,illu/ration 7,frontispiece73 #a4 ,crat]ellus cornucopioides4 #b4 ,cort9>ius armillatus4 #c4 ,clitocybe laccata4 #d4 ,tremellodon gelat9osum4 ,,among ,,! ,,mu%rooms ,a ,guide = ,beg9n]s by ,,ell5 ,m4 ,,dallas & ,,c>ol9e ,a4 ,,burg9 ,illu/ration ,toronto _/ ,london ,drexel ,biddle1 ,publi%] ,,new ,,york #fg ,fif? ,av5ue ,,philadelphia #bbh ,s\? ,f\r? ,/4 ,,san ,,francisco #cai-cbe ,sansome ,/4 #aijj ,copyright1 #aijj ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,drexel ,,biddle ,press ( ,,drexel ,,biddle1 ,,philadelphia 8,h y n se5 9 ! woods on a late autumn morn+ a poor fungus or mu%room--a plant )\t any solidity1 nay1 t seem$ no?+ b a s(t mu% or jelly--by its con/ant total & inconceivably g5tle pu%+1 manage to break its way up ?r\gh ! fro/y gr\nd1 & actually to lift a h>d cru/ on its head8 ,x is ! symbol ( ! p[] ( k9dness40 ,em]son4 ,,preface4 ,! books :i* h be5 consult$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is "w are1 8,briti% ,fungi10 by ,rev4 ,john ,/ev5son2 8,briti% ,fungus-,flora10 by ,george ,massee2 8,mu%rooms & _! ,uses10 & 8,boleti ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 by ,pr(essor ,*>les ,h4 ,peck1 ,/ate ,botani/ ( ,new ,york2 8,m\lds1 ,mildew & ,mu%rooms10 by ,pr(essor ,l4 ,m4 ,und]wood2 & a pamphlet by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd1 entitl$ 8,! ,volv ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,no attempt has be5 made to d m ?an to put 9 popul> language ! /atem5ts ( exp]i5c$ botani/s1 & s to arrange ! matt] z to aid beg9n]s 9 _! "w4 ,?anks are due to ,mr4 ,h>old ,w+ate = 8 sugge/ions & corrections ( ! manuscript2 to ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd = p]mission to pr9t f 8 photographs2 to ,miss ,laura ,c4 ,detwill] = h] pa9t+s f nature1 :i* h be5 "h reproduc$2 & also to ,mrs4 ,h>rison ,/reet] & ,miss ,m>y ,w4 ,ni*ols = _! enc\ragem5t ( ! und]tak+ & sugge/ions 9 fur!rance ( its success4 ,,cont5ts4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! /ructure ( ! ,table ( ,cont5ts does n correspond p]fectly to ! book itself1 b all page numb]s are correct4 ,page ,introduction1 #ac ,mu%rooms1 #bc ,antiquity ( ,fungi1 #bc ,mann] ( ,gr[?1 #bd ,odor1 #bf ,duration1 #bg ,uses1 #bg ,habitat1 #bh ,/ructure & gr[?1 #bi ,mycelium1 #ca ,! ,/em1 #cd ,! ,gills1 #cd ,! ,spores1 #cf ,! ,volva & ,veil1 #cg ,! ,tubes or ,pores1 #ch ,classification ( ,fungi1 ,di/9ctive ,*>act]i/ics ( ,g5]a4 #ci ,hym5omycetes1 #da ,ga/]omycetes1 #ei ,ascomycetes1 #fd ,by ,color ( ! ,spores1 #gb ,g5]al ,helps to ! ,memory1 #fh ,descriptions ( ,fungi arrang$ ,accord+ to ,color ( ,cap only1 #gg ,r$ or ,p9k1 #gg ,yell[ or ,orange1 #hh ,gray1 #ajj ,gre51 #ajf ,:ite1 #ajg ,br[n1 #aae ,purple or ,violet1 #abi ,description ( ,"s ,famili> ,mu%rooms1 )\t reg>d to color1 #aca ,direction = ,us+ ,keys1 #adg ,key to ,hym5omycetes1 #adi ,key to ,polyporei1 #aeb ,key to ,hydnei1 #aeb ,key to ,!lephorei1 #aeb ,key to ,clav>iei1 #aec ,key to ,ga/]omycetes & ,ascomycetes1 #aec ,gloss>y1 #aee ,index to ,descriptions ( ,fungi1 #afa ,guide = ,det]m9+ ,g5]a ( ,ag>ics 9 f\r ,tables1 #afe ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,fac+ ,,page ,crat]ellus cornucopioides-- ,cort9>ius armillatus-- ,clitocybe laccata-- ,tremellodon gelat9osum4 ,frontispiece4 ,copr9us atram5t>ius1 #bf ,amanita vag9ata1 #cg ,omphalia alb(lava1 #dg ,russula pect9ata1 #gf ,lact>ius insulsus1 #ib ,amanita vag9ata1 #aja ,psa?yrella dissem9ata1 #aaf ,lepiota proc]a1 #abj ,boletus edulis-- ,hypholoma p]plexum-- ,m>asmius rotula-- ,calo/oma c9neb>9us1 #abi ,cort9>ius di/ans1 #adg ,,introduction4 ,?is book is int5d$ = ^? :o1 ?\gh ignorant on ! subject1 desire to "k some?+ ab\t mu%rooms4 ,! fir/ "q :i* su* an "o asks ^u f9d+ a mu%room is1 8,:at is its "n80 ,if !re is no "o ne> to tell him1 !n foll[s ! second inquiry1 8,h[ c ,i f9d x out = myself80 ,if wild fl[]s 7 conc]n$1 ,gray's little book1 8,h[ ! ,plants ,gr[10 c\ld be us$2 & !re is also ,mrs4 ,dana's book on 8,! ,wild ,fl[]s10 t has giv5 s mu* pleasure4 ,9 ! case ( mu%rooms1 h[ev]1 b "o answ] c be return$ to all que/ions3 8,!re is no ,am]ican text-book on mu%rooms1 !re is no manual = beg9n]s40 ,!re are _m books on ,briti% fungi = /ud5ts1 b we want "s popul> "w easy to und]/&1 ) no te*nical expressions4 ,?is necessity = a simple guide-book has be5 felt by _m4 ,let u give our own exp]i5ce4 ,we procur$ a li/ ( works on fungi1 & look$ = "s volume n too deep = our compreh5sion nor too co/ly = our purse4 ,among ^? we f\nd 7 8,h&book = ,/ud5ts0 7,taylor72 8,edible & ,poison\s ,fungi0 7,cooke71 & a pamphlet by ,pr(essor ,peck1 8,mu%rooms & ,_! ,uses40 ,?is seem$ to be ! "o t we c\ld compreh5d mo/ easily1 & s1 arm$ ) x1 & ano!r pamphlet by ,pr(essor ,und]wood1 call$ 8,sugge/ions to ,collectors ( ,fle%y ,fungi10 :i* conta9$ a simple key1 we />t$ out to make discov]ies4 ,we aft]w>d procur$ "s publications ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd1 :i* 7 ( great assi/ance1 & la/ly a gloss>y publi%$ by ! ,bo/on ,mycological ,society1 a necess>y addition to our libr>y4 ,we f\nd ,pr(essor ,peck's book 0 conf9$ to edible mu%rooms1 & x soon became too limit$ to satisfy our crav+ = fur!r k--x incit$ a long+ to "k some?+ ( in$ible fungi4 ,! re/ is soon told4 ,we 7 advis$ to get ei!r a copy ( ,/ev5son's 8,briti% ,fungi0 or ( ,massee's works4 ,we did s1 b f\nd !m too advanc$ to be readily us$ by ! unle>n$4 ,!n ! idea arose1 ,h[ c we help o!rs 9 _! difficulties8 ,?is little book is ! answ]4 ,x w n be ( use to advanc$ /ud5ts1 !y w only criticise & discov] h[ mu* has be5 left unsaid2 b ! beg9n] is m easily satisfi$ ) ! ext5t ( in=mation ga9$1 & if a ta/e = k is enc\rag$ ! object ( ?is book is atta9$4 ,?is explanation w also acc\nt = ! use ( simple t]ms4 ,we f9d a t9y fungus :i* looks l a br[ni% bird's ne/1 ) "s m9iature eggs 9 x1 or a %9+ :ite mu%room1 & we are told its "n 9 ,lat92 x is describ$ 9 t]ms mean+less to ! ignorant1 we lose int]e/1 & our att5tion flags4 ,we began = pleasure & recreation1 b x became irksome & fatigu+1 & ! subject :i* might h amus$ u & help$ to pass _m an idle h\r is put aside & ab&on$4 ,yet ?is /udy is a mo/ fasc9at+ "o4 ,we all long = pleasant subjects ( ?\ght 9 our leisure h\rs1 & !re c be no?+ m div]t+ & absorb+ ?an ! inve/igation ( ! beautiful & famili> plants ar\nd u4 ,:5 we leave ! bu/l+1 noisy /reets ( a city & g into ! quiet fields & woods ! contra/ is v great4 ,a walk = ex]cise alone is (t5 dull & tiresome4 ,we _c be assur$ ( pleasant companions1 nor is !re always a f9e view or picturesque sc5]y to rew>d u dur+ our /rolls1 b !re are plants to be f\nd & ga!r$1 & :5 ^! fail u1 !n ! bright-hu$ mu%rooms may arre/ our att5tion4 ,! discov]y ( new specim5s1 ! le>n+ _! names1 ! k ( _! curi\s organizations1 w all add an int]e/ to our lives4 ,x w inspire u ) a love ( nature1 & op5 our eyes to _m objects ( :i* we h be=e be5 unobs]vant4 ,besides ?is x obliges u to be accurate4 ,our descriptions mu/ be exact or !y are ( no use4 ,let u imag9e ourselves tak+ a /roll 9 ! woods or d[n "s %ady lane1 & see :at we c f9d !re4 ,! gold5-rod & a/]s adorn ! roadsides1 ! odors ( ! sweet gale & sc5t$ f]n are waft$ gratefully to our s5ses z we pass along ! lanes1 & !re1 among ! fall5 leaves1 at ! v edge ( ! woods1 pe]s out a bright yell[ mu%room1 bright] f ! contra/ to ! dead leaves ar\nd1 & !n ano!r1 close by1 & !n a %9+ :ite cap2 fur!r on a m\se-color$ "o1 gray1 & silky 9 texture4 ,:at a contra/ ( colors4 ,:at are !y8 ,by :at names %all we call !m8 ,let u fir/ c>efully dig up ! yell[ "o4 ,we h br\ght a basket & tr[el1 & c exam9e !m ?or\ghly4 ,we mu/ dig d[n deep s z n to break (f ! /em4 ,!re is a r+ or coll> ar\nd x ne> ! top4 ,!re is a bulb at ! base1 ) "s slight membrane atta*$4 ,! cap is orange color1 almo/ smoo?1 cov]$ ) a few spots l w>ts1 & !re are "s l9es on ! m>g94 ,! gills are n atta*$ to ! /em1 & are :ite ) a creamy hue4 ,! /em is also :ite1 t+$ fa9tly ) yell[4 ,we w take a p5knife & divide x into halves1 cutt+ /raight ?r\gh ! /em & cap4 ,we f9d ! /em is fill$ ) a spongy sub/ance1 & we c n[ see m cle>ly ! position ( ! gills4 ,our specim5 measures #b in*es across ! cap1 & ! /em is #b or #c in*es long4 ,x is an ,amanita1 resembl+ ! ,fly ,amanita1 :i* we w probably soon discov]4 ,our fungus is ,fro/'s ,amanita1 nam$ aft] ! botani/ :o fir/ plac$ x on ! li/1 ,fro/4 ,x is n among ! ,briti% fungi4 ,x is ,am]ican4 ,n[ let u dig up ! %9+ :ite "o4 ,x is mu* l>g] ?an ! yell[ fungus1 h&some1 pure-look+1 ) a r sl5d] /em4 ,! cap is ne>ly #d in*es across1 ! fle% is :ite4 ,! /em is long1 solid1 ) a bulb\s base4 ,!re is a wide1 loose r+ high up on ! /em4 ,! membrane ar\nd ! base is l>ge & ?ick4 ,! /em is scaly & %9+ :ite l ! cap4 ,?is pure-look+1 h&some mu%room is "o ( ! mo/ poison\s ( its k9d4 ,x is call$ ,amanita virosa--! poison\s ,amanita1 f a ,lat9 ^w mean+ poison4 ,we h nev] f\nd any specim5 ) insects on x4 ,!y seem to "k its deadly qualities & %un its acqua9tance4 ,let u look at ! gray mu%room & see h[ x diff]s f ! o!rs4 ,x has no r+1 its color is a s(t gray or m\se color1 ! m>g9 is deeply groov$4 ,! cap is almo/ flat1 ! fle% does n rea* to ! m>g91 & is :ite4 ,x is v smoo?1 b ano!r "t we might f9d ! same mu%room ) scales ^u x4 ,! cap measures #c in*es across4 ,! /em tap]s upw>d1 is sl5d]1 & is #d in*es long4 ,! gills are free1 n atta*$ to ! /em1 & are swoll5 9 ! middle4 ,!y are n v close toge!r & are %9+ :ite4 ,! base ext5ds deep into ! gr\nd1 & is %ea!d ) a membrane t is loose & easily brok5 (f4 ,x is a v common mu%room1 & we %all (t5 f9d x1 b x v>ies 9 color2 x is sometimes umb]1 (t5 :ite1 & ev5 has a fa9t yell[i% or gre5i% hue 9 ! c5tre4 ,s f> we h only look$ at ,amanitas4 ,!y are conspicu\s1 & ! l>ge r+s & colors are /rik+ & int]e/+ to ! novice2 b look at t clay bank t bord]s on our road1 & p]haps we may discov] "s ,boleti4 ,ev5 a beg9n] 9 ! /udy ( mu%rooms c tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 a boletus & ^? we h be5 exam9+4 ,"h are two or ?ree mu%rooms gr[+ toge!r4 ,:at is !re diff]5t ab\t !m8 ,we see no r+1 no membrane ar\nd ! base ( /em1 & :at are ^! tubes b5ea? ! cap s unlike ! gills ( ! o!rs8 ,!y h ! appe>ance some:at ( a sponge4 ,^! are ! pores or tubes t conta9 ! spores4 ,let u divide ! fungus4 ,at ! fir/ t\* ( ! knife1 ?r\gh ! /em1 ! color beg9s to *ange1 & 9 a mom5t /em1 tubes1 & cap turn to a bright blue4 ,we c see ! color /eal along1 at fir/ fa9tly1 & !n deep5 into a d>k] blue4 ,! cap is a light br[ni% yell[ color1 #b in*es broad1 cov]$ ) woolly scales4 ,! tubes are free f ! /em4 ,!y h be5 :ite1 b are *ang+ to yell[4 ,! m\?s or op5+s ( ! tubes are becom+ blui%-gre54 ,! /em is swoll5 9 ! middle4 ,x is cov]$ ) a bloom4 ,x is /uff$ ) a pi?1 & tap]s t[>d ! apex4 ,x is l ! cap 9 color1 & measures #a in* 9 l5g?4 ,! m\?s ( ! tubes are r\nd4 ,?is is ,boletus cyanesc5s1 or ! blu+ ,boletus1 z nam$ by ,pr(essor ,peck 9 8 "w on ,boleti4 ,he says x gr[s m 9 ! ,nor?1 & sometimes is mu* l>g] ?an ! "o we f\nd4 ,we turn to ! bank 9 hopes ( discov]+ ano!r1 & see1 in/ead1 :at appe>s to be a mass ( jelly half-hidd5 9 ! clay1 & 9 ! mid/ "s bright sc>let *]ries1 or at lea/ some?+ t resembles !m4 ,we take ! tr[el & loos5 !m f ! e>?1 & !re1 among ! gelat9\s matt]1 we f9d small r\nd balls z l>ge z a common m>ble1 cov]$ by a bright r$ sk94 ,:5 cut 9 half we see !y are fill$ ) a pure :ite sub/ance1 l ! inside ( a "y puff-ball4 ,?is is q a discov]y4 ,we mu/ look 9 our books = its "n4 ,x is n 9 our ,briti% manual1 b we le>n f ,pr(essor ,peck t x is call$ ,calo/oma c9nab>9us4 ,calo/oma is a ,greek ^w mean+ beautiful m\?1 & c9nab>9us is tak5 f c9nab>is1 :i* means dragon's-blood4 ,we are n responsible = ! names giv5 to plants1 b _c help wi%+ t "s might be *ang$ or %ort5$4 ,we c\ld g on prolong+ our se>*1 & describe _m wond]ful fungi1 s easily f\nd on a summ] day1 b z our object is to excite curiosity & int]e/ & n fatigue ! read]1 we w "h pause1 & aft]w>d arrange ! descriptions ( mu%rooms 9 a sep>ate section4 ,! ones we h describ$ may be f\nd 9 ! ,middle ,/ates & 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,,mu%rooms4 ,,antiquity ,,( ,,fungi4 ,fungi h exi/$ f e>ly geological ages4 ,!y fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 :5 ! enorm\s b$s ( coal 7 =m$1 a space ( "t t occupi$ _m millions ( ye>s4 ,bessey says t ! olde/ kn[n memb] ( ! ord] ( membrane fungi1 ,hym5omycetes1 0 call$ by ! "n ( 8,polyporites ,b[manii40 ,dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod memb]s ( ! g5]a n[ kn[n "u ! names ( ,l5zites1 ,polyporus1 & ,hydnum 7 all 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is int]e/+ to "k t ev5 be=e ! ,t]ti>y p]iod ! und]gr[? consi/$ ( f]ns & fle%y fungi4 ,:at a "t ( delight = ! botani/6 ,b !re 7 no human be+s 9 ^? days to roam among/ t luxuriant und]gr[?1 & only ! fossil rema9s 9 ! deposits ( coal & peat are left to tell ( _! =m] exi/5ce4 ,,mann] ,,( ,,gr[?4 ,fungi are ei!r solit>y1 gr[ 9 clu/]s1 9 gr\ps1 or 9 r+s & arcs ( circles4 ,! species call$ ! ,fairy mu%room1 ,m>asmius oreades1 is ! mo/ famili> ( all ^? t gr[ 9 r+s4 ,besides ?is !re is ! ,horse mu%room1 ,ag>icus arv5sis2 ! ,*ant>elle1 ,can?>ellus cib>ius2 ! ,giant mu%room1 ,clitocybe maximus1 & ,/4 ,george's mu%room1 ,tri*oloma gambosa4 ,! latt] species is reproduc$ 9 r+s e ye>4 ,x is a popul> say+ t :5 ! r+ is unbrok5 !re w be a pl5tiful h>ve/ ! foll[+ season4 ,x is an e>ly mu%room1 appe>+ 9 ,april4 ,x d]ives its "n f ! fact ( its appe>+ ab\t ,april #bc;d1 :i* is ,/4 ,george's day 9 ! ,engli% cal5d>4 ,besides ^! mu%rooms !re is ano!r ,tri*oloma1 ,t4 tigr9us1 ! ,tig] mu%room1 :i* sometimes appe>s 9 circles4 ,! ^w tigr9us means a tig]4 ,! cap is v>iegat$ ) d>k br[n spots1 h5ce ! "n4 ,!n !re is ! ,limp ,clitocybe1 ,c4 flaccida1 s call$ because flaccida means limp4 ,x also appe>s 9 r+s 7accord+ to ,/ev5son71 :ile ! /ems are unit$ "u ! soil4 ,! waxy ,clitocybe1 ,c4 laccata1 is n spok5 ( z hav+ t mode ( gr[? 9 circles1 b we h se5 _m ( ^! mu%rooms appe>+ 9 arcs ( circles1 & =m+ almo/ p]fect r+s1 p>ticul>ly aft] %[]s ( ra91 & always on ! sides ( roads4 ,_m fairy r+s h la/$ = ye>s & are v old4 ,we h read ( "o1 9 ! c\nty ( ,essex1 ,engl&1 t measur$ #abj feet across4 ,! grass t cov]$ x 0 co>se & ( a d>k gre5 color4 ,:at causes ^! fairy r+s8 ,an explanation is giv5 9 a newspap] extract f 8,k10 9 :i* x is said3 8,a pat* ( spawn aris+ f a s+le spore or a numb] ( spores spreads c5trifugally 9 e direction1 & =ms a common circul> felt1 f :i* ! fruit arises at its extreme edge2 ! soil 9 ! inn] "p ( ! disc is exhau/$1 & ! spawn dies or becomes effete !re1 :ile x spreads all ar\nd 9 an outw>d direction & produces ano!r crop ^: spawn spreads aga94 ,! circle is ?us cont9ually enl>g$1 & ext5ds indef9itely until "s cause int]v5es to de/roy x4 ,! peculi>ity ( gr[? fir/ arises f a t5d5cy ( c]ta9 fungi to assume a circul> =m40 ,! p]plex+ mu%room1 ,hypholoma p]plexum1 (t5 gr[s 9 clu/]s1 & s does ! inky ,copr9us1 ,c4 atram5t>ius1 also ! gli/5+ ,copr9us1 ,c4 micaceus4 ,! honey-color$ mu%room1 ,armill>ia melloea1 is (t5 f\nd 9 cr[d$ clu/]s1 & ?is gr[? is common to _m fungi4 ,,odor4 ,_m mu%rooms h di/9ct odors & are di/+ui%$ by ?is feature4 ,! g5us ,m>asmius may be kn[n by ! g>lic-l smell peculi> to x1 b x nev] has a mealy p]fume4 ,!re is "o species1 ! disgu/+ mu%room1 ,m4 impudicus1 t ,/ev5son says has a /rong1 unpleasant odor2 ?is is also ! case 9 two o!r species1 ! ill-odor$ mu%room1 ,m4 ftidus1 & ! p5etrat+ mu%room1 ,m4 p]furans4 ,! ,*ant>elle1 ,can?>ellus cib>ius1 has ! smell ( a ripe apricot1 a delici\s odor & easily detect$4 ,"o ( ! ,lepiotas1 ! tuft$ ,lepiota1 ,l4 cri/ata1 has a p[]ful smell ( radi%es4 ,"s ,tri*olomas h a /rong odor ( new meal4 ,! fragrant ,clitocybe1 ,c4 odora1 has ! smell ( anise4 ,illu/ration3 ,copr9us atram5t>ius4 ,photograph$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,!re is a v small :ite1 scaly mu%room1 nev] m ?an an in* across ! cap1 & ) a /em h>dly two in*es high1 t has ! di/9ction ( possess+ ! /ronge/ smell ( all ! membrane fungi 7,hym5omycetes74 ,x is call$ ! n>cotic ,copr9us1 ,c4 n>coticus1 & x d]ives its "n f its odor4 ,x is v fragile & gr[s on heaps ( manure4 ,,duration4 ,!re is ano!r ,copr9us1 ! radiat+ ,copr9us1 ,c4 radiatus1 s call$ f ! radiat+ folds on ! cap1 t may c>ry (f ! honor ( be+ ! %orte/-liv$ ( all ! membrane fungi4 ,/ev5son says 8x )]s up ) a brea?40 ,x is (t5 ov]look$1 z x p]i%es aft] sunrise4 ,x gr[s 9 troops1 & is p]haps ! mo/ t5d] ( all mu%rooms4 ,! g5us ,m>asmius1 belong+ to ! :ite spor$ ,ag>ics1 has ! p[] ( reviv+ "u moi/ure aft] )]+1 s x may repres5t a g5us t endures longe/4 ,none ( ! fle%y fungi h long lives4 ,,uses4 ,besides ! uses ( fungi z scav5g]s ( creation1 !re are "s :i* h a comm]cial value & yield an article call$ 8amad\40 ,?is is a ,fr5* ^w1 us$ = a sort ( t9d] or t\*-wood1 an inflammable sub/ance :i* is prep>$ f a fungus1#a ,boletus igni>ius1 & gr[s ^u ! *]ry1 a% & o!r trees4 ,x is made by /eep+ x 9 a /rong solution ( saltpetre & cutt+ x 9 small pieces4 ,x is also call$ ,g]man t9d]4 ,?om says t ,boletus l>icis & ,polyporus fom5t>ius yield ! 8amad\0 ( comm]ce4 ,!n1 aga91 ! bir* ,polyporus1 ,p4 betul9us1 is us$ = razor /rops4 ,we ne$ n say any?