,illustration 7,frontispiece73 #a4 ,craterellus cornucopioides4 #b4 ,cortinarius armillatus4 #c4 ,clitocybe laccata4 #d4 ,tremellodon gelatinosum4 ,,among ,,the ,,mushrooms ,a ,guide for ,beginners by ,,ellen ,m4 ,,dallas and ,,caroline ,a4 ,,burgin ,illustration ,toronto _/ ,london ,drexel ,biddle1 ,publisher ,,new ,,york #fg ,fifth ,avenue ,,philadelphia #bbh ,south ,fourth ,st4 ,,san ,,francisco #cai-cbe ,sansome ,st4 #aijj ,copyright1 #aijj ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,,drexel ,,biddle ,press of ,,drexel ,,biddle1 ,,philadelphia 8,have you not seen in the woods on a late autumn morning a poor fungus or mushroom--a plant without any solidity1 nay1 that seemed nothing but a soft mush or jelly--by its constant total and inconceivably gentle pushing1 manage to break its way up through the frosty ground1 and actually to lift a hard crust on its head8 ,it is the symbol of the power of kindness40 ,emerson4 ,,preface4 ,the books which have been consulted in the preparation of this work are1 8,british ,fungi10 by ,rev4 ,john ,stevenson2 8,british ,fungus-,flora10 by ,george ,massee2 8,mushrooms and their ,uses10 and 8,boleti of the ,united ,states10 by ,professor ,charles ,h4 ,peck1 ,state ,botanist of ,new ,york2 8,moulds1 ,mildew and ,mushrooms10 by ,professor ,l4 ,m4 ,underwood2 and a pamphlet by ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd1 entitled 8,the ,volv of the ,united ,states40 ,no attempt has been made to do more than to put in popular language the statements of experienced botanists1 and so to arrange the matter as to aid beginners in their work4 ,thanks are due to ,mr4 ,harold ,wingate for his suggestions and corrections of the manuscript2 to ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd for permission to print from his photographs2 to ,miss ,laura ,c4 ,detwiller for her paintings from nature1 which have been here reproduced2 and also to ,mrs4 ,harrison ,streeter and ,miss ,mary ,w4 ,nichols for their encouragement of the undertaking and suggestions in furtherance of its success4 ,,contents4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the structure of the ,table of ,contents does not correspond perfectly to the book itself1 but all page numbers are correct4 ,page ,introduction1 #ac ,mushrooms1 #bc ,antiquity of ,fungi1 #bc ,manner of ,growth1 #bd ,odor1 #bf ,duration1 #bg ,uses1 #bg ,habitat1 #bh ,structure and growth1 #bi ,mycelium1 #ca ,the ,stem1 #cd ,the ,gills1 #cd ,the ,spores1 #cf ,the ,volva and ,veil1 #cg ,the ,tubes or ,pores1 #ch ,classification of ,fungi1 ,distinctive ,characteristics of ,genera4 #ci ,hymenomycetes1 #da ,gasteromycetes1 #ei ,ascomycetes1 #fd ,by ,color of the ,spores1 #gb ,general ,helps to the ,memory1 #fh ,descriptions of ,fungi arranged ,according to ,color of ,cap only1 #gg ,red or ,pink1 #gg ,yellow or ,orange1 #hh ,gray1 #ajj ,green1 #ajf ,white1 #ajg ,brown1 #aae ,purple or ,violet1 #abi ,description of ,some ,familiar ,mushrooms1 without regard to color1 #aca ,direction for ,using ,keys1 #adg ,key to ,hymenomycetes1 #adi ,key to ,polyporei1 #aeb ,key to ,hydnei1 #aeb ,key to ,thelephorei1 #aeb ,key to ,clavariei1 #aec ,key to ,gasteromycetes and ,ascomycetes1 #aec ,glossary1 #aee ,index to ,descriptions of ,fungi1 #afa ,guide for ,determining ,genera of ,agarics in four ,tables1 #afe ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,facing ,,page ,craterellus cornucopioides-- ,cortinarius armillatus-- ,clitocybe laccata-- ,tremellodon gelatinosum4 ,frontispiece4 ,coprinus atramentarius1 #bf ,amanita vaginata1 #cg ,omphalia alboflava1 #dg ,russula pectinata1 #gf ,lactarius insulsus1 #ib ,amanita vaginata1 #aja ,psathyrella disseminata1 #aaf ,lepiota procera1 #abj ,boletus edulis-- ,hypholoma perplexum-- ,marasmius rotula-- ,calostoma cinnebarinus1 #abi ,cortinarius distans1 #adg ,,introduction4 ,this book is intended for those who1 though ignorant on the subject1 desire to know something about mushrooms4 ,the first question which such an one asks upon finding a mushroom is1 8,what is its name80 ,if there is no one near to tell him1 then follows the second inquiry1 8,how can ,i find it out for myself80 ,if wild flowers were concerned1 ,gray's little book1 8,how the ,plants ,grow10 could be used2 and there is also ,mrs4 ,dana's book on 8,the ,wild ,flowers10 that has given so much pleasure4 ,in the case of mushrooms1 however1 but one answer can be returned to all questions3 8,there is no ,american text-book on mushrooms1 there is no manual for beginners40 ,there are many books on ,british fungi for students1 but we want some popular work easy to understand1 with no technical expressions4 ,this necessity for a simple guide-book has been felt by many4 ,let us give our own experience4 ,we procured a list of works on fungi1 and looked for some volume not too deep for our comprehension nor too costly for our purse4 ,among those we found were 8,handbook for ,students0 7,taylor72 8,edible and ,poisonous ,fungi0 7,cooke71 and a pamphlet by ,professor ,peck1 8,mushrooms and ,their ,uses40 ,this seemed to be the one that we could comprehend most easily1 and so1 armed with it1 and another pamphlet by ,professor ,underwood1 called 8,suggestions to ,collectors of ,fleshy ,fungi10 which contained a simple key1 we started out to make discoveries4 ,we afterward procured some publications of ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd1 which were of great assistance1 and lastly a glossary published by the ,boston ,mycological ,society1 a necessary addition to our library4 ,we found ,professor ,peck's book was confined to edible mushrooms1 and it soon became too limited to satisfy our craving for further knowledge--it incited a longing to know something of inedible fungi4 ,the rest is soon told4 ,we were advised to get either a copy of ,stevenson's 8,british ,fungi0 or of ,massee's works4 ,we did so1 but found them too advanced to be readily used by the unlearned4 ,then the idea arose1 ,how can we help others in their difficulties8 ,this little book is the answer4 ,it will not be of use to advanced students1 they will only criticise and discover how much has been left unsaid2 but the beginner is more easily satisfied with the extent of information gained1 and if a taste for knowledge is encouraged the object of this book is attained4 ,this explanation will also account for the use of simple terms4 ,we find a tiny fungus which looks like a brownish bird's nest1 with some miniature eggs in it1 or a shining white mushroom1 and we are told its name in ,latin2 it is described in terms meaningless to the ignorant1 we lose interest1 and our attention flags4 ,we began for pleasure and recreation1 but it became irksome and fatiguing1 and the subject which might have amused us and helped to pass many an idle hour is put aside and abandoned4 ,yet this study is a most fascinating one4 ,we all long for pleasant subjects of thought in our leisure hours1 and there can be nothing more diverting and absorbing than the investigation of the beautiful and familiar plants around us4 ,when we leave the bustling1 noisy streets of a city and go into the quiet fields and woods the contrast is very great4 ,a walk for exercise alone is often dull and tiresome4 ,we cannot be assured of pleasant companions1 nor is there always a fine view or picturesque scenery to reward us during our strolls1 but there are plants to be found and gathered1 and when these fail us1 then the bright-hued mushrooms may arrest our attention4 ,the discovery of new specimens1 the learning their names1 the knowledge of their curious organizations1 will all add an interest to our lives4 ,it will inspire us with a love of nature1 and open our eyes to many objects of which we have before been unobservant4 ,besides this it obliges us to be accurate4 ,our descriptions must be exact or they are of no use4 ,let us imagine ourselves taking a stroll in the woods or down some shady lane1 and see what we can find there4 ,the golden-rod and asters adorn the roadsides1 the odors of the sweet gale and scented fern are wafted gratefully to our senses as we pass along the lanes1 and there1 among the fallen leaves1 at the very edge of the woods1 peers out a bright yellow mushroom1 brighter from the contrast to the dead leaves around1 and then another1 close by1 and then a shining white cap2 further on a mouse-colored one1 gray1 and silky in texture4 ,what a contrast of colors4 ,what are they8 ,by what names shall we call them8 ,let us first carefully dig up the yellow one4 ,we have brought a basket and trowel1 and can examine them thoroughly4 ,we must dig down deep so as not to break off the stem4 ,there is a ring or collar around it near the top4 ,there is a bulb at the base1 with some slight membrane attached4 ,the cap is orange color1 almost smooth1 covered with a few spots like warts1 and there are some lines on the margin4 ,the gills are not attached to the stem1 and are white with a creamy hue4 ,the stem is also white1 tinged faintly with yellow4 ,we will take a penknife and divide it into halves1 cutting straight through the stem and cap4 ,we find the stem is filled with a spongy substance1 and we can now see more clearly the position of the gills4 ,our specimen measures #b inches across the cap1 and the stem is #b or #c inches long4 ,it is an ,amanita1 resembling the ,fly ,amanita1 which we will probably soon discover4 ,our fungus is ,frost's ,amanita1 named after the botanist who first placed it on the list1 ,frost4 ,it is not among the ,british fungi4 ,it is ,american4 ,now let us dig up the shining white one4 ,it is much larger than the yellow fungus1 handsome1 pure-looking1 with a rather slender stem4 ,the cap is nearly #d inches across1 the flesh is white4 ,the stem is long1 solid1 with a bulbous base4 ,there is a wide1 loose ring high up on the stem4 ,the membrane around the base is large and thick4 ,the stem is scaly and shining white like the cap4 ,this pure-looking1 handsome mushroom is one of the most poisonous of its kind4 ,it is called ,amanita virosa--the poisonous ,amanita1 from a ,latin word meaning poison4 ,we have never found any specimen with insects on it4 ,they seem to know its deadly qualities and shun its acquaintance4 ,let us look at the gray mushroom and see how it differs from the others4 ,it has no ring1 its color is a soft gray or mouse color1 the margin is deeply grooved4 ,the cap is almost flat1 the flesh does not reach to the margin1 and is white4 ,it is very smooth1 but another time we might find the same mushroom with scales upon it4 ,the cap measures #c inches across4 ,the stem tapers upward1 is slender1 and is #d inches long4 ,the gills are free1 not attached to the stem1 and are swollen in the middle4 ,they are not very close together and are shining white4 ,the base extends deep into the ground1 and is sheathed with a membrane that is loose and easily broken off4 ,it is a very common mushroom1 and we shall often find it1 but it varies in color2 it is sometimes umber1 often white1 and even has a faint yellowish or greenish hue in the centre4 ,so far we have only looked at ,amanitas4 ,they are conspicuous1 and the large rings and colors are striking and interesting to the novice2 but look at that clay bank that borders on our road1 and perhaps we may discover some ,boleti4 ,even a beginner in the study of mushrooms can tell the difference between a boletus and those we have been examining4 ,here are two or three mushrooms growing together4 ,what is there different about them8 ,we see no ring1 no membrane around the base of stem1 and what are these tubes beneath the cap so unlike the gills of the others8 ,they have the appearance somewhat of a sponge4 ,these are the pores or tubes that contain the spores4 ,let us divide the fungus4 ,at the first touch of the knife1 through the stem1 the color begins to change1 and in a moment stem1 tubes1 and cap turn to a bright blue4 ,we can see the color steal along1 at first faintly1 and then deepen into a darker blue4 ,the cap is a light brownish yellow color1 #b inches broad1 covered with woolly scales4 ,the tubes are free from the stem4 ,they have been white1 but are changing to yellow4 ,the mouths or openings of the tubes are becoming bluish-green4 ,the stem is swollen in the middle4 ,it is covered with a bloom4 ,it is stuffed with a pith1 and tapers toward the apex4 ,it is like the cap in color1 and measures #a inch in length4 ,the mouths of the tubes are round4 ,this is ,boletus cyanescens1 or the bluing ,boletus1 as named by ,professor ,peck in his work on ,boleti4 ,he says it grows more in the ,north1 and sometimes is much larger than the one we found4 ,we turn to the bank in hopes of discovering another1 and see1 instead1 what appears to be a mass of jelly half-hidden in the clay1 and in the midst some bright scarlet cherries1 or at least something that resembles them4 ,we take the trowel and loosen them from the earth1 and there1 among the gelatinous matter1 we find small round balls as large as a common marble1 covered by a bright red skin4 ,when cut in half we see they are filled with a pure white substance1 like the inside of a young puff-ball4 ,this is quite a discovery4 ,we must look in our books for its name4 ,it is not in our ,british manual1 but we learn from ,professor ,peck that it is called ,calostoma cinnabarinus4 ,calostoma is a ,greek word meaning beautiful mouth1 and cinnabarinus is taken from cinnabaris1 which means dragon's-blood4 ,we are not responsible for the names given to plants1 but cannot help wishing that some might be changed or shortened4 ,we could go on prolonging our search1 and describe many wonderful fungi1 so easily found on a summer day1 but as our object is to excite curiosity and interest and not fatigue the reader1 we will here pause1 and afterward arrange the descriptions of mushrooms in a separate section4 ,the ones we have described may be found in the ,middle ,states and in ,new ,england4 ,,mushrooms4 ,,antiquity ,,of ,,fungi4 ,fungi have existed from early geological ages4 ,they flourished in the ,carboniferous period1 when the enormous beds of coal were formed1 a space of time that occupied many millions of years4 ,bessey says that the oldest known member of the order of membrane fungi1 ,hymenomycetes1 was called by the name of 8,polyporites ,bowmanii40 ,during the ,tertiary period members of the genera now known under the names of ,lenzites1 ,polyporus1 and ,hydnum were all in existence4 ,it is interesting to know that even before the ,tertiary period the undergrowth consisted of ferns and fleshy fungi4 ,what a time of delight for the botanist6 ,but there were no human beings in those days to roam amongst that luxuriant undergrowth1 and only the fossil remains in the deposits of coal and peat are left to tell of their former existence4 ,,manner ,,of ,,growth4 ,fungi are either solitary1 grow in clusters1 in groups1 or in rings and arcs of circles4 ,the species called the ,fairy mushroom1 ,marasmius oreades1 is the most familiar of all those that grow in rings4 ,besides this there is the ,horse mushroom1 ,agaricus arvensis2 the ,chantarelle1 ,cantharellus cibarius2 the ,giant mushroom1 ,clitocybe maximus1 and ,st4 ,george's mushroom1 ,tricholoma gambosa4 ,the latter species is reproduced in rings every year4 ,it is a popular saying that when the ring is unbroken there will be a plentiful harvest the following season4 ,it is an early mushroom1 appearing in ,april4 ,it derives its name from the fact of its appearing about ,april #bc;d1 which is ,st4 ,george's day in the ,english calendar4 ,besides these mushrooms there is another ,tricholoma1 ,t4 tigrinus1 the ,tiger mushroom1 which sometimes appears in circles4 ,the word tigrinus means a tiger4 ,the cap is variegated with dark brown spots1 hence the name4 ,then there is the ,limp ,clitocybe1 ,c4 flaccida1 so called because flaccida means limp4 ,it also appears in rings 7according to ,stevenson71 while the stems are united under the soil4 ,the waxy ,clitocybe1 ,c4 laccata1 is not spoken of as having that mode of growth in circles1 but we have seen many of these mushrooms appearing in arcs of circles1 and forming almost perfect rings1 particularly after showers of rain1 and always on the sides of roads4 ,many fairy rings have lasted for years and are very old4 ,we have read of one1 in the county of ,essex1 ,england1 that measured #abj feet across4 ,the grass that covered it was coarse and of a dark green color4 ,what causes these fairy rings8 ,an explanation is given in a newspaper extract from 8,knowledge10 in which it is said3 8,a patch of spawn arising from a single spore or a number of spores spreads centrifugally in every direction1 and forms a common circular felt1 from which the fruit arises at its extreme edge2 the soil in the inner part of the disc is exhausted1 and the spawn dies or becomes effete there1 while it spreads all around in an outward direction and produces another crop whose spawn spreads again4 ,the circle is thus continually enlarged1 and extends indefinitely until some cause intervenes to destroy it4 ,the peculiarity of growth first arises from a tendency of certain fungi to assume a circular form40 ,the perplexing mushroom1 ,hypholoma perplexum1 often grows in clusters1 and so does the inky ,coprinus1 ,c4 atramentarius1 also the glistening ,coprinus1 ,c4 micaceus4 ,the honey-colored mushroom1 ,armillaria melloea1 is often found in crowded clusters1 and this growth is common to many fungi4 ,,odor4 ,many mushrooms have distinct odors and are distinguished by this feature4 ,the genus ,marasmius may be known by the garlic-like smell peculiar to it1 but it never has a mealy perfume4 ,there is one species1 the disgusting mushroom1 ,m4 impudicus1 that ,stevenson says has a strong1 unpleasant odor2 this is also the case in two other species1 the ill-odored mushroom1 ,m4 ftidus1 and the penetrating mushroom1 ,m4 perfurans4 ,the ,chantarelle1 ,cantharellus cibarius1 has the smell of a ripe apricot1 a delicious odor and easily detected4 ,one of the ,lepiotas1 the tufted ,lepiota1 ,l4 cristata1 has a powerful smell of radishes4 ,some ,tricholomas have a strong odor of new meal4 ,the fragrant ,clitocybe1 ,c4 odora1 has the smell of anise4 ,illustration3 ,coprinus atramentarius4 ,photographed by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,there is a very small white1 scaly mushroom1 never more than an inch across the cap1 and with a stem hardly two inches high1 that has the distinction of possessing the strongest smell of all the membrane fungi 7,hymenomycetes74 ,it is called the narcotic ,coprinus1 ,c4 narcoticus1 and it derives its name from its odor4 ,it is very fragile and grows on heaps of manure4 ,,duration4 ,there is another ,coprinus1 the radiating ,coprinus1 ,c4 radiatus1 so called from the radiating folds on the cap1 that may carry off the honor of being the shortest-lived of all the membrane fungi4 ,stevenson says 8it withers up with a breath40 ,it is often overlooked1 as it perishes after sunrise4 ,it grows in troops1 and is perhaps the most tender of all mushrooms4 ,the genus ,marasmius1 belonging to the white spored ,agarics1 has the power of reviving under moisture after withering1 so it may represent a genus that endures longest4 ,none of the fleshy fungi have long lives4 ,,uses4 ,besides the uses of fungi as scavengers of creation1 there are some which have a commercial value and yield an article called 8amadou40 ,this is a ,french word1 used for a sort of tinder or touch-wood1 an inflammable substance which is prepared from a fungus1#a ,boletus igniarius1 and grows upon the cherry1 ash and other trees4 ,it is made by steeping it in a strong solution of saltpetre and cutting it in small pieces4 ,it is also called ,german tinder4 ,thom says that ,boletus laricis and ,polyporus fomentarius yield the 8amadou0 of commerce4 ,then1 again1 the birch ,polyporus1 ,p4 betulinus1 is used for razor strops4 ,we need not say anything on the uses of fungi as articles of food4 ,this subject has been exhausted by many able mycologists1 and1 excepting the mere mention of some mushrooms that are edible1 the authors have abstained from this part of the subject4 ,footnote #a3 ,worcester's ,dictionary1 citing ,brande4 ,,habitat4 ,it is interesting to observe where different mushrooms love to dwell4 ,some are always found on roadsides1 as if seeking the notice of passers-by4 ,these are the ,clitocybes and ,stropharia1 and many of the cup-fungi1 while the ,boleti take shelter in clay banks and hide in every cranny and nook that they can find4 ,russulas are seen in open woods1 rising out of the earth1 also the ,lactarius1 which seems to like the shade of trees4 ,the ,cortinarius also prefers their shelter4 ,the ,coprinus loves the pastures and fields1 near houses and barns1 and dwells in groups upon the lawns4 ,the ,hypholoma grows in clusters on the stumps of trees4 ,marasmius is found among dead twigs and leaves4 ,the white ,amanitas flourish in woods and open ground4 ,there are some1 like ,pleurotus1 that grow in trunks of trees1 and make their way through openings in the bark4 ,every dead tree or branch in the forest is crowded with all species of ,polyporus1 while carpets1 damp cellars1 plaster walls and sawdust are favorite abodes of many fungi4 ,,structure ,,and ,,growth4 ,mushrooms consist wholly of cells4 ,these cells do not contain either starch or the green coloring-matter1 called chlorophyll1 which exists in other plants4 ,they are either parasites or scavengers1 and sometimes both4 ,the food of fungi must form a part of some animal or plant4 ,when they commence to grow it is by the division of cells1 not laterally1 but in one direction1 upward4 ,as the mushroom grows the stem lengthens1 the cap expands and bursts the veil that surrounds it1 and gradually gains its perfect shape4 ,every mushroom has a spore-bearing layer of cells1 which is called the hymenium4 ,this hymenium is composed of a number of swollen1 club-shaped cells1 called basidia1 and close to them1 side by side1 are sterile1 elongated cells1 named paraphyses4 ,in the family called ,hymenomycetes there are mixed with these1 and closely packed together1 one-celled sterile structures named cystidia4 ,the basidia are called mother-cells because they produce the spores4 ,there is one great group of fungi called ,basidiomycetes1 so named from having their stalked spores produced on basidia4 ,the basidia are formed on the end of threadlike branched bodies which grow at the apex1 and are called hyph4 ,on top of the basidia are minute stalk-like branches1 called sterigmata 7singular sterigma71 and each branch carries a naked spore4 ,they are usually four in number4 ,this group of ,basidiomycetes is divided into 7#a7 ,stomach fungi 7,gasteromycetes71 7#b7 ,spore sac fungi 7,ascomycetes71 and 7#c7 ,membrane fungi 7,hymenomycetes74 ,,mycelium4 ,the ,mycelium is commonly called the spawn of mushrooms4 ,it is the vegetative part of the fungus1 and is composed of minute1 cylindrical1 thread-like branching bodies called hyph4 ,when we wish to cultivate mushrooms we plant the spawn not the spores4 ,the thread-like branches permeate the earth or whatever the mushroom grows upon4 ,the color of the mycelium is generally white1 but it may also be yellow or red4 ,its structural details are only visible through a microscope4 ,every fungus does not bear the spores exposed upon the cap nor underneath it4 ,the first group of ,gasteromycetes1 or 8,stomach fungi10 as ,professor ,peck has called them in his work on 8,mushrooms and ,their ,uses10 have the spore-bearing surface enclosed in a sac-like envelope in the interior of the plant4 ,the genus ,lycoperdon belongs to this group1 and it contains the puff-balls so common in this country4 ,in the second group1 ,ascomycetes1 or 8,spore sac fungi10 the spores are produced in delicate sacs called asci4 ,the fruit-bearing part is often cup-shaped1 disc-like1 or club-shaped1 thicker at the top or covered with irregular swellings and depressions like the human brain4 ,the ,morels and ,helvellas belong to this group4 ,one often meets with mushrooms of the former genus in the spring1 and they are striking and interesting looking fungi4 ,there are many of both genera that are edible4 ,they will be described in detail later4 ,botanists have classified ,agarics by means of the color of the spores1 and it is the only sure way of determining to what class they belong4 ,we propose in this work also to enumerate the mushrooms according to the color of the pileus or cap1 and give a list1 with a description of each1 after this arrangement4 ,this1 of course1 is merely superficial1 but may interest and attract a beginner in the study of fungi4 ,this list will be placed at the end of the book4 ,the descriptions will be preceded by a classification according to color of spores1 some hints to students1 and aids to learning which have been found useful to others4 ,it is appalling to a beginner when he first reads the long list of names of classes1 genera1 and species1 as the latter are so closely allied in resemblance4 ,one has not always the time nor inclination to condense facts for himself1 nor to collect necessary information so as to remember it most easily1 all which has to be done in the absence of an ,american manual or textbook4 ,a great deal has been written for us1 it is true1 by experienced botanists1 but a general and comprehensive work has yet to be compiled4 ,before we begin our list of fungi1 let us learn what a mushroom is1 and know something of its component parts4 ,a mushroom consists of a stem and a cap1 or pileus4 ,the cap is the most conspicuous part4 ,the color varies from white and the lightest hues of brown up to the brightest yellow and scarlet4 ,its size is from an eighth of an inch to sixteen inches and more in diameter4 ,the surface is smooth or covered with little grains 7granular7 or with minute scales 7squamulose7 shining like satin1 or kid-like in its texture4 ,it may be rounded and depressed 7concave71 elevated 7convex71 level 7plane71 or with a little mound in the centre 7umbonate74 ,it may be covered with warts1 marked with lines 7striate71 or zoned with circles4 ,the margin may be acute or obtuse1 rolled backward or upward 7revolute71 or rolled inward 7involute72 it may be thick or thin4 ,,the ,,stem4 ,the stem is the stalk that supports the cap4 ,it is sometimes attached to one side1 and then it is said to be lateral or between the centre and side1 and it is called eccentric2 when it is in the middle1 or nearly so1 it is central4 ,it is either solid1 fleshy1 stuffed with pith1 or hollow1 fibrous1 firm and tough 7cartilaginous74 ,it is often brittle and breaks easily1 or it will not divide evenly in breaking4 ,its color and size both vary1 like the cap4 ,it may taper toward the base1 or toward the apex1 be even or cylindrical4 ,its surface may be smooth 7glabrous71 covered with scales 7squamulose71 rough 7scabrous71 dotted1 lacerated1 or be marked with a network of veins 7reticulated74 ,the base may be bulbous1 or only swollen 7incrassated71 and it may root in the ground4 ,illustration3 ,sections of gill bearing mushrooms4 ,gills adnexed ,gills free ,gills adnate ,gills decurrent ,gills sinuous ,gills serrated ,pileus umbonate ,pileus umbilicate ,margin involute ,margin revolute ,,the ,,gills4 ,the gills or lamell are the radiating parts1 like knife blades1 that extend from the centre to the margin underneath the cap4 ,they contain the spores4 ,the group of mushrooms that have gills are called ,agaracini or ,agarics4 ,the gills vary in color2 sometimes they change color when mature4 ,when they are close together they are called crowded1 and when far apart distant4 ,there are often smaller gills between the others1 and sometimes they are two-forked 7bifurcate71 and are connected by veins4 ,they are narrow or wide1 swell out in the middle 7ventricose71 are curved like a bow 7arcuate71 and have a sudden wave or sinus in the edge near the stem 7sinuate74 ,there are various modes of attachment to the stem4 ,where the gills are not attached to it they are called free2 slightly so1 adnexed2 and when wholly fastened they are adnate4 ,they may run down on the stem1 and are then called decurrent4 ,,the ,,spores4 ,the color of the spores can be seen by cutting off the cap1 and laying it gills downward1 on a sheet of paper1 two or three hours or more4 ,the impression will remain on the paper4 ,it is better to use blue paper1 so that the white spores can be seen more clearly4 ,the ,agarics are divided into classes according to the color of the spores1 so it is of great importance to examine them4 ,the shape and size of the spores can only be learned by the use of a microscope4 ,we have not attempted in this elementary work to do more than mention them4 ,illustration3 ,amanita vaginata 7breaking from volva74 ,photographed by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,the ,,volva ,,and ,,veil4 ,the universal veil or volva is a thin covering which encloses the entire young plant4 ,the cap grows and expands and bursts this veil into fragments4 ,that part of the veil which breaks away from the cap1 called the secondary veil1 forms the annulus or ring4 ,it resembles a collar1 and is generally fastened to the stem4 ,it is not always permanent or fixed in one place4 ,it may disappear when the plant is mature4 ,it is often fragile1 loose and torn1 and sometimes is movable on the stem4 ,the name volva is particularly given to that part of the universal veil which remains around the base of the stem1 either sheathing it or appressed closely to it1 or in torn fragments4 ,the volva and ring1 or annulus1 are not always present in mushrooms4 ,the rupture of the veil often causes a part of it to remain on the cap in the shape of warts or scales4 ,these may disappear as the plant grows older1 and are sometimes washed off by a heavy rain4 ,,the ,,tubes ,,or ,,pores4 ,there is a group of fungi called ,polyporei1 which have tubes or pores instead of gills4 ,they are placed under the pileus just as the gills are situated1 and contain the spores4 ,the length of the tubes varies4 ,the mouths or openings are also of different shapes and sizes4 ,they are sometimes round1 and at other times irregular4 ,the color of the mouths is often different from the tubes1 and changes when mature4 ,the mouths1 too1 are sometimes stuffed when young4 ,the attachment to the pileus is to be noted4 ,they may be free or easily detached1 depressed around the stem or fastened to it 7adnate47 ,,classification ,,of ,,fungi4 ,the color of both gills and tubes is an important feature in the classification of fungi4 ,we have now arrived at a point where the amateur may become wearied at the reading of long names and the enumeration of classes and genera4 ,stevenson has said in his preface to his work on ,british ,fungi that 8there is no royal road to the knowledge of fungi10 and if we become enough interested to pursue the subject we will probably discover it at this point4 ,we will try and make this part as simple as possible1 and only mention those genera which are most common4 ,mushrooms may be divided into three great classes3 ,i4 ,gasteromycetes1 or 8,stomach fungi10 where the spores are produced within the plant4 ,,ii4 ,ascomycetes1 or 8,spore sac fungi10 where the spores are produced in delicate sacs called asci4 ,,iii4 ,hymenomycetes1 or 8,membrane fungi10 where the spores are produced on the lower surface of the cap4 ,,class ,,iii4 ,,hymenomycetes1 ,,or ,,membrane ,,fungi4 ,this class is divided into six orders3 #a4 ,gill-bearing mushrooms1 ,agarics1 or ,agaricini4 #b4 ,fungi with pores or tubes1 ,polyporei4 #c4 ,fungi with awl-shaped teeth or spines1 ,hydnei4 #d4 ,fungi with an even spore-bearing or slightly wrinkled surface1 ,thelephorei4 #e4 ,plants1 club-shaped and simple1 or bush-like and branched1 ,clavariei4 #f4 ,gelatinous plants1 irregularly expanded1 ,tremellinei4 ,the first order1 the ,agarics1 contains most of the well-known mushrooms1 as well as most of the edible ones4 ,they have been divided into different classes according to the color of the spores4 ,in a great many cases the color is the same as that of the gills2 but this is not always the case1 especially in the young plants4 ,the ,agarics are divided into four sections3 #a4 ,white spores1 ,leucospor4 #b4 ,rosy1 salmon or pinkish spores1 ,rhodospor4 #c4 ,brown or ochraceous spores1 ,ochrospor4 #d4 ,dark purplish or black spores1 ,melanospor4 ,there are an infinite number of mushrooms we shall not mention4 ,the study of fungi has only begun in this country1 and there is an immense vista for future students4 ,the amateur or beginner may be well satisfied if after one summer spent in studying mushrooms he can remember the distinguishing types of the various genera1 and can say with certainty1 8,this is a ,russula1 or this a ,cortinarius1 or this a ,tricholoma40 ,he will then feel he has taken one important step in this 8royal road40 ,,distinctive ,,characteristics ,,of ,,genera ,,of ,,hymenomycetes4 ,,order #a4 ,,agarics4 ,the names of the genera are all derived from ,greek and ,latin words4 ,stevenson1 in his book on ,british ,fungi1 has given the original words and also their meanings4 ,we take the liberty of copying the ,english term only1 and will place it beside the name of each genus4 ,,section #a4 ,,white ,,spores1 ,,or ,,leucospor4 ,the first genus we will mention is3 ,,hygrophorus1 from a word meaning moist4 ,this genus contains plants growing on the ground4 ,they soon decay4 ,the cap is sticky or watery1 the gills often branched4 ,it has a peculiarity in the fact that the hymenial cells1 or the layer of mother cells1 contained in the gills1 change into a waxy mass1 at length removable from the trama4 ,the trama is that substance which extends with and is like in structure to the layer of mother cells4#a ,it lies between the two layers of gills in ,agarics4 ,the gills seem full of watery juice1 and they are more or less decurrent1 i4 e41 extend down the stem4 ,this genus contains many bright-colored and shining species4 ,footnote #a3 ,in the young plant it forms the framework of the gills4 ,we are obliged to refer to the hymenial layer in this place1 though the beginner will scarcely understand the meaning of the term4 ,the distinguishing peculiarity of this genus consists in the cells changing to a waxy mass4 ,in the chapter on the structure of mushrooms we have tried to explain something about the cells and the ,hymenium4 ,,lactarius milk4 ,this genus is fleshy1 growing on the ground2 the cap is often depressed in the centre4 ,the gills are adnato-decurrent1 that is1 partly attached and prolonged down the stem4 ,they are waxy1 rather rigid and acute at the edge4 ,the distinctive feature is the milk that flows when the gills are cut4 ,sometimes the milk changes color4 ,,russula red4 ,this genus grows on the ground1 is fleshy1 and soon decays4 ,the cap is depressed1 or becomes so at a later stage of growth4 ,the stem is polished1 generally white1 and is very brittle4 ,the gills are rigid1 fragile1 with an acute edge1 and mostly equal in length4 ,some species exude watery drops4 ,it contains many species of beautiful colors4 ,,cantharellus vase or cup4 ,the principal characteristic of this genus consists in the fold-like nature of its gills4 ,the gills are thick1 with an obtuse edge1 and are branched and decurrent4 ,the genus is fleshy1 soft1 and putrescent1 and has no veil4 ,some plants grow on the ground and others on mosses4 ,,marasmius to wither4 ,the genus is tough and dry1 not decaying1 but shrivelling1 and reviving when wet4 ,the stem is tough 7cartilaginous47 ,the gills are rather distant1 the edge acute and entire4 ,the plants often have a peculiar smell and taste1 like garlic4 ,they are small and thin1 commonly growing on the outside of another plant 7epiphytal7 on the ground1 on putrid leaves1 or on roots of grasses4 ,,amanita4 ,the origin of this name is doubtful4 ,galen1 an ancient ,greek physician1 is said to have given the name to some edible fungi 7,stevenson74 ,it is distinguished as the only genus that has both volva and ring4 ,the young plant is enveloped by a universal veil which bursts at maturity4 ,the volva around the base of the stem is formed by the splitting or bursting of the veil1 and its different modes of rupture mark the several species4 ,it is sometimes shaped very prettily1 and has the appearance of a cup around the stem4 ,it contains many poisonous as well as edible mushrooms4 ,,lepiota a scale4 ,this genus has a universal veil4 ,the gills are free4 ,sometimes the ring1 or annulus1 is movable on the stem4 ,the cap is often covered with warts1 or the skin torn into scales1 and the stem sometimes inserted in a cup or socket4 ,,armillaria ring or bracelet4 ,there is no universal veil in this genus1 only a partial one that forms a ring1 or sometimes only indicating the ring by scales4 ,the species usually grow on the ground4 ,,tricholoma from two ,greek words1 hair and fringe4 ,this genus is especially noted for its sinuate gills4 ,they have a tooth next to the stem4 ,all grow on the ground and are fleshy4 ,there are sometimes fibrils which adhere to the margin of the cap1 the remains of the veil4 ,there are no plants in this genus that are considered poisonous4 ,,clitocybe a declivity4 ,the gills in this genus are attenuated behind and are attached to stem 7adnate7 or run down it 7decurrent47 ,the cap is generally plano depressed or funnel-shaped 7infundibuliform74 ,some are fragrant2 the odor resembles fresh apricots4 ,,collybia a small coin4 ,the stem in this genus is tough or stuffed with a pith1 and covered with a cartilaginous rind4 ,the margin of the cap is smooth and turned under at first 7involute74 ,the gills are soft1 free1 or only adnexed behind4 ,the plants grow on the outside of wood and leaves1 even on fungi1 but are often rooted on the ground1 and do not dry up4 ,the gills are sometimes brightly colored4 ,,mycena a fungus4 ,in this genus also the stem is cartilaginous1 the cap is sometimes bell-shaped 7campanulate7 and slender4 ,the plants are generally small and fragile4 ,the cap is from to #a inch broad4 ,the stem is sometimes filiform1 and they grow on stumps and sticks1 dead wood1 twigs and leaves4 ,they may be found early in the season1 but oftener from ,august to ,november4 ,illustration3 ,omphalia alboflava4 ,photographed by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,omphalia depressed4 ,the stem in this genus is cartilaginous4 ,the gills run down the stem4 ,the cap is somewhat membranaceous4 ,it is oftener depressed and funnel-shaped4 ,the gills are often branched4 ,the species grow in moist places4 ,the plants are generally small4 ,the largest only measure #b inches1 the smallest only inch across the cap4 ,,pleurotus side and an ear4 ,in this genus the stem is sometimes wanting1 or it grows on the side1 or between the centre and margin 7eccentric74 ,the plants rarely grow on the ground4 ,they are irregular and fleshy or membranaceous4 ,the time of growth is generally in the autumn4 ,there are a few edible species4 ,,section #b4 ,,rhodospor1 ,,red ,,or ,,pink ,,spores4 ,in this section of ,agarics the spores are red1 pink1 or salmon color4 ,,pluteus a penthouse4 ,this genus has neither volva nor ring4 ,the gills are rounded behind and free1 entirely separate from stem1 white1 then flesh-colored1 but often tinged with yellow4 ,the cuticle is sometimes covered with fibres1 or with a bloom upon it 7pruinose74 ,the apex of the stem is inserted in the cap like a peg1 and in this it resembles the ,lepiotas4 ,the species grow on or near trunks1 appear early1 and last until late in the season4 ,,entoloma within and fringe4 ,this genus resembles ,tricholoma1 which belongs to the white-spored ,agarics and ,hebeloma1 which is rosy-spored4 ,the species grow on the ground1 and are found chiefly after rain4 ,the stem is fleshy or fibrous1 soft1 sometimes waxy4 ,the cap has the margin incurved1 the gills have a tooth 7sinuate71 and are adnexed to the stem4 ,some species smell of fresh meal4 ,,section #c4 ,,ochrospor1 ,,brown ,,or ,,ochraceous ,,spores4 ,,cortinarius a veil4 ,this genus has a veil resembling a cobweb4 ,the gills generally become cinnamon-colored4 ,they grow on the ground in woods1 during late summer and autumn4 ,some of our most beautiful mushrooms belong to this group4 ,the veil is not persistent1 and soon disappears4 ,,pholiota a scale4 ,this genus mostly grows on trunks4 ,the partial or secondary veil takes the form of a ring4 ,the cap is often covered with scales4 ,,inocybe fibre and head4 ,this genus is distinguished by the silky fibrilose covering of the cap1 which never has a distinct pellicle1 and by the veil which is lasting and of like nature to the fibrils of the cap4 ,all grow upon the ground4 ,,hebeloma youth and fringe4 ,in this genus the margin of the cap is at first incurved4 ,the gills are attached with a tooth1 with the edge more or less of a different color1 often whitish4 ,the stem is fleshy1 fibrous1 somewhat mealy at the apex4 ,they grow on the ground and are strong-smelling1 appear early in the autumn1 and continue until late in the season4 ,,paxillus a small stake4 ,this genus is fleshy1 putrescent2 at first the cap has the margin turned under 7involute71 then it unfolds gradually and dilates4 ,there are some species of both ,tricholoma and ,clitocybe that resemble it4 ,the gills separate easily from the cap1 and in this it is similar to the ,boleti1 where the tubes separate also with ease4 ,,section #d4 ,,melanospor1 ,,dark ,,purple ,,or ,,black ,,spores4 ,,psalliota a ring or collar4 ,the common mushroom ,agaricus campestris belongs to this group4 ,the gills are rounded behind and free1 the stem has a collar4 ,there are many edible mushrooms in this genus4 ,they grow in pastures1 and the larger ones are called ,champignons4 ,in former times when one spoke of eating mushrooms the species ,a4 campestris1 or campester1 was always the one denoted4 ,,stropharia a sword belt4 ,this genus has a ring4 ,the gills are generally attached to the stem2 some species grow on the ground1 and some grow on other fungi4 ,they are sometimes bell-shaped and then flattened1 often with a mound or umbo4 ,,hypholoma web and fringe4 ,the veil in this genus is woven in a web which adheres to the margin of the cap4 ,the cap is more or less fleshy1 and the margin at first incurved4 ,the gills are attached or have a tooth4 ,there is no ring4 ,the plants grow in tufts on wood1 or at the base of trees in the autumn4 ,,psilocybe naked and head4 ,the cap in this genus is fleshy1 smooth1 and the margin at first incurved4 ,gills turn dusky purple4 ,the stem is cartilaginous1 hollow or stuffed4 ,no veil is visible4 ,they grow on the ground4 ,,psathyra friable4 ,the cap is conical and soft1 the margin at first straight1 and then pressed to the stem4 ,the plants are slender1 fragile and moist4 ,gills become purple4 ,they grow on the ground1 or on trunks of trees4 ,,coprinus dung4 ,in this genus the spores are black4 ,it has two distinctive features3 one1 that the gills cohere at first1 and are not separated when young2 and the other1 that they dissolve into an inky fluid4 ,the gills are also scissile1 that is1 they can be split1 and are linear and swollen in the middle4 ,the plants last but a short time4 ,some are edible4 ,,order #b4 ,,polyporei1 ,,or ,,tube-,,bearing ,,fungi4 ,we now pass to the next order1 the ,polyporei4 ,we will mention four genera3 ,,boletus4 ,the name is that of a fungus much prized for its delicacy by the ,romans1 and is derived from a ,greek word meaning a clod1 which denotes the round figure of the plant4 ,the ,boleti grow on the ground1 are fleshy and putrescent with central stems4 ,the tubes are packed closely together and are easily separated4 ,,fistulina a pipe4 ,in this genus the tubes are free and distinct from one another4 ,they are somewhat fleshy and grow upon wood4 ,,polyporus many pores4 ,the pores or tubes in this genus are not separate from one another4 ,they are persistent fungi1 most of them growing upon wood4 ,,daedalea curiously wrought4 ,the name of this genus is derived from ,daedalus1 who constructed the labyrinth at ,crete1 in which the monster ,minotaur was kept4 ,it was one of the seven wonders of the world4 ,these fungi grow on wood1 and become hard4 ,the pores are firm when fully grown2 they are sinuous and labyrinthine4 ,,order #c4 ,,hydnei1 ,,or ,,spine-,,bearing ,,fungi4 ,the name is derived from a word meaning a spine4 ,this order contains many genera1 two of which we will mention1 ,hydnum and ,tremellodon4 ,,hydnum4 ,hydnum is derived from a ,greek word1 the name of an edible fungus4 ,the plants in this genus are furnished with spines or teeth1 instead of gills or tubes1 and these contain the spores4 ,the species are divided according to the stem4 ,in some it is central and grows on the ground1 in others it is lateral1 and the cap is semicircular 7dimidiate71 and others again have no stem4 ,there are some species that have no cap1 and the spines are either straight or oblique4 ,there are a few that are edible1 but generally they have a bitter taste4 ,however1 some writers say that ,hydnum repandum1 or the spreading ,hedgehog1 is 8delicious40 ,this mushroom and the one named 8,medusa's head10 ,h4 caput ,medus1 are perhaps the most conspicuous of the order4 ,the latter is very large4 ,its color is at first white1 then becoming ashy gray4 ,the spines on the upper surface are twisted1 while the lower ones are long and straight4 ,it grows on trunks of trees4 ,in the spreading ,hydnum the margin of the cap is arched and irregular4 ,it grows on the ground4 ,,tremellodon jelly and a tooth4 ,the fungi in this genus are gelatinous4 ,the cap is nearly semicircular in shape1 sometimes fan-shaped and rounded in front4 ,the spines or teeth are soft1 white and delicate4 ,we found one specimen in the month of ,september in the mountains of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,,order #d4 ,,thelephorei1 ,,or ,,even ,,surface ,,fungi4 ,in this order the lower surface of the cap is smooth and even1 or slightly wrinkled4 ,it is divided into several genera1 only two of which we will enumerate1 ,craterellus and ,stereum4 ,,craterellus a bowl4 ,the species called the 8horn of plenty10 ,craterellus cornucopioides1 belongs to this genus1 and is often found4 ,stevenson says it is common4 ,it is trumpet-shaped 7tubiform74 ,the cap is of a dingy black color1 and the stem is hollow1 smooth1 and black4 ,we found quite a small specimen1 the pileus not more than #a inch broad1 but it may measure #c inches4 ,the spore-bearing surface was of an ash color4 ,the margin of the cap was wavy1 and it was hollow right through to the base4 ,it was only #b inches high1 and there was scarcely any stem4 ,,stereum hard4 ,the genus ,stereum is woody and leathery in nature1 somewhat zoned1 and looks like some ,polyporci4 ,it grows on wood1 on stumps1 and on dead wood4 ,,order #e4 ,,clavariei1 ,,or ,,club ,,fungi4 ,this order contains several genera1 but one only will be mentioned1 that of ,clavaria4 ,,clavaria club4 ,the common name often given to this genus is 8,fairy ,clubs40 ,we have described several species in our list of fungi1 and will only say that these are fleshy fungi1 either simple or branched4 ,the expression fleshy1 so often met with in these pages1 is used in speaking of plants when they are succulent and composed of juicy1 cellular tissue4 ,they do not become leathery4 ,in the genus ,clavaria the fungi have no caps1 but they have stems4 ,there are a few edible species4 ,one can scarcely walk any distance without seeing some species of ,clavaria4 ,they are conspicuous1 sometimes attractive looking1 and interesting in their variety4 ,the genus ,cortinarius1 one of the order of ,agarics1 has been already described1 but it contains so many species that it deserves especial mention4 ,they are difficult to define4 ,the genus has been subdivided by botanists into tribes which it may be well to enumerate4 ,we have followed ,stevenson's arrangement4 ,he divides ,cortinarius into six tribes4 #a4 ,phlegacium clammy moisture4 ,in this tribe the cap is fleshy and sticky 7viscous71 while the stem is firm and dry4 ,in all ,cortinarii the gills become cinnamon-colored4 ,there are many large-sized mushrooms in this tribe1 the cap sometimes measuring #f inches across4 #b4 ,myxacium mucous4 ,this tribe has the stem sticky 7viscous71 and the universal veil is glutinous4 ,the cap is fleshy but thin4 ,gills attached to stem and decurrent4 #c4 ,inoloma fibre and fringe4 ,it contains distinguished species4 ,the cap is at first silky1 with innate scales or fibrils1 is equally fleshy and dry4 ,the stem is fleshy and rather bulbous4 #d4 ,dermocybe skin and head4 ,the cap and stem are both thinner in this tribe than in ,inoloma4 ,the pileus becomes thin when old1 and is dry1 not moist4 ,it is at first silky4 ,the color of the gills is changeable1 which makes it hard to distinguish the species4 #e4 ,telamonia lint4 ,pileus moist2 at first smooth or sprinkled with superficial whitish fibres of the veil4 ,flesh thin1 or becoming so abruptly at the margin2 the veil is somewhat double1 which is a distinguishing characteristic of this tribe4 #f4 ,hygrocybe moist and head4 ,cap in this tribe is smooth or only covered with white superficial fibrils1 not gluey1 but moist when fresh1 and changing color when dry4 ,flesh thin4 ,,class ,i4 ,,gasteromycetes1 ,,or ,,stomach ,,fungi4 ,the ,basidia-bearing fungi1 or ,basidiomycetes1 are divided into three classes1 as has been already stated4 ,the third class1 ,hymenomycetes1 or ,membrane fungi1 has been described1 but there remain two other groups of which we will now speak more fully4 ,they may be considered too difficult for beginners1 and we would not venture to enter further into the subject were it not that some of the most familiar fungi belong to these classes--such as ,puff-balls1 ,morels1 and ,helvellas4 ,the first class1 called the ,gasteromycetes1 or ,stomach fungi1 matures its spores on the inside of the plant4 ,the distinction between this class and that of the ,membrane fungi1 which ripens its spores on the outside1 may be more readily understood by one familiar with the structure of the fig1 whose flowers are situated on the interior of its pear-shaped1 hollow axis1 which is the fruit4 ,we will divide the ,stomach fungi into four orders--#a1 the thick-skinned fungi 7,scleroderm72 #b1 the ,bird's-nest fungi 7,nidulari72 #c1 the ,puff-balls 7,lycoperdons72 #d1 the ,stink horns 7,phalloid47 ,,order #a4 ,,scleroderm1 ,,the ,,thick-,,skinned ,,fungi4 ,our attention will be confined to only one genus1 and1 indeed1 one species of this family4 ,we often see in our walks what at a first glance look like potatoes lying along the road1 and the suggestion arises that some careless boy has been losing potatoes from his basket on his way home from the country store4 ,we stoop to pick them up1 and find them rooted to the ground and covered with warts and scales4 ,we cut them open and find them a purplish-black color inside4 ,it is a mass of closely packed unripe spores4 ,in a few days the upper part of the outside covering decays1 bursts open1 and the ripe spores escape4 ,this is called the common hard-rind fungus1 or ,scleroderma vulgare4 ,,order #b4 ,,nidulari1 ,,the ,,bird',s-,,nest ,,fungi4 ,this is again divided into three genera4 ,the ,crucible 7crucibulum71 the ,cup 7,cyathus71 the ,bird's-nest proper 7,nidularia47 ,we often find on a wood-pile or a fallen tree some of the members of the ,bird's-nest family4 ,it is fascinating to examine them in their various stages of development4 ,first we see a tiny buff knot1 cottony in texture and closely covered2 next1 another rather larger1 with its upper covering thrown aside1 displaying the tiny eggs1 which prompts one to look around for the miniature mother bird2 then we find a nest empty with the fledglings flown4 ,the characteristic that distinguishes the ,bird's-nest fungi from others consists in the fact that the spores are produced in small envelopes that do not split open1 and which are enclosed in a common covering1 called the peridium4 ,one species is known by the fluted inside of the covering1 which is quite beautiful4 ,they are all small and grow in groups4 ,,order #c4 ,,lycoperdons1 ,,the ,,puff-,,balls4 ,the ,lycoperdons contain several genera1 among which we select the ,puff-balls proper and the ,earth stars4 ,what child is there who lives in the country and does not know the ,puff-ball8 ,with what gusto he presses it and watches what he calls the smoke pouring from the chimney4 ,indeed1 the outpouring of myriads of spores in its ripe stage does suggest smoke from a chimney4 ,the puff-ball1 when young1 is of a firm texture1 nearly round1 grayish1 or brownish outside1 but of a pure white within4 ,there are several genera1 but we have selected two--#a1 ,lycoperdon2 and #b1 ,earth ,star1 or ,geaster4 ,,lycoperdon the puff-ball4 ,the puff-balls vary greatly in size1 the smallest measure inch up to the largest1 about #ae inches4 ,professor ,peck describes them thus3 8,specimens of medium size are #h to #ab inches in diameter4 ,the largest in the ,state ,museum is about #ae inches in the dry state4 ,when fresh it was probably #bj inches or more4 ,the color is whitish1 afterward yellowish or brownish4 ,the largest size was called the ,giant ,puff-ball 7,calvatia bovista740 ,,geaster the earth star4 ,these vary greatly in size4 ,the small ones grow on pine needles on the ground or among leaves4 ,some are mounted on pedicels1 some are sessile or seated directly on the earth1 but the family likeness is so pronounced that even the novice need not be doubtful as to the name of the fungus when found4 ,there are two species that have slender1 elongated stems4 ,the name is well chosen4 ,in moist weather the points expand and roll back or lie flat on the earth4 ,then the round puff-ball in the centre is plainly seen4 ,in dry weather the star-like divisions are rigidly turned in and cover closely the round portion4 8,when dry it is sometimes rolled about by the wind2 when it is wet by the rain or abundant dew it absorbs the moisture and spreads itself out1 and rests from its journey1 again to take up its endless wandering as sun and rain appear to reduce it once more to a ball and set it rolling40 7,underwood47 ,,order #d4 ,,phalloids1 ,,the ,,stink ,,horn ,,fungi4 ,we come now to the fourth and last order of the ,stomach fungi 7,gasteromycetes7 that we shall mention4 ,in spite of their appellation these fungi are strikingly beautiful1 but their odor is most offensive4 ,they grow in woods1 and are also found in cellars4 ,their history has been carefully investigated by mycologists1 and the novice will find many beautiful illustrations in various works4 ,in their early stage they are enclosed in an egg-shaped veil 7volva71 having a gelatinous inner layer4 ,some are bright-colored1 others are pure white1 and the stems of one species look as if covered with lace work4 ,the most familiar one1 ,phallus impudicus1 8the fetid wood witch10 we have placed in the list of fungi at the end of this book1 with its description4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,ascomycetes1 ,,or ,,spore ,,sac ,,fungi4 ,this is the second division of the ,basidia-bearing fungi4 ,it includes all the fungi that have the spores enveloped in delicate sacs called asci4 ,it is divided into several orders1 but we will only mention the one which contains the most familiar plants4 ,this order is named the ,disc-like fungi 7,discomycetes74 ,in this the spore-bearing surface is on the upper or outside surface of the mushroom cap4 ,it is divided into many genera1 of which we shall mention three--the ,cup fungi1 or ,pezizas1 the ,morels or ,morchellas1 and the ,yellowish fungi or ,helvellas4 ,,pezizas the ,cup fungi4 ,these form a very large group1 mostly growing on decaying plants4 ,they are typically disc-shaped or cup-shaped1 and when young are closed or nearly so1 opening when mature4 ,they vary in size from minute species to large fleshy ones1 #c to #d inches in diameter4 ,they are generally small1 thin1 and tough4 ,they grow on twigs1 leaves1 dead wood1 or on the ground4 ,many are stemless4 ,they are both solitary and densely clustered4 ,the color varies from pale brown to a dark gray1 resembling1 when moist1 india-rubber cloth1 and then1 again1 there are many of brilliant hues--red and orange4 ,some are erect1 some are split down at the side like the ear of a hare4 ,the ,cup fungi are found in ,august and ,september1 growing near ditches1 and by the roadside where there is moisture4 ,the ear-shaped ,pezizas somewhat resemble the ,jew's ear1 and the beginner might easily confound them4 ,this latter fungus belongs to the third class of membrane fungi 7,hymenomycetes71 and it is included in the descriptions of fungi4 ,,the ,,morels or ,,morchellas the honey-combed fungi4 ,the collector during the months of ,april and ,may will enjoy a new experience when he first finds a fungus of a bright brown color1 deeply pitted1 spongy looking1 cone-shaped or nearly round2 its head supported on an erect1 white stem4 ,he will probably find it on a grassy hillside or along a running brook under some forest trees4 ,he has perhaps seen its picture and at once exclaims1 8my first ,morel40 ,he will notice its peculiar honey-combed depression1 and then cutting it open will find both the head and the stem hollow4 ,where are the spores8 ,there are no gills as in the ,agarics1 nor are they concealed in a covering 7peridium71 as in the ,puff-balls1 but they are contained in delicate sacs on the cap4 ,the exterior surface of the cap is the spore-bearing portion1 and the spores are developed in their sacs1 but only seen under a microscope4 ,,helvella the yellowish mushroom4 ,this genus may be readily recognized by the form of the cap1 which is lobed and irregularly waved and drooping1 often attached to the stem4 ,they grow on the ground in the woods1 and sometimes on rotten wood4 ,the genus comprises the largest of the ,disc fungi known1 some species weighing over a pound4 ,cicero mentions the ,helvellas as a favorite dish of the ,romans4 ,,the ,,truffle delicacy4 ,it will be well to finish this section with the mention of the ,truffle4 ,it may yet be found in the ,united ,states1 but hitherto its place of growth has been on the continent of ,europe1 and especially in ,france1 where it forms an article of commerce1 and is highly prized as food4 ,it is subterranean1 and requires for its discovery a higher sense of smell than man possesses4 ,it is generally found by the hog and the dog1 who are trained to help the truffle hunters4 ,there are some species in our country that resemble it1 and grow underneath the ground4 ,one1 found in the ,southern ,states1 called ,rhizopogon1 grows in sandy soil4 ,this species1 however1 does not belong to ,class ,,ii41 but to ,class ,i41 the ,gasteromycetes1 or ,stomach fungi4 ,it is not likely that the beginner will find this mushroom1 so no description will be given4 ,,general ,,helps ,,to ,,the ,,memory4 ,there are certain facts which if committed to memory will be of great help to beginners in classifying mushrooms4 ,there are distinctive features belonging to different genera1 which will be enumerated as follows4 ,these facts apply to the order of ,agarics1 containing the largest number of familiar mushrooms4 ,they have been placed in tables for the convenience of the beginner1 and are arranged without regard to family relationship4 ,mushrooms ,containing both ,volva and ,ring 7,annulus74 ,there is only one genus that has both volva and ring4 ,amanita4 ,mushrooms with ,ring and no ,volva4 #a4 ,pholiota4 #b4 ,annularia4 #c4 ,stropharia4 #d4 ,psalliota4 #e4 ,armillaria4 #f4 ,lepiota4 ,mushrooms that have the stem attached on the side 7lateral7 or between ,margin and ,centre 7eccentric74 #a4 ,crepidotus4 #b4 ,claudopus4 #c4 ,pleurotus4 ,mushrooms with tough or cartilaginous ,stems4 #a4 ,psathyra4 #b4 ,nolanea4 #c4 ,mycena4 #d4 ,marasmius4 #e4 ,naucoria4 #f4 ,leptonia4 #g4 ,omphalia4 #h4 ,collybia4 #i4 ,psilocybe4 #aj4 ,galera4 ,mushrooms1 ,stemless4 #a4 ,schizophyllum4 #b4 ,trogia4 #c4 ,lenzites4 ,mushrooms that have the ,cap bell-shaped 7campanulate7 and ,marked with ,lines 7striate74 #a4 ,psathyra4 #b4 ,galera4 #c4 ,nolanea4 #d4 ,mycena4 ,mushrooms with ,gills attached to ,stem and a ,ring4 #a4 ,stropharia4 #b4 ,armillaria4 #c4 ,pholiota4 ,mushrooms ,having ,gills with serrated edge4 #a4 ,lentinus4 ,mushrooms with ,free ,gills not attached to ,stem4 #a4 ,chitonia4 #b4 ,psalliota4 #c4 ,pluteolus4 #d4 ,pluteus4 #e4 ,volvaria4 #f4 ,lepiota4 #g4 ,amanita4 ,mushrooms with emarginate sinuate ,gills1 or with notch near to ,stem4 #a4 ,hypholoma4 #b4 ,tricholoma4 #c4 ,hebeloma4 #d4 ,entoloma4 ,mushrooms that are corky and leathery4 #a4 ,lenzites4 #b4 ,lentinus4 #c4 ,schizophyllum4 #d4 ,panus4 ,mushrooms with ,gills running down ,stem more or less 7decurrent74 #a4 ,gomphidius4 #b4 ,paxillus4 #c4 ,tubaria 7some species74 #d4 ,flammula 7some adnate74 #e4 ,eccilia 7truly decurrent74 #f4 ,clitopilus 7somewhat decurrent74 #g4 ,panus 7some species decurrent74 #h4 ,lentinus 7mostly decurrent74 #i4 ,cantharellus4 #aj4 ,hygrophorus 7mostly decurrent74 #aa4 ,pleurotus 7some decurrent74 #ab4 ,omphalia 7truly decurrent74 #ac4 ,clitocybe 7decurrent or adnate74 #ad4 ,lactarius 7decurrent or adnato-decurrent74 ,mushrooms that are deliquescent or turn into inky fluid4 #a4 ,coprinus4 #b4 ,bolbitius4 ,it will also be useful to the beginner to see a list of ,agarics classified according to botanists by the color of their spores4 ,,classification ,,of ,,agarics ,,by ,,color ,,of ,,spores4 #a4 ,leucospor 7white spores74 #b4 ,rhodospor 7rosy or salmon spores74 #c4 ,ochrospor 7ochraceous spores74 #d4 ,melanospor 7dark purple or black spores74 ,leucospor1 or ,white ,spores4 #a4 ,amanita4 #b4 ,lepiota4 #c4 ,armillaria4 #d4 ,tricholoma4 #e4 ,clitocybe4 #f4 ,collybia4 #g4 ,mycena4 #h4 ,omphalia4 #i4 ,pleurotus4 #aj4 ,trogia4 #aa4 ,hygrophorus4 #ab4 ,lactarius4 #ac4 ,russula4 #ad4 ,cantharellus4 #ae4 ,marasmius4 #af4 ,lentinus4 #ag4 ,panus4 #ah4 ,xerotus4 #ai4 ,schizophyllum4 #bj4 ,lenzites4 #ba4 ,arrhenia 7pallid spores74 ,rhodospor1 ,rosy or ,salmon ,spores4 #a4 ,volvaria4 #b4 ,pluteus4 #c4 ,enteloma4 #d4 ,leptonia4 #e4 ,nolanea4 #f4 ,eccilia4 #g4 ,claudopus4 #h4 ,clitopilus4 ,ochrospor1 or ,ochraceous ,spores4 #a4 ,pholiota4 #b4 ,inocybe4 #c4 ,hebeloma4 #d4 ,flammula4 #e4 ,naucoria4 #f4 ,pluteolus4 #g4 ,galera4 #h4 ,tubaria4 #i4 ,crepidotus4 #aj4 ,cortinarius4 #aa4 ,acetabularia4 #ab4 ,paxillus 7spores are ferruginous or dingy white74 #ac4 ,bolbitius 7ferruginous spores74 ,melanospor1 ,dark ,purple or ,black ,spores4 #a4 ,chitonia4 #b4 ,psalliota4 #c4 ,stropharia4 #d4 ,hypholoma4 #e4 ,psilocybe4 #f4 ,psathyra4 #g4 ,panolus4 #h4 ,psathyrella4 #i4 ,coprinus4 #aj4 ,gomphidius4 #aa4 ,anellaria4 ,having arranged these lists of mushrooms by their different characteristics1 and then by the color of the spores1 we will give a list of fungi familiar to most persons1 classified according to the colors of the cap4 ,the far greater number have been analyzed by the writers1 and a full description is given to enable the beginner more easily to identify them4 ,the reader will notice that in the lists of fungi given above there are certain genera not elsewhere mentioned in this book4 ,he will understand that it is inadvisable in a short primer to allude to all the genera that exist4 ,it was1 however1 impossible to give a complete table without including them in it4 ,illustration3 ,russula pectinata4 ,photographed by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,descriptions ,,of ,,fungi1 ,,arranged ,,according ,,to ,,color ,,of ,,cap ,,only4 ,,mushrooms ,,with ,,red ,,or ,,pink ,,colored ,,cap4 ,the genus ,russula probably contains the largest number of mushrooms with reddish caps1 the word ,russula meaning reddish4 ,,russula ,,emetica a vomit4 ,the ,nauseating ,russula4 ,cap bright blood red1 at first rosy1 then blood color1 tawny when old1 #c to #d inches broad1 first bell-shaped1 then flattened or depressed1 polished1 margin at length grooved 7sulcate71 flesh white1 reddish under the cuticle4 ,stem #a to #c inches long1 of an inch thick1 white or with a reddish hue1 spongy1 stuffed1 stout1 elastic when young1 fragile when old1 even1 tapering slightly upward4 ,gills free1 broad1 rather distant1 white4 ,this is found on the ground among dead leaves1 in the woods and open places from ,july to ,december4 ,it has a bitter taste1 and is said to be poisonous4 ,those eating it are often affected as if they had taken an emetic4 ,it is easily distinguished by the fact of the flesh turning red immediately under the skin when it is peeled off4 ,there are numerous varieties of it1 in one the stem has minute wrinkles running lengthwise4 ,we found it in different localities4 ,the taste was acrid4 ,it was one of the first and the last mushrooms that we gathered4 7,poisonous47 ,,russula ,,sanguinea blood4 ,the ,blood-colored ,russula4 ,cap blood red1 becoming pale at margin1 #b to #c inches broad1 at first convex1 then depressed1 and funnel-shaped 7infundibuliform71 irregularly swollen in the centre1 polished1 even1 margin acute1 moist in damp weather4 ,flesh firm1 cheesy1 white4 ,stem stout1 spongy1 stuffed1 at first contracted at apex1 then equal1 slightly marked with lines white or reddish4 ,gills at first fastened to stem and then decurrent1 crowded1 narrow1 connected by veins1 fragile1 somewhat forked1 shining white1 afterward turning ochraceous color4 ,the taste is acrid and peppery4 ,it is found in woods from ,august to ,september1 and is not common4 7,poisonous47 ,,russula ,,roseipes rosy stem4 ,the ,rosy ,stemmed ,russula4 ,this is a striking-looking mushroom4 ,the colors are pretty1 and the tinge of red in the stem adds to its beauty4 ,there are other species of ,russula that also have red tints in the stem4 ,cap rosy red1 with pink and orange hues1 #a to #b inches broad1 convex1 becoming nearly plane or slightly depressed2 at first viscid1 soon dry1 slightly marked with lines on the thin margin1 taste mild4 ,gills moderately close1 nearly entire1 rounded behind and slightly adnexed1 swollen in the middle1 whitish1 becoming yellow4 ,stem #a to #b inches long1 #c to #d lines thick1 slightly tapering upward1 stuffed or hollow1 white1 tinged with red4 ,it is distinguished from other species by its mild taste1 rosy cap1 commonly dry and but slightly striate on margin1 its gills changing from white to yellow or slightly ochraceous1 and being partially attached to the stem1 and its stem being slightly stained with rosy red4 ,it grows in pine and hemlock woods1 and is found in ,july and ,august4 7,edible47 ,,russula ,,lepida neat or elegant4 ,the ,elegant ,russula4 ,cap at first is a bright red1 but becomes a dull reddish-pink1 paler at the disc1 #c inches broad1 dry1 fleshy1 convex2 then expanded1 scarcely depressed1 obtuse and polished1 afterward cracked 7rimose71 and with minute scales 7squamulose74 ,the margin spreading and rounded1 obtuse1 not striate4 ,stem about #c inches long1 from #a to #a inch thick1 even1 solid1 white1 or rose color4 ,gills rounded behind1 rather thick1 somewhat crowded1 often forked1 connected by veins1 white1 often red at edge4 ,taste mild4 ,we found our specimen in mixed woods4 ,the stem was only tinged with pink4 7,edible47 ,,lactarius ,,volemus a kind of large pear4 7,from its shape47 ,the ,orange ,brown ,lactarius4 ,cap #c to #e inches broad1 reddish-orange color1 becoming pale1 compact1 rigid1 obtuse1 with the margin bent inward1 depressed1 at length marked with lines like a river 7rimose74 ,flesh white1 turning brown4 ,stem #b to #c inches long1 to #a inch thick1 stout1 stuffed1 then hollow1 paler at apex1 with a bloom1 same color as cap1 with lengthwise lines4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 yellowish turning ochraceous1 broad1 thin1 crowded1 milk sweet and plentiful4 ,stevenson says that the taste of this ,lactarius is delicious1 that it is savory even when raw4 ,it should not be kept too long before cooking1 or it will emit a strong1 unpleasant odor4 ,it is abundant in chestnut or oak woods from ,july to ,september4 ,our specimen was much wrinkled on the margin4 ,the milk was abundant4 7,edible47 ,,lactarius ,,ichoratus lymph4 ,the ,colorless ,lactarius4 ,the name of this species is given on account of the color of the milk 7,stevenson74 ,cap a tawny pinkish-red color1 #c to #d inches broad1 zoned1 plano-depressed1 margin often wavy1 dry1 flesh creamy white or pallid4 ,stem #a to #c inches long1 thick1 solid1 afterward spongy1 equal1 smooth1 the same color as the cap1 lighter at the apex4 ,gills adnate1 slightly decurrent1 not crowded1 creamy white1 turning ochraceous4 ,milk white1 sweet4 ,it has a strong smell4 ,in the specimen we found the stem was slightly marked with lines and the milk plentiful4 ,it is not spoken of as edible4 ,,lactarius ,,mitissimus mild4 ,the name only applies to the taste of the milk4 7,stevenson47 ,cap a light1 bright reddish-orange1 golden tawny color1 #a to #d inches broad1 even1 then depressed1 smooth1 sticky when moist1 flesh whitish1 turning yellow4 ,stem #a to #d inches long1 thick1 stuffed1 then hollow1 even1 smooth1 same color as cap4 ,gills slightly running down the stem1 rounded at one end1 broad1 yellowish4 ,milk mild1 then bitterish and plentiful4 ,it is found in pine and mixed woods from ,august until ,november4 ,it has a beautiful color1 and resembles in that particular ,l4 volemus4 ,,cortinarius ,,armillatus a ring or bracelet4 ,the ,zoned ,cortinarius4 ,cap a tawny reddish-yellow1 brick red1 #b to #e inches broad1 fleshy1 bell-shaped or almost conical1 then convex1 dry1 smooth1 marked with reddish specks1 darker toward the centre1 flesh white1 turning red and narrowing toward the margin4 ,stem #c to #f inches long1 inch thick1 solid1 firm1 slightly tapering toward the apex1 very bulbous at base1 same color as cap1 stuffed with brown pith inside4 ,there are two or three reddish oblique zones encircling the stem4 ,gills adnate1 swollen in the middle1 distant1 variable1 at first pale cinnamon color1 and then dark brown4 ,we found them at the end of ,august in great numbers1 sometimes united in tufts 7cspitose7 in all stages of growth1 the younger ones covered with a cobwebby veil1 which is paler in color than the zones4 ,they grow in mixed woods4 ,,clitocybe ,,laccata a resinous substance4 ,the ,waxy ,clitocybe4 ,this species is small in size4 ,cap is about #a inch broad1 thin1 convex and almost plane4 ,sometimes with a depression 7umbilicate74 ,when moist it has a water-soaked look1 and becomes pale in drying4 ,when wet it has a peculiar flesh color1 but when dry it is a pale yellowish-red hue4 ,stem is long and slender1 tough and of same color as cap1 #b lines thick1 fibrous1 stuffed1 often twisted and white1 with soft1 weak hairs at base 7villous74 ,gills are attached to stem with a decurrent tooth1 broad1 distant1 of a peculiar flesh color4 ,we found several varieties4 ,one had gills of a beautiful violet color 7,var4 amethystina71 in another the gills were pale 7,var4 pallidifolia74 7,peck47 ,a small form with radiating lines extending from near the centre to the margin 7,var4 striatula71 ,peck1 is an interesting species and often seen4 ,they grow closely together on the sides of roads1 in groups1 all through the season4 ,sometimes the cap is very small1 inch across4 ,it often grows in arcs of circles4 ,,clitocybe ,,infundibuliformis funnel-shaped4 ,the ,funnel-shaped ,clitocybe4 ,cap a pale red color1 #b to #c inches broad1 convex when young1 then slightly raised in the middle1 umbonate1 afterward the margin is elevated and the cap becomes funnel-shaped and the margin wavy4 ,flesh thin and white4 ,stem #a to #c inches long1 #b to #c lines thick1 smooth1 paler colored than the cap1 tapering upward4 ,gills rather decurrent1 arc-shaped1 broad1 distant1 whitish1 not yellow1 netted with veins4 ,this is also a variable species and grows in woods4 ,it is pretty1 and is easily known by its shape4 ,,boletus ,,murrayi4 ,murray's ,boletus4 ,cap dark red1 #a to #c inches broad1 granulated1 convex1 with a slight mound or umbo1 margin turned upward1 flesh yellow4 ,stem inch long1 yellow4 ,tubes lemon color1 angular and round1 irregular4 ,the stem in our specimen was granulated like the cap4 ,,boletus ,,chromapes chrome yellow and foot4 ,the ,chrome-footed ,boletus4 ,cap tawny red1 #b to #d inches broad1 convex or nearly plane1 flesh white4 ,tubes almost attached 7subadnate71 depressed around the stem1 whitish1 turning a pinkish-brown color4 ,stem equal or tapering upward1 rough whitish color1 with reddish specks upon it1 but chrome yellow at the base1 both outside and inside1 and spongy within4 ,stem #b to #d inches long1 about inch thick4 ,this is not a hard boletus to distinguish on account of the yellow color at the base of the stem4 ,the ,boleti seem to be most abundant from the beginning of ,july until early in ,september4 ,there are many varieties of beautiful colors1 and they are a most interesting group1 especially to beginners4 ,this may be partly owing to the fact that ,professor ,peck's pamphlet on 8,boleti0 is clearly expressed1 and the descriptions so vivid and plain that one has less trouble in naming them than any other class of fungi4 ,,hygrophorus ,,mineatus vermilion4 ,the ,vermilion ,hygophorus4 ,cap #a inch broad1 at first vermilion color and then paler1 broad1 flattened and then even1 depressed in centre by the margin becoming elevated4 ,it is thin and fragile at first1 even1 smooth1 and then scaly4 ,stem from #a to #b inches long1 slender1 #a line thick1 a little paler than the cap1 equal1 round1 somewhat stuffed1 smooth1 shining4 ,gills attached1 seldom decurrent1 distant1 distinct1 yellow color1 shaded with red4 ,this species is very fragile4 ,it grows in woods or in open country1 on mosses or on dead leaves4 ,it may be cspitose1 or grows singly from ,july to ,october4 ,,hygrophorus ,,coccineus scarlet color4 ,the ,scarlet ,hygrophorus4 ,cap1 first bright scarlet and then changing to a paler hue4 ,one to #b inches broad and even more1 convex1 plane1 often unequal1 obtuse1 sticky1 and even1 smooth1 flesh of the same color as cap4 ,stem #b inches long1 #c to #d lines thick1 hollow1 then compressed and rather even1 scarlet color like cap1 but always yellow at the base4 ,gills wholly attached1 decurrent1 with a tooth1 distant1 connected by veins1 soft1 watery1 when full grown1 purplish at the base1 light yellow in the middle1 powdery at the edge1 fragile4 ,this species grows in pastures1 and is common4 ,it is found from ,august to ,november4 ,,hygrophorus ,,puniceus blood red4 ,the ,blood-red ,hygrophorus4 ,cap #b to #d inches broad1 glittering blood scarlet1 when older becomes paler1 at first bell-shaped1 obtuse1 commonly spread out or lobed1 irregular1 even1 smooth1 sticky4 ,flesh of the same color as cap1 fragile4 ,stem #c inches long1 #a to #a inch thick4 ,solid when young1 at length hollow1 very stout1 swollen in middle1 thinner at both ends1 marked with lines and generally scaly at apex2 when dry either yellow or same color as the cap1 always white at first1 and often incurved at the base4 ,gills ascending1 swollen in middle1 #b to #d lines broad1 distant1 thick1 white or light yellow1 or yellow1 and often reddish at base4 ,this is a very handsome species4 ,it is found in pastures from ,july to ,november4 ,,mushrooms ,,with ,,yellow ,,or ,,orange ,,colored ,,cap4 ,,cantharellus ,,cibarius food4 ,the ,chantarelle4 ,cap bright orange or egg color1 first convex1 and then depressed1 at length top-shaped and smooth4 ,the margin lobed and turning under 7involute74 ,flesh thick and white4 ,stem #a to #a inch long1 thickened upward1 solid1 fleshy4 ,gills running down the stem1 thick1 distant1 fold-like4 ,stevenson does not give the size of the cap1 but our specimen measured #b inches in breadth4 ,it had an odor like ripe apricots1 and a pleasant taste4 ,it is often tufted in its growth4 ,it is found in woods from ,july to ,december4 ,this is a very striking looking mushroom and easily distinguished4 ,it often grows in rings or arcs of circles4 7,edible47 ,,hypholoma ,,fasciculare a small bundle4 ,the ,tufted ,hypholoma4 ,cap a beautiful reddish color1 like a peach2 the disc darker1 about #b inches broad1 fleshy1 thin1 convex1 then plane1 with a slight mound or umbo1 even1 smooth1 dry2 flesh a light yellow4 ,stem variable in length1 #b to #i inches long1 #b lines thick1 hollow1 thin1 incurved or curved1 covered with fibres of same color as cap4 ,gills adnate1 very crowded1 linear1 somewhat liquid when mature 7deliquescent71 sulphur yellow1 and then becoming green1 taste bitter4 ,it grows in crowded clusters4 ,it is said to be poisonous4 ,,amanita ,,muscaria a fly4 ,the ,fly ,amanita4 ,cap at first red1 then orange1 then becoming pale1 about #d inches broad1 convex1 and then flat1 covered with thick fragments of volva2 margin when grown slightly marked with lines2 flesh white1 yellow under the cuticle4 ,stem white1 sometimes yellowish1 #b inches long1 torn into scales1 at first stuffed1 then hollow2 the attached base of the volva forms an oval-shaped bulb1 which is bordered with concentric scales1 that is1 having a common centre1 as a series of rings one within the other4 ,ring very soft1 torn1 even1 inserted at the apex of the stem1 which is often dilated4 ,gills free but reaching the stem1 decurrent1 in the form of lines1 crowded1 broader in front1 white1 rarely becoming yellow4 ,it grows in woods from ,july to ,november4 ,this mushroom is easily identified by its orange-colored cap1 covered with white warts and pure white stem and gills4 ,we found several specimens in the woods1 all of a most beautiful striking color4 7,poisonous47 ,,amanita ,,frostiana4 ,frost's ,amanita4 ,cap a bright yellow1 almost orange color1 #a inch broad1 convex or expanded1 covered with warts1 but sometimes nearly smooth1 the margin marked with lines 7striate47 ,gills white or tinged with yellow1 free from the stem4 ,stem #b to #c inches long1 white or yellowish1 stuffed1 slender1 bearing a slight evanescent ring2 bulbous at the base1 bulb slightly margined by the volva4 ,we found several specimens growing in mixed woods4 ,it is smaller than ,a4 muscaria1 more slender1 with a beautiful color4 ,,tricholoma ,,equestre a knight4 ,the ,canary ,mushroom1 so called from its color4 ,cap pale yellow1 #c to #e inches broad1 darker at disc1 tinged with a brick red hue1 and yellow near margin1 convex1 then plane1 wavy1 irregular2 flesh white1 thick4 ,stem #a to #b inches long1 and to inch thick1 generally white1 sometimes yellow1 stout and solid4 ,gills close1 deeply notched near the stem1 a beautiful pale yellow color1 scarcely adnexed1 broad1 somewhat swollen in middle4 ,it grows in pine woods and appears in the autumn4 ,,tricholoma ,,sulphureum sulphur4 ,the ,sulphury ,tricholoma4 ,cap dingy sulphur yellow color1 to #d inches broad1 at first round with a slight umbo1 at length depressed1 rather silky1 then smooth and even4 ,stem #b to #d inches long1 #c to #d lines thick1 stuffed1 somewhat equal but often curved1 rather smooth1 striate1 sulphur yellow1 of same color as cap4 ,gills adnexed1 narrowed behind1 rather thick1 distant1 distinct1 brighter than the cap4 ,this is also found in autumn in the woods1 and is quite common4 ,it has a strange disagreeable odor4 ,,lactarius ,,deliciosus delicious4 ,the ,delicious ,lactarius4 ,cap orange brick color1 #b to #f inches broad1 becoming pale1 fleshy1 when young depressed in centre1 margin turned under 7involute71 then flat and depressed1 or funnel-shaped1 with margin unfolded1 smooth1 zoned1 slightly sticky4 ,the zones become faded in the old plants4 ,the flesh is whitish or tinged with yellow4 ,stem a little paler than the cap1 with spots of deeper orange1 #a to #d inches long1 to of an inch thick1 stuffed1 then hollow1 fragile4 ,gills running down the stem 7decurrent71 orange color1 crowded1 narrow1 becoming pale and green when wounded4 ,the milk is orange color4 ,it grows in pine woods and in wet1 mossy swamps4 ,it resembles the orange brown ,lactarius in size and shape1 but the color is different1 so we have placed it in the orange-colored section and ,l4 volemus in the red division of colors4 ,illustration3 ,lactarius insulsus4 ,photographed by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,stropharia ,,siccapes dry and foot4 ,the ,dry ,stropharia4 ,stropharia is taken from a ,greek word meaning sword belt1 referring to its ring 7,stevenson74 ,siccapes is from two words meaning dry and foot4 ,it grows on horse manure4 ,stevenson does not mention this species4 ,it is described by ,mr4 ,peck in the ,state reports4 ,cap is a light yellow1 darker in the centre1 inch to #a inch broad1 bell-shaped1 sticky1 shiny when dry1 even4 ,stem sometimes #d inches long1 slender1 straight1 dry1 base almost club-shaped4 ,ring scarcely perceptible1 but forming a whitish zone1 shining1 persistent1 apex of stem whitish1 and slightly striate4 ,gills dark gray1 almost blackish1 the margin paler1 adfixed1 thin4 ,we found a great many in one place1 of all sizes1 from #a line across cap to #a inch4 ,in some specimens the ring was wanting1 but in others it was apparent4 ,,cantharellus ,,aurantiacus orange yellow4 ,the ,orange ,chanterelle4 ,this species takes its name from its color4 ,cap is orange yellow1 #b to #c inches broad1 fleshy1 soft1 depressed1 often eccentric1 with the stem between centre and margin1 and wavy1 somewhat tomentose and involute at the margin4 ,stem #b inches long1 stuffed1 and then hollow1 somewhat incurved and unequal1 yellowish4 ,gills decurrent1 tense1 and straight1 repeatedly dividing by pairs from below upward 7dichotomous7 and crowded1 often crisped at base1 orange color4 ,this species grows in woods1 and is often found there during the months of autumn4 ,some consider it poisonous4 ,,cantharellus ,,infundibuliformis funnel-shaped4 ,the ,funnel-,shaped ,chantarelle4 ,cap yellow when moist1 #a to #b inches broad1 umbilicate1 then funnel-shaped1 wrinkled on the surface1 at length wavy at margin4 ,stem #b to #c inches long1 #b lines thick1 hollow 7fistulose71 a little thickened at the base1 even1 smooth1 always a light yellow4 ,gills decurrent1 thick1 distant1 dichotomous1 straight1 light yellow2 when old1 ash color 7cinereous47 ,this is found in the woods from ,july to ,october4 ,,boletus ,,hemichrysus half and golden4 ,the ,half ,golden ,boletus4 ,the descriptions of the ,boleti are all written after comparing the specimens we found with those described in ,professor ,peck's work on ,boleti4 ,we examined and analyzed all those placed on the list4 ,the descriptions written by ,professor ,peck are so clear and faithful to nature that it makes the task of calling them by name much easier than any other fungi we have studied4 ,cap bright golden yellow1 #a to #b inches broad1 convex plane and depressed1 with minute wooly scales 7floccose squamulose71 and covered with a yellow powder 7pulverulent71 sometimes with cracks 7rimose74 ,flesh thick and yellow4 ,tubes decurrent1 yellow1 becoming brown2 mouths large1 angular4 ,stem short1 about #a inch long1 #c to #f lines thick1 irregular1 narrowing toward the base1 sprinkled with a yellowish dust1 tinged with red4 ,we found it growing on an old stump1 in pine woods1 in the month of ,august4 ,,boletus ,,granulatus granules4 ,the ,granulated ,boletus4 ,this ,boletus varies much in color4 ,in our specimen it was a pinkish-yellow1 and covered with yellow spots of a darker shade4 ,we found it in all sizes1 from #b to #d inches broad4 ,cap was convex1 nearly plane1 viscid when moist4 ,it became more of a yellow color when it was dry4 ,flesh pale yellow4 ,the tubes were adnate1 short and yellowish4 ,stem #a to #b inches long1 #d to #f lines thick4 ,some were united in tufts 7cspitose71 others were gregarious 7in groups7 or solitary4 ,they grew on the edge of pine woods1 and near the roadside4 ,the stem was dotted in the upper part with glandules and was pale yellow4 ,,boletus ,,cyanescens bright blue4 ,the ,bluing ,boletus4 ,cap a light pale brownish-yellow1 or a light yellow color 7alutaceous71 #b to #e inches broad1 with minute wooly scales1 convex or nearly plane4 ,flesh white1 changing quickly to blue when cut4 ,tubes free1 white1 afterward yellow2 mouths small1 round4 ,tubes change also to a bluish-green when bruised4 ,stem #b to #d inches long1 to inch thick1 swollen in the middle 7ventricose71 covered with a bloom 7pruinose71 stuffed and then hollow1 tapering toward the apex1 colored like the cap4 ,this is a very easy ,boletus to distinguish from others1 and interesting to the beginner on account of the striking and beautiful change of color4 ,found in hemlock and pine woods toward the end of ,august4 ,,pholiota ,,adiposa fat4 ,the ,stout ,pholiota4 ,cap bright yellowish or orange color1 #c to #g inches broad1 convex1 then flattened1 gibbous1 that