,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,innumerable ,,company1 ,,and ,,other ,,sketches ,,by ,,david ,,starr ,,jordan ,,president ,,of ,,leland ,,stanford ,,junior ,,university ,,san ,,francisco ,,the ,,whitaker ,,ray ,,company 7,,incorporated7 #ahif ,,copyright1 #ahif1 ,,by ,,david ,,starr ,,jordan ,,to ,,my ,,wife1 ,,jessie ,,knight ,,jordan4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,this volume is made up of separate sketches1 historical or allegorical1 having in some degree a bond of union in the idea of the higher sacrifice4 ,i am under obligations to ,professor ,william ,r4 ,dudley for the use of a photograph of a record of ,father ,serra4 ,this was secured through the kindness of the late ,father ,casanova1 of ,monterey4 ,,palo ,,alto1 ,,cal41 ,june #a1 #ahif4 ,,contents4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,innumerable ,,company ,,this ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,passion ,,the ,,california ,,of ,,the ,,padre ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,jupiter ,,pen ,,the ,,last ,,of ,,the ,,puritans ,a ,,knight ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,poets ,,nature-,,study ,,and ,,moral ,,culture ,,the ,,higher ,,sacrifice ,,the ,,bubbles ,,of ,s,,ki ,,illustrations4 ,peter ,rendl as ,saint ,john ,johann ,zwink as ,judas ,rosa ,lang as ,mary ,ecce ,homo6 ,a ,record of ,junpero ,serra ,mission of ,san ,antonio de ,pdua ,mission of ,san ,antonio de ,pdua--,interior of ,chapel ,mission of ,san ,antonio de ,pdua--,side of ,chapel1 with the ,old ,pear-trees ,the ,great ,saint ,bernard ,hospice of the ,great ,saint ,bernard ,hospice of the ,great ,saint ,bernard--in ,winter ,jupitre 7,great ,saint ,bernard ,dog7 ,monks of the ,great ,saint ,bernard ,saint ,bernard and the ,demon ,john ,brown ,the ,john ,brown ,homestead1 ,north ,elba1 ,n4 ,y4 ,john ,brown's ,grave ,ulrich ,von ,hutten ,ulrich ,zwingli ,men told me1 ,lord1 it was a vale of tears ,where ,thou hast placed me1 wickedness and woe ,my twain companions whereso ,i might go2 ,that ,i through ten and threescore weary years ,should stumble on beset by pains and fears1 ,fierce conflict round me1 passions hot within1 ,enjoyment brief and fatal but in sin4 ,when all was ended then should ,i demand ,full compensation from thine austere hand3 ,for1 'tis thy pleasure1 all temptation past1 ,to be not just but generous at last4 ,lord1 here am ,i1 my threescore years and ten ,all counted to the full2 ,i've fought thy fight1 ,crossed thy dark valleys1 scaled thy rocks' harsh height1 ,borne all the burdens ,thou dost lay on men ,with hand unsparing threescore years and ten4 ,before ,thee now ,i make my claim1 ,o ,lord1-- ,what shall ,i pray ,thee as a meet reward8 ,i ask for nothing4 ,let the balance fall6 ,all that ,i am or know or may confess ,but swells the weight of mine indebtedness2 ,burdens and sorrows stand transfigured all2 ,thy hand's rude buffet turns to a caress1 ,for ,love1 with all the rest4 ,thou gavest me here1 ,and ,love is ,heaven's very atmosphere1 ,lo1 ,i have dwelt with ,thee1 ,lord4 ,let me die4 ,i could no more through all eternity4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,innumerable ,,company4 ,there was once a great mountain which rose from the shore of the sea1 and on its flanks it bore a mighty forest4 ,beyond the crest of the mountain were ridges and valleys1 peaks and chasms1 springs and torrents4 ,farther on lay a sandy desert1 which stretched its monotonous breadth to the shore of a wide1 swift river4 ,what lay beyond the river no one knew1 because its shores were always hid in azure mist4 ,year by year there came up from the shore of the sea an ,innumerable ,company4 ,each one must cross the mountain and the forest1 faring onward toward the desert and the river4 ,and this was one condition of the journey--that whosoever came to the river must breast its waters alone4 ,why this was so1 no one could tell2 nor did any one know aught of the land beyond4 ,for of the multitude who had crossed the river not one had ever returned4 ,as time went on there came to be paths through the forest4 ,those who went first left traces to serve as guides for those coming after4 ,some put marks on the trees2 some built little cairns of stones to show the way they had taken in going around great rocks4 ,those who followed found these marks and added to them4 ,and many of the travelers left little charts which showed where the cliffs and chasms were and by what means one could reach the hidden springs4 ,so in time it came to pass that there was scarcely a tree on the mountain which bore not some traveler's mark2 there was scarcely a rock that had not a cairn of stones upon it4 ,in early times there was ,one who came up from the sea and made the journey over the mountain and across the desert by a way so fair that the memory of it became a part of the story of the forest4 ,men spoke to each other of his way1 and many wished to find it out1 that haply they might walk therein4 ,he1 too1 had left a ,chart1 which those who followed him had carefully kept1 and from which they had drawn help in many times of need4 ,the way he went was not the shortest way1 nor was it the easiest4 ,the ways that are short and easy lead not over the mountain4 ,but his was the most repaying way4 ,it led by the noblest trees1 the fairest outlooks1 the sweetest springs1 the greenest pastures1 and the shadow of great rocks in the desert4 ,and the chart of his way which he left was very simple and very plain--easy to understand4 ,even a child might use it4 ,and1 indeed1 there were many children who did so4 ,on this chart were the chief landmarks of the region--the mountain with its forest1 the desert with its green oases1 the paths to the hidden springs4 ,but there were not many details4 ,the old cairns were not marked upon it1 and when two paths led alike over the mountain1 there was no sign to show that one was to be taken rather than the other4 ,not much was said as to what food one should take1 or what raiment one should wear1 or by what means one should defend himself4 ,but there were many simple directions as to how one should act on the road1 and by what signs he should know the right path4 ,one ought to look upward1 and not downward2 to look forward1 and not backward2 to be always ready to give a helping hand to his neighbor3 and whomsoever one meets is one's neighbor1 he said4 ,as to the desert1 one need not dread it2 nor should one fear the river1 for the lands beyond it were sweet and fair4 ,moreover1 one should learn to know the forest1 that he might choose his course wisely4 ,and this knowledge each one should seek for himself4 ,for1 as he said1 ,if the blind lead the blind1 both shall fall into the ditch4 ,there were many who followed his way and gave heed to his precepts4 ,the path seemed dangerous at times1 especially at the outset2 for it lay along dizzy heights1 through tangled underwood1 and across swollen torrents4 ,but after a while all these were left behind4 ,the way passed on between cleft rocks1 into green pastures1 and by still waters2 and in the desert were sweet springs which gave forth abundantly4 ,but some who tried to follow him said that his ,chart was not explicit enough4 ,every step in the journey1 they contended1 should be laid out exactly2 for to travel safely one should never be left in doubt4 ,now1 it chanced that on the slope of the mountain there was a huge granite rock1 which stood in the midst of the way4 ,some of the travelers passed to the right of it1 while others turned to the left4 ,strangely enough1 the ,chart said nothing concerning this rock4 ,no hint was given as to how one should pass by it4 ,when they came to the rock1 many of the travelers took counsel one of another1 and at last a great multitude was gathered there4 ,which way had he taken8 ,for in the path he took they must surely go4 ,many scanned the rock on every side1 to find if haply he had left some secret mark upon it4 ,but they found none2 or1 rather1 no one could convince the others that the hidden marks he found were intended for their guidance4 ,at nightfall1 after much discussion1 the old men in the council gave their decision4 ,the safe way led to the right4 ,so he who kept the ,chart marked upon it the place of the rock1 and he wrote upon the ,chart that the one true path leads to the right4 ,henceforth each man should know the way he must go4 ,moreover1 those who bore the records showed that this decision was justified4 ,they wrote upon the ,chart a long argument1 chain upon chain and reason upon reason1 to prove that from the beginning it was decreed that by this rock should the destiny of man be tested4 ,but in spite of argument1 there were still some who chose the left-hand path because they verily believed that this was the only right way4 ,they1 too1 justified their course by arguments1 line upon line and precept upon precept4 ,and each band tried to make its following as large as it could4 ,some men stood all day by the side of the rock1 urging people to come with them to the right or to the left4 ,for1 strangely enough1 although each man had his own journey to make1 and must cross the river at last alone1 he was eager that all others should go along with him4 ,and as each band grew larger1 its members took pride in the growth of its numbers4 ,in the larger bands1 trumpets were blown1 harps were sounded1 and banners were waved in the wind4 ,those who walked shoulder to shoulder under waving flags to the sound of trumpets felt secure and confident1 while those who journeyed alone seemed always to walk with fear and trembling4 ,it was said in the old ,chart that where two or three were gathered together on the way1 strength and courage would be given them4 ,but men could not believe this1 and few had the heart to test whether it were true or no4 ,so the bands went on to the right or to the left1 each in its chosen path4 ,but after they had passed the first great rock1 they came to other rocks and trees and places of doubt4 ,other councils were held1 and at each step there were some who would not abide by the decision of the elders4 ,so these from time to time went their own ways4 ,and they made new inscriptions on the ,chart1 and erased the old ones1 each according to his own ideas4 ,and there was much pushing and jostling when the bands separated themselves one from another4 ,at last one of the oldest travelers in the largest band--a man with a long white beard1 and wise with the experience of years--arose and said that not in anger1 nor in strife1 should they journey on4 ,discord and contention arise from difference of opinion4 ,let all men but think alike1 and they will walk in peace and harmony4 ,let each band choose a leader4 ,let him carry the ,chart1 and let him night and day pore over its precepts4 ,no one else need distress himself4 ,one had only to keep step on the road1 and to follow whithersoever the leader might direct4 ,so the people chose a leader--a man grave and serious1 wise in the lore of the forest and the desert4 ,he noted on the ,chart each rock and tree1 drawing in sharp outlines every detail in the only safe path4 ,moreover1 all deviating trails he marked with the symbol of danger4 ,and it came to pass that day by day other bands followed1 and to them the ,chart was given as he had left it4 ,and these bands1 too1 chose leaders1 whose part it was to interpret the ,chart4 ,but each one of these added to the ,chart some better way of his own1 some short cut he had found1 or some new trail not marked with the proper sign of warning4 ,and with all these changes and additions1 as time went on1 the true way became very hard to find4 ,at one point1 so the story is told1 there were twenty-nine distinct paths1 leading in as many directions2 each of these1 if the ,chart be true1 came to its end in some frightful chasm4 ,with these there was a single narrow trail that led to safety2 but no two leaders could agree as to which was the right trail4 ,one thing only was certain3 the true way was very hard to find1 and no traveler might discover it unaided4 ,and some declared that the ,chart was complicated beyond all need4 ,there was one who said1 ,the multiplication of non-essentials has become the bane of the forest4 ,even a little meadow which he had found1 and which he called the ,saints' ,rest1 was so entangled in paths and counterpaths that once out of sight of it one could never find it again4 ,all this time there were many bands that wandered about in circles1 finding everywhere cairns of stones1 but no way of escape4 ,still others remained day after day in the shadow of great rocks1 disputing and doubting as to how they should pass by them4 ,there were arguments and precedents enough for any course2 but arguments and precedents made no man sure4 ,and it came to pass that most travelers followed the band they found nearest4 ,at last1 to join some band became their only care4 ,and they looked with pity and distrust upon those who traveled alone4 ,but the bands all made their way very slowly4 ,no matter how wise the leader1 not all were ready to move at once1 and not all could keep step to the sound of even the slowest trumpet4 ,there was often much ado at nightfall over the pitching of the tents1 and many were crowded out into the forest4 ,at times also1 in the presence of danger1 fear spread through the band1 and many of the weaker ones were trampled on and sorely hurt4 ,then1 too1 as they passed through the rocky defiles1 some of them lost sight of the banners1 and then the others would wait for them1 or perchance leave them behind1 to struggle on as best they might without chart or guide4 ,and there were those who spoke in this wise3 ,many paths lead over the mountain1 and sooner or later all come to the desert and the river4 ,it does not matter where we walk2 the question is1 ,how8 ,we cannot know step by step the way he went4 ,let us walk by faith1 as he walked4 ,if our spirit is like his1 we shall not lack for guidance when we come to the crossing of the ways4 ,and so they fared on4 ,but many doubted their own promptings4 ,tell me1 am ,i right8 each one asked of his neighbor2 and his neighbor asked it again of him4 ,and those who were in doubt followed those who were sure4 ,so it came to pass that these who walked by faith likewise gathered themselves into great companies1 and each company followed some leader4 ,some of these leaders had the gift of woodcraft1 and saw clearly into the very nature of things4 ,but some were only headstrong1 and these proved to be but blind leaders of the blind4 ,then one said1 ,we must not be filled with our own conceit1 but must humbly imitate him4 ,we must try to work as he worked2 to rest as he rested2 to sleep as he slept4 ,the deeds we do should be those he did1 and those only4 ,for on his ,chart he has told us1 not the way he went past rocks and trees1 but the actions with which his days were filled4 ,then those who tried to do as he had done1 moved by his motives and acting through his deeds1 found the way wonderfully easy4 ,the days and the hours seemed all too short for the joy with which they were filled4 ,but1 again1 there were many who said that his directions were not explicit enough4 ,the ,chart said so little4 ,that we may make no mistake1 they said1 we must gather ourselves in bands and choose leaders4 ,we cannot act as he acted unless there is some one to show us how4 ,thus it came to pass that leaders were chosen who could do everything that he had done1 in all respects1 according to his method4 ,and they added to the ,chart the record of their own practices--not only that ,he did thus and so1 but also1 ,thus and so he did not do4 ,thus and thus did he eat bread1 and thus only4 ,thus and thus did he loose his sandals4 ,in this way only gave he bread and wine4 ,here on the way he fasted2 there he feasted4 ,at this turn of the road he looked upward thus1 shading his eyes with his hand4 ,here he anointed his feet2 there his face wore a sad smile4 ,such was the cut of his coat2 of this wood was his staff2 of such a number of words his prayer4 ,and many were comforted in the thought that for every turn in the road there was some definite thing which he had done1 and which they1 too1 might perform4 ,thus the duties of every moment were fixed4 ,but as the days went on these duties grew more and more difficult4 ,no one had time to look at the rocks or trees2 no one could cast his eyes over a noble prospect2 no one could stop to rest by the sweet fountains or in the refreshing shadows4 ,one could hardly give a moment to such things1 lest he should overlook some needful service4 ,then many lost heart1 and said that surely he cared not for times and observances1 else he would have said more about them4 ,when he made the journey1 it was his chief reproach that he heeded not these things4 ,with him1 ceremony or observance rose directly out of the need for it1 each one as the need was felt4 ,to imitate him is to feel as he felt4 ,with him feelings gave rise to word and action4 ,so will it be with us4 ,it is not for us to imitate him in the fashion of his coat or the cut of his beard4 ,he went over the road giving help and comfort1 as the sun gives light or the flowers shed fragrance1 all unconscious of the good he did4 ,and in this wise did many imitate him4 ,they turned aside the boughs of the trees1 that the sunshine of heaven might fall upon their neighbors4 ,and behold1 the same sunshine fell upon them also4 ,they removed the stones from the road1 that others might not stumble over them4 ,and others removed the stones from their way also4 ,but many were still in doubt and hesitation4 ,the record1 they said1 was not explicit enough4 ,they counseled together1 and gathered in bands1 and chose leaders who should tell them how to feel4 ,and the leaders gave close heed to all his feelings and to the times and seasons proper to each4 ,here he was joyous1 and at a signal all the baud broke into merry laughter4 ,here he was stern1 and the multitude set its teeth4 ,there he wept1 and tears fell like rain from innumerable eyes4 ,as time went on1 repeated action made action easy4 ,the springs of feeling were readily troubled4 ,still each one felt1 or tried to feel1 all that he should have felt4 ,no one dared admit to his fellows that his tears were a sham1 his joy a pretense1 his sadness a lie4 ,but often1 in the bottom of their hearts1 men would confess with real tears that they had no genuine feeling there4 ,then the people asked for leaders who could bring out real feelings4 ,and there arose leaders1 who1 by terrible words1 could fill the hearts with fear2 by burning words1 could stir the embers of zeal2 by the intensity of their own passions1 could fill the throng with pity1 with sorrow1 or with indignation4 ,and the multitude hung on their lips2 for they sought for feelings real and not simulated4 ,but here again division arose2 for not all were touched alike by those who had power over the hearts of men4 ,some followed the leader who moved them to tears2 others chose him who filled them with fear and trembling4 ,still others loved to linger in the dark shadow of remorse4 ,some said that right emotions were roused by loud and ringing tones4 ,some said that the tones should be sad and sweet4 ,then there were some who said that feelings such as all these were idle and common4 ,when he trod the way of old1 it was with radiant eyes and with uplifted heart4 ,he saw through the veil of clouds to the glory which lay beyond4 ,we follow him best when we too are uplifted4 ,now and then on the way come to us moments of exultation1 when we tread in his very footsteps4 ,these are the precious moments2 then our way is his way4 ,in the rosy mists of morning1 we may behold the glory which encompassed him4 ,in moments of silent communion in the forest1 we may feel his peace steal over us4 ,in the gentle rain that falls upon the just and the unjust1 we may know the soft pity of his tears4 ,when the sun declines1 its last rays touch with gold the far-off mountain tops beyond the great river4 ,and the uplifting of great moments1 filling the souls of men with peace that passeth understanding1 came to many4 ,as they went their way1 this peace fell upon their neighbors also4 ,and no man did aught to make them afraid4 ,and others sought to go with these1 and thus they became a great band4 ,so they chose as their leaders those whose visions were brightest4 ,and they made for themselves a banner like the white mist flung out from the mountain-tops at the rising of the sun4 ,they spoke much to each other concerning the white banner and the peace which filled their souls4 ,but as they journeyed along1 the dust of the way dimmed the banner1 and the bright visions one by one faded away4 ,at last they came no more4 ,then the people murmured and called upon the leaders to grant them some brighter vision1 something that all could see and feel at once--some sign by which they might know that they were still in his way4 ,cause that a path be opened through the thicket1 they said1 and let a white dove come forth to lead us on2 or1 let the mists beyond the river part for a moment1 that we may behold the far country beyond4 ,and one of the leaders standing at the head of the column1 clothed in the morning light as with a garment1 raised his staff high in the air4 ,the sun's rays fell upon it1 touching the morning mists with gold1 and threw across them the long shadow of the upraised staff4 ,the shadow fell far out across the plains1 and about it was a halo of bright light4 ,and all the band looked joyfully at the vision4 ,adown the slope of the mountain and out into the plain they followed the way of the shadow4 ,and all the time the white banner waved at the head of the column4 ,the people said little to one another1 but that little was a word of praise and rejoicing4 ,but it came to pass1 as the day wore on1 that the sun rose in the sky1 and drew the mists up from the valley4 ,with them vanished the long shadow of the staff1 and in its place appeared the sandy plain4 ,the feet of the people were sore with the rocks and stones4 ,the air was thick with dust4 ,their hearts were uplifted no longer4 ,instead they were filled with doubt and distress4 ,and the people repined and murmured against their leader4 ,but the leader said that all was well2 even in the way he went there had been stones and hindrances4 ,more than once had he carried a heavy burden along a dusty road4 ,but he never doubted nor complained1 and so the radiance round about him never faded away4 ,but all the more the people clamored for a sign4 ,let the bright vision of the morning appear to us again4 ,at length1 worn with much entreaty1 the leader raised once more his staff above his head4 ,the sun at noon fell upon it4 ,but as the people gazed they saw no long line of radiance stretching out across the plains amid a halo of shining mist4 ,the shadow of the staff was a little shapeless mark upon the sand at their very feet4 ,then the leader cast his staff away and went by himself alone1 sad and sorrowful4 ,that night1 as he lay by the roadside1 he looked upward to the clear1 calm1 honest stars4 ,they seemed to say to him1 ,see all things as they really are4 ,this was his way4 ',in spirit and in truth' means in the light of no illusion4 ,not all the visions of mist or of sunshine can make the journey other than it is4 ,so he came to look closely at all things on the road4 ,day by day he read the lessons of the desert and the mountain4 ,he learned to know directions by the growth of the trees4 ,by the perfume of the lilies1 he sought out the hidden springs4 ,by the red clouds at evening1 he knew that the sky would be fair4 ,by the red light in the morning1 he was warned of the coming storm4 ,and there were many who followed him and his way1 though he did not will it so4 ,and he taught his companions1 saying3 ,we must seek his way in the nature of the things that abide4 ,to learn this nature of things is the beginning of wisdom4 ,for day unto day uttereth speech1 and night unto night showeth knowledge4 ,the way of nature is solid1 substantial1 vast1 and unchanging4 ,he who walks in it stands secure1 as in the shadow of a high tower or as if encompassed by a mighty fortress4 ,the wisdom of the forest shall be granted to him who seeks for it with calm heart and quiet eye4 ,but among his followers there were many who were eager and would hasten on1 and although they spoke much of the ,nature of ,things and of the ,law of the ,forest1 they were contented with speaking4 ,the road is long1 they said to themselves1 and the hours are fleeting4 ,they had no time to contemplate the glory of the heavens4 ,the beauty of the lilies fell on unobservant eyes4 ,for all these things they trusted to the report of others4 ,the words passed from mouth to mouth1 losing ever a little of their truth4 ,and in this wise the voice of wisdom was turned to the language of folly4 ,for the nature of things is truth4 ,but no man can find truth except he seek it for himself4 ,and so they fared on1 each well or ill1 according to the truth to which his way bore witness4 ,meanwhile those who bore the white banner remained long in council4 ,at last one remembered that it was written1 ,faith without works is dead1 being alone4 ,and it was written again1 ,those who follow me in spirit must follow me in truth4 ,the essence of truth lies not in thought or feeling1 but must be expressed in deeds4 ,right feelings follow right actions4 ,thus it was with him2 thus will it be with us4 ,then they went their way together1 doing good to one another4 ,and each called his neighbor brother2 and some bore cups of cold water1 and some balm for healing2 some carried oil and wine and pots of precious ointment4 ,to whomsoever they met they gave help and comfort4 ,the hungry they fed4 ,the thirsty were given drink4 ,he who had fallen by the wayside was lifted up and strengthened1 and the blessing of cleanliness was brought to him who lay in filth and shame4 ,the blessing of him that was ready to perish came upon them1 and the heart of the widow sang for joy4 ,but soon those who were filled with zeal for good works were gathered together in great bands1 and each band wished to magnify its work4 ,in every way1 to all men who asked1 help was given4 ,they searched out the lame and the blind1 and brought them that they might perforce be healed4 ,cup after cup of cold water was given to the little ones1 even to those who might bring water for themselves4 ,they cared for the wounded wayfarer long after his wounds were made whole4 ,it was their joy to bathe his limbs in oil and wine1 or to swathe them in fragrant bands4 ,and the wayfarer ceased to bear his own tent or to seek his own raiment4 ,what others would do for him1 he need not do for himself4 ,and those who did not help themselves lost the power of self-help4 ,and those who had helped others overmuch came themselves to need the help of others4 ,at last the number of the helpless became so great that there was no one to serve them4 ,many waited day after day for the aid that never came1 and they grew so weak with waiting that they could not take up their burdens4 ,the little ones were thrust aside by the strong1 and as the band went on many of them were forgotten and left behind4 ,they fainted and fell by the healing springs1 because there was no one to give them drink1 and they could not help themselves4 ,and the burden of the way grew very hard and grievous to bear4 ,then there were those who said that one cannot help another save by leading him to help himself4 ,all that is given him must he repay4 ,sooner or later each must bear his own burden4 ,each must make his own way through the forest in such manner as he may4 ,so they turned back to the old ,chart4 ,they would read his words again1 that they might be led to better deeds4 ,in these words they found help and cheer4 ,these words spake they one to another4 ,they came like rain to a thirsty field1 or as balm to a wound1 or as good news from a far country4 ,and there was wonderful consolation in the thought that for every step of the way he had spoken the right word4 ,so those who knew his words best were chosen as leaders1 and great companies followed them4 ,and as band after band passed along1 his message sounded from one to another4 ,his words were ever on their lips4 ,those who could run swiftly carried them far and wide1 even into the depths of the forest4 ,to those who were in sorrow they came as glad tidings of great joy1 and beautiful upon the mountains seemed the feet of those who bore them4 ,wherever men were weary and heavy laden1 they were cheered by his promise of rest4 ,but there were some who turned to his message only to gratify sordid hopes or vain desires4 ,he who was lazy sought warrant for sleep4 ,he who was covetous looked for gain4 ,he who was filled with anger sought promise of vengeance4 ,there were many who repeated his words for the mere words' sake4 ,and there were some who used them in disputations about the way4 ,and the words of help on the ,chart they turned into words of command4 ,each one took these commands not to himself alone1 but sought to enforce them upon others4 ,for it is our duty1 they said1 to see that no word of his shall be unheeded of any man4 ,and many rose in resistance4 ,and the conflicts on the way were fierce and strong2 for with each different band there was diversity of interpretation4 ,thus the words of kindness became the voice of hate4 ,and it came to pass that all along the way the green sward was red with the blood of wayfarers4 ,everywhere the leaves of the forest were trampled by struggling hosts4 ,and ,in his name was the watchword of each warring band4 ,and each band called itself his army4 ,and whosoever bore the sword that was reddest1 they called the ,defender of the ,faith4 ,they placed his name upon their battle-flags1 and beneath it they wrote these fearful words1 ,in this sign1 conquer4 ,and each went forth to conquer his neighbor1 and the wayfarer fled from the sight of their banners as from a pestilence4 ,but ,conquer1 conquer1 was no word of his4 ,he spoke not of victory over others2 only of conquest of oneself4 ,he had said1 ,resist not1 but overcome evil with good4 ,and till all men ceased to resist and ceased to conquer1 no one found himself in the right way4 ,then some one said3 ,by words alone can no one truly follow him4 ,his words without his faith and love are like sounding brass or tinkling cymbal4 ,out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh4 ,when the heart is empty the speech of the mouth is idle as the crackling of thorns beneath a pot4 ,and there appeared other bands from the number of those who had passed to the right of the first great rock2 and seeing the tumult and confusion of the others1 they said to themselves3 ,these are they who followed not us4 ,we have chosen the better part4 ,our leader bears the only perfect ,chart4 ,all other charts are the invention of men4 ,in the right ,chart there can be nothing false2 in the others there can be nothing true4 ,those who have not the true ,chart can never go right1 not even for a moment4 ,for even good deeds done in the paths of evil must partake of the nature of sin4 ,straight is the way and narrow is the gate1 but there is no safety except ye walk therein4 ,so they went on1 stumbling ever along the rocky road1 never resting1 never murmuring4 ,for the way at best is a vale of tears1 said they1 and no one would have it otherwise4 ,he found it thus in his time4 ,he was ever a man of sorrows and acquainted with grief4 ,more than all others had he suffered4 ,it was his glory to be despised and rejected of men4 ,for the greater the abasement the greater the exaltation in the land beyond the river4 ,so day by day they walked in the hardest part of the road4 ,but they spoke often together of a land of pure delight1 of sweet fields beyond the swelling floods1 and of turf soft as velvet that rose from the river's bank4 ,if perchance on the way they came to green pastures1 they would hasten on1 lest they should be tempted to rest before the day of rest was come4 ,from sweet springs they turned aside1 that theirs might be the greater satisfaction when they came to the sweetest springs of all4 ,they shut their eyes to beauty and their ears to music1 that the light and music of the unknown shore might burst upon them as a sudden revelation4 ,they looked not at the stars1 lest perchance these should declare a glory which was reserved for other days4 ,dreary and harsh was the way they trod4 ,but in its very dreariness they found safety4 ,they sought no pleasure1 they fought no battles1 they wasted no time4 ,in the pushing aside of all temptation1 the scorn of all beauty and idleness1 they found delight4 ,against the strength of granite rock they set the force of iron will4 ,withal1 at the bottom their hearts were light with the certainty of coming joy4 ,even the multitude of conflicting paths gave them a peculiar satisfaction2 for whatever way they took was always the right way4 ,but there were some among them who lost all heart4 ,and they threw their charts away and set forth in disorder through the forest and up the mountain4 ,some of them came safely to the river1 far in advance of the bands they had left behind4 ,but to most the way was strange1 and harder than of old4 ,and as the journey wore on they began to hate the forest and all its ways4 ,so they fared on1 together or apart1 in ever-deepening shadow4 ,they distrusted their neighbors4 ,they despised the joyous bands who trooped after their leaders with mouthing of verses and waving of flags4 ,they were stirred by the sound of no trumpet4 ,they were deceived by no illusion of sunshine or of mist4 ,they said3 ,we know the forest2 no one knows it but ourselves4 ,there is no future2 there is no way2 there is no rest2 there is no better country4 ,the azure mists are shadows only1 hiding some dreary plain1 if haply they hide anything at all4 ,evil is man2 evil are all things about him4 ,love and joy1 hope and faith1 all these are but flickering lights that lure him to destruction4 ,vultures croak on the rocks4 ,the fountains flow with ink4 ,danger lurks in the desert4 ,the name of the river is ,death4 ,and when they came to the shore of the river they saw no rift in the clouds above it1 for their eyes were filled with gloom4 ,but as time passed on1 the way of man grew brighter1 whether he would or no4 ,no day nor hour was without its joy to him who opened his heart to receive it4 ,and men saw that most of the difficulties and dangers of the way were those which they unwittingly had made for themselves or for others4 ,thus1 as the road became more secure1 it no longer seemed dreary or lonely4 ,and so it came to pass at last that men ceased to gather themselves in great bands4 ,nor did they longer set store on the sound of trumpets or the waving of flags4 ,the men who were wisest ceased to be leaders of hosts4 ,they became