,,non-,,viol5t ,,action                 
,,9 ,,t5sion ,,areas3                   
,s]ies ,,iii3 ,numb] #a                 
,july #aidd4                            
,,introduction                          
,,to                     ,,non-,,viol5ce
                           ,by          
,,!odore ,,paull9              ,,!      
,,pacifi/ ,,rese>* ,,bureau             
#abja ,,*e/nut ,,/reet                  
,,philadelphia #g1 ,,p5nsylvania        
,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,pacifi/ ,,rese>*     
,,bureau   ,*>les ,boss1 ,jr4           
,isidor ,b4 ,h(fman ,h5ry ,j4 ,cadbury  
,john ,haynes ,holmes ,allan ,knight    
,*alm]s            ,e4 ,/anley ,jones   
,abraham ,cronba*                 ,john 
,h[l& ,la?rop ,alb]t ,e4 ,day           
,fr$]ick ,j4 ,libby ,doro?y ,day        
,a4 ,j4 ,mu/e ,edw>d ,w4 ,evans         
,ray ,newton ,jane ,evans               
,mildr$ ,scott ,olm/$ ,f4 ,burt         
,f>quh>son              ,kirby ,page    
,h>ry ,em]son ,fosdick                  
,cl>5ce ,e4 ,pickett ,h>rop ,a4 ,freeman

                ,guy ,w4 ,solt ,elm] ,a4
 ,fridell                 ,d\glas ,v4   
,/e]e ,ri*>d ,gregg                     
,dan ,we/ ,h>old ,hat*                  
,norman ,:itney                  ,e4    
,raymond ,wilson   ,,f9ancial ,,support 
,! ,pacifi/ ,rese>* ,bureau is f9anc$   
entirely by ! contributions (           
organizations & individuals :o are      
int]e/$ 9 see+ ?is type ( rese>* c>ri$  
on4 ,we tru/ t y may desire to h a "p 9 
?is positive pacifi/ endeavor to aid 9 !
 =mulation ( plans = ! _w ord] ( !      
future4 ,please make contributions      
payable to ,! ,pacifi/ ,rese>* ,bureau1 
#abja ,*e/nut ,/reet1 ,philadelphia #g1 
,p5nsylvania4 ,contributions are        
d$uctible = income tax purposes4        
,,director',s ,,=eword        ,:5 ,i use
 a ^w1 ,humpty ,dumpty said1 9 a r      
scornful tone1      x means j :at ,i    
*oose x to mean--nei!r m nor less4      
,! "q is1 said ,alice1 :e!r y c make    
words mean      diff]5t ?+s4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,9 !     

writ+s ( pacifi/s & non-pacifi/s conc]n+
 !ories ( & exp]i5ces ) non-viol5ce1 !re
 is a cle> lack ( uni=mity 9 ! use (    
words4  ,! pres5t booklet1 introduc+ !  
,bureau's new s]ies on ,non-,viol5t     
,action 9 ,t5sion ,areas1 di/+ui%$ by   
gre5 cov]s1 critically exam9es pacifi/  
t]m9ology4 ,b x does m1 = x analyzes    
v>i\s types ( non-viol5ce1 evaluates    
examples ( non-viol5ce ref]r$ to 9      
previ\s lit]ature1 & po9ts to new s\rces
 ( case mat]ial4  ,dr4 ,!odore ,paull91 
,assi/ant ,director ( ! ,bureau1 is !   
au?or ( ?is /udy4 ,! manuscript has be5 
submitt$ to & review$ by ,pr(essor      
,*>les ,a4 ,ellwood & ,pr(essor ,hornell
 ,h>t1 bo? ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sociology1  
,duke ,univ]sity2 & by ,ri*>d ,b4       
,gregg1 au?or ( sev]al works on !       
philosophy & practice ( non-viol5ce4 ,_!
 criticisms & sugge/ions h prov$ mo/    
helpful1 b = any errors ( int]pretation 
! au?or is responsible4  ,! ,pacifi/    
,rese>* ,bureau frankly bases its "w ^u 
! philosophy ( pacifism3 t man %\ld     

ex]cise su* respect = human p]sonality t
 he w employ only love & sacrificial    
good w 9 oppos+ evil & t ! purpose ( all
 human endeavor %\ld be ! creation ( a  
_w bro!rhood 9 :i* coop]ative ef=t      
contributes to ! good ( all4 ,a li/ (   
pamphlets publi%$ or 9 prep>ation appe>s
 on ! back cov]4                        
,,h>rop ,a4 ,,freeman1                  
,executive ,director   ,any organization
 ord]+ #ejj or m copies ( any pamphlet  
publi%$ by ! ,pacifi/ ,rese>* ,bureau   
may h its impr9t appe> on ! title page  
along ) t ( ! ,bureau4 ,! prepublication
 price = su* ord]s is #ge4jj = ea* #ejj 
copies4         99       99       99    
99       99                             
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts      ,i4          
,,introduction3 ,,on ,,t]ms             
#a          ,def9ition ( ,t]ms          
#e    ,,ii4 ,,viol5ce ,,)\t ,,hate      
#i          ,revolution>y ,an>*ism      
#aj          ,abraham ,l9coln           
#aa          ,! ,*ur* & ,w>             
#aa   ,,iii4 ,,non-,,viol5ce ,,by       

,,necessity                             
#ab          ,non-,viol5t ,resi/ance to 
,invad]s               #ac              
,*9ese ,boycotts ,aga9/ ,=eign]s        
#ae          ,egyptian ,opposition to   
,great ,brita9             #af    ,,iv4 
,,non-,,viol5t ,,co]cion                
#ag          ,! ,labor ,/rike           
#ai          ,! ,boycott                
#ba          ,non-,viol5t ,co]cion by ! 
,am]ican ,colonies    #bb          ,iri%
 ,opposition to ,great ,brita9 ,aft]    
#aijj     #bc          ,/rikes )        
,political ,purposes                    
#bd          ,non-,viol5ce 9            
,int]national ,affairs            #bd   
,v4 ,,satyagraha ,,or ,,non-,,viol5t    
,,direct ,,action             #be       
,! ,orig9s ( ,satyagraha                
#bf          ,! ,process ( ,satyagraha  
#bg          ,! ,philosophy (           
,satyagraha                     #bi     
,! ,empirical ,orig9s ( ,g&hi's ,me?od  
#ca          ,non-,coop]ation           
#cb          ,fa/+                      

#cc          ,! ,am]ican ,abolition     
,movem5t                  #cd    ,,vi4  
,,non-,,resi/ance                       
#cf          ,! ,m5nonites              
#cg          ,! ,new ,engl&             
,non-,resi/ants                   #ci   
,tol/oy                                 
#da   ,,vii4 ,,active ,,goodwill ,,&    
,,reconciliation                  #dc   
,action 9 ! ,face ( ,p]secution         
#dd          ,co]cion or ,p]suasion8    
#df          ,m9i/]+ to ,gr\ps 9        
,conflict                #dg          ,!
 ,p[] ( ,example                        
#dh          ,"w = ,social ,re=m        
#di          ,political ,action &       
,compromise                  #ej        
,! ,?ird ,alt]native                    
#ea  ,,viii4 ,,conclusions              
#ed         99       99       99        
99       99  ,,preface   ,! purpose ( ! 
pres5t /udy is to analyze ! v>i\s       
positions f\nd )9 ! pacifi/ movem5t     
itself 9 reg>d to ! use ( non-viol5t    
te*niques ( br++ ab\t social *ange 9    

gr\p relation%ips4 ,9 its attempt to    
diff]5tiate betwe5 !m1 x makes no       
pret5se ( det]m9+ :i* ( ! sev]al pacifi/
 positions is e?ically mo/ valid4 ,h5ce 
x is conc]n$ ) ! application (          
non-viol5t pr9ciples 9 practice & _!    
effectiv5ess 9 a*iev+ gr\p purposes1 r  
?an ) ! philosophical & religi\s        
f\ndations ( su* pr9ciples4 ,x is hop$ t
 ! /udy may help individuals to cl>ify  
_! ?9k+ )9 ?is field1 b ! au?or has no  
brief = "o me?od z aga9/ ! o!rs4 ,ea*   
p]son mu/ det]m9e 8 own pr9ciples (     
action on ! basis ( 8 conception ( !    
nature ( ! univ]se & 8 own scale (      
e?ical values4  ,! examples *os5 to     
illu/rate ! v>i\s positions h be5 tak5  
l>gely f hi/orical situations 9 ?is     
c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 because our         
traditional education has made u m      
famili> ) ! hi/ory ( ^! areas ?an ) t ( 
o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x also seem$ t !      
possibilities ( employ+ non-viol5t      
me?ods ( social *ange w\ld be m app>5t  
if x 0 evid5t t !y _h be5 us$ 9 ! ,we/1 

& 7 n only applicable 9 ,ori5tal        
societies4 ,x is un=tunate t ?is        
delib]ate *oice has elim9at$ su*        
valuable illu/rative mat]ial z ! "w (   
,kagawa 9 ,japan4 ,! exception to ?is   
g5]al rule 9 ! case ( ,satyagraha has   
be5 made because ( ! wide-spread        
discussion ( ?is movem5t 9 all p>ts ( ! 
_w 9 our day4  ,i want to ackn[l$ge )   
great appreciation ! sugge/ions ,i h    
obta9$ f ! prelim9>y "w done = !        
,pacifi/ ,rese>* ,bureau 9 ?is field by 
,russell ,curtis & ,h>idas ,t4 ,muzumd>4
                                        
,,!odore ,,paull9 ,july #a1 #aidd       
99       99       99       99       99  
,,introduction ,,to ,,non-,,viol5ce     
99       99       99       99       99  
,i4 ,,introduction3 ,,on ,,t]ms   ,9 !  
/orm we f\nd ea* o!r4 ,9 ! /orm we clung
 toge!r4 ,^! words are f\nd 9 ! op5+    
p>agraphs ( ,hey6 ,yell[backs6 ,! ,w>   
,di>y ( a ,consci5ti\s ,objector4 ,erne/
 ,l ,mey] uses !m to describe !         
psy*ological process by :i* a h&ful (   

m5--a few pr(essors & a lone /ud5t--at !
 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9 grew into unity 
because !y oppos$ ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w>1 :5   
ev]yone ar\nd !m 0 be+ c>ri$ away 9 !   
en?usiasm :i* m>k$ ! fir/ days (        
,am]ican p>ticipation4 ,if !re _h be5 no
 /orm1 !y might n h discov]$ _! aff9ity1
 b z x 01 despite ! disp>ity ( _!       
int]e/s & backgr\nds1 !y f\nd !mselves 9
 agreem5t on ! mo/ fundam5tal ( _!      
values1 :5 all ! re/ *ose to g ano!r    
way4 ,by /&+ toge!r !y all ga9$ /r5g? = 
! ordeals ?r\gh :i* ea* mu/ g1 & !y 7   
fill$ ) ! _s ( o!rs be=e !m & f> remov$ 
f !m1 :o _h und]/ood life 9 ! same      
way4#a  ,! incid5t may be tak5 z        
symbolic ( ! exp]i5ce ?r\gh :i* pacifi/s
 h gone 9 ?is ,second ,_w ,w>1 too4 ,m5 
& wom5 ( _m cre$s1 ( div]se economic    
backgr\nds1 ( greatly div]g5t           
philosophies1 ) wide v>iations 9        
education1 h come toge!r 9 ! desire to  
su/a9 "o ano!r & aid "o ano!r 9 mak+ _! 
prote/ aga9/ w>4 ,ea* 9 8 own way has   
refus$ to p>ticipate 9 ! mass de/ruction

 ( human life :i* w> involves1 & by t   
refusal has be5 unit$ by ! /ronge/ bonds
 ( sympa?y ) ^? ( 8 fell[s :o h done    
likewise4 ,b x is ! /orm t has br\ght   
unity4 ,:5 ! skies cle>1 !re w be a     
memory ( fell[%ip toge!r1 b !re w also  
be a realization t 9 ! half light we h  
se5 only "o aspect ( ea* o!r's be+1 & t 
!re are enorm\s diff]5ces betwe5 u4 ,our
 future hope ( a*iev+ ! type ( _w we    
want w dem& a cont9uation ( our s5se (  
unity1 despite our div]sities4  ,at     
pres5t pacifism is no completely        
integrat$ philosophy ( life4 ,mo/ ( u   
w\ld be h>d press$ to def9e ! t]m       
pacifi/ itself4 ,despite ! fact t       
accord+ to ! ,lat9 orig9s ( ! ^w x means
 peace mak]1 x is small wond] t our     
non-pacifi/ fri5ds ?9k ( ! pacifi/ z a  
negative ob/ructioni/1 because until !  
"t came to make a negative prote/ aga9/ 
! evil ( w> we ourselves all too (t5    
=got t we 7 pacifi/s4 ,9 o!r times1 if  
we h be5 peace-mak]s at all1 we h ?\ght 
( ourselves m]ely z do+ ! duty (        

citiz5s1 &1 9 attempt+ to ov]come "s ( !
 causes ( conflict bo? )9 our dome/ic   
society & 9 ! relations betwe5 nations1 
we h will+ly m]g$ ourselves ) o!r m5 (  
goodwill ^: aims & practices 7 almo/    
id5tical to ours4  ,s9ce ! *>ge (       
negativism /rikes home1 _m pacifi/s     
def5d !mselves by insi/+ t !y /&        
prim>ily = a positive program1 ( :i*    
w>-resi/ance is only a pre-requisite4   
,!y oppose w> because x is evil 9       
itself1 b !y oppose x also because !    
type ( human bro!rhood = :i* !y /& c be 
realiz$ only :5 w> is elim9at$ f ! _w4  
,_! real aim is ! creation ( ! new      
society--long & imp]fect ?\gh t process 
( creation may be4 ,!y %>e a vision1 b  
!y are /ill grop+ = ! means ( mov+ =w>d 
t[>ds its a*ievem5t4 ,!y are g5]ally    
conv9c$ t "s means are inappropriate to 
_! ends1 & t to use su* means w\ld      
automatically defeat !m2 b !y are less  
c]ta9 ab\t ! means :i* w br+ "s measure 
( success4  ,"o section ( ! pacifi/     
movem5t believes t x has discov]$ a     

solution to ! problem 9 :at x calls     
non-viol5t direct action4 ,?is gr\p     
d]ives mu* ( its inspiration f ,g&hi & 8
 non-viol5t movem5t = ,indian           
indep5d5ce4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,fell[%ip (   
,reconciliation has a committee on      
non-viol5t direct action :i* conc]ns    
itself ) apply+ ! te*niques ( ! ,g&hi   
movem5t to ! solution ( press+ social   
issues :i* are likely to cause conflict 
)9 our own society1 especially          
discrim9ation aga9/ racial m9orities4 ,z
 a textbook ?is gr\p has be5 us+        
,kri%nalal ,%ridh>ani's analysis ( !    
,g&hi proc$ures1 ,w> ,)\t ,viol5ce4#b ,!
 advocates ( non-viol5t direct action   
believe t _! me?od c br+ ab\t !         
resolution ( any conflict ?r\gh !       
ultimate defeat ( ! =ces ( evil1 & !    
triumph ( ju/ice & goodwill4 ,9 a widely
 discuss$ pamphlet1 ,if ,we ,%\ld ,be   
,invad$1 issu$ j be=e ! outbreak ( !    
pres5t w>1 ,jessie ,wallace ,hughan1 ( !
 ,w> ,resi/]s ,league1 ma9ta9$ t        
non-viol5t resi/ance w\ld be m effective

 ev5 9 meet+ an arm$ invasion ?an w\ld  
reliance ^u milit>y might4#c  ,_m       
pacifi/s h accept$ ! g5]al !sis ( !     
advocates ( non-viol5t direct action )\t
 analyz+ its mean+ & implications4 ,o!rs
 h reject$ x on ! basis ( judgm5ts j z  
sup]ficial4 ,mu* confusion has crept    
into ! discussion ( ! pr9ciple & into   
its application because ( ! con/ant use 
( ill-def9$ t]ms & p>tially =mulat$     
ideas4 ,x is ! purpose ( ! pres5t /udy  
to analyze ! positions ( bo? ! fri5ds & 
oppon5ts ( non-viol5t direct action )9 !
 pacifi/ movem5t 9 ! hope ( cl>ify+     
?\ght ^u ?is vitally important "q4      
,be=e we c proce$ ) our discussion1 we  
mu/ make a cle> di/9ction betwe5        
non-viol5ce z a pr9ciple1 accept$ z an  
end 9 itself1 & non-viol5ce z a means to
 "s o!r desir$ end4 ,mu* ( ! pres5t     
confusion 9 pacifi/ ?\ght arises f a    
failure to make ?is di/9ction4  ,on ! "o
 h&1 ! absolute pacifi/ believes t all  
m5 are bro!rs4 ,!re=e1 he ma9ta9s t !   
supreme duty ( e individual is to       

respect ! p]sonality ( e o!r man1 & to  
love him1 no matt] :at evil he may      
commit1 & no matt] h[ greatly he may    
?reat5 8 fell[s or ! values :i* !       
pacifi/ holds mo/ de>4 ,"u no           
circum/ances c ! pacifi/ h>m or de/roy !
 p]son :o does evil2 he c use only love 
& sacrificial goodwill to br+ ab\t      
conv]sion4 ,?is is 8 highe/ value & 8   
supreme pr9ciple4 ,?\gh ! heav5s %\ld   
fall1 or he himself & all else he *]i%es
 be de/roy$ 9 ! process1 he c place no  
o!r value be=e x4 ,to ! pacifi/ :o holds
 su* a position1 non-viol5ce is         
imp]ative ev5 if x does n "w4 ,by 8 v   
respect = ! p]sonality ( ! evil-do]1 & 8
 insi/5ce ^u ma9ta9+ ! bond ( human     
bro!rhood1 he has already a*iev$ 8      
highe/ purpose & has won 8 greate/      
victory4  ,b mu* ( ! pres5t pacifi/     
argum5t 9 favor ( non-viol5ce is bas$ r 
^u its exp$i5cy4 ,"h1 we are told1 is a 
means ( social action t works 9 a*iev+ !
 social goals to :i* pacifi/s aspire4   
,non-viol5ce provides a moral =ce :i* is

 m p[]ful ?an any physical =ce4 ,:e!r x 
be us$ by ! individual or by ! social   
gr\p1 x is1 9 ! long run1 ! mo/         
effective way ( ov]com+ evil & br++ ab\t
 ! triumph ( good4 ,! lit]ature is full 
( /ories ( individuals :o h ov]come     
highwaym51 or refractory neighbors1 by !
 p[] ( love4#d ,m rec5t treatm5ts su* z 
,ri*>d ,gregg's ,p[] ( ,non-,viol5ce#e  
pres5t /ory aft] /ory ( ! successful use
 ( non-viol5t resi/ance by gr\ps aga9/  
political oppression4 ,! hi/ory ( !     
,g&hi movem5t 9 ,india has seem$ to     
provide pro( ( its exp$i5cy4 ,ev5 !     
argum5t 9 ,ald\s ,huxley's ,ends &      
,means1 t we c a*ieve no desir$ goal by 
means :i* are inconsi/5t ) x1 /ill      
reg>ds non-viol5t action z a means =    
a*iev+ "s o!r end1 r ?an an end 9       
itself4#f  ,s preval5t has su* ?9k+     
become among pacifi/s1 t x is n surpris+
 t ,john ,lewis1 9 8 closely reason$    
book1 ,! ,case ,aga9/ ,pacifism1 bases 8
 :ole attack on ! logic ( ! pacifi/     
position ^u ! !ory t pacifi/s mu/1 z he 

does1 hold o!r values above _! respect =
 individual human p]sonalities4 ,ev5 9  
speak+ ( absolute pacifism he says1 ,!  
mo/ fundam5tal objection to w> is bas$  
on ! conviction t viol5ce & ! tak+ (    
human life1 be+ !mselves wrong1 _c lead 
to any?+ b evil4#g ,?us he def9es !     
absolute pacifi/ z "o :o accepts ! ends 
& means argum5t ( ,huxley1 :i* is really
 an argum5t bas$ ^u exp$i5cy1 r ?an     
def9+ him correctly z "o :o insi/s t    
viol5ce & ! tak+ ( human life are !     
greate/ evils1 "u any conditions1 &     
!re=e _c be ju/ifi$1 ev5 if !y c\ld be  
us$ = ! a*ievem5t ( highly desirable    
ends4  ,ma9ta9+ z ,lewis does t respect 
= e human p]sonality is n _! highe/     
value1 non-pacifi/s attack pacifism     
almo/ entirely on ! gr\nd t 9 ! pres5t  
/ate ( _w society x is n exp$i5t--t x is
 impractical4 ,probably mu* ( ! pacifi/ 
def5se ( ! position is design$ to meet  
^! non-pacifi/ argum5ts1 & to p]suade   
non-pacifi/s ( goodwill t !y c really   
be/ s]ve _! highe/ values by adopt+ !   

pacifi/ te*nique4 ,su* reason+ is       
p]fectly legitimate1 ev5 = ! absoluti/1 
b he %\ld recognize x = :at x is--a m]e 
aft]?\ght to 8 acceptance ( non-viol5ce 
z a pr9ciple4  ,! :ole absoluti/ argum5t
 is ?is3 7#a7 ,s9ce viol5ce to any human
 p]sonality is ! greate/ evil1 ,i c nev]
 commit x4 7#b7 ,b1 at ! same "t1 x is  
=tunate t non-viol5t means ( ov]com+    
evil are m effective ?an viol5t means1 s
 ,i c s]ve my highe/ value--respect = e 
human p]sonality--& at ! same "t s]ve ! 
o!r values ,i hold4 ,or to say ! same ?+
 9 positive t]ms1 ,i c a*ieve my o!r    
ends only by employ+ means :i* are      
consi/5t ) ^? ends4  ,on ! o!r h&1 _m   
pacifi/s d 9 fact hold ! position t     
,john ,lewis is attack+1 & base _!      
acceptance ( pacifism entirely on ! fact
 t x is ! be/ means ( obta9+ ! sort (   
social or economic or political ord] t  
!y desire4 ,o!rs1 9 balanc+ ! de/ruction
 ( viol5t conflict aga9/ :at !y conc$e  
might be ga9$ by x1 say t ! price (     
social a*ievem5t ?r\gh viol5t means is  

too high--t s _m ( _! values are de/roy$
 9 ! process ( viol5ce t !y mu/ ab&on x 
entirely z a means1 & f9d ano!r :i* is  
less de/ructive4  ,diff]5t z are !      
positions ( ! absolute & ! relative     
pacifi/s1 9 practice !y f9d !mselves    
unit$ 9 _! logical condemnation (       
viol5ce z an effective means = br++ ab\t
 social *ange4 ,h5ce !re is no reason :y
 !y _c jo9 =ces 9 _m respects4 ,only a  
relatively small proportion1 ev5 ( !    
absoluti/s1 h no int]e/ :atev] 9 br++   
ab\t social *ange1 & are ?us unable to  
%>e 9 ?is aspect ( pacifi/ ?9k+4        
,,footnotes3  #a ,erne/ ,l4 ,mey]1 ,hey6
 ,yell[backs6 7,new ,york3 ,john ,day1  
#aicj71 #c-f4  #b ,kri%nalal ,%ridh>ani1
 ,w> ,)\t ,viol5ce 7,new ,york3 ,h>c\rt 
,brace1 #aici72 ,selections f ,w> ,)\t  
,viol5ce 0 publi%$ by ! ,fell[%ip (     
,reconciliation1 #bibi ,broadway1 ,new  
,york1 z a pamphlet1 9 #aida4  #c       
,jessie ,wallace ,hughan1 ,if ,we ,%\ld 
,be ,invad$3 ,fac+ a ,fanta/ic ,hypo!sis
 7,w> ,resi/]s ,league1 ,new ,york1     

#aici74 ,a new edition ) ! title        
,pacifism & ,invasion 0 issu$ 9 #aidb4  
#d ,_m lat] writ]s h select$ _! examples
 f ! l>ge numb] pres5t$ by ,ad9 ,ball\1 
,*ri/ian ,non-,resi/ance3 ,9 ,all ,its  
,important ,be>+s 7,philadelphia3       
,univ]sal ,peace ,union1 #aiaj72 fir/   
publi%$ 9 #ahdf4  #e ,ri*>d ,b4 ,gregg1 
,! ,p[] ( ,non-,viol5ce 7,philadelphia3 
,lipp9cott1 #aicd74 ,a new & revis$     
edition ( ?is book is to be publi%$ by  
,fell[%ip ,publications1 ,n4 ,y41 #aidd4
  #f ,ald\s ,huxley1 ,ends & ,means3 ,an
 ,inquiry into ! ,nature ( ,ideals & !  
,me?ods ,employ$ = ,_! ,realization     
7,new ,york3 ,h>p]s1 #aicg74  #g ,john  
,lewis1 ,! ,case ,aga9/ ,pacifism       
7,london3 ,all5 & ,unw91 #aidj71 #bc4   
,def9ition ( ,t]ms  ,bo? 9 pacifi/ ?\ght
 & 9 ! criticisms ( pacifism1 a great   
deal ( confusion arises because ( !     
inexact use ( t]ms4 ,we h already se5 t 
pacifi/s ( _m %ades ( op9ion are unit$ 9
 _! refusal to p>ticipate 9 w>4 ,9 ?is  
objection !re is a negative quality4 ,! 

