,,an ,,expository ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,ve/iges ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation2 ,,) ,a ,,compreh5sive ,,& ,,critical ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,argum5ts ,,by ,,:i* ,,! ,,extraord9>y ,,hypo!ses ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,,are ,,support$ ,,& ,,h ,,be5 ,,impugn$1 ,,) ,,_! ,,be>+ ,,^u ,,! ,,religi\s ,,& ,,moral ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,! ,,community4 ,,) ,a ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,explanations3 ,a ,,sequel ,,to ,,! ,,ve/iges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,orig9ally pr9t$ 9 a ,supplem5t ( ,,! ,,atlas ,newspap] ( ,augu/ #cj & ,decemb] #bj1 #ahde4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,eff+ham ,,wilson1 ,,royal ,,ex*ange4 ,j4 ,,v9c5t1 ,,ox=d2 ,g4 ,,&rews1 ,,durham2 ,j4 ,,teppell1 ,,norwi*2 ,,brodie ,,& ,,co41 ,,salisbury4 ,a4 ,,& ,c4 ,,black1 ,,ed9burgh2 ,d4 ,,rob]tson1 ,,glasg[2 ,a4 ,,br[n ,,& ,,co41 ,,ab]de54 ,w4 ,,curry1 ,,jun41 ,,& ,,co41 ,,dubl94 #ahdf4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ tractate fir/ appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a lit]>y review 9 a supplem5t ( ! ,,atlas2 b two impressions ( t j\rnal hav+ be5 long s9ce exhau/$1 & inquiries /ill cont9u+ num]\s & urg5t1 ! proprietor has grant$ p]mission = ! article to be repr9t$ 9 a sep>ate1 m conv5i5t1 & p]haps endur+ vehicle ?an t ( a newspap]4 ,few works ( a sci5tific import h be5 publi%$ t s promptly & deeply fix$ public att5tion z ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 or elicit$ m num]\s replies & %>p] critical analysis & disquisition4 ,^u s va/ a "q z ! evolution ( univ]sal creation diff]5ces ( op9ion 7 natural & unavoidable4 ,_m h disput$ ! accuracy ( "s ( ! au?or's facts1 & ! sequ5ce & validity ( 8 inductive inf]5ces2 b few c )hold f him ! praise ( a pati5t & intrepid _s ( inquiry1 mu* occasional eloqu5ce1 & v consid]able p[]s ( analysis1 sy/ematic induction1 arrangem5t & comb9ation4 ,9 :at foll[s ! lead+ objects kept 9 view h be5--fir/1 an expository outl9e ( ! au?or's facts & argum5t2 next1 ( ! *ief reasons by :i* !y h be5 impugn$ by ,pr(essor ,,s$gwick1 ,pr(essor ,,:ewell1 ,mr4 ,,bosanquet1 & o!rs :o h ent]$ ! li/s ( controv]sy4 ,^! array$1 ! conclud+ purpose fitly foll[$ ( a brief exhibition ( ! relative /r5g? ( ! ma9 po9ts 9 issue1 ) _! be>+ on ! moral & religi\s int]e/s ( ! community4 ,x is ! f\r? & late/ edition t has be5 submitt$ to inve/igation4 ,9 ?is impression ! au?or has introduc$ sev]al corrections & alt]ations1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any infr+em5t or mitigation ( its orig9al scope & "*4 ,m rec5tly appe>$ 8 ,explanations1 a ,sequel to ! ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation2 9 :i* ! au?or endeav\rs to elucidate & /r5g!n 8 =m] position4 ,?is _h become necess>y 9 consequ5ce ( ! numb] ( 8 oppon5ts1 & ! inquiry & discussion to :i* ! orig9al publication _h giv5 rise4 ,( ?is1 also1 a l5g!n$ review 0 giv5 9 ! ,,atlas1 :i* has be5 includ$2 s t ! read] w n[ h be=e him a succ9ct outl9e ( a novel & int]e/+ topic ( philosophical inve/igation4 ,9 ! pres5t repr9t a few corrections h be5 made1 & ! illu/rative table at page #cd1 & "s o!r additions1 introduc$4 ,london1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahdf4 ,,an ,,expository ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,ve/iges ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation4 ,x r>ely happ5s t speculative inquiries 9 ,engl& comm& mu* att5tion1 & ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation w\ld h probably =m$ no exception1 _h x n be5 f ! unusual ability ) :i* ! "w has be5 execut$4 ,! subject inve/igat$ is "o ( va/1 almo/ univ]sal1 int]e/2 = ev]yone--! l[1 9 common ) ! high 9 intellect--f9d enigmas 9 creation t !y w\ld gladly h unriddl$1 & promptly ga!r r\nd ! oracle :o has boldly /epp$ =? to cut ! knot ( _! p]plexities4 ,! fir/ impression made1 too1 is fav\rable4 ,no v /rik+ orig9ality1 eloqu5ce1 or g5ius1 is display$2 yet !re is +5uity2 & ?\gh ! au?or betrays ! zeal ( an advocate1 desir\s ( lead+ to a det]m9ate & mat]ial conclusion1 8 address1 l t ( ! apo/le ( temp]ance1 is mo/ly mild & equable1 ) occasionally a little g5tlemanly f]v\r to give animation to 8 disc\rse4 ,8 /yle is mo/ly felicit\s1 sometimes beautiful1 lucid1 precise1 & elevat$4 ,9 tone & mann] ( execution1 9 quiet /ead9ess ( purpose1 9 ! firm1 intrepid _s ) :i* tru?1 or t :i* is conceiv$ to be true1 is foll[$1 reg>dless ( />tl+ pres5tm5ts1 ! ,ve/iges call to m9d ! ,mecanique ,cele/e1 or ,sy/me du ,monde4 ,9 caution1 z 9 sci5ce1 ! au?or is immeasurably inf]ior to ,,laplace2 b 9 magnitude & boldness ( design he transc5ds ! illu/ri\s ,fr5*man4 ,,laplace s\ght no m ?an to subject ! cele/ial movem5ts to ! =mulas ( analysis1 & reconcile to common obs]vation t]re/rial appe>ances2 b our au?or is f> m ambiti\s--m v5turesome 9 aim--:i* is no?+ less ?an to lift ! veil ( ,,isis1 & solve ! ph5om5a ( univ]sal nature4 ,) :at success rema9s to be consid]$4 ,t great skill & clev]ness1 t a v sup]ior ma/]y is ev9c$1 we h conc$$1 &1 we w also add1 great %[ ( fairness 9 treatm5t & conclusion4 ,no p>tial op5+ is made2 ! great design1 9 all its ext5t1 is manfully grappl$ )4 ,! univ]se is fir/ survey$1 next ! my/]y ( its orig94 ,aft] rang+ ?r\gh sid]eal space1 exam9+ ! bodies f\nd !re1 _! arrangem5t1 =mation1 & evolution1 ! au?or selects our own planet = especial int]rogation4 ,he disemb[els x1 scrut9iz+ ! int]nal evid5ces ( its /ructure & hi/ory1 & !nce inf]s ! causes ( pa/ vicissitudes1 exi/+ relations1 & appe>ances4 ,^! dispos$ (1 ! surface is explor$1 ! ph5om5a ( animal & vegetable exi/5ce contemplat$1 & ! s\rces ( vital action1 sexual diff]5ces1 & div]sities ( species assign$4 ,man1 z ! supreme head & la/ "w ( progressive creation1 *all5ges a di/9ct consid]ation2 8 hi/ory & m5tal con/itution are inve/igat$1 & ! relation 9 :i* a sublime reason /&s to ! in/9ct ( brutes discrim9at$4 ,! end & purpose ( all appropriately =m ! conclud+ !me1 :i* f9i%$1 ! curta9 drops1 & ! la/ s\nds he>d are t ! "n ( ! ,great ,unkn[n w probably nev] be reveal$2 t praise w elicit no response1 nor any ^w ( c5sure be p>ri$ or deprecat$4 ,give me1 exclaim$ ,,ar*im$es1 a fulcrum1 & ,i w raise ! e>?4 ,give me1 says ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges1 gravitation & developm5t1 & ,i w create a univ]se4 ,,alex&]',s ambition 0 to conqu] a _w1 our au?or's is to create "o4 ,b he is wrong 9 say+ t 8 is ! fir/ attempt to connect ! natural sci5ces into a hi/ory ( creation1 & !nce to elim9ate a view ( nature z "o gr& sy/em ( causation4 ,! attempt has be5 (t5 made1 b utt]ly fail$2 its results h be5 f\nd valueless1 hurtful--to h occupi$ )\t enl>g+ ! intellect1 & ! v ef=t has long be5 disc\nt5anc$4 ,great advances1 h[ev]1 h be5 made 9 sci5ce s9ce sy/em-mak+ began to be discr$it$2 nature has be5 p]sev]+ly ransack$ 9 all h] doma9s1 & _m extraord9>y secrets drawn f h] laboratory4 ,a/ronomy & geology1 *emi/ry & electricity1 h greatly ext5d$ ! b\nds ( k2 /ill1 we appreh5d1 we are n yet suffici5tly arm$ ) facts to resolve into "o consi/5t :ole h] inf9ite v>iety4 ,ef=ts at g5]alization1 h[ev]1 & ! sy/ematic arrangem5t ( natural ph5om5a1 are seldom :olly fruitless4 ,if false1 !y t5d to provoke discussion--to lead to active ?\ght & useful rese>*4 ,a solit>y tru?1 ?\gh new & useful1 r>ely obta9s high] di/9ction ?an to be quietly plac$ on ! rolls ( sci5ce1 :ile a bold speculation1 trav]s+ ! :ole field ( creation1 & smoo?+ all its difficulties1 satisfies = ! mom5t1 & fixes g5]al att5tion4 ,( ?is ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation are an example4 ,)\t add+ to our positive k by a s+le new discov]y1 demon/ration1 or exp]im5t1 !y h excit$ m int]e/ ?an ! ,pr9cipia ( ,,newton4 ,f ?is popul> success1 if good d n accrue1 no great evil ne$ be anticipat$4 ,hypo!ses are mo/ hurtful :5 accr$it$ by an irrev]sible au?ority--:5 erect$ into a tribunal )\t appeal1 !y become ! arbitr>y dictator 9 lieu ( ! h&maid ( sci5ce4 ,discussion & inv5tion1 9 place ( be+ /imulat$1 are !n fett]$ by !m2 ! human m9d is enslav$1 z ,europe 0 = c5turies by ! ,physics ( ,,ari/otle1 & /ill cont9ues to be 9 "s ( ! anci5t retreats & cons]vatories ( explod$ errors4 ,b ^! =m ! exceptions1 n ! rule ( ! age1 :i* is free & equal inquiry4 ,errors h ceas$ to h prescriptive immunities2 & m]e conjectures1 h[ev] sanction$ or plausible1 if inconsi/5t ) sci5ce--) ! asc]ta9$ facts ( exp]im5t & obs]vation1 are spe$ily pass$ into ! region ( dreams & *im]as4 ,:e!r ?is w be ! fate ( our au?or rema9s to be prov$4 ,! mom5t select$ = 8 appe>ance has at lea/ be5 well *os54 ,! ,ve/iges h ! air ( novelty1 a long "t hav+ elaps$ s9ce any "o _h ! h>dihood to prop\nd a new sy/em ( ,nature4 ,9 common ) mo/ manife/ations ( our "t1 8 ef=t exhibits a m>k$ improvem5t on ! crudities ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! same l9e ( ar*itectural ambition4 ,sci5ce has be5 call$ to 8 aid1 & ! pati5t +5uity ) :i* he has s\ght to make ! late/ discov]ies subs]vi5t to 8 purpose *all5ges admiration1 if n acquiesc5ce4 ,"s ( our contempor>ies h be5 w>m$ into almo/ !ological av]sion by ! boldness ( 8 conclusions1 b we see little cause = fe>1 & none = bitt]ness or appreh5sion4 ,m closely ,nature is inve/igat$ & deep] ! impression w become ( h] maje/y & might4 ,unlike e>?ly greatnesses1 %e loses no p[]--no gr&eur--no fasc9ation--no pre/ige1 by famili>ity4 ,! greate/ philosoph]s w always rank among h] greate/ admir]s & mo/ dev\t & f]v5t wor%ipp]s4 ,_h our au?or prov$ all he has assum$ our fai? w\ld n be less5$1 nor our wond] dim9i%$4 ,:e!r matt] or _s has be5 ! _w's ar*itect1 ! a/\nd+ miracle ( its creation is n ! less4 ,:at does x import :e!r x result$ direct f ! fiat ( ,omnipot5ce1 or int]m$iately f ! prop]ties ,he impress$1 or ! law ( developm5t ,he prescrib$8 ,he :o gave ! law1 :o infus$ ! en]gies by :i* ,*aos 0 transmut$ into an organiz$ univ]se1 rema9s great & inscrutable z ev]4 ,x is "t1 h[ev]1 t we ent]$ ^u a m detail$ & clos] inve/igation ( ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation4 ,our purpose is n ha/ily1 & )\t exam9ation1 to deprecate1 d5y1 or controv]t2 b pati5tly1 & )\t prejudice1 to inquire1 to submit fai?fully & intelligibly ! outl9es ( a rem>kable treatise2 describe briefly its scope & be>+1 ! argum5ts by :i* !y are support$1 & ! c\nt] reasons by :i* !y appe> to be :olly or p>tially impugn$4 ,our read]s w ?us be enabl$ to appreciate ! m]its ( a controv]sy1 ! mo/ compreh5sive & int]e/+ t = a l5g!n$ p]iod has occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific & intellectual _w4 ,= great] cle>ness ( exposition we %all endeav\r to foll[ ! ord] obs]v$ by ! au?or 9 ! division & treatm5t ( 8 subjects1 comm5c+ fir/ ) ! ,,bodies ,,( ,,space4 ,! au?or op5s 8 subject ) a brief b lum9\s outl9e ( ! arrangem5t & =mation ( ! a/ral & planet>y sy/ems ( ! heav5s4 ,he fir/ describes ! sol> sy/em1 ( :i* our e>? is a memb]1 consi/+ ( ! sun1 planets1 & satellites ) ! less intelligible orbs t]m$ comets1 & tak+ z ! utt]mo/ b\nds ( ?is sy/em ! orbit ( ,uranus1 x occupies a portion ( space n less ?an ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ millions ( miles 9 diamet]4 ,! m9d _c =m an exact notion ( s va/ an expanse1 b an idea ( x may be obta9$ f ! fact1 t1 if ! swifte/ racehorse ev] kn[n _h began to trav]se x at full spe$ at ! "t ( ! bir? ( ,,moses1 he w\ld only yet h accompli%$ half 8 j\rney4 ,va/ z is ! sol> sy/em1 x is only "o ( an inf9ity ( o!rs :i* may be /ill m ext5sive4 ,our sun is suppos$ to be a /> belong+ to a con/ellation ( />s1 ea* ( :i* has its accompanim5t ( revolv+ planets2 & ! con/ellation itself ) simil> con/ellations to =m revolv+ clu/]s r\nd "s mighti] c5tre ( attraction2 & s on1 ea* a/ral comb9ation increas+ 9 numb]1 magnitude1 & complexity1 till ! m9d is utt]ly lo/ 9 ! va9 ef=t to grasp ! limitless arrangem5t4 ,( ! />s a/ronom]s c h>dly be said to "k any?+ ) c]ta9ty4 ,sirius1 :i* is ! mo/ lu/r\s1 0 long suppos$ to be ! ne>e/ & mo/ )9 ! rea* ( obs]vation1 b all attempts to calculate ! di/ance ( t lum9>y h prov$ futile4 ,( its inconceivable remot5ess "s notion may be =m$ by ! fact1 t ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s annual orbit1 if view$ f x1 w\ld dw9dle into an invisible po9t4 ,?is is :at is meant by ! />s n hav+1 l ! planets1 a p>allax2 t is1 ! e>?s' orbit1 z se5 f !m1 does n subt5d a measurable angle4 ,) two o!r />s1 h[ev]1 a/ronom]s h unexpect$ly & rec5tly be5 m =tunate ?an ) ,sirius1 & h be5 able to calculate _! di/ances f ! e>?4 ,! celebrat$ ,,bessel1 & soon aft]w>ds1 ! late ,mr4 ,,h5d]son1 a/ronom] royal = ,scotl&1 7 ! fir/ to surm\nt ! difficulty t _h baffl$ ! telescopic res\rces ( ! ,,h]s*els4 ,,bessel detect$ a p>allax ( "o-?ird ( a second 9 ! /> #fa ,cygni1 & 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,c5taur ,,h5d]son f\nd ano!r /> ^: p>allax am\nt$ to "o second4 ,( ! million ( fix$ glitt]+ po9ts t adorn ! sky1 ^! are ! only two ^: di/ances h be5 calculat$1 & to express !m1 miles1 leagues1 or orbits seems inadequate4 ,light1 ^: spe$ is kn[n to be #aib1jjj miles p] second1 w\ld be ?ree ye>s 9 rea*+ our e>? f ! /> ( ,,h5d]son2 & />t+ f ,,bessel',s /> & mov+ at ! same rate x c\ld only rea* u 9 t5 ye>s4 ,^! are ! ne>e/ />s1 b !re are o!rs ^: di/ances are immeasurably great]1 & ^: light1 ?\gh />t+ f !m at ! beg9n+ ( creation1 may n h rea*$ our globe6 ,! />s visible to ! eye are ab\t #c1jjj1 b ! numb] increases ) e increase ( telescopic p[]1 & may be said to be innum]able4 ,!y are n ( uni=m lu/re or =m1 b v>y 9 figure & brightness4 ,"s ( !m h a nebul\s or cl\dy appe>ance2 & !re are entire clu/]s ) ?is dusky aspect1 mo/ly p]vad$1 h[ev]1 ) lum9\s po9ts ( m brilliant hue4 ,9 ! out] fields ( a/ral space ,sir ,,william ,,h]s*el obs]v$ a multitude ( nebul1 "o or two ( :i* may be se5 by ! nak$ eye4 ,all ( !m1 :5 se5 by in/rum5ts ( l[ p[]1 look l masses ( lum9\s vap\r2 b "s ( !m _h bright] spots1 sugge/+ to ,sir ,,william ! idea ( a cond5sation ( ! nebul\s matt] r\nd "o or m c5tres4 ,b :5 ^! lum9\s masses are exam9$ by m p[]ful in/rum5ts _m ( !m lose _! cl\dy =m1 & are resolv$ into %9+ po9ts1 l spangles ( diamond du/4 ,x is 9 ?is way sev]al nebul h yield$ to ! gigantic reflector ( ,"l ,,rosse1 & o!rs ) /ill great] optical res\rces may foll[4 ,?is br+s u to ! fir/ que/ionable & controv]sial portion ( ! ,ve/iges2 namely1--! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis4 ,x is among ! gase\s bodies j describ$1 9 ! out] b\nd>y ( ,nature1 :i* nei!r telescope nor geometry c well rea*1 t speculation has laid its v5ue1 & comm5c$ its a]ial ca/les4 ,,laplace 0 ! fir/ to sugge/ ! nebul> hypo!sis1 :i* he did ) great diffid5ce1 n z a !ory prov$1 or h>dly likely1 b z a ma!matical possibility or illu/ration4 ,8 range ( creation1 moreov]1 0 n s va/ z t ( our au?or1 :i* assumes to compass ! entire univ]se1 b 0 limit$ to ! evolution ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is might be evolv$1 ,,laplace ?us expla9s3-- ,he conjectures t 9 ! orig9al condition ( ! sol> sy/em ! sun revolv$ ^u 8 axis1 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e :i*1 9 virtue ( an excessive heat1 ext5d$ f> beyond ! orbits ( all ! planets1 ! planets z yet hav+ no exi/5ce4 ,! heat gradually dim9i%$1 & z ! sol> atmosph]e contract$ by cool+1 ! rapidity ( its rotation increas$ by ! laws ( rotatory motion1 & an ext]ior zone ( vap\r 0 deta*$ f ! re/1 ! c5tral attraction be+ no long] able to ov]come ! increas$ c5trifugal =ce4 ,! zone ( vap\r might 9 "s cases reta9 its =m1 z we /ill see 9 ,saturn's r+2 b m usually ! r+ ( vap\r w\ld break into sev]al masses1 & ^! w\ld g5]ally coalesce into "o mass1 :i* w\ld revolve ab\t ! sun4 ,su* portions ( ! sol> atmosph]e ab&on$ successively at diff]5t di/ances1 w\ld =m planets 9 ! /ate ( vap\r4 ,^! masses ( vap\r1 x appe>s f me*anical laws1 w\ld h ea* its rotatory motion1 & z ! cool+ ( ! vap\r /ill w5t on1 w\ld ea* produce a planet t might h satellites & r+s =m$ f ! planet1 9 ! same mann] z ! planets 7 =m$ f ! atmosph]e ( ! sun4 ,all ! kn[n motions ( ! sol> sy/em are consi/5t & reconcileable ) ?is !ory ( ,,laplace1 & ^u x ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges has enl>g$ & f\nd$ 8 wid] s*eme ( physical creation4 ,he supposes ! void ( nature to h be5 orig9ally fill$ ) a univ]sal ,,fire ,,mi/ 7p4 #cj71 out ( :i* all ! cele/ial orbs 7 made & put 9 motion4 ,h[ ?is mi/ 0 put 9 activity1 & resolv$ into ! lum9\s & revolv+ bodies t we n[ see1 & "o ( :i* we inhabit is ! fir/ urg5t p]plexity to surm\nt 9 ! conjecture4 ,x is manife/ t if a mi/ fill$ ! entire region ( space1 a mi/ x mu/ = ev] rema91 unless act$ ^u by "s cause adequate to give x new action & arrangem5t4 ,no sun1 no />s or planets c\ld spontane\sly emanate f an in]t vap\r any m ?an f no?