file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #ahdca-;h4htm or #ahdca-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/h_ /d_/c_/ahdca_/ahdca-;h_/#ahdca-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/h_ /d_/c_/ahdca_/ahdca-;h4zip7 ,,o!r ,,worlds by ,,g>rett ,p4 ,,s]viss4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,,o!r ,,worlds4 ,_! ,nature & ,possibilities 9 ! ,light ( ! ,late/ ,discov]ies4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4bj net2 po/age additional4 ,no sci5ce has ev] equal$ a/ronomy 9 its appeal to ! imag9ation1 & rec5tly popul> int]e/ 9 ! wond]s ( ! />ry heav5s has be5 /imulat$ by surpris+ discov]ies & imag9>y discov]ies1 z well z by a m>k$ t5d5cy ( writ]s ( fiction to include o!r worlds & _! possible inhabitants )9 ! field ( romance4 ,mr4 ,s]viss's new book on ,o!r ,worlds1 _! ,nature & ,possibilities 9 ! ,light ( ! ,late/ ,discov]ies1 summ>izes :at is kn[n4 ,) helpful illu/rations1 ! mo/ int]e/+ facts ab\t ! planets ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 etc41 z well z ab\t ! ne>e/ ( all o!r worlds1 ! moon1 are pres5t$ 9 a popul> mann]1 & always f ! po9t ( view ( human int]e/--a po9t t is too seldom tak5 by writ]s on sci5ce4 ,,a/ronomy ,,) ,,an ,,op]a-,,glass4 ,a ,popul> ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,/>ry ,heav5s ) ! simple/ ( ,optical ,in/rum5ts4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,by its aid ?\s&s ( p :o h resign$ !mselves to ! ignorance 9 :i* !y 7 left at s*ool1 by our wret*$ sy/em ( tea*+ by ! book only1 w ?ank ,mr4 ,s]viss = ! sugge/ions he has s well c>ri$ out4--,new ,york ,times4 ,,pleasures ,,( ,,! ,,telescope4 ,a ,descriptive ,guide to ,amateur ,a/ronom]s & ,all ,lov]s ( ! ,/>s4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,! volume w be f\nd int]e/+ by ^? = :om x is writt51 & w inspire _m ) a love = ! /udy ( a/ronomy1 "o ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+ ( ! sci5ces4--,milwaukee ,j\rnal4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,( ,,m>s4 ,aft] ,s*iap>elli4 ,,o!r ,,worlds ,_! ,nature1 ,possibilities & ,habitability 9 ! ,light ( ! ,late/ ,discov]ies4 by ,,g>rett ,p4 ,,s]viss ,au?or ( ,a/ronomy ) an ,op]a-glass & ,pleasures ( ! ,telescope ,) ,*>ts & ,illu/rations ,%all we measure ! c\ncils ( heav5 by ! n>r[ impot5ce ( human faculties1 or conceive t sil5ce & solitude reign ?r\gh\t ! mighty empire ( nature8 --,,dr4 ,,?omas ,,*alm]s4 ,new ,york ,d4 ,appleton & ,company #aija ,copyright1 #aija1 by ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,william ,,jay ,,y\mans4 ,,preface ,! po9t ( view ( ?is book is human int]e/ 9 ! o!r worlds ar\nd u4 ,x pres5ts ! late/ discov]ies among ! planets ( ! sol> sy/em1 & %[s _! be>+ ^u ! "q ( life 9 ^? planets4 ,x po9ts out ! resemblances & ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! e>? & ! o!r worlds t %>e ) x 9 ! light ( ! sun4 ,x %[s :at we %\ld see & exp]i5ce if we c\ld visit ^? worlds4 ,:ile bas+ itself ^u facts1 x does n exclude ! discussion ( int]e/+ probabilities & !ories t h comm&$ wide popul> att5tion4 ,x po9ts out1 = in/ance1 :at is to be ?\ght ( ! idea ( int]planet>y communication4 ,x indicates :at mu/ be ! outlook ( ! possible inhabitants ( "s ( ! o!r planets t[>d ! e>?4 ,z f> z may be1 x traces ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! o!r worlds ( our sy/em1 & pres5ts a graphic picture ( _! pres5t condition z individuals1 & ( _! wond]ful contra/s z memb]s ( a common family4 ,9 %ort1 ! aim ( ! au?or has be5 to %[ h[ wide1 & h[ ri*1 is ! field ( int]e/ op5$ to ! human m9d by man's discov]ies conc]n+ worlds1 :i*1 ?\gh inaccessible to him 9 a physical s5se1 (f] intellectual conque/s ( ! noble/ description4 ,&1 f9ally1 9 ord] to assi/ ^? :o may wi% to recognize = !mselves ^! o!r worlds 9 ! sky1 ?is book pres5ts a special s]ies ( *>ts to illu/rate a me?od ( f9d+ ! planets :i* requires no obs]vatory & no in/rum5ts1 & only su* k ( ! />ry heav5s z anybody c easily acquire4 ,g4,p4,s4 ,,bor\gh ,,( ,,brooklyn1 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,septemb]1 #aija4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory #a ,rem>kable popul> int]e/ 9 que/ions conc]n+ o!r worlds & _! inhabitants--,!ories ( int]planet>y communication--,! plurality ( worlds 9 lit]ature--,romances ( =eign planets--,sci5tific int]e/ 9 ! subject--,oppos+ views bas$ on telescopic & spectroscopic revelations--,*anges ( op9ion--,desirability ( a popul> pres5tation ( ! late/ facts--,! natural t5d5cy to reg>d o!r planets z habitable--,"s ( ! conditions & limitations ( ! problem--,! sol> sy/em view$ f out] space--,! resemblances & contra/s ( its v>i\s planets--,?ree planet>y gr\ps recogniz$--,! family "* ( ! sol> sy/em ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,m]cury1 ,a ,,_w ,,( ,,two ,,faces ,,& ,,_m ,,contra/s #ah ,grotesqu5ess ( ,m]cury consid]$ z a _w--,its dim5sions1 mass1 & movem5ts--,! "q ( an atmosph]e--,m]cury's visibility f ! e>?--,its ecc5tric orbit1 & rapid *anges ( di/ance f ! sun--,mom5t\s consequ5ces ( ^! peculi>ities--,a virtual fall ( f\rte5 million miles t[>d ! sun 9 six weeks--,! trem5d\s heat p\r$ ^u ,m]cury & its great v>iations--,! little planet's s+ul> mann] ( rotation on its axis--,s*iap>elli's a/oni%+ discov]y--,a day side & a night side--,int]e/+ effects ( libration--,! heav5s z view$ f ,m]cury--,c x support life8 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,v5us1 ,,! ,,tw9 ,,( ,,! ,,e>? #df ,a planet t mat*es ours 9 size--,its beauty 9 ! sky--,rem>kable circul>ity ( its orbit--,probable abs5ce ( seasons & /able conditions ( temp]ature & wea!r on ,v5us--,its d5se & abundant atmosph]e--,see+ ! atmosph]e ( ,v5us f ! e>?--,is ! real face ( ! planet hidd5 "u an atmosph]ic veil8--,conditions ( habitability--,all planet>y life ne$ n be ( ! t]re/rial type--,! limit fix$ by de/ructive temp]ature--,importance ( air & wat] 9 ! problem--,reasons :y ,v5us may be a m agreeable abode ?an ! e>?--,spl5dor ( our globe z se5 f ,v5us--,:at a/ronom]s on ,v5us might le>n ab\t ! e>?--,a s]i\s "q rais$--,does ,v5us1 l ,m]cury1 rotate b once 9 ! c\rse ( a revolution ab\t ! sun8--,reasons = & aga9/ t view ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,m>s1 ,a ,,_w ,,m ,,advanc$ ,,?an ,,ours #he ,resemblances betwe5 ,m>s & ! e>?--,its seasons & its :ite pol> caps--,peculi> surface m>k+s--,s*iap>elli's discov]y ( ! canals--,8 description ( _! appe>ance & ( _! duplication--,influ5ce ( ! seasons on ! aspect ( ! canals--,:at are ! canals8--,mr4 ,l[ell's obs]vations--,! !ory ( irrigation--,h[ ! inhabitants ( ,m>s are suppos$ to h tak5 advantage ( ! annual accession ( wat] suppli$ by ! melt+ ( ! pol> caps--,wond]ful details %[n 9 *>ts ( ,m>s--,curi\s effects t may foll[ f ! small =ce ( gravity on ,m>s--,imag9>y giants--,reasons = ?9k+ t ,m>s may be1 9 an evolution>y s5se1 old] ?an ! e>?--,speculations ab\t int]planet>y signals f ,m>s1 & _! orig9--,m>s's atmosph]e--,! "q ( wat]--,! problem ( temp]ature--,ecc5tricities ( ,m>s's moons ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,a/]oids1 ,a ,,family ,,( ,,dw>f ,,worlds #abi ,only f\r a/]oids l>ge en\gh to be measur$--,rem>kable diff]5ces 9 _! brightness irrespective ( size--,_! widely scatt]$ & int]mix$ orbits--,ecc5tric orbit ( ,eros--! ne>e/ cele/ial body to ! e>? except ! moon--,its exi/5ce record$ by photography be=e x 0 discov]$--,its great & rapid fluctuations 9 light1 & ! curi\s hypo!ses bas$ ^u !m--,is x a fragm5t ( an explod$ planet8--,! />tl+ !ory ( ,olb]s z to ! orig9 ( ! a/]oids reviv$--,curi\s results ( ! slight =ce ( gravity on an a/]oid--,an imag9>y visit to a _w only twelve miles 9 diamet] ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,jupit]1 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,( ,,kn[n ,,worlds #afj ,jupit] comp>$ ) our globe--,8 swift rotation on 8 axis--,rem>kable lack ( d5sity--,! =ce ( gravity on ,jupit]--,wond]ful cl\ds--,/range ph5om5a ( ! great belts--,brilliant display ( colors--,! great r$ spot & ! _m !ories x has giv5 rise to--,curi\s facts ab\t ! v>y+ rates ( rotation ( ! huge planet's surface--,! !ory ( a hidd5 _w 9 ,jupit]--,:5 ,jupit] 0 a companion /> to ! sun--,! miracle ( _w-mak+ be=e our eyes--,are ,jupit]'s satellites habitable8--,magnific5t spectacles 9 ! ,jovian sy/em ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,saturn1 ,a ,,prodigy ,,among ,,planets #ahe ,! wond] ( ! great r+s--,saturn's great di/ance & long ye>--,! lea/ d5se ( all ! planets--,x w\ld float 9 wat]--,:at k9d ( a _w is x8--,sir ,humphry ,davy's imag9>y inhabitants ( ,saturn--,facts ab\t ! r+s1 :i* are a ph5om5on unp>allel$ 9 ! visible univ]se--,! surpris+ nature ( ! r+s1 z reveal$ by ma!matics & ! spectroscope--,! "q ( _! orig9 & ultimate fate--,dr4 ,dick's idea ( _! habitability--,sw$5borg's curi\s description ( ! appe>ance ( ! r+s f ,saturn--,is ,saturn a globe ( vapor1 or ( du/8--,! n9e satellites & ,ro*e's limit--,! play ( spectacul> %ad[s 9 ! ,saturnian sy/em--,uranus & ,neptune--,is !re a yet undiscov]$ planet great] ?an ,jupit]8 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,moon1 ,,*ild ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,! ,,sun #bab ,! moon a favorite subject = intellectual speculation--,its ne>ness to ! e>? graphically illu/rat$--,ideas ( ! anci5ts--,galileo's discov]ies--,:at fir/ rais$ a s]i\s "q z to its habitability--,s+ul>ity ( ! moon's motions--,appe>ance ( its surface to ! nak$ eye & ) ! telescope--,! seas & ! wond]ful m\nta9s & crat]s--,a t]rible abyss describ$--,ty*o's my/]i\s rays--,diff]5ce betwe5 lun> & t]re/rial volcanoes--,m\nta9-r+$ valleys--,gigantic cracks 9 ! lun> globe--,slight =ce ( gravity ( ! moon & "s int]e/+ d$uctions--,! moon a _w ( giantism--,:at k9d ( atmosph]ic gases c ! moon conta9--,! "q ( wat] & ( =m] oceans--,! great volcanic cataclysm 9 ! moon's hi/ory--,evid5ce ( volcanic & o!r *anges n[ occurr+--,is !re vegetation on ! moon8--,lun> day & night--,! e>? z se5 f ! moon--,discov]ies yet to be made ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,planets #bef ,x is easy to make acqua9tance ) ! planets & to foll[ !m among ! />s--,! fir/ /ep a k ( ! con/ellations--,h[ ?is is to be acquir$--,h[ to use ! ,nautical ,almanac 9 connection ) ! *>ts 9 ?is book--,! visibility ( ,m]cury & ,v5us--,! oppositions ( ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn ,,index #bgg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,*>t ( ,m>s ,frontispiece ,diagram %[+ causes ( day & night on portions ( ,m]cury #ce ,regions ( day & night on ,m]cury #ch ,v5us's atmosph]e se5 z a r+ ( light #ef ,view ( ,jupit] fac+ #afh ,?ree views ( ,saturn fac+ #ahf ,diagram %[+ ! moon's pa? ?r\gh space #bag ,! lun> ,alps1 ,ap5n9es1 & ,caucasus fac+ #bbb ,! moon at fir/ & la/ qu>t] fac+ #bbf ,phases & rotation ( ! moon #bej ,*>ts %[+ ! zodiacal con/ellations3 #a4 ,f "r asc5sion #j h\rs to #d h\rs #bei #b4 #d #h #bfa #c4 #h #b #bfc #d4 #ab #af #bfe #e4 #af #bj #bfg #f4 #bj #bd #bfi ,,o!r ,,worlds ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,o!r worlds & _! inhabitants are rem>kably popul> subjects ( speculation at ! pres5t "t4 ,e day we he> p ask+ "o ano!r if x is true t we %all soon be able to communicate ) "s ( ! f>-(f globes1 su* z ,m>s1 t circle 9 company ) our e>? ab\t ! sun4 ,"o ( ! ma/]s ( practical electrical sci5ce 9 our "t has sugge/$ t ! pr9ciple ( wireless telegraphy may be ext5d$ to ! transmission ( messages across space f planet to planet4 ,! exi/5ce ( intellig5t inhabitants 9 "s ( ! o!r planets has become1 ) _m1 a matt] ( conviction1 & = ev]ybody x pres5ts a "q ( fasc9at+ int]e/1 :i* has deeply /irr$ ! popul> imag9ation4 ,! importance ( ?is subject z an intellectual ph5om5on ( ! op5+ c5tury is cle>ly indicat$ by ! ext5t to :i* x has ent]$ into rec5t lit]ature4 ,poets feel its inspiration1 & noveli/s & romanc]s freely select o!r planets z ! sc5es ( _! /ories4 ,"o tells u ( a visit paid by m5 to ! moon1 & ( ! wond]ful ?+s se51 & adv5tures _h1 !re4 ,lucian1 x is true1 did ! same ?+ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 b he _h n ! aid ( h9ts f mod]n sci5ce to guide 8 speculations & l5d v]isimilitude to 8 n>rative4 ,ano!r />tles u f our s5se ( planet>y security ) a reali/ic acc\nt ( ! invasion ( ! e>? by ! t]rible sons ( w>like ,m>s1 seek+ to ext5d _! empire by ! conque/ ( =eign globes4 ,sometimes x is a trip f _w to _w1 a k9d ( cele/ial pleasure ya*t+1 ) depictions ( creatures m wond]ful ?an-- ,! an?ropophagi & m5 ^: heads ,d gr[ b5ea? _! %\ld]s-- t is pres5t$ to our imag9ation2 & sometimes we are in=m$ ( ! visions beheld by ! tempor>ily disembodi$ spirits ( trance m$iums1 or o!r mod]n ?aumaturgi/s1 flitt+ ab\t among ! planets4 ,!n1 to v>y ! !me1 we f9d *>m+ inhabitants ( o!r worlds repres5t$ z com+ d[n to ! e>? & soj\rn+ = a "t on our dull planet1 to ! delight ( susceptible successors ( fa!r ,adam1 :o become1 h5ce=?1 ready to foll[ _! captivat+ visitors to ! ends ( ! univ]se4 ,9 %ort1 writ]s ( fiction h already e/abli%$ int]planet>y communication to _! entire satisfaction1 ?us va/ly & indef9itely enl>g+ ! b\nds ( romance1 & mak+ u s famili> ) ! peculi>ities ( our rem>kable bro!rs & si/]s ( ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ! moon1 t we c n help feel+1 not)/&+ ! _m div]g5ces 9 ! descriptions1 t we %\ld c]ta9ly recognize !m on sight :]ev] we might meet !m4 ,b ! subject is by no means ab&on$ to ! tell]s ( tales & ! dream]s ( dreams4 ,m5 ( sci5ce1 also1 eag]ly ent] into ! discussion ( ! possibilities ( o!r worlds1 & become w>m ov] x4 ,ar\nd ,m>s1 9 p>ticul>1 a lively w> ( op9ions rages4 ,n all a/ronom]s h jo9$ 9 ! dispute--"s h n imag9ation en\gh1 & "s are wait+ = m light be=e *oos+ sides--b ^? :o h ent]$ ! ar5a are divid$ betwe5 two oppos$ camps4 ,"o side holds t ,m>s is n only a _w capable ( hav+ inhabitants1 b t x actually has !m1 & t !y h giv5 visual pro( ( _! exi/5ce & _! intellig5ce ?r\gh ! *anges !y h produc$ ^u its surface4 ,! o!r side ma9ta9s t ,m>s is nei!r inhabit$ nor habitable1 & t :at are tak5 = va/ public works & eng9e]+ m>vels wr\ght by its indu/ri\s inhabitants1 are no?+ b illusions ( ! telescope1 or delusions ( ! obs]v]'s m9d4 ,bo? adduce num]\s obs]vations1 telescopic & spectroscopic1 & _m argum5ts1 sci5tific & !oretic1 to support _! respective cont5tions1 b nei!r side has yet be5 able to conv9ce or sil5ce ! o!r1 al?\gh bo? h made !mselves & _! views int5sely int]e/+ to ! _w at l>ge1 :i* w\ld v mu* l to "k :at ! tru? really is4 ,& n only ,m>s1 b ,v5us--! beaute\s tw9 si/] ( ! e>?1 :o1 :5 %e gl[s 9 ! ev5+ sky1 makes ev]ybody a lov] ( ! />s--& ev5 ,m]cury1 ! ,moor among ! planets1 we>+ ! %ad[$ liv]y ( ! burni%$ sun1 to :om he is a neighbor & ne> br$1 & ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ! moon itself--all ^! h _! advocates1 :o refuse to believe t !y are lifeless globes1 m]e reflectors ( useless sun%9e4 ,! case ( ! moon is1 9 ?is respect1 especially int]e/+1 on acc\nt ( ! *ange t has occurr$ 9 ! op9ions held conc]n+ its physical condition4 ,= a v long "t our satellite 0 confid5tly1 & almo/ univ]sally1 reg>d$ z an airless1 wat]less1 lifeless des]t1 a completely dead _w1 a b>e1 desiccat$ skull ( rock1 circl+ ab\t ! liv+ e>?4 ,b )9 a few ye>s !re has be5 a reaction f ?is extreme view ( ! lifelessness ( ! moon4 ,obs]v]s tell u ( cl\ds sudd5ly appe>+ & !n melt+ to invisibility ov] volcanic crat]s2 ( evid5ces ( an atmosph]e1 r>e z comp>$ ) ours1 yet manife/ 9 its effects2 ( v>iations ( color witness$ 9 c]ta9 places z ! sunlight drifts ov] !m at *ang+ angles ( incid5ce2 ( :at seem to be imm5se fields ( vegetation cov]+ level gr\nd1 & ( appe>ances indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( cl\ds ( ice cry/als & deposits ( sn[ among ! m\nta9\s lun> l&scapes4 ,?us1 9 a mann]1 ! moon is rehabilitat$1 & we are invit$ to reg>d its silv]y beams n z ! reflections ( ! surface ( a des]t1 b z s5t back to our eyes f ! face ( a _w t yet has "s slight remnants ( life to bright5 x4 ,! sugge/ion t !re is an atmosph]e ly+ close ^u ! %ell ( ! lun> globe1 fill+ ! deep cavities t pit its face & p5etrat+ to an unkn[n dep? 9 its int]ior1 recalls a speculation ( ! +5i\s & ent]ta9+ ,font5elle1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury--rec5tly reviv$ & enl>g$ ^u by ! au?or ( "o ( our mod]n romances ( adv5ture 9 ! moon--to ! effect t ! lun> inhabitants dwell b5ea? ! surface ( _! globe in/ead ( on ! top ( x4 ,n[1 because ( ?is widespread & cont9ually increas+ int]e/ 9 ! subject ( o!r worlds1 & on acc\nt ( ! _m curi\s revelations t we owe to mod]n telescopes & o!r improv$ means ( inve/igation1 x is c]ta9ly to be desir$ t ! mo/ important & int]e/+ discov]ies t h lately be5 made conc]n+ ! v>i\s globes :i* toge!r ) ! e>? con/itute ! sun's family1 %\ld be assembl$ 9 a conv5i5t & popul> =m--& t is ! object ( ?is book4 ,fact is admitt$ly (t5 /rang] & m wond]ful ?an fiction1 & !re are no facts t appeal m p[]fully to ! imag9ation ?an d ^? ( a/ronomy4 ,te*nical books on a/ronomy usually ei!r ignore ! subject ( ! habitability ( ! planets1 or dismiss x ) sc>cely any recognition ( ! ov]p[]+ human int]e/ t x possesses4 ,h5ce1 a book writt5 specially f ! po9t ( view ( t subject w\ld appe> calculat$ to meet a popul> want2 & ?is ! m1 because1 s9ce ,mr4 ,proctor wrote 8 ,o!r ,worlds ?an ,ours & ,m4 ,flamm>ion 8 ,pluralit des ,mondes ,habits1 _m mo/ important & significant discov]ies h be5 made t1 9 sev]al notable in/ances1 h completely alt]$ ! aspect 9 :i* ! planets pres5t !mselves = our judgm5t z to _! conditions ( habitability4 ,no d\bt ! natural t5d5cy ( ! m9d is to reg>d all ! planets z habitable worlds1 = !re seems to be deeply implant$ 9 human nature a consci\sness ( ! univ]sality ( life1 giv+ rise to a conviction t "o _w1 ev5 9 ! mat]ial s5se1 is n en\gh = x1 b t e planet mu/ belong to its k+dom4 ,we are apt to say to ourselves3 ,! e>? is "o ( a numb] ( planets1 all simil>ly circum/anc$2 ! e>? is inhabit$1 :y %\ld n ! o!rs also be inhabit$8 ,:at has be5 le>n$ ( ! unity 9 *emical con/itution & me*anical op]ation prevail+ ?r\gh\t ! sol> sy/em1 toge!r ) ! cont9ually accumulat+ evid5ce ( ! common orig9 ( its v>i\s memb]s1 & ! id5tity ( ! evolution>y processes t h br\ght !m into be+1 all t5ds to /r5g!n ! a priori hypo!sis t life is a ph5om5on g5]al to ! entire sy/em1 & only abs5t :]e its ess5tial & fundam5tal conditions1 = special & local1 & p]haps tempor>y1 reasons1 d n exi/4 ,if we look = life 9 ! sun1 = in/ance1 :ile accept+ ! preval5t conception ( ! sun z a c5t] ( int5se !rmal action1 we mu/ ab&on all our ideas ( ! physical organization ( life =m$ ^u :at we "k ( x f exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,we c n imag9e any =m ( life t has ev] be5 pres5t$ to our s5ses z exi/+ 9 ! sun4 ,b ?is is n g5]ally true ( ! planets4 ,life1 9 our s5se ( x1 is a planet>y1 n a sol>1 ph5om5on1 & :ile we may f9d reasons = believ+ t on "s ( ! planets ! conditions are su* t creatures organiz$ l ourselves c\ld n survive1 yet we c n positively say t e =m ( liv+ organism mu/ necess>ily be exclud$ f a _w ^: environm5t w\ld be unsuit$ = u & our contempor>ies 9 t]re/rial life4 ,al?\gh our sole k ( animat$ nature is conf9$ to :at we le>n by exp]i5ce on ! e>?1 yet x is a mo/ ent]ta9+1 & by no means un$ify+1 occupation1 to seek to apply to ! exce$+ly div]sifi$ conditions prevail+ 9 ! o!r planets1 z a/ronomical obs]vations reveal !m to u1 ! pr9ciples1 types1 & limitations t gov]n ! liv+ creatures ( our _w1 & to judge1 z be/ we c1 h[ f> ^? types & limits may be modifi$ or ext5d$ s t ^? o!r planets may reasonably be includ$ among ! probable abodes ( life4 ,9 ord] to =m su* judgm5ts ea* planet mu/ be exam9$ by itself1 b fir/ x is desirable to glance at ! planet>y sy/em z a :ole4 ,to d ?is we may ?r[ (f1 9 imag9ation1 ! dom9ance ( ! sun1 & suppose ourselves to be 9 ! mid/ ( op5 space1 f> remov$ bo? f ! sun & ! o!r />s4 ,9 ?is situation x is only by *ance1 or ?r\gh =ekn[l$ge1 t we c di/+ui% our sun at all1 = x is lo/ among ! />s2 & :5 we discov] x we f9d t x is only "o ( ! small] & less conspicu\s memb]s ( ! sp>kl+ ho/4 ,we rapidly approa*1 & :5 we h arriv$ )9 a di/ance comp>able ) t ( its planets1 we see t ! sun has increas$ 9 app>5t magnitude1 until n[ x enorm\sly out%9es all ! o!r />s1 & its rays beg9 to produce ! effect ( daylight ^u ! orbs t !y rea*4 ,b we are 9 no dang] ( mi/ak+ its app>5t sup]iority to its fell[ />s = a real "o1 because we cle>ly p]ceive t our ne>ness alone makes x seem s great & ov]p[]+4 ,& n[ we obs]ve t ?is /> t we h drawn ne> to has att5d+ x a numb] ( m9ute satellites1 fa9tly %9+ specks1 t circle ab\t x z if *>m$1 l night-w&]+ insects1 by its spl5dor4 ,x is manife/ to u at ! fir/ glance t )\t ! sun ^! ob$i5t little planets w\ld n exi/2 x is 8 attraction t b9ds !m toge!r 9 a sy/em1 & 8 rays t make !m visible to "o ano!r 9 ! abyss ( space4 ,al?\gh !y v>y 9 relative size1 yet we obs]ve a /rik+ simil>ity among !m4 ,!y are all globul> bodies1 !y all turn ^u _! axes1 !y all travel ab\t ! sun 9 ! same direction1 & _! pa?s all lie v ne>ly 9 "o plane4 ,"s ( !m h "o or m moons1 or satellites1 circl+ ab\t !m 9 imitation ( _! own revolution ab\t ! sun4 ,_! family relation%ip to "o ano!r & to ! sun is s evid5t t x colors our judgm5t ab\t !m z individuals2 & :5 we happ5 to f9d1 ^u clos] approa*1 t "o ( !m1 ! e>?1 is cov]$ ) vegetation & wat] & fill$ ) ?\s&s ( species ( animat$ creatures1 we are dispos$ to believe1 )\t fur!r exam9ation1 t !y are all alike 9 ?is respect1 j z !y are all alike 9 receiv+ light & heat f ! sun4 ,?is prelim9>y judgm5t1 aris+ f ! evid5t unity ( ! planet>y sy/em1 c only be v>i$ by an exam9ation ( its memb]s 9 detail4 ,"o /rik+ fact t comm&s our att5tion z soon z we h ent]$ ! n>r[ prec9cts ( ! sol> sy/em is ! isolation ( ! sun & its att5dants 9 space4 ,! sol> sy/em occupies a disk-%ap$1 or flat circul>1 expanse1 ab\t #e1ehj1jjj1jjj miles across & relatively v ?91 ! sun be+ 9 ! c5t]4 ,f ! sun to ! ne>e/ />1 or o!r sun1 ! di/ance is approximately five ?\s& times ! entire diamet] ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,b ! va/ majority ( ! />s are probably a hundr$ times yet m remote4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! ,sol> sy/em be repres5t$ by a circul> fl[]-b$ t5 feet across1 ! ne>e/ /> mu/ be plac$ at a di/ance ( n9e & a half miles1 & ! great multitude ( ! />s at a di/ance ( n9e hundr$ miles6 ,or1 to put x 9 ano!r way1 let u suppose ! sun & 8 planets to be repres5t$ by a fleet ( %ips at sea1 all includ$ )9 a space ab\t half a mile across2 !n1 9 ord] t !re might be no %ore relatively ne>] ?an ! ne>e/ fix$ /> is to ! sun1 we %\ld h to place our fleet 9 ! middle ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :ile ! di/ance ( ! ma9 %ore ( ! />ry univ]se w\ld be s imm5se t ! :ole surface ( ! e>? w\ld be f> too small to hold ! expanse ( ocean ne$$ to repres5t x6 ,f ^! g5]al consid]ations we next proce$ to recall "s ( ! details ( ! sy/em ( worlds amid :i* we dwell4 ,besides ! e>?1 ! sun has sev5 o!r pr9cipal planets 9 att5dance4 ,^! eight planets fall into two classes--! t]re/rial planets & ! major1 or jovian1 planets4 ,! =m] class comprises ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! e>?1 & ,m>s1 & ! latt] ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune4 ,i h nam$ !m all 9 ! ord] ( _! di/ance f ! sun1 beg9n+ ) ! ne>e/4 ,! t]re/rial planets1 tak+ _! class "n f t]ra1 ! e>?1 are relatively close to ! sun & comp>atively small4 ,! major planets--or ! jovian planets1 if we give !m a common title bas$ ^u ! "n ( _! *ief1 ,jupit] or ,jove--are relatively di/ant f ! sun & are *>act]iz$ bo? by great comp>ative size & slight mean d5sity4 ,! t]re/rial planets are all includ$ )9 a circle1 hav+ ! sun = a c5t]1 ab\t #adj1jjj1jjj miles 9 radius4 ,! space1 or gap1 betwe5 ! out]mo/ ( !m1 ,m>s1 & ! inn]mo/ ( ! jovian planets1 ,jupit]1 is ne>ly two & a half times z broad z ! entire radius ( ! circle )9 :i* !y are includ$4 ,& n only is ! jovian gr\p ( planets widely sep>at$ f ! t]re/rial gr\p1 b ! di/ances betwe5 ! orbits ( its f\r memb]s are likewise v great & progressively increas+4 ,betwe5 ,jupit] & ,saturn is a gap #djj1jjj1jjj miles across1 & ?is becomes #ijj1jjj1jjj miles betwe5 ,saturn & ,uranus1 & m ?an #a1jjj1jjj1jjj miles betwe5 ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,all ( ^! di/ances are giv5 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,f9ally1 we come to "s v extraord9>y worlds--if we c call !m worlds at all--! a/]oids4 ,!y =m a ?ird gr\p1 *>act]iz$ by ! extreme smallness ( its individual memb]s1 _! a/oni%+ numb]1 & ! unusual ecc5tricities & incl9ations ( _! orbits4 ,!y are situat$ 9 ! gap betwe5 ! t]re/rial & ! jovian planets1 & ab\t #ejj ( !m h be5 discov]$1 :ile !re is reason to ?9k t _! real numb] may be _m ?