,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,all footnotes are gr\p$ at ! end ( ! file4 ,^? t include non-bibliographic in=mation are also %[n aft] _! ref]r+ p>agraph4 ,?is ,,utf-#h file includes a few less common fractions su* z & 4 ,read]s :o _c see ^! *>act]s may pref] ! ,lat9-#a v]sion ( ! file4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s ,in/itut$ #aheb ,,transactions ,pap] ,no4 #aaga ,,f$]al ,,inve/igations ,,( ,,m9e ,,accid5ts1 ,,/ructural ,,mat]ials1 ,,& ,,fuels4#a ,by ,,h]b]t ,m4 ,,wilson1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,) ,discussion by ,messrs4 ,,k5ne? ,,all51 ,,h5ry ,,kreis+]1 ,,walt] ,o4 ,,snell+1 ,a4 ,,b>tocc9i1 ,h4 ,g4 ,,/ott1 ,b4 ,w4 ,,dunn1 & ,,h]b]t ,m4 ,,wilson4 ,,introduction4 ,! m9e disa/]1 :i* occurr$ at ,*]ry1 ,ill41 on ,novemb] #ac?1 #aiji1 :5 #ebg m5 7 9 ! m9e1 result+ 9 ! entombm5t ( #ccj m51 ( :om #caj 7 kill$1 has aga9 focus$ public att5tion on ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( su* disa/]s & _! appall+ consequ5ces4 ,int]e/ 9 ! possible prev5tion ( su* disa/]s1 & ! possible means ( combat+ subsequ5t m9e fires & rescu+ ! imprison$ m9]s1 has be5 height5$ z x 0 n ev5 by ! s]ies ( ?ree equally ext5sive disa/]s :i* occurr$ 9 #aijg1 = ! reason t1 aft] ! ,*]ry disa/]1 #bj m5 7 rescu$ alive aft] an entombm5t ( "o week1 :5 practically all hope ( rescu+ any ( ! m9]s _h be5 ab&on$4 ,?is accid5t1 occurr+1 z x does1 a little m ?an #a ye>s aft] ! enactm5t ( legislation by ,congress in/ruct+ ! ,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey to inve/igate ! causes & possible means ( prev5t+ ! loss ( life 9 coal-m9+ op]ations1 makes ?is an opportune "t to review :at has be5 done by ! ,geological ,survey dur+ ?is "t1 t[>d c>ry+ out ! int5t ( ?is ,act4 ,x may be /at$ ) confid5ce1 t _h su* a disa/] occurr$ a ye> or m ago1 all ! entomb$ m5 mu/ h p]i%$1 z x w\ld h be5 impossible to ent] ! m9e )\t ! protection af=d$ by artificial respiratory app>atus4 ,moreov]1 b = ! pres5ce ( ! skill$ corps ( ,gov]nm5t eng9e]s1 exp]i5c$ by m ?an a ye>'s tra9+ 9 simil> op]ations 9 m ?an tw5ty disa/]s1 ! m9e w\ld h be5 seal$ until ! fire _h burn$ out1 & nei!r ! dead1 nor ^? :o 7 f\nd alive1 w\ld h be5 recov]$ = _m weeks4 ,9 ! int]val great suff]+ & loss w\ld h be5 inflict$ on ! m9]s1 because ( en=c$ idl5ess1 & on ! m9e own]s because ( cont9u$ inability to re-op5 & resume op]ations4 ,"* ( ! ,"w4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey has be5 engag$ cont9u\sly s9ce #aijd 9 conduct+ inve/igations relat+ to /ructural mat]ials1 su* z /one1 clay1 cem5t1 etc41 & 9 mak+ te/s & analyses ( ! coals1 lignites1 & o!r m9]al fuel sub/ances1 belong+ to1 & = ! use (1 ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,incid5tally1 ! ,survey has be5 consid]+ means to increase effici5cy 9 ! use ( ^! res\rces z fuels & /ructural mat]ials1 9 ! hope t ! inve/igations w lead to _! be/ utilization4 ,^! inquiries attract$ att5tion to ! wa/e ( human life incid5t to ! m9+ ( fuel & its prep>ation = ! m>ket1 ) ! result t1 9 ,may1 #aijh1 provision 0 made by ,congress = inve/igations into ! causes ( m9e explosions ) a view to _! prev5tion4 ,/ati/ics collect$ by ! ,geological ,survey %[ t ! av]age dea? rate 9 ! coal m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f accid5ts ( all k9ds1 includ+ gas & du/ explosions1 falls ( ro(1 p[d] explosions1 etc41 is ?ree times t ( ,france1 ,belgium1 or ,g]many4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w are natural conditions s favorable = ! safe extraction ( coal z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,belgium1 =emo/ 9 ! /udy ( m9+ conditions1 a con/ant r$uction 9 ! dea? rate has be5 secur$1 & f a rate once ne>ly z great z t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 namely1 #c4bh p] ?\s&1 9 ! p]iod #ahea-fj1 x _h be5 r$uc$ to ab\t #b p] ?\s& 9 ! p]iod #ahha-ij2 & 9 ! la/ decade ?is has be5 fur!r r$uc$ to ne>ly #a p] ?\s&4 ,x seems c]ta91 f ! inve/igations already made by ! ,geological ,survey1 t bett] means ( safegu>d+ ! lives ( m9]s w be f\nd1 & t ! dea? rate f m9e accid5ts w soon %[ a m>k$ r$uction4 ,o!r /ati/ics collect$ by ! ,geological ,survey %[ t1 to ! close ( #aijg1 ne>ly #g1jjj1jjj1jjj tons ( coal _h be5 m9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & x is e/imat$ t = e ton m9$ ne>ly a ton has be5 wa/$1 #c1ejj1jjj1jjj tons be+ left 9 ! gr\nd or ?r[n on ! dump z ( a grade too l[ = comm]cial use4 ,to ! close ( #aijg ! production repres5ts an exhau/ion ( some:at m ?an #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons ( coal4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t if ! production cont9ues to increase1 f ! pres5t annual output ( approximately #dae1jjj1jjj tons1 at ! rate :i* has prevail$ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 ! great] "p ( ! m accessible coal supply w be exhau/$ be=e ! middle ( ! next c5tury4 ,! ,=e/ ,s]vice e/imates t1 at ! pres5t rate ( consumption1 r5ewals ( gr[? n be+ tak5 into acc\nt1 ! timb] supply w be exhau/$ )9 ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 t all in=mation possible be ga9$ reg>d+ ! mo/ suitable sub/itutes = wood = build+ & eng9e]+ con/ruction1 su* z iron1 /one1 clay products1 concrete1 etc41 & t ! m9imum proportion 9 :i* ^! mat]ials %\ld be us$ = a giv5 purpose1 be asc]ta9$4 ,exhau/ion1 by use 9 eng9e]+ & build+ con/ruction1 applies n only to ! iron ore1 clay1 & cem5t-mak+ mat]ials1 b1 9 l>g] ratio1 to ! fuel ess5tial to r5d]+ ^! sub/ances available = mat]ials ( con/ruction4 ,incid5tally1 inve/igations into ! wa/e ( /ructural mat]ials h develop$ ! fact t ! de/ructive losses1 due to fires 9 combu/ible build+s1 am\nt to m ?an #bjj1jjj1jjj p] annum4 ,a sum ev5 great] ?an ?is is annually exp5d$ on fire protection4 ,inquiries look+ to ! r$uction ( fire losses are be+ conduct$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! mo/ suitable fire-resi/+ mat]ials = build+ con/ruction4 ,e>ly 9 #aijd1 dur+ ! ,l\isiana ,pur*ase ,exposition1 ,congress made provision = te/s1 demon/rations1 & inve/igations conc]n+ ! fuels & /ructural mat]ials ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! inve/igations 7 organiz$ subsequ5tly z ! ,te*nologic ,bran* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 "u ,mr4 ,joseph ,a4 ,holmes1 ,exp]t 9 ,*>ge1 & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates invit$ a gr\p ( civilian eng9e]s & ,*iefs ( ,eng9e]+ ,bureaus ( ! ,gov]nm5t to act z a ,national ,advisory ,bo>d conc]n+ ! me?od ( conduct+ ?is "w1 ) a view to mak+ x ( m imm$iate b5efit to ! ,gov]nm5t & to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is ,society is =mally repres5t$ on ?is ,bo>d by ,c4 ,c4 ,s*neid]1 ,pa/-,presid5t1 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 & ,george ,s4 ,web/]1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,among repres5tatives ( o!r eng9e]+ societies1 or ( ,gov]nm5t ,bureaus1 ! memb]%ip ( ! ,national ,advisory ,bo>d includes o!r memb]s ( ?is ,society1 z foll[s3 ,g5]al ,william ,crozi]1 ,frank ,t4 ,*amb]s1 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,k4 ,hatt1 ,ri*>d ,l4 ,humphrey1 ,rob]t ,w4 ,hunt1 ,h4 ,g4 ,kelley1 ,rob]t ,w4 ,lesley1 ,john ,b4 ,lob]1 ,hunt] ,mc,donald1 & ,fr$]ick ,h4 ,newell4 ,9 view1 !re=e1 ( ! important "p tak5 bo? (ficially & un(ficially by memb]s ( ?is ,society 9 ! plann+ & organization ( ?is "w1 x seems prop] to pres5t a /atem5t ( ! scope1 me?ods1 & progress ( ^! inve/igations4 ,:]eas ! ,act gov]n+ ?is "w limits ! te/+ & inve/igation ( fuels & ( /ructural mat]ials to ^? belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! activities ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 9 ! use ( ^! mat]ials s f> exce$s t ( any o!r s+le conc]n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t ! results _c b be ( great value to all eng9e]s & to all ^? engag$ 9 eng9e]+ works4 ,,m9e ,,accid5ts ,,inve/igations4 ,organization1 & ,"* ( ! ,"w4--,! m9e rescue inve/igations1 c>ri$ on at ! ,f$]al te/+ /ation1 at ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 include five l9es ( attack3 #a4--;,inve/igations 9 ! m9es to det]m9e ! conditions lead+ up to m9e disa/]s1 ! pres5ce & ! relative explosibility ( m9e gas & coal du/1 & m9e fires & means ( prev5t+ & combat+ !m4 #b4--,te/s to det]m9e ! relative safety1 or o!rwise1 ( ! v>i\s explosives us$ 9 coal m9+1 :5 ignit$ 9 ! pres5ce ( explosible mixtures ( natural gas & air1 or coal du/1 or ( bo?4 #c4--,te/s to det]m9e ! conditions "u :i* electric equipm5t is safe 9 coal-m9+ op]ations4 #d4--,te/s to det]m9e ! safety ( v>i\s types ( m9e lights 9 ! pres5ce ( inflammable gas1 & _! accuracy 9 detect+ small p]c5tages ( m9e gas4 #e4--,te/s ( ! v>i\s artificial brea?+ app>atus1 & ! tra9+ ( m9]s & ( skill$ m9+ eng9e]s 9 rescue me?ods4 ,! fir/ f\r ( ^! l9es ( inve/igation h to d ) prev5tive measures1 & are ^? on :i* ultimately ! greate/ dep5d5ce mu/ be plac$4 ,! fif? is "o 9 :i* ! result seems at fir/ to be ! mo/ app>5t4 ,x has to d1 n ) prev5tion1 b ) ! cure ( conditions :i* %\ld n arise1 or1 at lea/1 %\ld be greatly ameliorat$4 ,dur+ ! la/ #ai ye>s1 #bh1ead m5 h be5 kill$ 9 ! coal-m9+ indu/ries4#b ,9 #aijg alone1 #c1abe m5 lo/ _! lives 9 coal m9es1 &1 9 addition1 ne>ly #hjj 7 kill$ 9 ! metal m9es & qu>ries ( ! c\ntry4 ,includ+ ! injur$1 #h1dda m5 suff]$ casualties 9 ! m9es 9 t ye>4 ,9 e m9+ camp conta9+ #a1jjj m51 #d4hf 7 tak5 by viol5t dea? 9 t ye>4 ,9 ! m9+ ( coal 9 ,great ,brita91 #a4ca m5 7 kill$ 9 e #a1jjj employ$ 9 ! same ye>2 9 ,france1 #a4a2 9 ,belgium1 #j4id1 or less ?an #a man 9 e #a1jjj employ$4 ,x is ?us se5 t f ?ree to f\r times z _m m5 are be+ kill$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z 9 any ,european coal-produc+ c\ntry4 ,?is saf] condition 9 ,europe has result$ f ! use ( saf] explosives1 or ! bett] use ( ! explosives available2 f ! r$uction 9 ! use ( op5 lights2 f ! e/abli%m5t ( m9e rescue /ations & ! tra9+ ) artificial brea?+ app>atus2 & f ! adoption ( regulations = safegu>d+ ! lives ( ! workm54 ,! m9+ eng9e]+ field =ce ( ! ,geological ,survey1 at ! head ( :i* is ,mr4 ,george ,s4 ,rice1 an exp]i5c$ m9+ & consult+ eng9e]1 has already made great progress 9 ! /udy ( und]gr\nd m9+ conditions & me?ods4 ,ne>ly all ! m dang]\s coal m9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 exam9$2 samples ( gas1 coal1 & du/ h be5 tak5 & analyz$ at ! *emical laboratories at ,pittsburg2 ext5d$ te/s h be5 made z to ! explosibility ( v>i\s mixtures ( gas & air2 z to ! explosibility ( du/ f v>i\s typical coals2 z to ! *emical composition & physical *>act]i/ics ( ?is du/2 ! degree ( f95ess necess>y to ! mo/ explosive conditions2 & ! me?ods ( damp5+ ! du/ by wat]1 by humidify+1 by /eam1 or ( dead5+ its explosibility by ! addition ( calcium *loride1 /one du/1 etc4 ,a bullet9 outl9+ ! results ?us f> obta9$ 9 ! /udy ( ! coal-du/ problem is n[ 9 c\rse ( publication4#c ,aft] review+ ! hi/ory ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts ) coal du/ c>ri$ on 9 ,europe1 & lat]1 ! exp]im5ts at ! ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,belgian1 & ,engli% explosives-te/+ /ations1 ?is bullet9 takes up ! coal-du/ "q 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fur!r *apt]s conc]n ! te/s z to ! explosibility ( coal du/1 made by ! ,geological ,survey1 at ,pittsburg2 inve/igations1 bo? at ! ,pittsburg laboratory & 9 m9es1 z to ! humidity ( m9e air4 ,!re is also a *apt] on ! *emical inve/igations into ! ignition ( coal du/ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,w4 ,fraz]1 ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,! application ( "s ( ^! data to actual m9e conditions 9 ,europe1 9 ! la/ ye>1 is treat$ by ,mr4 ,axel ,l>s52 ! use ( exhau/ /eam 9 a m9e ( ! ,consolidation ,coal ,company1 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 is discuss$ by ,mr4 ,frank ,haas1 ,consult+ ,eng9e]2 & ! use ( sprays 9 ,oklahoma coal m9es is ! subject ( a *apt] by ,mr4 ,c>l ,s*olz1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,rock ,isl& ,coal ,m9+ ,company4 ,an e>li] bullet9 sett+ =? ! lit]ature & c]ta9 m9e inve/igations ( explosive gases & du/1#d has already be5 issu$4 ,aft] treat+ ( me?ods ( collect+ & analyz+ ! gases f\nd 9 m9es1 ( inve/igations z to ! rate ( lib]ation ( gas f coal1 & ( /udies on coal du/1 ?is bullet9 discusses su* factors z ! re/ra9+ influ5ce ( %ale du/ & dampness on coal-du/ explosions4 ,x !n takes up practical consid]ations z to ! dang] ( explosions1 includ+ ! relative inflammability ( old & fre% coal du/4 ,! problems involv$ are und]go+ fur!r inve/igation & elaboration1 9 ! light ( in=mation already ga!r$4 ,p]missible ,explosives4--,! mo/ important progress 9 ^! te/s & inve/igations has be5 made 9 ^? relat+ to ! v>i\s explosives us$ 9 gett+ coal f m9es4 ,imm$iately ^u ! enactm5t ( ! fir/ legislation1 9 ! spr+ ( #aijh1 arrangem5ts 7 p]fect$ :]eby ! l[] portion ( ! old ,ars5al gr\nds belong+ to ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t & adjac5t to ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 on ! ,alleghany ,riv]1 at #dj? & ,butl] ,/reets1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 7 transf]r$ to ! ,int]ior ,dep>tm5t = use 9 ^! inve/igations4 ,meantime1 9 anticipation ( ! appropriation1 ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,hall1 an eng9e] exp]i5c$ 9 ! manufacture & use ( explosives1 0 s5t to ,europe to /udy ! me?ods ( te/+ explosives practic$ at ! ,gov]nm5t /ations 9 ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 & ,france4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,a4 ,holmes also visit$ ,europe = ! purpose ( /udy+ me?ods ( ameliorat+ conditions 9 ! m9es4 ,?ree =eign m9+ exp]ts1 ! *iefs ( inve/igat+ bureaus 9 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 sp5t ?ree mon?s /udy+ conditions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! invitation ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 to :om !y submitt$ a valuable report4#e ,"u ! sup]vision ( ! writ]1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ^! inve/igations1 detail$ plans & specifications _h be5 prep>$ 9 advance = ! necess>y app>atus & ! trans=mation ( ! build+s at ,pittsburg to ! purposes ( ?is "w4 ,x 0 possible1 !re=e1 to und]take imm$iately ! *anges 9 exi/+ build+s1 ! erection ( new build+s1 ! in/allation ( railway tracks1 laboratories1 & ! plumb+1 heat+1 & light+ plant1 etc4 ,?is "w 0 c>ri$ on ) unusual exp$ition1 "u ! direction ( ! ,assi/ant ,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,james ,c4 ,rob]ts1 & 0 complet$ )9 a few mon?s1 by :i* "t mo/ ( ! app>atus 0 deliv]$ & in/all$4 ,"o build+ 7,no4 #ag7 is devot$ to ! small] physical te/s ( explosives4 ,x 0 r5d]$ fire resi/ant by heavily cov]+ ! floors1 ceil+1 & walls ) cem5t on metal la?1 & o!rwise protect+ ! op5+s4 ,9 x are in/all$ app>atus = det]m9+ calorific value ( explosives1 pressure produc$ on ignition1 susceptibility to ignition :5 dropp$1 rate ( detonation1 l5g? & duration ( flame1 & k9dr$ factors4 ,else:]e on ! gr\nds is a gall]y ( boil]-/eel plate1 #ajj ft4 long & m ?an #f ft4 9 diamet]1 solidly atta*$ to a mass ( concrete at "o end1 9 :i* is emb$d$ a cannon f :i* to dis*>ge ! explosive "u te/1 & op5 at ! o!r end1 & o!rwise s con/ruct$ z to simulate a small section ( a m9e gall]y 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,vi74 ,! heavy mort> p5dulum1 = ! p5dulum te/ = det]m9+ ! =ce produc$ by an explosive1 is ne> by1 z is also an armor$ pit 9 :i* l>ge quantities ( explosive may be detonat$1 ) a view to /udy+ ! effects ( magaz9e explosions1 & = te/+ z to ! rate at :i* ignition ( an explosive travels f "o end to ! o!r ( a c>tridge1 & ! s5sitiv5ess ( "o c>tridge to explosion by dis*>ge ( ano!r ne> by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,fig4 #a4--;,explosion f ,coal ,du/ 9 ,gas & ,du/ ,gall]y ,no4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4--,m9e ,gall]y ,no4 #a4 ,fig4 #c4--;,balli/ic ,p5dulum4 ,9 ano!r build+ 7,no4 #ba71 is a well-equipp$ *emical laboratory = *emical analyses & inve/igations ( explosives1 /ructural mat]ials1 & fuels4 ,sev]al mon?s 7 requir$ to calibrate ! v>i\s app>atus1 & to make analyses ( ! available natural gas to det]m9e ! correct me?od ( proportion+ x ) air1 s z to produce exact mixtures ( #b1 #d1 #f1 or #h ( me?ane ) air4 ,te/s ( exi/+ explosives 7 made 9 air & 9 inflammable mixtures ( air & gas1 ) a view to fix+ on "s /&>d explosive z a basis ( comp>ison4 ,ultimately1 #dj nitro-glyc]9e dynamite 0 adopt$ z ! /&>d4 ,inve/igative te/s hav+ be5 made1 & ! v>i\s factors conc]n+ all ! explosives on ! m>ket hav+ be5 det]m9$1 a circul> 0 s5t to all manufactur]s ( explosives 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ,janu>y #i?1 #aiji1 & 0 also publi%$ 9 ! v>i\s te*nical j\rnals1 ?r\gh ! associat$ press1 & o!rwise4 ,on ,may #ae?1 #aiji1 all ! explosives :i* _h be5 (f]$ = te/1 z p]missible1 hav+ be5 te/$1 ! fir/ li/ ( p]missible explosives 0 issu$1 z giv5 9 ! foll[+ circul>3 8,,explosives ,,circul> ,,no4 #a4 8,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior4 8,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 8,may #ae1 #aiji4 8,,li/ ,,( ,,p]missible ,,explosives4 8,te/$ prior to ,may #ae1 #aiji4 8,z a "p ( ! inve/igation ( m9e explosions au?oriz$ by ,congress 9 ,may1 #aijh1 x 0 decid$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior t a c>eful exam9ation %\ld be made ( ! v>i\s explosives us$ 9 m9+ op]ations1 ) a view to det]m9+ ! ext5t to :i* ! use ( su* explosives might be responsible = ! occurr5ce ( ^! disa/]s4 8,! prelim9>y inve/igation %[$ ! necessity ( subject+ to rigid te/s all explosives int5d$ = use 9 m9es :]e ei!r gas or dry inflammable du/ is pres5t 9 quantity or "u conditions :i* are indicative ( dang]4 8,) ?is 9 view1 a lett] 0 s5t by ! ,director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey on ,janu>y #i1 #aiji1 to ! manufactur]s ( explosives 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sett+ =? ! conditions "u :i* ^! explosives w\ld be exam9$ & ! nature ( ! te/s to :i* !y w\ld be subject$4 8,inasmu* z ! conditions & te/s describ$ 9 ?is lett] 7 subsequ5tly foll[$ 9 te/+ ! explosives giv5 9 ! li/ bel[1 !y are "h reproduc$1 z foll[s3 87#a7 ,! manufactur] is to furni% #ajj p\nds ( ea* explosive :i* he desires to h te/$2 he is to be responsible = ! c>e1 h&l+1 & deliv]y ( ?is mat]ial at ! te/+ /ation on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ars5al gr\nds1 ,=tie? & ,butl] /reets1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 at ! "t ! explosive is to be te/$2 & he is to h a repres5tative pres5t dur+ ! te/s1 :o w be responsible = ! h&l+ ( ! packages conta9+ ! explosives until !y are op5$ = te/+4 87#b7 ,no "o is to be pres5t at or to p>ticipate 9 ^! te/s except ! necess>y gov]nm5t (fic]s at ! te/+ /ation1 _! assi/ants1 & ! repres5tative ( ! manufactur] ( ! explosives to be te/$4 87#c7 ,! te/s w be made 9 ! ord] ( ! receipt ( ! applications = !m1 provid$ ! necess>y quantity ( ! explosive is deliv]$ at ! plant by ! "t assign$1 ( :i* due notice w be giv5 by ! ,geological ,survey4 87#d7 ,pref]5ce w be giv5 to ! te/+ ( explosives t are n[ be+ manufactur$ & t are 9 t s5se already on ! m>ket4 ,no te/ w be made ( any new explosive :i* is n n[ be+ manufactur$ & m>ket$1 until all explosives n[ on ! m>ket t may be (f]$ = te/+ h be5 te/$4 87#e7 ,a li/ ( ! explosives :i* pass c]ta9 requirem5ts satisfactorily w be furni%$ to ! /ate m9e inspectors1 & w be made public 9 su* fur!r mann] z may be consid]$ desirable4 8,,te/ ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,explosives4 8,! te/s w be made by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,explosives ,te/+ ,/ation at ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 9 gas & du/ gall]y ,no4 #a4 ,! *>ge ( explosive to be fir$ 9 te/s #a1 #b1 & #c %all be equal 9 disruptive p[] to "o-half p\nd 7#bbg grams7 ( #dj p] c5t4 nitroglyc]9 dynamite 9 its orig9al wrapp]1 ( ! foll[+ =mula3 ,nitroglyc]9 #dj ,nitrate ( sodium #dd ,wood pulp #ae ,calcium c>bonate #a --- #ajj 8,ea* *>ge %all be fir$ ) an electric fuse ( suffici5t p[] to completely detonate or explode ! *>ge1 z recomm5d$ by ! manufactur]4 ,! explosive mu/ be 9 su* condition t ! *emical & physical te/s d n %[ any unfavorable results4 ,! explosives 9 :i* ! *>ge us$ is less ?an #ajj grams 7#j4bb p\nd7 w be weigh$ 9 t9foil )\t ! orig9al wrapp]4 8,! du/ us$ 9 te/s #b1 #c1 & #d w be ( ! same degree ( f95ess & tak5 f "o m9e4#f ,footnote #f3 ,) a view to obta9+ a du/ ( uni=m purity & inflammability4 8,,te/ #a4--,t5 %ots ) ! *>ge z describ$ above1 9 its orig9al wrapp]1 %all be fir$1 ea* ) #a p\nd ( clay tamp+1 at a gall]y temp]ature ( #gg ,f41 into a mixture ( gas & air conta9+ #h p] c5t4 ( me?ane & e?ane4 ,an explosive w pass ?is te/ if all t5 %ots fail to ignite ! mixture4 8,,te/ #b4--,t5 %ots ) *>ge z previ\sly not$1 9 its orig9al wrapp]1 %all be fir$1 ea* ) #a p\nd ( clay tamp+ at a gall]y temp]ature ( #gg ,f41 into a mixture ( gas & air conta9+ #d p] c5t4 ( me?ane & e?ane & #bj p\nds ( bitum9\s coal du/1 #ah p\nds ( :i* is to be plac$ on %elves lat]ally arrang$ along ! fir/ #bj feet ( ! gall]y1 & #b p\nds to be plac$ ne> ! inlet ( ! mix+ sy/em 9 su* a mann] t all or "p ( x w be susp5d$ 9 ! fir/ division ( ! gall]y4 ,an explosive w pass ?is te/ if all t5 %ots fail to ignite ! mixture4 8,,te/ #c4--,t5 %ots ) *>ge z previ\sly not$1 9 its orig9al wrapp]1 %all be fir$1 ea* ) #a p\nd ( clay tamp+ at a gall]y temp]ature ( #gg ,f41 into #dj p\nds ( bitum9\s coal du/1 #bj p\nds ( :i* is to be di/ribut$ uni=mly on a horse plac$ 9 front ( ! cannon & #bj p\nds plac$ on side %elves 9 sections #d1 #e1 & #f4 ,an explosive w pass ?is te/ if all t5 %ots fail to ignite ! mixture4 8,,te/ #d4--;,a limit *>ge w be det]m9$ )9 #be grams by fir+ *>ges 9 _! orig9al wrapp]s1 untamp$1 at a gall]y temp]ature ( #gg ,f41 into a mixture ( gas & air conta9+ #d p] c5t4 ( me?ane & e?ane & #bj p\nds ( bitum9\s coal du/1 to be arrang$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 te/ #b4 ,?is limit *>ge is to be repeat$ five times "u ! same conditions be=e be+ e/abli%$4 8,,note4--,at lea/ #b p\nds ( clay tamp+ w be us$ ) sl[-burn+ explosives4 8,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,janu>y #i1 #aiji4 8,9 response to ! above communication applications 7 receiv$ f #ab manufactur]s = ! te/+ ( #bi explosives4 ,( ^! explosives1 ! #ag giv5 9 ! foll[+ li/ h pass$ all ! te/ requirem5ts set =?1 & w be t]m$ p]missible explosives4 8,p]missible explosives te/$ prior to ,may #ae1 #aiji4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,br&4 ,manufactur]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- tna coal p[d] ,a tna ,p[d] ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 tna coal p[d] ,b ,d4 ,c>bonite ,no4 #a ,e4 ,i4 ,dupont de ,nem\rs ,p[d] ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,c>bonite ,no4 #b ,e4 ,i4 ,du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,p[d] ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,c>bonite ,no4 #c ,d4 ,c>bonite ,no4 #a ,l4 ,f4 ,d4 ,c>bonite ,no4 #b ,l4 ,f4 ,d4 ,coal special ,no4 #a ,key/one ,p[d] ,co41 ,emporium1 ,pa4 ,coal special ,no4 #b ,d4 ,coalite ,no4 #a ,potts ,p[d] ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,coalite ,no4 #b ,d ,d4 ,colli] dynamite ,no4 #b ,s9namahon+ ,p[d] ,co41 ,emporium1 ,pa4 ,colli] dynamite ,no4 #d ,d4 ,colli] dynamite ,no4 #e ,d4 ,masurite ,m4 ,l4 ,f4 ,masurite ,explosive ,co41 ,%>on1 ,pa4 ,meteor dynamite ,e4 ,i4 ,du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,p[d] ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,monobel ,d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 8,subject to ! conditions nam$ bel[1 a p]missible explosive is def9$ z an explosive :i* has pass$ gas & du/ gall]y te/s ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c z describ$ above1 & ( :i* 9 te/ ,no4 #d #a p\nds 7#fhj grams7 ( ! explosive has be5 fir$ into ! mixture !re describ$ )\t caus+ an ignition4 8,provid$3 8#a4 ,t ! explosive is 9 all respects simil> to ! sample submitt$ by ! manufactur] = te/4 8#b4 ,t d\ble-/r5g? detonators are us$ ( n less /r5g? ?an #a gram *>ge consi/+ by weight ( #ij p>ts ( m]cury fulm9ate & #aj p>ts ( potassium *lorate 7or its equival5t71 except = ! explosive #8,masurite ,m4 ,l4 ,f4' = :i* ! detonator %all be ( n less /r5g? ?an #a grams *>ge4 8#c4 ,t ! explosive1 if 9 a froz5 condition1 %all be ?or\ghly ?aw$ 9 a safe & suitable mann] be=e use4 8#d4 ,t ! am\nt us$ 9 practice does n exce$ #a p\nds 7#fhj grams7 prop]ly tamp$4 8,! above p>tial li/ includes ! p]missible explosives t h pass$ ^! te/s prior to ,may #ae1 #aiji4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! pass+ ( l te/s by o!r explosives w be made public imm$iately aft] ! completion ( ! te/s = su* explosives4 8,a description ( ! me?od foll[$ 9 mak+ ^! & ! _m additional te/s to :i* ea* explosive is subject$1 toge!r ) ! full data obta9$ 9 ea* case1 w be publi%$ by ! ,survey at an e>ly date4 8,,notes ,,& ,,sugge/ions4 8,x may be wise to po9t out 9 ?is connection c]ta9 diff]5ces betwe5 ! p]missible explosives z a class & ! black p[d]s n[ s g5]ally us$ 9 coal m9+1 z foll[s3 87a7 ,) equal quantities ( ea*1 ! flame ( ! black p[d] is m ?an ?ree times z long & has a duration ?ree ?\s& to m ?an f\r ?\s& times t ( "o ( ! p]missible explosives1 also ! rate ( explosion is sl[]4 87b7 ,! p]missible explosives are "o & "o-f\r? to "o & ?ree-f\r?s times z /rong & are said1 if prop]ly us$1 to d twice ! "w ( black p[d] 9 br++ d[n coal2 h5ce only half ! quantity ne$ be us$4 87c7 ,) #a p\nd ( a p]missible explosive or #b p\nds ( black p[d]1 ! quantity ( noxi\s gases giv5 (f f a %ot av]ages approximately ! same1 ! quantity f ! black p[d] be+ less ?an f "s ( ! p]missible explosives & slightly great] ?an f o!rs4 ,! "t elaps+ aft] fir+ be=e ! m9] returns to ! work+ face or fires ano!r %ot %\ld n be less = p]missible explosives ?an = black p[d]4 8,! use ( p]missible explosives %\ld be consid]$ z supplem5tal to & n z a sub/itute = o!r safety precautions 9 m9es :]e gas or inflammable coal du/ is pres5t "u conditions indicative ( dang]4 ,z /at$ above1 !y %\ld be us$ ) /rong detonators2 & ! *>ge us$ 9 practice %\ld n exce$ #a p\nds1 & 9 _m cases ne$ n exce$ #a p\nd4 8,inasmu* z no explosive manufactur$ = use 9 m9+ is flameless1 & z no su* explosive is entirely safe "u all ! v>iable m9+ conditions1 ! use ( ! t]ms #8flameless' & #8safety' z appli$ to explosives is likely to be misund]/ood1 may endang] human life1 & %\ld be disc\rag$4 8,,joseph ,a4 ,,holmes1 8,exp]t 9 ,*>ge ,te*nologic ,bran*4 8,approv$1 ,may #ah1 #aiji3 8,,geo4 ,,otis ,,smi?1 8,director40 ,9 ! meantime1 _m ( ! explosives submitt$1 :i* h]et(ore _h be5 on ! m>ket z safety explosives1 7 f\nd to be unsafe = use 9 gase\s or du/y m9es1 & ! manufactur]s 7 p]mitt$ to )draw !m4 ,_! weaknesses be+ kn[n1 z a result ( ^! te/s1 ! manufactur]s 7 enabl$ to produce simil>1 b saf]1 explosives4 ,consequ5tly1 applications = fur!r te/s cont9u$ to p\r 91 z !y /ill d1 & on ,octob] #a/1 #aiji1 a second li/ ( p]missible explosives 0 issu$1 z foll[s3 8,,explosives ,,circul> ,,no4 #b4 8,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior4 8,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 8,octob] #a1 #aiji4 8,,li/ ,,( ,,p]missible ,,explosives4 8,te/$ prior to ,octob] #a1 #aiji4 8,! foll[+ li/ ( p]missible explosives te/$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey at ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 is h]eby publi%$ = ! b5efit ( op]ators1 m9e own]s1 m9e inspectors1 m9]s1 & o!rs int]e/$4 8,! conditions & te/ requirem5ts describ$ 9 ,explosives ,circul> ,no4 #a1 issu$ "u date ( ,may #ae1 #aiji1 h be5 foll[$ 9 all subsequ5t te/s4 8,subject to ! provisions nam$ bel[1 a p]missible explosive is def9$ z an explosive :i* is 9 su* condition t ! *emical & physical te/s d n %[ any unfavorable results2 :i* has pass$ gas & du/ gall]y te/s ,nos4 #a & #c1 z describ$ 9 circul> ,no4 #a2 & ( :i*1 9 te/ ,no4 #d1 #a p\nds 7#fhj grams7 has be5 fir$ into ! mixture !re describ$ )\t caus+ ignition4 8,p]missible explosives te/$ prior to ,octob] #a1 #aiji4 8,^? report$ 9 ,explosives ,circul> ,no4 #a are m>k$ 994 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,br&4 ,manufactur]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 99tna coal p[d] ,a tna ,p[d] ,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 tna coal p[d] ,,aa ,d4 99tna coal p[d] ,b ,d4 tna coal p[d] ,c ,d4 ,bitum9ite ,no4 #a ,jeff]son ,p[d] ,co41 ,birm+ham1 ,ala4 ,black ,diamond ,no4 #c ,ill9ois ,p[d] ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,black ,diamond ,no4 #d ,d4 99,c>bonite ,no4 #a ,e4 ,i4 ,du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,p[d] ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 99,c>bonite ,no4 #b ,d4 99,c>bonite ,no4 #c ,d4 99,c>bonite ,no4 #a-,l4 ,f4 ,d4 99,c>bonite ,no4 #b-,l4 ,f4 ,d4 99,coalite ,no4 #a ,potts ,p[d] ,co41 ,new ,york ,city4 99,coalite ,no4 #b-;,d4 ,d4 99,coal special ,no4 #a ,key/one ,p[d] ,co41 ,emporium1 ,pa4 99,coal special ,no4 #b ,d4 99,colli] dynamite ,no4 #b4 ,s9namahon+ ,p[d] ,manufactur+ ,co41 ,emporium1 ,pa4 99,colli] dynamite ,no4 #d4 ,d4 99,colli] dynamite ,no4 #e4 ,d4 ,giant ,a l[-flame dynamite4 ,giant ,p[d] ,co4 7,con471 ,giant1 ,cal4 ,giant ,b l[-flame dynamite4 ,d4 ,giant ,c l[-flame dynamite4 ,d4 99,masurite ,m4 ,l4 ,f4 ,masurite ,explosives ,co41 ,%>on1 ,pa4 99,meteor dynamite4 ,e4 ,i4 ,du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,p[d] ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,m9e-ite ,a4 ,burton ,p[d] ,co41 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,m9e-ite ,b4 ,d4 99,monobel4 ,e4 ,i4 ,du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,p[d] ,co41 ,wilm+ton1 ,del4 ,tunnelite ,no4 #e4 ,g4 ,r4 ,mc,abee ,p[d] & ,oil ,co41 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,tunnelite ,no4 #f4 ,d4 ,tunnelite ,no4 #g4 ,d4 ,tunnelite ,no4 #h4 ,d4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- 8,provid$3 8#a4 ,t ! explosive is 9 all respects simil> to sample submitt$ by ! manufactur] = te/4 8#b4 ,t ,no4 #f detonators1 pref]ably ,no4 #f electric detonators 7d\ble /r5g?71 are us$ ( n less /r5g? ?an #a gram *>ge1 consi/+ by weight ( #ij p>ts ( m]cury fulm9ate & #aj p>ts ( potassium *lorate 7or its equival5t71 except = ! explosive ',masurite ,m4 ,l4 ,f41' = :i* ! detonator %all be ( n less /r5g? ?an #a grams *>ge4 8#c4 ,t ! explosive1 if froz51 %all be ?or\ghly ?aw$ 9 a safe & suitable mann] be=e use4 8#d4 ,t ! am\nt us$ 9 practice does n exce$ #a p\nds 7#fhj grams71 prop]ly tamp$4 8,! above p>tial li/ includes all ! p]missible explosives t h pass$ ^! te/s prior to ,octob] #a1 #aiji4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ! pass+ ( l te/s by o!r explosives w be made public imm$iately aft] ! completion ( ! te/s4 8,) a view to ! wise use ( ^! explosives x may be well 9 ?is connection to po9t out aga9 c]ta9 diff]5ces betwe5 ! p]missible explosives z a class & ! black p[d]s n[ s g5]ally us$ 9 coal m9+1 z foll[s3 87a7 ,) equal quantities ( ea*1 ! flame ( ! black p[d] is m ?an ?ree times z long & has a duration ?ree ?\s& to m ?an f\r ?\s& times t ( "o ( ! p]missible explosives2 ! rate ( explosion also is sl[]4 87b7 ,! p]missible explosives are "o & "o-f\r? to "o & ?ree-f\r?s times z /rong & are said1 if prop]ly us$1 to d twice ! "w ( black p[d] 9 br++ d[n coal2 h5ce only half ! quantity ne$ be us$4 87c7 ,) #a p\nd ( a p]missible explosive or #b p\nds ( black p[d]1 ! quantity ( noxi\s gases giv5 (f f a %ot av]ages approximately ! same1 ! quantity f ! black p[d] be+ less ?an f "s ( ! p]missible explosives & slightly great] ?an f o!rs4 ,! "t elaps+ aft] fir+ be=e ! m9] returns to ! work+ face or fires ano!r %ot %\ld n be less = p]missible explosives ?an = black p[d]4 8,! use ( p]missible explosives %\ld be consid]$ z supplem5tal to & n z a sub/itute = o!r safety precautions 9 m9es :]e gas or inflammable coal du/ is pres5t "u conditions indicat+ dang]4 ,z /at$ above1 !y %\ld be us$ ) /rong detonators1 & ! *>ge us$ 9 practice %\ld n exce$ #a p\nds & 9 _m cases ne$ n exce$ #a p\nd4 8,,joseph ,a4 ,,holmes1 8,exp]t 9 ,*>ge ,te*nologic ,bran*4 8,approv$1 ,octob] #aa1 #aiji4 8,h4 ,c4 ,,riz]1 8,act+ ,director40 ,! second li/ conta9s #ca explosives :i* ! ,gov]nm5t is prep>$ to br& z p]missible1 & !re=e comp>atively safe1 = use 9 gase\s & du/y m9es4 ,an equally l>ge numb] ( s-call$ safety p[d]s fail$ to pass ^! te/s4 ,imm$iately on ! pass+ ( ! te/s1 z to ! p]missibility ( any explosive1 ! facts are report$ to ! manufactur] & to ! v>i\s ,/ate m9e inspectors4 ,:5 publi%$1 ! p]missible li/s 7 issu$ to all explosives manufactur]s1 all m9e op]ators 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ,/ate inspectors4 ,! effect has be5 ! enactm5t1 by ?ree ( ! l>ge/ coal-produc+ ,/ates1 ( legislation or regulations prohibit+ ! use ( any b p]missible explosives 9 gase\s or du/y m9es1 & o!r ,/ates mu/ soon foll[4 ,to prev5t fraud1 endeavor is be+ made to re/rict ! use ( ! br& 8,p]missible ,explosive1 ,u4,s4 ,te/+ ,/ation1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa410 to only su* boxes or packages z conta9 li/$ p]missible explosives4 ,z ^! te/s cle>ly demon/rate1 bo? 9 ! records !re( & visually to su* z foll[ !m1 t c]ta9 explosives1 especially ^? :i* are sl[-burn+ l black p[d]1 or produce high temp]ature 9 connection ) comp>ative sl[ burn+1 w ignite mixtures ( gas & air1 or mixtures ( coal du/ & air1 & cause explosions4 ,! results po9t out cle>ly to all conc]n$1 ! dang] ( us+ su* explosives4 ,! rem$y is also made available by ! ann\ncem5t ( ! names ( a l>ge numb] ( explosives n[ on ! m>ket at reasonable co/1 :i* w n cause explosions "u ^! conditions4 ,x is believ$ t :5 p]missible explosives are g5]ally adopt$ 9 coal m9es1 ?is s\rce ( dang] w h be5 greatly m9imiz$4 ,explosives ,inve/igations4--,que/ions h aris5 on ! "p ( m9]s or ( m9e op]ators z to ! great] co/ 9 us+ p]missible explosives due to _! exp5se1 :i* is slightly 9 excess ( t ( o!r explosives2 z to _! great] %att]+ effect 9 break+ d[n ! coal1 & 9 giv+ a small] p]c5tage ( lump & a l>g] p]c5tage ( slack2 & z to ! possible dang] ( brea?