,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/mas ,,9 ,,naples4   
,an ,italian ,,presipio4                
,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,_m ,,l&s            
,,by                             ,,m>y  
,p4 ,,pr+le        ,ref]5ce ,libr>ian1  
,m9nesota ,public ,libr>y ,commission   
&                              ,,cl>a   
,a4 ,,urann                             
,illu/rat$                              
by                              ,l4,j4  
,bridgman                           & f 
photographs                             
,,bo/on                        ,,lo?rop4
 ,,lee  ,,%ep>d ,,co4                   
#aiaf                                   
,copyright1 #aiaf                       
,,by ,,lo?rop1 ,,lee  ,,%ep>d ,,co4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,! old ord] *ange?1 yield+ place to new1
     ,& ,god fulfills ,himself 9 _m     
ways1     ,le/ "o good cu/om %\ld       
corrupt ! _w4                           
--,alfr$ ,t5nyson4         99       99  
99       99       99     ,,ackn[l$gm5ts 
,?anks are due to ! foll[+ publi%]s =   

p]mission to repr9t poems3 ,h\ghton     
,miffl9 ,company = ,k+ ,olaf's ,*ri/mas 
by ,h4 ,w4 ,longfell[1 ,night ( ,m>vels 
by ,violante ,d ,ceo2 ,paul ,eld]       
,company = ,! ,*ri/mas ,tree by ,h4 ,s4 
,russell1 ,at ,*ri/mas ,"t2 ,edg> ,s4   
,w]n]  ,company = ,! ,*ri/mas ,%eaf by  
,mrs4 ,a4 ,m4 ,toml9son2 ,john ,lane    
,company = ,a ,palm ,bran* f ,pale/9e by
 ,m4 ,y4 ,l]montov2 ,am]ican            
,ecclesia/ical ,review = ,! ,eve (      
,*ri/mas by ,pope ,leo ,,xiii2 ,e4 ,p4  
,dutton  ,company = ,! ,voice ( !       
,*ri/-*ild by ,phillips ,brooks4  ,,m>y 
,p4 ,,pr+le  ,,cl>a ,a4 ,,urann         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,cont5ts  ,,*apt]   ,i4                
,,yule-,,tide ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts  ,,ii4  
,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,engl&  ,,iii4       
,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,g]many  ,,iv4       
,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,sc&9avia  ,v4       
,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,russia  ,,vi4       
,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,france  ,,vii4      
,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,italy  ,,viii4      
,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,spa9  ,,ix4         

,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,am]ica              
,,index     ,,illu/rations   ,*ri/mas 9 
,naples4 ,an ,italian ,presepio         
,frontispiece  ,k+ ,olaf's ,*ri/mas     
,s]5ad$ by ! ,waits  ,toy-,mak+ 9       
,g]many  ,decorat+ ! ,*ri/mas ,tree  ,on
 ! ,way to ,*ri/mas ,eve ,s]vice 9      
,norway  ,a ,*ri/mas ,bonfire 9 ,russia 
,a ,*ri/mas ,tree 9 ,p>is  ,a ,game (   
,loto on ,*ri/mas ,ev5+ 9 ,naples       
,*ri/mas ,fe/ivity 9 ,seville  ,light+ !
 ,yule-,log 9 ,colonial ,days  ,*ildr5 (
 ,_m ,nationalities at ,*ri/mas         
,celebration 9 a ,new ,york    ,s*ool   
,,*apt] ,i4  ,illu/ration  ,,yule-,,tide
 ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts      ,!re 9 !        
,temple1 c>v$ 9 wood1     ,! image (    
great ,od9 /ood1     ,& o!r gods1 ) ,?or
 supreme among !m4   ,z e>ly z two ?\s& 
ye>s be=e ,*ri/ ,yule-tide 0 celebrat$  
by ! ,aryans4 ,!y 7 sun-wor%ip]s &      
believ$ ! sun 0 born ea* morn+1 rode    
across ! upp] _w1 & sank into 8 grave at
 night4  ,day aft] day1 z ! sun's p[]   
dim9i%$1 ^! primitive p fe>$ t he w\ld  

ev5tually be ov]come by d>kness & =c$ to
 rema9 9 ! "u _w4  ,:51 !re=e1 aft] _m  
mon?s1 he app>5tly :eel$ ab\t & grew    
/rong] & /rong]1 !y felt t he _h be5    
born aga94 ,s x came ab\t t at          
,hweolor-tid1 ! turn+-"t1#a !re 0 great 
rejoic+ at ! annual re-bir? ( ! sun4  ,9
 ! my?s & leg5ds ( ^!1 our              
,indo-,european ance/ors1 we f9d ! orig9
 ( _m ( ! ,yule-tide cu/oms n[ 9 vogue4 
,footnote #a3 ,yule-tide  ,accord+ to ! 
,y\ng] ,edda1 ,wod9 or ,od91 ! pione] ( 
! ,nor?1 a desc5dant ( ,saturn1 fl$ out 
( ,asia4 ,go+ ?r\gh ,russia to ,saxl&   
7,g]many71 he conqu]$ t c\ntry & left "o
 ( 8 sons z rul]4 ,!n he visit$         
,frankl&1 ,jutl&1 ,sw$51 & ,norway &    
e/abli%$ ea* "o ( 8 _m sons on a ?rone4 
,?is pione] travel] figures "u ne>ly two
 hundr$ diff]5t names1 & s x is         
difficult to foll[ him 9 8 w&]+s4 ,z    
,wod91 he e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn     
nations _m ( ! obs]vances & cu/oms      
common to ! p ( ! ,nor?l& to-day4  ,!   
,edda gives an anci5t acc\nt ( ,bald]1 !

 sun-god1 :o 0 sla9 because ( ! jeal\sy 
( ,loki 7fire74 ,loki knew t ev]y?+ 9   
nature except ! mi/letoe _h promis$ n to
 injure ! great god ,bald]4 ,s he se>*$ 
= ! mi/letoe until he f\nd x gr[+ on an 
oak-tree on ! ea/]n slope ( ,valhalla4  
,he cut x (f & return$ to ! place :]e ! 
gods 7 amus+ !mselves by us+ ,bald] z a 
t>get1 hurl+ /ones & d>ts1 & try+ to    
/rike him ) _! battle-axes4 ,b all ^!   
weapons 7 h>mless4 ,!n ,loki1 giv+ !    
twig ( mi/letoe to ! bl9d god1 ,hd]1    
direct$ 8 h& & induc$ him to ?r[ x4 ,:5 
! mi/letoe /ruck ,bald] x pi]c$ him     
?r\gh & ?r\gh & he fell lifeless4       
,s on ! floor lay ,bald] dead2 & r\nd#b 
,lay ?ickly /rewn swords1 axes1 d>ts1 & 
spe>s1     ,:i* all ! ,gods 9 sport _h  
idly ?r[n     ,at ,bald]1 :om no weapon 
pi]c$ or clove2     ,b 9 8 brea/ /ood   
fixt ! fatal b\gh     ,( mi/letoe1 :i*  
,lok ! ,accus] gave     ,to ,hd]1 &     
unwitt+ ,hd] ?rew--     ',ga9/ t alone  
_h ,bald]'s life no *>m4  ,footnote #b3 
,f ,mat!w ,arnold's ,bald] ,dead4       

,great excitem5t prevail$ among !       
assembl$ gods & goddesses :5 ,bald] 0   
/ruck dead & sank into ,hel1#c & !y w\ld
 h sla9 ! god ( d>kness _h x n occurr$  
dur+ _! peace-/ead1 :i* 0 nev] to be    
desecrat$ by de$s ( viol5ce4 ,! season 0
 suppos$ to be "o ( peace on e>? &      
good-w to man4 ,?is is g5]ally attribut$
 to ! injunction ( ! angels :o sang at !
 bir? ( ,*ri/1 b accord+ to a mu* old]  
/ory ! idea ( peace & good-w at         
,yule-tide 0 taught c5turies be=e ,*ri/4
  ,footnote #c3 ,hel or 8 grave2 ! t]ms 
7 once synonym\s4  ,accord+ to ! ,edda1 
gifts f ! gods & goddesses 7 laid on    
,bald]'s bi] & he1 9 turn1 s5t gifts    
back f ! realm ( d>kness into :i* he _h 
fall54 ,h[ev]1 x probably is f ! ,roman 
,saturnalia t ! free ex*ange ( pres5ts &
 ! _s ( revelry h be5 d]iv$4  ,! ,druids
 held ! mi/letoe 9 great rev]5ce because
 ( its my/]i\s bir?4 ,:5 ! fir/ new gr[?
 0 discov]$ x 0 ga!r$ by ! :ite-rob$    
prie/s1 :o cut x f ! ma9 b\gh ) a gold5 
sickle nev] us$ = any o!r purpose4  ,!  

food peculi> to ?is season ( rejoic+ has
 reta9$ _m features ( ! fea/+ record$   
among ! e>li] p4 ,! bo> made 8 appe>ance
 9 my?ological circles :5 "o 0 (f]$ z a 
gift to ,frey1 god ( ra91 sun%9e1 & !   
fruits ( ! e>?4 ,?is bo> 0 a rem>kable  
animal2 he c\ld run fa/] ?an a horse1   
?r\gh ! air & ov] wat]4 ,d>kness c\ld n 
ov]take him1 = he 0 symbolical ( ! sun1 
8 gold5 bri/les typify+ ! sun's rays4   
,at "o "t ! bo> 0 believ$ to be         
emblematical ( gold5 gra91 z he 0 ! fir/
 to tea* mank9d ! art ( pl[+4 ,because (
 ?is s]vice he 0 mo/ rev]$ by our       
my?ological ance/ors4  ,9 an acc\nt ( a 
fea/ giv5 9 ,valhalla to ! dead h]oes ( 
_m battles1 ,saehrimnir1 a sacr$ bo>1 0 
s]v$4 ,huge pieces 7 apportion$ to !    
deceas$ h]oes & ! meat _h su* a         
revivify+ effect t1 re/or$ to life1 !y  
call$ = arms & began to fight _! battles
 ov] aga94  ,an abundance ( heav5ly mead
 made f goats' milk & honey 0 provid$ = 
! fea/s & on occasions ale1 too1 0 s]v$4
  ,toa/s 7 usually drunk 9 honor (      

,bragi1 god ( poetry1 eloqu5ce1 & song4 
,! gods pl$g$ !mselves to p]=m rem>kable
 de$s ( c\rage & valor z !y toss$ (f    
horn aft] horn ( mead & ale4 ,ea* "t _! 
mighty valor grew until !re 0 no limit  
set to _! atta9m5ts4 ,x is possible t _!
 boa/ful pl$ges may h giv5 rise to !    
t]m1 to brag4  ,apples 7 ! favorite     
fruit1 z !y prev5t$ ! approa* ( age &   
kept ! gods & goddesses p]petually "y & 
vigor\s4  ,c]ta9ly ,yule-tide 0 a v m]ry
 season among ! anci5t p :o fea/$1      
drank1 & danc$ 9 honor ( ! return ( !   
sun1 ! god ( light & new life4  ,:5     
mess5g]s w5t ?r\gh ! v>i\s c\ntries be>+
 tid+s ( a new religion & ( ! bir? ( a  
,son :o br\ght light & new life into !  
:ole _w1 !y endeavor$ to reta9 z _m ( ! 
e/abli%$ cu/oms z possible1 b gave to ! 
old-"t fe/ivals a f9] "* & significance4
  ,z ! fact ( ,*ri/'s bir? 0 n record$ &
 !re 0 no c]ta9ty z to its date1 ! e>ly 
,*ri/ian ,fa!rs v wisely ascrib$ x to   
,yule-tide1 *ang+ ! occasion f ! bir?day
 ( ! sun to t ( ! ,son4 ,= a :ile ! bir?

 ( ,*ri/ 0 celebrat$ on dates v>y+ f !  
fir/ to ! six? ( ,janu>y2 on ! dates (  
c]ta9 religi\s fe/ivals su* z ! ,jewi%  
,passov] or ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles2 b !  
tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb]1 ! bir?day ( !    
sun1 0 ev] ! favorite date4  ,pope      
,julius1 :o reign$ f #ccg to #ceb ,a4   
,d41 aft] a c>eful inve/igation1        
consid]$ x settl$ beyond d\bt t ,*ri/ 0 
born on or ab\t ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,decemb]1
 & by ! end ( ! fif? c5tury t date 0 v  
g5]ally accept$ by ,*ri/ians4 ,!        
transition f ! old to ! new significance
 ( ,yule-tide 0 br\ght ab\t s quietly & 
naturally t x made no great impression  
on ! m9d ( ! masses1 s no?+ au!ntic c be
 le>n$ ( ! e>ly obs]vance ( ,*ri/mas4   
,! holly1 laurel1 mi/letoe1 & o!r gre5s 
us$ by ! ,druids /ill s]v$ z decorations
 ( ! season1 n z a %elt] = fairies1 z 9 
=m] days1 b z emblems ( resurrection & (
 immortal hope4  ,! glori\s lum9>y (    
day1 :e!r kn[n z ,bald]1 ,baal1 ,sol1 or
 any o!r ( ! innum]able names by :i* x 0
 call$ by ! primitive peoples1 /ill     

gladd5s ! he>ts ( mortals at ,yule-tide 
by turn+-back z ( old2 only to-day x    
yields its place to a ,sup]ior ,p[]1 9  
^: honor ,yule-tide is obs]v$4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,all ,*ri/5dom owes a debt ( gratitude  
to its pagan =be>s = ! pleasant features
 ( _m ( its holidays & especially = ^? (
 ,yule-tide4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! e>ly *ur* %[$
 r>e wisdom 9 reta9+ ! cu/oms ( ^!      
ante-,*ri/ian fe/ivals1 imbu+ !m ) ! _s 
( ! new fai? & mak+ !m emblematic ( a   
pur] love & hope4  ,new ,ye>'s ,day z a 
fea/ day is "o ( ! olde/1 if n ! olde/1 
on record4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,tacitus 9 !
 ,fir/ ,c5tury1 b fir/ ref]r$ to z a    
,*ri/ian fe/ival ab\t ! ye> #efg4  ,9   
,rome ! day 0 d$icat$ by ,numa to !     
honor ( god ,janus1 = :om ,julius ,cs>  
nam$ ! mon? ( ,janu>y4 ,numa orda9$ t x 
%\ld be obs]v$ z a day ( good-humor &   
good-fell[%ip4 ,all grudges & h>d feel+s
 7 to be =gott54 ,sacrifices ( cake1    
w9e1 & inc5se 7 to be made to ! two-fac$
 god :o look$ =w>d & backw>d4 ,m5 (     

lett]s1 me*anics1 & o!rs 7 expect$ to   
give to ! god ! be/ !y _h to (f] ( _!   
respective arts4 ,x 0 ! great occasion (
 ! entire ye>1 z x is n[ 9 _m c\ntries4 
,! date ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day has v>i$     
among diff]5t nations4 ,among !         
,egyptians1 ,*9ese1 ,jews1 & ,romans x  
has be5 obs]v$ on dates v>y+ f ,m>* fir/
 to ,decemb] tw5ty-fif?4 ,x 0 z late z !
 ,sixte5? ,c5tury be=e ! date ( ,janu>y 
fir/ 0 univ]sally accept$ z ! ,new ,ye> 
by ! ,romans4 ,nations reta9+ !         
,gregorian cal5d>1 su* z ,russia &      
,greece1 obs]ve x ?irte5 days lat] ?an  
^? :o reckon "t by ! ,julian cal5d>4    
,among nor!rn nations ! love ( fire &   
light orig9at$ ! cu/om ( k9dl+ bonfires 
to burn out ! old ye> & de/roy all evil 
connect$ ) its pa/4 ,light has long be5 
an expression ( joy & gladness among all
 bran*es ( ! ,aryan race4  ,! ,greek &  
,lat9 ,*ur*es /ill t]m ,*ri/mas ! ,fea/ 
( ,lights1 & make x a p]iod ( brilliancy
 9 ,*ur* & home4 ,! ,prote/ant cov]s !  
,*ri/mas tree ) light$ c&les & builds a 

gl[+ fire on ! he>?4 ,! innate love (   
light & w>m?--! inh]itance f !          
sun-wor%ip]s ( ages pa/--is always      
dom9ant 9 humanity at ,yule-tide        
fe/ivals4      ,! ,k+ ( ,light1 fa!r (  
ag$ ,"t1     ,ha? br\ght ab\t t day :i* 
is ! prime1     ,to ! sl[-glid+ mon?s1  
:5 e eye     ,we>s symptoms ( a sob]    
jollity1     ,& e h& is ready to pres5t 
,"s s]vice 9 a real complim5t4          
,illu/ration3 ,,k+ ,,olaf',s ,,*ri/mas4 
,! ,k+ t gave ,*ri/ianity to ,norway4   
,,k+ ,,olaf',s ,,*ri/mas      ,at       
,dron!im1 ,olaf ! ,k+     ,he>d ! bells 
( ,yule-tide r+1         ,z he sat 9 8  
banquet-hall1     ,dr9k+ ! nut-br[n ale1
     ,) 8 be>d$ ,b]s]ks hale         ,& 
tall4      ,?ree days 8 ,yule-tide fea/s
     ,he held ) ,bi%ops & ,prie/s1      
,& 8 horn fill$ up to ! brim2     ,b !  
ale 0 nev] too /rong1     ,nor !        
,saga-man's tale too long1         ,=   
him4      ,o'er 8 dr9k+-horn1 ! sign    
,he made ( ! cross div9e1         ,z he 
drank1 & mutt]$ 8 pray]s2     ,b !      

,b]s]ks ev]more     ,made ! sign ( !    
,hamm] ( ,?or         ,ov] !irs4      ,!
 gleams ( ! firelight dance     ,^u     
helmet & haub]t & lance1         ,&     
laugh 9 ! eyes ( ! ,k+2     ,& he cries 
to ,halfr$ ! ,scald1     ,gray-be>d$1   
wr9kl$1 & bald1         ,s+6      ,s+ me
 a song div9e1     ,) a sword 9 e l9e1  
,& ?is %all be ?y rew>d4     ,& he      
loos5$ ! belt at 8 wai/1     ,& 9 front 
( ! s+] plac$         ,8 sword4         
,qu]n-bitt] ( ,hakon ! ,good1     ,:]e) 
at a /roke he hew$         ,! mill/one  
?r\gh & ?r\gh1     ,& ,foot-bread? (    
,?oralf ! ,/rong1     ,7 nei!r s broad  
nor s long1         ,nor s true4        
,!n ! ,scald took 8 h>p & sang1     ,&  
l\d ?r\gh ! music rang         ,! s\nd (
 t %9+ ^w2     ,& ! h>p-/r+s a clangor  
made1     ,z if !y 7 /ruck ) ! blade    
,( a sword4      ,& ! ,b]s]ks r\nd ab\t 
,broke =? 9 a %\t         ,t made !     
raft]s r+2     ,!y smote ) _! fi/s on ! 
bo>d1     ,& %\t$1 ,long live ! sword1  
,& ! ,k+4      ,b ! ,k+ said1 ,o my son1

     ,i miss ! bright ^w 9 "o         ,(
 ?y measures & ?y rhymes4     ,& ,halfr$
 ! ,scald repli$1     ,9 ano!r 't 0     
multipli$         ,?ree times4      ,!n 
,k+ ,olaf rais$ ! hilt     ,( iron1     
cross-%ap$ & gilt1         ,& said1 ,d n
 refuse2     ,c\nt well ! ga9 & ! loss1 
,?or's hamm] or ,*ri/'s cross3          
,*oose6      ,& ,halfr$ ! ,scald said1  
,?is     ,9 ! "n ( ! ,"l ,i kiss1       
,:o on x 0 crucifi$6     ,& a %\t w5t   
r\nd ! bo>d1     ,9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ ! ,"l1 
,:o di$6      ,!n ov] ! wa/e ( sn[s     
,! noonday sun uprose1         ,?r\gh ! 
driv+ mi/s reveal$1     ,l ! lift+ ( !  
,ho/1     ,by inc5se-cl\ds almo/        
,conceal$4      ,on ! %9+ wall a va/    
,& %ad[y cross 0 ca/         ,f ! hilt (
 ! lift$ sword1     ,& 9 ! foam+ cups ( 
ale     ,! ,b]s]ks drank ,0-hael6       
,to ! ,"l6  --,h5ry ,wadswor?           
,longfell[4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4           
,illu/ration  ,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,engl& 
,*ri/ians 9 old "t did rejoice     ,&   
fea/ at ?is ble/ tide4  --,old ,c>ol4   

,no c\ntry has ent]$ m he>tily into     
,yule-tide obs]vance ?an ,engl&4 ,f !   
e>lie/ kn[n date h] p h celebrat$ ?is   
fe/ival ) great c]emony4 ,9 ! "t ( !    
,celts x 0 pr9cipally a religi\s        
obs]vance1 b ?is big1 broad-%\ld]$ race 
add$ mir? to x1 too4 ,!y came to !      
fe/ivities 9 robes made f ! sk9s (      
br9dl$ c[s1 & we>+ _! long hair fl[+ &  
entw9$ ) holly4  ,! ,druids 9 ! temples 
kept ! consecrat$ fires burn+ briskly4  
,all h\sehold fires 7 ext+ui%$1 & any "o
 wi%+ to rek9dle ! flame at any "t dur+ 
! twelve days prec$+ ,yule-tide mu/ buy 
! consecrat$ fire4 ,! ,druids also _h a 
r unique cu/om ( s5d+ _! "y m5 ar\nd )  
,yule-tide greet+s & bran*es ( mi/letoe 
7quiviscum74 ,ea* family receiv+ ?is    
gift 0 expect$ 9 return to contribute   
g5]\sly to ! temples4  ,) ! com+ ( !    
,saxons1 high] revelry reign$1 & a      
,saxon obs]vance ( ,yule-tide mu/ h be5 
a jolly sight to see4 ,9 ! c5t] ( !     
hall1 ^u ! op5 he>?1 blaz$ a huge fire )
 its column ( smoke p\r+ out ?r\gh an   

op5+ 9 ! ?at*$ ro(1 or1 if beat5 by !   
w9d1 w&]+ among ! beams above4 ,!       
usually l>ge family belong+ to ! h\se   
ga!r$ 9 ?is big liv+-room4 ,! table     
/ret*$ along "o side ( ! room1 & up &   
d[n its great l5g? ! gue/s 7 seat$ 9    
c\ples4 ,betwe5 !m 0 a half-biscuit (   
bread to s]ve z a plate4 ,lat] on ?is   
w\ld be ?r[n into ! alms-basket =       
di/ribution among ! poor4  ,soon ! s]v]s
 ent]$ c>ry+ long iron spits on :i* !y  
br\ght pieces ( ! meats1 fi%1 & f[ls t  
_h be5 roa/$ 9 is5 pannas 7iron pans7   
susp5d$ f tripods out 9 ! y>d4 ,f+]s 7  
us$ in/ead ( =ks to h&le ! food1 & !    
half-biscuit plates receiv$ ! grease &  
juices & protect$ ! h&some bord-clo?4   
,!re 0 an abundance ( food1 = ! ,saxons 
7 great eat]s4 ,besides fle%1 fi%1 &    
f[ls _! g>d5s furni%$ pl5ty ( beans &   
o!r vegetables1 & _! ort-ge>ds produc$  
raspb]ries1 /rawb]ries1 plums1 sweet &  
s\r apples1 & cod-apples1 or qu9ces4 ,! 
cid] & /rong] dr9ks 7 quaff$ f qua9t    
r\nd-bottom$ tumbl]s :i*1 z !y c\ld n /&

 up1 _h to be empti$ at a draught4  ,!  
,saxons d9$ at ab\t elev5 o'clock &1 z  
bus9ess 0 n press+ 9 ^? days1 c\ld well 
af=d to sp5d h\rs at ! fea/1 eat+1      
dr9k+1 & mak+ m]ry4  ,aft] e "o _h eat51
 games 7 play$1 & ^! games are ! same z 
our *ildr5 play to-day--h&$ d[n to u f !
 old ,saxon times4  ,:5 night came & !  
e>-?yrls 7eyeholes1 or w9d[s7 no long]  
admitt$ ! light ( ! sun1 long c&le/icks 
dipp$ 9 wax 7 light$ & fa/5$ into       
sockets along ! sides ( ! hall4 ,!n !   
mak]s1 or b>ds z !y came to be call$ 9  
lat] days1 sang ( ! gods & goddesses or 
( m>vel\s de$s done by ! m5 ( old4      
,out-(-doors huge bonfires burn$ 9 honor
 ( ,"m-,night1 & to h]1 also1 peace     
(f]+s ( ,yule cakes 7 made4  ,x 0 !     
,saxon :o gave to ! heal-all ( ! ,celts 
! pretty "n ( mi/letoe1 or              
mi/letan1--mean+ a %oot or t9e ( a tree4
 ,!re 0 jollity b5ea? ! mi/letoe !n z   
n[1 only !n ev]ybody believ$ 9 its magic
 p[]s4 ,x 0 ! sov]eign rem$y = all      
diseases1 b x seems to h lo/ its        