\s&s4 ,! l>ge/ ( !m is less ?an #ejj miles 9 diamet]1 & _m ( ^? rec5tly discov]$ may be n m ?an t5 or tw5ty miles 9 diamet]4 ,:at m>vel\s places ( abode su* little planets w\ld be if x 7 possible to believe !m inhabit$1 we %all see m cle>ly :5 we come to consid] !m 9 _! turn4 ,b )\t reg>d to ! "q ( habitability1 ! a/]oids w be f\nd extremely int]e/+4 ,9 ! next *apt] we proce$ to take up ! planets = /udy z individuals1 beg9n+ ) ,m]cury1 ! "o ne>e/ ! sun4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,m]cury1 ,a ,,_w ,,( ,,two ,,faces ,,& ,,_m ,,contra/s ,m]cury1 ! fir/ ( ! o!r worlds t we are go+ to consid]1 fasc9ates by its grotesqu5ess1 l a piece ( ,*9ese ivory c>v+1 s small is x = its k9d & s f9i%$ 9 its ecc5tric details4 ,9 a little :ile we %all see h[ s+ul> ,m]cury is 9 _m ( ! p>ticul>s ( planet>y exi/5ce1 b fir/ ( all let u endeavor to obta9 a cle> idea ( ! actual size & mass ( ?is /range little planet4 ,comp>$ ) ! e>? x is s dim9utive t x looks z if x _h be5 cut out on ! patt]n ( a satellite r ?an t ( an indep5d5t planet4 ,its diamet]1 #c1jjj miles1 only exce$s ! moon's by less ?an "o half1 :ile bo? ,jupit] & ,saturn1 among _! rem>kable collections ( moons1 h ea* at lea/ "o t is consid]ably l>g] ?an ! planet ,m]cury4 ,b1 insignificant ?\gh x be 9 size1 x holds ! place ( honor1 ne>e/ to ! sun4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t ,m]cury possess$ a mass greatly 9 excess ( t :i* its size w\ld seem to imply1 & "s e/imates1 bas$ ^u ! app>5t effect ( its attraction on comets1 made x equal 9 mean d5sity to lead1 or ev5 to ! metal m]cury4 ,?is l$ to curi\s speculations conc]n+ its probable metallic composition1 & ! possible exi/5ce ( va/ quantities ( su* heavy elem5ts z gold 9 ! frame ( ! planet4 ,b m rec5t1 & probably m correct1 computations place ,m]cury ?ird 9 ! ord] ( d5sity among ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! e>? rank+ z fir/ & ,v5us z second4 ,m]cury's d5sity is n[ believ$ to be less ?an ! e>?'s 9 ! ratio ( #he to #ajj4 ,accept+ ?is e/imate1 we f9d t ! =ce ( gravity ^u ! surface ( ,m]cury is only "o ?ird z great z ^u ! surface ( ! e>?--i4e41 a body weigh+ #cjj p\nds on ! e>? w\ld weigh only #ajj p\nds on ,m]cury4 ,?is is an important matt]1 because n only ! weight ( bodies1 b ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e & ev5 ! nature ( its gase\s con/itu5ts1 are affect$ by ! =ce ( gravity1 & if we c\ld j\rney f _w to _w1 9 our bodily =m1 x w\ld make a great diff]5ce to u to f9d gravity consid]ably great] or less ^u o!r planets ?an x is ^u our own4 ,?is alone might suffice to r5d] "s ( ! planets impossible places ( abode = u1 unless a decid$ *ange 7 effect$ 9 our pres5t physical organization4 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions t we %\ld ask ab\t a =eign _w to :i* we propos$ to pay a visit1 w\ld relate to its atmosph]e4 ,we %\ld wi% to "k 9 advance if x _h air & wat]1 & 9 :at proportions & quantities4 ,h[ev] its own peculi> inhabitants might be suppos$ able to disp5se ) ^! ?+s1 to u _! pres5ce w\ld be ess5tial1 & if we did n f9d !m1 ev5 a planet t blaz$ ) gold & diamonds only wait+ to be seiz$ w\ld rema9 p]fectly safe f our invasion4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( ,m]cury1 "s d\bt on ?is po9t exi/s4 ,messrs4 ,hugg9s1 ,vogel1 & o!rs h believ$ t !y f\nd spectroscopic pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( bo? air & ! vapor ( wat] on ,m]cury4 ,b ! necess>y obs]vations are ( a v delicate nature1 & difficult to make1 & "s a/ronom]s d\bt :e!r we possess suffici5t pro( t ,m]cury has an atmosph]e4 ,at any rate1 its atmosph]e is v r>e z comp>$ ) ! e>?'s1 b we ne$ n1 on t acc\nt1 conclude t ,m]cury is lifeless4 ,possibly1 9 view ( c]ta9 o!r peculi>ities soon to be expla9$1 a r>e atmosph]e w\ld be decid$ly advantage\s4 ,be+ mu* ne>] ! sun ?an ! e>? is1 ,m]cury c be se5 by u only 9 ! same qu>t] ( ! sky :]e ! sun itself appe>s4 ,z x revolves 9 its orbit ab\t ! sun x is visible1 alt]nately1 9 ! ev5+ = a %ort "t aft] sunset & 9 ! morn+ = a %ort "t be=e sunrise1 b x c nev] be se51 z ! out] planets are se51 9 ! mid-heav5 or late at night4 ,:5 se5 l[ 9 ! twilight1 at ev5+ or morn+1 x gl[s ) ! brilliance ( a bright fir/-magnitude />1 & is a beautiful object1 ?\gh few casual wat*]s ( ! />s ev] cat* sight ( x4 ,:5 x is ne>e/ ! e>? & is ab\t to pass betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 x tempor>ily disappe>s 9 ! gl>e ( ! sunlight2 & likewise1 :5 x x is f>!/ f ! e>? & pass+ ar\nd 9 its orbit on ! opposite side ( ! sun1 x is conceal$ by ! bl9d+ sol> rays4 ,consequ5tly1 except ) ! in/rum5ts ( an obs]vatory1 :i* are able to %[ x 9 broad day1 ,m]cury is nev] visible save dur+ ! comp>atively brief p]iods ( "t :5 x is ne> its greate/ app>5t di/ance ea/ or we/ f ! sun4 ,! ne>] a planet is to ! sun ! m rapidly x is compell$ to move 9 its orbit1 & ,m]cury1 be+ ! ne>e/ to ! sun ( all ! planets1 is by f> ! swifte/ foot$ among !m4 ,b its velocity is subject to rem>kable v>iation1 ow+ to ! peculi> =m ( ! orbit 9 :i* ! planet travels4 ,?is is m ecc5tric ?an ! orbit ( any o!r planet1 except "s ( ! a/]oids4 ,! sun be+ situat$ 9 "o focus ( ! elliptical orbit1 :5 ,m]cury is at p]ihelion1 or ne>e/ to ! sun1 its di/ance f t body is #bh1ejj1jjj miles1 b :5 x is at aphelion1 or f>!/ f ! sun1 its di/ance is #dc1ejj1jjj miles4 ,! diff]5ce is no less ?an #ad1jjj1jjj miles6 ,:5 ne>e/ ! sun ,m]cury d>ts =w>d 9 its orbit at ! rate ( tw5ty-n9e miles 9 a second1 :ile :5 f>!/ f ! sun ! spe$ is r$uc$ to tw5ty-?ree miles4 ,n[1 let u return = a mom5t to ! consid]ation ( ! wond]ful v>iations 9 ,m]cury's di/ance f ! sun1 = we %all f9d t _! effects are absolutely />tl+1 & t !y alone suffice to m>k a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ,m]cury & ! e>?1 consid]$ z ! abodes ( s5ti5t creatures4 ,! total *ange ( di/ance am\nts1 z already rem>k$1 to #ad1jjj1jjj miles1 :i* is almo/ half ! entire di/ance sep>at+ ! planet f ! sun at p]ihelion4 ,?is imm5se v>iation ( di/ance is emphasiz$ by ! rapidity ) :i* x takes place4 ,m]cury's p]iodic "t1 i4e41 ! p]iod requir$ = x to make a s+le revolution ab\t ! sun--or1 9 o!r words1 ! l5g? ( its ye>--is eighty-eight ( our days4 ,9 j "o half ( t "t1 or 9 ab\t six weeks1 x passes f aphelion to p]ihelion2 t is to say1 9 six weeks ! :ole *ange 9 its di/ance f ! sun takes place4 ,9 six weeks ,m]cury falls #ad1jjj1jjj miles--= x is a fall1 ?\gh 9 a curve in/ead ( a /raight l9e--falls #ad1jjj1jjj miles t[>d ! sun6 ,&1 z x falls1 l any o!r fall+ body x ga9s 9 spe$1 until1 hav+ rea*$ ! p]ihelion po9t1 its t]rific velocity c\nt]acts its approa* & x beg9s to rec$e4 ,at ! end ( ! next six weeks x once m atta9s its greate/ di/ance1 & turns aga9 to plunge sunw>d4 ,( c\rse x may be said ( e planet hav+ an elliptical orbit t betwe5 aphelion & p]ihelion x is fall+ t[>d ! sun1 b no o!r planet ?an ,m]cury travels 9 an orbit suffici5tly ecc5tric1 & approa*es suffici5tly ne> to ! sun1 to give to ! m9d s vivid an impression ( an actual1 /up5d\s fall6 ,next let u consid] ! effects ( ?is rapid fall1 or approa*1 t[>d ! sun1 :i* is s =eign to our t]re/rial exp]i5ce1 & s appall+ to ! imag9ation4 ,fir/1 we mu/ rememb] t ! ne>] a planet is to ! sun ! great] is ! am\nt ( heat & light t x receives1 ! v>iation be+ proportional to ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun be+ #ic1jjj1jjj miles1 :ile ,m]cury's is only #cf1jjj1jjj1 x foll[s1 to beg9 )1 t ,m]cury gets1 on ! av]age1 m ?an six & a half times z mu* heat f ! sun z ! e>? does4 ,t alone is en\gh to make x seem impossible t ,m]cury c be ! home ( liv+ =ms resembl+ ^? ( ! e>?1 = imag9e ! heat ( ! sun 9 ! middle ( a summ]'s day increas$ six or sev5 fold6 ,if !re 7 no mitigat+ influ5ces1 ! face ( ! e>? w\ld %rivel z 9 ! bla/ ( a furnace1 ! v /ones w\ld become inc&esc5t1 & ! oceans w\ld turn into /eam4 ,/ill1 not)/&+ ! trem5d\s heat p\r$ ^u ,m]cury z comp>$ ) t :i* our planet receives1 we c possibly1 & = ! sake ( a cle>] und]/&+ ( ! effects ( ! v>y+ di/ance1 :i* is ! object ( our pres5t inquiry1 f9d a loophole to admit ! *ance t yet !re may be liv+ be+s !re4 ,we might1 = in/ance1 suppose t1 ow+ to ! r>ity ( its atmosph]e1 ! excessive heat 0 quickly radiat$ away1 or t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e t greatly modifi$ ! effective temp]ature ( ! sun's rays4 ,b1 hav+ satisfi$ our imag9ation on ?is po9t1 & plac$ our supposititi\s inhabitants 9 ! hot _w ( ,m]cury1 h[ are we go+ to meet ! conditions impos$ by ! rapid *anges ( di/ance--! swift fall ( ! planet t[>d ! sun1 foll[$ by ! equally swift ru% away f x8 ,= *ange ( di/ance implies *ange ( heat & temp]ature4 ,x is true t we h a slight effect ( ?is k9d on ! e>?4 ,betwe5 midsumm] 7( ! nor!rn hemisph]e7 & midw9t] our planet draws #c1jjj1jjj miles ne>] ! sun1 b ! *ange occupies six mon?s1 &1 at ! e>?'s great av]age di/ance1 ! effect ( ?is *ange is too slight to be ord9>ily obs]vable1 & only ! a/ronom] is aw>e ( ! consequ5t increase 9 ! app>5t size ( ! sun4 ,x is n to ?is v>iation ( ! sun's di/ance1 b r to ! *anges ( ! seasons1 dep5d+ on ! incl9ation ( ! e>?'s axis1 t we owe ! diff]5ces ( temp]ature t we exp]i5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ! total supply ( heat f ! sun is n f> f uni=m at all times ( ! ye>1 & ! v>iations ( temp]ature dep5d ^u ! di/ribution ( t supply betwe5 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es1 :i* are alt]nately incl9$ sunw>d4 ,b on ,m]cury ! supply ( sol> heat is itself v>iable to an enorm\s ext5t4 ,9 six weeks1 z we h se51 ,m]cury dim9i%es its di/ance f ! sun ab\t "o ?ird1 :i* is proportionally t5 times z great a *ange ( di/ance z ! e>? exp]i5ces 9 six mon?s4 ,! inhabitants ( ,m]cury 9 ^? six pregnant weeks see ! sun exp& 9 ! sky to m ?an two & a half times its =m] magnitude1 :ile ! sol> heat p\r$ ^u !m swiftly augm5ts f some?+ m ?an f\r & a half times to above elev5 times ! am\nt receiv$ ^u ! e>?6 ,!n1 imm$iately1 ! retreat ( ! planet beg9s1 ! sun visibly %r9ks1 z a rec$+ balloon becomes small] 9 ! eyes ( its wat*]s1 ! heat falls (f z rapidly z x _h previ\sly increas$1 until1 ! aphelion po9t be+ rea*$1 ! process is aga9 rev]s$4 ,& ?us x goes on unceas+ly1 ! sun gr[+ & dim9i%+ 9 ! sky1 & ! heat increas+ & decreas+ by enorm\s am\nts ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,x is difficult to imag9e any way 9 :i* atmosph]ic influ5ces c\ld equalize ! effects ( su* viol5t *anges1 or any adju/m5ts 9 ! physical organization ( liv+ be+s t c\ld make su* *anges endurable4 ,b we h only j begun ! /ory ( ,m]cury's peculi>ities4 ,we come next to an ev5 m rem>kable contra/ betwe5 t planet & our own4 ,dur+ ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahhi a little company ( a/ronom]s 0 assembl$ at ! ,juvisy obs]vatory ( ,m4 ,flamm>ion1 ne> ! ,fr5* capital1 li/5+ to "o ( ! mo/ surpris+ disclosures ( a secret ( nature t any savant ev] confid$ to a few tru/wor?y fri5ds :ile await+ a suitable "t to make x public4 ,x 0 a secret z full ( significance z t :i* ,galileo conceal$ = a "t 9 8 celebrat$ anagram1 :i*1 :5 at l5g? he furni%$ ! key1 /ill rema9$ a riddle1 = !n x read3 ,! ,"m ( ! ,loves imitates ! ,%apes ( ,cyn?ia1 mean+ t ! planet ,v5us1 :5 view$ ) a telescope1 %[s phases l ^? ( ! moon4 ,! secret imp>t$ 9 confid5ce to ! knot ( a/ronom]s at ,juvisy came f a c\ntryman ( ,galileo's1 ,signor ,g4 ,v4 ,s*iap>elli1 ! ,director ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,milan1 & its purport 0 t ! planet ,m]cury always keeps ! same face direct$ t[>d ! sun4 ,s*iap>elli _h satisfi$ himself1 by a c>eful s]ies ( obs]vations1 ( ! tru? ( 8 /range ann\ncem5t1 b be=e giv+ x to ! _w he det]m9$ to make d\bly sure4 ,e>ly 9 #ahij he )drew ! pl$ge ( secrecy f 8 fri5ds & publi%$ 8 discov]y4 ,no "o c wond] t ! /atem5t 0 g5]ally receiv$ ) incr$ulity1 = x 0 9 direct contradiction to ! conclusions ( o!r a/ronom]s1 :o _h long believ$ t ,m]cury rotat$ on its axis 9 a p]iod closely correspond+ ) t ( ! e>?'s rotation--t is to say1 once e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,s*iap>elli's discov]y1 if x 7 receiv$ z correct1 w\ld put ,m]cury1 z a planet1 9 a class by itself1 & w\ld di/+ui% x by a peculi>ity :i* _h always be5 recogniz$ z a special feature ( ! moon1 viz41 t ( rotat+ on its axis 9 ! same p]iod ( "t requir$ to p]=m a revolution 9 its orbit1 &1 :ile ?is seem$ natural en\gh = a satellite1 almo/ nobody 0 prep>$ = ! ascription ( su* ecc5tric conduct to a planet4 ,! ,italian a/ronom] bas$ 8 discov]y ^u ! obs]vation t c]ta9 m>k+s visible on ! disk ( ,m]cury rema9$ 9 su* a position ) ref]5ce to ! direction ( ! sun z to prove t ! planet's rotation 0 extremely sl[1 & he f9ally satisfi$ himself t !re 0 b "o rotation 9 ! c\rse ( a revolution ab\t ! sun4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 means t "o side ( ,m]cury always faces t[>d ! sun :ile ! opposite side always faces away f x1 & nei!r side exp]i5ces ! alt]nation ( day & night1 "o hav+ p]petual day & ! o!r p]petual night4 ,! old] obs]vations1 f :i* _h be5 d$uc$ ! long accept$ op9ion t ,m]cury rotat$1 l ! e>?1 once 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 _h also be5 made ^u ! m>k+s on ! planet's disk1 b ^! are n easily se51 & _! appe>ances _h evid5tly be5 mis9t]pret$4 ,! v fact ( ! difficulty ( see+ any details on ,m]cury t5d$ to prev5t or delay corroboration ( ,s*iap>elli's discov]y4 ,b !re 7 two circum/ances t contribut$ to ! f9al acceptance ( 8 results4 ,"o ( ^! 0 8 well-kn[n exp]i5ce z an obs]v] & ! high reputation t he enjoy$ among a/ronom]s1 & ! o!r 0 ! developm5t by ,pr(4 ,george ,d>w9 ( ! !ory ( tidal friction 9 its application to planet>y evolution1 = ?is furni%$ a satisfactory explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* a body1 situat$ z ne> ! sun z ,m]cury is1 c\ld h its axial rotation gradually r$uc$ by ! tidal attraction ( ! sun until x co9cid$ 9 p]iod ) its orbital revolution4 ,accept+ ! accuracy ( ,s*iap>elli's discov]y1 :i* 0 corroborat$ 9 e p>ticul> 9 #ahif by ,p]cival ,l[ell 9 a special s]ies ( obs]vations on ,m]cury made ) 8 #bd-;in* telescope at ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 & :i* has also be5 corroborat$ by o!rs1 we see at once h[ important is its be>+ on ! habitability ( ! planet4 ,x adds ano!r difficulty to t (f]$ by ! rem>kable *anges ( di/ance f ! sun1 & consequ5t v>iations ( heat1 :i* we h already discuss$4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! situation home to our exp]i5ce1 let u1 = a mom5t1 imag9e ! e>? fall5 into ,m]cury's dilemma4 ,!re w\ld !n be no succession ( day & night1 su* z we at pres5t enjoy1 & ^u :i* n alone our com=t b p]haps our v exi/5ce dep5ds1 b1 in/ead1 "o side ( our globe--x might be ! ,asiatic or ! ,am]ican half--w\ld be cont9ually 9 ! sunlight1 & ! o!r side w\ld lie buri$ 9 endless night4 ,& ?is condition1 s sugge/ive ( ! play ( pure imag9ation1 ?is plight ( be+ a two-fac$ _w1 l ! god ,janus1 "o face light & ! o!r face d>k1 mu/ be ! actual /ate ( ?+s on ,m]cury4 ,!re is "o int]e/+ qualification4 ,9 ! case j imag9$ = ! e>?1 suppos+ x to reta9 ! pres5t incl9ation ( its axis :ile p>t+ ) its diff]5tial rotation1 !re w\ld be an int]*ange ( day & night once a ye> 9 ! pol> regions4 ,on ,m]cury1 ^: axis appe>s to be p]p5dicul>1 a simil> ph5om5on1 affect+ n ! pol> regions b ! ea/]n & we/]n sides ( ! planet1 is produc$ by ! extraord9>y ecc5tricity ( its orbit4 ,z ! planet alt]nately approa*es & rec$es f ! sun its orbital velocity1 z we h already rem>k$1 v>ies betwe5 ! limits ( tw5ty-?ree & ?irty-five miles p] second1 be+ mo/ rapid at ! po9t ne>e/ ! sun4 ,b ?is v>iation 9 ! spe$ ( its revolution ab\t ! sun does n1 9 any mann]1 affect ! rate ( rotation on its axis4 ,! latt] is p]fectly uni=m & j fa/ en\gh to complete "o axial turn 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le revolution ab\t ! sun4 ,! accompany+ figure may assi/ ! explanation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,t1 ,,ow+ ,,to ,,! ,,ecc5tricity ,,( ,,its ,,orbit1 ,,& ,,its ,,v>y+ ,,velocity1 ,,m]cury1 ,,al?\gh ,,mak+ ,,b ,,"o ,,turn ,,on ,,its ,,axis ,,9 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,a ,,revolution ,,ab\t ,,! ,,sun1 ,,nev]!less ,,exp]i5ces ,,on ,,p>ts ,,( ,,its ,,surface ,,! ,,alt]nation ,,( ,,day ,,& ,,night4 ,let u />t ) ,m]cury 9 p]ihelion at ! po9t ,a4 ,! little cross on ! planet /&s exactly "u ! sun & 9 ! c5t] ( ! illum9at$ hemisph]e4 ,! l>ge arr[s %[ ! direction 9 :i* ! planet travels 9 its revolution ab\t ! sun1 & ! small curv$ arr[s ! direction 9 :i* x rotates on its axis4 ,n[1 9 mov+ along its orbit f ,a to ,b ! planet1 p>tly because ( its swift] motion :5 ne> ! sun1 & p>tly because ( ! elliptical nature ( ! orbit1 trav]ses a great] angul> int]val ) ref]5ce to ! sun ?an ! cross1 mov+ ) ! uni=m rotation ( ! planet on its axis1 is able to trav]se 9 ! same "t4 ,z drawn 9 ! diagram1 ! cross has mov$ ?r\gh exactly n9ety degrees1 or "o "r angle1 :ile ! planet 9 its orbit has mov$ ?r\gh consid]ably m ?an a "r angle4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ga9 ( ! angle ( revolution ^u ! angle ( rotation1 ! cross at ,b is no long] exactly "u ! sun1 nor 9 ! c5t] ( ! illum9at$ hemisph]e4 ,x appe>s to h %ift$ its position t[>d ! we/1 :ile ! hemisph]ical cap ( sun%9e has slipp$ ea/w>d ov] ! globe ( ! planet4 ,9 ! next foll[+ section ( ! orbit ! planet rotates ?r\gh ano!r "r angle1 b1 ow+ to increas$ di/ance f ! sun1 ! motion 9 ! orbit n[ becomes sl[] until1 :5 ! planet arrives at aphelion1 ,c1 ! angul> diff]5ce disappe>s & ! cross is once m j "u ! sun4 ,on return+ f aphelion to p]ihelion ! same ph5om5a recur 9 rev]se ord] & ! l9e betwe5 day & night on ! planet fir/ %ifts we/w>d1 atta9+ its limit 9 t respect at ,d1 & !n1 at p]ihelion1 returns to its orig9al position4 ,n[1 if we c\ld /& on ! sunw>d hemisph]e ( ,m]cury :at1 to our eyes1 w\ld be ! effect ( ?is %ift+ ( ! sun's position ) reg>d to a fix$ po9t on ! planet's surface8 ,manife/ly x w\ld cause ! sun to describe a great arc 9 ! sky1 sw++ to & fro1 9 an ea/ & we/ l9e1 l a p5dulum bob1 ! angul> ext5t ( ! sw+ be+ a little m ?an =ty-sev5 degrees1 & ! "t requir$ = ! sun to pass f its extreme ea/]n to its extreme we/]n position & back aga9 be+ eighty-eight days4 ,b1 ow+ to ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit1 ! sun sw+s mu* fa/] t[>d ! ea/ ?an t[>d ! we/1 ! ea/w>d motion occupy+ ab\t ?irty-sev5 days & ! we/w>d motion ab\t fifty-"o days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,regions ,,( ,,p]petual ,,day1 ,,p]petual ,,night1 ,,& ,,alt]nate ,,day ,,& ,,night ,,on ,,m]cury4 ,,9 ,,! ,,left-,,h& ,,view ,,! ,,obs]v] ,,looks ,,at ,,! ,,planet ,,9 ,,! ,,plane ,,( ,,its ,,equator2 ,,9 ,,! ,,"r-,,h& ,,view ,,he ,,looks ,,d[n ,,on ,,its ,,nor? ,,pole4 ,ano!r effect ( ! libratory motion ( ! sun z se5 f ,m]cury is repres5t$ 9 ! next figure1 :]e we h a view ( ! planet %[+ bo? ! day & ! night hemisph]e1 & :]e we see t betwe5 ! two !re is a region ^u :i* ! sun rises & sets once e eighty-eight days4 ,!re are1 9 reality1 two ( ^! lune-%ap$ regions1 "o at ! ea/ & ! o!r at ! we/1 ea* betwe5 #a1bjj & #a1cjj miles broad at ! equator4 ,at ! sunw>d edge ( ^! regions1 once 9 eighty-eight days1 or once 9 a ,m]curial ye>1 ! sun rises to an elevation ( =ty-sev5 degrees1 & !n desc5ds aga9 /raight to ! horizon f :i* x rose2 at ! nightw>d edge1 once 9 eighty-eight days1 ! sun peeps above ! horizon & quickly s9ks f sight aga94 ,! result is t1 neglect+ ! effects ( atmosph]ic refraction1 :i* w\ld t5d to exp& ! bord]s ( ! doma9 ( sunlight1 ab\t "o qu>t] ( ! entire surface ( ,m]cury is1 ) reg>d to day & night1 9 a condition resembl+ t ( our pol> regions1 :]e !re is b "o day & "o night 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>--& on ,m]cury a ye> is eighty-eight days4 ,"o half ( ! rema9+ ?ree qu>t]s ( ! planet's surface is ba!d 9 p]petual sun%9e & ! o!r half is a region ( et]nal night4 ,& n[ aga91 :at ( life 9 su* a _w z t8 ,on ! night side1 :]e no sun%9e ev] p5etrates1 ! temp]ature mu/ be extremely l[1 h>dly great] ?an ! fe>ful cold ( op5 space1 unless modify+ influ5ces beyond our k5 exi/4 ,x is c]ta9 t if life fl\ri%es !re1 x mu/ be 9 su* =ms z c endure cont9ual d>kness & excessive cold4 ,"s heat w\ld be c>ri$ ar\nd by atmosph]ic circulation f ! sunw>d side1 b n en\gh1 x w\ld seem1 to keep wat] f be+ p]petually froz51 or ! gr\nd f be+ bak$ ) unrelax+ fro/4 ,x is = ! imag9ation to picture und]gr\nd dwell+s1 artificial s\rces ( heat1 & liv+ =ms suit$ to une>?like environm5t4 ,:at w\ld be ! m5tal effects ( p]petual night ^u a race ( intellig5t creatures doom$ to t condition8 ,p]haps n q s griev\s z we are apt to ?9k4 ,! con/ellations 9 all _! spl5dor w\ld circle be=e _! eyes ) ! revolution ( _! planet ab\t ! sun1 & ) ! exception ( ! sun itself--:i* !y c\ld see by mak+ a j\rney to ! opposite hemisph]e--all ! memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em w\ld pass 9 succession ?r\gh _! mid-heav51 & two ( !m w\ld pres5t !mselves ) a magnific5ce ( planet>y display unkn[n on ! e>?4 ,v5us1 :5 9 opposition "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 is sc>cely m ?an #bd1jjj1jjj miles f ,m]cury1 &1 %[+ h]self at su* times ) a fully illum9at$ disk--z1 ow+ to h] position )9 ! orbit ( ! e>?1 %e nev] c d :5 at h] lea/ di/ance f u--%e mu/ be a ph5om5on ( unp>allel$ beauty1 at lea/ f\r times bright] ?an we ev] see h]1 & capable1 ( c\rse1 ( ca/+ a /rong %ad[4 ,! e>?1 also1 is a spl5did /> 9 ! midnight sky ( ,m]cury1 & ! moon may be visible to ! nak$ eye z a little att5dant circl+ ab\t its brilliant ma/]4 ,! out] planets are slightly less conspicu\s ?an !y are to u1 ow+ to increase ( di/ance4 ,! revolution ( ! heav5s z se5 f ! night side ( ,m]cury is q diff]5t 9 p]iod f t :i* we are accu/om$ to1 al?