,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil         
,,eng9e]s  ,,in/itut$ #aheb             
,,transactions  ,pap] ,no4 #aaea   ,,!  
,,new ,,york ,,tunnel ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,!
 ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad4  ,,! ,,nor?  
,,riv] ,,division4  ,,by ,,*>les ,m4    
,,jacobs1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4 ,e4      
,^! obs]vations are writt5 ) ! purpose (
 outl9+ briefly1 z f> z ! writ] 0       
conc]n$1 ! evolution ( ! s*eme ( br++ ! 
,p5nsylvania ,railroad & ! ,long ,isl&  
,railroad into ,new ,york ,city1 & also1
 z ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,nor? ,riv]        
,division ( ! ,new ,york ,tunnel        
,ext5sion ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 to
 record 9 a g5]al way "s ( ! lead+      
features ( ! "w on ?is division1 :i* is 
t portion ( ! "w ext5d+ f ! ea/ l9e (   
,n9? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city1 to !     
,hack5sack ,portal on ! we/]ly side ( ! 
,palisades1 z an introduction to ! pap]s
 by ! ,*ief ,assi/ant ,eng9e] & !       
,resid5t ,eng9e]s describ+ 9 detail ! "w
 z con/ruct$4  ,x may be /at$ t1 s9ce   
%ortly aft] ! ye> #ahga1 :5 !           

,p5nsylvania ,railroad sy/em 0 ext5d$ to
 ,new ,york ,h>bor ?r\gh ! lease ( !    
,new ,j]sey ,l9es1 ! (fic]s ( t company 
h be5 desir\s ( rea*+ ,new ,york ,city  
by direct rail connection4  ,! writ]'s  
fir/ connection ) ! tunnel+ ( ! ,nor?   
,riv] 0 e>ly 9 #ahij1 :5 he 0 consult$  
by ! late ,au/9 ,corb91 ,presid5t ( !   
,long ,isl& ,railroad ,company & !      
,philadelphia & ,read+ ,railroad        
,company1 z to ! feasibility ( connect+ 
! ,long ,isl& ,railroad ) !             
,philadelphia & ,read+ ,railroad 7or ) !
 ,c5tral ,railroad ( ,new ,j]sey1 :i* 0 
! ,new ,york connection ( ! ,read+7 by a
 tunnel f ! foot ( ,atlantic ,av5ue1    
,brooklyn1 "u ! ,batt]y & ,new ,york    
,city1 & directly across ! ,nor? ,riv]  
to ! t]m9al ( ! ,c5tral ,railroad ( ,new
 ,j]sey4 ,surveys1 bor+s1 & ?or\gh      
inve/igations 7 made1 & ! ,metropolitan 
,und]gr\nd ,railroad ,company 0         
incorporat$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york to   
con/ruct ?is railroad4 ,mr4 ,corb91     
h[ev]1 0 aw>e t1 9 ! transportation     

problem he _h 9 h&1 ! ,c5tral ,railroad 
( ,new ,j]sey & ! ,philadelphia & ,read+
 ,railroad 7 n z important factors z !  
,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 &1 9 consequ5ce1
 he ab&on$ ! s*eme = a tunnel to !      
,c5tral ,railroad ( ,new ,j]sey = a l9e 
direct to ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad      
t]m9al 9 ,j]sey ,city4  ,meantime1 !    
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 z a    
result ( its inve/igation ( ! matt]1 9  
,june1 #ahia1 ?\ght t ! mo/ feasible    
project seem$ to be to build tunnels =  
rapid transit pass5g] s]vice f its      
,j]sey ,city ,/ation to ! l[] "p ( ,new 
,york1 connect+ !re ) ! rapid transit   
sy/ems ( t city1 & also ext5d+ "u ,new  
,york on ! l9e ( ,cortl&t ,/reet1 )     
/ations & pass5g] lifts at ! ma9 /reets 
& elevat$ railroads4  ,! late ,a4 ,j4   
,cassatt1 !n a ,director ( !            
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 &      
previ\s !reto z ,g5]al ,manag] &        
,vice-,presid5t 7& lat] z ,presid5t7 ( t
 company1 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 obta9+ an  
entrance into ,new ,york ,city1 b 0 n   

satisfi$ ) ! propos$ rapid transit      
pass5g] tunnels :i* requir$ ! t]m9ation 
( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad tra9s at its 
,j]sey ,city ,/ation4 ,!re=e1 ^u 8      
reque/1 9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye>1 ano!r 
/udy & report 0 made by ,joseph ,t4     
,ri*>ds1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 !n     
,eng9e] ( ,ma9t5ance ( ,way ( !         
,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 on a r\te beg9n+
 9 ,new ,york ,city at #ch? ,/reet &    
,p>k ,av5ue on ! high gr\nd ( ,murray   
,hill1 !nce cross+ ! ,ea/ ,riv] on a    
bridge1 & pass+ ar\nd ,brooklyn to ,bay 
,ridge1 !nce "u ! ,l[] ,bay or ,n>r[s to
 ,/at5 ,isl& & across to ! ma9l&1 rea*+ 
! ,new ,york ,division ( ! ,p5nsylvania 
,railroad at "s po9t betwe5 ,rahway &   
,metu*54 ,mr4 ,cassatt also _h 9 m9d at 
t "t a connection ) ! ,new ,engl&       
,railroad1 !n indep5d5t1 b n[ "p ( !    
,new ,york1 ,new ,hav51 & ,h>t=d        
,railroad sy/em1 by means ( ! ,long     
,isl& ,railroad1 & a tunnel "u ! ,ea/   
,riv]1 :i* 9 lat] ye>s1 z ! result (    
fur!r consid]ation ( ! situation1 has   

be5 cov]$ by ! propos$ ,new ,york       
,connect+ ,railroad ) a bridge across ! 
,ea/ ,riv] & ov] ,w>d's & ,r&all's      
,isl&s4  ,z a result ( ^! inve/igations1
 ! late ,george ,d4 ,rob]ts1 :o 0 !n    
,presid5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad    
,company1 au?oriz$ an exp5diture ( ab\t 
#be1jjj = s\nd+s to det]m9e ! nature ( !
 /rata = tunnel+ "u wat]4 ,^! s\nd+s 7  
c>efully made by ,mr4 ,ri*>ds ) a       
diamond drill1 br++ up ! actual core (  
all rock f\nd 9 cross+ ! wat]s ( ,new   
,york ,bay f ! we/ to ! ea/ side &      
ext5d+ f ! ,n>r[s to ! ,j]sey ,city     
,/ation ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad4     
,aft] ^! inve/igations _h be5 made1 e>ly
 9 #ahib1 ,mr4 ,rob]ts express$ himself 
z be+ favorable to ! und]tak+1 ) !      
def9ite limitation t ! tunnels mu/ be = 
small c>s do+ local suburban bus9ess1 & 
= ! transf] ( ,p5nsylvania ,railroad    
pass5g]s to & f ,new ,york1 ,brooklyn1 &
 ,j]sey ,city1 & n 9 any way to be      
tunnels = /&>d /eam equipm5t1 ! exp5se =
 t]m9als & ! prohibit$ use ( coal = fuel

 9 su* tunnels n w>rant+ any broad]     
consid]ation4 ,"u su* in/ructions1 !    
int]e/s ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad      
,company = effect+ a physical entrance  
into ,new ,york ,city 9 t ye> 7 turn$   
ov] to ,samuel ,rea1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 
,e41 !n ,assi/ant to ! ,presid5t ( t    
,company1 :o has be5 id5tifi$ ) !       
inve/igations1 & ! progress &           
con/ruction ( ?is "w s9ce t "t1 ,mr4    
,cassatt also work+ 9 conjunction ) him 
on ! plans !n & s9ce consid]$ by !      
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,managem5t4  ,on 
,octob] #e?1 #ahib1 ,mr4 ,rea1 "u       
special direction ( ,presid5t ,rob]ts1  
made an ext5d$ inve/igation ( ! v>i\s   
r\tes :i* _h !n be5 project$ = ext5d+ ! 
sy/em into ,new ,york ,city by rail or  
transport1 & report$ to ,mr4 ,rob]ts t1 
9 8 op9ion1 because ( ! limitation ( !  
tunnel s*eme to rapid transit tra9s & ! 
consequ5t transf] ( pass5g]s & traffic  
c>ri$ 9 pass5g] tra9s1 & because ( !    
drawbacks caus$ by ! use ( /eam         
locomotives 9 full-siz$ tunnels1 & !    