+ ! gases produc$4 ,obs]vations made 9 m9es by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,rutl$ge1 an exp]i5c$ coal m9] & c>eful m9+ eng9e] connect$ ) ! ,geological ,survey1 z to ! am\nt ( coal obta9$ by ! use ( p]missible & o!r explosives1 t5d to indicate t ! p]missible explosives are n m1 b p]haps less exp5sive ?an o!rs1 9 view ( ! fact t1 because ( _! great] relative p[]1 a small] quantity is requir$ to d ! "w ?an is ! case1 say1 ) black p[d]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = safety & = c]ta9ty ( detonation1 /rong] detonators are recomm5d$ = use ) p]missible explosives1 pref]ably electric detonators4 ,^! may co/ a few c5ts m p] bla/ ?an ! squib or fuse1 b !re is no dang] t !y w ignite ! gas1 & ! diff]5ce 9 co/ is1 9 "s measure1 (fset by ! great] c]ta9ty ( action & ! fact t !y produce a mu* m p[]ful explosion1 ?us aga9 p]mitt+ ! use ( /ill small] quantities ( ! explosive &1 consequ5tly1 r$uc+ ! co/4 ,^! inve/igations are /ill 9 progress4 ,conc]n+ ! %att]+ ( ! coal3 ,?is is be+ rem$i$ 9 "s ( ! p]missible explosives by ! introduction ( dopes1 moi/ure1 or o!r means ( sl[+ d[n ! disruptive effect1 s z to produce ! heav+ & break+ effect obta9$ ) ! sl[]-burn+ p[d]s in/ead ( ! %att]+ effect produc$ by dynamite4 ,!re is e reason to believe t z ! p]missible explosives are p]fect$1 & z exp]i5ce develops ! prop] me?ods ( us+ !m1 ?is difficulty w be ov]come 9 l>ge measure4 ,?is matt] is also be+ inve/igat$ by ! ,survey m9+ eng9e]s & o!rs1 by ! actual use ( su* explosives 9 coal-m9+ op]ations4 ,( ! gases giv5 (f by explosives1 ^? result+ f black p[d] are accompani$ by consid]able odor & smoke1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! m9]s g back m sl[ly aft] ! %ots1 all[+ "t = ! gases to be dissipat$ by ! v5tilation4 ,) ! p]missible explosive1 ! m9]1 see+ no smoke & obs]v+ little odor1 is apt to be incauti\s1 & to ?9k t he may run back imm$iately4 ,z m is le>n$ ( ! use ( ^! explosives1 ?is s\rce ( dang]1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 inconsid]able1 w be dim9i%$4 ,table #a gives ! p]c5tages ( ! gase\s products ( combu/ions f equal weights ( black p[d] & two ( ! p]missible explosives4 ,( ! latt]1 "o repres5ts ! maximum am\nt ( injuri\s gases1 & ! o!r ! m9imum am\nt1 betwe5 :i* limits ! p]missible explosives approximately v>y4 ,su* noxi\s gases z may be produc$ by ! dis*>ge ( ! explosive are dilut$ by a mu* l>g] volume ( air1 & are practically h>mless1 z prov5 by actual analysis ( samples tak5 at ! face imm$iately aft] a dis*>ge4 ,,table #a4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,p]missible ,explosives4 ,black ------------------------- p[d]4 ,maximum4 ,m9imum4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,,co#b #bb4h #ad4ej #ba4d ,,co #aj4c #bg4gd #a4c ,n #aj4c #de4ji #gd4d ---------------------------------------- -- ,9 addition to inve/igations z to explosives = use 9 coal m9+1 ! ,explosives ,section ( ! ,geological ,survey analyzes & te/s all su* mat]ials1 fuses1 caps1 etc41 pur*as$ by ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 z well z _m o!r k9ds us$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x is ?us acquir+ a l>ge fund ( useful in=mation1 :i* w be publi%$ f "t to "t1 relative to ! k9ds ( explosives & ! mann] ( us+ !m be/ suit$ to any bla/+ op]ations1 ei!r above or "u wat]1 9 h>d rock1 e>?1 or coal4 ,!re has be5 issu$ f ! press1 rec5tly1 a prim] ( explosives1#g by ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,hall1 ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ^! te/s1 & ,pr(essor ,c4 ,e4 ,munroe1 ,consult+ ,explosives ,*emi/1 :i* conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( valuable fundam5tal in=mation1 s simply express$ z to be easily und]/&able by coal m9]s1 & yet suffici5tly detail$ to be a valuable guide to all p]sons :o h to h&le or use explosives4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt]s are describ$ ! v>i\s combu/ible sub/ances1 & ! *emical reactions lead+ to _! explosibility4 ,! l[ & high explosives are diff]5tiat$1 & ! s5sitiv5ess ( fulm9ate ( m]cury & o!r detonators is cle>ly po9t$ out4 ,! v>i\s explosives1 su* z gunp[d]1 black bla/+ p[d]1 potassium *lorate p[d]s1 nitro-glyc]9e p[d]s1 etc41 are describ$1 & _! peculi>ities & suitability = diff]5t purposes are set =?4 ,! "* & me?od ( us+ ! diff]5t explosives1 bo? 9 op5+ up "w & 9 enclos$ "w 9 coal m9es1 foll[1 ) in=mation z to ! prop] me?od ( h&l+1 transport+1 /or+1 & ?aw+ ! same4 ,!n foll[ *apt]s on squibs1 fuses1 & detonators2 on me?ods ( %oot+ coal (f ! solid2 location ( bore-holes2 und]cutt+2 & ! relative advantages ( small & l>ge *>ges1 ) descriptions ( prop] me?ods ( load+ & fir+ ! same4 ,! subjects ( explosives = bla/+ 9 rock1 fir+ ma*9es1 bla/+ ma*9es1 & te/s !re(1 conclude ! report4 ,! "w ( ! *emical laboratory 9 :i* explosives are analyz$1 & 9 :i* m9e gases & ! gases produc$ by combu/ion ( explosives & explosions ( coal-gas or coal du/ are /udi$1 has be5 ( ! mo/ fundam5tal & important "*4 ,! ,gov]nm5t is procur+ a confid5tial record ( ! *emical composition & mode ( manufacture ( all explosives1 fuses1 etc41 :i* are on ! m>ket4 ,?is in=mation _c b add greatly to ! k z to ! *emi/ry ( explosives = use 9 m9es1 & w furni% ! basis on :i* rem$ial measures may be devis$4 ,a bullet9 7%ortly to g to press7 :i* gives ! details ( ! physical te/s ( ! p]missible explosives ?us f> te/$1 w set =? elaborately ! "* ( ! te/+ app>atus1 & ! me?od ( use & ( comput+ results4#h ,?is bullet9 conta9s a *apt]1 by ,mr4 ,rutl$ge1 sett+ =? 9 detail ! results ( 8 obs]vations z to ! be/ me?ods ( us+ p]missible explosives 9 gett+ coal f v>i\s m9es 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,?is in=mation w be mo/ valuable 9 guid+ m9+ eng9e]s :o desire to adopt ! use ( p]missible explosives1 z to ! be/ me?ods ( h&l+ !m4 ,electricity 9 ,m9es4--,9 connection ) ! use ( electricity 9 m9es1 an in=mal s]ies ( te/s has be5 made on all enclos$ electric fuses1 z to :e!r or n !y w ignite an explosive mixture ( air & gas :5 bl[n out4 ,! results ( ?is "w1 :i* is "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,cl>k1 ,electrical ,eng9e] = ,m9es1 h be5 furni%$ ! manufactur]s = _! guidance 9 p]fect+ saf] fuses1 a s]ies ( te/s ( :i* has be5 ann\nc$4 ,a s]ies ( te/s z to ! ability ( ! insulation ( electric wir+ to )/& ! attacks ( acid m9e wat]s is 9 progress1 :i* w lead1 x is hop$1 to ! developm5t ( m p]man5t & *eap] insulation = use 9 m9e wir+4 ,a s]ies ( competitive te/s ( enclos$ motors = use 9 m9es has be5 ann\nc$1 & is 9 progress1 ! object be+ to det]m9e :e!r or n sp>k+ f su* motors w cause an explosion 9 ! pres5ce ( inflammable gas4 ,9 ! gr\nds outside ( ,build+ ,no4 #aj is a l>ge /eel gall]y1 mu* %ort] ?an ,gall]y ,no4 #a1 9 fact1 b #cj ft4 9 l5g?1 & mu* great] 9 diamet]1 namely1 #aj ft4 7,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,x71 9 :i* electric motors1 electric cutt+ ma*9es1 & simil> app>atus1 are be+ te/$ 9 ! pres5ce ( explosive mixtures ( gas & du/ & ) l>ge amp]age & high voltage1 su* z may be us$ 9 ! l>ge/ electrical equipm5t 9 m9es4 ,! inve/igation z to ! ability ( insulation to )/& ! effects ( acid m9e wat]s has be5 v difficult & complicat$4 ,at fir/ x 0 believ$ possible t m9e wat]s f ne>by ,p5nsylvania m9es & ( kn[n p]c5tages ( acidity c\ld be procur$ & kept 9 an imm]sion tank at approximately any giv5 p]c5tage ( /r5g?4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be impracticable1 z ^! wat]s seem to und]go rapid *ange ! mom5t !y are expos$ to ! air or are transport$1 9 addition to ! *anges wr\ght by evaporation 9 ! tank4 ,x has be5 necess>y1 !re=e1 to analyze & /udy c>efully ^! wat]s ) a view to reproduc+ !m artificially = ! purpose ( ^! te/s4 ,conc]n+ ! insulation1 delicate que/ions h aris5 z to a /&>d ( durability :i* %all be comm5surate ) reasonable co/4 ,^! prelim9>y po9ts are be+ solv$ 9 conf]5ce ) ! manufactur]s1 & x is expect$ t ! results w soon p]mit ( />t+ ! actual te/s4 ,safety-,lamp ,inve/igations4--,_m s-call$ safety lamps are on ! m>ket1 & prelim9>y te/s ( !m h be5 made 9 ! lamp gall]y1 9 ,build+ ,no4 #ag 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,x74 ,aft] ne>ly a ye> ( endeavor to calibrate ?is gall]y1 & to co-ord9ate its results ) ^? produc$ 9 simil> gall]ies 9 ,europe1 ?is prelim9>y inquiry has be5 complet$1 & ! manufactur]s & ag5ts ( all safety lamps h be5 invit$ to be pres5t at te/s ( _! products at ! ,pittsburg laboratory4 ,a circul> dat$ ,novemb] #ai?1 #aiji1 conta9s an outl9e ( ^! te/s1 :i* are to be conduct$ "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,paul1 an exp]i5c$ coal-m9+ eng9e] & ex-,*ief ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate ,m9e ,inspection ( ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,! lamps w be subject$ to ! foll[+ te/s3 7a74--,ea* lamp w be plac$ 9 a mixture ( air & explosive natural gas conta9+ #f1 #h1 & #aj ( gas1 mov+ at a velocity ( f #bjj to #b1ejj ft4 p] m941 to det]m9e ! velocity ( ! air curr5t :i* w ignite ! mixture surr\nd+ ! lamp4 ,! curr5t w be made to move aga9/ ! lamp 9 a horizontal1 v]tical asc5d+1 & v]tical desc5d+ direction1 & at an angle ( #de1 asc5d+ & desc5d+4 7b74--,aft] complet+ ! te/s h]e9 describ$1 ! lamps w be subject$ to ! te/s describ$ "u 7a71 ) ! air & gas mixture "u pressure up to #f 94 ( wat] column4 7c74--,"u ! conditions outl9$ 9 7a71 coal du/ w be introduc$ into ! curr5t ( air & gas to det]m9e its effect1 if any1 9 induc+ ! ignition ( ! gas mixture4 7d74--,ea* lamp w be plac$ 9 a mixture ( air & v>y+ p]c5tages ( explosive natural gas to det]m9e ! action ( ! gas on ! flame ( ! lamp4 7e74--,ea* lamp w be plac$ 9 a mixture ( air & v>y+ p]c5tages ( c>bonic acid gas to det]m9e ! action ( ! gas on ! flame4 7f74--,lamps equipp$ ) int]nal ignit]s w be plac$ 9 explosive mixtures ( air & gas 9 a quiet /ate & 9 a mov+ curr5t1 & ! effect ( ! ignit] on ! surr\nd+ mixture w be obs]v$4 7g74--,! oils 7illum9ants7 us$ 9 ! lamps w be te/$ z to viscosity1 gravity1 fla%+ po9t1 congeal+ po9t1 & composition4 7h74--,safety-lamp globes w be te/$ by plac+ ea* globe 9 position 9 ! lamp & all[+ ! flame to imp+e aga9/ ! globe = #c m94 aft] ! lamp has be5 burn+ ) a full flame = #aj m941 to det]m9e :e!r ! globe w break4 7i74--,ea* safety-lamp globe w be m\nt$ 9 a light$ lamp ) up-fe$1 & plac$ = #e m94 9 an explosive mixture ( air & gas mov+ at ! rate ( #a1jjj ft4 p] m941 to det]m9e :e!r ! heat w break ! glass &1 if x is brok51 to note ! "* ( ! fracture4 7j74--,safety-lamp globes w be brok5 by impact1 by all[+ ea* globe to fall & /rike1 horizontally1 on a block ( season$ :ite oak1 ! di/ance ( fall be+ record$4 7k74--,ea* safety lamp globe w be m\nt$ 9 a safety lamp &1 :5 ! lamp is 9 a horizontal position1 a /eel pick weigh+ #ajj grammes w be p]mitt$ to fall a suffici5t di/ance to break ! globe by /rik+ its c5t]1 ! di/ance ( ! fall to be record$4 7l74--,to det]m9e ! c&le p[] ( safety lamps1 a photomet] equipp$ ) a /&>diz$ lamp w be us$4 ,! c&le-p[] w be det]m9$ along a l9e at "r angles to ! axis ( ! flame2 also along l9es at angles to ! axis ( ! flame bo? above & bel[ ! horizontal4 ,! c&le-p[] w be read aft] ! lamp has be5 burn+ #bj m94 7m74--,! "t a safety lamp w cont9ue to burn ) a full *>ge ( illum9ant w be det]m9$4 7n74--,wicks 9 lamps mu/ be ( suffici5t l5g? to be at all times 9 contact ) ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! illum9ant is conta9$1 &1 be=e x is us$1 ! wick %all be dri$ to remove moi/ure4 ,m9e-,rescue ,me?ods4--,mr4 ,paul1 :o has _h p]haps z wide an exp]i5ce z any m9+ man 9 ! inve/igation ( & 9 rescue "w at m9e disa/]s1 is also 9 *>ge ( ! m9e-rescue app>atus & tra9+ = ! ,geological ,survey4 ,^! op]ations consi/ *iefly ( a ?or\gh te/ ( ! v>i\s artificial brea?+ app>atus1 or s-call$ oxyg5 helmets4 ,mo/ ( ^! are ( ,european make & f9d favor 9 ,great ,brita91 ,belgium1 ,france1 or ,g]many1 l>gely accord+ z !y are ( dome/ic design & manufacture4 ,z yet no?+ has be5 produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* fulfills all ! requirem5ts ( a ?or\ghly effici5t & safe brea?+ app>atus = use 9 m9e disa/]s4 ,at ! ,pittsburg te/+ /ation !re are a numb] ( all k9ds ( app>atus4 ,! te/s ( ^! are to det]m9e ease ( use1 ( repair1 durability1 safety "u all conditions1 p]iod dur+ :i* ! supply ( artificial air or oxyg5 c be reli$ on1 & o!r ess5tial data4 ,9 addition to ! c5tral te/+ /ation1 sub-/ations = tra9+ m9]s1 & z headqu>t]s = field inve/igation z to ! causes ( m9e disa/]s & = rescue "w 9 ! m dang]\s coal fields1 h be5 e/abli%$2 at ,urbana1 ,ill41 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,y4 ,williams1 ,m9+ ,eng9e]2 at ,knoxville1 ,t5n41 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,rutl$ge1 ,m9+ ,eng9e]2 at ,mc,alester1 ,okla41 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,jones1 ,assi/ant ,m9+ ,eng9e]2 & at ,seattle1 ,wa%41 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,hugh ,wolfl91 ,assi/ant ,m9+ ,eng9e]4 ,o!rs may soon be e/abli%$ 9 ,colorado & else:]e1 9 *>ge ( skill$ m9+ eng9e]s :o h be5 tra9$ 9 ?is "w at ,pittsburg1 & :o w be assi/$ by tra9$ m9]s4 ,x is n to be expect$ t "u any b extraord9>y circum/ances1 su* z ^? :i* occurr$ at ,*]ry1 ,ill41 ! few ,gov]nm5t eng9e]s1 locat$ at widely scatt]$ po9ts ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 c hope to save ! lives ( m9]s aft] a disa/] occurs4 ,z a rule1 all :o are alive 9 ! m9e on su* an occasion1 are kill$ )9 a few h\rs4 ,?is is almo/ inv>iably ! case aft] a du/ explosion1 & is likely to be true aft] a gas explosion1 al?\gh a fire su* z t at ,*]ry1 ,ill41 (f]s ! greate/ opportunity = subsequ5t successful rescue op]ations4 ,! mo/ to be hop$ = f ! ,gov]nm5t eng9e]s is t !y %all tra9 m9]s & be available to assi/ & advise ,/ate inspectors & m9e own]s1 %\ld _! s]vices be call$ =4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t has no police duties 9 ! ,/ates1 & t1 !re=e1 its employees may n direct op]ations or h o!r responsible *>ge 9 ! en=cem5t ( ,/ate laws4 ,!re is little reason to d\bt t ^! ,f$]al m9+ eng9e]s1 bo? because ( _! prelim9>y education z m9+ eng9e]s & _! subsequ5t tra9+ 9 *>ge ( m9e op]ations1 & m rec5tly 9 m9e-accid5ts inve/igations & rescue "w1 are em95tly fitt$ to furni% advice & assi/ance on su* occasions4 ,! m]e fact t1 )9 a ye>1 "s ( ^! m5 h be5 pres5t at1 & assi/$ 91 rescue "w or 9 op5+ up aft] disa/]s at ne>ly tw5ty ( su* cata/rophes1 :]eas ! av]age m9+ eng9e] or sup]9t5d5t may be connect$ ) b "o 9 a lifetime1 %\ld make _! advice & assi/ance ( supreme value on su* occasions4 ,!y _c be held 9 any way responsible = t>d9ess1 h[ev]1 nor be unduly cr$it$ ) effective measures tak5 aft] a m9e disa/]1 because ( _! lack ( responsible au?ority or *>ge1 except 9 occasional in/ances :]e su* may be giv5 !m by ! m9e own]s or ! ,/ate (ficials1 f a reliance on _! sup]ior equipm5t = su* "w4 ,successful rescue op]ations may only be look$ = :5 ! "t1 n[ believ$ to be n f> di/ant1 has be5 rea*$ :5 ! m9e op]ators ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s fields w h _! own rescue /ations1 z is ! practice 9 ,europe1 & h available1 at c]ta9 /rategic m9es1 ! necess>y artificial brea?+ app>atus1 & h 9 _! employ skill$ m9]s :o h be5 tra9$ 9 rescue "w at ! ,gov]nm5t /ations4 ,!n1 on ! occurr5ce ( a disa/]1 ! eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! ,gov]nm5t /ation may advise by wire all ^? :o h prop] equipm5t or tra9+ to assemble1 & x may be possible to ga!r1 )9 an h\r or two ( a disa/]1 a suffici5tly l>ge corps ( helmet-m5 to enable !m to recov] su* p]sons z h n be5 kill$ be=e ! fire--:i* usually is />t$ by ! explosion--has ga9$ suffici5t headway to prev5t entrance into ! m9e4 ,)\t su* app>atus1 x is ess5tial t ! fans be />t$1 & ! m9e cle>$ ( gas4 ,! usual effect ( ?is is to give life to any incipi5t fire4 ,) ! app>atus1 ! m d5se ! gas1 ! saf] ! helmet-m5 are f a second>y explosion or f ! rapid ignition ( a fire1 because ( ! abs5ce ( ! oxyg5 necess>y to combu/ion4 ,! m9]s :o 7 sav$ at ,*]ry1 ,ill41 on ,novemb] #bj?1 #aiji1 owe _! lives prim>ily to ! "w ( ! ,gov]nm5t eng9e]s4 ,! sub-/ation ( ! ,survey at ,urbana1 ,ill41 0 promptly notifi$ ( ! disa/] on ! aft]noon ( ,novemb] #ac?4 ,arrangem5ts 7 imm$iately made1 :]eby ,mr4 ,r4 ,y4 ,williams1 ,m9+ ,eng9e] 9 ,*>ge1 & 8 ,assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,webb1 ) _! app>atus1 7 ru%$ by special tra9 to ! sc5e1 arriv+ e>ly ! foll[+ day 7,sunday74 ,*ief ,m9+ ,eng9e]1 ,george ,s4 ,rice1 ,*ief ( ,rescue ,division1 ,j4 ,w4 ,paul1 & ,assi/ant ,eng9e]1 ,f4 ,f4 ,morris1 le>n$ ( ! disa/] ?r\gh ! daily press1 at _! homes 9 ,pittsburg1 on ,sunday4 ,!y left imm$iately ) f\r sets ( rescue app>atus1 rea*+ ,*]ry on ,monday morn+4 ,meantime1 ,messrs4 ,williams & ,webb1 equipp$ ) oxyg5 helmets1 _h made two trips into ! %aft1 b 7 driv5 out by ! heat4 ,bo? %afts 7 %ortly reseal$ ) a view to combat+ ! fire1 :i* _h n[ made consid]able headway4 ,! direction ( ! op]ations at ,*]ry1 01 by "r ( jurisdiction1 9 *>ge ( ! ,/ate ,m9e ,inspectors ( ,ill9ois1 at ^: solicitation ! ,gov]nm5t eng9e]s 7 br\ght into conf]5ce z to ! prop] means to foll[ 9 an ef=t to get into ! m9e4 ,! disa/] 0 n due to an explosion ( coal or gas1 b 0 ! result ( a fire ignit$ 9 hay1 9 ! /able )9 ! m9e4 ,! flame _h come ?r\gh ! top ( ! air-%aft1 & _h disabl$ ! v5tilat+ fans4 ,a rescue corps ( twelve m51 unprotect$ by artificial brea?+ app>atus1 _h ent]$ ! m9e1 & all _h be5 kill$4 ,:5 ! %afts 7 reseal$ on ,monday ev5+1 ! #ae?1 a small hole 0 left = ! ins]tion ( a wat]-pipe or hose4 ,dur+ ! aft]noon & ev5+1 a spr9kl] 0 rigg$ up1 &1 by ,tuesday morn+1 0 9 successful op]ation1 ! temp]ature 9 ! %aft at t "t be+ #aji ,fahr4 ,aft] ! temp]ature _h be5 r$uc$ to ab\t #ajj1 ! ,f$]al eng9e]s volunte]$ to desc5d into ! %aft & make an exploration4 ,! rescue p>ty1 consi/+ ( ,messrs4 ,rice1 ,paul1 & ,williams1 equipp$ ) artificial brea?+ app>atus1 made an exploration ne> ! bottom ( ! air-%aft & locat$ ! fir/ body4 ,aft] !y _h return$ to ! surface1 ?ree ( ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,inspectors1 :o _h previ\sly receiv$ tra9+ by ! ,gov]nm5t eng9e]s 9 ! use ( ! rescue app>atus1 includ+ ,inspectors ,moses & ,taylor1 desc5d$1 made te/s ( ! air1 & f\nd t ) ! fan runn+ sl[ly1 x 0 possible to "w 9 ! %aft4 ,! rescue corps !n took hose d[n ! ma9 %aft1 hav+ fir/ atta*$ x to a fire eng9e belong+ to ! ,*icago ,fire ,dep>tm5t4 ,wat] 0 direct$ on ! fire at ! bottom ( ! %aft1 greatly dim9i%+ its =ce1 & x 0 soon subdu$ suffici5tly to p]mit ! firem5 to ent] ! m9e )\t ! protection ( brea?+ app>atus4 ,un=tunately1 ^! op]ations c\ld be pursu$ only "u ! mo/ disadvantage\s circum/ances & surr\nd$ by ! greate/ possible precautions1 due to ! frequ5t heavy falls ( ro(--a result ( ! heat+ by ! m9e fire--& ! pres5ce ( l>ge quantities ( black-damp4 ,all movem5ts ( unprotect$ rescu]s _h to be prec$$ by exploration by ! tra9$ rescue corps1 :o analyz$ ! gases1 z ! fire /ill cont9u$ to burn1 & wat*$ closely = falls1 possible explosions1 or a revival ( ! fire4 ,:ile ! heavy "w ( %or+ up1 & remov+ bodies1 0 be+ c>ri$ on by ! unprotect$ rescue =ce1 ! helmet-m5 explor$ ! m di/ant p>ts ( ! m9e1 & on ,saturday aft]noon1 ,novemb] #bj?1 "o week aft] ! disa/]1 a room 0 discov]$ 9 :i* a numb] ( m9]s1 ) great pres5ce ( m9d1 _h wall$ !mselves 9 9 ord] to keep out ! smoke & heat4 ,f ?is room #bj liv+ m5 7 tak51 ( :om #ab 7 recov]$ 9 a helpless condition1 by ! helmet-m54 ,?is is n ! fir/ "t ?is ,gov]nm5t m9+ corps has p]=m$ valiant s]vices4 ,directly & indirectly ! memb]s h sav$ f fifte5 to tw5ty lives 9 ! %ort "t !y h be5 organiz$4 ,at ! ,m>ianna1 ,pa41 disa/]1 ! corps f\nd "o man /ill alive among #aej bodies1 & he 0 br\ght to ! surface4 ,he recov]$ entirely aft] a mon? 9 ! hospital4 ,at ! ,leit] m9e1 at ,zeigl]1 ,ill41 two employees1 :o _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! use ( ! oxyg5 helmets by memb]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t's corps1 w5t d[n into ! m9e1 foll[+ an explosion1 & br\ght "o man to ! surface1 :]e !y resuscitat$ him4 ,equally good s]vice1 ei!r 9 actual rescue op]ations1 or 9 explorations aft] m9e disa/]s1 or 9 fire-fight+1 has be5 r5d]$ by ?is =ce at ! ,d>r1 ,/> ,junction1 ,hazel1 ,cl>9da1 ,sewickley1 ,b]w9d-,:ite ,no4 #cg1 & ,wehrum1 ,pa41 m9e disa/]s2 at ,monongah & ,lick ,bran*1 ,w4 ,va42 at ,de]+1 ,sunnyside1 & ,%elburn1 ,ind41 ,jobs1 ,ohio1 & at ,roslyn1 ,wa%4 ,explosives ,laboratory4--,! rooms gr\p$ at ! s\? end ( ,build+ ,no4 #ba1 at ,pittsburg1 are occupi$ z a laboratory = ! *emical exam9ation & analysis ( explosives1 & are 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,o4 ,snell+4 ,samples ( all explosives us$ 9 ! te/+ gall]y1 balli/ic p5dulum1 pressure gauge1 & o!r te/+ app>atus1 are "h subject$ to *emical analysis 9 ord] to det]m9e ! compon5t mat]ials & _! exact p]c5tages4 ,te/s are also made to det]m9e ! /ability ( ! explosive1 or its liability to decompose at v>i\s temp]atures1 & o!r prop]ties :i* are ( importance 9 %[+ ! factors :i* w control ! safety ( ! explosive dur+ transportation & /orage4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( all explosives1 ! fir/ proc$ure is a qualitative exam9ation to det]m9e :at con/itu5ts are pres5t4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( organic & inorganic comp\nds :i* ent] into ! composition ( explosive mixtures1 ?is exam9ation mu/ be ?or\gh4 ,sev]al hundr$ *emical bodies h be5 us$ 9 explosives at diff]5t times1 & "s ( ^! mat]ials c be sep>at$ f o!rs ) :i* !y are mix$ only by ! mo/ c>eful & exact me?ods ( *emical analysis4 ,foll[+ ! qualitative exam9ation1 a me?od is select$ = ! sep>ation & weigh+ ( ea* ( ! con/itu5ts previ\sly f\nd to be pres5t4 ,^! me?ods1 ( c\rse1 v>y widely1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> mat]ials to be sep>at$1 x be+ usually necess>y to devise a special me?od ( analysis = ea* explosive1 unless x is f\nd1 by ! qualitative analysis1 to be simil> to "s ord9>y explosive1 9 :i* case ! ord9>y me?od ( analysis ( t explosive c be c>ri$ out4 ,mo/ safety p[d]s require special treatm5t1 :ile mo/ grades ( dynamite & all ord9>y =ms ( black bla/+ p[d] are readily analyz$ by ! usual me?ods4 ,! exam9ation ( black bla/+ p[d] has be5 greatly facilitat$ &1 at ! same "t1 made consid]ably m accurate1 by means ( a d5simet] devis$ at ?is laboratory4 ,9 ?is app>atus a ,torricellian vacuum is us$ z a means ( displac+ ! air surr\nd+ ! gra9s ( p[d]1 & ?r\gh v simple manipulation ! true d5sity ( black p[d] is det]m9$ ) a high degree ( accuracy4 ,9 ,build+ ,no4 #ag !re is an app>atus = sep>at+ or grad+ ! sizes ( black p[d] 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,x74 ,by means ( two factors1 ! moi/ure coeffici5t & ! hygroscopic coeffici5t1 :i* h be5 work$ out at ?is laboratory1 a numb] ( important obs]vations c be made on black p[d]1 9 det]m9+ ! relative effici5cy ( ! graphite coat+ to resi/ moi/ure1 & also z a means ( judg+ ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! compon5ts ( ! p[d] are mix$4 ,! moi/ure coeffici5t relates to ! am\nt ( moi/ure :i* is tak5 up by ! gra9s ( ! p[d] 9 a def9ite "t "u /&>d conditions ( saturation2 & ! hygroscopic coeffici5t relates to ! aff9ity ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! p[d] = moi/ure "u ! same /&>d conditions4 ,besides ! exam9ation ( explosives us$ at ! te/+ /ation1 ^? = ! ,reclamation ,s]vice1 ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 & o!r divisions ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 are also inspect$ & analyz$ at ! explosives laboratory4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission is probably ! l>ge/ us] ( explosives 9 ! _w1 & samples us$ 9 its "w are inspect$1 te/$1 & analyz$ at ?is laboratory1 & at ! bran* laboratories at ,gibb/[n & ,pompton ,lakes1 ,n4,j41 & at ,x5ia1 ,ohio4 ,aside f ! usual analysis ( explosives = ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 special te/s are made to det]m9e ! liability ( ! explosive to exude nitro-glyc]9e1 & to det]iorate 9 unfavorable wea!r conditions4 ,^! te/s are necess>y1 because ( ! w>m & moi/ climate ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,gas & ,du/ ,gall]y ,no4 #a4--;,gall]y ,no4 #a is cyl9drical 9 =m1 #ajj ft4 long1 & has a m9imum int]nal diamet] ( #f ft4 ,x consi/s ( fifte5 simil> sections1 ea* #f ft4 long & built up 9 9-&-out c\rses4 ,! fir/ ?ree sections1 ^? ne>e/ ! concrete head1 are ( -94 boil]-plate /eel1 ! rema9+ twelve sections are ( -94 boil]-plate /eel1 & h a t5sile /r5g? (1 at lea/1 #ee1jjj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,ea* section has "o release pressure door1 c5trally plac$ on top1 equipp$ ) a rubb] bump] to prev5t its de/ruction :5 op5$ quickly4 ,9 use1 ?is door may be ei!r clos$ & unfa/5$1 clos$ & fa/5$ by /ud-bolts1 or left op54 ,ea* section is also equipp$ ) "o -94 plate-glass w9d[1 #f by #f 941 c5trally plac$ 9 ! side ( ! gall]y 7,fig4 #a1 & ,figs4 #a & #b1 ,plate ,,vi74 ,! sections are held toge!r by a lap-jo9t4 ,at ea* lap-jo9t !re is1 on ! int]ior ( ! gall]y1 a #b-;94 circul>1 angle iron1 on ! face ( :i* a pap] diaphragm may be plac$ & held 9 position by semicircul> wa%]s1 /uds1 & w$ges4 ,^! pap] diaphragms are us$ to assi/ 9 conf9+ a gas-&-air mixture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,explosives ,,te/+ ,,gall]y ,no4 #a ,natural gas f ! ma9s ( ! ,city ( ,pittsburg is us$ to repres5t t f\nd 9 ! m9es by actual analysis4 ,a typical analysis ( ?is gas is z foll[s3 ,volumetric ,analysis ( ,typical ,natural ,gas4 ,hydrog5 gases #j ,c>bon dioxide #j4a ,oxyg5 #j ,heavy hydroc>bons #j ,c>bon monoxide #j ,me?ane #ha4h ,e?ane #af4h ,nitrog5 #a4c ,! volume ( gas us$ is measur$ by an accurate te/ met] read+ to "o-tw5tie? ( a cubic foot4 ,! requir$ am\nt is admitt$ ne> ! bottom1 to "o or m ( ! #bj-;ft4 divisions ( ! gall]y1 f a #b-;94 pipe1 #ad ft4 long4 ,! pipe has p]=ations arrang$ s t an equal fl[ ( gas is ma9ta9$ f ea* unit l5g?4 ,ea* #bj-;ft4 division ( ! gall]y is fur!r equipp$ ) an ext]ior circulat+ sy/em1 z %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ?us provid+ an effici5t me?od ( mix+ ! gas ) ! air4 ,= ! fir/ division ?is circulat+ sy/em is /ation>y1 a portion ( ! pip+ be+ equipp$ ) heat+ coils = ma9ta9+ a con/ant temp]ature4 ,! o!r divisions h a common circulat+ sy/em m\nt$ on a truck :i* may be us$ on any ( ^! divisions4 ,valves are provid$ = isolat+ ! fan s t a possible explosion w n injure x4 ,9 ! c5t] section ( ea* division is an indicator cock :i* is us$ to provide means ( record+ pressures above & bel[ atmosph]ic1 or ( sampl+ ! air-&-gas mixture4 ,! fir/ division ( ! gall]y is equipp$ ) %elves lat]ally plac$1 = ! support ( coal du/4 ,! cannon 9 :i* ! explosive is fir$ is plac$ 9 ! concrete head1 ! axial l9e ( ! bore-hole be+ co9cid5t ) t ( ! gall]y4 ,?is cannon 7,fig4 #b7 is simil> to t us$ 9 ! balli/ic p5dulum4 ,! *>ge is fir$ electrically f ! obs]vation room4 ,to m9imize ! risk ( load+ ! cannon1 ! *>g] c>ries 9 8 pocket ! plug ( a /age swit* 7! only plug ( its k9d on ! gr\nd71 s t x is impossible to complete ! circuit until ! *>g] has left ! gall]y4 ,t portion ( ! fir/ division ( ! gall]y :i* is n emb$d$ 9 concrete1 has a #c-;94 cov]+ made up ( blocks ( magnesia1 asbe/os fib]1 asbe/os1 cem5t1 a ?9 lay] ( #h-oz4 duck1 & /rips ( wat]-pro( ro(+ pap]1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ ) a ?ick coat ( graphite pa9t4 ,! object ( ?is cov]+ is to assi/ 9 ma9ta9+ a con/ant temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,fig4 #a4--;,bi*el ,pressure ,gauges4 ,fig4 #b4--,rate ( ,detonation ,record]4 ,! entire gall]y re/s on a concrete f\ndation #aj ft4 wide1 :i* has a maximum height ( #d ft4 & a m9imum height ( #b ft4 ,! concrete head 9 :i* ! cannon is plac$ completely closes t end ( ! gall]y4 ,a n>r[ dra9 ext5ds "u ! entire l5g? ( ! gall]y1 & a tapp$ hole at ! bottom ( ea* section provides an effici5t means ( dra9age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 cannon z describ$ 9 text ,! build+s ne> ! gall]y are protect$ by two b>ricades ne> ! op5 end1 ea* #aj ft4 high & #cj ft4 long4 ,a back-/op1 consi/+ ( a sw++ /eel plate1 #f ft4 high & #i ft4 long1 #ej ft4 f ! end ( ! gall]y1 prev5ts any ( ! /emm+ f do+ damage4 ,te/s are witness$ f an obs]vation room1 a protect$ position ab\t #fj ft4 f ! gall]y4 ,! walls ( ! room are #ah 94 ?ick1 & ! l9e ( vision passes ?r\gh a -94 plate glass1 #f 94 wide & #cg ft4 long1 & is fur!r conf9$ by two ext]nal gu>ds1 ea* #cg ft4 long & #c ft4 wide4 ,9 ?is gall]y a s]ies ( exp]im5ts has be5 und]tak5 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( moi/ure necess>y ) diff]5t coal du/s1 9 ord] to r$uce ! likelihood ( a coal-du/ explosion f a bl[n-out %ot ( "o ( ! dang]\s types ( explosives4 ,coal du/ tak5 f ! roads ( "o ( ! coal m9es 9 ! ,pittsburg di/rict requir$ at lea/ #ab ( wat] to prev5t an ignition4 ,x has also be5 prov5 t ! f9] ! du/ ! m wat] is requir$1 & :5 x 0 #ajj-me% f9e1 #cj ( wat] 0 requir$ to prev5t its ignition by ! flame ( a bl[n-out %ot 9 direct contact4 ,! me?ods n[ us$ 9 spr9kl+ h be5 prov5 entirely insuffici5t = ?or\ghly moi/5+ ! du/1 & h5ce are unreliable 9 prev5t+ a g5]al du/ explosion4 ,at ?is /ation successful exp]im5ts h be5 c>ri$ out by us+ humidifi]s to moi/5 ! atmosph]e aft] ! temp]ature ( ! air outside ! gall]y has be5 rais$ to m9e temp]ature & drawn ?r\gh ! humidifi]s4 ,x has be5 f\nd t if a relative humidity ( #ij1 at a temp]ature ( #fj ,fahr41 is ma9ta9$ = #dh h\rs1 simulat+ summ] conditions 9 a m9e1 ! absorption ( moi/ure by ! du/ & ! blanket+ effect ( ! humid air prev5t ! g5]al ignition ( ! du/4 ,^! humidity te/s h be5 run 9 ,gas & ,du/ ,gall]y ,no4 #a ) special equipm5t consi/+ ( a ,ko]t+ exhau/] hav+ a capacity ( #bdj1jjj cu4 ft4 p] h\r1 :i* draws ! air out ( ! gall]y ?r\gh ! fir/ doorway1 or t next ! concrete head 9 :i* ! cannon is emb$d$4 ,! o!r end ( ! gall]y is clos$ by means ( brattice clo? & pap] diaphragms1 ! entire gall]y be+ made practically air-tight4 ,! air ent]s ! fifte5? doorway ?r\gh a box1 pass+ ov] /eam radiators to increase its temp]ature1 & !n ?r\gh ! humidifi] heads4 ,,explosives ,,te/+ ,,app>atus4 ,!re is no expos$ woodwork 9 ,build+ ,no4 #ag1 :i* is #dj by #fj ft41 two /ories high1 & sub/antially con/ruct$ ( heavy /one masonry1 ) a slate ro(4 ,! /ructure )9 is entirely fire-pro(4 ,iron columns & gird]s1 & wood5 gird]s heavily encas$ 9 cem5t1 support ! floors :i* are ei!r ( cem5t slab con/ruction or ( wood5 floor+ protect$ by exp&$ metal & cem5t mort>1 bo? above & b5ea?4 ,at "o end1 on ! gr\nd floor1 is ! expos+ & record+ app>atus = flame te/s ( explosives1 also pressure gauges1 & a calorimet]1 &1 at ! o!r end1 is a gall]y = te/+ safety lamps4 ,! l>g] portion ( ! second floor is occupi$ by a gas-tight tra9+ room = rescue "w1 & an audi5ce *amb]1 f :i* p]sons int]e/$ 9 su* "w may obs]ve ! me?ods ( proc$ure4 ,a /orage room = rescue app>atus & diff]5t models ( safety lamps is also on ?is floor4 ,! disruptive =ce ( explosives is det]m9$ 9 ?ree ways1 namely1 by ! balli/ic p5dulum1 by ! ,bi*el pressure gauge1 & by ,trauzl lead blocks4 ,balli/ic ,p5dulum4--,! disruptive =ce ( explosives1 z te/$ by ! balli/ic p5dulum1 is measur$ by ! am\nt ( oscillation4 ,! /&>d unit ( comp>ison is a *>ge ( lb4 ( #dj nitro-glyc]9e dynamite4 ,! app>atus consi/s ess5tially ( a #ab-;94 mort> 7,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,vi71 weigh+ #ca1fjj lb41 & susp5d$ z a p5dulum f a beam hav+ knife-edges4 ,a /eel cannon is m\nt$ on a truck set on a track laid 9 l9e ) ! direction ( ! sw+ ( ! mort>4 ,at ! "t ( fir+ ! cannon may be plac$ #a_/af-;94 f ! muzzle ( ! mort>4 ,! beam1 f :i* ! mort> is susp5d$1 re/s on concrete walls1 #ea by #abj 94 at ! base & #aci 94 high4 ,on top ( ea* wall is a #a-;94 base-plate1 #g by #dh 941 an*or$ to ! wall by -94 bolts1 #bh 94 long4 ,! knife-edges re/ on be>+-plates plac$ on ^! base-plates4 ,! be>+-plates are provid$ ) small grooves = ! purpose ( keep+ ! knife-edges 9 oil & protect$ f ! wea!r4 ,! knife-edges are ea* #f 94 long1 #b-aa_/af 94 deep f po9t to back1 #b 94 wide at ! back1 & tap] #ej ) ! horizontal1 />t+ on a l9e #a 94 f ! back4 ,! po9t is r\nd$ to con=m to a radius ( 94 ,! back ( ea* is #b 94 long] ?an ! edge1 mak+ a total l5g? ( #aj 941 & is #a 94 deep & #ab 94 wide4 ,?is %\ld] gives bolt+ surface to ! beam f :i* ! mort> is hung4 ,! beam is ( solid /eel1 has a #d by #h-;94 section1 & is #hg 94 long4 ,heavy /eel ca/+s are bolt$ to x to take ! ?reads ( ! ma*9e-/eel rods :i* =m ! saddles on :i* ! mort> is susp5d$4 ,! radius ( ! sw+1 measur$ f ! po9t ( ! knife-edges to ! c5t] ( ! trunnions1 is #hi 94 ,! cannon consi/s ( two p>ts1 a jacket & a l9]4 ,! jacket is #cf 94 long1 has an ext]nal diamet] ( #bd 941 & int]nal diamet]s ( #i & #g 94 ,x is made ( ! be/ ca/ /eel or ( =g$ /eel4 ,! l9] is #cf 94 long1 ) a #a-;94 %\ld]1 #g 94 f ! back1 *ang+ ! diamet] f #i to #g 94 ,! bore is smoo?1 be+ #b 94 9 diamet] & #ba 94 long4 ,! cannon re/s on a #d-:eel truck1 to :i* x is well brac$ by /raps & rods4 ,a track ( #cj-;94 gauge ext5ds ab\t #i ft4 f ! muzzle ( ! mort> to ! bump] = ! cannon4 ,! %ot is fir$ by an electric fir+ batt]y1 f ! fir/ floor ( ,build+ ,no4 #ag1 ab\t #aj yd4 away4 ,to insure ! safety ( ! op]ator & ! *>g]1 ! man :o loads ! cannon c>ries a safety plug )\t :i* ! *>ge _c be explod$4 ,! wires = connect+ to ! fuse aft] *>g+ are plac$ conv5i5tly1 & ! safety plug is !n ins]t$ 9 a box at ! end ( ! we/ wall4 ,! completion ( ! fir+ batt]y by ! swit* at ! fir+ place is indicat$ by ! fla%+ ( a r$ light1 aft] :i* all t is necess>y to set (f ! *>ge is to press a button on ! batt]y4 ,an automatic record+ device at ! back ( ! mort> records ! l5g? ( sw+ :i*1 by a v]ni]1 may be read to #a_/bjj 94 ,bi*el ,pressure ,gauges4--,pressure gauges are con/ruct$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! unit disruptive =ce ( explosives detonat+ at diff]5t rates ( velocity1 by measur+ pressures develop$ 9 an enclos$ space f :i* ! g5]at$ gases _c escape4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a /\t /eel cyl9d]1 :i* may be made absolutely air-tight2 an air-pump & prop] connections = exhau/+ ! air 9 ! cyl9d] to a pressure equival5t to #aj mm4 ( m]cury2 an insulat$ plug = provid+ ! means ( ignit+ ! *>ge2 a valve by :i* ! gase\s products ( combu/ion may be remov$ = subsequ5t analysis2 & an indicator drum 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,vii7 ) prop] connections = driv+ x at a det]m9able spe$4 ,?is app>atus is 9 ! s\!a/ corn] ( ,build+ ,no4 #ag4 ,! cyl9d] is #ca 94 long1 #ai 94 9 diamet]1 & is an*or$ to a solid concrete foot+ at a conv5i5t height = h&l+4 ,! explosion *amb] is #ai 94 long & #g;94 9 diamet]1 ) a capacity ( exactly #ae lit]s4 ,! cov] ( ! cyl9d] is a heavy piece ( /eel held 9 place by /\t screw-bolts & a heavy /eel clamp4 ,! *>ge is plac$ on a small wire tripod1 & connections are made ) a fuse to an electric fir+ batt]y = ignit+ ! *>ges4 ,! cov] is drawn tight1 ) ! twelve heavy bolts aga9/ lead wa%]s4 ,! air 9 ! cyl9d] is exhau/$ to #aj mm41 m]cury column1 9 ord] to approa* m closely ! conditions ( a /emm$ *>ge explod+ 9 a bore-hole inaccessible to air2 ! indicator drum is plac$ 9 position & set 9 motion2 &1 f9ally1 ! %ot is fir$4 ,! record %[n on ! indicator c>d is a rapidly asc5d+ curve = quick explosives & a %all[]1 sl[ly ris+ curve = explosives ( sl[ detonation4 ,:5 ! gases cool1 ! curve m]ges into a /raight l9e1 :i* indicates ! pressures ( ! cool$ gases on ! sides ( ! *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,fig4 #a4--;,explosives ,calorimet]4 ,fig4 #b4--;,build+ ,no4 #ag1 & ,flame-,te/ ,app>atus4 ,fig4 #c4--,small ,lead ,block ,te/4 ,s9ce ! ratio ( ! volume ( ! cyl9d] to ! volume ( ! *>ge may be comput$1 ! pressure ( ! conf9$ *>ge may also be f\nd1 & ?is pressure (t5 exce$s #ajj1jjj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,! cool+ effect ( ! inn] surface on ! gase\s products ( combu/ion1 a vital po9t 9 computations ( ! disruptive =ce ( explosives by ?is me?od1 is det]m9$ by comp>+ ! pressures obta9$ 9 ! orig9al cyl9d] ) ^? 