,,the   ,,hurricane ,,guide3    ,,being 
,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,connect ,,the     
,,rotatory ,,gale ,,or ,,revolving      
,,storm   ,,with   ,,atmospheric        
,,waves4   ,,including ,,instructions   
,,for ,,observing ,,the ,,ph,,nomena    
,,of ,,the ,,waves ,,and  ,,storms2     
,,with   ,,practical ,,directions ,,for 
,,avoiding ,,the ,,centres ,,of ,,the   
,,latter4   ,,by   ,,william ,,radcliff 
,,birt4    ,,london3 ,,john ,,murray1   
,,albemarle ,,street4  ,,publisher ,,to 
,,the ,,admiralty4  #ahej4   ,,printed  
,,by ,w4 ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1         
,,stamford ,,street4     ,,preface4     
,in introducing the following pages to  
the notice of the ,public1 it is the    
,author's wish to exhibit in as clear a 
light as our present researches on the  
subjects treated of will allow1 the     
connexion between one of the most       
terrific phnomena with which our globe  
is visited1 and a phnomenon which1      
although but little known1 appears to be
 intimately connected with revolving    

storms4 ,how far he has succeeded1      
either in this particular object or in  
endeavouring to render the essential    
phnomena of storms familiar to the      
seaman1 is left for the ,public to      
determine4 ,should any advantage be     
found to result from the study of the   
,atmospheric ,waves1 as explained and   
recommended in this little work1 or the 
seaman be induced by its perusal to     
attend more closely to the observations 
of those instruments that are calculated
 to warn him of his danger1 an object   
will be attained strikingly illustrative
 of the ,baconian aphorism1 ,knowledge  
is ,power4      ,bethnal ,green1 ,april 
#ai1 #ahdi4       ,,contents4           
,,page    ,,chap4 ,i4--,,ph,,nomena ,,of
 ,,revolving ,,storms                   
#g        ,,ii4--,,ph,,nomena ,,of      
,,atmospheric ,,waves                   
#ac       ,,iii4--,,observations        
#ah              ,,sect4                
,i4--,instruments                       
#ai                    ,,ii4--,times of 

,observation                      #bh   
,,iii4--,localities for ,additional     
,observations    #ca                    
,,iv4--,storms1 ,hurricanes1 and        
,typhoons          #dc                  
,v4--,seasons for ,extra ,observations  
#dh        ,,iv4--,,practical           
,,directions ,,for ,,avoiding ,,the     
,,centres             ,,of ,,storms     
#eb     ,,notice4   ,in the pocket      
accompanying this work are two rings of 
stiff cardboard1 on which will be found 
all the information contained in figures
 #a and #b4 ,when they are laid flatly  
upon a chart1 the continuity of the     
lines on the chart is not materially    
interfered with1 while the idea of a    
body of air rotating in the direction   
indicated by the arrows is conspicuously
 presented to the mind4 ,these rings are
 more particularly referred to on page  
#eb4     ,,the  ,,hurricane ,,guide4    
,,chapter ,i4  ,,ph,,nomena ,,of        
,,revolving ,,storms4   ,it is the      
object of the following pages to        

exhibit1 so far as observation may      
enable us1 and in as brief a manner as  
possible1 the connexion1 if any1 that   
exists between those terrific           
meteorological phnomena known as        
revolving storms1 and those more        
extensive and occult but not less       
important phnomena1 atmospheric waves4  
,to the great body of our seamen1       
whether in her ,majesty's or the        
mercantile service1 the subject can     
present none other than the most        
interesting features4 ,the laws that    
govern the transmission of large bodies 
of air from one part of the oceanic     
surface to another1 either in a state of
 rapid rotation or presenting a more or 
less rectilineal direction1 must at all 
times form an important matter of       
inquiry1 and bear very materially on the
 successful prosecution of the          
occupation of the voyager4  ,in order to
 place the subjects above alluded to in 
such a point of view that the connexion 
between them may be readily seen1 it    

will be important to notice the         
principal phnomena presented by each4   
,without going over the ground so well  
occupied by those able writers on the   
subject of storms--,redfield1 ,reid1    
,piddington1 and ,thom--it will be quite
 sufficient for our present purpose     
simply to notice the essential phnomena 
of revolving storms as manifested by the
 barometer and vane4 ,the usual         
indications of a storm in connexion with
 these instruments are the falling of   
the barometer and the freshening of the 
wind1 and it is generally considered    
that a rapid fall of the mercury in the 
hurricane regions invariably precedes   
the setting in of a storm4  ,there are  
three classes of phnomena that present  
themselves to an observer1 according as 
he is situated on the line or axis of   
translation1 or in either the right or  
left hand semicircle of the storm4      
,these will be rendered very apparent by
 a little attention to the annexed      
engraving1 fig4 #a4  ,illustration3     

,compass rose  ,in this figure the      
arrow-head is supposed to be directed   
true north1 and the hurricane--as is the
 case in the ,american storms north of  
the #cjth parallel--to be moving towards
 the ,n4,e4 on the line ,n4,e4--,s4,w4  
,if the ship take the hurricane with the
 wind ,s4,e41--the letters within the   
two larger circles indicating the       
direction of the wind in the storm      
according to the rotation as shown by   
the circle of arrow-heads1 and which it 
is to be particularly noted is in the   
northern hemisphere contrary to the     
direction in which the hands of a watch 
move3 in the southern hemisphere the    
rotation is reversed--the only phnomena 
presented by the storm are as           
follows3--,the wind continues to blow   
from the ,s4,e41 increasing considerably
 in force with the barometer falling to 
a very great extent until the centre of 
the storm reaches the ship1 when the    
fury of the winds is hushed1 and a lull 
or calm takes place1 generally for about

 half an hour1 after which the wind     
springs up mostly with increased        
violence1 but from the opposite quarter 
,n4,w41 the barometer begins to rise1   
and as the storm passes off1 the force  
of the wind abates4  ,the point to which
 we wish particularly to direct         
attention in connexion with this        
exposition of the phnomena attending the
 transmission of a storm is this3--,if  
the observer so place himself at the    
commencement that the wind passes from  
his left hand towards his right1 his    
face will be directed towards the centre
 of the storm2 and the wind undergoing  
no change in direction1 but only in     
force1 will acquaint him with this      
important fact that the centre is not   
only gradually but surely approaching   
him3 in other words1 in the case before 
us1 when he finds the wind from the     
,s4,e41 and he places himself with his  
face to the ,s4,w4 he is looking towards
 the centre1 and the wind rushes past   
him from his left to his right hand4    

,now the connexion of the barometer with
 this phase of the storm is falling with
 the wind from left to right1 the       
observer facing the centre while the    
first half is transiting4#a ,during the 
latter half these conditions are        
reversed1 the observer still keeping his
 position1 his face directed to the     
,s4,w41 the barometer rises with a      
,n4,w4 wind1 which rushes past him from 
his right to his left hand with a       
decreasing force4 ,we have therefore a  
rising barometer with the wind from     
right to left during the latter half of 
the storm1 the observer having his back 
to the centre4  ,the above general      
enunciations of the barometric and      
anemonal phnomena of a rotating storm   
hold good with regard to the northern   
hemisphere1 whatever may be the         
direction in which the hurricanes       
advance4 ,this may be placed in a       
clearer light1 as well as the remaining 
classes of phnomena shown1 by consulting
 the following tables1 constructed for  

the basin of the ,northern ,atlantic1   
and comparing them with fig4 #a4 ,in    
this basin1 with lower latitudes than   
#be1 the usual paths of the hurricanes  
are towards the north-west1 in higher   
latitudes than #cj towards the          
north-east4 ,the tables exhibit the     
veering of the wind with the movements  
of the barometer1 according as the ship 
is situated in the right or left hand   
semicircle of the hurricane4 ,it must   
here be understood that the right and   
left hand semicircles are determined by 
the observer so placing himself that his
 face is directed towards the quarter to
 which the hurricane is advancing4      
,,lower ,,latitudes4  ,,northern        
,,hemisphere4    ,axis line1 wind       
,n4,e41 barometer falling1 first half of
 storm4   ,axis line1 wind ,s4,w41      
barometer rising1 last half of storm4   
,,right-,,hand ,,semicircle4    ,wind   
,e4,n4,e41 ,e41 ,e4,s4,e41 ,s4,e41      
barometer falling1 storm increasing4    
,wind ,s4,s4,w41 ,s41 ,s4,s4,e41 ,s4,e41

 barometer rising1 storm passing off4   
,,left-,,hand ,,semicircle4    ,wind    
,n4,n4,e41 ,n41 ,n4,n4,w41 ,n4,w41      
barometer falling1 storm increasing4    
,wind ,w4,s4,w41 ,w41 ,w4,n4,w41 ,n4,w41
 barometer rising1 storm passing off4   
,,higher ,,latitudes4  ,,northern       
,,hemisphere4#b    ,axis line1 wind     
,s4,e41 barometer falling1 first half of
 storm4   ,axis line1 wind ,n4,w41      
barometer rising1 last half of storm4   
,,right-,,hand ,,semicircle4    ,wind   
,s4,s4,e41 ,s41 ,s4,s4,w41 ,s4,w41      
barometer falling1 storm increasing4    
,wind ,w4,n4,w41 ,w41 ,w4,s4,w41 ,s4,w41
 barometer rising1 storm passing off4   
,,left-,,hand ,,semicircle4    ,wind    
,e4,s4,e41 ,e41 ,e4,n4,e41 ,n4,e41      
barometer falling1 storm increasing4    
,wind ,n4,n4,w41 ,n41 ,n4,n4,e41 ,n4,e41
 barometer rising1 storm passing off4   
,n4,b4 ,the directions of the hurricane 
winds are so arranged as to show the    
points of commencement and termination4 
,thus in the lower latitudes a storm    

commencing at ,e4,n4,e4 passes off at   
,s4,s4,w4 after the wind has veered ,e41
 ,e4,s4,e41 ,s4,e41 ,s4,s4,e41 and ,s41 
being in the order of the letters in the
 upper line and contrary to their order 
in the lower4 ,one commencing at        
,e4,s4,e4 passes off at ,s4,s4,e4       
right-hand semicircle4 ,in the higher   
latitudes a ship taking the storm at    
,e4,n4,e4 will be in the left-hand      
semicircle1 and the hurricane will pass 
off at ,n4,n4,e4 ,these changes are     
rendered very apparent by moving the    
hurricane circle in the direction in    
which the storm is expected to proceed4 
,fig4 #b represents the whirl and       
hurricane winds in the south4           
,illustration3 ,fig4 #b     ,,chapter   
,,ii4  ,,ph,,nomena ,,of ,,atmospheric  
,,waves4   ,professor ,dove of ,berlin  
has suggested that in the temperate     
zones the compensating currents of the  
atmosphere necessary to preserve its    
equilibrium may be arranged as parallel 
currents on the surface1 and not        

superposed as in or near the torrid     
zone4 ,his views may be thus            
enunciated3--,that in the parallels of  
central ,europe the ,n4,e4 current      
flowing towards the equator to feed the 
ascending column of heated air is not   
compensated by a current in the upper   
regions of the atmosphere flowing from  
the ,s4,w4 as in the border of the      
torrid zone1 but there are also ,s4,w4  
currents on each side the ,n4,e41 which 
to the various countries over which they
 pass appear as surface-winds1 the winds
 in fact being disposed in alternate    
beds or layers1 ,s4,w41 ,n4,e41 as in   
fig4 #c4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4  ,the
 ,professor also suggests that these    
parallel and oppositely directed winds  
are shifting1 i4 e4 they gradually      
change their position with a lateral    
motion in the direction of the large    
arrow cutting them transversely4  ,in   
the course of the author's researches on
 atmospheric waves he had an opportunity
 of testing the correctness of          

