,on the ,trail ,an ,outdoor ,book for ,girls ,by ,,lina ,,beard ,,and ,,adelia ,,belle ,,beard ,with ,illustrations by the ,authors ,,new ,,york ,charles ,scribner's ,sons #aiae ,,copyright1 #aiae1 ,,by ,,charles ,,scribner',s ,,sons ,published ,june1 #aiae ,,to ,,all ,,girls ,,who ,,love ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,open ,,we ,,dedicate ,,this ,,book ,illustration3 ,over-night camp4 ,fire notice is posted on tree4 ,,presentation ,the joyous1 exhilarating call of the wilderness and the forest camp is surely and steadily penetrating through the barriers of brick1 stone1 and concrete2 through the more or less artificial life of town and city2 and the ,american girl is listening eagerly4 ,it is awakening in her longings for free1 wholesome1 and adventurous outdoor life1 for the innocent delights of nature-loving ,thoreau and bird-loving ,burroughs4 ,sturdy1 independent1 self-reliant1 she is now demanding outdoor books that are genuine and filled with practical information2 books that tell how to do worth-while things1 that teach real woodcraft and are not adapted to the girl supposed to be afraid of a caterpillar or to shudder at sight of a harmless snake4 ,in answer to the demand1 ,on the ,trail has been written4 ,the authors' deep desire is to help girls respond to this new1 insistent call by pointing out to them the open trail4 ,it is their hope and wish that their girl readers may seek the charm of the wild and may find the same happiness in the life of the open that the ,american boy has enjoyed since the first settler built his little cabin on the shores of the ,new ,world4 ,to forward this object1 the why and how1 the where and when of things of camp and trail have been embodied in this book4 ,thanks are due to ,edward ,cave1 president and editor of ,recreation1 for kindly allowing the use of some of his wild-life photographs4 ,,lina ,,beard1 ,,adelia ,,belle ,,beard4 ,,flushing1 ,n4 ,y41 ,march #af1 #aiae4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,trailing #c ,,ii4 ,,woodcraft #ba ,,iii4 ,,camping #dd ,,iv4 ,,what ,,to ,,wear ,,on ,,the ,,trail #hd ,v4 ,,outdoor ,,handicraft #ajf ,,vi4 ,,making ,,friends ,,with ,,the ,,outdoor ,,folk #aai ,,vii4 ,,wild ,,food ,,on ,,the ,,trail #ach ,,viii4 ,,little ,,foes ,,of ,,the ,,trailer #afe ,,ix4 ,,on ,,the ,,trail ,,with ,,your ,,camera #ahg ,x4 ,,on ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,water #bje ,,xi4 ,,useful ,,knots ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,tie ,,them #bcc ,,xii4 ,,accidents #bdd ,,xiii4 ,,camp ,,fun ,,and ,,frolics #bee ,,xiv4 ,,happy ,,and ,,sane ,,sunday ,,in ,,camp #bfi ,,illustrations ,over-night camp ,frontispiece ,,page ,one can generally pass around obstructions like this on the trail #e ,difficulties of the ,adirondack trail #i ,blazing the trail by bending down and breaking branches #aa ,returning to camp by the blazed trail #ac ,footprints of animals #ag ,footprints of animals #ai ,ink impressions of leaves #bc ,ink impressions of leaves #bd ,ink impressions of leaves #be ,pitch-pine and cone #bf ,sycamore leaf and fruit of sycamore #bf ,how to use the axe #bi ,the compass and the ,north ,star #cg ,a permanent camp #di ,outdoor shelters #ea ,dining-tent1 handy racks1 and log bedstead #ec ,a forest camp by the water #ee ,in camp #eg ,the bough-bed1 the cook-fire1 and the wall-tent #ei ,soft wood #fc ,hard wood #fe ,bringing wood for the fire #fi ,camp fires and camp sanitation #ha ,trailers' outfits #hg ,the head-net and blanket-roll #ia ,some things to carry and how to carry them #aja ,handicraft in the woods #ajg ,outdoor dressing-table1 camp-cupboard1 hammock-frame1 seat1 and pot-hook #aji ,camp-chair1 biscuit-stick1 and blanket camp-bed #aaa ,the birch-bark dish that will hold fluids4 ,details of making #aae ,a bear would rather be your friend than your enemy #aah ,making friends with a ruffed grouse #abj ,found on the trail #abb ,timber wolves #abd ,baby moose #abf ,stalking wild birds #abh ,the fish-hawk will sometimes build near the ground #aca ,antelopes of the western plains #ace ,good food on the trail #adc ,fruits found principally in the south and the middle west #adg ,fruits found principally in the north and the middle west #aea ,fruits common to most of the ,states #aee ,hickory nuts1 sweet and bitter #aei ,nuts with soft shells4 ,beechnut and chestnut #afa ,poisonous and non-poisonous snakes #agc ,plants poison to the touch #aha ,plants poison to the taste #ahe ,the white birch-tree makes a fine background for the beaver #aia ,blacktail deer snapped with a background of snow #aic ,the skunk #aie ,the porcupine stood in the shade but the background was light #aig ,photographing a woodcock from ambush #aii ,the country through which you pass1 with a trailer in the foreground #bja ,method of protecting roots to keep plants fresh while you carry them to camp for photographing #bjc ,a rowboat is a safer craft than a canoe #bjf ,keep your body steady #bjh ,canoeing on placid waters #baj ,bring your canoe up broadside to the shore #bab ,how to use the paddle and a flat-bottomed rowboat #bae ,the raft of logs #bai ,primitive weaving in raft building #bba ,learn to be at home in the water #bbe ,for dinner #bbi ,the veteran #bca ,bends in knot tying #bce ,figure eight knot #bcg ,overhand bow-line knot #bcg ,underhand bow-line knot #bci ,sheepshank knot #bci ,parcel slip-knot #bda ,cross-tie parcel knot #bda ,fisherman's knot #bda ,the halter1 slip-knot1 and hitching-tie #bdc ,the fireman's lift #bde ,aids in first aid #bdg ,restoring respiration #bec ,when darkness closes in #bei ,wood-thrush #bfa ,yellow-throated vireo #bfb ,fire without matches #bfd ,fire without the bow #bfg ,,on ,,the ,,trail ,,chapter ,i ,,trailing ,what the ,outdoor ,world ,can ,do for ,girls4 ,how to ,find the ,trail and ,how to ,keep ,it ,there is a something in you1 as in every one1 every man1 woman1 girl1 and boy1 that requires the tonic life of the wild4 ,you may not know it1 many do not1 but there is a part of your nature that only the wild can reach1 satisfy1 and develop4 ,the much-housed1 overheated1 overdressed1 and over-entertained life of most girls is artificial1 and if one does not turn away from and leave it for a while1 one also becomes greatly artificial and must go through life not knowing the joy1 the strength1 the poise that real outdoor life can give4 ,what is it about a true woodsman that instantly compels our respect1 that sets him apart from the men who might be of his class in village or town and puts him in a class by himself1 though he may be exteriorly rough and have little or no book education8 ,the real ,adirondack or the ,north ,woods guide1 alert1 clean-limbed1 clear-eyed1 hard-muscled1 bearing his pack-basket or duffel-bag on his back1 doing all the hard work of the camp1 never loses his poise or the simple dignity which he shares with all the things of the wild4 ,it is bred in him1 is a part of himself and the life he leads4 ,he is as conscious of his superior knowledge of the woods as an astronomer is of his knowledge of the stars1 and patiently tolerates the ignorance and awkwardness of the tenderfoot from the city4 ,only a keen sense of humor can make this toleration possible1 for ,i have seen things done by a city-dweller at camp that would enrage a woodsman1 unless the irresistibly funny side of it made him laugh his inward laugh that seldom reaches the surface4 ,to live for a while in the wild strengthens the muscles of your mind as well as of your body4 ,flabby thoughts and flabby muscles depart together and are replaced by enthusiasm and vigor of purpose1 by strength of limb and chest and back4 ,to have seems not so desirable as to be4 ,when you have once come into sympathy with this world of the wild--which holds our cultivated1 artificial world in the hollow of its hand and gives it life--new joy1 good1 wholesome1 heartfelt joy1 will well up within you4 ,new and absorbing interests will claim your attention4 ,you will breathe deeper1 stand straighter4 ,the small1 petty things of life will lose their seeming importance and great things will look larger and infinitely more worth while4 ,you will know that the woods1 the fields1 the streams and great waters bear wonderful messages for you1 and1 little by little1 you will learn to read them4 ,the majority of people who visit the up-to-date hotels of the ,adirondacks1 which their wily proprietors call camps1 may think they see the wild and are living in it4 ,but for them it is only a big picnic-ground through which they rush with unseeing eyes and whose cloisters they invade with unfeeling hearts1 seemingly for the one purpose of building a fire1 cooking their lunch1 eating it1 and then hurrying back to the comforts of the hotel and the gayety of hotel life4 ,illustration3 ,one can generally pass around obstructions like this on the trail4 ,at their careless and noisy approach the forest suddenly withdraws itself into its deep reserve and reveals no secrets4 ,it is as if they entered an empty house and passed through deserted rooms1 but all the time the intruders are stealthily watched by unseen1 hostile1 or frightened eyes4 ,every form of moving life is stilled and magically fades into its background4 ,the tawny rabbit halts amid the dry leaves of a fallen tree4 ,no one sees it4 ,the sinuous weasel slips silently under a rock by the side of the trail and is unnoticed4 ,the mother grouse crouches low amid the underbrush and her little ones follow her example1 but the careless company has no time to observe and drifts quickly by4 ,only the irrepressible red squirrel might be seen1 but isn't1 when he loses his balance and drops to a lower branch in his efforts to miss nothing of the excitement of the invasion4 ,this is not romance1 it is truth4 ,to think sentimentally about nature1 to sit by a babbling brook and try to put your supposed feelings into verse1 will not help you to know the wild4 ,the only way to cultivate the sympathy and understanding which will enable you to feel its heart-beats1 is to go to it humbly1 ready to see the wonders it can show2 ready to appreciate and love its beauties and ready to meet on friendly and cordial terms the animal life whose home it is4 ,the wild world is1 indeed1 a wonderful world2 how wonderful and interesting we learn only by degrees and actual experience4 ,it is free1 but not lawless2 to enter it fully we must obey these laws which are slowly and silently impressed upon us4 ,it is a wholesome1 life-giving1 inspiring world1 and when you have learned to conform to its rules you are met on every hand by friendly messengers to guide you and teach you the ways of the wild3 wild birds1 wild fruits and plants1 and gentle1 furtive1 wild animals4 ,you cannot put their messages into words1 but you can feel them2 and then1 suddenly1 you no longer care for soft cushions and rugs1 for shaded lamps1 dainty fare and finery1 for paved streets and concrete walks4 ,you want to plant your feet upon the earth in its natural state1 however rugged or boggy it may be4 ,you want your cushions to be of the soft moss-beds of the piny woods1 and1 with the unparalleled sauce of a healthy1 hearty appetite1 you want to eat your dinner out of doors1 cooked over the outdoor fire1 and to drink water from a birch-bark cup1 brought cool and dripping from the bubbling spring4 ,you want1 oh6 how you want to sleep on a springy bed of balsam boughs1 wrapped in soft1 warm1 woollen blankets with the sweet night air of all outdoors to breathe while you sleep4 ,you want your flower-garden1 not with great and gorgeous masses of bloom in evident1 orderly beds1 but keeping always charming surprises for unexpected times and in unsuspected places4 ,you want the flowers that grow without your help in ways you have not planned2 that hold the enchantment of the wilderness4 ,some people are born with this love for the wild1 some attain it1 but in either case the joy is there1 and to find it you must seek it4 ,your chosen trail may lead through the primeval forests or into the great western deserts or plains2 or it may reach only left-over bits of the wild which can be found at no great distance from home4 ,even a bit of meadow or woodland1 even an uncultivated field on the hilltop1 will give you a taste of the wild2 and if you strike the trail in the right spirit you will find upon arrival that these remnants of the wild world have much to show and to teach you4 ,there are the sky1 the clouds1 the lungfuls of pure air1 the growing things which send their roots where they will and not in a man-ordered way4 ,there is the wild life that obeys no man's law3 the insects1 the birds1 and small four-footed animals4 ,on all sides you will find evidences of wild life if you will look for it4 ,here you may make camp for a day and enjoy that day as much as if it were one of many in a several weeks' camping trip4 ,however1 this is not to be a book of glittering generalities but1 as far as it can be made1 one of practical helpfulness in outdoor life2 therefore when you are told to strike the trail you must also be told how to do it4 ,when ,you ,strike the ,trail ,for any journey1 by rail or by boat1 one has a general idea of the direction to be taken1 the character of the land or water to be crossed1 and of what one will find at the end4 ,so it should be in striking the trail4 ,learn all you can about the path you are to follow4 ,whether it is plain or obscure1 wet or dry2 where it leads2 and its length1 measured more by time than by actual miles4 ,a smooth1 even trail of five miles will not consume the time and strength that must be expended upon a trail of half that length which leads over uneven ground1 varied by bogs and obstructed by rocks and fallen trees1 or a trail that is all up-hill climbing4 ,if you are a novice and accustomed to walking only over smooth and level ground1 you must allow more time for covering the distance than an experienced person would require and must count upon the expenditure of more strength1 because your feet are not trained to the wilderness paths with their pitfalls and traps for the unwary1 and every nerve and muscle will be strained to secure a safe foothold amid the tangled roots1 on the slippery1 moss-covered logs1 over precipitous rocks that lie in your path4 ,it will take time to pick your way over boggy places where the water oozes up through the thin1 loamy soil as through a sponge2 and experience alone will teach you which hummock of grass or moss will make a safe stepping-place and will not sink beneath your weight and soak your feet with hidden water4 ,do not scorn to learn all you can about the trail you are to take1 although your questions may call forth superior smiles4 ,it is not that you hesitate to encounter difficulties1 but that you may prepare for them4 ,in unknown regions take a responsible guide with you1 unless the trail is short1 easily followed1 and a frequented one4 ,do not go alone through lonely places2 and1 being on the trail1 keep it and try no explorations of your own1 at least not until you are quite familiar with the country and the ways of the wild4 ,illustration3 ,difficulties of the ,adirondack trail4 ,facsimile of drawing made by a trailer 7not the author7 after a day in the wilds of an ,adirondack forest4 ,not a good drawing1 perhaps1 but a good illustration4 ,blazing the ,trail ,a woodsman usually blazes his trail by chipping with his axe the trees he passes1 leaving white scars on their trunks1 and to follow such a trail you stand at your first tree until you see the blaze on the next1 then go to that and look for the one farther on2 going in this way from tree to tree you keep the trail though it may1 underfoot1 be overgrown and indistinguishable4 ,if you must make a trail of your own1 blaze it as you go by bending down and breaking branches of trees1 underbrush1 and bushes4 ,let the broken branches be on the side of bush or tree in the direction you are going1 but bent down away from that side1 or toward the bush1 so that the lighter underside of the leaves will show and make a plain trail4 ,make these signs conspicuous and close together1 for in returning1 a dozen feet without the broken branch will sometimes confuse you1 especially as everything has a different look when seen from the opposite side4 ,by this same token it is a wise precaution to look back frequently as you go and impress the homeward-bound landmarks on your memory4 ,if in your wanderings you have branched off and made ineffectual or blind trails which lead nowhere1 and1 in returning to camp1 you are led astray by one of them1 do not leave the false trail and strike out to make a new one1 but turn back and follow the false trail to its beginning1 for it must lead to the true trail again4 ,don't lose sight of your broken branches4 ,illustration3 ,blazing the trail by bending down and breaking branches4 ,if you carry a hatchet or small axe you can make a permanent trail by blazing the trees as the woodsmen do4 ,kephart advises blazing in this way3 make one blaze on the side of the tree away from the camp and two blazes on the side toward the camp4 ,then when you return you look for the one blaze4 ,in leaving camp again to follow the same trail1 you look for the two blazes4 ,if you should lose the trail and reach it again you will know to a certainty which direction to take1 for two blazes mean camp on this side2 one blaze1 away from camp on this side4 ,to ,know an ,animal ,trail ,to know an animal trail from one made by men is quite important4 ,it is easy to be led astray by animal trails1 for they are often well defined and1 in some cases1 well beaten4 ,to the uninitiated the trails will appear the same1 but there is a difference which1 in a recent number of ,field and ,stream1 ,mr4 ,arthur ,rice defines very clearly in this way3 ,men step on things4 ,animals step over or around things4 ,then again an animal trail frequently passes under bushes and low branches of trees where men would cut or break their way through4 ,to follow an animal trail is to be led sometimes to water1 often to a bog or swamp1 at times to the animal's den1 which in the case of a bear might not be exactly pleasant4 ,illustration3 ,returning to camp by the blazed trail4 ,note the blazed trees4 ,lost in the ,woods ,we were in the wilderness of an ,adirondack forest making camp for the day and wanted to see the beaver-dam which1 we were told1 was on the edge of a near-by lake4 ,the guide was busy cooking dinner and we would not wait for his leisure1 but leaving the rest of the party1 we started off confidently1 just two of us1 down the perfectly plain trail4 ,for a short distance there was a beaten path1 then1 suddenly1 the trail came to an abrupt end4 ,we looked this side and that4 ,no trail1 no appearance of there ever having been one4 ,with a careless wave of his arm1 the guide had said3 ,keep in that direction4 ,that being to the left1 to the left we therefore turned and stormed our way through thicket and bramble1 breaking branches as we went4 ,sliding down declivities1 scrambling over fallen trees1 dipping beneath low-hung branches1 we finally came out upon the shore of the lake and found that we had struck the exact spot where the beaver-dam was located4 ,it was only a short distance from camp and it had not taken us long to make it1 but when we turned back we warmly welcomed the sight of our blazed trail1 for all else was strange and unfamiliar4 ,going there had been glimpses of the water now and then to guide us1 returning we had no landmarks4 ,even my sense of direction1 usually to be relied on and upon which ,i had been tempted to depend solely1 seemed to play me false when we reached a place where our blazing was lost sight of4 ,the twilight stillness of the great forest enveloped us2 there was no sign of our camp1 no sound of voices4 ,a few steps to our left the ground fell away in a steep precipice which1 in going1 we had passed unnoticed and which1 for the moment1 seemed to obstruct our way4 ,then turning to the right we saw a streak of light through the trees that looked1 at first1 like water where we felt sure no water could be if we were on the right path2 but we soon recognized this as smoke kept in a low cloud by the trees--the smoke of our camp-fire4 ,that was our beacon1 and we were soon on the trail again and back in camp4 ,this is not told as an adventure1 but to illustrate the fact that without a well-blazed trail it is easier to become lost in a strange forest than to find one's way4 ,you may strike the trail with the one object in view of reaching your destination as quickly as possible4 ,this will help you to become agile and sure-footed1 to cover long distances in a short time1 but it will not allow of much observation until your mind has become alert and your eyes trained to see quickly the things of the forests and plains1 and to read their signs correctly4 ,unless there is necessity for haste1 it is better to take more time and look about you as you go4 ,to hurry over the trail is to lose much that is of interest and to pass by unseeingly things of great beauty4 ,when you are new to the trail and must hurry1 you are intent only on what is just before you--usually the feet of your guide--or if you raise your eyes to glance ahead1 you notice objects simply as things to be reached and passed as quickly as possible4 ,unhurried trailing will repay you by showing you what the world of the wild contains4 ,walking slowly you can realize the solemn stillness of the forest1 can take in the effect of the gray light which enfolds all things like a veil of mystery4 ,you can stop to examine the tiny-leafed1 creeping vines that cover the ground like moss and the structure of the soft mosses with fronds like ferns4 ,you can catch the jewel-like gleam of the wood flowers4 ,you can breathe deeply and rejoice in the perfume of the balsam and pine4 ,you can rest at intervals and wait quietly for evidences of the animal life that you know is lurking1 unseen1 all around you2 and you can begin to perceive the protecting spirit of the wild that hovers over all4 ,to walk securely1 as the woodsmen walk1 without tripping1 stumbling1 or slipping1 use the woodsmen's method of planting the entire foot on the ground1 with toes straight ahead1 not turned out4 ,if you put your heel down first1 while crossing on a slippery log as in ordinary walking1 the natural result will be a fall4 ,with your entire foot as a base upon which to rest1 the body is more easily balanced and the foot less likely to slip4 ,when people slip and fall on the ice1 it is because the edge of the heel strikes the ice first and slides4 ,the whole foot on the ice would not slip in the same way1 and very often not at all4 ,trailing does not consist merely in walking along a path or in making one for yourself4 ,it has a larger meaning than that and embraces various lines of outdoor life1 while it always presupposes movement of some kind4 ,in one sense going on the trail means going on the hunt4 ,you may go on the trail for birds1 for animals1 for insects1 plants1 or flowers4 ,you may trail a party of friends ahead of you1 or follow a deer to its drinking-place2 and in all these cases you must look for the signs of that which you seek4 ,footprints or ,tracks ,in trailing animals look for footprints in soft earth1 sand1 or snow4 ,the hind foot of the muskrat will leave a print in the mud like that of a little hand1 and with it will be the fore-foot print1 showing but four short fingers1 and generally the streaks where the hard tail drags behind4 ,fig4 #d shows what these look like4 ,if you are familiar with the dog track you will know something about the footprints of the fox1 wolf1 and coyote1 for they are much alike4 ,fig4 #i gives a clean track of the fox1 but often there is the imprint of hairs between and around the toes4 ,a wolf track is larger and is like ,fig4 #h4 ,the footprint of a deer shows the cloven hoof1 with a difference between the buck's and the doe's4 ,the doe's toes are pointed and1 when not spread1 the track is almost heart-shaped 7,fig4 #g71 while the buck has blunter1 more rounded toes1 like ,fig4 #aj4 ,the two round lobes are at the back of the foot1 the other end points in the direction the deer has taken4 ,sometimes you will find deer tracks with the toes spread wide apart4 ,that means the animal has been running4 ,all animals' toes spread more or less when they run4 ,a bear track is like ,fig4 #aa1 but a large bear often leaves other evidences of his presence than his footprints4 ,he will frequently turn a big log over or tear one open in his search for ants4 ,he will stand on his hind legs and gnaw a hole in a dead tree or tall stump1 and a bee-tree will bear the marks of his climbing on its trunk4 ,it is interesting to find a tree with the scars of bruin's feet1 made prominent by small knobs where his claws have sunk into the bark4 ,each scar swells and stands out like one of his toes4 ,when you see bark scraped off the trees some distance from the ground1 you may be sure that a horned animal has passed that way4 ,where the trees are not far apart a wide-horned animal1 like the bull moose1 scrapes the bark with his antlers as he passes4 ,illustration3 ,footprints of animals4 #a ,caribou #b ,mink #c ,red ,squirrel #d ,fore foot of ,muskrat1 ,hind foot of ,muskrat1 ,tail of ,muskrat #e ,fisher #f ,canada ,lynx ,the cat-like lynx leaves a cat-like track 7,fig4 #f71 which shows no print of the claws1 and the mink's track is like ,fig4 #b4 ,rabbits' tracks are two large oblongs1 then two almost round marks4 ,the oblongs are the print of the large hind feet1 which1 with the peculiar gait of the rabbit1 always come first4 ,the large1 hind-feet tracks point the direction the animal has taken4 ,fig4 #a is the track of the caribou1 and shows the print of the dew-claws1 which are the two little toes up high at the back of the foot4 ,it is when the earth is soft and the foot sinks in deeply that the dew-claws leave a print1 or perhaps when the foot spreads wide in running4 ,illustration3 ,footprints of animals4 #g ,doe #h ,wolf #i ,fox #aj ,buck #aa ,bear #ab ,sheep ,fig4 #c is the print of the foot of a red squirrel4 ,fig4 #e is the fisher's track1 and ,fig4 #ab is that of a sheep4 ,pig tracks are much like those of sheep1 but wider4 ,when you have learned to recognize the varying freshness of tracks you will know how far ahead the animal probably is4 ,other tracks you will learn as you become more familiar with the animals1 and you will also be able to identify the tracks of the wild birds4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,woodcraft ,trees4 ,practical ,use of ,compass4 ,direction of ,wind4 ,star ,guiding4 ,what to ,do ,when ,lost in the ,woods4 ,how to ,chop ,wood4 ,how to ,fell ,trees4 ,trees ,while on the trail you will find a knowledge of trees most useful1 and you should be able to recognize different species by their manner of growth1 their bark and foliage4 ,balsam-,fir ,one of the most important trees for the trailer to know is the balsam-fir1 for of this the best of outdoor beds are made4 ,in shape the tree is like our ,christmas-trees--in fact1 many ,christmas-trees are balsam-fir4 ,the sweet1 aromatic perfume of the balsam needles is a great aid in identifying it4 ,the branches are flat and the needles appear to grow from the sides of the stem4 ,the little twist at the base of the needle causes it to seem to grow merely in the straight1 outstanding row on each side of the stem2 look closely and you will see the twist4 ,the needles are flat and short1 hardly one inch in length2 they are grooved along the top and the ends are decidedly blunt2 in color they are dark bluish-green on the upper side and silvery-white underneath4 ,the bark is gray1 and you will find little gummy blisters on the tree-trunk4 ,from these the healing ,canada balsam is obtained4 ,the short cones1 often not over two inches in length1 the longest seldom more than four inches1 stand erect on top of the small branches1 and when young are of a purplish color4 ,from ,maine to ,minnesota the balsam-fir grows in damp woods and mountain bogs1 and you will find it southward along the ,alleghany ,mountains from ,pennsylvania to ,north ,carolina4 ,spruce ,the spruce1 red1 black1 and white1 differs in many respects from the balsam-fir3 the needles are sharp-pointed1 not blunt1 and instead of being flat like the balsam-fir1 they are four-sided and cover the branchlet on all sides1 causing it to appear rounded or bushy and not flat4 ,the spruce-gum sought by many is found in the seams of the bark1 which1 unlike the smooth balsam-fir1 is scaly and of a brown color4 ,early spring is the time to look for spruce-gum4 ,spruce is a soft wood1 splits readily and is good for the frames and ribs of boats1 also for paddles and oars1 and the bark makes a covering for temporary shelters4 ,hemlock ,this tree is good for thatching a lean-to when balsam-fir is not to be found1 and its bark can be used in the way of shingles4 ,the cones are small and hang down from the branches2 they do not stand up alert like those of the balsam-fir1 nor are they purple in color1 being rather of a bright red-brown1 and when very young1 tan color4 ,the wood is not easy to split--don't try it1 or your hatchet will suffer in consequence and the pieces will be twisted as a usual thing4 ,the southern variety1 however1 often splits straight4 ,illustration3 ,horse-chestnut4 ,sugar-maple4 ,alder4 ,ink impressions of leaves4 ,illustration3 ,balsam-,fir4 ,spruce4 ,hemlock4 ,illustration3 ,white oak4 ,linden4 ,ink impressions of leaves4 ,illustration3 ,pitch-pine and cone4 ,sycamore leaf and fruit of sycamore4 7,the buttonball47 ,pine ,the pine-tree accommodates itself to almost any kind of soil1 high1 low1 moist1 or dry1 often growing along the edge of the water4 ,the gray pine is sometimes used for making the skeleton of a canoe or other boats1 and the white pine for the skin or covering of the skeleton boat2 but for you the pine will probably be most useful in furnishing pine-knots1 and its soft wood for kindling your outdoor fire4 ,the trees mentioned abound in our northern forests4 ,the birch in its different varieties is there also1 but rarely ventures into the densest woods1 preferring to remain near and on its outskirts4 ,however1 none of these trees confine themselves strictly to one locality4 ,oaks1 hickory1 chestnut1 maples1 and sycamore are among the useful woods for campers4 ,learn the quality and nature of the different trees4 ,each variety is distinct from the others3 some woods are easy to split1 such as spruce1 chestnut1 balsam-fir1 etc42 some very strong1 as locust1 oak1 hickory1 sugar-maple1 etc42 then there are the hard and soft woods mentioned in fire-making4 ,when you once understand the characteristics of the different woods1 and their special qualifications1 becoming familiar with only two or three varieties at a time1 the trees will be able to help you according to their special powers4 ,you would not go to a musician to have a portrait painted1 for while the musician might give you wonderful music he would be helpless as far as painting a picture was concerned1 and so it is with trees4 ,they cannot all give the same thing2 if you want soft wood1 it is wasting your time to go to hardwood trees2 they cannot give you what they do not possess4 ,know the possibilities of trees and they will not fail you4 ,how to ,chop ,wood ,trailing and camping both mean wood-chopping to some extent for shelters1 fires1 etc41 and the girl of to-day should understand1 as did the girls of our pioneer families1 how to handle properly a hatchet1 or in this case we will make it a belt axe4 ,there is a small hatchet modelled after the ,daniel ,boone tomahawk1 generally known as the camp axe4 ,it is thicker1 narrower1 and has a sharper edge than an ordinary hatchet4 ,it comes of a size to wear on the belt and must be securely protected by a well-fitted strong leather sheath2 otherwise it will endanger not only the life of the girl who carries it1 but also the lives of her companions4 ,with the camp axe 7hatchet7 you can cut down small trees1 chop fire-wood1 blaze trees1 drive down pegs or stakes1 and chop kindling-wood4 ,every time you want to use the hatchet take the precaution to examine it thoroughly and reassure yourself that the tool is in good condition and that the head is on firm and tight2 be positive of this4 ,great caution must be taken when chopping kindling-wood1 as often serious accidents occur through ignorance or carelessness4 ,do not raise one end of a stick up on a log with the other end down on the ground and then strike the centre of the stick a sharp blow with the sharp edge of your hatchet2 the stick will break1 but one end usually flies up with considerable force and very often strikes the eye of the worker1 ruining the sight forever4 ,take the blunt end of your hatchet and do not give a very hard blow on the stick you wish to break2 exert only force sufficient to break it partially1 merely enough to enable you to finish the work with your hands and possibly one knee4 ,it may require a little more time1 but your eyes will be unharmed1 which makes it worth while4 ,often children use a heavy stone to break kindling-wood1 with no disastrous results that ,i know of4 ,the heavy stone does not seem to cause the wood to fly upward4 ,illustration3 ,stand on the log when you chop it4 #ac #ad #ae #af #ag ,for safety4 ,the stump will be like this on top when the tree is down4 ,how to use the axe4 ,how to ,chop ,logs ,practise on small1 slender logs1 chopping them in short lengths until you understand something of the woodsman's art of logging up a tree2 then and not until then should you attempt to cut heavier wood4 ,if you are sure-footed and absolutely certain that you can stand firmly on the log without teetering or swaying when leaning over1 do so4 ,you can then chop one side of the log half-way through and turn around and chop the other side until the second notch or kerf is cut through to the first one on the opposite side1 and the two pieces fall apart4 ,while working stand on the log with feet wide apart and chop the side of the log 7not the top7 on the space in front between your feet4 ,make your first chip quite long1 and have it equal in length the diameter of the log4 ,if the chip is short1 the opening of the kerf will be narrow and your hatchet will become wedged1 obliging you to double your labor by enlarging the kerf4 ,greater progress will be made by chopping diagonally across the grain of the wood1 and the work will be easier4 ,it is difficult to cut squarely against the grain and this is always avoided when possible4 ,after you have cut the first chip in logging up a tree1 chop on the base of the chip1 swinging your hatchet from the opposite direction1 and the chip will fall to the ground4 ,having successfully chopped off one piece of the log1 it will be a simple matter to cut off more4 ,chop slowly1 easily1 and surely4 ,don't be in a hurry and exhaust yourself2 only a novice overexerts and tries to make a deep cut with the hatchet4 ,be careful of the blade of your hatchet2 keep it free from the ground when chopping1 to avoid striking snags1 stones1 or other things liable to nick or dull the edge4 ,how to ,fell a ,tree ,content yourself with chopping down only slender trees1 mere saplings1 at first1 and as you acquire skill1 slightly heavier trees can be felled4 ,begin in the right way with your very first efforts and follow the woodsman's method4 ,having selected the tree you desire to cut down1 determine in which direction you want it to fall and mark that side1 but first make sure that when falling1 the tree will not lodge in another one near by or drop on one of the camp shelters4 ,see that the way is free of hindrance before cutting the tree1 also clear the way for the swing of your extended hatchet4 ,if there are obstacles1 such as vines1 bushes1 limbs of other trees1 or rocks1 which your hatchet might strike as you raise and lower it while at work1 clear them all away1 making a generous open space on all sides1 overhead1 on the right and left side1 and below the swing of the hatchet4 ,take no chance of having an accident1 as would occur should the hatchet become entangled or broken4 ,you may have noticed that the top surface of most stumps has a splintered ridge across its centre1 and on one side of the ridge the wood is lower than on the other2 this is because of the manner in which a woodsman fells a tree4 ,if he wants the tree to fall toward the west he marks the west side of the trunk2 then he marks the top and bottom of the space he intends chopping out for the first kerf or notch 7,fig4 #ac1 ,a and ,b71 making the length of space a trifle longer than one-half of the tree diameter4 ,the kerf is chopped out by cutting first from the top ,a1 then from the bottom ,b 7,fig4 #ad74 ,when the first kerf is finished and cut half-way through the tree1 space for the kerf on the opposite side of the tree is marked a few inches higher than the first one 7,fig4 #ae1 ,c and ,d7 and then it also is cut 7,fig4 #af74 ,after you have chopped the two kerfs in a tree1 you will know when it is about to fall by the creaking and the slight movement of its top4 ,step to one side of the falling tree1 never behind or in front of it2 either of the last two ways would probably mean death3 if in front1 the tree would fall on you1 and if at the back1 you would probably be terribly injured if not killed1 as trees often kick backward with tremendous force as they go down2 so be on your guard1 keep cool1 and deliberately step to the side of the tree and watch it fall4 ,choose a quiet day1 when there is no wind1 for tree-felling4 ,you cannot control the wind1 and it may control your tree4 ,never allow your hatchet to lie on the ground1 a menace to every one at camp1 but have a particular log or stump and always strike the blade in this wood4 ,leave your hatchet there1 where it will not be injured1 can do no harm1 and you will always know where to find it 7,fig4 #ag74 ,etiquette of the ,wild ,translated this means hands off4 ,the unwritten law of the woods is that personal property cached in trees1 underbrush1 beneath stones1 or hidden underground must never be taken1 borrowed1 used1 or molested4 ,canoes and oars will often be discovered left by owners1 sometimes fastened at the water's edge1 again suspended from trees1 and the temptation to borrow may be strong1 but remember such an act would be dishonorable and against the rules that govern the outdoor world4 ,provisions1 tools1 or other articles found in the forests should be respected and allowed to remain where they are4 ,it is customary for campers to cache their belongings with the assurance that forest etiquette will be held inviolate and their goods remain unmolested4 ,every one has the privilege of examining and enjoying the beauties of mosses1 berries1 and wild flowers1 but do not take these treasures from their homes to die and be thrown aside4 ,love them well enough to let them stay where they are for others also to enjoy1 unless you need specimens for some important special study4 ,a man who had always lived in the ,adirondack forests1 and at present is proprietor of an ,adirondack hotel1 recently reforested many acres of his wooded wild lands by planting through the forests little young trees1 some not over one foot high1 and his indignation was great when he discovered that many of his guests when off on tramps returned laden with these baby trees1 which were easily pulled up by the roots because so lately planted4 ,finding ,your ,way by ,natural ,signs and the ,compass ,an important phase of woodcraft is the ability to find your way in the wilderness by means of natural signs as well as the compass4 ,if1 however1 you do not know at what point of the compass from you the camp lies1 the signs can be of no avail4 ,having this knowledge1 the signs will be invaluable4 ,get your bearings before leaving camp4 ,do not depend upon any member of the party1 but know for yourself4 ,if you have a map giving the topography of land surrounding the camping-grounds1 consult it4 ,burn into your memory the direction from camp of outlying landmarks1 those near and those as far off as you can see in all directions4 ,the morning you leave camp1 ascertain the direction of the wind and notice particularly the sun and shadows4 ,if it is early morning1 face the sun