9 a second cyl9d] ( l>g] capacity1 into :i* has be5 ins]t$ "o or m /eel cyl9d]s to increase ! sup]ficial area :ile keep+ ! volume equal to t ( ! fir/ cyl9d]s4 ,by comp>+ results1 a curve may be plott$1 :i* w det]m9e ! actual pressures develop$1 ) ! surface-cool+ effect elim9at$4 ,trauzl ,lead ,blocks4--,! lead-block te/ is ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,fif? ,int]national ,congress ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry z ! /&>d = measur+ ! disruptive =ce ( explosives4 ,! unit by ?is te/ is def9$ to be ! =ce requir$ to enl>ge ! bore-hole 9 ! block to an am\nt equival5t to t produc$ by #aj grammes ( /&>d #dj nitro-glyc]9e dynamite /emm$ ) #ej grammes ( dry s& "u /&>d conditions z produc$ ) ! tamp+ device4 ,! results ( ?is te/1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,bi*el gauge1 indicate t1 = explosives ( high detonation1 ! lead block is q accurate1 b = sl[ explosives1 su* z gunp[d]1 ! expansion ( ! gases is n fa/ en\gh to make comp>ative results ( value4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! gases escape ?r\gh ! bore ( ! block r ?an take effect 9 exp&+ ! bore-hole4 ,! lead blocks are cyl9drical1 #bjj mm4 9 diamet]1 & #bjj mm4 high4 ,ea* has a c5tral cavity1 #be mm4 9 diamet] & #abe mm4 deep 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,ix71 9 :i* ! *>ge is plac$4 ,! blocks are made ( desilv]iz$ lead ( ! be/ quality1 &1 z ne>ly z possible1 "u id5tical conditions4 ,! *>ge is plac$ 9 ! cavity & prep>$ = detonation ) an electrical explod] & /emm+4 ,aft] ! explosion ! bore-hole is pe>-%ap$1 ! size ( ! cavity dep5d+1 n only on ! disruptive p[] ( ! explosive1 b also on its rate ( detonation1 z already indicat$4 ,! size ( ! bore-hole is measur$ by fill+ ! cavity ) wat] f a burette4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! capacity ( ! cavity be=e & aft] detonation indicates ! enl>g+ p[] ( ! explosive4 ,calorimet]4--,! explosion calorimet] is design$ to measure ! am\nt ( heat giv5 (f by ! detonation ( explosive *>ges ( #ajj grammes4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( ! calorimet] bomb 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,viii71 ! inn] receiv] or imm]sion vessel1 a wood5 tub1 a regi/]+ !rmomet]1 & a rock+ frame4 ,?is piece ( app>atus /&s on ! ea/ side ( ,build+ ,no4 #ag4 ,! bottle-%ap$ bomb is made ( -94 wr\ght /eel1 & has a capacity ( #cj lit]s4 ,on opposite sides ne> ! top are bor$ ap]tures1 "o = ! exhau/ valve = obta9+ a p>tial vacuum 7ab\t #bj mm41 m]cury column7 aft] ! bomb has be5 *>g$1 ! o!r = ins]t+ ! plug ?r\gh :i* passes ! fuse wire = ignit+ ! *>ge4 ,! bomb is clos$ ) a cap1 by :i* ! *amb] may be made absolutely air-tight4 ,x is #cj 94 high ) ! cap on1 weighs #aeh lb41 & is h&l$ to & f ! imm]sion vessel by a small crane4 ,! inn] receiv] is made ( #a_/af-;94 %eet copp]1 #cj 94 deep1 & ) an inn] diamet] ( #ag 94 ,x is nickel-plat$1 & /r5g!n$ on ! outside ) b&s ( copp] wire1 & its capacity is ab\t #gj lit]s4 ,! out] tub is made ( #a-;94 lumb] /r5g!n$ ) f\r brass hoops on ! outside4 ,x is #cc 94 deep1 & its inn] diamet] is #ba 94 ,! /irr+ device1 op]at$ v]tically by an electric motor1 consi/s ( a small wood5 beam connect$ to a sy/em ( ?ree r+s hav+ a horizontal be>+ surface4 ,:5 ! app>atus is put toge!r1 ! inn] receiv] re/s on a small /&>d on top ( ! base ( ! out] tank1 & ! r+s ( ! /irr+ device are run betwe5 ! bomb & ! inn] receiv]4 ,! bomb itself re/s on a small /&>d plac$ on ! bottom ( ! inn] receiv]4 ,! app>atus is provid$ ) a snugly fitt+ bo>d cov]4 ,! bomb is *>g$ f ! top1 ! explosive be+ susp5d$ 9 its c5t]4 ,! air is exhau/$ to ! desir$ degree ( r>ification4 ,! caps are !n screw$ on1 & ! app>atus is set toge!r z describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 ,fig4 #a4--,trauzl ,lead ,blocks4 ,fig4 #b4--,p[d] ,flames4 ,! app>atus is assembl$ on scales & weigh$ be=e ! wat] is p\r$ 9 & aft] ! receiv] is fill$4 ,f ! weight ( ! wat] ?us obta9$ & ! rise ( temp]ature1 ! calorific value may be comput$4 ,! *>ge is explod$ by electricity1 :ile ! wat] is be+ /irr$4 ,! rise 9 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is read by a magnify+ glass1 f a !rmomet] :i* measures temp]ature diff]5ces ( #j4ja degree4 ,f ! read+s obta9$1 ! maximum temp]ature ( explosion may be det]m9$1 accord+ to c]ta9 =mulas = calorimetric exp]im5ts4 ,prop] corrections are made = ! effects1 on ! temp]ature read+s1 ( ! =mation ( ! products ( combu/ion1 & = ! heat-absorb+ p[] ( ! app>atus4 ,impact ,ma*9e4--,9 ,build+ ,no4 #ag1 at ! s\? side1 is an impact ma*9e design$ to gauge ! s5sitiv5ess ( explosives to %ock4 ,= ?is purpose1 a drop-hamm]1 con/ruct$ to meet ! foll[+ requirem5ts1 is us$3 ,a sub/antial1 unyield+ f\ndation2 m9imum friction 9 ! guide-grooves2 & no escape or scatt]+ ( ! explosive :5 /ruck by ! fall+ weight4 ,?is ma*9e is model$ aft] "o us$ 9 ,g]many1 b is mu* improv$ 9 details ( con/ruction4 ,! app>atus1 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xi1 consi/s ess5tially ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 ,an endless *a9 work+ 9 a v]tical pa? & provid$ ) lugs2 a /eel anvil on :i* ! *>ge ( explosive is held by a /eel /amp2 a demagnetiz+ coll> mov+ freely 9 v]tical guides & provid$ ) jaws plac$ s t ! lugs ( ! *a9 may engage !m2 a /eel weight slid+ loosely 9 v]tical guides & drawn by ! demagnetiz+ coll> to det]m9able heights :5 ! ma*9e is 9 op]ation2 a second demagnetiz+ coll>1 :i* may be set at kn[n heights1 & provid$ ) a release = ! jaws ( ! fir/ coll>2 & a record+ device ge>$ to a v]tically-driv5 ?read$ rod :i* raises or l[]s1 sets ! second demagnetiz+ coll>1 & ?us det]m9es ! height ( fall ( ! weight4 ,by ?is app>atus ! weight may be lift$ to diff]5t kn[n heights1 & dropp$ on ! /eel /amp :i* transmits ! %ock to ! explosive4 ,! fall necess>y to explode ! sample is ?us det]m9$4 ,! hamm]s are ( v>y+ weight1 ! "o g5]ally us$ weigh+ #b1jjj grammes4 ,z ! s5sitiv5ess ( an explosive is influ5c$ by temp]ature *anges1 wat] at #be c5t4 is all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! anvil 9 ord] to keep its temp]ature uni=m4 ,flame ,te/4--,an app>atus1 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,viii1 design$ to measure ! l5g? & duration ( flames giv5 (f by explosives1 is plac$ at ! nor!a/ corn] ( ,build+ ,no4 #ag4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a cannon1 a photograph+ device1 & a drum ge>$ = high spe$1 to :i* a s5sitiz$ film may be atta*$4 ,ab\t #ac ft4 outside ! wall ( ,build+ ,no4 #ag1 set 9 a concrete foot+1 is a cannon po9t+ v]tically into an encas+ cyl9d] or /ack1 #bj ft4 high & #dc 94 9 diamet]4 ,?is cannon is a duplicate ( ! "o us$ = ! balli/ic p5dulum1 details ( :i* h already be5 giv54 ,! /ack or cyl9d] is ( -94 boil] plate1 9 tw5ty-f\r sections1 & is absolutely tight aga9/ light at ! base & on ! sides4 ,x is connect$ ) a d>k room 9 ,build+ ,no4 #ag by a light-tight conduit ( rectangul> section1 #ab 94 wide1 horizontal on ! bottom1 & slop+ on ! top f a height ( #h ft4 at ! /ack to #ba 94 at ! inside ( ! wall ( ! build+4 ,! conduit is c>efully insulat$ f ! light at all jo9ts1 & is rivet$ to ! /ack4 ,a v]tical slit1 #b 94 wide & #h ft4 long1 co9cid5t ) ! c5t] l9e ( ! conduit1 is cut 9 ! /ack4 ,a v]tical plane drawn ?r\gh ! c5t] l9e ( ! bore-hole ( ! cannon & t ( ! slit1 if produc$1 int]sects ! c5t] l9e ( a qu>tz l5s1 & co9cides ) ! c5t] ( a /5opaic slit & ! axis ( ! revolv+ drum c>ry+ ! film4 ,! photograph+ app>atus consi/s ( a %utt]1 a qu>tz l5s1 & a /5opaic slit1 #gf by #a4g mm41 betwe5 ! l5s & ! s5sitiz$ film on ! rot>y drum4 ,! qu>tz l5s is us$ because x w focus ! ultra-violet rays1 :i* are ^? att5d+ extreme heat4 ,! drum is #ej cm4 9 circumf]5ce & #aj cm4 deep4 ,x is driv5 by a #bbj-volt motor connect$ to a ta*omet] :i* reads bo? met]s p] second & revolutions p] m9ute4 ,a maximum p]iph]al spe$ ( #bj m4 p] sec4 may be obta9$4 ,:5 ! cannon is *>g$1 ! op]ator retires to ! d>k room 9 :i* ! record+ app>atus is locat$1 />ts ! drum1 obta9s ! desir$ spe$1 & fires ! %ot by means ( a batt]y4 ,:5 develop$1 ! film %[s a blur ( c]ta9 dim5sions1 produc$ by ! flame f ! *>ge4 ,f ! two dim5sions--height & lat]al displacem5t--! l5g? & duration ( ! flame ( ! explosive are det]m9$4 ,! results ( flame te/s ( a p]missible explosive & a te/ ( black bla/+ p[d]1 all %ot )\t /emm+1 are %[n on ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,ix4 ,9 ?is te/1 ! spe$ ( ! drum c>ry+ ! black p[d] negative 0 r$uc$ to "o sixty-f\r? ( t = ! p]missible explosives1 9 ord] t ! photograph might come )9 ! limits ( ! negative4 ,9 o!r words1 ! duration ( ! black p[d] flame1 z %[n1 %\ld be multipli$ by #fd = comp>ison ) t ( ! p]missible explosive1 :i* is f #c1ejj to #d1jjj times quick]4 ,app>atus = ,measur+ ,rate ( ,detonation4--,! rate at :i* detonation travels ?r\gh a giv5 l5g? ( an explosive c be measur$ by an app>atus in/all$ 9 & ne> ,build+ ,no4 #ag4 ,its mo/ ess5tial feature is a record+ device1 ) an electrical connection1 by :i* v small "t int]vals c be measur$ ) great exactness4 ,! explosive is plac$ 9 a %eet-iron tube ab\t #a 94 9 diamet] & #d ft4 long1 & susp5d$ by cords 9 a pit1 #aa ft4 deep & #af ft4 9 diamet]4 ,?is pit 0 once us$ z ! well ( a gas tank1 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,viii4 ,9 adapt+ ! pit to its new use1 ! tank 0 cut 9 two2 ! top half1 inv]t$1 0 plac$ 9 ! pit on a b$ ( saw-du/1 & ! space betwe5 ! tank & ! masonry walls ( ! pit 0 fill$ ) saw-du/4 ,! cov] ( ! pit consi/s ( heavy timb]s fram$ toge!r & ov]laid by a #ab-;94 lay] ( concrete re9=c$ by six ,i-beams4 ,f\r /raps ext5d ov] ! top & d[n to eight 8deadm50 plant$ ab\t #h ft4 bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! record+ device1 kn[n z ! ,mettegang record]1 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,vii1 comprises two sp>k+ induction coils & a rapidly revolv+ metallic drum driv5 by a small motor1 ! p]iph]y ( ! drum hav+ a ?9 coat+ ( lampblack4 ,a vibration ta*omet] :i* w indicate any spe$ betwe5 #ej & #aej rev4 p] sec41 is directly connect$ to ! drum1 s t any *ance ( error by slipp+ is elim9at$4 ,! wires lead+ to ! prim>y coils ( ! sp>k+ coils pass ?r\gh ! explosive a met] or m ap>t4 ,wires lead f ! second>y coils to two plat9um po9ts plac$ a fraction ( a millimet] f ! p]iph]y ( ! drum4 ,a sep>ate circuit is provid$ = ! fir+ l9es4 ,9 mak+ a te/1 ! sep>ate c>tridges1 ) ! pap] trimm$ f ! ends1 are plac$1 end to end1 9 ! %eet-iron tube2 ! drum is giv5 ! desir$ p]iph]al spe$1 & ! *>ge is explod$4 ,! usual l5g? betwe5 ! po9ts 9 ! tube is #a m41 & ! "t requir$ = ! detonation ( a *>ge ( t l5g? is %[n by ! di/ance betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( two r[s ( dots on ! drum made by ! sp>ks f ! second>y coil circuits1 ! dots />t+ ! in/ant ! prim>y circuits are brok5 by ! detonation4 ,at "o end ( ! drum are ge> tee?1 #a mm4 ap>t on c5t]s1 :i* c be made to engage a worm revolv+ a po9t] 9 front ( a dial graduat$ to hundr$?s2 by means ( ?is & a fil> eyepiece1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! />t ( ! two r[s ( sp>k dots on ! drum c be measur$ accurately to #j4ja mm4 ,z ! drum is #ejj mm4 9 circumf]5ce1 & its normal spe$ is #hf rev4 p] sec41 x is !oretically possible to measure "t to "o f\r-million? ( a second1 ?\gh ) a c>tridge #a m4 long1 su* ref9em5t has n be5 f\nd necess>y4 ,! use ( small lead blocks af=ds ano!r means ( det]m9+ ! rate ( detonation or quickness ( an explosive4 ,ea* block 7a cyl9d]1 #b 94 long & #a 94 9 diamet]7 is enclos$ 9 a piece ( pap] s t a %ell is =m$ above ! block1 9 :i* to place ! *>ge4 ,a small /eel disk ( ! same diamet] z ! block is fir/ plac$ 9 ! %ell on top ( ! block1 !n ! *>ge ) a detonator is ins]t$4 ,! *>ge is cu/om>ily #ajj grammes4 ,on detonation ( ! *>ge1 a de=mation ( ! lead takes place1 ! am\nt ( :i* is due to ! quickness ( ! explosive us$ 7,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,,viii74 ,sample ,record ( ,te/s4 ,! proc$ure foll[$ 9 ! exam9ation ( an explosive is %[n by ! foll[+ outl9e3 #a4--,physical ,exam9ation4 7a74--,record ( appe>ance & m>ks on orig9al package4 7b74--,dim5sions ( c>tridge4 7c74--,weight ( c>tridge1 color & specific gravity ( p[d]4 #b4--;,*emical ,analysis4 7a74--,record ( moi/ure1 nitro-glyc]9e1 sodium or potassium nitrate1 & o!r *emical con/itu5ts1 z set =? by ! analysis2 p]c5tage ( a%1 hygroscopic coeffici5t--! am\nt ( wat] tak5 up 9 #bd h\rs 9 a saturat$ atmosph]e1 at #ae c5t41 by #e grammes1 z comp>$ ) ! weight ( ! explosive4 7b74--,analysis ( products ( combu/ion f #ajj grammes1 includ+ gase\s products1 solids1 & wat]4 7c74--,composition ( gase\s products ( combu/ion1 includ+ c>bon monoxide & c>bon dioxide1 hydrog51 nitrog51 etc4 7d74--,composition ( solid products ( combu/ion1 subdivid$ into soluble & insoluble4 #c4--;,a ,typical ,analysis ( ,natural ,gas4 ,us$ 9 te/s1 z foll[s3 ,c>bon dioxide #j4j p] c5t4 ,heavy hydroc>bons #j4b 0 0 ,oxyg5 #j4a 0 0 ,c>bon monoxide #j4j 0 0 ,me?ane #hb4d 0 0 ,e?ane #ae4c 0 0 ,nitrog5 #b4j 0 0 ----- #ajj4jj p] c5t4 #d4--,typical ,analysis ( ,bitum9\s ,coal ,du/1 #ajj-,me% ,f9e1 ,us$ 9 ,te/s4 ,moi/ure #a4ij ,volatile matt] #ce4je ,fix$ c>bon #eh4ib ,a% #d4ac ------ #ajj4jj ,sulphur #a4jd #e4--;,an ,av]age ,analysis ( ,detonators4 ,us$ on ,trauzl lead blocks1 pressure gauge1 calorimet]1 & small lead blocks3 ,m - l7l_/m74 ,triple-/r5g? explod]4 ,*>ge #a4egbi grammes4 ,m]cury ,*lorate fulm9ate4 ( pota%4 ,specification #hi4gc #aj4bg ,us$ on all o!r te/s3 ,m - #bfj7l_/m74 ,d\ble-/r5g? explod]4 ,*>ge #j4ihje grammes4 ,m]cury ,*lorate fulm9ate4 ( pota%4 ,specification #ia4ca #h4fi #f4--;,balli/ic-,p5dulum ,te/s4 ,?is record includes p[d] us$1 weight ( *>ge1 sw+ ( mort>1 & unit disruptive *>ge1 ! latt] be+ ! *>ge requir$ to produce a sw+ ( ! mort> equal to t produc$ by lb4 7#bbg grammes7 ( #dj dynamite1 or #c4ja 94 #g4--,record ( ,te/s4 ,te/s ,nos4 #a to #e 9 ,gall]y ,no4 #a1 z set =? 9 prec$+ circul>4 #h4--,trauzl ,lead-,block ,te/4 ,p[d] & te/ numb]s1 expansion ( bore-hole 9 cubic c5timet]s1 & av]age expansion comp>$ ) t produc$ by a l quantity 7#aj grammes7 ( #dj dynamite1 ! latt] giv+ an av]age expansion ( #bid cu4 cm4 #i4--,pressure ,gauge4 ,p[d] & te/ numb]1 weight ( *>ge1 *>g+ d5sity1 height ( curve1 pressure develop$1 & pressure develop$ aft] cool+1 comp>$ ) pressure develop$ aft] elim9ation ( surface influ5ces by a l quantity 7#ajj grammes7 ( #dj dynamite1 ! av]age be+ #h1dci kg4 p] sq4 cm4 #aj4--,rate ( ,detonation4 ,p[d] & te/ numb]1 size ( c>tridge1 & rate ( detonation 9 met]s p] second1 = comp>ison ) rate ( detonation ( #dj dynamite1 :i*1 "u ! same conditions1 av]ages #d1fij m4 p] sec4 #aa4--;,impact ,ma*9e4 ,explosive & te/ numb]s1 di/ance ( fall 7#b1jjj-;gramme weight7 necess>y to cause explosion1 = comp>ison ) l5g? ( fall1 #aa cm41 necess>y to cause explosion ( #dj dynamite4 #ab4--;,di/ance ( ,explosive ,wave ,transmitt$ by #a4be by #h-;94 ,c>tridge4 ,explosive & te/ numb]s1 weight ( c>tridge1 di/ance sep>at+ c>tridges 9 te/s1 result+ explosion or non-explosion1 = comp>ison ) two c>tridges ( #dj dynamite1 hung1 "u id5tical conditions1 #ac 94 ap>t1 end to end1 9 :i* case detonation ( ! fir/ c>tridge w explode ! second4 #ac4--;,flame ,te/4 ,explosive & te/ numb]s1 *>ge #ajj grammes ) #a lb4 ( clay /emm+1 av]age l5g? ( flame & av]age duration ( flame1 = comp>ison ) photographs produc$ by #dj dynamite "u l conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 ,fig4 #a4--,sep>ator = ,grad+ ,black ,p[d]4 ,fig4 #b4--,safety ,lamp ,te/+ ,gall]y4 ,fig4 #c4--,m9e ,gall]y ,no4 #b4 #ad4--,small ,lead ,blocks4 ,p[d] & te/ numb]s1 weight ( *>ge1 & compression produc$ 9 blocks4 #ae4--;,calories ,develop$4 ,numb] ( l>ge calories develop$ p] kilogramme ( explosive1 = comp>ison ) #a1jjj grammes ( #dj dynamite1 :i* develop1 on an av]age1 #a1bbi l>ge calories4 ,bla/+ ,p[d] ,sep>ator4 ,! gra9s ( black bla/+ p[d] are grad$ by a sep>ator1 simil> to ^? us$ 9 p[d] mills1 b ( r$uc$ size4 ,x consi/s ( an incl9$ wood5 box1 ) slots on ! sides to c>ry a s]ies ( scre5s1 & a v]tical conduit at ! end = c>ry+ (f ! gra9s z !y are scre5$ into sep>ate small b9s 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,x74 ,at ! upp] end ( ! scre5s is a small #ab by #af-;94 hopp]1 ) a slid+ brass apron to regulate ! fe$4 ,! scre5s are %ak5 lat]ally by an ecc5tric rod op]at$ by h&4 ,! top ( ! hopp] is ab\t #f ft4 above ! floor4 ,! box is #f ft4 #aj 94 long1 f tip to tip1 & incl9es at an angle ( #i degrees4 ,aft] sep>ation ! gra9s fall ?r\gh a v]tical conduit1 & !nce to ! b9s ?r\gh z9c *utes1 #a by #b 94 9 section4 ,c>e is tak5 to h no /eel or iron expos$ to ! p[d]4 ,! scre5s are held by light wood5 frames :i* slip into ! incl9$ box f ! upp] end4 ,9 ?is way1 any or all ( ! scre5s may be us$ at once1 ?us sep>at+ all grades1 or mak+ only su* sep>ations z are desir$4 ,! scre5s ) ! l>ge/ me%es are diagonally-p]=at$ z9c plates4 ,table #b gives ! numb] ( holes p] squ>e foot 9 z9c plates p]=at$ ) circul> holes ( ! diamet]s /at$4 ,,table #b4--,numb] ( ,holes p] ,squ>e ,foot 9 ,z9c ,plates ) ,circul> ,p]=ations4 ------------------------- ,diamet]1 ,numb] 9 in*es ( holes4 ------------------------- #a_/b #cec #d_/aj #eah #a_/c #ghb #a_/d #a1cib #a_/f #a1fhj #a_/h #c1def #a_/aj #f1fcf #a_/af #ab1hjj ------------------------- ,! f9] me%es are obta9$ by us+ l95 scre5s ) holes ( two sizes1 namely1 #a_/bj 94 squ>e & #a_/bh 94 squ>e4 ,until a few ye>s ago1 black bla/+ p[d] 0 manufactur$ 9 ! sizes giv5 9 ,table #c4 ,,table #c4--;,gradation ( ,black ,bla/+ ,p[d]4 -------------------- ,grade4 ,me%4 -------------------- ,,cc #b - #b ,c #b - #c ,f #c - #e ,,ff #e - #h ,,fff #h - #af ,,ffff #af - #bh -------------------- ,9 late ye>s !re has be5 consid]able dem& = special sizes & mix$ gra9s = individual m9es1 especially 9 ,ill9ois4 ,z no mat]ial *ange has be5 made 9 ! br&s1 ! lett]s n[ us$ are n indicative ( ! size ( ! gra9s1 :i* !y are suppos$ to repres5t4 ,( #bi samples ( black bla/+ p[d] rec5tly receiv$ f ! ,ill9ois ,p[d] ,commission1 only #aj 7 f\nd to conta9 #ie ( ! size ( gra9s !y 7 suppos$ to repres5t2 #d conta9$ #ij2 #g v>i$ f #hj to #ij2 sev]al o!rs 7 mixtures ( small & l>ge gra9s1 & 7 br&$ ,,ff black bla/+ p[d]2 & "o sample conta9$ only #h4e ( ! size ( gra9s x 0 suppos$ to repres5t4 ,! rema9+ samples %[$ _m v>iations1 ev5 :5 sold "u ! same "n4 ,! practice ( ?us mix+ grades is exce$+ly dang]\s1 because a m9]1 aft] becom+ accu/om$ to "o br& ( ,,ff p[d] ( uni=m sep>ation1 may receive ano!r make ( simil> br& b ( mix$ gra9s1 &1 consequ5tly1 he _c gauge ! quantity ( p[d] to be us$4 ,! result is (t5 an ov]-load or a bl[n-out %ot4 ,! small] gra9s w burn fir/1 & ! l>g] ones may be ?r[n out be=e combu/ion is complete1 & ?us ignite any fire-damp pres5t4 ,lamp ,te/+ ,gall]y4 ,at ! ,pittsburg te/+ /ation1 !re is a gall]y = te/+ safety lamps 9 ! pres5ce ( v>i\s p]c5tages ( inflammable gas4 ,9 ?is gall]y ! safety ( ! lamps 9 ^! gase\s mixtures may be te/$1 & x is also possible = m9e inspectors & fire bosses to br+ _! safety lamps to ?is /ation1 & te/ _! measurem5ts ( p]c5tage ( gas1 by not+ ! l5g? & ! appe>ance ( ! flame 9 ! pres5ce ( mixtures conta9+ kn[n p]c5tages ( me?ane & air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 ,fig4 #a4--;,impact ,ma*9e4 ,fig4 #b4--,lamp ,te/+ ,box4 ,! gas-tight gall]y us$ = te/+ ! lamps1 consi/s ( a rectangul> conduit 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,x71 hav+ %eet-/eel sides1 #f mm4 ?ick & #dcc mm4 wide1 ! top & bottom be+ ( *annel iron4 ,! gall]y re/s on two /eel tre/les1 & to "o end is atta*$ a ,no4 #e ,ko]t+ exhau/]1 capable ( aspirat+ #ej cu4 m4 p] m941 "u a pressure ( #ejj mm4 ( wat]1 ) ! necess>y valve1 /eam sep>ator1 etc4 ,! m\? ( ! exhau/] passes ?r\gh ! wall ( ! build+ & dis*>ges into ! op5 air4 ,besides ! ma9 horizontal conduit1 !re are two second>y conduits connect$ by a %ort horizontal l5g?1 & ! :ole is put toge!r s t ! safety lamp "u te/ may be plac$ 9 a curr5t ( air1 or ( air & gas1 :i* /rikes x horizontally1 v]tically upw>d or d[nw>d1 or at an angle ( #de 7,fig4 #c74 ,! pa? ( ! curr5t is det]m9$ by deta*able %eet-/eel doors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,safety ,,lamp ,,te/+ ,,gall]y ,!re are five d\ble obs]v+ w9d[s ( plate glass1 :i* op5 on h+es4 ,! size ( ea* w9d[ is #g by #c 942 ! inn] glass is 94 ?ick & ! out] "o1 94 ?ick4 ,^! glasses are sep>at$ by a space ( 94 ,! upp] conduit has f\r safety doors along ! top1 ea* ( ! incl9$ conduits has "o safety door1 & ! walls & w9d[s are provid$ ) rubb] gaskets or asbe/os pack+1 to make !m gas-tight4 ,! cross-sectional area ( ! conduit is #dcd sq4 cm4 ,! air inlet consi/s ( #cf p]=ations1 #bb mm4 9 diamet]1 9 a bronze plate or diaphragm4 ,! object ( ?is diaphragm is to produce pressure 9 ! conduit be=e ! mix+ boxes1 & p]mit ! measur+ ( ! velocity ( ! curr5t4 ,! air-curr5t1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! holes1 ent]s ! mix]1 a ca/-/eel box trav]s$ by #cf copp] tubes1 ea* p]=at$ by #ab op5+s1 #c mm4 9 diamet]1 arrang$ 9 a spiral along its l5g? & equally spac$4 ,! total cross-sectional area ( ! tubes is #acg sq4 cm4 ,! explosive gas ent]s ! int]ior ( ! box ar\nd ! tubes ?r\gh l>ge pipes1 ea* #ij mm4 9 diamet]1 passes !nce ?r\gh ! #dcb op5+s 9 ! copp] tubes1 & mixes ?or\ghly ) ! air fl[+ ?r\gh ^! tubes4 ,! curr5t ?r\gh ! app>atus is induc$ by ! exhau/]1 & its c\rse is det]m9$ by ! position ( ! doors4 ,! gall]y c be controll$ s z to provide rapidly & easily a curr5t ( kn[n velocity & kn[n p]c5tage ( me?ane4 ,9 ! explosive curr5t ( gas & air1 safety lamps ( any size or design c be te/$ "u conditions simulat+ ^? f\nd occasionally 9 m9es1 air-curr5ts conta9+ me?ane 9 dang]\s proportions /rik+ ! lamps at diff]5t angles1 & ! relative safety ( ! v>i\s types ( lamps "u su* conditions c be det]m9$4 ,9 ?is gall]y x is also possible to te/ light+ devices ei!r 9 a quiet atmosph]e or 9 a mov+ curr5t1 &1 by subject+ ! lamps to air conta9+ kn[n p]c5tages ( me?ane1 x is possible to acqua9t ! us] ) ! appe>ance ( ! flame caps4 ,brea?+ ,app>atus4 ,) ?is app>atus1 ! we>] may explore a gase\s m9e1 approa* fires = ! purpose ( fight+ !m1 or make inve/igations aft] an explosion4 ,its object is to provide air or oxyg5 to be brea!d by ! we>] 9 coal m9es1 :5 ! m9e air is s full ( poison\s gases z to r5d] life 9 its pres5ce impossible4 ,a v>iety ( =ms ( rescue helmets & app>atus are on ! m>ket1 almo/ all ( ,european manufacture1 :i* are be+ subject$ to comp>ative trials z to _! durability & safety1 ! ease or inconv5i5ce involv$ 9 _! use1 etc4 ,all consi/ ess5tially ( helmets :i* fit air-tight ab\t ! head1 or ( air-tight nose clamps & m\?pieces 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xii74 ,^! sev]al =ms ( brea?+ app>atus are ( ?ree types3 #a4--,! liquid-air type1 9 :i* air1 9 a liquid /ate1 evaporates & provides a con/ant supply ( fre% air4 #b4--,! *emical oxyg5-produc+ type1 :i* artificially makes or supplies oxyg5 = brea?+ at ab\t ! rate requir$2 &1 #c4--,! compress$-oxyg5 type4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 ,fig4 #a4--;,brea?+ & ,rescue ,app>atus4 ,fig4 #b4--,rescue ,tra9+ ,room4 ,app>atus ( ! fir/ type1 weigh+ #bj lb41 supplies en\gh air to la/ ab\t #c h\rs1 & ! products ( brea?+ pass ?r\gh a *eck-valve directly into space4 ,app>atus ( ! second type supplies oxyg5 obta9$ f oxyg5-produc+ *emicals1 & also provides means ( absorb+ ! c>bonic acid gas produc$ 9 respiration4 ,!y conta9 also ! requisite tubes1 valves1 connections1 etc41 = ! transmission ( ! fre% air & ! respir$ air s z to produce suffici5t oxyg5 :ile 9 use2 to absorb & purify ! products ( expiration2 & to convey ! fre% air to ! m\? )\t contam9ation by ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ! app>atus is us$4 ,?ree oxyg5-g5]at+ c>tridges are provid$1 ea* supply+ oxyg5 en\gh = #a h\r1 mak+ ! total capacity #c h\rs4 ,*anges ( cyl9d]s c be made 9 a few seconds :ile brea?+ is susp5d$4 ,?is app>atus weighs f #bj to #be lb41 accord+ to ! numb] ( oxyg5 g5]ators c>ri$4 ,! c>tridges = g5]at+ oxyg51 provid$ ) ?is app>atus1 are ( no value aft] hav+ be5 us$ = ab\t an h\r4 ,! ?ird type ( app>atus is equipp$ ) /rong cyl9d]s *>g$ ) oxyg5 "u high pressure2 two pota% reg5]ative cans = absorb+ ! c>bon dioxide gas exhal$2 a facial helmet2 ! necess>y valves1 tubes1 etc41 = ! control ( ! oxyg52 & a f9imet] :i* regi/]s ! cont5ts ( ! cyl9d]s 9 atmosph]es & m9utes ( duration4 ,! two c>tridges us$ = absorb+ ! c>bonic acid gas are ( no value aft] hav+ be5 9 use = two h\rs4 ,if inhalation is ?r\gh ! m\? alone1 a m\?piece is atta*$ to ! end ( ! brea?+ tube by :i* ! air or oxyg5 is suppli$1 ! nose is clos$ by a clip1 & ! eyes are protect$ by goggles4 ,to inhale ?r\gh bo? nose & m\?1 ! m9] we>s a helmet or headge> :i* c be made to fit tightly ar\nd ! face4 ,! helmet has two tubes atta*$1 "o = inspiration & ! o!r = expiration4 ,9 ! oxyg5-cyl9d] app>atus ^! tubes lead to & f rubb] sacks us$ = pure-air & bad-air res]ves4 ,m9e-,rescue ,tra9+4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 actual s]vice t :5 a m9]1 equipp$ ) brea?+ app>atus = ! fir/ "t1 ent]s a m9e 9 :i* an explosion has occurr$1 he is soon ov]come by excitem5t or n]v\sness induc$ by ! artificial conditions ( brea?+ impos$ by ! app>atus1 ! d>kness & heat1 & ! consci\sness t he is surr\nd$ ) poison\s gases4 ,x has also be5 f\nd t a brief p]iod ( tra9+ 9 ! use ( su* app>atus1 "u conditions simulat+ ^? enc\nt]$ 9 a m9e aft] a disa/]1 gives ! m9] confid5ce & enables him to use ! app>atus successfully "u ! /ra9 ( ! vigor\s ex]tion incid5t to rescue "w4 ,! rescue corps consi/s ( five or six m9]s "u ! direction ( a m9+ eng9e] :o is exp]i5c$ 9 rescue op]ations & famili> ) ! conditions exi/+ aft] m9e disa/]s4 ,! m9]s "w 9 pairs1 s t "o may assi/ ! o!r 9 case ( accid5t1 or ( injury to ! brea?+ app>atus1 & s t ea* may wat* ! condition ( ! oxyg5 supply1 z %[n by ! gauges 9 ! o!r's outfit4 ,! tra9+ is giv5 9 ! gas-tight room ( ,build+ ,no4 #ag1 or 9 simil> rooms at sub-/ations 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xii74 ,?is room is made absolutely d>k1 & is fill$ ) =maldehyde gas1 ,,s#b1 ,,co#b1 or ,,co1 produc$ by burn+ sulphur or *>coal on brazi]s4 ,at ea* p]iod ( tra9+1 ! m9]s ent] & walk a di/ance ( ab\t #a mile1 ! av]age di/ance usually travel$ f ! m9e m\? to ! work+ face or po9t ( explosion4 ,!y !n remove a numb] ( timb]s2 lift a quantity ( brick or h>d lump-coal into :eel-b>r[s2 climb ?r\gh artificial tunnels1 up & d[n incl9es1 & ov] surfaces /rewn ) coal or /one2 op]ate a ma*9e ) a device atta*$ to x1 :i* automatically records ! foot-p\nds ( "w done2 & p]=m o!r vigor\s ex]cise1 dur+ a p]iod ( #b h\rs4 ,?is r\t9e is repeat$ daily dur+ #a week1 aft] :i* ! rescue corps is consid]$ suffici5tly tra9$ = active s]vice4 ,! app>atus us$ = record+ ! foot-p\nds ( "w done by ! p]son op]at+ ! "w ma*9e )9 ! gas-tight rescue room1 comprises a small dial ) electrical connections1 :i* records ! numb] ( /rokes made by ! ma*9e1 & a p5cil po9t :i* re/s on a pap] diaphragm1 fa/5$ to a horizontal brass disk4 ,?is disk is driv5 by clockwork1 & makes "o complete revolution p] h\r4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is 9 op]ation1 ! p5cil po9t works back & =?1 mak+ a broad l9e on ! pap]2 :5 ! op]ator ( ! ma*9e re/s1 ! p5cil po9t traces a s+le l9e4 ,! app>atus ?us records ! numb] ( /rokes giv5 by ! op]ator dur+ a giv5 "t4 ,f ! weight lift$1 ! height ( lift1 & ! numb] ( /rokes 9 ! giv5 "t1 ! foot-p\nds ( "w are readily calculat$4 ,electric ,te/+ ,app>atus4 ,on ! gr\nd floor ( ,build+ ,no4 #aj1 two rooms are occupi$ z laboratories = inve/igat+ ! electrical equipm5t us$ 9 m9+ op]ations4 ,! purpose ( ^! inve/igations is to asc]ta9 ! conditions "u :i* electricity ( v>i\s voltages may be us$ ) safety--9 m9e haulage1 hoi/+1 pump+1 or light+--9 ! pres5ce ( dang]\s mixtures ( explosive gases or ( du/4 ,x is also propos$ to te/ v>i\s k9ds ( insulation & insulators 9 ?is laboratory1 & to det]m9e ! durability ( su* insulation 9 ! pres5ce ( su* corrosive gases & wat] z are f\nd 9 m9es4 ,a wat]-pro( wood5 tank1 measur+ #ae by #e by #e ft41 is in/all$1 9 :i* insulation & insulat+ mat]ials are te/$ "u ei!r pure or pollut$ wat]4 ,v>i\s electric light+ devices & equipm5t c be connect$ f a swit*-bo>d 9 ,build+ ,no4 #ag ) ,gas-&-,du/ ,gall]y ,no4 #b1 = te/+ ! effect ( su* light+ app>atus 9 ! pres5ce ( explosive mixtures ( gas & du/1 z set =? on page #bbj4 ,9 ! electrical laboratory1 ,build+ ,no4 #aj1 is a boo/] set develop+ #fj kw41 & an appropriate swit*-bo>d = tak+ direct curr5t at #bbj volts f ! turbo-g5]ator & conv]t+ x into curr5t v>y+ f #j to #gej volts4 ,!re are also trans=m]s = develop+ #fj-;cycle1 alt]nat+ curr5t at voltages ( f #aaj to #b1bjj4 ,! swit*-bo>d is design$ to h&le ^! v>i\s voltages & to communicate !m to ! app>atus "u te/ 9 ,build+ ,no4 #aj1 ,gall]y ,no4 #b1 or else:]e4 ,te/s are 9 progress ( insulat+ mat]ials = use 9 m9es1 & ( electric fuses1 lights1 etc41 9 ,gall]y ,no4 #b 7,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,x71 & 9 ! lamp-te/+ box 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xi74 ,x is propos$1 at ! e>lie/ possible date1 to make comp>ative te/s ( ! safety ( v>i\s m9e locomotives & m9e-hoi/+ equipm5t ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ?is laboratory1 & x is believ$ t ! results w furni% valuable in=mation z a guide to ! safety1 reliability1 & durability ( ^! appliances :5 electrically op]at$4 ,electric ,lamp & ,fuse ,te/+ ,box4--,an app>atus = te/+ safety lamps & electric lights & fuses1 consi/s ( -94 iron plates1 bolt$ toge!r ) #a 94 angle-irons to =m a box ) inside dim5sions ( #ah by #ah by #bd 94 ,! box is plac$ on a /& at su* a height t ! obs]vation w9d[s are on a level ) ! obs]v]'s eye 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xi71 & x is connect$1 by a gas-pipe1 ) a supply ( natural gas :i* c be measur$ by a gas-hold] or met] alongside ! box4 ,by ! use ( ?is app>atus ! effect ( explosive gas on flames1 ( electric sp>ks on explosive mixtures ( gas & air1 & ( break+ electric lamps 9 an explosive mixture ( gas & air1 may be /udi$4 ,! safety lamps are introduc$ into ! box f b5ea?1 ?r\gh a hole #f 94 squ>e1 cov]$ ) a h+$ iron lid1 admission to :i* is _h ?r\gh a flexible rubb] sleeve1 #bj 94 long4 ,! behavior ( ! /&>d safety lamp & ( ! safety lamps und]go+ te/ may be comp>$ 9 ?is box z to height ( flame = diff]5t p]c5tages ( me?ane 9 ! air1 ! effect ( su* flames 9 ignit+ gas1 etc4 ,9 ea* end ( ! box is an op5+ #a ft4 squ>e1 ov] :i* may be plac$ a pap] diaphragm held by skeleton doors1 ! purpose ( :i* is to conf9e ! gas 9 su* a mann] t1 %\ld an explosion occur1 no damage w\ld be done4 ,9 ! front ( ! box are two plate-glass obs]v+ w9d[s1 #b by #e 94 ,9 ! side ( ! box1 betwe5 ! two w9d[s1 is a -94 hole1 :i* c be clos$ by a tap-screw1 ?r\gh :i* samples = *emical analysis are drawn4 ,! gasomet] consi/s ( two iron cans1 ! l[] "o be+ op5 at ! top & fill$ ) wat] & ! upp] "o op5 at ! bottom & susp5d$ by a c\nt]weight4 ,! latt] has atta*$ to its upp] surface a scale :i* moves ) x1 !reby measur+ ! am\nt ( gas 9 ! hold]4 ,a two-way cock p]mits ! admission ( gas into ! gasomet] & !nce into ! te/+ box4 ,gas-&-,du/ ,gall]y ,no4 #b4--,?is gall]y is con/ruct$ ( %eet /eel & is simil> to ,gall]y ,no4 #a1 ! l5g?1 h[ev]1 be+ only #cj ft4 & ! diamet] #aj ft4 ,x re/s on a concrete f\ndation 7,fig4 #c1 ,plate ,x74 ,diaphragms c be plac$ across ei!r extremity1 or