,professor ,dove's suggestion1 and in   
addition ascertained that there existed 
another set of oppositely directed winds
 at right angles to those supposed to   
exist by the ,professor4 ,these currents
 were ,n4,w4 and ,s4,e4 with a lateral  
motion towards the ,n4,e4 ,he also      
carefully discussed the barometric      
phnomena with relation to both these    
sets of currents1 and arrived at the    
following conclusions4 ,the details will
 be found in the author's third report1 
presented to the ,british ,association  
for the ,advancement of ,science        
7,reports1 #ahdf1 pp4 #acb to #afb74    
,during the period under examination the
 author found the barometer generally to
 rise with ,n4,e4 and ,n4,w4 winds1 and 
fall with ,s4,w4 and ,s4,e4 winds1 and  
that the phnomena might be thus         
illustrated3--,let the strata a a a' a'1
 b' b' b b1 fig4 #c1 represent two      
parallel arial currents or winds1 a a a'
 a' from ,s4,w4 or ,s4,e41 and b' b' b b
 from ,n4,e4 or ,n4,w4 and conceive them

 both to advance from the ,n4,w4 in the 
first instance and from the ,s4,w4 in   
the second1 in the direction of the     
large arrow4 ,now conceive the barometer
 to commence rising just as the edge b b
 passes any line of country1 and to     
continue rising until the edge b' b'    
arrives at that line1 when the maximum  
is attained4 ,it will be remarked that  
this rise is coincident with a ,n4,e4 or
 ,n4,w4 wind4 ,the wind now changes and 
the barometer begins to fall1 and       
continues falling until the edge a a    
coincides with the line of country on   
which b b first impinged4 ,during this  
process we have all the phnomena        
exhibited by an atmospheric wave3 when  
the edge b b passes a line of country   
the barometer is at a minimum1 and this 
minimum has been termed the anterior    
trough4 ,during the period the stratum  
b' b' b b transits1 the barometer rises1
 and this rise has been called the      
anterior slope4 ,when the conterminous  
edges of the strata a' a' b' b' pass1 a 

barometric maximum extends along the    
line of country formerly occupied by the
 anterior trough1 and this maximum has  
been designated the crest4 ,during the  
transit of the stratum a' a' a a the    
barometer falls1 and this fall has been 
characterised as the posterior slope2   
and when the edge a a occupies the place
 of b b1 the descent of the mercurial   
column is completed1 another minimum    
extends in the direction of the former1 
and this minimum has been termed the    
posterior trough4  ,it will be readily  
seen that the lateral passage of the    
,n4,w4 and ,s4,e4 currents towards the  
,n4,e4 presents precisely the same      
barometric and anemonal phnomena as the 
rotatory storms when moving in the same 
direction4 ,if the observer1 when the   
barometer is at a maximum with a ,n4,w4 
wind1 place himself in the same position
 with regard to the laterally advancing 
current as he did with regard to the    
advancing storm1 i4 e4 with his face    
towards the quarter from which it is    

advancing--,s4,w41 he will find that    
with a falling barometer and ,s4,e4 wind
 the current passes him from the left to
 the right hand2 but if at a barometric 
minimum he place himself in the same    
position with his face directed to the  
quarter from which the ,n4,w4 current is
 advancing laterally1 also ,s4,w41 he   
will find that with a rising barometer  
and ,n4,w4 wind the current passes him  
from right to left4 ,now the two classes
 of phnomena are identical1 and it would
 not be difficult to show that1 had we  
an instance of a rotatory storm in the  
northern hemisphere moving from ,n4,w4  
to ,s4,e41 it would present precisely   
the same phnomena as to the direction of
 currents passing from left to right and
 from right to left with falling and    
rising barometers1 increase and decrease
 in the force of the wind1 c41 as the   
oppositely directed arial currents do   
which pass over western central ,europe4
  ,in the absence of direct evidence of 
the production of a revolving storm from

 the crossing of two large waves1 as    
suggested by ,sir ,john ,herschel1      
although it is not difficult to obtain  
such evidence1 especially from the      
surface of the ocean1 the identity of   
the two classes of phnomena exhibited by
 the storms and waves as above explained
 amounts to a strong presumption that   
there is a close connexion between them1
 and that a more minute investigation of
 the phnomena of atmospheric waves is   
greatly calculated to throw considerable
 light on the laws that govern the storm
 paths in both hemispheres4 ,the        
localities in which these atmospheric   
movements1 the waves1 have been hitherto
 studied1 have been confined to the     
northern and central parts of           
,europe--the west of ,ireland1 ,alten in
 the north of ,europe1 ,lougan near the 
,sea of ,azov1 and ,geneva1 being the   
angular points of the included area4 ,it
 will be remarked that the greatest     
portion of this area is inland1 but     
there is one important feature which the

 study of the barometer has brought to  
light1 and which is by no means devoid  
of significance1 viz4 that the          
oscillations are much greater in the    
neighbourhood of water1 and this appears
 to indicate that the junction lines of 
land and water form by far the most     
important portions of the globe in which
 to study both the phnomena of storms   
and waves4 ,it is also very desirable   
that our knowledge of these phnomena    
should1 with immediate reference to the 
surface of the ocean1 be increased1 and 
in this respect captains and masters of 
vessels may render essential service by 
observing and recording the state of the
 barometer1 and direction and force of  
the wind1 several times in the course of
 the day and night2#c and when it is    
considered that the immediate object in 
view is one in which the mariner is     
personally interested1 and one in which1
 it may be1 his own safety is concerned1
 it is hoped that the keeping of a      
meteorological register having especial 

reference to the indications of the     
barometer1 and force and direction of   
the wind1 will not be felt as irksome1  
but rather will be found an interesting 
occupation1 the instruments standing in 
the place of faithful monitors1         
directing when and where to avoid       
danger1 and the record furnishing       
important data whereby the knowledge of 
general laws may be arrived at1 having  
an essential bearing on the interests of
 the service at large4     ,,chapter    
,,iii4  ,,observations4   ,in sketching 
out a system of observation having      
especial reference to atmospheric waves 
and rotatory storms1 regard has been    
had--first1 to the instruments that     
should be used1 the observations to be  
made with them1 the corrections to be   
applied to such observations1 and the   
form of registry most suitable for      
recording the results3 second1 to the   
times of observation3 third1 to the more
 important localities that should be    
submitted to additional observation3    

fourth1 to peculiar phnomena requiring  
extraordinary observations for their    
elucidation3 and fifth1 to particular   
seasons1 when the instruments should be 
watched with more than ordinary care4   
,the more important objects of          
observation having especial reference to
 atmospheric waves are those points     
which have been termed crests and       
troughs4 ,these are simply the highest  
and lowest readings of the barometer1   
usually designated maxima and minima1   
and should for the object in view       
receive particular attention4 ,whenever 
there is reason to believe that the     
barometer is approaching either a       
maximum or minimum1 additional          
observations should be resorted to1 so  
as to secure as nearly as possible the  
precise time as reckoned at the ship1   
with her position1 of its occurrence1 as
 well as the altitude of the mercurial  
column at that time and place4 ,by means
 of such observations as these on board 
several ships scattered over the        

surfaces of our great oceans1 much      
valuable information may be accumulated 
of a character capable of throwing      
considerable light on the direction in  
which the lines of barometric maxima and
 minima stretch1 and also a tolerably   
accurate notion may be formed of their  
progress1 both as regards direction and 
rate4 ,in immediate connexion with such 
observations particular attention should
 be paid to the direction of the wind   
according to the season4   ,,section    
,i4--,,instruments4  ,description and   
,position of ,instruments4--,the        
principal instrument requisite in these 
observations is the barometer1 which    
should be of the marine construction1   
and as nearly alike as possible to those
 furnished to the ,antarctic expedition 
which sailed under the command of ,sir  
,james ,clark ,ross4 ,these instruments 
were similar to the ordinary portable   
barometers1 and differed from them only 
in the mode of their suspension and the 
necessary contraction of the tubes to   

prevent oscillation from the motion of  
the ship4 ,the barometer on shipboard   
should be suspended on a gimbal frame1  
which ought not to swing too freely1 but
 rather so as to deaden oscillations by 
some degree of friction4 ,to the upper  
portion of the tube in this construction
 of instrument light is alike accessible
 either in front or behind1 and the     
vernier is furnished with a back and    
front edge1 both being in precisely the 
same plane1 nearly embracing the tube1  
and sliding up and down it by the motion
 of rack-work2 by the graduation of the 
scale and vernier the altitude of the   
mercury can be read off to #jjb inch4   
,when the barometer is placed in the    
ship1 its position should be as near    
midships as possible1 out of the reach  
of sunshine1 but in a good light for    
reading1 and in a situation in which it 
will be but little liable to sudden     
gusts of wind and changes of            
temperature4 ,great care should be taken
 to ascertain the exact height of its   

cistern above the water-line1 and in    
order to facilitate night observations  
every possible arrangement should be    
made for placing behind it a light      
screened by white paper4                
,observations4--,the first thing to be  
done is the reading off and recording   
the temperature indicated by the        
thermometer that in this construction of
 instrument dips into the mercury in the
 cistern4 ,sir ,john ,herschel has      
suggested that the bulb of the          
thermometer should be so situated as to 
afford the best chance of its indicating
 the exact mean of the whole barometric 
column1 that is to say1 fifteen inches  
above the cistern enclosed within the   
case of the barometer1 nearly in contact
 with its tube1 and with a stem so long 
as to be read off at the upper level4   
,previous to making an observation with 
the barometer the instrument should be  
slightly tapped to free the mercury from
 any adhesion to the glass2 any violent 
oscillation should1 however1 be         

carefully avoided4 ,the vernier should  
then be adjusted to the upper surface of
 the mercury in the tube2 for this      
purpose its back and front edges should 
be made to coincide1 that is1 the eye   
should be placed in exactly the same    
plane which passes through the edges2   
they should then be brought carefully   
down until they form a tangent with the 
curve produced by the convex surface of 
the mercury and the light is just       
excluded from between them and the point
 of contact4 ,it is desirable in making 
this adjustment that the eye should be  
assisted by a magnifying-glass4 ,the    
reading of the scale should then be     
taken and entered in the column         
appropriated to it in the proper form4  
,if the instrument have no tubular or   
double-edged index1 the eye should be   
placed carefully at the level of the    
upper surface of the mercury and the    
index of the vernier brought gently down
 to the same level so as apparently just
 to touch the surface1 great care being 

taken that the eye index and surface of 
the mercury are all in the same plane4  
,each observation of the barometer      
should be accompanied by an observation 
of the direction of the wind1 which     
should be noted in the usual manner in  
which it is observed at sea4 ,in        
connexion with the direction the force  
of the wind should be recorded in       
accordance with the following scale1    
contrived by ,admiral ,sir ,francis     
,beaufort3--    #j4 ,calm   #a4 ,light  
air         or just sufficient to give  
steerage way4   #b4 ,light breeze     or
 that in which a well-    #a to #b      
knots4   #c4 ,gentle breeze             
conditioned man of war1   #c to #d      
knots4   #d4 ,moderate breeze    with   
all sail set1 and    #e to #f knots4    
clean full1 would go in                 
smooth water1 from          #e4 ,fresh  
breeze                                  
,royals1 c4   #f4 ,strong breeze        
,single-reefed top-sails                
and top-gallant                       or

 that in which such a       sails4   #g4
 ,moderate gale      ship could just    
carry in  ,double-reefed                
chase full and by           topsails1   
jib1 c4   #h4 ,fresh gale               
,triple-reefed                          
topsails1 c4   #i4 ,strong gale         
,close-reefed top-sails                 
and courses4    #aj4 ,whole gale        
or that with which she could scarcely   
bear                        close-reefed
 main topsail and reefed foresail4      
#aa4 ,storm            or that which    
reduces her to storm staysails4   #ab4  
,hurricane        or that which no      
canvas could withstand4                 
,corrections4--,as soon after the       
observations have been made as          
circumstances will permit1 the reading  
of the barometer should be corrected for
 the relation existing between the      
capacities of the tube and cistern 7if  
its construction be such as to require  
that correction71 and for the capillary 
action of the tube2 and then reduced to 

the standard temperature of #cb ,fahr41 
and to the sea-level1 if on shipboard4  
,for the first correction the neutral   
point should be marked upon each        
instrument4 ,it is that particular      
height which1 in its construction1 has  
been actually measured from the surface 
of the mercury in the cistern1 and      
indicated by the scale4 ,in general the 
mercury will stand either above or below
 the neutral point2 if above1 a portion 
of the mercury must have left the       
cistern1 and consequently must have     
lowered the surface in the cistern3 in  
this case the altitude as measured by   
the scale will be too short--vice vers1 
if below4 ,the relation of the          
capacities of the tube and cistern      
should be experimentally ascertained1   
and marked upon the instrument by the   
maker4 ,suppose the capacity to be      
#a_/ej1 marked thus on the instrument1  
,capacity #a_/ej3 this indicates that   
for every inch of variation of the      
mercury in the tube1 that in the cistern

 will vary contrariwise #a_/ejth of an  
inch4 ,when the mercury in the tube is  
above the neutral point1 the difference 
between it and the neutral point is to  
be reduced in the proportion expressed  
by the capacity 7in the case supposed1  
divided by #ej71 and the quotient added 
to the observed height2 if below1       
subtracted from it4 ,in barometers      
furnished with a fiducial point for     
adjusting the lower level1 this         
correction is superfluous1 and must not 
be applied4  ,the second correction     
required is for the capillary action of 
the tube1 the effect of which is always 
to depress the mercury in the tube by a 
certain quantity inversely proportioned 
to the diameter of the tube4 ,this      
quantity should be experimentally       
determined during the construction of   
the instrument1 and its amount marked   
upon it by the maker1 and is always to  
be added to the height of the mercurial 
column1 previously corrected as before4 
,for the convenience of those who may   

have barometers1 the capillary action of
 which has not been determined1 a table 
of corrections for tubes of different   
diameters is placed in the ,appendix1   
,table ,i4  ,the next correction1 and in
 some respects the most important of    
all1 is that due to the temperature of  
the mercury in the barometer tube at the
 time of observation1 and to the        
expansion of the scale4 ,table ,,ii4 of 
the ,appendix gives for every degree of 
the thermometer and every half-inch of  
the barometer1 the proper quantity to be
 added or subtracted for the reduction  
of the observed height to the standard  
temperature of the mercury at #cb ,fahr4
  ,after these the index correction     
should be applied4 ,this is the amount  
of difference between the particular    
instrument and the readings of the      
,royal ,society's flint-glass barometer 
when properly corrected1 and is         
generally known as the zero4 ,it is     
impossible to pay too much attention to 
the determination of this point4 ,for   