objection to cable traction or any sy/em
 ( transportation :i* _h n !n /ood ! te/
 ( ye>s ( practical s]vice1 ! plan ( !  
,nor? ,riv] ,bridge = rea*+ ,new ,york  
,city & e/abli%+ a t]m9us !re9 0 ! be/ t
 _h be5 evolv$ up to t "t4 ,! plan      
provid$ a direct rail entrance into ,new
 ,york ,city = all railroads rea*+ ! we/
 side ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 & also = ! ,new
 ,york ,c5tral & ,hudson ,riv]          
,railroad1 z well z adequate /ation     
facilities 9 t city4 ,?is bridge w\ld h 
_h "o cle> span ( #c1ajj ft4 betwe5 pi] 
heads1 l&+ on ! ,new ,york side at !    
foot ( ,we/ #bc;d ,/reet1 & !nce ! l9e  
w\ld h pass$ diagonally to ! t]m9us at  
,six? ,av5ue & #be? ,/reet4 ,! location 
( ! t]m9us 0 subsequ5tly *ang$ to !     
vic9ity ( ,sev5? ,av5ue & #cf? ,/reet4  
,! bridge 0 design$ ) ?ree decks3 ,!    
fir/ or l[] deck 0 to accommodate eight 
/eam railroad tracks2 ! second 0 to h   
six tracks1 f\r ( :i* c\ld be assign$ = 
rapid transit tra9s op]at+ ) electric   
p[]1 & ! o!r two = /eam railroad tra9s2 

! ?ird deck1 rea*$ by elevators1 0 to be
 a prom5ade ext5d+ f an*orage to        
an*orage4 ,a connection ) ! ,elev5?     
,av5ue tracks ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral &  
,hudson ,riv] ,railroad 0 to br+ ! tra9s
 ( t road into ! ,union ,/ation4 ,!     
,bridge ,company _h a ,f$]al            
*>t]--grant$ 9 #ahhh--) broad p[]s4     
,gu/av ,l9d5?al1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41
 0 ,*ief ,eng9e]1 & he & ,mr4 ,rea 7    
corporators & among its e>ly promot]s4  
,! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,managem5t    
look$ ) favor on its con/ruction at t   
"t1 z subaque\s tunnels1 ) /&>d railroad
 equipm5t ) /eam traction1 7 n reg>d$ z 
a f9al or attractive solution ( !       
problem1 f ! /&po9t ( ! ,managem5t1 & at
 a subsequ5t p]iod ! ,p5nsylvania       
,railroad ,company agre$ to use ! ,nor? 
,riv] ,bridge provid$ ! o!r roads rea*+ 
! we/ bank ( ! ,hudson ,riv] w\ld jo94  
,^! roads1 h[ev]1 did n avail !mselves (
 ! opportunity :i* 9 its broade/ scope 0
 laid be=e !m 9 #aijj1 aft] ! ,bo>d (   
,directors ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad   

,company _h approv$ ! s*eme at ! in/ance
 ( ,mr4 ,cassatt4  ,! s*eme ( ,mr4      
,corb9 = a subway connection1 betwe5    
,flatbu% ,av5ue & ! ,j]sey ,city ,/ation
 ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 = local    
transit1 took =m 9 #ahib1 &1 jo9tly ) ! 
,p5nsylvania int]e/s1 railroad companies
 7 incorporat$ 9 ! respective ,/ates to 
build a tunnel f "u ! ,j]sey ,city      
,/ation1 "u ! ,hudson ,riv] to ,cortl&t 
,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 !nce "u ,maid5
 ,lane1 ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 & ,p9eapple &     
,fulton ,/reets1 ,brooklyn1 to a        
location at or ne> ,flatbu% & ,atlantic 
,av5ues4 ,on ,may #i?1 #ahic1 ^!        
companies 7 m]g$ into ! ,brooklyn1 ,new 
,york & ,j]sey ,city ,t]m9al ,railroad  
,company1 & e/imates & reports on !     
con/ruction 7 made ready by ! writ] 9   
association ) ,mr4 ,rea1 p5d+           
application = ! fran*ises4 ,! panic (   
#ahic1 occurr+ ab\t t "t1 *eck$ fur!r   
progress on ?is s*eme1 &1 be=e x c\ld be
 reviv$ aga91 o!r important projects =  
rea*+ ,new ,york ,city 7 giv5           

consid]ation4  ,t "p ( ,mr4 ,corb9's    
plan contemplat+ a subway "u ,atlantic  
,av5ue 9 ,brooklyn to ! pres5t ,flatbu% 
,av5ue ,t]m9al 0 n a new idea1 z a      
tunnel _h be5 built 9 #ahde & op]at$ "u 
a portion ( ,atlantic ,av5ue1 b lat] x 0
 fill$ up4 ,plate ,,iv1 reproduc$ f a   
crayon sket* :i* 0 ! prop]ty ( ! late   
,william ,h4 ,baldw91 ,jr41 is a view ( 
?is tunnel4  ,9 conjunction ) s*emes =  
riv] tunnels1 complete plans = rapid    
transit subways = ,new ,york ,city1 v   
mu* on ! l9e ( ! pres5t rapid transit   
subways1 7 also prep>$ = ,mr4 ,corb9 by 
! writ]4 ,^! plans provid$ a sy/em (    
deep tunnels 9 rock1 entirely bel[ !    
plane ( quicks&1 & at ! ,batt]y ! l9es 7
 to connect directly into ! tunnels to  
,long ,isl& & ,new ,j]sey1 respectively1
 & ! /ations ?r\gh\t1 :]e ! rock 0 at a 
deep level1 7 to be fitt$ ) elevators1  
gr\p$ z sugge/$ 9 ,plate ,v1 us+ private
 prop]ty on ea* side ( ! /reet at /ation
 locations--"o side = nor?-b\nd & ! o!r 
side = s\?-b\nd traffic4 ,^! plans 7    

submitt$ to ! fir/ ,rapid ,transit      
,commission1 &1 aft] long consid]ation1 
7 reject$ by t ,commission because !y   
provid$ = ! con/ruction ( ! tunnels by a
 private company1 not)/&+ ,mr4 ,corb9   
gave ! ,commission assurances ( ample   
f9ancial means to c>ry ! "w to          
completion4  ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahib-ic ,mr4 
,corb9 0 conv9c$ t x 0 necess>y to get  
bett] facilities = h&l+ ! baggage &     
express matt] ( ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad 
& ! ,long ,isl& ,express ,company across
 ! ,ea/ ,riv] betwe5 ,long ,isl& ,city &
 ,new ,york ,city1 & he in/ruct$ ! writ]
 to inve/igate & report on ! feasibility
 ( build+ a tunnel1 along ! l9es ( !    
,ea/ ,riv] ,gas ,tunnels1 !n ne>ly      
complet$1 betwe5 ! foot ( ,ea/ #cd?     
,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 & ! ,long     
,isl& ,city ,/ation ( ! ,long ,isl&     
,railroad4 ,9 #ahic an inve/igation 0   
made = su* a tunnel1 to be ( simil> size
 to ! ,ea/ ,riv] ,gas ,tunnel 7#h by #aj
 ft471 solely = ! purpose ( h&l+ baggage
 & express matt]4 ,inve/igation 0 made &

 e/imates prep>$1 b ! co/ 0 consid]$ to 
be prohibitive 9 view ( ! possible e>n+s
 solely f ! h&l+ ( baggage & express1 & 
! matt] 0 n consid]$ fur!r4             
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,tunnel   
,,"u ,,"p ,,( ,,atlantic ,,av5ue1       
,,brooklyn4  7,f a ,crayon ,sket*47     
,:ile ,mr4 ,corb9 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 !  
d[n-t[n riv] tunnels1 ! up-t[n situation
 0 ( great importance to ! ,long ,isl&  
,railroad1 &1 hav+ alli$ himself ) ,mr4 
,*>les ,pratt1 !y took up g5]ally !     
fran*ise own$ by ,dr4 ,?omas ,ra9ey = a 
bridge ov] ,blackwell's ,isl&4 ,mr4     
,corb9 became int]e/$ ) ,dr4 ,ra9ey 9   
#ahid1 & ! actual con/ruction proce$$ on
 ?is bridge4 ,! design provid$ = f\r    
railroad tracks1 besides highways =     
tracks1 p$e/rians1 etc41 ) a t]m9al     
/ation at ,?ird ,av5ue & #fd? ,/reet1   
,new ,york ,city1 :i*1 "u ! fran*ise1 0 
! limit to :i* ! railroad c\ld proce$4  
,at ?is p]iod !re 7 two projects =      
bridg+ ! ,hudson or ,nor? ,riv]3 ! ,new 
,york & ,new ,j]sey ,bridge ,company at 

ab\t #ei? ,/reet1 & ! ,nor? ,riv]       
,bridge ,company at #bc;d ,/reet1 z     
h]e9be=e describ$4 ,sev]al /udies 7 made
 by ! writ]1 ) ! idea ( mak+ a rail     
connection betwe5 ! ,long ,isl& ,ra9ey  
bridge & a bridge ov] ! ,nor? ,riv]4 ,an
 ov]head /ructure connection 0          
prohibitory1 z no fran*ise c\ld be      
obta9$ to cross ,fif? ,av5ue ) an       
ov]head /ructure4 ,sket*es 7 prep>$ = a 
subway con/ruction to connect ) !       
bridges1 b a f9al plan 0 n work$ out4   
,! failure to c>ry out ! jo9t und]tak+ )
 ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company 9    
#ahic l$ ,mr4 ,corb9 to revive ! s*eme (
 ext5d+ ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad f       
,flatbu% ,av5ue1 ,brooklyn1 to ,new     
,york ,city1 !re=e consid]ation 0 giv5  
to a relocation ( ! r\te = ,mr4 ,corb9  
dur+ ! e>ly mon?s ( #ahif1 ! idea be+ t 
! entire up-t[n outlet = ! ,long ,isl&  
,railroad w\ld be by ,blackwell's ,isl& 
,bridge1 & ! tunnel project w\ld give ! 
d[n-t[n outlet4  ,at ?is "t a commission
 _h be5 appo9t$ by ! ,legislature to    