+4 ,to meet ?is1 8 fir/ difficulty1 ! au?or supposes t !re 7 c]ta9 nuclei1 or c5tres ( great] cond5sation1 analog\s to ^? /ill rem>k$ 9 ! nebul ( ! heav5s1 & t ^! nuclei1 by _! sup]ior attractive =ce1 consolidat$ into sph]es ! gase\s matt] ar\nd !m3-- ,( nebul\s matt]1 says he1 9 its orig9al /ate we "k too little to enable u to sugge/ h[ nuclei %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 x4 ,b suppos+ t f a peculi>ity 9 ! con/itution nuclei are =m$1 we "k v well h[1 by ! p[] ( gravitation1 ! process ( an aggregation ( ! neighb\r+ matt] to ^! nuclei %\ld proce$ until masses m or less solid %\ld be deta*$ f ! re/4 ,x is a well-kn[n law 9 physics1 t :5 fluid matt] collects t[>ds1 or meets 9 a c5tre1 x e/abli%es a rotatory motion4 ,see m9or results ( ?is law 9 ! :irlpool & ! :irlw9d--nay1 on s humble a scale z ! wat] s9k+ ?r\gh ! ap]ture ( a funnel4 ,x ?us becomes c]ta91 t :5 we arrive at ! /age ( a nebul\s /> we h a rotation on its axis comm5c$4 ,up to ?is1 h[ev]1 ! au?or has prov$ no?+4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! fire-mi/ & nuclei are assumptions only1 & ! way by :i* he tries to acc\nt = rotatory motion is cle>ly errone\s4 ,! aggregation ( matt] r\nd ! nuclei by gravitation w\ld h no su* t5d5cy2 no m ?an a p]fect balance w\ld ( itself h a t5d5cy to move ab\t its fulcrum1 or a fall+ /one to deviate f its v]tical c\rse4 ,gravitation w\ld inde$ compress ! p>ticles ( matt]1 b its t5d5cy & entire action is t[>ds ! nucleus2 x compresses !m no m on "o side ( ! l9e ( _! direction to ! c5tre ( =ce ?an on any o!r side2 & h5ce no lat]al or rotatory motion w\ld ensue4 ,rotation1 !re=e1 is yet unacc\nt$ =2 ?\gh ! au?or says x is a well-kn[n law 9 physics t :5 fluid matt] collects t[>ds1 or meets 9 a c5tre1 x e/abli%es a rotatory motion2 & !n = illu/ration ref]s to a :irlw9d or :irlpool4 ,no su* effect w\ld foll[ ! conditions /at$1 & an entire ignorance is betray$ ( ! laws ( me*anical philosophy4 ,9 ! :irlpool & ! :irlw9d ! gyration is caus$ by ! fluid pass+1 n to ! c5tre1 b ?r\gh x & away f x2 9 ! :irlpool d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! place ( exit1 9 ! :irlw9d upw>ds to :]e ! vacuum has caus$ ! rapid aggregation4 ,,laplace 0 too able a ma!matician to commit ^! elem5t>y blund]s2 he did n assume to acc\nt = rotation by inapplicable laws1 b took = grant$ t ! sun revolv$ ^u its axis1 & !nce communicat$ a correspond+ motion to ! bodies ?r[n f its surface4 ,b our au?or has s\ght to advance beyond 8 tea*]1 & 9 ?is way has %[n 8 ignorance ( physics by an egregi\s mi/ake4 ,at ?is po9t we might /op1 )\t foll[+ ! ult]ior /eps by :i* ! sol> sy/em is made to evolve out ( heat$ vap\r4 ,hav+ got rotation1 ?\gh by an impossible process1 ! au?or falls into ! illu/ration already giv5 ( ! !ory ( ,,laplace4 ,! rotation ( ea* nucleus or sun r\nd its axis produces c5trifugal =ce2 t =ce1 by refrig]ation1 increases beyond ! c5tripetal =ce ( gravity2 9 consequ5ce r+s are =m$ & deta*$ f ! surface1 ^: unequal coh]5ce ( p>ts mo/ly causes !m to break into sep>ate masses or planets1 p>tak+ ( ! motion ( ! bodies f :i* !y h be5 sep>at$1 & ^! prim>ies 9 _! turn becom+ c5tres ( gravitation & c5trifugal =ce1 ?r[ (f _! second>ies1 or moons4 ,9 ?is way ! sol> sy/em & o!r sy/ems ^u a simil> plan ( arrangem5t1 x is conjectur$1 may h be5 =m$4 ,accord+ to ! au?or ! g5]ative process is /ill 9 progress1 & new worlds are 9 c\rse ( be+ ?r[n (f f new suns 9 ! conf9es ( creation4 ,^! nebul\s />s on ! out] b\nds ( space1 ( v>y+ =ms & brightness1 are suppos$ to be ! c5tres ( new sy/ems 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 l *ildr5 ( v>i\s ages & gr[? 9 a num]\s family4 ,?is is ! au?or's own illu/ration 7p4 #bj71 & aft] giv+ x he proce$s3-- ,precisely ?us1 see+ 9 our a/ral sy/em _m ?\s&s ( worlds 9 all /ages ( =mation1 f ! mo/ rudim5tal to t imm$iately prec$+ ! pres5t condition ( ^? we deem p]fect1 x is unavoidable to conclude t all ! p]fect h gone ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages :i* we see 9 ! rudim5tal4 ,?is leads u at once to ! conclusion t ! :ole ( our firmam5t 0 at "o "t a diffus$ mass ( nebul\s matt]1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! space :i* x /ill occupies4 ,s also1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h be5 ! o!r a/ral sy/ems4 ,inde$1 we mu/ presume ! :ole to h be5 orig9ally 9 "o connect$ mass1 ! a/ral sy/ems be+ only ! fir/ division into p>ts1 & sol> sy/ems ! second4 ,! fir/ idea :i* all ?is impresses ^u u is1 t ! =mation ( bodies 9 space is /ill & at pres5t 9 progress4 ,we live at a "t :5 _m h be5 =m$1 & _m are /ill =m+4 ,our own sol> sy/em is to be reg>d$ z complet$1 suppos+ its p]fection to consi/ 9 ! =mation ( a s]ies ( planets1 = !re are ma!matical reasons = conclud+ t ,m]cury is ! ne>e/ planet to ! sun1 :i* c1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! sy/em1 exi/4 ,b !re are o!r sol> sy/ems )9 our a/ral sy/ems1 :i* are z yet 9 a less advanc$ /ate1 & ev5 "s quantities ( nebul\s matt] :i* h sc>cely begun to advance t[>ds ! /ell> =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are va/ numb]s ( />s :i* h all ! appe>ance ( be+ fully =m$ sy/ems1 if we are to judge f ! complete & def9ite appe>ance :i* !y pres5t to our vision ?r\gh ! telescope4 ,we h no means ( judg+ ( ! s5iority ( sy/ems2 b x is reasonable to suppose t among ! _m1 "s are old] ?an ours4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "o piece ( evid5ce = ! probability ( ! comp>ative y\? ( our sy/em1 altoge!r ap>t f human traditions & ! geogno/ic appe>ances ( ! surface ( our planet4 ,?is consi/s 9 a ?9 nebul\s matt]1 :i* is diffus$ ar\nd ! sun to ne>ly ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 ( a v oblately sph]oidal %ape4 ,?is matt]1 :i* sometimes appe>s to our nak$ eyes1 at sunset1 9 ! =m ( a cone project+ upw>ds 9 ! l9e ( ! sun's pa?1 & :i* be>s ! "n ( ! ,zodiacal ,light1 has be5 ?\ght a residuum or la/ remnant ( ! conc5trat+ matt] ( our sy/em1 & ?us may be suppos$ to indicate ! comp>ative rec5tness ( ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( our cosmogony4 ,suppos+ ! surmise & inf]5ce to be correct1 & !y may be held z s f> support$ by m famili> evid5ce1 we might ) ! m confid5ce speak ( our sy/em z n among/ ! eld] born ( ,heav51 b "o ^: v>i\s ph5om5a1 physical & moral1 z yet lay undevelop$1 :ile myriads ( o!rs 7 fully fa%ion$1 & 9 complete arrangem5t4 ,?us1 9 ! sublime *ronology to :i* we are direct+ our inquiries1 we fir/ f9d ourselves call$ ^u to consid] ! globe :i* we inhabit z a *ild ( ! sun1 eld] ?an ,v5us & h] y\ng] bro!r ,m]cury1 b po/]ior 9 date ( bir? to ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus2 next to reg>d our :ole sy/em z probably ( rec5t =mation 9 comp>ison ) _m ( ! />s ( our firmam5t4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 be on our gu>d aga9/ suppos+ ! e>? z a rec5t globe 9 our ord9>y conceptions ( "t4 ,f evid5ce aft]w>ds to be adduc$1 x w be se5 t x _c be presum$ to be less ?an _m hundr$s ( c5turies old4 ,h[ mu* old] ,uranus may be1 no "o c tell1 f> less h[ mu* m ag$ may be _m ( ! />s ( our firmam5t1 or ! />s ( o!r firmam5ts1 ?an ours4 ,all ?is is +5i\s & flu5tly express$4 ,! au?or has an easy way ( surm\nt+ 8 difficulties by ! use ( su* little auxili>y phrases1 z ( c\rse1 x may be surmis$1 x is reasonable to suppose1 & s on2 :i*1 ?\gh trifl+ 9 !mselves1 help him 9 _! connect+ inf]5ces ?r\gh _m emb>rass+ p]plexities4 ,b 8 hypo!sis is yet unprov$2 8 fire-mi/ is only a conjecture2 8 nuclei1 scatt]$ l s _m eggs 9 space out ( :i* future suns & worlds are 9 process ( incubation1 is ( ! same description1 & rotation1 ! fir/ /ep 9 8 process ( creation1 w\ld n ensue "u ! conditions he has assign$4 ,)\t dwell+ on ^! %ortcom+s1 we %all t]m9ate ?is portion ( ! au?or's inquiry ) a few g5]al /rictures4 ,fir/1 on its inconsi/5cy ) :at we "k ( ! sol> sy/em2 &1 secondly1 on its inadequacy to expla9 ! facts ( :i* we are cognizant on our own globe4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 = ! hypo!sis to be applicable to our sy/em1 x is requisite t ! prim>y & second>y bodies %\ld revolve1 bo? 9 _! orbits & r\nd _! axes1 9 "o direction1 & ne>ly 9 "o plane4 ,mo/ ( ! bodies ( ! sy/em obs]ve ^! laws1 _! orbits are ne>ly circul>1 ne>ly 9 ! plane ( ! orig9al equator ( ! sol> rotation1 & 9 ! direction ( t rotation4 ,b !re are exceptions2 ! comets1 :i* int]sect ! equatorial plane 9 e angle ( direction =m "o1 & ! mo/ di/ant ( ! planets =ms ano!r4 ,! satellites ( ,uranus are retrograde4 ,!y move f ea/ to we/ 9 orbits highly incl9$ to t ( _! prim>y1 & on bo? acc\nts are exceptions to ! ord] ( ! o!r second>y bodies4 ,our au?or is s p]plex$ by ?is inconsi/5cy t he fir/ d\bts ! fact1 & next tries to expla9 x by alleg+ t x may be ow+ to a b\lev]sem5t ( ! prim>y4 ,:at is meant by ! b\lev]sem5t ( a planet none ( 8 critics seem to appreh5d1 nor d we4 ,b t ! moons ( ,uranus are contr>iwise to ^? ( ! o!r planets1 ,sir ,,john ,,h]s*el has indubitably e/abli%$2 s t ! au?or at any rate ^u ?is po9t has su/a9$ a b\lev]sem5t4 ,our own moon =ms a ?ird exception to 8 !ory4 ,accord+ to 8 sy/em1 ?is satellite is a slip or graft f our planet1 & 9 con/itution1 x might be inf]r$1 w\ld p>take ( ! elem5ts ( ! p>5t4 ,b ! fact is o!rwise4 ,! moon has no atmosph]e1 no seas1 or riv]s1 nor any wat]1 & ( c\rse totally unfit = human inhabitants1 or organic life ( any k9d4 ,x mu/1 !n1 h _h a diff]5t orig91 or be 9 "s e>li] /age ( developm5t ?an t ?r\gh :i* our e>? has pass$4 ,leav+ ^! exceptions1 we may next inquire into ! relevant purposes ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 suppos+ its assumptions acquiesc$ 94 ,l ! fanciful !ories ( ! anci5t philosoph]s1 x seems only to involve a pr(itless topic ( controv]sy1 )\t solv+ natural ph5om5a4 ,x does n unravel ! my/]y ( ! beg9n+1 br+s u no ne>] to ! fir/ creative =ce4 ,l a good *emi/1 previ\s to analysis1 ! au?or fir/ ?r[s all matt] into a /ate ( solution2 b grant+ him 8 fire-mi/ & nuclei 9 ! mid/1 h[ or :5ce came ?is condition & arrangem5t ( nature8 ,:at 0 its pre-exi/+ /ate8 or1 if t be answ]$1 h[ or :5ce 0 t prec$+ /ate educ$1 = x1 too1 mu/ h _h "o prior to x8 ,s t ! m9d makes no advances by su* inquiries1 is lo/ 9 a maze t c h no end1 because x has no beg9n+2 &1 l ,noah's mess5g]1 = want ( a re/+ place1 is compell$ to return to ! fir/ />t+ po9t4 ,easi]1 & q z satisfactory1 x seems to believe1 z we h be5 taught to believe1 t ! cele/ial sph]es 7 at once p]fect & entire1 project$ into space f ! h&s ( ! mak]1 ?an t !y 7 elaborat$ out ( lum9\s vap\r by gravity & cond5sation4 ,hopeless inquiry is ?us =eclos$1 an inquisition t _c be answ]$1 sil5c$1 & remov$ out ( ! pale ( discussion4 ,x is n f any attribute ( ! ,deity be+ impugn$ t ! hypo!sis is objectionable4 ,design & intellig5ce 9 ! creation are left p>am\nt z be=e1 & our impression ( ! skill ex]cis$1 & ! means employ$1 only transf]r$ to ano!r "p ( ! "w4 ,he :o produc$ ! primordial condition ! au?or supposes1 :o fill$ space ) su* a mi/1 compos$ ( su* mat]ials1 subject$ to su* laws1 su* con/itution1 t sun1 moon1 & />s necess>ily result$ f !m1 appe>s omnipot5t z ev]4 ,b x does n advance inquiry1 nor assi/ u 9 expla9+ ! wond]s we contemplate 9 our own globe4 ,suppose a planet =m$ by ! au?or's process1 :at k9d ( a body w\ld x be8 ,some?+1 z ,pr(essor ,,:ewell sugge/s1 resembl+ a l>ge meteoric /one4 ,h[ aft] w>ds came ?is un=m$ mass to be l our e>?1 to be cov]$ ) motion & organization1 ) life & g5]al felicity8 ,:at primitive cause /ock$ x ) plants & animals1 & produc$ all ! surpris+ & subtle contrivances :i* we f9d 9 _! /ructure1 all ! wide & pr(\nd mutual dep5d5ce :i* we trace 9 _! economy8 ,is x possible to conceive1 z ! ,ve/iges inculcate1 t man1 ) 8 s5tim5t & intellect1 8 p[]s & passions1 8 w & consci5ce1 7 also produc$ z ! ultimate result ( vap\r\s cond5sation8 ,"o m conjecture ( ! au?or1 9 ?is division ( 8 subject1 we %all only notice4 ,x is t ! =mation ( bodies 9 space is /ill 9 progress4 ,:at may be do+ 9 ! nebul1 9 ! region sc>cely )9 rea* ( telescopic vision1 9 :at may be consid]$ ! yet un9clos$ & commonable wa/e ( ! univ]se1 is a subject1 we suspect1 ( mu* obscurity1 & respect+ :i* no precise intellig5ce has be5 receiv$2 b limit+ att5tion to ! sol> sy/em1 :i* is ne>] home & m )9 cognizance1 ! "w seems f9i%$1 p]fect1 & un*angeable1 &1 l ! ,great ,ar*itect1 made to endure = ev]4 ,?is 0 ! conclusion ( ,,laplace2 he prov$ t ! /ate ( our sy/em is /able2 t is1 ! ellipsis ! planets describe w always rema9 ne>ly circul>1 & ! axis ( revolution ( ! e>? w nev] deviate mu* f its pres5t position4 ,he also gave a ma!matical pro( t ?is /ability is n accid5tal1 b ! result ( design1 ( an arrangem5t by :i* ! planets all move 9 ! same direction1 9 orbits ( small ecc5tricity & slightly incl9$ to ea* o!r4 ,reason+ f analogy1 z ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges is prone to d--ext5d+ our views f our sol> sy/em to o!r sy/ems--o!r suns & revolv+ planets--x is fair to conclude t !y are n less p]fect 9 arrangem5t--subject to l conditions ( p]man5cy1 & alike exempt f mutation1 decay1 collision1 or ext9ction4 ,desc5d+ f ?is high region1 we accompany ! au?or to 8 next & l[] field--! ,,e>? ,,& ,,its ,,geological ,,hi/ory4 ,our globe is some:at less ?an #h1jjj miles 9 diamet]2 x is ( a sph]oidal =m1 ! equatorial exce$+ ! pol> axis 9 ! proportion ( #cjj to #bii1 & :i* slight inequality1 9 consequ5ce ( its diurnal revolution1 is necess>y to pres]ve ! l& ne> ! equator f inundation by ! sea4 ,! mean d5sity or av]age weight ( ! e>? is1 9 proportion to t ( di/ill$ wat]1 z #e4ff to #a4 ,s t its specific gravity is consid]ably less ?an t ( t91 ! lighte/ ( ! metals1 b exce$s t ( granite1 :i* is ?ree times heavi] ?an wat]4 ,desc5d+ bel[ ! surface1 ! fir/ s5sation t /rikes is ! increase ( temp]ature4 ,?is is s rapid1 t = e "o hundr$ feet ( s9k+ we obta9 an increase ( m ?an "o degree ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,if !re be no int]ruption to ?is law1 & no reason exi/s to conclude !re is1 x is manife/ t at ! dep? ( a few miles we mu/ rea* an int5sity ( heat utt]ly unbe>able4 ,h5ce x foll[s t by no improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y c m9+ op]ations be c>ri$ d[n to a great dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,! greate/ dep? yet p5etrat$ does n exce$ ?ree ?