teachers and helpers instead4 ,and with all this a sure way was from day to day not hard to find4 ,men fell into it naturally and unconsciously4 ,and the ways which are safe are innumerable as the multitude of those that may walk therein4 ,and those who had gone by diverse paths came from time to time together4 ,each praised the charms of the path he had taken1 but each one knew that in other paths other men found as great delight4 ,and as time went on many wise men passed over the way1 and each in his own fashion left a record of all that had come to him4 ,but the old ,chart men kept in ever-increasing reverence4 ,they found that its simple1 honest words were words of truth1 and whoso sought for truth gained with it courage and strength4 ,but they covered it no longer with their own additions and interpretations4 ,nor did any one insist that what he found helpful to himself should be law unto others4 ,no longer did men say to one another1 ,this path have ,i taken2 this way must thou go4 ,and some one wrote upon the ,chart this single rule of the forest3 ,choose thou thine own best way1 and help thy neighbor to find that way which for him is best4 ,but this was erased at last2 for beneath it they found the older1 plainer words1 which ,one in earlier times had written there1 ,thy neighbor as thyself4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,passion4 ,the ,alps are not confined to ,switzerland4 ,they fill that little country full and overflow in all directions1 into ,austria1 ,italy1 ,germany1 and ,france4 ,beautiful everywhere1 these mountains are nowhere more charming than in ,southern ,bavaria4 ,grass-carpeted valleys1 lakes as blue as the sky above them1 dark slopes of pine and fir1 over-topped by crags of gray limestone dashed by perpetual snow1 the ,bavarian ,oberland is one of the most delightful regions in all ,europe4 ,when ,attila and the ,huns invaded ,germany fifteen centuries ago1 it is said that their cry was1 ,on to ,bavaria--on to ,bavaria6 for there dwells the ,lord ,god himself6 ,in the heart of these mountains1 shut off from the highways of travel by great walls of rock1 lies the valley of the little river ,ammer4 ,its waters are cold and clear1 for they flow from mountain springs1 and its willow-shaded eddies are full of trout4 ,at first a brawling torrent1 its current grows more gentle as the valley widens and the rocks recede1 and at last the little river flows quietly with broad windings through meadows carpeted with flowers4 ,on these meadows1 a couple of miles apart1 lie the twin villages of the ,ammer ,valley--the one world-famous1 the other unheard of beyond the sound of its church-bells--,ober and ,unter ,ammergau4 ,long1 straggling1 ,swiss-like towns1 these villages on the ,ammer meadows are4 ,you may find a hundred such between ,innsbruck and ,zrich4 ,stone houses1 plastered outside and painted white1 stand close together1 each one passing gradually backward into woodshed1 barn1 and stable4 ,you may lose your way in the narrow1 crooked streets1 as purposeless in their direction as the footsteps of the cows who first surveyed them4 ,oberammergau is a cleaner town than most1 with a handsomer church1 and a general evidence of local pride and modest prosperity4 ,frescoes on the walls of the houses here and there1 paintings of saints and angels1 bear witness to a love of beauty and to the prevalence of a religious spirit4 ,these pictures1 still bright after more than a century's wear1 go back to the time when the peasant boy1 ,franz ,zwink1 of ,oberammergau1 mixed paints for a famous artist who painted the interior of the ,ettal ,monastery and the village church4 ,the boy learned the art as well as the process1 and when his master was gone1 he covered the walls of his native town with pictures such as made men famous in other times and in other lands4 ,the spirit of the ,italian masters was his1 and the work of ,zwink at ,oberammergau has been called a wandering wave from the mighty sea of the ,renaissance which has broken on a far-off coast4 ,the ,passion ,play at ,oberammergau has been characterized as a relic of medieval times--the last remains of the old ,miracle ,play4 ,this is true1 in the sense of historical continuity1 and in that sense alone4 ,the spirit of the times has penetrated even to this isolated valley1 and its ,passion ,play is as much a product of our century as the poetry of ,tennyson4 ,miracle ,plays were shown at ,oberammergau and in the town about it more than five hundred years ago1 but the ,passion ,play of to-day is not like them4 ,the imps and devils and all the machinery of superstition are gone4 ,harmony has taken the place of crudity1 and the ,christ of ,oberammergau is the ,christ of modern conception4 ,the ,miracle ,play1 dead or dying everywhere else1 has lived and been perfected at ,oberammergau4 ,it has been pre-eminently the work of the ,church of ,rome to teach the common people1 and to train them to obedience4 ,in its teaching it has made use of every means which could serve its purposes4 ,didactic teaching is not effective with tired and sleepy peasants4 ,sermons soothe1 rather than instruct1 after a week of hard labor in the fields4 ,hence comes the need of object-teaching1 if teaching is to be real4 ,images have been used in this way in the ,catholic ,church--not as objects to be worshiped1 but as representations of sacred things4 ,paintings have served the same purpose4 ,the noblest paintings in the world have been wrought to this end4 ,it was in such lines alone that art could find worthy recognition4 ,in like manner1 processions and ,passion#a ,plays have served the same purpose4 ,the old ,miracle ,plays were grotesque enough--made by common people for the instruction of common people4 ,even amid the pathos of divine suffering the peasants must be amused4 ,care was taken that the character of ,judas should meet this demand4 ,so ,judas was made at once a traitor and a clown4 ,his pathway was beset by devils of the most ridiculous sort4 ,and when at last he hung himself on the stage1 his body burst open1 and the long links of sausages which represented intestines were devoured by the imps amid the laughter and delight of the peasant audience4 ,now all this has passed away4 ,wise and learned men have taken the play in hand1 and have left it a monument to their piety and good taste4 ,everything grotesque1 or barbarous1 or ridiculous has been eliminated4 ,all else is subordinated to a faithful and artistic representation of the life and acts of ,christ4 ,stately prose and the language of the ,gospel narratives have been substituted for doggerel verse4 ,as a work of art1 the ,passion ,play deserves a high place in the literature of ,germany4 ,one striking feature of the ,passion ,play is the absence of superstitious elements4 ,beyond the dominating influence of the purpose of ,god1 which is brought into strong prominence1 there is almost nothing which suggests the supernatural or miraculous4 ,that little even is forgotten in the intensity of human interest4 ,the ,devil and his machinations have vanished entirely4 ,one sees in the religious customs of the people of ,oberammergau few of the superstitions common among the peasant classes of other parts of ,europe4 ,in his little book1 ,oberammergau und ,seine ,bewohner1 ,pastor ,daisenberger says3 ,superstitious beliefs and customs one does not find here4 ,even the ordinary ghost-stories and traditions of ,germany are outworn and forgotten in this town4 ,in #afcd1 so the tradition says1 the black death came to ,oberammergau1 and one-tenth of the inhabitants died4 ,the others made a vow1 a trembling vow1 breathed in a night of tears1 that if ,god should stay the plague1 they would1 on every tenth year1 repeat in full1 for the edification of the people1 the ,tragedy of the ,passion4 ,other communities might build temples or monasteries1 or could undertake pilgrimages2 it should be their duty to show ,the ,way of the ,cross4 ,when this vow was taken1 the pestilence ceased1 and not another person perished4 ,this was regarded by the people as a visible sign of divine approval4 ,thus every tenth year for nearly three centuries1 ever since the time when the ,pilgrims landed on ,plymouth ,rock1 with varying fortunes and interruptions1 the ,passion ,play has been represented in ,oberammergau4 ,the play in its present form is essentially the work of ,josef ,alois ,daisenberger1 who was for twenty years pastor of the church at ,oberammergau4 ,in this town he was born in the last year of the last century1 and there he died1 in #ahhh1 revered and beloved by all who came near him4 ,i wrote the play1 ,pastor ,daisenberger said1 for the love of my ,divine ,redeemer1 and with no other object in view than the edification of the ,christian world4 ,the first aim of the ,passion ,play has been the training of the common people4 ,to its various representations came the peasants of ,bavaria1 ,wrtemberg1 and the ,tyrol1 on horses1 on donkeys1 on foot1 a long and difficult journey across mountain-walls and through great forests4 ,it was the memory and inspiration of a lifetime to have seen the ,passion ,play4 ,about forty years ago the tourist world discovered this scene2 and since then1 on the decennial year1 an ever-increasing interest has been felt1 an ever-growing stream of travel has been turned toward the ,ammer ,valley4 ,all1 prince or peasant1 are treated alike by the simple1 honest people1 and the same preparation is made for the reception of all4 ,the purpose of the play should be kept in mind in any just criticism4 ,to have the right to discuss it at all1 one must treat it in a spirit of sympathy4 ,we came into ,oberammergau on ,friday1 the #ast day of ,august1 #ahij1 to witness the performance of the ,sunday following4 ,the city of ,munich1 seventy miles away1 was crowded with visitors1 all bound to the ,passion ,play4 ,the express-train of twenty cars which carried us from ,munich was crowded with people from almost every part of the civilized world4 ,at ,oberau1 six miles from ,oberammergau1 at the foot of the ,ettal ,mountain1 we left the railway1 and there took part in a general scramble for seats in the carriages4 ,the fine new road winds through dark pine woods1 climbing the hill in long zigzags above wild chasms1 past the old monastery of ,ettal1 and then slowly descends to the soft ,ammer meadows4 ,the great peak of the ,kofel is ever in front1 while the main chain of the ,bavarian ,alps closes the view behind4 ,arrived in the little village1 all was bustle and confusion4 ,the streets were full of people--some busy in taking care of strangers1 others sauntering idly about1 as if at a country fair4 ,young women1 in black bodices and white sleeves1 welcomed the visitors at the little inns or served them in the shops4 ,everywhere were young men in ,tyrolese holiday attire--green coats1 black slouch hats1 with a feather or sprig of ,edelweiss in the hat-band1 and with trousers1 like those of the ,scottish ,highlanders1 which end hopelessly beyond the reach of either shoes or stockings4 ,besides the rustics and the tourists1 one met here and there upon the streets men whose grave demeanor and long black hair resting on their shoulders proclaimed them to be actors in the ,passion ,play4 ,on ,sunday morning we were awakened by the sound of a cannon planted at the foot of the ,kofel1 a sharp1 conical1 towering mountain1 some two thousand feet above the town1 and bearing on its summit a tall gilded cross4 ,it was cold and rainy1 but that made no difference with the audience or the play4 ,at eight o'clock1 when the cannon sounds again1 all are in their places1 and the play begins4 ,it lasts for eight hours--from eight o'clock in the morning to half-past five in the afternoon1 with a single interruption of an hour and a half at noon4 ,the stage is wide and ample4 ,its central part is covered1 but the front1 which represents the fields and the streets of ,jerusalem1 is in the open air4 ,this feature lends the play a special charm4 ,on the left1 across the stage1 over which the fitful rain-clouds chase one another1 we can plainly see the long1 green slope of ,ettal mountain1 dotted from bottom to top with herdmen's huts or chlets1 and on the summit a tall pine-tree1 standing out alone above all its brethren4 ,on the other side appear the wild crags of the ,kofel1 its gilded cross glistening in the sunshine above the morning mists4 ,swallows fly in and out among the painted palm-trees1 their twitter sounding sharply above the music of the chorus4 ,the little birds raise their voices to make themselves heard to each other4 ,as the play progresses the intense truthfulness of the people of ,oberammergau steadily grows upon us4 ,for many generations the best intellects and noblest lives in the town have been devoted to the sole end of giving a worthy picture of the life and acts of ,christ4 ,each generation of actors has left this picture more noble than it ever was before4 ,their work has been wrought in a spirit of serious truthfulness1 which in itself places the ,oberammergau stage in a class by itself1 above and beyond all other theaters4 ,everything is real1 and stands for what it is4 ,kings and priests are dressed1 not in flimsy tinsel1 but in garments such as real kings and priests may have worn4 ,and so no artificial light or glare of fireworks is needed to make these costumes effective4 ,and this genuineness enables these simple players to produce effects which the richest theaters would scarcely dare to undertake2 and all this in the open air1 in glaring sunshine or in pouring rain4 ,the players themselves can scarcely be called actors4 ,in their way1 they are strong beyond all mere actors1 and for this reason--that they do not seem to act4 ,from childhood they have grown up in the parts they play4 ,childish voices learn the solemn music of the chorus in the schools1 and childish forms mingle in the triumphal procession in the regular church festivals4 ,all the effects of accumulated tradition1 all the results of years of training tend to make of them1 not actors at all1 but living figures of the characters they represent4 ,and we can look back over the history of ,oberammergau1 and see how1 through the growth of this purpose of its life1 it has come to be unique among all the towns of ,europe4 ,many have wondered that in so small a town there should be so many men of striking personality4 ,the reason for this is to be sought in the operation of natural selection4 ,in the ordinary ,german village1 the best men find no career4 ,they go from home to the cities or to foreign lands1 in search of the work and influence not to be secured at home4 ,the strongest go1 and the dull remain4 ,all1 this is reversed at ,oberammergau4 ,only the native citizen takes part in the play4 ,those who are stupid or vicious are excluded from it4 ,not to take part in the play is to have no reason for remaining in ,oberammergau4 ,to be chosen for an important part is the highest honor the people know4 ,so the influences at work retain the best and exclude the others4 ,moreover1 the leading families of ,oberammergau1 the families of ,zwink1 ,lang1 ,rendl1 ,mayr1 ,lechner1 ,diemer1 etc41 are closely related by intermarriage4 ,these people are all of one blood--all of one great family4 ,this family is one of actors1 serious1 intelligent1 devoted1 and all these virtues are turned to effect in their acting4 ,this work is that of a lifetime4 ,little boys and girls come on the stage in the arms of the mothers--matrons of ,jerusalem4 ,older boys shout in the rabble and become at last ,roman soldiers or servants of the ,high ,priest4 ,still later1 the best of them are ranged among the ,apostles1 and the rare genius becomes ,pilate1 ,john1 ,judas1 or the ,christ4 ,in the house of mine host1 the chief of the money-changers in the temple1 the eldest daughter was called ,magdalena4 ,in #ahij1 at fourteen1 she was leader of the girls in the tableau of the falling manna4 ,in #aijj1 she may1 perhaps1 become ,mary ,magdalen1 the end in life which her parents have chosen for her4 ,after the cannon sounds1 the chorus of guardian spirits 7,schtzengeister7 comes forward to make plain by speech or action the meaning of the coming scenes4 ,this chorus is modeled after the chorus in the ,greek plays4 ,it is composed of twenty-four singers1 the best that ,oberammergau has1 all picturesquely clad in ,greek costumes1--white tunics1 trimmed with gold1 and over these an outer mantle of some deep1 quiet shade1 the whole forming a perfect harmony of soft ,oriental colors4 ,stately and beautiful the chorus is throughout4 ,the time which in ordinary theaters is devoted to the arranging of scenes behind a blank curtain is here filled by the songs and recitations of the guardian spirits4 ,once in the play the chorus appears in black1 in keeping with the dark scenes they come forth to foretell4 ,but at the end the bright robes are resumed1 while the play closes with a burst of triumph from their lips4 ,at the beginning of each act1 the leader of the singers1 the village schoolmaster1 comes forth from the chorus1 and the curtain parts1 revealing a tableau illustrative of the coming scenes4 ,these tableaux1 some thirty or forty in number1 are taken from scenes in the ,old ,testament which are supposed to prefigure acts in the life of ,christ4 ,thus the treachery of ,judas is prefigured by the sale of ,joseph by his brethren4 ,the farewell at ,bethany has its type in the mourning bride in the ,song of ,solomon2 the ,crucifixion1 in the brazen serpent of ,moses4 ,sometimes the connection between the tableaux and the scenes is not easily traced2 but even then the pictures justify themselves by their own beauty4 ,often five hundred people are brought on the stage at once4 ,these range in size from the tall and patriarchal ,moses to children of two years4 ,but1 old or young1 there is never a muscle or a fold of garment out of place4 ,the first tableau represents ,adam and ,eve driven from ,eden by the angel with the flaming sword4 ,it was not easy to believe that these figures were real4 ,they were as changeless as wax4 ,they did not even wink4 ,the critic may notice that the hands of the women are large and brown1 and the children's faces not free from sunburn4 ,but there is no other hint that these exquisite pictures are made up from the village boys and girls1 those who on other days milk the cows and scrub the floors in the little town4 ,the marvelously varied costumes and the grouping of these tableaux are the work of the drawing-teacher1 ,ludwig ,lang4 ,without appearing anywhere in the play1 this gifted man makes himself everywhere felt in the delicacy of his feeling for harmonies of color4 ,at the beginning of the play the leader of the chorus addresses the audience as friends and brothers who are present for the same reason as the actors themselves--namely1 to assist devoutly at the mystery to be set forth1 the story of the redemption of the world4 ,the purpose is1 as far as may be1 to share the sorrows of the ,saviour and to follow him step by step on the way of his sufferings to the cross and sepulcher4 ,then comes the prologue1 solemnly intoned1 of which the most striking words are these3 ,nicht ewig zrnet ,er ,ich will1 so spricht der ,herr1 ,den ,tod des ,snders nicht4 ,he will not be angry forever4 ,i1 saith the ,lord1 will not the death of the sinner4 ,i will forgive him2 he shall live1 and in my ,son's blood shall be reconciled4 ,when its part is finished the chorus retires1 and the ,passion ,play begins with the entry of ,christ into ,jerusalem4 ,far in the distance we hear the music1 ,hail to thee1 ,o ,david's son6 ,then follows a seemingly endless procession of men1 women1 and children who wave palm-leaves and shout hosannas4 ,one little flaxen-haired girl1 dressed in blue1 and carrying a long1 slender palm-leaf1 is especially striking in her beauty and naturalness4 ,at last ,he comes1 riding sidewise upon a beast that seems too small for his great stature4 ,he is dressed in a purple robe1 over which is a mantle of rich crimson4 ,beside him1 in red and olive-green1 is the girlish-looking youth1 ,peter ,rendl1 who takes the part of ,saint ,john4 ,behind him follow his disciples1 each with the pilgrim's staff4 ,two of these are more conspicuous than the others4 ,one is a white-haired1 eager old man1 wearing a mantle of olive-green4 ,the other1 younger1 dark1 sullen1 and tangle-haired1 dressed in a robe of saffron over dull yellow1 is the only person in the throng out of harmony with the prevailing joyousness4 ,illustration3 ,peter ,rendl as ,saint ,john4 ,followed by the people1 who stand apart in reverence as he passes among them1 ,christ approaches the temple4 ,his face is pale1 in marked contrast to his abundant black hair4 ,his expression is serious1 or even care-worn1 less mild than in the usual pictures of ,jesus1 but certainly in keeping with the scenes of the ,passion ,play4 ,a fine1 strong1 masterful man of great stature and immense physical strength is the wood-carver1 ,josef ,mayr1 who now for three successive decades has taken this part4 ,a man of attractive presence and lofty bearing1 one whom every eye follows as he goes about the town on the round of his daily duties1 yet simple-hearted and modest1 as becomes one who takes on himself not only the dress but the name and figure of the ,saviour4 ,essays have been written on ,christus ,mayr and his conception of ,jesus1 and ,i can only assent to the general impression4 ,to me it seems that ,mayr's thought of ,christ is one which all must accept4 ,he appears as one driven by the ,spirit1--the great mild teacher1 the man who can afford to be silent before kings and before mobs1 and to whom the pains of ,calvary are not more deep than the sorrows of ,gethsemane1 the man who comes to do the work of his ,father1 regardless alike of human praise or of human contempt4 ,the great strength of the presentation is that it brings to the front the essentials of ,christ's life and death4 ,there is no suggestion of theological subtleties nor of the ceremonies of any church4 ,it is simply true and terrible4 ,from one of his fellow-actors1 ,i learned this of ,josef ,mayr4 ,he has always been what he is now1 a hand-worker 7gemeiner ,arbeiter7 in ,oberammergau4 ,he has never been away from his native town except once1 when he went as a workman to ,vienna1 and once when1 in #ahgj1 the play was interrupted by the war with ,france1 and ,mayr himself was taken into the army4 ,out of respect to his art1 he was never sent to the front1 but kept in the garrison at ,munich4 ,when the war was over1 and he came back1 in #ahga1 the grateful villagers resumed the play as their best method of thanking ,god who had given them the blessings of victory and peace4 ,canon ,farrar1 of ,westminster1 has given us the best and most sympathetic account yet published of the various actors4 ,of ,mayr he said3 ,it is no small testimony to the goodness and the ability of ,josef ,mayr that in his representation of ,christ he does not offend us by a single word or a single gesture4 ,if there were in his manner the slightest touch of affectation or of self-consciousness2 if there were the remotest suspicion of a strut in his gait1 we should be compelled to turn aside in disgust4 ,as it is1 we forget the artist altogether4 ,for it is easy to see that ,josef ,mayr forgets himself1 and wishes only to give a faithful picture of the events in the ,gospel story4 ,as the ,master enters the temple1 he finds that its courts are filled with a noisy throng of money-changers1 peddlers1 and dealers in animals for sacrifice4 ,he is filled with wrath and indignation4 ,in a commanding tone1 he orders them to take their own and leave this holy place4 ,there is room enough for trading outside4 ',my house1' thus saith the ,lord1 'shall be a house of prayer to all the people4' ,ye have made it a den of thieves4 7,zur ,ruberhhle1 habt ,ihr es gemacht67 ,the peddlers pay no attention to his protest4 ,then1 with a sudden burst of wrath1 he breaks upon them1 overturning their tables1 scattering their gold upon the floor1 and beating them with thongs4 ,the animals kept for sacrifice are released4 ,the sheep scamper backward to the rear of the stage1 and escape through the open door4 ,the white doves fly out over the heads of the spectators1 and are lost against the green slopes of the ,kofel4 ,the play now follows the ,gospel narrative very closely4 ,it is1 in fact1 the ,gospel story1 with only such changes as fit it for continuous presentation4 ,events aside from the current of the story1 such as the wedding at ,cana and the raising of ,lazarus1 are omitted4 ,there are few long speeches4 ,the leading features of what may be called the plot1 the wrath of the money-changers1 the fierce hatred of the ,pharisees1 the avarice of ,judas1 which makes him their tool1 are all sharply emphasized4 ,the next scene introduces us to the ,high ,council of the ,jews1 and to its leading spirit1 ,caiaphas4 ,caiaphas is represented by the burgomaster of the village1 ,johann ,lang4 ,no medieval pope1 says ,canon ,farrar1 could pronounce his sentences with more dignity and verve4 ,he is what has been called 'that terrible creature1 the perfect priest4' ,violent1 unforgiving1 and harsh1 he is the soul of the conspiracy4 ,his strong determination is reflected in the weak malignity of his colleague1 ,annas1 as well as in the priests and scribes4 ,while he lives1 ,caiaphas says1 there is no peace for ,israel4 ,it is better that one man should die1 that the whole nation perish not4 ,we next behold ,jesus accompanied by his disciples on the road toward the house of ,simon of ,bethany4 ,as they walk along1 he talks sadly of his approaching death4 ,none of them can understand his words2 for to them he has been victorious over all his enemies4 ,a word from thee1 says ,peter1 and they are crushed4 ,i see not1 says ,thomas1 why thou speakest so often of sorrow and death4 ,do we not read in the prophets that ,christ lives forever8 ,thou canst not die1 for with thy power thou wakest even the dead4 ,even ,john declares that ,christ's words are dark and dismal1 while he and his associates use every effort to cheer the ,master4 ,at the house of ,simon of ,bethany1 ,mary ,magdalen breaks the costly dish of ointment4 ,judas1 who carries the slender purse of the disciples1 is vexed at the waste1 and talks of all the good the value of this ointment might have done if given to the poor4 ,very carefully worked out is the character of ,judas1 represented by ,johann ,zwink1 the miller of ,oberammergau1 who ten years ago took the part of ,saint ,john4 ,the people of ,oberammergau regard ,zwink as the most gifted of all their actors2 for he can1 they say1 play any part4 7,er spielt alle ,rolle47 ,gregor ,lechner1 who in his younger days had the part of ,judas1 is now ,simon of ,bethany4 ,of all the actors of ,oberammergau1 the people told us1 ,lechner is the most beloved 7bestens beliebt74 ,illustration3 ,johann ,zwink as ,judas4 ,in ,zwink's conception1 ,judas is a man full of ambition1 but without enthusiasm4 ,he is attracted by the power of ,christ1 from which he expects great results4 ,but ,christ seems to care little for his own mighty works4 ,my mission1 he says1 is not to command1 but to serve4 ,so ,judas becomes impatient and dissatisfied4 ,the eager enthusiasm of ,peter and the tender devotion of ,john alike bore and disgust him4 ,so the emissaries of ,caiaphas find him half-prepared for their mission4 ,he admits that he has made a mistake in joining his fortunes to those of an unpractical and sorrowful prophet who lets great opportunities slip from his grasp1 and who wastes a fortune in precious ointment with no more thought than if it had been water4 ,there has of late been a coolness between him and me1 he confesses4 ,i am tired1 he says1 of hoping and waiting1 with nothing before me except poverty1 humiliation1 perhaps even torture and the prison4 ,he is especially ill at ease when the ,master speaks of his approaching death4 ,if thou givest up thy life1 he says1 what will become of us8 ,and so ,judas reasons with himself that he can afford to be prudent4 ,if his ,master fail1 then he must be a false prophet1 and there is no use in following him4 ,if he succeed1 as with his mighty power he can hardly fail to do1 then1 says ,judas1 ,i will throw myself at his feet4 ,he is such a good man2 never have ,i seen him cast a penitent away4 ,but ,i fear to face the ,master4 ,his sharp look goes through and through me4 ,still at the most ,i shall only tell the priests where my ,master is4 ,and thus the good and bad impulses struggle for the mastery1 giving to this character the greatest tragic interest4 ,he visibly shrinks before the words of ,christ1 ,one of you shall betray me4 ,in the ,high ,council he cringes under the scorching reproach of ,nicodemus4 ,dost thou not blush1 ,nicodemus says1 to sell thy ,lord and ,master8 ,this blood-money calls to heaven for revenge4 ,some day it will burn hot in thine avarice-sunken soul4 ,but the ,high ,priest says1 ,come1 ,judas1 take the silver1 and be a man4 ,and when the thirty pieces are counted out to him1 he cannot resist the temptation1 but clutches them with a miser's grasp and hurries off to intercept the ,master on his way through the ,garden of ,gethsemane4 ,meanwhile1 after a tender farewell from his mother1 ,christ leaves the house of ,simon of ,bethany1 and1 with his disciples1 takes the road to ,jerusalem4 ,the part of ,mary the mother of ,christ is admirably taken by ,rosa ,lang4 ,in dress and mien1 she seems to have stepped down from some picture-frame of ,raphael or ,murillo4 ,the ,mary of ,rosa ,lang is in every respect a worthy companion of ,mayr's ,christus4 ,illustration3 ,rosa ,lang as ,mary4 ,the various scenes in which the ,apostles appear are modeled more or less after the great religious paintings1 especially those of the ,bavarian artist1 ,albrecht ,drer4 ,the ,last ,supper is a living representation of the famous painting of ,leonardo da ,vinci in the refectory at ,milan4 ,peter and ,judas are here brought into sharp contrast4 ,next to ,christ1 is the slender figure of the beloved disciple4 ,the characters of the different ,apostles are placed in bold relief4 ,we are at once interested in the fine face of ,andreas ,lang1 the ,apostle ,thomas1 critical and questioning1 but altogether loyal4 ,the ,apostle ,philip looks for signs and visions1 and would see the ,father coming in ,his glory from the skies1 not in the common every-day scenes of life into which the ,master led them4 ,have ,i been so long time with thee1 and yet hast thou not known me1 ,philip8 ,next comes the night scene in the ,garden of ,gethsemane on the ,mount of ,olives4 ,the tired ,apostles rest upon the grassy bank1 and one by one they fall asleep4 ,even ,peter1 who is nearest the ,master1 can keep awake no longer4 ,christ kneels upon the rocks above the sleeping ,peter4 ,o ,father1 if it be possible1 let this cup pass from me4 ,he looks back to his disciples4 ,are your eyes so heavy that ye cannot watch8 ,the weight of ,god's justice lies upon me4 ,the sins of the fallen world weigh me down4 ,o ,father1 if it is not possible that this hour go by1 then may thy holy will be done4 ,suddenly a great tumult is heard4 ,the faint light of the morning is reflected from the clanging armor and from glittering spears4 ,the ,apostles are rudely awakened4 ,judas comes forth and greets the ,master with a kiss4 ,at this signal1 the ,master is seized by the soldiers and roughly bound4 ,then he is carried away1 first to ,annas1 and afterwards to the house of ,caiaphas4 ,of the scenes that immediately follow1 the most striking is that of the denial of ,peter4 ,peter1 as represented by the sexton of the church1 ,jacob ,hitt1 is an old man with a young heart1 eager and impulsive4 ,he dreams of the noble part he will take while standing by the ,master's side before kings and priests1 but behaves very humanly when he is brought face to face with an unexpected test4 ,the scenes of the night have crowded thick and fast4 ,the ,apostles have been scattered by the soldiers4 ,the ,master had been bound1 and carried away they know not whither4 ,peter had tried to defend him1 but was told to put away his useless sword4 ,in forlorn agony ,peter and ,john wander about in the dark1 seeking news of ,jesus4 ,they meet a servant who tells them that he has been carried before the ,high ,priest1 and that the whole brood of his followers is to be rooted out4 ,near the house of the ,high ,priest ,annas we see a sort of inn occupied by rough soldiers4 ,the night is damp and cold4 ,a maid has kindled a fire in the courtyard1 and ,peter approaches it to warm his hands1 and1 if possible1 to gain some further news of the ,master4 ,he hears the soldiers talking of ,malchus1 one of their number who had had his ear cut off4 ,they boast of what they will do with the culprit1 if he should ever fall into their power4 ,an ear for an ear1 he hears them say4 ,suddenly the maid turns towards ,peter and says1 ,yes1 you1 surely you were with the ,nazarene ,jesus4 ,peter hesitates4 ,should he confess1 he would have his own ears cut off1 an ear for an ear--and most likely his head1 too1 while his body would be thrown out on the rubbish heap behind the inn4 ,peter had said that he would die for the ,master2 and so he would on the field of battle1 or in any way where he might have a glorious death4 ,he would die for the ,master1 but not then and there4 ,the death of a martyr has its pleasures1 no doubt1 but not the death of a dog4 ,while ,peter stood thus considering these matters1 one and then another of the servants insisted that he had surely been seen with the ,nazarene ,jesus4 ,again and again ,peter refused all knowledge of the ,master4 ,when the cock crew once more he had denied his ,master thrice4 ,while ,peter still insisted1 the door opened and the ,master came forth under the ,high ,priest's sentence of death4 ,and the ,lord turned and looked upon ,peter1 and ,peter went out and wept bitterly4 ,oh1 ,master1 he says in the play3 ,oh1 ,master1 how have ,i fallen6 ,i have denied thee1 how can it be possible8 ,three times denied thee6 ,oh1 thou knowest1 ,lord1 ,i was resolved to follow thee to death4 ,meanwhile ,judas hears the story of what has happened4 ,he is at once filled with agony and remorse1 for he had not expected it4 ,he was sure that the great power of the ,master would bring him through safely at last4 ,in helpless agony1 he rushes before the ,council and makes an ineffective protest4 ,no peace for me forevermore2 no peace for you1 he says4 ,the blood of the innocent cries aloud for justice4 ,he is repulsed with cold indifference4 ,will it or not1 says the ,high ,priest1 he must die1 and it would be well for thee to look out for thyself4 ,in fury he cries out1 ,if he dies1 then am ,i a traitor4 ,may ten thousand devils tear me in pieces6 ,here1 ye bloodhounds1 take back your curse6 ,and flinging