inve/igate ! conditions on ,atlantic    
,av5ue1 ,brooklyn1 & evolve "s s*eme = !
 elim9ation ( grade cross+s on t av5ue4 
,e>ly 9 #ahif plans 7 prep>$ & pres5t$  
to ?is ,commission2 fir/1 = a subway f  
,flatbu% ,av5ue ,t]m9al = ! entire      
di/ance to ! limits ( ! ,city (         
,brooklyn at ,eld]t's ,lane2 second1 = a
 subway f ! ,flatbu% ,av5ue ,t]m9al to  
,ea/ ,new ,york1 ,manhattan ,cross+1 !  
railroad to rema9 z x previ\sly exi/$ at
 grade ?r\gh ! #bf? ,w>d ( ,brooklyn4   
,ea* ( ^! s*emes contemplat$ an ext5sion
 ?r\gh ,brooklyn to ,new ,york ,city at 
,cortl&t ,/reet & ,broadway1 & surveys &
 bor+s = ?is "w 7 made across ! ,ea/    
,riv]4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahif1 on ! decease 
( ,mr4 ,corb91 all projects & "w 7      
imm$iately /opp$2 b1 aft] "s mon?s1 ,mr4
 ,w4 ,h4 ,baldw91 ,jr41 :5 elect$       
,presid5t ( ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad     
,company1 took up actively !            
reconsid]ation ( ! means :]eby ! ,long  
,isl& ,railroad c\ld rea* ,new ,york    
,city4 ,aft] ! fulle/ consid]ation1 he  

decid$ t ! ,blackwell's ,isl& ,bridge 0 
by no means a suitable1 adequate1 or    
conv5i5t entry = ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad
 into ,new ,york ,city1 z x involv$ too 
great a co/ & altoge!r too rigid a      
connection2 x 0 also a v inconv5i5t     
location1 inasmu* z x 0 cut (f f        
conv5i5t access to ! we/ side ( ,new    
,york ,city by ,c5tral ,p>k4  ,= !      
d[n-t[n connection1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 became 
en?usia/ic1 b he _h 9 m9d1 ?r\gh\t1 !   
all-important necessity = ! ,long ,isl& 
,railroad to rea* ! ,p5nsylvania        
,railroad across ! ,nor? ,riv]4 ,at !   
same "t ,mr4 ,baldw9 took up            
en]getically ! ,atlantic ,av5ue         
,improvem5t ) ! ,atlantic ,av5ue        
,commission1 &1 on consid]ation1 decid$ 
x 0 ess5tial t x %\ld ext5d ?r\gh ! #bf?
 ,w>d above or bel[ grade4 ,! bett]     
plan1 ( c\rse1 0 obvi\sly to make x a   
subway ?r\gh\t1 b1 fur!r1 ! resid5ts (  
?is w>d object$ to ! subway ?r\gh t     
section1 & t con/ruction w\ld h made any
 *ange ( ! ,manhattan ,bea* ,division at

 ,manhattan ,cross+ v difficult = !     
future2 besides ?is1 ! controll+ factor 
0 ! absolute limitation by ! ,city (    
,brooklyn ( ! am\nt ( exp5diture !re= 9 
:i* !y w\ld p>ticipate1 !re=e a         
composite s*eme1 :i* is ! plan z c>ri$  
out1 0 agre$ ^u1 be+ 9 "p subway & "p   
elevat$4 ,?is s*eme rea*$ a focus e>ly 9
 #ahig1 & ! law con/itut+ ! ,bo>d = !   
,atlantic ,av5ue ,improvem5t 0 pass$1 ) 
a provision 9 ! la/ p>agraph ( ! ,act1 =
 ! con/ruction ( a tunnel f ,flatbu%    
,av5ue ,t]m9al "u ,flatbu% ,av5ue &     
,fulton ,/reet to ,p9eapple ,/reet1     
cross+ ! riv] to ,broadway & ,maid5     
,lane 7,cortl&t ,/reet71 ,new ,york     
,city1 & ) ! und]/&+ t x w\ld be ext5d$ 
beyond ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,l9e to !     
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,/ation 9 ,new   
,j]sey4 ,?is gave ! legal "r = !        
con/ruction ( ?is tunnel1 &1 on ,june   
#bj?1 #ahii1 ! ,new ,york & ,long ,isl& 
,t]m9al ,railroad ,company 0 incorporat$
 = ! purpose1 ,mr4 ,baldw9 be+ ,presid5t
 & ,j4 ,v4 ,davies1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4  

,e41 ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,application 0      
imm$iately made to ! ,bo>ds ( ,ald]m5 ( 
,brooklyn & ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,! latt]
 act$ favorably on ! application1 b !   
,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 ( ,brooklyn held ! matt]
 up1 :ile ! ,rapid ,transit ,commission 
laid out & promulgat$ ! plan = ,contract
 ,no4 #b ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,subway4 ,)
 ! und]/&+ t ! ,rapid ,transit ,brooklyn
 ext5sion w\ld be con/ruct$ to !        
,flatbu% ,av5ue ,t]m9al1 ,mr4 ,baldw9   
)drew ! application = ! indep5d5t       
fran*ise1 & agre$ to proce$ ) !         
,atlantic ,av5ue ,improvem5t1 on ! basis
 ( ! ,city proce$+ ) ! ,brooklyn        
ext5sion ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,subway4   
,?is provid$ = ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad  
entry d[n t[n4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate   
,v4--,,new ,,york ,,und]gr\nd ,,railway 
,,company ,section ,?r\gh ,surface &    
,und]gr\nd ,/ations  ,subsequ5tly1      
h[ev]1 x 0 prov$ t ,mr4 ,baldw9 _h n be5
 fully satisfi$ t ?is 0 ! prop] solution
 ( ! matt]1 = on ,april #ab?1 #aija1 &  
^u 8 recomm5dation1 ! ,bo>d ( ,directors

 ( ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad ,company took
 ov] f ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company
 its entire int]e/s 9 ! old ,brooklyn1  
,new ,york1 & ,j]sey ,city ,t]m9al      
,railway ,company1 ?us giv+ him control 
( ! r\te f ,flatbu% ,av5ue via ,maid5   
,lane & ,cortl&t ,/reet to und]nea? !   
,j]sey ,city /ation4  ,9 ! e>ly "p (    
#aijj active consid]ation 0 be+ giv5 by 
! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad & o!r railroads
 t]m9at+ 9 ,new ,j]sey to ! propos$     
,nor? ,riv] ,bridge1 z h]e9be=e /at$1 &1
 = ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad1 ,mr4 ,baldw9
 organiz$ a new company to con/ruct a   
tunnel f ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad at     
,sunnyside ,y>d1 div+ "u ! /reets (     
,long ,isl& ,city by two tracks "u !    
,ea/ ,riv] to ! foot ( #cc;d ,/reet & !n
 proce$+ "u #cc;d ,/reet z f> z ,sev5?  
,av5ue4 ,a /ation 0 to be locat$ at     
,f\r? ,av5ue bel[ ! ,rapid ,transit     
,subway ,/ation & also a l>ge ,t]m9al   
,/ation at ,broadway4 ,= ?is purpose an 
option 0 obta9$ on ! prop]ty ( !        
,newbold ,lawr5ce ,e/ate1 at ,broadway1 