at v>i\s sections1 to conf9e ! mixtures ( gas & air 9 :i* ! te/s are made4 ,! admission ( gas is controll$ by pipes & valves1 & ! gas & air c be /irr$ or mix$ by a fan1 z describ$ = ,gall]y ,no4 #a1 & z %[n by ,fig4 #a4 ,gall]y ,no4 #b is us$ = inve/igat+ ! effect ( flames ( v>i\s lamps1 ( electric curr5ts1 motors1 & coal-cutt+ ma*9es1 9 ! pres5ce ( kn[n mixtures ( explosive gas & air4 ,x is also us$ = te/+ ! l5g? ( flame ( safety lamps 9 /ill air c>ry+ v>i\s proportions ( me?ane1 &1 = ?is purpose1 is m conv5i5t ?an ! lamp gall]y4 ,9 te/s ) explosive mixtures1 aft] ! device to be te/$ has be5 introduc$ & prep>ations are complet$1 op]ations are controll$ f a safe di/ance by a swit*-bo>d 9 a build+ ne>-by4 ,among o!r inve/igations conduct$ 9 ?is gall]y are ^? ( ! effect ( sp>ks on kn[n gas mixtures4 ,^! sp>ks are su* z ^? /ruck f a pick on fl9t1 b 9 ?is case !y are produc$ by rubb+ a rapidly revolv+ em]y :eel aga9/ a /eel file4 ,! effect ( a sp>k produc$ by a %ort circuit ( kn[n voltage1 ! flame f an arc lamp1 etc41 may also be /udi$ 9 ?is gall]y4 ,,/ructural ,,mat]ials ,,inve/igations4 ,! /ructural mat]ials inve/igations are be+ conduct$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! nature & ext5t ( ! mat]ials available = use 9 ! build+ & con/ruction "w ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & h[ ^! mat]ials may be us$ mo/ effici5tly4 ,^! inve/igations include3 7#a74--;,inquiries into ! di/ribution & local availability1 ne> ea* ( ! build+ c5t]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( su* mat]ials z are ne$$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 7#b74--;,h[ ^! mat]ials may be us$ mo/ effici5tly4 7#c74--,_! fire-resi/+ qualities & /r5g? at diff]5t temp]atures4 7#d74--,! be/ & mo/ economic me?ods ( protect+ /eel by fire-resi/ant cov]+4 7#e74--,! mo/ effici5t me?ods ( proportion+ & mix+ ! aggregate1 locally available1 = diff]5t purposes4 7#f74--,! "* & value ( protective coat+s1 or ( v>i\s mixes1 to prev5t det]ioration by sea wat]1 alkali1 & o!r de/ructive ag5cies4 7#g74--,! k9ds & =ms ( re9=cem5t = concrete necess>y to secure ! greate/ /r5g? 9 beams1 columns1 floor slabs1 etc4 7#h74--;,inve/igation ( ! clays & ( ! products ( clays ne$$ 9 ,gov]nm5t works1 z to _! /r5g?1 durability1 suitability z fire-resi/+ mat]ials1 & ! me?ods ( analyz+ & te/+ clay products4 7#i74--,te/s ( build+ /ones1 & inve/igations z to _! availability ne> ! v>i\s build+ c5t]s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! op]ations ( ! ,/ructural ,mat]ials ,division include inve/igations into cem5t-mak+ mat]ials1 con/itu5t mat]ials ( concrete1 build+ /ones1 clays1 clay products1 iron1 /eel1 & miscellane\s mat]ials ( con/ruction1 = ! use ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! organization comprises a numb] ( sections1 includ+ ^? = ! *emical & physical exam9ation ( ,dep>tm5tal pur*ases2 field sampl+ & laboratory exam9ation ( con/itu5t mat]ials ( concrete collect$ by skill$ field inspectors 9 ! neighborhood ( ! l>g] comm]cial & build+ c5t]s2 simil> field sampl+ ( build+ /ones & ( clays & clay products1 (f]$ = use 9 ,gov]nm5t build+s or eng9e]+ con/ruction2 & ! =w>d+ ( su* samples to ! te/+ laboratories at ,/4 ,l\is or ,pittsburg = inve/igation & te/4 ,! inve/igative te/s include exp]im5ts reg>d+ de/ructive ag5cies1 su* z electrolysis1 alkal9e e>?s & wat]s1 salt wat]1 fire1 & wea!r+2 also exp]im5ts ) protective & wat]-pro(+ ag5cies1 includ+ ! v>i\s wa%es or pat5t$ mixtures on ! m>ket1 & ! me?ods ( wa%+1 & mix+ mort>s & concrete1 :i* are likely to result 9 r5d]+ su* mat]ials less p]vi\s to wat]4 ,inve/igations are also be+ conduct$ to det]m9e ! nature & ext5t ( mat]ials available = use 9 ! build+-con/ruction "w ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & h[ ^! mat]ials may be us$ mo/ effici5tly & safely4 ,:ile ! act au?oriz+ ?is "w does n p]mit inve/igations or te/s = private p>ties1 x is believ$ t ^! te/s = ! ,gov]nm5t _c fail to be ( great g5]al value4 ,! aggregate exp5diture by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 9 build+ & eng9e]+ con/ruction is ab\t #dj1jjj1jjj annually4 ,?is "w is be+ execut$ "u s _m diff]5t conditions1 at po9ts s widely sep>at$ geographically1 & requires s great a v>iety ( mat]ials1 t ! problems to be solv$ = ! ,gov]nm5t c h>dly fail to cov] a l>ge %>e ( ! ne$s ( ! ,eng9e]+ ,pr(ession1 ,/ate & municipal gov]nm5ts1 & ! g5]al public4 ,"* ( ! ,"w4--,! te/s & analyses1 ( ! mat]ials ( con/ruction pur*as$ by ! v>i\s bureaus & dep>tm5ts = ! use ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 are to det]m9e ! "*1 quality1 suitability1 & availability ( ! mat]ials submitt$1 & to asc]ta9 data lead+ to m accurate work+ values z a basis = bett] work+ specifications1 s z to enable ,gov]nm5t (ficials to use su* mat]ials ) m economy & increas$ effici5cy4 ,inve/igative te/s ( mat]ials ent]+ into ,gov]nm5t con/ruction1 relative to ! l>g] problems involv$ 9 ! use ( mat]ials pur*as$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 include exhau/ive /udy ( ! suitability = use1 9 concrete con/ruction on ! ,i/hmian ,canal1 ( ! s& & /one1 & ( ! cem5t+ value ( pozzuolanic mat]ial1 f\nd on ! ,i/hmus2 ! /r5g?1 ela/icity1 & *emical prop]ties ( /ructural /eel = canal lock-gates2 ( wire rope & cables = use 9 hoi/+ & haulage2 & ! mo/ suitable s& & /one available = concrete & re9=c$ concrete = "u-wat] con/ruction1 su* z ! reta9+ walls be+ built by ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,army1 9 ,san ,francisco ,h>bor4 ,^! te/s also include inve/igations into ! dis9tegrat+ effect ( alkal9e soil & wat] on ! concrete & re9=c$ concrete /ructures ( ! ,reclamation ,s]vice1 ) a view to prev5t+ su* dis9tegration2 inve/igations into ! prop] proportions & dim5sions ( concrete & re9=c$ concrete /ructural columns1 beams1 & pi]s1 & ( walls ( brick & ( build+ /one1 & ( ! v>i\s types ( metal us$ = re9=cem5t by ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect 9 ! con/ruction ( public build+s2 inve/igations into ! s&1 gravel1 & brok5 /one available = local use 9 concrete con/ruction1 su* z columns1 pi]s1 ar*es1 floor slabs1 etc41 z a guide to ! m economical design ( public /ructures1 & to det]m9e ! prop] me?od ( mix+ ! mat]ials to r5d] ! concrete mo/ imp]vi\s to wat] & resi/ant to wea!r & o!r de/ructive ag5cies4 ,o!r l9es ( rese>* may be /at$ briefly z foll[s3 ,! ext5t to :i* concrete made f cem5t & local mat]ials c be mo/ safely & effici5tly us$ = diff]5t purposes "u diff]5t conditions2 ,! be/ me?ods = mix+ & utiliz+ ! v>i\s con/itu5t mat]ials locally available = use 9 ,gov]nm5t con/ruction2 ,! mat]ials suitable = ! manufacture ( cem5t on ! public l&s1 or :]e ! ,gov]nm5t has plann$ ext5sive build+ or eng9e]+ con/ruction "w1 :]e no cem5t plants n[ exi/2 ,! k9ds & =ms ( re9=cem5t = concrete1 & ! be/ me?ods ( apply+ !m 9 ord] to secure ! greate/ /r5g? 9 compression1 t5sion1 %e>1 etc41 9 re9=c$ concrete beams1 columns1 floor slabs1 etc42 ,! influ5ce ( acids1 oils1 salts1 & o!r =eign mat]ials1 long-cont9u$ /ra91 or electric curr5ts1 on ! p]man5ce ( ! /eel 9 re9=c$ concrete2 ,! value ( protective coat+s z prev5tives ( det]ioration ( /ructural mat]ials by de/ructive ag5cies2 & ,! e/abli%m5t ( work+ /resses = v>i\s /ructural mat]ials ne$$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 its build+s4 ,inve/igations are be+ made into ! effects ( fire & ! rate ( conductivity ( heat on concrete & re9=c$ concrete1 brick1 tile1 build+ /one1 etc41 z a guide to ! use ( ! mo/ suitable mat]ials = fire-pro( build+ con/ruction & ! prop] dim5sion+ ( fire-resi/ive cov]+s4 ,inve/igations & te/s are be+ made1 ) a view to ! prep>ation ( work+ specifications = use 9 ,gov]nm5t con/ruction1 ( bricks1 tile1 s&-lime brick1 pav+ brick1 sew] pipe1 ro(+ slates1 floor+ tiles1 cable conduits1 electric insulators1 ar*itectural t]ra cotta1 fire-brick1 & all %apes ( refractories & o!r clay products1 reg>d+ :i* no satisfactory data = ! prep>ation ( specifications ( work+ values n[ exi/4 ,inve/igations ( ! clay deposits ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates are 9 progress1 to det]m9e prop] me?ods ( conv]t+ !m into build+ brick1 tile1 etc41 at ! mo/ reasonable co/1 & ! suitability ( ! result+ mat]ial = erection 9 /ructural =ms & to meet build+ requirem5ts4 ,inve/igations are be+ made 9 ! field1 ( build+ /ones locally available1 & physical & *emical te/s ( ^! build+ /ones to det]m9e _! be>+ or cru%+ /r5g?2 ! mo/ suitable mort>s = use ) !m2 _! resi/ance to wea!r+2 _! fire-resi/ive & fire-pro( qualities1 etc41 reg>d+ :i* practically no adequate in=mation is available z a guide to ,gov]nm5t eng9e]+ & build+ design4 ,results ,accompli%$4--,dur+ "o p]iod ( six mon?s alone1 m ?an #b1ejj samples1 tak5 f ,gov]nm5t pur*ases ( /ructural mat]ials1 7 exam9$1 ( :i* m ?an #cjj fail$ to meet ! specifi$ requirem5ts1 repres5t+ _m ?\s&s ( doll>s wor? ( inf]ior mat]ial reject$1 :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 paid = by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,^! te/s 7 ! means ( detect+ ! inf]ior quality ( l>ge quantities ( mat]ials deliv]$ on contracts1 & ! moral effect on bidd]s has prov5 z important a factor 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a high quality ( pur*ases1 z 9 ! sav+ ( money4 ,! exam9ation ( s&s1 gravels1 & cru%$ /ones1 z con/itu5t mat]ials = concrete & re9=c$ concrete con/ruction1 has develop$ data %[+ t c]ta9 mat]ials1 locally available ne> l>ge build+ c5t]s & previ\sly reg>d$ z inf]ior 9 quality1 71 9 fact1 sup]ior to o!r & m exp5sive mat]ials :i* x _h be5 propos$ to use4 ,^! inve/igations h repres5t$ an actual sav+ 9 ! co/ ( con/ruction on ! "w ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 ( ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect1 & ( c]ta9 ,/ates & cities :i* h b5efit$ by ! in=mation dissem9at$ reg>d+ ^! con/itu5t mat]ials4 ,inve/igations ( clay products1 only rec5tly inaugurat$1 h already result$ 9 ! asc]ta9m5t ( important facts relative to ! colloid matt] ( clay & its measurem5t1 & ! be>+ !re( on ! pla/icity & work+ values ( v>i\s clays4 ,! /udy ( ! prelim9>y treatm5t ( clays difficult to h&le dry1 has furni%$ useful in=mation reg>d+ ! dry+ ( su* clays1 & conc]n+ ! fire resi/ance ( bricks made ( s(t1 /iff1 or dri$ clay ( v>i\s d5sities4 ,! field collection & inve/igation ( build+-/one samples h develop$ "s important facts :i* _h n be5 consid]$ previ\sly1 relative to ! effect ( qu>ry+1 9 relation to ! /rike & dip ( ! b$d+ planes ( build+ /one1 & ! /r5g? & durability ( ! same mat]ial :5 erect$ 9 build+ con/ruction4 ,^! inve/igations h also develop$ c]ta9 fundam5tal facts relative to ! effects ( bla/+ 7z comp>$ ) *annel+ or cutt+7 on ! /r5g? & durability ( qu>ri$ build+ /one4 ,m9]al ,*emi/ry ,laboratories4--,inve/igations & analyses ( ! mat]ials ( eng9e]+ & build+ con/ruction are c>ri$ on at ,pittsburg 9 f\r ( ! l>g] rooms ( ,build+ ,no4 #ba4 ,9 ?is laboratory1 are conduct$ rese>* inve/igations into ! effect ( alkal9e wat]s & soils on ! con/itu5t mat]ials ( concrete available 9 arid regions1 z relat$ to ! life & p]man5cy ( ! concrete & re9=c$ concrete con/ruction ( ! ,reclamation ,s]vice4 ,^! inve/igations include a /udy ( individual salts f\nd 9 p>ticul> alkalis1 & a /udy ( ! results ( all[+ solutions ( v>i\s alkalis to p]colate ?r\gh cyl9d]s ( cem5t mort> & concrete4 ,o!r rese>* analyses h to d ) ! inve/igation ( de/ructive & pres]vative ag5cies = concrete1 re9=c$ concrete1 & simil> mat]ials1 & ) ! *emi/ry ( ! effects ( salt wat] on concrete1 etc4 ,! r\t9e *emical analyses ( ! con/itu5t mat]ials ( concrete & cem5t-mak+ mat]ials1 are made 9 ?is laboratory1 z are also a l>ge numb] ( miscellane\s *emical analyses & inve/igations ( re9=cem5t metal1 ! composition ( build+ /ones1 & alli$ "w4 ,a heat laboratory1 9 *>ge ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,clem5t1 occupies ?ree rooms on ! gr\nd floor ( ,build+ ,no4 #ba1 & is conc]n$ *iefly ) ! measurem5t ( temp]atures 9 gas produc]s1 9 ! furnaces ( /eam boil]s1 kilns1 etc4 ,! "w includes det]m9ations ( ! !rmal conductivity ( fire clays1 concrete1 & o!r build+ mat]ials1 & ( _! fire-resi/+ prop]ties2 measurem5ts ( ! !rmal expansion & specific heats ( fire-bricks1 porcela91 & glazes2 & inve/igations ( ! effect ( temp]ature v>iations on ! v>i\s *emical processes :i* take place 9 ! fuel b$ ( ! gas produc]1 boil] furnace1 etc4 ,! heat laboratory is equipp$ = ! calibration ( ! !rmomet]s & pyromet]s1 & electrical & o!r physical app>atus us$ by ! v>i\s sections ( ! ,te*nologic ,bran*4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 analyz+ mat]ials receiv$ f ! v>i\s pur*as+ (fic]s atta*$ to ! ,gov]nm5t bureaus1 ?is "w is h\s$ 9 a laboratory on ! f\r? floor ( ! ,geological ,survey ,build+ 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,l>ge quantities & _m v>ieties ( build+ mat]ials = use 9 public build+s "u contract ) ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect's (fice1 are submitt$ to ! laboratory by contractors to det]m9e :e!r or n !y meet ! specifi$ requirem5ts4 ,fur!r exam9ations are made ( samples submitt$ by sup]9t5d5ts ( con/ruction1 repres5t+ mat]ial actually furni%$ by contractors4 ,x is frequ5tly f\nd t ! sample ( mat]ial submitt$ by ! contractor is ( f> bett] quality ?an t s5t by ! sup]9t5d5t to repres5t deliv]ies4 ,! ne$$ con/ant *eck on deliv]ies is ?us provid$4 ,9 addition to ?is "w = ! (fice ( ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect1 simil> "w on pur*ases & supplies is c>ri$ on = ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 ! ,qu>t]ma/]-,g5]al's ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,army1 ! ,life ,sav+ ,s]vice1 ! ,reclamation ,s]vice1 & o!r bran*es ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,ab\t #cjj samples are exam9$ ea* mon?1 requir+ an av]age ( #ab det]m9ations p] sample1 or ab\t #c1fjj det]m9ations p] mon?4 ,! *emical laboratory = te/+ ,gov]nm5t pur*ases ( /ructural mat]ials is equipp$ ) ! necess>y app>atus = mak+ ! requisite physical & *emical te/s4 ,= ! physical te/s ( cem5t1 !re are a t5sile te/ ma*9e1 briquette m\lds1 a pat tank = boil+ te/s to det]m9e s\ndness1 wat] tanks = ! /orage ( briquettes1 a moi/ ov51 app>atus to det]m9e specific gravity1 f95ess ( gr9d+1 etc4 ,! *emical laboratory at ,wa%+ton is equipp$ ) ! necess>y analytical balances1 /eam ov5s1 ba?s1 bla/ lamps1 /ills1 etc41 requir$ 9 ! r\t9e *emical analysis ( cem5t1 pla/]1 clay1 bricks & t]ra cotta1 m9]al pa9ts & pigm5ts1 ro(+ mat]ial1 t]n plate & asphaltic comp\nds1 wat]-pro(+ mat]ials1 iron & /eel alloys1 etc4 ,at pres5t1 mat]ials :i* require inve/igative te/s z a basis = ! prep>ation ( suitable specifications1 te/s n connect$ ) ! imm$iate det]m9ation z to :e!r or n ! pur*ases are 9 accordance ) ! specifications1 are ref]r$ to ! *emical laboratories atta*$ to ! ,/ructural ,mat]ials ,division1 at ,pittsburg4 ,! inspection & te/s ( cem5t pur*as$ 9 l>ge quantities1 su* z ! l>g] pur*ases on behalf ( public-build+ con/ruction "u ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect1 or ! great #d1ejj1jjj-;bbl4 contract ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 are made 9 ! cem5t-te/+ laboratory ( ! ,survey1 9 ! ,lehigh ,portl& cem5t di/rict1 at ,nor?ampton1 ,pa4 ,te/+ ,ma*9es4--,! v>i\s /ructural =ms into :i* concrete & re9=c$ concrete may be assembl$ = use 9 public-build+ con/ruction1 are und]go+ inve/igative te/s z to _! compressive & t5sile /r5g?1 resi/ance to %e>+1 modulus ( ela/icity1 coeffici5t ( expansion1 fire-resi/ive qualities1 etc4 ,simil> te/s are be+ conduct$ on build+ /one1 clay products1 & ! /ructural =ms 9 :i* /eel & iron are us$ = build+ con/ruction4 ,! compressive1 t5sile1 & o!r l>ge te/+ ma*9es1 = all k9ds ( /ructural mat]ials rea*+ ! te/+ /ations1 are "u ! g5]al sup]vision ( ,ri*>d ,l4 ,humphrey1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,! imm$iate direction ( ! physical te/s on ! l>g] te/+ ma*9es is 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,kaplan4 ,mo/ ( ?is te/+ app>atus1 prior to #aiji1 0 h\s$ 9 build+s loan$ by ! ,city ( ,/4 ,l\is1 9 ,=e/ ,p>k1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 & ! arrangem5t ( ^! build+s1 details ( equipm5t1 organization1 & me?ods ( conduct+ ! te/s1 are fully set =? 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cbi ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,9 brief1 ?is equipm5t includ$ motor-driv51 univ]sal1 f\r-screw te/+ ma*9es1 z foll[s3 ,"o #fjj1jjj-lb41 v]tical automatic1 f\r-screw ma*9e2 "o #bjj1jjj-lb41 automatic1 f\r-screw ma*9e2 & "o #bjj1jjj-lb4 & "o #ajj1jjj-lb4 ma*9e ( ! same type1 b ) ?ree screws4 ,!re are a numb] ( small] ma*9es ( #ej1jjj1 #dj1jjj1 #aj1jjj1 & #b1jjj lb41 respectively4 ,^! ma*9es are equipp$ s t all are available = mak+ t5sile & compressive te/s 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xiii74 ,! #fjj1jjj-lb4 ma*9e is capable ( te/+ columns up to #cj-;ft4 l5g?s1 & ( mak+ transv]se te/s ( beams up to #be-;ft4 span1 & t5sion te/s = specim5s up to #bd ft4 9 l5g?4 ,! small] ma*9es are capable ( mak+ t5sion & compressive te/s up to #d ft4 9 l5g? & transv]se beam te/s up to #ab ft4 span4 ,9 addition1 !re are ample subsidi>y app>atus1 includ+ concrete mix]s ) capacities ( & #a cu4 yd41 five holl[ concrete block ma*9es1 automatic sift+ ma*9es1 briquette m\lds1 /orage tanks1 etc4 ,at ! ,atlantic ,city sub-/ation1 !re is also a #bjj1jjj-lb41 univ]sal1 f\r-screw te/+ ma*9e1 ) miscellane\s equipm5t = te/+ cem5t & m\ld+ concrete1 etc42 & at ! ,nor?ampton sub-/ation1 !re is a complete equipm5t ( app>atus = cem5t te/+1 capable ( h&l+ #aj1jjj bbl4 p] day4 ,at ! ,pittsburg te/+ /ation1 a #aj1jjj1jjj-lb41 v]tical1 compression te/+ ma*9e 7,plate ,,xiv71 made by ,t9ius ,ols5 & ,company1 is be+ erect$ = mak+ a complete s]ies ( comp>ative te/s ( v>i\s build+ /ones ( #b1 #d1 & #ab-;94 cube1 ( /one prisms1 #ab 94 base & #bd 94 high1 ( concrete & re9=c$ concrete columns up to #fe ft4 9 height1 & ( brick pi]s & /ructural-/eel columns up to ! ! limits ( ! capacity & height ( ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 ,fig4 #a4--,te/+ ,beam 9 #bjj1jjj-,lb4 ,ma*9e4 ,fig4 #b4--;,fire ,te/ ( ,panel4 ,?is ma*9e is a l>ge hydraulic press1 ) an adju/able head1 & a weigh+ sy/em = record+ ! load+ develop$ by a triple-plung] pump4 ,x has a maximum cle>ance ( #fe ft4 betwe5 heads2 ! cle>ance 9 ! ma*9e is a trifle m ?an #f ft4 betwe5 screws1 & ! heads are #f ft4 squ>e4 ,! ma*9e consi/s ( a base conta9+ ! ma9 cyl9d]1 ) a sectional area ( #b1jjj sq4 941 ^u :i* re/s ! l[] plat=m or head1 :i* is provid$ ) a ball-&-socket be>+4 ,! upp] head is adju/able ov] f\r v]tical screws1 #ac 94 9 diamet] & #gb ft4 #b 94 long1 by a sy/em ( ge>+ op]at+ f\r nuts ) ball-be>+s ^u :i* ! head re/s4 ,! %aft+ op]at+ ?is me*anism is connect$ ) a v>iable-spe$ motor :i* actuates ! triple-plung] pump supply+ ! pressure to ! ma9 cyl9d] 7,fig4 #d74 ,! weigh+ device consi/s ( a set ( /&>d ,ols5 lev]s = weigh+ "o-eightie? ( ! total load on ! ma9 cyl9d]4 ,?is r$uction is effect$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a pi/on & a diaphragm4 ,! ma9 cyl9d] has a diamet] ( #ej 941 & ! small] "o1 a diamet] ( #e-i_/af 94 ,! weigh+ beam is balanc$ by an automatically-op]at$ poise weight1 & is provid$ ) a device = apply+ successive c\nt]weights ( #a1jjj1jjj lb4 ea*4 ,ea* division on ! dial is equival5t to a #ajj-lb4 load1 & small] subdivisions are made possible by an additional ne$le-beam4 ,! p[] is appli$ by a #ae-;h4p41 #bbj-volt1 v>iable-spe$ motor op]at+ a triple-plung] pump1 ! ge>+ op]at+ ! upp] head be+ driv5 by ! same motor4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! ma9 screws necessitates splic+1 :i* is accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! screws1 at ! splice1 is a #c-;94 ?read$ p9 = c5t]+ ! upp] & l[] screws2 ?is splice is /r5g!n$ by sleeve nuts1 split to facilitate _! removal :5ev] x is necess>y to l[] ! upp] head2 aft] ! head has pass$ ! splice1 ! sleeve nuts are replac$4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 a con/ant load1 a ne$le-valve has be5 provid$1 :i*1 :5 ! pump is op]at$ at its l[e/ spe$1 w all[ a suffici5t quantity ( oil to fl[ into ! ma9 cyl9d] to equalize :atev] leakage !re may be4 ,! ma9 cyl9d] has a v]tical movem5t ( #bd 94 ,! spe$ ( ! ma*9e1 = ! purpose ( adju/m5t1 us+ ! ge>+ atta*$ to ! upp] head1 is #aj 94 p] m94 ,! spe$ = apply+ loads1 controll$ by ! v>iable-spe$ motor driv+ ! pump1 v>ies f a m9imum ( at lea/ #a_/fj 94 p] m94 to a maximum ( at lea/ 94 p] m94 ,! ma*9e has a gu>ante$ accuracy ( at lea/ "o-?ird ( #a1 = any load ( m ?an #ajj1jjj lb41 up to its capacity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,,plan ,,& ,,elevation ,,( #aj1jjj1jjj-,,lb4 ,,v]tical ,,compression ,,te/+ ,,ma*9e ,! ca/+s = ! base & ! top head weigh approximately #dh1jjj lb4 ea*4 ,ea* ma9 screw weighs m ?an #dj1jjj lb41 ! l[] plat=m weigh+ ab\t #be1jjj lb41 & ! ma9 cyl9d]1 #af1jjj lb4 ,! top ( ! ma*9e w be ab\t #gj ft4 above ! top ( ! floor1 & ! concrete f\ndation1 ^u :i* x re/s1 is ab\t #h ft4 bel[ ! floor l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 #aj1jjj1jjj-,lb4 ,te/+ ,ma*9e4 ,concrete & ,cem5t ,inve/igations4--,! inve/igations relat+ to concrete include ! exam9ation ( ! deposits ( s&1 gravel1 /one1 etc41 9 ! field1 ! collection ( repres5tative samples1 & ! %ipm5t ( ^! samples to ! laboratory = analysis & te/4 ,^! te/s are conduct$ 9 connection ) ! inve/igation ( cem5t mort>s1 made f a typical ,portl& cem5t prep>$ by ?or\ghly mix+ a numb] ( br&s1 ea* ( :i* mu/ meet ! foll[+ requirem5ts3 ,specific gravity1 n less ?an #c4aj2 ,f95ess1 residue n to exce$ #h on ,no4 #ajj1 nor #be on ,no4 #bjj sieve2 ,"t ( sett+3 ,initial set1 n less ?an #cj m942 h>d set1 n less ?an #a h\r1 nor m ?an #aj h\rs4 ,t5sile /r5g?3 ,requirem5ts apply+ to neat cem5t & to #a "p cem5t ) #c p>ts /&>d s&3 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,neat cem5t4 #a3c ,mix4 ,"t specification4 ,p\nds4 ,p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bd h\rs 9 moi/ air #age 444 #g days 7#a day 9 moi/ air1 #ejj #age #f days 9 wat]7 #bh days 7#a day 9 moi/ air1 #fjj #bej #bg days 9 wat]7 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,con/ancy ( volume3 ,pats ( neat cem5t1 #c 94 9 diamet]1 94 ?ick at c5t]1 tap]+ to a ?9 edge1 %all be kept 9 moi/ air = a p]iod ( #bd h\rs4 ,a pat is kept 9 air at normal temp]ature & obs]v$ at int]vals = at lea/ #bh days4 ,ano!r pat is kept 9 wat] ma9ta9$ z ne> #gj ,fahr4 z practicable1 & is obs]v$ at int]vals = at lea/ #bh days4 ,a ?ird pat is expos$ 9 an atmosph]e ( /eam above boil+ wat]1 9 a loosely-clos$ vessel1 = #e h\rs4 ,^! pats mu/ rema9 firm & h>d & %[ no signs ( di/ortion1 *eck+1 crack+1 or disfiguration4 ,! cem5t %all n conta9 m ?an #a4ge ( anhydr\s sulphuric acid1 nor m ?an #d ( magnesium oxide4 ,a te/ ( ! neat cem5t mu/ be made ) ea* mort> s]ies = comp>ison ( ! quality ( ! typical ,portl& cem5t4 ,! con/itu5t mat]ials are subject$ to ! foll[+ exam9ation & det]m9ations1 &1 9 addition1 are analyz$ to det]m9e ! composition & "* ( ! /one1 s&1 etc43 #a4--,m9]alogical exam9ation1 #b4--,specific gravity1 #c4--,weight1 p] cubic foot1 #d4--,sift+ 7granulometric composition71 #e4--,p]c5tage ( silt & "* ( same1 #f4--,p]c5tage ( voids1 #g4--;,"* ( /one z to p]c5tage ( absorption1 porosity1 p]meability1 compressive /r5g?1 & behavior "u treatm5t4 ,physical te/s are made to det]m9e ! t5sile1 compressive1 & transv]se /r5g?s ( ! cem5t & mort> te/ pieces1 ) v>i\s prep>ations ( cem5t & v>i\s p]c5tages ( mat]ial4 ,te/s are also made to det]m9e porosity1 p]meability1 volumetric *anges 9 sett+1 absorption1 coeffici5t ( expansion1 effect ( oil1 etc4 ,inve/igation ( concretes made f mixtures ( typical ,portl& cem5t1 s&1 /one1 & gravel1 includes te/s on cyl9d]s1 prisms1 cubes1 & o!r /&>d te/ pieces1 ) v>i\s proportions ( mat]ials & at ages rang+ f #cj to #cfj days4 ,full-siz$ pla9 concrete beams1 m\ld$ build+ blocks1 re9=c$ concrete beams1 columns1 floor slabs1 ar*es1 etc41 are te/$ to det]m9e ! effect1 "*1 & am\nt ( re9=cem5t1 ! effect ( *anges 9 volume1 size1 & composition1 & ! effect ( diff]5t me?ods ( load+ & ( support+ ^! pieces1 etc4 ,^! inve/igations include detail$ inquiry 9 ! field & rese>* 9 ! *emical & physical laboratories reg>d+ ! effects ( alkal9e soils & wat]s on /ructures ( concrete be+ built by ! ,reclamation ,s]vice 9 ! arid regions4 ,x has be5 not$ t on c]ta9 ( ! ,reclamation projects1 notably on ! ,sun ,riv] ,project1 ne> ,great ,falls1 ,mont41 ! ,%o%one ,project1 ne> ,cody1 ,wyo41 & ! ,c>lsbad & ,hondo ,projects 9 ! ,pecos ,valley1 ,n4 ,mex41 /ructures ( concrete1 re9=c$ concrete1 build+ /ones1 brick1 & tile1 %[ evid5ce ( dis9tegration4 ,?is is attribut$ to ! effects ( alkal9e wat]s or soils com+ into contact ) ! /ructures1 or to ! con/itu5t mat]ials us$4 ,9 co-op]ation ) ! ,reclamation ,s]vice1 samples ( ! wat]s1 soils1 & con/itu5t mat]ials1 are collect$ 9 ! field1 & are subject$ to c>eful *emical exam9ation 9 ! m9]al laboratories at ,pittsburg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 ,fig4 #a4--;,*>act]i/ic ,failures ( ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,beams4 ,fig4 #b4--;,arrangem5t ( ,/atic ,load ,te/ = ,re9=c$ ,concrete ,beams4 ,! cyl9d]s us$ 9 ! p]colation te/s are compos$ ( typical ,portl& cem5t mix$ ) s&1 gravel1 & brok5 /one ( kn[n composition & behavior1 & ( cem5t mix$ ) s&1 gravel1 & brok5 /one collect$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,reclamation projects "u inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,app>atus ,,= ,,hold+ ,,p]meability-,,te/ ,,pieces ,x is also propos$ to subject ^! te/ pieces1 "s made ) wat] ( kn[n purity1 & o!rs ) alkal9e wat]1 to contact ) alkal9e soils ne> ! projects1 & ) soil ( kn[n composition ne> ! te/+ laboratories at ,pittsburg4 ,z ^! te/s progress & o!r l9es ( inve/igation are develop$1 ! programme w be ext5d$1 9 ! hope t ! inquiry may develop me?ods ( prep>+ & mix+ concrete & re9=c$ concrete :i* c be us$ 9 alkal9e soils )\t dang] ( dis9tegration4 ,inve/igations into ! effect ( salt wat] on cem5t mort>s & concretes1 & ! effect ( electrolysis1 are be+ conduct$ at ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4,j41 :]e ! te/ pieces may be imm]s$ 9 deep sea wat] = long] or %ort] p]iods ( "t4 ,at ! ,pittsburg laboratory a great am\nt ( inve/igative "w is done = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! suitability & availability ( v>i\s /ructural mat]ials submitt$ = use by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,:ile prim>ily valuable only to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! results ( ^! te/s are ( indirect value to all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! use ( simil> mat]ials4 ,among su* inve/igations h be5 ^? relat+ to ! /r5g?1 ela/icity1 & *emical prop]ties ( wire rope = use 9 ! ,canal ,zone2 inve/igations ( ! suitability & cem5t+ value ( concrete1 s&1 /one1 & pozzuolanic mat]ial f\nd on ! ,i/hmus2 inve/igations z to ! relative resi/ance to corrosion ( v>i\s types ( wire scre5s = use 9 ! ,canal ,zone2 into ! suitability = use1 9 concrete sea-wall con/ruction1 ( s& & /one f ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco2 into ! prop]ties ( re9=c$ concrete floor slabs2 r\t9e te/s ( re9=c+ metal1 & ( re9=c$ concrete beams & columns1 = ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 etc4 ,! results h be5 set =? 9 ?ree bullet9s#i :i* describe ! me?ods ( conduct+ ^! te/s & also te/s on con/itu5t mat]ials ( concrete & pla9 concrete beams4 ,9 addition1 !re are 9 process ( publication a numb] ( bullet9s giv+ ! results ( te/s on re9=c$ concrete beams1 columns1 & floor slabs1 concrete build+ blocks1 etc4 ,! ,nor?ampton laboratory 0 e/abli%$ because x is 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,lehigh cem5t di/rict1 & !re=e available = ! mill sampl+ & te/+ ( pur*ases ( cem5t made by ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission2 x is also available = te/s ( cem5t pur*as$ 9 ! ,lehigh di/rict by ! ,sup]vis+ ,ar*itect & o!rs4 ,x is 9 a build+1 ! out] walls ( :i* are ( cem5t pla/] appli$ ov] metal la? nail$ to /udd+4 ,! p>titions are ( ! same con/ruction1 & ! floors & ro( are ( concrete ?r\gh\t4 ,! inspection at ! factories & ! sampl+ ( ! cem5t are "u ! imm$iate direction ( ! ,commission2 ! te/+ is "u ! direction ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,a l>ge =ce ( employees is requir$1 9 view ( ! magnitude ( ! "w1 :i* includes ! daily te/+ ( consignm5ts rang+ f #e1jjj to #aj1jjj bbl41 sampl$ 9 lots ( #ajj bbl41 :i* is equival5t to f #ej to #ajj samples te/$ p] day4 ,! cem5t to be sampl$ is tak5 f ! /orage b9s & kept "u seal by ! *ief inspector p5d+ ! results ( ! te/4 ,! quantity ( cem5t sampl$ is suffici5t = ! te/s requir$ "u ! specifications ( ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 z well z = prelim9>y te/s made by ! cem5t company1 & *eck te/s made at ! ,geological ,survey laboratory1 at ,pittsburg4 ,! te/s specifi$ by ! ,commission include det]m9ation ( specific gravity1 f95ess ( gr9d+1 "t ( sett+1 s\ndness1 t5sile /r5g? 7) ?ree p>ts ( /&>d qu>tz s& = #g & #bh days1 respectively71 & det]m9ation ( sulphur anhydride 7,,s#c71 & magnesia 7,mg,o74 ,! briquette-mak+ & te/+ room is fitt$ ) a mix+ table1 moi/ closet1 briquette-/orage tanks1 & te/+ ma*9es4 ,! mix+ table has a concrete top1 9 :i* is set plate glass1 #ah 94 squ>e & #a 94 ?ick4 ,und]nea? ! table are %elves = m\lds1 glass plates1 etc4 ,! moi/ closet1 #e ft4 high1 #c ft4 #aj 94 wide1 & #a ft4 #h 94 deep1 is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts by a v]tical p>tition1 & ea* comp>tm5t is fitt$ ) cleats = support+ ?irte5 ti]s ( glass plates4 ,on ea* pair ( cleats1 9 ea* comp>tm5t1 c be plac$ f\r glass plates1 ea* plate conta9+ a #d-;gang m\ld1 mak+ /orage = #daf briquettes4 ,) ! exception ( ! doors1 :i* are ( wood l9$ ) copp]1 ! closet is ( #a3a cem5t mort>1 p\r$ monoli?ic1 ev5 to ! cleats = support+ ! glass plates4 ,! imm]sion tanks1 ( ! same mort>1 are 9 ti]s ( ?ree1 support$ by a /eel /ructure4 ,!y are #f ft4 long1 #b ft4 wide1 & #f 94 deep1 & #b1jjj briquettes c be /or$ 9 ea* tank4 ,! ov]fl[ f ! top tank wa/es into ! second1 :i*1 9 turn1 wa/es into ! ?ird4 ,wat] is kept runn+ con/antly4 ,! briquette-te/+ ma*9e is a ,fairbanks %ot ma*9e ) a capacity ( #b1jjj lb41 & is regulat$ to apply ! load at ! rate ( #fjj lb4 p] m94 ,tw5ty-f\r #d-;gang m\lds1 ( ! type recomm5d$ by ! ,special ,committee on ,uni=m ,te/s ( ,cem5t1 ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 are us$4 ,! room = not+ "t ( set & s\ndness is fitt$ ) a mix+ table simil> to t 9 ! briquette-mak+ room4 ,! ,vicat app>atus is us$ = det]m9+ ! normal consi/5cy1 & ! ,gilmore app>atus = ! "t ( sett+4 ,:ile sett+1 ! s\ndness pats are /or$ 9 galvaniz$-iron pans hav+ ab\t #a 94 ( wat] 9 ! bottom1 & cov]$ ) damp5$ felt or burlap4 ,! pats re/ on a rack slightly above ! wat] & well bel[ ! felt4 ,= specific gravity te/s1 ! ,le ,*ateli] bottles are us$4 ,a pan1 9 :i* five bottles c be imm]s$ at "o "t1 is us$ = ma9ta9+ ! b5z9e at a con/ant temp]ature4 ,! samples are weigh$ on a pair ( ,troemn]'s ,no4 #g scales4 ,! f95ess room is fitt$ ) tables1 two sets ( /&>d ,no4 #ajj & ,no4 #bjj sieves1 & two ,troemn]'s ,no4 #g scales simil> to ^? us$ = ! specific gravity te/s4 ,! /orage room is fitt$ ) %elves = ! /orage ( samples be+ held = #bh-;day te/s4 ,! m\ld-clean+ room conta9s tables = clean+ m\lds1 & racks = air pats4 ,an ef=t is made to keep all ! rooms at a temp]ature ( #gj ,fahr41 &1 ) ?is 9 view1 a ,bri/ol record+ !rmomet] is plac$ 9 ! briquette-room4 ,two wet-&-dry bulb hygromet]s are us$ to det]m9e ! moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,samples are tak5 f ! conveyor :i* c>ries ! cem5t to ! /orage b9s1 at ! approximate rate ( "o sample = ea* #ajj bbl4 ,aft] ea* #d1jjj-;bbl4 b9 has be5 fill$1 x is seal$ until all te/s h be5 made1 :51 if ^! h be5 satisfactory1 x is releas$ = %ipm5t4 ,! samples are tak5 9 cans1 #i 94 high & #g 94 9 diamet]4 ,^! cans are deliv]$ 9 ! prep>ation room :]e ! cont5ts are mix$ & pass$ ?r\gh a ,no4 #bj sieve4 ,sep>ate samples are !n weigh$ out = mort> briquettes1 = s\ndness pats1 & = ! specific-gravity & f95ess te/s4 ,^! are plac$ 9 small] cans & a quantity suffici5t = a re-te/ is held 9 ! /orage room await+ ! results ( all ! te/s4 ,! sample = briquettes is mix$ ) ?ree p>ts /&>d cru%$ qu>tz1 & !n tak5 to ! briquette-mak+ room1 :]e eight briquettes are made1 f\r = #g-;day & f\r = #bh-;day te/s4 ,^! are plac$ 9 ! moi/ closet 9 damp air = #bd h\rs1 !n remov$ f ! m\lds1 & plac$ 9 wat] = ! rema9d] ( ! te/ p]iod4 ,at ! prop] "t !y are tak5 f ! imm]sion tank & brok54 ,f ! sample = s\ndness1 f\r pats are made4 ,! "t ( sett+ is det]m9$ on "o ( ^! pats4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ! pan previ\sly describ$1 = #bd h\rs1 !n "o is plac$ 9 runn+ wat] & "o 9 air = #bh days4 ,! o!rs are treat$ 9 ! boil]1 "o 9 boil+ wat] = #c h\rs & "o 9 /eam at atmosph]ic pressure = #e h\rs4 ,! sample tak5 = specific gravity & f95ess is dri$ 9 ! ov5 at #ajj c5t4 9 ord] to drive (f moi/ure4 ,two samples are !n c>efully weigh$ out1 #ej grammes = f95ess & #fd grammes = specific gravity1 & ! det]m9ations are made4 ,z soon z any?+ unsatisfactory develops1 a re-te/ is made4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! cem5t satisfies all requirem5ts1 a report %eet conta9+ all ! data = a b91 is made out1 & ! cem5t is ready = %ipm5t4 ,f e fif? b91 special neat & mort> briquettes are made1 :i* are int5d$ = te/s at ages up to t5 ye>s4 ,salt-,wat] ,laboratory4--,! laboratory at ,atlantic ,city1 = conduct+ inve/igations into ! effects ( salt wat] on concrete & re9=c$ concrete1 is situat$ s t wat] m ?an #be ft4 deep is available = imm]sion te/s ( ! sett+ & det]ioration ( su* mat]ials4 ,?