\s& feet1 & =ms a v small advance t[>ds ! e>?'s c5tre1 di/ant #d1jjj miles4 ,geologi/s1 h[ev]1 )\t p5etrat+ f> into ! e>?1 h f\nd means = obta9+ an insight = sev]al miles into its int]ior /ructure1 & arm$ ) hamm]1 *isel1 & climb+ hook1 !y explore ! beetl+ sea-cliff1 trav]se ! deepe/ valleys1 & scale ! highe/ m\nta9s1 c>efully exam9+ _! =mation1 disposition1 & sub/ance1 & are ?us enabl$ to obta9 "s k ( ! e>?'s /oma*1 z x 71 by scrut9is+ ! deposits & eruptive ejectm5ts on its surface4 ,= example1 we come to a m\nta9 compos$ ( a p>ticul> sub/ance ) /rata or b$s ( o!r rock ly+ aga9/ its slop$ sides2 we1 ( c\rse1 inf] t ! sub/ance ( ! m\nta9 dips away "u ! /rata t we see ly+ aga9/ x4 ,suppose t we walk away f ! m\nta9 across ! turn$-up edges ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 & t = _m miles we cont9ue to pass ov] o!r /ratifi$ rocks1 all dispos$ 9 ! same way1 till we beg9 to cross ! opposite edges ( ! same b$s2 aft] :i* we pass ov] ^! rocks all 9 rev]se ord]1 till we come to ano!r ext5sive m\nta9 compos$ ( simil> mat]ials to ! fir/1 & %elv+ away "u ! /rata 9 ! same way2 we %\ld !n inf] t ! /ratifi$ rocks occupi$ a bas9 =m$ by ! rocks ( ^! two m\nta9s1 & by calculat+ ! ?ickness "r ?r\gh ^! /rata c\ld say to :at dep?s ! rock ( ! m\nta9 ext5d$ bel[4 ,9 ?is way has ! int]ior ( ! globe be5 exam9$1 & its cont5ts & arrangem5t1 = sev]al miles bel[ ! surface1 asc]ta9$4 ,! result ( su* inspection we leave ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges to describe3-- ,x appe>s t ! basis rock ( ! e>?1 z x may be call$1 is ( h>d texture1 & cry/all9e 9 its con/itution4 ,( ?is rock1 granite may be said to be ! type1 ?\gh x runs into _m v>ieties4 ,ov] ?is1 except 9 ! comp>atively few places :]e x projects above ! g5]al level 9 m\nta9s1 o!r rocks are dispos$ 9 %eets or /rata1 ) ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 deposit$ orig9ally f wat]4 ,b ^! la/ rocks h n[h]e be5 all[$ to re/ 9 _! orig9al arrangem5t4 ,uneasy movem5ts f bel[ h brok5 !m up 9 great incl9$ masses1 :ile 9 _m cases !re has be5 project$ ?r\gh ! r5ts rocky matt] m or less resembl+ ! great inf]ior cry/all9e mass4 ,?is rocky matt] mu/ h be5 9 a /ate ( fusion f heat at ! "t ( its projection1 = x is (t5 f\nd to h run into & fill$ up lat]al *9ks 9 ^! r5ts4 ,!re are ev5 in/ances :]e x has be5 r5t aga91 & a new] melt$ matt] ( ! same "* s5t ?r\gh ! op5+4 ,f9ally1 9 ! cru/ z ?us arrang$1 !re are1 9 _m places1 *9ks conta9+ ve9s ( metal4 ,?us1 !re is fir/ a great inf]ior mass1 compos$ ( cry/all9e rock1 & probably re/+ imm$iately on ! fus$ & exp&$ matt] ( ! int]ior3 next1 lay]s or /rata ( aque\s orig92 next1 irregul> masses ( melt$ inf]ior rock t h be5 s5t up volcanically & confus$ly at v>i\s times among/ ! aque\s rocks1 break+ up ^! into masses1 & toss+ !m out ( _! orig9al levels4 ,?is1 we believe1 is a correct outl9e ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 s f> z x has be5 possible to obs]ve x4 ,x exhibits extraord9>y signs ( commotion & vicissitude2 ! l[e/ rocks indicat+ a previ\s condition ( igne\s fusion2 ^? above !m ( aque\s solution4 ,fire & wat] h ?us be5 ! *ief tellurian an>*i/s1 & ! %ak+ ( cont95ts & ! con/ant %ift+ ( level 9 sea & l& /ill cont9ue to atte/ _! re/less en]gies4 ,t igne\s matt] has1 dur+ _m p]iods1 be5 protrud$ f bel[--t m\nta9s h ris5 9 succession f ! sea1 & inject$ _! molt5 sub/ance ?r\gh cracks & fissures ( sup]9cumb5t /rata--are facts re/+ on indubitable evid5ce4 ,_m masses ( granite became ! solid bottom ( "s portions ( ! sea be=e ! second>y /rata 7 laid gradually ^u !m4 ,! granite ( ,mont ,blanc rose dur+ a rec5t t]ti>y p]iod4 ,we c prove1 says ,pr(essor ,,s$gwick1 m ?an m]e %ift+s ( level1 & t _m portions ( sea & l& h entirely *ang$ _! places4 ,! rocks at ! top ( ,sn[don are full ( petrifi$ sea-%ells2 ! same may be said ( "s high cre/s ( ! ,alps1 ,pyr5ees1 & ,&es4 ,we h pro( demon/rative t _m p>ts ( ,scotl&1 & t all ,engl&1 =m$1 dur+ _m ages1 ! solid bottom ( ! sea4 ,x may be true t ! antagoni/ p[]s ( nature dur+ ! human p]iod h rea*$ a k9d ( balance4 ,b dur+ all geological p]iods !re h be5 su* long int]vals ( repose1 or ( su* gradual movem5ts1 t we may trace ! hi/ory ( ! e>? 9 ! successive deposits =m$ 9 ! wat]s ( ! sea4 ,?is is ! great bus9ess ( geology4 ,al?\gh at fir/ sight ! int]ior ( ! e>? appe>s a confus$ sc5e1 aft] c>eful obs]vation we readily detect 9 x a regul>ity & ord] f :i* mu* in/ructive light is ?r[n on its pa/ vicissitudes4 ,! deposition ( ! aque\s rocks & ! projection ( ! volcanic h unque/ionably tak5 place s9ce ! settlem5t ( ! e>? 9 its pres5t =m4 ,!y are1 inde$1 ( an ord] ( ev5ts :i* are go+ on "u ! ag5cy ( intelligible causes1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,we may !re=e consid] ^! g5]ally z rec5t transactions4 ,b advanc+ to ! f> di/ant antec$5t era ( its exi/5ce1 we may consid] x to h be5 a globe ( its pres5t size envelop$ 9 ! cry/all9e rock already describ$1 ) ! wat]s ( ! pres5t seas & ! pres5t atmosph]e ar\nd x1 ?\gh ^! 7 probably 9 consid]ably diff]5t conditions1 bo? z to temp]ature & _! con/itu5t mat]ials1 f :at !y n[ are4 ,we may ?us presume t1 )\t ?is primitive case ( granitic texture1 ! great bulk ( ! matt]s ( our e>? 7 agglom]at$1 :e!r 9 a fluid or solid /ate is unc]ta92 b !re _c be any d\bt t !y cont9ue to exi/ 9 a condition ( great heat & compression1 hav+ a mean d5sity ( m ?an d\ble t ( ! m9]als on ! surface4 ,judg+ f ! results & /ill obs]vable conditions1 x may be inf]r$ t ! heat reta9$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe 0 m int5se1 or _h great] fre$om to act1 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs4 ,^! become ! sc5es ( volcanic op]ations1 & 9 "t m>k$ _! situations by ! extrusion f bel[ ( trap & basalts--rocks compos$ ( ! cry/all9e matt]1 fus$ by int5se heat1 & develop$ on ! surface 9 v>i\s conditions1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> circum/ances "u :i* x 0 s5t up2 "s1 = example1 be+ ?r[n up "u wat]1 & "s 9 ! op5 air1 :i* cont+5cies w\ld make consid]able diff]5ce 9 its texture & appe>ance4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a mi/ake to inf] t1 previ\s to ^! eruptions1 ! e>? 0 a smoo? ball1 ) air & wat] play+ r\nd x4 ,geology tells u pla9ly t !re 7 great irregul>ities--l(ty m\nta9s1 int]sp]s$ ) deep seas--& by :i*1 p]haps1 ! m\nta9s 7 :olly or p>tially cov]$4 ,b x is a fact wor?y ( obs]vation t ! solids ( our globe _c = a mom5t be expos$ to wat] or ! atmosph]e )\t becom+ liable to *ange4 ,!y in/antly beg9 to we> d[n4 ,! matt] s worn (f be+ c>ri$ into ! neighb\r+ dep?s & !re deposit$1 became ! compon5ts ( ! successive s]ies ( /ratifi$ rocks1 ext5d+ f ! basal envelope ( granite to ! e>?'s surface1 & :i* x w be prop] briefly to describe4 ,,deposits ,,or ,,rock ,,=mations4 ,! fir/ ( ! s]ies is ! ,gneis & ,mica ,slate ,sy/em1 ( :i* examples are expos$ to view 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& & ! we/ ( ,engl&4 ,^! e>lie/ /ratifi$ rocks conta9 no matt]s :i* are n to be f\nd 9 ! primitive granite4 ,!y are ! same 9 mat]ial--silica1 mica1 qu>tz1 or hornbl5de--b *ang$ into new =ms & comb9ations1 & h5ce call$ by ,mr4 ,,lyell metamorphic rocks4 ,"s ( !m are compos$ exclusively ( "o ( ! mat]ials ( granite2 ! mica s*i/1 = example1 ( mica2 ! qu>tz rocks1 ( qu>tz4 ,9 ! metamorphic rocks no organic rema9s h be5 f\nd1 & !y are geologically bel[ all ! rocks t d conta9 traces ( animal life4 ,f ! prim>y rocks we pass into ! next asc5d+ s]ies1 call$ ! ,clay ,slate & ,grauwacke ,slate ,sy/em1 :i* 9 "s places is f\nd re/+ imm$iately on ! granite1 ! antec$5t b$ be+ !re want+4 ,?is deposit has be5 well exam9$1 because "s ( its slate b$s h be5 ext5sively qu>ri$ = dome/ic purposes4 ,by "s geologi/s x is call$ ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 x be+ l>gely develop$ at ! surface ( a di/rict ( we/]n ,engl& =m]ly occupi$ by ! ,silures4 ,x is f\nd also 9 ,nor? ,wales & 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 9 b$s ( great ?ickness1 & 9 ,scotl&1 b !re ! ,silurian rocks are m feebly repres5t$4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 or ,devonian ,sy/em1 comes next4 ,x =ms ! mat]ial ( ! gr& & rugg$ m\nta9s :i* fr+e _m p>ts ( our ,highl& coa/s1 & ranges1 on ! s\? flank ( ! ,grampians1 f ! ea/]n to ! we/]n sea ( ,scotl&4 ,!re is no "p ( geology & sci5ce m cle> ?an t :i* ref]s to ! ages ( m\nta9s4 ,x is z c]ta9 t ! ,grampian m\nta9s are old] ?an ! ,alps & ,ap5n9es1 z x is t civilisation _h rea*$ ,italy & enabl$ h] to subdue ! _w1 :ile ,scotl& 0 ! abode ( b>b>ism4 ,! ,pyr5ees1 ,c>pa?ians1 & o!r ranges ( cont95tal ,europe are all y\ng] ?an ^! ,scot* hills1 or ev5 ! insignificant ,m5dip ,hills ( s\!rn ,engl&4 ,/ratification tells ?is tale z pla9ly1 & m truly1 ?an ,,livy tells ! /ory ( ! ,roman republic4 ,x tells u t at ! "t :5 ! ,grampians s5t /reams & detritus to /raits :]e n[ ! valleys ( ! ,=? & ,clyde meet1 ! great] "p ( ,europe 0 a wide ocean4 ,! la/ ?ree s]ies ( /rata conta9 ! rema9s ( ! e>lie/ occupants ( ! globe1 & ( :i* we %all soon speak4 ,!y are ( enorm\s ?ickness--9 ,engl&1 n mu* less ?an #cj1jjj feet1 or ne>ly six miles4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at ! second>y rocks1 ( :i* ! l[e/ gr\p is ! ,c>bonif]\s ,=mation1 s call$ f its rem>kable feature ( num]\s int]sp]s$ b$s ( coal4 ,x comm5ces ) b$s ( ! m\nta9 lime/one1 :i* 9 ,engl& atta9s a dep? ( #hjj y>ds4 ,coal is altoge!r compos$ ( ! matt] ( a t]re/rial vegetation1 transmut$ by putrefaction ( a peculi> k9d b5ea? ! surface ( wat]1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( air4 ,f examples se5 at ! pres5t day at ! m\?s ( su* riv]s z ! ,mississippi1 :i* trav]se ext5sive sylvan regions1 x is ?\ght t ! vegetation1 ! rubbi% ( decay$ =e/s1 0 c>ri$ by riv]s into e/u>ies1 & !re accumulat$ into va/ natural rafts1 until x sank to ! bottom1 :]e an ov]lay] ( s& or mud w\ld prep>e x = becom+ a /ratum ( coal4 ,o!rs conceive t ! vegetation fir/ w5t into ! condition ( peat moss1 t a s9k 9 a level !n expos$ x to be ov]run by ! sea & cov]$ ) a lay] ( s& or mud2 t a subsequ5t uprise made ! mud dry l&1 & fitt$ x to be> a new =e/1 :i* aft]w>ds1 l its pr$ecessors1 became a b$ ( peat--t1 9 %ort1 by repetitions ( ?is process ! alt]nate lay]s ( coal1 s& & %ell con/itut+ ! c>bonif]\s gr\p 7 =m$4 ,! ,magnesian ,lime/one deposits succe$ ! c>bonif]\s1 & sometimes pass into !m by ins5sible gradations4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,engl& !y are repres5t$ by conglom]ates1 & p>tly compos$ ( ! solid & m or less r\nd$ fragm5ts ( ! old] /rata4 ,!y af=d a pro( ( :at geologi/s h (t5 occasion to rem>k ( ! long p]iods ( "t dur+ :i* ! anci5t works ( nature 7 p]fect$2 = ! old] rocks 7 solid z !y are n[1 & _! organic rema9s petrifi$ at ! "t ^! conglom]ates 7 =m+4 ,we c only briefly glance at ! rema9+ *apt]s ( geological hi/ory4 ,! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one =ms ! base ( ! great c5tral pla9s ( ,engl&1 & is surm\nt$ by ! olif]\s m>ls & r$ ar5ace\s b$s :i* pass "u ! succession ( great oolitic t]races t /ret* across ,engl& f ! coa/s ( ,dorset%ire to ! nor?-ea/]n coa/ ( ,york%ire4 ,x m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( an important era1 be+ ! /rata 9 :i* l& animals are fir/ f\nd4 ,! ,oolte ,sy/em :i* foll[s m>ks ! beg9n+ ( mammalia1 & 9 "s ( its b$s 9 ,buck+ham%ire are f\nd ! exuvi ( tropical trees4 ,ne> ,weym\?1 9 ! well-kn[n dirt b$s1 are f\nd trees ) _! silicifi$ trunks gr[+ up 9 ! position ( nature1 & _! roots emb$d$ 9 ! soil on :i* !y grew4 ,next we h ! *alk or ,cretace\s ,=mation1 t makes su* a conspicu\s figure 9 ,engl&4 ,! celebrat$ cliffs ( ,dov] are ( ?is era4 ,x =ms a /ripe f ,york%ire to ,k5t1 & is f\nd 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,engli% *alk b$s are #a1bjj feet ?ick1 %[+ ! consid]able dep? ( ! ocean 9 :i* !y 7 =m$4 ,_! orig9 has be5 a que/ionable topic2 !y 7 ?\ght to be =m$ f ! detritus ( coral reefs1 b ,pr(essor ,,ehr5b]g has rec5tly ann\nc$1 z ! result ( 8 microscopical rese>*es1 t *alk is compos$ p>tly ( inorganic p>ticles & p>tly ( %ells ( inconceivable m9ut5ess1 a cubic in* ( ! sub/ance conta9+ ab\t t5 millions ( !m4 ,9 ! holl[s ( ! *alk-b$s h be5 =m$ s]ies ( /rata--clay1 lime/one1 m>l alt]nat+--to :i* ! "n ( ! ,t]ti>y ,sy/em has be5 giv54 ,x is irregul>ly di/ribut$ ov] va/ surfaces ( all our cont95ts1 & mu/ be consid]$ z ! b$s ( e/u>ies left at ! conclusion ( ! cretace\s p]iod4 ,london & ,p>is re/ on bas9s ( ?is =mation1 & ano!r su* bas9 ext5ds f ne> ,w9*e/] "u ,s\?ampton1 & reappe>s 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,we ha/5 upw>d to ! ,diluvial ,sy/em1 :i* br+s u ne> to ! pres5t surface4 ,to ?is era is ref]r$ ! erratic blocks1 or gigantic b\ld] /ones1 :i* h be5 driv5 by floods across our cont95ts1 or drift$ 9 iceb]gs ov] valleys1 & p]*$ sometimes on m\nta9 tops4 ,to x also mu/ be ref]r$ ! till ( ,scotl& & ! great br[n clay ( ,engl&1 & our va/ b$s ( gravel & sup]ficial rubbi%1 connect$ ) ! deluvium 9 ! hi/ory ( ossif]\s cav]ns1 ( :i* t exam9$ by ,dr4 ,,buckl& at ,kirkdale is an example4 ,!y occur 9 ! calc>e\s /rata1 z ! great cav]ns g5]ally d1 & h 9 all in/ances be5 naturally clos$ up till ! p]iod ( _! discov]y4 ,at ,kirkdale ! rema9s ( tw5ty-f\r species ( animals 7 f\nd--namely1 pigeon1 l>k1 rav51 duck1 p>tridge1 m\se1 wat]-rat1 rabbit1 h>e1 hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 elephant1 weasel1 fox1 wolf1 de]1 ox1 horse1 be>1 tig]1 hy5a4 ,f _m ( ! bones ( ! g5tl] ( ^! animals be+ f\nd 9 a brok5 /ate1 x is suppos$ t ! cave 0 ! haunt ( hy5as & o!r pr$ace\s animals1 by :i* ! small] ones _h be5 consum$4 ,we come la/ to ! ,mod]n or ,sup]ficial ,=mation1 ( :i* ! be/ specim5 is ! great ,b$=d level1 t spreads ov] ! l[] l&s ( ,norfolk1 ,cambridge%ire1 & ,l9coln%ire1 consi/+ ( accumulations ( silt1 drift$ matt]1 & bog-e>?1 "s ( :i* began be=e ! e>lie/ p]iods ( ,briti% hi/ory4 ,:5 ^! accumulations are remov$ by artificial means1 we f9d bel[ sometimes %ells ( rec5t species1 & ! rema9s ( an old e/u>y1 sometimes s&-banks1 gravel b$s1 /umps ( trees1 & masses ( drift$ wood4 ,on ?is rec5t surface are f\nd skulls ( a liv+ species ( ,european be>1 skeletons ( ! ,arctic wolf1 ,european beav] & wild bo>1 & num]\s horns & bones ( ! roebuck & r$ de]1 & ( ! gigantic /ag or ,iri% elk4 ,!y te/ify to a zoology on ! v]ge ( t n[ prevail+ or melt+ into x4 ,9 correspond+ deposits ( ,nor? ,am]ica are f\nd rema9s ( ! mammo?1 ma/adon1 buffalo1 & o!r animals ( ext9ct or liv+ species4 ,consid]+ x be/ n to int]rupt ! description ( ! successive =mations1 ?is is almo/ ! only allusion t has be5 made to ! fossils :i* con/itute s important a "p ( geological sci5ce4 ,x is n[ to be expla9$ t f an e>ly p]iod1 t is1 f ! metamorphic deposit to ! close ( ! rock s]ies1 ea* =mation is f\nd to enclose rema9s ( ! organic be+s1 plants1 & animals1 :i* fl\ri%$ ^u e>? dur+ ! "t !y 7 =m+2 & ^! organisms1 or su* p>ts ( !m z 7 ( suffici5t solidity1 h be5 9 _m in/ances pres]v$ ) ! utmo/ fidelity1 al?\gh = ! mo/ "p conv]t$ into ! sub/ance ( ! enclos+ m9]al4 ,! rocks may be ?us said to =m a k9d ( hi/ory ( ! organic dep>tm5ts ( nature app>5tly f ne> _! beg9n+ to ! pres5t "t4 ,x is ^u ! comm5cem5t & progress ( life "u ^! circum/ances t ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation has put =? "s ( 8 mo/ />tl+ & controv]sial propositions2 b be=e notic+ !m x w be useful to prep>e ! way by %ortly describ+ ! gradations ( organic exi/5ces1 foll[+ ! same ord] z obs]v$ 9 ! rock s]ies1 by beg9n+ ) ! l[e/ or humble/ =ms ( organization4 ,,rise ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,plants ,,& ,,animals4 ,! int]ior ( ! e>? reveals wond]s n less impressive ?an ^? ( ! skies4 ,we h se5 9 ! la/ section h[ ! cru/ ( our globe is compos$ ( successive lay]s or ti]s ( /rata1 ris+ upw>d1 t]race ^u t]race1 till we rea* ! pres5t vegetable m\ld or sup]ficial plat=m ( animat$ exi/5ce4 ,9 ! aggregate ^! =mations or sy/ems1 m>k+ ! sev]al epo*s 9 nature's developm5t1 may ext5d to a dep?1 z ,dr4 ,,buckl& conjectures1 ( t5 or fifte5 miles bel[ ! surface1 & ea* may be consid]$ a va/ cemet]y or gravey>d1 entomb+ ! rema9s ( ages long ant]ior to human creation4 ,we1 9 fact1 live ^u a pile ( worlds1 & anticipat+ ! future f pa/ records & f *anges /ill manife/ f ! %all[+ s\nd+s ( neighb\r+ seas1 x is n improbable t ! exi/+ sc5e ( bu/le may h heap$ ^u x z _m sup]9cumb5t masses z ! l[e/ ( ! rocks enclos+ ! ve/iges ( life4 ,if n ) a k9d ( awe1 x mu/ h c]ta9ly be5 ) int5se curiosity t ! fir/ inve/igators ( fossilology look$ ^u ! e>lie/ =ms ( animat$ be+ ( :i* we h any traces z exi/+ ^u ?is globe4 ,^! fir/ d5iz5s1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 ( a simple /ructure & humble ord]1 n fit to play high class *>act]s4 ,no l& animals are f\nd among !m1 none :i* c\ld brea! ! atmosph]e1 none b t5ants ( ! wat]1 & ev5 animals s high 9 ! scale z fi% 7 want+4 ,9 popul> language1 ! e>lie/ fossils are corals & %ellfi%4 ,b to make ! subject g5]ally intelligible x w be necess>y fir/ to def9e ! ord]s ( ! animal k+dom4 ,,cuvi] 0 ! fir/ to give a philosophical view ( ! animal _w 9 ref]5ce to ! plan on :i* ea* animal is con/ruct$4 ,accord+ to him !re are f\r =ms on :i* animals h be5 modell$1 & ( :i* ult]ior divisions are only slight modifications f\nd$ on ! developm5t or addition ( "s p>ts t d n produce any ess5tial *ange ( /ructure4 ,! f\r great bran*es ( ! animal _w are ! v]tebrata1 mollusca1 articulata1 & radiata4 ,! v]tebrata are ^? animals :i* 7z man & o!r suckl]s1 birds & fi%es7 h a backbone & a skull ) lat]al app5dages1 )9 :i* ! visc]a are exclud$1 & to :i* ! muscles are atta*$4 ,! mollusca or s(t animals h no bony skeleton2 ! muscles are atta*$ to ! sk91 :i* (t5 include /ony plates call$ %ells2 su* mollusca are %ell-fi%1 o!rs are cuttle-fi%1 & _m pulpy sea animals4 ,! articulata consi/ ( cru/acea 7lob/]s1 c471 insects1 spid]s1 & annulos worms1 :i*1 l ! o!r classes ( ?is bran*1 consi/ ( a head & a numb] ( successive portions ( ! body jo9t$ toge!r1 :5ce ! "n4 ,f9ally ! radiata include ! animals kn[n "u ! "n ( zoophytes4 ,n[ x is fossils ( ! radiata division ( ! animal k+dom t are f\nd 9 ! l[e/ /ratifi$ rocks1 polypi>ia & cr9odia1 ! fir/ includ+ v>i\s =ms ( ^! extraord9>y animals 7corall9es7 :i* /ill ab\nd 9 tropical seas1 (t5 ob/ruct+ ! c\rse ( ! m>9]1 & ev5 lay+ ! f\ndation ( new cont95ts4 ,! cr9oids are an e>ly & simple =m ( ! l>ge family ( />-fi%es2 ! animal is little m ?an a /oma*1 surr\nd$ by t5tacula to provide itself ) food1 & m\nt$ ^u a _m-jo9t$ /alk1 s z to resemble a fl[] ^u its /em4 ,along ) ^! 