curative p[]1 = ! sci5tific m5 ( !      
pres5t "t fail to f9d t x possesses any 
m$ical qualities4  ,lat] on1 :5 ! good  
,k+ ,alfr$ 0 on ! ,engli% ?rone1 !re 7  
great] com=ts & luxuries among !        
,saxons4 ,desc5dants ( ! settl]s _h     
built halls = _! families ne> ! orig9al 
home/eads1 & ! wall t =m]ly surr\nd$ !  
home ( ! settl] 0 ext5d$ to accommodate 
! new homes until !re 0 a t[n )9 !      
enclosure4 ,yule )9 ^! homes 0 celebrat$
 ) great pomp4 ,! walls ( ! hall 7 hung 
) ri* tape/ries1 ! food 0 s]v$ on gold &
 silv] plates1 & ! tumbl]s1 ?\gh        
sometimes ( wood or horn1 7 (t5 ( gold &
 silv]1 too4  ,9 ^! days ! family dress$
 m lavi%ly4 ,m5 wore long1 fl[+ r+lets &
 =k$ be>ds4 ,_! tunics ( wool51 lea!r1  
l951 or silk1 rea*$ to ! knees & 7 fa/5$
 at ! wai/ by a girdle4 ,usually a %ort 
cloak 0 worn ov] ! tunic4 ,!y b$eck$    
!mselves ) all ! jewelry !y c\ld we>2   
bracelets1 *a9s1 r+s1 broo*es1 head-b&s1
 & o!r ornam5ts ( gold & preci\s /ones4 
,wom5 wore _! be/ tunics made ei!r (    

wool5 wov5 9 _m colors or ( silk        
embroid]$ 9 gold5 fl[]s4 ,_! abundant   
tresses1 curl$ by means ( hot irons1 7  
conf9$ by ! ri*e/ head-rails4 ,! m      
fa%ionable wore cuffs & bracelets1 e>r+s
 & necklaces1 & pa9t$ _! *eeks a m ?an  
hectic flu%4  ,9 ! ,fifte5? & ,sixte5?  
,c5turies ! magnific5ce ( ! ,yule-tide  
obs]vance may be said to h rea*$ its    
height4 ,9 ! old b>onial halls :]e3     
,! fire1 ) well-dri$ logs suppli$1      
,w5t ro>+ up ! *imney wide1  ,*ri/mas 0 
kept ) great jollity4  ,x 0 consid]$    
unlucky to h ! holly br\ght into ! h\se 
be=e ,*ri/mas ,eve1 s ?r\gh\t ! week    
m]ry p>ties ( "y p 7 out 9 ! woods ga!r+
 gre5 b\ghs1 & on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 ) je/ &
 song1 !y came 9 lad5 ) bran*es to      
decorate ! hall4      ,lo1 n[ is come   
our joyfull'/ fea/6     ,let e man be   
jolly1     ,ea*e room ) yvie leaves be  
dre/4     ,& e po/ ) holly4  ,lat] on1  
m5 roll$ 9 ! huge ,yule-log1 emblematic 
( w>m? & light4 ,x 0 ( oak if possible1 
! oak be+ sacr$ to ,?or1 & 0 roll$ into 

place amid/ song & m]rim5t4 ,9 "o ( ^!  
songs ! fir/ /anza is3      ,welcome be 
?\1 heav5ly ,k+1     ,welcome born on   
?is morn+1     ,welcome = :om we %all   
s+1           ,welcome ,yule4  ,! ?ird  
/anza is address$ to ! cr[d3            
,welcome be ye t are "h1     ,welcome   
all1 & make good *e]1     ,welcome all1 
ano!r ye>2           ,welcome ,yule4    
,ea* memb] ( ! family1 seat$ 9 turn ^u !
 log1 salut$ x1 hop+ to receive good    
luck4 ,x 0 consid]$ unlucky to consume !
 entire log dur+ ,yule2 if good luck 0  
to att5d t h\sehold dur+ ! com+ twelve  
mon?s1 a piece ought to be left ov] )   
:i* to />t ! next ye>'s fire4           
,illu/ration3 ,,s]5ad$ ,,by ,,! ,,waits4
      ,"p mu/ be kept :]e) to t5de      
,! ,*ri/mas log next ye>e1     ,& :]e   
'tis safely kept1 ! fi5d     ,c d no    
mis*iefe !]e4  ,! bo>'s head held !     
pr9cipal place ( honor at ! d9n]4 ,s    
dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob]1 :5 ! bo>'s    
fle% 0 at its be/1 hunt]s ) well-tra9$  
packs ( bo>-h\nds set out to track ?is  

savage animal4 ,!y attack$ ! bo> )      
spe>s1 or surr\nd$ him & drove him into 
nets4 ,he 0 a f]oci\s antagoni/ to bo?  
dogs & m51 & :5 sore press$ w\ld :eel   
ab\t1 prep>$ to fight to ! dea?4 ,be=e !
 dogs c\ld grip him by ! e>1 8 "o weak  
po9t1 & p9 him d[n1 8 %>p tee? w\ld (t5 
w\nd or ev5 kill bo? ! hunt] & 8 dogs4  
,! plucki] ! animal ! l\d] ! praise sung
 9 8 honor :5 8 head 0 br\ght into !    
hall4 ,! great head1 prop]ly s\s$1 0    
borne 9 on an imm5se salv] by ! old     
blue-coat$ s]v+-man on ,*ri/mas day4 ,he
 0 prec$$ by ! trumpet]s & foll[$ by !  
mumm]s1 & ?us 9 /ate ! bo>'s head 0 u%]$
 9 & assign$ to its place on ! table4 ,!
 fa!r ( ! family or head ( ! h\sehold   
laid 8 h& on ! di% conta9+ ! bo> (      
atonem5t1 z x 0 at "o "t call$1 swe>+ to
 be fai?ful to 8 family & to fulfil all 
8 obligations z a man ( honor4 ,?is     
solemn act 0 p]=m$ be=e ! c>v+ by e man 
pres5t4 ,! c>v] _h to be a man (        
undaunt$ c\rage & unt>ni%$ reputation4  
,next 9 honor at ! fea/ 0 ! peacock4 ,x 

0 sometimes s]v$ z a pie ) its head     
protrud+ f "o side ( ! cru/ & its       
wide-spread tail f ! o!r2 m (t5 ! bird 0
 sk9n$1 /uff$ ) h]bs & sweet spices1    
roa/$1 & !n put into its sk9 aga91 :5 ) 
head erect & tail outspread x 0 borne   
into ! hall by a lady--z 0 s+ul>ly      
appropriate--& giv5 ! second place on ! 
table4  ,! feudal sy/em gave scope = mu*
 magnific5ce at ,yule-tide4 ,at a "t :5 
sev]al ?\s& reta9]s#d 7 f$ daily at a   
s+le ca/le or on a b>on's e/ate1        
prep>ations = ! ,yule fea/--! great fea/
 ( ! ye>--7 necess>ily on a l>ge scale1 
& ! quantity ( food report$ to h be5    
prep>$ on su* occasions is p]fectly     
appall+ to ,tw5tie?-,c5tury fea/]s4     
,footnote #d3 ,! ,e>l ( ,w>wick _h "s   
?irty ?\s&4  ,mass+] wrote3      ,m5 may
 talk ( ,c\ntry ,*ri/masses1     ,_!    
?irty-p\nd butt]'d eggs1 _! pies ( c>p's
 tongue1     ,_! pheasants dr5*'d )     
amb]gris1 ! c>casses     ,( ?ree fat    
we!rs bruis'd = gravy1 to     ,make     
sauces = a s+le peacock2 yet _! fea/s   

,7 fa/s1 comp>$ ) ! ,city's4  ,9 #abdh  
,k+ ,h5ry ,,iii held a fea/ 9 ,we/m9/]  
,hall = ! poor :i* la/$ a week4 ,f\r    
ye>s lat] he ent]ta9$ "o ?\s& knights1  
pe]s1 & o!r nobles1 :o came to att5d !  
m>riage ( ,pr9cess ,m>g>et ) ,alex&]1   
,k+ ( ! ,scots4 ,he 0 g5]\sly assi/$ by 
! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york :o gave #bgjj1      
besides six hundr$ fat ox54 ,a truly    
royal ,*ri/mas pres5t :e!r extort$ or   
giv5 ( free w6  ,m ?an a c5tury lat]    
,ri*>d ,,ii held ,*ri/mas at ,lit*field 
& two ?\s& ox5 & two hundr$ tuns ( w9e 7
 consum$4 ,?is mon>* 0 accu/om$ to      
provid+ = a l>ge family1 z he kept two  
?\s& cooks to prep>e ! food = ! t5 ?\s& 
p]sons :o d9$ e day at 8 exp5se4  ,h5ry 
,,viii1 n to be outdone by 8            
pr$ecessors1 kept "o ,yule-tide at :i* !
 co/ ( ! clo? ( gold t 0 us$ alone      
am\nt$ to #fjj4 ,t5ts 7 erect$ )9 !     
spaci\s hall f :i* came ! knights to j\/
 9 t\rnam5t2 beautiful artificial g>d5s 
7 arrang$ out ( :i* came ! fanta/ically 
dress$ danc]s4 ,! ,morris 7,moresque7   

,dance came into vogue 9 ,engl& dur+ !  
reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii1 & long cont9u$ to  
be a favorite4 ,! danc]s 7 decorat$ f   
cr[n to toe 9 gay ribbon /ream]s1 & cut 
all mann] ( antics = ! amusem5t ( !     
gue/s4 ,?is dance held ! place at ,yule 
t ! ,fool's ,dance =m]ly held dur+ !    
,roman ,saturnalia4  ,h5ry ,,viii's     
daught]1 ,elizabe?1 kept ! season 9     
great magnific5ce at ,hampton ,c\rt :]e 
plays writt5 = ! occasion 7 pres5t$4 ,! 
poet ,h]rick favor$3      ,( ,*ri/mas   
sports1 ! wassell b\le1     ,t's to/ up 
aft] ,fox-i-?'-hole4  ,?is feature (    
,yule obs]vance1 :i* is usually         
attribut$ to ,r[5a1 daught] ( ,vortig]n1
 dates back to ! grace-cup ( ! ,greeks &
 ,romans :i* is also ! suppos$ s\rce ( !
 bump]4 ,accord+ to good au?ority ! ^w  
bump] came f ! grace-cup :i* ,roman     
,ca?olics drank to ! ,pope1 au bon ,pre4
 ,! wassail b[l ( spic$ ale has cont9u$ 
9 favor ev] s9ce ! ,pr9cess ,r[5a bade  
h] fa!r's gue/s ,was%eil4  ,! (f]+ (    
gifts at ,yule has be5 obs]v$ s9ce (f]+s

 7 fir/ made to ! god ,frey = a fruitful
 ye>4 ,9 old5 times "o ( ! favorite     
gifts receiv$ f t5ants 0 an orange /uck 
) cloves :i* ! ma/] 0 to hang 9 8 w9e   
vessels to improve ! flavor ( ! w9e &   
prev5t its m\ld+4  ,z lords receiv$     
gifts f _! t5ants1 s x 0 ! cu/om = k+s  
to receive gifts f _! nobles4 ,elizabe? 
receiv$ a goodly %>e ( h] w>drobe z     
gifts f h] c\rti]s1 & if ! quality or   
quantity 0 n satisfactory1 ! giv]s 7    
unc]emoni\sly in=m$ ( ! fact4 ,9 #aefa  
%e receiv$ at ,yule a pres5t ( a pair ( 
black silk /ock+s knit by "o ( h] maids1
 & nev] aft] w\ld %e we> ^? made ( clo?4
 ,und]clo?+ ( all k9ds1 sleeves ri*ly   
embroid]$ & bejewel$1 9 fact ev]y?+ %e  
ne$$ to we>1 7 giv5 to h] & %e 0        
completely fitt$ out at ?is season4  ,9 
#ahdf ,sir ,h5ry ,cole is said to h     
orig9at$ ! idea ( s5d+ ,*ri/mas c>ds to 
fri5ds4 ,!y 7 ! size ( small            
visit+-c>ds1 (t5 be>+ a small color$    
design--a spray ( holly1 a fl[]1 or a   
bit ( mi/letoe--& ! complim5ts ( ! day4 

,joseph ,cr&all 0 ! fir/ publi%]4 ,only 
ab\t "o ?\s& 7 sold ! fir/ ye>1 b by    
#ahfb ! cu/om ( s5d+ "o ( ^! pretty c>ds
 9 an envelope or ) gifts to fri5ds     
became g5]al & has n[ spread to o!r     
c\ntries4  ,dur+ ! ,re=mation ! cu/om ( 
obs]v+ ,*ri/mas 0 look$ ^u z            
sacrilegi\s4 ,x savor$ ( pop]y1 & 9 !   
n>r[ness ( ! light !n dawn+ ! fe/ival 0 
aboli%$ except 9 ! ,anglican & ,lu!ran  
,*ur*es4 ,t5ants & neighbors no long]   
ga!r$ 9 ! hall on ,*ri/mas morn+ to     
p>take freely ( ! ale1 blackjacks1      
*eese1 toa/1 sug>1 & nutmeg4 ,if !y sang
 at all1 x 0 "o ( ! pi\s hymns consid]$ 
suitable-& suffici5tly doleful--= !     
occasion4 ,"o wond]s if ! "y m5 ev]     
long$ = ! sport !y us$ to h on ,*ri/mas 
morn+ :5 !y seiz$ any cook :o _h        
neglect$ to boil ! hack9#e & runn+ h]   
r\nd ! m>ket-place at full spe$ attempt$
 to %ame h] ( h] laz9ess4  ,footnote #e3
 ,au?orities diff] z to :e!r ?is 0 a big
 sausage or a plum pudd+4  ,prote/ants 7
 prote/+ aga9/ ! obs]vance ( ! day2     

,puritans 7 work+ t[>d its aboli%m5t2 & 
f9ally1 on ,decemb] #bd1 #afeb1         
,p>liam5t ord]$ ,t no obs]vance %all be 
_h ( ! five & tw5tie? day ( ,decemb]1   
commonly call$ ,*ri/mas day2 nor any    
solemnity us$ or ex]cis$ 9 *ur*es ^u t  
day 9 respect !re(4  ,!n ,*ri/mas became
 a day ( "w & no *e]4 ,! love ( fun :i* 
mu/ f9d v5t 0 exp5d$ at ,new ,ye>1 :5 ! 
celebration 0 simil> to t =m]ly obs]v$  
at ,*ri/mas4 ,b p 7 oblig$ to bid       
f>ewell to ! ,*ri/mas ,pr9ce :o us$ to  
rule ov] ,*ri/mas fe/ivities at         
,:itehall1 & ^: %ort reign 0 always "o (
 r>e pleasure & spl5dor4 ,he & o!r rul]s
 ( pa/imes 7 de?ron$ & bani%$ f ! k+dom4
 ,yule cakes1 :i* ! fea/]s us$ to cut 9 
slices1 toa/1 & soak 9 spicy ale1 7 n to
 be eat5--or c]ta9ly n on ,*ri/mas4 ,x 0
 n ev5 all[able = ! pretty ,yule c&les  
to be light$4  ,*ri/mas has nev] rega9$ 
its =m] pre/ige 9 ,engl&4 ,ye> aft] ye> 
x has be5 m obs]v$ 9 *ur*es & families1 
b n 9 ! wild1 boi/]\s1 he>ty /yle ( old5
 times4 ,?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9         

,yule-tide is n[ a "t ( family reunions 
& social ga!r+s4 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1       
,wales1 & ! ,isl&s ea* reta9 a few ( _! 
own peculi> cu/oms1 b !y are n obs]v$ to
 any ext5t4 ,9 ,irel&--or at lea/ 9 "s  
p>ts--!y /ill indulge 9 dr9k+ :at is    
kn[n z ,lamb's-wool1 :i* is made by     
bruis+ roa/$ apples & mix+ ! juice ) ale
 or milk4 ,?is dr9k1 toge!r ) apples &  
nuts1 is consid]$ indisp5sable on       
,*ri/mas ,eve4  ,engl& ( all c\ntries   
has probably kn[n ! m]rie/ (            
,yule-tides1 c]ta9ly ! m]rie/ dur+ ^?   
c5turies :5 ! mumm]s ( yore bade to ea* 
& all      ,a m]ry ,*ri/mas & a happy   
,new ,ye>1     ,y\r pockets full ( money
 & y\r cell> full ( be]4  ,!re seems    
always to h be5 m or less anxiety felt  
reg>d+ ,new ,ye>'s ,day 9 ,engl&1 = ,if 
! morn+ be r$ & dusky x d5otes a ye> (  
robb]ies & /rife4      ,if ! grass gr[s 
9 ,janive>     ,x gr[s ! worse = 't all 
! ye>4  ,& !n v mu* dep5d$ ^u ! import (
 ! *apt] to :i* "o op5$ ! ,bible on ?is 
morn+4 ,if ! fir/ visitor *anc$ to be a 

female1 ill luck 0 sure to foll[1 al?\gh
 :y x %\ld is n expla9$4  ,x 0 v        
desirable to obta9 ! cream ( ! ye> f !  
ne>e/ spr+1 & maid5s sat up till aft]   
midnight to obta9 ! fir/ pit*]ful (     
wat]1 suppos$ to possess rem>kable      
virtues4 ,mod]n plumb+ & city wat]-pipes
 h done away ) ! obs]vance ( ! cream ( !
 ye>1 al?\gh ! cu/om /ill prevails (    
sitt+ up to see ! ,old ,ye> out & ! ,new
 ,ye> 94  ,!re 0 also ke5 anxiety felt z
 to h[ ! w9d blew on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 =
      ,if ,new ,ye>'s ,eve night w9d bl[
 ,s\?1     ,x betok5e? w>m? & gr[?2     
,if ,we/1 mu* milk1 & fi% 9 ! sea2      
,if ,nor?1 mu* cold & /orm !re w be2    
,if ,ea/1 ! trees w be> mu* fruit2      
,if ,nor!a/1 flee x man & brute4  ,,at  
,,*ri/mas ,,"t      ,at ,*ri/mas "t !   
fields are :ite1       ,& hill & valley 
all b$ight     ,) sn[y spl5dor1 :ile on 
high     ,! black cr[s sail a?w>t ! sky1
     ,m\rn+ = summ] days gone by        
,at ,*ri/mas "t4      ,at ,*ri/mas "t ! 
air is *ill1       ,& froz5 lies !      

babbl+ rill3     ,:ile sobb+ly ! trees  
make moan     ,= leafy gre5ness once _! 
own1     ,= blossoms dead & birdl+s fl[n
             ,at ,*ri/mas "t4      ,at  
,*ri/mas "t we deck ! hall       ,)     
holly bran*es brave & tall1     ,) /urdy
 p9e & hemlock bright1     ,& 9 !       
,yule-log's danc+ light     ,we tell old
 tales ( field & fight             ,at  
,*ri/mas "t4      ,at ,*ri/mas "t we    
pile ! bo>d       ,) fle% & fruit &     
v9tage /or$1     ,& mid ! laught] & !   
gl[     ,we tr$ a measure s(t & sl[1    
,& kiss b5ea? ! mi/letoe             ,at
 ,*ri/mas "t4      ,o ,god & ,fa!r ( u  
all1       ,li/ to ,?y l[lie/ creature's
 call3     ,give ( ,?y joy to high & l[1
     ,com=t+ ! sorr[+ 9 _! woe2         
,make w>s to cease & love to gr[        
,at ,*ri/mas "t4      ,let n "o he>t be 
sad to-day2       ,may e *ild be glad & 
gay3     ,bless ,?\ ,?y *ildr5 great &  
small1     ,9 l[ly hut or ca/le hall1   
,& may ea* s\l keep fe/ival             
,at ,*ri/mas "t4  ,,! ,,new ,,ye>       

,a good ,new ,ye>1 ) _m bless+s 9 x6    
,once m g =? ! k9dly wi% & ^w4     ,a   
good ,new ,ye>6 & may we all beg9 x     
,) he>ts by noble ?\ght & purpose /irr$4
      ,! ,old ,ye>'s ov]1 ) its joy &   
sadness2     ,! pa? be=e u is untri$ &  
dim2     ,b let u take x ) ! /ep (      
gladness1     ,= ,god is !re1 & we c    
tru/ 9 ,him4      ,:at ( ! buri$ hopes t
 lie beh9d u6     ,_! graves may yet gr[
 fl[]s1 s let !m re/4     ,to-day is    
ours1 & x mu/ f9d u     ,prep>$ to hope 
afre% & d our be/4      ,god kn[s :at   
f9ite wisdom only guesses2     ,n "h f  
our dim eyes ! mi/ w roll4     ,:at we  
call failures1 ,he may deem successes   
,:o sees 9 brok5 p>ts ! p]fect :ole4    
,& if we miss "s de> famili> faces1     
,pass$ on be=e u to ! ,home above1      
,ev5 :ile we c\nt1 ?r\gh te>s1 _! vacant
 places1     ,he heals our sorr[s ) ,8  
balm ( ,love4      ,no human lot is free
 f c>es & crosses1     ,ea* pass+ ye> w 
br+ bo? %9e & %[]2     ,yet1 ?\gh on    
tr\bl$ seas life's vessel tosses1     ,!

 /orms ( e>? endure b = an h\r4      ,& 
%\ld ! riv] ( our happy laught]     ,fl[
 'nea? a sky no cl\d yet ov]ca/s1       
,we w n fe> ! %ad[s com+ aft]1     ,b   
make ! mo/ ( sun%9e :ile x la/s4      ,a
 good ,new ,ye>6 ,oh1 let u all beg9 x  
,) *e]ful faces turn+ to ! light6     ,a
 good ,new ,ye>1 :i* w h bless+s 9 x    
,if we b p]sev]e & d aright4  --,e4     
,ma!son4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4             
,illu/ration  ,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,g]many
      ,fe$ ! wood & h a joyful m9ute1   
,= ! se$s ( e>?ly suns are 9 x4         
--,goe!4   ,x 0 away back 9 ! "t (      
,alex&] ! ,great t ,g]many 0 made kn[n  
to ! civiliz$ _w by an adv5tur\s sailor 
nam$ ,py!as1 a man ( m ?an ord9>y tal5t1
 :o 0 sail+ nor?w>d & discov]$ a l&     
inhabit$ by a !n unkn[n p4 ,he report$ 8
 discov]y to ! ,romans1 b ! difficulty 0
 t ,py!as _h se5 s mu* m ?an any ( !    
,greeks or ,romans ( ^? days t !y utt]ly
 refus$ to believe 8 /atem5ts4 ,"t has  
prov$ t ! sailor 0 ne>] "r 9 _m ( 8     
app>5tly vision>y /atem5ts ?an 8        

c\ntrym5 dream$1 al?\gh x has tak5      
c5turies to prove ! fact 9 "s cases4  ,!
 p :om ,py!as !n introduc$ to ! polite  
_w 7 ,teutons1 a bran* ( ! great ,aryan 
race & closely relat$ to ! e>ly ,engli%4
 ,! m5 7 simple1 tru?ful1 & brave1 b 7  
sadly addict$ to dr9k1 x 0 said1 &      
consequ5tly 7 (t5 qu>relsome4 ,! wom5 7 
mu* l ^? ( to-day 9 _! *>act]i/ics3     
virtu\s1 pr\d1 & dignifi$2 v beautiful1 
) gold5-hu$ hair1 blue eyes1 & fre%1    
fair complexions4 ,l mo/ ( ! e>ly       
peoples1 ! ,teutons wor%ip$ gods &      
goddesses1 & s h _m cu/oms & traditions 
9 common ) o!r bran*es ( ! ,aryans4  ,if
 ,engl& has enjoy$ ! m]rie/ ,yule-tides 
( ! pa/1 c]ta9ly ,g]many enjoys ! m]rie/
 ( ! pres5t1 = 9 no o!r c\ntry is ! day 
s fully & he>tily obs]v$4 ,x is ! great 
occasion ( ! ye> & means mu* to ! p4  ,=
 a week or m be=e ! day1 loads ( ev]gre5
 trees ( all sizes may be se5 com+ into 
! cities & t[ns to be pil$ up 9 squ>es &
 op5 places until ! entire place looks l
 a =e/ ( small firs4 ,"o wond]s :]e !y  

all come f & = h[ _m ye>s ! supply w    
la/1 b x is n likely to fail at pres5t4 
,! ,lu!rans gave ,m>t9 ,lu!r ! cr$it (  
introduc+ ! ,*ri/mas tree into ,g]many4 
,he may h help$ to make x popul>1 b     
c]ta9ly !re is abundant evid5ce to prove
 t x 0 kn[n long be=e ! ,re=m]'s "t4 ,x 
is g5]ally suppos$ to h its orig9 9     
my?ological times & to be a ve/ige ( !  
m>vel\s tree1 ,yggdrasil4  ,possibly    
,m>t9 ,lu!r ?\ght ( ! old /ory ( ! tree 
& imag9$1 z he travel$ alone "o cold    
night1 h[ pretty ! sn[-lad5 fir-trees   
along 8 pa? w\ld look c\ld !y be light$ 
by ! tw9kl+ />s ov]head4 ,b :e!r he _h  
any?+ to d ) x or n1 ! tree is n[ "o ( !
 mo/ important features ( ,yule-tide    
among ! ,g]mans ( all d5om9ations4      
,ne>ly t5 million h\seholds require "o  
or two trees ea* ,*ri/mas1 v>y+ 9 height
 f two to tw5ty feet4 ,societies provide
 !m = p :o are too poor to buy !m1 & v  
few are ov]look$ at ?is happy holiday   
season4  ,! gr& ,yule-tide fe/ival is   
op5$ on ! eve ( ,/4 ,ni*olas ,day1      