+ on ! uses ( fungi z articles ( food4 ,?is subject has be5 exhau/$ by _m able mycologi/s1 &1 except+ ! m]e m5tion ( "s mu%rooms t are edible1 ! au?ors h ab/a9$ f ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,footnote #a3 ,worce/]'s ,diction>y1 cit+ ,br&e4 ,,habitat4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve :]e diff]5t mu%rooms love to dwell4 ,"s are always f\nd on roadsides1 z if seek+ ! notice ( pass]s-by4 ,^! are ! ,clitocybes & ,/roph>ia1 & _m ( ! cup-fungi1 :ile ! ,boleti take %elt] 9 clay banks & hide 9 e cranny & nook t !y c f9d4 ,russulas are se5 9 op5 woods1 ris+ out ( ! e>?1 also ! ,lact>ius1 :i* seems to l ! %ade ( trees4 ,! ,cort9>ius also pref]s _! %elt]4 ,! ,copr9us loves ! pa/ures & fields1 ne> h\ses & b>ns1 & dwells 9 gr\ps ^u ! lawns4 ,! ,hypholoma gr[s 9 clu/]s on ! /umps ( trees4 ,m>asmius is f\nd among dead twigs & leaves4 ,! :ite ,amanitas fl\ri% 9 woods & op5 gr\nd4 ,!re are "s1 l ,pleurotus1 t gr[ 9 trunks ( trees1 & make _! way ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! b>k4 ,e dead tree or bran* 9 ! =e/ is cr[d$ ) all species ( ,polyporus1 :ile c>pets1 damp cell>s1 pla/] walls & sawdu/ are favorite abodes ( _m fungi4 ,,/ructure ,,& ,,gr[?4 ,mu%rooms consi/ :olly ( cells4 ,^! cells d n conta9 ei!r />* or ! gre5 color+-matt]1 call$ *lorophyll1 :i* exi/s 9 o!r plants4 ,!y are ei!r p>asites or scav5g]s1 & sometimes bo?4 ,! food ( fungi mu/ =m a "p ( "s animal or plant4 ,:5 !y comm5ce to gr[ x is by ! division ( cells1 n lat]ally1 b 9 "o direction1 upw>d4 ,z ! mu%room gr[s ! /em l5g!ns1 ! cap exp&s & bur/s ! veil t surr\nds x1 & gradually ga9s its p]fect %ape4 ,e mu%room has a spore-be>+ lay] ( cells1 :i* is call$ ! hym5ium4 ,?is hym5ium is compos$ ( a numb] ( swoll51 club-%ap$ cells1 call$ basidia1 & close to !m1 side by side1 are /]ile1 elongat$ cells1 nam$ p>aphyses4 ,9 ! family call$ ,hym5omycetes !re are mix$ ) ^!1 & closely pack$ toge!r1 "o-cell$ /]ile /ructures nam$ cy/idia4 ,! basidia are call$ "m-cells because !y produce ! spores4 ,!re is "o great gr\p ( fungi call$ ,basidiomycetes1 s nam$ f hav+ _! /alk$ spores produc$ on basidia4 ,! basidia are =m$ on ! end ( ?readlike bran*$ bodies :i* gr[ at ! apex1 & are call$ hyph4 ,on top ( ! basidia are m9ute /alk-l bran*es1 call$ /]igmata 7s+ul> /]igma71 & ea* bran* c>ries a nak$ spore4 ,!y are usually f\r 9 numb]4 ,?is gr\p ( ,basidiomycetes is divid$ into 7#a7 ,/oma* fungi 7,ga/]omycetes71 7#b7 ,spore sac fungi 7,ascomycetes71 & 7#c7 ,membrane fungi 7,hym5omycetes74 ,,mycelium4 ,! ,mycelium is commonly call$ ! spawn ( mu%rooms4 ,x is ! vegetative "p ( ! fungus1 & is compos$ ( m9ute1 cyl9drical1 ?read-l bran*+ bodies call$ hyph4 ,:5 we wi% to cultivate mu%rooms we plant ! spawn n ! spores4 ,! ?read-l bran*es p]meate ! e>? or :atev] ! mu%room gr[s ^u4 ,! color ( ! mycelium is g5]ally :ite1 b x may also be yell[ or r$4 ,its /ructural details are only visible ?r\gh a microscope4 ,e fungus does n be> ! spores expos$ ^u ! cap nor und]nea? x4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( ,ga/]omycetes1 or 8,/oma* fungi10 z ,pr(essor ,peck has call$ !m 9 8 "w on 8,mu%rooms & ,_! ,uses10 h ! spore-be>+ surface enclos$ 9 a sac-l envelope 9 ! int]ior ( ! plant4 ,! g5us ,lycop]don belongs to ?is gr\p1 & x conta9s ! puff-balls s common 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ! second gr\p1 ,ascomycetes1 or 8,spore sac fungi10 ! spores are produc$ 9 delicate sacs call$ asci4 ,! fruit-be>+ "p is (t5 cup-%ap$1 disc-l1 or club-%ap$1 ?ick] at ! top or cov]$ ) irregul> swell+s & depressions l ! human bra94 ,! ,morels & ,helvellas belong to ?is gr\p4 ,"o (t5 meets ) mu%rooms ( ! =m] g5us 9 ! spr+1 & !y are /rik+ & int]e/+ look+ fungi4 ,!re are _m ( bo? g5]a t are edible4 ,!y w be describ$ 9 detail lat]4 ,botani/s h classifi$ ,ag>ics by means ( ! color ( ! spores1 & x is ! only sure way ( det]m9+ to :at class !y belong4 ,we propose 9 ?is "w also to enum]ate ! mu%rooms accord+ to ! color ( ! pileus or cap1 & give a li/1 ) a description ( ea*1 aft] ?is arrangem5t4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is m]ely sup]ficial1 b may int]e/ & attract a beg9n] 9 ! /udy ( fungi4 ,?is li/ w be plac$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,! descriptions w be prec$$ by a classification accord+ to color ( spores1 "s h9ts to /ud5ts1 & aids to le>n+ :i* h be5 f\nd useful to o!rs4 ,x is appall+ to a beg9n] :5 he fir/ reads ! long li/ ( names ( classes1 g5]a1 & species1 z ! latt] are s closely alli$ 9 resemblance4 ,"o has n always ! "t nor incl9ation to cond5se facts = himself1 nor to collect necess>y in=mation s z to rememb] x mo/ easily1 all :i* has to be done 9 ! abs5ce ( an ,am]ican manual or textbook4 ,a great deal has be5 writt5 = u1 x is true1 by exp]i5c$ botani/s1 b a g5]al & compreh5sive "w has yet to be compil$4 ,be=e we beg9 our li/ ( fungi1 let u le>n :at a mu%room is1 & "k some?+ ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,a mu%room consi/s ( a /em & a cap1 or pileus4 ,! cap is ! mo/ conspicu\s "p4 ,! color v>ies f :ite & ! lighte/ hues ( br[n up to ! brighte/ yell[ & sc>let4 ,its size is f an eigh? ( an in* to sixte5 in*es & m 9 diamet]4 ,! surface is smoo? or cov]$ ) little gra9s 7granul>7 or ) m9ute scales 7squamulose7 %9+ l sat91 or kid-l 9 its texture4 ,x may be r\nd$ & depress$ 7concave71 elevat$ 7convex71 level 7plane71 or ) a little m\nd 9 ! c5tre 7umbonate74 ,x may be cov]$ ) w>ts1 m>k$ ) l9es 7/riate71 or zon$ ) circles4 ,! m>g9 may be acute or obtuse1 roll$ backw>d or upw>d 7revolute71 or roll$ inw>d 7involute72 x may be ?ick or ?94 ,,! ,,/em4 ,! /em is ! /alk t supports ! cap4 ,x is sometimes atta*$ to "o side1 & !n x is said to be lat]al or betwe5 ! c5tre & side1 & x is call$ ecc5tric2 :5 x is 9 ! middle1 or ne>ly s1 x is c5tral4 ,x is ei!r solid1 fle%y1 /uff$ ) pi?1 or holl[1 fibr\s1 firm & t\gh 7c>tilag9\s74 ,x is (t5 brittle & breaks easily1 or x w n divide ev5ly 9 break+4 ,its color & size bo? v>y1 l ! cap4 ,x may tap] t[>d ! base1 or t[>d ! apex1 be ev5 or cyl9drical4 ,its surface may be smoo? 7glabr\s71 cov]$ ) scales 7squamulose71 r\gh 7scabr\s71 dott$1 lac]at$1 or be m>k$ ) a network ( ve9s 7reticulat$74 ,! base may be bulb\s1 or only swoll5 7incrassat$71 & x may root 9 ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,sections ( gill be>+ mu%rooms4 ,gills adnex$ ,gills free ,gills adnate ,gills decurr5t ,gills s9u\s ,gills s]rat$ ,pileus umbonate ,pileus umbilicate ,m>g9 involute ,m>g9 revolute ,,! ,,gills4 ,! gills or lamell are ! radiat+ p>ts1 l knife blades1 t ext5d f ! c5tre to ! m>g9 und]nea? ! cap4 ,!y conta9 ! spores4 ,! gr\p ( mu%rooms t h gills are call$ ,ag>ac9i or ,ag>ics4 ,! gills v>y 9 color2 sometimes !y *ange color :5 mature4 ,:5 !y are close toge!r !y are call$ cr[d$1 & :5 f> ap>t di/ant4 ,!re are (t5 small] gills betwe5 ! o!rs1 & sometimes !y are two-=k$ 7bifurcate71 & are connect$ by ve9s4 ,!y are n>r[ or wide1 swell out 9 ! middle 7v5tricose71 are curv$ l a b[ 7arcuate71 & h a sudd5 wave or s9us 9 ! edge ne> ! /em 7s9uate74 ,!re are v>i\s modes ( atta*m5t to ! /em4 ,:]e ! gills are n atta*$ to x !y are call$ free2 slightly s1 adnex$2 & :5 :olly fa/5$ !y are adnate4 ,!y may run d[n on ! /em1 & are !n call$ decurr5t4 ,,! ,,spores4 ,! color ( ! spores c be se5 by cutt+ (f ! cap1 & lay+ x gills d[nw>d1 on a %eet ( pap]1 two or ?ree h\rs or m4 ,! impression w rema9 on ! pap]4 ,x is bett] to use blue pap]1 s t ! :ite spores c be se5 m cle>ly4 ,! ,ag>ics are divid$ into classes accord+ to ! color ( ! spores1 s x is ( great importance to exam9e !m4 ,! %ape & size ( ! spores c only be le>n$ by ! use ( a microscope4 ,we h n attempt$ 9 ?is elem5t>y "w to d m ?an m5tion !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,amanita vag9ata 7break+ f volva74 ,photograph$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,! ,,volva ,,& ,,veil4 ,! univ]sal veil or volva is a ?9 cov]+ :i* encloses ! entire "y plant4 ,! cap gr[s & exp&s & bur/s ?is veil into fragm5ts4 ,t "p ( ! veil :i* breaks away f ! cap1 call$ ! second>y veil1 =ms ! annulus or r+4 ,x resembles a coll>1 & is g5]ally fa/5$ to ! /em4 ,x is n always p]man5t or fix$ 9 "o place4 ,x may disappe> :5 ! plant is mature4 ,x is (t5 fragile1 loose & torn1 & sometimes is movable on ! /em4 ,! "n volva is p>ticul>ly giv5 to t "p ( ! univ]sal veil :i* rema9s ar\nd ! base ( ! /em1 ei!r %ea?+ x or appress$ closely to x1 or 9 torn fragm5ts4 ,! volva & r+1 or annulus1 are n always pres5t 9 mu%rooms4 ,! rupture ( ! veil (t5 causes a "p ( x to rema9 on ! cap 9 ! %ape ( w>ts or scales4 ,^! may disappe> z ! plant gr[s old]1 & are sometimes wa%$ (f by a heavy ra94 ,,! ,,tubes ,,or ,,pores4 ,!re is a gr\p ( fungi call$ ,polyporei1 :i* h tubes or pores in/ead ( gills4 ,!y are plac$ "u ! pileus j z ! gills are situat$1 & conta9 ! spores4 ,! l5g? ( ! tubes v>ies4 ,! m\?s or op5+s are also ( diff]5t %apes & sizes4 ,!y are sometimes r\nd1 & at o!r times irregul>4 ,! color ( ! m\?s is (t5 diff]5t f ! tubes1 & *anges :5 mature4 ,! m\?s1 too1 are sometimes /uff$ :5 "y4 ,! atta*m5t to ! pileus is to be not$4 ,!y may be free or easily deta*$1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em or fa/5$ to x 7adnate47 ,,classification ,,( ,,fungi4 ,! color ( bo? gills & tubes is an important feature 9 ! classification ( fungi4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at a po9t :]e ! amateur may become we>i$ at ! read+ ( long names & ! enum]ation ( classes & g5]a4 ,/ev5son has said 9 8 preface to 8 "w on ,briti% ,fungi t 8!re is no royal road to ! k ( fungi10 & if we become en\gh int]e/$ to pursue ! subject we w probably discov] x at ?is po9t4 ,we w try & make ?is "p z simple z possible1 & only m5tion ^? g5]a :i* are mo/ common4 ,mu%rooms may be divid$ into ?ree great classes3 ,i4 ,ga/]omycetes1 or 8,/oma* fungi10 :]e ! spores are produc$ )9 ! plant4 ,,ii4 ,ascomycetes1 or 8,spore sac fungi10 :]e ! spores are produc$ 9 delicate sacs call$ asci4 ,,iii4 ,hym5omycetes1 or 8,membrane fungi10 :]e ! spores are produc$ on ! l[] surface ( ! cap4 ,,class ,,iii4 ,,hym5omycetes1 ,,or ,,membrane ,,fungi4 ,?is class is divid$ into six ord]s3 #a4 ,gill-be>+ mu%rooms1 ,ag>ics1 or ,ag>ic9i4 #b4 ,fungi ) pores or tubes1 ,polyporei4 #c4 ,fungi ) awl-%ap$ tee? or sp9es1 ,hydnei4 #d4 ,fungi ) an ev5 spore-be>+ or slightly wr9kl$ surface1 ,!lephorei4 #e4 ,plants1 club-%ap$ & simple1 or bu%-l & bran*$1 ,clav>iei4 #f4 ,gelat9\s plants1 irregul>ly exp&$1 ,tremell9ei4 ,! fir/ ord]1 ! ,ag>ics1 conta9s mo/ ( ! well-kn[n mu%rooms1 z well z mo/ ( ! edible ones4 ,!y h be5 divid$ into diff]5t classes accord+ to ! color ( ! spores4 ,9 a great _m cases ! color is ! same z t ( ! gills2 b ?is is n always ! case1 especially 9 ! "y plants4 ,! ,ag>ics are divid$ into f\r sections3 #a4 ,:ite spores1 ,leucospor4 #b4 ,rosy1 salmon or p9ki% spores1 ,rhodospor4 #c4 ,br[n or o*race\s spores1 ,o*rospor4 #d4 ,d>k purpli% or black spores1 ,melanospor4 ,!re are an inf9ite numb] ( mu%rooms we %all n m5tion4 ,! /udy ( fungi has only begun 9 ?is c\ntry1 & !re is an imm5se vi/a = future /ud5ts4 ,! amateur or beg9n] may be well satisfi$ if aft] "o summ] sp5t 9 /udy+ mu%rooms he c rememb] ! di/+ui%+ types ( ! v>i\s g5]a1 & c say ) c]ta9ty1 8,?is is a ,russula1 or ?is a ,cort9>ius1 or ?is a ,tri*oloma40 ,he w !n feel he has tak5 "o important /ep 9 ?is 8royal road40 ,,di/9ctive ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,g5]a ,,( ,,hym5omycetes4 ,,ord] #a4 ,,ag>ics4 ,! names ( ! g5]a are all d]iv$ f ,greek & ,lat9 words4 ,/ev5son1 9 8 book on ,briti% ,fungi1 has giv5 ! orig9al words & also _! mean+s4 ,we take ! lib]ty ( copy+ ! ,engli% t]m only1 & w place x beside ! "n ( ea* g5us4 ,,section #a4 ,,:ite ,,spores1 ,,or ,,leucospor4 ,! fir/ g5us we w m5tion is3 ,,hygrophorus1 f a ^w mean+ moi/4 ,?is g5us conta9s plants gr[+ on ! gr\nd4 ,!y soon decay4 ,! cap is /icky or wat]y1 ! gills (t5 bran*$4 ,x has a peculi>ity 9 ! fact t ! hym5ial cells1 or ! lay] ( "m cells1 conta9$ 9 ! gills1 *ange into a waxy mass1 at l5g? removable f ! trama4 ,! trama is t sub/ance :i* ext5ds ) & is l 9 /ructure to ! lay] ( "m cells4#a ,x lies betwe5 ! two lay]s ( gills 9 ,ag>ics4 ,! gills seem full ( wat]y juice1 & !y are m or less decurr5t1 i4 e41 ext5d d[n ! /em4 ,?is g5us conta9s _m bright-color$ & %9+ species4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! "y plant x =ms ! framework ( ! gills4 ,we are oblig$ to ref] to ! hym5ial lay] 9 ?is place1 ?\gh ! beg9n] w sc>cely und]/& ! mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,! di/+ui%+ peculi>ity ( ?is g5us consi/s 9 ! cells *ang+ to a waxy mass4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! /ructure ( mu%rooms we h tri$ to expla9 some?+ ab\t ! cells & ! ,hym5ium4 ,,lact>ius milk4 ,?is g5us is fle%y1 gr[+ on ! gr\nd2 ! cap is (t5 depress$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! gills are adnato-decurr5t1 t is1 p>tly atta*$ & prolong$ d[n ! /em4 ,!y are waxy1 r rigid & acute at ! edge4 ,! di/9ctive feature is ! milk t fl[s :5 ! gills are cut4 ,sometimes ! milk *anges color4 ,,russula r$4 ,?is g5us gr[s on ! gr\nd1 is fle%y1 & soon decays4 ,! cap is depress$1 or becomes s at a lat] /age ( gr[?4 ,! /em is poli%$1 g5]ally :ite1 & is v brittle4 ,! gills are rigid1 fragile1 ) an acute edge1 & mo/ly equal 9 l5g?4 ,"s species exude wat]y drops4 ,x conta9s _m species ( beautiful colors4 ,,can?>ellus vase or cup4 ,! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( ?is g5us consi/s 9 ! fold-l nature ( its gills4 ,! gills are ?ick1 ) an obtuse edge1 & are bran*$ & decurr5t4 ,! g5us is fle%y1 s(t1 & putresc5t1 & has no veil4 ,"s plants gr[ on ! gr\nd & o!rs on mosses4 ,,m>asmius to )]4 ,! g5us is t\gh & dry1 n decay+1 b %rivell+1 & reviv+ :5 wet4 ,! /em is t\gh 7c>tilag9\s47 ,! gills are r di/ant1 ! edge acute & entire4 ,! plants (t5 h a peculi> smell & ta/e1 l g>lic4 ,!y are small & ?91 commonly gr[+ on ! outside ( ano!r plant 7epiphytal7 on ! gr\nd1 on putrid leaves1 or on roots ( grasses4 ,,amanita4 ,! orig9 ( ?is "n is d\btful4 ,gal51 an anci5t ,greek physician1 is said to h giv5 ! "n to "s edible fungi 7,/ev5son74 ,x is di/+ui%$ z ! only g5us t has bo? volva & r+4 ,! "y plant is envelop$ by a univ]sal veil :i* bur/s at maturity4 ,! volva ar\nd ! base ( ! /em is =m$ by ! splitt+ or bur/+ ( ! veil1 & its diff]5t modes ( rupture m>k ! sev]al species4 ,x is sometimes %ap$ v prettily1 & has ! appe>ance ( a cup ar\nd ! /em4 ,x conta9s _m poison\s z well z edible mu%rooms4 ,,lepiota a scale4 ,?is g5us has a univ]sal veil4 ,! gills are free4 ,sometimes ! r+1 or annulus1 is movable on ! /em4 ,! cap is (t5 cov]$ ) w>ts1 or ! sk9 torn into scales1 & ! /em sometimes ins]t$ 9 a cup or socket4 ,,armill>ia r+ or bracelet4 ,!re is no univ]sal veil 9 ?is g5us1 only a p>tial "o t =ms a r+1 or sometimes only indicat+ ! r+ by scales4 ,! species usually gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,,tri*oloma f two ,greek words1 hair & fr+e4 ,?is g5us is especially not$ = its s9uate gills4 ,!y h a too? next to ! /em4 ,all gr[ on ! gr\nd & are fle%y4 ,!re are sometimes fibrils :i* adh]e to ! m>g9 ( ! cap1 ! rema9s ( ! veil4 ,!re are no plants 9 ?is g5us t are consid]$ poison\s4 ,,clitocybe a declivity4 ,! gills 9 ?is g5us are att5uat$ beh9d & are atta*$ to /em 7adnate7 or run d[n x 7decurr5t47 ,! cap is g5]ally plano depress$ or funnel-%ap$ 7infundibuli=m74 ,"s are fragrant2 ! odor resembles fre% apricots4 ,,collybia a small co94 ,! /em 9 ?is g5us is t\gh or /uff$ ) a pi?1 & cov]$ ) a c>tilag9\s r9d4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap is smoo? & turn$ "u at fir/ 7involute74 ,! gills are s(t1 free1 or only adnex$ beh9d4 ,! plants gr[ on ! outside ( wood & leaves1 ev5 on fungi1 b are (t5 root$ on ! gr\nd1 & d n dry up4 ,! gills are sometimes brightly color$4 ,,myc5a a fungus4 ,9 ?is g5us also ! /em is c>tilag9\s1 ! cap is sometimes bell-%ap$ 7campanulate7 & sl5d]4 ,! plants are g5]ally small & fragile4 ,! cap is f to #a in* broad4 ,! /em is sometimes fili=m1 & !y gr[ on /umps & /icks1 dead wood1 twigs & leaves4 ,!y may be f\nd e>ly 9 ! season1 b (t5] f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,omphalia alb(lava4 ,photograph$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,omphalia depress$4 ,! /em 9 ?is g5us is c>tilag9\s4 ,! gills run d[n ! /em4 ,! cap is some:at membranace\s4 ,x is (t5] depress$ & funnel-%ap$4 ,! gills are (t5 bran*$4 ,! species gr[ 9 moi/ places4 ,! plants are g5]ally small4 ,! l>ge/ only measure #b in*es1 ! smalle/ only in* across ! cap4 ,,pleurotus side & an e>4 ,9 ?is g5us ! /em is sometimes want+1 or x gr[s on ! side1 or betwe5 ! c5tre & m>g9 7ecc5tric74 ,! plants r>ely gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,!y are irregul> & fle%y or membranace\s4 ,! "t ( gr[? is g5]ally 9 ! autumn4 ,!re are a few edible species4 ,,section #b4 ,,rhodospor1 ,,r$ ,,or ,,p9k ,,spores4 ,9 ?is section ( ,ag>ics ! spores are r$1 p9k1 or salmon color4 ,,pluteus a p5?\se4 ,?is g5us has nei!r volva nor r+4 ,! gills are r\nd$ beh9d & free1 entirely sep>ate f /em1 :ite1 !n fle%-color$1 b (t5 t+$ ) yell[4 ,! cuticle is sometimes cov]$ ) fibres1 or ) a bloom ^u x 7pru9ose74 ,! apex ( ! /em is ins]t$ 9 ! cap l a peg1 & 9 ?is x resembles ! ,lepiotas4 ,! species gr[ on or ne> trunks1 appe> e>ly1 & la/ until late 9 ! season4 ,,entoloma )9 & fr+e4 ,?is g5us resembles ,tri*oloma1 :i* belongs to ! :ite-spor$ ,ag>ics & ,hebeloma1 :i* is rosy-spor$4 ,! species gr[ on ! gr\nd1 & are f\nd *iefly aft] ra94 ,! /em is fle%y or fibr\s1 s(t1 sometimes waxy4 ,! cap has ! m>g9 incurv$1 ! gills h a too? 7s9uate71 & are adnex$ to ! /em4 ,"s species smell ( fre% meal4 ,,section #c4 ,,o*rospor1 ,,br[n ,,or ,,o*race\s ,,spores4 ,,cort9>ius a veil4 ,?is g5us has a veil resembl+ a cobweb4 ,! gills g5]ally become c9namon-color$4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd 9 woods1 dur+ late summ] & autumn4 ,"s ( our mo/ beautiful mu%rooms belong to ?is gr\p4 ,! veil is n p]si/5t1 & soon disappe>s4 ,,pholiota a scale4 ,?is g5us mo/ly gr[s on trunks4 ,! p>tial or second>y veil takes ! =m ( a r+4 ,! cap is (t5 cov]$ ) scales4 ,,inocybe fibre & head4 ,?is g5us is di/+ui%$ by ! silky fibrilose cov]+ ( ! cap1 :i* nev] has a di/9ct pellicle1 & by ! veil :i* is la/+ & ( l nature to ! fibrils ( ! cap4 ,all gr[ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,,hebeloma y\? & fr+e4 ,9 ?is g5us ! m>g9 ( ! cap is at fir/ incurv$4 ,! gills are atta*$ ) a too?1 ) ! edge m or less ( a diff]5t color1 (t5 :iti%4 ,! /em is fle%y1 fibr\s1 some:at mealy at ! apex4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd & are /rong-smell+1 appe> e>ly 9 ! autumn1 & cont9ue until late 9 ! season4 ,,paxillus a small /ake4 ,?is g5us is fle%y1 putresc5t2 at fir/ ! cap has ! m>g9 turn$ "u 7involute71 !n x unfolds gradually & dilates4 ,!re are "s species ( bo? ,tri*oloma & ,clitocybe t resemble x4 ,! gills sep>ate easily f ! cap1 & 9 ?is x is simil> to ! ,boleti1 :]e ! tubes sep>ate also ) ease4 ,,section #d4 ,,melanospor1 ,,d>k ,,purple ,,or ,,black ,,spores4 ,,psalliota a r+ or coll>4 ,! common mu%room ,ag>icus campe/ris belongs to ?is gr\p4 ,! gills are r\nd$ beh9d & free1 ! /em has a coll>4 ,!re are _m edible mu%rooms 9 ?is g5us4 ,!y gr[ 9 pa/ures1 & ! l>g] ones are call$ ,*ampignons4 ,9 =m] times :5 "o spoke ( eat+ mu%rooms ! species ,a4 campe/ris1 or campe/]1 0 always ! "o d5ot$4 ,,/roph>ia a sword belt4 ,?is g5us has a r+4 ,! gills are g5]ally atta*$ to ! /em2 "s species gr[ on ! gr\nd1 & "s gr[ on o!r fungi4 ,!y are sometimes bell-%ap$ & !n flatt5$1 (t5 ) a m\nd or umbo4 ,,hypholoma web & fr+e4 ,! veil 9 ?is g5us is wov5 9 a web :i* adh]es to ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,! cap is m or less fle%y1 & ! m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,! gills are atta*$ or h a too?4 ,!re is no r+4 ,! plants gr[ 9 tufts on wood1 or at ! base ( trees 9 ! autumn4 ,,psilocybe nak$ & head4 ,! cap 9 ?is g5us is fle%y1 smoo?1 & ! m>g9 at fir/ incurv$4 ,gills turn dusky purple4 ,! /em is c>tilag9\s1 holl[ or /uff$4 ,no veil is visible4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,,psa?yra friable4 ,! cap is conical & s(t1 ! m>g9 at fir/ /raight1 & !n press$ to ! /em4 ,! plants are sl5d]1 fragile & moi/4 ,gills become purple4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd1 or on trunks ( trees4 ,,copr9us dung4 ,9 ?is g5us ! spores are black4 ,x has two di/9ctive features3 "o1 t ! gills coh]e at fir/1 & are n sep>at$ :5 "y2 & ! o!r1 t !y dissolve into an inky fluid4 ,! gills are also scissile1 t is1 !y c be split1 & are l9e> & swoll5 9 ! middle4 ,! plants la/ b a %ort "t4 ,"s are edible4 ,,ord] #b4 ,,polyporei1 ,,or ,,tube-,,be>+ ,,fungi4 ,we n[ pass to ! next ord]1 ! ,polyporei4 ,we w m5tion f\r g5]a3 ,,boletus4 ,! "n is t ( a fungus mu* priz$ = its delicacy by ! ,romans1 & is d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w mean+ a clod1 :i* d5otes ! r\nd figure ( ! plant4 ,! ,boleti gr[ on ! gr\nd1 are fle%y & putresc5t ) c5tral /ems4 ,! tubes are pack$ closely toge!r & are easily sep>at$4 ,,fi/ul9a a pipe4 ,9 ?is g5us ! tubes are free & di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,!y are some:at fle%y & gr[ ^u wood4 ,,polyporus _m pores4 ,! pores or tubes 9 ?is g5us are n sep>ate f "o ano!r4 ,!y are p]si/5t fungi1 mo/ ( !m gr[+ ^u wood4 ,,da$alea curi\sly wr\ght4 ,! "n ( ?is g5us is d]iv$ f ,da$alus1 :o con/ruct$ ! labyr9? at ,crete1 9 :i* ! mon/] ,m9otaur 0 kept4 ,x 0 "o ( ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w4 ,^! fungi gr[ on wood1 & become h>d4 ,! pores are firm :5 fully gr[n2 !y are s9u\s & labyr9?9e4 ,,ord] #c4 ,,hydnei1 ,,or ,,sp9e-,,be>+ ,,fungi4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f a ^w mean+ a sp9e4 ,?is ord] conta9s _m g5]a1 two ( :i* we w m5tion1 ,hydnum & ,tremellodon4 ,,hydnum4 ,hydnum is d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w1 ! "n ( an edible fungus4 ,! plants 9 ?is g5us are furni%$ ) sp9es or tee?1 in/ead ( gills or tubes1 & ^! conta9 ! spores4 ,! species are divid$ accord+ to ! /em4 ,9 "s x is c5tral & gr[s on ! gr\nd1 9 o!rs x is lat]al1 & ! cap is semicircul> 7dimidiate71 & o!rs aga9 h no /em4 ,!re are "s species t h no cap1 & ! sp9es are ei!r /raight or oblique4 ,!re are a few t are edible1 b g5]ally !y h a bitt] ta/e4 ,h[ev]1 "s writ]s say t ,hydnum rep&um1 or ! spread+ ,h$gehog1 is 8delici\s40 ,?is mu%room & ! "o nam$ 8,m$usa's head10 ,h4 caput ,m$us1 are p]haps ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! ord]4 ,! latt] is v l>ge4 ,its color is at fir/ :ite1 !n becom+ a%y gray4 ,! sp9es on ! upp] surface are twi/$1 :ile ! l[] ones are long & /raight4 ,x gr[s on trunks ( trees4 ,9 ! spread+ ,hydnum ! m>g9 ( ! cap is ar*$ & irregul>4 ,x gr[s on ! gr\nd4 ,,tremellodon jelly & a too?4 ,! fungi 9 ?is g5us are gelat9\s4 ,! cap is ne>ly semicircul> 9 %ape1 sometimes fan-%ap$ & r\nd$ 9 front4 ,! sp9es or tee? are s(t1 :ite & delicate4 ,we f\nd "o specim5 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb] 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,,ord] #d4 ,,!lephorei1 ,,or ,,ev5 ,,surface ,,fungi4 ,9 ?is ord] ! l[] surface ( ! cap is smoo? & ev51 or slightly wr9kl$4 ,x is divid$ into sev]al g5]a1 only two ( :i* we w enum]ate1 ,crat]ellus & ,/]eum4 ,,crat]ellus a b[l4 ,! species call$ ! 8horn ( pl5ty10 ,crat]ellus cornucopioides1 belongs to ?is g5us1 & is (t5 f\nd4 ,/ev5son says x is common4 ,x is trumpet-%ap$ 7tubi=m74 ,! cap is ( a d+y black color1 & ! /em is holl[1 smoo?1 & black4 ,we f\nd q a small specim51 ! pileus n m ?an #a in* broad1 b x may measure #c in*es4 ,! spore-be>+ surface 0 ( an a% color4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap 0 wavy1 & x 0 holl[ "r ?r\gh to ! base4 ,x 0 only #b in*es high1 & !re 0 sc>cely any /em4 ,,/]eum h>d4 ,! g5us ,/]eum is woody & lea!ry 9 nature1 some:at zon$1 & looks l "s ,polyporci4 ,x gr[s on wood1 on /umps1 & on dead wood4 ,,ord] #e4 ,,clav>iei1 ,,or ,,club ,,fungi4 ,?is ord] conta9s sev]al g5]a1 b "o only w be m5tion$1 t ( ,clav>ia4 ,,clav>ia club4 ,! common "n (t5 giv5 to ?is g5us is 8,fairy ,clubs40 ,we h describ$ sev]al species 9 our li/ ( fungi1 & w only say t ^! are fle%y fungi1 ei!r simple or bran*$4 ,! expression fle%y1 s (t5 met ) 9 ^! pages1 is us$ 9 speak+ ( plants :5 !y are succul5t & compos$ ( juicy1 cellul> tissue4 ,!y d n become lea!ry4 ,9 ! g5us ,clav>ia ! fungi h no caps1 b !y h /ems4 ,!re are a few edible species4 ,"o c sc>cely walk any di/ance )\t see+ "s species ( ,clav>ia4 ,!y are conspicu\s1 sometimes attractive look+1 & int]e/+ 9 _! v>iety4 ,! g5us ,cort9>ius1 "o ( ! ord] ( ,ag>ics1 has be5 already describ$1 b x conta9s s _m species t x des]ves especial m5tion4 ,!y are difficult to def9e4 ,! g5us has be5 subdivid$ by botani/s into tribes :i* x may be well to enum]ate4 ,we h foll[$ ,/ev5son's arrangem5t4 ,he divides ,cort9>ius into six tribes4 #a4 ,phlegacium clammy moi/ure4 ,9 ?is tribe ! cap is fle%y & /icky 7visc\s71 :ile ! /em is firm & dry4 ,9 all ,cort9>ii ! gills become c9namon-color$4 ,!re are _m l>ge-siz$ mu%rooms 9 ?is tribe1 ! cap sometimes measur+ #f in*es across4 #b4 ,myxacium muc\s4 ,?is tribe has ! /em /icky 7visc\s71 & ! univ]sal veil is glut9\s4 ,! cap is fle%y b ?94 ,gills atta*$ to /em & decurr5t4 #c4 ,inoloma fibre & fr+e4 ,x conta9s di/+ui%$ species4 ,! cap is at fir/ silky1 ) innate scales or fibrils1 is equally fle%y & dry4 ,! /em is fle%y & r bulb\s4 #d4 ,d]mocybe sk9 & head4 ,! cap & /em are bo? ?9n] 9 ?is tribe ?an 9 ,inoloma4 ,! pileus becomes ?9 :5 old1 & is dry1 n moi/4 ,x is at fir/ silky4 ,! color ( ! gills is *angeable1 :i* makes x h>d to di/+ui% ! species4 #e4 ,telamonia l9t4 ,pileus moi/2 at fir/ smoo? or spr9kl$ ) sup]ficial :iti% fibres ( ! veil4 ,fle% ?91 or becom+ s abruptly at ! m>g92 ! veil is some:at d\ble1 :i* is a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is tribe4 #f4 ,hygrocybe moi/ & head4 ,cap 9 ?is tribe is smoo? or only cov]$ ) :ite sup]ficial fibrils1 n gluey1 b moi/ :5 fre%1 & *ang+ color :5 dry4 ,fle% ?94 ,,class ,i4 ,,ga/]omycetes1 ,,or ,,/oma* ,,fungi4 ,! ,basidia-be>+ fungi1 or ,basidiomycetes1 are divid$ into ?ree classes1 z has be5 already /at$4 ,! ?ird class1 ,hym5omycetes1 or ,membrane fungi1 has be5 describ$1 b !re rema9 two o!r gr\ps ( :i* we w n[ speak m fully4 ,!y may be consid]$ too difficult = beg9n]s1 & we w\ld n v5ture to ent] fur!r into ! subject 7 x n t "s ( ! mo/ famili> fungi belong to ^! classes--su* z ,puff-balls1 ,morels1 & ,helvellas4 ,! fir/ class1 call$ ! ,ga/]omycetes1 or ,/oma* fungi1 matures its spores on ! inside ( ! plant4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ?is class & t ( ! ,membrane fungi1 :i* rip5s its spores on ! outside1 may be m readily und]/ood by "o famili> ) ! /ructure ( ! fig1 ^: fl[]s are situat$ on ! int]ior ( its pe>-%ap$1 holl[ axis1 :i* is ! fruit4 ,we w divide ! ,/oma* fungi into f\r ord]s--#a1 ! ?ick-sk9n$ fungi 7,scl]od]m72 #b1 ! ,bird's-ne/ fungi 7,nidul>i72 #c1 ! ,puff-balls 7,lycop]dons72 #d1 ! ,/9k horns 7,phalloid47 ,,ord] #a4 ,,scl]od]m1 ,,! ,,?ick-,,sk9n$ ,,fungi4 ,our att5tion w be conf9$ to only "o g5us1 &1 inde$1 "o species ( ?is family4 ,we (t5 see 9 our walks :at at a fir/ glance look l potatoes ly+ along ! road1 & ! sugge/ion arises t "s c>eless boy has be5 los+ potatoes f 8 basket on 8 way home f ! c\ntry /ore4 ,we /oop to pick !m up1 & f9d !m root$ to ! gr\nd & cov]$ ) w>ts & scales4 ,we cut !m op5 & f9d !m a purpli%-black color inside4 ,x is a mass ( closely pack$ unripe spores4 ,9 a few days ! upp] "p ( ! outside cov]+ decays1 bur/s op51 & ! ripe spores escape4 ,?is is call$ ! common h>d-r9d fungus1 or ,scl]od]ma vulg>e4 ,,ord] #b4 ,,nidul>i1 ,,! ,,bird',s-,,ne/ ,,fungi4 ,?is is aga9 divid$ into ?ree g5]a4 ,! ,crucible 7crucibulum71 ! ,cup 7,cya?us71 ! ,bird's-ne/ prop] 7,nidul>ia47 ,we (t5 f9d on a wood-pile or a fall5 tree "s ( ! memb]s ( ! ,bird's-ne/ family4 ,x is fasc9at+ to exam9e !m 9 _! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t4 ,fir/ we see a t9y buff knot1 cottony 9 texture & closely cov]$2 next1 ano!r r l>g]1 ) its upp] cov]+ ?r[n aside1 display+ ! t9y eggs1 :i* prompts "o to look ar\nd = ! m9iature "m bird2 !n we f9d a ne/ empty ) ! fl$gl+s fl[n4 ,! *>act]i/ic t di/+ui%es ! ,bird's-ne/ fungi f o!rs consi/s 9 ! fact t ! spores are produc$ 9 small envelopes t d n split op51 & :i* are enclos$ 9 a common cov]+1 call$ ! p]idium4 ,"o species is kn[n by ! flut$ inside ( ! cov]+1 :i* is q beautiful4 ,!y are all small & gr[ 9 gr\ps4 ,,ord] #c4 ,,lycop]dons1 ,,! ,,puff-,,balls4 ,! ,lycop]dons conta9 sev]al g5]a1 among :i* we select ! ,puff-balls prop] & ! ,e>? />s4 ,:at *ild is !re :o lives 9 ! c\ntry & does n "k ! ,puff-ball8 ,) :at gu/o he presses x & wat*es :at he calls ! smoke p\r+ f ! *imney4 ,inde$1 ! outp\r+ ( myriads ( spores 9 its ripe /age does sugge/ smoke f a *imney4 ,! puff-ball1 :5 "y1 is ( a firm texture1 ne>ly r\nd1 grayi%1 or br[ni% outside1 b ( a pure :ite )94 ,!re are sev]al g5]a1 b we h select$ two--#a1 ,lycop]don2 & #b1 ,e>? ,/>1 or ,gea/]4 ,,lycop]don ! puff-ball4 ,! puff-balls v>y greatly 9 size1 ! smalle/ measure in* up to ! l>ge/1 ab\t #ae in*es4 ,pr(essor ,peck describes !m ?us3 8,specim5s ( m$ium size are #h to #ab in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! l>ge/ 9 ! ,/ate ,museum is ab\t #ae in*es 9 ! dry /ate4 ,:5 fre% x 0 probably #bj in*es or m4 ,! color is :iti%1 aft]w>d yell[i% or br[ni%4 ,! l>ge/ size 0 call$ ! ,giant ,puff-ball 7,calvatia bovi/a740 ,,gea/] ! e>? />4 ,^! v>y greatly 9 size4 ,! small ones gr[ on p9e ne$les on ! gr\nd or among leaves4 ,"s are m\nt$ on p$icels1 "s are sessile or seat$ directly on ! e>?1 b ! family lik5ess is s pron\nc$ t ev5 ! novice ne$ n be d\btful z to ! "n ( ! fungus :5 f\nd4 ,!re are two species t h sl5d]1 elongat$ /ems4 ,! "n is well *os54 ,9 moi/ wea!r ! po9ts exp& & roll back or lie flat on ! e>?4 ,!n ! r\nd puff-ball 9 ! c5tre is pla9ly se54 ,9 dry wea!r ! />-l divisions are rigidly turn$ 9 & cov] closely ! r\nd portion4 8,:5 dry x is sometimes roll$ ab\t by ! w9d2 :5 x is wet by ! ra9 or abundant dew x absorbs ! moi/ure & spreads itself out1 & re/s f its j\rney1 aga9 to take up its endless w&]+ z sun & ra9 appe> to r$uce x once m to a ball & set x roll+40 7,und]wood47 ,,ord] #d4 ,,phalloids1 ,,! ,,/9k ,,horn ,,fungi4 ,we come n[ to ! f\r? & la/ ord] ( ! ,/oma* fungi 7,ga/]omycetes7 t we %all m5tion4 ,9 spite ( _! appellation ^! fungi are /rik+ly beautiful1 b _! odor is mo/ (f5sive4 ,!y gr[ 9 woods1 & are also f\nd 9 cell>s4 ,_! hi/ory has be5 c>efully inve/igat$ by mycologi/s1 & ! novice w f9d _m beautiful illu/rations 9 v>i\s works4 ,9 _! e>ly /age !y are enclos$ 9 an egg-%ap$ veil 7volva71 hav+ a gelat9\s inn] lay]4 ,"s are bright-color$1 o!rs are pure :ite1 & ! /ems ( "o species look z if cov]$ ) lace "w4 ,! mo/ famili> "o1 ,phallus impudicus1 8! fetid wood wit*10 we h plac$ 9 ! li/ ( fungi at ! end ( ?is book1 ) its description4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,ascomycetes1 ,,or ,,spore ,,sac ,,fungi4 ,?is is ! second division ( ! ,basidia-be>+ fungi4 ,x includes all ! fungi t h ! spores envelop$ 9 delicate sacs call$ asci4 ,x is divid$ into sev]al ord]s1 b we w only m5tion ! "o :i* conta9s ! mo/ famili> plants4 ,?is ord] is nam$ ! ,disc-l fungi 7,discomycetes74 ,9 ?is ! spore-be>+ surface is on ! upp] or outside surface ( ! mu%room cap4 ,x is divid$ into _m g5]a1 ( :i* we %all m5tion ?ree--! ,cup fungi1 or ,pezizas1 ! ,morels or ,mor*ellas1 & ! ,yell[i% fungi or ,helvellas4 ,,pezizas ! ,cup fungi4 ,^! =m a v l>ge gr\p1 mo/ly gr[+ on decay+ plants4 ,!y are typically disc-%ap$ or cup-%ap$1 & :5 "y are clos$ or ne>ly s1 op5+ :5 mature4 ,!y v>y 9 size f m9ute species to l>ge fle%y ones1 #c to #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are g5]ally small1 ?91 & t\gh4 ,!y gr[ on twigs1 leaves1 dead wood1 or on ! gr\nd4 ,_m are /emless4 ,!y are bo? solit>y & d5sely clu/]$4 ,! color v>ies f pale br[n to a d>k gray1 resembl+1 :5 moi/1 india-rubb] clo?1 & !n1 aga91 !re are _m ( brilliant hues--r$ & orange4 ,"s are erect1 "s are split d[n at ! side l ! e> ( a h>e4 ,! ,cup fungi are f\nd 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 gr[+ ne> dit*es1 & by ! roadside :]e !re is moi/ure4 ,! e>-%ap$ ,pezizas some:at resemble ! ,jew's e>1 & ! beg9n] might easily conf\nd !m4 ,?is latt] fungus belongs to ! ?ird class ( membrane fungi 7,hym5omycetes71 & x is includ$ 9 ! descriptions ( fungi4 ,,! ,,morels or ,,mor*ellas ! honey-comb$ fungi4 ,! collector dur+ ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may w enjoy a new exp]i5ce :5 he fir/ f9ds a fungus ( a bright br[n color1 deeply pitt$1 spongy look+1 cone-%ap$ or ne>ly r\nd2 its head support$ on an erect1 :ite /em4 ,he w probably f9d x on a grassy hillside or along a runn+ brook "u "s =e/ trees4 ,he has p]haps se5 its picture & at once exclaims1 8my fir/ ,morel40 ,he w notice its peculi> honey-comb$ depression1 & !n cutt+ x op5 w f9d bo? ! head & ! /em holl[4 ,:]e are ! spores8 ,!re are no gills z 9 ! ,ag>ics1 nor are !y conceal$ 9 a cov]+ 7p]idium71 z 9 ! ,puff-balls1 b !y are conta9$ 9 delicate sacs on ! cap4 ,! ext]ior surface ( ! cap is ! spore-be>+ portion1 & ! spores are develop$ 9 _! sacs1 b only se5 "u a microscope4 ,,helvella ! yell[i% mu%room4 ,?is g5us may be readily recogniz$ by ! =m ( ! cap1 :i* is lob$ & irregul>ly wav$ & droop+1 (t5 atta*$ to ! /em4 ,!y gr[ on ! gr\nd 9 ! woods1 & sometimes on rott5 wood4 ,! g5us comprises ! l>ge/ ( ! ,disc fungi kn[n1 "s species weigh+ ov] a p\nd4 ,cic]o m5tions ! ,helvellas z a favorite di% ( ! ,romans4 ,,! ,,truffle delicacy4 ,x w be well to f9i% ?is section ) ! m5tion ( ! ,truffle4 ,x may yet be f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b hi!rto its place ( gr[? has be5 on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & especially 9 ,france1 :]e x =ms an article ( comm]ce1 & is highly priz$ z food4 ,x is subt]ranean1 & requires = its discov]y a high] s5se ( smell ?an man possesses4 ,x is g5]ally f\nd by ! hog & ! dog1 :o are tra9$ to help ! truffle hunt]s4 ,!re are "s species 9 our c\ntry t resemble x1 & gr[ und]nea? ! gr\nd4 ,"o1 f\nd 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 call$ ,rhizopogon1 gr[s 9 s&y soil4 ,?is species1 h[ev]1 does n belong to ,class ,,ii41 b to ,class ,i41 ! ,ga/]omycetes1 or ,/oma* fungi4 ,x is n likely t ! beg9n] w f9d ?is mu%room1 s no description w be giv54 ,,g5]al ,,helps ,,to ,,! ,,memory4 ,!re are c]ta9 facts :i* if committ$ to memory w be ( great help to beg9n]s 9 classify+ mu%rooms4 ,!re are di/9ctive features belong+ to diff]5t g5]a1 :i* w be enum]at$ z foll[s4 ,^! facts apply to ! ord] ( ,ag>ics1 conta9+ ! l>ge/ numb] ( famili> mu%rooms4 ,!y h be5 plac$ 9 tables = ! conv5i5ce ( ! beg9n]1 & are arrang$ )\t reg>d to family relation%ip4 ,mu%rooms ,conta9+ bo? ,volva & ,r+ 7,annulus74 ,!re is only "o g5us t has bo? volva & r+4 ,amanita4 ,mu%rooms ) ,r+ & no ,volva4 #a4 ,pholiota4 #b4 ,annul>ia4 #c4 ,/roph>ia4 #d4 ,psalliota4 #e4 ,armill>ia4 #f4 ,lepiota4 ,mu%rooms t h ! /em atta*$ on ! side 7lat]al7 or betwe5 ,m>g9 & ,c5tre 7ecc5tric74 #a4 ,crepidotus4 #b4 ,claudopus4 #c4 ,pleurotus4 ,mu%rooms ) t\gh or c>tilag9\s ,/ems4 #a4 ,psa?yra4 #b4 ,nolanea4 #c4 ,myc5a4 #d4 ,m>asmius4 #e4 ,naucoria4 #f4 ,leptonia4 #g4 ,omphalia4 #h4 ,collybia4 #i4 ,psilocybe4 #aj4 ,gal]a4 ,mu%rooms1 ,/emless4 #a4 ,s*izophyllum4 #b4 ,trogia4 #c4 ,l5zites4 ,mu%rooms t h ! ,cap bell-%ap$ 7campanulate7 & ,m>k$ ) ,l9es 7/riate74 #a4 ,psa?yra4 #b4 ,gal]a4 #c4 ,nolanea4 #d4 ,myc5a4 ,mu%rooms ) ,gills atta*$ to ,/em & a ,r+4 #a4 ,/roph>ia4 #b4 ,armill>ia4 #c4 ,pholiota4 ,mu%rooms ,hav+ ,gills ) s]rat$ edge4 #a4 ,l5t9us4 ,mu%rooms ) ,free ,gills n atta*$ to ,/em4 #a4 ,*itonia4 #b4 ,psalliota4 #c4 ,pluteolus4 #d4 ,pluteus4 #e4 ,volv>ia4 #f4 ,lepiota4 #g4 ,amanita4 ,mu%rooms ) em>g9ate s9uate ,gills1 or ) not* ne> to ,/em4 #a4 ,hypholoma4 #b4 ,tri*oloma4 #c4 ,hebeloma4 #d4 ,entoloma4 ,mu%rooms t are corky & lea!ry4 #a4 ,l5zites4 #b4 ,l5t9us4 #c4 ,s*izophyllum4 #d4 ,panus4 ,mu%rooms ) ,gills runn+ d[n ,/em m or less 7decurr5t74 #a4 ,gomphidius4 #b4 ,paxillus4 #c4 ,tub>ia 7"s species74 #d4 ,flammula 7"s adnate74 #e4 ,eccilia 7truly decurr5t74 #f4 ,clitopilus 7some:at decurr5t74 #g4 ,panus 7"s species decurr5t74 #h4 ,l5t9us 7mo/ly decurr5t74 #i4 ,can?>ellus4 #aj4 ,hygrophorus 7mo/ly decurr5t74 #aa4 ,pleurotus 7"s decurr5t74 #ab4 ,omphalia 7truly decurr5t74 #ac4 ,clitocybe 7decurr5t or adnate74 #ad4 ,lact>ius 7decurr5t or adnato-decurr5t74 ,mu%rooms t are deliquesc5t or turn into inky fluid4 #a4 ,copr9us4 #b4 ,bolbitius4 ,x w also be useful to ! beg9n] to see a li/ ( ,ag>ics classifi$ accord+ to botani/s by ! color ( _! spores4 ,,classification ,,( ,,ag>ics ,,by ,,color ,,( ,,spores4 #a4 ,leucospor 7:ite spores74 #b4 ,rhodospor 7rosy or salmon spores74 #c4 ,o*rospor 7o*race\s spores74 #d4 ,melanospor 7d>k purple or black spores74 ,leucospor1 or ,:ite ,spores4 #a4 ,amanita4 #b4 ,lepiota4 #c4 ,armill>ia4 #d4 ,tri*oloma4 #e4 ,clitocybe4 #f4 ,collybia4 #g4 ,myc5a4 #h4 ,omphalia4 #i4 ,pleurotus4 #aj4 ,trogia4 #aa4 ,hygrophorus4 #ab4 ,lact>ius4 #ac4 ,russula4 #ad4 ,can?