this purpose1 when practicable1 the     
instrument should be immediately        
compared with the ,royal ,society's     
standard1 and the difference of the     
readings of both instruments1 when      
corrected as above1 carefully noted and 
preserved4 ,where1 however1 this is     
impracticable1 the comparison should be 
effected by means either of some other  
standard previously so compared1 or of  
an intermediate portable barometer1 the 
zero point of which has been well       
determined4 ,suspend the portable       
barometer as near as convenient to the  
ship's barometer1 and after at least an 
hour's quiet exposure1 take as many     
readings of both instruments as may be  
necessary to reduce the probable error  
of the mean of the differences below    
#j4jja inch4 ,under these circumstances 
the mean difference of all the readings 
will be the relative zero or index      
error1 whence1 if that of the           
intermediate barometer be known1 that of
 the other may be found4 ,as such       

comparisons will always be made when the
 vessel is in port1 sufficient time can 
be allowed for making the requisite     
number of observations3 hourly readings 
would perhaps be best1 and they would   
have the advantage of forming part of   
the system when in operation1 and might 
be accordingly used as such4  ,it is not
 only desirable that the zero point of  
the barometer should be well determined 
in the first instance2 it should also be
 carefully verified on every opportunity
 which presents itself2 and in every    
instance1 previous to sailing1 it should
 be re-compared with the standard on    
shore by the intervention of a portable 
barometer1 and no opportunity should be 
lost of comparing it on the voyage by   
means of such an intermediate instrument
 with the standard barometers at ,st4   
,helena1 the ,cape of ,good ,hope1      
,bombay1 ,madras1 ,paramatta1 ,van      
,diemen's ,island1 and with any other   
instruments likely to be referred to as 
standards1 or employed in research      

elsewhere4 ,any vessel having a portable
 barometer on board1 the zero of which  
has been well determined1 would do well1
 on touching at any of the ports above  
named1 to take comparative readings with
 the standards at those ports1 and      
record the differences between the      
standard1 the portable1 and the ship    
barometers4 ,by such means the zero of  
one standard may be transported over the
 whole world1 and those of others       
compared with it ascertained4 ,to do so1
 however1 with perfect effect1 will     
require that the utmost care should be  
taken of the portable barometer2 it     
should be guarded as much as possible   
from all accident1 and should be kept   
safely in the portable state when not   
immediately used for comparison4 ,to    
transport a well-authenticated zero from
 place to place is by no means a point  
of trifling importance4 ,neither should 
it be executed hurriedly nor            
negligently4 ,some of the greatest      
questions in meteorology depend on its  

due execution1 and the objects for which
 these instructions have been prepared  
will be greatly advanced by the zero    
points of all barometers being referred 
to one common standard4 ,upon the       
arrival of the vessel in ,england1 at   
the termination of the voyage1 the      
ship's barometer should be again        
compared with the same standard with    
which it was compared previous to       
sailing2 and should any difference be   
found1 it should be most carefully      
recorded4  ,the correction for the      
height of the cistern above or below the
 water-line is additive in the former   
case1 subtractive in the latter4 ,its   
amount may be taken1 nearly enough1 by  
allowing #jjja in4 of the barometer for 
each foot of difference of level4  ,an  
example of the application of these     
several corrections is subjoined3--     
,attached ,therm4 #edc4          ,data  
for the correction of                   
the ,instrument4                        
----------------------------------------

------------------------------          
,barometer reading4             #bidji  
,neutral point           #cjabc         
,corr4 for capacity             - #jag  
,capacity #a_/db                        
,capillary action         #jcb          
--------------------------------------- 
#bicib  ,zero to ,royal ,society    #jcf
    ,corr4 for capillarity              
#jcb  ,corr4 for altitude above         
water-line             #jjd             
--------------------------------------- 
#bidbd                                  
,corr4 for temperature          - #jfh  
--------------------------------------- 
#bicef                                  
,corr4 for zero and water-line  #jdj    
--------------------------------------- 
,aggregate  pressure at                 
sea-level                    #bicif     
----------------------------------------
------------------------------   ,it    
would greatly facilitate the comparison 
of the barometric observations by       
projecting them in curves when all the  

proper corrections have been applied4   
,this may be accomplished by a much     
smaller expenditure of time than may at 
first be supposed4 ,a paper of engraved 
squares on which the observations of    
twelve days may be laid down on double  
the natural scale1 would be very        
suitable for the purpose4#d ,the        
projection of each day's observations   
would occupy but a short time2 and      
should circumstances on any occasion    
prevent the execution of it1 when the   
ship was becalmed or leisure otherwise  
afforded1 it would form an interesting  
and useful occupation1 and serve to     
beguile some of the tedium often        
experienced at such intervals4          
,registers4--,for the particular object 
in view the register need not be very   
extensive4 ,one kept in the annexed form
 will be amply sufficient4 ,it should1  
however1 be borne in mind that none but 
uncorrected observations should find    
admission2 in point of fact it should be
 strictly a register of phnomena as     

observed1 and on no account whatever    
should any entry be made from           
recollection1 or any attempt made to    
fill up a blank by the apparent course  
of the numbers before and after4 ,the   
headings of the columns will1 it is     
hoped1 be sufficiently explicit4 ,it is 
desirable in practice that the column   
for remarks should embrace an entire    
page opposite the other entries1 in     
order that occasional observations1 as  
well as several other circumstances     
continually coming under review in the  
course of keeping a journal1 may find   
entry4  ,,meteorological ,,register kept
 on board  during her voyage from       
to  by 4                                
----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,wind4                                  
,att4 -----------------                 
,date4  ,lat4 ,long4 ,barom4 ,ther4     
,direction4,force4 ,remarks ,observer4  
----------------------------------------
---------------------------      h4 m4  

----------------------------------------
--------------------------  ,the only   
difference between the above form and   
one for the reception of corrected      
readings will be the dispensing with the
 column for the attached thermometer1   
and placing under the word ,barom4      
corrected4   ,,ii4--,,times ,,of        
,,observation4  ,there can be no        
question that the greatest amount of    
information1 the accuracy of the data   
supplied1 and in fact every             
meteorological element necessary to     
increase our knowledge of atmospheric   
waves1 may be best obtained by an       
uninterrupted series of hourly          
observations made on board vessels from 
their leaving ,england until their safe 
arrival again at the close of their     
respective voyages2 but from a variety  
of circumstances--the nature of the     
service in which the vessels may be     
employed1 particular states of the      
weather1 c4--such a course of           
unremitting labour cannot be expected2  

it is therefore necessary to fix on some
 stated hours at which the instruments  
before particularized should be         
regularly observed throughout the       
voyage1 and their indications faithfully
 recorded4 ,the hours of #c ,a4,m41 #i  
,a4,m41 #c ,p4,m41 and #i ,p4,m41 are   
now so generally known as meteorological
 hours1 that nothing should justify a   
departure from them2 and it is the more 
essential that these hours should be    
adopted in the present inquiry1 because 
the series of observations made at      
intervals terminated by these hours can 
the more readily be used in connexion   
with those made contemporaneously on    
land1 and will also serve to carry on   
investigations previously instituted1   
and which have received considerable    
illustration by means of observations at
 the regular meteorological hours2 we   
therefore recommend their general       
adoption in all observations conducted  
at sea4  ,it is intended in the sequel  
to call attention to particular parts of

 the earth's surface where it is        
desirable that additional observations  
should be made1 in order to furnish data
 of a more accurate character1 and to   
mark more distinctly barometric changes 
than the four daily readings are capable
 of effecting4 ,the best means of       
accomplishing this for the object in    
view appears to be the division of the  
interval of six hours into two equal    
portions1 and to make the necessary     
observations eight times in the course  
of twenty-four hours4 ,in the particular
 localities to which allusion has been  
made we recommend the following as the  
hours of observation3--  ,a4,m4 #c1 #f1 
#i1 noon4 ,p4,m4 #c1 #f1 #i1 midnight4  
,in other localities besides those      
hereafter to be mentioned1 when         
opportunities serve1 readings at these  
hours would greatly enhance the value of
 the four daily readings4  ,there are1  
however1 portions of the surface of our 
planet1 and probably also phnomena that 
occur in its atmosphere1 which require  

still closer attention than the eight   
daily readings4 ,one such portion would 
appear to exist off the western coast of
 ,africa1 and we recommend the adoption 
of hourly readings while sailing to the 
westward of this junction of aqueous and
 terrestrial surface2 more attention    
will be directed to this point as we    
proceed4 ,there are also phnomena the   
localities of which may be undetermined1
 and the times of their occurrence      
unknown1 but so important a relation do 
they bear to the subject of our         
inquiries1 that they demand the closest 
attention4 ,they will be more           
particularly described under the head of
 accumulations of pressure preceding and
 succeeding storms1 and minute          
directions given for the hourly         
observations of the necessary           
instruments4 ,in the mean time we may   
here remark that hourly observations    
under the circumstances above alluded to
 are the more important when we consider
 that the barometer1 the instrument     

employed in observing these moving      
atmospheric masses1 is itself in motion4
 ,the ship may meet the accumulation of 
pressure and sail through it            
transversely2 or she may sail along it1 
the course of the vessel being parallel 
to the line marking the highest         
pressure1 the ridge or crest of the     
wave2 or the ship may make any angle    
with this line3 but whatever the        
circumstances may be under which she    
passes through or along with such an    
accumulation of pressure1 it should ever
 be borne in mind that her position on  
the earth's surface is scarcely ever the
 same at any one observation as it was  
at the preceding1 the barometer in the  
interval has changed its position as    
well as the line of maximum pressure1   
the rate of progress of which it is     
desirable to observe4 ,it will1         
therefore1 be at once apparent that in  
order to obtain the most accurate data  
on this head hourly observations are    
indispensable4 ,to these readings should

 of course be appended the places of the
 ship from hour to hour1 especially if  
she alter her course much4  ,there is   
another point to which we wish to call  
attention in immediate connexion with   
hourly readings--it is the observation  
of the instruments on the days fixed for
 that purpose3 they were originally     
suggested by ,sir ,john ,herschel1 whose
 directions should be strictly attended 
to3 they are as follows3--  ,the days   
fixed upon for these observations are   
the #bast of ,march1 the #bast of ,june1
 the #bast of ,september1 and the #bast 
of ,december1 being those1 or           
immediately adjoining to those of the   
equinoxes and solstices1 in which the   
solar influence is either stationary or 
in a state of most rapid variation4 ,but
 should any one of those #bast days fall
 on a ,sunday1 then it will be          
understood that the observations are to 
be deferred till the next day1 the      
#bbnd4 ,the series of observations on   
board each vessel should commence at #f 

o'clock ,a4,m4 of the appointed days1   
and terminate at #f ,a4,m4 of the days  
following1 according to the usual       
reckoning of time adopted in the daily  
observations4  ,in addition to the      
twenty-five hourly readings at the      
solstices and equinoxes as above        
recommended1 it would be desirable to   
continue the observations until a       
complete elevation and depression of the
 barometer had been observed at these   
seasons4 ,this plan is adopted at the   
,royal ,observatory1 ,greenwich1 and    
would be attended with this advantage   
were it generally so--the progress of   
the elevation and depression would be   
more readily traced and their velocities
 more accurately determined than from   
the four or eight daily readings4       
,,iii4--,,localities ,,for ,,additional 
,,observations4  ,in sketching out a    
system of barometric observation having 
especial reference to the acquisition of
 data from which the barometric         
character of certain large areas of the 

surface of the globe may be             
determined--inasmuch as such areas are  
distinguished from each other1 on the   
one hand by consisting of extensive     
spaces of the oceanic surface unbroken1 
or scarcely broken1 by land2 on the     
other by the proximity of such oceanic  
surface to large masses of land1 and    
these masses presenting two essentially 
different features1 the one consisting  
of land particularly characterized as   
continental1 the other as insular1      
regard has been accordingly had to such 
distribution of land and water4  ,as    
these instructions have especial        
reference to observations at sea1       
observations on land have not been      
alluded to2 but in order that the data  
accumulated may possess that value which
 is essential for carrying on the       
inquiry in reference to atmospheric     
waves with success1 provision is made to
 mark out more distinctly the barometric
 effects of the junction of large masses
 of land and water4 ,it is well known   

that the oceanic surface1 and even the  
smaller surfaces of inland seas1 produce
 decided inflexions of the isothermal   
lines4 ,they exercise an important      
influence on temperature4 ,it has also  
been shown that the neighbourhood of    
water has a very considerable influence 
in increasing the oscillations of the   
mercurial column in the barometer1 and  
in the great systems of ,european       
undulations it is well known that these 
oscillations increase especially towards
 the north-west4 ,the converse of this1 
however1 has not yet been subjected to  
observation2 there has been no          
systematic co-operation of observers for
 the purpose of determining the         
barometric affections of large masses of
 water1 such as the central portion of  
the basin of the northern ,atlantic1 the
 portion of oceanic surface between the 
,cape of ,good ,hope and ,cape ,horn1   
the ,indian and ,southern oceans1 and   
the vast basin of the ,pacific4 ,nor are
 we yet acquainted with the character of