\gh ! app>5t motion is 9 ! same direction1 viz41 f ea/ to we/4 ,! same con/ellations rema9 above ! horizon = weeks at a "t1 sl[ly mov+ we/w>d1 ) ! planets drift+ yet m sl[ly1 b at diff]5t rates1 among !m2 ! ne>] planets1 ,v5us & ! e>?1 %[+ ! mo/ decid$ t5d5cy to loit] beh9d ! />s4 ,on ! side :]e et]nal sunlight %9es ! sky ( ,m]cury conta9s no />s4 ,=ev] ! pitiless blaze ( day2 =ev]1 ,all 9 a hot & copp] sky ,! bloody sun at noon4 ,z x is difficult to und]/& h[ wat] c exi/ on ! night hemisph]e1 except 9 ! %ape ( p]petual sn[ & ice1 s x is h>d to imag9e t on ! day hemisph]e wat] c ev] be precipitat$ f ! vapor\s =m4 ,9 tru?1 !re c be v little wat] on ,m]cury ev5 9 ! =m ( vapor1 else ! spectroscope w\ld h giv5 unque/ionable evid5ce ( its pres5ce4 ,^? :o ?9k t ,m]cury is entirely wat]less & almo/1 if n q1 airless may be "r4 ,9 ^! respects x w\ld !n resemble ! moon1 &1 accord+ to "s obs]v]s1 x possesses ano!r *>act]i/ic lun> feature 9 ! r\gh5+ ( its surface by :at seem to be innum]able volcanic crat]s4 ,b if we suppose ,m]cury to possess an atmosph]e mu* r>] ?an t ( ! e>?1 we may p]ceive !re9 a possible provision aga9/ ! excessive sol> heat to :i* x is subject$1 s9ce1 z we see on high m\nta9s1 a light air p]mits a ready radiation ( heat1 :i* does n become /or$ up z 9 a d5s] atmosph]e4 ,z ! sun p\rs its heat )\t cessation ^u ! day hemisph]e ! w>m$ air mu/ rise & fl[ (f on all sides into ! night hemisph]e1 :ile cold air ru%es 9 bel[1 to take its place1 f ! region ( fro/ & d>kness4 ,! int]m$iate areas1 :i* see ! sun "p ( ! "t1 z expla9$ above1 are p]haps ! sc5e ( cont5d+ w9ds & tempe/s1 :]e ! moi/ure1 if !re be any1 is precipitat$1 ?r\gh ! rapid cool+ ( ! air1 9 :elm+ floods & wild sn[-/orms driv5 by hurry+ bla/s f ! realm ( endless night4 ,en\gh seems n[ to h be5 said to indicate cle>ly ! hopelessness ( look+ = any analogies betwe5 ,m]cury & ! e>? :i* w\ld w>rant ! conclusion t ! =m] planet is capable ( support+ inhabitants or =ms ( life resembl+ ^? t sw>m ^u ! latt]4 ,if we w\ld /ill believe t ,m]cury is a habitable globe we mu/ dep5d entirely ^u ! imag9ation = pictures ( creatures able to endure its extremes ( heat & cold1 ( light & d>kness1 ( in/ability1 swift vicissitude1 & viol5t contra/4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all /udy a m peaceful & ev5-go+ _w1 yet "o ( great brilliancy1 :i* possesses "s rem>kable resemblances to ! e>?1 z well z "s surpris+ div]g5ces f x4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,v5us1 ,,! ,,tw9 ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,we come n[ to a planet :i* seems1 at ! fir/ glance1 to af=d a f> m promis+ outlook ?an ,m]cury does = ! pres5ce ( organic life =ms be>+ "s resemblance to ^? ( ! e>?4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts = reg>d+ ,v5us z a _w mu* l ours is bas$ ^u its rem>kable simil>ity to ! e>? 9 size & mass1 because ?us we are assur$ t ! =ce ( gravity is practically ! same ^u ! two planets1 & ! =ce ( gravity gov]ns numb]less physical ph5om5a ( ess5tial importance to bo? animal & vegetable life4 ,! mean diamet] ( ! e>? is #g1iah miles2 t ( ,v5us is #g1gjj miles4 ,! diff]5ce is s slight t if ! two planets 7 susp5d$ side by side 9 ! sky1 at su* a di/ance t _! disks resembl$ t ( ! full moon1 ! eye w\ld notice no inequality betwe5 !m4 ,! mean d5sity ( ,v5us is ab\t n9e t5?s ( t ( ! e>?1 & ! =ce ( gravity ^u its surface is 9 ! ratio ( ab\t #he to #ajj z comp>$ to its =ce on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,a man remov$ to ,v5us w\ld1 consequ5tly1 f9d himself p]ceptibly light] ?an he 0 at home1 & w\ld be able to ex]t 8 /r5g? ) consid]ably great] effect ?an on 8 own planet4 ,b ! diff]5ce w\ld am\nt only to an agreeable v>iation f accu/om$ conditions1 & w\ld n be productive ( fundam5tal *anges 9 ! ord] ( nature4 ,be+1 l ,m]cury1 ne>] to ! sun ?an ! e>? is1 ,v5us also is visible to u only 9 ! morn+ or ! ev5+ sky4 ,b h] di/ance f ! sun1 slightly exce$+ #fg1jjj1jjj miles1 is ne>ly d\ble t ( ,m]cury1 s t1 :5 favorably situat$1 %e becomes a v conspicu\s object1 &1 in/ead ( be+ kn[n almo/ exclusively by a/ronom]s1 %e is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ popul> & mo/ admir$ ( all ! memb]s ( ! planet>y sy/em1 especially :5 %e appe>s 9 ! *>m+ rle ( ! ev5+ />4 ,z %e em]ges p]iodically f ! bl9d+ gl>e ( ! sun's imm$iate neighborhood & beg9s to so>1 bright z an electric balloon1 9 ! twilight1 %e comm&s all eyes & calls =? exclamations ( a/oni%m5t & admiration by h] s+ul> beauty4 ,! int]vals betwe5 h] successive reappe>ances 9 ! ev5+ sky1 measur$ by h] synodic p]iod ( #ehd days1 are suffici5tly long to give an elem5t ( surprise & novelty to e return ( s dazzl+ a ph5om5on4 ,ev5 ! light ( ! full moon silv]+ ! tree tops does n ex]cise great] en*antm5t ov] ! m9d ( ! contemplative obs]v]4 ,9 ei!r ( h] rles1 z morn+ or z ev5+ />1 ,v5us has no rival4 ,no fix$ /> c = an in/ant be> comp>ison ) h]4 ,:at %e lacks 9 vivacity ( light--none ( ! planets tw9kles1 z d all ( ! true />s--is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! impos+ size ( h] gleam+ disk & ! /rik+ beauty ( h] cle> lamplike rays4 ,h] color is silv]y or gold51 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 :ile ! di/9ction ( h] appe>ance 9 a d>k sky is s great t no eye c resi/ its attraction1 & ,i h kn[n an unexpect$ glimpse ( ,v5us to put an end to an animat$ conv]sation & di/ract1 = a long "t1 ! att5tion ( a p>ty ( ladies & g5tlem5 f ! social occupation t _h br\ght !m toge!r4 ,z a telescopic object ,v5us is exce$+ly attractive1 ev5 :5 consid]$ m]ely f ! po9t ( view ( simple beauty4 ,bo? ,m]cury & ,v5us1 z !y travel ab\t ! sun1 exhibit phases l ^? ( ! moon1 b ,v5us1 be+ mu* l>g] & mu* ne>] to ! e>? ?an ,m]cury1 %[s h] successive phases m effectively1 & :5 %e %9es z a ?9 cresc5t 9 ! morn+ or ev5+ twilight1 only a v slight magnify+ p[] is requir$ to %[ ! sickle =m ( h] disk4 ,a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ,v5us & ,m]cury comes out z soon z we exam9e ! %ape ( ! =m]'s orbit4 ,v5us's mean di/ance f ! sun is #fg1bjj1jjj miles1 & h] orbit is s ne>ly a circle1 mu* m ne>ly ?an t ( any o!r planet1 t 9 ! c\rse ( a revolution h] di/ance f ! sun v>ies less ?an a million miles4 ,! di/ance ( ! e>? v>ies #c1jjj1jjj miles1 & t ( ,m]cury #ad1jjj1jjj4 ,h] p]iod ( revolution1 or ! l5g? ( h] ye>1 is #bbe ( our days4 ,:5 %e comes betwe5 ! sun & ! e>? %e approa*es u ne>] ?an any o!r planet ev] gets1 except ! a/]oid ,eros1 h] di/ance at su* times be+ #bf1jjj1jjj miles1 or ab\t "o hundr$ & t5 times ! di/ance ( ! moon4 ,be+ ne>] to ! sun 9 ! ratio ( #fg to #ic1 ,v5us receives almo/ twice z mu* sol> light & heat z we get1 b less ?an "o ?ird z mu* z ,m]cury gets4 ,!re is reason to believe t h] axis1 in/ead ( be+ consid]ably incl9$1 l t ( ! e>?1 is p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( h] orbit4 ,?us ,v5us introduces to u ano!r novelty 9 ! economy ( worlds1 = ) a p]p5dicul> axis ( rotation %e c h no succession ( seasons1 no w9t] & summ] flitt+1 "o ^u ! o!r's heels1 to & fro betwe5 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es2 b1 on ! contr>y1 h] climatic conditions mu/ be un*angeable1 &1 on any p>ticul> "p ( h] surface1 except = local causes ( v>iation1 ! wea!r rema9s ! same ! ye> ar\nd4 ,s1 z f> z temp]ature is conc]n$1 ,v5us may h two regions ( p]petual w9t]1 "o ar\nd ea* pole2 two belts ( p]petual spr+ 9 ! upp] middle latitudes1 "o on ea* side ( ! equator2 & "o zone ( p]petual summ] occupy+ ! equatorial portion ( ! planet4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ^! seasonal t]ms d n /rictly apply to ,v5us1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we employ !m on ! e>?1 = ) u spr+ is *>act]iz$ r by ! *ange 9 ! quantity ( heat & o!r atmosph]ic conditions t x witnesses ?an by a c]ta9 fix$ & inv>iable temp]ature4 ,to "s m9ds x may appe> v undesirable1 f ! po9t ( view ( animate exi/5ces1 t !re %\ld be no alt]nation ( seasons on ! surface ( a planet1 b1 in/ead1 fix$ conditions ( climate2 yet x is n cle> t su* a /ate ( affairs might n be pref]able to t ) :i* we are famili>4 ,ev5 on ! e>?1 we f9d t tropical regions1 :]e ! seasonal *anges are comp>atively mod]ate1 pres5t _m attractions & advantages 9 contra/ ) ! viol5t & (t5 de/ructive vicissitudes ( ! temp]ate zones1 & nature has %[n u1 )9 ! pale ( our own planet1 t %e is capable ( br++ =? h>ve/s ( fruit & gra9 )\t ! /imulus ( alt]nate fro/ & sun%9e4 ,ev5 "u ! reign ( p]petual summ] ! fields & trees f9d "t & opportunity to re/ & re/ore _! productive =ces4 ,! circul>ity ( ,v5us's orbit1 & ! consequ5tly insignificant *ange 9 ! sun's di/ance & heat+ effect1 are o!r elem5ts to be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ ! s+ul> con/ancy 9 ! op]ation ( natural ag5cies ^u t int]e/+ planet1 :i*1 tw9 ( ! e>? ?\gh x be 9 /ature1 is evid5tly n its tw9 9 temp]am5t4 ,& next z to ! all-important "q ( atmosph]e4 ,9 :at prec$es1 ! pres5ce ( an atmosph]e has be5 assum$1 &1 =tunately1 !re is v conv9c+ evid5ce1 bo? visual & spectroscopic1 t ,v5us is well & abundantly suppli$ ) air1 by :i* x is n meant t ,v5us's air is precisely l ! mixture ( oxyg5 & nitrog51 ) a few o!r gases1 :i* we brea! & call by t "n4 ,9 fact1 !re are excell5t reasons = ?9k+ t ! atmosph]e ( ,v5us diff]s f ! e>?'s q z mu* z "s ( h] o!r *>act]i/ics diff] f ^? ( our planet4 ,b1 h[ev] x may v>y f ours 9 con/itution1 ! atmosph]e ( ,v5us conta9s wat] vapor1 & is exce$+ly abundant4 ,li/5 to ,pr(essor ,"y3 ,its ,v5us's atmosph]e is probably f "o & a half to two times z ext5sive & z d5se z our own1 & ! spectroscope %[s evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( wat] vapor 9 x4 ,& ,pr(4 ,william ,c4 ,pick]+1 bas+ 8 /atem5t on ! result ( obs]vations at ! m\nta9 obs]vatory ( ,arequipa1 says3 ,we may feel reasonably c]ta9 t at ! planet's ,v5us's surface ! d5sity ( its atmosph]e is _m times t ( our own4 ,we d n h to dep5d ^u ! spectroscope = evid5ce t ,v5us has a d5se atmosph]e1 = we c1 9 a mann]1 see h] atmosph]e1 9 consequ5ce ( its refractive action ^u ! sunlight t /rikes into x ne> ! edge ( ! planet's globe4 ,?is illum9ation ( ,v5us's atmosph]e is witness$ bo? :5 %e is ne>ly betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?1 & :51 be+ exactly betwe5 !m1 %e appe>s 9 silh\ette aga9/ ! sol> disk4 ,dur+ a transit ( ?is k9d1 9 #ahhb1 _m obs]v]s1 & ! pres5t writ] 0 "o1 saw a bright atmosph]ic b[ edg+ a "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( ,v5us :5 ! planet 0 mov+ ^u ! face ( ! sun--a mo/ beautiful & impressive spectacle4 ,ev5 m curi\s is an obs]vation made 9 #ahff by ,pr(4 ,c4,s4 ,lyman1 ( ,yale ,college1 :o1 :5 ,v5us 0 v ne> ! sun1 saw h] atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( a lum9\s r+4 ,a little full] explanation ( ?is appe>ance may be ( int]e/4 ,:5 approa*+ inf]ior conjunction--i4e41 pass+ betwe5 ! e>? & sun--,v5us appe>s1 ) a telescope1 9 ! %ape ( a v ?9 cresc5t4 ,pr(essor ,lyman wat*$ ?is cresc5t1 becom+ n>r[] day aft] day z x approa*$ ! sun1 & notic$ t its extremities gradually ext5d$ !mselves beyond ! limits ( a semicircle1 b5d+ to meet "o ano!r on ! opposite side ( ! invisible disk ( ! planet1 until1 at l5g?1 !y did meet1 & he beheld a complete r+ ( silv]y light1 all t rema9$ visible ( ! planet ,v5us6 ,! r+ 01 ( c\rse1 ! illum9at$ atmosph]e ( ! planet refract+ ! sunlight on all sides ar\nd ! opaque globe4 ,9 #ahgd ,m4 ,flamm>ion witness$ ! same ph5om5on 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,"o may well envy ^? :o h _h ! good =tune to behold ?is spectacle--to actually see1 z x 71 ! air t ! inhabitants ( ano!r _w are brea?+ & mak+ resonant ) all ! multitud9\s s\nds & voices t accompany intellig5t life4 ,b p]haps "s read]s w pref] to ?9k t ev5 ?\gh an atmosph]e is !re1 !re is no "o to brea! x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v5us',s ,,atmosph]e ,,se5 ,,z ,a ,,r+ ,,( ,,light4 ,z ! visibility ( ,v5us's atmosph]e is unp>allel$ else:]e 9 ! sol> sy/em1 x may be wor? :ile to give a graphic illu/ration ( x4 ,9 ! accompany+ figure ! planet is repres5t$ at ?ree successive po9ts 9 its advance t[>d inf]ior conjunction4 ,z x approa*es conjunction x sl[ly draws ne>] ! e>?1 & its app>5t diamet] consequ5tly increases4 ,at ,a a l>ge "p ( ! lum9\s cresc5t is compos$ ( ! planet's surface reflect+ ! sun%9e2 at ,b ! ratio ( ! reflect+ surface to ! illum9at$ atmosph]e has dim9i%$1 & ! latt] has ext5d$1 l ! curv$ arms ( a pair ( calip]s1 f> ar\nd ! unillum9at$ side ( ! disk2 at ,c ! atmosph]e is illum9at$ all ar\nd by ! sunlight com+ ?r\gh x f beh9d1 :ile ! surface ( ! planet has pass$ entirely out ( ! light--t is to say1 ,v5us has become an invisible globe embrac$ by a circle ( refract$ sun%9e4 ,we return to ! "q ( life4 ,) almo/ twice z mu* sol> heat & light z we h1 & ) a deep] & d5s] atmosph]e ?an ours1 x is evid5t1 )\t seek+ o!r causes ( v>iation1 t ! conditions ( life ^u ,v5us are notably diff]5t f ^? ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld seem t a d5se atmosph]e1 toge!r ) a m copi\s supply ( heat1 might r5d] ! surface temp]ature ( ,v5us unsuitable = organic life z we und]/& x4 ,b s mu* dep5ds ^u ! precise composition ( ! atmosph]e & ^u ! relative quantities ( its con/itu5ts1 t x w n d to pron\nce a positive judgm5t 9 su* a case1 because we lack in=mation on too _m ess5tial po9ts4 ,exp]im5t has %[n t ! temp]ature ( ! air v>ies ) *anges 9 ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid & ( wat] vapor t x conta9s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t 9 pa/ geologic ages ! e>?'s atmosph]e 0 d5s] & m heavily *>g$ ) vapors ?an x is at pres5t2 yet ev5 !n =ms ( life suit$ to _! environm5t exi/$1 & f ^? =ms ! pres5t inhabitants ( our globe h be5 develop$4 ,!re are sev]al l9es ( reason+ :i* may be foll[$ to ! conclusion t ,v5us1 z a life-be>+ _w1 is y\ng] ?an ! e>?1 &1 accord+ to t view1 we are at lib]ty to imag9e our beautiful si/] planet z n[ pass+ ?r\gh "s su* p]iod 9 its hi/ory z t at :i* ! e>? _h arriv$ 9 ! age ( ! c>bonif]\s =e/s1 or ! age ( ! gigantic reptiles :o rul$ bo? l& & sea4 ,b1 )\t mak+ any assumptions z to ! phase ( evolution :i* life may h atta9$ on ,v5us1 x is also possible to ?9k t ! planet's ?ick %ell ( air1 ) its abundant vapors1 may s]ve z a %ield aga9/ ! excessive sol> radiation4 ,v5us is extraord9>ily brilliant1 its reflective p[] be+ greatly 9 excess ( ,m]cury's1 & x has (t5 be5 sugge/$ t ?is may be due to ! fact t a l>ge %>e ( ! sunlight fall+ ^u x is turn$ back be=e rea*+ ! planet's surface1 be+ reflect$ bo? f ! atmosph]e itself & f va/ lay]s ( cl\ds4 ,ev5 :5 view$ ) ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes & 9 ! mo/ favor+ circum/ances1 ! features ( ,v5us's surface are difficult to see1 & g5]ally extremely difficult4 ,!y consi/ ( fa9t %ad[y m>k+s1 indef9ite 9 outl9e1 & s close to ! limit ( visibility t great unc]ta9ty exi/s n only z to _! %ape & _! precise location ^u ! planet1 b ev5 z to _! actual exi/5ce4 ,no two obs]v]s h repres5t$ !m exactly alike 9 draw+s ( ! planet1 &1 un=tunately1 photography is z yet utt]ly unable to deal ) !m4 ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell1 9 8 special /udies ( ,v5us 9 #ahif1 us+ a #bd-;in* telescope ( great excell5ce1 9 ! cle> & /eady air ( ,arizona1 f\nd delicate spokelike /reaks radiat+ f a r\nd$ spot l a hub1 & all ( :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 7 g5u9e & def9ite m>k+s on ! planet's surface4 ,b o!rs1 us+ l>g] telescopes1 h fail$ to p]ceive ! %apes & details depict$ by ,mr4 ,l[ell1 & "s are dispos$ to ascribe _! appe>ances to ,v5us's atmosph]e4 ,mr4 ,l[ell himself notic$ t ! m>k+s seem$ to h a k9d ( obscur+ veil ov] !m4 ,9 %ort1 all obs]v]s ( ,v5us agree 9 ?9k+ t h] atmosph]e1 to a great] or less ext5t1 s]ves z a mask to conceal h] real features1 & ! possibilities ( s ext5sive an atmosph]e ) ref]5ce to an adju/m5t ( ! peculi> conditions ( ! planet to ! requirem5ts ( life ^u x1 are almo/ unlimit$4 ,if we c\ld accurately analyze t atmosph]e we w\ld h a basis = m exact conclusions conc]n+ ,v5us's habitability4 ,b ! m]e exi/5ce ( ! atmosph]e is1 9 itself1 a /rong argum5t = ! habitability ( ! planet1 & z to ! temp]ature1 we are really n compell$ to imag9e special adaptations by means ( :i* x may be br\ght into accord ) t prevail+ ^u ! e>?4 ,z long z ! temp]ature does n rise to ! de/ructive po9t1 beyond :i* our exp]i5ce tea*es t no organic life c exi/1 x may v well atta9 an elevation t w\ld mean extreme discom=t f our po9t ( view1 )\t preclud+ ! exi/5ce ( life ev5 9 its t]re/rial s5se4 ,& w\ld x n be unreasonable to assume t vital ph5om5a on o!r planets mu/ be subject to exactly ! same limitations t we f9d circumscrib+ !m 9 our _w8 ,t k9d ( assumption has m ?an once l$ u f> a/ray ev5 9 deal+ ) t]re/rial conditions4 ,x is n s long ago1 = in/ance1 s9ce life 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea 0 deem$ to be demon/rably impossible4 ,! bottom ( ! ocean1 we 7 assur$1 0 a region ( et]nal d>kness & ( frightful pressure1 :]e9 no liv+ creatures c\ld exi/4 ,yet ! fir/ dip ( ! deep-sea trawl br\ght up animals ( m>vel\s delicacy ( organization1 :i*1 al?\gh curi\sly & wond]fully adapt$ to live 9 a compress$ liquid1 collaps$ :5 lift$ into a light] m$ium1 & :i*1 despite ! assum$ p]petual d>kness ( _! pr(\nd abode1 7 adorn$ ) v>iegat$ colors & furni%$ ) organs ( phosphoresc5ce :]eby !y c\ld create = !mselves all ! light !y ne$$4 ,ev5 ! fix$ animals ( ! sea1 gr[+1 l plants1 fa/ to ! rocks1 are frequ5tly vivid ) liv+ light1 & !re is a spl5did sugge/ion ( nature's p[]s ( adaptation1 :i* may n be entirely inapplicable to ! problems ( life on /range planets1 9 ,alex&] ,agassiz's /atem5t t species ( sea animals1 liv+ bel[ ! dep?s to :i* sunlight p5etrates1 may dwell 9 total d>kness & be illum9at$ at times m]ely by ! movem5ts ( abyssal fi%es ?r\gh ! =e/s ( phosphoresc5t alcyon>ians4 ,9 attempt+ to judge ! habitability ( a planet su* z ,v5us we mu/ fir/1 z f> z possible1 g5]alize ! conditions t gov]n life & re/rict its b\nd>ies4 ,on ! e>? we f9d animat$ exi/5ce conf9$ to ! surface ( ! cru/ ( ! globe1 to ! l[] & d5s] /rata ( ! atmosph]e1 & to ! film ( wat] t con/itutes ! oceans4 ,x does n exi/ 9 ! he>t ( ! rocks =m+ ! body ( ! planet nor 9 ! void ( space surr\nd+ x outside ! atmosph]e4 ,z ! e>? cond5s$ f ! orig9al nebula1 & cool$ & solidifi$1 a c]ta9 quantity ( matt] rema9$ at its surface 9 ! =m ( free gases & un/able comp\nds1 &1 )9 ! n>r[ prec9cts :]e ^! ?+s 71 ly+ l a ?9 %ell betwe5 ! huge in]t globe ( p]man5tly comb9$ elem5ts bel[1 & ! equally un*ang+ realm ( ! e!r above1 life1 a ph5om5on dep5d+ ^u ceaseless *anges1 comb9ations & recomb9ations ( *emical elem5ts 9 un/able & tempor>y union1 made its appe>ance1 & !re only we f9d x at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is because air & wat] furni% ! means = ! cont9ual trans=mations by :i* ! bodies ( animals & plants are built up & aft]w>d dis9tegrat$ & disp]s$1 t we are compell$ to reg>d _! pres5ce z pr]equisites to ! exi/5ce1 on any planet1 ( life 9 any ( ! =ms 9 :i* we are acqua9t$ ) x4 ,b if we p]ceive t ano!r _w has an atmosph]e1 & t !re is wat] vapor 9 its atmosph]e--bo? ( :i* conditions are fulfill$ by ,v5us--& if we f9d t t _w is ba!d 9 ! same sun%9e t /imulates ! liv+ =ces ( our planet1 ev5 ?\gh its quantity or int5sity may be diff]5t1 !n x w\ld seem t we are ju/ifi$ 9 av]r+ t ! burd5 ( pro( re/s ^u ^? :o w\ld d5y ! capability ( su* a _w to support inhabitants4 ,! g5]ally accept$ hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em leads u to believe t ,v5us has exp]i5c$ ! same process ( evolution z t :i* br\ght ! e>? into its pres5t condition1 & we may fairly argue t ^u ! rocky %ell ( ,v5us exi/s a region :]e *emical comb9ations & recomb9ations l ^? on ! surface ( ! e>? are tak+ place4 ,x is surely n ess5tial t ! life-=m+ elem5ts %\ld exi/ 9 exactly ! same /ates & proportions z ^u ! e>?2 x is en\gh if "s ( !m are manife/ly pres5t4 ,ev5 on ! e>? ^! ?+s h und]gone mu* v>iation 9 ! c\rse ( geological hi/ory1 co9cid5tly ) ! developm5t ( v>i\s species ( life4 ,j at pres5t ! e>? appe>s to h rea*$ a /age :]e ev]y?+ contributes to ! ma9t5ance ( a v high organization 9 bo? ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,s ea* planet t has atta9$ ! habitable /age may h a typical adju/m5t ( temp]ature & atmosph]ic con/itution1 r5d]+ life possible )9 c]ta9 limits peculi> to t planet1 & to ! special conditions prevail+ !re4 ,admitt+1 z !re is reason = do+1 t diff]5t planets may be at diff]5t /ages ( developm5t 9 ! geological & biological s5se1 we %\ld1 ( c\rse1 n expect to f9d !m inhabit$ by ! same liv+ species4 ,&1 s9ce !re is also reason to believe t no two planets ^u arriv+ at ! same /age ( evolution z globes w\ld possess id5tical gase\s surr\nd+s1 !re w\ld naturally be diff]5ces betwe5 _! organic life =ms not)/&+ ! simil>ity ( _! common phase ( developm5t 9 o!r respects4 ,?us a dep>ture f ! t]re/rial type 9 ! envelope ( gases cov]+ a planet1 in/ead ( preclud+ life1 w\ld only t5d to v>y its manife/ations4 ,aft] all1 :y %\ld ! int5sity ( ! sol> radiation ^u ,v5us be reg>d$ z inimical to life8 ,! sunbeams awak5 life4 ,x is n impossible t relative ne>ness to ! sun may be an advantage to ,v5us f ! biologic po9t ( view4 ,%e gets less ?an "o ?ird z mu* heat z ,m]cury receives on ! av]age1 & %e gets x ) almo/ absolute uni=mity4 ,at aphelion ,m]cury is ab\t two & f\r t5?s times hott] ?an ,v5us2 !n x ru%es sunw>d1 & )9 =ty-f\r days becomes six times hott] ?an ,v5us4 ,9 ! meantime ! temp]ature ( ! latt]1 :ile high z comp>$ ) ! e>?'s1 rema9s practically un*ang$4 ,n only may ,m]cury's temp]ature rea* ! de/ructive po9t1 & ?us be too high = organic life1 b ,m]cury gets no?+ ) ei!r mod]ation or con/ancy4 ,x is a _w bo? ( excessive heat & ( viol5t contra/s ( temp]ature4 ,v5us1 on ! o!r h&1 pres5ts an unp>allel$ in/ance ( inv>iabl5ess & uni=mity4 ,%e may well be call$ ! favorite ( ! sun1 &1 ?r\gh ! advantages ( h] situation1 may be /imulat$ by him to m int5se vitality ?an falls to ! lot ( ! e>?4 ,x is op51 at lea/ to ! writ]s ( ! int]planet>y romances n[ s popul>1 to imag9e t on ,v5us1 life1 :ile encompass$ ) ! s]5ity t results f ! circul> =m ( h] orbit1 & ! un*angeabl5ess ( h] climates1 is ri*]1 w>m]1 m passionate1 m exquisite 9 its =ms & m fasc9at+ 9 its exp]i5ces1 ke5] ( s5se1 capable ( m delici\s joys1 ?an is possible to x amid ! manifold inclem5cies ( ! cold] e>?4 ,we h se5 t !re is excell5t au?ority = say+ t ,v5us's atmosph]e is f "o & a half to two times z d5se & z ext5sive z ours4 ,"h is an int]e/+ sugge/ion ( a]ial possibilities = h] inhabitants4 ,if man c\ld b fly1 h[ w\ld he take to himself w+s & wid5 8 horizons along ) ! birds6 ,give him an atmosph]e ! d\ble 9 d5sity ( t :i* n[ envelopes him1 take (f a little ( 8 weight1 !reby increas+ ! ratio ( 8 /r5g? & activity1 put into 8 n]v\s sy/em a m puissant /imulus f ! life-giv+ sun1 & p]*ance he w\ld fly4 ,well1 on ,v5us1 app>5tly1 ^! v conditions actually exi/4 ,h[1 !n1 d intellectual creatures 9 ! _w ( ,v5us take w+ :5 !y *oose8 ,^u :at spectacle ( flutt]+ p9ions afloat 9 iridesc5t air1 l a ,raphael dream ( heav5 & its angels1 might we n look d[n if we c\ld get ne> en\gh to our brilliant ev5+ /> to behold ! intimate spl5dors ( its life8 ,z ,v5us h]self w\ld be ! mo/ brilliant memb] ( ! cele/ial ho/ to an obs]v] /ation$ on ! night side ( ,m]cury1 s ! e>? takes prec$5ce 9 ! midnight sky ( ,v5us4 ,= ! inhabitants ( ,v5us ,m]cury is a spl5did ev5+ & morn+ /> only1 :ile ! e>?1 be+ an out] planet1 is visible at times 9 t "p ( ! sky :i* is directly opposite to ! place ( ! sun4 ,! light reflect$ f our planet is probably less dazzl+ ?an t :i* ,v5us s5ds to u1 bo? because1 at our great] di/ance1 ! sunlight is less int5se1 & because our r>] atmosph]e reflects a small] proportion ( ! rays incid5t ^u x4 ,b ! e>? is1 aft] all1 a m brilliant ph5om5on se5 f ,v5us ?an ! latt] is se5 f ! e>?1 = ! reason t ! entire illum9at$ disk ( ! e>? is pres5t$ t[>d our si/] planet :5 ! two are at _! ne>e/ po9t ( approa*1 :]eas1 at t "t1 ! l>g] "p ( ! surface ( ,v5us t is turn$ e>?w>d has no illum9ation1 :ile ! illum9at$ portion is a m]e cresc5t4 ,ow+1 aga91 to ! comp>ative r>ity ( ! t]re/rial atmosph]e1 x is probable t ! inhabitants ( ,v5us--assum+ _! exi/5ce--enjoy a sup]b view ( ! cont95ts1 oceans1 pol> sn[s1 & pass+ cl\ds t color & v>iegate ! face ( ! e>?4 ,our a/ronom]s c /udy ! full disk ( ,v5us only :5 %e is at h] greate/ di/ance1 & on ! opposite side ( ! sun f u1 :]e %e is half conceal$ 9 ! gl>e4 ,! a/ronom]s ( ,v5us1 on ! o!r h&1 c /udy ! e>? "u ! mo/ favorable conditions ( obs]vation--t is to say1 :5 x is ne>e/ to !m & :51 be+ 9 opposition to ! sun1 its :ole disk is fully illum9at$4 ,9 fact1 !re is no planet 9 ! entire sy/em :i* enjoys an outlook t[>d a si/] _w comp>able ) t :i* ,v5us enjoys ) reg>d to ! e>?4 ,if !re be a/ronom]s ^u ,v5us1 arm$ ) telescopes1 x is safe to guess t !y possess a k ( ! surface ( ! e>? f> exce$+ 9 m9ut5ess & accuracy ! k t we possess ( ! features ( any heav5ly body except ! moon4 ,!y mu/ long ago h be5 able to =m def9ite conclusions conc]n+ ! meteorology & ! probable habitability ( our planet4 ,x c]ta9ly t5ds to increase our int]e/ 9 ,v5us :51 grant+ t %e is inhabit$1 we reflect ^u ! p5etrat+ scrut9y ( :i* ! e>? may be ! object :5ev] ,v5us--z happ5s once e #ehd days--passes betwe5 u & ! sun4 ,! spectacle ( our great planet1 gl[+ 9 its fulle/ spl5dor 9 ! midnight sky1 pi$ & /reak$ ) wat]1 l&1 cl\d1 & sn[1 is "o t might well excite among ! a/ronom]s ( ano!r _w1 s =tunately plac$ to obs]ve x1 an int]e/ ev5 great] ?an t :i* ! recurr5ce ( total sol> eclipses occasions ^u ! e>?4 ,= ! inhabitants ( ,v5us ! /udy ( ! e>? mu/ be ! mo/ absorb+ bran* ( obs]vational a/ronomy1 & ! subject1 we may imag9e1 ( numb]less volumes ( le>n$ memoirs1 f> exce$+ 9 ! def9it5ess ( _! conclusions ! books t we h writt5 ab\t ! physical *>act]i/ics ( o!r memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,&1 if we are to look = attempts on ! "p ( ! inhabitants ( o!r worlds to communicate ) u by signals across ! e!r1 x w\ld c]ta9ly seem t ,v5us is ! mo/ likely s\rce ( su* ef=ts1 = f no o!r planet c ^? features ( ! e>? t give evid5ce ( its habitability be s cle>ly disc]n$4 ,( "o ?