is1 more convex on one side than on the other2 viscid1 covered with woolly 7floccose7 scales1 which often separate4 ,flesh whitish4 ,stem #c to #f inches long1 to #a inch thick1 solid1 large at base1 first white and then light yellow1 with darker scales4 ,ring yellow1 and then ironrust color 7ferruginous47 ,gills adnate1 slightly rounded1 broad at first1 yellow and then darker4 ,we were driving through a thick woods when we saw the bright yellow cap of this mushroom peering among the bushes4 ,there was no apparent ring and few scales except on the margin4 ,it was irregularly shaped1 fleshy and thick4 ,it was not a typical specimen1 and a beginner would have found it difficult to name4 ,the then recent hard rains had washed nearly all the scales from the cap1 and the ring was hardly to be seen4 ,it grew on the trunk of a tree in the month of ,september4 ,not edible4 ,,pholiota ,,spectabilis showy4 ,the ,showy ,pholiota4 ,this ,pholiota was found much later in the season4 ,cap is from #b to #e inches broad1 a golden yellow1 then growing paler1 fleshy1 torn into squamules1 dry1 flesh thick1 hard1 sulphur yellow4 ,stem about #c inches long and #a inch thick1 solid1 hard1 swollen in the middle1 and extending into a spindle-shaped root4 ,it is sometimes smooth and shining and sometimes scaly1 sulphur yellow color and mealy above the ring4 ,gills adnate1 crowded1 narrow1 at first pure yellow and afterward ironrust color4 ,gills have sometimes a small decurrent tooth 7,stevenson71 but our specimen had none4 ,it grew together 7cspitose7 on a stump4 ,not edible4 ,,marasmius ,,oreades a mountain nymph4 ,the ,fairy ,ring ,mushroom4 ,cap when young and moist is of a pale yellowish-red1 but fades when dry to pale yellow4 ,it is from #a to #b inches broad1 fleshy1 tough1 convex1 then plane1 somewhat umbonate1 even1 smooth1 slightly striate at margin when moist4 ,stem #a to #b inches long and less than inch thick2 slender1 solid1 tough1 equal1 sometimes cartilaginous1 straight1 covered with a close woven skin that can be rubbed off4 ,gills free or slightly attached1 whitish or creamy yellow1 broad1 distant1 the alternate ones shorter1 rounded1 or deeply notched at inner end4 ,these mushrooms grow in circles and are called fairy rings4 ,they are found chiefly on lawns and pastures from ,may till ,october4 ,we saw one specimen in ,october4 ,it grew in a waste lot at ,kaighn's ,point1 ,camden1 ,n4,j4 ,it was solitary1 of a brownish-yellow color1 the cap #a inch broad1 and the stem #a inch long4 ,it was growing amidst some ballast plants1 the only mushroom there4 ,,coprinus ,,micaceus mica4 ,the ,glistening ,coprinus4 ,cap varies from buff to tawny yellow1 #a to #b inches broad1 bell-shaped 7campanulate7 or conical 7cone-shaped71 thin1 marked with lengthwise lines1 which extend half-way up from the margin4 ,the disc is even and is more highly colored4 ,it is often sprinkled with shiny atoms when young4 ,gills at first whitish1 then brown or black4 ,stem #a to #c inches long1 slender1 hollow and white4 ,the spores are dark brown4 ,we found it in great numbers growing on the ground amidst the grass in ,september and ,october4 ,it may be seen as early as ,april4 ,it is a pretty species4 7,edible47 ,,mushrooms ,,with ,,gray ,,colored ,,cap4 ,,amanita ,,strobiliformis a pine cone4 ,the ,warted ,amanita4 ,cap light gray1 or dingy white when young2 #g to #i inches broad when expanded fully4 ,it is covered with large pyramidal1 persistent warts4 ,the margin is even1 and extends beyond the gills4 ,flesh firm and white4 ,stem #f to #h inches long1 #a to #c inches thick1 solid1 scaly1 tapering upward1 with a bulbous base and marked with a series of rings near the root1 which extends deep into the ground4 ,ring large1 torn4 ,gills white1 free1 rounded near the stem1 inch broad4 ,this is said to be rather rare4 ,we found it twice in ,august growing solitary on the roadside in the grass4 ,it was large-sized1 measuring #g inches across cap1 of a grayish-white color1 with prominent warts2 the stem was mealy1 the volva was large4 ,it was marked with distinct rings near the base4 ,when kept many hours the smell becomes disagreeable4 ,the name is given on account of the shape of the warts1 which are conspicuous4 ,illustration3 ,amanita vaginata4 ,photographed by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,amanita ,,vaginata a sheath4 ,the ,sheathed ,mushroom4 ,cap gray1 mouse color1 sometimes slate-colored gray1 and even brownish1 #b to #d inches broad4 ,it is thin and fragile1 convex1 and then nearly flat1 with a slight mound or umbo1 but sometimes none4 ,it is deeply striate or grooved 7sulcate7 on the margin4 ,stem is white and often covered with mealy particles4 ,it is slender1 either hollow or stuffed1 #c to #e inches long1 to inch thick4 ,it is not bulbous1 but is sheathed quite high in a loose1 soft wrapper1 the remains of the volva4 ,there is no ring4 ,gills are whitish1 free from the stem1 and rounded4 ,it is easily broken4 ,there are several varieties 7,peck74 ,in one the plant is white1 ,var4 alba4 ,in ,var4 livida the cap is a leaden brownish color1 and in the ,var4 fulva the cap is tawny yellow and ochraceous4 ,the mouse-colored form is the most common4 ,we found many specimens in ,july and ,august4 ,,cortinarius ,,corrugatus wrinkled4 ,the ,wrinkled ,cortinarius4 ,cap gray1 with a pinkish-yellowish tint1 #b inches broad1 campanulate1 sticky1 broken up into squamules1 pellicle scaling1 margin thin4 ,stem slender1 #e inches long1 shiny1 mealy at apex1 slightly bulbous4 ,gills gray color1 adnexed1 distant1 ventricose4 ,this is a pretty mushroom4 ,the shade of color of the pileus is delicate4 ,we found it in ,august in the woods4 ,,boletus ,,felleus bitter4 ,the ,bitter ,boletus4 ,this ,boletus varies much in color2 our plant was a brownish-gray1 a dingy color4 ,cap #c to #h inches broad1 convex or nearly plane1 glabrous1 even1 flesh white1 turning to flesh or pink color when wounded4 ,taste bitter1 tubes adnate1 long1 depressed around the stem1 crowded4 ,stem variable1 #b to #d inches long1 about to #a inch thick1 equal or tapering1 reticulated above1 bulbous or enlarged at base1 a little paler than the pileus4 ,the ,boleti we found grew in great numbers1 in different localities1 and were of all sizes4 ,the color of the reticulations was a brownish-gray4 ,,boletus ,,griseus gray4 ,the ,gray ,boletus4 ,cap dark gray1 #b to #d inches broad1 broadly convex1 smooth1 soft1 silky1 flesh whitish4 ,tubes adnate1 slightly depressed1 mouths small4 ,stem #b to #d inches long1 #c to #f lines thick1 yellowish1 much reticulated1 sometimes reddish toward the base4 ,our plant was of a brownish color at base1 and grew in the month of ,september4 ,,psalliota ,,campestris a field4 ,the ,common ,mushroom4 ,there are several edible species of the genus ,psalliota1 chiefly the ,field or ,common ,mushroom1 which is constantly seen on our tables4 ,cap varies from white and gray to brown4 ,it is #b to #d inches broad1 fleshy1 convex1 then flattened1 dry1 sometimes covered with silky fibrils1 and when old smooth4 ,the margin of the cap generally extends beyond the gills4 ,flesh white4 ,stem rather short1 #a to #c inches long1 to inch thick1 white or whitish1 slender1 stuffed and then hollow1 nearly even4 ,ring distant1 simple4 ,gills free1 ventricose1 narrowing at both ends1 thin1 first a pink color1 then afterward brown or blackish-brown4 ,it grows in rich pastures or in meadows1 and is found in autumn4 ,it has a most delicious flavor4 ,,agaricus ,,placomyces4 ,the ,flat-capped ,mushroom4 ,cap a whitish-gray1 about #c inches broad1 convex1 and then expanded and flat4 ,it is covered with small1 distinct1 brown1 persistent scales1 except on the disc1 where they are so close together that they appear of a brown color4 ,stem is long and slender1 #c inches and more1 stuffed and then hollow1 equal and bulbous at the base4 ,it is whitish1 but sometimes has yellowish stains toward the base4 ,gills are first white1 then pink1 and lastly a blackish-brown4 ,it grows under trees1 and is found in summer and autumn4 ,,coprintus ,,atramentarius ink4 ,the ,inky ,coprinus4 ,cap gray or grayish-brown1 smooth1 except a slight scaly appearance on the disc4 ,it is silky near the margin1 and the margin is irregular4 ,when young it is often egg-shaped4 ,gills crowded1 whitish1 soon becoming brown and then deliquescent4 ,stem smooth1 hollow1 white4 ,it grows in clusters until late in the autumn4 ,we found our plants on a lawn in great profusion in the month of ,october4 ,,pluteus ,,cervinus a deer4 ,the ,fawn-colored ,pluteus4 ,cap about #c inches broad1 whitish-gray color1 at first bell-shaped1 then expanded1 smooth1 even1 but afterward broken up into fibrils1 margin entire2 flesh soft1 white4 ,stem #c to #f inches long1 nearly equal and solid1 whitish1 striate with black fibrils4 ,gills rounded behind1 free1 crowded1 ventricose1 white1 then flesh color as the spores mature4 ,this is a common species1 appearing early in the season--,april to ,november4 ,it usually grows from stumps and old logs4 ,it can be easily known by its gills1 being quite free from the stem1 where it joins the pileus4 ,,mushrooms ,,with ,a ,,green ,,colored ,,cap4 ,,russula ,,virescens green4 ,the ,greenish ,russula4 ,cap of a grayish-green color4 ,it is #b to #d inches broad1 dry and broken up into small warts1 the margin straight1 obtuse1 even2 flesh white4 ,stem #b inches long and inch thick1 solid1 spongy inside1 firm1 white1 sometimes marked with lines 7rivulose47 ,gills free1 whitish1 narrowed toward the stem1 somewhat crowded1 sometimes equal and forked1 with a few shorter ones between4 ,it is easily distinguished by the dull green pileus1 being without a cuticle1 and scaly in the form of patches4 ,it is found in woods in ,july and ,september4 ,we have not seen a specimen of ,r4 virescens1 so have used ,stevenson's description4 ,edible1 taste mild4 ,,russula ,,furcata a fork4 ,the ,forked ,russula4 ,cap from #c to #e inches broad1 of an olive green color1 sometimes greenish umber1 covered with a silky bloom1 fleshy1 gibbous1 then plano-depressed and funnel-shaped1 cuticle here and there separable2 margin at first inflexed1 then spreading4 ,flesh firm1 thick1 white4 ,stem #b to #c inches long1 solid1 firm1 stout1 white4 ,gills adnato-decurrent1 thick1 distant1 broad1 narrowed at both ends1 often forked1 white4 ,our specimen was #e inches broad1 and the margin slightly striate1 and when the cuticle was removed it was purplish underneath4 ,it was found in ,august1 in woods4 ,poisonous1 taste bitter4 ,,mushrooms ,,with ,,white ,,colored ,,cap4 ,,amanita ,,virosa poison4 ,the ,poisonous ,amanita4 ,cap shining white1 from #b to #d inches broad1 fleshy1 at first conical and acute1 afterward bell-shaped and expanded1 viscous in wet weather1 shining when dry1 margin even1 sometimes unequal1 spreading and inflexed1 flesh white4 ,stem #d to #f inches long1 wholly stuffed1 almost solid1 split up into lengthwise fibrils1 cylindrical from a bulbous base1 surface torn into scales1 springing from a loose1 thick1 wide volva which bursts open at apex4 ,ring large1 loose1 silky1 splitting into pieces4 ,gills free1 thin1 a little broader toward margin1 crowded1 not decurrent1 though the stem is sometimes striate4 ,this is a poisonous species1 but striking in appearance from the shining white of the whole fungus4 ,found in the woods in ,august4 ,,amanita ,,phalloides appearance1 phallus-like4 ,the ,death ,cup4 ,this species is considered the most deadly of all the poisonous mushrooms1 and yet it is one of the most beautiful4 ,we place it in the section of white-colored mushrooms1 though the cap is sometimes tinged with light yellow and delicate green4 ,cap #b to #d inches broad1 ovate1 campanulate1 then spreading1 obtuse1 with a cuticle1 sticky in moist weather1 rarely sprinkled with one or two fragments of the volva1 the margin regular1 even4 ,stem #c to #e inches long1 inch thick1 solid1 bulbous and tapering upward1 smooth1 white4 ,ring superior1 reflexed1 slightly striate1 swollen1 white4 ,volva more or less buried in the ground1 bursting open in a torn manner at the apex1 with a loose border4 ,gills free1 ventricose1 #d lines broad1 shining white4 ,this species1 as well as ,a4 virosa1 has a fetid odor when kept4 ,we found it oftener than any other species of ,amanita4 ,,amanita ,,nitida to shine4 ,the ,shining ,amanita4 ,cap whitish1 #c to #d inches broad1 somewhat compact1 at first hemispherical1 covered with angular1 adhering warts1 which become a dark color 7fuscous47 ,it is dry1 shining1 the margin even2 flesh white4 ,stem #c inches long1 #a inch thick1 solid1 firm1 with a bulb-shaped base1 scaly1 white4 ,ring superior1 thin1 torn1 slightly striate1 covered with soft weak hairs beneath1 which at length disappear4 ,gills free1 crowded1 wide1 nearly inch broad1 ventricose1 shining white4 ,this was also found in ,august4 ,there is nothing more beautiful than these white poisonous ,amanitas4 ,,lepiota ,,naucinoides a nut shell4 ,the ,smooth ,lepiota4 ,cap a clear white1 with sometimes a brownish tint on the disc1 #b to #d inches broad1 smooth4 ,stem #a to #c inches long1 to inch thick1 growing thicker toward the base1 as if it had a bulb1 white1 hollow1 but stuffed with a cottony pith4 ,gills white1 when old they assume a pinkish-brownish hue4 ,ring has a thick1 external edge1 but its inner edge is so thin that it often breaks from the stem and becomes movable4 ,it is found in the fields1 by roadsides1 or in the woods1 from ,august to ,november4 ,we have not seen a specimen of this mushroom1 which is said to be nearly equal to the common mushroom in edible qualities4 ,it is considered to resemble it also in appearance1 but ,professor ,peck says the different color of the gills when the plants are both young will distinguish them1 and the thin collar and stuffed stem of ,l4 naucinoides is also different from thick-edged ring and hollow stem of ,a4 campestris4 7,psalliota47 ,,lactarius ,,piperatus peppery4 ,the ,peppery ,lactarius4 ,cap white1 #d to #i inches broad1 fleshy1 rigid1 depressed in centre when young1 reflexed margin1 at first involute1 when full grown the surface becomes funnel-shaped and regular1 even1 smooth1 without zones2 flesh white4 ,stem #a to #b inches long1 #a to #b inches thick1 solid1 obese1 equal or obconical1 slightly covered with powder 7pruinose71 white4 ,gills decurrent1 crowded1 narrow1 scarcely broader than one line1 obtuse at edge1 regularly dividing by pairs from below upward 7dichotomous71 curved like a bow 7arcuate71 then all extended upward in a straight line1 white1 with occasional yellow spots4 ,the milk white1 unchangeable1 plentiful1 and acrid4 ,this is common in woods4 ,the cap in one of our specimens turned yellow when old1 and was slightly striate at the margin2 it was dry and thick and had no odor4 ,the flesh had a whitish-brownish tinge where the cuticle was peeled off4 ,found it only in ,august4 ,,lactarius ,,vellereus fleece4 ,the ,fleecy ,lactarius4 ,cap white1 #e to #g inches broad1 fleshy1 compact1 convex1 saucer-shaped1 the margin for a long time sloping downward1 with short1 downy hairs 7pubescent71 dry1 zoneless4 ,stem #b to #c inches long1 #a to #a inch thick1 stout1 solid1 equal1 covered with innate1 thin pubescence4 ,gills arcuate1 adnato-decurrent1 rather thick1 acute at the edge1 somewhat distant1 rather broad1 connected by branches1 pallid1 watery1 white4 ,milk scanty1 white1 very bitter4 ,it is not said to be edible4 ,the cap tends to become a pallid1 reddish tan4 ,this description is partially taken from ,stevenson4 ,the specimen we found had the margin revolute1 it was #b inches broad1 and the stem #b inches long4 ,the flesh was white and the cap was turning a brownish color4 ,the stem slightly tapered toward the base4 ,the milk was scanty and peppery4 ,found in the beginning of ,august in the woods4 ,it resembles ,l4 piperatus4 ,,boletus ,,albus white4 ,the ,white ,boletus4 ,cap white1 from #a to #c inches broad1 convex1 viscid when moist1 flesh white or yellowish1 tubes small1 nearly round 7subrotund71 adnate1 whitish1 becoming ochraceous4 ,stem #a to #c inches long1 #c to #e lines thick1 equal1 white1 sometimes tinged with pink near the base4 ,we found only one specimen of the white ,boletus in ,august4 ,it grew in the woods4 ,the flesh became yellow and the stem was #a inch long1 and it slightly tapered toward the base4 ,,pleurotus ,,ulmarius elm4 ,the ,elm ,pleurotus4 ,the word pleurotus is taken from two ,greek words1 meaning a side and an ear4 ,it is given on account of the stem growing in a lateral or eccentric manner4 ,the ,elm ,pleurotus1 so called from growing on elm trees1 is considered edible4 ,our specimen had the cap whitish1 but stained in the centre with a rusty yellowish color1 #c to #e inches broad1 thick1 firm1 smooth1 convex1 then plane4 ,the skin was cracked in a tessellated manner4 ,flesh was firm and white4 ,stem white1 #b to #d inches long1 #a to inch thick1 firm1 smooth1 a little hairy at the base1 and attached eccentrically to the cap4 ,gills white with a yellow hue1 broad1 rounded near the stem1 slightly adnexed and not crowded4 ,it was found in ,october1 and is not common4 ,,pleurotus ,,sapidus agreeable to taste4 ,the ,palatable ,pleurotus4 ,this species generally grows in clusters with the stem united at the base4 ,our specimen grew on a maple tree4 ,the plants protruded from a large crack in the trunk of a tree1 about four feet above the ground1 and grew one above the other4 ,they had not attained their full growth4 ,during former seasons they had been seen of a large size4 ,pileus is from #b to #e inches broad1 grayish-white1 smooth4 ,caps often overlap one another4 ,flesh is white4 ,gills broad1 whitish1 decurrent1 and often slightly connected by oblique branches4 ,stem is generally short and lateral4 ,it grew in ,october4 ,professor ,peck says that in edible qualities it resembles the oyster mushroom1 ,p4 ostreatus4 ,,mushrooms ,,with ,,the ,,cap ,,brown ,,and ,,various ,,shades ,,of ,,brown4 ,,cortinarius ,,cinnamomeus cinnamon4 ,the ,cinnamon-colored ,cortinarius4 ,cap a golden brown or bright cinnamon color1 #a to #d inches broad1 umbonate1 silky1 shining1 squamulose1 with yellowish fibrils1 and then smooth4 ,stem #b inches long1 stuffed and then hollow1 thin1 equal1 tapering toward the base1 yellowish color1 as also are the flesh and the veil4 ,gills adnate1 broad1 crowded1 shining reddish-brown color4 ,our specimen had beautiful reddish-colored gills1 ,var4 semisanguineus 7,peck74 ,it grows in woods from ,august to ,november4 ,,collybia ,,acervata a heap4 ,the ,tufted ,collybia4 ,the name of the species is derived from a ,latin word meaning a heap1 so called from the habit of growth4 7,stevenson47 ,cap tan brown color1 #b to #c inches broad1 flesh color when moist1 whitish when dry1 convex1 then flattened1 obtuse or gibbous1 margin at first involute1 then flattened and slightly striate4 ,stem #b to #d inches long1 #a to #b lines thick1 very hollow 7fistulose71 rigid1 fragile1 slightly tapering upward1 rarely compressed1 very smooth1 except the base1 even1 color brown or reddish-brown4 ,gills are at first adnexed1 soon free1 crowded1 linear1 narrow1 plane1 flesh color and then whitish4 ,it grows in tufts 7cspitose74 ,the stems are sometimes white1 tomentose at the base4 ,stevenson says the cap is flesh color1 but our specimen was of a pale or tan brown color1 less than #b inches broad2 when moist it was much paler4 ,found in mixed woods in ,september4 ,,psathyrella ,,disseminata scattered4 ,the ,widely-spread ,psathyrella4 ,cap a light-colored yellowish-brown1 changing into an ash color2 the disc with a yellowish shade2 of an oval shape1 then bell-shaped1 and marked with lines1 almost sulcate4 ,the margin does not extend beyond the gills4 ,it is a small mushroom1 measuring from #b or #c lines across the cap to #a inch4 ,stem about #a inch long or more1 fragile1 hollow1 sometimes curved and bending1 smooth and light-colored4 ,gills adnate1 rather broad1 slightly narrowed at both ends1 at first whitish and then turning a brownish color4 ,the plants vary greatly in height and size1 are sometimes cspitose and at other times scattered4 ,the disc in some specimens was slightly raised in the middle1 almost umbonate4 ,it was found about stumps and on the ground1 at the end of ,may1 in mixed woods4 ,it soon withers1 but does not melt into fluid4 ,illustration3 ,psathyrella disseminata4 ,photographed by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,hypholoma ,,capnoides smoke4 ,the ,gray-gilled ,mushroom4 ,cap is reddish-brown1 #a to #c inches broad1 fleshy1 convex1 then flattened1 obtuse1 dry1 smooth4 ,the margin in our specimen was slightly revolute4 ,flesh white4 ,stem #b to #c inches long1 #b to #d lines thick1 growing together at the base 7connate71 hollow1 equal1 often curved1 becoming silky1 even1 whitish at apex1 and here and there striate4 ,gills gray color1 adnate1 easily separating1 rather broad1 waxy4 ,the name is given on account of the smoke-colored gills4 ,it is not common1 and is generally found on or about stumps in the autumn4 ,,hypholoma ,,perplexum perplexing4 ,the ,perplexing ,hypholoma4 ,cap brownish and turning to yellow1 #a to #c inches broad and slightly