,six? ,av5ue1 #cc;d & #cd? ,/reets1 n[  
occupi$ by ,saks' ,/ore4 ,mr4 ,baldw91  
h[ev]1 consid]$ t ! am\nt ( ! inve/m5t  
7#a1fjj1jjj7 = t prop]ty 0 too great =  
?is purpose1 & all[$ ! option to expire4
 ,! prop]ty 0 sold )9 a week !reaft] to 
! ,morgan?au ,syndicate = #b1jjj1jjj4   
,at ?is "t 7,may1 #aijj71 ! ,p5nsylvania
 ,railroad obta9$ a controll+ int]e/ 9 !
 ,long ,isl& ,railroad1 & !reaft] ! two 
s*emes became "o4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 & ,mr4   
,rea pur*as$ two #be-;ft4 lots on #cc;d 
,/reet j ea/ ( ,broadway = an entrance  
to ! und]gr\nd /ation4 ,plans 7 also    
prep>$ = ext5d+ ?is l9e f ,sev5? ,av5ue 
nor?w>d "u ,sev5? ,av5ue to #de? ,/reet4
 ,! inve/igation & prelim9>y "w 9       
connection ) ?is project 7 c>ri$ out 9 !
 e>ly "p ( #aijj4  ,reconsid]ation 0    
giv5 by ,mr4 ,baldw9 to ! propos$       
location ( ! up-t[n tunnels1 ) ! idea ( 
connect+ ! ,new ,york ,c5tral & ,hudson 
,riv] ,railroad by a tunnel betwe5 ,long
 ,isl& ,city 7,long ,isl& ,railroad     
,/ation7 & ! foot ( #db;d ,/reet &      

ext5d+ to ! ,gr& ,c5tral ,/ation1 b no?+
 fur!r ?an inve/igation & ! prep>ation (
 e/imates 0 done on ?is4  ,9 ! summ] (  
#aija ,mr4 ,cassatt 0 9 ,p>is & 0 advis$
 by ,mr4 ,rea ( ! op5+ ( ! ext5sion ( ! 
,orleans ,railway to ! ,quai d',orsay   
,/ation & its successful op]ation by    
electric p[]1 also ( ! possibility ( !  
,p5nsylvania ,railroad rea*+ ,new ,york 
,city 9 a simil> way 7! o!r trunk l9es n
 hav+ jo9$ 9 ! promotion ( ! ,nor? ,riv]
 ,bridge project74 ,he at once exam9$ ! 
new l9e1 & !n consult$ ! writ] 9 ,london
 9 relation to ! possibility ( build+   
tunnels "u ! ,nor? ,riv]4 ,! writ]      
return$ to ,new ,york ) ,mr4 ,cassatt1 &
 soon !reaft] a conf]5ce ( ,mr4         
,cassatt1 ,mr4 ,rea1 & ,mr4 ,baldw9 ) ! 
writ] & ,mr4 ,davies 0 held 9 !         
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company ,(fice 9
 ,new ,york1 :5 ,mr4 ,cassatt outl9$ !  
s*eme practically z x is n[ c>ri$ out1 !
 only diff]5ce be+ t he also propos$ a  
/ation on prop]ty ( ! ,new ,york &      
,h>lem ,railroad ,company at #cc;d      

,/reet1 :i* 0 soon ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! 
grade f ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 & p>ticul>ly      
because ( ! sup]ior location ( ! adopt$ 
site at ,sev5? ,av5ue & #cc;d ,/reet1   
?is be+ c5tral betwe5 ! d[n-t[n         
comm]cial & f9ancial di/rict & ,c5tral  
,p>k1 :i* divides ,new ,york ,city4 ,on 
,mr4 ,cassatt's in/ructions1 surveys &  
inve/igations 7 begun 9 ,novemb]1 #aija1
 & e/imates1 draw+s1 etc41 7 made4      
,prelim9>y e/imates 7 pres5t$ to him on 
,novemb] #h?1 #aija4 ,foll[+ ?is1 bor+s 
7 cont9u$1 & a plan 0 pres5t$ to ,mr4   
,cassatt = assi/+ ! support ( ! ,nor?   
,riv] tunnels on piles1 if necess>y4 ,at
 ! "t ( ! appo9tm5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s
 & ! g5]al organization ( ! "w1 !       
prelim9>y inve/igations & "w _h be5     
c>ri$ to an advanc$ /ate4  ,"o result ( 
! det]m9ation ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad
 ,company to ext5d its l9es into ,new   
,york ,city & ?us move its pr9cipal     
/ation f ,j]sey ,city1 0 t ! d[n-t[n    
local & suburban z well z ?r\gh bus9ess 
0 n provid$ = prop]ly4 ,mr4 ,william ,g4

 ,mc,adoo1 appreciat+ ?is opportunity1  
reviv$ ! s*eme ( an electric subway f   
,j]sey ,city to ,new ,york1 orig9ally   
promot$ by ,mr4 ,corb9 & associates1 b n
 includ+ ! ext5sion via ,maid5 ,lane to 
,brooklyn1 & ent]$ into negotiations ) !
 ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company to     
provide = ?is d[n-t[n bus9ess by        
ext5sions ( ! tunnel l9es ( ! ,new ,york
 & ,new ,j]sey ,railroads to ,ex*ange   
,place1 ,j]sey ,city1 "u ! ,p5nsylvania 
,railroad ,/ation1 & !nce across !      
,hudson ,riv] to ,cortl&t & ,*ur*       
,/reets4 ,z a result1 ! ,hudson &       
,manhattan ,railroad ,company 0 organiz$
 9 #aijb1 & contracts 7 made ) !        
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company = !     
sub-surface use ( its /ation 9 ,j]sey   
,city1 & = ! int]*ange ( pass5g] bus9ess
 at t po9t betwe5 ! tra9s ( !           
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company & !     
tunnel ( ! ,hudson & ,manhattan         
,railroad ,company4 ,lat]1 a fur!r      
contract 0 made ) ! ,p5nsylvania        
,railroad ,company provid+ = !          

con/ruction ( ! tunnel ( ! ,hudson &    
,manhattan ,railroad ,company we/w>d "u 
! tracks ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad 9   
,j]sey ,city to a junction ) ! latt] at 
,summit ,av5ue1 at :i* po9t c be in/all$
 a jo9t /ation1 & ! op]ation effect$ ( a
 jo9t electric tra9 s]vice betwe5 ,*ur* 
,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 & ,new>k1 ,n4 
,j41 ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad tracks    
betwe5 ,summit ,av5ue & ,new>k to be    
electrifi$ = t purpose1 ) a transf]     
/ation e/abli%$ ea/ ( ,new>k1 at        
,h>rison1 at :i* po9t ! /eam & electric 
locomotives w ex*ange4 ,by means ( ?is1 
all d[n-t[n pass5g]s w transf] to !     
electric s]vice at ,h>rison ,/ation1 &  
?us ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company is
 expect$ to be reliev$ ( ma9ta9+ a      
sep>ate /eam s]vice = pass5g] traffic to
 ,j]sey ,city & a l>ge d[n-t[n /ation ) 
ext5sive cont+5t facilities at t po9t4  
,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t ! f9al decision 
to ext5d ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad into &
 ?r\gh ,new ,york ,city by a sy/em (    
tunnels1 & erect a l>ge /ation 9 t city 

on a mo/ eligible site1 0 n rea*$ 9 a   
hurri$ or (f-h& mann]1 b aft] ye>s (    
pa9/ak+ /udy & a full & ext5d$          
inve/igation ( all r\tes1 projects1 &   
s*emes1 :e!r orig9at+ ) ! company or    
sugge/$ by o!rs4  ,illu/ration3 ,plate  
,,vi4--,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,ext5sion3
 ,map ,%[+ ,propos$ ,l9es ,lead+ to ,^? 
,f9ally ,adopt$  ,plate ,,vi is a map ( 
,new ,york ,city & vic9ity on :i* are   
%[n ! v>i\s l9es contemplat$ 9 !        
evolution ( ! ,new ,york ,tunnel        
,ext5sion ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad    
h]e9be=e outl9$4  ,! "q ( tunnels "u !  
,nor? ,riv] 0 an unc]ta9 factor 9 ! l>g]
 ,p5nsylvania ,railroad s*eme1 ow+ to ! 
nature ( ! gr\nd compos+ ! riv] b$ 9 :i*
 ! tunnels w\ld be con/ruct$4  ,x is    
well kn[n t ab\t #ce ye>s ago an attempt
 0 made to con/ruct a tunnel "u ! ,nor? 
,riv] by us+ a ,pilot sy/em "u compress$
 air & =m+ ! tunnels 9 brick masonry4   
,ow+ to ! v s(t nature ( ! mat]ials     
?r\gh :i* x pass$1 sev]al s]i\s accid5ts
 occurr$1 & ! "w 0 ab&on$ aft] ab\t     

#b1jjj ft4 ( tunnel _h be5 con/ruct$4   
,lat]1 ?is "w 0 tak5 up aga91 :5 a %ield
 0 in/all$ & an additional #a1hjj ft4 0 
built ) ca/-iron segm5tal l9+1 b ! "w 0 
aga9 ab&on$1 ow+ pr9cipally to f9ancial 
difficulties :ile co9cid5tally be=e     
ent]+ a rock reef :i* pres5t$ ano!r     
s]i\s difficulty 9 con/ruction4 ,!      
exp]i5ce !n 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is tunnel
 l$ capitali/s & eng9e]s to believe t1  
ow+ to ! v s(t nature ( ! gr\nd1 a      
tunnel c\ld n be built t w\ld be        
suffici5tly /able to )/& ! vibration due
 to heavy traffic1 & = ?is reason       
tunnels "u ! ,nor? ,riv] 7 n look$ ^u z 
practicable4 ,! writ] devis$ a s*eme to 
c>ry )9 ! tunnel ! roll+ loads on bridg+
 support$ on pi]s or piles ext5d+ f !   
tunnel inv]t d[n to h>d mat]ial4 ,^!    
w\ld be atta*$ to ! tunnel itself or    
w\ld pass into x indep5d5tly ?r\gh slid+
 jo9ts 9 ! tunnel %ell4 ,?is s*eme ga9$ 
! confid5ce ( ! managem5t1 z x 0 believ$
 t1 by adopt+ su* a plan1 tunnels c\ld  
be built 9 ! s(t mat]ial und]ly+ !      

