---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note ,n9e pr9t] errors h be5 correct$1 all ( !m wrong or miss+ full-/ops or commas4 ,also1 9 ! completion te/s :i* />t at l9e #eigb1 ! words to be omitt$1 :i* 7 italicis$ 9 ! orig9al1 h in/ead be5 surr\nd$ by curly brackets to aid readability4 ,9 all o!r cases1 italics are d5ot$ by und]scores & bold by equals signs4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,tea*] ,tra9+ ,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,w4 ,w4 ,,*>t]s ,pr(essor ( ,education1 ,c>negie ,in/itute ( ,te*nology ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,human ,,nature ,a ,,psy*ology ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,by ,,william ,,h5ry ,,pyle ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,educational ,,psy*ology ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,miss\ri ,,silv]1 ,,burdett ,,company ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by ,,silv]1 ,,burdett ,,company4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,?is book is writt5 = "y /ud5ts 9 high s*ools & normal s*ools4 ,no k c be ( m use to a "y p]son ?an a k ( himself2 no /udy c be m valuable to him ?an a /udy ( himself4 ,a /udy ( ! laws ( human behavior1--t is ! purpose ( ?is book4 ,:at is human nature l8 ,:y d we act z we d8 ,h[ c we make ourselves diff]5t8 ,h[ c we make o!rs diff]5t8 ,h[ c we make ourselves m effici5t8 ,h[ c we make our lives m wor? :ile8 ,?is book is a manual int5d$ to help "y p to obta9 su* k ( human nature z w enable !m to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,i h n attempt$ to write a complete text on psy*ology4 ,!re are already _m su* books1 & good ones too4 ,i h select$ = treatm5t only su* topics z "y /ud5ts c /udy ) int]e/ & pr(it4 ,i h tri$ to keep 9 m9d all ! "t ! practical wor? ( ! matt]s discuss$1 & ! ability & exp]i5ce ( ! int5d$ read]s4 ,,to ,,! ,,tea*] ,?is book c be only a guide to y4 ,y are to help y\r /ud5ts /udy human nature4 ,y mu/1 to "s ext5t1 be a psy*ologi/ y\rself be=e y c tea* psy*ology4 ,y mu/ y\rself be a close & sci5tific /ud5t ( human nature4 ,develop 9 ! /ud5ts ! _s ( inquiry & inve/igation4 ,tea* !m to look to _! own m9ds & _! neighbor's actions = v]ification ( ! /atem5ts ( ! text4 ,let ! /ud5ts solve by obs]vation & exp]im5t ! que/ions & problems rais$ 9 ! text & ! ex]cises4 ,! ex]cises %\ld prove to be ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! book4 ,! fir/ two *apt]s are ! mo/ difficult b ought to be read be=e ! re/ ( ! book is /udi$4 ,if y ?9k be/1 m]ely read ^! two *apt]s ) ! pupils1 & aft] ! book is f9i%$ come back to !m = c>eful /udy4 ,9 ! ref]5ces1 ,i h giv5 p>allel read+s1 = ! mo/ "p to ,tit*5]1 ,pillsbury1 & ,mu5/]b]g4 ,i h purposely limit$ ! ref]5ces1 p>tly because a libr>y w n be available to _m :o may use ! book1 & p>tly because ! "y /ud5t is likely to be confus$ by mu* read+ f diff]5t s\rces be=e he has work$ out "s sort ( sy/em & a po9t ( view ( 8 own4 ,only ! mo/ capable memb]s ( a high s*ool class w be able to pr(it mu* f ! ref]5ces giv54 ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5t ,y are beg9n+ ! /udy ( human nature4 ,y c n /udy human nature f a book1 y mu/ /udy y\rself & y\r neighbors4 ,?is book may help y to "k :at to look = & to und]/& :at y f9d1 b x c d little m ?an ?is4 ,x is true1 ?is text gives y _m facts le>n$ by psy*ologi/s1 b y mu/ v]ify ! /atem5ts1 or at lea/ see _! significance to y1 or !y w be ( no wor? to y4 ,h[ev]1 ! facts consid]$ "h1 prop]ly und]/ood & assimilat$1 ought to prove ( great value to y4 ,b p]haps ( great] value w be ! psy*ological frame ( m9d or attitude :i* y %\ld acquire4 ,! psy*ological attitude is t ( seek+ to f9d & und]/& ! causes ( human action1 & ! causes1 consequ5ces1 & significance ( ! processes ( ! human m9d4 ,if y\r fir/ c\rse 9 psy*ology tea*es y to look = ^! ?+s1 gives y "s skill 9 f9d+ !m & 9 us+ ! k aft] y h x1 y\r /udy %\ld be q wor? :ile4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,pyle4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,!re are at lea/ two possible approa*es to ! /udy ( psy*ology by tea*]-tra9+ /ud5ts 9 high s*ools & by beg9n+ /ud5ts 9 normal s*ools4 ,"o ( ^! is ?r\gh me?ods ( tea*+ & subject matt]4 ,! o!r aims to give ! simple1 concrete facts ( psy*ology z ! sci5ce ( ! m9d4 ,! =m] presupposes a close relation%ip betwe5 psy*ology & me?ods ( tea*+ & assumes t psy*ology is /udi$ *iefly z an aid to tea*+4 ,! latt] is less complicat$4 ,! plan contemplates ! tea*+ ( ! simple fundam5tals at fir/ & apply+ !m incid5tally z ! occasion dem&s4 ,?is latt] po9t ( view is 9 ! ma9 ! po9t ( view tak5 9 ! text4 ,! au?or has taught ! mat]ial ( ! text to high s*ool /ud5ts to ! end t he might pres5t ! fundam5tal facts ( psy*ology 9 simple =m4 ,w4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,race ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,individual #ah ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,m9d ,,& ,,body #cd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,inh]it$ ,,t5d5cies #ej ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,feel+ ,,& ,,att5tion #gc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,habit #hg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,memory #abd ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,?9k+ #aeb ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,individual ,,diff]5ces #agf ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,appli$ ,,psy*ology #baj ,,gloss>y #bbc ,,index #bbg ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,human ,,nature ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,sci5ce4 ,be=e attempt+ to def9e psy*ology1 x w be helpful to make "s inquiry into ! nature ( sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,sci5ce is k2 x is :at we "k4 ,b m]e k is n sci5ce4 ,= a bit ( k to become a "p ( sci5ce1 its relation to o!r bits ( k mu/ be f\nd4 ,9 botany1 = example1 bits ( k ab\t plants d n make a sci5ce ( botany4 ,to h a sci5ce ( botany1 we mu/ n only "k ab\t leaves1 roots1 fl[]s1 se$s1 etc41 b we mu/ "k ! relations ( ^! p>ts & ( all ! p>ts ( a plant to "o ano!r4 ,9 o!r words1 9 sci5ce1 we mu/ n only "k1 we mu/ n only h k1 b we mu/ "k ! significance ( ! k1 mu/ "k its mean+4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t we mu/ h k & "k its relation to o!r k4 ,a sci5ti/ is "o :o has le>n$ to organize 8 k4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 a sci5ti/ & "o :o is n a sci5ti/ is t ! sci5ti/ sees ! significance ( facts1 :ile ! non-sci5tific man sees facts z m or less unrelat$ ?+s4 ,z "o comes to hunt = causes & inquire into ! significance ( ?+s1 "o becomes a sci5ti/4 ,a ?+ or an ev5t always po9ts beyond itself to some?+ else4 ,?is some?+ else is :at goes be=e x or comes aft] x1--is its cause or its effect4 ,?is causal relation%ip t exi/s betwe5 ev5ts enables a sci5ti/ to prophesy4 ,by c>efully det]m9+ :at always prec$es a c]ta9 ev5t1 a c]ta9 type ( happ5+1 a sci5ti/ is able to pr$ict ! ev5t4 ,all t is necess>y to be able to pr$ict an ev5t is to h a cle> k ( its true causes4 ,:5ev]1 beyond any d\bt1 ^! causes are f\nd to be pres5t1 ! sci5ti/ kn[s ! ev5t w foll[4 ,( c\rse1 all t he really kn[s is t su* results h always foll[$ simil> causes 9 ! pa/4 ,b he has come to h fai? 9 ! uni=mity & regul>ity ( nature4 ,! *emi/ does n f9d sulphur1 or oxyg51 or any o!r elem5t act+ "o way "o day "u a c]ta9 set ( conditions1 & act+ ano!r way ! next day "u exactly ! same conditions4 ,nor does ! physici/ f9d ! laws ( me*anics hold+ good "o day & n ! next4 ,! sci5ti/1 !re=e1 9 8 ?9k+ br+s ord] out ( *aos 9 ! _w4 ,if we d n "k ! causes & relations ( ?+s & ev5ts1 ! _w seems a v mix$-up1 *aotic place1 :]e any?+ & ev]y?+ is happ5+4 ,b z we come to "k causes & relations1 ! _w turns out to be a v ord]ly & sy/ematic place4 ,x is a lawful _w2 x is n a _w ( *ance4 ,ev]y?+ is relat$ to ev]y?+ else4 ,n[1 ! non-sci5tific m9d sees ?+s z m or less unrelat$4 ,! f>-rea*+ causal relations are only imp]fectly se5 by x1 :ile ! sci5tific m9d n only sees ?+s1 b inquires into _! causes & effects or consequ5ces4 ,! non-sci5tific man1 walk+ ov] ! top ( a m\nta9 & notic+ a /one !re1 is likely to see 9 x only a /one & ?9k no?+ ( h[ x came to be !re2 b ! sci5tific man sees q an int]e/+ bit ( hi/ory 9 ! /one4 ,he reads 9 ! /one t millions ( ye>s ago ! place :]e ! rock n[ lies 0 "u ! sea4 ,_m m>9e animals left _! rema9s 9 ! mud und]nea? ! sea4 ,! mud 0 aft]w>d conv]t$ into rock4 ,lat]1 ! %r9k+ & w>p+ e>?-cru/ lift$ ! rock f> above ! level ( ! sea1 & x may n[ be f\nd at ! top ( ! m\nta94 ,! "o bit ( rock tells its /ory to "o :o inquires into its causes4 ,! sci5tific man1 !n1 sees m significance1 m mean+1 9 ?+s & ev5ts ?an does ! non-sci5tific man4 ,ea* sci5ce has its own p>ticul> field4 ,zooelogy und]takes to answ] e reasonable "q ab\t animals2 botany1 ab\t plants2 physics1 ab\t motion & =ces2 *emi/ry1 ab\t ! composition ( matt]2 a/ronomy1 ab\t ! heav5ly bodies1 etc4 ,! _w has _m aspects4 ,ea* sci5ce und]takes to describe & expla9 "s p>ticul> aspect4 ,to und]/& all ! aspects ( ! _w1 we mu/ /udy all ! sci5ces4 ,a ,sci5tific ,law4 ,by law a sci5ti/ has ref]5ce to uni=mities :i* he notices 9 ?+s & ev5ts4 ,he does n mean t necessities are impos$ ^u ?+s z civil law is impos$ ^u man4 ,he means only t 9 c]ta9 well-def9$ situations c]ta9 ev5ts always take place1 accord+ to all previ\s obs]vations4 ,! ,law ( ,fall+ ,bodies may be cit$ z an example4 ,by ?is law1 ! physici/ means t 9 obs]v+ fall+ bodies 9 ! pa/1 he has notic$ t !y fall ab\t sixte5 feet 9 ! fir/ second & acquire 9 ?is "t a velocity ( ?irty-two feet4 ,he has not$ t1 tak+ into acc\nt ! specific gravity ( ! object & ! resi/ance ( ! air1 ?is way ( fall+ holds true ( all objects at ab\t ! level ( ! sea4 ,! m we c>efully /udy ! ev5ts ( ! _w1 ! m /rongly we come to feel t def9ite causes1 "u ! same circum/ances1 always produce precisely ! same result4 ,! sci5ti/ has fai? t ev5ts w cont9ue to happ5 dur+ all ! future 9 ! same ord] ( cause & effect 9 :i* !y h be5 happ5+ dur+ all ! pa/4 ,! a/ronom]1 kn[+ ! relations ( ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em--! sun & planets--c successfully pr$ict ! occurr5ce ( lun> & sol> eclipses4 ,9 o!r fields1 too1 ! sci5ti/ c pr$ict ) z mu* c]ta9ty z does ! a/ronom]1 provid$ 8 k ( ! factors conc]n$ is z complete z is ! k :i* ! a/ronom] has ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( human be+s1 unc]ta9 z _! actions seem to be1 we c pr$ict _! actions :5 our k ( ! factors is suffici5tly complete4 ,9 a great _m in/ances we d make su* pr$ictions4 ,= example1 if we call a p]son by "n1 we expect him to turn1 or make "s o!r movem5t 9 response4 ,our usual inability to make su* pr$ictions 9 ! case ( human be+s is n because human be+s are n subject to ! law ( cause & effect1 x is n t _! acts are due to *ance1 b t ! factors involv$ are usually _m1 & x is difficult = u to f9d out all ( !m4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,psy*ology4 ,n[1 let u ask1 :at is ! sci5ce ( psy*ology8 ,:at k9d ( problems does x try to solve8 ,:at aspect ( ! _w has x tak5 = its field ( inve/igation8 ,we h said t ea* sci5ce und]takes to describe "s p>ticul> aspect ( ! _w4 ,human psy*ology is ! sci5ce ( human nature4 ,b human nature has _m aspects4 ,to "s ext5t1 our bodies are ! subject matt] = physiology1 anatomy1 zooelogy1 physics1 & *emi/ry4 ,our bodies may be /udi$ 9 ! same way t a rock or a table might be /udi$4 ,b a human be+ pres5ts c]ta9 problems t a rock or table does n pres5t4 ,if we consid] ! diff]5ces betwe5 a human be+ & a table1 we %all see at once ! special field ( psy*ology4 ,if we /ick a p9 into a leg ( ! table1 we get no response4 ,if we /ick a p9 into a leg ( a man1 we get a *>act]i/ic response4 ,! man moves1 he cries out4 ,?is %[s two v great diff]5ces betwe5 a man & a table4 ,! man is s5sitive & has ! p[] ( action1 ! p[] ( mov+ himself4 ,! table is n s5sitive1 nor c x move itself4 ,if ! p9 is ?ru/ into "o's own leg1 "o has pa94 ,human be+s1 !n1 are s5sitive1 consci\s1 act+ be+s4 ,& ! /udy ( s5sitivity1 action1 & consci\sness is ! field ( psy*ology4 ,^! ?ree *>act]i/ics are n peculi> to man4 ,_m1 p]haps all1 animals possess !m4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 an animal psy*ology z well z human psy*ology4 ,a /udy ( ! human body %[s u t ! body-surface & _m p>ts )9 ! body are fill$ ) s5sitive n]ve-ends4 ,^! s5sitive n]ve-ends are ! s5se organs1 & on !m ! sub/ances & =ces ( ! _w are con/antly act+4 ,9 ! s5se organs1 ! n]ve-ends are s modifi$ or *ang$ z to be affect$ by "s p>ticul> k9d ( =ce or sub/ance4 ,vibrations ( e!r affect ! eye4 ,vibrations ( air affect ! e>4 ,liquids & solutions affect ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,c]ta9 sub/ances affect ! s5se ( smell4 ,c]ta9 organs 9 ! sk9 are affect$ by l[ temp]atures2 o!rs1 by high temp]atures2 o!rs1 by me*anical pressure4 ,simil>ly1 ea* s5se organ 9 ! body is affect$ by a def9ite k9d ( =ce or sub/ance4 ,?is affect+ ( a s5se organ is kn[n te*nically z /imulation1 & t :i* affects ! organ is kn[n z ! /imulus4 ,two important consequ5ces ord9>ily foll[ ! /imulation ( a s5se organ4 ,"o ( ^! is movem5t4 ,! purpose ( /imulation is to br+ ab\t movem5t4 ,to be alive is to respond to /imulation4 ,:5 "o ceases to respond to /imulation1 he is dead4 ,if we are to cont9ue alive1 we mu/ con/antly adju/ ourselves to ! =ces ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,g5]ally speak+1 we may say t e n]ve has "o end 9 a s5se organ & ! o!r 9 a muscle4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! n]ves & muscles %[s t man is ess5tially a s5sitive-action ma*9e4 ,! problems connect$ ) s5sitivity & action & ! relation ( ea* to ! o!r con/itute a l>ge "p ( ! field ( psy*ology4 ,we said j n[1 t a n]ve beg9s 9 a s5se organ & ends 9 a muscle4 ,?is /atem5t repres5ts ! g5]al s*eme well en\gh1 b leaves out an important detail4 ,! n]ve does n ext5d directly to a muscle1 b ord9>ily goes by way ( ! bra94 ,! bra9 is m]ely a great gr\p ( n]ve cells & fib]s :i* h develop$ z a c5tral organ :]e a /imulation may pass f almo/ any s5se organ to almo/ any muscle4 ,b ano!r importance atta*es to ! bra94 ,:5 a s5se organ is /imulat$ & ?is /imulation passes on to ! bra9 & agitates a cell or gr\p ( cells !re1 we are consci\s4 ,consci\sness %ifts & *anges ) e %ift & *ange ( ! /imulation4 ,! bra9 has /ill ano!r important *>act]i/ic4 ,aft] x has be5 /imulat$ ?r\gh s5se organ & n]ve1 a simil> bra9 activity c be reviv$ lat]1 & ?is revival is ! basis ( memory4 ,:5 ! bra9 is agitat$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a s5se organ1 we h s5sation2 :5 ?is agitation is reviv$ lat]1 we h a memory idea4 ,a /udy ( consci\sness1 or m9d1 ! conditions "u :i* x arises1 & all ! o!r problems involv$1 give u ! o!r "p ( ! field ( psy*ology4 ,we are n m]ely act+ be+s2 we are consci\s act+ be+s4 ,psy*ology mu/ /udy human nature f bo? po9ts ( view4 ,we mu/ /udy man n only f ! outside2 t is1 objectively1 9 ! same way t we /udy a /one or a tree or a frog1 b we mu/ /udy him f ! inside or subjectively4 ,x is ( importance to "k n only h[ a man acts1 b also h[ he ?9ks & feels4 ,x mu/ be cle> n[1 t human action1 human behavior1 is ! ma9 field ( psy*ology4 ,=1 ev5 ?\gh our ma9 int]e/s 9 p 7 9 _! m9ds1 we c\ld le>n ( ! m9ds only ?r\gh ! actions4 ,b our int]e/s 9 o!r human be+s are n 9 _! m9ds b 9 :at !y d4 ,x is true t our int]e/ 9 ourselves is 9 our m9ds1 & we c "k ^! m9ds directly2 b we _c "k directly ! m9d ( ano!r p]son1 we c only guess :at x is f ! p]son's actions4 ,! ,problems ( ,psy*ology4 ,let u n[ see1 9 "s detail1 :at ! v>i\s problems ( psy*ology are4 ,if we are to und]/& human nature1 we mu/ "k some?+ ( man's pa/2 we mu/ !re=e treat ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! human race4 ,! relation ( "o g5]ation to t prec$+ & to ! "o foll[+ makes necess>y a /udy ( h]$ity4 ,we mu/ f9d out h[ our ?\ghts1 feel+s1 s5sations1 & ideas are dep5d5t ^u a physical body & its organs4 ,a /udy ( human actions %[s t "s actions are unle>n$ :ile o!rs are le>n$ or acquir$4 ,! unle>n$ acts are kn[n z in/9cts & ! acquir$ acts are kn[n z habits4 ,our psy*ology mu/1 !re=e1 treat ( in/9cts & habits4 ,h[ man gets exp]i5ce1 & reta9s & organizes ?is exp]i5ce mu/ be our problem 9 ! *apt]s on s5sations1 ideas1 memory1 & ?9k+4 ,individual diff]5ces 9 human capacity make necess>y a treatm5t ( ! diff]5t types & grades ( intellig5ce1 & ! compilation ( te/s = det]m9+ ^! diff]5ces4 ,we mu/ also treat ( ! application ( psy*ology to ^? fields :]e a k ( human nature is necess>y4 ,appli$ ,psy*ology4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a subject x is legitimate to inquire conc]n+ ! possibility ( apply+ ! pr9ciples /udi$ to practical uses1 & x is v prop] to make ?is inquiry conc]n+ psy*ology4 ,psy*ology1 be+ ! sci5ce ( human nature1 ought to be ( use 9 all fields :]e "o ne$s to "k ! causes ( human action4 ,& psy*ology is applicable 9 ^! fields to ! ext5t t ! psy*ologi/ is able to "w out ! laws & pr9ciples ( human action4 ,9 education1 = example1 we wi% to influ5ce *ildr51 & we mu/ g to psy*ology to le>n ab\t ! nature ( *ildr5 & to f9d out h[ we c influ5ce !m4 ,psy*ology is !re=e ! basis ( ! sci5ce ( education4 ,s9ce diff]5t k9ds ( "w dem&1 9 "s cases1 diff]5t k9ds ( ability1 ! psy*ology ( individual diff]5ces c be ( s]vice 9 select+ p = special k9ds ( "w4 ,t is to say1 we mu/ h sometime1 if we d n n[1 a psy*ology ( pr(essions & vocations4 ,psy*ological inve/igations ( ! reliability ( human evid5ce make ! sci5ce ( s]vice 9 ! c\rt room4 ,! /udy ( ! laws ( att5tion & int]e/ give u ! psy*ology ( adv]tis+4 ,! /udy ( sugge/ion & abnormal /ates make psy*ology ( use 9 m$ic9e4 ,x may be said1 !re=e1 t psy*ology1 once ab/ract & unrelat$ to any practical int]e/s1 w become ! mo/ useful ( all sci5ces1 z x works out its problems & f9ds ! laws ( human behavior4 ,at pres5t1 ! greate/ s]vice ( psy*ology is to education4 ,s true is ?is t a dep>tm5t has gr[n up call$ educational psy*ology1 :i* con/itutes at ! pres5t "t ! mo/ important subdivision ( psy*ology4 ,:ile 9 ?is book we treat briefly ( ! v>i\s applications ( psy*ology1 we %all h 9 m9d *iefly its application to education4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,education4 ,ow+ to ! importance :i* psy*ology has 9 ! sci5ce ( education1 x w be well = u to make "s inquiry into ! nature ( education4 ,if ! gr[?1 developm5t1 & le>n+ ( *ildr5 are all controll$ & det]m9$ by def9ite causal factors1 !n a sy/ematic /atem5t ( all ^! factors w\ld con/itute ! sci5ce ( education4 ,9 ord] to see cle>ly :e!r !re is su* a sci5ce1 or :e!r !re c be1 let u inquire m def9itely z to ! k9d ( problems a sci5ce ( education w\ld be expect$ to solve4 ,!re are f\r ma9 que/ions :i* ! sci5ce ( education mu/ solve3 7#a7 ,:at is ! aim ( education8 7#b7 ,:at is ! nature ( education8 7#c7 ,:at is ! nature ( ! *ild8 7#d7 ,:at are ! mo/ economical me?ods ( *ang+ ! *ild f :at x is into :at x ought to be8 ,! fir/ "q is a sociological "q1 & x is n difficult to f9d ! answ]4 ,we h b to inquire :at ! p wi% _! *ildr5 to become4 ,!re is a pretty g5]al agreem5t1 at lea/ 9 ! same community1 t *ildr5 %\ld be tra9$ 9 a way t w make !m socially effici5t4 ,p>5ts g5]ally wi% _! *ildr5 to become hone/1 tru?ful1 sympa!tic1 & indu/ri\s4 ,x %\ld be ! aim ( education to accompli% ?is social ideal4 ,x %\ld be ! aim ( ! home & ! s*ool to subject *ildr5 to su* influ5ces z w enable !m to make a liv+ :5 gr[n & to d _! prop] %>e ( "w = ! community & /ate1 work+ always = bett] ?+s1 & hav+ a sympa!tic attitude t[>d neighbors4 ,education %\ld also d :at x c to make p able to enjoy ! _w & life to ! fulle/ & highe/ ext5t4 ,"s su* aim ( education z ?is is held by all our p4 ,! second "q is also answ]$4 ,psy*ological analysis reveals ! fact t education is a process ( becom+ adju/$ to ! _w4 ,x is ! process ( acquir+ ! habits1 k1 & ideals suit$ to ! life we are to live4 ,! *ild 9 be+ educat$ le>ns :at ! _w is & h[ to act 9 x--h[ to act 9 all ! v>i\s situations ( life4 ,! ?ird "q--conc]n+ ! nature ( ! *ild--_c be s briefly answ]$4 ,9 fact1 x _c be fully answ]$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,we mu/ "k :at ! *ild's orig9al nature is4 ,?is means t we mu/ "k ! in/9cts & all ! o!r inh]it$ capacities & t5d5cies4 ,we mu/ "k ! laws ( build+ up habits & ( acquir+ k1 ! laws ( ret5tion & ! laws ( att5tion4 ,^! problems con/itute ! subject matt] ( educational psy*ology1 & at pres5t c be only p>tially solv$4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 a v respectable body ( k 9 ?is field1 ?\gh x is by no means complete4 ,! answ] to ! f\r? "q is 9 "p dep5d5t ^u ! progress 9 answ]+ ! ?ird4 ,economical me?ods ( tra9+ *ildr5 mu/ be dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( *ildr54 ,b 9 actual practice1 we are try+ to f9d out ! be/ proc$ure ( do+ ea* s+le ?+ 9 s*ool "w2 we are try+ to f9d out by exp]im5tation4 ,! prop] way to tea* *ildr5 to read1 to spell1 to write1 etc41 mu/ be det]m9$ 9 ea* case by indep5d5t inve/igation1 until our k ( ! *ild becomes suffici5t = u to inf] f g5]al laws ( proc$ure :at ! proc$ure 9 a p>ticul> case %\ld be4 ,we v5ture to inf] :at ought to be done 9 "s cases1 b g5]ally we feel insecure till we h prov$ our inf]5ce correct by try+ out diff]5t me?ods & measur+ ! results4 ,education w n be fully sci5tific till we h def9ite k to guide u at e /ep4 ,:at %\ld we tea*8 ,:5 %\ld we tea* x8 ,h[ %\ld we tea* x8 ,h[ poorly we answ] ^! que/ions at ! pres5t "t6 ,h[ ineffici5t & uneconomical our s*ools1 because we _c fully answ] !m6 ,b !y are answ]able4 ,we c answ] !m 9 "p n[1 & we "k h[ to f9d out ! answ] 9 full4 ,x is j a matt] ( pati5t & ext5sive inve/igation4 ,we mu/ say1 !n1 t we h only ! beg9n+s ( a sci5ce ( education4 ,! problems :i* a sci5ce ( education mu/ solve are almo/ :olly psy*ological problems4 ,!y c\ld n be solv$ till we _h a sci5ce ( psy*ology4 ,exp]im5tal psy*ology is b a half-c5tury old2 educational psy*ology1 less ?an a qu>t]-c5tury old4 ,9 ! field ( education1 ! sci5ce ( psy*ology may expect to make its mo/ important practical contribution4 ,let u1 !n1 consid] v briefly ! problems ( educational psy*ology4 ,educational ,psy*ology4 ,educational psy*ology is t division ( psy*ology :i* und]takes to discov] ^? aspects ( human nature mo/ closely relat$ to education4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! orig9al nature ( ! *ild--:at x is & h[ x c be modifi$2 7#b7 ! problem ( acquir+ & organiz+ exp]i5ce--habit-=mation1 memory1 ?9k+1 & ! v>i\s factors relat$ to ^! processes4 ,!re are _m subord9ate problems1 su* z ! problem ( individual diff]5ces & _! be>+ on ! education ( subnormal & sup]normal *ildr54 ,educational psy*ology is n1 !n1 m]ely ! application ( psy*ology to education4 ,x is a di/9ct sci5ce 9 itself1 & its aim is ! solv+ ( ^? educational problems :i* = _! solution dep5d ^u a k ( ! nature ( ! *ild4 ,! ,me?od ( ,psy*ology4 ,we h enum]at$ ! v>i\s problems ( psy*ology1 n[ h[ are !y solv$8 ,! me?od ( psy*ology is ! same z t ( all o!r sci5ces2 namely1 ! me?od ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,we le>n human nature by obs]v+ h[ human be+s act 9 all ! v>i\s circum/ances ( life4 ,we le>n ab\t ! human m9d by obs]v+ our own m9d4 ,we le>n t we see "u c]ta9 objective conditions1 he> "u c]ta9 objective conditions1 ta/e1 smell1 feel cold & w>m "u c]ta9 objective conditions4 ,9 ! case ( ourselves1 we c "k bo? our actions & our m9d4 ,9 ! case ( o!rs1 we c "k only _! actions1 & mu/ inf] _! m5tal /ates f our own 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,) c]ta9 re/rictions & precautions ?is inf]5ce is legitimate4 ,we said ! me?od ( psy*ology is t ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,! exp]im5t is obs]vation /ill1 b obs]vation subject$ to exact me?odical proc$ure4 ,9 a psy*ological exp]im5t we set out to provide ! necess>y conditions1 elim9at+ "s & supply+ o!rs accord+ to our object4 ,! exp]im5t has c]ta9 advantages4 ,x enables u to isolate ! ph5om5a to be /udi$1 x enables u to v>y ! circum/ances & conditions to suit our purposes1 x enables u to repeat ! obs]vation z (t5 z we l1 & x enables u to measure exactly ! factors ( ! ph5om5a /udi$4 ,a ,psy*ological ,exp]im5t4 ,let u illu/rate psy*ological me?od by a typical exp]im5t4 ,suppose we wi% to measure ! individual diff]5ces among ! memb]s ( a class ) respect to a c]ta9 ability2 namely1 ! muscul> spe$ ( ! "r h&4 ,psy*ological laboratories h delicate app>atus = mak+ su* a /udy4 ,b let u see h[ we c d x1 r\ghly at lea/1 )\t any app>atus4 ,let ea* memb] ( ! class take a %eet ( pap] & a p5cil1 & make z _m /rokes z possible 9 a half-m9ute1 z %[n 9 ,figure ,i4 ,! in/ructor c keep ! "t ) a /op wat*1 or less accurately ) ! second h& ( an ord9>y wat*4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! exp]im5t1 ! in/ructor %\ld h ea* /ud5t tak+ ! te/ try x = a second or two4 ,?is is to make sure t all und]/& :at !y are to d4 ,:5 ! in/ructor is sure t all und]/&1 he %\ld h ! /ud5ts hold _! p5cils 9 read9ess above ! pap]1 & at ! signal1 ,beg91 all %\ld />t at ! same "t & make z _m m>ks z possible 9 ! half-m9ute4 ,! /rokes c !n be c\nt$ & ! individual scores record$4 ,! exp]im5t %\ld be repeat$ sev]al times1 say six or eight1 & ! av]age score = ea* individual record$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,i4--,,/rokes ,,made ,,9 ,,?irty ,,seconds ,a te/ ( muscul> spe$ ,:e!r ! result 9 su* a p]=mance z ?is v>ies f day to day1 & is accid5tal1 or :e!r x is con/ant & fundam5tal1 c be det]m9$ by repeat+ ! exp]im5t f day to day4 ,?is repetition w also %[ :e!r improvem5t comes f practice4 ,if x is decid$ to repeat ! exp]im5t 9 ord] to /udy ^! factors1 con/ancy & ! effects ( practice1 "s me?od ( /udy+ & int]pret+ ! results mu/ be f\nd4 ,elaborate me?ods ( do+ ?is are kn[n to psy*ologi/s1 b ! beg9n] mu/ use a simpl] me?od4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t is p]=m$ = ! fir/ "t1 ! /ud5ts c be rank$ ) ref]5ce to _! abilities1 ! fa/e/ "o be+ call$ fir/1 ! second highe/1 second1 & s on d[n to ! sl[e/ p]=m]4 ,!n aft] ! exp]im5t has be5 p]=m$ ! second "t1 ! /ud5ts c be aga9 rank$4 ,a r\gh comp>ison c !n be made z foll[s3 ,det]m9e h[ _m :o 7 9 ! be/ half 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t are among ! be/ half 9 ! second exp]im5t4 ,if mo/ :o 7 among ! be/ half ! fir/ "t are among ! be/ half 9 ! second exp]im5t1 con/ancy 9 ?is p]=mance is indicat$4 ,or we might det]m9e h[ _m *ange _! ranks & h[ mu* !y *ange4 ,suppose !re are ?irty 9 ! class & only f\r improve _! ranks & ^! to ! ext5t ( only two places ea*4 ,?is w\ld indicate a high degree ( con/ancy4 ,two diff]5t p]=mances c be comp>$ z above describ$4 ,! abilities on successive days c be det]m9$ by tak+ ! av]age rank ( ! fir/ day & comp>+ x ) ! av]age rank ( ! second day4 ,if ! effects ( practice are to be /udi$1 ! exp]im5ts mu/ be kept up = _m days1 & ea* /ud5t's "w on ! fir/ day comp>$ ) 8 "w on succe$+ days4 ,!n a graph c be plott$ to %[ ! improvem5t f day to day4 ,! av]age daily spe$ ( ! class c be tak5 & a graph made to %[ ! improvem5t ( ! class z a :ole4 ,?is might be plott$ 9 black ink1 !n ea* individual /ud5t c\ld put on 8 improvem5t 9 r$ ink1 = comp>ison4 ,a gr\p ( ?irty may be consid]$ z furni%+ a fair av]age or norm 9 ?is k9d ( p]=mance4 ,9 connection ) ?is simple p]=mance1 mak+ m>ks z fa/ z possible1 x is evid5t t _m problems arise4 ,x w\ld take sev]al mon?s to solve any?+ l all ( !m4 ,x might be int]e/+1 = example1 to det]m9e :e!r "o's spe$ 9 writ+ is relat$ to ?is simple spe$ 9 m>k+4 ,ea* memb] ( ! class might submit a plan = mak+ su* a /udy4 ,! =ego+ simple /udy illu/rates ! proc$ure ( psy*ology 9 all exp]im5tation4 ,a psy*ological exp]im5t is an attempt to f9d out ! tru? 9 reg>d to "s aspect ( human nature4 ,9 f9d+ out ?is tru?1 we mu/ ?r[ ab\t ! exp]im5t all possible safegu>ds4 ,e s\rce ( error mu/ be discov]$ & elim9at$4 ,9 ! above exp]im5t1 = example1 ! "w mu/ be done at ! same "t ( day1 or else we mu/ prove t do+ x at diff]5t times ( day makes no diff]5ce4 ,no?+ mu/ be tak5 = grant$1 & no?+ mu/ be assum$4 ,psy*ology1 !n1 is l all ! o!r sci5ces1 9 t its me?od ( gett+ its facts is by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,,summ>y4 ,sci5ce is sy/ematic1 relat$ k4 ,ea* sci5ce has a p>ticul> field :i* x attempts to explore & describe4 ,! field ( psy*ology is ! /udy ( s5sitivity1 action1 & consci\sness1 or briefly1 human behavior4 ,its ma9 problems are developm5t1 h]$ity1 in/9cts1 habits1 s5sation1 memory1 ?9k+1 & individual diff]5ces4 ,its me?od is obs]vation & exp]im5t1 ! same z 9 all o!r sci5ces4 ,,class ,,ex]cises #a4 ,make out a li/ ( ?+s ab\t human nature :i* y w\ld l to "k4 ,pa/e y\r li/ 9 ! front ( ?is book1 & z y f9d y\r que/ions answ]$ 9 ?is book1 or 9 o!r books :i* y may read1 *eck !m (f4 ,at ! end ( ! c\rse1 note h[ _m rema9 unansw]$4 ,f9d out :e!r ^? n answ]$ c be answ]$ at ! pres5t "t4 #b4 ,does ev]y?+ y d h a cause8 ,:at k9d ( cause8 #c4 ,human nature is %[n 9 human action4 ,human action consi/s 9 muscul> contraction4 ,:at makes a muscle contract8 #d4 ,plan an exp]im5t ! object ( :i* %all be to le>n some?+ ab\t y\rself4 #e4 ,enum]ate ! pr(essions & occupations 9 :i* a k ( "s aspect ( human nature w\ld be valuable4 ,/ate 9 :at way x w\ld be valuable4 #f4 ,make a li/ ( facts conc]n+ a *ild1 :i* a tea*] ought to "k4 #g4 ,make a complete outl9e ( ,*apt] ,i4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g3 ,psy*ology1 ,g5]al & ,appli$1 ,*apt]s ,i1 ,,ii1 & ,v4 ,,pillsbury3 ,ess5tials ( ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,i4 ,,pyle3 ,! ,outl9es ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,i4 ,,tit*5]3 ,a ,beg9n]'s ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,i4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,race ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,racial ,developm5t4 ,! purpose ( ?is *apt] is to make "s inquiry conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! race & ( ! individual4 ,9 do+ ?is1 x is necess>y = u fir/ ( all to fix 9 our m9ds ! idea ( causality4 ,accord+ to ! view ( all mod]n sci5ce1 ev]y?+ has a cause4 ,no?+ is uncaus$4 ,"o ev5t is ! result ( o!r previ\s ev5ts1 & is 9 turn ! cause ( o!r ev5ts t foll[4 ,ye/]day fl[$ into to-day1 & to-day fl[s into to-morr[4 ,! _w z x exi/s to-day is ! result ( ! _w z x exi/$ ye/]day4 ,?is is true n only ( ! inorganic _w--! _w ( physics & *emi/ry--b x is true ( liv+ ?+s z well4 ,! animals & plants t exi/ to-day are ! desc5dants ( o!rs t liv$ be=e4 ,!re is probably an unbrok5 l9e ( desc5t f ! fir/ life t exi/$ on ! e>? to ! liv+ =ms ( to-day4 ,n only does ! law ( causality hold true 9 ! case ( our bodies1 b ( our m9ds z well4 ,our m9ds h d\btless develop$ f simpl] m9ds j z our bodies h develop$ f simpl] bodies4 ,t diff]5t grades & types ( m9ds are to be f\nd among ! v>i\s classes ( animals n[ ^u ! e>?1 no "o c d\bt1 = ! diff]5t =ms c]ta9ly %[ diff]5t degrees ( m5tality4 ,accord+ to ! evid5ce ( ^? sci5ti/s :o h /udi$ ! rema9s ( animals f\nd 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 !re is a gradual developm5t ( animal =ms %[n 9 successive epo*s4 ,9 ! v olde/ p>ts ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ! rema9s ( animal life f\nd are v simple4 ,9 lat] =mations1 ! rema9s %[ an animal life m complex4 ,! highe/ =ms ( animals1 ! mammals1 are f\nd only 9 ! m rec5t =mations4 ,! rema9s ( man are f\nd only 9 ! late/ =mations4 ,putt+ ^! two facts toge!r--7#a7 t ! high] types ( m9d are f\nd to-day only 9 ! high] types ( animals1 & 7#b7 t a gradual developm5t ( animal =ms is %[n by ! rema9s 9 ! e>?'s cru/--! conclusion is =c$ ^u u t m9d has pass$ ?r\gh _m /ages ( developm5t f ! appe>ance ( life ^u ! e>? to ! pres5t "t4 ,among ! l[] =ms ( animals to-day "o sees evid5ce ( v simple m9ds4 ,9 amoebas1 worms1 insects1 & fi%es1 m9d is v simple4 ,9 birds1 x is high]4 ,9 mammals1 x is high] /ill4 ,among ! highe/ mammals bel[ man1 we see manife/ations ( m9d some:at l our own4 ,^! grades ( m5tality %[n 9 ! animals ( to-day repres5t ! /eps 9 ! developm5t ( m9d 9 ! animals ( ! pa/4 ,we _c "h g into ! pro( ( ! doctr9e ( developm5t4 ,= ?is pro(1 ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to zooelogy4 ,"o fur!r po9t1 h[ev]1 may be not$4 ,if x is difficult = ! read] to conceive ( ! developm5t ( m9d on ! e>? simil> to ! developm5t ( animals 9 ! pa/1 let him ?9k ( ! developm5t ( m9d 9 ! individual4 ,!re c c]ta9ly be no d\bt ( ! developm5t ( m9d 9 an individual human be+4 ,! infant1 :5 born1 %[s little manife/ation ( m5tality2 b z its body gr[s1 its m9d develops1 becom+ m & m complex z ! individual gr[s to maturity4 ,! ,_w z ,dynamic4 ,! view ( ! _w outl9$ above1 & held by all sci5tific m5 ( ! pres5t "t1 may be t]m$ ! dynamic view4 ,man =m]ly look$ ^u ! _w z /atic1 a _w :]e ev]y?+ 0 fix$ & f9al4 ,ea* ?+ exi/$ 9 itself & = itself1 & 9 l>ge measure indep5d5t ( all o!r ?+s4 ,we n[ look ^u ?+s & ev5ts z relat$ & dep5d5t4 ,ea* ?+ is dep5d5t ^u o!rs1 relat$ to o!rs4 ,man n only lives 9 su* a _w1 b is "p ( su* a _w4 ,9 ?is _w ( con/ant & ceaseless *ange1 man is mo/ s5sitive & responsive4 ,ev]y?+ may affect him4 ,to all ( ! con/ant *anges ab\t him he mu/ adju/ himself4 ,he has be5 produc$ by ?is _w1 & to live 9 x he mu/ meet its e condition & *ange4 ,we mu/1 !n1 look ^u human nature z some?+ com+ out ( ! pa/ & z be+ influ5c$ e mom5t by ! ?+s & =ces ( ! pres5t4 ,man is n an indep5d5t be+1 unaffect$ by ev]y?+ t happ5s2 on ! contr>y1 he is affect$ by all influ5ces t act ^u him4 ,among ^! influ5ces may be m5tion$ wea!r1 climate1 food1 & social =ces4 ,! condition ( ! v>i\s organs ( a *ild's body det]m9e1 to "s ext5t1 ! effect :i* ^! v>i\s =ces h ^u x4 ,if a *ild's eyes are 9 any way defective1 mak+ vision poor1 ?is trem5d\sly influ5ces 8 life4 ,n only is su* a *ild unable to see ! _w z x really is1 b ! eye/ra9 result+ f poor vision has s]i\s effects on ! *ild1 produc+ all sorts ( disord]s4 ,if a *ild _c he> well or is entirely deaf1 _m s]i\s consequ5ces foll[4 ,9 fact1 e condition or *>act]i/ic ( a *ild t is 9 any way abnormal may lead on to o!r conditions & *>act]i/ics1 (t5 ( a s]i\s nature4 ,! gr[? ( ad5oids1 = example1 may lead to a s]i\s impairm5t ( ! m9d4 ,poor vision may affect ! :ole life & "* ( ! individual4 ,! influ5ce ( a p>5t1 tea*]1 or fri5d may det]m9e ! int]e/ ( a *ild & affect 8 :ole life4 ,! correct view ( *ild life is t ! *ild is affect$1 9 great] or less degree1 by e influ5ce :i* acts ^u him4 ,significance ( ,developm5t & ,causality4 ,:at are ! consequ5ces ( ! view j set =?8 ,:at is ! significance ( ! facts t h be5 enum]at$8 ,x is ( great consequ5ce to our ?9k+ :5 we come to recognize fully ! idea ( causality4 ,we !n fully accept ! fact t man's body & m9d are "p ( a causal & ord]ly _w4 ,let u consid]1 = example1 ! movem5t ( a muscle4 ,e su* movem5t mu/ be caus$4 ,! physiologi/ has discov]$ :at ?is cause is4 ,ord9>ily & normally1 a muscle contracts only :5 /imulat$ by a n]ve curr5t4 ,t9y n]ve fibrils p5etrate e muscle1 end+ 9 ! muscle fib]s4 ,! n]ve-impulse pass+ into ! fib]s ( ! muscles causes !m to contract4 ,! n]ve /imulus itself has a cause2 x ord9>ily arises directly or indirectly f ! /imulation ( a s5se organ4 ,& ! s5se organs are /imulat$ by outside influ5ces1 z 0 expla9$ previ\sly4 ,n only are our movem5ts caus$1 b our s5sations1 our ideas1 & our feel+s foll[ ^u or are dep5d5t ^u "s def9ite bodily /ate or condition4 ,! mom5t t we recognize ?is we see t our s5sations1 ideas1 & feel+s are subject to control4 ,x is only because our m9ds are 9 a _w ( causality1 & subject to its laws1 t education is possible4 ,we c br+ causes to be> ^u a *ild & *ange ! *ild4 ,x is possible to build up ideas1 ideals1 & habits4 ,& ideas1 ideals1 & habits con/itute ! man4 ,tra9+ is possible only because a *ild is a be+ t c be influ5c$4 ,:at any *ild w be :5 gr[n dep5ds ^u :at k9d ( *ild x 0 at ! beg9n+ & ^u ! influ5ces t affect x dur+ its e>ly life :ile x is gr[+ into maturity4 ,we ne$ h no d\bt ab\t ! outcome ( any p>ticul> *ild if we "k1 ) "s degree ( complet5ess1 ! two sets ( factors t det]m9e 8 life--8 inh]itance & ! =ces t affect ?is inh]itance4 ,we c pr$ict ! future ( a *ild to ! ext5t t we "k & und]/& ! =ces t w be effective 9 8 life4 ,! notion ( causality puts new mean+ into our view ( ! tra9+ ( a *ild4 ,! doctr9e ( developm5t puts new mean+ into our notion ( ! nature ( a *ild4 ,we c und]/& man only :5 we view him g5etically1 t is1 9 ! light ( 8 orig94 ,we c und]/& a *ild only 9 ! light ( :at 8 ance/ors h be54 ,z ^! l9es are be+ writt51 ! greate/1 ! bloodie/ w> ( hi/ory is 9 progress4 ,m5 are kill+ m5 by ?\s&s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,h[ c we expla9 su* actions8 ,obs]vation ( *ildr5 %[s t !y are selfi%1 envi\s1 & qu>relsome4 ,!y w fight & /eal until !y are taught n to d su* ?+s4 ,h[ c we und]/& ?is8 ,!re is no way ( und]/&+ su* actions until we come to see t ! *ildr5 & m5 ( to-day are su* z !y are because ( _! ance/ors4 ,x has be5 only a few g5]ations1 relatively speak+1 s9ce our ance/ors 7 nak$ savages1 kill+ _! enemies & eat+ _! enemies' bodies4 ,! civiliz$ life ( our ance/ors cov]s a p]iod ( only a few hundr$ ye>s4 ,! pre-civiliz$ life ( our ance/ors goes back probably ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,9 ! relatively %ort p]iod ( civilization1 our real1 orig9al nature has be5 little *ang$1 p]haps none at all4 ,! mod]n man is1 at he>t1 ! same old man ( ! woods4 ,! improvem5ts ( civilization =m :at is call$ a social h]itage1 :i* mu/ be impress$ ^u ! orig9al nature ( ea* individual 9 ord] to h any effect4 ,e *ild has to le>n to speak1 to write1 to dress1 to eat ) knife & =k2 he mu/ le>n ! v>i\s social cu/oms1 & to act morally z old] p dictate4 ,! *ild is by nature bad1 9 ! s5se t ! nature :i* he inh]its f ! pa/ fits him bett] = ! orig9al k9d ( life :i* man us$ to live ?an x does = ! k9d ( life :i* we are try+ to live n[4 ,?is view makes u see t tra9+ a *ild is1 9 a v true s5se1 mak+ him ov] aga94 ,! *ild mu/ be tra9$ to subdue & control 8 orig9al impulses4 ,habits & ideals t w be suitable = life 9 civiliz$ society mu/ be built up4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,bible 9 reg>d to ! orig9al nature ( man be+ s9ful1 & ! necessity ( reg5]ation1 is fundam5tally correct4 ,b ?is reg5]ation is n s mu* a sudd5 process z x is ! result ( long & pati5t build+-up ( habits & ideals4 ,"o %\ld n despair ( ?is view ( *ild-life4 ,nei!r %\ld "o use x z an excuse = be+ bad1 or = neglect+ ! tra9+ ( *ildr54 ,on ! contr>y1 tak+ ! g5etic view ( *ildhood %\ld give u c]ta9 advantages4 ,x makes u see m cle>ly ! necessity ( tra9+4 ,e *ild mu/ be tra9$1 or he w rema9 v mu* a savage4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( tra9+1 all *ildr5 are mu* alike1 & all alike bad f our pres5t po9t ( view4 ,! *ief diff]5ces 9 *ildr5 9 polit5ess & mann]s g5]ally1 9 morals1 9 indu/ry1 etc41 are due1 9 ! ma91 to diff]5ces 9 tra9+4 ,x is a great help m]ely to "k h[ difficult ! task ( tra9+ is1 & t tra9+ !re mu/ be if we are to h a civiliz$ *ild4 ,we mu/ take ?\ght & plan = ! education & tra9+ ( our *ildr54 ,! task ( education is 9 "p "o ( *ang+ human nature4 ,?is is no light task4 ,x is "o t requires1 9 ! case ( ea* *ild1 "s tw5ty ye>s ( h>d1 pati5t1 p]si/5t "w4 ,individual ,developm5t4 ,h]$ity is a coroll>y ( evolution4 ,individual developm5t is intimately relat$ to racial developm5t4 ,inde$1 racial developm5t w\ld be impossible )\t h]$ity 9 ! individual4 ,! individual mu/ c>ry on & transmit :at ! race h&s d[n to him4 ,?is w be evid5t :5 we expla9 :at h]$ity means4 ,by h]$ity we mean ! lik5ess betwe5 p>5t & (fspr+4 ,?is lik5ess is a matt] ( =m & /ructure z well z lik5ess ( action or response4 ,animals & plants are l ! p>5ts 9 =m & /ructure1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t _! responses are alike :5 ! individuals are plac$ 9 ! same situation4 ,a rob9 is l ! p>5t rob9s 9 size1 %ape1 & color4 ,x also hops l ! p>5t birds1 s+s z !y d1 fe$s z !y d1 builds a simil> ne/1 etc4 ,b ! lik5ess 9 action is dep5d5t ^u lik5ess 9 /ructure4 ,! "y rob9 acts z does ! old rob91 because ! n]v\s me*anism is ! same1 & !re=e a simil> /imulus br+s ab\t a simil> response4 ,mo/ ( ! sci5tific "w 9 h]$ity has be5 done 9 ! /udy ( ! transmission ( physical *>act]i/ics4 ,! ma9 facts ( h]$ity are evid5t to ev]ybody1 b n _m p realize h[ f>-rea*+ is ! pr9ciple ( resemblance betwe5 p>5t & (fspr+4 ,f horses we raise horses4 ,f c[s we raise c[s4 ,! *ildr5 ( human be+s are human4 ,n only is ?is true1 b ! (fspr+ ( horses are ( ! same /ock z ! p>5ts4 ,n only are ! colts ( ! same /ock z ! p>5ts1 b !y resemble ! p>5ts 9 small details4 ,?is is also true ( human be+s4 ,we expect a *ild to be n only ( ! same race z ! p>5ts1 b to h family resemblances to ! p>5ts--! same color ( hair1 ! same %ape ( head1 ! same k9d ( nose1 ! same color ( eyes1 & to h su* resemblances z moles 9 ! same places on ! sk91 etc4 ,a v little inve/igation reveals lik5esses betwe5 p>5t & (fspr+ :i* we may n h expect$ be=e4 ,h[ev]1 if we />t out to hunt = facts ( h]$ity1 we %all p]haps be z mu* impress$ by diff]5ces betwe5 p>5t & *ild z we %all by ! resemblances4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 e *ild has two p>5ts1 & x is (t5 impossible to resemble bo?4 ,"o _c1 = example1 be bo? %ort & tall2 "o _c be bo? fair & d>k2 "o _c be bo? sl5d] & heavy2 "o _c h bo? br[n eyes & blue4 ,9 "s cases1 ! *ild resembles "o p>5t & n ! o!r4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! *ild looks some:at l bo? p>5ts b n exactly l ei!r4 ,if "o p>5t is :ite & ! o!r black1 ! *ild is nei!r z :ite z ! "o p>5t nor z black z ! o!r4 ,! p>5ts ( a *ild are !mselves diff]5t1 b !re are f\r gr&p>5ts1 & ea* ( !m diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,!re are eight great gr&p>5ts1 & all ( !m diff]5t4 ,if we g back only sev5 g5]ations1 cov]+ a p]iod ( p]haps only a hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 we h "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ance/ors4 ,if we g back t5 g5]ations1 we h ov] a ?