v ^w non-viol5ce us$ 9 ! title ( ?is    
/udy sugge/s ?is same negative attitude1
 & x 0 n long ago t pacifi/s 7 g5]ally  
kn[n z non-resi/ants4 ,al?\gh "s ( ^? :o
 oppose p>ticipation 9 w> /ill insi/ ^u 
call+ !mselves non-resi/ants#h _m ( !   
mod]n pacifi/s disclaim ! t]m because x 
is negative1 & insi/ t ! ess5ce (       
pacifism is ! elem5t ( active goodwill  
t[>d all m54#i ,yet :5 confront$ ) evil1
 ev5 he :o ?9ks ( 8 pacifism z a        
positive attitude mu/ decide n only :at 
means he w use to oppose evil1 b :at    
means he w n use4 ,at ! mom5t :5 !      
society ( :i* he is a "p insi/s t e "o (
 its memb]s p>ticipate 9 an ent]prise to
 employ ^! proscrib$ means1 ! pacifi/s (
 all %ades ( op9ion become consci5ti\s  
objectors4 ,to :at is x exactly t !y    
object8  ,mo/ answ]s to ?is "q w\ld say 
t !y oppose ! use ( =ce1 viol5ce1       
co]cion1 or 9 "s cases1 any resi/ance to
 evil :atev]4 ,b pacifi/s !mselves h n  
be5 agre$ ^u ! mean+s & implications (  
^! t]ms1 & ! oppon5ts ( pacifism h ha/5$

 to def9e !m 9 su* a way z to d5y       
validity to ! pacifi/ philosophy4 ,be=e 
we c proce$ ) our discussion we mu/     
def9e ^! t]ms = ourselves1 z we %all use
 !m 9 ! pres5t /udy4  ,=ce we may def9e 
z physical or intangible p[] or influ5ce
 to effect *ange 9 ! mat]ial or         
immat]ial _w4 ,co]cion is ! use ( ei!r  
physical or intangible =ce to compel    
action contr>y to ! w or reason$ judgm5t
 ( ! individual or gr\p subject$ to su* 
=ce4 ,viol5ce is ! willful application (
 =ce 9 su* a way t x is physically or   
psy*ologically injuri\s to ! p]son or   
gr\p aga9/ :om x is appli$4 ,resi/ance  
is any opposition ei!r physical or      
psy*ological to ! positive w or action (
 ano!r4 ,x is ! negative or def5sive    
c\nt]p>t ( co]cion4  ,! v div]sity (    
t]ms us$ to describe ! pacifi/ position 
%[s t none ( !m satisfactorily expresses
 ! ess5ce ( ! pacifi/ philosophy4 ,among
 ^? commonly us$ are3 7#a7              
non-resi/ance1 7#b7 passive resi/ance1  
7#c7 non-viol5t resi/ance1 7#d7         

sup]-resi/ance1 7#e7 non-viol5t         
non-coop]ation1 7#f7 civil disob$i5ce1  
7#g7 non-viol5t co]cion1 7#h7 non-viol5t
 direct action1 7#i7 w> )\t viol5ce1 &  
7#aj7 ,satyagraha or s\l =ce4#aj  ,( ^! 
t]ms only non-resi/ance implies         
acquiesc5ce 9 ! w ( ! evil-do]2 all !   
re/ sugge/ an approval ( resi/ance4 ,e  
"o ( !m1 ev5 non-resi/ance itself1      
contemplates ! use ( "s intangible moral
 =ce to oppose evil & a refusal to take 
an active "p 9 committ+ evil4 ,at lea/ !
 la/ five indicate ! positive desire to 
*ange ! active policy ( ! evil-do]1 ei!r
 by p]suasion or by compulsion4 ,z we   
%all see1 9 practice !y t5d to involve a
 co]cive elem5t4 ,only 9 _! rejection ( 
viol5ce are all ^! t]ms 9 agreem5t4     
,p]haps we are ju/ifi$ 9 accept+        
opposition to viol5ce z ! he>t ( !      
pacifi/ philosophy4 ,"u ! def9ition (   
viol5ce :i* has be5 sugge/$1 ?is w\ld   
am\nt to virtually ! same ?+ z say+ t ! 
pacifi/ has su* respect = e human       
p]sonality t he _c1 "u any circum/ances 

:atsoev]1 int5tionally inflict p]man5t  
injury ^u any human be+ ei!r physically 
or psy*ologically4 ,?is /atem5t des]ves 
fur!r exam9ation4  ,all pacifi/s approve
 ! use ( =ce1 z we h def9$ x1 & actually
 d use x1 s9ce x includes su* ?+s z !   
=ce ( love1 ! =ce ( example1 or ! =ce ( 
public op9ion4#aa ,!re are v few        
pacifi/s :o w\ld draw ! l9e ev5 at ! use
 ( physical =ce4 ,mo/ ( !m w\ld approve 
x 9 re/ra9+ *ildr5 or ! m5tally ill f   
injur+ !mselves or o!rs1 or 9 ! organiz$
 police =ce ( a community "u ! prop]    
safegu>ds ( ! c\rts & law4#ab  ,_m      
pacifi/s are also will+ to accept       
co]cion1 provid$ x be non-viol5t4 ,!    
/rike1 ! boycott1 or ev5 ! mass         
demon/ration involve an elem5t ( co]cion
 z we h def9$ t t]m4 ,%ridh>ani assures 
u t despite ,g&hi's insi/5ce to !       
contr>y1 ,9 ! light ( ev5ts 9 ,india 9 !
 pa/ tw5ty ye>s z well z 9 ! light (    
c]ta9 ( ,g&hi's own activities1 444 x   
becomes app>5t t ,satyagraha does conta9
 ! elem5t ( co]cion1 if 9 a some:at     

modifi$ =m4#ac ,s9ce to "s p co]cion    
implies rev5ge or puni%m5t1 ,%ridh>ani  
w\ld1 h[ev]1 sub/itute ! ^w compulsion =
 x4 ,g&hi himself & _m ( 8 foll[]s w\ld 
claim t ! te*niques ( ,satyagraha are   
only a m>%all+ ( ! =ces ( sympa?y1      
public op9ion1 & ! l1 & t !y are        
p]suasive r ?an co]cive4 ,at any rate a 
di/9ction1 on ! basis ( ! _s 9 :i* !y   
are und]tak51 betwe5 types ( action :i* 
are outw>dly simil> seems p]fectly      
valid4  ,!re are o!r pacifi/s :o w\ld   
ev5 accept a c]ta9 elem5t ( viol5ce1 z  
we h def9$ x1 provid$ x 7 n physical 9  
nature4 ,"s p]sons ) b\ndless good w    
feel t ev5 physical viol5ce may be      
ju/ifi$ on occasion if x is n accompani$
 by hatr$ t[>d its object4#ad ,h[ev]1   
!re w\ld be few :o consid] !mselves     
pacifi/s :o w\ld accept su* a position4 
,we are aga9 =c$ to ! conclusion t x is 
viol5ce z we h def9$ x to :i* ! pacifi/ 
objects4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! *ief diff]5ce  
betwe5 ! pacifi/ & ! non-pacifi/ is t ! 
latt] def9es viol5ce z does ,cl>5ce     

,case1 z ! unlawful or unregulat$ use ( 
de/ructive physical =ce aga9/ p]sons or 
?+s4#ae ,"u su* a def9ition1 w> itself1 
s9ce x is sanction$ by law1 w\ld no     
long] involve viol5ce4 ,?us = !         
non-pacifi/ x is e?ically acceptable to 
use lawful viol5ce aga9/ unlawful       
viol5ce2 = ! pacifi/1 viol5ce aga9/ any 
p]sonality is nev] e?ically ju/ifi$4#af 
,on ! o!r h&1 a v l>ge gr\p ( pacifi/s  
insi/ ^u disc>d+ ^! negative def9itions 
9 favor ( "o t is :olly positive4       
,maurice ,l4 ,r[ntree has said3 ,!      
,pacifi/ way ( life is ! way t br+s into
 action all ! s5se & wisdom1 all !      
passion ( love & goodwill t c be br\ght 
to be> ^u ! situation4#ag  ,9 ?is /udy1 
no attempt w be made to det]m9e :i* ( ! 
_m pacifi/ positions is mo/ s\nd        
e?ically4 ,be=e any p]son c make su* a  
det]m9ation = himself1 h[ev]1 x is      
necess>y t he und]/& ! diff]5ces betwe5 
! v>i\s approa*es to ! problem (        
influ5c+ o!r p ei!r to d some?+ :i* he  
believes %\ld be done1 or to refra9 f   

do+ some?+ :i* he feels ought n to be   
done4  ,x might be helpful = u 9 our    
?9k+ to con/ruct a scale at "o end ( :i*
 we place viol5ce c\pl$ ) hatr$1 & at ! 
o!r1 dep5d5ce only ^u ! application (   
positive love & goodwill4 ,9 !          
int]m$iate positions we might place 7#a7
 viol5ce )\t hatr$1 7#b7 non-viol5ce    
practic$ by necessity r ?an because (   
pr9ciple1 7#c7 non-viol5t co]cion1 7#d7 
,satyagraha & non-viol5t direct action1 
& 7#e7 non-resi/ance4  ,we ne$1 at !    
outset1 to recognize t we are speak+    
prim>ily ( ! relation%ips betwe5 social 
gr\ps r ?an betwe5 individuals4 ,z      
,re9hold ,niebuhr has s ably po9t$ out1 
our e?ical concepts 9 ^! two areas are  
greatly at v>iance ) "o ano!r4#ah ,!    
pacifi/ pr9ciples are already widely    
accept$ z ideals 9 ! affairs (          
individuals4 ,e e?ical religion tea*es  
!m 9 ?is area1 & ! p]son :o rejects !m  
is def9itely ! exception 9 our we/]n    
society1 until ! viol5t man is reg>d$ z 
subject to ! discipl9e ( society 9      

g5]al4  ,our real conc]n 9 ?is /udy is )
 non-viol5t means ( a*iev+ gr\p         
purposes1 :e!r !y be def5sive &         
cons]vative 9 "*1 or :e!r !y be *anges 9
 ! exi/+ in/itutions ( ! social ord]4 ,!
 /udy is n s mu* conc]n$ ) ! religi\s & 
e?ical bases ( ^! te*niques z x is ) a  
consid]ation ( _! application 9         
practice1 & _! effectiv5ess 9 a*iev+ !  
purposes :i* ! gr\p 9 "q has 9 view4 ,we
 %all beg9 at "o end ( our scale &      
proce$ to discuss ea* type ( action 9   
turn4  ,,footnotes3  #h ,guy ,f4        
,h]%b]g] makes a def9ite di/9ction      
betwe5 non-resi/ance & pacifism4 ,he    
says t ! =m] t]m describes ! fai? & life
 ( ^? ,:o _c h any "p 9 w>f>e because !y
 believe ! ,bible =bids x1 & :o r5\nce  
all co]cion1 ev5 nonviol5t co]cion4 ,he 
goes on to say1 ,pacifism1 on ! o!r h&1 
is a t]m :i* cov]s _m types ( opposition
 to w>4 ,"s mod]n s-call$ pacifi/s are  
oppos$ to all w>s1 & "s are n4 ,"s :o   
oppose all w>s f9d _! au?ority 9 ! w (  
,god1 :ile o!rs f9d x l>gely 9 human    

reason4 ,!re are _m o!r diff]5ces among 
!m4 ,biblical ,nonresi/ance & ,mod]n    
,pacifism1 ,! ,m5nonite ,qu>t]ly        
,review1 ,,xvii1 7,july1 #aidc71 #aaf4  
,h]%b]g] is "h def9+ pacifism broadly to
 include ! ,european mean+ ( opposition 
to w>1 b n necess>ily a refusal to take 
"p 9 x4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & g5]ally 9 
,great ,brita91 ! t]m is ord9>ily appli$
 only to ^? :o actually refuse          
p>ticipation 9 w>4  #i ,see ,dev]e      
,all51 ,! ,fight = ,peace 7,new ,york3  
,macmillan1 #aicj71 #eca-edj4  #aj ,on !
 orig9s ( ^! t]ms see ,h>idas ,t4       
,muzumd>1 ,! ,unit$ ,nations ( ! ,_w    
7,new ,york3 ,univ]sal1 #aidb71         
#bja-bjc4  #aa ,john ,haynes ,holmes1   
us+ ! old] t]m r ?an pacifi/1 has said1 
,! true non-resi/ant is militant--b he  
lifts 8 militancy f ! plane ( physical1 
to ! plane ( moral & spiritual =ce4 ,new
 ,w>s = ,old 7,new ,york3 ,dodd1 ,mead1 
#aiaf71 xiii4  #ab ,cecil ,john ,cad\x1 
,*ri/ian ,pacifism ,re-exam9$ 7,ox=d3   
,basil ,blackwell1 #aidj71 #ae-af2      

,leyton ,ri*>ds1 ,reali/ic ,pacifism    
7,*icago3 ,willett1 ,cl>k1 #aice71 #c4  
#ac ,%ridh>ani1 ,w> ,)\t ,viol5ce1 #bib4
  #ad ,john ,lewis says1 ,we mu/ draw a 
%>p di/9ction betwe5 ! use ( viol5ce to 
a*ieve an unju/ end & its use z police  
action 9 def5ce ( ! rule ( law4 ,case   
,aga9/ ,pacifism1 #he4  #ae ,cl>5ce ,m>%
 ,case1 ,non-,viol5t ,co]cion 7,new     
,york3 ,c5tury1 #aibc71 #cbc4 ,italics  
m9e4  #af ,c4 ,j4 ,cad\x has cle>ly /at$
 8 position 9 ^! words3 ,he ! pacifi/ w 
conf9e himself to ^? me?ods ( pressure  
:i* are ei!r :olly non-co]cive or are   
co]cive 9 a /rictly non-injuri\s way1   
=ego+ altoge!r su* injuri\s me?ods (    
co]cion z torture1 mutilation1 or       
homicide3 t is to say1 he w refra9 f w>4
 ,*ri/ian ,pacifism1 #fe-ff4  #ag       
,maurice ,l4 ,r[ntree1 ,mank9d ,set     
,free 7,london3 ,cape1 #aici71 #hj-ha4  
,,ii4 ,,viol5ce ,,)\t ,,hate            
,occasions may arise 9 :i* a man :o     
g5u9ely abhors viol5ce confronts an     
almo/ insoluble dilemma4 ,on ! "o h& he 

may be fac$ ) ! imm95t triumph ( "s     
almo/ insuff]able evil2 on ! o!r1 he may
 feel t ! only available means ( oppos+ 
t evil is viol5ce1 :i* is 9 itself      
evil4#ai  ,9 su* a situation1 ! *oice   
made by any individual dep5ds ^u 8 own  
subjective scale ( values4 ,! pacifi/ is
 conv9c$ t = him to commit viol5ce ^u   
ano!r is itself ! greate/ possible evil4
 ,! non-pacifi/ says t "s o!r evils may 
be great]1 & t ! use ( ?is less] evil to
 oppose !m is entirely ju/ifi$4 ,john   
,lewis bases 8 entire ,case ,aga9/      
,pacifism ^u ?is latt] assumption1 &    
says t 9 su* a conflict ( values1       
pacifi/s cont9ue to be pacifi/s ei!r    
because !re is no s]i\s ?reat1 or       
because !y d n expect to lose any?+1 or 
p]haps ev5 because !y d n value :at is  
?reat5$4#bj ,! latt] *>ge is entirely   
unju/ifi$4 ,! pacifi/ ma9ta9s 8         
opposition to viol5ce 9 ! face ( su* a  
?reat1 n because he does n value :at is 
?reat5$1 b because he values some?+ else
 m4  ,cad\x has phras$ x1 ,pacifism is  

applicable only 9 s f> z !re exi/       
pacifi/s :o are conv9c$ ( its wisdom4 ,!
 subjective diff]5ces are ( vital       
importance1 yet are usually ov]look$ 9  
argum5ts on ! subject4#ba ,?is means t  
our problem ( consid]+ ! place ( viol5ce
 & non-viol5ce 9 human life is n "o (   
purely objective sci5ce1 s9ce !         
attitudes & beliefs ( pacifi/s 7&       
non-pacifi/s7 !mselves become a factor 9
 ! situation4 ,if en\gh p accept$ !     
pacifi/ scale ( values1 x w\ld 9 fact   
become ! true basis = social            
int]action4#bb  ,9 our we/]n society1 ! 
majority ev5 ( ^? :o believe 9 !        
bro!rhood ( man1 & h great respect = !  
dignity ( e human p]sonality1 w on      
occasion use viol5ce z a means to       
attempt ! a*ievem5t ( _! goals4 ,s9ce _!
 attitude is diff]5t f t ( ! milit>i/ :o
 w\ld place viol5ce itself high 9 8     
scale ( values1 x w\ld pay u to consid] 
_! position4  ,,footnotes3  #ah ,re9hold
 ,niebuhr1 ,moral ,man & ,immoral       
,society 7,new ,york3 ,scribn]'s1       

#aicb74 ,see especially 8 consid]ation (
 co]cion & p]suasion 9 ! two realms (   
individual & social conduct1 pages      
xxii-xxiii4  #ai ,z ,cad\x puts x1      
,broadly speak+1 almo/ ! :ole human race
 believes t x is occasionally "r &      
necess>y to inflict injuri\s co]cion on 
human be+s1 9 ord] to prev5t !          
p]petration by !m ( "s intol]able evil4 
,*ri/ian ,pacifism ,re-exam9$1 #ig4  #bj
 ,lewis1 #fb4   ,revolution>y ,an>*ism  
,! revolution>y ,an>*i/s belong         
ess5tially 9 ?is gr\p4 ,z ,alex&]       
,b]kman has put x1 ,! tea*+s ( ,an>*ism 
are ^? ( peace & h>mony1 ( non-invasion1
 ( ! sacr$ness ( life & lib]ty2 or aga91
 ,x ,an>*ism means t m5 are bro!rs1 & t 
!y %\ld live l bro!rs1 9 peace &        
h>mony4#bc ,b to create ?is ideal       
society ! ,an>*i/ feels t viol5ce may be
 necess>y4 ,b]kman himself1 9 8 y\ng]   
days1 0 able to ju/ify 8 attack ^u !    
life ( ,frick at ! "t ( ! ,home/ead     
,/rike 9 #ahic 9 ^! words3        ,b to 
! ,p belongs ! e>?--by "r1 if n 9 fact4 

,to      make x s 9 fact1 all means are 
ju/ifiable2 nay advisable1 ev5      to !
 po9t ( tak+ life4444 ,human life is1   
inde$1 sacr$ &      inviolate4 ,b !     
kill+ ( a tyrant1 ( an enemy ( ! ,p1    
is 9 no way to be consid]$ z ! tak+ ( a 
life4444 ,to remove      a tyrant is an 
act ( lib]ation1 ! giv+ ( life &        
opportunity to an oppress$ p4#bd        
,lat]1 ,b]kman insi/$ t a successful    
revolution mu/ be non-viol5t 9 nature4  
,x mu/ be ! result ( ?or\ghgo+ *anges 9 
! ideas & op9ions ( ! p4 ,:5 _! ideas h 
become suffici5tly *ang$ & unifi$1 ! p c
 /age a g5]al /rike 9 :i* !y ov]?r[ !   
old ord] by _! refusal to co-op]ate ) x4
 ,he ma9ta9s t any attempt to c>ry on ! 
revolution itself by milit>y means w\ld 
fail because gov]nm5t & capital are too 
well organiz$ 9 a milit>y way = ! work]s
 to cope ) !m4 ,b1 says ,b]kman1 :5 !   
success ( ! revolution becomes app>5t1 !
 opposition w use viol5t means to       
suppress x4 ,at t mom5t ! p are ju/ifi$ 
9 us+ viol5ce !mselves to protect x4    

,b]kman believes t !re is no record (   
any gr\p 9 p[] giv+ up its p[] )\t be+  
subject$ to ! use ( physical =ce1 or at 
lea/ ! ?reat ( x4#be ,?us 9 effect1     
,b]kman w\ld /ill use viol5ce aga9/ "s  
p]sonalities 9 ord] to e/abli% a sy/em 9
 :i* respect = e p]sonality w\ld be     
possible4 ,actually 8 desire = ! new    
society is great] ?an 8 abhorr5ce (     
viol5ce4  ,,footnotes3  #ba ,cad\x1     
,*ri/ian ,pacifism ,re-exam9$1 #aaf-aag4
  #bb ,! way 9 :i* a :ole social ord] c 
diff] f t ( ! ,we/1 m]ely because x     
*ooses to op]ate on ! basis ( diff]5t   
assumptions conc]n+ su* ?+s z !         
aggressive nature ( man is well br\ght  
out 9 ! /udy ( ?ree ,new ,gu9ea tribes  
liv+ 9 v simil> environm5ts4 ,m>g>et    
,mead1 ,sex & ,temp]am5t 9 ,?ree        
,primitive ,societies 7,london3         
,r\tl$ge1 #aice74  #bc ,alex&] ,b]kman1 
,:at ,is ,communi/ ,an>*ism8 7,new      
,york3 ,vangu>d1 #aibi71 x-xi1 #agf4    
#bd ,alex&] ,b]kman1 ,prison ,memoirs ( 
an ,an>*i/ 7,new ,york3 ,"m ,e>?        

,publi%+ ,association1 #aiab71 #g4  #be 
,b]kman1 ,communi/ ,an>*ism1 #bag-bbi1  
#bdg-bdh1 #bij4   ,abraham ,l9coln      
,abraham ,l9coln repres5t$ ! _s (       
mod]ation 9 ! use ( viol5ce4 ,he l$ 8   
nation 9 w> reluctantly & pray]fully1 ) 
no t\* ( hatr$ t[>d ^? :om ! armies (   
:i* he 0 ,comm&]-9-,*ief 7 de/roy+4 ,he 
express$ 8 feel+ 9 an inspir+ way 9 !   
clos+ words ( 8 ,second ,inaugural      
,address1 :5 ! w> 0 rapidly draw+ to a  
victori\s close3        ,) malice t[>d  
none2 ) *>ity = all2 ) firmness to d    
! "r1 z ,god gives u to see ! "r1 let u 
/rive on to      f9i% ! "w we are 92 to 
b9d up ! nation's w\nds2 to c>e      =  
him :o %all h borne battle1 & = 8 wid[1 
& 8      orphan--to d all :i* may a*ieve
 & *]i% a j & la/+      peace among     
ourselves1 & ) all nations4   ,! ,*ur* &
 ,w>  ,! /atem5ts ( ,briti% & ,am]ican  
*ur*m5 dur+ ! pres5t w> call to m9d ^!  
words ( ,l9coln4 ,at ,malv]n1 9 #aida1  
memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& decl>$3 ,god  
himself is ! sov]eign ( all human life2 

all m5 are 8 *ildr51 & ought to be      
bro!rs ( "o ano!r2 ?r\gh ,*ri/ ! ,r$eem]
 !y c become :at !y ought to be4 ,9     
,m>*1 #aidb1 ,am]ican ,prote/ant lead]s 
at ,delaw>e1 ,ohio1 ass]t$3 ,we believe 
x is ! purpose ( ,god to create a       
_w-wide community 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1       
transc5d+ nation1 race & class4#bf ,yet 
! majority ( ! m5 :o drew up ^! two     
/atem5ts 7 support+ ! w> :i* _! nations 
7 wag+ aga9/ fell[ memb]s ( ! _w        
community--aga9/ ^? :om !y pr(ess$ to   
call bro!rs4 ,l ,l9coln !y did s 9 !    
belief t :5 ! milit>y phases ( ! w> 7   
ov]1 x w\ld be possible to turn f       
viol5ce & to practice ! pr9ciples (     
,*ri/ian *>ity4#bg  ,!re is little 9    
human hi/ory to ju/ify _! hope4 ,!re is 
mu* to make u believe t ! viol5t        
attitudes ( w> w lead to hatr$ &        
inju/ice t[>d enemies :5 ! w> is done4  
,! inspir+ words ( ,l9coln 7 foll[$ by !
 orgy ( radical recon/ruction 9 ! ,s\?4 
,!re is at lea/ z grave a d\bt t ! _s ( 
! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* w dom9ate ! peace :i*  

is conclud$ at ! end ( ! pres5t w>4  ,! 
"q arises insi/5tly :e!r viol5ce )\t    
hate c long live up to its own          
pr(essions4  ,,footnotes3  #bf numb] (  
^! religi\s /atem5ts are conv5i5tly     
br\ght toge!r 9 ! app5dix to ,paul      
,hut*9son's ,f ,victory to ,peace       
7,*icago3 ,willett1 ,cl>k1 #aidc74 ,= a 
/atem5t ( a po9t ( view simil> to ! "o  
we are discuss+ "h1 see also ,*>les     
,clayton ,morrison1 ,! ,*ri/ian & ! ,w> 
7,*icago3 ,willett1 ,cl>k1 #aidb74  #bg 
,b]n>d ,idd+s ,bell has express$ !      
attitude ( su* *ur*m53 ,evil may        
sometimes get su* control ( m5 &        
nations1 !y h realiz$1 t arm$ resi/ance 
becomes a necessity4 ,!re are times :5 n
 to p>ticipate 9 viol5ce is 9 itself    
viol5ce to ! welf>e ( ! bre?r54 ,b no   
,*ri/ian morali/ wor? m5tion+ has ev]   
reg>d$ w> p] se z o!r ?an mon/r\s1 or   
hop$ t by ! use ( viol5ce any?+ m c\ld  
be accompli%$ ?an ! fru/ration ( a      
tempor>ily p[]ful malici\s wick$ness4   
,w> 9 itself gives bir? to no           

righte\sness4 ,only su* a fire ( love z 
leads to self-effacem5t c advance !     
welf>e ( mank9d4 ,w ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*    
,survive8 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 #agj1
 ,octob]1 #aidb1 #aji4     ,,iii4       
,,non-,,viol5ce ,,by ,,necessity   ,!   
use ( non-viol5t resi/ance does n always
 d5ote devotion to pacifi/ pr9ciples4   
,gr\ps :o w\ld gladly use arms aga9/ an 
enemy if !y _h !m (t5 use non-viol5t    
means simply because !y h no o!rs at _! 
disposal at ! mom5t4 ,9 contra/ to !    
type ( action describ$ 9 ! prec$+       
section1 su* a proc$ure might be call$  
hate )\t viol5ce4 ,x w\ld probably be   
bett] to call x non-viol5ce by          
necessity4  ,! gr\p us+ non-viol5ce "u  
su* circum/ances might h 9 view "o (    
?ree purposes4 ,x might hope ?r\gh its  
display ( opposition & its own suff]+ to
 appeal to ! s5se ( fair play ( ! gr\p t
 0 oppress+ x4 ,h[ev]1 su* a hope c exi/
 only 9 cases :]e ! two oppos+ p>ties h 
a l>ge area ( agreem5t ^u values1 or    
homog5eity1 & w\ld h no basis :5 !      