9 ! slate sy/em are a few l[ly g5]a ( cru/acea1 & ( a high] class1 ! mollusca1 & ! exi/5ce ( ^! imply ! contempor>y exi/5ce ( c]ta9 humbl] =ms ( life1 vegetable & animal1 = _! subsi/5ce1 =m+ a sc5e approa*+ to :at is f\nd 9 seas ( ! pres5t day1 except+ t fi%es1 nor any high] v]tebrata1 z yet roam$ ! m>9e wilds4 ,! animal species ( ?is era seem to h be5 few 9 numb]1 & almo/ ! :ole _h become ext9ct be=e ! next gr\p ( /rata _h be5 =m$4 ,9 ! ,silurian deposit ! ve/iges ( life become m abundant1 ! numb] ( species ext5d$1 & important additions made 9 ! traces ( sea plants & fi%es4 ,rema9s ( fi%es h be5 detect$ 9 rocks imm$iately ov] ! ,ayme/ry lime/one1 be+ app>5tly ! fir/ examples ( v]tebrat$ animals :i* brea!d ^u our planet4 7p4 #fd74 ,! cephaloda1 repres5t$ 9 our era by ! nautilus & cuttle-fi%1 p]ta9 to ! ,silurian =mation1 & are ! mo/ highly organis$ ( ! mollusca1 possess+ 9 "s families an int]nal bony skeleton1 toge!r ) a he>t & a head ) m&ibles n unlike ^? ( ! p>rot4 ,9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ! same m>9e specim5s are cont9u$ ) num]\s additions4 ,sev]al ( ! /rata are cr[d$ ) rema9s ( fi%1 %[+ t ! seas 9 :i* ^! b$s 7 deposit$ _h sw>m$ ) t class ( inhabitants4 ,! pr$om9at+ k9ds are ( an inf]ior model to ! two ord]s :i* aft]w>ds came into exi/5ce1 & /ill are ! pr9cipal fi%es ( our seas2 ! =m] are cov]$ ) integum5ts ( a consid]ably diff]5t "* f ! true scales cov]+ ! latt]1 & :i* ord]s1 f _! =m ( organization1 are nam$ /5oid & cycloid4 ,up to ! pres5t we f9d pro(s ( ! g5]al uni=mity ( organic life ov] ! surface ( ! e>? at ! "t :5 ea* p>ticul> sy/em ( rocks 0 =m$4 ,! types ( be+ =m$ 9 ! old r$ z 9 prec$+ deposits1 are id5tical 9 species ) ! rema9s t occur 9 ! correspond+ class ( rocks 9 ,brittany1 ! ,h>tz1 ,norway1 ,russia1 & ,nor? ,am]ica2 atte/+ ! simil>ity & almo/ univ]sality1 if n contempor>y "*1 ( t]re/rial *anges4 ,a few o!r geological facts may be "h m5tion$ = recollection1 & :i* ?r[ light on ! m>9e animal & vegetable =ms ( ?is & prec$+ eras4 ,fir/ !re 0 comp>atively an abs5ce ( salt 9 ! e>ly ocean2 & next ! temp]ature ( ! e>? is conjectur$ to h be5 high]1 & p]haps almo/ uni=m ?r\gh\t4 ,! high] temp]ature ( ! primeval times is attribut$ to ! great] proximity or int5sity ( ! globe's int]nal heat1 & :i*1 p\r$ ?r\gh cracks & fissures ( ! lately concret$ cru/1 ,m4 ,,brongni>t supposes to h be5 suffici5tly great to ov]p[] ! ord9>y meteorological influ5ces & spread a tropical climate all ov] its surface4 ,x mu/ be fur!r borne 9 m9d t z yet no l& animals or plants exi/$1 & = ?is presumable reason1 t dry l& _h n appe>$4 ,x is only 9 ! next or c>bonif]\s =mation t evid5ce is trac$ ( isl& or cont95t4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is em]g5ce !re 0 fre% wat]2 = ra91 in/ead ( return+ to ! sea1 z =m]ly1 0 collect$ 9 *annels ( ! e>? & became spr+s1 riv]s1 & lakes4 ,x 0 made a receptacle = an advance 9 organism1 & l& plants became a conspicu\s "p ( ! new creation4 ,accord+ to ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 t]re/rial botany began ) classes ( comp>atively simple =ms & /ructure4 ,9 ! ranks ( ! vegetable k+dom ! l[e/ place is tak5 by plants ( cellul> tissue1 & :i* h no fl[]s1 z li*5s1 mosses1 fungi1 f]ns1 & sea-we$s4 ,above ^! /& plants ) vascul> tissue1 be>+ fl[]s1 & ( :i* !re are two subdivisions3 fir/1 plants hav+ "o se$-lobe1 & 9 :i* ! new matt] is add$ )91 ( :i* ! cane & palm are examples2 second1 plants hav+ two se$ lobes1 & 9 :i* ! new matt] is add$ on ! outside "u ! b>k1 ( :i* ! p9e1 elm1 oak1 & all ! ,briti% =e/ trees are examples4 ,n[ ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges /ates t two-?irds ( ! plants ( ?is era belong to ! cellul> k9d1 b to ?is "o ( 8 able/ critics 7,ed9burgh ,review = ,july7 demurs1 ass]t+ t ! c>bonif]\s epo* %[s a gorge\s flora--t ! fir/ fruits ( vegetable nature 7 n rude1 ill-fa%ion$ =ms1 b 9 magnific5ce & complexity ( /ructure equal to any liv+ types1 & t ! =e/ approa*$ ! rank & complicat$ display ( a tropical jungle1 :]e ! preval5ce ( great heat ) great moi/ure1 comb9$ ) ! fact t ! atmosph]e conta9$ a great] proportion ( ! natural food ( plants1 mu/ und\bt$ly h =cibly /imulat$ vegetation1 & 9 quantity & luxuriance ( gr[?1 if n f95ess ( organization1 produc$ x 9 ri* abundance4 ,! e>?1 x is likely1 0 "o va/ =e/1 :i* w\ld p]=m a mo/ important "p = ! good ( its future inhabitants1 help+ to purge ! air ( its excess ( c>bonic acid1 by :i* ! e>?'s surface w\ld be prep>$ = its new occupants4 ,! animal rema9s ( ?is era are n num]\s 9 comp>ison ) ^? t g be=e or foll[4 ,contr>y to :at ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges supposes 7p4 #aaa71 insects 7 already buzz+ 9 ! air2 !re 71 h[ev]1 no crawl+ reptiles on ! gr\nd1 & x is a d\btful po9t :e!r birds *e]$ ! anci5t =e/s ) _! song4 ,b fi%es rea*$ _! mo/ p]fect organic type4 ,!y 7 ! lords ( creation1 & _h a /ructure 9 con=mity ) _! high (fice4 ,s9ce !n ! class has increas$ 9 its species1 b has deg5]at$ to a less noble type4 ,9 ! next =mation1 ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 reptiles make _! appe>ance4 ,!y are consid]$ next to fi%es 9 ! zoological scale4 ,s ne>ly are !y sometimes connect$1 t x is d\btful to :i* class !y belong4 ,_m reptiles are also amphibi\s1 adapt$ ei!r to wat] or l&4 ,! surface ( ! globe ab\nd$ 9 l>ge flat1 muddy %ores1 & 0 suit$ to ! new ord] ( visitants call$ into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ,oolite ,sy/em1 mo/ly consi/+ ( calc>e\s b$s1 mammals make _! appe>ance4 ,"s additions 7 made to ! reptile =m4 ,"o animal 7! behemite7 appe>$1 b t]m9at$ 9 ! next era4 ,9 ! foll[+ s]ies ( rocks mammals increase 9 abundance4 ,! advance 9 l& animals is less m>k$1 b consid]able 9 ! t]ti>y /rata4 ,! tapir =ms a conspicu\s type4 ,"o animal ( ! k9d 0 eighte5 feet long1 & _h a c\ple ( tusks turn+ d[n f ! l[] jaw1 by :i* x c\ld atta* itself1 l ! walrus1 to a bank1 :ile its body float$ 9 ! wat]4 ,_m animals ( a =m] p]iod disappe>1 & are replac$ by o!rs belong+ to /ill exi/5t families--elephant1 hippopotamus1 & rh9oc]os--?\gh ext9ct z species4 ,"s ( ^! =ms are />tl+ f _! size4 ,! great ma/adon 0 a species ( elephant liv+ on aquatic plants1 & rea*+ ! height ( twelve feet4 ,! mammo? 0 ano!r elephant1 & suppos$ to h surviv$ till comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! mega!rium is an incongruity ( nature1 ( gigantic proportions1 yet rank+ 9 a mu* humbl] ord] ?an ! elephant1 t ( ! ed5ta1 to :i* ! slo?1 ant-eat]1 & armadilla belong4 ,! mega!rium _h a skeleton ( enorm\s solidity1 ) an arm\r-clad body1 & five toes1 t]m9at+ 9 huge claws to grasp ! bran*es on :i* x f$4 ,f9ally1 beside ! dog1 cat1 squirrel1 & be>1 we h (f]$ to u1 = ! fir/ "t1 ox51 de]1 camel1 & o!r specim5s ( ! rumantia4 ,traces ( ! quadrumane1 or monkey1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! old] t]ti>ies ( ,france1 ,india1 & ,engl&4 ,s t we may n[ be said to h arriv$ at ! zoological =ms n long antec$5t to ! appe>ance ( ! *ief ( all1 bimana1 or man1 & %all "h pause to consid] ! conclusions ( ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation on ! orig9 ( ! organic exi/5ces t h be5 successively exhibit$4 ,x w be conv5i5t1 h[ev]1 fir/ to introduce a synoptic view ( ! evolutions ( ! e>? z set =? 9 ?is & ! prec$+ section4 ,= ?is purpose ! au?or has introduc$ a p>allel table1 exhibit+ on "o side a scale ( animal life beg9n+ ) ! humble/ & asc5d+ to ! highe/ species2 & on ! o!r side ! successive s]ies ( rock =mations1 9 :i* _! fossilif]\s rema9s h be5 f\nd up to ! pres5t sup]ficial deposits ( ! globe4 ,objections h be5 made to ! correctness ( ! au?or's analogies1 scale1 & 8 classification ( animals1 ! *ief ( :i* w be adv]t$ to 9 ! next section2 b ! table is ess5tial1 z pres5t+ at "o view an outl9e ( ! hypo!sis he has s\ght to e/abli%4 ,,scale ,,( ,,animal ,,k+dom4 ,,ord] ,,( ,,animals ,,9 ,,asc5d+ ,,s]ies ,,foetal ,,human ,,bra9 ,,( ,,rocks4 ,,resembles1 ,,9 ,inv]tebrata4 #a ,infusoria ,traces ( ,infusoria787 #a ,gneiss & ,mica ,slate ,sy/em #b ,polypi ,polypi>ia #e ,e*9od]mata ,e*9od]mata #g ,bra*iopoda #ae-bj ,bra*iopoda ,cru/acea #b ,clay ,slate ,sy/em #a/ mon?1 typically1 ,moll- #i ,pt]opoda ,artic-,cru/acea ,pt]opoda _/ t ( an usca #aj ,ga/]opoda ulata #ab-ad ,ga/]opoda ,annelides _/ _/ av]tebrat$ animal #aa ,cephalopoda ,annelides ,cephalopoda _/ #c ,silurian sy/em _/ ,v]tebrata4 ,rema9s ( ,fi%es _/ _/ ,fi%es ( l[ type2 #cb-cf ,fi%es het]oc]cal2 alli$ #d ,old ,r$ ,s&/one #bnd mon?1 t ( a fi%2 to cru/acea _/ _/ ,sauroid ,fi%es #cg ,batra*ia 7frogs1 c47 ,batra*ia #e ,c>bonif]\s #ci ,sauria 7liz>ds1 c47 ,sauria _/ =mation #dj ,*elonia 7tortoises7 ,*elonia _/ #crd mon?1 t ( a turtle2 #da-df ,birds ,foot/eps ( ,birds #f ,new ,r$ ,s&/one #d? mon?1 t ( a bird2 #dg ,cetacea 7dolph9s1 :ales1 c47 ,bones ( a ,cetace\s ,animal #g ,oolite ,bones ( a ,m>supial _/ #h ,*alk #dh ,pa*yd]mata 7tapirs1 c47 ,pa*yd]mata #di ,ed5tata 7slo?s7 ,ed5tata #ej ,rod5tia 7squirrels1 h>e1 c47 ,rod5tia #e? mon?1 t ( a rod5t2 #ea ,m>supialia 7opossums1 c47 ,m>supialia #eb ,rum9antia 7ox51 /ag1 c47 ,rum9antia #f? mon?1 t ( a rum9ant2 #ec ,amphibia 7seals7 #i ,t]ti>y #ed ,digitigrada 7dog1 cat1 c47 ,digitigrada _/ #g? mon?1 t ( a digitigrade animal2 #ee ,plantigrada 7be>1 c47 ,plantigrada _/ #ef ,insectivora 7%rew1 c47 ,insectivora _/ #eg ,*eiropt]a 7bats7 ,*eiropt]a _/ #eh ,quadrumana 7apes7 ,quadrumana _/ #h? mon?1 t ( ! quadrumana2 #bi ,bimana 7man7 ,bimana #aj ,sup]ficial deposits #i? mon?1 atta9s full human "*4 ,,transmutation ,,( ,,species4 ,9 ! two la/ sections we h gone ?r\gh ! e>?'s geological hi/ory1 fir/ ( ! *anges 9 its physical /ructure1 next ( ! mutations 9 ! organic =ms t h1 9 s]ial ord]1 appe>$ 9 ! successive /rata ( its ext]nal envelope1 f ! p]iod ( t f> di/ant crisis :5 x 0 a molt5 globe on :i* its primitive granitic cov]+ 0 j beg9n+ to concrete1 9 consequ5ce ( abat+ heat1 until we h arriv$ at ! fir/ progno/ic signs ( approa*+ human exi/5ce4 ,! rock ^u rock ( va/ ?ickness1 by :i* ! e>?'s cru/1 ?r\gh c\ntless ages1 has be5 =m$1 unque/ionably con/itutes a mo/ extraord9>y ph5om5on ( physical creation1 b h>dly s m>vell\s & incompreh5sible z ! beg9n+1 progress1 & end ( ! div]s ord]s ( m>9e & t]re/rial be+s t fill$ ea* _w ( life4 ,x is to geologi/s1 to ,,playfair1 ,,hutton1 ,,lyell1 ,,buckl&1 ,,s$gwick1 ,,ow51 & o!r great names1 native & =eign1 to :om we are indebt$ = ?is s+ul> revelation ( ,nature's works4 ,x is _! unwe>i$ rese>* t has op5$ to u ! surpris+ spectacle we h attempt$ briefly to describe ( ! div]sifi$ gr\ps ( species :i* h1 9 ! c\rse ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 succe$$ ea* o!r at va/ int]vals ( "t2 "o set ( animals & plants :olly or p>tly disappe>+ f ! face ( our planet1 & o!rs1 :i* app>5tly did n be=e exi/1 becom+ ! only or pr$om9ant occupants ( ! globe4 ,n[ ! great "q arises--:5ce1 by :at p[]1 or by :at law1 7 ^! reit]at$ transitions br\ght ab\t8 ,7 ! organiz$ species ( "o geological epo*1 by "s long-cont9u$ ag5cy ( natural causes1 transmut$ into o!r & succe$+ species8 or 7 !re an ext9ction ( species1 & a replacem5t ( !m by o!rs1 ?r\gh special & miracul\s acts ( creation8 or1 la/ly1 did species gradually deg5]ate & die out f ! influ5ce ( ! alt]$ & unfav\rable physical conditions 9 :i* !y 7 plac$1 & be supplant$ by immigrants ( diff]5t species1 & to :i* ! new conditions 7 m cong5ial8 ,! la/1 we confess1 is ! view to :i* we are mo/ incl9$--fir/1 because we ?9k a transmutation ( species1 f a l[] to a high] type1 has n be5 satisfactorily prov$2 & second1 because ( ! /rong impression we ent]ta91 t ! univ]se1 subject to c]ta9 cyclical & det]m9ate mutations1 0 made complete at fir/1 ) self-subsi/+ provisions = its p]petual r5ewal & cons]vation4 ,we %all adv]t to ?is matt] h]eaft]2 b at pres5t x is ! conclusions ( ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges t claim consid]ation4 ,he adopts ! fir/ int]pretation ( animal ph5om5a1 namely1 t !re has be5 a transmutation ( species1 t ! scale ( creation has be5 gradually advanc+ 9 virtue ( an inh]5t & organic law ( developm5t4 ,nature1 he cont5ds1 began humbly2 h] fir/ works 7 ( simple =m1 :i* 7 gradually meliorat$ by circum/ances fav\rable to improvem5t1 & t ev]y:]e animals & plants exhibit traces ( a p>allel advance ( ! physical conditions & ! organic /ructure4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple1 he inculcates1 is1 t ea* animal ( a high] k9d1 9 ! progress ( its embryo /ate1 passes ?r\gh /ates :i* are ! f9al condition ( ! l[] k9d2 t ! high] k9ds ( animals came lat]1 & 7 develop$ f ! l[] k9ds1 :i* came e>li] 9 ! s]ies ( rock =mations1 by new peculi> conditions op]at+ ^u ! embryo1 & c>ry+ x to a high] /age4 ,^! conclusions ! au?or ma9ta9s geology has e/abli%$1 & ( ! results !nce d]iv$ he gives ! subjo9$ recapitulation3-- ,9 pursu+ ! progress ( ! developm5t ( bo? plants & animals ^u ! globe1 we h se5 an advance 9 bo? cases1 f simple to high] =ms ( organization4 ,9 ! botanical dep>tm5t we h fir/ sea1 aft]w>ds l& plants2 & among/ ^! ! simpl] 7cellul> & cryptogamic7 be=e ! m complex4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( zoology1 we see1 fir/1 traces all b c]ta9 ( infusoria %ell$ animalcul2 !n polypi>ia1 cr9oidea1 & "s humble =ms ( ! articulata & mollusca2 aft]w>ds high] =ms ( ! mollusca2 & x appe>s t ^! exi/$ = ages be=e !re 7 any high] types ( be+4 ,! fir/ /ep =w>d gives fi%es1 ! humble/ class ( ! v]tebrata2 &1 moreov]1 ! e>lie/ fi%es p>take ( ! "* ( ! l[] sub-k+dom1 ! articulata4 ,aft]w>ds come l& animals1 ( :i* ! fir/ are reptiles1 univ]sally all[$ to be ! type next 9 advance f fi%es1 & to be connect$ ) ^! by ! l9ks ( an ins5sible gradation4 ,f reptiles we advance to birds1 & !nce to mammalia1 :i* are comm5c$ by m>supialia1 ackn[l$g$ly l[ =ms 9 _! class4 ,t !re is ?us a progress ( "s k9d1 ! mo/ sup]ficial glance at ! geological hi/ory is suffici5t to conv9ce u4 ,n[ ?is appe>s plausible & conclusive1 b ! correctness ( ! recapitulation "h made1 & its con=mity to actual nature1 h be5 %>ply disput$4 ,x may be true t sea plants came fir/1 b ( ?is !re is no pro(2 & ( l& plants !re is n a %ad[ ( evid5ce t ! simpl] =ms came into be+ be=e ! m complex3 ! simple & complex =ms are f\nd toge!r 9 ! m anci5t flora4 ,x is true t we fir/ see polypi>ia1 cr9oidea1 articulata1 & mollusca1 b n exactly 9 ! ord] /at$ by ! au?or4 ,x is true t ! next /ep gives u fi%es1 b x is n true t ! e>lie/ fi%es l9k on to ! l[] sub-k+dom1 ! articulata4 ,x is true t we aft]w>ds f9d reptiles1 b ^? :i* fir/ appe> belong to ! highe/ ord] ( ! class1 & %[ no l9ks ( an ins5sible gradation into fi%es4 ,9 ! t]ti>y deposit ( ! ,london clay ! evid5ce ( concat5ation entirely fails4 ,among ! millions ( organic =ms1 f corals up to mammalia ( ! ,london & ,p>is bas9s1 h>dly a s+le second>y species is f\nd4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,france x is said t two or ?ree second>y species /ruggle into ! t]ti>y /rata2 b !y =m a r>e & evanesc5t exception to ! g5]al rule4 ,organic nature at ?is /age seems =m$ on a new patt]n--plants z well z animals are *ang$4 ,x might seem z if we _h be5 transport$ to a new planet2 = nei!r 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! g5]a & ! species1 nor 9 _! aff9ities ) ! types ( a pre-exi/+ _w1 is !re any approa* to a connect$ *a9 ( organic developm5t4 ,= "s discrepancies ! au?or endeav\rs to acc\nt1 & x is fair to give 8 explanation3-- ,fossil hi/ory has no d\bt /ill "s obscure passages2 & ^! h be5 p>tially adv]t$ to4 ,fuci1 ! e>lie/ vegetable fossils z yet detect$1 are n1 x has be5 rem>k$1 ! l[e/ =ms ( aquatic vegetation2 nei!r are ! plants ( ! coal-measures ! v l[e/1 ?