ly awak5$ 9 ?is     
matt]2 = ! m ?is passion is indulg$1 ! m
 x craves = fur!r indulg5ce till x      
becomes almo/ uncontrollable4  ,,iii4   
,no possible evil to any individual man 
or woman c result f ! firm control t "o 
may acquire ov] ! passion ( lu/4 ,on !  
contr>y1 if x %\ld be controll$ all     
?r\gh life1 ?is w\ld only add to a man's
 /r5g? ( m9d1 firmness ( w1 s\ndness (  
body1 & l5g? ( life4 ,= 9 ! s*ool (     
morality1 9 :i* e ,physician %\ld be    
educat$1 ! lead+ pr9ciple is3 ,contr>ies
 are cur$ by contr>ies1 ,contr>ia       
contr>iis curantur4 ,on ?is pr9ciple1   
lu/ is mo/ effici5tly controll$ by aim+1
 at lea/ 9 y\?1 at total ab/95ce f its  
indulg5ce4 ,y "k t1 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 
prie/s & religi\s lead a s+le life1 &   
pl$ge !mselves = life to practise ! mo/ 
p]fect control ( ! sexual passion4 ,:at 
d y ?9k is ! result ( _! total ab/95ce  
on ?is po9t ) reg>d to _! l5g? ( days8  

,z a rule _! life is mu* long]1 9 normal
 circum/ances1 ?an t ( ! o!r le>n$      
pr(essions4 ,"h are a few pro(s4 ,9     
,france1 dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s f #ahbc to   
#ahdc1 #gej prie/s di$ 9 ! diocese (    
,p>is4 ,( ^! only #bjj 7 "u sixty ye>s  
old2 !re 7 #eed betwe5 sixty & sev5ty   
ye>s old1 #ddh ov] sev5ty1 & #agg ov]   
eighty4 ,aga91 ( #bjb ,c>melite nuns :o 
di$ 9 a l>ge conv5t ( ,p>is1 ,dr4       
,descuret1 ! att5d+ physician1 /ates t  
#hb _h liv$ ov] sev5ty ye>s1 #bc ov]    
eighty ye>s4 ,mo/ ,trappi/s & ,c>?usians
 die ( sc>cely any o!r sickness ?an old 
age4 ,all "y p :o aspire to ! cl]ical or
 religi\s pr(ession le>n f _! e>ly ye>s 
! hol9ess & ! lovel9ess ( purity4 ,our  
,*ur* effects ?is result by plac+ be=e  
_! y\?ful imag9ations ! mo/ p]fect (    
patt]ns ( virtue1 ! infant ,savi\r1 !   
virg9 ,"m1 ! boy sa9ts ,aloysius &      
,/anislaus1 ! maid5s ,aga?a & ,cecilia1 
& a :ole phalanx ( ,*ri/ian h]oes &     
h]o9es4  ,i dwell ! m will+ly on ?is    
subject1 g5tlem51 because1 besides      

protect+ mode/y 9 y\r "y pati5ts        
g5]ally1 x may fall to ! lot ( "s ( y1 9
 ! c\rse ( y\r pr(essional c>e]s1 to be 
att5d+ physicians to religi\s h\ses2 & y
 w !n appreciate ! delicacy ( ! fl[]s ( 
virtue t bloom b5ea? ! %ad[ ( !         
sanctu>y4 ,c]ta9ly ev5 !re y may happ5  
to f9d isolat$ cases ( infidelity to    
duty2 = human nature is n angelic       
nature2 b 9 su* abodes x comes ne> to x1
 at lea/ = ! va/ majority4  ,,iv4 ,on ! 
o!r h&1 :at sad havoc does n ! sexual   
passion play :]e x is precoci\sly       
develop$ & wantonly indulg$4 ,dr4 ,h4   
,f\rni]1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t physicians (  
,p>is1 says3 ,!re is n a vice m fatal to
 ! cons]vation ( man ?an ma/urbation4   
,?is un=tunate habit is sometimes       
acquir$ by v little boys & girls4       
,fooli% or vici\s nurses may br+ x on by
 h&l+ "y *ildr5 mo/ indelicately4 ,?is  
is "o ( ! _m reasons :y none b virtu\s  
s]vants & nurses %\ld be employ$ by wise
 p>5ts & physicians4 ,9 lat] ye>s1      
*ildr5 (t5 le>n ?is degrad+ & mo/       

injuri\s vice f _! deprav$ companions1  
"s ( :om seem ev5 to reg>d ! practice ( 
x z a manly accompli%m5t4 ,:5 habitually
 indulg$ 91 x produces on ! heal? & !   
/r5g? ( ! con/itution effects ! mo/     
deplorable4 ,ev5 ! intellect is liable  
to become !reby enfeebl$1 a want (      
virility is exhibit$ bo? 9 ! body & 9 ! 
m9d ( its victims2 !n foll[s a loss (   
ambition & self-control4 ,:5 ?is morbid 
passion gets control ( a p]son1 writes  
an exp]i5c$ practition] 9 m$ic9e1 x is z
 ?\gh an unclean _s _h ent]$1 subdu$ !  
w1 weak5$ ! moral =ces1 enfeebl$ !      
intellectual faculties1 less5$ ! p[] to 
resi/ temptation1 & ov]come e ob/acle   
oppos$ to its gratification4 ,ev5 :ile !
 intellect is /ill cle>1 & ! s5se (     
wrong ke51 ! individual is a slave to   
?is morbid impulse4 ,?\gh ! baneful     
effects may n always affect ! physical  
heal? ( ! victim1 ! un=tunate practice v
 (t5 eng5d]s 9 boys & girls t5d5cies :i*
 9 lat] ye>s lead to all ! mis]ies      
conspicu\s 9 h\ses ( debau* & infamy4 ,b

 ,i ne$ n dwell on consequ5ces t belong 
to pa?ology r ?an to ,jurisprud5ce4  ,v4
 ,conf9+ myself to my sph]e ( :at is    
morally "r or wrong1 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$  
to po9t out "s gross violations ( duty 9
 "s memb]s ( y\r honor$ pr(ession4 ,!re 
are physicians s reckless ( consequ5ces 
& ( pr9ciples alike z to advise at times
 ! practice ( illicit sexual int]c\rse4 
,let !m bew>e2 !y are do+ a v unwise &  
guilty act4 ,ev5 if an immoral practice 
%\ld save a human life1 x may n be      
indulg$1 on ! pr9ciple :i* mu/ be by ?is
 "t v famili> to y\r e>s1 t ! end does n
 ju/ify ! means4 ,& besides no good     
result c be expect$ f :at is contr>y to 
! law ( nature & ( nature's ,god4 ,x 0  
to puni% s9s ( ! fle% t ! ,deluge 0 s5t1
 :i* de/roy$ ne>ly ! :ole human race4   
,all fle% _h corrupt$ its way1 says !   
sacr$ hi/orian4 ,x 0 to puni% unlawful  
indulg5ce ( lu/ t ,sodom & ,gomorrha 7  
de/roy$ by fire f heav52 & ! memory ( ^!
 guilty cities is pres]v$ 9 ! v "n (    
,sodomy4 ,onan1 z ! same sacr$ volume   

relates 7,g54 xxxviii71 p]=m$ ! m>riage 
act 9 a mann] to fru/rate x ( its       
legitimate purpose1 ! g5]ation ( *ildr51
 & ! ,"l slew him2 & 8 s9 is to ?is v   
day br&$ ) 8 "n & call$ ,onanism4 ,& yet
 9 ,*ri/ian l&s physicians are f\nd :o w
 at times d>e to recomm5d su* practices 
to _! pati5ts4  ,on ! occasions m5tion$1
 ,god puni%$ ! guilty miracul\sly2 b t  
is n ,8 usual way4 ,he has s contriv$   
our natures t s9s committ$ aga9/ ,8 laws
 9 our bodies ord9>ily br+ a "p ( _!    
puni%m5t 9 _! tra91 n ! less c]ta9      
because sl[] 9 its op]ation ?an a       
miracle w\ld be4 ,all ! v5]eal diseases 
are !re to act z e>?y m9i/]s ( ,heav5's 
ju/ice1 anticipat+1 & (t5 m]cifully     
av]t+1 ! puni%m5ts ( ! future _w4  ,,vi4
 ,besides private & secret tortures (   
body & m9d1 a public & mo/ deplorable   
calamity has desc5d$ ( late on our own  
vigor\s "y nation1 z well z on "s old]  
l&s1 ?reat5+ 9 ! n di/ant future !      
ext9ction ( _m ( its mo/ e/eem$ families
 & ( :at 01 n long ago1 a vigor\s /ock4 

,! foll[+ article by ,dr4 ,walt]        
,l9dley1 ,pr(essor ( ,gynecology 9 !    
,univ]sity ( ,s\!rn ,cali=nia1 w expla9 
! matt] bett] ?an my words c\ld d4 ,x 0 
read 9 ,los ,angeles at a meet+ ( !     
,s\!rn ,cali=nian ,m$ical ,society 9    
,june1 #ahie1 & is pr9t$ 9 ! ,n4 ,y4    
,m$ical ,j\rnal ( ,augu/ #ag ( ! same   
ye> 7pp4 #baa & foll[+74 ,x is head$    
,am]ican ,/]ility2 ,i w quote freely f  
x3  ,! ob/etrician f9ds 8 vocation      
disappe>+ among ! ,am]ican wom5 f ! face
 ( ! e>?4  ,x is a fact t ! ,am]ican    
family ) m ?an "o or two *ildr5 is !    
exception4 ,f ! records ( six g5]ations 
( families 9 "s ,new ,engl& t[ns1 x 0   
f\nd t ! families compris+ ! fir/       
g5]ation _h on an av]age betwe5 eight & 
t5 *ildr52 ! next ?ree g5]ations av]ag$ 
ab\t sev5 to ea* family2 ! fif? g5]ation
 less ?an ?ree to ea* family4 ,!        
g5]ation n[ on ! /age is n do+ s well z 
t4 ,9 ,massa*usetts ! av]age family     
numb]s less ?an ?ree p]sons4 ,9 #ahhe ! 
c5sus ( ,massa*usetts disclos$ t #ga4bh 

p] c5t ( ! wom5 ( t ,/ate 7 *ildless4 ,!
 c5sus ( #ahhe 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york   
%[s t tw5ty-five p] c5t ( ! wom5 ( t    
,/ate are *ildless1 fifty p] c5t av]age 
less ?an "o *ild1 & sev5ty-five p] c5t  
av]age only a trifle ov] "o *ild4       
,s\!rn ,cali=nia has fully z d>k a      
record z ,new ,engl&--t is1 9 ! family  
:]e ! man & wife are ,am]ican-born4 ,x  
goes )\t say+ t ! m$ical pr(ession 9 ?is
 c\ntry is compos$ to a great ext5t (   
typical progressive ,am]icans1 & ,i ask 
y to make m5tal /ati/ics ( ! *ildr5 9 ! 
families ( ! physicians 9 ,s\!rn        
,cali=nia1 & y w f9d v few ( !m conta9+ 
m ?an two4  ,_h ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,mal?us 
liv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1 he w\ld  
nev] h argu$ ab\t ! dang] (             
ov]-population1 z he did 9 8 int]e/+    
volume on ',! ,pr9ciples ( ,population4'
  ,aft] quot+ ! views ( ,plato1         
,ari/otle1 & ,lycurgus1 ,dr4 ,l9dley    
cont9ues3 ,9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia !re are1 x
 is true1 _m *ildr51 b ! av]age ,am]ican
 family is v small4  ,z ,i sat writ+ ?is

 an ev5+ or two ago1 ,i jott$ d[n !     
names ( tw5ty-five families ( my        
acqua9tance 9 ,los ,angeles1 tak+ !m z  
fa/ z ,i ?\ght ( !m4 ,! li/ 0 compos$   
entirely ( pr(essional & bus9ess m5     
rang+ 9 age f ?irty-five to fifty4 ,all 
_h be5 m>ri$ q a numb] ( ye>s4 ,! result
 ( my memor&um 0 t 9 ^! tw5ty-five      
families !re 7 b eighte5 *ildr54 ,^!    
families 7 :olly unselect$1 & are ab\t !
 av]age ,prote/ant ,am]ican families    
outside ! rank ( labor]s4  ,:at are !   
causes ( ?is small proportion ( *ildr58 
,disease1 prev5tives ( conception1 &    
abortion =m ! tr9ity ( responsibility 9 
?is grave condition4 ,x is true t ! fir/
 cause 7disease7 results 9 _m wom5 be+  
b>r51 b ,i believe t y w agree ) me t ! 
la/ two causes1 prev5tives ( conception 
& abortion1 are ! two *ief causes4  ,!  
,a4 ,p4 ,a4 might f9d food = ?\ght by   
inve/igat+ ! infrequ5cy ( crim9al       
abortion 9 ,ca?olic families 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4 ,x is ! ,prote/ant or agno/ic   
,am]ican :o too (t5 uses "o ( !         

prev5tives ( conception4 7,"h ! ,doctor 
ref]s to a foot-note 9 :i* he says3 ,i  
write ?is op9ion z a ,prote/ant1 & %\ld 
be glad to le>n t x is n well f\nd$47   
,he cont9ues3 ,if1 ?r\gh inadv]t5ce1    
pregnancy %\ld occur1 !n an abortion is 
9 ord]4 ,disease & pov]ty & w> & accid5t
 all "w toge!r to keep d[n ! population1
 b we are ov]com+ ^!4 ,plagues &        
pe/il5ces are r>e4 ,! numb] :o die (    
/>vation 9 ,cali=nia is v small1 :ile w>
 has play$ b a small "p4 ,?r\gh !       
diffusion ( ! laws ( sanitation1 improv$
 diet>y1 & advanc$ !rapeutics1 !        
longevity ( man is increas+1 b !        
,am]ican woman's av]sion to *ild-be>+ is
 blight+ our civilization1 & c be well  
nam$ ! tw5tie?-c5tury curse4 ,9 ?is     
av]sion ! woman frequ5tly e*oes ! wi% ( 
! husb&4  ,a l>ge proportion ( !        
,am]ican "y wom5 :o m>ry d s ) !        
det]m9ation t !y w h no *ildr54 ,!y are 
abett$ 9 ?is notion by _m eld]ly wom54  
,! cure = ?is t]rible s5tim5t is        
education4 ,! home1 ! press1 !          

s*oolroom1 & ! pulpit %\ld be c5tres =  
reviv+ ! anci5t idea ( ! nobility (     
mo!rhood4 ,! physician %\ld n           
und]e/imate 8 influ5ce4  ,by con/antly  
be>+ 9 m9d ! dang] ( ! pres5t t5d5cies1 
he c d mu* to *ange ! curr5t4 ,let u    
hope t we %all aga9 see ! day :5        
?\ghtful mo!rhood %all be consid]$ !    
highe/ function ( womanhood1 & to %irk  
?is natural duty w be deem$ a disgrace4 
,g5tlem51 x w\ld be easy to prove t ?is 
te/imony ( ,dr4 ,l9dley is n t ( an     
exceptional witness1 or a piece (       
special plead+2 b x is ! ackn[l$g$      
conviction ( ! m$ical pr(ession g5]ally1
 confirm$ by ! la/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,c5sus1
 & 9 fact n que/ion$1 to my k1 by any   
weighty au?ority4 ,z e>ly z #aheg1 ,dr4 
,h4 ,b4 ,/or]1 an em95t physician (     
,bo/on1 />tl$ ! community by publi%+ two
 books on ?is subject1 entitl$3 ,crim9al
 ,abortion4 ,:y n8--,a ,book = ,e       
,woman2 ,is x ,i8--,a ,book = ,e ,man4  
,soon aft]1 ,rev4 ,john ,todd1 a        
,prote/ant m9i/] ( ,pittsfield1         

,massa*usetts1 publi%$ a "w /yl$ ,s]p5ts
 9 ! ,dove's ,ne/1 all :i* works & a    
multitude ( o!rs tell ! same tale ( woe 
reg>d+ ! increase ( *ild-de/roy+ crimes 
9 ,new ,engl&1 *iefly among ! old /ock  
peculi>ly call$ ,am]icans4 ,dr4 ,na?an  
,all51 ( ,l[ell1 ,massa*usetts1 9 8     
treatises1 ,*anges 9 ! ,new ,engl&      
,population & ,! ,new ,engl& ,family1   
gives ov]:elm+ te/imony4 ,h>p]'s        
,magaz9e 7quot$ by ! ,ca?olic ,_w =     
,april1 #ahfi7 rem>ks3 ,we are %ock$ at 
! de/ruction ( human life on ! banks ( !
 ,ganges1 b "h 9 ! he>t ( ,*ri/5dom     
fticide & infanticide are ext5sively    
practis$ "u ! mo/ aggravat+             
circum/ances4 ,we ,ca?olics are n       
p]sonally int]e/$ 9 ?is matt]2 b ! good 
( our fell[-m5 & *iefly our             
fell[-c\ntrym5 calls = ! e>ne/ ex]tion (
 u all to /op ?is dreadful evil4 ,all ! 
works ,i h ref]r$ to exempt ,ca?olics f 
! blame pron\nc$2 ! ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e    
article ref]r$ to expressly says3 ,x    
%\ld be /at$ t believ]s 9 ! ,roman      

,ca?olic fai? nev] resort to any su*    
practices2 ! /rictly ,am]icans are almo/
 alone guilty ( su* crimes4 ,?is matt]  
is fully expla9$ 9 a rec5t "w call$     
,ca?olic & ,prote/ant ,c\ntries ,comp>$1
 by ,rev4 ,alfr$ ,"y1 ,c4,p41 *4 xxxii4 
,,vii4 ,n[1 g5tlem51 ,i am v mu* afraid 
t :ile physicians z a body abhor all su*
 murd]s & op5ly condemn !m1 _m d n %[   
mu* repugnance to all[1 & ev5 sometimes 
to sugge/1 su* onani/ic int]c\rse among 
m>ri$ p z %all prev5t ! possibility (   
conception4 ,= in/ance1 if x happ5s t a 
"y "m suff]s mu* 9 h] fir/ conf9em5t1 at
 once ! sugge/ion is made t a second    
p>turition may prove fatal4 ,f t mom5t  
regul> int]c\rse is dread$4 ,ei!r       
onanism is habitually practis$1 or !    
husb& becomes a frequ5t visitor to d5s (
 infamy1 :]e to :]e to save 8 wife's    
heal?1 he enc\rages a traffic t leads   
multitudes ( wret*$ girls to a premature
 & mis]able dea?4 ,e "o despises ^?     
outca/s ( society2 b are n ! m5 :o      
patronize !m j z guilty8 ,probably      

en\gh1 if ! imprud5t sugge/ion ab\t     
dang]s ( a second *ild-be>+ _h n be5    
made by ! ,doctor1 ! "y wife might h    
become ! happy "m ( a num]\s family (   
heal?y *ildr54 ,= we mu/ tru/ 9 ,div9e  
,provid5ce4 ,if a husb& & wife d _!     
consci5ti\s duty1 !re is a ,god t       
provides = !m & _! family m lib]ally ?an
 = ! birds ( ! air & ! lilies ( ! field4
 ,& if ,he %\ld s dispose t ! wor/ %\ld 
befall1 well1 su* temporal clang]s &    
suff]+s z att5d *ild-be>+ are ! lot (   
woman-k9d1 j z ! dang]s & h>d%ips ( !   
battlefield1 ! m9e1 ! factory1 ! =e/1 & 
! prairie are ! lot ( ! m54  ,! man :o  
%irks 8 duty to family or c\ntry is a   
c[>d2 wom51 z a rule1 are brave en\gh 9 
_! own l9e ( duty1 & pati5tly submit to 
,god's s5t5ce pron\nc$ 9 ,p>adise1 ,i w 
multiply ?y sorr[s & ?y conceptions1 9  
sorr[ %alt ?\ br+ =? *ildr5 7,g54 iii4  
#af71 j z !y h to submit to ! words     
imm$iately foll[+3 ,?\ %alt be "u ?y    
husb&'s p[]1 & he %all h dom9ion ov] !e4
  ,c]ta9ly1 ! husb& ( a delicate woman  

ought to sp>e h] /r5g? & re/ra9 8       
passion1 b n at ! sacrifice ( morality2 
& ,doctors ought to be v c>eful n to    
cause false or exagg]at$ al>ms1 & ?us   
make !mselves to "s ext5t responsible = 
untold moral evils4 ,!y %\ld rememb] t1 
z a rule1 ! rais+ ( a family is !       
pr9cipal purpose ( a m>ri$ life4 ,!     
happ9ess & virtue ( ! p>ties conc]n$    
dep5d *iefly on ! fai?ful p]=mance ( ?is
 duty4 ,h[ sad is ! lot ( ^?--& !y are  
_m--:o und]took 9 e>ly ye>s ( m>ri$ life
 to prescribe a n>r[ limit to ! numb] ( 
_! *ildr52 !y _h "o or two1 & !y w\ld h 
no m1 & = ?is purpose crim9ally ?w>t$ ! 
purposes ( nature4 ,!n comes dea? &     
snat*es away _! solit>y consolation3 &  
!y sp5d _! old age *ildless & loveless1 
9 mutual upbraid+s & unavail+ regrets4  
,h[ diff]5t is ! lot ( ^? ag$ c\ples--& 
!y 7 _m ( yore1 & are yet 9 v>i\s       
nations--:o are l patri>*s amid _! cr[ds
 ( *ildr5 & gr&*ildr5 & great-gr&*ildr51
 dwell+ 9 mutual love & z if 9 a moral  
p>adise :]e all dome/ic virtues bloom6  