,decemb] six?2 9 fact baza>s are held f 
! fir/ ( ! mon?1 :i* is really "o       
prolong$ season ( m]rymak+4  ,9 ,g]many1
 ,/4 ,ni*olas has a day set ap>t 9 8    
honor4 ,he 0 born 94 ,pal>a1 a city (   
,lycia1 & b v little is kn[n ( 8 life   
except t he 0 made ,bi%op ( ,myra & di$ 
9 ! ye> #cdc4 ,x 0 once ! cu/om to s5d a
 man ar\nd to p]sonate ,/4 ,ni*olas on  
,/4 ,ni*olas ,eve1 & to inquire h[ !    
*ildr5 _h behav$ ?r\gh ! ye>1 :o 7      
des]v+ ( gifts1 & :o ne$$ a t\* ( ! bir*
 rods t he c>ri$ ) him into e home4 ,/4 
,ni*olas /ill goes ab\t 9 "s p>ts ( !   
c\ntry1 & 9 ! baza>s & %ops are sold    
little bun*es ( rods1 real or made (    
c&y1 su* z ,/4 ,ni*olas is suppos$ to   
deal 94 ,9 "s places ,knight ,rup]t     
takes ! place ( ,/4 ,ni*olas 9 visit+ ! 
h\ses4 ,b ,kriss ,kr+le has ne>ly usurp$
 ! place ,/4 ,ni*olas once held 9 awe & 
respect by ,g]man *ildr54  ,illu/ration3
 ,,toy-,,mak+ ,,9 ,,g]many4  ,h[ ! r\gh 
figures are *ipp$ f ! wood5 r+ com+ f ! 
cross-section ( a tree4  ,because ,/4   

,ni*olas ,day came s ne> to ,*ri/mas1 9 
"s c\ntries ! ,sa9t became associat$ ) t
 celebration1 al?\gh 9 ,g]many ! eve ( 8
 bir?day cont9ues to be obs]v$4 ,g]mans 
pur*ase lib]ally ( ! toys & confection]y
 (f]$ at ! baza>s1 & n[h]e are pretti]  
toys & confection]y f\nd ?an 9          
,g]many--! c\ntry :i* furni%es ! mo/    
beautiful toys 9 ! _w4  ,f ! palace to !
 hut1 ,yule-tide is a season ( peace1   
re/1 joy1 & devotion4 ,= ?ree days1 t is
 ! day be=e ,*ri/mas1 ,*ri/mas1 & ! day 
aft]--kn[n z ,box+-day--all bus9ess n   
absolutely necess>y to ! welf>e ( !     
community is susp5d$4 ,/ores1 m>kets1 & 
baza>s pres5t a fe/ive appe>ance2 ! "y  
girl att5dants are smil+ & happy1 & e "o
 seems 9 ! be/ ( humor4  ,_m ( ! poor]  
class1 ( ,g]mans d n eat mu* meat1 b at 
,*ri/mas all indulge 9 t extravagance1 s
 ! m>kets are unusually cr[d$4 ,!y all l
 to pur*ase a plant or a fl[] = ,*ri/mas
 & ! fl[] /ores are m>vels ( beauty &   
sweetness4  ,e "o is busy prep>+ = !    
great occasion4 ,gr[n folks become      

*ildr5 aga9 9 ! simplicity ( _! enjoym5t
 & ent] into ! excitem5t ) z mu*        
en?usiasm z d ! *ildr54  ,newspap]s are 
n g5]ally publi%$ dur+ ! ?ree days (    
bus9ess susp5sion1 = no "o w\ld h "t or 
int]e/ to read !m at su* a season4  ,9  
_m places *ur*es are op5 dur+ ! week    
be=e ,*ri/mas1 = ) all ! bu/le &        
excitem5t incid5t to ! prep>ations1 ! p1
 "y & old1 are fill$ ) a deep _s (      
devotion1 & nev] = an in/ant =get !     
significance ( ! occasion !y            
commemorate4  ,*ur*es are n trimm$ nor  
are !y made attractive ) fl[]s1 songs1  
or 9 any special way1 b ! p g to li/5 ) 
devotion to ! tell+ ( ! old1 old /ory ( 
,*ri/'s bir?day & ( ! fir/ ,holy ,night 
at ,be?lehem4  ,! day be=e ,*ri/mas all 
are busy trimm+ up _! homes & prep>+ = !
 great day4 ,usually ! "m ( ! h\sehold  
trims ! tree1 n admitt+ any o!r memb] ( 
! curi\s & expectant family into ! room4
 ,tables are provid$ = hold+ ! gifts1 z 
e "o 9 ! family is expect$ to make a    
gift to e o!r memb]1 & x is surpris+ to 

note ! int]e/ tak5 9 ^! simple          
gifts--(t5 a soap-rose1 an artificial   
fl[]1 knitt$ lace1 ev5 sausages1 *eese1 
or butt]--& ) ea* & all ! ev]-pres5t    
,*ri/mas cake4 ,x is spic$ & h>d1 cut   
into e mann] ( device--m51 wom51        
animals1 />s1 he>ts1 etc4 ,! ,pfeff]    
,ku*5 7pepp] cakes7 or "s simil> cakes  
are to be se5 ev]y:]e at ,*ri/mas "t4   
,! gifts are (t5 accompani$ ) %ort      
v]ses1 good1 bad1 or indiff]5t1 accord+ 
to ! tal5t ( ! giv]1 b all s]ve to make 
! occasion m]ry4 ,9 "s families ^!      
simple inexp5sive gifts are s c>efully  
kept t collections may be se5 ( gifts   
receiv$ by diff]5t memb]s ( ! family    
s9ce _! infancy4  ,illu/ration3         
,,decorat+ ,,! ,,*ri/mas ,,tree4  ,on   
,*ri/mas ,eve ! gue/s assemble e>ly1 &  
by six o'clock a signal is giv5 = ! door
 ( ! my/]i\s room to be op5$ to admit ! 
family to ! tree3      ,o ,hemlock tree6
 ,o ,hemlock-tree6 h[ fai?ful are ?y    
bran*es6           ,gre5 n alone 9 summ]
 "t1           ,b 9 ! w9t]'s fro/ &     

rime6     ,o ,hemlock-tree6 ,o          
,hemlock-tree6 h[ fai?ful are ?y        
bran*es6  ,x is ablaze ) t9y light$     
tap]s & radiant ) %9y t9sel cut 9 pretty
 devices or 9 ?read-l /rips4 ,bright    
balls1 gay toys1 & pap] fl[]s help to   
enhance its beauty1 & sometimes sc5es f 
sacr$ hi/ory are arrang$ ) toys at !    
base ( ! tree4  ,) ! di/ribution ( !    
gifts ! fun beg9s2 ea* p]son is expect$ 
to kiss e o!r p]son pres5t & help make !
 occasion a m]ry "o4  ,holy ,night1 or1 
z ! ,g]mans t]m x1 ,weihna*t--! ,night (
 ,d$ication--is ! "t ( family reunions1 
fun1 & frolic4 ,n alone 9 homes1        
hospitals1 prisons1 b>racks1 & else:]e  
is ! pretty bet9sel$ tree to be se5 on  
,*ri/mas1 b 9 bury+-gr\nds1 on !        
re/+-places ( ! dead1 /& ^! fre% gre5   
trees 9 evid5ce ( keep+ ! lov$ "o's     
memory gre54  ,:ile ! cu/om ( hav+ a    
tree is univ]sal ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 & f   
!nce has be5 introduc$ into o!r         
c\ntries1 !re are _m cu/oms peculi> to  
c]ta9 sections4 ,9 "s ( ! little        

out-(-!-way places 9 ! ,tyrolese ,alps !
 old-"t ,miracle ,plays are enact$ 9 a  
mo/ primitive mann]4 ,z ! peasants      
r>ely1 if ev]1 att5d ! !atre or h any   
opportunity to see a mod]n play1 ?is    
occasion attracts !m f f> & ne>4 ,:]e is
 ! !atre1 :o are ! actors1 d y ask8 ,!  
!atre is ! l>ge/ place available1       
sometimes a l>ge room1 sometimes a b>n1 
any?+ t w accommodate ! cr[d t is sure  
to come4 ,9 "o description ( a play giv5
 on ,*ri/mas ,day x is /at$ t ! p       
assembl$ 9 a b>n belong+ to ! vic>age to
 witness ! ,p>adise ,play4 ,! top ( a   
huge pott]y /ove at lea/ five feet high 
s]v$ = ! ?rone ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 ! /ove   
be+ hidd5 by scre5s pa9t$ to repres5t   
cl\ds4 ,! play began at ! beg9n+1--at   
,*aos4 ,a l>ge pap] scre5 b$eck$ ) a    
pr(usion ( suns1 moons1 />s1 & comets   
=m$ a backgr\nd1 :ile 9 front sprawl$ a 
numb] ( boys 9 tights ) bo>d w+s fa/5$  
to _! %\ld]s to repres5t angels4 ,!     
language 0 z simple & primitive z !     
sc5]y1 yet = ! cr$ul\s1 dev\t peasants  

no di/ance is too great1 no passes too  
/eep or r\gh1 no m>* on du/y highroads  
too fatigu+1 if a ,miracle or ,passion  
,play is _! goal4  ,does x seem         
sacrilegi\s8 ,n to ^? :o att5d x 9 ! _s 
( humility & devotion1 z d ^! ,tyrolese 
peasants4 ,9 "s places plays are giv5 9 
*ur*es on ,*ri/mas z !y 7 =m]ly 9       
,engl&1 b ^! are n common1 & are only   
f\nd 9 remote places4 ,?r\gh\t ?is      
c\ntry !re is always a *ur* s]vice 9 !  
morn+ :i* is v g5]ally att5d$1          
,prote/ants & ,ca?olics alike mak+      
,*ri/mas ! day ( all ! ye> 9 :i* !y     
att5d *ur*4  ,! "n ,*ri/mas probably    
orig9at$ f ! ord] t 0 giv5 = say+ mass  
7call$ ,*ri/-mass7 = ! s9s ( ! p on !   
day t commemorates ! ,savi\r's ,bir?4   
,"o beautiful feature ( a ,g]man        
,*ri/mas is ! wide-spread ?\ght = ! poor
 & ! int]e/ tak5 9 !m4 ,_m weal?y       
families h *>ge ( a c]ta9 numb] ( poor  
families1 & on ,*ri/mas ,day invite !m  
to _! own luxuri\s homes to receive     
gifts & enjoy ! tree prep>$ = !m4 ,an   

address1 pray]1 & song z !y /& ar\nd !  
tree prec$es ! di/ribution ( gifts1     
usually ( clo?+ & food1 ) :i* ! gue/s   
fill ! bags & baskets !y br+ ) !m4 ,& = 
all !re is an abundance ( ,pfeff] ,ku*51
 or "s o!r ,*ri/mas cake4  ,9 ! mid/ (  
all ! excitem5t ( light$ tree & pretty  
gifts1 ,g]man *ildr5 seldom =get to     
return ?anks = :at !y receive4 ,!y are  
taught t all ^! gifts come ?r\gh !      
,*ri/-*ild1 & t ! occasion is n = selfi%
 enjoym5t b to give pleasure to o!rs1 & 
t no "o is too poor to give k9dly ?\ght 
& pleasant words to ^? ar\nd !m4  ,9 "s 
p>ts ( ,g]many--,lorra9e is "o--! p burn
 ! ,yule-log2 sometimes a huge log t w  
la/ ?r\gh ! ?ree days' fe/ivity1        
sometimes "o s small t ! family sit be=e
 x until x is all consum$4 ,sometimes a 
"p ( ! log is susp5d$ f ! ceil+ ( ! room
 & ea* p]son pres5t bl[s at x hop+ to   
make a sp>k fall on "s wat*+ face2 !n   
aga9 "s c>ry a piece ( ! log to b$ ) !m 
to protect !m f lightn+4 ,b ! ,yule-log 
is n v g5]ally kn[n 9 ?is l& ( great    

pott]y /oves & clos$ fireplaces1 & t may
 be "o reason :y po/-wagons g rumbl+    
ab\t at ,*ri/mas "t1 c>ry+ p>cels f     
place to place & f door to door1 bl[+ _!
 po/-horns cont9u\sly1 in/ead ( ! p>cels
 be+ dropp$ d[n *imneys by ,santa       
,claus4  ,x is cu/om>y1 also1 9 "s p>ts 
( ! c\ntry1 = ! p & _! animals to fa/ ! 
day be=e ,*ri/mas4 ,at midnight ! p     
att5d *ur* & x is said t ! cattle kneel2
 !n bo? man & bea/ p>take ( a he>ty     
meal4 ,!re are places 9 ! ,g]man ,alps  
:]e x is believ$ t ! cattle are bless$ )
 ! gift ( language = a :ile on ,*ri/mas 
,eve1 b z x is a v great s9 to li/51 no 
"o has yet report$ any conv]sation among
 !m4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! c\ntry x is ?\ght t
 ! ,virg9 ,m>y ) a company ( angels     
passes ov] ! l& on ,holy ,night1 & s    
tables are spread ) ! be/ ! l>d]s af=d &
 c&les are light$ & left burn+ t !      
angelic visitors may f9d abundant food  
%\ld !y *ance to /op on _! way4         
,box+-day1 :5 boxes prep>$ = ! poor are 
di/ribut$1 foll[s ! ,holy ,day & aft] t 

bus9ess is resum$1 al?\gh fe/ivities d n
 cease4  ,sylve/]1 or ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 
is ! next occasion to be obs]v$ dur+    
,yule-tide4 ,! =m] "n 0 giv5 9 honor ( !
 fir/ pope ( t "n1 & /ill reta9$ by _m4 
,aft] ! usual *ur* s]vice 9 ! e>ly ev5+1
 ! int]v5+ h\rs be=e midnight are sp5t 9
 ! mo/ boi/]\s m]rim5t4 ,fun ( all sorts
 )9 ! limit ( law & dec5cy prevails4    
,any "o v5tur+ =? we>+ a silk hat is 9  
dang] ( hav+ 8 hat1 if n 8 head1 sma%$4 
,hat (f1 cries ! "o :o spies "o ( ^!    
head-cov]+s1 & if ! ord] is n in/antly  
obey$1 woe betide ! luckless we>]4 ,at  
midnight all ,g]many1 or at lea/ all 9 !
 cities & ! l>g] t[ns1 may be se5       
out-(-doors or lean+ f w9d[s1 wait+ = ! 
bells to r+ out ! ,old ,ye> & welcome 9 
! ,new4 ,at fir/ /roke ( ! bells !re    
arises "o univ]sal salute ( ,prosit     
,neujahr 7,happy ,new ,ye>74 ,x is all  
good-natur$ fun1 a wild1 exub]ant       
f>ewell to ! ,old ,ye>--! clos+ sc5e ( !
 joy\s ,yule-tide4  ,,! ,,*ri/mas ,,tree
      ,! oak is a /rong & /alw>t tree1  

,& x lifts its bran*es up1     ,& cat*es
 ! dew "r gallantly       ,9 _m a da9ty 
cup3     ,& ! _w is bright] & bett] made
       ,because ( ! woodman's /roke1    
,desc5d+ 9 sun1 or fall+ 9 %ade1        
,on ! /urdy =m ( ! oak4     ,b /rong]1  
,i we51 9 app>el gre51       ,& trapp+s 
s fair to see1     ,) its preci\s       
freight = small & great1       ,is !    
beautiful ,*ri/mas tree4      ,! elm is 
a k9d & goodly tree1       ,) its       
bran*es b5d+ l[3     ,! he>t is glad :5 
its =m we see1       ,& we li/ to !     
riv]'s fl[4     ,ay1 ! he>t is glad & ! 
pulses b\nd1       ,& joy illumes !     
face1     ,:5ev] a goodly elm is f\nd   
,because ( its beauty & grace4     ,b   
k9d]1 ,i we51 m goodly 9 mi51     ,)    
bran*es m droop+ & free1     ,! t9t ( ^:
 leaves fidelity weaves1     ,is !      
beautiful ,*ri/mas tree4  --,hattie ,s4 
,russell4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4             
,illu/ration  ,,yule-,,tide ,,9         
,,sc&9avia      ,! horn 0 bl[n = sil5ce1
 come 0 ! votive h\r2     ,to ,frey's   

high fea/ devot$ !y c>ry 9 ! bo>4       
--,fri?('s ,saga1 ,trans4 ,bay>d        
,taylor4   ,to ,norr[ay1 to ,norr[ay1 ! 
mo/ nor!rn limit ( ,sc&9avia1 "o turns =
 ! fir/ obs]vance ( ,*ri/mas 9          
,sc&9avia1 = ! keep+ ( ,yule-tide 9 ! l&
 ( ,od91 ( ! ,vik+s1 ,sagas1 midnight   
sun1 & ! gorge\s ,aurora ,borealis4 ,?is
 "o ( ! tw9 c\ntries /ret*+ f> to ! nor?
 ) habitations )9 n9ete5 degrees ( !    
,nor? ,pole1 & ! sev]al c\ntries :i* =m$
 anci5t ,sc&9avia1 are "o 9 _s reg>d+   
,*ri/mas al?\gh n 9 _m o!r respects4  ,9
 ! f> nor? among ! va/ tribe ( ,lapps1 9
 _! cold1 b5ight$ c\ntry1 z ,*ri/mas    
approa*es ea* w&]+ tribe heads its      
re9de] t[>d ! ne>e/ settlem5t conta9+ a 
*ur*1 t x may li/5 to ! /ory ( ! fir/   
,*ri/mas morn :i* is told ye> aft] ye>  
by ! pa/or1 & yet is ev] new & int]e/+  
to ! p :o come f great di/ances1 drawn  
ov] ! fields ( crisp sn[ by _!          
fleet-foot$ re9de]4  ,! ,lapp is        
app>5tly a joyless individual4 ,m51     
wom51 & *ildr5 seem b]eft ( all p[] (   

amusem5t beyond :at t5ds to keep !m     
alive1 su* z fi%+1 hunt+1 & travel+ ab\t
 to fe$ _! h]ds ( re9de]4 ,!y h no      
games1 no gift = music1 !y nev] dance   
nor play c>ds1 b ye> aft] ye> drag out  
an exi/5ce1 liv+ )9 l[ e>?-cov]$ huts or
 9 t5ts4 ,ev5 ! be/ homes are l[ &      
poorly v5tilat$4 ,= w9d[s are n ne$$ :]e
 d>kness reigns = mon?s toge!r1 :]e !   
sun is n se5 at all dur+ six or sev5    
weeks ( ! ye>1 & :]e p live out-(-doors 
dur+ ! long summ] day ( sunlight t      
foll[s4  ,9 _! l[1 /uffy homes :i* at   
,*ri/mas are fill$ ) gue/s f ! w&]+     
,lapps1 !re is no room = ! pretty tree &
 decorative ev]gre5s4 ,! joy af=d$ ^! p 
at ,yule-tide is 9 ! reunion ( fri5ds1 9
 att5d+ *ur* s]vices1 9 ! unit+ ( c\ples
 9 m>riage1 &1 alas1 9 ! abundance (    
liquor freely di/ribut$ dur+ ?is season4
 ,! *ildr5 are made happy by be+ able to
 att5d s*ool1 = at ,*ri/mas !y are      
br\ght into ! settlem5ts ) fri5ds = ?is 
purpose4 ,!y h only a few weeks' s*ool+ 
dur+ ! ye>1 f ,*ri/mas to ,ea/]1 & :ile 

! s*oolma/]s are /ation$ at ! little    
t[ns1 ! *ildr5 "w h>d to ga9 ! k ( books
 & religion :i* !y crave4  ,9 ?is       
t]rible w9t] night ( exi/5ce1 amid/ an  
appall+ d>kness ( ,nature & ,m9d1 ! "o  
great occasion ( ! ye> is ,*ri/mas4 ,n !
 m]ry1 bright1 fe/ive occasion ( _! m   
favor$ bro!rs & si/]s1 b :at to !m is ! 
happie/ 9 ! ye>4  ,*ri/mas ,eve passes  
unnotic$4 ,! aurora may be ev5 m        
beautiful ?an usual1 its wav+ drap]ies m
 fanta/ic1 m gorge\s-hu$1 b x is        
unnotic$ by ! ,lapps :o h se5 x f       
*ildhood4 ,m51 wom51 *ildr51 s]vants1   
gue/s1 & animals1 cr[d into ! small1 l[ 
homes1 )\t a ?\ght ( ,santa ,claus com+ 
to visit !m4 ,*ildr5 h no /ock+s to hang
 up1 & !re are no *imneys = ,santa to   
desc5d4 ,9 fact1 he & 8 re9de]1 ) _!    
loads ( treasur$ gifts1 probably left   
?is region ) ! sun1 b\nd = m cong5ial   
places4  ,! *ur* bells break ! t]rible  
sil5ce ( ! sunless t[ns on ,*ri/mas     
morn+1 & z ! fur-encas$ natives w5d _!  
way to *ur*1 greet+ "o ano!r z !y meet1 

!re is a fa9t approa* to joy\sness4 ,(  
c\rse !re mu/ be real sorr[ & joy :]ev] 
!re is life & love1 al?\gh among !      
,lapps x is h>d to disc]n4  ,dur+       
,yule-tide ! ,lapps visit "o ano!r1     
att5d to :at gov]nm5tal bus9ess !re may 
be1 give 9 m>riage1 *ri/5 ! *ildr51 &   
bury ! dead1 ^: bodies h la9 b5ea? _!   
cov]+ ( sn[ await+ ?is annual visit ( ! 
,norwegian cl]gyman = _! f9al int]m5t4  
,?9k ( ,*ri/mas )\t a tree1 )\t wrea?s &
 fl[]s1 )\t /ock+s full ( gifts1 ) a    
d9n] ( re9de] meat & no plum pudd+6 ,&  
imag9e :at w\ld be 8 s5sation c\ld a    
,lapp *ild be put into a home 9 ,engl&1 
,am]ica1 ,g]many1 or ev5 9 o!r p>ts (   
,sc&9avia6 ,:at w\ld he say c\ld he     
receive su* gifts z 7 giv5 y la/        
,*ri/mas6  ,b ,lapps are only a small "p
 ( ! population ( ,norway4 ,norwegian   
*ildr5 h _m jolly times ar\nd ! ,*ri/mas
 trees & enjoy hunt+ = _! little gifts  
:i* are (t5 tuck$ away 9 v>i\s places = 
!m to f9d4 ,!n !re are all sorts (      
pretty games = !m to play & quantities (

 appetiz+ food prep>$ = _! pleasure4 ,! 
"y folks e>n _! fea/1 = all day long    
be=e ,*ri/mas !y are busy ty+ bun*es (  
oats & corn on ! trees1 ! f5ces1 ! tops 
( h\ses & ( b>ns1 & on high poles :i* !y
 erect 9 ! y>ds1 until      ,f gable1   
b>n & /able     ,protrudes ! birdies'   
table     ,spread ) a %eaf ( corn4  ,!  
,norwegians beg9 _! ,*ri/mas ) div9e    
s]vices1 aft] :i* !y meet toge!r = a    
repa/ :i* is an appetiz] = ! fea/ to    
foll[4 ,a pipe ( tobacco is giv5 to ea* 
man & boy pres5t1 !n !y smoke :ile !    
fea/1 ! great feature ( ! day1 is be+   
made ready4 ,fi%1 p\ltry1 meats1 & e    
v>iety ( food kn[n to ! ,norwegian      
h\sewife is s]v$ 9 c\rses1 betwe5 :i*   
toa/s are giv51 heal?s drunk1 & ! songs 
( ,norway r5d]$4 ,among ! latt] ,old    
,norway is always includ$1 = ! p nev]   
=get ! pa/ hi/ory ( _! belov$ c\ntry4   
,"o ( ! pretty cu/oms ( ^! occasions is 
t ea* gue/ on aris+ turns to ! ho/ &    
ho/ess1 :o rema9 seat$ at ei!r end ( !  
table1 &1 b[+ to ea*1 expresses 8 ?anks 