 the oscillations1 whether increasing or
 decreasing1 as we recede from the      
central portions of the oceanic surfaces
 we have mentioned towards the land     
which forms their eastern1 western1 or  
northern boundaries4 ,this influence of 
the junction line of land and water1 so 
far as it is yet known1 has been kept in
 view in framing these instructions1    
and1 as it appears so prominently in    
,europe1 it is hoped the additional     
observations between the four daily     
readings to which probably many         
observers may habitually restrict       
themselves1 making on certain occasions 
and in particular localities a series of
 observations at intervals of three     
hours1 will not be considered too       
frequent when the great importance of   
the problem to be solved is fully       
apprehended4 ,it need scarcely be said  
that the value of these observations at 
three-hourly intervals will be greatly  
increased by the number of observers    
co-operating in them4 ,upon such an     

extensive system of co-operation a large
 space on the earth's surface1          
possessing peculiarities which          
distinguish it from others extremely    
unlike it in their general character1 or
 assimilate it to such as possess with  
it many features in common1 is marked   
out below for particular observation1   
occupying more than two-thirds of a zone
 in the northern hemisphere1 having a   
breadth of #dj1 and including every     
possible variety of terrestrial and     
aqueous surface1 from the burning sands 
of the great ,african desert1 situated  
about the centre1 to the narrow strip of
 land connecting the two ,americas on   
the one side1 and the chain of islands  
connecting ,china and ,hindostan with   
,australia on the other4 ,on each side  
of the ,african continent we have spaces
 of open sea between #cj and #dj west   
longitude north of the equator1 and     
between #fj and #hj east longitude1 in  
or to the south of the equator1         
admirably suited for contrasting the    

barometric affections1 as manifested in 
these spaces of open water1 with those  
occurring in situations where the       
influence of the terrestrial surface    
comes into more active operation4  ,the 
localities where three-hourly readings  
are chiefly desirable may be specified  
under the heads of ,northern ,atlantic1 
,southern ,atlantic1 ,indian and        
,southern ,oceans1 and ,pacific ,ocean4 
,northern ,atlantic4 ,homeward-bound    
,voyages4--,the discussion of           
observations made in the ,united        
,kingdom and the western border of      
central ,europe1 has indicated that off 
the north-west of ,scotland a centre of 
great barometric disturbance exists4    
,this centre of disturbance appears to  
be considerably removed from the usual  
tracks of vessels crossing the          
,atlantic2 nevertheless some light may  
be thrown on the barometric phnomena    
resulting from this disturbance by      
observations during homeward-bound      
voyages1 especially after the vessels   

have passed the meridian of #ej west    
longitude4 ,voyagers to or from ,baffin 
and ,hudson bays would do well during   
the whole of the voyage to read off the 
barometer every three hours1 as their   
tracks would approach nearest the centre
 of disturbance in question4 ,before    
crossing the #ejth meridian1 the        
undulations arising from the            
distribution of land and water in the   
neighbourhood of these vast inland seas 
would receive considerable elucidation  
from the shorter intervals of           
observation1 and after passing the #ejth
 meridian the extent of undulation1 as  
compared with that observed by the more 
southerly vessels1 would be more        
distinctly marked by the three-hourly   
series4 ,surveying vessels stationed on 
the north-western coasts of ,ireland and
 ,scotland may contribute most important
 information on this head by a regular  
and1 as far as circumstances will allow1
 an uninterrupted series either of      
six-hourly or three-hourly observations4

 ,the intervals of observation on board 
vessels stationed at the ,western       
,isles1 the ,orkneys1 and the ,shetland 
,isles1 ought not to be longer than     
three hours1 principally on account of  
the great extent of oscillation observed
 in those localities4 ,vessels arriving 
from all parts of the world as they     
approach the ,united ,kingdom should    
observe at shorter intervals than six   
hours4 ,as a general instruction on this
 head the series of three-hourly        
observations may be commenced on board  
vessels from ,america and the ,pacific  
by the way of ,cape ,horn on their      
passing the #bjth meridian1 such        
three-hourly observations to be         
continued until the arrival of the      
vessels in port4 ,ships by the way of   
the ,cape of ,good ,hope should commence
 the three-hourly series either on      
leaving or passing the colony1 in order 
that the phnomena of the tropical       
depression hereafter to be noticed may  
be well observed4   ,northern ,atlantic4

 ,outward-bound ,voyages4--,vessels     
sailing to the ,united ,states1 ,mexico1
 and the ,west ,indies1 should observe  
at three hours' interval upon passing   
the #fjth meridian4 ,observations at    
this interval1 on board vessels         
navigating the ,gulf of ,mexico and the 
,caribbean ,sea1 will be particularly   
valuable in determining the extent of   
oscillation as influenced by the masses 
of land and water in this portion of the
 torrid zone1 as compared with the      
oscillation noticed off the western     
coast of ,africa1 hereafter to be       
referred to4   ,southern ,atlantic4     
,outward and homeward bound4--,without  
doubt the most interesting phnomenon1   
and one that lies at the root of the    
great atmospheric movements1 especially 
those proceeding northwards in the      
northern hemisphere and southwards in   
the southern1 is the equatorial         
depression first noticed by ,von        
,humboldt and confirmed by many         
observers since4 ,we shall find the     

general expression of this most         
important meteorological fact in the    
,report of the ,committee of ,physics   
and ,meteorology1 appointed by the      
,royal ,society in #ahdj1 as follows3   
,the barometer1 at the level of the sea1
 does not indicate a mean atmospheric   
pressure of equal amount in all parts of
 the earth2 but1 on the contrary1 the   
equatorial pressure is uniformly less in
 its mean amount than at and beyond the 
tropics4 ,vessels that are outward bound
 should1 upon passing #dj north         
latitude1 commence the series of        
three-hourly observations1 with an      
especial reference to the equatorial    
depression4 ,these three-hourly         
observations should be continued until  
the latitude of #dj south has been      
passed3 the whole series will then      
include the minimum of the depression   
and the two maxima or apices forming its
 boundaries4 7,see ,daniell's           
',meteorological ,essays1' #crd         
edition47 ,in passages across the       

equator1 should the ships be delayed by 
calms1 opportunities should be embraced 
for observing this depression with      
greater precision by means of hourly    
readings2 and these readings will not   
only be valuable as respects the        
depression here spoken of1 but will go  
far to indicate the character of any    
disturbance that may arise1 and point   
out1 as nearly as such observations will
 allow1 the precise time when such      
disturbance produced its effects in the 
neighbourhood of the ships4 ,in point of
 fact they will clearly illustrate the  
diversion of the tendency to rise1      
spoken of in the ,report before alluded 
to1 as resulting in ascending columns   
and sheets1 between which wind flaws1   
capricious in their direction and       
intensity1 and often amounting to sharp 
squalls1 mark out the course of their   
feeders and the indraft of cooler air   
from a distance to supply their void4   
,hourly observations1 with especial     
reference to this and the following head

 of inquiry1 should also be made off the
 western coast of ,africa during the    
homeward-bound voyage4  ,immediately    
connected with this part of the         
outward-bound voyage1 hourly            
observations1 as often as circumstances 
will permit1 while the ships are sailing
 from the ,madeiras to the equator1 will
 be extremely valuable in elucidating   
the origin of the great system of       
south-westerly atmospheric waves that   
traverse ,europe1 and in furnishing data
 for comparison with the amount of      
oscillation and other barometric        
phnomena in the ,gulf of ,mexico and the
 ,caribbean ,sea1 a portion of the      
torrid zone essentially different in its
 configuration and in the relations of  
its area to land and water1 as          
contra-distinguished to the northern    
portion of the ,african continent2 and  
these hourly observations are the more  
desirable as the vessels may approach   
the land4 ,they may be discontinued on  
passing the equator1 and the            

three-hourly series resumed4  ,there are
 two points in the southern hemisphere1 
between #hj west longitude and #cj east 
longitude1 that claim particular        
attention in a barometric point of view1
 viz41 ,cape ,horn and the ,cape of     
,good ,hope2 the latter is within the   
area marked out for the three-hourly    
observations1 and too much attention    
cannot be paid to the indications of the
 barometer as vessels are approaching or
 leaving the ,cape4 ,the northern part  
of the ,south ,atlantic ,ocean has been 
termed the true ,pacific ,ocean of the  
world2 and at ,st4 ,helena a gale was   
scarcely ever known2 it is also said to 
be entirely free from actual storms     
7,col4 ,reid's ',law of ,storms1' #ast  
edition1 p4 #dae74 ,it may therefore be 
expected that the barometer will present
 in this locality but a small           
oscillation1 and ships in sailing from  
,st4 ,helena to the ,cape will do well  
to ascertain1 by means of the           
three-hourly observations1 the increase 

of oscillation as they approach the     
,cape4 ,the same thing will hold good   
with regard to ,cape ,horn3 it appears  
from previous observation that a        
permanent barometric depression exists  
in this locality1 most probably in some 
way connected with the immense          
depression noticed by ,captain ,sir     
,james ,clark ,ross1 towards the        
,antarctic ,circle4 ,the general        
character of the atmosphere off ,cape   
,horn is also extremely different from  
its character at ,st4 ,helena4 ,it would
 therefore be well for vessels sailing  
into the ,pacific by ,cape ,horn1 to    
continue the three-hourly observations  
until the #ijth meridian is passed4     
,before quitting the ,atlantic ,ocean it
 may be well to notice the marine       
stations mentioned in my ,third ,report 
on ,atmospheric ,waves1#e as being      
particularly suitable for testing the   
views advanced in that report and for   
tracing a wave of the south-westerly    
system from the most western point of   

,africa to the extreme north of ,europe4
 ,a series of hourly observations off   
the western coast of ,africa has already
 been suggested4 ,vessels staying at    
,cape ,verd ,islands should not omit to 
make observations at three hours'       
interval during the whole of their stay1
 and when circumstances will allow1     
hourly readings4 ,at the ,canaries1     
,madeiras1 and the ,azores1 similar     
observations should be made4 ,vessels   
touching at ,cape ,cantin1 ,tangier1    
,gibraltar1 ,cadiz1 ,lisbon1 ,oporto1   
,corunna1 and ,brest1 should also make  
these observations while they are in the
 localities of these ports4 ,at the     
,scilly ,isles we have six-hourly       
observations1 made under the            
superintendence of the ,honourable the  
,corporation of the ,trinity ,house4    
,ships in nearing these islands and     
making the observations already pointed 
out1 will greatly assist in determining 
the increase of oscillation proceeding  
westward from the nodal point of the two

 great ,european systems4 ,we have      
already mentioned the service surveying 
vessels employed on the coasts of       
,ireland and ,scotland may render1 and  
the remaining portion of the area marked
 out in the report may be occupied by   
vessels navigating the ,north ,sea and  
the coast of ,norway1 as far as         
,hammerfest4  ,in connexion with these  
observations1 having especial reference 
to the ,european system of              
south-westerly atmospheric waves1 the   
,mediterranean presents a surface of    
considerable interest1 both as regards  
these particular waves1 and the         
influence its waters exert in modifying 
the two great systems of central        
,europe4 ,the late ,professor ,daniell  
has shown from the ,manheim             
observations1 that small undulations1   
having their origin on the northern     
borders of the ,mediterranean1 have     
propagated themselves northward1 and in 
this manner1 but in a smaller degree1   
the waters of the ,mediterranean have   

contributed to increase the oscillation 
as well as the larger surface of the    
northern ,atlantic4 ,in most of the     
localities of this great inland sea     
six-hourly observations may suffice for 
this immediate purpose2 but in sailing  
from ,lisbon through the ,straits of    
,gibraltar1 in the neighbourhood of     
,sicily and ,italy1 and in the ,grecian 
,archipelago1 we should recommend the   
three-hourly series1 as marking more    
distinctly the effects resulting from   
the proximity of land2 this remark has  
especial reference to the passage       
through the ,straits of ,gibraltar1     
where1 if possible1 hourly observations 
should be made4   ,the ,indian and      
,southern ,oceans4 ,outward and homeward
 bound4--,on sailing from the ,cape of  
,good ,hope to the ,east ,indies1       
,china1 or ,australia1 observations at  
intervals of three hours should be made 
until the #djth meridian east is passed 
7homeward-bound vessels should commence 
the three-hourly readings on arriving at