,,viii4 ,true1 su* families are usually 
! outcome ( mod]ately e>ly m>riages2 &  
_m ,doctors n[adays disapprove ( su*    
unions z an evil4 ,a moral evil !y      
c]ta9ly are n2 & ! physical evils       
sometimes att5d+ !m mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be     
traceable to a v>iety ( causes2 = su*   
evils are c]ta9ly n insep>able f e>ly   
m>riages4 ,z to _! moral advantages1    
,mr4 ,wm4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( 
,european ,morals1 writes ( ! ,iri% p 9 
p>ticul>3 ,! ne>ly univ]sal cu/om ( e>ly
 m>riages among ! ,iri% peasantry has   
alone r5d]$ possible t high /&>d (      
female *a/ity1 t int5se & jeal\s        
s5sitiv5ess respect+ female honor1 =    
:i*1 among _m fail+s & "s vices1 ! ,iri%
 race h long be5 pre-em95t 9 ,europe 7v4
 i4 p4 #adf74 ,& t he does n conf9e 8   
/atem5t to female *a/ity is evid5t f :at
 he adds f>!r on3 ,!re is no fact 9     
,iri% hi/ory m s+ul> ?an ! complete &1  
,i believe1 unp>allel$ abs5ce among !   
,iri% prie/hood ( ^? moral sc&als :i* 9 
e ,cont95tal c\ntry occasionally prove !

 dang] ( v[s ( celibacy4 ,! unsuspect$  
purity ( ! ,iri% prie/hood 9 ?is respect
 is ! m rem>kable1 because1 ! gov]nm5t (
 ! c\ntry be+ ,prote/ant1 !re is no     
special inquisitorial legislation to    
insure x1 because ( ! almo/ unb\nd$     
influ5ce ( ! cl]gy ov] _! p>i%ion]s1 &  
also because1 if any j cause ( suspicion
 exi/$1 9 ! fi]ce sect>ianism ( ,iri%   
public op9ion x w\ld assur$ly be        
magnifi$4 ,consid]ations ( climate are q
 inadequate to expla9 ?is fact2 b ! *ief
 cause is1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly obvi\s4  
,! habit ( m>ry+ at ! fir/ developm5t ( 
! passions has produc$ among ! ,iri%    
peasantry1 f :om ! prie/s = ! mo/ "p    
spr+1 an extremely /rong feel+ ( !      
iniquity ( irregul> sexual indulg5ce1   
:i* reta9s its p[] ev5 ov] ^? :o are    
b\nd to p]petual celibacy 7p4 #adg74 ,no
 "o w say1 ,i believe1 t ! cu/om ( e>ly 
m>riages 9 ,irel& has any injuri\s      
effects on ! heal? ( ei!r p>5ts or      
*ildr54 ,nor ne$ x necess>ily h su*     
effects on ^? ( our ,am]ican "y m5 &    

wom5 :o lead regul> lives & are n       
enfeebl$ by unnatural vices or          
demoraliz$ by da9ty food & luxuri\s     
mann]s4  ,a wise physician has _m prop] 
ways ( provid+ = ! heal? & /r5g? ( bo?  
p>5ts & *ildr5 )\t advocat+ practices   
:i* are a sn>e = innoc5ce4 ,let him     
insi/ ) all 8 pati5ts on ! cultivation (
 heal?ful habits = ! family & !         
individual2 :olesome & n ov]-delicate   
food2 mod]ation 9 eat+ & dr9k+2 regul> &
 manly ex]cise1 especially 9 ! op5 air2 
e>ly h\rs = retir+ & ris+4 ,b1 above    
all--& ?is is directly to our pres5t    
purpose--let him %[ ! greate/ reg>d = ! 
laws ( morality1 ! ma9 support (        
individual & social happ9ess4 ,8 views  
^u su* matt]s1 manife/$ alike 9 8       
conduct & 8 conv]sation1 b especially 9 
8 managem5t ( cases involv+ !           
application ( moral pr9ciples1 w g f> to
 influ5ce ! community 9 :i* he moves4 ,8
 task is to be a bless+ to 8 fell[-m51 a
 s\rce ( happ9ess & security to         
individuals & to society4     ,,lecture 

,,vi4  ,,! ,,physician',s ,,pr(essional 
,,rights ,,& ,,duties4   ,g5tlem51 s f> 
,i h expla9$ ! duties :i* ! physician   
has 9 common ) all o!r m51 & :i* arise  
directly f ! natural law indep5d5tly (  
any civil legislation4 ,! natural law   
requires ! ,doctor to respect ! life ( !
 unborn *ild1 ?us =bidd+ craniotomy &   
abortion4 ,x also obliges him to protect
 8 pati5ts f ! baneful effects ( v5]eal 
excesses4 ,ov] ^! matt]s human law has  
no control1 except t x may & ought to   
puni% su* ov]t acts z violate ! rights (
 individuals1 or s]i\sly endang] !      
public welf>e4  ,we %all n[ consid] !   
physician's natural rights & duties 9   
reg>d to matt]s :i* civil & crim9al     
legislation ju/ly und]take to regulate4 
,"o ( ! *ief functions ( civil au?ority 
is to provide = ! obs]vance ( contracts4
 ,n[1 ! physician 9 8 pr(essional       
s]vices acts "u a d\ble contract1 a     
contract ) ! /ate & a contract ) 8      
individual pati5ts4 ,by accept+ 8       
diploma ( ,m4,d4 f ! college faculty1 & 

indirectly f ! civil au?ority1 he makes 
at lea/ an implicit contract ) ! /ate1  
by :i* he receives c]ta9 rights         
condition$ on 8 p]=mance ( c]ta9 duties4
 ,9 (f]+ 8 s]vices to ! public1 he also 
makes an implicit contract ) 8 pati5ts  
by :i* he obliges himself to r5d] !m 8  
pr(essional s]vices ) ord9>y skill &    
dilig5ce on condition ( receiv+ f !m !  
usual comp5sation4  ,i4 ,! *ief rights  
conf]r$ on him by ! /ate are ^!3  #a4   
,protection aga9/ all improp] int]f]5ce 
) 8 pr(essional m9i/rations4  #b4       
,protection = 8 pr(essional c>e] by !   
exclusion ( unau?oriz$ practition]s4    
#c4 ,immunity f responsibility = evil   
consequ5ces t may result )\t 8 fault f 8
 m$ical or surgical treatm5t ( pati5ts4 
#d4 ,en=cem5t ( 8 "r to receive due     
comp5sation = 8 pr(essional s]vices4    
,^! rights are n grant$ him arbitr>ily  
by ! /ate2 !y are f\nd$ 9 natural       
ju/ice1 b made def9ite & en=c$ by human 
legislation4 ,take1 = an example1 8 "r  
to receive due comp5sation = 8 s]vices4 

,?is "r 0 n recogniz$ by ! old ,roman   
law 9 ! case ( advocates & physicians1  
nor by ! common law ( ,engl& until !    
pass+ ( ! ,m$ical ,act 9 #aheh4         
,surgeons & apo!c>ies c\ld receive      
remun]ation = _! s]vices1 b n           
physicians4 ,^! 7 presum$ to att5d _!   
pati5ts = an honor>ium or honor>y1 t is1
 a pres5t giv5 z a tok5 ( honor4        
,c]ta9ly1 if ,doctors by common agreem5t
 waiv$ _! "r to all comp5sation1 or     
agre$ to be satisfi$ ) any gift ! pati5t
 might *oose to be/[1 !y w\ld be entitl$
 to honor = _! g5]osity2 b !y are n     
oblig$ to su* conduct on ! pr9ciples (  
natural ju/ice4 ,= by nature all m5 are 
equal1 & !re=e "o is n oblig$1 "u ord9>y
 circum/ances1 to "w = ! good ( ano!r4  
,if he r5d]s a s]vice to a neighbor1    
equity or equality requires t ! neighbor
 %all d a proportionate good to him 9   
return4 ,?us ! equality ( m5 is ! basis 
( _! "r to comp5sation = s]vices r5d]$4 
,! physician's "r to 8 fee is !re=e a   
natural "r1 & on 8 pati5t re/s ! natural

 duty ( pay+ x4 ,n to pay ! ,doctor's   
bill is z unju/ z any o!r mann] ( /eal+4
  ,z to ! am\nt ( comp5sation to :i* !  
,doctor is ju/ly entitl$1 ,ewell's      
,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce rem>ks3 ,by ! law 
( ?is c\ntry1 all bran*es ( ! pr(ession 
may recov] at law a reasonable          
comp5sation = _! s]vices1 ! am\nt ( :i*1
 unless settl$ by law1 is a "q = ! jury2
 9 settl+ :i* ! em95ce ( ! practition]1 
! delicacy & difficulty ( ! op]ation or 
( ! case1 z well z ! "t & c>e exp5d$1   
are to be consid]$4 ,!re is no          
limitation by ! common law z to ! am\nt 
( su* fees1 provid$ ! *>ges are         
reasonable4 ,! exi/5ce ( an epidemic    
does n1 h[ev]1 au?orize ! *>ge ( an     
exorbitant fee4  ,a m$ical man c also   
recov] = ! s]vices r5d]$ by 8 assi/ants 
or /ud5ts1 ev5 ?\gh ! assi/ant is       
unregi/]$2 x is n necess>y t !re %\ld be
 any agre$ specifi$ price1 b he w be    
all[$ :at is usual or reasonable4  ,x is
 n ! "p ( ! physician's bus9ess1        
ord9>ily1 to supply ! pati5t ) drugs2 if

 he does s he has a "r to comp5sation   
!re=4 ,if ! agreem5t is ,no cure1 no    
pay1 he _c1 h[ev]1 ev5 recov] = m$ic9es 
suppli$1 if ! cure is n effect$4 ,8 "r  
to recov] = pr(essional s]vices does n  
dep5d ^u 8 effect+ a cure1 or ^u 8      
s]vice be+ successful1 unless !re is a  
special agreem5t to t effect2 b x does  
dep5d ^u ! skill1 dilig5ce1 & att5tion  
be/[$ 7pp4 #c & #d74  ,fur!r details on 
?is po9t belong m prop]ly to ! lectur]  
on ,m$ical ,law4 ,we are n[ conc]n$ ) ! 
pr9ciples und]ly+ special legislation4  
,! ma9 pr9ciple regulat+ all comp5sation
 is t !re %all be a sort ( equality     
betwe5 ! s]vices r5d]$ & ! fee paid =   
!m4 ,ignorant p sometimes f9d fault ) ! 
am\nt *>g$ z a ,doctor's fee4 ,!re may1 
( c\rse1 be abuses by excess2 b m5 h no 
"r to compla9 t a ,doctor w ask z mu* = 
a brief visit z a common labor] c e>n 9 
a day4 ,?is ne$ n seem unfair if x be   
rememb]$ t ! physician _h to prep>e1    
dur+ _m ye>s ( prim>y1 int]m$iate1 &    
pr(essional /udies1 be=e he c\ld acquire

 ! k necess>y to write a brief          
prescription4 ,besides1 x may be t 8 few
 m9utes' visit is ! only "o t day2 & yet
 he has a "r to live 9 dec5t com=t on 8 
pr(ession toge!r ) ^? :o dep5d on him = 
support4  ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb]1 on ! 
o!r h&1 t excessive fees are no?+ else  
?an !ft2 = !ft consi/s 9 gett+          
possession ( ano!r's prop]ty )\t j      
title4 ,! foll[+ rules ( ,dr4 ,ewell are
 s5sible & fair3  ,! numb] ( visits     
requir$ mu/ dep5d ^u ! circum/ances (   
ea* p>ticul> case1 & ! physician is     
reg>d$ by ! law z ! be/ & prop] judge ( 
! necessity ( frequ5t visits2 &1 9 !    
abs5ce ( pro( to ! contr>y1 x w be      
presum$ t all pr(essional visits made 7 
deem$ necess>y & 7 prop]ly made4  ,!re  
mu/ n be too _m consultations4 ,!       
physician call$ 9 = consultation or to  
p]=m an op]ation may recov] 8 fees f !  
pati5t1 not)/&+ t ! att5d+ physician    
summon$ him = 8 own b5efit1 & _h arrang$
 ) ! pati5t t he himself w\ld pay4      
7,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n mean t !         

practition] has a "r ?us to %ift ! burd5
 ( pay f 8 own %\ld]s47 ,:]e a m$ical   
man has att5d$ z a fri5d1 he _c *>ge = 8
 visit4 ,:]e a t>iff ( fees has be5     
prep>$ & agre$ to by ! physicians ( any 
locality1 !y are b\nd by x legally z f> 
z ! public are conc]n$ 7t is to say1 !y 
_c *>ge m ?an ! t>iff rates71 & morally 
z f> z !y !mselves are conc]n$ 7p4 #e74 
,9 ^! rules ,dr4 ,ewell reg>ds *iefly   
:at conduct ! c\rts ( ju/ice w su/a94 ,x
 is evid5t t ! ,doctor is nev] entitl$  
to run up 8 bill )\t any b5efit to 8    
pati5t2 :]e !re is no s]vice r5d]$ at   
all1 !re c be no claim to comp5sation4  
,/ill x is n necess>y t actual b5efit   
has result$ to ! pati5t2 x suffices = ! 
claim to ! fee t measures h be5 tak5 ) a
 view to su* b5efit4 ,ev5 :5 no physical
 advantage c reasonably be hop$ = f !   
visit1 ! consolation x af=ds ! pati5t & 
8 fri5ds may r5d] ^? :o are to be> !    
exp5se fully will+ t x %\ld be (t5      
repeat$ &1 ( c\rse1 *>g$ on ! bill4     
,provid$ c>e be tak5 t !y und]/& !      

situation1 no inju/ice is done !m4      
,sci5ti et cons5ti5ti non fit injuria is
 a good moral maxim4  ,,ii4 ,we h said t
 ! rights conf]r$ on ! physician by !   
/ate are condition$ on 8 p]=m+ c]ta9    
duties4 ,he owes ! same duties to 8     
pati5ts 9 virtue ( ! contract1 explicit 
or implicit1 t he makes ) !m by tak+ !  
case 9 h&4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1     
nei!r ! /ate nor ! pati5ts c oblige him 
to ex]cise 8 pr(ession at all2 b1 if    
once he has tak5 a case 9 h&1 he c be   
ju/ly held n to ab&on x till he has giv5
 8 pati5t a fair opportunity ( provid+  
ano!r att5dant2 ev5 ! fe> ( contagion _c
 release him f t s]i\s obligation4  ,!  
duties aris+ f ! physician's tw(old     
contract1 ) ! /ate & ) 8 pati5ts1 are   
*iefly z foll[s3  #a4 ,he mu/ acquire & 
ma9ta9 suffici5t k ( 8 pr(ession = all  
su* cases z are likely to come 9 8 way4 
,no ,doctor has ! "r to attempt !       
managem5t ( a case ( :i* he has n at    
lea/ ord9>y k4 ,9 matt]s ( special      
difficulty1 he is oblig$ to use special 

prud5ce or ask = special consultation4  
,! c\rts ju/ly hold him responsible =   
any s]i\s injury result+ f gross        
ignorance2 9 su* cases !y w condemn him 
= malpractice4 ,i w\ld "h rem>k t1 9 an 
age 9 :i* ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e is mak+ su* 
rapid progress1 e ,doctor is 9 duty b\nd
 to keep up ) ! improvem5ts made 9 g5]al
 practice1 & 9 8 own specialty if he has
 "o4  #b4 ,a second duty is t ( prop]   
dilig5ce 9 treat+ e s+le case4 ,_m a    
pati5t suff]s injury to heal? or ev5    
loses 8 life 9 consequ5ce ( a ,doctor's 
neglect4 ,gross neglig5ce is an (f5ce t 
makes him puni%able by ! c\rt1 if x     
results 9 s]i\s injury4 ,b ev5 if su*   
injury _c be juridically prov$1 or has  
be5 accid5tally av]t$1 ! moral wrong    
rema9s & is to be settl$ ) ! all-see+   
,judge4 ,/ill1 9 ord9>y ailm5ts1 no "o  
is oblig$ to take m ?an ord9>y tr\ble4  
#c4 ,a ?ird duty ( ! physician is to use
 only safe means 9 m$ical & surgical    
practice4 ,he has no "r to expose 8     
pati5t to ne$less dang]4 ,:at is to be  

?\ght ( ! use ( su* rem$ies z w ei!r    
kill or cure8 ,!y _c be us$ z long z    
saf] rem$ies are available & capable (  
effect+ a cure2 = nei!r ,doctor nor     
pati5t has a "r to expose a human life  
to unnecess>y risk4 ,b :5 no saf]       
rem$ies are go+ to effect a cure1 !n    
prud5ce itself dictates ! employm5t ( ! 
only means to success4 ,9 su* a case1   
h[ev]1 ! pati5t1 or 8 p>5ts or gu>dian1 
%\ld1 z a rule1 be in=m$ ( ! imp5d+     
dang]1 s t !y may give or refuse _!     
cons5t if !y please4 ,=1 next to ,god1 !
 "r to t life belongs to !m r ?an to !  
physician4 ,! same duty ( consult+ _!   
wi%es exi/s :5 n life b ! possible loss 
( a limb is at /ake1 or ! be>+ (        
uncommon suff]+s4 ,morali/s tea* t a man
 is n oblig$ 9 consci5ce to submit to an
 extraord9>ily pa9ful or revolt+        
op]ation ev5 to save 8 life4 ,c]ta9ly1  
:5 ! natural law leaves him at lib]ty1 !
 physician _c compel him to submit to 8 
dictation2 all he c d is to obta9 8     
cons5t by moral p]suasion4  #d4 ,z a    

consequ5ce f ! ,doctor's duty to use    
only safe means x foll[s t he _c        
exp]im5t on 8 pati5ts by ! use (        
treatm5t ( :i* he does n "k ! full p[] =
 good or evil4 ,nor is he excus$ f      
responsibility 9 ?is matt] by ! fact t !
 exp]im5t ?us made on "o pati5t may be v
 useful to _m o!rs4 ,8 contract is ) !  
"o n[ "u treatm5t1 :o is n will+1 z a   
rule to be exp]im5t$ ^u = ! b5efit (    
o!rs4 ,& ev5 if ! pati5t %\ld be will+1 
! ,doctor _c lawfully expose him to     
griev\s dang] unless x be ! only hope ( 
pres]v+ 8 life4 ,?is foll[s f ! pr9ciple
 expla9$ be=e1 t human life belongs     
*iefly to ,god & n to man exclusively4  
#e4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( m$ical        
treatm5t to :i* we c sc>cely h rec\rse  
)\t expos+ ourselves to s]i\s evil      
consequ5ces4 ,su* is ! use ( coca9e1    
morph9e1 & ev5 9 special cases (        
alcohol4 ,! drugs 9 !mselves are useful1
 b !y (t5 lead to evil results4 ,n[ 9 ! 
use ( all su* drugs z are apt to be     
b5eficial 9 "o way & injuri\s 9 ano!r1  

we mu/ ev] be guid$ by ! rules =m]ly    
expla9$ conc]n+ evil indirectly will$1  
or r p]mitt$ to result1 :ile good       
results are directly will$ or int5d$4   
,if ! ,doctor is satisfi$ t a dose (    
morph9e or an application ( coca9e w d m
 good ?an h>m1 he c1 ( c\rse1 prescribe 
or apply x4 ,/ill 9 su* matt]s he mu/   
rememb] t ! good effect is b tempor>y1  
:ile its p]nici\s consequ5ces1          
especially :5 habits are ?us contract$1 
are likely to be p]man5t & cumulative4  
,besides1 ! good results affect ! body  
only1 ! evil (t5 affect body & s\l4 ,_m 
a wreck 9 heal? & morals has be5 caus$  
by imprud5t rec\rse to dang]\s treatm5t1
 :]e a little m pati5ce & wisdom w\ld h 
be5 equally effici5t 9 cur+ ! bodily    
ailm5t1 )\t any delet]i\s consequ5ces4  
,if once a pati5t becomes a slave to !  
morph9e or coca9e habit1 ! only cure is 
to cut (f all ! supply ( ! drug ei!r at 
once or1 at any rate1 by daily          
dim9ution4 ,to leave him free control ( 
! poison is to co-op]ate 9 8            

self-de/ruction4  #f4 ,! six? duty ( a  
,doctor is ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,!re exi/s a
 tacit or implicit contract betwe5 him &
 8 pati5ts t he %all keep _! secrets (  
:i* he becomes possess$ 9 8 pr(essional 
capacity4 ,x is always wrong wantonly to
 betray ! secrets ( o!rs2 b ! ,doctor is
 b\nd by a special duty to keep 8       
pr(essional secrets2 & x is d\bly wrong 
& disgraceful 9 him to make !m kn[n4 ,= 
in/ance1 if he has treat$ a case (      
sickness br\ght on by s9ful excesses (  
any k9d1 he is =bidd5 by ! natural law  
to talk ab\t x to su* z h no special "r 
to "k ! facts4 ,p>5ts & gu>dians are    
usually entitl$ to be in=m$ ( _!        
*ildr5's & _! w>ds' wrong-do+s1 t !y may
 take prop] measures to prev5t fur!r    
evil4 ,besides1 ! ,doctor is prop]ly 9  
_! s]vice2 he is paid by !m1 &1 !re=e1 8
 contract is ) !m r ?an ) ! *ildr54 ,he 
c1 !re=e1 prud5tly in=m !m ( :at is     
wrong1 b he _c in=m o!rs4  ,x is a      
debat$ "q 9 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce :e!r !
 ,doctor's pr(essional k ( crim9al acts 