oppress+ gr\p look$ ^u ! oppress$ z     
completely b5ea? _! consid]ation4 ,x is 
unlikely t x w\ld h mu* success 9 *ang+ 
! policy ( a nation :i* consci\sly *ose 
to invade ano!r c\ntry1 al?\gh x might  
affect individual soldi]s if _! cultural
 backgr\nd 7 simil> to t ( ! invad$     
p4#bh  ,an invad] usually desires to ga9
 some?+ f ! invad$ p4 ,9 ord] to succe$1
 he ne$s _! coop]ation4 ,a second way ( 
?w>t+ ! w ( ! invad] is to refuse t     
coop]ation1 & be will+ to suff] !       
p5alties ( su* refusal4 ,s9ce ! invad$  
t]ritory w\ld !n h no value1 ! invad]   
might leave ( 8 own accord4  ,a ?ird    
possibility is = ! invad$ p to employ   
sabotage & inflict damage ^u ! invad] 9 
! belief t 8 invasion c be made s co/ly 
t x w be impossible = him to rema9 9 !  
conqu]$ t]ritory4 ,su* sabotage easily  
m]ges into viol5ce4  ,9 ! prec$+        
p>agraphs1 ! enemy ( ! gr\p us+         
non-viol5ce has be5 ref]r$ to z !       
invad]1 because our be/ examples ( ?is  
type ( non-viol5t opposition are to be  

f\nd 9 ! hi/ories ( conqu]$ p oppos+ ! w
 ( occupy+ =ces4 ,a simil> situation may
 exi/ betwe5 a colonial p & ! home      
gov]nm5t ( an imp]ial p[]1 s9ce 9 mo/   
cases _! position is ess5tially t ( a   
conqu]$ p1 except t _! t]ritory has be5 
occupi$ = a long] p]iod ( "t4           
,,footnote3  #bh ,frankl9 ,h4 ,gidd+s   
said1 ,9 a ^w1 non-aggression &         
non-resi/ance are an outcome (          
homog5eity4 ,! ,gospel (                
,non-,resi/ance1 9 ,democracy & ,empire 
7,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aijj71 #cef4  
,see also ,case1 ,non-,viol5t ,co]cion1 
#bdh2 ,lewis1 ,case ,aga9/ ,pacifism1   
#ahe-ahf4   ,non-,viol5t ,resi/ance to  
,invad]s  ,/ories ( ! use ( ?is sort (  
non-viol5ce occur 9 our press e day1 z  
!y f9d _! way out ( ! occupi$ c\ntries  
:i* are oppos+ ! ,nazi invad]s ) e means
 at _! disposal4 ,9 ^! c\ntries ! va/   
majority ( ! p are agre$ 9 _!           
det]m9ation to rid !mselves ( ,nazi     
control4 ,su* common agreem5t is ! fir/ 
requisite = ! success ( ?is me?od (     

resi/ance4 ,:5 ! p ( ! t]ritory refuse  
to in=m ! police ab\t individuals :o are
 committ+ unlawful acts aga9/ ! invad]s1
 x is virtually impossible = ! latt] to 
*eck ! expansion ( non-coop]ation or    
sabotage4 ,simil>ly1 if ! :ole          
population refuses to coop]ate ) !      
invad]1 x is impossible = him to puni%  
!m all1 or if he did1 he w\ld be de/roy+
 ! labor =ce ^: coop]ation he desires1 &
 w\ld h defeat$ himself 9 ! v process ( 
/amp+ out ! opposition to 8 regime4     
,hitl] himself has discov]$ t !re is a  
diff]5ce betwe5 milit>y occupation &    
actual conque/4 ,9 8 ,new ,ye>'s        
proclamation to ! ,g]man p 9 #aidd1 he  
attempt$ to expla9 ! ,nazi rev]ses 9    
,nor? ,africa & ,italy 9 ^! words3      
,! true cause ( ! difficulties 9 ,nor?  
,africa & ! ,balkans      0 9 reality ! 
p]si/5t attempts at sabotage &          
p>alyzation      ( ^! plutocratic       
enemies ( ! fasci/ p's ,/ate4       ,_! 
cont9ual sabotage n only succe$$ 9 /opp+
 supplies      to ,africa &1 lat] on1 to

 ,italy1 by ev]-new me?ods ( passive    
resi/ance1 ?us prev5t+ our soldi]s & !  
,italians /&+      at _! side f receiv+ 
! mat]ial :]e)al = !      conduct ( !   
/ruggle1 b also aggravat$ or confus$ !  
situation 9 ! ,balkans1 :i* _h be5 cle>$
 accord+ to plan      by ,g]man         
actions4#bi   ,opposition to ! ,g]man   
invad] has tak5 diff]5t =ms 9 diff]5t   
c\ntries4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 :]e !re 0 no       
milit>y resi/ance to ! initial invasion1
 ! subtle opposition ( ! p has made     
itself felt 9 innum]able ways4 ,!re are 
_m /ories su* z t ( ! ,k+'s refusal to  
in/itute anti-,jewi% laws 9 ,d5m>k on ! 
gr\nd t !re 0 no ,jewi% problem !re s9ce
 ! ,danes did n feel !mselves to be     
inf]ior to ! ,jews4 ,su* ideological    
opposition makes ! ,nazis angry1 & x    
also makes !m uncom=table1 s9ce !y d    
hold en\gh values 9 common ) ! ,danes to
 und]/& p]fectly ! implications ( !     
,dani% jibes4 ,su* psy*ological         
opposition m]ges into sabotage v easily4
 ,= in/ance :5 ! ,g]mans dem&$ t5 torp$o

 boats f ! ,dani% navy1 ! ,danes prep>$ 
!m = deliv]y by tak+ all _! guns &      
equipm5t a%ore1 & !n burn+ ! w>eh\se 9  
:i* ^! 7 /or$4 ,! ,nazis ev5 =bade !    
press to m5tion ! incid5t1 le/ x become 
a signal = a nationwide demon/ration (  
solid>ity4#cj  ,o!r occupi$ c\ntries    
report ! same type ( non-viol5t         
resi/ance4 ,!re are /rikes ( p>5ts aga9/
 s5d+ _! *ildr5 to ,nazi-controll$      
s*ools1 /rikes ( m9i/]s aga9/ con=m+ to 
,nazi decrees1 demon/rations1 mal+]+1 & 
int]f]5ce ) int]nal adm9i/ration4 ,su*  
ev5ts may appe> less important ?an      
milit>y resi/ance1 b !y make ! life ( an
 occupy+ =ce uneasy & unhappy4#ca       
,calls = non-viol5t prep>ation = ! day (
 deliv]y g out con/antly 9 ! und]gr\nd  
press4 ,:ile urg+ solid>ity 9 illegal   
acts among ! ,fr5* population at home1  
"o ,fr5* appeal ev5 gave in/ructions to 
,fr5*m5 :o might g to "w 9 ,g]many3     
,if y respond to ,laval's appeal1 ,i "k 
9 :at _s y w      d s4 ,y w wi% to sl[  
d[n ,g]man production1 e/abli%          

contacts ) all ! ,fr5*m5 9 ,g]many1 &   
create !      /ronge/ ( ,fif? ,columns 9
 ! enemy c\ntry4#cb   ,ov] a long p]iod 
( "t su* action _c help hav+ an effect  
^u ! success ( ! invad]4 ,s9ce !        
grievance ( ! peoples ( ! occupi$       
c\ntries is a cont9u\s "o1 !re is no    
prospect t _! resi/ance w relax until !y
 h fre$ !mselves ( _! oppressors4       
,,footnotes3  #bi ,new ,york ,times1    
,jan4 #a1 #aidd1 page #d1 columns #b-g4 
#cj ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,hasselriis1 ,no?+      
,rott5 9 ,d5m>k1 9 ,! ,new ,republic1   
,june #g1 #aidc1 ,vol4 #ajh3 #gfj-gfa4  
#ca ,! publications ( ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts 
9 exile are fill$ ) su* /ories4 ,see su*
 p]iodicals z ,news ( ,norway & ,news f 
,belgium1 :i* c be obta9$ ?r\gh ! ,unit$
 ,nations ,in=mation ,s]vice1 #faj ,fif?
 ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city4  #cb         
,resi/ance1 ,feb4 #ag1 #aidc1 repr9t$ 9 
,free ,_w1 ,july1 #aidc1 ,vol4 #f1 #gg4 
,*9ese ,boycotts ,aga9/ ,=eign]s  ,we c 
f9d _m o!r examples ( ! use ( ^!        
non-viol5t me?ods "u simil>             

circum/ances4 ,! ,*9ese made use ( !    
boycott repeat$ly to oppose =eign       
dom9ation & int]f]5ce 9 _! int]nal      
affairs 9 ! ye>s be=e ! outbreak ( !    
pres5t w> aga9/ ,japan4 ,cl>5ce ,case   
li/s five significant ,*9ese boycotts   
betwe5 #aijf & #aiai4 ,! la/ "o 0       
direct$ aga9/ =eign]s & ! ,*9ese        
gov]nm5t to prote/ ! action ( ! ,peace  
,conf]5ce 9 giv+ ,japan a pr$om9ant     
int]e/ 9 ,%antung4 ,z a result !        
gov]nm5t ( ,*9a 0 ou/$1 & ! provisions (
 ! treaty revis$4 ,japan felt ! effects 
( ! boycott m ?an any o!r c\ntry4 ,case 
says ( ! ,japanese reaction3        ,z =
 ! total loss to ,japanese trade1 v>i\s 
au?orities h      settl$ ^u #ej1jjj1jjj1
 :i* we may accept z a close            
approximation4 ,at any rate ! pressure 0
 great en\gh to impel      ! ,japanese  
m]*ants ( ,pek+ & ,ti5ts91 ) app>5t ru9 
/>+ !m 9 ! face1 to appeal to _! home   
gov]nm5t =      protection4 ,!y insi/$ t
 ! boycott %\ld be made a               
diplomatic "q ( ! fir/ ord] & t dem&s = 

its      removal %\ld be back$ by ?reats
 ( milit>y int]v5tion4 ,to      ?is !   
gov]nm5t at ,tokio 'c\ld only reply t x 
knew no way      by :i* ! ,*9ese        
m]*ants1 mu* less ! ,*9ese p1 c\ld      
be made to buy ,japanese goods aga9/ _! 
w4'#cc   ,?is incid5t calls to m9d !    
exp]i5ce ( ! ,am]ican coloni/s 9 _!     
non-viol5t resi/ance to ,great ,brita9's
 imp]ial policy 9 ! ye>s foll[+ #agfc1  
:i* we %all discuss m at l5g? 9 ! next  
section4   ,egyptian ,opposition to     
,great ,brita9  ,ano!r simil> example is
 t ( ! ,egyptian prote/ aga9/ ,briti%   
occupation ( ! c\ntry 9 #aiai4 ,p 9 all 
walks ( life w5t on /rike4 ,(ficials    
boycott$ ! ,briti% mission "u ,"l       
,miln]1 :i* came to "w out a compromise4
 ,! mission 0 =c$ to return to ,london  
empty h&$1 b f9ally an agreem5t 0 rea*$ 
!re ) ,saad ,zagl\l ,pa%a1 lead] ( !    
,egyptian movem5t1 on ! basis (         
indep5d5ce = ! c\ntry1 ) ! ,briti%      
reta9+ only en\gh milit>y control to    
safegu>d _! int]e/ 9 ! ,suez ,canal4    

,aft] ! acceptance ( ! settlem5t 9      
#aibb1 friction betwe5 ,egypt & ,great  
,brita9 cont9u$1 b ,egypt 0 n           
suffici5tly unit$1 nor 7 ! grievances   
great en\gh to lead to ! same type (    
successful non-coop]ation practic$ 9    
#aiai4cd  ,x mu/ be recogniz$ t 9 mo/   
cases su* z ^? we h be5 consid]+1       
viol5ce w\ld be us$ by ! resi/]s if !y  
_h x at _! disposal4 ,h[ev]1 !          
occasional success ( non-viol5ce ev5 "u 
su* circum/ances is pro( ( ! possible   
exp$i5cy ( ?is me?od4 ,:5 x has fail$1 x
 has done s because ! resi/]s 7 n       
suffici5tly committ$ to _! purpose to   
c>ry x out 9 ! face ( possible dea?4 ,x 
appe>s f ?is exp]i5ce t complete        
solid>ity & commitm5t is requir$ = !    
success ( non-viol5t me?ods :5 us$ 9 ?is
 way1 j z !y are if su* me?ods are us$ z
 a matt] ( pr9ciple4 ,x mu/ be recogniz$
 t ! self-discipl9e necess>y = ! success
 ( a non-viol5t movem5t mu/ be ev5 m    
rigor\s ?an ! impos$ discipl9e ( a      
milit>y ma*9e1 & also t !re is a *ance t

 ! non-viol5t resi/]s w fail 9 _!       
endeavor1 j z !re is a virtual c]ta9ty t
 "o side 9 a milit>y conflict w be      
defeat$4#ce  ,,footnotes3  #cc ,case1   
,non-,viol5t ,co]cion1 #ccj-cci4 ,! la/ 
s5t5ce is quot$ f ,! ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce   
,monitor1 ,april #g1 #aibj4  #cd ,a4    
,f5n] ,brockway1 ,non-,co-op]ation 9    
,o!r ,l&s 7,madras3 ,tagore & ,co41     
#aiba71 #be-ci2 ,*>les ,e4 ,mullett1 ,! 
,briti% ,empire 7,new ,york3 ,holt1     
#aich71 #fbb-fbg4  ,pacifi/ lit]ature   
has also made mu* ( ! ,hung>ian         
indep5d5ce movem5t 9 ! #ahfj's "u       
,francis ,deak1 :i* refus$ to pay taxes 
to ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t1 or to co-op]ate 
9 o!r ways4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld appe> t      
outside pressures 7 z important 9 ! f9al
 settlem5t e/abli%+ ! ,dual ,mon>*y 9   
#ahfg z 0 ! ,hung>ian movem5t (         
non-coop]ation4 ,! pacifi/ writ]s       
g5]ally foll[ ! acc\nt 9 ,brockway1     
,non-,co-op]ation1 #a-bd4 ,he 9 turn    
foll[s ! book ( ,ar?ur ,griffi?1 ,!     
,resurrection ( ,hung>y1 publi%$ 9 #aijd

 9 ord] to induce ! ,iri% to use        
non-co-op]ation 9 _! /ruggle aga9/ !    
,engli%4 ,= "s ( ! o!r factors involv$  
see ,a4 ,j4 ,p4 ,taylor1 ,! ,hapsburg   
,mon>*y #ahae-aiah 7,london3 ,macmillan1
 #aida71 #aja-aea4  #ce ,on ! discipl9e 
requir$ see ,gregg1 ,p[] (              
,non-,viol5ce1 #bff-bid4 ,lewis1 to     
prove ! ineffectiv5ess ( non-viol5ce1   
quotes ,joad3 ,!re h be5 only too _m    
occasions 9 hi/ory 9 :i* ! meet+ (      
viol5ce by non-viol5ce has l$ n to !    
tam+ ( ! viol5t1 b to ! ext9ction ( !   
non-viol5t4 ,! ,case ,aga9/ ,pacifism1  
#ahd4     ,,iv4 ,,non-,,viol5t ,,co]cion
   ,9 ! la/ section we 7 consid]+ !     
non-viol5t resi/ance ( gr\ps :i* _h no  
*oice 9 _! means ( oppos+ ! w ( an      
invad]1 b :o w\ld h *os5 viol5ce if !   
weapons ( viol5ce _h be5 available to   
!m4 ,9 ^? cases !re 0 no "q b t ! *oice 
re/$ ^u ! exp$i5cy ( ! mom5t r ?an ^u   
pr9ciple4 ,9 ! cases ( non-viol5ce by   
necessity ! purposes ( ! resi/+ gr\ps 7 
def5sive & negative1 design$ to induce !

 )drawal ( ! invad] r ?an to induce him 
to foll[ actively a diff]5t policy4  ,9 
?is section we are conc]n$ ) ! action ( 
gr\ps design$ to modify ! conduct ( o!rs
 9 ord] to promote _! own ideals4 ,we   
are conc]n$ ) p :o presumably h a       
possible *oice ( me?ods to accompli% _! 
purposes4 ,!y might rely ^u p]suasion & 
education ( _! oppon5ts ?r\gh emotional 
or intellectual appeals2 b su* action   
w\ld h no co]cive elem5t 9 x1 s we %all 
consid] x 9 a lat] section4 ,or !y might
 attempt to co]ce _! oppon5ts1 ei!r by  
viol5t or non-viol5t means4 ,= ! pres5t 
we are int]e/$ only 9 ! latt] ?r\gh its 
usual manife/ations3 ! /rike1 ! boycott1
 or o!r organiz$ movem5ts (             
non-coop]ation4#cf  ,at fir/ sight su*  
me?ods d n appe> to be co]cive 9 nature1
 s9ce !y involve m]ely an ab/5tion f    
action on ! "p ( ! gr\p (f]+ !          
resi/ance4 ,actually !y are co]cive1    
h[ev]1 because ( ! absolute necessity = 
int]-gr\p coop]ation 9 ! ma9t5ance ( our
 mod]n social1 economic1 & political    

sy/ems4 ,"u mod]n conditions ! gr\p     
aga9/ :om ! resi/ance is direct$ mu/ h !
 coop]ation ( ! resi/+ gr\p 9 ord] to   
cont9ue to survive4 ,:5 t coop]ation is 
d5i$1 ! old dom9ant gr\p is =c$ to make 
concessions1 ev5 aga9/ its w1 to ! =m]  
subord9ate gr\p 9 ord] to rega9 ! help t
 !y h refus$ to r5d] "u ! old           
conditions4#cg  ,! non-viol5t resi/]s   
!mselves are also dep5d5t ^u int]-gr\p  
coop]ation4 ,h5ce ! outcome ( ?is type (
 /ruggle usually dep5ds ^u :i* ( ! two  
p>ties to ! conflict c be/ or longe/    
disp5se ) ! s]vices ( ! o!r4 ,if !      
resi/]s are less able to hold out ?an ! 
def5d]s1 or if ! co/s ( cont9u$         
resi/ance become 9 _! eyes great] ?an ! 
advantages :i* might be ga9$ by ultimate
 victory1 !y w lose _! w to resi/ & _!  
movem5t w end 9 failure4  ,9 all su*    
/ruggles1 bo? sides are greatly influ5c$
 by ! op9ions ( p>ties n directly       
conc]n$ 9 ! imm$iate conflict1 b :o     
might give support or opposition to "o  
side or ! o!r dep5d+ ^u :i* c\ld enli/  

_! sympa?ies4 ,because ( ! deep-seat$   
dislike ( viol5ce1 ev5 9 our we/]n      
society1 ! side t fir/ employs x is apt 
to lose ! sympa?y ( ^! ?ird p>ties4 ,z  
,e4 ,a4 ,ross has put x3                
,disob$i5ce )\t viol5ce w9s1 if x w9s1 n
 s mu* by      t\*+ ! consci5ce ( !     
ma/]s z by excit+ ! sympa?y      (      
dis9t]e/$ onlook]s4 ,! spectacle ( m5   
suff]+ = a      pr9ciple & n hitt+ back 
is a mov+ "o4 ,x obliges !      p[]     
hold]s to condesc5d to expla91 to ju/ify
 !mselves4 ,!      weak get a *ange (   
v5ue f ! w ( ! /rong] to !      c\rt (  
public op9ion1 p]haps ( _w op9ion4#ch   
,! /akes 9 su* a /ruggle may be great or
 small4 ,!y range all ! way f ! dem& ( a
 labor union = an increase ( five c5ts  
an h\r 9 wages1 to t ( a :ole p dem&+   
political indep5d5ce f an imp]ial ma/]1 
or a revolution>y *ange 9 ! economic or 
political p[] ( ! community4  ,!        
decision ( ! resi/]s to use non-viol5t  
means ( opposition to ga9 _! ends may be
 bas$ ei!r ^u pr9ciple or ^u exp$i5cy4  

,9 ! =m] case !y w\ld say t ! purposes  
!y h 9 m9d w\ld n be wor? atta9+ if _!  
a*ievem5t 7 to involve physical viol5ce 
t[>d o!r human be+s2 9 ! latt] !y w\ld  
act on ! basis ( ! conclusion t 9 view (
 all ! factors involv$ _! purposes c\ld 
be/ be s]v$ by avoid+ viol5ce4 ,^!      
factors w\ld include ! likelihood (     
c\nt]-viol5ce1 an e/imate ( ! relative  
physical /r5g? ( ! two p>ties to !      
conflict1 & ! attitude ( ! public t[>d !
 p>ty t fir/ us$ viol5ce4 ,9 practice ! 
action ( ^? :o avoid viol5ce because !y 
reg>d x z wrong is v little diff]5t f t 
( ^? :o avoid x because !y ?9k t x w n  
s]ve _! ends4 ,b s9ce !re is a moral    
diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 we %all po/pone !   
consid]ation ( ,satyagraha1 or          
non-viol5t direct action on ! basis (   
pr9ciple1 until ! next section4 ,x w\ld 
des]ve su* sep>ate treatm5t 9 any case  
because ( ! great am\nt ( att5tion :i* x
 comm&s 9 pacifi/ circles all ov] ! _w4 
,at ! outset x is necess>y to dispel !  
idea t non-viol5t resi/ance is some?+   

esot]ic & ori5tal1 & t x is seldom us$ 9
 we/]n society4 ,?is type ( action is   
us$ con/antly 9 our own communities1 & !
 hi/ories ( we/]n peoples pres5t u ) a  
l>ge numb] ( examples ( ! use (         
non-viol5t action 9 political &         
revolution>y conflicts4 ,9 ! foll[+     
discussion1 ! po9t ( view is t ( ! ,we/4
  ,,footnotes3  #cf ,cl>5ce ,m>% ,case1 
,fri5ds & ,social ,?9k+ 9 ,s4 ,b4       
,laughl9 7,ed471 ,beyond ,dilemmas      
7,philadelphia3 ,lipp9cott1 #aicg71     
#acj-acg2 ,cad\x1 ,*ri/ian ,pacifism    
,re-,exam9$1 #bd-be1 & ! *>t on page    
#de4  #cg ,case1 ,non-,viol5t ,co]cion1 
#ccj4 ,john ,lewis says1 ,non-viol5ce c 
be z completely co]cive z viol5ce       
itself1 9 :i* case1 :ile x has !        
advantage ( n involv+ w>1 x _c be def5d$
 on spiritual gr\nds4 ,case ,aga9/      
,pacifism1 #aaj4  #ch ,9 8 ,introduction
 to ,case1 ,non-,viol5t ,co]cion4   ,!  
,labor ,/rike  ,! mo/ common type (     
non-viol5t conflict is ! ord9>y labor   
/rike4 ,9 a /rike1 ! work]s )draw _!    

coop]ation f ! employ] until he meets _!
 dem&s4 ,he suff]s1 because z long z !y 
refuse to "w = him x is impossible = him
 to produce ! goods or s]vices ^u ! sale
 ( :i* 8 own liv+ dep5ds4 ,usually he is
 fight+ = no pr9ciple dur+ su* a /rike1 
s t he is apt to calculate 8 monet>y    
loss f x aga9/ ! advantages he w\ld h to
 surr5d] 9 ord] to rea* an agreem5t4 ,:5
 he concludes t x w\ld be *eap] to give 
91 x is possible = ! managem5t & !      
/rik]s to arrive at a settlem5t4 ,if !  
employ] does feel t ! pr9ciple ( control
 ( an ent]prise by its own] is at /ake1 
he may hold out long]1 until he actually
 loses m by ! /rike ?an he w\ld by      
conc$+ ! dem&s ( ! /rik]s1 b ev5 !n he  
balances psy*ological co/ aga9/ monet>y 
co/1 & :5 ! latt] ov]weighs ! =m] he    
becomes receptive to a settlem5t4  ,dur+
 ! /rike ! work]s are go+ ?r\gh mu* !   
same process4 ,a /rike f _! po9t ( view 
is ev5 m co/ly ?an x is to ! employ]4 ,x
 is n to be ent]$ ^u lightly1 s9ce _! v 
means ( su/5ance are at /ake4 ,!y too h 

to balance ! monet>y co/s ( _! cont9u$  
refusal to coop]ate aga9/ ! ga9s t !y   
might hope = by cont9u$ resi/ance1 & :5 
! co/ becomes great] ?an ! prospective  
ga9 !y are receptive to sugge/ions =    
compromise4 ,!y too may be cont5d+ = !  
pr9ciple ( ! "r ( organization & control
 ov] _! own economic de/9ies1 s t !y may
 be will+ to suff] loss = a long] p]iod 
?an !y w\ld if !y /ood to ga9 only !    
imm$iate monet>y advantages1 b :5       
imm$iate co/s m ?an ov]weigh ultimate   
psy*ological advantages1 !y too w be    
will+ to capitulate4  ,9 ! meantime !   
/rik]s h to see to x t ! employ] does n 
f9d someone else ) :om he c coop]ate 9  
ord] to elim9ate 8 dep5d5ce ^u !m4 ,h5ce
 !y picket ! plant1 9 an attempt to     
p]suade o!rs n to "w !re4 ,if p]suasion 
is n effective1 !y may resort to mass   
picket+1 :i* am\nts to a ?reat ( viol5ce
 aga9/ ! p]sons :o w\ld attempt to take 
ov] _! jobs4 ,on occasion ! ?reat to _! 
jobs becomes s great t 9 ord] to def5d  
!m !y w resort to viol5ce aga9/ !       