\gh !y are a l[ =m1 ( l& vegetation4 ,!re is "h 9 reality no difficulty ( ! lea/ importance4 ,! humble/ =ms ( m>9e & l& vegetation are ( a consi/5ce to =bid all expectation ( _! be+ pres]v$ 9 rocks4 ,_h we possess$1 contemporane\sly ) ! fuci ( ! ,silurians1 or ! f]ns ( ! c>bonif]\s =mation1 fossils ( high] =ms respectively1 equally unsub/antial1 b :i* _h surviv$ all cont+5cies1 !n ! abs5ce ( mean =ms ( simil> consi/5cy might h be5 a /umbl+-block 9 our c\rse2 b no su* ph5om5a are pres5t$4 ,! blanks 9 ! s]ies are !re=e no m ?an blanks2 & :5 a c&id m9d fur!r consid]s t ! botanical fossils actually pres5t are all 9 ! ord] ( _! organic developm5t1 ! :ole ph5om5a appe> exactly :at might h be5 anticipat$4 ,x is also rem>k$1 9 objection1 t ! mollusca & articulata appe> 9 ! same gr\p ( rocks 7! slate sy/em7 ) polypi>ia1 cr9oidea1 & o!r specim5s ( ! humble/ sub-k+dom2 "s ( ! mollusca1 moreov]1 be+ cephalopods1 :i* are ! highe/ ( _! division 9 po9t ( organization4 ,p]haps1 9 /rict fact1 ! cephalopoda d n appe> till a lat] "t1 t ( ! ,silurian rocks4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ! cephalopoda c\ld be %ewn z p]vad+ all ! l[e/ fossilif]\s /rata1 :at m w\ld ! fact d5ote ?an t1 9 ! fir/ seas capable ( su/a9+ any k9d ( animal life1 ! creative en]gy advanc$ x1 9 ! space ( "o =mation1 7no "o c say h[ long a "t ?is might be17 to ! highe/ =ms possible 9 t elem5t1 except+ su* z 7 ( v]tebrate /ructure4 ,x may "h be inquir$ if geologi/s are entitl$ to set s high a value z !y d ^u ! po9t 9 ! scale ( organic life :i* is m>k$ by ! upp] =ms ( ! mollusca4 ,x w aft]w>ds be se5 t ?is is a l[ po9t comp>$ ) ! :ole scale1 if we are to take z a crit]ion t p>ity ( developm5t :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! embryo ( "o ( ! high] animals4 ,! human embryo passes ?r\gh ! :ole space repres5t+ ! inv]tebrate animals 9 ! fir/ mon?1 a m]e fraction ( its c\rse4 ,!re is inde$ a rem>kably rapid *ange ( =ms 9 su* an embryo at fir/3 ! rapidity1 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 is '9 proportion to ! proximity ( ! ovum to ! comm5cem5t ( its developm5t2' &1 con=mable to ?is fact1 we f9d ! same zoologi/ /at+ t1 9 ! l[e/ division ( ! animal k+dom1 7! ,acrita ( 8 arrangem5t17 !re is a mu* quick] advance ( =ms t[>ds ! next above x1 ?an is to be se5 9 subsequ5t dep>tm5ts4 ,!re is1 inde$1 to ! mo/ ord9>y obs]vation1 a rapidity & =ce 9 ! productive p[]s ( ! l[e/ animals1 :i* might well sugge/ an explanation ( t ru% ( life :i* seems to be indicat$ 9 ! slate & ,silurian rocks4 ,) reg>d to ! s-call$ e>ly occurr5ce ( fi%es p>tak+ ( ! saurian "*1 ,i w\ld say t _! occurr5ce a full =mation aft] ! e>lie/ & simple/ fi%es1 is1 consid]+ h[ little we "k ( ! space ( "t repres5t$ by a =mation1 n e>ly3 _! be+ lat] 9 any degree is ! fact ma9ly important4 ,! subsequ5t rise ( new ord]s ( fi%es1 fully pisc9e 9 "*1 may be expla9$ by ! supposition ( _! hav+ be5 develop$1 z is mo/ likely1 f a diff]5t portion ( ! inf]ior sub-k+dom4 ,9 %ort1 all ! objections :i* h be5 made to ! great fact ( a g5]al progress ( organic developm5t ?r\gh\t ! geological ages1 w be f\nd1 on close exam9ation1 to ref] m]ely to d\btful appe>ances ( small mom5t1 :i* vani% into no?+ :5 rightly und]/ood4 ,^u "s ( ! *ief po9ts "h involv$1 x may be rem>k$ t ! mo/ em95t physiologi/s are n agre$2 !y are n agre$ t animals c be arrang$ 9 a s]ies1 pass+ f l[] to high]2 nor t animals ( a high] k9d 9 ! embryo /ate pass ?r\gh ! successive /ages ( ! l[] k9ds2 ! "* ( ^! /ages1 9 ! ass]t$ doctr9e1 be+ tak5 f ! bra9 & he>t1 & man be+ ! highe/ po9t ( ! s]ies4 ,!re are physiologi/s too :o d5y t ! bra9 ( ! human embryo at any p]iod1 h[ev] e>ly1 resembles ! bra9 ( any mollusk or ( any articulata4 ,x nev]1 !y ass]t1 passes ?r\gh a /age comp>able or analog\s to a p]man5t condition ( ! same organ 9 any inv]tebrate animal2 & 9 l mann] ! sp9al cord 9 ! human v]tebr at no p]iod agrees ) ! correspond+ "p ( ! l[] k9d ( animals4 ,! mom5t x becomes visible 9 ! human embryo1 x is entirely dorsal 9 position2 :ile 9 mollusks & articulatas a great "p1 or ne>ly ! :ole1 is v5tral4 ,! same is true ( ! he>t1 or c5tre ( ! vascul> sy/em1 :i* has always a diff]5t relative position 9 ! great n]v\s c5tre 9 ! human embryo f :at x has 9 any articulate animal1 & 9 mo/ mollusks4 ,a second position 9 ! ,ve/iges appe>s n to h be5 e/abli%$--namely1 z to ! uni=m geological arrangem5t ( diff]5t organic /ructures4 ,x is n true t only ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life are f\nd 9 ! l[e/ fossilif]\s rocks1 & t ! m complicat$ /ructures are gradually & exclusively develop$ among ! high] b&s 9 :at might be call$ a natural asc5d+ scale4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! pr$ace\s cephalopods & ! highly organiz$ cru/ace\s are among ! olde/ fossils4 ,su* appe>s to be ! ord] ( nature z evid5c$ by facts1 & x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev] repugnant to preconceiv$ notions or m]e mortal conjectural am5dm5ts4 ,9 ! ?ird place ! evid5ce seems to prepond]ate 9 fav\r ( p]man5cy ( species4 ,!re c be no d\bt t bo? plants & animals may1 by ! influ5ce ( bre$+1 & ( ext]nal ag5ts op]at+ ^u _! con/itution1 be greatly modifi$1 s z to give rise to v>ieties & races diff]5t f :at be=e exi/$4 ,b !re are limits to su* modifications1 z 9 ! diff]5t k9d & bre$ ( dogs2 & no organiz$ be+s c1 by ! m]e work+ ( natural causes1 be made to pass f ! type ( "o species to t ( ano!r4 ,a wolf by dome/ication1 = example1 c nev] become a dog1 nor ! ourang-outang by ! =ce ( ext]nal circum/ances be br\ght )9 ! circle ( ! human species4 ,9 ?is op9ion ,mr4 ,,lyell1 ,dr4 ,,pri*>d1 & ,mr4 ,,lawr5ce1 concur4 ,! g5]al conclusion at :i* !y h arriv$ is1 t !re is a capacity 9 all species to accommodate !mselves to a c]ta9 ext5t to a *ange ( ext]nal circum/ances2 ?is ext5t v>y+ greatly accord+ to ! species4 ,!re may ?us be *anges ( appe>ance or /ructure1 & "s ( ^! *anges are transmissible to ! (fspr+2 b ! mutations ?us sup]9duc$ are gov]n$ by c]ta9 laws1 & conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,indef9ite div]g5ce f ! orig9al type is n possible1 & ! extreme limit ( possible v>iation may usually be rea*$ 9 a %ort p]iod ( "t2 9 %ort1 ,pr(essor ,,:ewell concludes 7,indications ( ,creation1 p4 #ef71 t e species has a real exi/5ce 9 nature1 & a transmutation f "o to ano!r does n exi/4 ,?us = example1 ,,cuvi] rem>ks t1 not)/&+ all ! diff]5ces ( age1 appe>ance & habits1 :i* we f9d 9 ! dogs ( v>i\s races & c\ntries1 & ?\gh we h 79 ! ,egyptian mummies7 skeletons ( ?is animal z x exi/$ #c1jjj ye>s ago1 ! relation ( ! bones to ea* o!r rema9s ess5tially ! same2 & ) all ! v>ieties ( _! %ape & size1 !re are *>act]s :i* resi/ all ! influ5ces1 bo? ( ext]nal nature1 ( human int]c\rse1 & ( "t4 ,:at v>ieties1 aga91 9 ! =ms ( ! diff]5t bre$s ( horses & horn$ cattle2 rac]s1 hunt]s1 coa* horses1 dray horses1 & ponies2 %ort-horns & long-horns1 ,devons & ,h]e=ds1 poll$ gall[ays & ,%etl&s2 h[ unlike are ! unimprov$ bre$s ( cattle z !y exi/$ a c5tury ago be=e ! m>* ( agricultural improvem5t began1 & h[ diff]5t 7 mo/ ( ^! z !n exi/+ 9 :at may be call$ ! normal /ate f ! wild cattle produc$ 9 ,*ill+ton ,p>k4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 :5 ext]nal & artificial conditions are remov$1 & ^! diff]5t bre$s are all[$ to run wild1 z 9 ! ,pampas & ,au/ralia1 no matt] :at ! div]sity ( size1 %ape1 & col\r ( ! dome/ic bre$s1 !y rev]t$ 9 _! wild /ate1 9 ^! respects1 to _! primitive types4 ,s aga9 ) reg>d to cultivat$ vegetables & fl[]s4 ,h[ diff]5t are ! species ( ! r$ cabbage & ! caulifl[]2 :o w\ld h expect$ !m to be v>ieties ( ! wild brassica ol]acea8 ,yet f t !y h be5 d]iv$ by cultivation4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy l animals to rev]t to ! orig9al type1 or1 9 ! g>d5]'s phrase1 to deg5]ate1 :i* x requires ! utmo/ c>e on 8 "p to c\nt]act4 ,:5 left to a /ate ( nature1 !y spe$ily lose _! acquir$ =ms1 prop]ties & "*1 & rega9 ^? ( ! orig9al species4 ,if species be p]man5t--if no education or tra9+ c educe new k9ds--if ! high] classes ( animals are n ! results ( meliorations ( ! l[]--:5ce did !y come8 ,?is "q we are n b\nd to answ]4 ,x might be z reasonably ask$1 :5ce did ! l[] classes come8 ,geology1 l o!r sci5ces1 does n conduct u to ! beg9n+1 x only takes up creation at c]ta9 ult]ior /ages ( developm5t4 ,! *anges & con/ruction ( ! globe may h be5 diff]5t 9 diff]5t p>ts2 x has n be5 prov$ t geological revolutions h be5 ei!r univ]sal or contempor>y4 ,!re may h be5 climates & regions adapt$ to ! exi/5ce ( ! high] class ( l& animals1 :ile contempor>ily !re) o!r portions ( ! globe might be und]go+ *anges b5ea? ! ocean4 ,x is n improbable t ! human species dwelt ne>ly /ation>y = ages on ! old cont95ts ( ,africa & ,asia1 :ile ,europe & ,am]ica 7 cov]$ ) wat]4 ,suppos+ ^! new cont95ts =m$1 ei!r by ! gradual subsid5ce ( ! sea or ! ris+ ( its b$1 successive inhabitants w\ld foll[ 9 ! ord] pres5t$ by exi/+ organic rema9s4 ,:ile cov]$ by ! sea1 :at n[ =m ,europe & ,am]ica c\ld only be peopl$ by m>9e animals2 b z ! l& rose or ! wat]s subsid$ into _! ocean *annels1 & dry l& appe>$1 reptiles & amphibi might become ! occupants2 next1 z ! e>? became dri] & m salubri\s1 ! new cont95t w\ld be resort$ to by t]re/rial animals2 9 a /ill m advanc$ /age ( purification & salubrity1 man himself1 z ! "l ( all ! prec$+ classes ( immigrants1 w\ld take possession1 & z he /ill cont9ues ! liv+ occupant x is premature to look = 8 petrifaction4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,animat$ ,,tribes4 ,sci5ce has ma/]$ _m p]plexities1 b is almo/ p[]less z ev] 9 g5]ation4 ,all t lives1 & /ill m all t moves1 mu/ h a pre-exi/+ g]m =m$ indep5d5tly ( ! creat$ be+1 b :i* is ess5tial to its exi/5ce1 & fixes ! type ( organization4 ,! old adage--omne animal ab ovo--may be tak5 z g5]ally true4 ,b ?\gh e animal has its primordial egg or g]m1 all g]ms are n id5tical4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( life !re are o!r organic elem5ts besides ! ovum4 ,p>tly on direct pro( & p>tly on good analogy1 x may be inf]r$ t ^! diff] 9 diff]5t species--t ea* 9 ! fir/ /ages ( exi/5ce is b\nd by a diff]5t & immutable mode ( developm5t--&1 if s1 !re c be no embryotic id5tity4 ,by no *ange ( conditions1 says ,dr4 ,,cl>ke1 c two ova ( animals ( ! same species be develop$ into diff]5t animal species2 nei!r by any provision ( id5tical conditions c two ova ( diff]5t species be develop$ into animals ( ! same k9d4 ,if ^! views be "r1 & we believe !m to be s1 !re _c be a transmutation ( species "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,baffl$ 9 ! ef=t ei!r to create species or organically to *ange !m1 attempts h be5 made to approa* ne>] to ! s\rce ( vitality1 & expla9 ! *emical1 electric1 or me*anical laws by :i* ! vital pr9ciple is influ5c$4 ,= ?is purpose v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 put =?2 "o is ! not$ conjecture ( ,"l ,,monboddo1 t man is only an advanc$ developm5t ( ! *impanzee or ourang-outang4 ,a second explanation is t giv5 by ,,lam>ck1 :o surmis$1 & ) mu* +5uity attempt$ to prove1 t "o be+ advanc$ 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations into ano!r1 9 consequ5ce m]ely ( ! exp]i5ce ( wants call+ = ! ex]cise ( faculties 9 a p>ticul> direction1 by :i* ex]cise new developm5ts ( organs took place1 end+ 9 v>iations suffici5t to con/itute new species4 ,9 ?is way ! swiftness ( ! antelope1 ! claws & tee? ( ! lion1 ! trunk ( ! elephant1 ! long neck ( ! giraffe h be5 produc$1 x is suppos$1 by a c]ta9 pla/ic "* 9 ! con/ruction ( animals1 op]at$ ^u = a long c\rse ( ages by ! attempts :i* ^! animals make to atta9 objects :i* _! previ\s organization did n place )9 _! rea*4 ,?is is :at is meant by ! hypo!sis ( progressive t5d5cies1 & :i* requires = its validity n only ! assumption ( a m]e capacity = *ange1 b ( active pr9ciples conducive to improvem5t & ! atta9m5t ( high] p[]s & faculties4 ,m rec5tly ,,/4 ,,hilaire has publi%$ a pap] 9 :i* he speaks ( ! immutability ( species z a conviction t is on ! decl9e1 & t ! age ( ,,cuvi] is on ! close4 ,c>ri$ away by :at ,pr(essor ,,phillips has call$ a poetical conjecture t _c be prov$1 ?is writ] prop\nd$ ! speculation t ! pres5t crocodiles are really ! (fspr+ ( crocodilian reptiles1 ! diff]5ce be+ m]ely ! effect ( physical conditions1 especially op]at+ dur+ long geological p]iods ^u "o orig9al race4 ,! human species1 he cont5ds1 are b an advanc$ developm5t ( ! high] ord] ( ! monkey tribe1 & t ! negroes are deg5]at+ t[>ds t type aga94 ,accord+ to him ! siva!rium--a fossil animal t _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,himalaya m\nta9s--0 ! primeval type t "t _h f9$ d[n into ! giraffe f long-cont9u$ fe$+ on ! bran*es ( trees4 ,dr4 ,,falcon] & ,capt4 ,,cautley1 h[ev]1 h %[n t anatomical pro(s are all aga9/ ?is inf]5ce1 b if any d\bt rema9$ x mu/ yield to ! fact1 t among ! fauna ( ! ,sewalik hills ! siva!rium & ! giraffe 7 contempor>ies4 ,! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation has put =? an hypo!sis f\nd$ on ! prec$+ conjectures1 b m compact & conclusive4 ,he is1 z we h se51 9 fav\r ( ! progressive *ange ( species1 adopt+ ! notion t m5 once _h tails1 & t ! rudim5ts ( ?is condal app5dage are f\nd 9 an undevelop$ /ate 9 ! os coccygis 7p4 #aii47 ,8 lead+ idea ( ! progress ( organic life is t ! simple/ & mo/ primitive type "u a law to :i* t ( l production is subord9ate1 gave bir? to ! type next above x2 t ?is aga9 produc$ ! next high]1 & s on to ! v highe/1 ! /ages ( advance be+ 9 all cases v small--namely1 f "o species only to ano!r2 s t ! ph5om5on has always be5 ( a mode/ & simple "*4 7p4 #bca47 ,! argum5ts by :i* ! au?or endeav\rs to prove 8 hypo!sis may be ?us compress$4 ,accord+ to him foetal developm5t is a sci5ce1 illu/rat$ by ,,hunt]',s great collection ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 & e/abli%$ by ! conclusions ( ,,/4 ,,hilaire & ,,ti$mann4 ,its prim>y positions are--#a4 ,t ! embryos ( all animals are n di/+ui%ably diff]5t f ea* o!r2 &1 #b4 ,t ^? ( all animals pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( phases ( developm5t1 ea* ( :i* is ! type or analogue ( ! p]man5t configuration ( tribes inf]ior to x 9 ! scale4 ,high] ! ord] ( animals1 ! m num]\s its /ages ( progress4 ,man himself is n exempt f ?is law4 ,8 fir/ foetal =m is t :i* is p]man5t 9 ! animalcule2 x next passes ?r\gh ult]ior /ages1 resembl+ successively a fi%1 a reptile1 a bird1 & ! l[] mammalia be=e x atta9s its specific maturity4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation det]m9es ! species2 protract x1 & ! species is advanc$ to a high] class4 ,?is might be done by ! =ce ( c]ta9 conditions op]at+ ^u ! sy/em ( ! "m4 ,give good conditions & ! "y %e produces w improve 9 developm5t2 give bad conditions & x w rec$e4 ,cases ( mon/r\s bir? 9 ! human species are appeal$ to1 9 :i* ! mo/ important organs are left imp]fectly develop$2 ! he>t1 = in/ance1 hav+ sometimes advanc$ no fur!r ?an ! ?ree-*amb]$ or reptile =m1 :ile !re are in/ances ( t organ be+ left 9 ! two-*amb]$ or fi%-l =m4 ,^! defects arise f a failure ( ! p[] ( developm5t 9 ! "m1 occasion$ by mis]y or bad heal?1 & !y are b ! conv]se ( ^? conditions t c>ry on species to species4 ,! diff]5ces ( sexes is ! result ( foetal progress only "o degree less m>k$ ?an t ( a *ange ( species4 ,sex is fully asc]ta9$ to be a matt] ( developm5t4 ,all be+s are at "o /age ( ! embryotic progress female4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( !m are aft]w>ds advanc$ to ! m p[]ful sex4 ,= pro( ( ?is1 ! economy ( bees is cit$2 :5 !y wi% to raise a que5-bee1 or true female1 !y prep>e = ! l>va a m commodi\s cell1 & fe$ x ) delicate food4 ,b we %all "h /op to rem>k on ! au?or's argum5t up to ?is po9t4 ,x is manife/1 accord+ to 8 hypo!sis1 t nei!r sex nor species dep5d on ! ance/ral g]m1 b simply on physical conditions & me*anical developm5t4 ,b em95t physiologi/s d5y t ! facts are su* z he has /at$2 !y d5y1 z we h /at$ 9 a =m] section1 t ! foetal progress is su* z ! ,ve/iges repres5t !m to be2 !y d5y t ! human embryo1 = example1 exhibits 9 successive /ages ! =m ( fi%1 liz>d1 bird1 bea/3 on ! contr>y1 !y cont5d t x is only 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! organic g]m1 :5 ! manife/ations are almo/ too obscure = microscopic s5se1 t any resemblance exi/s2 t imm$iately ! organic g]m becomes s5sible to obs]vation1 sex & species are f\nd to be fix$4 ,take1 = example1 ! v]tebrata2 9 ^!1 by "s my/]i\s bond ( union1 ! organic globules are se5 to arrange !mselves into two ne>ly p>allel r[s4 ,we may !n say t ! keel ( ! animal is laid d[n1 & 9 x we h ! fir/ rudim5ts ( a backbone & a cont9u\s sp9al *ord4 ,b dur+ ! progress & completion ( ?is fir/ organic process no *anges h be5 obs]v$ assimilat+ ! nasc5t embryo to any ( ! inf]ior animals4 ,! next s]ies ( *anges 9 ! g]m9al membrane are ( two k9ds--9 "o ! n]v\s sy/em1 ! organs ( motion1 ! inte/9al canal1 ! he>t & blood-vessels are manife/$2 ! o!r set ( *anges1 :i* are subsequ5t1 produce ! p]fection ( ! animal & det]m9e its sex4 ,all ^! manife/ations result f g]m9al app5dages t _c be sev]$ or *ang$ )\t ru9 to ! embryo1 & ! conditions ess5tial to life z ! /ructure advances are due temp]ature1 due nutrim5t ( ! n]v\s organs1 & due access to ! atmosph]ic air4 ,)\t1 !re=e1 pursu+ fur!r ?is "p ( ! inquiry1 we %all rem>k t ! "q at issue betwe5 ! ,ve/iges & its oppon5ts is "o ( facts--( conflict+ evid5ce--to be tri$ by ! jury ( ! public1 or r by ^? :o1 f sci5ce or pr(essional pursuits1 are compet5t to =m an au?oritative op9ion4 ,our own conclusion is1 t 9 face ( ! te/imony adduc$ aga9/ x1 ! au?or's hypo!sis is n yet e/abli%$4 ,= pro( t species d *ange1 & t ev5 new species h be5 actually & rec5tly produc$1 ! au?or has adduc$ /atem5ts c]ta9ly z que/ionable & little satisfactory z 8 repres5tation ( foetal ph5om5a4 ,we c only briefly enum]ate !m4 ,fir/ we are told t oats s[n at midsumm]1 if kept cropp$ d[n1 s z to be prev5t$ %oot+ into e>1 & !n all[$ to rema9 9 ! gr\nd ov] w9t]1 w spr+ up next ye> 9 ! =m ( rye 7p4 #bbf74 ,?is ne$ n be disput$ ab\t2 ! exp]im5t c be easily tri$2 b if rye 7 ! result1 x w\ld be no conclusive pro( ( a translation ( species4 ,p]haps ! oat-plants p]i%$ "u ! op]ation ( repeat$ cutt+s1 & ! rye se$ 0 dormant 9 ! e>? & sprung up 9 its place2 or1 if n s1 oats & rye may n be diff]5t species1 only v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,!y are sc>cely m dissimil> ?an ! primrose1 ! c[slip1 & ! oxlip1 :i* h all be5 rais$ f ! se$ ( ! same plant1 & are n[ reg>d$ by botani/s z v>ieties in/ead ( species4 ,:5 lime is laid on wa/e gr\nd we are told t :ite clov] w spr+ up spontane\sly1 & 9 situations :]e no clov]-se$ c\ld h be5 left dormant 9 ! soil 7p4 #ahb74 ,b h[ is ?is to be prov$8 ,x is c]ta9 t se$s w rema9 dormant 9 ! soil = c5turies1 & !n spr+ up ! fir/ ye> ! soil is turn$ up by ! pl\gh4 ,"s se$s h reta9$ _! vitality = ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! old tombs ( ,egypt2 !y h be5 repeat$ly br\ght to ,engl&1 s[n1 & produc$ good :eat4 ,we are next told t wild pigs nev] h ! measles1 !y are produc$ by a hyatid & ! result ( dome/ication2 t a t9ea is f\nd 9 dress$ wool t does n exi/ 9 its unwa%$ /ate2 t a c]ta9 insect disda9s all food b *ocolate1 & t ! l>va ( o9opota cell>is only lives 9 w9e & be]4 ,all ^! are articles manufactur$ by man1 & are adduc$ z pro(s ( animal life1 indep5d5t ( any primordial egg4 ,! entoza are dwelt ^u2 !y are creatures liv+ 9 ! int]ior ( o!r animals1 ( :i* ! tape-worm t infe/s ! human body is a melan*oly in/ance4 ,9 ^! illu/rations we ?9k ! au?or has "s %[ ( reason1 = we feel conv9c$ t !re is su* a ?+ z spontane\s g5]ation f ! inorganic sub/ance1 wisely provid$ = cle>+ ! e>? ( noxi\s effluvia & putrid matt]1 & conv]t+ !m into new elem5ts conducive to heal? & life4 ,we believe 9 ?is s\rce ( vitality f its wisdom & necessity1 its necessity & wisdom1 9 our e/imate1 be+ /rong presumptive pro(s ( its exi/5ce 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al =eca/ & economy ( nature4 ,( ! self-orig9at+ spr+ ( life1 "s ( ! examples adduc$ by ! au?or are pro(s1 & ( :i* we h famili> illu/rations 9 *eese-mites1 maggots 9 c>rion1 & ! gre5 fly t bre$s s pr(usely 9 weak & decay+ vegetation2 9 all :i* by "s inscrutable law ! organic g]m1 )\t an antec$5t1 appe>s to evolve f ! dead or putrify+ mass = its riddance & transmutation4 ,conc$+1 h[ev]1 ?us f> to ! au?or1 we are n prep>$ to admit t ! creative p[]s ( ,messrs4 ,,crosse & ,,weekes has be5 e/abli%$4 ,^! g5tlem5 are said 7p4 #aij7 to h introduc$ a /rang] 9 ! animal k+dom1 a species ( ac>us or mite amid/ a solution ( silica submitt$ to ! electric curr5t4 ,! insects produc$ by ! action ( a galvanic batt]y cont9u$ = elev5 mon?s are repres5t$ z m9ute & semi-transp>5t1 & furni%$ ) long bri/les4 ,"o ( ! creatures result+ f ?is elaborate t]m ( ge/ation 0 obs]v$ 9 ! v act ( em]g+1 9 its fir/-born nudity1 & s\ght concealm5t 9 a corn] ( ! app>atus4 ,"s ( !m 7 obs]v$ to g back into ! p>5t fluid & occasionally !y dev\r$ ea* o!r2 & soon aft] !y 7 call$ to life1 !y 7 dispos$ to multiply _! species 9 ! common way6 ,s mu* = ! exp]im5t2 aga9/ its v]ity x is alleg$1 fir/1 t ! ,ac>us ,crossii are n a new species1 or if new1 t nei!r ,mr4 ,,crosse nor ,mr4 ,,weekes1 :o repeat$ ,mr4 ,,crosse',s exp]im5t1 produc$ !m1 b only aid$ by ! voltaic batt]y ! developm5t ( ! insects f _! eggs4 ,su* a mode ( g5]ation is contr>y to all human exp]i5ce1 & c only be believ$ 9 on ! /ronge/ corroborative pro(4 ,nei!r by *emi/ry nor galvanism c man1 we appreh5d1 be m ?an in/rum5tal & co-op]ative1 n orig9ally & indep5d5tly creative4 ,9 almo/ e =m ( life1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 art c multiply v>ieties1--c tra91 direct--b _c =m new species4 ,?is is ! mock]y ( sci5ce4 ,) all its inv5tion & res\rce1 x _c produce organic orig9als4 ,x c re> a crab-apple into a gold5-pipp91 or wild sea-we$ into a luxuriant cabbage2 x c raise inf9ite v>ieties ( roses1 tulips1 & pansies1 b c create no new plant1 fruit1 or fl[]4 ,man c make a /eam-eng9e1 or a wat*1 b he _c make a fly1 a midge1 or blade ( grass4 ,he is an +5i\s compil]1 b n a creator2 & 8 p[]s ( manufacture & conv]sion are re/rict$ )9 n>r[ b\nd>ies4 ,he _c w&] f> 9 ! indulg5ce ( 8 fancies )\t be+ recall$1 & compell$ to return to ! fir/ models set by ! ,great ,ar*itect4 ,! fur!r he /rays f primitive types 9 ! ef=t to improve1 by cross+1 cutt+1 & graft+1 & proportionably less becomes ! procreative =ce4 ,hybrids are notori\sly /]ile4 ,g>d5 fruit is n p]man5t1 & requires to be r5ew$ f se$4 ,! law seems univ]sal 9 plants & animals1 t ! vital en]gy or g]m is less =cible & prolific 9 ! pamp]$ & artificial1 ?an 9 ! natural & wild races4 ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,! ,,vital ,,pr9ciple4 ,x is asc]ta9$ t ! basis ( all vegetable & animal sub/ances consi/s 9 nucleat$ cells--t is1 cells hav+ granules )9 !m4 ,nutrim5t is conv]t$ into ^! be=e be+ assimilat$ by ! sy/em4 ,x has likewise be5 not$ t ! globules ( ! blood are reproduc$ by ! expansion ( conta9$ granules2 !y are1 9 %ort1 says ! ,ve/iges1 di/9ct organisms multipli$ by ! same fissipor\s g5]ation4 ,s t all animat$ nature may be said to be bas$ on ?is mode ( orig92 ! fundam5tal =m ( organic be+ is a globule1 hav+ a new globule =m+ )9 itself1 by :i* x is 9 "t dis*>g$1 & :i* is aga9 foll[$ by ano!r & ano!r1 9 endless succession4 ,x is ( c\rse obvi\s1 t if ^! globules c\ld be produc$ by any process f inorganic elem5ts1 we %\ld be entitl$ to say t ! fact ( a transit f ! inorganic to ! organic _h be5 witness$4 7p4 #agf47 ,globules1 ! au?or cont9ues1 c be produc$ 9 album5 by electricity4 ,if1 !re=e1 ^! globules be id5tical ) ! cells :i* are n[ held to be reproductive1 x might be said t ! production ( album5 by artificial means is ! only /ep 9 ! process want+4 ,?is has n yet be5 effect$4 7p4 #agg47 ,^! are ! advances t[>ds g5]ation by *emi/ry & electricity4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ?is detail1 appe>s /ill f> f complete4 ,album5 is to be produc$ by artificial means2 & ev5 !n we %\ld d\bt entire success4 ,*emi/s h long comm&$ ! p[] to resolve ! se$s ( animal & vegetable life into _! elem5ts2 !y h analys$ !m1 & %[n ! exact weight & proportion ( ea* con/itu5t2 b !y nev] c\ld put !m toge!r aga91 or1 by any simil> comp\nd produce ! primordial egg or organic g]m1 f :i* a liv+ be+ w\ld arise4 ,a connect+ l9k--a vital sp>k1 or animat+ s\l--is always want+ to complete ! exi/5ce ( ! ,prome!us ( ! laboratory4 ,m>k1 too1 ! if1 & ! might1 9 ?is mo/ lame & impot5t hypo!sis3--,if1 !re=e1 ^! globules be id5tical ) ! cells :i* are held to be reproductive1 x might be said1 c4 ,globules c be easily produc$2 ! passage ( ! electric fluid ?r\gh wat] w produce a]ial globules 9 rapid & expansive movem5t2 boys c produce !m ) suds & a tobacco-pipe 9 rapid succession1 ea*1 = aught we "k1 conta9+ a granule t multiplies by fissipor\s g5]ation4 ,b ^! are n organic globules1 & ! au?or has committ$ ! great p]v]sion 9 language or logic ( conf\nd+ ! organic globule ( life ) ! inorganic globule ( a *emi/4 ,8 !ory is m fanciful ?an t ( ,,lam>ck1 f :om x is d]iv$1 & :o _h1 at lea/1 8 petit corps gelat9eux to beg9 )--to comm5ce weav+ organic tissue f--b our au?or's organic globule is n s sub/antive a conception2 & z he does n pret5d to be able to produce ev5 ?is by physical means1 he has n made a s+le /ep 9 g5]ation4 ,?is we consid] ! lea/ satisfactory & successful portion ( ! au?or's "w4 ,x assigns no intelligible cause = ! orig9 ( life--x only begs ! "q1 by ! sub/itution ( "o my/]y = ano!r4 ,8 law ( ,,developm5t is ( ! same description1--)\t s5se or significancy1 unsupport$ by applicable facts1 & is n s compreh5sible a cause ( vital *anges z ,,lam>ck',s assign$ progressive t5d5cies ( animals to ma/] ! appliances ess5tial to _! wants4 ,,animal ,,aff9ities1 ,,in/9ct1 ,,& ,,reason4 ,! s*eme ( ! ,ve/iges is uni=mly & consi/5tly work$ out2 all ph5om5a are resolv$ into gravitation & developm5t--! fir/ z ! law ( inorganic1 ! latt] ( organic matt]4 ,by ! la/1 h[ev]1 no new pr9ciple is reveal$1 only a new phrase devis$1 by ! amplifi$ application ( :i* ! au?or's entire sy/em may be said to be begg$ r ?an prov$2 s9ce developm5t is us$ 9 a s5se imply+ an indef9ite p[] ( animate & inanimate creation2 s t at la/ we make no new discov]y1 only grasp a new nom5clature4 ,b ! au?or is always int]e/+1 ei!r by ! novel display ( facts or ! +5i\s concat5ation ( plausibilities4 ,consi/5tly ) 8 fundam5tal notion ( animal transmutation1 he tries to prove a family lik5ess or aff9ity f ! humble/ to ! highe/ species4 ,9 ?is way he seeks to expla9 ! m>vel ) respect to ! huge bulk ( _m ( ! t]ti>y mammalia--! mammo?1 ma/adon1 & mega!rium2 !y 7 9 imm$iate desc5t f ! cetacea1 or :ale & dolph9 tribe4 7p4 #bfg47 ,aga91 human reason is consid]$ no exclusive gift2 x exi/s subord9ately 9 ! in/9ct ( brutes1 & is alleg$ to be no?+ m ?an a mode ( op]ation peculi> to ! faculties 9 a humble /ate ( end[m5t1 or e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,,cuvi] & ,,newton are only intellectual expansions ( a cl[n2 & ?is notion is ext5d$ to moral obliquities1 ! wick$ man be+ *>act]is$ z "o ^: highe/ moral feel+s are rudim5tal4 7p4 #ceh47 ,f a l pr9ciple ! writ] concurs ) ,dr4 ,,pri*>d1 t mank9d may h _h a common orig92 t !re exi/s no div]sities ( col\r or osse\s /ructure n ref]able to climatable or o!r pla/ic ag5cies influ5c+ ! developm5t ( ! diff]5t races1 comm5c+ ) ! l[e/1 or ,negro tribe1 & asc5d+ upw>d ?r\gh ! int]m$iate aborig9al ,am]ican1 ,mongolian1 & ,malay1 to ! la/ & mo/ p]fect /age ( ! ,caucasian type4 ,into ! v]ity ( ^! conclusions we are n call$ ^u to ent]2 !y h be5 long 9 controv]sy1 involve a great array ( facts & inductive inf]5ces1 & we h only ref]r$ to !m z coroll>ies or collat]als ( ! au?or's hypo!tical fabric4 ,,religi\s ,,& ,,moral ,,t5d5cies4 ,we h no *>ge ( impiety to br+ aga9/ ! ,ve/iges4 ,f9al causes1 or to express ourselves m intelligibly1 a purpose 9 creation1 is n[h]e impugn$4 ,! ,deity is n degrad$ by imp]sonification 9 ! =m & frailties ( mortality1 b ev]y:]e ! au?or rev]5tly b[s to t augu/ & unse>*able "n1 ackn[l$ges ! gr& & b5evol5t design--! admirable adaptation ( e creat$ ?+ to its end & place1 & f9ally concludes 9 a /ra9 ( grateful & exult+ ,optimism1 t we confess we h n fully arriv$ at--namely1 t ev]y?+ is v good4 7p4 #chg47 ,f ?is impression we h only "o con/ructive drawback to notice 9 ! au?or's me*anical b fanciful con/itution ( ! univ]se1 by :i* a special ,provid5ce 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w seems to be disp5s$ )1 & ! ,almighty is plac$ 9 ! s9ecure position ( ! ,gr& ,elector ( ! ,abbe ,,sieyes1 ) no?+ to d4 ,b no div9e attribute is absc9d$--no glory ( ,omnipot5ce dimm$--:e!r x pleases him to rule by direct int]positions ( p[]1 or 8 own pre-orda9$ et]nal laws4 ,/ill less c we detect 9 ! speculative inquiries ( ! ,ve/iges conclusions ho/ile to ! moral & social int]e/s ( ! community4 ,m5 are =m$ to be :at !y are2 vice & crime are ! fruits ( malorganization1 & malorganization is ! result ( ! unfav\rable conditions 9 :i* ! subject ( x has be5 plac$1 prior or subsequ5t to bir?4 ,^! are ! au?or's lead+ metaphysical inculcations4 ,!y impose grave duties ^u individuals & ^u society1 rightly und]/ood & appli$1 b we _c disc]n a hurtful t5d5cy 9 !m4 ,!y are useful k1 k t x w\ld be well = p>5ts & rul]s to ma/]1 by %[+ ! importance ( education1 ( fav\rable circum/ances1 & ( good moral & physical tra9+1 = re>+ happy1 well-ord]$1 & virtu\s memb]s ( ! community4 ,supreme 9 intellig5ce1 man1 we firmly believe1 is n less supremely bless$ 9 ! means ( felicity1 provid$ 8 real nature & position 9 ! s*eme ( creation 7 und]/ood1 recognis$1 & c>ri$ out4 ,he has 8 place1 8 (fice1 & 8 de/9y2 he is no enigma b z an individual2 9 ! mass1 z ! au?or emphatically rem>ks1 he is a ma!matical problem4 ,8 conduct is uni=m & consi/5t2 ! result ( kn[n & asc]ta9able causes--causes calculable & pr$icable 9 _! consequ5ces1 z ! /ati/ics ( crime h inconte/ibly e/abli%$4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusions ,,on ,,! ,,ve/iges4 ,! heav5s are wond]ful1 & ! e>? is wond]ful1 & man1 :o1 by =ce ( intellect1 has s\ght to compreh5d ! imm5sity ( "o & unravel ! =mation ( ! o!r1 is h>dly less wond]ful ?an ei!r4 ,/ill ! great my/]y rema9s unriddl$2 our rese>*es h br\ght u no ne>] ! beg9n+1 & ! fir/ cause ( all cont9ues unapproa*able & undef9able z ev]4 ,in/ead ( expla9+ physical creation1 we beg9 ) x2 we take ! exi/5ce ( matt] = grant$1 & its attributes = grant$1 & =?) beg9 to fabricate a univ]se1 )\t fir/ asc]ta9+ :5ce 0 matt]1 or :5ce ! laws by :i* x is impress$1 & has be5 gov]n$ 9 its evolutions4 ,nature's greate/ ph5om5a are ! cele/ial spaces & ! bodies t fill !m2 our own planet & its liv+ occupants4 ,^u ea* ( ^!1 _! comm5cem5t & subsequ5t vicissitudes1 ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation h prop\nd$ an hypo!sis1 b "o my/]y is only s\ght to be expla9$ by ano!r /ill m my/]i\s4 ,= ! fiat ( a ,creator *emical aff9ities & me*anical laws h be5 sub/itut$1 b aid$ by ^! ! au?or has fail$ to produce a _w su* z we f9d x4 ,h5ce we are aga9 driv5 ^u ! old tradition1 ! old sacr$ au?ority1 t ! _w 0 creat$ out ( no?