,illustration3 ,a ,,good ,,sport ,,for ,,girls ,,and ,,boys ,,the ,,woods ,,hutchinson ,,health ,,series ,,the ,,child',s ,,day ,,by ,,woods ,,hutchinson1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,sometime ,professor of ,anatomy1 ,university of ,iowa2 ,professor of ,comparative ,pathology and ,methods of ,science ,teaching1 ,university of ,buffalo2 ,lecturer1 ,london ,medical ,graduates' ,college and ,university of ,london2 and ,state ,health ,officer of ,oregon4 ,author of ,preventable ,diseases1 ,conquest of ,consumption1 ,instinct and ,health1 and ,a ,handbook of ,health4 ,,houghton ,,mifflin ,,company ,,boston ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,copyright1 #aiab1 ,,by ,,woods ,,hutchinson ,,foreword ,if youth only knew1 if old age only could6 lamented the philosopher4 ,what is the use1 say some1 of putting ideas about disease into children's heads and making them fussy about their health and anxious before their time8 ,precisely because ideas about disease are far less hurtful than disease itself1 and because the period for richest returns from sensible living is childhood--and the earlier the better4 ,it is abundantly worth while to teach a child how to protect his health and build up his strength2 too many of us only begin to take thought of our health when it is too late to do us much good4 ,almost everything is possible in childhood4 ,the heaviest life handicaps can be fed and played and trained out of existence in a child4 ,even the most rudimentary knowledge1 the simplest and crudest of precautions1 in childhood may make all the difference between misery and happiness1 success and failure in life4 ,our greatest asset for healthful living is that most of the unspoiled instincts1 the primitive likes and dislikes1 of the child point in the right direction4 ,there is no need to tell children to eat1 to play1 to sleep1 to swim2 all that is needed is to point out why they like to do these things1 where to stop1 what risks to avoid4 ,the simplest and most natural method of doing this has seemed to be that of a sketch of the usual course and activities of a ,child's ,day1 with a running commentary of explanation1 and such outlines of our bodily structure and needs as are required to make clear why such and such a course is advisable and such another inadvisable4 ,the greatest problem has been how to reach and hold the interest of the child2 and the lion's share of such success as may have been achieved in this regard is due to the coperation of my sister1 ,professor ,mabel ,hutchinson ,douglas of ,whittier ,college1 ,california4 ,,the ,,author4 ,,contents ,,good ,,morning ,i4 ,waking ,up ,,ii4 ,a ,good ,start ,,iii4 ,bathing and ,brushing ,,breakfast ,,going ,,to ,,school ,i4 ,getting ,ready ,,ii4 ,an ,early ,romp ,,iii4 ,fresh ,air--,why ,we ,need ,it ,,iv4 ,fresh ,air--,how ,we ,breathe ,it ,,in ,,school ,i4 ,bringing the ,fresh ,air ,in ,,ii4 ,hearing and ,listening ,,iii4 ,seeing and ,reading ,,iv4 ,a ,drink of ,water ,v4 ,little ,cooks ,,vi4 ,tasting and ,smelling ,,vii4 ,talking and ,reciting ,,viii4 ,thinking and ,answering ,,absent ,,to-,,day8 ,i4 ,keeping ,well ,,ii4 ,some ,foes to ,fight ,,iii4 ,protecting ,our ,friends ,,work ,,and ,,play ,i4 ,growing ,strong ,,ii4 ,accidents ,,iii4 ,the ,city ,beautiful ,,the ,,evening ,,meal ,a ,,pleasant ,,evening ,,good ,,night ,i4 ,getting ,ready for ,bed ,,ii4 ,the ,land of ,nod ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises ,,the ,,child',s ,,day ,,good ,,morning ,i4 ,,waking ,,up ,if there is anything that we all enjoy1 it is waking up on a bright spring morning and seeing the sunlight pouring into the room4 ,you all know the poem beginning1-- ,i remember1 ,i remember ,the house where ,i was born2 ,the little window where the sun ,came peeping in at morn4 ,you are feeling fresh and rested and happy after your good night's sleep and you are eager to be up and out among the birds and the flowers4 ,you are perfectly right in being glad to say ,good morning to the sun1 for he is one of the best friends you have4 ,doesn't he make the flowers blossom1 and the trees grow8 ,and he makes the apples redden1 too1 and the wheat-ears fill out1 and the potatoes grow under the ground1 and the peas and beans and melons and strawberries and raspberries above it4 ,all these things that feed you and keep you healthy are grown by the heat of the sun4 ,so if it were not for the sunlight we should all starve to death4 ,while sunlight is pouring down from the sun to the earth1 it is warming and cleaning the air1 burning up any poisonous gases1 or germs1 that may be in it4 ,by heating the air1 it starts it to rising4 ,if you will watch1 you can see the air shimmering and rising from an open field on a broiling summer day1 or wavering and rushing upward from a hot stove or an open register in winter4 ,hold a little feather fluff or blow a puff of flour above a hot stove1 and it will go sailing up toward the ceiling4 ,as the heated air rises1 the cooler air around rushes in to fill the place that it has left1 and the outdoor drafts are made that we call winds4 ,these winds keep the air moving about in all directions constantly1 like water in a boiling pot1 and in this way keep it fresh and pure and clean4 ,if it were not for this1 the air would become foul and damp and stagnant1 like the water in a ditch or marshy pool4 ,so the ,sun ,god1 as our ancestors in the ,far ,east used to call him thousands of years ago1 not only gives us our food to eat1 but keeps the air fit for us to breathe4 ,in still another way the sun is one of our best friends2 for his rays have the wonderful power1 not only of causing plants that supply us with food--the ,green ,plants1 as we call them--to grow and flourish1 but at the same time of withering and killing certain plants that do us harm4 ,these plants--the ,colorless ,plants1 we may call them--are the molds1 the fungi1 and the bacteria1 or germs4 ,you know how a pair of boots put away in a dark1 damp closet1 or left down in the cellar1 will become covered all over with a coating of gray mold4 ,mold grows rapidly in the dark4 ,just so1 these other ,colorless ,plants1 which include most of our disease germs1 grow and flourish in the dark1 and are killed by sunlight4 ,that is why no house1 or room1 is fit to live in1 into which the sunlight does not pour freely sometime during the day4 ,the more sunlight you can bring into your bedrooms and your playrooms and your schoolrooms1 except during the heat of the day in the summer time1 the better they will be4 ,the ,italians have a very shrewd and true old proverb about houses and light3 ,where the sunlight never comes1 the doctor often does4 ,so you see that ,nature is guiding you in the right direction when she makes you love and delight in the bright1 warm1 golden sunlight2 for it is one of the very best friends that you have--indeed1 you couldn't possibly live without it4 ,in one sense1 in fact1 though this may be a little harder for you to understand1 you are sunlight yourselves2 for the power in your muscles and nerves that makes you able to jump and dance and sing and laugh and breathe is the sunlight which you have eaten in bread and apples and potatoes1 and which the plants had drunk in through their leaves in the long1 sunny days of spring and summer4 ,so throw up your blinds and open your windows wide to the sunlight every morning2 and let the sunlight pour in all day long1 except only while you are reading or studying--when the dazzling light may hurt your eyes--and for six or seven of the hottest hours of the day in summer time4 ,perhaps your mothers will object that the sunlight will fade the carpets1 or spoil the furniture2 but it will put far more color into your faces than it will take out of the carpets4 ,if you are given the choice of a bedroom1 choose a room that faces south or southeast or southwest1 never toward the north4 ,,ii4 ,a ,,good ,,start ,when you are really awake and have had a good look to see what kind of morning it is1 you will feel like yawning and stretching1 and rubbing your eyes four or five times1 before you jump out of bed2 and it is a good plan to take plenty of time to do this1 unless you are already late for breakfast or school4 ,it starts your heart to beating and your lungs to breathing faster2 and it limbers your muscles1 so that you are ready for the harder work they must do as soon as you jump out of bed and begin to walk about and bathe and dress and run and play4 ,when you jump out of bed1 throw back the covers and turn them over the foot of the bed1 so that the air and the sunlight can get at every part of them and make them clean and fresh and sweet to cover you at night again4 ,though you may not know it1 all night long1 while you have been asleep1 your skin has been at work cleaning and purifying your blood1 pouring out gases and a watery vapor that we call perspiration1 or sweat2 and these impurities have been caught by the sheets and blankets4 ,so after a bed has been slept in for four or five nights1 if it has not been thrown well open in the morning1 it begins to have a stuffy1 foul1 sourish smell4 ,you can see from this why it is a bad thing to sleep with your head under the bedclothes1 as people sometimes do1 or even to pull the blankets up over your head1 because you are frightened at something or are afraid that your ears will get cold4 ,your breath has poisonous gases in it1 as well as your perspiration2 and the two together make the air under the bedclothes very bad4 ,now you are ready to wash and dress4 ,but before you do this1 it is a good thing to take off your nightdress1 or turn it down to your waist and tie it there with the sleeves1 and go through some good swinging and windmill movements with your arms and shoulders and back4 7#a7 ,swing your arms round and round like the sails of a windmill2 first both together1 then one in one direction1 and the other in the other4 7#b7 ,hold your arms straight out in front of you1 and swing them backward until the backs of your hands strike behind your back4 7#c7 ,hold your arms straight out on each side1 clench your fists1 and then smartly bend your elbows so that you almost strike yourself on both shoulders1 and repeat quickly twenty or thirty times4 7#d7 ,swing your arms1 out full length1 across your chest five or ten times4 7#e7 ,swing forward and down with your arms stretched out1 until the tips of your fingers touch the floor4 7#f7 ,set your feet a little apart1 swing forward and downward again1 until your hands swing back between your ankles4 ,illustration3 ,,starting ,,the ,,day ,when you come back from these down-swings1 bend just as far back as you can without losing your balance1 so that you put all the muscles along the front of your body on the stretch2 and then swing down again between your ankles4 ,this will help to tone up all your muscles1 and limber all your joints1 and set your blood to circulating well1 and give you a good start for the day4 ,,iii4 ,,bathing ,,and ,,brushing ,now you are ready to wash and dress4 ,you can easily take off the gown1 or garments1 that you have worn during the night2 but there is one coat that you cannot take off--one that is more important and useful and beautiful than all the rest of your clothes put together1 no matter of how fine material they may be made1 or what they have cost4 ,do you remember the old ,bible story about ,joseph and his coat of many colors8 ,perhaps you've wished you had one just as nice4 ,now1 the fact is1 your coat is more beautiful even than ,joseph's2 and1 as for its uses1 it is the most wonderful coat ever made6 ,this coat of yours changes its color from time to time2 sometimes it is pink1 sometimes red1 sometimes a soft milky white1 and sometimes a dull dark blue1 or purple4 ,i wonder if you guess what it is4 ,sometimes it is dry and sometimes wet1 sometimes it is hot and sometimes cold1 sometimes rough and sometimes smoother than the softest silk--just run your hand gently over your cheek6 ,now you have guessed my riddle4 ,this wonderful coat is your skin1 which covers you from top to toe4 ,it fits more closely than any glove1 and yet is so easy and comfortable that it never rubs or binds or hurts you in any way4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,skin-,,strainer ,the little pores open in furrows of the skin4 ,this drawing is many hundred times as large as the piece of skin itself4 ,will the wonderful coat wash8 ,yes1 indeed1 and look all the prettier4 ,in fact1 to keep it white and clear you must bathe often1 not only your hands and face1 but your whole body4 ,your skin is a strainer1 you know4 ,it is a way out for some of the gases and waste water from the blood4 ,what will happen1 then1 if you don't wash your skin8 ,the little holes1 or pores1 that the sweat comes through may become clogged4 ,the strainer won't let the poison out1 and so it will stay inside your body4 ,then1 too1 if you do not wash the skin1 the little scales that are peeling off the outside coat will not be cleared away4 ,you have noticed them1 haven't you1 sometime when you were pulling off black stockings8 ,you found little white pieces1 almost as fine as powder1 clinging to the inside of the stockings4 ,these little scales are always rubbing off from your skin4 ,so every morning it is good to splash the cool water all over yourself1 if you can1 as the birds do in the puddles4 ,you don't need a bathtub for this1 though of course it is much pleasanter and more convenient if you have one4 ,pour the water into a basin and splash it with your hands all over your face1 neck1 chest1 and arms4 ,then rub your skin well with a rough towel4 ,next1 place the basin on the floor2 put your feet into it and dash the water as quickly as you can over your legs4 ,then take another good rub4 ,but you must not do this unless you keep warm while you are doing it1 and your skin must be pink when you have finished4 ,if you are chilly after rubbing1 you should use tepid1 even very hot1 water for your morning bath4 ,in summer you can bathe all over easily2 but in winter1 unless your room is warm1 it is enough to splash the upper half of your body4 ,once or twice a week you should take a good hot bath with soap and then sponge down in cool water4 ,see how the birds enjoy their bath2 and you will1 too1 if you once get into the habit of bathing regularly4 ,now let us take a good look at this coat and see if we can find out what it is like4 ,the other day ,i saw some boys playing basketball4 ,they wore short sleeves and short trousers4 ,four were ,indians1 and five were white boys1 and one was a negro4 ,the skin of the white boys seemed to shine1 it looked so white2 and the negro's shone in its blackness2 but the ,indian's looked a dull rich dusky brown4 ,yes1 you say1 they belong to different races4 ,but what causes the difference in their color8 ,little specks of coloring matter1 or pigment1 which lie in the outer layer of the skin4 ,even white skins contain a little pigment1 they are not a pure white4 ,a ,chinaman's skin has a little more of this pigment1 so that it looks yellow2 an ,indian's has still more2 and a negro's has most of all1 making him black4 ,sunlight can increase the amount of pigment in the skin4 ,the people who live in the torrid zone have much darker skins than those who live where the days are short and cold4 ,you have noticed1 yourself1 that when you expose the skin of your face or arms to the hot sun1 you become freckled1 or tanned4 ,this tanning1 or browning1 of the outer layer of the skin protects the more delicate coats of skin below from being scorched or injured by the strong light4 ,when you are playing and running with your schoolmates1 you see that their faces grow very red1 and even their hands4 ,why is this8 ,because the heart has been pumping hard and has sent the red blood out toward the skin4 ,the red color shines through the outer part of the skin4 ,the pigment in the ,indian's skin1 or the negro's1 prevents the red blood underneath from shining through1 as it does through yours4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,skin ,the pore ,p on the surface of the skin is the end of a tube through which sweat flows out4 ,at ,o are the oil sacs that feed the hair ,h4 ,at ,b are the little blood vessels that make the skin look pink4 ,the skin1 you see1 is made up of different layers4 ,when you burn yourself1 you can see a layer of skin stand out like a blister4 ,it is white2 but if the blister is broken1 underneath you see the coat that is full of tiny blood vessels1 so tiny and so close together that this whole coat looks red4 ,the skin1 like every other part of the body1 is made up of tiny animal cells4 ,in the outer coat they become quite flat like little scales and then wear off2 and their places are taken by the newer cells that are growing from beneath4 ,the skin grows from beneath1 and bit by bit it sheds its old outer coat4 ,this is how it keeps itself nice and new on the outside and grows away the marks of cuts and burns4 ,now hold up your hand and look across it toward the light4 ,what do you see8 ,it looks fuzzy1 doesn't it8 ,ever and ever so many tiny little hairs are on it4 ,the other day a little boy asked me what made his skin look so rough8 ,i looked1 and saw that all the little hairs were standing on end1 so that his skin looked like goose-flesh4 ,it was because he was cold4 ,the muscles at the roots of the hairs had shortened1 so that they pulled the hairs straight up and made the skin look rough4 ,what part of the body has a great deal of hair on it8 ,the head1 of course4 ,isn't it strange that you have such long hair on the top of your head and none at all on the soles of your feet or the palms of your hands8 ,the hair on your head protects you from cold and rain and the hot sun2 but hair on your palms1 would only be in the way4 ,now look at the ends of your fingers4 ,there the skin has grown so hard that it forms nails4 ,if you look at your toes1 you will see that the same thing has happened there4 ,these nails are little pink shells to protect the ends of your fingers and toes4 ,you see what a wonderful coat it is that you are wearing4 ,does the skin coat keep you warm8 ,yes1 and not only that1 but it keeps you cool1 too4 ,you have often seen little drops of water on your skin1 when you were very hot4 ,this sweat1 or perspiration1 as we call it1 cools the body by making the skin moist4 ,you know how cold it makes you to be wrapped in a wet sheet4 ,well1 the skin cools you in just the same way1 when it becomes wet with sweat4 ,the sweat comes from the blood under the skin2 so that1 as we saw before1 by letting this moisture pass through1 the skin acts as a sieve to let out the waste from the blood4 ,then1 too1 the skin covers and protects all the other parts4 ,it is thin where it needs to be thin1 so as not to interfere with quick movements1 as on the eyelids and the lips2 and thick where it needs to be thick1 to stand wear and tear1 as on the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands4 ,i remember once taking a sliver of shingle out of the back of a little boy who had been sliding down a roof4 ,i had to sharpen my knife and press and push and at last get a pair of scissors to cut out the sliver4 ,it was just like cutting tough leather4 ,but even if we do sometimes get cuts and burns and bruises1 yet our skin coat protects us far more than we really think4 ,it keeps out all sorts of poisons and the germs of blood-poisoning and such diseases4 ,these enemies can attack us only through a scratch or cut in the skin1 for that is the only way they can get into the blood4 ,the skin is better than any manufactured coat1 too1 because1 if it is torn or scratched1 it can mend itself4 ,illustration3 ,,reading ,,by ,,touch ,,instead ,,of ,,sight ,these boys are blind2 their books are printed with raised letters1 which they read by feeling of them4 ,does your skin ever talk to you8 ,no1 of course not2 yet it tells you ever so many things4 ,shut your eyes and pick up a pencil4 ,as you touch it1 your skin tells you that it is round and smooth1 and pointed at one end4 ,you can feel the soft rubber on the other end1 too4 ,is it wet8 ,no4 ,is it hot8 ,of course not4 ,now place a book in the palm of your hand4 ,is it flat or round1 light or heavy1 rough or smooth8 ,all these things your skin tells you through little nerve tips1 which are scattered thickly all over it4 ,still another thing the skin does2 if you touch anything sharp or hot1 it says at once that it hurts4 ,if your clothes are tight or uncomfortable1 the skin soon lets you know4 ,you see it is always on the lookout1 always ready to tell you about the things around you and to warn you against the things that might hurt you4 ,the fifth of your ,five ,senses1 the sense of touch1 is in your skin4 ,there are some parts of your skin-coat that should have special care4 ,i hardly need tell you about washing your face carefully around your nose and in front of your ears4 ,sometimes ,i have seen a high-water mark right down the middle of the cheek or just under the jaws or chin4 ,of course your mother has told you about washing your hands6 ,you see1 our hands touch so many dirty things1 and handle so many things that other people's hands have touched1 that we ought always to wash them before a meal for fear some of the dirt or germs on them may get into our mouths and cause disease4 ,and we really need to clean our nails as often as we wash our hands1 for that little black rim under the nail is very dangerous4 ,dust and disease germs and dirt of all kinds find it a good place in which to hide4 ,trim your nails with a file1 not a knife2 and clean them with a dull cleaner1 for a sharp-pointed one will scrape the nail and roughen it1 or push the nail away from the skin of the finger underneath4 ,illustration3 ,,useful ,,tools ,trim and clean the edges of your nails carefully and thoroughly1 but don't fuss much with the roots of them4 ,that little fold of skin there may strike you as untidy1 but it covers the soft growing part of the nail2 and if you push it back with a nail-cleaner1 it may cause the nail to crack and roughen or become inflamed and start a hang nail or run around4 ,if you push it back at all1 do so only with the ball of your thumb or finger4 ,the edges of the nails should be trimmed in a curve to match the curve of the end of the finger4 ,of course you know that you should never bite your nails1 not only because it is a bad habit and will bring a good deal of dirt into your mouth1 but because you may bite1 or tear down into1 the tender growing part of the nail1 sometimes called the quick2 and then this part may become inflamed1 and you will have a troublesome sore on the end of your finger4 ,illustration3 ,,do ,,your ,,nails ,,look ,,like ,,these8 ,just as your nails are a part of your skin1--hardened from it and rooted in it1--so1 too1 are your teeth2 and1 like the rest of the skin1 they should be kept thoroughly clean4 ,every morning and evening at least they should be carefully brushed4 ,if you take good care of your first teeth and have them filled when they need it1 you will probably have good permanent teeth1 and you won't have to suffer with toothache4 ,the skin of your head1 which grows such beautiful hair1 and the hair itself1 should be kept clean4 ,there are two things needed for this4 ,first1 the hair should be brushed and combed night and morning4 ,the skin of your scalp is shedding tiny thin scales all day and all night1 just as the rest of your skin is doing4 ,fortunately1 your hair is growing from roots under the skin much in the same way as blades of grass grow from their roots2 and1 as it grows1 it pushes up these scales from the surface of the scalp to where you can readily reach them with a good bristle brush4 ,if they are not well brushed out1 the dust and smoke from the air will mix with them1 and the germs in the dust and smoke will breed in the mixture1 and you will soon have scurf or dandruff on your head4 ,so give at least fifteen or twenty strokes with the brush before you use the comb4 ,it isn't necessary to brush or scrape the scalp1 and a comb should be used only to part the hair or take out the tangles4 ,the second thing is to wash the hair and the scalp4 ,boys ought to wash their hair every week2 and girls1 every two weeks2 and girls1 especially1 should be careful to dry their hair very thoroughly afterwards4 ,you will notice after washing your hair that it feels dry and fluffy1 and sometimes rather harsh4 ,this is because the soap and hot water together have washed out of the hair its natural oil1 or grease1 which kept it bright and soft2 and this is why it is better not to wash the hair with soap and hot water oftener than once a week or so4 ,but it shouldn't be shirked when the time does come4 ,watch how hard your kitten works to keep her fur coat glossy1 though it must be tiresome enough to lick1 lick1 lick4 ,sometimes in cold weather your lips and knuckles crack and bleed4 ,that is because the skin on those parts is so thin and so often stretched and bruised4 ,if you will take a little pure olive oil or cold cream and rub it on your lips and hands1 it will make the skin softer and not so likely to break4 ,illustration3 ,,shoes ,,that ,,show ,,sense ,low heels and plenty of room for the toes4 ,sometimes your feet tell you that they need better care4 ,perhaps your shoes are too tight1 or too loose and rub your toes4 ,soon the skin becomes very hard in one spot1 and you have a corn on your toe4 ,you must be very1 very careful how your shoes and stockings fit4 ,if you should find a corn1 or the beginning of one1 you had better tell your mother about it1 and let her see that your stockings are not too big1 so that they wrinkle into folds and chafe1 or that your shoes are mended1 or that you have a larger pair4 ,and then1 if you wash your feet in cold water every day1 and put some vaseline or sweet oil on the hard spot night or morning1 the corn will probably go away4 ,not only your shoes1 but all of your clothing must be comfortable if your skin and the parts under it are to do their work well4 ,your clothes as well as your skin must be washed often1 because the sweat1 which is oily and greasy as well as watery1 soaks into them1 and the little white scales cling to them1 and often dust and disease germs1 too4 ,one winter a little boy came to my school4 ,the other children told me they did not like to sit by him1 his clothes had such an unpleasant smell4 ,i talked to him about it1 and what do you suppose he said6 ,why1 ,i can't bathe2 the creek's too cold in winter4 ,he was waiting till summer time to take a bath6 ,no wonder the other children did not like to sit near him4 ,yet1 with all the bathing and rubbing and brushing1 your skin won't be clean and beautiful and able to do all that it has to do1 unless your stomach and heart and lungs are in good working order4 ,so you must eat good food1 sleep ten or twelve hours a day1 and play out of doors a great deal1 if you expect your skin to be healthy4 ,,breakfast ,when you are washed1 it doesn't take you long to