/rikebreak]4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! public1 :i*
 is apt to be some:at sympa!tic t[>d _! 
dem&s = fair wages or bett] work+       
conditions1 turns aga9/ !m & supports ! 
employ]1 greatly add+ to 8 moral /&+ &  
weak5+ t ( ! /rik]s1 until ! /rik]s1    
feel+ t ! =ces aga9/ !m are too great1  
are apt to give way4 ,! employ] w f9d ! 
same negative reaction among ! public if
 he tries to use viol5ce 9 ord] to break
 ! /rike4 ,h5ce1 if he does decide to   
use viol5ce1 he tries to make x appe> t 
! /rik]s are responsible1 or tries to   
induce !m to use x fir/4 ,x is to _!    
advantage n to use x1 ev5 :5 x is us$   
aga9/ !m4 ,labor lead]s 9 g5]al und]/&  
?is pr9ciple & try to avoid viol5ce at  
all co/s4 ,!y d s n on ! basis (        
pr9ciple1 b on ! basis ( exp$i5cy4#ci   
,9 ! great wave ( en?usia/ic            
organization ( labor t swept ov] !      
,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aicf & #aicg1 ,am]ican 
labor copi$ a v>iant ( ! /rike1 :i* _h  
be5 us$ e>li] 9 ,hung>y & 9 ,france4#dj 
,in/ead ( leav+ ! prop]ty ( ! employ] & 

try+ to prev5t o!rs f ent]+ x to take _!
 places1 work]s rema9$ on a sit d[n     
/rike )9 ! plants1 s t ! employ] w\ld h 
be5 =c$ to use viol5ce to remove !m 9   
ord] to op]ate ! factory4 ,^! /rikes 7  
bas$ 9 "p ^u ! !ory t ! work] _h a      
prop]ty "r to 8 job1 j z ! employ] did  
to 8 capital equipm5t4 ,su* /rikes 7 = a
 "t m successful ?an ! old] v>iety1     
because /rike-break+ 0 virtually        
impossible4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 n long be=e     
public op9ion =c$ ! ab&onm5t ( !        
te*nique4 ,x 0 revolution>y 9 "*1 s9ce x
 ?reat5$ ! old concept ( private        
prop]ty4 ,! fe> ( small prop]ty hold]s t
 _! own possessions w\ld be jeop>diz$ by
 ! success ( su* a movem5t1 made !m     
support ! own]s ( ! plants aga9/ !      
/rik]s1 :o 7 !n =c$ to give way4 ,9 ?is 
case ! public's fe> ( revolution>y *ange
 0 great] ?an _! dislike ( viol5ce1 s !y
 ev5 support$ ! use ( physical =ce by ! 
employ]s & ! police au?orities to remove
 ! /rik]s f ! plants4 ,! v effectiv5ess 
( ! me?od :i* labor 0 employ+ br\ght    

ab\t its defeat1 because ! public 0 n   
yet p]suad$ to accept ! new concept ( ! 
prop]ty "r ( ! labor] to 8 job4         
,,footnotes3  #ci ,a4 ,j4 ,mu/e1        
,non-,viol5ce 9 an ,aggressive ,_w 7,new
 ,york3 ,h>p]1 #aidj71 #gj-gb4  #dj     
,b>!lemy de ,ligt1 ,! ,conque/ (        
,viol5ce3 ,an ,essay on ,w> &           
,revolution 7,new ,york3 ,e4 ,p4        
,dutton1 #aich71 #aca-acb4   ,! ,boycott
  ,! boycott is a m indirect type (     
non-coop]ation ?an ! /rike1 9 mo/       
cases4#da ,?is ^w orig9at$ 9 ,irel& 9   
#ahhj :5 a ,capta9 ,boycott1 an ag5t =  
an ,iri% l&lord1 refus$ ! dem&s ( !     
t5ants on ! e/ate4 ,9 retaliation !y    
?reat5$ 8 life1 =c$ 8 s]vants to leave  
him1 tore d[n 8 f5ces1 & cut (f 8 food  
supplies4 ,! ,iri% ,l& ,league1 insi/+ t
 ! l& ( ,irel& %\ld belong to its p1 us$
 ?is me?od ( opposition 9 ! ye>s t      
foll[$4 ,its memb]s refus$ to deal )    
peasants or tradesm5 :o sid$ ) !        
gov]nm5t1 b !y us$ acts ( viol5ce &     
intimidation z well z economic pressure4

 ,! gov]nm5t employ$ #ae1jjj milit>y    
police & #dj1jjj soldi]s aga9/ ! p1 b !y
 succe$$ only 9 fill+ ! jails4 ,!       
/ruggle might well h won l& = ! ,iri%   
peasant1 if ,p>nell1 :o _h become lead] 
( ! ,iri% movem5t1 _h n agre$ to accept 
! ,glad/one ,home ,rule ,bill ( #ahhf 9 
ex*ange = call+ (f ! opposition 9       
,irel&4 ,! ,bill 0 defeat$ 9 ,p>liam5t &
 ! ,iri% problem cont9u$4#db  ,9 lat]   
usage1 ! ^w boycott has be5 appli$ almo/
 exclusively to ! refusal ( economic    
coop]ation4 ,organiz$ labor 9 ,am]ica   
us$ ! boycott aga9/ ! goods (           
manufactur]s :o refus$ to deal ) unions1
 & x is /ill us$ 9 appeals to ! public n
 to patronize /ores or manufactur]s :o  
deal unfairly ) labor4  ,! idea (       
economic sanctions1 :i* play$ s l>ge a  
"p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,league ( ,nations 9  
its attempts to deal ) ^? :o disreg>d$  
decisions ( ! ,league1 is ess5tially    
simil> to ! boycott4 ,9 fact mu* ( !    
?9k+ ( ! pacifi/ movem5t betwe5 ! two   
w>s ma9ta9$ t economic sanctions w\ld   

provide a non-viol5t b co]cive sub/itute
 = w>1 9 settl+ int]national            
controv]sies4#dc  ,,footnotes3  #da ,!  
boycott is a =m ( passive resi/ance 9   
all cases :]e x does n desc5d to viol5ce
 & intimidation4 ,! fact t x is co]cive 
does n place x beyond ! moral pale1 =   
co]cion 444 is a fact insep>able f life 
9 society4 ,case1 ,non-,viol5t ,co]cion1
 #cai4  #db ,de ,ligt1 #aad-aag2        
,c>leton ,j4 ,h4 ,hayes1 ,a ,political &
 ,cultural ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,europe     
7,new ,york3 ,macmillan1 #aicf71 ,,ii1  
#dif4  #dc ,de ,ligt1 #bah-bda4         
,non-,viol5t ,co]cion by ! ,am]ican     
,colonies  ,! we/]n _w has repeat$ly    
employ$ non-viol5t co]cion z a political
 z well z an economic te*nique4         
,/rangely en\gh1 _m ,am]icans :o are apt
 to sc(f at ! me?ods ( ! ,indian        
indep5d5ce movem5t today =get t !       
,am]ican coloni/s us$ mu* ! same me?ods 
9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! own revolt aga9/    
,engl&4 ,:5 ,engl& began to ass]t       
imp]ial control ov] ! colonies aft]     

#agfc1 ! coloni/s answ]$ ) prote/s &    
refusals to coop]ate4 ,aga9/ bo? ! ,/amp
 ,act ( #agfe & ! ,t[n%5d ,duties (     
#agfg1 !y adopt$ non-importation        
agreem5ts :]eby !y refus$ to import     
,briti% goods4 ,to be sure1 ! m radical 
coloni/s did n es*ew viol5ce on ! basis 
( pr9ciple1 & ! direct action by :i* !y 
=c$ colonial m]*ants to respect ! t]ms (
 ! non-importation agreem5ts 0 n always 
non-viol5t4 ,! loss ( trade induc$      
,briti% m]*ants to g to ,p>liam5t on bo?
 occasions & to insi/ successfully ^u ! 
repeal ( ! ,/amp ,act 9 #agff & !       
,t[n%5d ,duties 9 #aggj4 ,9 ! face (    
non-coop]ation practic$ by ! va/        
majority ( ! coloni/s1 ! ,briti%        
gov]nm5t _h be5 =c$ to give way 9 ord]  
to s]ve its own be/ int]e/s4#dd  ,9     
#aggd1 :5 ! ,cont95tal ,congress        
e/abli%$ ! ,cont95tal ,association 9    
ord] to use ! same economic weapon aga91
 ! issues 9 ! conflict 7 m cle>ly drawn4
 ,_m ( ! mod]ate coloni/s :o _h support$
 ! e>li] action1 d5\nc$ ?is "o z        

revolution>y1 & w5t ov] to ! loyali/    
side4 ,! radicals !mselves felt less    
secure 9 ! use ( _! economic weapon1 &  
began to ga!r arms = a viol5t rebellion4
 ,! attempt ( ! ,briti% to de/roy ^!    
weapons l$ to ,lex+ton & ,concord4#de   
,:at _h be5 non-viol5t opposition to    
,briti% policy _h become arm$ revolt &  
civil w>4 ,x 0 a w> :i* w\ld probably h 
end$ 9 ! defeat ( ! coloni/s if !y _h n 
be5 able to fi% 9 ! tr\bl$ wat]s (      
int]national politics & w9 ! active     
support ( ,france1 :o s\ght ?us to av5ge
 ! loss ( h] own colonies to ,great     
,brita9 9 #agfc4 ,we h "h an example ( !
 way 9 :i* non-viol5t resi/ance1 :5 us$ 
m]ely on ! basis ( exp$i5cy1 is apt to  
int5sify & %>p5 ! conflict1 until x     
f9ally leads to w> itself4#df           
,,footnotes3  #dd ,curtis ,nettels says 
( ! ,/amp ,act opposition1 ,! mo/ tell+ 
weapons us$ by ! coloni/s 7 !           
non-importation agreem5ts1 :i* /ruck !  
,briti% m]*ants at a "t :5 trade 0 bad4 
,! ,roots ( ,am]ican ,civilization 7,new

 ,york3 ,cr(ts1 #aich71 #fcb4 ,lat] he  
says1 ,! colonial m]*ants aga9 resort$  
to ! non-importation agreem5ts z ! mo/  
effectual means ( compell+ ,brita9 to   
repeal ! ,t[n%5d ,acts4 ,ibid41 #fce4   
,= a good acc\nt ( ?is :ole movem5t see 
also ,john ,c4 ,mill]1 ,orig9s ( !      
,am]ican ,revolution 7,bo/on3 ,little1  
,br[n1 #aidc71 #aej-afd1 #bce-bha4  #de 
,mill]1 #cee-daa4  #df ,case1           
,non-,viol5t ,co]cion1 #cjh-cji4   ,iri%
 ,opposition to ,great ,brita9 ,aft]    
#aijj  ,aft] c5turies ( viol5t          
opposition to ,briti% occupation1 !     
,iri% tri$ an exp]im5t 9 non-viol5t     
non-coop]ation aft] #aijj4 ,ar?ur       
,griffi? 0 inspir$ to use 9 ,irel& !    
te*niques employ$ 9 ! ,hung>ian         
indep5d5ce movem5t ( #ahff-ahfg4 ,8 ,s9n
 ,fe9 p>ty1 organiz$ 9 #aijf1 det]m9$ to
 set up an indep5d5t gov]nm5t = ,irel&  
outside ! framework ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4  
,:5 ! ,home ,rule ,act ( #aiad 0 n put  
into op]ation because ( ! w>1 ,s9n ,fe9 
ga9$ gr\nd4 ,9 ! elections ( #aiah1 ?ree

 f\r?s ( ! successful ,iri% c&idates 7  
memb]s ( ! p>ty1 s !y met at ,dubl9 z an
 ,iri% p>liam5t r ?an proce$+ to        
,we/m9/]4 ,9 #aiba1 aft] a new ,home    
,rule ,act _h result$ only 9 additional 
opposition1 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t negotiat$
 a settlem5t ) ! repres5tatives ( !     
,iri% ,republic1 :i* set up ! ,iri%     
,free ,/ate z a self-gov]n+ dom9ion )9 !
 ,briti% ,commonweal?4 ,! ,iri% accept$ 
! treaty1 & ! ,iri% problem 0 on its way
 to settlem5t1 al?\gh lat] ev5ts 7 to   
prove t ,irel& w\ld n be satisfi$ until 
%e _h demon/rat$ t ! new /atus made h] 9
 fact indep5d5t4 ,h] neutrality 9 !     
pres5t w> %\ld dispel all d\bts4#dg     
,,footnote3  #dg ,brockway1             
,non-,co-op]ation1 #ga-ib2 ,william ,i4 
,hull1 ,! ,w> ,me?od & ! ,peace ,me?od3 
,an ,hi/orical ,contra/ 7,new ,york3    
,revell1 #aibi71 #bbi-bca2 ,hayes1      
,mod]n ,europe1 ,,ii1 #dih-eja1         
#hgf-hgi1 #ieb-iec4   ,/rikes )         
,political ,purposes  ,briti% work]s    
!mselves h made use ( /rikes ) political

 significance4 ,9 #aibj1 transport      
work]s refus$ to h&le goods de/9$ to be 
us$ 9 ! w> aga9/ ! ,bol%evik regime 9   
,russia1 & ?us =c$ ,brita9 to cease h]  
int]v5tion4#dh ,9 #aibf1 ! g5]al /rike 9
 ,brita9 _h revolution>y implications   
:i* ! ,gov]nm5t & ! public recogniz$    
only too well4 ,h5ce ! widespread       
opposition to x4 ,! lead]s ( ! /rike 7  
ev5 fright5$ !mselves1 & call$ x (f     
sudd5ly1 leav+ ! masses ( ! work]s      
completely bewild]$4#di  ,9 ,g]many1    
non-coop]ation has also be5 us$         
successfully4 ,9 #aibj1 a g5]al /rike   
defeat$ ! attempt ( ! milit>i/s to seize
 control ( ! /ate 9 ! ,kapp ,puts*4 ,9  
#aibd1 :5 ! ,fr5* ,army invad$ ! ,ruhr1 
! non-viol5t refusal ( ! ,g]man work]s  
to m9e coal = ,france _h ! support ( !  
:ole ,g]man nation4 ,z ! say+ 0 at ! "t1
 ,y c't m9e coal ) bayonets4 ,f9ally !  
,fr5* )drew f _! fruitless adv5ture4#ej 
,,footnotes3  #dh ,all51 ,fight =       
,peace1 #fcc-fcd2 ,huxley1 ,ends &      
,means1 #afi-agj4  #di ,b]kman1         

,communi/ ,an>*ism1 #bdg-bdh4  #ej      
,oswald ,g>rison ,vill>d's ,preface to  
,%ridh>ani1 ,w> ,)\t ,viol5ce1 xiv-xv4  
,non-,viol5ce 9 ,int]national ,affairs  
,9 ! int]national field1 we also h      
examples ( ! use ( non-viol5t co]cion4  
,?omas ,jeff]son1 dur+ ! /ruggle = !    
recognition ( ,am]ican neutral rights by
 ,brita9 & ,france1 attempt$ to employ !
 economic weapons ( pre-revolution>y    
days4 ,8 emb>go ^u ,am]ican comm]ce & ! 
lat] v>iants on t policy1 design$ to =ce
 ! bellig]5ts to recognize ! ,am]ican   
position1 actually 7 m co/ly to ,am]ican
 %ipp]s ?an 7 ! depr$ations ( ! ,fr5* & 
! ,briti%1 s !y =c$ a rev]sal ( ,am]ican
 policy4 ,! w> aga9/ ,engl& t foll[$ did
 n h ! support ( ! %ipp+ int]e/s1 ^:    
trade x 0 suppos$ly try+ to protect4 ,x 
0 m an adv5ture 9 ,am]ican imp]ialism   
?an x 0 an attempt to def5d neutral     
rights1 s x c h>dly be said to h gr[n   
out ( ! issues :i* l$ to ,jeff]son's use
 ( economic sanctions4 ,! :ole incid5t  
proves t ! c\ntry :i* attempts to use   

?is me?od 9 int]national affairs mu/    
expect to lose its own trade 9 !        
process4 ,! cause mu/ be great inde$    
be=e su* undramatic losses become       
acceptable4#ea  ,! same pr9ciple is     
illu/rat$ 9 ! attempt to impose economic
 sanctions on ,italy 9 #aice & #aicf4 ,!
 nations :o made a ge/ure t[>d us+ !m   
actually did n want to h9d] ,italian    
expansion1 or did n want to d s en\gh to
 surr5d] _! trade ) ,italy4 ,!          
inevitable result 0 t ! sanctions fail$4
  ,! success ( non-viol5t co]cion is by 
no means assur$ 9 e case4 ,x dep5ds ^u  
7#a7 ! exi/5ce ( a grievance great en\gh
 to ju/ify ! suff]+ t devolves ^u !     
resi/]s1 7#b7 ! dep5d5ce ( ! opposition 
on ! coop]ation ( ! resi/]s1 7#c7       
solid>ity among a l>ge en\gh numb] (    
resi/]s1 & 7#d7 9 mo/ cases1 ! favorable
 reaction ( ! public n involv$ 9 !      
conflict4 ,:5 all or mo/ ( ^! factors h 
be5 pres5t1 non-viol5t co]cion has      
succe$$ 9 our we/]n society4 ,on o!r    
occasions x has fail$4 ,b "o :o rememb]s

 ! utt] defeat ( ! ,au/rian sociali/s :o
 employ$ arms aga9/ ,*ancellor ,dolfuss 
9 #aicd mu/ admit t viol5t co]cion also 
has its failures4#eb  ,,footnotes3  #ea 
,l\is ,m>t9 ,se>s1 ,jeff]son & ! ,emb>go
 7,durham1 ,n4 ,c43 ,duke ,univ]sity1   
#aibg72 ,julius ,w4 ,pratt1             
,expansioni/s ( #ahab 7,new ,york3      
,macmillan1 #aibe74  #eb ,de ,ligt1     
#aca4 ,= o!r /atem5ts conc]n+ ! virtual 
impossibility ( viol5t revolution today 
see ,de ,ligt1 #ha-hb1 #afb-afc2 ,horace
 ,g4 ,alex&]1 ,great ,possessions 9     
,g]ald ,he>d1 et4 al41 ,! ,new ,pacifism
 7,london3 ,all5son1 #aicf71 #hi-ia2    
,huxley1 ,ends & ,means1 #agh-agi2      
,lewis1 ,case ,aga9/ ,pacifism1         
#aab-aac4     ,v4 ,,satyagraha ,,or     
,,non-,,viol5t ,,direct ,,action   ,!re 
is a di/9ction betwe5 ^? :o employ      
non-viol5t me?ods ( opposition on !     
basis ( exp$i5cy & ^? :o refuse to use  
viol5ce on ! basis ( pr9ciple4 ,9 ! m9ds
 ( _m pacifi/s ! movem5t = ,indian      
indep5d5ce "u ! lead]%ip ( ,moh&as ,k4  

,g&hi /&s out z ! supreme example ( a   
political revolt :i* has insi/$ on ?is  
pr9ciple1 & h5ce z a model to be foll[$ 
9 any pacifi/ movem5t ( social1         
economic1 or political re=m4 ,g&hi's    
,satyagraha1 !re=e1 des]ves c>eful      
analysis 9 ! light ( pacifi/ pr9ciples4 
,we/]n critics ( ,g&hi's me?ods are     
prone to insi/ t !y may be applicable 9 
! ,ori5t1 b t !y c nev] be appli$ 9 !   
same way )9 our we/]n culture4 ,we h    
already se5 t !re h be5 _m non-viol5t   
movem5ts ( re=m )9 our we/]n society1 b 
^? t we h exam9$ h be5 bas$ on exp$i5cy4
 ,und\bt$ly ! widespread ,h9du          
acceptance ( ! pr9ciple ( ahimsa1 or    
non-kill+1 ev5 9 ! case ( animals1      
prep>$ ! way = ,g&hi m completely ?an   
w\ld h be5 ! case 9 we/]n society4   ,! 
,orig9s ( ,satyagraha  ,%ridh>ani has   
trac$ = u ! orig9s ( ?is di/9ctive ,h9du
 philosophy ( ahimsa4 ,x arose f ! idea 
( ! sacrifice1 :i* ! ,aryans br\ght to  
,india ) !m at lea/ #aejj ye>s be=e     
,*ri/4 ,f a ge/ure ( propitiation ( !   

gods1 sacrifice gradually turn$ into a  
magic =mula :i* w\ld "w automatically to
 procure desir$ ends & elim9ate evil4 ,9
 "t ! ,h9dus came to believe t ! mo/    
effective type ( sacrifice 0            
self-sacrifice & suff]+1 accompani$ by a
 refusal to injure o!rs1 or ahimsa4#ec  
,only ! w>rior ca/e ( ,k%atriyas 0 all[$
 to fight4 ,9 8 autobiography1 ,g&hi    
br+s out cle>ly ! pi\s nature ( 8 home  
environm5t1 & ! emphasis :i* 0 plac$ !re
 ^u n eat+ meat because ( ! sacr$ "* (  
animal life4#ed  ,x is n surpris+ t a   
logical m9d re>$ 9 su* an environm5t    
%\ld h esp\s$ ! pr9ciple ( non-kill+4 ,9
 8 we/]n education ,g&hi became acqua9t$
 ) ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 & ! writ+s (   
,tol/oy & ,?oreau1 b he tells u himself 
t he 0 attract$ to ^! philosophies      
because !y express$ ideas 9 :i* he      
already believ$4#ee  ,9 fact1 ! ,h9dese 
h long employ$ ! non-viol5t me?ods (    
resi/ance :i* ,g&hi has enc\rag$ 9 our  
own day4 ,9 #ahcj1 ! population ( !     
,/ate ( ,mysore c>ri$ on a great movem5t

 ( non-coop]ation aga9/ ! exploitation  
by ! native despot1 dur+ :i* !y refus$  
to "w or pay taxes1 & retir$ into !     
=e/s4 ,!re 0 no disord] or use ( arms4  
,! (ficial report ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 
said3        ,! natives und]/& v well ! 
use ( su* measures to      def5d        
!mselves aga9/ ! abuse ( au?ority4 ,!   
me?od mo/      9 use1 & t :i* gives !   
be/ results1 is complete                
non-co-op]ation 9 all t conc]ns !       
,gov]nm5t1 !      adm9i/ration & public 
life g5]ally4#ef   ,9 ab\t #aijj !re 0 a
 great movem5t ( non-coop]ation "u !    
lead]%ip ( ,aurob9do ,ghose aga9/ !     
,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 ,b5gal4 ,ghose want$
 indep5d5ce & fre$om f =eign tribute4   
,he call$ ^u ! p to demon/rate _!       
fitness = self-gov]nm5t by e/abli%+     
hygi5ic conditions1 f\nd+ s*ools1 build+
 roads & develop+ agriculture4 ,b ,ghose
 _h ! exp]i5ce ,g&hi 0 to h lat]4 ,! p  
became impati5t & fell back on viol5ce2 
& ! ,briti% !n employ$ c\nt]-viol5ce to 
cru% ! movem5t completely4#eg  ,! t]m   

,satyagraha itself 01 h[ev]1 a          
contribution ( ,g&hi4 ,x 0 co9$ ab\t    
#aijf 9 connection ) ! ,indian movem5t (
 non-viol5t resi/ance 9 ,s\? ,africa4   
,previ\sly ! ,engli% t]m passive        
resi/ance _h be5 us$1 b ,g&hi tells u t 
:5 he discov]$ t among ,europeans1 x 0  
suppos$ to be a weapon ( ! weak1 t x    
c\ld be *>act]iz$ by hatr$ & t x c\ld   
f9ally manife/ itself z viol5ce1 he 0   
=c$ to f9d a new ^w to c>ry 8 idea4 ,!  
result 0 a comb9ation ( ! ,guj]ati words
 ,sat1 mean+ tru?1 & ,agraha1 mean+     
firmness--h5ce tru? =ce1 or z x has be5 
translat$ s9ce1 s\l =ce4#eh             
,,footnotes3  #ec ,%ridh>ani1 ,w> ,)\t  
,viol5ce1 #afe-afg4  #ed ,m4 ,k4 ,g&hi1 
,! ,/ory ( ,my ,exp]im5ts ) ,tru?1      
translat$ by ,mahadev ,desai & ,pyrelal 
,nair 7,ahm$abad3 ,navajivan ,press1    
#aibg-aibi71 ! e>li] portions ( ,vol4   
,i4  #ee ,ibid41 ,i1 #cbb2 ,%ridh>ani1  
#afg4  #ef ,quot$ by ,de ,ligt1 ,conque/
 ( ,viol5ce1 #hi4  #eg ,ibid41 #hi-ij4  
#eh ,g&hi1 ,exp]im5ts ) ,tru?1 ,,ii1    

#aec-aed4   ,! ,process ( ,satyagraha   
,%ridh>ani1 :o consid]s himself a foll[]
 ( ,g&hi1 has giv5 u a compreh5sive     
analysis ( ,satyagraha z a mass movem5t4
 ,he beg9s 8 discussion ) ?is /atem5t ( 
! conditions "u :i* x is possible3      
,satyagraha1 z an organiz$ mass action1 
presupposes t !      community conc]n$  
has a grievance :i* practically e memb] 
( t community feels4 ,?is grievance %\ld
 be ( su* l>ge      proportions t x c\ld
 be trans=m$1 9 its positive side1      
into a ',cause' rightfully claim+       
sacrifice & suff]+ f !      community on
 its behalf4#ei   ,?is necessity =      
community solid>ity is (t5 ov]look$ by  
foll[]s ( ,g&hi :o advocate re=ms by    
means ( non-viol5t direct action 9 our  
we/]n society4 ,giv5 ! grievance (      
,briti% rule1 ,%ridh>ani believes t !   
,h9dese 7 will+ to accept ,satyagraha   
fir/ because1 un>m$ "u ,briti% law1 no  
o!r means 7 available to !m1 & !n       
because !y 7 pr$ispos$ to ! me?od       
because ( ! ,h9du philosophy (          

non-viol5ce & ! my/ic belief t tru? w   
triumph ev5tually s9ce x is a =ce great]
 ?an ! physical4#fj  ,! fir/ /ep 9      
,satyagraha is negotiation & arbitration
 ) ! adv]s>y4 ,"u ^! t]ms ,%ridh>ani    
includes ! use ( legislative *annels1   
direct negotiations1 & arbitration by   
?ird p>ties4#fa ,9 read+ 8 discussion "o
 gets ! impression t "u ! ,am]ican sy/em
 ( gov]nm5t ! lat] /ages ( ,satyagraha  
w\ld nev] be necess>y1 s9ce !           
,satyagrahi mu/ fir/ exhau/ all ! av5ues
 ( political expression & legislative   
action :i* are op5 to him4 ,if any      
sizeable gr\p 9 ,am]ican society        
display$ on any issue ! solid>ity       
requir$ = successful use ( ?is me?od1 _!
 political influ5ce w\ld und\bt$ly be   
great en\gh to effect a *ange 9 ! law1  
imp]fect ?\gh ,am]ican democracy may be4
  ,! second /ep 9 ,satyagraha is        
agitation1 ! purpose ( :i* is to educate
 ! public on ! issues at /ake1 to create
 ! solid>ity t is ne$$ 9 ! lat] /ages ( 
! movem5t1 & to w9 acceptance1 by memb]s