+2 & ?is is z easy to compreh5d z ! solution ( ! ,ve/iges1 t x sprang f t :i* is c]ta9ly next to no?+--a heat$ fog or univ]sal fire-mi/4 ,:5 ! au?or deals ) ! facts ( sci5ce he int]e/s & in/ructs1 b :5 he speculates he only amuses or p]plexes1 )\t advanc+ k4 ,8 t]se & lum9\s description ( ! a/ral firmam5t deeply impresses ) ! might & ! magnitude ( ! va/ design2 b :5 he attempts to acc\nt = ! elim9ation ( suns & worlds1 _! =mation & arrangem5t1 we are /ruck by ! pu]ile folly ( 8 conjectural presumptions4 ,desc5d+ f ?is augu/ & glitt]+ canopy to our own planet1 we are n less a/oni%$ by ! exhibition ( ! extraord9>y revolutions x has und]gone4 ,geology is ! true hi/orian ( ! e>?4 ,conduct$ by ! lights x af=ds1 we see an et]nity ( ages has roll$ be=e u2 we discov] a s]ies ( worlds ris+ ?r\gh ! dep?s ( ocean f ! c5tral sph]e ( heat1 amid/ boil+ floods & volcanic fires1 ea* new plat=m ( exi/5ce1 t c\ntless p]iods ( "t _h be5 requisite to =m1 peopl$ ) its own cong5ial =ms ( organic life1 mo/ly comm5c+ ) ! simpl]1 & asc5d+ by almo/ imp]ceptible gradations to ! high] & m complex /ructures ( be+4 ,we are /ruck by ! correspond5ce1 by ! p>i passu developm5t & =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/ & organic exi/5ces1 & we are apt ha/ily to conclude t a relation has subsi/$ betwe5 !m1 t contempor>y *anges h be5 cause & effect1 & t ! improvem5t ( ! e>? produc$ ! correlative improvem5t 9 animals & plants4 ,?is =ms ! au?or's second que/ionable hypo!sis2 x is plausible1 b false--repugnant to fact & correct obs]vation4 ,we h no cr$ible evid5ce t species h *ang$1 or are *angeable by ! utmo/ ef=ts ( art or fav\r+ conditions2 all we c effect is to improve !m )9 def9ite limits1 b n alt] _! *>act]i/ic types2 & we h c]ta9 pro( t nei!r man nor ! animal ne>ly next to him 9 organization1 has *ang$ ei!r 9 habits1 disposition1 =m1 or osseus /ructure dur+ ! la/ #c1jjj ye>s4 ,resemblance is no pro( ( id5tity2 & h5ce1 ?\gh species run into ea* o!r by almo/ inappreciable %ades ( diff]5ce1 x is no pro( t !y are d]ivative1 or o!r ?an isolat$ & self-dep5d5t creations4 ,t !y are su*1 & %all cont9ue su*1 seems a fix$ canon ( ,nature1 :o1 app>5tly1 has prescrib$ to ea* its circle ( am5dm5t & range1 t l %all beget l--t n\ght organic %all exi/ )\t ance/ral g]m--& t ! v>iety ( species :i* con/itutes ! beauty & ord] ( nature %all by no *ance1 contrivance1 or m+l+ ( races1 be conf\nd$4 ,geological facts are 9 fav\r ( ?is conclusion4 ,!y atte/ ! appe>ance ( new species1 n _! improvem5t4 ,9 ea* species a gradation ( improvem5t1 approximat+ f a l[] to ! next high] organism1 is n p]ceptible2 b ea* seems to h be5 made p]fect at fir/1 & mo/ suit$ to ! co-exi/5t /ate ( ! e>?4 ,! e>lie/ reptiles 7 n reptiles ( inf]ior /ructure2 nor ! e>lie/ fi%es1 birds1 or bea/s4 ,!y 7 adapt$1 z we n[ f9d !m1 to _! precise sph]e ( exi/5ce1 )\t progressive aptitude1 prep>atory to a high] & translat$ condition ( be+4 ,geology r po9ts to ! ext9ction & deg5]acy ( species ?an _! improvem5t2 & ! fossils ( ! old r$ s&/one1 & ( ! c>bonif]\s =mation1 atte/ a l(ti] & m magnific5t creation ( bo? m>9e & l& products ?an any n[ subsi/+4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons be=e adduc$1 we dismiss ! hypo!sis ( animal transmutation z unprov$ & unt5able4 ,x pleases & satisfies sup]ficial views1 b confront$ ) ! facts ( nature1 x vani%es l a baseless vision4 ,man is sui g5]is1 sole & exclusive 9 organization1 )\t pre-exi/+ type or aff9ity to o!r species2 & 8 alleg$ rec5t metamorphosis f a monkey1 & 8 fir/ & f> m di/ant "o f a snail or a tadpole1 are p>adoxes only wor?y ( idle debat+ clubs4 ,hav+ attempt$ to unfold ! progression ( species by 8 law ( developm5t1 ! au?or next essays to expla9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! vital pr9ciple itself4 ,b "h1 too1 he mu/ h a beg9n+1 & 8 organic globule answ]s a simil> purpose1 9 d$uc+ ! my/]y ( life1 z 8 nuclei 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,9 bo? ! p]plexity & real difficulty is n solv$ or ma/]$1 b evad$4 ,b we h already rem>k$ on ! po9t1 & %all only obs]ve t :5 ! au?or c elicit ?\ght f inorganic matt]1 ei!r by *emi/ry or galvanism1 we %all ?9k he has made a /ep 9 creation4 ,until !n he does n advance1 only deceives himself & read]s by v]bal subtleties & baseless suppositions4 ,ap>t f its hypo!ses1 ! ,ve/iges =m a valuable & int]e/+ "w4 ,x is ! mo/ complete1 elaborate1 &--) all its faults ( detail1 logic1 & inf]5ce--! mo/ sci5tific expositor ( univ]sal nature yet (f]$ to ! _w4 ,b its hypo!ses are unw>rant$1 n inductively d]iv$1 & c h no hold on m5 ( sci5ce1 support$ z !y mo/ly are by fanciful analogies1 facts misund]/ood or mis/at$1 & illu/rations select$ )\t discrim9ation or applicability4 ,!ories d sometimes conduce to ! discov]y ( tru?1 b are (t5 ob/ructive2 occupy ! m9d1 l !ological controv]sy1 )\t advanc+ sci5ce2 & are view$ ) ! same av]sion by ! philosoph] t ! political ab/ractions t5d]$ to ! multitude by ! demagogue are view$ by ! patriotic legislator4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 w live1 & des]ves to live4 ,! temple ( nature has be5 look$ into1 n pr(\ndly1 p]haps1 nor always successfully2 b 9 a fe>less _s1 & ) a highly-accompli%$ m9d4 ,_h ! div9e ,,cosmos be5 m fully dwelt ^u & depict$--_h ! h>mony1 beauty1 & b5efic5ce ( creation be5 m fully & exclusively display$--we %\ld h be5 m gratifi$2 b we are ?ankful1 9 ! ma91 = :at we h receiv$4 ,an impulse has be5 giv5 to popul> inquiry1 & a va/ field = discussion op5$1 f :i* we c prospectively disc]n nei!r less love = man1 nor rev]5ce = ,god4 ,:o ! au?or is we h no c]ta9 k4 ,x is n1 we suspect1 ,"l ,,k+1 nor ,"l ,,?url[1 nor ,lady ,,byron2 b x may be ! au?or ( ! ,essay on ! ,=mation ( ,op9ions1 & ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,repres5tation4 ,mr4 ,,bailey1 ( ,%effield1 ?\gh little kn[n1 possesses ! f9e reason+ p[]s1 intellectual grasp1 indep5d5ce ( rese>*1 ab/ract analysis1 & attic /yle1 t w\ld qualify him to produce ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 ?\gh we nev] he>d t he is a great natural philosoph]4 ,b1 z j h9t$1 deep sci5ce is n ev9c$ by ! ,ve/iges1 only an able1 sy/ematic1 & ta/eful arrangem5t ( its di/ant & rec5t advances4 ,,explanations3 ,a ,,sequel ,,to ,,! ,,ve/iges ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,creation4 7,f ! ,,atlas ( ,decemb] #bj1 #ahde47 ,s _m /rong objections _h be5 array$ aga9/ ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 t ! au?or 0 call$ ^u to elucidate & re9=ce 8 argum5t1 or ab&on ! gr\nd he _h tak5 up4 ,! m c&id & equitable ( 8 judges--^? :o 7 dispos$ to try him ^u ! m]its1 & indep5d5tly te/ ! claims ( 8 inquiry1 z 9 fairness x ought to be1 z /rictly a sci5tific speculation1 reg>dless ( any con/ructive be>+s x might h on curr5t op9ions or prejudices--c\ld n arrive at any m fav\rable conclusion ?an t he _h fail$ to e/abli% 8 hypo!ses4 ,inde$ ?is 0 ! only v]dict t c\ld be safely deliv]$ 94 ,! impugn]s ( ! "w 7 9 ! same helpless pr$icam5t z its au?or1 :o _h1 h[ev]1 m v5tur\sly presum$ to unravel unse>*able my/]ies1 conc]n+ :i*1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( sci5ce1 m5 c only conjecture1 wond]1 & adore1 utt]ly unable to affirm or d5y aught respect+ !m4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 ) ! remote/ semblance ( c]ta9ty1 c be pr$icat$ ( ! /ell> orbs8 ,is x n idle almo/ to speculate on ! imp5etrable secret ( _! orig9 :5 _! v exi/5ce is undef9able--:5 _! end1 _! glitt]+ discs1 & all b immeasurable di/ances are :olly unapproa*able8 ,nor h>dly less beyond our grasp is ! comm5cem5t ( organic exi/5ces4 ,we d pride ourselves on rec5t advances to ! s\rces ( entity2 we te> up ! dead1 we torture ! liv+1 & s$ul\sly *ronicle e beat ( ! he>t & vibration ( ! bra9 to slake an insatiable curiosity1 yet h[ unsatisfactory our rea* t[>ds ! hidd5 spr+s ( life--h[ limit$ our atta9m5ts1 :5 ! creation ( a s+le blade ( grass1 ! humble/ worm1 a poor beetle1 or gadfly1 w\ld baffle ! utmo/ /ructural skill ( ! greate/ philosoph]6 ,into ! fa?omless dep?s ( our own globe we h also essay$ to p5etrate4 ,poor be+s6 ( ?ree score & t51 ^: utmo/ hi/orical span ext5ds only to "s ?\s&s ( ye>s1 h s\ght to trammel up ! t]r5e vicissitudes ( millions ( ages ant]ior to _! own exi/5ce6 ,does n ?is sav\r ( a va9 rese>*1 or ( a laudable ?ir/ = k8 ,ov] all ^! d>k & solemn inscrutabilities1 h[ev]1 ! ,ve/iges und]took to ?r[ a gl>e ( light1 to reveal _! beg9n+1 progression1 ord]1 relations1 & law ( developm5t4 ,al?\gh d>+ 9 aim1 ! attempt 0 n to be :olly deprecat$4 ,:ile religi\s fre$om _h be5 secur$1 philosophy _h become timid1 (ficial1 & times]v+2 ret5tive z ,,font5elle ( ! tru?s )9 its grasp1 & fe>ful to give utt]ance to aught t might di/urb ! /illness ( ! temple1 ! lecture-room1 or fa%ionable auditory4 ,mod]n tea*]s _h be5 us$ s long to ! ,baconian g-c>t1 t !y _h become z appreh5sive ( los+ ! inductive clue z ! ,,pal9uruses ( old ( ! sight ( ! direct+ %ore4 ,b ! "t _h arriv$ :5 x seem$ exp$i5t to relax ! /rictness ( ! inve/igative rule1 & af=d scope = a m sy/ematic1 if n speculative rese>*4 ,sci5ce _h made great acquisitions1 & x seem$ desirable1 if only = exp]im5t sake1 to see :at k9d ( ,,frank5/e9 w\ld result f ! ar*itectural union ( h] scatt]$ limbs4 ,?is =m$ ! scope ( ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation2 novelties 7 n prop\nd$1 only a port5t\s skeleton rais$ f ! tru?s physical a/ronomy1 geology1 *emi/ry1 physiology1 & natural hi/ory _h e/abli%$4 ,does ! au?or recoil f 8 "w8 ,no2 ^! ,explanations atte/ t he is /eadfa/ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! idol ( 8 bra94 ,he retracts no?+1 he re-ass]ts1 elucidates1 & (t5 dext]\sly turns ! weapons ( ! mo/ =midable & or?odox ( 8 adv]s>ies aga9/ !m1 by %[+ f _! writ+s t !y _h1 9 detail at lea/1 acquiesc$ 9 ! tru?s t !y n[1 9 a g5]alis$ =m1 seek to controv]t & repudiate4 ,s mu* adroitness & p]t9acity 9 ! au?or c h>dly fail to provoke resi/ance1 if n asp]ity1 despite ( ! imp]turbable temp] 9 :i* he ma9ta9s ! combat4 ,! le>n$ h be5 di/urb$ 9 _! daily r\t9e1 by ! dis*>ge f an unkn[n h&1 ( a massive pyrites1 t has diffus$ z mu* con/]nation among ! h]d ( modi% elocutioni/s1 college tutors1 & *impanzee pr(essors1 z ,jove's ligne\s projectile among ! lieges ( ! /&+ pool4 ,= ?is commotion we h1 on a =m] occasion1 conc$$ t !re exi/$ valid reasons1 & we ha/5 to see ! way 9 :i* !y h be5 met 9 ! rejo9d] be=e u2 cont5t+ ourselves1 z we ne$s mu/1 by briefly notic+ "s ( ! sali5t po9ts ( ! controv]sy4 ,fir/ ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,! *ief objection to ?is !ory is1 t ! exi/5ce ( nebul\s matt] 9 ! heav5s is disprov$ by ! discov]ies made by ! telescope ( ! ,e>l ( ,,rosse4 ,by ! rea* ( ?is wondr\s tube1 masses ( light1 r5d]$ app>5tly nebul\s by _! va/ di/ance1 h be5 resolv$ into clu/]s ( />s1 & !nce ! assumption seem$ unw>rantable t any lum9\s matt]1 diff]5t f ! solid bodies compos+ planet>y sy/ems exi/$ 9 ! heav5ly spaces4 ,b to ?is ! au?or replies1 t !re are two classes ( nebul--"o resolvable into con/ellations--ano!r comp>atively ne>1 t rema9s unaffect$ by telescopic p[]1 & t until ?is la/ description c be sep>at$1 ! nebul> hypo!sis is n disprov$4 ,x is ?us br\ght to an issue ( facts1 bo? z to ! exi/5ce ( nebul ( ?is latt] k9d1 & ! optical p[] to resolve !m into di/9ct />s4 ,b ! au?or c h>dly claim ?is negative success 9 grappl+ ) a second objection--namely1 8 assum$ orig9 ( rotatory motion4 ,accord+ to him1 a conflu5ce ( atoms r\nd a sph]ical c5tre ( attraction1 w\ld cause ! agglom]at$ mass to revolve ^u its axis 9 ! mann] ( our e>?4 ,?is 0 d5i$ by ev]ybody ! lea/ acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( motion2 & ?us did "o ( 8 imag9>y solutions ( a great ph5om5on ( ! univ]se fall dead to ! gr\nd4 ,?is he n[ seems to conc$e1 b 9 a s5t5ce un9telligible to u1 9 :i* an und\bt$ physical law is spok5 ( z only an ab/ract tru? 7p4 #bj74 ,he obvi\sly /ill cl+s to 8 fir/ mi/ak5 inf]5ce1 & calls to 8 aid ,pr(essor ,,ni*ol1 :om he has also press$ into 8 s]vice to help him ov] ! la/-m5tion$ difficulty by ! ,pr(essor's affirmation ( a div]sity ( nebul\s clu/]s4 ,b ! ,pr(essor does n commit himself to ! ext5t ( ! au?or2 8 aque\s :irlpool is cit$ f ,,h]s*el1 only 9 illu/ration1 & correctly said to be produc$ by ! unequal =ce ( conv]g5ce ( a fluid to a common c5tre4 ,b ! au?or's nuclei1 dispos$ 9 8 notable fire-mi/1 did n act ) unequal =ce on ! ambi5t vap\r1 & ^: c5tral conv]g5ce 9 consequ5ce1 w\ld n produce rotation or motion ( any k9d4 ,?is 0 ! real matt] 9 "q1 ! au?or 0 tak5 up on 8 own premises1 & ! results he assum$ to foll[ f !m prov$ to be inconsi/5t ) ! unque/ionable laws ( gravitat+ matt]4 ,he has gone ov] ! geological portion ( 8 subject ) mu* c>e1 b if compet5t1 x w\ld be impossible )9 our n>r[ limits to accompany him2 nor c\ld ! discussion be made ei!r int]e/+ or intelligible except to ! sci5tific1 :o h devot$ att5tion to an extremely curi\s1 b /ill obscure & unsettl$ field ( inve/igation4 ,he has elaborately cle>$ up _m po9ts1 & successfully1 we ?9k1 answ]$ "s weighty objections1 b we are n yet conv]ts to 8 !ory ( organic developm5t4 ,"o passage we %all extract2 aft] adv]t+ to ! facts e/abli%$ by p[]ful evid5ce1 t dur+ ! long t]m ( ! e>?'s exi/5ce1 /rata ( v>i\s ?ickness 7 deposit$ 9 seas compos$ ( matt] worn away f ! previ\s rocks2 t ^! /rata by volcanic ag5cy 7 rais$ into cont95ts1 or project$ into m\nta9 *a9s1 & t sea & l& h be5 con/antly int]*ang+ conditions4 ,he cont9ues3-- ,! rema9s & traces ( plants & animals f\nd 9 ! succession ( /rata %[ t1 :ile ^! op]ations 7 go+ on1 ! e>? gradually became ! !atre ( organic be+1 simple =ms appe>+ fir/1 & m complicat$ aft]w>ds4 ,a "t :5 !re 0 no life is fir/ se54 ,we !n see life beg91 & g on2 b :ole ages elaps$ be=e man came to cr[n ! "w ( nature4 ,?is is a wond]ful revelation to h come ^u ! m5 ( our "t1 & "o :i* ! philosoph]s ( ! days ( ,newton c\ld nev] h expect$ to be v\*saf$4 ,! great fact e/abli%$ by x is1 t ! organic creation1 z we n[ see x1 0 n plac$ ^u ! e>? at once2 x obs]v$ a ,,progress4 ,n[ we c imag9e ! ,deity call+ a "y plant or animal into exi/5ce in/antane\sly2 b we see t he does n usually d s4 ,! "y plant & also ! "y animal g ?r\gh a s]ies ( conditions1 advanc+ !m f a m]e g]m to ! fully develop$ repetition ( ! respective p>5tal =ms4 ,s1 also1 we c imag9e ,div9e p[] evok+ a :ole creation into be+ by "o ^w2 b we f9d t su* _h n be5 8 mode ( work+ 9 t in/ance1 = geology fully proves t organic creation pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( /ages be=e ! highe/ vegetable & animal =ms appe>$4 ,"h we h ! fir/ h9t ( organic creation hav+ aris5 9 ! mann] ( natural ord]4 ,! analogy does n prove id5tity ( causes1 b x surely po9ts v broadly to natural ord] or law hav+ be5 ! mode ( proc$ure 9 bo? in/ances4 ,to ! allusion 9 ! la/ s5t5ce !re c be no demur2 t !re is natural ord] or law 9 creation :o w conte/8 ,b x is ! au?or's law & ! au?or's ord] t are 9 dispute--8 transmutation ( species1 ! high] classes em]g+ f & p>tly annihilat+ ! l[]1 "u meliorat$ conditions ( be+4 ,t ! simpl] =m ( organic life %\ld fir/ appe>2 t rema9s ( inv]tebrat$ animals %\ld be fir/ f\nd2 !n1 ) ^!1 fi%1 be+ ! l[e/ ( ! v]tebrat$2 next1 reptiles & birds1 :i* occupy high] grades2 & f9ally1 along ) ! re/1 mammif]s1 ! highe/ ( all--all ?is appe>s natural en\gh4 ,h[ c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,:5 ! e>? 