umbonate1 flesh whitish4 ,stem nearly equal1 #b to #c inches long1 #b to #d lines thick1 firm1 hollow1 slightly fibrillose1 whitish or yellowish above1 reddish-brown below4 ,gills thin1 close1 slightly rounded at inner end1 at first pale yellow1 then tinged with green1 finally purplish-brown4 ,taste mild4 ,it grows in clusters4 ,we found it both on and around old stumps1 in the woods4 ,it is sometimes solitary4 7,edible47 ,,collybia ,,dryophila oak-loving4 ,the ,oak-loving ,collybia4 ,cap tan color1 often varying in color1 inch broad1 thin1 convex1 nearly plane1 sometimes with margin elevated1 irregular1 smooth1 flesh white4 ,stem equal or thickened at base1 #a to #b inches long1 #a to #b lines broad1 cartilaginous1 smooth1 hollow1 yellowish1 or reddish like the cap4 ,gills narrow1 crowded1 adnexed or nearly free1 whitish4 ,this little mushroom we found in a thick woods late in ,september1 growing among dead leaves4 ,there were oak trees all around and a great many pines4 ,the weather had been rainy1 and it was pale-colored and looked water-soaked4 ,,tricholoma ,,imbricata a tile4 ,the ,imbricated ,tricholoma4 ,cap reddish-brown1 #c inches broad1 thick1 fleshy1 broadly convex1 and then flattened1 obtuse1 dry1 continuous at disc1 but torn into scales and fibrillose toward the margin2 flesh firm1 white4 ,stem solid1 stout1 sometimes short1 and conico-bulbous1 #a to #b inches long1 and as much as #a inch thick1 sometimes longer and almost equal2 white at apex4 ,gills slightly emarginate1 almost adnate1 somewhat crowded1 about #c inches broad1 wholly white when young1 at length reddish4 ,it grows either scattered or in groups4 ,it is found in pine woods in ,september and ,november4 ,,boletus ,,ornatipes ornate and foot4 ,the ,ornate-stemmed ,boletus4 ,cap #b to #e inches broad1 yellowish-brown1 convex1 dry1 firm1 glabrous or minutely tomentose1 flesh yellow or pale yellow4 ,tubes adnate1 plane or concave1 the mouths small or middle size1 a clear yellow4 ,stem #b to #d inches long1 #d to #f lines broad1 subequal1 distinctly and beautifully reticulated1 yellow without and within4 ,in woods and open places4 ,,boletus ,,brevipes short and foot4 ,the ,short-stemmed ,boletus4 ,cap dark chestnut color1 #a to #b inches broad1 thick1 convex1 covered with a tough gluten1 margin inflexed1 flesh white or yellowish4 ,tubes short1 nearly plane1 adnate1 or slightly depressed around the stem1 small1 white and afterward dingy ochraceous4 ,stem to #a inch long1 #c to #e lines thick1 whitish1 very short1 not dotted1 or rarely with a few inconspicuous dots at the edge4 ,this plant was found in ,october1 and looked as if it rested upon the ground1 the stem was so short2 the cap was covered with gluten4 ,illustration3 ,lepiota procera4 ,photographed by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,lepiota ,,procera tall4 ,the ,tall ,lepiota4 ,cap reddish-brown1 #c to #f inches broad1 fleshy2 when young egg-shaped1 and then campanulate1 and flattening out with a broad1 obtuse umbo4 ,the cuticle breaks up into brownish scales1 close near the centre1 but sometimes wanting at the margin4 ,the centre or umbo is darker colored2 flesh dry1 tough and white4 ,stem inch thick1 and #e to #aj inches long2 it is straight or a little bent1 swollen or bulbous at base1 sometimes variegated with brownish scales2 deeply sunk at apex into the cup of the pileus2 hollow or stuffed4 ,ring distinct from the stem1 continuous with cuticle of pileus when young4 ,it becomes free when the cap is expanded1 and is then movable and persistent4 ,gills far remote from the stem1 with a broad plano-depressed cartilaginous collar1 crowded1 ventricose1 broader in front1 soft1 whitish1 sometimes becoming dusky at the edge4 ,the gills vary in color4 ,this mushroom is a handsome species and is quite common in woods and pastures4 7,edible47 ,,boletus ,,edulis edible4 ,the ,edible ,boletus4 ,cap varies sometimes in color 7our specimen was brown74 ,it is often a tawny light brown1 paler at the margin1 #d to #f inches broad1 flesh white or yellowish1 tinged with red under the cuticle4 ,tubes convex1 nearly free1 long1 minute1 round1 white1 then yellow and greenish4 ,stem #b to #f inches long1 #f to #ah lines thick1 straight or bending1 subequal or bulbous1 short1 more or less reticulated1 especially above1 whitish1 pale reddish or brown4 ,found in ,august4 ,our specimen was small1 the stem only #a inch long4 7,edible47 ,,boletus ,,scaber rough4 ,the ,scabrous-stemmed ,boletus4 ,cap varies in color1 #a to #e inches broad1 yellowish tan color1 smooth1 viscid when moist1 at length rivulose4 ,tubes free1 convex1 white1 then dingy color1 mouths of tubes very small and round4 ,stem #c to #e inches long1 #c to #h lines thick1 solid1 tapering above1 roughened with fibrous scales4 ,we found two or three varieties of this ,boletus1 which seems to grow everywhere in great abundance1 in summer and autumn1 in woods and in open places4 ,one variety was of a yellowish tan color1 ,var4 alutaceus1 in another the flesh changed slightly to pinkish when wounded1 ,var4 mutabilis 7,peck74 7,edible47 ,,boletus ,,castaneus chestnut4 ,the ,chestnut ,boletus4 ,cap a chestnut color1 brown or reddish brown1 #a to #c inches broad1 convex1 nearly plane or depressed1 firm1 even1 dry1 minutely velvety 7tomentose71 flesh white4 ,tubes free1 short1 small1 white1 becoming yellow4 ,stem #a to #b inches long1 #c to #e lines thick1 equal or tapering upward1 even1 stuffed or hollow1 colored like the cap4 ,this is one of the prettiest of the ,boleti4 ,the bright chestnut color of the pileus forms a contrast with the white tubes1 and makes it striking in appearance4 ,we found it on several occasions1 as it is common in woods4 ,there are differences of opinion in regard to its being edible4 ,,boletus ,,chrysenteron golden4 ,the ,golden ,flesh ,boletus4 ,cap dark brown or reddish-brown1 #a to #c inches broad1 convex or plane1 soft1 covered with woolly scales1 sometimes marked with lines1 flesh yellow1 red beneath the cuticle1 often slowly changing to blue when wounded1 mouths large1 angular1 unequal4 ,stem #a to #c inches long1 #c to #f lines thick1 rigid1 fibrous1 striate1 equal1 reddish or pale yellow4 ,this species is variable4 ,we found one where the flesh was white1 another where the tubes changed finally to green1 and one that had an olive tint in the pileus4 ,,boletus ,,illudens deceiving4 ,the ,deceiving ,boletus4 ,cap yellow or olive brown1 #c inches broad1 plane1 dry1 marked with areoles1 that is1 the surface is broken up into little areas or patches4 ,flesh thick1 white1 red under cuticle4 ,tubes greenish-yellow1 turning dark green1 adnato-decurrent1 that is1 broadly attached to the stem and running down it1 inch long4 ,stem #b inches long1 stuffed with brownish fibres1 reticulated near apex1 paler color than cap1 curved4 ,,boletus ,,pachypus thick4 ,the ,thick-stemmed ,boletus4 ,cap tan color1 #d to #h inches broad1 convex1 somewhat covered with long1 soft hairs pressed closely to surface1 subtomentose2 flesh thick1 whitish1 changing slightly to blue4 ,tubes rather long1 depressed around the stem1 mouths round1 pale yellow1 at length tinged with green4 ,stem #b to #d inches long1 thick1 firm1 reticulated1 at first ovate1 bulbous1 then lengthened1 equal1 tinted pale yellow and red4 ,the stem in the specimen was inch thick1 swelling from apex downward1 but it often measures #b inches in thickness4 ,this ,boletus is considered poisonous4 ,,boletus ,,subtomentosus almost velvety4 ,the ,yellow-cracked ,boletus4 ,cap dark brown1 #a to #d inches broad1 convex or nearly plane1 soft1 dry1 covered with soft1 weak1 appressed hairs1 almost olivaceous1 of the same color beneath the cuticle1 often marked with cracks and divided into little patches2 flesh white or pallid4 ,tubes adnate1 or depressed around the stem1 yellow1 mouths large1 angular4 ,stem #a to #b inches long1 #b to #e lines thick1 stout1 somewhat ribbed1 or scurfy1 with minute dots4 ,the cap varies in color1 it may be yellowish-brown4 ,we found the dark brown species growing on decaying wood1 in pine woods1 during the month of ,september4 ,,boletus ,,piperatus peppery4 ,the ,peppery ,boletus4 ,cap reddish-brown or ochraceous1 #a to #c inches broad1 convex or nearly plane1 smooth1 slightly viscid when moist1 flesh white or yellowish1 taste acrid1 peppery4 ,tubes long1 large1 unequal1 plane or convex1 adnate or nearly decurrent1 reddish1 ferruginous4 ,stem #a to #c inches long1 #b to #d lines thick1 slender1 almost equal1 tawny yellow2 at the base a bright yellow4 ,the cap in our specimen was marked with cracks and patches1 and the margin obtuse4 ,the stem was rather curved1 and the same color as the cap4 ,flesh yellow4 ,tubes a dark-reddish1 decided color1 which makes it a striking-looking mushroom4 ,taste peppery4 ,,boletus ,,sordidus dingy4 ,the ,dingy-colored ,boletus4 ,cap a dingy1 dark brown1 about #b inches broad1 flesh white1 tinged with red4 ,tubes long1 nearly free1 inch long1 white1 turning a dark bluish-green4 ,stem tapering toward apex1 #b inches long1 curved1 solid1 inch thick1 brownish1 marked with darker streaks4 ,the mouths of tubes were angular1 and the stem striate in our specimen4 ,found in the woods in ,august4 ,,boletus ,,subluteus almost1 and yellow4 ,the ,small ,yellow ,boletus4 ,cap brownish yellow1 #a to #c inches broad1 convex or nearly plane1 viscid or glutinous when moist1 often obscurely streaked 7virgate74 ,flesh whitish or dull yellowish4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate1 small1 nearly round1 yellow1 becoming ochraceous4 ,stem #a to #b inches long1 #b to #d lines thick1 equal1 slender1 pale or yellowish1 dotted above and below the ring with reddish1 brownish1 moist1 or sticky dots 7glandules74 ,ring almost soft1 glutinous1 at first concealing the tubes1 then collapsing and forming a narrow whitish or brownish band around the stem4 ,our ,boletus had a brownish ring4 ,the cap was covered with a sticky1 skin-like layer1 called the pellicle or cuticle1 both terms having the same meaning4 ,,boletus ,,affinis related4 ,the ,related ,boletus4 ,cap reddish-brown1 fading to yellow1 #b to #d inches broad1 convex above and almost plane1 nearly smooth1 flesh white4 ,tubes plane or convex1 adnate or slightly compressed around the stem1 at first white and stuffed1 then yellowish1 turning to rusty ochraceous when wounded4 ,stem #a to #c inches long1 #d to #h lines thick1 nearly equal1 even1 smooth1 paler than the cap4 ,our specimen had a few yellowish spots on the cap1 and is called ,var4 maculosus4 7,edible47 ,,paxillus ,,leptopus thin and a foot4 ,the ,thin-stemmed ,paxillus4 ,this is the only specimen of the genus ,paxillus that we have found4 ,there is another species1 ,p4 involutus1 which ,professor ,peck says is edible4 ,stevenson says that ,p4 leptopus is a remarkable species1 that it is distinguished from ,p4 involutus by having the gills simple at the base1 not united by interlacing or transverse veins 7anastomosing74 ,cap was a light brownish-yellow2 it varies from #a to #c inches in breadth1 eccentric or lateral1 depressed in the middle1 dry1 covered with dense down1 soon torn into scales1 which are a dingy yellow4 ,flesh yellow4 ,stem short1 scarcely #a inch1 tapering downward1 yellow inside4 ,gills decurrent1 tense and straight1 crowded1 narrow1 yellowish1 then darker in color4 ,it was growing on the ground in ,september4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,boletus edulis4 #b4 ,hypholoma perplexum4 #c4 ,marasmius rotula4 #d4 ,calostoma cinnebarinus4 ,,mushrooms ,,with ,,purple ,,or ,,violet-,,colored ,,cap4 ,,cortinarius ,,albo-,,violaceous white and violet4 ,the ,violet-colored ,cortinarius4 ,cap whitish-violet1 #b to #c inches broad1 fleshy1 convex1 broadly umbonate or gibbous1 dry1 beautifully silky and becoming even2 flesh juicy1 a bluish-white color4 ,stem #b to #d inches long1 solid1 firm1 bulbous1 club-shaped1 to #a inch thick4 ,it is1 both outside and inside1 of a whitish violet color1 often fibrillose above1 with the cortina1 and sometimes with the white veil1 in the form of a zone at the middle4 ,gills adnate1 #b to #c lines broad1 somewhat distant1 slightly serrulated1 of a peculiar ashy violaceous color1 at length slightly cinnamon from the spores4 ,it has no odor and the taste is insipid4 ,we found this in the woods in the month of ,october1 growing on dead leaves2 a pretty fungus from the violet tints4 ,,descriptions ,,of ,,some ,,familiar ,,mushrooms ,,without ,,regard ,,to ,,color4 ,here follows a list of fungi that we constantly see1 but which cannot be classified by the color of the cap4 ,,polyporei1 ,,pore-,,bearing ,,fungi4 ,,fistulina ,,hepatica liver4 ,the ,beefsteak ,fungus4 ,this species grows on trees1 oaks or chestnuts1 in hot weather4 ,cap is of a dark-red color1 which probably suggested the name4 ,it is generally #b to #f inches broad1 but often grows to an immense size4 ,the surface is rough1 the flesh thick1 viscid above1 soft when young1 when old tough1 covered with tenacious fibres4 ,stem short and thick4 ,pores at first pallid or yellowish-pink when young2 they become brownish ochraceous when old4 ,it is changeable in form1 is sometimes sessile 7without a stem71 or it has a short lateral stem4 ,the genus ,fistulina1 to which this mushroom belongs1 has the under surface of the cap covered with minute hollow pores1 which are separate from one another and stand side by side4 ,the shape varies4 ,it is sometimes long1 shaped like a tongue1 or roundish4 ,it is peculiar-looking4 ,it is considered good for food and nourishing1 but the taste is said to be rather acid4 ,the specimens we found varied from #b to #e inches in diameter4 ,they were of a dark-red color1 and were tough and old4 ,they grew upon a tree in a large forest1 and were not found anywhere else4 ,,polyporus ,,betulinus birch4 ,the ,birch ,polyporus4 ,we shall meet a great many fungi on our walks that belong to the genus ,polyporus4 ,they are generally leathery 7coriaceous7 fungi1 and many grow on wood4 ,a few are edible1 but are not recommended as food4 ,the species ,p4 betulinus is found on living and dead birch trees4 ,the specimens we found grew in great quantities1 of all sizes1 from #a to #f inches broad4 ,they were at first pure white1 and then assumed a brownish tinge4 ,the edges were obtuse1 the caps fleshy1 then corky1 smooth1 the upper ends not regular1 oblique in the form of an umbo or little knob1 the pellicles or outside layers thin and easily separated4 ,pores short1 small1 unequal1 at length separating4 ,the shape of the fungus is peculiar1 a sort of semi-circular outline that may be called dimidiate4 ,the margins were involute4 ,they protruded from a split in the bark of a dead birch tree which lay prostrate on the ground1 several feet in length1 and it was literally covered with the fungi1 some an inch wide and snow white1 and the largest #e or #f inches in width1 and of a brownish-gray tinge4 ,these specimens became as hard as wood after they had been kept for some time4 ,the thin skin peeled off easily and disclosed the snowy flesh beneath4 ,,polyporus ,,perennis perennial4 ,the ,perennial ,polyporus4 ,cap is cinnamon-colored1 then of a date brown1 leathery1 tough1 funnel-shaped1 becoming smooth1 zoned4 ,pores minute1 angular1 acute1 at first sprinkled with a white bloom1 then naked and torn4 ,stem slightly firm1 thickened downward1 velvety4 ,this is a common species1 and one meets with it everywhere on the ground1 and on stumps1 from ,july to ,january4 ,the cap is #a to #b inches broad1 and the stem #a inch long4 ,,polyporus ,,picipes pitch and foot4 ,the ,black-stemmed ,polyporus4 ,cap pallid color1 then turning chestnut1 often a pale yellowish livid color1 with the disc chestnut1 fleshy1 leathery1 rigid1 tough1 even1 smooth1 depressed at disc or behind4 ,flesh white4 ,stem eccentric and lateral1 equal1 firm1 at first velvety1 then naked1 and dotted black up to the pores4 ,pores decurrent1 round1 very small1 rather slender1 white1 then slightly pale and yellowish4 ,this fungus grows on the trunks of trees1 and is found as late as the middle of winter4 ,,polyporus ,,sulphureus brimstone4 ,the ,sulphury ,polyporus4 ,this mushroom gains its name from the color of its pores1 which are of a bright sulphur color4 ,it grows in tufted layers 7cspitose71 sometimes #a to #b feet long1 and it cannot be mistaken4 ,cap may measure #h inches in breadth1 and is of a reddish-yellow color1 overlapping like the shingles of a roof 7imbricated74 ,it is wavy and rather smooth4 ,flesh light yellowish1 then white1 splitting open4 ,pores are minute1 even1 sulphur yellow4 ,they retain their color much better than the pileus4 ,the plants are generally without a stem1 but there may be a short stem1 which is lateral4 ,they grow in clusters1 all fastened together and one above the other1 and of all sizes4 ,we saw this fungus first in a dense woods1 where its bright color at once attracted our notice4 ,it was growing in a large cluster1 closely packed one over the other4 ,it is said to be good for food when young and tender4 ,,polyporus ,,lucidus bright4 ,the ,shining ,polyporus4 ,one can never mistake this fungus4 ,its surface looks as if covered with varnish1 rather wrinkled1 a bright dark-red color1 and its shape is varied and singular4 ,we have seen it sometimes shaped like a fan1 and like a lady's high comb1 or in some fantastic form4 ,stevenson says it is a light yellow color and then becomes blood red chestnut4 ,it is first corky1 then woody4 ,stem lateral1 equal1 varnished1 shining1 of the same color as cap4 ,pores are long1 very small1 white and then cinnamon color4 ,it grows on and about stumps during the summer4 ,cap is from #b to #f inches broad1 and the stem #f to #aj inches long1 and #a or more thick4 ,,polyporus ,,versicolor changeable4 ,the ,changeable ,polyporus4 ,this species is also common4 ,it is found on dead wood1 in all forms and colors4 ,cap variegated with different-colored zones2 leathery1 thin1 rigid1 depressed behind1 becoming velvety4 ,pores minute1 round1 acute and torn1 white1 turning pale or yellow4 ,,polyporus ,,elegans elegant4 ,the ,elegant ,polyporus4 ,cap #b to #d inches broad1 of one color1 pallid1 ochraceous or orange1 shining1 equally fleshy1 and then hardened1 becoming woody1 flattened1 even1 smooth4 ,flesh white4 ,stem eccentric or lateral1 even1 smooth1 pallid at first1 abruptly black and rooting at the base4 ,pores plane1 minute1 somewhat round1 yellowish-white1 pallid4 ,the cap differs in shape from others that have been described2 it is not funnel-shaped nor streaked1 and is scarcely depressed1 and the flesh is thick to the margin4 ,it grows on trunks of trees from ,july to ,november4 ,,clavariei1 ,,or ,,club-,,shaped ,,fungi4 ,we now come to another order1 ,clavariei1 of which the first genus is ,clavaria1 from a word meaning a club4 ,they are fleshy fungi1 not coriaceous4 ,they have no distinct stem and generally grow on the ground4 ,we will mention a few of those we often see4 ,they somewhat resemble coral in growth but not in color4 ,,clavaria ,,stricta to draw tight4 ,the ,constricted ,clavaria4 ,this ,clavaria grows on trunks of trees4 ,it is of a pale yellowish color1 becoming a dusky brown 7fuscous7 when bruised4 ,the base is about #c lines long1 thick and much branched4 ,the branches and branchlets are tense and straight1 crowded1 adpressed and acute4 ,stevenson says that this species is uncommon in ,great ,britain4 ,,clavaria ,,flava yellow4 ,the ,pale ,yellow ,clavaria4 ,stevenson does not mention this species1 so it may be peculiar to this country4 ,stem is short and stout1 thick1 and abruptly dissolves into a dense mass of erect branches nearly parallel4 ,the tips are yellow but fade when old4 ,it branches below and the stems are whitish4 ,flesh white4 ,it is recommended as well flavored and edible4 ,,clavaria ,,pistillaris a pestle4 ,the ,large ,club ,clavaria4 ,this species belongs to the largest of the unbranched kind4 ,it is generally #c to #e inches high1 and to of an inch thick at top4 ,light yellow color1 then reddish1 and dingy brown in decay4 ,it is smooth and the flesh soft and white4 ,it is rounded at the top and club-shaped4 ,it tapers downward toward the base4 ,stevenson gives the height from #f to #ab inches1 but ,professor ,peck says he has not seen it as large in this country4 ,it is found in open grassy places4 ,it was late in the autumn when we discovered it4 7,edible47 ,,clavaria ,,inequalis unequal4 ,the ,unequal ,clavaria4 ,this fungus is yellow and fragile4 ,the clubs are alike in color1 simple or forked1 and variable4 ,it is common in woods and pastures4 ,we found it in ,september in the woods1 rather wrinkled in appearance4 ,it is not classed among the edible species4 ,,typhula reed mace4 ,one may sometimes see among the dead leaves in the woods1 minute slender bodies with thread-like stems1 springing up from the ground1 #b to #c inches high1 of a white color and cylindrical in shape4 ,they look like slender stems from which the blossoms have been plucked4 ,they are called ,typhula4 ,they grow on dead leaves1 on mosses1 or on dead herbaceous stems4 ,the name is taken from the ,cat ,tail family1 the ,typhaceae1 which they somewhat resemble in miniature4 ,,schizophyllum ,,commune