and you will be looking toward the east4 ,stretch out both arms at your sides and point with your index-fingers2 your right finger will point to the south1 your left to the north1 and your back will be toward the west4 ,what landmarks do you see east of the camp8 ,south8 ,north8 ,west8 ,and from what point of the compass does the wind blow8 ,if it comes from the west and you trail eastward1 the wind will strike your back going away from camp and should strike your face returning1 provided its direction does not change4 ,again1 if you go east1 your camp will lie west of you1 and your homeward path must be westward4 ,consult your compass and know exactly which direction you take when leaving camp1 and blaze your trail as you go1 looking backward frequently to see how landmarks should appear as you face them returning4 ,with all these friends to guide you1 first1 the map2 second1 sun2 third1 shadows2 fourth1 wind2 fifth1 compass2 sixth1 your bent-twig blazing1 there will be little1 if any1 danger of being lost4 ,but you must constantly keep on the alert and refer frequently to these guides1 especially when deflecting from the course first taken after leaving camp4 ,at every turning1 stop and take your bearings anew2 you cannot be too careful4 ,these signs are for daylight2 at night the ,north ,star will be your guide4 ,sunlight and ,shadow ,bearing in mind that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west1 it will be comparatively easy to keep your right course by consulting the sun4 ,a fair idea may also be gained of the time of day by the length of shadows1 if you remember that shadows are long in the morning and continue to grow shorter until midday1 when they again begin to lengthen1 growing longer and longer until night4 ,to find the direction of the sun on a cloudy day1 hold a flat splinter or your knife blade vertically1 so that it is absolutely straight up and down4 ,place the point of the blade on your thumb-nail1 watch-case1 or other glossy surface2 then turn the knife or splinter around until the full shadow of the flat of blade or splinter falls on the bright surface1 telling the location of the sun4 ,an open spot where the sun can cast a clear shadow1 and an hour when the sun is not immediately overhead1 will give best results4 ,wind ,the wind generally blows in the same direction all day1 and if you learn to understand its ways1 the wind will help you keep the right trail4 ,make a practise of testing the direction of the wind every morning4 ,notice the leaves on bush and tree1 in what direction they move4 ,place a few bits of paper on your open hand and watch in which way the wind carries them2 if there is no paper1 try the test with dry leaves1 grass1 or anything light and easily carried by the breeze4 ,smoke will also show the direction of the wind4 ,when the wind is very faint1 put your finger in your mouth1 wet it on all sides1 and hold it up2 the side on which the wind blows will feel cool and tell from what quarter the wind comes3 if on the east side of your finger1 the wind blows from the east1 and so on4 ,keep testing the direction of the wind as you trail1 and if at any time it cools a different side of the finger1 you will know that you are not walking in the same direction as when you left camp and must turn until the wet finger tells you which way to go4 ,the wind is a good guide so long as it keeps blowing in the same direction as when you left camp4 ,use of ,compass ,should you be on the trail and sudden storm-clouds appear1 the sun cannot help you find your way2 the shadows have gone4 ,moss on tree-trunks is not an infallible guide and you must turn to the compass to show the way1 but unless you understand its language you will not know what it is telling you4 ,learn the language before going to camp2 it is not difficult4 ,hold the compass out in a level position directly in front of you2 be sure it is level2 then decide to go north4 ,consult the compass and ascertain in which direction the north lies4 ,the compass needle points directly north with the north end of the needle2 this end is usually black1 sometimes pearl4 ,let your eye follow straight along the line pointed out by the needle2 as you look ahead select a landmark--tree1 rock1 pond1 or whatever may lie in that direction4 ,choose an object quite a distance off on the imaginary line1 go directly toward it1 and when intervening objects obscure the landmark1 refer to your compass4 ,if you have turned from the pathway north1 face around and readjust your steps in the right direction4 ,do not let over two minutes pass without making sure by the compass that you are going on the right path1 going directly north4 ,illustration3 ,mariner's ,compass4 ,illustration3 ,common ,compass4 ,illustration3 ,big ,dipper4 ,little ,dipper4 ,the compass and the ,north ,star4 ,practise using the compass for a guide until you understand it2 have faith in it and you may fearlessly trust to its guidance4 ,try going according to various points of the compass3 suppose you wish to go southeast1 the compass tells you this as plainly as the north2 try it4 ,naturally1 if you go to the southeast away from camp1 returning will be in exactly the opposite direction1 and coming back to camp you must walk northwest4 ,after learning to go in a straight line1 guided entirely by the compass1 try a zigzag path4 ,a group of girls will find it good sport to practise trailing with the compass1 and they will at the same time learn how to avoid being lost and how to help others find their way4 ,it is possible to ,make a ,compass of ,your ,watch ,besides keeping you company with its friendly nearness1 its ticking and its ready answers to your questions regarding the time1 a watch in the woods and fields has another use1 for it can be used as a compass4 ,it will show just where the south is1 then by turning your back on the south you face the north1 and on your right is the east and on your left the west4 ,these are the rules3 ,with your watch in a horizontal position point the hour-hand to the sun1 and if before noon1 half-way between the hour hand and #ab is due south4 ,if it is afternoon calculate the opposite way4 ,for instance1 if at #h ,a4 ,m4 you point the hour-hand to the sun1 #aj will point to the south1 for that is half-way between #h and #ab4 ,if at #b ,p4 ,m4 you point the hour-hand to the sun1 look back to #ab1 and half the distance will be at #a1 therefore #a points to the south4 ,an easy way to get the direction of the sun without looking directly at it is by means of the shadow of a straight1 slender stick or grass stem thrown on the horizontal face of your watch4 ,hold the stick upright with the lower end touching the watch at the point of the hour-hand1 then turn the watch until the shadow of the stick falls along the hour-hand4 ,this will point the hand undeviatingly toward the sun4 ,mountain ,climbing ,the campers should go together to climb the mountain1 never one girl alone4 ,before starting1 find a strong stick to use as a staff2 stow away some luncheon in one of your pockets2 see that your camera is in perfect order1 ready to use at a moment's notice2 that your water-proof match-box is in your pocket filled with safety matches1 your pocket-knife safe with you1 also watch and compass1 and that the tin cup is on your belt4 ,your whistle being always hung around your neck will1 of course1 be there as usual4 ,when you are ready1 stand still and look about you once more to make sure of your bearings2 close your eyes and tell yourself exactly what you have seen4 ,after leaving camp and arriving at the foot of the mountain1 take your bearings anew2 then look up ahead and select a certain spot which you wish to reach on the upward trail4 ,having this definite object in view will help in making better progress and save your walking around in a circle1 which is always the tendency when in a strange place and intervening trees or elevations obstruct the view1 or when not sure of the way and trying to find it4 ,begin blazing the trail at your first step up the mountain side4 ,even though there may be a trail already1 you cannot be sure that it will continue2 it is much safer to depend upon your own blazing4 ,often in trailing along the mountain you will find huge rocks and steep depressions1 or small lakes which you cannot cross over but must go around1 and in so doing change your direction1 perhaps strike off at an angle4 ,before making the detour1 search out some large landmark1 readily recognized after reaching the other side of the obstruction1 a tall1 peculiarly shaped tree or other natural feature4 ,now is the time to try earnestly to keep the landmark in sight as long as possible and to be able to recognize it when you see it again4 ,watch your compass and the sun that you may continue in the right direction after circling the obstruction4 ,go slow in climbing1 take your time and don't get out of breath4 ,on many mountains the possibility of unexpected fogs exists1 and safety requires that the party be linked together with a soft rope2 the same precaution should be taken when the trail is very rough1 steep1 and rocky4 ,the camper at the head of the line should tie the rope in a bow-line around her waist1 with knot on left side1 and eight or ten feet from her the next girl should link herself to the rope in the same manner2 then another girl1 and another1 until the entire party is on the rope4 ,the leader starts on the trail and the others1 holding fast to their staffs1 carefully follow1 each one cautious to keep the rope stretching out in front of her rather taut2 then if one girl stumbles the others brace themselves and keep her from falling4 ,when descending the mountain1 be careful to get a firm footing4 ,instead of facing the trail1 it is safer to turn sideways1 so that you can place the entire foot down and not risk the toes only1 or the heels4 ,often coming down either a steep hill or a mountain is more difficult than going up4 ,lost in the ,woods ,it is not at all probable that you will lose your way while on the trail1 but if you should find yourself lost in the woods or in the open1 the first thing to do is to remember that a brave girl does not get into a panic and so rob herself of judgment and the power to think clearly and act quickly4 ,believe firmly that you are safe1 then sit down quietly and think out a plan of finding your way4 ,try to remember from which direction you have come and to recall landmarks4 ,if you cannot do this1 do not be frightened and do not allow any thought of possible harm to get a foothold in your mind4 ,if there is a hill near1 from which you can see any distance1 climb that and get an outlook4 ,you may be able to see the smoke of your camp-fire1 which1 after all1 cannot be so far away4 ,you may find a landmark that you do remember4 ,if you see nothing which you can recognize1 make a signal flag of your handkerchief and put it up high1 as high as you can4 ,your friends will be looking for that4 ,then give the lost signal1 one long blast with your whistle1 and after a short pause follow with two more blasts in quick succession4 ,if you have no whistle shout1 loud and long1 then wait a while1 keeping eyes and ears open to see and hear answering signals4 ,if there is none1 again shout the lost signal and continue the calls every little while for quite a time4 ,another call for help is the ascending smoke of three fires4 ,this1 of course1 is for daylight4 ,build your fires some distance apart1 twenty-five feet or more1 that the smoke from each may be clearly seen alone1 not mingled with the rest4 ,aim to create smoke rather than flame2 a slender column of smoke can be seen a long distance1 therefore the fire need not be large4 ,choose for your fires as clear a space and as high an elevation as can be found1 and in the relief and excitement of rescue do not forget to extinguish every spark before leaving the ground4 ,if you decide to keep moving1 blaze your trail as you go1 so that it may be followed and also that you may know if you cross it again yourself4 ,you can blaze the trail by breaking or bending small branches on trees and bushes1 or by small strips torn from your handkerchief and tied conspicuously on twigs4 ,if you are where there are no trees or undergrowth1 build small piles of stones or little hills of earth at intervals to mark your trail4 ,if night overtakes you1 look for the ,north ,star4 ,that will help if you know at what point of the compass your camp lies1 and if you remember whether your course in leaving camp was to the north1 south1 east1 or west1 you can calculate pretty accurately whether the camp is to the north1 south1 east1 or west of you4 ,in case the night must be spent where you are1 go about making a shelter1 prepare as comfortable a bed as possible1 and do not be afraid4 ,you will probably be found before morning1 and you must be found in good physical condition4 ,if you can kindle a fire1 do it2 that will help to guide your friends and will ward off wild creatures that might startle you4 ,keep your fire going all night and take care that it does not spread4 ,it is better to remain quietly in one spot all night than to wander about in the dark and perhaps stumble upon dangerous places4 ,if1 when you find the points of the compass by the ,north ,star1 you mark them plainly on a stone or fallen log1 they will be a ready guide for you as soon as daylight breaks4 ,the last word on this subject is3 ,do not be afraid4 ,to ,find ,your ,way by the ,north ,star ,at night you will have the same reliable guide that has ever been the mariner's friend1 and if you do not know this star guide1 lose no time in finding it4 ,polaris or pole-star is known generally as ,north ,star1 and this star is most important to the outdoor girl4 ,at all times the ,north ,star marks the north1 its position never changes1 and seeing that star and knowing it1 you will always know the points of the compass4 ,face the ,north ,star and you face the north4 ,at your right hand is the east1 at your left hand is the west1 and at your back is the south4 ,the ,north ,star does not look very important because it is not very bright or very large1 and were it not for the help of the ,big ,dipper1 which every one knows1 the ,north ,star would not be easy to find4 ,the diagram given on page #cg shows the relative position of the stars and will help you to find the ,north ,star4 ,the two stars forming the front side of the bowl of the ,great ,dipper point almost in a direct line to the ,north ,star1 which is the last one in the handle of the ,little ,dipper1 or the tail of the ,little ,bear1 which means the same thing4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,camping ,camp ,sites4 ,water4 ,wood4 ,tents4 ,shelters4 ,lean-,tos4 ,fires4 ,cooking4 ,safety and ,protection4 ,sanitation4 ,camp ,spirit4 ,information ,whether your camp is to be for one day1 one week1 or a longer period of time1 the first question to be decided is3 ,where shall we go8 ,if you know of no suitable spot1 inquire of friends1 and even if they have not personally enjoyed the delights of camping and sleeping in the open1 one or more of them will probably know of some acquaintance who will be glad to give the information4 ,write to the various newspapers1 magazines1 railroads1 and outdoor societies for suggestions4 ,the ,geological ,survey of the ,united ,states at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 will furnish maps giving location and extent of forests and water-ways1 also location and character of roads2 you can obtain the maps for almost any part of every ,state4 ,most public automobile houses supply maps of any desired region4 ,send letters of inquiry to these sources of information1 and in this way you will probably learn of many just the right place localities4 ,select a number of desirable addresses1 investigate them1 and make your own choice of location1 remembering that the first three essentials for a camp are good ground1 water1 and wood2 the rest is easy1 for these three form the foundation for camping4 ,location ,wherever you go1 choose a dry spot1 preferably in an open space near wooded land4 ,avoid hollows where the water will run into your shelters in wet weather2 let your camp be so located that in case of rain the water will drain down away from it4 ,remember this or you may find your camp afloat upon a temporary lake or swamp should a storm arise4 ,water ,pure drinking water you must have1 it is of vital importance1 so be sure to pitch your camp within near walking distance of a good spring1 a securely covered well1 or other supply of pure water4 ,henry ,david ,thoreau's method of obtaining clear water from a pond whose surface was covered with leaves1 etc41 was to push his pail1 without tipping it in the least1 straight down under the water until the top edge was below the surface several inches1 then quickly lift it out2 in doing this the overflow would carry off all leaves and twigs1 leaving the remaining water in the pail clear and good4 ,but you must first be sure that the pond contains pure water under the floating dbris4 ,always be cautious about drinking water from rivers1 streams1 ponds1 and lakes though they may appear ever so clear and tempting1 for the purity is by no means assured1 and to drink from these sources may cause serious illness4 ,unless you are absolutely sure that water is free from impurities1 boil it2 then it will be safe to use for drinking and cooking4 ,next in importance to good water is good fire-wood and woodsy material for shelters and beds4 ,bear this in mind when deciding upon the site for your camp4 ,companions ,because your companions can make or mar the happiness in camp1 it is safer to have in your party only those girls who will take kindly to the camp spirit of friendly helpfulness1 those always ready to laugh and treat discomforts as jokes4 ,this means that though fun-loving and full of buoyancy and life1 each girl will willingly do her part and assume her share of responsibilities4 ,safeguarding ,you should also count among your companions two or more camp directors--possibly mothers of the girls1 teachers1 or older friends of whom the parents approve--who will enter heartily into all phases of outdoor life and while really being one with you in sport and work1 will at the same time keep careful oversight and assure protection4 ,avoid localities where there is a possibility of tramps or undesirable characters of any description1 and do not wander from camp alone or unaccompanied by one of the directors4 ,if your camp is in the forest it will be the part of wisdom to secure also a reliable guide who knows the forest ways4 ,the ,start ,the day before you leave for your camping-ground1 have everything in readiness that there may be no delay when it is time to go4 ,be prompt1 for you want to play fair and not keep the other girls waiting1 causing them to lose valuable time4 ,the stimulating exhilaration which comes with trailing through the forests to camp1 the keen delight of adventure1 the charm of the wilderness1 the freedom and wonder of living in the woods1 all make for the health and happiness of the girl camper1 and once experienced1 ever after with the advent of spring comes the call of the untrammelled life in the big outdoors4 ,the ,one-,day ,camp ,even a one-day camp fills the hours with more genuine lasting enjoyment than girls can find in other ways2 there is a charm about it which clings in your memory1 making a joy1 later1 of the mere thought and telling of the event4 ,that every moment of the day may be filled full of enjoyment for all1 have a good programme1 some definite1 well-thought-out plan of activities and sports previously prepared1 and if possible let every girl know beforehand just what she is to do when all arrive at camp4 ,with an older person in charge1 the party could be divided1 according to its size1 into different groups1 and as soon as the grounds are reached the groups should begin the fun of preparing for the camp dinner4 ,if the party consists of eight1 two can gather fire-wood1 two build the fireplace1 two unpack the outfits1 placing the provisions and cooking utensils in order conveniently near the fire1 and two can bring the drinking water and cooking water4 ,provisions and cooking utensils should be divided into as many packs as there are campers1 and every camper carry a pack4 ,count in the outfit for each one a tin cup1 preferably with open handle for wearing over belt4 ,in the one-day camp very few cooking utensils are needed2 they may consist of two tin pails1 one for drinking water1 the other for boiling water1 one coffee-pot for cocoa1 one frying-pan for flapjacks or eggs1 one large kitchen knife for general use1 and one large spoon for stirring batter and cocoa4 ,camp ,dinner ,counting on a keen outdoor appetite for wholesome substantials1 the provision list includes only plain fare1 such as3 ,lamb chops1 or thinly sliced bacon packed in oil-paper4 ,dry cocoa to which sugar has been added1 carried in can or stout paper bag4 ,one can of condensed milk1 unsweetened1 to be diluted with water according to directions on can4 ,butter in baking-powder can4 ,dry flour mixed with salt and baking-powder in required proportions for flapjacks1 packed in strong paper bag and carried in one of the tin pails4 ,bread in loaf wrapped in wax-paper4 ,potatoes washed and dried ready to cook1 packed in paper bag or carried in second tin pail4 ,pepper and salt each sealed in separate marked envelopes2 when needed1 perforate paper with big pin and use envelopes as shakers4 ,one egg for batter1 buried in the flour to prevent breaking1 and one small can of creamy maple sugar1 soft enough to spread on hot cakes1 or a can of ordinary maple syrup4 ,the ,clean-,up ,while resting after dinner is the time for story-telling2 then1 before taking part in sports of any kind1 every particle of dbris1 even small bits of egg-shell and paper1 should be gathered up and burned until not a vestige remains4 ,to be good sports1 thought must be taken for the next comers and the camping-ground left in perfect order1 absolutely free from litter or dbris of any kind4 ,when breaking camp be sure to soak the fire with water again and again4 ,it is criminal to leave any coals or even a spark of the fire smouldering4 ,be positive that the fire is out4 ,illustration3 ,a permanent camp4 ,shelters and ,tents4 ,lean-,to ,for a fixed camp of longer or shorter duration your home will be under the shelter of boughs1 logs1 or canvas4 ,the home of green boughs is considered by many the ideal of camp shelters4 ,this you can make for yourself4 ,it is a simple little two-sided1 slanting roof and back and open-front shed1 made of the material of the woods and generally known as a lean-to1 sometimes as ,baker tent when of canvas4 ,there are three ways of erecting the front framework4 ,the first is to find two trees standing about seven feet apart with convenient branches down low enough to support the horizontal top cross pole when laid in the crotches4 ,lacking the proper trees1 the second method is to get two strong1 straight1 forked poles of green wood and drive them down into the ground deep enough to make them stand firm and upright by themselves the required distance apart4 ,the third way is to reinforce the uprights by shorter forked stakes driven firmly into the ground and braced against the uprights1 but this is not often necessary4 ,having your uprights in place1 extending above ground five feet or more1 lay a top pole across1 fitting its ends into the forked tops of the uprights4 ,against this top pole rest five or six slender poles at regular distances apart1 one end of each against the top pole and the other end on the ground slanting outward and backward sufficiently to give a good slope and allow sleeping space beneath4 ,at right angles to the slanting poles1 lay across them other poles1 using the natural pegs or stumps left on the slanting poles by lopped-off branches1 as braces to hold the cross poles in place 7,fig4 #ah74 ,illustration3 #ah #ba #ai #bj ,outdoor shelters4 ,when building the frame be sure to place the slanting poles so that the little stumps left on them will turn up and not down1 that they may hold the cross poles4 ,try to have spaces between cross poles as regular as possible4 ,a log may be rolled up against the ground ends of the slanting poles to prevent their slipping1 though this is rarely necessary1 for they stand firm as a rule4 ,you can cover the frame with bark and then thatch it1 which will render the shelter better able to withstand a storm1 or you may omit the bark1 using only the thatch as a covering4 ,put on very thick1 this should make the lean-to rain-proof4 ,with small tips of branches from trees1 preferably balsam1 hemlock1 or other evergreens1 begin thatching your shelter4 ,commence at the bottom of the lean-to1 and hook on the thatch branches close together all the way across the lowest cross pole1 using the stumps of these thatch branches as hooks to hold the thatch in place on the cross pole 7,fig4 #ai74 ,overlap the lower thatches as you work along the next higher cross pole1 like shingles on a house1 and continue in this way1 overlapping each succeeding cross pole with an upper row of thatch until the top is reached4 ,fill in the sides thick with branches1 boughs1 or even small1 thick trees4 ,the lean-to frame can be covered with your poncho in case of necessity1 but boughs are much better4 ,permanent ,camp4 ,lean-,to4 ,open ,camp ,another kind of lean-to intended for a permanent camp is in general use throughout the ,adirondacks4 ,it is built of substantial good-sized logs put together log-cabin fashion1 with open front1 slanting roof1 and low back 7,fig4 #bj74 ,this shelter has usually a board floor raised a few inches above the ground and covered thick1 at least a foot deep1 with balsam4 ,overspread with blankets1 the soft floor forms a comfortable bed4 ,a log across the front of the floor keeps the balsam in place and forms a seat for the campers in the evenings when gathered for a social time before the fire4 ,the roof of the log lean-to can be either of boards or well-thatched poles which have first been overlaid with bark4 ,illustration3 #bc #bd #bb ,dining-tent1 handy racks1 and log bedstead4 ,one of the most comfortable and delightful of real forest camps which ,i have ever been in1 was a permanent camp in the ,adirondacks owned and run by one of the best of ,adirondack guides4 ,the camp consisted of several shelters and two big permanent fireplaces4 ,over the ground space for the large tent outlined with logs was a strong substantial rustic frame1 built of material at hand in the forest and intended to last many seasons 7,fig4 #ba74 ,the shelter boasted of two springy1 woodsy beds1 made of slender logs laid crosswise and raised some inches from the ground4 ,these slender logs slanted down slightly from head to foot of the bed1 and the edges of the bed were built high enough to hold the deep thick filling of balsam tips1 so generously deep as to do away with all consciousness of the underlying slender-log foundation 7,fig4 #bb74 ,each bed was wide enough for two girls and the shelter ample to accommodate comfortably four campers4 ,there could have been one more bed1 when the tent would have sheltered six girls4 ,in the late fall1 the guide removed the water-proof tent covering and kept it in a safe1 dry place until needed1 leaving the beds and bare tent frame standing4 ,there was a smaller tent and also a lean-to in this camp4 ,illustration3 ,a forest camp by the water4 ,the dining-table1 contrived of logs and boards1 was sheltered by a square of canvas on a rustic frame 7,fig4 #bc74 ,the camp dishes of white enamel ware were kept in a wooden box1 nailed to a close-by tree2 in this box the guide had put shelves1 resting them on wooden cleats4 ,the cupboard had a door that shut tight and fastened securely to keep out the little wild creatures of the woods4 ,pots1 kettles1 frying-pan1 etc41 hung on the stubs of a slender tree where branches and top had been lopped off 7,fig4 #bd74 ,the sealed foods were stowed away in a box cupboard1 and canned goods were cached in a cave-like spot under a huge rock1 with opening secured by stones4 ,the walls of the substantial fireplace1 fully two feet high1 were of big stones1 the centre filled in part-way with earth1 and the cook-fire was made on top of the earth1 so there was not the slightest danger of the fire spreading4 ,the soft1 warm1 cheerful-colored camp blankets when not in use were stored carefully under cover of a water-proof tent-like storehouse1 with the canvas sides dropped from the ridge-pole1 both sides and flaps securely fastened and the entire storehouse made proof against intrusion4 ,this camp was located near a lake in the mountain forest and its charm was indescribably delightful4 ,tents ,tents in almost endless variety of shapes and sizes are manufactured and sold by camp-outfitters and sporting-goods shops4 ,the tents range from small canoe-tents1 accommodating one person only1 to the large wall-tents for four or more people4 ,when using tents1 difficulties of transportation and extra weight can be overcome by having tent poles and pegs cut in the forest4 ,if you purchase tents1 full instructions for erection go with them4 ,write for illustrated catalogues to various outfitters and look the books over carefully before buying4 ,your choice will depend upon your party1 length of stay1 and location of camp4 ,you may be able to secure a discarded army-tent that has never been used1 is in good condition1 and has been condemned merely for some unimportant blemish4 ,such tents are very serviceable and can be purchased at ,government auctions1 or from dealers who themselves have bought them from the ,government4 ,illustration3 ,in camp4 ,a large square seven by seven feet1 or more1 of balloon silk1 water-proof cloth1 or even heavy unbleached sheeting1 will be found most useful in camp4 ,sew strong tape strings at the four corners and at intervals along the sides for tying to shelters1 etc4 ,the water-proof cloth will serve as a drop-curtain in front of the lean-to during a hard storm1 or as carpet cloth over ground of shelter1 also as an extra shelter1 either lean-to or tent style2 any of the three materials can do duty as windbreak1 fly to shelter1 or dining canopy1 and may be used in other ways4 ,camp-,beds ,to derive joy and strength from your outing it is of serious importance that you sleep well every night while at camp1 and your camp-bed must be comfortable to insure a good night's rest4 ,a bough-bed is one of the joys of the forest when it is well made1 and to put it together properly will require about half an hour's time1 but the delight of sleeping on a soft balsam bed perfumed with the pungent odors of the balsam will well repay for the time expended4 ,illustration3 #be #bf ,the bough-bed1 the cook-fire1 and the wall-tent4 ,bough-,bed ,tips of balsam broken off with your fingers about fourteen inches long make the best of beds1 but hemlock1 spruce1 and other evergreens can be used2 if they are not obtainable1 the fan-like branches from other trees may take their place4 ,of these you will need a large quantity1 in order to have the bed springy and soft4 ,always place the outdoor bed with the head well under cover and foot toward the opening of shelter1 or if without shelter1 toward the fire4 ,make the bed by arranging the branches shingle-like in very thick overlapping rows1 convex side up1 directly on the ground with thick end of stems toward the foot4 ,push these ends into the ground so that the tips will be raised slantingly up from the earth2 make the rows which will come under the hips extra thick and springy4 ,continue placing the layers in this manner until the space for single or double bed1 as the case may be1 is covered with the first layer of your green mattress4 ,over it make another layer of branches1 reversing the ends of these tips from those underneath by pushing the thick ends of branches of this top layer slantingly into the under layer toward the head of the bed with tips toward the foot4 ,make more layers1 until the bed is about two feet thick 7,fig4 #be72 then cover the mattress thus made with your poncho1 rubber side down1 and on top spread one of the sleeping blankets1 using the other one as a cover4 ,be sure to allow plenty of time for this work and have the bed dry and soft4 ,bag-,bed ,when the camp is located where there is no material for a bough-bed1 each girl can carry with her a bag three feet wide and six and one-half feet long1 made of strong cloth1 ticking1 soft khaki1 or like material1 to be filled with leaves1 grass1 or other browse found on or near the camp-grounds4 ,such a mattress made up with poncho and blankets is very satisfactory1 but it must be well filled1 so that when you lie on the mattress it will not mash flat and hard4 ,cot-,bed ,for an entire summer camp army cots which fold for packing are good and very comfortable with a doubled1 thick quilt placed on top for a mattress4 ,the sporting-goods stores show a great variety of other beds1 cots1 and sleeping-bags1 and a line to them will bring illustrated catalogues1 or1 if in the city1 you can call and see the goods4 ,any of the beds ,i have described1 however1 can be used to advantage1 and ,i heartily endorse the well-made bough-bed1 especially if of balsam4 ,pillows ,make a bag one-half yard square of brown linen or cotton cloth1 and when you reach camp1 gather the best browse you can find for filling1 but be careful about having the pillow too full2 keep it soft and comfortable4 ,if there is no browse1 use clean underwear in its place4 ,fasten the open end of the bag together with large-sized patent dress snappers4 ,one of the pleasantest phases of a season's camping are the little side trips for overnight4 ,you hit the trail that leads to the chosen spot located some two or three1 perhaps six or seven1 miles distant2 a place absolutely dry1 where you can enjoy the fun of sleeping on the ground without shelter1 having merely the starry sky for a canopy4 ,each girl can select the spot where she is to sleep and free it from all twigs1 stones1 etc41 as the smallest and most insignificant of these will rob her of sleep and make the night most uncomfortable4 ,when the space is smooth mark the spot where the shoulders rest when lying down and another spot immediately under the hips1 then dig a hollow for each to fit in easily2 cover the sleeping space with poncho1 rubber side down1 and over this lay a folded blanket for a mattress1 using the second blanket as a cover4 ,your sleep will then probably be sound and refreshing4 ,guards ,establish watchers1 for this temporary camp1 in relays to keep guard through the night and care for the fire1 not allowing it to spread1 grow too hot1 or die down and go out4 ,if there are eight in the party1 the first two1 starting in at #aj ,p4 ,m41 will keep vigil until #ab midnight4 ,these may chance to see a porcupine or other small wild animal1 but the little creatures will not come too near as long as your camp-fire is burning4 ,the next two watchers will be on duty until #b ,a4 ,m41 and will doubtless hear1 if not see1 some of the wild life of the forest4 ,the third couple's turn lasts until #d ,a4 ,m42 then the last two will be awakened in time to see the sun rise1 listen to the twittering and singing of the wild birds1 and possibly catch a glimpse of wild deer4 ,with #f ,a4 ,m4 comes broad daylight1 and the ever-to-be-remembered night in the open is past and gone4 ,these side trips bring you into closer touch with nature1 quicken your love for1 and a desire to know more of1 the wild2 and1 much to the delight of the campers keeping guard through the hours of the night1 there comes a keen sense of the unusual1 of novel experience1 of strangeness and adventure4 ,illustration3 ,soft wood4 ,exercise ,while wholesome camping calls for sufficient physical exercise to cause a girl to be blissfully tired at night1 and yet awaken refreshed and full of energy the next morning with a good appetite for breakfast1 until you become accustomed to the outdoor life1 it is best to curb your ambition to outdo the other girls in strength and endurance4 ,it is best not to overtax yourself by travelling too far on a long trail at one stretch1 or by lifting too heavy a log1 stone1 or other weight4 ,the ,camp-,fire ,the outdoor fire in camp bespeaks cheer1 comfort1 and possibilities for a hot dinner1 all of which the camper appreciates4 ,how to ,build a ,fire ,choose an open space1 if possible1 for your fire4 ,beware of having it under tree branches1 too near a tent1 or in any other place that might prove dangerous4 ,start your fire with the tinder nearest at hand1 dry leaves1 ferns1 twigs1 cones1 birch bark1 or pine-knot slivers4 ,as the tinder begins to burn1 add kindling-wood of larger size1 always remembering that the air must circulate under and upward through the kindling2 no fire can live without air any more than you can live without breathing4 ,smother a person and he will die1 smother a fire and it will die4 ,illustration3 ,hard wood4 ,soft woods are best to use after lighting the tinder2 they ignite easily and burn quickly1 such as pine1 spruce1 alder1 birch1 soft maple1 balsam-fir1 and others4 ,when the kindling is blazing put on still heavier wood1 until you have a good1 steady fire4 ,hard wood is better than soft when the fire is well going2 it burns longer and can usually be depended upon for a reliable fire1 not sending out sparks or sputtering1 as do many of the soft woods1 but burning well and giving a fine bed of hot coals4 ,the tree belonging exclusively to ,america1 and which is the best of the hardwoods1 comes first on the hardwood list4 ,this is hickory4 ,pecan1 chestnut-oak1 black birch1 basket-oaks1 white birch1 maple1 dogwood1 beech1 red and yellow birch1 ash1 and apple wood when obtainable are excellent4 ,cook-,fire ,make the cook-fire small and hot2 then you can work over it in comfort and not scorch both hands and face when trying to get near enough to cook1 as would be the case if the fire were large4 ,when in a hurry use dry bark as wood for the cook-fire4 ,hemlock1 pine1 hickory1 and other bark make a hot fire in a short time1 and water will boil quickly over a bark fire4 ,log-,cabin ,fire ,start this fire with two good-sized short sticks or logs4 ,place them about one foot apart parallel to each other4 ,at each end across these lay two smaller sticks1 and in the hollow square formed by the four sticks1 put the tinder of cones1 birch bark1 or dry leaves4 ,across the two upper sticks and over the tinder1 make a grate by laying slender kindling sticks across from and resting on top of the two upper large sticks4 ,over the grate1 at right angles to the sticks forming it1 place more sticks of larger size4 ,continue in this way1 building the log-cabin fire until the structure is one foot or so high1 each layer being placed at right angles to the one beneath it4 ,the fire must be lighted from beneath in the pile of tinder4 ,i learned this method when on the ,pacific slope4 ,the fire burns quickly1 and the log-cabin plan is a good one to follow when heating the bean hole1 as the fire can be built over the hole1 and in burning the red-hot coals will fall down into it1 or the fire can be built directly in the hole2 both ways are used by campers4 ,fire in the ,rain ,to build a fire in the rain with no dry wood in sight seems a difficult problem1 but keep cheerful1 hum your favorite tune1 and look for a pine-knot or birch bark and an old dead stump or log4 ,in the centre of the dead wood you will find dry wood2 dig it out and1 after starting the fire with either birch bark or pine-knot1 use the dry wood as kindling4 ,when it begins to burn1 add larger pieces of wood1 and soon the fire will grow strong enough to burn wet wood4 ,if there happens to be a big rock in your camp1 build your fire on the sheltered side and directly against the stone1 which will act as a windbreak and keep the driving rain from extinguishing the fire4 ,a slightly shelving bank would also form a shelter for it4 ,a pine-knot is always a good friend to the girl camper1 both in dry and wet weather1 but is especially friendly when it rains and everything is dripping wet4 ,you will find pine-knots in wooded sections where pine-trees grow2 or1 if you are located near water where there are no trees1 