dress2 and before you have finished brushing your hair1 you begin to feel as if you were ready for breakfast4 ,you know just where the feeling is--an empty sensation near the pit of your stomach1 and you don't have to look at the clock to know that it is breakfast time4 ,about this time something begins to smell very good downstairs2 and down you go1 two steps at a time1 and out into the dining-room1 or kitchen4 ,you could do it with your eyes shut1 just following your nose2 and it is a pretty good guide to follow1 too4 ,if you will just go toward the things that smell good1 and keep away from1 or refuse to eat1 those that smell bad1 you will avoid a great many dangers1 not only to your stomach1 but to your general health2 for a bad smell is one of ,nature's black marks1 and you know what they are4 ,how nice and fresh and appetizing everything looks--the white cloth1 the clean cups and saucers1 and the shining spoons and forks4 ,you are sure that a good breakfast is one of the best things in the world4 ,you sit down and begin to eat1 and everything tastes as good as it looks4 ,illustration3 ,,milk ,,and ,,sunlight ,,don',t ,,agree ,the early riser can help a great deal by taking the milk bottles in out of the sun4 ,milk spoils quickly if it is not kept cool4 ,a good breakfast would be an egg1 or a slice of bacon or ham1 with a glass of milk1--or two1 if you can drink another1--and two or three slices of bread1 or toast1 with plenty of butter2 and then some cereal with plenty of cream and sugar1 or some fruit1 to finish with4 ,a breakfast like this will give you just about the right amount of strength for the morning's work4 ,don't begin with a cereal or breakfast food2 for this will spoil your appetite for your real breakfast4 ,cereal has very little nourishment in proportion to its bulk and the way it fills you up4 ,bread or mush or potato alone is not enough4 ,any one of these gives you fuel1 to be sure2 but it gives you very little with which to build up your body4 ,for that you must have milk or meat or eggs or fish4 ,it is most important that children should eat a good big breakfast4 ,all the hundred-and-one things that you are going to do during the day--racing1 jumping1 shouting1 studying--require strength to do2 and that strength can be got only out of the power in your food1 which is really1 you remember1 the sunlight stored up in it4 ,sometimes1 when you come down in the morning1 especially if you haven't had the windows of your bedroom well open so as to get plenty of air during the night1 you may feel that you are not very hungry for breakfast4 ,or perhaps1 if you have risen late1 or are in a great hurry to get to school in time1 you just swallow a cup of coffee or tea1 and a cracker or a little piece of bread1 or a small saucer of cereal4 ,this is a very bad thing to do1 because coffee and tea1 while they make you feel warm and comfortable inside1 have very little strength1 or food value1 in them1 and simply warm you up and stir up your nerves without doing you any real good at all4 ,a cracker or a single piece of bread or one large saucer of cereal has only about one fourth of the strength in it that you will need for playing or studying until noontime4 ,so after you have started to school with a breakfast like this1 about the middle of the morning you begin to feel tired and empty and cross1 and wonder what is the matter with yourself4 ,children of your age are growing so fast that they need plenty of good1 wholesome food4 ,they get so hungry that they want to be eating all the time4 ,for grown-ups three times a day is enough2 but for you children1 whose bodies use up the food so fast1 it is well to take also a piece of bread and butter1 or two or three cookies1 or a glass of milk with some crackers1 in the middle of the morning and again about the middle of the afternoon4 ,it will not hurt your appetite for dinner or supper1 and you won't be wanting to pick at cake and candy and pickles all day long4 ,how does eating keep you alive and make you grow8 ,eating is somewhat like mending a fire4 ,you put wood or coal on the fire1 and it keeps burning and giving out heat2 but if you do not put fresh fuel on1 the fire soon goes out4 ,just so1 putting food into your body feeds the body fires and keeps you warm1 and at the same time makes you grow4 ,of course the body fires are not just like those you see burning in the stove3 there are no flames4 ,but there is burning going on1 just the same4 ,the food you put into your body must be made soft and pulpy before it can burn in your muscles4 ,now you can guess what your teeth are for4 ,they chop1 crush1 and grind the food2 and the tongue rolls it over and over and mixes it with the moisture in your mouth1 until it is almost like very thick soup4 ,then you make a little motion with your tongue and throat1 and down it goes4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,food ,,tube ,note the arrows4 ,this is the trip made by every mouthful of food4 ,where does it go8 ,it is passed down a tube that we call the food tube4 ,while ,i tell you about it1 you can look at the picture and then try to draw it yourself4 ,the food goes quickly down the first part of the tube until it comes to a part much larger than the rest1 which we call the stomach4 ,here it is churned about for a long time1 and the meat you have eaten is melted1 or dissolved4 ,then the food goes on into the next part of the tube1 which has become narrow again4 ,this lower part1 which is about twenty-five feet long1 is coiled up just below the waist1 between the large bones that you can feel on each side of your body4 ,these coils of the food tube1 we call the bowels4 ,winding all around the stomach and bowels are tiny branching pipes full of blood4 ,they look somewhat like the creepers on ivy1 or the tendrils on grapevines4 ,these suck out the melted food from the bowels4 ,they take what the body can use1 and carry it away in the blood to all parts of the body4 ,this is the fuel that keeps the body fires going4 ,the tougher parts of the food1 which the body cannot use1 are carried down to the lower end of the bowels and pushed out by strong muscles4 ,this waste should be passed out from the body once every day and at the same time each day4 ,in the morning after breakfast is perhaps the best time4 ,if you do not get rid of it every day1 it makes poisons1 which go into your blood and soon make you very sick indeed4 ,you must keep clean inside as well as outside4 ,,going ,,to ,,school ,i4 ,,getting ,,ready ,as soon as you have finished breakfast1 and brushed your teeth and gone to the toilet1 you are ready to run out of doors to play1 if you have plenty of time1 or1 if not1 to start for school4 ,doesn't it seem a nuisance1 in winter time1 to have to put on a coat and overshoes and a cap or a hood1 and sometimes leggings and mittens1 too8 ,but your mothers know what is best for you2 and when you are young and growing fast1 you have so much more surface in proportion to your weight than when you are grown up1 that you lose heat from the blood in your skin very fast2 and unless you are warmly dressed1 you become chilled4 ,when you are chilled1 you are using up1 in merely trying to keep yourself warm1 some of the energy that ought to be used for growing and for working4 ,it has been found out by careful tests that children who are not warmly dressed1 and particularly whose arms and legs are not warmly covered1 do not grow so fast as they ought to1 and more easily catch colds and other infections4 ,so take time to put on your cap and your coat1 if the weather is cold2 and1 if it is snowy1 to button on leggings over your stockings2 and then you can play as hard as you like1 and run through the snow1 and keep warm and rosy and comfortable4 ,wool is one of the best stuffs for coats and dresses and stockings and gloves and caps1 not only because it is warm1 but also because it is lighter in weight than anything else you could wear that would be equally warm1 and because it is porous2 that is1 it will let the air pass through it1 and the perspiration from the body escape through it4 ,don't wear any clothes so tight that you cannot run and jump and play and fling your arms and legs about freely1 or so fine and stylish that you are afraid of getting them soiled by romping and tumbling4 ,it is best to wear fairly heavy1 comfortable shoes with good thick soles2 then you will not have to wear rubbers1 except when it is actually pouring rain1 or when there is melting snow or slush upon the ground4 ,felt1 or buckskin1 or heavy cloth makes very good uppers for children's shoes2 but only leather makes good soles4 ,it is best not to wear rubbers too much1 because the same waterproofness1 which keeps the rain and the snow out1 keeps the perspiration of your feet in1 and is likely to make them damp4 ,when they are damp1 they are as easily chilled as if they had been wet through with rain or puddle water4 ,always take off your rubbers in the house or in school1 because they are holding in not only the water of perspiration1 but the poisons as well2 and these will poison your entire blood1 so that you soon have a headache and feel generally uncomfortable4 ,,ii4 ,,an ,,early ,,romp ,the minute you are outside the door1 the fresh morning air strikes your face1 and you draw four or five big breaths1 as if you would like to fill yourself as full as you could hold4 ,if you have had a good night's sleep and a good breakfast1 the very feel of the outdoor air will make you want to run and jump and shout and throw your arms about4 ,this warms you up finely and gives you a good color2 but if you keep it up long1 you will notice that two things are happening3 one1 that you are breathing faster than you were before2 the other1 that your heart is beating harder and faster1 so that you can almost feel it throbbing without putting your hand on your chest4 ,if you run too hard1 or too far1 you begin to be out of breath1 and your heart thumps so hard that it almost hurts4 ,what is your heart doing8 ,it is pumping2 it is trying to pump the blood fast out to your muscles to give them the strength to run with4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,early ,,run ,,is ,a ,,good ,,preparation ,,for ,,the ,,day',s ,,work ,of course you have seen a pump8 ,perhaps some of you have to pump water every day at home4 ,you take the handle in your hands1 lift it up1 then press it down1 and out pours the water through the spout2 and1 as you keep pumping1 the water spurts out every time you press the handle down4 ,it is hard work1 and your arms are soon tired2 but1 as you cannot drink the water while it is down in the well1 you must pump to bring it up where you can reach it4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,heart-,,pump ,the big tubes are the arteries and veins4 ,just so the heart pumps to keep the blood flowing round and round1 through the muscles and all over the body4 ,if you put your finger on your wrist1 or on the side of your neck1 you can feel a little throb1 or pulse1 for every spurt from your heart-pump2 and that means for every heart-beat4 ,this heart-pump is made of muscle1 and is about the size of your clenched fist4 ,and just as you can squeeze water from a sponge or out of a bulb-syringe1 by opening and shutting your hand around it1 so the big heart muscle squeezes the blood out of the heart4 ,it squeezes it out from one side of the heart2 and then1 when it lets go1 the blood comes rushing in from the other side to fill the heart again4 ,so the heart goes on squeezing out and sucking in the blood1 all day and all night as long as we live4 ,when the blood comes to the muscles1 it is a beautiful bright red2 but after the muscles have taken what they want of it for food to burn1 and warm you up1 the ashes and the smoke go back into the blood and dirty its color from red to purple4 ,then the blood is carried to the lungs1 where the fresh air you breathe in blows away the smoke and makes the blood red again4 ,the blood is pumped all over the body through tubes or pipes1 called blood vessels4 ,those that carry the red blood out from the heart1 we call arteries4 ,they are deep down under the skin1 and we cannot see them4 ,the pipes that carry the purple blood from the muscles and other parts back to the heart again1 we call veins2 and some of these are so close to the surface that we can easily see them through the skin4 ,let your hand hang down a minute or two1 then you can see the veins on the inside of your wrist1 or on the back of your hand1 if it is not too fat4 ,illustration3 ,,it ,,is ,,good ,,to ,,play ,,out ,,of ,,doors ,,till ,,the ,,bell ,,rings--,,even ,,in ,,winter ,the muscles1 the brain1 the skin1 and other parts of the body get liquid food from the blood by sucking it through the walls of the smallest of the blood vessels1 for these walls are very thin4 ,in the same way1 when waste passes from the muscles or the skin into the blood1 it1 too1 soaks through the thin walls of the tiniest blood tubes1 called capillaries4 ,your heart beats or throbs about seventy-five times in a minute when you are well4 ,look at the second hand of a watch1 while you count the beats in your wrist or in your neck4 ,does your heart ever become tired8 ,not while you keep well1 unless you over-drive it by running or wrestling too hard4 ,it can rest between the beats4 ,but the heart muscle1 like any other muscle1 must have plenty of good red blood to feed on4 ,you put food into the blood by eating good breakfasts and dinners4 ,the more you run and jump and play1 the more work the heart has to do and the stronger it grows2 and a good morning romp before school will send the blood flowing so merrily round from top to toe that you will feel fresher and brighter all the day4 ,,iii4 ,,fresh ,,air--,,why ,,we ,,need ,,it ,the heart is not the only thing that goes faster and harder when you run about in the morning and play hard4 ,you are breathing faster and deeper as well1 as if there were something in the air outside that you needed in your body as much as food4 ,but1 of course1 you know that air is not good to eat4 ,it has no strength in it1 as food has2 it isn't even a liquid like milk or coffee or tea4 ,it is so thin and light that we call it a gas4 ,indeed1 ,i suppose it is pretty hard for you to believe that air is a real thing at all4 ,but all outdoors is full of the gas called air1 and everything that seems to be empty1 like a room or an empty box1 is full of it4 ,you cannot even smell it1 as you can that other gas which comes through pipes into our houses and burns at the gas jets2 nor can you see it like the gas that comes out of a boiling kettle or from the whistle of a locomotive1 and which we call steam4 ,this is simply because air is so pure that it has no smell1 and is so perfectly clear that we can see right through it4 ,almost the only way that we can recognize it is by feeling it when it is moving4 ,but it is a very real thing for all that2 and1 like sunshine and food1 is one of the most important things in the world for us4 ,what is it that air does in the body8 ,we must need it very much1 for we die quickly when we cannot get it3 it takes us only about three minutes to suffocate1 or choke to death1 if we can't get it4 ,you remember that the blood is pumped out from the heart1 all through the body4 ,everywhere it goes1--to the feet and the hands and the head1--it is carrying two things3 food that it has sucked up from the food tube1 and hundreds and hundreds of tiny red sponges called red corpuscles4 ,these little sponges are full of air which they sucked up as the blood passed through the lungs4 ,when we stop breathing1--that is1 taking in air1--the little red sponges of course can't get any air to carry to the different parts of the body4 ,the body is made up of millions of tiny1 tiny animals1 called cells1--so tiny that they can be seen only under a microscope4 ,each of these cells must have food and air1 just like any other animal4 ,they eat the food the blood brings to them1 and they take the air from the red corpuscles in the blood4 ,with the air as a draft1 they burn up the waste scraps1 as we burn scraps from the kitchen1 in the back of the stove4 ,suppose you light a candle and place it under a glass jar and watch what will happen4 ,the flame will become weaker and weaker1 and at last it will quite go out4 ,you might think at first that the wind blew it out2 but how could the wind get through or under the jar8 ,no1 the glass keeps all the outside air away from the flame2 and that is just the reason why it does go out4 ,unless it has fresh air1 it cannot burn4 ,there is something--a gas--in the air that makes the flame burn1 and when it has used up all this gas inside the glass1 and can't get any more1 it stops burning4 ,now you will want to know what this gas in the air is4 ,when we write about it1 we use its nickname1 the large capital letter ,o2 but its whole name is ,oxygen4 ,just as the candle flame must have oxygen to keep it burning1 so our cells must have oxygen to burn their impurities1 or waste2 and if they don't get the oxygen1 and can't burn their impurities1 they are poisoned by them and go out1 or die4 ,you can see the flame when the candle is burning1 but you can't see the fires that burn in our bodies2 there are no real flames at all4 ,i know it is hard for you to believe that there can be any burning when our bodies are so wet and damp4 ,but if you can't see it1 you can easily feel it4 ,blow on your hand4 ,how warm your breath is6 ,touch your hand to your cheek4 ,it is quite warm1 too4 ,if you run or play hard1 you sometimes become so hot that you want to take off your coat4 ,that is because your fires are burning faster4 ,the muscles are using more food and making more scraps to be burned4 ,you breathe faster and faster till at last you are out of breath and feel as if you would smother or choke4 ,the blood has hard work to bring oxygen enough to keep the fires going4 ,after the cells have burned the food scraps1 they turn the ashes and smoke back into the blood-stream that is always flowing past them4 ,if the cells did not do this1 they would soon smother to death1 just as you could not possibly live in a house without chimneys to carry off the smoke4 ,and1 of course1 the blood wants to get rid of this waste just as quickly as possible4 ,part of the waste in the body is liquid1 like water1 and can flow away through the blood pipes without needing to be burned4 ,some of this watery waste comes out through the skin and stands in beads or drops upon it4 ,that is the part we call perspiration1 or sweat4 ,the rest of it goes in the blood to another strainer called the kidneys1 passes through this as urine1 and is carried away from the body as the waste water from the bathtub and the sink is carried away from a house4 ,for the smoke ,mother ,nature has still another beautiful plan4 ,she sends the blood-stream flowing through the lungs1 where it can send off its smoke and then get fresh air to carry to the cells in the muscles4 ,when you breathe out1 you are sending out the smoke2 and when you breathe in1 you are taking in fresh air4 ,our body smoke is not brown or blue1 like the smoke from a fire2 it is a clear1 odorless gas1 called carbon dioxid4 ,this is the same gas that makes the choke-damp of coal mines1 which suffocates the miners if the mine is not well ventilated2 and the same gas that sometimes gathers at the bottom of a well1 making it dangerous for anyone to go down into the well to clean it4 ,and this gas is poisonous in our bodies just as it is in the mine or the well4 ,you see1 then1 how important it is that we should live much of our lives in the clear pure air out of doors1 and should bring the fresh air into our houses and schools and shops4 ,fill up with it all you can on your way to school1 for the best of air indoors is never half so good as the free-blowing breezes outside4 ,,iv4 ,,fresh ,,air--,,how ,,we ,,breathe ,,it ,when you are running and breathing hard1 and even when you are sitting still and breathing quietly1 air is going into your lungs and then coming out1 going in and coming out1 many times every minute4 ,how does the air get in and out of the lungs8 ,it will not run in of itself2 for it is light and floats about1 you know4 ,here1 again1 ,mother ,nature has planned it all out4 ,she has made us an air bellows1 or air pump1 to suck it into the lungs4 ,first we'll see what shape this pump is1 and then how it works4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,chest ,,that ,,holds ,,the ,,lungs ,back of the lungs is the heart2 its position is shown by the broken line4 ,the black line across the chest shows how high the diaphragm rises when we breathe out quietly4 ,stiff rings of bone called ribs run round your body1 just like the hoops in an old hoop skirt1 or like the metal rings round a barrel4 ,here is a picture of the bones of the chest4 ,perhaps your teacher can show you the skeleton of some animal4 ,you will notice how the rings1 or ribs1 slant and are joined by hinges behind to the backbone and in front to the breastbone4 ,it looks somewhat like a cage1 doesn't it8 ,put your hands on the sides of your chest and you can feel your own ribs4 ,do they slant upward or downward8 ,this chest-cage is our breathing-machine4 ,before ,i tell you how it pumps1 ,i want you to get a pair of bellows and see how they work4 ,when you lift up the handle of the bellows1 you make the bag of the bellows larger so that it sucks in air2 and when you press the handle down again1 the air puffs out through the nozzle4 ,our air machine1 though it is somewhat different from the bellows in shape1 works in exactly the same way4 ,you remember that you found that the ribs slant down and can be moved on hinges4 ,suppose1 now1 you place your hands against your ribs and feel the ribs lift as you draw in a long breath4 ,the air will be sucked into your nose just as it was into the bellows when you raised the handle4 ,by lifting your ribs1 you have made the chest-cage larger2 and the air has rushed into your nose1 down your windpipe1 and filled your lungs4 ,if you breathe very deeply1 you will find that your stomach1 too1 swells out4 ,this shows that the muscular bottom of the cage1 called the diaphragm1 has been pulled down1 making the cage larger still4 ,in this chest-cage are millions of tiny air bags that make up the lungs2 and every time you take a breath1 the air bags are puffed out with the fresh air that comes rushing in4 ,by the time you let your ribs sink again1 the air has given its oxygen to the blood1 and the blood has poured its carbon-dioxid smoke into the air bags for you to breathe out4 ,nature1 with the same bellows1 pumps in the oxygen and pumps out the smoke4 ,now1 we breathe into our lung-bellows whatever air happens to be around us4 ,so we should take care that the air around us is fresh air4 ,unless the air were kept in motion by the heat of the sun1 causing breezes and winds1 it would become stale and wouldn't do at all for our lung-bellows to use4 ,the air we breathe must be kept moving and fresh if it is to make us feel bright and strong and happy4 ,mother ,nature has given us miles upon miles and oceans upon oceans of this clear1 fresh air to breathe--all outdoors1 in fact1 as far as we can see around us and for miles above our heads4 ,she sends the winds to move the air about and blow away the dust and dirt2 and the sunshine1 you remember1 not only to warm the air and keep it moving1 but to burn right through it and kill the poisons4 ,but this brings us to something else4 ,you have learned that the air we breathe out would soon smother us1 just as smoke would2 and now we will see why4 ,if you blow against the window pane on a cold day1 the glass is no longer clear2 and when you look at it closely1 you see that it is covered with tiny drops of water4 ,this is part of the breath you have just blown out4 ,if the room is cold enough1 you can see your breath in the air2 that is1 the steam in your breath becomes cold and appears as tiny water-drops4 ,you have seen how in the same way1 the steam1 an inch or so from the spout of the teakettle1 cools1 making little water-drops that float in the air like clouds4 ,part of the breath1 then1 is water2 but most of it is a gas1 and you can't see it at all as it floats away into the air about you4 ,if your teacher has a glass of limewater1 and will let you breathe into it through a tube1 you will see that your breath soon makes the water look milky4 ,this shows that the gas in your breath is not like the air about you2 because air was all over the top of the limewater1 yet did not change it at all4 ,the milky look is caused by carbon dioxid1 one of the poisons in your breath4 ,when some people come close to you1 you want to turn away your head1 because you do not like the smell of their breath4 ,even when one is quite well1 the breath has a queer mousey odor1 so that we never like to breathe the breath of another person4 ,this disagreeable odor comes not only from the lungs but from the teeth4 ,we are always breathing out poisons into the air4 ,one of these you can see in the milky limewater1 and others you can smell when you happen to come close to anyone else4 ,illustration3 ,,proving ,,that ,,the ,,breath ,,is ,,not ,,like ,,the ,,air ,if you blow on your fingers1 you feel that your breath is much warmer than the air4 ,if people are crowded together in rooms with doors and windows shut1 their breath soon heats and poisons the air1 until they begin to have headache1 and to feel dull and drowsy and uncomfortable4 ,if they should be shut in too long1 without any opening to let in the fresh air1 as in a prison cell1 or in the hold of a ship during a storm1 the air would become so poisonous as to make them ill1 and would even suffocate them and kill them outright4 ,even the bees found this out thousands of years ago2 and in their hives in hot weather they station lines of worker-bees1 one just behind another from the door right down each of the main passages1 whose business it is to do nothing but keep their wings whirring rapidly1 so that they fan a steady current of fresh air into every part of the hive4 ,illustration3 ,,dusting--,,how ,,shall ,,we ,,do ,,it8 ,how does ,mother ,nature get rid of these poisons from our breath8 ,of course1 you say1 ,she uses the wind and the sunshine4 ,yes1 the winds can whisk up the poison and blow it away so fast1 and the sunshine can burn up the horrid smell so quickly1 that even the air above big cities1 and in their streets1 is quite clean enough for us to breathe1 except where the people are very closely crowded together and very dirty4 ,mother ,nature wants all of us to help in keeping the air clean4 ,this we can do by keeping ourselves and our houses clean1 and by being careful not to leave scraps of waste1 or dirty things1 in the streets and cars and parks and other public places4 ,and you children ought to be very careful about your school yard and the halls and the classrooms1 where you spend so much of your time4 ,,in ,,school ,i4 ,,bringing ,,the ,,fresh ,,air ,,in ,the only place where air is absolutely sure to be fresh is out of doors4 ,there1 as we have seen1 the sun and the winds keep it so all the time4 ,but1 unluckily1 we cannot spend all our time outdoors1 either when we are little or after we have grown up4 ,so we must try in every way that we can to bring the outdoors indoors--to get plenty of fresh air and light into the houses that we live in1 especially the bedrooms we sleep in and the schoolrooms we study in when we are children1 and the offices or shops we work in when we are grown up4 ,after you have your lungs and your blood well filled with air1 either by walking briskly to school or by chasing one another about the school playground1 you will suddenly hear the bell ring1 and you march indoors and sit down at your desks4 ,here1 of course1 the air cannot blow about freely from every direction1 because the walls and doors and windows are shutting you in on every side4 ,the room1 to be sure1 is full of air2 but if the doors and windows are shut1 this air has no way of getting outside1 nor can the fresh1 pure air out of doors--even though it be moving quite fast1 as a wind or a breeze--get inside4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,classroom ,,almost ,,as ,,good ,,as ,,the ,,out-,,of-,,doors ,notice the windows open top and bottom1 and the high windows under the roof4 ,why are these good8 ,we must let the fresh air come in and the stale air go out4 ,this is one of the things that windows are for2 and this is why they are hung upon pulleys and made to slide up and down easily4 ,of course1 even when the windows are not open1 they are letting in light1 which1 you remember1 is a deadly enemy to germs and poisons4 ,bright sunlight is best for purifying the air of a room1 but even ordinary daylight has a good deal of germ-killing power4 ,therefore1 a room that is well lighted is not only much pleasanter to live in1 but much healthier1 than one that is dull and gloomy4 ,you see why we need plenty of windows and doors3 we must let in the breezes and the sunshine1 and let out the poisons and the dirt4 ,then1 too1 we must make the air in the building move about in order to keep it fresh2 for if the air is not fresh1 we soon grow tired and sleepy and have headaches4 ,that is why your teacher keeps the windows open at the top a foot or so4 ,you can easily see that when there are twenty or thirty of you breathing out poisons1 and each one of you needing about four bushels of fresh air every minute1 the old air ought to be going out and the fresh air coming in all the time4 ,illustration3 ,,ventilation ,watch the candle flames4 ,which way is the air moving1 and why8 ,that is also why your teacher gives you a recess1 so that you can run out of doors and get some fresh air4 ,then she can throw open all the windows and doors and have the air in the room clean and fresh when you come back again4 ,so when recess comes1 don't hang about in the hallways or on the stairs or in the basement1 but run right out of doors into the playground and shout and throw your arms about and run races to fill your lungs full of fresh1 sweet air and stretch all your muscles1 after the confinement and sitting still4 ,don't saunter about and whisper secrets or tell stories1 but get up some lively game that doesn't take long to play1 such as tag or steal-sticks or soak-ball1 or duck-on-a-rock or skipping or hopscotch4 ,these will blow all the smoke out of your lungs and send the hot blood flying all over your body and make you as fresh as a daisy for your next lesson4 ,when you come back into the schoolroom after recess1 the air will seem quite fresh and pure2 but unless you keep the windows open1 it will not be long before your head begins to be hot1 and your eyes heavy1 and you feel like yawning and stretching1 and begin to wonder why the lessons are so long and tiresome4 ,then1 if your teacher will throw open all the windows and have you stand up1 or1 better still1 march around the room singing or go through some drill or calisthenic exercises1 you will soon feel quite fresh and rested again4 ,in the mild weather of the spring or early fall1 all you need to do to keep the air fresh in the schoolroom is to keep the windows well open at the top4 ,but in the winter1 the air outdoors is so cold that it has to be heated before it is brought in2 and this1 in any modern and properly built schoolhouse1 is usually arranged for4 ,the fresh air is drawn in through an opening in the basement and is either heated1 so that it rises1 or is blown by fans all over the building4 ,this sort of fresh air1 however1 is never quite so good as that which comes directly from outdoors2 so it is generally best to keep at least two or three windows in each room opened at the top as well1 and never to depend entirely upon the air that comes through the heating system4 ,sometimes this may mean a little draft1 or current of uncomfortably cool air1 for one or two of you who sit nearest the windows2 but your teacher will always allow you to change your seat if this proves very unpleasant4 ,if you have plenty of warmth in the room you sit in1 unless the air outside is very cold1 this breeze won't do you any harm at all2 on the contrary1 it will be good for you4 ,instead of catching cold from a draft like this1 it is from foul1 stuffy1 poisonous air1 loaded with other people's breaths and the germs contained in them1 that you catch cold4 ,illustration3 ,,gardens ,,take ,,us ,,out ,,of ,,doors ,in fact1 staying indoors is usually the reason why people are sick4 ,they don't go out into the clean fresh air for fear they'll be too cold6 ,it seems a pity we can't just live out of doors all the time4 ,perhaps we shall some day2 for doctors are finding out that fresh outdoor air and good food are the very best medicines known1 and the only ,sure ,cures4 ,they are pleasant to take1 too4 ,many cities are providing outdoor schools for children who have weak lungs or are not strong in other ways4 ,perhaps some day all school children will be allowed to study in the open air at least part of every school day4 ,,ii4 ,,hearing ,,and ,,listening ,now you are all ready to go to work4 ,what are you going to work with8 ,books8 pencils8 paper8 ,yes1 but you have something better than those and all ready for use4 ,it is that little kit of tools that are sometimes called our ,five ,senses4 ,you remember that we have already talked about one of them1 the sense of touch in the skin4 ,now which one are you going to use first this morning8 ,if your teacher talks to you1 ,i hope it will be the one we call the sense of hearing4 ,suppose we try to find out something about this sense of hearing1 and begin with a little experiment4 ,take a piece of cork in your hand and lift it up high and then let it drop into a large basin or tub of water4 ,what happens8 ,the cork strikes and then goes bob-bob-bobbing up and down on its own waves4 ,now watch the little waves all around the cork4 ,where do they stop8 ,they don't stop until they touch the edge of the pan2 and no matter how big the pan is1 the waves go on and on until they reach the edge4 ,we can see these waves of water1 and so we easily believe that they are there4 ,now there are1 just as truly1 waves of air all around us4 ,we cannot see the waves1 because they are too small and roll too quickly4 ,but some of these1 when they roll against our ears1 make us hear4 ,they make what we call sound4 ,you have heard about sending messages through the air1 without telegraph wires4 ,wireless messages are often sent to ships out in the middle of the ocean4 ,this is done by starting tiny electric waves1 which travel through the air much as the waves of water are traveling across the ocean beneath4 ,of course there must be a machine1 called a receiver1 to catch the waves and hear the message4 ,mother ,nature has given each of you two very delicate little receivers to catch the sound waves and carry them to your brain4 ,you know what they are--you can name them4 ,but how are these wonderful little machines made8 ,you have never seen the whole of your ear4 ,the part on the outside of the head1 of course1 you can easily see and feel4 ,sometimes you notice a deaf person put his hand behind his ear and press it forward so as to catch the sound waves better4 ,these waves roll in at the little hole you can see1 and travel along a short passage till they come to a round drum1 a piece of very thin skin stretched tight like a drumhead4 ,have you ever beaten a drum with a stick8 ,you felt the drumhead quiver under the blow1 did you not8 ,well1 when the sound waves beat against the drum in the ear1 it quivers and starts little waves inside the ear4 ,each little wave in turn beats against a little bone called the hammer2 the hammer beats against another called the anvil1 and this against a third called the stirrup2 and the quiver of the stirrup is passed on to a little window1 opening into a little room with a spiral key-board2 and from this1 the wave travels along a nerve to the brain4 ,as the waves reach the brain1 the brain hears4 ,in this way we hear all sorts of sounds1 from the tick of a watch to the whistle of a train4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,way ,,by ,,which ,,sound ,,waves ,,reach ,,the ,,brain ,a section through the right ear4 ,there is a sensible old saying1 ,never put anything smaller than your elbow into the inner part of your ear4 ,now1 of course1 you can't put your elbow into such a tiny hole6 ,so the old saying means1 never put anything in4 ,the eardrum is very thin and can easily be broken4 ,even a slap on the ear1 or a loud sound too close to it1 might crack and spoil the drum and make one deaf4 ,the outside ear needs careful washing2 there are so many little creases that gather dirt and dust4 ,the deep crease behind the ear1 too1 will become sore if it is not kept clean4 ,besides cleaning your ears1 you must train them to listen4 ,some boys and girls hear just a word or two of what is said1 and then guess at the rest and think they are listening1 or else ask to have it repeated4 ,we should try to hear exactly what is said2 and if we listen carefully1 it will soon be much easier to understand at once4 ,of course1 if you really cannot hear1 the doctor can tell you what is the matter1 and usually can help you very much4 ,sometimes people become deaf simply because the throat is swollen4 ,indeed1 most deafness comes from colds and catarrhs and other inflammations of the nose and throat4 ,these spread to the ear through a little tube that runs up to the drum cavity from the back of the throat4 ,sometimes1 when you are blowing your nose1 you may feel your ear go pop2 and that means that you have blown air up into the ear through this little tube4 ,be sure to see a doctor if you don't hear well2 and be sure1 too1 to tell your teacher1 so that she may know why it is you do not hear what she says1 and ask her to give you a seat near her1 so that you can hear4 ,then1 too1 you should learn to notice outdoor sounds--the songs of the birds1 the noises that the animals make1 the wind in the trees1 and the patter of the rain4 ,the old ,norsemen have a story that their god ,heimdall had such keen ears that he could hear the grass growing in the meadow and the wool growing on the backs of the sheep6 ,your ears can never be so keen as that2 but there are many1 many happy outdoor sounds that you should listen for4 ,they will help to make you happy1 too4 ,careful listening may sometime save your life4 ,you can hear the car or the train coming1 and you can learn to tell from which direction a sound comes4 ,you can learn to tell one sound from another in the midst of many sounds4 ,in more ways than you can think of now1 this habit of listening will protect you from danger4 ,the ,germans have a proverb1 ,hear much and say little4 ,what does it mean8 ,illustration3 ,,do ,,you ,,hear ,,it8 ,,can ,,you ,,see ,,it8 ,,iii4 ,,seeing ,,and ,,reading ,you can learn a great deal through your ears1 but think how much more you can learn through your eyes4 ,just count over all the things that you have had to get your eyes to tell you to-day1 and then shut your eyes for a minute and think what it would mean never to be able to see4 ,don't you think you ought to take very good care of your eyes8 ,you are going to keep them very busy all your life1 and they deserve the very best care you can give them4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,light ,,on ,,the ,,page1 ,,not ,,in ,,the ,,eyes ,just as soon as lessons begin1 you get out your books2 and a good share of the day in school you have a book before you1 reading it or studying it or copying from it4 ,it makes a great difference to your eyes how you hold the book and how the light falls4 ,in reading1 you should always hold your book so that the light falls upon the page from behind you1 or from over one of your shoulders4 ,in this way1 the brightest light that comes into your eyes is not from the window1 but from the page of your book4 ,if the light comes from a window in front of you1 or if you sit in the evening with your face toward the lamp when you read1 the light coming straight from the lamp or the window1 as well as the light coming up from the pages of the book1 pours into your eyes2 and this dazzles and confuses your eyes1 so that you can't see plainly and comfortably and are very likely after a while to find that your head aches4 ,at home1 of course1 you can seat yourself with your back to the light when you read2 and usually at school your seats are so arranged that the light falls from behind you or from one side4 ,if not1 by turning a little in your seat1 you can get the light from over your shoulder4 ,notice how the light falls upon the blackboard4 ,when the light comes from the windows behind you1 or from one side1 you can see what is written there quite plainly4 ,but if the blackboard happens to be between two windows1 and especially if this is the lightest side of the room1 you will find that the light dazzles you so that you cannot see the writing clearly4 ,you must have noticed1 too1 that if1 after you have been reading from the blackboard you look down again suddenly to the page of your book1 for an instant you will not see the letters plainly4 ,then1 almost before you have time to notice it1 you feel a little change take place inside your eyes1 and the print upon the page of your book becomes quite plain4 ,this is because your eye has to change the shape of one of the parts inside it1 called the lens1 before you can see clearly the things that are near you4 ,this change1 which is called accommodation1 is made by a little muscle of the eye2 and if you keep your eyes working at close work1 like reading or writing or fancy-work1 too long at a time1 or if your eyes need glasses to make them see clearly1 and you haven't them on1 this little muscle becomes tired4 ,then the print of your book1 or your writing1 or the stitches you have taken begin to blur before your eyes4 ,your eyes begin to feel tired1 and your head begins to ache4 ,this is what we call eye strain4 ,sometimes this eye strain upsets your appetite or your digestion and makes you sleepless and worried4 ,the trouble may be caused by your own carelessness3 you may have been reading too long1 or in a poor light1 or with the light shining right in your face instead of coming over your shoulder4 ,but sometimes it is caused by the fact that your eyes are not just the right shape2 and then the only way to relieve it is to have proper glasses1 or spectacles1 fitted1 which will make up for this too flat or too round shape1 or too large or too small size1 of your eyes4 ,if you cannot see clearly what is written on the blackboard when the light falls upon it from behind you1 or above2 or if1 in a good light1 you cannot read the words in your book quite easily1 without straining at all1 when you hold the book either at arm's length or a foot from your face2 or if your head aches or your eyes begin to feel tired or uncomfortable1 or the letters begin to blur1 after you have read steadily--say1 for half an hour1--it is a pretty sure sign that there is some trouble with your eyes4 ,then you had better have them examined at once by your family doctor or by the school doctor4 ,in many schools now there are doctors to test the children's eyes1 and ears1 too1 so that each child may have a chance to see and hear everything that the other children can see and hear4 ,not very many years ago people thought that glasses were only for old people1 but now we know that many children's eyes need glasses1 too4 ,i knew a little girl whose sight was so poor that when she was standing and looked down at the grass1 she couldn't see the green blades4 ,she thought that the grass looked like a green blur to everyone1 just as it did to her2 and so she never said anything about it4 ,she was twelve or thirteen years old before she found out that she couldn't see clearly4 ,of course1 trying hard to see things gave her a headache and made her tired and cross4 ,so some one took her to a doctor1 and he saw at once what was the matter and fitted her with glasses4 ,soon she was quite well and strong2 and how glad she was to see the leaves and a hundred other things she had not seen before6 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,eyeball ,,in ,,its ,,socket ,the muscle from ,m to ,m1 which helps to turn the eyeball1 has been cut away to show the optic nerve4 ,here we have a picture of the eyeball1 as we call it4 ,the little bands fastened to it are the bands of muscle2 and as soon as ,i say muscle you know what they are for--to move the eyeball about1 up and down and from side to side4 ,there are muscles outside the eye as well as inside4 ,coming out from the back of the eyeball is a pearly white cord quite different from the muscle bands4 ,this is what we call a nerve4 ,this nerve in your eye carries to your brain1 or thinking machine1 picture-messages of whatever you look at4 ,the nerve in your eye gets messages of light much as the nerve deep in your ear gets its messages of sound--from tiny waves in the air4 ,the light waves are smaller and faster even than the sound waves1 and the eye nerve is the only nerve that can get pictures of them4 ,you know that1 for wireless messages1 the receiving machines are not all alike and cannot all take the same messages1 if the messages are sent with different sorts of electric waves2 and neither can our receiving machines4 ,some get messages of sight1 and some of sound1 and some of touch1 or taste1 or smell4 ,now shut your eyes as quickly as you can4 ,how long did it take you8 ,a minute8 ,no1 not a quarter of a second4 ,it is about the quickest thing you can think of--the twinkling of an eye4 ,you shut your eyes quick as a wink whenever anything seems likely to fly or splash into them1 and this is what the eyelids are for4 ,if anything gets into the eye before the lids can shut1 the eye waters1 and tears pour out of it4 ,these are made by a gland-sponge up under the upper lid1 so as to wash any dust or sand or other harmful speck out of the eye before it can hurt the sensitive eyeball4 ,now look at some one's eyeball4 ,it is like the picture1 isn't it8--bright white around the edge and then a ring of color1 brown or blue or gray2 and inside the color-ring1 or iris1 a little round black hole that we call the pupil4 ,watch the little hole change as you turn the face toward the window4 ,it becomes ever so much smaller4 ,now turn the face away from the window1 back again into the shadow4 ,how did the pupil change this time8 ,illustration3 ,,eyes ,,protect ,,themselves ,,against ,,the ,,light ,the iris1 or color-ring1 acts like a curtain1 like the ring-shutter of a camera1 and closes up the hole1 or pupil1 when the light is too bright and would dazzle or burn the inside of the eye2 but when the light is dim1 the iris opens again1 so as to let in light enough with which to see4 ,look at the little window in your kitten's eyes4 ,it is not the same shape as yours2 but when you carry her to the light1 you see how the iris closes in and leaves just a little black slit or line4 ,you remember the blind children8 ,isn't it wonderful how they can play games and study1 too1 even though they are blind6 ,they have to make their senses of touch and hearing tell them many things that you learn through your sense of sight4 ,many of these children need not have been blind1 if the nurse who first took care of them when they were born had known enough to wash their eyes properly1 not with soap and water1 of course1 but with just one or two drops of a kind of medicine--an antiseptic1 as we call it--that makes the eye perfectly clean4 ,but you children who have good eyes that can see1 do you really see things when you look at them8 ,you can train your eyes just as you can train your ears4 ,you can teach them to read quickly down a page1 and to find things in pictures1 and1 better still1 to see things out of doors1 in the garden and the woods and on the seashore4 ,we hear a great deal about sharp eyes1 but most of us see very little of all we might see4 ,our eyes are on the lookout1 too1 to protect us from dangers that may come2 with our skin and nose and ears1 they are constantly on the watch2 so the better we see the safer we are4 ,even if your eyes are perfect now1 you will need to take good care of them to keep them strong4 ,don't let any story1 no matter how interesting it is1 tempt you to read in a dim light or a light that is too strong4 ,and if you can't see the blackboard easily1 or can't read big print1 like the school calendar1 across the room1 tell your mother or your teacher1 so that she can ask the doctor to find out what the matter is4 ,,iv4 ,a ,,drink ,,of ,,water ,it is astonishing what thirsty work studying is6 ,scarcely is the second recitation over before your throat begins to feel dry1 and up goes your hand--,may ,i get a drink8 ,if anyone even says the word water1 it makes you thirsty4 ,it is so good that just the thought of it makes you want some4 ,i should like you to notice how much water you drink every day4 ,perhaps a glass in the morning when you get up1 and one at night before you go to bed1 and three or four in between4 ,why do we need so much water8 ,well1 how much do you weigh8 ,perhaps you will find it hard to believe1 but more than half of that weight is water2 and because we are always giving off water from the skin and from the body1 we need plenty more to take its place4 ,no living thing can grow without water4 ,take a bean1 for instance1 and put it in an empty glass on the window sill2 and even if the sun shines full upon it1 nothing will happen1 except that after a few days it will shrivel and dry up4 ,but fill the glass with water1 and in a few hours the bean will begin to swell2 and in a few days it will burst1 and a little shoot will grow out of one end of it and a tiny root at the other4 ,the water and the warmth together have made it sprout and grow4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,drinking-,,cup ,,easily ,,made ,children at school and people on trains should have their own private cups1 for serious diseases may be caught from the mouths of other people4 ,you can get a metal pocket folding cup for ten or fifteen cents1 or paper ones for a few cents a dozen4 ,if you don't have your own cup1 ,i hope you will get one and carry it4 ,here is a pattern for a paper cup that you can easily make for yourselves4 ,try it and see4 ,when you have once learned how1 you can make it very quickly and have a fresh cup every time you want one2 but of course you should be sure first that the paper itself is clean4 ,if you drink milk1 this takes the place of some of the water and gives you food as well4 ,it is both drink and food2 and a very good food for children it is1 too4 ,you know1 babies can live on it because it has everything in it to make them grow4 ,do you know why it is that people are so careful nowadays about having milk and drinking-water very clean8 ,it is because they have found that the tiny plants1 called germs1 that make people sick are often carried about in these drinks4 ,a disease called typhoid fever is carried in this way4 ,fifty years ago1 cities and towns used to be very careless about where they got their water supply1 and would often take it out of streams into which other cities emptied their sewage4 ,now1 however1 they are much more particular2 and the health officers1 or ,boards of ,health1 are insisting that public water supply1 such as is brought into our houses in pipes1 shall be taken either from some spring or deep-flowing well1 or from a stream or lake up in the hills1 into which no drainage from houses or farmyards1 and no dirty water from factories1 empties4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,pipe ,,for ,,the ,,city ,,water ,,supply ,this pipe is laid for many miles to bring water from the distant hills4 ,we are still1 however1 far from being as careful as we should be about this2 and ,i am sorry to say that ,america has had more deaths from typhoid fever than any other civilized country4 ,germany1 which1 of all countries in the world1 is the most particular about keeping its water supply pure1 has the fewest deaths from this cause1 in proportion to its population--scarcely one fifth as many as we have4 ,therefore1 by taking proper care1 it would be quite possible to prevent at least two thirds of our nearly #djj1jjj cases of typhoid fever and #ce1jjj deaths from typhoid1 every year4 ,it is not only cities and towns that ought to be careful of their water supply4 ,in fact1 now1 out on the farms and in the healthy country districts1 the death rate from typhoid fever has actually become higher than it is in our large cities4 ,the main cause of this is the custom of digging the well in such a place that the waste water thrown out from the house1 or the drainage from the barnyard or the pigpen or the chicken-house may wash into it1 soaking down through the porous soil4 ,far more typhoid fever now is spread by means of infected well water than by any other means4 ,most dangerous of all is the leakage from the privy vault2 as1 by this means1 the germs of typhoid fever and other diseases that affect the food tube and digestion may drain through the soil till they reach the drinking water in the well4 ,these dangers can be avoided either by having the well dug at some distance from the house and in higher ground1 or by having the drainage from the house1 barns1 and out-buildings piped and carried to a safe distance from the well4 ,fortunately1 there are only a few kinds of germs that make us sick4 ,most germs are helping us all the time2 we could not live without them4 ,some of them make our butter taste good1 and others make our crops grow1 and others eat up the dirt that would make us sick4 ,but since disease germs are so tiny that we cannot possibly see them with the naked eye1 we must know where the water and milk that we use come from1 and whether or not they are perfectly clean4 ,boiling the water will kill these germs and make the water pure4 ,it is better not to boil milk