to split1 a leaf and common4 ,the ,common ,schizophyllum4 ,there is but one species given by ,stevenson of this genus1 and1 as the name demonstrates1 it is common1 at least in this country4 ,in ,great ,britain it is rare4 ,it grows on dead wood and logs4 ,it has zones1 either of gray or white color1 and it is turned up at the edge 7revolute74 ,there is no flesh1 and the pileus is dry4 ,the gills are branched fan-wise4 ,it is not a typical ,agaric1 but is more like some ,polyporei4 ,the gills are split longitudinally at the edge1 and the two lips commonly turn backward 7revolute74 ,,hirneola ,,auricula ,,judae4 ,the ,jew's ,ear4 ,there is one species belonging to the order ,tremellodon that is quite common4 ,it is called the ,jew's ear4 ,it is a very peculiar-looking fungus1 shaped somewhat like the human ear1 of all sizes1 and grows in great quantities in the same place4 ,it looks as if it were composed of a thick jelly1 and becomes soft and tremulous when damp4 ,its color is dark1 sometimes almost black4 ,it is tough and cup-shaped1 with ridges across it like an ear4 ,the generic name1 ,hirneola1 means a jug1 and the specific name1 ,auricula ,judae1 a ,jew's ear4 ,,gasteromycetes1 ,,or ,,stomach ,,fungi4 ,,scleroderma ,,vulgare hard1 skin1 common4 ,the ,common ,hard-skinned ,mushroom4 ,this species closely resembles the common potato in shape and color4 ,it generally measures #b to #c inches across1 and is of a pale brown color4 ,it grows close on the earth1 is folded toward the base1 and firm in texture4 ,the cuticle is covered with warts or scales4 ,,crucibulum ,,vulgare crucible1 common4 ,the ,common ,crucible4 ,this little fungus is about of an inch across4 ,it resembles a tiny bird's-nest with eggs in it4 ,at first it looks like a cottony knot1 closely covered2 its apex is closed by a membrane1 then its covering is thrown off1 and the apparent tiny eggs are merely smaller envelopes1 called the peridiola4 ,these are lentil-shaped and pale1 and are fastened to the inside of the covering by a long cord1 which can be seen only through a strong lens4 ,,cyathus ,,vernicosus varnished4 ,the ,varnished ,cup4 ,this differs from the crucible in color1 form and habitat4 ,it is about an inch high4 ,it is bell-shaped1 becoming broadly open like a trumpet1 and of a slate or ash color4 ,the mouth and lining shine as if varnished1 and hence its name4 ,the plants grow on the ground1 on wood and on leaves4 ,,lycoperdon ,,cyathiforme cup-shape4 ,the ,cup-shaped ,puff-ball4 ,this species of puff-ball is round with a contracted base4 ,it is #d to #aj inches across1 a white or pinkish-brown color1 afterward becoming a darker brown and covered with small patches4 ,when the spores mature the upper part of the covering 7peridium7 becomes torn and only the lower part remains4 ,it looks like a dark-colored cup with a ragged margin1 and may be seen by the excursionist in the spring on the roadside4 ,it has survived the winter frosts and storms4 ,it is split and shabby looking4 ,in ,august it is a whitish puff-ball1 in the spring only a torn1 brown cup4 ,,lycoperdon ,,pyriforme pear-shape4 ,the ,pear-shaped ,puff-ball4 ,this species is shaped like a pear4 ,it is from #a to #d inches high and is covered with persistent warts so small as to look like scales to the naked eye4 ,it is of a dingy white or brownish-yellow4 ,its shape separates it from the puff-balls1 especially from the warted puff-ball1 ,l4 gemmatum1 which is nearly round with a base like a stem1 an ashy-gray color1 and the surface is also warty1 but unequally so1 and as the warts fall off they leave the puff-ball dotted4 ,the pear-shaped puff-ball has little fibrous rootlets1 and the plants grow in crowds on decaying trees4 ,,geaster ,,hygrometricus moisture1 measure4 ,the ,wandering ,earth ,star4 ,this earth star is from #b to #c inches wide4 ,it is sessile1 of a brownish color1 and changes its form accordingly as the weather is moist or dry1 hence the name4 ,it is contracted and round in dry weather1 and star-like in damp atmosphere1 with its lobes stretched out on the earth4 ,the covering consists of three layers1 the two outermost split from the top into several acute divisions1 which spread out like the points of a star4 ,the innermost layer is round and attached by the base4 ,there are one or more openings at the top for the escape of the spores4 ,,phallus ,,impudicus disgusting4 ,the ,fetid ,wood ,witch4 ,in the first stages the plant is white1 soft and heavy1 in shape and size like a hen's egg4 ,it is covered by three layers1 the outer one firm1 the middle one gelatinous1 the third and inner one consists of a thin membrane4 ,this phallus develops under the ground until its spores are mature4 ,at length the apex is ruptured by the growth of the spore receptacle1 and the stem expands and elongates1 escaping through the top1 and elevates the cap into the air4 ,the stem at the early stage is composed of cells filled with a gluten4 ,the stem afterward becomes open and spongy1 owing to the drying of the gelatinous matter4 ,the spores are immersed in a strong-smelling1 olive-green gluten4 ,they are on the outside of the cap and embedded in its ridges4 ,a part of the volva remains as a sheath at the base of the stem4 ,this plant develops so rapidly as to attain in a few hours the height of seven inches1 the stem is of lace-like structure1 pure white1 and its appearance suggests the silicious sponge so ornamental in collections1 commonly known as ,venus' basket4 ,the drooping cap is also lacey with a network1 and the spores drip mucus and then dry up1 in the meantime spreading around a carrion-like1 fetid smell4 ,the ,phallus1 therefore1 differs greatly in appearance from the other genera of the order when it is seen above ground1 but if one is successful in finding it at an early stage1 under the surface of the earth1 he will realize its relationship to the general group1 and find it an interesting subject of study4 ,,ascomycetes1 ,,or ,,spore-,,sac ,,fungi4 ,,peziza ,,aukantia golden4 ,the ,golden ,peziza4 ,this species is #b to #c inches in diameter1 its disc is bright orange color1 while its exterior is pale and downy1 owing to the presence of short1 stout hairs4 ,it is sessile or nearly so1 and grows in tufts on the ground near stumps of trees4 ,at first the disc is thin and brittle1 with a raised margin1 much waved1 becoming incised1 and finally spreads flat on the ground4 ,,morchella ,,esculenta food4 ,the ,edible or ,common ,morel4 ,this is #b to #d inches high1 stem about inch in diameter4 ,the cap is of a dull yellow color1 olivaceous1 darkening with age to a brownish tinge4 ,it is oval-shaped1 with dark hollows4 ,,helvella ,,infula name of a woollen head-dress4 ,the ,cap-like ,helvella4 ,this species is named ,infula1 because it is supposed to resemble in shape the sacred woollen head-dress worn by priests of ,rome1 by supplicants and victims1 tied around the head by a ribbon or bandage1 which hangs down on both sides4 ,the stem is surmounted with a lobed cap1 with two to four irregularly drooping lobes of reddish or cinnamon-brown color1 and is about #c inches in diameter4 ,the stem is #b or #c inches high1 usually smooth1 but sometimes pitted4 ,we found our specimen in the woods in ,august4 ,illustration3 ,cortinarius distans4 ,photographed by ,c4 ,g4 ,lloyd4 ,,directions ,,for ,,using ,,keys4 ,let us suppose that the beginner finds a mushroom and wishes to name it4 ,he has learned its component parts4 ,he has remarked the names of the classes into which mushrooms are divided4 ,how then shall he make use of the ,keys8 ,we will imagine that he has found a ,cantharellus4 ,the cap is yellow color1 so let him turn to the list of fungi described under the section 8,yellow and ,orange10 and see if it agrees in appearance with anyone of these4 7,it is necessary before consulting a key to find the color of the spores4 ,this is done by cutting off the cap1 and placing it1 gills downward1 on paper1 and leaving it there for two or three hours4 ,having followed these directions in this case it will have been seen that the spores are white47 ,after consulting the list of 8,yellow and ,orange0 he will find that the first one mentioned is ,cantharellus cibarius1 the ,chantarelle4 ,the description resembles that of the mushroom found in every particular4 ,now let the beginner go further1 and prove the correctness of the name in another way4 ,turning to the section called 8,general ,helps to the ,memory10 on page #fh1 and reading the names of the different genera under the headings until he comes to the name ,cantharellus1 he will find it in the table called 8,mushrooms with gills running down the stems 7decurrent740 ,this distinction is apparent in the specimen found4 ,again1 let him turn to the list of white-spored ,agarics1 page #gc1 and he will find the name of the genus ,cantharellus there4 ,now1 as an additional test1 let him turn to the key at the end of this work1 the key to ,hymenomycetes4 ,he must have learned enough by this time to know that his mushroom belongs to this class1 namely1 the one that has spores produced upon the lower part of the cap1 and1 also1 that it is an ,agaric1 from its having gills on the under side4 ,let him begin with ,section ,a1 8with cap40 #a4 ,mushrooms with radiating gills beneath caps 7,agarics74 ,the key then follows3 #a4 ,plants fleshy1 soon decaying4 #b4 ,turn to number #b4 ,there are two descriptions1 juice milky and juice watery2 he will choose the second one1 which is followed by the number #c4 ,then follows1 stem central or nearly so2 this agrees with the plant1 and leads to #d4 ,the first line reads 8white spores10 which is correct2 then comes #e4 ,there are four lines with descriptions1 the last one1 8no ring and no volva10 is right1 which leads to #g4 ,there are here two lines belonging to #g1 the second one1 8gills in the form of folds1 obtuse edge10 is correct1 and points to #aj4 ,this reads1 8,gills decurrent1 plant terrestrial1 ,cantharellus40 ,the ,key gives the name of the genus only4 ,in the list of descriptions an attempt is made to mention some of the commonest species4 ,these directions apply to all the keys alike4 ,,division ,i4 ,key to ,hymenomycetes1 ,membrane ,fungi4 ,hymenomycetes or membrane fungi are divided into two sections3 ,section ,a1 with cap4 ,section ,b1 without cap4 ,section ,a is divided into four classes3 ,i4 ,mushrooms with radiating gills beneath caps1 gill-bearing mushrooms 7,agarics74 ,,ii4 ,with pores or tubes beneath caps 7,polyporei74 ,,iii4 ,with spines or teeth beneath the cap or branches 7,hydnei74 ,,iv4 ,where the spore-bearing surface beneath the cap is even1 smooth1 or slightly wrinkled 7,thelephorei74 ,section ,b is divided into two classes3 ,i4 ,plants club-shaped and simple1 or bush-like and branched 7,clavariei74 ,,ii4 ,plants gelatinous and irregular 7,tremellinei74 ,,section ,a4 ,class ,i4 ,key to ,gill-bearing ,mushrooms 7,agarics74 #a4 ,plants fleshy1 soon decaying1 #b4 ,plants leathery1 woody1 persistent1 #ab4 #b4 ,juice milky1 white1 or colored1 ,lactarius4 ,juice watery1 #c4 #c4 ,stem central1 or nearly so1 #d4 ,stem lateral1 eccentric or wanting1 #aa4 #d4 ,spores white1 #e4 ,spores rosy1 pink or salmon color1 #ae4 ,spores yellowish-brown1 ochre color1 #ag4 ,spores dark brown1 #ba4 ,spores black1 #bd4 #e4 ,with volva and ring1 ,amanita4 ,volva and no ring1 ,amanita 7sub-genus ,amanitopsis74 ,ring and no volva1 #f4 ,no ring and no volva1 #g4 #f4 ,gills free1 ring movable1 pileus scaly1 ,lepiota4 ,gills adnate1 pileus generally smooth1 ,armillaria4 #g4 ,gills thin1 edge acute1 #h4 ,gills in the form of folds1 obtuse edge1 #aj4 #h4 ,gills decurrent or stem fleshy4 ,clitocybe4 ,gills sinuate1 notched behind1 stem fleshy1 ,tricholoma4 ,gills adnate1 not decurrent1 stem cartilaginous1 ,collybia4 ,stem fleshy1 cap often bright color1 #i4 #i4 ,plants rigid1 gills even1 cap bright1 ,russula4 ,plants with waxy gills1 ,hygrophorus4 #aj4 ,gills decurrent1 plant terrestrial1 ,cantharellus4 #aa4 ,spores white1 ,pleurotus4 ,spores yellowish or brown1 ,crepidotus4 #ab4 ,gills serrated on their edges1 stem central or lateral1 ,lentinus4 ,gills entire1 stem central1 #ac4 ,stem lateral or wanting1 #ad4 #ac4 ,gills simple1 pileus dry1 soon withering1 then reviving when moist1 ,marasmius4 #ad4 ,gills deeply splitting1 with weak hairs1 ,schizophyllum4 ,gills united by veins1 plant corky1 ,lenzites4 #ae4 ,volva1 no ring1 ,volvaria4 ,no volva1 ring present1 ,annularia4 ,no volva1 no ring1 #af4 #af4 ,gills free1 rounded behind1 cohering at first1 ,pluteus4 ,gills adnate or sinuate1 stem fleshy1 soft1 waxy1 cap fleshy1 margin incurved1 ,entoloma4 ,gills decurrent1 stem fleshy1 ,clitopilis4 #ag4 ,ring continuous1 pileus with scales1 ,pholiota4 ,ring cobwebby or evanescent1 not apparent in old specimens1 #ah4 ,ring wanting1 #ai4 ,stem with cartilaginous rind1 #ba4 #ah4 ,gills adnate1 plants on the ground1 ,cortinarius4 #ai4 ,gills decurrent1 stem fleshy1 gills easily separating1 ,paxillus4 ,gills not decurrent1 stem fleshy1 #bj4 #bj4 ,pileus fibrillose1 or silky1 ,inocybe4 ,pileus smooth and sticky1 ,hebeloma4 #ba4 ,veil remaining attached to margin of pileus1 often not seen in old specimens1 ,hypholoma4 ,veil on stem as a ring1 #bb4 ,margin of cap incurved when young1 ,naucoria4 #bb4 ,gills separate on the stem1 ,agaricus or ,psalliota4 ,gills united with stem1 ,stropharia4 ,gills adnate or sinuate1 #bc4 #bc4 ,margin of pileus incurved when young1 ,psilocybe4 ,margin of pileus always straight1 ,psathyra4 #bd4 ,pileus of normal form1 #be4 #be4 ,pileus fleshy1 membranaceous or deliquescent1 #bf4 #bf4 ,gills deliquescent--inky fluid1 ,coprinus4 ,gills not deliquescent--ring present1 ,annellaria4 ,gills not decurrent--ring wanting1 #bg4 #bg4 ,pileus striate--plants small1 ,psathyrella4 ,pileus not striate1 stem fleshy1 margin exceeding the gills1 ,panaeolus4 ,class ,,ii4 ,key to ,pore-bearing ,fungi 7,polyporei74 #a4 ,pores readily separating from cap1 spores whitish or brownish1 ,boletus4 #b4 ,stems strictly lateral1 pores in the form of tubes1 mouths are separate from each other 7growing on wood71 ,fistulina4 #c4 ,tubes not separable from each other1 round1 angular1 or torn1 fleshy1 leathery or woody1 ,polyporus4 7,key to species of ,boleti may be found in ,professor ,peck's work on ,boleti47 ,class ,,iii4 ,key to ,spine-bearing ,fungi 7,hydnei74 #a4 ,spines awl-shaped1 distinct at base1 ,hydnum4 ,spines awl-shaped1 equal2 plant gelatinous1 tremulous1 ,tremellodon4 ,class ,,iv4 ,key to ,smooth ,surface ,fungi 7,thelephorei74 #a4 ,spores white1 on ground1 fleshy1 tubiform1 cap blackish1 scaly1 stem hollow1 ,craterellus ,cornucopioides4 #b4 ,coriaceous or woody1 somewhat zoned1 entire1 definite in form1 ,stereum4 ,,section ,b4 ,class ,i4 ,key to ,clavariei4 #a4 ,fleshy1 branched or simple1 without distinct stem1 growing on the ground1 ,clavaria4 #b4 ,growing on trunks1 yellowish1 becoming dark1 much branched1 tense and straight1 ,c4 stricta4 #c4 ,yellow1 stuffed1 clubs simple or forked1 of the same color1 ,c4 inequalis4 #d4 ,color changeable1 becoming dark1 light yellow1 then reddish1 simple1 fleshy1 stuffed1 obovate1 clavate1 obtuse1 ,c4 pistillaris4 ,,division ,,ii4 ,key to ,gasteromycetes and ,ascomycetes4 ,section ,a4 ,fungi that have the spores inside the cap4 7,stomach fungi or ,gasteromycetes47 ,section ,b4 ,fungi that have the spores in delicate sacs4 7,spore sac fungi or ,ascomycetes47 ,,section ,a4 #a4 ,fungi covered with a hard rind1 ,scleroderma4 #b4 ,in which the spores when ripe turn to dust1 #d4 ,where spores are at first closed in a cup-like sac that resembles a bird's-nest1 #c4 #c4 ,fungi with the outside covering bowl-shaped ,crucibulum1 of one cottony layer1 the ,crucible4 ,outside covering tubular1 trumpet-shaped1 ,cyathus1 of #c layers1 the cup4 ,outside covering opening with a torn mouth1 ,nidularia1 bird's-nest4 #d4 ,outer covering splitting into star-like points1 ,geaster1 earth star4 ,outer covering opening by a single mouth ,lycoperdon1 at the top1 puff-ball4 ,spores at first borne in an egg-like sac1 ,phallus1 when ripe elevated on a cap at the top of stink-horn the stem1 no veil1 has an odious smell1 fungus4 ,,section ,b4 #a4 ,where the sacs soon become free1 no special ,peziza1 covering1 mostly fleshy1 cup-like fungi1 cup fungus4 ,sacs opening from the first1 caps pitted or furrowed1 #b4 #b4 ,cap lobed1 irregular1 saddle-shaped1 ,helvella1 yellowish fungus4 ,cap oval or conical1 upper surface with ,morchella or ,morel1 deep pits formed by long ridges1 honey-combed fungus4 7,the genera described under ,section ,b4 all belong to the order of ,discomycetes1 fungi that have the spore sacs collected in a flattened disc47 ,,glossary4 ,acute4 ,gills when called acute have sharp edges or are pointed at either end4 ,adnate4 ,spoken of gills when they are firmly attached to the stem4 ,adnex4 ,a less degree of attachment of gills than adnate4 ,agaric4 ,a mushroom that bears gills4 ,alutaceous4 ,a light leather color4 ,anastomosing4 ,interlacing of veins1 spoken of gills that are united by cross veins or partitions4 ,annulus4 ,the ring on the stem of a mushroom1 formed by the separation of the veil from the margin of the cap4 ,apex4 ,the top4 ,the end of the stem nearest to the gills4 ,apical4 ,relating to the apex4 ,appendiculate4 ,hanging in small fragments4 ,arachnoid4 ,like a cobweb4 ,arcuate4 ,shaped like a bow4 ,areolate4 ,any surface divided into little areas or patches4 ,axis4 ,stipe or stalk4 ,band4 ,a broad bar of color4 ,basidium 7plural basidia74 ,mother cells in the hymenium4 ,behind4 ,posterior1 the end of a gill next to the stem is said to be the posterior end4 ,bifurcate4 ,two-forked4 ,bulbous4 ,spoken of the stem when it has a bulb-like swelling at the base4 ,cspitose4 ,growing in tufts4 ,campanulate4 ,bell-shaped4 ,cap4 ,the pileus4 ,cartilaginous4 ,gristly1 tough4 ,castaneus4 ,chestnut color4 ,cell4 ,a mass of protoplasm1 with or without an enclosing wall4 ,chlorophyll4 ,the green coloring-matter contained in plants4 ,clavate4 ,club-shaped4 ,close4 ,crowded together--term used in describing gills4 ,coherent4 ,sticking together4 ,concave4 ,having a rounded inwardly curved surface4 ,concentric4 ,with a common centre1 as a series of rings1 one within the other4 ,connate4 ,growing together from the first4 ,constricted4 ,contracted4 ,continuous4 ,without interruption4 ,convex4 ,elevated and regularly rounded4 ,convolute4 ,covered with irregularities on the surface1 like the human brain4 ,coriaceous4 ,leathery in texture4 ,corrugated4 ,wrinkled4 ,cortina4 ,a veil of cobwebby texture4 ,it gives the name to the genus ,cortinarius4 ,crenate4 ,in wavy scallops4 ,cuticle4 ,pellicle1 a skin-like layer on the outside surface of the cap and stem4 ,cyathiform4 ,cup-shaped4 ,deciduous4 ,falling off when mature at the end of the season4 ,decurrent4 ,gills that run down the stem are called decurrent4 ,dehiscence4 ,the opening of a peridium1 when ripe1 to discharge the spores4 ,deliquescent4 ,turning to liquid when mature4 ,dichotomous4 ,two-forked1 regularly dividing by pairs from below upward4 ,dimidiate4 ,divided into two equal parts1 applied to gills that only reach half-way to the stem1 and to the cap when it is semi-circular or nearly so4 ,disc4 ,the central part of the upper surface of the cap4 ,distant4 ,gills when they are far apart4 ,emarginate4 ,a gill which has a sudden curve in its margin close to the stem4 ,entire4 ,an edge that is straight1 has no notch4 ,epiphytal4 ,growing on the outside of another plant4 ,equal4 ,a stem is equal when it is of uniform thickness1 gills when they are of equal length4 ,eccentric4 ,a stem which is not in the centre1 but is attached to the cap between the margin and centre4 ,fasciculate4 ,growing in clusters4 ,ferruginous4 ,color of iron rust4 ,fibrous4 ,composed of fibres4 ,fistulose4 ,tubular1 hollow4 ,fleshy4 ,composed of juicy cellular tissue4 ,floccose4 ,woolly1 downy4 ,free4 ,gills when not attached to the stem4 ,fungus 7plural ,fungi74 ,a plant that has no chlorophyll1 and obtains its nourishment from dead or living organic matter4 ,fuscous4 ,dingy dark-brown1 or gray color1 ,gelatinous4 ,of the nature of jelly4 ,genus4 ,a number of species that have the same principal characteristics4 ,gibbous4 ,swollen unequally--applied to the cap4 ,gill4 ,lamella1 a radiating plate under the cap of an ,agaric4 ,glabrous4 ,smooth4 ,globose4 ,nearly round4 ,granular4 ,consisting of or covered with grains4 ,gregarions4 ,growing in groups4 ,habitat4 ,place of growth4 ,homogeneous4 ,of like nature4 ,hymenium4 ,the fruit-bearing surface1 a continuous layer of spore mother cells4 ,hyph 7singular ,hypha74 ,elementary threads of a fungus1 cylindrical1 thread-like bodies1 developing by growth at the apex4 ,imbricated4 ,overlapping like the tiles of a roof4 ,incrassated4 ,thickened4 ,inferior4 ,applied to a ring that is far down on the stem4 ,infundibuliform4 ,funnel-shaped4 ,involute4 ,rolled inward4 ,labyrinthine4 ,like a labyrinth4 ,lacerate4 ,torn4 ,lamella4 ,see gill4 ,line4 #a_/ab of an inch4 ,maculate4 ,spotted4 ,medial or median4 ,when the ring is situated in the middle of the stem4 ,membranaceous4 ,thin1 soft1 like a membrane4 ,micaceous4 ,covered with shining particles1 like mica4 ,mother cell4 ,a cell