%\ld be privileg$ be=e ! c\rts1 s t he  
%\ld n be =c$ to te/ify to a crime t he 
has le>n$ f 8 pati5ts :ile act+ z _!    
m$ical advis]4 ,dr4 ,ewell speaks ?us on
 ! subject 7p4 #b73 ,! m$ical witness   
%\ld rememb] t1 by ! common law1 a      
m$ical man has no privilege to avoid    
giv+ 9 evid5ce any /atem5t made to him  
by a pati5t2 b :5 call$ ^u to d s 9 a   
c\rt ( ju/ice1 he is b\nd to disclose e 
communication1 h[ev] private &          
confid5tial1 :i* has be5 made to him by 
a pati5t :ile att5d+ him 9 a pr(essional
 capacity4 ,by /atute1 h[ev]1 9 "s ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates1 communications made by a 
pati5t to a physician :5 necess>y to !  
treatm5t ( a case are privileg$2 & !    
physician is ei!r expressly =bidd5 or n 
oblig$ to reveal !m4 ,su* /atutes exi/ 9
 ,arkansas1 ,cali=nia1 ,indiana1 ,i[a1  
,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,miss\ri1   
,montana1 ,new ,york1 & ,wiscons94 ,!   
seal ^u ! physician's lips is n ev5 tak5
 away by ! pati5t's dea?4 ,su*          
communications1 h[ev]1 mu/ be ( a lawful

 "* & n aga9/ morality or public policy2
 h5ce1 a consultation z to ! means (    
procur+ an abortion on ano!r is n       
privileg$1 nor w\ld be any simil>       
conf]5ce held = ! purpose ( devis+ a    
crime or evad+ its consequ5ces4  ,a     
report ( a m$ical (ficial ( an insurance
 company on ! heal? ( a p>ty propos+ to 
insure 8 life is n privileg$ f          
production2 nor is ! report ( a surgeon 
( a railroad company z to ! injuries    
su/a9$ by a pass5g] 9 an accid5t1 unless
 su* report has be5 obta9$ ) a view to  
imp5d+ litigation4  ,! practical rule = 
a ,doctor's consci5ce on ! subject (    
secrecy is1 t he mu/ keep 8 pr(essional 
secrets ) great fidelity1 & n reveal !m 
except 9 z f> z he is compell$ to d s by
 a c\rt ( ju/ice act+ )9 its legal p[]  
or compet5cy4 ,if s compell$1 he c      
safely speak out2 = 8 duty to 8 pati5t  
is und]/ood to be dep5d5t on 8 ob$i5ce  
to lawful au?ority4  ,z to ! "q (       
,jurisprud5ce :e!r ! c\rts ought to     
treat ! physician's (ficial secrets z   

privileg$1 9 ! same way z !y d a lawy]'s
 secrets1 ?is w dep5d on ! fur!r "q :e!r
 ! same reasons militate = ! "o z = !   
o!r4 ,! lawy]'s privilege is due to !   
anxiety ( ! /ate n to condemn an innoc5t
 man nor a guilty man beyond 8 des]ts4  
,to av]t su* evil1 ! accus$ p>ty ne$s ! 
assi/ance ( a legal advis] :o c guide   
him safely ?r\gh ! mazes & te*nicalities
 ( ! law1 &1 ev5 %\ld he be guilty1 :o c
 protect him aga9/ exagg]at$ *>ges & w>d
 (f unm]it$ degrees ( puni%m5t4 ,n[1 ?is
 c sc>cely be accompli%$ unless !       
attorney = ! def5ce le>n f 8 cli5t !    
entire tru? ( ! facts4 ,b ! cli5t c\ld n
 safely give su* in=mation to 8 lawy] if
 ! latt]'s pr(essional secrets 7 n held 
sacr$ by ! c\rt ( ju/ice4  ,c ! same    
reasons or equival5t ones be urg$ 9     
behalf ( ! physician8 ,i d n see t !y c4
 ,& ,i notice besides t1 if he be excus$
 f te/ify+ aga9/ 8 pati5ts1 all _!      
s]vants & att5dants w\ld seem to be     
entitl$ to ! same privilege4 ,_m p]sons1
 ,i ?9k1 labor "h "u a confusion (      

ideas2 a ,doctor is z sacr$ly b\nd to   
keep 8 pati5ts' secrets z a lawy] is 9  
reg>d to 8 cli5ts1 b x does n foll[ t ! 
law _c grant a privilege to ! "o &      
refuse ! same to ! o!r1 = reasons :i*   
require x 9 ! case ( ! lawy] & n 9 t ( !
 ,doctor4  ,,iii4 ,besides ! rights &   
duties :i* arise = ! physician f 8      
contracts ) ! /ate & ) 8 pati5ts1 !re   
are o!r claims on 8 consci5ce1 :i*      
proce$ f 8 "* z a man1 a ,*ri/ian1 & a  
g5tleman4  #a4 ,z a man1 he is a memb] (
 ! human family1 n a /rang] dwell+ amid 
an ali5 race1 b a bro!r among bro!rs4   
,he _c say1 z did ! fir/ murd]]1 ,ca91  
,am ,i my bro!r's keep]8 ,b r he mu/    
c>ry out ! behe/ ( ! great ,fa!r ( !    
human family3 ,god has giv5 to ea* "o   
c>e ( 8 neighbor4  ,! maxim (           
,freemasons is t e memb] ( t secret     
society mu/ come to ! assi/ance ( e     
bro!r-mason 9 di/ress4 ,b ! law ( nature
 & ( nature's ,god is wid] & nobl]2 x   
requires e man to assi/ e fell[-man 9   
griev\s ne$4 ,! ri* glutton at ^: door  

lay ,laz>us dy+ ( want 0 b\nd1 n by any 
human b by ! high] law1 to assi/ him2 & 
x 0 = ignor+ ?is duty t ! s\l 0 buri$ 9 
hell1 z ! g5tle/ ( tea*]s expresses x4  
7a7 ,z physicians1 z m51 y w h duties to
 ! poor1 :o _c pay y = y\r s]vices2 !y  
are y\r fell[-m54 ,_! bill w be paid 9  
due "t4 ,he is _! security :o has said3 
,:atsoev] y h done to ! lea/ ( ^!1 y h  
done x unto ,me4 ,he may pay y 9        
temporal bless+s1 or 9 /ill high]       
favors1 if y d x = ,8 sake2 b pay ,he w1
 & t mo/ lib]ally3 ,i w repay1 says !   
,"l4 ,! rule ( *>ity = physicians is t  
!y %\ld will+ly r5d] to ! poor = ! love 
( ,god ^? pr(essional s]vices :i* !y are
 wont to r5d] to ! ri* = pecuni>y       
comp5sation4 ,:ile ?us treat+ a poor    
pati5t !y %\ld be z c>eful & dilig5t z  
!y w\ld be = temporal rew>d2 :at is done
 = ,god %\ld n be done 9 a slov5ly      
fa%ion4  7b7 ,9 ?is connection ( reg>d =
 ! poor1 all[ me also to call y\r       
att5tion1 g5tlem51 to a po9t :i* /ud5ts 
( m$ic9e are apt to =get at times1 & yet

 :i* bo? ,god & ! _w require y ev] to   
be> 9 m9d3 x is ! respect :i* e man owes
 to ! mortal rema9s ( a dep>t$ bro!r4 ,i
 d n "k t a p has ev] be5 f\nd1 ev5     
among b>b>ians1 :o did n honor ! bodies 
( _! dead4 ,= ! good ( humanity1 dead   
bodies may at times be subject$ to !    
dissect+-knife1 b nev] to wanton        
indignities4 ,reason tells y to d by    
o!rs z y wi% to be done by1 &           
,revelation adds its tea*+ ab\t a future
 resurrection & glorification ( t body (
 :i* ! ,apo/le says t x is s[n 9        
di%onor1 b x %all rise 9 glory4 ,be m5 (
 sci5ce1 b be n human gh\ls4 ,!re is su*
 a ?+ z retribution4 ,b lately a =m]    
millionaire di$ 9 a poorh\se & left 8   
body z a cadav] = m$ical /ud5ts4 ,we _c 
af=d to ignore ! my/]i\s ways ( ,div9e  
,ju/ice4 ,ev] h&le human rema9s 9 a     
humane mann]2 & z soon z !y h answ]$ !  
purpose ( sci5ce1 see t !y be dec5tly   
int]r$1 if possible4  #b4 ,!re are o!r  
duties t y owe n z m5 b z ,*ri/ians4    
,all ( u enjoy ! bless+s ( ,*ri/ian     

civilization1 ev5 ^? :o are n ,*ri/ians 
!mselves4 ,we are dealt ) by o!rs on    
,*ri/ian pr9ciples1 & we ought to treat 
o!rs 9 ! same _s4 ,:at duties does ?is  
impose8  7a7 ,:5 y\r pati5ts are 9 real 
dang] ( dea?1 let !m h a good *ance to  
prep>e prop]ly = _! all-important       
passage into et]nity4 ,give !m fair w>n+
 ( _! situation4 ,doctors & relations   
are (t5 afraid ( al>m+ ! pati5ts & ?us  
injur+ _! heal?4 ,b ^? :o att5d ,ca?olic
 pati5ts at lea/ soon f9d out by        
exp]i5ce t ! graces & consolations ( !  
,la/ ,sacram5ts usually br+ a peace (   
m9d t b5efits ev5 ! bodily heal?4 ,9 any
 case1 ! int]e/s ( ! future life are too
 important to be ignor$4  7b7 ,= ! same 
reason1 ! physician %\ld n prescribe su*
 doses ( morph9e or o!r an/hetics z w   
r5d] ! pati5t unconsci\s at a "t :5 he  
ought to be prep>+ to meet 8 ,judge4    
,?is w\ld be n k9dness b cruelty4 ,a    
little suff]+ m 9 ?is life may save mu* 
suff]+ 9 ! next4 ,if a ,ca?olic prie/1  
on be+ call$ to a pati5t's b$side1 f9ds 

t ! family's physician has be5 s        
inconsid]ate1 he _c help prote/+ aga9/  
employ+ su* a man 9 ,ca?olic families4  
7c7 ,if y att5d a woman 9 *ildbir?1 y   
may be ask$ by a ,*ri/ian "m n to let h]
 *ild die )\t ,baptism4 ,! va/ majority 
( ,*ri/ians believe t ?is sacram5t is   
necess>y to obta9 sup]natural happ9ess4 
,! c]emony is easily p]=m$3 no h>m c    
come ( x1 b immeasurable good = et]nity4
 ,x %\ld prop]ly be p]=m$ by ! cl]gy4 ,b
 if ?is _c be done1 any man1 woman1 or  
*ild1 ev5 "o n a ,*ri/ian himself1 c    
adm9i/] ! sacram5t4 ,e ,doctor 9 a      
,*ri/ian l& %\ld und]/& h[ to d x1 & d x
 ) un]r+ accuracy4 ,x 7 a disgrace = him
 to be ignorant ( :at ev5 an ord9>y *ild
 is expect$ to "k4 ,! c]emony is s      
simple2 & yet1 be+ an in/itution (      
,*ri/1 no man c modify x to suit 8      
notions2 if :at is done is n j :at ,*ri/
 appo9t$ to be done1 x w be ( no avail4 
,notice1 !re=e1 c>efully e detail4 ,y w 
take a little wat]1 say a cupful1 real  
wat]--cold or lukew>m1 t matt]s n--y w  

sl[ly p\r x on ! head ( ! *ild1 &1 :ile 
y d s1 y w say1 ,i baptize !e 9 ! "n ( !
 ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4  
,t is all4 ,notice1 y mu/ say ! words   
:ile ! wat] is be+ p\r$ on ! *ild4 ,= ,i
 baptize means ,i wa%2 p\r1 !re=e1 or   
wa% :ile y say1 ,i wa%4 ,%\ld y h]eaft] 
wi% to refre% y\r memories on ?is matt]1
 y c d s by consult+ ! ,c5tury          
,diction>y1 :i* expla9s ,baptism1 & 9   
p>ticul> ,ca?olic ,baptism1 z consi/+   
ess5tially 9 ! application ( wat] to !  
p]son baptiz$ by "o hav+ ! int5tion (   
conf]r+ ! sacram5t1 & :o pron\nces at ! 
same "t ! words1 ',i baptize !e 9 ! "n (
 ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy       
,gho/4' ,if a cup ( wat] giv5 to ! ?ir/y
 br+s a bless+1 h[ mu* m ! giv+ ( ! wat]
 ( salvation6 ,%\ld x happ5 t ! *ild is 
9 dang] ( dy+ be=e deliv]y1 x %\ld be   
baptiz$ 9 ! womb provid$ x be at all    
possible to cause ! wat] to rea* or wa% 
its body1 project$ ^u x by any in/rum5t 
:atev]2 b ! wat] %\ld fl[ ov] ! body1 n 
m]ely ov] ! cy/ enclos+ x1 = ! cy/ is no

 "p ( ! *ild4 ,ev5 if b an arm or o!r   
m9or portion ( ! body is wa%$1 ! baptism
 is probably valid4 ,if any d\bt ab\t ! 
valid adm9i/ration is left1 ! infant    
aft] deliv]y %\ld be c>efully baptiz$ "u
 condition1 z x is call$2 t is1 ) !     
condition add$ t1 if ! =m] c]emony 0    
validly conf]r$1 !re is no int5tion (   
giv+ a second baptism4 ,= t w\ld n be   
"r2 s9ce ! sacram5t _c be validly       
receiv$ m ?an once2 x is a sacr$        
initiation1 b x 7 mock]y to initiate "o 
t is already initiat$4  ,%\ld a         
physician be pres5t :5 a pregnant woman 
has rec5tly expir$1 & ! *ild may /ill be
 liv+ 9 ! womb1 x w be an easy &        
important task to p]=m ! ,ces>ean       
section z soon z possible1 & baptize !  
little "o be=e x dies4 ,9 all ?is !re is
 no money1 b :at is f> m preci\s1 !     
secur+ ( et]nal happ9ess4 ,i add ) great
 pleasure t _m physicians are wont to   
comply ) all ^! in/ructions mo/         
c>efully1 & ev5 to in/ruct midwives &   
nurses 9 ! be/ mann] ( r5d]+ su*        

s]vices4  #c4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ consid] !  
duties :i* a ,doctor owes to o!rs & to  
himself z a g5tleman4 ,x may n be easy  
to def9e :at is meant by a g5tleman1 &  
yet to "s ext5t we all "k x2 we         
recognize a g5tleman :5 we meet "o1 we  
pay him s9c]e homage 9 our he>ts4 ,we   
readily all[ him to influ5ce u & to     
guide u4 ,we e/eem him in/9ctively z a  
sup]ior be+1 z we di/+ui% a preci\s /one
 f a common pebble2 s we value a        
g5tleman = preci\s qualities exhibit$ 9 
! beauty ( 8 conduct4 ,8 conduct ev]    
exhibits two *>act]i/ic m>ks3 a prop]   
degree ( dignity or respect = self1 & a 
prop] degree ( polit5ess or respect =   
o!rs4 ,self-respect w n all[ him to d   
any?+ :i* is consid]$ vulg>1 unmann]ly1 
gross1 rude1 or selfi%2 he w avoid ! two
 extremes1 ( self-neglect on ! "o h& &  
self-display on ! o!r4 ,8 respect = o!rs
 w make him treat all ar\nd him s z to  
make !m feel com=table 9 8 pres5ce2 he w
 avoid :atev] gives pa9 or causes       
emb>rassm5t to ev5 ! l[e/ memb] (       

society4  ,g5tlemanl9ess has mu* to d ) 
e "o's success 9 life1 & 9 p>ticul> ) a 
,doctor's success4 ,x is especially :5  
sick t we are s5sitive to ev]y?+        
displeas+ 9 ! conduct ( o!rs4 ,x is n !n
 ! bold ?9k] or ! ext5sive read] t is ! 
acceptable visitor to ! sick-room2 b !  
g5tlemanly consol] :o always says ! "r  
?+ at ! "r "t1 ^: v eye expresses & ^:  
c\nt5ance reflects ! ?\ght & s5tim5t mo/
 appropriate on ! occasion4  ,!re are   
mo/ able physicians :o are n g5tlem51 & 
!re are 9 ! m$ical pr(ession g5tlem5 :o 
are r poor physicians2 b z a rule1 ,i   
believe1 ! g5tleman w ?rive :]e ! g5ius 
w />ve4 ,x is m or less ! same 9 o!r    
pr(essions4 ,i "k le>n$ lawy]s to-day :o
 are f> f prosp]\s1 :ile m5 t5 times _! 
inf]iors 9 le>n+ are gett+ ri*4 ,i      
rememb] a mo/ skilful physician1 n[ no m
 on e>?1 :o 0 a v g5ius 9 ! sci5ce (    
m$ic9e2 b he 0 s fil?y 9 8 habits1 he   
w\ld s unc]emoni\sly *ew tobacco at all 
times1 t _m dread$ 8 visits1 & w\ld     
soon] h a man ( less ability b g5tl]    

mann]s z _! family physician4  ,g5tlem51
 habits good & bad _c be put on & (f l a
 dress-coat2 !y are la/+ qualities1 !   
gr[? ( ye>s1 ! result ( con/ant practice
 & self-d5ial or self-neglect4 ,&1 z ,i 
wi% y success 9 life1 all[ me to        
conclude ?is lecture by recomm5d+ to y !
 assidu\s cultivation ( g5tlemanly      
habits4 ,cultivate !m n[1 :ile y are    
prep>+ = future labors4 ,y wrong        
y\rselves1 & y insult y\r companions &  
y\r pr(essors1 :5 y neglect 9 _! pres5ce
 ! conv5tionalities ( polite society4   
,unit+ ! ext]nal decorum ( a g5tleman ) 
a ?or\gh k ( y\r pr(ession1 & ) :at is  
/ill m important1 ! virtues ( a         
consci5ti\s man & a s9c]e ,*ri/ian2 ev] 
true to ! s\nd pr9ciples ( morality :i* 
,i h endeavor$ to expla9 & to inculcate 
9 ^! lectures3 y w be an honor to       
y\rselves1 an ornam5t to y\r noble      
pr(ession1 ! glory & joy ( y\r ,alma    
,mat]1 a bless+ to ! community 9 :i*    
,provid5ce w ca/ y\r lot z ! disp5s]s ( 
heal? & happ9ess & l5g? ( days to y\r   

fell[-m54     ,,lecture ,,vii4  ,,!     
,,nature ,,( ,,insanity4   ,! subject ( 
! pres5t lecture1 g5tlem51 is ,insanity4
  ,i4 ,?is subject belongs to a c\rse ( 
,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 because a        
physician :o treats pati5ts = insanity  
is liable1 f "t to "t1 to be cit$ be=e a
 c\rt ( law ei!r z a witness or z an    
exp]t4 ,8 conduct 9 su* cases is to be  
guid$ by ! pr9ciples ( natural & legal  
ju/ice4  ,v>i\s important cases at law  
turn ^u ! "q ( a p]son's s\ndness ( m9d2
 & frequ5tly ! m$ical exp]t has x 9 8   
p[] to furni% ! c\rt ) m reliable       
in=mation 9 ?is matt] ?an any "o else4  
,at "o "t1 ! validity ( a la/ w may be  
conte/$1 & ! possession ( a =tune by "o 
p>ty or ano!r may h+e on ! "q :e!r !    
te/ator at ! "t ( mak+ 8 w 0 9 suffici5t
 possession ( 8 m5tal p[]s to p]=m an   
act ( s mu* consequ5ce4  ,at ano!r "t1  
int]e/$ p>ties may plead = or aga9/ !   
validity ( a sale or o!r b>ga9 made by a
 p]son ( d\btful compet5cy ( m9d2 or a  
life-insurance company may be int]e/$ 9 

asc]ta9+ ! m5tal condition ( an         
applicant = memb]%ip2 or x may be       
que/ion$ :e!r ! paym5t ( an insurance   
policy is due to ! family ( a suicide1 !
 d\bt dep5d+ = solution on ! s\nd or    
uns\nd condition ( 8 m9d at ! mom5t ( ! 
fatal act4 ,aga91 !re may be a real or  
pret5d$ d\bt :e!r a c]ta9 prop]ty-own]  
is s f> dem5t$ z to be unfit to manage 8
 e/ate2 or :e!r he ne$s a gu>dian to    
take c>e ( 8 p]son2 or x may ev5 seem   
necess>y to conf9e him 9 a lunatic      
asylum4 ,!re may be objections rais$ to 
! m5tal s\ndness ( a witness 9 a civil  
or a crim9al suit2 or1 f9ally1 a crim9al
 prosecution w dep5d ma9ly on ! sanity  
or insanity ( ! culprit at ! mom5t :5 ! 
crime 0 committ$2 z 0 ! case ) a        
,pr5d]ga/ & a ,guiteau4  ,y see1 !n1    
g5tlem51 t important int]e/s are dep5d5t
 on ! ?or\gh & correct und]/&+ ( ?is    
matt]2 & !re=e mu* responsibility re/s  
^u ! exp]ts consult$ 9 su* cases3       
prop]ty1 honor1 lib]ty1 nay1 ev5 life   
itself may be at /ake4  ,t cases involv+

 an insane condition ( m9d mu/ be (     
frequ5t occurr5ce1 bo? 9 ! m$ical & 9 ! 
legal pr(essions1 is app>5t f ! l>ge &  
rapidly increas+ am\nt ( lunacy 9 our   
mod]n civilization4 ,:>ton & ,/ill's    
,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce /ates 7sec4 #ggj1 
note7 t 9 #ahej !re 0 9 ,great ,brita9  
"o lunatic to ab\t "o ?\s& p]sons2 only 
?irty ye>s lat] ! ,lunacy ,commission ( 
,great ,brita9 report$ "o lunatic to    
#ceg p]sons 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 t is1    
ne>ly ?ree times z _m4 ,9 ,new ,york !re
 is "o to #chd p]sons4 ,x appe>s c]ta9 t
 its increase ( late is out ( all       
proportion to ! increase ( population2 &
 ev5 ?\gh ,i see reasons to di/ru/      
some:at ! figures quot$ = ,engl&1 en\gh 
is kn[n to create s]i\s al>m reg>d+ !   
fruits ( mod]n mann]s & cu/oms on ! m9ds
 ( ?\s&s4 ,?is fact makes ! matt] (     
insanity v important = ! m$ical & !     
legal /ud5t4  ,,ii4 ,/ill x mu/ be not$ 
t ! responsibility ( decid+ cases (     
lunacy does n re/ *iefly ) ! m$ical     
exp]t4 ,9 cases ( d\btful insanity !    