\s& ance/ors 9 our l9e ( desc5t4 ,ea* ( ^! p 01 9 "s measure1 diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,our inh]itance comes f all ( !m & f ea* ( !m4 ,h[ d all ( ^! div]se *>act]i/ics "w out 9 ! *ild8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x seems evid5t t we d n inh]it our bodies z :oles1 b 9 p>ts or units4 ,we may ?9k ( ! human race z a :ole be+ made up ( a great numb] ( unit *>act]s4 ,no "o p]son possesses all ( !m4 ,e p]son is lack+ 9 "s ( !m4 ,8 neighbor may be lack+ 9 q diff]5t ones4 ,n[ "o p>5t transmits to ! *ild a c]ta9 comb9ation ( unit *>act]s2 ! o!r p>5t1 a diff]5t comb9ation4 ,^! *>act]i/ics may n all appe> 9 ! *ild1 b all are transmitt$ ?r\gh x to ! next g5]ation1 & !y are transmitt$ purely4 ,by be+ transmitt$ purely1 we mean t ! *>act]i/ic does n seem to lose its id5tity & disappe> 9 fusions or mixtures4 ,! ess5tial po9t 9 ?is doctr9e ( h]$ity is kn[n z ,m5delism2 x is ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance ?r\gh ! pure transmission ( unit *>act]s4 ,an illu/ration w probably make ! ,m5delian pr9ciple cle>4 ,let u select our illu/ration f ! plant _w4 ,x is f\nd t if :ite & yell[ corn are cross$1 all ! corn ! fir/ ye>1 result+ f ?is cross+1 w be yell[4 ,n[1 if ?is hybrid yell[ corn is plant$ ! second ye>1 & freely cross-f]tiliz$1 x turns out t "o f\r? ( x w be :ite & ?ree f\r?s yell[4 ,b ?is yell[ consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 "o "p be+ pure yell[ :i* w bre$ true1 produc+ no?+ b yell[2 ! o!r two p>ts transmit :ite & yell[ 9 equal ratio4 ,t is to say1 ^! two p>ts are hybrids1 ! result ( cross+ :ite ) yell[4 ,x is n meant t "o c actually di/+ui% ^! two k9ds ( yell[1 ! pure yell[ & ! hybrid yell[1 b ! results f plant+ x %[ t "o ?ird ( ! yell[ is pure & t ! o!r two ?irds transmit :ite & yell[ 9 equal ratio4 ,! ma9 po9t to notice 9 all ?is is t :5 two individuals hav+ div]se *>act]i/ics are cross$1 ! *>act]i/ics d n fuse & disappe> ultimately1 b t ! two *>act]i/ics are transmitt$ 9 equal ratio1 & ea* w appe> 9 succe$+ g5]ations1 & w appe> pure1 j z if x _h n be5 cross$ ) some?+ diff]5t4 ,! fir/ (fspr+ result+ f ! cross--kn[n z hybrids--may %[ ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ! div]se *>act]i/ics1 or1 :5 su* a ?+ is possible1 ev5 a bl5d+ ( ! two *>act]i/ics4 ,b :atev] ! actual appe>ance ( ! fir/ g5]ation ( (fspr+ result+ f cross+ p>5ts hav+ div]se *>act]i/ics1 _! g]m-cells transmit ! div]se *>act]i/ics 9 equal proportion1 z expla9$ above4 ,:5 "o ( ! div]se *>act]i/ics appe>s 9 ! fir/ g5]ation ( (fspr+ & ! o!r does n appe>1 or is n app>5t1 ! "o t appe>s is said to be dom9ant1 :ile ! "o n appe>+ is said to be recessive4 ,9 our example ( ! yell[ & :ite corn1 yell[ is dom9ant & :ite recessive4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! :ite corn t appe>s 9 ! second g5]ation w bre$ true j z if x _h nev] be5 cross$ ) ! yell[ corn4 ,"o ?ird ( ! yell[ ( ! second g5]ation w\ld also bre$ true if x c\ld be sep>at$ f ! o!r two ?irds4 ,x is n "h claim$ t ,m5delism is a univ]sal pr9ciple1 t all *>act]i/ics are transmitt$ 9 ?is way4 ,h[ev]1 ! results ( ! num]\s exp]im5ts 9 h]$ity lead "o to expect ?is to be ! case4 ,mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts h be5 ) l[] animals & ) plants1 b rec5t exp]im5ts & /ati/ical /udies %[ t ,m5delism is an important factor 9 human h]$ity1 9 su* *>act]i/ics z color ( hair & eyes & sk91 p>tial color bl9dness1 defects ( eye1 e>1 & o!r important organs4 ,! /udies t h be5 made ( human h]$ity h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 /udies ( ! transmission ( physical *>act]i/ics4 ,v little has be5 done t be>s directly ^u ! transmission ( m5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,b our k ( ! dep5d5ce ( m9d ^u body %\ld prep>e u to inf] m5tal h]$ity f physical h]$ity4 ,su* /udies z ?r[ light on ! "q be> u out 9 mak+ su* an inf]5ce4 ,! /udies t h be5 m directly conc]n$ ) m5tal h]$ity are ^? deal+ ) ! resemblances ( tw9s1 /udies ( h]$ity 9 royalty1 /udies ( ! inh]itance ( g5ius1 & /udies ( ! transmission ( m5tal defects & defects ( s5se organs4 ,! results ( all ^! /udies indicate ! inh]itance ( m5tal *>act]i/ics 9 ! same way t physical *>act]i/ics are transmitt$4 ,n only are human m5tal *>act]i/ics transmitt$ f p>5t to (fspr+1 b !y seem to be transmitt$ 9 ,m5delian fa%ion4 ,feeble-m9d$ness1 = example1 seems to be a ,m5delian "* & recessive4 ,f ! /udies t h be5 made1 x seems t two cong5itally feeble-m9d$ p>5ts w h only feeble-m9d$ *ildr54 ,feeble-m9d$ness acts 9 h]$ity z does ! :ite corn 9 ! example giv5 above4 ,if "o p>5t only is feeble-m9d$1 ! o!r be+ normal1 all ( ! *ildr5 w be normal1 j z all ( ! corn1 9 ! fir/ g5]ation aft] ! cross+1 0 yell[4 ,b ^! *ildr5 ^: p>5ts are ! "o normal & ! o!r feeble-m9d$1 :ile !mselves normal1 transmit feeble-m9d$ness 9 equal ratio ) normality4 ,x works out z foll[s3 ,if a feeble-m9d$ p]son m>ry a p]son ( s\nd m9d & s\nd /ock1 ! *ildr5 w all be ( s\nd1 normal m9d4 ,if ^! *ildr5 take z husb&s & wives m5 & wom5 :o _h = p>5ts "o normal & "o feeble-m9d$ p]son1 _! *ildr5 w be "o f\r? feeble-m9d$ & ?ree f\r?s ( !m normal4 ,to summ>ize ! v>i\s conditions3 ,if a feeble-m9d$ p]son m>ry a feeble-m9d$ p]son1 all ! *ildr5 w be feeble-m9d$4 ,if a feeble-m9d$ p]son m>ry a s\nd1 normal p]son 7pure /ock71 all ! *ildr5 w be normal4 ,if ! *ildr51 9 ! la/ case1 m>ry o!rs l !mselves z to orig91 "o f\r? ( _! (fspr+ w be feeble-m9d$4 ,if su* hybrid *ildr5 m>ry feeble-m9d$ p]sons1 "o half ( ! (fspr+ w be feeble-m9d$4 ,x is ra% to prophesy1 b future /udies ( h]$ity may %[ t ,m5delism1 or "s modification ( ! pr9ciple1 always holds true ( m9d z well z ( body4 ,little c be said ab\t ! transmission ( p>ticul> def9ite m5tal traits1 su* z ! v>i\s aspects ( memory1 association1 att5tion1 temp]am5t1 etc4 ,be=e we c speak ) any c]ta9ty "h1 we mu/ make v c>eful exp]im5tal /udies ( ^! m5tal traits 9 p>5ts & (fspr+4 ,no su* "w has be5 done4 ,all we h at ! pres5t "t is ! result ( g5]al obs]vation4 ,improvem5t ( ! ,race4 ,eug5ics is ! sci5ce ( improvem5t ( ! human race by bre$+4 ,:ile we c tra9 *ildr5 & !reby make !m mu* bett] ?an !y w\ld be )\t su* tra9+1 ?is tra9+ does n improve ! /ock4 ,! improvem5t ( ! /ock c be accompli%$ only ?r\gh bre$+ f ! be/ & prev5t+ ! poor /ock f leav+ (fspr+4 ,?is is a well-kn[n pr9ciple 9 ! bre$+ ( dome/ic animals4 ,x is d\btless j z true 9 ! case ( human be+s4 ,! hygi5ic & sci5tific re>+ ( *ildr5 is good = ! *ildr5 & makes _! lives bett]1 b probably does n affect _! (fspr+4 ,we %\ld n =get t all ! social & educational influ5ces die ) ! g5]ation t receives !m4 ,!y mu/ be impress$ by tra9+ on ! next g5]ation or t g5]ation w receive no influ5ce f !m4 ,! *>act]s :i* we acquire 9 our lifetime seem n to be transmitt$ to our *ildr51 except ?r\gh :at is kn[n z social h]$ity1 :i* is m]ely ! tak+ on ( *>act]i/ics ?r\gh imitation4 ,our *ildr5 mu/ g ?r\gh all ! labor ( le>n+ to read1 write1 spell1 add1 multiply1 subtract1 & divide1 :i* we w5t ?r\gh4 ,moral traits1 mann]s & cu/oms1 & o!r habits & ideals ( social importance mu/ be acquir$ by ea* successive g5]ation4 ,h]$ity v]sus ,environm5t4 ,! "q is (t5 ask$ :e!r h]$ity or ! influ5ce ( environm5t has ! mo/ to d ) ! f9al outcome ( "o's life4 ,x is a r useless "q to ask1 = :at a human be+ or any?+ else 9 ! _w does dep5ds ^u :at x is itself & :at ! ?+s & =ces are t act ^u x4 ,h]$ity sets a limitation = u1 fixes ! possibilities4 ,! circum/ances ( life det]m9e :at we w d ) our inh]it$ abilities & *>act]i/ics4 ,h]$it>y influ5ces incl9e u to be tall or %ort1 fat or lean1 light or d>k4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( our memory1 association1 imag9ation1 our le>n+ capacity1 etc41 are det]m9$ by h]$ity4 ,( c\rse1 h[ f> ^! v>i\s aspects develop is to "s ext5t dep5d5t ^u ! favorable or unfavorable influ5ces ( ! environm5t4 ,:at is possible = u to d is settl$ by h]$ity2 :at we may actually d1 :at we may h ! opportunity to d1 is l>gely a matt] ( ! circum/ances ( life4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,new ,engl&1 ! numb] ( m5 :o become fam\s 9 art1 sci5ce1 or lit]ature is v great comp>$ to ! numb] 9 "s o!r p>ts ( our c\ntry4 ,z f> z we h any evid5ce1 ! native /ocks are ! same 9 ! two cases1 b 9 ,new ,engl& ! influ5ces turn m5 into ! direction ( sci5ce1 art1 & lit]ature4 ,ev]y?+ !re is favorable4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ! influ5ces turn m5 into o!r sph]es ( activity4 ,!y become l>ge l&[n]s1 m5 ( bus9ess & affairs4 ,! "q may be ask$ :e!r g5ius makes its way to ! front 9 spite ( unfavorable circum/ances4 ,sometimes x d\btless does4 ,b pugnacity & p]sev]ance are n necess>ily connect$ ) intellectual g5ius4 ,g5ius may be z likely to be timid z bellig]5t4 ,!re=e unfavorable circum/ances may cru% _m a g5ius4 ,! public s*ools ought to be on ! wat* = g5ius 9 any & all k9ds ( "w4 ,:5 a g5ius is f\nd1 prop] tra9+ ought to be provid$ to develop ?is g5ius = ! good ( society z well z = ! good ( ! individual himself4 ,a few *ildr5 %[ ability 9 draw+ & pa9t+1 o!rs 9 music1 o!rs 9 me*anical inv5tion1 "s 9 lit]>y con/ruction4 ,:5 x is f\nd t ?is ability is und\bt$ly a native gift & n a pass+ :im1 special opportunity %\ld be provid$ = its developm5t & tra9+4 ,x w be bett] = ! g5]al welf>e1 z well z = individual happ9ess1 if ea* does 9 life t = :i* he is by nature be/ fitt$4 ,= mo/ ( u1 h[ev]1 !re is n mu* diff]5ce 9 our abilities4 ,we c d "o ?+ z well z we c _m o!r ?+s4 ,b 9 a few !re are und\bt$ special native gifts4 ,,summ>y4 ,?is is an ord]ly _w1 9 :i* ev]y?+ has a cause4 ,all ev5ts are connect$ 9 a *a9 ( causes & effects4 ,human be+s live 9 ?is _w ( natural law & are subject to x4 ,human life is completely )9 ?is _w ( law & ord] & is a "p ( x4 ,education is possible only because we c *ange human be+s by hav+ influ5ces act ^u !m4 ,individuals receive _! orig9al traits f _! ance/ors1 probably z p>ts or units4 ,m5delism is ! doctr9e ( ! pure transmission ( unit *>act]s4 ,eug5ics is ! sci5ce ( improv+ ! human race by selective bre$+4 ,an individual's life is ! result ( ! int]action ( 8 h]$it>y *>act]i/ics & 8 environm5t4 ,,class ,,ex]cises #a4 ,try to f9d rock conta9+ ! rema9s ( animals4 ,y c get in=mation on su* matt]s f a textbook on geology4 #b4 ,read 9 a geology ab\t ! diff]5t geological epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 #c4 ,make a comp>ison ( ! l5g? ( infancy 9 ! l[] animals & 9 man4 ,:at is ! significance ( :at y f9d8 ,:at advantage does x give man8 #d4 ,:at is natural selection8 ,h[ does x lead to *ange 9 animals8 ,does natural selection /ill op]ate among human be+s8 7,see a mod]n textbook on zooelogy47 #e4 ,by obs]vation & f consult+ a zooelogy1 le>n ab\t ! diff]5t classes ( animal =ms1 f l[ =ms to high =ms4 #f4 ,by /udy+ dome/ic animals1 see :at y c le>n ab\t h]$ity4 ,enum]ate all ! po9ts t y f9d be>+ ^u h]$ity4 #g4 ,9 a simil> way1 make a /udy ( h]$ity 9 y\r family4 ,consid] su* *>act]i/ics z height1 weight1 %ape ( head1 %ape ( nose1 hair & eye color4 ,c y f9d any evid5ce ( ! inh]itance ( m5tal traits8 #h4 ,make a complete outl9e ( ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,,dav5port3 ,h]$ity 9 ,relation to ,eug5ics4 ,,kellicott3 ,! ,social ,direction ( ,human ,evolution4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,m9d ,,& ,,body ,gross ,dep5d5ce4 ,! relation ( m9d to body has always be5 an int]e/+ "o to man4 ,?is is p>tly because ( ! connection ( ! "q ) t ( life aft] dea?4 ,an old idea ( ?is relation1 almo/ univ]sally held till rec5tly1 0 t ! m9d or _s liv$ 9 ! body b 0 m or less indep5d5t ( ! body4 ,! body has be5 look$ ^u z a h9drance to ! m9d or _s4 ,sci5ce kn[s no?+ ab\t ! exi/5ce ( spirits ap>t f bodies4 ,! belief t aft] dea? ! m9d lives on is a matt] ( fai? & n ( sci5ce4 ,:e!r "o believes 9 an exi/5ce ( ! m9d aft] dea? ( ! body1 dep5ds on "o's religi\s fai?4 ,!re is no sci5tific evid5ce "o way or ! o!r4 ,! only m9d t sci5ce kn[s any?+ ab\t is b\nd up v closely ) body4 ,?is is n say+ t !re is no exi/5ce ( _s ap>t f body1 b t at pres5t su* exi/5ce is beyond ! realm ( sci5ce4 ,! dep5d5ce ( m9d ^u body 9 a g5]al way is evid5t to e "o1 ^u ! mo/ g5]al obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,we "k ! effect on ! m9d ( disease1 ( good heal?1 ( hung]1 ( fatigue1 ( ov]work1 ( sev]e bodily injury1 ( bl9dness or deafness4 ,we h1 p]haps1 se5 "s "o /ruck ^u ! head by a club1 or run ov] by an automobile1 & h not$ ! trem5d\s consequ5ces to ! p]son's m9d4 ,9 su* cases x sometimes happ5s t1 z f> z we c see1 !re is no long] any m9d 9 connection ) t body4 ,! mo/ casual obs]vation1 !n1 %[s t m9d & body are 9 "s way mo/ intimately relat$4 ,f9] ,dep5d5ce4 ,let u note ?is relation m 9 detail1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 see j :i* "p ( ! body x is t is connect$ ) ! m9d4 ,fir/ ( all1 we note ! dep5d5ce ( m9d ^u s5se organs4 ,we see only ) our eyes4 ,if we close ! eyelids1 we _c see4 ,if we are born bl9d1 or if injury or disease de/roys ! ret9as ( ! eyes or makes ! eyes opaque s t light _c pass ?r\gh to ! ret9as1 !n we _c see4 ,simil>ly1 we he> only by means ( ! e>s4 ,if we are born deaf1 or if injury de/roys "s important "p ( ! he>+ me*anism1 !n we _c he>4 ,9 l mann]1 we ta/e only by means ( ! ta/e organs 9 ! m\?1 & smell only ) ! organs ( smell 9 ! nose4 ,9 a ^w1 our prim>y k ( ! _w comes only ?r\gh ! s5se organs4 ,we %all see pres5tly j h[ ?is s5s+ or p]ceiv+ is accompli%$4 ,dep5d5ce ( ,m9d on ,n]ves & ,bra94 ,we h se5 h[ 9 a g5]al way ! m9d is dep5d5t on ! body4 ,we h se5 h[ 9 a m intimate way x is dep5d5t on ! special s5se organs4 ,b ! "p ( ! body to :i* ! m9d is mo/ directly & intimately relat$ is ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! s5se organs !mselves are m]ely modifications ( ! n]ve ends toge!r ) c]ta9 me*anisms = enabl+ /imuli to act on ! n]ve ends4 ,! eye is m]ely ! optic n]ve spread out to =m ! ret9a & modifi$ 9 c]ta9 ways to make x s5sitive to e!r vibrations4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 ! focus+ me*anism ( ! eye4 ,s = all ! s5se organs2 !y are1 ea* ( !m1 "s sort ( modification ( n]ve-end+s :i* makes !m s5sitive to "s p>ticul> =ce or sub/ance4 ,let u make ! matt] cle> by an illu/ration4 ,suppose ,i see a picture on ! wall4 ,my eyes are direct$ t[>d ! picture4 ,light f ! picture is refract$ )9 ! eyes1 =m+ an image on ea* ret9a4 ,! ret9a is s5sitive to ! light4 ,! light produces *emical *anges on ! ret9a4 ,^! *anges set up an excitation 9 ! optic n]ves1 :i* is conduct$ to a c]ta9 place 9 ! bra91 caus+ an excitation 9 ! bra94 ,n[ ! important po9t is t :5 ?is excitation is go+ on 9 ! bra91 we are consci\s1 we see ! picture4 ,z f> z sci5ce c det]m9e1 we d n see1 nor he>1 nor ta/e1 nor smell1 nor h any o!r s5sation unless a s5se organ is excit$ & produces ! excitation 9 ! bra94 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t our prim>y1 s5sory exp]i5ce4 ,by prim>y1 s5sory exp]i5ce is meant our imm$iate1 direct k ( any aspect ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is field ( our consci\s life1 we are entirely dep5d5t ^u s5se organs & n]ves & bra94 ,injuries to ! eyes de/roy+ _! p[] to p]=m _! ord9>y "w1 or injuries to ! optic n]ve or to ! visual c5t] 9 ! bra91 make x impossible = u to see4 ,^! facts are s self-evid5t t x seems useless to /ate !m4 ,"o has b to hold 8 h&s be=e 8 eyes to conv9ce himself t ! m9d sees by means ( eyes1 :i* are physical s5se organs4 ,"o has b to hold 8 h&s tight ov] 8 e>s to f9d out t he he>s by means ( e>s--aga91 physical s5se organs4 ,b simple & self-evid5t z ! facts are1 _! acceptance mu/ h trem5d\s consequ5ces to our ?9k+1 & to our view ( human nature4 ,if ! m9d is dep5d5t 9 e feature on ! body ) its s5se organs1 ?is mu/ give to ?is body & its s5se organs an importance 9 our ?\ght & s*eme ( ?+s t !y did n h be=e4 ,?is close dep5d5ce ( m9d ^u body mu/ give to ! body a place 9 our s*eme ( education t x w\ld n h "u any o!r view ( ! m9d4 ,we wi% to emphasize "h t ?is /atem5t ( ! close relation ( ! m9d & body is n a !ory :i* "o may accept or n4 ,x is a simple /atem5t ( fact4 ,x is a presupposition ( psy*ology4 ,by presupposition is meant a fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* ! psy*ologi/ always has 9 m9d4 ,x is axiomatic1 & has ! same place 9 psy*ology t axioms h 9 ma!matics4 ,all explanations ( ! work+ ( ! m9d mu/ be /at$ 9 t]ms ( n]ve & bra9 action1 & /imulation ( s5se organs4 ,s9ce ! s5se organs are ! prim>y & fundam5tal organs ?r\gh :i* we get exp]i5ce1 & s9ce ! s5sations are ! elem5t>y exp]i5ces out ( :i* all m5tal life is built1 x is necess>y = u to h a cle> idea ( ! s5se organs1 _! /ructure & functions1 & ( ! nature ( s5sations4 ,vision4 ,! ,visual ,s5se ,organs4 ,! details ( ! anatomy ( ! eye c be look$ up 9 a physiological textbook4 ,! ess5tial pr9ciples are v simple4 ,! eye is made on ! pr9ciple ( a photograph]'s cam]a4 ,! ret9a corresponds to ! s5sitive plate ( ! cam]a4 ,! light com+ f objects t[>d :i* ! eyes are direct$ is focus$ on ! ret9a1 =m+ !re an image ( ! object4 ,! light ?us focus$ on ! ret9a sets up a *emical *ange 9 ! delicate n]ve tissue2 ?is excitation is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! optic n]ve to ! occipital 7back7 "p ( ! bra91 & sets up bra9 action !re4 ,!n we h visual s5sation2 we see ! object4 ,! diff]5t colors t we see are dep5d5t ^u ! vibration frequ5cy ( ! e!r4 ,! high] frequ5cies give u ! colors blue & gre51 & ! l[] frequ5cies give u ! colors yell[ & r$4 ,! int]m$iate frequ5cies give u ! int]m$iate colors blue-gre5 & orange4 ,by vibration frequ5cies is meant ! rate at :i* ! e!r vibrates1 ! numb] ( vibrations a second4 ,if ! read] wi%es to "k some?+ ab\t ^! frequ5cies1 su* in=mation c be f\nd 9 a textbook on physics4 ,x w be f\nd t ! vibration rates ( ! e!r are v great4 ,x is only )9 a c]ta9 range ( vibration frequ5cy t sunlight affects ! ret9a4 ,sl[] rates ( vibration ?an t produc+ r$ d n affect ! eye1 & fa/] ?an t produc+ violet d n affect ! eye4 ,! lightness & d>kness ( a color are dep5d5t ^u ! int5sity ( ! vibration4 ,r$1 = example1 is produc$ by a c]ta9 vibration frequ5cy4 ,! m int5se ! vibration1 ! bright] ! r$2 ! less int5se1 ! d>k] ! r$4 ,:5 all ! vibration frequ5cies affect ! eyes at ! same "t1 we see no color at all b only brightness4 ,?is is due to ! fact t c]ta9 vibration frequ5cies neutralize ea* o!r 9 _! effect on ! ret9a1 s f> z produc+ color is conc]n$4 ,r$ neutralizes gre51 blue neutralizes yell[1 violet neutralizes yell[i% gre51 orange neutralizes blui% gre54 ,all v>iations 9 vision z f> z color & brightness are conc]n$ are due to v>iations 9 ! /imulus4 ,*anges 9 vibration frequ5cy give ! diff]5t colors4 ,*anges 9 int5sity give ! diff]5t brightnesses3 black1 gray1 & :ite4 ,all explanations ( ! _m int]e/+ ph5om5a ( vision are to be s\ght 9 ! physiological action ( ! eye4 ,besides ! facts ( color & light & %ade1 already m5tion$1 "s fur!r int]e/+ visual ph5om5a may be m5tion$ "h4 ,visual ,contra/4 ,e color makes objects ne> x take on ! antagoni/ic or complem5t>y color4 ,r$ makes objects ne> appe> gre51 gre5 makes !m appe> r$4 ,blue makes ne> objects appe> yell[1 :ile yell[ makes !m appe> blue4 ,orange induces gre5i% blue1 & gre5i% blue induces orange4 ,violet induces yell[i% gre51 & yell[i% gre5 induces violet4 ,^! color-pairs are kn[n z antagoni/ic or complem5t>y colors4 ,ea* "o ( a pair enhances ! effect ( its complem5t>y :5 ! two colors are br\ght close toge!r4 ,9 a simil> way1 light & d>k t9ts act z complem5t>ies4 ,light objects make d>k objects ne> appe> d>k]1 & d>k objects make light objects ne> seem light]4 ,^! univ]sal pr9ciples ( contra/ are ( mu* practical significance4 ,!y mu/ be tak5 acc\nt ( 9 all arrangem5ts ( colors & t9ts1 = example1 9 dress1 9 ! arrangem5t ( fl[]s & %rubs1 9 pa9t+4 ,color-,mixture4 ,if1 on a rotat+ motor1 disks ( diff]5t colors--say r$ & yell[--are plac$ & rotat$1 "o sees on look+ at !m n r$ or yell[ b orange4 ,?is ph5om5on is kn[n z color-mixture4 ,! result is due to ! simultane\s /imulation ( ! ret9a by two k9ds ( e!r vibration4 ,if ! colors us$ are a c]ta9 r$ & a c]ta9 gre51 !y neutralize ea* o!r & produce only gray4 ,all ! pairs ( complem5t>y colors m5tion$ above act 9 ! same way1 produc+1 if mix$ 9 ! "r proportion1 no color1 b gray4 ,if color$ disks n complem5t>y are mix$ by rotation on a motor1 !y produce an int]m$iate color4 ,r$ & yell[ give orange4 ,blue & gre5 give blui% gre54 ,yell[ & gre5 give yell[i% gre54 ,r$ & blue give violet or purple1 dep5d+ on ! proportion4 ,mix+ pigm5ts gives1 9 g5]al1 ! same results z mix+ by means ( rotat+ ! disks4 ,! ord9>y blue & yell[ pigm5ts give gre5 :5 mix$1 because ea* ( ! two pigm5ts conta9s gre54 ,! blue & yell[ neutralize ea* o!r1 leav+ gre54 ,visual ,aft]-,images4 ,! /imulation ( ! ret9a has int]e/+ aft] effects4 ,we %all m5tion "h only ! "o kn[n z negative aft]-images4 ,if "o w place on ! table a %eet ( :ite pap]1 & on ?is :ite pap] lay a small piece ( color$ pap]1 & if he w !n gaze /eadily at ! color$ pap] = a half-m9ute1 x w be f\nd t if ! color$ pap] is remov$ "o sees its complem5t>y color4 ,if ! head is n mov$1 ?is complem5t>y color has ! same size & %ape z ! orig9al color$ piece ( pap]4 ,! negative aft]-image c be project$ on a backgr\nd at diff]5t di/ances1 its size dep5d+ on ! di/ance ( ! backgr\nd4 ,! aft]-image w be f\nd to mix ) an objective color 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( color-mixture m5tion$ above4 ,aft]-image ph5om5a h "s practical consequ5ces4 ,if "o has be5 look+ at a c]ta9 color = "s "t1 a half-m9ute or m1 !n looks at "s o!r color1 ! aft]-image ( ! fir/ color mixes ) ! second color4 ,adaptation4 ,! fact la/ m5tion$ leads u to ! subject ( adaptation4 ,if ! eyes are /imulat$ by ! same k9d ( light = "s "t1 ! eyes become adapt$ to t light4 ,if ! light is yell[1 at fir/ objects seem yell[1 b aft] a "t !y look z if !y 7 illum9at$ ) :ite light1 los+ ! yell[ aspect4 ,b if "o !n goes out into :ite light1 ev]y?+ looks blui%4 ,! negative aft]-image ( ! yell[ be+ ca/ ^u ev]y?+ makes ! surr\nd+s look blue1 = ! aft]-image ( yell[ is blue4 ,all ! o!r colors act 9 a simil> way1 z d also black & :ite4 ,if "o has be5 = "s "t 9 a d>k room & !n goes out to a light] place1 x seems unusually light4 ,& if "o goes f ! light to a d>k room1 x seems unusually d>k4 ,he>+ or ,audition4 ,j z ! eye is an organ s5sitive to c]ta9 frequ5cies ( e!r vibration1 s ! e> is an organ s5sitive to c]ta9 air vibrations4 ,! read] %\ld famili>ize himself ) ! physiology ( ! e> by ref]5ce to physiologies4 ,! drum-sk91 ! ?ree little bones ( ! middle e>1 & ! co*lea ( ! inn] e> are all m]ely me*anical means ( mak+ possible ! /imulation ( ! specializ$ end+s ( ! auditory n]ve by vibrations ( air4 ,z ! diff]5t colors are due to diff]5t vibration frequ5cies ( ! e!r1 s diff]5t pit*es ( s\nd are due to diff]5ces 9 ! rates ( ! air vibrations4 ,! l[ bass notes are produc$ by ! l[ vibration frequ5cies4 ,! high notes are produc$ by ! high vibration frequ5cies4 ,! l[e/ notes t we c he> are produc$ by ab\t tw5ty vibrations a second1 & ! highe/ by ab\t =ty ?\s& vibrations a second4 ,o!r ,s5se ,organs4 ,we ne$ n give a detail$ /atem5t ( ! facts conc]n+ ! o!r s5ses4 ,9 ea* case ! s5se organ is "s special adaptation ( ! n]ve-end+s ) appropriate app>atus 9 connection to enable x to be affect$ by "s special ?+ or =ce 9 ! environm5t4 ,9 ! case ( ta/e1 we f9d 9 ! m\?1 *iefly on ! back & edges ( ! tongue1 organs s5sitive to sweet1 s\r1 salt1 & bitt]4 ,9 ! nose we h an organ t is s5sitive to ! t9y p>ticles ( sub/ances t float 9 ! air :i* we brea! 9 ?r\gh ! nose4 ,9 ! sk9 we f9d sev]al k9ds ( s5se organs t give u ! s5sations ( cold & w>m?1 ( pressure & pa94 ,^! are all special & def9ite s5sations produc$ by diff]5t k9ds ( organs4 ,! s5se ( w>m? is produc$ by diff]5t organs f ^? :i* produce ! s5se ( cold4 ,^! organs c be detect$ & localiz$ on ! sk94 ,s1 also1 pa9 & t\* or pressure h ea* its p>ticul> organ4 ,)9 ! body itself we h s5se organs also1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! jo9ts & t5dons & 9 ! muscles4 ,^! give u ! s5sations :i* are ! basis ( our p]ception ( motion1 & ( ! position ( ! body & its memb]s4 ,9 ! semicircul> canals ( ! inn] e> are organs t give u ! s5se ( dizz9ess1 & enable u to ma9ta9 our equilibrium & to "k up f d[n4 ,! g5]al nature ( ! s5se organs & ( s5sation %\ld n[ be app>5t4 ,! n]v\s sy/em rea*es out its myriad f+]s to e portion ( ! surface ( ! body1 & )9 ! body z well4 ,^! n]ve-end+s are specially adapt$ to receive ea* its p>ticul> =m ( /imulation4 ,?is /imulation ( our s5se organs is ! basis or cause ( our s5sations4 ,& our s5sations are ! elem5t>y /uff ( all our exp]i5ce4 ,:atev] ?\ghts we h1 :atev] ideas or images we h1 !y come orig9ally f our s5sations4 ,!y are built up out ( our s5sations or f ^! s5sations z !y exi/ 9 memory4 ,defects ( ,s5se ,organs4 ,! organs ( sight & he>+ are n[ by f> ! mo/ important ( our s5se organs4 ,!y enable u to s5se ?+s t are at a di/ance4 ,we %all !re=e discuss defects ( ^! two organs only4 ,s9ce s5sations are ! prim>y /uff out ( :i* m9d is made1 & s9ce sight & he>+ are ! mo/ important s5se organs1 x is evid5t t our lives are v mu* dep5d5t on ^! organs4 ,if !y _c d _! "w well1 !n we are h&icapp$4 ,& ?is is (t5 ! case4 ,! mak+ ( ! human eye is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable a*ievem5ts ( nature4 ,b ! mak+ ( a p]fect eye is too big a task = nature4 ,%e nev] makes a p]fect eye4 ,!re is always "s defect1 l>ge or small4 ,to take pla/ic mat]ial & make l5ses & %utt]s & curta9s is a great task4 ,! curvature ( ! front ( ! eye & ( ! front & back ( ! cry/all9e l5s is nev] q p]fect1 b 9 ! majority ( cases x is ne>ly en\gh p]fect to give u good vision4 ,h[ev]1 9 ab\t "o ?ird ( s*ool *ildr5 ! defect is great en\gh to ne$ to be correct$ by glasses4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! correction ( sight by means ( glasses is m]ely ?is3#a ,:5 ! focus+ app>atus ( ! eye is n p]fect1 x c be made s by putt+ 9 front ( ! eye ! prop] k9d ( l5s4 ,!re is no?+ /range or my/]i\s ab\t x4 ,9 "s cases1 ! eye focuses ! light be=e x rea*es ! ret9a4 ,su* cases are kn[n z ne>sight$ness & are correct$ by hav+ plac$ 9 front ( ! eyes concave l5ses ( ! prop] /r5g?4 ,^! l5ses div]ge ! rays & make !m focus on ! ret9a4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! eye is n able to focus ! rays by ! "t !y rea* ! ret9a4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! eyes ne$ ! help ( convex l5ses ( ! prop] /r5g? to make ! focus fall exactly on ! ret9a4 #a ,! tea*] %\ld expla9 ^! pr9ciples & illu/rate by draw+s4 ,consult a good text 9 physiology4 ,noyes' ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri ,ext5sion ,bullet9 on eye & e> defects w be f\nd mo/ useful4 ,ano!r defect ( ! eye1 kn[n z a/igmatism1 is due to ! fact t ! eye does n always h a p]fectly sph]ical front 7cornea74 ,! curvature 9 "o direction is diff]5t f t 9 o!rs4 ,= example1 ! v]tical curvature may be m convex ?an ! horizontal4 ,su* a condition produces a s]i\s defect ( vision4 ,x c be correct$ by means ( cyl9drical l5ses ( ! prop] /r5g? s plac$ be=e ! eye z to correct ! defect 9 curvature4 ,/ill ano!r defect ( vision is kn[n z presbyopia or f>sight$ness due to old age4 ,x has ! foll[+ explanation3 ,9 e>ly life1 :5 we look at ne> objects1 ! cry/all9e l5s automatically becomes ?ick]1 m convex4 ,?is adju/m5t br+s ! rays to a focus on ! ret9a1 :i* is requir$ = good vision4 ,z we get old1 ! cry/all9e l5s loses its p[] to *ange its adju/m5t = ne> objects1 al?\gh ! eye may see at a di/ance z well z ev]4 ,! old p]son1 !re=e1 mu/ we> convex glasses :5 look+ at ne> objects1 z 9 read+ & sew+4 ,ano!r visual defect ( a diff]5t nature is kn[n z p>tial color bl9dness4 ,! defects describ$ above are due to mis%ap5 eyes4 ,p>tial color bl9dness is due to a defect ( ! ret9a :i* makes x unable to be affect$ by light waves produc+ r$ & gre54 ,a p]son ) ?is defect confuses r$ & gre54 ,:ile only a small p]c5tage ( ! population has ?is defect1 x is nev]!less v important t ^? hav+ x be detect$4 ,p hav+ ! defect %\ld n be all[$ to ent] occupations 9 :i* ! see+ ( r$ & gre5 is important4 ,x 0 rec5tly br\ght to ! au?or's att5tion t a p>tially color-bl9d man 0 sell+ /amps 9 a po/ (fice4 ,s9ce two d5om9ations ( /amps are di/+ui%$ by r$ & gre5 colors1 ?is man made frequ5t mi/akes4 ,he 0 do+ "o ( ! ?+s = :i* he 0 specially unfitt$4 ,x is easy to detect color bl9dness by simple te/s4 ,s great is ! importance ( good vision 9 s*ool "w & ! lat] "w ( life1 t e tea*] %\ld "k h[ to make simple te/s to det]m9e visual defects4 ,*ildr5 %[+ any symptoms ( eye/ra9 %\ld be requir$ to h _! visual defects correct$ by a compet5t oculi/1 & %\ld be w>n$ n to h ! correction made by a quack4 ,!re is great popul> ignorance & ev5 prejudice conc]n+ visual defects1 & x is v important t tea*]s h a cle> und]/&+ ( ! facts4 ,defects ( ,he>+4 ,he>+ defects are only ab\t half z frequ5t z ^? ( sight4 ,!y are ne>ly all due to cat>rhal infection ( ! middle e> ?r\gh ! ,eu/a*ian tube4 ,! c>eful & frequ5t m$ical exam9ation ( s*ool *ildr5 _c1 !re=e1 be too /rongly emphasiz$4 ,! deafness or p>tial deafness t comes f ?is cat>rhal infection c seldom be cur$2 x mu/ be prev5t$ by ! e>ly treatm5t ( ! tr\bles :i* cause x4 ,,summ>y4 ,! m9d is closely relat$ to ! body4 ,especially is x dep5d5t ^u ! bra91 n]ves1 & s5se organs4 ,! s5se organs are special adaptations ( ! n]ve-ends = receiv+ impressions4 ,ea* s5se organ receives only its p>ticul> type ( impression4 ,! ma9 visual ph5om5a are ^? ( color-mixture1 aft]-images1 adaptation1 & contra/4 ,s9ce s5sation is ! basis ( m5tal life1 defects ( ! s5se organs are s]i\s h&icaps & %\ld be correct$ if possible4 ,visual defects are usually due to a mis%ap5 eyeball & c be correct$ by prop] glasses1 :i* %\ld be fitt$ by an oculi/4 ,he>+ defects usually arise f cat>rhal tr\ble 9 ! middle e>4 ,,class ,,ex]cises #a4 ,make a /udy ( ! relation ( ! m9d to ! body4 ,enum]ate ! diff]5t l9es ( evid5ce :i* y may f9d indicat+ _! close relation%ip4 #b4 ,c y f9d any evid5ce t5d+ to %[ t ! m9d is indep5d5t ( ! body8 #c4 ,color-,mixture4 ,color$ disks c be procur$ f ,c4 ,h4 ,/oelt+ ,company1 ,*icago4 ,if a small motor is available1 ! disks c be rotat$ on ! motor & ! colors mix$4 ,mix pairs ( complem5t>y colors1 also pairs ( non-complem5t>y colors1 & note ! result4 ,a simple device c be made = mix+ colors1 z foll[s3 ,on a bo>d /& a pane ( glass4 ,on "o side ( ! glass put a color$ pap] & on ! o!r side ( ! glass put a diff]5t color4 ,by look+ ?r\gh ! glass y c see "o color ?r\gh transmitt$ light & ! o!r color ?r\gh reflect$ light4 ,by incl9+ ! glass at diff]5t angles y c get diff]5t proportions ( ! mixture1 n[ m ( "o color1 n[ m ( ! o!r4 #d4 ,negative ,aft]-,images4 ,cut out pieces ( color$ pap] a half in* squ>e4 ,put "o ( ^! on a :ite backgr\nd on ! table4 ,) elb[s on ! table1 hold ! head 9 ! h&s & gaze at ! color$ pap] = ab\t a half-m9ute1 !n bl[ ! pap] away & cont9ue to gaze at ! :ite backgr\nd4 ,note ! color t appe>s4 ,use diff]5t colors & tabulate ! results4 ,try project+ ! aft]-images at diff]5t di/ances4 ,project ! aft]-images on diff]5t color$ pap]s4 ,d ! aft]-images mix ) ! colors ( ! pap]s8 #e4 ,an int]e/+ exp]im5t ) positive aft]-images c be p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,%ut y\rself 9 a d>k closet = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes to remove all trace ( /imulation ( ! ret9a4 ,) ! eyes cov]$ ) sev]al folds ( ?ick black clo? g to a w9d[1 uncov] ! eyes & take a mom5t>y look at ! l&scape1 imm$iately cov]+ ! eyes aga94 ,! l&scape w appe> z a positive aft]-image1 ) ! positive colors & lights & %ades4 ,! exp]im5t is be/ p]=m$ on a bright day4 #f4 ,adaptation4 ,put on color$ glasses or hold be=e ! eyes a l>ge piece ( color$ glass4 ,note t at fir/ ev]y?+ takes on ! color ( ! glass4 ,:at *ange comes ov] objects aft] ! glasses h be5 worn = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes8 ,describe y\r exp]i5ce aft] remov+ ! glasses4 ,plan & p]=m o!r exp]im5ts %[+ adaptation4 ,= illu/ration1 g f a v bright room into a d>k room4 ,g f a v d>k room to a light "o4 ,describe y\r exp]i5ce4 #g4 ,contra/4 ,take a m$ium gray pap] & lay x on :ite & v>i\s %ades ( gray & black pap]4 ,describe & expla9 :at y f9d4 #h4 ,color ,contra/4 ,d>k5 a room by cov]+ all ! w9d[s except "o w9d[ pane4 ,cov] x ) c>dbo>d4 ,9 ! c>dbo>d cut two w9d[s six in*es long & "o in* wide4 ,ov] "o w9d[ put color$ glass or any o!r color$ mat]ial ?r\gh :i* "s light w pass4 ,by hold+ up a p5cil y c ca/ two %ad[s on a piece ( pap]4 ,:at color are ! %ad[s8 ,"o is a contra/ color induc$ by ! o!r2 :i* "o8 ,expla9 ! results4 #i4 ,make a /udy ( ! way 9 :i* wom5 dress4 ,:at d y le>n ab\t color effects8 #aj4 ,f ! ,/oelt+ ,company y c obta9 ! ,holmgr5 wor/$s = /udy+ color bl9dness4 #aa4 ,defective ,vision4 ,procure a ,snell5's te/ *>t & det]m9e ! visual acuity ( ! memb]s ( ! class4 ,seat ! subject tw5ty feet f ! *>t1 :i* %\ld be plac$ 9 a good light4 ,:ile te/+ "o eye1 cov] ! o!r ) a piece ( c>dbo>d4 ,above ea* r[ ( lett]s on ! *>t is a numb] :i* indicates ! di/ance at :i* x c be read by a normal eye4 ,if ! subject c read only ! ?irty-foot l9e1 8 vision is said to be #bj_/cj2 if only ! =ty-foot l9e1 ! vision is #bj_/dj4 ,if ! subject c read above ! tw5ty-foot l9e & compla9s ( heada*e f read+1 f>sight$ness is indicat$4 ,if ! subject _c read up to ! tw5ty-foot l9e1 ne>sight$ness or a/igmatism is indicat$4 #ab4 ,he>+4 ,by consultation ) ! tea*] ( physics1 plan an exp]im5t to %[ t ! pit* ( tones dep5ds on vibration frequ5cy4 ,su* an exp]im5t c be v simply p]=m$ by rotat+ a :eel hav+ spokes4 ,hold a light /ick aga9/ ! spokes s t x /rikes ea* spoke4 ,if ! :eel is rotat$ s z to give tw5ty or ?irty /rokes a second1 a v l[ tone w be he>d4 ,by rotat+ ! :eel fa/] y get a high] tone4 ,o!r simil> exp]im5ts c be p]=m$4 #ac4 ,acuity ( he>+ c be te/$ by f9d+ ! di/ance at :i* ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! class c he> a wat*-tick4 ,! tea*] c plan an exp]im5t us+ :isp]+ in/ead ( ! wat*-tick4 7,see ! au?or's ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr547 #ad4 ,by us+ ! po9t ( a nail1 "o c f9d ! cold spots on ! sk94 ,w>m ! nail to ab\t #dj degrees ,c5tigrade & y c f9d ! w>m spots4 #ae4 ,by t\*+ ! hairs on ! back ( ! h&1 y c /imulate ! pressure spots4 #af4 ,by prick+ ! sk9 ) ! po9t ( a ne$le1 y c /imulate ! pa9 spots4 #ag4 ,! s5se ( ta/e is s5sitive only to solutions t are sweet1 s\r1 salt1 or bitt]4 ,plan exp]im5ts to v]ify ?is po9t4 ,:at we call ! ta/e ( _m ?+s is due *iefly to odor4 ,!re=e 9 exp]im5ts ) ta/e1 ! no/rils %\ld be /opp$ up ) cotton4 ,x w be f\nd1 = example1 t qu99e & c(fee are indi/+ui%able if _! odors be elim9at$ by /opp+ ! nose4 ,! /ud5t %\ld comp>e ! ta/e ( _m sub/ances put into ! m\? ) ! no/rils op5 ) ! ta/e ( ! same sub/ances ) ! no/rils clos$4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,,colv9 ,,& ,,bagley3 ,human ,behavior1 ,*apt]s ,,vii & ,,xii4 ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g3 ,psy*ology1 ,g5]al & ,appli$1 ,*apt]s ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,,vi1 & ,,vii4 ,,pillsbury3 ,ess5tials ( ,psy*ology1 ,*apt]s ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv4 ,,pyle3 ,! ,outl9es ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,tit*5]3 ,a ,beg9n]'s ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,i1 p>4 #c2 also ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,inh]it$ ,,t5d5cies ,/imulus & ,response4 ,we h le>n$ some?+ ab\t ! s5se organs & _! functions4 ,we h se5 t x is ?r\gh ! s5se organs t ! _w affects u1 /imulates u4 ,& we h said t we are /imulat$ 9 ord] t we may respond4 ,we mu/ n[ inquire into ! nature ( our responses4 ,we are mov+1 active be+s4 ,b h[ d we move1 h[ d we act :5 /imulat$8 ,:y d we d "o ?+ r ?an ano!r8 ,:y d we d "o ?+ at "o "t & a diff]5t ?+ at ano!r "t8 ,be=e we answ] ^! que/ions x w be necess>y = u to get a m def9ite & complete idea ( ! nature ( /imulus & response4 ,we h already us$ ^! t]ms1 b we mu/ n[ give a m def9ite acc\nt ( !m4 ,x 0 said 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t :5 a muscle contracts1 x mu/ fir/ receive a n]ve-impulse4 ,n[1 any?+ :i* />ts ?is n]ve-impulse is call$ ! /imulus4 ,! muscul> movem5t :i* foll[s is1 ( c\rse1 ! response4 ,! n]v\s sy/em =ms ! connection betwe5 ! /imulus & response4 ,! /imulus :i* br+s ab\t a response may be v simple4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 x may be v complex4 ,if "o bl[s ^u ! eyelids ( a baby1 ! lids automatically close4 ,! bl[+ is ! /imulus & ! clos+ ( ! lids is ! response4 ,bo? /imulus & response are "h v simple4 ,b sometimes ! /imulus is m complex1 n m]ely ! simple excitation ( "o s5se organ1 b a complicat$ /imulation ( an organ1 or ! simultane\s /imulation ( sev]al organs4 ,9 play+ ball1 ! /imulus = ! batt] is ! on-com+ ball4 ,! response is ! /roke4 ,?is case is mu* m complex ?an ! reflex clos+ ( ! eyelids4 ,! ball may be pit*$ 9 _m diff]5t ways & ! response *anges ) ^! v>iations4 ,9 piano play+1 ! /imulus is ! notes writt5 9 _! p>ticul> places on ! /aff4 ,n only mu/ ! position ( ! notes on ! /aff be tak5 into acc\nt1 b also _m o!r ?+s1 su* z %>ps & flats1 & v>i\s *>act]s :i* give directions z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! music is to be play$4 ,! /rik+ ( ! notes 9 ! prop] ord]1 9 ! prop] "t1 & ) ! prop] =ce1 is ! response4 ,9 typewrit+1 ! /imulus is ! copy1 or ! idea ( :at is to be writt51 & ! response is ! /rik+ ( ! keys 9 ! prop] ord]4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we may say t ! /imulus is ! =ce or =ces :i* excite ! s5se organs1 & !reby1 ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em1 br+ ab\t a muscul> response4 ,?is is ! ord9>y type ( action1 b we h already indicat$ a diff]5t type4 ,9 speak+ ( typewrit+ we said ! /imulus might be ei!r ! copy or ideas4 ,"o c write f copy or dictation1 9 :i* ! /imulus is ! writt5 or spok5 ^w1 b "o c also write z "o ?9ks ( :at "o wi%es to write4 ,! latt] is kn[n z c5trally initiat$ action4 ,t is to say1 ! /imulus comes f )91 9 ! bra91 r ?an f )\t4 ,let u expla9 ?is k9d ( /imulation a little fur!r4 ,suppose ,i am sitt+ 9 my *air read+4 ,i f9i% a *apt] & look at my wat*4 ,i notice t x is ?ree o'clock1 & recall t ,i 0 to meet a fri5d at t "t4 ,! /imulus 9 ?is case is 9 ! bra9 itself2 x is ! n]v\s activity :i* corresponds to ! idea ( meet+ my fri5d4 ,if we disreg>d ! di/9ction betwe5 m9d & body1 we may say t ! /imulus = a response may be an idea z well z a p]ception1 ! p]ception aris+ f ! imm$iate /imulation ( a s5se organ1 & ! idea aris+ f an excitation ( ! bra9 n caus$ by an imm$iate /imulation ( a s5se organ4 ,in/9cts & ,habits4 ,9 human action x is evid5t t !re is always a /imulus to />t ! n]ve-impulse :i* causes ! action4 ,if we make inquiry conc]n+ ! connection betwe5 ! /imulus & response2 if we ask h[ x has come ab\t t a p>ticul> /imulus causes a p>ticul> response r ?an "s o!r possible response1 we f9d two k9ds ( causes4 ,9 "o case ! causal connection is e/abli%$ ?r\gh h]$ity2 9 ! o!r1 ! causal connection is e/abli%$ dur+ a p]son's lifetime ?r\gh tra9+4 ,a *ick51 = example1 hides "u "s cov] ! fir/ "t x he>s ! cry ( a hawk2 x scrat*es ! fir/ "t its feet t\* s& or gravel2 x pecks ! fir/ "t x sees an insect ne> by4 ,an infant closes its eyes ! fir/ "t x feels cold w9d bl[ ^u !m2 x cries ! fir/ "t x feels pa92 x clasps its f+]s toge!r ! fir/ "t a t\* is felt inside !m4 ,! *ild's n]v\s sy/em is s organiz$ t1 9 ea* ( ! cases nam$1 ! /imulus br+s =? ! p>ticul>1 def9ite response4 ,^! acts d n h to be le>n$4 ,b x is q diff]5t 9 typewrit+ & piano play+4 ,"o mu/ le>n :at keys on ! piano to /rike 9 response to ! v>i\s situations ( ! notes z writt5 9 ! music4 ,"o mu/ also le>n ! keys on ! typewrit] be=e he c op]ate a typewrit]4 ,& 9 ! case ( o!r habits1 we f9d1 = example1 t "o does n respond by say+ #ha = #i times #i2 nor #ac = #f plus #g2 nor #h = #ae m9us #g2 nor #h = ! squ>e root ( #fd2 nor #add = ! squ>e ( #ab1 etc41 until "o has le>n$ 9 ea* case4 ,"s connections betwe5 /imulus & response we h ?r\gh inh]itance2 all o!rs are built up & e/abli%$ 9 "o's lifetime1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( "o's life4 ,we h spok5 ( bonds betwe5 /imulus & response1 b h n expla9$ j :at c be meant by a bond4 ,9 :at s5se are /imulus & response b\nd toge!r8 ,a bond is a matt] ( great] p]meability1 ( less resi/ance 9 "o direction ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em ?an 9 o!r directions4 ,n]ves are conductors = n]ve-curr5ts4 ,:5 a n]ve-curr5t is />t$ 9 a s5se organ1 x passes on ?r\gh ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,n[1 "s n]ves are s organiz$ & connect$ ?r\gh inh]itance z to (f] small resi/ance4 ,?is =ms a ready-made connection betwe5 /imulus & response4 ,muscul> responses t are connect$ ) _! /imuli ?r\gh inh]it$ bonds1 by inh]it$ n]ve /ructure1 are call$ in/9cts4 ,^? t are connect$ by acquir$ bonds are call$ habits4 ,suck+1 cry+1 laugh+1 are in/9ctive acts4 ,add+1 typewrit+1 piano play+1 are habits4 ,! t]m in/9ct may be giv5 to ! act dep5d+ ^u inh]it$ /ructure1 an inh]it$ bond1 or x may be giv5 to ! inh]it$ bond itself4 ,simil>ly1 ! t]m habit may be giv5 to an act t we h _h to le>n or to ! bond :i* we ourselves e/abli% betwe5 response & /imulus4 ,9 ?is book we %all usually mean by in/9ct an action dep5d+ ^u inh]it$ /ructure & by habit an act dep5d+ ^u a bond e/abli%$ dur+ lifetime4 ,a good "p ( our e>ly lives is sp5t 9 build+ up bonds betwe5 /imuli & responses4 ,?is e/abli%+ ( bonds or connections is call$ le>n+4 ,appe>ance ( ,inh]it$ ,t5d5cies4 ,n all ( our inh]it$ t5d5cies are manife/$ imm$iately aft] bir?1 nor inde$ 9 ! e>lie/ ye>s ( *ildhood1 b appe> at diff]5t /ages ( ! *ild's gr[?4 ,x has already be5 said t a *ild1 soon aft] bir?1 w close its eyelids :5 !y are bl[n ^u4 ,! lids d n close at ?is "t if "o /rikes at !m1 b !y w d ?is lat]4 ,! prop] work+ ( an in/9ct or an inh]it$ t5d5cy1 !n1 dep5ds ^u ! *ild's hav+ rea*$ a c]ta9 /ate ( developm5t4 ,! matur+ ( an in/9ct dep5ds ^u bo? age & use1 t is to say1 ^u ! age ( ! animal & ! am\nt ( use or ex]cise t ! in/9ctive activity has _h4 ,! mo/ important factor1 h[ev]1 seems to be age4 ,:ile our k ( ! dep5d5ce ( an in/9ct ^u ! age ( ! animal is n q s def9ite 9 ! case ( human in/9cts1 ! matt] has be5 work$ out 9 ! case ( *ick5s4 ,! exp]im5t 0 z foll[s3 ,*ick5s 7 tak5 at ! "t ( hat*+1 & "s all[$ to peck f ! fir/1 :ile o!rs 7 kept 9 a d>k room & n all[$ to peck4 ,:5 ! *ick5s 7 tak5 out ( ! d>k room at ! end ( "o1 two1 ?ree1 & f\r days1 x 0 f\nd t 9 a few h\rs !y 7 peck+ z well z ^? t _h be5 peck+ f bir?4 ,x seems probable1 if we may judge f our limit$ k1 t 9 ! human *ild1 activities are = ! mo/ "p dep5d5t ^u ! age ( ! *ild1 & ^u ! /ate ( developm5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em & ( ! organs ( ! body4 ,significance ( ,inh]it$ ,t5d5cies4 ,al?