from which another is derived4 ,mycelium4 ,the vegetative part of fungi1 commonly called the spawn4 ,mycologist4 ,one who is versed in the study of fungi4 ,obovate4 ,having the broad end turned toward the top4 ,obsolete4 ,nearly imperceptible4 ,obtuse4 ,blunt4 ,ochraceous4 ,light brownish-yellow4 ,ovate4 ,egg-shaped4 ,parasite4 ,a plant growing on another living body1 from which it gains its nourishment4 ,pellicle4 ,see cuticle4 ,perennial4 ,growing from year to year4 ,peridium4 ,the outer covering of the spores in some fungi1 as in puff-balls4 ,peridiolum4 ,the inside peridium containing the spores4 ,pileus4 ,see cap4 ,piriform or pyriform4 ,pear-shaped4 ,plane4 ,level surface4 ,pores4 ,the tubes in ,polyporei4 ,posterior4 ,term applied to the end of the gill next to the stem4 ,pruinose4 ,covered with a bloom or powder4 ,pulverulent4 ,covered with powder or dust4 ,putrescent4 ,decaying4 ,radicating4 ,taking root4 ,reticulated4 ,marked with cross lines like a net4 ,revolute4 ,rolled upward or backward4 ,rimose4 ,cracked4 ,rimulose4 ,covered with small cracks4 ,ring4 ,annulus4 ,rivulose4 ,marked with lines like rivers in maps4 ,rotund4 ,round4 ,rugose4 ,wrinkled4 ,sapid4 ,agreeable to the taste4 ,saprophyte4 ,a plant that lives on decaying matter4 ,scabrous4 ,rough4 ,scissile4 ,easily split4 ,separating4 ,spoken of gills when they easily separate from the stem4 ,sessile4 ,stemless4 ,sinuate4 ,wavy1 ,a gill that has a sudden curve near the stem4 ,sordid4 ,dingy4 ,spore4 ,the same body that answers to the seed of flowering plants4 ,sporophore4 ,that part which bears the spores or spore mother cells4 ,squamose4 ,scaly4 ,stalk4 ,a stipe or stem4 ,stellate4 ,star-shaped4 ,stipe4 ,see stalk4 ,strobiliform4 ,shaped like a pine-cone4 ,stuffed4 ,when a stem is filled with pith or a spongy substance4 ,succulent4 ,juicy1 fleshy4 ,sulcate4 ,grooved4 ,superior4 ,spoken of a ring that is high up on the stem4 ,tessellated4 ,in small squares1 or checkered4 ,tomentose4 ,covered with matted wool4 ,trama4 ,the substance proceeding from and of like nature with the part that bears the hymenium--the framework of the gills4 ,tremelloid4 ,jelly-like4 ,tubform4 ,trumpet-shaped4 ,umbilicate4 ,having a central depression4 ,umbo4 ,arising or mound in the centre of the cap4 ,veins4 ,swollen wrinkles on the sides and at the base between the gills4 ,ventricose4 ,swelling in the middle4 ,vernicose4 ,varnished4 ,villose4 ,covered with weak1 soft hairs4 ,virescent4 ,greenish4 ,virgate4 ,streaked4 ,viscid4 ,sticky4 ,viscous4 ,gluey4 ,zones4 ,circular bands of color4 ,,index ,,to ,,descriptions ,,of ,,fungi4 ,,genus4 ,,english ,,or ,,common ,,names4 ,,greek ,,or ,,page4 ,,latin ,,names4 ,agaricus4 ,the flat-capped mushroom1 ,a4 placomyces4 #ajd ,agaricus4 ,the common or edible mushroom1 ,a4 campestris4 #ajc ,amanita4 ,the death cup1 ,a4 phalloides4 #ajh ,amanita4 ,the fly ,amanita1 ,a4 muscaria4 #hi ,amanita4 ,frost's ,amanita1 ,a4 ,frostiana4 #ij ,amanita4 ,the poisonous ,amanita1 ,a4 virosa4 #ajg ,amanita4 ,the shining ,amanita1 ,a4 nitida4 #aji ,amanita4 ,the sheathed ,amanita1 ,a4 vaginata4 #aja ,amanita4 ,the warted ,amanita1 ,a4 strobiliformis4 #ajj ,boletus4 ,the bitter ,boletus1 ,b4 felleus4 #ajb ,boletus4 ,the bluing ,boletus1 ,b4 cyanescens4 #if ,boletus4 ,the chestnut ,boletus1 ,b4 castaneus4 #abc ,boletus4 ,the chrome-footed ,boletus1 ,b4 chromapes4 #he ,boletus4 ,the dingy ,boletus1 ,b4 sordidus4 #abf ,boletus4 ,the edible ,boletus1 ,b4 edulis4 #aba ,boletus4 ,the golden ,boletus1 ,b4 chrysenteron4 #abc ,boletus4 ,the granulated ,boletus1 ,b4 granulatus4 #if ,boletus4 ,the gray ,boletus1 ,b4 griseus4 #ajc ,boletus4 ,the half-golden ,boletus1 ,b4 hemichrysus4 #ie ,boletus4 ,murray's ,boletus1 ,b4 ,murrayi4 #he ,boletus4 ,the ornate stemmed ,boletus1 ,b4 ornatipes4 #aai ,boletus4 ,the peppery ,boletus1 ,b4 piperatus4 #abf ,boletus4 ,the deceiving ,boletus1 ,b4 illudens4 #abd ,boletus4 ,the yellow-cracked ,boletus1 ,b4 subtomentosus4 #abe ,boletus4 ,the related ,boletus1 ,b4 affinis4 #abh ,boletus4 ,the rough ,boletus1 ,b4 scaber4 #abb ,boletus4 ,the short-stemmed ,boletus1 ,b4 brevipes4 #abj ,boletus4 ,the small yellowish ,boletus1 ,b4 subluteus4 #abg ,boletus4 ,the thick-stemmed ,boletus1 ,b4 pachypus4 #abd ,boletus4 ,the white ,boletus1 ,b4 albus4 #aac ,cantharellus4 ,the ,chantarelle1 ,c4 cibarius4 #hh ,cantharellus4 ,the funnel-shaped ,chantarelle1 ,c4 infundibuliformis4 #id ,cantharellus4 ,the golden ,chantarelle1 ,c4 aurantiacus4 #id ,clitocybe4 ,the waxy ,clitocybe1 ,c4 laccata4 #hc ,clavaria4 ,the club-shaped ,clavaria1 ,c4 pistillaris4 #ach ,clavaria4 ,the constricted ,clavaria1 ,c4 stricta4 #acg ,clavaria4 ,the pale yellow ,clavaria1 ,c4 flava4 #ach ,clavaria4 ,the unequal ,clavaria1 ,c4 inequalis4 #aci ,collybia4 ,the oak-loving ,collybia1 ,c4 dryophila4 #aah ,collybia4 ,the tufted ,collybia1 ,c4 acervata4 #aae ,coprinus4 ,the inky ,coprinus1 ,c4 atramentarius4 #aje ,coprinus4 ,the glistening ,coprinus1 ,c4 micaceous4 #ajj ,cortinarius4 ,the cinnamon-colored ,cortinarius1 ,c4 cinnamomeus4 #aae ,cortinarius4 ,the violet-colored ,cortinarius1 ,c4 albo violaceous4 #abi ,cortinarius4 ,the wrinkled ,cortinarius1 ,c4 corrugatus4 #ajb ,cortinarius4 ,the zoned ,cortinarius1 ,c4 armillatus4 #hb ,crucibulum4 ,the common crucible1 ,c4 vulgare4 #ada ,cyathus4 ,the varnished cup1 ,c4 vernicosus4 #adb ,fistulina4 ,the beefsteak mushroom1 ,f4 hepatica4 #aca ,geaster4 ,the wandering earth star1 ,g4 hygrometricus4 #adc ,helvella4 ,the cap-shaped ,helvella1 ,h4 infula4 #adf ,hirneola4 ,the ,jew's ear1 ,h4 auricula ,judae4 #adj ,hygrophorus4 ,the blood-red ,hygrophorus1 ,h4 puniceus4 #hg ,hygrophorus4 ,the scarlet color ,hygrophorus1 ,h4 coccineus4 #hg ,hygrophorus4 ,the vermilion ,hygrophorus1 ,h4 mineatus4 #hf ,hypholoma4 ,the gray-gilled mushroom1 ,h4 capnoides4 #aag ,hypholoma4 ,the perplexing mushroom1 ,h4 perplexum4 #aah ,hypholoma4 ,the tufted mushroom1 ,h4 fasciculare4 #hi ,lactarius4 ,the delicious ,lactarius1 ,l4 deliciosus4 #ib ,lactarius4 ,the colorless ,lactarius1 ,l4 ichoratus4 #ha ,lactarius4 ,the fleecy ,lactarius1 ,l4 vellereus4 #aab ,lactarius4 ,the mild ,lactarius1 ,l4 mitissimus4 #hb ,lactarius4 ,the orange brown ,lactarius1 ,l4 volemus4 #hj ,lactarius4 ,the peppery ,lactarius1 ,l4 piperatus4 #aaa ,lepiota4 ,the smooth ,lepiota1 ,l4 naucinoides4 #aaj ,lepiota4 ,the tall ,lepiota1 ,l4 procera4 #abj ,lycoperdon4 ,the cup-shaped puff-ball1 ,l4 cyathiforme4 #adb ,lycoperdon4 ,the pear-shaped puff-ball1 ,l4 pyriforme4 #adc ,marasmius4 ,the fairy ring mushroom1 ,m4 oreades4 #ii ,morchella4 ,the edible ,morel1 ,m4 esculenta4 #adf ,paxillus4 ,the thin stemmed ,paxillus1 ,p4 leptopus4 #abh ,peziza4 ,the golden cup-shaped mushroom1 ,p4 aurantia4 #ade ,phallus4 ,the fetid wood witch1 ,p4 impudicus4 #add ,pholiota4 ,the fat ,pholiota1 ,p4 adiposa4 #ig ,pholiota4 ,the showy ,pholiota1 ,p4 spectabilis4 #ih ,pleurotus4 ,the elm ,pleurotus1 ,p4 ulmarius4 #aac ,pleurotus4 ,the palatable ,pleurotus1 ,p4 sapidus4 #aad ,pluteus4 ,the fawn-colored ,pluteus1 ,p4 cervinus4 #aje ,polyporus4 ,the birch ,polyporus1 ,p4 betulinus4 #acb ,polyporus4 ,the black-stemmed ,polyporus1 ,p4 picipes4 #acd ,polyporus4 ,the changeable ,polyporus1 ,p4 versicolor4 #acf ,polyporus4 ,the elegant ,polyporus1 ,p4 elegans4 #acf ,polyporus4 ,the perennial ,polyporus1 ,p4 perennis4 #acc ,polyporus4 ,the sulphury ,polyporus1 ,p4 sulphureus4 #acd ,polyporus4 ,the shining ,polyporus1 ,p4 lucidus4 #ace ,psathyrella4 ,the widely-spread ,psathyrella1 ,p4 disseminata4 #aaf ,russula4 ,the blood-red ,russula1 ,r4 sanguinea4 #gh ,russula4 ,the elegant ,russula1 ,r4 lepida4 #hj ,russula4 ,the forked ,russula1 ,r4 furcata4 #ajg ,russula4 ,the green ,russula1 ,r4 virescens4 #ajf ,russula4 ,the nauseating ,russula1 ,r4 emetica4 #gg ,russula4 ,the rosy-stemmed ,russula1 ,r4 roseipes4 #gi ,schizophyllum4 ,the common ,schizophyllum1 ,s4 commune4 #adj ,scleroderma4 ,the hard-skinned mushroom1 ,s4 vulgare4 #ada ,stropharia4 ,the dry ,stropharia1 ,s4 siccapes4 #ic ,tricholoma4 ,the canary-colored ,tricholoma1 ,t4 equestre4 #ia ,tricholoma4 ,the imbricated ,tricholoma1 ,t4 imbricata4 #aai ,tricholoma4 ,the sulphury ,tricholoma1 ,t4 sulphureum4 #ia ,typhula4 ,the reed mace mushroom1 ,t4 phacorrhiza4 #aci ,,appendix4 ,a ,,guide ,,for ,,the ,,identification ,,and ,,differentiation ,,of ,,agarics1 ,,comprised ,,in ,,four ,,tables1 ,,arranged ,,with ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,colors ,,of ,,the ,,spores1 ,,viz43 ,table ,i4 ,white spores4 ,table ,,ii4 ,red and pink spores4 ,table ,,iii4 ,ochraceous spores4 ,table ,,iv4 ,dark purple and black spores4 ,,note4 ,in using this table the student should first ascertain the color of the spores of the specimen under investigation4 ,this will determine the particular table to be applied to its further examination4 ,if1 for instance1 he finds its spores to be white1 he will know that ,table ,i4 is the one to be consulted4 ,turning to that table1 he should recall the place of its growth1 its habitat4 ,now1 suppose it to have been found growing on a stump1 he will1 by looking at the first column1 ,habitat1 of ,table ,i41 be informed that it must be one of the four genera named in the column with the heading 8,on ,stumps40 ,let him then examine its 8gills40 ,if he finds them to be 8adnate10 he will be assured that it must be an 8,armillaria10 as no other genus is shown in the column as growing 8on stumps0 and which has gills that are adnate4 ,but to make assurance doubly sure1 he may proceed further to discover whether the specimen has also the ring called for in column headed 8,ring40 ,if it has1 and was found growing in the summer1 he may feel quite safe in classifying it as ,armillaria4 ,sometimes the same genus will be found in more than one column4 ,this ought not to mislead or confuse the beginner4 ,in ,table ,i41 column headed 8,volva10 ,amanita is mentioned1 and also in the column headed 8,ring10 but this indicates that an ,amanita has both the ,volva 7the universal veil7 and the ,ring4 ,so in the columns headed by 8,stem10 ,pleurotus is represented as having a lateral or eccentric stem1 and also as having no stem4 ,the meaning is1 that some species of the genus have no stem1 while there are others in which the stem is lateral or eccentric4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,in this e-text1 empty categories have been omitted from each table4 ,variations in spelling and phrasing are as in the original4 ,the complete structure1 with all options included1 would be3 ,size of plants1 small4 ,plants deliquescent4 ,time of growth1 summer4 autumn4 ,habitat ,in woods1 in uncultivated places1 on ground4 ,in grass and fields1 on ground4 ,on other plants--epiphytal4 ,on stumps4 ,on wood4 ,on manure4 ,gills1 free4 adnate4 decurrent4 sinuous4 serrated4 distant4 in folds4 ,volva4 ,veil adhering to margin of cap4 ,ring4 ,stem1 cartilaginous4 lateral1 or eccentric4 none4 brittle4 ,pileus1 scaly or warted4 campanulate4 silky1 cracked or fibrillose4 umbonate4 umbilicate4 striate4 ,pileus and ,gills milky4 ,table ,i4--,white ,spores4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,size of plants1 small4 ,collybia1#a ,mycena1 ,omphalia1 ,marasmius4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,time of growth1 summer4 ,amanita1 ,collybia1 ,mycena1 ,omphalia1 ,lepiota1 ,pleurotus1 ,russula1#b ,lactarius4 ---------------------------------------- autumn4 ,amanita1 ,clitocybe1 ,collybia1 ,mycena1 ,omphalia1 ,hygrophorus1 ,lepiota1 ,marasmius1 ,armillaria1 ,pleurotus1 ,tricholoma1 ,russula1 ,cantharellus1 ,lactarius4#c ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,habitat ,in woods1 in uncultivated ,amanita1 places1 on ground4 ,armillaria1 ,tricholoma1#d ,clitocybe1 ,collybia1#e ,hygrophorus1 ,lactarius1 ,russula1 ,cantharellus4#f ---------------------------------------- -------- ,in grass and fields1 ,lepiota1 on ground4 ,tricholoma4#g ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on other plants--epiphytal4 ,mycena1 ,omphalia1 ,marasmius1 ,collybia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on stumps4 ,panus1 ,armillaria1 ,lenzites1 ,lentinus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on wood4 ,trogia1 ,pleurotus1 ,schizophyllum1#h ,cantharellus4#i ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gills1 free4 ,amanita1 ,lepiota4 ---------------------------------------- -------- adnate4 ,armillaria1 ,clitocybe1 ,collybia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- decurrent4 ,omphalia1 ,clitocybe1 ,cantharellus1 ,hygrophorus1 ,lactarius4#aj ---------------------------------------- -------- serrated4 ,lentinus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- sinuous4 ,tricholoma1 ,pleurotus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- distant4 ,marasmius1 ,clitocybe4 ---------------------------------------- -------- in folds4 ,cantharellus1 ,trogia4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,volva4 ,amanita4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,veil adhering to margin of cap4 ,tricholoma4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ring4 ,amanita1 ,armillaria1 ,lepiota4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,stem1 cartilaginous4 ,marasmius1 ,mycena1 ,omphalia1 ,collybia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- lateral1 or eccentric4 ,pleurotus1 ,panus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- none4 ,lenzites1 ,pleurotus1 ,trogia1 ,schizophyllum1 ,panus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- brittle4 ,russula4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pileus1 scaly or warted4 ,amanita1 ,lepiota4 ---------------------------------------- -------- campanulate4 ,mycena4 ---------------------------------------- -------- silky1 cracked or ,tricholoma1 fibrillose4 ,clitocybe1 ,pleurotus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- umbonate4 ,mycena4 ---------------------------------------- -------- umbilicate4 ,omphalia1 ,lactarius4#aa ---------------------------------------- -------- striate4 ,omphalia1 ,mycena4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pileus and ,gills milky4 ,lactarius4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,footnote #a3 ,some small4 ,footnote #b3 ,in late summer4 ,footnote #c3 ,generally in autumn4 ,footnote #d3 ,large species4 ,footnote #e3 ,few4 ,footnote #f3 ,some4 ,footnote #g3 ,small species4 ,footnote #h3 ,sometimes on rotten wood4 ,footnote #i3 ,some on rotten wood4 ,footnote #aj3 ,adnato decurrent4 ,footnote #aa3 ,becomes depressed in centre4 ,table ,,ii4--,red and ,pink ,spores4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,size of plants1 small4 ,leptonia4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,time of growth1 summer4 ,volvaria1 ,pluteus1 ,enteloma1 ,leptonia1 ,nolanea1 ,eccilia4 ---------------------------------------- autumn4 ,volvaria1 ,pluteus1 ,nolanea1 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,habitat ,in woods1 in uncultivated ,volvaria1#a places1 on ground4 ,enteloma1 ,clitopilus1 ,leptonia1#b ,nolanea1#c ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,in grass and fields1 ,nolanea4 on ground4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on stumps4 ,pluteus4#d ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on wood4 ,volvaria1#e ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gills1 free4 ,nolanea1 ,pluteus1 ,annularia1 ,volvaria4 ---------------------------------------- -------- adnate4 ,nolanea1 ,enteloma4#f ---------------------------------------- -------- decurrent4 ,eccilia1 ,clitopilus1 ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- sinuous4 ,enteloma1 ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,volva4 ,volvaria4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,veil adhering to margin of cap4 ,enteloma4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ring4 ,annularia4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,stem1 cartilaginous4 ,nolanea1 ,leptonia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- lateral1 or eccentric4 ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- none4 ,claudopus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pileus1 scaly or warted4 ,leptonia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- campanulate4 ,leptonia1 ,nolanea4 ---------------------------------------- -------- silky1 cracked or ,entoloma1 fibrillose4 ,pluteus4#g ---------------------------------------- -------- umbonate4 ,pluteus4#h ---------------------------------------- -------- umbilicate4 ,leptonia1 ,eccilia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- striate4 ,nolanea4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,footnote #a3 ,damp ground4 ,footnote #b3 ,dry hills4 ,footnote #c3 ,wet places in woods4 ,footnote #d4 ,on or close to stumps4 ,footnote #e3 ,on rotten wood4 ,footnote #f3 ,almost free4 ,footnote #g3 ,often fibrillose or floccose4 ,footnote #h3 ,somewhat4 ,table ,,iii4--,ochraceous ,spores4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,time of growth1 summer4 ,pholiota1 ,inocybe1 ,naucoria4 ---------------------------------------- autumn4 ,inocybe1 ,flammula1 ,pholiota1 ,galera1 ,hebeloma1 ,crepedotus1 ,naucoria1 ,cortinarius4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,habitat ,in woods1 in uncultivated ,inocybe1 places1 on ground4 ,pholiota1#a ,hebeloma1 ,flammula1 ,paxillus1 ,cortinarius1 ,naucoria1 ,galera4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,in grass and fields1 ,cortinarius4 on ground4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on other plants--epiphytal4 ,naucoria4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on stumps4 ,pholiota1 ,paxillus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on wood4 ,claudopus1 ,flammula1 ,crepidotus1 ,naucoria4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gills1 free4 ,naucoria4 ---------------------------------------- -------- adnate4 ,naucoria1 ,pholiota1#b ,flammula1 ,cortinarius1 ,hebeloma4 ---------------------------------------- -------- decurrent4 ,flammula1 ,paxillus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- sinuous4 ,hebeloma4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,veil adhering to margin of cap4 ,hebeloma1 ,cortinarius1 ,inocybe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ring4 ,pholiota1 ,cortinarius4#c ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,stem1 cartilaginous4 ,tubaria1 ,naucoria1 ,galera4 ---------------------------------------- -------- lateral1 or excentric4 ,crepidotus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- none4 ,crepidotus4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pileus1 scaly or warted4 ,flammula1 ,inocybe4 ---------------------------------------- -------- campanulate4 ,galera1 ,pluteolus4 ---------------------------------------- -------- silky1 cracked or ,inocybe4 fibrillose4 ---------------------------------------- -------- umbonate4 ,inocybe4 ---------------------------------------- -------- striate4 ,pluteolus1 ,galera4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,footnote #a3 ,damp ground4 ,footnote #b3 ,somewhat free4 ,footnote #c3 ,some with rings4 ,table ,,iv4--,dark ,purple and ,black ,spores4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,size of plants1 small4 ,psathyrella4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,plants deliquescent4 ,coprinus1 ,bolbitius4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,time of growth1 summer4 ,coprinus1 ,stropharia1 ,panaeolus4 ---------------------------------------- autumn4 ,coprinus1 ,psaliota1 ,panaeolus1 ,hypholoma4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,habitat ,in woods1 in uncultivated ,stropharia1 places1 on ground4 ,psathyra4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,in grass and fields1 ,psaliota4 on ground4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on other plants--epiphytal4 ,stropharia4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on stumps4 ,hypholoma1 ,psathyra4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on wood4 ,psathyra1#a ,hypholoma4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,on manure4 ,stropharia1 ,panaeolus1 ,psathyrella1 ,coprinus1 ,bolbitius4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gills1 free4 ,chetonia1 ,psalliota1 ,psathyrella1 ,coprinus1 ,bolbitius4 ---------------------------------------- -------- adnate4 ,stropharia1 ,hypholoma1 ,psathyrella4 ---------------------------------------- -------- decurrent4 ,gomphidius4 ---------------------------------------- -------- sinuous4 ,hypholoma4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,veil adhering to margin4 ,hypholoma4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,ring4 ,stropharia ,psalliota1 ,gomphidius4#b ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,stem1 cartilaginous4 ,psathyra1 ,psilocybe4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pileus1 campanulate4 ,psathyra1 ,psathyrella1#c ,coprinus1 ,gomphidius4#d ---------------------------------------- -------- striate4 ,psathyra1 ,psathyrella4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,footnote #a3 ,on rotten wood4 ,footnote #b3 ,a floccose ring4 ,footnote #c3 ,at first1 adpressed to stem4 ,footnote #d3 ,top shaped4