if it can be had from a dairy where the stable and the cows and the milkmen and the pails and bottles are quite clean4 ,the fruits and fruit juices--lemon and orange and raspberry and lime and grape--give nice wholesome drinks4 ,home-made juices are much better than those you buy2 you can be sure that they are pure and really made from fruit4 ,and just here ,i want to caution you against buying pink lemonade or soda water or any other drink of that sort from the penny venders and open stalls on the street4 ,the drinks they sell are not made from pure fruit juices1 but from different flavoring extracts that are made to taste like the fruit and are colored with cheap dyes4 ,even the sweetening in them is not pure sugar1 and they are often made or handled in a careless1 dirty manner1 or exposed to the dust of the street1 and to flies4 ,not long ago ,i was at the home of a friend where for supper we had the nicest grape juice ,i ever tasted4 ,when ,i said1 ,how good it is6 one of the little girls piped up1 ,billy and ,i picked the grapes1 and sister made it all by herself4 ,she learned how at cooking school4 ,when ,i was packing my suitcase to leave1 this little girl brought out a big bottle of grape juice and wanted me to take it with me to remember her by4 ,it was all beautifully sealed with wax1 and even this she had done by herself6 ,do you think ,i could have kept it that way very long8 ,perhaps not1 it was so good2 but if ,i had wanted it for a keepsake1 ,i could have kept it1 sealed as it was1 for years and years1 and it would have been just as sweet and fresh as when it was given to me4 ,suppose1 instead of keeping it in its bottle1 ,i had poured it out into a glass4 ,can you tell me what would have happened to it then8 ,in a few days little bubbles would have come1 one after another1 up to the top of the juice2 and soon it would have been all full of bubbles4 ,what causes the bubbles8 ,floating all about in the air and sunshine are tiny specks called spores4 ,these are to the tiny yeast plants what seeds are to other plants4 ,seeds fall into the ground and grow1 but these yeast spores fall into the grape juice and grow4 ,while they are growing in the grape juice1 they eat what they want from the juice2 and1 as they eat1 they make bubbles of carbon dioxid1--which1 you remember1 forms in our lungs and looks like air1--and of another substance called alcohol4 ,of course1 when they have changed the juice in this way1 it tastes very different4 ,it is then what we call fermented4 ,fermented drinks are harmful2 but some people like bubbling drinks so much that they leave good fresh grape juice open on purpose to let the little yeast plants get into it and make it into what we call wine4 ,they treat apple juice in just the same way to make cider2 and they even take fresh rye and barley and corn1 and mash them up1 and put yeast plants into the mash to ferment them and make them into whiskey and beer4 ,it does seem a pity1 doesn't it1 to take good foods like wheat and apples and grapes and make them into these things that really do us harm if we drink them4 ,a very wise man named ,solomon1 who lived thousands of years ago1 warned people not to drink wine1 not even to look at it when it sparkled in the cup4 ,he said no really wise man would drink it4 ,of course not2 the wise man uses the food and drink that make his body grow strong and his brain work true1 and no fermented drink can do that4 ,there is no better drink for anyone than clear pure water1 and no better food and drink in one than pure fresh milk4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,school ,,kitchen ,,where ,,both ,,boys ,,and ,,girls ,,learn ,,to ,,cook ,v4 ,,little ,,cooks ,if you have to come so far to school that you cannot go back to dinner and so must bring a luncheon with you1 be sure to take plenty of time to sit down and eat it slowly and chew every piece of food thoroughly4 ,many children who bring luncheons to school just grab a piece of food in each hand and bolt it down as fast as they can possibly bite it off and swallow it1 and then rush out to play4 ,play is good and very important1 but you had better spare ten or fifteen minutes of it in order to chew your lunch thoroughly and swallow it slowly1 and then to sit or move about quietly for a few minutes before starting to play hard4 ,this will give your stomach a chance to get all the blood it wants to use in digesting the food2 for1 you remember1 when you romp and play1 your blood moves outward toward your skin and away from your stomach4 ,don't think that1 just because you picnic at lunch1 it is not as important as any other meal4 ,i hope1 however1 that it will not be long before almost every school will have a school kitchen and a lunch room2 first1 so that every girl at least can learn to cook4 ,it is well worth while being able to do2 indeed1 no girl ought to be considered properly educated until she has learned to cook1 and no boy either1 for that matter4 ,then1 if the school has this kitchen1 it can be used to furnish hot luncheons1 or dinners1 for those children who cannot conveniently go home in the noon recess4 ,hot lunches are much more digestible than cold ones1 and they taste much better1 and are much less likely to be eaten in a hurry4 ,but why should we learn to cook8 ,why shouldn't we eat our food raw instead of taking all this trouble and pains to cook it8 ,i know of a boy--a big lazy fellow--who is always forgetting to do things4 ,he used to go away in the morning without leaving wood enough for the kitchen fire4 ,so his mother said to herself one day1 ,i'll teach him to remember4 ,the next morning he went off again and left no wood4 ,at noon he came back hungry as a hunter4 ,she called him in to dinner2 and in he came1 sat down1 picked up the carving knife--then he stopped6 ,what do you suppose was the matter8 ,the beef was raw6 ,then he lifted the cover of the potato dish1 and there lay the potatoes raw6 ,then he tried another dish and found nice green peas1 but hard as little bullets4 ,they were raw1 too6 ,not even the bread had been cooked2 it was a soft1 sticky mass of dough4 ,his mother1 who is a jolly old lady1 fairly shook with laughter when she told me about it4 ,she said she never again had to tell him to split wood4 ,now that boy didn't need to be told one reason for cooking4 ,we don't like our food raw2 it doesn't taste so good4 ,at first1 perhaps1 that doesn't sound like a very good reason2 but it is more important than you think4 ,for it is a fact that1 just as soon as you smell food1 your stomach begins to get ready the juice that is to digest it4 ,if this very first juice1 which is called the appetite juice1 is not poured out1 then the food may lie in the stomach some little time before it begins to be digested at all4 ,so it is quite important that our food should smell and taste and look good1 as well as have plenty of strength and nourishment in it4 ,another reason for cooking is that it either softens or crisps our food so that we can chew it better and digest it more readily4 ,you know what a difference there is between trying to eat a raw potato and a nice1 mealy1 well-baked one1 or trying to eat popcorn before it is popped and after4 ,another good thing1 too1 cooking does1 which is very important4 ,it kills any disease germs1 or germs of decay1 that may happen to have got upon the food from dust or flies1 or from careless1 dirty handling4 ,of course1 some of our food1 such as apples and other ripe fruits1 and celery and lettuce and other green vegetables1 we can eat raw and digest quite well2 but we should be careful to see that they have been thoroughly washed with water that we know to be pure4 ,grocers often have a careless way of putting fruit and vegetables out upon open stands in front of the shop1 or in open boxes or baskets inside the store1 and leaving them there all day4 ,this is very dangerous1 because dust from the street1 which contains horse manure and all sorts of germs1 may blow in upon them2 flies1 which have been eating garbage or feeding at the mouths of sewers1 may come in and crawl over them4 ,you ought to be very sure that anything that you are going to eat raw1 or without thorough cooking1 has been well washed4 ,and you ought to ask your mother to speak to your grocer1 if he is careless in this way1 and have him keep his fruit and vegetables1 as well as sugar and crackers and beans and dried fruit1 either under glass or well screened from flies and dust4 ,more important than almost anything else in good cookery is to keep the food and the kitchen and the dishes and your hands perfectly clean all the way through1 so that nothing that will upset your digestion can get into the food4 ,after things are well cooked1 it is very important that they should be nicely served on clean dishes1 on a clean table cloth1 with polished knives and shining spoons and forks4 ,this means not only that everything about the table and the food will be perfectly clean and wholesome1 but that you will enjoy eating it a great deal more4 ,and when you enjoy your food1 you remember1 your stomach can secrete the juice that is needed to digest it1 very much faster and better than when1 as you say1 you are just poking it down4 ,if you have a school kitchen and a lunch room1 you can learn the best way of cooking and serving things2 and then1 perhaps1 you can do these same things at home and be a real help4 ,most children are fond of trying to cook1 and ,i am glad that they are4 ,everyone1 boys and girls both1 should know how to cook simple things4 ,perhaps some day you will be stranded1 like ,robinson ,crusoe1 on a desert island6 ,perhaps the rest of the family may be sick4 ,how nice it would be for you to be able to prepare breakfast for them4 ,i know a family where the youngest boy often rises early and gets breakfast for five4 ,he can fry the bacon and boil the eggs and make the coffee and mush and biscuit just as nicely as his mother can2 and he takes pride in it and enjoys it4 ,cooking is what we call an art4 ,everyone1 of course1 can learn to do it2 but some people can do it much better than others1 just as some boys and girls can draw better than others4 ,i hope some of you will be what we might call artist cooks4 ,take pride in the art and learn all that you can about it4 ,there are so many things a cook should know4 ,a great deal of good food is spoiled by bad cookery1 particularly by frying slowly in tepid grease1 or fat1 so that it becomes soaked with grease4 ,you should have the frying pan just as hot as possible before you begin to fry2 and then the meat or potatoes or cakes will be seared1 or coated over1 on the outside1 so that the fat cannot soak into them1 and they will not only taste better1 but will be much more digestible4 ,in baking you will have to be careful not to let the oven become too hot1 or else the meat or bread will be burned or scorched4 ,even if the heat does not do this1 it may harden and toughen the outside of the meat so that it is almost impossible either to chew or digest4 ,sugar is really a very good food if you do not eat too much at once1 and so pure candy is good for you if you do not eat too much4 ,the very best time to eat it is at the end of a meal4 ,if you learn to make it at school or at home1 you can always have some to eat after your luncheon without having to buy it4 ,if you do buy candy1 don't get the bright colored kind2 it looks pretty1 but it may hurt you4 ,and be sure to see that it has been kept under a cover1 where the dust and flies could not get at it4 ,dust is dirty1 and flies don't wipe their feet4 ,you want clean1 pure candy4 ,of course1 after cooking1 you will always be very careful to wash up all the pots and pans and dishes that you have used4 ,food and scraps that are left sticking to dishes and cooking utensils very quickly turn sour and decay2 and then the next time the dishes are used1 you will perhaps have an attack of indigestion1 and wonder why4 ,there are two things you should always notice3 ,whether the bread you eat is sweet and thoroughly baked2 if it is soggy and sour1 it will make trouble in your stomach4 ,whether all your food is clean and fresh before it is cooked2 this you can tell by your eyes and nose4 ,,vi4 ,,tasting ,,and ,,smelling ,when1 at home1 you give the baby a ball or a key or a watch to play with1 what does he do with it the very first thing8 ,he is never quite happy1 is he1 until he has put it into his mouth8 ,does he want to eat it8 ,no1 he wants to feel it2 and he has not yet learned to feel very carefully with his hands1 as you do4 ,can you feel with your mouth8 ,if you have the least little hole in one of your teeth1 you know it as soon as you rub your tongue against it4 ,how big it feels and how rough the edges seem6 ,if you take a looking-glass1 you find1 if you can see the hole at all1 that it is just a tiny1 tiny hole4 ,your tongue and lips1 like the rest of your skin1 are always touching and feeling things for you and sending messages to the brain4 ,they say whether your milk is hot or cold1 and whether the food you eat is soft enough and quite right in other ways4 ,your tongue is a very busy little waiter3 he passes the food about in your mouth for the teeth to chew1 and he rolls it about at a great rate4 ,but he does more than this2 he tells you something about how it tastes--not everything1 as you may think1 but only whether it is bitter1 sweet1 sour1 or salty4 ,queer as it may seem1 your nose tells you the other tastes1 which are really smells4 ,it is your nose that says whether you have a strawberry or a piece of onion in your mouth1 whether it is coffee or cocoa that you are drinking4 ,of what other use is your nose8--for only a little patch in the upper part is for smelling and tasting4 ,the greater part of the nose is to breathe through4 ,you see1 your nose warms and moistens the outside air that you take in1 so that1 by the time it reaches your throat1 it is as warm as your body and does not hurt your throat4 ,your nose also strains1 or filters1 out of the air the dust1 lint1 and germs that may be floating in it4 ,you should always keep your lips closed and breathe through your nose4 ,whenever you cannot breathe through your nose1 there is something the matter4 ,it may be that your nose is swollen shut with a cold2 but that will last only a few days4 ,if1 however1 your nose often feels stuffed up1 there is probably something in it or behind it1 that ought to be taken away4 ,a throat doctor can easily cure you2 and1 when he has1 you'll be surprised how much better you feel and how much faster you grow4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,clear ,,passage ,,to ,,the ,,lungs 7,follow the arrows47 ,i once knew a little girl whose nose was always blocked up4 ,she had headache and felt tired most of the time and was behind in her classes4 ,the doctor told her what was the matter1 but her father and mother were afraid that it might hurt her to have the doctor take out what was clogging her nose4 ,well1 what did she do8 ,instead of crying and being afraid1 one day she walked right into the doctor's office and asked him to take out the adenoids1 as we call these growths that block up the nose4 ,and after the doctor had taken them out1 she began to grow well and fat and strong so fast that she soon caught up in her classes4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,passage ,,blocked ,,by ,,adenoids ,when you breathe well through your nose1 you can smell and taste better1 too4 ,in fact1 when your nose is clogged1 you cannot smell at all4 ,how does this sense of smell help us8 ,you say we can smell the flowers and the fresh air after the rain1 and cookies baking1 and all the things that we like so well4 ,yes1 and these give us pleasure2 but how about the bad smells8 ,the bad smells are warnings4 ,if there is a dead mouse or rat about1 we smell it2 and that leads us to look for it and take it away4 ,we smell the dirt and get rid of it1 and thus keep away sickness4 ,when we walk into a room1 if the air is bad we smell it at once and open a window or a door1 and so save ourselves from being poisoned4 ,some people hurt their noses by smoking tobacco4 ,the inside skin of the nose is very delicate1 and the smoke going back and forth through the nose and the throat keeps them from doing their work properly4 ,it is very bad for little children even to smell tobacco smoke4 ,it seems in some way to keep them from growing as they would in clear fresh air4 ,what a silly habit smoking is6 ,it does no one any good4 ,it hurts not only the people who make the smoke1 but the people who have to smell it4 ,most of the people who smoke tobacco have to learn to like it4 ,it almost always makes them very sick when they first begin4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 or the men he sent to ,america1 first taught our great-great-great-grandfathers to smoke4 ,his men bought tobacco of the ,indians here and took it back to ,england2 and ,sir ,walter himself learned to smoke and made smoking fashionable4 ,the first time that ,sir ,walter's servant saw him smoking1 he thought his master was on fire2 so what did he do but bring a big bucket of water and throw it all over him6 ,i wish that that bucket of water had settled the matter1 so that ,sir ,walter had stopped smoking and had never taught anyone else to smoke4 ,if it had1 think how much money might have been put to better use1 for smoking is a very costly habit4 ,and it is not only wasteful of money1 but1 worse still1 of health2 for it is the cause of a great deal of poor health and disease4 ,remember that you want the air you breathe perfectly fresh and clean and not spoiled and poisoned by tobacco smoke4 ,,vii4 ,,talking ,,and ,,reciting ,when ,i was little and playing with my brothers1 ,i did not always do what they wanted4 ,so they'd sometimes say1 ,we'll put him in ,coventry1 then he'll do it4 ,they did not really put me anywhere4 ,they simply would not speak to me or answer anything ,i said4 ,it was just as if ,i were entirely alone4 ,of course it was a quick way to make me ready to take my part in the game again4 ,how do you think you would feel if you never1 never could speak to anyone1 and no one could speak to you8 ,what a quiet world we'd have6 ,almost every day ,i meet a boy who can't hear and can't speak4 ,how does he ask for things8 ,he makes letters and spells words with his fingers1 and his friends watch his fingers and read what he says4 ,is that the way you do8 ,no1 indeed1 you say1 ,i talk4 ,what do you talk with8 ,i talk with my mouth4 ,yes1 that's true enough2 but if you did not use something besides your mouth1 you'd never make a sound4 ,where does the sound come from8 ,feel gently with your finger and thumb along the front of your neck4 ,do you find something harder than the rest of your throat8 ,that is the large tube called your windpipe4 ,do you feel a ridge sticking out from this8 ,now sing or talk a little4 ,you can feel the ridge move up and down1 and the sound thrill in it4 ,that is where the sound comes from4 ,that is your voice-and-music box1 or larynx4 ,you have seen the little red rubber balloons1 haven't you8 ,you blow into them until they are big and round2 and then1 when you take your mouth away1 out comes the air1 making a squawking or whistling sound4 ,now1 if you look closely at the mouthpiece1 you see a tiny piece of rubber tied across it4 ,the air rushing past this rubber is what makes your balloon sing4 ,your own music box is made on the same plan4 ,when you breathe out1 the air is pushed from your lungs up the pipe that we call the windpipe4 ,in the upper part of this is the little box1 a corner of which you can feel with your thumb and finger4 ,across the box1 inside1 are stretched two folds of skin and muscle1 just as the rubber is stretched across the opening of the balloon4 ,whenever you like1 you can blow out your breath between these folds of skin in your voice box4 ,blow it out in one way1 and what happens8 ,you are singing4 ,blow it out in another way1 and you are talking2 in still another way1 and you are just making a noise--perhaps mewing like a kitten1 or neighing like a horse4 ,if you pull these folds of skin close together1 you can close your windpipe and hold your breath4 ,a cough is made by filling your chest with air1 holding the folds close shut1 and then suddenly letting go4 ,how many sounds you can make from one tiny music box6 ,of course the muscles of the mouth and throat1 and the teeth and the tongue all help the voice box as much as they can4 ,one of the best ways to keep your voice clear and strong is to dash cold water every morning on your throat and chest1 then to rub with a coarse towel till your skin is pink and warm4 ,gargle your throat with cold water if your voice is husky4 ,singing is very good for you1 too2 but don't try to sing too hard4 ,sing easily and gently1 and see how many words you can sing without taking a breath4 ,that is good for the lung-bellows as well as the voice box4 ,always sing in fresh air1 but not in cold air4 ,when you talk1 try to make all the words clear and distinct2 open your mouth and let the sound out4 ,once ,i had a big grown boy in one of my classes who did not open his lips properly when he spoke4 ,so ,i asked him to prop his mouth open with a piece of stick and then talk4 ,i made him do it until he learned to speak much more clearly4 ,a famous ,greek orator1 named ,demosthenes1 who had a habit of mumbling his words1 trained himself to speak clearly by putting pebbles in his mouth and then reciting in a loud voice4 ,when you want your voices to sound pleasant1--and that is always1 of course1--you must call on your brain to help4 ,that is your thinking machine4 ,always think twice before you let anything unpleasant or unkind come out of your voice box4 ,how happy we could make everyone about us if we followed this rule6 ,,viii4 ,,thinking ,,and ,,answering ,suppose1 as you are walking home from school to-day1 you are about to cross the street when you see an automobile coming very fast4 ,what do you do8 ,you stop1 of course2 wait for it to go by1 and then start on again4 ,why do you stop8 ,why1 you say1 if ,i didn't1 the automobile might run over me4 ,something of that sort would just flash through your mind1 wouldn't it1 in the very same second that you first saw the automobile coming4 ,now1 as you know1 you think with your brain4 ,but what was it this time that set your brain to thinking8 ,nothing1 you say1 ,i just saw the automobile coming4 ,and that is true in a way3 you didn't need anything more than your eyes to tell you4 ,but how did your eyes get the message to your brain1 and how did your brain tell your legs to stop walking8 ,we must have in our bodies a kind of telephone system4 ,and that is1 in fact1 just what we have4 ,our brain is our central office2 and our nerves are the wires1 running from all parts of our body to the brain1 carrying messages back and forth4 ,an old man and an old woman lived out on the very edge of a little town4 ,one day their house caught fire and was blazing away before they noticed it4 ,they rushed to their neighbor's telephone and rang up ,central to tell her to phone for the firemen and hose cart4 ,kling a-ling-a-ling6 went their bell1 but no ,central answered2 and while a man was running to town to get the firemen1 the fire got such a good start that the house burned down4 ,you can see from this why we need a central office in good working order1 when we use the phone4 ,all the wires run into the one building1 and there must be some one there to receive calls and see that they are sent out to their proper places4 ,in this case1 you see1 ,central should have been at her post to see that the message went on to the engine house1 and then the fire would have been put out double-quick4 ,the central office of our ,body ,telephone ,system is just as important and just as necessary to keep in good working order4 ,it would be very little use to have even the keenest of eyes and the sharpest of ears1 with the readiest of nerve wires to carry their messages into the center of the body1 unless we had some organ1 or headquarters1 there for switching the messages over to the nerves running to the right muscles to tell them what to do4 ,if the brain-,central should fail in its duty1 or get out of order1 then the body would be in serious trouble at once4 ,every day we read in the papers of accidents because somebody didn't think1 as well as see or hear4 ,people see cars and automobiles coming1 but don't give them a thought and so are run down and hurt4 ,they hear the whistle of the engine at the crossing1 but drive on just the same1 without seeming to have heard it at all4 ,they are absent-minded2 the operator in the central office seems to be off duty1 or busy about something else4 ,but if we are going to get on in this world of cars and automobiles and all sorts of unexpected things1 we must always have our wits about us1 as the saying goes1 ready to send the messages out to the muscles in our legs and arms and fingers just as soon as any one of our ,five ,senses rings up the ,central in our brain4 ,our body wires do not look at all like telephone wires2 and the brain1 if you could see it1 would never suggest to you a central office4 ,the nerves are fine white cords1 the smallest ones finer than a hair1 and the largest so big and strong that you could lift the body by it2 and their branches run all over the body1 to the muscles and the blood tubes and the skin and all the other parts1 as the picture shows4 ,you have already read how the skin can tell you when you feel warm and when you feel cold and when something hurts you4 ,the brain is a soft wrinkled mass1 partly gray and partly white4 ,it is in the head2 and because it is very soft and easily hurt1 ,mother ,nature has put around it a strong wall1 or shell1 of bone--the skull1 or brain box4 ,feel your head and see how very hard this bone is4 ,solomon1 the ,hebrew poet-king1 called it the golden bowl4 ,i suppose he called it a bowl because it is round like one1 and golden because it is so precious4 ,people do not often grow well again if the golden bowl is broken or even cracked4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,nervous ,,system--,,our ,,body ,,telephone ,the picture shows the brain1 or ,central1 and the thick nerve cord that runs down through the backbone1 and the principal nerves of the back and the arms4 ,the big nerve cable1 called the spinal cord1 that connects the brain with the rest of the body1 and carries all the messages backward and forward1 runs down the back and is protected by the backbone1 or spine1 which is hollow1 so that the cord can run down through it4 ,this backbone is jointed together so beautifully1 too1 that you can bend your back about and stoop over1 and carry heavy weights on your back1 and yet the bony tube still protects the cord inside4 ,solomon calls this the silver cord1 because it is so white and shiny that it looks like silver4 ,you see1 our bodies are full of beautiful as well as wonderful things4 ,probably sometime when your