,hudson ,riv] & rema9 /able "u all      
conditions ( traffic4 ,aft] ?us feel+   
assur$ t by ?is me?od ! tunnels c\ld be 
made safe beyond "q1 ord]s 7 giv5 to    
proce$ ) ! great "w ( ! ext5sion into   
,new ,york ( ! ,p5nsylvania & ,long     
,isl& ,railroad sy/ems4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #a4--7;,full page image7         
,,eng9e]+ ,,/aff ,,organization   ,,*ief
 ,,eng9e]        ,,*ief ,,assi/ant      
,,eng9e]                     --7,,*ief  
,,(fice7                                
--,,(fice ,,eng9e]                      
--,*ief ,draftsman4                     
,draftsm54                              
,mess5g]4                               
--,,me*anical ,,eng9e]                  
--,me*anical ,draftsm54                 
--,,assi/ant ,,eng9e]                   
--,acc\ntant4                           
,cl]ks4                                 
,telephone ,op]ators4                   
,mess5g]4                               
--7,,t]m9al ,,/ation ,,we/7             
,,resid5t ,,eng9e]                      

--,assi/ant ,eng9e]4                    
,*ief ( ,p>ty4                          
,in/rum5tm54                  ,rodm54   
,*a9m54                                 
--,inspectors4                          
--,cl]k4                   ,janitors4   
--7,,subaque\s1 #cb,,nd ,,/reet ,,&     
,,weehawk5 ,,tunnels7                   
,,g5]al ,,resid5t ,,eng9e]              
--,cem5t ,inspectors4                   
,ass't4 ,cem5t ,inspectors4             
--,photograph]4                         
--,record+ ,cl]k4                       
,ass't4 ,record+ ,cl]ks4                
--,,dispat* ,,boat                      
--,capta9s4                             
,eng9e]s4                               
,deckh&s4                               
,mess5g]4                               
--,,resid5t ,,eng9e]s                   
--7,,con/ruction7                       
--,ass't4 ,eng9e]s4                     
,*ief ,tunnel ,inspectors4              
,tunnel ,inspectors4                    
,surface ,inspectors4                   

,cl]ks4                                 
--7,,alignm5t7                          
--,ass't4 ,eng9e]s4                     
,*iefs ( ,p>ties4                       
,in/rum5tm54                            
,rodm54                                 
,*a9m54                                 
,re> ,*a9m54                            
,labor]s4                               
--7,,(fice ,,/aff7                      
--,draftsm54                            
,field ,(fice ,cl]ks4                   
,cem5t ,w>eh\sem54                      
,janitors4                              
,mess5g]s4              --7,,m$ical     
,,dep>tm5t7                             
,,*ief ,,m$ical ,,(fic]         ,ass't4 
,m$ical ,(fic]4                         
--7,,b]g5 ,,hill ,,tunnels7             
,,resid5t ,,eng9e]         ,assi/ant    
,resid5t ,eng9e]                        
--,assi/ant ,eng9e]4                    
,in/rum5tm54                  ,rodm54   
,*a9m54                                 
--,inspectors4                  ,cem5t  

,w>eh\sem54                             
--,cl]k4                   ,janitors4   
--7,,metal ,,inspection7                
,,*ief ,,metal ,,inspector              
,metal ,inspectors4          ,cl]ks4    
,! organization ( ! eng9e]+ /aff is %[n 
on ! diagram1 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ! beg9n+ (   
#aijb & dur+ ! p]iod ( mak+ /udies1     
additional bor+s1 & prelim9>y           
triangulations1 & prior to mak+ !       
contract plans & specifications1 ,james 
,=gie1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 0 appo9t$
 ,*ief ,assi/ant ,eng9e] by ! writ]4 ,to
 him all ! ,resid5t ,eng9e]s & o!r heads
 ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5ts report$4  ,! "w
 0 divid$ into ?ree ,resid5cies3        
#a4--,! ,t]m9al ,/ation-,we/1 "u ! *>ge 
( ,b4 ,f4 ,cresson1 ,jr41 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4
 ,c4 ,e41 ,resid5t ,eng9e]1 compris+ !  
"w f ! ea/ side ( ,n9? ,av5ue to ! ea/  
side ( ,t5? ,av5ue1 includ+ excavation1 
reta9+ & face walls1 & ! ext5sive "w (  
und]p9n+ ,n9? ,av5ue ) its surface &    
elevat$ railroads & o!r /ructures4      
#b4--,! ,riv] ,tunnels1 "u ! *>ge ( ,b4 

,h4 ,m4 ,hewett1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41
 ,g5]al ,resid5t ,eng9e]1 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4
 ,d4 ,burke & ,william ,l[e ,br[n1 ,m4  
,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,resid5t ,eng9e]s1  
includ+ ! l& tunnels f ! ea/ side ( ,t5?
 ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city1 to !         
comm5cem5t ( ! iron-l9$ tunnels1 &      
ext5d+ we/w>d f !re to ! ,weehawk5      
,%aft1 ,new ,j]sey4  #c4--,! ,b]g5 ,hill
 ,tunnels1 "u ! *>ge ( ,f4 ,lavis1 ,m4  
,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,resid5t ,eng9e]1   
includ+ ! rock tunnels f ! ,weehawk5    
,%aft to ! ,hack5sack ,portal on ! we/  
side ( ! ,palisades1 all 9 ,new ,j]sey4 
,paul ,a4 ,seurot1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4   
,e41 act$ z ,(fice ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( !   
draw+ (fice1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,sod]b]g z      
,me*anical ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! me*anical 
draft+4 ,prior to ! con/ruction ( !     
above works ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,cr[ley act$ z 
,resid5t ,eng9e] on ! con/ruction ( !   
,weehawk5 ,%aft1 & ,j4 ,f4 ,rod5b\gh1   
,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 on t ( !
 ,manhattan ,%aft4  ,table #a %[s !     
quantities ( c]ta9 mat]ials & o!r       

/ati/ics reg>d+ ?is ,division4   ,,table
 #a4                                    
----------------------------------------
--------------------------------        
,b]g5     ,riv]      ,t]m4              
,hill4   ,tunnels4    ,/a4-,w4          
------------------------------          
,excavation dispos$ ( 7or displac$71    
9 cubic y>ds                            
#bfc1jjj    #bch1iie    #eag1jjj ,ca/   
metal us$ 9 tunnel1 includ+             
ca/ iron & ca/ /eel1 9 tons             
#fd1bfe  ,/eel bolts us$1 9 tons        
#b1fjf  ,cem5t us$ 7concrete & gr\t71   
9 b>rels                                
#ie1jjj    #ade1ejj     #cc1jjj         
,concrete1 9 cubic y>ds                 
#ie1jjj     #ge1djj     #ah1ejj         
,dynamite = bla/+1 9 p\nds              
#fjj1jjj    #ajj1djj    #bjf1jjj        
,brickwork1 9 cubic y>ds                
#d1ihj  ,/ructural /eel 7includ+ ,pi]   
#gb71                              9    
p\nds                                   
#ej1jjj  #c1ada1jjj  #a1dge1jjj         

----------------------------------------
--------------------------------  ,!    
numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$ on ! ,elevat$    
,railroad & surface l9es ( ,n9? ,av5ue  
dur+ ! und]p9n+ ( ^! /ructures 0 ab\t   
#abe1jjj1jjj4  ,! ,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s1     
organiz$ by ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad    
,company 9 ,janu>y1 #aijb1 imm$iately   
took up ! matt] ( r\te & grade4 ,! c5t] 
l9e1 :i* _h be5 assum$ z ! c5t] l9e (   
#cb;d ,/reet ext5d$ we/w>d1 0 slightly  
*ang$4  ,! grade adopt$ 0 approximately 
#b desc5d+ we/w>d f ,n9? ,av5ue1 :i*    
w\ld place ! tunnel well bel[ !         
,gov]nm5t dr$g+ plane ( #dj ft4 bel[    
mean l[ wat] at ! pi] head l9e2 !nce    
we/w>d on a light] grade /ill desc5d+   
until ! deepe/ portion ( ! riv] 0 rea*$ 
:]e ! top ( ! rail w\ld be ab\t #ij ft4 
bel[ mean high wat]1 ?is location giv+  
suffici5t cov] ov] ! tunnels to insure  
/ability & gu>d aga9/ ! possibility (   
%ipwrecks settl+ on ! tunnels4 ,f ?is   
po9t to ! portal an asc5d+ grade ( #a4cj
 0 adopt$1 :i* gave ! l9es suffici5t    