the blood-money at the feet of the priests1 he flies from their presence1 pursued by the specter of his crime4 ,the next scene shows us the field of blood--a wind-swept desert1 with one forlorn tree in the foreground4 ,we see the wretched ,judas before the tree4 ,he tears off his girdle1 a snake1 he calls it1 and places it about his neck1 snapping off a branch of the tree in his haste to fasten it4 ,here1 accursed life1 ,i end thee2 let the most miserable of all fruit hang upon this tree4 ,in the action we feel that ,judas is not so much wicked as weak4 ,he has little faith and little imagination1 and his folly of avarice hurries him into betrayal4 ,those who see the play feel as the actors feel1 that ,christ knows the weakness of man4 ,he would have forgiven ,judas1 just as he forgave ,peter4 ,in the early morning ,christ is brought before ,pontius ,pilate4 ,the ,roman governor1 admirably represented by ,thomas ,rendl1 appears in the balcony and talks down to ,caiaphas1 who sends up his accusations from the street below4 ,his clear sense of justice makes ,pilate at first more than a match for the conspirators4 ,with magnificent scorn he tells ,caiaphas that he is astounded at his sudden zeal for ,caesar4 ,of ,christ he says3 ,he seems to me a wise man--so wise that these dark men cannot bear the light from his wisdom4 ,learning that ,jesus is from ,galilee1 he throws the whole matter into the hands of ,herod1 the governor of that province4 ,the words of ,pilate are very finely spoken4 ,we marvel1 says one writer1 how the peasant ,rendl learned to bear himself so nobly or to utter the famous question1 ',what is truth8' with a certain dreamy inward expression and tone1 as though outward circumstances had for the instant vanished from his mind1 and he were alone with his own soul and the flood of thought raised by the words of ,jesus4 ,in contrast to ,pilate1 stands ,herod1 lazy and voluptuous4 ,he1 too1 finds nothing of evil in ,jesus1 whom he supposes to be a clever magician4 ,cause that this hall may become dark1 he says1 or that this roll of paper1 which is thy sentence of death1 shall become a serpent4 ,he receives ,christ in good-natured expectancy1 which changes to disgust when he answers him not a word4 ,herod pronounces him dumb as a fish1 and1 after clothing him in a splendid purple mantle1 he sends him away unharmed1 with the title of ,king of ,fools4 ,again ,christ is brought before ,pilate1 who tells ,caiaphas plainly that his accusations mean only his own personal hatred1 and that the voice of the people is but the senseless clamor of the mob set in operation by intrigue4 ,pilate orders ,jesus to be scourged1 in the hope that the sight of his noble bearing amid unmerited cruelties may soften the hearts of the people4 ,nowhere does the noble figure of ,mayr appear to better advantage than in this scene1 where1 after a brutal chastisement1 scarcely lessened in the presentation on the stage1 the ,roman soldiers place a cattail flag in his hand and salute him as a king4 ,pilate then brings forth an abandoned wreck of humanity1 old ,barabbas1 the murderer4 ,as ,christ stands before them1 blood-stained and crowned with thorns1 half in hope and half in irony1 ,pilate invites them to choose4 ,behold the man1 he said1 a wise teacher whom ye have long honored1 guilty of no evil deed4 ,jesus or ,barabbas1 which will ye choose8 ,all the more fiercely the mob cries1 ,crucify him6 ,crucify him6 ,illustration3 ,ecce ,homo6 ,pilate is puzzled4 ,i cannot understand these people1 he said4 ,but a few days ago1 ye followed this man with rejoicing through the streets of ,jerusalem4 ,the ,high ,priest threatens to appeal to ,rome4 ,pilate fears to face such an appeal4 ,he has little confidence in the favor or the justice of the ,caesar whom he serves4 ,at last he consents to what he calls a great wrong in order to avert a greater evil4 ,he calls for water1 and washes his hands in ostentatious innocence4 ,finally1 as he signs the verdict of condemnation in wrath and disgust1 he breaks his staff of office1 and flings the fragments upon the stairs1 at the feet of the priests4 ,next we behold in the foreground of the stage1 ,john and ,mary the mother of ,jesus1 and with them a little group of followers4 ,a tumult is heard1 and1 in the midst of a great throng of people1 we see three crosses borne by prisoners4 ,jesus beholds his mother4 ,suddenly he faints1 under the weight of the cross4 ,the rough soldiers urge him on4 ,simon of ,cyrene1 a sturdy passer-by1 who is carrying home provisions from the market1 is seized by the soldiers and forced to give aid4 ,at first he refuses4 ,i will not do it1 he says2 ,i am a free man1 and no criminal4 ,but his indignant protests turn to pity1 when he beholds the ,holy ,man of ,nazareth4 ,for the love of thee1 he says1 will ,i bear thy cross4 ,oh1 could ,i make myself thus worthy in thy sight6 ,the closing scenes of the ,passion ,play1 associated as they are with all that has been held sacred by our race for nearly two thousand years1 are thrilling beyond comparison4 ,no one can witness them unmoved4 ,no one can forget the impression made by the living pictures4 ,in simplicity and reverence1 the work is undertaken1 and it awakens in the beholder only corresponding feelings4 ,every heart1 for the time at least1 is stirred to its depths4 ,when the curtain rises1 two crosses are seen1 each in its place4 ,the central cross is not yet raised4 ,the ,roman soldiers take their time for it4 ,come1 now1 says one of them1 we must put this ,jewish king upon his throne4 ,so the heavy cross1 with its burden1 is raised in its place4 ,we see the bloody nails in his hands and feet2 and so realistic is the representation1 that the nearest spectator cannot see that he is not actually nailed to the cross4 ,there is no haste shown in the presentation4 ,the ,crucifixion is not a tableau1 displayed for an instant and then withdrawn4 ,the scene lasts so long that one feels a strange sense of surprise when ,christus ,mayr appears alive again4 ,twenty minutes is the time actually taken for the representation4 ,it is hard1 said our landlady1 the good ,frau ,wiedermann1 to be on the cross so long1 even if one is not actually nailed to it4 ,it is hard for the thieves1 too1 she said1 as well as for ,josef ,mayr4 ,the thieves themselves deserve a moment's notice4 ,the one on the right is a bald old man1 who meets his death in patience and humility4 ,the one on the left is a robust young fellow1 who defies his associates and tormentors alike1 and joins his voice to that of the rabble in scoffing at the power of ,jesus4 ,if thou be a god1 he says1 save thyself and us4 ,there is at first a struggle over the inscription at the head of the cross4 ,let it read1 ',he called himself the ,king of the ,jews1' say the priests4 ,but the ,roman soldier is obdurate4 ,what ,i have written ,i have written1 and the centurion grimly nails it on the cross above his head1 regardless alike of their rage and protestations4 ,meanwhile1 in the foreground the four ,roman guards part the purple robe of ,christ1 each one taking his share4 ,but the seamless coat they will not divide4 ,so they cast the dice on the ground to see to whom this prize shall fall4 ,they are in no hurry4 ,traitors and thieves have all night to die in1 and they can wait for them4 ,the first soldier throws a low number1 and gives up the contest4 ,the second does better4 ,the third calls up to the cross1 ,if thou be a god1 help me to throw a lucky number4 ,one cast of the dice is disputed4 ,it has to be tried again4 ,meanwhile we hear the poor dying body on the cross1 in a voice broken with agony1 ,father1 forgive them1 for they know not what they do4 ,again1 amid the railings of the ,jews1 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 why hast thou forsaken me8 ,then again1 after a sharp cry of pain1 ,it is finished6 ,the captain drives the scoffing mob away1 bidding the women come nearer4 ,then a ,roman soldier1 sent by ,pilate1 comes and breaks the legs of the thieves4 ,we hear their bones crack under the club4 ,their heads fall1 their muscles shrink1 as the breath leaves the body4 ,but finding that ,jesus is already dead1 the soldier breaks not his legs1 but thrusts a spear into his side4 ,we can see the spear pierce the flesh1 but we cannot see that the blood flows from the spear-point itself1 and not from the ,master's body4 ,the soldiers fall back with a feeling of awe4 ,then1 one by one1 as the darkness falls1 we see them file away on the road to ,jerusalem1 and the ,son of ,man is left in silence4 ,then follows the descent from the cross1 which suggests comparison with ,rubens' famous painting in the ,cathedral at ,antwerp1 but here shown with a fineness of touch and delicacy of feeling which that great painter of muscles and mantles could never attain4 ,we see ,nicodemus climb the ladder leaned against the back of the cross4 ,he takes off first the crown of thorns4 ,it is laid silently at ,mary's feet4 ,he pulls out the nails one by one4 ,we hear them fall upon the ground4 ,with the last one falls the wrench with which he has drawn it4 ,passing a long roll of white cloth over each arm of the cross1 he lets the ,saviour down into the strong arms of ,joseph of ,arimathea1 and1 at last1 into the loving embrace of ,john and ,mary4 ,no description can give an idea of the all-compelling force of this scene4 ,a treatment less reverent than is given by these peasants would make it an intolerable blasphemy4 ,as it is1 its justification is its perfection4 ,and this is the justification of the ,passion ,play itself4 ,it can never become a show4 ,it can never be carried to other countries4 ,it never can be given under other circumstances4 ,so long as its players are pure in heart and humble in spirit1 so long can they keep their well-earned right to show to the world the ,tragedy of the ,cross4 #a ,the word passion1 as used in the term ,passionspiel1 signifies anguish or sorrow4 ,the ,passion ,play is the story of the great anguish4 ,,the ,,california ,,of ,,the ,,padre4#a ,there is something in the name of ,spain which calls up impressions rich1 warm1 and romantic4 ,the color of romance1 which must be something between the hue of a purple grape and the red haze of the ,indian summer1 hangs over everything ,spanish4 ,castles in ,spain have ever been the fairest castles1 and the banks of the ,xenil and the ,guadalquivir still bound the dreamland of the poet4 ,there was never a castle seen ,so fair as mine in ,spain2 ,it stands embowered in green1 ,overlooking a gentle slope1 ,on a hill by the ,xenil's shore4 ,it has been said of ,spanish rule in ,california1 that its history was written upon sand1 only to be washed away by the advancing tide of ,saxon civilization4 ,so far as the economic or political development of our ,state is concerned1 this is true2 the ,mission period had no part in it1 and its heroes have left no imperishable monuments4 ,but in one respect our ,spanish predecessors have had a lasting influence1 and the debt we owe to them1 as yet scarcely appreciated1 is one which will grow with the ages4 ,it is said that ,father ,crespi1 in #aggj1 gave ,spanish names to every place where he encamped at night1 and these names1 rich and melodious1 make the map of ,california unique among the ,states of the ,union4 ,it is fitting that the most varied1 picturesque1 and lovable of all the ,states should be the one thus favored4 ,we feel everywhere the charm of the ,spanish language--,latin cut loose from scholastic bonds1 with a dash of firmness from the ,visigoth and a touch of warmth from the sun-loving ,moor4 ,the names of ,mariposa1 ,san ,buenaventura1 ,santa ,barbara1 ,santa ,cruz1 and ,monterey can never grow mean or common4 ,in the counties along the coast1 there is scarcely a hill1 or stream1 or village that does not bear some melodious trace of ,spanish occupation4 ,to see what ,california might have been1 we have only to turn away from the mission counties to the foothills of the ,sierras1 where the mining-camps of the ,anglo-,saxon bear such names as ,fiddletown1 ,red ,dog1 ,dutch ,flat1 ,murder ,gulch1 ,ace of ,spades1 or ,murderer's ,bar2 these changing later1 by euphemistic vulgarity1 into ,ruby ,city1 ,magnolia ,vale1 ,largentville1 ,idlewild1 and the like4 ,or1 if not these1 our ,anglo-,saxon practically gives us1 not ,our ,lady of the ,solitude1 nor the ,city of the ,holy ,cross1 not ,fresno1 the ash1 nor ,mariposa1 the butterfly1 but the momentous repetition of ,smithvilles1 ,jonesboroughs1 and ,brownstowns1 which makes the map of the ,mississippi ,valley a waste of unpoetical mediocrity4 ,so the ,spanish names constitute our legacy from the ,mission ,fathers4 ,it is now nearly three hundred and fifty years since ,alta ,california was discovered1 one hundred and twenty years since it was colonized by white people1 and a little over forty years since it became a part of our republic4 ,in #aedb1 ,cabrillo had sailed up the coast as far as ,cape ,mendocino4 ,in #aegg1 ,sir ,francis ,drake came as far north as ,point ,reyes1 where1 seeing the white cliffs of ,marin ,county1 he called the country ,new ,albion4 ,better known than these to ,spanish-speaking people was the voyage of ,sebastian ,vizcaino1 who1 in #afjb1 had coasted along as far as ,point ,reyes1 and had left a full account of his discoveries4 ,the landlocked harbor which ,cabrillo had named ,san ,miguel1 ,vizcaino re-christened in honor of his flag-ship1 ,san ,diego de ,alcal4 ,farther north1 ,vizcaino found a glorious deep and sheltered bay1 large enough to float all the navies of the world1 he said2 and this1 in honor of the ,viceroy of ,mexico1 he called the ,bay of ,monterey4 ,to a broad curve of the coast to the north1 between ,point ,san ,pedro and ,point ,reyes1 he gave the name of the ,bay of ,san ,francisco1#b dedicating it to the memory of ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi4 ,a rough chart of the coast was made by his pilot1 ,cabrera ,bueno1 who left also an account of its leading features4 ,for a hundred and sixty years after ,vizcaino's expedition1 no use was made of his discoveries4 ,in ,professor ,blackmar's words3 ,during all this time1 not a ,european boat cut the surf of the northwest coast2 not a foreigner trod the shore of ,alta ,california4 ,the white-winged galleon1 plying its trade between ,acapulco and the ,philippines1 occasionally passed near enough so that those on board might catch glimpses of the dark timber-line of the mountains of the coast or of the curling smoke of the forest fires2 but the land was unknown to them1 and the natives pursued their wandering life unmolested4 ,toward the end of the seventeenth century1 ,father ,salvatierra1 head of the ,jesuit missions in ,lower ,california1 fixed his eye on this region1 and made plans for its occupation4 ,in this the good ,father ,khn--a ,german from ,bavaria1 whom the ,spaniards knew as ,quino1--seconded him4 ,but these plans came to naught4 ,the power of the ,jesuit order was broken2 the charge of the missions in ,lower ,california was given to the ,dominicans1 that of ,upper ,california to the ,franciscans1 and to these and their associates the colonization of ,california is due4 ,the ,franciscans1 it is said1 were the first white men who came to live and die in ,alta ,california4 ,and this is how it came about4 ,one hundred and thirty years ago1 the port of ,la ,paz1 in ,baja ,california1 lay baking in the sun4 ,la ,paz was then1 as now1 a little old town1 with narrow1 stony streets and adobe houses1 standing amidst palms1 and chaparral1 and cactus4 ,to this port of ,la ,paz came1 one eventful day1 ,don ,jos de ,galvez1 envoy of the ,king of ,spain4 ,he brought orders to the ,governor of ,california1 ,don ,gaspar de ,portol1 that he should send a vessel in search of the ports of ,san ,diego and of ,monterey1 on the supposed island1 or peninsula1 of ,upper ,california1 once found by ,vizcaino1 but lost for a century and a half4 ,there they were to establish colonies and missions of the ,holy ,catholic ,church4 ,they were to spread the ,catholic religion1 said the letter1 among a numerous heathen people1 submerged in the obscure darkness of paganism1 thereby to extend the dominion of the king1 our lord1 and to protect this peninsula of ,california from the ambitious designs of the foreign nations4 ,the land must be fertile for everything1 says ,galvez1 for it lies in the same latitude as ,spain4 ,so they carried all sorts of household and field utensils1 and seeds of every useful plant that grew in ,spain and ,mexico--the olive and the pomegranate1 the grape and the orange1 not forgetting the garlic and the pepper4 ,all these were placed in two small ships1 the ,san ,carlos1 under the gallant ,captain ,vila1 and the ,san ,antonio1 under ,captain ,perez4 ,padre ,junpero ,serra1 chief apostle of these ,spanish missions1 blessed the vessels and the flags1 commending the whole enterprise to the ,most ,holy ,patriarch ,san ,jos1 who was supposed to feel a special interest in this class of expeditions4 ,his early flight into ,egypt gave him a peculiar fondness for schemes involving foreign travel4 ,galvez exhorted the soldiers and sailors to respect the priests1 and not to quarrel with each other4 ,and thus they sailed away for ,san ,diego in the winter of #agfi4 ,at the same time there was organized a land expedition1 which should cross the sandy deserts and cactus-covered hills and join the vessels at ,san ,diego4 ,that there should be no risk of failure1 ,don ,gaspar de ,portol divided the land forces into two divisions1 one led by himself1 the other by ,captain ,rivera4 ,these two parties were to take different routes1 so that if one were destroyed the other might accomplish the work4 ,in front of each band were driven a hundred head of cattle1 which were to colonize the new territories with their kind4 ,padre ,serra went with the land expedition under the command of ,portol4 ,a barefooted friar1 clad in a rough cloak confined by a rope at the waist1 looks comfortable enough in the cool shade of an ,italian cathedral2 but the garb of the ,franciscan order is ill-fitted to the peculiarities of the ,california mesa4 ,for the vegetation of ,lower ,california makes up in bristliness what it lacks in luxuriance4 ,bush cactuses1 so prickly that it makes one's eyes smart to look at them1 and bunch cactuses1 in wads of thorns as large as a bushel-basket1 swarm everywhere4 ,before the barefooted ,padre had traveled far1 so ,miss ,graham tells us in her charming little paper on the ,spanish missions1 he had made the acquaintance of many species of cactus4 ,horses in that country become lame sometimes1 and people say that they are cactus-legged4 ,and soon ,father ,serra became cactus-legged1 too1 so that he could neither walk nor ride a mule4 ,the ,indians were therefore obliged to carry him in a litter1 for he would not go back to ,la ,paz4 ,but the ,father felt great compassion for the ,indians1 who had enough to do to carry themselves4 ,he prayed fervently for a time1 and then1 according to the chronicler of the expedition1 ,he called a mule-driver and said to him3 ',son1 do you know some remedy for my foot and leg8' ,but the mule-driver answered1 ',father1 what remedy can ,i know8 ,am ,i a surgeon8 ,i am a mule-driver1 and have cured only the sore backs of beasts4' ',then consider me a beast1' said the ,father1 'and this sore leg to be a sore back1 and treat me as you would a mule4' ,then said the muleteer1 ',i will1 ,father1 to please you1' and taking a small piece of tallow1 he mashed it between two stones1 mixing with it herbs that grew close by4 ,then heating it over the fire1 he anointed the foot and leg1 and left the plaster upon the sore4 ',god wrought in such a manner1' wrote the ,padre ,serra afterwards1 'that ,i slept all that night1 and awoke so much relieved that ,i got up and said matins and prime1 and afterwards mass1 as if nothing had happened4' ,but ,father ,serra did not show his faith by such simple miracles as these alone4 ,in one of his revival meetings in ,mexico1 ,bancroft tells us1 he was beating himself with a chain in punishment for his imaginary offenses1 when a man seized the chain and beat himself to death as a miserable sinner1 in the presence of the people4 ,at another time1 sixty persons who neglected to attend his meetings were killed by an epidemic1 and the disease went on1 killing one after another1 until the people had been scared into attention to their religious duties4 ,then1 at a sign from ,padre ,serra1 the plague abated4 ,at one time the good ,padre was well lodged and entertained in a very neat wayside cottage on a desolate and solitary road4 ,later he learned that there was no such cottage in that region1 and1 we are told1 he concluded that his entertainers were ,joseph1 ,mary1 and ,jesus4 ,suffering greatly from thirst on one of his journeys1 he said to his companions1 who were complaining3 ,the best way to prevent thirst is to eat little and talk less4 ,in a violent storm he was perfectly calm1 and the storm ceased instantly when a saint chosen by lot had been addressed in prayer4 ,and so on2 for miracles like these are constant accompaniments of a mind wholly given over to religious enthusiasm4 ,in due season1 ,padre ,serra and his party arrived at ,san ,diego1 having followed the barren and dreary coast of ,lower ,california for three hundred and sixty miles1 often carrying water for great distances1 and as often impeded by winter rains4 ,the boats and the other party were already there1 and in the valley to the north of the mesa1 on the banks of the little ,san ,diego ,river1 they founded the first mission in ,california4 ,within a fortnight of ,serra's arrival at ,san ,diego1 a special land expedition set out in search of ,vizcaino's lost port of ,monterey4 ,the expedition1 under ,don ,gaspar de ,portol1 was unhappy in some respects1 though fortunate in others--unhappy1 for after wandering about in the ,coast ,range for six months1 the soldiers returned to ,san ,diego1 weary1 half-starved1 and disgusted1 failing altogether1 as they supposed1 to find ,monterey2 fortunate1 for it was their luck to discover the far more important ,bay of ,san ,francisco4 ,it seems evident1 from the researches of ,john ,t4 ,doyle and others1 that the company of ,portol1 from the hills above what is now ,redwood ,city1 were the first white men to behold the present ,bay of ,san ,francisco4 ,the journal of ,miguel ,costanzo1 a civil engineer with ,portol's command1 is still preserved in the ,sutro ,library in ,san ,francisco1 and ,costanzo's map of the coast has been published4 ,the diary of ,father ,crespi1 who accompanied ,portol1 has also been printed4 ,the little company went along the coast from ,san ,diego northward1 meeting many ,indians on the way1 and having various adventures with them4 ,in the pretty valley which they named ,san ,juan ,capistrano1 they found the ,indian men dressed in suits of paint1 the women in bearskins4 ,on the site of the present town of ,santa ,ana1 which they called ,jesus de los ,temblores1 they met terrific earthquakes day and night4 ,at ,los ,angeles1 they celebrated the feast of ,our ,lady the ,queen of the ,angels 7,nuestra ,seora1 ,reina de ,los ,angeles71 from which the valley took the name it still bears4 ,they passed up the broad valley of ,san ,fernando ,rey1 and crossed the mountains to the present village of ,saugus4 ,thence they went down the ,santa ,clara ,river to ,san ,buenaventura and ,santa ,barbara1 their route coinciding with that of the present railroad4 ,above ,san ,buenaventura they found ,indians living in huts of sagebrush4 ,at ,santa ,barbara1 the ,indians fed on excellent fish1 but played the flute at night so persistently that ,portol and his soldiers could not sleep for the music4 ,they next passed ,point ,concepcion1 and crossed the picturesque ,santa ,ynez and the fertile ,arroyo ,grande to the basin-shaped valley of ,san ,luis ,obispo1 with its row of four conical mountains4 ,at the last of these1 ,moro ,rock1 they reached the sea again4 ,above ,piedras ,blancas1 where the rugged cliffs of the ,santa ,lucia crowd down to the ocean1 they were blocked1 and could go no farther4 ,crossing the mountains to the east1 they followed ,nacimiento ,creek to below ,paso ,robles1 then went down the dusty valley of the ,salinas1 past the pastures on which the missions of ,san ,miguel and ,soledad were later planted4 ,below ,soledad1 they came again to the sea4 ,they then went along the shore to the westward1 past the present site of ,monterey and ,pacific ,grove1 and on to the ,point of ,pines itself1 the southern border of the ,bay of ,monterey4 ,yet not one of them recognized the bay or any of the landmarks described by ,vizcaino4 ,at the ,point of ,pines1 they were greatly disheartened1 because they could nowhere find a trace of the ,bay of ,monterey1 or of any other bay which was sheltered1 or on which the navies of the world could ride4 ,father ,crespi celebrated here the ,feast of ,our ,father in the ,new ,world2 or1 he adds1 perhaps in a corner of the ,old ,world1 without any other church or choir than a desert4 ,portol offered to return1 but ,crespi said3 ,let us continue our journey until we find the harbor of ,monterey2 if it be ,god's will1 we will die fulfilling our duty to ,god and our country4 ,so they crossed the ,salinas again1 and went northward along the shore of the very bay they had sought so long4 ,then they came to another river1 where they killed a great eagle1 whose wings spread nine feet and three inches4 ,they called this river ,pajaro1 which means bird1 and devoutly added to it the name of ,saint ,anne1 ,rio del ,pajaro de ,santa ,ana4 ,to the memory of this bird1 the ,pjaro ,river still remains dedicated4 ,farther on1 they came to forests of redwood--,palo ,colorado1 they called it4 ,crespi describes the trees as very high1 resembling cedars of ,lebanon1 but not of the same color2 the leaves different1 and the wood very brittle4 ,illustration3 ,a ,record of ,junpero ,serra4 ,at ,santa ,cruz1 on the ,san ,lorenzo ,river1 they encamped1 still bewailing their inability to find ,monterey ,bay4 ,going northward1 along the coast past ,pescadero and ,halfmoon ,bay1 they saw the great headland of ,point ,san ,pedro4 ,they called it ,point ,guardian ,angel 7,angel ,custodio71 and from its heights they could clearly see ,point ,reyes and the chalk-white islands of the ,farallones4 ,these landmarks they recognized from the charts of ,cabrera ,bueno4 ,crespi says3 ,scarce had we ascended the hill1 when we perceived a vast bay formed by a great projection of land extending out to sea4 ,we see six or seven islands1 white1 and differing in size4 ,following the coast toward the north1 we can perceive a wide1 deep cut1 and northwest we see the opening of a bay which seems to go inside the land4 ,at these signs1 we come to recognize this harbor4 ,it is that of our ,father ,st4 ,francis1 and that of ,monterey we have left behind4 ,but some1 he adds1 cannot believe yet that we have left behind us the harbor of ,monterey1 and that we are in that of ,san ,francisco4 ,but the ,harbor of ,san ,francisco1 as indicated by ,cabrera ,bueno1 lay quite outside the ,golden ,gate1 in the curve between ,point ,san ,pedro on the south1 and ,point ,reyes on the north4 ,the existence of the ,golden ,gate1 and the landlocked waters within1 forming what is now known as ,san ,francisco ,bay1 was not suspected by any of the early explorers4 ,the high coast line1 the rolling breakers1 and1 perhaps1 the banks of fog1 had hidden the ,golden ,gate and the bay from ,cabrillo1 ,drake1 and ,vizcaino alike4 ,by chance a few members of ,portol's otherwise unfortunate expedition discovered the glorious harbor4 ,some of the soldiers1 led by an officer named ,ortega1 wandered out on the ,sierra ,morena1 east of ,point ,san ,pedro4 ,when they reached the summit and looked eastward1 an entirely new prospect was spread out before them4 ,from the foothills of these mountains1 they saw a great arm of the ocean--a mediterranean sea1 they termed it1 according to ,mr4 ,doyle's account1 with a fair and extensive valley bordering it1 rich and fertile--a paradise compared with the country they had been passing over4 ,they rushed back to the seashore1 waving their hats and shouting4 ,then the whole party crossed over from ,halfmoon ,bay into the valley of ,san ,mateo ,creek4 ,thence they turned to the south to go around the head of the bay1 passing first over into the ,caada del ,raymundo1 which skirts the foot of the mountain4 ,soon they came down the ,bear ,gulch to ,san ,francisquito ,creek1 at the point where ,searsville once stood1 before the great ,potol ,reservoir covered its traces and destroyed its old landmark1 the ,portol ,tavern4 ,they entered what is now the ,university ,campus1 on which columns of ascending smoke showed the presence of many camps of ,indians4 ,these ,indians were not friendly4 ,the expedition was out of provisions1 and many of its members were sick from eating acorns4 ,there seemed to be no limit to the extension of the ,estero de ,san ,francisco4 ,at last1 in despair1 but against the wishes of ,portol1 they decided to return to ,san ,diego4 ,they encamped on ,san ,francisquito ,creek1 and crossed the hills again to ,halfmoon ,bay4 ,then they went down the coast by ,point ,ao ,nuevo1 to ,santa ,cruz4 ,at the ,point of ,pines they spent two weeks1 searching again everywhere for the ,bay of ,monterey4 ,at last they decided that ,vizcaino's description must have been too highly colored1 or else that the ,bay of ,monterey must1 since his time1 have been filled up with silt or destroyed by some earthquake4 ,at any rate1 the bay between ,santa ,cruz and the ,point of ,pines was the only ,monterey they could find4 ,according to ,washburn1 ,vizcaino's account was far from a correct one4 ,it was no fault of ,portol and ,crespi that1 after spending a month on its shores1 it never occurred to them to recognize the bay4 ,on the ,point of ,pines they erected a large wooden cross1 and carved on it the words3 ,dig at the foot of this and you will find a writing4 ,according to ,crespi this is what was written3 ,the overland expedition which left ,san ,diego on the #adth of ,july1 #agfi1 under the command of ,don ,gaspar de ,portol1 ,governor of ,california1 reached the channel of ,santa ,barbara on the #ith of ,august1 and passed ,point ,concepcion on the #bgth of the same month4 ,it arrived at the ,sierra de ,santa ,lucia on the #acth of ,september2 entered that range of mountains on the #agth of the same month1 and emerged from it on the #ast of ,october2 on the same day caught sight of ,point ,pinos1 and the harbors on its north and south sides1 without discovering any indications or landmarks of the ,bay of ,monterey4 ,we determined to push on farther in search of it1 and on the #cjth of ,october got sight of ,point ,reyes and the ,farallones1 at the ,bay of ,san ,francisco1 which are seven in number4 ,the expedition strove to reach ,point ,reyes1 but was hindered by an immense arm of the sea1 which1 extending to a great distance inland1 compelled them to make an enormous circuit for that purpose4 ,in consequence of this and other difficulties--the greatest of all being the absolute want of food1--the expedition was compelled to turn back1 believing that they must have passed the harbor of ,monterey without discovering it4 ,we started on return from the ,bay of ,san ,francisco on the #aath of ,november2 passed ,point ,ao ,nuevo on the #aith1 and reached this point and harbor of ,pinos on the #bgth of the same month4 ,from that date until the present #ith of ,december1 we have used every effort to find the ,bay of ,monterey1 searching the coast1 notwithstanding its ruggedness1 far and wide1 but in vain4 ,at last1 undeceived and despairing of finding it1 after so many efforts1 sufferings1 and labors1 and having left of all our provisions but fourteen small sacks of flour1 we leave this place to-day for ,san ,diego4 ,i beg of ,almighty ,god to guide us2 and for you1 traveler1 who may read this1 that ,he may guide you also1 to the harbor of eternal salvation4 ,done1 in this harbor of ,pinos1 the #ith of ,december1 #agfi4 ,if the commanders of the schooners1 either the ,san ,jos or the ,principe1 should reach this place within a few days after this date1 on learning the accounts of this writing1 and of the distressed condition of this expedition1 we beseech them to follow the coast down closely toward ,san ,diego1 so that if we should be happy enough to catch sight of them1 we may be able to apprize them by signals1 flags1 and firearms of the place where help and provisions may reach us4 ,the next day the whole party started back to ,san ,diego1 making the journey fairly well1 in spite of illness and lack of proper food4 ,though disappointed at ,portol's failure1 ,serra had no idea of abandoning his project of founding a mission at ,monterey4 ,he made further preparations1 and in about three months after ,portol's return a newly organized expedition left ,san ,diego4 ,it consisted of two divisions1 one by land1 again commanded by ,portol1 and one by sea4 ,this time the good ,father wisely chose for himself to go by sea1 and embarked on the ,san ,antonio1 which was the only ship he had in sailing condition4 ,in about a month ,portol's land party reached the ,point of ,pines1 and there they found their cross still standing4 ,according to ,laura ,bride ,powers1 great festoons of abalone-shells hung around its arms1 with strings of fish and meat2 feathers projected from the top1 and bundles of arrows and sticks lay at its base4 ,all this was to appease the stranger gods1 and the ,indians told them that at nightfall the terrible cross would stretch its white arms into space1 and grow skyward higher and higher1 till it would touch the stars1 then it would burst into a blaze and glow throughout the night4 ,suddenly1 as they came back through the forest from the ,point of ,pines1 the thought came both to ,crespi and ,portol that here1 after all1 was the lost bay of ,vizcaino4 ,in this thought they ran over the landmarks of his description1 and found all of them1 though the harbor was less important than ,vizcaino had believed4 ,since that day no one has doubted the existence of the ,bay of ,monterey4 ,a week later1 the ,san ,antonio arrived1 coming in sight around the ,point of ,pines1 and was guided to its anchorage by bonfires along the beach4 ,the party landed at the mouth of the little brook which flows down a rocky bank to the sea4 ,on the #crd of ,june1 #aggj1 ,father ,serra and his associates took possession of the land in the name of the ,king of ,spain1 hoisting the ,spanish flag1 pulling out some of the grass and throwing stones here and there1 making formal entry of the proceedings4 ,on the same day ,serra began his mission by erecting a cross1 hanging bells from a tree1 and saying mass under the venerable oak where