0 a slimy b$1 :at b ! l[e/ =ms ( life--! mollusca1 & o!r s(t animals1 )\t bony /ructure--c\ld possibly live 9 or occupy x8 ,dur+ ! c>bonif]\s era1 :5 ! e>? 0 envelop$ 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog51 vegetation might ?rive2 b man1 & animals l him1 dep5d5t on vital air1 c\ld n exi/2 nor are rema9s ( !m f\nd 9 ?is epo* ( ! globe's vicissitudes4 ,all ?is is compreh5sible4 ,b ! p]plex+ inquiry is1 :5ce did ! successive grades ( animals em]ge8 ,t !y c\ld n contemporane\sly exi/2 :5 ! :ole e>? 0 a %oreless sea1 & t animals c\ld n live is c]ta92 b 7 !y creat$ 9 succession by ! ,div9e fiat1 or did !y em]ge1 z our au?or supposes & elaborately tries to prove1 f ! humble/ primitive =ms1 by an inscrutable law ( progression--evid5c$1 he cont5ds1 by geological facts--?\gh by "s 8 facts are disput$--& c]ta9ly n confirm$ by any animal *anges obs]vable )9 ! limits ( human exp]i5ce8 ,!re is ano!r alt]native (f]s1 :i* w\ld disp5se bo? ) ! au?or's hypo!sis & ! ne$ ( successive organic creations by a special ,provid5ce4 ,is x a geological fact1 s9ce life began1 t ! e>? has simultane\sly und]gone ?r\gh\t its entire surface ! revolutions assign$ to x8 ,may x n always1 f t p]iod1 h consi/$1 z x n[ does1 ( wat] & dry l&1 alt]nately *ang+ _! sites1 b always ap>t1 & all[+ ( ! contempor>y exi/5ce on "s portion ( its surface ( all ! v>ieties ( tribes ev] f\nd ^u x8 ,! fossilif]\s rocks t =m$ ! primeval sea-b$s c\ld only be deposit$ by ! abrasion f ! ant]ior & high] rocks4 ,x has always appe>$ to u t ?is conjecture is wor?y ( consid]ation1 &1 if f\nd t5able1 w\ld reconcile _m p]plexities4 ,^u subjects s obscure1 & to :i* ! human intellect has be5 only rec5tly direct$1 x is n surpris+ t m5 ( sci5ce h n arriv$ at uni=mity ( conclusion4 ,unable to reconcile ph5om5a ) positive k1 !re are names ( no mean repute :o w\ld res]ve c]ta9 doma9s ( creation z ! fields ( special int]v5tions4 ,to ?is class ,dr4 ,,:ewell appe>s to belong1 :o assumes t ev5ts n includ$ 9 ! c\rse ( nature h =m]ly tak5 place4 ,9 ! same way ,pr(essor ,,s$gwick1 to acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 animals1 says1 ,!y 7 n call$ into be+ by any law ( nature1 b by a p[] above nature4 ,he adds1 !y 7 creat$ by ! h& ( ,,god1 & adapt$ to ! conditions ( ! p]iod4 ,to ?is ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges ass5ts1 ) ! explanation 7p4 #acd7 t _! exi/5ce 0 n ! result ( a special ex]tion ( p[] to meet special conditions1 b ( an antec$5t & primitive law ( developm5t suit$ to ! new exig5cies1 & emanat+ f ! ,creator4 ,?is1 he cont5ds1 does n l[] our e/imate ( ! ,div9e "*2 &1 9 pro(1 cites ,dr4 ,,doddridge1 :o _c be suspect$ ( irrev]5ce4 ,:5 we ass]t1 says ! pi\s & amiable au?or1 a p]petual ,div9e ag5cy1 we readily ackn[l$ge t matt]s are s contriv$ z n to ne$ a ,div9e int]position 9 a diff]5t mann] f t 9 :i* x _h be5 con/antly ex]t$4 ,& x mu/ be evid5t t an unremitt+ en]gy1 display$ 9 su* circum/ances1 greatly exalts our idea ( ,god1 in/ead ( depress+ x2 &1 !re=e1 by ! way1 is s mu* m likely to be true4 ,aga9/ con/ructive inf]5ces x is urg$1 9 ! ,explanations-- ,z to results :i* may fl[ f any p>ticul> view :i* reason may %[ z ! be/ support$1 ,i mu/ firmly prote/ aga9/ any assum$ title 9 an oppon5t to pron\nce :at ^! are4 ,! fir/ object is to asc]ta9 tru?4 ,no tru? c be d]ogatory to ! presum$ f\nta9 ( all tru?4 ,! d]ogation mu/ lie 9 ! errone\s con/ruction :i* a weak human creature puts ^u ! tru?4 ,& practically x is ! true infidel /ate ( m9d :i* prompts appreh5sion reg>d+ any fact ( nature1 or any conclusion ( s\nd argum5t4 ,! writ] !n quotes ,sir ,,john ,,h]s*ell z hav+ "s ye>s ago ann\nc$ views /rictly con=mable to ^? subsequ5tly tak5 ( organic creation 9 ! ,ve/iges3-- ',= my "p1' says ,sir ,john1 ',i _c b ?9k x an inadequate conception ( ! ,creator1 to assume x z grant$ t 8 comb9ations are exhau/$ ^u any "o ( ! !atres ( _! =m] ex]cise1 ?\gh1 9 ?is1 z 9 all 8 o!r works1 we are l$1 by all analogy1 to suppose t he op]ates ?r\gh a s]ies ( int]m$iate causes1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 ! orig9ation ( fre% species1 c\ld x ev] come "u our cognizance1 w\ld be f\nd to be a natural1 9 contradi/9ction to a miracul\s process1--al?\gh we p]ceive no indications ( any process actually 9 progress :i* is likely to issue 9 su* a result4 ,9 8 address to ! ,briti% ,association at ,cambridge1 7#ahde71 he said ) respect to ! au?or's hypo!sis ( ! fir/ /ep ( organic creation--',! transition f an inanimate cry/al to a globule capable ( su* endless organic & intellectual developm5t1 is z great a /ep--z unexpla9$ a "o--z un9telligible to u--& 9 any s5se ( ! ^w z miracul\s1 z ! imm$iate creation & introduction ^u e>?1 ( e species & e individual w\ld be6' ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,,pye ,,smi? is next adduc$3-- ',our mo/ deeply inve/igat$ views ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1' says he1 'lead to ! conviction t x is ex]cis$ 9 ! way ( ord]1 or :at we usually call law4 ,god reigns accord+ to immutable pr9ciples1 t is by law1 9 e "p ( 8 k+dom--! me*anical1 ! intellectual1 & ! moral2 & x appe>s to be mo/ cle>ly a position aris+ out ( t fact1 t a compreh5sive g]m :i* %all necess>ily evolve all future developm5ts1 d[n to ! m9ute/ atomic movem5ts1 is a m suitable attribution to ! ,deity1 ?an ! idea ( a necessity = irregul> int]f]5ces4' ,la/ly1 ! review] ( ! ,ve/iges 9 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 :o is und]/ood to be a naturali/ ( di/+ui%$ ability1 expresses himself 9 an equally decid$ mann]3-- ,to r$uce to a sy/em ! acts ( creation1 or ! developm5t ( ! sev]al =ms ( animal life1 no m impea*es ! au?or%ip ( creation1 ?an to trace ! laws by :i* ! _w is upheld1 & its ph5om5a p]petually r5ew$4 ,! presumption naturally rises 9 ! m9d1 t ! same ,great ,be+ w\ld adopt ! same mode ( action 9 bo? cases4444 ,to a m9d accu/om$1 z is e educat$ m9d1 to reg>d ! op]ations ( ,deity z ess5tially diff]+ f ! limit$1 sudd51 evanesc5t impulses ( a human ag5t1 x is di/ress+ to be compell$ to picture to itself1 ! p[] ( ,god z put =? 9 any o!r mann] ?an 9 ^? sl[1 my/]i\s1 univ]sal laws1 :i* h s pla9ly an et]nity to "w 92 x pa9s ! imag9ation to be oblig$ to assimilate ^? op]ations1 = a mom5t1 to ! brief en]gy ( a human w1 or ! manipulations ( a human h&4444 ,no1 !re is no?+ a!i/ic1 no?+ irreligi\s1 9 ! attempt to conceive creation1 z well z reproduction1 c>ri$ on by univ]sal laws4 ,we h dwelt s mu* ^u ?is matt] because x is "o 9 :i* popul> feel+s are likely to be mo/ deeply int]e/$4 ,we %all give ! au?or1 too1 ! b5efit ( 8 ,explanations on ano!r po9t1 elucidat+ 8 =m] /atem5t ( ! transmutation ( a crop ( oats into a crop ( rye3-- ',at ! reque/1' says ,dr4 ,l9dley1 '( ! ,m>quis ( ,bri/ol1 ! ,rev]5d ,"l ,ar?ur ,h]vey1 9 ! ye> #ahdc1 s[$ a h&ful ( oats1 treat$ !m 9 ! mann] recomm5d$1 by cont9ually /opp+ ! fl[]+ /ems1 & ! produce1 9 #ahdd1 has be5 = ! mo/ "p e>s ( a v sl5d] b>ley1 hav+ mu* ! appe>ance ( rye1 ) a little :eat1 & "s oats2 samples ( :i* are1 by ! fav\r ( ,"l ,bri/ol1 n[ be=e u4' ,! le>n$ writ] !n adv]ts to ! 'extraord9>y1 b c]ta9 fact1 t 9 or*idace\s plants1 =ms j z diff]5t z :eat1 b>ley1 rye1 & oats1 h be5 prov$ by ! mo/ rigor\s evid5ce1 to be accid5tal v>iations ( "o common =m1 br\ght ab\t no "o kn[s h[1 b be=e our eyes1 & r5d]$ p]man5t by equally my/]i\s ag5cy4 ,!n says ,reason1 if !y occur 9 or*idace\s plants1 :y %\ld !y n also occur 9 corn plants8 = x is n likely t su* vag>ies w be conf9$ to "o little gr\p 9 ! vegetable k+dom2 x is m rational to believe !m to be a "p ( ! g5]al sy/em ( creation4444 ,h[ c we be sure1 t :eat1 rye1 oats1 & b>ley1 are n all accid5tal (f-sets f "s unsuspect$ species8' ,x may be s2 b ?is w\ld only prove t ! unsuspect$ species includ$ great] v>ieties1 n t a really def9$ species 0 transmutable into ano!r4 ,b x is a po9t ^u :i* no satisfactory result c be arriv$ at1 s9ce naturali/s are n agre$ 9 ! classification ( species1 nor :at attributes con/itute "o4 ,! ,broomfield exp]im5t is aga9 br\ght =w>d1 z decisive ( ! p[] to orig9ate new life f inorganic elem5ts4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,mr4 ,,weekes1 ( ,s&wi*1 cont9u$ dur+ ?ree ye>s to subject solutions to electric action1 & inv>iably f\nd insects produc$ 9 ^! in/ances1 :ile !y z inv>iably fail$ to appe> :]e ! electric action 0 n employ$1 b e o!r condition fulfill$4 ,9 a lett] to ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges--two are ins]t$1 "o on ! indep5d5t g5]ation ( fungi--,mr4 ,,weekes says-- ,"o hundr$ & sixty-six days f ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t--! fir/ ac>i se5 9 connexion !re)1 six 9 numb] & ne>ly full-gr[n1 7 discov]$ on ! outside ( ! op5 glass vessel4 ,on remov+ two pieces ( c>d :i* _h be5 laid ov] ! m\? ( ?is vessel1 sev]al f9e specim5s 7 f\nd inhabit+ ! "u surfaces1 & o!rs completely develop$ & 9 active motion "h & !re )9 ! glass4 ,mak+ my visit at an h\r :5 a m fav\rable light ent]$ ! room1 sw>ms ( ac>i 7 f\nd on ! c>ds1 ab\t ! glass tumbl]1 bo? )9 & )\t1 & also on ! plat=m ( ! app>atus4 ,at ?is id5tical h\r ,dr4 ,j4 ,black fav\r$ me ) a call1 inspect$ ! arrangem5ts1 & receiv$ six liv+ specim5s ( ! ac>us produc$ f solution 9 ! op5 vessel4 ,specim5s ( ! insect 7 s5t to ,p>is1 :5 !y set a :ole conclave ( philosoph]s a-laugh+1 because !y 7 f\nd to conta9 ova4 ,o!r specim5s 7 s5t to ,london1 b !re _! fate 0 seal$ by _! be+ f\nd to be1 n a new species1 b "o !n abundant 9 ! c\ntry4 ,= ourselves we ?9k ! exp]im5t n conclusive4 ,we adopt ,,hume',s pr9ciple4 ,all b univ]sal exp]i5ce hav+ e/abli%$ t life is ex ovo only1 we mu/ h a proportionate body ( c\nt] evid5ce to e/abli% a diff]5t mode ( g5]ation4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,mr4 ,,weekes',s protract$ ge/ation ( #aff days by 8 galvanic batt]y is n likely1 9 ! exi/+ rage = despat*1 to sup]s$e ! exi/+ r\t9e ( reproduction4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,c4 ,,:it+1 ,,beau=t ,,h\se1 ,,/r&4 ,,! ,,atlas1 ,a ,g5]al ,family ,newspap] & ,j\rnal ( ,lit]ature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is ,p]iodical1 :i* may be ju/ly call$ a ,weekly ,cyclopdia ( ,politics1 ,lit]ature1 ,arts1 & ,sci5ce1 is publi%$ e ,saturday aft]noon1 9 "t = ! po/1 conta9+ ! ,news ( ,saturday4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,atlas ,,is ,,divid$ ,,into ,,two ,,pr9cipal ,,dep>tm5ts1 ,,news ,,& ,,lit]ature1 ,& ^! are subdivid$ & classifi$ ) c>e & indu/ry into heads ( easy ref]5ce1 s t ea* p>ticul> subject is pres]v$ di/9ct & entire4 ,! dim5sions ( ! %eet1 :i* folds into sixte5 l>ge qu>to-siz$ pages1 conta9+ =ty-eight columns1 af=d ?is classification facilities :i* few o!r publications possess4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,news4 ,,p>liam5t>y ,,debates report$ on a scale ( magnitude f> exce$+ o!r weekly ,j\rnals4 ,,p>liam5t>y ,,pap]s1 a dige/ ( all ,p>liam5t>y docum5ts ( obvi\s ref]5ce & popul> utility4 ,,=eign ,,news1 ! curr5t ev5ts 9 =eign c\ntries1 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( hi/orical n>rative1 collat$ c>efully f contempor>y au?orities1 & di/ribut$ "u ! heads ( ! diff]5t c\ntries & colonies to :i* !y belong4 ,,briti% ,,news1 a cle> epitome ( all dome/ic occurr5ces1 "u ! v>i\s heads ( ,public ,meet+s1 ,trade1 ,agriculture1 ,accid5ts & ,(f5ces1 ,police1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,c\rts ( ,law & ,sessions1 ,c\rt & ,fa%ionable ,news1 ,*ur* & ,univ]sity ,intellig5ce1 ,milit>y & ,naval ,affairs copi\sly giv51 ! ,money ,m>ket1 & ! miscellane\s news ( ! week up to midnight on ,saturday4 ,! ,local ,news ( ,irel& & ,scotl&1 "u sep>ate heads4 ,9 ! conduct ( ?is dep>tm5t ( ! ,,atlas rec\rse is _h to _m exclusive s\rces ( in=mation1 & correspond5ts h be5 e/abli%$ :o furni% expressly ! late/ intellig5ce4 ,! ,gazettes & ,tables ( ,m>kets1 & all matt]s int]e/+ to ! ,comm]cial ,_w1 are especially att5d$ to4 ,pres]v+ an indep5d5ce 9 its editorial capacity1 ! ,,atlas af=ds a fai?ful reflection ( ! op9ions & proce$+s ( all political p>ties4 ,! att5tion t is obs]v$ 9 ! purity ( language & selection ( subjects1 d[n to ! m9ute/ p>agraph 9 ! ,,atlas1 recomm5ds x especially to ! use ( families & ! gu>dians ( y\?2 & ! copi\s details x af=ds ( ,milit>y & ,naval ,affairs1 inve/ x ) valuable attractions = ! memb]s ( ^! pr(essions1 & ! resid5ts 9 ! ,colonies4 ,,lit]ature4 ,! ,contributions to ?is dep>tm5t are f ! p5s ( ,pr(essors & ,g5tlem5 ( ackn[l$g$ reputation1 & are classifi$ "u ! foll[+ heads3-- #a4--,,orig9al ,,essays ,,on ,,m5 ,,& ,,?+s1 embody+ a lively comm5t>y on pass+ ev5ts & m5 & mann]s4 #b4--,,!atrical ,,criticisms ^u ! writt5 & act$ ,drama1 9 :i* bo? are review$ 9 a _s ( tru? & p]fect c&\r4 #c4--,,reviews ( all new works ( ability1 ) num]\s extracts4 ,indep5d5t & free f all lit]>y & p]sonal prejudices1 ! op9ions ( ! ,review]s 9 ! ,,atlas may be consult$ ) confid5ce 9 _! integrity4 #d4--,,lit]>y ,,memor&a1 notes ( all novelties 9 lit]ature abroad & at home1 & summ>y criticisms on all works ( m9or importance4 #e4--,,music ,,& ,,musicians1 or sci5tific criticisms on vocal & in/rum5tal p]=m]s1 op]as1 & new music1 on ! ,cont95t z well z 9 ,engl&1 ) occasional engrav$ illu/rations4 #f4--;,,f9e ,,arts1 ,weekly notices ( pictorial exhibitions1 & critical descriptions ( pa9t+s1 draw+s1 & engrav+s1 ) comm5t>ies on all new works ( art4 #g4--,,sci5tific ,,notices1 or descriptions ( improvem5ts 9 ,me*anics & ! exp]im5tal ,sci5ces1 illu/rat$ occasionally by diagrams1 ) an acc\nt ( ,new ,pat5ts1 ,meteorological ,tables1 ,proce$+s ( ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,in/itutions1 c4 ,! ,lit]>y division ( ! ,,atlas 9 ! v>i\s bran*es has =m$ an era 9 ! class ( publications 9 :i* x ranks2 & exhibits a rem>kable union ( ! ess5tial features ( ! m elaborate ,reviews1 ) ! popul> & practical objects ( ! ,g5]al ,newspap]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,publi%$ = ! ,proprietor1 at ! (fice1 #f1 ,s\?ampton-/reet1 ,/r&1 ,london4--,price ,eight ,p5ce4 ,ord]s receiv$ by all ,newsm5 ?r\gh\t ! ,k+dom4 ,9 "o volume octavo1 clo? lett]$1 price ,five ,%ill+s1 ,,national ,,di/ress1 ,,its ,,causes ,,& ,,rem$ies2 ,a ,prize ,essay ,,z ,,orig9ally ,,publi%$ ,,9 ,,! ,,atlas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,,samuel ,,la+1 ,esq41 ,jun41 ,late ,fell[ ( ,/4 ,john's1 ,cambridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,i4 ,*ap4 ,i4--,g5]al ,consid]ations--,abs5ce ( ! usual ,hi/orical ,symptoms ( ,national ,decl9e--,def9ition ( ! ,evils :i* ,?reat5 ,society4 ,*ap4 ,,ii4--,(ficial ,paup]ism & ,unrecognis$ ,de/itution--,evid5ce respect+ ! ,condition ( ! ,l[] ,classes 9 ,l>ge ,t[ns4 ,*ap4 ,,iii4--,ext5t ( ,de/itution 9 ,l>ge ,t[ns--,condition ( ,h&-loom ,weav]s & o!r ,classes ( ,unskill$ ,manufactur+ ,op]atives4 ,*ap4 ,,iv4--,condition ( ,class ( ,agricultural ,lab\r]s4 ,*ap4 ,v4--,condition ( ,classes ( ,lab\r+ ,population employ$ 9 ,m9es1 ,fi%]ies1 ,canals1 ,railways1 c4 ,*ap4 ,,vi4--,condition ( ,classes ,sup]ior to ,common ,lab\r]s--,g5]al ,view ( ,society 9 ,great ,brita94 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,*ap4 ,i4--,g5]al ,views--,mod]n ,!ories ( ,society--,effect & ,p>am\nt ,importance ( ,moral ,causes4 ,*ap4 ,,ii4--,economical ,causes--,population--,!ory ( ,mal?us4 ,*ap4 ,,iii4--,economical ,causes1 cont9u$--,revolution 9 ! ,c\rse ( ,indu/ry effect$ by ,ma*9]y--,ext5sion ( ,manufactures--,factory ,sy/em1 c4 ,*ap4 ,,iv4--,=eign ,competition4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,*ap4 ,i4--,free ,trade1 ,corn ,laws4 ,*ap4 ,,ii4--,free ,trade1 cont9u$--,new ,t>iff1 ,provisions1 ,sug>1 c4 ,reciprocity ,sy/em--,comm]cial ,treaties4 ,*ap4 ,,iii4--,taxation4 ,*ap4 ,,iv4--,curr5cy & ,bank+4 ,*ap4 ,v4--,emigration4 ,*ap4 ,,vi4--,poor ,laws4 ,*ap4 ,,vii4--,sanit>y & ,build+ ,regulations1 c4 ,*ap4 ,,viii4--,education4 ,*ap4 ,,ix4--,conclusion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,publi%$ by ,longman & ,co42 ,simpk9 & ,m>%all2 ,& ,:ittak] & ,co4 also1 ,at ! ,atlas ,(fice1 #f1 ,s\?ampton-/reet1 ,/r&4