decision is to be giv5 n by ! ,doctor b 
by ! c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,except on v special
 occasions1 z :5 a physician is appo9t$ 
on a committee or commission ( inquiry1 
he appe>s be=e a c\rt ei!r z an ord9>y  
witness1 /at+ :at facts h fall5 "u 8    
p]sonal obs]vation2 or z an exp]t1      
expla9+ ! receiv$ op9ion ( m$ical m5 )  
reg>d to cases ( a c]ta9 class4 ,ev5    
?\gh he feels conv9c$ t ! culprit or !  
pati5t is z mad z a ,m>* h>e1 !         
physician _c expect t 8 /atem5t to t    
effect w be receiv$ z decisive4 ,x is = 
! judge to in/ruct ! jury :at k9d or    
degree ( insanity w excuse a culprit f  
legal puni%m5t1 or w disqualify a p]son 
f te/ify+ z a witness1 or f be+ a p>ty  
to a civil contract 9 c]ta9 cases2 & x  
is = ! jury to decide :e!r1 9 ! case 9  
h&1 ! fact ( su* insanity exi/s or n4 ,9
 crim9al cases1 ! jury pron\nces on !   
d\ble "q1 :e!r ! accus$ did ! act *>g$  
to him1 & :e!r he has be5 juridically   
prov$ to h be5 acc\ntable = ! act "u !  
laws z exp\nd$ by ! judge4  #a4 ,to come

 to a decision on ?is d\ble "q1 ! jury  
might ne$ to he> ! facts /at$ :i* !     
physician has p]sonally obs]v$1 & ( :i* 
he is summon$ to be a sworn witness4 ,9 
su* a situation all t is requir$ ( !    
,doctor is t he %all give a mo/ fai?ful 
& intellig5t acc\nt ( ! facts4  ,x w\ld 
disgrace 8 /&+ 9 society if any fault   
c\ld be f\nd ) 8 te/imony2 &1 z a sworn 
witness1 he is b\nd 9 consci5ce1 l any  
o!r witness1 to /ate ! tru?1 ! :ole     
tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?4 ,?is is always ! 
case :5 ! purpose ( ! inquiry is !      
discov]y ( ! sane or insane condition ( 
a p]son's m9d4 ,b if ! inquiry conc]ns !
 p]=mance ( ! guilty act1 ! commission (
 ! crime1 _m ,/ates ( ! ,union1 z       
expla9$ be=e1 consid] ! ,doctor's       
pr(essional secrets z privileg$1 j l ^? 
( ! lawy] & ! cl]gyman2 i4e41 ! ,doctor 
mu/ n use aga9/ 8 pati5t any k he has   
become possess$ ( :ile act+ z 8 m$ical  
advis]4  #b4 ,:5 ! physician appe>s be=e
 a c\rt or commission z an exp]t1 he is 
expect$ to give ! views ( ! m$ical      

pr(ession ^u hypo!tical cases resembl+ !
 "o "u exam9ation1 & ! sci5tific reasons
 & au?orities on :i* ^? views are       
advanc$4  #c4 ,b "h a consid]able       
difficulty pres5ts itself2 x is s s]i\s 
t1 ow+ to x1 ! weight ( ! m$ical exp]t's
 te/imony ) judge & jury is (t5 mu* less
 ?an c\ld reasonably be desir$4 ,!      
difficulty is to asc]ta9 :at really are 
! views ( ! m$ical pr(ession on any giv5
 subject4 ,( c\rse no individual        
,doctors c put !mselves up z repres5t+ !
 convictions ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 nor c
 !y always appeal to ! unanim\s agreem5t
 ( _! lead+ m54 ,lead+ physicians1      
un=tunately1 are f> f ent]ta9+          
concordant views on _m mo/ vital        
que/ions4 ,x is ?is want ( agreem5t t   
has made ! te/imony ( exp]ts s p[]less  
to sway ! m9ds ( judge & jury4  ,!      
m$ical pr(ession has no organization    
?r\gh :i* x c pron\nce judgm5t4 ,9 fact1
 _m ( its mo/ conspicu\s memb]s h adopt$
 pr9ciples at v>iance ) ! deepe/        
convictions ( mank9d g5]ally2 su*1 =    

in/ance1 are ! foll[]s ( ,d>w91 ,huxley1
 ,maudsley1 & simil> agno/ic &          
mat]iali/ic lead]s ( mod]n ?\ght4  #d4  
,:at /ill fur!r dim9i%es ! cr$it (      
m$ical exp]ts is ! fact t1 bo? 9 civil &
 crim9al trials1 !y are summon$ ei!r by 
! def5ce or by ! prosecution1 & are ?us 
naturally select$1 n on acc\nt ( _!     
?or\gh k1 b on acc\nt ( _! peculi> views
 kn[n be=eh& to ! p>ties cit+ !m4 ,?us  
_! te/imony is likely to be p>tial to   
ei!r side1 & is di/ru/$2 at lea/ x fails
 to comm& p]fect confid5ce4 ,! only way 
9 :i* ! prejudices ?us creat$ aga9/ !   
physician c be ov]come is by 8 acquir+  
?or\gh k ( 8 specialty1 & %[+ himself on
 all occasions to be z honorable &      
fai?ful z he is evid5tly exp]i5c$ &     
intellig5t4  #e4 ,! m$ical pr(ession    
c\ld be br\ght to be mu* m useful to    
society = ! discov]y ( insanity if we   
c\ld h "h some?+ l :at exi/s 9 "s p>ts (
 ,g]many4 ,! practice obta9s !re (      
requir+ ! m$ical faculty ( ea* judicial 
di/rict to appo9t a special committee1  

to :i* que/ions ( ?is k9d are ref]r$4   
,?is committee is exam9$ directly by !  
c\rt1 & gives te/imony some:at 9 ! same 
way1 & ) ! same effect1 z w\ld a        
common-law c\rt :5 report+ its judgm5t 9
 a feign$ issue f *anc]y1 or z w\ld     
assessors call$ ^u "u ! canon law to    
/ate1 9 proce$+s "u ! law1 :at is !     
secul> law ( ! l& on ! p5d+ "q 7,:>ton &
 ,/ill1 sec4 #bgd74  ,! matt] (         
introduc+ "s su* practice into ?is      
c\ntry has be5 agitat$ ( late1 & may by 
& by lead to b5eficial results4 ,dr4    
,%rady has tak5 /eps to promote ?is     
object by /riv+ to h a law enact$ by !  
,new ,york legislature provid+ = !      
regulation ( exp]t m$ical te/imony 9    
jury trials4 ,accord+ to 8 plan1 once   
su* a commission has be5 e/abli%$1 !    
c\rt is to s5d ! m$ical issue to ^!     
exp]ts1 j z x s5ds o!r issues to special
 juries to be decid$4 ,! regul> petit   
jury w !n decide only ^u ! facts        
con/itut+ ! crime4  ,?is w\ld d away )  
special pleas ( insanity be=e a jury t  

kn[s little or no?+ ab\t ! nature ( !   
disease1 & ^: sympa?ies may readily be  
work$ ^u by %rewd lawy]s to r5d] a      
v]dict ( acquittal4  ,z ?+s are n[1 !   
m$ical exp]t1 summon$ to te/ify 9 a case
 ( conte/$ sanity or insanity ( m9d1    
ought to rise above m9or consid]ations1 
& promote ! cause ( ju/ice1 by giv+ all 
! valuable in=mation t 8 pr(ession      
enables him to acquire on ! v difficult 
subject ( m5tal uns\ndness4  #f4 ,= ?is 
purpose1 he mu/ be skill$ 9 ?ree        
dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4  7a7 ,9             
law--suffici5tly to und]/& :at are      
consid]$ by ! c\rts z *>act]i/ic m>ks ( 
an insane m9d1 & :at am\nt ( sanity !   
c\rts require to hold a culprit         
responsible = 8 crime or a contract     
valid 9 its effects4  7b7 ,9            
psy*ology--to su* an ext5t t ! exp]t    
witness c speak analytically & correctly
 z to ! prop]ties & actions ( ! human   
m9d4  7c7 ,9 m$ic9e--s f> z conc]ns !   
treatm5t ( ! insane1 & ! und]/&+ ( _!   
peculi>ities1 s z to reason f !m by     

induction to ! real condition ( !       
cli5t's or pati5t's m9d4  ,b ! ma9      
requisite = an exp]t witness is to      
und]/& cle>ly 9 :at insanity prop]ly    
consi/s1 & h[ f> x ought to excuse an   
insane man f be>+ ! consequ5ces ( 8     
acts4  ,,iii4 ,?is two-fold k is obta9$ 
by ! psy*ological /udy ( insanity1 on   
:i* /udy we are n[ to ent]1 & x is !    
pr9cipal po9t 9 ?is :ole matt]4         
,insanity means a want ( s\ndness2 he is
 insane ^: m9d is n s\nd1 b is d]ang$1 &
 !re=e1 l a ma*9e out ( ord]1 x _c      
prop]ly p]=m its specific task1 namely1 
to "k ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,an insane man _c   
judge rightly4  #a4 ,insanity takes     
v>i\s =ms1 :i* may be r$uc$ to two k9ds1
 ) ! d\btful addition ( a ?ird k9d1     
namely1 moral insanity1 ( :i* we %all   
speak 9 our next lecture4  ,! fir/ k9d  
consi/s 9 ! total want or gross torpor (
 m5tal activity4 ,:5 !re is a total1 or 
ne>ly total1 eclipse ( ! intellect1 !   
disease is call$ idiocy1 ! /ate ( an    
idiot4 ,:5 !re is an abnormally l[ grade

 ( ! reason+ p[]1 x is /yl$ imbecility4 
,! failure or decay ( reason 9 old age  
is call$ dotage4  ,! second k9d (       
insanity is call$ illusional or         
delusional4 ,9 x ! intellect is n       
impot5t2 on ! contr>y1 x is (t5         
unusually active2 b its action is       
abnormal1 its conclusions are false4 ,n 
t x reasons illogically or draws        
conclusions :i* are n conta9$ 9 !       
premises4 ,v ke5 logicians may be       
dem5t$4 ,_! uns\ndness arises f ! fact t
 !y reason f false premises2 & !y get _!
 false premises f _! diseas$            
imag9ations1 ^: vag>ies !y take =       
realities4  #b4 ,"h a difficulty pres5ts
 itself1 :i* we mu/ expla9 at once1     
namely1 h[ c !re be uns\ndness ( m9d at 
all8 ,is n ! intellect ( man a simple   
p[]1 & 8 s\l a simple be+8 ,h[ c a      
simple be+ become d]ang$8 ,c t :i* has  
no p>ts become dis>rang$1 disorganiz$8  
,i answ]1 ! s\l is a simple be+1 its    
intellect is a spiritual faculty2 &     
!re=e we nev] say t ! s\l is insane1 nor

 %\ld we say t ! intellect is insane or 
diseas$2 b we say t ! m9d is d]ang$ or  
insane2 ! m9d comprises m ?an !         
intellect2 x designates ! intellect     
toge!r ) ^? l[] p[]s t supply ! mat]ials
 = our ?\ght1 ! *ief ( :i* is !         
imag9ation4 ,n[ ! imag9ation is an      
organic faculty3 x works 9 & by a bodily
 organism1 :i* is ! bra94 ,!re=e1 :5 !  
bra9 is n 9 a normal condition1 ! action
 ( ! imag9ation may be disord]$4 ,& !   
intellect or und]/&+ ( ! spiritual s\l  
is s closely unit$ 9 its action & its v 
be+ ) ! organic body t ! two ev] act    
conjo9tly1 l ! two :eels ( a vehicle4   
,if "o :eel breaks d[n1 ! o!r is ?r[n   
out ( ge>4 ,?us x is readily und]/ood t 
m5tal uns\ndness is an affection ( !    
bra91 a bodily disease1 :i* may (t5 be  
reliev$ & ev5 cur$ by bodily rem$ies1 by
 ! use ( drugs or :olesome food1 heal?y 
ex]cise1 fre% air1 & all t b5efits !    
n]v\s sy/em4  ,pa?ologically consid]$1 !
 n]ves may be too excit$ or too sluggi% 
& torpid2 & we h z ! result two         

subdivisions ( m5tal insanity--mania &  
melan*olia4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! two  
are v /rik+2 z !y proce$ f opposite     
causes !y produce opposite effects1 &1  
!re=e1 !y betray !mselves by v diff]5t  
manife/ations2 b 9 "o po9t ! two agree1 
& ) ?is po9t precisely we are conc]n$1  
because 9 x lies ! ess5ce ( m5tal       
insanity1 namely1 t bo? produce a       
disord]$ action ( ! imag9ation4  #c4 ,! 
mann] 9 :i* ! imag9ation co-op]ates 9   
m5tal action is ?is4 ,x pres5ts to !    
intellect ! mat]ials f :i* t p[] =ms its
 ideas4 ,:5 we see1 feel1 he>1 ta/e1 or 
smell any?+ by our bodily s5ses1 our    
imag9ation takes note ( ! object p]ceiv$
 by =m+ a bra9-picture ( x :i* is call$ 
a phantasm4 ,i d n mean to say t x =ms a
 photographic picture ( ! object2 = !re 
c be no photograph+ ta/e or smell or    
feel+2 b x =ms an image ( "s k9d :i* x  
pres5ts to ! intellect4 ,?is p[] at once
 proce$s to =m1 n a bra9-picture1 b an  
intellectual or ab/ract image ( ! object
 pres5t$4 ,= in/ance1 y see ?is book1 & 

at once y1 9 "s my/]i\s way :i* has nev]
 yet be5 expla9$1 impress "s image ( x  
on y\r bra94 ,t y d s is cle> f ! fact t
 ! image rema9s :5 ! book is )drawn4 ,t 
mat]ial image or bra9-picture is !      
phantasm4 ,x is n an idea1 ?\gh x is (t5
 improp]ly s call$4 ,b y\r intellect =ms
 to itself an idea ( a book2 t is1 y "k 
:at is meant by a book4 ,y di/+ui%      
betwe5 ! m]e =m ( a book & ! book       
itself4 ,y\r idea ( a book is a univ]sal
 idea1 :i* /&s = any book1 no matt] (   
:at %ape or size4 ,e phantasm1 or       
bra9-picture1 is a repres5tation :i*    
pres5ts its object z hav+ a def9ite %ape
 or size1 :ile y\r idea ( a book ignores
 any %ape or size4 ,& yet1 :5 y\r       
intellect conceives a book1 y\r         
imag9ation w picture "s p>ticul> =m (   
book4 ,if y\r bra9 became s affect$ by  
disease z to be unfit = ! =mation &     
ret5tion ( ! prop] phantasms1 !n y\r    
intellect ei!r w\ld n "w at all or x    
w\ld "w abnormally2 y\r m9d w\ld !n be  
insane4  #d4 ,n[1 9 an infant ! bra9 is 

/ill too s(t & imp]fect to =m ! prop]   
phantasms f :i* ! intellect is to       
elaborate its ideas4 ,a false s*ool (   
psy*ology w\ld say t ! infant's bra9 _c 
yet ideate2 b t is incorrect language4  
,no bra9 c ideate or =m ideas2 an idea  
is an intellectual or m9d image1 n a    
bra9 image2 x is an ab/ract & univ]sal  
image1 & matt] _c repres5t b :at is     
concrete & individual4 ,only a simple & 
spiritual be+1 ! rational s\l1 c =m     
ideas4 ,nev]!less our s\l1 9 its pres5t 
/ate ( sub/antial union ) our body1 is  
extr9sically dep5d5t on ! body2 to =m   
ideas x ne$s to h ! s5sible object      
pres5t$ to x by a phantasm or           
bra9-picture4 ,n[1 a *ild born bl9d &   
deaf1 & ?us hav+ its m9d1 z x 71 cut (f 
f communication ) ! out] _w1 c\ld       
sc>cely =m ! necess>y phantasms1 because
 ! clogg$ s5ses c\ld n supply prop]     
mat]ials = !m2 su* a *ild w\ld1 !re=e1  
be apt to rema9 idiotic4 ,& ev5 9 *ildr5
 ^: out] s5ses are s\nd ! bra9 or !     
n]v\s sy/em may be too imp]fect to all[ 

( its =m+ prop] phantasms4 ,9 ?is torpor
 ( ! m9d !n consi/s ! fir/ k9d ( m5tal  
uns\ndness1 t ( idiocy1 or its mild] =m 
imbecility4 ,9 old age1 & 9 peculi>     
diseases1 ! worn-out sy/em may return to
 a second *ildhood1 !n call$ dem5tia or 
dotage4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* species (      
insanity is n difficult to discov]4  #e4
 ,! second & m common =m ( insanity1 & t
 :i* x is (t5 difficult to discov] &    
pron\nce ^u ) c]ta9ty1 is t :i* ,i h    
call$ delusional or illusional4 ,its    
*>act]i/ic trait1 its v ess5ce1 lies 9  
?is1 t ! insane man mi/akes :at he      
imag9es = :at is real2 & he _c be made  
to di/+ui% betwe5 imag9ation & reality1 
?\gh ! diff]5ce is obvi\s to an         
intellect 9 its normal /ate4  ,9 ?is    
connection1 x is well to po9t out a     
di/9ction1 n always obs]v$1 b useful to 
expla9 ! work+s ( an insane m9d1 betwe5 
illusions1 halluc9ations1 & delusions4  
7a7 ,an illusion is prop]ly a deception 
aris+ f a mi/ake 9 s5se-p]ception2 z :5 
a half-drunk5 man sees two po/s :]e !re 

is only "o4 ,he has a picture ( ! po/ 9 
ea* eye1 & 8 bra9 is too mu* di/urb$ to 
ref] ! two pictures to ! same object4 ,9
 ?is case ! cause ( ! mi/ake is         
subjective4 ,a mirage (f]s ano!r in/ance
 ( a s5se-illusion2 b 9 x ! cause is    
objective4  7b7 ,a halluc9ation is a    
creation ( ! fancy mi/ak5 = a reality4  
,! deception may be b mom5t>y1 z :5     
,macbe? is /eal+ on tiptoe to ! *amb] ( 
8 gue/ to murd] him4 ,8 m9d is di/urb$  
by ! imag9ation ( ! horrid de$ he is    
ab\t to p]petrate4 ,he ?9ks he sees a   
dagg] 9 ! air1 & he says3 ,is ?is a     
dagg] t ,i see be=e me1 its h&le t[>ds  
my h&8 ,come1 let me clut* !e4 ,i hold  
!e n1 & yet ,i see !e /ill2 & on ?y     
dudgeon g\ts ( blood1 :i* 0 n s be=e4 ,b
 ,macbe?1 ^u a mom5t's reflection1 sees 
x is all imag9ation4 ,!re's no su* ?+1  
he exclaims4 ,he is n insane1 ?\gh      
deceiv$ = a :ile4  7c7 ,a delusion1 on !
 contr>y1 is a p]man5t deception1 :e!r x
 results f an illusion or a             
halluc9ation1 x matt]s n2 z a fact1 x   

almo/ always orig9ates 9 halluc9ations4 
,! delud$ man cl+s to 8 imag9+s2 y _c   
talk !m out ( 8 head4 ,su* is ! case (  
an inebriate :o suff]s f mania a potu1  
or ! horrors2 he sees snakes & demons1  
he ?9ks1 & p]si/s 9 8 error4 ,su* also  
is a fix$ idea n arriv$ at by faulty    
reason+1 b come unbidd5 & pro( aga9/ all
 reason+ & evid5ce4 ,?us an insane man  
may be conv9c$1 solely by 8 imag9ation1 
t he is poison$ or pursu$ or conspir$   
aga9/4  #f4 ,?is delusion con/itutes !  
ess5ce ( m5tal insanity1 :i* !re=e is   
(t5 call$ delusional insanity4 ,x may be
 *ronic1 i4e41 ( long cont9uance1 or x  
may be tempor>y1 acute4 ,= ! "t be+1 !  
effects are ! same4 ,p]haps any man may1
 at times1 be = a mom5t ?r[n (f 8 gu>d1 
& mi/ake a fancy = a reality2 ?is does n
 con/itute lunacy4 ,b :5 ! error is s   
firmly held 9 ! m9d's grasp t no?+ c    
dislodge x !nce1 !n ! m9d is d]ang$ 9   
its special sph]e ( action1 :i* consi/s 
9 kn[+ ! real f ! unreal2 ! m9d is !n   
insane4  ,y notice1 g5tlem51 t ,i speak 