= ! meal4  ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,! ,,way 
,,to ,,*ri/mas ,,eve ,,s]vice ,,9       
,,norway4  ,sometimes aft] ! s]v+ ( tea 
at sev5 o'clock1 little boys 9 :ite     
mantles1 ) />-%ap$ lant]ns & dolls to   
repres5t ! ,virg9 & ! ,holy ,babe1 ent] 
! room & s+ sweet c>ols4 ,(t5 /roll+    
musicians arrive1 su* z g f place to    
place at ,*ri/mas4 ,aft] a l>ge supp] ! 
gue/s dep>t on sl$ges = _! homes1 :i*   
are (t5 miles di/ant4  ,d y suppose on  
,*ri/mas ,eve1 z !y look t[>d ! fad+    
light 9 ! ,we/1 ! *ildr5 ( ,norway ev]  
?9k ( _! ,sc&9avian c\s9s1 ! little     
,icel&]s1 9 _! peat h\ses1 on t isolat$ 
isl& 9 ! sea1 :]e ! %orte/ day is f\r   
h\rs long1 & :]e at ,*ri/mas "t ! sun   
does n rise above ! horizon = a week1 & 
wond] h[ !y are celebrat+ ,yule-tide8   
,*ri/mas is a great day ) !m also1 = !y 
cl+ to ! old songs & cu/oms1 & c\ld !   
we/ w9d convey ! s\nd ( glad voices     
across ! wide expanse ( wat] sep>at+ !  
isl& f ! ma9l&1 ,norwegian *ildr5 might 
he> ! ,icel&ic *ildr5 s++ "o ( _! sweet 

old songs4      ,:5 ,i d good & ?9k     
aright     ,at peace ) man1 resign$ to  
,god1     ,?\ look'/ on me ) eyes (     
light1     ,ta/+ new joys 9 joy's abode4
  ,9 ,sw$5 !re is a g5]al h\se-clean+   
be=e ,*ri/mas2 ev]y?+ mu/ be poli%$1    
scrubb$1 beat51 & made clean1 & all     
rubbi% burn$1 = dirt1 l s9ful ?\ghts1 _c
 be tol]at$ dur+ ! holy fe/ival4  ,z    
e>ly z ! fir/ ( ,decemb] ea* h\sewife   
/>ts h] prep>ations = ! great day4 ,_m h
 work$ all ! ye> mak+ gifts = !         
occasion1 b n[ ! c>pets mu/ come up & be
 beat51 ! pa9t mu/ be clean$1 & ! h\se  
set 9 ord]4 ,! silv] :i* has be5 h&$ d[n
 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 toge!r ) t     
receiv$ on holidays & bir?days1 has to  
be clean$ & poli%$1 s mu/ ! brasses--!  
tall fire-dogs1 ! /ately &irons1 & !    
great kettles--all mu/ be made to       
reflect e *ang+ ray ( light4  ,!n ! bak+
 = a well-ord]$ h\sehold is a matt] (   
great mom5t1 & requires ample "t4 ,x is 
usual to beg9 at lea/ two weeks be=e    
,*ri/mas4 ,bread is made ( :eat & rye   

fl\r1 rais$ ov] night1 !n roll$ v ?9 &  
cut into discs twelve or f\rte5 in*es 9 
diamet]1 ) a hole 9 ! c5t]4 ,aft] hav+  
be5 bak$1 ^! are /rung on a /ick & left 
to dry "u ! beams ( ! bak+-room4 ,z !y w
 keep a long :ile1 l>ge quantities are  
made at ?is season 9 ea* h\sehold4  ,!n 
foll[s ! mak+ ( sweet5$1 s(t1 rye1 :eat1
 & o!r breads1 z well z ! bak+ ( ! light
 yell[ 7saffron71 ! *ocolate-br[n1 & ?9 
gray-color$ cakes1 & ^? t are fill$ )   
cu/>d4  ,! prep>+ ( ,*ri/mas dr9ks      
always requires ! close att5tion ( good 
dames1 = !re mu/ be an inexhau/ible     
supply ( ,*ri/mas be]1 made ( malt1     
wat]1 molasses1 & yea/1 & w9e ) almonds 
& spices1 & v>i\s o!r decoctions4  ,!n !
 *eese mu/ be made ready1 n only ! usual
 s\r k9d1 b ! m delici\s sweet *eese t  
is made ( sweet milk boil$ sl[ly = h\rs 
& prettily m\ld$4  ,! ,sw$i% wife is    
reliev$ ( ! burd5 ( mak+ pies1 z h] p "k
 no?+ ab\t t indige/ible mixture s      
acceptable to ,am]ican palates4  ,!     
fe/ivities beg9 ) ! dress+ ( ! tree !   

day be=e ,*ri/mas4 ,9 ?is ! old] memb]s 
( ! family1 ) fri5ds & relatives1 jo9 ) 
great gu/o1 prep>+ pap] fl[]s ) :i* to  
b$eck ! tall ev]gre5 tree :i* rea*es f  
floor to ceil+4  ,!y cut long ribbons ( 
color$ pap] = /ream]s1 & make y>ds (    
pap] fr+e to w9d ) ! t9sel among !      
b\ghs1 f :i* are hung bright color$     
boxes ( sweetmeats1 fruit1 & fancy      
balls4  ,! *ildr5 are1 ( c\rse1 exclud$ 
f ! room & oblig$ to cont5t !mselves )  
repeat+ ! tales ( ,santa ,claus1 z told 
by _! eld]s4 ,:5 a gift is (f]$ 9 p]son1
 or1 z is m g5]ally ! case1 is ?r[n 9 ! 
door sudd5ly by an unse5 h&1 !re r+s a  
m]ry ,glad ,frill 7,good ,yule7 mean+   
,m]ry ,*ri/mas1 = t is ! wi% ( ! prec$+ 
day or days1 r ?an ( ,*ri/mas itself4   
,on ,*ri/mas ,eve at e>ly nightfall1 :5 
! color$ c&les are ablaze ov] ! entire  
tree1 & ! great r$ ball ( light %9es f  
its topmo/ bran*es1 ! *ildr5 are admitt$
 to ! room amid/ a babel ( %\ts &       
screams ( delight1 :i* are increas$ ^u !
 arrival ( a v]itable ,santa ,claus     

be/rewn ) wool-sn[ & lad5 ) baskets (   
gifts4 ,on ! huge sl$ are "o or m       
baskets accord+ to ! numb] ( bundles to 
be di/ribut$ 9 ! family4 ,ea* bundle    
be>s ! "n ( ! own] on its wrapp]1 toge!r
 ) funny rhymes & mottoes1 :i* are read 
al\d = ! amusem5t ( all4 ,santa ,claus  
always gives an abundance ( valuable    
c\nsel & advice to ! "y folks z he be/[s
 ^u !m 8 pretty gifts4  ,aft] !         
di/ribution ( gifts & ! disappe>ance (  
,santa ,claus1 all jo9 9 danc+ & s++    
ar\nd ! tree simple1 *ildi% j+les su* z 
! foll[+3      ,n[ is ,*ri/mas "h aga91 
,n[ is ,*ri/mas "h aga91     ,aft]      
,*ri/mas !n comes ,ea/]1     ,*eese &   
bread & ,*ri/mas be]1     ,fi% & rice & 
,*ri/mas *e]6         --etc4  ,"o ( !   
prettie/ dances is t ( ,cutt+ ! ,oats1 9
 :i* girls & boys--!re mu/ be an extra  
boy--dance 9 a circle1 s++3      ,cut ! 
oats1 cut ! oats1     ,:o is go+ to b9d 
!m8     ,t my de>e/ w h to d1     ,b :]e
 w ,i f9d him8      ,i saw him la/ eve 9
 ! moonlight1     ,9 ! moonlight cle> & 

bright1     ,s y take "o & ,i'll take   
"o1     ,& he w be left )\t "o4  ,! boys
 repres5t ! cutt]s & ! girls ! oats1 &  
great m]rim5t prevails z ! cutt]s' arms 
encircle ! wai/s ( ! pretty oats1 leav+ 
! un=tunate cutt]1 :om !y all dance     
ar\nd1 b[+ sc(f+ly z !y %\t3      ,no "o
 did want y1        ,poor sprite1 no "o 
wants y1     ,y are left alone1         
,y are left alone4  ,_m ( _! games are  
simil> to ,bl9d ,man's ,buff1 ,hunt !   
,key1 & ,hot & ,cold1 or ,hunt to !     
,music1 ! latt] be+ "o :i* by its       
modulations f pianissimo to =te indicate
 ! hunt]s' ne>ness to ! object s\ght =4 
,! game ( ,bl9d ,fe$+ ! ,bl9d causes mu*
 amusem5t among ! juv5iles2 two play]s  
sit opposite ea* o!r bl9dfold$ &        
endeavor to fe$ "o ano!r ) spoonfuls (  
milk1 & _! mi%aps are v ent]ta9+ to !   
on-look]s4  ,betwe5 ! h\rs ( t5 & elev5 
comes ! gr& ,*ri/mas supp]1 :5 all      
adj\rn to ! d9+-room to p>take ( !      
annual fea/ = :i* ! h\sewives h long be5
 prep>+4 ,! table is usually ta/efully &

 (t5 elaborately trimm$ ) fl[]s & gre5  
leaves4 ,! corn]s ( ! long sn[-:ite     
homespun clo? are caught up into        
rosettes surr\nd$ ) long calla or o!r   
leaves2 possibly ! entire edge ( ! table
 is b$eck$ ) leaves & fl[]s4 ,! butt] is
 m\ld$ into a huge yell[ rose re/+ on   
bright gre5 leaves1 & ! napk9s assume   
m>vel\s =ms "u ! deft f+]s ( ! arti/ic  
h\sewives4  ,! ,*ri/mas mu% holds ! fir/
 place 9 importance among ! *oice vi&s (
 ! occasion2 x is rice boil$ a long :ile
 9 milk & season$ ) salt1 c9namon1 &    
sug>1 & is eat5 ) cream4 ,sev]al blan*$ 
almonds are boil$ 9 ! mu% & x is        
confid5tly believ$ t :oev] f9ds ! fir/  
almond w be ! fir/ to be m>ri$4 ,:ile   
eat+ ! mu%1 ea* "o is expect$ to make   
rhymes ab\t ! rice & ! good luck x is to
 br+ !m1 & ! mo/ rem>kable poetical     
effusions are 9 ord] on ^! occasions4   
,! ,*ri/mas fi% is to ! ,sw$e :at !     
,*ri/mas roa/-beef is to ! ,engli%man1  
an indisp5sable adjunct ( ! fe/ival4 ,! 
fi% us$ resembles a cod2 x is buri$ =   

days 9 wood a%es or else x is soak$ 9   
soda wat]1 !n boil$ & s]v$ ) milk gravy4
 ,bread1 *eese1 & a few vegetables      
foll[1 toge!r ) a pudd+ made ( salt     
h]r+s1 sk9n$1 bon$1 & cut 9 ?9 slices1  
:i* are laid 9 a di% ) slices ( cold    
boil$ potatoes & h>d-boil$ eggs1 cov]$ )
 a dress+ ( cream1 butt]1 & eggs-!n bak$
 & s]v$ hot4  ,! fi%1 rice1 & a fat     
goose are said to be s]v$ at e table on 
,*ri/mas f t ( ! k+ to t ( ! commone/ ( 
8 subjects4  ,*ri/mas morn+ op5s ) an   
e>ly s]vice 9 *ur*1 to :i* ! old] memb]s
 ( ! family g 9 sl$ p>ties ( f =ty to   
fifty sl$s1 ea* drawn by "o1 two1 or ev5
 ?ree horses1 ov] ^: backs j+le r[s (   
silv]-ton$ bells4 ,! sl$ p>ties are an  
especial feature ( ,*ri/mas "t4 ,!y />t 
out :ile ! />s are /ill tw9kl+ 9 ! sky1 
& ! light$ trees are illum9at+ ! homes  
!y pass4  ,! day itself is obs]v$ ) less
 hil>ity ?an o!r days dur+ ! season2 !  
,second ,*ri/mas1 or day foll[+1 be+ f> 
gay]4 ,!n beg9 ! family p>ties1 ) !     
look+ =w>d to ! great ,twelf?-,night    

ball1 aft] :i* ! *ildr5 & "y folks end  
_! ev5+ p>ties by untrimm+ ! tree ( _!  
ent]ta9] amid/ peals ( laught]1 songs1 &
 %\ts4  ,! tree1 ( c\rse1 has be5       
suppli$ anew ) c&les1 fruit1 & c&y4 ,!  
fir/ are bl[n out & ! la/ two /ruggl$ = 
:ile ! tree is drawn sl[ly t[>d ! door  
out ( :i* x is f9ally pit*$ by ! m]ry   
cr[d4  ,! ,sw$es h f\r legal holidays at
 ,yule1 beg9n+ ! day previ\s to         
,*ri/mas1 & !y make m]ry :ile !y la/4   
,besides hav+ ! ,jul-gran or ,*ri/mas   
tree1 ea* family places 9 ! y>d a pole )
 a %eaf ( gra9 on top = ! birds'        
,*ri/mas d9n]1 a pretty cu/om common to 
_m c\ntries4  ,bus9ess is v g5]ally     
susp5d$ dur+ ,*ri/mas1 ! day foll[+1    
,twelf? ,day1 & ! tw5tie? day4  ,d z y\r
 =efa!rs h done1 & y c't d wrong1 is    
said to be ! motto ( ! ,sw$es4 ,s !     
cu/oms ( _! =efa!rs are /rictly obs]v$  
at ,yule-tide4  ,svea1 ! fem99e "n (    
,sw$51 ! ,que5 ( ! ,nor?1 conta9s :at is
 popul>ly believ$ to be ! burial-places 
( ,wod91 ,?or1 & ,freya4 ,! m\nds are   

ab\t "o mile f ,upsala & are visit$ by  
travel]s f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,antiqu>ian 
rese>*]s1 h[ev]1 h rec5tly _h a ^w to   
say 9 d\bt :e!r ^! m\nds conta9 ! rema9s
 ( ! r5[n$ be+s1 ^? anci5t travel]s4 ,! 
,sw$es1 h[ev]1 /ill cl+ to ! belief t ! 
bones ( ,wod91 ! ,alex&] ( ! ,nor?1 re/ 
b5ea? ! sod at ,upsala4 ,9 ^! m\nds h   
be5 f\nd ! bones ( a woman & ( a dog1 a 
bracelet ( filigree "w1 & a curi\s p9   
%ap$ l a bird1 b no sign ( ,wod9's      
pres5ce4 ,yet peasants believe t ,wod9  
passes by on d>k nights1 & 8 horse's    
%oe1 ) eight nail-holes1 is exhibit$ 9 !
 museum at ,utwagu/orp4  ,new ,ye>'s    
,day is ( comp>atively little           
importance2 ! ,*ri/mas trees are usually
 relight$ = ! enjoym5t ( ! poor] *ildr5 
& gifts are made to ! ne$y4 ,! ,yule    
fe/ivities are prolong$ = two weeks 9 _m
 places1 dur+ :i* ! p visit f home to   
home & enjoy _m social pleasures4 ,!    
dev\t att5d *ur* s]vices ea* day1 ab&on 
all "w s f> z possible1 & on ,janu>y    
?irte5? g5]ally f9i% up ! joy\s season )

 a ball4  ,! ,sw$es d n trim _! *ur*es )
 ev]gre5 at ,yule-tide z t is an emblem 
( m\rn+ ) !m1 & is us$ in/ead ( crape on
 ! door & (t5 /rewn be=e ! he>se & also 
^u ! floor 9 ! sadd5$ homes1 s ( c\rse  
at ,*ri/mas !y w\ld n ?9k ( us+ x =     
decorations4 ,b :]e !y c af=d x or c    
procure !m1 !y use fl[]s to decorate _! 
homes4  ,9 ,d5m>k1 ,*ri/mas is a "t (   
unusual m]rim5t & rejoic+4 ,no "o :o c  
possibly avoid x works at all f ! day   
be=e ,*ri/mas until aft] ,new ,ye>1 b   
sp5ds ! "t 9 visit+1 eat+1 & dr9k+4 ,may
 ,god bless y\r ,*ri/mas2 may x la/ till
 ,ea/]1 is ! usual salutation ( !       
season4  ,) ! p ( ,d5m>k ! favorite di% 
= ,*ri/mas d9n] is a goose2 e "o1 ev5 ! 
cattle1 ! dog1 & ! birds1 receive ! be/ 
! l>d] af=ds on ?is occasion4 ,!re is a 
peculi> k9d ( cake t is made = ea* memb]
 ( e family1 &1 = "s reason n expla9$1 !
 saltcell> rema9s on ! table ?r\gh\t    
,yule-tide4  ,^? :o own fruit-trees feel
 x incumb5t ^u !m to g at midnight on   
,*ri/mas ,eve & ) a /ick 9 h& /rike ea* 

tree ?ree times say+ z !y d s1 ,rejoice1
 ,o ,tree1--rejoice & be fruitful4  ,9  
,d5m>k x is believ$ by _m t ! cattle    
rise on _! knees at midnight on ,*ri/mas
 ,eve1 b no "o ev] seems to h prov$ ?is 
say+ to be true4  ,9 ?is c\ntry also !  
*ildr5 delight 9 li/5+ to /ories (      
trolls :o h be5 driv5 to ! isl& (       
,bornh]n by ! p>sons al?\gh !y once ran 
riot ?r\gh ,zeal&1 & ! little folks s+  
pretty songs ( ,bald]1 ! sun god1 :i*   
are a special feature ( ! season4  ,x is
 cu/om>y to u%] 9 ! ,new ,ye> ) a noise 
( fire>ms ( e description4  ,,!         
,,*ri/mas ,,%eaf      ,f> ov] 9         
,norway's di/ant realm1       ,t l& (   
ice & sn[1     ,:]e ! w9t] nights are   
long & dre>1       ,& ! nor? w9ds       
fi]cely bl[1     ,f _m a l[-?at*$       
cottage ro(1       ,on ,*ri/mas eve1    
'tis said1     ,a %eaf ( gra9 is hung on
 high1       ,to fe$ ! birds o'erhead4  
,9 ye>s gone by1 on ,*ri/mas eve1       
,:5 ! day 0 ne>ly o'er1     ,two        
desolate1 />v+ birds flew pa/       ,a  

humble peasant's door4     ,look6 ,look6
 cri$ "o1 ) joyful voice       ,& a pip+
 tone ( glee3     ,9 t %eaf !re is      
pl5te\s food & *e]1       ,& ! peasant  
_h b ?ree4     ,"o he ha? giv5 to u =   
food1       ,& he ha? b two = bread1    
,b he gave x ) smiles & bless+s1        
',= ! ,*ri/-*ild's sake1' he said4      
,come1 come1 cri$ ! %iv]+ little mate1  
,= ! light is gr[+ dim2     ',tis "t1   
ere we re/ 9 t cosy ne/1       ,to s+   
our ev5+ hymn4     ,& ?is 0 ! an!m !y   
sweetly sang1       ,ov] & ov] aga93    
,! ,*ri/-*ild came on e>? to bless      
,! birds z well z m54      ,!n safe 9 ! 
safe1 snug1 w>m %eaf !y dwelt1          
,till ! long1 cold night 0 gone1     ,& 
s(tly & cle> ! sweet *ur* bells         
,rang out on ! ,*ri/mas dawn1     ,:5   
d[n f _! cov]t1 ) flutt]+ w+s1       ,!y
 flew to a re/+-place1     ,z ! humble  
peasant pass$ sl[ly by1       ,) a      
sorr[ful1 d[nca/ face4     ,homeless &  
fri5dless1 alas6 am ,i1       ,!y he>d  
him sadly say1     ,= ! %]iff1 7he wept 

& wrung 8 h&s7       ,w come on ,new    
,ye>'s day4      ,! birdl+s li/5$ ) mute
 surprise4     ',tis h>d1 !y g5tly said2
     ,he gave u a %eaf ( gra9 = food1   
,:5 he _h b ?ree = bread4     ,we w pray
 to ,god1 ,he w surely help       ,?is  
good man 9 di/ress2     ,& !y lift$ _!  
voices on high1 to crave       ,8 m]cy &
 t5d]ness4     ,!n aga9 to ! ,*ri/mas   
%eaf !y flew1       ,9 ! sunlight1 cle> 
& cold3     ,joy6 joy6 ea* gra9 ( :eat1 
!y sang1       ,is a %9+ co9 ( gold4    
,a ?\s& ducats ( yell[ gold1       ,a   
?\s&1 if !re be "o2     ,o ma/]6 !      
wond]ful sight behold       ,9 ! radiant
 light ( ! sun4     ,! peasant lift$ 8  
te>-dimm$ eyes       ,to ! %9+ %eaf     
o'erhead2     ',tis a gift f ! lov+ h& (
 ,god1       ,& a miracle wr\ght1 he    
said4     ,= ! ,fa!r ( all1 :o reigne?  
o'er1       ,8 *ildr5 w ne'er =sake1    
,:5 !y fe$ ! birds f _! scanty /ore1    
,= ! bless$ ,*ri/-*ild's sake4      ,!  
fields ( k9dness be> gold5 gra91        
,is a prov]b true & tri$2     ,!n scatt]

 ?9e alms1 ) lavi% h&1       ,to ! wait+
 poor outside2     ,& rememb] ! birds1 &
 ! song !y sang1       ,:5 ! ye> rolls  
r\nd aga93     ,! ,*ri/-*ild came on e>?
 to bless       ,! birds z well z m54   
--,mrs4 ,a4,m4 ,toml9son4     ,,*apt]   
,v4  ,illu/ration  ,,yule-,,tide ,,9    
,,russia      ,light--9 ! heav5s high1  
,& sn[ fla%+ bright2--     ,sl$ge 9 !   
di/ance     ,9 its lonely flight4       
--,%5%94   ,9 ?is enorm\s k+dom :i*     
cov]s "o-six? ( ! l& surface ( ! globe1 
& :]e upw>ds ( fifte5 million human be+s
 celebrate 9 v>i\s ways ! great w9t]    
fe/ival ( ,yule-tide1 x w be f\nd t ! p 
reta9 _m traditions ( ! sun-wor%ip]s1   
:i* %[s t ! season 0 once obs]v$ 9 honor
 ( ! r5ewal ( ! sun's p[]4 ,) !m1 h[ev]1
 ! sun 0 suppos$ to be a female1 :o1 :5 
! days began to l5g!n1 ent]$ h] sl$ge1  
adorn$ 9 h] be/ robes & gorge\s         
head-dress1 & spe$$ h] horses summ]w>d4 
,russian my?s indicate a connection ) ! 
,aryans 9 ! remote pa/2 _! songs ( !    
:eel1 ! log1 ! pig or bo>1 all %[ a     

common orig9 9 c5turies long gone by4   
,russia to mo/ m9ds is a c\ntry ( cold1 
d>kness1 oppression1 & suff]+1 & ?is is 
true to an altoge!r lam5table ext5t4 ,b 
x is also a c\ntry ( w>m?1 brightness1  
fre$om1 & happ9ess4 ,9 fact1 !re are s  
_m phases ( life among its va/          
population t descriptions ( ,russian    
life result ab\t z satisfactorily z did 
^? ( ,saxe's ,?ree bl9d m5 ( ,h9du/an1  
:o w5t to see ! elephant4 ,ea* travel]  
describes ! "p he sees1 j z ea* bl9d man
 describ$ ! "p he felt1 & ea* believes  
he kn[s ! :ole4  ,!re are c]ta9 g5]al   
features ( ! ,yule-tide obs]vance t are 
typical ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o is ! s++ ( _!   
anci5t ,kolyada songs1 compos$ c5turies 
ago by writ]s :o are unkn[n4 ,!y may h  
be5 sacrificial songs 9 hea!n days1 b   
are n[ sung ) f]vor & devotion at       
,*ri/mas "t4  ,9 "s places a maid5      
dress$ 9 :ite & drawn on a sl$ge f h\se 
to h\se repres5ts ! goddess ( ! ,sun1   
:ile h] ret9ue ( maid5s s+ ! ,kolyada1  
or c>ols4 ,"h aga9 appe>s ! anci5t cu/om

 ( gift-mak+1 = ! maid5s :o att5d !     
goddess expect to receive gifts 9       
appreciation ( _! songs4  ,! ^w ,kolyada
 is ( d\btful orig94 ,x may ref] to !   
sun1 a :eel1 or a sacrifice2 !re is no  
tell+ h[1 :51 or :]e x orig9at$1 b ! s++
 ( ^! songs has be5 a cu/om ( ! p f "t  
immemorial1 & aft] ! introduction (     
,*ri/ianity x became a "p ( ! ,*ri/mas  
fe/ivities4  ,ral/on 9 8 ,songs ( !     
,russian ,p gives ! foll[+ translation (
 "o ( ^! peculi> songs3        ,kolyada6
 ,kolyada6       ,kolyada has arriv$4   
,on ! ,eve ( ! ,nativity1       ,holy   
,kolyada4     ,?r\gh all ! c\rts1 9 all 
! alleys1           ,we f\nd ,kolyada   
,9 ,pet]'s ,c\rt4     ,r\nd ,pet]'s     
,c\rt !re is an iron f5ce1     ,9 ! mid/
 ( ! ,c\rt !re are ?ree rooms1     ,9 ! 
fir/ room is ! bright ,moon1     ,9 !   
second room ! r$ ,sun1     ,& 9 ! ?ird  
room1 ! _m ,/>s4  ,/rangely en\gh !     
,russians make ! ,moon ! ma/] ( !       
mansion above1 & ! ,sun ! mi/ress1 a    
twi/ ab\t 9 ! conception ( ^! lum9>ies  

wor?y ( ! ,*9ese1 & possibly d]iv$ f "s 
( ,russia's ,ea/]n invad]s4 ,9 ! above  
song1 ! ,/>s1 l dutiful *ildr51 all wi% 
_! lum9\s p>5ts good heal?1      ,= _m  
ye>s1 = _m ye>s4  ,9 p>ts ( ,russia1 !  
,virg9 ,m>y & birds take ! place ( !    
,sun & ,/>s 9 ^! songs1 :i* are sung    
?r\gh\t ! ,yule season by gr\ps ( "y    
folks at social ga!r+s1 or f h\se to    
h\se1 & =m ! lead+ feature ( ! ,*ri/mas 
fe/ivities4  ,x is h>d to realize t !   
/olid1 fur-clad ,russian is a *ild (    
song1 = su* seem to belong to sunny     
climes1 b ?r\gh\t 8 life f ! cradle to !
 grave he is accompani$ ) song4 ,n mod]n
 compositions1 = !y are q inf]ior z a   
rule1 b ^? melodies compos$ ages ago &  
sung repeat$ly ?r\gh g5]ation aft]      
g5]ation1 usually accompani$ ) danc+ 9  
circles4  ,! ,kolyadki cov] a v>iety (  
!mes relat+ to ! gods1 goddesses1 & o!r 
cele/ial be+s1 to all ( :om ,*ri/ian    
*>act]i/ics h be5 giv5 until !y n[ =m ! 
sacr$ songs ( ,yule-tide4  ,on ,*ri/mas 
,eve x is cu/om>y = ! p to fa/ until    

aft] ! fir/ s]vice 9 *ur*4 ,!y pray be=e
 _! respective icons1 or sacr$ pictures1
 recite psalms1 & !n all />t = ! *ur*1  
:]e ! s]vice is1 9 mo/ respects1 ! same 
z 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,!re are _m
 d5om9ations besides ! e/abli%$ *ur* ( !
 c\ntry t hold s]vices on ,*ri/mas ,eve2
 b to :i*ev] "o goes1 x is wise to ha/5 
home & to get to b$ 9 season to h a     
pleasant ,*ri/mas ,eve dream1 z su* is  
sure to come true1 accord+ to ,russian  
au?ority4  ,on ,welikikd5j--,*ri/mas--! 
p p>take ( an e>ly meal4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! 
c\ntry x is cu/om>y to s5d extremely    
=mal invitations 9 ! "n ( ! ho/ to !    
gue/s :o are expect$ to arrive t day4   
,^! are deliv]$ by a special mess5g] &  
read some:at z foll[s3  ,my ma/] &      
mi/ress beg y to consid]1 ,fa!r ,artanon
 ,triphon[its*1 & y1 ,"m ,agaphia       
,nelid[na1 t = ?\s&s ( ye>s x has be5   
?us2 ) u x has n comm5c$1 ) u x w n end4
 ,d n1 !re=e1 di/urb ! fe/ival2 d n br+ 
! good p to despair4 ,)\t y !re w be no 
pleasure at ,philimon ,spicidon[its*'s1 