+ x w\ld seem we may be c]ta93 if ,v5us has intellectual inhabitants !y possess f> m conv9c+ evid5ce ( our exi/5ce ?an we are likely ev] to h ( !irs4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! view ( ! e>? f ,m]cury x 0 rem>k$ t ! moon is probably visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,f ,v5us ! moon is n only visible1 b conspicu\s1 to ! nak$ eye1 circl+ ab\t ! e>?1 & appe>+ at times to rec$e f x to a di/ance ( ab\t half a degree--equal to ! diamet] ( ! full moon z we see x4 ,! disk ( ! e>? is n q f\r times great] 9 diamet] ?an t ( ! moon1 & n[h]e else 9 ! sol> sy/em is !re an in/ance 9 :i* two bodies1 no m widely diff]5t 9 size ?an are ! moon & ! e>?1 are closely l9k$ toge!r4 ,! moons ( ! o!r planets t possess satellites are relatively s small t !y appe> 9 ! telescope z m]e specks beside _! prim>ies1 b ! moon is s l>ge z comp>$ ) ! e>? t ! two mu/ appe>1 z view$ f ,v5us1 l a d\ble planet4 ,to ! nak$ eye !y may look l a v wide & brilliant d\ble />1 probably ( contra/$ colors1 ! moon be+ silv]y :ite & ! e>?1 p]haps1 n[ ( a gold5 or r$di% t+e & n[ gre5 or blue1 accord+ to ! "p ( its surface turn$ t[>d ,v5us1 & accord+1 also1 to ! season t *ances to be reign+ ov] t "p4 ,su* a spectacle c\ld n fail to be ( absorb+ int]e/1 & we c n admit ! possibility ( intellig5t inhabitants on ,v5us )\t suppos+ !m to wat* ! motions ( ! moon & ! e>? ) ! utmo/ int5tness4 ,! passage ( ! moon beh9d & 9 front ( ! e>?1 & its eclipses :5 x goes into ! e>?'s %ad[1 c\ld be se5 )\t ! aid ( telescopes1 :ile1 ) su* in/rum5ts1 ^! ph5om5a w\ld possess ! highe/ sci5tific int]e/ & importance4 ,because ! e>? has a satellite s easily obs]vable1 ! a/ronom]s ( ,v5us c\ld n rema9 ignorant ( ! exact mass ( our planet1 & 9 t respect !y w\ld out/rip u 9 ! race = k1 s9ce1 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( a satellite att5d+ ,v5us1 we h be5 able to d no m ?an make an approximate e/imate ( h] mass4 ,) telescopes1 too1 9 ! case ( a sol> eclipse occurr+ at ! "t ( ! e>?'s opposition1 !y c\ld see ! black spot =m$ by ! %ad[ ( ! moon1 :]e ! end ( its cone mov$ across ! e>? l ! po9t ( an invisible p5cil1 & c\ld wat* x trav]s+ cont95ts & oceans1 or ?r[n out 9 bold contra/ ^u ! :ite backgr\nd ( a great area ( cl\ds4 ,inde$1 ! ph5om5a :i* our globe & its satellite pres5t to ,v5us mu/ be s v>i$ & wond]ful t "o might well wi% to visit t planet m]ely = ! sake ( behold+ !m4 ,?us f> we h f\nd s mu* ( brilliant promise 9 ! e>?'s tw9 si/] t ,i almo/ hesitate to approa* ano!r phase ( ! subject :i* may t5d to weak5 ! fai? ( "s read]s 9 ! habitability ( ,v5us4 ,x may h be5 obs]v$ t h]et(ore no?+ has be5 said z to ! planet's rotation p]iod1 b1 )\t specifically m5tion+ x1 ,i h tacitly assum$ ! correctness ( ! g5]ally accept$ p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 det]m9$ by ,de ,vico & o!r obs]v]s4 ,?is p]iod1 closely accordant ) ! e>?'s1 is1 z f> z x goes1 ano!r argum5t = ! habitability ( ,v5us4 ,b n[ x mu/ be /at$ t no less em95t an au?ority ?an ,s*iap>elli holds t ,v5us1 z well z ,m]cury1 makes b a s+le turn on its axis 9 ! c\rse ( a revolution ab\t ! sun1 &1 consequ5tly1 is a two-fac$ _w1 "o side />+ et]nally at ! sun & ! o!r side we>+ ! black mask ( endless night4 ,s*iap>elli made ?is ann\ncem5t conc]n+ ,v5us b a few weeks aft] publi%+ 8 discov]y ( ,m]cury's peculi> rotation4 ,he himself appe>s to be equally confid5t 9 bo? cases ( ! correctness ( 8 conclusions & ! c]ta9ty ( 8 obs]vation4 ,z ) ,m]cury1 sev]al o!r obs]v]s h corroborat$ him1 & p>ticul>ly ,p]cival ,l[ell 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,l[ell1 inde$1 seems unwill+ to admit t any d\bt c be ent]ta9$4 ,nev]!less1 v grave d\bt is ent]ta9$1 & t by _m1 & probably by ! majority1 ( ! lead+ pr(essional a/ronom]s & obs]v]s4 ,9 fact1 "s obs]v]s ( great ability1 equipp$ ) p[]ful in/rum5ts1 h directly contradict$ ! results ( ,s*iap>elli & 8 support]s4 ,! read] may ask3 ,:y s readily accept ,s*iap>elli's conclusions ) reg>d to ,m]cury :ile reject+ !m 9 ! case ( ,v5us8 ,! reply is tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! m>k+s on ,v5us1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,l[ell sket*$ !m ) p]fect confid5ce 9 #ahif1 are1 by ! almo/ unanim\s te/imony ( ^? :o h se>*$ = !m ) telescopes1 bo? l>ge & small1 extremely difficult to see1 indi/9ct 9 outl9e1 & p]haps evanesc5t 9 "*4 ,! sket*es ( no two obs]v]s agree1 & (t5 !y are rem>kably unlike4 ,! fact has already be5 m5tion$ t ,mr4 ,l[ell notic$ a k9d ( veil p>tially obscur+ ! m>k+s1 & :i* he ascrib$1 no d\bt correctly1 to ! planet's atmosph]e4 ,b he ?9ks t1 not)/&+ ! atmosph]ic veil1 ! m>k+s not$ by him 7 unque/ionably p]man5t features ( ! planet's real surface4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z 8 draw+s repres5t ?+s entirely diff]5t f :at o!rs h se51 !re seems to be weight 9 ! sugge/ion t ! radiat+ b&s & %ad+s notic$ by him 7 9 "s mann] illusory1 & p]haps ( atmosph]ic orig94 ,if ! m>k+s 7 evid5tly ( a p]man5t nature & atta*$ to ! solid %ell ( ! planet1 & if !y 7 ( suffici5t di/9ctness to be se5 9 sub/antially ! same =m by all obs]v]s arm$ ) compet5t in/rum5ts1 !n :atev] conclusion 0 drawn f _! app>5t motion z to ! p]iod ( ! planet's rotation w\ld h to be accept$4 ,9 ! case ( ,m]cury ! m>k+s1 :ile n easily se51 appe> to be suffici5tly di/9ct to af=d confid5ce 9 ! result ( obs]vations bas$ ^u !m1 b ,v5us's m>k+s h be5 repres5t$ 9 s _m diff]5t ways t x seems advisable to await m light be=e accept+ any extraord9>y1 & 9 itself improbable1 conclusion bas$ ^u !m4 ,x %\ld also be add$ t 9 #aijj spectroscopic obs]vations by ,belopolski at ,pulkova gave evid5ce t ,v5us really rotates rapidly on h] axis1 9 a p]iod probably approximat+ to ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! e>?'s rotation1 ?us corroborat+ ! old] conclusions4 ,belopolski's obs]vation1 x may be rem>k$1 0 bas$ ^u :at is kn[n z ! ,doppl] pr9ciple1 :i* is employ$ 9 measur+ ! motion ( />s 9 ! l9e ( sight1 & 9 o!r cases ( rapidly mov+ s\rces ( light4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple1 :5 a s\rce ( light1 ei!r orig9al or reflect$1 is approa*+ ! obs]v]1 ! *>act]i/ic l9es 9 its spectrum are %ift$ t[>d ! blue end1 & :5 x is retreat+ f ! obs]v] ! l9es are %ift$ t[>d ! r$ end4 ,n[1 9 ! case ( a planet rotat+ rapidly on its axis1 x is cle> t if ! obs]v] is situat$ 91 or ne>ly 91 ! plane ( ! planet's equator1 "o edge ( its disk w be approa*+ 8 eye :ile ! opposite edge is retreat+1 & ! l9es 9 ! spectrum ( a beam ( light f ! advanc+ edge w be %ift$ t[>d ! blue1 :ile ^? 9 ! spectrum ( ! light com+ f ! retreat+ edge w be %ift$ t[>d ! r$4 ,&1 by c>efully not+ ! am\nt ( ! %ift+1 ! velocity ( ! planet's rotation c be comput$4 ,?is is :at 0 done by ,belopolski 9 ! case ( ,v5us1 ) ! result above not$4 ,secondly1 ! !ory t ,v5us rotates b once 9 ! c\rse ( a revolution f9ds b slight support f ! doctr9e ( tidal friction1 z comp>$ ) t :i* x receives :5 appli$ to ,m]cury4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! sun's attraction 9 sl[+ d[n ! rotation ( a planet ?r\gh ! brak+ action ( ! tides rais$ 9 ! body ( ! planet :ile x is yet molt5 or pla/ic1 v>ies inv]sely z ! six? p[] ( ! planet's di/ance4 ,= ,m]cury ?is effectiv5ess is ne>ly ?ree hundr$ times z great z x is = ! e>?1 :ile = ,v5us x is only sev5 times z great4 ,:ile we may admit1 !n1 t ,m]cury1 be+ relatively close to ! sun & subject to an enorm\s brak+ action1 lo/ rotation until--z occurr$ = a simil> reason to ! moon "u ! tidal attraction ( ! e>?--x end$ by keep+ "o face always t[>d its ma/]1 we are n prep>$ to make ! same admission 9 ! case ( ,v5us1 :]e ! effective =ce conc]n$ is comp>atively s slight4 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t no c]ta9 evid5ce ( pol> compression 9 ! outl9e ( ,v5us's disk has ev] be5 obta9$1 & ?is fact w\ld favor ! !ory ( a v sl[ rotation because a pla/ic globe 9 swift rotation has its equatorial diamet] increas$ & its pol> diamet] dim9i%$4 ,if ,v5us 7 z mu* flatt5$ at ! poles z ! e>? is1 x w\ld seem t ! fact c\ld n escape detection1 yet ! necess>y obs]vations are v difficult1 & ,v5us is s brilliant t h] light increases ! difficulty1 :ile h] transits across ! sun1 :5 %e c be se5 z a r\nd black disk1 are v r>e ph5om5a1 ! late/ hav+ occurr$ 9 #ahgd & #ahhb1 & ! next n be+ due until #bjjd4 ,^u ! :ole1 probably ! be/ me?od ( settl+ ! "q ( ,v5us's rotation is ! spectroscopic me?od1 & t1 z we saw1 has already giv5 evid5ce = ! %ort p]iod4 ,ev5 if x 7 e/abli%$ t ,v5us keeps always ! same face to ! sun1 x might n be necess>y to ab&on altoge!r ! belief t %e is habitable1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! ob/acles to t belief w\ld be increas$4 ,v5us's orbit be+ s ne>ly circul>1 & h] orbital motion s ne>ly inv>iable1 %e has b a v slight libration ) ref]5ce to ! sun1 & ! ea/ & we/ lunes on h] surface1 :]e day & night w\ld alt]nate once 9 h] ye> ( #bbe days1 w\ld be s n>r[ z to be practically negligible4 ,b1 ow+ to h] ext5sive atmosph]e1 !re w\ld be a v broad b& ( twilight on ,v5us1 runn+ entirely ar\nd ! planet at ! inn] edge ( ! light hemisph]e4 ,:at ! meteorological conditions )9 ?is zone w\ld be is purely a matt] ( conjecture4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,m]cury1 we %\ld expect an int]*ange ( atmosph]ic curr5ts betwe5 ! light & d>k sides ( ! planet1 ! heat$ air ris+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! unsett+ sun 9 "o hemisph]e1 & be+ replac$ by an indraught ( cold air f ! o!r4 ,! twilight b& w\ld probably be ! sc5e ( atmosph]ic conflicts & /orms1 & ( imm5se precipitation1 if !re 7 oceans on ! light hemisph]e to *>ge ! air ) moi/ure4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ice & sn[ might be pil$ 9 a va/ circle ( glaci]s1 belt+ ! planet along ! l9e betwe5 p]petual day & night1 & t :]e ! sunbeams t\*$ ^! icy deposits ne> ! edge ( ! light hemisph]e a m>vel\s spectacle ( prismatic hills ( cry/al w\ld be pres5t$6 ,x may be rem>k$ t x w\ld be ! inhabitants ( ! d>k hemisph]e :o w\ld enjoy ! beautiful sc5e ( ! e>? & ! moon 9 opposition4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,m>s1 ,a ,,_w ,,m ,,advanc$ ,,?an ,,ours ,m>s is ! f\r? planet 9 ! ord] ( di/ance f ! sun1 & ! out]mo/ memb] ( ! t]re/rial gr\p4 ,its mean di/ance is #ada1ejj1jjj miles1 v>iable1 ?r\gh ! ecc5tricity ( its orbit1 to ! ext5t ( ab\t #ac1jjj1jjj miles4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is is only a million miles less ?an ! v>iation 9 ,m]cury's di/ance f ! sun1 f :i*1 9 a previ\s *apt]1 7 d$uc$ mo/ mom5t\s consequ5ces2 b1 9 ! case ( ,m>s1 ! ratio ( ! v>iation to ! mean di/ance is f> small] ?an ) ,m]cury1 s t ! effect ^u ! temp]ature ( ! planet is relatively insignificant4 ,m>s gets a little less ?an half z mu* sol> light & heat z ! e>? receives1 its situation 9 ?is respect be+ j ! opposite to t ( ,v5us4 ,its p]iod ( orbital revolution1 or ! l5g? ( its ye>1 is #fhg ( our days4 ,! diamet] ( ,m>s is #d1bjj miles1 & its d5sity is #gc p] c5t ( ! e>?'s d5sity4 ,gravity on its surface is only #ch p] c5t ( t]re/rial gravity--i4e41 a "o hundr$-p\nd weight remov$ f ! e>? to ,m>s w\ld !re weigh b ?irty-eight p\nds4 ,m>s evid5tly has an atmosph]e1 ! details ( :i* we %all discuss lat]4 ,! poles ( ! planet are incl9$ f a p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( its orbit at v ne>ly ! same angle z t ( ! e>?'s poles1 viz41 #bd #ej4 ,its rotation on its axis is also effect$ 9 almo/ ! same p]iod z ! e>?'s1 viz41 #bd h\rs1 #cg m9utes4 ,:5 9 opposition to ! sun1 ,m>s may be only ab\t #ce1jjj1jjj miles f ! e>?1 b its av]age di/ance :5 9 t position is m ?an #dh1jjj1jjj miles1 & may be m ?an #fj1jjj1jjj4 ,^! diff]5ces arise f ! ecc5tricities ( ! orbits ( ! two planets4 ,:5 on ! f>!r side ( ! sun--i4e41 9 conjunction ) ! sun z se5 f ! e>?--,m>s's av]age di/ance f u is ab\t #bce1jjj1jjj miles4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! great *anges 9 its di/ance1 ,m>s is sometimes a v conspicu\s object 9 ! sky1 & at o!r times inconspicu\s4 ,! simil>ity 9 ! incl9ation ( ! axis ( ! two planets results 9 a close resemblance betwe5 ! seasons on ,m>s & on ! e>?1 al?\gh1 ow+ to ! great] l5g? ( its ye>1 ,m>s's seasons are mu* long] ?an ours4 ,w9t] & summ] visit 9 succession its nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es j z occurs on ! planet t we inhabit1 & ! torrid1 temp]ate1 & frigid zones on its surface h ne>ly ! same angul> wid? z on ! e>?4 ,9 ?is respect ,m>s is ! fir/ ( ! =eign planets we h /udi$ to resemble ! e>?4 ,ar\nd ea* ( its poles appe>s a circul> :ite pat*1 :i* visibly exp&s :5 w9t] prevails ^u x1 & rapidly contracts1 sometimes almo/ completely disappe>+1 "u a summ] sun4 ,f ! "t ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el ! almo/ univ]sal belief among a/ronom]s has be5 t ^! gleam+ pol> pat*es on ,m>s are compos$ ( sn[ & ice1 l ! simil> glacial caps ( ! e>?1 & no "o c look at !m ) a telescope & n feel ! livelie/ int]e/ 9 ! planet to :i* !y belong1 = !y imp>t to x an appe>ance ( lik5ess to our globe :i* at fir/ glance is all b irresi/ible4 ,to wat* "o ( !m app>5tly melt+1 becom+ p]ceptibly small] week aft] week1 :ile ! g5]al surface ( ! correspond+ hemisph]e ( ! planet deep5s 9 color1 & displays a con/antly increas+ weal? ( details z summ] advances across x1 is an exp]i5ce ( ! mo/ memorable k9d1 ^: effect ^u ! m9d ( ! obs]v] is indescribable4 ,e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! telescope x became kn[n t1 9 addition to ! pol> caps1 ,m>s pres5t$ a numb] ( di/9ct surface features1 & gradually1 z in/rum5ts increas$ 9 p[] & obs]v]s 9 skill1 *>ts ( ! planet 7 produc$ %[+ a surface div]sifi$ some:at 9 ! mann] t *>act]izes ! face ( ! e>?1 al?\gh ! p]man5t =ms d n closely resemble ^? ( our planet4 ,two pr9cipal colors exi/ on ! disk ( ,m>s--d>k1 blui% gray or gre5i% gray1 *>act]iz+ areas :i* h g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z seas1 & light yell[i% r$1 ov]spread+ broad regions look$ ^u z cont95ts4 ,x 0 e>ly obs]v$ t if ! d>k regions really are seas1 ! proportion ( wat] to l& ^u ,m>s is mu* small] ?an ^u ! e>?4 ,= two especial reasons ,m>s has g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z an old] or m advanc$ planet ?an ! e>?4 ,! fir/ reason is t1 accept+ ,laplace's !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/em f a s]ies ( r+s left (f at ! p]iph]y ( ! contract+ sol> nebula1 ,m>s mu/ h come into exi/5ce e>li] ?an ! e>?1 because1 be+ m di/ant f ! c5t] ( ! sy/em1 ! r+ f :i* x 0 =m$ w\ld h be5 sep>at$ soon] ?an ! t]re/rial r+4 ,! second reason is t ,m>s be+ small] & less massive ?an ! e>? has run ?r\gh its developm5ts a cool+ globe m rapidly4 ,! be>+ ( ^! ?+s ^u ! problems ( life on ,m>s w be consid]$ h]eaft]4 ,& n[1 once m1 ,s*iap>elli appe>s z ! discov]] ( surpris+ facts ab\t "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ worlds ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,dur+ ! exceptionally favorable opposition ( ,m>s 9 #ahgg1 :5 an ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,asaph ,hall1 discov]$ ! planet's two m9ute satellites1 & aga9 dur+ ! opposition ( #ahgi1 ! ,italian obs]v] caught sight ( an a/oni%+ network ( n>r[ d>k l9es int]sect+ ! s-call$ cont95tal regions ( ! planet & cross+ "o ano!r 9 e direction4 ,s*iap>elli did n see ! little moons t ,hall discov]$1 & ,hall did n p]ceive ! enigmatical l9es t ,s*iap>elli detect$4 ,hall _h by f> ! l>g] & m p[]ful telescope2 ,s*iap>elli _h mu* ! m /eady & favorable atmosph]e = a/ronomical obs]vation4 ,yet ^! diff]5ces 9 equipm5t & circum/ances d n cle>ly expla9 :y ea* obs]v] %\ld h se5 :at ! o!r did n4 ,!re may be a p>tial explanation 9 ! fact t an obs]v] hav+ made a rem>kable discov]y is naturally incl9$ to conf9e 8 att5tion to x1 to ! neglect ( o!r ?+s4 ,b x 0 soon f\nd t ,s*iap>elli's l9es--to :i* he gave ! "n canals1 m]ely on acc\nt ( _! %ape & appe>ance1 & )\t any int5tion to def9e _! real nature--7 excessively difficult telescopic objects4 ,eight or n9e ye>s elaps$ be=e any o!r obs]v] corroborat$ ,s*iap>elli's obs]vations1 & not)/&+ ! s5sation :i* ! discov]y ( ! canals produc$ !y 7 = _m ye>s reg>d$ by ! majority ( a/ronom]s z an illusion4 ,b !y 7 no illusion1 & 9 #ahha ,s*iap>elli add$ to ! a/oni%m5t creat$ by 8 orig9al discov]y1 & furni%$ additional gr\nds = skepticism1 by ann\nc+ t1 at c]ta9 times1 _m ( ! canals gem9at$1 or became d\ble6 ,he cont9u$ 8 obs]vations at ea* subsequ5t opposition1 add+ to ! numb] ( ! canals obs]v$1 & *>t+ !m ) classical names ^u a detail$ map ( ! planet's surface4 ,at l5g? 9 #ahhf ,p]rot91 at ,nice1 detect$ _m ( ,s*iap>elli's canals1 & lat] !y 7 se5 by o!rs4 ,9 #ahhh ,s*iap>elli greatly ext5d$ 8 obs]vations1 & 9 #ahib & #ahid "s ( ! canals 7 /udi$ ) ! #cf-;in* telescope ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 & 9 ! la/-nam$ ye> a v elaborate s]ies ( obs]vations ^u !m 0 made by ,p]cival ,l[ell & 8 associates1 ,pr(4 ,william ,c4 ,pick]+ & ,mr4 ,a4,e4 ,d\glass1 at ,flag/aff1 ,arizona4 ,mr4 ,l[ell's *>ts ( ! planet are ! mo/ complete yet produc$1 conta9+ #ahd canals to :i* sep>ate names h be5 giv51 besides m ?an a hundr$ o!r m>k+s also designat$ by individual appellations4 ,x %\ld n be inf]r$ f ! fact t ,s*iap>elli's discov]y 9 #ahgg excit$ s mu* surprise & incr$ulity t no glimpse ( ! peculi> canal-l m>k+s on ,m>s _h be5 obta9$ e>li] ?an t4 ,at lea/ z long ago z #ahfd ,mr4 ,dawes1 9 ,engl&1 _h se5 & sket*$ half a doz5 ( ! l>g] canals1 or at lea/ ! broad] p>ts ( !m1 especially :]e !y connect ) ! d>k regions kn[n z seas1 b ,dawes did n see !m 9 _! full ext5t1 did n recognize _! peculi> "*1 & entirely fail$ to cat* sight ( ! n>r[] & m num]\s ones :i* con/itute ! wond]ful network discov]$ by ! ,italian a/ronom]4 ,s*iap>elli f\nd no less ?an sixty canals dur+ 8 fir/ s]ies ( obs]vations 9 #ahgg4 ,let u note "s ( ! m /rik+ facts ab\t ! canals :i* ,s*iap>elli has describ$4 ,we c n d bett] ?an quote 8 own words3 ,!re are on ?is planet1 trav]s+ ! cont95ts1 long d>k l9es :i* may be designat$ z canals1 al?\gh we d n yet "k :at !y are4 ,^! l9es run f "o to ano!r ( ! somb] spots t are reg>d$ z seas1 & =m1 ov] ! light]1 or cont95tal1 regions a well-def9$ network4 ,_! arrangem5t appe>s to be inv>iable & p]man5t2 at lea/1 z f> z ,i c judge f f\r & a half ye>s ( obs]vation4 ,nev]!less1 _! aspect & _! degree ( visibility are n always ! same1 & dep5d ^u circum/ances :i* ! pres5t /ate ( our k does n yet p]mit u to expla9 ) c]ta9ty4 ,9 #ahgi a great numb] 7 se5 :i* 7 n visible 9 #ahgg1 & 9 #ahhb all ^? :i* _h be5 se5 at =m] oppositions 7 f\nd aga91 toge!r ) new ones4 ,sometimes ^! canals pres5t !mselves 9 ! =m ( %ad[y & vague l9es1 :ile on o!r occasions !y are cle> & precise1 l a trace drawn ) a p54 ,9 g5]al !y are trac$ ^u ! sph]e l ! l9es ( great circles2 a few %[ a s5sible lat]al curvature4 ,!y cross "o ano!r obliquely1 or at "r angles4 ,!y h a bread? ( two degrees1 or #abj kilometres #gd miles1 & sev]al ext5d ov] a l5g? ( eighty degrees1 or #d1hjj kilometres ne>ly #c1jjj miles4 ,_! t9t is v ne>ly ! same z t ( ! seas1 usually a little light]4 ,e canal t]m9ates at bo? its extremities 9 a sea1 or 9 ano!r canal2 !re is n a s+le example ( "o com+ to an end 9 ! mid/ ( dry l&4 ,?is is n all4 ,9 c]ta9 seasons ^! canals become d\ble4 ,?is ph5om5on seems to appe> at a det]m9ate epo*1 & to be produc$ simultane\sly ov] ! entire surface ( ! planet's cont95ts4 ,!re 0 no indication ( x 9 #ahgg1 dur+ ! weeks t prec$$ & foll[$ ! summ] sol/ice ( t _w4 ,a s+le isolat$ case pres5t$ itself 9 #ahgi4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,decemb]1 ?is ye>--a little be=e ! spr+ equ9ox1 :i* occurr$ on ,m>s on ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahhj--;,i notic$ ! d\bl+ ( ! ,nile a canal ?us nam$ betwe5 ! ,lakes ( ! ,moon & ! ,c]aunic ,gulf4 ,^! two regul>1 equal1 & p>allel l9es caus$ me1 ,i confess1 a pr(\nd surprise1 ! m s because a few days e>li]1 on ! #bc;d & ! #bd? ( ,decemb]1 ,i _h c>efully obs]v$ t v region )\t discov]+ any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,i await$ ) curiosity ! return ( ! planet 9 #ahha1 to see if an analog\s ph5om5on w\ld pres5t itself 9 ! same place1 & ,i saw ! same ?+ reappe> on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y1 #ahhb1 "o mon? aft] ! spr+ equ9ox--:i* occurr$ on ! #h? ( ,decemb]1 #ahha4 ,! duplication 0 /ill m evid5t at ! end ( ,febru>y4 ,on ?is same date1 ! #aa? ( ,janu>y1 ano!r duplication _h already tak5 place1 t ( ! middle portion ( ! canal ( ! ,cyclops1 adjo9+ ,elysium4 ,elysium is a "p ( "o ( ! cont95tal areas4 ,yet great] 0 my a/oni%m5t :51 on ! #ai? ( ,janu>y1 ,i saw ! canal ,jamuna1 :i* 0 !n 9 ! c5t] ( ! disk1 =m$ v rigidly ( two p>allel /raight l9es1 cross+ ! space :i* sep>ates ! ,niliac ,lake f ! ,gulf ( ,aurora4 ,at fir/ sight ,i believ$ x 0 an illusion1 caus$ by fatigue ( ! eye & "s new k9d ( /rabismus1 b ,i _h to yield to ! evid5ce4 ,aft] ! #ai? ( ,janu>y ,i simply pass$ f wond] to wond]2 successively ! ,orontes1 ! ,euphrates1 ! ,phison1 ! ,ganges1 & ! l>g] "p ( ! o!r canals1 display$ !mselves v cle>ly & indisputably duplicat$4 ,!re 7 n less ?an tw5ty examples ( duplication1 ( :i* sev5te5 7 obs]v$ 9 ! space ( a mon?1 f ! #ai? ( ,janu>y to ! #ai? ( ,febru>y4 ,9 c]ta9 cases x 0 possible to obs]ve precursory symptoms :i* are n lack+ 9 int]e/4 ,?us1 on ! #ac? ( ,janu>y1 a light1 ill-def9$ %ade ext5d$ alongside ! ,ganges2 on ! #ah? & ! #ai? "o c\ld only di/+ui% a s]ies ( :ite spots2 on ! #bj? ! %ad[ 0 /ill indecisive1 b on ! #ba/ ! duplication 0 p]fectly cle>1 su* z ,i obs]v$ x until ! #bc;d ( ,febru>y4 ,! duplication ( ! ,euphrates1 ( ! canal ( ! ,titans1 & ( ! ,pyriphlege?on also began 9 an unc]ta9 & nebul\s =m4 ,^! duplications are n an optical effect dep5d+ on increase ( visual p[]1 z happ5s 9 ! obs]vation ( d\ble />s1 & x is n ! canal itself splitt+ 9 two longitud9ally4 ,"h is :at is se53 ,to ! "r or left ( a pre-exi/+ l9e1 )\t any *ange 9 ! c\rse & position ( t l9e1 "o sees ano!r l9e produce itself1 equal & p>allel to ! fir/1 at a di/ance g5]ally v>y+ f six to twelve degrees--i4e41 f #cej to #gjj kilometres 7#bag to #dcd miles72 ev5 clos] ones seem to be produc$1 b ! telescope is n p[]ful en\gh to di/+ui% !m ) c]ta9ty4 ,_! t9t appe>s to be a q deep r$di% br[n4 ,! p>allelism is sometimes rigor\sly exact4 ,!re is no?+ analog\s 9 t]re/rial geography4 ,ev]y?+ indicates t "h !re is an organization special to ! planet ,m>s1 probably connect$ ) ! c\rse ( its seasons4#a ,footnote #a3 ,l',a/ronomie1 vol4 i1 #ahhb1 pp4 #bag et seq4 ,s*iap>elli adds t he took e precaution to avoid ! lea/ suspicion ( illusion4 ,i am absolutely sure1 he says1 ( :at ,i h obs]v$4 ,i h quot$ 8 /atem5t1 especially ab\t ! duplication ( ! canals1 at s mu* l5g?1 bo? on acc\nt ( its intr9sic int]e/ & because x has _m times be5 argu$ t ?is p>ticul> ph5om5on mu/ be illusory ev5 ?\gh ! canals are real4 ,"o ( ! mo/ significant facts t came out 9 ! e>ly obs]vations 0 ! evid5t connection betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! canals & ! seasonal *anges on ,m>s4 ,x 0 ab\t ! "t ( ! spr+ equ9ox1 :5 ! :ite pol> caps _h begun to melt1 t ,s*iap>elli fir/ notic$ ! ph5om5on ( duplication4 ,z ! season advanc$ ! d\bl+ ( ! canals increas$ 9 frequ5cy & ! l9es became m di/9ct4 ,9 ! meantime ! pol> caps 7 becom+ small]4 ,broadly speak+1 ,s*iap>elli's obs]vation %[$ t ! d\bl+ ( ! canals occurr$ pr9cipally a little aft] ! spr+ equ9ox & a little be=e ! autumn equ9ox2 t ! ph5om5on disappe>$ 9 l>ge "p at ! epo* ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 & disappe>$ altoge!r at ! epo* ( ! summ] sol/ice4 ,moreov]1 he obs]v$ t _m ( ! canals1 )\t reg>d to duplication1 7 invisible at times1 & reappe>$ gradually2 fa9t1 sc>cely visible l9es & %ad[s1 deep5$ & became m di/9ct until !y 7 cle>ly & %>ply def9$1 & ^! *anges1 likewise1 7 evid5tly seasonal4 ,! inv>iable connection ( ! canals at _! t]m9ations ) ! regions call$ seas1 ! fact t z ! pol> caps disappe>$ ! sealike expanses surr\nd+ ! pol> regions deep5$ 9 color1 & o!r simil> consid]ations soon l$ to ! sugge/ion t !re exi/$ on ,m>s a wond]ful sy/em ( wat] circulation1 :]eby ! melt+ ( ! pol> sn[s1 z summ] pass$ alt]nately f "o hemisph]e to ! o!r1 s]v$ to re5=ce ! supply ( wat] 9 ! seas1 &1 ?r\gh ! seas1 9 ! canals trav]s+ ! broad expanses ( dry l& t occupy ! equatorial regions ( ! planet4 ,! ?\ght naturally occurr$ t ! canals might be ( artificial orig91 & might indicate ! exi/5ce ( a gigantic sy/em ( irrigation s]v+ to ma9ta9 life ^u ! globe ( ,m>s4 ,! geometrical p]fection ( ! l9es1 _! /raightness1 _! absolute p>allelism :5 d\bl$1 _! rem>kable t5d5cy to radiate f def9ite c5t]s1 l5t /r5g? to ! hypo!sis ( an artificial orig94 ,b _! enorm\s size1 l5g?1 & numb] t5d$ to /agg] belief 9 ! ability ( ! inhabitants ( any _w to a*ieve a "w s /up5d\s4 ,aft] a "t a *ange ( view occurr$ conc]n+ ! nature ( ! expanses call$ seas1 & ,mr4 ,l[ell1 foll[+ 8 obs]vations ( #ahid1 develop$ ! !ory ( ! wat] circulation & irrigation ( ,m>s 9 a new =m4 ,he & o!rs obs]v$ t occasionally canals 7 visible cutt+ /raight across "s ( ! gre5i%1 or blui%-gray1 areas t _h be5 reg>d$ z seas4 ,?is fact sugge/$ t1 in/ead ( seas1 ^! d>k expanses may r be areas ( m>%y gr\nd cov]$ ) vegetation :i* fl\ri%es & dies away accord+ z ! supply ( wat] alt]nately increases & dim9i%es1 :ile ! r$di% areas kn[n z cont95ts are b>r5 des]ts1 int]sect$ by canals2 & z ! wat] releas$ by ! melt+ ( ! pol> sn[s beg9s to fill ! canals1 vegetation spr+s up along _! sides & becomes visible 9 ! =m ( long n>r[ b&s4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! ph5om5a call$ canals are simply l9es ( vegetation1 ! real canals be+ individually too small to be detect$4 ,x may be suppos$ t f a c5tral supply canal irrigation dit*es are ext5d$ = a di/ance ( tw5ty or ?irty miles on ea* side1 ?us produc+ a /rip ( f]tile soil f =ty to sixty miles wide1 & hundr$s1 or 9 "s cases two or ?ree ?\s&s1 ( miles 9 l5g?4 ,! wat] supply be+ limit$1 ! inhabitants c n und]take to irrigate ! entire surface ( ! ?ir/y l&1 & conv5i5ce ( circulation induces !m to ext5d ! irrigat$ areas 9 ! =m ( long l9es4 ,! surface ( ,m>s1 accord+ to ,l[ell's obs]vation1 is rem>kably flat & level1 s t no s]i\s ob/acle exi/s to ! ext5sion ( ! canal sy/em 9 /raight b&s z undeviat+ z arcs ( great circles4 ,:]ev] two or m canals meet1 or cross1 a r\nd$ d>k spot f a hundr$ miles1 or less1 to ?ree hundr$ miles 9 diamet]1 is se54 ,an a/oni%+ numb] ( ^! appe> on ,mr4 ,l[ell's *>ts4 ,occasionally1 z occurs at ! s+ul> spot nam$ ,lacus ,solis1 sev]al canals conv]g+ f all po9ts ( ! compass meet at a c5tral po9t l ! spokes ( a :eel2 9 o!r cases1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ! long canal nam$ ,eum5ides1 ) its cont9uation ,orcus1 a s+le conspicu\s l9e is se5 ?read+ a l>ge numb] ( r\nd d>k spots1 :i* pres5t ! appe>ance ( a r[ ( beads ^u a /r+4 ,^! circul> spots1 :i* "s h reg>d$ z lakes1 ,mr4 ,l[ell believes are r oases 9 ! great des]ts1 & grant+ ! correctness ( 8 !ory ( ! canals ! aptness ( ?is designation is app>5t4#b ,footnote #b3 ,! read] c f9d _m ( ^! canals & oases1 z well z "s ( ! o!r regions on ,m>s t h receiv$ names1 9 ! frontispiece4 ,:]ev] sev]al canals1 t is to say1 sev]al b&s ( vegetation or b&s ( life1 meet1 x is reasonable to assume t an irrigat$ & habitable area ( consid]able ext5t w be develop$1 & 9 su* places ! imag9ation may picture ! location ( ! *ief c5t]s ( population1 p]haps 9 ! =m ( l>ge cities1 or p]haps 9 gr\ps ( small] t[ns & villages4 ,! s-call$ ,lacus ,solis is "o ( ^! localities4 ,s1 likewise1 x seems b natural t along ! c\rse ( a broad1 well-irrigat$ b& a numb] ( expansions %\ld occur1 driv+ back ! b\nds ( ! des]t1 =m+ r\nd$ areas ( vegetation1 & ?us af=d+ a foot+ = population4 ,:]ev] two b&s cross su* areas w\ld be sure to exi/1 & 9 almo/ e in/ance ( cross+ ! telescope actually %[s !m4 ,z to ! gem9ation or duplication ( _m ( ! l9es :i*1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! season1 appe> s+le1 x may be sugge/$ t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( ! va/ irrigation sy/em ( ! planet p>allel b&s ( cultivation h be5 e/abli%$1 "o receiv+ its wat] supply f ! canals ( ! o!r1 & consequ5tly lagg+ a little beh9d 9 visibility z ! wat] sl[ly p]colates ?r\gh ! soil & awak5s ! vegetation4 ,or else1 ! "* ( ! vegetation itself may diff] z betwe5 two su* p>allel b&s1 "o be+ suppli$ ) plants t spr+ up & mature quickly :5 ! soil ab\t _! roots is moi/5$1 :ile ! plants 9 ! tw9 b& respond m sl[ly to /imulation4 ,objection has be5 made to ! !ory ( ! artificial orig9 ( ! canals ( ,m>s on ! gr\nd1 already m5tion$1 t ! "w requir$ to con/ruct !m w\ld be beyond ! capacity ( any race ( creatures resembl+ man4 ,! reply t has be5 made to ?is is tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! !ory1 z ,mr4 ,l[ell pres5ts x1 does n ass]t t ! visible l9es are ! actual canals1 b only t !y are /rips ( t]ritory int]sect$1 l ,holl& or ! c5t] ( ! pla9 ( ,lomb>dy1 by innum]able irrigation canals & dit*es4 ,to con/ruct su* works is cle>ly n an impossible und]tak+1 al?\gh x does imply great indu/ry & conc5tration ( ef=t4 ,9 ! second place1 s9ce ! =ce ( gravity on ,m>s is 9 ! ratio ( only #ch to #ajj comp>$ ) ! e>?'s1 x is evid5t t ! dim9i%$ weight ( all bodies to be h&l$ w\ld give ! inhabitants ( ,m>s an advantage ov] ^? ( ! e>? 9 ! p]=mance ( manual labor1 provid$ t !y possess physical /r5g? & activity z great z ours4 ,b1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is v fact ( ! slight] =ce ( gravity1 a man ^u ,m>s c\ld atta9 a mu* great] size1 & consequ5tly mu* great] muscul> /r5g?1 ?an 8 fell[s ^u ! e>? possess )\t be+ oppress$ by 8 own weight4 ,9 o!r words1 z f> z ! =ce ( gravity may be consid]$ z ! decisive factor1 ,m>s c\ld be inhabit$ by giants fifte5 feet tall1 :o w\ld be relatively j z active1 & j z little imp$$ 9 _! movem5ts by ! weight ( _! bodies1 z a six-foot] is ^u ! e>?4 ,b !y w\ld possess f> m physical /r5g? ?an we d1 :ile1 9 do+ "w1 !y w\ld h mu* light] mat]ials to deal )4 ,:e!r ! !ory t ! canals ( ,m>s really are canals is true or n1 at any rate !re c n[ be no d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( ! /range l9es :i* be> t designation4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 (f]$ t _! build]s may no long] be 9 exi/5ce1 ,m>s hav+ already pass$ ! po9t 9 its hi/ory :]e life mu/ cease ^u its surface4 ,?is br+s u to consid] aga9 ! /atem5t1 made ne> ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 t ,m>s is1 p]haps1 at a m advanc$ /age ( developm5t ?an ! e>?4 ,if we accept ?is view1 !n1 provid$ !re 0 orig9ally "s resemblance betwe5 ,m>s's life =ms & ^? ( ! e>?1 ! inhabitants ( t planet w\ld1 at e /ep1 probably be 9 front ( _! t]re/rial rivals1 s t at ! pres5t "t !y %\ld /& well 9 advance4 ,mr4 ,l[ell has1 p]haps1 put ?is view ( ! relative advancem5t 9 evolution ( ,m>s & its inhabitants z picturesquely z anybody4 ,9 ,m>s1 he says1 we h be=e u ! spectacle ( a _w relatively well on 9 ye>s1 a _w mu* old] ?an ! e>?4 ,to s mu* ab\t 8 age ,m>s be>s witness on 8 face4 ,he %[s unmi/akable signs ( be+ old4 ,advanc+ planet>y ye>s h left _! m>k legible !re4 ,8 cont95ts are all smoo!d d[n2 8 oceans h all dri$ up4444 ,m>s be+ ?us old himself1 we "k t evolution on 8 surface mu/ be simil>ly advanc$4 ,?is only in=ms u ( its condition relative to ! planet's capabilities4 ,( its actual /ate our data are n def9ite en\gh to furni% mu* d$uction4 ,b f ! fact t our own developm5t has be5 comp>atively a rec5t ?+1 & t a long "t w\ld be ne$$ to br+ ev5 ,m>s to 8 pres5t geological condition1 we may judge any life he may support to be n only relatively1 b really old] ?an our own4 ,f ! little we c see su* appe>s to be ! case4 ,! evid5ce ( h&icraft1 if su* x be1 po9ts to a highly intellig5t m9d beh9d x4 ,irrigation1 unsci5tifically conduct$1 w\ld n give u su* truly wond]ful ma!matical fitness 9 ! sev]al p>ts to ! :ole z we !re behold4444 ,q possibly su* ,m>tian folk are possess$ ( inv5tions ( :i* we h n dream$1 & ) !m electrophones & k9etoscopes are ?+s ( a bygone pa/1 pres]v$ ) v5]ation 9 museums z relics ( ! clumsy contrivances ( ! simple *ildhood ( ! race4 ,c]ta9ly :at we see h9ts at ! exi/5ce ( be+s :o are 9 advance (1 n beh9d u1 9 ! j\rney ( life4#c ,footnote #c3 ,m>s1 by ,p]cival ,l[ell1 p4 #bjg et seq4 ,grant$ ! exi/5ce ( su* a race z is ?us describ$1 & to !m x might n seem a too appall+ ent]prise1 :5 _! planet _h become decrepit1 ) its atmosph]e ?9n$ out & its supply ( wat] deplet$1 to grapple ) ! de/roy+ h& ( nature & to prolong ! c>e] ( _! _w by feats ( *emi/ry & eng9e]+ z yet beyond ! compass ( human k4 ,x is confid5ce1 br$ f consid]ations l ^!1 9 ! sup]human p[]s ( ! suppos$ inhabitants ( ,m>s t has l$ to ! popul> idea t !y are try+ to communicate by signals ) ! e>?4 ,c]ta9 enigmatical spots ( light1 se5 at ! edge ( ! illum9at$ disk ( ,m>s1 & project+ into ! unillum9at$ "p--= ,m>s1 al?\gh an out] planet1 %[s at p>ticul> times a gibb\s phase resembl+ t ( ! moon j be=e or j aft] ! p]iod ( full moon--h be5 int]pret$ by "s1 b )\t any sci5tific evid5ce1 z ( artificial orig94 ,^u ! assumption t ^! bright po9ts1 & o!rs occasionally se5 else:]e on ! planet's disk1 are int5d$ by ! ,m>tians = signals to ! e>?1 ent]ta9+ calculations h be5 made z to ! quantity ( light t w\ld be requir$ 9 ! =m ( a fla% signal to be visible across ! di/ance sep>at+ ! two planets4 ,! results ( ! calculations h h>dly be5 enc\rag+ to possible inve/ors 9 int]planet>y telegraphy1 s9ce x appe>s t heliographic mirrors ) reflect+ surfaces measur$ by squ>e miles1 in/ead ( squ>e in*es1 w\ld be requir$ to s5d a visible beam f ! e>? to ,m>s or vice v]sa4 ,! projections ( light on ,m>s c be expla9$ mu* m simply & reasonably4 ,v>i\s sugge/ions h be5 made ab\t !m2 among o!rs1 t !y are masses ( cl\d reflect+ ! sun%9e2 t !y are areas ( sn[2 & t !y are ! summits ( m\nta9s cr[n$ ) ice & encircl$ ) cl\ds4 ,9 fact1 a huge m\nta9 mass ly+ on ! t]m9ator1 or ! l9e betwe5 day & night1 w\ld produce ! effect ( a tongue ( light project+ into ! d>kness )\t assum+ t x 0 sn[-cov]$ or capp$ ) cl\ds1 z any "o may conv9ce himself by /udy+ ! moon ) a telescope :5 ! t]m9ator lies across "s ( its mo/ m\nta9\s regions4 ,to be sure1 !re is reason to ?9k t ! surface ( ,m>s is rem>kably flat2 yet ev5 s ! planet may h "s m\nta9s1 & on a globe ! great] "p ( ^: %ell is smoo? any projections w\ld be conspicu\s1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! sunlight fell at a l[ angle across !m4 ,ano!r =m 9 :i* ! sugge/ion ( int]planet>y communication has be5 urg$ is pla9ly an outgr[? ( ! inv5tion & surpris+ developm5ts ( wireless telegraphy4 ,! human m9d is s con/itut$ t :5ev] x obta9s any new glimpse into ! arcana ( nature x imm$iately imag9es an indef9ite & all b unlimit$ ext5sion ( its view 9 t direction4 ,s to _m x has n appe>$ unreasonable to assume t1 s9ce x is possible to transmit electric impulses = consid]able di/ances ov] ! e>?'s surface by ! simple propagation ( a s]ies ( waves1 or undulations1 )\t connect+ wires1 x may also be possible to s5d su* impulses ?r\gh ! e!r f planet to planet4 ,! fact t ! electric undulations employ$ 9 wireless telegraphy pass betwe5 /ations connect$ by ! cru/ ( ! e>? itself1 & imm]s$ 9 a common atmosph]ic envelope1 is n deem$ by ! support]s ( ! !ory 9 "q z a v s]i\s objection1 =1 !y cont5d1 electric waves are a ph5om5on ( ! e!r1 :i* ext5ds ?r\gh\t space1 &1 giv5 suffici5t en]gy1 su* waves c\ld cross ! gap betwe5 _w & _w4 ,b nobody has %[n h[ mu* en]gy w\ld be ne$$ = su* a purpose1 & mu* less has anybody indicat$ a way 9 :i* ! requir$ en]gy c\ld be artificially develop$1 or cunn+ly fil*$ f ! /ores ( nature4 ,x is1 !n1 purely an assumption1 an int]e/+ figm5t ( ! m9d1 t c]ta9 curi\s di/urbances 9 ! electrical /ate ( ! air & ! e>?1 affect+ delicate electric in/rum5ts1 possess+ a m>k$ p]iodicity 9 brief int]vals ( "t1 & n yet o!rwise acc\nt$ =1 are due to ! ?robb+1 9 ! all-envelop+ e!r1 ( impulses transmitt$ f in/rum5ts controll$ by ! savants ( ,m>s1 ^: insatiable ?ir/ = k1 & presumably burn+ desire to le>n :e!r !re is n )9 rea* "s m =tunate _w ?an _! half-dri$-up globe1 has l$ !m into a desp]ate attempt to call up ! e>? on _! int]planet>y telephone1 ) ! hope t we are wise & skilful en\gh to und]/& & answ] !m4 ,9 :at language !y int5d to conv]se no "o has yet und]tak5 to tell1 b ! sugge/ion has sapi5tly be5 made t1 ma!matical facts be+ inv>iable1 ! et]nal equality ( two plus two ) f\r might s]ve z a basis ( und]/&+1 & t a /atem5t ( t tru? s5t by electric taps across ! ocean ( e!r w\ld be a conv9c+ assurance t ! inhabitants ( ! planet f :i* ! message came at lea/ enjoy$ ! advantages ( a common-s*ool education4 ,b1 :ile speculation ^u ?is subject re/s on unv]ifi$1 & at pres5t unv]ifiable1 assumptions1 ( c\rse ev]ybody w\ld rejoice if su* a ?+ 7 possible1 = consid] :at ze/ & *>m w\ld be add$ to human life if messages1 ev5 ( ! simple/ description1 c\ld be s5t to & receiv$ f intellig5t be+s inhabit+ o!r planets6 ,x is because ( ?is hold t x possesses ^u ! imag9ation1 & ! pleas+ pictures t x conjures up1 t ! idea ( int]planet>y communication1 once broa*$1 has become s popul> a topic1 ev5 ?\gh ev]ybody sees t x %\ld n be tak5 too s]i\sly4 ,! subject ( ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s c n be dismiss$ )\t fur!r consid]ation ?an we h yet giv5 x1 because ^? :o ?9k ! planet un9habitable base _! op9ion l>gely ^u ! assum$ abs5ce ( suffici5t air to support life4 ,x 0 long ago recogniz$ t1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a planet ( small mass mu/ possess a less d5se atmosph]e ?an "o ( l>ge mass4 ,assum+ t ea* planet orig9ally drew f a common /ock1 & t ! am\nt & d5sity ( its atmosph]e is measur$ by its =ce ( gravity1 x c be %[n t ,m>s %\ld h an atmosph]e less ?an "o fif? z d5se z ! e>?'s4 ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney has attack$ ! problem ( planet>y atmosph]es 9 ano!r way4 ,kn[+ ! =ce ( gravity on a planet1 x is easy to calculate ! velocity ) :i* a body1 or a p>ticle1 w\ld h to />t radially f ! planet 9 ord] to escape f its gravitational control4 ,= ! e>? ?is critical velocity is ab\t sev5 miles p] second2 = ,m>s ab\t ?ree miles p] second4 ,e/imat+ ! velocity ( ! molecules ( ! v>i\s atmosph]ic gases1 accord+ to ! k9etic !ory1 ,dr4 ,/oney f9ds t "s ( ! small] planets1 & ! moon1 are gravitationally incapable ( reta9+ all ( ^! gases 9 ! =m ( an atmosph]e4 ,among ! atmosph]ic con/itu5ts t1 accord+ to ?is view1 ,m>s w\ld be unable p]man5tly to reta9 is wat] vapor4 ,inde$1 he supposes t ev5 ! e>? is sl[ly los+ its wat] by evaporation into space1 & on ,m>s1 ow+ to ! slight =ce ( gravity !re1 ?is process w\ld g on mu* m rapidly1 s t1 9 ?is way1 we h a means ( acc\nt+ = ! app>5t dry+ up ( t planet1 :ile we may be l$ to anticipate t at "s "t 9 ! remote future ! e>? also w beg9 to suff] f lack ( wat]1 & t ev5tually ! *asms ( ! sea w yawn empty & desolate "u a cl\dless sky4 ,b x is n c]ta9 t ! orig9al supply ( atmosph]ic elem5ts 0 9 e case proportional to ! respective =ce ( gravity ( a planet4 ,! fact t ,v5us appe>s to h an atmosph]e m ext5sive & d5s] ?an ! e>?'s1 al?\gh its =ce ( gravity is a little less ?an t ( our globe1 indicates at once a v>iation z betwe5 ^! two planets 9 ! am\nt ( atmosph]ic mat]ial at _! disposal4 ,?is may be a detail dep5d+ ^u diff]5ces 9 ! mode1 or 9 ! /age1 ( _! evolution4 ,?us1 aft] all1 ,dr4 ,/oney's !ory may be sub/antially correct & yet ,m>s may reta9 suffici5t wat] to =m cl\ds1 to be precipitat$ 9 sn[1 & to fill its canals aft] ea* annual melt+ ( ! pol> caps1 because ! orig9al supply 0 abundant1 & its escape is a gradual process1 only to be complet$ by age-long /eps4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! evid5ce ( ! spectroscope1 z f> z x goes1 seems to l5d support to ! !ory t !re is no wat] vapor 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s1 we c n disreg>d ! visual evid5ce t1 nev]!less1 wat] vapor exi/s !re4 ,:at are ! pol> caps if !y are n sn[8 ,froz5 c>bon dioxide1 x has be5 sugge/$2 b ?is is h>dly satisfactory1 = x (f]s no explanation ( ! fact t :5 ! pol> caps dim9i%1 & 9 proportion z !y dim9i%1 ! seas & ! canals d>k5 & exp&1 :]eas a reasonable explanation ( ! correlation ( ^! ph5om5a is (f]$ if we accept ! view t ! pol> caps consi/ ( sn[4 ,!n !re are _m obs]vations on record indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( cl\ds 9 ,m>s's atmosph]e4 ,sometimes a consid]able area ( its surface has be5 obs]v$ to be tempor>ily obscur$1 n by d5se masses ( cl\d su* z accompany ! progress ( great cyclonic /orms across ! cont95ts & oceans ( ! e>?1 b by comp>atively ?9 veils ( vapor su* z w\ld be expect$ to =m 9 an atmosph]e s comp>atively r>e z t ( ,m>s4 ,& ^! cl\ds1 9 "s in/ances at lea/1 appe>1 l ! cirrus /reaks & dapples 9 our own air1 to float at a great elevation4 ,mr4 ,d\glass1 "o ( ,mr4 ,l[ell's associates 9 ! obs]vations ( #ahid at ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 obs]v$ :at he believ$ to be a cl\d ov] ! unillum9at$ "p ( ,m>s's disk1 :i*1 by micrometric measurem5t & e/imate1 0 drift+ at an elevation ( ab\t fifte5 miles above ! surface ( ! planet4 ,?is 0 se5 on two successive days1 ,novemb] #be? & ,novemb] #bf?1 & x und]w5t curi\s fluctuations 9 visibility1 besides mov+ 9 a nor!rly direction at ! rate ( "s ?irte5 miles an h\r4 ,b1 ^u ! :ole1 z ,mr4 ,l[ell rem>ks1 ! atmosph]e ( ,m>s is rem>kably free ( cl\ds4 ,! read] w rememb] t ,m>s gets a little less ?an half z mu* heat f ! sun z ! e>? gets4 ,?is fact also has be5 us$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! habitability ( ! planet4 ,9 tru?1 ^? :o ?9k t life 9 ! sol> sy/em is conf9$ to ! e>? alone insi/ ^u an almo/ exact reproduction ( t]re/rial conditions z a s9e qua non to ! habitability ( any o!r planet4 ,v5us1 !y ?9k1 is too hot1 & ,m>s too cold1 z if life 7 r a happy accid5t ?an ! result ( ! op]ation ( g5]al laws applicable "u a wide v>iety ( conditions4 ,all t we are really ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ is t ,v5us may be too hot & ,m>s too cold = u4 ,( c\rse1 if we adopt ! op9ion held by "s t ! temp]ature on ,m>s is con/antly s l[ t wat] w\ld rema9 p]petually froz51 x does ?r[ ! "q ( ! k9d ( life t c\ld be ma9ta9$ !re into ! realm ( pure conjecture4 ,! argum5t 9 favor ( an extremely l[ temp]ature on ,m>s is bas$ on ! law ( ! dim9ution ( radiant en]gy inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 toge!r ) ! assumption t no qualify+ circum/ances1 or no modification ( t law1 c ent] into ! problem4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 x c\ld be %[n t ! temp]ature on ,m>s nev] rises above -#bjj ,f4 ,b x is a view t seems to be directly oppos$ to ! evid5ce ( ! telescope1 = all :o h /udi$ ,m>s "u favorable conditions ( obs]vation h be5 impress$ by ! rapid & ext5sive *anges t ! appe>ance ( its surface und]goes co9cid5tly ) ! v>iation ( ! planet's seasons4 ,x has its w9t] aspect & its summ] aspect1 p]fectly di/9ct & recognizable1 9 ea* hemisph]e by turns1 & :e!r ! pol> caps be sn[ or c>bon dioxide1 at any rate !y melt & disappe> "u a high sun1 ?us prov+ t an accumulation ( heat takes place4 ,pr(essor ,"y says3 ,z to ! temp]ature ( ,m>s we h no c]ta9 k4 ,on ! "o h&1 we "k t on acc\nt ( ! planet's di/ance f ! sun ! int5sity ( sol> radiation ^u its surface mu/ be less ?an "h 9 ! ratio ( #a to 7#a4ebd7b--;i4e41 only ab\t #dc p] c5t z great z ) u2 its 'sol> con/ant' mu/ be less ?an #ac calories aga9/ our #cj4 ,!n1 too1 ! l[ d5sity ( its atmosph]e1 probably less at ! planet's surface ?an on ! tops ( our highe/ m\nta9s1 w\ld naturally assi/ to keep d[n ! temp]ature to a po9t f> bel[ ! freez+-po9t ( wat]4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?+s c]ta9ly look z if ! pol> caps 7 really masses ( sn[ & ice deposit$ f vapor 9 ! planet's atmosph]e1 & z if ^! actually melt$ dur+ ! ,m>tian summ]1 s5d+ floods ( wat] ?r\gh ! *annels provid$ = !m1 & caus+ ! gr[? ( vegetation along _! banks4 ,we are driv51 !re=e1 to suppose ei!r t ! planet has s\rces ( heat int]nal or ext]nal :i* are n yet expla9$1 or else1 z long ago sugge/$1 t ! pol> 'sn[' may possibly be compos$ ( some?+ else ?an froz5 wat]4#d ,footnote #d3 ,g5]al ,a/ronomy1 by ,*>les ,a4 ,"y4 ,revis$ edition1 #ahih1 p4 #cfc4 ,ev5 :ile grant+ ! wor/ t c be said = ! l[ temp]ature ( ,m>s1 ! p]si/5t believ] 9 its habitability c\ld take refuge 9 ! results ( rec5t exp]im5ts :i* h prov$ t bact]ial life is able to resi/ ! utmo/ degree ( cold t c be appli$1 microscopic organisms p]fectly reta9+ _! vitality--or at lea/ _! p[] to resume x--:5 subject$ to ! fe>fully l[ temp]ature ( liquid air4 ,b !n he w\ld be op5 to ! reply t ! organisms ?us treat$ are 9 a torpid condition & depriv$ ( all activity until reviv$ by ! application ( heat2 & ! picture ( a _w 9 a /ate ( p]petual sleep is n p>ticul>ly attractive1 unless ! =tunate pr9ce :o is de/9$ to awake ! slumb]+ beauty c also be introduc$ into ! romance4#e ,footnote #e3 ,_m ( ! pres5t difficulties ab\t temp]atures on ! v>i\s planets w\ld be beautifully dispos$ ( if we c\ld accept ! !ory urg$ by ,mr4 ,cope ,:iteh\se1 to ! effect t ! sun is n really a hot body at all1 & t :at we call sol> light & heat are only local manife/ations produc$ 9 our atmosph]e by ! trans=mation ( "s o!r =m ( en]gy transmitt$ f ! sun2 v mu* z ! electric impulses c>ri$ by a wire f ! transmitt+ to ! receiv+ /ation on a telephone l9e are translat$ by ! receiv] into waves ( s\nd4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 :i* is "h m5tion$ only z an +5uity & because some?