 ( ! movem5t1 ( ! me?ods to be          
employ$4#fb ,accord+ to ,f5n] ,brockway1
 ! failure ( ,satyagraha to a*ieve its  
objectives is an indication t ! p (     
,india _h n really caught & accept$     
,g&hi's _s & pr9ciples4#fc ,?is means t 
on sev]al occasions ! lat] /ages (      
,satyagraha h be5 put into action be=e  
e>li] /ages ( creat+ solid>ity on bo?   
purpose & me?od h be5 fully complet$4   
,despite ,g&hi's trem5d\s influ5ce 9    
,india1 ! movem5t = ,indian indep5d5ce  
has n yet fully succe$$4 ,9 view ( !    
fact t s _m ( ! p :o h work$ =          
indep5d5ce h fail$ to esp\se ,g&hi's    
pr9ciples :ole-he>t$ly1 if indep5d5ce be
 a*iev$ 9 ! future x w be difficult to  
tell :e!r or n x 0 a*iev$ because !     
,indian p fully accept$ ^! pr9ciples4   
,_m seem to h done s only 9 ! _s 9 :i* !
 ,am]ican coloni/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury  
employ$ simil> me?ods dur+ ! e>li] /ages
 ( _! own indep5d5ce movem5t4#fd  ,only 
aft] negotiation & arbitration h fail$  
does ,satyagraha make use ( ! te*niques 

:i* are usually associat$ ) x 9 ! popul>
 m9d4 ,z ,%ridh>ani puts x1 ,moral      
suasion hav+ prov$ ineffective !        
,satyagrahis d n hesitate to %ift _!    
te*nique to compulsive =ce4#fe ,he is   
po9t+ out t 9 practice ,satyagraha is   
co]cive 9 "*1 & t all ! lat] /eps f mass
 demon/rations ?r\gh /rikes1 boycotts1  
non-coop]ation1 & civil disob$i5ce to   
p>allel gov]nm5t :i* divorces itself    
completely f ! old are design$ to compel
 r ?an to p]suade ! oppressors to *ange 
_! policy4 ,9 ?is respect x is v simil> 
to ! movem5ts ( non-viol5t resi/ance    
bas$ on exp$i5cy :i* 7 consid]$ 9 !     
prec$+ section4  ,,footnotes3  #ei      
,%ridh>ani1 #d4 ,italics m9e4  #fj      
,ibid41 #aib-bji4  #fa ,ibid41 #e-g4    
#fb ,ibid41 #g-ab4  #fc ,a4 ,f5n]       
,brockway1 ,does ,noncop]ation ,"w8 9   
,dev]e ,all5 7,ed471 ,pacifism 9 !      
,mod]n ,_w 7,g>d5 ,city1 ,n4 ,y43       
,d\bl$ay1 ,doran1 #aibi71 #abf4  #fd    
,nehru 9 8 autobiography expresses /rong
 diff]5ces ( op9ion ) ,g&hi at _m po9ts4

 ,9 "o place he says3 ,:at a problem & a
 puzzle he has be5 n only to ! ,briti%  
,gov]nm5t b to 8 own p & 8 close/       
associates6444 ,h[ came we to associate 
ourselves ) ,g&hiji politically1 & to   
become1 9 _m in/ances1 8 devot$         
foll[]s8444 ,he attract$ p1 b x 0       
ultimately intellectual conviction t    
br\ght !m to him & kept !m !re4 ,!y did 
n agree ) 8 philosophy ( life1 or ev5 ) 
_m ( 8 ideals4 ,(t5 !y did n und]/& him4
 ,b ! action t he propos$ 0 some?+      
tangible :i* c\ld be und]/ood &         
appreciat$ intellectually4 ,any action  
w\ld be welcome aft] ! long tradition ( 
inaction :i* our sp9eless politics _h   
nurtur$2 brave & effective action ) an  
e?ical halo ab\t x _h an irresi/ible    
appeal1 bo? to ! intellect & ! emotions4
 ,/ep by /ep he conv9c$ u ( ! rightness 
( ! action1 & we w5t ) him1 al?\gh we   
did n accept 8 philosophy4 ,to divorce  
action f ! ?\ght und]ly+ x 0 n p]haps a 
prop] proc$ure & 0 b\nd to lead to m5tal
 conflict & tr\ble lat]4 ,vaguely we    

hop$ t ,g&hiji1 be+ ess5tially a man (  
action & v s5sitive to *ang+ conditions1
 w\ld advance along ! l9e t seem$ to u  
to be "r4 ,& 9 any ev5t ! road he 0     
foll[+ 0 ! "r "o ?us f>2 &1 if ! future 
meant a p>t+1 x w\ld be folly to        
anticipate x4 ,jawah>lal ,nehru1 ,t[>d  
,fre$om 7,new ,york3 ,john ,day1 #aidb71
 #aij-aia4  #fe ,%ridh>ani1 #ab4 ,he    
li/s & discusses #ac /eps 9 ! developm5t
 ( a campaign ( ,satyagraha1 pp4 #e-dc4 
,! ,philosophy ( ,satyagraha  ,x seems  
cle> t ,satyagraha _c be equat$ )       
,*ri/ian pacifism4 ,z ,%ridh>ani has    
said1 ,9 ,india1 ! p are n /opp+ ) m]e  
good w1 z ! pacifi/s usually d1 b1 on ! 
contr>y1 are engag$ 9 direct action ( a 
non-viol5t v>iety :i* !y are confid5t w 
ei!r m5d or end ! p[]s t be1 &1         
,satyagraha seems to h m 9 common ) w>  
?an ) ,we/]n pacifism4#ff  ,g&hi's      
campaign to recruit ,indians = ! ,briti%
 army dur+ ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w> di/+ui%es him
 also f mo/ we/]n pacifi/s4#fg ,9 an    
article entitl$ ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,sword1 

writt5 9 #aibj1 ,g&hi br\ght out cle>ly 
! fact t 9 8 philosophy he places ! ends
 above ! means1 s f> z ! mass ( ! p are 
conc]n$3        ,:]e ! only *oice is    
betwe5 c[>dice & viol5ce ,i advise      
viol5ce4 ,i cultivate ! quiet c\rage (  
dy+ )\t kill+4      ,b to him :o has n  
?is c\rage ,i advise kill+ & be+        
kill$ r ?an %ameful flight f dang]4 ,i  
w\ld risk      viol5ce a ?\s& times r   
?an ! emasculation ( ! race4      ,i    
w\ld r h ,india resort to arms to def5d 
h] hon\r ?an      t %e %\ld 9 a c[>dly  
mann] rema9 a helpless victim (      h] 
own di%on\r4#fh   ,bo? pacifi/s & _!    
oppon5ts h not$ ?is inconsi/5cy 9       
,g&hi's philosophy4 ,lewis calls ,g&hi a
 /range mixture ( ,ma*iavellian a/ut5ess
 & p]sonal sanctity1 pr(\nd             
humanit>ianism & p>alys+ cons]vatism4#fi
 ,bi%op ,mc,connell has said ( 8        
non-viol5t co]cion1 ,?is co]cion is less
 h>mful socially ?an co]cion by direct  
=ce1 b x is co]cion nev]!less4#gj ,& ,c4
 ,j4 ,cad\x has decl>$3        ,!       

well-kn[n "w ( ,mr4 ,g&hi1 bo? 9 ,india 
today & e>li]      9 ,africa1           
exemplifies r ! p[] ( non-co-op]ation   
?an      ,*ri/ian love on ! "p ( a gr\p2
 b ev5 s1 x calls =      m5tion 444 z   
ano!r manife/ation ( ! efficacy (       
non-viol5t      me?ods ( re/ra9t4#ga    
,g&hi's own analysis ( 8 movem5t places 
mu* emphasis on ! my/ical ,h9du idea (  
self-inflict$ suff]+4 ,9 #aibj1 he said1
 ,progress is to be measur$ by ! am\nt (
 suff]+ und]gone by ! suff]]4#gb ,?is   
idea recurs _m times 9 ,g&hi's writ+s4  
,! acceptance ( su* suff]+ is n easy2   
h5ce 8 emphasis ^u ! ne$ (              
self-purification1 prep>ation1 &        
discipl9e4 ,because ( ! viol5ce us$ by  
_m ( 8 foll[]s dur+ ! fir/ great        
campaign 9 ,india1 ,g&hi came to !      
conclusion t be=e re-/>t+ civil         
disob$i5ce on a mass scale1 x w\ld be   
necess>y to create a b& ( well-tra9$1   
pure-he>t$ volunte]s :o ?or\ghly        
und]/ood ! /rict conditions (           
,satyagraha4#gc  ,,footnotes3  #ff      

,ibid41 xxvii1 xxx4  #fg ,spee* at      
,guj>at political conf]5ce1 ,nov41      
#aiag1 quot$ by ,case1 ,non-viol5t      
,co]cion1 #cgd-cge4 ,see also           
,%ridh>ani1 #abb1 note4  #fh ,quot$ 9   
,lewis1 ,case ,aga9/ ,pacifism1 #ajg4 ,a
 slightly diff]5t v]sion is repr9t$ 9   
,nehru1 ,t[>ds ,fre$om1 #ha4  #fi       
,lewis1 ,case ,aga9/ ,pacifism1 #ii4 ,he
 goes on to say1 ,he is anti-,briti% m  
?an he is anti-w>4 ,he adopts tactics ( 
non-viol5ce because t is ! mo/ effective
 way 9 :i* a dis>m$ & disorganiz$       
multitude c resi/ arm$ troops & police4 
,he has nev] sugge/$ t :5 ,india atta9s 
full indep5d5ce x %all disb& ! ,indian  
army4 ,! ,indian ,national ,congress 444
 nev] = "o mom5t contemplat$ ab&on+     
viol5ce z ! necess>y in/rum5t ( ! ,/ate 
!y hop$ "o day to comm&4 ,pp4 #ii-ajj4  
#gj ,francis ,j4 ,mc,connell1           
,*ri/ianity & ,co]cion 7,na%ville3      
,cokesbury ,press1 #aicc71 #df4  #ga    
,cad\x1 ,*ri/ian ,pacifism1 #aji4  #gb  
,"y ,india1 ,june #af1 #aibj1 quot$ by  

,%ridh>ani1 #afi4  #gc ,g&hi1           
,exp]im5ts1 ,,ii1 #eji-eac4   ,!        
,empirical ,orig9s ( ,g&hi's ,me?od     
,g&hi's autobiography br+s out ! orig9s 
( _m ( 8 ideas4 ,we h already not$ !    
importance ( 8 ,h9du tra9+4 ,he arriv$  
empirically at _m ( 8 specific          
te*niques4 ,= in/ance1 he describes 9 "s
 detail a j\rney he made by coa* 9 #ahic
 9 ,s\? ,africa1 dur+ :i* he 0 plac$ on 
! driv]'s seat1 s9ce ,indians 7 n all[$ 
to sit inside ! coa*4 ,lat] ! coa*man   
desir$ 8 seat & ask$ him to sit on !    
footbo>d4 ,?is ,g&hi refus$ to d1       
:]eupon ! coa*man began to box 8 e>s4   
,he describes ! re/ ( ! incid5t ?us3    
,he 0 /rong & ,i 0 weak4 ,"s ( !        
pass5g]s 7 mov$ to      pity & !y       
exclaim$3 ',man1 let him alone4 ,don't  
beat him4 ,he is      n to blame4 ,he is
 "r4 ,if he c't /ay !re1 let him come & 
sit ) u4' ',no fe>1' cri$ ! man1 b he   
seem$ some:at      cre/fall5 & /opp$    
beat+ me4 ,he let g my arm1 swore at me 
a      little m1 & ask+ ! ,hott5ot      

s]vant :o 0 sitt+ on !      o!r side ( !
 coa*box to sit on ! footbo>d1 took !   
seat      s vacat$4#gd   ,he _h a simil>
 exp]i5ce 9 #ahif :5 8 refusal to       
prosecute ! lead]s ( a mob :i* _h beat5 
him ar\s$ a favorable reaction on ! "p (
 ! public4#ge ,gradually ! pr9ciple     
develop$ t ! acceptance ( suff]+ 0 an   
effective me?od ( w9n+ ! sympa?y &      
support ( dis9t]e/$ p>ties 9 a dispute1 
& t _! moral influ5ce might g f> 9      
det]m9+ its outcome4  ,on 8 return to   
,india aft] 8 successful campaign =     
,indian rights 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ,g&hi l$ 
a /rike ( mill work]s 9 ,ahm$abad4 ,he  
e/abli%$ a set ( rules1 =bidd+ resort to
 viol5ce1 ! mole/ation ( blacklegs1 & ! 
tak+ ( alms1 & requir+ ! /rik]s to rema9
 firm no matt] h[ long ! /rike          
took--rules n too diff]5t f ^? t w\ld be
 us$ 9 a /rike by an occid5tal labor    
union4#gf ,speak+ ( a p]iod dur+ ?is    
/rike :5 ! labor]s 7 gr[+ re/ive &      
?reat5+ viol5ce1 ,g&hi says3        ,"o 
morn+--x 0 at a mill-h&s' meet+--:ile ,i

 0 /ill      grop+ & unable to see my   
way cle>ly1 ! light came to me4         
,unbidd5 & all by !mselves ! words came 
to my lips3 ',unless      ! /rik]s      
rally1' ,i decl>$ to ! meet+1 '& cont9ue
 !      /rike till a settlem5t is rea*$1
 or till !y leave ! mills      altoge!r1
 ,i w n t\* any food4'   ,g&hi insi/$ t 
! fa/ 0 n direct$ at ! mill own]s1 b 0 =
 ! purification ( himself & ! /rik]s4   
,he told ! own]s t x %\ld n influ5ce _! 
decision1 & yet an arbitrator 0 n[      
appo9t$1 & z he says1 ,! /rike 0 call$  
(f aft] ,i _h fa/$ only = ?ree days4#gg 
,! efficacy ( ! fa/ 0 ?us borne 9 on    
,g&hi4  ,9 ! ,kh$a ,satyagraha aga9/    
unju/ taxation1 :i* 0 ! fir/ big movem5t
 ( ! sort 9 ,india1 ,g&hi discov]$ t ,:5
 ! fe> ( jail disappe>s1 repression puts
 he>t into p4 ,! movem5t end$ 9 a       
compromise r ?an ! complete success (   
,g&hi's program4 ,he said ( x1 ,al?\gh1 
!re=e1 ! t]m9ation 0 celebrat$ z a      
triumph ( ,satyagraha1 ,i c\ld n en?use 
ov] x1 z x lack$ ! ess5tials ( a        

complete triumph4#gh ,b ev5 ?\gh ,g&hi 0
 n satisfi$ ) any?+ less ?an a complete 
triumph1 he _h le>n$ t :5 a p no long]  
fe>s ! puni%m5ts t an oppressor metes   
out1 ! p[] ( ! oppressor is gone4#gi    
,,footnotes3  #gd ,ibid41 ,i1 #bfh-bfi4 
#ge ,( ! incid5t he says1 ,?us ! lyn*+  
ultimately prov$ to be a bless+ = me1 t 
is = ! cause4 ,x enhanc$ ! pre/ige ( !  
,indian community 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & made
 my "w easi]4444 ,! incid5t also add$ to
 my pr(essional practice4 ,ibid41 ,i1   
#deb-deg4  #gf ,ibid41 ,,ii1 #daa-dac4  
#gg ,ibid41 ,,ii1 #dbj-dbd4  #gh ,ibid41
 ,,ii1 #dbh-ddj4  #gi ,see ! quotation f
 ,g&hi 9 ,%ridh>ani1 #bi4               
,non-,coop]ation  ,x w be impossible = u
 "h to consid] 9 detail ! great movem5ts
 ( non-coop]ation on :i* ,g&hi's foll[]s
 h emb>k$ 9 ord] to ?r[ (f ,briti% rule4
 ,9 #aiai & aga9 9 ! /ruggle (          
#aibj-aibb1 ,g&hi felt =c$ to call (f ! 
non-coop]ation campaigns because ! p1 :o
 7 n suffici5tly prep>$1 fell back ^u   
viol5ce4#hj ,9 ! /ruggle 9 #aicj1 ,g&hi 

laid d[n m def9ite rules = ,satyagrahis1
 =bidd+ !m to h>bor ang]1 or to (f] any 
physical resi/ance or to insult _!      
oppon5ts1 al?\gh !y mu/ refuse to d any 
act =bidd5 to !m by ! movem5t ev5 at !  
co/ ( great suff]+4#ha ,! movem5t end$ 9
 a compromise agreem5t ) ! ,briti%1 b ! 
t]ms ( ! agreem5t 7 nev] completely     
c>ri$ out4 ,repressive measures & !     
imprisonm5t ( ,g&hi *eck$ !             
non-coop]ation movem5t dur+ ! pres5t w>1
 at lea/ tempor>ily4  ,,footnotes3  #hj 
,g&hi1 ,exp]im5ts1 ,,ii1 #dhf-ejg2      
,%ridh>ani1 #abf-abi4  #ha ,! rules1    
fir/ publi%$ 9 ,"y ,india1 ,feb4 #bg1   
#aicj1 are giv5 by ,%ridh>ani1 #aed-aeg4
   ,fa/+  ,g&hi also made use ( ! fa/ 9 
#aiai1 #aibd1 #aicb1 #aicc1 #aici1 &    
#aidc to obta9 concessions1 ei!r f !    
,briti% gov]nm5t or f gr\ps ( ,h9dese :o
 did n accept 8 philosophy4#hb ,( fa/+  
,g&hi has said3        ,x does n mean   
co]cion ( anybody4 ,x does1 ( c\rse1    
ex]cise      pressure on individuals1   
ev5 z on ! gov]nm5t2 b x is      no?+ m 

?an ! natural & moral result ( an act ( 
sacrifice4 ,x /irs up sluggi% consci5ces
 & x fires lov+      he>ts to action4#hc
   ,yet ,g&hi believ$ t ! fa/ ( ! ,iri% 
lead]1 ,mac,sweeney1 :5 he 0 imprison$ 9
 ,dubl91 0 an act ( viol5ce4#hd  ,9     
practice1 ,satyagraha is a mixture (    
exp$i5cy & pr9ciple4 ,x is firmly bas$  
on ! ,h9du idea ( ahimsa1 & h5ce avoids 
physical viol5ce4 ,despite ,g&hi's      
insi/5ce ^u respect = & love = !        
oppon5t1 h[ev]1 8 equal insi/5ce ^u w9n+
 ! oppon5t completely to 8 po9t ( view  
leads "o to suspect t he is us+ !       
te*nique z a means to an end :i* he     
consid]s equally fundam5tal4 ,he accepts
 suff]+ z an end 9 itself1 yet he kn[s t
 x also is a means to o!r ends s9ce x   
ar\ses ! sympa?y ( public op9ion4 ,he   
reg>ds non-coop]ation z compatible )    
love = ! oppon5t1 yet we h already se5 t
 "u mod]n conditions x is co]cive r ?an 
p]suasive 9 nature4 ,despite ,g&hi's    
di/9ction betwe5 8 own fa/s & ^? ( o!rs1
 !y too involve an elem5t ( psy*ological

 co]cion4 ,we are l$ to conclude t mu* (
 ,g&hi's program is bas$ ^u exp$i5cy z  
well z ^u ! complete respect = e human  
p]sonality :i* *>act]izes absolute      
pacifism4  ,,footnotes3  #hb ,see ! li/ 
giv5 by ,h>idas ,t4 ,muzumd>1 ,g&hi     
,triumphant6 ,! ,inside ,/ory ( !       
,hi/oric ,fa/ 7,new ,york3 ,univ]sal1   
#aici71 vi-vii4  #hc ,ibid41 #hi4  #hd  
,ibid41 #ij4 ,lewis quotes ,g&hi ?us3 ,y
 _c fa/ aga9/ a tyrant1 = x w be a      
species ( viol5ce done to him4 ,fa/+ c  
only be resort$ to aga9/ a lov] n to    
extort rights1 b to re=m him4 ,case     
,aga9/ ,pacifism1 #aji4   ,! ,am]ican   
,abolition ,movem5t  ,! ,we/ also has _h
 its movem5ts ( re=m :i* h esp\s$       
non-viol5ce z a pr9ciple4 ,! mo/        
significant "o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5
 ! abolition crusade be=e ! ,civil ,w>4 
,its mo/ publiciz$ faction 0 ! gr\p l$  
by ,william ,lloyd ,g>rison1 :o has _h a
 reputation z an uncompromis+ extremi/4 
,almo/ e s*ool boy rememb]s ! words )   
:i* he introduc$ ! fir/ issue ( !       

,lib]ator 9 #ahca3        ,i w be z h>% 
z tru?1 & z uncompromis+ z              
ju/ice4444 ,i am 9 e>ne/--,i w n        
equivocate--,i w n      excuse--,i w n  
retreat a s+le in*--,,& ,i ,,w ,,be     
,,he>d4   ,he liv$ up to 8 promise dur+ 
! ye>s t foll[$1 & x is no wond] t      
,p>r+ton call$ him ! fl9tie/ "* among/ !
 ,new ,engl& militants4#he ,9 ! ,s\? !y 
reg>d$ him z an incit] to viol5ce1 &    
b>r$ 8 writ+s f ! mails4  ,g>rison's    
belief 9 non-resi/ance is less (t5      
/ress$1 yet 8 esp\sal ( ?is pr9ciple 0  
/at$ 9 ! same uncompromis+ t]ms z 8     
opposition to slav]y4 ,9 #ahch he induc$
 ! ,bo/on ,peace ,conv5tion to f\nd !   
,new ,engl& ,non-,resi/ance ,society4 ,9
 ! ,decl>ation ( ,s5tim5ts :i* he wrote 
& :i* ! new ,society adopt$1 he said3   
,! hi/ory ( mank9d is cr[d$ ) evid5ces  
prov+ t      physical co]cion is n      
adapt$ to moral reg5]ation2 t !         
s9ful dispositions ( m5 c be subdu$ only
 by love2 t evil      c be ext]m9at$ f !
 e>? only by goodness4#hf   ,?r\gh\t 8  

long /ruggle aga9/ slav]y1 ,g>rison     
rema9$ true to 8 pr9ciples (            
non-resi/ance4 ,b 8 d5unciations (      
slav]y made m impression on ! popul>    
m9d1 & aid$ 9 /irr+ up mu* ( ! viol5t   
s5tim5t 9 ! ,nor? :i* express$ itself 9 
a cresc5do ( d5unciation ( ! slave      
own]s4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 :]e anti-slav]y       
s5tim5t _h be5 /rong be=e1 a new        
def5sive attitude began to develop4 ,z  
,calh\n said ( ! nor!rn criticism (     
slav]y3        ,x has compell$ u to !   
,s\? to look into ! nature &      "* (  
?is great in/itution1 & to correct _m   
false      impressions t ev5 we _h      
ent]ta9$ 9 relation to x4 ,_m 9      !  
,s\? once believ$ t x 0 a moral &       
political evil2      t folly & delusion 
are gone2 we see x n[ 9 its true light1 
& reg>d x z ! mo/ safe & /able basis =  
free      in/itutions 9 ! _w4#hg   ,9 ! 
,nor? ! viol5t /atem5ts ( ! abolitioni/s
 ar\s$ a physically viol5t response4    
,mobs attack$ abolition meet+s 9 _m     
places1 & on "o occasion ,g>rison       

himself 0 rescu$ f an angry ,bo/on mob4 
,?is viol5ce 9 turn ar\s$ _m m5 l       
,salmon ,p4 ,*ase & ,w5dell ,phillips to
 esp\se ! anti-slav]y cause because !y  
c\ld n condone ! actions ( !            
anti-abolitioni/s4#hh ,g>rison himself  
proce$$ s]5ely ?r\gh ! /orms t 8 vigor\s
 writ+s precipitat$4  ,feel+s rose on   
bo? sides1 & _m :o he>d & accept$ !     
,g>risonian indictm5t ( slav]y knew no?+
 ( 8 non-resi/ance pr9ciples4#hi ,o!rs1 
:o did1 came reluctantly to ! conclusion
 t a civil w> to rid ! c\ntry ( ! evil  
w\ld be pref]able to its cont9uance4 ,9 
"t ! /ruggle 0 transf]r$ to ! political 
ar5a1 :]e m5 act$ sometimes on ! basis (
 int]e/ & n always on ! basis ( moral   
pr9ciples4 ,! gulf betwe5 ! sections    
wid5$1 & civil w> approa*$4  ,z         
abolitioni/s !mselves began to express !
 belief t ! slav]y issue c\ld n be      
settl$ )\t blood%$1 ,g>rison disclaim$  
all responsibility = ! gr[+ prop5sity to
 esp\se viol5ce4 ,9 ! ,lib]ator 9 #aheh 
he said3        ,:5 ! anti-slav]y cause 

0 laun*$1 x 0 baptiz$ 9 !      _s (     
peace4 ,we proclaim$ to ! c\ntry & to ! 
_w t      ! weapons ( our w>f>e 7 n     
c>nal b spiritual1 & we      believ$ !m 
to be mighty ?r\gh ,god to ! pull+ d[n  
ev5 (      ! /ronghold ( slav]y2 & =    
sev]al ye>s great moral p[]             
accompani$ our cause :]ev] pres5t$4     
,alas6 9 ! c\rse (      ! fe>ful        
developm5ts ( ! ,slave ,p[]1 & its      
cont9u$      aggressions on ! rights ( !
 p ( ! ,nor?1 9 my      judgm5t a sad   
*ange has come ov] ! _s ( anti-slav]y   
m51      g5]ally speak+4 ,we are gr[+ m 
& m w>like1 m &      m dispos$ to       
repudiate ! pr9ciples ( peace4444 ,j 9  
proportion z ?is _s prevails1 ,i feel t 
our moral p[] is      dep>t+ & w        
dep>t4444 ,i w n tru/ ! w>-_s           
any:]e 9 ! univ]se ( ,god1 because !    
exp]i5ce ( six      ?\s& ye>s proves x n
 to be at all reliable 9 su* a          
/ruggle z ours4444       ,i pray y1     
abolitioni/s1 /ill to adh]e to t tru?4  
,d n      get impati5t2 d n become      

exasp]at$2 d n attempt any new          
political organization2 d n make        
y\rselves famili> ) !      idea t blood 
mu/ fl[4 ,p]haps blood w fl[--,god kn[s1
 ,i d      n2 b x %all n fl[ ?r\gh any  
c\nsel ( m9e4 ,mu* z ,i      dete/ !    
oppression ex]cis$ by ! ,s\!rn          
slavehold]1 he is      a man1 sacr$ be=e
 me4 ,he is a man1 n to be h>m$ by my h&
      nor ) my cons5t4444 ,:ile ,i w n  
cease reprobat+ 8      horrible         
inju/ice1 ,i w let him see t 9 my he>t  
!re is no      desire to d him h>m1--t  
,i wi% to bless him "h1 & bless      him
 ev]la/+ly1--& t ,i h no o!r weapon to  
wield      aga9/ him b ! simple tru? (  
,god1 :i* is ! great      in/rum5t = !  
ov]?r[ ( all iniquity1 & ! salvation (  
! _w4#ij   ,yet ,g>rison's f]vor = !    
emancipation ( ! slaves 0 s great t :5 !
 ,civil ,w> came1 he said ( ,l9coln & ! 
,republicans3        ,!y are in/rum5ts 9
 ! h& ( ,god to c>ry =w>d & help        
a*ieve ! great object ( emancipation =  
:i* we h s long      be5 /riv+4444 ,all 

our sympa?ies & wi%es mu/ be ) !        
,gov]nm5t1 z aga9/ ! ,s\!rn desp]adoes &
 buccane]s2 yet      ( c\rse )\t any    
compromise ( pr9ciple on our "p4#ia     
,al?\gh ,l9coln insi/$ t ! purpose ( !  
,nor? 0 ! pres]vation ( ! ,union r ?an  
emancipation1 ev5tually he did free !   
slaves4 ,x w\ld seem t ,g>rison1 = all 8
 non-resi/ance decl>ations1 bore "s ( ! 
responsibility = ! great conflict4  ,9  
?is case1 z 9 ! case ( ,satyagraha1 !   
dem& = re=m by non-viol5t means 0       
translat$ into viol5ce by foll[]s :o 7 m
 devot$ to ! cause ( re=m ?an !y 7 to ! 
non-viol5t me?ods :i* _! lead]s         
proclaim$4  ,,footnotes3  #he ,v]non    
,l\is ,p>r+ton1 ,ma9 ,curr5ts 9 ,am]ican
 ,?\ght 7,new ,york3 ,h>c\rt ,brace1    
#aicj71 ,,ii1 #ceb4  #hf ,! ,decl>ation 
is repr9t$ 9 ,all51 ,fight = ,peace1    
#fid-fig4  #hg ,quot$ 9 ,av]y ,crav51 ,!
 ,com+ ( ! ,civil ,w> 7,new ,york3      
,scribn]s1 #aidb71 #afa4  #hh ,jesse    
,macy1 ,! ,anti-,slav]y ,crusade 7,new  
,hav53 ,yale ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiai71 