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! municipality ( ,atlantic ,city1 ,"y's cottage1 on old ,"y's ,pi]1 has be5 turn$ ov]1 at a nom9al r5tal1 to ! ,geological ,survey = ! conduct ( ^! te/s4 ,! laboratory build+ is ab\t #gjj ft4 f ! bo>dwalk1 & occupies a space ab\t #ajj by #de ft4 ,x is "o /ory high1 ( frame-cottage con/ruction1 & /&s on wood5 piles at "o side ( ! pi] prop] & ab\t #bj ft4 above ! wat]1 :i* is ab\t #ai ft4 deep at ?is po9t4 ,fre% runn+ wat]1 gas1 electric light1 & electric p[] are suppli$ to ! build+ 7,fig4 #f74 ,9 ?is laboratory inve/igations w be made ( ! cause ( ! failure & dis9tegration ( cem5t & concrete subject$ to ! action ( sea wat]4 ,te/s are conduct$ s z to approa*1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! actual conditions f\nd 9 concrete con/ruction along ! sea coa/4 ,all sea-wat] te/s are made 9 ! ocean1 "s w probably be p>allel$ by ocean-wat] laboratory te/s & all by fre%-wat] comp>ative te/s4 ,cem5ts1 9 ! =m ( pats1 briquettes1 cubes1 cyl9d]s1 & 9 a loose gr\nd /ate1 & also mort>s & concretes 9 cube1 cyl9d]1 & slab =m1 are subject$ to sea wat]4 ,! g5]al plan = ! inve/igations is z foll[s3 #a4--;,det]m9ation ( ! fail+ elem5ts & ! nature ( ! failure2 #b4--;,det]m9ation ( ! value ( ! !ories advanc$ at ! pres5t "t2 &1 #c4--;,det]m9ation ( a me?od ( elim9at+ or *emically recomb9+ ! injuri\s elem5ts4 ,prelim9>y te/s are 9 progress1 includ+ a /udy ( ! effect ( salt wat] on mort>s & concretes ( v>i\s mixtures & ages4 ,! proportions ( ^! mixtures & ! me?ods ( mix+ w be v>i$ f "t to "t1 z sugge/$ by ! progress ( ! te/s4 ,fire-,pro(+ ,te/s4--,te/s ( ! fire-pro(+ & fire-resi/ive prop]ties ( v>i\s /ructural mat]ials are c>ri$ on 9 ! laboratories 9 ,build+ ,no4 #aj1 at ,pittsburg1 & 9 co-op]ation ) ! ,bo>d or ,fire ,und]writ]s at its ,*icago laboratory 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xiii74 ,^! te/s include ?ree ess5tial classes ( mat]ial3 7a71 clay products1 protective cov]+s repres5tative ( num]\s v>ieties ( brick & fire-pro(+ tiles1 includ+ ^? on ! m>ket & ^? especially manufactur$ = ^! te/s 9 ! laboratory at ,pittsburg2 7b71 *>act]i/ic granites ( ,new ,engl&1 ) subsequ5t te/s ( ! v>i\s build+ /ones f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & 7c71 cem5t & concrete cov]+ mat]ial1 build+ blocks1 & concrete re9=c$ by /eel b>s emb$d$ at diff]5t dep?s = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! effect ( expansion on ! protective cov]+4 ,9 co-op]ation ) ! physical laboratory1 ^! te/s include a /udy ( ! relative rates ( conductivity ( cem5t mort>s & concretes4 ,by emb$d+ !rmo-c\ples 9 cyl9d]s compos$ ( ! mat]ials "u te/1 obta9+ a giv5 temp]ature by an electric coil1 & not+ ! "t requir$ to raise ! temp]ature at ! v>i\s emb$d$ c\ples to a giv5 degree1 ! rate ( conductivity may be det]m9$4 ,o!r te/s include ^? 9 muffles to det]m9e ! rate ( expansion & ! effect ( heat & compressive /resses comb9$ on ! compressive /r5g? ( ! v>i\s /ructural mat]ials4 ,! me?ods ( mak+ ! panel te/s1 & ! equipm5t us$1 are describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cbi1 & ! results ( ! te/s h be5 publi%$ 9 detail4#aj ,build+ ,/ones ,inve/igations4--,! field inve/igations ( build+ /ones are conduct$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,bur*>d1 & include ! exam9ation ( ! v>i\s deposits f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a /udy ( ! granites ( ,new ,engl& has be5 comm5c$1 :i* includes ! collection ( type specim5s ( f9e1 m$ium1 & co>se-gra9$ granites1 & ( d>k1 m$ium1 & light-gray or :ite granites4 ,a comp>ative s]ies ( ^! granites1 consi/+ ( prisms & cubes ( #d & #b 941 respectively1 has be5 prep>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,plan ,,( ,,laboratory ,,= ,,salt-,,wat] ,,te/s ,,at ,,atlantic ,,city1 ,n4,j4 ,! /&>d adopt$ = compressive te/ pieces 9 ! #aj1jjj1jjj-lb4 ma*9e is a prism1 hav+ a base ( #ab 94 & be+ #bd 94 high4 ,! te/s include n only ^? = compression or cru%+ /r5g?1 b also ^? = resi/ance to compressive /ra9s ( ! prisms & cubes1 :5 rais$ to high temp]atures 9 muffles or kilns2 resi/ance to wea!r+1 freez+1 & ?aw+2 porosity2 fire-resi/+ qualities1 etc4 ,9 collect+ field samples1 special att5tion is paid to ! occurr5ce ( ! /one1 ext5t ( ! deposit1 /rike1 dip1 etc41 & specim5s are procur$ hav+ _! faces cut ) ref]5ce to ! b$d+ planes1 9 ord] t compressive & wea!r+ te/s may be made1 n only 9 relation to ^! planes b at ^? angles !reto 9 :i* ! mat]ial is mo/ frequ5tly us$ comm]cially4 ,att5tion is also paid to ! results ( bla/+1 9 its relation to compressive /ra9s1 z bla/+ is believ$ to h a mat]ial effect on /ones1 especially on ^? :i* may occur 9 ! f\ndations ( great masonry dams1 & type specim5s ( /one qu>ri$ by *annel+1 z well z by bla/+1 are collect$ & te/$4 ,clay & ,clay ,products ,inve/igations4--,^! inve/igations are 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,v4 ,ble9+]1 & include ! /udy ( ! occurr5ce ( clay b$s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! adaptability ( ea* clay to ! manufacture ( ! v>i\s clay products4 ,exp]im5ts on gr9d+1 dry+1 & burn+ ! mat]ials are conduct$ at ! ,pittsburg te/+ /ation1 to asc]ta9 ! mo/ favorable conditions = prep>+ & burn+ ea* clay1 & to det]m9e ! mo/ suitable economic use to :i* x may be put1 su* z ! manufacture ( build+ or pav+ bricks1 ar*itectural tiles1 sew] tiles1 etc4 ,! laboratory is equipp$ ) v>i\s gr9d+ & dry+ devices1 muffles1 kilns1 & app>atus = *emical inve/igations1 physical te/s1 & ! manufacture & subsequ5t inve/igative te/s ( clay products4 ,?is section occupies ! ea/ end ( ,build+ ,no4 #aj1 & rooms on ! fir/ & second floors h be5 allott$ = ?is "w4 ,9 addition1 a brick /ructure1 #df by #cj ft41 provid$ ) a #fj-;ft4 iron /ack1 has be5 erect$ = h\s+ ! necess>y kilns & furnaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4 ,fig4 #a4--;,brick ,ma*9e & ,univ]sal ,cutt]4 ,fig4 #b4--;,h\se-,heat+ ,boil]s1 ,build+ ,no4 #ba4 ,on ! gr\nd floor ( ,build+ ,no4 #aj1 adjo9+ ! cem5t & concrete section1 is a /orage room = raw mat]ials & product "u inve/igation4 ,adjo9+ ?is room1 & connect+ ) x by wide doors1 is ! gr9d+ room1 conta9+ a #e-;ft4 wet pan1 ) #b1jjj-lb4 roll]s1 to be us$ = bo? dry & wet gr9d+4 ,lat]1 a heavy dry pan is to be in/all$4 ,) ^! ma*9es1 ev5 ! h>de/ mat]ial c be easily dis9tegrat$ & prep>$4 ,9 ?is room !re is also a jaw cru%] = r$uc+ small] quantities ( v h>d mat]ial1 z well z a #cj by #af-;94 iron ball mill1 = f9e gr9d+4 ,^! ma*9es are belt$ to a l9e %aft along ! wall across ! build+4 ,ample s9k dra9age is provid$ = flu%+ & clean+ ! wet pan1 :5 *ang+ f "o clay to ano!r4 ,a l>ge room adjo9+ is = ! op]ation ( all m\ld+ & %ap+ ma*9es1 repres5t+ ! usual comm]cial processes4 ,at pres5t ^! include an aug] ma*9e1 ) a rot>y univ]sal brick & tile cutt]1 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xvi1 & a set ( brick & special dies1 a h& repress = pav+ brick1 & a h& screw press = dry press+4 ,! brick ma*9e is op]at$ f ! ma9 %aft :i* crosses ! build+ 9 ?is room & is driv5 f a #ej-;h4p4 motor4 ,x is possible ?us to /udy ! p[] consumption "u diff]5t loads & ) diff]5t clays1 z well z ) v>y+ degrees ( wat] cont5t 9 ! clay4 ,z ! ne$s ( ! "w dem& x1 o!r types ( ma*9es are to be in/all$4 ,= special te/s 9 :i* pressure is an important factor x is int5d$ to fit up "o ( ! compression te/+ ma*9es ( ! cem5t section ) ! necess>y dies1 ?us enabl+ ! press+ to be c>ri$ on "u kn[n pressures4 ,cru%+1 transv]se1 & o!r te/s ( clay products are made on ! te/+ ma*9es ( ! cem5t & concrete laboratories4 ,outside ( ! build+1 9 a lean-to1 !re is a d\ble-*amb] rattl] = ! te/+ ( pav+ brick accord+ to ! specifications ( ! ,national ,brick ,manufactur]s' ,association4 ,9 ! small] room adjo9+ ! ma*9e laboratory !re are two small wet-gr9d+ ball mills1 ( two & f\r j>s1 respectively1 & also a #i-leaf laboratory filt] press4 ,! rema9+ room on ! fir/ floor is devot$ to ! dry+ ( clays & clay w>es4 ,! equipm5t consi/s ( a l>ge %eet-iron dry+ ov5 ( special con/ruction1 :i* p]mits ( close regulation ( ! temp]ature 7,fig4 #g74 ,x is heat$ by gas burn]s1 & is us$ = ! prelim9>y heat treatm5t ( raw clays1 9 connection ) ! /udy ( ! dry+ problems ( c]ta9 raw mat]ials4 ,x is int5d$ to "w ) temp]atures z high z #bej c5t4 ,ano!r dry+ closet1 heat$ by /eam coils 7,fig4 #h71 int5d$ = dry+ v>i\s clay products1 has be5 design$ ) special ref]5ce to ! exact regulation ( ! temp]ature1 humidity1 & velocity ( ! air fl[+ ?r\gh x4 ,bo? dry]s connect by flues ) an iron /ack outside ! build+4 ,?is /ack is provid$ ) a suction fan1 driv5 by a belt f an electric motor4 ,on ! second floor are ! *emical1 physical1 & rese>* laboratories1 deal+ ) ! precise manipulations ( ! te/s & inve/igations4 ,! *emical laboratory is fully equipp$ ) ! necess>y app>atus = c>ry+ on special *emical rese>* 9 silicate *emi/ry1 includ+ electrical resi/ance furnaces1 %ak+ devices1 etc4 ,x is n ! int5tion to d r\t9e "w 9 ?is laboratory4 ,! (fice adjo9s ?is laboratory1 & ne> x is ! physical laboratory1 devot$ to ! /udy ( ! /ructure ( raw mat]ials4 ,! latt] conta9s ,nobel & ,s*o5e elutriators1 toge!r ) viscosimet]s ( ! fl[ & ! ,c\lomb & ,cl>k electrical types1 sieves1 volum9omet]s1 colorimet]s1 v]ni] %r9kage gauges1 micromet]s1 microscopes1 & ! necess>y balances4 ,! room across ! hall is devot$ to ! /udy ( ! specific gravity1 absorption1 porosity1 p]meability1 h>dness1 transluc5cy1 etc41 ( burnt-clay products1 all ! necess>y app>atus be+ provid$4 ,9 ! two rema9+ rooms1 int5d$ = rese>* "w1 special app>atus adapt$ to ! p>ticul> inve/igation may be set up4 ,all ! rooms are pip$ = wat]1 gas1 compress$ air1 /eam1 & dra9age1 & wir$ = light & p[]4 ,9 ! kiln h\se !re is a te/ kiln adapt$ = solid fuel & gas4 ,x is ( ! d[n-draft type1 ) an available burn+ space ( ab\t #h cu4 ft4 7,fig4 #i74 ,= heavi] w>e & ! /udy ( ! fire behavior ( clay products "u conditions approa*+ ^? ( practice1 a r\nd d[n-draft kiln1 ) an inside diamet] ( #f ft41 is in/all$4 ,ab\t #ac ft4 above ! floor level1 & support$ by iron beams1 !re is a flue p>allel to ! long side ( ! /ructure4 ,?is flue conducts ! gases ( ! kilns to ! /ack1 :i* is symmetrically locat$ ) ref]5ce to ! kiln h\se4 ,natural gas is ! pr9cipal fuel4 ,9 addition to ^! kilns1 a small muffle furnace1 fir$ ) petroleum1 is provid$ = ! det]m9ation ( melt+ po9ts1 & an electric c>bon resi/ance furnace1 ) an alum9um muffle = high-temp]ature "w4 ,= crucible-fusion "w1 a gas-fir$ pot furnace is in/all$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,clay-,,dry+ ,,ov5 ,along ! nor? wall1 b9s are provid$ = ! /orage ( fuel1 clay1 s&1 & o!r kiln supplies4 ,!re are two floor dra9age s9ks1 & electric curr5t1 /eam1 wat]1 & compress$ air1 are provid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,dry+ ,,closets ,,= ,,c]amics ,results ( ! ,"w4--,m ?an #ci1cjj sep>ate te/ pieces h be5 made at ! /ructural-mat]ials te/+ laboratory4 ,9 connection ) ! /udy ( ^!1 #hf1jjj te/s & ne>ly #ad1jjj *emical analyses h be5 made4 ,( ^! te/s m ?an #ac1fjj h be5 ( ! con/itu5t mat]ials ( concrete1 includ+ t5sile te/s ( cem5t briquettes1 compression te/s ( cyl9d]s & cubes1 & transv]se te/s ( v>i\s specim5s4 ,ne>ly #a1bjj beams ( concrete or re9=c$ concrete1 ea* #ac ft4 long & #h by #aa 94 9 cross-section1 h be5 made1 &1 9 connection ) ! inve/igation ( ! behavior ( ^! beams1 ne>ly #c1jjj te/s h be5 made4 ,ne>ly #ijj ( ^! beams1 probably m ?an d\ble ! entire numb] made 9 o!r laboratories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an #ae ye>s1 h be5 te/$4 ,9 ! section ( build+ blocks1 #b1bjj blocks h be5 te/$1 includ+1 ) auxili>y pieces1 m ?an #d1ejj te/s2 also1 m ?an #ijj pieces ( concrete h be5 te/$ = p]meability & %e>4 ,! physical te/s h numb]$ #ad1jjj2 te/s ( /eel = re9=cem5t1 #c1hjj2 & #eej te/s to det]m9e fire-resi/ive qualities ( v>i\s build+ mat]ials1 h be5 made on #cj special panels1 & on miscellane\s pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,d[n-,,draft ,,kiln ,! te/s ( ! p]meability ( cem5t mort>s & concretes1 & ( wat]-pro(+ & damp-pro(+ mat]ials1 h numb]$ #c1dgj4 ,! results ( ! "w ( ! ,/ructural ,mat]ials ,division h already appe>$ 9 prelim9>y bullet9s1 z foll[s3 ,no4 #cbd1 8,san ,francisco ,e>?quake & ,fire ( ,april #ah1 #aijf1 & ,_! ,effects on ,/ructures & ,/ructural ,mat]ials02 ,no4 #cbi1 8,organization1 ,equipm5t1 & ,op]ation ( ! ,/ructural-,mat]ials ,te/+ ,laboratories at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo402 ,no4 #cca1 8,portl& ,cem5t ,mort>s & ,_! ,con/itu5t ,mat]ials0 7bas$ on ne>ly #be1jjj te/s72 ,no4 #cdd1 8,/r5g? ( ,concrete ,beams0 7bas$ on te/s ( #ajh beams72 ,no4 #cgj1 8,fire-,resi/ive ,prop]ties ( ,v>i\s ,build+ ,mat]ials02 ,no4 #chg1 8,! ,colloid ,matt] ( ,clay & its ,measurem5ts40 ,a bullet9 on ! results ( te/s ( re9=c$ concrete beams1 "o on ! manufacture & *emi/ry ( lime1 & "o on dry+ te/s ( brick1 are 9 c\rse ( publication4 ,,fuel ,,inve/igations4 ,! scope ( ! fuel inve/igations has be5 plann$ to con=m to ! provisions ( ! ,act ( ,congress :i* provides = analyz+ & te/+ coals1 lignites1 & o!r m9]al fuel sub/ances belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or = ! use ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 & exam9ations = ! purpose ( increas+ ! g5]al effici5cy or available supply ( ! fuel res\rces 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is plan1 ! inve/igations inaugurat$ at ,/4 ,l\is _h = _! initial object ! analyz+ & te/+ ( ! coals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 us+ 9 ?is "w samples ( f #a to #c c>loads1 collect$ ) great c>e f typical localities 9 ! m important coal fields ( ! c\ntry1 ) a view to det]m9+ ! relative values ( ^? diff]5t fuels4 ,9 ! "w at ,norfolk1 dur+ #aijg1 ?is purpose 0 modifi$ to ! ext5t ( keep+ 9 view relative fuel effici5cies = naval purposes4 ,! te/s at ,d5v] h be5 on coal f ,gov]nm5t l& or f l& contigu\s !reto1 & are conduct$ solely ) a view to p]fect+ me?ods ( cok+ ?is coal by prior wa%+ & by manipulation 9 ! process ( cok+4 ,?ree g5]al l9es ( inquiry are embodi$ 9 ! plan ( inve/igation und]tak5 & contemplat$ by ! ,te*nologic ,bran*1 aft] conf]5ce & ) ! advice & approval ( ! ,advisory ,bo>d3 #a4 ,! asc]ta9m5t ( ! be/ mode ( utiliz+ any fuel deposit own$ or to be us$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 or ! fuel ( any ext5sive deposit z a :ole1 by conduct+ a m ?or\gh inve/igation into its combu/ion "u /eam boil]s1 conv]sion into produc] gas1 or into coke1 briquettes1 etc4 #b4 ,! prev5tion ( wa/e1 ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! possibility ( improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( m9+1 %ipp+1 utiliz+1 etc4 #c4 ,! inspection & analysis ( coal & lignite pur*as$ "u specification = ! use ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 to asc]ta9 its heat+ value1 a%1 conta9$ moi/ure1 etc4 ,! fir/ g5]al l9e ( "w conc]ns ! inve/igation & te/+ ( ! fuel res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & especially ^? belong+ to ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 to det]m9e a m effici5t & m economical me?od ( utiliz+ ! same4 ,?is "w has develop$ along ! foll[+ l9es3 ,! collection ( repres5tative samples = *emical analysis1 & calorimet] te/s by a corps ( skill$ m9e sampl]s1 f ! m9es select$ z typical ( ext5sive deposits ( coal 9 a giv5 field or f a giv5 b$ ( coal2 & ! collection f ! same m9es ( l>g] samples ( f #a to #c c>loads1 %ipp$ to ! te/+ /ation = te/s 9 boil] furnaces1 gas produc]s1 etc41 z a *eck on ! analysis & calorimet] te/s2 ,! te/+ ( ea* coal receiv$ to det]m9e ! mo/ effici5t & lea/ wa/eful me?od ( use 9 diff]5t furnaces suitable = public build+s or p[] plants or %ips ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 ,! te/+ ( o!r portions ( ! same %ipm5t ( coal 9 ! gas produc]1 = cont9u\s runs dur+ p]iods ( a few days up to sev]al weeks1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! availability ( ?is fuel = use 9 su* produc]s1 & ! be/ me?od ( h&l+ x1 to det]m9e ! conditions requisite to produce ! l>ge/ am\nt ( high-grade gas available = p[] purposes2 ,! te/+ ( ano!r portion ( ! same coal 9 a briquette ma*9e at diff]5t pressures & ) diff]5t p]c5tages & k9ds ( b9d]1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! feasibility ( briquett+ ! slack or f9e coal4 ,combu/ion te/s are !n made ( ^! briquettes1 to det]m9e ! conditions "u :i* !y may be burn$ advantage\sly2 ,demon/rations1 on a comm]cial scale1 ( ! possibility ( produc+ briquettes f ,am]ican lignites1 & ! relative value ( ^! = purposes ( combu/ion z comp>$ ) ! run-(-m9e coal f :i* ! briquettes are made2 ,! f9d+ ( *eap] b9d]s = use 9 briquett+ friable coals n suit$ = cok+ purposes2 ,inve/igations into ! di/ribution1 *emical composition1 & calorific value ( ! peat deposits available 9 ^? portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e coal is n f\nd1 & ! prep>ation ( su* peat = combu/ion1 by dry+ or briquett+1 to r5d] x useful z a local sub/itute = coal2 ,inve/igations into ! "* ( ! v>i\s petroleums f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) a view to det]m9+ _! calorific value1 *emical composition1 & ! v>i\s me?ods :]eby !y may be made mo/ economically available = m effici5t use z p[] produc]s1 ?r\gh ! v>i\s me?ods ( combu/ion2 ,inve/igations & te/s into ! relative effici5cy1 z p[] produc]s 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 ( ! heavi] di/illates ( petroleum1 z well z ( k]os5e & gasol9e1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! comm]cial value & relative effici5cy ( ea* product 9 ! v>i\s types ( eng9es2 ,inve/igations into ! mo/ effici5t me?ods ( utiliz+ ! v>i\s coals available ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates = heat+ small public build+s1 army po/s1 etc41 9 ord] t ^! coals may be us$ m economically ?an at pres5t2 ,inve/igative /udies into ! processes ( combu/ion )9 boil] furnaces & gas produc]s to asc]ta9 ! temp]atures at :i* ! mo/ complete combu/ion ( ! gases takes place1 & ! means :]eby su* temp]atures may be produc$ & ma9ta9$1 ?us dim9i%+ ! loss ( values up ! smoke/ack & ! am\nt ( smoke produc$2 ,inve/igations & te/s into ! possibilities ( cok+ coals :i* h hi!rto be5 class$ z non-cok+1 & ! mak+ ( comp>ative te/s ( all coals f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially ^? f ! public l&s ( ! ,we/2 ,inve/igations1 by means ( wa%+ 9 suitable ma*9es1 to det]m9e ! possibility ( improv+ ! quality ( ,am]ican coals = v>i\s me?ods ( combu/ion1 & ) a view to mak+ !m m available = ! production ( coke ( high-grade metallurgical value1 z free z possible f sulphur & o!r injuri\s sub/ances4 ,at ea* /age ( ! process ( te/+1 samples ( ! coal h be5 =w>d$ to ! *emical laboratory = analyses2 combu/ion temp]atures h be5 measur$2 & samples ( gas collect$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ! combu/ion *amb]s ( ! gas produc]s & boil] furnaces h be5 analyz$1 9 ord] t a /udy ( ^! data may ?r[ su* light on ! processes ( combu/ion & indicate su* necess>y *anges 9 ! app>atus1 z might result 9 l>g] economies 9 ! use ( coal4 ,! second l9e ( inve/igation conc]ns ! me?ods ( m9+ & prep>+ coal = ! m>ket1 & ! collection ( m9e samples ( coal1 oil1 etc41 = analysis & te/+4 ,x is well kn[n t1 "u pres5t me?ods ( m9+1 f #aj to #ge ( any giv5 deposit ( coal is left und]gr\nd z props & supports1 or z l[-grade mat]ial1 or 9 ov]ly+ b$s brok5 up ?r\gh m9+ ! l[] b$ fir/4 ,an av]age ( #ej ( ! coal is ?us wa/$ or r5d]$ valueless1 z x _c be remov$ subsequ5tly because ( ! cav+ or fall+ 9 ( ! ro(s ( ab&on$ gall]ies & ! break+ up ( ! adjo9+ ov]ly+ b$s1 includ+ coal1 floor1 & ro(4 ,! inve/igations into wa/e 9 m9+ & ! te/+ ( ! wa/e1 bone1 & slack coal 9 gas produc]s1 z briquettes1 etc41 h1 = _! purpose1 ! prev5tion ( ?is =m ( wa/e by demon/rat+ t ^! mat]ials1 n[ wa/$1 may be us$ pr(itably1 by means ( gas produc]s & eng9es1 = p[] purposes4 ,! ?ird g5]al l9e ( inve/igation conc]ns ! inspection & sampl+ ( fuel deliv]$ to ! ,gov]nm5t "u pur*ase contracts1 & ! analyz+ & te/+ ( ! samples collect$1 to det]m9e _! heat+ value & ! ext5t to :i* !y may or may n comply ) ! specifications "u :i* !y are pur*as$4 ,! coal deliv]$ at ! public build+s 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia is sampl$ by special repres5tatives ( ! ,te*nologic ,bran* ( ! ,survey4 ,! tak+ ( simil> samples at public build+s & po/s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! %ipm5t ( ! samples 9 h]metically seal$ cans or j>s to ! *emical laboratory at ,wa%+ton1 is = ! mo/ "p look$ aft] by special (fic]s or employees at ea* place4 ,^! pur*ases are made1 to an increas+ ext5t1 "u specifications :i* provide premiums = coal deliv]$ 9 excess ( /&>ds1 & p5alties = deliv]ies bel[ /&>ds fix$ 9 ! specifications4 ,! /&>d = bitum9\s coals is bas$ ma9ly on ! heat units1 a%1 & sulphur1 :ile t = an?racite coal is bas$ ma9ly on ! p]c5tage ( a% & ! heat units4 ,9 connection ) all ^! l9es ( fuel te/+1 c]ta9 rese>* "w1 bo? *emical & physical1 is c>ri$ on to det]m9e ! true composition & prop]ties ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( coal1 ! *anges 9 ! trans=mation f peat to lignite1 f lignite to bitum9\s coal1 & f bitum9\s to an?racite coal1 & ! *emical & physical processes 9 combu/ion4 ,exp]im5ts are conduct$ conc]n+ ! de/ructive di/illation ( fuels2 ! by-products ( cok+ processes2 ! spontane\s combu/ion ( coal2 ! /orage ( coal1 & ! loss 9 value 9 v>i\s me?ods ( /or+2 & k9dr$ que/ions1 su* z ! wea!r+ ( coal4 ,^! exp]im5ts may yield valuable results ?r\gh c>eful *emical rese>* "w supplem5t$ by equally c>eful obs]vations 9 ! field4 ,inspection & ,m9e ,sampl+4--,9 ! ,geological ,survey ,build+1 at ,wa%+ton1 coal pur*as$ = ,gov]nm5t use on a gu>ante$-analysis or heat-value basis1 is inspect$ & sampl$4 ,"s ( ! employees on ?is "w are con/antly at ! m9es tak+ samples1 or at public works inspect+ coal = ,gov]nm5t use1 :ile o!rs are /ation$ at ,wa%+ton to look aft] ! deliv]ies ( coal to ! _m public build+s1 & to collect & prep>e samples tak5 f ^! deliv]ies = analysis1 z well z to prep>e samples receiv$ f public works & build+s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,coal-,,sampl+ ,,room1 ,,geological ,,survey1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,! prep>ation ( ^! samples is c>ri$ on 9 a room 9 ! basem5t ( ! build+1 :]e special ma*9]y has be5 in/all$ = ?is "w4 ,fig4 #aj %[s a plan ( ?is room & ! arrangem5t ( ! sampl+ & cru%+ ma*9]y4 ,! cru%+ ( ! coal produces great quantities ( objectionable du/1 & to prev5t ?is du/ f giv+ tr\ble outside ! sampl+ room1 ! wood5 p>titions on ?ree sides ( ! room 7! f\r? side be+ a masonry wall7 are completely cov]$ on ! outside ) galvaniz$ %eet iron4 ,! only op5+s to ! room are two doors1 :i* are likewise cov]$ ) %eet iron1 & provid$ ) broad flanges ( ! same mat]ial1 9 ord] to seal effectually ! op5+s :5 ! doors are %ut4 ,fre% air is drawn into ! room by a fan1 ?r\gh a pipe lead+ to ! out] air4 ,a du/-collect+ sy/em :i* c>ries ! coal du/ & sp5t air f ! room1 consi/s ( an arrangem5t ( #h-;94 & #ab-;94 pipes lead+ f hoods1 plac$ ov] ! cru%+ ma*9es1 to ! ma9 furnace /ack ( ! build+4 ,! draft 9 ?is /ack draws all ! du/ f ! cru%]s directly ?r\gh ! hoods to ! ma9 pipe1 :]e mo/ ( x is deposit$4 ,! equipm5t ( ! sampl+ room consi/s ( "o motor-driv51 baby hamm] cru%]1 :i* has a capacity ( ab\t #a ton p] h\r & cru%es to a f95ess ( -94 me%2 "o adju/able *ipmunk jaw cru%]1 = #e- & #aj-lb4 samples2 "o set ( #d by #g-;94 rolls1 cru%+ to #fj me%1 = small samples2 "o l>ge buck+ bo>d1 & sev]al diff]5t sizes ( riffle sampl]s = r$uc+ samples to small quantities4 ,! small cru%]s are belt$ to a %aft driv5 by a sep>ate motor f t driv+ ! baby cru%]4 ,9 conduct+ ! inspection ( dep>tm5tal pur*ases ( coal 9 ,wa%+ton1 ! (fice is notifi$ :5ev] a deliv]y ( coal is to be made at "o ( ! build+s1 & an inspector is s5t1 :o rema9s dur+ ! unload+ ( ! coal4 ,he is provid$ ) galvaniz$-iron buckets hav+ lids & locks2 ea* bucket holds ab\t #fj lb4 ( coal4 ,9 ^! buckets he puts small quantities ( ! coal tak5 f e portion ( ! deliv]y1 & :5 ! deliv]y has be5 complet$1 he locks ! buckets & notifies ! (fice to s5d a wagon = !m4 ,! buckets are numb]$ consecutively1 & ! inspector makes a record ( ^! numb]s1 ! date1 po9t ( deliv]y1 quality ( coal deliv]$1 etc4 ,! buckets are also tagg$ to prev5t error4 ,he !n reports to ! (fice 9 p]son1 or by telephone1 = assignm5t to ano!r po9t 9 ! city4 ,all ! samples are deliv]$ to ! cru%+ room 9 ! basem5t ( ! ,survey ,build+1 to be prep>$ = analysis4#aa ,samples tak5 f coal deliv]$ to po9ts outside ( ,wa%+ton are tak5 by repres5tatives ( ! dep>tm5t = :i* ! coal is be+ pur*as$1 accord+ to in/ructions furni%$ !m1 &1 f "t to "t1 ! regul> inspectors are s5t to see t ^! in/ructions are be+ compli$ )4 ,^! samples are cru%$ by h&1 r$uc$ to ab\t #b lb4 at ! po9t :]e !y are tak51 & s5t to ,wa%+ton1 9 prop] air-tight conta9]s1 by mail or express1 accompani$ by appropriate descriptions4 ,ea* sample is ent]$ 9 ! sample record book :5 receiv$1 & is giv5 a s]ial numb]4 ,= ea* contract a c>d is provid$ giv+ in=mation relative to ! contract4 ,on ?is c>d is also ent]$ ! s]ial numb] ( ea* sample ( coal deliv]$ "u t contract4 ,aft] ! samples are record$1 !y are s5t to ! cru%+ room1 :]e !y are r$uc$ to ! prop] bulk & f95ess = analysis4 ,!y are !n s5t1 9 rubb]-/opp]$ bottles1 accompani$ by blank analysis report c>ds & c>d receipts1 "o = ea* sample1 %[+ ! s]ial numb]s1 to ! fuel laboratory = analysis4 ,! receipt c>d = ea* sample is sign$ & return$ to ! inspection (fice1 & :5 ! analysis has be5 made1 ! analysis report c>d %[+ ! result is return$4 ,?is result is ent]$ at once on ! contract c>d1 & :5 all analyses h be5 receiv$1 cov]+ ! entire deliv]y ( coal1 ! av]age quality is calculat$1 & ! results are report$ to ! prop] dep>tm5t4 ,! matt] ( supply+ ! ,pittsburg plant ) fuel = te/ purposes is also c>ri$ on f ! ,wa%+ton (fice4 ,prelim9>y to a s]ies ( inve/igations1 ! k9ds & am\nts ( coal requir$ are decid$ on1 & ! localities f :i* ^! coals are to be obta9$ are det]m9$4 ,negotiations are !n op5$ ) ! m9e own]s1 :o1 9 mo/ cases1 g5]\sly donate ! coal4 ,:5 ! prelim9>ies h be5 arrang$1 an inspector is s5t to ! m9e to sup]vise ! load+ & %ipm5t ( ! coal4 ,?is inspector ent]s ! m9e & takes1 = *emical analysis1 small m9e samples :i* are s5t to ! laboratory at ,pittsburg 9 metal cans by mail1 accompani$ by prop] id5tification c>ds4 ,! results ( ! analysis are furni%$ to ! exp]ts 9 *>ge at ! te/+ plant1 = _! in=mation & guidance 9 ! inve/igations = :i* ! coal 0 %ipp$4 ,all samples = te/+ purposes are designat$ consecutively 9 ! ord] ( %ipm5t1 8,pittsburg ,no4 #a10 8,pittsburg ,no4 #b10 etc4 ,a complete record ( all %ipm5ts is kept on c>d =ms at ! ,pittsburg plant1 & a duplicate set ( ^! is on file 9 ! inspection (fice at ,wa%+ton4 ,analysis ( ,fuels4--,! r\t9e analyses ( fuel us$ 9 ! combu/ion te/s at ,pittsburg1 & ( ! gases result+ f combu/ion or f explosions 9 ! te/+ gall]ies1 or sampl$ 9 ! m9es1 are made 9 ,build+ ,no4 #ba4ab ,a small laboratory is also ma9ta9$ on ! second floor ( ! s\? end ( ,build+ ,no4 #ac1 = analyses ( gases result+ f combu/ion 9 ! produc]-gas plant1 & f explosions 9 ,gall]ies ,nos4 #a & #b1 etc4 ,f f\r to six *emi/s are cont9ually employ$ 9 ?is laboratory 79 #h-;h\r %ifts71 dur+ prolong$ gas-produc] te/s1 & ?ree *emi/s are also employ$ 9 analyz+ gases relat+ to m9e explosions4 ,9 addition to ^! gas analyses1 !re are also made 9 ! ma9 laboratory1 analyses & calorific te/s ( all coal samples collect$ by ! ,geological ,survey 9 connection ) its l&-classification "w on ! coal l&s ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,r\t9e analyses ( m9e1 c>1 & furnace samples ( fuels = te/+1 be=e & aft] wa%+ & briquett+1 be=e cok+ & ! resultant coke1 & extraction analyses ( b9d]s = briquettes1 etc41 are also made 9 ?is laboratory4 ,! fuel-te/+ laboratory at ,wa%+ton is equipp$ ) ?ree ,mahl] bomb calorimet]s & ! necess>y balances & *emical equipm5t requir$ 9 ! proximate analysis ( coal4 ,m ?an #fej deliv]ies ( coal are sampl$ ea* mon? = te/s1 repres5t+ #ej1jjj tons pur*as$ p] mon?1 besides daily deliv]ies1 on %ip-bo>d1 ( #eej1jjj tons ( coal = ! ,panama ,railroad4 ,! data obta9$ by ^! te/s furni% ! basis = paym5t4 ,! te/s cov] deliv]ies ( coal to ! =ty odd bureaus1 & to ! ,di/rict ,municipal build+s 9 ,wa%+ton2 to ! ars5als at ,wat]t[n1 ,mass41 ,frank=d1 ,pa41 & ,rock ,isl&1 ,ill42 & to a numb] ( navy y>ds1 ?r\gh ! ,bureau ( ,y>ds & ,docks2 to milit>y po/s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 = ! ,qu>t]ma/]-,g5]al's ,dep>tm5t2 to ! ,reclamation ,s]vice2 to ,indian ,ag5cies & ,soldi]s' ,homes2 to sev]al ligh?\se di/ricts2 & to ! sup]9t5d5ts ( ! v>i\s public build+s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?r\gh ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t2 etc4 ,dur+ #aiji1 ! av]age rate ( report+ fuel samples 0 #edj p] mon?1 requir+1 on an av]age1 six det]m9ations p] sample1 or ab\t #c1bdj det]m9ations p] mon?4 ,fuel-,rese>* ,laboratories4--,small] laboratories1 occupy+1 on ! av]age1 ?ree rooms ea*1 are locat$ 9 ,build+ ,no4 #ba4 ,"o is us$ = *emical inve/igations & calorific te/s ( petroleum collect$ f ! v>i\s oil fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ano!r is us$ = inve/igations relative to ! extraction ( coal & ! rapidity ( oxidization ( coals by /&>d solutions ( oxidiz+ ag5ts2 & ano!r is occupi$ ) inve/igations into ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal4 ,! rese>*es "u way %[ ! wide v>iation 9 *emical composition & calorific value ( ! v>i\s crude oils1 indicate ! possibility ( ! extraction ( coal con/itu5ts by solv5ts1 & po9t to important results relative to ! equilibrium ( gases at high temp]atures 9 furnaces & gas produc]s4 ,! inve/igations also be> directly on ! cok+ processes1 especially ! by-product process1 z %[+ ! v>y+ proportion ( ea* ( ! volatile products d]ivable f types ( coals occurr+ 9 ! v>i\s coal fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! "t & temp]ature at :i* ^! di/illates are giv5 (f1 ! v>iation 9 quality & quantity ( ! products1 accord+ to ! conditions ( temp]ature1 &1 9 addition1 expla9 ! det]ioration ( coals 9 /orage1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,plan ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,details ,,( ,,metal ,,hood ,at ! ,wa%+ton (fice1 microscopic inve/igations into ! life hi/ory ( coal1 lignite1 & peat are be+ conduct$4 ,^! inve/igations h already progress$ f> en\gh to admit ( ! id5tification ( "s ( ! botanical con/itu5ts ( ! old] peats & ! y\ng] lignites1 & x is believ$ t ! orig9 ( ! old] lignites1 & ev5 ( "s ( ! m rec5t bitum9\s coals1 may be develop$ ?r\gh ?is exam9ation4 ,9 ! *emical laboratories1 9 ,build+ ,no4 #ba1 ! hoods 7,figs4 #aa & #ab7 are ( iron1 ) a brick pan und]nea?4 ,!y are support$ on iron pipes1 z are mo/ ( ! o!r fixtures 9 ! laboratories 9 ?is build+4 ,! hood prop] is ( japann$1 press$-iron plate1 ,no4 #bb gauge1 ! same mat]ial be+ us$ = ! boxes1 slides1 & bottom surr\nd+ ! hood4 ,! sa% is hung on r$ copp] pulleys1 & ! corn]s ( ! hood are re9=c$ ) press$1 japann$1 rivet$ plate to :i* ! v5tilat+ pipe is rivet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,elevation ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,details ,,( ,,metal ,,hood ,!re is "s v>iety 9 ! cupbo>ds & tables provid$ 9 ! v>i\s laboratories1 b1 9 g5]al1 !y foll[ ! design %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! table tops1 #ab ft4 long1 are ( cle> maple 9 full-l5g? pieces1 94 ?ick & #b 94 wide1 laid on edge & drill$ at #ah-;94 int]vals = bolts4 ,^! pieces are glu$ & drawn toge!r by ! bolts1 ! heads ( :i* are c\nt]sunk4 ,! tops1 plan$ (f1 s&$1 & r\nd$1 are support$ on pipe legs & frames ( #a by #a-;94 galvaniz$-iron pipe ) screw flanges fitt+ to ! floor & top4 ,"u ! tops are draw]s & above !m re-ag5t %elves4 ,halfway betwe5 ! table top & ! floor is a wire %elf ( a frame-"w ( ,no4 #b wire int]lac$ ) ,no4 #ab weave ( -94 squ>e me%4 ,c]ta9 ( ! tables us$ 9 ! laboratory are fitt$ ) cupbo>ds b5ea? & ) draw]s1 &1 9 place ( re-ag5t /&s1 porcela9-l9$ s9ks are sunk into !m4 ,^! tables foll[1 9 g5]al /yle & con/ruction1 ! re-ag5t tables4 ,! tables us$ 9 connection ) calorimet] det]m9ations are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! s9ks provid$ ?r\gh\t ^! laboratories are ( /&>d porcela9 enamel1 roll$ rim1 #ah by #ac 941 ) enamel$ back1 ov] a s9k & dra9 bo>d1 #bd 94 long on ! left side1 ?