 this meridian74 ,upon leaving the #djth
 meridian the six-hourly observations   
may be resumed on board vessels bound   
for the ,indies and ,china until they   
arrive at the equator1 when the readings
 should again be made at intervals of   
three hours1 and continued until the    
arrival of the vessels in port4 ,with   
regard to vessels bound for ,australia  
and ,new ,zealand1 the six-hourly       
readings may be continued from the #djth
 to the #ajjth meridian1 and upon the   
vessels passing the latter1 the         
three-hourly readings should be         
commenced and continued until the       
vessels arrive in port4 ,vessels        
navigating the ,archipelago between     
,china and ,new ,zealand1 should make   
observations every three hours1 in order
 that the undulations arising from the  
configuration of the terrestrial and    
oceanic surfaces may be more distinctly 
marked and more advantageously compared 
with the ,gulf of ,mexico1 the          
,caribbean ,sea1 and the northern       

portion of the ,african continent4      
,the ,pacific ,ocean4--,as this ocean   
presents so vast an aqueous surface1    
generally speaking observations at      
intervals of six hours will be amply    
sufficient to ascertain its leading     
barometric phnomena4 ,vessels1 however1 
on approaching the continents of ,north 
and ,south ,america1 or sailing across  
the equator1 should resort to the       
three-hourly readings1 in order to      
ascertain more distinctly the effect of 
the neighbourhood of land on the        
oscillations of the barometer1 as       
generally observed1 over so immense a   
surface of water in the one case1 and   
the phnomena of the equatorial          
depression in the other3 the same       
remarks relative to the latter subject1 
which we offered under the head of      
,south ,atlantic1 will equally apply in 
the present instance4 ,the configuration
 of the western shores of ,north        
,america renders it difficult to        
determine the precise boundary where the

 three-hourly series should commence2   
the #ijth meridian is recommended for   
the boundary as regards ,south ,america1
 and from this a judgment may be formed 
as to where the three-hourly            
observations should commence in         
reference to ,north ,america4   ,in the 
previous sketch of the localities for   
the more important observations1 it will
 be seen that within the tropics there  
are three which demand the greatest     
regard4  ,i4 ,the ,archipelago between  
the two ,americas1 more particularly    
comprised within the #djth and #abjth   
meridians west longitude1 and the       
equator and the #djth degree of north   
latitude4 ,as a general principle we    
should say that vessels within this area
 should observe the barometer every     
three hours4 ,its eastern portion       
includes the lower branches of the storm
 paths1 and on this account is          
peculiarly interesting1 especially in a 
barometric point of view4  ,,ii4 ,the   
,northern portion of the ,african       

,continent1 including the ,sahara or    
,great ,desert4--,this vast radiating   
surface must exert considerable         
influence on the waters on each side    
northern ,africa4 ,vessels sailing      
within the area comprised between #dj   
west and #gj east1 and the equator and  
the #djth parallel1 should also make    
observations at intervals of three      
hours4  ,,iii4 ,the great ,eastern      
,archipelago4--,this presents a somewhat
 similar character to the western2 like 
that1 it is the region of terrific      
hurricanes1 and it becomes a most       
interesting object to determine its     
barometric phnomena2 the three-hourly   
system of observation may therefore be  
resorted to within an area comprised    
between the #gjth and #adjth meridians1 
and the equator and the #djth degree of 
north latitude4  ,the southern          
hemisphere also presents three important
 localities1 the prolongations of the   
three tropical areas4 ,it is unnecessary
 to enlarge upon these1 as ample        

instructions have been already given4   
,we may1 however1 remark1 with regard to
 ,australia1 that three-hourly          
observations should be made within the  
area comprised between the #ajjth and   
#aijth meridians east1 and the equator  
and the #ejth parallel south1 and hourly
 ones in the immediate neighbourhood of 
all its coasts4   ,,iv4--,,storms1      
,,hurricanes1 ,,and ,,typhoons4  ,the   
solution of the question--,how far and  
in what manner are storms connected with
 atmospheric waves8--must be extremely  
interesting to every one engaged in     
either the naval or merchant service4   
,as we have in the former chapters      
directed attention to their connexion1  
our great object here will be to        
endeavour to mark out such a line of    
observation as appears most capable of  
throwing light1 not only on the most    
important desiderata as connected with  
storms1 but also their connexion or     
non-connexion with atmospheric waves4   
,we shall accordingly arrange this      

portion of the instructions under the   
following heads3--,desiderata2          
,localities2 ,margins2 ,preceding and   
,succeeding ,accumulations of ,pressure4
  ,desiderata4--,the most important     
desiderata appertaining to the subject  
of storms1 are certainly their origin   
and termination4 ,of these initial and  
terminal points in the course of great  
storms we absolutely know nothing1      
unless the white appearance of a round  
form observed by ,mr4 ,seymour on board 
the ,judith and ,esther1 in lat4 #ag    
#ai' north and long4 #eb #aj' west 7see 
,col4 ,reid's ',law of ,storms1' #ast   
edit4 p4 #fe71 may be regarded as the   
commencement of the ,antigua hurricane  
of ,august #b1 #ahcg4 ,this vessel was  
the most eastern of those from which    
observations had been obtained2 and it  
is the absence of contemporaneous       
observations to the eastward of the     
#ejth meridian that leaves the question 
as to the origin of the ,west ,indian   
revolving storms unsolved4 ,not one of  

,mr4 ,redfield's storm routes extends   
eastward of the #ejth meridian2 this at 
once marks out1 so far as storms are    
concerned1 the entire space included    
between the #bjth and #ejth meridians1  
the equator and the #fjth parallel1 as a
 most suitable area for observations1   
under particular circumstances hereafter
 to be noticed1 with especial reference 
either to the commencement or           
termination of storms1 or the           
prolongation of ,mr4 ,redfield's storm  
paths4  ,localities4--,the three        
principal localities of storms are as   
follows3--,i4 ,the western portion of   
the basin of the ,north ,atlantic2 ,,ii4
 ,the ,china ,sea and ,bay of ,bengal2  
and ,,iii4 ,the ,indian ,ocean1 more    
particularly in the neighbourhood of    
,mauritius4 ,the first two have already 
been marked out as areas for the        
three-hourly observations2 to the       
latter1 the remark as to extra          
observations under the head of          
,desiderata will apply4  ,margins4--,mr4

 ,redfield has shown that on some       
occasions storms have been preceded by  
an unusual pressure of the atmosphere2  
the barometer has stood remarkably high1
 and it has hence been inferred that    
there has existed around the gale an    
accumulation of air forming a margin2   
barometers placed under this margin     
indicating a much greater pressure than 
the mean of the respective localities4  
,with regard to the ,west ,indian and   
,american hurricanes--any considerable  
increase of pressure1 especially within 
the space marked out to the eastward of 
the #ejth meridian1 will demand         
immediate attention4 ,upon the barometer
 ranging very high within this space1   
three-hourly observations should be     
immediately resorted to2 and if         
possible1 hourly readings taken1 and    
this is the more important the nearer   
the vessel may be to the #ejth meridian4
 ,each observation of the barometer     
should be accompanied by an observation 
of the wind--its direction should be    

most carefully noted1 and the force     
estimated according to the scale in page
 #ba1 or by the anemometer4 ,it would be
 as well at the time to project the     
barometric readings in a curve even of a
 rough character1 that the extent of    
fall after the mercury had passed its   
maximum might be readily discernible by 
the eye4 ,a paper ruled in squares1 the 
vertical lines representing the         
commencement of hours1 and the          
horizontal tenths of an inch1 would be  
quite sufficient for this purpose4 ,the 
force of the wind should be noted at1 or
 as near to the time of the passage of  
the maximum as possible4 ,during the    
fall of the mercury particular attention
 should be paid to the manner in which  
the wind changes1 should any change be  
observed2 and should the wind continue  
blowing steadily in one direction1 but  
gradually increasing in force1 then such
 increments of force should be most     
carefully noted4 ,during the fall of the
 barometer1 should the changes of the   

wind and its increasing force indicate  
the neighbourhood of a revolving storm1 
7independent of the obvious reasons for 
avoiding the focus of the storm17 it    
would contribute as much to increase our
 knowledge of these dangerous vortices  
to keep as near as possible to their    
margins as to approach their centres4   
,the recess from the centre towards the 
margin of the storm1 will probably be   
rendered apparent by the rising of the  
mercury2 and so far as the observations 
may be considered valuable for          
elucidating the connexion of atmospheric
 waves with rotatory storms 7other      
motives being balanced71 it might be    
desirable to keep the ship near the     
margin--provided she is not carried     
beyond the influence of the winds which 
characterize the latter half of the     
storm--until the barometer has nearly   
attained its usual elevation4 ,by this  
means some notion might be formed of the
 general direction of the line of       
barometric pressure preceding or        

succeeding a storm4  ,should a gale be  
observed commencing without its having  
been preceded by an unusual elevation of
 the mercurial column1 and consequently 
no additional observation have been     
made2 when the force of the wind is     
noted in the usual observations at or   
above #e1 then the three-hourly series  
should be resorted to1 and the same care
 taken in noting the direction1 changes1
 and force of the wind as pointed out in
 the preceding paragraph4  ,the         
foregoing remarks relate especially to  
the central and western portions of the 
,north ,atlantic2 they will however     
equally apply to the remaining          
localities of storms4 ,under any        
circumstances1 and in any locality1 a   
high barometer not less than a low one  
should demand particular attention1 and 
if possible1 hourly readings taken some 
time before and after the passage of the
 maximum3 this will be referred to more 
particularly under the next head4       
,preceding and ,succeeding              

,accumulations of ,pressure4--,mr4      
,redfield has shown in his ,memoir of   
the ,cuba ,hurricane of ,october1 #ahdd1
 that two associated storms were        
immediately preceded by a barometric    
wave1 or accumulation of pressure1 the  
barometer rising above the usual or     
annual mean4 ,we have just referred to  
the importance of hourly observations on
 occasions of the readings being high as
 capable of illustrating the marginal   
phnomena of storms1 and in connexion    
with these accumulations of pressure in 
advance of storms we would reiterate the
 suggestion4 ,these strips of           
accumulated pressure are doubtless      
crests of atmospheric waves rolling     
forwards4 ,in some cases a ship in its  
progress may cut them transversely in a 
direction at right angles to their      
length1 in others very obliquely2 but in
 all cases1 whatever section may be     
given by the curve representing the     
observations1 too much attention cannot 
be bestowed on the barometer1 the wet   

and dry bulb thermometer1 the direction 
and force of the wind1 the state of the 
sky1 and the appearance of the ocean    
during the ship's passage through such  
an accumulation of pressure4 ,when the  
barometer attains its mean altitude1 and
 is rapidly rising above it in any      
locality1 then hourly observations of   
the instruments and phnomena above      
noticed should be commenced and         
continued until after the mercury had   
attained its highest point and had sunk 
again to its mean state4 ,in such       
observations particular attention should
 be paid to the direction and force of  
the wind preceding the barometric       
maximum--and the same phnomena          
succeeding it1 and particular notice    
should be taken of the time when1 and   
amount of any change either in the      
direction or force of the wind4 ,it is  
by such observations as these1 carried  
on with great care and made at every    
accessible portion of the oceanic       
surface1 that we may be able to         

ascertain the continuity of these       
atmospheric waves1 to determine somewhat
 respecting their length1 to show the   
character of their connexion with the   
rotatory storm1 and to deduce the       
direction and rate of their progress4   
,v4--,,seasons ,,for ,,extra            
,,observations4  ,in reference to       
certain desiderata that have presented  
themselves in the course of my          
researches on this subject 7see ,report 
of the ,british ,association for the    
,advancement of ,science1 #ahdf1 p4     
#afc71 the phases of the larger         
barometric undulations1 and the types of
 the various seasons of the year1 demand
 particular attention and call for extra
 observations at certain seasons3 of    
these1 three only have yet been         
ascertained--the type for the middle of 
,november--the annual depression on or  
about the #bhth of ,november--and the   
annual elevation on or about the #beth  
of ,december4 ,the enunciation of the   
first is as under3 ,that during fourteen

 days in ,november1 more or less equally
 disposed about the middle of the month1
 the oscillations of the barometer      
exhibit a remarkably symmetrical        
character1 that is to say1 the fall     
succeeding the transit of the maximum or
 the highest reading is to a great      
extent similar to the preceding rise4   
,this rise and fall is not continuous or
 unbroken2 in some cases it consists of 
five1 in others of three distinct       
elevations4 ,the complete rise and fall 
has been termed the great symmetrical   
barometric wave of ,november4 ,at its   
setting in the barometer is generally   
low1 sometimes below twenty-nine inches4
 ,this depression is generally succeeded
 by two well-marked undulations1 varying
 from one to two days in duration4 ,the 
central undulation1 which also forms the
 apex of the great wave1 is of larger   
extent1 occupying from three to five    
days2 when this has passed1 two smaller 
undulations corresponding to those at   
the commencement of the wave make their 

appearance1 and at the close of the last
 the wave terminates4 ,with but slight  
exceptions1 the observations of eight   
successive years have confirmed the     
general correctness of this type4 ,on   
two occasions the central apex has not  
been the highest1 and these deviations1 
with some of a minor character1 form the
 exceptions alluded to4 ,this type only 
has reference to ,london and the        
south-eastern parts of ,england2        
proceeding westward1 north-westward1 and
 northward1 the symmetrical character of
 this type is considerably departed     
from2 each locality possessing its own  
type of the barometric movements during 
,november4 ,the desiderata in immediate 
connexion with the ,november movements1 
as observed in the southern and         
south-eastern parts of ,england1 that   
present themselves1 are--the            
determination of the types for          
,november1 especially its middle        
portion1 as exhibited on the oceanic    
surface within an area comprised between