elevation to cross ov] ! tracks ( ! ,new
 ,york1 ,susquehanna & ,we/]n & ! ,erie 
,railroads1 :i* run along ! we/]ly base 
( ! ,palisades4 ,ow+ to ! exig5cies (   
con/ruction1 ^! grades 9 ! riv] 7 v     
slightly modifi$4 ,plate ,,vii is a plan
 & pr(ile ( ! tunnels z con/ruct$4      
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,vii4--,plan1     
,pr(ile1 & ,triangulation1 ,nor? ,riv]  
,tunnels  ,! ,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s e>ly 9    
#aijb took up ! "q ( supports = !       
tunnels "u ! ,nor? ,riv]1 & v>i\s plans 
& s*emes 7 consid]$4 ,x 0 f9ally decid$ 
to support ! tracks on screw-piles c>ri$
 ?r\gh ! l9+ ( ! tunnels1 z orig9ally   
propos$ by ! writ]4  ,9 ord] to "k      
some?+ ( ! capacity ( screw-piles 9 !   
actual mat]ial to be pass$ ?r\gh1 x 0   
resolv$ to te/ !m4 ,a caisson 0 sunk at 
! end ( "o ( ! ,erie ,railroad pi]s on !
 ,new ,j]sey side ne> ! l9e ( ! tunnels1
 &1 to obta9 p>allel conditions z mu* z 
possible1 ! excavation 0 c>ri$ d[n to ! 
propos$ grade ( ! tunnel4 ,v>i\s types (
 screw-piles 7 sunk !re9 & te/s 7 made1 

n only ( ! dead load c>ry+ capacity1 b  
also ) ! addition ( impact1 :5 x 0 f\nd 
t screw-piles c\ld be sunk to h>d gr\nd 
& c>ry ! requir$ load4 ,! f9al "p ( !   
te/ 0 ! load+4 ,! screw-pile1 hav+ a    
%aft #cj 94 9 diamet] & a blade #e ft4 9
 diamet]1 0 load$ ) #fjj1jjj lb41 ) !   
result t1 = a mon?--! duration ( ?is    
load$ te/--!re 0 no subsid5ce4  ,aga91 &
 aft] ! iron tunnel l9+ _h be5 con/ruct$
 across ! riv]1 te/s 7 made ( two types 
( supports3 ,"o a screw-pile #bi-a_/b 94
 9 diamet] ) a blade #d ft4 #h 94 9     
diamet] & ! o!r a wr\ght-iron pipe #af  
94 9 ext]nal diamet]4 ,te/s 7 made1 n   
only = _! c>ry+ capacity1 b also = _!   
value z an*orages1 & x 0 f\nd t !       
screw-pile 0 m satisfactory 9 e way2 x  
c\ld be put d[n mu* m rapidly1 x 0 m    
easily ma9ta9$ 9 a v]tical position1 & x
 c\ld c>ry satisfactorily any load :i*  
c\ld be plac$ on x z a support = !      
track4 ,! #af-;94 pipe did n prove      
effici5t ei!r z a c>ri] or z an         
an*orage4 ,^! te/s w be m5tion$ 9 !     

detail$ description ( ! "w to foll[4    
,figs4 #b & #c illu/rate ! g5]al        
arrangem5t & details ( ! ma*9e design$  
by ! writ] & us$ = s9k+ ! te/ piles 9 ! 
tunnels4 ,?is ma*9e _h be5 us$ orig9ally
 on ! ,new ,j]sey side on ! te/ pile at 
,pi] ,c1 & ! adaption 0 n exactly z %[n 
on ^! draw+s1 b if ! screw-piles _h be5 
plac$ 9 ! tunnels1 ! arrangem5t %[n w\ld
 h be5 us$4  ,surveys1 s\nd+s1 & bor+s 7
 comm5c$ 9 ! latt] "p ( #aija on an     
assum$ c5t] l9e ( tunnels :i* 0 ! c5t]  
l9e ( #cb;d ,/reet ext5d$ we/w>d4  ,!   
s\nd+s 7 made f a float /age fa/5$ to a 
tugboat1 ! location be+ det]m9$ by      
transits on %ore & ! elevation by       
measur+ f ! surface ( ! wat]1 a tide    
gauge be+ cont9ually obs]v$ & ! "t (    
s\nd+s & gauge read+s kept4  ,9 ! riv]  
wa%-bor+s 7 made f a float+ pile-driv]  
on :i* 0 in/all$ a diamond-drill outfit 
( rods1 pump1 etc4 ,f\rte5 bor+s 7      
complet$ 9 ! riv]4 ,consid]able         
difficulty 0 f\nd 9 hold+ ! pile-driv]  
aga9/ ! curr5t1 ! mat]ial 9 ! bottom be+

 v s(t1 & sev]al bor+s 7 lo/ ow+ to !   
drift+ ( ! pile-driv]4 ,ea* bor+ 0      
cont9u$1 & ! dep? ( sev]al 0 m ?an #bej 
ft4 bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! bor+s on
 l& 7 mo/ly core bor+s1 & 7 g5]ally made
 ) ! *ill$ %ot bor+ ma*9e4  ,base l9es1 
ab\t #b1bej ft4 9 l5g?1 7 measur$ on ea*
 side ( ! riv]1 & obs]vation po9ts      
e/abli%$4 ,x 0 necess>y to build a      
triangulation t[] #fj ft4 high on ! ,new
 ,j]sey side z an obs]vation po9t4 ,!   
base l9es 7 measur$ ) #ajj-;ft4 /eel    
tapes :i* 7 te/$ repeat$ly1 & ! "w 0    
done at night 9 ord] to obta9 ! b5efit (
 uni=m temp]ature & fre$om f traffic    
int]ruptions4 ,f ! base l9e on ! ,new   
,j]sey side1 :i* pass$ ov] ! ,weehawk5  
,%aft1 an elevat$ po9t on ! assum$ c5t] 
l9e on ! side ( ,b]g5 ,hill 0           
triangulat$ to1 & f ?is po9t we/w>d a   
clos$ polygon 0 measur$ along ! /reets  
to ! top ( ! hill on ! we/ side & !nce  
along ! assum$ c5t] l9e to ! portal4 ,! 
level transf] across ! riv] 0 made by   
sight+ across 9 opposite directions     

simultane\sly1 & also by tide gauges4 ,!
 outl9e ( ! f9al triangulation sy/em is 
%[n on ,plate ,,vii4  ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #b4--7;,full page image7         
,,hydraulic ,,screw+ ,,ma*9e ,,)        
,,rat*et ,,drive ,,& ,,v]tical ,,jack   
,,g5]al ,,arrangem5t  ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #c4--7;,full page image7         
,,hydraulic ,,screw+ ,,ma*9e ,,)        
,,rat*et ,,drive ,,& ,,v]tical ,,jack   
,,details  ,! decision z to ! locations 
( ! %afts on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 =      
con/ruction purposes & f9ally = p]man5t 
use1 0 a comp>atively simple matt]1 &1  
all circum/ances consid]$1 !y are       
unque/ionably 9 ! mo/ suitable places4  
,on ! ,new ,york side ! %aft 0 z ne> z  
practicable to ! l9e divid+ ! subaque\s 
iron-l9$ tunnels f ! l& tunnels1 & on ! 
,new ,j]sey side ! %aft 0 plac$ c5trally
 on ! l9e ( ! tunnels & on ! ne>e/      
available gr\nd to ! riv]1 :ile at !    
same "t beyond ! o!r end ( ! riv]       
tunnels1 ?us necessitat+ driv+ !        
subaque\s tunnels only f ea/ & we/ to   

meet "u ! riv]4 ,a caisson %aft on !    
,new ,york side1 on ! l9e ( ! tunnels   
ne> ! riv] bulkhead1 0 at "o "t         
consid]$1 b 0 n adopt$ z x entail$ !    
driv+ ( two %ields bo? ea/ & we/1 9     
addition to ! two f ,new ,j]sey1 add+ to
 ! plant outlay :ile n af=d+ any mat]ial
 sav+ 9 ! "t ( con/ruction4  ,x 0 ?\ght 
desirable to con/ruct ! %afts on ! two  
sides ( ! riv] 9 advance ( lett+ ! ma9  
contracts = ! tunnels4 ,! ,manhattan    
,%aft is nor? ( ! l9e ( ! tunnels1 on ! 
nor? side ( #cb;d ,/reet1 ea/ ( ,elev5? 
,av5ue4 ,! ,weehawk5 ,%aft is on ! l9e (
 ! tunnels 9 ! y>ds ( ! ,erie ,railroad 
on ! ,new ,j]sey side1 & ! di/ance      
betwe5 ! %afts is ab\t #f1ege ft4 ,!    
contracts = ^! %afts 7 let 9 ,june1     
#aijc1 to ! ,unit$ ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+
 ,company1 & !y 7 complet$ & ready = use
 at ! "t ( lett+ ! ma9 contract = !     
tunnels1 ?us sav+ consid]able "t4  ,!   
,t]m9al ,/ation-,we/4--,betwe5 ,n9? &   
,t5? ,av5ues4--,9 ! orig9al design x 0  
contemplat$ to h a f\r-track tunnel "u  