the ,carmelite friars accompanying ,vizcaino celebrated it in #afjb4 ,around this landing grew up the town of ,monterey4 ,at a point just back from the shore1 near the old live-oak tree under which the ,padre rendered thanks1 there has long stood a commemorative cross4 ,on the hill above where the ,padre stood looking out over the beautiful bay1 there was placed one hundred and twenty years later1 by the kind interest of a good woman1 a noble statue1 in gray granite1 representing ,father ,serra as he stepped from his boat4 ,a fortress1 or presidio1 was built1 and ,monterey was made the capital of ,alta ,california4 ,but the mission was not located at the town4 ,it was placed five miles farther south1 where there were better pasturage and shelter4 ,this was on a beautiful slope of the hill1 flanked by a fertile valley opening out to the glittering sea1 with the mountains of ,santa ,lucia in front and a great pine forest behind4 ,the valley was named ,carmelo1 in honor of ,vizcaino's ,carmelite friars1 and the mission was named for ,san ,carlos ,borromeo4 ,the present church of ,monterey was not a mission church1 but the chapel of the presidio1 or barracks4 ,it is now1 according to ,father ,casanova1 the oldest building in ,california4 ,the old ,mission of ,san ,diego1 first founded of all1 was burned by the ,indians4 ,it was afterwards rebuilt1 but this took place after the chapel in ,monterey was finished4 ,the mission in ,carmelo was not completed until later1 as the ,padre was obliged to secure authority from ,mexico1 that he might place it on the pasture lands of ,carmelo1 instead of the sand-hills of ,monterey4 ,when the discoveries of ,portol and ,ortega had been reported at ,san ,diego1 the shores of this inland sea of ,san ,francisco seemed a most favorable station for another mission4 ,among the missions already dedicated to the saints1 none had yet been found for the great father of the ,franciscan order1 ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 the beloved saint who could call the birds and who knew the speech of all animals4 ,before this1 ,father ,serra had said to ,governor ,galvez1 ,and for our ,father ,st4 ,francis is there to be no mission8 ,and ,galvez answered1 ,if ,st4 ,francis wants a mission1 let him show his port1 and we will found the mission there4 ,and now the lost port of ,st4 ,francis was found1 and it was the most beautiful of all1 with the noblest of harbors1 and the fairest of views toward the hills and the sea4 ,so the new mission was called for him1 the ,mission ,san ,francisco de los ,dolores4 ,for the ,creek ,dolores1 the brook of sorrows1 flowed by the mission1 and gave it part of its name4 ,but ,dolores stream is long since obliterated1 forming part of the sewage system of ,san ,francisco4#c ,thus was founded that wondrous city1 now apostate to the creed1 ,o'er whose youthful walls the ,padre saw the angel's golden reed4 ,meanwhile1 following ,san ,diego de ,alcal and ,san ,carlos ,borromeo1 a long series of missions was established1 each one bearing the sonorous ,spanish name of some saint or archangel1 each in some beautiful sunny valley1 half-hidden by oaks1 and each a day's ride distant from the next4 ,in the most charming nook of the ,santa ,lucia ,mountains was built ,san ,antonio de ,pdua2 in the finest open pastures of the ,coast ,range1 ,san ,luis ,obispo de ,tolosa4 ,in the rich valley1 above the city of the ,queen of the ,angels1 the beautiful church of ,san ,gabriel ,arcngel was dedicated to the leader of the hosts of heaven4 ,later1 came the magnificent ,san ,juan ,capistrano1 ruined by earthquakes in #ahab4 ,in its garden still stands the largest pepper-tree in ,southern ,california4 ,then ,santa ,clara was built in the center of the fairest valley of the ,state4 ,next came ,san ,buenaventura and ,santa ,barbara1 for the coast ,indians of the south1 and ,santa ,cruz1 for those to the north of ,monterey ,bay4 ,in the ,salinas ,valley1 along the ,camino real1 or royal highway1 from the south to the north1 were built ,nuestra ,seora de la ,soledad and ,san ,miguel ,arcngel4 ,a day's journey from ,carmelo1 in the valley of the ,pjaro1 arose ,san ,juan ,bautista4 ,in the charming valley of ,santa ,ynez1 still hidden from the tourist1 a day's journey apart1 were ,santa ,ynez and ,la ,purisima ,concepcion4 ,east of the ,bay of ,san ,francisco1 in a nook famous for vineyards1 arose the ,mission ,san ,jos4 ,illustration3 ,mission of ,san ,antonio de ,padua4 ,in the broad1 rocky pastures above ,los ,angeles1 arose ,san ,fernando ,key de ,espana1 while midway between ,san ,diego and ,san ,juan ,capistrano was placed the stateliest of all the missions1 dedicated1 with its rich river valley1 to the memory of ,san ,luis ,rey de ,francia4 ,finally1 to the north of ,san ,francisco ,bay1 was built ,san ,rafael1 small1 but charmingly situated1 and then ,san ,francisco ,solano1 still farther on in ,sonoma4 ,this1 the northernmost outpost of the saints1 the last1 weakest1 and smallest1 was first to die4 ,it was founded in #ahbc1 fifty years after the ,mission ,san ,diego4 ,wherever you find in ,california a warm1 sunny valley leading from the ocean back to the purple mountains1 with a clear stream in its midst1 and filled in summer with blue haze1 around it steep slopes on which grapes may grow1 you have found a mission valley1 and these grapes are mission grapes4 ,somewhere in it you will see a cluster of large1 wide-spreading pepper-trees1 with delicate light-green foliage1 or a grove of gnarled olives1 looking like stunted willows1 or1 perhaps1 a cluster of old pear-trees1 or sometimes a tall palm4 ,near these you will find the ruins of old houses of adobe1 wherein once dwelt the ,indian neophytes4 ,these houses are clustered around the walls1 now almost in ruins1 of the mission itself1 which had its chapel1 refectory1 and baptistry1 and in all its details it resembled closely a parish church of ,italy of ,spain4 ,the mission was usually laid out in the form of a hollow square1 inclosed by a wall of adobe1 twelve feet high1 the whole inclosure being two or three hundred feet square4 ,in the center of this square was a chapel1 also of adobe2 for the sun of ,california is kind to ,california's children1 and a house of dried mud will withstand the scanty rains of a century4 ,some of these old chapels are still used1 but the roofs of most of them have long since fallen in1 and the ornaments have been removed to decorate some other building4 ,the mission churches were built like mimic cathedrals1 cathedrals of mud instead of marble1 and1 like their great models1 each had its altar1 with candles and crucifix1 its vessels of holy water1 and on the walls the inevitable paintings of heaven and purgatory4 ,their most charming feature was the arched cloister1 a feature which has been retained and beautified in the architecture of ,leland ,stanford ,jr4 ,university1 at ,palo ,alto4 ,each church1 too1 had its little chime of bells1 some of which were partly of gold or silver1 as well as of brass4 ,during the early enthusiasm1 when the mission bells were cast1 old heirlooms from ,spain1 rings1 vases1 and ancestral goblets from which had been drunk the red wine of ,tarragon1 were thrown into the molten metal4 ,and when these consecrated bells chimed out the ,angelas at the sunset hour1 with the sound of their voices all evil spirits were driven away1 and no harm could come to man or beast or growing grain4 ,bells of the past1 whose long-forgotten music ,still fills the wide expanse1 ,tingeing the sober twilight of the present ,with color of romance2 ,i hear you call1 and see the sun descending ,on rock and wave and sand1 ,as down the coast the mission voices blending1 ,girdle the heathen land4 ,within the circle of your incantation ,no blight nor mildew falls1 ,nor fierce unrest nor sordid low ambition ,passes those airy walls4 ,borne on the swell of your long waves receding ,i touch the farther past4 ,i see the dying glow of ,spanish glory1 ,the sunset dream and last4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,your voices break and falter in the darkness1 ,break1 falter1 and are still1 ,and veiled and mystic1 like the ,host descending1 ,the sun sinks from the hill4 #d ,around the church were built storehouses1 workshops1 granaries1 barracks for the soldiers1--in short1 everything necessary for comfort and security4 ,each mission was at once fortress1 refuge1 church1 and town4 ,the little town grew in time more and more to resemble its fellows in old ,spain4 ,bull-fights and other festivals were held in the plaza1 or public square1 in front of the presidio1 or governor's house1 and the long1 low1 whitewashed hacienda1 or tavern4 ,about the mission arose a great farm4 ,vines and olives were planted1 and often long avenues of shade-trees4 ,the level lands were sown to barley and oats2 great herds of cattle and horses roamed over the hills4 ,the sale of wine1 and especially of hides1 brought in each year an increasing revenue4 ,the poor1 struggling missions became rich4 ,the commanders kept up a dignity worthy of the representatives of the ,spanish king1 though often they had little enough to command4 ,it is said that one of them1 wishing to fire a salute in honor of some foreign vessel1 first sent on board to borrow powder4 ,in the words of ,bret ,harte1 with the comandante the days slipped by in a delicious monotony of simple duties1 unbroken by incident or interruption4 ,the regularly recurring feasts and saint's days1 the half-yearly courier from ,san ,diego1 the rare transport ship1 and rarer foreign vessels1 were the mere details of his patriarchal life4 ,if there was no achievement1 there was certainly no failure4 ,abundant harvests and patient industry amply supplied the wants of the presidio and mission4 ,isolated from the family of nations1 the wars which shook the world concerned them not so much as the last earthquake2 the struggle that emancipated their sister colonies on the other side of the continent had to them no suggestiveness4 ,it was that glorious ,indian summer of ,california history1 that bland1 indolent autumn of ,spanish rule1 so soon to be followed by the wintry storms of ,mexican independence and the reviving spring of ,american conquest4 ,illustration3 ,mission of ,san ,antonio de ,padua--,interior of ,chapel4 ,the ,indians were usually gathered about the mission by force or by persuasion4 ,being baptized with holy water1 they were taught to build houses1 raise grain1 and take care of cattle4 ,in place of their savage rites1 they learned to count their beads and say their prayers4 ,they learned also to work1 and were pious and generally contented4 ,but these ,california ,indians1 at the best1 were far inferior to those of the ,east4 ,when attached to the mission1 ,mr4 ,soul says1 they were an industrious1 contented1 and numerous class1 though1 indeed1 in intelligence and manly spirit they were little better than the beasts1 after all4 ,the ,jesuit ,father1 ,venegas1 remarks1 discouragingly3 ,it is not easy for ,europeans who were never out of their own country to conceive an adequate idea of these people4 ,even in the least frequented quarters of the globe there is not a nation so stupid1 of such contracted ideas1 and weak1 both in body and in mind1 as the unhappy ,californians4 ,their characteristics are stupidity and insensibility1 want of knowledge and reflection1 inconstancy1 impetuosity1 and blindness of appetite1 excessive sloth1 abhorrence of all fatigue of every kind1 however trifling or brutal1--in fine1 a most wretched want of everything which constitutes the real man and makes him rational1 inventive1 tractable1 and useful to himself and others4 ,all of which goes to show that climate is not everything1 and that contact with other minds and other people1 with the sifting that rigorous conditions enforce1 may outweigh all the advantages of the fairest climate4 ,the highest development comes with the fewest barriers to migration1 to competition1 and to the spread of ideas4 ,the destruction of the missions and the advent of our ,anglo-,saxon freedom has been for the ,indian and his kind only loss and wrong4 ,he has become an alien and tramp1 with his half-brother1 the despised ,greaser4 ,the mission fathers left no place for idleness on the part of their converts1 or neophytes2 nor did they make much provision for the development of the individual4 ,the ,indians were to work1 and to work hard and steadily1 for the glory of the church and the prosperity of the nation4 ,in return they were insured from all harm in this world and in the world to come4 ,the rule of the ,padre was often severe1 sometimes cruel1 but not demoralizing1 and the ,indians reached a higher grade of industry and civilization than the same race has attained otherwise before or since4 ,believing that the use of the rod was necessary to the ,indians' salvation1 the ,padres were in no danger of sparing it1 and thus spoiling their children4 ,the good ,father ,serra would as soon have doubted his right to breathe as his right to flog the ,indian converts2 and meek and quiet though these converts usually were1 there were not wanting times when they turned about in sullen resistance4 ,the annals of some of the missions show a series of events that may well have discouraged the most enthusiastic of missionaries4 ,the unconverted ,indians1 or gentiles1 of ,southern ,california were heathens indeed1 and they made repeated attacks upon the missions by day1 or stole their stock or burned their houses by night4 ,volleys of arrows not unfrequently greeted the priests on their return from morning mass4 ,in ,san ,diego1 faith in the power of gunpowder to hurt long preceded any belief in the power of the cross to save4 ,for a whole year after the mission was founded1 not a convert was made4 ,the sole ,san ,diego ,indian in ,father ,serra's service was a hired interpreter1 who did not have a particle of reverence for his employer's work4 ,in all these missionary annals of the ,northwest1 says ,bancroft1 there is no other instance where paganism remained so long stubborn as in ,san ,diego4 ,and the converts made at such cost of threats and promises were always ready to backslide4 ,it was hard to convert any unless they subjugated all4 ,the influence of the many outside would often stampede the few within the fold4 ,in one of the numerous uprisings at ,san ,diego the ,fathers were victorious over the ,indians2 the warriors were flogged1 and thus converted1 and their four chiefs were condemned to death4 ,the sentence of death1 according to ,bancroft1 read as follows3 ,deeming it useful to the service of ,god1 the king1 and the public good1 ,i sentence them to a violent death by musket shots1 on the #aath of ,april1 at #i ,a4,m41 the troops to be present at the execution1 under arms2 and also all the ,christian rancherias subject to the ,san ,diego ,mission1 that they may be warned to act righteously4 ,to the priests who were to assist at the last sacrament1 the following grim directions was given3 ,you will co-operate for the good of their souls1 in the understanding that if they do not accept the salutary waters of holy baptism1 they die on ,saturday morning2 and if they do accept1 they die all the same4 ,the character of the first great mission chief1 ,junpero ,serra1 is thus summed up by ,bancroft3 ,all his energy and enthusiasm were directed to the performance of his missionary duties as outlined in the regulations of his order and the instruction of his superiors4 ,limping from mission to mission1 with a lame foot that must never be cured1 fasting much and passing sleepless nights1 depriving himself of comfortable clothing and nutritious food1 he felt that he was imitating the saints and martyrs who were the ideals of his sickly boyhood1 and in recompense of abstinence he was happy4 ,he was kind-hearted and charitable to all1 but most strict in his enforcement of religious duties4 ,it never occurred to him to doubt his absolute right to flog his neophytes for any slight negligence in matters of the faith4 ,his holy desires trembled within him like earthquake throbs4 ,in his eyes there was but one object worth living for--the performance of religious duty2 and but one way to accomplish that object--a strict and literal compliance with ,franciscan rules4 ,he could never understand that there was anything beyond the narrow field of his vision4 ,he could apply religious enthusiasm to practical affairs4 ,because he was a grand missionary1 he was none the less a money-maker and civilizer2 but money-making and civilizing were adjuncts only to mission work1 and all not for his glory1 but for the glory of ,god4 ,after ,junpero ,serra came a saner and wiser1 if not a better1 man1 the ,padre ,fermin ,lasuen4 ,i need not go into details in regard to him or his life4 ,no miracles followed his path1 and no saint made him the object of spectacular intervention2 but his gentle earnestness counted for more in the development of ,old ,california than that of any other man4 ,of ,lasuen1 ,bancroft says3 ,in him were united the qualities that make up the ideal ,padre1 without taint of hypocrisy or cant4 ,he was a frank1 kind-hearted old man1 who made friends of all he met4 ,of his fervent piety there are abundant proofs1 and his piety and humility were of an agreeable type1 unobtrusive1 and blended with common sense4 ,he overcame obstacles in the way of duty1 but he created no obstacles for the mere sake of surmounting them4 ,he was not a man to limp through life on a sore leg if a cure could be found4 4 4 4 ,first among the ,californian prelates let us ever rank ,fermin de ,lasuen1 as a friar who rose above his environment and lived many years in advance of his times4 ,thirteen years after the serene founding of the ,mission ,san ,francisco came the first shock to the community1 thus noticed in a letter from the governor of the territory to the comandante at ,san ,francisco3 ,whenever there may arrive at the ,port of ,san ,francisco a ship named the ,columbia1 said to belong to ,general ,washington1 of the ,american ,states1 commanded by ,john ,kendrick1 which sailed from ,boston in ,september1 #aghg1 bound on a voyage of discovery to the ,russian establishments on the northern coast of this peninsula1 you will cause the said vessel to be examined with caution and delicacy1 using for this purpose a small boat which you have in your possession4 ,afterwards another enemy1 almost as dangerous as the ,yankee1 appeared in the shape of ,russians from ,alaska4 ,they brought down a colony of ,kodiak ,indians1 or ,aleuts1 and established themselves at ,fort ,ross1 north of ,san ,francisco4 ,the ,spaniards then founded the missions of ,san ,rafael and ,solano in front of the ,russians1 to head them off1 as the priest makes the sign of the cross to ward off ,satan4 ,trading with the ,russians was forbidden1 but1 nevertheless1 the ,russian vessels1 on one pretext or another1 made repeated visits to the ,bay of ,san ,francisco4 ,the ,spaniards had no boats in the bay1 and could not prevent the ingress of the ,russian and ,american traders4 ,one of the singular facts in connection with the missions is that the ,padres made no use of the sea1 and the missions usually kept no boats at all1 and so the ,spanish officials were forced to receive in friendliness many encroachments which they were powerless to prevent4 ,in #ahdb1 as the seals grew scarce around ,bodegas ,head1 the ,russians1 to the great satisfaction of the ,spaniards1 disappeared as suddenly as they came4 ,the joy of the missions was short-lived1 for seven years later gold was discovered1 ,california was ceded to the ,united ,states1 and the most remarkable invasion known in history followed4 ,over the mountains1 across the plains1 by the ,isthmus1 and by the ,horn they came1 that wonderful procession which ,bret ,harte has made so familiar to us--,truthful ,james1 ,tennessee's ,partner1 ,jack ,hamlin1 ,john ,oakhurst1 ,flynn of ,virginia1 ,abner ,dean of ,angels1 ,brown of ,calaveras1 ,yuba ,bill1 ,sandy ,mc,gee1 the ,scheezicks1 the ,man of ,no ,account1 and all the rest4 ,and the ,california of the gambler and the gold-seeker succeeds the ,california of the ,padre4 ,numerous causes had meanwhile contributed to the decline of the ,spanish missions4 ,they had been supported at first by a ,pious ,fund1 obtained by subscriptions in ,mexico and ,spain4 ,after the separation of these two countries1 this fund was lost1 its interest being regularly embezzled by ,mexican officials1 and1 finally1 the principal1 it is said1 was taken in one lump by the ,president1 ,santa ,ana4 ,still the missions were able to hold their own until the ,mexican ,government removed the ,indians from the control of the ,padres1 for the benefit1 ,i suppose1 of the ,indian ring4 ,the secular control of the native tribes was1 in ,mexican hands1 an utter failure4 ,the ,indians1 now no longer compelled to work1 no longer well fed and comfortably clothed1 were scattered about the country as paupers and tramps4 ,the missions1 after repeated interferences of this sort1 fell into a rapid decline1 and at the time that ,california was ceded to the ,united ,states1 not one of them was in successful operation4 ,a few of the churches are still partly occupied1 as at ,san ,luis ,obispo1 ,san ,capistrano1 and ,san ,miguel4 ,the ,mission of ,santa ,barbara is still intact1 and has yet its little bands of monks4 ,a few1 like ,san ,carlos1 have been partially saved or partially restored1 thanks to the loving interest of ,father ,casanova and others2 but the ,indians are gone1 and neither wealth nor influence remains with the missions4 ,most of them are crumbling ruins1 and have already taken their place as curiosities and relics of the past4 ,some of them1 as the noble ,san ,antonio de ,pdua and the stately ,san ,luis ,rey1 are exquisitely beautiful1 even in ruins4 ,of others1 as ,san ,rafael1 not a trace remains1 and its spot can be kept green only in memory4 ,it is said that at ,san ,antonio1 a mission once numbering fourteen hundred souls1 and rearing the finest horses in ,california1 the last priest lived all alone for years1 and supported himself by raising geese and selling the tiles from the mission roof4 ,when he died1 ten years ago1 no one was left to care for his beloved mission1 which is rapidly falling into utter decay4 ,illustration3 ,mission of ,san ,antonio de ,padua--side of the chapel1 with the old pear-trees4 ,so faded away the ,california of the ,padre1 and left no stain on the pages of our history4 #a ,address at the ,teachers' ,institute at ,monterey1 ,california1 ,september1 #ahic4 #b ,this stretch of water1 as explained below1 lies entirely outside of what is now known as ,san ,francisco ,bay4 #c ,the limits of ,san ,francisco ,bay1 as now understood1 were ascertained at the time of the founding of the mission1 and the name was then formally adopted4 #d ,bret ,harte4 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,jupiter ,,pen4 ,in a cleft of the high ,alps stands the ,hospice of the ,great ,saint ,bernard4 ,its tall1 cold1 stone buildings are half-buried in ice in the winter1 while even in summer the winds1 dense with snow1 shriek and howl as they make their way through the notch in the mountain4 ,its little lake1 cold and dark1 frozen solid in winter1 is covered with cakes of floating ice under the sky of ,july4 ,the scanty grass around it forms a thick1 low turf1 which is studded with bodiless blue gentians1 primroses1 and other ,alpine flowers4 ,overhanging the lake are the frost-bitten crags of the ,mountain of ,death2 and the other mountains about1 though less dismally named1 are not more cheerful to the traveler4 ,along the lake margin winds the narrow bridle-path1 which follows rushing rivulets in zigzags down steep flower-carpeted slopes to the pine woods of ,saint ,rmy1 far below4 ,among the pines the path widens to a wagon-road1 whence it descends through green pastures1 purple with autumnal crocus1 past beggarly villages1 whose houses crowd together1 like frightened cattle in a herd1 through beech woods1 vineyards1 and grain-fields1 till at last it comes to its rest amid the high stone walls of the old city of ,aosta1 named for ,augustus ,caesar4 ,above ,aosta are the sources of the river ,po1 one of the chief of these being the ,dora ,baltea1 in a deep gorge half-hid by chestnut-trees4 ,it is twenty miles from the lake to the river--twenty miles of wild mountain incline--twenty miles from ,switzerland to ,italy1 from the eternal snows and faint-colored flowers of the frigid zone1 to the dust1 and glare of the torrid4 ,the ,hospice of the ,great ,saint ,bernard stands thus in a narrow mountain notch1 with only room for itself and its lake1 while above it1 on either side1 are jagged heights dashed with snow-banks1 their summits frosted with eternal ice4 ,illustration3 ,the ,great ,saint ,bernard4 ,it is a large stone building1 three stories high1 beside the two attic floors of the steep1 sloping roof4 ,a great square house of cold1 gray stone1 as unattractive as a barn or a woolen-mill1 plain1 cold1 and solid4 ,at one end of the main building is a stone addition precisely like the building itself4 ,on the other side of the bridle-path is an outbuilding--a tall stone shed1 the ,hotel of ,saint ,louis1 three stories high1 as plain and uncompromising as the ,hospice is4 ,the front door of the main building is on the side away from the lake4 ,from this door down the north side of the mountain the path descends steeply from the crest of the ,pennine ,alps to the valley of the ,rhone1 even more swiftly than the path on the south side drops downward to the valley of the ,po4 ,as one approaches the ,hospice he is met by a noisy band of great dogs1 yellow and white1 with the loudest of bass voices1 barking incessantly1 eager to pull you out of the snow1 and finding that you do not need this sort of rescue1 apparently equally eager to tear you to pieces for having deceived them4 ,classical names these dogs still bear--names worthy of the mountain long sacred to ,jupiter1 on which the ,hospice is built--,jupitre1 ,junon1 ,mars1 ,vulcan1 ,pluton1 the inevitable ,leon1 and the indomitable ,turc1 and all have for the traveler such a greeting as only a band of big1 idle dogs can give4 ,these dogs are not so large nor so well kept as the ,saint ,bernard dogs we see in ,american cities1 but they have the same great head1 huge feet and legs1 and the same intelligent eye1 as if they were capable of doing anything if they would only stop barking long enough to think of something else4 ,the inside of the house corresponds to its outer appearance4 ,thick1 heavy triple doors admit you to a cold hall floored with stone4 ,adjoining this is a parlor1 likewise floored with the coldest of stone1 and this parlor is used as the dining-room and waiting-room for travelers4 ,its walls are hung with pictures1 many of them valuable works of art1 the gifts of former guests1 while its chilly air is scantily warmed by a small fireplace1 on which whoever will may throw pine boughs and fragments of the spongy wood of the fir4 ,by this fire the guests take their turn in getting partly warmed1 then pass away to shiver in the outer wastes of the room4 ,illustration3 ,hospice of the ,great ,saint ,bernard4 ,in this room the travelers are served with plain repasts1 princes and peasants alike1 coarse bread1 red wine1 coffee1 and boiled meat2 everything about the table neat and clean1 but with no pretense at pampering the appetite4 ,you take whatever you please without money and without price4 ,should you care to pay your way1 or care to help on the work of the ,hospice1 you can leave your mite1 be it large or small1 in a box near the door of the chapel4 ,the guest-rooms are plain but comfortable--a few religious pictures on the walls2 tall1 old-fashioned bedsteads1 with abundant feather-beds and warm blankets4 ,for one night only all persons who come are welcome4 ,the next day all alike1 unless sick or crippled1 must pass on4 ,there are about a dozen monks in the ,hospice now1 all of them young men1 devoted to their work1 and some of them at least intelligent and generously educated4 ,the hard climate and the exposure of winter breaks down their health before they are old4 ,when they become unable to carry on the duties of the ,hospice1 they are sent down the mountains to ,martigny1 while others come up to take their places4 ,there are beautiful days in the summer-time1 but no season of the year is free from severity4 ,even in ,july and ,august the ground is half the time white with snow4 ,terrible blasts sweep through the mountains2 for the commonest summer shower in the valleys below is1 in these heights1 a raging snow-storm1 and its snow-laden winds are never faced with impunity4 ,we visited the ,hospice in ,july1 #ahij4 ,we drove from ,aosta up to ,saint ,rmy1 a little village crowded in on the side of the mountain1 where the pine-trees cease4 ,the light rain which followed us out from ,saint ,rmy changed to snow as we came up the rocky slopes4 ,by the time we reached the ,hospice it became a blinding sleet4 ,the ground was only whitened1 so that the dogs who came barking to meet us had no need to dig us out from the drifts4 ,in this they seemed disappointed1 and barked again4 ,once inside the walls1 one cared not to go out4 ,many travelers came up the mountain that day4 ,among them were a man and his wife1 ,italian peasants1 who had been over the mountains to spend a day or two with friends in some village on the ,swiss side1 and were now returning home4 ,man and woman were dressed in their peasants' best1 and with them was a little girl1 some four years old4 ,the child carried a toy horse in her hands1 the gift of some friend below4 ,as they toiled up the steep path in the blinding snow1 all of them thinly clad and dressed only for summer1 they seemed chilled through and through1 while the child was almost frozen4 ,the monks came out to meet them1 took the child in their arms1 and brought her and her parents to the fire1 covered her shoulders with a warm shawl1 and1 after feeding them1 sent them down the mountain to their home in the valley1 warmed and filled4 ,this was a simple act1 the easiest of all their many duties1 but it was a very touching one4 ,such duties make up the simple round of their lives4 ,in the storms of winter the work of the ,hospice takes a sterner cast4 ,from ,november to ,may the gales are incessant4 ,the snow piles up in billows1 and in the whirling clouds all traces of human occupation are obliterated4 ,there are many peasants and workingmen who go forth from ,italy into ,switzerland and ,france1 and who wish to return home when their summer labors are over4 ,to these the pass of the ,great ,saint ,bernard is the only route which they can afford4 ,the long railway rides and the great distances of the ,simplon and the ,saint ,gotthard would mean the using up of their scanty earnings4 ,if they go home at all1 they must trust their lives to the storms and the monks1 and take the path which leads by the ,hospice4 ,so they come over day after day1 the winter long4 ,no matter how great the storm1 the dogs are on the watch4 ,in the last winter1 of the many who came1 not one was lost4 ,illustration3 ,the ,hospice in winter4 ,this is the ,hospice as it stands to-day4 ,i come next to tell its story and the story of its founder4 ,i tell it1 in the most part1 from a little volume in ,french1 which some modest and nameless monk of the ,hospice has compiled from the old ,latin records of the monks who have gone before him4 ,this volume he has printed1 as he says1 for the use of the faithful in the parishes which lie next the ,alps1 and which1 in his time1 the good ,saint ,bernard#a passed through4 ,this story ,i must tell in his own spirit1 in some degree at least1 else ,i should have no right to tell it at all4 ,in the tenth century1 he informs us1 the dark ages of ,europe could scarcely have been darker4 ,weak and wicked kings1 the dregs of the worn-out blood of ,charlemagne1 misruled ,france1 while along the northern coast the ,normans robbed and plundered at their will4 ,even the church had her share of crimes and scandals4 ,in this dark time1 says the chronicle1 ,god1 who had promised to be with ,his own to the end of the centuries1 did not fail to raise up in that darkness great saints who should teach the people to lift their eyes toward heaven2 to rise above afflictions2 not to take the form of the world for a permanent habitation1 and to suffer its pains with patience1 in the prospect of eternity4 ,illustration3 ,jupitre4 ,it happened that in the days of ,king ,raoul1 in the ,castle of ,menthon1 on the north bank of the lake of ,anncy1 in ,savoy1 in the year #ibc1 ,bernard de ,menthon was born4 ,his father was the ,baron ,richard1 famous among the noblemen of the time1 while his mother1 the ,lady ,bernoline1 was illustrious for virtues4 ,the young ,bernard was a fair child1 and his history1 as seen from the perspective of his monkish historian1 shows that even in his earliest youth he was predestined for saintship4 ,even before he could walk1 the little child would join his hands in the attitude of supplication1 and murmur words which might have been prayers4 ,while still very young1 he brought in a book one day and asked his mother to teach him to read1 and when she would not1 or could not1 he wept1 for the books in which even then he delighted were the prayer-books of the church4 ,he grew up bright and beautiful1 and his father was proud of him1 and determined that he should take his part in public life4 ,but ,bernard's thoughts ran in other channels4 ,he spent his moments in copying psalms1 and in writing down the words of divine service which he heard4 ,even in his seventh year he began to practice austerities and self-castigation1 which he kept up through his life4 ,he chose for his model ,saint ,nicholas1 the saint who through the ages has been kind to children4 ,him he resolved to imitate1 and to walk always in his steps4 ,the ,university of ,paris had been founded by ,charlemagne more than a century before1 and this university was then the ,mecca of all ambitious youth4 ,to the ,university of ,paris his father decided to send him4 ,but his mother feared the influence of the gay capital1 and wished to keep ,bernard by her side4 ,but the boy said1 ,virtue has too deep a root in my heart1 mother1 for the air of ,paris to tarnish it4 ,i will bring back more of science1 but not less of purity4 ,and to ,paris he went4 ,here he studied law1 to please his father1 and theology1 to please himself4 ,as ,tobias lived faithful in ,nineveh1 so the chronicle says1 thus lived ,bernard in ,paris4 ,in the midst of snares unnumbered1 he only redoubled his austerities--in sanctitate persistens1 studiosus valde1 so the record says4 ,illustration3 ,monks of the ,great ,saint ,bernard4 ,his thoughts ran on the misery of humanity1 which he measured by the abasement to which ,christ had submitted in order to effect its redemption4 ,a great influence in his life came from ,germain1 his tutor1 a man who had lived the life of a scholar in the world1 and who had at last withdrawn to sanctity and prayer4 ,although ,bernard knew that his father expected a brilliant future for him1 and that he hoped to effect for him a marriage in some family of the great of those days1 yet he took upon himself the vow of celibacy4 ,god lives in virgin souls1 he said4 ,there is a record of an argument with ,germain1 in which his tutor tries to test the strength of his purpose4 ,germain tells him that even in a monastery evil cannot be excluded1 and that many even of the most austere monks live lives of petty jealousy and ignoble ambition4 ,there are many1 ,germain says1 who are saved in the struggle of the world who would be shipwrecked in a monastery4 ,but ,bernard is steadfast in his choice4 ,happy are those who have chosen to dwell in ,god's court1 and to sleep on ,his estate4 ,thus day and night he struggles against all temptations of worldly glory or pleasure4 ,then his father calls him home2 and when he has returned to ,anncy1 ,bernard finds that every preparation has been made for his approaching wedding with the daughter of the great ,lord of ,miolans4 ,sponsa pulchra1 beautiful bride1 this young woman was1 according to the record1 and doubtless this was true4 ,the attitude of ,bernard toward this marriage his father and mother could not understand4 ,he held back constantly1 and urged all sorts of objections to its immediate consummation1 but on no ground which seemed to them reasonable4 ,so the wedding-day was set4 ,the house was full of guests4 ,every gate and door of the castle was crowded by armed retainers1 and there seemed to be no escape4 ,bernard retired to his own room1 and in the oldest manuscripts are given the words of his prayer3 ,my adorable ,creator1 ,thou who with thy celestial light enlightened those who invoke with faith and confidence1 and ,thou my ,jesus1 ,divine ,redeemer of men and ,saviour of souls1 lend a favorable ear to my humble prayer2 spread on thy servant the treasures of your infinite mercy4 ,i know that ,thou never abandonest those who place in you their hope2 deliver me1 ,i supplicate ,thee1 from the snares which the world have offered me4 ,break these nets in which the world tries to take me2 permit not that the enemy prevail over thy servant1 that adulation may enfeeble my heart4 ,i abandon myself entirely to ,thee4 ,i throw myself into the arms of thy infinite mercy1 hoping that ,thou wilt save me1 and wilt reject not my demand4 ,then to the good ,saint ,nicholas3 ,amiable shepherd1 faithful guide1 holy priest1 thou who art my protector and my refuge1 together with ,god1 and ,his holy mother1 the happy ,virgin ,mary1 obtain me1 ,i pray thee1 by thy merits1 the grace of triumph over the obstacles the world opposes to my vow of consecrating myself to ,god without reserve--in return for the property1 the pleasures1 and honors here below1 of which ,i abandon my part1 obtain me spiritual good all the course of my life1 and eternal happiness after my death4 ,then ,bernard retired to sleep1 and in a dream ,saint ,nicholas stood before him and uttered these words3 ,bernard1 servant of ,god the ,lord1 who never betrays those who put their confidence in ,him1 calls thee to follow ,him4 ,an immortal crown is reserved for thee4 ,leave at once thy father's house and go to ,aosta4 ,there in the cathedral thou shalt meet an old man called ,pirre4 ,he will welcome thee2 thou shalt live with him1 and he shall teach thee the road thou should traverse4 ,for my part1 ,i shall be thy protector1 and will not for an instant abandon thee4 ,then ,bernard opened his eyes and the vision had disappeared4 ,he was overcome with joy4 ,his resolution was taken4 ,though he knew no way out of the castle1 nor from the bedroom in the tower1 in which he had been locked by his thoughtful father1 yet he was ready to go4 ,taking up a pen1 he wrote to his father this letter3 ,very dear parents1 rejoice with me that the ,lord calls me to ,his service4 ,i follow ,him to arrive sooner at the port of salvation1 the sole object of my vows4 ,do not worry about me1 nor take the trouble to seek me4 ,i renounce the marriage1 which was ever against my will4 ,i renounce all that concerns the world4 ,all my desires turn toward heaven1 whither ,i would arrive4 ,i take the road this minute4 ,,bernard ,,de ,,menthon4 ,laying the letter on the table1 he soon found himself on the way outside the castle grounds1 and along this path he hurried1 over the mountain passes1 toward the city of ,aosta4 ,so say the oldest manuscripts2 but in the later stories the details are more fully described4 ,from these it would appear that ,bernard leaped from the window eighteen or twenty feet1 his naked feet striking on a bare rock4 ,on he ran through the night2 on over dark and lonely paths in a country still uninhabited2 over the stony fields and wild watercourses of the ,graian ,alps1 and when the morning dawned he found himself in the city of ,aosta1 a hundred miles from ,anncy4 ,in an old painting the manner of his escape is shown in detail4 ,as he drops from the window he is supported by ,saint ,nicholas on the one side1 and an angel on the other1 and underneath the painting is the legend ,emport par ,miracle4 ,it is said1 too1 that in former times the prints of his hands on the stone window-sill1 and of his naked feet on the rock below1 were both plainly visible4 ,eight hundred years later the good ,father ,pirre ,verre celebrated mass in the old room in which ,bernard was confined2 and he reports at that time there was both on the window-sill and on the rock below only the merest trace of the imprints left by ,bernard4 ,one could not then even be sure that they were made by hand or foot4 ,but the chronicle wisely says3 ,time1 in effacing these marks and rendering them doubtful1 has never effaced the tradition of the fact among the people of ,anncy4 ,in the morning1 consternation reigned within the castle4 ,the ,lord of ,menthon was filled with disgust1 shame1 and confusion4 ,the ,lord of ,miolans thought that he and his daughter were the victims of a trick1 and he would take no explanation or excuse4 ,only the sword might efface the stain upon his honor4 ,the marriage feast would have ended in a scene of blood were it not1 according to the chronicle1 that ,god1 always admirable in ,his saints1 sent as an angel of peace the very person who had been most cruelly wronged4 ,the ,lady of ,miolans1 sponsa pulchra beyond a doubt1 took up the cause of her delinquent bridegroom1 whom ,god had called1 she said1 to take some nobler part4 ,when peace had been made1 she followed his example1 taking the veil in a neighboring convent1 where1 after many years of virtuous living1 she died1 full of days and full of merits4 ,sponsa ipsius1 so the record says1 in qua sancte et religiose dies suos clausit2 a bride who in sanctity and religious days closed her life4 ,meanwhile1 beyond the ,graian ,alps and beyond the reach of his father's information1 ,bernard was safe4 ,in ,aosta he was kindly received by ,pirre1 the ,archdeacon4 ,he entered into the service of the church1 and there1 in spite of his humility and his self-abasement1 he won the favor of all with whom he had to deal4 ,god wills1 the chronicle says1 that ,his ministers should shine by their sanctity and their science4 ,saint ,paul commends prudence1 gravity1 modesty1 unselfishness1 and hospitality1 and to these precepts ,bernard was ever faithful4 ,he lived in the simplest way1 like a hermit in his personal relations1 but never out of the life of the world4 ,he was not a man eager to save his own soul only1 but the bodies and souls of his neighbors4 ,he dressed in the plainest garb4 ,he drank from a rude wooden cup4 ,wine he never touched1 and water but rarely4 ,the juice of bitter herbs was his beverage1 and by every means possible he strove to reduce his body to servitude4 ,when he came1 years later1 to his deathbed1 it was his sole regret that it was a bed where he was to die1 instead of the bare boards on which he was wont to sleep4 ,his fame as a preacher spread far and wide4 ,there are many traditions of his eloquence1 and the memory of his words was fondly cherished wherever his sweet1 rich voice was heard4 ,from the mountains of ,savoy to ,milan and ,turin1 and even to the ,lake of ,geneva1 says the chronicle1 his memory was dear4 ,so1 in due time1 after the death of ,pirre1 ,bernard was made ,archdeacon of ,aosta4 ,in these times the high ,alps were filled with ,saracen brigands and other heathen freebooters1 who celebrated in the mountain fastnesses their monstrous rites4 ,in the mountains above ,aosta the god ,pen had long been worshiped2 the word pen in ,celtic meaning the highest4 ,later1 ,julius ,caesar conquered these wild tribes1 and imposed upon them the religion of the ,roman ,empire4 ,a statue of ,jupiter 7,jove optimo maximo7 was set up in the mountain in the place of the idol ,pen4 ,afterwards1 by way of compromise1 the ,romans permitted the two to become one1 and the people worshiped ,jovis ,pennius 7,jupiter ,pen71 the great god of the highest mountains4 ,a statue of ,jupiter ,pen was set up by the side of the lake in the great pass of the mountain2 and from ,jupiter ,pen these mountains took the name of ,pennine ,alps1 which they bear to this day4 ,the pass itself was called ,mons ,jovis1 the ,mountain of ,jove1 and this1 in due time1 became shortened to ,mont ,joux4 ,through this pass of ,mont ,joux the armies of every nation have marched1 the heroes of every age1 from ,saint ,peter1 who1 the legend says1 came over in the year #eg1 down to ,napolon1 who passed nearly eighteen centuries later1 on a much less worthy errand4 ,the ,hotel ,djeuner de ,napolon1 in the little village of ,bourg ,saint ,pirre1 recalls in its name the story of both these visits4 ,in the earliest days a refuge hut was built by the side of the statue of ,jupiter ,pen4 ,in the early pilgrimages to ,rome this became a place of some importance4 ,later on1 marauding armies of ,goths1 ,saracens1 and ,hungarians1 successively passing through1 destroyed this refuge4 ,in the days of ,bernard the pass was filled with a horde of brigands1 ,french1 ,italians1 ,saracens1 and ,jews1 who had cast aside all religious faith of their fathers1 and had re-established the worship of the demon in the temple of ,jupiter ,pen4 ,the old manuscripts tell us that in the middle of the tenth century the demons were in full sway on these mountains2 that through the mouth of the statue of ,jupiter the worst of lies and blasphemies were spoken to those who came to consult it4 ,these worshipers of strange old gods lived by plunder1 and exacted toll of all who came through the pass4 ,the same conditions existed on the ,graian ,alps to the southward4 ,on one of these mountain passes1 some fifty miles from ,mont ,joux1 there lived a rich man named ,polycarpe4 ,he1 too1 did homage to ,jupiter1 and on the summit of a tall column which he built in the pass he had placed a splendid diamond1 which he called the ,eye of ,jove4 ,people came from great distances to be healed by its magic glance1 and the mountain on which he dwelt was the mountain of the ,columna ,jovis4 ,this became changed1 in time1 to ,colonne ,joux1 the ,mountain of the ,column of ,jove4 ,and the demons of these two heights1 the ,mountain of ,jove and the ,column of ,jove1 sent down their baleful call of defiance to the valley over which ,bernard ruled as ,archdeacon of ,aosta4 ,it came to pass that a troop of ten ,french travelers crossed over the pass of ,mont ,joux4 ,in the pass they were attacked by marauders1 and one of their number was carried away captive4 ,when they came down to ,aosta1 ,bernard1 the ,archdeacon1 fearlessly offered to go back with them to attack the giant of the mountain1 to rescue their friend1 and to replace the standard of the cross over the altar of the demon4 ,that night1 so says the old chronicle1 ,saint ,nicholas appeared to him in the garb of a pilgrim and said3 ,bernard1 let us attack these mountains4 ,we shall put the demon to flight4 ,we shall overturn this statue of ,jupiter1 which the demons have taken possession of to bring trouble among ,christians4 ,we will destroy it1 and we will destroy the column and its diamond1 and in their place we will build two refuges for the use of the pilgrims who cross the two mountains4 ,go thou1 as the tenth one in this band2 then wilt thou conjure the demons4 ,thou shalt bind the statue with a blessed stole1 and its ruins will mingle with the chaos of the mountains4 ,thus shalt thou destroy the power of evil to the day of judgment4 ,and in proof of the thoroughness with which ,bernard performed his work1 it is told that a spiritualist who took pleasure in tipping tables came through the pass in #aheg4 ,the monks were incredulous of his powers1 and he wished to convince them by an actual experience4 ,his efforts were all in vain4 ,the tables1 the record tells us1 were quiet as the rocks4 ,the traveler1 astonished1 said3 ,this is the first time they have failed to obey me4 ,and thus1 says the record1 the pledge of ,saint ,nicholas was accomplished4 ,the enemy had never more an entrance into the mountain4 ,when ,bernard and his followers reached ,mont ,joux1 they found the mountain filled with fog and storm1 but his heart was undaunted4 ,passing boldly between the guards of the temple1 he flung1 so the story says1 his blessed stole over the neck of the statue of ,jupiter4 ,it changed at once into an iron chain1 against which the statue1 now become a huge demon-monster1 struggled in vain4 ,the good man overturned it and flung it at his feet4 ,with the same chain he bound the high priest who guarded the demon4 ,the struggle was short1 but decisive4 ,in a few minutes1 so the chronicle says1 ,bernard had banished the demon of ,mont ,joux and his accomplices to eternal snow and ice to the end of time1 and had commanded them to cease forever their evil doings on the mountain4 ,an old painting in the ,hospice shows this scene in vivid portrait4 ,bernard stands erect and fearless1 his fine face lit up by celestial zeal1 his bare head surrounded by a halo1 a pilgrim's staff in his right hand1 the stole1 now become a chain1 in his left1 while one foot is on the breast of the demon1 which gasps helpless at his feet4 ,the demon has the body of a man1 covered with a wolf's rough1 shaggy hair1 his fingers and toes ending in sharp claws1 a long tail1 rough and scaly1 like the tail of a rat1 coiled snake-like above his legs1 the head and ears of a wolf1 the horns of a goat1 and on his back an indefinable outgrowth1 perhaps the framework of a horrible pair of wings1 its long tongue thrust out from between its bloody teeth4 ,he was certainly a gruesome creature4 ,illustration3 ,saint ,bernard and the demon4 ,and thus it came to pass in the year #igj1 in the place of the temple of ,jupiter ,pen1 but at the other end of the lake1 and in the very summit of the pass1 was built the ,hospice of the ,great ,saint ,bernard4 ,from that day to this1 almost a thousand years1 the work of doing good to men has been humbly and patiently carried on4 ,not long afterward1 in a similar way1 ,bernard attacked the ,graian ,alps1 overthrew the column of ,jupiter1 crushed its bright diamond to the finest dust1 which he scattered in the winds1 and built in its place a second ,hospice1 which1 with the pass1 has borne ever since the name of the ,little ,saint ,bernard4 ,silver and gold1 the builders of this ,hospice had none4 ,ever since the beginning1 they have exercised their charities at the expense of those who cared for the ,lord's work4 ,all who pass by are treated alike4 ,those who are received into the ,hospice can leave much or little--something or nothing1 whatever they please1--to carry the same same help to others4 ,in the book of the good ,saint ,francis de ,sales long ago1 so the chronicle says1 these words were written3 ,there are many degrees in charity4 ,to lend to the poor1 this is the first degree4 ,to give to the poor is a higher degree4 ,still higher to give oneself2 to devote one's life to the service of the poor4 ,hospitality1 when necessity is not extreme1 is a counsel1 and to receive the stranger is its first degree4 ,but to go out on the roads to find and help1 as ,abraham did1 this is a grade still higher4 ,still higher is to live in dangerous places1 to serve1 aid1 and save the passers-by2 to attend1 lodge1 succor1 and save from danger the travelers1 who else would die in cold and storm4 ,this is the work of the noble friend of ,god1 who founded the hospitals on the two mountains1 now for this called by his name1 ,great ,saint ,bernard1 in the diocese of ,sion1 and the ,little ,saint ,bernard1 in the ,tarentaise4 ,and so the ,hospice was built1 and in the enthusiastic words of a chronicle of the times1 ,tears and sorrow were banished1 peace and joy have replaced them2 abundance has made there her abode2 the terrors have disappeared1 and there reigns eternal springtime4 ,instead of hell1 you will find there paradise4 ,not quite paradise1 perhaps1 so far as the elements are concerned1 but a dozen kindly men1 a legion of dogs1 big1 cheerful1 and noisy1 a warm fire1 a simple meal1 and a ,god-speed to all men1 whatever their race1 or creed1 or temper4 ,i need add but a word more of the history of ,bernard himself4 ,one day an old man and his wife came up to visit the ,hospice and to pay their respects to the monk who had founded it4 ,bernard met them there1 and at once recognized his father and mother4 ,he received them sympathetically1 and they told him the story of their lost son4 ,bernard spoke to them tenderly of the work to which ,god must have called him4 ,he told them they should rejoice that their child had been found worthy of his purposes1 and after a time they seemed to become reconciled1 and felt that ,he doeth all things well4 ,then ,bernard told them who he was1 and when after many days they went away from the ,hospice1 they left the money to build in each of them a chapel4 ,bernard died in the year #ajjg1 at the age of eighty-three4 ,his last words were these3 ,o ,lord1 ,i give my soul into thy hands4 ,the words1 ,the saint is dead1 passed on from mouth to mouth throughout these ,alpine regions4 ,the peasants had canonized him already a hundred years before the sanctity of his work was officially recognized at ,rome4 ,the story of his burial is again marked by miracles4 ,rich men vied with each other in making funeral offerings4 ,one gave him a magnificent stone coffin1 but this man had been a usurer4 ,usury was a sin abhorred by ,saint ,bernard1 and the people found that no force or persuasion could place his body within this coffin4 ,so another tomb1 less pretentious1 but more worthy1 was found4 ,at the end ,bernard's remains were divided among the churches1 each of whom claimed him as its own4 ,to the ,hospice fell his ring and his cup1 a tooth1 and a few finger-bones1 and1 most important of all1 his name--the ,great ,saint ,bernard4 ,the chronicles give a long list of miracles which since then have been wrought in his name4 ,these are for the most part wonderful healings1 the stilling of storms1 the bringing of rain1 the driving away of grasshoppers4 ,however1 men are prone always to look for the miracle in the things that are of least moment4 ,the life and work of the man was the real miracle1 not the flight of grasshoppers4 ,the miracle of all time is the power of humanity when it works in harmony with the laws and purposes of ,god4 ,consecrated to ,god's work1 and by the work's own severity protected through the centuries from corruption and temptation1 the work of the monk of ,aosta has outlasted palaces and thrones4 ,through the influence of charity1 and piety1 and truth1 the demon has been driven from these mountains4 ,when the love of man joins to the love of ,god1 all spirits of evil vanish as mist before the morning sun4 #a ,st4 ,bernard de ,menthon must not be confounded with ,bernard de ,clairvaux1 born in #ajia1 the preacher of the ,crusades4 ,,the ,,last ,,of ,,the ,,puritans4#a ,i have a word to say of ,thoreau1 and of an episode which brought his character into bold relief1 and which has fairly earned for him a place in ,american history1 as well as in our literature4 ,i do not wish now to give any account of the life of ,thoreau4 ,in the preface to his volume called ,excursions you will find a biographical sketch1 written by the loving hand of ,mr4 ,emerson1 his neighbor and friend4 ,neither shall ,i enter into any justification of ,thoreau's peculiar mode of life1 nor shall ,i describe the famous cabin in the pine woods by ,walden ,pond1 already becoming the ,mecca of the ,order of ,saunterers1 whose great prophet was ,thoreau4 ,his profession of land-surveyor was one naturally adopted by him2 for to him every hill and forest was a being1 each with its own individuality4 ,this profession kept him in the fields and woods1 with the sky over his head and the mold under his feet4 ,it paid him the money needed for his daily wants1 and he cared for no more4 ,he seldom went far away from ,concord1 and1 in a half-playful way1 he used to view everything in the world from a ,concord standpoint4 ,all the grandest trees grew there and all the rarest flowers1 and nearly all the phenomena of nature could be observed at ,concord4 ,nothing can be hoped of you1 he said1 if this bit of mold under your feet is not sweeter to you than any other in this world--in any world4 ,although one of the most acute of observers1 ,thoreau was never reckoned among the scientific men of his time4 ,he was never a member of any ,natural ,history ,society1 nor of any ,academy of ,sciences1 bodies which1 in a general way1 he held in not altogether unmerited contempt4 ,when men band together for the study of nature1 they first draft a long constitution1 with its attendant by-laws1 and then proceed to the election of officers1 and1 by and by1 the study of nature becomes subordinate to the maintenance of the organization4 ,in technical scientific work1 ,thoreau took little pleasure4 ,it is often pedantic1 often bloodless1 and often it is a source of inspiration only to him by whom the work is done4 ,animals and plants were interesting to him1 not in their structure and genealogical affinities1 but in their relations to his mind4 ,he loved wild things1 not alone for themselves1 but for the tonic effect of their savagery upon him4 ,i wish to speak a word for nature1 he said1 for absolute freedom and wildness1 as contrasted with a freedom and culture merely civil1 to regard man as an inhabitant1 a part and parcel of nature1 rather than as a member of society4 ,i wish to make an extreme statement2 if so1 ,i may make an emphatic one1 for there are enough champions of civilization4 ,the minister and the school committees1 and every one of you1 will take care of that4 ,to ,thoreau's admirers1 he is the prophet of the fields and woods1 the interpreter of nature1 and his every word has to them the deepest significance4 ,he is the man who ,lives all alone1 close to the bone1 ,and where life is sweetest1 constantly eatest4 ,they resent all criticism of his life or his words4 ,they are impatient of all analysis of his methods or of his motives1 and a word of praise of him is the surest passport to their good graces4 ,but the critics sometimes miss the inner harmony which ,thoreau's admirers see1 and discern only queer paradoxes and extravagances of statement where the others hear the voice of nature's oracle4 ,with most literary men1 the power or disposition of those who know or understand their writings is in some degree a matter of literary culture4 ,it is hardly so in the case of ,thoreau4 ,the most illiterate man ,i know who had ever heard of ,thoreau1 ,mr4 ,barney ,mullins1 of ,freedom ,centre1 ,outagamie ,county1 ,wisconsin1 was a most ardent admirer of ,thoreau1 while the most eminent critic in ,america1 ,james ,russell ,lowell1 does him scant justice4 ,to ,lowell1 the finest thoughts of ,thoreau are but strawberries from ,emerson's garden1 and other critics have followed back these same strawberries through ,emerson's to still older gardens1 among them to that of ,sir ,thomas ,browne4 ,but1 setting the critics aside1 let me tell you about ,barney ,mullins4 ,twenty years ago1 ,i lived for a year in the northern part of ,wisconsin4 ,the snow is very deep in the winter there1 and once ,i rode into town through the snowbanks on a sled drawn by two oxen and driven by ,barney ,mullins4 ,barney was born on the banks of ,killarney1 and he could scarcely be said to speak the ,english language4 ,he told me that before he came to ,freedom ,centre he had lived in a town called ,concord1 in ,massachusetts4 ,i asked him if he had happened to know a man there by the name of ,henry ,thoreau4 ,he at once grew enthusiastic and he said1 among other things3 ,mr4 ,thoreau was a land-surveyor in ,concord4 ,i knew him well4 ,he had a way of his own1 and he didn't care naught about money1 but if there was ever a gentleman alive1 he was one4 ,barney seemed much saddened when ,i told him that ,mr4 ,thoreau had been dead a dozen years4 ,on parting1 he asked me to come out some time to ,freedom ,centre1 and to spend a night with him4 ,he had n't much of a room to offer me1 but there was always a place in his house for a friend of ,mr4 ,thoreau4 ,such is the feeling of this guild of lovers of ,thoreau1 and some of you may come to belong to it4 ,here is a test for you4 ,thoreau says3 ,i long ago lost a hound1 a bay horse1 and a turtle-dove1 and am still on their trail4 ,many are the travelers ,i have spoken to regarding them1 describing their tracks1 and what calls they answered to4 ,i have met one or two who have heard the hound and the tramp of the horse1 and even seen the dove disappear behind the cloud1 and they seemed as anxious to recover them as if they had lost them themselves4 ,now1 if any of you1 in your dreams1 have heard the horse1 or seen the sunshine on the dove's wings1 you may join in the search4 ,if not1 you may close the book1 for ,thoreau has not written for you4 ,this ,thoreau guild is composed1 as he himself says1 of knights of a new1 or1 rather1 an old order1 not equestrians or chevaliers1 not ,ritters1 or riders1 but walkers1 a still more ancient and honorable class1 ,i trust4 ,i have met1 he says1 but one or two persons who understand the art of walking2 who had a genius for sauntering1 which word is beautifully derived from idle people who roved about the country in the ,middle ,ages and asked charity1 under pretense of going ' la ,sainte ,terre'--a ,sainte-terrer1 a ,holy ,lander4 ,they who never go to the ,holy ,land in their walks1 as they pretend1 are indeed mere idlers and vagabonds2 but they who go there are saunterers1 in the good sense4 ,every walk is a kind of crusade preached by some ,peter the ,hermit within us1 to go forth and reconquer this ,holy ,land from the hands of the ,infidels4 ,it is true that we are but faint-hearted crusaders1 who undertake no persevering1 never-ending enterprises4 ,our expeditions are but tours1 and come round again at evening to the old hearthside from which we set out4 ,half the walk is but retracing our steps4 ,we should go forth on the shortest walk1 perchance1 in the spirit of undying adventure1 never to return1 prepared to send back our embalmed hearts only as relics to our desolate kingdoms4 ,if you are ready to leave father and mother1 and brother and sister1 and wife and child1 and friends2 if you have paid your debts1 and made your will1 and settled all your affairs1 and are a free man1 you are ready for a walk4 ,though a severe critic of conventional follies1 ,thoreau was always a hopeful man2 and no finer rebuke to the philosophy of ,pessimism was ever given than in these words of his3 ,i know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability of a man to elevate his life by a conscious endeavor4 ,it is something to be able to paint a particular picture1 or to carve a statue1 and so make a few objects beautiful2 but it is far more glorious to carve and paint the very atmosphere and medium through which we look4 ,this1 morally1 we can do4 ,but it is not of ,thoreau as a saunterer1 or as a naturalist1 or as an essayist1 that ,i wish to speak1 but as a moralist1 and this in relation to ,american politics4 ,thoreau lived in a dark day of our political history4 ,at one time he made a declaration of independence in a small way1 and refused allegiance and poll-tax to a ,government built on a corner-stone of human slavery4 ,because of this he was put into jail1 where he remained one night1 and where he made some curious observations on his townspeople as viewed from the inside of the bars4 ,emerson came along in the morning1 and asked him what he was there for4 ,why are you not in here1 ,mr4 ,emerson8 was his reply2 for it seemed to him that no man had the right to be free in a country where some men were slaves4 ,voting for the right1 ,thoreau said1 is doing nothing for it2 it is only expressing feebly your desire that right should prevail4 ,he would not for an instant recognize that political organization as his government which was the slave's government also4 ,in fact1 he said1 ,i will quietly1 after my fashion1 declare war with the ,state4 ,under a government which imprisons any unjustly1 the true place for a just man is also a prison4 ,i know this well1 that if one thousand1 if one hundred1 or if one honest man in this ,state of ,massachusetts1 ceasing to remain in this co-partnership1 should be locked up in the county jail therefor1 it would be the abolition of slavery in ,america4 ,it matters not how small the beginning may seem to be1 what is once well done is done forever4 ,thoreau's friends paid his taxes for him1 and he was set free1 so that the whole affair seemed like a joke4 ,yet1 as ,stevenson says1 ,if his example had been followed by a hundred1 or by thirty of his followers1 it would have greatly precipitated the era of freedom and justice4 ,we feel the misdeeds of our country with so little fervor1 for we are not witnesses to the suffering they cause4 ,but when we see them awake an active horror in our fellow-man2 when we see a neighbor prefer to lie in prison than be so much as passively implicated in their perpetration1 even the dullest of us will begin to realize them with a quicker pulse4 ,in the feeling that a wrong1 no matter how great1 must fall before the determined assault of a man1 no matter how weak1 ,thoreau found the reason for his action4 ,the operation of the laws of ,god is like an incontrollable torrent4 ,nothing can stand before them2 but the work of a single man may set the torrent in motion which will sweep away the accumulations of centuries of wrong4 ,there is a long chapter in our national history which is not a glorious record4 ,most of us are too young to remember much of politics under the ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 or to understand the deference which politicians of every grade then paid to the peculiar institution4 ,it was in those days in the ,middle ,west that ,kentucky blackguards1 backed by the laws of the ,united ,states1 and aided not by ,northern blackguards alone1 but by many of the best citizens of those ,states1 chased runaway slaves through the streets of our ,northern capitals4 ,and not the politicians alone1 but the teachers and preachers1 took their turn in paying tribute to ,caesar4 ,we were told that the ,bible itself was a champion of slavery4 ,two of our greatest theologians in the ,north declared1 in the name of the ,higher ,law1 that slavery was a holy thing1 which the ,lord1 who cursed ,canaan1 would ever uphold4 ,in those days there came a man from the ,west--a tall1 gaunt1 grizzly1 shaggy-haired1 ,god-fearing man1 a son of the ,puritans1 whose ancestors came over on the ,mayflower4 ,a dangerous fanatic or lunatic1 he was called1 and1 with the aid of a few poor negroes whom he had stolen from slavery1 he defied the power of this whole slave-catching ,united ,states4 ,a little square brick building1 once a sort of car-shop1 stands near the railway station in the town of ,harper's ,ferry1 with the mountain wall not far behind it1 and the ,potomac ,river running below4 ,and from this building was fired the shot which pierced the heart of slavery4 ,and the ,governor of ,virginia captured this man1 and took him out and hung him1 and laid his body in the grave1 where it still lies moldering4 ,but there was part of him not in the jurisdiction of ,virginia1 a part which they could neither hang nor bury2 and1 to the infinite surprise of the ,governor of ,virginia1 his soul went marching on4 ,illustration3 ,john ,brown4 ,when they heard in ,concord that ,john ,brown had been captured1 and was soon to be hung1 ,thoreau sent notice through the city that he would speak in the public hall on the condition and character of ,john ,brown1 on ,sunday evening1 and invited all to be present4 ,the ,republican ,committee and the ,committee of the ,abolitionists sent word to him that this was no time to speak2 to discuss such matters then was premature and inadvisable4 ,he replied3 ,i did not send to you for advice1 but to tell you that ,i am going to speak4 ,the selectmen of ,concord dared neither grant nor refuse him the hall4 ,at last they ventured to lose the key in a place where they thought he could find it4 ,this address of ,thoreau1 ,a ,plea for ,captain ,john ,brown1 should be a classic in ,american history4 ,we do not always realize that the time of ,american history is now4 ,the dates of the settlement of ,jamestown1 and ,plymouth1 and ,st4 ,augustine do not constitute our history4 ,columbus did not discover us4 ,in a high sense1 the true ,america is barely thirty years old1 and its first ,president was ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,we in the ,north are a little impatient at times1 and our politicians1 who are not always our best citizens1 mutter terrible oaths1 especially in the month of ,october1 because the ,south is not yet wholly regenerate1 because not all which sprang from the ashes of the slave-pen were angels of light4 ,but let us be patient while the world moves on4 ,forty years ago not only the banks of the ,yazoo and the ,chattahoochee1 but those of the ,hudson1 and the ,charles1 and the ,wabash1 were under the lash4 ,on the eve of ,john ,brown's hanging not half a dozen men in the city of ,concord1 the most intellectual town in ,new ,england1 the home of ,emerson1 and ,hawthorne1 and ,alcott1 dared say that they felt any respect for the man or sympathy for the cause for which he died4 ,i wish to quote a few passages from this ,plea for ,captain ,john ,brown4 ,to fully realize its power1 you should read it all for yourselves4 ,you must put yourselves back into history1 now already seeming almost ancient history to us1 to the period when ,buchanan was ,president--the terrible sultry lull just before the great storm4 ,you must picture the audience of the best people in ,massachusetts1 half-sympathizing with ,captain ,brown1 half-afraid of being guilty of treason in so doing4 ,you must picture the speaker1 with his clear-cut1 earnest features and penetrating voice4 ,no preacher1 no politician1 no professional reformer1 no ,republican1 no ,democrat2 a man who never voted2 a naturalist whose companions were the flowers and the birds1 the trees and the squirrels4 ,it was the voice of ,nature in protest against slavery and in plea for ,captain ,brown4 ,my respect for my fellow-men1 said ,thoreau1 is not being increased these days4 ,i have noticed the cold-blooded way in which men speak of this event1 as if an ordinary malefactor1 though one of unusual pluck1 'the gamest man ,i ever saw1' the ,governor of ,virginia said1 had been caught and was about to be hung4 ,he was not thinking of his foes when the ,governor of ,virginia thought he looked so brave4 ,it turns what sweetness ,i have to gall to hear the remarks of some of my neighbors4 ,when we heard at first that he was dead1 one of my townsmen observed that 'he dieth as the fool dieth1' which1 for an instant1 suggested a likeness in him dying to my neighbor living4 ,others1 craven-hearted1 said1 disparagingly1 that he threw his life away because he resisted the ,government4 ,which way have they thrown their lives1 pray8 ,i hear another ask1 ,yankee-like1 ',what will he gain by it8' as if he expected to fill his pockets by the enterprise4 ,if it does not lead to a surprise party1 if he does not get a new pair of boots or a vote of thanks1 it must be a failure4 ,but he won't get anything4 ,well1 no2 ,i don't suppose he could get four-and-sixpence a day for being hung1 take the year around1 but he stands a chance to save his soul--and such a soul6--which you do not4 ,you can get more in your market for a quart of milk than a quart of blood1 but yours is not the market heroes carry their blood to4 ,such do not know that like the seed is the fruit1 and that in the moral world1 when good seed is planted1 good fruit is inevitable2 that when you plant or bury a hero in his field1 a crop of heroes is sure to spring up4 ,this is a seed of such force and vitality1 it does not ask our leave to germinate4 ,a man does a brave and humane deed1 and on all sides we hear people and parties declaring1' ,i didn't do it1 nor countenance him to do it in any conceivable way4 ,it can't fairly be inferred from my past career4' ,ye need n't take so much pains1 my friends1 to wash your skirts of him4 ,no one will ever be convinced that he was any creature of yours4 ,he went and came1 as he himself informs us1 under the auspices of ,john ,brown1 and nobody else4' ',all is quiet in ,harper's ,ferry1' say the journals4 ,what is the character of that calm which follows when the law and the slaveholder prevail8 ,i regard this event as a touchstone designed to bring out with glaring distinctness the character of this ,government4 ,we needed to be thus assisted to see it by the light of history4 ,it needed to see itself4 ,when a government puts forth its strength on the side of injustice1 as ours1 to maintain slavery and kill the liberators of the slave1 it reveals itself simply as brute force4 ,it is more manifest than ever that tyranny rules4 ,i see this ,government to be effectually allied with ,france and ,austria in oppressing mankind4 ,the only government that ,i recognize--and it matters not how few are at the head of it1 or how small its army1--is the power that establishes justice in the land1 never that which establishes injustice4 ,what shall we think of a government to which all the truly brave and just men in the land are enemies1 standing between it and those whom it oppresses8 ,treason6 ,where does such treason take its rise8 ,i cannot help thinking of you as ye deserve1 ye governments6 ,can you dry up the fountain of thought8 ,high treason1 when it is resistance to tyranny here below1 has its origin in the power that makes and forever re-creates man4 ,when you have caught and hung all its human rebels1 you have accomplished nothing but your own guilt4 ,you have not struck at the fountain-head4 ,the same indignation which cleared the temple once will clear it again4 ,i hear many condemn these men because they were so few4 ,when were the good and the brave ever in the majority8 ,would you have had him wait till that time came8 ,till you and ,i came over to him8 ,the very fact that he had no rabble or troop of hirelings about him1 would alone distinguish him from ordinary heroes4 ,his company was small1 indeed1 because few could be found worthy to pass muster4 ,each one who there laid down his life for the poor and oppressed was a picked man1 called out of many thousands1 if not millions4 ,a man of principle1 of rare courage and devoted humanity1 ready to sacrifice his life at any moment for the benefit of his fellow-man2 it may be doubted if there were as many more their equals in the country2 for their leader1 no doubt1 had scoured the land far and wide1 seeking to swell his troop4 ,these alone were ready to step between the oppressor and the oppressed4 ,surely they were the very best men you could select to be hung6 ,that was the greatest compliment their country could pay them4 ,they were ripe for her gallows4 ,she has tried a long time2 she has hung a good many1 but never found the right one before4 ,when ,i think of him and his six sons and his son-in-law enlisted for this fight1 proceeding coolly1 reverently1 humanely to work1 for months1 if not years1 summering and wintering the thought1 without expecting any reward but a good conscience1 while almost all ,america stood ranked on the other side1 ,i say again that it affects me as a sublime spectacle4 ,if he had had any journal advocating his cause1 any organ monotonously and wearisomely playing the same old tune and then passing around the hat1 it would have been fatal to his efficiency4 ,if he had acted in such a way as to be let alone by the ,government1 he might have been suspected4 ,it was the fact that the tyrant must give place to him1 or he to the tyrant1 that distinguished him from all the reformers of the day that ,i know4 ,this event advertises me that there is such a fact as death1 the possibility of a man's dying4 ,it seems as if no man had ever died in ,america before4 ,if this man's acts and words do not create a revival1 it will be the severest possible satire on words and acts that do4 ,it is the best news that ,america has ever heard4 ,it has already quickened the feeble pulse of the ,north1 and infused more generous blood in her veins than any number of years of what is called political and commercial prosperity4 ,how many a man who was lately contemplating suicide has now something to live for6 ,i am here to plead his cause with you4 ,i plead not for his life1 but for his character1 his immortal life1 and so it becomes your cause wholly1 and it is not his in the least4 ,some eighteen hundred years ago ,christ was crucified2 this morning1 perchance1 ,captain ,brown was hung4 ,these are the two ends of the chain which is not without its links4 ,he is not ,old ,brown any longer2 he is an angel of light4 ,i see now that it was necessary that the bravest and humanest man in all the country should be hung4 ,perhaps he saw it himself4 ,i almost fear that ,i may yet hear of his deliverance1 doubting if a prolonged life1 if any life1 can do as much good as his death4 ',misguided6 ,garrulous6 ,insane6 ,vindictive6' ,so you write in your easy chairs1 and thus he1 wounded1 responds from the floor of the ,armory--clear as a cloudless sky1 true as the voice of ,nature is6 ',no man sent me here4 ,it was my own promptings and that of my ,maker4 ,i acknowledge no master in human form4' ,and in what a sweet and noble strain he proceeds1 addressing his captors1 who stand over him4 ',i think1 my friends1 you are guilty of a great wrong against ,god and humanity1 and it would be perfectly right for any one to interfere with you so far as to free those you willfully and wickedly hold in bondage4 ,i have yet to learn that ,god is any respecter of persons4 ',i pity the poor in bondage1 who have none to help them2 that is why ,i am here1 not to gratify personal animosity1 revenge1 or vindictive spirit4 ,it is my sympathy with the oppressed and the wronged that are as good as you are1 and as precious in the sight of ,god4 ',i wish to say1 furthermore1 that you had better1 all of you people at the ,south1 prepare yourselves for a settlement of that question1 that must come up for settlement sooner than you are prepared for it4 ,the sooner you are prepared the better4 ,you may dispose of me now very easily--,i am nearly disposed of already1--but this question is still to be settled1 this negro question1 ,i mean2 the end of that is not yet4' ,i foresee the time1 said ,thoreau1 when the painter will paint that scene1 no longer going to ,rome for his subject4 ,the poet will sing it2 the historian record it2 and1 with the ,landing of the ,pilgrims and the ,declaration of ,independence1 it will be the ornament of some future national gallery1 when at least the present form of slavery shall be no more here4 ,we shall then be at liberty to weep for ,captain ,brown4 ,then1 and not till then1 we will take our revenge4 ,a few years ago1 while on a tramp through the ,north ,woods1 ,i came out through the forests of ,north ,elba1 to the old ,john ,brown ,farm4 ,here ,john ,brown lived for many years1 and here he tried to establish a colony of freed slaves in the pure air of the mountains4 ,here1 too1 his family remained through the stirring times when he took part in the bloody struggles that made and kept ,kansas free4 ,the little old brown farmhouse stands on the edge of the great woods1 a few miles to the north of the highest peaks of the ,adirondacks4 ,there is nothing unusual about the house4 ,you will find a dozen such in a few hours' walk almost anywhere in the mountain parts of ,new ,england or ,new ,york4 ,it stands on a little hill1 in a sightly place1 as they say in that region1 with no shelter of trees around it4 ,illustration3 ,the ,john ,brown ,homestead1 ,north ,elba1 ,n4,y4 ,at the foot of the hill in a broad curve flows the ,river ,au ,sable1 small and clear and cold1 and full of trout4 ,it is not far above that the stream takes its rise in the dark ,indian ,pass1 the only place in these mountains where the ice of winter lasts all summer long4 ,the same ice on the one side sends forth the ,au ,sable1 and on the other feeds the fountain head of the infant ,hudson ,river4 ,in the little dooryard in front of the farmhouse is the historic spot where ,john ,brown's body still lies moldering4 ,there is not even a grave of his own4 ,his bones lie with those of his father1 and the short record of his life and death is crowded on the foot of his father's tombstone4 ,near by1 in the little yard1 lies a huge1 wandering boulder1 torn off years ago by the glaciers from the granite hills that hem in ,indian ,pass4 ,the boulder is ten feet or more in diameter1 large enough to make the farmhouse behind it seem small in comparison4 ,on its upper surface1 in letters two feet long1 which can be read plainly for a mile away1 is cut the simple name-- ,,john ,,brown4 ,this is ,john ,brown's grave1 and the place1 the boulder2 and the inscription are alike fitting to the man he was4 ,illustration3 ,john ,brown's ,grave4 ,dust to dust2 ashes to ashes2 granite to granite2 the last of the ,puritans6 #a ,address before the ,california ,state ,normal ,school1 at ,san ,jos1 #ahib4 ,a ,,knight ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,poets4#a ,in ,london ,i saw two pictures4 ,one was of a woman4 ,you would not mistake it for any of the ,greek goddesses4 ,it had a splendor and majesty such as ,phidias might have given to a woman ,jupiter4 ,but not terrible4 ,the culmination of the awful beauty was in an expression of matchless compassion4 ,if there had been other figures1 they must have been suffering humanity at her feet4 ,the other was also of a woman4 ,whose face it is hard to say4 ,not the ,furies1 not ,lady ,macbeth1 not ,catherine de ,medici1 not ,phillip the ,second1 not ,nero1 not any face you have ever seen1 but a gathering up from all the faces you have seen--the greatness1 the splendor1 the savagery1 the greed1 the pride1 the hate1 the mercilessness1 into one colossal1 terrifyingly ,satanic woman-face4 ,the first was clothed in a simple1 soft1 white robe2 the other in a befitting tragic splendor1 mostly blood-red4 ,i looked from one to the other4 ,what immeasurable distance between them6 ,what single point have they in common8 ,but as ,i look back and forth ,i seem to see a certain formal similarity4 ,it grows upon me4 ,i am incredulous4 ,i am appalled4 ,then one touches me and whispers3 ',they are the same4 ,it is the ,church4' ,in ,london ,i saw this--in the air4--,,william ,,lowe ,,bryan4 ,four centuries ago began the great struggle for freedom of thought which has made our modern civilization possible4 ,i wish here to give something of the story of a man who in his day was not the least in this conflict--a man who dared to think and act for himself when thought and act were costly--,ulrich von ,hutten4 ,near ,frankfort-on-the-,main1 on a sharp pinnacle of rock above the little railway station of ,vollmerz1 may still be found the scanty ruins of an old castle which played a brave part in ,german history before it was destroyed in the ,thirty ,years ,war4 ,in this castle of ,steckelberg1 in the year #adhh1 was born ,ulrich von ,hutten4 ,he was the last of a long line of ,huttens of ,steckelberg1 strong men who knew not fear1 who had fought for the ,emperor in all lands whither the imperial eagle had flown1 and who1 when the empire was at peace1 had fought right merrily with their neighbors on all sides4 ,robber-knights they were1 no doubt1 some or all of them2 but in those days all was fair in love and in war4 ,and this line of warriors centered in ,ulrich von ,hutten1 and with him it ended4 ,the wild kindred has gone out with this its greatest4 ,ulrich was the eldest son1 and bore his father's name4 ,but he was not the son his father had dreamed of4 ,slender of figure1 short of stature1 and weak of limb1 ,ulrich seemed unworthy of his burly ancestry4 ,the horse1 the sword1 and the lute were not for him4 ,he tried hard to master them and to succeed in all things worthy of a knight4 ,but he was strong only with his books4 ,at last to his books his father consigned him1 and1 sorely disappointed1 he sent ,ulrich to the monastery of ,fulda to be made a priest4 ,a wise man1 ,eitelwolf von ,stein1 became his friend1 and pointed out to him a life braver than that of a priest1 more noble than that of a knight1 the life of a scholar4 ,to ,hutten's father ,eitelwolf wrote3 ,would you bury a genius like that in the cloister8 ,he must be a man of letters4 ,but the father had decided once for all4 ,ulrich must never return to ,steckelberg unless he came back as a priest4 ,and the son took his fate in his own hands1 and fled from ,fulda1 to make his way as a scholar in a world in which scholarship received scanty recognition4 ,at the same time another young man whose history was to be interwoven with his own1 ,martin ,luther1 fled from the wickedness and deceit of this same world to the solitude of the monastery of ,erfurth4 ,by very different paths they came at last to work in the same cause1 and their modes of action were not less different4 ,to the ,university of ,cologne ,hutten went1 and with the students of that day he was trained in the mysteries of scholasticism1 and in the ,latin of the schoolmen and the priests4 ,wonderful problems they pondered over1 and they used to write long arguments in ,latin for or against propositions which came nowhere within the domain of fact4 ,that scholarship stood related to reality1 and that it must find its end and justification in action was no part of the philosophy of those times4 ,but ,hutten and his friends cared little for scholastic puzzles and they gave themselves to the study of the beauties of ,latin poetry and to the newly opened mine of the literature of ,greece4 ,they delighted in ,virgil and ,lucian1 and still more in ,homer and ,aeschylus4 ,the ,turks had conquered ,constantinople1 and the fall of the ,greek ,empire had driven many learned ,greeks to the ,west of ,europe4 ,there some of the scholars received them with open arms1 and eagerly learned from them to read ,homer and ,aristotle in the original tongue1 and the ,new ,testament also4 ,those who followed these studies came to be known as ,humanists4 ,but most of the universities and the monasteries in ,germany looked upon this revival of ,greek culture as pernicious and antichristian4 ,poetry they despised4 ,the ,latin ,vulgate met their religious needs1 and ,greek was only another name for ,paganism4 ,the party name of ,obscurantists 7,dunkelmnner7 was given to these1 and this name has remained with them on the records of history4 ,in the letters of one of ,hutten's comrades we find this confession of faith1 which is interesting as expressing the feelings of young men of that time3 ,there is but one ,god1 but he has many forms1 and many names--,jupiter1 ,sol1 ,apollo1 ,moses1 ,christ1 ,luna1 ,ceres1 ,proserpine1 ,tellus1 ,mary4 ,but be careful how you say that4 ,one must disclose these things in secret1 like ,eleusinian mysteries4 ,in matters of religion1 you must use the cover of fables and riddles4 ,you1 with ,jupiter's grace 7that is1 the grace of the best and greatest god71 can despise the lesser gods in silence4 ,when ,i say ,jupiter1 ,i mean ,christ and the true ,god4 ,the coat and the beard and the bones of ,christ ,i worship not4 ,i worship the living ,god1 who wears no coat nor beard1 and left no bones upon the earth4 ,hutten wished to know the world1 not from books only1 but to see all cities and lands2 to measure himself with other men2 to rise above those less worthy4 ,the danger of such a course seemed to him only the greater attraction4 ,content to him was laziness2 love of home but a dog's delight in a warm fire4 ,i live1 he said1 in no place rather than another2 my home is everywhere4 ,so he tramped through ,germany to the northward1 and had but a sorry time4 ,in his own mind he was a scholar1 a poet1 a knight of the noblest blood of ,germany2 to others he was a little sickly and forlorn vagrant4 ,never strong of body1 he was stricken by a miserable disease which filled his life with a succession of attacks of fever4 ,he was ship-wrecked on the ,baltic ,sea1 sick and forlorn in ,pomerania1 and at last he was received in charity in the house of ,henning ,ltz1 professor of law at ,greifeswald4 ,this action has given ,ltz's name immortality1 for it is associated with the first of those fiery poems of ,hutten which1 in their way1 are unique in literature4 ,for ,hutten was restless and proud1 and was not to be content with bread and butter and a new suit of clothes4 ,this independence was displeasing to the professor1 who finally1 in utter disgust1 turned ,hutten out of doors in midwinter4 ,when the boy had tramped a while in storm and slush1 two servants of ,ltz overtook him on the road and robbed him of his money and clothing4 ,in a wretched plight he reached a little inn in ,rostock1 in ,mecklenberg4 ,here the professors in the university received him kindly1 and made provision for his needs4 ,then he let loose the fury of his youthful anger on ,ltz4 ,as ever1 his poetic genius rose with his wrath1 and the more angry he became the greater was he as a poet4 ,two volumes he published1 ringing the changes of his contempt and hatred of ,ltz1 at the same time praising the virtues of those who had found in him a kindred spirit4 ,a knight of the order of poets1 he styles himself1 and to all ,humanists1 to the fellow-feeling among free spirits 7,gemeingeist unter freien ,geistern7 he appeals for sympathy in his struggle with ,ltz4 ,he had1 indeed1 not found a foeman worthy of his steel1 but he had shown what a finely tempered blade he bore4 ,foemen enough he found in later times1 and his steel had need of all its sharpness and temper4 ,and it never failed him to the last4 ,meanwhile he wandered to ,vienna1 giving lectures there on the art of poetry4 ,but poetry was abhorred by the schoolmen everywhere1 and the students of the university were forbidden to attend his lectures4 ,he then went to ,italy4 ,when he reached ,pavia1 he found the city in the midst of a siege1 surrounded by a hostile ,french army4 ,he fell ill of a fever1 and giving himself up for dead1 he composed the famous epitaph for himself1 of which ,i give a rough translation3 ,here1 also be it said1 a life of ill-fortune is ended2 ,by evil pursued on the water2 beset by wrong upon land4 ,here lie ,hutten's bones2 he1 who had done nothing wrongful1 ,was wickedly robbed of his life by the sword in a ,frenchman's hand4 ,by ,fate1 decided that he should see unlucky days only2 ,decided that even these days could never be many or long2 ,hemmed in by danger and death1 he forsook not serving the muses1 ,and as well as he could1 he rendered this service in song4 ,the ,frenchman's sword did not rob him of his life4 ,the ,frenchman's hand took only his money1 which was not much1 and again sent him adrift4 ,he now set his pen to writing epigrams on the ,emperor1 wherein ,maximilian was compared to the eagle which should devour the frogs in the swamps of ,venice4 ,meanwhile he enlisted as a common soldier in ,maximilian's army4 ,in ,italy1 the abuses of the ,papacy attracted his attention4 ,officials of the ,church were then engaged in extending the demand for indulgences4 ,the sale of pardons straight from ,rome1 all hot1 was becoming a scandal in ,christendom4 ,all this roused the wrath of ,hutten1 who attacked the ,pope himself in his songs3 ,heaven now stands for a price to be peddled and sold1 ,but what new folly is this1 as though the fiat of ,heaven ,needed an earthly witness1 an earthly warrant and seal6 ,more prosperous times followed1 and we find ,hutten honored as a poet1 living in the court of the ,archbishop of ,mainz4 ,at this time a cousin1 ,hans ,hutten1 a young man of great courage and promise1 was a knight in the service of ,ulrich1 ,duke of ,wurtemberg4 ,he was a favorite of the ,duke1 and he and his young wife were the life of the ,wrtemburg court4 ,and ,duke ,ulrich once came to ,hans and threw himself at his feet1 begging that this wife1 whom he loved1 should be given over wholly to him4 ,hans ,hutten answered the ,duke like a man1 and the ,duke arose with murder in his heart4 ,afterward1 when they were hunting in a wood1 he stabbed ,hans ,hutten in the back with his sword4 ,all this came to the ear of ,ulrich ,hutten in ,mainz4 ,love for his cousin1 love for his name and family1 love for freedom and truth1 all urged him to avenge the murdered ,hans4 ,the wrongs the boy had suffered from the coarse-hearted ,professor ,ltz became as nothing beside this great crime against the ,huttens and against manhood4 ,in all the history of invective1 ,i know of nothing so fierce as ,hutten's appeal against ,duke ,ulrich ,in five different pamphlets his crime was described to the ,german people1 and all good men1 from the ,emperor down1 were called on to help him in his struggle against the ,duke of ,wrtemberg4 ,i envy you your fame1 you murderer1 he wrote4 ,a year will be named for you1 and there shall be a day set off for you4 ,future generations shall read1 for those who are born this year1 that they were born in the year stained by the ineffaceable shame of ,germany4 ,you will come into the calendar1 scoundrel4 ,you will enrich history4 ,your deed is immortal1 and you will be remembered in all future time4 ,you have had your ambition1 and you shall never be forgotten4 ,this struggle lasted long4 ,finally1 after many appeals1 the ,german nobles rose in arms and besieged ,stuttgart1 and ,duke ,ulrich was driven from the land he had disgraced4 ,illustration3 ,ulrich von ,hutten4 ,again ,hutten visited ,italy1 this time by a partial reconciliation with his father1 who would overlook his failure to become a priest if he would study law at ,rome4 ,at about this time ,luther visited ,rome4 ,he came1 at first1 in a spirit of reverence2 but1 at last1 he wrote3 ,wenn es gibt eine ,hlle1 ,roma ist darauf gebant4 7,if there is a hell1 ,rome is built on it47 ,the impression on ,hutten was scarcely less vivid4 ,little by little he began to see in the ,pope of ,rome a criminal greater that ,professor ,ltz1 greater than ,duke ,ulrich1 one who could devour not one cousin only1 but the whole ,german people and nation4 ,for three hundred years1 said he1 the ,pope and the schoolmen have been covering the teachings of ,christ with a mass of superstitious ceremonies and wicked books4 ,these feelings were poured out in an appeal to the ,german rulers to shake off the yoke1 and no longer send their money to ,simon of ,rome4 ,hutten's friends tried to quiet him4 ,he was a man not of free thought only1 but of free speech1 and knew no concealment4 ,milder men in those times1 as later ,melancthon and ,erasmus1 were full of admiration of ,hutten1 and valued his skill and force4 ,but they were afraid of him1 and fearful always that the best of causes should be wrecked in his hands4 ,at this time1 at the age of twenty-five1 ,hutten is described as a small1 thin man1 of homely features1 with blonde hair and black beard4 ,his pale face wore a severe1 almost wild1 expression4 ,his speech was sharp1 often terrible4 ,yet with those whom he loved and respected his voice had a frank and winning charm4 ,he had but few friends1 but they were fast ones4 ,his personal character1 so far as records go1 was singularly pure1 and not often in his writings does he strike a coarse or unclean note4 ,in these days1 the two most learned men in ,germany were ,erasmus and ,reuchlin4 ,they were leaders of the ,humanists1 skilled in ,greek1 and even in the ,hebrew tongue1 and were called by ,hutten the two eyes of ,germany4 ,a ,jew named ,pfefferkorn1 who had become converted to ,christianity1 was filled with an unholy zeal against his fellow-,jews who had not been converted4 ,among other things1 he asked an edict from the ,emperor that all ,jewish books in ,germany should be destroyed4 ,reuchlin was a ,hebrew scholar4 ,he had written a ,hebrew grammar1 and was learned in the ,old ,testament1 as well as in the ,talmud1 and other deposits of the ancient lore of the rabbis4 ,the ,emperor referred ,pfefferkorn's request to ,reuchlin for his opinion4 ,reuchlin decided that there was no valid reason for the destruction of any of the ancient ,jewish writings1 and only of such modern ones as might be decided by competent scholars to be hostile to ,christianity4 ,this enraged ,pfefferkorn and his ,obscurantist associates4 ,pamphlets were written denouncing ,reuchlin1 and these were duly answered4 ,a general war of words between the ,humanists and ,obscurantists began1 which1 in time1 came before the ,pope and the ,emperor4 ,reuchlin was regarded in those days as a man of unusual calmness and dignity4 ,next to ,erasmus1 he was the most learned scholar in ,europe4 ,he would never condescend in his controversies to the coarse terms used by his adversaries4 ,we may learn something of the temper of the times by observing that1 in a single pamphlet1 as quoted by ,strauss1 the epithets that the dignified ,reuchlin applies to ,pfefferkorn are3 ,a poisonous beast1 a scarecrow1 a horror1 a mad dog1 a horse1 a mule1 a hog1 a fox1 a raging wolf1 a ,syrian lion1 a ,cerberus1 a fury of hell4 ,in this matter ,reuchlin was finally triumphant4 ,this triumph was loudly celebrated by his friend ,hutten in another poem1 in which the ,obscurantists were mercilessly attacked4 ,we have seen with ,hutten's growth a gradual increase in the importance of those to whom he declared himself an enemy4 ,he began as a boy with the obscure ,professor ,ltz4 ,he ended with the ,pope of ,rome4 ,at this time ,reuchlin published a volume called ,epistolae ,clarorum ,virorum 7letters of illustrious men74 ,it was made up of letters written by the various learned men of ,europe to ,reuchlin1 in sympathy with him in his struggle4 ,the title of this work gave the keynote to a series of letters called ,epistolae ,obscurorum ,virorum 7letters of obscure men7--that is1 of ,obscurantists4 ,these letters1 written by different persons1 but largely by ,hutten1 are the most remarkable of all satires of that time4 ,they are a series of imaginary epistles1 supposed to be addressed by various ,obscurantists to a poet named ,ortuinus4 ,they are written with consummate skill1 in the degenerate ,latin used by the priests in those days1 and they are made to exhibit all the secret meanness1 ignorance1 and perversity of their supposed writers4 ,the first of these epistles of the obscure men were eagerly read3 by their supposed associates1 the ,obscurantists4 ,here were men who felt as they felt1 and who were not afraid to speak4 ,the mendicant friars in ,england had a day of rejoicing1 and a ,dominican friar in ,flanders bought all the copies of the letters he could find to present to his bishop4 ,but in time even the dullest began to feel the severity of the satire4 ,the last of these letters formed the most telling blows ever dealt at the schoolmen by the men of learning4 ,in one of the earlier letters we find this question1 which may serve as a type of many others3 ,a man ate an egg in which a chicken was just beginning to form1 ignorant of that fact1 and forgetting that it was ,friday4 ,a friend consoles him by saying that a chicken in that stage counts for no more than worms in cheese or in cherries1 and these can be eaten even in fasting-time4 ,but the writer is not satisfied4 ,worms1 he had been told by a physician1 who was also a great naturalist1 are reckoned as fishes1 which one can eat on fast-days4 ,but with all this1 he fears that a young chicken may be really forbidden food1 and he asks the help of the poet ,ortuinus to a righteous decision4 ,another person writes to ,ortuinus3 ,there is a new book much talked of here1 and1 as you are a poet1 you can do us a good service by telling us of it4 ,a notary told me that this book is the wellspring of poetry1 and that its author1 one ,homer1 is the father of all poets4 ,and he said there is another ,homer in ,greek4 ,i said1 ',what is the use of the ,greek8 the ,latin is much better4' ,and ,i asked1 ',what is contained in the book8' ,and he said it treats of certain people who are called ,greeks1 who carried on a war with some others called ,trojans4 ,and these ,trojans had a great city1 and those ,greeks besieged it and stayed there ten years4 ,and the ,trojans came out and fought them till the whole plain was covered with blood and quite red4 ,and they heard the noise in heaven1 and one of them threw a stone which twelve men could not lift1 and a horse began to talk and utter prophecies4 ,but ,i can't believe that1 because it seems impossible1 and the book seems to me not to be authentic4 ,i pray you give me your opinion4 ,another relates the story of his visit to ,reuchlin3 ,when ,i came into his house1 ,reuchlin said1 ',welcome1 bachelor2 seat yourself4' ,and he had a pair of spectacles 7'unum ,brillum'7 on his nose1 and a book before him curiously written1 and ,i saw at once that it was neither in ,german nor ,bohemian1 nor yet in ,latin4 ,and ,i said to him1 ',respected ,doctor1 what do they call that book8' ,he answered1 ',it is called the ,greek ,plutarch1 and it treats of philosophy4' ,and ,i said1 ',read some of it1 for it must contain wonderful things4' ,then ,i saw a little book1 newly printed1 lying on the floor1 and ,i said to him1 ',respected ,doctor1 what lies there8' ,he answered1 ',it is a controversial book1 which a friend in ,cologne sent me lately4 ,it is written against me4 ,the theologians in ,cologne have printed it1 and they say that ,johann ,pfefferkorn wrote it4' ,and ,i said1 ',what will you do about it8 ,will you not vindicate yourself8' ,and he answered1 ',certainly not4 ,i have been vindicated long ago1 and can spend no time on these follies4 ,my eyes are too weak for me to waste their strength on matters which are not useful4' ,we next find ,hutten high in the favor of the ,emperor ,maximilian1 by whose order he was crowned poet-laureate of ,germany4 ,the wreath of laurel was woven by the fair hands of ,constance ,peutinger1 who was called the handsomest girl in ,germany1 and with great ceremony she put this wreath on his head in the presence of the ,emperor at ,mainz4 ,now1 for the first time1 ,hutten seems to have thought seriously of marriage4 ,he writes to a friend1 ,friedrich ,fischer3 ,i am overcome with a longing for rest1 that ,i may give myself to art4 ,for this1 ,i need a wife who shall take care of me4 ,you know my ways4 ,i cannot be alone1 not even by night4 ,in vain they talk to me of the pleasures of celibacy4 ,to me it is loneliness and monotony4 ,i was not born for that4 ,i must have a being who can lead me from sorrows--yes1 even from my graver studies2 one with whom ,i can joke and play1 and carry on light and happy conversations1 that the sharpness of sorrow may be blunted and the heat of anger made mild4 ,give me a wife1 dear ,friedrich1 and you know what kind of one ,i want4 ,she must be young1 pretty1 well educated1 serene1 tender1 patient4 ,money enough give her1 but not too much4 ,for riches ,i do not seek2 and as for blood and birth1 she is already noble to whom ,hutten gives his hand4 ,a young woman--,cunigunde ,glauburg--was found1 and she seemed to meet all requirements4 ,but the mother of the bride was not pleased with the arrangement4 ,hutten was a dangerous man1 she said1 a revolutionist4 ,i hope1 said ,hutten1 that when she comes to know me1 and finds in me nothing restless1 nothing mutinous1 my studies full of humor and wit1 that she will look more kindly on me4 ,to a brother of ,cunigunde he writes3 ,hutten has not conquered many cities1 like some of these iron-eaters1 but through many lands has wandered with the fame of his name4 ,he has not slain his thousands1 like those1 but may be none the less loved for that4 ,he does not stalk about on yard-long shin-bones1 nor does his gigantic figure frighten travelers2 but in strength of spirit he yields to none4 ,he does not glow with the splendor of beauty1 but he dares flatter himself that his soul is worthy of love4 ,he does not talk big nor swell himself with boasting1 but simply1 openly1 honestly acts and speaks4 ,but all his wooing came to naught2 another man wedded the fair ,cunigunde1 and the coming storm of ,romish wrath left ,hutten no opportunity to turn his attention elsewhere4 ,the old ,pope was now dead1 and one of the famous family of ,medici1 in ,florence1 had succeeded him as ,leo the ,tenth4 ,leo was kindly disposed