 the #cjth and #fjth parallels1 and the 
#ast and #djth meridians west4 ,vessels 
sailing within this area may contribute 
greatly to the determination of these   
types by making observations at         
intervals of three hours from the #ast  
of ,november to the #gth or #hth of     
,december4 ,the entire period of the    
great symmetrical wave of ,november will
 most probably be embraced by such a    
series of observations1 as well as the  
annual depression of the #bhth4 ,for the
 elevation of the #beth of ,december the
 three-hourly observations should be    
commenced on the #bast1 and continued   
until the #crd or #dth of the succeeding
 ,january4  ,with respect to the great  
wave of ,november1 our knowledge of it  
would be much increased by such a series
 of observations as mentioned above1    
being made on board surveying and other 
vessels employed off ,scotland and      
,ireland2 vessels navigating the ,north 
,sea2 vessels stationed off the coasts  
of ,france1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 and the  

northern parts of ,africa1 and at all   
our stations in the ,mediterranean4 ,in 
this way the area of examination would  
be greatly enlarged1 and the differences
 of the curves more fully elucidated2   
and this extended area of observation is
 the more desirable1 as there is some   
reason to believe that the line of      
greatest symmetry revolves around a     
fixed point1 most probably the nodal    
point of the great ,european systems4   
,it is highly probable that movements of
 a somewhat similar character1 although 
presenting very different curves1 exist 
in the southern hemisphere4 ,the        
,november wave is more or less          
associated with storms4 ,it has been    
generally preceded by a high barometer  
and succeeded by a low one1 and this low
 state of the barometer has been        
accompanied by stormy weather4 ,we are  
therefore prepared to seek for similar  
phnomena in the southern hemisphere1 in 
those localities which present similar  
states of weather1 and at seasons when  

such weather predominates4 ,we have     
already marked out the two capes in the 
,southern hemisphere for three-hourly   
observations3 they must doubtless       
possess very peculiar barometric        
characters1 stretching as they do into  
the vast area of the ,southern ,ocean4  
,it is highly probable that the         
oscillations1 especially at some        
seasons1 are very considerable1 and     
vessels visiting them at such seasons   
would do well to record with especial   
care the indications of the instruments 
already alluded to4 ,at present we know 
but little of the barometric movements  
in the ,southern hemisphere1 and every  
addition to our knowledge in this       
respect will open the way to more       
important conclusions4  ,it has been    
observed in the south-east of ,england  
that the barometer has generally passed 
a maximum on or about the #crd of every 
month1 and this has been so frequently  
the case as to form the rule rather than
 the exception4 ,the same fact during a 

more limited period has been observed at
 ,toronto4 ,with especial reference to  
this subject the three-hourly series of 
observations may be resorted to in all  
localities1 but especially north of the 
#djth parallel in the northern          
hemisphere4 ,they should be commenced at
 midnight immediately preceding the #ast
 and continued to midnight succeeding   
the #eth4     ,,chapter ,,iv4           
,,practical ,,directions ,,for          
,,avoiding ,,the ,,centres ,,of         
,,rotating ,,storms4   ,figures #a and  
#b1 enlarged and printed on narrow rings
 of stiff cardboard1 are employed for   
this purpose4 ,the letters outside the  
thick circle are intended to distinguish
 the points of the compass1 and in use  
should always coincide with those points
 on the chart4 ,the letters within the  
thick circle indicate the direction of  
the wind in a hurricane1 the whirl being
 shown by the arrows between the        
letters4 ,in the northern hemisphere the
 direction of the whirl is always       

contrary to that in which the hands of a
 watch move1 and in the southern        
coincident thereto4 ,the graduation is  
intended to assist the mariner in       
ascertaining the bearing of the centre  
of a storm from his ship4   ,use4  ,at  
any time when a severe gale or hurricane
 is expected1 the seaman should at once 
find the position of his ship on the    
chart1 and place upon it the graduated  
point which answers to the direction of 
the wind at the time1 taking care that  
the needle is directed to the north1 so 
that the exterior letters may point on  
the chart to the respective points of   
the compass3 this is very essential4    
,this simple process will at once       
acquaint the seaman with two important  
facts relative to the coming            
hurricane--his position in the storm1   
and the direction in which it is moving4
   ,examples4  ,a captain of a ship in  
latitude #ce #bd' ,n41 longitude #fd    
#ab' ,w41 bound to the ,united ,states1 
observes the barometer to stand         

unusually high1 say #cjee inches3       
shortly after the mercury begins to     
fall1 at first slowly and steadily2 as  
the glass falls the wind freshens1 and  
is noticed to blow with increasing force
 from the ,s4 so as to threaten a gale4 
,the position of the ship on the chart  
is now to be found1 and the graduated   
point under the letters ,e4 ,s4 is to be
 placed thereon1 taking care to direct  
the needle to the north4 ,from these two
 circumstances1 the falling barometer   
and the wind blowing from the south with
 increasing force1 the mariner is aware 
of this simple fact1 that he is situated
 in the advancing portion of a body of  
air which is proceeding towards the     
,n4,e42 and if he turn his face to the  
,n4,e4 he will find he is on the right  
of the axis line1 or line cutting the   
advancing body transversely4 ,the       
hurricane circle as it lies on the chart
 reveals to him another important fact1 
which is1 that if he pursue his course  
he will sail towards the axis line of   

the hurricane1 and may stand a chance of
 foundering in its centre4 ,to avoid    
this he has one of two courses to adopt2
 either to lay-to on the starboard tack1
 according to ,col4 ,reid's rules 7see  
his ',law of ,storms1' #ast edit41 pp4  
#dbe to #dbh71 the ship being in the    
right-hand semicircle of the hurricane1 
or so to alter his course as to keep    
without the influence of the storm4 ,in 
the present case the adoption of the    
latter alternative would involve a      
reversal of his former course2          
nevertheless it is clear the more he    
bears to the ,s4,e4 the less he will    
experience the violence of the          
hurricane3 should he heave his ship to1 
upon moving the hurricane circle from   
the ship's place on the chart towards   
the ,n4,e41 he will be able to judge of 
the changes of the wind he is likely to 
experience3 thus it will first veer to  
,s4,s4,w41 the barometer still falling2 
then to ,s4,w41 the barometer at a      
minimum--this marks the position of the 

most violent portion of the storm he may
 be in1 and by keeping the barometer as 
high as he can by bearing towards the   
,s4,e41 the farther he will be from the 
centre--the barometer now begins to     
rise1 the wind veering to ,w4,s4,w41 and
 the hurricane finally passes off with  
the wind at ,w4 ,it is to be            
particularly remarked that in this      
example the ship is in the most         
dangerous quadrant1 as by scudding she  
would be driven in advance of the track 
of the storm's centre1 which of course  
would be approaching her4  ,assuming    
that the hurricane sets in at the ship's
 place with the wind at ,s4,e41 the     
proceeding will be altogether different4
 ,at first the wind is fair for the     
prosecution of the voyage1 and it is    
desirable to take advantage of this fair
 wind to avoid as much as possible the  
track of the centre1 which passes over  
the ship's place in this instance1 and  
is always the most dangerous part of the
 storm4 ,as the ship is able to make    

good distance from this track by bearing
 towards the ,n4,w41 provided she has   
plenty of sea-room1 she will experience 
less of the violence of the hurricane2  
but as most of the ,atlantic storms     
sweep over the shore1 it will be        
desirable to lay-to at some point on the
 larboard tack1 the ship being now in   
the left-hand semicircle4 ,by moving the
 circle as before directed it will be   
seen that the veering of the wind is now
 ,e4,s4,e41 ,e41 ,e4,n4,e41 ,n4,e41 the 
lowest barometer ,n4,n4,e41 ,n41 and    
,n4,n4,w41 the ship experiencing more or
 less of these changes as it is nearer  
to or farther from the axis line4  ,in  
latitudes lower than #bj ,n4 the        
,atlantic hurricanes usually move       
towards the ,n4,w4 ,taking the same     
positions of our ship with regard to the
 storms as in the two former examples1  
if the storm set in with the wind ,e4   
the proper proceeding is to bear away   
for the ,n4,e41 the most dangerous      
quadrant of the hurricane having        

overtaken the ship1 the veering of the  
wind if she is lying-to will be ,e41    
,e4,s4,e41 ,s4,e41 with the lowest      
barometer ,s4,s4,e4 and ,s4 ,should the 
storm set in at ,n4,e41 her position at 
the time will be some indication of the 
distance of the centre's track from the 
nearest land1 and will greatly assist in
 determining the point at which the     
captain ought to lay-to after taking    
advantage of the ,n4,e4 wind1 should he 
be able so to do1 to bear away from the 
centre line1 so as to avoid as much as  
possible the violence of the storm4     
,from the proximity of the ,west ,indian
 ,islands to this locality of the       
storm-paths1 the danger is              
proportionally increased4  ,the above   
examples have reference only to the     
lower and upper branches of the storm   
paths of the ,northern ,atlantic in the 
neighbourhood of the ,west ,indies and  
the ,united ,states4 ,in latitudes from 
about #be to #cb these paths usually    
re-curve1 and at some point will move   

towards the north4 ,the veering of the  
wind will consequently be more or less  
complicated according as the ship may be
 nearer to or farther from the centre4  
,the tables on page #aa1 combined with  
the first of those immediately following
 the next paragraph1 will1 it is hoped1 
prove advantageous in assisting the     
mariner as to the course to be adopted4 
,as a general principle we should say it
 would be best to bear to the eastward1 
so as not only to avoid the greater fury
 of the storm1 but to get into the ,s4  
and ,s4,w4 winds1 which give the        
principal chances of making a westerly  
course4  ,we have in page #dd called    
attention to the fact that the storm    
paths traced by ,mr4 ,redfield do not   
extend eastward of the #ejth meridian4  
,this by no means precludes the         
existence of severe storms and those of 
a rotatory character in the great basin 
of the ,northern ,atlantic1 especially  
between the #djth and #ejth parallels4  
,a remarkable instance has come under   

the author's attention of the wind      
hauling apparently contrary to the usual
 theory3 it may be that the storm route 
was in a direction not generally        
observed4 ,we are at the present moment 
destitute of any information that at all
 indicates a reversion of the rotation  
in either hemisphere4 ,the following    
tables constructed for the northern     
hemisphere1 and for storm routes not yet
 ascertained1 may probably be consulted 
with advantage on anomalous occasions4  
,,hurricane ,,moving ,,from ,,south ,,to
 ,,north4    ,axis line1 wind ,e41      
barometer falling1 first half of storm4 
,axis line1 wind ,w41 barometer rising1 
last half of storm4   ,,right-,,hand    
,,semicircle4    ,wind ,e4,s4,e41       
,s4,e41 ,s4,s4,e41 ,s41 barometer       
falling1 first half of storm4   ,wind   
,w4,s4,w41 ,s4,w41 ,s4,s4,w41 ,s41      
barometer rising1 last half of storm4   
,,left-,,hand ,,semicircle4    ,wind    
,e4,n4,e41 ,n4,e41 ,n4,n4,e41 ,n41      
barometer falling1 first half of storm4 

,wind ,w4,n4,w41 ,n4,w41 ,n4,n4,w41 ,n41
 barometer rising1 last half of storm4  
,,hurricane ,,moving ,,from ,,north ,,to
 ,,south4    ,axis line1 wind ,w41      
barometer falling1 first half of storm4 
,axis line1 wind ,e41 barometer rising1 
last half of storm4   ,,right-,,hand    
,,semicircle4    ,wind ,w4,n4,w41       
,n4,w41 ,n4,n4,w41 ,n41 barometer       
falling1 first half of storm4   ,wind   
,e4,n4,e41 ,n4,e41 ,n4,n4,e41 ,n41      
barometer rising1 last half of storm4   
,,left-,,hand ,,semicircle4    ,wind    
,w4,s4,w41 ,s4,w41 ,s4,s4,w41 ,s41      
barometer falling1 first half of storm4 
,wind ,e4,s4,e41 ,s4,e41 ,s4,s4,e41 ,s11
 barometer rising1 last half of storm4  
,,hurricane ,,moving ,,prom ,,west ,,to 
,,east4    ,axis line1 wind ,s41        
barometer falling1 first half of storm4 
,axis line1 wind ,n41 barometer rising1 
last half of storm4   ,,right-,,hand    
,,semicircle4    ,wind ,s4,s4,w41       
,s4,w41 ,w4,s4,w41 ,w41 barometer       
falling1 first half of storm4   ,wind   