look for pine-knots in driftwood washed ashore4 ,when secured cut thin slices down part way all around the elongated knot and circle it with many layers of shavings until the knot somewhat resembles a toy tree4 ,the inside will be absolutely dry1 and this branching knot will prove reliable and start your fire without fail4 ,birch bark will start a fire even when the bark is damp1 and it is one of the best things you can have as a starter for an outdoor1 rainy-day fire4 ,take your cue from the forest guides1 and while in the woods always carry some dry birch bark in your pocket for a fire in case of rain4 ,camp ,fireplace ,one way to make the outdoor fireplace is to lay two green logs side by side on the ground in a narrow ,v shape1 but open at both ends2 only a few inches at one end1 a foot or more at the other4 ,the fire is built between the logs1 and the frying-pan and pail of water1 resting on both logs1 bridge across the fire4 ,should the widest space between the logs be needed1 place two slender green logs at right angles across the ,v logs1 and have these short top cross logs near enough together to hold the frying-pans set on them 7,fig4 #bf74 ,when there are no green logs1 build the fireplace with three rectangular sides of stone1 open front1 and make the fire in the centre2 the pots and pans rest across the fire on the stones4 ,if neither stones nor logs are available1 dig a circle of fresh earth as a safeguard and have the fire in its centre4 ,here you will need two strong1 forked-top stakes driven down into the ground directly opposite each other1 one on each side of the circle4 ,rest the end of a stout green stick in the forked tops of the stakes1 and use it to hang pots and pails from when cooking4 ,a fire can also be safeguarded with a circle of stones placed close together4 ,another method of outdoor cooking may be seen on page #ha1 where leaning stakes are used from which to hang cooking utensils over the fire4 ,one more caution about possibilities of causing forest fire4 ,terrible wide-spread fires have resulted from what was supposed to be an extinguished outdoor fire4 ,do not trust it1 but when you are sure the camp-fire is out1 pour on more water over the fire and all around the unburned edge of surrounding ground2 then throw on fresh earth until the fire space is covered4 ,be always on the safe side4 ,tack up on a tree in the camp1 where all must see it1 a copy of the state laws regarding forest fires1 as shown in photograph frontispiece4 ,illustration3 ,bringing wood for the fire4 ,on forest lands much of the ground is deep with tangled rootlets and fibres mixed in with the mould1 and a fire may be smouldering down underneath1 where you cannot see it4 ,have a care4 ,the permanent-camp fireplace1 built to do service for several seasons1 is usually of big1 heavy1 green logs1 stones1 and earth4 ,the logs1 about three and one-half feet long1 are built log-cabin fashion1 some twenty-eight inches high1 with all crevices filled in and firmly padded with earth and stones4 ,big stones are anchored securely along the top of the earth-covered log sides and back of the fireplace1 raising these higher than the front4 ,the space inside the walled fireplace is very nearly filled up with earth1 and the fire is built on this earth4 ,surfaces of logs which may have been left exposed where the fire is to be made are safeguarded with earth 7,fig4 #bg74 ,such a fireplace is big1 substantial1 firm1 and lasting4 ,many of them may be seen in the ,adirondacks4 ,they usually face the camp shelter1 but are located at a safe distance1 fully two yards1 from it4 ,fires built in these are generally used as social cheer-fires1 but you can have the cheer-fire even though the substantial fireplace be non est1 if in the evening you pile more wood on the cook-fire1 making it large enough for all to gather around and have a good time1 telling stories1 laughing1 talking1 and singing4 ,an excellent rule in camp is to have always on hand plenty of fire-wood4 ,replenish the reserve stock every day as inroads are made upon it1 and have some sort of shelter or covering where the wood will be kept dry and ready for immediate use4 ,camp ,cooking4 ,provisions ,in the woods one is generally hungry except immediately after a good meal1 and provisions and cooking are of vital interest to the camper4 ,the list of essentials is not very long and1 when the camp is a permanent one1 non-essentials may be added to the larder with advantage4 ,bread of some kind will form part of every meal1 and a few loaves freshly baked can be taken to camp to start with while you are getting settled4 ,the quickest bread to cook is the delectable flapjack1 and it is quite exciting to toss it in the air1 see it turn over and catch it again--if you can4 ,flapjacks ,mix dry flour1 baking-powder1 and salt together1 #a good teaspoonful of ,royal baking-powder to every #b cups of flour1 and #a level teaspoonful of salt to #a quart 7#d cups7 of flour4 ,to make the batter1 beat #a egg and add #a-a_/b cups of milk1 or #a cup of milk and #a_/b cup of water2 unsweetened condensed milk diluted according to directions on can may be used4 ,carefully and gradually stir in enough of the flour you have prepared to make a creamy batter1 be sure it is smooth and without lumps2 then stir in #a heaping teaspoonful of sugar1 better still molasses1 to make the cakes brown4 ,grease the frying-pan with a piece of fat pork or bacon1 have the pan hot1 and1 with a large spoon or a cup1 ladle out the batter into the pan1 forming three small cakes to be turned by a knife1 or one large cake to be turned by tossing4 ,use the knife to lift the edges of the cakes as they cook1 and when you see them a golden brown1 turn quickly4 ,or1 if the cake is large1 loosen it2 then lift the pan and quickly toss the cake up into the air in such a way that it will turn over and land safely1 brown side up1 on the pan4 ,unless you are skilled in tossing flapjacks1 don't risk wasting the cake by having it fall on the ground or in the fire1 but confine your efforts to the small1 knife-turned cakes4 ,serve them piping hot1 and if there are no plates1 each camper can deftly and quickly roll her flapjack into cylinder form of many layers and daintily and comfortably eat it while holding the roll between forefinger and thumb4 ,keep the frying-pan well greased while cooking the cakes1 rubbing the pan with grease each time before pouring in fresh batter4 ,flapjacks are good with butter1 delicious with creamy maple-sugar soft enough to spread smoothly over the butter4 ,the sugar comes in cans4 ,ordinary maple-syrup can be used1 but is apt to drip over the edges if the cake is held in the hand4 ,well-cooked cold rice mixed with the batter will give a delicate griddle-cake and make a change from the regular flapjack4 ,biscuits ,biscuits are more easily made than raised bread and so are used largely in its place while in camp4 ,the proportions of flour and baking-powder are the same as for flapjacks4 ,to #d cups of flour mix #b teaspoonfuls of ,royal baking-powder and #a level teaspoonful of salt2 add shortening about the size of an egg1 either lard or drippings4 ,divide the shortening into small bits and1 using the tips of your fingers1 rub it well into the dry flour just prepared2 then gradually stir in cold water to make a soft dough1 barely stiff enough to be rolled out #c_/d inch thick on bread-board1 clean flat stone1 or large1 smooth piece of flattened bark4 ,whichever is used must be well floured1 as must also the rolling-pin and biscuit cutter4 ,a clean glass bottle or smooth round stick may be used as rolling-pin1 and the cutter can be a baking-powder can1 or the biscuits may be cut square1 or #d inches long and #b inches wide with a knife4 ,the dough may also be shaped into a loaf #c_/d inch thick and baked in a pan by planting the pan in a bed of hot coals1 covering it with another pan or some substitute1 and placing a deep layer of hot coals all over the cover4 ,the biscuits should bake in about fifteen minutes4 ,for a hurry meal each camper can take a strip of dough1 wind it spirally around a peeled thick stick1 which has first been heated1 and cook her own spiral biscuit by holding it over the fire and constantly turning the stick4 ,biscuits1 in common with everything cooked over a hot wood-fire1 need constant watching that they may not burn4 ,test them with a clean splinter of wood2 thrust it into the biscuit and if no dough clings to the wood the biscuits are done4 ,johnny-,cake ,served hot1 split open and buttered1 these ,kentucky johnny-cakes with a cup of good coffee make a fine1 hearty breakfast1 very satisfying and good4 ,allow #a_/b cup of corn-meal for each person1 and to every #d cups of meal add #a teaspoonful of salt1 mix well2 then pour water1 which is boiling hard1 gradually into the meal1 stirring constantly to avoid having any lumps4 ,when the consistency is like soft mush1 have ready a frying-pan almost full of hot drippings or lard1 dip your hands into cold water to enable you to handle the hot dough1 and1 taking up enough corn-meal dough to make a large-sized biscuit1 pat it in your hands into a #c_/d-;inch-thick cake and gently drop it into the hot fat2 immediately make another cake1 drop it into the fat1 and continue until the frying-pan is full4 ,as soon as one johnny-cake browns on the lower side turn it over1 remove each cake from the fat as soon as done1 and serve as they cook4 ,corn-meal must be thoroughly scalded with boiling water when making any kind of corn bread in order to have the bread soft and not dry and chaffy4 ,for baked corn bread add #b full teaspoons of baking-powder and stir in #b eggs1 after #d cups of meal and #a teaspoonful of salt have been thoroughly scalded and allowed to cool a little4 ,pour this corn-meal dough into a pan which has been generously greased1 and bake4 ,corn-meal needs a hot oven and takes longer to bake than wheat-flour biscuits4 ,corn-,meal ,mush ,corn-meal mush does not absolutely require fresh cream or milk when served4 ,it is good eaten with butter and very nourishing4 ,many like it with maple-syrup or common molasses4 ,time is required to make well-cooked mush2 at least one hour will be necessary4 ,to #b quarts of boiling1 bubbling water add #a teaspoonful of salt1 and very slowly1 little by little1 add #b cups of corn-meal1 stirring constantly and not allowing the water to cease boiling4 ,do not stop stirring until the mush has cooked about ten minutes4 ,it may then be placed higher up from the fire1 where it will not scorch1 and boiling water added from time to time as needed to keep the mush of right consistency4 ,the cold mush may be made into a tempting dish1 if sliced #a_/b-;inch thick and fried brown in pork fat4 ,many cold cooked cereals can be treated in the same way2 sprinkled with flour these will brown better4 ,kentucky ,bread ,kentucky bread is made of flour1 salt1 and water4 ,it is generally known as beaten biscuit4 ,mix #b scant teaspoonfuls of salt with #a quart of flour1 add enough cold water to make a stiff1 smooth dough and knead1 pull1 and pound the dough until it blisters2 the longer it is worked and beaten the better4 ,roll out very thin1 cut round or into squares and bake4 ,these biscuits may be quickly made1 are simple and wholesome4 ,cocoa ,good cocoa may be made by substituting cold milk and cold water for hot4 ,follow directions on the can as to proportion1 and add the cold liquids after the cocoa is mixed to a smooth paste2 then boil4 ,either unsweetened condensed milk or milk powder can take the place of fresh milk4 ,coffee ,for every camper allow #a tablespoonful of ground coffee1 then #a extra spoonful for the pot4 ,put the dry coffee into the coffee-pot1 and to settle it add a crumbled egg-shell2 then pour in a little cold water and stir all together2 when there are no egg-shells use merely cold water4 ,add #a cupful of cold water for each camper1 and #b for the pot1 set the coffee-pot over the fire and let it boil for a few moments1 take it from the fire and pour into the spout a little cold water1 then place the coffee where it will keep hot--not cook1 but settle4 ,tea ,allow #a scant teaspoonful of tea for each person1 scald the teapot1 measure the tea into the pot1 and pour in as many cups of boiling water as there are spoonfuls of tea1 adding an extra cupful for the pot4 ,never let tea boil4 ,boiled ,potatoes ,wash potatoes1 cut out any blemish1 and put them on to cook in cold water over the fire4 ,they are much better boiled while wearing their jackets4 ,allow from one-half to three-quarters of an hour for boiling1 test them with a sliver of wood that will pierce through the centre when the potato is done4 ,when cooked pour off the boiling water1 set off the fire to one side where they will keep hot1 and raise one edge of the lid to allow the steam to escape4 ,serve while very hot4 ,baked ,potatoes ,wrap each potato in wet leaves and place them all on hot ashes that lie over hot coals1 put more hot ashes on top of the potatoes1 and over the ashes place a deep bed of red-hot coals4 ,it will require about forty minutes or more for potatoes to bake4 ,take one out when you think they should be done2 if soft enough to yield to the pressure when squeezed between thumb and finger1 the potato is cooked4 ,choose potatoes as near of a size as possible2 then all will be baked to a turn at the same time4 ,bean ,soup and ,baked ,beans ,look over one quart of dried beans1 take out all bits of foreign matter and injured beans2 then wash the beans in several waters and put them to soak overnight in fresh water4 ,next morning scald #a-a_/b pounds salt pork1 scrape it well1 rinse1 and with #a teaspoonful of dried onion or half of a fresh one1 put on to boil with the beans in cold water4 ,cook slowly for several hours4 ,when the water boils low1 add more boiling water and boil until the beans are soft4 ,to make soup1 dip out a heaping cupful of the boiled beans1 mash them to a paste1 then pour the liquid from the boiled beans over the paste and stir until well mixed2 if too thin add more beans2 if too thick add hot water until of the right consistency1 place the soup over the fire to reheat1 and serve very hot4 ,to bake beans1 remove the pork from the drained1 partially cooked beans1 score it across the top and replace it in the pot in midst of and extending a trifle above the surface of the beans1 add #a cup of hot water and securely cover the top of the pot with a lid or some substitute4 ,sink the pot well into the glowing coals and shovel hot coals over all4 ,add more hot water from time to time if necessary4 ,beans cooked in a bean hole rival those baked in other ways4 ,dig the hole about #a-a_/b feet deep and wide1 build a fire in it1 and keep it burning briskly for hours2 the oven hole must be hot4 ,when the beans are ready1 rake the fire out of the hole2 then sink the pot down into the hole and cover well with hot coals and ashes1 placing them all over the sides and top of the pot4 ,over these shovel a thick layer of earth1 protecting the top with grass sod or thick blanket of leaves and bark1 that rain may not penetrate to the oven4 ,let the beans bake all night4 ,bacon ,sliced bacon freshly cut is best2 do not bring it to camp in jars or cans1 but cut it as needed4 ,each girl may have the fun of cooking her own bacon4 ,cut long1 slender sticks with pronged ends1 sharpen the prongs and they will hold the bacon2 or use sticks with split ends and wedge in the bacon between the two sides of the split1 then toast it over the fire4 ,other small pieces of meat can be cooked in the same way4 ,bacon boiled with greens gives the vegetable a fine flavor1 as it also does string-beans when cooked with them4 ,it may1 however1 be boiled alone for dinner1 and is good fried for breakfast4 ,game ,birds ,game birds can be baked in the embers4 ,have ready a bed of red-hot coals covered with a thin layer of ashes1 and after drawing the bird1 dip it in water to wet the feathers2 then place it on the ash-covered red coals1 cover the bird with more ashes1 and heap on quantities of red coals4 ,if the bird is small it should be baked in about one-half hour4 ,when done strip off the skin1 carrying feathers with it1 and the bird will be clean and appetizing4 ,birds can also be roasted in the bean-pot hole1 but in this way1 they must first be picked1 drawn1 and rinsed clean2 then cut into good-sized pieces and placed in the pot with fat pork1 size of an egg1 for seasoning2 after pouring in enough water to cover the meat1 fasten the pot lid on securely and bury the pot in the glowing hot hole under a heap of red-hot coals4 ,cover with earth1 the same as when baking beans4 ,fish ,fish cooked in the embers is very good1 and you need not first remove scales or fins1 but clean the fish1 season it with salt and pepper1 wrap it in fresh1 wet1 green leaves or wet blank paper1 not printed paper1 and bury in the coals the same as a bird4 ,when done the skin1 scales1 and fins can all be pulled off together1 leaving the delicious hot fish ready to serve4 ,to boil a fish3 ,first scale and clean it2 then cut off head and tail4 ,if you have a piece of new cheesecloth to wrap the fish in1 it can be stuffed with dressing made of dry crumbs of bread or biscuits well seasoned with butter1 or bits of pork1 pepper1 and a very small piece of onion4 ,the cloth covering must be wrapped around and tied with white string4 ,when the fish is ready1 put it into boiling water to which has been added #a tablespoonful of vinegar and a little salt4 ,the vinegar tends to keep the meat firm1 and the dressing makes the fish more of a dinner dish2 both1 however1 can be omitted4 ,allow about twenty minutes for boiling a three-pound fish4 ,the sooner a fish is cooked after being caught the better4 ,to scale a fish1 lay it on a flat stone or log1 hold it by the head and with a knife scrape off the scales4 ,scale each side and1 with a quick stroke1 cut off the head and lower fins4 ,the back fin must have incisions on each side in order to remove it4 ,trout are merely scraped and cleaned by drawing out the inside with head and gills4 ,do this by forcing your hand in and grasping tight hold of the gullet4 ,to clean most fish it is necessary to slit open the under side1 take out the inside1 wash the fish1 and wipe it dry with a clean cloth4 ,if the camping party is fond of fish1 and fish frequently forms part of a meal1 have a special clean cloth to use exclusively for drying the fish4 ,provisions for ,one ,person for ,two ,weeks4 ,to be ,multiplied by ,number of ,campers1 and ,length of ,time if ,stay is over ,two ,weeks ,essential ,foods ,outdoor life seems to require certain kinds of foods2 these we call essentials2 others in addition to them are in the nature of luxuries or non-essentials4 ,list ,essentials ,wheat flour #f lbs4 ,corn-meal #b-a_/b lbs4 ,baking-powder #a_/b lb4 ,coffee #a_/b lb4 ,tea #a_/h lb4 ,cocoa #a_/b lb4 ,pork #a lb4 ,bacon #b-a_/b lbs4 ,salt #a_/b lb4 ,pepper #a oz4 ,sugar #c lbs4 ,butter #a-a_/b lbs4 ,milk1 dried #a_/b lb4 ,lard #c_/d lb4 ,egg powder #a_/d lb4 ,fruit1 dried #a lb4 ,potatoes1 dried #a-a_/b lbs4 ,beans #a-a_/b lbs4 ,maple-syrup #a pt4 ,vinegar #a_/d pt4 ,list ,non-,essentials ,rice #b-a_/b lbs4 ,lemons #a_/b doz4 ,erbswurst #a_/d lb4 ,soup tablets #a_/d lb4 ,baker's chocolate 7slightly sweetened7 #a_/b lb4 ,maple-sugar #a_/b lb4 ,ham #e lbs4 ,nuts #b lbs4 ,marmalade #a_/b jar ,preserves #a can ,citric acid #a_/h lb4 ,onions1 dried #a oz4 ,cheese #a lb4 ,potatoes1 fresh #ad ,codfish #a lb4 ,vegetables1 dried #a_/b lb4 ,sanitation ,keep your camp scrupulously clean4 ,do not litter up the place1 your health and happiness greatly depend upon observing the laws of hygiene4 ,make sure after each meal that all kitchen refuse is collected and deposited in the big garbage hole1 previously dug for that purpose1 and well covered with a layer of fresh earth4 ,illustration3 #bg ,,another ,,way ,,of ,,hanging ,,the ,,crane ,,out ,,of ,,doors #bh #bi ,camp fires and camp sanitation4 ,impress upon your mind that fresh earth is a disinfectant and keeps down all odors4 ,erect a framework with partially open side entrance for a retiring-room4 ,use six strong forked-topped poles planted in an irregular square as uprights 7,fig4 #bh71 and across these lay slender poles1 fitting the ends well into the forked tops of the uprights 7,fig4 #bh74 ,half-way down from the top1 place more cross poles1 resting them on the crotches left on the uprights4 ,have these last cross poles as nearly the same distance from the ground as possible and over them hang thick branches1 hooking the branches on by the stubs on their heavy ends4 ,also hang thickly foliaged branches on the top cross poles1 using the stubs where smaller branches have been lopped off as hooks1 as on the lower row 7,fig4 #bi72 then peg down the bottom ends of the hanging branches to the ground with sharpened two-pronged crotches cut from branches4 ,the upper row of branches should overlap the under row one foot or more4 ,make the seat by driving three stout stakes firmly into the ground2 two at the back1 one in front1 and on these nail three crosspieces4 ,never throw dish water or any refuse near your tent or on the camp grounds4 ,burn or bury all trash1 remembering that earth and fire are your good servants1 and with their assistance you can have perfect camp cleanliness1 which will go a long way toward keeping away a variety of troublesome flies and make camp attractive and wholesome4 ,camp ,spirit ,thoughtfulness for others2 kindliness2 the willingness to do your share of the work1 and more1 too2 the habit of making light of all discomforts2 cheerfulness under all circumstances2 and the determination never to sulk1 imagine you are slighted1 or find fault with people1 conditions1 or things4 ,to radiate good-will1 take things as they come and enjoy them1 and to do your full share of entertainment and fun-making--this is the true camp spirit4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,what ,,to ,,wear ,,on ,,the ,,trail ,camp ,outfits4 ,clothing4 ,personal ,outfits4 ,camp ,packs4 ,duffel-,bags and ,what to ,put in ,them ,to prepare your own camping outfit for the coming summer1 to plan1 to work out your lists1 to select materials1 and make many of the things just as you want them or even to hunt up the articles and purchase them1 while all the time delightful visions of trailing and camp life dance before you1 is to know the true joy of anticipation1 and is great fun4 ,clothing ,make your dress for the trail absolutely comfortable1 not too heavy1 too tight1 too hot1 or too cool4 ,no part of the clothing should bind or draw4 ,brown or dark gray are the best colors for the forest2 avoid wearing those which frighten the timid wild life1 for you want to make friends with the birds and animals1 so do not wear metal buttons1 buckles1 or anything that shines or sparkles4 ,underwear ,for girl campers the light-weight1 pure-woollen underwear is best1 especially if you locate in the mountains1 or the ,canadian or ,maine forests4 ,on cold days two light-weight union garments are warmer than one of heavy weight4 ,wool is never clammy and cold1 it absorbs perspiration and when on the trail prevents the chilly feeling often experienced when halting for a rest in the forest4 ,union garments may be obtained in a variety of weights1 and a one-piece suit is the only garment necessary to wear under bloomers and middy when at camp4 ,leave corsets at home1 they have no place in the outdoor life1 and you will be freer if you discard the dress skirt when at camp and on the trail4 ,have your muscles free1 be able to take in long1 deep breaths1 to move readily all portions of your body1 and not be hampered in any way by ill-fitting1 uncomfortable clothing4 ,there must be unrestricted freedom of arms and limbs for a girl to be able to use them easily in climbing mountains or hills1 scrambling over fallen trees1 sliding over rocks1 jumping from stone to stone1 or from root to half-sunken log on wet trails of the forest4 ,stockings ,select your stockings with care4 ,let them be of wool1 strong1 soft1 and absolutely satisfactory when the shoe is on4 ,the aim of the entire camp dress is to have it so comfortable and well adapted to outdoor life that you will forget it2 think no more of it than a bird does of its feathers4 ,when woollen stockings are worn1 wet feet are not apt to give one cold1 for the feet do not become chilled even when it is necessary to stand in the reedy edge of a mountain lake or stream4 ,if1 however1 you cannot wear wool1 use cotton stockings4 ,remember that wool often shrinks in the wash4 ,allow for this when purchasing goods1 though it is said1 on reliable authority1 that if laundered with care the garments will not shrink4 ,when washing woollen underwear use very soapy1 cool water 7not icy7 with addition of a little borax1 or ammonia1 if you have either1 and do not rub soap directly on wool2 it mats the little fibres and this causes the wool to shrink4 ,for the same reason avoid rubbing the garments if possible during the cleansing process4 ,all that is usually necessary is to squeeze and souse them well1 then rinse in water of the same temperature2 do not wring the things2 squeeze them and hang them up to dry4 ,changes of temperature in the water when washing wool will cause the wool to shrink4 ,to alternate between cold and warm1 hot and lukewarm water will surely cause the clothing to grow much smaller and stiffer2 keep both wash and rinse water either cold or lukewarm2 cold is safer4 ,allow no one to persuade you to take old clothes to camp2 they will soon need mending and prove a torment4 ,shoes ,wear low-heeled1 high-laced shoes of stout leather and easy fit4 ,make them water-proof by giving the leather a good coat of hot1 melted mutton tallow1 completely covering the shoes and working the tallow into all crevices4 ,be sure to do this1 as it is worse than useless to depend upon rubber overshoes when trailing2 sharp stones cut1 and roots1 twigs1 and underbrush tear the rubber1 with the result that the overshoes soon fill with water and your feet swim in little lakes4 ,test your shoes well before taking them to camp1 be perfectly satisfied that they are comfortable and well-fitting1 wear them steadily for one week or more4 ,it is very unwise to risk new shoes on the trail1 and it is of the utmost importance that the feet be kept in good condition4 ,be kind to your feet4 ,camping ,dress ,the most serviceable and practical dress for camping is a three-piece suit1 made of a fadeless1 soft quality of gray or brown material4 ,illustration3 ,,duffel-,,bags ,,leggin ,,poncho ,,trailer',s ,,boot ,trailers' outfits4 ,the middy-blouse while loose can be well-fitting1 with long sleeves roomy enough to allow of pushing up above the elbow when desired4 ,sew two small patch pockets high on the left breast--one for your watch1 the other for your compass2 protect the pockets with flaps which fasten down over the open top with dress snaps4 ,on the right breast sew one good-sized pocket4 ,in addition to these you will need one large pocket on both right and left side of middy1 below belt line1 making in all three large and two small pockets4 ,the belt is held in place by sliding it through loops sewed on the middy1 one at the back and one on each side4 ,make the skirt of this suit short enough for ease and of generous width1 not to draw at front1 but give perfect freedom of the limbs4 ,have a seam pocket in each side of the front breadth1 and fasten the skirt down one side from belt to hem4 ,it can then be quickly removed and used as a cape or a wind break when occasion requires4 ,the bloomers1 well-fitting and comfortable1 gathered below the knee with best quality of elastic1 that it may last1 can have a deep pocket sewed across the front of each leg1 several inches conveniently below waist-line4 ,hat ,a soft1 light-weight felt hat with brim sufficiently wide to shade the eyes will prove the best head covering for the trail4 ,don't use hatpins2 your hat will cling to the head if you substitute a strip of woollen cloth in place of the inside leather band4 ,the clinging wool prevents the hat from being readily knocked off by overhanging branches or blown off on windy days4 ,check ,list of ,apparel ,go light when off for the woods1 take with you only those things which seem to be absolutely necessary2 remember that you will carry your own pack and be your own laundress1 so hesitate about including too many washable garments4 ,make out your list1 then consider the matter carefully and realize that every one of the articles1 even the very smallest1 has a way of growing heavier and heavier and adding to the ever-increasing weight of your pack the longer you walk1 so be wise1 read over your list and cut it down1 decide that you can do without a number of things thought at first to be indispensable4 ,in addition to your camp dress described1 the following list forms a basis to work upon1 to be added to1 taken from1 or substitution made according to location1 climate1 and nature of the country where you will pitch camp3 ,one extra suit of wool underwear4 ,wash suit as soon as changed4 ,one extra pair of stockings4 ,every morning put on a fresh pair1 washing the discarded ones the same day4 ,one high-necked1 long-sleeved1 soft1 woven undershirt for cold days4 ,one extra thin middy-blouse for hot days4 ,three pocket handkerchiefs1 each laundered as soon as discarded4 ,one kimono1 soft1 warm wool1 buttoned down front1 not eider-down 7it is too bulky71 color brown or dark gray4 ,one bathing-suit without skirt1 made in one-piece1 loose1 belted waist with bloomers2 suit opened on shoulders with strong button and buttonhole fastenings4 ,one warm sweater with high turned-over collar and sleeves good and long4 ,on the trail carry your sweater by tying the sleeves around your waist1 allowing the sweater to hang down at the back4 ,one pair of gloves1 strong1 pliable1 easy-fitting chamois1 if you feel that you need them4 ,the bare1 free hands are better4 ,one pair of strong1 snug1 well-fitting leggins matching camp dress in color1 with no buttons or buckles to tangle on underbrush4 ,the fastening can be covered by smooth outer flap4 ,one pair of felt slippers or thick-soled moccasins for tent4 ,four extra strips of elastic for renewing those in knees of bloomers4 ,one large1 strong1 soft silk or cotton neckerchief1 for protecting neck from sun1 rain1 and cold1 also good to fold diagonally and use for arm sling or tie over hat in a hard wind2 silk is best4 ,two head-nets if your stay is long1 one if short1 to be worn in case of swarms of pestiferous flies and mosquitoes4 ,especially needed for protection from the midge1 black-fly1 etc41 found in northern forests and elsewhere during the spring and through to the middle or last of ,july4 ,your net can be of fine mesh bobbinet2 if you have only white1 dye it black2 all other colors are apt to dazzle the eyes4 ,the best material to use is black ,brussels net4 ,cut a strip of net long enough to fit easily around your shoulders and allow of some fulness4 ,take the measurement smoothly around the shoulders with a piece of tape and add to this about three-eighths of the entire length you have just measured1 which will give you the length required4 ,the width should be sufficient to allow of the net reaching from base of hat crown across over brim and down over top of shoulders1 about twenty-two inches or more in all4 ,cut the net according to size needed2 then fold the strip at centre across the width1 fold again1 making four even folds4 ,once more fold and you will have divided the net into eight equal parts4 ,mark the net at each fold and open it out 7,fig4 #cj74 ,cut armholes in the divisions marked #b 7,fig4 #cj7 to fit over the shoulders1 sew together the two ends1 bind the shoulder armholes holding the net loosely that it may not pull and strain4 ,sew an elastic to back corner of each armhole1 hem the top of net strip and run an elastic through hem to fit snugly on base of hat crown4 ,gather lower edges of net2 then try the net on1 adjusting lower and upper gathers so that the veil will blouse a little1 remembering not to let the net touch your face2 if it should1 the little tormentors will bite through and torture you4 ,sew a piece of black tape across lower edge of the front and another across lower edge of the back1 fitting the tape to lie smoothly over chest and back2 then bring forward the hanging pieces of elastic1 adjust them comfortably under the arms1 and mark length of elastic to reach around under arm and fasten with dress snaps at front corner of armhole4 ,cut elastic and finish net 7,fig4 #ca74 ,ornaments--,never take rings1 bracelets1 necklaces1 or jewelry of any kind to camp2 leave all such things at home1 and with them ribbons1 beads1 and ornaments of all descriptions4 ,illustration3 #cj #ca ,the head-net and blanket-roll4 ,check ,list of ,toilet ,articles ,one comb1 not silver-backed4 ,one hand-mirror to hang or stand up4 ,one tooth-brush in case4 ,one tube of tooth-paste1 or its equivalent4 ,one nail-brush4 ,one cake of unscented toilet-soap4 ,two cakes of laundry-soap4 ,one package of borax or securely corked bottle of ammonia4 ,one tube of cold-cream4 ,one baking-powder can of pure1 freshly tried out mutton tallow1 made so by boiling in pure water until melted1 then allowed to cool and harden4 ,when taken from the water1 again melted and1 while hot1 strained through a clean cloth into the can4 ,good to remove pitch and balsam-gum from the hands1 to use as cold-cream to soften the hands1 and excellent to water-proof the shoes4 ,one wash-cloth1 washed1 aired1 and sunned every day4 ,in rainy weather1 washed and dried4 ,two hand towels1 each washed as soon as soiled4 ,one bath towel1 washed as soon as used4 ,one manicure-scissors4 ,one package sandpaper nail-files4 ,two papers of hair-pins4 ,one paper of common pins1 also little flat pocket pincushion well filled around edge with pins4 ,two papers of large-sized safety-pins4 ,check ,list of ,personal ,camp ,property ,one note-book and pencil for taking notes on wild birds1 animals1 trees1 etc4 ,one needle-case1 compact with needles and strong white and black thread1 wound on cardboard reels 7spools are too bulky74 ,scissors1 thimble1 and large-eyed tape-needle for running elastic through hem in bloomers and head-net1 when needed4 ,two papers of very large sized safety-pins of horse-blanket kind4 ,one roll of tape1 most useful in many ways4 ,one whistle1 the loudest and shrillest to be found1 worn on cord around the neck1 for calling help when lost or in case of need4 ,a short1 simple system of signalling calls should be adopted4 ,one compass1 durable and absolutely true4 ,one watch1 inexpensive but trustworthy4 ,do not take your gold watch4 ,one package of common post-cards1 with lead pencil attached4 ,the postals to take the place of letters4 ,one package writing-paper and stamped envelopes1 if post-cards do not meet the needs4 ,one pocket-knife1 a big1 strong one1 with substantial1 sharp1 strong blades1 for outdoor work and to use at meals4 ,one loaded camera1 in case which has secure leather loops through which your belt can be slipped to carry camera and hold it steady1 leaving the hands free and precluding danger of smashing the instrument should a misstep on mossy stone or a trip over unseen vine or root suddenly throw you down and send the camera sailing on a distance ahead4 ,such an accident befell a girl camper who was too sure that her precious camera would be safest if carried in her hand4 ,wear the camera well back that you may not fall on it should you stumble1 or the camera can be carried on strap slung from the right shoulder4 ,three or more rolls of extra films1 the quantity depending upon your length of stay at camp and the possibilities for interesting subjects4 ,one fishing-rod and fishing-tackle outfit4 ,choose the simple and useful rather than the fancy and expensive4 ,select your outfit according to the particular kind of fishing you will find near camp4 ,there is a certain different style of rod and tackle for almost every variety of fish4 ,if fishing is not to be a prominent feature of the camp1 you might take line and hooks1 and wait until you reach camp to cut your fishing-pole4 ,one tin cup1 with open handle to slide over belt4 ,the cup will serve you with cool sparkling water1 with cocoa1 coffee1 or tea as the case may be1 and it will also be your soup bowl4 ,keep the inside of the cup bright and shiny4 ,while aluminum is much lighter than other metal1 it is not advisable to take to camp either cup1 teaspoon1 or fork of aluminum because it is such a good conductor of heat that those articles would be very apt to burn your lips if used with hot foods4 ,one dinner knife1 if you object to using your pocket-knife4 ,one dinner fork1 not silver4 ,one teaspoon1 not silver4 ,one plate1 may be of aluminum or tin1 can be kept bright by scouring with soap and earth4 ,two warm wool double blankets1 closely woven and of good size4 ,the ,u4,s4 ,army blankets are of the best4 ,with safety-pins blankets can be turned into sleeping-bags and hammocks4 ,one poncho1 light in weight to wear over shoulders1 spread on ground rubber side down to protect from dampness1 can be used in various ways4 ,one pillow-bag4 ,one mattress-bag4 ,one water-proof match-safe4 ,one belt hatchet in case1 or belt sheath small axe1 for chopping wood and felling small trees1 but1 be very careful when using either of these tools4 ,before going to camp find some one who can give you proper instructions in handling one or both1 and practise carefully following directions4 ,be very cautious and go slow until you become an expert4 ,outdoor books and magazines should be consulted for information1 and if you do not feel absolutely confident of your ability to use the hatchet or axe after practising1 do not take them with you4 ,for the sake of others as well as yourself1 you have not the right to take chances of injuring either others or yourself through inability to use safely any tool4 ,do not attempt to use a regular-sized axe1 it is very dangerous4 ,one guide told me that after a tenderfoot chopped a cruel gash nearly through his foot when using the guide's axe1 that axe was never again loaned1 but kept in a safe place and not allowed to be touched by any one except the owner4 ,check ,list for ,first ,aid ,one hot-water bag1 good for all pains and aches1 and a comfort when one is chilly4 ,one package pure ginger pulverized or ground1 to make hot ginger tea in case of chill1 pains in the bowels1 or when you have met with an accidental ducking or are wet through to the skin by rain4 ,never mind if the tea does burn1 ginger always stings when helping one4 ,be a good sport1 take your medicine4 ,one box of charcoal tablets for dyspepsia or indigestion4 ,one package bicarbonate of soda 7baking-soda72 good for burns1 sprinkle well with soda1 see that the burn is completely covered1 then cover lightly with cloth1 and do not disturb it for a long time4 ,one bottle of ammonia well corked4 ,tie the cork down firmly in the bottle 7,fig4 #cb72 a flannel case or raffia covering will protect the glass from breakage4 ,good to smell in case of faintness1 but care must be taken not to hold it too near the nose1 as the ammonia might injure the delicate membranes1 as would also smelling-salts4 ,safer to move the bottle or cloth wet with ammonia slowly back and forth near the nose4 ,good also for insect bites4 ,one roll of adhesive plaster4 ,cut into lengths for holding covered ointment or poultice in place1 the strips criss-cross over the poultice1 but are not attached1 the ends only are pressed on the bare skin to which they firmly adhere4 ,two rolls of #b-a_/b or #c inch wide surgeon bandages 7not gauze7 for general use where bandages are needed4 ,one small package of absorbent cotton4 ,two mustard plasters1 purchased at drug store2 good for stomachache4 ,one package of powdered licorice to use as a laxative4 ,dissolve a little licorice in water and drink it4 ,to keep the bowels open means to ward off a host of evils4 ,it is even more essential that the inside of the body be kept clean than it is to have the outside clean4 ,to this end make a practise of drinking a great deal of pure water2 drink it before breakfast1 between meals 7not at meals71 and before retiring4 ,if you do this1 you