( ! m9d z grasp+ ! error1 & ,i suppose x
 to d s indep5d5tly ( ! free w's comm&4 
,b :5 ! error is volunt>y2 :5 a man cl+s
 to x simply because he loves x2 :5 he  
hugs a delusion to 8 he>t1 ?is %[s n    
m5tal b moral obliquity2 x is n insanity
 b self-deception1 & x is by no means ( 
r>e occurr5ce4 ,9 a well-reason$ article
 on ,! ,metaphysics ( ,insanity1 writt5 
by ,mr4 ,james ,m4 ,wilcox & pr9t$ 9 !  
,am]ican ,ca?olic ,qu>t]ly ,review =    
,janu>y1 #ahgh1 "s v sev]e & no less    
true /rictures are made ^u ! read9ess ( 
a va/ multitude ( p to practise ?is     
wilful self-deception4 ,self1 he writes 
7p4 #ed71 is ! prolific orig9 ( su*     
errors2 & s indulg5t are we to its      
faults t we try secretly to hide !m ev5 
f our own eyes1 mo/ly ) success2 & :]e  
success is n p]fect1 we make a second   
ef=t to hide ! imp]fection4 ,repeat$    
ef=ts ( ?is k9d1 f :i* we b half turn   
away1 are cr[n$ 9 ! end1 & we soon =get 
:at successful hypocrites we h be54 ,our
 num]\s passions1 ! complexities ( our  

desires1 ! t5acity ( _! grasp1 & !      
pleasant g5tl5ess ( its t\* expla9 an   
inf9ity ( temptations foll[$ by wilful  
successes 9 bl9dness1 all ( :i* are no?+
 less ?an guilty acts ( self-deception4 
#g4 ,x (t5s happ5s 9 real insanity t    
m5tal d]angem5t manife/s itself ^u "o   
error or "o gr\p ( errors only1 :ile =  
all ! re/ ! pati5t appe>s to be q       
rational4 ,su* a man is call$ a         
monomaniac4 ,b he is truly an insane    
man2 = ! ess5ce ( insanity is 9 him4 ,x 
is usually f\nd t a monomaniac w1 soon] 
or lat]1 exhibit signs ( m5tal          
uns\ndness on o!r matt]s z well2 & ev5  
:ile he has giv5 no su* signs1 x /ill   
rema9s true t a m9d _c be tru/$1 b has  
some?+ radically uns\nd ab\t x1 if x is 
really unh+$ at any po9t at all4  ,b !n 
y mu/ be v c>eful n to conf\nd monomania
 ) ecc5tricity4 ,! di/9ction is z       
important z x is real4 ,ecc5tricity is a
 consci\s ab]ration f ! common c\rse (  
life2 x consi/s 9 peculi>ities 9        
reason+1 words1 & actions1 :i* are      

wilfully indulg$1 9 defiance ( popul>   
s5tim5t4 ,! ecc5tric man kn[s t he is   
ecc5tric2 he is will+ to be s1 & to take
 ! consequ5ces2 b he is n insane4  ,z   
?is matt] is ( frequ5t occurr5ce be=e ! 
c\rts ( ju/ice1 & ! validity ( la/ wills
 9 p>ticul> (t5 dep5ds on ! view t      
judges & exp]t witnesses take ( x1 ,i   
?9k x well to ref] ! e>ne/ /ud5t = fur!r
 in=mation to ,:>ton's & ,/ill's ,m$ical
 ,jurisprud5ce1 9 ! volume on ,m5tal    
,uns\ndness & ,psy*ological ,law2 9     
p>ticul> to secs4 #bi1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj4   
#h4 ,we mu/ n[ return to ! consid]ation 
( ! mann] 9 :i* ! di/urbance ( ! bra9   
may affect ! m9d4 ,! bra9 is a /oreh\se 
( records ( ?+s =m]ly not$ !re by !     
imag9ation1 ei!r z ! results ( s5se     
p]ception or ( arbitr>y comb9ations (   
phantasms2 x is a libr>y ( facts &      
fancies4 ,& ^! are n s+le1 b gr\p$      
toge!r1 s t :5 "o is /irr$ x w ar\se    
o!rs z well4 ,:5 ! bra9 is affect$1 :e!r
 by an acute or a *ronic d]angem5t1 its 
images may become s disord]$ t records (

 m]e imag9ations get mix$ up ) records (
 real p]ceptions 9 inextricable         
confusion4 ,y may h _h occasion to      
notice ! process 9 ! case ( a man :o is 
becom+ intoxicat$ & !n passes on to     
mania or delirium trem5s3 he gradually  
proce$s to mix up bra9-pictures )       
realities1 & aft] a :ile he speaks &    
acts l a v crazy man4 ,he is 9 a k9d (  
dream2 8 imag9ations are wild &         
disconnect$1 8 language is incoh]5t4  ,!
 delirium aris+ f viol5t fev]s1 =       
in/ance f typhoid fev]1 is v simil> to t
 aris+ f ! excessive use ( intoxicants &
 n>cotics2 simil> 9 ^! respects2 t !    
mania is only tempor>y1 & t ! excit+    
cause is n altoge!r unkn[n4  ,! bacilli 
( ! infection1 l ! alcohol1 ! opium1 !  
morph9e1 or o!r drugs1 are acc\ntable = 
! disord]$ action ( ! bra94 ,b ,i d n   
pret5d to "k1 nor d m$ical writ]s       
g5]ally pret5d to und]/&1 h[ ! poison1  
or :atev] causes ! disease1 gets to     
affect ! bra94 ,does x d s directly1 or 
by means ( ! alt]ation x causes 9 ! :ole

 n]v\s sy/em or 9 ! blood8 ,we d n "k2  
nor does x matt] = ! purposes ( ,m$ical 
,jurisprud5ce4  ,,iv4 ,! que/ions ) :i* 
! c\rts ( ju/ice1 ! lawy]s1 & ! exp]t   
witnesses are conc]n$ are ^!3 ,is ! man 
really insane8 ,or 0 he insane at a giv5
 "t :5 he p]=m$ a c]ta9 civil or crim9al
 act8 ,is he n[1 or 0 he !n1 s f>       
controll$ by 8 m5tal uns\ndness z to be 
incapable ( act+ l a rational be+       
acc\ntable = 8 actions8 ,ev5 if he is   
n[1 or 0 !n1 a monomaniac1 c ! de$ 9 "q 
be traceable to 8 monomania z to its    
real cause8  #a4 ,:5 we "k t a man is   
suff]+ f a fev]1 or has be5 dr9k+ to    
excess1 or has be5 addict$ to ! use (   
morph9e1 opium1 coca9e or to simil>     
deplorable practices1 x is !n easy en\gh
 to conclude f ?is t he is n 9 8 "r     
s5ses2 kn[+ ! cause1 we c fairly e/imate
 ! effect4 ,b 9 _m cases ( delusional   
insanity ! cause is hidd52 nei!r pulse  
nor o!r m$ical te/ betrays x4 ,:e!r !   
m9d is sane or n is !n to be f\nd out f 
! man's words & actions2 & ^! may be    

affect$ = a purpose3 he may play ! fool 
to escape puni%m5t4  #b4 ,phr5ologi/s h 
pret5d$ t ! peculi>ities ( a p]son's m9d
 c\ld be kn[n by ! con=mation ( 8 bra91 
& ev5 by ! elevations & depressions ( ! 
skull4 ,b bra9 & skull d n always       
correspond ) suffici5t clos5ess2 &      
besides1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton has %[n
 conclusively1 ,i believe1 t phr5ology  
is quack]y2 its pr9ciples are n         
sci5tific & its obs]vations n reliable4 
,he po9ts out1 among o!r errors1 t :ile 
wom5 z a class are m religi\sly incl9$  
?an m51 :at phr5ologi/s call ! bump (   
rev]5ce1 an important elem5t 9 religi\s 
s5tim5t1 is g5]ally m develop$ 9 m5 ?an 
9 wom51 & is (t5 mo/ conspicu\s 9       
reckless crim9als4  ,nor is x at all    
c]ta9 t a lunatic's bra91 if x c\ld be  
exam9$ ) a microscope :ile he is alive1 
w\ld exhibit ! m>ks ( any disord] to !  
eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,x is /at$ by ,dr4 ,/or]
 t ! results %[ t insanity may exi/ )\t 
/ructural *anges ( ! bra91 & t /ructural
 *anges 9 ! bra9 may exi/ )\t insanity4 

,dr4 ,bell1 ( ! ,som]ville ,asylum1 says
 t ! autopsies ( ! insane g5]ally pres5t
 no lesion ( ! bra94 ,dr4 ,bucknil      
ma9ta9s t ! bra9s ( ! insane appe> to be
 c]ta9ly n m liable ?an ^? ( o!rs to    
v>i\s incid5tal affections4 ,nor has !  
microscope discov]$ 9 ! dem5t$ any      
exudation or addition to ! /roma ( !    
bra91 or any *ange 9 size1 %ape1 or     
proportional numb] ( its cells4 ,dr4    
,/or] concludes3 ,x is ?us se5 n m]ely t
 !re is no direct correspond5ce betwe5 !
 ext]ior ( ! skull & m5tal integrity1   
any m ?an betwe5 ! ext]ior ( ! skull & !
 %ape & consi/5ce ( its cont5ts 7,:>ton 
& ,/ill1 ,m5tal ,uns\ndness1 sec4 #cbc74
 ,9 ! cases ( insanity among wom51 !    
causes are l>gely to be f\nd 9 d]angem5t
 ( _! productive organs1 & are to be met
 by special local treatm5t 7ib474  ,x   
does happ51 h[ev]1 at times1 t ! bra9   
itself is diseas$1 idiopa?ically        
diseas$1 z x is te*nically call$2 b at  
o!r times x is m]ely affect$ by sympa?y 
) "s o!r organ t is physically d]ang$4  

,a physical cause !re is = all m5tal    
insanity1 & t physical cause det]m9es   
its k9d ( mania or melan*olia1 its      
duration1 its *ances ( a p]fect cure4 ,b
 :at t cause is 9 a giv5 case is (t5 v  
h>d if n impossible to det]m9e4 ,besides
 natural & inh]it$ pr$ispositions--"s   
ta9t ( d]angem5t 9 ! family1 (t5 betray$
 by fits ( epilepsy1 hy/]ics1           
etc4--excit+ causes are usually         
traceable4 ,e =m ( disease may br+ on   
sympa!tic affection ( ! bra9 :5 !       
circum/ances = su* affection are        
favorable4  ,b :ile affirm+ t ! disease 
usually arises 9 ! body1 & ev5 frequ5tly
 9 p>ts f> remov$ f ! bra91 we mu/ n d5y
 nor ignore ! fact t intellectual &     
protract$ worry1 or sudd5 & viol5t      
grief1 c also be ! direct cause (       
di/urbance 9 ! bra94 ,= ! bra9 is !     
organ n ( ! imag9ation alone1 :i* is put
 to an unheal?y /ra9 by excessive m5tal 
labor1 b probably also ( ! passions1 ^: 
emotions :5 excessive may cause ev5     
p]man5t lesion4 ,h5ce m5tal insanity may

 & does (t5 arise f ill-subdu$ passions4
  ,! k ( all ?is may enable ! physician 
to remove ! excit+ cause or to mitigate 
its influ5ce2 x may also aid exp]t      
witnesses1 judges1 lawy]s1 & jurym5 to  
asc]ta9 ! ma9 fact ) :i* ! c\rts are    
conc]n$1 namely1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce (  
m5tal insanity at ! "t ( a giv5 civil or
 crim9al action4  ,v4 ,suppos+ !n t1 9 !
 case be=e ! c\rt1 ! fact ( insanity is 
e/abli%$1 ! next "q ( ,jurisprud5ce to  
det]m9e is ?is3 ,h[ f> & :y ought su*   
uns\ndness ( m9d to exclude             
responsibility = delib]ate acts8  ,x is 
a cle> pr9ciple ( reason t no man c     
ju/ly be blam$ or puni%$ = do+ :at he _c
 help do+2 n[ an insane man _c help     
judg+ wrong at times2 he _c !n ju/ly be 
blam$ = act+ on 8 mi/ak5 judgm5ts4 ,if  
he inv9cibly judges an act to be morally
 good :]eas x is morally bad1 no matt]  
h[ crim9al ! act may be--say ! kill+ ( 8
 own fa!r or *ild--if he commits ! de$ )
 ! full conviction t he is do+ "r1 he _c
 be blam$ or puni%$ = committ+ t awful  

crime4  ,! pr9ciple !n is cle> t an     
insane man is n to be held responsible  
to ,god or man = 8 insane acts4 ,= !    
root & reason ( our responsibility = an 
act lies 9 ! fact t we d ! de$ ( our own
 free *oice2 kn[+ its moral nature1 be+ 
ma/]s ( our own free w1 s t1 if we d "o 
act 9 pref]5ce to ano!r1 we wilfully    
take ^u ourselves ! consequ5ces ( ?is   
pref]5ce z f> z we c "k or suspect !m4  
,if we d :at we are firmly conv9c$ is   
"r1 j1 wor?y ( a man1 we des]ve praise2 
if we d :at we are conv9c$ or suspect is
 wrong1 unju/1 unwor?y ( a man1 we      
des]ve blame & puni%m5t4 ,b an insane   
man may d ! mo/ unju/ act1 & yet feel   
inv9cibly conv9c$ t x is j2 he _c !n be 
held responsible = do+ x1 because ! root
 ( responsibility is !n want+4  ,i d n1 
h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t "o :o is insane on any  
"o po9t is !reby made irresponsible =   
all 8 actions4 ,if he does :at he ?9ks  
to be wrong1 he acts aga9/ ! dictates ( 
8 consci5ce1 he des]ves puni%m5t f ,god2
 & if he violates a j law ( ! l&1 & x c 

be prov$ t 8 de$ proce$$ f a bad w1 he  
may be puni%$ by ! civil c\rts z well1  
ev5 ?\gh he is insane on o!r po9ts4 ,=  
in/ance1 if a "y man 7 to h a crazy     
notion t 8 fa!r dislik$ him1 t he is (t5
 9 v>i\s ways unju/ to him1 & if1 9     
consequ5ce ( ?is insane conviction1 he 7
 to attempt 8 fa!r's life1 he %\ld be   
puni%$ = ! crim9al act2 because1 ev5    
accord+ to ! way he views ! matt]1 he   
c\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 kill+ 8 fa!r = su* a
 reason4 ,x 7 diff]5t if he insanely    
imag9$ t 8 fa!r 0 9 ! act ( kill+ him1 &
 t he c\ld n escape dea? b by kill+ 8   
fa!r fir/2 = !n he c\ld plead ! "r (    
self-def5ce aga9/ an unju/ aggressor1 z 
he fooli%ly imag9es 8 fa!r to be4  ,!   
conclusion !n f all ?is explanation is t
 an insane man %\ld n be held           
responsible = a de$ :i* he insanely ?9ks
 to be "r2 b he is responsible = all 8  
o!r acts4  ,9 our next lecture we %all  
consid] m fully ! treatm5t ( ! insane by
 ! civil & crim9al tribunals4           
,,lecture ,,viii4  ,,! ,,legal ,,aspects

 ,,( ,,insanity4   ,9 our la/ lecture1  
g5tlem51 we consid]$ ! nature & causes (
 delusional insanity4 ,we saw t its     
ess5ce lies 9 mi/ak+ imag9ations =      
realities ) a firmness ( conviction :i* 
no argum5t to ! contr>y c %ake4 ,!      
reason+ ( ! insane man may be logically 
faultless1 we said1 b he reasons f false
 premises suppli$ to him by ! phantasms 
( a diseas$ imag9ation4 ,! cause ( !    
disease ,i %[$ to lie 9 an abnormal     
action ( ! bra91 :i* is ! /oreh\se ( !  
phantasms or bra9-pictures4 ,& ?is      
abnormal action may itself proce$ ei!r f
 a local lesion ( ! bra91 or f a        
sympa!tic affection due to indisposition
 9 o!r p>ts ( ! human body4 ,i f9i%$ by 
exam9+ ! responsibility ( an insane man 
= 8 actions1 & arriv$ at ?is practical  
conclusion1 t a victim ( delusional     
insanity %\ld n be held responsible =   
any acts :i* he insanely ?9ks "r1 b %\ld
 be held responsible = all 8 o!r human  
acts4  ,i4 ,?is tea*+ ( psy*ological &  
e?ical sci5ce is to-day ! receiv$ rule (

 action foll[$ by ! c\rts ( ju/ice 9    
,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,s\nd         
philosophy & positive law are 9 p]fect  
agreem5t on ?is subject4 ,b x 0 n s a   
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x is wond]ful to u n[ 
h[ /range & errone\s 7 ! views (        
insanity =m]ly ent]ta9$ by ,engli%      
juri/s4 ,= in/ance1 :51 9 #agbc1 ,arnold
 0 tri$ = %oot+ at ,"l ,onsl[1 !        
in/ruction giv5 to ! c\rt 0 t1 = "o to  
be exempt f puni%m5t 9 su* a case1 x mu/
 be a man t is totally depriv$ ( 8      
und]/&+ & does n "k :at he is do+1 no m 
?an an infant1 ?an a brute or a wild    
bea/4 ,on su* a !ory1 v few lunatics    
inde$ w\ld be acquitt$2 few ev] are s   
totally dem5t$4  ,! fir/ juri/ t po9t$  
out ! true te/ ( insanity 0 ,"l ,ersk9e1
 :o1 9 #ahjj1 :5 ,hudfield 0 tri$ =     
%oot+ at ! k+1 deliv]$ a celebrat$      
spee*1 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ t ! real te/ (  
insanity 0 9 delusion3 if delusion exi/$
 ! man 0 insane2 else1 he 0 n insane4 ,!
 delud$ man1 he said1 might reason )    
admirable logic f 8 false pr9ciples2 he 

0 nev]!less dem5t$ if he mi/ook 8       
imag9ations = realities1 & did s        
irresi/ibly & p]si/5tly4  ,ersk9e's te/ 
has be51 f t "t on1 foll[$ 9 ! c\rts (  
,engl&4 ,b y w notice1 on c>eful        
consid]ation1 g5tlem51 t :ile ! pr9ciple
 is correct s f> z x goes1 x does n g f>
 en\gh to cov] all cases ( disput$      
responsibility4 ,x w apply1 inde$1 to   
all cases ( total insanity1 t is1 :5 !  
delusion exi/+ 9 a lunatic's m9d affects
 a v>iety ( subjects2 !n 8 premises are 
nev] reliable1 & !re=e he _c be held    
acc\ntable = any ( 8 acts4  ,b :at if 8 
insanity is p>tial only1 if he is a     
monomaniac1 d]ang$ on "o po9t & s\nd 9  
m9d on all o!r matt]s8 ,?is 0 n cle>ly  
und]/ood till ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t  
c5tury4 ,9 ord] to secure uni=m views & 
action on ?is important matt]1 ! ,briti%
 ,p>liam5t1 9 #ahdc1 propos$ v>i\s      
que/ions to ! judges1 ) a reque/ t !y   
w\ld agree ^u & report answ]s4 ,?is     
inve/igation1 & 9 fact ! :ole hi/ory (  
,engli% legislation on insanity1 is     

briefly & yet cle>ly expla9$ 9 an       
article ( ,rev4 ,walt] ,hill1 ,s4,j41   
:i* appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,ca?olic        
,qu>t]ly ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahhj4 ,!   
fir/ "q 03 ,:at 0 ! law respect+ ! crime
 ( "o :o is p>tially delud$ b n insane 9
 o!r respects1 :5 he commits :at he kn[s
 to be a crime 9 ord] to r$ress "s wrong
 or obta9 "s public b5efit8 ,! answ] 0 t
 su* a "o1 ev5 ?\gh insane1 is to be    
puni%$ = ! crime :i* he knew he 0       
committ+4  ,to ano!r ( ^? que/ions !    
judges answ]$1 t a p]son p>tially insane
 0 to be treat$ z if ! facts 7 j :at he 
imag9$ !m to be1 z if 8 delusions 7     
realities4 ,8 conduct 0 to be judg$ by 8
 own premises4 ,?is 0 accept$ z law by  
,engl&1 & is ! law n[ bo? !re & "h1 &1  
,i suppose1 ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w4 ,n[1 
^! are exactly ! conclusions ab\t an    
insane man's responsibility :i* we _h   
arriv$ at be=e1 reason+ f psy*ological &
 e?ical fir/ pr9ciples4  ,x is !re=e = !
 consequ5ces ( an insane delusion only t
 a man is n responsible be=e ! inw>d    

c\rt ( consci5ce & ! outw>d c\rts (     
ju/ice4  ,b ! case is altoge!r diff]5t  
:5 ! error is n ! result ( insane       
delusion4 ,:5 a man1 sane or p>tially   
insane1 has reason$ himself into a false
 op9ion or conviction1 n ! result ( 8   
insanity1 t ! crime he is go+ to commit 
is ju/ifiable1 su* conviction be+ 8 own 
free act does n exempt him f puni%m5t4  
,?is 0 ! precise po9t on :i* turn$ !    
celebrat$ case ( ,guiteau1 ! murd]] (   
,presid5t ,g>field4 ,8 trial be=e !     
,supreme ,c\rt1 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1   
,decemb]1 #ahhb1 0 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ t 
h ev] occurr$ 9 ?is c\ntry or else:]e 9 
connection ) ! plea ( insanity4 ,9 8 v  
able & exhau/ive in/ructions to ! jury  
on t occasion1 ,judge ,cox /ates ! rule 
t is to guide ! jury 9 ^! words3 ,x has 
be5 argu$ ) great =ce on ! "p ( !       
def5dant t !re are a great _m ?+s 9 8   
conduct :i* c\ld nev] be expect$ ( a    
sane man1 & :i* are only expla9able on !
 !ory ( insanity4 ,! v extravagance ( 8 
expectations 9 connection ) ?is de$--t  

he w\ld be protect$ by ! m5 he 0 to     
b5efit1 w\ld be applaud$ by ! :ole      
c\ntry :5 8 motives 7 made kn[n--has be5
 dwelt ^u z ! /ronge/ evid5ce (         
uns\ndness4 ,:e!r ?is & o!r /range ?+s 9
 8 c>e] are really indicative ( p>tial  
insanity1 or c be acc\nt$ = by ignorance
 ( m51 exagg]at$ egotism1 or p]v]t$     
moral s5se1 might be a "q ( difficulty4 
,& difficulties ( ?is k9d y might f9d v 
p]plex+ if y 7 compell$ to det]m9e ! "q 
( insanity g5]ally1 )\t any rule = y\r  
guidance4  ,b ! only safe rule = y is to
 direct y\r reflections to ! "o "q :i*  
is ! te/ ( crim9al responsibility1 & :i*
 has be5 s (t5 repeat$ to y1 viz41 :e!r1
 :atev] may h be5 ! prison]'s s+ul>ities
 & ecc5tricities1 he possess$ ! m5tal   
capacity1 at ! "t ! act 0 committ$1 to  
"k t x 0 wrong1 or 0 depriv$ ( t        
capacity by m5tal disease4  ,:at furni%$
 ! cle>e/ pro(1 g5tlem51 t ,guiteau's   
op9ion conc]n+ ! exp$i5cy ( kill+ !     
,presid5t result$ n f an insane delusion
 b f 8 own reason+ is conta9$ 9 a pap]  