+ ( ! k9d s frequ5tly turns up 9 "o =m or ano!r 9 popul> semi-sci5tific lit]ature1 ! am\nt ( heat & light on a planet w\ld dep5d ma9ly ^u local causes4 ,to an ext5t :i* mo/ ( u1 p]haps1 d n fully appreciate1 we are indebt$ = _m ( ! pleasures & conv5i5ces & "s ( ! necessities ( life on our planet to its fai?ful att5dant1 ! moon4 ,nei!r ,m]cury nor ,v5us has a moon1 b ,m>s has two moons4 ,?is /atem5t1 /&+ alone1 might lead to ! conclusion t1 z f> z ! advantages a satellite c af=d to ! inhabitants ( its ma/] planet are conc]n$1 ! p ( ,m>s are d\bly =tunate4 ,s !y w\ld be1 p]haps1 if ,m>s's moons 7 bodies comp>able 9 size ) our moon1 b 9 fact !y are h>dly m ?an a pair ( v ent]ta9+ a/ronomical toys4 ,! l>g] ( ! two1 ,phobos1 is believ$ to be ab\t sev5 miles 9 diamet]2 ! small]1 ,deimos1 only five or six miles4 ,_! dim5sions ?us resemble ^? ( ! m m9ute ( ! a/]oids1 & ! sugge/ion has ev5 be5 made t !y may be captur$ a/]oids :i* h fall5 "u ! gravitational control ( ,m>s4 ,! diamet]s j m5tion$ are ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s e/imates1 bas$ on ! am\nt ( light ! little satellites reflect1 = !y are mu* too small to pres5t measurable disks4 ,deimos is #ad1fjj miles f ! c5t] ( ,m>s & #ab1ejj miles f its surface4 ,phobos is #e1hjj miles f ! c5t] ( ! planet & only #c1gjj f ! surface4 ,deimos completes a revolution ab\t ! planet 9 ?irty h\rs & eighte5 m9utes1 & ,phobos 9 ! a/oni%+ly %ort p]iod--al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 x is 9 /rict accord ) ! law ( gravitation & 9 t s5se n a/oni%+--( sev5 h\rs & ?irty-n9e m9utes4 ,s9ce ,m>s takes tw5ty-f\r h\rs & ?irty-sev5 m9utes = "o rotation on its axis1 x is evid5t t ,phobos goes r\nd ! planet ?ree times 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le ,m>tian day & night1 ris+1 contr>y to ! g5]al motion ( ! heav5s1 9 ! we/1 runn+ 9 a few h\rs ?r\gh all ! phases t our moon exhibits 9 ! c\rse ( a mon?1 & sett+1 :]e ! sun & all ! />s rise1 9 ! ea/4 ,deimos1 on ! o!r h&1 has a p]iod ( revolution five or six h\rs long] ?an t ( ! planet's axial rotation1 s t x rises1 l ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 9 ! ea/2 b1 because its motion is s ne>ly equal1 9 angul> velocity1 to t ( ,m>s's rotation1 x %ifts v sl[ly ?r\gh ! sky t[>d ! we/1 & = two or ?ree successive days & nights x rema9s above ! horizon1 ! sun ov]tak+ & pass+ x aga9 & aga91 :ile1 9 ! meantime1 its protean face swiftly *anges f full circle to half-moon1 f half-moon to cresc5t1 f cresc5t back to half1 & f half to full1 & s on )\t ceas+4 ,& dur+ ?is "t ,phobos is ru%+ ?r\gh ! sky 9 ! opposite direction1 z if 9 defiance ( ! fundam5tal law ( cele/ial revolution1 mak+ a complete circuit ?ree times e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & *ang+ ! %ape ( its disk f\r times z rapidly z ,deimos does6 ,truly1 if we 7 sudd5ly transport$ to ,m>s1 we might well believe t we _h arriv$ 9 ! "m _w ( lunatics1 & t its two moons 7 bewit*$4 ,yet x mu/ n be suppos$ t all ! peculi>ities j m5tion$ w\ld be cle>ly se5 f ! surface ( ,m>s by eyes l ours4 ,! phases ( ,phobos w\ld probably be disc]nible to ! nak$ eye1 b ^? ( ,deimos w\ld require a telescope 9 ord] to be se51 =1 not)/&+ _! ne>ness to ! planet1 ,m>s's moons are inconspicu\s ph5om5a ev5 to ! ,m>tians !mselves4 ,pr(essor ,"y's e/imate is t ,phobos may %$ ^u ,m>s "o-sixtie? & ,deimos "o-twelve-hundr$? z mu* reflect$ moonlight z our moon s5ds to ! e>?4 ,accord+ly1 a moonlit night on ,m>s c h no su* *>m z we associate ) ! phrase4 ,b x is surely a tribute to ! p[] & p]fection ( our telescopes t we h be5 able to discov] ! exi/5ce ( objects s m9ute & inconspicu\s1 situat$ at a di/ance ( _m millions ( miles1 & half conceal$ by ! gl>+ light ( ! planet close ar\nd :i* !y revolve4 ,if ,m>s's moons 7 z massive z our moon is !y w\ld raise trem5d\s tides ^u ,m>s1 & w\ld affect ! circulation ( wat] 9 ! canals1 b1 9 fact1 _! tidal effects are ev5 m insignificant ?an _! light-giv+ p[]s4 ,b = a/ronom]s on ,m>s !y w\ld be objects ( absorb+ int]e/4 ,^u quitt+ ,m>s we pass to ! second di/9ctive planet>y gr\p ( ! sol> sy/em1 t ( ! a/]oids4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,a/]oids1 ,a ,,family ,,( ,,dw>f ,,worlds ,beyond ,m>s1 9 ! broad gap sep>at+ ! t]re/rial f ! ,jovian planets1 are ! a/]oids1 ( :i* ne>ly five hundr$ h be5 discov]$ & designat$ by individual names or numb]s4 ,b any /atem5t conc]n+ ! kn[n numb] ( a/]oids c rema9 valid = b a %ort "t1 because new ones are cont9ually f\nd1 especially by ! aid ( photography4 ,v few ( ! a/]oids are ( measurable size4 ,among ^! are ! f\r t 7 ! fir/ to be discov]$--,c]es1 ,pallas1 ,juno1 & ,ve/a4 ,_! diamet]s1 accord+ to ! measurem5ts ( ,pr(4 ,e4,e4 ,b>n>d1 ( ! ,y]kes ,obs]vatory1 are z foll[s3 ,c]es1 #dgg miles2 ,pallas1 #cjd miles2 ,juno1 #abj miles2 ,ve/a1 #bci miles4 ,x is only necess>y to m5tion ^! diamet]s 9 ord] to indicate h[ wide is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! a/]oids & su* planets z ! e>?1 ,v5us1 or ,m>s4 ,! entire surface ( ! l>ge/ a/]oid1 ,c]es1 does n equal ! republic ( ,mexico 9 area4 ,b ,c]es itself is gigantic 9 comp>ison ) ! va/ majority ( ! a/]oids1 _m ( :i*1 x is believ$1 d n exce$ tw5ty miles 9 diamet]1 :ile !re may be hundr$s or ?\s&s ( o!rs /ill small]--t5 miles1 five miles1 or p]haps only a few rods1 9 diamet]6 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! a/]oid :i* appe>s brighte/1 & :i* x w\ld naturally be inf]r$ is ! l>ge/1 really /&s ?ird 9 ! ord] ( measur$ size4 ,?is is ,ve/a1 ^: diamet]1 accord+ to ,b>n>d1 is only #bci miles4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! surface ( ,ve/a possesses ab\t f\r times great] light-reflect+ p[] ?an ! surface ( ,c]es4 ,"s obs]vations h also %[n a v>iation 9 ! int5sity ( ! light f ,ve/a1 a mo/ int]e/+ fact1 :i* becomes /ill m significant :5 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! great v>iability ( ano!r mo/ extraord9>y memb] ( ! a/]oidal family1 ,eros1 :i* is to be describ$ pres5tly4 ,! orbits ( ! a/]oids are scatt]$ ov] a zone ab\t #bjj1jjj1jjj miles broad4 ,! mean di/ance f ! sun ( ! ne>e/ a/]oid1 ,eros1 is #ace1jjj1jjj miles1 & t ( ! mo/ di/ant1 ,?ule1 #djj1jjj1jjj miles4 ,wide gaps exi/ 9 ! a/]oidal zone :]e few or no memb]s ( ! gr\p are to be f\nd1 & ,pr(4 ,daniel ,kirkwood long ago demon/rat$ ! influ5ce ( ,jupit] 9 produc+ ^! gaps4 ,almo/ no a/]oids1 z he %[$1 revolve at su* a di/ance f ! sun t _! p]iods ( revolution are exactly comm5surable ) t ( ,jupit]4 ,orig9ally !re may h be5 _m ?us situat$1 b ! attraction ( ! great planet has1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 swept ^? zones clean4 ,_m ( ! a/]oids h v ecc5tric orbits1 & _! orbits are curi\sly int]mix$1 v>y+ widely among !mselves1 bo? 9 ellipticity & 9 incl9ation to ! common plane ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! %ape & position ( its orbit1 ! mo/ unique ( ^! little worlds is ,eros1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #ahih by ,de ,witt1 at ,b]l91 & :i*1 on acc\nt ( its occasional ne> approa* to ! e>?1 has lately be5 utiliz$ 9 a fre% attempt to obta9 a clos] approximation to ! true di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>?4 ,! mean di/ance ( ,eros f ! sun is #ace1jjj1jjj miles1 its greate/ di/ance is #aff1jjj1jjj miles1 & its lea/ di/ance #aje1jjj1jjj miles4 ,x w ?us be se5 t1 al?\gh all ! o!r a/]oids are situat$ beyond ,m>s1 ,eros1 at its mean di/ance1 is ne>] to ! sun ?an ,m>s is4 ,:5 9 aphelion1 or at its greate/ di/ance1 ,eros is outside ( ! orbit ( ,m>s1 b :5 9 p]ihelion x is s mu* inside ( ,m>s's orbit t x comes surpris+ly ne> ! e>?4 ,inde$1 !re are times :5 ,eros is ne>] to ! e>? ?an any o!r cele/ial body ev] gets except ! moon--&1 x might be add$1 except meteors &1 by *ance1 a comet1 or a comet's tail4 ,its lea/ possible di/ance f ! e>? is less ?an #ad1jjj1jjj miles1 & x 0 ne>ly z close z t1 )\t anybody kn[+ or suspect+ ! fact1 9 #ahid1 f\r ye>s 9 advance ( its discov]y4 ,yet ! fact1 /range z ! /atem5t may seem1 _h be5 record$ )\t be+ recogniz$4 ,aft] ,de ,witt's discov]y ( ,eros 9 #ahih1 at a "t :5 x 0 by no means z ne> ! e>? z x _h be5 "s ye>s be=e1 ,pr(4 ,e4,c4 ,pick]+ asc]ta9$ t x _h sev]al times impr9t$ its image on ! photographic plates ( ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1 ) :i* pictures ( ! sky are sy/ematically tak51 b _h rema9$ unnotic$1 or _h be5 tak5 = an ord9>y /> among ! ?\s&s ( /> images surr\nd+ x4 ,f ^! telltale plates x 0 asc]ta9$ t 9 #ahid x _h be5 9 p]ihelion v ne> ! e>?1 & _h %one ) ! brilliance ( a sev5?-magnitude />4 ,x w1 un=tunately1 be a long "t be=e ,eros comes q z ne> u z x did on t occasion1 :5 we fail$ to see x1 = its close approa*es to ! e>? are n frequ5t4 ,pr(4 ,solon ,i4 ,bailey selects ! oppositions ( ,eros 9 #aica & #aich z probably ! mo/ favorable t w occur dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,we turn to ! extraord9>y fluctuations 9 ! light ( ,eros1 & ! equally extraord9>y conclusions drawn f !m4 ,:ile ! little a/]oid1 ^: diamet] is e/imat$ to be 9 ! neighborhood ( tw5ty or tw5ty-five miles1 0 be+ assidu\sly wat*$ & photograph$ dur+ its opposition 9 ! w9t] ( #aijj-aija1 sev]al obs]v]s discov]$ t its light 0 v>iable to ! ext5t ( m ?an a :ole magnitude2 "s said z mu* z two magnitudes4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t an increase ( "o /ell> magnitude means an accession ( light 9 ! ratio ( #b4e to #a1 & an increase ( two magnitudes an accession ( #f4be to #a1 ! significance ( su* v>iations z ,eros exhibit$ becomes imm$iately app>5t4 ,! %ortness ( ! p]iod )9 :i* ! cycle ( *anges occurr$1 ab\t two h\rs & a half1 made ! v>iation m noticeable1 & at ! same "t sugge/$ a ready explanation1 viz41 t ! a/]oid 0 rapidly turn+ on its axis1 a ?+1 9 itself1 q 9 accordance ) ! behavior ( o!r cele/ial bodies & naturally to be expect$4 ,b c>eful obs]vation %[$ t !re 7 m>k$ irregul>ities 9 ! light fluctuations1 indicat+ t ,eros ei!r _h a v /range di/ribution ( light & d>k areas cov]+ its surface1 or t in/ead ( be+ a globul> body x 0 ( "s extremely irregul> %ape1 s t z x rotat$ x pres5t$ successively l>g] & small] reflect+ surfaces t[>d ! sun & ! e>?4 ,"o int]e/+ sugge/ion 0 t ! little planet is 9 reality d\ble1 ! two compon5ts revolv+ ar\nd _! common c5t] ( gravity1 l a close b9>y />1 & mutually eclips+ "o ano!r4 ,b ?is !ory seems h>dly compet5t to expla9 ! v great fluctuation 9 light1 & a bett] "o1 probably1 is t sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,e4,c4 ,pick]+1 t ,eros is %ap$ some?+ l a dumb-bell4 ,we c picture su* a mass1 9 imag9ation1 tumbl+ end ov] end 9 its orbit s z to pres5t at "o mom5t ! broad sides ( bo? bells1 toge!r ) _! connect+ neck1 t[>d ! sun1 &1 at ! same "t1 t[>d ! obs]v] on ! e>?1 &1 at ano!r mom5t1 only ! end ( "o ( ! bells1 ! o!r bell & ! neck be+ conceal$ 9 %ad[4 ,9 ?is way ! successive ga9 & loss ( sixfold 9 ! am\nt ( light might be acc\nt$ =4 ,ow+ to ! great di/ance ! real =m ( ! a/]oid is imp]ceptible ev5 ) p[]ful telescopes1 b ! effect ( a *ange 9 ! am\nt ( reflect+ surface pres5t$ produces1 necess>ily1 an alt]nate wax+ & wan+ ( ! light4 ,z f> z ! fluctuations are conc]n$1 !y might also be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! %ape ( ! a/]oid is t ( a flat disk1 rotat+ ab\t "o ( its l>g] diamet]s s z to pres5t1 alt]nately1 its edge & its broadside to ! sun4 ,&1 p]haps1 9 ord] completely to acc\nt = all ! obs]v$ ecc5tricities ( ! light ( ,eros1 ! irregul>ity ( =m may h to be supplem5t$ by c]ta9 assumptions z to ! v>y+ reflective capacity ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! mis%ap5 mass4 ,! invaluable ,h>v>d photographs %[ t long be=e ,eros 0 recogniz$ z an a/]oid its light v>iations _h be5 automatically regi/]$ on ! plates4 ,"s ( ! plates1 ,pr(4 ,e4,c4 ,pick]+ says1 _h _h an exposure ( an h\r or m1 &1 ow+ to its motion1 ,eros _h =m$ a trail on ea* ( ^! plates1 :i* 9 "s cases %[$ di/9ct v>iations 9 brightness4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! am\nt ( v>iation at diff]5t times w l>gely dep5d ^u ! position ( ! e>? ) respect to ! axis ( rotation4 ,ano!r int]e/+ d$uction may be made f ! *anges t ! light ( ,eros und]goes4 ,we h already rem>k$ t "o ( ! l>g] a/]oids1 & ! "o :i* appe>s to ! eye z ! mo/ brilliant ( all1 ,ve/a1 has be5 suspect$ ( v>iability1 b n s ext5sive z t ( ,eros4 ,olb]s1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 0 ( ! op9ion t ,ve/a's v>iations 7 due to its be+ n a globe b an angul> mass4 ,s he 0 l$ by a simil> ph5om5on to precisely ! same op9ion ab\t ,ve/a t has lately be5 put =? conc]n+ ,eros4 ,! importance ( ?is co9cid5ce is t x t5ds to revive a rem>kable !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! a/]oids :i* has long be5 9 abeyance1 &1 9 ! m9ds ( _m1 p]haps discr$it$4 ,?is !ory1 :i* is due to ,olb]s1 beg9s ) ! />tl+ assumption t a planet1 p]haps z l>ge z ,m>s1 =m]ly revolv+ 9 an orbit situat$ betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]1 0 de/roy$ by an explosion6 ,al?\gh1 at fir/ glance1 su* a cata/rophe may appe> too wildly improbable = belief1 yet x 0 n ! improbability ( a _w's bl[+ up t l$ to a tempor>y ab&onm5t ( ,olb]s's bold !ory4 ,! great ,fr5* ma!matician ,lagrange inve/igat$ ! explosive =ce :i* w\ld be necess>y to deta* a fragm5t ( matt] f a planet revolv+ at a giv5 di/ance f ! sun1 & publi%$ ! results 9 ! ,connaissance des ,temps = #ahad4 ,apply+ 8 results to ! e>?1 ,lagrange f\nd t if ! velocity ( ! deta*$ fragm5t exce$$ t ( a cannon ball 9 ! proportion ( #aba to #a ! fragm5t w\ld become a comet ) a direct motion2 b if ! velocity rose 9 ! proportion ( #aef to #a ! motion ( ! comet w\ld be retrograde4 ,if ! velocity 0 less ?an 9 ei!r ( ^! cases ! fragm5t w\ld revolve z a planet 9 an elliptic orbit4 ,= any o!r planet besides ! e>? ! velocity ( explosion correspond+ to ! diff]5t cases w\ld v>y 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>e root ( ! mean di/ance4 ,x w\ld !re=e manife/ly be less z ! planet 0 m di/ant f ! sun4 ,9 ! case ( ea* ( ! f\r small] planets 7only ! f\r a/]oids1 ,c]es1 ,pallas1 ,juno1 & ,ve/a1 7 kn[n at t "t71 ! velocity ( explosion indicat$ by _! obs]v$ motion w\ld be less ?an tw5ty times ! velocity ( a cannon ball4#f ,footnote #f3 ,grant's ,hi/ory ( ,physical ,a/ronomy1 p4 #bda4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( be+ discr$it$ by its assumption ( s /range a cata/rophe1 ,olb]s's !ory fell into desuetude because ( its app>5t failure to acc\nt = ! position ( ! orbits ( _m ( ! a/]oids aft] a l>ge numb] ( ^? bodies _h be5 discov]$4 ,he calculat$ t ! orbits ( all ! fragm5ts ( 8 explod$ planet w\ld h ne>ly equal mean di/ances1 & a common po9t ( int]section 9 ! heav5s1 ?r\gh :i* e fragm5t ( ! orig9al mass w\ld necess>ily pass 9 ea* revolution4 ,at fir/ ! orbits ( ! a/]oids discov]$ seem$ to answ] to ^! conditions1 & ,olb]s 0 ev5 able to use 8 !ory z a means ( pr$ict+ ! position ( yet undetect$ a/]oids4 ,only ,c]es & ,pallas _h be5 discov]$ :5 he put =? 8 !ory1 b :5 ,juno & ,ve/a 7 f\nd !y fell 9 ) 8 pr$ictions s well t ! !ory 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z be+ virtually e/abli%$2 :ile ! fluctuations 9 ! light ( ,ve/a1 z we h be=e rem>k$1 l$ ,olb]s to ass]t t t body 0 ( a fragm5tal %ape1 ?us /rongly support+ 8 explosion hypo!sis4 ,aft]w>d1 :5 ! orbits ( _m a/]oids _h be5 inve/igat$1 ! s\ndness ( ,olb]s's !ory began to be que/ion$4 ,! fact t ! orbits did n all int]sect at a common po9t c\ld easily be dispos$ (1 z ,pr(essor ,newcomb has po9t$ out1 by simply plac+ ! date ( ! explosion suffici5tly f> back1 say millions ( ye>s ago1 = ! secul> *anges produc$ by ! attraction ( ! l>g] planets w\ld effectively mix up ! orbits4 ,b :5 ! actual effects ( ^! secul> *anges 7 calculat$ = p>ticul> a/]oids ! result seem$ to %[ t ! orbits c\ld nev] h int]sect$ unless "s ( !m h 9 ! meantime be5 alt]$ by ! attraction ( ! small planets on ea* o!r4 ,su* an action is n impossible1 b x is impossible to det]m9e x1 ow+ to ! great numb] ( ^! bodies & our ignorance ( _! masses4#g ,footnote #g3 ,popul> ,a/ronomy1 by ,simon ,newcomb1 p4 #cce4 ,yet ! !ory has nev] be5 entirely ?r[n out1 & n[ t ! discov]y ( ! light fluctuations ( ,eros l5ds support to ,olb]s's ass]tion ( ! irregul> %ape ( "s ( ! a/]oids1 x is v int]e/+ to recall :at s high an au?ority z ,pr(essor ,"y said on ! subject be=e ! discov]y ( ,eros3 ,x is true1 z has (t5 be5 urg$1 t ?is !ory 9 its orig9al =m1 z pres5t$ by ,olb]s1 c n be correct4 ,no s+le explosion ( a planet c\ld give rise to ! pres5t assemblage ( orbits1 nor is x possible t ev5 ! p]turbations ( ,jupit] c\ld h conv]t$ a set ( orbits orig9ally all cross+ at "o po9t 7! po9t ( explosion7 into ! pres5t tangle4 ,! small] orbits are s small t1 h[ev] turn$ ab\t1 !y lie :olly inside ! l>g] & c n be made to int]sect !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we admit a s]ies ( explosions1 ?is difficulty is remov$2 & if we grant an explosion at all1 !re seems to be no?+ improbable 9 ! hypo!sis t ! fragm5ts =m$ by ! bur/+ ( ! p>5t mass w\ld c>ry away )9 !mselves ! same =ces & reactions :i* caus$ ! orig9al bur/+1 s t !y !mselves w\ld be likely en\gh to explode at "s "t 9 _! lat] hi/ory4#h ,footnote #h3 ,g5]al ,a/ronomy1 by ,*>les ,a4 ,"y4 ,revis$ edition1 #ahih1 p4 #cgb4 ,! rival !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! a/]oids is t :i* assumes t ! planet>y r+ orig9ally left (f f ! contract+ sol> nebula betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit] 0 s viol5tly p]turb$ by ! attraction ( ! latt] planet t1 in/ead ( be+ %ap$ into a s+le globe1 x 0 brok5 up into _m fragm5ts4 ,ei!r hypo!sis pres5ts an attractive picture2 b t :i* presupposes ! bur/+ asund] ( a l>ge planet1 :i* might at lea/ h borne ! g]ms ( life1 & ! subsequ5t %att]+ ( its p>ts into small] fragm5ts1 l ! second>y explosions ( ! pieces ( a pyrote*nic bomb1 c]ta9ly is by f> ! m impressive 9 its appeal to ! imag9ation1 & w\ld seem to (f] excell5t mat]ial = "s ( ! extra-t]re/rial romances n[ s popul>4 ,x is a />tl+ ?\ght t a _w c possibly c>ry )9 itself1 l a dynamite c>tridge1 ! means ( its own disruption2 b ! idea does n appe> s extremely improbable :5 we recall ! evid5ce ( collisions or explosions1 happ5+ on a trem5d\s scale1 9 ! case ( new or tempor>y />s4#i ,footnote #i3 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( ,eros1 ! extraord9>y position ( its orbit has l$ to ! sugge/ion t possibly ,m>s itself1 in/ead ( be+ reg>d$ z prim>ily a major planet1 belong+ to ! t]re/rial gr\p1 ought r to be consid]$ z ! greate/ ( ! a/]oids1 & a "p ( ! orig9al body f :i* ! a/]oidal sy/em 0 =m$4--,j4 ,baus*+]1 ,a/ronomis*e ,na*ri*t51 ,no4 #cedb4 ,com+ to ! "q ( life ^u ! a/]oids1 x seems cle> t !y mu/ be exclud$ f ! li/ ( habitable worlds1 :atev] we may *oose to ?9k ( ! possible habitability ( ! orig9al planet ?r\gh ^: de/ruction !y may h come into exi/5ce4 ,! l>ge/ ( !m possesses a =ce ( gravity f> too slight to enable x to reta9 any ( ! gases or vapors t are recogniz$ z con/itut+ an atmosph]e4 ,b !y af=d a captivat+ field = speculation1 :i* ne$ n be altoge!r avoid$1 = x (f]s "s graphic illu/rations ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,a few ye>s ago ,i wrote1 = ! ent]ta9m5t ( an audi5ce :i* pref]r$ to meet sci5ce attir$ 9 a g>b wov5 l>gely f ! /r&s ( fancy1 an acc\nt ( "s ( ! peculi>ities ( su* m9ute globes z ! a/]oids1 :i* ,i reproduce "h because x gives1 p]haps1 a liveli] picture ( ^? little bodies1 f ! po9t ( view ( ord9>y human int]e/1 ?an c\ld be pres5t$ 9 any o!r way4 ,a ,,waif ,,( ,,space ,"o night z ,i 0 wait+1 wat* 9 h&1 = an occultation1 & /riv+ h>d to keep awake1 = x _h be5 a hot & exhau/+ summ]'s day1 :ile my wife--we 7 !n 9 our honeymoon--sat sympa!tically by my side1 ,i sudd5ly f\nd myself )drawn f ! telescope1 & /&+ 9 a place t appe>$ entirely /range4 ,x 0 a v smoo? bit ( gr\nd1 &1 to my surprise1 !re 0 no horizon 9 sight2 t is to say1 ! surface ( ! gr\nd disappe>$ on all sides at a %ort di/ance (f1 & beyond no?+ b sky 0 visible4 ,i ?\ght ,i mu/ be on ! top ( a /up5d\s m\nta91 & yet ,i 0 puzzl$ to und]/& h[ ! face ( ! e>? c\ld be s f> )drawn4 ,pres5tly ,i became aw>e t !re 0 "s "o by me :om ,i c\ld n see4 ,y are n on a m\nta91 my companion said1 & z he spoke a cold %iv] ran along my back-bone2 y are on an a/]oid1 "o ( ^? m9iature planets1 z y a/ronom]s call !m1 & ( :i* y h discov]$ sev]al hundr$ revolv+ betwe5 ! orbits ( ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,?is is ! little globe t y h glimps$ occasionally ) y\r telescope1 & t y1 or "s ( y\r fell[s1 h be5 k9d en\gh to "n ,m5ippe4 ,!n ,i p]ceiv$ t my companion1 ^: address _h h>dly be5 reassur+1 0 a gigantic inhabitant ( ! little planet1 t[]+ up to a height ( ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile4 ,= a mom5t ,i 0 highly amus$1 /&+ by 8 foot1 :i* swell$ up l a hill1 & /ra9+ my neck backw>d to get a look up along ! precipice ( 8 leg1 :i*1 curi\sly en\gh1 ,i obs]v$ 0 clo!d 9 r\gh homespun1 ! woolly knots ( ! clo? appe>+ ( trem5d\s size1 :ile x bagg$ at ! knee l any t]re/rial tr\s]s' leg4 ,8 great head & face ,i c\ld see f> above me1 z x 71 9 ! cl\ds4 ,yet ,i 0 n at all a/oni%$4 ,?is is all "r1 ,i said to myself4 ,( c\rse on ,m5ippe ! p mu/ be z l>ge z ?is1 = ! little planet is only a doz5 miles 9 diamet]1 & ! =ce ( gravity is consequ5tly s small t a man )\t loss ( activity1 or inconv5i5ce1 c gr[ ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile tall4 ,sudd5ly an idea occurr$ to me4 ,j to ?9k :at a jump ,i c make6 ,:y1 only ! o!r day ,i 0 figur+ x out t a man c\ld easily jump a ?\s& feet high f ! surface ( ,m5ippe1 & n[ "h ,i actually am on ,m5ippe4 ,i'll jump4 ,! s5sation ( t glori\s rise skyw>d 0 delightful beyond expression4 ,my legs seem$ to h become z p[]ful z ! eng9es ( a transatlantic l9]1 & ) "o spr+ ,i rose smoo?ly & swiftly1 & z /raight z an arr[1 surm\nt+ ! giant's foot1 pass+ 8 knee & atta9+ ne>ly to ! level ( 8 hip4 ,!n ,i felt t ! mom5tum ( my leap 0 exhau/$1 & despite my ef=ts ,i sl[ly turn$ head d[nw>d1 glanc+ 9 affright at ! gr\nd a qu>t] ( a mile bel[ me1 on :i* ,i expect$ to be da%$ to pieces4 ,b a mom5t's ?\ght conv9c$ me t ,i %\ld get no hurt1 = ) s slight a =ce ( gravity x w\ld be m l float+ ?an fall+4 ,j !n ! ,m5ippean caught me ) 8 mon/r\s h& & lift$ me to ! level ( 8 face4 ,i %\ld l to "k1 ,i said1 h[ y manage to live up "h2 y are s l>ge & y\r planet is s little4 ,n[1 y are altoge!r too inquisitive1 repli$ ! giant4 ,y g6 ,he /oop$ d[n1 plac$ me on ! toe ( 8 boot1 & drew back 8 foot to kick me (f4 ,x fla%$ into my m9d t my situation _h n[ become v s]i\s4 ,i knew well :at ! effects ( ! small attractive =ce ( ^! dim9utive planets mu/ be1 = ,i _h (t5 amus$ myself ) calculations ab\t !m4 ,9 ?is mom5t ( p]il ,i did n =get my ma!matics4 ,x 0 cle> t if ! giant propell$ me ) suffici5t velocity ,i %\ld be %ot into space1 nev] to return4 ,h[ great w\ld t velocity h to be8 ,my m9d work$ l lightn+ on ?is problem4 ,! diamet] ( ,m5ippe ,i knew did n exce$ twelve miles4 ,its mean d5sity1 z ne> z ,i c\ld judge1 0 ab\t ! same z t ( ! e>?4 ,its attraction mu/ !re=e be z its radius1 or ne>ly #ffj times less ?an t ( ! e>?4 ,a well-kn[n =mula enables u to compute ! velocity a body w\ld acquire 9 fall+ f an inf9ite di/ance to ! e>? or any o!r planet ^: size & =ce ( gravity are kn[n4 ,! same =mula1 tak5 9 ! opposite s5se1 ( c\rse1 %[s h[ fa/ a body mu/ />t f a planet 9 ord] t x may be fre$ f its control4 ,! =mula is ,v squ>e root ( 7#b gr471 9 :i* g is ! accel]ation ( gravity1 equal = ! e>? to #cb feet 9 a second1 & r is ! radius ( ! attract+ body4 ,on ,m5ippe ,i knew g mu/ equal ab\t "o tw5tie? ( a foot1 & r #ca1fhj feet4 ,l a fla% ,i appli$ ! =mula :ile ! giant's muscles 7 yet tight5+ = ! kick3 #ca1fhj #a_/bj #b #c1afh1 ! squ>e root ( :i* is a fraction m ?an #ef4 ,fifty-six feet 9 a second1 !n1 0 ! critical velocity ) :i* ,i mu/ be kick$ (f 9 ord] t ,i might nev] return4 ,i p]ceiv$ at once t ! giant w\ld be able to accompli% x4 ,i turn$ & %\t$ up at him3 ,hold on1 ,i h some?