teacher has asked you to recite a poem you have all learned1 someone in the class has answered1 ,i don't remember it1 or has stood up and recited the first few lines and then stopped1 and thought1 and finally had to say1 ,i can't go on4 ,now what is the matter with this boy1 or girl8 ,he looks bright enough1 and you will probably remember that he was in the class when you learned the poem4 ,oh1 you say1 the poem didn't stay in his head4 ,no1 it didn't stick in his memory2 but why didn't it8 ,some of the messages that the ,five ,senses carry to the brain are answered at once1 as when we move away from danger1 or reach out our hands and help ourselves to butter1 or take off a shoe to shake out a pebble4 ,but there are other messages that do not call for an immediate reply1 and are just stored away for future use in the big central office of our ,body ,telephone1 in what we call our memory4 ,and later1 when the proper message is sent in by our eyes or ears1 or other sense organs1 which reminds us of this message which they sent before1 perhaps several weeks1 months1 or even years ago1 it wakes up the old message stored away in the memory1 and we say we remember what happened to us1 or what we learned at that time4 ,so1 when your teacher asks you to recite a certain poem1 and your ears hear the title or the first line1 you recall the rest of the verses and the lesson about it4 ,how many things does the word ,christmas wake up out of your memory8 or the sight of soldiers marching8 or the first taste of strawberries in ,may8 ,you think about a great many things that you never do4 ,really you are thinking almost all the time you are awake4 ,and besides the messages that ,central just stores away for future use1 there are a great many messages being carried back and forth along the telephone system all the time1 that you don't keep track of at all--the messages that keep the stomach and the heart and the lungs and everything in your body working together properly4 ,how are we to take care of the telephone lines and ,central of our nervous system8 ,whatever you do to build up and help the other parts of the body will help your brain to feel and think and remember2 and will help your muscles and nerves to answer promptly and truly whatever the message may be4 ,plenty of good food1 plenty of sleep and fresh air1 plenty of play1 will keep your nerves and brain healthy and growing4 ,,absent ,,to-,,day8 ,i4 ,,keeping ,,well ,how many times have you been absent this term8 ,no oftener than you were obliged to be1 ,i am sure2 for it's almost as bad as being put in ,coventry to come back and hear about the good time the rest of the class have been having1 and feel that you weren't in it4 ,of course1 sometimes1 when you are not well1 you have to be absent2 it is best that you should be4 ,but it is better still to know how to keep well1 so you won't have to be absent1 and won't have to miss any good times in work or play all your life4 ,you remember that all the parts of your body are fed and ventilated by the blood1 which is pumped to them from the heart4 ,so long as this blood is pure and has plenty of oxygen in it1 it does good to every part of the body to which it comes4 ,but the moment that poisons and dirt and waste begin to pile up in the blood1 then the blood that comes to the different parts of the body may be poisonous to them1 instead of helpful4 ,such poisons in the blood are particularly harmful to the nerves and the brain1 because these are among the most delicate and sensitive of all the structures in the body4 ,often we think of the body as a beautiful house4 ,now a house does not look very beautiful when it has dust and crumbs on the floor1 buckets of greasy dishwater in the kitchen1 and smoke from the furnace in the air6 ,you could not live in such a place4 ,no1 the smoke must go out up the chimney1 the dust and crumbs must be swept away1 the dirty water must be drained off in pipes2 the house must be not only cleaned1 but kept clean all the time4 ,this is true of your body1 too4 ,now ,mother ,nature sends the smoke from the body out through the lungs1 and the crumbs and solid dirt down and out by means of the food tube4 ,but the waste water--how does she get rid of that8 ,the waste water1 you remember1 is in the blood vessels1 mixed with the blood4 ,how does she get it out of the blood8 ,she sends it through three magic cleaners1 or strainers1--the skin1 the liver1 the kidneys4 ,that the skin is a strainer1 you already know2 for you know how the skin lets out the waste water in perspiration1 or sweat1 and how important it is that we keep the little holes of the strainer open and clean4 ,and you know1 too1 that most of the water that passes out of the body goes first to the kidneys4 ,the liver1 however1 is the largest cleaning machine of all and has to work very hard4 ,the blood comes to it full of foods and poisons4 ,this wonderful cleaner picks out the food it needs and takes up many of the poisons1 too4 ,what does it do with the poisons8 you ask4 ,some of them it changes into good food1 and others it makes harmless and sends away down the food tube in a fluid called bile4 ,if we are strong and healthy1 the liver has the power to kill many of the disease germs that get into the body4 ,that is why sometimes1 when you have had a chance to take mumps or grippe or some other catching disease1 you don't take it4 ,your liver kills the germs1 or seeds4 ,see how carefully ,mother ,nature has planned that we may be clean inside as well as outside4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,the ,,liver ,compare this with the diagram on page #bf1 and see how the liver partly overlaps the stomach4 ,but you must not over-work your liver4 ,if you do1 it may become too tired to do anything at all4 ,then all these poisons will spread through the body2 the skin and the whites of the eyes will grow yellow1 and you will be what is called bilious4 ,when this happens1 the poisons go to your brain1 too1 and make you feel sad2 your tongue looks white instead of pink1 and you have a disagreeable taste in your mouth4 ,your happiness depends very much on your liver4 ,how shall ,i keep my liver rested and in good working order8 ,by eating only sound1 wholesome1 pure food1 and avoiding dirty milk2 by going to the toilet regularly every morning after breakfast2 by keeping your windows open and avoiding the poisons and disease germs in foul air4 ,then1 if you run and play and work out of doors1 so that the muscles move a great deal and you breathe in plenty of oxygen to keep the body fires burning briskly1 that will help a great deal4 ,last summer up in the mountains ,i saw a big log close by the path4 ,it had been sawed across so that the end was smooth4 ,it was brown and weather-stained1 so of course ,i knew that it had lain there a long time4 ,how surprised ,i was to see a pile of fine fresh sawdust on the ground beside it4 ,as ,i came nearer1 ,i saw piece after piece of sawdust dropping1 dropping1 dropping1 one after the other1 from a hole in the log4 ,i looked into the hole1 and what do you think ,i saw8 ,hundreds of little brown ants1 busy as could be carrying the sawdust1 throwing it out1 and then scurrying back to get some more4 ,several feet inside the log1 other ants were cutting the sawdust1 hollowing out the rooms of their house2 and in another part others were getting food for the workers1 and still others taking care of the baby ants4 ,they were all helping one another1 and whatever one ant did helped all the rest4 ,that is the way with the parts1 or organs1 of the body4 ,when one part works well1 it helps all the rest2 when one squad of tiny cells in the muscles or liver or heart is doing its duty1 like the little ants1 it helps all the other cell-workers in the body to keep healthy4 ,if you eat proper food1 you help not only your stomach but your liver1 too2 for it has not so many poisons to get rid of4 ,while you are helping your stomach and your liver1 you are helping your heart and your brain1 and so on4 ,so what you do to help one helps all4 ,there are1 however1 some poisons that the liver cannot get rid of2 but these the skin or the kidneys carry away4 ,have you ever seen kidney beans8 ,the bean is the shape of a kidney4 ,the kidneys are in the middle of your back1 packed close to your backbone1 on a line with your waist4 ,this is a picture of them4 ,do you see the little tubes leading down from the kidneys1 carrying the waste water and poison down into a kind of bag8 ,the walls of this bag1 called the bladder1 will stretch1 and it will hold about a pint of waste water4 ,from the bladder a tube carries the water down out of the body4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,kidneys ,,and ,,the ,,bladder ,the large tubes are the artery and the vein that carry blood to and from this part of the body4 ,you can help your kidney-strainers by emptying your bladder at certain times each day4 ,some children have to empty the bladder much oftener than others1 but most children can form what we call regular habits about it1 by trying to do it at the same times each day4 ,if you are quite strong1 five times a day is often enough3 when you first get up1 at recess1 at noon1 at four o'clock1 and at bedtime4 ,many children do it much oftener than this2 but as they grow older and the muscles grow stronger1 they slowly outgrow this trouble1 if they try to form the right habits4 ,there are many diseases of the kidneys2 for1 like the liver1 they are sometimes over-worked and do not carry the poisons from the body4 ,you are helping your kidneys when you drink plenty of fresh clean water every day1 and also when you play or work hard enough to get into a good perspiration2 for1 as perspiring carries out some of the poisons1 it leaves less for the kidneys to pour out4 ,you ought to get into a good perspiration at least once every day1 or better1 three or four times1 if you wish to keep healthy4 ,the ,bible says1 ,in the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread2 and you must earn health and happiness at the same price4 ,,ii4 ,,some ,,foes ,,to ,,fight ,you have seen that sitting or sleeping in rooms where the air is bad1 or eating the wrong kind of food1 or working after you are badly tired1 will poison your blood and hinder the proper working of that beautiful machine1 your body4 ,these poisons are made inside your body1 and you can prevent them by living healthfully and wholesomely4 ,but there are other poisons1 which may get into the blood from outside the body2 and while it is best for you not to think too much about these1 or to worry over dangers that may never come1 yet it is well to know just enough about some of them to be able to keep out of their way1 as far as possible4 ,the most dangerous form of poisons from outside the body are those made by the germs of some rather common diseases1 which1 because you can catch them from some one else who has them1 are called catching1 or infectious1 or contagious4 ,some of the germs of these catching diseases1 like the germs of typhoid fever1 of which we have spoken in connection with our drinking water1 are carried in the water or milk that we drink1 or upon the food that we eat2 and one of the worst carriers of germs is the ordinary household fly4 ,not so very many years ago1 people did not know that dirt makes people sick4 ,you see1 they did not know anything about the disease seeds 7germs7 that grow so fast in dirt4 ,they did not like to have flies about1 because flies look so dirty and bite people and crawl over things and spot them4 ,but nowadays1 we will not have flies about because we know that they have been in dirty places where disease germs live1 and that one little fly can carry thousands and thousands of these germs on his feet4 ,have you ever looked at a fly through a magnifying glass or under a microscope8 ,if you haven't1 try it sometime4 ,you will see that his legs are covered with little hairs2 and it is on these little hairs that the germs lodge4 ,they are too small for you to see except with a very powerful glass2 but scientists have proved that they are there1 and they have found that there are always typhoid germs among them4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,common ,,house ,,fly ,as he appears through a magnifying glass4 ,did you ever see a fly wipe his feet before he came into the house8 ,no1 indeed2 and he goes anywhere he pleases1 over the bread and into the cream4 ,yet he was born in dirt and bred in dirt1 and he lives in dirty places all the time he is not crawling over your clean things and spoiling them4 ,flies are hatched from eggs2 and these eggs can hatch only in piles of dirt1 such as heaps of manure1 or places where garbage and scraps from the house are dumped or thrown4 ,we call the common fly the domestic or house fly1 because he lives only in the neighborhood of houses and barnyards where heaps of manure and piles of dirt are allowed to gather4 ,when the fly first hatches from the egg1 it is a little white1 wriggling worm called a maggot1 like those that some of you may have seen in decaying meat or fish or cheese4 ,the maggots must have decaying substances to eat and live upon while they are growing1 and this is why the eggs are laid in manure heaps and garbage piles4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,maggot ,,hatching ,,from ,,the ,,egg 7,greatly magnified47 ,it takes the maggot about five days to grow to its full size1 and then it turns into a chrysalis4 ,that is1 it is shut up in a kind of case that it has spun for itself1 like the cocoon of the silkworm or the caterpillar4 ,in about five days more it breaks out of this cocoon and appears as a fly with wings4 ,so1 you see1 the eggs must stay in that manure heap about two weeks if they are to hatch4 ,if1 within that time1 the manure is carted away and thrown out somewhere where it will dry1 the little unhatched flies will be killed1 or prevented from hatching4 ,all we have to do1 then1 to be entirely rid of flies about our houses is to see that the heaps of manure and all piles of cans and garbage are taken away at least once a week4 ,illustration3 ,,fly ,,maggots ,,on ,,old ,,newspaper ,note the size of the maggot compared with the newspaper type4 ,if manure heaps or piles of dirt cannot1 for any reason1 be carried away as often as this1 then they can be sprinkled with something that is poisonous to flies1 such as arsenic or kerosene4 ,this will kill the maggots4 ,if we keep every kind of waste and scraps from the house1 and all the manure from the barn and the pig-pen and the hen-house carefully cleaned up1 or sprinkled with some poison1 we shall get rid of flies entirely and never need to use screens at the doors and windows4 ,until we do this1 it is best to put screens at the doors and windows in the summer time1 and particularly to screen carefully any place where food is kept or cooked2 for we know that a great many cases of typhoid and of other diseases of the stomach and bowels1 such as summer sickness1 or summer diarrhea1 and cholera morbus1 are carried to our food by the dirty feet of flies4 ,many of the germs of catching diseases--most of them1 in fact--are carried in the air1 in scales that have rubbed off the skin of the persons sick with them1 or in spray that they have coughed into the air1 or in saliva that they have spit upon the floor4 ,there is one sickness of this kind that ,i ought to tell you about1 because it kills so many thousand people here in our own country every year4 ,we sometimes call it the ,great ,white ,plague4 ,its common name is consumption1 and the doctors call it tuberculosis4 ,i dare say you have heard of it and wondered what it meant4 ,a few years ago people thought it could not be cured4 ,they thought that children had it because their parents had had it before them4 ,but now1 the cheering thing about it is that we have found that ,mother ,nature herself can cure it with fresh air and sunshine and wholesome food4 ,we have found1 too1 that people catch it from others who are sick with it1 and need not have it just because their parents did4 ,illustration3 ,,fresh ,,air ,,and ,,sunlight ,,are ,,good ,,doctors ,this means1 then1 that thousands of people who have it need not die1 but can be cured simply by living and sleeping out of doors and eating plenty of milk1 eggs1 and meat1 nuts and fruit4 ,there are camps for them in almost every state in the ,union now4 ,the fresh air gives them such a big appetite that they can eat more than most healthy people1 and they soon get strong and well4 ,if all the people who now have consumption were taken out into the country and cured1 there would be no one left for the rest of us to catch it from1 and the disease would soon die4 ,some day our ,boards of ,health will decide to do this1 and then consumption will become as rare as smallpox is now1 and will kill only a few hundred people a year in the ,united ,states instead of #aej1jjj every year1 as it does now4 ,people and governments are giving great sums of money1 not only to cure the people who now have consumption1 but to do something towards stopping the disease by keeping things so clean and people so strong that no one will ever have it4 ,even little children can help to fight and kill this ,great ,white ,plague1 and ,i'll tell you how4 ,we know that1 when people have consumption in their lungs1 what they cough and spit out of their mouths and blow out of their noses 7we call it sputum7 has the germs1 or seeds1 of the disease in it4 ,so1 to keep other people from catching the disease1 they must hold something before the face when they cough1 and they must catch the sputum in paper 7newspapers or paper napkins are very good for this7 and burn it1 for burning kills the germs4 ,then1 too1 they must not kiss other people on the mouth1 and others must not kiss them4 ,they must use their own drinking-cups1 and never lend or borrow a cup4 ,you see1 you can look out for these things1 yourselves4 ,when grown people kiss you1 just turn your cheek to them1 instead of your mouth4 ,your cheek will not carry anything to your windpipe and lungs4 ,and be sure to carry your own drinking-cup1 or1 better still1 make the one for which you already have the pattern1 every time you need one4 ,illustration3 ,,his ,,own ,,cup ,,and ,,towel ,this sounds easy enough2 and it is1 too4 ,but sometimes people don't know when they have this plague1 and of course they do not feel that they must be careful4 ,what is to be done1 then8 ,if people won't take care of themselves1 then the government has to make health laws to protect them1 and the health officers have to see that the laws are obeyed4 ,in many of the states and cities1 laws have been made so that nobody is allowed to spit on the sidewalk or in the cars or in any other public place2 and common drinking-cups are forbidden at all park fountains and at the water-coolers in schools and trains and stations and other public places4 ,you ought to know about these things1 because1 as ,i have just said1 other sicknesses1 too1 are carried about in the nose and mouth4 ,grippe1 pneumonia or lung fever1 and what we call colds are caught in exactly the same way4 ,we used to think we caught them by being chilled2 but we are much more likely to take them by being shut up in a hot1 stuffy room with other people who already have them4 ,mother ,nature never gave us such things in her beautiful1 clean outdoors4 ,we must wear clothes enough to keep us warm when we go out1 and have bedclothes enough to keep us warm while we sleep2 but we need not be afraid of catching any sickness from the clean outside air1 either by day or by night4 ,drafts are not dangerous1 except when our blood is already full of poisons and germs from foul air4 ,of course it is foolish even for strong1 healthy people to run any risks that can be avoided1 and there is one other thing that you should keep on the watch against doing2 and that is1 touching or kissing or playing with other children who may be sick4 ,it is better not even to sit in the same room with them if you can avoid it4 ,many of the infectious diseases--and nearly three fourths of all the diseases that children have are infectious--are caught1 as we have seen1 from germs that are carried in the air4 ,that is one reason why so many infectious diseases are likely to begin with running at the nose1 or sneezing1 or cold in the head1 or sore throat4 ,the germs1 having been breathed in with the air1 catch on the sides of the nostrils or at the back of the throat1 and start inflammation and soreness wherever they land4 ,this is just the way that measles1 scarlet fever1 chicken pox1 whooping cough1 and diphtheria begin4 ,nearly all colds in the head1 and sore throats with coughing1 are infectious2 so the best thing to do whenever you have a bad cold in the head1 or a sore throat1 is to keep out in the open air as much as you can1 until it is better4 ,of course1 a cold is not such a serious thing in itself2 but1 if it is neglected1 it may lead to some very dangerous troubles1 particularly to inflammation of the lungs1 and sometimes even of the kidneys or the liver or the heart4 ,several of these infectious diseases--measles1 chicken pox1 and scarlet fever1 for instance--have a rash1 or breaking-out1 called an eruption1 upon the skin4 ,this is another thing easy to look out for2 and if you see anyone with a rash upon his face and hands1 it is a good thing to keep away from him and not let him touch you4 ,even if he should not have measles or scarlet fever or chicken pox1 but only a disease of the skin itself1 he still might spread the infection of that2 for most diseases that cause a breaking-out upon the surface of the skin are infectious4 ,some of these infectious diseases are so common among children that they are called ,children's ,diseases1 or the ,diseases of ,infancy1 just as if it were natural for you to have them while you are children1 and as if they were something that you have to have as a matter of course1 before you grow up4 ,but it isn't necessary at all to have them1 if you will take care of yourselves and help your doctors and the ,board of ,health of your county or town or city to prevent their spreading4 ,these diseases1 although usually very mild1 never do anyone any good whatever1 and may do serious harm2 for their poisons may stay in the blood and injure the heart or the kidneys or the nerves4 ,one thing ,i should like to urge you to do if you happen to get one of these children's diseases2 and that is1 to stay in bed or out of school or away from work just as long as your doctor tells you to4 ,this is important1 because it is very dangerous indeed to become over-tired or overheated or chilled1 or to get your feet wet or romp too hard or sit up too late1 before you have fully recovered2 and you will not have fully recovered until at least three or four weeks after you are able to be out of bed4 ,but if you take good care of yourselves for three or four weeks after measles or chicken pox or whooping cough or a very bad cold1 you will avoid almost all danger of their poisons injuring your heart or kidneys or nerves1 and causing chronic diseases1 like ,bright's disease or heart disease1 later in life4 ,perhaps now ,i have told you enough about poisons and sickness4 ,you must not be frightened about them4 ,i have told you these things so that you may understand why you must bathe1 and brush your teeth1 and wash your face and hands1 and wear clean clothes1 and breathe fresh air1 and keep your windows open1 and play out of doors--in fact1 keep your bodies clean inside and out4 ,i know you will be glad enough to do these things1 troublesome though some of them may be1 if you know the reason why4 ,the best of it is that when you keep perfectly clean and healthy1 not even the ,great ,white ,plague and cold seeds1 or germs1 can hurt you1 even though they get into your mouth or nose2 for ,mother ,nature gives healthy bodies the power to kill germs1 and quite without our knowing it4 ,illustration3 ,,enjoying ,,all ,,outdoors ,very discouraging to disease germs6 ,,iii4 ,,protecting ,,our ,,friends ,if you knew that some of your little friends were sick with an infectious disease like measles or scarlet fever1 of course you would keep away from them1 so as to avoid catching the disease4 ,and if they knew that they had a disease that was infectious1 of course they would want to let all their friends know of it1 so as to prevent them from coming and catching it4 ,but how can they let all their friends know8 ,sick people don't feel like writing letters2 and1 even if they did1 some diseases can be carried in letters4 ,so that might not be at all a friendly thing to do4 ,this has always been the greatest difficulty in preventing the spread of infectious diseases--how to let other people know4 ,so about fifty or sixty years ago1 people got together and decided that the best thing to do was to appoint an officer known as a ,health ,officer1 or a committee known as a ,board of ,health1 in each town and in each county1 whose business it should be to find out cases of infectious disease1 and to warn other people against them4 ,these officers first ask all the doctors in the town to report to this ,central ,health ,office1 or ,board of ,health1 every case of a patient with an infectious disease4 ,then1 when the case has been reported1 that office sends some one with a card on which the name of the disease is printed in large letters1 and he tacks the card upon the front of the house or upon the fence around the lot1 so that everyone who goes near the house may know that there is danger1 and keep away from it4 ,then1 sometimes1 a messenger from the ,board of ,health goes into the house and talks to the family1 and tells them how they can keep the patient in a room by himself1 so as to prevent the rest of the family from catching the disease2 and how they can best take care of the patient1 and keep from carrying the infection through clothing or food or anything else4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,way ,,in ,,which ,,the ,,board ,,of ,,health ,,protects ,,us ,then1 because anyone who has been sick with an infectious disease will still be shedding the germs of the disease and spitting or coughing1 not only as long as he is sick1 but for two or three weeks after he is beginning to feel better1 the messenger will tell the family that the patient must stay either in his own room or within his own house or yard1 for so many days or weeks4 ,this is called keeping quarantine4 ,the word comes from the ,italian word quaranta1 forty2 because in the early days when the practice was first begun1 the patients used to be kept by themselves in this way for forty days4 ,while sometimes this is very inconvenient and hard and troublesome1 it is really the only safe way of stopping the spread of these diseases2 and ,i am sure anyone of you would be willing to take this extra trouble sooner than let any of your friends catch a disease from you1 and perhaps die of it4 ,quarantine is also the best and safest thing for the patient1 because it keeps him