:i* he _h himself drawn up to ju/ify !  
murd]4  ,x is an address to ! ,am]ican  
p1 publi%$ on ,june #af1 9 :i* he says3 
,i conceiv$ ! idea ( remov+ ! ,presid5t 
f\r weeks ago2 n a s\l knew my purpose4 
,i conceiv$ ! idea myself & kept x to   
myself4 ,i read ! newspap]s c>efully1 = 
& aga9/ ! ,adm9i/ration1 & gradually !  
conviction dawn$ on me t ! ,presid5t's  
removal 0 a political necessity1 because
 he prov$ a traitor to ! m5 t made him1 
& !reby imp]ill$ ! life ( ! ,republic4  
,aga9 he says3 ,+ratitude is ! base/ (  
crimes4 ,t ! ,presid5t "u ! manipulation
 ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate has be5 guilty ( 
! base/ +ratitude to ! ,/alw>ts1 admits 
( no d5ial4 ,! express purpose ( !      
,presid5t has be5 to cru% ,s5ator ,grant
 & ,s5ator ,conkl+1 & !reby op5 ! way = 
8 r5om9ation 9 #ahhd4 ,9 ! ,presid5t's  
madness he has wreck$ ! once gr& old    
,republican ,p>ty1 & = ?is he           
dies4--,?is is n murd]4 ,x is a         
political necessity4 ,x w make my fri5d1
 ,ar?ur1 ,presid5t1 & save ! ,republic1 

etc4  ,:5 in/ruct+ ! jury1 ,judge ,cox  
told !m cle>ly t1 if !y f\nd1 f all !   
te/imony pres5t$1 t ! culprit _h be5 l$ 
to commit ! murd] by an insane delusion1
 !y 7 to acquit him2 b t reason+ "o's   
self into an op9ion or conviction 0 n   
act+ ^u an insane delusion4 ,:5 m5      
reason1 he said1 ! law requires !m to   
reason correctly1 z f> z _! practical   
duties are conc]n$4 ,:5 !y h ! capacity 
to di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong1 !y are    
b\nd to d x4 ,op9ions1 prop]ly s call$1 
t is1 beliefs result+ f reason+1        
reflection1 or exam9ation ( evid5ce1    
af=d no protection aga9/ ! p5al         
consequ5ces ( crime4 ,on ?is precise    
po9t ( ! "q !n ! v]dict 0 to dep5d4  ,b 
to und]/& ?is matt] ?or\ghly !re rema9s 
"o m important po9t to notice 9 !       
in/ructions ( ,judge ,cox4 ,x relates to
 ! "q on :om re/s ! burd5 ( pro( reg>d+ 
! exi/5ce ( insanity 9 ! culprit4 ,is ! 
prosecution b\nd to prove t insanity did
 n influ5ce ! crime8 ,or is ! def5ce to 
prove t x did8 ,&1 9 case nei!r p>ty c  

prove its po9t to a c]ta9ty1 s t ! jury 
rema9s 9 d\bt z to ! exi/5ce or !       
influ5ce ( insanity 9 ! crime1 is ! d\bt
 to weigh 9 favor ( ! culprit or aga9/  
him8 ,! judge1 aft] a c>eful exposition 
( ! conflict+ views on ?is subject by   
diff]5t c\rts1 & aft] weigh+ _!         
respective claims1 favors ! op9ion :i*  
holds t ! sanity ( ! accus$ is j z mu* a
 "p ( ! case ( ! prosecution z !        
homicide itself1 & j z mu* an elem5t 9 !
 crime ( murd]1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t1 z
 ! law presumes e "o to be sane1 x is n 
necess>y = ! gov]nm5t to produce        
affirmative pro( ( ! sanity2 b t1 if !  
jury h a reasonable d\bt ( ! sanity1 !y 
are j z mu* b\nd to acquit z if !y      
ent]ta9 a reasonable d\bt ( ! commission
 ( ! homicide by ! accus$4  ,b ! jury1  
enlight5$ by ! lucid in/ructions ( !    
c\rt1 7 conv9c$ t ,guiteau _h n be5 l$  
to commit ! murd] by an insane delusion1
 b by 8 own reason+ & 8 own free w1 & t1
 !re=e1 he 0 to be> ! consequ5ces ( 8   
own delib]ate *oice4 ,_! v]dict 0       

guilty1 & ! political crank 0 hang$4    
,,ii4 ,we h n[ done ) ! /udy ( m5tal or 
delusional insanity2 x rema9s = u to    
speak ( moral insanity4 ,( late ye>s1 ! 
legal & m$ical pr(essions h be5 mu*     
divid$ ^u ! "q :e!r !re exi/s a disease 
:i* may prop]ly be call$ moral1         
emotional1 or affective insanity1 & :i* 
c ju/ly be plead$ z an excuse f legal   
responsibility4  ,dr4 ,prit*>d1 & lat]  
on1 ,dr4 ,maudsley1 ) v _m foll[]s1 h   
ma9ta9$ ! exi/5ce ( su* a disease1 & h  
claim$ t1 ev5 :5 x is n accompani$ by   
any delusion1 x ought1 nev]!less1 to    
free a man f all puni%m5t = crimes      
committ$ "u its influ5ce4 ,moral        
insanity consi/s1 !y say1 9 a p]v]sion (
 ! w1 :i* by ?is disease is depriv$ (   
its lib]ty1 s t ! morally insane man    
does :at he kn[s to be wrong1 b _c help 
do+ x4 ,& !y claim t !re=e he _c be     
blam$ nor puni%$ = ! crime he ?us       
commits1 al?\gh he commits x kn[+ly &   
will+ly4  ,b ,i absolutely d5y t su* a  
/ate ( insanity is possible4 ,x is aga9/

 ^? cle> pr9ciples ( psy*ology & e?ics  
:i* are n only speculatively evid5t1 b  
practically necess>y to ma9ta9 ! fabric 
( human society4 ,i d n d5y t !re exi/s 
an emotional insanity ( ano!r k9d1 :i*  
,i w expla9 fur!r on1 b n an insanity ( 
! w1 z !y und]/& x1 :i* w\ld excuse a   
man f ! consequ5ces ( 8 wilful acts4 ,^u
 ?is subject ,dr4 ,*ipley ju/ly rem>ks3 
,if "o is born ) all ! emotional        
end[m5ts ( our nature1 b de/itute (     
und]/&+1 8 irresponsibility is          
unque/ionable4 ,! same is true :5 !     
faculties ( ! und]/&+ are p]v]t$1       
impair$1 or de/roy$ by disease4  ,9 e   
aspect 9 :i* man's acc\ntability is     
view$1 we arrive at ! same po9t t its   
sole basis is ! exi/5ce & s\ndness ( !  
intellectual p[]s4 ,^? wond]ful end[m5ts
 :i* s em95tly di/+ui% man f o!r        
animals1 :i* enable him to discrim9ate  
betwe5 good & evil1 "r & wrong1 & to    
*oose ! "o & avoid ! o!r2 or 9 !        
language ( ,judge ,rob]tson1 he is      
acc\ntable because he has ! light (     

reason 'to guide him 9 ! pa?way ( duty1 
& a free & rational presid+ w to enable 
him to keep t way 9 defiance ( all      
passion & temptation4'  ,if !n          
acc\ntability is a /ructure erect$      
solely on ! intellectual p[]1 mu/ x n   
rema9 un%ak5 s long z its f\ndation is  
s\nd & unbrok58 ,is x n illogical to set
 out ) ! fundam5tal proposition1 t man  
is made responsible = 8 acts only       
because he is gift$ ) an und]/&+ & !n   
arrive at ! conclusion t he may become  
irresponsible )\t ! impairm5t or disease
 ( any ( its p[]s8 7,:>ton & ,/ill1     
,m5tal ,uns\ndness1 p4 #agj47  ,g5tlem51
 let me give y a specim5 ( ! false      
reason+ us$ 9 support ( _! !ory by ^? :o
 believe 9 ! insanity ( ! w4 ,x w\ld be 
z rational1 says "o ( _! lead+ writ]s 9 
?is c\ntry1 to puni% a s*oolboy ^:      
antics & grimaces1 ! result ( *orea ,/4 
,vitus' dance1 are a s\rce ( laught] &  
di/raction to 8 s*oolmates1 z to inflict
 puni%m5t ^u ! insane crim9al :o1 kn[+ !
 diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 has x n 9 8

 p[] to execute t :i* 8 judgm5t         
dictates4 ,"o is "u ! dom9ant influ5ce (
 insanity ( ! muscles1 ! o!r is "u !    
influ5ce ( insanity ( ! w4 ,to puni% "o 
w\ld be z cruel z to puni% ! o!r4 ,?is  
is inde$ a v illogical argum5t4 ,!      
reason :y we d n blame ! boy is because 
8 w is n 9 x2 he moves aga9/ 8 w4 ,!    
reason :y we blame ! o!r is because 8 w 
is 9 x2 he does :at he wills to d4  ,! w
 be+ a spiritual p[] c no m be diseas$  
?an c ! intellect4 ,b z ! imag9ation1 an
 organic p[]1 c be disorganiz$ by an    
affection ( ! bra91 & by delusion       
deceive ! intellect1 ?us produc+ m5tal  
insanity1 simil>ly ,i fully admit t a   
man's passions1 :i* are also organic    
p[]s1 common to u & to brute animals1 c 
become disord]$ by bodily disease2 & !  
passions1 :5 excit$1 w /rive to drag    
along ! cons5t ( ! w1 z we all exp]i5ce4
 ,a man ^: passions are abnormally      
influ5c$ by bodily disease1 s t he is   
con/antly incl9$ to act v unreasonably1 
may well be call$ morally insane4 ,su* a

 /ate ( insanity is n a r>e occurr5ce1 &
 !re is no objection to d5om9ate x      
emotional1 affective1 or moral insanity4
  ,b 9 su* a disease ! w rema9s free2 if
 a man does :at he kn[s to be wrong &   
crim9al1 he !n sees reasons = n do+ x2 &
 9 ?is lies ! root ( 8 lib]ty4 ,= see+  
himself drawn 9 "o direction by "o      
motive & 9 ano!r by ano!r motive1 he is 
n det]m9$ 9 8 *oice b by ! act ( 8 free 
w4 ,a m]ely organic faculty mu/ be      
det]m9$ by ! /rong] attraction1 z is !  
case ) brutes2 b a spiritual faculty1 z 
our w is1 acts freely 9 *oos+ betwe5 two
 oppos+ motives ( action4 ,?is is !     
philosophical or psy*ological           
explanation3 & ,i am well pleas$ to f9d 
t "h aga91 z 9 ! matt] ( m5tal insanity1
 ! c\rts ( ,engl& & ! lead+ c\rts ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates foll[ ! s\nd tea*+s (     
philosophy4  ,! ne>e/ advance ,i "k (1 t
 has be5 made t[>ds ! recognition ( ?is 
moral insanity z a total b> to          
responsibility1 0 made 9 #ahfd by ! c\rt
 ( appeals 9 ,k5tucky1 & aga9 9 #ahfi "u

 ! same presid+ ,judge ,rob]tson4 ,b    
,*ief ,ju/ice ,williams rebukes ?is     
/range rul+ 9 mo/ emphatic language4 ,he
 says3 ,9 all ! vague1 unc]ta91         
intangible1 & undef9$ !ories ( ! mo/    
impractical metaphysician 9 psy*ology or
 moral insanity1 no c\rt ( la/ resort 9 
,engl& or ,am]ica1 s f> z has be5 br\ght
 to our k1 ev] be=e ann\nc$ su* a />tl+1
 irresponsible1 & dang]\s proposition ( 
law1 z t laid d[n 9 ! inf]ior c\rt4 ,=1 
if ?is be law1 !n no long] is !re any   
responsibility = homicide1 unless x be  
p]petrat$ 9 calm1 cool1 consid]ate      
condition ( m9d4  ,:at is ?is           
proposition if compress$ into a s+le    
s5t5ce8 t1 if 8 intellect 0 unimpair$ & 
he knew x 0 =bidd5 bo? by human & moral 
laws2 yet if at ! in/ant ( ! act 8 w 0  
subord9at$ by any uncontrollable passion
 or emotion caus+ him to d ! act1 x 0   
moral insanity1 & !y ought to f9d = !   
pla9tiff8444 ,if s1 !n ! m viol5t !     
passion & desp]ate ! de$1 ! m secure f  
puni%m5t w be ! p]petrator ( homicide or

 o!r crimes4444 ,! doctr9e ( moral      
insanity1 ev] dang]\s z x is to !       
citiz5's life1 & pregnant z x is ) evils
 to society1 has b little or no         
application to ?is case4 ,too unc]ta9 & 
intangible = ! practical consid]ation ( 
juries1 & unsafe 9 ! h&s ( ev5 ! mo/    
le>n$ & a/ute juri/1 x %\ld nev] be     
resort$ to = exemption f responsibility 
save on ! mo/ irrefragable evid5ce1     
develop+ unque/ionable te/imony ( t     
morbid or diseas$ condition ( !         
affections or passions1 s z to control &
 ov]p[] or subord9ate ! w be=e ! act    
compla9$ ( 7ib41 p4 #agb74  ,y w notice1
 g5tlem51 t ,*ief ,ju/ice ,williams does
 n d5y ! exi/5ce ( e k9d ( moral        
insanity4 ,z ,i expla9$ be=e1 n ! w b ! 
passions may really be diseas$ or       
insane1 & !y may prompt ! lunatic to    
commit v unreasonable & ev5 crim9al     
acts4 ,:5 ! impulse ( a passion is      
viol5t1 s t a man is c>ri$ along by x   
be=e he has _h "t to reflect on !       
crim9al nature ( 8 act1 or at lea/ be=e 

he c\ld d s calmly & delib]ately1 !     
c\rts readily recognize su* passion z a 
p>tial excuse3 murd] ?us committ$ 9 a   
mom5t ( /rong provocation becomes       
manslaught]1 n murd] 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! 
^w4 ,x is n ju/ifiable2 b yet x is f>   
less crim9al & less sev]ely puni%$ ?an  
:5 committ$ 9 cold blood1 or1 z ! law   
t]ms x1 ) malice prep5se or a=e?\ght4   
,?is practice ( our c\rts is "r & highly
 reasonable1 because on su* occasions ! 
w ( ! culprit is p>tly ov]p[]$1 or      
depriv$ ( fre$om4  ,x is a matt] ( mu*  
discussion among juri/s :e!r a passion c
 ev] be s viol5t z to ov]p[] ! w        
absolutely1 s z to deprive x ( all      
fre$om at ! mom5t4 ,if x c1 !n ! culprit
 %\ld be totally acquitt$ = do+ :at he  
c\ld n help do+4 ,9 sev]al ,/ates ( !   
,union1 su* an inv9cible impulse has be5
 recogniz$ by ! c\rts ( ju/ice1 & m5 h  
be5 acquitt$ = act+ on :at 0 suppos$ to 
be an inv9cible impulse to commit crime2
 ! c\rts consid]$ ?is z an extreme =m ( 
moral insanity4  ,i h %[n above t on    

s\nd pr9ciples ( philosophy ! w c nev]  
be compell$ to d wrong2 at mo/ x c\ld be
 said t1 9 ! cases j ref]r$ to1 ! w 0 n 
9 ! act4 ,n[ ?is1 ,i suppose1 is ! case 
9 hydrophobia or rabies1 9 :i* t]rible  
disease ! bit+ ( ! suff]] appe>s to be  
spasmodic1 n volunt>y4 ,x is v d\btful  
:e!r su* excuse c be sub/antiat$ 9 :at  
is call$ moral insanity4  ,! c\rts (    
,engl& & ! lead+ au?orities 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates h nev] dep>t$ f ?is correct rule1
 t a man is acc\ntable1 to "s ext5t at  
lea/1 = :atev] he does will+ly & )\t !  
influ5ce ( delusion4  ,moral insanity   
?us und]/ood1 z a d]angem5t ( ! passions
 less5+ a man's full ma/]y ( himself1 b 
n de/roy+ x altoge!r1 assumes v>i\s =ms4
 ,!re are kleptomania1 or an abnormal   
impulse to /eal2 pyromania1 an impulse  
to set ?+s on fire2 dipsomania1 or an   
abnormal fondness = intoxicants2        
nymphomania1 or ! tyranny ( lu/ful      
passions2 homicidal mania1 or a crav+ to
 commit murd]2 etc4 ,9 all ^! ! nature (
 ! disease is ! same1 x w\ld appe>4 ,!  

imag9ation seizes ! pleasure vividly1   
yet1 x is claim$1 )\t delusion3 & !     
passion1 ow+ to organic disord]1 is     
abnormally excitable4 ,! organic        
d]angem5t is suppos$ to be 9 ! bra94 ,= 
! human bra91 a ma/]piece ( ! ,creator's
 wisdom1 is n[ g5]ally believ$ to consi/
 ( v>i\s portions :i* are ! organs ( !  
passions1 ( motive p[] & ! phantasms1   
errone\sly call$ ideation4 ,h5ce x is   
easy to und]/& h[ x may happ5 t "o      
portion is diseas$ :ile ! o!r p>ts are 9
 a normal condition4 ,& on ! o!r h& x   
?us appe>s v probable also t a bra9     
p>tially diseas$ is liable to be soon   
affect$ 9 ! o!r p>ts z well4 ,h5ce we   
may suspect t moral insanity is likely  
to br+ on delusional insanity1 & vice   
v]sa4 ,9 fact1 ,i f9d t a m$ical exp]t (
 note1 :o _h = _m ye>s taught t moral   
insanity 0 q a di/9ct disease & sep>ate 
f m5tal insanity1 has 9 8 old age *ang$ 
8 m9d to "s ext5t on ?is subject4 ,(    
late ye>s1 says ,dr4 ,bauduy1 ( ,/4     
,l\is1 9 8 le>n$ "w on ,diseases ( !    