#fi-gj4  #hi ,= ! _m elem5ts 9 !        
abolition movem5t1 see ,gilb]t ,hobbs   
,b>nes1 ,! ,antislav]y ,impulse1        
#ahcj-ahdd 7,new ,york3 ,d4             
,appleton-,c5tury1 #aicc74  #ij ,w5dell 
,phillips ,g>rison1 ,william ,lloyd     
,g>rison 7,new ,york3 ,c5tury1 #ahhi71  
,,iii1 #dgc-dgd4  #ia ,lett] to ,oliv]  
,johnson1 quot$ 9 ,all51 ,fight =       
,peace1 #ddi-dej4     ,,vi4             
,,non-,,resi/ance   ,! prec$+ section ( 
?is /udy dealt ) ^? :o reject$ physical 
viol5ce on pr9ciple1 & :o felt no hatr$ 
t[>d ! p]sons :o 7 responsible = evil1 b
 :o us$ me?ods ( br++ ab\t re=m :i*     
involv$ ! use ( non-physical co]cion1 & 
9 "s cases :at might be call$           
psy*ological viol5ce4 ,^! advocates (   
non-viol5t direct action n only resi/$  
evil negatively2 !y also attempt$ to    
e/abli% :at !y consid]$ to be a bett]   
/ate ( affairs4  ,?is section w deal )  
true non-resi/ance4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ^?  
:o refuse to resi/ evil1 ev5 by         
non-viol5t means1 = ! mo/ "p bas+ _!    

belief ^u ! injunction ( ,jesus to resi/
 n evil4 ,= !m1 non-resi/ance becomes an
 end 9 itself1 r ?an a means = a*iev+   
o!r purposes4 ,!y are less conc]n$ )    
re=m+ society ?an !y are ) ma9ta9+ !    
integrity ( _! own lives 9 ?is respect4 
,if !y h a social influ5ce at all1 x is 
only because by exhortation or1 m       
especially by ! =ce ( example1 !y induce
 o!rs to accept ! same way ( life4      
,h[ev]1 9 _! refusal to p>ticipate      
directly 9 su* evil z w>1 ev5           
non-resi/ants d actually resi/ evil4    
,! ,m5nonites  ,! ,m5nonites are ! l>ge/
 & mo/ significant gr\p ( non-resi/ants4
 ,= ov] f\r hundr$ ye>s !y h ma9ta9$ _! 
religi\s views1 & appli$ !m ) rem>kable 
consi/5cy4#ib ,_! *ur* grew out ( !     
,anabapti/ movem5t1 :i* _h its orig9s 9 
,switz]l& %ortly aft] #aebj4 ,!         
,anabapti/s believ$ 9 ! lit]al          
acceptance ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,bible1 & _!  
application z rules ( conduct 9 daily   
life4 ,s9ce !y did n dep5d = _!         
int]pretations ^u ! au?ority ( any      

prie/hood or m9i/ry1 diff]5ces grew up  
among !m at an e>ly date4 ,! m radical  
w+1 f :i* ! ,m5nonites came1 accept+ !  
,s]mon on ! ,m\nt z ! he>t ( ! ,gospel1 
e>ly refus$ to (f] any physical         
resi/ance to evil4#ic ,felix ,manz1 :o 0
 execut$ = 8 beliefs 9 #aebg1 decl>$1   
,no ,*ri/ian smites ) ! sword nor resi/s
 evil4#id ,hundr$s ( o!r ,anabapti/s    
foll[$ ,manz into m>tyrdom )\t surr5d]+ 
_! fai?4  ,9 a day be=e conscription _h 
come into g5]al use1 ! ,anabapti/s      
suff]$ m = _! h]esy & _! political views
 ?an !y did = _! non-resi/ance          
pr9ciples4 ,9 _! belief 9 r5d]+ unto    
,caes> only ^? ?+s :i* 7 ,caes>'s & unto
 ,god ! ?+s t 7 ,god's1 !y came into    
conflict ) ! au?orities ( bo? *ur* &    
/ate4 ,! e/abli%$ *ur* !y refus$ to     
recognize at all1 & !y came to reg>d !  
/ate only z a necess>y in/rum5t to      
control ^? :o _h n become ,*ri/ians4 ,f>
 9 advance ( ! times !y adopt$ !        
pr9ciple ( complete sep>ation ( *ur* &  
/ate1 :i* = !m meant t no ,*ri/ian might

 hold political (fice nor act z ! ag5t (
 a co]cive /ate1 al?\gh he mu/ obey its 
comm&s 9 matt]s :i* did n int]f]e ) 8   
duty t[>d ,god4 ,on ! basis ( direct    
scriptural au?ority1 !y plac$ ! paym5t (
 taxes 9 ! latt] category4#ie  ,! mod]n 
,m5nonites are desc5d$ f ! foll[]s (    
,m5no ,simons1 :o 0 born 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 9 
#adif4 ,9 #aebd he 0 orda9$ z a ,ca?olic
 prie/1 b he soon came to d\bt !        
s\ndness ( t religion1 & f\nd 8 way into
 ,anabapti/ ranks1 :]e he became "o ( ! 
lead+ exp\nd]s ( ! radical pr9ciples1   
plac+ great emphasis ^u non-resi/ance4  
,9 8 biblical language1 he ?us /at$ 8   
belief on ?is po9t3        ,! reg5]at$ d
 n g to w>1 nor engage 9 /rife4 ,!y are 
! *ildr5 ( peace :o h beat5 _! swords   
into pl[%>es      & _! spe>s into prun+ 
hooks1 & "k ( no w>4 ,!y      r5d] unto 
,caes> ! ?+s t are ,caes>'s & unto ,god 
!      ?+s t are ,god's4 ,_! sword is ! 
sword ( ! ,_s :i*      !y wield ) a good
 consci5ce ?r\gh ! ,holy ,gho/4#if   ,9 
"t ! foll[]s ( ,m5no ,simons ga9$ 9     

influ5ce1 :ile bran*es ( ! ,anabapti/   
movem5t :i* did n foll[ ! pr9ciple (    
non-resi/ance di$ out4 ,"h & !re o!r    
non-resi/ant gr\ps su* z ! ,hutt]ites & 
! ,moravian ,bre?r5 cont9u$4#ig         
,ultimately ! ,m5nonites f\nd _! way    
into sev]al p>ts ( ,europe1 f ! ,nor?   
,sea to ,russia1 9 _! se>* = a home :]e 
!y might be free f p]secution4 ,! f\nd+ 
( ,g]mant[n 9 ! new ,p5nsylvania colony 
9 #afhc m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a migration :i* 
9 ! ye>s t foll[$ br\ght ! m radical (  
!m to ,am]ica4#ih ,) ! com+ (           
conscription 9 ,europe1 ^? :o held mo/  
/rongly to _! non-resi/ant pr9ciples    
came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to escape       
milit>y s]vice4 ,^? :o rema9$ 9 ,europe 
gradually gave up _! opposition to w>1 b
 ^? 9 ,am]ica h l>gely ma9ta9$ _!       
orig9al position4#ii   ,today !y /ill   
refra9 f oppos+ evil1 & believe 9 !     
sep>ation ( *ur* & /ate1 :i* to !m means
 a refusal to hold (fice &1 9 _m cases1 
to vote or to h rec\rse to ! c\rts4 ,!y 
pay _! taxes & d :at ! /ate dem&s1 z    

long z x is n inconsi/5t ) _! duty to   
,god4 ,9 case ( a conflict 9 duty1      
s]vice to ,god is plac$ fir/4 ,s9ce !y d
 n believe t x is possible = ! _w z a   
:ole to become free ( s91 !y ma9ta9 t ! 
,*ri/ian mu/ sep>ate himself f x4 ,!y   
make no attempt to br+ ab\t re=m 9      
society by means ( political action or  
o!r movem5ts ( ! sort :i* we h consid]$ 
"u non-viol5t direct action4#ajj  ,s9ce 
! t]m pacifi/ has come into g5]al use to
 designate ^? oppos$ to w>1 ! ,m5nonites
 h usually made a di/9ction betwe5      
!mselves z non-resi/ants & ! pacifi/s1  
:o1 !y claim1 are m int]e/$ 9 creat+ a  
good society ?an !y are 9 foll[+        
completely ! admonitions ( ! ,bible4 ,!y
 also disclaim any relation%ip to su*   
non-resi/ants z ,g>rison or ,ball\1 ev5 
?\gh ^! m5 rea*$ sub/antially ! same    
conclusion ab\t ! nature ( ! /ate1 or ) 
,tol/oy :o ev5 refus$ to accept !       
support ( ! /ate = ! in/itution (       
private prop]ty4 ,! ,am]ican            
non-resi/ants !y reg>d prim>ily z re=m]s

 ( human society1 & ,tol/oy z an an>*i/ 
:o reject$ ! /ate altoge!r1 r ?an       
accept+ x z a necess>y evil4#aja ,9 s f>
 z ! ,m5nonites h us$ social influ5ce at
 all1 x has be5 ?r\gh ! =ce ( example1 &
 9 _! mission>y endeavors to w9 o!r     
individuals to ! same high pr9ciples :i*
 !y !mselves foll[4  ,,footnotes3  #ib  
,see ! pamphlet by ,c4 ,h5ry ,smi?1     
,*ri/ian ,peace3 ,f\r ,hundr$ ,ye>s (   
,m5nonite ,peace ,pr9ciples & ,practice 
7,newton1 ,kansas3 ,m5nonite            
,publication ,(fice1 #aich74  #ic ,c4   
,h5ry ,smi?1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,m5nonites    
7,b]ne1 ,ind43 ,m5nonite ,book ,conc]n1 
#aida71 #i-cj4  #id ,john ,hors*1       
,m5nonites 9 ,europe1 7,scottdale1 ,pa43
 ,m5nonite ,publi%+ ,h\se1 #aidb71 #cei4
  #ie ,smi?1 ,/ory ( ! ,m5nonites1      
#cj-ce4  #if ,quot$ by ,hors*1 #cfc4    
#ig ,ibid41 #cfe4  #ih ,smi?1 ,/ory ( ! 
,m5nonites1 #ecf-eci4  #ii ,smi?1       
,*ri/ian ,peace1 #ab-ae4  #ajj ,edw>d   
,yod]1 et al41 ,mu/ ,*ri/ians ,fight3 ,a
 ,scriptural ,inquiry 7,akron1 ,pa43    

,m5nonite ,c5tral ,committee1 #aidc71   
#ca-cb1 #da-dd1 #ei-fa1 #fd-fe4  #aja   
,ibid41 #fb-fc2 & = a full discussion ( 
! attitude see ,guy ,f4 ,h]%b]g]1       
,biblical ,non-resi/ance & ,mod]n       
,pacifism 9 ,m5nonite ,qu>t]ly ,rev41   
,,xvii 7,july1 #aidc71 #aae-ace4   ,!   
,new ,engl& ,non-,resi/ants  ,!         
,m5nonites are und\bt$ly "r 9 mak+ a    
di/9ction betwe5 _! position & t ( !    
relatively l>ge gr\p ( non-resi/ants :i*
 arose 9 ,new ,engl& dur+ ! middle ( !  
n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we h already not$ !    
,decl>ation ( ,pr9ciples writt5 by      
,g>rison & accept$ by ! ,new ,engl&     
,non-,resi/ance ,society 9 #ahch4       
,despite ! fact t ,g>rison insi/$ t an  
individual ought n to p>ticipate 9 !    
gov]nm5t ( a /ate :i* us$ co]cion aga9/ 
its subjects1 8 life 0 devot$ to a      
campaign aga9/ ! evil ( slav]y4 ,9 !    
,decl>ation itself he said3        ,b1  
:ile we %all adh]e to ! doctr9e (       
non-resi/ance &      passive submission 
to enemies1 we purpose1 9 a moral &     

spiritual      s5se1 to speak & act     
boldly 9 ! cause ( ,,god2 to assail     
iniquity 9 high places1 & 9 l[ places2  
to apply our pr9ciples      to all exi/+
 civil1 political1 legal & ecclesia/ical
      in/itutions2 & to ha/5 ! "t1 :5 ! 
k+doms ( ?is      _w w h become ! k+doms
 ( our ,,"l & ( 8 ,,*ri/1      & he %all
 reign =ev]4#ajb   ,g>rison 0 ess5tially
 a man ( action2 ! real philosoph] ( !  
non-resi/ance movem5t 0 ,ad9 ,ball\1 a  
,univ]sali/ m9i/] ( ,new ,engl& :o      
devot$ 8 :ole life to ! advancem5t ( its
 pr9ciples4 ,9 #ahdf he publi%$ 8       
,*ri/ian ,non-,resi/ance3 ,9 ,all ,its  
,important ,be>+s1 9 :i* he set =? 8    
doctr9e1 support$ x ) full scriptural   
citations1 & !n pres5t$ a catalogue (   
incid5ts :i* to 8 own satisfaction prov$
 its effectiv5ess1 bo? 9 p]sonal & 9    
social relation%ips4  ,al?\gh ,ball\    
li/$ a long s]ies ( means :i* a ,*ri/ian
 non-resi/ant might n use1 he insi/$ t  
he _h a duty to oppose evil1 say+3      
,i claim ! "r to (f] ! utmo/ moral      

resi/ance1 n      s9ful1 ( :i* ,god has 
made me capable1 to e manife/ation (    
evil among mank9d4 ,nay1 ,i hold x my   
duty to (f] su* moral      resi/ance4 ,9
 ?is s5se my v non-resi/ance becomes !  
highe/ k9d ( resi/ance to evil4#ajc     
,nor did ,ball\ condemn all use (       
un9juri\s1 b5evol5t physical =ce 9      
re/ra9+ ! insane or ! man ab\t to commit
 an injury to ano!r4 ,he f9ally def9$   
non-resi/ance z simply non-resi/ance (  
injury ) injury--evil ) evil4 ,r1 he    
believ$ 9 ! ess5tial efficacy ( good1 z 
! c\nt]-act+ =ce ) :i* to resi/         
evil4#ajd  ,9 apply+ 8 pr9ciple         
rigor\sly1 ,ball\1 l ! ,m5nonites1 came 
to ! conclusion t ! non-resi/ant c\ld h 
no?+ to d ) gov]nm5t4 ,if he s mu* z    
vot$ = its (ficials1 he _h to %>e !     
moral responsibility = ! w>s1 capital   
puni%m5t1 & o!r p]sonal injuries :i* 7  
c>ri$ out 9 its "n4 ,he insi/$3         
,!re is no escape f ?is t]rible moral   
responsibility b by      a consci5ti\s  
)drawal f su* gov]nm5t1 & an            

uncompromis+ prote/ aga9/ s mu* ( its   
fundam5tal cre$ &      con/itutional    
law1 z is decid$ly anti-,*ri/ian4 ,he   
mu/ cease      to be its pl$g$ support]1
 & approv+ dep5d5t4#aje   ,l !          
,m5nonites1 he saw t ! reason t         
gov]nm5ts 7 un*ri/ian 0 t ! p !mselves 7
 n ,*ri/ian2 b unlike ! ,m5nonites he   
ma9ta9$ t !y might ev5tually become s1 &
 t x 0 ! duty ( ! ,*ri/ian to ha/5 ! day
 ( _! complete conv]sion4 ,?is1 he said1
        is n to be done by vot+ at !    
polls1 by seek+ influ5tial      (fices 9
 ! gov]nm5t & b9d+ ourselves to         
anti-,*ri/ian      political compacts4  
,x is to be done by pure ,*ri/ian       
precepts      fai?fully inculcat$1 &    
pure ,*ri/ian examples on ! "p (      ^?
 :o h be5 favor$ to receive & embrace ! 
highe/      tru?s4#ajf   ,! ,m5nonites  
believ$ t man 0 ess5tially deprav$2     
,ball\ believ$ t he 0 p]fectible4#ajg   
,,footnotes3  #ajb ,all51 ,fight =      
,peace1 #fif4  #ajc ,ball\1 ,*ri/ian    
,non-,resi/ance1 #c4  #ajd ,ibid41      

#b-be4  #aje ,ibid41 #ah4  #ajf ,ibid41 
#bbc-bbd4  #ajg ,p]haps ?is is ! po9t at
 :i* to ins]t a footnote on ,h5ry       
,?oreau1 ^: essay on ,civil ,disob$i5ce 
is said to h influ5c$ ,g&hi4 ,al?\gh he 
liv$ 9 ! same intellectual climate t    
produc$ ,g>rison & ,ball\1 he 0 n a     
non-resi/ant on pr9ciple4 ,= in/ance1 he
 support$ ! viol5t attack ^u slave      
hold]s by ,john ,br[n j be=e ! ,civil   
,w>4 ,he did come to sub/antially ! same
 conclusions1 h[ev]1 on gov]nm5t4 ,he   
refus$ ev5 to pay a tax to a gov]nm5t   
:i* c>ri$ on activities :i* he consid]$ 
immoral1 su* z support+ slav]y1 or c>ry+
 on w>4 ,on "o occasion he said1 ,!y are
 ! lov]s ( law & ord] :o obs]ve ! law :5
 ! gov]nm5t breaks x4 ,ess5tially1      
,?oreau 0 a philosophical an>*i/1 :o    
plac$ 8 fai? entirely 9 ! individual1 r 
?an 9 any sort ( organiz$ social action4
 ,see ! essay on him 9 ,p>r+ton1 ,,ii1  
#djj-dac2 & 8 own essay on ,civil       
,disob$i5ce 9 ,! ,writ+s ( ,h5ry ,david 
,?oreau 7,bo/on3 ,h\ghton ,miffl91      

#aijf71 ,,iv1 #cef-chg4   ,tol/oy  ,_m p
 reg>d ! writ+s ( ,c\nt ,leo ,tol/oy z !
 epitome ( ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance4   
,tol/oy arriv$ at 8 convictions aft] a  
long p]iod ( inn] turmoil1 & publi%$ !m 
9 ,my ,religion 9 #ahhd4 ,9 ! ye>s t    
foll[$1 8 wide correspond5ce introduc$  
him to _m o!rs :o _h held ! same views4 
,he 0 especially impress$ ) ! #ahch     
/atem5t ( ,g>rison1 & ) ! writ+s (      
,ball\1 ) :om he ent]$ into             
correspond5ce directly4#ajh  ,h[ev]1 he 
w5t fur!r ?an ,ball\1 & ev5 fur!r ?an ! 
,m5nonites 9 8 !ory1 :i* he =mulat$     
fully 9 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god is ,)9 ,y1     
publi%$ 9 #ahic4 ,he r5\nc$ ! use (     
physical =ce completely ev5 9 deal+ ) ! 
insane or ) *ildr54#aji ,he sev]$ all   
relations ) gov]nm5t1 & w5t on to insi/ 
t ! true ,*ri/ian might n own any       
prop]ty4 ,he practic$ 8 own doctr9es    
/rictly4  ,tol/oy _h q a numb] (        
foll[]s1 & a few gr\ps 7 e/abli%$ to    
c>ry out 8 tea*+s4 ,^! gr\ps h cont9u$  
to exi/ "u ! ,soviet ,union1 b _! pres5t

 fate is obscure4 ,8 works greatly      
influ5c$ ,pet] ,v]ig91 lead] ( !        
,dukhobors1 :o %ortly aft] #aijj left   
,russia & settl$ 9 ,canada 9 ord] to f9d
 a m hospitable environm5t = _!         
communi/ic community1 & to escape !     
necessity = milit>y s]vice4#aaj  ,h[ev]1
 ,tol/oy's !ory is s completely an>*i/ic
 t x does n l5d itself to organization4 
,h5ce 8 *ief influ5ce has be5           
intellectual1 & ^u individuals4 ,we h   
already not$ ! great impact t 8 works   
made on ,g&hi1 :ile he 0 =mulat+ ! ideas
 :i* 7 to result 9 ,satyagraha4  ,nei!r 
9 ! case ( ,g&hi1 nor ( ,pet] ,v]ig91   
h[ev]1 7 ,tol/oy's doctr9es appli$ 9    
completely undilut$ =m4 ,! ,m5nonites   
also disclaim k9%ip ) him on ! gr\nds t 
he s\ght a reg5]ation ( society z a :ole
 9 ?is _w4#aaa  ,= mo/ m5 ! doctr9e (   
complete an>*ism has seem$ too extreme =
 practical consid]ation1 b x w\ld seem t
 ,tol/oy arriv$ at ! logical conclusion 
( a sy/em ( non-resi/ance bas$ on !     
premise t man %\ld n combat evil1 nor h 

any relation%ip :atev] ) human          
in/itutions :i* attempt to re/ra9 m5 by 
means o!r ?an reliance ^u ! =ce (       
example & goodwill4  ,,footnotes3  #ajh 
,aylm] ,maude1 ,! ,life ( ,tol/oy1 7,new
 ,york3 ,dodd1 ,mead1 #aiaj71 ,,ii1     
#ced-cfj1 :]e ! lett]s to & f ,ball\ are
 quot$ at l5g?4 ,see also ,c\nt ,leo ,n4
 ,tol/oy1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god is ,)9 ,y1   
translat$ by ,leo ,wi5] 7,bo/on3 ,dana  
,e/es  ,co41 #aije71 #f-bb4  #aji ,9 a  
lett] to ,l4 ,g4 ,wilson1 ,tol/oy said3 
,i _c agree ) ! concession he ,ball\    
makes = employ+ viol5ce aga9/ drunk>ds &
 insane p4 ,! ,ma/] made no concessions1
 & we c make none4 ,we mu/ try1 z ,mr4  
,ball\ puts x1 to make impossible !     
exi/5ce ( su* p1 b if !y d exi/1 we mu/ 
use all possible means1 & sacrifice     
ourselves1 b n employ viol5ce4 ,a true  
,*ri/ian w always pref] to be kill$ by a
 madman1 ?an to deprive him ( 8 lib]ty4 
,maude1 ,tol/oy1 ,,ii1 #cee-cef4  #aaj  
,j4 ,f4 ,c4 ,wright1 ,slava ,bohu3 ,!   
,/ory ( ! ,dukhobors 7,new ,york3 ,f>r> 

& ,r9eh>t1 #aidj71 #ii4  #aaa ,h]%b]g]  
says ( him3 ,he id5tifi$ ! k+dom ( ,god 
) human society aft] ! mann] ( ! social 
gospel4 ,b s9ce he believ$ 9 an absolute
 r5unciation ( viol5ce = all m51 ,tol/oy
 0 an an>*i/1 repudiat+ ! /ate altoge!r4
 ,biblical nonresi/ance decl9es to      
p>ticipate 9 ! co]cive activities ( !   
/ate1 b nev]!less reg>ds ^? z necess>y =
 ! ma9t5ance ( ord] 9 a s9ful society1 &
 is n an>*i/ic4 ,b ,tol/oy f\nd no place
 = ! /ate 9 human society at all2 & due 
to 8 fai? 9 ! goodness ( man he believ$ 
t ev5tually all co]cion1 includ+ dome/ic
 police1 w\ld be done away4 ,m5nonite   
,qu4 ,rev41 ,,xvii1 #abi-acj4     ,,vii4
 ,,active ,,goodwill ,,&                
,,reconciliation   ,! t]m resi/ance has 
occurr$ frequ5tly 9 ?is /udy4 ,z has be5
 po9t$ out1 ?is ^w has a negative       
quality1 & implies opposition to ! w (  
ano!r1 r ?an an attempt to realize a    
positive policy4 ,! prec$+ section dealt
 ) its c\nt]p>t1 non-resi/ance1 :i* has 
a neutral connotation1 & implies t !    