quiet and at rest until he has completely recovered1 and until all danger that the poison of the disease will attack his lungs or heart or kidneys is over4 ,in some of the best schools now there is an examination of all the children every morning1 by a visiting doctor sent by the ,board of ,health4 ,if the doctor finds any child that has red and watery eyes1 or is running at the nose1 or sneezing1 or coughing1 or has a sore throat1 he usually sends him home at once1 so that the other children will not catch the infection4 ,the school doctor is not thinking only about what seems to be a cold1 although1 as you know1 it is very important that anyone with a cold should take good care of himself and should not let others catch it from him4 ,the doctor sends the child home because this is just the way in which several other infectious diseases may begin--measles1 scarlet fever1 chicken pox1 whooping cough1 and diphtheria4 ,for most infectious diseases1 as you will remember1 are caught from germs floating in the air and breathed into the nose and throat4 ,the ,board of ,health takes care of the public in many ways besides these4 ,it keeps a very careful watch upon the water supply of the town1 or city1 so as to keep the houses and factories from running their drainage1 or sewage1 into it2 for this1 as you already know1 might cause the spread of typhoid fever and of other diseases of the bowels and stomach4 ,the ,board of ,health sends men to examine1 or inspect1 the milk the dairymen bring1 to see that it is sweet and pure1 and that there are no infectious germs in it4 ,and it sends men out into the country to examine the dairy farms and see that the cows are properly fed1 and that the barns in which they are milked are kept clean2 and that the water in which the milk pans and bottles are washed comes from clean1 pure wells or springs4 ,illustration3 ,,what ,,milk ,,inspection ,,means ,clean barns1 cows1 pails1 and milkers mean clean milk4 ,the cows here stand in fresh1 clean sawdust4 ,another thing that the ,board of ,health does is to send an inspector round to look very carefully at all the meat that is sold in the butcher shops1 and at all the fruits and vegetables at the grocers'4 ,if he finds any meat that is diseased or tainted or bad1 or any fruit or vegetables that are beginning to spoil1 or any flour1 sugar1 or canned goods that have been mixed with cheaper stuffs that are not good to eat1--in fact1 are what the law calls adulterated1--he may seize the bad and dangerous foods and destroy them1 and summon to court the dealers who are trying to sell them4 ,then the dealers are fined or perhaps sent to prison4 ,so1 you see1 the ,board of ,health is one of the very best friends that you have1 trying to keep your food pure and good1 the water that you drink clean and wholesome1 and the milk sweet and free from dirt or disease germs4 ,you ought to help these officers and their inspectors in every way that you can4 ,i know that it is sometimes troublesome to obey all their rules2 and perhaps when you don't know what the dangers are which they are trying to guard you against1 it seems to you that they are too particular about a great many things4 ,but just see what they have done already to make our cities and houses healthier and pleasanter places to live in4 ,only one hundred and fifty years ago1 for instance1 that terrible disease called smallpox killed hundreds of thousands of people every year in ,europe2 and it attacked the eyes and blinded so many of those who recovered from it1 that nearly half the poor blind people in the blind asylums had had their sight destroyed by it4 ,in smallpox there is a terrible eruption1 or breaking out1 upon the skin1 which is likely to leave it pitted and scarred2 and even fifty years ago it was exceedingly common to see people who had been pitted by smallpox1 or1 as the expression was1 pock-marked4 ,cows have a disease somewhat like this1 but much less dangerous1 called cow-pox4 ,years ago1 before dairies were inspected as they are now1 dairy maids often caught this disease from the cows they milked1 so that their hands would break out with pock-marks4 ,about a hundred years ago1 a ,dr4 ,richard ,jenner discovered that the dairy maids in the country district in which he lived1 who had caught this mild infection from the cows they milked1 never caught smallpox even when they were exposed to it4 ,so after studying over the subject for some years1 he took a little of the matter1 or pus1 from the eruption on the udder of a cow that had cow-pox1 scratched the arm of a little patient of his1 and rubbed some of the pus into it4 ,only a short time after1 the family of this little boy was exposed to smallpox1 and all the other children took it badly1 but he escaped4 ,this was the beginning of what we call vaccination2 and as soon as it was found that this scratching of the arm and putting a little of this vaccine matter into it would cause only a few days of feverishness1 and then after that give complete protection against smallpox1 the ,boards of ,health all over the civilized world took it up and insisted upon everybody's being vaccinated when a baby4 ,as a result1 smallpox has become one of the rarest1 instead of the commonest1 of our infectious diseases4 ,only a few dozen people die of it each year in ,europe1 instead of several hundred thousands2 scarcely one one-hundredth of the people now in our blind asylums have been sent there by smallpox1 and ,i dare say that many of you have never even seen a pock-marked person4 ,another disease that used to be very dangerous to little children is diphtheria4 ,it was not only very infectious1 but very deadly2 and nearly half of the children who took it died of it1 and the doctors didn't know anything that would cure it4 ,about twenty years ago1 two great scientists1 one a ,frenchman named ,roux--a student of the great ,professor ,louis ,pasteur1 of whom ,i am sure you have heard--and the other1 a ,german1 named ,behring1 discovered an antitoxin for diphtheria2 that is1 something to defeat the poison of the diphtheria germ4 ,when this antitoxin is injected into the blood1 it will cure diphtheria4 ,the doctors and the ,boards of ,health took this up too1 and insisted upon its being used in all cases2 with the result that where the antitoxin is used early1 scarcely one in twenty of the patients dies1 instead of eight or ten out of twenty1 as before4 ,you know how careful we are all trying to be not to let consumption spread4 ,by insisting that all houses shall be built so as to give plenty of light and fresh air to everyone2 and by forbidding spitting upon the streets2 and by insisting that food to be sold1 especially milk1 shall be clean1--by preventing the spread of the disease in every way1 our ,boards of ,health have cut down the number of deaths from this disease nearly one half2 and people in the ,united ,states1 for instance1 or in ,england1 where these health laws are enforced1 live now almost exactly twice as long on the average as they did one hundred years ago1 or as they do now in ,india and in ,turkey1 for instance1 where the people are ignorant and dirty and careless4 ,so you see that even if some of the health regulations do seem rather troublesome and fussy1 it is well worth while to try to follow them and help the health inspectors in every way4 ,even little children can help very much in keeping the houses and the cities in which they live clean and healthful and beautiful4 ,,work ,,and ,,play ,i4 ,,growing ,,strong ,when school is over1 out you go with a rush1 into the open air4 ,you have worked hard all day1 and now you have two hours before supper to do just as you like4 ,perhaps you will play tag1 or prisoner's base1 or stealing sticks1 or town ball4 ,they are all fine fun1 and they exercise every muscle in your body and make your lungs breathe deeper and your heart beat faster1 and make every part of you grow stronger4 ,illustration3 ,,better ,,to ,,take ,,than ,,medicine ,perhaps you have a few chores to do or errands to run2 but even these are almost as much fun as play and give you good exercise in the open air and1 what is better still1 a feeling that you are being of some use in the world1 which is one of the happiest and most satisfactory feelings that you will ever have1 if you live to be a hundred years old4 ,illustration3 ,,out ,,for ,,an ,,afternoon ,,in ,,the ,,park ,but when you have finished your work1 you must not forget to play real1 lively1 jolly games out of doors--ball and tag and hide-and-seek1 and all those games that children love4 ,hide-and-seek is a good game1 because1 when you are caught1 you can stand still a few minutes and rest4 ,when you are hiding1 you can take a good breath for the home-run you have to make4 ,most games1 in fact1 are planned like this--a run and a rest1 and then another run4 ,while you rest1 some one else is taking his turn at the bat1 or at being ,it1 or whatever is the hardest part of the work4 ,this is one reason why games are so good for you to play4 ,you see1 when you run1 you are working your muscles and heart-pump very hard2 and if you kept running all the time1 you would burn up so much food in the muscles that the heart couldn't pump blood fast enough to wash away all the waste1 and would just chug-chug-chug till it tired itself out4 ,when you are tired1 it is time to stop and rest2 for being tired means that the poisons are not being carried away from the muscles fast enough1 and that your heart is working too hard4 ,what is it in your body that gives it stiffening to stand upright1 and makes levers in your legs and arms to move it about8 ,when you feel your body and arms and head with your fingers1 what are they like8 ,isn't there something hard and then a soft kind of pad over it8 ,we call the hard things bones4 ,your teacher will show you some4 ,these are white and chalky looking2 but when they were alive1 they were a beautiful pinkish white color4 ,illustration3 ,,skeleton ,,of ,a ,,man ,so you have a pretty pearl-colored framework1 the shape of your body4 ,this1 which is called your skeleton1 makes you stiff enough to stand up and walk about4 ,now bend your arm and turn your wrist and open and close your hand4 ,you find that your frame-work is jointed4 ,when you are tired standing1 you can bend your joints and sit down4 ,if you want an apple1 you can close your fingers and pick it up4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,muscles ,,of ,,the ,,arm ,illustration3 ,,when ,,the ,,muscles ,,shorten ,what are the soft pads that you felt over the bones of your arms and legs8 ,stretch your right arm straight out in front of you and take hold of the upper part of it with your left hand4 ,now clench your right fist and bring it toward your shoulder4 ,can you feel the elastic pads1 or bands1 moving8 ,what are they doing8 ,they are pulling your hand up to your shoulder4 ,when you walk1 you can feel the elastic bands moving your legs along4 ,so every move we make1 these elastic ropes are at work pulling us about and letting us sit down and making us run and jump4 ,we call them muscles4 ,you have perhaps seen jointed dolls4 ,the strings and rubber bands on their joints help to make them move2 but the dolls don't act as if they were alive4 ,they have no telephone system to tell their bodies how to move4 ,if you will stop and think how many moves you make in a day1 you'll know how hard your muscles have to work4 ,they'd be quite tired out if they did not have plenty to feed on all the time and did not rest at least nine hours a day4 ,i told you how the food is melted and carried about in the blood4 ,it is the blood that brings the muscles their food and keeps them alive and makes them strong enough to move the joints and the bones4 ,what does all this playing do for you8 ,it makes you grow not only big1 but strong1 too4 ,what puny little things you'd be if you couldn't get out and run and play and make your muscles strong and your nerves do just what you tell them to do4 ,i know of ten or twelve little chickens that hatched a few weeks ago4 ,there are so many cats about1 that the poor little chicks have to be shut up in the barn all day4 ,at first they ran and played and jumped on their mother's back1 but now they hump their shoulders and hang their heads and don't seem hungry and look sad and sick4 ,they are not so big as some that hatched later4 ,can you tell me why8 ,of course you can4 ,you know that it is outdoor exercise and play that chickens need1 and that you need to make you grow big and strong1 too4 ,of course1 you will have to keep your backbone straight and your chest out and your head up2 but all these things will be easy for you if you are perfectly well and strong4 ,the school tries to take just as good care of your health and growth as it can4 ,your lessons are short1 and you change from one to another frequently1 with perhaps drills or calisthenic exercises between1 so that you need not sit still too long at a time2 and the seats and desks are of different sizes so that you need not sit at a desk that does not fit you4 ,when your teacher urges you to go out of doors and play at recess time1 even if you do not want to1 you must think to yourself1 ,it will rest me and make me grow big and straight and strong4 ,when you come home from school1 go out of doors and stay out just as long as you can4 ,don't let dolls or toys or picture books tempt you to stay in the house4 ,the pictures out of doors are ever so much prettier1 as soon as you learn to see them4 ,but some of you live in crowded cities4 ,i hope you are near a park or a playground1 where you can have a good romp with other children1 and use the swings and see-saws and bars1 and the skating pond in winter1 and the swimming pool in summer4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,skating ,,pond ,,made ,,out ,,of ,a ,,garden ,the school garden is flooded in winter--a fine place to skate right after school4 ,what fun swimming is6 ,you can learn easily if you have a safe place and an older person to teach you the stroke4 ,you can roll over on your back in the water1 and float1 and dive2 but you must not stay in longer than twenty minutes1 and not so long as that sometimes4 ,as soon as you begin to feel chilly1 come out4 ,swimming not only cleans your skin1 but is splendid exercise for your lungs and muscles4 ,all this play out of doors will help your appetite1 and that will make you ready to eat the right kind of food1 and this food will get into your blood and keep your muscles firm and strong4 ,illustration3 ,,splendid ,,exercise ,,for ,,lungs ,,and ,,muscles ,,ii4 ,,accidents ,i am going to tell you what to do in the case of some of the little accidents that may happen to anyone1 and especially of the kind that children meet with in playing2 but ,i don't want you to stop playing for fear you'll be hurt4 ,mother ,nature can usually heal all the bumps and cuts and scratches that come from wholesome play4 ,you can1 however1 help her very much by keeping the scratch or cut perfectly clean4 ,this is the chief thing to remember4 ,wash it thoroughly in clean water4 ,hold it under the pump1 or faucet1 and let the water pour down on it4 ,if you can1 pour some antiseptic1 or germ killer1 over the cut1 and wrap it up in a clean cloth4 ,there is a medicine called peroxid of hydrogen1 which is good for cuts and wounds1 but an older person will have to put it on for you4 ,if the scratch is from a finger nail or the claw of a cat1 or if the wound is the bite of some animal1 you must be sure to have your mother or a doctor clean the wound with strong medicine4 ,you see1 nails and claws and teeth are1 as a rule1 dirty1 and have on them germs that will get into the cut and make it swell and be very sore indeed4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tight ,,bandage ,,higher ,,than ,,the ,,cut ,sometime you may have a cut that is deep4 ,you will see the bright red blood spurt from it4 ,this means that you have cut one of the blood pipes called arteries4 ,if the cut is on the arm or the leg1 you should take a cloth or bandage and tie it tightly around the arm or leg above the cut2 and if that does not check the blood1 put a piece of stick under the cloth and twist the stick1 as in the picture4 ,for a cut like this you must get help as soon as possible1 and keep quiet1 or else you will increase the flow of blood4 ,if you get anything in your eye1 be sure not to rub the eye2 don't even wink hard if you can help it4 ,you will only make the pain worse1 because you will scratch the eyeball4 ,let some one take out the bit of dust or the cinder or the fly1 or whatever it is1 as quickly as possible4 ,often1 if you close the lids gently and hold them so1 the tears will wash the speck down for you4 ,if you should bruise yourself1 the best way to treat the bruise is to pour either quite cold or quite warm water over it1 and keep this up for several minutes2 or to put it into a bowl of hot water4 ,then tie it up in a bandage of soft cotton cloth or gauze and pour over it a lotion containing a little alcohol--about one sixth or one fourth4 ,this1 by evaporating1 cools off the bruise and relieves the pain4 ,if your ear1 or nose1 or a finger should happen to be frozen or frost bitten1 the best thing to do is to rub it hard with snow until it thaws out and becomes pink again4 ,above all1 don't go too near the fire1 and don't go into a very warm room too soon4 ,if you get one of those uncomfortable itchy swellings on your feet called chilblains1 which come from cold floors in your houses1 or from wet feet1 or from wearing too thin shoes and stockings1 don't put your feet too near the fire1 but rub them well with turpentine just before going to bed at night4 ,this will often take all the pain and itching out of them4 ,sometimes people make the mistake of drinking something that is poisonous4 ,of course1 one good way to prevent this is to have every bottle in the house carefully marked and never to take anything from a bottle without reading the mark1 or label4 ,another good way is not to have poisons about any more than we actually need to4 ,still1 even so1 sometimes a mistake is made4 ,if you ever make such a mistake1 the best thing to do is to drink as much warm water as you can1 and into the second cupful to put a tablespoonful of dry mustard or two heaping tablespoonfuls of salt4 ,this will make you vomit1 and up will come the poison4 ,the water makes the poison weaker4 ,if this doesn't make you throw up the poison1 have some one tickle the back of your throat with a feather4 ,there are a great many kinds of poison and as many things to take to cure them2 but this is the only remedy ,i shall tell you about1 because1 by the time you have tried this1 some older person will probably have come to help you4 ,all the medicines that you see advertised as ,headache ,cures are dangerous poisons if taken in too large doses2 and most of them in small doses weaken the heart4 ,they are what we call narcotics2 they just deaden the nerves to pain without doing anything whatever to relieve or remove the cause4 ,if you have a headache1 the best thing to do is to go and lie down quietly and rest or sleep1 until it goes away4 ,a headache always means that something is wrong2 it is one of ,nature's most valuable danger signals4 ,when your head aches1 ,nature is telling you that you have been over-straining your eyes1 or breathing foul air1 or eating some food that does not agree with you1 or forgetting to go to the toilet regularly1 or not getting sleep enough4 ,the sensible thing to do is not to swallow some medicine to deaden your nerves to the pain1 but to find out what you have been doing that is unhealthful for you1 and then stop it4 ,most of the medicines called patent medicines1 which are advertised to cure all sorts of pains and troubles1 contain poisons1 and are particularly dangerous because they easily lead one to form the habit of taking them4 ,nine tenths of them are either absolute frauds1--of no strength or use whatever1--or else they contain alcohol1 or opium1 or some of the dangerous drugs made out of coal tar4 ,now about burns4 ,you need not wash them1 because the heat has killed the troublesome germs4 ,they need to be covered from the air1 if the blister is broken4 ,cover them thickly with olive oil or vaseline1 or common baking soda mixed with a few drops of water4 ,this makes a good paste to put over them1 and it will ease the pain4 7,this is the way to treat a wasp or bee sting1 too1 after you have pulled out the stinger47 ,if the blister of the burn is not broken1 just keep putting vaseline or sweet oil on it every half hour or so1 and the blister won't break2 for the oil will make it limber and prevent it from bursting4 ,if ever your clothes should catch fire1 do not run2 the wind you make will only fan the flames1 so that they burn faster4 ,lie down and roll over and over1 as fast as you can4 ,if there is a rug or a quilt handy1 wrap yourself up tight in it4 ,my youngest brother once saved a little child's life this way4 ,he was not very old1 but he remembered to put the child on the floor and roll him up in a rug4 ,however1 the best way to prevent accidents with fire is to let fire and lamps and matches and kerosene and sparklers and firecrackers alone4 ,i am so glad that people are becoming sensible about keeping our nation's birthday1 the ,fourth of ,july1 and are doing away with the firecrackers that have killed so many thousands of children4 ,the burns you get from firecrackers are much more dangerous than other burns4 ,a dirt-germ often gets into them that may cause lockjaw4 ,the name tells what it is3 it locks the jaws together so that its victim cannot eat2 and1 of course1 if he cannot eat1 he cannot live very long4 ,next ,fourth of ,july try getting flags and bunting and drums and horns1 if you like1 instead of these dangerous fireworks4 ,in keeping the ,fourth one year not long ago1 one hundred and seventy-one children lost one or more fingers2 forty-one lost a leg1 an arm1 or a hand2 thirty-six lost one eye1 and sixteen lost both eyes2 and two hundred and fifteen children were killed6 ,this accounts for only the children2 counting everybody1 five thousand three hundred and seven people were killed or hurt4 ,no wonder we begin to think that we ought to keep the ,fourth in some other way4 ,in the ,city of ,washington1 on one ,fourth of ,july1 one hundred and four people were taken to the hospital2 but the following year when no fireworks were allowed to be sold1 the hospitals did not have a single patient from the accidents of the day4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,result ,,of ,,celebrating ,,the ,,fourth ,,in ,,the ,,old ,,way ,water1 as well as fire1 has its dangers4 ,if you ever fall into the water1 be sure to keep your mouth shut and your hands below your chin4 ,then paddle with your hands gently1 and you'll swim1 just as any other young animal does when first thrown into the water4 ,even your cat1 who hates water1 can swim easily when she falls in4 ,if you keep your wits as she does1 you will get along as well4 ,some people learn to swim just by trying by themselves4 ,illustration3 ,,working ,,to ,,start ,,his ,,breathing ,,again ,if anyone in your party1 when you are out boating or swimming1 should be nearly drowned1 the best way to revive him is to lay him1 as quickly as possible1 flat on his face on level ground1 just turning his head a little to one side so that his nose and mouth will not be blocked4 ,then1 kneeling astride of his legs1 put both your hands on the small of his back and press downward with all your weight while you count three4 ,this squeezes the abdomen and the lower part of the chest so as to drive the air out of the lungs4 ,then swing backward so as to take the weight off your hands1 while you count three again2 and then swing forward again and press down1 again forcing the air out of the lungs4 ,keep up this swing-pumping about ten or fifteen times a minute for at least ten or fifteen minutes1 unless the person begins to breathe of himself before this4 ,don't waste any time trying to hold him up by the feet1 or roll him over a barrel so as to get the water out of his lungs4 ,just turn him over on his face as quickly as possible and get to work making a weight-pump of yourself on his back4 ,if there is any life left in the body at all when it is taken out of the water1 you will succeed in saving it4 ,it is very seldom1 however1 that anyone who has been under water more than five minutes can be revived4 ,and now the thing that ,i want you to be sure to remember1 ,i have saved for the last4 ,no matter what kind of accident happens1 keep your wits about you and keep cool4 ,be calm and think what it is best to do1 instead of letting yourself be frightened4 ,of course1 get some one to help you as soon as you can and1 if need be1 call for help as loud as your lungs will let you4 ,but use that wonderful phone system to send in and out the messages that will help you to help yourself by telling your muscles what to do4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,city ,,beautiful ,one morning ,i stopped a moment on the street to speak to a friend4 ,her little nephew had just finished eating some candy1 and down went his candy-bag on the pavement4 ,his aunt happened to see it4 ,oh1 no1 ,claude1 she said1 don't you see the big green can there8 ,better put it into that4 ,but ,claude was only three years old2 and the can was so tall that he could not tell what it was1 till we led him up to it4 ,do you have cans like these in your town1 too8 ,it is good to think that every one of us1 even such little fellows as ,claude1 can help to keep the city beautiful4 ,but it is not simply to make things look nice that we have so many cans--cans for ashes1 cans for papers1 cans for food scraps4 ,no indeed1 it is to keep the city clean and make it fit for people to live in2 for if dirty papers and scraps were left to blow about the streets1 they would fill the air with germs and filth4 ,any dust that blows about the streets is likely to be carrying disease germs with it4 ,that is why we have sprinklers driven through the streets to wet them and to keep down the dust2 and why1 in large cities1 the streets are thoroughly flooded at night4 ,if the streets are kept damp and clean1 then the air above them is cool and fresh and pure4 ,how does the city get rid of all the dirt and waste8 ,from every house there are two kinds of waste4 ,some is taken away in pipes from the sink and bathroom out into pipes that run under the street1 and these carry it away from the city to some stream or deep water that takes it entirely away from the town4 ,the waste stuffs that are not watery1 but solid--cabbage leaves1 apple cores1 potato parings1 and other scraps from the kitchen are carted away and burned or fed to pigs4 ,the ashes and tin cans are carted away1 also1 and used in making new land or filling up hollow places4 ,besides taking away the dirt1 cities are careful to get clear1 pure drinking water4 ,they are very1 very careful about this2 and they usually have