will probably not need other laxative1 especially if you eat fruit either fresh or stewed4 ,fruit should form part of every day's fare4 ,keep your bowels open4 ,one tube of ,carron oil1 to use for burns or scalds4 ,one small bottle of camphor1 for headaches4 ,one small bag of salt--good dissolved in water1 #a teaspoonful to #a pint of water1 for bathing tired or inflamed eyes1 often effects a cure4 ,good for bathing affected spots of ivy poison1 good for sore-throat gargle1 also for nosebleed2 snuff1 then plug nose4 ,good for brushing teeth4 ,for all these dissolve salt in water in proportion as given above4 ,one white muslin #bd-;inch triangular bandage1 for arm sling or chest1 jaw1 and head bandage4 ,a man's large-sized white handkerchief can be used2 never bind broken skin with colored cloth4 ,one bottle of fly dope1 warranted to keep off pestiferous flies and mosquitoes4 ,all these may be kept in one-half of a linen case of pockets1 your toilet articles in the other half1 and the case can be opened out and hung to the side of your tent or shelter4 ,check ,list for ,general ,camp ,two basins1 of light metal1 paper or collapsible rubber4 ,the last is easy to pack and light to carry4 ,one basin will serve for several girls4 ,if you camp near a body of fresh water let that be your basin2 it will always be ready filled4 ,no need then to bring water to your shelter1 for a delightful dip in the river or lake every morning before breakfast will obviate all necessity1 and do away with the otherwise needful hand-basin4 ,one reliable map of location and surrounding country for constant reference4 ,one water-pail1 light weight1 for every two or three girls4 ,can be canvas1 aluminum1 paper1 rubber1 or your own selection in other materials4 ,six toilet-paper packages or more4 ,one or more tents of water-proof material4 ,one or more sod cloths for tent flooring4 ,one or more inner tents of cheesecloth for protection from mosquitoes1 etc4 ,these can be made at home or purchased with the tents at the regular camp-outfitters'4 ,there is on the market a spray1 claimed to be absolutely effective against mosquitoes1 etc41 and to keep both tent and camp free from pests4 ,one quart is said to last two weeks with daily use4 ,cost1 fifty cents per quart4 ,one carborundum stone for sharpening all cutting tools4 ,one or more lanterns4 ,folding candle lanterns may be purchased1 but the simple ten-cent kind with lamp-chimney for protection of candle are good4 ,they can be had at country stores in ,cresco1 ,pa4 ,may possibly be found at camp-outfitters'4 ,if a glass chimney is to be used1 pack most carefully4 ,fill the inside of the chimney with stockings1 handkerchiefs1 etc42 then wrap the chimney all over with other soft clothing and tie securely4 ,have this outside wrap very thick4 ,one package of one-half length candles to use in lantern4 ,one tin box of one or two dozen safety-matches4 ,tin will not catch fire from the matches4 ,one strong tool-bag with separate labelled pockets for different tools2 each pocket with flap to fasten securely with dress snaps4 ,in this tool-bag put assorted nails1 mostly big1 strong ones1 screws1 awl1 well-sealed bottle of strong glue1 ball of stout twine1 a few rawhide thongs1 three or four yards of soft strong rope1 a pair of scissors1 two spools of wire1 and several yards of cheesecloth4 ,one rope--long for mountain-climbing4 ,check ,list of ,kitchen ,utensils ,two dish-pans1 one for piping-hot sudsy water for washing dishes1 the other for scalding-hot rinsing water4 ,the last pan can also be used for mixing and bread-making4 ,select pans strong and of light weight--canvas1 aluminum1 or tin--and be sure they nest or fold4 ,two water-pails1 fitted one within the other1 both light weight4 ,one coffee-pot1 size to fit in pails1 must not be too high4 ,cocoa can be made in the coffee-pot4 ,one frying-pan1 for corn-dodgers1 flapjacks1 fried mush1 eggs1 etc4 ,one folding camp-oven1 for hot biscuits1 bread puddings1 and many other good things relished by hungry campers4 ,one wash-basin1 to be kept strictly for washing hands1 when cooking4 ,one large spoon1 for stirring and general use4 ,one kitchen-knife1 suitable for cutting bread1 carving meat1 turning pancakes1 etc4 ,one kitchen-fork1 strong and big1 but not a toasting-fork4 ,one ,dutch oven pot1 a strong seamless pot with cover1 to use for baking1 boiling1 and stewing4 ,three dish-towels1 washed after every meal4 ,one dish mop or cloth1 washed and dried after each meal2 dry in sun when possible4 ,four large cakes of soap4 ,one thick holder1 for lifting pots4 ,hang this up in a certain place where it may always be found when needed4 ,one pepper and one salt shaker1 small and light in weight4 ,one net air-bag1 for meat1 fish1 and anything that must be kept fresh 7,fig4 #cc7 and protected from the flies4 ,use strong net and two or more hoops for the air-bag4 ,with pincers you can twist the two ends of strong wire together and make the hoops of size large enough to hold the net out away from a large piece of meat4 ,cut the net long enough to stand above and hang below the meat4 ,gather the top edge tightly together and sew it fast2 then sew the hoop near the top of the bag4 ,other hoops on either side of centre of bag and a hoop near bottom of bag1 or sew only one hoop at the top and one at the bottom4 ,have strong draw-strings in the bottom of the bag1 and fasten a pendent hook at the top to hold the meat hanging free inside of the bag4 ,with copper wire attach a good-sized ring on top of the bag1 wire it through the handle of the pendent hook and weld them together4 ,when in use1 the bag should be suspended high from the ground by means of a rope pulley run through the top ring and over the limb of a near-by tree4 ,similar air-bags can be obtained1 if desired1 from camp-outfitters4 ,when selecting cooking utensils for the camp1 you will find those with detachable handles pack better and for that reason are desirable4 ,do not forget that every check-list given may be reduced2 don't think you must include all the items4 ,for these lists give outfits for permanent as well as temporary camps4 ,if you can manage with one towel by washing it every day1 or evening1 allowing it to dry during the night1 one towel will be sufficient2 leave the others at home4 ,drop from the various lists every article you can possibly dispense with and still be comfortable in camp4 ,if you wear the camp suit travelling from home to camp1 its weight and bulk will be omitted from your camp pack1 and be so much to your gain1 and you will maintain a good appearance notwithstanding1 for if well made and of proper fit the dress will be a suitable travelling costume4 ,camp ,packs ,when you intend carrying your belongings and striking the trail either part or all the way to camp1 the easiest method for portage is to stow the things in a regular pack and fasten the pack on your back by means of strong1 long straps attached to the pack1 and passed over your shoulders and under your arms4 ,a square of water-proof canvas makes a simple and good camp pack4 ,get a nine-by-nine-feet 7more or less7 square of cloth1 and it will be found useful as shelter1 fly1 ground-cloth1 windbreak1 and in other ways after reaching camp4 ,what to ,put in ,your ,pack ,open out your pack-cloth flat on the floor1 and place your folded mattress-bag in the centre4 ,fill the pillow-bag with your first-aid case and case of toilet articles1 and if there is space for other things pack them in4 ,lay the pillow-bag on top of the mattress-bag1 place clothing by the side and on top of the pillow-bag1 being careful to keep the contents of your pack rectangular in shape and of size to fit well over your back4 ,illustration3 #cb ,,camp ,,pack ,,blanket ,,pack #cc ,,pack-,,harness ,,meat ,,safe ,some things to carry and how to carry them4 ,if not adding too much to the weight1 include many things from your personal-belonging list2 of these articles you can carry some in the pockets of your camp suit4 ,everything being in the pack1 fold over the sides and ends1 making a neat1 compact bundle2 tie it securely with a piece of soft rope and across its top place the blankets with poncho inside1 which you have previously made into a roll to fit4 ,bind pack and blankets together1 attach the pack shoulder-strap and swing the pack on your back4 ,pack straps or harness can be obtained at any camp-outfitter's4 ,a different style of pack may be a bag with square corners1 all seams strongly stitched1 then bound with strong tape4 ,cut two pieces of the water-proof cloth1 one about sixteen inches wide1 and the other eighteen inches2 this last is for the front and allows more space4 ,let each piece be twenty-one inches long or longer1 unite them with a strip of the cloth six inches wide and sufficiently long to allow of flaps extending free at the top to fold over from both sides across the opening2 you will then have a box-like bag4 ,make one large flap of width to fit the top of the back1 and length to cross over on front1 covering the smaller flaps and fastening down on the outside of the front of the pack4 ,all three flaps may have pockets to hold small articles4 ,the shoulder-straps may be either of strong government webbing which comes for the purpose1 tube lamp-wick1 or leather4 ,with this pack the blanket and poncho could be made into a thin roll and fitted around the edges of the pack1 or made into a short roll and attached to top of pack4 ,when feasible it is a good plan to pack your smaller belongings in wall-pockets with divisions protected by flaps securely fastened over the open ends1 the wall-pockets rolled1 tied1 and carried in the camp pack4 ,these pockets are useful at camp2 they help to keep your things where you can find them4 ,next best is to use small separate labelled bags for different variety of duffel1 and pack them in one or two duffel tube-shaped bags1 which may be bound together1 constituting one pack4 ,from eighteen to twenty-four pounds is average weight for a girl to carry2 it all depends upon strength and endurance2 some girls can carry even heavier packs1 while others must have lighter ones4 ,beware about loading yourself down too heavily4 ,packs grow heavier and heavier1 never lighter on the trail4 ,blanket-,roll ,pack ,side-trips from camp for only one night's bivouac will not need a back pack2 the few articles required can be carried in your blanket-roll4 ,spread the poncho out flat1 rubber side down1 then your blankets on top1 and group the things you intend to take into two separate oblong groups1 one on each side of the central space at one end of the blankets2 push the articles in each division closely together1 leaving the space between the divisions empty4 ,kneel in front of your blankets and begin to roll all together tightly1 taking care not to allow any of the duffel to fall out4 ,when the roll is complete1 tie the centre with strong1 soft string1 and also each end1 and make a hoop of the roll by tying together the hanging strings on the two ends4 ,wear the blanket-roll over left shoulder1 diagonally across back and chest to rest over right hip4 ,if you have forgotten a few items1 tie the things to the bottom of the blanket-roll and let them hang like tassels4 ,duffel-,bag ,articles for general use while at camp can be packed together in one or more duffel-bags2 if but one bag is needed1 provisions might go in the same receptacle when space and weight permit4 ,it is much better1 however1 to have a separate bag for provisions4 ,packing ,provisions ,you can make or buy separate tube bags of different heights1 but all of the same diameter1 and pack flour in one1 corn-meal in another1 and so on1 having each bag labelled and all1 when filled1 fitted in one duffel-bag2 you will find these bags a great comfort4 ,they should be of water-proof canvas with draw-string at the top4 ,you can purchase friction-top cans for butter1 etc41 of varying depth to accommodate different quantities which will fit well in the large provision bag4 ,a duffel-bag is usually made cylindrical in form with a disk of the cloth sewed in tight at one end1 and the other end closed with draw-strings4 ,it is well to have another cloth disk attached to one spot at the top of the bag1 to cover the contents before the draw-strings are fastened4 ,a great variety of desirable camp packs1 including duffel-bags1 pack-straps1 harness1 and tump-lines1 may be purchased at the camp-outfitter's2 investigate before deciding upon home-made camp packs4 ,pack-baskets can also be obtained1 but all the good-sized pack-baskets ,i have seen1 while attractive in appearance1 are too rigid1 bulky1 sharp-edged1 and heavy to be of use to girl campers4 ,having decided that the wilderness is the place to locate1 unless you can manage to camp with very little in the way of extra packs1 you will be obliged to employ a guide to assist in the carry1 possibly two guides1 as wilderness trails do not permit of a vehicle1 or even a mule or horse1 being used to help in the portage4 ,should your camp be on a more accessible site1 the easy portage can be taken advantage of and the problem readily solved2 but the charm of the real forest camp with all its possibilities for genuine life in the wilderness more1 far more1 than compensates for the extra difficulties in reaching camp4 ,really1 though1 the very difficulties are but part of the sport2 they give zest and add to the fun of the trail4 ,,chapter ,v ,,outdoor ,,handicraft ,camp ,furnishings--,dressing-,table1 ,seats1 ,dining-,table1 ,cupboard1 ,broom1 ,chair1 ,racks1 ,birch-,bark ,dishes1 etc4 ,camp is the place where girls enjoy most proving their powers of resourcefulness4 ,it is fun to supply a want with the mere natural raw materials found in the open1 and when you succeed in making a useful article of outdoor things1 the entire camp takes a pride in your work and the simple but practical and usable production gives a hundred per cent more pleasure than could a store article manufactured for the same purpose4 ,be comfortable at camp4 ,while it is good to live simply in the open1 it is also good to be comfortable in the open1 and with experience you will be surprised to find what a delightful life can be lived at camp with but few belongings and the simplest of camp furnishings4 ,these last can1 in a great measure1 be made of tree branches and the various stuffs found in the woods4 ,illustration3 ,handicraft in the woods4 ,details of the outdoor dressing-table4 ,comb-racks of forked sticks and of split sticks4 ,dressing-,table ,a near-by tree will furnish the substantial foundation for your dressing-table and wash-stand combined4 ,if you can find a side-piece of a wooden box1 use it for the shelf and fasten this shelf on the trunk of a tree about two and one-half feet or more above the ground4 ,cut two rustic braces and nail the front of the shelf on the top ends of these supports2 then nail a strip of wood across the tree as a cleat on which to rest the back of the shelf2 fit the shelf on the cleat and nail the lower ends of the braces to the tree2 strengthen the work still more by driving a strong1 long nail on each side of the top centre of the back of shelf1 diagonally down through the shelf1 cleat1 and into the tree4 ,it is not essential that the straight shelf edge fit perfectly to the rounded tree1 but if you desire to have it so1 mark a semicircle on the wood of size to fit the tree and whittle it out4 ,should there be no piece of box for your shelf1 make the shelf of strong1 slender sticks lashed securely close together on two side sticks4 ,for cleats and braces use similar sticks described for board shelf4 ,when the shelf is made in this way1 cover the top with birch bark or other bark to give a flat surface4 ,hang your mirror on a nail in the tree at convenient distance above the shelf1 and your tooth-brush on another nail4 ,the towel may hang over the extending end of the cleat1 and you can make a small bark dish for the soap4 ,your comb can rest on two forked-stick supports tacked on the tree1 or two split-end sticks4 ,camp-,seats ,stones1 logs1 stumps1 raised outstanding roots of trees1 and boxes1 when obtainable1 must be your outdoor chairs1 stools1 and seats until others can be made4 ,illustration3 ,outdoor dressing-table1 camp-cupboard1 hammock-frame1 seat1 and pot-hook4 ,two trees standing near together may be used to advantage as uprights for a camp seat4 ,cut a small horizontal kerf or notch at the same height on opposite sides of both trees1 get two strong poles 7green wood71 fit them in the wedges and nail them to the trees2 then lash them firmly in place4 ,be absolutely certain that these poles are of strong wood1 firmly attached to the trees and not liable to slide or break4 ,make the seat by lashing sticks across from pole to pole1 placing them close together4 ,two more long poles1 fastened to the trees at a proper distance above the seat1 would give a straight back1 if a back is desired1 but it is not essential2 with a folded blanket spread over it1 the seat alone is a luxury4 ,camp-,table ,a table can be built in much the same way as the seat and will answer the purpose well if one of boards is not to be had4 ,for the table make your crosspieces about twenty-two inches long1 nail them ladder-like but close together on two poles1 and make this table top flat on the surface by covering it with birch bark tacked on smoothly4 ,having previously fastened two other poles across from tree to tree1 as you did when making the seat1 you can lift the table top and lay it on the two foundation poles2 then bind it in place and the table will be finished4 ,another way of using the table top is to drive four strong1 stout1 forked sticks into the ground for the four table legs and place the table top across1 resting the long side poles in the crotches of the stakes1 where they may be lashed in place4 ,benches for the table can be made in like manner1 only have the forked-stick legs shorter1 raising the seat about eighteen inches above the ground4 ,illustration3 ,camp-chair1 biscuit-stick1 and blanket camp-bed4 ,camp-,cupboard ,a cupboard made of a wooden box by inserting shelves1 held up by means of cleats1 will be found very convenient when nailed to a tree near the cook-fire4 ,hang a door on the cupboard which will close tight and fasten securely4 ,have this in mind when making out your check list1 and add hinges1 with screws to fit1 to your camp tools4 ,camp-,broom ,with a slender pole as a handle1 hickory shoots1 or twisted fibre of inner bark of slippery-elm1 for twine1 and a thick bunch of the top branchlets of balsam1 spruce1 hemlock1 or pine for the brush part1 you can make a broom by binding the heavy ends of the branches tight to an encircling groove cut on the handle some three inches from the end4 ,cut the bottom of the brush even and straight4 ,camp-,chair ,if you have a good-size length of canvas or other strong cloth1 make a camp-chair4 ,for the back use two strong1 forked stakes standing upright1 and use two long poles with branching stubs at equal distance from the bottom1 for the sides and front legs of the chair2 in the crotches of these stubs the bottom stick on which the canvas strip is fastened will rest4 ,each side pole must be fitted into one of the forked high-back stakes1 and then the top stick on the canvas strip must be placed in the same crotches1 but in front of and resting against the side poles1 thus locking the side poles firmly in place4 ,to fasten the canvas on the two sticks1 cut one stick to fit across the chair-back and the other to fit across the lower front stubs4 ,fold one end of the canvas strip over one stick and nail the canvas on it1 so arranging the cloth that the row of nails will come on the under side of the stick4 ,turn in the edge first that the nails may go through the double thickness of cloth4 ,adjust this canvas-covered stick to the top of the chair1 allowing the cloth to form a loose hanging seat2 measure the length needed for back and seat1 cut it off and nail the loose end of the canvas strip to the other stick2 then fit one stick in the top of the upright back stakes and the other stick in the bottom stubs4 ,camp ,clothes-,press ,if you are in a tent tie a hanging pole from the tent ridge-pole1 and use it as a clothes-press4 ,blanket ,bed ,two short logs will be required for your blanket bed1 the thicker the better1 one for the head and one for the foot1 also two long1 strong1 green-wood poles1 one for each side of the bed2 your blanket will be the mattress4 ,fold the blanket1 making the seam1 formed by bringing the two ends together1 run on the under-side along the centre of the doubled blanket1 not on the edge4 ,lap and fasten the blanket ends together with large horse-blanket safety-pins1 and with the same kind of pins make a case on each side of the blanket fold2 then run one of the poles through each case4 ,chop a notch near each end of the two short logs2 in these notches place the ends of the poles and nail them securely4 ,have the short logs thick enough to raise the bed up a few inches from the ground1 and make the notches sufficiently far apart to stretch the mattress out smooth1 not have it sag4 ,a strip of canvas or khaki may be used in place of the blanket if preferred4 ,camp ,hammock ,by lashing short crosspieces to the head and foot of the side poles the blanket mattress can be a hammock and swing between two trees1 having been attached to them with rope or straps of slippery-elm1 beech1 or black birch4 ,birch-,bark ,dishes ,it will be easy for girls to make their birch-bark dinner plates1 vegetable dishes1 baskets1 dippers1 etc4 ,soften the thick bark by soaking it in water2 when it is pliable cut one plate the size you wish1 lay it on a flat stone or other hard substance and scrape off the outside bark around the edges1 allowing the outer bark to remain on the bottom of the plate to give greater strength2 use this plate as a guide in cutting each of the others4 ,with your fingers shape the edges of the plates in an upward turn while the bark is wet1 using the smoothest side for the inside of the plate4 ,a large bark cornucopia with bark strap-handle can be made and carried on the arm in place of a basket when off berrying4 ,variations of circular1 oblong1 and rectangular bark dishes may be worked out from strips and rectangular pieces of birch bark1 and all dishes can be turned into baskets by adding handles4 ,when necessary to sew the edges of bark together1 always have the bark wet and soft2 then lap the edges and use a very coarse darning-needle with twine of inner-bark fibre or rootlets2 have ready hot melted grease mixed with spruce gum to coat over the stitching and edges of the article1 or you can use white-birch resin for the same purpose4 ,the bark utensils will wear longer if a slender rootlet or branchlet of pliable wood is sewed1 with the over-and-over stitch1 to the edge of the article4 ,for round and oblong dishes or baskets1 sew together the two ends of your strip of wet bark2 then sew the round or oblong bottom on the lower edge of the bark circle4 ,in this case it is not easy to lap the edges1 simply bring them together and finish the seam with the addition of the slender rootlet binding4 ,rectangular dishes are made by folding the wet bark according to the diagrams and fastening the folds near the top of both ends of the receptacle4 ,these will hold liquids4 ,illustration3 ,the birch-bark dish that will hold fluids4 ,details of making4 ,cooking ,utensils ,a forked stick with points sharpened makes a fine toasting-fork or broiling-stick for bacon or other small pieces of meat4 ,the meat is stuck on the two prongs and held over the fire4 ,a split-end stick may be used for the same purpose by wedging the bacon in between the two sides of the split4 ,your rolling-pin can be a peeled1 straight1 smooth1 round stick1 and a similar stick1 not necessarily straight but longer1 may do duty as a biscuit baker when a strip of dough is wound spirally around it and held over the fire4 ,a hot flat stone can also be used for baking biscuits1 and a large flat-topped rock makes a substitute for table and bread-board combined4 ,if you have canned goods1 save every tin can when empty1 melt off the top1 and with nail and hammer puncture a hole on two opposite sides near the top1 and fasten in a rootlet handle4 ,these cans make very serviceable and useful cooking-pails4 ,whittle out a long-handled cake-turner from a piece of thin split wood1 and also whittle out a large flat fork4 ,make a number of pot-hooks of different lengths1 they are constantly needed at camp2 select strong green sticks with a crotch on one end and drive a nail slantingly into the wood near the bottom of the stick on which to hang kettles1 pots1 etc4 ,be sure to have the nail turn up and the short side of the crotch turn down as in diagram4 ,campers employ various methods of making candlesticks4 ,one method is to lash a candle to the side of the top of a stake driven into the ground1 or the stake can have a split across the centre of the top1 and the candle held upright by a strip of bark wedged in the split with a loop on one side holding the candle and the two ends of the bark extending out beyond the other side of the stake4 ,again the candle is stuck into a little mound of clay1 mud1 or wet sand4 ,if you have an old glass bottle1 crack off the bottom by pouring a little water in the bottle and placing it for a short while on the fire embers2 then plant your candle in the ground and slide the neck of the bottle over the candle4 ,steady it by planting the neck of the bottle a little way in the ground and the glass bottle will act as a windbreak for your candle4 ,never leave a candle burning even for a moment unless some one is present2 it is a dangerous experiment4 ,fire cannot be trifled with4 ,put out your candle before leaving it4 ,a good idea before going away from camp when vacation is over is to photograph all the different pieces of your outdoor handicraft1 and when the prints are made label each one with the month1 date1 and year and state material used1 time required in the making1 and comments on the work by other camp members4 ,be sure to take photographs of different views of the camp as a whole1 also of each separate shelter1 both the outside and the inside1 and have pictures of all camp belongings4 ,the authors will be greatly interested in seeing these4 ,illustration3 ,a bear would rather be your friend than your enemy4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,making ,,friends ,,with ,,the ,,outdoor ,,folk ,in the ,woods1 the ,fields1 on the ,shore4 ,stalking ,animals and ,birds ,there is but one way to make friends with the folk of the wild1 and that is by gentleness1 kindness1 and quietness4 ,also one must learn to be fearless4 ,it is said that while animals may not understand our language they do understand1 or feel1 our attitude toward them2 and if it is that of fear or dislike we stand little chance of really knowing them1 to say nothing of establishing any kind of friendly relations with them4 ,by quiet watchfulness1 keenness of sight and hearing1 you may obtain a certain amount of knowledge of their ways1 but when you add real sympathy and kindly feeling you gain their confidence and friendship4 ,make them understand that you will not interfere with or harm them1 and they will go about their own affairs unafraid in your presence4 ,then you may silently watch their manner of living1 their often amusing habits1 and their frank portrayal of character4 ,as a guest in the wild1 conducting yourself as a courteous guest should1 you will be well treated by your wild hosts1 some of whom1 in time1 may even permit you to feed and stroke them4 ,they do not dislike but fear you2 they would rather be your friends than your enemies4 ,the baby animal which has not yet learned to fear a human being will sometimes1 when in danger1 run to you for protection4 ,this must win your heart if nothing else can4 ,illustration3 ,making friends with a ruffed grouse4 ,stalking ,you may stalk an animal by remaining quiet as well as by following its trail4 ,to even see some of the inhabitants of woods1 fields1 and shore you must be willing to exercise great patience and conform to their method of hiding by remaining absolutely still4 ,it is the thing that moves that they fear4 ,some of the animals appear not even to see a person who remains motionless4 ,at any rate1 they ignore him as they do a stump or stone4 ,for this quiet stalking1 find as comfortable a seat as you can where you have reason to think some kind of animal or animals will pass and resign yourself to immovable waiting4 ,if the rock beneath you grows unreasonably hard or the tree roots develop sharp edges1 or the ground sends up unnoticed stones of torment2 if your foot goes to sleep or your nose itches1 bear the annoyances bravely and your reward will be sure and ample4 ,if the wait is unduly long and movement of some kind becomes imperative1 let such movement be made so slowly as to be almost imperceptible4 ,remember that unseen1 suspicious eyes will be attracted by any sudden action and the faintest sound will be heard1 for these spell danger to the wilderness folk and if frightened away they are not apt to return4 ,keep your ears open to detect the first sound of approaching life4 ,there is a thrill in this experience1 and another when the animal you have heard comes boldly out before you4 ,then it is you will find that1 in some mysterious way1 all bodily discomfort has vanished4 ,your whole being is absorbed in the movements of the creature who is unconscious of your presence1 and there is no room for other sensations4 ,more animals may appear and perhaps a little drama may be enacted as if for your benefit4 ,illustration3 ,found on the trail4 ,chipmunk and white-footed mouse1 panther1 kangaroo rat1 raccoon1 and weasel4 ,it may be a tragedy1 it may be a comedy1 or it may be only a bit of every-day family life2 but you do not know the plot nor how many actors will take part1 and your very uncertainty adds zest to the situation4 ,animals ,found on the ,trail ,the animals most frequently seen in the woods where there is no longer any large game are the chipmunk1 the red1 the gray1 and the black squirrel1 the rabbit and hare1 the fox1 weasel1 pine-marten1 woodchuck1 raccoon1 opossum1 and skunk1 also the pack-rat 7of the west71 the white-footed and field mouse4 ,in deeper and wilder forests there are deer and porcupine1 though deer are found quite near habitations at times4 ,in more remote places there are the moose and caribou2 the bear1 mountain-lion1 lynx or wildcat1 and the timber-wolf4 ,the wolf is1 however1 equally at home in the open and at this day is most plentiful on the wide plains of the west4 ,unless your trail leads through the remote wilderness1 you will hardly come across the more savage animals1 and when you do invade their territory it will give you greater courage to call to mind the fact that they1 as well as the smaller wild things1 are afraid of man4 ,our most experienced hunters and our best writers on the subject of animal life agree that a wild animal's first emotion upon seeing a human being is undoubtedly fear4 ,when you come upon one suddenly you may feel sure that he is as much frightened as you are and will probably turn aside to avoid you unless he thinks you are going to attack him4 ,all wild creatures are afraid of fire1 therefore the camp-fire is a barrier they will not pass1 and a blazing firebrand will drive any of them away4 ,illustration3 ,timber wolves4 ,birds ,among the feathered tribes of the woods you will find the owl1 the woodcock1 and the grouse4 ,of the smaller birds1 the nuthatch1 the wood and hermit thrush1 whippoorwill1 woodpeckers1 wood-pewee1 and others4 ,most of the birds prefer the edge of the woods1 where they can dip into the sunshine and take long flights through the free air of the open2 but the hermit-thrush1 shyest and sweetest of singers1 makes his home deep in the silent1 shadowy forest4 ,in these depths1 and oftenest near a bog or marsh1 you may also hear the call of the partridge1 or more properly1 the ruffed grouse4 ,as given by the writer ,william ,j4 ,long1 the call is like this3 ,prut1 prut1 pr-r-r-rt6 ,whit-kwit8 ,pr-r-r-rt1 pr-r-r-rt6 ,ooo-it1 ooo-it8 ,pr-r-reeee6 ,or perhaps you will be startled by the rolling drum-call4 ,this begins slowly1 increases rapidly1 and ends something like this3 ,dum6 dum6 dum6 dum-dum-dum-dumdumdum6 ,the drum-call is made by the male bird who1 beating the air with his wings1 produces the sound4 ,it is said to be a mating-call1 but is heard at other times as well1 long after the mating-season is over4 ,illustration3 ,baby moose4 ,stalking the ,ruffed ,grouse ,if you want to see the birds1 stalk them when you hear their call4 ,wait until you locate the direction of the sound1 then walk silently and follow it4 ,as soon as the birds are sighted slip from one tree to another1 stopping instantly when you think they may see you1 until you can conceal yourself behind a bush1 tree1 or stump near enough for you to peer around and have a good view of your game4 ,it may sometimes be necessary to drop to your knees in order to keep out of sight4 ,if you have heard the drum it is the cock that you have stalked and1 if early in the season1 you will soon see his demure little mate steal through the underbrush to meet her lordly master as he stands proudly on an old log awaiting her4 ,the whit-kwit call may lead you to the hen grouse with her brood of little chicks which are so much the color of the brown leaves you will not see them until they move4 ,if the call comes later in the year you may come upon a flock of well-grown young birds who have left their mother and are now following a leader4 ,the ruffed grouse is a beautiful bird4 ,he is yellowish-brown or rusty1 splashed with black or dark brown1 and white1 with under-parts of a light buff4 ,his beak is short and on his small1 dainty head he carries his crest proudly4 ,his shoulders bear epaulets of dark feathers1 called the ruff1 and his fan-like tail is banded and cross-barred4 ,the nest of the grouse is on the ground1 usually against a fallen log1 at the foot of a tree1 or in a hollow made by the roots2 or it may be hidden amid underbrush4 ,it is easily overlooked1 being made of dry leaves with1 perhaps1 some feathers4 ,in the season it contains from eight to fourteen eggs4 ,woodcock ,the woodcock1 another forest bird1 seldom shows himself in broad daylight except when hunted2 then he will rise a few feet1 fly a short distance1 drop and run1 hiding again as quickly as he can4 ,you will know the woodcock from the ruffed grouse by his long bill1 his short legs1 and his very short tail4 ,he frequents the banks of wooded streams or the bogs of the forests and1 like the grouse1 nests on the ground2 but the woodcock's nest seldom contains more than four eggs4 ,illustration3 ,stalking wild birds4 ,beaver ,along the shores of sluggish streams1 of lonely lakes and ponds1 you may see the beaver1 the muskrat1 very rarely the otter1 and sometimes an ugly little1 long-bodied animal belonging to the marten family called the fisher4 ,these are all interesting1 each in its own way1 and well worth hours of quiet observation4 ,the beaver1 otter1 and fisher choose wild1 secluded places for their homes1 but the muskrat may be found also in the marshes of farm lands4 ,on the edges of our ,long ,island meadows the boys trap muskrats for their skins4 ,you will find the beaver house in the water close to the shore and overlapping it4 ,though strongly and carefully built1 it looks very much like a jumble of small driftwood1 with bleached sticks well packed together1 and the ends standing out at all angles4 ,the sticks are stripped of their bark and the house gleams whitely against the dark water4 ,the houses vary in size1 some being built as high as five feet4 ,the beaver is rarely seen early in the day1 most of his work is done at night1 so the best time to watch for him is just before dusk or perhaps an hour before sundown4 ,it is not well to wait to see the beaver if your trail back to camp is a long one1 leading through dense forests4 ,you would far better postpone making its acquaintance than to risk going over the1 perhaps1 treacherous paths after dark4 ,night comes early in the woods and darkness shuts down closely while it is still light in the open4 ,if your camp is near the beaver house or beaver dam1 or if your trip can be made by water1 then1 with no anxiety about your return1 you can sit down and calmly await the coming of this most skilful of all building animals1 and may see him add material to his house1 or go on with his work of cutting down a tree1 as a reward for your patience4 ,fish-,hawk1 ,osprey ,on the shore you will also find the fish-hawk1 or osprey2 a well-mannered bird he is said to be1 who fishes diligently and attends strictly to his own business4 ,the fish-hawk's nest will generally be at the top of a dead tree where no one may disturb or look into it1 though1 as the accompanying photograph shows1 it is sometimes found on rocks near the ground4 ,the young hawks have a way of their own of defending themselves from any climbing creature1 and to investigators of the nest the results are disastrously disagreeable as well as laughable4 ,as the intruder climbs near1 the baby birds put their heads over the sides of the nest and empty their stomachs upon him4 ,this is vouched for by a well-known writer who claims to have gone through the experience4 ,the female osprey is larger and stronger than the male4 ,on slowly moving wings she sails over the water1 dropping suddenly to clutch in her strong talons the fish her keen eyes have detected near the surface of the water4 ,fish are fish to the osprey and salt waters or fresh are the same to her4 ,i have watched the bird plunge into the waves of the ocean1 on the coast of ,maine1 to bring out a cunner almost too large for her to carry1 and ,i have seen her drop into the placid waters of an ,adirondack lake for lake-trout in the same manner4 ,blue ,heron ,the great blue heron is one of the shore folk and his metallic blue-gray body gleams in the sunlight1 as you sight him from your canoe1 standing tall and slim1 a lonely figure on the bank4 ,he flies slowly and majestically1 with his long legs streaming out behind4 ,when out in a small boat on ,puget ,sound a large heron escorted us some distance4 ,as we rowed near the shore he would fly ahead and then wait for us1 standing solemnly on a stone in the water or a partially submerged log1 to fly again as we approached4 ,illustration3 ,the fish-hawk will sometimes build near the ground4 ,this escort business seems to be a habit of the heron family1 for the same thing occurred on the ,tomoca ,river1 ,fla41 the home of the alligator1 when a small1 brilliantly blue heron flew ahead of our boat for several miles1 always stopping to wait for us1 and then going on again4 ,the heron is a fisher and when you see him standing close to the water1 on one foot perhaps1 he is awaiting his game4 ,it matters not how long he must remain immovable1 there he will stand until the fish comes within striking distance1 when the long1 curved neck will shoot out like a snake and the strong beak grasp its unwary prey4 ,loon1 ,great ,northern ,diver ,another interesting bird1 which you may both hear and see on secluded lakes1 is the loon or great northern diver4 ,i first heard the wild cry of the loon1 a lonesome and eerie sound1 on ,pine ,river ,pond1 a small lake in the foot-hills of the ,white ,mountains4 ,there ,i saw the great bird dive and disappear beneath the water to remain an alarmingly long time1 and then come up several hundred yards away1 and rising1 fly slowly to the shore4 ,it is always a matter for guessing when the loon dives1 for you can never tell where she will come up4 ,this great diver is a large black-and-white bird1 about the size of a goose4 ,the breast is white1 head black1 and a white ring encircles its black neck4 ,its beak is long1 its legs very short and placed far back on the body4 ,it is essentially a water-bird1 and on shore is both slow and awkward4 ,i do not think it possible to become very intimate with the loon1 for it is one of the wildest of our birds1 and so suspicious it will allow no close approach1 but quiet watching will reveal many of its interesting characteristics4 ,some one