>ellus4 #ae4 ,m>asmius4 #af4 ,l5t9us4 #ag4 ,panus4 #ah4 ,x]otus4 #ai4 ,s*izophyllum4 #bj4 ,l5zites4 #ba4 ,arrh5ia 7pallid spores74 ,rhodospor1 ,rosy or ,salmon ,spores4 #a4 ,volv>ia4 #b4 ,pluteus4 #c4 ,enteloma4 #d4 ,leptonia4 #e4 ,nolanea4 #f4 ,eccilia4 #g4 ,claudopus4 #h4 ,clitopilus4 ,o*rospor1 or ,o*race\s ,spores4 #a4 ,pholiota4 #b4 ,inocybe4 #c4 ,hebeloma4 #d4 ,flammula4 #e4 ,naucoria4 #f4 ,pluteolus4 #g4 ,gal]a4 #h4 ,tub>ia4 #i4 ,crepidotus4 #aj4 ,cort9>ius4 #aa4 ,acetabul>ia4 #ab4 ,paxillus 7spores are f]rug9\s or d+y :ite74 #ac4 ,bolbitius 7f]rug9\s spores74 ,melanospor1 ,d>k ,purple or ,black ,spores4 #a4 ,*itonia4 #b4 ,psalliota4 #c4 ,/roph>ia4 #d4 ,hypholoma4 #e4 ,psilocybe4 #f4 ,psa?yra4 #g4 ,panolus4 #h4 ,psa?yrella4 #i4 ,copr9us4 #aj4 ,gomphidius4 #aa4 ,anell>ia4 ,hav+ arrang$ ^! li/s ( mu%rooms by _! diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 & !n by ! color ( ! spores1 we w give a li/ ( fungi famili> to mo/ p]sons1 classifi$ accord+ to ! colors ( ! cap4 ,! f> great] numb] h be5 analyz$ by ! writ]s1 & a full description is giv5 to enable ! beg9n] m easily to id5tify !m4 ,! read] w notice t 9 ! li/s ( fungi giv5 above !re are c]ta9 g5]a n else:]e m5tion$ 9 ?is book4 ,he w und]/& t x is inadvisable 9 a %ort prim] to allude to all ! g5]a t exi/4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 impossible to give a complete table )\t includ+ !m 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,russula pect9ata4 ,photograph$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,descriptions ,,( ,,fungi1 ,,arrang$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,color ,,( ,,cap ,,only4 ,,mu%rooms ,,) ,,r$ ,,or ,,p9k ,,color$ ,,cap4 ,! g5us ,russula probably conta9s ! l>ge/ numb] ( mu%rooms ) r$di% caps1 ! ^w ,russula mean+ r$di%4 ,,russula ,,emetica a vomit4 ,! ,nauseat+ ,russula4 ,cap bright blood r$1 at fir/ rosy1 !n blood color1 tawny :5 old1 #c to #d in*es broad1 fir/ bell-%ap$1 !n flatt5$ or depress$1 poli%$1 m>g9 at l5g? groov$ 7sulcate71 fle% :ite1 r$di% "u ! cuticle4 ,/em #a to #c in*es long1 ( an in* ?ick1 :ite or ) a r$di% hue1 spongy1 /uff$1 /\t1 ela/ic :5 "y1 fragile :5 old1 ev51 tap]+ slightly upw>d4 ,gills free1 broad1 r di/ant1 :ite4 ,?is is f\nd on ! gr\nd among dead leaves1 9 ! woods & op5 places f ,july to ,decemb]4 ,x has a bitt] ta/e1 & is said to be poison\s4 ,^? eat+ x are (t5 affect$ z if !y _h tak5 an emetic4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ by ! fact ( ! fle% turn+ r$ imm$iately "u ! sk9 :5 x is peel$ (f4 ,!re are num]\s v>ieties ( x1 9 "o ! /em has m9ute wr9kles runn+ l5g?wise4 ,we f\nd x 9 diff]5t localities4 ,! ta/e 0 acrid4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ & ! la/ mu%rooms t we ga!r$4 7,poison\s47 ,,russula ,,sangu9ea blood4 ,! ,blood-color$ ,russula4 ,cap blood r$1 becom+ pale at m>g91 #b to #c in*es broad1 at fir/ convex1 !n depress$1 & funnel-%ap$ 7infundibuli=m71 irregul>ly swoll5 9 ! c5tre1 poli%$1 ev51 m>g9 acute1 moi/ 9 damp wea!r4 ,fle% firm1 *eesy1 :ite4 ,/em /\t1 spongy1 /uff$1 at fir/ contract$ at apex1 !n equal1 slightly m>k$ ) l9es :ite or r$di%4 ,gills at fir/ fa/5$ to /em & !n decurr5t1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 connect$ by ve9s1 fragile1 some:at =k$1 %9+ :ite1 aft]w>d turn+ o*race\s color4 ,! ta/e is acrid & pepp]y4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods f ,augu/ to ,septemb]1 & is n common4 7,poison\s47 ,,russula ,,roseipes rosy /em4 ,! ,rosy ,/emm$ ,russula4 ,?is is a /rik+-look+ mu%room4 ,! colors are pretty1 & ! t+e ( r$ 9 ! /em adds to its beauty4 ,!re are o!r species ( ,russula t also h r$ t9ts 9 ! /em4 ,cap rosy r$1 ) p9k & orange hues1 #a to #b in*es broad1 convex1 becom+ ne>ly plane or slightly depress$2 at fir/ viscid1 soon dry1 slightly m>k$ ) l9es on ! ?9 m>g91 ta/e mild4 ,gills mod]ately close1 ne>ly entire1 r\nd$ beh9d & slightly adnex$1 swoll5 9 ! middle1 :iti%1 becom+ yell[4 ,/em #a to #b in*es long1 #c to #d l9es ?ick1 slightly tap]+ upw>d1 /uff$ or holl[1 :ite1 t+$ ) r$4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f o!r species by its mild ta/e1 rosy cap1 commonly dry & b slightly /riate on m>g91 its gills *ang+ f :ite to yell[ or slightly o*race\s1 & be+ p>tially atta*$ to ! /em1 & its /em be+ slightly /a9$ ) rosy r$4 ,x gr[s 9 p9e & hemlock woods1 & is f\nd 9 ,july & ,augu/4 7,edible47 ,,russula ,,lepida neat or elegant4 ,! ,elegant ,russula4 ,cap at fir/ is a bright r$1 b becomes a dull r$di%-p9k1 pal] at ! disc1 #c in*es broad1 dry1 fle%y1 convex2 !n exp&$1 sc>cely depress$1 obtuse & poli%$1 aft]w>d crack$ 7rimose71 & ) m9ute scales 7squamulose74 ,! m>g9 spread+ & r\nd$1 obtuse1 n /riate4 ,/em ab\t #c in*es long1 f #a to #a in* ?ick1 ev51 solid1 :ite1 or rose color4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 r ?ick1 some:at cr[d$1 (t5 =k$1 connect$ by ve9s1 :ite1 (t5 r$ at edge4 ,ta/e mild4 ,we f\nd our specim5 9 mix$ woods4 ,! /em 0 only t+$ ) p9k4 7,edible47 ,,lact>ius ,,volemus a k9d ( l>ge pe>4 7,f its %ape47 ,! ,orange ,br[n ,lact>ius4 ,cap #c to #e in*es broad1 r$di%-orange color1 becom+ pale1 compact1 rigid1 obtuse1 ) ! m>g9 b5t inw>d1 depress$1 at l5g? m>k$ ) l9es l a riv] 7rimose74 ,fle% :ite1 turn+ br[n4 ,/em #b to #c in*es long1 to #a in* ?ick1 /\t1 /uff$1 !n holl[1 pal] at apex1 ) a bloom1 same color z cap1 ) l5g?wise l9es4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 yell[i% turn+ o*race\s1 broad1 ?91 cr[d$1 milk sweet & pl5tiful4 ,/ev5son says t ! ta/e ( ?is ,lact>ius is delici\s1 t x is savory ev5 :5 raw4 ,x %\ld n be kept too long be=e cook+1 or x w emit a /rong1 unpleasant odor4 ,x is abundant 9 *e/nut or oak woods f ,july to ,septemb]4 ,our specim5 0 mu* wr9kl$ on ! m>g94 ,! milk 0 abundant4 7,edible47 ,,lact>ius ,,i*oratus lymph4 ,! ,colorless ,lact>ius4 ,! "n ( ?is species is giv5 on acc\nt ( ! color ( ! milk 7,/ev5son74 ,cap a tawny p9ki%-r$ color1 #c to #d in*es broad1 zon$1 plano-depress$1 m>g9 (t5 wavy1 dry1 fle% creamy :ite or pallid4 ,/em #a to #c in*es long1 ?ick1 solid1 aft]w>d spongy1 equal1 smoo?1 ! same color z ! cap1 light] at ! apex4 ,gills adnate1 slightly decurr5t1 n cr[d$1 creamy :ite1 turn+ o*race\s4 ,milk :ite1 sweet4 ,x has a /rong smell4 ,9 ! specim5 we f\nd ! /em 0 slightly m>k$ ) l9es & ! milk pl5tiful4 ,x is n spok5 ( z edible4 ,,lact>ius ,,mitissimus mild4 ,! "n only applies to ! ta/e ( ! milk4 7,/ev5son47 ,cap a light1 bright r$di%-orange1 gold5 tawny color1 #a to #d in*es broad1 ev51 !n depress$1 smoo?1 /icky :5 moi/1 fle% :iti%1 turn+ yell[4 ,/em #a to #d in*es long1 ?ick1 /uff$1 !n holl[1 ev51 smoo?1 same color z cap4 ,gills slightly runn+ d[n ! /em1 r\nd$ at "o end1 broad1 yell[i%4 ,milk mild1 !n bitt]i% & pl5tiful4 ,x is f\nd 9 p9e & mix$ woods f ,augu/ until ,novemb]4 ,x has a beautiful color1 & resembles 9 t p>ticul> ,l4 volemus4 ,,cort9>ius ,,armillatus a r+ or bracelet4 ,! ,zon$ ,cort9>ius4 ,cap a tawny r$di%-yell[1 brick r$1 #b to #e in*es broad1 fle%y1 bell-%ap$ or almo/ conical1 !n convex1 dry1 smoo?1 m>k$ ) r$di% specks1 d>k] t[>d ! c5tre1 fle% :ite1 turn+ r$ & n>r[+ t[>d ! m>g94 ,/em #c to #f in*es long1 in* ?ick1 solid1 firm1 slightly tap]+ t[>d ! apex1 v bulb\s at base1 same color z cap1 /uff$ ) br[n pi? inside4 ,!re are two or ?ree r$di% oblique zones encircl+ ! /em4 ,gills adnate1 swoll5 9 ! middle1 di/ant1 v>iable1 at fir/ pale c9namon color1 & !n d>k br[n4 ,we f\nd !m at ! end ( ,augu/ 9 great numb]s1 sometimes unit$ 9 tufts 7cspitose7 9 all /ages ( gr[?1 ! y\ng] ones cov]$ ) a cobwebby veil1 :i* is pal] 9 color ?an ! zones4 ,!y gr[ 9 mix$ woods4 ,,clitocybe ,,laccata a res9\s sub/ance4 ,! ,waxy ,clitocybe4 ,?is species is small 9 size4 ,cap is ab\t #a in* broad1 ?91 convex & almo/ plane4 ,sometimes ) a depression 7umbilicate74 ,:5 moi/ x has a wat]-soak$ look1 & becomes pale 9 dry+4 ,:5 wet x has a peculi> fle% color1 b :5 dry x is a pale yell[i%-r$ hue4 ,/em is long & sl5d]1 t\gh & ( same color z cap1 #b l9es ?ick1 fibr\s1 /uff$1 (t5 twi/$ & :ite1 ) s(t1 weak hairs at base 7vill\s74 ,gills are atta*$ to /em ) a decurr5t too?1 broad1 di/ant1 ( a peculi> fle% color4 ,we f\nd sev]al v>ieties4 ,"o _h gills ( a beautiful violet color 7,v>4 ame?y/9a71 9 ano!r ! gills 7 pale 7,v>4 pallidifolia74 7,peck47 ,a small =m ) radiat+ l9es ext5d+ f ne> ! c5tre to ! m>g9 7,v>4 /riatula71 ,peck1 is an int]e/+ species & (t5 se54 ,!y gr[ closely toge!r on ! sides ( roads1 9 gr\ps1 all ?r\gh ! season4 ,sometimes ! cap is v small1 in* across4 ,x (t5 gr[s 9 arcs ( circles4 ,,clitocybe ,,infundibuli=mis funnel-%ap$4 ,! ,funnel-%ap$ ,clitocybe4 ,cap a pale r$ color1 #b to #c in*es broad1 convex :5 "y1 !n slightly rais$ 9 ! middle1 umbonate1 aft]w>d ! m>g9 is elevat$ & ! cap becomes funnel-%ap$ & ! m>g9 wavy4 ,fle% ?9 & :ite4 ,/em #a to #c in*es long1 #b to #c l9es ?ick1 smoo?1 pal] color$ ?an ! cap1 tap]+ upw>d4 ,gills r decurr5t1 arc-%ap$1 broad1 di/ant1 :iti%1 n yell[1 nett$ ) ve9s4 ,?is is also a v>iable species & gr[s 9 woods4 ,x is pretty1 & is easily kn[n by its %ape4 ,,boletus ,,murrayi4 ,murray's ,boletus4 ,cap d>k r$1 #a to #c in*es broad1 granulat$1 convex1 ) a slight m\nd or umbo1 m>g9 turn$ upw>d1 fle% yell[4 ,/em in* long1 yell[4 ,tubes lemon color1 angul> & r\nd1 irregul>4 ,! /em 9 our specim5 0 granulat$ l ! cap4 ,,boletus ,,*romapes *rome yell[ & foot4 ,! ,*rome-foot$ ,boletus4 ,cap tawny r$1 #b to #d in*es broad1 convex or ne>ly plane1 fle% :ite4 ,tubes almo/ atta*$ 7subadnate71 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 :iti%1 turn+ a p9ki%-br[n color4 ,/em equal or tap]+ upw>d1 r\gh :iti% color1 ) r$di% specks ^u x1 b *rome yell[ at ! base1 bo? outside & inside1 & spongy )94 ,/em #b to #d in*es long1 ab\t in* ?ick4 ,?is is n a h>d boletus to di/+ui% on acc\nt ( ! yell[ color at ! base ( ! /em4 ,! ,boleti seem to be mo/ abundant f ! beg9n+ ( ,july until e>ly 9 ,septemb]4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( beautiful colors1 & !y are a mo/ int]e/+ gr\p1 especially to beg9n]s4 ,?is may be p>tly ow+ to ! fact t ,pr(essor ,peck's pamphlet on 8,boleti0 is cle>ly express$1 & ! descriptions s vivid & pla9 t "o has less tr\ble 9 nam+ !m ?an any o!r class ( fungi4 ,,hygrophorus ,,m9eatus v]milion4 ,! ,v]milion ,hygophorus4 ,cap #a in* broad1 at fir/ v]milion color & !n pal]1 broad1 flatt5$ & !n ev51 depress$ 9 c5tre by ! m>g9 becom+ elevat$4 ,x is ?9 & fragile at fir/1 ev51 smoo?1 & !n scaly4 ,/em f #a to #b in*es long1 sl5d]1 #a l9e ?ick1 a little pal] ?an ! cap1 equal1 r\nd1 some:at /uff$1 smoo?1 %9+4 ,gills atta*$1 seldom decurr5t1 di/ant1 di/9ct1 yell[ color1 %ad$ ) r$4 ,?is species is v fragile4 ,x gr[s 9 woods or 9 op5 c\ntry1 on mosses or on dead leaves4 ,x may be cspitose1 or gr[s s+ly f ,july to ,octob]4 ,,hygrophorus ,,cocc9eus sc>let color4 ,! ,sc>let ,hygrophorus4 ,cap1 fir/ bright sc>let & !n *ang+ to a pal] hue4 ,"o to #b in*es broad & ev5 m1 convex1 plane1 (t5 unequal1 obtuse1 /icky1 & ev51 smoo?1 fle% ( ! same color z cap4 ,/em #b in*es long1 #c to #d l9es ?ick1 holl[1 !n compress$ & r ev51 sc>let color l cap1 b always yell[ at ! base4 ,gills :olly atta*$1 decurr5t1 ) a too?1 di/ant1 connect$ by ve9s1 s(t1 wat]y1 :5 full gr[n1 purpli% at ! base1 light yell[ 9 ! middle1 p[d]y at ! edge1 fragile4 ,?is species gr[s 9 pa/ures1 & is common4 ,x is f\nd f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,,hygrophorus ,,puniceus blood r$4 ,! ,blood-r$ ,hygrophorus4 ,cap #b to #d in*es broad1 glitt]+ blood sc>let1 :5 old] becomes pal]1 at fir/ bell-%ap$1 obtuse1 commonly spread out or lob$1 irregul>1 ev51 smoo?1 /icky4 ,fle% ( ! same color z cap1 fragile4 ,/em #c in*es long1 #a to #a in* ?ick4 ,solid :5 "y1 at l5g? holl[1 v /\t1 swoll5 9 middle1 ?9n] at bo? ends1 m>k$ ) l9es & g5]ally scaly at apex2 :5 dry ei!r yell[ or same color z ! cap1 always :ite at fir/1 & (t5 incurv$ at ! base4 ,gills asc5d+1 swoll5 9 middle1 #b to #d l9es broad1 di/ant1 ?ick1 :ite or light yell[1 or yell[1 & (t5 r$di% at base4 ,?is is a v h&some species4 ,x is f\nd 9 pa/ures f ,july to ,novemb]4 ,,mu%rooms ,,) ,,yell[ ,,or ,,orange ,,color$ ,,cap4 ,,can?>ellus ,,cib>ius food4 ,! ,*ant>elle4 ,cap bright orange or egg color1 fir/ convex1 & !n depress$1 at l5g? top-%ap$ & smoo?4 ,! m>g9 lob$ & turn+ "u 7involute74 ,fle% ?ick & :ite4 ,/em #a to #a in* long1 ?ick5$ upw>d1 solid1 fle%y4 ,gills runn+ d[n ! /em1 ?ick1 di/ant1 fold-l4 ,/ev5son does n give ! size ( ! cap1 b our specim5 measur$ #b in*es 9 bread?4 ,x _h an odor l ripe apricots1 & a pleasant ta/e4 ,x is (t5 tuft$ 9 its gr[?4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods f ,july to ,decemb]4 ,?is is a v /rik+ look+ mu%room & easily di/+ui%$4 ,x (t5 gr[s 9 r+s or arcs ( circles4 7,edible47 ,,hypholoma ,,fascicul>e a small bundle4 ,! ,tuft$ ,hypholoma4 ,cap a beautiful r$di% color1 l a pea*2 ! disc d>k]1 ab\t #b in*es broad1 fle%y1 ?91 convex1 !n plane1 ) a slight m\nd or umbo1 ev51 smoo?1 dry2 fle% a light yell[4 ,/em v>iable 9 l5g?1 #b to #i in*es long1 #b l9es ?ick1 holl[1 ?91 incurv$ or curv$1 cov]$ ) fibres ( same color z cap4 ,gills adnate1 v cr[d$1 l9e>1 some:at liquid :5 mature 7deliquesc5t71 sulphur yell[1 & !n becom+ gre51 ta/e bitt]4 ,x gr[s 9 cr[d$ clu/]s4 ,x is said to be poison\s4 ,,amanita ,,musc>ia a fly4 ,! ,fly ,amanita4 ,cap at fir/ r$1 !n orange1 !n becom+ pale1 ab\t #d in*es broad1 convex1 & !n flat1 cov]$ ) ?ick fragm5ts ( volva2 m>g9 :5 gr[n slightly m>k$ ) l9es2 fle% :ite1 yell[ "u ! cuticle4 ,/em :ite1 sometimes yell[i%1 #b in*es long1 torn into scales1 at fir/ /uff$1 !n holl[2 ! atta*$ base ( ! volva =ms an oval-%ap$ bulb1 :i* is bord]$ ) conc5tric scales1 t is1 hav+ a common c5tre1 z a s]ies ( r+s "o )9 ! o!r4 ,r+ v s(t1 torn1 ev51 ins]t$ at ! apex ( ! /em1 :i* is (t5 dilat$4 ,gills free b rea*+ ! /em1 decurr5t1 9 ! =m ( l9es1 cr[d$1 broad] 9 front1 :ite1 r>ely becom+ yell[4 ,x gr[s 9 woods f ,july to ,novemb]4 ,?is mu%room is easily id5tifi$ by its orange-color$ cap1 cov]$ ) :ite w>ts & pure :ite /em & gills4 ,we f\nd sev]al specim5s 9 ! woods1 all ( a mo/ beautiful /rik+ color4 7,poison\s47 ,,amanita ,,fro/iana4 ,fro/'s ,amanita4 ,cap a bright yell[1 almo/ orange color1 #a in* broad1 convex or exp&$1 cov]$ ) w>ts1 b sometimes ne>ly smoo?1 ! m>g9 m>k$ ) l9es 7/riate47 ,gills :ite or t+$ ) yell[1 free f ! /em4 ,/em #b to #c in*es long1 :ite or yell[i%1 /uff$1 sl5d]1 be>+ a slight evanesc5t r+2 bulb\s at ! base1 bulb slightly m>g9$ by ! volva4 ,we f\nd sev]al specim5s gr[+ 9 mix$ woods4 ,x is small] ?an ,a4 musc>ia1 m sl5d]1 ) a beautiful color4 ,,tri*oloma ,,eque/re a knight4 ,! ,can>y ,mu%room1 s call$ f its color4 ,cap pale yell[1 #c to #e in*es broad1 d>k] at disc1 t+$ ) a brick r$ hue1 & yell[ ne> m>g91 convex1 !n plane1 wavy1 irregul>2 fle% :ite1 ?ick4 ,/em #a to #b in*es long1 & to in* ?ick1 g5]ally :ite1 sometimes yell[1 /\t & solid4 ,gills close1 deeply not*$ ne> ! /em1 a beautiful pale yell[ color1 sc>cely adnex$1 broad1 some:at swoll5 9 middle4 ,x gr[s 9 p9e woods & appe>s 9 ! autumn4 ,,tri*oloma ,,sulphureum sulphur4 ,! ,sulphury ,tri*oloma4 ,cap d+y sulphur yell[ color1 to #d in*es broad1 at fir/ r\nd ) a slight umbo1 at l5g? depress$1 r silky1 !n smoo? & ev54 ,/em #b to #d in*es long1 #c to #d l9es ?ick1 /uff$1 some:at equal b (t5 curv$1 r smoo?1 /riate1 sulphur yell[1 ( same color z cap4 ,gills adnex$1 n>r[$ beh9d1 r ?ick1 di/ant1 di/9ct1 bright] ?an ! cap4 ,?is is also f\nd 9 autumn 9 ! woods1 & is q common4 ,x has a /range disagreeable odor4 ,,lact>ius ,,deliciosus delici\s4 ,! ,delici\s ,lact>ius4 ,cap orange brick color1 #b to #f in*es broad1 becom+ pale1 fle%y1 :5 "y depress$ 9 c5tre1 m>g9 turn$ "u 7involute71 !n flat & depress$1 or funnel-%ap$1 ) m>g9 unfold$1 smoo?1 zon$1 slightly /icky4 ,! zones become fad$ 9 ! old plants4 ,! fle% is :iti% or t+$ ) yell[4 ,/em a little pal] ?an ! cap1 ) spots ( deep] orange1 #a to #d in*es long1 to ( an in* ?ick1 /uff$1 !n holl[1 fragile4 ,gills runn+ d[n ! /em 7decurr5t71 orange color1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 becom+ pale & gre5 :5 w\nd$4 ,! milk is orange color4 ,x gr[s 9 p9e woods & 9 wet1 mossy swamps4 ,x resembles ! orange br[n ,lact>ius 9 size & %ape1 b ! color is diff]5t1 s we h plac$ x 9 ! orange-color$ section & ,l4 volemus 9 ! r$ division ( colors4 ,illu/ration3 ,lact>ius insulsus4 ,photograph$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,/roph>ia ,,siccapes dry & foot4 ,! ,dry ,/roph>ia4 ,/roph>ia is tak5 f a ,greek ^w mean+ sword belt1 ref]r+ to its r+ 7,/ev5son74 ,siccapes is f two words mean+ dry & foot4 ,x gr[s on horse manure4 ,/ev5son does n m5tion ?is species4 ,x is describ$ by ,mr4 ,peck 9 ! ,/ate reports4 ,cap is a light yell[1 d>k] 9 ! c5tre1 in* to #a in* broad1 bell-%ap$1 /icky1 %9y :5 dry1 ev54 ,/em sometimes #d in*es long1 sl5d]1 /raight1 dry1 base almo/ club-%ap$4 ,r+ sc>cely p]ceptible1 b =m+ a :iti% zone1 %9+1 p]si/5t1 apex ( /em :iti%1 & slightly /riate4 ,gills d>k gray1 almo/ blacki%1 ! m>g9 pal]1 adfix$1 ?94 ,we f\nd a great _m 9 "o place1 ( all sizes1 f #a l9e across cap to #a in*4 ,9 "s specim5s ! r+ 0 want+1 b 9 o!rs x 0 app>5t4 ,,can?>ellus ,,aurantiacus orange yell[4 ,! ,orange ,*ant]elle4 ,?is species takes its "n f its color4 ,cap is orange yell[1 #b to #c in*es broad1 fle%y1 s(t1 depress$1 (t5 ecc5tric1 ) ! /em betwe5 c5tre & m>g91 & wavy1 some:at tom5tose & involute at ! m>g94 ,/em #b in*es long1 /uff$1 & !n holl[1 some:at incurv$ & unequal1 yell[i%4 ,gills decurr5t1 t5se1 & /raight1 repeat$ly divid+ by pairs f bel[ upw>d 7di*otom\s7 & cr[d$1 (t5 crisp$ at base1 orange color4 ,?is species gr[s 9 woods1 & is (t5 f\nd !re dur+ ! mon?s ( autumn4 ,"s consid] x poison\s4 ,,can?>ellus ,,infundibuli=mis funnel-%ap$4 ,! ,funnel-,%ap$ ,*ant>elle4 ,cap yell[ :5 moi/1 #a to #b in*es broad1 umbilicate1 !n funnel-%ap$1 wr9kl$ on ! surface1 at l5g? wavy at m>g94 ,/em #b to #c in*es long1 #b l9es ?ick1 holl[ 7fi/ulose71 a little ?ick5$ at ! base1 ev51 smoo?1 always a light yell[4 ,gills decurr5t1 ?ick1 di/ant1 di*otom\s1 /raight1 light yell[2 :5 old1 a% color 7c9]e\s47 ,?is is f\nd 9 ! woods f ,july to ,octob]4 ,,boletus ,,hemi*rysus half & gold54 ,! ,half ,gold5 ,boletus4 ,! descriptions ( ! ,boleti are all writt5 aft] comp>+ ! specim5s we f\nd ) ^? describ$ 9 ,pr(essor ,peck's "w on ,boleti4 ,we exam9$ & analyz$ all ^? plac$ on ! li/4 ,! descriptions writt5 by ,pr(essor ,peck are s cle> & fai?ful to nature t x makes ! task ( call+ !m by "n mu* easi] ?an any o!r fungi we h /udi$4 ,cap bright gold5 yell[1 #a to #b in*es broad1 convex plane & depress$1 ) m9ute wooly scales 7floccose squamulose71 & cov]$ ) a yell[ p[d] 7pulv]ul5t71 sometimes ) cracks 7rimose74 ,fle% ?ick & yell[4 ,tubes decurr5t1 yell[1 becom+ br[n2 m\?s l>ge1 angul>4 ,/em %ort1 ab\t #a in* long1 #c to #f l9es ?ick1 irregul>1 n>r[+ t[>d ! base1 spr9kl$ ) a yell[i% du/1 t+$ ) r$4 ,we f\nd x gr[+ on an old /ump1 9 p9e woods1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,,boletus ,,granulatus granules4 ,! ,granulat$ ,boletus4 ,?is ,boletus v>ies mu* 9 color4 ,9 our specim5 x 0 a p9ki%-yell[1 & cov]$ ) yell[ spots ( a d>k] %ade4 ,we f\nd x 9 all sizes1 f #b to #d in*es broad4 ,cap 0 convex1 ne>ly plane1 viscid :5 moi/4 ,x became m ( a yell[ color :5 x 0 dry4 ,fle% pale yell[4 ,! tubes 7 adnate1 %ort & yell[i%4 ,/em #a to #b in*es long1 #d to #f l9es ?ick4 ,"s 7 unit$ 9 tufts 7cspitose71 o!rs 7 greg>i\s 79 gr\ps7 or solit>y4 ,!y grew on ! edge ( p9e woods1 & ne> ! roadside4 ,! /em 0 dott$ 9 ! upp] "p ) gl&ules & 0 pale yell[4 ,,boletus ,,cyanesc5s bright blue4 ,! ,blu+ ,boletus4 ,cap a light pale br[ni%-yell[1 or a light yell[ color 7alutace\s71 #b to #e in*es broad1 ) m9ute wooly scales1 convex or ne>ly plane4 ,fle% :ite1 *ang+ quickly to blue :5 cut4 ,tubes free1 :ite1 aft]w>d yell[2 m\?s small1 r\nd4 ,tubes *ange also to a blui%-gre5 :5 bruis$4 ,/em #b to #d in*es long1 to in* ?ick1 swoll5 9 ! middle 7v5tricose71 cov]$ ) a bloom 7pru9ose71 /uff$ & !n holl[1 tap]+ t[>d ! apex1 color$ l ! cap4 ,?is is a v easy ,boletus to di/+ui% f o!rs1 & int]e/+ to ! beg9n] on acc\nt ( ! /rik+ & beautiful *ange ( color4 ,f\nd 9 hemlock & p9e woods t[>d ! end ( ,augu/4 ,,pholiota ,,adiposa fat4 ,! ,/\t ,pholiota4 ,cap bright yell[i% or orange color1 #c to #g in*es broad1 convex1 !n flatt5$1 gibb\s1 t is1 m convex on "o side ?an on ! o!r2 viscid1 cov]$ ) woolly 7floccose7 scales1 :i* (t5 sep>ate4 ,fle% :iti%4 ,/em #c to #f in*es long1 to #a in* ?ick1 solid1 l>ge at base1 fir/ :ite & !n light yell[1 ) d>k] scales4 ,r+ yell[1 & !n ironru/ color 7f]rug9\s47 ,gills adnate1 slightly r\nd$1 broad at fir/1 yell[ & !n d>k]4 ,we 7 driv+ ?r\gh a ?ick woods :5 we saw ! bright yell[ cap ( ?is mu%room pe]+ among ! bu%es4 ,!re 0 no app>5t r+ & few scales except on ! m>g94 ,x 0 irregul>ly %ap$1 fle%y & ?ick4 ,x 0 n a typical specim51 & a beg9n] w\ld h f\nd x difficult to "n4 ,! !n rec5t h>d ra9s _h wa%$ ne>ly all ! scales f ! cap1 & ! r+ 0 h>dly to be se54 ,x grew on ! trunk ( a tree 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]4 ,n edible4 ,,pholiota ,,spectabilis %[y4 ,! ,%[y ,pholiota4 ,?is ,pholiota 0 f\nd mu* lat] 9 ! season4 ,cap is f #b to #e in*es broad1 a gold5 yell[1 !n gr[+ pal]1 fle%y1 torn into squamules1 dry1 fle% ?ick1 h>d1 sulphur yell[4 ,/em ab\t #c in*es long & #a in* ?ick1 solid1 h>d1 swoll5 9 ! middle1 & ext5d+ into a sp9dle-%ap$ root4 ,x is sometimes smoo? & %9+ & sometimes scaly1 sulphur yell[ color & mealy above ! r+4 ,gills adnate1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 at fir/ pure yell[ & aft]w>d ironru/ color4 ,gills h sometimes a small decurr5t too? 7,/ev5son71 b our specim5 _h none4 ,x grew toge!r 7cspitose7 on a /ump4 ,n edible4 ,,m>asmius ,,oreades a m\nta9 nymph4 ,! ,fairy ,r+ ,mu%room4 ,cap :5 "y & moi/ is ( a pale yell[i%-r$1 b fades :5 dry to pale yell[4 ,x is f #a to #b in*es broad1 fle%y1 t\gh1 convex1 !n plane1 some:at umbonate1 ev51 smoo?1 slightly /riate at m>g9 :5 moi/4 ,/em #a to #b in*es long & less ?an in* ?ick2 sl5d]1 solid1 t\gh1 equal1 sometimes c>tilag9\s1 /raight1 cov]$ ) a close wov5 sk9 t c be rubb$ (f4 ,gills free or slightly atta*$1 :iti% or creamy yell[1 broad1 di/ant1 ! alt]nate ones %ort]1 r\nd$1 or deeply not*$ at inn] end4 ,^! mu%rooms gr[ 9 circles & are call$ fairy r+s4 ,!y are f\nd *iefly on lawns & pa/ures f ,may till ,octob]4 ,we saw "o specim5 9 ,octob]4 ,x grew 9 a wa/e lot at ,kaighn's ,po9t1 ,camd51 ,n4,j4 ,x 0 solit>y1 ( a br[ni%-yell[ color1 ! cap #a in* broad1 & ! /em #a in* long4 ,x 0 gr[+ amid/ "s balla/ plants1 ! only mu%room !re4 ,,copr9us ,,micaceus mica4 ,! ,gli/5+ ,copr9us4 ,cap v>ies f buff to tawny yell[1 #a to #b in*es broad1 bell-%ap$ 7campanulate7 or conical 7cone-%ap$71 ?91 m>k$ ) l5g?wise l9es1 :i* ext5d half-way up f ! m>g94 ,! disc is ev5 & is m highly color$4 ,x is (t5 spr9kl$ ) %9y atoms :5 "y4 ,gills at fir/ :iti%1 !n br[n or black4 ,/em #a to #c in*es long1 sl5d]1 holl[ & :ite4 ,! spores are d>k br[n4 ,we f\nd x 9 great numb]s gr[+ on ! gr\nd amid/ ! grass 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,x may be se5 z e>ly z ,april4 ,x is a pretty species4 7,edible47 ,,mu%rooms ,,) ,,gray ,,color$ ,,cap4 ,,amanita ,,/robili=mis a p9e cone4 ,! ,w>t$ ,amanita4 ,cap light gray1 or d+y :ite :5 "y2 #g to #i in*es broad :5 exp&$ fully4 ,x is cov]$ ) l>ge pyramidal1 p]si/5t w>ts4 ,! m>g9 is ev51 & ext5ds beyond ! gills4 ,fle% firm & :ite4 ,/em #f to #h in*es long1 #a to #c in*es ?ick1 solid1 scaly1 tap]+ upw>d1 ) a bulb\s base & m>k$ ) a s]ies ( r+s ne> ! root1 :i* ext5ds deep into ! gr\nd4 ,r+ l>ge1 torn4 ,gills :ite1 free1 r\nd$ ne> ! /em1 in* broad4 ,?is is said to be r r>e4 ,we f\nd x twice 9 ,augu/ gr[+ solit>y on ! roadside 9 ! grass4 ,x 0 l>ge-siz$1 measur+ #g in*es across cap1 ( a grayi%-:ite color1 ) prom95t w>ts2 ! /em 0 mealy1 ! volva 0 l>ge4 ,x 0 m>k$ ) di/9ct r+s ne> ! base4 ,:5 kept _m h\rs ! smell becomes disagreeable4 ,! "n is giv5 on acc\nt ( ! %ape ( ! w>ts1 :i* are conspicu\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,amanita vag9ata4 ,photograph$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,amanita ,,vag9ata a %ea?4 ,! ,%ea!d ,mu%room4 ,cap gray1 m\se color1 sometimes slate-color$ gray1 & ev5 br[ni%1 #b to #d in*es broad4 ,x is ?9 & fragile1 convex1 & !n ne>ly flat1 ) a slight m\nd or umbo1 b sometimes none4 ,x is deeply /riate or groov$ 7sulcate7 on ! m>g94 ,/em is :ite & (t5 cov]$ ) mealy p>ticles4 ,x is sl5d]1 ei!r holl[ or /uff$1 #c to #e in*es long1 to in* ?ick4 ,x is n bulb\s1 b is %ea!d q high 9 a loose1 s(t wrapp]1 ! rema9s ( ! volva4 ,!re is no r+4 ,gills are :iti%1 free f ! /em1 & r\nd$4 ,x is easily brok54 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties 7,peck74 ,9 "o ! plant is :ite1 ,v>4 alba4 ,9 ,v>4 livida ! cap is a lead5 br[ni% color1 & 9 ! ,v>4 fulva ! cap is tawny yell[ & o*race\s4 ,! m\se-color$ =m is ! mo/ common4 ,we f\nd _m specim5s 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,,cort9>ius ,,corrugatus wr9kl$4 ,! ,wr9kl$ ,cort9>ius4 ,cap gray1 ) a p9ki%-yell[i% t9t1 #b in*es broad1 campanulate1 /icky1 brok5 up into squamules1 pellicle scal+1 m>g9 ?94 ,/em sl5d]1 #e in*es long1 %9y1 mealy at apex1 slightly bulb\s4 ,gills gray color1 adnex$1 di/ant1 v5tricose4 ,?is is a pretty mu%room4 ,! %ade ( color ( ! pileus is delicate4 ,we f\nd x 9 ,augu/ 9 ! woods4 ,,boletus ,,felleus bitt]4 ,! ,bitt] ,boletus4 ,?is ,boletus v>ies mu* 9 color2 our plant 0 a br[ni%-gray1 a d+y color4 ,cap #c to #h in*es broad1 convex or ne>ly plane1 glabr\s1 ev51 fle% :ite1 turn+ to fle% or p9k color :5 w\nd$4 ,ta/e bitt]1 tubes adnate1 long1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 cr[d$4 ,/em v>iable1 #b to #d in*es long1 ab\t to #a in* ?ick1 equal or tap]+1 reticulat$ above1 bulb\s or enl>g$ at base1 a little pal] ?an ! pileus4 ,! ,boleti we f\nd grew 9 great numb]s1 9 diff]5t localities1 & 7 ( all sizes4 ,! color ( ! reticulations 0 a br[ni%-gray4 ,,boletus ,,griseus gray4 ,! ,gray ,boletus4 ,cap d>k gray1 #b to #d in*es broad1 broadly convex1 smoo?1 s(t1 silky1 fle% :iti%4 ,tubes adnate1 slightly depress$1 m\?s small4 ,/em #b to #d in*es long1 #c to #f l9es ?ick1 yell[i%1 mu* reticulat$1 sometimes r$di% t[>d ! base4 ,our plant 0 ( a br[ni% color at base1 & grew 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]4 ,,psalliota ,,campe/ris a field4 ,! ,common ,mu%room4 ,!re are sev]al edible species ( ! g5us ,psalliota1 *iefly ! ,field or ,common ,mu%room1 :i* is con/antly se5 on our tables4 ,cap v>ies f :ite & gray to br[n4 ,x is #b to #d in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex1 !n flatt5$1 dry1 sometimes cov]$ ) silky fibrils1 & :5 old smoo?4 ,! m>g9 ( ! cap g5]ally ext5ds beyond ! gills4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em r %ort1 #a to #c in*es long1 to in* ?ick1 :ite or :iti%1 sl5d]1 /uff$ & !n holl[1 ne>ly ev54 ,r+ di/ant1 simple4 ,gills free1 v5tricose1 n>r[+ at bo? ends1 ?91 fir/ a p9k color1 !n aft]w>d br[n or blacki%-br[n4 ,x gr[s 9 ri* pa/ures or 9 mead[s1 & is f\nd 9 autumn4 ,x has a mo/ delici\s flavor4 ,,ag>icus ,,placomyces4 ,! ,flat-capp$ ,mu%room4 ,cap a :iti%-gray1 ab\t #c in*es broad1 convex1 & !n exp&$ & flat4 ,x is cov]$ ) small1 di/9ct1 br[n1 p]si/5t scales1 except on ! disc1 :]e !y are s close toge!r t !y appe> ( a br[n color4 ,/em is long & sl5d]1 #c in*es & m1 /uff$ & !n holl[1 equal & bulb\s at ! base4 ,x is :iti%1 b sometimes has yell[i% /a9s t[>d ! base4 ,gills are fir/ :ite1 !n p9k1 & la/ly a blacki%-br[n4 ,x gr[s "u trees1 & is f\nd 9 summ] & autumn4 ,,copr9tus ,,atram5t>ius ink4 ,! ,inky ,copr9us4 ,cap gray or grayi%-br[n1 smoo?1 except a slight scaly appe>ance on ! disc4 ,x is silky ne> ! m>g91 & ! m>g9 is irregul>4 ,:5 "y x is (t5 egg-%ap$4 ,gills cr[d$1 :iti%1 soon becom+ br[n & !n deliquesc5t4 ,/em smoo?1 holl[1 :ite4 ,x gr[s 9 clu/]s until late 9 ! autumn4 ,we f\nd our plants on a lawn 9 great pr(usion 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]4 ,,pluteus ,,c]v9us a de]4 ,! ,fawn-color$ ,pluteus4 ,cap ab\t #c in*es broad1 :iti%-gray color1 at fir/ bell-%ap$1 !n exp&$1 smoo?1 ev51 b aft]w>d brok5 up into fibrils1 m>g9 entire2 fle% s(t1 :ite4 ,/em #c to #f in*es long1 ne>ly equal & solid1 :iti%1 /riate ) black fibrils4 ,gills r\nd$ beh9d1 free1 cr[d$1 v5tricose1 :ite1 !n fle% color z ! spores mature4 ,?is is a common species1 appe>+ e>ly 9 ! season--,april to ,novemb]4 ,x usually gr[s f /umps & old logs4 ,x c be easily kn[n by its gills1 be+ q free f ! /em1 :]e x jo9s ! pileus4 ,,mu%rooms ,,) ,a ,,gre5 ,,color$ ,,cap4 ,,russula ,,viresc5s gre54 ,! ,gre5i% ,russula4 ,cap ( a grayi%-gre5 color4 ,x is #b to #d in*es broad1 dry & brok5 up into small w>ts1 ! m>g9 /raight1 obtuse1 ev52 fle% :ite4 ,/em #b in*es long & in* ?ick1 solid1 spongy inside1 firm1 :ite1 sometimes m>k$ ) l9es 7rivulose47 ,gills free1 :iti%1 n>r[$ t[>d ! /em1 some:at cr[d$1 sometimes equal & =k$1 ) a few %ort] ones betwe54 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ by ! dull gre5 pileus1 be+ )\t a cuticle1 & scaly 9 ! =m ( pat*es4 ,x is f\nd 9 woods 9 ,july & ,septemb]4 ,we h n se5 a specim5 ( ,r4 viresc5s1 s h us$ ,/ev5son's description4 ,edible1 ta/e mild4 ,,russula ,,furcata a =k4 ,! ,=k$ ,russula4 ,cap f #c to #e in*es broad1 ( an olive gre5 color1 sometimes gre5i% umb]1 cov]$ ) a silky bloom1 fle%y1 gibb\s1 !n plano-depress$ & funnel-%ap$1 cuticle "h & !re sep>able2 m>g9 at fir/ inflex$1 !n spread+4 ,fle% firm1 ?ick1 :ite4 ,/em #b to #c in*es long1 solid1 firm1 /\t1 :ite4 ,gills adnato-decurr5t1 ?ick1 di/ant1 broad1 n>r[$ at bo? ends1 (t5 =k$1 :ite4 ,our specim5 0 #e in*es broad1 & ! m>g9 slightly /riate1 & :5 ! cuticle 0 remov$ x 0 purpli% und]nea?4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,augu/1 9 woods4 ,poison\s1 ta/e bitt]4 ,,mu%rooms ,,) ,,:ite ,,color$ ,,cap4 ,,amanita ,,virosa poison4 ,! ,poison\s ,amanita4 ,cap %9+ :ite1 f #b to #d in*es broad1 fle%y1 at fir/ conical & acute1 aft]w>d bell-%ap$ & exp&$1 visc\s 9 wet wea!r1 %9+ :5 dry1 m>g9 ev51 sometimes unequal1 spread+ & inflex$1 fle% :ite4 ,/em #d to #f in*es long1 :olly /uff$1 almo/ solid1 split up into l5g?wise fibrils1 cyl9drical f a bulb\s base1 surface torn into scales1 spr++ f a loose1 ?ick1 wide volva :i* bur/s op5 at apex4 ,r+ l>ge1 loose1 silky1 splitt+ into pieces4 ,gills free1 ?91 a little broad] t[>d m>g91 cr[d$1 n decurr5t1 ?\gh ! /em is sometimes /riate4 ,?is is a poison\s species1 b /rik+ 9 appe>ance f ! %9+ :ite ( ! :ole fungus4 ,f\nd 9 ! woods 9 ,augu/4 ,,amanita ,,phalloides appe>ance1 phallus-l4 ,! ,dea? ,cup4 ,?is species is consid]$ ! mo/ deadly ( all ! poison\s mu%rooms1 & yet x is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful4 ,we place x 9 ! section ( :ite-color$ mu%rooms1 ?\gh ! cap is sometimes t+$ ) light yell[ & delicate gre54 ,cap #b to #d in*es broad1 ovate1 campanulate1 !n spread+1 obtuse1 ) a cuticle1 /icky 9 moi/ wea!r1 r>ely spr9kl$ ) "o or two fragm5ts ( ! volva1 ! m>g9 regul>1 ev54 ,/em #c to #e in*es long1 in* ?ick1 solid1 bulb\s & tap]+ upw>d1 smoo?1 :ite4 ,r+ sup]ior1 reflex$1 slightly /riate1 swoll51 :ite4 ,volva m or less buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 bur/+ op5 9 a torn mann] at ! apex1 ) a loose bord]4 ,gills free1 v5tricose1 #d l9es broad1 %9+ :ite4 ,?is species1 z well z ,a4 virosa1 has a fetid odor :5 kept4 ,we f\nd x (t5] ?an any o!r species ( ,amanita4 ,,amanita ,,nitida to %9e4 ,! ,%9+ ,amanita4 ,cap :iti%1 #c to #d in*es broad1 some:at compact1 at fir/ hemisph]ical1 cov]$ ) angul>1 adh]+ w>ts1 :i* become a d>k color 7fusc\s47 ,x is dry1 %9+1 ! m>g9 ev52 fle% :ite4 ,/em #c in*es long1 #a in* ?ick1 solid1 firm1 ) a bulb-%ap$ base1 scaly1 :ite4 ,r+ sup]ior1 ?91 torn1 slightly /riate1 cov]$ ) s(t weak hairs b5ea?1 :i* at l5g? disappe>4 ,gills free1 cr[d$1 wide1 ne>ly in* broad1 v5tricose1 %9+ :ite4 ,?is 0 also f\nd 9 ,augu/4 ,!re is no?+ m beautiful ?an ^! :ite poison\s ,amanitas4 ,,lepiota ,,nauc9oides a nut %ell4 ,! ,smoo? ,lepiota4 ,cap a cle> :ite1 ) sometimes a br[ni% t9t on ! disc1 #b to #d in*es broad1 smoo?4 ,/em #a to #c in*es long1 to in* ?ick1 gr[+ ?ick] t[>d ! base1 z if x _h a bulb1 :ite1 holl[1 b /uff$ ) a cottony pi?4 ,gills :ite1 :5 old !y assume a p9ki%-br[ni% hue4 ,r+ has a ?ick1 ext]nal edge1 b its inn] edge is s ?9 t x (t5 breaks f ! /em & becomes movable4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! fields1 by roadsides1 or 9 ! woods1 f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,we h n se5 a specim5 ( ?is mu%room1 :i* is said to be ne>ly equal to ! common mu%room 9 edible qualities4 ,x is consid]$ to resemble x also 9 appe>ance1 b ,pr(essor ,peck says ! diff]5t color ( ! gills :5 ! plants are bo? "y w di/+ui% !m1 & ! ?9 coll> & /uff$ /em ( ,l4 nauc9oides is also diff]5t f ?ick-edg$ r+ & holl[ /em ( ,a4 campe/ris4 7,psalliota47 ,,lact>ius ,,pip]atus pepp]y4 ,! ,pepp]y ,lact>ius4 ,cap :ite1 #d to #i in*es broad1 fle%y1 rigid1 depress$ 9 c5tre :5 "y1 reflex$ m>g91 at fir/ involute1 :5 full gr[n ! surface becomes funnel-%ap$ & regul>1 ev51 smoo?1 )\t zones2 fle% :ite4 ,/em #a to #b in*es long1 #a to #b in*es ?ick1 solid1 obese1 equal or obconical1 slightly cov]$ ) p[d] 7pru9ose71 :ite4 ,gills decurr5t1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 sc>cely broad] ?an "o l9e1 obtuse at edge1 regul>ly divid+ by pairs f bel[ upw>d 7di*otom\s71 curv$ l a b[ 7arcuate71 !n all ext5d$ upw>d 9 a /raight l9e1 :ite1 ) occasional yell[ spots4 ,! milk :ite1 un*angeable1 pl5tiful1 & acrid4 ,?is is common 9 woods4 ,! cap 9 "o ( our specim5s turn$ yell[ :5 old1 & 0 slightly /riate at ! m>g92 x 0 dry & ?ick & _h no odor4 ,! fle% _h a :iti%-br[ni% t+e :]e ! cuticle 0 peel$ (f4 ,f\nd x only 9 ,augu/4 ,,lact>ius ,,vell]eus fleece4 ,! ,fleecy ,lact>ius4 ,cap :ite1 #e to #g in*es broad1 fle%y1 compact1 convex1 sauc]-%ap$1 ! m>g9 = a long "t slop+ d[nw>d1 ) %ort1 d[ny hairs 7pubesc5t71 dry1 zoneless4 ,/em #b to #c in*es long1 #a to #a in* ?ick1 /\t1 solid1 equal1 cov]$ ) innate1 ?9 pubesc5ce4 ,gills arcuate1 adnato-decurr5t1 r ?ick1 acute at ! edge1 some:at di/ant1 r broad1 connect$ by bran*es1 pallid1 wat]y1 :ite4 ,milk scanty1 :ite1 v bitt]4 ,x is n said to be edible4 ,! cap t5ds to become a pallid1 r$di% tan4 ,?is description is p>tially tak5 f ,/ev5son4 ,! specim5 we f\nd _h ! m>g9 revolute1 x 0 #b in*es broad1 & ! /em #b in*es long4 ,! fle% 0 :ite & ! cap 0 turn+ a br[ni% color4 ,! /em slightly tap]$ t[>d ! base4 ,! milk 0 scanty & pepp]y4 ,f\nd 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ 9 ! woods4 ,x resembles ,l4 pip]atus4 ,,boletus ,,albus :ite4 ,! ,:ite ,boletus4 ,cap :ite1 f #a to #c in*es broad1 convex1 viscid :5 moi/1 fle% :ite or yell[i%1 tubes small1 ne>ly r\nd 7subrotund71 adnate1 :iti%1 becom+ o*race\s4 ,/em #a to #c in*es long1 #c to #e l9es ?ick1 equal1 :ite1 sometimes t+$ ) p9k ne> ! base4 ,we f\nd only "o specim5 ( ! :ite ,boletus 9 ,augu/4 ,x grew 9 ! woods4 ,! fle% became yell[ & ! /em 0 #a in* long1 & x slightly tap]$ t[>d ! base4 ,,pleurotus ,,ulm>ius elm4 ,! ,elm ,pleurotus4 ,! ^w pleurotus is tak5 f two ,greek words1 mean+ a side & an e>4 ,x is giv5 on acc\nt ( ! /em gr[+ 9 a lat]al or ecc5tric mann]4 ,! ,elm ,pleurotus1 s call$ f gr[+ on elm trees1 is consid]$ edible4 ,our specim5 _h ! cap :iti%1 b /a9$ 9 ! c5tre ) a ru/y yell[i% color1 #c to #e in*es broad1 ?ick1 firm1 smoo?1 convex1 !n plane4 ,! sk9 0 crack$ 9 a tessellat$ mann]4 ,fle% 0 firm & :ite4 ,/em :ite1 #b to #d in*es long1 #a to in* ?ick1 firm1 smoo?1 a little hairy at ! base1 & atta*$ ecc5trically to ! cap4 ,gills :ite ) a yell[ hue1 broad1 r\nd$ ne> ! /em1 slightly adnex$ & n cr[d$4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,octob]1 & is n common4 ,,pleurotus ,,sapidus agreeable to ta/e4 ,! ,palatable ,pleurotus4 ,?is species g5]ally gr[s 9 clu/]s ) ! /em unit$ at ! base4 ,our specim5 grew on a maple tree4 ,! plants protrud$ f a l>ge crack 9 ! trunk ( a tree1 ab\t f\r feet above ! gr\nd1 & grew "o above ! o!r4 ,!y _h n atta9$ _! full gr[?4 ,dur+ =m] seasons !y _h be5 se5 ( a l>ge size4 ,pileus is f #b to #e in*es broad1 grayi%-:ite1 smoo?4 ,caps (t5 ov]lap "o ano!r4 ,fle% is :ite4 ,gills broad1 :iti%1 decurr5t1 & (t5 slightly connect$ by oblique bran*es4 ,/em is g5]ally %ort & lat]al4 ,x grew 9 ,octob]4 ,pr(essor ,peck says t 9 edible qualities x resembles ! oy/] mu%room1 ,p4 o/reatus4 ,,mu%rooms ,,) ,,! ,,cap ,,br[n ,,& ,,v>i\s ,,%ades ,,( ,,br[n4 ,,cort9>ius ,,c9namomeus c9namon4 ,! ,c9namon-color$ ,cort9>ius4 ,cap a gold5 br[n or bright c9namon color1 #a to #d in*es broad1 umbonate1 silky1 %9+1 squamulose1 ) yell[i% fibrils1 & !n smoo?4 ,/em #b in*es long1 /uff$ & !n holl[1 ?91 equal1 tap]+ t[>d ! base1 yell[i% color1 z also are ! fle% & ! veil4 ,gills adnate1 broad1 cr[d$1 %9+ r$di%-br[n color4 ,our specim5 _h beautiful r$di%-color$ gills1 ,v>4 semisangu9eus 7,peck74 ,x gr[s 9 woods f ,augu/ to ,novemb]4 ,,collybia ,,ac]vata a heap4 ,! ,tuft$ ,collybia4 ,! "n ( ! species is d]iv$ f a ,lat9 ^w mean+ a heap1 s call$ f ! habit ( gr[?4 7,/ev5son47 ,cap tan br[n color1 #b to #c in*es broad1 fle% color :5 moi/1 :iti% :5 dry1 convex1 !n flatt5$1 obtuse or gibb\s1 m>g9 at fir/ involute1 !n flatt5$ & slightly /riate4 ,/em #b to #d in*es long1 #a to #b l9es ?ick1 v holl[ 7fi/ulose71 rigid1 fragile1 slightly tap]+ upw>d1 r>ely compress$1 v smoo?1 except ! base1 ev51 color br[n or r$di%-br[n4 ,gills are at fir/ adnex$1 soon free1 cr[d$1 l9e>1 n>r[1 plane1 fle% color & !n :iti%4 ,x gr[s 9 tufts 7cspitose74 ,! /ems are sometimes :ite1 tom5tose at ! base4 ,/ev5son says ! cap is fle% color1 b our specim5 0 ( a pale or tan br[n color1 less ?an #b in*es broad2 :5 moi/ x 0 mu* pal]4 ,f\nd 9 mix$ woods 9 ,septemb]4 ,,psa?yrella ,,dissem9ata scatt]$4 ,! ,widely-spread ,psa?yrella4 ,cap a light-color$ yell[i%-br[n1 *ang+ into an a% color2 ! disc ) a yell[i% %ade2 ( an oval %ape1 !n bell-%ap$1 & m>k$ ) l9es1 almo/ sulcate4 ,! m>g9 does n ext5d beyond ! gills4 ,x is a small mu%room1 measur+ f #b or #c l9es across ! cap to #a in*4 ,/em ab\t #a in* long or m1 fragile1 holl[1 sometimes curv$ & b5d+1 smoo? & light-color$4 ,gills adnate1 r broad1 slightly n>r[$ at bo? ends1 at fir/ :iti% & !n turn+ a br[ni% color4 ,! plants v>y greatly 9 height & size1 are sometimes cspitose & at o!r times scatt]$4 ,! disc 9 "s specim5s 0 slightly rais$ 9 ! middle1 almo/ umbonate4 ,x 0 f\nd ab\t /umps & on ! gr\nd1 at ! end ( ,may1 9 mix$ woods4 ,x soon )]s1 b does n melt into fluid4 ,illu/ration3 ,psa?yrella dissem9ata4 ,photograph$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,hypholoma ,,capnoides smoke4 ,! ,gray-gill$ ,mu%room4 ,cap is r$di%-br[n1 #a to #c in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex1 !n flatt5$1 obtuse1 dry1 smoo?4 ,! m>g9 9 our specim5 0 slightly revolute4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em #b to #c in*es long1 #b to #d l9es ?ick1 gr[+ toge!r at ! base 7connate71 holl[1 equal1 (t5 curv$1 becom+ silky1 ev51 :iti% at apex1 & "h & !re /riate4 ,gills gray color1 adnate1 easily sep>at+1 r broad1 waxy4 ,! "n is giv5 on acc\nt ( ! smoke-color$ gills4 ,x is n common1 & is g5]ally f\nd on or ab\t /umps 9 ! autumn4 ,,hypholoma ,,p]plexum p]plex+4 ,! ,p]plex+ ,hypholoma4 ,cap br[ni% & turn+ to yell[1 #a to #c in*es broad & slightly umbonate1 fle% :iti%4 ,/em ne>ly equal1 #b to #c in*es long1 #b to #d l9es ?ick1 firm1 holl[1 slightly fibrillose1 :iti% or yell[i% above1 r$di%-br[n bel[4 ,gills ?91 close1 slightly r\nd$ at inn] end1 at fir/ pale yell[1 !n t+$ ) gre51 f9ally purpli%-br[n4 ,ta/e mild4 ,x gr[s 9 clu/]s4 ,we f\nd x bo? on & ar\nd old /umps1 9 ! woods4 ,x is sometimes solit>y4 7,edible47 ,,collybia ,,dryophila oak-lov+4 ,! ,oak-lov+ ,collybia4 ,cap tan color1 (t5 v>y+ 9 color1 in* broad1 ?91 convex1 