+ to say to y6 ,i dimly saw 8 m\nta9\s face puck]$ into mighty wr9kles1 out ( :i* 8 eyes gl>$ fi]cely1 & ! next mom5t ,i 0 sail+ into space4 ,i c\ld no m h kept a balance ?an ! e>? c /& /ill ^u its axis4 ,i _h become a small planet myself1 &1 l all planets1 ,i rotat$4 ,yet ! motion did n dizzy me1 & soon ,i became int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! panorama ( creation t 0 spread ar\nd me4 ,= "s "t1 :5ev] my face 0 turn$ t[>d ! little globe ( ,m5ippe1 ,i saw ! giant1 p>tly 9 pr(ile aga9/ ! sky1 ) 8 back b5t & 8 h&s ^u 8 knees1 wat*+ me ) an occasional approv+ nod ( 8 big head4 ,he look$ s funny /&+ !re on 8 little sev5-by-n9e _w1 l a cl[n on a p]=m+ ball1 t1 despite my t]rible situation1 ,i %ook my sides ) laught]4 ,!re 0 no e*o 9 ! pr(undity ( empty space4 ,soon ,m5ippe dw9dl$ to a po9t1 & ,i saw h] inhospitable inhabitant no m4 ,!n ,i wat*$ ! sun & ! blaz+ firmam5t ar\nd1 = !re 0 at ! same "t broad day & midnight = me4 ,! sunlight1 be+ no long] diffus$ by an atmosph]e1 did n conceal ! face ( ! sky1 & ,i c\ld see ! />s %9+ close to ! orb ( day4 ,i recogniz$ ! v>i\s planets mu* m easily ?an ,i _h be5 accu/om$ to d1 &1 ) a tw+e at my he>t1 saw ! e>? travel+ along 9 its di/ant orbit1 spl5did 9 ! sun%9e4 ,i ?\ght ( my wife sitt+ alone by ! telescope 9 ! d>kness & sil5ce1 wond]+ :at _h become ( me4 ,i ask$ myself1 ,h[ 9 ! _w c ,i ev] get back !re aga98 ,!n ,i smil$ to ?9k ( ! ridicul\s figure ,i cut1 out "h 9 space1 expos$ to ! eyes ( ! univ]se1 a rotat+1 gyrat+1 circumambulat+ a/ronom]1 an animat$ teetotum lo/ 9 ! sky4 ,i saw no reason to hope t ,i %\ld n g on ?us =ev]1 revolv+ ar\nd ! sun until my bones1 :it5+ among ! />s1 might be reveal$ to ! sup]lative p[]s ( "s future telescope1 & become a subject ( absorb+ int]e/1 ! topic ( _m a le>n$ pap] = ! a/ronom]s ( a future age4 ,aft]w>d ,i 0 com=t$ by ! reflection t 9 airless space1 al?\gh ,i might die & my body become desiccat$1 yet !re c\ld be no real decay2 ev5 my g>m5ts w\ld probably la/ =ev]4 ,! savants1 aft] all1 %\ld nev] speculate on my bones4 ,i saw ! ruddy disk ( ,m>s1 & ! gl9t+ ( 8 icy poles1 z ! beautiful planet roll$ f> bel[ me4 ,if ,i c\ld only get !re1 ,i ?\ght1 ,i %\ld "k :at ^? canals ( ,s*iap>elli are1 & ev5 if ,i c\ld nev] return to ! e>?1 ,i %\ld d\btless meet ) a w>m welcome among ! ,m>tians4 ,:at a lion ,i %\ld be6 ,i look$ long+ly at ! di/ant planet1 ! outl9es ( ^: cont95ts & seas appe>$ mo/ entic+1 b :5 ,i tri$ to propel myself 9 t direction ,i only kick$ aga9/ no?+ness4 ,i groan$ 9 desp]ation4 ,sudd5ly some?+ d>t$ by me fly+ sunw>d2 !n ano!r & ano!r4 ,9 a m9ute ,i 0 surr\nd$ by /range projectiles4 ,e in/ant ,i expect$ to be da%$ 9 pieces by !m4 ,!y sp$ ) ! velocity ( lightn+4 ,hundr$s1 ?\s&s ( !m 7 all ab\t me4 ,my *ance ( n be+ hit 0 n "o 9 a million1 & yet ,i escap$4 ,! sweat ( t]ror 0 ^u me1 b ,i did n lose my head4 ,a comet has met me1 ,i said4 ,^! missiles are ! meteoric /ones ( :i* x is compos$4 ,& n[ ,i notic$ t z !y ru%$ along collisions took place1 & fla%es ( electricity d>t$ f "o to ano!r4 ,a pale lum9osity dimm$ ! />s4 ,i did n d\bt t1 z se5 f ! e>?1 ! comet 0 already fl++ ! spl5dors ( its tra9 ^u ! bosom ( ! night4 ,:ile ,i 0 wond]+ at my immunity amid su* a ra9 ( dea?-?reat5+ bolts1 ,i became aw>e t _! velocity 0 s5sibly dim9i%+4 ,?is fact ,i expla9$ by suppos+ t ,i 0 drawn along ) !m4 ,not)/&+ ! abs5ce ( any collision ) my body1 ! ov]p[]+ attraction ( ! :ole mass ( meteors 0 ov]com+ my tang5tial =ce & be>+ me 9 _! direction4 ,at fir/ ,i rejoic$ at ?is circum/ance1 = at any rate ! comet w\ld save me f ! dreadful fate ( becom+ an a/]oid4 ,a little fur!r reflection1 h[ev]1 %[$ me t ,i _h gone f ! fry+-pan into ! fire4 ,! direction ( my expulsion f ,m5ippe _h be5 su* t ,i _h fall5 into an orbit t w\ld h c>ri$ me ar\nd ! sun )\t pass+ v close to ! sol> body4 ,n[1 be+ swept along by ! comet1 ^: p]ihelion probably lay 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! sun1 ,i saw no way ( escape f ! frightful fate ( be+ broil$ alive4 ,ev5 :]e ,i 01 ! untemp]$ rays ( ! sun scor*$ me1 & ,i knew t )9 two or ?ree hundr$ ?\s& miles ( ! sol> surface ! heat mu/ be suffici5t to melt ! h>de/ rocks4 ,i 0 aw>e t exp]im5ts ) burn+-glasses _h suffici5tly demon/rat$ t fact4 ,b p]=ce ,i resign$ myself to my fate4 ,at any rate x w\ld ! soon] be all ov]4 ,9 fact1 ,i almo/ =got my awful situation 9 ! int]e/ awak5$ by ! ph5om5a ( ! comet4 ,i 0 9 ! mid/ ( its v head4 ,i 0 "o ( its compon5t p>ticles4 ,i 0 a meteor among a million millions ( o!rs4 ,if ,i c\ld only get back to ! e>?1 :at news c\ld ,i n c>ry to ,signor ,s*iap>elli & ,mr4 ,locky] & ,dr4 ,br$i*9 ab\t ! composition ( comets6 ,b1 alas6 ! _w c\ld nev] "k :at ,i n[ saw4 ,nobody on yond] gleam+ e>?1 wat*+ ! magnific5t advance ( ?is spect] ( ! skies1 w\ld ev] dream t !re 0 a lo/ a/ronom] 9 its blaz+ head4 ,i %\ld be burn$ & r5t to pieces amid ! t]rors ( its p]ihelion passage1 & my fragm5ts w\ld be /rewn along ! comet's orbit1 to become1 9 c\rse ( "t1 p>ticles 9 a sw>m ( a]olites4 ,p]*ance1 ?r\gh ! effects ( "s un=ese5 p]turbation1 ! e>? might enc\nt] t sw>m4 ,?us only c\ld ,i ev] return to ! bosom ( my "m planet4 ,i took a positive pleasure 9 imag9+ t "o ( my calc9$ bones might ev5tually fla% = a mom5t1 a fall+ />1 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! e>?1 leav+ its atoms to sl[ly settle ?r\gh ! air1 until f9ally !y re/$ 9 ! soil f :i* !y _h sprung4 ,f su* reflections ,i 0 ar\s$ by ! approa* ( ! crisis4 ,! head ( ! comet _h become an exce$+ly uncom=table place4 ,! collisions among ! meteors 7 con/antly increas+ 9 numb] & viol5ce4 ,h[ ,i escap$ de/ruction ,i c\ld n compreh5d1 b 9 fact ,i 0 unconsci\s ( dang] f t s\rce4 ,i _h become 9 _s an actual compon5t ( ! cla%+1 ro>+ mass4 ,trem5d\s sp>ks ( electricity1 v]itable lightn+ /rokes1 d>t$ ab\t me 9 e direction1 b ,i bore a *>m$ life4 ,z ! comet drew 9 ne>] to ! sun1 "u ! t]rible /ress ( ! sol> attraction1 ! meteors seem$ to cr[d clos]1 cra%+ & gr9d+ toge!r1 :ile ! :ole mass sway$ & %riek$ ) ! upro> ( a million torm5t$ devils4 ,! heat _h become t]rific4 ,i saw /one & iron melt$ l sn[ & dissipat$ 9 /eam4 ,/up5d\s jets ( :ite-hot vapor %ot upw>d1 &1 driv5 (f by ! electrical repulsion ( ! sun1 /ream$ backw>d into ! tail4 ,sudd5ly ,i myself became s5sible ( ! awful heat4 ,x seem$ )\t w>n+ to h p5etrat$ my vitals4 ,) a yell ,i j]k$ my feet f a boil+ rock & flung my arms despair+ly ov] my head4 ,y _h bett] be c>eful1 said my wife1 or y'll knock ov] ! telescope4 ,i rubb$ my eyes1 %ook myself1 & rose4 ,i mu/ h be5 dream+1 ,i said4 ,i %\ld ?9k x 0 a v lively dream1 %e repli$4 ,i respond$ aft] ! mann] ( a "y man newly w$4 ,at ?is mom5t ! occultation began4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,jupit]1 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,( ,,kn[n ,,worlds ,:5 we are ?9k+ ( worlds1 & try+ to exalt ! imag9ation ) !m1 x is well to turn to ,jupit]1 = !re is a planet wor? pond]+ ^u6 ,a _w ?irte5 hundr$ times z volum9\s z ! e>? is a ph5om5on calculat$ to make u feel some:at z ! inhabitant ( a rural village does :5 8 amaz$ vision ranges across ! million ro(s ( a metropolis4 ,jupit] is ! fir/ ( ! out] & great] planets1 ! major1 or ,jovian1 gr\p4 ,8 mean diamet] is #hf1ejj miles1 & 8 av]age gir? m ?an #bgj1jjj miles4 ,an inhabitant ( ,jupit]1 9 mak+ a trip ar\nd 8 planet1 along any great circle ( ! sph]e1 w\ld h to travel m ?an #cj1jjj miles f>!r ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon4 ,! pol> compression ( ,jupit]1 ow+ to 8 rapid rotation1 am\nts 9 ! aggregate to m ?an #e1jjj miles1 ! equatorial diamet] be+ #hh1bjj miles & ! pol> diamet] #hc1jjj miles4 ,jupit]'s mean di/ance f ! sun is #dhc1jjj1jjj miles1 & ! ecc5tricity ( 8 orbit is suffici5t to make ?is di/ance v>iable to ! ext5t ( #ba1jjj1jjj miles2 b1 9 view ( 8 great av]age di/ance1 ! consequ5t v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( sol> light & heat receiv$ by ! planet is n ( s]i\s importance4 ,:5 he is 9 opposition to ! sun z se5 f ! e>? ,jupit]'s mean di/ance f u is ab\t #cij1jjj1jjj miles4 ,8 ye>1 or p]iod ( revolution ab\t ! sun1 is some:at less ?an twelve ( our ye>s 7#aa4hf ye>s74 ,8 axis is v ne>ly upright to ! plane ( 8 orbit1 s t1 z ^u ,v5us1 !re is practically no v>iation ( seasons4 ,gigantic ?\gh he is 9 dim5sions1 ,jupit] is ! swifte/ ( all ! planets 9 axial rotation4 ,:ile ! e>? requires tw5ty-f\r h\rs to make a complete turn1 ,jupit] takes less ?an t5 h\rs 7n9e h\rs fifty-five m9utes71 & a po9t on 8 equator moves1 9 consequ5ce ( axial rotation1 betwe5 #bg1jjj & #bh1jjj miles 9 an h\r4 ,! d5sity ( ! mighty planet is slight1 only ab\t "o qu>t] ( ! mean d5sity ( ! e>? & virtually ! same z t ( ! sun4 ,?is fact at once calls att5tion to a contra/ betwe5 ,jupit] & our globe t is ev5 m significant ?an _! imm5se diff]5ce 9 size4 ,! =ce ( gravity ^u ,jupit]'s surface is m ?an two & a half times great] ?an ^u ! e>?'s surface 7m accurately #b4fe times71 s t a hundr$-p\nd weight remov$ f ! planet on :i* we live to ,jupit] w\ld !re weigh #bfe p\nds1 & an av]age man1 simil>ly transport$1 w\ld be oppress$ ) a weight ( at lea/ #djj p\nds4 ,b1 z a result ( ! rapid rotation ( ! great planet1 & ! ellipticity ( its figure1 ! un=tunate visitor c\ld f9d a p]ceptible relief f 8 tr\blesome weight by seek+ ! planet's equator1 :]e ! c5trifugal t5d5cy w\ld remove ab\t tw5ty p\nds f e "o hundr$ z comp>$ ) 8 weight at ! poles4 ,if we c\ld g to ! moon1 or to ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 or ,m>s1 we may be c]ta9 t ^u rea*+ any ( ^? globes we %\ld f9d ourselves ^u a solid surface1 probably compos$ ( rock n unlike ! rocky cru/ ( ! e>?2 b ) ,jupit] ! case w\ld evid5tly be v diff]5t4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! mean d5sity ( t planet is only "o qu>t] ( ! e>?'s d5sity1 or only "o ?ird great] ?an ! d5sity ( wat]4 ,consequ5tly ! visitor1 9 attempt+ to set foot ^u ,jupit]1 might f9d no solid support+ surface1 b w\ld be 9 a situation z emb>rass+ z t ( ,milton's ,satan :5 he und]took to cross ! doma9 ( ,*aos3 ,flutt]+ 8 p9ions va91 plumb d[n he drops1 ,t5 ?\s& fa?om deep1 & to ?is h\r ,d[n _h be5 fall+ _h n1 by ill *ance1 ,! /rong rebuff ( "s tumultu\s cl\d4 ,in/9ct ) fire & nit]1 hurri$ him ,z _m miles al(t2 t fury /ay$1 ,qu5*$ 9 a boggy ,syrtis1 nei!r sea ,nor good dry l&1 nigh f\nd]$1 z he f>es1 ,tread+ ! crude consi/5ce1 half on foot1 ,half fly+4 ,! probability t no?+ resembl+ a solid cru/1 nor1 p]haps1 ev5 a liquid %ell1 w\ld be f\nd at ! visible surface ( ,jupit]1 is increas$ by consid]+ t ! surface d5sity mu/ be mu* less ?an ! mean d5sity ( ! planet tak5 z a :ole1 & s9ce ! latt] b little exce$s ! d5sity ( wat]1 x is likely t at ! surface ev]y?+ is 9 a /ate resembl+ t ( cl\d or smoke4 ,our imag9>y visitor ^u rea*+ ,jupit] w\ld1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! planet's /rong =ce ( gravity1 drop out ( sight1 ) ! spe$ ( a %ot1 swall[$ up 9 ! va/ atmosph]e ( probably hot1 & p]haps p>tially inc&esc5t1 gases4 ,:5 he _h sunk--suppos+ 8 id5tity c\ld be pres]v$--to a dep? ( ?\s&s ( miles he might n yet h f\nd any solid "p ( ! planet2 &1 p]*ance1 !re is no solid nucleus ev5 at ! v c5t]4 ,! cl\dy aspect ( ,jupit] imm$iately /rikes ! telescopic obs]v]4 ,! huge planet is fill$ ) color1 & ) ! animation ( con/ant movem5t1 b !re is no appe>ance ( m>k+s1 l ^? on ,m>s1 recall+ ! look ( ! e>?4 ,!re are no :ite pol> caps1 & no %ad+s t sugge/ ! outl9es ( cont95ts & oceans4 ,:at e obs]v]1 ev5 ) ! smalle/ telescope1 p]ceives at once is a pair ( /rongly def9$ d>k belts1 "o on ei!r side (1 & bo? p>allel to1 ! planet's equator4 ,^! belts are d>k comp>$ ) ! equatorial b& betwe5 !m & ) ! g5]al surface ( ! planet t[>d ! nor? & ! s\?1 b !y are n ( a gray or neutral %ade4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y %[ decid$1 &1 at times1 brilliant colors1 usually ( a r$di% tone4 ,m delicate t9ts1 sometimes a f9e p9k1 salmon1 or ev5 light gre51 are occasionally to be se5 ab\t ! equatorial zone1 & ! bord]s ( ! belts1 :ile ne> ! poles ! surface is %ad[$ ) blui% gray1 imp]ceptibly deep5+ f ! light] hues ( ! equator4 ,all ?is v>iety ( tone & color makes ( a telescopic view ( ,jupit] a picture t w n quickly fade f ! memory2 :ile if an in/rum5t ( consid]able p[] is us$1 s t ! wond]ful details ( ! belts1 ) _! scallop$ edges1 _! diagonal filam5ts1 _! _m divisions1 & _! curi\s light & d>k spots1 are made pla91 ! obs]v] is deeply impress$ ) ! /rang5ess ( ! spectacle1 & ! m s z he reflects ^u ! enorm\s real magnitude ( t :i* is spread be=e 8 eye4 ,! :ole e>? flatt5$ out w\ld be b a small blot* on t gigantic disk6 ,!n1 ! visible rotation ( ! great ,jovian globe1 ^: effects become evid5t to a practis$ eye aft] b a few m9utes' wat*+1 height5s ! impression4 ,& ! pres5ce ( ! f\r satellites1 ^: motions 9 _! orbits are also evid5t1 ?r\gh ! *ange 9 _! positions1 dur+ ! c\rse ( a s+le n prolong$ obs]vation1 adds its influ5ce to ! effectiv5ess ( ! sc5e4 ,inde$1 color & motion are s conspicu\s 9 ! imm5se spectacle pres5t$ by ,jupit] t !y imp>t to x a p[]ful sugge/ion ( life1 :i* ! m9d does n readily dive/ itself ( :5 compell$ to face ! evid5ce t ,jupit] is z widely diff]5t f ! e>?1 & z diametrically oppos$ to lifelike conditions1 z we compreh5d !m1 z a planet possibly c\ld be4 ,! great belts lie 9 latitudes ab\t correspond+ to ^? 9 :i* ! trade-w9ds bl[ ^u ! e>?1 & x has (t5 be5 sugge/$ t _! exi/5ce indicates a simil>ity betwe5 ! atmosph]ic circulation ( ,jupit] & t ( ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,no d\bt !re are times :5 ! e>?1 se5 ) a telescope f a di/ant planet1 w\ld pres5t a belt$ appe>ance some:at resembl+ t ( ,jupit]1 b !re w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be no simil> display ( colors 9 ! cl\ds1 & ! latt] w\ld exhibit no su* p]si/5ce 9 g5]al =m & position z *>act]izes ^? ( ,jupit]4 ,our cl\ds are =m$ by ! action ( ! sun1 produc+ evaporation ( wat]2 on ,jupit]1 ^: mean di/ance f ! sun is m ?an five times z great z ours1 ! int5sity ( ! sol> rays is r$uc$ to less ?an "o tw5ty-fif? "p ( _! int5sity on ! e>?1 s t ! evaporation c n be equally active !re1 & ! t5d5cy to =m a]ial curr5ts & great sy/ems ( w9ds mu/ be proportionally slight4 ,9 brief1 ! cl\ds ( ,jupit] are probably ( an entirely diff]5t orig9 f t ( t]re/rial cl\ds1 & r resemble ! *aotic masses ( vapor t envelop$ ! e>? :5 x 0 /ill 9 a sem9ebul\s condition1 & be=e its cru/ _h =m$4 ,al?\gh ! /ronge/ features ( ! disk ( ,jupit] are ! great cl\d belts1 & ! :ite or color$ spots 9 ! equatorial zone1 yet ! telescope %[s _m m>k+s nor? & s\? ( ! belts1 includ+ a numb] ( n>r[] & fa9t] belts1 & small light or d>k spots4 ,none ( !m is absolutely fix$ 9 position ) ref]5ce to o!rs4 ,9 o!r words1 all ( ! spots1 belts1 & m>k+s %ift _! places to a p]ceptible ext5t1 ! *anges be+ g5]ally v sl[ & regul>1 b occasionally q rapid4 ,! ma9 belts nev] entirely disappe>1 & nev] dep>t v f> f _! mean positions ) respect to ! equator1 b ! small] belts t[>d ! nor? & s\? are m or less evanesc5t4 ,r\nd or oblong spots1 z di/+ui%$ f belts1 are /ill m v>iable & transi5t4 ,! ma9 belts !mselves %[ great int]nal commotion1 frequ5tly splitt+ up1 ?r\gh a consid]able "p ( _! l5g?1 & sometimes app>5tly ?r[+ out projections into ! light] equatorial zone1 :i* occasionally resemble bridges1 diagonally spann+ ! broad space betwe5 ! belts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jupit] ,,z ,,se5 ,,at ,,! ,,lick ,,obs]vatory ,,9 #ahhi4 ,,! ,,great ,,r$ ,,spot ,,is ,,visible1 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,! ,,ind5tation ,,9 ,,! ,,s\? ,,belt4 ,p]haps ! mo/ puzzl+ ph5om5on t has ev] made its appe>ance on ,jupit] is ! celebrat$ great r$ spot1 :i* 0 fir/ notic$ 9 #ahgh1 al?\gh x has s9ce be5 %[n to be probably id5tical ) a simil> spot se5 9 #ahfi1 & possibly ) "o notic$ 9 #aheg4 ,?is spot1 soon aft] its discov]y 9 #ahgh1 became a cle>ly def9$ r$ oval1 ly+ ne> ! s\!rn edge ( ! s\? belt 9 latitude ab\t #cj4 ,its l5g? 0 ne>ly "o ?ird ( ! diamet] ( ! disk & its wid? almo/ "o qu>t] z great z its l5g?4 ,translat$ into t]re/rial measure1 x 0 ab\t #cj1jjj miles long & #g1jjj miles broad4 ,9 #ahgi x seem$ to deep5 9 color until x became a truly wond]ful object1 its r$ness ( hue irresi/ibly sugge/+ ! idea t x 0 some?+ hot & gl[+4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s x und]w5t v>i\s *anges ( appe>ance1 n[ fad+ almo/ to invisibility & n[ bright5+ aga91 b )\t ev] completely vani%+1 & x is /ill 7#aija7 fa9tly visible4 ,nobody has yet sugge/$ an altoge!r probable & acceptable !ory z to its nature4 ,"s h said t x might be a "p ( ! r$-hot cru/ ( ! planet elevat$ above ! level ( ! cl\ds2 o!rs t its appe>ance might be due to ! cle>+ (f ( ! cl\ds above a heat$ region ( ! globe b5ea?1 r5d]+ ! latt] visible ?r\gh ! op5+2 o!rs t x 0 p]haps a mass ( smoke & vapor eject$ f a gigantic volcano1 or f ! v5ts cov]+ a broad area ( volcanic action2 o!rs t x might be a va/ inc&esc5t slag float+ ^u ! molt5 globe ( ! planet & visible ?r\gh1 or above1 ! envelop+ cl\ds2 & o!rs h ?\ght t x c\ld be no?+ b a cl\d among cl\ds1 diff]+1 = unkn[n reasons1 9 composition & cohesion f its surr\nd+s4 ,all ( ^! hypo!ses except ! la/ imply ! exi/5ce1 j b5ea? ! visible cl\d %ell1 ( a m or less /able & cont9u\s surface1 ei!r solid or liquid4 ,:5 ! r$ spot began to lose di/9ctness a k9d ( veil seem$ to be drawn ov] x1 z if light cl\ds1 float+ at a sup]ior elevation1 _h drift$ across x4 ,at times x has be5 r$uc$ 9 ?is mann] to a fa9t oval r+1 ! rim rema9+ visible aft] ! c5tral "p has fad$ f sight4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ph5om5a connect$ ) ! my/]i\s spot is a great b5d1 or scallop1 9 ! s\!rn edge ( ! s\? belt adjac5t to ! spot4 ,?is looks z if x 7 produc$ by ! spot1 or by ! same cause to :i* ! spot owes its exi/5ce4 ,if ! spot 7 an imm5se m\nta9\s elevation1 & ! belt a curr5t ( liquid1 or ( cl\ds1 fl[+ pa/ its base1 "o w\ld expect to see "s su* b5d 9 ! /ream4 ,! visual evid5ce t ! belt is driv51 or =c$1 away f ! neighborhood ( ! spot seems complete4 ,! appe>ance ( repulsion betwe5 !m is v /rik+1 & ev5 :5 ! spot fades ne>ly to invisibility ! curve rema9s equally di/9ct1 s t 9 us+ a telescope too small to reveal ! spot itself "o may discov] its location by obs]v+ ! b[ 9 ! s\? belt4 ,! sugge/ion ( a resemblance to ! fl[+ ( a /ream pa/ ! foot ( an elevat$ promontory1 or m\nta91 is /r5g!n$ by ! fact1 :i* 0 obs]v$ e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! spot1 t m>k+s involv$ 9 ! s\? belt h a quick] rate ( rotation ab\t ! planet's axis ?an t ( ! r$ spot1 s t su* m>k+s1 fir/ se5 9 ! re> ( ! r$ spot1 gradually ov]take & pass x1 & ev5tually leave x beh9d1 z boats 9 a riv] drift pa/ a rock ly+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! curr5t4 ,?is leads u to ano!r significant fact conc]n+ ! peculi> condition ( ,jupit]'s surface4 ,n only does ! s\? belt move p]ceptibly fa/] ?an ! r$ spot1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 ! v>i\s m>k+s on ! surface ( ! planet move at diff]5t rates accord+ z !y are ne>] to or f>!r f ! equator4 ,betwe5 ! equator & latitude #cj or #dj !re is a diff]5ce ( six m9utes 9 ! rotation p]iod--i4e41 ! equatorial p>ts turn r\nd ! axis s mu* fa/] ?an ! p>ts nor? & s\? ( !m1 t 9 "o rotation !y ga9 six m9utes ( "t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! cl\ds ov] ,jupit]'s equator fl[ pa/ ^? 9 ! middle latitudes ) a relative velocity ( #bgj miles p] h\r4 ,b !re are no %>p l9es ( sep>ation betwe5 ! diff]5t velocities2 on ! contr>y1 ! swiftness ( rotation gradually dim9i%es f ! equator t[>d ! poles1 z x manife/ly c\ld n d if ! visible surface ( ,jupit] 7 solid4 ,9 ?is respect ,jupit] resembles ! sun1 ^: surface also has diff]5t rates ( rotation dim9i%+ f ! equator4 ,measur$ by ! motion ( spots on or ne> ! equator1 ,jupit]'s rotation p]iod is ab\t n9e h\rs fifty m9utes2 measur$ by ! motion ( spots 9 ! middle latitudes1 x is ab\t n9e h\rs fifty-six m9utes4 ,! r$ spot completes a rotation 9 a little less ?an n9e h\rs & fifty-six m9utes1 b its p]iod c n be positively giv5 = ! s+ul> reason t x is v>iable4 ,! v>iation am\nts to only a few seconds 9 ! c\rse ( sev]al ye>s1 b x is nev]!less c]ta94 ,! ph5om5on ( v>iable motion is n1 h[ev]1 peculi> to ! r$ spot4 ,mr4 ,w4,f4 ,d5n+1 :o has /udi$ ,jupit] = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 says3 ,x is well kn[n t 9 diff]5t latitudes ( ,jupit] !re are curr5ts1 =m+ ! belts & zones1 mov+ at v>i\s rates ( spe$4 ,9 _m in/ances ! velocity *anges f ye> to ye>4 ,& x is a s+ul> circum/ance t 9 ! same curr5t a uni=m motion is n ma9ta9$ 9 all p>ts ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,c]ta9 spots move fa/] ?an o!rs1 s t if we w\ld obta9 a fair value = ! rotation p]iod ( any curr5t x is n suffici5t to d]ive x f "o m>k+ alone2 we mu/ foll[ a numb] ( objects di/ribut$ 9 diff]5t longitudes along ! curr5t & d$uce a mean f ! :ole4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,! ,obs]vatory1 ,no4 #bhf1 ,decemb]1 #ahii4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,obs]vation indicates t if we c\ld look at a v]tical section ( ,jupit]'s atmosph]e we %\ld behold an equally rem>kable contra/ & conflict ( motions4 ,!re is evid5ce t "s ( ! visible spots1 or cl\ds1 lie at a great] elevation ?an o!rs1 & x has be5 obs]v$ t ! deep] ones move m rapidly4 ,?is fact has l$ "s obs]v]s to conclude t ! deep-ly+ spots may be a "p ( ! actual surface ( ! planet4 ,b if we c\ld ?9k t !re is any solid nucleus1 or core1 9 ! body ( ,jupit]1 x w\ld seem1 on acc\nt ( ! slight mean d5sity ( ! planet1 t x c n lie s ne> ! visible surface1 b mu/ be at a dep? ( ?\s&s1 p]haps t5s ( ?\s&s1 ( miles4 ,s9ce ! telescope is unable to p5etrate ! cl\dy envelope we c only guess at ! actual con/itution ( ! int]ior ( ,jupit]'s globe4 ,9 a _s ( m]e speculative curiosity x has be5 sugge/$ t deep "u ! cl\ds ( ! great planet !re may be a comp>atively small solid globe1 ev5 a habitable _w1 clos$ r\nd by a firmam5t all its own1 ^: vault1 rais$ #cj1jjj or #dj1jjj miles above ! surface ( ! imprison$ planet1 appe>s only an unbrok5 dome1 too di/ant to reveal its real nature to wat*]s bel[1 except1 p]haps1 "u telescopic scrut9y2 enclos+1 z 9 a %ell1 a transp>5t atmosph]e1 & d]iv+ its illum9ation p>tly f ! sunlight t may filt] ?r\gh1 b ma9ly f "s lum9\s s\rce )94 ,b is n ,jupit] almo/ equally fasc9at+ to ! imag9ation1 if we dismiss all attempts to picture a humanly impossible _w %ut up )9 x1 & turn r to consid] :at its future may be1 guid$ by ! n unreasonable hypo!sis t1 because ( its imm5se size & mass1 x is /ill 9 a *aotic condition8 ,m5tion has be5 made ( ! resemblance ( ,jupit] to ! sun by virtue ( _! simil> mann] ( rotation4 ,?is is n ! only reason = look+ ^u ,jupit] z be+1 9 "s respects1 almo/ z mu* a sol> z a planet>y body4 ,its exceptional brightness r favors ! view t a small "p ( ! light by :i* x %9es comes f its own inc&esc5ce4 ,9 size & mass x is half-way betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 ,jupit] is elev5 times great] ?an ! e>? 9 diamet] & ?irte5 hundr$ times great] 9 volume2 ! sun is t5 times great] ?an ,jupit] 9 diamet] & a ?