\gh human nature is v complex1 al?\gh human action ne>ly always has "s elem5t ( habit 9 x1 nev]!less1 inborn t5d5cies are ?r\gh\t life p[]ful factors 9 det]m9+ action4 ,?is w at once be app>5t if we consid] h[ greatly we are influ5c$ by ang]1 jeal\sy1 love1 fe>1 & competition4 ,n[ we d n h to le>n to be jeal\s1 to hate1 to love1 to be envi\s1 to fight1 or to fe>4 ,^! are emotions common to all memb]s ( ! human race1 & _! expression is an inborn t5d5cy4 ,?r\gh\t life no o!r influ5ces are s p[]ful 9 det]m9+ our action z are ^!4 ,s1 al?\gh mo/ ( our detail$ actions 9 life are habits :i* we le>n or acquire1 ! fundam5tal influ5ces :i* decide ! c\rse ( our action are inh]it$ t5d5cies4 ,classification ( ,in/9cts4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 treatm5t ! in/9cts are gr\p$ 9 classes4 ,^? in/9cts mo/ closely relat$ to individual survival are call$ individuali/ic in/9cts4 ,^? m closely relat$ to ! survival ( ! gr\p are call$ sociali/ic4 ,^? individuali/ic t5d5cies gr[+ out ( p]iodic *anges ( ! environm5t may be call$ environm5tal in/9cts4 ,^? closely relat$ to human infancy1 adapt+ & adju/+ ! *ild to ! _w 9 :i* he lives1 may be call$ adaptive4 ,!re is /ill ano!r gr\p ( inh]it$ t5d5cies connect$ ) sex & reproduction1 :i* are n discuss$ 9 ?is book4 ,we %all give a brief discussion ( ! in/9cts fall+ "u ^! v>i\s classes4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! psy*ology ( ! in/9cts is indef9ite & obscure4 ,x is difficult to br+ ! in/9cts into ! laboratory = accurate /udy4 ,= our k ( ! in/9cts we are dep5d5t1 = ! mo/ "p1 on g5]al obs]vation4 ,we h _h a few c>eful /udies ( ! v e>lie/ ye>s ( *ildhood4 ,h[ev]1 al?\gh f ! !oretical po9t ( view our k ( ! in/9cts is incomplete1 x is suffici5t to be ( consid]able practical value4 ,! ,individuali/ic ,in/9cts4 ,man's civiliz$ life has cov]$ b a %ort p]iod ( "t1 only a few hundr$ or a few ?\s& ye>s4 ,8 pre-civiliz$ life d\btless cov]$ a p]iod ( millions ( ye>s4 ,! inborn t5d5cies 9 u are su* z 7 develop$ 9 ! long p]iod ( savage life4 ,dur+ all ( man's life 9 ! "t be=e civilization1 he 0 always 9 dang]4 ,he _h _m enemies1 & mo/ ( ^! enemies _h ! advantage ( him 9 /r5g? & natural means ( def5se4 ,unaid$ by weapons1 he c\ld h>dly hold 8 own aga9/ any ( ! bea/s ( prey4 ,s !re 7 develop$ 9 man by ! process ( natural selection _m inh]it$ responses :i* we gr\p "u ! head ( fe> responses4 ,j :at ! v>i\s situations are t br+ =? ^! responses has nev] be5 c>efully work$ out4 ,b any situation t sudd5ly puts an individual 9 dang] ( los+ 8 life br+s ab\t *>act]i/ic reactions4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! responses are %[n 9 connection ) circulation & respiration4 ,bo? ( ^! processes are mu* int]f]$ )4 ,sometimes ! action is accel]at$1 at o!r times x is ret>d$1 & 9 "s cases ! respiratory & circulatory organs are almo/ p>alyz$4 ,also ! small muscles ( ! sk9 are made to contract1 produc+ ! s5sation ( ! hair /&+ on end4 ,j :at ! orig9al use ( all ^! responses 0 x is difficult n[ to "w out1 b d\btless ea* s]v$ "s useful purpose4 ,:e!r any p>ticul> situations n[ call =? inh]it$ fe> responses 9 u is n def9itely e/abli%$4 ,b among l[] animals !re are c]ta9 def9ite & p>ticul> situations :i* d call =? fe> responses4 ,on ! :ole1 ! evid5ce r favors ! idea ( def9ite fe> situations among *ildr54 ,x seems t c]ta9 situations d inv>iably ar\se fe> responses4 ,to be alone 9 ! d>k1 to be 9 a /range place1 to he> l\d & sudd5 noises1 to see l>ge1 /range animals com+ 9 ?reat5+ mann]1 seem univ]sally to call =? fe> responses 9 *ildr54 ,h[ev]1 ! :ole situation mu/ always be consid]$4 ,a situation 9 :i* ! fa!r or "m is pres5t is q diff]5t f "o 9 :i* !y are bo? abs5t4 ,b x is c]ta9 t ^! & o!r fe>s are closely relat$ to ! age & developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,9 ! e>li] ye>s ( infancy1 c]ta9 fe>s are n pres5t t are pres5t lat]4 ,& x c be demon/rat$ t ! fe>s t d arise z infancy passes on are natural & inh]it$ & n ! result ( exp]i5ce4 ,few ( ! orig9al causes ( fe> n[ exi/4 ,! orig9al dang] 0 f wild animals *iefly4 ,seldom are we n[ 9 su* dang]4 ,b ( c\rse ?is has be5 ! case = only a %ort "t4 ,our bodies are ! same sort ( bodies t our ance/ors _h1 !re=e we are full ( ne$less fe>s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( a *ild's life1 wise treatm5t causes mo/ ( ! fe> t5d5cies to disappe> because ( disuse4 ,on ! o!r h&1 unwise treatm5t may acc5tuate & p]petuate !m1 caus+ mu* mis]y & unhapp9ess4 ,nei!r ! home nor ! s*ool %\ld play ^u ^! ance/ral fe>s4 ,we %\ld n try to get a *ild to be good by fright5+ him2 nor %\ld we (t5 use fe> ( pa9 z an inc5tive to get a *ild to d 8 "w4 ,man has always be5 afraid1 b he has also always be5 a fight]4 ,he has always _h to fight = 8 life aga9/ ! l[] animals1 & he has also f\ght 8 fell[ man4 ,! fight+ response is connect$ ) ! emotions ( ang]1 envy1 & jeal\sy4 ,a man is ang]$ by any?+ t int]f]es ) 8 life1 ) 8 purposes1 ) :atev] he calls 8 own4 ,we become angry if "s "o /rikes our bodies1 or attacks our beliefs1 or ! beliefs ( our de> fri5ds1 p>ticul>ly ( our families4 ,! typical responses connect$ ) ang] are su* z fa/] he>t-beat1 irregul> brea?+1 conge/ion ( ! blood 9 ! face & head1 tight5+ ( ! volunt>y muscles1 p>ticul>ly a sett+ ( ! tee? & a cl9*+ ( ! fi/s4 ,^! responses are prep>atory to actual combat4 ,ang]1 envy1 & jeal\sy1 & ! responses gr[+ out ( !m1 h always play$ a l>ge "p 9 ! life ( man4 ,a great "p ( hi/ory is a record ( ! fights ( nations1 tribes1 & individuals4 ,if ! records ( w>s & /rifes1 & ! acts gr[+ out ( envy & jeal\sy & o!r simil> emotions %\ld be tak5 out ( hi/ory1 !re w\ld n be mu* left4 ,mu* ( lit]ature & art depict ^? actions ( man :i* grew out ( ^! individuali/ic aspects ( 8 nature4 ,competition1 :i* is an aspect ( fight+1 ev5 to ! pres5t day1 cont9ues to be "o ( ! ma9 factors 9 bus9ess & 9 life g5]ally4 ,briefly1 fight+ responses gr[+ out ( man's selfi%ness are z old z man himself1 & ! inh]it$ t5d5cies connect$ ) !m are among ! /ronge/ ( our natures4 ,9 ! tra9+ ( *ildr51 "o ( ! mo/ difficult tasks is to help !m to get control ov] ! fight+ in/9ct & o!r selfi% t5d5cies4 ,^! t5d5cies are s deeply root$ 9 our natures t x is h>d to get control ( !m4 ,9 fact1 ! control :i* we d get ov] !m is always relative4 ,! be/ we c hope to d is to get control ov] our fight+ t5d5cies 9 ord9>y circum/ances4 ,x is d\btful :e!r x w\ld be good = u if ! fight+ _s %\ld disappe> f ! race4 ,x puts vim & det]m9ation into ! life ( man4 ,b our fight+ %\ld n be direct$ aga9/ our fell[ man4 ,! fight+ _s c be reta9$ & direct$ aga9/ evil & o!r ob/acles4 ,we c le>n to attack our tasks 9 a fight+ _s4 ,b surely ! "t has come :5 we %\ld cease fight+ aga9/ our neighbors4 ,social ,t5d5cies4 ,ov] aga9/ our fight+ t5d5cies we may set ! sociali/ic t5d5cies4 ,cooep]ative & sympa!tic actions gr[ out ( orig9al nature1 j z truly z d ! selfi% acts4 ,b ! sociali/ic t5d5cies are n1 9 g5]al1 z /rong z are ! individuali/ic ones4 ,:at society ne$s is ! /r5g!n+ ( ! sociali/ic t5d5cies by use1 & a weak5+ ( at lea/ "s ( ! individuali/ic t5d5cies1 by control & disuse4 ,sociali/ic t5d5cies %[ !mselves 9 gangs & clubs =m$ by *ildr5 & adults4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a common practice n[ to speak ( ! gang in/9ct4 ,human be+s are pleas$ & cont5t :5 ) o!r human be+s & n cont5t1 n satisfi$1 :5 alone4 ,( c\rse circum/ances make a diff]5ce 9 ! desires ( m51 b ! g5]al orig9al t5d5cy is z /at$4 ,! gang ( ! mod]n city has ! foll[+ explanation3 ,boys l to be ) o!r boys4 ,moreov]1 !y l to be active2 !y want to be do+ some?+4 ,! city does n provide prop] means = ! desir$ activities1 su* z hunt+1 fi%+1 tramp+1 & boat+4 ,x does n provide exp]i5ces ) animals1 su* z boys h on ! f>m4 ,mu* ( ! boy's day is sp5t 9 s*ool 9 a k9d ( "w n at all l :at he w\ld d by *oice4 ,!re is n mu* home life4 ,usually !re is n ! prop] p>5tal control4 ,seldom d ! p>5ts int]e/ !mselves 9 plann+ = ! activities ( _! *ildr54 ,! result is t ! boys come toge!r on ! /reets & =m a club or gang4 ,?r\gh ?is organization ! boy's nature expresses itself4 ,)\t prop] guidance f old] p1 ?is expression takes a direction n good = ! future "* & usefulness ( ! boy4 ,! social life ( *ildr5 %\ld be provid$ = by ! s*ool 9 cooep]ation ) ! home4 ,! s*ool or ! s*oolroom %\ld con/itute a social unit4 ,! tea*] ) ! p>5ts %\ld plan ! social life ( ! *ildr54 ,! actual "w ( ! s*ool c be v mu* socializ$4 ,!re c be mu* m cooep]ation & mu* m gr\p "w c be done 9 ! s*ool ?an is ! case at pres5t4 ,& _m o!r social activities c be organiz$ 9 connection ) ! s*ool & its "w4 ,excursions1 pageants1 %[s1 picnics1 & all sorts ( activities %\ld be und]tak54 ,! s*oolh\se %\ld be us$ by ! community z ! place = _m ( its social acts & p]=mances4 ,almo/ e night1 & ?r\gh\t ! summ] z well z 9 ! w9t]1 ! p1 "y & old1 %\ld meet at ! s*ool = "s sort ( social "w or play4 ,! ,boy ,sc\ts %\ld be br\ght "u ! control ( ! s*ool to help fulfill "s ( its ma9 purposes4 ,environm5tal ,in/9cts4 ,9 ?is class !re are at lea/ two t5d5cies :i* seem to be "p ( ! orig9al nature ( man2 namely1 ! w&]+ & ! collect+ t5d5cies4 ,w&]+4 ,! long life t our ance/ors liv$ free & unre/ra9$ 9 ! woods has left its effect )9 u4 ,"o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( civilization has be5 to ov]come ! inh]it$ t5d5cies to roam & w&]1 to ! ext5t t = ! mo/ "p we live out our lives 9 "o home1 9 "o family1 do+ (t5 b "o k9d ( "w all our lives4 ,orig9ally1 man _h mu* m fre$om to come & g & d :atev] he wi%$4 ,truancies & runaways are ! result ( orig9al t5d5cies & desires express+ !mselves 9 spite ( tra9+1 p]haps sometimes because ( ! lack ( tra9+4 ,9 *ildhood & y\? ^! orig9al t5d5cies %\ld1 to "s ext5t1 be satisfi$ 9 legitimate ways4 ,excursions & picnics c be plann$ bo? = "w & = play4 ,if ! *ild's desires & ne$s c be satisfi$ 9 legitimate ways1 !n he w n h to satisfy !m illegitimately4 ,! tea*+ itself c be done bett] by foll[+1 to "s ext5t1 ! lead ( ! *ild's nature4 ,mu* e>ly education consi/s 9 le>n+ ! _w4 ,n[1 mo/ ( ! _w is out ( doors & ! *ild mu/ g out to f9d x4 ,! tea*] %\ld make use ( ! natural desires ( ! *ildr5 to w&] & explore1 z a means ( educat+ !m4 ,! s*ool "w %\ld be ( su* a nature t mu* outdoor "w w ne$ to be done4 ,collect+4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( *ildr5 to seize &1 if possible1 c>ry away :atev] attracts att5tion4 ,?is t5d5cy is ! basis ( :at is call$ ! collect+ in/9ct4 ,if "o w take a walk ) a *ild1 "o c obs]ve ! op]ation ( ! collect+ t5d5cy1 p>ticul>ly if ! walk is 9 ! fields & woods4 ,! *ild w be obs]v$ to take leaves1 fl[]s1 fruits1 se$s1 nuts1 pebbles1 & 9 fact ev]y?+ t is loose or c be gott5 loose4 ,!y are tak5 at fir/ aimlessly1 m]ely because !y attract att5tion4 ,! orig9al1 natural response ( ! *ild t[>d t :i* attracts att5tion is usually to get x1 get possession ( x & take x along4 ,x is easy to see :y su* t5d5cies 7 develop$ 9 man4 ,9 8 savage /ate x 0 highly useful = him to d ?is4 ,he mu/ always h be5 on ! look\t = ?+s :i* c\ld be us$ z food or z weapons4 ,he _h to d ?is to live4 ,b "o ne$ n take a *ild to ! woods to obs]ve ?is t5d5cy4 ,"o c g to ! /ores4 ,till a *ild is tra9$ n to d x1 he seizes & takes :atev] attracts att5tion4 ,j z ! w&]+ t5d5cies c be us$ = ! b5efit ( ! *ild1 s c ! collect+ t5d5cies4 ,n only %\ld ! *ildr5 make exp$itions to le>n ( ! _w1 b specim5s %\ld be collect$ s t !y c be us$ to =m a museum at ! s*ool :i* w repres5t ! surr\nd+ locality4 ,geological1 geographical1 botanical1 & zooelogical specim5s %\ld be collect$4 ,! *ildr5 w le>n mu* :ile mak+ ! collections1 & mu* f ! collections aft] !y are made4 ,education c\ld pr(it greatly by mak+ l>ge dem&s ^u ! collect+ in/9ct4 ,x seems cle> t 9 _! *ildhood is ! "t :5 *ildr5 %\ld be s5t =? to ! fields & woods1 to /udy :at !y f9d !re & to ga!r specim5s4 ,! *ildr5 c =m naturali/s' clubs = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! natural environm5t4 ,su* /udy %\ld embrace rocks1 soils1 plants1 leaves1 fl[]s1 fruits1 & specim5s ( ! wood ( ! v>i\s trees4 ,birds & insects c be /udi$ & collect$4 ,! "w ( su* a club w\ld h a tw(old value4 7#a7 ,! /udy & collect+ acqua9t ! *ild ) 8 natural environm5t1 & 9 do+ x1 af=d a sph]e = ! activity ( _m aspects ( 8 nature4 ,!y take him out ( doors & give an opportunity = explor+ e nook & corn] ( ! natural environm5t4 ,! collect+ c (t5 be done 9 su* a way z to appeal to ! gr\p in/9cts4 ,= example1 ! club c\ld hold meet+s = exhibit+ & /udy+ ! specim5s1 & sometimes ! actual collect+ c\ld be done 9 gr\ps4 7#b7 ,! specim5s collect$ %\ld be put into ! s*ool museum1 & ! aim ( ?is museum %\ld be to repres5t completely ! local environm5t1 ! natural & physical environm5t1 & also ! indu/rial1 civil1 & social environm5t4 ,! museum %\ld be completely illu/rative ( ! *ild's natural1 physical1 & social surr\nd+s4 ,! museum w\ld !re=e be educative 9 its mak+1 & :5 x is made1 x w\ld h imm5se value to ! community1 n only to ! *ildr5 b to all ! p4 ,9 ?is museum1 ( c\rse1 %\ld be f\nd ! m9]als1 rocks1 soils1 insects1--p>ticul>ly ^? ( economic importance1--birds1 & also specim5s ( ! wild animals ( ! locality4 ,if prop] appeal is made to ! natural desire ( ! *ildr51 ?is in/9ct w\ld soon be made ( s]vice 9 produc+ a v valuable collection4 ,! s*ool museum 9 :i* ^! specim5s are plac$ %\ld also include o!r classes ( specim5s4 ,!re %\ld be specim5s %[+ indu/rial evolution1 ! /ages ( manufacture ( raw mat]ial1 specim5s ( local hi/orical int]e/1 pictures1 docum5ts1 books4 ,! museum %\ld be made ( su* a nature t p>5ts w\ld g !re ne>ly z (t5 z ! *ildr54 ,! s*ool %\ld be = ! in/ruction ( all ! p ( ! community4 ,x %\ld be ! exp]im5t /ation1 ! libr>y1 ! debat+ club1 ! art gall]y = ! :ole community4#b #b ,pyle's ,outl9es ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 pp4 #hd-hf4 ,imitation4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal orig9al traits ( human nature is ! t5d5cy to imitate4 ,imitation is n in/9ctive 9 ! /rict mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,see+ a c]ta9 act p]=m$ does n1 ap>t f tra9+ & exp]i5ce1 s]ve z a /imulus to make a *ild p]=m a simil> act4 ,he>+ a c]ta9 s\nd does n s]ve z a /imulus = ! production ( ! same s\nd4 ,nev]!less1 !re is 9 ! human *ild a t5d5cy or desire to d :at x sees o!rs do+4 ,a few h\rs sp5t 9 obs]v+ *ildr5 ought to conv9ce any "o ( ! univ]sality & ( ! /r5g? ( ?is t5d5cy4 ,z our exp]i5ce becomes organiz$1 ! idea ( an act usually s]ves z ! /imulus to call x =?4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n because ! idea ( an act1 ( necessity1 always produces ! act4 ,x is m]ely a matt] ( ! /imulus & ! response becom+ connect$ 9 t way z ! result ( exp]i5ce4 ,our mean+ is t an act c be t\*$ (f or prompt$ by any /imulus4 ,our n]v\s organization makes ?is possible4 ,! p>ticul> /imulus t calls =? a p>ticul> response dep5ds ^u h[ we h be5 tra9$1 h[ we h le>n$4 ,9 mo/ cases our acts are c\pl$ up ) ! ideas ( ! acts4 ,we le>n !m t way4 ,9 e>ly life p>ticul>ly1 ! connection betwe5 /imulus & response is v close4 ,:5 a *ild gets ! idea ( an act1 he imm$iately p]=ms ! act1 if he kn[s h[4 ,n[1 see+ ano!r p]=m an act br+s ! act cle>ly into ! *ild's consci\sness1 & he proce$s to p]=m x4 ,b ! act mu/ be "o :i* ! *ild already kn[s h[ to p]=m1 o!rwise 8 p]=mance ( x w be faulty & incomplete4 ,if he has nev] p]=m$ ! p>ticul> act1 see+ ano!r p]=m ! act sets him to try+ to d x & he may soon le>n x4 ,if he successfully p]=ms an act :5 he sees x done by ano!r1 ! act mu/ be "o :i* he already kn[s h[ to p]=m1 & = ^: p]=mance ! idea has already s]v$ z a /imulus4 ,n[ if imitation 7 in/9ctive 9 ! /rict s5se1 "o c\ld p]=m ! act = ! fir/ "t m]ely f see+ ano!r d x1 )\t any previ\s exp]i5ce or le>n+4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !re are any su* inh]it$ connections4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true t human be+s are ( su* a nature t1 p>ticul>ly 9 e>ly life1 !y l to d & want to d :at !y see o!rs do+4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important aspects ( human nature1 z we %all see4 ,function & ,importance ( ,imitation 9 ,life4 ,natural selection has develop$ few aspects ( human nature s important = survival z ! t5d5cy to imitate1 = ?is t5d5cy quickly leads to a successful adju/m5t ( ! *ild to ! _w 9 :i* he lives4 ,adult m5 & wom5 are successfully adju/$ to _! environm5t4 ,_! adju/m5t might be bett]1 b x is good en\gh to keep !m alive = a "t4 ,n[1 if *ildr5 d z !y see _! p>5ts do+1 !y w rea* a satisfactory adju/m5t4 ,we may1 !re=e1 say t ! t5d5cy to imitate s]ves to adju/ ! *ild to 8 environm5t4 ,x is = ?is reason t imitation has be5 call$ an adaptive in/9ct4 ,x w\ld p]haps be bett] to say m]ely t ! t5d5cy to imitate is "p ( ! orig9al equipm5t ( man4 ,imitation is di/9ctively a human trait4 ,:ile x occurs 9 l[] animals x is probably n an important factor 9 adju/+ !m to _! environm5t4 ,b 9 ! human race x is "o ( ! *ief factors 9 adju/m5t to environm5t4 ,imitation is "o ( ! ma9 factors 9 education4 ,usually ! quicke/ way to tea* a *ild to d a ?+ is to %[ him h[4 ,?r\gh imitation we acquire our language1 mann]s1 & cu/oms4 ,ideals1 beliefs1 prejudices1 attitudes1 we take on ?r\gh imitation4 ,! t5d5cy to imitate o!rs c\pl$ ) ! desire to be ?\ght well ( by o!rs is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful factors 9 produc+ con=mity4 ,!y are ! :ips :i* keep u )9 ! b\nds ( cu/om & conv5tionality4 ,! t5d5cy to imitate is s /rong t its results are almo/ z c]ta9 z are ^? ( inh]it$ t5d5cies4 ,x is almo/ z c]ta9 t a *ild w be l 8 p>5ts 9 spee*1 mann]s1 cu/oms1 sup]/itions1 etc41 z x is t he w be l !m 9 =m ( body4 ,he n only walks & talks & acts l 8 p>5ts1 b he ?9ks z !y d4 ,we1 !re=e1 h ! t]m social h]$ity1 mean+ ! tak+ on ( all sorts ( social habits & ideals ?r\gh imitation4 ,! "p t imitation plays 9 ! education ( a *ild may be le>n$ by go+ to a c\ntry home & not+ h[ ! boy le>ns to d all ! _m ?+s ab\t ! f>m by imitat+ 8 fa!r1 & h[ ! girl le>ns to d all ! h\sework by imitat+ h] "m4 ,imitation is ! basis ( mu* ( ! play ( *ildr51 9 t _! play consi/s 9 l>ge "p ( do+ :at !y see old] p do+4 ,?is imitative play gives !m skill & is a l>ge factor 9 prep>+ = ! "w ( life4 ,dramatization4 ,dramatization is an aspect ( imitation1 & is a means ( mak+ ideas m real ?an !y w\ld o!rwise be4 ,!re is no?+ t leads u s close to reality z action4 ,we nev] completely "k an act till we h done x4 ,dramatization is a matt] ( c>ry+ an idea out into action4 ,ideas give to action its greate/ fullness ( mean+4 ,dramatic repres5tation %\ld1 !re=e1 h a prom95t place 9 ! s*ools1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! l[] grades4 ,if ! *ild is all[$ to mimic ! *>act]s 9 ! read+ lesson1 ! mean+ ( ! lesson becomes full]4 ,lat] on 9 ! s*ool c\rse1 dramatic repres5tation ( ! *>act]s 9 lit]ature & hi/ory is a means ( gett+ a bett] conception ( ^! *>act]s4 ,9 geography1 ! /udy ( ! mann]s & cu/oms & occupations ( =eign peoples c be mu* facilitat$ ?r\gh dramatic repres5tation4 ,*ildr5 naturally h ! dramatic t5d5cy2 x is "o aspect ( ! t5d5cy to imitate4 ,we h only to enc\rage x & make use ( x ?r\gh\t ! s*ool c\rse4 ,imitation 9 ,ideals4 ,imitation is ( importance n only 9 acquir+ ! actions ( life b also 9 gett+ our ideals4 ,habits ( ?9k+ are no less an aspect ( our lives ?an are habits ( act+4 ,our attitudes1 our prejudices1 our beliefs1 our moral1 religi\s1 & political ideals are 9 l>ge measure copi$ f p ab\t u4 ,! family & social atmosph]e 9 :i* "o lives is a mold 9 :i* "o's m9d is =m$ & %ap$4 ,we _c escape ! influ5ce ( ?is atmosph]e if we w\ld4 ,"o takes on a belief t 8 fa!r has1 "o cl+s to ?is belief & int]prets ! _w 9 ! light ( x4 ,?is belief becomes a "p ( "o's nature4 ,x is a m5tal habit1 a way ( look+ at ! _w4 ,x is z mu* a "p ( "o z r$ hair or big feet or a crook$ nose4 ,probably no o!r influ5ce has s mu* to d ) mak+ u :at we are z social be+s z ! influ5ce ( imitation4 ,play4 ,play is usually consid]$ to be a "p ( ! orig9al equipm5t ( man4 ,x is ess5tially an expression ( ! rip5+ in/9cts ( *ildr51 & n a specific in/9ct itself4 ,x is r a sort ( make-believe activity ( all ! in/9cts4 ,kitt5s & dogs may be se5 9 play to mimic fight+4 ,!y bite & *ew ea* o!r z 9 real fight+1 b /ill !y are n fight+4 ,z ! /ructures & organs ( *ildr5 mature1 !y dem& activity4 ,?is e>ly activity is call$ play4 ,x has sev]al *>act]i/ics4 ,! ma9 "o is t x is pleasurable4 ,play activity is pleasurable 9 itself4 ,we d n play t we may get some?+ else :i* we l1 z is ! case ) ! activity :i* we call "w4 ,play is an end 9 itself4 ,x is n a means to get some?+ else :i* is intr9sically valuable4 ,"o ( ! *ief values ( play comes f its activity aspect4 ,we are ess5tially motor be+s4 ,we gr[ & develop only ?r\gh ex]cise4 ,9 e>ly life we d n h to ex]t ourselves to get a liv+4 ,play is nature's means ( giv+ our organs ! ex]cise :i* !y mu/ h to br+ !m to maturity4 ,play is an expression ( ! univ]sal t5d5cy to action 9 e>ly life4 ,)\t play1 ! *ild w\ld n develop1 w\ld n become a normal human be+4 ,all day long ! *ild is ceaselessly active4 ,! value ( ?is activity c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,x n only leads to heal?y gr[?1 b is a means ?r\gh :i* ! *ild le>ns himself & ! _w4 ,ev]y?+ t ! *ild sees excites him to react to x or ^u x4 ,he gets possession ( x4 ,he bites x4 ,he p\nds x4 ,he ?r[s x4 ,9 ?is way he le>ns ! prop]ties ( ?+s & ! *>act]i/ics ( =ces4 ,?r\gh play & imitation1 9 a v few ye>s ! *ild comes to a successful adju/m5t 9 8 _w4 ,play & imitation are ! great av5ues ( activity 9 e>ly life4 ,ev5 9 lat] life1 we seldom accompli% any?+ great or wor? :ile until ! ?+ becomes play to u1 until we ?r[ our :ole be+ into x z we d 9 play1 until x is an expression ( ourselves z play is 9 our *ildhood4 ,! prop] use ( play gives u ! solution ( _m ( ! problems ( e>ly education4 ,play has two functions 9 ! s*ool3 7#a7 ,motor play is necess>y to gr[?1 developm5t1 & heal?4 ,! con/ant activity ( ! *ild is :at br+s ab\t heal?y gr[?4 ,9 ! c\ntry x is n difficult = *ildr5 to get pl5ty ( ! prop] k9d ( ex]cise1 b 9 ! l>g] cities x is difficult4 ,nev]!less1 opportunity = play %\ld be provid$ = e *ild1 no matt] :at ! tr\ble or exp5se1 = )\t play *ildr5 _c become normal human be+s4 ,ev]y:]e p>5ts & tea*]s %\ld plan = ! play life ( ! *ildr54 7#b7 ,9 ! prim>y grades play c h a l>ge place 9 ! actual "w ( ! s*ool4 ,! e>ly "w ( education is to a l>ge ext5t gett+ ! tools ( k & ?\ght & "w--read+1 spell+1 writ+1 correct spee*1 correct writ+1 ! elem5t>y processes ( ari?metic1 etc4 ,9 _m ways play c be us$ 9 acquir+ ^! tools4 ,"o aspect ( play p>ticul>ly %\ld h a l>ge place 9 education2 namely1 ! manipulative t5d5cies ( *ildr54 ,?is is ess5tially play4 ,*ildr5 wi% to h&le & manipulate ev]y?+ t attracts _! att5tion4 ,!y wi% to te> x to pieces & to put x toge!r4 ,?is is nature's way ( tea*+1 & by x *ildr5 le>n ! prop]ties & /ructures ( ?+s4 ,!y !reby le>n :at ?+s d & :at c be done ) !m4 ,tea*]s & p>5ts %\ld fo/] ^! manipulative t5d5cies & use !m = ! *ild's good4 ,^! t5d5cies are an aspect ( curiosity4 ,we want to "k4 ,we are unhappy z long z a ?+ is be=e u :i* we d n und]/&1 :i* has "s my/]y ab\t x4 ,nature has develop$ ^! t5d5cies 9 u1 = )\t a k ( our surr\nd+s we c\ld n live4 ,! *ild !re=e has 9 8 nature ! basis ( 8 education4 ,we h b to "k ?is nature & wisely use & manipulate x to a*ieve ! *ild's education4 ,,summ>y4 ,in/9cts are inh]it$ t5d5cies to specific actions4 ,!y fall "u ! heads3 individuali/ic1 sociali/ic1 environm5tal1 adaptive1 sexual or mat+ in/9cts4 ,^! inh]it$ t5d5cies are to a l>ge ext5t ! f\ndation on :i* we build education4 ,! educational problem is to control & guide !m1 suppress+ "s1 fo/]+ o!rs4 ,9 ev]y?+ we und]take = a *ild we mu/ take into acc\nt ^! in/9cts4 ,,class ,,ex]cises #a4 ,make a /udy ( ! in/9cts ( sev]al animals1 su* z dogs1 cats1 *ick5s4 ,make a li/ %[+ ! /imuli & ! inh]it$ responses4 #b4 ,make a /udy ( ! in/9cts ( a baby4 ,see h[ _m inh]it$ responses y c obs]ve4 ,! simpl] inh]it$ responses are kn[n z reflexes4 ,! clos+ ( ! eyelids m5tion$ 9 ! text is an example4 ,h[ _m su* reflexes c y f9d 9 a *ild8 #c4 ,make a special /udy ( ! fe>s ( v "y *ildr54 ,h[ _m def9ite situations c y f9d :i* excite fe> responses 9 all *ildr58 ,ea* memb] ( ! class c make a li/ ( 8 own fe>s4 ,x may !n be se5 :e!r any fe>s are common to all memb]s ( ! class & :e!r !re are any sex diff]5ces4 #d4 ,simil>ly1 make a /udy ( ang] & fight+4 ,:at situations inv>iably ar\se ! fight+ response8 ,9 :at def9ite1 inh]it$ ways is ang] %[n8 ,d y\r /udies & obs]vations conv9ce y t ! fight+ in/9ct & o!r inh]it$ responses conc]n$ ) individual survival are among ! /ronge/ ( inh]it$ t5d5cies8 ,c ! fight+ in/9ct be elim9at$ f ! human race8 ,is x desirable to elim9ate x8 #e4 ,make a /udy ( *ildr5's collections4 ,take "o ( ! grades & f9d :at collections ! *ildr5 h made4 ,:at diff]5t objects are collect$8 #f4 ,outl9e a plan = us+ ! collect+ in/9ct 9 v>i\s s*ool /udies4 #g4 ,) ! help ( ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool make a /udy ( "s specific cases ( truancy4 ,:at does y\r f9d+ %[8 #h4 ,make a /udy ( play by wat*+ *ildr5 ( v>i\s ages play4 ,make a li/ ( ! games t are univ]sal = infancy1 ^? = *ildhood1 & ^? = y\?4 7,consult ,johnson's ,plays & ,games47 #i4 ,:at are ! two ma9 functions ( play 9 education8 ,:y %\ld we play aft] we are mature8 #aj4 ,/udy imitation 9 v "y *ildr54 ,d ?is by wat*+ ! spontane\s play ( *ildr5 "u six4 ,:at evid5ces ( imitation d y f9d8 #aa4 ,outl9e ! ?+s we le>n by imitation4 ,:at is y\r op9ion ( ! place :i* imitation has 9 our education8 #ab4 ,make a /udy ( imitation z a factor 9 ! lives ( gr[n p4 ,consid] /yles1 fa%ions1 mann]s1 cu/oms1 beliefs1 prejudices1 religi\s ideas1 etc4 #ac4 ,on ! :ole1 is imitation a good ?+ or a bad ?+8 #ad4 ,make a plan ( ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* dramatization c be pr(itably us$ 9 ! s*ools4 #ae4 ,make a /udy ( y\r own ideals4 ,:at ideals d y h8 ,:]e did y get !m8 ,:at ideals did y get f y\r p>5ts8 ,:at f books8 ,:at f tea*]s8 ,:at f fri5ds8 #af4 ,%[ t ?r\gh\t life inh]it$ t5d5cies are ! fundam5tal bases f :i* our actions proce$1 on :i* our lives are erect$4 #ag4 ,make a complete outl9e ( ! *apt]4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,,colv9 & ,,bagley3 ,human ,behavior1 ,*apt]s ,,iii1 ,,viii1 ,,ix1 & ,x4 ,,kirkpatrick3 ,fundam5tals ( ,*ild ,/udy1 ,*apt]s ,,iv-,,xiii4 ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g3 ,psy*ology1 ,g5]al & ,appli$1 pp4 #ahd-ahg4 ,,pillsbury3 ,ess5tials ( ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,x4 ,,pyle3 ,! ,outl9es ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,*apt]s ,,iv-,,ix4 ,,tit*5]3 ,a ,beg9n]'s ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,feel+ ,,& ,,att5tion ,! ,feel+s4 ,relat$ to ! in/9cts on "o side & to habits on ! o!r are ! feel+s4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iii we discuss$ s5sation1 & 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! in/9cts1 b :5 we h describ$ an act 9 t]ms ( in/9ct & s5sation1 we h n told all ! facts4 ,= example1 :5 a *ild sees a pretty r$ ball ( y>n1 he rea*es out to get x1 !n puts x into 8 m\?1 or unw9ds x1 & plays ) x 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x is all a matt] ( s5sation & in/9ctive responses4 ,! p]ception ( ! ball--see+ ! ball--br+s ab\t ! in/9ctive rea*+ out1 grasp+ ! ball1 & br++ x to ! m\?4 ,b to complete our acc\nt1 we mu/ say t ! *ild is pleas$4 ,we note a *ange 9 8 facial expression4 ,8 eyes gleam ) pleasure4 ,8 face is all smiles1 %[+ pleasant cont5tm5t4 ,!re=e we mu/ say t ! *ild n only sees1 n only acts1 b ! see+ & act+ are pleasant4 ,! *ild cont9ues to look1 he cont9ues to act1 because ! look+ & act+ br+ joy4 ,?is is typical ( situations t br+ pleasure4 ,we want !m cont9u$2 we act 9 a way to make !m cont9ue4 ,we g out aft] ! pleasure-giv+ ?+4 ,b let u consid] a diff]5t k9d ( situation4 ,a *ild sees on ! he>? a gl[+ coal4 ,x in/9ctively rea*es out & grasps x1 />ts to draw ! coal t[>d x1 b in/9ctively drops x4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! :ole /ory4 ,in/ead ( ! situation be+ pleasant1 x is decid$ly unpleasant4 ,! *ild fairly h[ls ) pa94 ,8 face1 in/ead ( be+ wrea!d 9 smiles1 is cov]$ ) te>s4 ,he did n hold on to ! coal4 ,he did n try to cont9ue ! situation4 ,on ! contr>y1 he dropp$ ! coal1 & )drew ! h&4 ,! body contract$ & %rank away f ! situation4 ,^! two cases illu/rate ! two simple feel+s1 pleasantness & unpleasantness4 ,mo/ situations 9 life are ei!r pleasant or unpleasant4 ,situations may sometimes be neutral2 t is1 may ar\se nei!r ! feel+ ( pleasantness or unpleasantness4 ,b usually a consci\s /ate is ei!r pleasant or unpleasant4 ,a situation br+s u life1 joy1 happ9ess4 ,we want x cont9u$ & act 9 a way to br+ ab\t its cont9uance4 ,or ! situation t5ds to take away our life1 br+s pa91 sorr[1 grief1 & we want x discont9u$1 & act 9 a way to discont9ue x4 ,^! two simple =ms ( feel+ p]haps arose 9 ! beg9n+ 9 connection ) ! act ( tak+ food4 ,x is kn[n t if a drop ( acid t\*es an amoeba1 ! animal %r9ks1 contracts1 & tries to )draw f ! dea?-br++ acid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a p>ticle ( a sub/ance t is suitable = food t\*es ! animal1 x takes ! p>ticle )9 itself4 ,! p>ticle is life-giv+ & br+s pleasure4 ,! ,emotions4 ,pleasure & displeasure are ! simple feel+s4 ,mo/ situations 9 life br+ ab\t v complex feel+ /ates kn[n z emotions4 ,! emotions are made up ( pleasure or displeasure mix$ or comp\nd$ ) ! s5sations f ! bodily reactions4 ,! circulatory sy/em1 ! respiratory sy/em1 & ne>ly all ! involunt>y organs ( ! body =m a great s\nd+ bo>d :i* in/antly responds 9 v>i\s ways to ! situations ( life4 ,:5 ! y\? sees ! pretty maid5 & :5 he t\*es h] h&1 8 he>t pumps away at a great rate1 8 *eeks become flu%$1 8 brea?+ is p>alyz$1 8 voice trembles4 ,he exp]i5ces ! emotion ( love4 ,! /ate is complex inde$4 ,!re is pleasantness1 ( c\rse1 b !re is 9 addition ! feel+ ( all ! bodily reactions4 ,:5 ! "m sees h] dead *ild ly+ 9 its casket1 h] head falls ov] on h] brea/1 h] eyes fill ) te>s1 h] %\ld]s droop1 h] *e/ contracts1 %e sobs1 h] brea?+ is spasmodic4 ,ne>ly e organ ( ! body is affect$ 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,! /ate is unpleasant1 b !re is also ! feel+ ( ! manifold bodily reactions4 ,s x is always4 ,! biologically important situations 9 life br+ ab\t1 ?r\gh h]$it>y connections 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 c]ta9 typical reactions4 ,^! reactions are l>gely ! same = ! same type ( situation1 & !y give ! p>ticul> color+ to ea* emotion4 ,x is evid5t t ! emotions are closely relat$ to ! in/9cts4 ,! reflexes t take place 9 emotions are ( ! same nature z ! in/9cts4 ,ea* in/9ctive act has its *>act]i/ic emotion4 ,!re are fe> in/9cts & fe> emotions4 ,fe> is unpleasant4 ,9 addition to its unpleasantness !re is a multitude ( s5sations t come f ! body4 ,! hair /&s on end1 ! he>t ?robs1 ! circulation is ha/5$1 brea?+ is int]rupt$1 ! muscles are t5se4 ,?is peculi> mass ( s5sations1 bl5d$ ) ! unpleasantness1 gives ! *>act]i/ic emotion ( fe>4 ,b we ne$ n g into an analysis ( ! v>i\s emotions ( love1 hate1 envy1 grief1 jeal\sy1 etc4 ,! read] c d ?is = himself4#c #c ,see ,james' ,psy*ology1 ,brief] ,c\rse1 ,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,ne>ly e organ ( ! body plays its "p 9 ! emotions3 ! dige/ive organs1 ! liv]1 ! kidneys1 ! ?roat & m\?1 ! saliv>y gl&s1 ! eyes & te> gl&s1 ! sk9 muscles1 ! facial muscles1 etc4 ,& e emotion is made up ( pleasantness or unpleasantness & ! s5sations produc$ by "s comb9ation ( bodily reactions4 ,x is well = u to rememb] ! "p t bodily conditions & /ates play 9 ! emotional life4 ,! emotional /ate ( a man dep5ds ^u :e!r he has _h 8 d9n] or is hungry1 :e!r ! liv] is work+ normally1 & ^u ! condition ( ! v>i\s secret+ & excret+ organs & gl&s4 ,9 a ^w1 x is evid5t t our emotions fall )9 a _w ( cause & effect4 ,our feel+ /ates are caus$4 ,importance 9 ,life4 ,our feel+s & emotions are ! f\nta9s f :i* ne>ly all our volitional actions fl[4 ,feel+ is ! ma9spr+ ( life4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ we d is prompt$ by love1 or hate1 or fe>1 or jeal\sy1 or rivalry1 or ang]1 or grief4 ,if ! feel+s h su* close relation to action1 !n ! s*ools mu/ take !m into acc\nt1 = by education we seek to control action4 ,if ! feel+s control action1 !n we mu/ try to control ! feel+s4 ,we mu/ get ! *ild into a "r /ate ( m9d t[>d ! s*ool1 t[>d 8 tea*]1 & t[>d 8 "w4 ,! *ild mu/ l ! s*ool1 l ! tea*]1 & want to le>n4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ create ! "r /ate ( m9d 9 connection ) ea* /udy1 ea* task4 ,! *ild mu/ come to feel ! ne$ & importance ( ea* individual task z well z ( ea* subject4 ,! task is !n desirable1 x is to be s\ght = & work$ at1 x is important = life4 ,?is is m]ely enli/+ ! *ild's nature 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 education4 ,= motive1 we mu/ always look to ! *ild's nature4 ,! two great =ces :i* pull & drive are pleasure & pa94 ,nature has no o!r me?ods4 ,=m]ly ! s*ool us$ pa9 z its motive almo/ exclusively4 ,! *ild did 8 tasks to escape pa94 ,= motive we n[ use m (t5 ! positive influ5ces :i* give pleasure1 :i* pull in/ead ( drive4 ,:at w "o n d = ! lov$ "o8 ,:at w "o n d to ! hat$ "o8 ,! *ild :o does n love 8 tea*] gets little good f s*ool :ile "u t tea*]4 ,moreov]1 s*ool "w is (t5 a failure because x is s unreal1 has s little relation to an actual _w1 & seems =eign to any real ne$s ( ! *ild4 ,no "o is go+ to "w v h>d unless ! "w is prompt$ by desire4 ,our desires come f our ne$s4 ,!re=e1 if we are to enli/ ! *ild's feel+s 9 ! s]vice ( 8 education1 we mu/ make ! s*ool "w vital & relate x1 if possible1 to ! actual ne$s ( ! *ild4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t we mu/ build up p]man5t attitudes ( respect = au?ority1 ob$i5ce1 & rev]5ce = ! important ?+s ( life4 ,nei!r mu/ x be =gott5 t we c create ne$s 9 ! *ild4 ,if 9 ! education ( ! *ild we foll[ only su* ne$s z he has1 we w make a f9e savage ( him b no?+ else4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! s*ool to create 9 ! *ild ! "r k9d ( ne$s4 ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 our /udy ( ! in/9cts1 we mu/ make ! *ild ov] aga9 into :at he ought to be4 ,b ?is _c be a sudd5 process4 ,"o _c ar\se en?usiasm 9 a six-ye>-old *ild ov] ! beauties ( high] ma!matics4 ,x takes t5 or fifte5 ye>s to d t1 & x mu/ be done little by little4 ,control ( ! ,emotions4 ,)\t tra9+1 we rema9 at ! m]cy ( our bas] emotions4 ,! *ild mu/ be tra9$ to control himself4 ,"h is :]e habit comes 9 to modify primitive action4 ,! *ild c be tra9$ to inhibit or prev5t ! reactions t arise 9 hatr$1 envy1 jeal\sy1 ang]1 etc4 ,= a full] discussion ( ?is po9t we mu/ wait till we come to ! discussion ( habit & moral tra9+4 ,mood & ,temp]am5t4 ,a mood is a some:at ext5d$ emotional /ate cont9u+ = h\rs or days4 ,x is due to a cont9uance ( ! factors :i* cause x4 ,! /ate ( ! liv] & dige/ive organs may ?r[ "o = days into a cross & ugly mood4 ,:5 ! body becomes normal1 ! mood *anges or disappe>s4 ,simil>ly1 "o may = h\rs or days be ov]joy$1 or depress$1 or morose1 or melan*oly4 ,p>5ts & tea*]s %\ld look well to ! matt] ( creat+ & e/abli%+ cont9u\s & p]man5t /ates ( feel+ t are favorable to "w & developm5t4 ,"s p are p]man5tly optimi/ic1 o!rs pessimi/ic4 ,"s are always joyful1 o!rs z con/antly see only ! d>k side ( life4 ,"s are always s]i\s & solemn1 o!rs always gay1 ev5 giddy4 ,^! p]man5t emotional attitudes con/itute temp]am5t1 & are due to fundam5tal diff]5ces )9 ! body t are 9 "s cases h]$it>y4 ,crossness & moros5ess1 = example1 may be due to a dyspeptic condition & a *ronically bad liv]4 ,! happy dispositions belong to bodies ^: organs are function+ prop]ly1 9 :i* assimilation is good--all ! p>ts ( ! body do+ _! prop] "w4 ,poor eyes :i* are "u a con/ant /ra91 ?r\gh ! reflex effects ^u v>i\s organs ( ! body1 are likely to develop a p]man5tly cross & irritable disposition4 ,?r\gh ! close sympa!tic relation ( ! v>i\s organs1 any?+ affect+ "o organ & int]f]+ ) its prop] action is likely to affect _m o!r organs & pr(\ndly influ5ce ! emotional /ates ( ! body4 ,9 gr[+ *ildr5 p>ticul>ly1 !re are _m influ5ces :i* affect _! emotions1 ?+s ( :i* we seldom ?9k1 su* z ! condition ( vision & he>+1 ! condition ( ! tee?1 nose1 & ?roat1 & ! condition ( all ! important vital organs ( ! body4 ,:5 a *ild's disposition is n :at we ?9k x ought to be1 we %\ld try to f9d out ! causes4 ,tra9+ ! ,emotions4 ,! emotions are subject to tra9+4 ,! *ild c be taught control4 ,moreov]1 he c be taught to appreciate & enjoy high] ?+s ?an m]e animal pleasure2 namely1 art1 lit]ature1 nature1 tru?4 ,! *ild !reby becomes a spiritual be+ in/ead ( a m]e pig4 ,! ideal ( ! s*ool %\ld be to develop m5 & wom5 ^: bas] passions are "u control1 :o are calm1 self-controll$1 & self-direct$1 & :o get _! greate/ pleasure f ! f9] & high] ?+s ( life1 su* z ! v>i\s =ms ( music1 ! songs ( birds1 ! beauties & intricate work+s ( nature4 ,?is is a wond]ful _w & a wond]ful life1 b ! *ild may g ?r\gh ! _w )\t see+ x1 & live 8 life )\t kn[+ :at x is to live4 ,8 eyes mu/ be op5$1 he mu/ be tra9$ to see & to feel4 ,x is n ! place "h to tell h[ ?is is to be done4 ,?is is n a book on me?ods ( tea*+4 ,we c only indicate "h t ! bus9ess ( ! s*ool is n m]ely to tea* p h[ to make a liv+1 b to tea* !m h[ to enjoy ! liv+4 ,!re are _m av5ues f :i* we get ! high] =ms ( pleasure4 ,!re are really _m diff]5t worlds :i* we may exp]i5ce3 ! _w ( animals1 ! _w ( plants1 ! me*anical _w1 ! *emical _w1 ! _w ( lit]ature & ( art1 ! _w ( music4 ,x is ! duty ( ! s*ools to op5 up ^! worlds to ! *ildr51 & make !m s _m possibilities ( joy & happ9ess4 ,! emotions & feel+s1 !n1 are n lawless & causeless1 b are a "p ( a _w ( law & ord]4 ,!y are !mselves caus$ & !re=e subject to control & modification4 ,att5tion4 ,att5tion1 too1 is relat$ to inh]it$ t5d5cies on ! "o side & to habits on ! o!r4 ,if "o is walk+ 9 ! woods & cat*es a glimpse ( some?+ mov+ 9 ! trees1 ! eyes in/9ctively turn s t ! p]son c get a bett] view ( ! object4 ,if "o he>s a sudd5 s\nd1 ! head is in/9ctively turn$ s t ! p]son c he> bett]4 ,"o /ops1 ! body is held /ill & rigid1 brea?+ is sl[ & controll$--all to favor bett] he>+4 ,! v>i\s acts ( att5tion are reflex & in/9ctive4 ,b :at is att5tion8 ,by att5tion we mean s5sory cle>ness4 ,:5 we say we are att5tive to a ?+ or subject1 we mean t p]ceptions or ideas ( t ?+ or subject are cle> z comp>$ to o!r p]ceptions & ideas t are 9 consci\sness at ! same "t4 ,! cont5ts ( "o's consci\sness1 ! p]ceptions & ideas t con/itute "o's m9d at any "o mom5t are always arrang$ 9 an att5tive patt]n1 "s be+ cle>1 o!rs uncle>4 ,! patt]n con/antly *anges & %ifts4 ,:at is n[ cle> & 9 ! focus ( consci\sness1 pres5tly is uncle> & may 9 a mom5t disappe> f consci\sness altoge!r1 :ile o!r p]ceptions or ideas take its place4 ,! fir/ "q t arises 9 connection ) att5tion is1 ,:at are ! causes ( att5tion8 ,! fir/ gr\p ( causes are h]$it>y & in/9ctive4 ,! *ild att5ds to l\d ?+s1 bright ?+s1 mov+ ?