)\t y !re w be no maid5 fe/ival at ,anna
 ,k>p[na's4  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ri/mas 
,,bonfire ,,9 ,,russia4  ,:o c\ld abs5t 
himself aft] su* an invitation z ?is8 ,!
 place ( meet+ has be5 decid$ ^u weeks  
e>li]1 = x mu/ be ) a well-to-d family  
possess+ a l>ge home to accommodate !   
gue/s t usually assemble at ,*ri/mas4 ,!
 fair maid5s1 ea* ) h] "m & ret9ue1     
arrive fir/ on ! sc5e1 br++ cake &      
sweetmeats & gifts = ! s]vants4 ,!y w\ld
 soon] freeze 9 _! sl$ges be=e ! gate   
?an be guilty ( alight+ )\t fir/ receiv+
 ! greet+ ( _! ho/ & ho/ess4 ,hav+ be5  
welcom$1 !y next pray be=e ! icon1 & !n 
are ready = ! pleasures arrang$ = !m4   
,"o peculi> phase ( ^! h\se-p>ties is ! 
select+ ( p>tn]s = ! maid5s1 :i* is done
 by ! ho/ess1 ! elect$ sometimes prov+  
satisfactory & sometimes n4 ,!y fea/1   
play games1 g sn[ball+1 & guess riddles1
 always hav+ a jolly good "t4 ,recit]s (
 buil9as 7poems7 are (t5 pres5t to s+ & 
recite ! :ole night ?r\gh1 = ( song &   
poetry ! ,russian nev] tires4  ,a pretty

 cu/om v g5]ally obs]v$ is ! bless+ ( ! 
h\se & h\sehold4 ,! prie/ visits ea*    
home 9 8 di/rict1 accompani$ by boys    
be>+ a vessel ( holy wat]2 ! prie/      
spr9kles ea* room ) ! wat]1 ea* p]son   
pres5t kiss+ ! cross he c>ries & receiv+
 8 b5$iction z he proce$s f room to     
room4 ,?us ea* home is sanctifi$ = !    
ensu+ ye>4  ,! famili> greet+ ( ,m]ry   
,*ri/mas is n he>d 9 ,russia unless     
among =eign]s1 ! usual salutation on ?is
 day be+ ,greet+s = ! ,"l's bir?1 to :i*
 ! "o address$ replies1 ,god be ) y4  ,!
 obs]vance ( ,new ,ye> on ,janu>y fir/1 
accord+ to ! ,gregorian ,cal5d>1 0      
in/itut$ by ,pet] ! ,great 9 #agjj4 ,!  
previ\s ev5+ is kn[n z ,/4 ,sylve/]'s   
,eve1 & is ! "t ( great fun & enjoym5t4 
,accord+ to ! poet1 ,vasili ,&reivi*    
,zhukivski3      ,/4 ,sylve/]'s ev5+    
h\r1     ,calls ! maid5s r\nd2     ,%oes
 to ?r[ beh9d ! door1     ,delve ! sn[y 
gr\nd4     ,peep beh9d ! w9d[ !re1      
,burn+ wax to p\r2     ,& ! corn =      
*anticle]1     ,reckon ?ree times o'er4 

,9 ! wat]-f\nta9 fl+     ,solemnly !    
gold5 r+     ,e>r+s1 too1 ( gold2       
,k]*ief :ite mu/ cov] !m     ,:ile we're
 *ant+ ov] !m     ,magic songs ( old4   
,ovs51 a my?ological be+ peculi> to !   
season1 is suppos$ to make 8 entry ab\t 
?is "t1 rid+ a bo> 7ano!r indication (  
,aryan desc5t71 & no ,*ri/mas or ,new   
,ye>'s d9n] is consid]$ complete )\t    
pork s]v$ 9 "s =m4 ,! "n ( ,ovs51 be+ s 
l ! ,fr5* ^w = oats1 sugge/s !          
possibility ( ?is anci5t god's suppos$  
influ5ce ov] ! h>ve/s1 & ! honor paid   
him at ! +a!r+ fea/s 9 ,roman times4 ,he
 is ! god ( fruitfulness1 & on ,new     
,ye>'s ,eve ,russian boys g f h\se to   
h\se scatt]+ oats & o!r gra9 :ile !y s+3
      ,9 ! =e/1 9 ! p9e =e/1     ,!re   
/ood a p9e tree1     ,gre5 & %aggy4     
,o ,ovs56 ,ovs56     ,! ,boy>s came1    
,cut d[n ! p9e1     ,saw$ x into planks1
     ,built a bridge1     ,cov]$ x )    
clo?1     ,fa/5$ x ) nails1     ,o      
,ovs56 ,o ,ovs56     ,:o1 :o w g        
,along t bridge8     ,ovs5 w g !re1     

,& ! ,new ,ye>1     ,o ,ovs56 ,o ,ovs56 
,) ?is song ! "y folks endeavor to      
enc\rage ! p :o are ab\t to cross ! gulf
 betwe5 ! kn[n & ! unkn[n1 ! ,pa/ & !   
,future ,ye>2 at ! same "t !y scatt]    
good se$ = !m to reap a b\ntiful h>ve/4 
,(t5 ! boys s+ ! foll[+ ,kolyadki3      
,afield1 afield1 out 9 ! op5 field6     
,!re a gold5 pl\gh goes pl\gh+1     ,&  
beh9d t pl\gh is ! ,"l ,himself4        
,holy ,pet] helps ,him to drive1     ,& 
! ,"m ( ,god c>ries ! se$ corn1         
,c>ries ! se$ corn1 prays to ! ,"l ,god1
     ,make1 ,o ,"l1 ! /rong :eat to gr[1
     ,! /rong :eat & ! vigor\s corn6    
,! /alks !re %all be l re$s6     ,! e>s 
%all be 7pl5tiful7 z blades ( grass6    
,! %eaves %all be 79 numb]7 l ! />s6    
,! /acks %all be l hills1     ,! loads  
%all be ga!r$ toge!r l black cl\ds4  ,h[
 s+ul>ly appropriate x seems t boys1    
hungry at all times1 %\ld be ! ones to  
implore ! god ( fruitfulness to be/[ ^u 
_! p an abundant h>ve/ dur+ ! com+ ye>6 
,9 ,petrograd ! ,new ,ye> is u%]$ 9 ) a 

cannonade ( "o hundr$ %ots fir$ at      
midnight4 ,! ,cz> =mally receives ! good
 wi%es ( 8 subjects1 & ! /reets1 :i* are
 prettily decorat$ ) flags & lant]ns1   
are alive ) p4  ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day !  
,w9t] ,palace is op5$ to society1 z is  
ne>ly e home 9 ! city1 = at ?is season1 
at lea/1 hospitality & *>ity are freely 
disp5s$ f palace & cottage4  ,on        
,sotjelnik1 ! la/ ( ! holidays1 ! solemn
 s]vice ( ,bless+ ! ,wat] ( ! ,neva is  
obs]v$4 ,at two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ! p
 :o h ga!r$ 9 cr[ds at v>i\s po9ts along
 ! riv] witness ! c]emony :i* closes !  
fe/ivities ( ,yule-tide4 ,at ,petrograd 
a dome is erect$ 9 front ( ! ,w9t]      
,palace1 :]e 9 ! pres5ce ( a va/        
conc\rse ( p ! ,cz> & ! high *ur*       
(ficials 9 a gr& & impressive mann] p]=m
 ! c]emony4 ,9 o!r places x is cu/om>y =
 ! di/rict prie/ to (ficiate4 ,clo!d 9  
ve/m5ts he leads a procession ( cl]gy & 
villag]s1 :o c>ry icons & bann]s & *ant 
z !y proce$ to ! riv]4 ,!y usually leave
 an op5 space 9 _! ranks ?r\gh :i* all !

 bad spirits likely to feel antagoni/ic 
to ! rul] ( ,w9t]--! ,fro/ ,k+--may     
flee4 ,= wat] sprites1 fairies1 gnomes1 
& o!r invisibilities1 :o delight 9      
sun%9e & w>m?1 are =c$1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( ! 
prie/'s pray]s1 & ! %[]+ ( holy wat]1 to
 take refuge 9 a hole t is cut 9 ! ice  
beside a tall cross1 & disappe> b5ea? ! 
cold wat] ( ! bless$ riv]4  ,a ,,palm   
,,bran* ,,f ,,pale/9e      ,bran* ( palm
 f ,pale/9e1     ,tell me ( ?y native   
place3     ,:at fair vale1 :at /eep     
incl9e1     ,fir/ ?y /ately gr[? did    
grace8      ,has ! sun at dawn c>ess$   
!e1     ,t on ,jordan's wat]s %one1     
,h ! r\gh night-w9ds di/ress$ !e     ,z 
!y swept o'er ,lebanon8      ,& :ile    
,solym's sons1 br\ght l[1     ,plait$ !e
 = humble wages1     ,0 x pray] !y *ant$
 sl[1     ,or "s song ( anci5t ages8    
,z 9 *ildhood's fir/ awak+     ,does ?y 
p>5t-tree /ill /&1     ,) its full-leav$
 bran*es mak+     ,%ad[s on ! burn+ s&8 
,or :5 ?\ f x w]t riv51     ,did x      
/raightway droop & die1     ,till !     

des]t du/ 0 driv5     ,on its yell[+    
leaves to die8      ,say1 :at pilgrim's 
pi\s h&     ,*]i%$ !e 9 h\rs ( pa91     
,:5 he to ?is nor!rn l&     ,br\ght !e1 
f$ ) te>s l ra98      ,or p]*ance on "s 
good knight1     ,pure 9 he>t & calm (  
vision1     ,m5 be/[$ ?y g>l& bright--  
,fit z he = realms ,elysian6      ,n[   
pres]v$ ) rev]5t c>e1     ,at ! ,ikon's 
gild$ %r9e1     ,fai?ful wat* ?\ keepe/ 
!re1     ,holy ,palm ( ,pale/9e4        
,:]e ! lamp burns fa9t & dim1     ,fold$
 9 a my/ic calm1     ,ne> ! ,cross--!   
sign ( ,him--     ,re/ 9 safety1 sacr$  
,palm4  --,mi*ael ,y\rievi* ,l]montov4  
7,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,rosa ,newm>*47    
,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,illu/ration             
,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,france          ,i  
he> along our /reet         ,pass !     
m9/rel ?rongs2         ,h>k6 !y play s  
sweet1     ,on _! hautboys1 ,*ri/mas    
songs6  --,c>ol4   ,"o w\ld naturally   
imag9e t su* a pleasure-lov+ p z ! ,fr5*
 w\ld make mu* ( ,*ri/mas1 b in/ead (   
?is we f9d t ) !m1 except+ 9 a few      

prov9ces & places remote f cities1 x is 
! lea/ obs]v$ ( all ! holidays4  ,x 0   
once a v gay season1 b n[ ,p>is sc>cely 
recognizes ! day except+ 9 *ur*es4 ,!   
%ops1 z 9 mo/ l>ge cities1 display      
elegant goods1 pretty toys1 a great     
v>iety ( sweetmeats1 & ta/efully trimm$ 
,*ri/mas trees1 = t wond]ful tree is fa/
 spread+ ov] ,europe1 especially :]ev] !
 ,anglo-,saxon & ,teutonic races h      
settl$4  ,confection]s (f] a tempt+     
supply ( naulets--little delicate       
cakes--) a sug> figure ( ,*ri/ on top1  
pretty boxes made ( *ocolate conta9+ c&y
 9 ! =m ( fruits1 vegetables1 musical   
in/rum5ts1 & ev5 boots & %oes1 & all    
mann] ( qua9t1 arti/ic sug>$ devices1 to
 be us$ z gifts or table decorations4   
,e>ly 9 ,decemb]1 wood5 boo?s & op5-air 
/&s are erect$ ?r\gh\t ! %opp+ di/ricts 
= ! sale ( ,*ri/mas goods4 ,at night !y 
are light$1 & ?r\gh ! day & ev5+ !y are 
gay ) %opp]s4 ,_m ( ! boo?s conta9      
ev]gre5s & fre% gre5 b\ghs = mak+ !     
arbre de ,nau4 ,?is is a hoop ti$ )     

bun*es ( gre51 int]sp]s$ ) rosy apples1 
nuts1 & highly color$1 gaily ornam5t$   
egg%ells t h be5 c>efully bl[n = !      
purpose4 ,! hoops are hung 9 sitt+-rooms
 or kit*5s1 b are us$ m 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9
 ! cities4  ,al?\gh ! cities are fill$ )
 ,yule-tide %opp]s & lovely w>es1 9 ord]
 to enjoy a v]itable ,m]ry ,*ri/mas "o  
mu/ seek "s retir$ t[n & if possible ga9
 access to a home ( anci5t date1 :]e !  
family keep ! cu/oms ( _! ance/ors4 ,!re
 he w f9d ! day dev\tly & solemnly      
obs]v$1 & leg5d & sup]/itions conc]n+ e 
obs]vance ( ! day4 ,he w f9d t great    
anxiety is ev9c$ reg>d+ ! wea!r dur+ !  
twelve days prec$+ ,*ri/mas1 z t port5ds
 ! /ate ( ! wea!r = ! ensu+ twelve      
mon?s4  ,he w notice t unlike !         
,yule-logs ( o!r c\ntries1 ^? ( ,france 
are n to be sat on1 = if by any *ance a 
p]son sits on a ,yule-log he w exp]i5ce 
su* pa9 z w prev5t 8 p>tak+ ( ! ,*ri/mas
 d9n]4 ,he w also f9d t ! log has       
b5evol5t p[]s1 & if 8 %oe is left beside
 x dur+ ! night x w be fill$ ) pepp]m9ts

 or c&y4 ,! a%es ( ! log are believ$ to 
be a protection aga9/ lightn+ & bad     
luck1 s "s w be /or$ away b5ea? ! b$ ( !
 ma/] ( ! h\se z a means ( procur+      
good-=tune & o!r bless+s dur+ ! com+    
ye>1 & if he *ance to fall sick1 "s ( ! 
a%es w probably be infus$ into 8 m$ic9e 
& giv5 to him4  ,if ! log1 ! cosse de   
,nau1 is ( oak & fell$ at midnight1 x is
 suppos$ to be mu* m efficaci\s1 !re=e  
all :o c d s procure an oak5 log1 at    
lea/4 ,9 "s families :]e ! ,yule-log is 
light$1 x is ! cu/om to h x br\ght into 
! room by ! olde/ & y\nge/ memb]s ( !   
family4 ,! olde/ memb] is expect$ to p\r
 ?ree libations ( w9e ^u ! log :ile     
voic+ an invocation 9 behalf ( weal?1   
heal?1 & g5]al good-=tune = ! h\sehold1 
aft] :i* ! y\nge/ memb]1 be he a few    
days or a few mon?s old1 dr9ks to !     
newly light$ fire1--! emblem ( ! new    
light ( ano!r ye>4 ,ea* memb] pres5t    
foll[s ! example set by ! y\nge/1 &     
dr9ks to ! new light4  ,yule-tide 9     
,france beg9s on ,/4 ,b>b>'s ,day1      

,decemb] f\r?1 :5 x is cu/om>y to plant 
gra9 9 little di%es ( e>? = ?is sa9t's  
use z a means ( in=m+ h] devotees :at   
mann] ( crops to expect dur+ ! =?com+   
ye>4 ,if ! gra9 comes up & is fl\ri%+ at
 ,*ri/mas1 ! crops w be abundant4 ,ea*  
di% ( fre%1 gre5 gra9 is us$ = a        
c5t]piece on ! d9n]-table4  ,= sev]al   
days previ\s to ,*ri/mas1 *ildr5 g into 
! woods & fields to ga!r laurel1 holly1 
bright b]ries1 & pretty li*5s ) :i* to  
build ! cr*e1 _! tribute 9 commemoration
 ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/4 ,x is a repres5tation
 ( ! ,holy ,mang]1 :i* ! little folks   
build on a table 9 ! corn] ( !          
liv+-room4 ,) bits ( /ones !y =m a hill1
 p>tly cov]+ ! rocky surface ) gre5 &   
sometimes spr9kl+ x ) fl\r to produce ! 
effect ( sn[4 ,on & ab\t ! hill !y      
arrange t9y figures ( m5 & bea/s1 &     
above ! summit !y susp5d a bright />1 a 
:ite dove1 or a gild$ figure ( ,jehovah4
  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ri/mas ,,tree ,,9 
,,p>is4  ,aft] ! c]emony ( light+ !     
,yule-log on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 ! *ildr5    

light up ! cr*e ) small c&les1 (t5      
tri-color$ 9 honor ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,?r\gh\t
 ! "w ( ga!r+ ! mat]ial & mak+ & light+ 
! cr*e1 !y s+ c>ols 9 praise ( ! ,little
 ,jesus4 ,9 fact "y & old accompany _!  
,yule-tide labors ) c>ols1 su* z _!     
p>5ts & gr&p>5ts sang be=e !m1--! fam\s 
,nols ( ! c\ntry4  ,! *ildr5 cont9ue to 
light _! cr*e ea* night until ,epiphany1
 ! family ga!r+ ar\nd & jo9+ 9 s++ "o or
 m ( ! well-kn[n ,nols1 =               
,%eph]ds at ! grange1         ,:]e !    
,babe 0 born1         ,sang1 ) _m a     
*ange1     ,*ri/mas c>ols until morn4   
,let u by ! fire         ,ev] high]     
,s+ !m till ! night expires4  ,on ! eve 
( ,epiphany ! *ildr5 all m>* =? to meet 
! ,magi1 :o are ye>ly expect$1 b :o     
ye>ly disappo9t ! wait+ ones4  ,! cu/om 
( hang+ %eaves ( :eat to ! eaves ( !    
h\ses = ! birds' ,*ri/mas1 s commonly   
obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ! cool] c\ntries1 is also
 obs]v$ by ! *ildr5 ( ,france1 & !      
animals are giv5 especial c>e & att5tion
 at ?is joy\s season4 ,ea* h\se-cat is  

giv5 all x c eat on ,*ri/mas ,eve = if1 
by any *ance1 x mews1 bad luck is sure  
to foll[4 ,( c\rse a great deal is done 
= ! poor] class at ,*ri/mas2 food1      
clo?+1 & useful gifts are lib]ally      
be/[$1 & s f> z x is possible1 ! season 
is "o ( good w & good *e] = all4  ,if ! 
,fr5* /ill hold to _m ( ! ,*ri/mas      
cu/oms bequea!d !m by _! ,aryan         
ance/ors1 ,new ,ye>'s ,day %[s !        
influ5ce ( _! ,roman conqu]ors1 = a     
comb9ation ( ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn cu/oms is 
noticeable on t occasion4 ,ea* public   
(ficial takes 8 seat ( (fice on t day1  
aft] ! mann] ( ! ,romans4 ,family fea/+1
 ex*ang+ ( gifts among fri5ds1 &        
m]rymak+ are features ( ,new ,ye>'s ,day
 r ?an ( ,*ri/mas 9 ,france1 al?\gh     
*ildr5 delight 9 plac+ _! sabots1 or    
%oes1 on ! he>? = ! ,*ri/-*ild to fill )
 gifts on ,*ri/mas ,eve4  ,9 e>ly times 
,new ,ye>'s ,day 0 ! occasion ( !       
,fe/ival ( ,fools1 :5 ! wilde/ hil>ity  
prevail$1 & = upw>d ( two hundr$ & =ty  
ye>s t cu/om cont9u$ 9 favor4 ,n[       

,*ri/mas is ess5tially ! *ur* fe/ival2  
,new ,ye>'s ,day is ! social fe/ival1 & 
,epiphany is ! olde/ fe/ival obs]v$ dur+
 ,yule-tide 9 ,france4  ,! latt] fe/ival
 is d]iv$ f ! ,roman ,saturnalia1 ! ma9 
feature ( ! celebration be+ lawlessness 
& wild fun4 ,_m ( ! features ( =m] times
 are no long] 9 vogue1 b !              
,twelf?-,night supp] /ill cont9ues 9    
favor1 :5 songs1 toa/s1 & a g5]al good  
"t f9i%es ! holiday season4  ,decemb] is
 really ! mon? ( song 9 ,france4 ,f !   
fir/ to ! la/ e "o :o c utt] a s\nd is  
s++1 s++1 s++4 ,/roll+ musicians g f    
h\se to h\se play+ & s++ ,nols1 & old & 
"y ( all classes 9 society1 at home &   
abroad1 on _! way to *ur* or to m>ket1  
at "w or at play1 may be he>d s++ ^!    
fasc9at+ c>ols4  ,nol signifies good    
news1 & x has be5 ! greet+ ( ! season   
s9ce ! e>lie/ obs]vance ( ,*ri/mas4 ,!  
^w is on e tongue2 salutations1         
invocations1 & songs beg9 & end ) x4    
,c>ols peculi>ly adapt$ to ! day or     
season 9 "t came to be kn[n z ,nols1 &  

^! songs are to be he>d ev]y:]e 9       
,france dur+ ! holidays ( ,yule-tide4   
,,*ri/mas ,,song      ,our ,psalm ( joy 
to ,god asc5d+     ,fille? our s\ls )   
,holy fame4     ,?is day ! ,savi\r ,*ild
 0 born1     ,d>k 0 ! night t n[ is     
end+1     ,b on ! dawn 7 angels t5d+4   
,hail6 ,*ri/mas1 ,hail6 ,*ri/mas morn4  
,9 fai? we see !e1 ,virg9 ,"m1     ,/ill
 clasp ?y ,son1 & 9 ,8 eyes     ,seek   
,heav5's own light t 9 !m lies4         
,?\gh n>r[ %$ ,8 might conf9e?1         
,?\gh l[ 9 mang] ,he recl9e?1           
,bright on ,8 br[ a glory %9e?4         
,oh1 ,savi\r ,k+6 ,he> :5 we call ,!e1  
,oh1 ,"l ( ,angels1 glori\s ! song1     
,! song ,?y ransom'd p raise1     ,w\ld 
t our he>ts f s9 & sorr[     ,& e>?ly   
bondage n[ might sev]4     ,) ,!e1 ,"l1 
reign =ev] &     ev]4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4
  ,illu/ration  ,,yule-,,tide ,,9       
,,italy      ,o'er m\rnful l&s & b>e1   
)\t a s\nd1     ,g5tly1 9 broad5+       
flakes1 desc5ds ! sn[     ,9 velvet     
lay]s4 ,b5ea? its pallid gl[1           

,sil5t1 immaculate1 all e>? is b\nd4    
-,edmondo de ,amicis4   ,italy6 ! l& (  
,dante1 ,petr>*1 ,bocaccio1 ,raphael1   
,mi*elangelo1 & a ho/ ( o!r %9+ lights 9
 lit]ature & art6  ,c we imag9e any "o (
 !m z a boy wat*+ eag]ly = ,*ri/mas to  
arrive2 sav+ up money = weeks to pur*ase
 "s covet$ da9ty ( ! season2 ru%+ ?r\gh 
cr[d$ /reets on ,*ri/mas ,eve to view ! 
,bamb9o1 & possibly h an opportunity to 
kiss its pretty b>e toe8 ,h[ /range x   
all seems6 ,yet boys to-day probably d  
_m ( ! same ?+s !y did 9 ! long ago dur+
 ! obs]vance ( ?is holy season 9        
hi/oric1 arti/ic ,italy4  ,9 ,novemb]1  
:ile fl[]s are yet 9 bloom1 prep>ations 
are begun = ! com+ fe/ivities4 ,city    
/reets & %ops are cr[d$ ) ,*ri/mas      
%opp]s1 = beside all ! gifts t are      
pur*as$ by ! ,italians1 !re are ^? b\ght
 by travel]s & =eign resid5ts to be s5t 
to lov$ ones at home1 or to be us$ 9 _! 
own obs]vance ( ! day1 :i* is usually   
aft] ! mann] ( _! respective c\ntries4  
,s %opp+ is lively f ab\t ! fir/ (      