once found the nest of a loon and brought me a little1 downy1 young one that ,i might try to tame it2 but it lived only a day or two in spite of all the devotion expended upon it1 and its wild1 frightened cry was too pathetic to allow of another experiment of the kind4 ,animals and ,birds of the ,open ,you will find that the wild life of the open differs in some respects from that of the woods1 though there will be the woodchuck1 the rabbit1 the fox1 and the hare in the fields and farm lands as well as in the woods4 ,the weasel1 too1 makes unwelcome visits to the farm1 but besides these there are other animals that are seldom or never found in the woods4 ,field-,mouse ,there is the little field-mouse1 a short-eared and short-tailed little creature with a thick neck and of a red-brown color4 ,it feeds on grain and seeds1 and when hard pressed for food will also eat the bark of trees4 ,kangaroo-,rat1 ,jumping ,mouse ,in the underbrush near a meadow and at the edges of thickets you may possibly see1 though they are not common1 a diminutive animal1 beautiful in form and color and of most interesting habits4 ,in the ,southwest it is called the kangaroo-rat1 but ,north and ,east it is known as the jumping mouse4 ,the name kangaroo-rat is given because of its short fore legs1 strong hind legs1 and the kangaroo-like leaps it makes4 ,in temper it is very unlike the ordinary rat2 it does not bite and can be safely handled1 but will not live if kept in captivity4 ,pocket-,gopher ,the pocket-gopher lives and burrows in the fields4 ,it is a mole-like animal but much larger than the common mole4 ,its legs are short and its front feet strong1 with long nails for digging4 ,the fur is soft and silky and dark brown in color4 ,where the gopher is there may be found the weasel1 his greatest enemy4 ,it should be an even fight between them1 for they are equally matched in ill-temper and savageness1 and are near of a size though the gopher is the heavier4 ,antelope ,on the great plains of the west you may still see the beautiful and gentle antelope1 though that animal is fast disappearing1 while the thieving coyote thrives and multiplies in the same region4 ,coyote1 ,prairie-,wolf ,the coyote1 or prairie-wolf1 is about the size of a large dog and resembles one4 ,its color is gray1 made by a mixture of black and white hairs4 ,it is a cowardly animal and not dangerous1 but its contemptible character could not prevent a wave of compassion that came over me when ,i saw one poor creature caged in a wooden box and holding up the bloody stump where its fore foot had been torn off by the cruel and barbarous steel trap4 ,spermophile ,in the ,middle ,west1 especially in ,indiana1 the little spermophile1 sometimes called the ground-squirrel1 is common and not afraid to venture into the outskirts of a village4 ,one variety wears spotted brown and yellow stripes down its back1 another is gray1 but all are about the size of a gray squirrel4 ,on the western prairies are the comical little prairie-dogs4 ,you can see them sitting up on their haunches watching the train as it carries you over the great plains4 ,illustration3 ,antelopes of the western plains4 ,bobolink ,the birds of the open are varied and many4 ,most of the forest birds are seen occasionally in the fields1 but some birds make their homes in the open4 ,you will find the bobolink's nest in a hay-field or down among the red clover4 ,the bobolink of the north is a sweet singer and is pretty in his black and white feathers with a touch of yellow at the back of his head4 ,there are creamy-yellow feathers down his back1 too1 but they are not noticeable4 ,when he goes south the male loses his pretty coat and1 clad like his mate in yellowish-brown1 is known as the rice-bird because he feeds on the rice crops4 ,here he is killed because he is considered a robber1 and eaten because he is considered a delicacy4 ,meadow-,lark ,early spring trailing through the meadows will bring you the cheery song of the meadow-lark3 ,spring-o-the-year6 ,stalk him carefully and you will find a large brown bird with yellow breast and a black crescent on his throat4 ,the meadow-lark is about the size of a quail4 ,he stands erect when he sings1 and he has a rather long beak4 ,the nest can be found1 if you look for it1 but is generally out of sight under a loosened clod of earth or tuft of grass4 ,red-,winged ,blackbird ,the red-winged blackbird with his sweet call of ,o-ka-lie1 or ,ouchee-la-ree-e6 you will also find on the meadows and marshes4 ,he builds his nest among the reeds and is one of the first of our spring birds in the north4 ,song ,sparrow ,the little song sparrow loves the open and the hot summer sunshine4 ,trailing along a country road at midday1 when most of the other birds are still1 you will find the song sparrow sitting on a rail fence singing with undiminished enthusiasm4 ,to make friends with the birds provide food and water for them1 then sit down and wait quietly until they appear4 ,let them become accustomed to seeing you sitting still every day for a while1 then begin slow1 careful movements1 gradually becoming more natural1 and in time the birds will allow you to walk among them as you please1 if you are careful never to frighten them4 ,you can do this in camp2 you can do it at home if you are not living in a city4 ,the trustful friendship of animals and birds opens a new path of happiness and one that all girls should be able1 in some measure1 to enjoy4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,wild ,,food ,,on ,,the ,,trail ,edible ,fruits1 ,nuts1 ,roots1 and ,plants ,while wild foods gathered on the trail give a delightful variety to camp fare1 be advised and do not gather1 still less eat1 them unless you are absolutely sure you know what they are and that they are not poisonous4 ,you must be able to identify a thing with certainty before tasting in order to enjoy it in safety4 ,it is well worth while to make a study of the wild-growing foods1 but in the meantime this chapter will help you to know some of them4 ,the italicized names are of the things ,i know to be edible from personal experience4 ,you are probably well acquainted with the common wild fruits such as the raspberry1 strawberry1 blackberry1 blueberry1 and huckleberry1 but there are varieties of these and all will bear description4 ,red ,raspberry ,the wild berry often has a more delicious flavor and perfume than the cultivated one of the same species4 ,nothing can approach the wonderful and delicate flavor of the little wild strawberry1 unless it is the wild red raspberry2 and the fully ripe wild blackberry holds a spicy sweetness that makes the garden blackberry taste tame and flat in comparison4 ,the wild red raspberry is found in open fields and growing along fences and the sides of the road4 ,the flowers are white and grow in loose clusters1 while the berry1 when fully ripe1 is a deep1 translucent red4 ,the bush is shrubby1 is generally about waist-high1 and the stems bear small1 hooked prickles4 ,the leaves are what is called compound1 being composed of three or five leaflets1 usually three1 which branch out from the main stem like the leaves of the rose-bush4 ,the edges of the leaves are irregularly toothed4 ,the berry is cup-shaped and fits over a core which is called the receptacle1 and from which it loosens when ripe to drop easily into your hand1 leaving the receptacle and calyx on the stem4 ,the sweet1 far-carrying perfume of the gathered wild red raspberry will always identify it4 ,the season for fruit is ,july and ,august4 ,black ,raspberry ,the growth and leaves of the wild black raspberry are like those of the red raspberry1 and it is found in the same localities4 ,the fruit1 like the other1 is cup or thimble shaped and grows on a receptacle from which it loosens when fully ripe4 ,blackcaps1 these berries are often called4 ,they ripen in ,july4 ,the berry is sometimes a little dry1 but the flavor is sweet and fine4 ,purple-,flowering ,raspberry ,the purple-flowering raspberry is acid and insipid2 it can hardly be called edible1 though it is not poisonous4 ,you will find it clambering among the rocks on the mountainside and in rocky soil4 ,the leaves are large and resemble grape leaves1 while the flower is large1 purplish-red in color1 and grows in loose clusters4 ,mountain ,raspberry1 ,cloudberry ,the usual home of the mountain raspberry1 or cloudberry1 is on the mountain-tops among the clouds4 ,you will find it in the ,white ,mountains and on the coast of ,maine1 and it has recently been discovered at ,montauk ,point1 ,l4 ,i4 ,the fruit has a pleasant flavor of a honey-like sweetness4 ,the receptacle of the berry is broad and flat1 the color is yellow touched with red where exposed to the sun4 ,it does not grow in clusters like the other raspberries1 but is solitary4 ,the leaves are roundish with from five to nine lobes1 something like the leaves of the geranium4 ,the plant grows low1 is without prickles1 and the solitary flowers are white4 ,in the far north1 where it is found in great profusion1 the cloudberry is made into delicious jam4 ,wild ,strawberry ,when crossing sandy knolls or open1 uncultivated fields and pastures1 the alluring perfume of the wild strawberry will sometimes lead you to the patch which shows the bright-red little berry on its low-growing plant4 ,it is common everywhere1 though it bears the name of wild ,virginia strawberry4 ,in ,latin it is most appropriately called ,fragaria1 meaning fragrant4 ,the leaves are compound with three coarsely toothed1 hairy leaflets4 ,the small white flowers grow in sparse clusters on rather long1 hairy stems4 ,they have many deep yellow stamens which are surrounded by the fine white petals4 ,in fruiting time the leaves are often bright-red4 ,low ,running ,blackberry ,among the mountains and hills1 down in the valleys1 and on the plains2 straggling along roadsides1 clinging to fence rails1 and sprawling over rocks1 you will find the wild blackberry4 ,there are several varieties1 and blackberries of some kind are common throughout the ,united ,states4 ,the low running blackberry belongs to the dewberry type and bears the largest and juiciest berries4 ,it is a trailing vine with compound leaves of from four to seven leaflets which are double-toothed4 ,the berries are black and glossy and grow in small clusters4 ,they are sweet and pulpy when thoroughly ripe and the best ones are those which ripen slowly under the shelter of the leaves4 ,blackberries grow on a receptacle or core1 but unlike the raspberry1 they do not separate from it4 ,when ripe they drop easily from the calyx carrying the receptacle with them4 ,the flowers are small and white1 and grow in clusters4 ,running ,swamp ,blackberry ,perhaps you have seen the blackberry with fruit so small it seems only partially developed and1 like myself1 have hesitated to taste it1 not being sure that it was a true blackberry and edible4 ,it takes a good many of these little berries to make a mouthful1 but they are harmless4 ,they are called the running swamp blackberry4 ,they ripen in ,august and grow in sandy places as well as in the swamps4 ,there are three leaflets1 seldom more1 to the stem1 which are blunt at the tip1 smooth1 shining1 and coarsely toothed4 ,the flowers are small and white1 and the stems prickly4 ,high-,bush ,blackberry ,throughout the northern states as far west as ,iowa1 ,kansas1 and ,missouri and down to ,north ,carolina1 you may find the high-bush blackberry4 ,its stems are sometimes ten feet high2 they are furrowed and thorny and the bush grows along country roads1 by fences1 and in the woods4 ,the berries are sweet1 but quite seedy4 ,they grow in long1 loose clusters and ripen in ,july4 ,mountain ,blackberry ,there is another variety called the mountain blackberry4 ,it has a spicy flavor1 but the fruit is small and dry4 ,the leaves are more elongated toward the tip than those of the others and they are finely toothed4 ,the branches are reddish in color4 ,thornless ,blackberry ,the sweetest of all varieties is said to be the thornless blackberry4 ,it ripens later than the others and has no thorns4 ,the leaves are long and narrow4 ,eastern ,wild ,gooseberry ,among the mountains from ,massachusetts to ,north ,carolina1 the eastern wild gooseberry grows4 ,it is said that its flavor is delicious4 ,the fruit is purplish in color and is free from all prickles4 ,it grows on slender stems and1 like the cultivated gooseberry1 is tipped with the dry calyx4 ,the leaves are small1 rather round1 and have three or five lobes4 ,the flowers are greenish and insignificant4 ,the plant is three or four feet high1 with spreading branches and smooth stems4 ,illustration3 ,,walnut ,,high-,,bush ,,blueberry ,,wintergreen ,good food on the trail4 ,dwarf ,blueberry ,perhaps the most satisfactory of all berries when one is really hungry is the blueberry1 of which there are several varieties4 ,the dwarf blueberry is probably the most common4 ,it is the earliest of the blueberries to ripen and grows in the thin1 sandy1 and rocky soil which is spurned by most other plants4 ,you will find it upon barren hillsides1 in rocky fields1 and in dry pine woods4 ,the berries are round1 blue1 about the size of peas1 and are covered with bloom like the grape4 ,they grow in thick clusters at the end of the branch and are tipped with fine calyx teeth4 ,the seeds are so small as to be almost unnoticed and the soft ripe berry will bruise easily4 ,the flavor of all blueberries has a nutty quality which seems to give the berry more substance as a food4 ,the leaf is rather narrow and pointed at each end2 the under side is a lighter green than the upper and both are glossy4 ,in the fall the leaves turn red and drop easily4 ,the bush is low and the branches usually covered with small1 white dots4 ,low ,blueberry ,another variety is called the low blueberry4 ,it is very much like the dwarf blueberry1 but the bush grows sometimes as high as four feet4 ,it is stiff and upstanding and prefers the edge of the woods and sheltered roadsides to the dry open fields4 ,the berries are blue with a grape-like bloom and1 like the first variety1 grow in thick clusters at the end of the branch4 ,you can grab a good handful in passing1 so many are there in a bunch4 ,high-,bush ,blueberry ,on the high-bush blueberry the color of the berries varies4 ,some bushes bear a black1 shiny berry1 others a smooth1 blue1 and still others blue with a bloom4 ,the sizes differ also4 ,the berries grow in clusters1 at times on branches almost bare of leaves2 some are sweet1 others sour4 ,the leaves are a pointed oval with the under side lighter in color than the upper2 in some cases the under side is hairy4 ,the flowers are pinkish and shaped somewhat like a cylinder4 ,the bush grows occasionally to the height of ten feet1 and you will generally find it in marshy places4 ,i know that it grows by the edge of ,teedyuskung ,lake in ,pike ,county1 ,pa41 where our summer camp is located1 but it is found also in pasturelands4 ,dangleberry ,another variety is called the dangleberry4 ,the berries grow on stems in loose clusters2 they are rather large1 of a dark-blue color with a bloom2 they ripen late and are not very plentiful4 ,the pale-green leaves are large1 white1 and resinous underneath1 and are oval in shape4 ,the flowers are greenish-pink and hang like bells on slender stems4 ,wintergreen4 ,checkerberry ,almost every one knows the little cherry-red wintergreen berry or checkerberry1 and almost every one likes its sweet aromatic flavor but few would care to make a meal of it4 ,the fruit is too dry for hearty eating and the flavor too decided4 ,the evergreen leaves are leathery in texture and their flavor is stronger than that of the berry2 they are whitish underneath and dark1 glossy green above4 ,they are oval in shape and have a few small teeth or none at all4 ,the flowers are white1 waxy1 and cup-shaped2 they hang like bells from their short stems4 ,the plant grows close to the ground1 generally in the woods and moist places4 ,it is found as far north as ,maine and west to ,michigan4 ,do not mistake the bunchberry for the wintergreen4 ,it1 too1 grows low on the ground1 but the bunchberries are in close clusters at the top of the small plant where the leaves radiate4 ,the berries are bright scarlet1 round and smooth1 and are not edible4 ,flower and leaf resemble those of the dogwood-tree1 to which family the bunchberry belongs4 ,partridgeberry ,another ground berry is the partridgeberry4 ,this may be eaten but is dry and rather tasteless4 ,it is a red berry and grows on a slender1 trailing vine4 ,its leaves are small and heart-shaped2 some are veined with white4 ,they are evergreen4 ,the flowers grow in pairs and are like four-pointed stars at the ends of slender tubes4 ,inside they are creamy white1 outside a delicate pink4 ,the partridgeberry likes pine forests and dry woods4 ,june-,berry4 ,shadbush ,there are berries on trees as well as on bushes and vines1 at least they are called berries though not always resembling them4 ,the ,june-berry is a tree from ten to thirty feet in height1 while its close relative1 the shadbush1 is a low tree and sometimes a shrub4 ,the fruit resembles the seed-vessels of the rose2 it grows in clusters and is graded in color from red to violet2 it has a slight bloom and the calyx shows at the summit4 ,it ripens in ,june and is said to be sweet and delicious in flavor4 ,the oblong leaves are sharply toothed1 rounded at the base and pointed at the tip4 ,the young leaves are hairy4 ,the flowers are white and grow in clusters4 ,the shadbush grows in wet places and its fruit is smaller and on shorter stems4 ,it is also said to be more juicy4 ,the leaves are rather woolly4 ,illustration3 ,,persimmon ,,sweet ,,viburnum ,fruits found principally in the south and the middle west4 ,red ,mulberry ,although the finest mulberry-trees are said to be found along the ,mississippi and the lower ,ohio ,rivers1 ,i have seen large1 thrifty trees in ,connecticut and on ,long ,island4 ,they grow from ,massachusetts to ,florida and west to ,nebraska4 ,birds are very fond of the mulberry4 ,the first rose-breasted grosbeaks ,i ever saw were in a great mulberry-tree on a farm in the northern part of ,connecticut4 ,the berry is shaped much like a blackberry2 it is juicy and sweet1 but lacks flavor4 ,it grows on a short stem and is about an inch in length4 ,in ,july when the berry ripens it is a dark purple4 ,there is a decided variety in the shape of the leaves on one tree2 some have seven lobes1 some none at all4 ,the edges of most are scalloped1 though ,i have seen leaves with smooth edges4 ,the white mulberry is seldom found growing wild4 ,the fruit is like the red mulberry but perfectly white4 ,sweet ,viburnum4 ,nanny-,berry4 ,sheepberry ,the fruit of the sweet viburnum1 nanny-berry or sheepberry1 is said to be edible4 ,it grows on a small tree1 of the honeysuckle family1 in the woods and by the streams from ,canada to ,georgia and west as far as ,missouri4 ,the tree has a rusty1 scaly bark and broad1 oval leaves1 pointed at the tip and finely toothed4 ,the flower clusters are large and1 though white1 they appear yellowish from the many yellow anthers at the centre4 ,when entirely ripe the fruit is a dark blue or black and is covered with a bloom2 before ripening it is crimson4 ,the berry grows in clusters on slender red stems4 ,it is elongated and rather large4 ,at its summit is the calyx and stigma4 ,the seed inside the berry is a stone which is flattened1 blunt-pointed1 and grooved4 ,the fruit ripens in ,september and ,october4 ,large-,fruited ,thorn ,the thorns1 large-fruited and scarlet1 are edible4 ,as a child ,i knew the fruit as haws and was very fond of it4 ,the large-fruited thorn is a low tree with branches spreading out horizontally4 ,you will often find it in thickets4 ,the bark is rough and the thorns on the branches are long1 sharp1 and of a light-brown color4 ,in flavor the fruit is sweet and apple-like2 the flesh is dry and mealy2 it grows on hairy stems and the seeds are hard1 rounded1 and grooved4 ,the summit is tipped with the calyx and it ripens in ,september4 ,the leaves are thick1 narrowed at the base1 and rounded at the ends1 with veins underneath that are prominent and often hairy4 ,black ,haw4 ,stag-,bush ,the fruit of the black haw1 or stag-bush1 is not edible until after frost has touched it4 ,it is oval1 dark blue with bloom1 and about half an inch long4 ,it grows in stiff clusters on short1 branching stems4 ,the shrub1 which is sometimes a small tree1 is bushy and crooked1 with stout and spreading branches4 ,it is found from ,connecticut to ,georgia and as far west as the ,indian ,territory4 ,it grows among the underbrush in forests4 ,the bark is scaly and of a reddish-brown color1 the leaves are dark green and smooth on the upper side1 paler and sometimes covered with matted hair on the under side1 where the veins show prominently2 they are two or three inches long and generally oval in shape with no teeth4 ,the flowers are cream-white and grow in flat-topped clusters4 ,wild ,plums4 ,canada ,plum ,there is a wild plum that is found in our ,new ,england ,states and in ,canada known as the ,canada plum4 ,the plant grows along fences1 in thickets1 and by the side of streams4 ,the plum is from one inch to one and a half inches long and is red or orange in color4 ,it has a tough skin and a flat stone4 ,the flavor is considered pleasant but the fruit is generally used for preserving4 ,the leaves have long1 sharp points at the ends and are rather heart-shaped at the base4 ,the flowers1 white in bud1 change to pink when opened4 ,they grow in thin clusters4 ,beach ,plum ,usually on sandy and stony beaches1 though at times farther inland1 you may find the beach plum4 ,it is a low shrub and grows in clumps4 ,the fruit is apt to be abundant and is sweet when quite ripe4 ,this plum1 also1 is used for preserving4 ,the color of the fruit is from red to red-purple1 it has a bloom over it and grows on a slender stem4 ,the thin stone is rounded on one edge1 sharp on the other1 and generally has pointed ends4 ,the fruit ripens in ,august and ,september4 ,the leaf is oval1 has a sharp-pointed tip1 is rounded at the base1 and has fine1 forward-pointed teeth4 ,there are many white flowers which grow in clusters along the branches4 ,wild ,red ,cherry ,the wild red cherry is sour but edible2 it is best used as preserves4 ,the tree is usually small yet sometimes reaches the height of thirty feet4 ,it is oftenest found in the woods of the north1 but also grows among the mountains as far south as ,tennessee4 ,the bark is a reddish-brown and has rusty dots over it4 ,the leaves are oblong1 pointed at the tips and rather blunt at the base4 ,they are bright green and glossy4 ,the white flower is much like the cultivated cherry blossom but smaller2 it grows in clusters4 ,the cherries are light red and about the size of a pea4 ,illustration3 ,,canada ,,plum ,,scarlet ,,haw ,,wild ,,black ,,cherry ,fruits found principally in the north and the middle west4 ,sand-,cherry ,growing in the sand along our eastern coast as far south as ,new ,jersey and sometimes on the shores of the ,great ,lakes1 the sand-cherry is found4 ,it is a low1 trailing bush1 but in some cases sends up erect branches as high as four feet4 ,the fruit is dark red--black when quite ripe--and about half an inch long4 ,it grows in small clusters or solitary1 and is said to be sweet and edible4 ,the leaves1 dark green on the upper side1 are lighter underneath2 they are rather narrow1 broadest toward the end and tapering at the base4 ,the edge is toothed almost to the base4 ,the flowers are white and thinly clustered4 ,persimmon ,in the ,southern1 ,western1 and ,middle ,states1 some say as far north as ,new ,york1 grows the persimmon4 ,deliciously sweet and spicy when frost has ripened it1 very astringent until ripe4 ,it is plentiful in ,kentucky and one of my earliest memories is of going to market with my mother in the fall to buy persimmons4 ,there ,i learned to avoid the fair1 perfect fruit1 though to all appearances it was quite ripe1 and to choose that which looked bruised and broken4 ,the persimmon is about the size of a plum1 but is flattened at the poles4 ,it grows close to the branch and its calyx is large4 ,the color is yellow generally flushed with red4 ,some writers describe it as juicy1 but ,i would not call it that2 the flesh is more like custard or soft jelly4 ,the tree usually varies in height from thirty to fifty feet1 but in some places is said to reach one hundred or more feet4 ,the trunk is short and the branches spreading4 ,in the south it often forms a thicket in uncultivated fields and along roadsides4 ,the bark is dark brown or dark gray1 the surface is scaly and divided into plates4 ,the leaves are usually a narrow oval with smooth edges2 when matured they are dark green and glossy on the upper side1 underneath pale and often downy4 ,the flower is a creamy-white or greenish-yellow4 ,papaw ,the papaw is another fruit ,i knew well as a child4 ,it is sometimes called custard-apple because the flesh resembles soft custard4 ,as ,i write ,i can almost taste the1 to me1 sickish sweetness of the fruit and feel the large1 smooth1 flat seeds in my mouth4 ,in shape the papaw somewhat resembles the banana1 the texture of the skin is the same1 but the surface of the papaw is smoothly rounded and it is shorter and thicker than the banana1 being usually from three to five inches long4 ,it ripens in ,september and ,october4 ,the tree is small1 often a shrub1 and it grows wild no farther north than western ,new ,york4 ,there are some cultivated papaw-trees on ,long ,island1 but ,i do not think they bear fruit4 ,certainly none that ,i have seen have ever fruited4 ,you will find the tree as far south as ,florida and ,texas1 through the ,middle ,states and west to ,michigan and ,kansas4 ,it flourishes in the bottom lands of the ,mississippi ,valley and seeks the shade of the forests4 ,the bark is dark brown with gray blotches2 the leaves are large1 being from two to twelve inches long and four inches wide4 ,they are oval1 pointed at the tip and narrowed at the base4 ,when matured they are smooth1 dark green on the upper side and paler beneath4 ,at first the flower is as green as the leaves1 but finally turns a deep red-purple4 ,it grows close to the branch and is solitary4 ,may-,apple ,one of the most delicious wild fruits we have is the ,may-apple or mandrake4 ,it is finely flavored1 sweet and juicy1 but being a laxative one must eat of it sparingly4 ,it is most common in the ,middle ,states and reaches perfection in ,ohio4 ,the plant is from twelve to eighteen inches high1 and the large umbrella-like leaves are lifted on smooth1 straight stems4 ,the fruit usually grows from the fork of two leaves4 ,it is yellow1 lemon-shaped1 and about the size of a plum4 ,the flesh is like that of the plum and there are numerous seeds in fleshy seed coverings4 ,it ripens in ,july and is quite soft when fully ripe4 ,i have sometimes gathered the firm1 yellow ,may-apples1 put them away in a cool1 dark1 dry place to ripen1 and in taking them out have found them in prime condition4 ,they will ripen in this way without spoiling if not allowed to touch one another4 ,the leaves frequently measure a foot in diameter2 they have from five to nine lobes1 which are notched and pointed at the tips2 the upper side is darker than the lower4 ,while the fruit of the ,may-apple is edible1 the leaves and root are poisonous1 not to the touch but to the taste4 ,the flower is a clear white with from eight to twelve rounding petals and it generally measures about one and a half inches across4 ,the petals expand in the morning1 become erect in the afternoon1 and close at night4 ,we are told that the ,may-apple is a roadside plant1 but ,i have found it only in the woods4 ,wild ,grapes ,there are several varieties of wild grapes1 all1 ,i think1 edible but not all pleasant to the taste4 ,the fox-grape is sweet1 but has a musky flavor and odor1 a thick skin1 and a tough pulp4 ,the fruit ripens in ,september but few care to eat it4 ,the vine grows luxuriantly and is very common4 ,the summer grape is another tough-skinned grape4 ,it is not musky but is generally astringent4 ,the vine resembles the fox-grape in growth1 being strong and vigorous4 ,the fruit of the blue grape is sour and hangs in long1 heavy clusters4 ,it is usually found along water-ways4 ,illustration3 ,,may ,,apple ,,mandrake ,,partridge ,,berry ,fruits common to most of the ,states4 ,frost-,grape or ,chicken-,grape ,if you try to eat the frost-grapes before frost you will find them decidedly sour1 but after a good frost they are really fine4 ,they have a snappy1 spicy flavor all their own1 and one eats them1 like currants1 skin and all4 ,they are small1 round1 and black with a slight bloom4 ,the clusters are well-filled and hang loosely4 ,the vine grows luxuriantly1 branching from a large trunk1 and is found in wet places and on the banks of streams1 though it does well in the open and in drier soil4 ,it flourishes in ,new ,england and down to ,illinois and westward to ,nebraska4 ,the leaves usually suggest three lobes but are mostly undivided4 ,they are coarsely toothed and the under side bears occasional hairs along the veins4 ,wild ,nuts4 ,black ,walnuts ,of all the wild-growing foods1 nuts are1 perhaps1 the most nutritious4 ,the black walnut1 not plentiful in the ,atlantic ,states but abundant in the ,middle ,states and in the ,mississippi ,valley1 has a rich1 wild flavor1 and a deep-brown stain for the hands that tear it from its ball-like covering of tough1 pimply green which forms the outer husk4 ,the nut is sometimes oblong1 sometimes almost round1 with a deeply grooved1 hard1 brown shell4 ,it grows in pairs or solitary4 ,the tree is large1 often reaching the height of one hundred feet1 and its trunk is from four to six feet in diameter4 ,the bark is dark brown with deep vertical grooves and its surface is broken with thick scales4 ,the leaves are compound1 growing on a middle stem which is sometimes two feet long4 ,each leaflet is a narrow oval1 sharply pointed at the end1 and usually about three inches long4 ,the nuts require frost to ripen them4 ,butternut ,while the butternut-tree is much like the walnut in general appearance1 it does not grow as large4 ,the nuts are different in shape and in flavor1 and the leaflets are hairy instead of smooth4 ,the butternut does not grow as far north as the walnut1 but is often found side by side with the walnut in the ,middle ,states4 ,the green outer covering of the nut is oblong and sticky on the surface1 and1 like the walnut1 will stain the hands4 ,the shell is hard1 brown1 oblong1 and pointed at one end4 ,it is deeply grooved4 ,the flavor is rich but the nut being oily soon becomes rancid4 ,hickory-,nuts ,in gathering hickory-nuts you must be able to distinguish between the edible variety and others that are fair on the outside but bitter within4 ,there are nine varieties of hickory-nut trees1 and in general appearance they are alike4 ,all have compound leaves and the leaflets are larger and fewer to the stem than the walnut1 usually numbering from five to eleven4 ,the nuts grow in small clusters as a rule1 often in pairs1 and the outer husk separates when ripe into four pieces1 allowing the nut to drop out clean and dry4 ,the full-grown tree is of good size and is found almost everywhere in the ,united ,states4 ,shellbark4 ,shagbark ,the shellbark or shagbark hickory-nut is one of the best4 ,the flavor1 as every one knows1 is sweet and pleasant4 ,it is the bark of the tree that gives it the name of shagbark1 for it separates into long1 ragged strips several inches wide which generally hold to the trunk at the middle and give it an unkempt1 shaggy appearance4 ,mockernut ,the mockernut is the hickory-nut with a dark1 brownish-colored shell1 hard and thick and not easily cracked4 ,it is called the mockernut because while the nut is large1 usually larger than the shellbark1 the kernel is very small and difficult to take out of the thick shell4 ,pignut ,i will italicize the pignut because1 though ,i have never eaten it1 ,i once tried to1 and the first taste was all-sufficient4 ,some writers tell us that the flavor is sweet or slightly bitter4 ,it was the decidedly bitter kind that ,i found lying temptingly clean and white under the tree4 ,the thin outer husk of the pignut is not much larger than the nut4 ,it is broader at the top than at the stem1 where it narrows almost to a point4 ,the husk does not open as freely as that of the other hickory-nuts4 ,it is inclined to cling to the nut2 in some cases it only partially opens and drops with the nut4 ,illustration3 ,,shellbark ,,hickory ,,nut ,,pignut ,hickory nuts1 sweet and bitter4 ,beechnut ,one of the sweetest and most delicately flavored of our native nuts is the little1 triangular beechnut4 ,the tree is common and widely distributed1 but few people know anything about the nut4 ,in ,kentucky the nuts used to be plentiful1 but ,i have seen none in ,new ,york4 ,it is said that a beech-tree must be fully forty years old before it will bear fruit1 and that may be the reason the nuts are not oftener found4 ,the soft-shelled nut is very small1 no larger than the tip of your little finger4 ,the color is pale brown1 and it is three-sided with sharp angles4 ,it is contained in a small1 prickly husk and grows both solitary or in clusters of two or three4 ,when touched by frost the burr opens and allows the nut to fall out while the burr remains on the tree4 ,the bark of the beech-tree is ashy gray1 and the leaf is oblong1 pointed at the tip1 toothed on the edge1 and strongly veined4 ,chestnut ,i find that the chestnut-tree is not as well known as its fruit1 which is sold from stands on the street corners of most ,american cities4 ,a round1 green prickly burr is the husk of the nut1 and this is lined inside with soft1 white1 velvety down4 ,nestled closely in this soft bed lie several dark-brown nuts with soft1 polished shells4 ,the first frost opens the burrs1 and the sweet nuts fall to the ground4 ,you may recognize the tree in midsummer by its long-tasselled1 cream-white blossoms1 which hang in profusion from the ends of the branches4 ,the chestnut is the only forest-tree that blossoms at that time1 so you cannot mistake it4 ,later you will know it by the prickly green burrs1 which develop quickly4 ,the tree is large and common to most ,states4 ,the leaves are from six to eight inches long2 they are coarsely toothed at the edges1 sharply pointed at the end1 and are prominently veined on the under side4 ,they grow mostly in tufts drooping from a common centre4 ,illustration3 ,nuts with soft shells4 ,beechnut and chestnut4 ,bark and ,roots of ,trees ,slippery-,elm ,the inner bark and the root of the slippery-elm are not only pleasant to the taste but are said to be nutritious4 ,they have a glutinous quality that gives the tree its name1 and the flavor is nutty and substantial4 ,this variety of elm is common and is found from the ,saint ,lawrence ,river to ,florida4 ,it grows to a height of sixty or seventy feet1 with spreading branches which flatten at the top4 ,the outline of the tree is much like that of a champagne-glass1 wide at the top and narrow at the stem4 ,the slippery-elm resembles the white elm1 but there are differences by which you can know it4 ,if you stroke the leaf of a white elm you will find that it is rough one way but smooth the other2 stroke the leaf of the slippery-elm1 and it will be rough both ways4 ,the buds of the white elm are smooth1 those of the slippery-elm are hairy4 ,then you cannot mistake the inner bark of the slippery-elm1 which is fragrant1 thick1 and gummy4 ,the outer bark is dark brown1 with shallow ridges and large1 loose plates4 ,the leaves are oblong1 rounded at the base1 and are coarsely toothed4 ,they are prominently veined and are dark green1 paler on the under side4 ,sassafras ,the sassafras grows wild from ,massachusetts to ,florida1 and west through the ,mississippi ,valley4 ,it is generally a small tree1 from thirty to fifty feet high1 and is often found growing in dense thickets in uncultivated fields4 ,the edible bark is dark red-brown4 ,it is thick but not hard and is deeply ridged and scaled4 ,the cracked bark is one of the characteristics of the tree2 it begins to split when the tree is about three years old4 ,the strong aromatic flavor is held by the bark1 the wood1 the roots1 the stems1 and the leaves4 ,i have never tasted the fruit1 which is berry-like1 dark blue1 and glossy1 and is held by a thick1 scarlet calyx2 but the birds are fond of it4 ,sassafras tea was at one time considered the best of spring medicines for purifying the blood1 and the bark was brought to market cut in short lengths and tied together in bunches4 ,the leaves are varied2 on one twig there will sometimes be three differently shaped leaves4 ,some will be oval1 some with three lobes1 and some mitten-shaped2 that is1 an oval leaf with a side lobe like the thumb of a mitten4 ,salads4 ,watercress ,there is no more refreshing salad than the watercress gathered fresh from a cool1 running brook4 ,it is a common plant1 found almost anywhere in streams and brooks4 ,its smooth green or brownish leaves lie on the top of the water2 they are compound1 with from three to nine small rounded leaflets4 ,the flavor is peppery and pungent4 ,watercress sandwiches are good4 ,the white flowers are small and insignificant and grow in a small cluster at the end of the stem4 ,dandelion ,a salad of tender1 young dandelion leaves is not to be despised1 and the plant grows everywhere4 ,only the very young leaves1 that come up almost white in the spring1 are good4 ,the flavor is slightly bitter with the wholesome bitterness one likes in the spring of the year4 ,these young leaves are also good when cooked like spinach4 ,the plant is so common it does not really call for a description1 and if you know it you can skip the following3 ,growing low on the ground1 sometimes with leaves lying flat on the surface1 the dandelion sends up a hollow1 leafless stem crowned with a bright-yellow1 many-petalled flower about the size of a silver fifty-cent piece4 ,the seed head is a round ball of white down4 ,the leaves are deeply notched1 much like thistle leaves1 but they have no prickles4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,little ,,foes ,,of ,,the ,,trailer ,poisonous ,insects1 ,reptiles1 and ,plants ,insects ,my first experience with wood-ticks1 jiggers1 and ,jersey mosquitoes was during the summer we spent at ,bayville1 near ,toms ,river1 ,n4 ,j4 ,in many ways ,bayville1 with its sand1 its pines1 its beautiful wood roads1 and rare wild flowers1 is an interesting and attractive place4 ,the salty air is fine when the thermometer is self-respecting and keeps the mercury below #ij in the shade1 but the oak underbrush harbors wood-ticks1 the blackberry bushes cover you with jiggers1 the woods are full of deer-flies1 and the vicious mosquito1 whose name is ,legion1 is everywhere where he is not barred out4 ,wood-,ticks ,i had been told of the ticks that infest the forests of the ,south1 had heard blood-curdling stories of how they sometimes bury themselves1 entire1 in the flesh of animals and men and have to be cut out1 and my horror of them was great4 ,in reality ,i found them unpleasant enough but1 as far as we were concerned1 comparatively harmless4 ,the wood-tick is a small1 rather disgusting-looking creature which1 in appearance and size1 resembles the common bedbug4 ,it fastens itself upon you without your knowledge and you do not feel it even when it begins to suck your blood1 but something generally impels you to pass your hand over the back of your neck1 or cheek1 where the thing is clinging1 and1 feeling the lump1 you pull it off and no great harm done4 ,the tick is supposed always to bury its head in the flesh1 and it is said that if the head is left in when the bug is pulled off an ugly sore will be the result4 ,we had no experience of that kind1 however1 nor1 in our hurry to get rid of it1 did we stop to remove the bug scientifically by dropping oil on it1 as ,kephart advises1 but just naturally and simply1 also vigorously1 we grasped it between thumb and forefinger and hastily plucked it off4 ,the effect of the bite was no worse on any of our party than that of the ,jersey mosquito4 ,often your friends will see a tick on you and tell you of it even while they have several1 all unknown to themselves1 decorating their own countenance4 ,the name by which science knows this unlovely bug is ,ixodes leech4 ,jigger4 ,redbug4 ,mite ,the tiny mite called by the natives jigger and redbug is more annoying than the wood-tick1 one reason being that there are so many more of him4 ,he really does penetrate the skin1 and his wanderings under the surface give one the feeling of an itching rash which covers the body4 ,you won't see the jigger--he is too small1 but if you invade his domain you will certainly feel him4 ,deer-,fly ,the deer-fly will bite and bite hard enough to hurt4 ,it will drive its sharp mandibles into your skin with such force as to take out a bit of the flesh1 sometimes causing the blood to flow1 but the bite does not seem particularly poisonous1 though you feel it at the time and it generally raises a lump on the flesh4 ,the deer-fly belongs to the family of gadflies4 ,it is larger than a house-fly and its wings stand out at right angles to its body4 ,it will not trouble you much except in the woods4 ,black-,fly ,the ,adirondack and ,north ,woods region is not only the resort of hunters1 campers1 and seekers after health and pleasure1 but it is also the haunt of the maddening black-fly4 ,from early spring until the middle of ,july or first of ,august the black-fly holds the territory2 then it evacuates and is seen no more until next season1 when it begins a new campaign4 ,under the name of buffalo-fly the black-fly is found in the west1 where1 on the prairies1 it has been known to wage war on horses until death ensued--death of the horses1 not of the fly4 ,it is a small fly about one-sixth of an inch long1 thick-bodied1 and black4 ,it is said to have broad silvery circles on its legs1 but no one ever stops to look at these4 ,its proboscis is developed to draw blood freely1 and it is always in working order4 ,the only virtue the black-fly seems to have is its habit of quitting operations at sundown and leaving to other tormenters the task of keeping you awake at night4 ,when the black-fly bites you will know it1 and it will leave its mark1 when it does leave1 which must generally be by your help1 for it holds on with commendable persistence4 ,if you would learn more of this charming insect1 look for ,simulium molestum in a book which treats the subject scientifically4 ,no-see-um4 ,punky4 ,midge ,there is another pest of the ,north ,woods which the guides call the no-see-um4 ,it is a very diminutive midge resembling the mosquito in form and viciousness1 but so small as to be almost invisible4 ,night and day are the same to the no-see-um2 its warfare is continuous and its bite very annoying1 but it disappears with the black-fly in ,july or ,august4 ,by ,september the mountains and woods are swept clear of all these troublesome things1 except at times and in some places the ever-hungry mosquito1 which will linger on for a last bite in his summer feast4 ,the only way to relieve the irritation caused by the bites of these pests1 including the mosquito1 is to bathe the affected parts with camphor1 alcohol1 or diluted ammonia4 ,when there are but one or two bites they may be touched with strong ammonia1 but it will not do to use this too freely1 as it will burn the skin4 ,gnats ,in the mountains of ,pennsylvania the most troublesome insects ,i found were the tiny gnats that persist in flying into one's eyes in a very exasperating fashion4 ,they swarm in a cloud in front of your face as you walk and make constant dashes at your eyes1 although to reach their goal brings instant death4 ,it is not much trouble to get one of these gnats out of your eye when it once gets in4 ,all that is necessary is to take the eyelashes of the upper eyelid between your thumb and first finger1 and draw the upper eyelid down over the under eyelid4 ,the under eyelashes sweep the upper lid clear1 and the rush of tears that comes to the eye washes the insect out4 ,bees1 ,wasps1 and ,yellow-,jackets ,while honey-bees and wasps can make themselves most disagreeable when disturbed1 you can usually keep away from beehives and bee-trees as well as from the great gray1 papery nests of the wasp2 but the hornets or yellow-jackets have an uncomfortable habit of building in low bushes and on the ground where you may literally put your foot in a hornets' nest4 ,they are hot-tempered little people1 these same hornets1 as ,i have reason to know4 ,twice ,i have been punished by them1 and both times it was my head they attacked4 ,once ,i found them1 or they found me1 in a cherry-tree2 and the second time we met was when ,i stepped in their nest hidden on the ground4 ,their sting is like a hot wire pressed into the flesh4 ,when angered they will chase you and swarm around your head1 stinging whenever they can2 but they may be beaten off if some friendly hand will wield a towel or anything else that comes handy4 ,if the stings of any of these stinging insects are left in the wounds they should be taken out with a clean needle or clean knife-blade4 ,in any case mix some mud into a paste and plaster it on the parts that have been stung4 ,if you are in camp and have with you a can of antiphlogistine use that instead of the mud2 it is at least more sightly and is equally efficient in reducing inflammation4 ,various things have been devised as protection against insect torments4 ,one is a veil of net to be worn over the hat4 ,you will find this described in ,chapter ,,iv under the heading of ,personal ,outfits4 ,dopes ,then there are dopes to be rubbed over the face1 neck1 and hands4 ,the three said to be the best are ,nessmuk's ,dope1 ,breck's ,dope1 and ,h4 ,p4 ,wells's ,bug-,juice4 ,there is also a ,rexall preparation which1 ,i am told1 is good while it stays on1 but will wash off with perspiration4 ,nessmuk's ,dope ,in giving the recipe for his dope1 ,nessmuk says that it produces a glaze over the skin and that in preventing insect bites he has never known it to fail4 ,this is the dope3 ,pine tar #c oz4 ,castor oil #b oz4 ,oil of pennyroyal #a oz4 ,simmer all together over a slow fire1 and bottle4 ,this is sufficient for four persons for two weeks4 ,breck's ,dope ,pine tar #c oz4 ,olive 7or castor oil7 #b oz4 ,oil of pennyroyal #a oz4 ,citronella #a oz4 ,creosote #a oz4 ,camphor 7pulverized7 #a oz4 ,large tube of carbolated vaseline4 ,heat the tar and oil1 and add the other ingredients2 simmer over slow fire until well mixed4 ,the tar may be omitted if disliked or for ladies' use4 ,breck tells us that his dope was planned to be a counter-irritant after being bitten as well as a preventer of bites4 ,h4 ,p4 ,wells's ,bug-,juice ,olive oil #a_/b pt4 ,creosote #a oz4 ,pennyroyal #a oz4 ,camphor #a oz4 ,dissolve camphor in alcohol and mix4 ,any dope must be well rubbed in on face1 neck1 ears1 and behind ears1 hands 7on the backs71 wrists1 and arms2 but be very careful not to get it in your eyes4 ,smudges ,smudges are said to afford relief in camp1 but my own experience has been that the insects can stand them better than ,i4 ,a smudge is made by burning things that make little flame and much smoke4 ,dead leaves1 not too dry1 will make a fairly good smudge1 but a better way is to burn damp cedar bark1 or branches1 on piles of hot coals taken from the camp-fire and kept alive at different sides of the camp4 ,the accounts of extreme suffering caused by insect bites come from unusually sensitive people4 ,all people are not affected alike4 ,two persons from one camp will tell entirely different stories of their experience with insects4 ,the best way to encounter these1 as all other annoyances1 is to protect yourself as well as you can and then1 without whimpering1 make the best of the situation4 ,all the pests described will not fall upon you at once1 and1 taken singly or even doubly1 you will manage to survive the ordeal4 ,if the pleasure of the trail did not over-balance the pain there would be fewer campers to relate their troubles4 ,snakes ,the bite of a poisonous snake is by all means to be avoided1 and the point is3 you almost always can avoid it4 ,with all the snakes in the ,united ,states1 ,doctor ,william ,t4 ,hornaday1 director of the ,zoological ,park of ,new ,york ,city1 tells us that out of seventy-five million people not more than two die each year of snake-bites4 ,snakes are not man-hunters2 they will not track you down2 they much prefer to keep out of your way4 ,what you have to do is to keep out of theirs4 ,in a region where poisonous snakes abound it is well to wear khaki leggins as a protection in case you inadvertently step too near and anger the creatures1 for in such cases they sometimes strike before you have time to beat a retreat4 ,according to ,doctor ,hornaday1 the poisonous snakes of ,north ,america are3 ,the rattlesnake1 ,water-moccasin1 ,copperhead1 ,sonora coral-snake1 ,harlequin snake4 ,rattlesnakes ,the rattlesnake appears to vary in color and markings in the different localities where it is found1 and there are fourteen or fifteen varieties1 but all carry the rattles1 shake them warningly1 and coil before they strike4 ,the rattlesnake does not want to fight and if you keep at a safe distance it will glide off in another direction1 but it is safest not to venture within striking distance1 which is said to be two-thirds the length of the snake1 even if the snake has not coiled1 for it moves quickly and strikes like a flash4 ,the rattles are at the extreme end of the tail and are composed of horny joints4 ,the sound of the rattle is much like the humming of a locust 7cicada74 ,rattlesnakes are often found sunning themselves on large rocks1 and stone-quarries are the chosen winter quarters where whole colonies assemble4 ,they are also found1 during the summer1 among underbrush and in stubble-fields1 where they probably go to hunt field-mice and other small mammals4 ,illustration3 ,,banded ,,rattlesnake ,,poisonous ,,water-,,moccasin ,,poisonous ,,red-,,bellied ,,water-,,snake ,,striped ,,lengthwise ,,harmless ,poisonous and non-poisonous snakes4 ,banded ,rattlesnake ,the mountains of ,pennsylvania are a favorite resort of the rattlesnake1 but1 though ,i have passed many summers in ,pike ,county1 famous for its snakes1 the only live one ,i ever saw in that locality was in a box at ,rowland station4 ,the men of our party occasionally killed one and brought it to camp as a trophy1 but one of our weekend guests spent most of his time hunting the rattler that he might take its skin back to the city1 yet without success4 ,it is the banded rattlesnake that is usually found in ,pennsylvania4 ,the color is yellowish and it is marked with irregular1 wide bands of dark brown4 ,sometimes the snake is almost black1 and it is thought that it turns dark with age4 ,diamond ,rattlesnake ,the rattlesnake marked in diamond patterns of gold outline on brown is of the south and is oftenest found in ,florida4 ,this is a very large snake1 and closely allied to it is the ,texas rattlesnake1 which is the same in markings and color1 but paler1 as if faded out4 ,massasauga ,the massasauga is the rattlesnake occasionally found in the swamps from western ,new ,york to ,nebraska1 but it is rare4 ,its color is light brown with patches of dark brown its entire length4 ,copperhead ,the copperhead is not a rattler1 though its vibrating tail amid dry leaves will sometimes hum like one4 7,this is also true of the blacksnake47 ,its bite is very poisonous4 ,it is found amid rocks and in the woods1 and is at home from ,new ,england and the ,atlantic coast west to ,indiana and south to ,texas4 ,this snake is seldom more than three feet long4 ,its color is light reddish-brown with bands of rich chestnut which are narrow on the back and wide at the sides4 ,the underpart is whitish with dark spots on the abdomen4 ,the head is generally coppery in color but not always4 ,in ,texas the colors of the copperhead are stronger1 the bands and head are decidedly reddish1 and the bands have narrow white borders4 ,harlequin ,snake and ,coral-,snake ,the harlequin snake and the coral-snake are so similar in color and in habits1 one description for both will answer our purpose4 ,they are southern snakes1 beginning in southern ,indiana and extending south4 ,they are quite poisonous1 but of such retiring habits as hardly to be classed as dangerous4 ,most of their time is spent hidden under the sand and in the ground1 but when they do come out their colors are so brilliant as not to be mistaken4 ,on the harlequin snake the colors are bright coral-red1 yellow1 and black1 which alternate in stripes that encircle the body4 ,its head is always banded with a broad yellow stripe4 ,the coral-snake is much the same in color1 and only a close observer would notice the difference4 ,the coral-snake is also found in ,arizona4 ,water-,moccasin1 ,cottonmouth ,the water-moccasin is ugly1 and ugly all the way through4 ,its deadly viciousness is not redeemed by any outward beauty4 ,its average length is three and a half feet1 though it is occasionally longer4 ,its unlovely body is thick and the color of greenish mud2 the sides are paler and have wide1 blackish bands4 ,there are dark bands from the eyes to the mouth and above them there are pale streaks4 ,the top of the head is very dark4 ,the abdomen is yellow with splashes of brown or black4 ,heavy shields overhang the eyes and give a sinister expression to their angry glare4 ,when suddenly approached the moccasin opens wide its white-lined mouth1 and one then understands why it is called cottonmouth4 ,this snake does not coil before its strikes1 but vibrates its tail slowly and watches its prey with mouth open4 ,the moccasin is decidedly a southern snake1 and girls of the south know that its home is along the edges of bayous and in the swamps4 ,it is frequently seen with its head and a small part of its body out of water while the rest is submerged1 but at times it will be found on a water-soaked log or on underbrush and low boughs of trees that overhang the water4 ,the bite is very poisonous4 ,other ,snakes ,there are many other snakes in the ,united ,states1 but they are not venomous4 ,here is one thing to remember3 you need never fear a snake found in this country which has lengthwise stripes1 that is1 stripes running from head to tail4 ,daniel ,c4 ,beard tells me that he has learned this from observation1 and ,raymond ,l4 ,ditmars1 curator of reptiles in the ,new ,york ,zoological ,park1 agrees with him4 ,while the lengthwise-striped snakes are harmless1 others not striped in this way are harmless1 too4 ,the blacksnake1 though he looks an ugly customer and1 when cornered1 will sometimes show fight1 is not venomous and his bite is not deep4 ,it is1 therefore1 wanton cruelty to kill every snake that crosses your path simply because it happens to be a snake4 ,kephart1 in his book of ,camping and ,woodcraft1 says in regard to identifying the poisonous snake3 ,the rattlesnake1 copperhead1 and cottonmouth are easily distinguished from all other snakes1 as all three of them bear a peculiar mark1 or rather a pair of marks1 that no other animal possesses4 ,this mark is the pit1 which is a deep cavity on each side of the face between the nostrils and the eye1 sinking into the upper jaw-bone4 ,if1 when one has been bitten and the snake killed1 an examination is made of its head1 it can be ascertained immediately whether the snake was venomous1 and in this way unnecessary fright may be avoided4 ,beaded ,lizard1 ,gila ,monster ,the only other venomous reptile found in the ,united ,states is the beaded lizard1 called ,gila monster 7pronounced heela74 ,unless you visit the desert regions of ,arizona and ,new ,mexico1 you will not be apt to run across this most interesting though poisonous reptile4 ,the ,gila monster looks very much like a unique piece of ,indian beadwork1 with its fat body and stubby legs covered with bright-colored1 bead-like tubercles1 which form almost a ,navajo pattern4 ,its length is about nineteen inches1 and its beads are colored salmon1 flesh-pink1 white or yellow1 and black4 ,though it has the appearance of being stuffed with cotton1 it is really formidable and very much alive4 ,its jaws are strong2 when it bites it holds on like a bulldog1 and there is no way to force it to open its mouth except to pry the powerful jaws apart4 ,while otherwise slow of movement1 it will turn quickly from side to side1 snapping viciously4 ,the inside of the ,gila's mouth is black1 and when angry it opens it wide and hisses4 ,treatment for ,snake-,bites ,if the unlikely should chance to happen and one of your party is bitten by a poisonous snake1 first aid should be given immediately1 and if a physician is within reach he should be summoned as quickly as possible4 ,much depends1 however1 upon what is done first4 ,any one can administer the following treatment1 and it should be done without flinching1 for it may mean the saving of a life3 7#a7 ,as soon as the person is bitten twist a tourniquet very tightly above the wound1 that is1 between the wound and the heart1 to keep the poison as far as possible from entering the entire system4 7#b7 ,slash the wound or stab it with a clean knife-blade and force it to bleed copiously4 ,if there is no break in the skin or membrane of your mouth or lips and no cavity in any of your teeth1 suck the wound to draw out the poison4 7#c7 ,give a stimulant in small doses at frequent intervals to stimulate the heart and lungs and strengthen the nerves1 but avoid overdoing this1 for the result will be harmful4 7#d7 ,if you have with you an antivenomous serum1 inject it as directed by the formula that accompanies it4 ,tie a loose bandage around the affected member1 a handkerchief1 neck scarf1 or even a rope for a tourniquet1 to check circulation1 as described in ,chapter ,,xii1 on ,accidents4 ,every little while loosen the tourniquet1 then tighten it again1 for it will not do to stop the circulation entirely4 ,all authorities do not advise sucking the wound1 but it is generally done1 for with a perfectly sound and healthy mouth there is no danger1 as the poison enters the system only by contact with the blood4 ,some writers advocate cauterizing the wound with a hot iron2 but1 whatever is done1 do quickly1 and do not be afraid4 ,fear is contagious and exceedingly harmful to the patient4 ,remember that a snake-bite is seldom fatal1 and that a swollen arm or leg does not mean that the case is hopeless4 ,poisonous ,plants ,there are two kinds of poisonous plants3 those that are poison to the touch and those that are harmless unless taken inwardly4 ,both may be avoided when you learn to identify them4 ,poison-,ivy ,we are apt to think that every one knows the common poison-ivy1 but that some people are not familiar with it was shown when one beautiful autumn day a young woman passed along our village street carrying a handful of the sprays of the vine1 gathered probably because of their beautiful coloring4 ,noticing that she was a stranger1 no doubt from the city1 and realizing the danger she was running of poisoning herself or some one else1 we hurriedly caught up with her and gave first aid to the ignorant in a few forceful remarks4 ,the result was that1 without a word1 the young woman simply opened her hand1 dropped her vines on the walk1 and hurried off as if to escape a pestilence4 ,we were left to close the incident by kicking the stuff into the street that some other equally uninformed person might not be tempted to pick it up4 ,if you do not know the poison-ivy1 remember this3 ,it is the three-leaved ivy4 ,its leaves always grow in triplets as shown in illustration4 ,the leaves are smooth1 but not glossy2 they have no teeth but are occasionally notched4 ,sometimes the plant is bushy1 standing a foot or two high1 again it is trailing or climbing4 ,it loves fence corners and big rocks to clamber over2 it will also choose large trees for support1 climbing up to their tops4 ,the flowers are whitish and the fruit is a pretty1 green-gray berry1 round and smooth1 which grows in scant clusters4 ,poison-ivy is found through the country from ,maine to ,texas and west to ,south ,dakota1 ,utah1 and ,arkansas4 ,some people are immune to ivy poison and1 happily1 ,i belong to the fortunate ones4 ,many persons are poisoned by it1 however1 and it may be that fear makes them more susceptible4 ,on some the painful1 burning eruption is difficult to cure4 ,poison-,oak ,the poison-oak closely resembles the poison-ivy1 and is sometimes called by that name1 but its leaves are differently shaped1 being oval in outline with a few coarse1 blunt teeth4 ,they are also thicker and smaller than the ivy leaf4 ,the poison-oak is plentiful in cool uplands and in ravines1 and is general throughout the ,pacific coast from ,lower ,california and ,arizona to ,british ,america4 ,poison-,sumach1 or ,swamp-,sumach ,another member of the same family is the poison-sumach4 ,they are all three equally poisonous and act by contact4 ,the poison1 or swamp1 sumach is a high1 branching shrub closely resembling the harmless species which grow on high1 dry ground4 ,the poison variety chooses low1 wet places4 ,the leaves of the poison-sumach are compound1 with from seven to thirteen leaflets growing from one stem1 as the leaves of the walnut-tree grow2 the stalks are often of a purplish color4 ,the leaflets are oval in shape and are pointed at the tip4 ,the surface is smooth and green on both sides and they have no teeth4 ,the autumn coloring is very brilliant4 ,the flowers are whitish-green and grow in loose clusters from a stiff middle stalk at the angles of the leaves4 ,the fruit is a gray-green berry growing in scant1 drooping clusters4 ,this gray drooping berry is the sumac poison sign1 for the fruit of the harmless sumach is crimson and is held erect in close pyramidal clusters4 ,witch-hazel 7,pond's ,extract7 is used as a remedy for all of these poisons1 but it is claimed that a paste made of cooking-soda and water is better4 ,alcohol will sometimes be effective1 also a strong lye made of wood-ashes4 ,salt and water will give relief to some4 ,it seems to depend upon the person whether the remedy1 as well as the poison1 will have effect4 ,illustration3 ,,poison ,,ivy ,,poison ,,sumac ,plants poison to the touch4 ,yellow ,lady's-,slipper ,growing in bogs and low woods from ,maine to ,minnesota and ,washington1 southward to ,georgia and ,missouri1 there is a sweet-scented1 little yellow-and-brown flower called the yellow lady's-slipper1 the plant of which is said to have the same effect when handled as poison-ivy4 ,this flower is an orchid4 ,the stalk1 from one to two feet high1 bears a single blossom at the top1 and the leaves1 shaped and veined like those of the lily-of-the-valley1 grow alternately down the stem4 ,the plant does not branch4 ,like the ivy1 the yellow lady's-slipper does not poison every one4 ,i know of no other wild plants that are poisonous to the touch2 the following will poison only if taken inwardly4 ,deadly ,nightshade ,to the nightshade family belong plants that are poisonous and plants that are not1 but the thrilling name1 deadly nightshade1 carries with it the certainty of poison4 ,the plant is an annual and you may often find it growing in a neglected corner of the garden as well as in waste places4 ,it is a tall plant2 the one ,i remember in our own garden reached to the top of a five-foot board fence4 ,its leaves are rather triangular in shape1 they are dark green and the wavy edges are notched rather than toothed4 ,the flowers are white and grow in small clusters4 ,the fruit is a berry1 round1 black1 and smooth1 with calyx adhering to it4 ,the berry clusters grow at the end of drooping stems4 ,this must not be mistaken for the high-bush blueberry1 for to eat the fruit would be most dangerous4 ,the antidotes for nightshade poison are emetics1 cathartics1 and stimulants4 ,the poison should be thrown off the stomach first1 then strong coffee be given as a stimulant4 ,pokeweed1 ,pigeonberry ,pokeweed comes under the heading of poisonous plants though its berries are eaten by birds1 and its young shoots are said to be almost equal in flavor1 and quite as wholesome1 as asparagus4 ,it seems to be the large perennial root that holds the poison1 though some authorities claim that the poison permeates the entire plant to a certain extent4 ,the root is sometimes mistaken for that of edible plants and the young leaves for those of the marsh-marigold1 which are edible when cooked4 ,it is a tall plant with a stout stem and emits a strong odor4 ,you will find it growing by the wayside and in rocky places4 ,the leaves are oblong and pointed at the tips and base4 ,they have no teeth4 ,the small white flowers are in clusters4 ,the fruit is a small1 flat1 dark-purple berry1 growing in long1 upstanding clusters on a central stalk4 ,the individual stem of the berry is very short4 ,the name inkberry was given to the plant because of the strong stain of the berry juice which was sometimes used for ink4 ,pokeweed is at home in various states1 ,maine to ,minnesota1 ,arkansas1 and ,florida4 ,poison-,hemlock ,the poison-hemlock is well known historically1 being in use at the time of ,socrates1 and believed to have been administered to him by the ,greeks4 ,it is quite as poisonous now as in ,socrates's day1 and accidental poisoning has come from people eating the seeds1 mistaking them for anise-seed1 eating the leaves for parsley and the roots for parsnips4 ,the plant grows from two to seven feet high2 its stem is smooth and spotted or streaked with purplish-red4 ,it has large1 parsley-like leaves and pretty clusters of small1 white flowers which grow1 stiff-stemmed1 from a common centre and blossom in ,july and ,august4 ,when the fresh leaves are bruised they give out a distinctly mouse-like odor and they are very nauseating to the taste4 ,poison-hemlock is common on waysides and waste places in ,new ,york1 ,west ,virginia1 ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,ohio4 ,it is also found in ,new ,england and ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,illinois1 ,louisiana1 and ,california4 ,the treatment recommended by professionals is emetics1 warmth of hands and feet1 artificial respiration1 and the subcutaneous injection of atropine1 administered by a physician4 ,water-,hemlock ,water-hemlock is similar in appearance and in effect4 ,it is found in wet places and on the borders of swamps4 ,the remedies are the same as for poison-hemlock4 ,illustration3 ,,deadly ,,nightshade ,,pokeweed ,plants poison to the taste4 ,jimson-,weed ,the jimson-weed is very common in ,kentucky4 ,i have not seen so much of it in the east and north1 but it appears to grow pretty nearly over the whole ,united ,states4 ,it is from one to five feet in height1 and an ill-smelling weed1 though first cousin to the beautiful1 cultivated datura1 which is a highly prized garden plant4 ,the stem is smooth1 green1 stout1 and branching4 ,the flower is large1 sometimes four inches long1 and trumpet-shaped4 ,there are several varieties of this weed2 on some the flower is white1 on others the five1 flaring1 sharp-pointed lobes are stained with lavender and magenta4 ,the calyx is long1 close-fitting1 and light green4 ,the leaves are rather large2 they are angularly oval in shape and are coarsely notched4 ,the fruit is a prickly1 egg-shaped capsule which contains the seeds4 ,it is these seeds which are sometimes eaten with serious results1 and children have been poisoned by putting the flowers in their mouths4 ,emetics should immediately be administered to throw the poison off the stomach1 then hot1 strong coffee should be given4 ,sometimes artificial respiration must be resorted to4 ,in all cases of poisoning a physician should be called if possible4 ,the habit of chewing leaves and stems without knowing what they are should be suppressed when on the trail4 ,it is something like going through a drug store and sampling the jars of drugs as you pass1 and the danger of poisoning is almost as great4 ,toadstools ,unless you are an expert in distinguishing non-poisonous mushrooms from the poison toadstool1 leave them all alone4 ,many deaths occur yearly from eating toadstools which have been mistaken for the edible mushrooms4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,on ,,the ,,trail ,,with ,,your ,,camera ,what to ,photograph and ,how ,you cannot depend entirely upon your memory to recall the sights and adventures of the trail1 and will be only half-equipped if you go without a camera and note-book4 ,several clicks of the camera will record the principal events1 while your note-book will fill in the detail4 ,selecting a ,camera ,in selecting a camera remember that every ounce in weight counts as two when on the long trail1 and that to have to carry it in your hand is most troublesome and inconvenient4 ,the folding camera1 which can be hung over your shoulder with a strap1 is therefore the best2 and do not try to carry plates1 they are too heavy4 ,it is of little use to consult the clerk of a photographic supply shop about the style of camera you should buy4 ,as a rule he is not chosen for his knowledge of the goods1 and his advice may be worse than none4 ,the better plan is to secure descriptive catalogues from dealer or manufacturer before investing1 and study them well4 ,the catalogues will tell you the price1 the size1 the weight1 and what kind of work each variety of camera will do1 and you will learn the advantages and limitations of many before deciding upon one4 ,how to ,know ,your ,camera ,the camera once bought and in your hands1 the next thing to do is to become thoroughly acquainted with it4 ,with your camera you are entitled to a little book of instructions4 ,take your camera and the book1 sit down alone1 and give them your entire attention4 ,read the book carefully and1 at the same time1 carry out the instructions while the camera is unloaded1 that is1 without the film4 ,if the size of the diaphragm can be changed1 change it and look into the lens to see the effect2 also try adjusting the shutter and watch the lens for the effect of instantaneous and time exposures4 ,try the focussing scale1 locate some image in the finder1 and practise holding the camera pressed closely against your body1 pointing neither up nor down1 tipping neither to one side nor the other1 but aimed directly at the object you are supposed to be photographing4 ,then try turning the key which brings the film exposures into position4 ,loading the ,camera ,learn how to load and to unload1 first without unrolling your film4 ,afterward adjust the roll in the camera and see that it is properly placed and will turn easily1 before you loosen the end of the film4 ,if you detach the gummed paper which keeps the film tightly wrapped before placing the roll in the camera1 the whole film will spring loose from its spool and become light-struck before you can adjust it4 ,count the ,turns of the ,key ,with your first roll of films it is well to learn and remember the number of turns you must give the key to bring a new exposure into place4 ,with my camera which takes a four-by-five picture1 five turns of the key are necessary between the exposures4 ,knowing this1 ,i count1 and when the fifth turn is reached ,i complete it slowly1 watching carefully the while for the new number to appear in the little red celluloid window4 ,in this way1 even when hurried or excited1 ,i do not lose an exposure by turning the key once too often4 ,always remember to place a new exposure directly after taking a picture1 to make sure that you will not take two on one film4 ,in making ready for a new subject count again1 for there are four things one must be sure of with most cameras before taking a photograph1 and by counting you will know if any have been omitted3 7#a7 ,see that a fresh exposure is in place4 7#b7 ,see that the shutter is properly adjusted for instantaneous 7or time7 exposure4 7#c7 ,see that diaphragm stop is set at the proper opening for the light you will have4 7#d7 ,see that the distance is correctly focussed4 ,there are cameras1 however1 that are of universal focus and do not need adjustment4 ,these are convenient ones for the trail1 as they are always ready and can be used quickly4 ,being small1 they are also light to carry4 ,be ,economical with ,your ,films ,a very important thing to learn when taking photographs is to be economical with your films1 and especially is this so when on the trail1 for your supply is then necessarily limited4 ,merely for the sake of using the new toy1 many amateurs will photograph subjects that are not of the slightest interest to any one1 and very often1 when a scene or object does present itself that is well worth while1 all the films will have been wasted and no picture can be taken4 ,plan ,your ,pictures to ,illustrate ,your ,trip ,it is a good idea to plan your pictures so that they will illustrate your trip from beginning to end4 ,a snap-shot of your party starting on the trail1 another of the country through which you pass1 with1 perhaps1 one or two figures in it1 and the remainder of the films used on objects of interest found on the way4 ,if you can secure pictures of any wild animals you may see1 they will make the series doubly interesting and valuable4 ,when you go into camp a view of the camp should be included4 ,when the pictures are printed write on the back of each what it represents1 where taken1 and the date2 they will then be valuable data as well as trustworthy reminders4 ,backgrounds ,look for the best view of a subject before using your camera2 there is always a choice4 ,one side may be much more pleasing or more characteristic than the other1 or may show interesting details more plainly4 ,if you have studied drawing you will be able also to find the view which makes the best composition4 ,the background1 too1 must be considered1 and the position of the sun4 ,the simpler the background the better4 ,near-by foliage is not good for figures2 it is too confused and the figures will mingle with it4 ,sometimes the adjustable portrait-lens1 which can be slipped over the other1 will obviate that trouble by blurring everything not in exact focus1 and this lens will allow you to stand nearer the object and so make it larger on the film4 ,it is not intended for distant views and the camera should not be more than six feet from the subject when it is used4 ,illustration3 ,the white birch-tree makes a fine background for the beaver4 ,quiet water makes an excellent background1 also distant foliage and hills1 flat fields and meadows4 ,these may be obtained for figures1 but often the very things you want to photograph most are in the woods with foliage close to and all around them2 then you must simply do the best you can under the circumstances4 ,color ,values in ,photographs ,another thing to remember is that1 unless in broad sunlight1 green will take dark and sometimes black2 and brown or tan1 being of the same color value in the photograph1 will mingle with and often be lost in the background4 ,if you are photographing a tawny animal1 and most wild animals are tawny1 try to get it when in the sunlight with a dark or flat background1 or else against a background lighter in color than the animal4 ,for instance1 a red squirrel or chipmunk will be lost amid1 or against1 the foliage of a tree1 but on a fence rail or fallen log it will stand out distinctly4 ,if you have a chance at a beaver it will be near the water1 of course4 ,then the choice view will be where the water can form at least part of the background4 ,if the shore is at the back it may be difficult when the print is made to find the beaver at all4 ,in the interesting photograph shown here the beaver is against the light trunk of the tree which shows where he has gnawed it almost through4 ,in all this the position of the sun must be taken into account1 but the rule of always having the sun at your back1 like most other rules1 has its exceptions4 ,i have found that so long as the sun lights up the object1 even when from one side1 ,i can secure a good picture2 but ,i never allow it to strike the lens of the camera1 and ,i make sure that the subject is not silhouetted against its background by having all the light at its back4 ,illustration3 ,blacktail deer snapped with a background of snow4 ,photographing ,wild ,animals ,it is not easy to photograph wild animals after you have found them1 but you can do it if you are quick to see and to act and are also patient enough to wait for a good opportunity4 ,you will often find deer feeding in sunlit places and can1 if you stalk them carefully1 approach near enough to get a good shot4 ,if they happen to be in partial or light shadow1 open the diaphragm of your camera at its widest stop and try for an instantaneous exposure4 ,very good photographs are sometimes taken by that method1 and it is worth the experiment where time exposures are out of the question1 as in taking moving animals4 ,a snap-shot will be of no avail if the shadow is heavy1 however1 and a short time exposure may sometimes be used4 ,set your time lever at ,no4 #a1 which means one second1 and the lever controlling the diaphragm at ,no4 #af1 and by pressing the bulb once you will have a time exposure of one second4 ,an important thing for you to realize in taking animal photographs is the fact that though the creature may seem quite near as you see it with your natural eye1 in the picture it will occupy only the relative space that it does on the finder4 ,if it covers a quarter of the space on the finder it will cover a quarter1 no more and no less1 of the finished photograph4 ,the wonderful pictures we see of wild animals are usually the work of professionals who have especially adapted cameras2 but to take the photograph oneself makes even a poor one of more value4 ,illustration3 ,the skunk4 ,don't get too near when you try to photograph him4 ,shutter ,speed ,to photograph objects in rapid motion such as flying birds1 the speed of your shutter must be at least one three-hundredths of a second and you must have a fast lens2 but with a shutter speed of one one-hundredth ,i have taken very good pictures of things moving at a moderate rate4 ,a walking or slowly running animal1 for instance1 can be taken with a shutter speed of one one-hundredth4 ,you should find out the speed of the shutter when you buy your camera1 then you will not throw away films on things beyond its possibilities4 ,you press the button and we'll do the rest doesn't work where moving objects are concerned4 ,those who go a-gunning with the camera1 stalk their game as carefully as any hunter with a gun1 and for really good results the following method is the safest to adopt4 ,time and patience are required1 but one does not mind giving these1 the interest is so absorbing and the successful picture so well worth while4 ,set ,your ,camera ,like a ,trap ,find the spot frequented by the animal or bird you are after1 wait for it to go away of its own accord while confident and unfrightened1 then set up your camera like a trap where the lens will point to the place the bird or animal will probably occupy upon its return4 ,if it is a nest it will be easy1 for you can be sure the bird will come back there and can adjust your camera to take in the entire nest4 ,where there is no nest1 sight your camera upon some object between which and the lens the creature must come in order to be within focus1 and trample down any undergrowth that may obstruct the view4 ,make sure that your focus is correct for the distance and that the film will take in the whole animal4 ,you can provide for this by staking off the probable size of the animal at the place where you expect it to stand1 and then looking in the finder to see if both stakes are in focus4 ,you will probably have to raise the camera from the ground and perhaps tip it a little4 ,for this a low tripod is best but if you haven't that1 and very likely you will not1 a convenient log1 stump1 or stone will answer the purpose4 ,if even these are not handy you can build up a stand of stones or small logs1 or pile earth into a mound4 ,whatever material you use1 the stand must be made strong and firm4 ,to have it slip or slide is to lose the picture4 ,make your camera perfectly secure and immovable on the stand1 then tie a long cord to the release 7the small lever which works the shutter74 ,the cord must be amply long enough to reach to