+s1 etc4 ,b z we gr[ old]1 ! basis ( att5tion becomes m & m habit4 ,an illu/ration w make ?is cle>4 ,i once sp5t a day at a great exposition ) a ma*9i/4 ,he 0 con/antly att5d+ to ?+s me*anical1 :5 ,i w\ld n ev5 see !m4 ,he _h sp5t _m ye>s work+ ) ma*9]y1 & z a result1 ?+s me*anical at once attract$ him4 ,simil>ly1 if a man & a woman walk along a /reet toge!r & look 9 at ! %op w9d[s1 ! woman sees only hats1 dresses1 ribbons1 & o!r f9]y1 :ile ! man sees only cig>s1 pipes1 & automobile supplies4 ,e day we live1 we are build+ up habits ( att5d+ to c]ta9 types ( ?+s4 ,:at repeat$ly comes into our exp]i5ce1 easily attracts our att5tion to ! exclusion ( o!r ?+s4 ,! ,function ( ,att5tion4 ,att5tion is ! unify+ aspect ( consci\sness4 ,!re are always _m ?+s 9 consci\sness1 & we _c respond to all at once4 ,! "p ( consci\sness t is cle> & focal br+s ab\t action4 ,! ?+s to :i* we att5d are ! ?+s t c\nt4 ,9 lat] *apt]s we %all le>n t 9 habit-=mation1 att5tion is an important factor4 ,we mu/ att5d to ! acts we are try+ to make habitual4 ,9 gett+ k1 we mu/ att5d to :at we are try+ to le>n4 ,9 committ+ to memory1 we mu/ att5d to ! ideas t we are try+ to fix & make p]man5t4 ,9 ?9k+ & reason+1 ^? ideas become associat$ toge!r t are toge!r 9 att5tion4 ,att5tion is !re=e ! controll+ aspect ( consci\sness4 ,x is ! basis ( :at we call w4 ,! ideas t are cle> & focal & t p]si/ 9 consci\sness are ! ideas t control our action4 ,:5 "o says he has made up 8 m9d1 he has made a *oice2 t m]ely means t a c]ta9 gr\p ( ideas p]si/ 9 consci\sness to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,^! are ! ideas :i* ultimately produce action4 ,& x is our pa/ exp]i5ce t det]m9es :at ideas w become focal & p]si/4 ,tra9+ ! ,att5tion4 ,!re are two aspects ( ! tra9+ ( att5tion4 7#a7 ,we c le>n to hold ourselves to a task4 ,:5 we sit d[n to a table to /udy1 !re may be _m ?+s t t5d to call u away4 ,!re lies a magaz9e :i* we might read1 !re is a play at ! !at]1 !re are noises outside1 !re is a fri5d call+ across ! /reet4 ,b we mu/ /udy4 ,we h set ourselves to a task & we mu/ hold fa/ to our purpose4 ,! "y *ild _c d ?is4 ,he mu/ be tra9$ to d x4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ to tra9 him are pleasure & pa91 rew>ds & puni%m5ts t come f p>5ts4 ,gradually1 sl[ly1 ! *ild ga9s control ov] himself4 ,no "o ev] am\nts to any?+ till he c hold himself to a task1 to a fix$ purpose4 ,"o mu/ le>n to =m plans ext5d+ ov] weeks1 mon?s1 & ye>s1 & to hold unfl9*+ly to !m1 j z "o mu/ hold himself to 8 /udy table & all[ no?+ to di/ract or to int]f]e4 ,no tra9+ a *ild c receive is m important ?an ?is1 = x gives him control ov] 8 life1 x gives him control ov] ! ideas t are to become focal & det]m9e action4 ,x is = ?is reason t we call su* tra9+ a tra9+ ( att5tion4 ,x might p]haps bett] be call$ a tra9+ ( ! w4 ,b ! w is only ! att5tive consci\sness4 ,! idea t is cle>1 t holds its own 9 consci\sness1 is ! idea t produces action4 ,:5 we say t we w to d a c]ta9 ?+1 all we c mean is t ! idea ( ?is act is cle>e/ & holds its focal place 9 consci\sness to ! exclusion ( o!r ideas4 ,x !re=e goes ov] into action4 7#b7 ,! tra9+ j discuss$ may be call$ a g5]al tra9+ ( att5tion giv+ u a g5]al p[] & control ov] our lives1 b !re is ano!r type ( tra9+ :i* is specific4 ,z ) ! ma*9i/ m5tion$ above1 s ) all ( u2 we att5d to ! type ( ?+ t we h =m$ a habit ( att5d+ to4 ,cont9u$ exp]i5ce 9 a c]ta9 field makes x m & m easy to att5d to ?+s 9 t field4 ,"o c take a c]ta9 subject & "w at x day aft] day1 ye> aft] ye>4 ,by & by1 ! :ole _w takes on ! aspect ( ?is *os5 subject4 ,! entomologi/ sees bugs ev]y:]e1 ! botani/ sees only plants1 ! me*anic sees only ma*9es1 ! prea*] sees only ! moral & religi\s aspects ( action1 ! doctor sees only disease1 ! ma!matician sees always ! quantitative aspect ( ?+s4 ,ideas & p]ceptions relat$ to "o's *os5 "w g at once & readily to ! focus ( consci\sness2 o!r ?+s escape notice4 ,x is = ?is reason t we become cranki] e ye> t we live4 ,we are att5d+ to only "o aspect ( ! _w4 ,:ile ?is bl9ds u to o!r aspects ( ! _w1 x br+s ma/]y 9 our individual fields4 ,we c1 !n1 by tra9+ & practice1 get a g5]al control ov] att5tion1 & by work+ 9 a c]ta9 field or k9d ( "w1 we make x easy to att5d to ?+s 9 t field or "w4 ,?is to an ext5t gives u control ( our lives1 ( our de/9y4 ,int]e/4 ,! ess5tial elem5ts ( int]e/ are att5tion & feel+4 ,:5 a p]son is v att5tive to a subject & gets pleasure f exp]i5ce 9 t subject1 we commonly say t he is int]e/$ 9 t subject4 ,s9ce ! importance ( att5tion & feel+ 9 le>n+ has already be5 %[n & w be fur!r develop$ 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[ 9 connection ) ! subjects ( habit1 memory1 & ?9k+1 little m ne$ be said "h4 ,! key to all =ms ( le>n+ is att5tion4 ,! key to att5tion is feel+4 ,feel+ dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! *ild1 inh]it$ & acquir$4 ,9 our se>* = ! means ( ar\s+ int]e/1 we look fir/ to ! orig9al nature ( ! *ild1 to ! in/9cts & ! emotions4 ,we look next to ! acquir$ nature1 ! habits1 ! ideals1 ! v>i\s ne$s t h gr[n up 9 ! individual's life4 ,educational writ]s h ov]emphasiz$ ! orig9al nature ( ! *ild z a basis ( int]e/ & h n paid en\gh att5tion to acquir$ nature4 ,we %\ld n ask s mu* :at a *ild's ne$s are1 b :at !y ought to be4 ,ne$s c be creat$4 ,! *ild's nature to "s ext5t c be *ang$4 ,! problem ( ar\s+ int]e/ is !re=e "o ( f9d+ 9 ! *ild's nature a basis = att5tion & pleasure4 ,if ! basis is n to be f\nd !re1 !n x mu/ be built up4 ,h[ ?is c be done1 h[ human nature c be *ang$1 is to "s ext5t ! ma9 problem ( psy*ology4 ,e *apt] 9 ?is book1 x is hop$1 w be f\nd to ?r[ "s light on ! problem4 ,,summ>y4 ,! two elem5t>y feel+ /ates are pleasantness & unpleasantness4 ,! emotions are complex m5tal /ates compos$ ( feel+ & ! s5sations f bodily reactions to ! situations4 ,feel+ & emotion are ! motive =ces ( life1 at ! bottom ( all important actions4 ,! bodily reactions ( emotions are reflex & in/9ctive4 ,att5tion is a matt] ( ! relative cle>ness ( ! cont5ts ( consci\sness4 ,! function ( att5tion is to unify ?\ght & action4 ,x is ! important factor 9 all le>n+ & ?9k+1 = x is only ! att5tive "p ( consci\sness t is effective4 ,,class ,,ex]cises #a4 ,make out a complete li/ ( ! m important emotions4 #b4 ,indicate ! *>act]i/ic expression ( ea* emotion 9 y\r li/4 #c4 ,c y h an emotion )\t its *>act]i/ic expression8 ,if1 = example1 :5 a situation arises :i* ord9>ily ar\ses ang] 9 y1 y inhibit all ! usual motor accompanim5ts ( ang]1 are y really angry8 #d4 ,are ! expressions ( ! same emotion ! same = all p8 #e4 ,try to analyze "s ( y\r emotional /ates3 ang]1 or fe>1 or grief4 ,c y detect ! s5sations t come f ! bodily reactions8 #f4 ,try to induce an emotional /ate by produc+ its *>act]i/ic reactions4 #g4 ,try to *ange an emotional /ate to an opposite emotion2 = example1 grief to joy4 #h4 ,try to control & *ange emotional /ates 9 *ildr54 #i4 ,"n "s s5sations t = y are always pleasant1 o!rs t are always unpleasant--colors1 s\nds1 ta/es1 odors1 temp]atures4 #aj4 ,confirm by obs]vation ! /atem5t ( ! text z to ! importance ( emotions 9 all ! important actions ( life4 #aa4 ,to :at ext5t d y h control ( y\r emotional /ates8 ,:at h y obs]v$ ab\t diff]5ces 9 expression ( deep emotions by diff]5t p8 ,9 case ( dea? 9 ! family1 "s p wail & moan & express _! grief 9 ! mo/ extreme mann]1 :ile o!rs d n utt] a s\nd & %[ great control4 ,:y ! diff]5ce8 #ab4 ,make an introspective /udy ( y\r consci\s /ates to note ! diff]5ce 9 cle>ness ( ! diff]5t processes t are go+ on 9 consci\sness4 ,d y f9d a con/ant %ift+8 #ac4 ,p]=m exp]im5ts to %[ ! effects ( att5tion 9 =m+ habits & acquir+ k4 7#a7 ,p]=m te/s 9 le>n+1 us+ sub/itution te/s z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,use sev]al diff]5t keys4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts h no di/ractions1 9 o!rs1 h v>i\s di/ract+ noises4 ,:at diff]5ces d y f9d 9 ! results8 7#b7 ,try le>n+ nons5se syllables1 "s li/s ) di/ractions1 o!rs )\t di/ractions4 7#c7 ,try gett+ ! ideas f /ories read to y1 z 9 ! logical memory exp]im5t describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,"s /ories %\ld be read )\t di/ractions1 o!rs ) di/ractions4 #ad4 ,:y are y unable to /udy well :5 "u ! influ5ce ( "s /rong emotion8 #ae4 ,are y tra9$ to ! ext5t t y c conc5trate on a task & hold y\rself to x = a long "t8 #af4 ,d y see t z f> z w & att5tion & ! emotions are conc]n$1 y\r life & "* are 9 l>ge measure 9 y\r own h&s8 #ag4 ,make a complete outl9e ( ! *apt]4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,,colv9 & ,,bagley3 ,human ,behavior1 ,*apt]s ,,iv1 ,v1 & ,,vi4 ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g3 ,psy*ology1 ,g5]al & ,appli$1 ,*apt] ,,xiv1 also pp4 #ahg-aib & pp4 #cgj-cga4 ,,pillsbury3 ,ess5tials ( ,psy*ology1 ,*apt]s ,v & ,,xi4 ,,pyle3 ,! ,outl9es ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,tit*5]3 ,a ,beg9n]'s ,psy*ology1 ,*apt]s ,,iv1 ,,viii1 & ,,xi4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,habit ,! ,nature ( ,habit4 ,we n[ turn f man's inh]it$ nature to 8 acquir$ nature4 ,inh]it$ t5d5cies to action we h call$ in/9cts2 acquir$ t5d5cies to action we %all call habits4 ,we c be/ =m an idea ( ! nature ( habit by consid]+ "s concrete cases4 ,let u take fir/ ! case ( a man =m+ ! habit ( turn+ out ! basem5t light4 ,x usually happ5s t :5 a man has an electric light 9 ! basem5t ( 8 h\se1 x is h>d = him at fir/ to ?9k to turn out ! light at night :5 he retires1 & z a consequ5ce ! light (t5 burns all night4 ,?is is exp5sive & unnecess>y1 s !re is a /rong inc5tive = ! man to f9d a plan :i* w insure ! regul> turn+-(f ( ! light at b$time4 ,! plan usually hit ^u is ! foll[+3 ,! electric swit* t controls ! basem5t light is beside ! basem5t /airway4 ,! man le>ns to look at ! swit* z he comes up ! /airs1 aft] prep>+ ! furnace fire = ! night1 & le>ns to take hold ( ! swit* :5 he sees x & turn (f ! light4 ,com+ up ! /airs means to look at ! swit*4 ,see+ ! swit* means to turn x4 ,ea* /ep ( ! p]=mance t\*es (f ! next4 ,! man sees t 9 ord] to make sure t ! light w always be turn$ (f1 ! acts mu/ all be made automatic1 & ea* /ep mu/ t\* (f ! next 9 ! s]ies4 ,at fir/1 ! man leaves ! light burn+ ab\t z (t5 z he turns x (f4 ,aft] practic+ = a "t on ! s*eme1 ! diff]5t acts become s well connect$ t he seldom leaves ! light burn+4 ,we say t he has =m$ ! habit ( turn+ (f ! light4 ,= a second illu/ration1 let u take ! process ( le>n+ t n9e times n9e equals eighty-"o4 ,at fir/1 "o does n say or write eighty-"o :5 "o sees n9e times n9e1 b "o c acquire ! habit ( do+ s4 ,x does n "h conc]n u h[ ! *ild le>ns :at ! product ( n9e times n9e is4 ,he may le>n x by c\nt+1 by be+ told1 or by read+ x 9 a book4 ,b h[ev] he fir/ le>ns x1 he fixes x & makes x automatic & habitual by cont9u+ to say or to write1 n9e times n9e equals eighty-"o4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t at fir/ ! *ild does n "k :at to say :5 he he>s or sees ! expression n9e times n9e1 b aft] long practice he comes to give automatically & promptly ! correct answ]4 ,= ! def9ite problem n9e times n9e !re comes ! def9ite response eighty-"o4 ,= a ?ird illu/ration1 let u take ! case ( a man tipp+ 8 hat :5 he meets a lady4 ,a "y boy does n tip 8 hat :5 he meets a lady until he has be5 taught to d s4 ,aft] he le>ns ?is act ( c\rtesy he does x q automatically )\t ?9k+ ( x4 ,= ! def9ite situation1 meet+ a lady ( 8 acqua9tance1 !re comes to be e/abli%$ ! def9ite response1 tipp+ ! hat4 ,a simil> habit is t ( turn+ to ! "r :5 we meet a p]son4 ,= ! def9ite situation1 meet+ a p]son on ! road or /reet or sidewalk1 !re is e/abli%$ ! def9ite response1 turn+ to ! "r4 ,! response becomes automatic1 imm$iate1 c]ta94 ,!re is ano!r type ( habit t may prop]ly be call$ an intellectual habit1 su* z vot+ a c]ta9 p>ty ticket1 say ! ,democratic4 ,:5 "o is a boy1 "o he>s 8 fa!r speak favorably ( ! ,democratic p>ty4 ,8 fa!r says1 ,hurrah = ,bryan1 s he comes to say1 ,hurrah = ,bryan4 ,8 fa!r says1 ,i am a ,democrat1 s he says he is a ,democrat4 ,he takes ! side t 8 fa!r takes4 ,9 a simil> way we take on ! same religi\s notions t our p>5ts h4 ,x does n always happ5 ?is way1 b ?is is ! rule4 ,b no matt] h[ we come to d x1 we d adopt ! cre$ ( "s p>ty or "s *ur*4 ,we adopt a c]ta9 way ( look+ at public que/ions1 & a c]ta9 way ( look+ at religi\s que/ions4 ,= c]ta9 r def9ite situations1 we come to take def9ite /&s4 ,:5 we g to ! boo? to vote1 we look at ! top ( ! ballot to f9d ! column m>k$ ,democratic1 & ! def9ite response is to *eck ! ,democrat column4 ,( c\rse1 "s ( u =m a diff]5t habit & *eck ! ,republican column1 b ! psy*ology ( ! act is ! same4 ,! po9t is t we =m ! ,democratic habit or we =m ! ,republican habit2 & ! long] we practice ! habit1 ! h>d] x is to *ange x4 ,9 ! presid5tial campaign ( #aiab1 ,roosevelt bolt$ f ! ,republican p>ty4 ,x 0 h>d = ! old] ,republicans to foll[ him4 ,:ile "o occasionally f\nd a foll[] ( ,roosevelt :o 0 gray1 "o usually f\nd ! old ,republicans /&+ by ! old p>ty1 ! y\ng] ones jo9+ ! ,progressive p>ty4 ,x is said t :5 ,d>w9 publi%$ ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 v few old m5 accept$ ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! new doctr9e 7 ne>ly all "y m54 ,s !re is su* a ?+ z an intellectual habit4 ,"o comes to take a def9ite /& :5 fac+ c]ta9 def9ite intellectual situations4 ,simil> to ! type ( habits :i* we h call$ intellectual is ano!r type :i* may be call$ moral4 ,:5 we face ! situation ( report+ an occurr5ce1 we c tell ! tru? or we c lie4 ,we c build up ! habit ( meet+ su* situations by tell+ ! tru? on all occasions4 ,we c le>n to foll[ ! maxim ,tell ! tru? at all times1 at all haz>ds4 ,we c come to d ?is automatically1 c]ta9ly1 & )\t ?\ght ( do+ any?+ else4 ,mo/ moral situations are fairly def9ite & cle>-cut1 & = !m we c e/abli% def9ite =ms ( response4 ,we c =m ! habit ( help+ a p]son 9 di/ress1 ( help+ a sick neighbor1 ( speak+ well ( a neighbor2 we c =m habits ( indu/ry1 habits ( p]sev]ance4 ,^! & o!r simil> habits are ! basis ( morality4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( habits :i* we h enum]at$ are alike 9 c]ta9 fundam5tal p>ticul>s4 ,9 all ( !m !re is a def9ite situation foll[$ by a def9ite response4 ,"o sees ! swit* & turns (f ! light2 he sees ! expression n9e times n9e & says eighty-"o2 he sees a lady he kn[s & tips 8 hat2 9 meet+ a c>riage on ! road1 he turns to ! "r2 :5 he has to vote1 he votes a c]ta9 ticket2 :5 he has to report an occurr5ce1 he tells x z x happ5$4 ,!re is1 9 e case1 a def9ite situation foll[$ by a def9ite response4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic is common to all ! cases m5tion$ above1 i4e4 ! response is acquir$1 x does n come at fir/4 ,9 e in/ance we might h le>n$ to act diff]5tly4 ,we c\ld =m ! habit ( always leav+ ! light burn+2 c\ld j z easily say n9e times n9e equals =ty2 we c\ld turn to ! left2 we c\ld vote ! ,republican ticket4 ,we c =m bad moral habits z well z good ones1 p]haps m easily4 ,! po9t is1 h[ev]1 t we acquire def9ite ways ( act+ = ! same situations1 & ^! def9ite ways ( act+ are call$ habits4 ,habit & ,n]ve-,pa?4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t a habit is a t5d5cy t[>d a c]ta9 type ( action 9 a c]ta9 situation4 ,! basis ( ?is t5d5cy is 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 ord] to und]/& x we mu/ consid] :at ! n]v\s sy/em is l4 ,n]ves t]m9ate at "o end 9 a s5se organ & at ! o!r end ultimately 9 a muscle4 ,9 ,figure ,,ii1 ,a is a s5se organ1 ,b a n]ve go+ f ! s5se organ to ! bra9 ,c4 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 & ,h are motor n]ves go+ f ! bra9 to ! muscles4 ,n[1 let u %[ f ! diagram :at organization means & :at t5d5cy means4 ,at fir/ :5 ! *ild sees ! expression n9e times n9e1 he does n say eighty-"o4 ,! /imulus br+s ab\t no def9ite action4 ,x is z likely to g out ?r\gh ,e or ,f z ?r\gh ,d4 ,b suppose we c get ! *ild to say n9e times n9e equals eighty-"o4 ,we c write ! expression on ! blackbo>d & h ! *ild look at x & say n9e times n9e equals eighty-"o4 ,suppose ! act ( say+ eighty-"o is br\ght ab\t by ! n]ve-curr5t go+ out ?r\gh n]ve-*a9 ,d4 ,by repetition1 we e/abli% a bond4 ,a /imulus ( a p>ticul> k9d comes ?r\gh ,a1 goes ov] ,b to ,c1 & out ov] ,d1 mak+ muscles at ,m br+ ab\t a v def9ite action 9 say+ eighty-"o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,ii4--,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,t5d5cies ,f ! po9t ( view ( physiology1 ! process ( habit-=mation consi/s 9 secur+ a p>ticul> n]ve c\pl+1 e/abli%+ a p>ticul> n]ve pa?1 s t a def9ite =m ( /imulation w br+ ab\t a def9ite =m ( response4 ,a n]ve t5d5cy is simply ! likelihood t a /imulus w take a c]ta9 c\rse r ?an any o!r4 ,?is likelihood is br\ght ab\t by gett+ ! /imulus to take ! desir$ r\te ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em to a gr\p ( muscles & to cont9ue foll[+ ?is r\te4 ,! m times x passes ! same way1 ! great] is ! probability t at any giv5 "t ! /imulus w take ! accu/om$ r\te & br+ ab\t ! usual response4 ,at fir/ any sort ( action is possible4 ,a n]ve /imulus c take any "o ( ! _m r\tes to ! diff]5t muscles4 ,by *ance or by consci\s direction1 ! /imulus takes a c]ta9 pa?1 & by repetition we fix & make p]man5t ?is p>ticul> r\te4 ,?is con/itutes a n]ve t5d5cy or habit4 ,pla/icity4 ,our discussion %\ld h made x cle> t habit is acquir$ nature1 :ile in/9ct is inh]it$ nature4 ,habit is acquir$ t5d5cy :ile in/9ct is inh]it$ t5d5cy4 ,! possibility ( acquir+ habits is peculi>ly a human *>act]i/ic4 ,:ile inanimate ?+s h a def9ite nature1 a def9ite way ( react+ to =ces :i* act ^u !m1 !y h little1 if any1 possibility ( v>y+ _! way ( act+4 ,wat] might be said to h habits4 ,if "o cools wat]1 x turns to ice4 ,if we heat x1 x turns to /eam4 ,b x inv>iably does ?is4 ,we _c tea* x any diff]5t way ( act+4 ,"u ! same conditions x always does ! same ?+4 ,plants are v mu* l inanimate ?+s4 ,plants h def9ite ways ( act+4 ,a v9e turns ar\nd a support4 ,a leaf turns its upp] surface to ! light4 ,b "o _c tea* plants diff]5t ways ( act+4 ,! l[] =ms ( animals are some:at l plants & inanimate objects4 ,b to a v slight ext5t !y are v>iable & c =m habits4 ,among ! high] animals1 su* z dogs & o!r dome/ic animals1 !re is a great] possibility ( =m+ habits4 ,9 man !re are ! greate/ possibilities ( habit-=mation4 ,9 man ! le>n$ acts or habits are _m z comp>$ to ! unle>n$ acts or in/9cts2 :ile among ! l[] animals ! opposite is ! case--_! in/9cts are _m z comp>$ to _! habits4 ,we may call ?is possibility ( =m+ habits pla/icity4 ,inanimate objects su* z iron1 rocks1 sulphur1 oxyg51 etc41 h no pla/icity4 ,plants h v little possibility ( =m+ habits4 ,l[] animals h some:at m1 & high] animals /ill m1 :ile man has ! greate/ possibility ( =m+ habits4 ,?is great possibility ( =m+ habits is "o ( ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( man4 ,let u illu/rate ! contra/ betwe5 man & inanimate objects by an example4 ,if sulphur is put into a te/ tube & heat$1 x at fir/ melts & becomes q ?9 l wat]4 ,if x is heat$ /ill m1 x becomes ?ick & w n run out ( ! tube4 ,x also becomes d>k4 ,sulphur always does ?is :5 s treat$4 ,x _c be taught to act diff]5tly4 ,n[ ! action ( sulphur :5 heat$ is l ! action ( a man :5 he turns to ! "r ^u meet+ a p]son 9 ! /reet4 ,b ! man has to acquire ?is habit1 :ile ! sulphur does n h to le>n its way ( act+4 ,sulphur always act$ 9 ?is way1 :ile man did n p]=m 8 act at fir/1 b _h to le>n x by sl[ repetition4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! _w has its own peculi> nature1 b man is unique 9 t 8 nature c be v mu* *ang$4 ,to a l>ge ext5t1 a man is made1 8 nature is acquir$4 ,aft] we become m5 & wom51 we h hundr$s & ?\s&s ( t5d5cies to action1 def9ite =ms ( action1 t we did n h :5 "y4 ,man's nature might be said to consi/ 9 8 t5d5cies to action4 ,"s ( ^! t5d5cies he inh]its2 ^! are 8 in/9cts4 ,"s ( ^! he acquires2 ^! are 8 habits4 ,:at ,habits ,d = ,u4 ,we h f\nd out :at habits are l2 let u n[ see :at !y d = u4 ,:at good d !y accompli% = u8 ,h[ are we diff]5t aft] =m+ a habit f :at we 7 be=e8 ,we c be/ answ] ^! que/ions by a consid]ation ( concrete cases4 ,typewrit+ w s]ve v well ! purpose ( illu/ration4 ,we %all give ! result ( an actual exp]im5t 9 :i* t5 univ]sity /ud5ts took "p4 ,dur+ _! fir/ half h\r ( practice1 !y wrote an av]age ( #abj words4 ,at ! end ( =ty-five h\rs ( practice1 !y 7 writ+ an av]age ( #fhj words 9 a half h\r4 ,?is 0 an increase ( spe$ ( #efj p] c5t4 ,an exp]t typi/ c write ab\t #cjjj words 9 a half h\r4 ,su* a spe$ requires mu* m ?an =ty-five h\rs practice1 & is atta9$ by ! be/ op]ators only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,iii4--,,le>n+ ,,curves ,! upp] graph %[s ! improvem5t 9 spe$ ( a gr\p ( /ud5ts work+ two half h\rs a day4 ,! l[] curve %[s ! improvem5t ( a gr\p work+ t5 half-h\rs a day4 ,9 ! =ego+ exp]im5t1 ! /ud5ts improv$ 9 accuracy also4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w1 !y made #aae errors 9 ! half h\r4 ,at ! end ( ! practice1 ) mu* fa/] spe$1 !y 7 mak+ only #cbg errors 9 a half h\r4 ,! actual numb] ( errors _h increas$ #bhj p] c5t4 ,! increase 9 errors 0 !re=e exactly half z mu* z ! increase 9 spe$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 a consid]able increase 9 accuracy1 = :ile ! spe$ _h increas$ to #e4f times :at x _h be5 at ! beg9n+1 ! errors _h increas$ only #b4h times4 ,! subjects 9 ?is exp]im5t paid mu* m att5tion to spe$ ?an !y did to accuracy4 ,if !y _h emphasiz$ accuracy1 !y w\ld h be5 do+ almo/ p]fect "w at ! end ( ! practice1 & _! spe$ w\ld h be5 some:at less4 ,practice1 !n1 n only develops spe$ b also develops accuracy4 ,!re are also o!r results4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( "w ) ! typewrit]1 !re is mu* wa/e ( en]gy & mu* fatigue4 ,! wa/e ( en]gy comes f us+ unnecess>y muscles1 & ! fatigue is p>tly due to ?is wa/e ( en]gy4 ,b ev5 ap>t f ?is wa/e ( en]gy1 an habituat$ act is p]=m$ ) less fatigue4 ,! v>i\s muscles conc]n$ become bett] able to d _! "w4 ,z a result ( habituation !re is1 !n1 great] spe$1 great] accuracy1 less wa/e ( en]gy1 & less fatigue4 ,if we look n at ! *anges 9 our "w b at ! *anges 9 ourselves1 ! *anges 9 our m9ds due to ! =mation ( habits1 we f9d /ill o!r results4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( practice ) ! typewrit]1 ! le>n]'s :ole att5tion is occupi$ ) ! "w4 ,:5 "o is le>n+ to d a new trick1 ! att5tion _c be divid$4 ,! :ole m9d mu/ be devot$ to ! "w4 ,b aft] "o has practic$ = sev]al weeks1 "o c op]ate ! typewrit] :ile ?9k+ ab\t some?+ else4 ,we say t ! habituat$ act s9ks to a l[] level ( consci\sness1 mean+ t z a habit becomes m & m fix$1 less & less att5tion is devot$ to ! acts conc]n$4 ,increas$ skill gives u pleasure & also gives u confid5ce 9 our ability to d ! ?+4 ,correspond+ to ?is inn] confid5ce is out] c]ta9ty4 ,!re is great] objective c]ta9ty 9 our p]=mance & a correspond+ inn] confid5ce4 ,by objective c]ta9ty1 we mean t a p]son wat*+ our p]=mance1 becomes m & m sure ( our ability to p]=m1 & we ourselves feel confid5ce 9 our p[] ( a*ievem5t4 ,n[ t we h %[n ! results ( habituation let u consid] additional illu/rations4 ,9 piano play+1 ! /imuli are ! notes z writt5 9 ! music4 ,we see ! notes occupy+ c]ta9 places on ! scale ( ! music4 ,a note 9 a c]ta9 place means t we mu/ /rike a c]ta9 key4 ,at fir/ ! response is sl[1 we h to hunt out ea* note on ! keybo>d4 ,moreov]1 we make _m mi/akes2 we /rike ! wrong keys j z we d 9 typewrit+4 ,we are awkw>d1 mak+ _m unnecess>y movem5ts1 & ! "w is tiresome & fatigu+4 ,aft] long practice1 ! spe$ ) :i* we c manipulate ! keys 9 play+ ! piano is wond]ful4 ,our play+ becomes accurate1 p]fect4 ,we d x ) ease1 ) no unnecess>y movem5ts4 ,we c play ! piano1 aft] we become skill$1 )\t pay+ att5tion to ! actual movem5ts ( our h&s4 ,we c play ! piano :ile conc5trat+ ^u ! mean+ ( ! music1 or :ile c>ry+ on a conv]sation1 or :ile ?9k+ ab\t some?+ else4 ,z a rule1 pleasure & confid5ce come ) skill4 ,play+ a difficult piece on ! piano involves a skill :i* is "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ t man a*ieves4 ,x is possible only ?r\gh habituation ( ! piano-play+ movem5ts4 ,nail+ %+les on a ro( illu/rates well ! v>i\s aspects ( habituation4 ,! exp]t c>p5t] n only nails on _m m %+les 9 a day ?an does ! amateur1 b he does x bett] & ) m ease1 & ) mu* less fatigue4 ,! c>p5t] kn[s exactly h[ mu* he c d 9 a day1 & ea* p>ticul> movem5t is c]ta9 & sure4 ,! c>p5t] has confid5ce 91 & usually prides himself on1 ?is ability1 ?us gett+ pleasure out ( 8 "w4 ,! op]ations 9 ari?metic illu/rate mo/ ( ! results ( habituation4 ,practice 9 addition makes = spe$ & accuracy4 ,9 a few weeks' "t we c v mu* increase our spe$ & accuracy 9 add+1 or 9 ! o!r ari?metical op]ations4 ,! =ego+ examples are suffici5t1 al?\gh !y c\ld be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,almo/ any habit "o might "n w\ld %[ cle>ly mo/ ( ! results enum]at$4 ,! mo/ important aspects ( habituation may be summ$ up 9 ! "o ^w effici5cy4 ,habituation gives u spe$ & accuracy4 ,spe$ & accuracy mean skill4 ,skill means effici5cy4 ,h[ ,habits ,are ,=m$4 ,x is cle> f ! =ego+ discussion t ! ess5tial ?+ 9 a habit is ! def9it5ess ( ! connection betwe5 ! /imulus & ! response1 betwe5 ! situation & ! reaction to ! situation4 ,our "q n[ is1 h[ is ?is def9it5ess ( connection e/abli%$8 ,! answ] is1 ?r\gh repetition4 ,let u "w ! matt] out f a concrete case1 su* z le>n+ to play ! piano4 ,9 piano play+ ! /imulus comes f ! music z pr9t$ on ! /aff4 ,a note hav+ a c]ta9 position on ! /aff indicates t a c]ta9 key is to be /ruck4 ,we are told by our music tea*] :at keys on ! piano correspond to ! v>i\s notes on ! /aff1 or we may le>n ^! facts f ! in/ruction book4 ,x makes no diff]5ce h[ we le>n !m2 b aft] we "k ^! facts1 we mu/ h practice to give u skill4 ,! m]e k w n make u piano play]s4 ,9 ord] to be skillful1 we mu/ h mu* practice n only 9 /rik+ ! keys indicat$ by ! v>i\s note positions1 b ) ! v>i\s comb9ations ( notes4 ,= example1 a note on ! second space indicates t ! play] mu/ /rike ! key kn[n z ,a4 ,b ,a may occur ) any ( ! o!r notes1 x may prec$e !m or x may foll[ !m4 ,we mu/ !re=e h practice 9 /rik+ ,a 9 all ^! situations4 ,to h skill at ! piano1 we mu/ me*anize _m p]=mances4 ,we mu/ be able to read ! notes ) accuracy & ease4 ,we mu/ practice s mu* t ! in/ant we see a c]ta9 comb9ation ( notes on ! /aff1 our h&s imm$iately execute ! prop] /rokes4 ,n only mu/ we le>n :at keys on ! piano correspond to ! v>i\s notes ( ! music1 b ! notes h a temporal value :i* we mu/ le>n4 ,"s are to be s\nd$ = a %ort "t1 o!rs = a long] "t4 ,we h eigh? notes1 qu>t] notes1 half notes1 etc4 ,moreov]1 ! signature ( ! music z indicat$ by ! %>ps or flats *anges ! :ole situation4 ,if ! music is writt5 9 ,a %>p !n :5 ,a is indicat$ on ! /aff1 we mu/ n /rike ! :ite key kn[n z ,a1 b ! black key j above1 kn[n z ,a %>p4 ,briefly1 9 piano play+1 ! /imulus comes f ! *>act]s pr9t$ on ! /aff4 ,! movem5ts :i* ^! *>act]s direct are v complicat$ & require mon?s & ye>s ( practice4 ,we mu/ emphasize ! fact t practice alone gives facility1 ye>s ( practice4 ,b aft] ^! ye>s ( practice1 "o c play a piece ( music at sight2 t is1 ! fir/ /imulus sets (f p]fectly a v complicat$ response4 ,?is sort ( p]=mance is "o ( ! highe/ feats ( skill t man accompli%es4 ,to get skill1 !n1 "o mu/ practice4 ,b m]e repetition is n suffici5t4 ,= practice to be mo/ effective1 "o mu/ put 8 :ole m9d on :at he is do+4 ,if he divides 8 att5tion betwe5 ! acts :i* he is practic+ & some?+ else1 ! effect ( ! practice 9 fix+ & p]fect+ ! habit is slight4 ,x seems t :5 we are build+ up a new n]ve-pa? :i* is to be ! basis ( a new habit1 ! n]v\s en]gies %\ld n be divid$2 t ! :ole available n]v\s en]gy %\ld be devot$ to ! acts :i* we are repeat+4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t :5 we are practic+ to e/abli% a habit1 we %\ld att5d to :at we are do+ & to no?+ else4 ,b aft] ! habit-connection is once firmly e/abli%$1 we c att5d to o!r ?+s :ile p]=m+ ! habitual act4 ,! habitual action w g on ( itself4 ,we may say1 !n1 t 9 ord] to be able to d a ?+ ) little or no att5tion1 we mu/ give mu* att5tion to x at fir/4 ,ano!r important factor 9 habit-=mation is pleasure4 ,! act :i* we are practic+ mu/ give u pleasure1 ei!r :ile we are do+ x or z a result4 ,pleasurable results ha/5 habit-=mation4 ,:5 we practice an act 9 :i* we h no int]e/1 we make sl[ progress or none at all4 ,n[ ! elem5ts ( int]e/ are att5tion & pleasure4 ,if we volunt>ily att5d to a ?+ & its p]=mance gives u pleasure1 or pleasure results f x1 we say we are int]e/$ 9 x4 ,! secret ( successful practice is int]e/4 ,repeat$ly 9 laboratory exp]im5ts x happ5s t a /ud5t loses int]e/ 9 ! p]=mance & subsequ5tly makes little1 if any1 progress4 ,"o ( ! bigge/ problems connect$ ) habit-=mation is t ( ma9ta9+ int]e/4 ,a factor :i* prev5ts ! =mation ( habits is t ( exceptions4 ,if a /imulus1 in/ead ( go+ ov] to ! appropriate response1 produces "s o!r action1 !re is an int]f]5ce 9 ! =mation ( ! desir$ habit4 ,! effect ( an exception is great] ?an ! m]e neglect ( practice4 ,! exception op5s up ano!r pa? & t5ds to make future action unc]ta94 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true 9 ! case ( moral habits4 ,=m+ moral habits is usually uphill "w anyway1 9 t we h in/9cts to ov]come4 ,all[+ exceptions to ent]1 9 ! moral sph]e1 usually means a slipp+ back into an old way ( act+1 !reby weak5+ mu* ! newly-made connection4 ,9 any k9d ( practice1 :5 we become fatigu$ we make errors4 ,if we cont9ue to practice :5 fatigu$1 we =m connections :i* we d n wi% to make & :i* int]f]e ) ! desir$ habits4 ,economy ( ,practice4 ,! pr9ciples :i* we h enum]at$ & illu/rat$ are fairly g5]al & ( univ]sal validity4 ,!re are c]ta9 o!r factors :i* we may discuss "h "u ! head ( economical proc$ure4 ,to =m a habit1 we mu/ practice4 ,b h[ long %\ld we practice at "o "t8 ,?is is an exp]im5tal problem & has be5 def9itely solv$4 ,x has be5 prov$ by exp]im5t t we c practice pr(itably = z long a "t z we c ma9ta9 a high degree ( att5tion1 :i* is usually till we become fatigu$4 ,?is "t is n ! same = all p4 ,x v>ies ) age1 & 9 ! case ( ! same p]son x v>ies at diff]5t times4 ,if ord9>y college /ud5ts "w at habit-=mation at ! highe/ po9t ( conc5tration1 !y get ! be/ return = a p]iod ( ab\t a half h\r4 ,x dep5ds some:at on ! am\nt ( conc5tration requir$ = ! "w & ! /age ( fixation ( ! habit1 i4e4 :e!r "o has j begun to =m ! habit or :e!r x is pretty well fix$4 ,= *ildr51 ! p]iod ( successful practice is usually mu* less ?an a half h\r--five1 t51 fifte51 tw5ty m9utes1 dep5d+ ^u ! age ( ! *ild & ! k9d ( "w4 ,! be/ int]val betwe5 p]iods ( practice is ! day1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if "o practices 9 ! morn+ = a half h\r1 "o c practice aga9 9 ! aft]noon ) ne>ly z mu* return z he w\ld secure ! next day1 b n q4 ,9 g5]al1 practice is bett]1 gives m return1 if spread out4 ,to practice "o day z long z "o c "w at a high po9t ( effici5cy1 & !n to po/pone fur!r practice till ! next day1 gives "o ! mo/ return = ! "t put 94 ,b if "o is 9 a hurry to =m a habit1 "o c af=d to practice m ea* day ev5 if ! returns f ! practice d dim9i% proportionately4 ,?is matt] has be5 tri$ out on ! typewrit]4 ,if "o practices = t5 half h\rs a day ) half-h\r re/s betwe51 "o does n get s mu* return = 8 "t z he w\ld if he %\ld spread x out at ! rate ( "o or two half-h\r practices a day4 ,b by work+ t5 half h\rs a day1 "o gets mu* m effici5cy 9 ! same numb] ( days ?an if he %\ld practice only "o or two half h\rs a day4 ,?is po9t mu/ n be misund]/ood4 ,we d n mean t "o mu/ n "w at any?+ long] ?an a half h\r a day4 ,we mean t if "o is =m+ a habit1 8 "t c\nts = m 9 =m+ ! habit if spread out at ! rate ( a half h\r or an h\r a day1 ?an x does if put 9 at a fa/] rate4 ,!re=e if "o is 9 no hurry & c af=d to spread out 8 "t1 he gets ! be/ return by s do+1 & ! habit is m firmly fix$ ?an if =m$ hurri$ly4 ,b if "o is 9 a hurry1 & has ! "t to devote to x1 he c af=d to conc5trate 8 practice up to five h\rs or possibly m 9 a day1 provid$ t re/ int]vals are int]sp]s$ betwe5 p]iods ( practice4 ,!re is "o "t 9 habit-=mation :5 conc5trat$ practice is mo/ effici5t4 ,t is at ! beg9n+4 ,9 a process z complicat$ z typewrit+1 s little impression is made at ! beg9n+ by a %ort p]iod ( practice t progress is b slight4 ,on ! fir/ day1 "o %\ld practice ab\t f\r or five times to secure ! be/ returns1 a half h\r ea* "t4 ,:at ! ,tea*] ,c ,d4 ,n[1 let u see h[ ! tea*] c be ( assi/ance to ! pupil 9 habit-=mation4 ,! tea*] %\ld h a cle> idea ( ! nature ( ! habit to be =m$ & %\ld demon/rate ! habit to ! pupil4 ,suppose ! habit is s simple a ?+ z long division4 ,! tea*] %\ld expla9 ea* /ep 9 ! process4 ,%e %\ld g to ! blackbo>d & actually solve a numb] ( problems 9 long division1 s t ! pupils c see j h[ to d x4 ,aft] ?is ! pupils %\ld g to ! bo>d & solve a problem !mselves4 ,! reason = ?is proc$ure is t x is mo/ economical4 ,if ! *ildr5 are left to get ! me?od ( do+ long division f a book1 !y w n be able to d x readily & w make mi/akes4 ,a tea*] c expla9 a process bett] ?an x c be expla9$ 9 a book4 ,by giv+ a full explanation & demon/ration & !n by requir+ ! *ildr5 to "w a few problems :ile %e wat*es = mi/akes1 correct+ !m at once1 ! tea*] secures economy ( ef=t & "t4 ,! fir/ /ep is to demon/rate ! habit to ! pupils2 ! second1 to h !m d ! act1 :atev] x is1 correct+ _! mi/akes2 ! ?ird1 to require ! pupils to practice till !y h acquir$ skill4 ,! tea*] mu/ make provision = practice4 ,:at ,p>5ts ,c ,d4 ,p>5ts c be ( v great assi/ance to *ildr5 :o are =m+ habits4 7#a7 ,!y c cooep]ate ) ! s*ool1 :i* is direct+ ! *ild 9 ! sy/ematic =mation ( a great sy/em ( habits4 ,! tea*] %\ld expla9 ^! habits to ! p>5ts s t !y may "k :at ! tea*] is try+ to d4 ,q (t5 ! home & ! s*ool are work+ at cross purposes4 ,! only way to prev5t ?is is = !m to "w 9 ! close/ cooep]ation1 ) ! fulle/ und]/&+ ( :at is be+ und]tak5 = ! *ild4 ,p>5ts & tea*]s %\ld (t5 meet toge!r & talk ov] ! "w ( tra9+ ! *ildr5 ( ! community4 ,p>5ts %\ld h n m]ely a g5]al und]/&+ ( ! "w ( ! s*ool1 b !y %\ld "k ! details und]tak54 ,! s*ool (t5 assigns practice "w to be done at home 9 read+1 writ+1 ari?metic4 ,p>5ts %\ld always "k ( ^! assignm5ts & %\ld help ! *ildr5 get ! necess>y practice4 ,!y c d ?is by rem9d+ ! *ild ( ! "w1 by prep>+ a suitable place :]e ! "w may be done1 & by secur+ quiet = ! practice4 ,*ildr5 l play & x is easy = !m to =get _! necess>y "w4 ,p>5ts c be ( ! greate/ s]vice to *ildhood & y\? by hold+ ! *ildr5 to _! responsibilities & duties4 ,few p>5ts take any ?\ght ( :e!r _! *ildr5 are do+ all possible = _! s*ool progress4 ,few ( ^? :o d1 make def9ite plans & arrangem5ts = ! *ildr5 to accompli% ! necess>y practice & /udy4 ,?is is ! p>5t's duty & responsibility4 ,moreov]1 p>5ts are likely to feel t *ildr5 h no rights1 & ?9k no?+ ( call+ on !m 9 ! mid/ ( _! "w to d "s err&4 ,n[1 *ildr5 %\ld "w ab\t ! h\se & help _! p>5ts1 b !re %\ld be a "t = ?is & a sep>ate "t = /udy & practice on s*ool "w4 ,:5 a *ild sits d[n = s]i\s practice on "s "w1 8 "t %\ld be sacr$ & inviolable4 ,in/ead ( int]f]+ ) ! *ild1 ! p>5ts %\ld d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to make ?is practice possible & effici5t4 ,9 _! relations ) _! *ildr5 p]haps p>5ts s9 m 9 ! matt] ( neglect+ to plan = !m ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,!y plan = ev]y?+ else1 b !y let _! *ildr5 gr[ up1 hav+ tak5 no def9ite ?\ght ab\t help+ !m to =m _! life habits & to e/abli% ^! habits by practice4 ,:5 a *ild comes home f s*ool1 ! "m %\ld f9d out j :at "w is to be done be=e ! next day & %\ld plan ! *ild's play & "w 9 su* a way z to include all necess>y practice4 ,if all p>5ts w\ld d ?is1 ! value to ! "w ( ! s*ool & to ! life ( ! *ild w\ld be incalculable4 7#b7 ,j z "o ( ! ma9 purposes ( ! tea*] is to help ! *ild ga9 initiative1 s x is "o ( ! greate/ ( ! p>5ts' duties4 ,p>5ts mu/ help ! *ildr5 to keep _! purposes be=e !m4 ,*ildr5 =get1 ev5 :5 !y wi% to rememb]4 ,(t51 !y d n want to rememb]4 ,! p>5ts' duty is to get ! *ild to want to rememb]1 & to help him to rememb]1 :e!r he wants to or n4 ,"o ( ! ma9 diff]5ces betwe5 *ildhood & maturity is t ! *ild lives 9 ! pres5t1 8 purposes are all imm$iate ones4 ,habits always look =w>d1 !y are = future good & use4 ,mature p h le>n$ to look =w>d & to plan = ! future4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 p]=m ?is function = ! *ildr54 ,!y mu/ look =w>d & see :at ! *ild %\ld le>n to d1 & !n see t he le>ns to d x4 7#c7 ,p>5ts mu/ help *ildr5 to plan _! lives 9 g5]al & 9 detail2 i4e4 9 ! s5se ( det]m9+ ! ideals & habits t w be necess>y = ^? lives4 ,! p>5ts mu/ d ?is ) ! help ( ! *ild4 ,! *ild mu/ n be a bl9d foll[]1 b z ! *ild's m9d becomes mature en\gh1 ! p>5t mu/ expla9 ! matt] ( =m+ life habits1 & mu/ %[ ! *ild t life is a /ructure t he himself is to build4 ,life w be :at he makes x1 & ! "t = =m+ "* is dur+ e>ly ye>s4 ,! p>5t mu/ n only tell ! *ild ?is b mu/ help him to realize ! tru? ( x1 mu/ help him cont9ually1 consi/5tly4 7#d7 ,( c\rse x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! p>5t c help mu*1 p]haps mo/1 by example4 ,! p>5t mu/ n only tell ! *ild :at to d b mu/ %[ him h[ x %\ld be done4 7#e7 ,p>5ts c help 9 ! ways m5tion$ above1 b !y c also help by cooep]at+ among !mselves 9 plann+ = ! tra9+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ! community4 ,"o p>5t _c tra9 8 *ildr5 indep5d5tly ( all ! o!r p 9 ! community4 ,!re mu/ be a c]ta9 unity ( ideals & aims4 ,!re=e1 n only is !re ne$ = cooep]ation betwe5 p>5ts & tea*]s b among p>5ts !mselves4 ,al?\gh !y cooep]ate 9 ev]y?+ else1 !y seldom d 9 ! tra9+ ( _! *ildr54 ,! p ( a community %\ld meet toge!r occasionally to plan = ?is common "w4 ,importance ( ,habit 9 ,education & ,life4 ,a man is ! sum ( 8 habits & ideals4 ,he has language habits2 he speaks ,g]man1 or ,fr5*1 or ,engli%4 ,he has writ+ habits1 spell+ habits1 read+ habits1 ari?metic habits4 ,he has political habits1 religi\s habits4 ,he has v>i\s social habits1 habitual attitudes :i* he takes t[>d 8 fell[s4 ,he has moral habits--he is hone/ & tru?ful1 or he is di%one/ & untru?ful4 ,he always looks on ! bright side1 or else on ! d>k side ( ev5ts4 ,all ^! habits & _m m1 he has4 ,!y are /ructures :i* he has built4 ,"o's life1 !n1 is ! sum ( 8 t5d5cies1 & ^! t5d5cies "o e/abli%es 9 e>ly life4 ,?is view gives an importance to ! "w ( ! s*ool :i* is d]iv$ f no o!r view4 ,! s*ool is n a place :]e we get ?is little bit ( in=mation1 or ! o!r4 ,x is ! place :]e we are mold$1 =m$1 & %ap$ into ! be+s we are to be4 ,! s*ool has n ris5 to see ! real importance ( its "w4 ,its aims h be5 l[ & its a*ievem5ts mu* l[] ?an its aims4 ,tea*]s %\ld rise to ! importance ( _! call+4 ,_! "w is t ( gods4 ,!y are creators4 ,!y d n make ! *ild4 ,!y d n give x memory or att5tion or imag9ation4 ,b !y are creators ( t5d5cies1 prejudices1 religions1 politics1 & o!r habits unnumb]$4 ,s t 9 a v real s5se1 ! s*ool1 ) all ! o!r educational influ5ces1 makes ! man4 ,we d n give a *ild ! capacity to le>n1 b we c det]m9e :at he %all le>n4 ,we d n give him memory1 b we c select :at he %all rememb]4 ,we d n make ! *ild z he is at ! beg9n+1 b we c1 9 l>ge measure1 det]m9e ! _w ( influ5ces :i* complete ! task ( mak+4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( life e day & e h\r ( ! day e/abli%es & /r5g!ns t5d5cies4 ,e ye> ^! t5d5cies become /rong]4 ,e ye> aft] maturity1 we resi/ *ange4 ,by tw5ty-five or ?irty1 "* has set l pla/]4 ,! g5]al attitude & view ( ! _w :i* we h at maturity1 we are to hold ?r\gh\t life4 ,v few m5 fundam5tally *ange aft] ?is4 ,x takes a trem5d\s influ5ce & an unusual situation to break "o up & make him an ess5tially diff]5t man aft] maturity4 ,e ye> a crank becomes cranki]4 ,x is well t ?is is s4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! _w co/s its price4 ,rigidity is ! price we pay = effici5cy4 ,9 ord] to be effici5t1 we mu/ make habitual ! necess>y movem5ts4 ,aft] !y are habituat$1 !y resi/ *ange4 ,b habit makes = regul>ity & ord]4 ,we c\ld n live 9 society unless !re 7 regul>ity1 ord]1 fixity4 ,habit makes = cons]vatism4 ,b cons]vatism is necess>y = ord]4 ,9 a s5se1 habit works aga9/ progress4 ,b p]man5t improvem5t )\t habit w\ld be impossible1 = p]man5t progress dep5ds ^u hold+ :at we ga94 ,x is well = society t we are cons]vative4 ,we c\ld n live 9 ! *aos t w\ld exi/ )\t habit4 ,public op9ion resi/s *ange4 ,p refuse to accept a view t is diff]5t f ! "o !y h held4 ,we c\ld get n[h]e if we cont9ually *ang$1 & x is well = u t we cont9ue to d ! old way to :i* we h become accu/om$1 till a new & bett] "o is %[n beyond d\bt4 ,ev5 !n1 x is probably bett] = an old p]son to cont9ue to use ! accu/om$ me?ods ( a lifetime4 ,al?