\gh !re are v>iations f ?is type 9 "s in/ances4 ,! plumb+ includes sep>ate l9es ( pipe to ea* hood & table2 "o ea* = cold wat]1 /eam at f #e to #aj lb4 pressure1 compress$ air1 natural gas1 &1 9 "s cases1 live /eam at a pressure ( #fj lb4 ,on ea* table is an expos$ dra9age sy/em ( #b-;94 galvaniz$-iron pipe1 9 ! upp] surface ( :i* holes h be5 bor$1 ?r\gh :i* ! v>i\s app>atus dra9 by means ( flexible connections ( glass or rubb]4 ,^! pipes & ! s9ks1 etc41 dis*>ge into ma9 dra9s1 hung to ! ceil+ ( ! floor b5ea?4 ,^! dra9s are ( wood1 asphaltum coat$1 ) an inside diamet] rang+ f #c to #f 941 & at ! prop] grades to secure free dis*>ge4 ,^! wood5 dra9-pipes are made 9 %ort l5g?s1 /r5g!n$ by a spiral wrapp+ ( metal b&s1 & are te/$ to a pressure ( #dj lb4 p] sq4 94 ,angles are turn$ & bran*es connect$ 9 #d- & #f-;94 squ>e head]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,plan ,,( ,,con/ruction ,,details ,,( ,,reag5t ,,tables ,,build+ #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,con/ruction ,,details ,,( ,,calorimet] ,,tables ,! entire build+ is v5tilat$ by a =ce or bl[] fan 9 ! basem5t1 & by an exhau/ fan 9 ! attic ) suffici5t capacity to insure complete r5ewal ( air 9 ea* laboratory once 9 #bj m94 ,! bl[] fan is plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! build+1 on ! gr\nd floor1 & is #ajj 94 9 diamet]4 ,its capacity is ab\t #cj1jjj cu4 ft4 ( air p] m941 & x =ces ! air1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( pipes1 into regi/]s plac$ 9 ea* ( ! laboratories4 ,! exhau/ fan1 9 ! c5t] ( ! attic1 is run at #eej rev4 p] m941 & has a capacity ( #bb1fjj cu4 ft4 ( air p] m94 ,x draws ! air f ea* ( ! rooms bel[1 z well z f ! hoods1 ?r\gh a ma9 pipe1 #dh 94 9 diamet]4 ,/eam+ & ,combu/ion ,te/s4--,! inve/igations includ$ "u ! t]m1 fuel effici5cy1 relate to ! utilization ( ! v>i\s types ( fuels f\nd 9 ! coal & oil fields1 & deal prim>ily ) ! combu/ion ( su* fuels 9 gas produc]s1 9 ! furnaces ( /eam boil]s1 9 locomotives1 etc41 & ) ! effici5cy & utilization ( petroleum1 k]os5e1 gasol9e1 etc41 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es4 ,?is "w is "u ! g5]al direction ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,f]nald1 & is conduct$ pr9cipally 9 ,build+s ,nos4 #ac 7,plate ,,xvii7 & #ba4 ,= te/s ( combu/ion ( fuels pur*as$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! equipm5t consi/s ( two ,he9e1 wat]-tube boil]s1 ea* ( #baj h4p41 set 9 ,build+ ,no4 #ac4 ,"o ( ^! boil]s is equipp$ ) a ,jones und]fe$ /ok]1 & is baffl$ 9 ! regul> way4 ,at f\r po9ts 9 ! sett+1 l>ge pipes h be5 built into ! brick wall1 to p]mit mak+ obs]vations on ! temp]ature ( ! gas1 & to take samples ( ! gas = *emical analysis4 ,! o!r boil] is set ) a pla9 h&-fir$ grate4 ,x is baffl$ to give an extra passage = ! gases 7,fig4 #ae74 ,?r\gh ! side ( ?is boil]1 at ! re> end1 ! gases f ! long combu/ion *amb] 7,plate ,,xviii7 ent] & take ! same c\rse z ^? f ! h&-fir$ grate4 ,bo? ! h&-fir$ grate & ! long combu/ion *amb] may be op]at$ at ! same "t1 b x is expect$ t usually only "o w be 9 op]ation4 ,a =c$-draft fan has be5 in/all$ at "o side ( ! h&-fir$ boil]1 to provide air pressure :5 coal is be+ burn$ at high capacity4 ,?is fan is also connect$ 9 su* a way z to furni% air = ! long combu/ion *amb] :5 desir$4 ,a m complete description ( ! boil]s may be f\nd 9 ,pr(essional ,pap] ,no4 #dh1 & ,bullet9 ,no4 #cbe ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 9 :i* ! wat]-measur+ app>atus is also describ$4#ac ,on acc\nt ( ! di/ance f ,build+ ,no4 #ba to ! ma9 gr\p ( build+s1 x 0 consid]$ inadvisable to attempt to furni% /eam f ,build+ ,no4 #ac to ,build+ ,no4 #ba1 ei!r = heat+ or p[] purposes4 ,9 view1 moreov]1 ( ! necessity ( in/all+ v>i\s types & sizes ( h\se-heat+ boil]s1 on acc\nt ( te/s to be made !reon 9 connection ) ^! inve/igations1 x 0 decid$ to in/all ^! boil]s 9 ! l[] floor ( ,build+ ,no4 #ba1 :]e !y c\ld be utiliz$1 n only 9 mak+ ! necess>y te/s1 b 9 furni%+ heat & /eam = ! build+ & ! *emical laboratories !re94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,sett+ ,,= #baj-;,,horse ,,p[]1 ,,h&-,,fir$ ,,boil]s ,9 addition to ! physical laboratory on ! l[] floor ( ,build+ ,no4 #ba1 & ! h\se-heat+ boil] plant ) ! necess>y coal /orage1 !re are rooms devot$ to ! /orage ( heavy supplies1 samples ( fuels & oils1 & miscellane\s comm]cial app>atus4 ,"o room is occupi$ by ! v5tilat+ fan & "o is us$ = ! necess>y cru%]s1 rolls1 siz+ scre5s1 etc41 requir$ 9 connection ) ! sampl+ ( coal prior to analysis4 ,! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t hav+ express$ a wi% t te/s be made ( ! heat+ value & effici5cy ( ! v>i\s fuels (f]$ t ,dep>tm5t1 9 connection ) ! heat+ ( milit>y po/s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ?ree h\se-heat+ boil]s 7 procur$ :i* repres5t1 9 a g5]al way1 ! types & sizes us$ 9 a m$ium-siz$ hospital or o!r simil> build+1 & 9 small] resid5ces 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xvi74 ,! l>g] app>atus is a horizontal return-tubul> boil]1 #fj 94 9 diamet]1 #af ft4 long1 & hav+ fifty-f\r #d-;94 tubes4#ad ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r su* a boil] may be op]at$ "u heat+ conditions )\t mak+ smoke1 :5 burn+ v>i\s k9ds ( coal1 x has be5 in/all$ 9 accordance ) accept$ ideas reg>d+ ! prev5tion ( smoke4 ,a fire-brick ar* ext5ds ov] ! entire grate surface & pa/ ! bridge wall4 ,a baffle wall has be5 built 9 ! combu/ion *amb]1 :i* compels ! gases to pass d[nw>d & to divide ?r\gh two op5+s be=e !y rea* ! boil] %ell4 ,provision has be5 made = ! admission ( air at ! front ( ! furnace1 und]nea? ! ar*1 & at ! re> end ( ! bridge wall1 ?us furni%+ air bo? above & bel[ ! fire4 ,x is n expect$ t all coals c be burn$ )\t smoke 9 ?is furnace1 b x is desirable to det]m9e "u :at conditions "s k9ds ( coals may be burn$ )\t objectionable smoke4#ae ,= sampl+ ! gases 9 ! smokebox ( ! horizontal return-tubul> boil]1 a special flue-gas sampl] 0 design$1 9 ord] to obta9 a composite sample ( ! gases escap+ f ! boil]4 ,! o!r heat]s are two ca/-iron h\se-heat+ boil]s4 ,"o c supply #djj sq4 ft4 ( radiation & ! o!r ab\t #d1jjj sq4 ft4 ,!y 7 in/all$ prim>ily = ! purpose ( te/+ coals to det]m9e _! relative value :5 burn$ = heat+ purposes4 ,!y are pip$ to a specially design$ sep>ator1 & f ?is to a pressure-r$uc+ valve4 ,beyond ?is valve an orifice all[s ! /eam to escape into ! regul> heat+ ma9s4 ,?is arrangem5t makes x possible to ma9ta9 a practically con/ant load on ! boil]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #a4--,long ,combu/ion ,*amb]4 ,fig4 #b4--;,gas ,sampl+ ,app>atus1 ,long ,combu/ion ,*amb]4 ,!re is a f\r? boil]1 design$ & built = te/+ purposes by ! ,qu>t]ma/]'s ,dep>tm5t4 ,?is is a tubul> boil] design$ on ! l9es ( a h\se-heat+ boil]1 b = use z a calorimet] to det]m9e ! relative heat value ( diff]5t fuels r$uc$ to ! basis ( a /&>d cord ( oak wood4 ,a s]ies ( rese>* te/s on ! processes ( combu/ion is be+ conduct$ 9 ,build+ ,no4 #ac1 by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,kreis+]4 ,^! te/s are be+ made *iefly 9 a long combu/ion *amb] 7,figs4 #af & #ag1 & ,figs4 #a & #b1 ,plate ,,xviii71 :i* is f$ ) coal f a ,murphy me*anical /ok]1 & dis*>ges ! hot gases at ! re> end ( ! combu/ion *amb]1 into ! h&-fir$ ,he9e boil]4 ,! walls & ro( ( ?is *amb] are d\ble2 ! inn] wall is #i 94 ?ick1 ( fire-brick2 ! out] "o is #h 94 ?ick1 & is fac$ ) r$ press$ brick4 ,betwe5 ! walls ( ! sides !re is a #b-;94 air space1 & betwe5 !m on ! ro( a #a-;94 lay] ( asbe/os pa/e is plac$4 ,! inn] walls & ro( h ?ree special slip-jo9ts1 to all[ = expansion4 ,! floor is ( concrete1 protect$ by a #a-;94 lay] ( asbe/os bo>d1 :i* 9 turn is cov]$ by a #c-;94 lay] ( e>?2 on top ( ?is e>? !re is a #d-;94 lay] ( fire-brick 7n %[n 9 ! draw+s74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,,cross-,,sections ,,( ,,*amb] ,,& ,,( ,,furnace1 ,,long ,,combu/ion ,,*amb] ,inasmu* z "o ( ! fir/ problems to be attack$ w be ! det]m9ation ( ! l5g? ( travel & ! "t requir$ to complete combu/ion 9 a flame 9 :i* ! l9es ( /ream fl[ are ne>ly p>allel1 great c>e 0 tak5 to make ! inn] surfaces ( ! tunnel smoo?1 & all corn]s & holl[s are r\nd$ out 9 ! direction ( travel ( ! gases4 ,provision is made1 by l>ge peep-holes 9 ! sides1 & by small] sampl+ holes 9 ! top1 = obs]v+ ! fuel b$ at sev]al po9ts & also ! flame at #e-;ft4 int]vals along ! tunnel4 ,temp]atures & gas samples are tak5 simultane\sly at a numb] ( po9ts ?r\gh ^! holes1 s z to det]m9e1 if possible1 ! progress ( combu/ion 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xviii74 ,ab\t tw5ty !rmo-c\ples are emb$d$ 9 ! walls1 ro(1 & floor1 "s )9 #a 94 ( ! inside edge ( ! tunnel walls1 & "s 9 ! r$ press$ brick ne> ! out] surface1 ! object ( :i* is to procure data on heat conduction ?r\gh well-built brick walls#af 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xviii74 ,9 ord] to m9imize ! leakage ( air ?r\gh ! brickwork1 ! furnace & tunnel are kept z ne>ly z possible at atmosph]ic pressure by ! comb9$ use ( pressure & exhau/+ fans4 ,nev]!less1 ! leakage is det]m9$ p]iodically z accurately z possible4 ,at fir/ a numb] ( te/s 7 run to calibrate ! app>atus z a :ole1 all ^! prelim9>y te/s be+ made on *eap1 c>efully inspect$1 uni=m scre5+s f ! same seam ( ! same m9e ne> ,pittsburg4 ,lat] te/s w be run ) o!r coals ( v>i\s volatile cont5ts & v>i\s di/illation prop]ties4 ,x is anticipat$ t ! progress ( ! te/s may sugge/ *anges 9 ! con/ruction or op]ation ( ?is *amb]4 ,x is especially contemplat$ t ! section ( ! *amb] may be n>r[$ d[n by lay+ s& 9 ! bottom & fire-brick !reon2 also t baffle walls may be built into v>i\s portions ( x1 & t cool+ surfaces ) baffl+ may be introduc$4 ,9 addition to v>iations 9 ! te/s1 due to *anges 9 con/ruction 9 ! combu/ion *amb]1 !re w be v>iations 9 ! fuels te/$4 ,especial ef=t w be made to procure fuels rang+ 9 volatile cont5t f #ae to #bg & to #dj1 & ^? high 9 t> & heavy hydro-c>bons4 ,x is also propos$ to v>y ! conditions ( te/+ by burn+ at high rates1 su* z at #ae1 #bj1 & #cj lb4 p] ft4 ( grate surface1 & ev5 high]4 ,records w be kept ( ! weight ( coal fir$ & ( ea* fir+1 ( ! weight ( a%1 etc42 samples ( coal & ( a% w be tak5 = *emical & physical analysis1 z well z samples ( ! gas1 & o!r ess5tial data4 ,^! records w be /udi$ 9 detail4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,longitud9al ,,sections ,,( ,,long ,,combu/ion ,,*amb] ,a s]ies ( heat-transmission te/s und]tak5 two ye>s ago1 is be+ cont9u$ on ! gr\nd floor ( ,build+ ,no4 #ba1 on modifi$ app>atus recon/ruct$ 9 ! light ( ! e>li] exp]im5ts by ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,ray4 ,! purpose ( ! te/s on ?is app>atus has be5 to det]m9e "s ( ! laws controll+ ! rate ( transmission ( heat f a hot gas to a liquid & vice v]sa1 ! two be+ on ! opposite sides ( a metal tube4 ,x appe>s t f\r factors det]m9e ! rate ( heat imp>tation f ! gas to any small area ( ! metal#ag3 ,footnote #ag3 ,! assumption is made t a metal tube free f scale w rema9 almo/ z cool z ! wat]2 actual measurem5ts ) !rmo-c\ples h indicat$ ! correctness ( ?is assumption 9 ! majority ( cases4 7#a74--,! temp]ature diff]5ce betwe5 ! body ( ! gas & ! metal2 7#b74--,! weight ( ! gas p] cubic foot1 :i* is proportional to ! numb] ( molecules 9 any unit ( volume2 7#c74--,! bodily velocity ( ! motion ( ! gas p>allel to any small area "u consid]ation2 & 7probably71 7#d74--,! specific heat ( ! gas at con/ant pressure4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( an electric resi/ance furnace conta9+ coils ( nickel wire1 a small 7int]*angeable7 multi-tubul> boil]1 & a /eam-jet app>atus = r$uc+ ! air pressure at ! exit end1 s z to cause a fl[ ( air ?r\gh ! boil]4 ,a surface cond5s] 0 atta*$ to ! boil]'s /eam outlet1 ! cond5s$ /eam be+ weigh$ z a *eck on ! fe$-wat] measurem5ts4 ,a numb] ( !rmomet]s & !rmo-c\ples 7 us$ to obta9 atmosph]ic-air temp]ature1 temp]atures ( ! air ent]+ & leav+ ! boil]s1 & fe$-wat] temp]ature4 ,! app>atus is n[ be+ recon/ruct$ ) appliances = measur+ ! quantity ( air ent]+ ! furnace1 & an automatic electric-furnace temp]ature regulator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xix4 ,fig4 #a4--;,gas ,produc]1 ,economiz]1 & ,wet ,scrubb]4 ,fig4 #b4--,produc] ,gas3 ,dry ,scrubb] & ,gas ,hold]4 ,?ree sizes ( boil] h be5 te/$ ?us f>1 ! dim5sions be+ z giv5 9 ,table #d4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree boil]s 0 te/$ at sev]al temp]atures ( ent]+ air1 up to #a1ejj ,fahr41 ab\t t5 te/s be+ made at ea* temp]ature4 ,x is also ! int5tion to run1 on ^! ?ree boil]s1 ab\t eight te/s at temp]atures ( #a1hjj1 #b1ajj & #b1djj ,fahr41 respectively4 ,a bullet9 on ! "w already done1 toge!r ) mu* incid5tal matt]1 is 9 c\rse ( prep>ation4#ah ,,table #d4--;,dim5sions ( ,boil]s ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,items4 ,boil] ,boil] ,boil] ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no4 #c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,di/ance1 outside to outside ( boil] heads1 9 in*es #h4bh #h4bh #af4abe ,actual outside diamet] ( flues1 #j4beb #j4cac #j4beb 9 in*es ,actual inside diamet] ( flues1 #j4age #j4bcj #j4age 9 in*es ,numb] ( flues 7tubes7 #aj #aj #aj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! "w on ! fir/ ?ree boil]s is only a beg9n+2 prep>ations are be+ made to te/ eight m multi-tubul> boil]s ( v>i\s l5g?s & tube diamet]s1 "u simil> conditions4 ,because ( ! exp]i5ce already obta9$1 x w be necess>y to make only eight te/s at ea* initial air temp]ature4 ,:5 ! "w on multi-tubul> boil]s is complet$1 wat]-tube boil]s w be tak5 up1 = :i* a fairly complete outl9e has be5 prep>$4 ,?is second or wat]-tube portion ( ! inve/igation is really ( ! great] sci5tific & comm]cial int]e/1 b ! multi-tubul> boil]s 7 inve/igat$ fir/ because ! ma!matical treatm5t is mu* simpl]4 ,produc]-,gas ,te/s4--,! produc]-gas plant at ! ,pittsburg te/+ /ation is 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,c>l ,d4 ,smi?1 & has be5 in/all$ = ! purpose ( te/+ l[-grade fuel1 bone coal1 ro( coal1 m9e refuse1 & su* mat]ial z is usually consid]$ ( little value1 or ev5 wor?less = p[] purposes4 ,! gas eng9e1 gas produc]1 economiz]1 wet scrubb] 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xix71 & accessories1 are 9 ,build+ ,no4 #ac1 & ! dry scrubb]1 gas-hold]1 & wat]-cool+ app>atus are imm$iately outside t build+ 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xix74 ,at pres5t imm5se quantities ( fuel are left at ! m9es1 9 ! =m ( culm & slack1 :i*1 9 quality1 are mu* bel[ ! av]age output4 ,su* fuel is consid]$ ( little or no value1 *iefly because !re is no app>atus 9 g5]al use :i* c burn x to good advantage4 ,! heat value ( ?is fuel is (t5 f #ej to #ge ( t ( ! fuel m>ket$1 & if n utiliz$1 repres5ts an imm5se wa/e ( natural res\rces4 ,l>ge quantities ( l[-grade fuel are also left 9 ! m9es1 simply because pres5t conditions d n w>rant its extraction1 & x is left 9 su* a way t x w be v difficult1 if n practically impossible1 = future g5]ations to take out su* fuel :5 x w be at a premium4 ,aga91 !re are l>ge deposits ( l[-grade coal 9 regions f> remote f ! s\rces ( ! pres5t fuel supply1 b :]e its successful & economic utilization w\ld be a boon to ! community & a mat]ial advantage to ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,! great importance ( ! successful utilization ( l[-grade fuel is obvi\s4 ,until )9 v rec5t ye>s little _h be5 accompli%$ along ^! l9es1 & !re 0 little hope ( ev] be+ able to use ^! fuels successfully4 ,! developm5t ( ! gas produc] = ! utilization ( ord9>y fuels1#ai h[ev]1 indicates t ! successful utilization ( practically all l[-grade fuel is well )9 ! range ( possibility4 ,x is notable t1 al?\gh all produc]-gas te/s at ! ,gov]nm5t te/+ /ations1 at ,/4 ,l\is & ,norfolk1 7 made 9 a type ( produc]#bj design$ prim>ily = a good grade ( an?racite coal1 ! fuels te/$ includ$ a wide range ( bitum9\s coals & lignites1 & ev5 peat & bone coal1 & t1 9 ne>ly e te/1 little s]i\s difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 ma9ta9+ satisfactory op]at+ conditions4#ba ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 "o te/1 a bone coal conta9+ m ?an #de ( a% 0 easily h&l$ 9 ! produc]1 & t practically full load 0 ma9ta9$ = ! regulation te/ p]iod ( #ej h\rs4#bb ,x is n expect$ t all ! fuels te/$ w prove to be ( imm$iate comm]cial value1 b x is hop$ t mu* light w be ?r[n on ?is important problem4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xx4 ,fig4 #a4--;,*>g+ ,floor ( ,gas ,produc]4 ,fig4 #b4--;,european & ,am]ican ,briquettes4 ,! equipm5t = ?is "w consi/s ( a s+le gas g5]ator1 rat$ at #aej h4p41 & a ?ree-cyl9d]1 v]tical gas eng9e ( ! same capacity4 ,! produc] is a ,loomis-,pettibone1 d[n-draft1 made by ! ,p[] & ,m9+ ,ma*9]y ,company1 ( ,cudahy1 ,wis41 & is kn[n z its 8,type ,c0 plant4 ,! gas g5]ator consi/s ( a cyl9drical %ell1 #f ft4 9 diamet]1 c>efully l9$ ) fire-brick1 & hav+ an int]nal diamet] ( approximately #d ft4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ! g5]ator !re is a fire-brick grate1 on :i* ! fuel b$ re/s4 ,! fuel is *>g$ at ! top ( ! produc] ?r\gh a door 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xx71 :i* may be left op5 a consid]able "t )\t affect+ ! op]ation ( ! produc]1 ?us enabl+ ! op]ator to wat* & control ! fuel b$ ) little inconv5i5ce4 ,z ! gas is g5]at$1 x passes d[nw>d ?r\gh ! hot fuel b$ & ?r\gh ! fire-brick grate4 ,?is d[n-draft feature 8fixes10 or makes into p]man5t gases1 ! t>ry vapors :i* are di/ill$ f bitum9\s coal :5 x is fir/ *>g$ into ! produc]4 ,a motor-driv5 exhau/] ) a capacity ( #cge cu4 ft4 p] m941 draws ! hot gas f ! base ( ! produc] ?r\gh an economiz]1 :]e ! s5sible heat ( ! gas is us$ to pre-heat ! air & to =m ! wat] vapor necess>y = ! op]ation ( ! produc]4 ,! pre-heat$ air & vapor leave ! economiz] & ent] ! produc] ?r\gh a passageway ne> ! top & above ! fuel b$4 ,f ! economiz] ! gas is drawn ?r\gh a wet scrubb] :]e x und]goes a fur!r cool+ & is cleans$ ( dirt & du/4 ,aft] pass+ ! wet scrubb]1 ! gas1 "u a light pressure1 is =c$1 by ! exhau/]1 ?r\gh a dry scrubb] to a gas-hold] ) a capacity ( ab\t #a1jjj cu4 ft4 ,all ! fuel us$ is c>efully weigh$ on scales :i* are *eck$ f "t to "t by /&>d weights2 &1 z ! fuel is *>g$ into ! produc]1 a sample is tak5 = *emical analysis & = ! det]m9ation ( its calorific p[]4 ,! wat] requir$ = ! g5]ation ( ! vapor is suppli$ f a small tank c>efully graduat$ to p\nds2 ?is obs]vation is made & record$ e h\r4 ,all ! wat] us$ 9 ! wet scrubb] is measur$ by pass+ x ?r\gh a pi/on-type wat] met]1 :i* is calibrat$ f "t to "t to insure a fair degree ( accuracy 9 ! measurem5t4 ,provision is made = obs]v+ ! pressure & temp]ature ( ! gas at v>i\s po9ts2 ^! are obs]v$ & record$ e h\r4 ,f ! hold] ! gas passes ?r\gh a l>ge met] to ! v]tical ?ree-cyl9d] ,we/+h\se eng9e1 :i* is connect$ by a belt to a #age-kw41 direct-curr5t g5]ator4 ,! load on ! g5]ator is measur$ by c>efully calibrat$ swit*-bo>d in/rum5ts1 & is regulat$ by a specially con/ruct$ wat] rheo/at :i* /&s 9 front ( ! build+4 ,c>eful notes are kept ( ! eng9e op]ation2 ! gas consumption & ! load on ! eng9e are obs]v$ & record$ e #bj m942 ! quantity ( jacket wat] us$ on ! gas eng9e1 & also its temp]ature ent]+ & leav+ ! eng9e jackets1 are record$ e h\r4 ,indicator c>ds are tak5 e #b h\rs4 ,! "w is cont9u\s1 & ea* day is divid$ into ?ree %ifts ( #h h\rs ea*2 ! l5g? ( a te/1 h[ev]1 is det]m9$ v l>gely by ! "* & behavior ( ! fuel us$4 ,a prelim9>y /udy ( ! relative effici5cy ( ! coals f\nd 9 diff]5t portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z produc]s ( illum9at+ gas1 has be5 ne>ly complet$ "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,h4 ,:ite1 & a bullet9 sett+ =? ! results is 9 press4#bc ,te/s ( ,liquid ,fuels4--,te/s ( liquid fuels 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,/rong1 are conduct$ 9 ! eng9e-room ( ,build+ ,no4 #ac4 ,! v>i\s liquid hydro-c>bon fuels us$ 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es = produc+ p[]1 range f ! light ref9$ oils1 su* z naph?a1 to ! crude petroleums1 & h a correspond+ly wide v>iation ( physical & *emical prop]ties4 ,! mo/ satisfactory ( ! liquid fuels = use 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 are alcohol & ! light ref9$ hydro-c>bon oils1 su* z gasol9e4 ,^! fuels1 h[ev]1 are ! mo/ exp5sive 9 comm]cial use1 ev5 :5 consum$ ) ! highe/ practical effici5cy1 :i*1 x is ?\ght1 has already be5 atta9$1 z f> z pres5t types ( eng9es are conc]n$4 ,at pres5t little is kn[n z to h[ f> _m ( ! v *eap di/illates & crude petroleums c be us$ z fuel = int]nal-combu/ion eng9es4 ,x is difficult to use !m at all1 reg>dless ( effici5cy4 ,gasol9e is comp>atively con/ant 9 quality1 & c be us$ ) equal effici5cy 9 any gasol9e eng9e ( ! bett] grade4 ,!re are _m makes ( high-grade gasol9e eng9es1 te/s on any ( :i* may be tak5 z repres5tative ( ! p]=mance & action ( gasol9e 9 an int]nal-combu/ion eng9e1 if ! conditions "u :i* ! te/s 7 made are cle>ly /at$ & are simil>4 ,k]os5e v>ies widely 9 quality1 & requires special devices = its use1 b is a little *eap] ?an gasol9e4 ,x is possible t ! k]os5e eng9e may be develop$ s z to p]mit x to take ! place ( ! small] /ation>y & m>9e gasol9e eng9es4 ,?is w\ld mean consid]able sav+ 9 fuel co/ to ! small p[] us]1 :o n[ f9ds ! liquid-fuel int]nal-combu/ion eng9e ( comm]cial advantage4 ,a numb] ( eng9es at pres5t on ! m>ket use k]os5e2 "s use only ! light] grades & are at be/ comp>atively less effici5t ?an gasol9e eng9es4 ,all ^! eng9es h to be adju/$ to ! grade ( oil to be us$ 9 ord] to get ! be/ results4 ,k]os5e eng9es are ( two g5]al types3 ! ext]nal-vaporiz] type1 9 :i* ! fuel is vaporiz$ & mix$ ) air be=e or z x is tak5 into ! cyl9d]2 & ! int]nal-vaporiz] type1 9 :i* ! liquid fuel is =c$ into ! cyl9d] & vaporiz$ by contact ) ! hot gases or heat$ walls ( a combu/ion *amb] at ! head ( ! cyl9d]4 ,a numb] ( special devices = vaporiz+ k]os5e & ! light] di/illates h be5 tri$ & us$ ) "s success4 ,heat is necess>y to vaporize ! k]os5e z quickly z x is requir$1 & ! degree ( heat mu/ be held betwe5 ! temp]ature ( vaporization & t at :i* ! oil w be c>boniz$4 ,! vapor mu/ also be ?or\ghly & uni=mly mix$ ) air 9 ord] to obta9 complete combu/ion4 ,z yet1 no reliable data on ^! limit+ temp]atures = k]os5e & simil> oils h be5 obta9$4 ,no inve/igation has ev] be5 made ( possible me?ods = prev5t+ ! oils f c>boniz+ at ! high] temp]atures1 & ! prop]ties ( explosive mixtures ( oil vapors & air h n be5 /udi$4 ,?is field ( eng9e]+ laboratory rese>* is ( vital importance to ! solution ( ! k]os5e-eng9e problem4 ,di/illates or fuel oils & ! crude oils are mu* ! *eape/ ( ! liquid fuels1 & if us$ effici5tly 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es w\ld be by f> ! *eape/ fuels available 9 _m l>ge di/ricts4 ,sev]al eng9e build]s are develop+ k]os5e vaporiz]s1 :i* are built z a "p ( ! eng9e1 or are adapt$ to ea* diff]5t eng9e1 z requir$ to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,mo/ ( ^! vaporiz]s use ! heat & ! exhau/ gases to vaporize ! fuel1 b !y diff] greatly 9 con/ruction2 "s are ( ! retort type1 & o!rs are ( ! float-fe$ c>burett] type4 ,to :at ext5t ! l[]-grade fuel oils c be us$ ) ^! vaporiz]s is yet to be det]m9$4 ,!re are only a few successful oil eng9es on ! ,am]ican m>ket4 ,! mo/ prom95t ( ^! repres5t specific applications ( ! pr9cipal me?ods ( int]nal vaporization1 & all except "o are ( ! hot-bulb ignition type4 ,x w probably be f\nd t no "o ( ! #d-/roke cycle1 or #b-/roke cycle1 eng9es is be/ = all grades ( oil1 b r t ea* is be/ = "s "o grade4 ,! ,diesel eng9e is 9 a class by itself1 its cycle & me?od ( control be+ some:at diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,an inve/igation ( ! comp>ative adaptability ( gasol9e & alcohol to use 9 int]nal-combu/ion eng9es1 consi/+ ( m ?an #b1jjj te/s1 0 made at ! tempor>y fuel-te/+ plant ( ! ,geological ,survey1 at ,norfolk1 ,va41 9 #aijg4 ,a detail$ report ( ^! te/s is 9 prep>ation4#bd ,a simil> inve/igation ( ! comp>ative adaptability ( k]os5es has be5 comm5c$1 ) a view to obta9+ data on _! economical use1 lead+ up to ! inve/igation ( ! comp>ative fuel values ( ! *eap] di/illates & crude petroleum1 z be=e discuss$4 ,wa%+ & ,cok+ ,te/s4--,! inve/igations relat+ to ! prep>ation ( l[-grade coals1 su* z ^? high 9 a% or sulphur1 by processes t w give !m a high] m>ket value or increase _! effici5cy 9 use1 are 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,beld54 ,!y include ! wa%+ & cok+ te/s ( coals1 & ! briquett+ ( slack & l[-grade coal & culm-bank refuse s z to adapt ^! fuels = combu/ion 9 furnaces1 etc4 ,?is "w has be5 conduct$ 9 ! wa%]y & cok+ plant tempor>ily locat$ at ,d5v]1 ,colo41 & 9 ,build+ ,no4 #cb at ! ,pittsburg te/+ /ation1 :]e briquett+ is 9 progress4 ,! details ( ^! te/s are set =? 9 ! v>i\s bullet9s issu$ by ! ,geological ,survey4#be ,! wa%+ te/s are c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,z ! raw coal is receiv$ at ! plant1 x is %ovel$ f ! railroad c>s to ! hopp] scale1 & weigh$4 ,x !n passes ?r\gh ! too?-roll cru%]1 :]e ! lumps are brok5 d[n to a maximum size ( #b 94 ,an apron conveyor deliv]s ! coal to an elevator :i* raises x to "o ( ! /orage b9s4 ,z ! coal is be+ elevat$1 an av]age sample repres5t+ ! :ole %ipm5t is tak54 ,an analysis is made ( ?is sample ( raw coal & float-&-s9k te/s are run to det]m9e ! size to :i* x is necess>y to cru% be=e wa%+1 & ! p]c5tage ( refuse ) ! be/ sep>ation4 ,f ! data ?us obta9$1 ! wa%+ ma*9es are adju/$ s t ! wa%+ te/ is made ) full k ( ! sep>ations possible "u v>y+ p]c5tages ( refuse4 ,! raw coal is drawn f ! b9 & deliv]$ to a corrugat$-roll dis9tegrator1 :]e x is cru%$ to ! size f\nd mo/ suitable1 & is !n deliv]$ by ! raw-coal elevator to ano!r /orage b94 ,! arrangem5t ( ! plant is su* t ! coal may be fir/ wa%$ on a ,/ew>t jig1 & ! refuse !n deliv]$ to & re-wa%$ on a special jig1 or ! refuse may be re-cru%$ & !n re-wa%$4 ,:5 ! coal is to be wa%$1 x drops to ! sluice box1 :]e x is mix$ ) ! wat] & sluic$ to ! jigs4 ,9 draw+ (f ! wa%$ coal1 or :5 ! uncru%$ raw coal is to be drawn f a b9 & cru%$ = ! wa%+ te/s1 h[ev]1 a gate j bel[ ! coal-fl[ regulat+ gate is ?r[n 91 & ! coal falls into a c5tral hopp] in/ead ( into ! sluice box4 ,ord9>ily1 ?is gate =ms "o side ( ! v]tical *ute4 ,! coal 9 ?is c5tral hopp] is c>ri$ by a *ute to ! apron conveyor1 & !nce to ! roll dis9tegrator1 or1 9 case x is wa%$ coal1 to a sw+-hamm] cru%]4 ,x w be not$ t coal1 9 ?is mann]1 c be drawn f a b9 at ! same "t t coal is be+ tak5 f ano!r b91 & sluic$ to ! jigs = wa%+1 ! two op]ations n int]f]+ 9 ! lea/4 ,! wa%$ coal1 aft] be+ cru%$ & elevat$ to ! top ( ! build+1 is convey$ by a *ute to ! coke-ov5 l>ry1 & is weigh$ on ! track scale1 aft] :i* x is *>g$ to ! ov54 ,! refuse is sampl$ & weigh$ z x is :eel$ to ! dump pile1 & f ?is sample ! analysis is made & a float-&-s9k te/ run to det]m9e ! 8loss ( good coal0 9 ! refuse & to %[ ! effici5cy ( ! wa%+ te/4 ,! cok+ te/s h be5 conduct$ 9 a batt]y ( two beehive ov5s1 "o #g ft4 high & #ab ft4 9 diamet]1 ! o!r1 #f ft4 high & #ab ft4 9 diamet]4 ,a /&>d l>ry ) a capacity ( #h tons1 & ! necess>y scales = weigh+ accurately ! coal *>g$ & coke produc$1 complete ! equipm5t4 ,! coal is usually run ?r\gh a roll cru%] :i* breaks x to ab\t -94 size1 or ?r\gh a ,p5nsylvania hamm] cru%]4 ,! f95ess ( ! coals put ?r\gh ! hamm] cru%] v>ies some:at1 b ! av]age1 tak5 f a l>ge numb] ( samples1 is z foll[s3 ,?r\gh -94 me%1 #ajj2 ov] #aj-me%1 #ca4dc2 ov] #bj-me%1 #bd4bi2 ov] #dj-me%1 #bb4hf2 ov] #fj-me%1 #aj p] c5t4 ,! results ( ! cok+ te/s are set =? 9 detail 9 ! v>i\s publications issu$ on ?is subject4#bf ,te/s ( coke produc$ 9 ! illum9at+-gas inve/igations be=e ref]r$ to1 & a /udy ( comm]cial cok+ & by-product plants1 are includ$ 9 ^! inve/igations4 ,briquett+ ,inve/igations4--,^! inve/igations are 9 *>ge ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,wright1 & are conduct$ 9 ,build+ ,no4 #cb1 :i* is ( fire-pro( con/ruction1 hav+ a /eel-skeleton frame "w1 re9=c$-concrete floors1 & #b-;94 cem5t curta9 walls1 pla/]$ on exp&$-metal la?s4 ,9 ?is build+ two briquett+ ma*9es are in/all$1 "o an ,engli% ma*9e ( ! ,johnson type1 & ! o!r a ,g]man lignite ma*9e ( v p[]ful con/ruction4 ,! inve/igations include ! possibility ( mak+ satisfactory comm]cial fuels f lignite or l[-grade coals :i* d n /& %ipm5t well1 ! b5efit+ ( culm or slack coals :i* are wa/$ or sold at unremun]ative prices1 & ! possibility ( improv+ ! effici5cy ( good coals4 ,"s ( ! v>i\s =ms ( comm]cial briquettes1 ,am]ican & =eign1 are %[n 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xx4 ,aft] und]go+ *emical analysis1 ! coal is elevat$ & f$ to a /orage b91 :5ce x is drawn ?r\gh a *ute to a hopp] on ! weigh+ scales4 ,!re x is mix$ ) v>y+ p]c5tages ( diff]5t k9ds ( b9d+ mat]ial1 & ! te/s are conduct$ s z to asc]ta9 ! mo/ suitable b9d] = ea* k9d ( fuel1 :i* w produce ! mo/ durable & wea!r-pro( briquette at lea/ co/1 & ! m9imum quantity necess>y to produce a good1 firm briquette4 ,aft] weigh+1 ! mat]ials to be te/$ are run ?r\gh ! necess>y gr9d+ & pulv]iz+ ma*9es & are f$ into ! briquett+ ma*9es1 :5ce ! manufactur$ briquettes are deliv]$ = load+ or /orage4 ,! mat]ials to be us$ 9 ! ,g]man ma*9e are also dri$ & cool$ aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxi4 ,fig4 #a4--;,h& ,briquett+ ,press4 ,fig4 #b4--;,coal ,briquett+ ,ma*9e4 ,! briquettes made at ?is plant are !n subject$ to physical te/s 9 ord] to det]m9e _! wea!r+ qualities & _! resi/ance to abrasion2 extraction te/s & *emical analyses are also made4 ,mean:ile o!r briquettes f ! same lots are subject$ to combu/ion te/s = comp>ison ) ! same coal n briquett$4 ,^! te/s are made 9 /ation>y boil]s1 9 h\se-heat+ boil]s1 on locomotives1 naval vessels1 etc41 & ! results1 bo? ( ! processes ( manufacture1 & ( ! te/s1 are publi%$ 9 v>i\s bullet9s issu$ by ! ,geological ,survey4#bg ,! equipm5t includes /orage b9s = ! raw coal1 scales = weigh+1 ma*9es = cru%+ or crack+ ! pit*1 gr9d]s1 cru%]s1 & dis9tegrators = r$uc+ ! coal to ! desir$ f95ess1 heat+ & mix+ app>atus1 presses & m\lds = =m+ ! briquettes1 a ,s*ulz dri]1 & a cool+ app>atus4 ,!re is a small exp]im5tal h&-briquett+ press 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxi7 = mak+ prelim9>y te/s ( ! briquett+ qualities ( ! v>i\s coals & lignites4 ,) ?is x is easily possible to v>y ! pressure1 heat1 p]c5tage & k9d ( b9d]1 s z to det]m9e ! be/ briquett+ conditions = ea* fuel be=e subject+ x to l>ge-scale comm]cial te/s 9 ! big briquett+ ma*9es4 ,?is h& press w ex]t pressures up to #ej tons or #ajj1jjj lb4 p] sq4 941 on a plung] #c 94 9 diamet]4 ,?is plung] ent]s a m\ld1 :i* c be heat$ by a /eam jacket suppli$ ) ord9>y saturat$ /eam at a pressure ( #abe lb41 & compresses ! fuel into a briquette1 #h 94 long1 "u ! conditions ( temp]ature & pressure desir$4 ,! ,johnson briquett+ ma*9e1 :i* requires #be h4p4 = its op]ation1 ex]ts a pressure ( ab\t #b1ejj lb4 p] sq4 941 & makes briquettes ( rectangul> =m1 #f by #d by #b 941 & hav+ an av]age weight ( ab\t #c lb4 ,! capacity ( ! ma*9e 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxi7 is ab\t #c4h tons ( briquettes p] #h-;h\r day4 ,"u ! hopp] on ! scales = ! raw mat]ial is a squ>e wood5 reciprocal plung] :i* pu%es ! fuel into a hole 9 ! floor at a uni=m rate4 ,! pit* is add$ z uni=mly z possible by h&1 z ! coal passes ?is hole4 ,"u ?is hole a horizontal screw conveyor c>ries ! fuel & pit* to ! dis9tegrator1 9 front ( :i*1 9 ! fe$+ *ute1 !re is a p[]ful magnet = pick+ out any pieces ( iron :i* might ent] ! ma*9e & cause tr\ble4 ,! gr\nd mixture is elevat$ f ! dis9tegrator to a po9t above ! top ( ! upp] mix] ( ! ma*9e4 ,at ! base ( ?is cyl9d]1 /eam c be admitt$ by sev]al op5+s to heat ! mat]ial to any desir$ temp]ature1 usually f #ahj to #bje ,fahr4 ,!re1 a plung]1 mak+ #ag /rokes p] m941 compresses two briquettes at ea* /roke4 ,! ,g]man lignite-briquett+ ma*9e 7,figs4 #ah & #ai7 0 made by ! ,mas*95fabrik ,buckau ,acti5-,gesells*aft1 ,magdeburg1 ,g]many4 ,lignite f ! /orage room on ! ?ird floor ( ! build+ is f$ into "o end ( a ,s*ulz tubul> dri] 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xxii71 :i* is simil> to a multi-tubul> boil] set at a slight angle f ! horizontal1 & sl[ly revolv$ by worm & :eel ge>+1 ! lignite pass+ ?r\gh ! tubes & ! /eam be+ )9 ! boil]4 ,f ?is dri] ! lignite passes ?r\gh a sort+ sieve & cru%+ rolls to a cool+ app>atus1 :i* consi/s ( f\r horizontal circul> plates1 ab\t #ac ft4 9 diamet]1 ov] :i* ! dri$ mat]ial is mov$ by rakes4 ,aft] cool+1 ! mat]ial is c>ri$ by a long1 worm conveyor to a l>ge hopp] ov] ! briquette press1 & by a fe$+ box to ! press 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xxii74 ,! press1 :i* is ( ! op5-m\ld type1 consi/s ( a ram & die plates1 ! latt] be+ set s z to make a tube :i* gradually tap]s t[>d ! deliv]y end ( ! ma*9e4 ,! briquettes h a cross-section simil> to an ellipse ) ! ends slightly cut (f2 !y are ab\t #a 94 ?ick & av]age ab\t #a lb4 9 weight 7,fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,xx74 ,! press is op]at$ by a direct connection ) a /eam eng9e ( #aej h4p41 ! base ( :i* is cont9u\s ) t ( ! press4 ,! exhau/ /eam f ! eng9e is us$ to heat ! driv]4 ,! plung] makes f #hj to #ajj /rokes p] m941 ! pressure ex]t$ rang+ f #ad1jjj to #bh1jjj lb4 p] sq4 941 ! capacity ( ! ma*9e be+ #a briquette p] /roke1 or f #b to #c tons ( complet$ briquettes p] h\r4 ,x is expect$ t no b9d] w be ne$$ = practically all ! br[n lignite briquett$ by ?is ma*9e1 ?us r$uc+ ! co/ z comp>$ ) ! briquett+ ( coals1 :i* require f #e to #g ( wat]-gas1 pit* b9d] co/+ m ?an #ej c5ts p] ton ( manufactur$ briquettes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,,longitud9al-,,section ,,( ,,lignite-,,briquett+ ,,plant ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,cross-,,section ,,( ,,lignite-,,briquett+ ,,plant ,peat ,inve/igations4--,inve/igations into ! di/ribution1 production1 orig91 nature1 & uses ( peat are be+ conduct$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,davis1 & include co-op]ative arrangem5ts ) ,/ate ,geological ,surveys & ! ,geologic ,bran* ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,^! organizations conduct surveys :i* include ! mapp+ ( ! peat deposits 9 ! field1 ! det]m9ation ( _! ext5t & limitations1 ! sampl+ ( peat f v>i\s dep?s1 & ! transmittal ( samples to ! ,pittsburg laboratories = analysis & te/4#bh ,?is "w is co-ord9at$ 9 su* a mann] z to result 9 uni=m me?ods ( proc$ure 9 /udy+ ! peat deposits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! samples ( peat are subject$ to microscopic exam9ation1 9 ord] to det]m9e _! orig9 & age1 & to *emical & physical te/s at ! laboratories 9 ,pittsburg1 s z to asc]ta9 ! *emical composition & calorific value1 ! resi/ance to compressive /ra9s1 ! a% & moi/ure cont5t1 dry+ prop]ties1 resi/ance to abrasion1 etc4 ,occasionally1 l>ge quantities ( peat are dis9tegrat$ & ma*9$1 & portions1 aft] dry+ = diff]5t p]iods1 are subject$ to combu/ion te/s 9 /eam boil]s & to te/s 9 ! gas produc]1 to asc]ta9 _! effici5cy z p[] produc]s4 ,results4--,! full value ( su* inve/igations z h be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages _c be realiz$ = _m ye>s2 b1 ev5 )9 ! f\r ye>s dur+ :i* ?is "w has be5 "u way1 c]ta9 inve/igations h l$ to important results1 "s ( :i* may be briefly m5tion$3 ,! *emical & calorific det]m9ations ( coals pur*as$ = ! use ( ! ,gov]nm5t h result$ 9 ! deliv]y ( a bett] grade ( fuel )\t correspond+ increase 9 co/1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 sav+ to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 ( pur*as+ its coal "u specifications & te/+1 ! ,gov]nm5t is gett+ m ne>ly :at x pays = & is pay+ = :at x gets4 ,^! inve/igations1 by sugge/+ *anges 9 equipm5t & me?ods1 are also indicat+ ! practicability ( ! pur*ase ( *eap] fuels1 su* z bitum9\s coal & ! small] sizes ( pea1 buck:eat1 etc41 in/ead ( ! m exp5sive sizes ( an?racite1 ) a correspond+ sav+ 9 co/4 ,! ,gov]nm5t's fuel bill n[ aggregates ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj ye>ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xxii4 ,fig4 #a4--;,dry] = ,lignite ,briquett+ ,press4 ,fig4 #b4--,lignite ,briquett+ ,ma*9e4 ,! mak+ & assembl+ ( *emical analyses & calorific det]m9ations 7*eck$ by o!r te/s7 ( c>efully select$ samples ( coals f ne>ly #a1jjj diff]5t localities1 9 ! diff]5t coal fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! additions1 f "t to "t1 ( samples repres5t+ p>ts ( coal fields or newly op5$ b$s ( coal 9 ! same field1 furni% invaluable s\rces ( accurate in=mation1 n only = use ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 b also = ! g5]al public4 ,( ! above-m5tion$ localities1 #eja 7 9 ! public-l& ,/ates & #dbg 9 ! ,c5tral1 ,ea/]n1 & ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,! *emical analyses ( ! coals f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 made ) su* uni=mity ( me?od1 bo? z to collection ( samples & analytical proc$ure1 z to yield results /rictly comp>able = coals f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & furni% complete in=mation1 z a basis = future pur*ases & use by ! ,gov]nm5t & by ! g5]al public1 ( all types ( ,am]ican coals4 ,o!r rese>*es h result$ 9 ! acquirem5t ( valuable in=mation reg>d+ ! di/ribution ( temp]ature 9 ! fuel b$ ( gas produc]s & furnaces1 %[+ a range ( f #djj to #a1cjj c5t41 & h ?us furni%$ data indicat+ specific difficulties to be ov]come 9 gas-produc] improvem5ts = great] fuel effici5cy4 ,! rec5t /udies ( ! volatile matt] 9 coal1 & its relation to ! op]ation ( coke ov5s & o!r =ms ( combu/ion1 h demon/rat$ t z mu* z "o-?ird ( ?is matt] is in]t & non-combu/ible1 a fact :i* may h a direct be>+ on smoke prev5tion by expla9+ its cause & indicat+ means = its abatem5t4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ! /orage ( coal h prov5 t oxyg5 is absorb$ dur+ exposure to air1 !reby caus+1 9 "s cases1 a det]ioration 9 heat+ value1 & indicat+ t1 = c]ta9 coals1 9 case !y are to be /or$ a long "t = naval & o!r purposes1 /orage "u wat] is advisable4 ,! te/s ( diff]5t coals "u /eam boil]s h %[n ! possibility ( increas+ ! g5]al effici5cy ( h&-fir$ /eam boil]s f #aj to #ae ov] ord9>y results4 ,if ?is sav+ c\ld be made 9 ! great numb] ( h&-fir$ boil]s n[ be+ op]at$ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x w\ld result 9 l>ge sav+ 9 ! fuel bill ( ! c\ntry4 ,exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made ) resid5ce-heat+ boil]s ju/ify ! belief t x w be possible to p]fect su* types ( boil]s z may economically give a smokeless op]ation4 ,! te/s "u /eam boil]s furni% specific in=mation z to ! mo/ effici5t me?od ( utiliz+ ea* ( a numb] ( diff]5t types ( coal 9 ,gov]nm5t build+s & p[] plants 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! te/s 9 ! gas produc] h %[n t _m fuels ( su* l[ grade z to be practically valueless = /eam-furnace purposes1 includ+ slack coal1 bone coal1 & lignite1 may be economically conv]t$ into produc] gas1 & may ?us g5]ate suffici5t p[] to r5d] !m ( high comm]cial value4 ,practically e %ipm5t out ( sev]al hundr$ te/$ 9 ! gas produc]s1 includ+ coals z high 9 a% cont5t z #de1 & lignites & peats high 9 moi/ure1 has be5 successfully conv]t$ into produc] gas :i* has be5 us$ 9 op]at+ gas eng9es4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t on an av]age !re 0 develop$ f ea* coal te/$ 9 ! gas-produc] plant two & "o-half times ! p[] develop$ :5 us$ 9 ! ord9>y /eam-boil] plant1 & t su* relative effici5cies w probably hold good = ! av]age plant ( mod]ate p[] capacity1 ?