,n4,n4,w41 ,n4,w41 ,w4,n4,w41 ,w41      
barometer rising1 last half of storm4   
,,left-,,hand ,,semicircle4    ,wind    
,s4,s4,e41 ,s4,e41 ,e4,s4,e41 ,e41      
barometer falling1 first half of storm4 
,wind ,n4,n4,e41 ,n4,e41 ,e4,n4,e41 ,e41
 barometer rising1 last half of storm4  
,,hurricane ,,moving ,,from             
,,north-,,west ,,to ,,south-,,east4     
,axis line1 wind ,s4,w41 barometer      
falling1 first half of storm4   ,axis   
line1 wind ,n4,e41 barometer rising1    
last half of storm4   ,,right-,,hand    
,,semicircle4    ,wind ,w4,s4,w41 ,w41  
,w4,n4,w41 ,n4,w41 barometer falling1   
first half of storm4   ,wind ,n4,n4,e41 
,n41 ,n4,n4,w41 ,n4,w41 barometer       
rising1 last half of storm4             
,,left-,,hand ,,semicircle4    ,wind    
,s4,s4,w41 ,s41 ,s4,s4,e41 ,s4,e41      
barometer falling1 first half of storm4 
,wind ,e4,n4,e41 ,e41 ,e4,s4,e41 ,s4,e41
 barometer rising1 last half of storm4  
,,appendix4  ,,table ,i4--,correction to
 be added to ,barometers for ,capillary 

,action4                                
----------------------------------------
-------------                           
,correction for           ,diameter of  
,tube4  --------------------------------
                        ,unboiled       
,tubes4  ,boiled ,tubes4                
----------------------------------------
------------       ,inch4               
,inch4           ,inch4            #jfj 
#jjjd           #jjjb            #jej   
#jjjg           #jjjc            #jde   
#jjaj           #jjje            #jdj   
#jjad           #jjjg            #jce   
#jjbj           #jjaj            #jcj   
#jjbh           #jjad            #jbe   
#jjdj           #jjbj            #jbj   
#jjfj           #jjbi            #jae   
#jjhh           #jjdd            #jaj   
#jadb           #jjgj                   
----------------------------------------
------------                            
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,transcibers note3 ,the following #ajj  

line table has been split into    two1  
both vertically and horizontally1 so    
that it can be accommodated on these    
pages4                                  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------   ,,table 
,,ii4--,correction to be applied to     
,barometers with ,brass ,scales1        
extending from the ,cistern to the top  
of the ,mercurial ,column1 to reduce the
 observation to #cb ,fahrenheit4        
----------------------------------------
---------------------------             
,i ,n ,c ,h ,e ,s4                      
,t                                      
----------------------------------------
------------  ,t    e                   
e    m    #bd   #bde    #be   #bee      
#bf   #bfe    #bg    #bge   m    p      
p                                       
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
#j  #jfa  #jfc   #jfd  #jfe   #jfg  #jfh
   #jfi   #jga    #j    #a  #jei  #jfa  
#jfb  #jfc   #jfd  #jfe   #jfg   #jfh   

#a    #b  #jeg  #jeh   #jfj  #jfa   #jfb
  #jfc   #jfd   #jff    #b    #c  #jee  
#jef   #jeg  #jei   #jfj  #jfa   #jfb   
#jfc    #c    #d  #jec  #jed   #jee     
#jef   #jeg  #jeh   #jei   #jfa    #d   
#e  #jea  #jeb   #jec  #jed   #jee  #jef
   #jeg   #jeh    #e    #f  #jdi  #jej  
#jea  #jeb   #jec  #jed   #jee   #jef   
#f    #g  #jdf  #jdg   #jdh  #jdi   #jej
  #jea   #jeb   #jec    #g    #h  #jdd  
#jde   #jdf  #jdg   #jdh  #jdi   #jej   
#jea    #h    #i  #jdb  #jdc   #jdd     
#jde   #jdf  #jdf   #jdg   #jdh    #i   
#aj  #jdj  #jda   #jdb  #jdb   #jdc     
#jdd   #jde   #jdf   #aj                
#aa  #jch  #jci   #jci  #jdj   #jda     
#jdb   #jdb   #jdc   #aa   #ab  #jcf    
#jcf   #jcg  #jch   #jci  #jci   #jdj   
#jda   #ab   #ac  #jcc  #jcd   #jce     
#jcf   #jcf  #jcg   #jch   #jch   #ac   
#ad  #jca  #jcb   #jcc  #jcc   #jcd     
#jce   #jce   #jcf   #ad   #ae  #jbi    
#jcj   #jcj  #jca   #jcb  #jcb   #jcc   
#jcc   #ae   #af  #jbg  #jbh   #jbh     
#jbi   #jbi  #jcj   #jcj   #jca   #af   

#ag  #jbe  #jbe   #jbf  #jbf   #jbg     
#jbg   #jbh   #jbh   #ag   #ah  #jbc    
#jbc   #jbd  #jbd   #jbe  #jbe   #jbe   
#jbf   #ah   #ai  #jba  #jba   #jba     
#jbb   #jbb  #jbc   #jbc   #jbd   #ai   
#bj  #jah  #jai   #jai  #jbj   #jbj     
#jbj   #jba   #jba   #bj                
#ba  #jaf  #jag   #jag  #jag   #jah     
#jah   #jah   #jai   #ba   #bb  #jad    
#jad   #jae  #jae   #jae  #jaf   #jaf   
#jaf   #bb   #bc  #jab  #jab   #jab     
#jac   #jac  #jac   #jac   #jad   #bc   
#bd  #jaj  #jaj   #jaj  #jaj   #jaa     
#jaa   #jaa   #jaa   #bd   #be  #jjh    
#jjh   #jjh  #jjh   #jjh  #jjh   #jji   
#jji   #be   #bf  #jje  #jjf   #jjf     
#jjf   #jjf  #jjf   #jjf   #jjf   #bf   
#bg  #jjc  #jjc   #jjc  #jjc   #jjd     
#jjd   #jjd   #jjd   #bg   #bh  #jja    
#jja   #jja  #jja   #jja  #jja   #jja   
#jja   #bh         --    --     --    --
     --    --     --     --     #bi     
#jja  #jja   #jja  #jja   #jja  #jja    
#jja   #jja   #bi   #cj  #jjc  #jjc     
#jjc  #jjd   #jjd  #jjd   #jjd   #jjd   

#cj                                     
#ca  #jje  #jjf   #jjf  #jjf   #jjf     
#jjf   #jjf   #jjf   #ca   #cb  #jjh    
#jjh   #jjh  #jjh   #jjh  #jjh   #jjh   
#jji   #cb   #cc  #jaj  #jaj   #jaj     
#jaj   #jaa  #jaa   #jaa   #jaa   #cc   
#cd  #jab  #jab   #jab  #jac   #jac     
#jac   #jac   #jad   #cd   #ce  #jad    
#jad   #jae  #jae   #jae  #jae   #jaf   
#jaf   #ce   #cf  #jaf  #jag   #jag     
#jag   #jag  #jah   #jah   #jai   #cf   
#cg  #jah  #jai   #jai  #jai   #jbj     
#jbj   #jba   #jba   #cg   #ch  #jbj    
#jba   #jba  #jbb   #jbb  #jbc   #jbc   
#jbc   #ch   #ci  #jbc  #jbc   #jbd     
#jbd   #jbd  #jbe   #jbe   #jbf   #ci   
#dj  #jbe  #jbe   #jbf  #jbf   #jbg     
#jbg   #jbh   #jbh   #dj                
#da  #jbg  #jbg   #jbh  #jbi   #jbi     
#jcj   #jcj   #jca   #da   #db  #jbi    
#jcj   #jcj  #jca   #jca  #jcb   #jcc   
#jcc   #db   #dc  #jca  #jcb   #jcb     
#jcc   #jcd  #jcd   #jce   #jcf   #dc   
#dd  #jcc  #jcd   #jce  #jce   #jcf     
#jcg   #jcg   #jch   #dd   #de  #jce    

#jcf   #jcg  #jch   #jch  #jci   #jdj   
#jda   #de   #df  #jch  #jch   #jci     
#jdj   #jda  #jdb   #jdb   #jdc   #df   
#dg  #jdj  #jda   #jda  #jdb   #jdc     
#jdd   #jde   #jdf   #dg   #dh  #jdb    
#jdc   #jdd  #jde   #jde  #jdf   #jdg   
#jdh   #dh   #di  #jdd  #jde   #jdf     
#jdg   #jdc  #jdi   #jej   #jej   #di   
#ej  #jdf  #jdg   #jdc  #jdi   #jej     
#jea   #jeb   #jec   #ej                
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
----------------------------------------
--------------------                    
,i ,n ,c ,h ,e ,s4                      
,t                                      
----------------------------------------
-------  ,t    e                        
e    m    #bh   #bhe    #bi   #bie      
#cj   #cje     #ca    m    p            
p                                       
----------------------------------------
--------------                          
#j  #jgb   #jgc  #jgd   #jgf  #jgg      
#jgh   #jhj    #j    #a  #jfi   #jga    

#jgb   #jgc  #jgd   #jgf   #jgg    #a   
#b  #jfg   #jfh  #jfi   #jgj  #jgb      
#jgc   #jgd    #b    #c  #jfd   #jfe    
#jfg   #jfh  #jfi   #jgj   #jga    #c   
#d  #jfb   #jfc  #jfd   #jfe  #jff      
#jfg   #jfh    #d    #e  #jci   #jfj    
#jfa   #jfb  #jfc   #jfe   #jff    #e   
#f  #jeg   #jeh  #jei   #jfj  #jfa      
#jfb   #jfc    #f    #g  #jed   #jee    
#jef   #jeg  #jeh   #jei   #jfj    #g   
#h  #jeb   #jec  #jed   #jed  #jee      
#jef   #jeg    #h    #i  #jdi   #jej    
#jea   #jeb  #jec   #jed   #jed    #i   
#aj  #jdg   #jdg  #jdh   #jdi  #jej     
#jea   #jeb   #aj                       
#aa  #jdd   #jde  #jdf   #jdf  #jdg     
#jdh   #jdi   #aa   #ab  #jdb   #jdb    
#jdc   #jdd  #jde   #jde   #jdf   #ab   
#ac  #jci   #jdj  #jdj   #jda  #jdb     
#jdc   #jdc   #ac   #ad  #jcg   #jcg    
#jch   #jch  #jci   #jdj   #jdj   #ad   
#ae  #jcd   #jce  #jce   #jcf  #jcf     
#jcg   #jch   #ae   #af  #jcb   #jcb    
#jcc   #jcc  #jcd   #jcd   #jce   #af   
#ag  #jbi   #jcj  #jcj   #jca  #jca     

#jcb   #jcb   #ag   #ah  #jbf   #jbg    
#jbg   #jbh  #jbh   #jbi   #jbi   #ah   
#ai  #jbd   #jbd  #jbe   #jbe  #jbf     
#jbf   #jbg   #ai   #bj  #jba   #jbb    
#jbb   #jbc  #jbc   #jbc   #jbd   #bj   
#ba  #jai   #jai  #jbj   #jbj  #jbj     
#jba   #jba   #ba   #bb  #jaf   #jag    
#jag   #jag  #jah   #jah   #jah   #bb   
#bc  #jad   #jad  #jad   #jae  #jae     
#jae   #jae   #bc   #bd  #jaa   #jab    
#jab   #jab  #jab   #jab   #jac   #bd   
#be  #jji   #jji  #jji   #jji  #jji     
#jaj   #jaj   #be   #bf  #jjf   #jjf    
#jjg   #jjg  #jjg   #jjg   #jjg   #bf   
#bg  #jjd   #jjd  #jjd   #jjd  #jjd     
#jjd   #jjd   #bg   #bh  #jja   #jja    
#jja   #jja  #jja   #jja   #jja   #bh   
--     --    --     --    --     --     
--     #bi  #jja   #jja  #jja   #jja    
#jja   #jja   #jja   #bi   #cj  #jjd    
#jjd  #jjd   #jjd  #jjd   #jjd   #jjd   
#cj                                     
#ca  #jjf   #jjf  #jjg   #jjg  #jjg     
#jjg   #jjg   #ca   #cb  #jji   #jji    
#jji   #jji  #jji   #jaj   #jaj   #cb   

#cc  #jaa   #jab  #jab   #jab  #jab     
#jab   #jab   #cc   #cd  #jad   #jad    
#jad   #jae  #jae   #jae   #jae   #cd   
#ce  #jaf   #jag  #jag   #jag  #jah     
#jah   #jah   #ce   #cf  #jai   #jai    
#jbj   #jbj  #jbj   #jba   #jba   #cf   
#cg  #jba   #jbb  #jbb   #jbb  #jbc     
#jbc   #jbd   #cg   #ch  #jbd   #jbd    
#jbe   #jbe  #jbf   #jbf   #jbf   #ch   
#ci  #jbf   #jbg  #jbg   #jbh  #jbh     
#jbi   #jbi   #ci   #dj  #jbi   #jbi    
#jcj   #jcj  #jca   #jca   #jcb   #dj   
#da  #jca   #jcb  #jcc   #jcc  #jcd     
#jcd   #jce   #da   #db  #jcd   #jcd    
#jce   #jcf  #jcf   #jcg   #jcg   #db   
#dc  #jcf   #jcg  #jch   #jch  #jci     
#jaj   #jdj   #dc   #dd  #jci   #jdj    
#jdj   #jda  #jdb   #jdb   #jdc   #dd   
#de  #jda   #jdb  #jdc   #jdd  #jdd     
#jde   #jdf   #de   #df  #jdd   #jde    
#jde   #jdf  #jdg   #jdh   #jdi   #df   
#dg  #jdf   #jdg  #jdh   #jdi  #jej     
#jea   #jea   #dg   #dh  #jdi   #jej    
#jea   #jeb  #jeb   #jec   #jed   #dh   
#di  #jca   #jeb  #jec   #jed  #jee     