\gh bett] me?ods are develop$1 !y w n be s good = ! old p]son z ^? modes ( action t he is us$ to4 ,! possibility ( progress is ?r\gh new me?ods :i* come 9 ) ea* succe$+ g5]ation4 ,:5 we become old we are n will+ to *ange1 b ! m reasonable ( u are will+ t our *ildr5 %\ld be taught a bett] way4 ,sometimes1 ( c\rse1 we f9d p :o say t :at 0 good en\gh = !m is good en\gh = _! *ildr54 ,mo/ ( u ?9k bett]1 & wi% to give our *ildr5 a bett] br++ up ?an ours has be54 ,^! consid]ations make cle> ! importance ( habit 9 life4 ,!y %\ld also make cle> a v important coroll>y4 ,if habits are important 9 life1 !n x is ! duty ( p>5ts & tea*]s to make a c>eful selection ( ! habits t are to be =m$ by ! *ildr54 ,! habits t w be necess>y = ! *ild to =m 9 ord] to meet ! v>i\s situations ( 8 future life1 %\ld be det]m9$4 ,!re %\ld be no vagu5ess ab\t x4 ,def9ite habits1 social1 moral1 religi\s1 intellectual1 pr(essional1 etc41 w be necess>y = effici5cy4 ,we %\ld "k :at ^! v>i\s habits are1 & %\ld !n set ab\t ! "w ( e/abli%+ !m ) sy/em & det]m9ation1 j z we w\ld ! build+ ( a h\se4 ,mu* s*ool "w & mu* home tra9+ is vague1 indef9ite1 unc]ta91 done )\t a cle> und]/&+ ( ! ne$s or ( ! results4 ,we !re=e wa/e "t1 ye>s ( ! *ild's life1 & ! results are unsatisfactory4 ,drill 9 ,s*ool ,subjects4 ,9 _m s*ool subjects1 ! ma9 object is to acquire skill 9 c]ta9 processes4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 we c become skillful 9 an act only by repetition ( ! act4 ,!re=e1 9 ^? subjects 9 :i* ! ma9 object is ! acquir+ ( skill1 !re mu/ be mu* repetition4 ,?is repetition is call$ drill4 ,! matt] ( economical proc$ure 9 drill has already be5 consid]$1 b !re are c]ta9 problems connect$ ) drill t mu/ be fur!r discuss$4 ,drill is usually ! h>de/ "p ( s*ool "w4 ,x becomes monoton\s & tiresome4 ,moreov]1 drill is always a means4 ,x is ! means by :i* we become effici5t4 ,take writ+1 = example4 ,x is n an end 9 itself2 x is ! means by :i* we convey ?\ghts4 ,read+ is a means by :i* we are able to get ! ?\ght ( ano!r4 ,9 acquir+ a =eign language1 we h fir/ to ma/] ! elem5t>y tools t w enable u to make ! ?\ght ( ! =eign language our own4 ,x seems t ! h>de/ "p ( education always comes fir/1 :5 we are lea/ able to d x4 ,x us$ to be t ne>ly all ! "w ( ! s*ool 0 drill4 ,!re 0 little s*ool "w t 0 int]e/+ 9 itself4 ,9 revolt aga9/ ?is k9d ( s*ool1 _m mod]n educators h tri$ to plan a curriculum t w\ld be int]e/+ to ! *ild4 ,9 s*ools t foll[ ?is idea1 !re is little or no drill1 pure & simple4 ,!re is no "w t is done = ! sole purpose ( acquir+ skill4 ,! "w is s plann$ t1 9 pursu+ x1 ! *ild w ( necessity h to p]=m ! necess>y acts & w !reby ga9 effici5cy4 ,9 ari?metic1 !re is no add+1 subtract+1 multiply+1 or divid+1 only z su* ?+s mu/ be done 9 ! p]=mance ( some?+ else t is int]e/+ 9 itself4 ,= example1 ! *ild plays /ore & mu/ add up ! sales4 ,! *ild plays bean bag & mu/ add up ! score4 ,practice ga9$ 9 ?is indirect way is kn[n z incid5tal drill4 ,direct drill consi/s 9 mak+ a direct approa*2 we wi% to be effici5t at add+1 s we practice add+ z su* & n m]ely z incid5tal to some?+ else4 ,?is plan ( incid5tal drill is 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciple ( int]e/ previ\sly expla9$4 ,!re are sev]al ?+s1 h[ev]1 t mu/ be consid]$4 ,! prop] proc$ure w\ld seem to be to look =w>d & f9d out 9 :at directions ! *ild w ne$ to acquire skill & !n to help him acquire x 9 ! mo/ economical way & at ! prop] "t4 ,nature has s made u t we l to d a new trick4 ,:5 we h taught a *ild h[ to add & subtract1 he likes to p]=m ^! op]ations because ! op]ations !mselves give pleasure4 ,!re=e mu* repetition c be all[$ & mu* skill acquir$ by a direct approa* to ! practice4 ,:5 int]e/ drags1 incid5tal drill c be fall5 back ^u to help out ! int]e/4 ,*ildr5 %\ld be taught t c]ta9 ?+s mu/ be done1 c]ta9 skill mu/ be acquir$4 ,!y %\ld accept "s ?+s on ! au?ority ( eld]s4 ,!y %\ld be taught to apply !mselves & to give _! :ole att5tion to a ?+ t mu/ be done4 ,a desire = effici5cy c be develop$ 9 !m4 ,! _s ( competition c sometimes be effectively us$ to add int]e/ to drill4 ,( c\rse1 int]e/ & att5tion !re mu/ be1 & if x _c be secur$ 9 "o way1 x mu/ be 9 ano!r4 ,exp]im5ts h abundantly %[n ! value ( =mal drill1 t is to say1 drill = drill's sake4 ,if an ari?metic class is divid$1 "o half be+ giv5 a few m9utes' drill on ! fundam5tal op]ations ea* day b o!rwise do+ exactly ! same "w z ! o!r half ( ! class1 ! half receiv+ ! drill acquires mu* m skill 9 ! fundam5tal op]ations &1 besides1 is bett] at reason+ out problems ?an ! half t _h no drill4 ,! explanation ( ! latt] fact is d\btless t ! pupils receiv+ ! drill acquire su* effici5cy 9 ! fundam5tal op]ations t ^! cause no tr\ble1 leav+ all ! en]gies ( ! pupils = reason+ out ! problems4 ,x has be5 %[n exp]im5tally t a direct me?od ( tea*+ spell+ is m effici5t ?an an indirect me?od4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t su* turns out to be ! case4 ,= 9 a direct approa*1 ! act t we are try+ to habituate is br\ght m directly be=e consci\sness1 receiv+ t focal att5tion :i* is necess>y = ! mo/ effici5t practice 9 habit-=mation4 ,if "o wi%es to be a good ball pit*]1 "o beg9s to pit* balls1 & cont9ues pit*+ balls day aft] day1 morn+1 noon1 & night4 ,"o does n g ab\t x indirectly4 ,if "o wi%es to be a good %ot ) a rifle1 "o gets a rifle & goes to %oot+4 ,simil>ly1 if "o wi%es to be a good add]1 ! way to d is to beg9 add+1 n to beg9 do+ some?+ else4 ,( c\rse any me?od t w induce a *ild to realize t he ought to acquire a c]ta9 habit1 is "r & prop]4 ,we mu/ d all we c to give a *ild a desire1 an int]e/ 9 ! ?+ t he is try+ to d4 ,b !re is no reason :y ! ?+ %\ld n be fac$ directly4 ,rules = ,habit ,=mation4 ,9 ! light ( ! v>i\s pr9ciples :i* we h discuss$1 :at rules c be giv5 to "o =m+ habits8 ,! evid5t answ] is1 to proce$ 9 accordance ) e/abli%$ pr9ciples4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 br+ ! mo/ important ( ^! pr9ciples toge!r 9 ! =m ( rules :i* c s]ve z a guide & help to "o =m+ habits4 7#a7 ,get initiative4 ,by ?is is meant t a p]son =m+ a habit %\ld h "s su/a9+ reason = do+ x1 "s end t is be+ s\ght4 ,?is pr9ciple w be ( v little use to "y *ildr51 only to ^? old en\gh to appreciate reasons & ends4 ,9 ari?metic1 = example1 a *ild %\ld be %[n :at c be accompli%$ if he possesses c]ta9 skill 9 addition1 subtraction1 & multiplication4 ,x is n always possible = a "y p]son to see :y a c]ta9 habit %\ld be =m$4 ,= ! y\nge/ *ildr51 ! practice mu/ be 9 ! =m ( play4 ,b :5 a *ild is old en\gh to ?9k1 to h ideals & purposes1 reasons & explanations %\ld be work$ out4 7#b7 ,get practice4 ,if y are to h skill1 y mu/ practice4 ,practice regul>ly1 practice h>d :ile y are do+ x4 ,?r[ y\r :ole life into x1 z if :at y are do+ is ! mo/ important ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,practice "u good conditions4 ,d n ?9k t j any k9d ( practice w d4 ,try to make conditions su* t !y w enable y to d y\r be/ "w4 ,su* conditions w n happ5 by *ance4 ,y mu/ make !m happ54 ,y mu/ make conditions favorable4 ,y mu/ seek opportunities to practice4 ,y mu/ realize t y\r life is 9 ! mak+1 t y are mak+ x1 t x is to a l>ge ext5t compos$ ( habits4 ,^! habits y are build+4 ,!y are built only by practice4 ,get practice4 ,:5 practic+1 fulfill ! psy*ological conditions4 ,"w "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances z to l5g? ( p]iods1 int]vals1 etc4 7#c7 ,all[ no exceptions4 ,y %\ld fully realize ! great influ5ce ( exceptions4 ,:5 y />t 9 to =m a habit1 all[ no?+ to turn y f y\r c\rse4 ,:e!r ! habit is "s fundam5tal moral habit or ! multiplication table1 be consi/5t1 d n vacillate4 ,no?+ is s /rong z consi/5t action1 no?+ s weak z d\btful1 wav]+1 unc]ta9 action4 ,h ! p]si/5ce ( a bull dog & ! regul>ity ( planet>y motion4 ,transf] ( ,tra9+4 ,our problem n[ is to f9d out :e!r =m+ "o habit helps "o to =m ano!r4 ,9 "s cases x does4 ,! results ( a rec5t exp]im5t p]=m$ 9 ! laboratory ( educational psy*ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri1 w %[ :at is meant4 ,x 0 f\nd t if a p]son practic$ di/ribut+ c>ds into pigeon holes till great pr(ici5cy 0 atta9$1 & !n ! numb]+ ( ! boxes or pigeon holes 0 *ang$1 ! p]son c\ld le>n ! new numb]+ & ga9 pr(ici5cy 9 di/ribut+ ! c>ds 9 ! new way m quickly ?an 0 ! case at fir/4 ,simil>ly1 if "o le>ns to run a typewrit] ) a c]ta9 =m ( keybo>d1 "o c le>n to op]ate a diff]5t keybo>d mu* m quickly ?an 0 ! case 9 le>n+ ! fir/ keybo>d4 ,x is probable t ! explanation ( ?is app>5t transf] is t !re are common elem5ts 9 ! two cases4 ,c]ta9 bonds e/abli%$ 9 ! fir/ habit are available 9 ! second4 ,9 ! case ( di/ribut+ ! c>ds1 _m su* common elem5ts c be made out4 ,"o ga9s facility 9 read+ ! numb]+ ( ! c>ds4 ,! actual movem5t ( ! h& 9 gett+ to a p>ticul> box is ! same :atev] ! numb] ( ! box4 ,"o acquires s*emes ( associat+ & locat+ ! boxes1 s*emes t w "w 9 bo? cases4 ,b suppose t "o sp5ds fifte5 days 9 di/ribut+ c>ds accord+ to "o s*eme ( numb]+1 & !n *anges ! numb]+ & practices = fifte5 days ) ! new numb]+1 at ! end ( ! second fifte5 days "o has m skill ?an at ! close ( ! fir/ fifte5 days4 ,9 fact1 9 five days "o has z mu* skill 9 ! new me?od z 0 acquir$ 9 fifte5 days 9 ! fir/ me?od4 ,h[ev]1 & ?is is an important po9t1 ! spe$ 9 ! new way is n s great z ! spe$ acquir$ 9 ?irty days us+ "o me?od or "o s*eme all ! "t4 ,direct practice on ! specific habit involv$ is always mo/ effici5t4 ,"o %\ld probably nev] le>n "o ?+ j because x w help him 9 le>n+ some?+ else1 = t some?+ else c\ld be m economically le>n$ by direct practice4 ,le>n+ "o language probably helps 9 le>n+ ano!r4 ,a ye> sp5t 9 le>n+ ,g]man w probably help 9 le>n+ ,fr5*4 ,b two ye>s sp5t 9 le>n+ ,fr5* w give m effici5cy 9 ,fr5* ?an w be acquir$ by sp5d+ "o ye> on ,g]man & !n "o ye> on ,fr5*4 ,if ! only reason = a /udy is t x helps 9 le>n+ some?+ else1 !n ?is /udy %\ld be left out ( ! curriculum4 ,if ! only reason = /udy+ ,lat91 = example1 is t x helps 9 /udy+ ,engli%1 or ,fr5*1 or helps 9 gramm>1 or gives "o a l>g] vocabul>y 9 ,engli% on acc\nt ( a k ( ! ,lat9 roots1 !n ! /udy ( ! language _c be ju/ifi$2 = all ( ^! results c\ld be mu* m economically & bett] atta9$ by a direct approa*4 ,( c\rse1 if ,lat9 has a ju/ification 9 itself1 !n ^! by-products are n to be despis$4 ,! tru? seems to be t habits are v specific ?+s4 ,a def9ite /imulus goes ov] to a def9ite response4 ,we mu/ decide :at habits we ne$ to h e/abli%$1 & !n by direct & economical practice e/abli% ^! habits4 ,x is true t 9 pursu+ "s /udies1 we acquire habits t are ( mu* great] applicability 9 ! affairs ( life ?an c be obta9$ f o!r /udies4 ,:5 "o has acquir$ ! v>i\s add+ habits1 he has k9ds ( skill t w be ( use 9 almo/ ev]y?+ t is und]tak5 lat]4 ,s also speak+ habits1 writ+ habits1 spell+ habits1 moral habits1 etc41 are ( univ]sal applicability4 ,:5ev] "o und]takes to d a ?+ t involves "s habit already =m$1 t ?+ is m easily done by virtue ( t habit4 ,"o c\ld n v well le>n to multiply "o numb] by ano!r1 su* z #h1fge1dhi by #dci1heg1 )\t fir/ le>n+ to add4 ,?is seems to be all !re is to ! idea ( ! transf] ( tra9+4 ,"o gets an act1 or an idea1 or an attitude1 or a po9t ( view t is available 9 a new ?+1 !reby mak+ ! new ?+ easi]4 ,! me?ods "o w\ld acquire 9 ! /udy ( zooelogy w\ld be1 _m ( !m1 directly applicable 9 ! /udy ( botany4 ,b1 j z truly1 "o c acquire habits 9 do+ "o ?+ t w be a direct h9drance 9 le>n+ ano!r ?+4 ,knock+ a baseball unfits "o = knock+ a t5nis ball4 ,! /udy ( lit]ature & philosophy probably unfits "o = ! /udy ( an exp]im5tal sci5ce because ! me?ods are s dissimil>1 9 "s measure antagoni/ic4 ,habit & ,moral ,tra9+4 ,by moral tra9+1 we mean t tra9+ :i* prep>es "o to live among 8 fell[s4 ,x is a tra9+ t prep>es u to act 9 our relations ) our fell[ m5 9 su* a way z to br+ happ9ess to our neighbors z well z to ourselves4 ,specifically1 x is a tra9+ 9 hone/y1 tru?fulness1 sympa?y1 & indu/ry4 ,!re are o!r factors ( morality b ^! are ! mo/ important4 ,x is evid5t at once t moral tra9+ is ! mo/ important ( all tra9+4 ,?is is1 at any rate1 ! view tak5 by society2 = if a man falls %ort 9 8 relations ) 8 fell[s1 he is puni%$4 ,if ! ext5t ( 8 fall+ is v great1 8 lib]ty is entirely tak5 away f him4 ,9 "s cases1 he is put to dea?4 ,moral tra9+1 9 addition to be+ ! mo/ important1 is also ! mo/ difficult4 ,:at ! public s*ools c d 9 ?is field is q limit$4 ,! tra9+ :i* ! *ild gets on ! /reets & at home almo/ ov]%ad[s x4 ,nature ( ,moral ,tra9+4 ,a good p]son is "o :o does ! "r social ?+ at ! "r "t4 ,! m completely & consi/5tly "o does ?is1 ! bett] "o is4 ,:at k9d ( tra9+ c "o receive t w give assurance ( appropriate moral action8 ,two ?+s c be done to give a *ild ?is assurance4 ,! *ild c be l$ to =m prop] ideals ( action & prop] habits ( action4 ,by ideal ( action1 we mean t ! *ild %\ld "k :at ! "r action is1 & h a desire to d x4 ,habits ( action are acquir$ only ?r\gh action4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ pages1 cont9u$ action ( a def9ite k9d develops a t5d5cy to ?is p>ticul> action4 ,"o's "* is ! sum ( 8 t5d5cies to action4 ,^! t5d5cies c be develop$ only ?r\gh practice1 ?r\gh repetition4 ,moral tra9+1 !re=e1 has ! same basis z all o!r tra9+1 t is1 9 habits4 ,! same proc$ure t we use 9 tea*+ ! *ild ! multiplication table is ! "o to use 9 develop+ hone/y4 ,9 ! case ( ! tables1 we h ! *ild say fifty-six = eight times sev54 ,we h him d ?is till he does x in/antly1 automatically4 ,hone/y & tru?fulness & ! o!r moral virtues c be fix$ 9 ! same way4 ,home & ,moral ,tra9+4 ,! home is ! mo/ important factor 9 moral tra9+4 ,?is is l>gely because ( ! importance ( e>ly habits & attitudes4 ,ob$i5ce to p>5ts & respect = au?ority1 :i* 9 a l>ge measure und]lie all o!r moral tra9+1 mu/ be secur$ & develop$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( *ildhood4 ,! *ild does n />t to s*ool till ab\t six ye>s old4 ,at ?is age mu* ( ! f\ndation ( morality is laid4 ,unless ! *ild le>ns /rict ob$i5ce 9 ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s ( life1 x is d\btful :e!r he w ev] le>n x aright4 ,)\t ! habit ( implicit ob$i5ce1 x is difficult to e/abli% any o!r good habit4 ,p>5ts %\ld und]/& t tra9+ 9 morality consi/s1 9 l>ge measure1 9 build+ up habits1 & %\ld g ab\t x 9 a sy/ematic way4 ,z v>i\s situations arise 9 ! e>ly life ( a *ild1 ! p>5ts %\ld obta9 f him ! appropriate responses4 ,:5 ! situations recur1 ! "r responses %\ld be aga9 secur$4 ,p>5ts %\ld cont9ue to insi/ ^u ^! responses till t5d5cies are =m$ = ! "r response to foll[ :5 ! situation arises4 ,aft] cont9u$ repetition1 ! response comes automatically4 ,! good man or woman is ! "o :o does ! "r ?+ z ! situation pres5ts itself1 does x z a matt] ( c\rse because x is 8 nature4 ,he does n ev5 ?9k ( do+ ! wrong ?+4 ,"o ( ! ma9 factors 9 *ild tra9+ is consi/5cy4 ,! p>5t mu/ inflexibly require ! "r action 9 ! appropriate situation4 ,good habits w n be =m$ if p>5ts insi/ on prop] action "o day b on ! next day all[ ! *ild to d diff]5tly4 ,p>5ts mu/ plan ! habits :i* !y wi% _! *ildr5 to =m & execute ^! plans sy/ematically1 ex]cis+ con/ant c>e4 ,p>5ts1 & *ildr5 z well1 w\ld pr(it f read+ ! plan us$ by ,frankl94 ,f>see+ & cle>-head$1 ,frankl9 saw t "* is a /ructure :i* "o builds1 s he set ab\t ?is build+ 9 a sy/ematic way4 ,= a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t he practic$ on "o virtue1 all[+ no exceptions 9 ?is "o virtue4 ,:5 ?is aspect ( 8 "* _h acquir$ /r5g?1 he add$ ano!r virtue & !n tri$ to keep p]fect z to bo?4#d #d ,see ,autobiography ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,! ,s*ool & ,moral ,tra9+4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r =ms ( tra9+1 ! s*ool is supplem5t>y to ! home4 ,! tea*] %\ld h well 9 m9d ! habits & ideals t ! home has be5 try+ to develop & %\ld assi/ 9 /r5g!n+ ! bonds4 ,! s*ool c d mu* 9 develop+ habits ( k9dness & sympa?y among ! *ildr54 ,x c develop civic & social ideals & habits4 ,j h[ x c be/ d ?is is a "q4 ,%\ld moral ideals be impress$ sy/ematically & %\ld habits be =m$ at ! "t ^! ideals are impress$1 or %\ld ! diff]5t ideals be in/ill$ & develop$ z occasion dem&s8 ,?is is an exp]im5tal problem1 & t me?od %\ld be foll[$ :i* produces ! be/ results4 ,x is possible t "o tea*] may use "o me?od be/ :ile a diff]5t tea*] w h bett] success ) ano!r me?od4 ,m important ?an ! "q ( a sy/ematic or an incid5tal me?od is ! "q ( mak+ ! matt] vital :5 x is tak5 up4 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t m]e k ( "r action w n insure "r action4 ,9 a few h\rs "o c tea* a *ild1 z matt]s ( m]e k1 :at he %\ld d 9 all ! important situations ( life2 b ?is w n insure t he w h5ce=? d ! "r ?+s4 ,!re are only two ways by :i* we c obta9 any assurance t "r action w come4 ,! fir/ way is to secure "r habits ( response4 ,we mu/ build up t5d5cies to action4 ,t5d5cies dep5d ^u previ\s action4 ,! second way is to help ! *ild to analyze moral situations & see :at results w foll[ ^u ! diff]5t k9ds ( action4 ,!re c be develop$ 9 a *ild a desire to d t :i* w br+ joy & happ9ess to o!rs1 r ?an pa9 & sorr[4 ,b ?is analysis ( moral situations is n en\gh to insure "r moral action2 !re mu/ be practice 9 do+ ! "r ?+4 ,! situation mu/ g ov] to ! "r response to insure its go+ !re ! next "t4 ,! fir/ ?+ 9 moral tra9+ is to develop habits4 ,!n1 z soon z ! *ild is old en\gh he c /r5g!n 8 habits by a c>eful analysis ( ! problem :y "o %\ld act "o way r ?an ano!r4 ,?is adds motive2 & motive gives /r5g? & assurance4 ,,summ>y4 ,habits are acquir$ t5d5cies to specific actions 9 def9ite situations4 ,!y are fix$ ?r\gh repetition4 ,!y give u spe$1 accuracy1 & c]ta9ty1 !y save en]gy & prev5t fatigue4 ,!y are p]=m$ ) less att5tion & become pleasurable4 ,! ma9 purpose ( education is to =m ! habits--moral1 intellectual1 vocational1 cultural--necess>y = life4 ,habits & ideals are ! basis ( our mature life & "*4 ,moral tra9+ is ess5tially l o!r =ms ( tra9+1 habit be+ ! basis4 ,,class ,,ex]cises #a4 ,practice on ! =mation ( "s habit until consid]able skill is acquir$4 ,draw a le>n+ curve simil> to ! "o on page #ie1 %[+ ! increase 9 skill4 ,a class exp]im5t c be p]=m$ by ! use ( a sub/itution te/4 ,take lett]s to repres5t ! n9e digits1 !n transcribe numb]s into ! lett]s z describ$ on page #aib4 ,keep a record ( successive five-m9ute p]iods ( practice till all h practic$ an h\r4 ,?is gives twelve practice p]iods = ! con/ruction ( a le>n+ curve4 ,! individual exp]im5ts %\ld be m difficult & cov] a long] p]iod4 ,suitable exp]im5ts = individual practice are3 le>n+ to op]ate a typewrit]1 pit*+ m>bles into a hole1 writ+ ) ! left h&1 & mirror writ+4 ,! latt] is p]=m$ by /&+ a mirror v]tically on ! table1 plac+ ! pap] 9 front & writ+ 9 su* a way t ! lett]s h ! prop] =m & appe>ance :5 se5 9 ! mirror4 ,! subject %\ld n look at 8 h& b at its reflection 9 ! mirror4 ,a piece ( c>dbo>d c be support$ j ov] ! h& s t only ! image ( ! h& 9 ! mirror c be se54 #b4 ,a /udy ( ! int]f]5ce ( habit c be made z foll[s3 ,take eight small boxes & arrange !m 9 a r[4 ,numb] ea* box pla9ly4 ,d n numb] !m consecutively1 b z foll[s1 #e1 #g1 #a1 #h1 #b1 #c1 #f1 #d4 ,make eighty c>ds1 t5 ( ea* numb]1 & numb] !m pla9ly4 ,practice di/ribut+ ! c>ds into ! boxes4 ,note ! "t requir$ = ea* di/ribution4 ,cont9ue to di/ribute !m till consid]able skill is acquir$4 ,!n re>range ! ord] ( ! boxes & repeat ! exp]im5t4 ,:at d ! results %[8 #c4 ,does ! above exp]im5t %[ any transf] ( tra9+8 ,comp>e ! "t = ea* di/ribution 9 ! second "p ( ! exp]im5t1 i4e4 aft] ! re>rangem5t ( ! boxes1 ) ! "t = ! correspond+ di/ribution 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! "q to be answ]$ is3 ,are ! results ( ! second "p ( ! exp]im5t bett] ?an !y w\ld h be5 if ! fir/ "p _h n be5 p]=m$8 ,/ate y\r results & conclusions & comp>e ) ! /atem5ts 9 ! text4 #d4 ,a /udy ( ! effects ( spread+ out le>n+ p]iods c be made z foll[s3 ,divide ! class into two equal divisions4 ,let "o division practice on a sub/itution exp]im5t z expla9$ 9 ,ex]cise #a1 = five t5-m9ute p]iods ( practice 9 imm$iate succession4 ,let ! o!r division practice = five days1 t5 m9utes a day4 ,:at d ! results indicate8 ,! divisions %\ld be ( equal ability4 ,if ! fir/ t5-m9ute practice p]iod %[s ! sections to be ( unequal ability1 ?is fact %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt 9 mak+ ! comp>isons4 ,te/ %eets c be prep>$ by ! tea*]1 or !y c be obta9$ f ! ,ext5sion ,division ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri4 #e4 ,an exp]im5t simil> to ,no4 #d c be p]=m$ by practic+ add+ or any o!r s*ool ex]cise4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to control ! exp]im5t & to elim9ate di/urb+ factors4 #f4 ,try ! c>d-di/ribut+ exp]im5t ) p ( diff]5t ages1 "y *ildr51 old p1 & v>i\s ages 9 betwe54 ,:at d y le>n8 ,is x z easy = an old p]son to =m a habit z x is = a "y p]son8 ,:y8 #g4 ,if an old p]son has no old habits to int]f]e1 c he =m a new habit z readily z c a "y p]son8 #h4 ,cite evid5ce f y\r own exp]i5ce to prove t x is h>d = an old p]son to break up old habits & =m new ones :i* int]f]e ) ! old ones4 #i4 ,d y f9d t y are becom+ set 9 y\r ways8 #aj4 ,:at d we mean by say+ t we are pla/ic 9 e>ly ye>s8 #aa4 ,h y plann$ y\r life "w8 ,are y e/abli%+ ! habits t w be necess>y 9 x8 #ab4 ,is x an advantage or a disadvantage to *oose "o's pr(ession or occupation e>ly8 #ac4 ,att5tion (t5 int]f]es ) ! p]=mance ( a habitual act4 ,:y is ?is8 #ad4 ,if a man removes 8 ve/ 9 ! daytime1 he is almo/ sure to w9d 8 wat*4 ,on ! o!r h& if he is up all night1 he lets 8 wat* run d[n4 ,:y8 #ae4 ,d y "k ( p :o h radically *ang$ _! views late 9 life8 #af4 ,try to tea* a dog or a cat a trick4 ,:at d y le>n ( importance ab\t habit-=mation8 #ag4 ,:at bran*es taught 9 s*ool involve ! =mation ( habits t are useful ?r\gh\t life8 #ah4 ,make a li/ ( ! moral habits t %\ld be =m$ 9 e>ly ye>s4 #ai4 ,write an essay on ,habit & ,life4 #bj4 ,make a complete outl9e ( ! *apt]4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,,colv9 ,,& ,,bagley3 ,human ,behavior1 ,*apt]s ,,xi & ,,xvii4 ,,pillsbury3 ,ess5tials ( ,psy*ology1 pp4 #dh-ei2 also ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,pyle3 ,! ,outl9es ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,*apt]s ,x1 ,,xi1 & ,,xii4 ,,r[e3 ,habit ,=mation1 ,*apt]s ,v-,,xiii4 ,,tit*5]3 ,a ,beg9n]'s ,psy*ology1 p4 #afi1 p>4 #cg4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,memory ,p]ceptions & ,ideas4 ,9 a previ\s *apt]1 brief m5tion 0 made ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 p]ceptions & ideas4 ,?is di/9ction mu/ n[ be enl>g$ ^u & made cle>]4 ,p]ceptions arise out ( our s5sory life4 ,we see ?+s :5 ^! ?+s are be=e our eyes4 ,we he> ?+s :5 ^! ?+s produce air vibrations :i* affect our e>s4 ,we smell ?+s :5 t9y p>ticles f !m come into contact ) a small pat* ( s5sitive membrane 9 our noses4 ,we ta/e sub/ances :5 ^! sub/ances are 9 our m\?s4 ,n[1 ?is see+1 he>+1 smell+1 ta/+1 etc41 is p]ceiv+4 ,we p]ceive a ?+ :5 ! ?+ is actually at ! "t affect+ "s "o or m ( our s5se organs4 ,a p]ception1 !n1 results f ! /imulation ( a s5se organ4 ,p]ception is ! process ( p]ceiv+1 s5s+1 objects 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,ideas are our seem+ to see1 he>1 smell1 ta/e ?+s :5 ^! ?+s are n pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,?is morn+ ,i saw1 _h a p]ception (1 a rob94 ,to-night 9 my /udy1 ,i h an idea ( a rob94 ,?is morn+ ! rob9 0 pres5t4 ,light reflect$ f x /imulat$ my eye4 ,to-night1 z ,i h an idea ( ! rob91 x is n "h2 ,i only seem to see x4 ,! sc5e :i* 0 m9e ?is morn+ is n[ reviv$1 reproduc$4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t ideas are ! consci\s repres5tatives ( objects :i* are n pres5t to ! s5ses4 ,ideas are reviv$ exp]i5ces4 ,reviv$ exp]i5ce is memory4 ,s9ce x is memory t enables u to live our lives ov] aga91 br+s ! pa/ up to ! pres5t1 x is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful aspects ( our natures4 ,! importance ( memory is at once app>5t if we try to imag9e :at life w\ld be )\t x4 ,if our life 7 only p]ceptual1 if x 7 only ! sights & s\nds & smells & ta/es ( ! pass+ mom5t1 x w\ld h little mean+1 x w\ld be b>e & empty4 ,b in/ead ( our p]ceptions be+ our :ole life1 !y are only ! />t+ po9ts ( life4 ,p]ceptions s]ve to ar\se gr\ps ( memory images or ideas1 & ! gr\ps ( ideas enri* ! pass+ mom5t & give mean+ to ! pass+ p]ceptions1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h no mean+4 ,suppose ,i am walk+ along ! /reet & meet a fri5d4 ,i see him1 speak to him1 & pass on4 ,b aft] ,i h pass$ on1 ,i h ideas4 ,i ?9k ( see+ my fri5d ! day be=e4 ,i ?9k ( :at he said & ( :at he 0 do+1 ( :at ,i said & ( :at ,i 0 do+4 ,p]haps = _m m9utes !re come ideas f my pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,^! ideas 7 ar\s$ by ! p]ception ( my fri5d4 ,! p]ception 0 mom5t>y1 b x />t$ a long tra9 ( memory ideas4 ,i pass on d[n ! /reet & g by a music /ore4 ,)9 ! /ore1 a victrola is play+ ,jesus1 ,lov] ( ,my ,s\l4 ,! song />ts ano!r tra9 ( memory ideas4 ,i ?9k ( ! pa/1 ( my boyhood days & ,sunday s*ool1 my e>ly home & _m sc5es ( my *ildhood4 ,= sev]al m9utes ,i am s engross$ ) ! memory images t ,i sc>cely notice any?+ along ! /reet4 ,aga91 ! mom5t>y p]ception1 ?is "t ( s\nds1 s]v$ to revive a great numb] ( ideas1 or memories1 ( ! pa/4 ,^! illu/rations are typical ( our life4 ,e mom5t we h p]ceptions4 ,^! p]ceptions ar\se ideas ( our pa/ life & exp]i5ce4 ,"o ( ^! ideas evokes ano!r1 & s an endless *a9 ( images passes along4 ,! old] we become1 ! ri*] is our ideational life4 ,:ile we are *ildr51 ! p]ceptions con/itute ! l>g] "p ( our m5tal life1 b z we become old]1 l>g] & l>g] becomes ! "p play$ by our memory images or ideas4 ,a *ild is n cont5t to sit d[n & reflect1 giv+ himself up to ! fl[ ( ideas t come up f 8 pa/ exp]i5ce1 b a mature p]son c sp5d h\rs 9 recall+ pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,?is means t ! old] we gr[1 ! m we live 9 ! pa/1 ! less we are b\nd d[n by ! pres5t1 & :5 we are old1 in/ead ( p]ceptions be+ ! ma9 "p ( m5tal life1 !y b give ! initial pu% to our ?\ghts :i* g on 9 an endless *a9 z long z we live4 ,! ,physiological ,basis ( ,memory4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! basis ( p]ception is ! agitation ( ! bra9 caus$ by ! /imulation ( a s5se organ by an ext]nal ?+ or =ce4 ,if !re is no /imulation ( a s5se organ1 !re is no s5sation1 no p]ception4 ,n[1 j z ! basis ( s5sation & p]ception is bra9 activity1 s x is also ! basis ( ideas4 ,9 s5sation1 ! bra9 activity is set up f )\t4 ,9 memory1 :5 we h ideas1 ! bra9 activity is set up f )9 & is a fa9t] revival ( ! activity orig9ally caus$ by ! /imulation ( ! s5se organ4 ,our ideas are j z truly condition$ or caus$ by bra9 activity z are our s5sations4 ,memory pres5ts _m problems1 & psy*ologi/s h be5 try+ = _m ye>s to solve !m4 ,we %all n[ see :at !y h discov]$ & :at is ! practical significance ( ! facts4 ,relation ( ,memory to ,age & ,sex4 ,x is a common notion t memory is be/ :5 we are "y1 b su* is n ! case4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts h %[n t all aspects ( memory improve ) age4 ,"s aspects ( memory improve m ?an o!rs1 & !y improve at diff]5t times & rates2 b all aspects d improve4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( s*ool age to ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ( age ! improvem5t ( mo/ aspects ( memory is rapid4 ,if we pron\nce a numb] ( digits to a *ild ( six1 x c reproduce b few ( !m1 a *ild ( eight or t5 c reproduce m1 a *ild ( twelve c reproduce /ill m1 & an adult /ill m4 ,if we read a s5t5ce to *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages1 we f9d t ! old] *ildr5 c reproduce a long] s5t5ce4 ,if we read a %ort /ory to *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages1 & !n require !m to reproduce ! /ory 9 _! own words1 ! old] *ildr5 reproduce m ( ! /ory ?an d ! "y *ildr54#e #e ,see age & sex graphs1 pp4 #ahd1 #ahh1 #ahi4 ,girls excel boys 9 practically all ! aspects ( memory4 ,9 rote memory1 t is1 memory = li/s ( unrelat$ words1 !re is n mu* diff]5ce2 b ! girls are some:at bett]4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! ability to rememb] ! ideas ( a /ory1 girls excel boys at e age4 ,?is sup]iority ( girls ov] boys is n m]ely a matt] ( memory4 ,a girl is sup]ior to a boy ( ! same age 9 ne>ly e way4 ,?is is m]ely a fact ( developm5t4 ,a girl develops fa/] ?an a boy1 %e rea*es maturity m quickly1 9 m9d z well z 9 body4 ,al?\gh a girl is light] ?an a boy at bir?1 on ! av]age %e ga9s 9 weight fa/] & is heavi] at twelve ?an a boy ( ! same age4 ,%e also ga9s fa/] 9 height1 & = a few ye>s 9 e>ly adolesc5ce is tall] ?an a boy ( ! same age4 ,( c\rse1 boys cat* up & f9ally become mu* tall] & heavi] ?an girls4 ,simil>ly1 a girl's m9d develops fa/] ?an ! m9d ( a boy1 z %[n 9 memory & o!r m5tal functions4 ,! ,improvem5t ( ,memory by ,practice4 ,all aspects ( memory c be improv$ by practice1 "s aspects mu*1 o!r aspects little4 ,! memory span = digits1 or lett]s1 or words1 or = objects _c be mu* improv$1 b memory = ideas t are relat$1 z ! ideas ( a /ory1 c be consid]ably improv$4 ,9 ext5sive exp]im5ts conduct$ 9 ! au?or's laboratory1 x 0 f\nd t a p]son :o at fir/ requir$ an h\r to memorize ! ideas 9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( mat]ial1 c\ld1 aft] a few mon?s' practice1 memorize ! same am\nt 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,& 9 ! latt] case ! ideas w\ld be bett] rememb]$ ?an !y 7 at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t4 ,n only c\ld a giv5 numb] ( ideas be le>n$ 9 less "t1 b !y w\ld be bett] reta9$ :5 le>n$ 9 ! %ort] "t4 ,if a p]son comes to u = advice z to h[ to improve 8 memory1 :at %\ld we tell him8 ,9 ord] to answ] ! "q1 we mu/ consid] ! factors ( a good memory4 ,factors ( a ,good ,memory4 7#a7 ,! fir/ requirem5t is to get a good impression 9 ! beg9n+4 ,memory is reviv$ exp]i5ce4 ,! m vivid & int5se ! fir/ exp]i5ce1 ! m sure w be ! lat] recall4 ,s if we wi% to rememb] an exp]i5ce1 we mu/ exp]i5ce x 9 ! fir/ place "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,! ?+ mu/ be se5 cle>ly1 x mu/ be und]/ood1 x mu/ be 9 ! focus ( consci\sness4 ,! be/ tea*+ is t :i* leads ! *ild to get ! cle>e/ appreh5sion ( :at is taught4 ,if we are tea*+ ab\t "s concrete ?+1 a plant1 a ma*9e1 we %\ld be sure t ! *ild sees ! ess5tial po9ts1 %\ld be sure t ! ma9 pr9ciples ent] 8 consci\sness4 ,we %\ld f9d out by que/ion+ :e!r he really does cle>ly und]/& :at we are try+ to get him to und]/&4 ,(t5 we ?9k a pupil or /ud5t has =gott51 :5 ! fact is t he nev] really knew ! ?+ :i* we wi%$ to h him rememb]4 ,! fir/ requisite to memory1 !n1 is to "k 9 ! fir/ place4 ,if we wi% to rememb] k1 ! k mu/ be se5 9 ! cle>e/ light1 really be k1 at ! outset4 ,few p ev] really le>n h[ to le>n4 ,!y nev] see any?+ cle>ly1 !y nev] /ick to a po9t till x is appreh5d$ 9 all its relations & be>+s2 consequ5tly !y =get1 l>gely because !y nev] really knew 9 ! fulle/ s5se4 ,mo/ tea*+ is too ab/ract4 ,! tea*] uses words t h no mean+ to ! pupil4 ,too mu* tea*+ deals ) ?+s indirectly4 ,we /udy ab\t ?+s in/ead ( /udy+ ?+s4 ,9 geography1 = example1 we /udy ab\t ! e>?1 gett+ our in=mation f a book4 ,we read ab\t l& =mations1 riv] c\rses1 erosion1 etc41 :5 in/ead we %\ld /udy ^! objects & processes !mselves4 ,! fir/ ?+ 9 memory1 !n1 is cle> appreh5sion1 cle> und]/&+1 vivid & int5se impression4 7#b7 ,! second ?+ necess>y to memory is to repeat ! exp]i5ce4 ,fir/ we mu/ get a cle> impression1 !n we mu/ repeat ! exp]i5ce if we w\ld reta9 x4 ,x is a mi/ake to believe t if we h once und]/ood a ?+1 we w always !reaft] rememb] x4 ,we mu/ ?9k our exp]i5ces ov] aga9 if we wi% to fix !m = p]man5t ret5tion4 ,we mu/ organize our exp]i5ce4 ,to organize exp]i5ce means to ?9k x ov] 9 its helpful relations4 ,9 memory1 "o idea ar\ses ano!r4 ,:5 we h "o idea1 :at o!r idea w ?is ar\se8 ,x dep5ds on :at connections ?is idea has _h 9 our m9ds 9 ! pa/4 ,x dep5ds on ! associations t x has1 & associations dep5d on our ?9k+ ! ideas ov] toge!r4 ,tea*]s & p>5ts %\ld help *ildr5 to ?9k ov] _! exp]i5ces 9 helpful1 practical relations4 ,!n 9 ! future1 :5 an idea comes to m9d1 x br+s along ) x o!r ideas t h ^! helpful1 practical relations4 ,we mu/ n1 !n1 m]ely repeat our exp]i5ces1 b mu/ repeat !m 9 helpful connections or associations4 ,9 organiz+ our exp]i5ce1 we mu/ sy/ematize & classify our k4 ,"o ( ! *ief diff]5ces 9 m5 is 9 ! way !y organize _! k4 ,mo/ ( u h exp]i5ces abundant en\gh1 b we diff] 9 ! way we "w ov] & organize ^! exp]i5ces4 ,organization n only enables u to rememb] our exp]i5ce1 b br+s our exp]i5ce back 9 ! "r connections4 ,! advice t %\ld be giv5 to a /ud5t is ! foll[+3 ,make sure t y und]/&4 ,if ! matt] is a lesson 9 a book1 g ?r\gh x try+ to get ! ma9 facts2 !n g ?r\gh x aga91 try+ to see ! relation ( all ! facts4 ,!n try to see ! facts 9 relation to y\r wid] exp]i5ce4 ,if x is a hi/ory lesson1 ?9k ( ! facts ( ! lesson 9 _! relation to previ\s *apt]s4 ,?9k ( ! details 9 _! be>+ on wid] & l>g] movem5ts4 ,a tea*] %\ld always hold 9 m9d ! facts 9 reg>d to memory1 & %\ld make h] tea*+ con=m to !m4 ,%e %\ld c>efully plan ! pres5tation ( a new topic s z to insure a cle> initial impression4 ,a new topic %\ld be pres5t$ orally by ! tea*]1 ) abundant illu/ration & explanation4 ,x _c be made too concrete1 x _c be made too pla9 & simple4 ,!n aft] ! tea*] has introduc$ & made pla9 ! new topic1 ! pupil reads & /udies fur!r4 ,at ! next recitation ( ! class1 ! fir/ ?+ 9 ord] %\ld be a discussion1 on ! "p ( ! pupils4 ,?is w help ! pupils to get ! facts cle>$ up & w help ! tea*] to f9d out :e!r ! pupils h ! facts "r4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! recitation %\ld also be a "t = que/ions4 ,ev]y?+ %\ld n[ be made cle>1 if !re are any errors or misund]/&+s on ! pupil's "p4 ,( c\rse any proc$ure 9 a recitation %\ld dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! mat]ial & to "s ext5t on ! /age ( advancem5t ( ! pupil2 b 9 g5]al su* a proc$ure z t j outl9$ w be mo/ satisfactory & economical3 fir/ cle> initial pres5tation by ! tea*]2 !n read+ & /udy on ! "p ( ! pupil1 & ?ird1 discussions on ! foll[+ day4 ,tea*]s %\ld also endeavor to %[ /ud5ts h[ to /udy to ! be/ advantage4 ,pupils d n "k h[ to /udy4 ,!y d n "k :at to look =1 & d n "k h[ to f9d x aft] !y "k :at !y are look+ =4 ,!y %\ld be %[n4 ,( c\rse1 "s ( !m le>n )\t help h[ to /udy4 ,b "s nev] le>n1 & x w\ld be a great sav+ ( "t to help all ( !m ma/] ! arts ( /udy & memoriz+4 ,a v important factor 9 connection ) memory is ! matt] ( mean+4 ,if a p]son w try to memorize a li/ ( nons5se words1 he w f9d t x is mu* m difficult ?an to memorize words t h mean+4 ,?is is a significant fact4 ,x means t z mat]ial approa*es nons5se1 x is difficult to memorize4 ,!re=e we %\ld always try to grasp ! mean+ ( a ?+1 its significance4 ,9 sci5ce1 let u always ask1 :at is ! mean+ ( ?is fact8 ,:at be>+ does x h on o!r facts8 ,h[ does x affect ! mean+ ( o!r facts8 ,k9ds ( ,memories4 ,we %\ld n speak ( memory z if x 7 "s sort ( p[] l muscul> /r5g?4 ,we %\ld always speak ( memories4 ,memories may be classifi$ f sev]al diff]5t po9ts ( view3 ,a classification may be bas$ on ! k9d ( mat]ial1 z memory = concrete ?+s1 ! actual objects ( exp]i5ce1 on ! "o h&1 & memory = ab/ract mat]ial1 su* z names ( ?+s1 _! attributes & relations1 on ! o!r4 ,aga91 we c base a classification on ! type ( ideation to :i* ! mat]ial appeals1 z auditory memory1 visual memory1 motor memory4 ,we c also base a classification on ! pr9ciple ( mean+4 ,?is pr9ciple ( classification w\ld give u at lea/ ?ree classes3 memory = ideas z express$ 9 s5t5ces1 logical memory2 memory = s]ies ( mean+ful words n logically relat$ 9 s5t5ces1 rote memory2 memory = s]ies ( mean+less words1 a =m ( rote memory4 ,?is classification is n meant to be complete1 b only sugge/ive4 ,) e *ange 9 ! k9d ( mat]ial1 ! me?od ( pres5t+ ! mat]ial to ! subject1 or ! mann] 9 :i* ! subject deals ) ! mat]ial1 !re may be a *ange 9 ! effectiv5ess ( memory4 ,:ile ^! diff]5t k9ds or aspects ( memory may h "s relation to "o ano!r1 !y are to "s ext5t indep5d5t4 ,"o may h a good rote memory & a poor logical memory1 or a poor rote memory & a good logical memory4 ,t is to say1 "o may be v poor at rememb]+ ! exact words ( a book1 b be good at rememb]+ ! mean+1 ! ideas1 ( ! book4 ,"o may be good at organiz+ mean+ful mat]ial b poor at rememb]+ m]e words4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! conditions may be rev]s$2 "o may rememb] ! words b nev] get ! mean+4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t mu* ( ?is diff]5ce is due to habit & exp]i5ce1 b "s ( ! diff]5ce is beyond d\bt due to orig9al diff]5ces 9 ! n]v\s sy/em & bra94 ,^! diff]5ces %\ld be det]m9$ 9 ! case ( all *ildr54 ,x is q a common ?+ to f9d a feeble-m9d$ p]son ) a good rote memory1 b su* a p]son nev] has a good logical memory4 ,"o c h a good rote memory )\t und]/&+1 "o _c h a good logical memory )\t und]/&+4 ,let u n[ ask ! "q1 :y c "o rememb] bett] words t are connect$ by logical relations ?an words t h no su* connection8 ,if we read to a p]son a li/ ( tw5ty nons5se words1 ! p]son c rememb] only two or ?ree2 b if a li/ ( tw5ty words connect$ 9 a s5t5ce 7 read to a p]son1 9 mo/ cases1 all ( !m w\ld be reproduc$4 ,! reason is t ! words 9 ! latt] case are n new4 ,we already "k ! words4 ,!y are already a "p ( our exp]i5ce4 ,we h _h days1 p]haps ye>s1 ( exp]i5ce ) !m4 ,all t is n[ new ab\t !m is p]haps a slightly new relation4 ,moreov]1 ! tw5ty words may conta9 b "o1 or at mo/ only a few1 ideas1 & 9 ?is case x is ! ideas t we rememb]4 ,! ideas hold ! words toge!r4 ,if ! tw5ty words conta9 a great numb] ( ideas1 !n we _c rememb] all ( !m f "o read+4 ,if ,i say1 ,i h a little boy :o loves 8 fa!r & "m v mu*1 & ?is boy wi%es to g to ! riv] to cat* "s fi%1 "o c easily rememb] all ^! words aft] "o read+4 ,b if ,i say1 ,! /oma* 9 all ! ,salmonidae is syphonal & at ! pylorus are fifte5 to two hundr$ comp>atively l>ge pyloric coeca2 al?\gh ?is s5t5ce is %ort]1 "o f9ds x m difficult to rememb]1 & ! ma9 reason is t ! words are n s famili>4 ,memory & ,?9k+4 ,:at is ! relation ( memory to ?9k+ & ! o!r m5tal functions8 ,"o (t5 he>s a tea*] say t %e does n wi% h] pupils to dep5d on memory1 b wi%es !m to reason ?+s out4 ,su* a /atem5t %[s a misund]/&+ ( ! facts2 = reason+ itself is only ! recall ( ideas 9 accordance ) ! laws ( association4 ,)\t memory1 !re w\ld be no reason+1 = ! v mat]ial ( ?\ght is f\nd to be ! reviv$ exp]i5ces :i* we call ideas1 memories4 ,"o ( ! fir/ requisites ( good ?9k+ is a reliable memory4 ,"o mu/ h facts to reason1 & ^! facts mu/ come to "o 9 memory to be available = ?\ght4 ,if "o wi%es to become a great ?9k] 9 a c]ta9 field1 he mu/ ga9 exp]i5ce 9 t field & organize t exp]i5ce 9 su* a way z to rememb] x & to recall x :5 x is want$4 ,:at "o does deplore is memory = ! m]e words ) no und]/&+ ( ! mean+4 ,9 geometry1 = example1 a /ud5t sometimes commits to memory ! words ( a demon/ration1 ) no und]/&+ ( ! mean+4 ,( c\rse1 t is worse ?an useless4 ,"o %\ld rememb] ! mean+ ( ! demon/ration4 ,if "o has memoriz$ ! words only1 he _c solve an orig9al problem 9 geometry4 ,b if he has und]/ood ! mean+ ( ! demon/ration1 !n he recalls x1 & is enabl$ to solve ! problem4 ,if "o does n rememb] ! v>i\s facts ab\t ! relation%ips 9 a triangle1 he _c solve a problem ( ! triangle until he has work$ out & discov]$ ! necess>y facts4 ,!n memory w\ld make !m available = ! solution ( ! problem4 ,memory & ,s*ool ,/&+4 ,t memory plays a l>ge "p 9 our life is evid5t2 &1 ( c\rse1 x is an important factor 9 all s*ool "w4 ,x matt]s n :at we le>n1 if we d n rememb] x4 ,! au?or has made ext5sive exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! relation t memory has to a *ild's progress 9 s*ool4 ,! me?od us$ 0 to give logical memory te/s to all ! *ildr5 9 a s*ool & !n rank ! *ildr5 9 accordance ) _! abilities to reproduce ! /ory us$ 9 ! te/4 ,!n !y 7 rank$ accord+ to _! /&+ 9 _! /udies4 ,a v high correlation 0 f\nd4 ,on ! :ole1 ! pupils /&+ highe/ 9 ! memory te/s 7 f\nd to /& highe/ 9 _! /udies4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t !y did n /& highe/ m]ely because !y _h good memories1 b because !y 7 n only bett] 9 memory1 b 7 bett] 9 mo/ o!r respects too4 ,pupils t are good 9 logical memory are usually good 9 o!r m5tal functions4 ,a te/ ( logical memory is "o ( ! be/ to give u an idea ( ! s*ool /&+ ( pupils4 ,n only is ! ret5tion ( ideas ( v great importance itself1 b ! acquir+ ( ideas1 & ! organiz+ ( !m 9 su* a way z to rememb] !m involves ne>ly all ! m5tal functions4 ,! "o :o rememb]s well ideas logically relat$1 is ! "o :o pays ! close/ att5tion1 ! "o :o sees ! significance1 ! "o :o organizes1 ! "o :o repeats1 ! "o :o turns ?+s ov] 9 8 m9d4 ,a logical memory te/ is !re=e1 to "s ext5t1 a te/ ( att5tion1 association1 p[] ( organization z well z ( memory2 9 a ^w1 x is a te/ ( m5tal p[]4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a p]son ^: p[] ( ret5tion is good has a great advantage ov] 8 fell[s :o h poor ability to rememb]4 ,suppose we consid] ! le>n+ ( language4 ,! pupil :o c look up ! mean+ ( a ^w j once & rememb] x has an advantage ov] ! p]son :o has to look up ! mean+ ( ! ^w sev]al times be=e x is reta9$4 ,s 9 any bran* ( /udy1 ! p]son :o c acquire ! facts 9 less "t ?an ano!r p]son1 has ! extra "t = le>n+ some?