#cb;d ,/reet f ,n9? to ,elev5? ,av5ues1 
b ow+ to ! necessity = hav+ additional  
y>d facilities1 prop]ty 0 b\ght = ab\t  
#ajj ft4 nor? & #ajj ft4 s\? ( #cb;d    
,/reet1 betwe5 ,n9? & ,t5? ,av5ues1 & an
 op5 excavation1 l9$ ) concrete reta9+  
walls & face walls1 0 made4 ,betwe5 ,n9?
 & ,t5? ,av5ues1 #cb;d ,/reet 0 clos$1 &
 ! prop]ty =m]ly ! /reet 0 b\ght by !   
,tunnel ,company f ! ,city ( ,new ,york 
= a consid]ation by de$ dat$ ,april     
#ah?1 #aijf4 ,! ,*ur*1 ,rectory1 &      
,s*ool ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's1 :i* 0 locat$ on 
! we/ side ( ,n9? ,av5ue betwe5 #ca/ &  
#cb;d ,/reets1 0 acquir$ by ! ,tunnel   
,company aft] x _h acquir$ prop]ty = &  
_h built a simil> in/itution on ! s\?   
side ( #cd? ,/reet we/ ( ,n9? ,av5ue4   
,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ?is   
contract 0 ! support & ma9t5ance ( ,n9? 
,av5ue1 :i* has a ?ree-track elevat$    
railway /ructure & a two-track surface  
railway /ructure1 on :i* x 0 necess>y to
 ma9ta9 traffic :ile excavation 0 made  
to a dep? ( ab\t #fj ft41 & a viaduct 0 

erect$ to c>ry ,n9? ,av5ue4 ,! l5g? (   
?is viaduct is ab\t #cge ft41 & !       
/eelwork & its erection 0 done ap>t f ! 
,nor? ,riv] ,division "w1 b all         
excavation & und]p9n+ 0 includ$ 9 ?is   
division4 ,! contract = ?is "w on !     
,t]m9al ,/ation-,we/ 0 let to ! ,new    
,york ,contract+ ,company-,p5nsylvania  
,t]m9al1 on ,april #bh?1 #aijf1 &       
includ$ ab\t #eag1jjj cu4 yd4 (         
excavation1 ab\t #hg be+ rock1 !        
con/ruction ( ab\t #b1jjj l94 ft4 (     
reta9+ & face walls conta9+ ab\t #ah1ejj
 cu4 yd4 ( concrete1 & a l>ge quantity (
 /ructural /eel 7#a1dge1jjj lb47 =      
tempor>y use 9 und]p9n+ ,n9? ,av5ue4    
,fig4 #d %[s cross-sections ( ! ,t]m9al 
,/ation-,we/ y>d1 & ,fig4 #e %[s ! g5]al
 me?od ( und]p9n+ ! ,n9? ,av5ue         
/ructures4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#d4--,,t]m9al ,,/ation ,,we/  ,,typical 
,,sections  ,riv] ,tunnels4--,9 !       
orig9al plan a f\r-track tunnel 0       
contemplat$ f ! ea/ side ( ,t5? ,av5ue  
to ! ea/ side ( ,elev5? ,av5ue1 b1 ow+  

to ! ext5sion ( ! ,t]m9al ,y>d1         
previ\sly not$1 ?is plan 0 *ang$1 & a   
two-track /ructure 0 built hav+ a c5tral
 wall betwe5 ! tracks4 ,?is 0 con/ruct$ 
9 tunnel1 ) ! exception ( #agb ft4 ab\t 
midway betwe5 ,t5? & ,elev5? ,av5ues1   
:]e ! rock dipp$ bel[ ! ro( ( ! tunnel1 
& !re ! con/ruction 0 made 9 op5 cut4   
,^! tunnels 7 l9$ ) concrete ) brick    
ar*es1 ,figs4 #f1 #g1 & #h be+ typical  
cross-sections4 ,?is "w 0 execut$ by !  
,o',r\rke ,eng9e]+ ,con/ruction         
,company1 "u a contract dat$ ,novemb]   
#a/1 #aijd4  ,x 0 possible to excavate 9
 full rock cov] ab\t #bej ft4 ( !       
tunnels ea/w>d f ! ,weehawk5 ,%aft &    
#bbe ft4 we/w>d f ! ,manhattan ,%aft4   
,at ^! po9ts ! rock cov] 0 v ?91 & !re  
%ield *amb]s 7 made = ! erection ( two  
sets ( %ields1 ab\t #f1ajj ft4 ap>t4 ,a 
typical cross-section ( ! ,weehawk5 ,l& 
,tunnel is %[n on ,plate ,,viii4        
,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,viii4--,typical  
,sections ,betwe5 ,manholes1 ,b]g5 ,hill
 ,tunnels  ,! ,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s decid$1 &

 x 0 s /at$ 9 ! contract &              
specifications1 t ! riv] tunnels %\ld be
 con/ruct$ by means ( hydraulic %ields1 
b bidd]s 7 p]mitt$ to pres5t to ! ,bo>d 
any s*eme on :i* !y might desire to bid1
 b1 ( c\rse1 ! decision z to !          
practicability ( su* plans re/$ ) !     
,bo>d4  ,inasmu* z ! %ield me?od (      
con/ruction 0 requir$1 ! writ] design$ a
 %ield = use 9 ! ,nor? ,riv] ,tunnels4  
,! %ield 0 ab\t #ah ft4 long1 ov] all1 &
 0 provid$ ) a rigid b removable hood   
ext5d+ beyond ! normal l9e ( ! cutt+    
edge1 = use 9 s&1 gravel1 & balla/1 to  
be remov$ :5 ! %ield rea*$ ! silt4 ,!   
%ields 7 ?ru/ =w>d by tw5ty-f\r rams    
capable ( ex]t+ a pressure ( #c1djj tons
 at a hydraulic pressure ( #e1jjj lb4 p]
 sq4 94 ,tak+ into acc\nt #cj lb4 air   
pressure1 ?is pressure 0 increas$ to    
#d1djj tons4 ,! %ield 0 fitt$ ) a s+le  
hydraulic erector & hydraulic slid+     
plat=ms1 & :5 complete weigh$ #aid tons4
 ,fig4 #i is a back elevation & section 
( ! %ield4  ,! contract = ! riv] tunnels

 0 let to ! ,o',r\rke ,eng9e]+          
,con/ruction ,company on ,may #b;d1     
#aijd4  ,! %ields 7 built 9 accordance )
 ! design previ\sly ref]r$ to1 & prov$  
entirely satisfactory4 ,g5]ally1 !      
mat]ials pass$ ?r\gh 7 z foll[s3 ,/>t+  
out 9 full face rock1 f x into a mix$   
face ( rock & s&1 !nce into s& & gravel1
 full face ( s&1 piles1 rip-rap1 & !    
,hudson silt2 & all 7 fully *>g$ ) wat]4
  ,compress$ air1 at an av]age gauge    
pressure ( ab\t #be lb4 & a maximum (   
#dj lb4 p] sq4 941 0 us$ 9 ! tunnels f !
 "t ! %ields em]g$ f full rock face     
until ! tunnel l9+ _h be5 jo9$ up & all 
caulk+ & grummet+ _h be5 done4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--7;,full page  
image7  ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,/ructures    
,,support+ ,,n9? ,,ave4 ,,dur+          
,,progress ,,( ,,excavation             
,contractor's plants 7 e/abli%$ at !    
,weehawk5 ,%aft & at ! ,manhattan ,%aft1
 includ+ at ea*1 l[-pressure air        
compressors ( a capacity ( #ac1jjj cu4  
ft4 ( free air p] m9ute & also          

high-pressure air compressors = drills1 
hydraulic pumps1 electric g5]ators1 etc4
  ,! riv] tunnels pass$ "u ,pi] #gb1    
,nor? ,riv] 7old ,no4 #fb71 :i* 0       
occupi$ by ! ,new ,york ,c5tral &       
,hudson ,riv] ,railroad ,company4 ,!    
,tunnel ,company leas$ ?is pi] & )drew  
all ! piles on ! l9es ( ! tunnels prior 
to ! comm5cem5t ( con/ruction1 & on !   
rema9+ piles con/ruct$ a tre/le = !     
disposal ( ! excavation f ! tunnels & ! 
t]m9al4 ,at ! completion ( ! "w ?is pi] 
_h to be re/or$1 & ,fig4 #aj %[s ! g5]al
 arrangem5ts ( ! location ( ! piles & ! 
pi] /ructure ) ref]5ce to ! tunnels4  ,9
 ! tunnels :i* 7 con/ruct$ 9 silt f>!r  
d[n ! riv]1 by ! writ] z ,*ief ,eng9e] =
 ! ,hudson ,companies1 x _h be5 possible
 to %ove ! %ield ?r\gh ! silt ) all !   
doors clos$1 displac+ ! gr\nd & mak+    
great spe$ 9 con/ruction ow+ to ! abs5ce
 ( all muck+4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ?is proc$ure 
might be pursu$ 9 ! l>g] tunnels ( !    
,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 & x 0 tri$1 b x 
0 almo/ imm$iately f\nd to be impossible