#jef   #jeg   #di   #ej  #jed   #jee    
#jef   #jeg  #jeh   #jei   #jfj   #ej   
----------------------------------------
--------------   ,,table                
,,ii4--,continued                       
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------           
,i ,n ,c ,h ,e ,s4                      
,t                                      
----------------------------------------
-------------  ,t     e                 
e     m    #bd   #bde    #be   #bee     
#bf   #bfe    #bg    #bge   m     p     
p                                       
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
#ea  #jdh  #jdi   #jej  #jea   #jeb     
#jec   #jed   #jee    #ea    #eb  #jej  
#jeb   #jec  #jed   #jee  #jef   #jeg   
#jeh    #eb    #ec  #jec  #jed   #jee   
#jef   #jeg  #jeh   #jei   #jfj    #ec  
#ed  #jee  #jef   #jeg  #jec   #jei     
#jfj   #jfb   #jfc    #ed    #ee  #jeg  
#jeh   #jei  #jfj   #jfb  #jfc   #jfd   
#jfe    #ee    #ef  #jei  #jfj   #jfa   

#jfc   #jfd  #jfe   #jff   #jfc    #ef  
#eg  #jfa  #jfb   #jfd  #jfe   #jff     
#jfh   #jfi   #jgj    #eg    #eh  #jfc  
#jfe   #jff  #jfg   #jfi  #jgj   #jga   
#jgc    #eh    #ei  #jfe  #jfg   #jfh   
#jgj   #jga  #jgb   #jgd   #jge    #ei  
#fj  #jfh  #jfi   #jgj  #jgb   #jgc     
#jge   #jgf   #jgg    #fj               
#fa  #jgj  #jga   #jgc  #jgd   #jge     
#jgg   #jgh   #jhj    #fa    #fb  #jgb  
#jgc   #jge  #jgf   #jgh  #jgi   #jha   
#jhb    #fb    #fc  #jgd  #jgf   #jgg   
#jgi   #jhj  #jhb   #jhc   #jhe    #fc  
#fd  #jgf  #jgc   #jgi  #jha   #jhb     
#jhd   #jhf   #jhg    #fd    #fe  #jgh  
#jhj   #jhb  #jhc   #jhe  #jhf   #jhh   
#jij    #fe    #ff  #jhj  #jhb   #jhd   
#jhe   #jhg  #jhi   #jij   #jib    #ff  
#fg  #jhc  #jhd   #jhf  #jhh   #jhi     
#jia   #jic   #jie    #fg    #fh  #jhe  
#jhf   #jhh  #jij   #jib  #jid   #jie   
#jig    #fh    #fi  #jhg  #jhi   #jij   
#jib   #jid  #jif   #jih   #ajj    #fi  
#gj  #jhi  #jia   #jic  #jie   #jif     
#jih   #ajj   #ajb    #gj               

#ga  #jia  #jic   #jie  #jig   #jii     
#aja   #ajb   #ajd    #ga    #gb  #jic  
#jie   #jig  #jii   #aja  #ajc   #aje   
#ajg    #gb    #gc  #jie  #jig   #jii   
#aja   #ajc  #aje   #ajg   #aji    #gc  
#gd  #jig  #jii   #ajb  #ajd   #ajf     
#ajh   #aaj   #aab    #gd    #ge  #ajj  
#ajb   #ajd  #ajf   #ajh  #aaj   #aab   
#aad    #ge    #gf  #ajb  #ajd   #ajf   
#ajh   #aaj  #aab   #aad   #aag    #gf  
#gg  #ajd  #ajf   #ajh  #aaj   #aab     
#aae   #aag   #aai    #gg    #gh  #ajf  
#ajh   #aaj  #aac   #aae  #aag   #aai   
#abb    #gh    #gi  #ajh  #aaj   #aac   
#aae   #aag  #aai   #abb   #abd    #gi  
#hj  #aaj  #aac   #aae  #aag   #aai     
#abb   #abd   #abf    #hj               
#ha  #aab  #aae   #aag  #aai   #abb     
#abd   #abf   #abi    #ha    #hb  #aad  
#aag   #aai  #abb   #abd  #abf   #abi   
#aca    #hb    #hc  #aag  #aai   #aba   
#abd   #abf  #abi   #aca   #acd    #hc  
#hd  #aai  #aba   #abd  #abf   #abi     
#aca   #acd   #acf    #hd    #he  #aba  
#abc   #acf  #abh   #aca  #acc   #acf   

#aci    #he    #hf  #abc  #abf   #abh   
#aca   #acc  #acf   #ach   #ada    #hf  
#hg  #abe  #abh   #acj  #acc   #acf     
#ach   #ada   #adc    #hg    #hh  #abg  
#acj   #acc  #acc   #ach  #ada   #adc   
#adf    #hh    #hi  #abi  #acb   #ace   
#acg   #adj  #adc   #adf   #adh    #hi  
#ij  #aca  #acd   #acg  #adj   #adb     
#ade   #adh   #aea    #ij               
#ia  #acd  #acf   #aci  #adb   #ade     
#adh   #aej   #aec    #ia    #ib  #acf  
#aci   #ada  #add   #adg  #aej   #aec   
#aef    #ib    #ic  #ach  #ada   #add   
#adg   #adi  #aeb   #aee   #aeh    #ic  
#id  #adj  #adc   #adf  #adi   #aeb     
#aee   #aeg   #afa    #id    #ie  #adb  
#ade   #adh  #aea   #aed  #aeg   #afj   
#afc    #ie    #if  #add  #adg   #aej   
#aec   #aef  #aei   #afb   #afe    #if  
#ig  #adf  #adi   #aeb  #aee   #aei     
#afb   #afe   #afh    #ig    #ih  #adh  
#aeb   #aee  #aeh   #afa  #afd   #afg   
#agj    #ih    #ii  #aea  #aed   #aeg   
#afj   #afc  #aff   #afi   #agc    #ii  
#ajj  #aec  #aef   #aei  #afb   #afe    

#afi   #agb   #age   #ajj               
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,i ,n ,c ,h ,e ,s4                      
,t                                      
----------------------------------------
-------  ,t     e                       
e     m    #bh   #bhe    #bi   #bie     
#cj   #cje     #ca    m     p           
p                                       
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
#ea  #jef   #jeg  #jeh   #jei  #jfj     
#jfa   #jfb    #ea    #eb  #jei   #jfj  
#jfa   #jfb  #jfc   #jfd   #jfe    #eb  
#ec  #jfa   #jfc  #jfd   #jfe  #jff     
#jfg   #jfh    #ec    #ed  #jfd   #jfe  
#jff   #jfg  #jfh   #jgj   #jga    #ed  
#ee  #jff   #jfh  #jfi   #jgj  #jga     
#jgb   #jgc    #ee    #ef  #jfi   #jgj  
#jga   #jgc  #jgd   #jge   #jgf    #ef  
#eg  #jga   #jgc  #jgd   #jge  #jgf     
#jgh   #jgi    #eg    #eh  #jgd   #jge  

#jgg   #jgh  #jgi   #jha   #jhb    #eh  
#ei  #jgf   #jgh  #jgi   #jhj  #jhb     
#jhc   #jhe    #ei    #fj  #jgi   #jhj  
#jhb   #jhc  #jhe   #jhf   #jhg    #fj  
#fa  #jha   #jhc  #jhd   #jhf  #jhg     
#jhi   #jij    #fa    #fb  #jhd   #jhe  
#jhg   #jhh  #jij   #jia   #jic    #fb  
#fc  #jhf   #jhh  #jhi   #jia  #jic     
#jid   #jif    #fc    #fd  #jhi   #jij  
#jib   #jid  #jie   #jig   #jih    #fd  
#fe  #jia   #jic  #jie   #jif  #jih     
#ajj   #aja    #fe    #ff  #jid   #jif  
#jig   #jii  #aja   #ajb   #ajd    #ff  
#fg  #jif   #jih  #ajj   #ajb  #ajc     
#aje   #ajg    #fg    #fh  #jii   #aja  
#ajb   #ajd  #ajf   #ajh   #aji    #fh  
#fi  #aja   #ajc  #aje   #ajg  #aji     
#aaj   #aab    #fi    #gj  #ajd   #ajf  
#ajh   #aji  #aaa   #aac   #aae    #gj  
#ga  #ajf   #ajh  #aaj   #aab  #aad     
#aaf   #aah    #ga    #gb  #aji   #aaa  
#aac   #aae  #aag   #aai   #abj    #gb  
#gc  #aaa   #aac  #aae   #aag  #aai     
#aba   #abc    #gc    #gd  #aad   #aaf  
#aah   #abj  #abb   #abd   #abf    #gd  

#ge  #aaf   #aah  #abj   #abb  #abe     
#abg   #abi    #ge    #gf  #aai   #aba  
#abc   #abe  #abg   #abi   #aca    #gf  
#gg  #aba   #abc  #abf   #abh  #acj     
#acb   #acd    #gg    #gh  #abd   #abf  
#abh   #acj  #acc   #ace   #acg    #gh  
#gi  #abf   #abh  #aca   #acc  #ace     
#acg   #adj    #gi    #hj  #abi   #aca  
#acc   #acf  #ach   #adj   #adc    #hj  
#ha  #aca   #acd  #acf   #ach  #ada     
#adc   #ade    #ha    #hb  #acd   #acf  
#ach   #ada  #adc   #adf   #adh    #hb  
#hc  #acf   #aci  #ada   #adc  #adf     
#adh   #aea    #hc    #hd  #aci   #ada  
#add   #adf  #adi   #aea   #aed    #hd  
#he  #ada   #add  #adf   #adi  #aea     
#aed   #aef    #he    #hf  #add   #adf  
#adi   #aea  #aed   #aef   #aei    #hf  
#hg  #adf   #adi  #aea   #aed  #aeg     
#aei   #afb    #hg    #hh  #adi   #aea  
#aed   #aeg  #aei   #afb   #afe    #hh  
#hi  #aea   #aed  #aef   #aei  #afb     
#afe   #afg    #hi    #ij  #aec   #aef  
#aei   #afb  #afd   #afg   #agj    #ij  
#ia  #aef   #aei  #afb   #afe  #afg     

#agj   #agc    #ia    #ib  #aeh   #afa  
#afd   #afg  #agj   #agb   #age    #ib  
#ic  #afa   #afd  #afg   #agj  #agb     
#age   #agh    #ic    #id  #afc   #aff  
#afi   #agb  #age   #agg   #ahj    #id  
#ie  #aff   #afi  #agb   #age  #agh     
#ahj   #ahc    #ie    #if  #afh   #aga  
#agd   #agh  #aha   #ahc   #aaf    #if  
#ig  #aga   #agd  #agg   #ahj  #ahc     
#ahf   #ahi    #ig    #ih  #agc   #agf  
#agi   #ahc  #ahf   #ahh   #aia    #ih  
#ii  #agf   #agi  #ahb   #ahe  #ahh     
#aia   #aid    #ii   #ajj  #agh   #aha  
#ahd   #ahh  #aia   #aid   #aig   #ajj  
----------------------------------------
----------------   ,,printed ,,by ,w4   
,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,stanford       
,,street4 ,,footnotes3  #a ,the first   
half of the storm1 in the case before   
alluded to1 is that ,n4,e4 of the line  
,n4,w4--,s4,e41 fig4 #a1 comprising the 
easterly and southerly winds2 and the   
latter half1 that ,s4,w4 of the same    
line1 comprising the northerly and      
westerly winds4  #b ,this table is also 

applicable to the hurricanes in the     
neighbourhood of ,mauritius in the      
southern hemisphere1 where all the      
phnomena are reversed2 the motion of the
 hurricanes being towards the ,s4,w41   
and the rotation in the direction of the
 hands of a watch1 the same barometric  
and anemonal phnomena are experienced as
 in a hurricane in the northern         
hemisphere moving towards the ,n4,e4  #c
 ,by the officer of the watch being     
charged with this duty1 and its being   
executed under his immediate            
superintendence1 it is apprehended that 
a register may be kept with great       
regularity4  #d ,these papers may be    
obtained from ,messrs4 ,w4 ,h4 ,allen   
and ,co41 ,booksellers to the           
,honourable ,east ,india ,company1 ,no4 
#g1 ,leadenhall ,street1 ,london4  #e   
,reports of the ,british ,association   
for the ,advancement of ,science1 #ahdf1
 p4 #aci4