+ else or = go+ ov] ! same mat]ial & organiz+ x bett]4 ,! sci5ti/ :o rememb]s all ! significant facts t he reads1 & sees _! be>+ on 8 problems1 has a great advantage ov] ! p]son :o does n rememb] s well4 ,( c\rse1 !re are c]ta9 dang]s 9 hav+ a good memory1 j z !re is dang] 9 be+ brilliant g5]ally4 ,! quick le>n] is 9 dang] ( =m+ slov5ly habits4 ,a p]son :o le>ns quickly is likely to =m ! habit ( wait+ till ! la/ m9ute to /udy 8 lesson & !n gett+ a sup]ficial idea ( x4 ,! sl[ le>n] mu/ =m good habits ( /udy to get on at all4 ,tea*]s & p>5ts %\ld prev5t ! bright *ildr5 f =m+ bad habits ( /udy4 ,! p]son :o le>ns quickly & reta9s well %\ld be taught to be ?or\gh & to use ! advantage t comes f repetition4 ,! quick le>n] %\ld n be satisfi$ ) "o attack on 8 lesson1 b %\ld /udy ! lesson m ?an once1 = ev5 ! brilliant le>n] _c af=d to neglect ! advantages t come f repetition4 ,a p]son ) poor memory & only m$iocre ability g5]ally c make up v mu* by h>d "w & by "w t takes advantage ( all ! laws ( economical le>n+4 ,b he c nev] compete successfully ) ! p]son :o works z h>d z he does & :o has good p[]s ( le>n+ & ret5tion4 ,! au?or has f\nd t 9 a l>ge class ( a hundr$ or m1 !re is usually a p]son :o has good memory along ) good m5tal ability g5]ally1 & is also a h>d work]4 ,su* a p]son always does ! be/ "w 9 ! class4 ,a p]son ) poor memory & poor m5tal p[]s g5]ally _c hope to compete ) a p]son ( good memory1 good m5tal p[]s g5]ally1 if t p]son is also a good work]4 ,le>n+ & ,rememb]+4 ,a popul> fallacy is express$ 9 ! say+ ,easy come1 easy g4 ,! p]son :o is ! be/ le>n] is also ! be/ 9 reta9+ :at is le>n$1 provid$ all o!r conditions are ! same4 ,?is matt] 0 det]m9$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,a logical memory te/ 0 giv5 to all ! *ildr5 9 a city s*ool sy/em4 ,a /ory 0 read to ! pupils & !n reproduc$ by !m 9 writ+4 ,! pap]s 7 correct$ & grad$ & no?+ m 0 said ab\t ! te/ = "o mon?4 ,!n at ! same "t 9 e room1 ! tea*]s said1 ,y rememb] ! /ory ,i read to y "s "t ago & :i* ,i ask$ y to reproduce4 ,well1 ,i wi% to see h[ mu* ( ! /ory y /ill rememb]4 ,! pupils 7 !n requir$ to write d[n all ! /ory t !y c\ld recall4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 9 g5]al1 ! *ildr5 :o write ! mo/ :5 ! /ory is fir/ read to !m1 write ! mo/ aft] ! lapse ( a mon?1 & ! poore/ ones at fir/ are ! poore/ ones at ! end ( ! mon?4 ,( c\rse1 ! correspond5ce is n p]fect1 b 9 "s cases1 9 "s grades1 x is almo/ s4 ,! significance ( ?is exp]im5t is v great4 ,x means t ! pupil :o gets ! mo/ facts f a lesson w h ! mo/ facts at any lat] "t4 ,?is is true1 ( c\rse1 only if o!r ?+s are equal4 ,if "o pupil /udies ab\t ! matt] m1 reflects ^u x1 repeats x 9 8 m9d1 ( c\rse ?is p]son w rememb] m1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,b if nei!r reviews ! matt]1 or if bo? d x to an equal ext5t1 !n ! "o :o le>ns ! mo/ 9 ! fir/ place1 rememb]s ! mo/ at a lat] "t4 ,i h also te/$ ! matt] out 9 o!r ways4 ,i h exp]im5t$ ) a gr\p ( m5 & wom51 by read+ a passage ( ab\t a page 9 l5g?1 repeat+ ! read+ till ! subject c\ld reproduce all ! facts4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! p]son :o acquir$ all ! facts f ! fewe/ read+s rememb]$ m ( ! facts lat]4 ,x mu/ be said t !re is less diff]5ce betwe5 ! subjects lat] ?an at fir/4 ,9 ! laboratory ( ,columbia ,univ]sity a simil> exp]im5t 0 p]=m$1 b 9 a some:at diff]5t way4 ,/ud5ts 7 requir$ to commit to memory ,g]man vocabul>ies & 7 lat] te/$ = _! ret5tion ( ! words le>n$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ^? :o le>n$ ! mo/ words 9 a giv5 "t1 also reta9$ ! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( :at _h be5 le>n$4 ,x %\ld n be surpris+ t ?is is ! case4 ,! quick le>n] is ! "o :o makes ! be/ use ( all ! factors ( ret5tion1 ! factors m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph--good att5tion1 association1 organization1 etc4 ,ano!r exp]im5t p]=m$ 9 ! au?or's laboratory be>s out ! above conclusions4 ,a gr\p ( /ud5ts 7 requir$ to commit to memory at "o sitt+ a long li/ ( nons5se syllables4 ,! numb] ( repetitions necess>y to enable ea* /ud5t to reproduce !m 0 not$4 ,"o day lat]1 ! /ud5ts attempt$ to reproduce ! syllables4 ,( c\rse !y c\ld n1 & !y 7 !n requir$ to say !m ov] aga9 till !y c\ld j repeat !m f memory4 ,! numb] ( repetitions 0 not$4 ,! numb] ( repetitions 0 mu* less ?an on ! fir/ day4 ,on ! ?ird day1 ! process 0 repeat$4 ,! numb] ( repetitions 0 few] /ill4 ,?is rele>n+ 0 kept up ea* day till ea* p]son c\ld repeat ! syllables f memory )\t any /udy4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! p]son :o le>n$ ! syllables 9 ! fewe/ repetitions ! fir/ "t1 rele>n$ !m 9 ! fewe/ repetitions on succe$+ days4 ,all ! exp]im5ts be>+ on ! subject po9t to ! same conclusion2 namely1 t ! quick le>n]1 if o!r ?+s are equal1 reta9s at lea/ z well z ! sl[ le>n]1 & usually reta9s bett]4 ,transf] ( ,memory ,tra9+4 ,we h said above t !re are _m k9ds or aspects ( memory4 ,x has also be5 said t we c improve memory by practice4 ,n[1 ! "q arises1 if we improve "o aspect ( memory1 does ?is improve all aspects8 ,?is is an important "q2 moreov]1 x is "o to be settl$ by exp]im5t & n by argum5t4 ,! mo/ ext5sive & ?or\gh exp]im5t 0 p]=m$ by an ,engli% psy*ologi/1 ,sleight4 ,! exp]im5t 0 ess5tially z foll[s3 ,he took a l>ge numb] ( pupils & te/$ ! effici5cy ( ! v>i\s aspects ( _! memory4 ,he !n took half ( !m & tra9$ "o aspect ( _! memory until !re 0 consid]able improvem5t4 ,! o!r section _h no memory tra9+ mean:ile4 ,aft] ! tra9+1 bo? gr\ps aga9 _h all aspects ( _! memory te/$4 ,bo? gr\ps %[$ improvem5t 9 all aspects because ! fir/ te/s gave !m "s practice1 b ! gr\p t _h be5 receiv+ ! tra9+ 0 no bett] 9 ^? aspects n tra9$ ?an 0 ! gr\p receiv+ no tra9+ at all4 ,aspects ( memory mu* l ! "o tra9$ %[$ "s improvem5t1 b o!r aspects did n4 ,! conclusion is t memory tra9+ is specific1 t x affects only ! k9d ( memory tra9$1 & relat$ memories4 ,?is is 9 h>mony ) :at we le>n$ ab\t habit4 ,:5 we receive tra9+1 x affects only ! p>ts ( u tra9$ & o!r closely relat$ p>ts4 ,le>n+ by ,:oles4 ,we d n (t5 h to commit to memory v]batim1 b :5 we d1 x is important t we %\ld "k ! mo/ economical way4 ,exp]im5ts h cle>ly demon/rat$ t ! mo/ economical way is to read ! entire selection ?r\gh f beg9n+ to end & cont9ue to read x ?r\gh 9 ?is way till ! matt] is le>n$ by he>t4 ,9 long selections1 ! sav+ by ?is me?od is consid]able4 ,a pupil is n likely to believe ?is because if he sp5ds a few m9utes le>n+ 9 ?is mann]1 he f9ds t he _c repeat a s+le l9e1 :ile if he _h conc5trat$ on "o l9e1 he c\ld h repeat$ at lea/ t mu*4 ,?is is true2 b al?\gh he _c repeat a s+le l9e by ! :ole proc$ure1 he has le>n$ nev]!less4 ,x w\ld be a good ?+ to demon/rate ?is fact to a class2 !n ! pupils w\ld be satisfi$ to use ! mo/ economical proc$ure4 ,! plan holds good :e!r ! matt] be prose or poetry4 ,b exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ on only ) v]batim le>n+4 ,! be/ proc$ure = le>n+ ! facts s t "o c give !m 9 "o's own words has n yet be5 exp]im5tally det]m9$4 ,cramm+4 ,an important practical "q is :e!r x pays to g ov] a great am\nt ( mat]ial 9 a v %ort "t1 z /ud5ts (t5 d be=e exam9ations4 ,f all t has be5 said above1 "o c\ld inf] ! solution to ?is problem4 ,le>n+ & memoriz+ are to "s ext5t a gr[?1 & consequ5tly involve "t4 ,!re is an important law ( le>n+ & memory kn[n z ,jo/'s law1 :i* may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,if we repeat or r5ew associations1 ! repetitions h mo/ value = ! old associations4 ,!re=e :5 we le>n1 we %\ld le>n & !n lat] rele>n4 ,?is w make = p]man5t ret5tion4 ,( c\rse1 if we wi% to get toge!r a great mass ( facts = a tempor>y purpose & d n c>e to reta9 !m p]man5tly1 cramm+ is ! prop] me?od4 ,if we are requir$ to pass an exam9ation 9 :i* a k ( _m details is expect$ & ^! details h no important p]man5t value1 cramm+ is ju/ifi$4 ,:5 a lawy] is prep>+ a case to pres5t to a c\rt1 ! actual1 detail evid5ce is ( no p]man5t value1 & cramm+ is ju/ifi$4 ,b if we wi% to acquire & organize facts = _! p]man5t value1 cramm+ is n ! prop] proc$ure4 ,! prop] proc$ure is = a /ud5t to g ov] 8 "w fai?fully z ! t]m ( s*ool proce$s1 !n occasionally review4 ,at ! end ( ! t]m1 a rapid review ( ! :ole t]m's "w is valuable4 ,aft] "o has /udi$ ov] matt] & once c>efully work$ x out1 a quick view aga9 ( ! :ole subject is mo/ valuable1 & assi/s greatly 9 mak+ ! acquisition p]man5t4 ,b if ! matt] has n be5 work$ out be=e1 ! ha/y view ( ! mat]ial ( ! c\rse1 :ile x may enable "o to pass ! exam9ation1 has no p]man5t value4 ,function ( ! ,tea*] 9 ,memory ,"w4 ,! function ( a tea*] is pla9ly to get ! pupils to le>n 9 accordance ) ! laws ( memory above set =?2 b !re are c]ta9 ?+s t a tea*] c d t may n h become evid5t to ! read]4 ,x has be5 le>n$ 9 exp]im5ts 9 logical memory t :5 a /ory is read to a subject & ! subject attempts to reproduce x1 c]ta9 mi/akes are made4 ,:5 ! /ory is read aga91 x is common = ! same mi/akes to be made 9 ! recall4 ,c]ta9 ideas 7 appreh5d$ 9 a c]ta9 way2 &1 :5 ! piece is read aga91 ! subject pays no m att5tion to ! ideas already acquir$ & report$1 & !y are !re=e report$ wrongly z !y 7 9 ! fir/ place4 ,(t5 ! subject does n notice ! errors till 8 att5tion is call$ to !m4 ,?is sugge/s an important function ( ! tea*] 9 connection ) ! memory "w ( ! pupils4 ,?is function is to correct mi/akes 9 ! e>ly /ages ( le>n+4 ,a tea*] %\ld always be on ! wat* to f9d ! errors ( ! pupils & to correct !m be=e !y are fix$ by repetition4 ,a tea*] %\ld1 also1 consid] x h] duty to te/ ! memory capacities ( ! pupils & to give ea* ! advice t ! case dem&s4 ,"s ,educational ,inf]5ces4--,!re are c]ta9 consequ5ces to education t foll[ f ! facts ( memory above set =? t are ( consid]able significance4 ,_m ?+s h be5 taught to *ildr5 on ! assumption t !y c\ld le>n !m bett] 9 *ildhood ?an lat]1 because x 0 ?\ght t memory & ! le>n+ capacity 7 bett] 9 *ildhood4 ,b bo? ( ^! assumptions are false4 ,z *ildr5 gr[ old] _! le>n+ capacity increases & _! memories become bett]4 ,x has p>ticul>ly be5 held t rote memory is bett] 9 *ildhood & t !re=e *ildr5 %\ld beg9 _! =eign language /udy e>ly4 ,x is true t z f> z speak+ a =eign language is conc]n$1 ! e>li] a *ild beg9s x ! bett]4 ,b ?is is n true ( le>n+ to read ! language4 ,! s\nds ( ! =eign language t we h n le>n$ 9 *ildhood 9 speak+ ! "m tongue are usually difficult = u to make4 ,! organs ( spee* become set 9 ! way ( _! e>ly ex]cise4 ,9 read+ ! =eign language1 correct pronunciation is n important4 ,we are conc]n$ ) gett+ ! ?\ght1 & ?is is possible )\t pron\nc+ at all4 ,ref]5ce to graphs on pages #aij & #aia w %[ t rote memory /eadily improves ?r\gh\t *ildhood & y\?4 ,! au?or has p]=m$ num]\s exp]im5ts to te/ ?is v po9t4 ,he has _h adults "w side by side ) *ildr5 at build+ up new associations ( ! rote memory type & f\nd t always ! adult c\ld le>n fa/] ?an ! *ild & reta9 bett] :at 0 le>n$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( language tea*]s 9 college & univ]sity does n give mu* com=t to ^? :o claim t language /udy %\ld be begun e>ly4 ,^! tea*]s claim t ! /ud5ts :o h _h previ\s language /udy d no bett] ?an ^? :o h _h none4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t !re c]ta9ly ought to be "s advantage 9 beg9n+ language /udy e>ly & spread+ ! /udy out ov] ! high s*ool p]iod4 ,b :at is ga9$ does n (fset ! trem5d\s loss t foll[s f requir+ all high s*ool /ud5ts to /udy a =eign language m]ely to give an opportunity = e>ly /udy to ^? :o are to g on 9 ! univ]sity ) language c\rses4 ,a mature univ]sity /ud5t t has a real int]e/ 9 language & lit]ature c beg9 8 language /udy 9 ! univ]sity & make rapid progress4 ,"s ( ! be/ classical s*ol>s :om ! au?or kn[s began _! language /udy 9 ! univ]sity4 ,:ile x w\ld h be5 ( "s advantage to !m to h begun _! language /udy e>li]1 !re are s few :o %\ld g into ?is k9d ( "w t society _c af=d to make provision = _! beg9n+ ! /udy 9 ! high s*ool4 ,! selection & arrangem5t ( ! /udies 9 ! curriculum mu/ be bas$ on o!r gr\nds ?an ! laws ( memory4 ,:at *ildr5 make mo/ progress 9 & ne$ mo/ to "k are ! concrete ?+s ( _! physical & social environm5t4 ,*ildr5 mu/ fir/ le>n ! _w--! woods & /reams & birds & fl[]s & plants & animals1 ! e>?1 its rocks & soils & ! wond]ful =ces at "w 9 x4 ,!y mu/ le>n man1--:at he is & :at he does & h[ he does x2 h[ he lives & does 8 "w & h[ he gov]ns himself4 ,!y %\ld also le>n to read & to write _! "m tongue1 & %\ld le>n some?+ ( t great /ore ( lit]ature writt5 9 ! "m tongue4 ,! few t are to be s*ol>s 9 language & lit]ature mu/ wait till beg9n+ pr(essional /udy be=e tak+ up _! =eign language2 j z a p]son :o is to be a lawy] or physician mu/ also wait till "t to ent] a univ]sity be=e beg9n+ special pr(essional prep>ation4 ,! *ild's memory = ab/ract conceptions is p>ticul>ly weak 9 e>ly ye>s2 h5ce /udies %\ld be s arrang$ z to acqua9t ! *ild ) ! concrete aspects ( ! _w fir/1 & lat] to acqua9t him ) ! ab/ract relations ( ?+s4 ,ma!matics %\ld come late 9 ! *ild's life1 = ! same reason4 ,ma!matics deals ) quantitative relations :i* ! *ild c nei!r le>n nor rememb] pr(itably & economically till he is m mature4 ,! *ild %\ld fir/ le>n ! _w 9 its descriptive aspects4 ,memory & ,habit4 ,! discussion up to ?is po9t %\ld h made x cle> to ! read] t memory is mu* ! same ?+ z habit4 ,memory consid]$ z ret5tion dep5ds ^u ! p]man5ce ( ! impression on ! bra92 b 9 its associative aspects dep5ds on connections betwe5 bra9 c5t]s1 z is ! case ) habit4 ,! association ( ideas1 :i* is ! basis ( _! recall1 is purely a matt] ( habit =mation4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 ,i also ?9k ( ! ,revolution1 ( ! gov]nm5t1 ( ! presid5cy1 ( ,john ,adams1 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 etc41 because ( ! connections :i* ^! ideas h _h 9 my m9d _m times be=e4 ,!re is a basis 9 ! bra9 /ructure = ^! connections4 ,!re is no?+ 9 any idea t connects x ) ano!r idea4 ,ideas become connect$ because ( ! way 9 :i* we exp]i5ce !m1 & ! reason "o idea calls up ano!r idea is because ! bra9 process t is ! cause ( "o idea br+s ab\t ano!r bra9 process t is ! cause ( a second idea4 ,! :ole ?+ is m]ely a matt] ( ! way ! bra9 activities become organiz$4 ,!re=e ! v>i\s laws ( habit-=mation h application to memory 9 s f> z memory is a matt] ( ! association ( ideas1 bas$ on bra9 processes4 ,"o (t5 has ! exp]i5ce ( try+ to recall a "n or a fact & f9ds t he _c4 ,pres5tly ! "n or fact may come1 or x may n come till ! next day or ! next week4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is peculi> ph5om5on8 ,! explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,:5 "o tries to recall ! "n & x w n come to m9d1 !re is "s tempor>y block or h9drance 9 ! n]ve-pa? t leads f "o c5t] to ! o!r & "o _c ?9k ( ! "n till ! ob/ruction is remov$4 ,we g on ?9k+ ab\t o!r ?+s1 & 9 ! meantime ! activities go+ on 9 ! bra9 remove ! ob/ruction2 s :5 ! matt] comes up aga91 ! n]ve curr5t %oots ?r\gh1 & behold1 ! "n comes to m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,iv--,,associative ,,connections ,! diagram repres5ts s*ematically ! neural basis ( ! association ( ideas4 ,n[ ! only prev5tive ( su* an occurr5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! law ( habit1 = ! block ord9>ily occurs 9 case ( pa?s or bonds n well e/abli%$4 ,we mu/ ?9k toge!r ! ?+s we wi% to h associat$4 ,repetition is ! key to ! situation1 repetition :i* is ! significant ?+ 9 habit-=mation1 repetition :i* is ! only way ( c\pl+ two ?+s :i* we wi% to h associat$ toge!r4 ,( c\rse1 !re is no absolute c\pl+ ( two ideas4 ,"o sometimes =gets 8 own "n4 ,:5 we are tir$ or ill1 ?+s :i* 7 ! mo/ closely associat$ may n hang toge!r4 ,b ^? ideas hold toge!r 9 ! firme/ way t h be5 exp]i5c$ toge!r mo/ (t5 9 a /ate ( att5tion4 ,! diagram on page #adg illu/rates s*ematically ! neural connections & cross-connections :i* are ! bases ( ! association ( ideas1 ! circles ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 & ,f repres5t bra9 processes :i* give rise to ideas1 & ! l9es repres5t connect+ pa?s4 ,note t !re are bo? direct & indirect connections4 ,,summ>y4 ,s5sation & p]ception give u our fir/ exp]i5ce ) ?+s2 memory is reviv$ exp]i5ce4 ,x enables u to live our exp]i5ce ov] aga9 & is !re=e "o ( ! mo/ important human traits4 ,! physiological basis ( memory is 9 ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em4 ,memory improves ) practice & up to a c]ta9 po9t ) ! age ( ! p]son4 ,x is bett] 9 girls ?an 9 boys4 ,good memory dep5ds on vivid exp]i5ce 9 ! fir/ place & on organization & repetition aft]w>d4 ,! p]son :o le>ns quickly usually reta9s well also4 ,memory tra9+ is specific4 ,! ext5sion ( ! le>n+ process ov] a long "t is favorable to memory4 ,memory ideas are ! basis ( ?9k+ & reason+4 ,,class ,,ex]cises #a4 ,! tea*] c te/ ! auditory memory ( ! memb]s ( ! class = rote mat]ial by us+ lett]s4 ,x is bett] to omit ! v[els1 us+ only ! consonants4 ,prep>e five gr\ps ( lett]s ) eight lett]s 9 a gr\p4 ,read ea* gr\p ( lett]s to ! class1 sl[ly & di/9ctly4 ,aft] read+ a gr\p1 all[ "t = ! /ud5ts to write d[n :at !y recall1 !n read ! next gr\p & s proce$ till ! five gr\ps h be5 read4 ,grade ! "w by f9d+ ! numb] ( lett]s reproduc$1 tak+ no acc\nt ( ! position ( ! lett]s4 #b4 ,9 a simil> way1 te/ visual memory1 us+ diff]5t comb9ations ( lett]s4 ,write ! lett]s pla9ly on five l>ge squ>es ( c>dbo>d4 ,hold ea* li/ be=e ! class = z long a "t z x took to read a gr\p 9 exp]im5t ,no4 #a4 #c4 ,te/ memory = words 9 a simil> way4 ,use simple words ( "o syllable1 mak+ five li/s ) eight words 9 a li/4 #d4 ,te/ memory = objects by fa/5+ common objects on a l>ge c>dbo>d & hold+ ! c>d be=e ! class4 ,put eight objects on ea* c>d & prep>e five c>ds4 ,expose !m = ! same l5g? ( "t z 9 exp]im5t ,no4 #b4 #e4 ,te/ memory = names ( objects by prep>+ five li/s ( names1 eight names 9 a li/1 & read+ ! names z 9 exp]im5t ,no4 #a4 #f4 ,y n[ h data = ! foll[+ /udy3 ,f9d ! av]age grade ( ea* /ud5t 9 ! diff]5t exp]im5ts4 ,f9d ! comb9$ grade ( ea* /ud5t 9 all ! above exp]im5ts4 ,d ! memb]s ( ! class hold ! same rank 9 all ! te/s8 ,h[ d ! boys comp>e ) ! girls8 ,h[ does memory = objects comp>e ) memory = names ( objects8 ,h[ does auditory memory comp>e ) visual8 ,:at o!r po9ts d y le>n f ! exp]im5ts8 #g4 ,! tea*] c make a /udy ( ! logical memory ( ! memb]s ( ! class by us+ mat]ial z describ$ on page #ahd4 ,make five sep>ate te/s1 us+ /ories t are well )9 ! compreh5sion ( ! class & t w ar\se _! int]e/4 ,suffici5t mat]ial w be f\nd 9 ! au?or's ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 & ,:ipple's ,manual4 ,h[ev]1 ! tea*] c prep>e simil> mat]ial4 #h4 ,d ! /ud5ts ma9ta9 ! same rank 9 ! sep>ate te/s ( exp]im5t ,no4 #g8 ,rank all ! /ud5ts = _! comb9$ /&+ 9 all ! fir/ five te/s4 ,rank !m = _! comb9$ /&+ 9 ! logical memory te/s4 ,comp>e ! two rank+s4 ,:at conclusions are w>rant$8 #i4 ,y h te/$1 9 exp]im5t ,no4 #g1 logical memory :5 ! mat]ial 0 read to ! /ud5ts4 ,x w n[ be int]e/+ to comp>e ! results ( ,no4 #g ) ! results obta9$ by all[+ ! /ud5ts to read ! mat]ial ( ! te/4 ,= ?is purpose1 select portions f ! lat] *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,all[ j "t en\gh = ! selection to be read once sl[ly by ! /ud5ts1 !n h x reproduc$ z 9 ! o!r logical memory exp]im5t4 ,give sev]al te/s1 if !re is suffici5t "t4 ,f9d ! av]age grade ( ea* /ud5t1 & comp>e ! results ) ^? obta9$ 9 ,no4 #g4 ,?is w enable y to comp>e ! relative /&+ ( ! memb]s ( ! class1 b w n enable y to comp>e ! two ways ( acquir+ facts4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! /ories w\ld h to be ( equal difficulty4 ,let ! memb]s ( ! class plan an exp]im5t t w\ld be adequate = ?is purpose4 #aj4 ,a brief /udy ( ! improvem5t ( memory c be made by practic+ a few m9utes ea* day = a week or two1 z "t p]mits1 us+ mat]ial t c be easily prep>$1 su* z li/s ( common words4 ,let ! memb]s ( ! class plan ! exp]im5t4 ,use ! be/ plan4 #aa4 ,! class c make a /udy ( ! relation ( memory to s*ool /&+ 9 "o ( ! grades bel[ ! high s*ool4 ,give at lea/ two te/s = logical memory4 ,give also ! rote memory te/s describ$ on page #ahi4 ,get ! class /&+ ( ! pupils f ! tea*]4 ,make ! comp>ison z sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,i1 page #ae4 ,or1 ! correlation c be work$ out accurately by foll[+ ! directions giv5 9 ! ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 page #eh1 or 9 ,:ipple's ,manual1 page #ch4 #ab4 ,let ! memb]s ( ! class make a plan = ! improvem5t ( _! memory = ! mat]ial /udi$ 9 s*ool4 ,plan devices = le>n+ ! mat]ial bett] & = fix+ x 9 memory4 ,at ! end ( ! c\rse 9 psy*ology1 h an exp]i5ce meet+ & /udy ! results report$4 #ac4 ,prep>e five li/s ( nons5se syllables1 ) eight 9 a li/4 ,give !m z 9 exp]im5t ,no4 #c1 & comp>e ! results ) ^? ( t exp]im5t4 ,:at d ! results indicate z to ! value to memory ( mean+ful mat]ial8 ,:at educational inf]5ces c y make8 ,9 prep>+ ! syllables1 put a v[el betwe5 two consonants1 & use no syllable t is a real ^w4 #ad4 ,a /udy ( ! effects ( di/ractions on le>n+ & memory c be made z foll[s3 ,let ! tea*] select two p>agraphs 9 lat] *apt]s ( ?is book1 ( equal l5g? & difficulty4 ,let ! /ud5ts read "o "u quiet conditions & ! o!r :ile an electric bell is r++ 9 ! room4 ,comp>e ! reproductions 9 ! two cases4 #ae4 ,f ! *apt] & f ! results ( all ! memory te/s1 let ! /ud5ts enum]ate ! facts t h educational significance4 #af4 ,make a complete outl9e ( ! *apt]4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,,colv9 & ,,bagley3 ,human ,behavior1 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g3 ,psy*ology1 ,g5]al & ,appli$1 pp4 #afe-agj4 ,,pillsbury3 ,ess5tials ( ,psy*ology1 ,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,viii4 ,,pyle3 ,! ,outl9es ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,tit*5]3 ,a ,beg9n]'s ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,?9k+ ,9 ,*apt] ,,iii we le>n$ ab\t s5sation4 ,we f\nd t :5 a s5se organ is /imulat$ by its appropriate type ( /imulus1 ?is /imulation travels ?r\gh ! s5sory n]ves & sets up an excitation 9 ! bra94 ,?is excitation 9 ! bra9 gives u s5sation4 ,we see if ! eye is /imulat$4 ,we he> if ! e> is /imulat$1 etc4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vii we le>n$ t aft] ! bra9 has _h an excitation giv+ rise to s5sation1 x is capable ( reviv+ ?is excitation lat]4 ,?is r5ewal or revival ( a bra9 excitation gives u an exp]i5ce resembl+ ! orig9al s5sation1 only usually fa9t] & less /able4 ,?is reviv$ exp]i5ce is call$ image or idea4 ,! g5]al process ( ret5tion & revival ( exp]i5ce is1 z we h se51 kn[n z memory4 ,an idea1 !n1 is a bit ( reviv$ exp]i5ce4 ,a p]ception is a bit ( imm$iate or prim>y exp]i5ce4 ,i am said to p]ceive a *air if ! *air is pres5t be=e me1 if ! light reflect$ f ! *air is actually excit+ my ret9as4 ,i h an idea ( ! *air :5 ,i seem to see x1 :5 ! *air is n be=e me or :5 my eyes are %ut4 ,^! di/9ctions 7 po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,let u n[ proce$ to c>ry our /udy ( ideas fur!r4 ,association ( ,ideas4 ,! subject ( ! association ( ideas c be/ be introduc$ by an exp]im5t4 ,take a pap] & p5cil1 & ?9k ( ! ^w horse4 ,write ?is ^w d[n1 & !n write d[n o!r words t come to m9d4 ,write !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y come to m9d4 ,d ?is = ?ree or f\r m9utes1 & try ! exp]im5t sev]al times1 beg9n+ ) a diff]5t ^w ea* "t4 ,make a /udy ( ! li/s ( words4 ,comp>e ! diff]5t li/s & ! li/s writt5 by diff]5t /ud5ts4 ,9 ! case ( ! writ]1 ! foll[+ words came to m9d 9 ! fir/ few seconds3 horse1 bridle1 saddle1 tail1 h>ness1 buggy1 :ip1 man1 sky1 />s1 sun1 ocean4 ,:y did ^! words come1 & :y did !y come 9 t ord]8 ,:y did ! idea horse sugge/ ! idea bridle8 ,& :y did bridle sugge/ saddle8 ,is !re some?+ 9 ! nature ( ideas t c\ples !m ) c]ta9 o!r ideas & makes !m always sugge/ ! o!r ideas8 ,no1 !re is n4 ,ideas become c\pl$ toge!r 9 our exp]i5ce1 & ! c\pl+ is 9 accordance ) our exp]i5ce4 ,?+s t are toge!r 9 our exp]i5ce become c\pl$ toge!r z ideas4 ,! idea horse may become c\pl$ ) any o!r idea4 ,! g5]al law ( ! association ( ideas is ?is3 ,ideas are jo9$ toge!r 9 memory or reviv$ exp]i5ce z !y 7 jo9$ 9 ! orig9al or p]ceptive exp]i5ce4 ,b ! matt] is complicat$ by ! fact t ?+s are exp]i5c$ 9 diff]5t connections 9 p]ceptive exp]i5ce4 ,i d n always exp]i5ce horse toge!r ) bridle4 ,i sometimes see horses 9 a pa/ure eat+ clov]4 ,s1 z f> z ?is la/ exp]i5ce is conc]n$1 :5 ,i ?9k horse ,i %\ld also ?9k clov]4 ,i sometimes see a horse runn+ :5 a tra9 :i/les1 s :i/le & horse %\ld be c\pl$ 9 my m9d4 ,a horse once kick$ me on ! %\ld]1 s horse & %\ld] %\ld be connect$ 9 my m9d4 ,& s !y are4 ,! v fact t ^! v>i\s exp]i5ces come back to me proves t !y are connect$ 9 my m9d 9 accordance ) ! orig9al exp]i5ces4 ,! revival ( v>i\s horse exp]i5ces has come to me fa/] ?an ,i c\ld write !m d[n1 & !y are all b\nd toge!r 9 my memory4 ,if ,i %\ld write !m all out1 x w\ld take _m h\rs1 p]haps days4 ,n only are ^! horse ideas b\nd toge!r ) "o ano!r1 b !y are b\nd m or less directly1 m or less closely1 to ev]y?+ else 9 my life4 ,i c1 !re=e1 pass 9 ?\ght f ! idea horse to any o!r idea1 directly or indirectly4 ,n[1 9 any giv5 case1 :at idea w actually come fir/ aft] ,i h ! idea horse8 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! t5d5cies e/abli%$ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! bra9 process und]ly+ ! idea horse has connections ) _m o!r processes & t5ds to excite ^! processes4 ,! factors t /r5g!n ^! t5d5cies or connections are ! frequ5cy1 rec5cy1 primacy1 & vividness ( exp]i5ce4 ,let u consid]1 9 "s detail1 ea* ( ^! factors4 ,primacy ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,a /rong factor 9 det]m9+ association is ! fir/ exp]i5ce4 ,! fir/1 ! orig9al1 c\pl+ ( ideas t5ds to p]si/4 ,! fir/ connection is ne>ly always a /rong "o1 & is also /r5g!n$ by frequ5t repetition 9 memory4 ,our fir/ exp]i5ce ) p & ?+s p]si/s ) great /r5g?1 across ! ye>s1 9 spite ( o!r associations & connections e/abli%$ lat]4 ,j n[ !re comes to m9d my fir/ exp]i5ce ) a c]ta9 fam\s sci5ti/4 ,x 0 _m ye>s ago4 ,i 0 a /ud5t 9 an ea/]n univ]sity4 ,?is man gave a public lecture at ! op5+ ( ! session4 ,i rememb] _m details ( ! occurr5ce ) great vividness4 ,al?\gh ,i /udi$ "u ?is man = ?ree ye>s1 no o!r exp]i5ce ) him is m prom95t ?an ! fir/4 ,fir/ exp]i5ces give rise to su* /rong connections betwe5 ideas t ^! connections (t5 p]si/ & hold _! own z aga9/ o!r connections dep5d+ ^u o!r factors4 ,! practical consequ5ces ( ?is factor 9 tea*+ are1 ( c\rse1 evid5t4 ,bo? tea*]s & p>5ts %\ld take great c>e 9 ! matt] ( ! fir/ exp]i5ces ( *ildr54 ,if ! idea-connections ( fir/ exp]i5ces are likely to p]si/1 !n ^! connections %\ld be desirable ones4 ,!y %\ld n be useless connections1 nor %\ld !y1 ord9>ily1 be connections t w h to be radically undone lat]4 ,usually x is n economical to build up connections betwe5 ideas t w n s]ve p]man5tly1 except 9 cases 9 :i* ! immaturity ( ! m9d makes su* a proc$ure necess>y4 ,rec5cy ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,! mo/ rec5t connection ( ideas is relatively /rong1 & is (t5 ! det]m9+ "o4 ,b ! mo/ rec5t connection mu/ be v rec5t or x has no especial value4 ,if ,i h se5 a c]ta9 fri5d to-day1 & 8 "n is br\ght to m9d n[1 to-day's exp]i5ce ) him w likely be br\ght to m9d fir/4 ,b if my la/ see+ him 0 "s days or mon?s ago1 ! idea-connection ( ! la/ meet+ has no great value4 ,( c\rse1 circum/ances always alt] ! matt]4 ,p]haps we %\ld say 9 ! la/ in/ance t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! la/ exp]i5ce has no special value4 ,if ! la/ exp]i5ce 0 an unusual "o1 su* z a dea? or a m>riage1 !n x has a value due to its vividness & int5sity & its emotional aspects4 ,^! factors n only add /r5g? to ! connections made at ! "t b are ! cause ( frequ5t revivals ( ?is la/ exp]i5ce 9 memory 9 ! succe$+ days4 ,all ^! factors tak5 toge!r (t5 give a la/ exp]i5ce great associative /r5g?1 ev5 ?\gh ! la/ exp]i5ce is n rec5t4 ,frequ5cy ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,! mo/ frequ5t connection ( ideas is probably ! mo/ important factor ( all 9 det]m9+ future associations4 ,! fir/ connection is b "o1 & ! la/ connection is b "o1 :ile repeat$ connections may be _m 9 numb]4 ,connections :i* recur frequ5tly usually ov]come all o!r connections4 ,h5ce frequ5cy is ! dom9ant factor 9 association4 ,mo/ ( ! /r5g? ( fir/ connections is due to repetitions 9 memory lat]4 ,! fir/ exp]i5ce passes ?r\gh ! m9d aga9 & aga9 z memory1 & !reby becomes /r5g!n$4 ,! fact t repetition ( connections e/abli%es ^! connections is1 ( c\rse1 ! ju/ification ( drill & review 9 s*ool /udies4 ,! practical ne$s ( life dem& t c]ta9 ideas be associat$ s t "o calls up ! o!r4 ,tea*]s & p>5ts1 kn[+ ^! desirable connections1 endeavor to fix !m 9 ! m9ds ( *ildr5 by repetition4 ,! important facts ( hi/ory1 lit]ature1 civics1 & sci5ce we endeavor1 by means ( repetition1 to fa/5 9 ! *ild's m9d4 ,vividness & ,int5sity ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,a vivid exp]i5ce is "o t excites & ar\ses u1 /rongly /imulat+ our feel+s4 ,su* exp]i5ces e/abli% /rong bonds ( connection4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( a railroad wreck1 ,i ?9k ( "o 9 :i* ,i p>ticipat$4 ,! exp]i5ce 0 vivid1 int5se1 & ar\s$ my emotions4 ,i h>dly knew :e!r ,i 0 dead or alive4 ,!n1 secondly1 ,i usually ?9k ( a wreck :i* ,i witness$ 9 *ildhood4 ,a tra9 plung$ ?r\gh a bridge & eighte5 c>s 7 pil$ up 9 ! rav9e4 ,! exp]i5ce 0 vivid & produc$ a deep & la/+ impression on me4 ,! practical significance ( ?is factor is1 ( c\rse1 great4 ,:5 ideas are pres5t$ to pupils ^! ideas %\ld be made cle>4 ,e conceivable device %\ld be us$ to cl>ify & expla91--concrete demon/ration1 ! use ( objects & diagrams1 pictures & draw+s1 & abundant oral illu/ration4 ,we mu/ be sure t ! "o taught und]/&s1 t ! ideas become focal 9 consci\sness & take hold ( ! individual4 ,?is is ! ma9 factor 9 :at is kn[n z int]e/4 ,an int]e/+ ?+ is "o t takes hold ( u & possesses u s t we _c get away f x4 ,su* exp]i5ces are vivid & h ri* emotional connections or accompanim5ts4 ,ideas t are exp]i5c$ toge!r at su* times are /rongly connect$4 ,m5tal ,set or ,attitude4 ,ano!r influ5ce always op]ative 9 det]m9+ ! association ( ideas is m5tal set4 ,by m5tal set we mean ! mood or attitude "o is 91--:e!r "o is sad or glad1 well or ill1 fre% or fatigu$1 etc4 ,:at "o has j be5 ?9k+ ab\t1 :at "o has j be5 do+1 are always factors t det]m9e ! direction ( association4 ,"o (t5 notices ! effects ( m5tal set 9 read+ newspap]s4 ,if "o's m9d has be5 deeply occupi$ ) "s subject & "o !n />ts to read a newspap]1 "o may actually miscall _m ( ! words 9 ! article he is read+2 ! words are made to fit 9 ) :at is 9 8 m9d4 ,= example1 if "o is all wr\ght up ov] a w$d+1 _m words beg9n+ ) w & hav+ ab\t ! same l5g? z ! ^w w$d+1 w be read z w$d+4 ,m5tal set may be p]man5t or tempor>y4 ,by p]man5t we mean ! /rong t5d5cies t are built up by cont9u$ ?\ght 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,"o becomes a ,me?odi/1 a ,democrat1 a cons]vative1 a radical1 a pessimi/1 an optimi/1 etc41 by cont9uity ( simil> exp]i5ces & simil> reactions to ^! exp]i5ces4 ,g]mans1 ,fr5*1 ,iri%1 ,italians1 ,*9ese1 h *>act]i/ic sets or ways ( react+ to typical situations t may be call$ racial4 ,^! prejudicial ways ( react+ may be call$ racial sets or attitudes4 ,religi\s1 political1 & social prejudices may all be call$ sets or attitudes4 ,tempor>y sets or attitudes are lean+s & prejudices t are due to tempor>y /ates ( m9d4 ,! fact t "o has heada*e1 or indige/ion1 or is 9 a hurry1 or is angry1 or is hungry1 or is emotionally excit$ ov] some?+ w1 = ! "t1 be a factor 9 det]m9+ ! direction ( association4 ,"o ( ! tasks ( education is to build up sets or attitudes1 p]man5t prejudices1 to be con/ant factors 9 guid+ association &1 consequ5tly1 action4 ,we wi% to build up p]man5t attitudes t[>d tru?1 hone/y1 indu/ry1 sympa?y1 zeal1 p]si/5ce1 etc4 ,x is evid5t t attitude is m]ely an aspect ( habit4 ,x is an habitual way ( react+ to a def9ite & typical situation4 ,?is habitual way is /r5g!n$ by repetition1 s t set or attitude f9ally1 aft] ye>s ( repetition1 becomes a "p ( our nature4 ,our prejudices become z /rong1 seem+ly1 z our in/9ctive t5d5cies4 ,aft] a man has ?\ght 9 a p>ticul> groove = ye>s1 x is ab\t z sure t he w come to c]ta9 def9ite conclusions on matt]s 9 ! l9e ( 8 ?\ght z t he w\ld give typical in/9ctive or ev5 reflex reactions4 ,we "k ! direction association w take = a ,presbyt]ian 9 religi\s matt]s1 = a ,democrat 9 political matt]s1 ) ab\t z mu* c]ta9ty z we "k :at _! actions w be 9 situations t evoke in/9ctive reactions4 ,?9k+ & ,reason+4 ,?9k+ is ! pass+ ( ideas 9 ! m9d4 ,?is fl[ ( ideas is 9 accordance ) ! laws ( association above discuss$4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! ideas come is ! ord] fix$ by exp]i5ce1 ! ord] z det]m9$ by ! v>i\s factors above enum]at$4 ,9 e>ly life1 "o's m9d is *iefly p]ceptual1 x is :at we see & he> & ta/e & smell4 ,z "o gr[s old] 8 m9d gr[s m & m ideational4 ,) increas+ age1 a l>g] & l>g] p]c5tage ( our m5tal life is made up ( ideas1 ( memories4 ,! *ild lives 9 ! pres5t1 9 a _w ( p]ceptions4 ,a man is n s mu* ti$ d[n to ! pres5t2 he lives 9 memory & anticipation4 ,he ?9ks m ?an does ! *ild4 ,a man is cont5t to sit d[n 9 8 *air & ?9k = h\rs at a "t1 a *ild is n4 ,?is ?9k+ is ! pass+ ( ideas1 n[ "o1 !n ano!r & ano!r4 ,^! ideas are ! survivals or revivals ( our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,! ord] ( _! com+ dep5ds on our pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,z ,i sit "h & write1 !re surge up out ( my pa/1 ideas ( creeks & riv]s & hills1 horses & c[s & dogs1 boys & girls1 m5 & wom51 "w & play1 s*ool days1 fri5ds1--an endless *a9 ( ideas4 ,?is fl[ ( ideas is (t5 />t$ by a p]ception4 ,= illu/ration1 ,i see a lett] on ! table1 a lett] f my bro!r4 ,i !n h a visual image ( my bro!r4 ,i ?9k ( him z ,i saw him la/4 ,i ?9k ( :at he said4 ,i ?9k ( 8 *ildr51 ( 8 home1 ( 8 boyhood1 & our e>ly life toge!r4 ,!n ,i ?9k ( our "m & ! old home1 & s on & on4 ,pres5tly ,i glance at a hi/ory among my books1 & imm$iately ?9k ( ,greece & ,a!ns & ! ,acropolis1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ,socrates1 s*oolmates & tea*]s1 & fri5ds connect$ 9 "o way or ano!r ) my college /udy ( ,greek4 ,9 ?is description ( ! process ( ?9k+1 ,i h repeat$ly us$ ! words ?9k (4 ,i might h said in/ead1 !re came to m9d ideas ( ,a!ns1 ideas ( fri5ds1 etc4 ,?9k+1 !n1 is a g5]al t]m = our idea-life4 ,reason+ is a =m ( ?9k+4 ,reason+1 too1 is a fl[ ( ideas4 ,b :ile reason+ is ?9k+1 x is a special =m ( ?9k+2 x is ?9k+ to a purpose4 ,9 ?9k+ z above describ$ & illu/rat$1 no imm$iate ends ( ! p]son are s]v$2 :ile 9 reason+ "s end is always s\ght4 ,9 reason+1 ! fl[ ( ideas mu/ rea* "s p>ticul> idea t w s]ve ! ne$ ( ! mom5t1 ! ne$ ( ! problem at h&4 ,reason+1 !n1 is controll$ ?9k+1 ?9k+ c5t]+ ab\t a problem1 ab\t a situation t "o mu/ meet4 ,! /atem5t t reason+ is controll$ ?9k+ ne$s "s explanation1 = ! read] at once is likely to want to "k :at does ! controll+4 ,!re is n "s special faculty or p[] t does ! controll+4 ,! control is ex]cis$ by ! set into :i* "o is ?r[n by ! situation :i* confronts "o4 ,! set puts c]ta9 n]ve-tracts into read9ess to conduct1 or 9 o!r words1 makes c]ta9 gr\ps ( ideas come into m9d1 & makes "o satisfi$ only if ! "r ideas come4 ,z long z ideas come t d n satisfy1 ! fl[ keeps on1 tak+ "o direction & !n ano!r1 9 accordance ) ! way our ideas h become organiz$4 ,an idea f9ally comes t satisfies4 ,we are !n said to h rea*$ a conclusion1 to h made up our m9d1 to h solv$ our problem4 ,b ! fact t we are satisfi$ is no sure sign t ! problem is correctly solv$4 ,x means only t our pa/ exp]i5ces1 available at ! "t ?r\gh association1 say t ! conclusion is "r4 ,or1 9 m sci5tific t]ms1 t ! conclusion is 9 h>mony ) our pa/ exp]i5ce1 z x has be5 organiz$ & made available ?r\gh association4 ,!re is n )9 u a little be+1 a reason]1 t sits & wat*es ideas file by & passes judgm5t ^u !m4 ,! real judge is our n]v\s sy/em ) its organiz$ bonds or connections4 ,an illu/ration may make ! matt] cle>]3 ,a boy walk+ along 9 ! woods comes to a /ream too wide = him to jump across4 ,he wi%es to be on ! o!r side1 s "h is a situation t mu/ be met1 a problem t mu/ be solv$4 ,a fl[ ( ideas is />t$ c5t]+ ab\t ! problem4 ,! fl[ is entirely det]m9$ & direct$ by pa/ exp]i5ce & ! pres5t situation4 ,! boy pauses1 looks ab\t1 & sees on ! bank a pole & sev]al l>ge /ones4 ,he has walk$ on poles & on f5ces1 he !re=e sees himself putt+ ! pole across ! /ream & walk+ on x4 ,?is may be 9 actual visual imag]y1 or x may be 9 words4 ,he may m]ely say1 ,i w put ! pole across & walk on x4 ,b1 be=e hav+ "t to d x1 he may recall walk+ on poles t turn$4 ,he is n !n satisfi$ ) ! pole idea4 ,! p]ception ( /ones may next become cle> 9 8 m9d1 & if no inhibit+ or h9d]+ idea comes up1 ! /one idea c>ries him into action4 ,he piles ! /ones into ! /ream & walks across4 ,z 0 m5tion$ above1 ! fl[ ( ideas may take diff]5t =ms4 ,! imag]y may take any =m b is usually visual1 auditory1 motor1 or v]bal4 ,fur!r discussion ( ! po9t t reason+ is det]m9$ by pa/ exp]i5ce may be necess>y4 ,suppose ! tea*] ask ! class a numb] ( diff]5t que/ions1 moral1 religi\s1 political4 ,_m diff]5t answ]s to ! que/ions w be receiv$1 9 "s cases z _m answ]s to ! que/ions z !re are pupils4 ,ask :e!r x is ev] "r to /eal1 :e!r x is ev] "r to lie1 :e!r x is ev] "r to fight1 :e!r x is ev] "r to disobey a p>5t or tea*]1 :e!r oak is /rong] ?an maple1 :e!r iron exp&s m :5 heat$ ?an does copp]1 :e!r "o %\ld always fe$ begg>s1 etc4 ,! answ]s receiv$1 9 ea* case1 dep5d on ! previ\s exp]i5ce ( ! pupils4 ,! m ne>ly alike ! exp]i5ces ( ! pupils1 ! m ne>ly alike w be ! answ]s4 ,! m div]g5t ! exp]i5ces1 ! m diff]5t w be ! answ]s4 ,! basis ( reason+ is ultimately ! same sort ( ?+ z ! basis ( habit4 ,we h repeat$ exp]i5ces ( ! same k9d4 ,! ideas ( ^! exp]i5ces become weld$ toge!r 9 a def9ite way4 ,association betwe5 c]ta9 gr\ps ( ideas becomes well fix$4 ,lat] situations involv+ ^! gr\ps ( ideas set up def9ite tra9s ( association4 ,we come always to def9ite conclusions f ! same situations provid$ t we are 9 ! same m5tal set & ! factors involv$ are ! same4 ,?r\gh\t e>ly life we h def9ite moral & religi\s ideas pres5t$ to u4 ,we come to ?9k 9 def9ite ways ab\t !m or ) !m4 ,x !re=e comes ab\t t e day we live1 we are det]m9+ ! way we %all 9 ! future reason ab\t ?+s4 ,we are ea* day gett+ ! mat]ial = ! solution ( ! problems t w be pres5t$ to u by future situations4 ,& ! reason t "o ( u w solve ^? problems 9 a diff]5t way f ano!r is because ( hav+ some:at diff]5t exp]i5ces1 & ( organiz+ !m 9 a diff]5t way4 ,mean+ & ! ,organization ( ,ideas4 ,9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs we h sev]al times spok5 ( ! organization ( ideas4 ,let u n[ see j :at is meant by ?is expression4 ,intimately connect$ ) ! organization ( ideas is mean+4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( an idea8 ,! mean+ ( an idea is ano!r idea or gr\p ( ideas t are v closely associat$ ) x4 ,:5 !re comes to m9d an idea t has aris5 out ( repeat$ exp]i5ce1 !re come almo/ imm$iately ) x o!r ideas1 p]haps vivid images :i* h be5 connect$ ) ! same exp]i5ce4 ,suppose ! idea is ( a horse4 ,if "o 7 ask$1 ,:at is a horse8 ideas ( a horse 9 famili> situations w\ld pres5t !mselves4 ,"o may see 9 imag9ation a horse be+ driv51 ridd51 etc41 & he w\ld !n answ]1 ,:y1 a horse is to ride1 or ,a horse is to drive1 or ,a horse is a dome/ic animal1 etc4 ,aga91 ,:at is a cl\d8 ,:at is ! sun8 ,:at is a riv]8 ,:at is ju/ice8 ,:at is love8 ,"o says1 ,a cl\d is t f :i* ra9 falls1 or ,a cl\d is p>tially cond5s$ vapor4 ,! sun is a r\nd ?+ 9 ! sky t %9es by day4 ,a riv] is wat] fl[+ along 9 a l[ place ?r\gh ! l&4 ,ju/ice is giv+ to p :at !y des]ve4 ,love is t feel+ "o has = a p]son :i* makes him be k9d to t p]son4 ,! answ] t "o gives dep5ds on age & exp]i5ce4 ,b x is evid5t t :5 a p]son is ask$ :at a ?+ is or :at is ! mean+ ( a ?+1 he has at once ideas t h be5 mo/ closely associat$ ) ! idea 9 "q4 ,n[1 s9ce ! mo/ important aspect ( a ?+ is :at we c d ) x1 :at use x c be to u1 usually mean+ c5t]s ab\t use4 ,a *air is to sit 91 bread is to eat1 wat] is to dr9k1 clo!s are to we>1 a hat is a ?+ to be worn on "o's head1 a %ovel is to dig )1 a c> is to ride 91 etc4 ,use is n q s evid5t 9 su* cases z ! foll[+3 ,:o 0 ,caes>8 ,:o 0 ,hom]8 ,:o is ,edison8 ,:at 0 ! ,inquisition8 ,:at 7 ! ,crusades8 ,h[ev]1 "o has1 9 ^! cases1 v closely associat$ ideas1 & ^! ideas d c5t] ab\t :at we h done ) ^! m5 & ev5ts 9 our ?9k+4 ,caes> 0 a w>rior4 ,hom] 0 a writ] ( epics4 ,edison is an inv5tor1 etc4 ,^! m5 & ev5ts h be5 pres5t$ to u 9 v>i\s situations z /&+ = v>i\s ?+s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,& :5 we ?9k ( !m1 we at once ?9k ( :at !y did1 ! place !y fill 9 ! _w4 ,?is con/itutes _! mean+4 ,x is evid5t t an idea may h _m mean+s4 ,& ! mean+ t may come to u at any p>ticul> mom5t dep5ds ^u ! situation4 ,a *air1 = example1 9 "o situation1 may come to m9d z a ?+ to sit 92 9 ano!r situation1 z a ?+ to /& 9 ! corn] & look pretty2 9 ano!r1 a ?+ to /& on s t "o may rea* ! top %elf 9 ! pantry2 9 ano!r1 a ?+ to /rike a burgl> )2 9 ano!r1 a ?+ to knock to pieces to be us$ to make a fire4 ,! mean+ ( a ?+ comes f our exp]i5ce ) x1 & ! ?+ usually comes to h m & m mean+s z our exp]i5ce ) x increases4 ,:5 we meet some?