,novemb] until aft] ! ,new ,ye>4  ,!    
pr9cipal /reets are full ( c>riages1 !  
%ops are full ( ! *oice/ w>es1 & x is to
 be hop$ t ! pocketbooks are full (     
money :]e) to pur*ase ! beautiful       
articles display$4  ,dur+ ! ,nov5a1 or  
eight days prec$+ ,*ri/mas1 9 "s        
prov9ces %eph]ds g f h\se to h\se       
inquir+ if ,*ri/mas is to be kept !re4  
,if x is1 !y leave a wood5 spoon to m>k 
! place1 & lat] br+ _! bagpipes or o!r  
musical in/rum5ts & play be=e x1 s++ "o 
( ! sweet ,nativity songs1 ( :i* !      
foll[+ is a favorite4      ,= ev]       
hall['d be       ,! night :5 ,*ri/ 0    
born1     ,= !n ! sa9ts did see       ,!
 holy /> ( morn4     ,s ,ana/asius & ,/4
 ,joseph old       ,!y did t bless$     
sight behold4          ,*orus3 79 :i*   
all pres5t jo97      ,:5 ,fa!r1 ,son &  
,holy ,gho/ unite       ,t man may sav$ 
be4  ,x is expect$ t ^? :o h a presepio 
are ready by ?is "t to receive gue/s to 
pray be=e x & /roll+ musicians to s+    
be=e x1 = ! presepio is ! pr9cipal      

feature ( an ,italian ,*ri/mas4 ,x is   
made z exp5sive z its own] c af=d1 &    
sometimes mu* m s4 ,x is a m9iature     
repres5tation ( ! bir?place ( ,*ri/1 %[+
 ! ,holy ,family--,joseph1 ,m>y1 & !    
infant ,jesus 9 ! mang]--or1 m          
frequ5tly1 ! mang] await+ ! infant4 ,?is
 is a doll t is br\ght 9 lat]1 ar\nd t  
ea* p]son 9 ! room may pray be=e x1 & is
 !n solemnly deposit$ 9 ! mang]4 ,!re   
are angels1 & o!r figures sev]al in*es  
high1 c>v$ 9 wood--usually              
sycamore1--prettily color$ & introduc$  
to please ! own]'s ta/e2 ! :ole is      
arti/ically arrang$ to repres5t ! sc5e  
at ,be?lehem :i* ! season commemorates4 
,:5 ! fe/ivities cease ! presepio is    
tak5 ap>t & c>efully /or$ away = use    
ano!r ye>4  ,dur+ ! ,nov5a1 *ildr5 g    
ab\t recit+ ,*ri/mas pieces1 receiv+    
money f ^? :o ga!r ar\nd !m to li/51 &  
lat] !y sp5d _! e>n+s 9 buy+ eels or "s 
o!r sub/antial delicacy ( ! season4  ,! 
,cppo1 or ,yule-log1 is light$ at two   
o'clock ! day previ\s to ,*ri/mas1 on ! 

kit*5 he>? 9 prov9ces :]e x is          
suffici5tly cold to h a he>?1 & fires   
are light$ 9 o!r rooms1 = "h z else:]e  
fire & light are necess>y adjuncts (    
,*ri/mas4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs prec$+ 
,*ri/mas ,eve a rigid fa/ is obs]v$1 &  
!re is an abs5ce ( ,*ri/mas *e] 9 !     
atmosph]e1 = ! season is /rictly a      
religi\s "o r ?an ( a social nature l t 
( ,nor!rn c\ntries4 ,at e>ly twilight   
c&les are light$ ar\nd ! presepio1 & !  
little folks recite be=e x "s poem      
suitable = ! occasion4 ,!n foll[s !     
banquet1 made z elaborate z possible4 ,!
 m5u v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 b 
9 e "p fi% =ms an important item ( food4
 ,9 _m places a capon /uff$ ) *e/nuts is
 consid]$ indisp5sable1 & ! family purse
 is (t5 /ret*$ to its utmo/ to provide  
?is luxury1 yet ri* & poor deem ?is "o  
article ( food absolutely necess>y on   
?is occasion4 ,mac>oni is ( c\rse !     
ev]-pres5t di% on all occasions ?r\gh\t 
! c\ntry1 & v>i\s sweetmeats are        
abundantly provid$4  ,!n comes ! draw+ (

 pres5ts f ! ,urn ( ,fate1 a cu/om      
common to _m c\ntries4 ,z ! p>cels are  
int]sp]s$ ) blanks1 ! draw+ f ! urn     
creates mu* excitem5t & no little       
disappo9tm5t among ! *ildr51 :o d n     
always und]/& t !re w be a gift = ea* "o
 not)/&+ ! blanks4  ,!re is no ev]gre5  
us$ 9 ei!r *ur* or home trimm+s1 b      
fl[]s1 natural or artificial1 are us$   
in/ead4 ,soon aft] n9e o'clock ! p1 "y &
 old1 leave _! homes = "s *ur* 9 :i* !  
,*ri/mas ,eve s]vices beg9 by t5        
o'clock4  ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,game ,,(   
,,loto ,,on ,,*ri/mas ,,ev5+ ,,9        
,,naples4  ,bright holly-b]ries1 sweet  
violets1 /ately *rysan!mums1 & pretty   
olive-trees b$eck$ ) oranges1--su* z are
 b\ght by ^? accu/om$ to hav+ a ,*ri/mas
 tree1--are display$ 9 %ops & along !   
/reets1 ne>ly all ( :i* are hung )      
bright lant]ns4 ,! p c>ry flam+ tor*es  
to add to ! g5]al brightness ( ! ev5+1 &
 9 "s cities fireworks are set (f4 ,f _!
 sun-wor%ip+ ,aryan ance/ors ,italy     
d]ives ! cu/om ( burn+ ! cppo1 ! love ( 

light & fire1 & _m o!r cu/oms4 ,a few ( 
^! may be trac$ to ,roman influ5ce4     
,un=tunately _m1 v _m1 ( ! old cu/oms1  
once s g5]ally obs]v$ ?r\gh\t ,italy1   
are n[ pass+ out ( use4  ,dur+ ! pa/ few
 ye>s sev]al b5evol5t societies h       
di/ribut$ pres5ts among ! poor & ne$y at
 ,*ri/mas "t1 an ev5t t is kn[n z !     
,alb]o di ,natale--,! ,tree (           
,nativity1--b little boys & girls (     
,italy d n yet "k ! delight ( hav+ a    
real ,*ri/mas tree hung ) lovely gifts1 
su* z we h 9 ,am]ica4  ,at sunset on    
,*ri/mas ,eve ! boom+ ( cannon f !      
,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo ann\nces ! beg9n+ (
 ! ,holy ,season4 ,papal bann]s are     
display$ f ! ca/le1 & cr[ds w5d _! way  
t[>d ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ! object ( e "o's     
desire :o is s =tunate z to be 9 ,rome  
at ?is season1 = !re ! s]vice is ! mo/  
magnific5t 9 ! _w4 ,e ,roman ,ca?olic   
,*ur* is cr[d$ on ,holy ,night ) m51    
wom51 & *ildr51 anxi\s to see !         
procession ( *ur* (ficials 9 _!         
beautiful robes1 :o c>ry ! ,bamb9o ab\t 

! *ur* = ! wor%ip]s to behold & kiss its
 robes or its toe4 ,! l>g] ! *ur* ! m   
beautiful ! sight g5]ally1 al?\gh to a  
,prote/ant behold] ! small] *ur*es ) _! 
en=c$ simplicity (t5 prove m            
satisfactory to ! _s ( wor%ip4  ,b :e!r 
! (ficials are clo!d 9 sc>let robes1    
erm9e capes1 & purple cassocks1 & !     
walls cov]$ ) silk5 hang+s ( gold &     
crimson1 ) ?\s&s ( wax tap]s light$1 &  
real fl[]s adorn+ ! alt> & organ pipes2 
:e!r ! ,madonna on ! left ( ! alt> is   
attir$ 9 sat9 & gleam+ ) preci\s jewels1
 & ! presepio on ! "r is a m>vel (      
elegance1 ) ! ,bamb9o wrapp$ 9 gold &   
silv] tissue /udd$ ) jewels2 or :e!r all
 is ( an humble1 simple "*2 ! dev\t wat*
 eag]ly = ! appe>ance ( ! ,babe to be   
laid 9 ! mang] :5 ! midnight bells peal 
=? ! glad tid+s ( its bir?4 ,9 ea* *ur* 
! organ s\nds its joy\s accompanim5t to 
! sweet voices ( ! *oir :i* s+s !       
,magnificat4 ,! music is 9 itself a r>e 
treat to li/5]s z x is always ! be/1 ! v
 be/ t c be procur$4 ,at two o'clock on 

,*ri/mas morn+ ! ,%eph]ds' ,hymn is     
*ant$1 & at five o'clock ! fir/ ,high   
,mass is held4 ,9 "s ( ! l>g] *ur*es    
solemn vesp]s are held ,*ri/mas         
aft]noon1 :5 ! ,holy ,cradle is c>ri$   
ar\nd among ! audi5ce4  ,at ,/4 ,pet]'s 
x is requir$ t all ! m5 pres5t %all we> 
dress-suits & t ! wom5 be clo!d 9 black1
 :i* (fsets ! brilliancy ( ! robes worn 
by ! *ur* (ficials1 = ev5 ! gu>ds on    
duty are 9 elegant r$ & :ite uni=ms4    
,ab\t t5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+ a procession (
 monks1 prie/s1 bi%ops1 & c>d9als1 walk+
 two & two1 ent]s ! va/ build+ j z !    
great *oir ( male voices ) organ        
accompanim5t s\nds =? ! ,magnificat4 ,! 
procession is long1 gl[+ 9 color1 & v   
attractive to ! eye1 b ! object ( ea*   
,romani/'s desire is to see ! ,pope1 :o1
 9 magnific5t robes1 & seat$ 9 8 crimson
 *air1 is borne al(t on ! %\ld]s ( f\r  
m5 clo!d 9 violet4 ,on ! ,pope's head   
gleams 8 ri*ly gemm$ ti>a & 8 heavy     
robes sp>kle ) co/ly jewels4 ,wav+ 9    
front ( ,8 ,em95ce are two huge fans (  

:ite o/ri* fea!rs set ) eyes ( peacock  
fea!rs1 to signify ! purity &           
wat*fulness ( ?is highe/ ( *ur*         
function>ies4 ,be=e ,8 ,hol9ess m>* !   
sixty ,roman noblem51 8 ,gu>d ( ,honor1 
:o =m 8 escort at all *ur* fe/ivals1    
:ile ,c>d9als1 ,bi%ops1 & o!rs1 accord+ 
to _! rank1 m>* beside him1 or ne> at   
h&4  ,) 8 ?umb & two f+]s ext5d$ 9      
recognition ( ! ,tr9ity1 & at ! same "t 
%[+ ! r+ ( ,/4 ,pet] :i* he always we>s1
 ! ,pope1 foll[$ by ! ecclesia/ic       
procession1 passes d[n ! nave betwe5 !  
files ( soldi]s1 bless+ ! p z he goes4  
,^u rea*+ ! alt> ! ,pope is escort$ to  
an elevat$ seat :ile ! *oir s+s ! ,psalm
 ( ,entrance4 ,lat]1 at ! elevation ( ! 
,ho/1 ! cannon ( ,/4 ,angelo 7! citadel 
( ,rome1 :i* 0 built 9 ! "t ( ! ,emp]or 
,hadrian7 booms =? & e ,roman ,ca?olic  
b[s 8 head 9 pray]1 :]esoev] he may be4 
,at ! close ( ! s]vice ! gorge\s        
procession is aga9 =m$ & ! ,pope is     
c>ri$ out ( ! *ur*1 bless+ ! multitude z
 he passes4  ,new ,ye> is ! great       

,social feature ( ,yule-tide 9 ,italy4  
,visits & "s pres5ts are ex*ang$ among  
fri5ds1 d9n] p>ties1 receptions1 & ftes 
( all k9ds are 9 ord]1 b all int]e/     
c5t]s 9 ! *ur* obs]vances until         
,epiphany1 or ,bafana1 z ,italians t]m  
x1 :5 *ildr5 hang up _! /ock+s1 cppo    
boxes are ex*ang$1 & p indulge 9 home   
pleasures to "s ext5t4 ,! wild hil>ity (
 ! ,saturnalian fe/ivities ( =m] times  
is fa/ dy+ out1 = ! gr[? ( cities & t[ns
 has n prov$ conducive to su*           
obs]vances1 & only 9 ! small] places is 
any?+ ( ! sort obs]v$4  ,yule-tide 9    
,italy at ! pres5t day is pr9cipally a  
*ur* fe/ival4  ,,! ,,eve ,,( ,,*ri/mas  
7#aija7      ,come? ! ye>ly ,fea/1 !    
wond]\s ,holy ,night1     ,wor?y ( sacr$
 hymn & solemn rite4      ,no h>b+]s (  
joy ! old5 message s+1     ,nor gifts ( 
,peace to wait+ mortals br+4      ,alone
 ! ?rong+ ho/s ( evil m5 ,i he>1     ,& 
see ! anxi\s br[ & fall+ te>4      ,!   
,age w be> no yoke2 =gets ! ,god above1 
,nor dute\s paym5t yields to p>5ts'     

love4      ,suspici\s ,discord r5ds !   
peaceful ,/ate 9 twa91     ,& busy      
,murd] foll[s 9 h] tra94      ,gone are 
! loyal fai?1 ! rights rev]$ ( old--    
,reigns b a bl9d & cruel lu/ ( ,gold6   
,o come1 ,?\ holy ,*ild6 ,pity ! fall5  
_w1     ,le/ x %\ld p]i%1 into d>kness  
hurl$4      ,out ( ! labor+ ,night grant
 x a new] bir?1     ,& a ,new ,age to   
bloom o'er all ! e>?4      ,circle )    
spl5dors old ! br[ ( ,fai? div9e2       
,let h] full glory on ! nations %9e4    
,n]ve h] to battl+s new2 palsy h] foes )
 dread2     ,place ! victori\s laurel on
 h] head4      ,be ,error's mi/         
dissolv$1 & anci5t feuds repress$1      
,till ,e>? at la/ f9d quietude & re/4   
,o g5tle ,peace1 return nor ev]more     
dep>t2     ,& l9k u h& 9 h& & he>t to   
he>t6  --,pope ,leo ,,xiii4  7,translat$
 by ,h4 ,t4 ,h5ry47     ,,*apt] ,,viii4 
,illu/ration  ,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,spa9  
,) antics & ) fool]ies1 ) %\t+ & )      
laught]1     ,!y fill ! /reets (        
,burgos--& ! ,devil he comes aft]4   ,9 

,spa91 ! l& ( romance & song1 ( fro/ &  
fl[]s1 :]e at ,yule-tide ! m\nta9s we> a
 mantle ( pure :ite sn[ :ile fl[]s bloom
 gaily 9 field & g>d51 ! season's       
obs]vance approa*es m ne>ly ?an 9 any   
o!r c\ntry to ! old ,roman ,saturnalia4 
,! ,celts :o taught ! ,spani>ds ! love (
 ballads & song left "s traces ( !      
sun-wor%ip]s' traditions1 b !y are few 9
 comp>ison ) ^? ( o!r ,european         
c\ntries4 ,spa9 is a l& app>5tly out ( !
 l9e ( ,wod9's travel & influ5ce1 :]e "o
 looks 9 va9 = ! my/]i\s mi/letoe1 !    
pretty holly1 & ! joyful ,*ri/mas tree4 
,! season is rigidly obs]v$ 9 *ur*es1 b 
o!rwise x loses its _s ( devotion 9 t ( 
wild revelry4 ,music1 mir?1 & hil>ity   
are ! lead+ features ( ! occasion1 &    
home & family pleasures are second>y    
affairs4  ,( c\rse ! cu/oms v>y 9       
diff]5t prov9ces1 "s ( :i* /ill cl+ to  
primitive =ms ( obs]vance :ile o!rs are 
fa/ adopt+ ^? ( =eign resid5ts & becom+ 
,cont95tal 9 /yle4 ,b ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! 
l& ,*ri/mas is ! day ( days1--! great   

*ur* fe/ival obs]v$ by all4  ,!         
,no*e-bu5a or ,good ,night1 prec$+      
,*ri/mas1 f9ds ! %ops gay ) sweets &    
fancy goods suitable = holiday we>1 b n 
) ! pretty gifts su* z circulate f home 
to home 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 = "h gifts   
are n g5]ally ex*ang$4  ,doctors1       
m9i/]s1 & l&lords receive _! ye>ly gifts
 ( turkeys1 cakes1 & produce f _!       
dep5d5ts1 b ! love ( pres5t+ da9ty      
,*ri/mas gifts has n rea*$ ! l& ( ! ?ree
 ,c's--! ,cid1 ,c]vantes1 & ,columbus4  
,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/mas ,,fe/ivity ,,9  
,,seville4  ,d y "k :at y w\ld probably 
d if y 7 a d>k-*eek$ ,spani% lad nam$   
,miguel1 or a bright-ey$1 light-he>t$   
,spani% maid5 nam$ ,dolores8  ,if y 7   
,miguel y w\ld don y\r black jacket &   
br[n tr\s]s1 knot y\r gaye/ k]*ief ar\nd
 y\r neck1 & ) y\r guit> 9 h& y w\ld    
ha/5 =? to enjoy ! fun t prevails 9 e   
/reet ( e t[n 9 ,spa9 on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 
or1 z x is kn[n !re1 ! ,no*e-bu5a4  ,if 
y 7 pretty ,dolores y w\ld surely we>   
y\r r$ or yell[ skirt1 or else ( /rip$  

r$ & yell[1 y\r be/ embroid]$ velvet    
jacket1--h&$ d[n f "m to daught]1 & a   
wond]ful sample ( ! h&iwork t once made 
! c\ntry fam\s1--y\r num]\s necklaces & 
o!r ornam5ts4 ,y w\ld c>efully braid y\r
 heavy d>k tresses & b$eck y\r %apely   
head ) bright fl[]s1 !n ) y\r p&]etta or
 tamb\r9e 9 h&1 y too w\ld jo9 ! m]ry   
?rong t fill ! air ) mir?ful songs &    
music on ,no*e-bu5a2 = rememb]1         
,?is is ! eve ( ,*ri/mas1     ,no sleep 
f n[ till morn4  ,! air is full ( ! _s (
 unre/1 ca/anets click joy\sly1         
tamb\r9es j+le _! silv]y /ra9s1 :ile    
guit>s & o!r musical in/rum5ts help to  
swell ! babel ( s\nd prec$+ ! h\r ( !   
midnight mass3      ,at twelve w ! *ild 
be born1  & if y h n already done "s    
especially good de$ to "s fell[ mortal1 
y w ha/5 to cle> y\r consci5ce by su* an
 act be=e ! bells ann\nce ! h\r ( its   
bir?4 ,z ! />s appe> 9 ! heav5s1 t9y oil
 lamps are light$ 9 e h\se1 & among all 
dev\t ,roman ,ca?olics ! image ( !      
,virg9 is illum9at$ ) a tap]4  ,!       

/reets1 :i* 9 _m cities are brilliantly 
light$ ) electricity1 are cr[d$ )       
turkeys await+ pur*as]s4 ,!y are great  
fat birds t h be5 br\ght 9 f ! c\ntry & 
toge!r ) quack+ ducks & coo+ pigeons    
help to swell ! s\nds t fill ! cle>1    
balmy air4 ,/reets & m>ket-places are   
cr[d$ ) live /ock1 :ile e o!r available 
spot is pil$ high ) delici\s            
fruit2--gold5 oranges1 sob]-hu$ dates1 &
 indisp5sable olives2 & scatt]$ among ^!
 are *eeses ( all %apes & k9ds1         
sweetmeats ( all sorts1 ! *oice c&ies t 
are br\ght f v>i\s prov9ces1 & qua9t    
pigsk9s ( w9e4 ,no wond] e "o :o c d s  
hurries =? into ! /reet on ,no*e-bu5a4  
,if y are n tempt$ to /op & gaze at ^!  
appetiz+ exhibits1 y w pass quickly on  
to ! brightly light$ boo?s devot$ to    
toys4 ,oh1 :at a fea/ = "y eyes6 ,"h    
y\rs w surely light on "s covet$        
treasure4 ,x may be an ord9>y toy1 a    
drum1 a horn1 or x may be a ,holy       
,mang]1 ,%eph]ds1 ,! ,wise ,m51 or ev5 a
 ,/> ( ! ,ea/4  ,x is h>d to keep "o's  

purse clos$ among su* a surfeit ( tempt+
 articles1 & ev]y:]e money fl[s freely f
 h& to h&1 al?\gh ! ,spani% are usually 
v frugal4  ,z ! bells clang out ! h\r ( 
midnight1 y w hurry to jo9 ! ?rong w5d+ 
its way to ! ne>e/ *ur*1 :]e prie/s 9 _!
 gorge\s robes1--"s ( !m worn only on   
?is occasion & preci\s ) r>e embroid]y &
 valuable jewels1--p]=m ! midnight or   
cock-cr[ mass1 & :]e ! *oir & ! prie/s  
*ant a sweet ,*ri/mas hymn toge!r4 ,:at 
if x is late :5 ! s]vice ends8 ,*ri/mas 
,eve )\t danc+ is n to be ?\ght ( 9     
,spa94 ,s y g =? to f9d a gr\p ( ,gipsy 
danc]s :o are always on h& to p>ticipate
 9 ?is great fe/ival2 or y wat* !       
graceful ,spani% maid5 9 h] fluffy      
skirts ( lace1 ) h] deep po9t$ bodice1 a
 bright fl[] 9 h] coal-black hair beside
 ! tall comb1 & h] exquisitely %ap$ arms
 adorn$ ) heavy bracelets4 ,oh1 :at     
magnific5t eyes6 ,:at exquisite long    
la%es6 y exclaim to y\rself4 ,see h]    
poise an in/ant ) ! grace ( a sylph1 "o 
slipp]$ foot j t\*+ ! floor1 !n click1  

click1 s\nd ! ca/anets1 z !y h s\nd$ =  
upw>ds ( two ?\s& ye>s & are likely to d
 = two ?\s& m1 = _! inspirit+ click     
seems necess>y to move ,spani% feet &   
give grace to ! uplift$ arms4 ,at fir/  
%e may favor y ) ! en]getic f&ango1 or !
 butt]fly-l bol]o1 b on ,*ri/mas ,eve ! 
,jota is ! univ]sal favorite4 ,x is     
danc$ & sung to music :i* has be5 br\ght
 d[n to ! pres5t "t unwritt51 & :i* 0   
pass$ f m\? to m\? ?r\gh _m g5]ations4  
,translat$ ! words read3      ,( ,jesus 
! ,nativity is celebrat$ ev]y:]e1       
,ev]y:]e reigns cont5tm5t1 ev]y:]e      
reigns pleasure1  ! audi5ce jo9+ 9 !    
refra93      ,long live m]rymak+1 = ?is 
is a day ( rejoic+1     ,& may ! p]fume 
( pleasure sweet5 our exi/5ce4  ,x w    
probably be late into ! morn+ be=e !    
s++1 danc+1 ?\ght-less cr[d turns       
homew>d to re/1 & al?\gh x is c]ta9ly a 
cr[d intoxicat$ ) pleasure1 x is nev] 9 
t condition f liquor4  ,!re are ?ree    
masses on ,*ri/mas ,day1 & all dev\t    
,ca?olics att5d "o ( !m at lea/1 if n   

all4 ,9 "s places ,nativity plays are   
giv5 on ,*ri/mas ,eve or else on        
,*ri/mas ,day4 ,!y are long p]=mances1 b
 nev] t$i\s to ! audi5ces1 because !    
sc5es appeal to !m ) ! =ce ( absolute   
realism4 ,on ,*ri/mas morn+ ! po/m51    
telegraph boys1 & employees ( v>i\s     
vocations1 pres5t to _! employ]s & o!rs 
little leaflets conta9+ a v]se          
appropriate to ! day1 or ! s+le s5t5ce  
,a ,happy ,*ri/mas1 expect+ to receive 9
 return a ,*ri/mas box fill$ ) goodies (
 "s k9d4  ,:ile ,spani% *ildr5 d n h !  
,*ri/mas tree to ga!r ar\nd !y d h !    
pretty ,nacimi5to1 made ( pla/] &       
repres5t+ ! place ( ,*ri/'s nativity1 ) 
! mang]1 t9y m5 & wom51 trees1 &        
animals1 su* z are suppos$ to h exi/$ at
 ! "t & place ( ! ,nativity4  ,!        
,nacimi5to 7mean+ be+ born7 is light$ ) 
c&les1 & little folks dance gayly ar\nd 
x to ! music ( tamb\r9es & _! own sweet 
voices1 joy\sly s++ "o ( ! pretty       
,nativity songs4 ,gr\ps ( *ildr5 g ab\t 
! /reets s++ ^! songs ( :i* !re are _m4 