ne>ly plane1 sometimes ) m>g9 elevat$1 irregul>1 smoo?1 fle% :ite4 ,/em equal or ?ick5$ at base1 #a to #b in*es long1 #a to #b l9es broad1 c>tilag9\s1 smoo?1 holl[1 yell[i%1 or r$di% l ! cap4 ,gills n>r[1 cr[d$1 adnex$ or ne>ly free1 :iti%4 ,?is little mu%room we f\nd 9 a ?ick woods late 9 ,septemb]1 gr[+ among dead leaves4 ,!re 7 oak trees all ar\nd & a great _m p9es4 ,! wea!r _h be5 ra9y1 & x 0 pale-color$ & look$ wat]-soak$4 ,,tri*oloma ,,imbricata a tile4 ,! ,imbricat$ ,tri*oloma4 ,cap r$di%-br[n1 #c in*es broad1 ?ick1 fle%y1 broadly convex1 & !n flatt5$1 obtuse1 dry1 cont9u\s at disc1 b torn into scales & fibrillose t[>d ! m>g92 fle% firm1 :ite4 ,/em solid1 /\t1 sometimes %ort1 & conico-bulb\s1 #a to #b in*es long1 & z mu* z #a in* ?ick1 sometimes long] & almo/ equal2 :ite at apex4 ,gills slightly em>g9ate1 almo/ adnate1 some:at cr[d$1 ab\t #c in*es broad1 :olly :ite :5 "y1 at l5g? r$di%4 ,x gr[s ei!r scatt]$ or 9 gr\ps4 ,x is f\nd 9 p9e woods 9 ,septemb] & ,novemb]4 ,,boletus ,,ornatipes ornate & foot4 ,! ,ornate-/emm$ ,boletus4 ,cap #b to #e in*es broad1 yell[i%-br[n1 convex1 dry1 firm1 glabr\s or m9utely tom5tose1 fle% yell[ or pale yell[4 ,tubes adnate1 plane or concave1 ! m\?s small or middle size1 a cle> yell[4 ,/em #b to #d in*es long1 #d to #f l9es broad1 subequal1 di/9ctly & beautifully reticulat$1 yell[ )\t & )94 ,9 woods & op5 places4 ,,boletus ,,brevipes %ort & foot4 ,! ,%ort-/emm$ ,boletus4 ,cap d>k *e/nut color1 #a to #b in*es broad1 ?ick1 convex1 cov]$ ) a t\gh glut51 m>g9 inflex$1 fle% :ite or yell[i%4 ,tubes %ort1 ne>ly plane1 adnate1 or slightly depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 small1 :ite & aft]w>d d+y o*race\s4 ,/em to #a in* long1 #c to #e l9es ?ick1 :iti%1 v %ort1 n dott$1 or r>ely ) a few inconspicu\s dots at ! edge4 ,?is plant 0 f\nd 9 ,octob]1 & look$ z if x re/$ ^u ! gr\nd1 ! /em 0 s %ort2 ! cap 0 cov]$ ) glut54 ,illu/ration3 ,lepiota proc]a4 ,photograph$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,lepiota ,,proc]a tall4 ,! ,tall ,lepiota4 ,cap r$di%-br[n1 #c to #f in*es broad1 fle%y2 :5 "y egg-%ap$1 & !n campanulate1 & flatt5+ out ) a broad1 obtuse umbo4 ,! cuticle breaks up into br[ni% scales1 close ne> ! c5tre1 b sometimes want+ at ! m>g94 ,! c5tre or umbo is d>k] color$2 fle% dry1 t\gh & :ite4 ,/em in* ?ick1 & #e to #aj in*es long2 x is /raight or a little b5t1 swoll5 or bulb\s at base1 sometimes v>iegat$ ) br[ni% scales2 deeply sunk at apex into ! cup ( ! pileus2 holl[ or /uff$4 ,r+ di/9ct f ! /em1 cont9u\s ) cuticle ( pileus :5 "y4 ,x becomes free :5 ! cap is exp&$1 & is !n movable & p]si/5t4 ,gills f> remote f ! /em1 ) a broad plano-depress$ c>tilag9\s coll>1 cr[d$1 v5tricose1 broad] 9 front1 s(t1 :iti%1 sometimes becom+ dusky at ! edge4 ,! gills v>y 9 color4 ,?is mu%room is a h&some species & is q common 9 woods & pa/ures4 7,edible47 ,,boletus ,,edulis edible4 ,! ,edible ,boletus4 ,cap v>ies sometimes 9 color 7our specim5 0 br[n74 ,x is (t5 a tawny light br[n1 pal] at ! m>g91 #d to #f in*es broad1 fle% :ite or yell[i%1 t+$ ) r$ "u ! cuticle4 ,tubes convex1 ne>ly free1 long1 m9ute1 r\nd1 :ite1 !n yell[ & gre5i%4 ,/em #b to #f in*es long1 #f to #ah l9es ?ick1 /raight or b5d+1 subequal or bulb\s1 %ort1 m or less reticulat$1 especially above1 :iti%1 pale r$di% or br[n4 ,f\nd 9 ,augu/4 ,our specim5 0 small1 ! /em only #a in* long4 7,edible47 ,,boletus ,,scab] r\gh4 ,! ,scabr\s-/emm$ ,boletus4 ,cap v>ies 9 color1 #a to #e in*es broad1 yell[i% tan color1 smoo?1 viscid :5 moi/1 at l5g? rivulose4 ,tubes free1 convex1 :ite1 !n d+y color1 m\?s ( tubes v small & r\nd4 ,/em #c to #e in*es long1 #c to #h l9es ?ick1 solid1 tap]+ above1 r\gh5$ ) fibr\s scales4 ,we f\nd two or ?ree v>ieties ( ?is ,boletus1 :i* seems to gr[ ev]y:]e 9 great abundance1 9 summ] & autumn1 9 woods & 9 op5 places4 ,"o v>iety 0 ( a yell[i% tan color1 ,v>4 alutaceus1 9 ano!r ! fle% *ang$ slightly to p9ki% :5 w\nd$1 ,v>4 mutabilis 7,peck74 7,edible47 ,,boletus ,,ca/aneus *e/nut4 ,! ,*e/nut ,boletus4 ,cap a *e/nut color1 br[n or r$di% br[n1 #a to #c in*es broad1 convex1 ne>ly plane or depress$1 firm1 ev51 dry1 m9utely velvety 7tom5tose71 fle% :ite4 ,tubes free1 %ort1 small1 :ite1 becom+ yell[4 ,/em #a to #b in*es long1 #c to #e l9es ?ick1 equal or tap]+ upw>d1 ev51 /uff$ or holl[1 color$ l ! cap4 ,?is is "o ( ! prettie/ ( ! ,boleti4 ,! bright *e/nut color ( ! pileus =ms a contra/ ) ! :ite tubes1 & makes x /rik+ 9 appe>ance4 ,we f\nd x on sev]al occasions1 z x is common 9 woods4 ,!re are diff]5ces ( op9ion 9 reg>d to its be+ edible4 ,,boletus ,,*rys5t]on gold54 ,! ,gold5 ,fle% ,boletus4 ,cap d>k br[n or r$di%-br[n1 #a to #c in*es broad1 convex or plane1 s(t1 cov]$ ) woolly scales1 sometimes m>k$ ) l9es1 fle% yell[1 r$ b5ea? ! cuticle1 (t5 sl[ly *ang+ to blue :5 w\nd$1 m\?s l>ge1 angul>1 unequal4 ,/em #a to #c in*es long1 #c to #f l9es ?ick1 rigid1 fibr\s1 /riate1 equal1 r$di% or pale yell[4 ,?is species is v>iable4 ,we f\nd "o :]e ! fle% 0 :ite1 ano!r :]e ! tubes *ang$ f9ally to gre51 & "o t _h an olive t9t 9 ! pileus4 ,,boletus ,,illud5s deceiv+4 ,! ,deceiv+ ,boletus4 ,cap yell[ or olive br[n1 #c in*es broad1 plane1 dry1 m>k$ ) areoles1 t is1 ! surface is brok5 up into little areas or pat*es4 ,fle% ?ick1 :ite1 r$ "u cuticle4 ,tubes gre5i%-yell[1 turn+ d>k gre51 adnato-decurr5t1 t is1 broadly atta*$ to ! /em & runn+ d[n x1 in* long4 ,/em #b in*es long1 /uff$ ) br[ni% fibres1 reticulat$ ne> apex1 pal] color ?an cap1 curv$4 ,,boletus ,,pa*ypus ?ick4 ,! ,?ick-/emm$ ,boletus4 ,cap tan color1 #d to #h in*es broad1 convex1 some:at cov]$ ) long1 s(t hairs press$ closely to surface1 subtom5tose2 fle% ?ick1 :iti%1 *ang+ slightly to blue4 ,tubes r long1 depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 m\?s r\nd1 pale yell[1 at l5g? t+$ ) gre54 ,/em #b to #d in*es long1 ?ick1 firm1 reticulat$1 at fir/ ovate1 bulb\s1 !n l5g!n$1 equal1 t9t$ pale yell[ & r$4 ,! /em 9 ! specim5 0 in* ?ick1 swell+ f apex d[nw>d1 b x (t5 measures #b in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,?is ,boletus is consid]$ poison\s4 ,,boletus ,,subtom5tosus almo/ velvety4 ,! ,yell[-crack$ ,boletus4 ,cap d>k br[n1 #a to #d in*es broad1 convex or ne>ly plane1 s(t1 dry1 cov]$ ) s(t1 weak1 appress$ hairs1 almo/ olivace\s1 ( ! same color b5ea? ! cuticle1 (t5 m>k$ ) cracks & divid$ into little pat*es2 fle% :ite or pallid4 ,tubes adnate1 or depress$ ar\nd ! /em1 yell[1 m\?s l>ge1 angul>4 ,/em #a to #b in*es long1 #b to #e l9es ?ick1 /\t1 some:at ribb$1 or scurfy1 ) m9ute dots4 ,! cap v>ies 9 color1 x may be yell[i%-br[n4 ,we f\nd ! d>k br[n species gr[+ on decay+ wood1 9 p9e woods1 dur+ ! mon? ( ,septemb]4 ,,boletus ,,pip]atus pepp]y4 ,! ,pepp]y ,boletus4 ,cap r$di%-br[n or o*race\s1 #a to #c in*es broad1 convex or ne>ly plane1 smoo?1 slightly viscid :5 moi/1 fle% :ite or yell[i%1 ta/e acrid1 pepp]y4 ,tubes long1 l>ge1 unequal1 plane or convex1 adnate or ne>ly decurr5t1 r$di%1 f]rug9\s4 ,/em #a to #c in*es long1 #b to #d l9es ?ick1 sl5d]1 almo/ equal1 tawny yell[2 at ! base a bright yell[4 ,! cap 9 our specim5 0 m>k$ ) cracks & pat*es1 & ! m>g9 obtuse4 ,! /em 0 r curv$1 & ! same color z ! cap4 ,fle% yell[4 ,tubes a d>k-r$di%1 decid$ color1 :i* makes x a /rik+-look+ mu%room4 ,ta/e pepp]y4 ,,boletus ,,sordidus d+y4 ,! ,d+y-color$ ,boletus4 ,cap a d+y1 d>k br[n1 ab\t #b in*es broad1 fle% :ite1 t+$ ) r$4 ,tubes long1 ne>ly free1 in* long1 :ite1 turn+ a d>k blui%-gre54 ,/em tap]+ t[>d apex1 #b in*es long1 curv$1 solid1 in* ?ick1 br[ni%1 m>k$ ) d>k] /reaks4 ,! m\?s ( tubes 7 angul>1 & ! /em /riate 9 our specim54 ,f\nd 9 ! woods 9 ,augu/4 ,,boletus ,,subluteus almo/1 & yell[4 ,! ,small ,yell[ ,boletus4 ,cap br[ni% yell[1 #a to #c in*es broad1 convex or ne>ly plane1 viscid or glut9\s :5 moi/1 (t5 obscurely /reak$ 7virgate74 ,fle% :iti% or dull yell[i%4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate1 small1 ne>ly r\nd1 yell[1 becom+ o*race\s4 ,/em #a to #b in*es long1 #b to #d l9es ?ick1 equal1 sl5d]1 pale or yell[i%1 dott$ above & bel[ ! r+ ) r$di%1 br[ni%1 moi/1 or /icky dots 7gl&ules74 ,r+ almo/ s(t1 glut9\s1 at fir/ conceal+ ! tubes1 !n collaps+ & =m+ a n>r[ :iti% or br[ni% b& ar\nd ! /em4 ,our ,boletus _h a br[ni% r+4 ,! cap 0 cov]$ ) a /icky1 sk9-l lay]1 call$ ! pellicle or cuticle1 bo? t]ms hav+ ! same mean+4 ,,boletus ,,aff9is relat$4 ,! ,relat$ ,boletus4 ,cap r$di%-br[n1 fad+ to yell[1 #b to #d in*es broad1 convex above & almo/ plane1 ne>ly smoo?1 fle% :ite4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate or slightly compress$ ar\nd ! /em1 at fir/ :ite & /uff$1 !n yell[i%1 turn+ to ru/y o*race\s :5 w\nd$4 ,/em #a to #c in*es long1 #d to #h l9es ?ick1 ne>ly equal1 ev51 smoo?1 pal] ?an ! cap4 ,our specim5 _h a few yell[i% spots on ! cap1 & is call$ ,v>4 maculosus4 7,edible47 ,,paxillus ,,leptopus ?9 & a foot4 ,! ,?9-/emm$ ,paxillus4 ,?is is ! only specim5 ( ! g5us ,paxillus t we h f\nd4 ,!re is ano!r species1 ,p4 involutus1 :i* ,pr(essor ,peck says is edible4 ,/ev5son says t ,p4 leptopus is a rem>kable species1 t x is di/+ui%$ f ,p4 involutus by hav+ ! gills simple at ! base1 n unit$ by int]lac+ or transv]se ve9s 7ana/omos+74 ,cap 0 a light br[ni%-yell[2 x v>ies f #a to #c in*es 9 bread?1 ecc5tric or lat]al1 depress$ 9 ! middle1 dry1 cov]$ ) d5se d[n1 soon torn into scales1 :i* are a d+y yell[4 ,fle% yell[4 ,/em %ort1 sc>cely #a in*1 tap]+ d[nw>d1 yell[ inside4 ,gills decurr5t1 t5se & /raight1 cr[d$1 n>r[1 yell[i%1 !n d>k] 9 color4 ,x 0 gr[+ on ! gr\nd 9 ,septemb]4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,boletus edulis4 #b4 ,hypholoma p]plexum4 #c4 ,m>asmius rotula4 #d4 ,calo/oma c9neb>9us4 ,,mu%rooms ,,) ,,purple ,,or ,,violet-,,color$ ,,cap4 ,,cort9>ius ,,albo-,,violace\s :ite & violet4 ,! ,violet-color$ ,cort9>ius4 ,cap :iti%-violet1 #b to #c in*es broad1 fle%y1 convex1 broadly umbonate or gibb\s1 dry1 beautifully silky & becom+ ev52 fle% juicy1 a blui%-:ite color4 ,/em #b to #d in*es long1 solid1 firm1 bulb\s1 club-%ap$1 to #a in* ?ick4 ,x is1 bo? outside & inside1 ( a :iti% violet color1 (t5 fibrillose above1 ) ! cort9a1 & sometimes ) ! :ite veil1 9 ! =m ( a zone at ! middle4 ,gills adnate1 #b to #c l9es broad1 some:at di/ant1 slightly s]rulat$1 ( a peculi> a%y violace\s color1 at l5g? slightly c9namon f ! spores4 ,x has no odor & ! ta/e is insipid4 ,we f\nd ?is 9 ! woods 9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 gr[+ on dead leaves2 a pretty fungus f ! violet t9ts4 ,,descriptions ,,( ,,"s ,,famili> ,,mu%rooms ,,)\t ,,reg>d ,,to ,,color4 ,"h foll[s a li/ ( fungi t we con/antly see1 b :i* _c be classifi$ by ! color ( ! cap4 ,,polyporei1 ,,pore-,,be>+ ,,fungi4 ,,fi/ul9a ,,hepatica liv]4 ,! ,beef/eak ,fungus4 ,?is species gr[s on trees1 oaks or *e/nuts1 9 hot wea!r4 ,cap is ( a d>k-r$ color1 :i* probably sugge/$ ! "n4 ,x is g5]ally #b to #f in*es broad1 b (t5 gr[s to an imm5se size4 ,! surface is r\gh1 ! fle% ?ick1 viscid above1 s(t :5 "y1 :5 old t\gh1 cov]$ ) t5aci\s fibres4 ,/em %ort & ?ick4 ,pores at fir/ pallid or yell[i%-p9k :5 "y2 !y become br[ni% o*race\s :5 old4 ,x is *angeable 9 =m1 is sometimes sessile 7)\t a /em71 or x has a %ort lat]al /em4 ,! g5us ,fi/ul9a1 to :i* ?is mu%room belongs1 has ! "u surface ( ! cap cov]$ ) m9ute holl[ pores1 :i* are sep>ate f "o ano!r & /& side by side4 ,! %ape v>ies4 ,x is sometimes long1 %ap$ l a tongue1 or r\ndi%4 ,x is peculi>-look+4 ,x is consid]$ good = food & n\ri%+1 b ! ta/e is said to be r acid4 ,! specim5s we f\nd v>i$ f #b to #e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y 7 ( a d>k-r$ color1 & 7 t\gh & old4 ,!y grew ^u a tree 9 a l>ge =e/1 & 7 n f\nd any:]e else4 ,,polyporus ,,betul9us bir*4 ,! ,bir* ,polyporus4 ,we %all meet a great _m fungi on our walks t belong to ! g5us ,polyporus4 ,!y are g5]ally lea!ry 7coriace\s7 fungi1 & _m gr[ on wood4 ,a few are edible1 b are n recomm5d$ z food4 ,! species ,p4 betul9us is f\nd on liv+ & dead bir* trees4 ,! specim5s we f\nd grew 9 great quantities1 ( all sizes1 f #a to #f in*es broad4 ,!y 7 at fir/ pure :ite1 & !n assum$ a br[ni% t+e4 ,! edges 7 obtuse1 ! caps fle%y1 !n corky1 smoo?1 ! upp] ends n regul>1 oblique 9 ! =m ( an umbo or little knob1 ! pellicles or outside lay]s ?9 & easily sep>at$4 ,pores %ort1 small1 unequal1 at l5g? sep>at+4 ,! %ape ( ! fungus is peculi>1 a sort ( semi-circul> outl9e t may be call$ dimidiate4 ,! m>g9s 7 involute4 ,!y protrud$ f a split 9 ! b>k ( a dead bir* tree :i* lay pro/rate on ! gr\nd1 sev]al feet 9 l5g?1 & x 0 lit]ally cov]$ ) ! fungi1 "s an in* wide & sn[ :ite1 & ! l>ge/ #e or #f in*es 9 wid?1 & ( a br[ni%-gray t+e4 ,^! specim5s became z h>d z wood aft] !y _h be5 kept = "s "t4 ,! ?9 sk9 peel$ (f easily & disclos$ ! sn[y fle% b5ea?4 ,,polyporus ,,p]5nis p]5nial4 ,! ,p]5nial ,polyporus4 ,cap is c9namon-color$1 !n ( a date br[n1 lea!ry1 t\gh1 funnel-%ap$1 becom+ smoo?1 zon$4 ,pores m9ute1 angul>1 acute1 at fir/ spr9kl$ ) a :ite bloom1 !n nak$ & torn4 ,/em slightly firm1 ?ick5$ d[nw>d1 velvety4 ,?is is a common species1 & "o meets ) x ev]y:]e on ! gr\nd1 & on /umps1 f ,july to ,janu>y4 ,! cap is #a to #b in*es broad1 & ! /em #a in* long4 ,,polyporus ,,picipes pit* & foot4 ,! ,black-/emm$ ,polyporus4 ,cap pallid color1 !n turn+ *e/nut1 (t5 a pale yell[i% livid color1 ) ! disc *e/nut1 fle%y1 lea!ry1 rigid1 t\gh1 ev51 smoo?1 depress$ at disc or beh9d4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em ecc5tric & lat]al1 equal1 firm1 at fir/ velvety1 !n nak$1 & dott$ black up to ! pores4 ,pores decurr5t1 r\nd1 v small1 r sl5d]1 :ite1 !n slightly pale & yell[i%4 ,?is fungus gr[s on ! trunks ( trees1 & is f\nd z late z ! middle ( w9t]4 ,,polyporus ,,sulphureus brim/one4 ,! ,sulphury ,polyporus4 ,?is mu%room ga9s its "n f ! color ( its pores1 :i* are ( a bright sulphur color4 ,x gr[s 9 tuft$ lay]s 7cspitose71 sometimes #a to #b feet long1 & x _c be mi/ak54 ,cap may measure #h in*es 9 bread?1 & is ( a r$di%-yell[ color1 ov]lapp+ l ! %+les ( a ro( 7imbricat$74 ,x is wavy & r smoo?4 ,fle% light yell[i%1 !n :ite1 splitt+ op54 ,pores are m9ute1 ev51 sulphur yell[4 ,!y reta9 _! color mu* bett] ?an ! pileus4 ,! plants are g5]ally )\t a /em1 b !re may be a %ort /em1 :i* is lat]al4 ,!y gr[ 9 clu/]s1 all fa/5$ toge!r & "o above ! o!r1 & ( all sizes4 ,we saw ?is fungus fir/ 9 a d5se woods1 :]e its bright color at once attract$ our notice4 ,x 0 gr[+ 9 a l>ge clu/]1 closely pack$ "o ov] ! o!r4 ,x is said to be good = food :5 "y & t5d]4 ,,polyporus ,,lucidus bright4 ,! ,%9+ ,polyporus4 ,"o c nev] mi/ake ?is fungus4 ,its surface looks z if cov]$ ) v>ni%1 r wr9kl$1 a bright d>k-r$ color1 & its %ape is v>i$ & s+ul>4 ,we h se5 x sometimes %ap$ l a fan1 & l a lady's high comb1 or 9 "s fanta/ic =m4 ,/ev5son says x is a light yell[ color & !n becomes blood r$ *e/nut4 ,x is fir/ corky1 !n woody4 ,/em lat]al1 equal1 v>ni%$1 %9+1 ( ! same color z cap4 ,pores are long1 v small1 :ite & !n c9namon color4 ,x gr[s on & ab\t /umps dur+ ! summ]4 ,cap is f #b to #f in*es broad1 & ! /em #f to #aj in*es long1 & #a or m ?ick4 ,,polyporus ,,v]sicolor *angeable4 ,! ,*angeable ,polyporus4 ,?is species is also common4 ,x is f\nd on dead wood1 9 all =ms & colors4 ,cap v>iegat$ ) diff]5t-color$ zones2 lea!ry1 ?91 rigid1 depress$ beh9d1 becom+ velvety4 ,pores m9ute1 r\nd1 acute & torn1 :ite1 turn+ pale or yell[4 ,,polyporus ,,elegans elegant4 ,! ,elegant ,polyporus4 ,cap #b to #d in*es broad1 ( "o color1 pallid1 o*race\s or orange1 %9+1 equally fle%y1 & !n h>d5$1 becom+ woody1 flatt5$1 ev51 smoo?4 ,fle% :ite4 ,/em ecc5tric or lat]al1 ev51 smoo?1 pallid at fir/1 abruptly black & root+ at ! base4 ,pores plane1 m9ute1 some:at r\nd1 yell[i%-:ite1 pallid4 ,! cap diff]s 9 %ape f o!rs t h be5 describ$2 x is n funnel-%ap$ nor /reak$1 & is sc>cely depress$1 & ! fle% is ?ick to ! m>g94 ,x gr[s on trunks ( trees f ,july to ,novemb]4 ,,clav>iei1 ,,or ,,club-,,%ap$ ,,fungi4 ,we n[ come to ano!r ord]1 ,clav>iei1 ( :i* ! fir/ g5us is ,clav>ia1 f a ^w mean+ a club4 ,!y are fle%y fungi1 n coriace\s4 ,!y h no di/9ct /em & g5]ally gr[ on ! gr\nd4 ,we w m5tion a few ( ^? we (t5 see4 ,!y some:at resemble coral 9 gr[? b n 9 color4 ,,clav>ia ,,/ricta to draw tight4 ,! ,con/rict$ ,clav>ia4 ,?is ,clav>ia gr[s on trunks ( trees4 ,x is ( a pale yell[i% color1 becom+ a dusky br[n 7fusc\s7 :5 bruis$4 ,! base is ab\t #c l9es long1 ?ick & mu* bran*$4 ,! bran*es & bran*lets are t5se & /raight1 cr[d$1 adpress$ & acute4 ,/ev5son says t ?is species is uncommon 9 ,great ,brita94 ,,clav>ia ,,flava yell[4 ,! ,pale ,yell[ ,clav>ia4 ,/ev5son does n m5tion ?is species1 s x may be peculi> to ?is c\ntry4 ,/em is %ort & /\t1 ?ick1 & abruptly dissolves into a d5se mass ( erect bran*es ne>ly p>allel4 ,! tips are yell[ b fade :5 old4 ,x bran*es bel[ & ! /ems are :iti%4 ,fle% :ite4 ,x is recomm5d$ z well flavor$ & edible4 ,,clav>ia ,,pi/ill>is a pe/le4 ,! ,l>ge ,club ,clav>ia4 ,?is species belongs to ! l>ge/ ( ! unbran*$ k9d4 ,x is g5]ally #c to #e in*es high1 & to ( an in* ?ick at top4 ,light yell[ color1 !n r$di%1 & d+y br[n 9 decay4 ,x is smoo? & ! fle% s(t & :ite4 ,x is r\nd$ at ! top & club-%ap$4 ,x tap]s d[nw>d t[>d ! base4 ,/ev5son gives ! height f #f to #ab in*es1 b ,pr(essor ,peck says he has n se5 x z l>ge 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is f\nd 9 op5 grassy places4 ,x 0 late 9 ! autumn :5 we discov]$ x4 7,edible47 ,,clav>ia ,,inequalis unequal4 ,! ,unequal ,clav>ia4 ,?is fungus is yell[ & fragile4 ,! clubs are alike 9 color1 simple or =k$1 & v>iable4 ,x is common 9 woods & pa/ures4 ,we f\nd x 9 ,septemb] 9 ! woods1 r wr9kl$ 9 appe>ance4 ,x is n class$ among ! edible species4 ,,typhula re$ mace4 ,"o may sometimes see among ! dead leaves 9 ! woods1 m9ute sl5d] bodies ) ?read-l /ems1 spr++ up f ! gr\nd1 #b to #c in*es high1 ( a :ite color & cyl9drical 9 %ape4 ,!y look l sl5d] /ems f :i* ! blossoms h be5 pluck$4 ,!y are call$ ,typhula4 ,!y gr[ on dead leaves1 on mosses1 or on dead h]bace\s /ems4 ,! "n is tak5 f ! ,cat ,tail family1 ! ,typhaceae1 :i* !y some:at resemble 9 m9iature4 ,,s*izophyllum ,,commune to split1 a leaf & common4 ,! ,common ,s*izophyllum4 ,!re is b "o species giv5 by ,/ev5son ( ?is g5us1 &1 z ! "n demon/rates1 x is common1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 x is r>e4 ,x gr[s on dead wood & logs4 ,x has zones1 ei!r ( gray or :ite color1 & x is turn$ up at ! edge 7revolute74 ,!re is no fle%1 & ! pileus is dry4 ,! gills are bran*$ fan-wise4 ,x is n a typical ,ag>ic1 b is m l "s ,polyporei4 ,! gills are split longitud9ally at ! edge1 & ! two lips commonly turn backw>d 7revolute74 ,,hirneola ,,auricula ,,judae4 ,! ,jew's ,e>4 ,!re is "o species belong+ to ! ord] ,tremellodon t is q common4 ,x is call$ ! ,jew's e>4 ,x is a v peculi>-look+ fungus1 %ap$ some:at l ! human e>1 ( all sizes1 & gr[s 9 great quantities 9 ! same place4 ,x looks z if x 7 compos$ ( a ?ick jelly1 & becomes s(t & tremul\s :5 damp4 ,its color is d>k1 sometimes almo/ black4 ,x is t\gh & cup-%ap$1 ) ridges across x l an e>4 ,! g5]ic "n1 ,hirneola1 means a jug1 & ! specific "n1 ,auricula ,judae1 a ,jew's e>4 ,,ga/]omycetes1 ,,or ,,/oma* ,,fungi4 ,,scl]od]ma ,,vulg>e h>d1 sk91 common4 ,! ,common ,h>d-sk9n$ ,mu%room4 ,?is species closely resembles ! common potato 9 %ape & color4 ,x g5]ally measures #b to #c in*es across1 & is ( a pale br[n color4 ,x gr[s close on ! e>?1 is fold$ t[>d ! base1 & firm 9 texture4 ,! cuticle is cov]$ ) w>ts or scales4 ,,crucibulum ,,vulg>e crucible1 common4 ,! ,common ,crucible4 ,?is little fungus is ab\t ( an in* across4 ,x resembles a t9y bird's-ne/ ) eggs 9 x4 ,at fir/ x looks l a cottony knot1 closely cov]$2 its apex is clos$ by a membrane1 !n its cov]+ is ?r[n (f1 & ! app>5t t9y eggs are m]ely small] envelopes1 call$ ! p]idiola4 ,^! are l5til-%ap$ & pale1 & are fa/5$ to ! inside ( ! cov]+ by a long cord1 :i* c be se5 only ?r\gh a /rong l5s4 ,,cya?us ,,v]nicosus v>ni%$4 ,! ,v>ni%$ ,cup4 ,?is diff]s f ! crucible 9 color1 =m & habitat4 ,x is ab\t an in* high4 ,x is bell-%ap$1 becom+ broadly op5 l a trumpet1 & ( a slate or a% color4 ,! m\? & l9+ %9e z if v>ni%$1 & h5ce its "n4 ,! plants gr[ on ! gr\nd1 on wood & on leaves4 ,,lycop]don ,,cya?i=me cup-%ape4 ,! ,cup-%ap$ ,puff-ball4 ,?is species ( puff-ball is r\nd ) a contract$ base4 ,x is #d to #aj in*es across1 a :ite or p9ki%-br[n color1 aft]w>d becom+ a d>k] br[n & cov]$ ) small pat*es4 ,:5 ! spores mature ! upp] "p ( ! cov]+ 7p]idium7 becomes torn & only ! l[] "p rema9s4 ,x looks l a d>k-color$ cup ) a ragg$ m>g91 & may be se5 by ! excursioni/ 9 ! spr+ on ! roadside4 ,x has surviv$ ! w9t] fro/s & /orms4 ,x is split & %abby look+4 ,9 ,augu/ x is a :iti% puff-ball1 9 ! spr+ only a torn1 br[n cup4 ,,lycop]don ,,pyri=me pe>-%ape4 ,! ,pe>-%ap$ ,puff-ball4 ,?is species is %ap$ l a pe>4 ,x is f #a to #d in*es high & is cov]$ ) p]si/5t w>ts s small z to look l scales to ! nak$ eye4 ,x is ( a d+y :ite or br[ni%-yell[4 ,its %ape sep>ates x f ! puff-balls1 especially f ! w>t$ puff-ball1 ,l4 gemmatum1 :i* is ne>ly r\nd ) a base l a /em1 an a%y-gray color1 & ! surface is also w>ty1 b unequally s1 & z ! w>ts fall (f !y leave ! puff-ball dott$4 ,! pe>-%ap$ puff-ball has little fibr\s rootlets1 & ! plants gr[ 9 cr[ds on decay+ trees4 ,,gea/] ,,hygrometricus moi/ure1 measure4 ,! ,w&]+ ,e>? ,/>4 ,?is e>? /> is f #b to #c in*es wide4 ,x is sessile1 ( a br[ni% color1 & *anges its =m accord+ly z ! wea!r is moi/ or dry1 h5ce ! "n4 ,x is contract$ & r\nd 9 dry wea!r1 & />-l 9 damp atmosph]e1 ) its lobes /ret*$ out on ! e>?4 ,! cov]+ consi/s ( ?ree lay]s1 ! two out]mo/ split f ! top into sev]al acute divisions1 :i* spread out l ! po9ts ( a />4 ,! inn]mo/ lay] is r\nd & atta*$ by ! base4 ,!re are "o or m op5+s at ! top = ! escape ( ! spores4 ,,phallus ,,impudicus disgu/+4 ,! ,fetid ,wood ,wit*4 ,9 ! fir/ /ages ! plant is :ite1 s(t & heavy1 9 %ape & size l a h5's egg4 ,x is cov]$ by ?ree lay]s1 ! out] "o firm1 ! middle "o gelat9\s1 ! ?ird & inn] "o consi/s ( a ?9 membrane4 ,?is phallus develops "u ! gr\nd until its spores are mature4 ,at l5g? ! apex is ruptur$ by ! gr[? ( ! spore receptacle1 & ! /em exp&s & elongates1 escap+ ?r\gh ! top1 & elevates ! cap into ! air4 ,! /em at ! e>ly /age is compos$ ( cells fill$ ) a glut54 ,! /em aft]w>d becomes op5 & spongy1 ow+ to ! dry+ ( ! gelat9\s matt]4 ,! spores are imm]s$ 9 a /rong-smell+1 olive-gre5 glut54 ,!y are on ! outside ( ! cap & emb$d$ 9 its ridges4 ,a "p ( ! volva rema9s z a %ea? at ! base ( ! /em4 ,?is plant develops s rapidly z to atta9 9 a few h\rs ! height ( sev5 in*es1 ! /em is ( lace-l /ructure1 pure :ite1 & its appe>ance sugge/s ! silici\s sponge s ornam5tal 9 collections1 commonly kn[n z ,v5us' basket4 ,! droop+ cap is also lacey ) a network1 & ! spores drip mucus & !n dry up1 9 ! meantime spread+ ar\nd a c>rion-l1 fetid smell4 ,! ,phallus1 !re=e1 diff]s greatly 9 appe>ance f ! o!r g5]a ( ! ord] :5 x is se5 above gr\nd1 b if "o is successful 9 f9d+ x at an e>ly /age1 "u ! surface ( ! e>?1 he w realize its relation%ip to ! g5]al gr\p1 & f9d x an int]e/+ subject ( /udy4 ,,ascomycetes1 ,,or ,,spore-,,sac ,,fungi4 ,,peziza ,,aukantia gold54 ,! ,gold5 ,peziza4 ,?is species is #b to #c in*es 9 diamet]1 its disc is bright orange color1 :ile its ext]ior is pale & d[ny1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( %ort1 /\t hairs4 ,x is sessile or ne>ly s1 & gr[s 9 tufts on ! gr\nd ne> /umps ( trees4 ,at fir/ ! disc is ?9 & brittle1 ) a rais$ m>g91 mu* wav$1 becom+ incis$1 & f9ally spreads flat on ! gr\nd4 ,,mor*ella ,,escul5ta food4 ,! ,edible or ,common ,morel4 ,?is is #b to #d in*es high1 /em ab\t in* 9 diamet]4 ,! cap is ( a dull yell[ color1 olivace\s1 d>k5+ ) age to a br[ni% t+e4 ,x is oval-%ap$1 ) d>k holl[s4 ,,helvella ,,infula "n ( a wooll5 head-dress4 ,! ,cap-l ,helvella4 ,?is species is nam$ ,infula1 because x is suppos$ to resemble 9 %ape ! sacr$ wooll5 head-dress worn by prie/s ( ,rome1 by supplicants & victims1 ti$ ar\nd ! head by a ribbon or b&age1 :i* hangs d[n on bo? sides4 ,! /em is surm\nt$ ) a lob$ cap1 ) two to f\r irregul>ly droop+ lobes ( r$di% or c9namon-br[n color1 & is ab\t #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! /em is #b or #c in*es high1 usually smoo?1 b sometimes pitt$4 ,we f\nd our specim5 9 ! woods 9 ,augu/4 ,illu/ration3 ,cort9>ius di/ans4 ,photograph$ by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,directions ,,= ,,us+ ,,keys4 ,let u suppose t ! beg9n] f9ds a mu%room & wi%es to "n x4 ,he has le>n$ its compon5t p>ts4 ,he has rem>k$ ! names ( ! classes into :i* mu%rooms are divid$4 ,h[ !n %all he make use ( ! ,keys8 ,we w imag9e t he has f\nd a ,can?>ellus4 ,! cap is yell[ color1 s let him turn to ! li/ ( fungi describ$ "u ! section 8,yell[ & ,orange10 & see if x agrees 9 appe>ance ) anyone ( ^!4 7,x is necess>y be=e consult+ a key to f9d ! color ( ! spores4 ,?is is done by cutt+ (f ! cap1 & plac+ x1 gills d[nw>d1 on pap]1 & leav+ x !re = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,hav+ foll[$ ^! directions 9 ?is case x w h be5 se5 t ! spores are :ite47 ,aft] consult+ ! li/ ( 8,yell[ & ,orange0 he w f9d t ! fir/ "o m5tion$ is ,can?>ellus cib>ius1 ! ,*ant>elle4 ,! description resembles t ( ! mu%room f\nd 9 e p>ticul>4 ,n[ let ! beg9n] g fur!r1 & prove ! correctness ( ! "n 9 ano!r way4 ,turn+ to ! section call$ 8,g5]al ,helps to ! ,memory10 on page #fh1 & read+ ! names ( ! diff]5t g5]a "u ! head+s until he comes to ! "n ,can?>ellus1 he w f9d x 9 ! table call$ 8,mu%rooms ) gills runn+ d[n ! /ems 7decurr5t740 ,?is di/9ction is app>5t 9 ! specim5 f\nd4 ,aga91 let him turn to ! li/ ( :ite-spor$ ,ag>ics1 page #gc1 & he w f9d ! "n ( ! g5us ,can?>ellus !re4 ,n[1 z an additional te/1 let him turn to ! key at ! end ( ?is "w1 ! key to ,hym5omycetes4 ,he mu/ h le>n$ en\gh by ?is "t to "k t 8 mu%room belongs to ?is class1 namely1 ! "o t has spores produc$ ^u ! l[] "p ( ! cap1 &1 also1 t x is an ,ag>ic1 f its hav+ gills on ! "u side4 ,let him beg9 ) ,section ,a1 8) cap40 #a4 ,mu%rooms ) radiat+ gills b5ea? caps 7,ag>ics74 ,! key !n foll[s3 #a4 ,plants fle%y1 soon decay+4 #b4 ,turn to numb] #b4 ,!re are two descriptions1 juice milky & juice wat]y2 he w *oose ! second "o1 :i* is foll[$ by ! numb] #c4 ,!n foll[s1 /em c5tral or ne>ly s2 ?is agrees ) ! plant1 & leads to #d4 ,! fir/ l9e reads 8:ite spores10 :i* is correct2 !n comes #e4 ,!re are f\r l9es ) descriptions1 ! la/ "o1 8no r+ & no volva10 is "r1 :i* leads to #g4 ,!re are "h two l9es belong+ to #g1 ! second "o1 8gills 9 ! =m ( folds1 obtuse edge10 is correct1 & po9ts to #aj4 ,?is reads1 8,gills decurr5t1 plant t]re/rial1 ,can?>ellus40 ,! ,key gives ! "n ( ! g5us only4 ,9 ! li/ ( descriptions an attempt is made to m5tion "s ( ! commone/ species4 ,^! directions apply to all ! keys alike4 ,,division ,i4 ,key to ,hym5omycetes1 ,membrane ,fungi4 ,hym5omycetes or membrane fungi are divid$ into two sections3 ,section ,a1 ) cap4 ,section ,b1 )\t cap4 ,section ,a is divid$ into f\r classes3 ,i4 ,mu%rooms ) radiat+ gills b5ea? caps1 gill-be>+ mu%rooms 7,ag>ics74 ,,ii4 ,) pores or tubes b5ea? caps 7,polyporei74 ,,iii4 ,) sp9es or tee? b5ea? ! cap or bran*es 7,hydnei74 ,,iv4 ,:]e ! spore-be>+ surface b5ea? ! cap is ev51 smoo?1 or slightly wr9kl$ 7,!lephorei74 ,section ,b is divid$ into two classes3 ,i4 ,plants club-%ap$ & simple1 or bu%-l & bran*$ 7,clav>iei74 ,,ii4 ,plants gelat9\s & irregul> 7,tremell9ei74 ,,section ,a4 ,class ,i4 ,key to ,gill-be>+ ,mu%rooms 7,ag>ics74 #a4 ,plants fle%y1 soon decay+1 #b4 ,plants lea!ry1 woody1 p]si/5t1 #ab4 #b4 ,juice milky1 :ite1 or color$1 ,lact>ius4 ,juice wat]y1 #c4 #c4 ,/em c5tral1 or ne>ly s1 #d4 ,/em lat]al1 ecc5tric or want+1 #aa4 #d4 ,spores :ite1 #e4 ,spores rosy1 p9k or salmon color1 #ae4 ,spores yell[i%-br[n1 o*re color1 #ag4 ,spores d>k br[n1 #ba4 ,spores black1 #bd4 #e4 ,) volva & r+1 ,amanita4 ,volva & no r+1 ,amanita 7sub-g5us ,amanitopsis74 ,r+ & no volva1 #f4 ,no r+ & no volva1 #g4 #f4 ,gills free1 r+ movable1 pileus scaly1 ,lepiota4 ,gills adnate1 pileus g5]ally smoo?1 ,armill>ia4 #g4 ,gills ?91 edge acute1 #h4 ,gills 9 ! =m ( folds1 obtuse edge1 #aj4 #h4 ,gills decurr5t or /em fle%y4 ,clitocybe4 ,gills s9uate1 not*$ beh9d1 /em fle%y1 ,tri*oloma4 ,gills adnate1 n decurr5t1 /em c>tilag9\s1 ,collybia4 ,/em fle%y1 cap (t5 bright color1 #i4 #i4 ,plants rigid1 gills ev51 cap bright1 ,russula4 ,plants ) waxy gills1 ,hygrophorus4 #aj4 ,gills decurr5t1 plant t]re/rial1 ,can?>ellus4 #aa4 ,spores :ite1 ,pleurotus4 ,spores yell[i% or br[n1 ,crepidotus4 #ab4 ,gills s]rat$ on _! edges1 /em c5tral or lat]al1 ,l5t9us4 ,gills entire1 /em c5tral1 #ac4 ,/em lat]al or want+1 #ad4 #ac4 ,gills simple1 pileus dry1 soon )]+1 !n reviv+ :5 moi/1 ,m>asmius4 #ad4 ,gills deeply splitt+1 ) weak hairs1 ,s*izophyllum4 ,gills unit$ by ve9s1 plant corky1 ,l5zites4 #ae4 ,volva1 no r+1 ,volv>ia4 ,no volva1 r+ pres5t1 ,annul>ia4 ,no volva1 no r+1 #af4 #af4 ,gills free1 r\nd$ beh9d1 coh]+ at fir/1 ,pluteus4 ,gills adnate or s9uate1 /em fle%y1 s(t1 waxy1 cap fle%y1 m>g9 incurv$1 ,entoloma4 ,gills decurr5t1 /em fle%y1 ,clitopilis4 #ag4 ,r+ cont9u\s1 pileus ) scales1 ,pholiota4 ,r+ cobwebby or evanesc5t1 n app>5t 9 old specim5s1 #ah4 ,r+ want+1 #ai4 ,/em ) c>tilag9\s r9d1 #ba4 #ah4 ,gills adnate1 plants on ! gr\nd1 ,cort9>ius4 #ai4 ,gills decurr5t1 /em fle%y1 gills easily sep>at+1 ,paxillus4 ,gills n decurr5t1 /em fle%y1 #bj4 #bj4 ,pileus fibrillose1 or silky1 ,inocybe4 ,pileus smoo? & /icky1 ,hebeloma4 #ba4 ,veil rema9+ atta*$ to m>g9 ( pileus1 (t5 n se5 9 old specim5s1 ,hypholoma4 ,veil on /em z a r+1 #bb4 ,m>g9 ( cap incurv$ :5 "y1 ,naucoria4 #bb4 ,gills sep>ate on ! /em1 ,ag>icus or ,psalliota4 ,gills unit$ ) /em1 ,/roph>ia4 ,gills adnate or s9uate1 #bc4 #bc4 ,m>g9 ( pileus incurv$ :5 "y1 ,psilocybe4 ,m>g9 ( pileus always /raight1 ,psa?yra4 #bd4 ,pileus ( normal =m1 #be4 #be4 ,pileus fle%y1 membranace\s or deliquesc5t1 #bf4 #bf4 ,gills deliquesc5t--inky fluid1 ,copr9us4 ,gills n deliquesc5t--r+ pres5t1 ,annell>ia4 ,gills n decurr5t--r+ want+1 #bg4 #bg4 ,pileus /riate--plants small1 ,psa?yrella4 ,pileus n /riate1 /em fle%y1 m>g9 exce$+ ! gills1 ,panaeolus4 ,class ,,ii4 ,key to ,pore-be>+ ,fungi 7,polyporei74 #a4 ,pores readily sep>at+ f cap1 spores :iti% or br[ni%1 ,boletus4 #b4 ,/ems /rictly lat]al1 pores 9 ! =m ( tubes1 m\?s are sep>ate f ea* o!r 7gr[+ on wood71 ,fi/ul9a4 #c4 ,tubes n sep>able f ea* o!r1 r\nd1 angul>1 or torn1 fle%y1 lea!ry or woody1 ,polyporus4 7,key to species ( ,boleti may be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,peck's "w on ,boleti47 ,class ,,iii4 ,key to ,sp9e-be>+ ,fungi 7,hydnei74 #a4 ,sp9es awl-%ap$1 di/9ct at base1 ,hydnum4 ,sp9es awl-%ap$1 equal2 plant gelat9\s1 tremul\s1 ,tremellodon4 ,class ,,iv4 ,key to ,smoo? ,surface ,fungi 7,!lephorei74 #a4 ,spores :ite1 on gr\nd1 fle%y1 tubi=m1 cap blacki%1 scaly1 /em holl[1 ,crat]ellus ,cornucopioides4 #b4 ,coriace\s or woody1 some:at zon$1 entire1 def9ite 9 =m1 ,/]eum4 ,,section ,b4 ,class ,i4 ,key to ,clav>iei4 #a4 ,fle%y1 bran*$ or simple1 )\t di/9ct /em1 gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 ,clav>ia4 #b4 ,gr[+ on trunks1 yell[i%1 becom+ d>k1 mu* bran*$1 t5se & /raight1 ,c4 /ricta4 #c4 ,yell[1 /uff$1 clubs simple or =k$1 ( ! same color1 ,c4 inequalis4 #d4 ,color *angeable1 becom+ d>k1 light yell[1 !n r$di%1 simple1 fle%y1 /uff$1 obovate1 clavate1 obtuse1 ,c4 pi/ill>is4 ,,division ,,ii4 ,key to ,ga/]omycetes & ,ascomycetes4 ,section ,a4 ,fungi t h ! spores inside ! cap4 7,/oma* fungi or ,ga/]omycetes47 ,section ,b4 ,fungi t h ! spores 9 delicate sacs4 7,spore sac fungi or ,ascomycetes47 ,,section ,a4 #a4 ,fungi cov]$ ) a h>d r9d1 ,scl]od]ma4 #b4 ,9 :i* ! spores :5 ripe turn to du/1 #d4 ,:]e spores are at fir/ clos$ 9 a cup-l sac t resembles a bird's-ne/1 #c4 #c4 ,fungi ) ! outside cov]+ b[l-%ap$ ,crucibulum1 ( "o cottony lay]1 ! ,crucible4 ,outside cov]+ tubul>1 trumpet-%ap$1 ,cya?us1 ( #c lay]s1 ! cup4 ,outside cov]+ op5+ ) a torn m\?1 ,nidul>ia1 bird's-ne/4 #d4 ,out] cov]+ splitt+ into />-l po9ts1 ,gea/]1 e>? />4 ,out] cov]+ op5+ by a s+le m\? ,lycop]don1 at ! top1 puff-ball4 ,spores at fir/ borne 9 an egg-l sac1 ,phallus1 :5 ripe elevat$ on a cap at ! top ( /9k-horn ! /em1 no veil1 has an odi\s smell1 fungus4 ,,section ,b4 #a4 ,:]e ! sacs soon become free1 no special ,peziza1 cov]+1 mo/ly fle%y1 cup-l fungi1 cup fungus4 ,sacs op5+ f ! fir/1 caps pitt$ or furr[$1 #b4 #b4 ,cap lob$1 irregul>1 saddle-%ap$1 ,helvella1 yell[i% fungus4 ,cap oval or conical1 upp] surface ) ,mor*ella or ,morel1 deep pits =m$ by long ridges1 honey-comb$ fungus4 7,! g5]a describ$ "u ,section ,b4 all belong to ! ord] ( ,discomycetes1 fungi t h ! spore sacs collect$ 9 a flatt5$ disc47 ,,gloss>y4 ,acute4 ,gills :5 call$ acute h %>p edges or are po9t$ at ei!r end4 ,adnate4 ,spok5 ( gills :5 !y are firmly atta*$ to ! /em4 ,adnex4 ,a less degree ( atta*m5t ( gills ?an adnate4 ,ag>ic4 ,a mu%room t be>s gills4 ,alutace\s4 ,a light lea!r color4 ,anastomos+4 ,int]lac+ ( ve9s1 spok5 ( gills t are unit$ by cross ve9s or p>titions4 ,annulus4 ,! r+ on ! /em ( a mu%room1 =m$ by ! sep>ation ( ! veil f ! m>g9 ( ! cap4 ,apex4 ,! top4 ,! end ( ! /em ne>e/ to ! gills4 ,apical4 ,relat+ to ! apex4 ,app5diculate4 ,hang+ 9 small fragm5ts4 ,ara*noid4 ,l a cobweb4 ,arcuate4 ,%ap$ l a b[4 ,areolate4 ,any surface divid$ into little areas or pat*es4 ,axis4 ,/ipe or /alk4 ,b&4 ,a broad b> ( color4 ,basidium 7plural basidia74 ,"m cells 9 ! hym5ium4 ,beh9d4 ,po/]ior1 ! end ( a gill next to ! /em is said to be ! po/]ior end4 ,bifurcate4 ,two-=k$4 ,bulb\s4 ,spok5 ( ! /em :5 x has a bulb-l swell+ at ! base4 ,cspitose4 ,gr[+ 9 tufts4 ,campanulate4 ,bell-%ap$4 ,cap4 ,! pileus4 ,c>tilagin\s4 ,gri/ly1 t\gh4 ,ca/aneus4 ,*e/nut color4 ,cell4 ,a mass ( protoplasm1 ) or )\t an enclos+ wall4 ,*lorophyll4 ,! gre5 color+-matt] conta9$ 9 plants4 ,clavate4 ,club-%ap$4 ,close4 ,cr[d$ toge!r--t]m us$ 9 describ+ gills4 ,coher5t4 ,/ick+ toge!r4 ,concave4 ,hav+ a r\nd$ inw>dly curv$ surface4 ,conc5tric4 ,) a common c5tre1 z a s]ies ( r+s1 "o )9 ! o!r4 ,connate4 ,gr[+ toge!r f ! fir/4 ,con/rict$4 ,contract$4 ,cont9u\s4 ,)\t int]ruption4 ,convex4 ,elevat$ & regul>ly r\nd$4 ,convolute4 ,cov]$ ) irregul>ities on ! surface1 l ! human bra94 ,coriace\s4 ,lea!ry 9 texture4 ,corrugat$4 ,wr9kl$4 ,cortina4 ,a veil ( cobwebby texture4 ,x gives ! "n to ! g5us ,cort9>ius4 ,crenate4 ,9 wavy scallops4 ,cuticle4 ,pellicle1 a sk9-l lay] on ! outside surface ( ! cap & /em4 ,cya?i=m4 ,cup-%ap$4 ,decidu\s4 ,fall+ (f :5 mature at ! end ( ! season4 ,decurr5t4 ,gills t run d[n ! /em are call$ decurr5t4 ,dehisc5ce4 ,! op5+ ( a p]idium1 :5 ripe1 to dis*>ge ! spores4 ,deliquesc5t4 ,turn+ to liquid :5 mature4 ,di*otom\s4 ,two-=k$1 regul>ly divid+ by pairs f bel[ upw>d4 ,dimidiate4 ,divid$ into two equal p>ts1 appli$ to gills t only rea* half-way to ! /em1 & to ! cap :5 x is semi-circul> or ne>ly s4 ,disc4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! upp] surface ( ! cap4 ,di/ant4 ,gills :5 !y are f> ap>t4 ,em>g9ate4 ,a gill :i* has a sudd5 curve 9 its m>g9 close to ! /em4 ,entire4 ,an edge t is /raight1 has no not*4 ,epiphytal4 ,gr[+ on ! outside ( ano!r plant4 ,equal4 ,a /em is equal :5 x is ( uni=m ?ickness1 gills :5 !y are ( equal l5g?4 ,ecc5tric4 ,a /em :i* is n 9 ! c5tre1 b is atta*$ to ! cap betwe5 ! m>g9 & c5tre4 ,fasciculate4 ,gr[+ 9 clu/]s4 ,f]rug9\s4 ,color ( iron ru/4 ,fibr\s4 ,compos$ ( fibres4 ,fistulose4 ,tubul>1 holl[4 ,fle%y4 ,compos$ ( juicy cellul> tissue4 ,floccose4 ,woolly1 d[ny4 ,free4 ,gills :5 n atta*$ to ! /em4 ,fungus 7plural ,fungi74 ,a plant t has no *lorophyll1 & obta9s its n\ri%m5t f dead or liv+ organic matt]4 ,fusc\s4 ,d+y d>k-br[n1 or gray color1 ,gelatin\s4 ,( ! nature ( jelly4 ,g5us4 ,a numb] ( species t h ! same pr9cipal *>act]i/ics4 ,gibb\s4 ,swoll5 unequally--appli$ to ! cap4 ,gill4 ,lamella1 a radiat+ plate "u ! cap ( an ,ag>ic4 ,glabr\s4 ,smoo?4 ,globose4 ,ne>ly r\nd4 ,granul>4 ,consi/+ ( or cov]$ ) gra9s4 ,gregarions4 ,gr[+ 9 gr\ps4 ,habitat4 ,place ( gr[?4 ,homogene\s4 ,( l nature4 ,hymenium4 ,! fruit-be>+ surface1 a cont9u\s lay] ( spore "m cells4 ,hyph 7s+ul> ,hypha74 ,elem5t>y ?reads ( a fungus1 cyl9drical1 ?read-l bodies1 develop+ by gr[? at ! apex4 ,imbricat$4 ,ov]lapp+ l ! tiles ( a ro(4 ,incrassat$4 ,?ick5$4 ,inf]ior4 ,appli$ to a r+ t is f> d[n on ! /em4 ,infundibuli=m4 ,funnel-%ap$4 ,involute4 ,roll$ inw>d4 ,labyr9?9e4 ,l a labyr9?4 ,lacerate4 ,torn4 ,lamella4 ,see gill4 ,l9e4 #a_/ab ( an in*4 ,maculate4 ,spott$4 ,medial or m$ian4 ,:5 ! r+ is situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! /em4 ,membranace\s4 ,?91 s(t1 l a membrane4 ,micace\s4 ,cov]$ ) %9+ p>ticles1 l mica4 ,"m cell4 ,a cell f :i* ano!r is d]iv$4 ,mycelium4 ,! vegetative "p ( fungi1 commonly call$ ! spawn4 ,mycologi/4 ,"o :o is v]s$ 9 ! /udy ( fungi4 ,obovate4 ,hav+ ! broad end turn$ t[>d ! top4 ,obsolete4 ,ne>ly imp]ceptible4 ,obtuse4 ,blunt4 ,o*race\s4 ,light br[ni%-yell[4 ,ovate4 ,egg-%ap$4 ,p>asite4 ,a plant gr[+ on ano!r liv+ body1 f :i* x ga9s its n\ri%m5t4 ,pellicle4 ,see cuticle4 ,p]5nial4 ,gr[+ f ye> to ye>4 ,p]idium4 ,! out] cov]+ ( ! spores 9 "s fungi1 z 9 puff-balls4 ,p]idiolum4 ,! inside p]idium conta9+ ! spores4 ,pileus4 ,see cap4 ,piri=m or pyri=m4 ,pe>-%ap$4 ,plane4 ,level surface4 ,pores4 ,! tubes 9 ,polyporei4 ,po/erior4 ,t]m appli$ to ! end ( ! gill next to ! /em4 ,pruinose4 ,cov]$ ) a bloom or p[d]4 ,pulv]ul5t4 ,cov]$ ) p[d] or du/4 ,putresc5t4 ,decay+4 ,radicat+4 ,tak+ root4 ,reticulat$4 ,m>k$ ) cross l9es l a net4 ,revolute4 ,roll$ upw>d or backw>d4 ,rimose4 ,crack$4 ,rimulose4 ,cov]$ ) small cracks4 ,r+4 ,annulus4 ,rivulose4 ,m>k$ ) l9es l riv]s 9 maps4 ,rotund4 ,r\nd4 ,rugose4 ,wr9kl$4 ,sapid4 ,agreeable to ! ta/e4 ,saprophyte4 ,a plant t lives on decay+ matt]4 ,scabr\s4 ,r\gh4 ,scissile4 ,easily split4 ,separat+4 ,spok5 ( gills :5 !y easily sep>ate f ! /em4 ,sessile4 ,/emless4 ,s9uate4 ,wavy1 ,a gill t has a sudd5 curve ne> ! /em4 ,sordid4 ,d+y4 ,spore4 ,! same body t answ]s to ! se$ ( fl[]+ plants4 ,sporophore4 ,t "p :i* be>s ! spores or spore "m cells4 ,squamose4 ,scaly4 ,/alk4 ,a /ipe or /em4 ,/ellate4 ,/>-%ap$4 ,/ipe4 ,see /alk4 ,/robili=m4 ,%ap$ l a p9e-cone4 ,/uff$4 ,:5 a /em is fill$ ) pi? or a spongy sub/ance4 ,succul5t4 ,juicy1 fle%y4 ,sulcate4 ,groov$4 ,superior4 ,spok5 ( a r+ t is high up on ! /em4 ,tessellat$4 ,9 small squ>es1 or *eck]$4 ,tom5tose4 ,cov]$ ) matt$ wool4 ,trama4 ,! sub/ance proce$+ f & ( l nature ) ! "p t be>s ! hym5ium--! framework ( ! gills4 ,tremelloid4 ,jelly-l4 ,tub=m4 ,trumpet-%ap$4 ,umbilicate4 ,hav+ a c5tral depression4 ,umbo4 ,aris+ or m\nd 9 ! c5tre ( ! cap4 ,ve9s4 ,swoll5 wr9kles on ! sides & at ! base betwe5 ! gills4 ,v5tricose4 ,swell+ 9 ! middle4 ,v]nicose4 ,v>ni%$4 ,villose4 ,cov]$ ) weak1 s(t hairs4 ,viresc5t4 ,gre5i%4 ,virgate4 ,/reak$4 ,viscid4 ,/icky4 ,visc\s4 ,gluey4 ,zones4 ,circul> b&s ( color4 ,,index ,,to ,,descriptions ,,( ,,fungi4 ,,g5us4 ,,engli% ,,or ,,common ,,names4 ,,greek ,,or ,,page4 ,,lat9 ,,names4 ,ag>icus4 ,! flat-capp$ mu%room1 ,a4 placomyces4 #ajd ,ag>icus4 ,! common or edible mu%room1 ,a4 campe/ris4 #ajc ,amanita4 ,! dea? cup1 ,a4 phalloides4 #ajh ,amanita4 ,! fly ,amanita1 ,a4 musc>ia4 #hi ,amanita4 ,fro/'s ,amanita1 ,a4 ,fro/iana4 #ij ,amanita4 ,! poison\s ,amanita1 ,a4 virosa4 #ajg ,amanita4 ,! %9+ ,amanita1 ,a4 nitida4 #aji ,amanita4 ,! %ea!d ,amanita1 ,a4 vag9ata4 #aja ,amanita4 ,! w>t$ ,amanita1 ,a4 /robili=mis4 #ajj ,boletus4 ,! bitt] ,boletus1 ,b4 felleus4 #ajb ,boletus4 ,! blu+ ,boletus1 ,b4 cyanesc5s4 #if ,boletus4 ,! *e/nut ,boletus1 ,b4 ca/aneus4 #abc ,boletus4 ,! *rome-foot$ ,boletus1 ,b4 *romapes4 #he ,boletus4 ,! d+y ,boletus1 ,b4 sordidus4 #abf ,boletus4 ,! edible ,boletus1 ,b4 edulis4 #aba ,boletus4 ,! gold5 ,boletus1 ,b4 *rys5t]on4 #abc ,boletus4 ,! granulat$ ,boletus1 ,b4 granulatus4 #if ,boletus4 ,! gray ,boletus1 ,b4 griseus4 #ajc ,boletus4 ,! half-gold5 ,boletus1 ,b4 hemi*rysus4 #ie ,boletus4 ,murray's ,boletus1 ,b4 ,murrayi4 #he ,boletus4 ,! ornate /emm$ ,boletus1 ,b4 ornatipes4 #aai ,boletus4 ,! pepp]y ,boletus1 ,b4 pip]atus4 #abf ,boletus4 ,! deceiv+ ,boletus1 ,b4 illud5s4 #abd ,boletus4 ,! yell[-crack$ ,boletus1 ,b4 subtom5tosus4 #abe ,boletus4 ,! relat$ ,boletus1 ,b4 aff9is4 #abh ,boletus4 ,! r\gh ,boletus1 ,b4 scab]4 #abb ,boletus4 ,! %ort-/emm$ ,boletus1 ,b4 brevipes4 #abj ,boletus4 ,! small yell[i% ,boletus1 ,b4 subluteus4 #abg ,boletus4 ,! ?ick-/emm$ ,boletus1 ,b4 pa*ypus4 #abd ,boletus4 ,! :ite ,boletus1 ,b4 albus4 #aac ,can?