 to ma9ta9 ! requir$ grade )\t tak+ a   
c]ta9 quantity ( muck into ! tunnels    
?r\gh ! l[] doors1 ! t5d5cy ( ! %ield   
be+ to rise4 ,by tak+ 9 ab\t #cc ( !    
excavation displac$ by ! tunnel1 ! grade
 c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,x 0 consid]$         
desirable1 ow+ to ?is ris+ ( ! %ields1  
to increase ! weight ( ! ca/-iron l9+1 &
 ?is 0 done1 mak+ ! weight ( ! complet$ 
tunnel m ne>ly equal to ! weight ( !    
displac$ mat]ial4 ,! weight ( ! ca/-iron
 l9+ 7) bolts7 0 increas$ f #i1fji to   
#ab1abg lb4 p] l94 ft4 ( tunnel4 ,!     
weight ( ! f9i%$ tunnel ) ?is heavi]    
iron is #ca1dfi lb4 p] l94 ft4 ,! weight
 ( ! silt displac$ p] l9e> foot (       
tunnel1 at #ajj lb4 p] cu4 ft41 is      
#da1edh lb4 ,! weight ( ! complet$      
tunnel ) ! maximum tra9 load is #db1hfi 
lb4 p] l94 ft4  ,! maximum progress at  
"o face 9 any "o mon? 0 #ede ft41 work+ 
?ree #h-;h\r %ifts1 & ! av]age progress 
9 ea* head+ :ile work+ ?ree %ifts 0 #ah 
ft4 p] #bd h\rs2 :ile work+ "o %ift ) ! 
heavi] l9+ ref]r$ to above1 ! deliv]y ( 

:i* 0 sl[1 ! av]age progress 0 #aa ft4  
p] #bd h\rs4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#f4--ae' #d ,span ,tw9 ,tunnels4 ,rock  
,ro(4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--ai' #f 
,span ,tw9 ,tunnels4  ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #h4--ba' #f ,span ,tw9 ,tunnels  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,propos$     
,,%ield ,,= ,,subaque\s ,,tunnel+       
,,g5]al ,,elevation  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #aj4--,,re/oration ,,( ,,pi] #gb 
7,,old #fb7 ,,nor? ,,riv] ,,transv]se   
,,section ,,at ,,c5t] ,,( ,,pi]  ,9 ord]
 to p]mit ! screw-piles to be put 9     
place ?r\gh ! l9+1 ca/-/eel bore segm5ts
 7 design$1 & plac$ 9 ! inv]t at        
#ae-;ft4 c5t]s2 ^! are ( su* a design z 
to p]mit ! blade & %aft ( ! screw-pile  
to be ins]t$ )\t remov+ any portion ( ! 
l9+4 ,fig4 #aa is a typical             
cross-section ( ! riv] tunnel1 z        
orig9ally plann$1 ) ^! pile supports4   
,aft] ! %ields _h met & ! iron l9+ 0    
jo9$ up1 v>i\s exp]im5ts & te/s 7 made 9
 ! tunnel2 screw-piles1 & #af-;94 pipes1
 previ\sly ref]r$ to1 7 ins]t$ ?r\gh !  

bore segm5ts 9 ! bottom ( ! tunnel1     
?or\gh te/s ) ^! 7 made1 levels 7 obs]v$
 9 ! tunnels dur+ ! con/ruction & plac+ 
( ! concrete l9+1 an exam9ation 0       
conduct$ ( ! tunnels ( ! ,hudson &      
,manhattan ,railroad ,company "u        
traffic1 & ! result ( ^! exam9ations 0 !
 decision n to in/all ! screw-piles4 ,! 
tunnels1 h[ev]1 7 re9=c$ longitud9ally  
by twi/$ /eel rods 9 ! inv]t & ro(1 & by
 transv]se rods :]e !re 0 a sup]9cumb5t 
load on ! tunnels2 x might also be not$ 
t on ! ,new ,york side1 :]e ! tunnels   
em]ge f ! rock & pass into ! s(t        
mat]ial1 ! metal %ell is ( ca/ /eel     
in/ead ( ca/ iron4 ,fig4 #ab is a       
typical cross-section ( ! riv] tunnels z
 actually con/ruct$4  ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #aa4--7;,full page image7        
,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,tunnel ,,%[+    
,,track ,,sy/em ,,& ,,screw-,,pile4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,subaque\s  
,,tunnels ,,cross-,,sections  ,dur+ !   
inve/igations 9 ! tunnels1 bor+s 7 made 
to det]m9e exactly ! "* ( ! und]ly+     

mat]ial1 & x 0 !n f\nd t ! h>d mat]ial  
not$ 9 ! prelim9>y wa%-bor+s 0 a lay] ( 
gravel & b\ld]s ov]ly+ ! rock4 ,:5 !    
bor+s 9 ! tunnels rea*$ ?is mat]ial x 0 
f\nd to be wat]-be>+ & ! head 0 ab\t    
equival5t to t ( ! riv]4 ,rock cores 7  
tak5 f ^! bor+s1 & ! deepe/ rock 0 f\nd 
at ab\t ! c5t] ( ! riv] at an elevation 
( #cjb4f ft4 bel[ mean high wat]4 ,rods 
7 !n ins]t$ 9 ea* bore hole & !reby     
atta*$ to ! rock & us$ z b5*-m>ks 9 !   
tunnels4 ,f ^! b5*-m>ks1 us+ specially  
design$ in/rum5ts1 v accurate           
obs]vations ( ! behavior ( ! tunnels    
c\ld be made1 & f ^! ! v int]e/+        
ph5om5on ( ! rise & fall ( ! tunnels ) !
 tide 0 v]ifi$1 ! tunnels be+ l[ at high
 tide & ! av]age v>iations be+ ab\t     
#j4jjh ft4 9 ! av]age tide ( ab\t #d4ch 
ft43 ! tidal oscillations are entirely  
indep5d5t ( ! weight ( ! tunnels1 s9ce  
obs]vations %[ !m to h be5 ! same bo?   
be=e & aft] ! concrete l9+ 0 9 position4
 ,!re 0 consid]able subsid5ce 9 !       
tunnels dur+ con/ruction & l9+1 am\nt+  

to an av]age ( #j4cd ft4 betwe5 !       
bulkhead l9es4 ,?is settlem5t has be5   
con/antly decreas+ s9ce con/ruction1 &  
appe>s to h be5 due almo/ entirely to ! 
di/urbances ( ! surr\nd+ mat]ials dur+  
con/ruction4 ,! silt weighs ab\t #ajj   
lb4 p] cu4 ft4 7?is is ! av]age ( a     
numb] ( samples tak5 ?r\gh ! %ield door1
 & v>i$ f #ic to #aji lb4 p] cu4 ft471 &
 conta9s ab\t #ch ( wat]4 ,x 0 f\nd t   
:5ev] ?is mat]ial 0 di/urb$ outside !   
tunnels a displacem5t ( ! tunnels       
foll[$4 ,! tunnels z above not$ h be5   
l9$ ) concrete re9=c$ ) /eel rods1 &    
prior to ! plac+ ( ! concrete ! jo9ts 7 
caulk$1 ! bolts grummet$1 & ! tunnels   
r5d]$ practically wat]-tight2 ! pres5t  
quantity ( wat] to be dispos$ ( does n  
exce$ #cjj gal4 p] #bd h\rs 9 ea* tunnel
 #f1ajj ft4 long4  ,b]g5 ,hill          
,tunnels4--,^! are two s+le-track       
tunnels1 #cg ft4 f c5t] to c5t]1 & ext5d
 = a di/ance ( #e1idj ft4 f ! ,weehawk5 
,%aft to ! ,hack5sack ,portal4 ,!y 7    
built almo/ entirely ?r\gh trap rock4 ,!

 contract 0 let on ,m>* #f?1 #aije1 to !
 ,john ,%ields ,con/ruction ,company1 b 
0 re-let on ,janu>y #a/1 #aijf1 to      
,william ,bradley1 ! ,%ields ,company   
hav+ gone into ! h&s ( a receiv]4 ,ab\t 
#a1cfi ft4 ( ! tunnel excavation 0 done 
by ! ,%ields ,company1 b no concrete    
l9+4 ,! maximum mon?ly progress = all   
head+s 0 #fbb ft41 & ! av]age progress 0
 #cch ft4 ,a work+ %aft #baf ft4 deep 0 
sunk f ! top ( ! hill1 to facilitate    
con/ruction4 ,! tunnels are l9$ )       
concrete ?r\gh\t4 ,typical              
cross-sections ( ^! tunnels are %[n on  
,plate ,,viii4  ,9 conclusion x may be  
admissible = ! writ] aft] hav+1 9       
conjunction ) ,mr4 ,samuel ,rea1        
exp]i5c$ ! evolution & mat]ialization ( 
?is ,p5nsylvania ,railroad s*eme1 to    
express 8 great sorr[ = ! untimely dea? 
( ! fa!r ( ! entire s*eme1 ! late       
,presid5t ,cassatt4