non-resi/] is n involv$ 9 ! imm$iate    
/ruggle1 & t = him ! refusal to inflict 
injury ^u anyone is a high] value ?an ! 
a*ievem5t ( any policy ( 8 own1 ei!r    
positive or negative4  ,non-viol5t      
co]cion1 ,satyagraha1 & non-viol5t      
direct action1 on ! o!r h&1 are         
def9itely positive 9 _! approa*4 ,ea*   
seeks to effectuate a specifi$ *ange 9 !
 policy ( ! p]son or gr\p responsible = 
a situation :i* ^? :o organize !        
non-viol5t action believe to be         
undesirable4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 9 su* action ! 
negative quality may appe>4 ,satyagraha1
 = in/ance1 ins(> z x is a movem5t (    
opposition or resi/ance to ,briti% rule 
9 ,india is negative1 despite its       
positive objectives ( e/abli%+ a c]ta9  
type ( gov]nm5t & economic sy/em 9 t    
c\ntry4  ,! employm5t ( active goodwill 
is ano!r approa* to ! problem ( br++    
ab\t desir$ social *ange4 ,its propon5ts
 seek to accompli% a positive alt]ation 
9 ! attitude & policy ( ! gr\p or p]son 
responsible = "s undesirable situation2 

b !y refuse to use co]cion--ev5         
non-viol5t co]cion4 ,r !y endeavor to   
conv9ce _! oppon5t t x w\ld be desirable
 to *ange 8 policy because ! *ange w\ld 
be 9 8 own be/ int]e/1 or w\ld actually 
ma9ta9 8 own real /&>d ( values4  ,_m ( 
^? :o w\ld reject all co]cion ( an      
oppon5t practice su* positive goodwill  
t[>ds him1 n because !y are conv9c$ t _!
 action w accompli% ! social purposes   
:i* !y w\ld l to a*ieve1 b r because !y 
place su* an attitude t[>d _! fell[m5 z 
_! highe/ value4 ,!y insi/ t !y w\ld act
 9 ! same way reg>dless ( ! consequ5ces 
( _! action1 ei!r to ! p]son t[>ds :om  
!y practice goodwill or to !mselves4 ,!y
 act on ! basis ( pr9ciple r ?an on !   
basis ( exp$i5cy4 ,9 ?is reg>d !y are l 
_m ( ! practition]s ( o!r me?ods (      
non-viol5ce2 b unlike !m !y place _!    
emphasis on ! positive action ( goodwill
 :i* !y w use1 r ?an ^u a catalogue (   
viol5t actions :i* !y w n use4  ,to ^?  
:o practice ! me?od ( goodwill all types
 ( education & p]suasion are available4 

,9 ! pa/ !y h us$ ! pr9t$ & spok5 ^w1 & 
"u favorable circum/ances ev5 political 
action4 ,!y hope to appeal to t ( ,god 9
 e man1 to br+ ab\t g5u9e rep5tance on !
 "p ( ^? :o h be5 responsible = evil4   
,if direct p]suasion is n effective1 !y 
hope t _! exhibition ( love t[>ds him   
:om o!rs "u ! same circum/ances w\ld    
reg>d z an enemy may appeal to an aspect
 ( 8 nature :i* is tempor>ily subm]g$1 &
 result 9 a *ange ( attitude on 8 "p4   
,if x does n1 ^! advocates ( goodwill   
are ready to suff] ! consequ5ces ( _!   
action1 ev5 to ! po9t ( dea?4   ,action 
9 ! ,face ( ,p]secution  ,! practice (  
positive goodwill is op5 to ! individual
 z well z to ! gr\p4 ,s9ce he does :at  
he believes to be "r reg>dless ( !      
consequ5ces1 he w act be=e !re are en\gh
 :o %>e 8 op9ion to create any *ance (  
victory ov] ! well organiz$ =ces ( !    
/ate or o!r in/itutions :i* are         
responsible = evil4 ,! hi/ory ( ! m>tyrs
 ( all ages pres5ts u ) innum]able      
examples ( m5 :o h act$ 9 ?is way4      

,socrates is ( _! numb]1 z well z ! e>ly
 ,*ri/ians :o insi/$ ^u practic+ _!     
religion despite ! edicts ( ! ,roman    
empire4 ,jesus himself is ! out/&+      
example ( "o :o 0 will+ to die r ?an to 
surr5d] pr9ciple4 ,x _c be said ( ^!    
m>tyrs t !y act$ 9 ord] to br+ ab\t     
re=ms 9 society4 ,!y suff]$ because "u !
 compulsion ( _! fai? !y c\ld act 9 no  
o!r way1 & at ! "t ( _! dea?s x always  
look$ z ?\gh !y _h be5 defeat$4 ,b 9 !  
end _! sacrifices _h uns\ght results4 ,!
 pro( ( _! effectiv5ess is decl>$ 9 !   
old adage t ! blood ( ! m>tyrs is ! se$ 
( ! *ur*4  ,if we seek examples f       
relatively rec5t times1 we may f9d !m 9 
! annals ( _m ( ! pacifi/ sects ( our   
own day4 ,rob]t ,b>clay1 ! ,quak]       
apologi/ ( ! late sev5te5? c5tury1 /at$ 
! position :i* ! memb]s ( ! ,society (  
,fri5ds s (t5 put to ! te/3        ,b ! 
true1 fai?ful & ,*ri/ian suff]+ is = m5 
to      pr(ess :at !y are p]suad$ is "r1
 & s practise &      p]=m _! wor%ip     
t[>ds ,god1 z be+ _! true "r s to       

d2 & nei!r to d m ?an t1 because (      
outw>d      enc\ragem5t f m52 nor any   
:it less1 because ( ! fe> (      _! laws
 & acts aga9/ x4#aab   ,! e>ly ,quak]s  
suff]$ sev]ely "u ! laws ( ,engl& 9 a   
day :5 religi\s tol]ation 0 virtually   
unhe>d (4 ,george ,fox himself _h sixty 
enc\nt]s ) magi/rates & 0 imprison$ on  
eight occasions2 yet he 0 n div]t$ f 8  
task ( prea*+ tru?4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t
 #ae1jjj ,quak]s suff]$ "u ! v>i\s      
religi\s acts ( ! ,re/oration4#aac ,b !y
 cont9u$ to hold ! pr9ciples :i* _h be5 
/at$ by twelve ( _! lead]s1 includ+     
,fox1 to ,k+ ,*>les %ortly aft] 8 return
 to ,engl&3        ,our pr9ciple is1 &  
our practice always has be51 to seek    
peace      & ensue x2 to foll[ aft]     
righte\sness & ! k (      ,god2 seek+ ! 
good & welf>e1 & do+ t :i* t5ds to      
! peace ( all4              99       99 
99       99       99       ,:5 we h be5 
wrong$1 we h n s\ght to rev5ge          
ourselves2 we h n made resi/ance aga9/  
au?ority2 b      :5ev] we c\ld n obey = 

consci5ce sake1 we h suff]$      ! mo/ (
 any p 9 ! nation4444#aad   ,^! suff]+s 
did n g unhe$$4 ,ev5 ! wordly ,samuel   
,pepys wrote 9 8 di>y conc]n+ ,quak]s on
 _! way to prison3 ,!y g l lambs )\t any
 resi/ance ,i w\ld to ,god !y w\ld ei!r 
con=m or be m wise & n be cat*$4#aae  ,9
 ,massa*usetts1 :]e ! ,puritans hop$ to 
e/abli% ! true g>d5 ( ! ,"l1 ! lot ( !  
,quak]s 0 ev5 m sev]e4 ,despite w>n+s & 
imprisonm5ts1 ,fri5ds kept encroa*+ ^u !
 ,puritan pres]ve until ! ,massa*usetts 
zealots1 9 _! desp]ation ov] ! failure (
 ! g5tl] means ( qu5*+ ,quak] ardor1    
condemn$ & execut$ ?ree m5 & a woman4   
,ev5 ,*>les ,,ii 0 revolt$ by su*       
extreme measures1 & ord]$ ! colony to   
desi/4 ,aft] a long /ruggle ! ,quak]s1  
along ) o!r advocates ( lib]ty (        
consci5ce1 won _! /ruggle = religi\s    
lib]ty ev5 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,!re c be   
little d\bt t _! suff]+s play$ an       
important "p 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( religi\s  
lib]ty z an ,am]ican pr9ciple4#aaf  ,9  
our own day ! consci5ti\s objector to   

milit>y s]vice1 :atev] 8 motivation &   
philosophy1 faces a social situation v  
simil> to t :i* confront$ ^! e>ly       
support]s ( a new fai?4 ,= ! mom5t !re  
is little *ance t 8 insi/5ce ^u foll[+ !
 highe/ values :i* 8 consci5ce          
recognizes w br+ an end to w>1 because  
!re are n en\gh o!rs :o %>e 8           
convictions4 ,he takes 8 individual /&  
)\t reg>d = outw>d consequ5ces to       
himself1 because 8 conviction leaves him
 no o!r alt]native4 ,b ev5 ?\gh 8       
suff]+s d n at once make possible !     
univ]sal practice ( goodwill t[>ds all  
m51 !y may 9 ! end h ! result ( help+ to
 bani% w> f ! _w4  ,,footnotes3  #aab   
,rob]t ,b>clay1 ,an ,apology = ! ,true  
,*ri/ian ,div9ity2 be+ an ,explanation &
 ,v9dication ( ! ,pr9ciples & ,doctr9es 
( ! ,p ,call$ ,quak]s 7,philadelphia3   
,fri5ds' ,book ,/ore1 #aijh71           
,proposition ,,xiv1 ,section ,,vi1 #dhj4
  #aac ,a4 ,ru? ,fry1 ,quak] ,ways3 ,an 
,attempt to ,expla9 ,quak] ,beliefs &   
,practices & to ,illu/rate !m by !      

,lives & ,activities ( ,fri5ds ( ,=m]   
,days 7,london3 ,cassell1 #aicc71 #abf1 
#aca4  #aad ,quot$ by ,m>g>et ,e4 ,hir/1
 ,! ,quak]s 9 ,peace & ,w>3 an ,acc\nt (
 ,_! ,peace ,pr9ciples & ,practice 7,new
 ,york3 ,george ,h4 ,doran1 #aibc71     
#aae-aaf4  #aae ,quot$ 9 ,fry1 ,quak]   
,ways1 #abh-abi4  #aaf ,hir/1 #cbg2     
,rufus ,m4 ,jones1 ,! ,quak]s 9 !       
,am]ican ,colonies 7,london3 ,macmillan1
 #aibc71 #c-ace4   ,co]cion or          
,p]suasion8  ,a man :o is will+ to      
und]go imprisonm5t & ev5 dea? itself r  
?an to cease do+ :at he believes is "r  
kn[s 9 8 own he>t t co]cion is n an     
effective means ( p]suasion4 ,! e>ly    
,quak]s saw ?is cle>ly4 ,b>clay /at$ 8  
conviction 9 ^! words3        ,?is =c+ (
 m5's consci5ces is contr>y to s\nd     
reason1 &      ! v law ( nature4 ,=     
man's und]/&+ _c be =c$ by      all !   
bodily suff]+s ano!r man c inflict ^u   
him1      especially 9 matt]s spiritual 
& sup]-natural3 ',tis argum5t1      &   
evid5t demon/ration ( reason1 toge!r ) !

 p[] ( ,god      rea*+ ! he>t1 t c *ange
 a man's m9d f "o op9ion      to ano!r1 
& n knocks & bl[s1 & su* l ?+s1 :i*     
may well de/roy ! body1 b nev] c in=m ! 
s\l1 :i* is      a free ag5t1 & mu/ ei!r
 accept or reject matt]s ( op9ion      z
 !y are borne 9 ^u x by some?+          
proportion$ to its own      nature4#aag 
,& ,william ,p5n said m simply1 ,gaols &
 gibbets are inadequate me?ods =        
conv]sion3 ?is =bids all fur!r light to 
come into ! _w4#aah  ,o!r religi\s gr\ps
 :o w5t ?r\gh exp]i5ces comp>able to ^? 
( ! ,fri5ds came to simil> conclusions4 
,! ,*ur* ( ! ,bre?r51 f\nd$ 9 #agji 9   
,g]many1 took z "o ( its lead+ pr9ciples
 t !re %all be no =ce 9 religion1 &     
c>ri$ x out s fai?fully t !y w\ld n     
baptize *ildr51 on ! gr\nd t ?is act    
w\ld co]ce !m into memb]%ip 9 ! *ur*    
be=e !y c\ld decide to jo9 ( _! own free
 w4 ,! ,bre?r5 h refus$ to take "p 9 w> 
n only because x is contr>y to ! _s (   
,*ri/ian love1 & de/roys sacr$ human    
life1 b also because x is co]cive &     

int]f]es ) ! free rights ( o!rs4#aai  ,=
 ! p]son :o believes 9 ! practice (     
positive goodwill t[>ds all m51 !       
refusal to use co]cion arises f its     
incompatibility ) ! _s ( positive reg>d 
= e memb] ( ! human family1 r ?an be+ a 
sep>ate value 9 itself4 ,9 social       
situations ?is reg>d may express itself 
9 v>i\s ways4 ,x may h a desirable      
result f ! po9t ( view ( ! practition]1 
b aga9 we mu/ emphasize t he does :at he
 does on ! basis ( pr9ciple2 ! result is
 a second>y consid]ation4  ,,footnotes3 
#aag ,b>clay1 ,apology1 ,prop4 ,,xiv1   
,sec4 ,,iv1 #dgj4  #aah ,fry1 ,quak]    
,ways4 #ei-fj4  #aai ,d4 ,w4 ,kurtz1    
,ideals ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,bre?r51 leaflet  
7,elg91 ,ill43 ,g5]al ,mission ,bo>d1   
#aicd872 ,m>t9 ,g4 ,brumbaugh 9 ,/udies 
9 ! ,doctr9e ( ,peace 7,elg91 ,ill43    
,bo>d ( ,*ri/ian ,education1 ,*ur* ( !  
,bre?r51 #aici71 #ef2 ! /atem5t ( !     
,go%5 ,conf]5ce ( #aiah & o!r /atem5ts (
 ! position ( ! *ur* 9 ,l4 ,w4 ,%ultz   
7ed471 ,m9utes ( ! ,annual ,conf]5ce ( !

 ,*ur* ( ! ,bre?r5 on ,w> & ,peace1     
mimeo 7,elg93 ,bd4 ( ,*r4 ,ed41 ,*ur* ( 
! ,bre?r51 #aice72 & ! pamphlet by      
,rob]t ,h5ry ,mill]1 ,! ,*ri/ian        
,philosophy ( ,peace 7,elg93 ,bd4 ( ,*r4
 ,ed41 ,*ur* ( ! ,bre?r51 #aice74       
,m9i/]+ to ,gr\ps 9 ,conflict  ,"o      
expression ( ?is philosophy may be      
ab/5tion f p>tisan%ip 9 conflicts betwe5
 o!r gr\ps1 9 ord] to adm9i/] imp>tially
 to ! human ne$ ( bo? p>ties to !       
conflict4  ,9 ?is connection mu* has be5
 made ( ! /ory ( ! ,iri% ,quak]s dur+ ! 
rebellion 9 t c\ntry 9 #agih4 ,be=e !   
conflict broke into op5 viol5ce !       
,qu>t]ly ,meet+s & ! ,g5]al ,national   
,meet+ recomm5d$ t all ,fri5ds de/roy   
all fire>ms 9 _! possession s t !re c\ld
 be no suspicion ( _! implication 9 !   
com+ /ruggle4 ,dur+ ! fight+ 9 #agih !  
,fri5ds int]c$$ ) bo? sides 9 ! int]e/s 
( humanity1 ent]ta9$ ! de/itute f bo?   
p>ties & treat$ ! w\nds ( any man :o    
ne$$ c>e4 ,bo? ! ,gov]nm5t =ces & !     
rebels came to respect ,quak] integrity1

 & 9 ! mid/ ( pillage & rap9e ! ,quak]  
h\seholds escap$ unsca!d4 ,b ,?omas     
,hancock1 :o told ! /ory a few ye>s     
lat]1 po9t$ out t 9 _! c\rse ( conduct !
 ,fri5ds _h n s\ght safety4        ,x   
is1 he said1 to be presum$1 t1 ev5 if   
outw>d      pres]vation _h n be5        
exp]i5c$1 !y :o consci5ti\sly      take 
! maxims ( ,peace = ! rule ( _! conduct1
 w\ld hold      x n less _! duty to     
con=m to ^? pr9ciples2 because !        
rew>d ( su* endeavor to act 9 ob$i5ce to
 _! ,div9e      ,ma/]'s w is n always to
 be look$ = 9 ! pres5t life4      ,:ile1
 !re=e1 ! fact ( _! outw>d pres]vation  
w\ld be      no suffici5t argum5t to    
!mselves t !y _h act$ z !y      ought to
 act 9 su* a crisis1 x af=ds a /rik+    
lesson to      ^? :o w take no pr9ciple1
 t has n be5 v]ifi$ by      exp]i5ce1 = 
a rule ( human conduct1 ev5 if x %\ld h 
!      sanction ( ,div9e au?ority4#abj  
,x is 9 ?is same _s t v>i\s pacifi/     
gr\ps und]took ! "w ( relief ( suff]+   
aft] ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w> 9 fri5dly & enemy  

c\ntries alike1 m9i/]+ to human ne$ )\t 
di/9ction ( p>ty1 race or cre$4 ,!      
/ories ( ! "w ( ! ,am]ican ,fri5ds      
,s]vice ,committee & ! ,s]vice ,civil   
f\nd$ by ,pi]re ,c]esole are too well   
kn[n to ne$ repeat+ "h4#aba ,x %\ld n be
 ov]look$ t 9 ?is same _s ! ,bre?r5 & ! 
,m5nonites also c>ri$ on l>ge scale     
relief projects dur+ ! int]w> ye>s4     
,,footnotes3  #abj ,?omas ,hancock1 ,!  
,pr9ciples ( ,peace ,exemplifi$ 9 !     
,conduct ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds 9 ,irel&
 ,dur+ ! ,rebellion ( ! ye> #agih1 ) "s 
,prelim9>y & ,conclud+ ,obs]vations     
7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #ahbf71 #bh-bi4 ,all
 ! important features ( ! /ory are      
summ>iz$ 9 ,hir/1 #baf-bbd4  #aba ,le/] 
,m4 ,jones1 ,quak]s 9 ,action3 ,rec5t   
,humanit>ian & ,re=m ,activities ( !    
,am]ican ,quak]s 7,new ,york3           
,macmillan1 #aibi72 ,rufus ,m4 ,jones1  
,a ,s]vice ( ,love 9 ,w> ,"t 7,new      
,york3 ,macmillan1 #aibj72 ,m>y ,hoxie  
,jones1 ,swords into ,pl[%>es3 ,an      
,acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican ,fri5ds ,s]vice    

,committee #aiag-aicg 7,new ,york3      
,macmillan1 #aicg72 ,willis ,h4 ,hall1  
,quak] ,int]national ,"w 9 ,europe ,s9ce
 #aiad 7,*amb]y1 ,savoie1 ,france3      
,imprim]ies ,reunies1 #aich74 ,on       
,s]vice ,civil1 see ,lilian ,/ev5son1   
,t[>ds a ,*ri/ian ,int]national1 ,!     
,/ory ( ! ,int]national ,fell[%ip (     
,reconciliation 7,vi5na3 ,int]national  
,fell[%ip ( ,reconciliation1 #aibi71    
#bg-ca1 & ,alan ,a4 ,hunt]1 ,:ite       
,corpuscles 9 ,europe 7,*icago3         
,willett1 ,cl>k1 #aici71 #cc-db4   ,!   
,p[] ( ,example  ,a social gr\p t acts  
consi/5tly 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( 
active goodwill also ex]ts great        
influ5ce ?r\gh ! =ce ( its example4 ,a  
/udy ( ! ,quak] activities 9 behalf (   
social welf>e 0 publi%$ 9 ,g]many j be=e
 ! ,fir/ ,_w ,w>1 by ,augu/e ,jorns4 ,%e
 %[s h[1 9 relief ( ! poor1 education1  
temp]ance1 public heal?1 ! c>e ( !      
insane1 prison re=m1 & ! abolition (    
slav]y1 ! ,quak]s set ab\t to solve !   
problem )9 _! own society1 b nev] 9 an  

exclusive way1 s t o!rs z well z memb]s 
might receive ! b5efits ( ,quak]        
ent]prises4 ,quak] me?ods became well   
kn[n1 & 9 "t s]v$ z models = simil>     
und]tak+s by o!r philan?ropic gr\ps &   
public ag5cies4 ,_m mod]n social "w     
proc$ures ?us _h _! orig9s 9 ! "w ( !   
,fri5ds 9 a relatively small circle4#abb
  ,,footnote3  #abb ,augu/e ,jorns1 ,!  
,quak]s z ,pione]s 9 ,social ,"w1 trans4
 by ,?omas ,kite ,br[n 7,new ,york3     
,macmillan1 #aica74   ,"w = ,social     
,re=m  ,! activity ( ,quak]s 9 !        
abolition ( slav]y bo? 9 ,engl& &       
,am]ica1 especially ! life-long "w (    
,john ,woolman 9 ! colonies1 is well    
kn[n4 ,"h too1 ! fir/ conc]n$ ,fri5ds   
attempt$ to br+ to an end ! practice (  
hold+ slaves )9 ! ,society itself4 ,:5  
!y _h succe$$ 9 elim9at+ x f _! own     
ranks1 !y c\ld1 ) a cle> consci5ce1     
sugge/ t _! neighbors foll[ _! example4 
,:5 ! "t came1 ,quak]s 7 will+ to take  
"p 9 political action to eradicate !    
evil4 ,! comp5sat$ emancipation ( !     

slaves 9 ! ,briti% ,empire 9 #ahcc prov$
 t ! re=m c\ld be accompli%$ )\t !      
viol5t rep]cussions :i* foll[$ 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates4#abc  ,horace ,g4 ,alex&] 
has po9t$ out t ! p]son :o volunt>ily   
surr5d]s privilege1 z ! ,am]ican ,quak]s
 did 9 giv+ up _! slaves1 n only s]ves z
 a witness to ! falsehood ( privilege1 b
 c nev] re/ until re=m is a*iev$4       
,! v fact1 he says1 t he feels a loyalty
 to !      oppressors z well z to !     
oppress$ means t he c nev] re/          
until ! oppressors h be5 conv]t$4 ,x is 
n _!      de/ruction t he wants1 b a    
*ange 9 _! he>ts4#abd   ,su* an attitude
 is bas$ ^u a fai? 9 ! p]fectibility (  
man & ! possibility ( ! reg5]ation (    
society4 ,x leads f a desire to live    
"o's own life accord+ to high pr9ciples 
to a desire to e/abli% simil> pr9ciples 
9 human in/itutions4 ,x rejects ! !sis (
 ,re9hold ,niebuhr t social gr\ps c nev]
 live accord+ to ! same moral codes z   
individuals1 & also ! belief ( su* gr\ps
 z ! ,m5nonites t1 s9ce ! _w is         

necess>ily evil1 ! precepts ( high      
religion apply only to ^? :o h accept$ !
 ,*ri/ian way ( life4 ,in/ead1 !        
conviction ( ^? :o hold ?is ideal t x is
 social z well z individual 9 its       
application leads !m into ! pa?ways (   
social re=m1 & ev5 into political       
action4  ,,footnotes3  #abc ,h5ry ,j4   
,cadbury1 ,colonial ,quak] ,antec$5ts to
 ,briti% ,abolition ( ,slav]y1 ,an      
address to ! ,fri5ds' ,hi/orical        
,society1 ,m>* #aicc 7,london3 ,fri5ds  
,committee on ,slav]y & ,protection (   
,native ,races1 #aicc71 repr9t$ f ,!    
,fri5ds' ,qu>t]ly ,exam9]1 ,july1 #aicc2
 ,jorns1 #aig-bcc4  #abd ,horace ,g4    
,alex&] 9 ,he>d1 et al41 ,! ,new        
,pacifism1 #ic4   ,political ,action &  
,compromise  ,! ,quak]s1 = in/ance1 h   
be5 not$ = _! p>ticipation 9 all sorts (
 re=m movem5ts4 ,s9ce e re=m 9 "o s5se  
involves opposition to "s exi/+         
in/itution1 ,cl>5ce ,case has be5 l$ to 
call ! ,quak]s non-physical             
resi/ants2#abe b s9ce _! real objective 

0 usually ! e/abli%m5t ( a new          
in/itution r ?an ! m]e de/ruction ( an  
old "o1 !y might bett] be call$         
non-viol5t advocates4 ,!y 7 will+ to    
advocate _! re=ms 9 ! public =um & !    
political ar5a4 ,s9ce1 z ,rufus ,jones  
has po9t$ out1 su* action might yield to
 ! temptation to compromise ) m5 ( less]
 ideals1 !re has always be5 an elem5t 9 
! ,society ( ,fri5ds :i* insi/$ t !     
ideal mu/ be s]v$ 9 its entirety1 ev5 to
 ! ext5t ( giv+ up public (fice &       
influ5ce r ?an to compromise4#abf ,9    
,p5nsylvania ! ,quak]s )drew f !        
legislature :5 x became necess>y 9 !    
exi/+ political situation to vote       
support ( ! ,fr5* & ,indian w>1 b !y did
 s n because !y did n believe 9         
political action1 9 :i* up to t mom5t !y
 _h tak5 "p will+ly en\gh1 b r because  
"u ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t x 0         
impossible to realize _! ideals by t    
means4#abg  ,ru? ,fry1 9 discuss+ !     
uncompromis+ attitude ( ! ,fri5ds on !  
issue ( slav]y1 has well describ$ !     

process ( ,quak] re=m3        ,"o _c    
help feel+ t ?is /rong /& = ! ultimate  
"r 0 f> m responsible = success ?an ! m 
timid "o1      & %\ld enc\rage su*      
action 9 o!r great causes4 ,9 fact1     
! ideal ,quak] me?od w\ld seem to be    
pati5t wait+ =      enlight5m5t on !    
und]ly+ pr9ciple1 :i* :5 se5 is s       
absolutely cle> & conv9c+ t no out]     
difficulties or      suff]+ c affect x3 
its full implications gradually appe>1  
& its ultimate triumph c nev] be d\bt$4 
,any advance t[>ds      x1 may be       
accept$ z a /epp+ /one1 al?\gh only     
me?ods      consi/5t ) ,quak] ideals may
 be us$ to ga9 ! desir$ end4      ,do+  
any?+ t+$ ) evil1 t good may come1 is   
entirely      contr>y to _! ideas4#abh  
,%e goes on to say1 ,z ev]1 ! exact l9e 
( dem>cation betwe5 me?ods aggressive   
en\gh to ar\se ! indol5t & ^? beyond !  
b\nds ( ,quak] propriety 0 inde$        
difficult to draw4#abi  ,9 su* a /atem5t
 we f9d a conception ( compromise :i* is
 diff]5t f t usually enc\nt]$4 ,9 x !   