the water tested often1 because1 as you have learned1 even water that looks perfectly pure may give people typhoid fever4 ,that is why1 when you are out in the country1 on a picnic perhaps1 you must not drink from the streams4 ,they may receive the drainage from a farmer's barnyard1 or the sewage from some house4 ,the more we all learn about these things1 the more careful will the city be to protect her people4 ,to be sure1 most cities now have ,boards of ,health who employ men and women to go about and see that the food in the stores is clean--no flies1 no dust1 and no tobacco smoke on it4 ,they have laws1 too1 about keeping milk clean2 and in ,new ,york alone these laws have saved the lives of thousands of babies4 ,and they have laws about the care of streets and buildings and cars and parks and a great many other things4 ,in all these things we have been talking about1 ,i want you to be thinking how you can help4 ,for a city is made up of people--boys and girls and men and women4 ,the city is what its people make it2 and everyone must help1 even the smallest children1 no older than little ,claude4 ,the first and most important thing for you to do is to keep yourself clean and tidy4 ,and the next thing is for you to keep your back yard as well as your front yard and the school yard and the street free from papers and sticks and cans and old playthings4 ,you can put away your things when you are through playing2 or1 if you are making a railroad or a town or a playhouse1 you can leave it looking nice and tidy4 ,you can help chiefly by putting away your own things4 ,you know the old saying1 ,a workman is known by his chips2 and a good workman always works in an orderly way4 ,when you eat apples or bananas or oranges1 don't throw the skins or peelings about1 but put them in a garbage can or swill bucket or cover them with soft dirt in the garden or stable yard2 and don't throw peanut shells1 or scraps of paper and the like1 about the streets or parks4 ,you should begin to notice all these things and talk about them1 and that will make other people begin to think about them1 too4 ,then you can make gardens instead of leaving bare1 untidy back yards4 ,i think that nicely kept vegetable gardens are almost as pretty as flower gardens4 ,if you cannot mow the lawn1 you can at least cut the long grass on the edges2 and that makes such a difference6 ,it is wonderful how much boys and girls can do in making and keeping a city really beautiful4 ,i hope that you have plenty of room to play in now4 ,of course1 when you grow up1 you will see that there are plenty of playgrounds and parks for the children4 ,we are beginning to find out that the richest and the most beautiful city is the one whose streets are lined with families of happy1 rosy-cheeked children4 ,so1 you see1 the ,city ,beautiful is the one that takes best care of her children1 and she can do this only by keeping her streets and houses perfectly clean and seeing that the food her people get is fresh and good1 and their drinking water pure4 ,if the city or town you live in is not like this1 be sure you do your very best to make it better4 ,illustration3 ,,would ,,you ,,rather ,,have ,a ,,back ,,yard ,,like ,,this8 ,illustration3 ,,or ,,like ,,this8 ,there is one great evil that for hundreds and hundreds of years has been known wherever people are crowded together1 and even in the open country1 too2 and which has been the cause of more untidiness and uncleanliness and unhappiness and disease than any other evil ever known4 ,and that is the drinking of alcohol4 ,people don't drink clear alcohol1 but they can get a great deal of it--enough to poison them badly--in the fermented drinks you learned about some time ago4 ,in the days when your grandfather was a little boy1 every man thought that ale and wine and whiskey were good foods for him when he was well2 and good medicine when he was sick4 ,he believed that they gave him an appetite1 and increased his strength4 ,but now we have found1 by carefully studying the effects of alcohol1 in laboratories and in hospitals1 that these beliefs were almost entirely mistaken4 ,we know that all that wine1 beer1 and whiskey do is to make people feel better for a little while1 without making them actually stronger or better in any way4 ,in fact1 in most respects these drinks make them weaker and worse instead4 ,perhaps you will ask1 ,how do whiskey and wine and beer do us harm8 ,and here is only part of the answer3 7#a7 ,they tire the heart and1 by enlarging the blood pipes in the skin1 make the heart pump too much of the blood out to the skin4 ,in this way they make a person feel warmer when he really is not any warmer4 7#b7 ,they make the liver work too hard4 7#c7 ,they dull the brain1 so that it cannot think so clearly or so well4 7#d7 ,if one drinks them frequently1 it is harder for him to get well when he is sick2 more people die out of those who drink alcohol than out of those who do not4 ,alcohol is a narcotic2 that is1 it deadens our nerves1 for the time being1 to any sensations of pain or discomfort1 much in the same way that a very small dose of morphine or opium would4 ,we may imagine it does us good because1 for a little while after drinking it1 we may cease to feel pain or fatigue or cold2 but1 instead of making us really better and able to do more work1 it is dulling our nerves so that we work more slowly and more clumsily4 ,men who have carefully measured the amount of work that they do have found that they do less work on days when they take one or two glasses of beer or wine than they do on days when they drink only water4 ,the great insurance companies have found that those of their policy holders who drink no alcohol at all live nearly one fourth longer and have nearly one third fewer sicknesses than those who drink alcohol even in moderate amounts4 ,indeed1 so strong is the evidence as to the bad effects of alcohol1 and so steadily is it increasing1 that it will probably not be very many years more before the drinking of wine or beer by intelligent1 thoughtful people will have become less than half as common as it is now4 ,strong1 healthy men may be able for a long time to drink small amounts of liquor without noticing any harmful effects2 but all the time the alcohol may be doing serious harm to their nerves and brain and kidneys and liver and blood vessels1 which they will not find out until it is too late to stop the trouble4 ,useless and bad as alcohol is for full-grown men and women1 it is even worse for young and growing children2 and no child1 and no boy or girl under the age of twenty-one1 should ever touch a drop of it1 except in those rare instances where it may be prescribed as a medicine by a doctor1 just as many other drugs are1 which in larger doses would be poisons4 ,fortunately1 it will be no trouble for you children to let it alone entirely2 for not one of you would like the taste of it the first time--or1 indeed1 for the matter of that1 for the first ten or twelve times--that you tried to drink it1 if you should be so foolish4 ,this is one striking difference between alcohol and all other foods and drinks4 ,children have absolutely no natural liking1 or taste1 for the drinks that contain it1 as they have for meat1 milk1 sugar1 apples1 and the other real foods4 ,this is ,nature's way of telling them that it is not a real food1 and not needed in any way for their growth and health4 ,let it alone absolutely1 until you are at least twenty-one years old2 and by that time you will probably have become so convinced of the harm that it is doing that you will never begin using it at all4 ,what we have been saying so far applies1 of course1 only to the moderate use of alcohol4 ,how terrible the effects of the long or excessive use of alcohol are1 you don't need to learn from a book4 ,all you have to do is to keep your eyes open on the streets1 and see the drunken men reeling along the sidewalk1 and the wrecks of men that hang around the saloons4 ,the poorhouses and the jails and the insane asylums are filled with them4 ,the most terrible thing that can happen to anyone is to become a drunkard4 ,the best and safest and only sensible thing to do is to keep away from the only stuff that makes drunkards4 ,it may do you the most terrible harm1 and it cannot do you the slightest good4 ,your city can never become the ,city ,beautiful so long as this evil mars it2 and1 as you grow up1 ,i hope you will do all you can toward making the right kind of city and home4 ,,the ,,evening ,,meal ,when you have had some good games of play after school1 and have finished whatever errands you may have to run1 or have done the chores about the barn or the garden or the house1 you will begin to feel as if there were something missing somewhere4 ,it won't take you very long to discover where that missing feeling is2 and when you hear a call from the house1 or a ring of the bell in the hall1 you come running in for supper4 ,if you have worked well in school and played hard and done your chores well1 you will have a splendid appetite4 ,in fact1 you will think there is no other meal in the day that tastes quite so good4 ,is your evening meal supper or dinner8 ,if you have had a hot dinner at noon1 you probably do not want anything more than a good supper4 ,but if you had only luncheon1 then you are ready to eat something hot and hearty about six o'clock4 ,what are some of the things that you like for dinner8 ,meat and eggs and bread and butter and jam and rice and potatoes and onions and celery and cookies and apples and oranges and oh1 so many1 many other things6 ,mother ,nature has given us all these good things1 that we may have not only enough to eat but plenty of different kinds4 ,we soon grow tired of one kind1 and that is how she tells us that we need many kinds4 ,when ,i was little1 oranges were not so common as they are now2 and ,i never but once had as many as ,i wanted4 ,that once1 my father told me to eat all ,i liked1 and ,i did2 but for weeks afterwards ,i didn't want even to see an orange6 ,did you ever feel that way too1 though perhaps not about oranges8 ,nature sometimes has to teach us not to eat too much of one kind at a time4 ,some people like one thing1 and some another4 ,do all of you like onions8 ,i think not2 but those who do1 like them very much4 ,the same thing is true of tomatoes and sweet potatoes and red raspberries and oysters and many other things4 ,but there are some things that almost everybody likes2 and our grandfathers and great-grandfathers and great-great-grandfathers ate them4 ,one of them is called the staff of life because we lean1 or depend1 on it so much2 we have it for breakfast1 dinner1 and supper4 ,that is bread1 of course4 ,meat and eggs and milk and butter1 too1 are among the foods that we all like4 ,these might be called our main foods1 and we should eat one or two or even three of them at each meal4 ,meat and milk and eggs and butter1 animals give us4 ,but these are not enough2 we need besides some of the foods that plants give us1 because1 as ,i have told you1 we need different kinds of food at one time to keep the body fires going briskly4 ,what are some of the foods that plants give us8 ,bread is made from a plant--from wheat4 ,oatmeal comes from the oat plant2 and hominy1 from corn4 ,some of our plant foods1 such as potatoes1 turnips1 onions1 sweet potatoes1 parsnips1 and radishes1 grow under ground4 ,some1 such as peas and beans1 grow on vines4 ,then there are lettuce and cabbage and celery4 ,and there are fruits--cherries1 apples1 peaches1 plums1 pears1 melons1 tomatoes1 berries4 ,nature has given us all these foods1 and many more2 and she wants us to use them all4 ,she wants us to use1 every day and every meal1 some foods that come from plants and some that come from animals4 ,a good dinner would be a slice of roast beef or mutton1 a potato1 a helping of some sort of vegetable like peas or beans or onions or tomatoes or celery2 and a dish of milk pudding or apple dumpling1 or stewed fruit with bread and butter1 or pie that has only an upper crust or its under crust very well baked4 ,when you are eating bread1 remember that the crusts are the very best part1 because they are well cooked and really taste the best4 ,they are good for your teeth1 too4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,happiest ,,times ,,of ,,the ,,day ,perhaps1 while ,i am talking about a good meal1 ,i ought to talk a little about the way to eat and how to make mealtime pleasant4 ,of course1 to make our food soft1 we must take little bites1 eat slowly1 and chew each mouthful a long time4 ,be sure to remember this4 ,so many of the children ,i know eat so fast that you'd think they had to catch a train6 ,did you ever see anyone try to talk and chew at the same time or forget to shut his mouth while he was chewing8 ,wasn't it a very awkward1 disagreeable sight8 ,think a moment1 if you are tempted to talk with your mouth full1 or put your knife into your mouth1 or make a noise while you are eating1 that these things are not pleasant for your neighbors4 ,do you tell funny stories at the table and talk about happy tramps you have taken or games you have played1 or about your pets or your books8 ,if you do1 your food will do you more good1 and you will be helping the other people at the table1 too4 ,mealtimes should be the happiest times in the day4 ,a ,,pleasant ,,evening ,when the supper things have been cleared away1 you have two hours or so before going to bed1 and ,i dare say you look forward to these as one of the pleasantest parts of the day4 ,it is always best for you to take things rather easily and quietly and pleasantly for at least fifteen or twenty minutes after every meal2 and after the heaviest meal of the day1 whether this comes at noon or in the evening1 it is better to stretch the time to half or three quarters of an hour4 ,if you try to work or play hard right after a hearty meal1 you will be drawing away to your brain or to your muscles1 the blood that the stomach is trying to get for the digesting and melting of your food4 ,i suppose that you have all found this out for yourselves2 for1 if you run and play too hard right after dinner1 you are very soon out of breath1 and if you keep up the exercise1 you are quite likely to have an attack of indigestion or stomach ache4 ,if you sit down to study directly after a meal1 you soon feel heavy and lazy1 and what you read doesn't seem clear to you1 and in a little while you probably have a headache and an unpleasant taste in your mouth4 ,if you try to do two important things like digestion and hard work with your brain or the muscles of your arms and legs at the same time1 you will be very likely to do both of them badly4 ,even if you have studying to do at night1 it will be much better for you to spend half an hour or an hour in laughing and chatting1 or in reading some good story1 or in playing some of the many pleasant parlor games that rest you instead of tiring you1 before you settle down to your books4 ,you will find that when you do start to work1 you get your lessons much more quickly and easily than if you had started in after eating4 ,perhaps your sister is just waiting to show you that girls can play checkers better than boys can--,so there6 ,or some of your friends have come in for a game of dominoes or authors or snap or parcheesi or stage coach or pussy-wants-a-corner1 or to try that new song you learned last week2 and you will be surprised how quickly the time flies away and bedtime or study hour comes4 ,most evenings1 however1 you will probably get out your favorite magazine1 or that good story that you are reading1 and you will all sit around the big lamp on the center table and go off on adventures to the uttermost parts of the earth1 with the best and most lasting friends that you will ever make--friends who will never grow tired of you and will always come when you want them and are always willing to talk or play--the people that live in books4 ,be sure to pick out the best of them for your chums--the bravest and the kindest and the most courteous1 and the cleanest and the most honorable4 ,you have the whole world to choose from2 and it is never worth your while to get acquainted with cheap1 badly behaved1 second-rate people when you can have your pick of the best4 ,your mother and your father and your teacher will help you to choose1 and you will soon find that what they call good literature is good stories1 and about the right sort of men and women and boys and girls--the kind that you would like to know1 and that you would want to be like4 ,once try it1 and you find that you like that kind of reading better than you do the cheap1 slangy1 trashy stuff1 just as you like1 and never get tired of1 good bread and butter and roast beef and apples and milk and cream and pudding and pie4 ,good sound stories of home life and adventure and travel are just as important in making your minds wholesome and happy as these good foods are in keeping your bodies strong and healthy4 ,be sure that the paper of the books and magazines you read is white and not glossy1 and is fairly thick and firm2 for this makes them much easier to read and strains your eyes less4 ,see1 too1 that the type is large and clear2 for small1 close type and yellow or shiny paper are very hard on the eyes4 ,be sure1 of course1 when you sit down to read not to sit with your face to the lamp and your head bending forward2 but settle yourself in a comfortable chair with your back to the light1 and hold your book so that you can keep your chin up and your head erect while you read4 ,you can breathe better1 and read better1 and enjoy what you read better in this position than in any other4 ,even if you have sums or writing to do1 it is better to sit with your back1 or at least your left side1 toward the light2 and often you will find it a great help to sit down with your back to the light in a large easy chair and do your writing on a big1 thin book1 or light piece of board1 on a cushion on your knee4 ,in winter1 you will find that for the first half hour or so that you are reading after supper1 you will want to keep fairly near the fire1 because the blood is being drawn in from your skin to your stomach for purposes of digestion2 but be sure to see that at least one1 and better two1 windows in the room are open six inches or so at the top1 so that there is plenty of fresh air pouring into the room4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,cozy ,,nook ,,when ,,evening ,,comes ,when study hour comes1 take up your books and go briskly to work1 forgetting that there is anything else in the world1 and you will be astonished how quickly you will learn your lessons4 ,besides1 you will be learning one of the most valuable lessons in life--to do with your might whatever your hands1 or minds1 find to do4 ,,good ,,night ,i4 ,,getting ,,ready ,,for ,,bed ,by and by the clock strikes eight or nine1 and your mother says1 ,children1 time to go to bed6 ,sometimes you will have just come to the interesting point in the story1 and would give anything to go on and finish it4 ,but often you will be just nodding over your book1 or beginning to wonder why the story is not quite so interesting as it was1 or why the lines seem to be running into one another1 and the book inclined to swing up and bump your nose4 ,if you have had a lively1 busy1 happy day1 you are quite sleepy enough to be ready for bed--that is1 if you could drop into it with all your clothes on1 without all the bother and fuss of undressing4 ,so you pull yourself together bravely and answer1 ,all right1 mother1 and say ,good night to everybody1 and upstairs you go4 ,of course1 you must take off your clothes1 because you would find them most uncomfortable to sleep in4 ,besides1 the little pores all over your skin have been pouring out perspiration all day long2 and a great deal of this has been caught by your clothes1 just as it is caught by the bedclothes while you sleep4 ,so it is a good thing to take off your clothes1 and let your skin be well aired and cooled4 ,don't leave your clothes all in a heap on the floor just where you happen to shed them1 but hang them up over the back of a chair or on pegs1 so that the air can blow through them all night long and sweeten and clean and dry them4 ,clothes that are worn continuously become sour with perspiration1 and for this same reason your mother gives you regularly1 once or twice a week1 clean underwear and clean shirts or dresses4 ,after you have undressed for bed1 wash your face and neck and hands2 and if you have a nice warm room or bathroom1 take a quick splash1 or sponge bath1 all over1 before you put on your nightgown4 ,this will wash away from your skin everything that the perspiration has been leaving on it all day long1 as well as any dust1 or dirt1 that may have got on it during the day4 ,if the room is not warm enough for you to do this1 it is a good thing for you to strip to your waist and then to swing your arms about1 much as you did in the morning1 only not quite so long1 and to rub your arms and neck and shoulders all over with your hands4 ,this gives them an air bath1 and rubs off any of the little scales of skin that may be ready to be shed1 and gives you a sort of dry wash1 which is next best to a wet one4 ,then1 when you have put on your nightdress1 give your hair a thorough brushing4 ,this is the best time of the day to do it4 ,dust1 smoke1 soot1 and germs have been blowing into your hair all day long1 and a thoroughly good brushing will not only get these out of it before they have had time to work their way in and lodge on the scalp1 but will keep the hair bright and healthy4 ,before you get into bed1 give your nails a quick scrub with a nail brush and hot water and soap1 and go over them with a blunt-pointed nail cleaner1 cleaning out any dirt that may be under their edges1 and rounding off any ragged or broken points with the file4 ,once a week or so1 when you take your hot bath1 it is a good thing to go over your toe nails in the same way1 trimming them and cleaning them4 ,remember1 however1 not to round off your toe nails at the corners1 but to leave them square1 as in this way you will prevent them from ingrowing under the pressure of your shoes4 ,there is one thing that you should be very sure of before you get into bed1 and that is that your teeth are as clean as it is possible for you to make them4 ,if you attended to this also directly after supper1 so much the better2 for just as it is important to clean the dishes and knives and forks that you have been using1 so it is important to thoroughly clean the ivory knives and forks that grow in your mouth4 ,talk about being born with a silver spoon in your mouth6 ,you were born with something much prettier and far more valuable4 ,even though your teeth make a firm and even line in front and on their cutting edges1 yet there are many little gaps and spaces between their roots1 where bits of food can stick4 ,if these scraps of food are not thoroughly and carefully removed after each meal1 the warmth and moisture in the mouth makes them begin to decay4 ,the acids from this decay will be likely not only to upset your stomach and digestion1 but to act upon the glassy coating of your teeth4 ,after a little while1 spots will begin to form on the surface of your teeth2 they will lose their bright1 shiny1 pearly look2 the acids will eat further into the teeth1 and very soon there will be holes1 or cavities4 ,though your teeth are very hard and glassy looking on the surface1 they are much softer and chalkier inside2 this glassy coating covers only the crown1 or free part1 of the tooth1 which you can see4 ,it leaves the softer inside part of the tooth bare just at the edge of the gums1 and particularly between the roots of the teeth1 where little scraps of food lodge and decay4 ,when the acids that are formed by the decaying food have eaten away a good deal of the inside of the tooth1 the hard1 shiny surface is left just like a thin shell2 and one day you happen to bite down upon a piece of bone in your food1 or try to crack a nut with your teeth1 and crack goes this brittle shell of your hollow tooth4 ,illustration3 ,,healthy ,,gums ,,mean ,,healthy ,,teeth ,if the gums are not kept clean and healthy1 the second teeth that are getting ready to push out the first teeth will not come in strong and good1 nor will the teeth remain good4 ,this picture shows how the teeth grow4 ,notice the gaps between the teeth1 where food may lodge4 ,right in the middle of each tooth is a tiny hollow1 or cavity1 filled with a soft1 living pulp containing one or two very sensitive nerves2 and when the decay has eaten into the tooth far enough to reach this nerve pulp1 it makes it ache1 and then you have toothache4 ,the one and only thing that is necessary in order to avoid all this decay and breaking away of your teeth1 and throbbing toothache1 is to keep the surface of your teeth1 and particularly the sides where they are next one another1 clean and smooth and unbroken4 ,and all that is needed to keep your teeth perfectly clean and smooth is to use your toothbrush thoroughly after every meal and at bedtime2 and then1 if there are any little scraps of food between the teeth that have not been brushed away1 to pick them out gently with a quill toothpick1 or take a piece of silk or linen thread1 push it up between the teeth1 and gently saw backward and forward until you have cleaned out the space between the roots4 ,you should take at least three to five minutes after every meal and before you go to bed at night to brush your teeth2 and you should brush not only your teeth1 but the whole surface of your gums close up to where they join the lips4 ,it is almost as important to keep your gums pink and hard and healthy as it is to keep your teeth clean2 and the same thorough brushing will do both4 ,if the gums are perfectly healthy1 they will come well down over the roots of the teeth1 and keep them safely covered right down to where the glassy outer coating begins1 and so leave no gap where the acids of decay can attack the teeth4 ,be sure to brush your teeth1 not merely straight backward and forward1 but up and down and round and round as well1 both to clean out thoroughly all the grooves and openings between them and to brush the gums well down over the teeth4 ,it may seem strange1 but one of the best ways to keep your teeth from growing crooked and irregular is to keep your nose clear and healthy1 so that you can breathe through it freely at all times1 both day and night4 ,crooked jaws and irregular teeth are more often caused by mouth breathing than by any other one thing4 ,you can see why it is best to be careful not to get grit or dirt or bits of bone in your food1 and not to crack nuts or hard candy with your teeth4 ,if you do1 you may crack or scratch the delicate glassy coating of your teeth4 ,but1 on the other hand1 it is a good thing to give the teeth plenty to do1 and particularly to eat the crusts of bread1 and some of the tougher parts of meat1 and parched corn or other grains1 and to eat celery1 