>ellus4 ,! ,*ant>elle1 ,c4 cib>ius4 #hh ,can?>ellus4 ,! funnel-%ap$ ,*ant>elle1 ,c4 infundibuli=mis4 #id ,can?>ellus4 ,! gold5 ,*ant>elle1 ,c4 aurantiacus4 #id ,clitocybe4 ,! waxy ,clitocybe1 ,c4 laccata4 #hc ,clav>ia4 ,! club-%ap$ ,clav>ia1 ,c4 pi/ill>is4 #ach ,clav>ia4 ,! con/rict$ ,clav>ia1 ,c4 /ricta4 #acg ,clav>ia4 ,! pale yell[ ,clav>ia1 ,c4 flava4 #ach ,clav>ia4 ,! unequal ,clav>ia1 ,c4 inequalis4 #aci ,collybia4 ,! oak-lov+ ,collybia1 ,c4 dryophila4 #aah ,collybia4 ,! tuft$ ,collybia1 ,c4 ac]vata4 #aae ,copr9us4 ,! inky ,copr9us1 ,c4 atram5t>ius4 #aje ,copr9us4 ,! gli/5+ ,copr9us1 ,c4 micace\s4 #ajj ,cort9>ius4 ,! c9namon-color$ ,cort9>ius1 ,c4 c9namomeus4 #aae ,cort9>ius4 ,! violet-color$ ,cort9>ius1 ,c4 albo violace\s4 #abi ,cort9>ius4 ,! wr9kl$ ,cort9>ius1 ,c4 corrugatus4 #ajb ,cort9>ius4 ,! zon$ ,cort9>ius1 ,c4 armillatus4 #hb ,crucibulum4 ,! common crucible1 ,c4 vulg>e4 #ada ,cya?us4 ,! v>ni%$ cup1 ,c4 v]nicosus4 #adb ,fi/ul9a4 ,! beef/eak mu%room1 ,f4 hepatica4 #aca ,gea/]4 ,! w&]+ e>? />1 ,g4 hygrometricus4 #adc ,helvella4 ,! cap-%ap$ ,helvella1 ,h4 infula4 #adf ,hirneola4 ,! ,jew's e>1 ,h4 auricula ,judae4 #adj ,hygrophorus4 ,! blood-r$ ,hygrophorus1 ,h4 puniceus4 #hg ,hygrophorus4 ,! sc>let color ,hygrophorus1 ,h4 cocc9eus4 #hg ,hygrophorus4 ,! v]milion ,hygrophorus1 ,h4 m9eatus4 #hf ,hypholoma4 ,! gray-gill$ mu%room1 ,h4 capnoides4 #aag ,hypholoma4 ,! p]plex+ mu%room1 ,h4 p]plexum4 #aah ,hypholoma4 ,! tuft$ mu%room1 ,h4 fascicul>e4 #hi ,lact>ius4 ,! delici\s ,lact>ius1 ,l4 deliciosus4 #ib ,lact>ius4 ,! colorless ,lact>ius1 ,l4 i*oratus4 #ha ,lact>ius4 ,! fleecy ,lact>ius1 ,l4 vell]eus4 #aab ,lact>ius4 ,! mild ,lact>ius1 ,l4 mitissimus4 #hb ,lact>ius4 ,! orange br[n ,lact>ius1 ,l4 volemus4 #hj ,lact>ius4 ,! pepp]y ,lact>ius1 ,l4 pip]atus4 #aaa ,lepiota4 ,! smoo? ,lepiota1 ,l4 nauc9oides4 #aaj ,lepiota4 ,! tall ,lepiota1 ,l4 proc]a4 #abj ,lycop]don4 ,! cup-%ap$ puff-ball1 ,l4 cya?i=me4 #adb ,lycop]don4 ,! pe>-%ap$ puff-ball1 ,l4 pyri=me4 #adc ,m>asmius4 ,! fairy r+ mu%room1 ,m4 oreades4 #ii ,mor*ella4 ,! edible ,morel1 ,m4 escul5ta4 #adf ,paxillus4 ,! ?9 /emm$ ,paxillus1 ,p4 leptopus4 #abh ,peziza4 ,! gold5 cup-%ap$ mu%room1 ,p4 aurantia4 #ade ,phallus4 ,! fetid wood wit*1 ,p4 impudicus4 #add ,pholiota4 ,! fat ,pholiota1 ,p4 adiposa4 #ig ,pholiota4 ,! %[y ,pholiota1 ,p4 spectabilis4 #ih ,pleurotus4 ,! elm ,pleurotus1 ,p4 ulm>ius4 #aac ,pleurotus4 ,! palatable ,pleurotus1 ,p4 sapidus4 #aad ,pluteus4 ,! fawn-color$ ,pluteus1 ,p4 c]v9us4 #aje ,polyporus4 ,! bir* ,polyporus1 ,p4 betul9us4 #acb ,polyporus4 ,! black-/emm$ ,polyporus1 ,p4 picipes4 #acd ,polyporus4 ,! *angeable ,polyporus1 ,p4 v]sicolor4 #acf ,polyporus4 ,! elegant ,polyporus1 ,p4 elegans4 #acf ,polyporus4 ,! p]5nial ,polyporus1 ,p4 p]5nis4 #acc ,polyporus4 ,! sulphury ,polyporus1 ,p4 sulphureus4 #acd ,polyporus4 ,! %9+ ,polyporus1 ,p4 lucidus4 #ace ,psa?yrella4 ,! widely-spread ,psa?yrella1 ,p4 dissem9ata4 #aaf ,russula4 ,! blood-r$ ,russula1 ,r4 sangu9ea4 #gh ,russula4 ,! elegant ,russula1 ,r4 lepida4 #hj ,russula4 ,! =k$ ,russula1 ,r4 furcata4 #ajg ,russula4 ,! gre5 ,russula1 ,r4 viresc5s4 #ajf ,russula4 ,! nauseat+ ,russula1 ,r4 emetica4 #gg ,russula4 ,! rosy-/emm$ ,russula1 ,r4 roseipes4 #gi ,s*izophyllum4 ,! common ,s*izophyllum1 ,s4 commune4 #adj ,scl]od]ma4 ,! h>d-sk9n$ mu%room1 ,s4 vulg>e4 #ada ,/roph>ia4 ,! dry ,/roph>ia1 ,s4 siccapes4 #ic ,tri*oloma4 ,! can>y-color$ ,tri*oloma1 ,t4 eque/re4 #ia ,tri*oloma4 ,! imbricat$ ,tri*oloma1 ,t4 imbricata4 #aai ,tri*oloma4 ,! sulphury ,tri*oloma1 ,t4 sulphureum4 #ia ,typhula4 ,! re$ mace mu%room1 ,t4 phacorrhiza4 #aci ,,app5dix4 ,a ,,guide ,,= ,,! ,,id5tification ,,& ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,ag>ics1 ,,compris$ ,,9 ,,f\r ,,tables1 ,,arrang$ ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,colors ,,( ,,! ,,spores1 ,,viz43 ,table ,i4 ,:ite spores4 ,table ,,ii4 ,r$ & p9k spores4 ,table ,,iii4 ,o*race\s spores4 ,table ,,iv4 ,d>k purple & black spores4 ,,note4 ,9 us+ ?is table ! /ud5t %\ld fir/ asc]ta9 ! color ( ! spores ( ! specim5 "u inve/igation4 ,?is w det]m9e ! p>ticul> table to be appli$ to its fur!r exam9ation4 ,if1 = in/ance1 he f9ds its spores to be :ite1 he w "k t ,table ,i4 is ! "o to be consult$4 ,turn+ to t table1 he %\ld recall ! place ( its gr[?1 its habitat4 ,n[1 suppose x to h be5 f\nd gr[+ on a /ump1 he w1 by look+ at ! fir/ column1 ,habitat1 ( ,table ,i41 be in=m$ t x mu/ be "o ( ! f\r g5]a nam$ 9 ! column ) ! head+ 8,on ,/umps40 ,let him !n exam9e its 8gills40 ,if he f9ds !m to be 8adnate10 he w be assur$ t x mu/ be an 8,armill>ia10 z no o!r g5us is %[n 9 ! column z gr[+ 8on /umps0 & :i* has gills t are adnate4 ,b to make assurance d\bly sure1 he may proce$ fur!r to discov] :e!r ! specim5 has also ! r+ call$ = 9 column head$ 8,r+40 ,if x has1 & 0 f\nd gr[+ 9 ! summ]1 he may feel q safe 9 classify+ x z ,armill>ia4 ,sometimes ! same g5us w be f\nd 9 m ?an "o column4 ,?is ought n to mislead or confuse ! beg9n]4 ,9 ,table ,i41 column head$ 8,volva10 ,amanita is m5tion$1 & also 9 ! column head$ 8,r+10 b ?is indicates t an ,amanita has bo? ! ,volva 7! univ]sal veil7 & ! ,r+4 ,s 9 ! columns head$ by 8,/em10 ,pleurotus is repres5t$ z hav+ a lat]al or ecc5tric /em1 & also z hav+ no /em4 ,! mean+ is1 t "s species ( ! g5us h no /em1 :ile !re are o!rs 9 :i* ! /em is lat]al or ecc5tric4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ?is e-text1 empty categories h be5 omitt$ f ea* table4 ,v>iations 9 spell+ & phras+ are z 9 ! orig9al4 ,! complete /ructure1 ) all options includ$1 w\ld be3 ,size ( plants1 small4 ,plants deliquesc5t4 ,"t ( gr[?1 summ]4 autumn4 ,habitat ,9 woods1 9 uncultivat$ places1 on gr\nd4 ,9 grass & fields1 on gr\nd4 ,on o!r plants--epiphytal4 ,on /umps4 ,on wood4 ,on manure4 ,gills1 free4 adnate4 decurr5t4 s9u\s4 s]rat$4 di/ant4 9 folds4 ,volva4 ,veil adh]+ to m>g9 ( cap4 ,r+4 ,/em1 c>tilag9\s4 lat]al1 or ecc5tric4 none4 brittle4 ,pileus1 scaly or w>t$4 campanulate4 silky1 crack$ or fibrillose4 umbonate4 umbilicate4 /riate4 ,pileus & ,gills milky4 ,table ,i4--,:ite ,spores4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,size ( plants1 small4 ,collybia1#a ,myc5a1 ,omphalia1 ,m>asmius4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,"t ( gr[?1 summ]4 ,amanita1 ,collybia1 ,myc5a1 ,omphalia1 ,lepiota1 ,pleurotus1 ,russula1#b ,lact>ius4 ---------------------------------------- autumn4 ,amanita1 ,clitocybe1 ,collybia1 ,myc5a1 ,omphalia1 ,hygrophorus1 ,lepiota1 ,m>asmius1 ,armill>ia1 ,pleurotus1 ,tri*oloma1 ,russula1 ,can?>ellus1 ,lact>ius4#c ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,habitat ,9 woods1 9 uncultivat$ ,amanita1 places1 on gr\nd4 ,armill>ia1 ,tri*oloma1#d ,clitocybe1 ,collybia1#e ,hygrophorus1 ,lact>ius1 ,russula1 ,can?>ellus4#f ---------------------------------------- -------- ,9 grass & fields1 ,lepiota1 on gr\nd4 ,tri*oloma4#g ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on o!r plants--epiphytal4 ,myc5a1 ,omphalia1 ,m>asmius1 ,collybia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on /umps4 ,panus1 ,armill>ia1 ,l5zites1 ,l5t9us4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on wood4 ,trogia1 ,pleurotus1 ,s*izophyllum1#h ,can?>ellus4#i ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gills1 free4 ,amanita1 ,lepiota4 ---------------------------------------- -------- adnate4 ,armill>ia1 ,clitocybe1 ,collybia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- decurr5t4 ,omphalia1 ,clitocybe1 ,can?>ellus1 ,hygrophorus1 ,lact>ius4#aj ---------------------------------------- -------- s]rat$4 ,l5t9us4 ---------------------------------------- -------- s9u\s4 ,tri*oloma1 ,pleurotus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- di/ant4 ,m>asmius1 ,clitocybe4 ---------------------------------------- -------- 9 folds4 ,can?>ellus1 ,trogia4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,volva4 ,amanita4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,veil adh]+ to m>g9 ( cap4 ,tri*oloma4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,r+4 ,amanita1 ,armill>ia1 ,lepiota4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,/em1 c>tilag9\s4 ,m>asmius1 ,myc5a1 ,omphalia1 ,collybia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- lat]al1 or ecc5tric4 ,pleurotus1 ,panus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- none4 ,l5zites1 ,pleurotus1 ,trogia1 ,s*izophyllum1 ,panus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- brittle4 ,russula4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pileus1 scaly or w>t$4 ,amanita1 ,lepiota4 ---------------------------------------- -------- campanulate4 ,myc5a4 ---------------------------------------- -------- silky1 crack$ or ,tri*oloma1 fibrillose4 ,clitocybe1 ,pleurotus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- umbonate4 ,myc5a4 ---------------------------------------- -------- umbilicate4 ,omphalia1 ,lact>ius4#aa ---------------------------------------- -------- /riate4 ,omphalia1 ,myc5a4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pileus & ,gills milky4 ,lact>ius4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,footnote #a3 ,"s small4 ,footnote #b3 ,9 late summ]4 ,footnote #c3 ,g5]ally 9 autumn4 ,footnote #d3 ,l>ge species4 ,footnote #e3 ,few4 ,footnote #f3 ,"s4 ,footnote #g3 ,small species4 ,footnote #h3 ,sometimes on rott5 wood4 ,footnote #i3 ,"s on rott5 wood4 ,footnote #aj3 ,adnato decurr5t4 ,footnote #aa3 ,becomes depress$ 9 c5tre4 ,table ,,ii4--,r$ & ,p9k ,spores4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,size ( plants1 small4 ,leptonia4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,"t ( gr[?1 summ]4 ,volv>ia1 ,pluteus1 ,enteloma1 ,leptonia1 ,nolanea1 ,eccilia4 ---------------------------------------- autumn4 ,volv>ia1 ,pluteus1 ,nolanea1 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,habitat ,9 woods1 9 uncultivat$ ,volv>ia1#a places1 on gr\nd4 ,enteloma1 ,clitopilus1 ,leptonia1#b ,nolanea1#c ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,9 grass & fields1 ,nolanea4 on gr\nd4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on /umps4 ,pluteus4#d ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on wood4 ,volv>ia1#e ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gills1 free4 ,nolanea1 ,pluteus1 ,annul>ia1 ,volv>ia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- adnate4 ,nolanea1 ,enteloma4#f ---------------------------------------- -------- decurr5t4 ,eccilia1 ,clitopilus1 ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- s9u\s4 ,enteloma1 ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,volva4 ,volv>ia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,veil adh]+ to m>g9 ( cap4 ,enteloma4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,r+4 ,annul>ia4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,/em1 c>tilag9\s4 ,nolanea1 ,leptonia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- lat]al1 or ecc5tric4 ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- none4 ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pileus1 scaly or w>t$4 ,leptonia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- campanulate4 ,leptonia1 ,nolanea4 ---------------------------------------- -------- silky1 crack$ or ,entoloma1 fibrillose4 ,pluteus4#g ---------------------------------------- -------- umbonate4 ,pluteus4#h ---------------------------------------- -------- umbilicate4 ,leptonia1 ,eccilia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- /riate4 ,nolanea4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,footnote #a3 ,damp gr\nd4 ,footnote #b3 ,dry hills4 ,footnote #c3 ,wet places 9 woods4 ,footnote #d4 ,on or close to /umps4 ,footnote #e3 ,on rott5 wood4 ,footnote #f3 ,almo/ free4 ,footnote #g3 ,(t5 fibrillose or floccose4 ,footnote #h3 ,some:at4 ,table ,,iii4--,o*race\s ,spores4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,"t ( gr[?1 summ]4 ,pholiota1 ,inocybe1 ,naucoria4 ---------------------------------------- autumn4 ,inocybe1 ,flammula1 ,pholiota1 ,gal]a1 ,hebeloma1 ,crep$otus1 ,naucoria1 ,cort9>ius4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,habitat ,9 woods1 9 uncultivat$ ,inocybe1 places1 on gr\nd4 ,pholiota1#a ,hebeloma1 ,flammula1 ,paxillus1 ,cort9>ius1 ,naucoria1 ,gal]a4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,9 grass & fields1 ,cort9>ius4 on gr\nd4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on o!r plants--epiphytal4 ,naucoria4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on /umps4 ,pholiota1 ,paxillus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on wood4 ,claudopus1 ,flammula1 ,crepidotus1 ,naucoria4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gills1 free4 ,naucoria4 ---------------------------------------- -------- adnate4 ,naucoria1 ,pholiota1#b ,flammula1 ,cort9>ius1 ,hebeloma4 ---------------------------------------- -------- decurr5t4 ,flammula1 ,paxillus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- s9u\s4 ,hebeloma4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,veil adh]+ to m>g9 ( cap4 ,hebeloma1 ,cort9>ius1 ,inocybe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,r+4 ,pholiota1 ,cort9>ius4#c ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,/em1 c>tilag9\s4 ,tub>ia1 ,naucoria1 ,gal]a4 ---------------------------------------- -------- lat]al1 or exc5tric4 ,crepidotus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- none4 ,crepidotus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pileus1 scaly or w>t$4 ,flammula1 ,inocybe4 ---------------------------------------- -------- campanulate4 ,gal]a1 ,pluteolus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- silky1 crack$ or ,inocybe4 fibrillose4 ---------------------------------------- -------- umbonate4 ,inocybe4 ---------------------------------------- -------- /riate4 ,pluteolus1 ,gal]a4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,footnote #a3 ,damp gr\nd4 ,footnote #b3 ,some:at free4 ,footnote #c3 ,"s ) r+s4 ,table ,,iv4--,d>k ,purple & ,black ,spores4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,size ( plants1 small4 ,psa?yrella4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,plants deliquesc5t4 ,copr9us1 ,bolbitius4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,"t ( gr[?1 summ]4 ,copr9us1 ,/roph>ia1 ,panaeolus4 ---------------------------------------- autumn4 ,copr9us1 ,psaliota1 ,panaeolus1 ,hypholoma4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,habitat ,9 woods1 9 uncultivat$ ,/roph>ia1 places1 on gr\nd4 ,psa?yra4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,9 grass & fields1 ,psaliota4 on gr\nd4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on o!r plants--epiphytal4 ,/roph>ia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on /umps4 ,hypholoma1 ,psa?yra4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on wood4 ,psa?yra1#a ,hypholoma4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on manure4 ,/roph>ia1 ,panaeolus1 ,psa?yrella1 ,copr9us1 ,bolbitius4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gills1 free4 ,*etonia1 ,psalliota1 ,psa?yrella1 ,copr9us1 ,bolbitius4 ---------------------------------------- -------- adnate4 ,/roph>ia1 ,hypholoma1 ,psa?yrella4 ---------------------------------------- -------- decurr5t4 ,gomphidius4 ---------------------------------------- -------- s9u\s4 ,hypholoma4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,veil adh]+ to m>g94 ,hypholoma4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,r+4 ,/roph>ia ,psalliota1 ,gomphidius4#b ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,/em1 c>tilag9\s4 ,psa?yra1 ,psilocybe4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pileus1 campanulate4 ,psa?yra1 ,psa?yrella1#c ,copr9us1 ,gomphidius4#d ---------------------------------------- -------- /riate4 ,psa?yra1 ,psa?yrella4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,footnote #a3 ,on rott5 wood4 ,footnote #b3 ,a floccose r+4 ,footnote #c3 ,at fir/1 adpress$ to /em4 ,footnote #d3 ,top %ap$4