,n]v\s ,sy/em1 ,i h believ$1 not)/&+ !  
doctr9e ( ,prit*>d1 t a c>eful /udy (   
moral insanity w enable u to detect "s  
evid5ce1 al?\gh1 x mu/ be confess$1 (t5 
v feeble1 ( m5tal weak5+4 ,ev5 ! classic
 cases ( ,prit*>d1 he adds1 :o fir/     
def9$ ! s-call$ moral insanity1 :5      
c>efully exam9$1 w confirm ?is /atem5t  
7p4 #bbg74 ,usually1 z ! same ,dr4      
,bauduy expla9s1 ^? :o are morally      
insane are at lea/ on ! high road to    
m5tal insanity 7p4 #bbh74 ,moral        
insanity is kn[n to exi/ :5 !re is a    
sudd5 *ange ( "* :i* c h no o!r s\rce   
?an bodily disease2 z :5 a mo/ hone/ man
 becomes ( a sudd5 an habitual ?ief1 a  
dec5t man op5ly pr(ane1 a mis] becomes  
extravagantly lib]al1 an affectionate   
fa!r a v tyrant to 8 *ildr51 )\t any    
traceable causes = su* trans=mation4 ,! 
disease is made m manife/ if su* a sudd5
 *ange is prec$$ by c]ta9 physical      
conditions1 su* z epilepsy1 h]$it>y     
ta9t1 suicidal attempts1 ! insane       
temp]am5t1 z x is call$1 & o!r influ5ces

 :i* are to be tak5 into consid]ation4  
,if ev] y be summon$1 g5tlem51 to te/ify
 or pron\nce on a p]son's insane        
condition1 let me give y "o piece (     
advice :i* may sp>e y mu*               
unpleasantness3 be unusually cauti\s (  
:at y say4 ,if y appe> z an exp]t or a  
witness1 & y make a mi/ake unfavorable  
to ! pati5t1 he w be y\r enemy = life2  
ev5 he may at times recov] damages =    
libel4 ,if he is really crazy1 he may be
 all ! m dang]\s4 ,d y\r duty1 ( c\rse1 
z an hone/ man mu/ always d2 b d x v    
prud5tly4  ,dr4 ,bauduy is v emphatic on
 ! ass]tion t moral insanity is n moral 
depravity4 ,he is p]fectly "r2 yet we   
mu/ n =get t moral depravity is (t5     
scre5$ be=e ! c\rts by ! plea (         
insanity4 ,:5 a man ( bad antec$5ts     
commits a crime1 & is kn[n to h be5 sane
 j be=e & aft] ! de$1 he ought n to be  
excus$ on ! plea t he may h be5 insane  
at ! mom5t :5 he committ$ ! act2 !re is 
no reason = su* a plea4 ,& ) ! victims (
 kleptomania1 dipsomania1 & o!r moral   

manias1 x is well kn[n t a s\nd :ipp+ w 
(t5 /op ! nuisance4 ,! rod = ! juv5ile  
(f5d]1 & ! :ipp+-po/ = adults1 w\ld cure
 _m a moral lep] & be a /rong protection
 = society at l>ge1 especially if appli$
 be=e bad habits freely indulg$ h       
demoraliz$ ! p]son beyond ! usual       
limits4 ,all ( u h our passions2 !y are 
an ess5tial "p ( our nature & ev5 an    
indisp5sable "p4 ,b !y %\ld be controll$
 by reason & w1 :]eas !y are (t5 indulg$
 ) guilty weakness4 ,!y are mu* /r5g!n$ 
by indulg5ce1 especially 9 ^? pr$ispos$ 
to c]ta9 vices by h]$it>y transmission4 
,no d\bt "s *ildr5 h worse passions to  
cont5d aga9/ ?an o!rs4 ,x is /ill worse 
if1 at ! same "t1 _! surr\nd+s are      
unfavorable to virtue2 & ?is is a       
con/ant s\rce ( increase to ! crim9al   
classes4  ,wise /atesm5 w /udy ! ways 9 
:i* temptations to vice may be dim9i%$2 
b x is mi/ak5 m]cy & dang]\s to !       
community to sp>e ! guilty :5 once !y h 
committ$ crim9al acts4 ,if ev] !        
pr9ciple 7 admitt$ 9 our c\rts ( ju/ice 

t ! possible exi/5ce ( m5tal insanity   
ought to protect a culprit f puni%m5t1  
crime w\ld soon increase t5fold bo? 9 ! 
sane & 9 ! insane4 ,bo? classes mu/ be  
kept impress$ ) ! conviction t ! law    
rules supreme & w n tol]ate ! de/ruction
 ( public safety4 ,y\r pr(ession1       
g5tlem51 9 ?is matt] z 9 _m o!rs1 by its
 s\nd views on ,jurisprud5ce & ,e?ics1  
is "o ( ! /ronge/ bulw>ks ( ! common    
good4     ,,lecture ,,ix4  ,,hypnotism  
,,& ,,! ,,bord]-,,l& ,,( ,,sci5ce4   ,9 
?is la/ lecture ( our c\rse ,i propose  
to make a brief excursion ) y into !    
bord]-l& ( sci5ce1 a region *iefly      
occupi$ by impo/ure & sup]/ition4 ,to %[
 !re is su* a t]ritory1 we h only to "n 
a few ( its inhabitants1 su* z mesm]ism1
 animal magnetism1 odylism1 hypnotism1  
m9d-read+1 fai?-cures1 clairvoyance1    
spiritism1 includ+ table-rapp+1         
_s-rapp+1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 us$ 9         
connection ) m$ic9e4 ,i d n ma9ta9 t all
 ( ^! are m]e vag>ies1 empty %ad[s1 )\t 
! lea/ reality1 m]e gho/s & hobgobl9s1  

m]e phantoms ( ! heat-oppress$ bra91 or 
cunn+ devices ( impo/ors to deceive a   
gullible cr[d ( ! ignorant public4 ,yet 
mo/ ( ^! are su* beyond a d\bt1 & z su* 
are totally unwor?y ( our att5tion4     
,m$ic9e is a sci5ce2 x deals ) und\bt$  
facts & c]ta9 pr9ciples1 & ) !ories 9 s 
f> z !y are support$ by well-asc]ta9$   
realities4 ,! bord]-l& ( :i* ,i speak   
pres5ts to our inve/igation few c]ta9   
facts4 ,x is *iefly ! doma9 ( impo/ure4 
,*>latans & %[m5 & m$ical quacks call   
?+s facts t are n facts4 ,among all !   
inhabitants ( ! %ad[y region t ,i h     
enum]at$1 !re is only "o consid]$ to-day
 by ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e z wor?y ( its     
att5tion4 ,x is hypnotism4 ,z its fir/  
orig9 is connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( mesm]ism1
 & ! latt]1 ?\gh itself a phantom1 has  
be5 us$ z ! *ief patron ( all o!r       
phantoms1 ,i w premise a few words ab\t 
mesm]ism itself4  ,i4 ,mesm] 0 born ab\t
 #agcc1 /udi$ 9 ,vi5na & !re became a   
doctor ( m$ic9e 9 #agff4 ,soon aft]1 he 
began to speculate ^u ! curative p[]s ( 

! magnet1 & claim$ to h discov]$ !      
exi/5ce ( a =ce 9 man simil> to         
magnetism & ! s\rce ( /rong influ5ce on 
! human body4  ,9 #agge he publi%$ an   
acc\nt ( ! m$ical p[]s ( ?is animal     
magnetism1 :i* f 8 "n 0 aft]w>d call$   
mesm]ism4 ,p>is 0 !n ! c5tre (          
attraction = sci5tific discov]]s &      
pret5d]s4 ,?i!r ,mesm] betook himself & 
!re he soon creat$ a lively s5sation by 
! exhibition ( mesm]ic trances1 "s ( :i*
 7 accompani$ by clairvoyance--t is1 !  
p[] ( see+ objects conceal$ f ! eyes4   
,he 0 also suppos$ to "w "s inexplicable
 cures4  ,! secret ( 8 art he c\ld n be 
induc$ to reveal ev5 = ! sum ( #cdj1jjj 
livres1 :i* 0 (f]$ him 9 comp5sation4 ,p
 began to d\bt :e!r he _h a real secret1
 or :e!r he 0 a rank impo/or4 ,a royal  
commission 0 appo9t$ to exam9e into !   
matt]4 ,our ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 !n 9      
,p>is1 0 "o ( ! commission]s4 ,_! report
 0 unfavorable4 ,!y f\nd no pro( ( !    
exi/5ce ( a fluid su* z animal          
magnetism1 & ?\ght t all t 0 n impo/ure 

c\ld be acc\nt$ = by ! p[] ( imag9ation4
 ,9 a secret report !y po9t$ out v      
/rongly ! dang]s likely to arise f ?is  
unheal?y /imulus to ! imag9ation4 ,_!   
v]dict does honor to _! le>n+ & _!      
common-s5se4 ,mesm] left ,p>is1 & he di$
 9 obscurity 9 #ahae4  ,b 8 pret5d$     
discov]y did n die ) him4 ,x 0 a m9e (  
res\rces to *>latans & impo/ors g5]ally4
 ,!re 7 /range effects produc$1 & at !  
sight ( ! inexplicable m5 lose _! wits4 
,! gullible public wond]$1 re/less m9ds 
exp]im5t$1 & _m pond]$ ?\ghtfully on    
facts1 mo/ ( :i* 7 n facts at all4 ,b   
aft] elim9at+ all ! elem5ts ( impo/ure &
 exagg]ation !re seem$ to rema9 a       
residue ( ph5om5a t 7 /range &          
unacc\ntable4   ,,ii4 ,,!ory ,,(        
,,hypnotism4  ,ab\t #ahdj ! vaunt$      
claims ( ! _m clairvoyants 7 expos$ be=e
 ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 :i* pass$ a
 resolution reject+ mesm]ism altoge!r z 
unwor?y ( notice on ! "p ( sci5tific m54
 ,! !ory ( a mesm]ic fluid1 until !n !  
only "o advanc$1 _h evid5tly to be      

ab&on$4 ,sci5ce ) all its te/s c\ld f9d 
no su* cause ( ! results produc$4 ,b 9  
#ahdb an ,engli% physician1 ,dr4 ,james 
,braid1 hit ^u a m plausible !ory4 ,he  
conjectur$ t ! actions ( ! mesm]ic      
subject c\ld be expla9$ )\t a fluid by !
 sugge/ion ( phantasms to him on ! "p ( 
! mesm]iz]4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 !n a great    
au?ority1 def5d$ 8 !ory2 b ! m$ical     
bran* ( ! ,briti% ,association disda9$  
to consid] ! matt]4 ,dr4 ,braid ?\ght ! 
mesm]ic trance 0 only a /ate (          
somnambulism artificially br\ght ab\t1 &
 he co9$ ! ^w hypnotism to indicate !   
artificial sleep4 ,o!r attempts to      
promote ! cause ( hypnotism 7 made 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates & o!r l&s1 b no v def9ite 
or sci5tific results 7 rea*$ until      
#ahgh1 :5 ! celebrat$ ,pr(4 ,*>cot &    
o!rs made its nature & possibilities !  
subject ( a ?or\gh /udy & abundant      
exp]im5tation at ! ,p>is hospital ( ,la 
,salptrire & 9 o!r places4 ,at pres5t x 
is admitt$ by di/+ui%$ m$ical sci5ti/s t
 hypnotism is a reality1 capable ( be+  

utiliz$ = important purposes4 ,_m       
effects h be5 demon/rat$ to be produc$  
by x z real z any ord9>y ph5om5a (      
nature4 ,b on ! explanation ( _! causes 
!re hangs /ill a cl\d ( obscurity4  ,!  
,p>is ,s*ool ( ,doctors attribute !     
effects to physical causes1 *ief among  
:i* are diseases ( ! n]ves4 ,^? ( ,nancy
 trace ! ph5om5a to a psy*ical s\rce1   
namely1 to sugge/ion--t is1 action on ! 
subject ?r\gh 8 imag9ation excit$ by    
words1 signs1 or 9 any o!r mann]4 ,?is  
appe>s to be1 9 ! ma91 ! !ory ( ,dr4    
,braid v9dicat$ by mod]n sci5ce4        
,probably en\gh1 bo? s*ools are "r 9 _! 
way1 ! sugge/ions n tak+ effect except  
:]e n]v\s affections h prep>$ ! way4 ,! 
b5eficial results claim$ = hypnotism by 
! sci5tific m5 :o h made its /udy a     
specialty are *iefly z foll[s3   ,,iii4 
,,b5efits ,,( ,,hypnotism4  #a4 ,x acts 
z a tempor>y s$ative1 quiet+ ! excit$   
n]ves ( ! pati5t4 ,x 0 ?us employ$1 =   
in/ance1 on an old woman :o 0 ne> h]    
dea?1 & :o _h n be5 able to make        

necess>y prep>ations = t important ev5t1
 be+ beside h]self ) n]v\s agitation4   
,%e obta9$ by ?is means a calm condition
 = "s sev5 or eight h\rs4 ,hypnotism 0 =
 h] l ! visit ( a good angel f heav54   
#b4 ,x is us$ z an an/hetic 9 place (   
*lor(orm1 :i* 9 _m cases _c be appli$   
)\t great dang] to heal?1 or ev5 life4  
,?us p]fect ins5sibility may be procur$ 
& long cont9u$1 all[+ sometimes ( !     
p]=mance ( protract$ surgical op]ations 
t w\ld o!rwise be almo/ impossible4  #c4
 ,at o!r times x is employ$ z a m]e     
pa9-kill] )\t depriv+ ! pati5t (        
consci\sness1 s t ! hurt is felt inde$1 
b n att5d$ ) ke5 suff]+4  #d4 ,x is     
claim$ t ! skilful application (        
hypnotism c at times n only alleviate ! 
pa9 ( an injury1 b ev5 cure n]v\s       
affections m or less p]man5tly1 remov+1 
= in/ance1 ! defect ( /amm]+4  #e4 ,!re 
are n want+ cases 9 :i* ev5 moral       
improvem5ts are claim$ to be produc$1 at
 lea/ 9 ! remov+ ( bad habits1 su* z    
drunk5ness4 ,if hypnotism c cure        

intoxication p]man5tly1 or ev5 = a      
season1 x des]ves to be enc\rag$4 ,yet  
ev5 !n x mu/ be us$ ) great caution1 =  
!re may be v evil consequ5ces result+ f 
its use4 ,to realize fully ! dang]s & ! 
evils att5dant ^u hypnotism y mu/ und]/&
 ! ?ree /ages ?r\gh :i* ! pati5t is made
 to pass--^? ( le?>gy1 catalepsy1 &     
somnambulism4   ,,iv4 ,,dang]\s         
,,treatm5t4  ,ea* ( ^! is a disease 9   
itself1 & ?us x is se5 at once t a      
treatm5t :i* employs diseases z its     
means ( cure mu/ be ( a dang]\s k9d4    
,aft] ! pati5t has be5 hypnotiz$ by any 
( ! v>i\s processes--! *ief are mesm]ic 
passes ( ! hypnotiz]'s h&s1 8 eyes fix$ 
into ! eyes ( 8 subject1 or ! latt]'s on
 an object s held z to /ra9 8 eyes--!   
fir/ /age ( hypnotism is obta9$1 t (    
le?>gy4 ,9 ! le?>gic /ate1 ! subject    
appe>s to be sunk 9 a deep sleep2 8 body
 is p]fectly helpless2 ! limbs hang d[n 
slackly1 & :5 rais$ fall heavily into ! 
same position4 ,9 ?is condition all !   
/riat$ or volunt>y muscles react on     

me*anical excitem5t4 ,)\t an accurate k 
( anatomy1 mu* h>m may be done by !     
exp]im5t4  ,! second /age is t (        
catalepsy1 c]ta9ly n a heal?y condition 
to be 94 ,its gr& feature is a pla/ic   
immobility by :i* ! subject ma9ta9s all 
! attitudes giv5 to 8 body & limbs1 b ) 
?is peculi>ity1 t ! limbs & features act
 9 unison4 ,jo9 ! h&s ( ! pati5t z if 9 
dev\t pray]1 & 8 c\nt5ance assumes a    
dev\t expression2 cl5* 8 fi/1 & ang] is 
depict$ 9 8 features4  ,! ?ird /age is t
 ( somnambulism4 ,! sk9 is n[ ins5sible 
to pa91 b excessive ke5ness is manife/$ 
9 ! sight1 he>+1 smell1 & muscul> s5se4 
,"h ! impo/or c play (f 8 pret5d$       
clairvoyance or second sight2 = !       
subject w discov] objects hidd5 f sight 
by ! s5se ( smell & o!r s5ses affect$ ) 
abnormal p[]4 ,! somnambuli/ w n[       
exhibit ! utmo/ s5sibility to sugge/ions
 made to him by ! hypnotiz]1 s t he     
seems to be almo/ entirely controll$ by 
! influ5ce ( ! latt]'s w4 ,?is is :at   
*iefly favor$ ! e>ly !ory t a mesm]ic   

fluid emanat$ f ! mesm]iz] by means (   
:i* he c\ld act 9 8 subject z he pleas$4
 ,! exp]im5t by sugge/ions seems to     
succe$ be/ ) hy/]ical pati5ts1 :i* fact 
confirms ! morbid "* ( ! hypnotic       
trance4   ,v4 ,,field ,,= ,a ,,sci5ti/4 
,if any di/+ui%$ sci5ti/ or ,doctor :o c
 af=d x wi%es to make a special /udy (  
hypnotism1 :i* is /ill s imp]fectly     
und]/ood1 he may r5d] a valuable s]vice 
to humanity1 & 9 p>ticul> to ! sci5ce ( 
m$ic9e4 ,b if any ord9>y physician ask$ 
my advice ab\t devot+ att5tion to ?is   
pursuit4 ,i w\ld emphatically tell him1 
,leave x alone3 y are n likely to d]ive 
real b5efit f x1 & y are v likely to    
inspire y\r cli5ts ) di/ru/ ( y :5 !y   
see y deal ) matt]s :i* h des]v$ a bad  
"n on acc\nt ( ! *>latanism & !         
sup]/iti\s abuses usually connect$ ) !m4
 ,?is is n my op9ion alone1 b also t (  
di/+ui%$ writ]s on ! subject4   ,,vi4   
,,objections ,,to ,,hypnotism4  ,:5 !re 
is "q ( hypnotic sances or exhibitions  
su* z are design$ to fe$ ! morbid crav+s

 ( ! public = :at is my/]i\s &          
s5sational1 ,i w\ld call special        
att5tion to ! foll[+ objections aga9/   
su* practices4  #a4 ,m$ical au?orities  
ma9ta9 t x requires at lea/ z mu* k (   
!rapeutics to use hypnotism safely z x  
does = ! g5]al practice ( m$ic9e1 &     
requires ( a physician :o engages 9 x a 
m ?or\gh ma/]y ( 8 pr(ession ?an _m o!r 
bran*es ( ! heal+ art1 & !re=e t x is z 
objectionable to all[ non-pr(essionals  
to deal ) hypnotism z x w\ld be to all[ 
m$ical practice promiscu\sly to all     
p]sons )\t a ,doctor's diploma4 ,9 fact1
 9 ,russia1 ,prussia1 & ,d5m>k none b   
lic5s$ physicians c lawfully practise   
hypnotism4 ,aside f a v>iety ( accid5ts 
:i* may result to ! subject hypnotiz$ f 
! ignorance ( physiology 9 ! hypnotiz]1 
!re is ?is g5]al injury su/a9$1 t ev5   
/rong subjects frequ5tly exp]im5t$ ^u   
contract a disposition to be readily    
?r[n into any ( ! ?ree morbid /ates ( ! 
mesm]ic trance4 ,all ^! /ates are real  
diseases & are alli$ to hy/]ia1         

epilepsy1 & a :ole family ( n]v\s       
tr\bles1 any "o ( :i* is suffici5t to   
make a pati5t v mis]able = life1 & ev5  
to lead him to an e>ly grave4  #b4 ,!   
morali/ has /ill /rong] objections aga9/
 ! use ( hypnotism1 except :5 x is us$ z
 a means to mo/ important results4 ,he  
ma9ta9s t "o ( ! greate/ evils t c      
befall a man is ! weak5+ ( 8 w-p[]2 ?is 
leaves him a victim to ! crav+s ( 8 l[] 
appetites4 ,n[ ! frequ5t surr5d] ( "o's 
w to ! control ( ano!r is said 7v       
reasonably1 x w\ld seem7 to br+ on a    
weak5+ ( ! w or self-control4 ,we see   
?is exemplifi$ 9 ! habitual drunk>d4 ,he
 loses w-p[] to su* an ext5t t he c     
sc>cely keep 8 mo/ solemn promises or   
)/& ! slighte/ temptations4 ,!re is a v 
s]i\s "q ask$ by ! morali/ ^u ano!r     
resemblance ( an hypnotic subject to a  
drunk>d4 ,he asks :e!r any man has a "r 
= ! amusem5t p]haps ( ! curi\s look]s-on
 to =feit = a:ile 8 manhood1 or ! highe/
 privilege ( 8 manhood--8 p[]s (        
intellect & free-w4 ,he admits t we d s 

daily 9 our sleep4 ,b !n he argues t    
sleep is a necessity ( our nature       
directly int5d$ by ! ,creator1 a normal 
"p ( human life4 ,besides x is a        
necess>y means = ! r5ewal ( our /r5g?1 &
 on ! plea ( necessity ! morali/ may    
admit ! use ( hypnotism :5 x is ne$$ = !
 cure ( bodily diseases4 ,b = ! m]e     
amusem5t ( spectators he ma9ta9s t x is 
wrong = a man ?us to resign 8 human     
dignity1 z x w\ld be wrong = him to get 
drunk = ! amusem5t ( look]s-on4 ,/ill1 9
 ?is latt] case ! evil w\ld be great]1 =
 9 drunk5ness !re is conta9$ a l[]      
degradation1 inasmu* z ! bas] passions  
are !n left )\t all control1 & are apt  
to become exce$+ly vile 9 _! lic5ti\s   
condition4 ,! hypnotic subject has at   
lea/ ! m9d & w ( ! hypnotiz] to direct  
him4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 appe>s ! ne$ ( ano!r   
caution1 namely1 t ! hypnotiz] %\ld be  
kn[n to be a virtu\s man2 else ! evil t 
he c d to 8 subject1 z is readily se51  
may be ev5 worse ?an t result+ f a fit (
 drunk5ness4 ,& z m5 :o occupy ev5      

respectable positions may yet be vile at
 he>t1 x is v desirable = prud5ce' sake 
to h no "o hypnotiz$ 9 private )\t !    
pres5ce ( a p>5t1 close relative1 or "s 
o!r p>ty1 :o w see to x t no?+ improp]  
be sugge/$ dur+ ! trance4 ,= ! sc5es    
gone ?r\gh dur+ ! hypnotic /ate1 ?\gh n 
rememb]$ by ! subject ^u 8 return to    
consci\sness1 are apt to recur to him   
aft]w>ds l a dream1 %[+ t !y h left     
traces beh9d !m4  #c4 ,legal writ]s &   
lawy]s h s]i\s *>ges aga9/ hypnotism4   
,?is practice1 !y ma9ta91 if publicly   
exhibit$ to old & "y1 begets dang]\s    
crav+s = s5sational exp]im5ts4 ,turn+   
away m5's att5tion f ! sob] realities & 
duties ( social life1 x prompts !m to   
pursue ! unnatural & abnormal4 ,x 0 ?is 
crav+ t 9 less enlight5$ ages l$ m5 to !
 sup]/iti\s practice ( a/rology &       
wit*craft4 ,at pres5t x leads to su*    
vag>ies & un*ri/ian & (t5 immoral       
practices z are connect$ ) spiritism1   
fai?-cures1 m9d-read+1 & simil> fooli%  
or crim9al or at lea/ dang]\s           