advocate ( ! ideal says t = ! "t be+ he 
w accept less ?an 8 ultimate goal1      
provid$ ! *ange is 9 ! direction 9 :i*  
he desires to move1 b he w n accept !   
slighte/ compromise :i* w\ld move away f
 8 goal4  ,,footnotes3  #abe ,case1     
,non-,viol5t ,co]cion1 #ib-ic4  #abf    
,rufus ,m4 ,jones1 ,! ,quak]s 9 !       
,am]ican ,colonies1 #age-agf4  #abg     
,jones1 ,quak]s 9 ! ,colonies1 #dei-did2
 ,isaac ,%>pless1 ,a ,quak] ,exp]im5t 9 
,gov]nm5t 7,philadelphia3 ,alfr$ ,j4    
,f]ris1 #ahih71 #bbf-bgf4  #abh ,fry1   
,quak] ,ways1 #aga-agb4  #abi ,ibid41   
#agg4   ,! ,?ird ,alt]native  ,! logical
 pursuit ( su* a pr9ciple leads ev5     
fur!r ?an ! type ( compromise :i* ,ru?  
,fry has describ$1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( a  
new basis ( und]/&+ :i* may n include   
any ( ! pr9ciples = :i* ! p>ties 9      
conflict may h be5 /riv+1 & yet :i* br+s
 ab\t reconciliation4  ,eric ,heyman1   
speak+ 9 religi\s t]ms1 has said ( ?is  
process ( discov]+ a new basis ( und]/&+
 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( positive goodwill1   

ev5 t[>d an oppressor3        ,t is !   
way ( ,god1 & x is !re=e ! way ( our    
disciple%ip z reconcil]s2 ! way (       
non-resi/ance to evil1 (      ! total   
acceptance ( ! consequ5ces ( evil 9 all 
_! lurid      de/ructiv5ess1 9 ord] t ! 
evil do] may be reconcil$ to            
,god4444 ,! :ole consequ5ces ( 8        
pres5ce1 :e!r small or      great mu/ be
 accept$ ) ! s+le realisation t ! :ole  
process ( ! _w's r$emption re/s ^u !    
relation%ip :i*      ! ,*ri/ian is able 
to create betwe5 himself & 8 oppressor4 
,?is c\rse has no?+ 9 common )          
resi/ance2 x is !      opposite (       
surr5d]1 = its :ole purpose & motive is 
!      triumph+ ov] evil by acceptance (
 all t x br+s4444 ,!      resi/ance (   
evil1 :e!r by way ( viol5ce or          
'non-viol5ce' is      ! way ( ?is _w4   
,resignation to evil is ! way ( weak    
surr5d]1 & yields only a p[]less        
res5tm5t2 at its be/ x      is          
non-moral1 at ! wor/ %e]ly immoral4     
,acceptance ( evil is      ! triumphant 

answ] ( ! r$eem]4 ,9 ! mom5t ( 8        
acceptance he kn[s ( a c]ta9ty t he has 
ov]come !      _w4#acj   ,?is process ( 
f9d+ a new basis ( relation%ip has be5  
call$ a ?ird alt]native1 :i* produces no
 majority rule & no defeat$ m9ority4#aca
 ,! ,quak]s h long us$ ?is me?od 9      
arriv+ at decisions )9 _! own meet+s4   
,!y refuse to make motions & take votes 
:i* produce cle>cut divisions )9 ! gr\p1
 b insi/ t no action %all be tak5 until 
all div]g5t po9ts ( view h be5 express$1
 & a /atem5t drawn up :i* embodies !    
s5se ( ! meet+ & is acceptable to all4  
,z ,elton ,trueblood has said1 ,!       
ov]p[]+ ( a m9ority by call+ = a vote is
 a k9d ( =ce1 & bre$s ! res5tm5t :i*    
keeps ! me?od ( =ce f a*iev+ ultimate   
success ) p]sons4#acb ,d\glas ,/e]e has 
describ$ ! process 9 ^! words3          
,?is un%akable fai? 9 ! way ( vital1    
mutual int]action by      conciliatory  
conf]5ce is held to be applicable to    
int]national      & int]racial conflict 
z x is to t betwe5 work]s &             

employ]1 or betwe5 man & wife4 ,b x is n
 cont5t to /op      !re4 ,x w\ld defy   
all fe>s & br+ into ! t5se process (    
arriv+ at ?is jo9t decision a k9d (     
pati5ce & a quiet      confid5ce :i*    
believes1 n t !re is no o!r way1 b t    
!re is a '?ird-alt]native' :i* w        
annihilate nei!r      p>ty4#acc   ,m4   
,p4 ,follett1 tw5ty ye>s ago1 wrote a   
book entitl$ ,creative ,exp]i5ce1 9 :i* 
%e support$ ?is same conclusion on !    
basis ( sci5tific k ab\t ! nature ( man1
 society & politics4 ,speak+ ( !        
democratic process %e said3        ,we h
 ! w ( ! p ideally :5 all desires are   
satisfi$4444 ,! aim ( democracy %\ld be 
integrat+ desires4 ,i      h said t tru?
 em]ges f diff]5ce4 ,9 ! ballot-box     
!re is no confront+ ( diff]5ce1 h5ce no 
possibility (      integrat+1 h5ce no   
creat+2 self-gov]nm5t is a creative     
process & no?+ else4444 ,democracy does 
n regi/] v>i\s      op9ions2 x is an    
attempt to create unity4#acd   ,x might 
be said t 9 s f> z democracy has        

succe$$1 x has done s because ( its     
adh]5ce to ?is pr9ciple4 ,! division ( a
 society into gr\ps :i* are unremitt+ly 
committ$ to /ruggle aga9/ ea* o!r1 :e!r 
by viol5t or non-viol5t means1 until "o 
or ! o!r has be5 annihilat$ or =c$ to   
yield outw>dly to its oppressors = ! "t 
be+1 w inevitably de/roy ! loyalty to a 
common purpose ?r\gh :i* alone democracy
 c exi/4  ,! contra/ betwe5 ! ,briti% & 
,am]ican attitudes t[>d ! abolition (   
slav]y pres5ts u ) a case 9 po9t4 ,9    
,great ,brita91 ! ,emancipation ,act    
conta9$ provisions = ! comp5sation ( !  
slave own]s1 s t x became acceptable to 
!m4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! advocates (    
abolition insi/$ t s9ce slav]y 0 s9 !re 
c\ld be no recognition ( ! rights ( !   
own]s4 ,elihu ,burritt & 8 ,league (    
,univ]sal ,bro!rhood 7 z mu* oppos$ to  
slav]y z ! mo/ ard5t abolitioni/s1 yet (
 ! ,league ,burritt decl>$3 ,x w n only 
aim at ! mutual pacification ( enemies1 
b at _! conv]sion into bre?r54#ace      
,burritt became ! *ief advocate (       

comp5sat$ emancipation 9 ! ,unit$       
,/ates4 ,f9ally ! idea 0 sugge/$ 9 !    
,s5ate & he>+s _h be5 arrang$ on !      
measure4        ,b1 ,burritt said1 j z x
 _h rea*$ t /age at :i*                 
,congressional action 0 ab\t to         
recognize x z a legitimate              
proposition1 ',john ,br[n's raid'       
sudd5ly clos$ ! door aga9/      all     
ov]tures or ef=ts = ! peaceful ext9ction
 ( slav]y4      ,its ext9ction by       
comp5sat$ emancipation w\ld h recogniz$ 
! moral complicity ( ! :ole nation 9    
plant+ &      p]petuat+ x on ?is        
cont95t4 ,x w\ld h be5 an act (         
rep5tance1 & ! meete/ "w = rep5tance !  
nation c\ld      p]=m4#acf   ,! c\ntry 0
 already too divid$ to /rive = ?is ?ird 
alt]native1 &1 :e!r or n slav]y 0 "o ( !
 prime causes ( ! ,civil ,w>1 x made its
 contribution to creat+ ! feel+ :i*     
br\ght on ! conflict4 ,9 ! light ( !    
pres5t int5sity ( racial feel+ 9 !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 x c h>dly be said t !    
en=c$ settlem5t ( ! w> gave ! ,negro an 

equal place 9 ,am]ican society or       
elim9at$ conflict betwe5 ! races4  ,"o (
 ! virtues ( ! me?od ( reconciliation ( 
views 9 seek+ ! ?ird alt]native is t x c
 be practic$ by ! individual or a v     
small gr\p z well z on ! national or    
int]national scale4 ,james ,my]s has    
describ$ its use )9 ! local community 9 
! in=mal conf]5ce4 ,9 su* a conf]5ce1 ! 
p]son or gr\p desir+ to create bett]    
und]/&+ or to elim9ate conflict betwe5  
elem5ts ( ! community calls toge!r1 )\t 
any publicity1 repres5tatives ( v>i\s   
int]e/s = a discussion ( po9ts ( view1 )
 ! und]/&+ t !re w be no attempt to rea*
 conclusions or arrive at any (ficial   
decisions4 ,james ,my]s' exp]i5ce has   
indicat$ t ! conf]5ces create an        
appreciation ( ! reasons = =m] div]g5ce 
( op9ion1 & a realization ( !           
possibilities ( new bases ( relation%ip 
:i* h (t5 result$ 9 eas+ t5sions )9 !   
community & 9 ! solution ( racial1      
economic & social conflicts4#acg  ,ev5  
on ! int]national level1 individuals may

 make "s contribution t[>d ! elim9ation 
( conflicts1 al?\gh1 9 ! face ( ! pres5t
 emphasis ^u nationalism1 & ! lack (    
common int]national values to :i* appeal
 may be made1 _! labors are n apt to be 
cr[n$ ) success4 ,z 9 all ! cases :i* we
 h be5 consid]+1 h[ev]1 conc]n$         
individuals & gr\ps may act 9 ?is field 
because !y feel a compulsion to d s1    
reg>dless ( :e!r or n _! actions are    
likely to be successful 9 produc+ !     
desir$ result ( reconciliation1 & !     
discov]y ( ! ?ird alt]native4#ach       
,,footnotes3  #acj ,eric ,heyman1 ,!    
,pacifi/ ,dilemma 7,banbury1 ,engl&3    
,fri5ds' ,peace ,committee1 #aida71     
#aa-ab4  #aca ,c>l ,hea?1 ,! ,?ird      
,alt]native 9 ,he>d1 et al41 ,! ,new    
,pacifism1 #ajb4  #acb ,d4 ,elton       
,trueblood1 ,! ,quak] ,me?od ( ,rea*+   
,decisions 9 ,laughl91 ,beyond          
,dilemmas1 #aai4  #acc ,d\glas ,v4      
,/e]e1 ,introduction to ,laughl91       
,beyond ,dilemmas1 #ah4  #acd ,m4 ,p4   
,follett1 ,creative ,exp]i5ce 7,new     

,york3 ,longmans1 ,gre51 #aibd71 #bji4  
#ace ,quot$ 9 ,all51 ,fight = ,peace1   
#dbh4  #acf ,quot$ 9 ,ibid41 #dcg4  #acg
 ,james ,my]s1 ,in=mal ,conf]5ces a ,new
 ,te*nique ,9 ,social ,education1       
,leaflet 7,new ,york3 ,f$]al ,c\ncil (  
,*ur*es ( ,*ri/ 9 ,am]ica1 #aidc74  #ach
 ,see ,george ,lansbury1 ,my ,pilgrimage
 = ,peace 7,new ,york3 ,holt1 #aich72   
,b]tram ,pick>d1 ,pacifi/ ,diplomacy 9  
,conflict ,situations3 ,illu/rat$ by !  
,quak] ,int]national ,c5t]s             
7,philadelphia3 ,pacifi/ ,rese>*        
,bureau1 #aidc74     ,,viii4            
,,conclusions   ,^? :o d n %>e ! pacifi/
 philosophy are prone to insi/ t !      
pacifi/s place f> too mu* emphasis ^u ! 
refusal to employ physical =ce4 ,^!     
critics ma9ta9 t =ce is non-moral 9 "*1 
& t ! only moral "q involv$ 9 its use is
 :e!r or n ! purposes = :i* x is employ$
 are good or bad4 ,!y fail to realize t 
^! concepts !mselves arise f a          
subjective set ( values1 diff]5t = e    
social gr\p on ! basis ( its own        

tradition & = e individual on ! basis ( 
8 own exp]i5ce & tra9+4  ,! absolute    
pacifi/ places at ! v apex ( 8 scale (  
values respect = e human p]sonality s   
great t he _c inflict injury on any     
human be+ reg>dless ( ! circum/ances 9  
:i* he f9ds himself4 ,he w\ld r himself 
suff] :at he consid]s to be inju/ice1 or
 ev5 see o!r innoc5t p suff] x1 ?an to  
arrogate to himself ! "r ( sitt+ 9      
judgm5t on 8 fell[ m5 & decid+ t !y mu/ 
be de/roy$ ?r\gh 8 action4 ,= him to    
inflict injury or dea? ^u any human be+ 
w\ld be to commit ! greate/ iniquity (  
:i* he c conceive1 & w\ld create )9 8   
own s\l a s5se ( guilt s great t        
acceptance ( any o!r evil w\ld be       
pref]able to x4  ,! p]son :o acts on !  
basis ( su* a scale ( values is n       
prim>ily conc]n$ ) ! outw>d exp$i5cy ( 8
 action 9 turn+ ! evil-do] into new     
ways1 al?\gh he is happy if 8 action    
does h incid5tal desirable results4 ,he 
acts z he does because ( a deep         
conviction ab\t ! nature ( ! univ]se 9  

:i* all m5 are bro!rs1 & 9 :i* e        
p]sonality is sacr$4 ,no logical argum5t
 to act o!rwise c appeal to him unless x
 is bas$ ^u assumptions aris+ out ( ?is 
conviction4  ,^? :o place _! prim>y     
moral emphasis ^u respect = human       
p]sonality are l$ to hold _m o!r values 
z well z _! supreme value ( refus+ to   
use viol5ce aga9/ _! fell[ m54 ,except 9
 "t ( w>1 :5 gov]nm5ts insi/ t _!       
citiz5s take "p 9 mass viol5ce1 !       
absolute pacifi/ is apt to s]ve ^! o!r  
values1 :i* he %>es ) _m non-pacifi/s1  
)\t attract+ ! att5tion :i* di/+ui%es   
him f o!r m5 ( goodwill4 ,he insi/s only
 t 9 s]v+ ^! subsidi>y values he mu/ n  
act 9 any way inconsi/5t ) 8 highe/     
value4  ,_m pacifi/s1 & all             
non-pacifi/s1 diff] f ! absoluti/s 9 t  
!y place o!r values be=e ?is supreme    
respect = e human p]sonality4 ,!        
pacifi/s :o d s1 refuse to inflict      
injury on _! fell[s n because ?is is    
itself _! highe/ value1 b because !y    
believe o!r less objectionable me?ods   

are m effective = a*iev+ _! highe/      
purposes1 or because !y accept ! argum5t
 t ! means !y use mu/ be consi/5t ) !   
ends !y seek4 ,!y w\ld say t x is       
impossible to a*ieve univ]sal human     
bro!rhood by me?ods :i* de/roy ! basis =
 su* bro!rhood4  ,su* p]sons assess     
non-viol5ce z a tactic1 r ?an accept+ x 
z a value 9 itself4 ,john ,lewis comes  
to ! conclusion t "u c]ta9 circum/ances 
viol5ce is a m effective me?od4 ,g&hi   
believes 9 non-viol5ce bo? z a pr9ciple 
& z ! mo/ effective means ( a*iev+ 8    
purposes4 ,e individual :o looks ^u     
non-viol5ce z only a means1 r ?an z an  
end 9 itself1 w accept or reject x on ! 
basis ( 8 e/imate ( ! exp$i5cy (        
non-viol5t me?ods4 ,"s come to !        
conclusion t viol5ce c nev] be effective
 & !re=e refuse to use x "u any         
circum/ances2 o!rs decide on ea* new    
occasion :e!r viol5ce or non-viol5ce w  
be/ s]ve _! ends 9 t p>ticul> situation4
 ,9 su* cases ! "q is "o ( fact2 !      
decision mu/ be bas$ ^u ! available     

evid5ce4  ,f ! div]sity ( op9ions t exi/
 at ! pres5t "t x is obvi\s t ! social  
sci5ces are n yet ready to give an      
unequivocal answ] to ?is "q ( fact4     
,s9ce ! values t m5 hold subjectively   
are !mselves social facts :i* ! sci5ti/ 
mu/ take into acc\nt1 & s9ce !y v>y f   
age to age1 community to community1 &   
individual to individual1 x may nev] be 
possible to f9d ! f9al answ]4 ,mean:ile 
! individual fac+ ! necessity = action  
mu/ answ] ! "q = himself on ! basis ( ! 
be/ in=mation available to him4 ,ev5 if 
he refuses to face ! issue = himself &  
accepts ! preval5t idea ( our own day t 
viol5ce is an effective means ( a*iev+  
desirable purposes1 he has actually     
answ]$ ! "q )\t giv+ ?\ght to x4  ,!    
pot5tial trag$y ( our g5]ation is t !   
:ole _w has be5 plung$ into w> on !     
basis ( ! preval5t assumption t viol5ce 
is an effective means ( a*iev+ high     
social purposes4 ,ev5 t "p ( ! plann+ = 
peace t is bas$ ^u ma9ta9+ int]national 
ord] by =ce re/s ^u ?is same assumption4

 ,if ! assumption be false1 mank9d has  
paid a t]rible price = its mi/ake4      
,ano!r assumption on :i* ! advocates (  
viol5ce act is t ! use ( physical =ce 9 
a noble cause inevitably br+s ab\t !    
triumph ( t cause4 ,hi/ory gives u no   
basis = su* an assumption4 ,!re is mu*  
evid5ce t =ce sometimes fails1 ev5 :5 x 
is us$ on ! "r side4 ,al?\gh ! s5se (   
fight+ 9 a righte\s cause may improve ! 
morale & ?us increase ! effectiv5ess (  
an army1 actually w>s are won by !      
/rong] side4 ,x is a curi\s fact t on   
occasion bo? oppos+ armies may feel t !y
 are fight+ on ! side ( righte\sness4   
,napoleon summ>iz$ ! soldi]'s po9t (    
view :5 he said t ,god 0 on ! side ( !  
l>ge/ battalions4 ,dur+ ! unc]ta9       
process ( viol5t conflict1 ! de/ruction 
( human life--innoc5t & guilty          
alike--goes on4  ,j z !re is evid5ce t  
viol5ce us$ 9 a righte\s cause is n     
always successful1 !re is evid5ce t     
non-viol5t me?ods sometimes succe$4 ,)\t
 attempt+ to give ! f9al answ] to ! "q  

:e!r viol5ce creates s mu* de/ruction ( 
human values t its app>5t successes are 
only illusory1 we c say t ! success or  
failure ( bo? viol5ce & non-viol5ce is  
det]m9$ by ! conditions "u :i* bo? are  
us$1 & attempt to discov] ! circum/ances
 "u :i* !y h be5 effective4  7#a7 ,no   
great social movem5t c arise unless !   
grievance aga9/ ! exi/+ ord] is great & 
cont9u\s1 or ! dem& = a new ord] is s   
deeply +ra9$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p 9 ! movem5t 
t !y are will+ to exp5d great ef=t &    
und]go great sacrifices 9 ord] to br+   
ab\t ! desir$ *ange4  7#b7 ,! gr\p      
devot$ to ! idea ( *ange mu/ be l>ge    
en\gh to h an impact on ! situation4    
,?is is true :e!r ! gr\p desires to use 
viol5t or non-viol5t me?ods4 ,9 any case
 !re w be a balanc+ ( =ces betwe5 ^?    
desir+ *ange & ^? :o oppose x4 ,all ( ! 
non-viol5t te*niques we h consid]$      
require suffici5t numb]s s t ei!r _!    
refusal ( coop]ation1 _! p>ticipation 9 
politics1 or _! practice ( positive     
goodwill has a significant effect ^u !  

:ole community4  7#c7 ,! gr\p t has a   
/rong desire to br+ ab\t social *ange   
may be augm5t$ 9 /r5g? by ! support (   
o!r elem5ts 9 ! population :o d n feel s
 /rongly on ! issue4 ,! less vigor\s    
support ( su* neutrals may be ! elem5t t
 sw+s ! balance 9 favor ( ! gr\p desir+ 
*ange4 ,?is ?ird p>ty gr\p may also     
rema9 indiff]5t to ! conflict4 ,9 t case
 ! result w be det]m9$ solely by !      
relative /r5g? ( ! direct p>ticipants4  
,9 any case1 ! gr\p desir+ *ange w be   
defeat$ if x ali5ates ! memb]s ( ! ?ird 
p>ty s t !y jo9 ! o!r side4 ,?is latt]  
consid]ation gives a great advantage to 
! practition]s ( non-viol5ce1 s9ce 9 our
 own day p g5]ally are dispos$ to oppose
 viol5ce1 or at lea/ unlawful viol5ce1 &
 to sympa?ize ) ! victims ( viol5ce1    
especially if !y d n fight back4 ,a     
def9ite commitm5t on ! "p ( ! re=m]s n  
to use viol5ce may g f> t[>d w9n+ !     
initial support ( ! gr\p neutral 9 !    
conflict4  7#d7 ,^! conditions ( success
 mu/ be creat$ ?r\gh ! use ( education &

 p]suasion prior to tak+ action4 ,! s5se
 ( grievance or ! desire = social *ange 
mu/ be develop$ 9 ?is way if x does n   
already exi/4 ,ev5 su* a viol5t movem5t 
z ! ,fr5* ,revolution grew out ( a *ange
 9 ! intellectual climate ( ,france     
creat$ by ! writ]s ( ! prec$+ c5tury4   
,only :5 a l>ge en\gh gr\p has be5 won  
ov] to ! cause ( re=m by su* an         
educational campaign c ! second         
requisite = success be obta9$4 ,f9ally1 
mu* educational "w mu/ be done among !  
less int]e/$ ?ird p>ties 9 ord] to      
pr$ispose !m to favor ! *anges advocat$ 
& to sympa?ize ) ! gr\p tak+ "p 9 !     
movem5t ( re=m4  ,! f9al result ( any   
social conflict is det]m9$ by ! balanc+ 
( =ces involv$4 ,viol5ce itself c nev]  
succe$ aga9/ a /rong] adv]s>y1 s ^? :o  
desire to br+ ab\t social *ange or      
revolution by viol5ce h to beg9 ) !     
process ( education to build a gr\p l>ge
 en\gh to ov]come ! viol5t =ces :i* are 
likely to be array$ aga9/ !m4 ,ev5 a    
viol5t revolution mu/ be prec$$ by mu*  

non-viol5t educational prep>ation4 ,b   
ev5 :5 ! gr\p us+ viol5ce has become    
l>ge en\gh to ov]come ! physical =ce    
array$ aga9/ x1 its victory re/s ^u !   
co]cion ( its oppon5ts r ?an ^u _!      
conv]sion4 ,?\gh defeat$1 ! oppon5ts    
/ill ent]ta9 _! old concepts & look =w>d
 to ! day ( retribution1 or to !        
c\nt]-revolution4 ,a social ord] s      
e/abli%$ re/s ^u a v un/able f\ndation4 
,revolution>ies h attempt$ 9 su*        
circum/ances to liquidate all !         
opposition1 b x is d\btful t !y h ev]   
be5 completely successful 9 do+ s4 ,!   
ru?less use ( viol5ce 9 ! process (     
liquidation has usually ali5at$ ?ird    
p>ties aga9/ ! regime t uses x1 & ?us   
augm5t$ ! gr\p t might support !        
c\nt]-revolution4  ,advocates (         
non-viol5ce mu/ />t 9 ! same way z !    
viol5t revolution>ies to build _! =ces  
?r\gh p]suasion & education4 ,!y mu/    
assess prop]ly ! attitude ( ! ?ird p>ty 
& c>ry on educational "w ) ?is gr\p     
until x is c]ta9 t x w n g ov] to ! o!r 

side at ! mom5t ( action4  ,by ! "t a   
revolution>y or re=m+ gr\p 0 l>ge en\gh 
to use viol5ce successfully1 & to wea!r 
! /orm ( ! c\nt]-revolution or reaction1
 x w\ld already h won to its side s l>ge
 a portion ( ! community t x c\ld       
probably succe$ )\t ! use ( viol5ce4    
,?is w\ld c]ta9ly be true 9 a c\ntry l !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we mu/ ask ! "q z to   
:e!r ! en]gy consum$ 9 ! use ( viol5ce  
might n br+ bett] results if x 7 exp5d$ 
^u additional education & p]suasion1 )\t
 involv+ ! de/ruction ( human life1     
human values1 & prop]ty :i* viol5ce     
inevitably entails4  ,ev5 mo/ ( ! ard5t 
advocates ( w> & viol5t revolution admit
 t viol5ce is only an undesirable       
necessity = ! a*ievem5t ( desirable     
ends4 ,non-viol5t me?ods pursu$ ) ! same
 commitm5t & vigor w\ld be j z likely to
 succe$ 9 ! imm$iate situation z        
viol5ce1 )\t br++ 9 _! tra9 ! trem5d\s  
human suff]+ att5dant ^u viol5ce4 ,m    
important is ! fact t a social ord] bas$
 ^u cons5t is m /able ?an "o bas$ ^u    

co]cion4 ,if we are int]e/$ 9 ! long    
range results ( action1 non-viol5ce is  
mu* m likely to br+ ab\t ! new society  
?an is viol5ce1 because x fo/]s r ?an   
de/roys ! s5se ( community ^u :i* any   
new social ord] mu/ be f\nd$4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,adv]tisem5t                           
,,introduction ,,to                     
,,non-,,viol5ce                         
,,publications ,,( ,,!                  
,,pacifi/ ,,rese>* ,,bureau             
#a4 ,five ,foot ,%elf ( ,pacifi/        
,lit]ature             #e;c         #b4 
,! ,balance ( ,p[]                      
#be;c        #c4 ,co]cion ( ,/ates3 ,9  
,f$]al ,unions               #be;c      
#d4 ,co]cion ( ,/ates ,9 ,int]national  
,organizations    #be;c      #e4        
,comp>ative ,peace ,plans9999           
#be;c     #f4 ,pacifi/ ,diplomacy 9     
,conflict ,situations              #aj;c
    #g4 ,! ,political ,!ories ( ,mod]n  
,pacifism               #be;c   #h4     
,introduction to ,non-,viol5ce          

#be;c  #i4 ,economics = ,peace99        
#be;c #aj4 ,consci5ti\s ,objectors 9    
,prison99                        #be;c  
99 ,9 ,prep>ation 9999 ,out ( ,pr9t     
99       99       99       99       99