\gh ?is ratio may be greatly r$uc$ 9 l>ge /eam plants ( ! mo/ mod]n type4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! l[-grade lignites ( ,nor? ,dakota develop$ z mu* p[]1 :5 conv]t$ into produc] gas1 z did ! be/ ,we/ ,virg9ia bitum9\s coals :5 utiliz$ "u ! /eam boil]2 &1 9 ?is way1 lignite b$s und]ly+ f #bj1jjj1jjj to #cj1jjj1jjj acres ( public l&s1 suppos$ to h little or no comm]cial value1 are %[n to h a l>ge value = p[] developm5t4 ,! te/s made ) ref]5ce to ! manufacture & combu/ion ( briquett$ coal h demon/rat$ conclusively t by ?is means _m l[-grade bitum9\s coals & lignites may h _! comm]cial value increas$ to an ext5t :i* m ?an cov]s ! increas$ co/ ( mak+2 & ^! te/s h also %[n t bitum9\s coals ( ! high] grades may be burn$ 9 locomotives ) greatly increas$ effici5cy & capacity & ) less smoke ?an ! same coal n briquett$4 ,^! te/s h %[n t1 ) ! same fuel consumption ( briquettes z ( raw coal1 ! same locomotive c v mat]ially increase its haul+ capacity & ?us r$uce ! co/ ( transportation4 ,! inve/igations into smoke abatem5t h indicat$ cle>ly t ea* type ( coal may be burn$ practically )\t smoke 9 "s type ( furnace or ) "s arrangem5t ( me*anical /ok]1 draft1 etc4 ,! elim9ation ( smoke means m complete combu/ion ( ! fuel1 & consequ5tly less wa/e & high] effici5cy4 ,! inve/igations into ! wa/e ( coal 9 m9+ h %[n ! enorm\s ext5t ( ?is wa/e1 aggregat+ probably f #cjj1jjj1jjj to #djj1jjj1jjj tons ye>ly1 ( :i* at lea/ "o-half might be sav$4 ,x is be+ demon/rat$ t ! l[-grade coals1 high 9 sulphur & a%1 n[ left und]gr\nd1 c be us$ economically 9 ! gas produc] = p[] & light1 &1 !re=e1 %\ld be m9$ at ! same "t t ! high-grade coal is be+ remov$4 ,moreov]1 att5tion is n[ be+ call$ to ! practicability ( a fur!r l>ge r$uction ( wa/e ?r\gh m effici5t m9+ me?ods4 ,! wa%+ te/s h demon/rat$ ! fact t _m coals1 too high 9 a% & sulphur = economic use "u ! /eam boil] or = cok+1 may be r5d]$ ( comm]cial value by prop] treatm5t 9 ! wa%]y4 ,! cok+ te/s h also demon/rat$ t1 by prop] me?ods ( prep>ation = & manipulation 9 ! beehive ov51 _m coals :i* 7 n suppos$ to be ( economic value = cok+ purposes1 may be r5d]$ s by prior wa%+ & prop] treatm5t4 ,( m ?an #ajj coals te/$ dur+ #aijf f ! ,mississippi ,valley & ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 mo/ ( :i* coals 7 reg>d$ z non-cok+1 all except #f 7 f\nd1 by c>eful manipulation1 to make fairly good coke = f\ndry & o!r metallurgical purposes4 ,( #eb coals f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 all b #c produc$ good coke "u prop] treatm5t1 ?\gh a numb] ( ^! _h be5 consid]$ non-cok+ coals4 ,inve/igations into ! relative effici5cy ( gasol9e & d5atur$ alcohol z p[] produc]s1 und]tak5 9 connection ) "w = ! ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 h demon/rat$ t ) prop] manipulation ( ! c>burett]s1 ignit]s1 degree ( compression1 etc41 d5atur$ alcohol has ! same p[]-produc+ value1 gallon = gallon1 z gasol9e4 ,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ developm5t1 9 view ( ! fact t ! heat value ( a gallon ( alcohol is only a little m ?an #j4f t ( a gallon ( gasol9e4 ,to secure ^! results1 compressions ( f #aej to #ahj lb4 p] sq4 94 7 us$1 ^! pressures involv+ an increase 9 weight ( eng9e4 ,al?\gh ! eng9e especially design$ = alcohol w be heavi] ?an a gasol9e eng9e ( ! same size1 x w h a suffici5tly great] p[] capacity s t ! weight p] horse-p[] ne$ n be great]4 ,sev]al hundr$ tons ( peat h be5 te/$ to det]m9e me?ods ( dry+1 compress+ into briquettes1 & utilization = p[] production 9 ! gas produc]4 ,9 connection ) ^! peat inve/igations1 a reconnoissance survey has be5 made ( ! peat deposits ( ! ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,samples h be5 obta9$ by bor+ to diff]5t dep?s 9 _m widely di/ribut$ peat-bogs1 & ^! samples h be5 analyz$ & te/$ 9 ord] to det]m9e _! orig91 nature1 & fuel value4 ,! ext5t & numb] ( te/s f :i* ^! results h be5 d]iv$ w be appreciat$ f ! fact t1 9 ?ree ye>s1 ne>ly #ae1jjj te/s 7 made1 9 ea* ( :i* l>ge quantities ( fuel 7 consum$4 ,^! te/s involv$ ne>ly #a1bej1jjj physical obs]vations & #fg1jhj *emical det]m9ations1 made ) a view to analyze ! results ( ! te/s & to indicate any necess>y *anges 9 ! me?ods z !y progress$4 ,= cok+1 cupola1 & wa%+1 #eif te/s1 ( :i* ne>ly #cjj involv$ ! use ( ne>ly #a1jjj tons ( coal1 h be5 made at ,d5v]4 ,= briquett+1 #cab te/s h be5 made4 ,briquettes h be5 us$ 9 combu/ion te/s 9 :i* #bej tons ( briquett$ coal 7 consum$ 9 battle%ip te/s1 #baj tons 9 torp$o-boat te/s1 #cbj tons 9 locomotive te/s on ?ree railway sy/ems1 & #gj tons 7 consum$ "u /ation>y /eam boil]s4 ,( produc] gas te/s1 #age h be5 made1 ( :i* #g 7 long-"t runs ( a week or m 9 duration1 consum+ 9 all #aje tons ( coal4 ,!re h be5 #cjj h\se-heat+ boil] te/s & #ege /eam-boil] te/s2 also1 #hc railway-locomotive & #bc naval-vessel te/s h be5 made on run-(-m9e coal 9 comp>ison ) briquett$ coal2 also1 #abe te/s h be5 made 9 connection ) heat-transmission exp]im5ts1 & #b1bed gasol9e- & alcohol-eng9e te/s4 ,ne>ly #aj1jjj samples ( coal 7 tak5 = analysis1 ( :i* #c1jjj 7 f public-l& ,/ates4 ,ne>ly #e1jjj inspection samples1 ( coal pur*as$ by ! ,gov]nm5t = its use1 h be5 tak5 & te/$4 ,! results ( ! te/s made 9 ! c\rse ( ^! inve/igations1 z summ>iz$1 h be5 publi%$ 9 twelve sep>ate ,bullet9s1 ?ree ( :i*1 ,nos4 #bfa1 #bij1 & #ccb1 set =? 9 detail ! op]ations ( ! fuel-te/+ plant = #aijd1 #aije1 & #aijf4 ,pr(essional ,pap] ,no4 #dh1 9 ?ree volumes1 describes 9 great] detail ea* /age ( ! op]ations = #aijd & #aije4 ,sep>ate ,bullet9s1 descriptive ( ! me?ods & results ( ! "w 9 detail1 h be5 publi%$1 z foll[s3 ,no4 #cbc1 ,exp]im5tal "w conduct$ 9 ! *emical laboratory2 ,no4 #cbe1 ,a /udy ( f\r hundr$ /eam+ te/s2 ,no4 #ccd1 ,burn+ ( coal )\t smoke 9 boil] plants2 ,no4 #ccf1 ,wa%+ & cok+ te/s ( coal1 & cupola te/s ( coke2 ,no4 #cci1 ,pur*ase ( coal "u specifications on basis ( heat+ value2 ,no4 #cdc1 ,b9d]s = coal briquettes2 ,no4 #cfb1 ,m9e sampl+ & *emical analyses ( coals 9 #aijg2 ,no4 #cfc1 ,comp>ative te/s ( run-(-m9e & briquett$ coal on locomotives1 includ+ torp$o-boat te/s1 & "s =eign specifications = briquett$ fuel2 ,no4 #cff1 ,te/s ( coal & briquettes z fuel = h\se-heat+ boil]s2 ,no4 #cfg1 ,significance ( drafts 9 /eam-boil] practice2 ,no4 #cfh1 ,cok+ & wa%+ te/s ( coal at ,d5v]2 ,no4 #cgc1 ,smokeless combu/ion ( coal 9 boil] plants1 ) a *apt] on c5tral heat+ plants2 ,no4 #cgh1 ,results ( pur*as+ coal "u ,gov]nm5t specifications2 ,no4 #chb1 ,! effect ( oxyg5 9 coal2 &1 ,no4 #che1 ,briquett+ te/s at ,norfolk1 ,va4 ,,discussion ,,k5ne? ,,all51 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4--,! speak] w\ld l to "k :e!r any?+ has be5 done 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t[>d utiliz+ m>% mud = fuel4 ,9 an address by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,atk9son1 be=e ! ,new ,engl& ,wat] ,works ,association1 9 #aijd1 on ! subject ( 8,bog ,fuel10 he ref]r$ to its ext5sive use 9 ,sw$5 & else:]e1 & intimat$ t !re 0 a wide field = its use 9 ,am]ica4 ,! p]c5tage ( combu/ible mat]ial 9 ! mud ( ord9>y m>% l&s is v consid]able1 & !re are enorm\s deposits readily available2 b x is h>dly probable t its calorific value is suffici5tly high to r5d] its g5]al use at ?is "t pr(itable4 ,z an example ( ! am\nt ( organic matt] :i* may rema9 /or$ 9 ^! muds = _m ye>s1 ! speak] w\ld m5tion a sample tak5 f ! bottom ( a tr5*1 :i* he _h analyz$ a few ye>s ago4 ,al?\gh tak5 f a dep? ( ab\t #ae ft41 mu* ( ! vegetable fib] rema9$ intact4 ,! mat]ial prov$ to be #gj volatile4 ,possibly be=e ! exi/+ available coal deposits are exhau/$1 ! exploitation ( mead[ muds = fuel may become pr(itable4 ,,h5ry ,,kreis+]1 ,esq4#bi 7by lett]74--,mr4 ,wilson gives a brief description ( a long furnace & an outl9e ( ! rese>* "w :i* is be+ done 9 x4 ,x may be well to discuss some:at m fully ! propos$ inve/igations & po9t out ! practical value ( ! f9d+s to :i* !y may lead4 ,9 g5]al1 ! object is to /udy ! process ( combu/ion ( coal4 ,:5 s(t coal is burn$ 9 any furnace1 "p ( ! combu/ible is driv5 (f %ortly aft] *>g+1 & has to be burn$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! fuel b$ & ! exit ( ! gases1 :i* is call$ ! combu/ion space4 ,!re is en\gh evid5ce to %[ t1 ) a con/ant air supply1 ! complet5ess ( ! combu/ion ( ! volatile combu/ible dep5ds on ! l5g? ( "t ! latt] /ays )9 ! combu/ion space2 b1 ) a con/ant rate ( *>g+ ! coal1 ?is l5g? ( "t dep5ds directly on ! ext5t ( ! combu/ion space4 ,?us1 if ! volume ( ! volatile combu/ible evolv$ p] second & ! admix$ air is #dj cu4 ft41 & ! ext5t ( ! combu/ion space is #hj cu4 ft41 ! av]age "t ! gas w /ay )9 ! latt] is #b sec42 if ! combu/ion space is #bj cu4 ft41 ! av]age "t ! mixture c /ay 9 ?is space is only sec41 & its combu/ion w be less complete ?an 9 ! fir/ case4 ,?us x is se5 t ! ext5t ( ! combu/ion space ( a furnace is an important factor 9 ! economic combu/ion ( volatile coals4 ,! specific object ( ! inve/igations1 ?us f> plann$1 is to det]m9e ! ext5t ( ! combu/ion space requir$ to atta9 practically complete combu/ion :5 a giv5 quantity ( a giv5 coal is burn$ "u def9ite conditions4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 ! furnace has be5 provid$ ) a combu/ion space l>ge en\gh = ! highe/ volatile coals & = ! highe/ cu/om>y rate ( combu/ion4 ,to illu/rate ! application ( ! data :i* w be obta9$ by ^! exp]im5ts1 ! foll[+ qu]ies are giv53 ,suppose x is requir$ to design a furnace :i* w burn coal f a c]ta9 ,ill9ois m9e at ! rate ( #a1jjj lb4 p] h\r1 ) a result+ temp]ature ( n less ?an #b1hjj ,fahr4 ,h[ l>ge a combu/ion space is requir$ to burn1 ) practical complet5ess1 ! volatile combu/ible8 ,:at complet5ess ( combu/ion c be atta9$1 if ! combu/ion space is only ?ree-f\r?s ( ! requir$ ext5t8 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! k ( ! process ( combu/ion ( coal1 ^! qu]ies _c be answ]$ def9itely4 ,9 ! lit]ature on combu/ion "o may f9d /atem5ts t ! gases mu/ be completely burn$ be=e leav+ ! furnace or be=e !y /rike ! cool+ surfaces ( ! boil]2 b !re is no def9ite in=mation available z to h[ long ! gases mu/ be kept 9 ! furnace or h[ l>ge ! combu/ion space mu/ be 9 ord] to obta9 practically complete combu/ion4 ,x is /range t s little is kn[n ( su* an old art z ! combu/ion ( coal4 ,! rese>* "w "u consid]ation is fundam5tally a problem 9 physical *emi/ry1 &1 = t reason1 has be5 assign$ to a committee consi/+ ( ! writ] z ,eng9e]1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,w4 ,fraz]1 ,*emi/1 & ,dr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,clem5t1 ,physici/4 ,! outcome ( ! inve/igation may prove ( extreme int]e/ to me*anical & fuel eng9e]s1 & to all :o h any?+ to d ) ! burn+ ( coal or ! con/ruction ( furnaces4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts ?us f> plann$ ! foll[+ factors w be consid]$3 ,effect ( ! ,nature ( ,coal on ! ,ext5t ( ,combu/ion ,space ,requir$4--,! /eam+ coals m9$ 9 diff]5t localities evolve diff]5t volumes ( volatile combu/ible1 ev5 :5 burn$ at ! same rate4 ,! coal :i* analyzes #de ( volatile matt] evolves a mu* great] volume ( gases & t> vapors ?an t analyz+ only #ae p] c5t4 ,^! evolv$ gases & t> vapors mu/ be burn$ 9 ! space4 ,consequ5tly1 a furnace burn+ high volatile coal mu/ h a mu* l>g] combu/ion space ?an t burn+ coal l[ 9 volatile combu/ible4 ,!re is en\gh evid5ce to %[ t ! ext5t ( combu/ion space requir$ to burn ! volatile combu/ible dep5ds1 n only on ! volume ( ! combu/ible mixture1 b also on ! *emical composition ( ! volatile combu/ible4 ,?us ! volatile combu/ible ( l[ volatile coal1 :5 mix$ ) an equal volume ( air1 may require #a sec4 9 ! combu/ion space to burn practically to complet5ess1 :ile x may require #b sec4 to burn ! same volume ( ! volatile combu/ible ( high volatile coal ) ! same complet5ess2 s t ! ext5t ( ! combu/ion space requir$ to burn v>i\s k9ds ( coal may n be directly proportional to ! volatile matt] ( ! coal4 ,effect ( ! ,rate ( ,combu/ion on ! ,ext5t ( ,combu/ion ,space ,requir$4--,) ! same coal1 ! volume ( ! volatile combu/ible di/ill$ f ! fuel b$ p] unit ( "t v>ies z ! rate ( combu/ion4 ,?us1 :5 ?is rate is d\ble t ( ! /&>d1 ! volume ( gases & t> vapors driv5 f ! fuel is ab\t d\bl$4 ,to ?is increas$ volume ( volatile combu/ible1 ab\t d\ble ! volume ( air mu/ be add$1 &1 if ! mixture is to be kept ! same l5g? ( "t )9 ! combu/ion space1 ! latt] %\ld be ab\t twice z l>ge z = ! /&>d rate ( combu/ion4 ,?us ! combu/ion space requir$ = complete combu/ion v>ies1 n only ) ! nature ( ! coal1 b also ) ! rate ( fir+ ! fuel1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is self-evid5t4 ,effect ( ,air ,supply on ! ,ext5t ( ,combu/ion ,space ,requir$4--,ano!r factor :i* influ5ces ! ext5t ( ! combu/ion space is ! quantity ( air mix$ ) ! volatile combu/ible4 ,p]haps1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! combu/ion space may be decreas$ :5 ! supply ( air is increas$4 ,h[ev]1 any /atem5t at pres5t is only speculation2 ! facts mu/ be det]m9$ exp]im5tally4 ,"o fact is kn[n1 namely1 t1 9 ord] to obta9 high] temp]atures ( ! products ( combu/ion1 ! air supply mu/ be decreas$4 ,effect ( ,rate ( ,heat+ ( ,coal on ! ,ext5t ( ,combu/ion ,space ,requir$4--,!re is /ill ano!r factor1 a v important "o1 :i*1 ) a giv5 coal & any giv5 air supply1 w influ5ce ! ext5t ( ! combu/ion space4 ,?is factor is ! rate ( heat+ ( ! coal :5 fe$+ x into ! furnace4 ,! s-call$ 8proximate0 analysis ( coal is inde$ only v approximate4 ,:5 ! analysis %[s1 say1 #dj ( volatile matt] & #de ( fix$ c>bon1 x does n mean t ! coal is actually compos$ ( s mu* volatile matt] & s mu* fix$ c>bon2 x simply means t1 "u a c]ta9 rate ( heat+ atta9$ by c]ta9 /&>d laboratory conditions1 #dj ( ! coal has be5 driv5 (f z 8volatile matt]40 ,if ! rate or me?od ( heat+ 7 diff]5t1 ! am\nt ( volatile matt] driv5 (f w\ld also be diff]5t4 ,*emi/s /ate t x is difficult to obta9 accurate *ecks on 8proximate0 analysis4 ,to illu/rate ?is factor1 fur!r ref]5ce may be made to ! op]ation ( ! up-draft bitum9\s gas produc]s4 ,9 ! g5]ator ( su* produc]s ! t> vapors leave ! fre%ly fir$ fuel1 pass ?r\gh ! wet scrubb]1 & are f9ally sep>at$ by ! t> extractor z a black1 pa/y sub/ance 9 a semi-liquid /ate4 ,if ?is t> is subject$ to ! /&>d proximate analysis1 x w be %[n t f #dj to #ej ( x is fix$ c>bon1 al?\gh x left ! gas g5]ator z volatile matt]4 ,x is desir$ to emphasize ! fact t diff]5t rates ( heat+ ( high volatile coals w n only drive (f diff]5t p]c5tages ( volatile matt]1 b t ! latt] itself v>ies greatly 9 *emical composition & physical prop]ties z reg>ds inflammability & rapidity ( combu/ion4 ,?us x may be said t ! ext5t ( ! combu/ion space requir$ = ! complete oxidation ( ! volatile combu/ible dep5ds on ! me?od ( *>g+ ! fuel1 t is1 on h[ rapidly ! fre% fuel is heat$4 ,if ?is factor is giv5 prop] consid]ation1 x may be possible to r$uce v mat]ially ! necess>y space requir$ = complete combu/ion4 ,! ,effect ( ! ,rate ( ,mix+ ! ,volatile ,combu/ible & ,air on ! ,ext5t ( ! ,combu/ion ,space4--,:5 /udy+ ! effects discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 ! rate ( mix+ ! volatile combu/ible ) ! supply ( air mu/ be z con/ant z practicable4 ,at fir/1 te/s w be made ) no special mix+ devices1 ! mix+ w be accompli%$ entirely by ! /reams ( air ent]+ ! furnace at ! /ok]1 & by natural diffusion4 ,al?\gh !re appe>s to be viol5t /irr+ ( ! gases above ! fuel b$1 ! mixture ( ! gases does n become homog5e\s until !y are ab\t #aj or #ae ft4 f ! /ok]4 ,! mix+ caus$ by ! air curr5ts =c$ into ! furnace at ! /ok] is v di/9ct1 & c be readily obs]v$ ?r\gh ! peep-hole 9 ! side wall ( ! ,he9e boil]1 opposite ! long combu/ion *amb]4 ,?is mix+ is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,a is a curr5t ( air =c$ f ! a%-pit directly upw>d ?r\gh ! fuel b$2 ,b & ,b are /reams ( air =c$ above ! fuel b$ ?r\gh num]\s small op5+s at ! furnace side ( ea* hopp]4 ,^? curr5ts cause ! gases to fl[ out ( ! furnace 9 two spirals1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! velocity ( rotation on ! outside ( ! two spirals appe>s to be ab\t #aj ft4 p] sec41 :5 ! rate ( combu/ion is ab\t #gej lb4 ( coal p] h\r4 ,x is reasonable to expect t :5 ! rate ( mix+ is increas$ by build+ pi]s & o!r mix+ /ructures imm$iately back ( ! grate1 ! complet5ess ( ! combu/ion w be effect$ 9 less "t1 & a small] combu/ion space w be requir$4 ,?us1 ! mix+ /ructures may be an important factor 9 ! ext5t ( ! requir$ combu/ion space4 ,to sum up1 x c be said t ! ext5t ( ! space requir$ to obta9 a combu/ion :i* c be consid]$ complete = all practical purposes1 dep5ds on ! foll[+ factors3 7a74--,nature ( coal1 7b74--,rate ( combu/ion1 7c74--,supply ( air1 7d74--,rate ( heat+ fuel1 7e74--,rate ( mix+ volatile combu/ible & air4 ,j h[ mu* ! ext5t ( ! combu/ion space requir$ w be influ5c$ by ^! factors is ! object ( ! exp]im5ts "u discussion4 ,! ,scope ( ! ,exp]im5ts4--,) ?is object 9 view1 z expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs1 ! foll[+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts are plann$3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,section ,,?r\gh ,,/ok] ,,%[+ ,,mix+ ,,( ,,gases ,,caus$ ,,by ,,curr5ts ,,( ,,air ,six or eight typical coals are to be select$1 ea* repres5t+ a c]ta9 gr\p ( ne>ly ! same *emical composition4 ,ea* s]ies w consi/ ( sev]al sets ( te/s1 ea* set be+ run ) all ! conditions con/ant except ! "o1 ! effect ( :i* on ! size ( ! combu/ion space is to be inve/igat$4 ,?us a set ( f\r or five te/s w be made1 v>y+ 9 rate ( combu/ion f #bj to #hj lb4 ( coal p] squ>e foot ( grate p] h\r1 keep+ ! supply ( air p] p\nd ( combu/ible & ! rate ( heat+ con/ant4 ,?is set w %[ ! effect ( ! rate ( combu/ion ( ! coal on ! ext5t ( space requir$ to obta9 combu/ion :i* is practically complete4 ,o!r v>iables1 su* z composition ( coal1 supply ( air1 & rate ( heat+1 rema9 con/ant4 ,ano!r set ( f\r or five te/s w be made ) ! same coal & at ! same rate ( combu/ion1 b ! air supply w be diff]5t = ea* te/4 ,?is set ( te/s w be repeat$ = two or ?ree diff]5t rates ( combu/ion4 ,?us ea* ( ^! sets w give ! effect ( ! air supply on ! ext5t ( combu/ion space :5 ! coal & rate ( combu/ion rema9 con/ant4 ,/ill ano!r set ( te/s %\ld be made 9 :i* ! "t ( heat+ ! coal :5 fe$+ x into ! furnace w v>y f #c to #cj m94 ,9 ea* ( ! te/s ( ?is set1 ! rate ( combu/ion & ! air supply w be kept con/ant1 & ! set w be repeat$ = two or ?ree rates ( combu/ion & two or ?ree supplies ( air4 ,ea* ( ^! sets ( te/s w give ! effect ( ! rate ( heat+ ( fre% fuel on ! ext5t ( combu/ion space requir$ to burn ! di/ill$ volatile combu/ible4 ,^! sets ( exp]im5ts w require a modification 9 ! /ok] me*anism1 &1 on t acc\nt1 may be put (f until all ! o!r te/s on ! o!r select$ typical coals are complet$4 ,z ! inve/igation proce$s1 en\gh may be le>n$ s t ! numb] ( te/s 9 ea* s]ies may be gradually r$uc$4 ,aft] all ! desirable te/s are made ) ! furnace z x /&s1 sev]al k9ds ( mix+ /ructures w be built successively back ( ! /ok] & tri$1 "o k9d at a "t1 ) a set ( repres5tative te/s4 ,?us ! effectiv5ess ( su* mix+ /ructures w be det]m9$4 ,det]m9+ ! ,complet5ess ( ,combu/ion4--,! complet5ess ( combu/ion 9 ! successive cross-sections ( ! /ream ( gases is det]m9$ ma9ly by ! *emical analysis ( samples ( gases collect$ ?r\gh ! op5+s at ^! respective cross-sections4 ,! fir/ ( ^! cross-sections at :i* gas samples are collect$1 passes ?r\gh ! middle ( ! bridge wall2 ! o!rs are plac$ at int]vals ( #e ft4 ?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( ! furnace4 ,measurem5ts ( ! temp]ature ( ! gases1 & direct obs]vations ( ! l5g? & color ( ! flames & ( any visible smoke w be also made ?r\gh ! side peep-holes4 ,^! direct obs]vations1 toge!r ) ! gas analysis1 w furni% en\gh data to det]m9e ! l5g? ( travel ( ! combu/ible mixture to rea* practically complete combu/ion4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! obs]vations w det]m9e ! ext5t ( ! combu/ion space = v>i\s k9ds ( coal :5 burn$ "u c]ta9 giv5 conditions4 ,direct obs]vations & ! analysis ( gases at sections ne>] ! /ok] ?an t at :i* ! combu/ion is practically complete1 w %[ h[ ! process ( combu/ion approa*es its completion4 ,?is in=mation w be ( extreme value 9 det]m9+ ! effect ( %ort5+ ! combu/ion space on ! loss ( heat due to incomplete combu/ion4 ,me?od ( ,collect+ ,gas ,samples4--,! collection ( gas samples is a difficult problem 9 itself1 :5 "o consid]s t ! temp]ature ( ! gases1 z !y are 9 ! furnace1 ranges f #b1djj to #c1bjj ,fahr42 consequ5tly1 ! samples mu/ be collect$ ) wat]-cool$ tubes4 ,?us f>1 ab\t #be prelim9>y te/s h be5 made4 ,^! te/s %[ t ! composition ( ! gases at ! cross-sections ne> ! /ok] is n uni=m1 & t m ?an "o sample mu/ be tak5 f ea* cross-section4 ,x 0 decid$ to take #i samples f ! cross-section imm$iately back ( ! /ok]1 & r$uce ! numb] 9 ! sections foll[+1 accord+ to ! uni=mity ( ! gas composition4 ,?us1 ab\t #ce simultane\s gas samples mu/ be tak5 = ea* te/4 ,! samples w be subject$1 n only to ! usual det]m9ation ( ,,co#b1 ,o#b & ,,co1 b to a complete analysis4 ,x is also realiz$ t "s ( ! c>bon-hydrog5 comp\nds :i*1 at ! furnace temp]ature1 exi/ z heavy gases1 are cond5s$ to liquids & solids :5 cool$ 9 ! sampl+ tubes1 :]e !y settle & t5d to clog x4 ,to neglect ! pres5ce ( ?is =m ( ! combu/ible w\ld introduce consid]able error 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! complet5ess ( combu/ion at any ( ! cross-sections4 ,!re=e1 special wat]-cool$ sampl+ tubes are con/ruct$ & equipp$ ) filt]s :i* sep>ate ! liquid & solid combu/ible f ! gases4 ,! cont5ts ( ^! filt]s are !n also subject$ to complete analysis4 ,to obta9 quantitative data1 a measur$ quantity ( gases mu/ be drawn ?r\gh ^! filt]+ sampl+ tubes4 ,! ,measur+ ( ,temp]atures4--,at pres5t ! only possible kn[n me?od ( measur+ ! temp]ature ( ! furnace gases is by optical & radiation pyromet]s4 ,plat9um !rmo-c\ples are soon de/roy$ by ! corrosive action ( ! hot gases4 ,! pyromet]s us$ at pres5t are ! ,wann] optical pyromet] & ! ,f]y radiation pyromet]4 ,! ,fl[ ( ,heat ,?r\gh ,furnace ,walls4--,an int]e/+ side inve/igation has develop$1 9 ! /udy ( ! loss ( heat ?r\gh ! furnace walls4 ,9 ! description ( ?is exp]im5tal furnace x has be5 said t ! side walls conta9$ a #b-;94 air space1 :i*1 9 ! ro(1 0 replac$ ) a #a-;94 lay] ( asbe/os4 ,to det]m9e ! relative resi/ance to heat fl[ ( ! air space & ! asbe/os lay]1 #bj !rmo-c\ples 7 emb$d$1 9 gr\ps ( f\r1 to diff]5t dep?s at ?ree places 9 ! side wall & at two places 9 ! ro(4 ,9 ! side wall1 "o ( ! !rmo-c\ples ( ea* gr\p 0 plac$ 9 ! inn] wall ne> ! furnace surface2 ! second !rmo-c\ple 0 plac$ 9 ! same wall1 b ne> ! surface fac+ ! air space2 ! ?ird !rmo-c\ple 0 plac$ 9 ! out] wall ne> ! inn] surface2 & ! f\r? 0 plac$ ne> ! out] surface 9 ! out] wall4 ,9 ! ro( ! second & ?ird !rmo-c\ples 7 plac$ 9 ! brick ne> ! surface on ea* side ( ! asbe/os lay]4 ,^! !rmo-c\ples h %[n t ! temp]ature drop across ! #b-;94 air space 0 mu* less ?an t across ! #a-;94 lay] ( asbe/os2 9 fact1 t x 0 consid]ably less ?an ! temp]ature drop ?r\gh ! same ?ickness ( ! brick wall4 ,! results obta9$ prove t1 z f> z heat insulation is conc]n$1 air spaces 9 furnace walls are undesirable4 ,! heat is n conduct$ ?r\gh ! air1 b leaps across ! space by radiation4 ,9 furnace con/ruction a solid wall is a bett] heat insulator ?an "o ( ! same total ?ickness conta9+ an air space4 ,if x is necess>y to build a furnace wall 9 two p>ts on acc\nt ( unequal expansion1 ! space betwe5 ! two walls %\ld be fill$ ) "s solid1 *eap1 non-conduct+ mat]ials1 su* z a%1 s&1 or cru%$ brick4 ,a m detail$ acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts may be f\nd 9 a ,bullet9 ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey entitl$ 8,! ,fl[ ( ,heat ,?r\gh ,furnace ,walls40 ,,walt] ,o4 ,,snell+1 ,esq4#cj 7by lett]74--,! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,te/+ ,/ation at ,pittsburg has be5 set =? s fully by ,mr4 ,wilson t a fur!r /atem5t z to ! results a*iev$ may seem l repetition4 ,x w\ld be mo/ unlikely1 h[ev]1 t /udies ( su* v>iety %\ld possess no o!r value ?an along ! direct l9es be+ inve/igat$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,m9e ,accid5ts ,division1 at lea/1 x is c]ta9 t ! indirect b5efits ( "s ( ! /udies h be5 f>-rea*+1 & are n[ prov+ ( value 9 l9es f> remov$ f ^? :i* 7 ! prim>y object ( ! inve/igation4 ,!y are develop+ facts :i* w be ( great value to all eng9e]s or contractors engag$ 9 tunnel+ or qu>ry+4 ,z ! writ]'s exp]i5ce has be5 solely 9 connection ) ! *emical exam9ation ( explosives1 he w conf9e 8 discussion to ?is phase4 ,9 /udy+ ! prop]ties ( v>i\s explosives1 & 9 te/+ "w to sep>ate ^? 9 :i* ! dang] ( ignit+ explosive mixtures ( coal du/ & air1 or ( fire-damp & air1 is greate/1 f ^? 9 :i* ?is dang] is lea/1 mu* in=mation has be5 collect$4 ,mr4 ,wilson has describ$ _m ( ! te/s1 & x c be readily se5 t 9 c>ry+ out ^! & o!r te/s on ea* ( ! explosives submitt$1 a great _m facts relat+ to ! prop]ties ( explosive comp\nds h be5 obta9$1 :i* 7 soon f\nd to be ( decid$ value 9 directions o!r ?an ! simple diff]5tiation ( explosives :i* are safe f ^? :i* are unsafe 9 ! pres5ce ( explosive mixtures ( fire-damp or coal du/4 ,! factors :i* det]m9e ! suitability ( an explosive = "w 9 mat]ial ( any p>ticul> physical *>act]i/ics dep5d on ! relation%ip ( su* prop]ties z p]cussive =ce 7or ! initial bl[ produc$ by ! products ( ! decomposition ( ! explosive at ! mom5t ( explosion71 & ! heav+ =ce 7or ! cont9u$ pressure produc$ by ! products ( ! decomposition1 aft] ! initial bl[ at ! in/ant ( detonation74 ,:]e an explosive has be5 us$ 9 coal or rock ( a c]ta9 degree ( brittl5ess1 & :]e ! "w ( ! explosive ) t p>ticul> coal is n ?or\ghly satisfactory1 x becomes evid5t t ?r\gh ! sy/ematic use ( ! in=mation available at ! ,te/+ ,/ation 7& n[ 9 c\rse ( publication 9 ! =m ( bullet9s71 9 reg>d to ! relation%ip betwe5 p]cussive & heav+ =ces 9 diff]5t explosives1 z %[n by ! te/s ) small lead blocks1 ! ,trauzl te/1 & ! balli/ic p5dulum1 t explosives c be select$ :i*1 possess+ 9 modifi$ =m ! prop]ties ( ! explosive n entirely satisfactory 9 t type ( coal or rock1 w\ld comb9e all ! favorable prop]ties ( ! fir/ explosive1 toge!r ) su* additional advantages z w\ld come f its add$ adaptation to ! mat]ial 9 :i* x is to be us$4 ,= example1 if ! explosive 9 use 7 f\nd to h too great a %att]+ effect on ! coal1 an exam9ation ( ! small lead-block te/ ( ?is explosive1 & a comp>ison ( ?is ) lead-block te/s ( o!r explosives hav+ practically ! same /r5g?1 z %[n by ! balli/ic p5dulum1 w enable ! m9e manag] to select f ^? already on ! ,p]missible ,li/ 7& !re=e v\*$ = 9 reg>d to safety 9 ! pres5ce ( gas & coal du/1 :5 us$ 9 a prop] way71 "s explosive :i* w h ! same /r5g?1 & yet :i*1 because ( less5$ p]cussive =ce or %att]+ effect1 w produce coal 9 ! mann] desir$4 ,if "o takes ! o!r extreme1 & consid]s a m9e 9 :i* ! product is us$ exclusively = ! prep>ation ( coke 7& !re=e :]e %att]+ ( ! coal is 9 no way a disadvantage71 ! m9e sup]9t5d5t's int]e/ w be prim>ily to select an explosive :i*1 z indicat$ by suitable lead-block1 ,trauzl1 & balli/ic p5dulum te/s1 w produce ! greate/ am\nt ( coal at ! lea/ co/4 ,z ! co/ ( ! explosive does n =m any "p ( ! tables prep>$ by ! ,te/+ ,/ation1 ! relative co/ mu/ be comput$ f ! manufactur]'s prices1 b ! results tabulat$ by ! ,/ation w conta9 all ! o!r data necess>y to give ! m9e sup]9t5d5t 7:o c>es to take ! small am\nt ( tr\ble necess>y to famili>ize himself ) ! tables7 all ! in=mation :i* is requir$ to comp>e ! action ( "o explosive ) t ( any o!r explosive te/$4 ,9 ?is way x is se5 t1 aside f ! prim>y consid]ation ( safety 9 ! pres5ce ( explosive mixtures ( fire-damp & coal du/ 7a condition alike fulfill$ by all explosives admitt$ to ! ,p]missible ,li/71 ! data prep>$ by ! ,te/+ ,/ation also give ! in=mation necess>y to enable ! discrim9at+ m9e manag] to select an explosive adapt$ to ! p>ticul> physical qualities ( ! coal at 8 m9e1 or to decide intellig5tly betwe5 two explosives ( ! same co/ on ! basis ( _! actual en]gy cont5t 9 ! p>ticul> =m ( ! heav+ or p]cussive =ce requir$ 9 8 "w4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! inve/igations h be5 conf9$ to explosives us$ 9 coal m9+1 because ! ,act ( ,congress e/abli%+ ! ,te/+ ,/ation has ?us limit$ its "w4 ,accord+ly1 x is n possible to comp>e1 on ! sy/ematic basis j m5tion$1 ! explosives g5]ally us$ 9 rock "w4 ,x is probable t1 if ! ,bill n[ be=e ,congress 9 reg>d to ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,bureau ( ,m9es is pass$1 "w ( ?is "* w be und]tak51 & ! tables ( explosives n[ prep>$ w be ext5d$ to cov] all ^? int5d$ = g5]al m9+ & qu>ry+ use4 ,data ( su* "* are unobta9able to-day1 &1 z a result1 a consid]able p]c5tage ( explosives n[ us$ 9 all m9+ op]ations is wa/$1 because ( _! lack ( adaptation to ! mat]ials be+ bla/$4 ,x is well kn[n1 = example1 t :5 an explosive ( high p]cussive =ce is us$ 9 excavat+ 9 a s(t or easily compress$ m$ium1 a consid]able p]c5tage ( its =ce is wa/$ z heat en]gy1 p]=m+ no o!r function ?an ! di/ortion & compression ( ! mat]ial 9 :i* x is fir$1 )\t ex]t+ ei!r an appreciable crack+ or fissur+ effect1 or a heav+ or ?r[+ ( ! mat]ial4 ,ow+ to lack ( in=mation 9 reg>d to ! exact relation%ip betwe5 ! p]cussive & ! heav+ =ce 9 p>ticul> explosives1 ?is wa/e1 z comp>$ ) ! quantity requir$ = ! "w ) a prop]ly balanc$ mat]ial1 w cont9ue2 b x is to be hop$ t x w soon be possible to give ! m9+ & qu>ry+ indu/ries suitable in=mation 9 reg>d to ! prop]ties ( ! v>i\s explosives1 s t ! railroad contractor & ! metal m9] may h ! same simple & exact means ( discrim9ation betwe5 suitable & unsuitable explosives t is n[ be+ provid$ = ! b5efit ( ! coal m9]4 ,ano!r ( ! important b indirect b5efits ( ?is "w has be5 ! production ( uni=mity ( /r5g? & composition 9 explosives4 ,an example ( ?is helpful influ5ce is ! /&>dization ( detonat+ caps & electric detonators4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! explosive indu/ry1 x 0 app>5tly advantage\s = ea* manufactur] to h a sep>ate sy/em ( trade nom5clature by :i* to designate ! /r5g?s ( ! diff]5t detonators manufactur$ by him4 ,! necessity & ev5 ! advantage ( su* me?ods h long be5 outgr[n1 & yet1 until ! pa/ ye>1 ! explosive indu/ry has _h to labor "u conditions :i* made x almo/ impossible = ! us] ( explosives to comp>e1 9 co/ or /r5g?1 detonators ( diff]5t manufactur]s2 or to select intellig5tly ! detonator be/ suit$ to ! explosive to be us$4 ,aft] conf]5ce ) ! manufactur]s ( detonat+ caps & electric detonators1 a /&>d sy/em ( nam+ ! /r5g?s ( ^! products has be5 select$ by ! ,te/+ ,/ation1 & has met ) a mo/ he>ty response4 ,x is enc\rag+ to note t1 9 rec5t trade catalogues1 detonators are nam$ 9 su* a way z to enable ! us] to det]m9e directly ! /r5g? ( ! conta9$ *>ge1 :i* is a decid$ advantage to e us] ( explosives & also to manufactur]s4 ,! uni=mity ( composition ( explosives 7& _m difficulties 9 m9+ "w & _m accid5ts h be5 rightly or wrongly attribut$ to lack ( uni=mity7 may be consid]$ z settl$ 9 reg>d to all ^? on ! ,p]missible ,li/4 ,"o ( ! conditions requir$ ( e explosive on t li/ is t its composition mu/ cont9ue sub/antially ! same z ! samples submitt$ orig9ally = (ficial te/4 ,up to ! pres5t1 all explosives admitt$ to ! ,p]missible ,li/ h ma9ta9$ _! orig9al composition1 z det]m9$ by subsequ5t analyses ( samples select$ f m9es 9 :i* ! explosive 0 9 use1 & comp>ison ) ! orig9al samples4 ,! data assembl$ by ! ,te/+ ,/ation 9 reg>d to p>ticul> explosives h also be5 ( great b5efit to ! manufactur]s4 ,:5 ! explosives te/s 7 comm5c$1 comp>atively few explosives 7 be+ made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = :i* x 0 ev5 claim$ by ! manufactur]s t !y 7 at all safe 9 ! pres5ce ( explosive mixtures ( gas or coal du/4 ,x 0 evid5t t1 )\t sy/ematic te/s1 v little k ( ! safety or lack ( safety ( any p>ticul> explosive c\ld ev] be ga9$1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! us] ( explosives 0 apt to reg>d ) incr$ulity any claim by ! manufactur] 9 reg>d to ! qualities ( safety4 ,ow+ to lack ( pro(1 ?is 0 mo/ natural2 & x 0 also evid5t t ! v sl[ process ( te/+1 :i* 0 (f]$ by a /udy ( m9e explosions dur+ pa/ ye>s1 0 suffici5t only to prove ! dang] ( black p[d]1 & n 9 any way to indicate ! safety ( any ( ! br&s ( m9+ p[d] = :i* ?is prop]ty 0 claim$4 ,inde$1 "o ( ! few explosives to :i* ! "n1 8safety10 0 atta*$1 at ! "t ! ,gov]nm5t exp]im5ts 7 fir/ und]tak51 0 f\nd to be any?