toward the ,humanist studies1 and ,hutten1 as poet of the ,humanists1 addressed to him directly a remarkable appeal1 which made the turning-point in his life1 for it placed him openly among those who resisted the ,pope4 ,recounting to the new ,pope ,leo all the usurpations which in his judgment had been made1 one by one1 by his predecessors--all the robberies1 impositions1 and abuses of the ,papacy1 from the time of ,constantine down--he appeals to ,leo1 as a wise man and a scholar1 to restore stolen power and property1 to correct all abuses1 to abandon all temporal power1 and become once more the simple ,bishop of ,rome4 ,for there can never be peace between the robber and the robbed till the stolen goods are returned4 ,now1 for the first time1 the work of ,luther came to ,hutten's attention4 ,the disturbances at ,wittenberg were in the beginning treated by all as a mere squabble of the monks4 ,to ,leo the ,tenth this discussion had no further interest than this3 ,brother ,martin1 being a scholar1 was most probably right4 ,to ,hutten1 who cared nothing for doctrinal points1 it had no significance2 the more monkish strifes the better--the sooner would the enemies eat each other up4 ,but now ,hutten came to recognize in ,luther the apostle of freedom of thought1 and in that struggle of the ,reformation he found a nobler cause than that of the ,humanists--in ,luther a greater than ,reuchlin4 ,and ,hutten never did things by halves4 ,he entered into the warfare heart and soul4 ,in #aebj he published his ,roman ,trinity1 his gage of battle against ,rome4 ,he now1 like ,luther1 began to draw his inspiration1 as well as his language1 not from the classics1 but from the ,new ,testament4 ,a new motto he took for himself1 one which was henceforth ever on his lips1 and which appears again and again in his later writings3 ,jacta est alea 7the die is cast72 or1 in the stronger ,german1 in which he more often gave it1 ,ich hab's gewagt 7,i have dared it74 ,auf dasz ichs nit anheb umsunst ,wolauf1 wir haben ,gottes ,gunst2 ,wer wollt in solchem bleiben dheim8 ,ich hab's gewagt6 das ist mein ,reim6 ,der niemand grssern ,schaden bringt1 ,dann mir als noch die ,sach gelingt ,dahin mich ,gott und ,wahrheit bringt1 ,ich hab's gewagt4 ,so breche ich hindurch1 durch breche ich1 oder ich falle1 ,kmpfend1 nach dem ich einmal geworfen das ,loos6 7,so break ,i through the ranks else ,i die fighting-- ,fighting1 since once and forever the die ,i have cast67 ,in this motto we have the keynote to his fiery and earnest nature4 ,convinced that a cause was right1 he knew no bounds of caution or policy2 he feared no prison or death4 ,i have dared it6 ,to all free men of ,germany1 he speaks4 ,their tyranny will not last forever2 unless all signs deceive me1 their power is soon to fail--for already is the axe laid at the root of the tree1 and that tree which bears not good fruit will be rooted out1 and the vineyard of the ,lord will be purified4 ,that you shall not only hope1 but soon see with your eyes4 ,meanwhile1 be of good cheer1 you men of ,germany4 ,not weak1 not untried1 are your leaders in the struggle for freedom4 ,be not afraid1 neither weaken in the midst of the battle1 for broken at last is the strength of the enemy1 for the cause is righteous1 and the rage of tyranny is already at its height4 ,courage1 and farewell6 ,long live freedom6 ,i have dared it6 7,lebe die ,freiheit2 ich hab's gewagt47 ,warnings and threats innumerable came to ,hutten1 from enemies who feared and hated1 from friends who were fearful and trembling2 but he never flinched3 ,he had dared it4 ,the bull of excommunication which came from the ,pope frightened him no more than it did ,luther4 ,but at last he was compelled to retire from the cities1 and he took up his abode in the ,castle of ,ebernburg1 with ,franz von ,sickingen4 ,franz von ,sickingen was one of the great nobles of ,germany1 and he ruled over a region in the bend of the ,rhine between ,worms and ,bingen4 ,his was one of the bravest characters of that time4 ,a knight of the highest order1 he became a disciple of ,hutten and ,luther1 and on his help was the greatest reliance placed by the friends of the growing reform4 ,his strong ,castle of ,ebernburg1 on the hills above ,bingen1 was the refuge of all who were persecuted by the authorities4 ,the ,inn of ,righteousness 7,herberge von ,gerechtigkeit71 the ,ebernburg was called by ,hutten4 ,the ,humanists who had stood with ,hutten in the struggle between ,reuchlin and ,pfefferkorn saw with growing concern the gradual transfer of the field of battle from questions of literature to questions of religion4 ,reuchlin1 growing old and weak1 wrote a letter1 disavowing any sympathy with the new uprisings against the time-honored authority of the ,church4 ,this letter came into ,hutten's hands1 and1 with all his reverence for his old friend and master1 he could not keep silence4 ,eternal ,gods6 he writes4 ,what do ,i see8 ,have you sunk so deep in weakness and fear1 ,o ,reuchlin6 that you cannot endure blame even for those who have fought for you in time of danger8 ,through such shameful subservience do you hope to reconcile those to whom1 if you were a man1 you would never give a friendly greeting1 so badly have they treated you8 ,yet reconcile them2 and if there is no other way1 go to ,rome and kiss the feet of ,leo1 and then write against us4 ,yet you shall see that1 against your will1 and against the will of all the godless courtesans1 we shall shake off the shameful yoke1 and free ourselves from slavery4 ,i am ashamed that ,i have written so much for you--have done so much for you1--since when it comes to action you have made such a miserable exit from the ranks4 ,from me shall you know henceforth that whether you fight in ,luther's cause or throw yourself at the feet of the ,bishop of ,rome1 ,i shall never trust you more4 ,the poor old man1 thus harassed on all sides1 found no longer any rest or comfort in his studies4 ,worn-out in body1 and broken in spirit1 he soon died4 ,the great source of ,luther's hold on ,germany lay in his direct appeal to the common people4 ,for this he translated the ,bible into ,german--even now the noblest version of the ,bible in existence4 ,for in translating a work of inspiration the intuition of a man like ,luther1 as ,bayard ,taylor has said1 counts for more than the combined scholarship of a hundred men learned in the ,greek and ,hebrew4 ,the clear insight of one prophet is better than the average judgment of forty-seven scribes4 ,the ,german language was then struggling into existence1 and scholars considered it beneath their notice4 ,it was fixed for all time by ,luther's ,bible4 ,luther often spent a week on a single verse to find and fix the idiomatic ,german4 ,it is easy to plow when the field is cleared1 he said4 ,we must not ask the letters of the ,latin alphabet how to speak ,german1 but the mother in the kitchen and the plowman in the field1 that they may know that the ,bible is speaking ,german1 and speaking to them4 ,out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh4 ,no ,german peasant would understand that4 ,we must make it plain to him4 ',wess das ,herz voll ist1 dess geht der ,mund ber4' 7',whose heart is full1 his mouth runs over4'7 ,the same influence acted on ,hutten4 ,all his previous writings were in ,latin1 and were directed to scholars only4 ,henceforth he wrote the language of the ,fatherland1 and his appeals to the people were in language which the people could and did read4 ,no ,reformation ever came while only the learned and the noble were in the secret of it4 ,latein1 ich vor geschrieben hab ,das war ein jeden nicht bekannt2 ,jetzt schrei ich an das ,vaterland1 ,teutsch ,nation in ihrer ,sprach ,zu bringen diesen ,dingen ,rach4 7,for ,latin wrote ,i hitherto1 ,which common people did not know4 ,now cry ,i to the ,fatherland1 ,the ,german people1 in their tongue1 ,redress to bring for all these wrongs47 ,a song for the people he now wrote1 the ,new ,song of ,ulrich von ,hutten1 a song which stands with ,luther's ,em feste ,burg in the history of the ,reformation3 ,ich hab's gewagt mit ,sinnen1 ,und trag des noch kein ,reu1 ,mag ich nit dran gewinnen1 ,noch muss man spren ,treu4 ,darmit ich mein ,mit eim allein1 ,wenn ,man es wolt erkennen ,dem ,land zu gut ,wiewol man thut ,ein ,pfaffenfeind mich nennen4 ,part of this may be freely translated-- ,with open eyes ,i have dared it2 ,and cherish no regret1 ,and though ,i fail to conquer1 ,the ,truth is with me yet4 ,hutten's dream in these days was of a league of nobles1 cities1 and people1 aided by the ,emperor if possible1 against the ,emperor if necessary1 which should by force of arms forever free ,germany from the rule of the ,pope4 ,luther had little faith in the power of force4 ,what ,hutten wishes1 he wrote to a friend1 you see4 ,but ,i do not wish to strive for the ,gospel with murder and violence4 ,through the power of the ,word is the world subdued2 through the ,word the ,church shall be preserved and freed4 ,even ,antichrist shall be destroyed by the power of the ,word4 ,now came the ,great ,diet at ,worms1 whither ,luther was called before the ,emperor to answer for his heretical teachings1 and before which he stood firm and undaunted1 a noble figure which has been a turning-point in history4 ,here ,i stand4 ,i can do nothing else4 ,god help me4 ,hutten1 on his sick-bed at ,ebernburg1 not far away1 was full of wrath at the trial of ,luther4 ,away6 he shouted1 away from the clear fountains1 ye filthy swine6 ,out of the sanctuary1 ye accursed peddlers6 ,touch no longer the altar with your desecrating hands4 ,what have ye to do with the alms of our fathers1 which were given for the poor and the ,church1 and you spend for splendor1 pomp1 and foolery1 while the children suffer for bread8 ,see you not that the wind of ,freedom#b is blowing8 ,on two men not much depends4 ,know that there are many ,luthers1 many ,huttens here4 ,should either of us be destroyed1 still greater is the danger that awaits you2 for then1 with those battling for freedom1 the avengers of innocence will make common cause4 ,i have wished1 in writing this little sketch1 that ,i could have a novelist's privilege of bringing out my hero happily at the end4 ,i have hitherto had the struggles of a man living before his time to relate2 the voice of one crying in the wilderness4 ,if this were a romance1 ,i might tell how1 with ,hutten's entreaties and ,luther's exhortations1 and under the wise management of ,franz von ,sickingen1 the people banded together against foreign foes and foreign domination1 and ,german unity1 ,german freedom1 and religious liberty were forever established in the ,fatherland4 ,but1 alas6 the history does not run in that way2 at least not till a hundred years of war had bathed the land in blood4 ,for ,hutten henceforth ,i have only misery and failure to relate4 ,the union of knights and cities resulted in a ruinous campaign of ,franz von ,sickingen against ,trves4 ,sickingen's army was driven back by the ,elector4 ,his strong ,castle of ,landsthl was besieged by the ,catholic princes1 and cannon was used in this siege for the first time in history4 ,the walls of ,landsthl1 twenty-five feet thick1 were battered down1 and ,sickingen himself was killed by the falling of a beam4 ,the war was over1 and nothing worthy had been accomplished4 ,when ,luther heard of the death of ,sickingen1 he wrote to a friend3 ,yesterday ,i heard and read of ,franz von ,sickingen's true and sad history4 ,god is a righteous but marvelous ,judge4 ,sickingen's fall seems to me a verdict of the ,lord1 that strengthens me in the belief that the force of arms is to be kept far from matters of the ,gospel4 ,hutten was driven from the ,ebernburg4 ,he was offered a high place in the service of the ,king of ,france2 but1 as a true ,german1 he refused it1 and fled1 penniless and sick1 to ,basle1 in ,switzerland4 ,here the great ,humanist1 ,erasmus1 reigned supreme4 ,erasmus disavowed all sympathy with his former friend and fellow-student4 ,he called ,hutten a dangerous and turbulent man1 and warned the ,swiss against him4 ,erasmus had noticed1 with horror1 in those who had studied ,greek1 that the influence of ,lutheranism was fatal to learning2 that zeal for philology decreased as zeal for religion increased4 ,already ,erasmus1 like ,reuchlin1 was ranged on the side of the ,pope4 ,so1 in letters and pamphlets1 ,erasmus attacked ,hutten2 and the poet was not slow in giving as good as he received4 ,and this war between the ,humanist and the ,reformer gave great joy to the ,obscurantists1 who feared and hated them both4 ,humanism1 says ,strauss1 was broad-minded but faint-hearted1 and in none is this better seen than in ,erasmus4 ,luther was a narrower man1 but his unvarying purpose1 never looking to left nor right1 was his strength4 ,humanism is the broad mirror-like ,rhine at ,bingen4 ,it must grow narrower and wilder before it can break through the mountains to the sea4 ,repulsed by ,erasmus at ,basle1 ,hutten fled to ,mlhausen4 ,attacked by assassins there1 he left at midnight for ,zrich1 where he put himself under the protection of ,ulrich ,zwingli4 ,in ,zwingli1 the purest1 loftiest1 and clearest of insight of all of the leaders of the ,reformation1 ,hutten found a congenial spirit4 ,his health was now utterly broken4 ,to the famous ,baths of ,pfaffers he went1 in hope of release from pain4 ,but the modern bath-houses of ,ragatz were not built in those days1 and the daily descent by a rope from above into the dark and dismal chasm was too much for his feeble strength4 ,then ,zwingli sent him to a kindly friend1 the ,pastor ,hans ,schnegg1 who lived on the little ,island of ,ufnau1 in the ,lake of ,zrich4 ,and here at ,ufnau1 worn out by his long1 double conflict with the ,pope and with disease1 ,ulrich von ,hutten died in #aebc1 at the age of thirty-five4 ,he left behind him1 wrote ,zwingli1 nothing of worth4 ,books he had none2 no money1 and no property of any sort1 except a pen4 ,illustration3 ,ulrich ,zwingli4 ,what was the value of this short and troubled life8 ,three hundred years ago it was easy to answer with ,erasmus and the rest--,nothing4 ,hutten had denounced the ,pope1 and the ,pope had crushed him4 ,he had stirred up noble men to battle for freedom1 and they1 too1 had been destroyed4 ,franz von ,sickingen was dead4 ,the league of the cities and princes had faded away forever4 ,luther was hidden in the ,wartburg1 no one knew where1 and scarcely a trace of the ,reformation was left in ,germany4 ,whatever ,hutten had touched he had ruined4 ,he had dared it1 and the force he had defied had crushed him in return4 ,but1 looking back over these centuries1 the life of ,hutten rises into higher prominence4 ,his writings were seed in good ground4 ,at his death the ,reformation seemed hopeless4 ,six years later1 at the second ,diet of ,spires1 half ,germany signed the protest which made us ,protestants4 ,it was ,luther alone who said no at the ,diet of ,worms4 ,it was princes and people1 cities and churches1 who said no at the ,diet of ,spires4 ,hutten's dream of a ,united ,german people freed from the yoke of ,rome was for three hundred years unrealized4 ,for the ,reformation sundered the ,german people and ruined the ,german ,empire1 and not till our day has ,german unity come to pass4 ,but1 as later reformers said1 ,it is better that ,germany should be half ,german1 than that it should be all ,roman4 ,for the true meaning of this conflict does not lie in any question of church against church or creed against creed1 nor that worship in cathedrals with altars and incense and rich ceremony should give way to the simpler forms of the ,lutheran litany4 ,the issue was that of the growth of man4 ,the right of private interpretation is the recognition of personal individuality4 ,the death of ,hutten was1 after all1 not untimely4 ,he had done his work4 ,his was the voice of one crying in the wilderness4 ,the head of ,john the ,baptist lay on the charger before ,jesus had fulfilled his mission4 ,arnold ,winkelried1 at ,sempach1 filled his body with ,austrian spears before the ,austrian phalanx was broken4 ,john ,brown fell at ,harper's ,ferry before a blow was struck against slavery4 ,ulrich von ,hutten had set every man1 woman1 and child in ,germany to thinking of his relations to the ,lord and to the ,pope4 ,his mission was completed2 and longer life for him1 as ,strauss has suggested1 might have led to discord among the ,reformers themselves4 ,for this lover of freedom was intolerant of intolerance4 ,for fine points of doctrine he had only contempt4 ,when the ,lutherans began to treat as enemies all ,reformers who did not with them subscribe to the ,confession of ,augsburg1 ,hutten's fiery pen would have repudiated this confession4 ,for he fought for freedom of the spirit1 not for the ,lutheran confession4 ,had he remained in ,switzerland1 he would have been still less in harmony with the prevailing conditions4 ,not long after1 ,zwingli was slain in the wretched battle of ,kappel1 and1 after him1 the ,swiss ,reformation passed under the control of ,john ,calvin4 ,there can be no doubt that the stern pietist of ,geneva would have burned ,ulrich von ,hutten with as calm a conscience as he did ,michael ,servetus4 ,the idea of a united and uniform ,church1 whether ,catholic1 ,lutheran1 or ,calvinist1 had little attraction for ,hutten4 ,he was one of the first to realize that religion is individual1 not collective4 ,it is concerned with life1 not with creeds or ceremonies4 ,in the high sense1 no man can follow or share the religion of another4 ,his religion1 whatever it may be1 is his own4 ,it is built up from his own thoughts and prayers and actions4 ,it is the expression of his own ideals4 ,only forms can be transferred unchanged from man to man1 from generation to generation2 never realities4 ,for whatever is real to a man becomes part of him and partakes of his growth1 and is modified by his personality4 ,hutten was buried where he died1 on the little island of ,ufnau1 in the ,lake of ,zrich1 at the foot of the mighty ,alps4 ,and some of his old associates put over his grave a commemorative stone4 ,afterwards1 the monks of the abbey of ,einsiedein1 in ,schwytz came to the island and removed the stone1 and obliterated all traces of the grave4 ,it was well that they did so2 for now the whole green island of ,ufnau is his alone1 and it is his worthy sepulcher4 #a ,for many of the details of the life of ,hutten1 and for most of the quotations from ,hutten's writings given in this paper1 the writer is indebted to the excellent memoir by ,david ,friedrich ,strauss1 entitled ,ulrich von ,hutten4 7,fourth ,edition3 ,bonn1 #ahgh47 ,no attempt has been made to give here an account of ,hutten's writings1 only a few of the more noteworthy being mentioned4 #b ,sehet ihr nicht dasz die ,luft der ,freiheit weht8 ,,nature-,,study ,,and ,,moral ,,culture4#a ,in pleading for nature-study as a means of moral culture1 ,i do not wish to make an overstatement1 nor to claim for such study any occult or exclusive power4 ,it is not for us to say1 so much nature in the schools1 so much virtue in the scholars4 ,the character of the teacher is a factor which must always be counted in4 ,but the best teacher is the one that comes nearest to nature1 the one who is most effective in developing individual wisdom4 ,to seek knowledge is better than to have knowledge4 ,precepts of virtue are useless unless they are built into life4 ,at birth1 or before1 the gate of gifts is closed4 ,it is the art of life1 out of variant and contradictory materials passed down to us from our ancestors1 to build up a coherent and effective individual character4 ,the essence of character-building lies in action4 ,the chief value of nature-study in character-building is that1 like life itself1 it deals with realities4 ,the experience of living is of itself a form of nature-study4 ,one must in life make his own observations1 frame his own inductions1 and apply them in action as he goes along4 ,the habit of finding out the best thing to do next1 and then doing it1 is the basis of character4 ,a strong character is built up by doing1 not by imitation1 nor by feeling1 nor by suggestion4 ,nature-study1 if it be genuine1 is essentially doing4 ,this is the basis of its effectiveness as a moral agent4 ,to deal with truth is necessary1 if we are to know truth when we see it in action4 ,to know truth precedes all sound morality4 ,there is a great impulse to virtue in knowing something well4 ,to know it well1 is to come into direct contact with its facts or laws1 to feel that its qualities and forces are inevitable4 ,to do this is the essence of nature-study in all its forms4 ,the claim has been made that history treats of the actions of men1 and that it therefore gives the student the basis of right conduct4 ,but neither of these propositions is true4 ,history treats of the records of the acts of men and nations4 ,but it does not involve the action of the student himself4 ,the men and women who act in history are not the boys and girls we are training4 ,their lives are developed through their own efforts1 not by contemplation of the efforts of others4 ,they work out their problem of action more surely by dissecting frogs or hatching butterflies than by what we tell them of ,lycurgus or ,joan of ,arc4 ,their reason for virtuous action must lie in their own knowledge of what is right1 not in the fact that ,lincoln1 or ,washington1 or ,william ,tell1 or some other half-mythical personage would have done so and so under like conditions4 ,the rocks and shells1 the frogs and lilies always tell the absolute truth4 ,association with these1 under right direction1 will build up a habit of truthfulness1 which the lying story of the cherry-tree is powerless to effect4 ,if history is to be made an agency for moral training1 it must become a nature-study4 ,it must be the study of original documents4 ,when it is pursued in this way it has the value of other nature-studies4 ,but it is carried on under great limitations4 ,its manuscripts are scarce1 while every leaf on the tree is an original document in botany4 ,when a thousand are used1 or used up1 the archives of nature are just as full as ever4 ,from the intimate affinity with the problems of life1 the problems of nature-study derive a large part of their value4 ,because life deals with realities1 the visible agents of the overmastering fates1 it is well that our children should study the real1 rather than the conventional4 ,let them come in contact with the inevitable1 instead of the made-up1 with laws and forces which can be traced in objects and forms actually before them1 rather than with those which seem arbitrary or which remain inscrutable4 ,to use concrete illustrations1 there is a greater moral value in the study of magnets than in the distinction between shall and will1 in the study of birds or rocks than in that of diacritical marks or postage-stamps1 in the development of a frog than in the longer or the shorter catechism1 in the study of things than in the study of abstractions4 ,there is doubtless a law underlying abstractions and conventionalities1 a law of catechisms1 or postage-stamps1 or grammatical solecisms1 but it does not appear to the student4 ,its consideration does not strengthen his impression of inevitable truth4 ,there is the greatest moral value1 as well as intellectual value1 in the independence that comes from knowing1 and knowing that one knows and why he knows4 ,this gives spinal column to character1 which is not found in the flabby goodness of imitation or the hysteric virtue of suggestion4 ,knowing what is right1 and why it is right1 before doing it is the basis of greatness of character4 ,the nervous system of the animal or the man is essentially a device to make action effective and to keep it safe4 ,the animal is a machine in action4 ,toward the end of motion all other mental processes tend4 ,all functions of the brain1 all forms of nerve impulse are modifications of the simple reflex action1 the automatic transfer of sensations derived from external objects into movements of the body4 ,the sensory nerves furnish the animal or man all knowledge of the external world4 ,the brain1 sitting in absolute darkness1 judges these sensations1 and sends out corresponding impulses to action4 ,the sensory nerves are the brain's sole teachers2 the motor nerves1 and through them the muscles1 are the brain's only servants4 ,the untrained brain learns its lessons poorly1 and its commands are vacillating and ineffective4 ,in like manner1 the brain which has been misued ,transcriber's note3 misused81 shows its defects in ill-chosen actions--the actions against which ,nature protests through her scourge of misery4 ,in this fact1 that nerve alteration means ineffective action1 lying brain1 and lying nerves1 rests the great argument for temperance1 the great argument against all forms of nerve tampering1 from the coffee habit to the cataleptic revival of religion4 ,the senses are intensely practical in their relation to life4 ,the processes of natural selection make and keep them so4 ,only those phases of reality which our ancestors could render into action are shown to us by our senses4 ,if we can do nothing in any case1 we know nothing about it4 ,the senses tell us essential truth about rocks and trees1 food and shelter1 friends and enemies4 ,they answer no problems in chemistry4 ,they tell us nothing about atom or molecule4 ,they give us no ultimate facts4 ,whatever is so small that we cannot handle it is too small to be seen4 ,whatever is too distant to be reached is not truthfully reported4 ,the ,x-rays of light we cannot see1 because our ancestors could not deal with them4 ,the sun and stars1 the clouds and the sky are not at all what they appear to be4 ,the truthfulness of the senses fails as the square of the distance increases4 ,were it not so1 we should be smothered by truth2 we should be overwhelmed by the multiplicity of our own sensations1 and truthful response in action would become impossible4 ,hyperaesthesia of any or all of the senses is a source of confusion1 not of strength4 ,it is essentially a phase of disease1 and it shows itself in ineffectiveness1 not in increased power4 ,besides the actual sensations1 the so-called realities1 the brain retains also the sensations which have been1 and which are not wholly lost4 ,memory-pictures crowd the mind1 mingling with pictures which are brought in afresh by the senses4 ,the force of suggestion causes the mental states or conditions of one person to repeat themselves in another4 ,abnormal conditions of the brain itself furnish another series of feelings with which the brain must deal4 ,moreover1 the brain is charged with impulses to action passed on from generation to generation1 surviving because they are useful4 ,with all these arises the necessity for choice as a function of the mind4 ,the mind must neglect or suppress all sensations which it cannot weave into action4 ,the dog sees nothing that does not belong to its little world4 ,the man in search of mushrooms tramples down oak-trees in his walks4 ,to select the sensations that concern us is the basis of the power of attention4 ,the suppression of undesired actions is a function of the will4 ,to find data for choice among the possible motor responses is a function of the intellect4 ,intellectual persistency is the essence of individual character4 ,as the conditions of life become more complex1 it becomes necessary for action to be more carefully selected4 ,wisdom is the parent of virtue4 ,knowing what should be done logically precedes doing it4 ,good impulses and good intentions do not make action right or safe4 ,in the long run1 action is tested not by its motives1 but by its results4 ,the child1 when he comes into the world1 has everything to learn4 ,his nervous system is charged with tendencies to reaction and impulses to motion1 which have their origin in survivals from ancestral experience4 ,exact knowledge1 by which his own actions can be made exact1 must come through his own experience4 ,the experience of others must be expressed in terms of his own before it becomes wisdom4 ,wisdom1 as ,i have elsewhere said1 is knowing what it is best to do next4 ,virtue is doing it4 ,doing right becomes habit1 if it is pursued long enough4 ,it becomes a second nature1 or1 we may say1 a higher heredity4 ,the formation of a higher heredity of wisdom and virtue1 of knowing right and doing right1 is the basis of character-building4 ,the moral character is based on knowing the best1 choosing the best1 and doing the best4 ,it cannot be built up on imitation4 ,by imitation1 suggestion1 and conventionality the masses are formed and controlled4 ,to build up a man is a nobler process1 demanding materials and methods of a higher order4 ,the growth of man is the assertion of individuality4 ,only robust men can make history4 ,others may adorn it1 disfigure it1 or vulgarize it4 ,the first relation of the child to external things is expressed in this3 ,what can ,i do with it8 ,what is its relation to me8 ,the sensation goes over into thought1 the thought into action4 ,thus the impression of the object is built into the little universe of his mind4 ,the object and the action it implies are closely associated4 ,as more objects are apprehended1 more complex relations arise1 but the primal condition remains--,what can ,i do with it8 ,sensation1 thought1 action--this is the natural sequence of each completed mental process4 ,as volition passes over into action1 so does science into art1 knowledge into power1 wisdom into virtue4 ,by the study of realities wisdom is built up4 ,in the relations of objects he can touch and move1 the child comes to find the limitations of his powers1 the laws that govern phenomena1 and to which his actions must be in obedience4 ,so long as he deals with realities1 these laws stand in their proper relation4 ,so simple1 so natural1 so true1 says ,agassiz4 ,this is the charm of dealing with ,nature herself4 ,she brings us back to absolute truth so often as we wander4 ,so long as a child is lead from one reality to another1 never lost in words or in abstractions1 so long this natural relation remains4 ,what can ,i do with it8 is the beginning of wisdom4 ,what is it to me8 is the basis of personal virtue4 ,while a child remains about the home of his boyhood1 he knows which way is north and which is east4 ,he does not need to orientate himself1 because in his short trips he never loses his sense of space direction4 ,but let him take a rapid journey in the cars or in the night1 and he may find himself in strange relations4 ,the sun no longer rises in the east1 the sense of reality in directions is gone1 and it is a painful effort for him to join the new impressions to the old4 ,the process of orientation is a difficult one1 and if facing the sunrise in the morning were a deed of necessity in his religion1 this deed would not be accurately performed4 ,this homely illustration applies to the child4 ,he is taken from his little world of realities1 a world in which the sun rises in the east1 the dogs bark1 the grasshopper leaps1 the water falls1 and the relation of cause and effect appear plain and natural4 ,in these simple relations moral laws become evident4 ,the burnt child dreads the fire1 and this dread shows itself in action4 ,the child learns what to do next1 and to some extent does it4 ,by practice in personal responsibility in little things1 he can be led to wisdom in large ones4 ,for the power to do great things in the moral world comes from doing the right in small things4 ,it is not often that a man who knows that there is a right does the wrong4 ,men who do wrong are either ignorant that there is a right1 or else they have failed in their orientation and look upon right as wrong4 ,it is the clinching of good purposes with good actions that makes the man4 ,this is the higher heredity that is not the gift of father or mother1 but is the man's own work on himself4 ,the impression of realities is the basis of sound morals as well as of sound judgment4 ,by adding near things to near1 the child grows in knowledge4 ,knowledge set in order is science4 ,nature-study is the beginning of science4 ,it is the science of the child4 ,to the child training in methods of acquiring knowledge is more valuable than knowledge itself4 ,in general1 throughout life sound methods are more valuable than sound information4 ,self-direction is more important than innocence4 ,the fool may be innocent4 ,only the sane and wise can be virtuous4 ,it is the function of science to find out the real nature of the universe4 ,its purpose is to eliminate the personal equation and the human equation in statements of truth4 ,by methods of precision of thought and instruments of precision in observation1 it seeks to make our knowledge of the small1 the distant1 the invisible1 the mysterious as accurate as our knowledge of the common things men have handled for ages4 ,it seeks to make our knowledge of common things exact and precise1 that exactness and precision may be translated into action4 ,the ultimate end of science1 as well as its initial impulse1 is the regulation of human conduct4 ,to make right action possible and prevalent is the function of science4 ,the world as it is is the province of science4 ,in proportion as our actions conform to the conditions of the world as it is1 do we find the world beautiful1 glorious1 divine4 ,the truth of the world as it is must be the ultimate inspiration of art1 poetry1 and religion4 ,the world as men have agreed to say it is1 is quite another matter4 ,the less our children hear of this1 the less they will have to unlearn in their future development4 ,when a child is taken from nature to the schools1 he is usually brought into an atmosphere of conventionality4 ,here he is not to do1 but to imitate2 not to see1 nor to handle1 nor to create1 but to remember4 ,he is1 moreover1 to remember not his own realities1 but the written or spoken ideas of others4 ,he is dragged through a wilderness of grammar1 with thickets of diacritical marks1 into the desert of metaphysics4 ,he is taught to do right1 not because right action is in the nature of things1 the nature of himself and the things about him1 but because he will be punished somehow if he does not4 ,he is given a medley of words without ideas4 ,he is taught declensions and conjugations without number in his own and other tongues4 ,he learns things easily by rote2 so his teachers fill him with rote-learning4 ,hence1 grammar and language have become stereotyped as teaching without a thought as to whether undigested words may be intellectual poison4 ,and as the good heart depends on the good brain1 undigested ideas become moral poison as well4 ,no one can tell how much of the bad morals and worse manners of the conventional college boy of the past has been due to intellectual dyspepsia from undigested words4 ,in such manner the child is bound to lose his orientation as to the forces which surround him4 ,if he does not recover it1 he will spend his life in a world of unused fancies and realities4 ,nonsense will seem half truth1 and his appreciation of truth will be vitiated by lack of clearness of definition--by its close relation to nonsense4 ,that this is no slight defect can be shown in every community4 ,there is no intellectual craze so absurd as not to have a following among educated men and women4 ,there is no scheme for the renovation of the social order so silly that educated men will not invest their money in it4 ,there is no medical fraud so shameless that educated men will not give it their certificate4 ,there is no nonsense so unscientific that men called educated will not accept it as science4 ,it should be a function of the schools to build up common sense4 ,folly should be crowded out of the schools4 ,we have furnished costly lunatic asylums for its accommodation4 ,that our schools are in a degree responsible for current follies1 there can be no doubt4 ,we have many teachers who have never seen a truth in their lives4 ,there are many who have never felt the impact of an idea4 ,there are many who have lost their own orientation in their youth1 and who have never since been able to point out the sunrise to others4 ,it is no extravagance of language to say that diacritical marks lead to the cocaine habit2 nor that the ethics of metaphysics points the way to the ,higher ,foolishness4 ,there are many links in the chain of decadence1 but its finger-posts all point downward4 ,three roots bear up ,dominion--,knowledge1 ,will1 the third1 ,obedience4 ,this statement1 which ,lowell applies to nations1 belongs to the individual man as well4 ,it is written in the structure of his brain--knowledge1 volition1 action1--and all three elements must be sound1 if action is to be safe or effective4 ,but obedience must be active1 not passive4 ,the obedience of the lower animals is automatic1 and therefore in its limits measurably perfect4 ,lack of obedience means the extinction of the race4 ,only the obedient survive1 and hence comes about obedience to sealed orders1 obedience by reflex action1 in which the will takes little part4 ,in the early stages of human development1 the instincts of obedience were dominant4 ,great among these is the instinct of conventionality1 by which each man follows the path others have found safe4 ,the ,church and the ,state1 organizations of the strong1 have assumed the direction of the weak4 ,it has often resulted that the wiser this direction1 the greater the weakness it was called on to control4 ,the sealed orders of human institutions took the place of the automatism of instinct4 ,against sealed orders the individual man has been in constant protest4 ,the warfare of science was part of this long struggle4 ,the ,reformation1 the revival of learning1 the growth of democracy1 are all phases of this great conflict4 ,the function of democracy is not good government4 ,if that were all1 it would not deserve the efforts spent on it4 ,better government than any king or congress or democracy has yet given could be had in simpler and cheaper ways4 ,the automatic scheme of competitive examinations would give us better rulers at half the present cost4 ,even an ordinary intelligence office1 or statesman's employment bureau1 would serve us better than conventions and elections4 ,but a people which could be ruled in that way1 content to be governed well by forces outside itself1 would not be worth the saving4 ,but this is not the point at issue4 ,government too good1 as well as too bad1 may have a baneful influence on men4 ,its character is a secondary matter4 ,the purpose of self-government is to intensify individual responsibility2 to promote abortive attempts at wisdom1 through which true wisdom may come at last4 ,democracy is nature-study on a grand scale4 ,the republic is a huge laboratory of civics1 a laboratory in which strange experiments are performed2 but by which1 as in other laboratories1 wisdom may arise from experience1 and having arisen1 may work itself out into virtue4 ,the oldest and best-endowed university in the world1 ,dr4 ,parkhurst tells us1 is ,life itself4 ,problems tumble easily apart in the field that refuse to give up their secret in the study1 or even in the closet4 ,reality is what educates us1 and reality never comes so close to us1 with all its powers of discipline1 as when we encounter it in action4 ,in books we find ,truth in black and white2 but in the rush of events we see ,truth at work4 ,it is only when ,truth is busy and we are ourselves mixed up in its activities that we learn to know of how much we are capable1 or even the power by which these capabilities can be made over into effect4 ,mr4 ,wilbur ,f4 ,jackman has well said3 ,children always start with imitation1 and very few people ever get beyond it4 ,the true moral act1 however1 is one performed in accordance with a known law that is just as natural as the law which determines which way a stone shall fall4 ,the individual becomes moral in the highest sense when he chooses to obey this law by acting in accordance with it4 ,conventionality is not morality1 and may co-exist with vice as well as with virtue4 ,obedience has little permanence unless it be intelligent obedience4 ,it is1 of course1 true that wrong information may lead sometimes to right action1 as falsehood may secure obedience to a natural law which would otherwise have been violated4 ,but in the long run men and nations pay dearly for every illusion they cherish4 ,for every sick man healed at ,denver or ,lourdes1 ten well men may be made sick4 ,faith cure and patent medicines feed on the same victim4 ,for every ,schlatter who is worshiped as a saint1 some equally harmless lunatic will be stoned as a witch4 ,this scientific age is beset by the non-science which its altruism has made safe4 ,the development of the common sense of the people has given security to a vast horde of follies1 which would be destroyed in the unchecked competition of life4 ,it is the soundness of our age which has made what we call its decadence possible4 ,it is the undercurrent of science which has given security to human life1 a security which obtains for fools as well as for sages4 ,for protection against all these follies which so soon fall into vices1 or decay into insanity1 we must look to the schools4 ,a sound recognition of cause and effect in human affairs is our best safeguard4 ,the old common sense of the un-high-schooled man1 aided by instruments of precision1 and directed by logic1 must be carried over into the schools4 ,clear thinking and clean acting1 we believe1 are results of the study of nature4 ,when men have made themselves wise1 in the wisdom which may be completed in action1 they have never failed to make themselves good4 ,when men have become wise with the lore of others1 the learning which ends in self1 and does not spend itself in action1 they have been neither virtuous nor happy4 ,much learning is a weariness of the flesh4 ,thought without action ends in intense fatigue of soul1 the disgust with all the sorry scheme of things entire1 which is the mark of the unwholesome and insane philosophy of ,pessimism4 ,this philosophy finds its condemnation in the fact that it has never yet been translated into pure and helpful life4 ,with our children1 the study of words and abstractions alone may1 in its degree1 produce the same results4 ,nature-studies have long been valued as a means of grace1 because they arouse the enthusiasm1 the love of work which belongs to open-eyed youth4 ,the child blas with moral precepts and irregular conjugations turns with delight to the unrolling of ferns and the song of birds4 ,there is a moral training in clearness and tangibility4 ,an occult impulse to vice is hidden in all vagueness and in all teachings meant to be heard but not to be understood4 ,nature is never obscure1 never occult1 never esoteric4 ,she must be questioned in earnest1 else she will not reply4 ,but to every serious question she returns a serious answer4 ,simple1 natural1 and true should make the impression of simplicity and truth4 ,truth and virtue are but opposite sides of the same shield4 ,as leaves pass over into flowers1 and flowers into fruit1 so are wisdom1 virtue1 and happiness inseparably related4 #a ,read before the ,national ,educational ,association at ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 ,,the ,,higher ,,sacrifice4#a ,each man that lives is1 in part1 a slave1 because he is a living being4 ,this belongs to the definition of life itself4 ,each creature must bend its back to the lash of its environment4 ,we imagine life without conditions--life free from the pressure of insensate things outside us or within4 ,but such life is the dream of the philosopher4 ,we have never known it4 ,the records of the life we know are full of concessions to such pressure4 ,the vegetative part of life1 that part which finds its expression in physical growth1 and sustenance1 and death1 must always be slavery4 ,the old primal hunger of the protoplasm rules over it all4 ,each of the myriad cells of which man is made must be fed and cared for4 ,the perennial hunger of these cells he must stifle4 ,this hunger began when life began4 ,it will cease only when life ceases4 ,it will last till the water of the sea is drained1 the great lights are put out1 and the useless earth is hung up empty in the archives of the universe4 ,this old hunger the individual man must each day meet and satisfy4 ,he must do this for himself2 else1 in the long run1 it will not be done4 ,if others help feed him1 he must feed others in return4 ,this return is not charity nor sacrifice2 it is simply exchange of work4 ,it is the division of labor in servitude4 ,directly or indirectly1 each must pay his debt of life4 ,there are a few1 as the world goes1 who in luxury or pauperism have this debt paid for them by others4 ,but there are not many of these fugitive slaves4 ,the number will never be great2 for the lineage of idleness is never long nor strong4 ,when this debt is paid1 the slave becomes the man4 ,nature counts as men only those who are free4 ,freedom springs from within4 ,no outside power can give it4 ,board and lodging on the earth once paid1 a man's resources are his own4 ,these he can give or hold4 ,by the fullness of these is he measured4 ,all acquisitions of man1 ,emerson tells us1 are victories of the good brain and brave heart2 the world belongs to the energetic1 belongs to the wise4 ,it is in vain to make a paradise but for good men4 ,in the ancient lore of the ,jews1 so ,rabbi ,voorsanger tells us1 it is written1 ,serve the ,lord1 not as slaves hoping for reward1 but as gods who will take no reward4 ,the meaning of the old saying is this3 ,only the gods can serve4 ,those who have nothing have nothing to give4 ,he who serves as a slave serves himself only4 ,that he hopes for a reward shows that to himself his service is really given4 ,to serve the ,lord1 according to another old saying1 is to help one's fellow-men4 ,the ,eternal asks not of mortals that they assist ,him with ,his earth4 ,the tough old world has been ,his for centuries of centuries before it came to be ours1 and we can neither make it nor mar it4 ,we were not consulted when its foundations were laid in the deep4 ,the waves and the storms1 the sunshine and the song of birds need not our aid4 ,they will take care of themselves4 ,life is the only material that is plastic in our hand4 ,only man can be helped by man4 ,when they hung ,john ,brown in ,virginia1 many said1 you remember1 that in resisting the ,government he had thrown away his life1 and would gain nothing for it4 ,he could not1 as ,thoreau said at the time1 get a vote of thanks or a pair of boots for his life4 ,he could not get four-and-sixpence a day for being hung1 take the year around4 ,but he was not asking for a vote of thanks4 ,it was not for the four-and-sixpence a day that he stood between brute force and its victims4 ,it was to show men the nature of slavery4 ,it was to help his fellow-citizens to read the story of their institutions in the light of history4 ,you can get more1 ,thoreau went on to say1 in your market at ,concord for a quart of milk than you can for a quart of blood2 but yours is not the market heroes carry their blood to4 ,the blood of heroes is not sold by the quart4 ,the great1 strong1 noble1 and pure of this world1 those who have made our race worthy to be called men1 have not been paid by the day or by the quart2 not by riches1 nor fame1 nor power1 nor anything that man can give4 ,out of the fullness of their lives have they served the ,lord4 ,out of the wealth of their resources have they helped their fellow-men4 ,the great man cannot be a self-seeker4 ,the greatness of a ,napolon or an ,alexander is the greatness of gluttony4 ,it is slavery on a grand scale4 ,what men have done for their own glory or aggrandizement has left no permanent impress4 ,i have carried out nothing1 says the warrior1 ,sigurd ,slembe4 ,i have not sown the least grain nor laid one stone upon another to witness that ,i have lived4 ,napolon could have said as much1 if1 like ,sigurd1 he had stood upon his own grave and heard the great bell ring4 ,the tragedy of the ,isle of ,st4 ,helena lay not in the failure of effort1 but in the futility of the aim to which effort was directed4 ,there was no tragedy of the ,isle of ,patmos4 ,what such men have torn down remains torn down4 ,all this would soon have fallen of itself2 for that which has life in it cannot be destroyed by force4 ,but what such men have built has fallen when their hands have ceased to hold it up4 ,the names history cherishes are those of men of another type4 ,only a man too simply great to scheme for his proper self is great enough to become a pillar of the ages4 ,it is part of the duty of higher education to build up ideals of noble freedom4 ,it is not for help in the vegetative work of life that you go to college4 ,you are just as good a slave without it4 ,you can earn your board and lodging without the formality of culture4 ,the training of the college will make your power for action greater1 no doubt2 but it will also magnify your needs4 ,the debt of life a scholar has to pay is greater than that paid by the clown4 ,and the higher sacrifice the scholar may be called upon to make grows with the increased fullness of his life4 ,greater needs go with greater power1 and both mean greater opportunity for sacrifice4 ,in the days you have been with us you should have formed some ideals4 ,you should have bound these ideals together with the chain of well-spent yesterdays1 the higher heredity which comes not from your ancestors1 but which each man must build up for himself4 ,you should have done something in the direction of the life of higher sacrifice1 the life that from the fullness of its resources can have something to give4 ,such sacrifice is not waste1 but service2 not spending1 but accomplishing4 ,many men1 and more women1 spend their lives for others when others would have been better served if they had saved themselves4 ,mere giving is not service4 ,charity that is irrational and impulsive giving1 is a waste1 whether of money or of life4 ,charity creates half the misery she relieves2 she cannot relieve half the misery she creates4 ,the men you meet as you leave these halls will not understand your ideals4 ,they will not know that your life is not bound up in the present1 but has something to ask or to give for the future4 ,till they understand you they will not yield you their sympathies4 ,they may jeer at you because the whip they respond to leaves no mark upon you4 ,they will try to buy you1 because the ,devil has always bid high for the lives of young men with ideals4 ,a man in his market stands always above par4 ,slaves are his stock in trade4 ,if a man of power can be had for base purposes1 he can be sure of an immediate reward4 ,you can sell your blood for its weight in milk1 or for its weight in gold--whatever you choose1--if you are willing to put it up for sale4 ,you can sell your will for the kingdoms of the earth2 and you will see1 or seem to see1 many of your associates making just such bargains4 ,but in this be not deceived4 ,no young man worthy of anything else ever sold himself to the ,devil4 ,these are dummy sales4 ,the ,devil puts his own up at auction in hope of catching others4 ,if you fall into his hands1 you had not far to fall4 ,you were already ripe for his clutches4 ,when a man steps forth from the college1 he is tested once for all4 ,it takes but a year or two to prove his mettle4 ,in the college high ideals prevail1 and the intellectual life is taken as a matter of course4 ,in the world outside it appears otherwise1 though the conditions of success are in fact just the same4 ,it is not true1 though it seems so1 that the common life is a game of grasping and griping1 with a whine for mercy at the end of it4 ,it is your own fault if you find it so4 ,it is not true that the whole of man is occupied1 with the effort to live just asking but to live1 to live just begging but to be4 ,the world of thought and the world of action are one in nature4 ,in both truth and love are strength1 and folly and selfishness are weakness4 ,there is no confusion of right and wrong in the mind of the ,fates4 ,it is only in our poor bewildered slave intellects that evil passes for power4 ,all about us in the press of life are real men1 whose fame is not bought nor sold at the stroke of a politician's pen4 ,such are the men in whose guidance the currents of history flow4 ,the lesson of values in life it should be yours to teach1 because it should be yours to know and to act4 ,men are better than they seem1 and the hidden virtues of life appear when men have learned how to translate them into action4 ,men grasp and hoard material things because in their poverty of soul they know of nothing else to do4 ,it is lack of training and lack of imagination1 rather than total depravity1 which gives our social life its sordid aspect4 ,when a plant has learned the secret of flowers and fruit1 it no longer goes on adding meaningless leaf on leaf4 ,and as flowers are only colored leaves1 fruits only ripe ones1 so are the virtues only perfected and ripened forms of those impulses which show themselves as vices4 ,it is your relation to the overflow of power that determines the manner of man you are4 ,slave or god1 it is for you to choose4 ,slave or god1 it is for you to will4 ,it is for such choice that will is developed4 ,say what we may about the limitations of the life of man1 they are largely self-limitations4 ,hemmed in is human life by the force of the ,fates2 but the will of man is one of the ,fates1 and can take its place by the side of the rest of them4 ,the man who can will is a factor in the universe4 ,only the man who can will can serve the ,lord at all1 and by the same token1 hoping for no reward4 ,likewise is love a factor in the universe4 ,power is not strength of body or mind alone4 ,one who is poor in all else1 may be rich in sympathy and responsiveness4 ,they also serve who only stand and wait4 ,in a recent number of ,the ,dial1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,reeves tells us the tale1 half-humorous1 half-allegorical1 of the decadence of a scholar4 ,according to this story1 one ,thomson was a college graduate1 full of high notions of the significance of life and the duties and privileges of the scholar4 ,with these ideals he went to ,germany1 that he might strengthen them and use them for the benefit of his fellow-men4 ,he spent some years in ,germany1 filling his mind with all that ,german philosophy could give4 ,then he came home1 to turn his philosophy into action4 ,to do this1 he sought a college professorship4 ,this he found it was not easy to secure4 ,nobody cared for him or his message4 ,the authority of wise and sober ,germany was not recognized in the institutions of ,america1 and he found that college professorships were no longer plums to be picked by whomsoever should ask for them4 ,the reverence the ,german professor commands is unknown in ,america4 ,in ,germany1 the authority of wise men is supreme4 ,their words1 when they speak1 are heard with reverence and attention4 ,in ,america1 wisdom is not wisdom till the common man has examined it and pronounced it to be such4 ,the conclusions of the scholar are revised by the daily newspaper4 ,the readers of these papers care little for messages from ,utopia4 ,no college opened its doors to ,thomson1 and he saw with dismay that the life before him was one of discomfort and insignificance1 his ideals having no exchangeable value in luxuries or comforts4 ,meanwhile1 ,thomson's early associates seemed to get on somehow4 ,the world wanted their cheap achievements1 though it did not care for him4 ,among these associates was one ,wilcox1 who became a politician1 and1 though small in abilities and poor in virtues1 his influence among men seemed to be unbounded4 ,the young woman who had felt an interest in ,thomson's development1 and to whom he had read his rejected verses and his uncalled-for philosophy1 had joined herself to the ,philistines1 and yielded to their influence4 ,she had become ,wilcox's wife4 ,his friends regarded ,thomson's failure as a joke4 ,he must not take himself too seriously1 they said4 ,a man should be in touch with his times4 ,even ,philistia1 one said1 has its aesthetic ritual and pageantry4 ,a wise man will not despise this ritual1 because ,philistinism1 after all1 is the life of the world4 ,but ,thomson held out4 ,i pledged my word in ,germany1 he said1 to teach nothing that ,i did not believe to be true4 ,i must live up to this pledge4 ,and so he sought for positions1 and he failed to find them4 ,finally1 he had a message from a friend that a professorship in a certain institution was vacant4 ,this message said1 ,cultivate ,wilcox4 ,so1 in despair1 ,thomson began to cultivate ,wilcox4 ,he began to feel that ,wilcox was a type of the world1 a bad world1 for which he was not responsible4 ,the world's servant he must be1 if he received its wages4 ,when he secured the coveted appointment1 through the political pull of ,wilcox and the mild kindness of ,mrs4 ,wilcox1 he was ready to teach whatever was wanted of him1 whether it was truth in ,germany or not4 ,he found that he could change his notions of truth4 ,the ,wilcox idea was that everything in ,america is all right just as it is4 ,to this he found it easy to respond4 ,his salary helped him to do so4 ,and at last1 the record says1 he became laudator temporis acti1 one who praises the times that are past4 ,as such1 he took but little part in the times that are to be4 ,so runs the allegory4 ,how shall it be with you8 ,there are many ,thomsons among our scholars4 ,there may be some such among you4 ,when you pass from the world of thought you will find yourself in the world of action4 ,the conditions are not changed1 but they seem to be changed4 ,how shall you respond to the seeming difference8 ,shall you give up the truth of high thinking for the appearance of speedy success8 ,if you do this1 it will not be because you are worldly-wise1 but because you do not know the world4 ,in your ignorance of men you may sell yourself cheaply4 ,one must know life before he can know truth4 ,he who will be a leader of men must first have the power to lead himself4 ,the world is selfish and unsympathetic4 ,but it is also sagacious4 ,it rejects as worthless him who suffers decadence when he comes in contact with its vulgar cleverness4 ,the natural man can look the world in the face4 ,the true man will teach truth wherever he is1--not because he has pledged himself in ,germany not to teach anything else1 but because in teaching truth he is teaching himself4 ,his life thus becomes genuine1 and1 sooner or later1 the world will respond to genuineness in action4 ,the world knows the value of genuineness1 and it yields to that force wherever it is felt4 ,the world is all gates1 says ,emerson1 all opportunities1 strings of tension waiting to be struck4 ,thus1 in the decadence of ,thomson1 it was not the times or the world or ,america that was at fault2 it was ,thomson himself4 ,he had in him no life of his own4 ,his character1 like his microscope1 was made in ,germany1 and bore not his mark1 but the stamp of the ,german factory4 ,truth was not made in ,germany2 and to know or to teach truth there must be a life behind it4 ,the decadence of ,thomson was the appearance of the real ,thomson from under the axioms and formulae his teachers had given him4 ,men do not fail because they are human4 ,they are not human enough4 ,failure comes from lack of life4 ,only the man who has formed opinions of his own can have the courage of his convictions4 ,learning alone does not make a man strong4 ,strength in life will show itself in helpfulness1 will show itself in sympathy1 in sacrifice4 ,great men1 says ,emerson1 feel that they are so by renouncing their selfishness and falling back on what is humane4 ,they beat with the pulse and breathe with the lungs of nations4 ,it is not enough to know truth2 one must know men4 ,it is not enough to know men2 one must be a man4 ,only he who can live truth can know it4 ,only he who can live truth can teach it4 ,he could talk men over1 says ,carlyle of ,mirabeau1 he could talk men over because he could act men over4 ,at bottom that was it4 ,and at bottom this is the source of all power and service4 ,not what a man knows1 or what he can say2 but what is he8 what can he can do8 ,not what he can do for his board and lodging1 as the slave who is hired for life2 but what can he do out of the fullness of his resources1 the fullness of his helpfulness1 the fullness of himself8 ,the work the world will not let die was never paid for--not in fame1 not in money1 not in power4 ,the decadence of literature1 of which much is said to-day1 is not due to the decadence of man4 ,it is not the effect of the nerve strain of over-wrought generations born too late in the dusk of the ages4 ,its nature is this--that uncritical and untrained men have come into a heritage they have not earned4 ,they will pay money to have their feeble fancy tickled4 ,the decadence of literature is the struggle of mountebanks to catch the public eye4 ,there is money in the literature of decay1 and those who work for money have verily their reward4 ,but these performances are not the work of men4 ,they have no relation to literature1 or art1 or human life4 ,these are not in decadence because imitations are sold on street-corners or tossed into our laps on railway trains4 ,as well say that gold is in its decadence because brass can be burnished to look like it2 or that the sun is in his dotage because we have filled our gardens with ,chinese lanterns4 ,no ray is dimmed1 no atom worn1 ,my oldest force is good as new ,and the fresh rose on yonder thorn ,gives back the bending heavens in dew4 ,literature has never been paid for4 ,it has never asked the gold nor the plaudits of the multitude4 ,job1 and ,hamlet1 and ,faust1 and ,lear1 were never written to fill the pages of a ,sunday newspaper4 ,john ,milton and ,john ,bunyan were not publishers' hacks2 nor were ,john ,hampden1 ,john ,bright1 or ,samuel ,adams under pay as walking-delegates of reform4 ,no man was hired to find out that the world was round1 or that the valleys are worn down by water1 or that the stars are suns4 ,no man was paid to burn at the stake or die on the cross that other men might be free to live4 ,the sane1 strong1 brave1 heroic souls of all ages were the men who1 in the natural order of things1 have lived above all considerations of pay or glory4 ,they have served not as slaves hoping for reward1 but as gods who would take no reward4 ,men could not reward ,shakespeare1 or ,darwin1 or ,newton1 or ,helmholtz for their services any more than we could pay the ,lord for the use of ,his sunshine4 ,from the same inexhaustible divine reservoir it all comes--the service of the great man and the sunshine of ,god4 ,twice have ,i molded an image1 ,and thrice outstretched my hand2 ,made one of day and one of night1 ,and one of the salt sea strand ,one in a ,judean manger1 ,and one by ,avon's stream2 ,one over against the mouths of ,nile1 ,and one in the ,academe4 ,and in such image are men made every day1 not only in ,bethlehem or in ,stratford1 not alone on the banks of the ,nile or the ,arno2 but on the ,columbia1 or the ,sacramento1 or the ,san ,francisquito1 it may be1 as well4 ,all over the earth1 in this image1 are the sane1 and the sound1 and the true4 ,and when and where their lives are spent arises generations of others like them1 men in the true order4 ,not alone men in the image of ,god1 but gods in the likeness of men4 ,it is to the training of the genuine man that the universities of the world are devoted4 ,they call for the higher sacrifice1 the sacrifice of those who have powers not needed in the common struggle of life1 and who have1 therefore1 something over and beyond this struggle to give to their fellows4 ,large or small1 whatever the gift may be1 the world needs it all1 and to every good gift the world will respond a thousand-fold4 ,strength begets strength1 and wisdom leads to wisdom4 ,there is always room for the man of force1 and he makes room for many4 ,it is the strong1 wise1 and good of the past who have made our lives possible4 ,it is the great human men1 the men in the natural order1 that have made it possible for the plain1 common men1 that make up civilization1 to live1 rather than merely to vegetate4 ,we hear those among us sometimes who complain of the shortness of life1 the smallness of truth1 the limited stage on which man is forced to act4 ,but the men who thus complain are not men who have filled this little stage with their action4 ,the man who has learned to serve the ,lord never complains that his ,master does not give him enough to do4 ,the man who helps his fellow-men does not stand about with idle hands to find men worthy of his assistance4 ,he who leads a worthy life never vexes himself with the question as to whether life is worth living4 ,we know that all our powers are products of the needs and duties of our ancestors4 ,wisdom too great to be translated into action is an absurdity4 ,for wisdom is only knowing what it is best to do next4 ,virtue is only doing it4 ,virtue and happiness have never been far apart from each other4 ,to know and to do is the essence of the highest service4 ,those the world has a right to honor are those who found enough in the world to do4 ,the fields are always white to their harvest4 ,alexander the ,great had conquered his neighbors in ,greece and ,asia ,minor1 the only world he knew4 ,then he sighed for more worlds to conquer4 ,but other worlds he knew nothing of lay all about him4 ,the secrets of the rocks he had never suspected4 ,steam1 electricity1 the growth of trees1 the fall of snow1--all these were mysteries to him4 ,the only conquest he knew1 the subjection of men's bodies1 went but a little way4 ,all the men who in his lifetime knew the name of ,alexander the ,great could find encampment on the ,palo ,alto farm4 ,the great world of men in his day was beyond his knowledge4 ,his world was a very small one1 and of this he had seen but a little corner4 ,for the need of more worlds to conquer is no badge of strength4 ,it is the stamp of ignorance4 ,it is the cry only of him who knows that the great earth about him still stands unconquered4 ,no ,lincoln ever sighed for more nations to save2 no ,luther for more churches to purify2 no ,darwin that nature had not more hidden secrets which he might follow to their depths2 no ,agassiz that the thoughts of ,god were all exhausted before he was born4 ,and now1 a final word to you as scholars3 ,higher education means the higher sacrifice4 ,that you are taught to know is simply that you may do4 ,knowing the truth signifies that you should do right4 ,knowing and doing have value only as translated into justice and love4 ,there is no man so strong as not to need your help4 ,there is no man so weak that you cannot make him stronger4 ,there is none so sick that you cannot bring him to the gate called ,beautiful4 ,there is no evil in the world that you cannot help turn to goodness4 ,we could lift up this land1 said ,bjrnson of ,norway1 we could lift up this land1 if we lifted as one4 ,therefore lift1 and lift as one4 ,you are strong enough and wise enough4 ,you shall seek strength and wisdom1 that others through you may be wiser and stronger4 ,you shall seek your place to work as your basis for helpfulness4 ,others will make the place as good as you deserve4 ,if your lives are sacrificed in helping men1 it is to the market of the ages you carry your blood1 not to the milk-market of ,concord town4 ,the honest man will not pledge himself in ,germany to teach nothing which is not true4 ,being true himself1 he can teach nothing false4 ,the more men of the true order there are in the world1 the greater is the world's need of men4 ,as you are men1 so will your places in life be secure4 ,every profession is calling you4 ,every walk of life is waiting for your effort4 ,there will always be room for you1 and each of you will make room for many4 #a ,address to the ,graduating ,class1 ,leland ,stanford ,jr4 ,university1 ,may #ba1 #ahif4 ,,the ,,bubbles ,,of ,s,,ki4 ,in sad1 sweet cadence ,persian ,omar sings ,the life of man that lasts but for a day2 ,a phantom caravan that hastes away1 ,on to the chaos of insensate things4 ,the ,eternal ,ski from that bowl hath poured ,millions of bubbles like us and shall pour1 ,thy life or mine1 a half-unspoken word1 ,a fleck of foam tossed on an unknown shore4 ,when thou and ,i behind the veil are past1 ,oh1 but the long1 long while the world shall last8 ,which of our coming and departure heeds1 ,as the seven seas shall heed a pebble cast4 ,then1 my beloved1 fill the cup that clears ,to-day of past regrets and future fears4 ,this is the only wisdom man can know1 ,i come like water1 and like wind ,i go4 ,but tell me1 ,omar1 hast thou said the whole8 ,if such the bubbles that fill ,ski's bowl1 ,how great is ,ski1 whose least whisper calls ,forth from the swirling mists a human soul6 ,omar1 one word of thine is but a breath1 ,a single cadence in thy perfect song2 ,and as its measures softly flow along1 ,a million cadences pass on to death4 ,shall this one word withdraw itself in scorn1 ,because 't is not thy first1 nor last1 nor all-- ,because 't is not the sole breath thou hast drawn1 ,nor yet the sweetest from thy lips let fall8 ,i do rejoice that when of ,me and ,thee ,men talk no longer1 yet not less1 but more1 ,the ,eternal ,ski still that bowl shall fill1 ,and ever stronger1 purer bubbles pour4 ,one little note in the ,eternal ,song1 ,the ,perfect ,singer hath made place for me2 ,and not one atom in earth's wondrous throng ,but shall be needful to ,infinity4