exp]im5tations :i* dive into ! d>k      
recesses f\nd 9 ! bord]-l& ( !          
pret]natural4 ,! atmosph]e ( t region is
 morally unheal?y & %\ld be b>r$ (f by !
 gu>dians ( public morals4  ,! mo/      
common objection ( legal writ]s is      
direct$ aga9/ ! v>i\s crimes to :i*     
hypnotism is apt to lead m5 ( crim9al   
prop5sities4 ,!y po9t to ! /atem5ts (   
,dr4 ,luys1 a respectable au?ority on   
hypnotism1 :o says3 ,a pati5t "u !      
influ5ce ( hypnotism c be made to swall[
 poison1 to inhale noxi\s gases4 ,he c  
be l$ to make a manual gift ( prop]ty1  
ev5 to sign a promissory note or bill1  
or any k9d ( contract4 ,inde$1 h[ c     
not>ies or witnesses suspect any fraud  
:5 ev5 ! ,doctor ne$s all 8 exp]i5ce &  
all 8 skill to avoid fall+ into error8  
,9 crim9al matt]s a man "u sugge/ion c  
br+ false accusations & e>ne/ly ma9ta9 t
 he has tak5 "p 9 "s horrible crime4    
,,vii4 ,,fur!r ,,explanation ,,(        
,,hypnotism4  ,aft] consid]+ !          
objections to ! use1 or r abuse1 (      

hypnotism1 ,i may add "s fur!r          
explanation ( hypnotism itself--( its   
nature s f> z x is kn[n to sci5ce4      
,sci5ce has asc]ta9$ ! reality ( !      
ph5om5a & facts--n s+le facts only1     
scatt]$ "h & !re1 b gr\ps ( facts       
uni=mly ob$i5t to c]ta9 laws ( nature4  
,x has n yet discov]$ ! exact cause or  
causes ( all ^! ph5om5a1 b x gives      
plausible explanations ( !m1 bo? 9 !    
physical !ory ( ! ,p>is ,s*ool & 9 !    
psy*ical !ory ( ! ,nancy ,s*ool (       
,physicians4 ,sci5ce has disc>d$ !      
orig9al !ory ( a mesm]ic fluid z ! cause
 ( ^! ph5om5a1 j z x has disc>d$ ! =m]ly
 suppos$ fluids ( electricity &         
magnetism4 ,( electricity ! ,c5tury     
,diction>y says3 ,a "n d5ot+ ! cause (  
an important class ( ph5om5a (          
attraction & repulsion1 *emical         
decomposition1 & s on1 or1 collectively1
 ^! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,! true nature (  
electricity is z yet n all und]/ood1 b x
 is n1 z x 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be1 ( !   
nature ( a fluid4 ,simil>ly we may def9e

 hypnotism z ! collection ( peculi>     
ph5om5a ( a trance or sleep artificially
 induc$1 or ! induc$ trance or sleep    
itself4  ,! true cause ( ^! ph5om5a is n
 yet und]/ood1 b !re is no app>5t reason
 = attribut+ !m to a special fluid2 !y  
seem to be peculi> ways ( act+1 belong+ 
to man's physical p[]s :5 8 n]ves are 9 
an abnormal condition4 ,by lay+ d[n ^!  
def9ite /atem5ts we ga9 ! advantage t we
 isolate hypnotism f ! frauds & empty   
%ades1 f ! gho/s & hobgobl9s ) :i* x us$
 to be associat$ 9 ! bord]-region :i* we
 h und]tak5 to explore4 ,sci5ce deals ) 
well-asc]ta9$ facts4 ,n[ ( mesm]ism1    
animal magnetism1 & its k9dr$1 odylism1 
we h se5 t we h no reliable facts4 ,we h
 done ) ^? unsub/antial %ades4 ,b (     
hypnotism we h well-kn[n facts1 & we h  
%[n x to be plac$ on a sci5tific basis4 
,,viii4 ,,sci5ce ,,dreads ,,error4  ,(  
clairvoyance1 m9d-read+1 palmi/ry1      
spiritual sci5ce cures we h no c]ta9    
facts1 b we h _m impo/ures connect$ )   
!m4 ,if ev] we get real & und\bt$ facts 

prov$ to be connect$ ) !m1 we ought to  
exam9e !m ) c>e4 ,sci5ce is n afraid (  
any portion ( nature2 all x dreads is   
ignorance1 & :at is worse1 error4 ,error
 ) reg>d to facts may be committ$ 9 two 
ways--by admitt+ z facts :at are n      
facts1 & by d5y+ facts4 ,n[1 !re are    
facts c]ta9 & well asc]ta9$1 num]\s &   
widely kn[n1 connect$ ) "s o!r portions 
( ! bord]-l& ( sci5ce t we h n yet look$
 into1 ?\gh ,i h m5tion$ _! names4 ,he  
:o w\ld ass]t t spiritism1 table-turn+1 
_s-rapp+1 & s on are m]e idle talk1 %e] 
impo/ures1 is n well read 9 ! lit]ature 
( ! pres5t day4 ,by d5y+ all reality to 
^! ph5om5a he /rays z f> f ! tru? z if  
he all[$ himself to believe m]e         
fabrications4 ,!y are n impositions1 b  
!y are worse2 !y are sup]/itions4 ,by   
sup]/itions ,i mean "h ! practice (     
produc+ results :i* _c possibly proce$ f
 ! p[]s ( nature1 & :i* c\ld n )\t      
absurdity be attribut$ to ! int]f]5ce ( 
! ,creator or ,8 good angels4  ,"s      
p]sons /r5u\sly object to introduc+ any 

ref]5ce to ,god into sci5tific works4   
,sci5ce consi/s 9 trac+ kn[n effects to 
_! true causes4 ,if !re 7 no ,god1 ,he  
c\ld n be a true cause & x w\ld be      
unsci5tific to introduce ,8 ag5cy4 ,b if
 !re is a ,god & ,he acts 9 ! _w :i* ,he
 has made1 we mu/ take ,8 actions into  
acc\nt :5 we /udy ,8 works4 ,"s say1 ,i 
d n believe 9 a ,god4 ,t may be1 b t    
does n prove t !re is no ,god4 ,belief  
is a man's wilful & f9e acceptance ( :at
 is propos$ to him on ! au?ority ( "s "o
 else4 ,/ud5ts h mo/ ( _! k on !        
au?ority ( _! pr(essors & o!r m5 (      
le>n+4 ,if a m$ical /ud5t w\ld say1 ,i d
 n believe 9 microbes nor 9 contagion by
 disease g]ms1 t w\ld n kill ! g]ms nor 
protect him aga9/ contagion4 ,nor w\ld x
 %[ 8 sup]ior wisdom1 b r 8 extravagant 
conceit & ignorance4 ,s ) ^? :o believe 
n 9 ,god4  ,!re are o!rs :o believe n 9 
! exi/5ce ( devils or fall5 angels4 ,t  
is n s bad2 b yet !y mu/ rememb] t _!   
refusal to believe 9 devils does n prove
 t !re are none4 ,! greate/ enemies (   

sci5ce are ^? :o bl9dly ma9ta9 false    
/atem5ts & false pr9ciples ( k4 ,let u  
look = ! tru? 9 e inve/igation4 ,ev5    
,huxley1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 attacks on        
dogmatic religion1 prote/s also aga9/   
dogmatic infidelity4 ,sci5ce1 he says1  
is z little a!i/ic z x is mat]iali/ic4  
,all ?is mu/ be rememb]$ *iefly :5 we   
und]take to explore1 z we are n[ do+1 ! 
unkn[n region :i* we h call$ ! bord]-l& 
( sci5ce4 ,!re we f9d _m /range ph5om5a1
 & we are try+ to discov] _! true nature
 & true causes4 ,if we c expla9 "s ( !m 
by natural causes1 z by ! p[]s ( !      
imag9ation :5 x is 9 an abnormal or     
hypnotic /ate1 v well1 let u expla9 !m4 
,b let u n ra%ly conclude t all o!r     
ph5om5a c be ?us expla9$4 ,d n reason   
?is way1 z "s writ]s h done3 ,"s        
effects1 !y say1 7 =m]ly attribut$ to   
wit*craft or deviltry & c n[ be expla9$ 
by hypnotism4 ,!re=e all o!r my/]i\s    
effects c also be ?us expla9$4 ,!re=e   
!re is n & nev] 0 su* a ?+ z wit*craft  
or deviltry4 ,s1 too1 "s ev5ts (t5      

reput$ miracul\s c be expla9$ by natural
 causes1 !re=e no miracle has ev]       
happ5$4 ,t is ! reason+ ( ra% & ignorant
 m51 & n ( sci5tific m9ds4 ,x does n    
foll[ f ! fact t ,god usually works by  
natural causes1 t ,he _c on special     
occasions & = v important reasons %[ ,8 
h&1 z x 71 & act s manife/ly aga9/ !    
c\rse ( nature z to %[ u t x is ,he :o  
is at "w & ,he wants u to m9d ,him4     
,hi/ory furni%es _m in/ances ( ?is k9d4 
,,ix4 ,,cr$5tials ,,( ,,*ri/4  ,lea/ (  
all h ,*ri/ians a "r to d5y ?is1 & we   
mu/ rememb] t ! civiliz$ _w is ,*ri/ian1
 almo/ entirely4 ,*ri/ians believe 9 !  
reliability ( ! ,bible1 & 9 x we are    
con/antly in=m$ ( c\ntless miracles 9   
v>i\s ages4 ,if all ^! acc\nts are      
false1 !n ,*ri/ianity is a va/ impo/ure4
 ,*ri/ appeal$ to !m z to ,8 cr$5tials 9
 ,8 mission to ! _w4 ,if y d n believe  
,me1 ,he said1 believe ,my works1 = !y  
give te/imony ( ,me4 ,! bl9d see2 ! lame
 walk2 ! dead are rais$ to life4 ,if ,he
 spoke falsely1 ,he 0 a deceiv]2 if ,he 

work$ ^? m>vels by hypnotism1 or any o!r
 natural cause1 ,he 0 an impo/or4 ,!re  
is no middle way4 ,ei!r by work+ true   
miracles ,he prov$ ,himself to be :at   
,he claim$ to be1 ! ,son ( ,god1 or ,he 
0 ! mo/ bold & dete/able impo/or t has  
ev] appe>$ on e>?4 ,?is no ,*ri/ian c   
suppose1 ?is no hi/orian w\ld admit2    
!re=e1 we mu/ grant t ,he work$         
miracles1 & miracles are realities to be
 tak5 into acc\nt by ! writ]s ( hi/ory1 
& sci5tific work]s mu/ n sne] at !m4    
,x4 ,,deviltry4  ,sci5tific m5 9 _!     
inve/igations ne$ n expect to come into 
contact ) miracles2 b !y may & d f9d 9 !
 bord]-l& ( sci5ce facts :i* reveal !   
ag5cy ( intellectual be+s di/9ct f m51 &
 too vulg> 9 _! manife/ation to be      
conf\nd$ ) ,god or ,8 bless$ angels4    
,su* ag5ts 9 ! book ( ! ,scriptures are 
call$ devils1 & int]c\rse ) !m is /yl$  
sup]/ition1 seek+ _! assi/ance is magic 
or wit*craft1 & consult+ !m is div9ation
 or =tune-tell+4 ,all ^! practices are  
directly & /rictly =bidd5 9 !           

,scriptures1 & yet !y are commonly en\gh
 9 use 9 our own day to procure effects 
t gratify ! curiosity ( su*1 especially1
 z h no settl$ belief 9 sup]natural     
religion4  ,"s ( ^! effects are connect$
 ) bodily cures & ?us are ( int]e/ to   
physicians4 ,= in/ance1 spirituali/ic   
m$iums1 :e!r connect+ _! practices )    
magnetism or n1 ?\gh entirely ignorant (
 m$ic9e1 are at times able to /ate !    
exact bodily indisposition ( sick p]sons
 liv+ at a great di/ance1 put into      
communication ) !m by hold+ "s object   
belong+ to !m4 ,!y w indicate ! seat ( !
 disord]1 its nature & progress1 its    
complications4 ,!y propose simple &     
efficaci\s rem$ies1 us+ n infrequ5tly   
te*nical t]ms :i* are c]ta9ly unkn[n to 
!m be=e4 ,!y manife/ ! ?\ghts ( o!rs1   
reveal family secrets1 answ] que/ions   
put 9 languages ( :i* !y "k no?+4 ,to   
d5y facts atte/$ by ?\s&s ( witnesses ( 
v>i\s nations belong+ to v>i\s religi\s 
d5om9ations or pr(ess+ no religion      
:atev]1 is n ! _s ( sci5ce4 ,x x e/imat$

 t #ajj1jjj spiriti/ books & pamphlets  
are sold ye>ly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone4 
,x is c]ta9 t mu*1 v mu* impo/ure is    
mix$ up ) _m und5iable facts1 b t does n
 dispose ( ! real facts mix$ up ) !     
impo/ures4 ,tyndall once caught an      
ill-/>r$ spirituali/ic impo/or at 8     
juggl+4 ,he conclud$ t all o!r spiriti/s
 7 impo/ors4 ,! _w n[ laughs at him = 8 
fooli% reason+4  ,( c\rse1 ,i d n       
suppose t spiritism is ma9ly employ$ 9  
su* matt]s z w\ld directly int]e/ !     
physician4 ,x has gr[n into a sy/em (   
religion & morals1 v peculi> & at       
v>iance ) ! ,*ri/ian religion1 a sy/em r
 resembl+ ! religion ( ,buddha1 ) its   
re9c>nations & transmigrations ( s\ls   
:ile /ruggl+ aft] et]nal aft]-progress4 
,?is is fully & cle>ly expla9$ 9 an     
article on ,spiritism 9 its ,true ,"* 9 
! ,engli% publication call$ ,! ,mon?1 = 
,septemb]1 #ahib4 ,b ) ?is phase ( x we 
are n n[ conc]n$4 ,z to ! facts1 x is   
en\gh to rem>k t spiriti/s claim a      
foll[+ ( #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,suppose !re are  

only "o-half t numb]4 #aj1jjj1jjj p are 
n readily deceiv$ ab\t matt]s ( _! daily
 obs]vation1 = _! meet+s or sances      
consi/ *iefly ( ^? manife/ations :i*    
o!rs call impo/ures4  ,_! adh]5ts are   
*iefly among ! educat$ classes1 ,i      
believe4 ,c]ta9ly !y include multitudes 
( doctors1 lawy]s1 pr(essors1 sci5ti/s1 
magi/rates1 cl]gym51 close /ud5ts1 ke5  
intellects1 ev5 su* m5 z ,alfr$ ,russell
 ,wallace1 ,pr(s4 ,morgan1 ,m>ley1      
,*allis1 ,william ,c>p5t]1 & ,edw>d     
,cox4 ,if "o has /ill l+]+ d\bts on ?is 
matt] let him read ! f\r le>n$ articles 
writt5 by my pr$ecessor 9 ?is *air (    
,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 ,rev4 ,james ,f4 
,hoeff]1 ,s4,j41 ! =m] presid5t (       
,creighton ,univ]sity4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! 
,am]ican ,ca?olic ,qu>t]ly ,review =    
#ahhb & #ahhc4  ,:at mu/ we ?9k ( !     
nature ( spiritism1 ) its _s-rapp+s1    
table-turn+1 _s-app>itions1 & s on8 ,c  
su* ( ! facts z are n impo/ures &       
realities be expla9$ by ! laws ( nature1
 ! p[]s ( mat]ial ag5ts & ( m58 ,all t  

c\ld possibly be done by ! mo/ skill$   
sci5ti/s1 by ! mo/ det]m9$ mat]iali/s :o
 believe nei!r 9 ,god nor demon1 z well 
z by ! mo/ consci5ti\s ,*ri/ians1 has   
only s]v$ to demon/rate to p]fect       
evid5ce t effects are produc$ :i* c no m
 be attribut$ to natural ag5cy ?an spee*
 & design c be attribut$ to a piece (   
wood4 ,"o pr9ciple ( sci5ce ?r[s mu*    
light on ! nature ( all ^? p]=mances1   
namely1 t e effect mu/ h a proportionate
 cause4 ,:5 ! effect %[s k & design1 !  
cause mu/ be intellig5t4 ,n[ _m ( ^!    
m>vels evid5tly %[ k & design2 !re=e !  
cause is c]ta9ly intellig5t4  ,a table  
_c und]/& & answ] que/ions2 x _c move at
 a p]son's bidd+4 ,a m$ium _c speak 9 a 
language he has nev] le>n$1 nor "k !    
secret ailm5t ( a pati5t f> away1 nor   
prescribe ! prop] rem$ies )\t k (       
m$ic9e4 ,!re=e ^! effects1 :5 !y really 
exi/1 are due to intellig5t ag5ts1 ag5ts
 di/9ct f ! p]sons visibly pres5t2      
invisible ag5ts1 !re=e1 spirits ( ano!r 
_w4  ,:o are ^! ag5ts8 ,god & ,8 good   

angels _c "w ^! wret*$ m>vels1 ! food ( 
a morbid curiosity1 nor c\ld !y put     
!mselves at ! disposal ( impi\s m5 to be
 m>*$ out z monkeys on ! /age4 ,!       
spirits :i* are made to appe> at !      
sances are degrad$ spirits4             
,spirituali/s !mselves tell u !y are ly+
 spirits4 ,^? ly+ spirits say !y are !  
s\ls ( ! dep>t$1 b :o c believe _!      
te/imony if !y are ly+ spirits1 z !y are
 ackn[l$g$ to be8 ,?is :ole comb9ation (
 impo/ure & sup]/ition is simply !      
revival 9 a mod]n dress ( a v anci5t    
deception ( mank9d by play+ on m5's     
crav+ = ! m>vell\s4 ,_m imag9e ^! are   
rec5t discov]ies1 peculi> to ?is age (  
progress4 ,:y8 ,?is _s-writ+ is & has   
be5 = c5turies ext5sively practis$ 9    
b5ight$ pagan ,*9a1 :ile ev5 ,africans &
 ,h9doos are great adepts at            
table-turn+4 ,x is simply ! revival (   
anci5t wit*craft1 :i* ,simon ,magus     
practis$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s "t2 :i* fl\ri%$ 9
 ,ephesus :ile ,/4 ,paul 0 prea*+ !     
,gospel !re4 ,x is m anci5t /ill4 ,^! 7 

! abom9ations = :i* ,god commission$ !  
,jews 9 ,moses' "t to ext]m9ate !       
,canaanites & ! o!r inhabitants ( !     
,promis$ ,l&4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,moses call$ 
,deut]onomy1 or ,second ,law1 admitt$ z 
div9e by ,ca?olics1 ,prote/ants1 & ,jews
 alike1 we h ?is fact v emphatically    
proclaim$ by ! ,"l4 ,he says3 ,:5 ?\ art
 come into ! l& :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god %all  
give !e1 bew>e le/ ?\ h a m9d to imitate
 ! abom9ations ( ^? nations2 nei!r let  
!re be f\nd among y any "o t 444        
consulte? soo?say]s1 or obs]ve? dreams &
 om5s1 nei!r let !re be any wiz>d1 nor  
*>m]1 nor any "o t consulte? py?onic    
spirits1 or =tune-tell]s1 or t seeke? ! 
tru? f ! dead4  ,is n ?is j :at         
spirituali/s pret5d to d8 ,_m may call x
 only trifl+ & play4 ,! ,"l does n4 ,!  
,scriptures cont9ue3 ,= ! ,"l abhorre?  
all ^! ?+s1 & = ^! abom9ations ,he w    
de/roy !m at ?y com+4 ,i c]ta9ly d n    
mean to say t all t passes =            
spiritualism is ?us d[nright deviltry   
to-day1 nor 0 x s 9 pagan times4 ,mu*   

impo/ure 0 mix$ ) x4 ,! oracles ( !     
pagan gods & goddesses 7 n all ! "w ( ! 
py?onic spirits4 ,mu* 0 craft ( ! prie/s
 ( idols2 & yet all 7 abom9ations be=e !
 ,"l1 on acc\nt ( ! %>e t ,satan took 9 
! deceptions4  ,:at mu/ be ! attitude ( 
! sci5tific man t[>ds all su* matt]s8 ,x
 %\ld be an attitude ( ho/ility &       
opposition4 ,sci5ce %\ld fr[n d[n all   
impo/ure & sup]/ition4 ,m$ic9e 9        
p>ticul>1 int5d$ to be "o ( ! *oice/    
bless+s ( ,god to man1 %\ld n degrade   
its noble pr(ession by p&]+ to a vulg>  
gre$ = morbid excitem5t4 ,n only w y    
p]sonally keep alo( f all t is alli$ to 
quack]y & impo/ure1 b 9 aft]-life y\r   
p[]ful influ5ce = good w be mo/ effici5t
 9 gu>d+ o!rs aga9/ su* evils1 & ev5    
p]haps 9 )draw+ f su* associations ^? :o
 h already got entangl$ 9 dang]\s sn>es4
 ,at all ev5ts ! enlight5$ views y %all 
h =m$ to y\rselves on all su* impo/ures 
& impieties w be a p[] = good 9 ! social
 circle 9 :i* y\r m5tal sup]iority & y\r
 moral integrity w make y safe guides = 

y\r fell[-m54   ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,b5zig]   
,,bro!rs1 ,,new ,,york