the ambush where you will hide while awaiting your game4 ,the ambush may be a clump of bushes1 a convenient rock1 or a tree behind which you will be concealed4 ,if there is no such cover near you can make one of brush and branches4 ,when the cord is carried from the camera to the ambush hide the camera with leafy branches1 leaving a good opening for the cord to pass through to prevent it from becoming entangled4 ,then hie to your cover and1 with the slightly slack cord in your hand1 await the coming of your game4 ,illustration3 ,the porcupine stood in the shade but the background was light4 ,taking the ,picture ,as the animal approaches the camera grasp your cord firmly and steady your nerves to act quickly1 and when it is in focus1 not before1 give a quick1 firm pull to the cord1 releasing it immediately1 and the thing is done4 ,don't become excited at the critical moment and make your shot too soon or jerk the cord too hard4 ,if a bird is to be taken upon the nest and the nest is in shadow a short time exposure can be given1 or a bulb exposure4 ,for bulb exposure set the lever that controls the shutter at ,b 7meaning bulb71 and the lever controlling the diaphragm at ,no4 #af4 ,when the bird has settled upon its nest pull the cord1 count three slowly1 and release it4 ,the shutter will remain open as long as the cord is held taut and will close when released4 ,this method cannot be used for long time exposures4 ,when you become more practised in the art of wild-life photography you will know how much time to allow for the exposures4 ,there will be some failures1 of course1 but one good photograph among several will repay you for all your trouble and will make you keen to try again4 ,illustration3 ,photographing a woodcock from ambush4 ,photographing the ,trail ,you can get a good picture of the trail with a snap-shot when it is in the open1 but a forest trail must have time exposure4 ,when your eyes have become accustomed to the dim light of the woods it will not seem dark1 and you will be tempted to try a snap-shot because it is easier1 but if you do you may certainly count that a lost film4 ,it is not possible to hold your camera in your hands and succeed with a time exposure of over one second4 ,the beating of your heart will jar it1 a breath will make it move1 so some kind of a rest must be found as when taking the animals with bulb exposure4 ,if the light is very dim first set the lever controlling the shutter at the point ,t 7time71 then set the lever for the diaphragm at ,no4 #af1 press the bulb1 and allow from fifteen to twenty seconds'1 or even thirty seconds'1 exposure4 ,timing ,without a ,watch ,you can time it without a watch by counting in this way3 one-and-two-and-three-and-up to the number of seconds required4 ,one-and is one second4 ,illustration3 ,the country through which you pass1 with a trailer in the foreground4 ,when the seconds have been counted1 press the bulb again and if the camera has not moved you should have a good negative4 ,no hard-and-fast rules can be given for this work because conditions vary2 you must rely some on your judgment and learn by experience4 ,it is said that overexposure is better than underexposure and can be handled better in developing the films1 so when in doubt it is well to allow a little more time than you think should be necessary4 ,curious results sometimes come from underexposed films4 ,i once had a print in outline1 like a drawing1 from a negative made in the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it did not look in the least like a photograph1 there were no shadows1 but it was a good illustration of the scene4 ,photographing ,flowers and ,ferns ,if your camera will focus so that you can place it near enough to take small objects such as flowers and ferns1 another field of interest is open to you and you can add a record of those found on the trail to complete your series4 ,a camping trip will afford better and more unhurried opportunities for photographing flowers than a one day's trail1 unless you carry a box or basket with you for securing specimens that you can take back and photograph at leisure4 ,do not break the stems of the flowers or plants1 take them roots and all4 ,loosen the soil all around and under the roots so that which clings to the plant may be undisturbed and taken up with it4 ,if the soil falls away1 cover the root with damp loam or mud and tie it up in a large leaf as in illustration4 ,this method not only keeps it from wilting but will enable you to take a picture of the growing plant with all its interesting characteristics4 ,if you put your plant with its clod of earth in a shallow bowl1 pour in as much water as the bowl will hold1 and keep it always full1 it will remain fresh and vigorous a long while and may be transplanted to continue its life and growth after you have finished with it4 ,illustration3 ,,method ,,of ,,protecting ,,roots ,,to ,,keep ,,plants ,,fresh ,,while ,,you ,,carry ,,them ,,to ,,camp ,,for ,,photographing ,,mud ,,around ,,the ,,roots ,,wrapped ,,in ,,leaves ,just here must come the caution not to tear up wild plants by their roots unless they are to serve a real purpose4 ,some of our most beautiful wild flowers and rarest ferns are now in danger of being exterminated because of thoughtless and careless people who1 in gathering them1 will not even take the trouble to break the stems4 ,when the roots are gone there will be no more flowers and ferns4 ,look at the ,date on ,your ,film ,even the best photographer cannot take good photographs unless he has good films4 ,on the box of every roll of films is stamped the latest date when it may be safely developed and it is foolish to try to have a film developed after that date has passed4 ,when you buy your films be sure they are fresh ones and that the date insures you ample time2 one year ahead is none too long4 ,do not open the box or take the wrappings from a roll of films until you are ready to load your camera4 ,then save both box and wrappings1 and when your films have been exposed1 use them for covering the roll again4 ,keep the wrapped and boxed rolls in a dark place until they can be developed4 ,dampness will spoil both films and plates4 ,if you are in a damp climate1 or on shipboard1 keep them in a tin box1 tightly closed4 ,,chapter ,x ,,on ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,water ,boats ,safe and ,unsafe4 ,canoeing4 ,rowing4 ,poling4 ,raft-,making4 ,swimming4 ,fishing ,safe and ,unsafe ,boats ,one seldom goes on the long trail1 or into camp1 without encountering water1 and boats of some kind must be used1 generally rowboats or canoes4 ,the safest boat on placid water is the heavy1 flat-bottomed rowboat with oars secured to the oar-locks4 ,in my younger days we owned such a boat1 and no one felt in the least anxious when ,i would put off for hours alone on the lake at our camp in ,pike ,county1 ,pa42 especially as the creaking turn of the oar-locks could easily be heard at camp loudly proclaiming that ,i still lived1 while ,i enjoyed the luxury of solitary adventure4 ,but a tub of this kind is not adapted to all waters and all purposes1 and the safest boat on any water is the one best adapted to it and to the purpose for which the boat is used4 ,round-bottomed boats tip easily and should1 therefore1 not be used when learning to row1 though they are safe enough in the hands of those accustomed to their management4 ,the best of oarsmen1 however1 cannot prevent her boat from capsizing if her passenger does not know how to enter or leave it1 or to sit still when aboard4 ,illustration3 ,a rowboat is a safer craft than a canoe4 ,stepping in and out of a ,boat ,to step on the gunwale 7the edge of the boat7 will naturally tip it and most likely turn it over4 ,one should always step directly into the middle in order to keep the boat evenly balanced1 and in getting out1 step from the middle4 ,stepping on the side or the gunwale of a boat shows the ignorance of a tenderfoot4 ,there are rowboats that are neither round-bottomed nor flat but are shaped like the boat in photograph1 page #bjf4 ,these are safer than the round-bottomed1 but are more easily capsized than the flat-bottomed boats4 ,canoes and ,canoeing ,if you are to own a canoe select it carefully2 consult catalogues of reliable dealers1 and1 if possible1 have an experienced and good canoeist help you choose it4 ,the pretty canoe made of wood will answer in calm waters and wear well with careful usage1 but sportsmen prefer the canvas-covered canoe1 declaring it the best boat for cruising1 as it is light1 easy to manage1 will stand rough usage1 and will also carry greater loads4 ,the best make has a frame of hardwood with cedar ribs and planking2 spruce gunwales and brass bang-plates to protect the ends4 ,this canoe is covered with strong canvas1 treated with some kind of filler1 and then painted and varnished4 ,there are usually two cane seats1 one at the stern1 the other near the bow4 ,these are built in4 ,canoes vary in the shape of the bow1 some being higher than others4 ,the high bow prevents the shipping of too much water1 but will also offer resistance to the wind and so impede the progress of the boat4 ,a medium high bow is the best4 ,one firm of camp-outfitters advertises a canoe called the ,sponson1 the name being taken from the air-chambers built along the outside rail1 which are called sponsons4 ,it is claimed that these air-chambers make it next to impossible to upset the canoe1 and that even when filled with water it will support a heavy weight4 ,sponsons can also be purchased separately and can be adjusted to any sized canoe4 ,illustration3 ,keep your body steady4 ,for a novice the sponsons would seem a good thing1 as they not only insure safety but1 in doing away with the fear of an upset1 make learning to paddle easier4 ,then there are the guide canoes made especially for hunting and fishing4 ,they are strong1 flat-bottomed1 will carry a heavy load1 are easy to paddle or pole1 and will stand rough water4 ,these canoes are good for general use on the trail4 ,the prices of a good canoe range from twenty-eight dollars to forty dollars4 ,one may go higher1 of course1 but the essentials of the canoe will be no better4 ,a lower price means1 as a rule1 not so good a boat4 ,paddles ,girls and women generally require shorter paddles than men1 as they do not have the same reach of arm1 and you can take your choice of lengths4 ,for the stern the paddle should be longer than for the bow4 ,paddles are made of red oak1 maple1 ash1 spruce1 and cherry4 ,some authorities prefer spruce for ordinary usage1 but in rough water and in shooting rapids a harder wood is best4 ,the weak part of a paddle is where the blade joins the handle1 and this part should not be too slender4 ,if you use spruce paddles keep them smooth by trimming away all roughness and keep them well shellacked1 else they may become water-soaked4 ,paddles range in price from one dollar and fifty cents to three dollars4 ,illustration3 ,canoeing on placid waters4 ,accessories ,a strong1 healthy girl will no more need cushions and canoe-chairs than a boy1 but a back rest is not always to be despised4 ,it is well to have a large sponge aboard for bailing and for cleaning4 ,at a portage or carry1 the canoe is carried overland on the shoulders1 and though some guides scorn to use a carrier1 others are glad of them4 ,there are several styles1 one being the neck-yoke carrier1 another the pneumatic canoe-yoke4 ,the pneumatic yoke1 when not inflated with air1 can be rolled into a bundle three by six inches1 and when inflated it can also be used for a canoe-seat1 a camp-seat1 and even for a pillow4 ,its weight is two pounds and the catalogue price is three dollars and twenty-five cents4 ,care of the ,canoe ,even the strongest canoe should be well cared for4 ,to leave it in the water for any length of time1 when not in use1 is to run the risk of damage and loss4 ,a sudden storm will batter it against shore1 send it adrift1 or fill and sink it4 ,a canoe should always be lifted1 not dragged1 ashore1 and it should be turned upside down on the bank with a support in the middle so that it will not be strained by resting only on the ends4 ,getting in the ,canoe ,never allow any one to get into your canoe or to sit on it when it is out of the water4 ,that is harder on it than many days of actual use4 ,when you are to get aboard your canoe1 bring it up broadside to the shore and put one foot exactly in the middle1 then carefully place the other beside it and sit down quickly1 but with care to keep your balance4 ,if there is no one to hold the canoe for you1 use your paddle to steady yourself by pushing it down to the bottom on the side away from shore4 ,this will keep the canoe from slipping away from under you while you are stepping in4 ,one of the first things to learn in canoeing is to preserve your balance2 even a slight lurch to one side or the other must be avoided4 ,make every necessary movement cautiously and do not look backward unless absolutely necessary4 ,never attempt to change places with any one while in the canoe4 ,if the change must be made1 land and change there4 ,illustration3 ,bring your canoe up broadside to the shore4 ,upset ,should there be an upset keep hold of your paddle1 it will help to keep you afloat1 then if you can reach your craft and hold to it without trying to climb upon it you can keep your head above water until help arrives or until you can tread water to shore4 ,if you can swim you are comparatively safe1 and a girl who goes often on the trail should1 by all means1 be a swimmer4 ,paddling ,some expert canoeists strongly advise kneeling in the bottom of the canoe while paddling1 for at least part of the time1 but the usual method is to sit on the seats provided at bow and stern1 or sit on the bottom4 ,the kneeling paddler has her canoe in better control1 and becomes more one with it than one who sits4 ,in shooting rapids and in rough weather kneeling is the safest when one knows how to paddle in that position4 ,it is a good thing to learn both methods4 ,when you paddle close one hand firmly on the end of the paddle and the other around the handle a short distance above the blade4 ,then1 keeping your body steady1 dip your paddle into the water slightly in front of you and sweep it backward and downward toward the stern1 keeping it close to the canoe4 ,you face the bow in a canoe1 remember1 and reach forward for your stroke4 ,at the finish of a stroke turn the paddle edgewise and slide it out of the water4 ,for the next stroke bring the blade forward1 swinging it horizontally with the blade parallel to the water1 and slide it edgewise into the water again in front of you4 ,fig4 #cd shows the beginning of a stroke1 ,fig4 #ce while the stroke is in progress1 and ,fig4 #cf the ending4 ,during the stroke bring your upper hand forward across your face or breast1 and with the lower draw the blade through the water4 ,it is well to begin as bow paddler1 for your duty there1 in smooth water1 is to watch for obstructions such as hidden rocks and submerged logs or snags1 while the paddler at the stern must steer the canoe and keep it in a straight course4 ,at the beginning learn to paddle as well from one side as from the other4 ,to be able to change sides is very restful and sometimes a quick change will prevent an accident4 ,like many other things1 the knack of paddling will come with experience and will then require no more thought than keeping your balance on a bicycle and steering it4 ,loading a ,canoe ,a top-heavy canoe is decidedly dangerous1 that is why it is safest to sit or kneel on the bottom1 and in loading your camp stuff bear the fact well in mind4 ,pack the load as low in the canoe as possible with the heaviest things at the bottom1 but use common sense and do not put things that should be kept dry underneath where any water that is shipped will settle and soak them4 ,think again and put cooking utensils and lunch provender where you can reach them without unloading the canoe4 ,the packing should be done in such a way as to cause the canoe to tip neither at one end or at the other1 and certainly not to one side4 ,illustration3 #cd #cf #ce ,how to use the paddle and a flat-bottomed rowboat4 ,rowing ,a rowboat is a safer craft than a canoe1 and rowing is not a difficult feat1 but there is a difference between the rowing of a heavy flat-bottomed boat and rowing a light skiff or round-bottomed rowboat4 ,in rowing properly one's body does most of the work and the strain comes more on the muscles of the back than on those of the arms4 ,in paddling you face the bow of the canoe2 in rowing you are turned around and face the stern of your boat4 ,in paddling you reach forward and draw your paddle back2 in rowing you lean back and pull your oars forward4 ,when beginning a stroke grasp the handles of your oars firmly near the ends1 lean forward with arms outstretched and elbows straight1 the oars slanting backward1 and1 by bearing down on the handles of the oars1 lift the blades above the water4 ,then drop them in edgewise and pull1 straightening your body1 bending your elbows1 and bringing your hands together one above the other4 ,as you finish the stroke bear down on your oars to lift the blades out of the water again1 turn your wrists to bring the flat of the blades almost parallel with the water but with the back edge lifted a little2 then bend forward and1 sweeping the oars backward1 turning the edge down1 plunge them in the water for another pull4 ,turning the wrists at the beginning of a stroke feathers the oar1 the forward edge of which is sometimes allowed to skim lightly over the surface of the water as the oar is carried backward4 ,in steering with the oars you pull hardest on the oar on the side opposite to the direction you wish to take4 ,a little practise and all this comes easy enough4 ,the thing for a beginner to avoid is catching a crab4 ,that is1 dipping the oars so lightly in the water as not to give sufficient hold1 which will cause them1 when pulled forward1 to fly up and send the rower sprawling on her back4 ,in dipping too deeply there is danger of losing an oar by the suction of the water4 ,experience will teach the proper depth for the stroke4 ,on some of the ,adirondack lakes the round-bottomed rowboats are used almost exclusively1 but the boat with a narrow1 flat bottom is safer and is both light and easy to row4 ,a cedar rowboat is the most desirable4 ,the oars should be light for ordinary rowing yet strong enough to prevent their snapping above the blade in rough water4 ,rafts ,you can never tell just what will happen when you go on the long trail1 that is one of its charms1 nor do you know what you will be called upon to do4 ,the girl best versed in the ways of the water as well as of the woods is surest of safety1 and can be most helpful to her party4 ,possibly you may never be called upon to build a raft1 and again an emergency may arise when a raft will not only be convenient but absolutely necessary4 ,when such an emergency does come it is not likely that you will have anything besides the roughest of building material and no tools besides your small axe or hatchet4 ,but with your axe you can chop off limbs of sufficient size for the raft from fallen trees1 and with ropes made of the inner bark of trees you can bind your small logs together in such a way as to hold them firmly4 ,do not use green wood1 it will not float like the dry4 ,logs about twelve inches in diameter are the best1 but half that size will make a good raft4 ,six feet by twelve is a fair size4 ,the smaller the logs the larger the raft must be in order to carry any weight1 for it must cover a wider surface of water than is necessary for one made of large logs4 ,one good-sized log will carry your weight easily1 but a small one will sink beneath you4 ,if you have two long1 strong ropes you can use them for binding the logs together2 if not you must make the ropes from fibre of some kind4 ,daniel ,c4 ,beard in his book1 ,boat-,building and ,boating1 tells of making a very strong rope of the inner bark of a chestnut-tree which had been killed by fire4 ,the fibre torn off in long strips must be twisted by two persons1 or one end may be tied to a branch while you twist the other4 ,when two are twisting one person takes one end1 the other takes the other end1 and1 standing as far apart as possible1 each twists the fibre between her fingers1 turning it in opposite directions until when held slack it will double on itself and make a double twist4 ,the ends are then brought together and the rope kept from snarling until it is bent at the middle and allowed to double twist evenly all the way to the end4 ,the fibre rope will be a little less than half the length of the original strands1 and it should be about the size of heavy clothes-line rope4 ,the short lengths of rope must be tied together to make two long ropes4 ,use the square knot in tying to make sure that it will not slip4 ,when the knot is wet it will be quite secure4 ,illustration3 ,the raft of logs4 ,primitive ,weaving ,method ,for tying the logs together use the primitive weaving method4 ,lay three lengths of rope on the ground1 one for the middle and one each for the ends of the logs4 ,roll one log along the ropes until it rests across the middle of each rope1 then turn each rope over the log1 forming a bight as in ,fig4 #cg4 ,bring the lower rope over the upper 7,fig4 #ch7 to form a loop1 and turn it back over the log 7,fig4 #ci74 ,this leaves the log with three loops of rope around it1 one end of each rope lying on the ground1 the other end turned back over the log4 ,now roll another log over the lower ropes up close to the first log 7,fig4 #dj74 ,bring down the upper ropes over the second log 7,fig4 #da71 cross the lower ropes over the upper ones and turn them back 7,fig4 #db74 ,draw the ropes tight and push the logs as closely together as possible2 unless your logs are straight there will be wide spaces between4 ,roll the third log over the lower ropes and make the weaving loop as with the other two1 always crossing the lower rope over the upper 7,fig4 #dc74 ,continue weaving in new logs until the raft is the required width1 then tie the ends of the ropes around the last log4 ,remember to keep the ropes on the ground always in a straight line without slanting them1 otherwise the sides of your raft will not be at right angles to the ends1 and it will be a crazily built affair1 cranky and difficult to manage4 ,chop notches on the outside logs where the ropes are to pass over them1 and they will keep the rope from slipping out of place 7,fig4 #dd74 ,cut two1 more slender1 logs for the ends of the raft and lash them on across the others as in ,fig4 #de4 ,the end logs should extend a little beyond each side of the raft4 ,fasten a rope with a strong slip knot to one end of the cross log and wrap it over the log and under the first lengthwise log1 then over and under again to form a cross on top4 ,when the rope is under the second time bring it up between the second and third log1 then down between the third and fourth log1 and so on to the end1 when you must make a secure fastening4 ,these cross logs give additional strength1 keep the raft in shape1 and prevent its shipping too much water4 ,if you will make a miniature raft1 following these directions carefully1 when the time comes for you to build a full-sized one you will be quite familiar with the method of construction and will know exactly how to go about it4 ,illustration3 #cg #ch #ci #dj #da #db #dc #dd #de ,primitive weaving in raft building4 ,for the little raft use small1 straight branches about twelve inches long4 ,twist your slender rope of fibre if you can get it1 of string if you cannot1 and weave it around the sticks just as you would weave the rope around the logs1 finishing off with the two end sticks for the end logs4 ,poling ,if you have a raft you must know how to pole it1 and at times it is necessary to pole other kinds of craft4 ,select a straight pole of strong1 green wood eight feet or more in length4 ,the length of the pole will depend upon the depth of the water1 for it must be long enough to reach bottom4 ,trim off all the small branches and make it as smooth as possible4 ,when the water is deep and calm a pole may sometimes be used as a paddle to send the raft along1 but its real purpose is to push from the bottom4 ,in poling you must necessarily stand near the edge of the raft and must therefore be careful not to lean too far over the water lest you lose your balance and fall in4 ,poling is a primitive1 go-as-you-please method of propelling a craft and is almost free from rules except those suggested by the common sense of the poler4 ,like the early pioneers1 you simply do the best you can under the circumstances and are alert to take advantage of every element in your favor4 ,where there is a current you pole for it and then allow your raft to float with it1 provided it goes in the direction you wish to take and is not too swift4 ,in this case you use your pole for steering1 which may sometimes be done from the stern1 making a rudder of the pole1 at others from the side1 and at times reaching down to the river bed4 ,if the current runs the wrong way be careful to keep out of it as much as possible4 ,shallow water near the shore is usually the most quiet and the safest for a raft4 ,here you can generally pole your raft up-stream when the water is deep enough to float it and is not obstructed by rocks1 logs1 or snags4 ,a raft is not safe where there is a swift current1 and there should always be strong arms to manage it4 ,swimming ,if you will realize that your body is buoyant1 not a dead weight in the water1 and that swimming should come as naturally to you as to the wild creatures1 it may help you to gain the confidence so essential in learning to swim4 ,if you are not afraid of the water you will not struggle while in it1 and the air in your lungs will keep you afloat while you learn to make the movements that will carry you along4 ,you will not sink if you are quite calm and move only your hands under water with a slight paddling movement4 ,keep in mind that every inch above water but adds so much to the weight to sink you lower4 ,to throw up your arms is the surest way of going straight to the bottom4 ,do not be afraid to allow the water to come up and partially cover your chin4 ,all sorts of contrivances have been invented to keep a person afloat while learning to swim1 but they all tend to take from1 rather than to give confidence1 for it is natural to depend entirely upon them and to feel helpless when they are taken away4 ,according to my own experience the best method is to have a friend place a hand under your chin while her feet are touching bottom and to walk with you while you learn to make the swimming movements4 ,this will keep your head above water and give you a sense of security1 and you will then strike out confidently4 ,the support rendered is so slight you learn to manage your own weight in the water almost immediately1 while you have the feeling that some one upholds you1 and the friendly hand may be withdrawn at intervals to allow you to try entirely alone4 ,you see that after all it is the feeling of being supported more than the actual support that counts1 and if you can convince yourself that you need no support you won't need it4 ,it is best to start by swimming toward land instead of away from it4 ,to know that you are not going beyond your depth but are gaining the shore is a great help in conquering fear4 ,movements in ,swimming ,if you are learning alone1 begin in quiet1 shallow water only deep enough to float you2 waist-high is sufficiently deep4 ,assume the first position for swimming by throwing your body forward with arms extended and palms of hands together1 at the same time lifting your feet from the bottom with a spring4 ,this should bring your body out perfectly straight in the water1 feet together and arms ready for the first movement4 ,now separate your hands1 turn them palm outward1 and swing your arms around in a half-circle until they extend straight out from the sides1 pushing the water back with your hands4 ,in the second movement bend your elbows and bring them down with palms of hands together under your chin1 and at the same time draw your legs up under your body with knees and feet still held close together4 ,the third movement is to send your arms shooting straight ahead1 while your legs1 separating1 describe a half-circle and your feet pushing against the water force you forward and then come together again in the first position4 ,this is a point to be remembered3 always thrust your hands forward1 to open the way1 and your feet back1 to push yourself through it1 at the same time4 ,it is like a wire spring being freed at both ends at once1 each end springing away from the middle4 ,when you push the spring together1 that is1 when in taking the second movement you draw in your hands and feet1 do it slowly2 then take the third movement--letting the spring out--quickly1 thrusting out your hands in front and your feet at the back with a sudden movement1 pushing your feet strongly against the water and stretching yourself out as far as you can reach4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,friendly ,,hand ,,under ,,your ,,chin ,,will ,,give ,,you ,,confidence ,,learn ,,to ,,tread ,,water ,,for ,,safety ,learn to be at home in the water4 ,floating ,some people can float who cannot swim4 ,others can swim but are not able to float4 ,that is1 they think they are not and do not seem willing to try1 but it is quite necessary every one should know how to rest in the water1 and learning to float is very essential4 ,the hand of a friend will help you in this as in learning to swim1 but for floating it is held under the back of your head instead of under your chin4 ,lie on your back with legs straight before you1 feet together1 arms close at your sides1 and head thrown back2 trust the water to bear you up and all that is necessary to keep you afloat is a rotary motion of your hands under water4 ,after a time all movement may be given up and you will lie easily and quietly as on a bed4 ,it is said that it is easier for women and girls to float than for men1 because their bones are lighter1 and some learn to float the first time they enter the water2 all of which is very encouraging to girls4 ,breathe deeply but naturally while floating1 for the more air there is in your lungs the more buoyant will be your body and the higher it will float4 ,if your body is inclined to roll from side to side spread out your arms under water until you steady yourself4 ,if your feet persist in sinking extend your arms above your head under water and this will maintain the balance4 ,do not try to lift your head1 but keep it well back in the water4 ,if your nose and mouth are out that is all that is necessary4 ,let your muscles relax and lie limply4 ,to regain your feet after floating bring your arms in front and pull on the water with scooped hands while raising your body from the hips4 ,diving ,you will learn to dive merely for the joy of the quick plunge into cool waters1 but there are times when to understand diving may mean the saving of your own or some one else's life1 and no matter how suddenly or unexpectedly you are cast into the water by accident1 you will retain your self-possession and be able to strike out and swim immediately4 ,one should never dive into unknown water if it can be avoided1 but as on the trail all water is likely to be unknown1 investigate it well before diving and look out for hidden rocks4 ,do not dive into shallow water2 that is dangerous4 ,if you are to dive from the bank some distance above the water1 stand on the edge with your toes reaching over it4 ,extend your arms1 raise them1 and duck your head between with your arms1 forming an arch above1 your ears covered by your arms4 ,lock your thumbs together to keep your hands from separating when they strike the water4 ,bend your knees slightly and spring from them1 but straighten them immediately so that you will be stretched full length as you enter the water4 ,as soon as your body is in the water curve your back inward1 lift your head up1 and make a curve through the water to the surface4 ,breathing ,breathe through your nose always when swimming as well as when walking4 ,to open your mouth while swimming is usually to swallow a pint or two of water4 ,exhale your breath as you thrust your hands forward1 inhale it as you bring them back4 ,blow your hands from you4 ,treading ,water ,in treading water you maintain an upright position as in walking4 ,some one says3 ,to tread water is like running up-stairs rapidly4 ,try running up-stairs and you will get the leg movement4 ,while the water is up to your neck1 bend your elbows and bring your hands to the surface1 then keep the palms pressing down the water4 ,the principle is the same as in swimming4 ,when you swim you force the water back with your hands and feet and so send your body forward4 ,when you tread water you force the water down with your hands and feet and so send your body1 or keep it1 up4 ,it is even possible to stand quite still in deep water when you learn to keep your balance4 ,all you do is to spread out your arms at the sides on a line with your shoulders and keep your head well back4 ,you may go below the surface once or twice until you learn1 but you will come up again and the feat is well worth while4 ,what an outdoor girl should strive for is to become thoroughly at home in the water so that she may enter it fearlessly and know what to do when she is there4 ,illustration3 ,for dinner4 ,fishing ,just here would seem to be the place to talk of fishing1 but ,i am not going to try to tell you how to fish2 that would take a volume1 there are so many kinds of fish and so many ways of fishing4 ,one way is to cut a slender pole1 tie a fish-line on the small end1 tie a fish-hook to the end of the line1 bait it with an angleworm1 stand on the bank1 drop the hook and bait into the water1 and await results4 ,another way is to put together a delicate1 quivering fishing-rod1 carefully select a fly1 adjust it1 stand on the bank1 or in a boat1 and cast the fly far out on the water with a dexterous turn of the wrist4 ,you may catch fish in either way1 but in some cases the pole and angleworm is the surest4 ,a visitor stood on the bank of our ,pike ,county lake and skilfully sent his fly skimming over the water while the boy of the family1 catching perch with his home-cut pole and angleworms1 was told to watch and learn4 ,he did watch politely for a while1 then turned again to his own affairs4 ,once more some one said3 ,look at ,mr4 ,j41 boy1 and learn to cast a fly4 ,but the boy1 placidly fishing1 returned3 ,i'd rather know how to catch fish4 ,it was true the boy had caught the fish and the skilful angler had not4 ,all of which goes to prove that if it is fish you want1 just any kind of fish and not the excitement of the sport1 a pole like the boy's will probably be equal to all requirements4 ,but there are black bass in the lake1 and had one of them been in that particular part of it1 no doubt the fly would have tempted him1 and the experience and skill of ,mr4 ,j4 supplemented by his long1 flexible rod1 his reel and landing net1 would have done the rest1 while the boy had little chance of such a bite and almost none of landing a game fish like the bass4 ,illustration3 ,the veteran4 ,if you want to fish1 and every girl on the trail should know how1 take it up in a common-sense way and learn from an experienced person4 ,own a good1 serviceable rod and fishing tackle and let it be your business to know why they are good4 ,make up your mind to long1 patient1 trying waits1 to early and late excursions1 and to some disappointments4 ,take a fisherman's luck cheerfully and carry the thing through like a true sportsman4 ,there is one thing to remember which sportsmen sometimes forget in the excitement of the game and that is not to catch more fish than you have use for4 ,one need not be cruel even to cold-blooded fish1 nor need one selfishly grab all one can get merely for the sake of the getting and without a thought for those who are to come after4 ,we have all heard of good fishing places which have been fished out1 and that could not be if the fishermen had taken only as many as they could use4 ,this rule holds good all through the wild3 ,take what you need1 it is yours1 but all the rest belongs to others4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,useful ,,knots ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,tie ,,them ,square ,knots4 ,hitching ,knots4 ,other ,knots ,every outdoor girl should know what knots to use for various purposes and how to tie them1 but only those which will be found useful on the trail are given here4 ,terms ,used in ,knot-,tying ,there are three different kinds of bends that are given a rope in the process of tying a knot1 and each bend has its own name4 ,you must learn these in order to understand the directions for knot-tying2 they are3 the bight1 the loop1 and the round turn4 ,the bight 7,fig4 #df7 is made by bending the rope so that the sides are parallel4 ,the loop 7,fig4 #dg7 is made by lapping one rope of the bight across the other4 ,the round turn 7,fig4 #dh7 is made by carrying one rope of the loop all the way around to the other side1 making half of the loop double4 ,square ,knot ,this is probably what you would at first call a hard knot1 and so it is a hard knot to come untied of itself or to slip1 but it is easy to untie when necessary4 ,the hard knot most people tie is not quite the same as the square knot1 though it does resemble it4 ,the ordinary hard knot is what is known as the granny knot1 a slurring name which means a failure4 ,the granny knot will not always stay tied1 it often slips and it cannot be trusted when absolute security is needed4 ,begin the square knot with the single first tie 7,fig4 #di74 ,you see the end ,x turns up over the other rope while the end ,o laps under the rope4 ,now bring the two ends together1 lapping ,x over ,o 7,fig4 #ej74 ,then pass ,x back under ,o1 making the single tie once more4 ,now compare what you have done with ,fig4 #ea4 ,notice in the drawing that the ends of rope ,x are both over the right-hand bight1 and the ends of rope ,o are both under the left-hand bight4 ,draw the square knot tight and it looks like ,fig4 #eb4 ,you cannot make a mistake in tying the square knot if you remember to notice which end is on top1 or laps over the other rope when the first single tie is made 7,fig4 #di71 and then be sure to lap this same end over the other end in making the second tie which finishes the knot4 ,figure-,eight ,knot ,use the figure-eight knot to make a knot on the end of a rope or to prevent the end of the strands from untwisting4 ,form a loop like ,fig4 #ec near the end of the rope1 bringing the short end over the long rope2 then pass the short end under the long rope once1 as shown by dotted line1 and carry it up over and through the loop 7,fig4 #ed74 ,pull it up tightly to bring the end square across the rope 7,fig4 #ee74 ,this knot is not difficult to untie4 ,illustration3 #df ,bight4 #dg ,loop4 #dh ,round turn4 ,,bends ,,in ,,knot ,,tying #di ,,square ,,knot #ej #ea #eb ,bow-,line ,knot ,to form a loop that will not slip and yet may be easily untied use the bow-line knot4 7#a7 ,when the loop is not fastened to anything use the overhand method of tying it4 ,first measure off sufficient rope for the loop you wish to make and hold the place with your left hand 7this place is indicated by the arrow in ,fig4 #ef72 then with your right hand throw the short end of the rope over the long rope 7,fig4 #ef74 ,still holding the short end with your right hand1 with the left hand bring the long rope up to form a loop over the end 7,fig4 #eg74 ,now with your right hand take up the end1 draw it farther through the loop1 and pass it behind the long rope above the loop1 from right to left 7,fig4 #eh74 ,bring the end forward again and slip it downward through the loop 7,fig4 #ei74 ,draw the knot tight and it cannot slip1 no matter how great the strain4 7#b7 ,use the underhand method when the loop is passed around something or through a ring4 ,this loop may be put around the neck of a horse or cow without danger of injury1 for it will not slip and tighten4 ,it can