,9 ?is pleas+ cu/om ( ! ,nacimi5to "o   
sees a ve/ige ( ! ,saturnalia1 = dur+ t 
fe/ival small e>!nw>e figures us$ to be 
= sale = ! pleasure ( *ildr54 ,al?\gh ! 
,spani% race is a mix$ "o & v>i\s       
peoples h be5 9 p[] f "t to "t1 at "o   
p]iod ! c\ntry 01 ) ! exception (       
,basque1 entirely ,romaniz$4 ,x is      
int]e/+ to note ! l+]+ influ5ce ( ?is   
mighty ,roman nation & f9d 9 ?is c5tury 
t "s ( ! ma9 features ( ! great ,roman  
fea/ are reta9$ 9 ! great ,*ri/ian fea/ 
at ,yule-tide4  ,s\!rn races 7 always   
firm believ]s 9 ,fate4 ,! ,mohamm$ans   
rev]5c$ ! ,tree ( ,fate1 b ! ,romans    
held sacr$ ! urn conta9+ ! messages (   
,fate4 ,s ! ,spani>ds cl+ to ! urn1 f   
:i* at ,*ri/mas ga!r+s ( fri5ds x is !  
cu/om to draw ! names ( ! m5 & wom5 :om 
,fate orda9s %all be devot$ fri5ds dur+ 
! ye>1--! m5 p]=m+ all ! duties ( lov]s4
 ,?is draw+ ( "o's ,fate = ! com+ ye>   
creates great m]rim5t & (t5 no little   
disappo9tm5t4 ,b ,fate is inexorable &  
:at is to be mu/ be1 s ! ,spani% maid5  

accepts graci\sly ! "o ,fate ?us assigns
 h]4  ,aft] ! midday breakfa/ on        
,*ri/mas morn+ ! p usually seek         
out-(-door pleasures4 ,among _m ( ! old 
families only blood relations are       
expect$ to eat & dr9k toge!r on ?is holy
 day4  ,ord9>ily ! ,spani>d may f9d     
p]fect ent]ta9m5t 9 a cru/ ( bread & a  
bit ( g>lic z ! prov]b claims1 b at     
,yule-tide 8 /oma* dem&s _m delicacies  
peculi> to ! season4 ,! ,pu*]o ,olla1 ! 
national di% = d9n]1 mu/ h a few extra  
+r$i5ts add$ on ?is occasion4 ,! usual  
comp\nd ( *ick5s1 capons1 bacon1 mutton1
 beef1 pig's feet1 l>d1 g>lic1 & ev]y?+ 
else ! l>d] af=ds1 is q insuffici5t to  
be boil$ toge!r on ?is occasion4 ,h[ev]1
 if "o has no relatives to invite him to
 a fea/1 x is an easy matt] to secure a 
,*ri/mas d9n] on ! /reets1 :]e m5 are   
ready to cook = him ov] _! bras]os (    
*>coal & v5d]s are ne> at h& to (f]     
pres]v$ fruits1 ! fam\s almond rock1    
almond s\p1 truffl$ turkey1 or ! mo/    
desirable ( ! season's                  

delicacies1--sea-bream1 :i* is br\ght f 
,cadiz especially = ,*ri/mas use1 & :i* 
is eat5 at ,*ri/mas 9 accordance ) !    
old-"t cu/om4 ,nuts ( all k9ds are      
abundant4 ,by ! side ( ! /reets1 v5d]s (
 *e/nuts--! f9e/ 9 ! _w--lean aga9/ _!  
clumsy two-:eel$ c>ts1 picturesque 9    
co/umes t are ragg$ & soil$ f long      
s]vice4 ,ri* lay]-cakes ( pres]ves1 hav+
 almond ic+ ) fruits & liquor-fill$     
ornam5ts ( sug> on top1 are frequ5tly   
s5t f fri5d to fri5d = d9n]4  ,9        
,seville1 & possibly 9 o!r places1 ! p  
hurry to ! ca!dral e>ly 9 ! aft]noon 9  
ord] to secure good places be=e ! high  
alt> f :i* to view ! ,siexes1 or dances4
 ,yes1 dances6 ,?is c]emony takes place 
ab\t five o'clock j z ! daylight fades &
 night draws ne>4 ,t5 *ori/]s & danc]s1 
indiscrim9ately t]m$ ,siexes1 appe> be=e
 ! alt> clad 9 ! co/ume (               
,sev5te5?-,c5tury pages1 & rev]5tly & ) 
great e>ne/ness s+ & dance an old-"t    
m9uet1 ) ca/anet accompanim5t1 ( c\rse4 
,! op5+ song is 9 honor ( ! ,virg91     

beg9n+3      ,hail1 ,o ,virg91 mo/ pure 
& beautiful4  ,among ! anci5ts danc+ 0 a
 "p ( religi\s s]vices1 b x is n[ seldom
 se5 9 *ur*es4 ,?is ,*ri/mas dance1 giv5
 9 a beautiful ca!dral j at ! close (   
day1 is a v impressive c]emony & =ms a  
fitt+ close to ! ,spani% ,*ri/mas1 :i*  
is s l>gely made up ( cu/oms peculi> to 
anci5t & mod]n races4  ,9 e "p ( ,spa9  
song & dance =m an important "p ( !     
fe/ivities ( ,yule-tide1 :i* la/s two   
weeks1 al?\gh ! labor+ class obs]ve b   
two days ( pleasure4 ,at ! palace ! ,k+ 
holds a reception on ,new ,ye>'s1 n = ! 
public g5]ally1 b = ! diplomats &       
gr&ees4  ,! high] circles ( society     
obs]ve ,new ,ye> z a "t ( ex*ang+ calls 
& visit+1 fea/+ & m]rymak+4 ,at !       
banquets ( ! weal?y e possible delicacy 
9 ! way ( food is tempt+ly display$1 &  
great elegance 9 dress indulg$ 9 by !   
ladies1 :o we> _! f9e/ g[ns & adorn     
!mselves 9 priceless jewels & r>e laces4
 ,b !re is s mu* etiquette to be obs]v$ 
among ?is class ( ,spani>ds t "o looks =

 ! real enjoym5t ( ! season among !     
common classes4  ,9 "s p>ts ( ,spa9     
bull-fights are giv5 z late z ,decemb]1 
b cold wea!r has a s(t5+ effect on !    
poor bulls & makes !m less f]oci\s1 s   
unless ! season proves unusually w>m t  
favorite ent]ta9m5t has to be ab&on$ = a
 "t4 ,mean:ile 9 ! /reets & homes "o may
 (t5 see a fa!r on all f\rs enact+ !    
infuriat$ bull = 8 little sons to       
attack2 9 ?is way he tea*es !m ! envi$  
art ( bull-fight+4 ,! ,yule-tide        
fe/ivities end at ,twelf?               
,day1--,epiphany1--:5 cr[ds ( "y folks g
 f gate to gate 9 ! cities to meet !    
,magi1 & aft] mu* m]rim5t !y come to !  
conclusion t ! ,magi w n appe> until !  
foll[+ ye>4  ,,night ,,( ,,m>vels       
,9 su* a m>vel\s night2 s fair       ,& 
full ( wond]1 /range & new1     ,ye     
%eph]ds ( ! vale1 decl>e--       ,:o saw
 ! greate/ wond]8                 ,:o8  
7,fir/ ,%eph]d7      ,i saw ! trembl+   
fire look wan2          7,second        
,%eph]d7        ,i saw ! sun %$ te>s (  

blood2          7,?ird ,%eph]d7      ,i 
saw a ,god become a man2                
7,f\r? ,%eph]d7        ,i saw a man     
become a ,god4      ,o1 wondr\s m>vels6 
at ! ?\ght1       ,! bosom's awe &      
rev]5ce move2     ,b :o su* prodigies   
ha? wr\ght8       ,:at gave su* wondr\s 
bir?8                 ',twas love6      
,:at call$ f heav5 ! flame div9e1       
,:i* /reams 9 glory f> above1     ,& bid
 x o'er e>?'s bosom %9e1       ,& bless 
u ) its brightness8                     
,love6      ,:o bid ! glori\s sun arre/ 
,8 c\rse1 & o'er heav5's concave move   
,9 te>s1--! sadde/1 lonelie/1       ,( !
 cele/ial orbs8                 ',twas  
love6      ,:o rais$ ! human race s     
high1       ,e'en to ! />ry seats above1
     ,t1 = our mortal prog5y1       ,a  
man became a ,god8                      
',twas love6      ,:o humbl$ f ! seats (
 light       ,_! ,"l1 all human woes to 
prove1     ,l$ ! great ,s\rce ( day to  
night1       ,& made ( ,god a man8      
',twas love6      ,yes6 love has wr\ght1

 & love alone1       ,! victories       
all1--b5ea?1 above3     ,& heav5 & e>?  
%all %\t z "o1       ,! all-triumphant  
song                 ,( love4      ,!   
song ?r\gh all heav5's ar*es ran1       
,& told ! wondr\s tales al\d1     ,!    
trembl+ fire t look$ s wan1       ,!    
weep+ sun beh9d ! cl\d1     ,a ,god1 a  
,god become a man6     ,a mortal man    
become a ,god4  --,violante ,d ,ceo4    
,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,illu/ration             
,,yule-,,tide ,,9 ,,am]ica      ,& !y :o
 d _! s\ls no wrong1     ,b keep1 at    
eve1 ! fai? ( morn4     ,%all daily he> 
! angel-song1     ',to-day ! ,pr9ce (   
,peace is born4'  --,james ,russell     
,l[ell4   ,to p :o g into a new c\ntry  
to live1 ,*ri/mas1 :i* is s g5]ally a   
family day1 mu/ ( necessity be a lonely1
 homesick "o4 ,!y c>ry ) !m ! memory (  
happy cu/oms1 ( lov$ ones f> away1 & (  
obs]vances :i* c nev] be held aga94 ,s  
_m ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/masses 9 ,am]ica 7   
peculi>ly sad ones to ! v>i\s gr\ps (   
settl]s2 mo/ especially 0 ?is ! case ) !

 fir/ ,*ri/mas ev] sp5t by ,europeans 9 
! ,new ,_w4  ,! intrepid m>9]1 ,*ri/oph]
 ,columbus1 ent]$ ! port ( ,bohio1 9 !  
,isl& ( ,hayti1 on ,/4 ,ni*olas ,day1   
,decemb] #f1 #adib1 & 9 honor ( ! day   
nam$ t port ,sa9t ,ni*olas4 ,! ,p9ta )  
h] crew _h p>t$ f ! o!rs & gone h] own  
way1 s ! ,santa ,m>ia & ! ,nia sail$ on 
toge!r1 occasionally /opp+ :]e ! port   
seem$ invit+4 ,:ile 9 "o ( ^!1 ,columbus
 he>d ( ri* m9es n f> di/ant & />t$ =   
!m4 ,! ,admiral & 8 m5 7 tir$ f cont9u$ 
wat*+1 & z ! sea 0 smoo? & ! w9d        
favorable1 !y w5t to sleep leav+ ! %ip 9
 c>e ( a boy4 ,:o he 0 no "o kn[s1 b he 
0 evid5tly ! fir/ ,*ri/ian boy to pass a
 ,*ri/mas ,eve on ?is cont95t1--& a sad 
"o x 0 = him4 ,! %ip /ruck a s&-bank &  
settl$1 a complete wreck1 9 ! wat]s ( ! 
,new ,_w4 ,=tunately no lives 7 lo/1 & !
 wreckage furni%$ mat]ial = ! build+ ( a
 =tress :i* occupi$ ! m5's "t dur+ !    
rema9d] ( ! ,yule-tide4  ,! ,nia 0 too  
small to accommodate two crews1 !re=e on
 ,*ri/mas ,day _m ( ! m5 7 wond]+ :o 7  

to /ay on t f>-away isl& among ! /range 
look+ natives ( :om !y knew no?+4  ,!   
,*ief ( ,gu>ico 7,petit ,anse71 :om     
,columbus 0 on 8 way to visit at ! "t ( 
! disa/]1 s5t a fleet ( canoes to !     
assi/ance ( ! /rang]s1 & did :at he c\ld
 to make !m happy dur+ ! day4 ,!        
,spani>ds & ! natives work$ until dawn  
on ,*ri/mas morn+1 br++ a%ore :at !y    
c\ld secure f ! wreck1 & /or+ x away on 
! isl& = future use4 ,/range to relate1 
!y succe$$ 9 sav+ all ( _! provisions1 !
 sp>s1 & ev5 _m ( ! nails ( ! wreck$    
,santa ,m>ia4 ,b :at a ,*ri/mas morn+ = 
,columbus & 8 m51 /r&$ on an isl& f>1 f>
 f home1 among a /range p6 ,!re 7 no    
fe/ivities to be obs]v$ by t sad1       
c>e-worn company ( ?ree hundr$ m5 on t  
day1 b ! foll[+ morn+ ,*ief ,guacanag>i 
visit$ ! ,nia & took ,columbus a%ore1   
:]e a banquet 0 prep>$ 9 8 honor1 ! fir/
 public function att5d$ by ,columbus 9  
,am]ica4 ,x c be pictur$ only 9         
imag9ation4 ,!re on t beautiful isl& :i*
 seem$ to !m a p>adise on e>?1 ) tall   

trees wav+ _! long fronds 9 ! w>m       
breeze1 ) myriads ( birds su* z !y _h   
nev] se5 fill+ ! air ) song1 ,columbus  
/ood1 attir$ 9 8 gorge\s uni=m &        
dignifi$1 z x befitt$ him to be1 beside 
8 ho/ :o 0 elegantly dress$ 9 a %irt & a
 pair ( gloves :i* ,columbus _h giv5    
him1 ) a coronet ( gold on 8 head4 ,!   
visit+ *iefta9s ) gold coronets mov$    
ab\t 9 nature's g>b1 among ! ?\s&1--m or
 less1--:o 7 pres5t z gue/s4 ,! fea/    
consi/$ ( %rimps1 cassavi1--! same z !  
native bread ( to-day1--& "s ( _!       
nutritive roots4  ,x 0 n a sumptu\s     
repa/ al?\gh x may h be5 a b\ntiful "o1 
yet !y probably enjoy$ x4  ,! "w (      
build+ a =tress began at once4 ,)9 t5   
days ! ,=tress ( ,navidad 0 complet$4 ,x
 /ood on a hill & 0 surr\nd$ ) a broad1 
deep dit* = protection aga9/ natives &  
animals1 & 0 to be ! home ( ^? ( !      
company :o rema9$ 9 ! ,new ,_w1 = ! ,nia
 0 too small to convey all h&s across ! 
ocean to ,spa91 & no?+ _h be5 he>d ( !  
,p9ta4 ,leav+ biscuits suffici5t = a    

ye>'s supply1 w9e1 & su* provisions z   
c\ld be sp>$1 ,columbus bade f>ewell to 
! =ty m5 :om he 0 nev] to see aga91 &   
sail$ = ! ,old ,_w on ,janu>y #d1 #adic4
  ,s f> z record$1 ,columbus 0 ! only "o
 among ! ,spani>ds :o receiv$ gifts dur+
 ?is fir/ ,yule-tide 9 ,am]ica4 ,b :at  
seem$ a cruel fate to him 0 ! means (   
be/[+ a valuable gift ^u ! _w4 ,_h !    
,santa ,m>ia cont9u$ h] c\rse 9 safety t
 ,*ri/mas ,eve !re might nev] h be5 a   
=tress or any ,european settlem5t f\nd$4
 ,s1 al?\gh x 0 a sad1 tr\bl$ ,yule-tide
 to ! ,spani% adv5tur]s1 x prov$ a      
memorable "o 9 ! annals ( ,am]ica4  ,f\r
 hundr$ ye>s lat] ! an*or ( ! ,santa    
,m>ia 0 discov]$ & br\ght to ! ,unit$   
,/ates to be "o ( its treasur$ exhibits 
at ! great ,columbian ,exposition1 :]e a
 desc5dant ( ,columbus 0 ! honor$ gue/ (
 ! ,gov]nm5t4  ,"o hundr$ & fifty ye>s  
aft] ! build+ ( ! ,=tress ( ,navidad1   
aft] _m ineffectual attempts1 a         
settlem5t 0 effect$ 9 ! ,new ,_w by a   
colony f ,engl&4 ,!y sail$ f ,blackwell1

 on ! ,?ames1 on ,decemb] #ai1 #afjf1 & 
= six weeks 7 knock+ ab\t 9 sight (     
,engl&4 ,_! fir/ ,*ri/mas 0 sp5t )9     
sight ( _! old homes4 ,accord+ to       
,capta9 ,john ,smi?'s acc\nt1 ,x 01     
inde$1 b a sorry ,*ri/mas t we sp5t on  
bo>d1 z _m ( !m 7 v sick1 yet ,smi?     
adds1 ,we made ! be/ *e] we c\ld4 ,!    
coloni/s l&$ & solemnly f\nd$ ,jame/[n  
on ,may #ac1 #afjg4 ,t ye> ,yule-tide 0 
sp5t by ,capta9 ,smi? among ! ,p[hatan  
,indians1 by :om he 0 tak5 captive4 ,?is
 colony consi/$ ( m5 only2 no g5u9e     
,*ri/mas obs]vance c\ld take place )\t  
wom5 & *ildr51 & no wom5 arriv$ until   
#afji1 & !n only tw5ty came4 ,b aft] !  
n9ety "y wom5 arriv$ 9 #afai1 suppli$ to
 plant]s = "o hundr$ p\nds ( tobacco    
ea*1 & a c>go ( tw5ty negroes _h l&$ to 
help ) ! "w1 !re may h be5 an attempt at
 keep+ ,*ri/mas al?\gh !re is no record 
( ! fact4  ,at ?is season !re 0 usually 
a raid made ^u ! ,indians4 ,smi?'s la/  
exp$ition aga9/ !m 0 at ,*ri/ma/ime1 :51
 z he records 9 8 j\rnal1 ,! extreme    

w9de1 rayne1 fro/1 & sn[ caus$ u to keep
 ,*ri/mas among ! salvages :]e we we]e  
nev] m m]ry1 nor f$ on m pl5ty ( good   
,oy/]s1 ,fi%1 ,fle%1 ,wild ,f[l & good  
bread1 nor nev] _h bett] fires 9 ,engl&4
  ,9 aft] ye>s prosp]ity smil$ on ! l& (
 ! ,jame/[n settl]s4 ,amid/ ! peace &   
pl5ty t foll[$ ! e>li] ye>s ( /rife &   
pov]ty1 ! ,virg9ians became not$ = _!   
hospitality & lavi% obs]vance (         
,yule-tide4 ,x 0 ! happy home-com+ =    
daught]s1 sons1 uncles1 aunts1 & c\s9s (
 ! fir/1 second1 & ev5 ! ?ird degree4 ,=
 :osoev] 0 ( ! "n & l9eage1 :e!r ri* or 
poor1 0 welcom$ at ?is annual +a!r+ ( ! 
family4 ,e h\se 0 fill$ to ov]fl[+2     
great hickory fires 7 light$ on ! op5   
he>?s2 ! rooms 7 brilliantly light$ )   
c&les1 & pr(usely trimm$ ) gre5s4 ,f    
doors & ceil+s 7 hung sprigs ( ! my/]i\s
 mi/letoe1 =                    ,o'er ! 
lov]     ,i'll %ake ! b]ry'd mi/letoe2 t
 he     ,may long rememb] ,*ri/mas1  0 !
 ?\ght ( m]ry maid5s z !y decorat$ _!   
homes4  ,*ri/mas br\ght c>riage-loads ( 

gue/s to ^! old-"t homes1 to p>take ( ! 
good *e] & enjoy weeks ( fun & frolic1  
indoors & out4 ,= _m days be=e ,*ri/mas 
arriv$1 color$ cooks1 ! regul>1 & extra 
ones1 7 busy cook+ f morn+ till ev5+1   
prep>+ = ! occasion4 ,! /or]ooms 7      
replete ) e v>iety ( tempt+ food ! +5i\s
 m9ds ( ! cooks c\ld devise1 = ,*ri/mas 
d9n] 0 ! "o great te/ ( _! ability & woe
 to ,auntie ^: fire 0 too hot1 or ^:    
judgm5t 0 at fault on ?is occasion4     
,illu/ration3 ,,light+ ,,! ,,yule-,,log 
,,9 ,,colonial ,,days4  ,to ! :ites &   
blacks ,*ri/mas 0 a season ( peace1     
pl5ty1 & m]rim5t4 ,9 ! ,great ,h\se & 9 
! cab9 !re 7 music1 danc+1 & games until
 ,new ,ye>4 ,?is 0 ,hir+ ,day1 & among !
 blacks joy 0 turn$ to sadness z husb&s1
 fa!rs1 bro!rs1 & lov]s 7 tak5 away to  
"w on di/ant plantations1 = ^? :o hir$  
extra help ?r\gh ! ye> 7 (t5 extremely  
cruel 9 _! treatm5t ( ! slaves4  ,!     
gladsome ,virg9ia ,*ri/mas 9 "t became !
 typical "o ( ! ,s\?1 :]e x 0 ! r$-lett]
 day ( ! ye>1 ! mo/ joy\s ( all         

holidays4 ,! *ur*es 7 lov+ly & ta/efully
 decorat$ ) b\ghs ( gre5 & fl[]s by !   
ladies !mselves & consci5ti\sly att5d$  
by bo? old & "y4 ,9 ! ,s\? !re 0 nev]   
any ( ! somb]ness t att5d$ *ur* s]vices 
9 ! ,nor? among desc5dants ( ! ,plym\?  
,colony :o came to ,am]ica lat]4  ,!    
,puritans ( ,engl& e>ly disc\nt5anc$ !  
obs]vance ( ,*ri/mas4 ,b among !        
,pilgrims :o rea*$ ! ,am]ican coa/ 9    
,decemb]1 #afbj1 7 mo!rs :o _h liv$ s   
long 9 ,holl& !y lov$ ! old-"t cu/om (  
mak+ m]ry on t day4 ,to ^! de> wom51 &  
to ! k9d-he>t$1 *ild-lov+ ,eld] ,brew/]1
 we are indebt$ = ! fir/ obs]vance ( !  
day held by ! ,plym\? ,colony4  ,accord+
 to ! ,j\rnal ( ,william ,brad=d1 kept =
 s _m ye>s1 ! ,pilgrims w5t a%ore1 & ye 
#be day 7,dec47 begane to erecte ye fir/
 h\se = comone use to receive !m & _!   
goods4 ,brad=d consci5ti\sly refra9s f  
allud+ to ! day z ,*ri/mas1 b desc5dants
 ( ^! godly ,puritans are glad to le>n t
 home-mak+ 9 ,new ,engl& 0 begun on     
,*ri/mas ,day4  ,_m v int]e/+ /ories h  

be5 writt5 ab\t ?is fir/ ,*ri/mas4 ,"o  
writ] ev5 pictures ! m l5i5t ,eld]      
,brew/] z go+ a%ore t morn+ & invit+ !  
,indian ,*ief ,massasoit to g abo>d !   
,mayfl[] ) him4 ,accord+ to ! /ory1 !   
good man endeavor$ to impress ! *ief ) !
 solemnity & significance ( ! occasion1 
& !n ) ,massasoit1 two squaws1 & six    
boys & girls1 becom+ly attir$ 9 pa9t &  
fea!rs1 he return$ to ! %ip4  ,! wom5 & 
*ildr5 f ov] ! sea met _! new neighbors 
& gue/s1 receiv$ f !m little baskets (  
nuts & w9t]gre5 b]ries1 & 9 ex*ange gave
 _! gue/s beads1 toys1 rais9s1 & su*    
simple gifts1 to :i* ,eld] ,brew/] add$ 
a bless+ be/[$ ^u ea* *ild4  ,! /ory    
reads well4 ,b ! tru?1 accord+ to       
hi/ory1 makes ! fir/ visit ( ,massasoit 
occur "s ?ree mon?s lat]1 on ,m>*       
tw5ty-second4 ,! ,puritans _h a happy   
,*ri/mas d9n] toge!r on bo>d ! %ip :i* 0
 ! only home !y possess$ z yet1 & x is  
to be presum$ t ! exce$+ly consci5ti\s  
non-obs]v]s ( ! day p>took q z freely ( 
! salt fi%1 bacon1 ,brussels spr\ts1    