+ b safe :5 te/$ 9 ! gall]y1 al?\gh !re is no reason to believe t ! mak]s ( ?is & o!r explosives claim+ 8safety0 = _! product1 did n h ! fulle/ confid5ce 9 _! safety4 ,! ,te/+ ,/ation (f]$ ! fir/ opportunity 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to obta9 facts 9 reg>d to ! dang] ( any p>ticul> explosive 9 ! pres5ce ( explosive mixtures ( gas or coal du/4 ,) mo/ comm5dable en]gy1 ! manufactur]s ( explosives1 not+ ! e>ly failures ( _! p[d]s 9 ! te/+ gall]y1 began at once to modify !m 9 su* ways z sugge/$ by ! behavior ( ! explosives :5 "u te/1 &1 9 a %ort "t1 return$ to ! ,te/+ ,/ation ) improv$ products1 able to /& ! sev]e te/s requir$4 ,9 ?is way ! ,te/+ ,/ation has be5 a mo/ active ag5t 9 increas+ ! g5]al safety ( explosives1 & ! manufactur]s h %[n cle>ly t x nev] 0 _! desire to (f] inf]ior explosives to ! public1 b t _! failures 9 ! pa/ 7 due solely to lack ( in=mation 9 reg>d to ! action ( explosives "u ! conditions :i* exi/ be=e a m9e disa/]4 ,! *ance be+ (f]$ to duplicate1 at ! ,te/+ ,/ation1 ! conditions repres5t$ 9 a m9e 9 ! pres5ce ( gas1 !y %[$ an eag]ness to modify & improve _! explosives s z to enable !m to answ] sev]e m9+ conditions1 :i* is mo/ comm5dable to ,am]ican indu/ry4 ,9 reg>d to ! unfavorable conditions exi/+ 9 m9es 9 ! pa/1 ! same argum5ts may be us$4 ,9 spite ( ! frequ5cy ( m9e accid5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 spite ( ! high dea? rate 9 coal m9+ z comp>$ ) t 9 o!r c\ntries1 x mu/ be said 9 fairness t ?is has be5 ! result ( ignorance ( ! actual conditions :i* produce m9e explosions1 r ?an any willful disreg>d ( ! kn[n laws ( safety by m9e own]s4 ,conditions 9 ,am]ican m9es are f> diff]5t f ^? obta9+ 9 m9es abroad1 &1 z a result1 ! rules :i* ye>s ( exp]i5ce _h taught to =eign colli]y manag]s 7 n quickly appli$ to conditions exi/+ 9 ,am]ican m9es2 b1 z soon z ! "w at ! ,pittsburg ,/ation _h demon/rat$ ! explosibility ( ! coal du/ f adjo9+ m9es1 & _h %[n ! v great safety ( "s explosives z comp>$ ) o!rs1 !re 0 at once a read9ess on ! "p ( m9e own]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to improve conditions 9 _! m9es1 & to take advantage ( all ! /udies made by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ?us %[+ cle>ly t ! disa/]s ( ! pa/ _h be5 due to lack ( suffici5t in=mation r t to any willful disreg>d ( ! value ( human lives4 ,ano!r ( ! indirect b5efits ( ! "w ( ! ,/ation has result$ f its exam9ation ( explosives = ! ,panama ,canal4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission has be5 "o ( ! l>ge/ us]s ( explosives 9 ! _w1 &1 9 ! pur*ase ( ! enorm\s quantities requir$1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to e/abli% a sy/em ( c>eful exam9ation & inspection4 ,?is 0 done 9 ord] to insure ! safety ( ! explosives deliv]$ on ! ,i/hmus1 & also to make c]ta9 t ! /&>ds nam$ 9 ! contract 7 be+ ma9ta9$ at all times4 ,) its e/abli%$ corps ( *emi/s & eng9e]s1 x 0 natural t ?is important "w %\ld be tak5 up by ! ,te*nologic ,bran* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 &1 dur+ ! pa/ ?ree ye>s1 _m millions ( p\nds ( dynamite h be5 inspect$ & samples analyz$ by ! *emi/s connect$ ) ! ,pittsburg ,te/+ ,/ation1 ?us insur+ ! high /&>d ( ^! mat]ials4 ,"o ( ! _m ways 9 :i* ?is "w = ! ,canal ,commission has prov$ ( advantage is %[n by ! fact t1 z a result ( /udies at ! ,te/+ ,/ation1 electric detonators are be+ made to-day :i*1 9 wat]-pro( qualities1 are greatly sup]ior to any simil> product4 ,z ! improvem5ts ( ^! detonators 7 made by a memb] ( ! te/+ /aff1 all ! pecuni>y advantages aris+ f !m h gone directly to ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* to-day is obta9+ sup]ior electric detonators1 & at a co/ ( ab\t "o-?ird ( ! price ( ! =m] mat]ials4 ,all ! "w ( ! ,te*nologic ,bran* is be+ c>ri$ out along em95tly practical l9es1 & is f> remov$ f su* "w z c be tak5 up advantage\sly by private or by ,/ate ag5cies4 ,! "w ( ! ,m9e ,accid5ts ,division 0 tak5 up prim>ily to r$uce ! numb] ( m9e accid5ts1 & to increase ! g5]al conditions ( safety 9 m9+4 ,z ! "w ( ?is ,division has progress$1 x has be5 f\nd to be ( great advantage to ! m9] & ! m9e own]1 :ile ! ultimate results ( ! /udies w be ( /ill great] value to e consum] ( coal1 z !y w insure a cont9u$ supply ( ?is valuable product1 & at a l[] co/ ?an if ! pres5t me?ods1 wa/eful alike 9 lives & 9 coal1 _h be5 all[$ to cont9ue = ano!r decade4 ,a4 ,,b>tocc9i1 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,! writ] made a p]sonal inve/igation ( ! m9e disa/] ( ,*]ry1 ,ill4 ,he int]view$ ! m5 :o escap$ on ! day ( ! accid5t1 & also sev]al ( ^? :o 7 rescu$ "o week lat]4 ,he also int]rogat$ ! sup]9t5d5t & ! eng9e] ( ! m9e1 & obta9$ all ! in=mation ask$ = & also ! plans ( ! m9e %[+ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,aft] a c>eful inve/igation ! writ] f\nd t ! foll[+ conditions exi/$ at ! m9e at ! "t ( ! disa/]3 ,fir/4--,!re 7 no means = ext+ui%+ fires 9 ! m9e4 ,second4--,!re 7 no signal sy/ems ( any k9d4 ,_h ! m9e be5 provid$ ) electric signals & telephones1 l "s ( ! mo/ mod]n m9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! majority ( ! m5 c\ld h be5 sav$1 by gett+ into communication ) ! outside & work+ 9 conjunction ) ! rescu]s4 ,?ird4--,! m9]s _h nev] receiv$ in/ructions ( h[ to behave 9 case ( fire4 ,f\r?4--,! ma9 entries & /ables 7 light$ ) op5 tor*es4 ,fif?4--,! organization ( ! m9e 0 defective 9 "s way1 = at ! "t ( ! disa/] ord]s came f e direction4 ,six?4--,! air %aft 0 us$ also z a hoi/+ %aft4 ,sev5?4--,! ma9 %aft practically rea*$ only to ! second ve92 its ext5sion to ! ?ird & deepe/ ve9 0 n us$4 ,eigh?4--,plans ( ! work+s ( ! second & ?ird ve9s 7 n up to date4 ,! la/ survey record$ on !m 0 t ( ,june1 #aiji4 ,?is w\ld h made rescue "w almo/ impossible to m5 n famili> ) ! m9e4 ,n9?4--,! inside survey ( ! m9e 0 n connect$ ) ! outside survey4 ,w\ld x n be possible = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey to en=ce rules :i* w\ld prev5t ! exi/5ce ( conditions su* z ^? m5tion$8 ,! ,survey is do+ wond]ful "w1 z %[n by ! rescue ( tw5ty m9]s at ,*]ry "o week aft] ! conflagration2 b !re is no d\bt t p]haps all ! m5 c\ld h be5 sav$ if telephone communications ) ! outside _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,telephone l9es to resi/ any k9d ( a fire1 c easily be in/all$1 & ! exp5se is small1 almo/ negligible :5 "o consid]s ! enorm\s losses suff]$ by ! m9e own]s & by ! families ( ! victims4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,/ott1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4--,! curves %[n by ,mr4 ,wilson give a cle> g5]al idea ( ! relative effici5cies ( /eam & gas eng9es :5 treat$ f a purely !oretical !rmodynamic po9t ( view4 ,?is po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 is only ju/ifi$ :5 small units hav+ a maximum brake horse-p[] n exce$+ #a1jjj are consid]$4 ,! /eam eng9e or turb9e op]at+ "u a gauge pressure ( #bjj lb4 p] sq4 941 & ) #aej sup]heat1 has a maximum temp]ature ( #ech ,fahr4 9 its cyl9d]1 :ile t ( ! gas eng9e v>ies betwe5 #b1jjj & #c1jjj ,fahr4 ,! lubrication ( a surface cont9ually subject$ to ! latt] temp]ature w\ld be impossible1 s t wat] jackets on ! cyl9d]s &1 9 ! l>g] units1 9 ! pi/ons become absolutely necess>y4 ,z ! cyl9d]s increase 9 diamet]1 x is necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to increase _! /r5g? 9 proportion to _! area1 :i*1 9 turn1 is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! diamet]4 ,! cool+ surface1 h[ev]1 is only proportional to ! circumf]5ce1 or a s+le function ( ! diamet]4 ,increas+ ! /r5g? 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! diamet] soon leads to difficulties1 because ( ! fact t ! fl[ ( heat ?r\gh a metal is a comp>atively sl[ process2 ! ?ick walls ( ! cyl9d]s on l>ge eng9es _c conduct ! heat away fa/ en\gh1 & all sorts ( /ra9s are set up 9 ! metal1 due to ! enorm\s diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! inside & ! jacket l9+ ( ! cyl9d]4 ,^! conditions produce cut & crack$ cyl9d]s1 ) a natural resultant ( high ma9t5ance & depreciation co/s4 ,^! co/s1 9 "s cases1 h be5 s great1 n only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 ,europe & ,africa1 z to cause ! complete ab&onm5t ( l>ge gas eng9e plants aft] a few ye>s ( attempt$ op]ation4 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 any p[] plant is t x %all be ?or\ghly reliable 9 op]ation1 & ! second is t x %all be economical1 n only 9 op]ation1 b 9 ma9t5ance & depreciation4 ,!re=e1 9 us+ ! comp>ative effici5cy curves %[n 9 ,mr4 ,wilson's pap] x %\ld be kept 9 m9d t ! co/ ( p[] is n only ! fuel co/1 b ! fuel plus ! ma9t5ance & depreciation *>ges1 & t ! latt] items %\ld n be tak5 f ! fir/ ye>'s acc\nt1 b z an av]age ( at lea/ five ye>s4 ,! small gas eng9e is a v satisfactory app>atus :5 suppli$ ) good1 clean gas1 & :5 giv5 prop] att5tion1 b great caution %\ld be us$ be=e inve/+ 9 l>ge units1 until fur!r developm5ts 9 ! art take place1 z cons]vation ( capital is j z important z cons]vation ( coal4 ,b4 ,w4 ,,dunn1 ,esq4#ca 7by lett]47--,! gr[+ importance ( inve/igations ( explosives1 ) a view to increas+ ! consum]'s k ( prop] me?ods = h&l+ & us+ !m1 is evid5t :5 x is not$ t ! total production ( explosives 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has gr[n f less ?an #i1jjj1jjj lb4 9 #ahdj to ab\t #bae1jjj1jjj lb4 9 #aije4 ,table #e has be5 compil$ by ! ,bureau ( ,explosives ( ! ,am]ican ,railway ,association4 ,,table #e4--,manufacture ( ,explosives 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #aiji4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,k9d ( explosives4 ,numb] ( ,maximum ,capacity1 9 ,p\nds4 factories4 ----------------------------- ,daily4 ,annual4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,black p[d] #di #a1bbj1aej #cff1ace1jjj ,high explosives #cg #a1bjc1ice #cfa1ahj1ejj ,smokeless p[d]s #e #ge1fhf #bb1gje1hjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! fir/ problem pres5t$ by ?is ph5om5al increase relates to ! safe transportation ( ?is mat]ial f ! factories to po9ts ( consumption4 ,a package ( explosives may make _m j\rneys ?r\gh d5sely populat$ c5t]s1 & re/ tempor>ily 9 _m widely sep>at$ /oreh\ses be=e x rea*es its f9al de/9ation4 ,a compreh5sive view ( ! entire railway mileage ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld %[ at any in/ant ab\t #e1jjj c>s p>tially or completely load$ ) explosives4 ,m ?an #a1bjj /orage magaz9es are li/$ by ! ,bureau ( ,explosives z s\rces ( %ipm5ts ( explosives by rail4 ,! increase 9 ! dem& = explosives has n be5 due entirely to ! increase 9 m9+ op]ations4 ,! civil eng9e] has be5 exp&+ 8 use ( !m until n[ c>loads ( dynamite1 us$ on ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama 9 a s+le bla/1 br+ to ! /eam %ovels z mu* z #ge1jjj cu4 yd4 ( mat]ial1 ! dislodgm5t ( :i* by manual labor w\ld h requir$ days ( "t & hundr$s ( m54 ,)\t ! assi/ance ( explosives1 ! con/ruction ( subways & ! driv+ ( tunnels w\ld be impracticable4 ,ev5 ! f>m] has awak5$ to ! value ( ?is conc5trat$ s\rce ( p[]1 & he uses x = ! *eap & effective uproot+ ( l>ge /umps ov] ext5d$ areas 9 ,oregon1 :ile an entire acre ( subsoil 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 too refractory = ! pl[1 is brok5 up & made available = successful cultivation by "o explosion ( a s]ies ( well-plac$ *>ges ( dynamite4 ,x has also be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t a few c5ts' wor? ( explosive w be z effective z a doll>'s wor? ( manual labor 9 prep>+ holes = transplant+ trees4 ,! use ( explosives 9 w> & 9 prep>ation = w> is n[ almo/ a negligible quantity :5 comp>$ ) ! g5]al dem& f peaceful indu/ries4 ,) ! completion ( ! ,panama ,canal1 x is e/imat$ t ! ,gov]nm5t w h us$ 9 t "w alone m explosives ?an h be5 exp5d$ 9 all ! battles ( hi/ory4 ,until a few ye>s ago little int]e/ 0 manife/$ by ! public 9 safegu>d+ ! manufacture1 transportation1 /orage1 & use ( explosives4 ,anyone possess+ ! necess>y degree ( ignorance1 or ra%ness1 0 free to engage 9 _! manufacture ) incomplete equipm5t2 !y 7 transport$ by _m railroads )\t any special precautions2 ! location ( magaz9es 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( dwell+s1 railways1 & public highways1 0 criticiz$ only aft] "s disa/r\s explosion2 & ! (t5 inexp]i5c$ consum] 0 )\t access to a compet5t & dis9t]e/$ s\rce ( in=mation su* z he n[ has 9 ! te/+ plant at ,pittsburg s well describ$ by ,mr4 ,wilson4 ,! fir/ g5]al move to improve ^! conditions is believ$ to h be5 made by ! ,am]ican ,railway ,association 9 ,april1 #aije4 ,x result$ 9 ! organization ( a ,bureau ( ,explosives :i*1 ?r\gh its inspectors1 n[ ex]cises sup]vision ov] ! transportation ( all k9ds ( dang]\s articles on #bbc1fcj ( ! #bde1jjj miles ( railways 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,a g5]al idea ( ! k9d & volume ( inspection "w is %[n by ! foll[+ extracts f ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,*ief ,inspector1 dat$ ,febru>y1 #aiaj3 #aiji4 #aijh4 8,total numb] ( railway l9es memb]s ( ,bureau ,decemb] #ca/ #agb #aeh ,total mileage ( ,bureau l9es ,decemb] #ca/ #bji1ihd #bjb1ahf ,total numb] ( inspections ( /ations = explosives #f1iec #e1fjc ,numb] ( /ations receiv+ two or m inspections = explosives #a1hci #a1cji ,total numb] ( inspections ( /ations = inflammables #f1iej #a1jih ,numb] ( /ations receiv+ two or m inspections = inflammables #a1hhf 4444 ,total numb] ( inspections ( factories #bgh #bgj ,numb] ( factories receiv+ two or m inspections #ge #fi ,total numb] ( inspections ( magaz9es #a1bic #a1edj ,numb] ( magaz9es receiv+ two or m inspections #cdi #cfa ,total numb] ( boxes ( high explosives condemn$ z unsafe = transportation #aj1jbi #d1heb ,total numb] ( kegs ( black p[d] condemn$ z unsafe = transportation #a1dfh #eca ,total numb] ( c>s 9 transit conta9+ explosives inspect$ #dge #ddh ,total numb] ( c>s 9 transit %[+ s]i\s violations ( ! regulations #afh #aig ,total numb] ( inspections ( /eam%ip companies' pi]s 7inflammable1 #ge2 explosive1 #fc7 #ach 4444 ,total numb] ( inspections made by ,bureau #af1jhg #h1iei ,total numb] ( lectures to railway (ficials & employes & meet+s address$ on ! subject ( safe transportation ( explosives & o!r dang]\s articles #bae #aga #aiji4 #aijh4 #aijg4 8,total numb] ( accid5ts result+ 9 explosions or fires 9 transportation ( explosives by rail #ab #bb #gi ,total kn[n prop]ty loss acc\nt explosions or accid5ts 9 transport+ explosives by rail #b1fgc #aad1fbi #dif1hbj ,total numb] ( p]sons injur$ by explosions 9 transit #g #ec #hj ,total numb] ( p]sons kill$ by explosions 9 transit #f #bf #eb 8,dur+ ! same p]iod reports h be5 r5d]$ to ! ,*ief ,inspector by ! ,*emical ,laboratory ( ! ,bureau on #gcd samples1 z foll[s3 ,explosives #baa ,fireworks #ahf ,inflammables #cjd ,pap] = l9+ high explosive boxes #ca ,ammunition #b ---- ,total #gcd 8,z a means ( ensur+ ! uni=m en=cem5t ( ! regulations1 by a well gr\nd$ appreciation ( _! significance & application1 ! lectures deliv]$ by repres5tatives ( ! ,bureau h prov$ mo/ successful4 ,! promulgation ( ! regulations is n ( itself suffici5t to ensure uni=mity or effici5cy 9 _! obs]vance1 & s ^! lectures =m a valuable supplem5t to ! inspection s]vice4 ,!y h be5 successfully cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & ! reque/s = ! deliv]y ( !m by ! managem5ts ( s _m ( ! memb]%ip l9es1 is a conv9c+ te/imonial ( ! high e/eem 9 :i* !y are held4 8,:ile ! lectures are prim>ily int5d$ = ! in/ruction & in=mation ( ! (ficials & employes ( ! railway companies1 & especially ( ^? ^: duties br+ !m into imm$iate contact ) ! dang]\s articles h&l$ 9 transportation1 ! manufactur]s & %ipp]s are invit$1 & !y h att5d$ !m 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,_m ( ?is class h volunt>ily express$ _! comm5dation ( ! lectures z a m$ium ( education1 & signifi$ _! approval ( !m 9 flatt]+ t]ms4 8,! scope ( ^! lectures embraces elem5t>y in/ruction 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( explosives & inflammables & ! haz>ds enc\nt]$ 9 _! transportation & 9 :at respects ! regulations af=d protection aga9/ !m4 ,! requirem5ts ( ! law1 & ! att5dant p5alties = violation1 are fully describ$4 ,me?ods ( prep>ation1 pack+1 m>k+1 receiv+1 h&l+ & deliv]+1 are expla9$ by /]eopticon lant]n slides4 ,^! are int]e/+ ( !mselves1 & are ! be/ means ( /amp+ ! impression !y are int5d$ to convey ^u ! m9ds ( ! audi5ces1 & are always an acceptable feature ( ! lectures4 ,! reception g5]ally giv5 to ! lectures by ^? :o h att5d$ !m1 (t5 at ! volunt>y surr5d] ( "t int5d$ = re/ :ile (f duty1 may be /at$ z an indication t ! subject matt] is "o 9 :i* !y are int]e/$4 8,! facilities ( ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 9 halls1 lant]ns & skill$ lant]n op]ators1 h be5 g5]\sly accord$ & made use ( to great advantage1 9 connection ) ! lectures at _m places4 ,! co-op]ation ( ?is ,association af=ds a conv5i5t & economical me?od ( secur+ ! above facilities1 & ! ,association has express$ its satisfaction ) ! arrangem5t z 9 l9e ) ! educational features :i* !y provide = _! memb]s4 8,dur+ ! ye> #aiji1 #bae lectures 7 deliv]$ at v>i\s po9ts ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,! ,bureau ( ,explosives1 ( ! ,am]ican ,railway ,association1 & ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 7 indep5d5t products ( a g5]al agitation due to ! appreciation by a limit$ numb] ( public-spirit$ citiz5s ( ! gravity ( ! 8explosive0 problem4 ,x is ! pla9 duty ( ! av]age citiz5 to become famili> ) "w ( ?is k9d prosecut$ 9 8 behalf4 ,he may be able to help ! "w by assi/+ to ov]come misguid$ opposition to x4 ,evid5ces ( ?is opposition may be not$ 9 ! ef=ts ( "s %ipp]s to avoid ! exp5se ( provid+ suitable %ipp+ conta9]s = explosives & inflammable articles1 & 9 ! ?reats ( m9]s' labor unions to /rike r ?an use p]missible explosives in/ead ( black p[d] 9 m9+ coal 9 gase\s or du/y m9es4 ,too mu* cr$it _c be giv5 ,messrs4 ,holmes & ,wilson1 & o!r (ficials ( ! ,te*nologic ,bran* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 = ! inve/igations describ$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,!y are e/abli%+ reasonable /&>ds = _m /ructural mat]ials2 !y are tea*+ ! manufactur] :at he c & %\ld produce1 & ! consum] :at he has a "r to dem&2 ) sci5tific accuracy !y are po9t+ ! way to a cons]vation ( our natural res\rces & to a sav+ ( life :i* w repay ! nation _m times = ! co/ ( _! "w4 ,:5 ^! facts become ?or\ghly appreciat$ & dige/$ by ! av]age citiz51 ^! g5tlem5 & _! able assi/ants w h no fur!r cause to fe> ! )drawal ( f9ancial or moral support = _! "w4 ,,h]b]t ,m4 ,,wilson1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 7by lett]74--,! ,fuel ,division ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey has giv5 consid]able att5tion to ! use ( peat z a fuel = combu/ion "u boil] furnaces1 9 gas produc]s1 & = o!r purposes4 ,x is d\btless to ?is mat]ial t ,mr4 ,all5 ref]s 9 speak+ ( utiliz+ 8m>% mud = fuel10 s9ce he ref]s to an address by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,atk9son on ! subject ( 8,bog ,fuel0 9 :i* he *>act]iz$ peat by ! m popul> t]m 8m>% mud40 ,9 ,europe1 :]e fuel is exp5sive1 #aj1jjj1jjj tons ( peat are us$ annually = fuel purposes4 ,a prelim9>y & incomplete exam9ation1 made by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,davis1 ( ! ,fuel ,division ( ! ,geological ,survey1 indicates t ! peat b$s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ext5d ?r\gh\t an area ( m ?an #aa1jjj sq4 miles4 ,! l>g] "p ( ?is is 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,m9nesota1 ,wiscons91 ,new ,j]sey1 ,virg9ia1 & o!r ,coa/al ,/ates :i* conta9 little or no coal4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ?is area w produce #ac1jjj1jjj1jjj tons ( air-dri$ peat4 ,at pres5t peat production is 9 its infancy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh !re are 9 op]ation sev]al comm]cial plants :i* f9d a ready m>ket = _! product & are be+ op]at$ at a pr(it4 ,a te/ 0 made at ! ,pittsburg plant on ,nor? ,c>ol9a peat op]at$ 9 a gas produc]--! result+ produc] gas be+ us$ to run a gas eng9e ( #aej h4p4--! load on :i* 0 measur$ on a swit*-bo>d4 ,peat conta9+ ne>ly #cj ( a% & #ae ( wat] gave #a comm]cial horse-p[]-h\r = ea* #d lb4 ( peat fir$ 9 ! produc]4 ,_h ! peat co/ #b p] ton to dig & prep>e = ! produc]1 ea* horse-p[]-h\r develop$ w\ld h co/ #j4d ( a c5t4 ,! fuel co/ ( runn+ an electric plant prop]ly equipp$ = us+ peat fuel1 ( ev5 ?is l[ grade1 9 ! gas produc] w\ld be ab\t #d p] #ajj h4p4 develop$ p] #aj-;h\r day4 ,equally good results 7 procur$ 9 te/s ( ,florida & ,mi*igan peat op]at$ 9 ! gas produc]4 ,! inve/igations ( peat "u ,mr4 ,davis include /udies ( simple comm]cial me?ods ( dry+1 ! *emical & fuel value1 analyses ( ! peat1 /udies ( ! me*anical me?ods ( digg+ & dis9tegrat+ ! peat1 & physical te/s to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( air-dri$ peat to support a load4 ,! calorific value ( peat1 z %[n by num]\s analyses made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 runs f ab\t #g1ejj to ne>ly #aa1jjj ,b4t4u41 moi/ure free1 includ+ ! a%1 :i* v>ies f less ?an #b to #bj1 ! latt] be+ consid]$ 9 ,europe ! limit ( comm]cial use = fuel4 ,analyses ( #be samples ( peat f ,florida1 )9 ^! limits z to a%1 %[ a range ( f #h1bfi to #aj1hfe ,b4t4u41 only f\r ( ! s]ies be+ bel[ #i1jjj ,b4t4u41 & f\r exce$+ #aj1ejj ,b4t4u41 moi/ure free4 ,su* fuel 9 ,florida is likely to be utiliz$ soon1 s9ce x only ne$s to be dug & dri$ 9 ord] to r5d] x fit = ! furnace or gas produc]4 ,_m bitum9\s coals n[ us$ comm]cially h fuel value z l[ z #aa1jjj ,b4t4u41 moi/ure free1 & ) maximum a% cont5t ( #bj2 buck:eat an?racite av]ages ne> ! same figures1 (t5 runn+ z high z #bd a%4 ,"o bullet9 conc]n+ ! peats ( ,ma9e has be5 publi%$1 & ano!r1 conc]n+ ! peat indu/ries ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is 9 c\rse ( publication4 ,mr4 ,b>tocc9i asks :e!r x w\ld n be possible = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey to en=ce rules :i* w\ld prev5t ! exi/5ce ( conditions su* z occurr$ at ! m9e disa/] ( ,*]ry1 ,ill4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t has no police p[] )9 ! ,/ates1 & x is n )9 its prov9ce to enact or en=ce rules or laws1 or ev5 to make police inspection reg>d+ ! me?ods ( op]at+ m9+ prop]ties4 ,! prov9ce ( ! m9e accid5ts inve/igations & t ( its successor1 ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 is1 )9 ! ,/ates1 l t ( o!r & simil> ,gov]nm5t bureaus 9 ! ,int]ior ,dep>tm5t1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & o!r ,f$]al dep>tm5ts1 m]ely to inve/igate & dissem9ate in=mation4 ,x rema9s = ! ,/ates to enact laws & rules apply+ ! rem$ies :i* may be indicat$ z a result ( ,f$]al inve/igation4 ,inve/igations are n[ 9 progress & te/s are be+ conduct$ ) a view to issu+ circul>s conc]n+ ! me?ods ( fight+ m9e fires1 ! in/allation ( telephones & o!r means ( signal+1 & o!r subjects ( ! k9d to :i* ,mr4 ,b>tocc9i ref]s4 ,mu* z ! writ] appreciates ! k9dly & sympa!tic _s ( ! discussion ( ,messrs4 ,all5 & ,b>tocc9i1 he appreciates ev5 m t ( ,colonel ,dunn & ,mr4 ,/ott1 :o are recogniz$ au?orities reg>d+ ! subjects !y discuss1 & ( ,messrs4 ,kreis+] & ,snell+1 :o h add$ mat]ially to ! details pres5t$ 9 ! pap] relative to ! p>ticul> inve/igations ( :i* !y h *>ge 9 ,pittsburg4 ,mr4 ,snell+'s ref]5ce to ! use ( explosives 9 bla/+ op]ations %\ld be ( int]e/ to all civil eng9e]s1 z well z to m9+ eng9e]s1 z %\ld ,colonel ,dunn's discussion conc]n+ ! means adopt$ to safegu>d ! transportation ( explosives4 ,s9ce ! pres5tation ( ! pap]1 ,congress has enact$ a law e/abli%+1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 a ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,m9es4 ,to ?is ,bureau h be5 transf]r$ f ! ,geological ,survey ! fuel-te/+ & ! m9e accid5ts inve/igations describ$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,to ! writ] x seems a matt] = deep regret t ! inve/igations ( ! /ructural mat]ials belong+ to & = ! use ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7 n also transf]r$ to ! same ,bureau4 ,on ! la/ day ( ! session ( ,congress1 a conf]5ce report transf]r$ ^! f ! ,geological ,survey to ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! cont9uation ( ^! inve/igations 9 t ,bureau1 presid$ ov] z x is by physici/s & *emi/s ( high sci5tific atta9m5ts1 w be ( z imm$iate value to eng9e]s & to ^? engag$ 9 build+ & eng9e]+ con/ruction z !y w\ld 9 ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 *>g$ z x is ) ! inve/igations p]t95t to ! m9+ & qu>ry+ indu/ries1 & hav+ 9 its employ m9+1 me*anical1 & civil eng9e]s4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #a3 ,pres5t$ at ! meet+ ( ,april #bj?1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #b3 8,coal ,m9e ,accid5ts10 by ,cl>5ce ,hall & ,walt] ,o4 ,snell+4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ccc1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,footnote #c3 8,! ,explosibility ( ,coal ,du/10 by ,george ,s4 ,rice & o!rs4 ,bullet9 ,no4 99 99 991 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,footnote #d3 8,notes on ,explosives1 ,m9e ,gases & ,du/s10 by ,roll9 ,?omas ,*amb]l94 ,bullet9 ,no4 #chc1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiji4 ,footnote #e3 8,prev5tion ( ,m9e ,explosions10 by ,victor ,watteyne1 ,c>l ,meissn]1 & ,ar?ur ,desbor\gh4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cfi1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,footnote #f3 ,) a view to obta9+ a du/ ( uni=m purity & inflammability4 ,footnote #g3 8,! ,prim] ( ,explosives10 by ,c4 ,e4 ,munroe & ,cl>5ce ,hall4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #dbc1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiji4 ,footnote #h3 8,te/s ( ,p]missible ,explosives10 by ,cl>5ce ,hall1 ,w4 ,o4 ,snell+1 ,s4 ,p4 ,h[ell1 & ,j4 ,j4 ,rutl$ge4 ,bullet9 ,no4 99 99 991 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,footnote #i3 8,/ructural ,mat]ials ,te/+ ,laboratories10 by ,ri*>d ,l4 ,humphrey1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cbi4 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aijh2 8,portl& ,cem5t ,mort>s & _! ,con/itu5t ,mat]ials10 by ,ri*>d ,l4 ,humphrey & ,william ,jordan1 ,jr41 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cca1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aijh2 8,/r5g? ( ,concrete ,beams10 by ,ri*>d ,l4 ,humphrey1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cdd1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aijh4 ,footnote #aj3 8,fire ,resi/ive ,prop]ties ( ,v>i\s ,build+ ,mat]ials10 by ,ri*>d ,l4 ,humphrey1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cgj1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiji4 ,footnote #aa3 8,pur*as+ ,coal ,"u ,gov]nm5t ,specifications10 by ,j4 ,s4 ,burr[s1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cgh1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiji4 ,footnote #ab3 8,exp]im5tal ,"w 9 ! ,*emical ,laboratory10 by ,n4 ,w4 ,"l1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cbc1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aijg3 8,op]ations ( ! ,coal ,te/+ ,plant1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo40 ,pr(essional ,pap] ,no4 #dh1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aijf4 ,footnote #ac3 ,also ,bullet9s ,nos4 #bij1 #ccb1 #ccd1 #cfc1 #cff1 #cfg1 #cgc1 #djb1 #djc1 & #dab1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,footnote #ad3 8,te/s ( ,coal = ,h\se ,heat+ ,boil]s10 by ,d4 ,t4 ,r&all1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ccf1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aijh4 ,footnote #ae3 8,! ,smokeless ,combu/ion ( ,coal10 by ,d4 ,t4 ,r&all & ,h4 ,w4 ,weeks1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cgc1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiji4 ,footnote #af3 8,! ,fl[ ( ,heat ?r\gh ,furnace ,walls10 by ,w4 ,t4 ,ray & ,h4 ,kreis+]4 ,bullet9 79 press71 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! assumption is made t a metal tube free f scale w rema9 almo/ z cool z ! wat]2 actual measurem5ts ) !rmo-c\ples h indicat$ ! correctness ( ?is assumption 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,footnote #ah3 8,heat ,transmission into ,/eam ,boil]s10 by ,w4 ,t4 ,ray & ,h4 ,kreis+]1 ,bullet9 79 press71 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,footnote #ai3 8,! ,produc] ,gas ,p[] ,plant10 by ,r4 ,h4 ,f]nald1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #daf1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiji2 also ,pr(essional ,pap] ,no4 #dh & ,bullet9s ,nos4 #bij1 #caf1 #ccb1 & #daf4 ,footnote #bj3 ,a ,taylor up-draft pressure produc]1 made by ,r4 ,d4 ,wood & ,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,footnote #ba3 8,coal ,te/+ ,plant1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo410 by ,r4 ,h4 ,f]nald1 ,pr(essional ,pap] ,no4 #dh1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aijf4 ,footnote #bb3 ,a report ( ^! te/s may be f\nd 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 99 99 991 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,footnote #bc3 8,illum9at+ ,gas ,coals10 by ,a4 ,h4 ,:ite & ,p]ry ,b>k]1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,footnote #bd3 8,gasol9e & ,alcohol ,te/s10 by ,r4 ,m4 ,/rong1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cib1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiji4 ,footnote #be3 8,wa%+ & ,cok+ ,te/s10 by ,ri*>d ,mold5ke1 ,a4 ,w4 ,beld5 & ,g4 ,r4 ,delamat]1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ccf1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aijh2 also1 8,wa%+ & ,cok+ ,te/s at ,d5v]1 ,colo410 by ,a4 ,w4 ,beld5 & ,g4 ,r4 ,delamat]1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cfh1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiji4 ,footnote #bf3 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,pr(essional ,pap] ,no4 #dh1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 & ,bullet9s ,nos4 #bij1 #ccb1 #ccf1 #cfh1 #che1 & #djc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,pr(essional ,pap] ,no4 #dh1 & ,bullet9s ,nos4 #bij1 #caf1 #ccb1 #cdc1 #cfc1 #cff1 #che1 #djb1 #djc1 & #dab1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,footnote #bh3 8,peat ,deposits ( ,ma9e10 by ,e4 ,d4 ,ba/9 & ,c4 ,a4 ,davis4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cgf1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiji4 ,footnote #bi3 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,pittsburg1 ,pa4 ,footnote #cj3 ,*ief ,explosives ,*emi/1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,footnote #ca3 ,lieut5ant-,colonel1 ,ordnance ,dept41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errata3 ,fig4 #c4 caption ,,safety ,,lamp ,,te/+ ,,gall]y text reads 8,,safty0 ,m9e-,rescue ,tra9+ exp]i5c$ 9 rescue op]ations & famili> _/ ) ! conditions exi/+ aft] m9e disa/]s text reads 8famil>0 s z to det]m9e1 if possible1 ! progress ( combu/ion 7,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,xviii74 text reads 8,pate ,,xviii0 ,! *emical analyses ( ! coals text reads 8anaylses0