also be used in place of the hitching tie4 ,slip the rope through the ring1 or around the object1 from left to right while you hold the long rope in your left hand4 ,take a half-hitch around the long rope1 passing the end over the long rope1 then under it4 ,this makes a loop like ,fig4 #fj4 ,transfer this loop from the short rope to the long rope by holding loosely1 or giving slack1 with the left hand and pulling up with the right4 ,a little practise will enable you to do this easily4 ,fig4 #fa shows the loop transferred to the long rope with the short end passing through it4 ,at this stage carry the short end over1 then under the long rope below the loop 7,fig4 #fb71 then up and through the loop as in ,fig4 #fc4 ,tighten the knot by pulling on both the long rope and the short end4 ,illustration3 #ec #ed #ee ,,figure ,,eight ,,knot #ef #eg #eh ,,overhand ,,bowline ,,knot #ei ,sheep-,shank ,knot ,it is sometimes necessary to shorten a rope temporarily and not desirable to cut it1 and the sheep-shank knot solves the problem4 ,it is used by the sailors1 who do not believe in cutting ropes4 ,it will stand a tremendous strain without slipping1 but will loosen when held slack1 and can be untied by a quick jerk of the two outside ropes forming the bights4 ,begin by bending the rope to form two bights as in ,a1 ,fig4 #fd1 carry the single rope over at the top of the bend1 then under to form a half-hitch as in ,b4 ,do the same with the other single rope at the bottom of the bend ,c1 and draw both ends tight 7,d74 ,with a little practise this can be done very quickly4 ,if the rope is to be permanently shortened pass the ends through the first and second bights at the bend as in ,e1 and the knot will hold for any length of time4 ,the ,parcel ,slip-,knot ,this is the simplest of all knots to start with in tying up a parcel4 ,begin by making a knot about one inch from the end of your twine1 using the single tie like ,f 7,fig4 #fe74 ,if this does not make the knot large enough use the figure-eight knot4 ,the single tie is sufficient in ordinary cases4 ,wrap your twine once around your parcel1 lapping the long twine over the knotted end as in ,g4 ,bring the knotted end over the long twine1 forming a bight1 then over and under its own twine with the single tie 7,h74 ,draw the tie up close to the knot at the end2 the knot prevents it from slipping off4 ,now the long twine may be drawn tight or loosened at will1 and will hold the first wrap in place while the twine is being wrapped around the package in a different place4 ,illustration3 #fj #fa #fb #fc ,,underhand ,,bowline ,,knot ,a ,b ,c ,,fig #fd ,,sheepshank ,,knot ,d ,e ,cross-,tie ,parcel ,knot ,when you have two or more parallel twines on your parcel and have begun to bring down the cross-line1 secure it to each twine in this way3 ,bring the long twine down and loop it under the first twine to form a bight as in ,i 7,fig4 #ff74 ,then carry the long twine over1 itself forming a loop 7,j71 then under the first twine as in ,k4 ,draw tight and proceed to the second twine1 making the same cross-tie4 ,when you have carried your cross-line entirely around the parcel1 tie it securely to the first twine where it began and finish with a single-tie knot1 making a knot on the last end of the twine close to the fastening1 to keep the end from slipping through4 ,fisherman's ,knot ,the fisherman's knot is used by fishermen to tie silkworm gut together4 ,it is easily untied by pulling the two short ends1 but it never slips4 ,lay the two ropes side by side 7,l1 ,fig4 #fg71 then make a loop around one rope with the other rope1 passing the end under both ropes 7,m74 ,bring the end over and into the loop to make a single tie 7,n74 ,tie the end of the second rope around the first rope in the same manner 7,n7 and draw both knots tight 7,o74 ,halter1 ,slip1 or ,running ,knot ,the halter or slip knot is often convenient1 but should never be used around the neck of an animal1 for if either end is pulled it will slip and tighten1 thereby strangling the creature4 ,first form a bight1 then with one end of the rope make a single tie around the other rope 7,fig4 #fh74 ,illustration3 ,f ,g ,h ,,fig #fe ,,parcel ,,slip ,,knot ,i ,j ,k ,,fig #ff ,,cross-,,tie ,,parcel ,,knot ,l ,m ,n ,o ,,fig #fg ,,fisherman',s ,,knot ,half-,hitch ,if you have anything to do with horses or boats you must know how to make the proper ties for hitching the horse to a post1 or a boat to a tree1 stump1 or anything else that is handy4 ,the half-hitch is a loop around a rope with the short end secured under the loop 7,fig4 #fi74 ,this answers for a temporary1 but not a secure1 fastening4 ,timber-,hitch ,when you want a temporary fastening1 secure yet easily undone1 make a timber-hitch 7,fig4 #gj74 ,pass the rope around an object1 take a half-hitch around the rope1 and pass the short end once more between the rope and the object4 ,hitching ,tie ,if the hitching tie is properly made1 and the knot turned to the right of the post1 the stronger the pull on the long end of the rope1 the tighter the hold1 and the loop will not slip down even on a smooth1 plain post4 ,if the knot is turned to the left1 or is directly in front1 the loop will not pull tight and will slide down4 ,for the reason that the loop will tighten1 the hitching tie should never be used around the neck of a horse1 as it might pull tight and the animal be strangled4 ,in making the hitching tie1 first pass the rope from left to right around the post1 tree1 or stump2 bring it together and hold in the left hand4 ,the left hand is represented by the arrow 7,fig4 #ga74 ,with the right hand throw the short end of the rope across the ropes in front of the left hand1 forming a loop below the left hand 7,fig4 #gb74 ,slip the right hand through this loop1 grasp the rope just in front1 and pull it back to form a bight1 as you make a chain-stitch in crocheting 7,fig4 #gc74 ,down through this last bight pass the end of the rope and pull the knot tight 7,fig4 #gd74 ,illustration3 #fh #fh #fi #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd ,the halter1 slip-knot1 and hitching-tie4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,accidents ,sprains4 ,bruises4 ,burns4 ,cuts4 ,sunstroke4 ,drowning ,one learns quickly how to take care of oneself while on the trail1 and serious accidents seldom occur4 ,in fact1 every member of the party takes pride in keeping herself free from accident2 it is so like a tenderfoot to get hurt4 ,however1 it is well to be prepared in case accidents do occur1 and this chapter is intended to forearm you that you may not stand helplessly by when your aid is needed4 ,sprains and ,bruises ,the best immediate treatment for ordinary sprains and bruises is the application of cloths dipped in very hot water4 ,this takes out the soreness and prevents inflammation4 ,as soon as one application cools a little1 a hot one should take its place1 as hot as can be borne without scalding the flesh4 ,very cold water can be used when hot is not obtainable4 ,for a sprained ankle or wrist continue this treatment for a while and then bind smoothly and firmly with a clean cotton bandage4 ,keep as quiet as possible with a sprained ankle1 and if the accident occurs when on a walk the fireman's lift may be used for carrying the injured person to camp4 ,illustration3 ,the fireman's lift4 ,fireman's ,lift ,to be able to use the fireman's lift may be to save a life1 as it can be employed when there is but one person to do the carrying4 ,with practise any girl of ordinary strength can lift and carry another of her own size or even larger4 ,in order to make the lift easy1 instruct the patient to relax all her muscles and become perfectly limp2 then turn her on her face1 stand over her body with one foot at each side1 face toward the patient's head4 ,lean forward and place your hands under her arms1 then gently raise her to her knees1 next slide your hands quickly down around her body at the low waist-line1 lifting her at the same time to her feet4 ,immediately grasp her right wrist with your left hand1 and pass your head under her right arm and your right arm under one or both of her knees1 shifting the patient's hips well on your shoulders1 rise to a standing position and carry patient away4 ,cuts ,the accidents that most frequently happen are simple cuts and bruises4 ,for a slight cut wash the wound in lukewarm water to remove all dirt or foreign matter1 then press the lips or sides together and hold them in place with strips of court-plaster or surgeon's adhesive plaster4 ,do not cover the entire wound with the plaster1 but put strips across at right angles with the cut1 leaving a space between every two strips and using only enough plaster to keep the cut closed4 ,cover the hurt part with a bandage to protect it from further injury4 ,illustration3 ,the tourniquet4 ,blanket stretcher4 ,aids in first aid4 ,when an ,artery is ,cut ,when an artery is cut the wound is more serious and the bleeding must be stopped immediately4 ,when the blood comes from an artery it is bright red in color and flows copiously in spurts or jets4 ,the blood in the arteries is flowing away from the heart1 therefore you must stop it between the cut and the heart4 ,it is the arteries in the arms and legs that are most likely to be injured4 ,in the arm the large artery runs down the inner side of the upper arm4 ,in the leg the artery runs down the inner side of the upper leg4 ,the ,tourniquet ,to stop the bleeding press the artery above the wound firmly with your fingers while some one prepares a tourniquet4 ,use a handkerchief1 a necktie1 or anything of the kind for a tourniquet2 tie it loosely around the limb and in the bandage place a smooth stone 7or something that will take its place71 adjusting it just above your fingers on the artery4 ,then slip a strong1 slender stick about ten inches long under the bandage at the outer side of the arm or leg and turn the stick around like the hand of a clock1 until the stone presses the artery just as your fingers did4 ,tie the stick above and below the bandage to keep it from untwisting4 ,do not forget that the tourniquet is cutting off circulation1 and for this to continue very long is dangerous4 ,it is not safe to keep it on more than one hour without loosening4 ,if the hand or foot grows cold and numb before that time loosen the tourniquet and rub briskly to restore circulation4 ,should the wound begin to bleed again when the tourniquet is loosened1 be ready to tighten at once4 ,in case of an accident of this kind summon a physician1 if one can be reached quickly4 ,if not1 take the patient to the nearest doctor1 for the artery must be tied as soon as possible and only a physician or skilful trained nurse can do that part of the work4 ,emergency ,stretchers ,loss of blood is too weakening to permit of the patient walking1 and the exertion may start the wound bleeding again1 so a stretcher of some kind must be contrived in which she may be carried4 ,you can make a good emergency stretcher of two strong poles of green wood1 one large blanket1 and the ever-useful horse-blanket safety-pins4 ,the poles should be about six feet long1 of a size to clasp easily in your hand1 and as smooth as they can be made with hurried work4 ,they should1 at least1 be free from jagged stumps or branches and twigs4 ,begin by folding the blanket through the middle over one of the poles1 then pin the blanket together with the large safety-pins1 with the pins about six inches apart1 to hold the pole in place4 ,that finishes one side2 for the other1 lap the two edges of the blanket over the second pole and pin them down like a hem4 ,the stretcher will be of double thickness and will hold the injured person comfortably4 ,if a serious accident should occur some distance from camp and there are no blankets to use1 do not hesitate to appropriate for a stretcher whatever you have with you4 ,when there is nothing else cut your khaki skirt into strips about twelve inches wide and tie the ends to two poles 7the poles need not be smooth except at the ends71 leaving spaces between4 ,burns and ,scalds ,personally ,i have repudiated the old method of treating simple burns and scalds and1 instead of applying oil or flour1 have discovered for myself that simply holding a slightly burned finger or hand in a running stream of cold water not only gives instant relief but prevents the pain from returning in any severity4 ,care of the injured part to prevent the skin from breaking and causing a sore is the only thing left to be done4 ,however1 here are the ordinary remedies for burns4 ,any of the following things spread over a piece of linen or soft cotton cloth are said to be good3 olive-oil1 carbolized vaseline1 fresh lard1 cream1 flour1 and baking-soda4 ,for serious burns a physician should be called4 ,heat ,prostration and ,sunstroke ,this will seldom occur in a camp of healthy girls whose stomachs and blood are in good order1 but it is best not to expose oneself to the fierce rays of the sun during a period of intense heat1 or directly after eating4 ,in case any one is overcome and complains of feeling faint1 and of dizziness and throbbing head1 take her where it is cool1 in the shade if possible1 lay her down1 loosen her clothing1 and apply cold water to her face and head4 ,she will probably be able to walk when she revives1 but if not1 carry her home or into camp4 ,do not give whiskey1 brandy1 or any stimulants4 ,cinder or ,foreign ,substance in the ,eye ,as a rule all that is necessary to remove something in your eye is to take the eyelashes of the upper lid between your thumb and forefinger and pull the lid down over the lower one4 ,the lower lashes thus shut in1 combined with the tears that flood the eye1 will clean the eye in most cases4 ,if the cinder or other substance is embedded in the upper lid1 roll back the lid over a match 7the sulphur end taken off71 then moisten a corner of a handkerchief and with it remove the cinder4 ,if this treatment does not avail and the substance cannot be removed1 put a drop of olive-oil in the eye1 close it and cover with a soft bandage1 then go to a physician4 ,do not put anything stiff or hard into the eye4 ,fainting ,fainting occurs most often in overheated and over-crowded places where the air is impure4 ,the proper treatment is to lay the patient flat on her back with the head lower than the rest of the body and feet raised2 then loosen the clothes at waist and neck1 sprinkle the face and neck with cold water1 and hold smelling salts or ammonia to the nostrils4 ,insist upon giving her all the fresh air possible4 ,it is good also to rub the limbs with the motion upward toward the body4 ,drowning--,shafer ,method ,secure a doctor if possible1 but do not wait for him4 ,do not wait for anything2 what you do1 do instantly4 ,as soon as the rescued person is out of the water begin treatment to restore respiration1 that is1 to make her breathe4 ,if you can do this her life will probably be saved4 ,not until the patient breathes naturally must you work to bring warmth and circulation to the body4 ,to promote circulation before the patient breathes naturally may endanger her life4 ,first quickly loosen the clothes at waist and neck2 then turn the patient face downward on the ground with face either downward or turned to one side1 arms extended above the head1 and with chest raised slightly from the ground and resting upon your folded skirt4 ,also place something beneath her forehead to raise her nose and mouth from the ground4 ,this will allow the tongue to fall forward4 ,if it does not1 grasp it with handkerchief and pull forward2 this will permit the water to run out and will provide room for breathing4 ,as in cases of fainting1 so with drowning patient1 she must have all the air possible1 for she is being suffocated with water1 so do not allow a crowd to form around her4 ,keep every one back except those assisting in the actual work of restoration4 ,with the patient in the position described1 kneel by her side or1 better still1 astride of her1 and let your hands fall into the spaces between the short ribs4 ,with your fingers turned outward and your weight falling upon the palms of your hands1 press steadily downward and forward to expel the air from the lungs4 ,hold this position a fraction of a second1 count four1 then gradually release the pressure to allow the air to enter again through the throat4 ,count four1 and again press down4 ,continue this treatment for a while1 then1 using another method1 slip your hands under the patient at the waist-line and lift her up sufficiently to allow her head to hang down as in illustration4 ,lower her gently and lift again4 ,do this several times4 ,you will find that the movement will force the water from the lungs out of the mouth and help to produce artificial respiration4 ,return to the first method and continue the treatment until the breath comes naturally4 ,it may be an hour or two before there are any signs of life such as a gasp or slight movement1 then the breath must be carefully aided by more gentle pressure until it comes easily without help4 ,do not give up hope1 and do not stop working4 ,the work may be continued many hours if done in relays1 that is1 several girls taking part1 each one in her turn4 ,remember1 however1 the treatment must be continuous and no time be allowed to elapse when the change is being made4 ,illustration3 ,restoring respiration4 ,after ,respiration ,begins ,with returning breath the first corner in recovery has been turned1 but the after treatment is very important4 ,to restore circulation1 begin by rubbing the limbs upward with a firm pressure4 ,this sends the blood to the heart4 ,warmth must now be supplied by blankets heated before a fire1 and hot stones or bricks may be placed at the thighs and at the soles of the feet4 ,or the patient should be wrapped in a warm blanket1 placed on a stretcher1 carried to camp1 or to a house1 and put to bed4 ,here hot-water bottles may be used1 and as soon as it is possible for her to swallow1 if nothing else can be obtained1 give a little strong1 hot coffee1 unsweetened and without milk4 ,lastly1 keep the patient quiet and let her sleep4 ,nosebleed ,the simplest method of stopping the nosebleed is to hold something cold on the back of the neck 7a large key will do7 and pinch the nostrils together2 also cool the forehead with water and hold the arms above the head4 ,this is usually effective4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,camp ,,fun ,,and ,,frolics ,active ,sports and ,games4 ,evenings in ,camp4 ,around the ,camp-,fire4 ,quiet ,games1 ,songs1 and ,stories4 ,lighting ,fires ,without a ,match ,camp fun should have a place1 and an important one1 in your plans for the trail4 ,for the time being the camp is your home and it should never be allowed to become dull for want of a little gayety and wholesome amusement4 ,in a permanent camp there will be days when the entire party will be loafing and then is the time to start a frolic of some kind4 ,obstacle ,races ,competitive sports are always entertaining1 and races1 of one kind or another1 are the most exciting4 ,the ,boy ,scouts have a race in which the competitors drop first their staffs1 then their hats1 their neckties1 leggins1 and1 finally struggling out of the blouse of their uniform1 they drop that also4 ,all this must be done while on the way and before they cross a given line4 ,at the line they turn to go back over the course and1 while running1 take up their various belongings and put them on before they reach the home goal4 ,a race planned on these lines will be most amusing4 ,a smooth course is not necessary1 you probably won't have it at camp1 and to get over the uneven ground1 with the detentions of first dropping1 then picking up the articles dropped1 will add to the excitement of the sport4 ,an entertaining variation of this will be to have those taking part in the race appear in impromptu costumes 7worn over the ordinary dress7 which they must remove piece by piece as they run and put the things all on again while returning over the course4 ,such hastily adjusted costumes cannot help but be funny4 ,medals ,the winner of the race should be given a medal as a prize4 ,the medal can be made of any handy material4 ,a tin circular disk cut from the top of a tin can will do4 ,drive a nail through this tin medal near the edge and pass a string through the hole so that it may be hung around the neck of the winner4 ,or instead of giving a medal1 the victor may be crowned1 like the ancient ,greeks1 with a wreath of leaves4 ,blindfold ,obstacle ,walk ,another amusing camp sport is the blindfold obstacle walk4 ,place six or eight good-sized stones on the ground in a row1 about two feet apart4 ,the stones should be flat on top so that you can stand a tin cup filled with water on each stone4 ,let one member of the party make a trial trip over the cups1 stepping between them as she passes down the row2 then blindfold her1 place two people as a guard1 one on each side of her1 to hold her hands and prevent a fall1 and let them lead her to the end of the line of cups and tell her to go over it again4 ,the guard will steady her in case she stumbles but must in no way guide her course aright4 ,the stepper will step high and be absurdly careful not to kick over one of the cups1 for wet feet would probably be the result4 ,sometimes the stepper will leave the line of her own accord2 sometimes her guard will purposely1 and without her knowing it1 lead her off the course and then her careful1 high steps over nothing add to the fun of the onlookers4 ,any number may take part in the sport1 and in turn act as stepper4 ,at the end a prize should be given by vote to the one who afforded the greatest amusement4 ,hunting the ,quail ,this is something like the old game of hide-and-seek1 with which all girls are familiar1 and it will not be difficult to learn4 ,the players are divided into hunter and quails4 ,the hunter is ,it1 and any counting-out rhyme will decide who is to take that part4 ,when the hunter1 with closed eyes1 has counted her hundred1 and the quails have scurried away to their hiding-places behind trees1 bushes1 or rocks1 the hunt begins1 and at the same time begins the cry of the quails3 ,bob-,white6 ,bob-,white6 ,bob-,white6 ,these calls1 coming from every direction1 are very bewildering1 and the hunter must be alert to detect the direction of one particular sound and quick to see the flight of a quail and catch her before she can reach the home goal and find shelter there4 ,the first quail caught becomes hunter in her turn1 and the noisy1 rollicking game continues as long as the players wish4 ,another romping game is called ,trotting-,horse ,it is warranted to put in circulation even the most sluggish blood and to warm the coldest feet1 and it is fine for the almost frosty weather we sometimes have in the mountains4 ,the players form a circle in marching order2 that is1 each girl faces the back of another1 with a space between every two players4 ,trotting-horse1 the ,it of the game1 stands in the centre of the circle4 ,when she gives the signal1 the players forming the circle begin to run round and round1 keeping the circle intact1 while trotting-horse1 always trotting1 tries to slip between the ranks1 which close up to prevent her escape4 ,trotting-horse must trot1 not run4 ,if she runs when making her escape she must go back into the ring and try once more to break away4 ,when she succeeds fairly in getting through the ranks the player in front of whom she slips becomes ,it and takes the place of trotting-horse4 ,wood ,tennis ,wood tennis is of the woods1 woodsy4 ,green pine-cones take the place of balls2 hands1 of rackets2 and branches1 of tennis-net4 ,lay out a regular tennis-court by scraping the lines in the earth1 or outlining the boundaries with sticks or other convenient materials4 ,build a net of branches by sticking the ends in the ground1 and collect a number of smooth1 green cones for balls4 ,wood tennis must1 of necessity1 differ somewhat from the regulation game4 ,since pine-cones will not bounce and there are no rackets for striking them1 they must be tossed across the net1 caught in the hands1 and quickly tossed back4 ,in other respects the rules of the established game may be used entire or simplified if desired4 ,illustration3 ,,when ,,darkness ,,closes ,,in ,around the ,camp-,fire ,when darkness creeps through the woods1 closing in closer and closer2 when it blots out1 one by one1 the familiar landmarks and isolates the little camp in a sea of night1 with the mutual wish for nearer companionship1 we gather around the camp-fire1 the one light in all the great darkness4 ,we are grateful for its warmth1 as the evenings are chill1 and its cheery blaze and crackle bring a feeling of hominess and comfort welcome to every one4 ,if there are men in the party they light their pipes and then begin the stories of past experiences on the trail1 which are of the keenest interest to all campers4 ,these stories1 told while one gazes dreamily into the glowing coals of the fire or looks beyond the light into the mysterious blackness of the forest1 have a charm that is wanting under different surroundings4 ,the stories are not confined to the men1 for in these days when girls and women are also on the trail1 they too can relate things worth the telling4 ,songs ,then come the songs4 ,if there is some one in the party who can lead in singing1 she can use a familiar air with a rousing chorus as a frame upon which to hang impromptu verses1 made up of personalities and local hits4 ,this is always fun and you are surprised how quickly doggerel rhymes suggest themselves when your turn comes to furnish a verse to the song4 ,the leader begins something like this1 using1 perhaps1 the air and refrain of an old chantey or college song4 ,leader ,i spotted a beaver1 ,but he wasn't very nye4 ,chorus ,don't you rock so hard6 ,second ,soloist ,his fur was all ragged ,and he had but one eye4 ,chorus ,don't you rock so hard4 ,oh6 ,you rock and ,i rock1 and ,don't you rock so hard6 ,everybody rocks when ,i rock1 and ,don't you rock so hard4 ,third ,soloist ,you may laugh at the beaver1 ,but he's always up to time4 ,chorus ,don't you rock so hard6 ,fourth ,soloist ,oh1 do drop the beaver1 ,and start a new rhyme4 ,chorus as before ,a song like this may go on indefinitely or until the rhyming powers of the party are exhausted4 ,bird-,call ,match ,in a camp where the members are all familiar with the calls of the various wild birds1 a bird-call match makes a charming game when the party is gathered around the camp-fire4 ,the leader begins by whistling or singing the call of a wild bird2 if it can be put into words so much the better4 ,for instance1 we will take the first few notes of the wood-thrush1 which ,f4 ,schuyler ,mathews has put into notes and words as follows3 ,illustration3 ,music3 ,come to me1 ,i am here4 ,wood-thrush4 ,or the yellow-throated vireo1 which he gives in this way3 ,illustration3 ,music3 ,see me6 ,i'm here1 ,where are you8 ,yellow vireo4 ,if the leader is correct the next player gives the call of another bird4 ,when a player gives a bird call which is known to be incorrect--that is1 absolutely wrong--and some one else can supply the proper rendering1 the first player is dropped from the game just as a person is dropped out of a spelling-match when she misspells a word4 ,if there is no one who can give the call correctly1 she retains her place4 ,this is excellent training in woodcraft as well as a fascinating game4 ,your ears will be quickened to hear and to identify the bird calls by playing it2 and storing bird notes in your memory for use in the next bird-call match will become a habit4 ,vary the ,game ,you can vary this game by giving the calls of wild animals and the characteristic noises they make when frightened or angry4 ,living even for a short time in the wild will develop unsuspected faculties and qualities in your make-up1 and to perfect yourself in knowledge of the woods and its inhabitants will seem of the utmost importance4 ,while learning the cries of birds and animals in sport1 you will wish to retain them in earnest1 and to enter the wilderness equipped with some knowledge of its languages1 will open vistas to you that the more ignorant cannot penetrate4 ,lighting the ,fire ,without a ,match ,a fire-lighting contest is the best of camp sports1 for it requires practise and skill1 and to excel in it is to acquire distinction among all outdoor people4 ,there are girls in the ,girl ,pioneers ,organization who are as proficient in lighting a fire without matches as any of the ,boy ,scouts who make much of the feat4 ,bow-and-,drill ,method ,the bow-and-drill method is the most popular among girls and boys alike1 and for this1 as for all other ways of lighting a fire1 you must have the proper appliances and will probably have to make them yourself4 ,unlike the bow used for archery1 the fire-bow is not to be bent by the bow-string but must have a permanent curve4 ,choose a piece of sapling about eighteen or twenty inches long which curves evenly2 cut a notch around it at each end and at the notched places attach a string of rawhide of the kind used as shoe-strings in hunting-shoes4 ,tie the bow-string to the bow in the manner shown in ,fig4 #ge1 and allow it to hang loosely4 ,it must not be taut as for archery4 ,illustration3 ,,make ,,the ,,bow-,,string ,,slack #gg #ge #gf ,fire without matches4 ,to the bow must be added the twirling-stick and fireboard 7,fig4 #gf74 ,make these of spruce4 ,the twirling-stick1 spindle1 or fire-drill should be a little over half an inch in diameter and sixteen inches long4 ,its sides may be rounded or bevelled in six or seven flat spaces like a lead-pencil1 as shown in ,fig4 #gf4 ,cut the top end to a blunt point and sharpen the bottom end as you would a lead-pencil1 leaving the lead blunt4 ,to hold the spindle you must have something to protect your hand4 ,a piece of soapstone or a piece of very hard wood will answer4 ,this is called the socket-block4 ,in the wood or stone make a hole for a socket that will hold the top end of the spindle 7,fig4 #gf74 ,the flat piece of spruce for your fireboard should be about two feet long and a little less than one inch thick4 ,cut a number of triangular notches in one edge of the board as in ,fig4 #gf4 ,make the outer end of each notch about half an inch wide1 and at the inner end make a small1 cup-like hole large enough to hold the lower end of the twirling-stick4 ,this is called the fire pit4 ,the reason you are to have so many notches is because when one hole becomes too much enlarged by the drilling of the twirling-stick1 or is bored all the way through1 it is discarded and there must be others ready and prepared for immediate use4 ,tinder ,all is now ready for creating a spark1 but that spark cannot live alone1 it must have something it can ignite before there will be a flame4 ,what is wanted is tinder1 and tinder can be made of various materials1 all of which must be absolutely dry4 ,here is one receipt for making tinder given by ,daniel ,c4 ,beard3 ,the tinder is composed of baked and blackened cotton and linen rags4 ,the best way to prepare these rags is to bake them until they are dry as dust1 then place them on the hearth and touch a match to them4 ,as soon as they burst into flame1 smother the flame with a folded newspaper1 then carefully put your punk 7baked and charred rags7 into a tin tobacco box or some other receptacle where it will keep dry and be ready for use4 ,this can be prepared at home4 ,in the woods gather some of the dry inner bark of the cedar1 the fine1 stringy edges of white or yellow birch1 and dry grasses1 and dry them thoroughly at the camp-fire4 ,mr4 ,beard also says3 ,you can prepare tinder from dry1 inflammable woods or barks by grinding or pounding them between two flat stones4 ,if you grind up some charcoal 7taken from your camp-fire7 very fine to mix with it1 this will make it all the more inflammable4 ,a good1 safe method to get a flame from your fine tinder is to wrap up a small amount of it in the shredded bark of birch or cedar1 so that you may hold it in your hand until it ignites from the embers produced by the saw4 ,with all your material at hand for starting a fire1 make one turn around the spindle1 with the bow-string1 as in ,fig4 #gf4 ,place the point of the lower end of the spindle in the small hole or fire pit at the inside end of a notch in the fireboard1 fit the socket-block on the top end of the spindle 7,fig4 #gf71 and hold it in place with one hand1 as shown in ,fig4 #gg4 ,grasp one end of the bow with the other hand and saw it back and forth4 ,this will whirl the spindle rapidly and cause the friction which makes the heat that produces the spark4 ,when it begins to smoke1 fan it with your hand and light your tinder from the sparks4 ,without the ,bow ,fig4 #gh shows a method which is the same as ,fig4 #gg1 the only difference being that the bow is dispensed with1 the hands alone being used for twirling the spindle4 ,while simpler1 it is very difficult to put sufficient force and speed into the work to produce fire1 and it is a very tiresome process4 ,another way is shown in ,fig4 #gi4 ,it will take two girls to work in this fashion4 ,the spindle is whirled by pulling the leather shoe-string back and forth4 ,one girl holds the spindle and steadies the fireboard while the other does the twirling4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,rubbing ,,stick #hj ,,the ,,plow #gh #gi #ha ,,slit ,,bamboo ,,saw ,fire without the bow4 ,the ,plough ,it is more difficult to produce fire by the plough method than with the bow1 but it can be done4 ,the appliances are simple enough4 ,all you need is a fireboard in which a groove or gutter has been cut1 and a rubbing-stick to push up and down the gutter 7,fig4 #hj74 ,other woods than spruce are used with success for fire-drills and fireboards1 but all must be dry4 ,these are soft maple1 cedar1 balsam1 tamarack1 cottonwood root1 and white1 not pitch1 pine4 ,bamboo ,fire-,saw ,part of an old bamboo fishing-rod will supply material for the fire-saw4 ,cut off a piece of bamboo about fifteen inches long1 split it1 and sharpen the edge of one piece to a knife-like thinness4 ,lay the other half down with the curved surface up and cut a slit in it through which the sharp edge of the saw can be passed4 ,one or two girls can work this4 ,when there are two1 one girl holds the slit bamboo down firmly1 while the other does the sawing 7,fig4 #ha74 ,put a little wad of tinder on a dry leaf and arrange it where the powdered sawdust will fall on it4 ,when the powder becomes sufficiently hot there will be sparks and these1 falling into the tinder1 can be fanned into a flame by waving your hand over it4 ,you will not see the spark but when smoke arises you will know that it is there4 ,fan gently1 else you will blow the fire out1 and keep on fanning until your flame is started4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,happy ,,and ,,sane ,,sunday ,,in ,,camp ,it is a good idea to carefully plan for your ,sundays in camp1 have every hour mapped out and never allow the time to drag4 ,make special effort and determine that the day shall be the very happiest day of each week1 a day in which every one of the campers will be especially interested and will look forward to with genuine pleasure4 ,sit down quietly and think it all out4 ,you will want the day to differ from week-days2 you will want it filled with the real life1 not half-life1 the life only of the physical and mental1 but the true1 entire life for each camper2 you will want to emphasize this higher1 inner life1 which is the spiritual4 ,to this end1 when you arise in the morning1 form the resolution that the day shall be a peaceful1 enjoyable one for all the girls4 ,when you take your morning plunge resolve that not only will you be physically clean1 but you will also be both mentally and spiritually clean2 then all through the day keep in mind that you can rule your thoughts and that you will1 for power to do this will be given to you from the source of all power4 ,allow not one thought to remain which is not kind1 friendly1 cheerful1 and peaceful4 ,should other thoughts intrude be firm and severe with them1 have no mercy on them1 talk to those thoughts as you would to robbers and thieves1 tell them to go1 go1 ,,go1 ,,begone1 that you have nothing in common with them and you command them to go2 then immediately busy yourself with active work1 building the fire1 cooking1 tidying up the camp1 etc4 ,have your ,sunday breakfast especially nice1 with a few flowers1 vines1 leaves1 or grasses on the table for a ,sunday centrepiece1 and keep the conversation on wholesome1 happy topics4 ,after breakfast is over and the camp in order1 with all the campers go for a short walk to some attractive spot either by the water or inland1 and when the place is reached1 having previously selected certain songs containing cheerful1 religious elements1 ask the entire camp to join in the singing4 ,if one of the girls can sing a solo1 let her do so1 or it may be that two can sing a duet2 then sit quietly while one of the group reads something helpful1 interesting1 and beautiful1 which will be verses from the ,bible probably1 but may be one of ,emerson's essays1 or extracts from other thoughtful and helpful writers4 ,close the simple exercises with another hymn and return to camp4 ,in addition to the camp dinner prepare some one dish as a pleasant surprise for the other girls4 ,when dinner is over1 the dishes washed1 and camp again in order1 the girls should have one hour of quiet1 to read1 write letters1 sketch1 or lie down and rest4 ,each camper should respect the demands of the hour for quiet and rest and not talk1 but leave her companions to their own thoughts and occupations4 ,if you should see your special friend seated off by herself1 do not disturb her during the rest hour2 it is each girl's right to remain unmolested at that time4 ,when the hour is up1 the campers can each pack her portion of the evening meal1 and in a moment's time be ready to hit the trail1 or take the canoe for a paddle to the place previously selected where supper is to be enjoyed1 and if the trip be on land1 all may play the observation game while on the way4 ,observation ,game ,the leader counts #c to the credit of the girl who first sees a squirrel1 #b for the girl who sees the second one1 and #a for every succeeding squirrel discovered by any member of the party4 ,a bird counts #f1 if identified #ab4 ,a wood-mouse counts #d1 when identified #h4 ,a deer #bj1 beaver #ab1 muskrat #h1 chipmunk #aj1 porcupine #ad1 eagle #cj1 mink #af1 rabbit #a4 ,the player holding the highest record when reaching the supper grounds is victor4 ,keep your records tacked up in your shelter to compare with those you will make on the following ,sunday4 ,in this game every time a player stumbles on the trail #e is taken from her credit2 if she falls1 she loses #aj4 ,it is a rule of the game that the winner be congratulated by each camper in turn1 that she be crowned with a wreath of leaves1 grasses1 or vines and sit at the head of the table4 ,keep this game for your ,sunday afternoons and play others during the week4 ,in the evening1 as the campers sit quietly around the camp-fire1 if the camp director will talk to the girls gently and seriously for a little while on some phase of their real life1 the talk will be welcome and appreciated2 then just before retiring all should stand while singing the good-night song4 ,it is hardly possible to present ,sunday plans for each variety of camp and campers4 ,the suggestions given are for helping girl campers to look upon ,sunday in its true light1 and to aid them in working out plans in accordance with the purpose of the day1 that they may enjoy happy1 sane ,sundays in camp4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,hyphen added to bow-line twice in list of illustrations to conform to text usage4 ,hyphen added to illustration of ,high-,bush ,blueberry to conform to text usage4 ,hyphen was removed from illustrations involving footprints to conform to text4 ,page #bg1 hyphen added to fire-wood to conform to rest of text4 7chop fire-wood7 ,page #gh1 hyphen removed from cheese-cloth to conform to rest of text4 7piece of new cheesecloth7 ,page #bba1 double word the changed to one4 7stand near the edge7