+ new1 x may h practically no mean+4 ,suppose we f9d a new plant 9 ! woods4 ,x has little mean+4 ,we may be able to say only t x is a plant1 or x is a small plant4 ,we t\* x & x pricks u1 & x at once has m mean+4 ,x is a plant t pricks4 ,we bite into x & f9d x bitt]4 ,x is !n a plant t is bitt]1 etc4 ,9 su* a way1 objects come to h mean+4 ,!y acquire mean+ accord+ to ! connections 9 :i* we exp]i5ce !m & !y may take on diff]5t mean+s = diff]5t p]sons because ( ! diff]5t exp]i5ces ( ^! p]sons4 ,! *ief int]e/ we h 9 objects is 9 :at use we c make ( !m1 h[ we c make !m s]ve our purposes1 h[ we c make !m contribute to our pleasure4 ,! organization ( exp]i5ce is ! connect+1 ?r\gh ! process ( association1 ( ! ideas t arise out ( our exp]i5ce4 ,our ideas are organiz$ n only 9 accordance ) ! way we exp]i5ce !m 9 ! fir/ place1 b 9 accordance ) ! way we ?9k !m lat] 9 memory4 ,( c\rse1 ideas are recall$ 9 accordance ) ! way we exp]i5ce !m1 b s9ce !y are exp]i5c$ 9 su* a multitude ( connections1 !y are recall$ lat] 9 ^! v>i\s connections & x is possible 9 recall to repeat "o connection to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,organization c !re=e be a selective process4 ,al?\gh horse is exp]i5c$ 9 a great v>iety ( situations or connections1 = our purposes we c select "s "o or m ( ^! connections & by repetition 9 recall+ x1 /r5g!n ^! connections to ! exclusion ( o!rs4 ,h]e9 lies "o ( ! greate/ possibilities 9 ?9k+ & reason+1 :i* enables u1 to an ext5t1 to be indep5d5t ( orig9al exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ h _h exp]i5ce1 ( c\rse1 b ! /r5g? ( bonds betwe5 ideas ne$ n dep5d ^u orig9al exp]i5ce1 b r ^u ! way 9 :i* ^! ideas are recall$ lat]1 & especially ^u ! numb] ( times !y are recall$4 ,x is 9 ! matt] ( ! organization ( exp]i5ce t tea*]s & p>5ts c be ( great help to "y p4 ,*ildr5 d n "k :at connections ( ideas w be mo/ useful 9 ! future4 ,p :o h _h m exp]i5ce "k bett] & c1 by direction & sugge/ion1 lead ! "y to =m1 & /r5g!n by repetition1 ^? connections ( ideas t w be mo/ useful lat]4 ,9 ! v>i\s s*ool /udies1 a mass ( ideas is pres5t$4 ,^! ideas1 isolat$ or ) r&om connections1 w be ( little s]vice to ! pupils4 ,!y mu/ be organiz$ ) ref]5ce to future use4 ,?is organization mu/ come ab\t ?r\gh ?9k+ ov] ^! ideas 9 helpful connections4 ,! tea*] kn[s be/ :at ^! helpful connections are & mu/ help ! pupil to make !m4 ,suppose ! topic /udi$ 9 hi/ory is ! ,battle ( ,bunk] ,hill4 ,! tea*] %\ld assi/ ! *ild to ?9k ! battle ov] 9 _m diff]5t connections4 ,!re are v>i\s geographical1 hi/orical1 & lit]>y aspects ( ! battle t are ( importance4 ,^! aspects %\ld be br\ght to m9d & relat$ by be+ ?\ght ( toge!r4 ,?9k+ ?+s toge!r b9ds !m toge!r z ideas2 & lat] :5 "o idea comes1 ! o!rs t h be5 jo9$ ) x 9 ! pa/ 9 ?\ght1 come also4 ,!re=e1 9 /udy+ ! ,battle ( ,bunk] ,hill1 ! pupil n only reads ab\t x1 b gets a map & /udies ! geography ( x1 works out ! causes t l$ up to ! battle1 /udies ! consequ5ces t foll[$1 reads spee*es & poems t h be5 made & writt5 s9ce conc]n+ ! battle1 ! monum5t1 etc4 ,simil>ly1 all ! topics /udi$ 9 s*ool %\ld be ?\ght ov] & organiz$ ) ref]5ce to mean+ & ) ref]5ce to future use4 ,z a result ( su* proc$ure1 all ! topics become organiz$ & cry/alliz$1 ) all relat$ ideas closely b\nd toge!r 9 association4 ,"o ( ! greate/ diff]5ces 9 p is 9 ! organization ( _! ideas4 ,( c\rse1 p diff] 9 orig9al exp]i5ce1 b !y diff] m 9 ! way !y organize ?is exp]i5ce & prep>e x = future ne$s4 ,j z 9 habit-=mation we %\ld by ex]cise & practice acquire ^? k9ds ( skill t w s]ve u be/ 9 ! future1 s 9 gett+ k we %\ld by repetition /r5g!n ! connections betwe5 ^? ideas t we %all ne$ to h connect$ 9 ! future4 ,all education looks =w>d & is prep>atory4 ,z a result ( tra9+ 9 ! organization ( ideas1 a pupil c le>n h[ to organize 8 exp]i5ce1 9 a measure1 indep5d5t ( ! tea*]4 ,he le>ns to "k1 himself1 :at ideas are significant1 & :at connections ( ideas w be mo/ helpful4 ,su* an outcome %\ld be "o ( ! ends ( s*ool tra9+4 ,tra9+ 9 ,reason+4 ,we h already m5tion$ ways 9 :i* a *ild c be help$ 9 ga9+ p[] & facility 9 reason+4 ,9 ?is p>agraph we %all discuss ! matt] m fully4 ,!re are ?ree aspects ( tra9+ 9 reason+1 "o ) ref]5ce to orig9al exp]i5ce1 "o ) ref]5ce to ! organization ( ?is exp]i5ce z j discuss$1 & "o ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 habits ( proc$ure 9 ! recall & use ( exp]i5ce4 7#a7 ,orig9al exp]i5ce4 ,be=e reason+ 9 any field1 "o mu/ h exp]i5ce 9 t field4 ,!re is no sub/itute = exp]i5ce4 ,aft] hav+ ! exp]i5ce1 x c be organiz$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b exp]i5ce !re mu/ be4 ,exp]i5ce may be prim>y1 ) ?+s !mselves1 or x may be second>y1 receiv$ second h& ?r\gh books or ?r\gh spok5 language4 ,we _c ?9k )\t ideas1 & ideas come only ?r\gh p]ceptions ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,orig9ally1 all exp]i5ce arises out ( s5sations4 ,language makes x possible = u to pr(it ?r\gh ! p]ceptual exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,b ev5 :5 we receive our exp]i5ce second h&1 our own prim>y exp]i5ce mu/ enable u to und]/& ! mean+ ( :at we read & he> ab\t1 else x is valueless to u4 ,!re=e1 if we wi% to be able to reason 9 ! field ( physics1 ( botany1 ( *emi/ry1 ( m$ic9e1 ( law1 or ( agriculture1 we mu/ get exp]i5ce 9 ^? fields4 ,! raw mat]ial ( ?\ght comes only ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,9 su* a subject z physical geography1 = example1 ! words ( ! book h little mean+ unless ! *ild has _h orig9al exp]i5ce 9 ! matt] discuss$4 ,he mu/ h se5 hills & valleys & riv]s & lakes & rocks & wea!r+1 & all ! v>i\s processes discuss$ 9 physical geography2 o!rwise1 ! read+ ( ! text is almo/ valueless4 ,! same ?+ is true ( all subjects4 ,to reason 9 any subject we mu/ h _h orig9al exp]i5ce 9 x4 7#b7 ,! organization ( exp]i5ce4 ,aft] exp]i5ce comes its organization4 ,?is po9t has already be5 fully expla9$4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t organization consi/s 9 ?9k+ our exp]i5ce ov] aga9 9 helpful relations4 ,"h p>5ts & tea*]s c be ( v great s]vice to *ildr54 7#c7 ,habits ( ?\ght4 ,!re are c]ta9 habits ( proc$ure 9 reason+1 ap>t f ! association ( ! ideas4 ,"o c =m ! habit ( putt+ c]ta9 que/ions to oneself :5 a problem is pres5t$1 s t c]ta9 types ( relations are call$ up4 ,if "o is a sci5ti/1 "o looks = causes4 ,if "o is a lawy]1 "o looks up ! c\rt decisions4 ,if "o is a physician1 "o looks = symptoms1 etc4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important habits 9 connection ) reason+ is ! habit ( caution4 ,reason+ is wait+1 wait+ = ideas to come t w be adequate = ! situation4 ,"o mu/ =m ! habit ( wait+ a reasonable l5g? ( "t = associations to run _! c\rse4 ,if "o act too soon1 be=e 8 organiz$ exp]i5ce has _h "t to pass 9 review1 he may act improp]ly4 ,!re=e "o mu/ be tra9$ to a prop] degree ( caution4 ,( c\rse1 caution may be ov]done4 ,"o mu/ act sometime1 "o _c wait always4 ,ano!r habit is t ( te/+ out a conclusion be=e x is f9ally put into practice4 ,x is (t5 possible to put a conclusion to "s sort ( te/ be=e x is put to ! real te/1 j z "o makes a model & tries out an inv5tion on a small scale4 ,"o %\ld n h full confid5ce 9 a conclusion t is ! result ( reason+1 till ! conclusion has be5 put to ! f9al te/ ( exp]im5t1 ( trial4 ,?is la/ /atem5t leads u to ! real function ( reason+4 ,reason po9ts ! way to action 9 a new situation4 ,aft] ! situation is repeat$ = a suffici5t numb] ( times1 action passes into ! realm ( habit4 ,language & ,?9k+4 ,! fact t man has spok5 & writt5 language is ( ! greate/ significance4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t language is a means ?r\gh :i* we c get exp]i5ce secondh&4 ,?is proves to be a great advantage to man4 ,b language gives u /ill ano!r advantage4 ,)\t language1 ?9k+ is limit$ to ! pass+ ( s5sory images t arise 9 accordance ) ! laws ( association4 ,b man c "n ?+s & ! attributes ( ?+s1 & ^! names become associat$1 s t ?9k+ comes to be1 9 "p at lea/1 a matt] ( words4 ,?9k+ is talk+ to oneself4 ,"o _c talk )\t language4 ,! importance t atta*es to language c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,:5 ! *ild acquires ! use ( language1 he has acquir$ ! use ( a tool1 ! importance ( :i* to ?9k+ is great] ?an t ( any o!r tool4 ,n[1 "o c ?9k )\t language1 9 ! s5se t memory images come & g1--we h def9$ ?9k+ z ! fl[ ( imag]y1 ! pass+ or succession ( ideas4 ,b aft] we h nam$ ?+s1 ?9k+1 p>ticul>ly reason+1 becomes l>gely v]bal1 or z we said above1 talk+ to oneself4 ,n only d we give names to concrete ?+s b we give names to specific attributes & to relations4 ,z we organize & analyze our exp]i5ces1 !re appe> uni=mities1 pr9ciples1 laws4 ,to ^! we give names1 su* z :ite1 black1 r$1 weight1 l5g?1 ?ickness1 ju/ice1 tru?1 s91 crime1 heat1 cold1 mortal1 immortal1 evolution1 dis9tegration1 love1 hate1 envy1 jeal\sy1 possible1 impossible1 probable1 etc4 ,we spoke above ( mean+s4 ,to mean+s we give names1 s t a s+le ^w comes to /& = mean+s broad & significant1 ! result ( mu* exp]i5ce4 ,su* words z evolution & gravitation1 s+le words ?\gh !y are1 repres5t a wide range ( exp]i5ces & br+ ^! exp]i5ces toge!r & cry/allize !m into a s+le expression1 :i* we use z a unit 9 our ?\ght4 ,language1 !re=e1 makes ?\ght easi] & its accompli%m5t great]4 ,aft] we h /udi$ ,caes> = "s ye>s1 ! "n comes to repres5t ! epitome1 ! bird's-eye view ( a great man4 ,a simil> ?+ is true ( our /udy ( o!r m5 & movem5ts & ?+s4 ,s+le words come to repres5t a multitude ( exp]i5ces4 ,!n ^! words become associat$ & organiz$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( association discuss$ above1 s t x comes ab\t t ! old] we are1 ! m we come to ?9k 9 words1 & ! m ^! words repres5t4 ,! old] we are1 ! m ab/ract our ?9k+ becomes1 ! m d our words come to /& = mean+s & attributes & laws t h come out ( ! organization ( our exp]i5ce4 ,x is evid5t t ! accuracy ( our ?9k+ dep5ds ^u ^! words /&+ = ! tru?1 dep5ds ^u :e!r we h organiz$ our exp]i5ce 9 accordance ) facts4 ,if our ^w ,caes> does n /& = ! real ,caes>1 !n all our ?9k+ 9 :i* ,caes> ent]s w be incorrect4 ,if our ^w ju/ice does n /& = ! real ju/ice1 !n all our ?9k+ 9 :i* ju/ice ent]s w be incorrect4 ,?is discussion po9ts to ! trem5d\s importance ( ! organization ( exp]i5ce4 ,tru? is ! agreem5t ( our ?\ght ) ! ?+1 ) reality4 ,we mu/ !re=e help ! "y to see ! _w cle>ly & to organize :at !y see 9 accordance ) ! facts & ) a view to future use4 ,!n ! units ( ?is organiz$ exp]i5ce are to be tagg$1 label$1 by means ( words1 & ^! words or labels become ! vehicles ( ?\ght1 & ! outcome ( ! ?9k+ dep5ds on ! validity ( ! organization ( our exp]i5ce4 ,,summ>y4 ,?9k+ is ! pass+ ( ideas 9 ! m9d2 its basis is 9 ! association ( memory ideas4 ,! basis ( association is 9 orig9al exp]i5ce1 ideas becom+ b\nd toge!r 9 memory z orig9ally exp]i5c$4 ,! factors ( association are primacy1 rec5cy1 frequ5cy1 int5sity1 & m5tal set or attitude4 ,reason+ is ?9k+ to a purpose4 ,we c be tra9$ 9 reason+ by be+ taught to get vivid exp]i5ce 9 ! fir/ place & 9 organiz+ ?is exp]i5ce 9 helpful ways1 hav+ 9 m9d future use4 ,,class ,,ex]cises #a4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts %\ld be p]=m$ to make cle> to ! /ud5ts t ! basis ( ! association ( ideas is 9 exp]i5ce & n 9 ! nature ( ! ideas !mselves4 7a7 ,let ! /ud5ts1 />t+ ) ! same ^w1 write d[n all ! ideas t come to m9d 9 "o m9ute4 ,! tea*] %\ld give ! initial idea1 z sky1 hate1 music1 clock1 table1 or w9d4 ,! fir/ t5 ideas com+ to ea* /ud5t might be writt5 on ! blackbo>d = /udy & comp>ison4 ,are any s]ies alike8 ,is ! t5? idea 9 "o s]ies ! same z t 9 any o!r8 7b7 ,= a /udy ( ! v>i\s factors ( association1 p]=m ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,let ! tea*] prep>e a li/ ( fifty words--n\ns & adjectives1 su* z wood1 murd]1 goodness1 bad1 dea?1 wat]1 love1 angel4 ,read ! words to ! class & let ea* /ud5t write d[n ! fir/ idea t comes to m9d 9 ea* case4 ,aft] ! li/ is f9i%$1 let ea* /ud5t try to f9d out :at ! det]m9+ factor 0 9 ea* case1 :e!r primacy1 frequ5cy1 rec5cy1 vividness1 or m5tal set4 ,:5 ! /udy is complet$1 ! /ud5t's pap] %\ld conta9 ?ree columns1 ! fir/ column %[+ ! /imulus words1 ! second %[+ ! response words1 ! ?ird %[+ ! det]m9+ factors4 ,! fir/ column %\ld be dictat$ & copi$ aft] ! response words h be5 writt54 7c7 ,/udy ! data 9 7a7 & 7b71 not+ ! v>iety ( ideas t come to diff]5t /ud5ts = ! same /imulus ^w4 ,x w be se5 t !y come f a great v>iety ( exp]i5ces & f all p>ts ( "o's life f *ildhood to ! pres5t1 %[+ t all our exp]i5ces are b\nd toge!r & t we c g f "o po9t to any o!r1 directly or indirectly4 #b4 ,p]=m an exp]im5t to det]m9e h[ ea* memb] ( ! class ?9ks1 i4e4 9 :at k9d ( imag]y4 ,let ea* plan a picnic 9 detail4 ,h[ d !y d x8 ,d !y see x or he> x or seem to act x8 ,or does x happ5 9 words m]ely8 #c4 ,?9k ( ! ev5ts ( ye/]day4 ,h[ d !y come to y8 ,d y\r images seem to be visual1 auditory1 motor1 or v]bal8 ,d y seem to h all k9ds ( imag]y8 ,is "o k9d pr$om9ant8 #d4 ,te/ ! class = spe$ ( free association z describ$ on page #aic4 ,repeat ! exp]im5t at lea/ five times & rank ! memb]s ( ! class f ! results4 #e4 ,simil>ly1 te/ spe$ = controll$ association z describ$ on page #aie & rank ! memb]s ( ! class4 #f4 ,comp>e ! rank+s 9 ,nos4 #d & #e4 #g4 ,! tea*] c ext5d ! controll$ association te/s by prep>+ li/s t %[ diff]5t k9ds ( logical relations ) "o ano!r1 f g5us to species1 f species to g5us1 f v]b to object1 f subject to v]b1 etc4 ,d ! /ud5ts ma9ta9 ! same rank 9 ! v>i\s types ( exp]im5ts8 ,d ! ranks 9 ^! te/s correspond to ! /ud5ts' ranks 9 ?9k+ 9 ! s*ool subjects8 #h4 ,at lea/ two s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 reason+ %\ld be p]=m$1 "o to %[ ! nature ( reason+ & ! o!r to %[ ! ability ( ! memb]s ( ! class4 7a7 ,put sev]al problems to ! class1 simil> to ! foll[+3 ,:at happ5s to a wet bo>d laid out 9 ! sun%9e8 ,expla94 ,suppose corn is plac$ 9 ?ree vessels1 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,numb] #a is seal$ up air tight & kept w>m8 ,numb] #b is kept op5 & w>m8 ,numb] #c is kept op5 & w>m & moi/4 ,:at happ5s 9 ea* case8 ,expla94 ,cond5s$ milk does n s\r z long z ! c rema9s unop5$4 ,aft] ! c is op5$1 ! milk s\rs if all[$ to become w>m2 x does n s\r if kept froz54 ,:y8 ,two b>s ( metal are rivet$ toge!r4 ,"o b> is lead1 ! o!r iron4 ,:at happ5s :5 ! b>s are heat$ to #aej ,c8 #ejj ,c8 #ajjj ,c8 #bjjj ,c8 ,answ] ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,is x ev] "r to /eal8 ,to kill a p]son8 ,to lie8 ,:i* are unwise & mi/ak51 ,republicans or ,democrats8 ,9 ! above1 d all come to ! same conclusion8 ,:y8 ,7 any unable to come to a conclusion at all on "s que/ions8 ,:y8 ,d ! exp]im5ts make x cle> t reason+ is dep5d5t ^u exp]i5ce8 7b7 ,let ! tea*] prep>e five problems 9 reason+ well )9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! class1 & f9d ! spe$ & accuracy ( ! /ud5ts 9 solv+ !m4 ,comp>e ! results ) ^? 9 ! controll$ association te/s4 ,te/ ! class ) v>i\s k9ds ( me*anical puzzles4 #i4 ,! /ud5ts %\ld /udy sev]al p to asc]ta9 h[ well ^? p h _! exp]i5ce organiz$4 ,is _! exp]i5ce available8 ,c !y come to ! po9t imm$iately1 or1 are !y hazy1 unc]ta91 & impractical8 #aj4 ,x is claim$ t we h two types ( p1 !oretical & practical4 ,?is is to "s ext5t true4 ,:at is ! explanation8 #aa4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ,no4 #aj1 comp>e tea*]s & eng9e]s4 #ab4 ,if any?+ w "w 9 !ory1 w x "w 9 practice8 #ac4 ,f :at y h le>n$ 9 ! *apt] & f ! exp]im5ts1 write a pap] on tra9+ 9 reason+4 #ad4 ,:at are ! ma9 defects ( ! s*ools ) ref]5ce to tra9+ *ildr5 to ?9k8 #ae4 ,make a complete outl9e ( ! *apt]4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,,colv9 & ,,bagley3 ,human ,behavior1 ,*apt]s ,,xvi & ,,xviii4 ,,dewey3 ,h[ ,we ,?9k1 ,p>ts ,i & ,,iii4 ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g3 ,psy*ology1 ,g5]al & ,appli$1 ,*apt]s ,,viii & ,,xii2 also pp4 #aib-aie4 ,,pillsbury3 ,ess5tials ( ,psy*ology1 ,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,ix4 ,,pyle3 ,! ,outl9es ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,tit*5]3 ,a ,beg9n]'s ,psy*ology1 ,*apt]s ,v1 ,,vi1 & ,x4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,individual ,,diff]5ces ,physical ,diff]5ces4 ,"o nev] sees two p ^: bodies are exactly alike4 ,!y diff] 9 height or weight or color ( ! sk94 ,!y diff] 9 ! color ( ! hair or eyes1 9 ! %ape ( ! head1 or 9 su* details z size & %ape ( ! e>1 size & %ape ( ! nose1 *91 m\?1 tee?1 feet1 h&s1 f+]s1 toes1 nails1 etc4 ,! anatomi/ tells u t we diff] int]nally j z we d ext]nally4 ,:ile ! int]nal /ructure ( "o p]son has ! same g5]al plan z t ( ano!r1 !re be+ ! same numb] ( bones1 muscles1 organs1 etc41 !re are always diff]5ces 9 detail4 ,we are built on ! same plan1 i4e4 we are made aft] a common type4 ,we v>y1 above & bel[ ?is type or c5tral t5d5cy4 ,weight may be tak5 = illu/ration4 ,if we %\ld weigh ! fir/ ?\s& m5 we meet1 we %\ld f9d light m51 heavy m51 & m5 ( m$ium weight4 ,!re w\ld be few light m51 few heavy m51 b _m m5 ( m$ium weight4 ,?is fact is well %[n 9 diagram by :at is kn[n z a curve ( di/ribution or frequ5cy surface1 :i* is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,draw a base l9e ,a ,b1 & on ?is l9e m>k (f equal di/ances to repres5t ! v>i\s weights4 ,at ! left end put ! numb] repres5t+ ! lighte/ m5 & at ! "r ! numb] repres5t+ ! heavie/ m52 ! o!r weights come 9 betwe5 9 ord]4 ,!n select a scale2 we w say a millimet] 9 height above ! base l9e repres5ts "o p]son ( ! weight repres5t$ on ! base1 & 9 draw+ ! upp] "p ( ! figure1 ,a ,c ,b1 we h b to measure up "o millimet] = ea* p]son weigh$1 ( ! weight indicat$ bel[ on ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,v--,,frequ5cy ,,surface--,,weight ,! solid l9e repres5ts m51 ! brok5 l9e1 wom54 ,a /udy ( ?is frequ5cy surface %[s a t5d5cy = p to be gr\p$ ab\t ! c5tral t5d5cy or av]age4 ,!re are _m p ( av]age weight or ne>ly s1 b few p :o deviate widely f ! av]age weight4 ,if we measure p ) ref]5ce to any o!r physical *>act]i/ic1 or any m5tal *>act]i/ic1 we get a simil> result1 we f9d !m gr\p$ ab\t an av]age or c5tral t5d5cy4 ,m5tal ,diff]5ces4 ,j z we diff] physically1 s also we diff] m5tally1 & 9 ! v>i\s aspects ( our behavior4 ,! accompany+ diagram 7,free ,association7 %[s ! di/ribution ( a l>ge numb] ( m5 & wom5 ) respect to ! spe$ ( _! fl[ ( ideas4 ,:5 m5 & wom5 are measur$ ) respect to any m5tal function1 a simil> di/ribution is f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,vi--,,frequ5cy ,,surface--,,free ,,association ,solid l9e1 m52 brok5 l9e1 wom54 ,! numb]s bel[ ! base repres5t ! numb] ( words writt5 9 ! ,free ,association te/1 & ! numb]s at ! left repres5t ! numb] ( p mak+ ! respective scores4 ,an int]e/+ "q is :e!r our m5tal diff]5ces h any relation or connection ) "o ano!r4 ,if "o m5tal *>act]i/ic is ( high ord]1 are all ! o!rs ( high ord] also8 ,does a good memory indicate a high ord] ( att5tion1 ( association1 ( imag9ation1 ( le>n+ capacity8 ,exp]im5ts %[ t m5tal *>act]i/ics h at lea/ "s degree ( indep5d5ce4 ,b ! rule is t !y g5]ally g toge!r1 a high ord] ( ability 9 "o m5tal function indicat+ a high ord] ( ability 9 at lea/ "s o!rs1 & a l[ ord] ( ability 9 "o function indicat+ a l[ ord] 9 o!r functions4 ,h[ev]1 x seems t abilities t are v mu* specializ$1 su* z musical ability1 arti/ic ability1 etc41 may exi/ 9 high ord] :ile o!r m5tal functions may be only m$iocre4 ,x is a common ?+ = a musical p]son to be ( r poor ability o!rwise4 ,to ! ext5t t special abilities require specializ$ diff]5ces 9 ! /ructure ( bra91 n]v\s sy/em1 or s5se organ1 !y c exi/ 9 "s degree ( indep5d5ce ( o!r functions4 ,musical ability to "s ext5t does require "s su* diff]5ces & may !re=e be f\nd ei!r ) a high or a l[ degree ( ability 9 o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,x is d\btless true t at maturity ! unequal p[] ( m5tal functions 9 ! same p]son may be p>tly due to ! fact t "o function has be5 ex]cis$ & o!rs neglect$4 ,a p]son hav+ v /rong musical t5d5cies is likely to h su* a great int]e/ 9 music t he w ?9k o!r activities are n wor? :ile1 & w consequ5tly neglect ^! o!r activities4 ,x w !re=e turn out t at maturity ! great diff]5ces 9 m5tal functions 9 su* a p]son are 9 "p due to ex]cise ( "o function & neglect ( o!rs4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t 9 _m cases !re are l>ge orig9al1 inh]it$ diff]5ces1 ! individual be+ poor 9 "o aspect ( m9d & good 9 o!rs4 ,feeble-m9d$ p are usually poor 9 all important aspects ( m9d4 ,h[ev]1 "o sometimes f9ds a feeble-m9d$ p]son hav+ musical or arti/ic ability1 & (t5 su* a p]son has a good rote memory1 sometimes a good v]bal memory4 ,h[ev]1 ! s-call$ high] m5tal functions--logical memory1 controll$ association1 & con/ructive imag9ation--are all poor 9 a feeble-m9d$ p]son4 ,ea* m5tal function may be look$ ^u z 9 "s measure indep5d5t2 ea* is f\nd exi/+ 9 p 9 v>y+ degrees f z]o ability up to :at might be call$ g5ius ability4 ,! frequ5cy curves 9 ,fig4 ,,vi %[ ?is4 ,take rote memory = example4 ,idiots are f\nd ) practically z]o ability 9 rote memory4 ,at ! o!r extreme1 we f9d ma!matical prodigies :o1 aft] wat*+ a long freight tra9 pass & not+ ! numb]s ( ! c>s1 c repeat correctly ! numb] ( ea* c>4 ,rote memory abilities c be f\nd repres5t+ e /ep betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,?is pr9ciple ( di/ribution holds true 9 ! case ( all m5tal functions4 ,we f9d p]sons practically )\t !m1 & o!rs possess+ !m 9 ! highe/ ord]1 b mo/ p are gr\p$ ab\t ! av]age ability4 ,detect+ ,m5tal ,diff]5ces4 ,x has already be5 said t m9d has _m diff]5t aspects & t p diff] ) respect to ^! aspects4 ,n[ let u ask h[ we c measure ! degree ( developm5t ( ^! aspects or functions ( m9d4 ,we measure !m j z we measur$ muscul> spe$ z describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]4 ,ea* m5tal function means ability to d some?+--to le>n1 to rememb]1 to =m images1 to reason1 etc4 ,to measure ^! diff]5t capacities or functions we h b to require t ! p]son "u consid]ation d some?+1 z le>n1 rememb]1 etc41 & measure h[ well & h[ fa/ he does x1 j z we w\ld measure h[ f> he c jump1 h[ fa/ he c run1 etc4 ,9 su* measurem5ts1 ! "q ( practice is always involv$4 ,if we measure runn+ ability1 we f9d t "s are 9 practice :ile o!rs are n4 ,^? 9 practice c run at v ne>ly _! ultimate capacity4 ,^? :o are n 9 practice c be tra9$ to run mu* fa/] ?an !y d4 ,to get a true measure ( runn+ capacity1 we %\ld practice ! p]sons to be measur$ till ea* runs up to ! limit ( 8 capacity1 & !n measure ea* "o's spe$4 ,! same ?+ is true1 to "s ext5t1 :5 we come to measure m5tal functions prop]4 ,h[ev]1 ! life t *ildr5 live gives ex]cise to all fundam5tal functions ( ! m9d1 & unless "s ( ! *ildr5 te/$ h _h exp]i5ce :i* w\ld t5d to develop "s m5tal functions 9 a special way1 te/s ( ! v>i\s aspects ( le>n+ capacity1 memory1 association1 imag9ation1 etc41 are a fairly good measure ( orig9al1 inh]it$ t5d5cies4 ,( c\rse1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !re are measurable diff]5ces 9 ! influ5ce ( environm5t on *ildr51 & :5 ^! diff]5ces are extreme1 no d\bt ! influ5ce is %[n 9 ! developm5t ( ! *ild's m9d4 ,a *ild re>$ 9 a home :]e all ! influ5ces favor its m5tal developm5t1 ought to %[ a measurable diff]5ce 9 su* developm5t :5 comp>$ ) a *ild re>$ 9 a home :]e all ! influ5ces are unfavorable4 ,x is difficult to "k to :at ext5t ?is is true1 = ! h]$it>y & environm5tal influ5ces are usually 9 h>mony1 ! *ild ( good h]$it>y /ock hav+ good environm5tal influ5ces1 & vice v]sa4 ,:5 ?is is n ! case1 i4e4 :5 a *ild ( good /ock is re>$ "u poor environm5tal influ5ces1 or :5 a *ild ( poor /ock is re>$ "u good influ5ces1 ! results seem to %[ t ! diff]5ces 9 environm5t h little effect on m5tal developm5t1 z f> z ! fundam5tal functions are conc]n$1 except 9 ! mo/ extreme cases4 ,ea* m5tal function is capable ( "s developm5t4 ,x c be br\ght up to ! limit ( its possibilities4 ,b rec5t exp]im5ts indicate t su* developm5t is n v great 9 ! case ( ! elem5t>y1 fundam5tal functions4 ,tra9+1 h[ev]1 has a mu* great] effect on complex m5tal activities t involve sev]al functions4 ,rote memory is r simple2 x _c be mu* affect$ by tra9+4 ,! memory = ideas is m complex2 x c be consid]ably affect$ by tra9+4 ,! orig9al & fundam5tal functions ( ! m9d dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* is bequea!d to u by h]$ity4 ,?is _c be mu* *ang$4 ,h[ev]1 tra9+ has consid]able effect on ! coo]d9ations & comb9ations ( m5tal functions4 ,!re=e1 ! m complex ! m5tal activities :i* we are te/+1 ! m likely !y are to h be5 affect$ by diff]5ces 9 exp]i5ce & tra9+4 ,if we %\ld designate ! logical memory capacity ( "o p]son by #aj1 & t ( ano!r by #ae1 by practice we might br+ ! fir/ up to #ae & ! second to #bba_/b1 b we c\ld n equalize !m4 ,we c\ld nev] make ! memory ( ! "o equal to t ( ! o!r4 ,9 an extreme case1 we might f9d "o *ild ^: exp]i5ce _h be5 su* t 8 logical memory 0 work+ up to ! limit ( its capacity1 :ile ! o!r _h _h little practice 9 logical memory & 0 !re=e f> bel[ 8 real capacity4 ,9 su* a case1 a te/ w\ld n %[ ! native diff]5ce1 x w\ld %[ only ! pres5t diff]5ce 9 function+ capacity4 ,fairly adequate te/s = ! mo/ important m5tal functions h be5 work$ out4 ,a s]ies ( gr\p te/s ) directions & norms foll[4 ,! memb]s ( ! class c use ^! te/s 9 /udy+ ! individual diff]5ces 9 o!r p4 ,! tea*] w f9d o!r te/s 9 ! au?or's ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 & 9 ,:ipple's ,manual ( ,m5tal & ,physical ,te/s4 ,,m5tal ,,te/s ,,g5]al ,,directions ,! results ( ! m5tal te/s 9 ! s*ool w be worse ?an useless unless ! te/s are giv5 ) ! greate/ c>e & sci5tific precision4 ,e te/ %\ld be mo/ c>efully expla9$ to ! *ildr5 s t !y w "k exactly :at !y are to d4 ,! matt] mu/ be s pres5t$ to !m t !y w put =? all possible ef=t4 ,!y mu/ take ! te/s s]i\sly4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t !re is no *eat+4 ,! "w ( ea* *ild %\ld be 8 own "w4 ,9 ^? te/s 9 :i* "t is an important elem5t1 ! "t mu/ be c>efully kept1 ) a /op wat* if "o is available4 ,! pap]s %\ld be di/ribut$ = ! te/s & turn$ face d[nw>d on ! pupil's desk4 ,! pupil1 :5 all are ready to beg91 %\ld take ! pap] 9 8 h& & at ! signal beg9 turn x ov] & beg9 "w1 & :5 ! signal /op is giv51 %\ld quit "w in/antly & turn ! pap] ov]4 ,be=e ! "w beg9s1 ! necess>y in=mation %\ld be plac$ on ea* pap]4 ,?is in=mation %\ld be ! pupil's "n1 age1 grade1 sex1 & s*ool4 ,?is %\ld be on e pap]4 ,:5 ! te/ is ov] ! pap]s %\ld be imm$iately collect$4 ,,logical ,,memory ,object4 ,! purpose ( ?is te/ is to det]m9e ! pupil's facility 9 rememb]+ & reproduc+ ideas4 ,a pupil's /&+ 9 ! te/ may s]ve z an indication ( 8 ability to rememb] ! subject matt] ( ! s*ool /udies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,vii--,,logical ,,memory ,,willie ,,jones ,me?od4 ,! proc$ure 9 ?is te/ is = ! tea*] to read sl[ly & di/9ctly ! /ory to be reproduc$4 ,imm$iately aft] ! read+ ! pupils are to write d[n all ( ! /ory t !y c recall4 ,!y mu/ n beg9 to write till aft] ! read+4 ,t5 m9utes %\ld be all[$ = ! reproduction4 ,?is is ample "t1 & ea* pupil %\ld be told to use ! :ole "t 9 work+ on 8 reproduction4 ,at ! end ( t5 m9utes1 collect ! pap]s4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ea* pupil does 8 own "w1 t !re is no copy+4 ,be=e read+ ! /ory1 ! tea*] %\ld give ! foll[+ in/ructions3 ,i %all read to y a /ory entitl$ ,willie ,jones & ,8 ,dog 7or ,a ,f>m]'s ,son1 or ,a ,co/ly ,temp]1 z ! case may be74 ,aft] ,i h read ! /ory y are to write d[n all y c rememb] ( x4 ,y are n to use ! exact words t ,i read unless y wi%4 ,y are to use y\r own words4 ,try to recall z mu* z possible & write all y recall4 ,try to get all ! details1 n m]ely ! ma9 facts4 ,mat]ial4 ,= grades ?ree1 f\r1 & five1 use ,willie ,jones & ,8 ,dog2 = grades six1 sev51 & eight1 use ,a ,f>m]'s ,son2 = ! high s*ool1 use ,a ,co/ly ,temp]4 ,! norms = ! latt] are bas$ on eigh? grade & high s*ool pupils4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,willie ,,jones ,,& ,,8 ,,dog ,willie ,jones 0 a little boy only five ye>s old4 ,he _h a dog ^: "n 0 ,bu/]4 ,bu/] 0 a l>ge dog ) long1 black1 curly hair4 ,8 =e feet & ! tip ( 8 tail 7 :ite4 ,"o day ,willie's "m s5t him to ! /ore :i* 0 only a %ort di/ance away4 ,bu/] w5t ) him1 foll[+ beh9d4 ,z ,bu/] 0 turn+ at ! corn]1 a c> /ruck him & broke "o h9d leg & hurt "o eye4 ,willie 0 v sorry & cri$ a long "t4 ,willie's fa!r came & c>ri$ ! poor dog home4 ,! brok5 leg got well 9 five weeks b ! eye t 0 hurt became bl9d4 ,a ,,f>m]',s ,,son ,w 0 a f>m]'s son :o att5d$ s*ool 9 t[n4 ,8 clo!s 7 poor & 8 boots (t5 smell$ ( ! f>my>d al?\gh he took great c>e ( !m4 ,s9ce ,w _h n gone to s*ool z mu* z 8 classmates1 he 0 (t5 at a disadvantage1 al?\gh 8 m9d 0 z good z !irs1-- 9 fact1 he 0 bright] ?an mo/ ( !m4 ,james1 ! wit ( ! class1 nev] lo/ an opportunity to ridicule ,w's mi/akes1 8 bright r$ hair1 & 8 pat*$ clo!s4 ,w took ! ridicule 9 good "p & nev] lo/ 8 temp]4 ,"o ,saturday z ,w 0 driv+ 8 c[s to pa/ure1 he met ,james teas+ a "y *ild1 a cripple4 ,w's indignation 0 ar\s$ by ! sight4 ,he ask$ ! bully to /op1 b :5 he w\ld n1 ,w p\nc$ ^u him & gave him a good beat+1 & he w\ld n let ,james g until he promis$ n to tease ! crippl$ *ild aga94 ,a ,,co/ly ,,temp] ,a man nam$ ,john ,murdock _h a s]vant :o worri$ him mu* by 8 /upidity4 ,"o day :5 ?is s]vant 0 m /upid ?an usual1 ! angry ma/] ( ! h\se ?rew a book at 8 head4 ,! s]vant duck$ & ! book flew out ( ! w9d[4 ,n[ g & pick t book up6 ord]$ ! ma/]4 ,! s]vant />t$ to obey1 b a pass]by _h sav$ him ! tr\ble1 & _h walk$ (f ) ! book4 ,! sci5ti/ !reupon began to wond] :at book he _h ?r[n away1 & to 8 horror1 discov]$ t x 0 a qua9t & r>e little volume ( poems1 :i* he _h pur*as$ 9 ,london = fifty doll>s4 ,b 8 tr\bles 7 n ov]4 ,! weeks w5t by & ! man _h almo/ =gott5 8 loss1 :51 /roll+ into a secondh& book%op1 he saw1 to 8 great delight1 a copy ( ! book he _h lo/4 ,he ask$ ! price4 ,well1 said ! deal]1 reflectively1 ,i guess we c let y h x = =ty doll>s4 ,x is a v r>e book1 & ,i am sure t ,i c\ld get sev5ty-five doll>s = x by hold+ on a :ile4 ,! man ( sci5ce pull$ out 8 purse & produc$ ! money1 delight$ at ! opportunity ( replac+ 8 lo/ treasure4 ,:5 he rea*$ home1 a c>d dropp$ out ( ! leaves4 ,! c>d 0 8 own1 & fur!r exam9ation %[$ t he _h b\ght back 8 own prop]ty4 ,=ty doll>s' wor? ( temp]1 exclaim$ ! man4 ,i ?9k ,i %all m5d my ways4 ,8 disposition aft]w>d became s good t ! s]vant became worri$1 ?9k+ ! man mu/ be ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,viii--,,logical ,,memory--,a ,,f>m]',s ,,son ,! ,results4 ,! mat]ial = ! te/ is divid$ into units z indicat$ by ! v]tical l9es4 ,! pupil's writt5 reproduction %\ld be comp>$ unit by unit ) ! /ory z pr9t$1 & giv5 "o cr$it = ea* unit adequately reproduc$4 ,! norms = ! ?ree te/s are %[n 9 ! accompany+ ,figures ,,vii1 ,,viii1 & ,,ix4 ,9 ^! & all ! graphs :i* foll[1 ! actual ages are %[n 9 ! fir/ horizontal column4 ,! norms = girls appe> 9 ! second horizontal column1 ! norms = boys 9 ! column at ! bottom4 ,by ! norm = an age is meant ! av]age p]=mance ( all ! pupils ( t age exam9$4 ,age t5 applies to ^? pupils :o h pass$ _! t5? bir?day & h n rea*$ _! elev5? bir?day1 & ! o!r ages are to be simil>ly int]pret$4 ,! v]tical l9es 9 ! graphs indicate bir?days & ! scores writt5 on ^! l9es indicate ability at ^! exact ages4 ,! column m>k$ t51 = example1 includes all ! *ildr5 t are ov] t5 & n yet elev54 ,! graphs %[ ! developm5t f age to age4 ,9 g5]al1 x w be notic$1 !re is an improvem5t ( memory ) age1 b 9 ! high s*ool1 9 ! ,co/ly ,temp] te/1 !re is a decl9e4 ,?is may n indicate a real decl9e 9 ability to rememb] ideas1 b a *ange 9 attitude4 ,! high s*ool pupil probably acquires a habit ( rememb]+ only significant facts4 ,8 memory is selective1 :ile 9 ! e>li] ages1 ! memory may be m p>rot-l1 "o idea be+ reproduc$ ) ab\t z mu* fidelity z ano!r4 ,?is /atem5t is made n z a fact1 b z a probable explanation4 ,,rote ,,memory ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,ix--,,logical ,,memory--,a ,,co/ly ,,temp] ,object4 ,! object ( ! rote memory te/s is to det]m9e ! pupil's memory span = unrelat$ impressions--words t h no logical relations ) "o ano!r4 ,mu* s*ool "w makes dem&s ^u ?is ability4 ,!re=e1 ! te/s are ( importance4 ,me?od4 ,!re are two li/s ( words1 concrete & ab/ract1 ) six gr\ps 9 ea* li/4 ,! li/ ( concrete words %\ld be giv5 fir/1 !n ! ab/ract4 ,! proc$ure is to pron\nce ! fir/ gr\p1 cat1 tree1 coat1 & !n pause = ! pupils to write ^! ?ree words4 ,!n pron\nce ! next gr\p1 mule1 bird1 c>t1 glass1 & pause = ! reproduction1 & s on ?r\gh ! li/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,x--,,concrete ,,rote ,,memory ,give ! foll[+ in/ructions3 ,we wi% to see h[ well y c rememb] words4 ,i %all pron\nce fir/ a gr\p ( ?ree words4 ,aft] ,i h pron\nc$ !m1 y are to write !m d[n4 ,i %all !n pron\nce a gr\p ( f\r words1 !n "o ( five words1 & s cont9ue ) a long] gr\p ea* "t4 ,y mu/ pay v close att5tion = ,i %all pron\nce a gr\p b once4 ,y are n requir$ to write ! words 9 _! ord]1 b j z y recall !m4 ,mat]ial4 ,! words = ! te/ are giv5 9 ! foll[+ li/s3 ,concrete ,ab/ract #a4 cat1 tree1 coat #a4 good1 black1 fa/ #b4 mule1 bird1 c>t1 glass #b4 clean1 tall1 r\nd1 hot #c4 />1 horse1 dress1 f5ce1 man #c4 long1 wet1 fi]ce1 :ite1 cold #d4 fi%1 sun1 head1 door1 %oe1 #d4 deep1 s(t1 quick1 d>k1 great1 block dead #e4 tra91 mill1 box1 desk1 oil1 #e4 sad1 /rong1 h>d1 bright1 pup1 bill f9e1 glad1 pla9 #f4 floor1 c>1 pipe1 bridge1 h&1 #f4 %>p1 late1 s\r1 wide1 r\gh1 dirt1 c[1 crank ?ick1 r$1 tight ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,xi--,,ab/ract ,,rote ,,memory ,results4 ,! pap]s are grad$ by det]m9+ ! numb] ( concrete words & ! numb] ( ab/ract words t are reproduc$4 ,no acc\nt is tak5 ( :e!r ! words are 9 ! "r position or n4 ,a p]fect score 9 ea* te/ w\ld !re=e be ?irty-?ree4 ,! norms are %[n 9 ,figures ,x & ,,xi4 ,,! ,,sub/itution ,,te/ ,object4 ,?is te/ det]m9es "o's ability to build up new associations4 ,x is a te/ ( quickness ( le>n+4 ,me?od4 ,! sub/itution te/-%eets are di/ribut$ to ! pupils & turn$ face d[n on ! desks4 ,! tea*] gives ! foll[+ in/ructions3 ,we wi% to see h[ fa/ y c le>n4 ,at ! top ( ! %eet :i* has be5 di/ribut$ to y !re is a key4 ,9 n9e circles are writt5 ! n9e digits & = ea* digit !re is writt5 a lett] :i* is to be us$ in/ead ( ! digit4 ,bel[ ! key are two columns ( numb]s2 ea* numb] conta9s five digits4 ,9 ! five squ>es :i* foll[ ! numb] y are to write ! lett]s :i* correspond to ! digits4 ,"w z fa/ z y c & fill z _m ( ! squ>es z y c )\t mak+ mi/akes4 ,:5 ,i say /op1 quit "w in/antly & turn ! pap] ov]4 ,be=e beg9n+ ! te/ ! tea*] %\ld expla9 on ! blackbo>d ! exact nature ( ! te/4 ,?is c be done by us+ o!r lett]s in/ead ( ^? us$ 9 ! key4 ,make sure t ! pupils und]/& :at !y are to d4 ,all[ eight m9utes 9 grades ?ree1 f\r1 & five1 & five m9utes above ! fif? grade4 ,mat]ial4 ,= mat]ial1 use ! sub/itution te/-%eets4 ,?is & ! o!r te/ mat]ial c be obta9$ f ! ,univ]sity ( ,miss\ri1 ,ext5sion ,division4 ,results4 ,9 grad+ ! "w1 c\nt ea* squ>e correctly fill$ 9 z "o po9t1 & r$uce ! score to spe$ p] m9ute by divid+ by eight 9 grades ?ree1 f\r1 & five1 & by five 9 ! grades above4 ,! norms are %[n 9 ,figure ,,xii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,xii--,,sub/itution ,,te/ ,,free ,,association ,object4 ,?is te/ det]m9es ! spe$ ( ! free fl[ ( ideas4 ,! result ( ! te/ is a crit]ion ( ! quickness ( ! fl[ ( ideas :5 no re/riction or limitation is put on ?is fl[4 ,me?od4 ,! proc$ure 9 ?is te/ is to give ! pupils a ^w1 & tell !m to write ?is ^w d[n & all ! o!r words t come into _! m9ds4 ,make x cle> to !m t !y are to write :atev] ^w comes to m9d1 :e!r x has any relation to ! ^w t is giv5 !m or n4 ,/>t !m ) ! ^w cl\d4 ,give ! foll[+ in/ructions3 ,i wi% to see h[ _m words y c ?9k ( & write d[n 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,i %all "n a ^w1 y may write x d[n & !n all ! o!r words t come into y\r m9ds4 ,d n write s5t5ces1 m]ely ! words t come into y\r m9ds4 ,"w z fa/ z y c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,xiii--,,free ,,association ,,te/ ,results4 ,score ! "w by c\nt+ ! numb] ( words t h be5 writt54 ,! norms are %[n 9 ,figure ,,xiii4 ,,opposites ,object4 ,?is is a te/ ( controll$ association4 ,x te/s "o aspect ( ! association ( ideas4 ,all ?9k+ is a matt] ( association ( ideas4 ,reason+ is controll$ association4 ,! te/ may !re=e be tak5 z a measure ( spe$ 9 reason+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,xiv--,,opposites ,,te/--,,li/s ,i ,,& ,,ii ,me?od4 ,di/ribute ! li/s ( opposites to ! pupils & turn !m face d[n on ! desks4 ,use ,li/ ,"o 9 grades ?ree1 f\r1 & five1 & ,li/ ,two 9 grades above4 ,all[ two m9utes 9 grades ?ree1 f\r1 & five & "o m9ute 9 grades above4 ,give ! foll[+ in/ructions3 ,on ! %eets t h be5 di/ribut$ to y are fifty words4 ,aft] ea* ^w y are to write a ^w t has ! opposite mean+4 ,= example1 if "o ^w 7 f>1 y c\ld write ne>4 ,"w z fa/ z y c1 & :5 ,i say /op quit "w in/antly & turn y\r pap] ov]4 ,results4 ,! score is ! numb] ( opposites correctly writt54 ,! norms are %[n 9 ,figure ,,xiv4 ,,opposites--,,li/ ,,no4 #a #a4 good #ah4 up #ce4 be=e #b4 big #ai4 ?ick #cf4 w9t] #c4 ri* #bj4 quick #cg4 ripe #d4 out #ba4 pretty #ch4 night #e4 sick #bb4 heavy #ci4 op5 #f4 hot #bc4 late #dj4 fir/ #g4 long #bd4 wrong #da4 ov] #h4 wet #be4 smoo? #db4 love #i4 yes #bf4 /rong #dc4 come #aj4 high #bg4 d>k #dd4 ea/ #aa4 h>d #bh4 dead #de4 top #ab4 sweet #bi4 wide #df4 wise #ac4 clean #cj4 empty #dg4 front #ad4 %>p #ca4 above #dh4 girl #ae4 fa/ #cb4 nor? #di4 sad #af4 black #cc4 laugh #ej4 fat #ag4 old #cd4 man ,,opposites--,,li/ ,,no4 #b #a4 /rong #ah4 /range #ce4 f9e #b4 deep #ai4 wrong #cf4 pla9 #c4 lazy #bj4 quickly #cg4 %>p #d4 seldom #ba4 black #ch4 late #e4 ?9 #bb4 good #ci4 s\r #f4 s(t #bc4 fa/ #dj4 wide #g4 _m #bd4 clean #da4 drunk #h4 valuable #be4 tall #db4 tight #i4 gloomy #bf4 hot #dc4 empty #aj4 rude #bg4 long #dd4 sick #aa4 d>k #bh4 wet #de4 fri5d #ab4 r\gh #bi4 fi]ce #df4 above #ac4 pretty #cj4 great #dg4 l\d #ad4 high #ca4 dead #dh4 w> #ae4 fooli% #cb4 cl\dy #di4 9 #af4 pres5t #cc4 h>d #ej4 yes #ag4 glad #cd4 bright ,,! ,,^w-,,build+ ,,te/ ,object4 ,?is is a te/ ( a c]ta9 type ( inv5tiv5ess1 namely l+ui/ic inv5tion4 ,specifically1 x te/s ! pupil's ability to con/ruct words us+ c]ta9 prescrib$ lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,xv--,,^w-,,build+ ,,te/ ,me?od4 ,! pupils are giv5 ! lett]s1 a1 e1 o1 m1 n1 r1 & told to make z _m words z possible us+ only ^! lett]s4 ,give ! foll[+ in/ructions3 ,i wi% to see h[ _m words y c make 9 five m9utes1 us+ only ! lett]s :i* ,i give y4 ,! words mu/ be real ,engli% words4 ,y mu/ use only ! lett]s :i* ,i give y & mu/ n use ! same lett] m ?an once 9 ! same ^w4 ,y d n1 ( c\rse1 h to use all ! lett]s 9 ! same ^w4 ,a ^w may conta9 "o or m lett]s up to six4 ,mat]ial4 ,! pupils ne$ only %eets ( blank pap]4 ,results4 ,! score is ! numb] ( words t d n violate ! rules ( ! te/ z giv5 9 ! in/ructions4 ,! norms are %[n 9 ,figure ,,xv4 ,,! ,,completion ,,te/ ,object4 ,?is is1 to "s ext5t1 a te/ ( reason+ capacity4 ,( c\rse1 x is only "o p>ticul> aspect ( reason+4 ,! pupil is giv5 a /ory t has c]ta9 words omitt$4 ,he mu/ read ! /ory1 see :at x is try+ to say1 & det]m9e :at words1 put into ! blanks1 w make ! correct s5se4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w writt5 9 a p>ticul> blank mu/ n only make ! s5t5ce read s5sibly b mu/ fit into ! /ory z a :ole4 ,fill+ 9 ! blanks 9 ?is way dem&s consid]able ?\ght4 ,me?od4 ,di/ribute ! te/-%eets & turn !m face d[n on ! desks4 ,all[ t5 m9utes 9 all ! te/s4 ,give ! foll[+ in/ructions3 ,on ! %eets :i* h be5 di/ribut$ is pr9t$ a /ory :i* has c]ta9 words omitt$4 ,y are to put 9 ! blanks ! words t are omitt$4 ,! words :i* y write 9 mu/ give ! prop] mean+ s t ! /ory reads correctly4 ,ea* ^w fill$ 9 mu/ n only give ! prop] mean+ to ! s5t5ce b to ! /ory z a :ole4 ,mat]ial4 ,use ! completion te/-%eets1 ,joe & ! ,f\r? ( ,july1 = grades ?ree1 f\r1 & five2 ,! ,tr\t = grades1 six1 sev51 & eight2 & ,dr4 ,goldsmi?'s ,m$ic9e = ! high s*ool4 ,results4 ,9 scor+ ! pap]s1 all[ "o cr$it = ea* blank correctly fill$4 ,! norms are %[n 9 ,figures ,,xvi1 ,,xvii1 & ,,xviii4 ,x w be notic$ t ! boys excel 9 ! ,tr\t /ory4 ,?is is d\btless because ! /ory is bett] suit$ to !m on ! gr\nd ( _! exp]i5ce & int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,xvi--,,completion ,,te/--,,joe ,,& ,,! ,,f\r? ,,( ,,july 99 99 99 99 99 ,,joe ,,& ,,! ,,f\r? ,,( ,,july ,joe ran#f err&s = 8 "m & took c>e ( ! baby until by ! ,f\r? ( ,july 8 p5ny grew to be a dime4 ,! day be=e ! ,f\r?1 he w5t d[n t[n all by himself to get 8 fire works4 ,!re 7 s _m k9ds he h>dly knew :i* to buy4 ,! cl]k knew t x takes a long "t to decide1 = he _h be5 a boy himself n v long ago4 ,s he help$ ,joe to select ! v be/ k9ds4 ,:5 are y go+ to fire !m (f8 ask$ ! cl]k4 ,i w fire !m v e>ly to-morr[1 said ! boy4 ,s t night ,joe set ! al>m clock1 & ! next morn+ got up e>ly to fire 8 firecrack]s4 #f ,! italiciz$ words & lett]s are left blank 9 ! te/ %eets4 ,,! ,,tr\t ,! tr\t is a f9e fi%4 ,once a big tr\t liv$ 9 a pool close by a spr+4 ,he us$ to /ay "u ! bank ) only 8 head %[+4 ,8 wide-op5 eyes %one l jewels4 ,i tri$ to cat* him4 ,i w\ld creep up to ! edge ( ! pool :]e ,i c\ld see 8 bright eyes look+ up4 ,i caught a gras%opp] & ?rew x ov] to him4 ,!n !re 0 a spla% 9 ! wat] & ! gras%opp] 0 gone4 ,i did ?is two or ?ree times4 ,ea* "t ,i saw ! ru% & spla% & saw ! bait _h be5 tak54 ,s ,i put ! same bait on my hook & ?rew x ov] into ! wat]4 ,b all 0 sil5t4 ,! fi% 0 an old "o & _h gr[n v wise4 ,i did ?is day aft] day ) ! same luck4 ,! tr\t knew !re 0 a hook hidd5 9 ! bait4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,xvii--,,completion ,,te/--,,! ,,tr\t ,,doctor ,,goldsmi?',s ,,m$ic9e ,?is is a /ory ( good m$ic9e4 ,mo/ m$ic9e is bad to take1 b ?is 0 s good t ! sick man wi%$ = m4 ,"o day a poor woman w5t to ,doctor ,goldsmi? & ask$ him to g to see h] sick husb&4 ,he is v sick1 %e said1 & ,i c n get him to eat any?