apples1 and other foods that take a great deal of chewing4 ,the teeth are like everything else in the body--they need plenty of vigorous work in order to keep them healthy4 ,be very careful1 though1 to keep out of your mouth anything that might possibly crack or scratch the glassy coating1 such as pins1 pennies1 pieces of wire1 or slate pencils4 ,it is best not even to try to bite off threads or pieces of string4 ,there is1 of course1 another reason for not putting pencils and pennies and such things into your mouth3 they may have dirt1 or germs1 on them and infect you with disease or at least upset your digestion4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,nod ,now you are all ready for bed2 and the white pillow and the nice1 clean sheets and the warm blankets look very good to you1 and you are ready to go to the ,land of ,nod4 ,you need not be afraid of the cold at night4 ,open your bedroom windows4 ,have plenty of light-weight1 warm covers2 then the cold breezes won't hurt you1 but will make you strong4 ,just think how many hours you are in bed1--nearly half of your life1--and you need fresh1 moving air all the time4 ,be sure to open your windows from the top as well as from the bottom4 ,you know why3 your breath is warm so that it floats and rises like smoke2 and if you open the window only at the bottom1 this bad air1 which rises to the top of the room1 can't get out4 ,it is best to have windows on two sides of a bedroom1 so that the air can be kept moving through it all night long4 ,if you don't breathe fresh air while you sleep1 you will feel dull and stupid in the morning and perhaps have a headache4 ,so run your window shades right up to the top and throw your curtains1 or shutters1 back1 as well as open the windows4 ,if you don't1 the fresh air cannot blow through the room properly4 ,even if this does let more light or noise into the room1 this is of no importance whatever compared with abundance of fresh air4 ,if you have played long enough out of doors in the daytime and have eaten a good supper and not stayed up too late1 you will sleep soundly without being bothered at all by either lights or noises coming in through the windows4 ,and no matter how cold or how light it is1 don't put your head under the bedclothes4 ,why8 ,it is best for you to close your mouth while you are going to sleep1 and breathe through your nose1 so that the air will be properly purified and warmed before it reaches your lungs4 ,if you can't do this1 your mother can perhaps give you something to wash out your nose1 so that you can breathe freely4 ,if that does not help1 you had better see a doctor1 and he will find some way to clear your head so that you can use your nose comfortably4 ,suppose you take a pencil and paper and write down all you did yesterday4 ,wasn't it enough to make you tired and sleepy and want a chance to rest8 ,even while you sleep1 your heart keeps beating1 and you don't stop breathing1 of course4 ,but your muscles are quiet1 and your food tube rests4 ,your brain rests1 too1--better in sleep than at any other time1--so that when morning comes you are as lively as a cricket and quite ready for the new day4 ,yet even in sleep your brain does not stop working entirely1 but goes on receiving messages from the stomach and the skin and the memory1 and mixing them up together in the strangest fashion1 so that you dream1 as you say4 ,you ought not to dream very much if you are perfectly well2 but as long as your dreams are pleasant or amusing1 you need not pay any attention to them4 ,but if you have had bad dreams1 or you dream so hard all night long that you don't feel rested in the morning1 then you had better speak to your mother about it1 and let her see what is the matter with your digestion or your nerves1 or take you to a doctor4 ,bad dreams are always a sign of ill health and are a very disagreeable thing1 from which there is no need that you should suffer any more than from headache or indigestion or colic4 ,dreams1 of course1 do not mean or foretell anything whatever1 except simply how bad1 or good1 the state of your digestion and your nerves is4 ,now1 how much time should you spend in bed8 ,well1 ,i think at your age nearly half the time4 ,ten or eleven hours of sleep make you ready for all the hours of work and play1 and you don't become cross and tired half so easily if you have plenty of sleep4 ,though you are lying so quietly1 you are not by any means wasting your time1 for you probably are growing faster when you are asleep than when awake4 ,babies1 who are growing very fast1 you know1 sleep nearly all the time4 ,so after you have opened all the windows wide1 put out the light and jump into bed and lie down for a good night's rest without thinking about anything except how comfortable the bed feels when you are tired4 ,,questions ,,and ,,exercises ,,good ,,morning ,i4 ,,waking ,,up4 #a4 ,if you were choosing a bedroom1 on which side of the house--facing which direction--would you choose it1 and why8 #b4 ,how does the air down cellar feel8 #c4 ,why do people often keep fresh fruit and vegetables there8 #d4 ,what are bacteria8 #e4 ,how can we prevent bacteria that cause disease from growing in our houses8 #f4 ,how would you know1 without being told1 that sunshine is good for you8 #g4 ,what does this book mean by saying that we are made of sunshine8 ,,ii4 ,a ,,good ,,start4 #a4 ,when you jump out of bed in the morning1 what do you do with the bedclothes8 ,why8 #b4 ,stand in front of the class and show them the exercises that are good to do every morning4 #c4 ,tell the class why they are good4 #d4 ,do them every morning for a week1 and then tell the class how you feel about keeping them up4 ,,iii4 ,,bathing ,,and ,,brushing4 #a4 ,if you grow very warm exercising1 what change do you notice in your skin8 ,what makes it turn pink8 ,where does the moisture come from8 #b4 ,what kind of bathing do you like best8 #c4 ,what do we wash off besides perspiration and dust8 #d4 ,if a scab forms over a scratch or cut in your skin1 what should you do to it8 ,why8 ,when will the scab come off of itself8 #e4 ,what makes the skin freckle or tan8 #f4 ,could your face stand the same hard rubbing as your hands8 ,why not8 #g4 ,how do you take care of your hair8 #h4 ,what other parts of the skin can you tell about8 #i4 ,look at your nails2 which of the tools on p4 #ag do they need now8 #aj4 ,how1 and when1 do you care for your teeth8 ,why is this brushing very necessary8 #aa4 ,why must our clothes be washed every week8 ,name each of your ,five ,senses4 #ab4 ,what can your skin tell you that your eyes and ears cannot8 #ac4 ,do you know of any trade or occupation in which it is necessary to train one's sense of touch8 ,tell about it4 #ad4 ,what are the blind children in the picture doing8 7,their alphabet does not look like yours1 for the letters are represented by groups of raised dots or dashes or curves1 which are more easily and quickly felt47 #ae4 ,what must you do besides washing and brushing to keep your skin in good order and looking well8 ,,breakfast #a4 ,why do we need to eat8 #b4 ,do you like the breakfast suggested here8 ,why do you need so much8 #c4 ,which of these foods come from animals8 ,which from plants8 ,which of them are the best to grow on8 #d4 ,how much milk is there in the two bottles in the picture on p4 #bc8 ,what is the difference between milk and cream8 ,why is it better to buy bottled milk than milk dipped out of a can8 #e4 ,suppose that you are going to get the breakfast in this house2 how will you use some of the milk in preparing it8 ,how will you take care of what is left8 #f4 ,why is milk much better for you than coffee or tea8 ,where does the food strength in the milk come from8 #g4 ,suppose that you have just bitten off a mouthful of food2 what is the story of this mouthful before it is taken into your blood8 ,where does most of it enter the blood8 ,what becomes of the part that the blood cannot use8 ,why is it very necessary that this be disposed of regularly8 ,,going ,,to ,,school ,i4 ,,getting ,,ready4 #a4 ,how is it best to dress in winter8 ,why8 7,if this is hard to understand1 think which would cool faster--hot soup in a deep cup or the same soup poured out into a plate8 ,in which dish would the soup have the larger surface from which to let off the heat8 ,you may now weigh only half as much as you will when you are fully grown1 but you already have much more than half as much size or surface47 #b4 ,what quality should all clothing material have1 and why8 ,,ii4 ,,an ,,early ,,romp4 #a4 ,which makes you more tired1 to walk slowly1 just lagging along1 for about twenty minutes1 or to walk briskly for the same time8 ,why8 #b4 ,how do you make your muscles strong8 ,what is your heart made of8 ,how can you make your heart strong8 #c4 ,why do you need a heart8 #d4 ,what is your pulse8 ,where can you easily feel a pulse8 ,count the pulse of someone else for half a minute by a watch4 ,do this accurately4 ,how many beats would there be in a minute8 ,try this with different classmates4 #e4 ,what do we call the tubes through which the blood flows away from the heart8 ,the tubes through which it flows back to the heart8 #f4 ,what is happening to the blood on its round trip8 ,where does it get the liquid food that it delivers to the muscles8 ,why must the blood be carried away from the muscles8 ,,iii4 ,,fresh ,,air--,,why ,,we ,,need ,,it4 #a4 ,if you were asked how we can tell that air is everywhere1 what could you say8 #b4 ,what do we call a thin light substance like air8 #c4 ,what proof have we that the body needs it8 ,how does it get around to the different parts of the body8 #d4 ,what is the body--its muscle1 bone1 skin1 and all--made up of8 ,how do these cells use the air8 ,why do you need to breathe so often8 #e4 ,in the candle experiment1 is all the air under the glass used up8 ,what is used up8 ,how can we compare a person in a closed room to the burning candle under the glass8 #f4 ,what is the gas that we breathe out8 #g4 ,in what three ways does the body clean house8 ,,iv4 ,,fresh ,,air--,,how ,,we ,,breathe ,,it4 #a4 ,where are your lungs8 #b4 ,draw a picture of the ribs4 #c4 ,in what position are they when the lungs are filled with air8 ,in what position is the diaphragm then8 #d4 ,what are the lungs giving off in the breath besides carbon dioxid8 ,how can you prove this8 #e4 ,how can you prove that the gas in your breath is not like the gas in the fresh air around you8 #f4 ,why does a room with people in it grow very warm if the doors and windows are kept closed8 #g4 ,how does ,nature keep the outdoor air clean8 ,what makes the winds8 #h4 ,are you careful to keep your breath as clean as possible8 ,how8 ,how do you help keep the air in your house clean8 ,,in ,,school ,i4 ,,bringing ,,the ,,fresh ,,air ,,in4 #a4 ,what do we mean by fresh air8 ,why must the air we breathe have oxygen in it8 #b4 ,is the air in the room now the best you can have in it8 ,how is the air moving8 #c4 ,is there always the same amount of air in the room8 ,then1 if there is more fresh air1 there must be--bad air8 ,if there is less fresh air1 there must be--bad air8 ,what is the quickest way to let the bad air out and the fresh air in8 ,why are you given recess8 #d4 ,what is a draft8 ,are drafts dangerous8 #e4 ,will night air hurt you8 ,what air can you have in the house at night except night air8 ,,ii4 ,,hearing ,,and ,,listening4 #a4 ,have you ever slept in a house close to a railway8 ,what did you notice whenever a heavy train went by8 ,what made the bed tremble8 #b4 ,if you have stood very near a moving train1 how did your ears feel8 ,why8 #c4 ,how far do sound waves travel after they enter the ear8 ,could a person be deaf who had two perfect ears8 ,where would the trouble be8 #d4 ,draw a picture to show the parts of your left ear1 and name each part4 #e4 ,how do you take care of your ears8 #f4 ,comment on doing each of these things3--firing a bean shooter at anyone2 throwing gravel or sand2 firing off a cap or torpedo close to some one's head2 boxing a person on the ear2 running a nail cleaner or pencil point into your ear2 putting on the baby's cap so that the ears are folded forward2 asking your teacher to repeat her question4 #g4 ,have you tried to train your ears8 ,how8--and why8 #h4 ,find out about some business1 or occupation1 in which it is necessary to have very keen hearing1 and write a little story about it4 ,,iii4 ,,seeing ,,and ,,reading4 #a4 ,are you seated now in the best way for reading or not8 ,why8 #b4 ,why is it well to look up often1 as you read8 #c4 ,how far from your eyes ought you to be able to hold this book to read it easily8 ,if you cannot1 what should you do8 #d4 ,draw a picture of someone's eye1 as you see it1 naming the parts4 #e4 ,draw a picture of your eye as it would look if you could see the eyeball from the left side1 and name the parts4 #f4 ,what takes the sight message to the brain8 #g4 ,how does the nerve of the eye 7the optic nerve7 get its messages8 ,what1 then1 is light8 ,if the light waves enter the ear1 can they make you hear8 ,why not8 #h4 ,when a baby is born1 what care should be taken of its eyes immediately1 and why8 #i4 ,have you ever played any games in which the sharpest eyes won8 ,what were they8 #aj4 ,write a little story about the picture on p4 #ei4 ,,iv4 ,a ,,drink ,,of ,,water4 #a4 ,why do we want to drink water8 ,how would you know that your body must have a great deal of liquid in it8 #b4 ,do you know where the water you drink at school comes from8 ,if you don't1 try to find out2 and find out also just how it is brought to the school and why it flows up to the faucets4 #c4 ,if you get drinking water from a well1 either at home or at school1 tell where this well is--how near the house or the out-buildings4 ,do you think that any waste from these buildings could drain into the well8 ,why8 #d4 ,at your sand table or from a sandpile in the yard1 lay out a farmyard1 showing where the house1 the barn1 the chicken yard1 and the pig-sty1 also the privy vault1 are4 ,now locate the well so that it cannot receive drainage from any of these places4 #e4 ,what is the danger in using drinking water from a stream8 #f4 ,how could the germs of typhoid fever get into the milk we drink8 #g4 ,what do we mean by fermented drinks8 ,name some4 ,what is in these drinks that is so very harmful8 ,v4 ,,little ,,cooks4 #a4 ,do you bring luncheon to school8 ,what do you like to have for your luncheon8 ,talk about this in class with your teacher1 and find out what things are best for school luncheons4 #b4 ,how is your luncheon packed8 ,why ought it to be neatly done8 #c4 ,how long do you take for luncheon1 or for dinner at home8 ,is this time enough8 #d4 ,what do you do right after eating8 ,is this what you ought to do8 ,why8 #e4 ,what foods do you know how to cook8 ,write out the recipe for something you have made1 showing what you mixed and how you did it2 and in what1 and how long1 you cooked it4 #f4 ,give three reasons for cooking food4 #g4 ,how is fried food so often made indigestible8 #h4 ,are sweet foods good or harmful8 ,what does sugar come from8 ,how is it made8 #i4 ,write a little story about one of these things3 ,my ,first ,lesson in ,cooking2 ,our ,taffy ,party2 ,how ,i ,kept ,flies out of the ,kitchen2 ,how ,we ,boys ,cooked ,breakfast 7or ,supper72 ,my ,marketing4 ,,vi4 ,,tasting ,,and ,,smelling4 #a4 ,if anyone asked you how a lemon tastes1 what would you say8 ,what would you say about sugar8 ,salt8 ,pepper8 ,pickles8 ,strawberries8 ,cheese8 ,onions8 ,radishes8 ,how did you learn about each of these8 #b4 ,what does your tongue do besides receiving tastes8 ,note in the picture 7p4 #hf7 how strongly your tongue is rooted2 point to the tip of it in the picture4 #c4 ,how does your nose help your throat and your lungs8 ,how else may it help you8 #d4 ,draw a picture to show how air reaches the lungs4 #e4 ,what are adenoids8 ,how may you know if you have adenoids8 ,if you have1 what ought you to do8 ,why8 #f4 ,where do the men who want to smoke in the open trolley car have to sit8 ,why8 ,if children breathe tobacco smoke1 what effect will it have on them8 ,why is smoking a foolish habit8 ,how is it often harmful8 ,,vii4 ,,talking ,,and ,,reciting4 #a4 ,when you are reciting in class1 do you think how your voice and the words sound to the other people in the room8 ,show the class how you can make your speech sound just as you want it to4 #b4 ,give three ways in which you can take care of your throat and voice4 ,put your hand on the place where your voice is made4 ,how is it made8 #c4 ,on your own picture of the throat1 show where those little folds of skin are 7the picture on p4 #hf shows1 of course1 only the fold of skin1 or vocal cord1 on the right half of the windpipe74 ,,viii4 ,,thinking ,,and ,,answering4 #a4 ,with two or three of your classmates1 play telephone2--one must be ,central and one ,information at the central office1 and one must receive your message and answer it4 ,a number of the other children may join hands to make a long wire on each side of ,central2 they will repeat the message softly from one to another all down their wire4 #b4 ,now1 suppose that you all represent the telephone system in the body4 ,could you act out this ,body-,telephone call3--,the eye sees a burning match on the floor1 and sends the message to its center in the brain2 this center consults the memory 7,information7 as to what to do4 ,memory recalls that burning matches are likely to set fire to other things and ought to be put out4 ,so the brain sends a message to the muscles of the foot to get to work and stamp out the flame4 ,in this play1 what will you each call yourselves8 #c4 ,make up some other ,body-,telephone plays4 #d4 ,what are some of the messages that are being carried by your nerves1 that you know nothing about8 #e4 ,think how many messages a baby stores away before he is ready to answer them2 what are some of these8 ,why can he not answer them at once8 ,what makes his brain and nerves and muscles grow8 ,how can you take the best care of yours8 #f4 ,in the picture on p4 #if1 point to the brain2 to the spinal cord4 ,how near the surface of your back is your spinal cord8 ,what keeps it from being easily injured8 ,,absent ,,to-,,day8 ,i4 ,,keeping ,,well4 #a4 ,why do our bodies need housecleaning8 ,how do we get rid of the waste part that is a gas8 ,of the part that is water8 ,what carries the carbon dioxid to the lungs8 ,what carries the waste water to the sweat tubes and the kidneys8 ,what other waste is there to be gotten rid of8 #b4 ,suppose that you and your chum each have an equal chance to take a bad cold from someone else2 your chum catches it1 and you don't4 ,what might be one reason why you don't8 ,place your hand over your liver4 ,how can you keep it in good working order8 #c4 ,what is the bladder8 ,why is it so very necessary to empty the bladder regularly8 ,when you perspire freely1 how does that help the kidneys8 ,,ii4 ,,some ,,foes ,,to ,,fight4 #a4 ,you have seen moldy bread8 ,what is1 the mold8 ,what makes it spread8 #b4 ,suppose you take some pieces of moldy bread or potato and turn a glass jar or bowl over them4 ,catch a few flies and put them under the glass1 and leave them to crawl over the moldy food4 ,after a day1 put the flies under another glass with some pieces of fresh bread or potato4 ,if you find that the fresh food quickly becomes moldy1 how will you think that the mold germs came to it8 7,if you keep the jars in a warm place1 the germs will grow faster1 and you won't have so long to wait before you can see the mold47 #c4 ,what other kinds of germs do flies carry8 ,how do they carry them8 #d4 ,a ,board of ,health caused a liveryman to be fined because he allowed a manure pile to remain behind his stable4 ,why was his act a misdemeanor8 ,from what do flies come1 and how do they grow8 #e4 ,on your way to and from school1 what have you noticed that could breed or attract flies8 ,how could these things have been avoided8 #f4 ,the next time you go into a butcher shop or grocery store1 notice how the things are kept and be ready to tell the class what you think about it4 #g4 ,in what ways may germs be carried1 besides by flies8 #h4 ,what do we mean by the ,great ,white ,plague8 ,why is it called this8 ,what are people doing to try to cure it8 #i4 ,what can you do to help prevent it8 #aj4 ,why ought you to stay away from other people when you have a cold8 ,what do you need most in order to get well8 #aa4 ,do you always have your own towel to use8 ,why should you8 #ab4 ,write a little story about the picture on p4 #aab4 ,,iii4 ,,protecting ,,our ,,friends4 #a4 ,is there a ,board of ,health in your town8 ,if not1 what takes its place8 ,see if you can find out some of the things that the ,board or the ,officers have done for the town4 #b4 ,what do we mean by quarantine8 ,what is the quarantine station in ports where passenger steamers land8 ,see if you can find out about any time when a city or port was guarding its people against an infectious disease4 #c4 ,have you been vaccinated8 ,how was it done8 ,why was it done8 ,how do we all know that it is a very wise thing to have done8 #d4 ,how can you help the ,health ,officers to keep your town a healthful place8 ,,work ,,and ,,play ,i4 ,,growing ,,strong4 #a4 ,when you play out of doors1 what do you exercise8 ,what do you exercise when you study8 ,how ought you to play and study so as to get the most good from each8 ,why is it good to play1 and work too1 out of doors8 #b4 ,what games have you played in the last day or two8 ,how did the players divide the muscle exercise of the game8 ,did they divide up the thinking part1 too8 #c4 ,why must the blood be sent to the muscles8 ,why must it be carried away again8 ,when you feel tired1 what is happening in your body8 #d4 ,what are muscles like8 ,show how the elastic bands of your legs work when you sit on your heels4 ,what makes the muscles at the back of your legs feel thicker8 #e4 ,what bones of your body can you feel8 ,put your hands on them1 as you tell what you can about each4 #f4 ,why do we need bones8 ,what do we call our whole framework of bones8 #g4 ,have you ever seen anyone who had to stay all the time in bed or sit in a wheeled chair8 ,how did this person show the lack of exercise8 #h4 ,what is the meaning of the picture on p4 #abi8 #i4 ,choose one of the other pictures in this chapter and write a story about it to show how to grow strong4 ,,ii4 ,,accidents4 #a4 ,when you hear the word accident1 what do you think of8 ,what have you to help you to prevent accidents8 ,if you have used your look-out department as well as you can1 and still the accident happens1 what will you do then8 #b4 ,show the class how to care for a very deep cut4 ,what do we call a medicine that kills disease germs8 #c4 ,how would you treat a bruise8 ,a burn8 ,frost-bitten ears8 ,chilblains8 ,a bee sting8 #d4 ,if you are told to take some medicine from a certain bottle or box1 do you always look at the label8 ,why is it dangerous not to8 ,what do you think of having medicines about not labeled or poured into old bottles with wrong labels8 #e4 ,if you should happen to swallow something poisonous1 what ought you to do right away8 #f4 ,suppose your clothes or your hair should catch fire2 what would you do8 #g4 ,how did you celebrate last ,fourth of ,july8 ,write a short story about the picture on p4 #add4 #h4 ,with one of your classmates1 show how you would try to restore a person who had just been saved from drowning4 ,how can you try to save yourself if you fall into the water8 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,city ,,beautiful4 #a4 ,have you a park near your home8 ,when the people leave at the end of the day1 how do the lawns and paths look8 ,are there cans in the park to hold the papers and scraps8 #b4 ,how are the streets in your town cleaned in winter8 ,in summer8 #c4 ,how do the houses get rid of their waste8 #d4 ,if the waste goes into a river1 is the river water used for drinking8 ,who decides where the drinking water for the town shall come from8 #e4 ,why are drinks containing alcohol harmful to take 7give four reasons78 ,what is a narcotic8 ,how does drinking alcohol lead to crime8 #f4 ,write down five ways in which you can help to keep your town or city beautiful4 ,five ways in which you can help to keep your own home beautiful4 #g4 ,why should every city have parks for the children8 ,,the ,,evening ,,meal #a4 ,play housekeeping1 and order the dinner4 #b4 ,write down a list of things for a good supper4 #c4 ,why does ,nature give us so many different kinds of food8 ,how does she teach us not to eat too much of one kind at a time8 #d4 ,write down on the board as many of each of these kinds of food as you can3--meats2 vegetables2 fruits2 breads2 sweet foods2 fish2 grains2 food 7not fruit7 that does not need cooking2 food to drink4 #e4 ,how do you help to make meal times pleasant8 ,make up a story about the picture on p4 #aei1 and tell it in class4 ,a ,,pleasant ,,evening #a4 ,just after a meal1 what is your stomach doing8 ,how can you help your digestion8 #b4 ,have you played any of the games mentioned here8 ,how did you play them8 #c4 ,look at the picture on p4 #afe2 why is this a good after-supper corner8 ,how do you sit and hold your book when you read in the evening8 #d4 ,what parts of your body are you exercising and taking care of when you read8 ,of what use is a healthy1 vigorous body without a healthy1 vigorous mind8 ,how can you keep your mind healthy8 ,how can you keep it vigorous8 #e4 ,what kind of books do you like best to read8 ,tell the class the names of some good ones4 ,,good ,,night ,i4 ,,getting ,,ready ,,for ,,bed4 #a4 ,at what hour do you go to bed8 ,when do you get up8 ,how many hours' sleep does this give you8 ,is this enough8 ,why do you need so much sleep8 #b4 ,as you undress1 what do you do with the clothes you take off8 ,why should you air your clothes every night8 ,how can you take an air bath8 ,is this as good as a wash8 #c4 ,how do you care for your hair at night8 #d4 ,do you ever go to bed without brushing your teeth8 ,if you do1 what happens all night long to the food scraps that were left around and between your teeth8 ,as these scraps decay1 what harm do they do8 ,what makes a tooth ache8 #e4 ,draw a little picture of your own teeth as you see them in a looking-glass4 ,are there any spaces that you can see where food might lodge and stay8 ,how can you keep your teeth quite free from scraps of food8 #f4 ,why are teeth necessary8 ,how must they grow to make good cutting tools8 ,if they are not straight or sound1 what can you do about it8 #g4 ,why ought children's first teeth to be thoroughly brushed every day8 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,nod4 #a4 ,when you are ready for bed1 how do you fix your windows8 ,why is it even more necessary to have the air blowing through the room at night than in the daytime8 #b4 ,how else is your body being purified at night8 ,does your body do any work while you are sleeping8 ,what work8 #c4 ,what kind of sleep should you have if you are perfectly well8