gooseb]ry t>ts1 & ,engli% plum pudd+1 z 
did ^? homesick1 te>-*ok$ wom5 :o prep>$
 ! d9n]4  ,x is c]ta9ly to be regrett$ t
 vessels are no long] built ) ! wond]ful
 /orage capacity ( ! ,mayfl[]6 ,beside  
br++ ov] ! innum]able family relics t   
are treasur$ ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry1 x is   
/at$ t ?is %ip br\ght a b>rel full (    
ivy1 holly1 laurel1 & immortelles1 ) :i*
 ! table 0 decorat$1 & wrea?s wov5 = !  
*ildr5 to we>4 ,bless ^? de>1 brave wom5
 :o d>$ to br+ gre5 /uff = hea!ni%      
decorations way across ! ocean6 ,let u  
add a few extra sprays ( gre5 ea*       
,*ri/mas 9 memory ( !m4 ,! gre5s1 plum  
pudd+s1 & o!r good ?+s _h su* a happy   
effect t1 accord+ to ,brad=d1 at night !
 ma/] caus$ u to h "s ,be]e4 ,?is 0 an  
ev5t wor?y ( a capital ,b1 z ! m5 _h    
work$ all day 9 ! bit+ cold at          
h\se-build+1 ) only a scanty supply (   
wat] to dr9k4  ,alas6 ,t ,*ri/mas on !  
,mayfl[] 0 ! la/ ! ,pilgrims 7 to enjoy 
= _m a long ye>4 ,o!r %ip-loads ( p     
arriv$ dur+ ! ye> & 9 #afba1 ,"o ye day 

call$ ,*ri/mas ,day1 ye ,gov4 call$ !m  
out to worke 7z 0 us$71 b ye mo/ ( ?is  
new company excus$ !mselves & said x    
w5te aga9/ _! consci5ces to "w on yt    
day4 ,s ye ,gov4 t\ld !m t if !y made x 
mat] ( consci5ce1 he w\ld sp>e !m till  
!y 7 bett] in=m$4 ,s he l$ away ye re/ &
 left !m1 b :5 !y came home at noone f  
_! worke1 he f\nd !m 9 ye /reete at     
play1 op5ly1 "s pit*+ ye bair1 & "s at  
/oole-ball1 & %u*-l sports4 ,s he w5t to
 !m & tooke away _! implem5ts1 & t\ld !m
 t 0 aga9/ 8 consci5ce1 t !y %\ld play &
 o!rs worke4 ,if !y made ye keep+ ( x   
mat] ( devotion1 let !m kepe _! h\ses1 b
 !r %\ld be no game+ or revell+ 9 ye    
/reets4 ,s9ce :i* "t no?+ _h be5        
attempt$ t way1 at lea/ op5ly4 ,& ?us   
end$ ! la/ attempt at ,*ri/mas obs]vance
 dur+ ,gov]nor ,brad=d's _m t]ms (      
(fice4  ,! ,massa*usetts ,colony t      
arriv$ 9 #afcj1 & settl$ 9 & ar\nd      
,bo/on1 believ$ t ,*ri/'s mission on e>?
 z ! ,savi\r ( man 0 too s]i\s a "o to  
be celebrat$ by ! fall5 race4 ,he came  

to save2 !y consid]$ x absolutely wick$ 
= any "o to be lively & joy\s :5 he c\ld
 n "k :e!r or no he 0 doom$ to ev]la/+  
puni%m5t4 ,beside t1 jollity (t5 l$ to  
s]i\s results4 ,7 n ! jails ( ,old      
,engl& full to repletion ! day aft]     
,*ri/mas8 ,x 0 wise/1 !y ?\ght1 to let !
 day pass unnotic$4 ,& s only           
occasionally did any "o v5ture to       
rememb] ! fact ( its occurr5ce4 ,among !
 m5 & wom5 :o came across ! ocean dur+  
succe$+ ye>s !re mu/ h be5 _m :o diff]$ 
f ! fir/ colony 9 reg>d to ,*ri/mas1 = 9
 ,may1 #afei1 ! ,g5]al ,c\rt (          
,massa*usetts deem$ x necess>y to enact 
a law3 ,t :osoev] %all be f\nd obs]v+   
any su* day z ,*ri/mas or ! l1 ei!r by  
=be>+ ( lab\r1 fea/+1 or any o!r way1 ^u
 any su* acc\nts z a=esaid1 %all be     
subject$ to a f9e ( five %ill+s4  ,=    
upw>d ( tw5ty-two ye>s x rema9$ unlawful
 9 ,massa*usetts to h a m]ry ,*ri/mas4  
,!re 7 no pretty gifts on t day to make 
happy little ,god-be-?ank$1             
,se>*-!-scriptures1 ,seek-wisdom1       

,prud5ce1 ,hope1 or ,*>ity4 ,h[ev]1     
,santa ,claus _h emiss>ies abroad 9 !   
l&4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #afhf1 ,gov]nor ,&ros1 
an ,episcopalian1 & a repres5tative ( ! 
,k+1 br\ght ab\t ! fir/ concession 9    
favor ( ! day4 ,he believ$ 9 celebrat+  
,*ri/mas & int5d$ to hold appropriate   
s]vices4 ,! law enact$ by ,p>liam5t 9   
,june1 #afdg1 aboli%+ ! obs]vance ( !   
day1 _h be5 repeal$ 9 #afei1 & ,gov4    
,&ros knew he _h ! law 9 8 favor4 ,b e  
meet+-h\se 0 consci5ti\sly 7or          
/ubbornly7 clos$ to him4 ,s he 0 =c$ to 
hold s]vice 9 ! ,t[n ,h\se1 go+ ) an    
arm$ soldi] on ea* side to protect him f
 ! good w exhibit$ by 8 fell[ t[nsm54   
,he held s]vices t day1 & x is believ$  
to be ! fir/ obs]vance ( ,*ri/mas held  
"u legal sanction 9 ,bo/on4  ,! great   
concession 0 made by ! ,old ,s\?        
,congregation 9 #agec :5 x (f]$ its     
sanctu>y to ! wor%ip]s 9 ,k+'s ,*apel1  
aft] t edifice 0 burn$1 = !m to hold _! 
,*ri/mas s]vices4 ,x 0 ) ! implicit     
und]/&+ t !re 0 to be no spruce1 holly1 

or o!r gre5s us$ on t occasion to       
desecrate _! meet+-h\se4  ,little by    
little ! day 0 br\ght into favor z a    
holiday1 b x 0 z late z ! ye> #ahef1    
:ile ,na?aniel ,p4 ,banks 0 ,gov]nor1 t 
! day 0 made a legal holiday 9          
,massa*usetts4  ,! good ,dut* ,fa!rs1   
true to ! tea*+s ( _! =efa!rs1 sail$ = !
 ,new ,_w ) ! image ( ,/4 ,ni*olas = a  
figurehead on _! vessel4 ,!y nam$ ! fir/
 *ur* !y built = ! mu*-lov$ ,/4 ,ni*olas
 & made him patron sa9t ( ! new city on 
,manhattan ,isl&4 ,?anks1 _m _m ?anks1  
to ^! /urdy old ,dut*m5 ) unpron\nceable
 names :o pres]v$ to po/]ity s _m       
delightful cu/oms ( ,*ri/mas obs]vance4 
,:at %\ld we h done )\t !m8 ,!y 7 q a   
wor?y p not)/&+ !y believ$ 9 enjoy+ life
 & meet+ toge!r = gossip & m]rymak+4    
,*ri/mas 0 a joyful season ) !m4 ,!     
*ur*es & qua9t gabl$ h\ses 7 trimm$ )   
ev]gre5s1 great prep>ations 7 made = !  
family fea/s1 & bus9ess 0 g5]ally       
susp5d$4 ,! jolly old ,city ,fa!rs took 
a prolong$ re/ f c>es ( (fice1 ev5 ord]+

 on ,decemb] #ad1 #afed1 t1 ,z ! w9t] & 
! holidays are at h&1 !re %all be no m  
ord9>y meet+s ( ?is bo>d 7! ,city       
,corporation7 betwe5 ?is date & ?ree    
weeks aft] ,*ri/mas4 ,! ,c\rt mess5g] is
 ord]$ n to summon any "o 9 ! meantime4 
,s5sible old s\ls6 ,!y 7 n go+ to all[  
bus9ess to usurp _! "t & ?\ght dur+ ?is 
joyful season6 ,! *ildr5 mu/ h _! trees1
 hung ) gifts2 ! ne$y mu/ be especially 
c>$ =1 & visits mu/ be ex*ang$2 s !     
,city 0 left to take c>e ( itself1 :ile 
ea* h\sehold 0 busy mak+ ready = ! day (
 days1 ! season ( seasons4  ,:at a "t ^?
 hausfraus _h poli%+ up _! silv]1 pewt]1
 brass1 & copp] treasures1 9 op5+ up be/
 rooms1 & newly s&+ ! floors 9 devi\s   
intricate designs6 ,:at a pile ( wood 0 
burn$ to bake ! huge turkeys1 pies1 &   
pudd+s6 ,:at pa9s ! fa!rs took to select
 ! rosie/ apples & ! *oice/ nuts to put 
9 ea* *ild's /ock+ on ,*ri/mas ,eve4    
,=tunately1 *ildr5 obey$ ! injunction ( 
,scripture 9 ^? days1 & despis$ n ! day 
( small ?+s4  ,h[ =tunate x 0 t !re 7 no

 tra9s or o!r rapid modes ( conveyance  
to br+ visitors f ! ,puritan ,colonies  
at ?is season4 ,!re 0 no possibility (  
any ( _! /rict neighbors dropp+ 9       
unexpect$ly to furni% a free lecture1   
:ile ! ,dut* families 7 m]rily danc+4 ,!
 ,puritans 7 locat$ less ?an two hundr$ 
& eighty-five miles di/ant1 yet !y 7 m  
di/antly sep>at$ by ideas ?an by space4 
,b a little leav5 0 ev5tually to        
p5etrate ! entire c\ntry1 & ! cu/oms t  
are n[ obs]v$ ea* ,*ri/mas ?r\gh\t !    
,ea/]n1 ,middle1 & ,we/]n ,/ates1 are   
ma9ly su* z 7 br\ght to ?is c\ntry by ! 
,dut*4 ,am]icans h none ( _! own4 ,9    
fact1 !y possess b little t is          
di/9ctively _! own because !y are a     
conglom]ate nation1 speak+ a conglom]ate
 language4  ,accord+ to ! late ,lawr5ce 
,hutton1 ,our ,*ri/mas c>ols appe> to h 
come f ! ,holy ,l& itself2 our ,*ri/mas 
trees f ! ,ea/ by way ( ,g]many2 our    
,santa ,claus f ,holl&2 our /ock+s hung 
9 ! *imney1 f ,france or ,belgium2 & our
 ,*ri/mas c>ds & v]bal ,*ri/mas greet+s1

 our ,yule-logs1 our bo>s' heads1 our   
plum pudd+s & our m9ce pies f ,engl&4   
,our turkey is1 seem+ly1 our only       
contribution4 ,let u add ! squa%-pie6   
,illu/ration3 ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,_m         
,,nationalities ,,at ,,*ri/mas          
,,celebration ,,9 ,a ,,new ,,york       
,,s*ool4  ,*9ese1 ,italians1 ,sw$es1    
,iri%1 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,russian1
 ,au/rian4  ,^! cu/oms :i* h become     
g5]al ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 v>y+ (   
c\rse 9 diff]5t localities1 are be+     
rapidly introduc$ into ! new possessions
 :]e !y are engraft$ on "s ( ! prettie/ 
cu/oms obs]v$ by ! p 9 =m] ye>s4 ,9     
,porto ,rico on ,*ri/mas ,day !y h a    
*ur* procession ( *ildr5 9 beautiful    
co/umes1 :i* is a v attractive feature4 
,! p fea/1 dance1 att5d midnight mass on
 ,*ri/mas ,eve1 !n dance & fea/ until   
,*ri/mas morn+4 ,9 fact !y dance & fea/ 
mo/ ( ! "t f ,decemb] tw5ty-f\r? until  
,janu>y sev5?1 :5 n at *ur* s]vices4 ,on
 ,twelf? ,night gifts are ex*ang$1 = z  
yet ,santa ,claus has n v5tur$ to visit 

su* a w>m climate1 s ! *ildr5 cont9ue to
 receive _! gifts f ! ,holy ,k+s4       
,h[ev]1 "u ! %elt] ( ! ,am]ican ,flag1 !
 ,*ri/mas tree is gr[+ 9 favor4 ,9      
,hawaii1 s f> z possible1 ! s-call$ ,new
 ,engl& cu/oms prevail4  ,9 !           
,philipp9es ev5 begg>s 9 ! /reets expect
 a ,*ri/mas pres5t1 :i* !y solicit 9    
good ,engli%4  ,s f ,alaska to ! ,isl& (
 ,tutuila1 ! smalle/ ( ,am]ica's        
possessions1 ,yule-tide is obs]v$ 9 a   
simil> mann]4  ,yule-tide has be5       
s+ul>ly connect$ ) important ev5ts 9 !  
hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,9 ! ye>     
#aggf ,wa%+ton cross$ ! ,delaw>e on     
,*ri/mas night to capture ne>ly "o ?\s& 
,hessians aft] _! ,*ri/mas revelries4 ,a
 few days lat]1 ,decemb] #cj?1 ,congress
 resolv$ to s5d ,commission]s to ! c\rts
 ( ,vi5na1 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,tuscany2 &
 z victory foll[$ ! ,am]ican lead]1 !   
a*ievem5ts ( ?is ,yule-tide 7 decl>$ by 
,fr$]ick ! ,great ( ,prussia to be ! mo/
 brilliant ( any record$ 9 ! annals (   
milit>y action4 ,! ye> foll[+1 #aggg1 0 

probably "o ( ! gloomie/ ,yule-tides 9 !
 exp]i5ce ( ! ,am]ican =ces4 ,!y lay    
encamp$ at ,valley ,=ge1 sick &         
disc\rag$1 de/itute ( food1 clo?+1 & mo/
 ( ! necessities ( life4  ,x 0 on       
,*ri/mas ,eve1 #aghc1 t ,wa%+ton laid   
aside =ev] 8 milit>y clo!s & assum$ ^? (
 a civilian1 feel+1 z he express$ x1    
reliev$ ( a load ( public c>e4 ,aft]    
,congress remov$ to ,philadelphia1 ,m>?a
 ,wa%+ton held h] fir/ public reception 
9 ! ,executive ,mansion on ,*ri/mas     
,eve1 :51 x is /at$1 !re 0 ga!r$ ! mo/  
brilliant assemblage ev] se5 9 ,am]ica4 
,at ,yule-tide a few ye>s lat]1 #agii1 !
 c\ntry 0 m\rn+ ! dea? ( ! belov$ ,fa!r 
( 8 ,c\ntry4  ,9 lat] ye>s1 ! season    
cont9u$ prom95t 9 ! hi/ory ( great      
ev5ts4 ,! mo/ notable ( ^! 7 ! two      
,proclamations ( ,presid5t ,l9coln1 ! "o
 free+ ! slaves1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahfc1 & ! 
o!r proclaim+ ! unconditional p>don &   
amne/y to all conc]n$ 9 ! late          
insurrection1 on ,decemb] #be1 #ahfh4 ,&
 may ! peace !n decl>$ rema9 ) ?is p    

=ev]more6  ,,! ,,voice ,,( ,,!          
,,*ri/-,,*ild      ,! e>? has gr[n cold 
) its burd5 ( c>e1       ,b at ,*ri/mas 
x always is "y1     ,! he>t ( ! jewel   
burns lu/r\s & fair1     ,& its s\l full
 ( music breaks =? on ! air1       ,:5 !
 song ( ! ,angels is sung4      ,x is   
com+1 old e>?1 x is com+ to-night6      
,on sn[flakes :i* cov]$ ?y sod1     ,!  
feet ( ! ,*ri/-*ild fall g5tly & :ite1  
,& ! voice ( ! ,*ri/-*ild tells out )   
delight       ,t mank9d are ! *ildr5 (  
,god4      ,on ! sad & ! lonely1 !      
wret*$ & poor1       ,! voice ( !       
,*ri/-*ild %all fall2     ,& to e bl9d  
w&]] op5s ! door     ,( a hope :i* he   
d>$ n to dream ( be=e1       ,) a sun%9e
 ( welcome = all4      ,! feet ( !      
humble/ may walk 9 ! field       ,:]e ! 
feet ( ! holie/ h trod1     ,?is1 ?is is
 ! m>vel to mortals reveal$1     ,:5 !  
silv]y trumpets ( ,*ri/mas h peal$1     
,t mank9d are ! *ildr5 ( ,god4          
--,phillips ,brooks4     ,,index        
,alaska1 #aic  ,alex&] ! ,great1 #ee    

,alex&]1 ,k+ ( ! ,scots1 #db  ,alfr$1   
,k+1 #ce  ,am]ican ,flag1 ,!1 #aic      
,&ros1 ,gov]nor1 #ahg  ,ar*bi%op (      
,york1 #db  ,aryans1 #ac1 #eg1 #ajd     
,asia1 #ae   ,baal1 #bb  ,bamb9o1 ,!1   
#acc1 #ada  ,bald]1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #bb1 
#ii  ,banks1 ,n4 ,p41 #ahh  ,b]s]ks1 ,!1
 #bf1 #bg1 #bi  ,be?lehem1 #fc  ,bo>'s  
,head1 ,!1 #ci1 #dj  ,bocaccio1 #acb    
,bol]o1 ,!1 #aef  ,bornh]n1 ,isl& (1 #ii
  ,bo/on1 #ahe  ,box+-day1 #fa  ,brad=d1
 ,william1 #ahj1ahc1ahe  ,bragi1 #ai    
,brew/]1 ,eld]1 #ahj1 #aha  ,brooks1    
,phillips1 #aig  ,bull-fights1 #afd     
,cadiz1 #afa  ,cs>1 ,julius1 #bc  ,cppo1
 #acf1 #aci  ,c]vantes1 #aej  ,*ri/1    
#ac1 #ag1 #ba1 #bh1 #fc1 #ace1 #ahe     
,*ri/-*ild1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #abi1 #aif
  ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 ,!1 #ba  ,cid1 ,!1   
#aej  ,cole1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #df  ,columbus1
 #aej1 #afi1 #aga1 #agb  ,congress1     
#aid1 #aie  ,cream ( ! ,ye>1 ,!1 #ej1   
#ea  ,cz>1 ,!1 #aaf   ,dante1 #acb      
,druids1 #ag1 #bb1 #ca   ,ea/]1 #hi1 #ig
  ,edda1 ,! ,y\ng]1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag       

,elizabe? 7,daught] ( ,h5ri ,,vii71 #dd 
,epiphany1 #abg1 #abi1 #ade1 #afe       
,executive ,mansion1 ,!1 #aie   ,f&ango1
 #aef  ,fa!r ( ,8 ,c\ntry1 #aie  ,fea/ (
 ,tab]nacles1 ,!1 #ba  ,fe/ival (       
,fools1 #abi  ,fool's ,dance1 ,!1 #dd   
,frankl&1 #ae  ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #aid  
,frey 7,freya71 #ah1 #de1 #ge1 #ie      
,fro/ ,k+1 ,!1 #aag   ,gregorian cal5d>1
 ,!1 #bd1 #aab   ,hack91 ,!1 #dg        
,hadrian1 ,emp]or1 #ade  ,hakon ! ,good1
 #bg  ,hampton ,c\rt1 #dd  ,hawaii1 #aic
  ,hayti1 #afi  ,hel1 #ag  ,h5ry ,,iii1 
#db  ,h5ry ,,vii1 #dc1 #dd  ,h5ry       
,,viii1 #dc  ,hir+ ,day1 #agi  ,hd]1 #af
  ,holy ,family1 ,!1 #ace  ,holy ,k+s1  
,!1 #aic  ,holy ,l&1 ,!1 #aib  ,holy    
,mang]1 ,!1 #abe1 #aed  ,holy ,night1   
#fc1 #fe1 #ga1 #adj  ,holy ,season1 ,!1 
#adj  ,hweolor-tid1 #ad   ,icons1 #aji  
,indo-,european ance/ors1 #ad           
,jame/[n1 #age1 #agg  ,janus1 #bc       
,jehovah1 #abf  ,jesus1 ,! ,little1 #abf
  ,jota1 #aef  ,julian cal5d>1 ,!1 #be  
,jutl&1 #ae   ,k+'s ,*apel1 #ahg        

,knight ,rup]t1 #fj  ,kolyada1 #aje1    
#ajf1 #ajg  ,kolyadki1 #ajh1 #aae       
,kriss ,kr+le1 #fj   ,lamb's-wool1 #di  
,lapps1 ,!1 #gf1 #gg1 #gi1 #hj1 #ha     
,l9coln1 ,presid5t1 #aie  ,lit*field1   
#db  ,loki1 #ae1 #af  ,lorra9e1 #fi     
,lu!r1 ,m>t91 #eh  ,lycia1 #ei   ,magi1 
,!1 #abg1 #afe  ,magnificat1 ,!1 #adb   
,m>g>et1 ,pr9cess1 #db  ,massa*usetts   
,colony1 #ahe  ,massasoit1 #aha1 #ahb   
,mayfl[]1 ,!1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc  ,m]ry   
,*ri/mas1 #aab  ,mi*elangelo1 #acb      
,miracle ,plays1 #ff1 #fg  ,mi/letoe1   
#ca1 #agg  ,mohamm$ans1 ,!1 #aei        
,morris ,dance1 ,!1 #dc  ,myra1 ,bi%op  
(1 #ei   ,nativity1 ,!1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh
  ,naulets1 #aba  ,navidad1 ,=tress (1  
#agc1 #age  ,nia1 ,!1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga1 
#agc  ,no*e-bu5a1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aec      
,nol1 #acj  ,nor? ,pole1 ,!1 #gf        
,norway1 #ae  ,nov5a1 ,!1 #acd1 #acf    
,numa1 #bc1 #bd   ,od91 #ac1 #ad1 #gf   
,olaf1 ,k+1 #bf1 #bh  ,ovs51 #aac1 #aad 
,pal>a1 #ei  ,p>adise ,play1 #ff        
,p>liam5t1 #dg1 #ahg  ,passov]1 ,!      

,jewi%1 #ba  ,petit ,anse1 #aga         
,petr>*1 #acb  ,petrograd1 #aae1 #aaf   
,pfeff] ,ku*51 #fc1 #fi  ,philadelphia1 
#aie  ,philipp9es1 ,!1 #aic  ,pilgrims1 
,!1 #ahj  ,p9ta1 ,!1 #afi1 #agc  ,plym\?
 ,colony1 #agi1 #ahj  ,pope1 #adc1 #add1
 #ade  ,pope ,julius1 #ba  ,pope ,leo   
,,xiii1 #adf  ,porto ,rico1 #aib        
,presepio1 ,!1 #acf1 #acg  ,pr9ce (     
,peace1 ,!1 #afh  ,pu*]o ,olla1 ,!1 #afj
  ,puritans1 ,!1 #dg1 #ahj1 #aia        
,py!as1 #ee1 #ef   ,que5 ( ! ,nor?      
7,sw$571 #ie   ,raphael1 #acb           
,re=mation1 ,!1 #df  ,ri*>d ,,ii1 #db   
,r+ ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ,!1 #add  ,rome1 #bc   
,r[5a1 #dd   ,saehrimnir1 #ai  ,sagas1  
#gf  ,/4 ,angelo1 ,ca/le (1 #adj1 #add  
,/4 ,b>b>'s ,day1 #abe  ,/4 ,ni*olas1   
#ei1 #fj1 #ahh  ,/4 ,pet]'s1 #adj1 #adb 
,/4 ,sylve/]'s ,eve1 #aab  ,santa       
,claus1 #gj1 #gi1 #hg1 #hh1 #hi1 #aib1  
#aic  ,santa ,m>ia1 ,!1 #afi1 #aga1 #agd
  ,saturn1 #ae  ,saturnalia1 ,roman1    
#ag1 #abi1 #adi1 #aeh  ,saul1 #bb       
,saxons1 ,!1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce         

,seville1 #afb  ,%eph]ds' ,hymn1 ,!1    
#adb  ,smi?1 ,capta9 ,john1 #age1 #agf  
,sotjelnik1 #aaf  ,/> ( ! ,ea/1 ,!1 #aed
  ,svea1 #ie  ,sw$51 #ae  ,sylve/]1 #ga 
,tacitus1 #bc  ,?ames1 ,!1 #age  ,?or1  
#ac1 #bf1 #bh1 #ch1 #ie  ,tree ( ,fate1 
,!1 #aei  ,tree ( ,nativity1 ,!1 #adj   
,tr9ity1 ,!1 #abf1 #add  ,twelf? ,night1
 #aic  ,twelf?-,night ,ball1 ,!1 #id    
,twelf?-,night ,supp]1 ,!1 #abi         
,tyrolese ,alps1 #ff  ,tyrolese         
peasants1 #fg   ,upsala1 #ie1 #if  ,urn 
( ,fate1 ,!1 #ach1 #aei  ,utwagu/orp1   
#if   ,valhalla1 #af1 #ai  ,valley ,=ge1
 #aie  ,vi5na1 #aid  ,vik+s1 #gf  ,virg9
 ,m>y1 ,!1 #ga1 #hc1 #ajg1 #afb         
,vortig]n1 #dd   ,w>wick1 ,e>l (1 #da   
,wa%+ton1 #aid1 #aie  ,wa%+ton1 ,m>?a1  
#aie  ,wassail b[l1 ,!1 #dd  ,we/m9/]   
,hall1 #db  ,:itehall1 #dh  ,w9t]       
,palace1 ,!1 #aaf  ,wise ,m51 ,!1 #aed  
,wod91 #ac1 #ad1 #ie1 #if1 #adi         
,yggdrasil1 #eh  ,yule-log1 ,!1 #cg1    
#abc1 #abd1 #acf1 #aib   ,zeal&1 #ii