+4 ,s ,doctor ,goldsmi? w5t to see him4 ,! doctor saw at once t ! reason :y ! man c\ld n eat 0 because he 0 s poor t he _h n be5 able to buy good food4 ,!n he said to ! woman1 ,come to my h\se ?is ev5+ & ,i w give y "s m$ic9e = y\r husb&4 ,! woman w5t 9 ! ev5+ & ! doctor gave h] a small pap] box ti$ up tight4 ,x is v heavy1 %e said4 ,may ,i see :at x looks l8 ,no1 said ! doctor1 wait until y get home4 ,:5 %e got home1 & %e & h] husb& op5$ ! box s t he c\ld take ! fir/ dose ( m$ic9e1--:at d y ?9k !y saw8 ,! box 0 fill$ ) silv] money4 ,?is 0 ! good doctor's m$ic9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,importance ( ,m5tal ,diff]5ces4 7#a7 ,9 s*ool "w4 ,"o ( ! important results t come f a k ( ! m5tal diff]5ces 9 *ildr5 is t we are able to classify !m bett]4 ,:5 a *ild ent]s s*ool he %\ld be all[$ to proce$ ?r\gh ! c\rse z fa/ z 8 developm5t w>rants4 ,"s *ildr5 c d an eight-ye> c\rse 9 six ye>s2 o!rs require t5 ye>s2 /ill o!rs c nev] d x4 ,! great majority1 ( c\rse1 c d x 9 eight ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,xviii--,,completion ,,te/--,,dr4 ,,goldsmi?',s ,,m$ic9e ,norms = adults1 z obta9$ f univ]sity /ud5ts1 are3 ,,te/ ,,m5 ,,wom5 ,sub/itution ,te/ #bi4a #cb4b ,rote ,memory1 ,concrete #bh4e #bh4f ,rote ,memory1 ,ab/ract #bh4d #bg4i ,free ,association #ea4e #di4c ,completion1 ,dr4 ,goldsmi?'s ,m$ic9e #dh4a #di4j ,^w ,build+ #bj4e #bj4a ,logical ,memory1 ,co/ly ,temp] #fd4j #fi4f ,illu/ration3 ,,figure ,,xix--,,frequ5cy ,,surfaces--,,comp>+ ,,f\r? ,,grade ,,) ,,high ,,s*ool ,! numb]s along ! base repres5t m5tal age2 ^? at ! left1 ! numb] ( pupils ( ! respective ages4 ,x may be ?\ght t a *ild's success 9 s*ool bran*es is a suffici5t measure ( 8 ability & t no special m5tal measurem5ts are ne$$4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,_m factors contribute to success 9 s*ool "w4 ,ability is only "o ( ^! factors1 & %\ld be specially & indep5d5tly det]m9$ by suitable te/s4 ,*ildr5 may fail 9 s*ool bran*es because ( be+ poorly />t$ or />t$ at ! wrong "t1 because ( poor tea*+1 sickness1 mov+ f "o s*ool to ano!r1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 *ildr5 ( poor ability may succe$ at s*ool because ( mu* help at home4 ,!re=e special m5tal te/s w help 9 det]m9+ to :at ext5t orig9al m5tal ability is a factor 9 ! success or failure ( ! diff]5t pupils4 ,z f> z possible1 ! *ildr5 ( ! same grade %\ld h ab\t ! same ability2 b su* is seldom ! case4 ,9 a rec5t psy*ological /udy ( a s*ool sy/em1 ! au?or f\nd wide diff]5ces 9 ability 9 ! same grade4 ,! di/ribution ( abilities f\nd 9 ! f\r? grade & 9 ! high s*ool are %[n 9 ,figure ,,xix4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ! f\r? grade pupils are f\nd ) ability equal to t ( "s 9 ! high s*ool4 ,( c\rse to "s ext5t su* a condition is unavoidable1 = a pupil mu/ e/abli% c]ta9 habits & acquire c]ta9 k be=e pass+ f "o grade to ano!r4 ,h[ev]1 mu* ( ! wide v>iation 9 ability n[ f\nd 9 ! same grade ( a s*ool c\ld be avoid$ if ! tea*] _h accurate k ( ! pupils' abilities4 ,:5 a tea*] le>ns t a *ild :o is do+ poorly 9 s*ool really has ability1 %e is (t5 able to get f t pupil ! "w ( :i* he is capable4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ by exp]i5ce t accurate measures ( *ildr5's abilities are a great help 9 gradation & classification4 ,a k ( m5tal diff]5ces is also an aid 9 ! actual tea*+ ( ! *ildr54 ,! in/ance m5tion$ at ! close ( ! la/ p>agraph is an example4 ,a k ( ! diff]5ces among ! m5tal functions ( ! same pupil is especially helpful4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! diff]5t m5tal functions 9 ! same pupil are sometimes unequally develop$4 ,sometimes consid]able diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! same pupil ) respect to le>n+ capacity1 ! diff]5t aspects ( memory1 association1 imag9ation1 & att5tion4 ,:5 a tea*] kn[s ( ^! diff]5ces1 %e c bett] direct ! "w ( ! pupils4 ,= example1 if a pupil h a v poor memory1 ! tea*] c help him by aid+ him to secure ! advantage t comes f close & conc5trat$ att5tion1 frequ5t repetitions1 logical organization1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %e c help ! brilliant /ud5t by prev5t+ him f be+ satisfi$ ) ha/ily secur$1 sup]ficial k1 & by enc\rag+ him to make prop] use ( 8 unusual p[]s 9 go+ deep] & m ext5sively into ! s*ool subjects ?an is possible = ! ord9>y /ud5t4 ,9 _m ways a tea*] c be helpful to h] pupils if %e has an accurate k ( _! m5tal abilities4 7#b7 ,9 life occupations4 ,extreme v>iations 9 ability %\ld c]ta9ly be consid]$ 9 *oos+ "o's life "w4 ,only p]sons ( ! highe/ ability %\ld g into sci5ce1 law1 m$ic9e1 or tea*+4 ,_m occupations dem& special k9ds ( ability1 special types ( reaction1 ( att5tion1 imag9ation1 etc4 ,= example1 ! op]ation ( a telephone ex*ange dem&s a p]son ( quick & /eady reaction4 ,! "w ( a motorman on a /reet c> dem&s a p]son hav+ ! broad type ( att5tion1 ! type ( att5tion t enables "o to keep 9 m9d _m details at ! same "t4 ,sci5tific "w dem&s ! type ( conc5trat$ att5tion4 ,z f> z x is possible1 occupations dem&+ special types ( ability %\ld be fill$ by p possess+ ^! abilities4 ,x is be/ = all conc]n$ if ea* p]son is do+ :at he c d be/4 ,x is true t _m occupations d n call = special types ( ability4 ,& !re=e1 z f> z ability is conc]n$1 a p]son c\ld d z well 9 "o ( ^! occupations z 9 ano!r4 ,! "t w sometime come :5 we %all "k ! special abilities dem&$ by ! diff]5t occupations & pr(essions1 & by suitable te/s %all be able to det]m9e :at p possess ! requir$ qualifications4 ,! s*ools %\ld always be on ! look\t = unusual ability4 ,*ildr5 t are f> sup]ior to o!rs ( ! same age %\ld be all[$ to advance z fa/ z _! sup]ior ability makes possible1 & %\ld be held up to a high ord] ( "w4 ,su* sup]ior p %\ld be1 z f> z possible1 9 ! same classes1 s t !y c ! m easily be giv5 ! k9d & am\nt ( "w t !y ne$4 ,! s*ools %\ld f9d ! *ildr5 ( unusual special ability1 su* z ability 9 draw+1 pa9t+1 s++1 play+ musical in/rum5ts1 me*anical inv5tion1 etc4 ,"s provision %\ld be made = ! prop] developm5t & tra9+ ( ^! unusual abilities4 ,society _c af=d to lose any sp>k ( g5ius :]ev] f\nd4 ,moreov]1 ! individual w be happi] if develop$ & tra9$ along ! l9e ( 8 special ability4 ,subnormal ,*ildr54 ,a small p]c5tage ( *ildr5 are ( su* l[ m5tality t !y _c d ! ord9>y s*ool "w4 ,z soon z su* *ildr5 c be pick$ out ) c]ta9ty1 !y %\ld be tak5 out ( ! regul> classes & put into special classes4 ,x is a mi/ake to try to get !m to d ! regul> s*ool "w4 ,!y _c d x1 & !y only wa/e ! tea*]'s "t & usually give h] mu* tr\ble4 ,besides1 !y wa/e _! own "t2 = :ile !y _c d ! ord9>y s*ool "w1 !y c d o!r ?+s1 p]haps "w ( a manual nature4 ,! education ( su* p %\ld1 !re=e1 be 9 ! direction ( simple manual occupations4 ,= detect+ su* *ildr51 9 addition to ! te/s giv5 above1 elaborate te/s = individual exam9ation h be5 devis$4 ,! mo/ widely us$ is a s]ies kn[n z ! ,b9et-,simon te/s4 ,a special gr\p ( te/s is provid$ = ! *ildr5 ( ea* age4 ,if a *ild c pass ! te/s = 8 age1 he is consid]$ normal4 ,if he c pass only ! te/s ?ree ye>s or m bel[ 8 age1 he is usually consid]$ subnormal4 ,b a *ild's fate %\ld n dep5d solely ^u any numb] or any k9d ( te/s4 ,we %\ld always give ! *ild a trial & see :at he is able to a*ieve4 ,?is trial %\ld cov] z _m mon?s or ye>s z are necess>y to det]m9e beyond d\bt ! *ild's m5tal /atus4 ,,summ>y4 ,j z we diff] 9 ! v>i\s aspects ( body1 s also we diff] 9 ! v>i\s aspects ( m9d4 ,^! diff]5ces c be measur$ by te/s4 ,a k ( ^! diff]5ces %\ld aid u 9 grad+1 classify+1 & tea*+ *ildr51 z well z 9 ! selection ( occupation & pr(essions = !m4 ,m5tal traits h "s degree ( indep5d5ce2 z a result a high degree ( "o trait may be f\nd ) l[ degree ( "s o!rs4 ,,class ,,ex]cises #a4 ,_m ( ! te/s & exp]im5ts already describ$ %\ld h %[n _m ( ! individual diff]5ces ( ! memb]s ( ! class4 ,! tea*] w f9d 9 ! au?or's ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr5 a s]ies ( gr\p te/s ) norms :i* c be us$ = a fur!r /udy ( individual diff]5ces4 #b4 ,! tapp+ exp]im5t describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] c n[ be repeat$ & ! results tak5 z a measure ( reaction "t4 #c4 ,y %\ld n[ h available ! records ( all ! te/s & exp]im5ts s f> giv5 t %[ individual diff]5ces4 ,make out a table %[+ ! rank ( ea* /ud5t 9 ! v>i\s te/s4 ,compute ! av]age rank ( ea* /ud5t = all ! te/s4 ,?is av]age rank may be tak5 z a measure ( ! intellig5ce ( ! /ud5ts1 z f> z su* c be det]m9$ by ! te/s us$4 ,correlate ?is rank+ ) /&+ 9 ! high s*ool classes4 ,x w give a positive correlation1 n p]fect1 h[ev]4 ,:y n8 ,if y\r measures ( intellig5ce 7 absolutely correct1 y /ill w\ld n get a p]fect correlation ) high s*ool /&+4 ,:y n8 #d4 ,if y _h a correct measure ( intellig5ce ( #ajj mature p 9 y\r city1 select$ at r&om1 w\ld ?is measure give y an exact measure ( _! success 9 life8 ,give ! reason = y\r answ]4 #e4 ,( all ! te/s & exp]im5ts previ\sly describ$ 9 ?is book1 :i* gives ! be/ indication ( success 9 high s*ool8 #f4 ,if ! class 9 psy*ology is a l>ge "o1 a graph %\ld be prep>$ %[+ ! di/ribution ( abilities 9 ! class4 ,= ?is purpose1 y w h to use ! absolute measures in/ead ( ranks4 ,f9d ! av]age = ea* te/ us$4 ,make ^! av]ages all ! same by multiply+ ! l[ ones & divid+ ! high ones4 ,!n all ! grades ( ea* /ud5t c be add$4 ,?is w give ea* te/ ! same weight 9 ! av]age4 ,! use ( a slide rule w make ?is transf]5ce to a new av]age v easy4 ,a m accurate me?od = ?is computation is describ$ 9 ! au?or's ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr51 p4 #fe4 ,! /ud5ts %\ld make a /udy ( individual diff]5ces & ! di/ribution ( ability 9 "s grade bel[ ! high s*ool4 ,! te/s describ$ 9 ?is *apt] c be us$ = t purpose4 #g4 ,is x a good ?+ = high s*ool /ud5ts to f9d out h[ !y comp>e ) o!rs 9 _! v>i\s m5tal functions8 ,if y h poor ability1 is x a good ?+ = y to f9d x out8 ,if ! tea*] & /ud5ts ?9k be/1 ! results ( all ! v>i\s te/s ne$ n be made kn[n except to ! p]sons conc]n$4 ,! data c be us$ 9 ! v>i\s computations )\t ! /ud5ts' kn[+ ^: measures !y are4 #h4 ,to :at ext5t is ability a factor 9 life8 ,y f9d p ( only ord9>y ability succe$+ & brilliant p fail+4 ,:y is ?is8 #i4 ,none ( ! te/s s f> us$ measures ideals or p]sev]ance & p]si/5ce4 ,^! are important factors 9 life1 & !re is no v adequate measure = any ( !m4 ,! /ud5ts might plan "s exp]im5ts to te/ physical & m5tal p]si/5ce & endurance4 ,! tapp+ exp]im5t1 = example1 might be cont9u$ = an h\r & ! records kept = ea* m9ute4 ,!n f ^! records a graph c\ld be plott$ %[+ ! c\rse ( effici5cy = ! h\r4 ,m5tal add+ or multiply+ might be kept up cont9u\sly = sev]al h\rs & ! results /udi$ z above4 #aj4 ,we h said t ideals & p]si/5ce are important factors 9 life4 ,are !y inh]it$ or acquir$8 #aa4 ,d y f9d x to be ! rule or ! exception = a p]son /&+ high 9 "o m5tal function to /& high 9 ! o!rs also8 #ab4 ,make a complete outl9e ( ! *apt]4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g3 ,psy*ology1 ,g5]al & ,appli$4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,pyle3 ,! ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr54 ,,pyle3 ,! ,outl9es ( ,educational ,psy*ology4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,tit*5]3 ,a ,beg9n]'s ,psy*ology1 pp4 #cji-caa4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,appli$ ,,psy*ology ,! ,g5]al ,field4 ,psy*ology has n[ rea*$ t /age 9 its developm5t :]e x c be ( use to humanity4 ,x c be ( use 9 ^? fields :i* dem& a k ( human nature4 ,z indicat$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ^! fields are education1 m$ic9e1 law1 bus9ess1 & indu/ry4 ,we may add ano!r :i* has be5 call$ culture4 ,we _c say t psy*ology is able yet to be ( v great s]vice except to education1 law1 & m$ic9e4 ,x has be5 ( less s]vice to ! field ( bus9ess & indu/ry1 b 9 ! future1 its contribution "h w be z great z 9 ! o!r fields4 ,:ile ! s]vice ( psy*ology 9 ! v>i\s fields is n yet great1 :at x w ev5tually be able to d is v cle>4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is *apt] to indicate briefly1 ! nature & possibilities ( ?is psy*ological s]vice4 ,education4 ,?r\gh\t ! prec$+ *apt]s1 we h emphasiz$ ! educational importance ( ! facts discuss$4 ,!re is little left to say "h except to summ>ize ! ma9 facts4 ,s9ce education is a matt] ( mak+ a *ild ov] into :at he ought to be1 ! sci5ce ( education dem&s a k ( ! orig9al nature ( *ildr54 ,?is means t "o mu/ "k ! nature ( in/9cts1 _! relations to "o ano!r1 _! ord] ( developm5t1 & ! possibilities ( _! be+ *ang$1 modifi$1 develop$1 suppress$4 ,x means t "o mu/ "k ! nature ( ! *ild's m9d 9 all its v>i\s functions1 ! developm5t & significance ( ^! functions1--memory1 association1 imag9ation1 & att5tion4 ,! sci5ce especially dem&s t we und]/& ! pr9ciples ( habit-=mation1 ! laws ( economical le>n+1 & ! laws ( memory4 ,?is psy*ological k mu/ =m ! gr\nd-"w 9 ! education ( tea*]s = _! pr(ession4 ,9 addition to ?is g5]al prep>ation ( ! tea*]1 psy*ology w r5d] ! s*ools a great s]vice ?r\gh ! psy*o-cl9ici/1 :o w be a psy*ological exp]t work+ "u ! sup]9t5d5ts ( our s*ool sy/ems4 ,8 duty w be to sup]vise ! "w ( m5tal te/+1 ! "w ( diagnosis = feeble-m9d$ness & selection ( ! subnormal *ildr51 ! tea*+ ( su* *ildr54 ,he w give advice 9 all cases :i* dem& exp]t psy*ological k4 ,m$ic9e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is a dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e :i* deals ) n]v\s diseases1 su* z insanity1 d\ble p]sonality1 sev]e n]v\s %ock1 halluc9ation1 etc4 ,?is entire aspect ( m$ic9e is :olly psy*ological4 ,b psy*ology c be ( s]vice to ! g5]al practition] bo? 9 ! diagnosis & treatm5t ( disease4 ,a ?or\gh psy*ological k ( human nature w assi/ a physician 9 diagnosis4 ,(t5 ! be/ way to f9d out :at ails a pati5t's body is ?r\gh ! pati5t's m9d1 & ! doctor mu/ "k h[ to get ! tru? f ! pati5t's m9d ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! pati5t is actually try+ to conceal ! tru?4 ,a pr(\nd practical k ( human nature is necess>y1--a k :i* c be obta9$ only by long & c>eful te*nical /udy z well z practice & exp]i5ce4 ,psy*ology c be ( s]vice 9 ! treatm5t ( disease4 ,! physician mu/ und]/& ! peculi> m5tal *>act]i/ics ( 8 pati5t 9 ord] to "k h[ to deal ) him4 ,9 "s cases1 hypnotism is a valuable aid 9 treatm5t1 & 9 _m cases1 ord9>y normal sugge/ion c be ( consid]able s]vice4 ,! /ate ( m9d ( a sick p]son has mu* to d ) 8 recov]y4 ,! physician mu/ "k ?is & mu/ "k h[ to induce ! desir$ /ate ( m9d4 ,inde$1 a pati5t's tr\ble is (t5 imag9>y1 exi/s 9 ! m9d only2 9 su* cases1 ! treatm5t %\ld be :olly m5tal1 i4e4 ?r\gh sugge/ion4 ,( c\rse1 ! be/ physicians "k ^! facts & make use ( !m 9 _! practice1 b prep>ation = ?is aspect ( _! "w %\ld be a regul> "p ( _! m$ical education4 ,!y %\ld n be left to le>n ^! facts f _! practice z be/ !y may1 any m ?an !y %\ld be expect$ to le>n _! physiology & anatomy 9 ?is way4 ,law4 ,! s]vice ( psy*ology to law c be v great1 b ow+ to ! necess>y cons]vatism ( ! c\rts1 x w be a long "t be=e !y w make mu* use ( psy*ological k4 ,p]haps ! greate/ s]vice w be 9 det]m9+ ! cr$ibility ( evid5ce4 ,psy*ology c n[ give ! g5]al pr9ciples 9 ?is matt]4 ,witnesses g on ! /& & swe> to all sorts ( ?+s z to :at !y he>d & saw & did1 (t5 mon?s & ev5 ye>s previ\sly4 ,! exp]t cl9ical psy*ologi/ c tell ! c\rt ! probability ( su* evid5ce be+ true4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t !re is a l>ge p]c5tage ( error 9 su* evid5ce4 ,! additional value t comes f ! oa? has be5 measur$4 ,! oa? increases ! liability ( tru? only a small p]c5tage4 ,exp]im5ts h also %[n t "o's feel+ ( c]ta9ty is no gu>antee ( tru?4 ,sometimes ! po9t we feel sure/ ab\t is ! "o f>!/ f ! tru?4 ,9 fact1 feel+ sure ( a ?+ is no gu>antee ( tru?4 ,9 a p>ticul> case 9 c\rt1 ! psy*ologi/ c det]m9e ! reliability ( ! evid5ce ( a p>ticul> witness & enable ! judge & ! jury to put ! prop] value on su* witness's te/imony4 ,= example1 a witness may swe> to a c]ta9 po9t involv+ ! e/imation ( "t & di/ance4 ,! psy*ologi/ c measure ! witness's accuracy 9 su* e/imates1 (t5 %[+ t :at ! witness claims to be able to d is an impossibility4 ,a case may h+e on :e!r an int]val ( "t 0 t5 m9utes or twelve m9utes1 or :e!r a di/ance 0 ?ree hundr$ or f\r hundr$ feet4 ,a witness may swe> positively to "o or bo? ( ^! po9ts4 ,! psy*ologi/ c %[ ! c\rt ! limitations ( ! witness 9 mak+ su* e/imates4 ,psy*ology c be ( s]vice 9 ! exam9ation ( ! crim9al himself4 ,?r\gh association te/s & 9 o!r ways1 ! guilt or innoc5ce ( ! prison] c (t5 be det]m9$1 & 8 intellectual /atus c also be det]m9$4 ,! prison] may be insane1 or feeble-m9d$1 or h "s o!r peculi> m5tal disord]4 ,su* matt]s fall )9 ! realm ( psy*ology4 ,aft] a prison] has be5 f\nd guilty1 ! c\rt %\ld h ! advice ( ! cl9ical psy*ologi/ 9 decid+ :at %\ld be done ) him4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! c\rt & n ! attorneys %\ld make use ( ! psy*ologi/4 ,:5ev] a psy*ologi/ c be ( s]vice 9 a case 9 c\rt1 ! judge %\ld summon su* assi/ance1 j z he %\ld if exp]t *emical1 physical1 physiological1 or anatomical k %\ld be desir$4 ,a k ( human nature c be ( mu* s]vice to society 9 ! prev5tion ( crime4 ,?is w come ab\t f a bett] k ( ! psy*ological pr9ciples ( habit-=mation & moral tra9+1 ?r\gh a bett] k ( h[ to control human nature4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( all crime1 p]haps z mu* z =ty p] c5t1 is committ$ by feeble-m9d$ p4 ,n[1 if we c detect ^! p e>ly1 & give !m ! simple manual education :i* !y are capable ( receiv+1 we c keep !m out ( a life ( crime4 ,/udies ( crim9als 9 re=m s*ools %[ t ! hi/ory ( _m cases is z foll[s3 ,! p]son1 be+ ( l[ m5tality1 c\ld n get on well at s*ool & !re=e came to dislike s*ool1 & consequ5tly became a truant4 ,truancy l$ to crime4 ,crime s5t ! p]son to ! c\rt1 & ! c\rt s5t ! p]son to ! /ate re=matory4 ,! great duty ( ! /ate is ! prev5tion ( crime4 ,usually little c be done 9 ! way ( sav+ a mature crim9al4 ,we mu/ save ! *ildr5 be=e !y become crim9als1 save !m by prop] treatm5t4 ,society owes x to e *ild to d ! "r ?+ = him1 ! "r ?+1 :e!r ! *ild is an idiot or a g5ius4 ,m]ely f ! /&po9t ( economy1 x w\ld be an imm5se sav+ to ! /ate if x w\ld prev5t crime by ! prop] treatm5t ( e *ild4 ,bus9ess4 ,! contribution ( psy*ology 9 ?is field1 s f>1 is 9 ! psy*ology ( adv]tis+ & salesman%ip1 bo? hav+ to d *iefly ) ! sell+ ( goods4 ,/ud5ts ( ! psy*ology ( adv]tis+ h1 by exp]im5t1 det]m9$ _m pr9ciples t gov]n p :5 read+ newspap]s & magaz9es1 pr9ciples hav+ to d ) size & k9d ( type1 arrangem5t & =m1 ! word+ ( an adv]tisem5t1 etc4 ,! object ( an adv]tisem5t is to get ! read] int]e/$ 9 ! article adv]tis$4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to get him to read ! adv]tisem5t4 ,"h1 v>i\s pr9ciples ( att5tion are involv$4 ,! next ?+ is to h ! matt] ( ! adv]tisem5t ( su* a nature t x creates int]e/ & rema9s 9 memory1 s t :5 ! read] buys an article ( t type he buys ! p>ticul> k9d m5tion$ 9 ! adv]tisem5t4 ,9 salesman%ip1 _m subtle psy*ological pr9ciples are involv$4 ,! problem ( ! salesman is to get ! att5tion ( ! cu/om]1 & !n to make him want to buy 8 goods4 ,to d ?is ) ! greate/ success dem&s a pr(\nd k ( human nature4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 t man c mo/ influ5ce p :o has ! wide/ k ( ! nature ( p1 & ( ! factors t affect ?is nature4 ,! successful salesman mu/ und]/& human feel+s & emotions1 especially sympa?y2 also ! laws ( att5tion & memory1 & ! p[] ( sugge/ion4 ,a ma/]y ( ! important pr9ciples requires ye>s ( /udy1 & a successful application ( !m requires j z _m ye>s ( practice4 ,! la/ p>agraph leads u to a consid]ation ( ! g5]al problem ( influ5c+ m54 ,9 all occupations & pr(essions1 "o ne$s to "k h[ to influ5ce o!r m54 ,we h already discuss$ ! matt] ( influ5c+ p to buy goods4 ,p :o employ labor ne$ to "k h[ to get labor]s to d m & bett] "w1 h[ to make !m loyal & happy4 ,! m9i/] ne$s to "k h[ to induce ! memb]s ( 8 congregation to d "r4 ,! /atesman ne$s to "k h[ to w9 8 he>]s & conv9ce !m ( ! ju/ice & wisdom ( 8 cause4 ,:atev] our call+1 !re is sc>cely a day :5 we c\ld n d bett] if we knew m fully h[ to influ5ce p4 ,indu/ry4 ,! s]vice ( psy*ology "h is f\r-fold3 7#a7 ,f9d+ :at m5 are fitt$ =4 7#b7 ,f9d+ :at k9ds ( abilities are dem&$ by ! v>i\s trades & occupations4 7#c7 ,help+ ! work] to und]/& ! psy*ological aspects ( 8 "w4 7#d7 ,gett+ ! be/ "w out ( ! labor]4 ,f9d+ :at m5 are fitt$ =4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 we discuss$ ! individual v>iations ( m54 ,"s p are bett] fitt$ physically & m5tally = c]ta9 types ( "w ?an !y are = o!r types ( "w4 ,! det]m9ation ( :at an individual is fitt$ = & :at he is n fitt$ = is ! bus9ess ( psy*ology4 ,9 "s cases1 ! v]dict ( psy*ology c be v specific2 9 o!rs1 x c be only g5]al4 ,mu* mis]y & unhapp9ess come to p f try+ to d :at !y are n fitt$ by nature to d4 ,!re are _m pr(essions & occupations :i* p %\ld n ent] unless !y possess high g5]al ability4 ,n[1 psy*ology is able to measure g5]al ability4 ,!re are _m o!r occupations & pr(essions :i* p %\ld n ent] unless !y possess "s special ability4 ,music1 art1 & me*anics may be m5tion$ z examples ( occupations & pr(essions dem&+ specific k9ds ( ability4 ,9 indu/rial "w1 _m aspects dem& v special abilities1 z quick reaction1 quick p]ception1 f9e discrim9ation1 calmness & self-control1 +5uity1 quick adaptation to new situations4 ,psy*ology c aid 9 pick+ out ! p :o possess ! requir$ abilities4 ,! diff]5t abilities dem&$4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( psy*ology to make a c>eful analysis ( ! specific abilities requir$ 9 all ! v>i\s works ( life4 ,!re are hundr$s ( occupations & (t5 mu* diff]5tiation ( "w )9 an occupation4 ,x is = ! psy*ologi/ ( ! future to make ?is analysis & to classify ! occupations ) ref]5ce to ! k9ds ( abilities dem&$4 ,( c\rse1 _m ( !m w be f\nd to require ! same k9d ( ability1 b j z surely1 _m w be f\nd to require v special abilities4 ,x is a great social wa/e to h p try+ to fill su* positions unless !y possess ! specific abilities requir$4 ,x %\ld be ! "w ( ! high s*ool & college to expla9 ! possibilities1 & ! dem&s 9 ! way ( ability1 ( ! v>i\s occupations ( ! locality4 ,by possibilities & dem&s are meant ! k9ds ( abilities requir$ & ! rew>ds t c be expect$1 ! k9d ( life :i* ! diff]5t fields (f]4 ,x is ! fur!r duty ( ! high s*ool & college to f9d out1 z f> z possible1 ! specific abilities ( ! /ud5ts4 ,) ?is k be=e !m1 ! /ud5ts %\ld *oose _! c>e]s1 & !n make specific prep>ation = !m4 ,! s*ools ought to "w 9 close cooep]ation ) ! indu/ries1 ! /ud5t work+ = a "p ( ! day 9 s*ool & a "p 9 ! indu/ries4 ,?is w\ld help mu* 9 lead+ ! /ud5t to und]/& ! indu/ries & 9 asc]ta9+ 8 own abilities & int]e/s4 ,! psy*ological aspects ( "o's "w4 ,all occupations h a psy*ological aspect4 ,!y involve "s trick ( att5tion1 ( association1 ( memory4 ,c]ta9 ?+s mu/ be look$ =1 c]ta9 habits mu/ be =m$1 c]ta9 movem5ts mu/ be automatiz$4 ,workm5 %\ld be help$ to ma/] ^! psy*ological problems1 to f9d ! mo/ conv5i5t ways ( do+ _! "w4 ,workm5 (t5 d _! "w 9 ! mo/ uneconomical ways1 hav+ le>n$ _! me?ods ?r\gh imitation1 & nev] inquir+ :e!r !re is a m economical way4 ,secur+ effici5cy4 ,secur+ effici5cy is a matt] ( influ5c+ m51 a matt] :i* we h already discuss$4 ,secur+ effici5cy is q a diff]5t matt] f t treat$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,a workman may h a complete k ( 8 "w & be skill$ 9 its p]=mance1 & /ill be a poor workman1 because he does n h ! "r attitude t[>d 8 employ] or t[>d 8 "w4 ,! employ] mu/ !re=e meet ! problem ( mak+ 8 m5 l _! "w & be loyal to _! employ]4 ,! labor] mu/ be happy & cont5t$ if he is to d good "w4 ,moreov]1 !re is no use 9 work+1 or 9 liv+ ei!r1 if "o _c be happy & cont5t$4 ,we h briefly indicat$ ! possibilities ( psy*ology 9 ! v>i\s occupations & pr(essions4 ,!re is a fur!r application t has no ref]5ce to ! practical ne$s ( life1 b to enjoym5t4 ,a psy*ological k ( human nature adds a new int]e/ to all our social exp]i5ce4 ,! ability to und]/& ! actions & feel+s ( m5 puts new mean+ into ! _w4 ,! ability to und]/& oneself1 to analyze "o's actions1 motives1 feel+s1 & ?\ghts1 makes life m wor? liv+4 ,a k ( ! s5sations & s5se organs adds mu* pleasure to life 9 addition to its hav+ great practical value4 ,briefly1 a psy*ological k ( human nature adds mu* to ! ri*ness ( life4 ,x gives "o ! analytical attitude4 ,exp]i5ces t to o!rs are :oles1 to ! psy*ologi/ fall ap>t into _! elem5ts4 ,su* k leads u to analyze & see cle>ly :at o!rwise we d n und]/& & see only d>kly or n at all4 ,lit]ature & art1 & all o!r creations & products ( man take on a :olly new int]e/ to ! psy*ologi/4 ,,summ>y4 ,psy*ology is ( s]vice to education 9 asc]ta9+ ! nature ( ! *ild & ! laws ( le>n+2 to law1 9 det]m9+ ! reliability ( evid5ce & 9 ! prev5tion ( crime2 to m$ic9e1 9 ! "w ( diagnosis & treatm5t2 to bus9ess1 9 adv]tis+ & salesman%ip2 to ! indu/ries1 9 f9d+ ! man = ! place & ! place = ! man2 to ev]ybody1 9 giv+ a ke5] insight into1 & und]/&+ (1 human nature4 ,,class ,,ex]cises #a4 ,visit a c\rt room :5 a trial is 9 progress4 ,note :]e9 psy*ology c\ld be ( s]vice to ! jury1 to ! judge1 & to ! attorneys4 #b4 ,to te/ ! reliability ( evid5ce1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,take a l>ge picture1 pref]ably "o 9 color & hav+ _m details2 hold x be=e ! class 9 a good light :]e all c see x4 ,let !m look at x = t5 or fifte5 seconds1 ! "t dep5d+ on ! complexity ( ! picture4 ,! /ud5ts %\ld !n write d[n :at !y saw 9 ! picture1 und]scor+ all ! po9ts to :i* !y w\ld be will+ to make oa?4 ,!n ! /ud5ts %\ld answ] a li/ ( que/ions prep>$ by ! tea*]1 on v>i\s po9ts 9 ! picture4 ,"s ( ^! que/ions %\ld be sugge/ive1 su* z1 ,:at color is ! dog8 suppos+ no dog to be 9 ! picture4 ,! pap]s giv+ ! fir/ writt5 description %\ld be grad$ on ! numb] ( items report$ & on _! accuracy4 ,! answ]s to ! que/ions %\ld be grad$ on _! accuracy4 ,h[ d girls comp>e ) boys 9 ! v>i\s aspects ( ! report8 ,:at is ! accuracy ( ! und]l9$ po9ts8 #c4 ,let ! tea*]1 ) ! help ( two or ?ree /ud5ts1 p]=m be=e ! class "s act or s]ies ( acts1 ) "s conv]sation1 & !n h ! /ud5ts :o h witness$ ! p]=mance write an acc\nt ( x1 z 9 ,no4 #b4 #d4 ,divide ! class into two gr\ps4 ,select "o p]son f ea* to look at a picture z 9 ,no4 #a4 ,^! two p are !n to write a complete acc\nt ( ! picture4 ,?is acc\nt is !n read to ano!r p]son 9 ! same gr\p1 :o !n writes f memory 8 acc\nt & reads to ano!r4 ,?is is to be cont9u$ till all h he>d an acc\nt & writt5 _! own4 ,y w !n h two s]ies ( acc\nts ( ! same picture proce$+ f two s\rces4 ,x w be well = ! two :o look at ! picture to be ( v diff]5t types1 let u say1 "o imag9ative1 ! o!r matt]-(-fact4 ,d all ! pap]s ( "o s]ies h "s *>act]i/ics t enable y to det]m9e f :i* gr\p !y come8 ,:at conclusions & inf]5ces d y draw f ! exp]im5t8 #e4 ,does ! feel+ ( c]ta9ty make a ?+ true8 ,see h[ _m cases y c f9d 9 a week1 ( p]sons feel+ sure a /atem5t is true1 :5 x is really false4 #f4 ,9 ! foll[+ way1 try to f9d out some?+ :i* a p]son is try+ to conceal4 ,prep>e a li/ ( words1 ins]t+ n[ & !n words :i* h "s ref]5ce to ! vital po9t4 ,read ! words "o by "o to ! p]son & h him speak ! fir/ ^w sugge/$ by ^? read4 ,note ! "t tak5 = ! responses4 ,a long] reaction "t usually foll[s ! incrim9at+ words1 & ! subject is ?r[n into a visible confusion4 #g4 ,talk to successful physicians & f9d out :at use !y make ( sugge/ion & o!r psy*ological pr9ciples4 #h4 ,sp5d sev]al h\rs visit+ diff]5t grades bel[ ! high s*ool4 ,9 h[ _m ways c\ld ! tea*]s improve _! "w by foll[+ psy*ological pr9ciples8 #i4 ,c\ld ! qualities ( a good tea*]--native & acquir$--be measur$ by te/s & exp]im5ts8 #aj4 ,visit factories :]e m5 d skillful "w & try to le>n by obs]vation :at types ( m9d & body are requir$ by ! diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 #aa4 ,does ! occupation :i* y h *os5 = life dem& any specific abilities8 ,if s1 d y possess !m 9 a high degree8 #ab4 ,c\ld p>5ts bett] tra9 _! *ildr5 if !y made use ( psy*ological pr9ciples8 #ac4 ,9 h[ _m ways w ! facts le>n$ 9 ?is c\rse be ( economic use to y 9 y\r life8 ,9 :at ways w !y make life m pleasurable8 #ad4 ,make a complete outl9e ( ?is *apt]4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g3 ,psy*ology1 ,g5]al & ,appli$1 ,*apt] ,,xxvii-,,xxxiii4 ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,indu/rial ,effici5cy4 ,,alphabetical ,,li/ ,,( ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,class ,,read+ ,,colv91 ,s4 ,s41 & ,,bagley1 ,w4 ,c43 ,human ,behavior4 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #aiac4 ,,dav5port1 ,c4 ,b43 ,h]$ity 9 ,relation to ,eug5ics4 ,h5ry ,holt ,company1 #aiaa4 ,,dewey1 ,j43 ,h[ ,we ,?9k4 ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,company1 #aiaj4 ,,kellicott1 ,w4 ,e43 ,! ,social ,direction ( ,human ,evolution4 ,d4 ,appleton ,company1 #aiaa4 ,,kirkpatrick1 ,e4 ,a43 ,! ,fundam5tals ( ,*ild ,/udy4 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #aiab4 ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g1 ,h43 ,psy*ology1 ,g5]al & ,appli$4 ,d4 ,appleton ,company1 #aiad4 ,m,ue,n,s,t,e,r,b,e,r,g1 ,h43 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,indu/rial ,effici5cy4 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company1 #aiac4 ,,pillsbury1 ,w4 ,b43 ,ess5tials ( ,psy*ology4 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #aiaf4 ,,pyle1 ,w4 ,h43 ,outl9es ( ,educational ,psy*ology4 ,w>wick & ,york1 #aiab4 ,,pyle1 ,w4 ,h43 ,! ,exam9ation ( ,s*ool ,*ildr54 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #aiac4 ,,r[e1 ,s4 ,h43 ,habit-,=mation & ! ,sci5ce ( ,tea*+4 ,longmans1 ,gre51 ,company1 #aiaa4 ,,tit*5]1 ,e4 ,b43 ,a ,beg9n]'s ,psy*ology4 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #aiaf4 ,,gloss>y ,mo/ ( ! t]ms giv5 bel[ are expla9$ 9 ! text1 b x is hop$ t ?is alphabetical li/ ) brief def9itions w prove helpful4 ,x is a difficult task to make ! def9itions sci5tific & at ! same "t brief1 simple1 & cle>4 ,abnormal4 ,hav+ m5tal or physical *>act]i/ics widely diff]5t f ^? commonly f\nd 9 ord9>y p4 ,acquir$ nature4 ,^? aspects ( habit1 skill1 k1 ideas1 & ideals t come f exp]i5ce & are due to exp]i5ce4 ,action4 ,muscul> contractions usually produc+ motion ( ! body or ( "s "p ( ! body4 ,adaptation4 ,adju/m5t to "o's surr\nd+s4 ,adaptive4 ,readily *ang+ "o's responses & acquir+ su* new responses z enable "o to meet successfully new situations2 also hav+ t5d5cies or *>act]i/ics :i* enable "o to be readily adju/able4 ,aft]-images4 ,images t foll[ imm$iately aft] /imulation ( a s5se organ1 & result+ f ?is /imulation4 ,association4 ,b9d+ toge!r ideas ?r\gh exp]i5c+ !m toge!r4 ,att5tion4 ,relative cle>ness ( p]ceptions & ideas4 ,attitude4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d a p>ticul> type ( response 9 action or a p>ticul> idea or association 9 ?\ght4 ,bond4 ,! connection e/abli%$ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em :i* makes a c]ta9 response foll[ a c]ta9 /imulus or a c]ta9 idea foll[ ano!r idea or p]ception4 ,capacity4 ,! possibility ( le>n+1 a*iev+1 etc4 ,color bl9dness4 ,inability to exp]i5ce c]ta9 colors1 usually r$ & gre54 ,complem5t>y color4 ,complem5t>y colors are ^? :i*1 mix$ 9 ! "r proportion1 produce gray4 ,cong5ital4 ,inborn4 ,connection4 ,! n]ve-pa? ?r\gh :i* a /imulus produces a response or ?r\gh :i* "o idea produces or evokes ano!r4 ,consci\s4 ,hav+ consci\sness1 or accompany+ consci\sness or produc+ consci\sness4 ,consci\sness4 ,! m5tal /ates--p]ceptions1 ideas1 feel+s--:i* "o has at any mom5t4 ,l[ level ( consci\sness4 ,consci\s processes n s cle> z o!rs exi/+ at ! same "t4 ,high level ( consci\sness4 ,consci\s processes t are cle> z comp>$ to o!rs exi/+ at ! same "t4 ,contra/4 ,! enhanc+ or /r5g!n+ ( a s5sation by ano!r ( opposite quality4 ,correlation4 ,! relation t exi/s betwe5 two functions1 *>act]i/ics1 or attributes t enables u1 f9d+ "o1 to pr$ict ! pres5ce ( ! o!r4 ,developm5t4 ,! appe>ance1 or gr[?1 or /r5g!n+ ( a *>act]i/ic4 ,emotion4 ,! pleasure-pa9 aspect ( exp]i5ce plus s5sations f *>act]i/ic bodily reactions4 ,environm5t4 ,! objects & =ces ab\t u :i* affect u ?r\gh our s5ses4 ,environm5tal in/9cts4 ,in/9cts :i* h orig9at$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 f ! p]iodic *anges 9 man's environm5t4 ,eug5ics4 ,! sci5ce ( race improvem5t ?r\gh selective bre$+ or prop] m>riages or 9 "s cases ?r\gh ! prev5tion ( m>riage4 ,exp]i5ce4 ,:at we le>n ( ! _w ?r\gh s5sation & p]ception4 ,fatigue4 ,inability to "w produc$ by "w & :i* only re/ w cure4 ,feeble-m9d$4 ,hav+ important m5tal traits only poorly develop$ or n at all4 ,feel+4 ,! pleasure-pa9 aspect ( exp]i5ce or ( ideational /ates4 ,function4 ,! use ( a ?+ or process1 also any m5tal process or comb9ation ( processes consid]$ z a unit4 ,g5etic4 ,hav+ ref]5ce to orig9 & developm5t4 ,habits4 ,def9ite responses to def9ite /imuli dep5d+ ^u bonds e/abli%$ by use aft] bir?4 ,h]$ity4 ,transmission ( *>act]i/ics f p>5t to (fspr+4 ,human nature4 ,! *>act]i/ics & t5d5cies :i* we h z human be+s1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to m9d & action4 ,ideals4 ,def9ite t5d5cies to act 9 def9ite ways4 ,ideas ( def9ite types ( action ) t5d5cy t[>d ! actions2 ideas ( def9ite conditions1 =ms1 & /ates toge!r ) a desire to exp]i5ce or possess !m4 ,ideas4 ,reviv$ p]ceptions4 ,images4 ,reviv$ s5sations1 simpl] ?an ideas4 ,imitation4 ,act+ z we see o!rs act4 ,impulse4 ,t5d5cy to action4 ,individuali/ic in/9cts4 ,^? in/9cts :i* m imm$iately s]ve individual survival4 ,individual diff]5ces4 ,! m5tal & physical diff]5ces betwe5 p4 ,inh]it$ nature4 ,^? aspects ( "o's nature due directly to h]$ity4 ,in/9cts4 ,def9ite responses produc$ by def9ite /imuli ?r\gh h]$it>y connections 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,intellectual habits4 ,def9ite fix$ connections betwe5 ideas2 def9ite ways ( meet+ typical ?\ght situations4 ,int5sity4 ,! am\nt or /r5g? ( a s5sation or image1 h[ f> x is f no?+4 ,int]e/4 ,! aspect giv5 to exp]i5ce or ?9k+ by att5tion & pleasure4 ,le>n+4 ,e/abli%+ new bonds or connections 9 ! n]v\s sy/em2 acquir+ habits2 ga9+ k4 ,memory4 ,! ret5tion ( exp]i5ce2 reta9$ & reproduc$ exp]i5ce4 ,m5tal set4 ,m5tal attitude or disposition4 ,m9d4 ,! sum total ( "o's consci\s /ates f bir? to dea?4 ,n]ve-pa?4 ,! r\te trav]s$ by a n]ve-/imulus or excitation4 ,orig9al nature4 ,all ^? aspects ( m9d & body directly inh]it$4 ,p]ceive4 ,to be aw>e ( a ?+ ?r\gh s5sation4 ,p]ception4 ,aw>5ess ( a ?+ ?r\gh s5sation or a fusion ( s5sations4 ,pla/icity4 ,modifiability1 mak+ easy ! =mation ( new bonds or n]ve-connections4 ,presupposition4 ,a !ory or hypo!sis on :i* an argum5t or a sy/em ( argum5ts or pr9ciples is bas$4 ,prim>y4 ,fir/1 orig9al1 elem5t>y1 p]ceptive exp]i5ce z di/+ui%$ f ideational exp]i5ce4 ,reaction4 ,! action imm$iately foll[+ a /imulus & produc$ by x4 ,reason+4 ,?9k+ to a purpose2 try+ to meet a new situation4 ,reflex4 ,a v simple act br\ght ab\t by a /imulus ?r\gh an h]$it>y n]ve-pa?4 ,response4 ,! act foll[+ a /imulus & produc$ by x4 ,ret5tion4 ,memory2 modification ( ! n]v\s sy/em mak+ possible ! revival ( exp]i5ce4 ,sci5ce4 ,k classifi$ & sy/ematiz$4 ,s5sation4 ,prim>y exp]i5ce2 consci\sness directly due to ! /imulation ( a s5se organ4 ,s5se4 ,to s5se is to h s5sation1 to p]ceive4 ,a s5se is a s5se organ or ! ability to h s5sation ?r\gh a s5se organ4 ,s5se organ4 ,a modifi$ n]ve-end ) accompany+ app>atus or me*anism mak+ possible a c]ta9 =m ( /imulation4 ,s5sitive4 ,capable ( giv+ rise to s5sation1 or transmitt+ a n]ve-curr5t4 ,s5sitivity4 ,prop]ty (1 or capacity = be+ s5sitive4 ,s5sory4 ,relat+ to a s5se organ or to s5sation4 ,situation4 ,! total environm5tal influ5ces ( any "o mom5t4 ,sociali/ic in/9cts4 ,! in/9cts relat$ m directly to ! survival ( a social gr\p4 ,/imulation4 ,! sett+ up ( a n]ve process 9 a s5se organ or 9 a n]ve tract4 ,/imulus4 ,t :i* produces /imulation4 ,subnormal4 ,hav+ *>act]i/ics consid]ably bel[ ! normal4 ,t5d5cy4 ,probability ( a n]ve-curr5t tak+ a c]ta9 direction due to n]ve-organization4 ,?9k+4 ,! pass+ ( images & ideas4 ,?\ght4 ,?9k+2 an idea or gr\p ( ideas4 ,tra9+4 ,e/abli%+ n]ve connection or bonds4 ,vividness4 ,cle>ness ( s5sations1 p]ceptions1 images1 & ideas4 ,,index ,abilities1 specializ$1 #agi ,ability1 unusual1 #bjf ,adaptation ( vision1 #da ,aft]-images1 visual1 #dj ,ance/ors1 #bb f4 ,ang]1 #eh ,appe>ance ( in/9cts1 #ed ,appli$ psy*ology1 #h-i1 #baj ff4 ,association ( ideas1 #aeb ,a/igmatism1 #dd ,att5tion1 #hj ff42 & w1 #hb4 ,attitude1 #aeg ,behavior1 #g ,bodily conditions1 #gf ,bra91 #g ,brightness1 s5sation (1 #ch ,bus9ess1 #bae ,causality1 #ah1 #ba ,c5trally initiat$ action1 #ea ,*ild1 nature (1 #aa ,cold1 s5se (1 #db ,collect+ in/9ct1 #fb ,college1 function (1 #bag ,color bl9dness1 #de ,color mixture1 #ci ,color1 s5sation (1 #ch ,completion te/1 #aih ,conc5trat$ practice1 #ajb ,consci\sness1 #g ,cons]vatism1 #aji ,co/ly ,temp] te/1 #ahf ,cramm+1 #ada ,crim9al1 !1 #bac f4 ,curriculum1 #ade ,d>w91 #hi ,defects ( s5se organs1 #dc ,developm5t1 individual1 #bd ff42 racial1 #ah-ba2 significance ( & causality1 #ba-bd ,direct me?od1 #aab ,dizz9ess1 organs t give u s5se (1 #db ,dramatization1 #fg ,drill 9 s*ool subjects1 #aaj-aab ,dynamic1 _w z1 #bj ,economical practice1 #aja ff4 ,education1 #baj2 aim (1 #aj2 prep>atory1 #afg2 sci5ce (1 #i ff4 ,educational inf]5ces1 #adc ,educational psy*ology1 #i ff4 ,effici5cy1 #ih1 #ajh ,emotions1 #gd ff4 ,environm5t1 #ca ,environm5tal in/9cts1 #fa ,envy1 #eh ,evolution1 #ai ff4 ,exceptions1 #aja1 #aad ,excursions1 #fa ,exp]i5ce1 #h2 organization (1 #afi ,exp]im5t1 #ac ff4 ,eye1 !1 #cg ,eye defects1 #dc ff4 ,eye/ra91 #bj ,f>sight$ness1 #dd ,fatigue1 #aja ,fe>1 #ef ,feeble-m9d$ness1 #bi ,feel+1 #gc ff4 ,fight+ in/9cts1 #eh ,=mal drill1 ,,iii1 #aab ,free association frequ5cy surface1 #agh ,free association te/1 #aic ,frequ5cy ( exp]i5ce1 #aef ,gang in/9ct1 #fj ,g5etic view ( *ildhood1 #bd ,g5ius1 #ca ,habit1 #hg ff42 & n]ve pa?1 #ia2 h[ =m$1 #ih ff42 importance 9 life1 #ajg2 intellectual1 #hi2 moral1 #ij2 ( ?\ght1 #afi2 results (1 #id2 specific1 #aaf ,he>+1 #da2 defects (1 #de ,h]$ity1 #bd ff4 ,h]$ity vs4 ,environm5t1 #ca ,h]itage1 social1 #bc ,high s*ool & f\r? grade abilities comp>$1 #bjc ,high s*ool1 function (1 #bag ,home & moral tra9+1 #aah ,idea1 #eb ,ideas1 #abd ,imitation1 #fd ff4 ,imitation 9 ideals1 #fg ,incid5tal drill1 #aaa ,individual developm5t1 #bd ff4 ,individual diff]5ces1 #agf ff4 ,individuali/ic in/9cts1 #ef ,indu/ry1 #baf ,influ5c+ m51 #bae ,inh]itance1 #bb ,inh]it$ t5d5cies1 #ej ff4 ,initiative1 #aac ,in/9cts1 #eb ff42 classification (1 #ee2 significance (1 #ee ,int]e/1 #hd ,int]vals betwe5 practice1 #ajb ,jeal\sy1 #eh ,jo9ts1 s5se organs 91 #db ,jo/'s law1 #adb ,language & ?9k+1 #agj ff4 ,language /udy1 #add ,lat91 #aaf ,law1 s]vice ( psy*ology to1 #bab ,le>n+ & rememb]+1 #ach ,le>n+ by :oles1 #ada ,life occupations1 #bje ,logical memory1 #ahd ff4 ,mean+1 #afc ff4 ,m$ic9e1 #baa ,memories1 k9ds (1 #acb ,memory1 #abd ff42 & age & sex1 #abg2 & habit1 #adf2 & s*ool /&+1 #ace2 & ?9k+1 #acd2 factors (1 #abh ff42 good1 dang]s result+ f1 #acg2 k9ds (1 #acb ,m5delian pr9ciple1 #bf ,m5tal developm5t1 #ai ,m5tal diff]5ces1 #agh2 detection (1 #ahj2 importance (1 #bja ff4 ,m5tal functions develop$1 #ahb ,m5tal set1 #aeg ,m5tal te/s1 #ahc ff4 ,m9d & body1 #cd ff4 ,mood1 #gh ,moral tra9+1 #aag ff4 ,motive1 #gg ,muscul> spe$1 #ad ,museum1 s*ool1 #fb ff4 ,musical ability1 #agi ,ne>sight$ness1 #dd ,ne$s ( *ild1 #gg ,n]ve t5d5cy1 #ib ,norms 9 m5tal te/s1 #ahd ff4 ,occupations1 #bje ,opposites te/1 #aie ff4 ,organization ( exp]i5ce1 #afc ff4 ,pa9 s5se1 #db ,p>5ts1 & habit-=mation ( *ildr51 #ajd ff41 #aai ,p]ception1 #abd ,physiological basis ( memory1 #abf ,piano play+1 #ea1 #ig ,pit*1 #da ,pla/icity1 #ic ,play1 #fh ,pleasure & habit1 #aja ,pleasure1 high] =ms (1 #hj ,practice1 #ii1 #aac ,prim>y exp]i5ce1 #aed ,psy*ology & culture1 #bah ,psy*ology def9$1 #e2 me?od (1 #ac2 problems (1 #h ,race1 developm5t (1 #ah ff42 improvem5t (1 #cj ,rank+ /ud5ts1 #ae ,reason+1 #aei2 tra9+ 91 #afh ,recall+ =gott5 names1 #adf ,rec5cy ( exp]i5ce1 #aee ,reg5]ation1 #bc ,repetition1 #ii ,respect = au?ority1 #gg ,resemblance1 #be ,ret9a1 !1 #cg f4 ,reviv$ exp]i5ce1 #abe ,rigidity1 #ajh ,rote memory1 #ahi ,rules = habit-=mation1 #aac ,salesman%ip1 #bae ,s*ool1 & habit1 #ajh2 & moral tra9+1 #aai f4 ,s*oolh\se1 community c5t]1 #fj f4 ,sci5ce1 #a ,sci5tific law1 #c ,sci5ti/1 #a ff4 ,secur+ effici5cy1 #bah ,select+ habits1 #aji ,s5se organs1 affects ( /imulat+1 #f1 #g2 k ?r\gh1 #ce ,sleight's exp]im5t1 #adj ,smell1 #db ,social life ( *ildr51 #fj ,social t5d5cies1 #ei ,/imulation1 #f ,/imulus & response1 #ej ,/udy1 le>n+ h[ to1 #acb ,subnormal *ildr51 #bjf ,sub/itution te/1 #aib ,ta/e1 #db ,tea*]1 function ( 9 memory "w1 #adb2 function ( 9 habit-=mation1 #ajc ,tea*+ too ab/ract1 #abi ,temp]am5t1 #gh ,t5dons1 s5se organs 91 #db ,?9k+1 #aeb ff41 #aei ,t\*1 #db ,transf] ( tra9+1 #aad ff41 #adj ,truancies1 #fa ,typewrit+1 #ea1 #id ff4 ,vision1 #cg2 importance (1 #de ,visual contra/1 #ci ,vividness & int5sity ( exp]i5ce1 #aef ,w&]+1 #fa ,w>m?1 s5se (1 #db ,weight1 diagram %[+ frequ5cy surface (1 #agg ,^w-build+ te/1 #aig ,"w & psy*ology1 #bah