\s& times great] 9 volume4 ,! mean d5sity ( ,jupit]1 z we h se51 is almo/ exactly ! same z ! sun's4 ,n[1 ! hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 accord+ to ! nebul> hypo!sis1 is a hi/ory ( cool+ & cond5sation4 ,! sun1 a ?\s& times l>g] ?an ,jupit]1 has n yet suffici5tly cool$ & contract$ to become incru/$1 except ) a %ell ( inc&esc5t metallic cl\ds2 ,jupit]1 a ?\s& times small] ?an ! sun1 has cool$ & contract$ until x is b slightly1 if at all1 inc&esc5t at its surface1 :ile its ?ick5+ %ell1 al?\gh /ill compos$ ( vapor & smoke1 & /ill probably hot1 has gr[n s d5se t x entirely cuts (f ! lum9\s radiation f )92 ! e>?1 to c>ry ! comp>ison "o /ep fur!r1 be+ m ?an a ?\s& times small] ?an ,jupit]1 has progress$ s f> 9 ! process ( cool+ t its orig9al %ell ( vapor has giv5 place to "o ( solid rock4 ,a sudd5 outbur/ ( light f ,jupit]1 su* z occurs occasionally 9 a /> t is los+ its radiance ?r\gh ! cond5sation ( absorb+ vapors ar\nd x1 w\ld furni% /rong corroboration ( ! !ory t ,jupit] is really an ext+ui%$ sun :i* is n[ on ! way to become a planet 9 ! t]re/rial s5se4 ,n v long ago1 z "t is reckon$ 9 a/ronomy1 our sun1 view$ f ! di/ance ( ! ne>] fix$ />s1 may h appe>$ z a b9>y />1 ! bright] compon5t ( ! pair be+ ! sun itself & ! fa9t] "o ! body n[ call$ ! planet ,jupit]4 ,suppos+ ! latt] to h _h ! same intr9sic brilliance1 surface = surface1 z ! sun1 x w\ld h radiat$ "o hundr$ times less light ?an ! sun4 ,a diff]5ce ( "o hundr$fold betwe5 ! light ( two />s means t !y are six magnitudes ap>t2 or1 9 o!r words1 f a po9t 9 space :]e ! sun appe>$ z bright z :at we call a fir/-magnitude />1 its companion1 ,jupit]1 w\ld h %one z a six?-magnitude />4 ,_m />s h companions proportionally mu* fa9t] ?an t4 ,! companion ( ,sirius1 = in/ance1 is at lea/ t5 ?\s& times less bright ?an its great comrade4 ,look+ at ,jupit] 9 ?is way1 x int]e/s u n z ! probable abode ( intellig5t life1 b z a _w 9 ! mak+1 a _w1 moreov]1 :i*1 :5 x is complet$--if x ev] %all be aft] ! t]re/rial patt]n--w dw>f our globe into insignificance4 ,t /up5d\s miracle ( _w-mak+ :i* is dimly pa9t$ 9 ! gr& figures employ$ by ! writ]s ( ,g5esis1 & ! compos]s ( o!r cosmogonic leg5ds1 is "h actually go+ on be=e our eyes4 ,! telescope %[s u 9 ! cl\dy face ( ,jupit] ! mov+ ( ! _s ^u ! face ( ! great deep4 ,:at ! f9al result w be we c n tell1 b cle>ly ! end ( ! gr& processes !re 9 op]ation has n yet be5 rea*$4 ,! int]e/+ sugge/ion 0 made & urg$ by ,mr4 ,proctor t if ,jupit] itself is 9 no condition at pres5t to be> life1 its satellites may be1 9 t respect1 m happily circum/anc$4 ,x c n be said t v mu* has be5 le>n$ ab\t ! satellites ( ,jupit] s9ce ,proctor's day1 & 8 sugge/ion is no less & no m probable n[ ?an x 0 :5 fir/ (f]$4 ,!re has be5 cumulative evid5ce t ,jupit]'s satellites obey ! same law t gov]ns ! rotation ( our moon1 viz41 t :i* compels !m always to keep ! same face turn$ t[>d _! prim>y1 & ?is w\ld cle>ly affect1 al?\gh x might n preclude1 _! habitability4 ,) ! exception ( ! m9ute fif? satellite discov]$ by ,b>n>d 9 #ahib1 !y are all ( suffici5t size to reta9 at lea/ "s traces ( an atmosph]e4 ,9 fact1 "o ( !m is l>g] ?an ! planet ,m>s1 & ano!r is ( ne>ly ! same size z t planet1 :ile ! smalle/ ( ! f\r pr9cipal ones is ab\t equal to our moon4 ,"u ! p[]ful attraction ( ,jupit] !y travel rapidly1 & view$ f ! surface ( t planet !y w\ld (f] a wond]ful spectacle4 ,!y are cont9ually caus+ sol> eclipses & !mselves und]go+ eclipse 9 ,jupit]'s %ad[1 & _! swiftly *ang+ aspects & gr\p+s w\ld be wat*$ by an a/ronom] on ,jupit] ) undy+ int]e/4 ,b f> m wond]ful w\ld be ! spectacle pres5t$ by ,jupit] to inhabitants dwell+ on 8 moons4 ,f ! ne>] moon1 9 p>ticul>1 :i* is situat$ less ?an #bbj1jjj miles f ,jupit]'s surface1 ! great planet w\ld be an ov]:elm+ ph5om5on 9 ! sky4 ,its imm5se disk1 hang+ ov]head1 w\ld cov] a circle ( ! firmam5t tw5ty degrees 9 diamet]1 or1 9 r\nd numb]s1 =ty times ! diamet] ( ! full moon z se5 f ! e>?6 ,x w\ld %$ a great am\nt ( light & heat1 & ?us w\ld m or less effectively supply ! deficit ( sol> radiation1 = we mu/ rememb] t ,jupit] & 8 satellites receive f ! sun less ?an "o tw5ty-fif? z mu* light & heat z ! e>? receives4 ,! maze ( cont5d+ motions1 ! rapid fl[ & eddy+ ( cl\d belts1 ! outbur/ ( /range fi]y spots1 ! display ( ri*1 v>i$1 & con/antly *ang+ colors1 :i* a/oni% & delight ! telescopic obs]v] on ! e>?1 w\ld be exhibit$ to ! nak$ eye ( an inhabitant ( ,jupit]'s ne>e/ moon f> m cle>ly ?an ! greate/ telescope is able to reveal !m to u4 ,"h1 aga91 ! m9d is c>ri$ back to long pa/ ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! planet on :i* we dwell4 ,x is believ$ by "s t our moon may h conta9$ inhabitants :5 ! e>? 0 /ill hot & gl[+1 z ,jupit] appe>s to be n[1 & t1 z ! e>? cool$ & became habitable1 ! moon gradually p>t$ ) its atmosph]e & wat] s t its liv+ races p]i%$ almo/ co9cid5tly ) ! beg9n+ ( life on ! e>?4 ,if we accept ?is view & apply x to ! case ( ,jupit] we may conclude t :5 t enorm\s globe has cool$ & settl$ d[n to a possibly habitable condition1 its f\r att5dant moons w suff] ! fate t ov]took ! e>?'s satellite1 & 9 _! turn become b>r5 & dea?-/rick51 :ile ! great orb t once nurtur$ !m ) its light & heat receives ! ,prome!an fire & beg9s to bloom ) life4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,saturn1 ,a ,,prodigy ,,among ,,planets ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s t p]sons unaccu/om$ to a/ronomical obs]vations ask to see :5 !y h an opportunity to look ?r\gh a telescope is ! planet ,saturn4 ,_m telescopic views 9 ! heav5s disappo9t ! beg9n]1 b t ( ,saturn does n4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! planet may n look z l>ge z he expects to see x f :at he has be5 told ( ! magnify+ p[] employ$1 ! untra9$ obs]v] is sure to be greatly impress$ by ! wond]ful r+s1 susp5d$ ar\nd x z if by a miracle4 ,no previ\s inspection ( pictures ( ^! r+s c rob !m ( _! effect ^u ! eye & ! m9d4 ,!y are ov]:elm+ 9 _! inimitable s+ul>ity1 & !y leave e spectator truly amaz$4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has rem>k$ t !y h ! appe>ance ( an elaborately artificial me*anism4 ,!y h ev5 be5 reg>d$ z habitable bodies6 ,:at we are to ?9k ( t proposition we %all see :5 we come to consid] _! composition & probable orig94 ,9 ! meantime let u recall ! ma9 facts ( ,saturn's dim5sions & situation 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,saturn is ! second ( ! major1 or ,jovian1 gr\p ( planets1 & is situat$ at a mean di/ance f ! sun ( #hhf1jjj1jjj miles4 ,we ne$ n consid] ! ecc5tricity ( its orbit1 :i*1 al?\gh relatively n v great1 produces a v>iation ( #ej1jjj1jjj miles 9 its di/ance f ! sun1 because1 at its imm5se mean di/ance1 ?is *ange w\ld n be ( mu* importance ) reg>d to ! planet's habitability or non-habitability4 ,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions ,saturn c nev] be ne>] ?an #gdd1jjj1jjj miles to ! e>?1 or eight times ! sun's di/ance f u4 ,x receives f ! sun ab\t "o n9etie? ( ! light & heat t we get4 ,illu/ration3 ,,saturn ,,9 ,,its ,,?ree ,,pr9cipal ,,phases ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,e>?4 ,f a draw+ by ,bond4 ,saturn takes tw5ty-n9e & a half ye>s to complete a j\rney ab\t ! sun4 ,l ,jupit]1 x rotates v rapidly on its axis1 ! p]iod be+ t5 h\rs & f\rte5 m9utes4 ,its axis ( rotation is incl9$ n f> f ! same angle z t ( ! e>?'s axis 7#bf #di71 s t its seasons %\ld resemble ours1 al?\gh _! alt]nations are extremely sl[ 9 consequ5ce ( ! enorm\s l5g? ( ,saturn's ye>4 ,n includ+ ! r+s 9 ! calculation1 ,saturn exce$s ! e>? 9 size #gfj times4 ,! addition ( ! r+s w\ld n1 h[ev]1 greatly alt] ! result ( ! comp>ison1 because1 al?\gh ! total surface ( ! r+s1 c\nt+ bo? faces1 exce$s ! e>?'s surface ab\t #afj times1 _! volume1 ow+ to _! surpris+ ?9ness1 is only ab\t six times ! volume ( ! e>?1 & _! mass1 9 consequ5ce ( _! slight d5sity1 is v mu* less ?an ! e>?'s1 p]haps1 inde$1 inappreciable 9 comp>ison4 ,saturn's mean diamet] is #gc1jjj miles1 & its pol> compression is ev5 great] ?an t ( ,jupit]1 a diff]5ce ( #g1jjj miles--almo/ comp>able ) ! entire diamet] ( ! e>?--exi/+ betwe5 its equatorial & its pol> diamet]1 ! =m] be+ #ge1jjj & ! latt] #fh1jjj miles4 ,we f\nd ! d5sity ( ,jupit] a/oni%+ly slight1 b t ( ,saturn is slight] /ill4 ,jupit] w\ld s9k if ?r[n into wat]1 b ,saturn w\ld actually float1 if n l a cork1 yet q z buoyantly z _m k9ds ( wood1 = its mean d5sity is only ?ree qu>t]s t ( wat]1 or "o eigh? ( ! e>?'s4 ,9 fact1 !re is no kn[n planet ^: d5sity is s slight z ,saturn's4 ,?us x happ5s t1 not)/&+ its va/ size & mass1 ! =ce ( gravity ^u ,saturn is ne>ly ! same z ^u our globe4 ,^u visit+ ,v5us we %\ld f9d ourselves weigh+ a little less ?an at home1 & ^u visit+ ,saturn a little m1 b 9 nei!r case w\ld ! diff]5ce be v important4 ,if ! relative weight ( bodies on ! surfaces ( planets =m$ ! sole te/ ( _! habitability1 ,v5us & ,saturn w\ld bo? rank ) ! e>? z suitable abodes = m54 ,b ! exce$+ly slight d5sity ( ,saturn seems to be mo/ reasonably acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t1 l ,jupit]1 x is 9 a vapor\s condition1 /ill v hot )9--al?\gh b slightly1 if at all1 inc&esc5t at ! surface--&1 !re=e1 unsuit$ to conta9 life4 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile to speculate ab\t any solid nucleus )91 because1 ev5 if su* a ?+ 7 possible1 or probable1 x mu/ lie =ev] hidd5 f our eyes4 ,b if we accept ! !ory t ,saturn is 9 an e>ly =mative /age1 & t1 millions ( ye>s h5ce1 x may become an incru/$ & habitable globe1 we %all1 at lea/1 foll[ ! analogy ( :at we believe to h be5 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 except t ,saturn's imm5se di/ance f ! sun w always prev5t x f receiv+ an am\nt ( sol> radiation consi/5t ) our ideas ( :at is requir$ by a liv+ _w4 ,( c\rse1 s9ce "o c imag9e :at he *ooses1 x is possible to suppose inhabitants suit$ to exi/5ce 9 a _w compos$ only ( :irl+ cl\ds1 & a poet ) ! imag9ation ( a ,milton might give u v impos+ & /irr+ images ( su* creatures & _! *aotic surr\nd+s1 b fancies l ^! c h no basis 9 human exp]i5ce1 & consequ5tly c make no claim ^u sci5tific recognition4 ,or1 z an alt]native1 x might be assum$ t ,saturn is compos$ ( light] elem5ts & mat]ials ?an ^? :i* con/itute ! e>? & ! o!r solid planets 9 ! m imm$iate neighborhood ( ! sun4 ,b su* an assumption w\ld put u entirely at sea z reg>ds ! =ms ( organic life t c\ld exi/ ^u a planet ( t description1 &1 l ,sir ,humphry ,davy 9 ! ,vision1 t occupies ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 qua9tly *>m+ ,consolations 9 ,travel1 or1 ! ,la/ ,days ( a ,philosoph]1 we %\ld be ?r[n entirely ^u ! res\rces ( ! imag9ation 9 repres5t+ to ourselves ! nature & appe>ance ( its inhabitants4 ,yet m9ds ( unque/ion$ p[] & s9c]ity h 9 all ages f\nd pleasure & ev5 pr(it 9 su* ex]cises1 & ) e fre% discov]y arises a new flight ( fancies l butt]flies f a roadside pool4 ,z af=d+ a glimpse into ! m9d ( a rem>kable man1 z well z a pro( ( ! fasc9ation ( su* subjects1 x w be int]e/+ to quote f ! book j m5tion$ ,davy's description ( 8 imag9>y inhabitants ( ,saturn3 ,i saw bel[ me a surface inf9itely div]sifi$1 some?+ l t ( an imm5se glaci] cov]$ ) l>ge column> masses1 :i* appe>$ z if =m$ ( glass1 & f :i* 7 susp5d$ r\nd$ =ms ( v>i\s sizes :i*1 if !y _h n be5 transp>5t1 ,i might h suppos$ to be fruit4 ,f :at appe>$ to me to be analog\s to bright-blue ice1 /reams ( ! ri*e/ t9t ( rose color or purple bur/ =? & fl[$ into bas9s1 =m+ lakes or seas ( ! same color4 ,look+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e t[>d ! heav5s1 ,i saw brilliant opaque cl\ds1 ( an azure color1 t reflect$ ! light ( ! sun1 :i* _h to my eyes an entirely new aspect & appe>$ small]1 z if se5 ?r\gh a d5se blue mi/4 ,i saw mov+ on ! surface bel[ me imm5se masses1 ! =ms ( :i* ,i f9d x impossible to describe4 ,!y _h sy/ems = locomotion simil> to ^? ( ! morse1 or sea-horse1 b ,i saw1 ) great surprise1 t !y mov$ f place to place by six extremely ?9 membranes1 :i* !y us$ z w+s4 ,_! colors 7 v>i$ & beautiful1 b pr9cipally azure & rose color4 ,i saw num]\s convolutions ( tubes1 m analog\s to ! trunk ( ! elephant ?an to any?+ else ,i c imag9e1 occupy+ :at ,i suppos$ to be ! upp] p>ts ( ! body4 ,x 0 ) a species ( t]ror t ,i saw "o ( !m m\nt+ upw>d1 app>5tly fly+ t[>d ^? opaque cl\ds :i* ,i h be=e m5tion$4 ',i "k :at y\r feel+s are1' said ! ,g5ius2 'y want analogies1 & all ! elem5ts ( k to compreh5d ! sc5e be=e y4 ,y are 9 ! same /ate 9 :i* a fly w\ld be ^: microscopic eye 0 *ang$ = "o simil> to t ( man1 & y are :olly unable to associate :at y n[ see ) y\r =m] k4 ,b ^? be+s :o are be=e y1 & :o appe> to y almo/ z imp]fect 9 _! functions z ! zoophytes ( ! pol> sea1 to :i* !y are n unlike 9 _! app>5t organization to y\r eyes1 h a sph]e ( s5sibility & intellectual enjoym5t f> sup]ior to t ( ! inhabitants ( y\r e>?4 ,ea* ( ^? tubes1 :i* appe>s l ! trunk ( an elephant1 is an organ ( peculi> motion or s5sation4 ,!y h _m modes ( p]ception ( :i* y are :olly ignorant1 at ! same "t t _! sph]e ( vision is inf9itely m ext5d$ ?an y\rs1 & _! organs ( t\* f> m p]fect & exquisite4' ,aft] descant+ ^u ! advantages ( ,saturn's position = survey+ "s ( ! ph5om5a ( ! sol> sy/em & ( out] space1 & ! consequ5t imm5se advances t ! ,saturnians h made 9 a/ronomical k1 ! ,g5ius cont9ues3 ',if ,i 7 to %[ y ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! surface ( ?is planet y w\ld see ! m>vel\s results ( ! p[]s possess$ by ^! highly intellectual be+s1 & ( ! wond]ful mann] 9 :i* !y h appli$ & modifi$ matt]4 ,^? column> masses1 :i* seem to y z if ris+ out ( a mass ( ice bel[1 are results ( art1 & processes are go+ on )9 !m connect$ ) ! =mation & p]fection ( _! food4 ,! brilliant-color$ fluids are ! results ( su* op]ations z on ! e>? w\ld be p]=m$ 9 y\r laboratories1 or m prop]ly 9 y\r ref9$ cul9>y app>atus1 = !y are connect$ ) _! sy/em ( n\ri%m5t4 ,^? opaque azure cl\ds1 to :i* y saw a few m9utes ago "o ( ^? be+s direct+ 8 c\rse1 are works ( art1 & places 9 :i* !y move ?r\gh diff]5t regions ( _! atmosph]e1 & comm& ! temp]ature & ! quantity ( light mo/ fitt$ = _! philosophical rese>*es1 or mo/ conv5i5t = ! purposes ( life4'#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,davy1 ( c\rse1 0 aw>e t1 ow+ to increase ( di/ance1 ! sun w\ld appe> to an inhabitant ( ,saturn ) a disk only "o n9etie? z great 9 area z t :i* x pres5ts to our eyes4 ,b1 :ile ,saturn does n appe>1 ) our pres5t k1 to hold out any enc\ragem5t to ^? :o w\ld reg>d x z ! abode ( liv+ creatures capable ( be+ describ$ 9 any t]ms except ^? ( pure imag9ation1 yet x is s unique a curiosity among ! heav5ly bodies t "o returns aga9 & aga9 to ! contemplation ( its /range details4 ,saturn has n9e moons1 b "s ( !m are relatively small bodies--! n9?1 discov]$ photographically by ,pr(essor ,pick]+ 9 #ahii1 be+ especially m9ute--& o!rs are situat$ at great di/ances f ! planet1 & = ^! reasons1 toge!r ) ! fact t ! sunlight is s feeble ^u !m t1 surface = surface1 !y h only "o n9etie? z mu* illum9ation z our moon receives1 !y c n make a v brilliant display 9 ! ,saturnian sky4 ,to a/ronom]s on ,saturn !y w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be int5sely int]e/+ because ( _! p]turbations & p>ticul>ly ! effect ( _! attraction on ! r+s4 ,?is br+s u aga9 to ! consid]ation ( ^? m>vel\s app5dages1 & to ! /atem5t ( facts ab\t !m :i* we h n yet recall$4 ,if ! read] w take a ball ?ree in*es 9 diamet] to repres5t ! globe ( ,saturn1 &1 out ( ! c5t] ( a circul> piece ( writ+-pap] sev5 in*es 9 diamet]1 w cut a r\nd hole ?ree & ?ree qu>t] in*es across1 & w !n place ! ball 9 ! middle ( ! hole 9 ! pap]1 he w h a v fair repres5tation ( ! relative proportions ( ,saturn & its r+s4 ,to repres5t ! ma9 gap or division 9 ! r+s he might draw1 a little m ?an ?ree eigh?s ( an in* f ! out] edge ( ! pap] disk1 a p5cil l9e ab\t a sixte5? ( an in* broad4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ fact t becomes conspicu\s 9 mak+ su* a model ( ! ,saturnian sy/em is ! exce$+ ?9ness ( ! r+s z comp>$ ) _! enorm\s ext5t4 ,!y are ab\t #agj1jjj miles across f out] edge to out] edge1 & ab\t #ch1jjj miles broad f out] edge to inn] edge--includ+ ! gauze r+ pres5tly to be m5tion$--yet _! ?ickness probably does n surpass "o hundr$ miles6 ,9 fact1 ! %eet ( pap] 9 our imag9>y model is sev]al times too ?ick to repres5t ! true relative ?ickness ( ,saturn's r+s4 ,sev]al n>r[ gaps 9 ! r+s h be5 detect$ f "t to "t1 b !re is only "o su* gap t is always cle>ly to be se51 ! "o already m5tion$1 situat$ ab\t #aj1jjj miles f ! out] edge & ab\t #a1fjj miles 9 wid?4 ,inside ( ?is gap ! broade/ & brighte/ r+ appe>s1 hav+ a wid? ( ab\t #af1ejj miles4 ,= "s reason ?is great r+ is mo/ brilliant ne> ! gap1 & its brightness gradually falls (f t[>d its inn] side4 ,at a di/ance ( some?+ less ?an #bj1jjj miles f ! planet--or p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say above ! planet1 = ! r+s hang directly ov] ,saturn's equator--! broad1 bright r+ m]ges into a my/]i\s gauzelike object1 also 9 ! =m ( a r+1 :i* ext5ds to )9 #i1jjj or #aj1jjj miles ( ! planet's surface1 & !re=e itself has a wid? ( say #aj1jjj miles4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! ?9ness ( ! r+s !y completely disappe> f ! range ( vision ( small telescopes :51 z occurs once 9 e fifte5 ye>s1 !y are se5 exactly edgewise f ! e>?4 ,9 a telescope p[]ful en\gh to reveal !m :5 9 t situation !y resemble a ?91 gl[+ ne$le run ?r\gh ! ball ( ! planet4 ,! r+s w be 9 ?is position 9 #aijg1 & aga9 9 #aibb4 ,! opacity ( ! r+s is prov$ by ! %ad[ :i* !y ca/ ^u ! ball ( ! planet4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly manife/ at ! "t :5 !y are edgewise to ! e>?1 = ! sun be+ situat$ slightly above or bel[ ! plane ( ! r+s !n ?r[s _! %ad[ across ,saturn close to its equator4 ,:5 !y are cant$ at a consid]able angle to our l9e ( sight _! %ad[ is se5 on ! planet1 bord]+ _! out] edge :]e !y cross ! ball4 ,! gauze r+1 ! detection ( :i* z a fa9tly lum9\s ph5om5on requires a p[]ful telescope1 c be se5 ) slight] telescopic p[] 9 ! =m ( a light %ade project$ aga9/ ! planet at ! inn] edge ( ! broad bright r+4 ,! explanation ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is peculi> object dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! entire sy/em1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+1 z ! e>lie/ obs]v]s ?\ght x1 a solid r+ or s]ies ( conc5tric r+s1 is compos$ ( innum]able small bodies1 l meteorites1 p]haps1 9 size1 circulat+ indep5d5tly b 9 comp>atively close juxtaposition to "o ano!r ab\t ,saturn1 & pres5t+ to our eyes1 because ( _! great numb] & ( our enorm\s di/ance1 ! appe>ance ( solid1 uni=m r+s4 ,s a flock ( ducks may look f af> l a cont9u\s black l9e or b&1 al?\gh if we 7 ne> !m we %\ld p]ceive t a consid]able space sep>ates ea* individual f 8 neighbors4 ,! fact t ?is is ! con/itution ( ,saturn's r+s c be confid5tly /at$ because x has be5 ma!matically prov$ t !y c\ld n exi/ if !y 7 ei!r solid or liquid bodies 9 a cont9u\s =m1 & because ! late ,pr(4 ,james ,e4 ,keel] demon/rat$ ) ! spectroscope1 by means ( ! ,doppl] pr9ciple1 already expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on ,v5us1 t ! r+s circulate ab\t ! planet ) v>y+ velocities accord+ to _! di/ance f ,saturn's c5t]1 exactly z indep5d5t satellites w\ld d4 ,x might be said1 !n1 t ,saturn1 in/ead ( hav+ n9e satellites only1 has untold millions ( !m1 travel+ 9 orbits s closely contigu\s t !y =m ! appe>ance ( a va/ r+4 ,z to _! orig91 x may be suppos$ t !y are a relic ( a r+ ( matt] left 9 susp5sion dur+ ! contraction ( ! globe ( ,saturn f a nebul\s mass1 j z ! r+s f :i* ! v>i\s planets are suppos$ to h be5 =m$ 7 left (f dur+ ! contraction ( ! ma9 body ( ! orig9al sol> nebula4 ,o!r simil> r+s orig9ally surr\nd+ ,saturn may h become satellites1 b ! matt] compos+ ! exi/+ r+s is s close to ! planet t x falls )9 ! critical di/ance kn[n z ,ro*e's limit1 )9 :i*1 ow+ to ! tidal effect ( ! planet's attraction1 no body s l>ge z a true satellite c\ld exi/1 & accord+ly 9 ! process ( =mation ( ! ,saturnian sy/em ?is matt]1 in/ead ( be+ aggregat$ into a s+le satellite1 has rema9$ spread out 9 ! =m ( a r+1 al?\gh its sub/ance long ago pass$ f ! vapor\s & liquid to ! solid =m4 ,we h spok5 ( ! r+s z be+ compos$ ( meteorites1 b p]haps _! compon5t p>ticles may be s small z to answ] m closely to ! def9ition ( du/4 ,9 ^! r+s ( du/1 or meteorites1 di/urbances are produc$ by ! attraction ( ! planet & t ( ! out] satellites1 & x is yet a "q :e!r !y are a /able & p]man5t feature ( ,saturn1 or w1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 be de/roy$4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,= fur!r details ab\t ,saturn's r+s1 see ,! ,tides1 by ,g4,h4 ,d>w91 *ap4 xx4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! gauze r+ is v>iable 9 brightness4 ,?is w\ld t5d to %[ t x is compos$ ( bodies :i* h be5 drawn 9 t[>d ! planet f ! pr9cipal mass ( ! r+s1 & ^! bodies may end _! c>e] by fall+ ^u ! planet4 ,?is process1 indef9itely cont9u$1 w\ld result 9 ! total disappe>ance ( ! r+s--,saturn w\ld f9ally swall[ !m1 z ! old god f :om ! planet gets its "n is fabl$ to h swall[$ 8 *ildr54 ,ne> ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] ref]5ce 0 made to ! fact t ,saturn's r+s h be5 reg>d$ z habitable bodies4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 0 be=e ! discov]y t !y 7 n solid4 ,kn[+ :at we n[ "k ab\t !m1 ev5 ,dr4 ,?omas ,dick1 ! great ,scot* popul>iz] ( a/ronomy 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 w\ld h be5 compell$ to ab&on 8 !ory t ,saturn's r+s 7 cr[d$ ) inhabitants4 ,at ! rate ( #bhj to ! squ>e mile he reckon$ t !y c\ld easily conta9 #h1jgh1ajb1bff1jhj p4 ,he ev5 seems to h reg>d$ _! edges--9 8 "t _! actual ?9ness 0 already well kn[n--z useful gr\nd = ! support ( liv+ creatures1 = he c>efully calculat$ ! aggregate area ( ^! edges & f\nd t x consid]ably exce$$ ! area ( ! entire surface ( ! e>?4 ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,dick f\nd room = m inhabitants on ,saturn's r+s ?an on ,saturn itself1 =1 exclud+ ! gauze r+1 undiscov]$ 9 8 day1 ! two surfaces ( ! r+s are great] 9 area ?an ! surface ( ! globe ( ! planet4 ,he did n attack ! problem ( ! weight ( bodies on worlds 9 ! =m ( broad1 flat1 ?91 surfaces l ,saturn's r+s1 or indulge 9 any reflections on ! int]relations ( ! inhabitants ( ! opposite sides1 al?\gh he describ$ ! wond]ful appe>ance ( ,saturn & o!r cele/ial objects z view$ f ! r+s4 ,b all ^! speculations fall to ! gr\nd 9 face ( ! simple fact t if we c\ld rea* ,saturn's r+s we %\ld f9d no?+ to /& ^u1 except a cl\d ( swiftly fly+ du/ or a sw>m ( meteors1 sway$ by cont5d+ attractions4 ,&1 inde$1 x is likely t ^u arriv+ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! r+s !y w\ld virtually disappe>6 ,se5 close at h& _! compon5t p>ticles might be s widely sep>at$ t all appe>ance ( connection betwe5 !m w\ld vani%1 & x has be5 e/imat$ t f ,saturn's surface ! r+s1 in/ead ( pres5t+ a gorge\s ar* spann+ ! heav5s1 may be visible only z a fa9tly gleam+ b&1 l ! ,milky ,way or ! zodiacal light4 ,9 ?is respect ! my/ic ,sw$5borg appe>s to h _h a cle>] conception ( ! true nature ( ,saturn's r+s ?an did ,dr4 ,dick1 = 9 8 book on ,! ,e>?s 9 ! ,univ]se he says--us+ ! ^w belt to describe ! ph5om5on ( ! r+s3 ,be+ que/ion$ conc]n+ t great belt :i* appe>s f our e>? to rise above ! horizon ( t planet1 & to v>y its situations1 !y ! inhabitants ( ,saturn said t x does n appe> to !m z a belt1 b only z some:at :iti%1 l sn[ 9 ! heav51 9 v>i\s directions4 ,9 view ( su* obs]vations z t ( ,pr(4 ,e4,e4 ,b>n>d1 9 #ahib1 %[+ t a satellite pass+ ?r\gh ! %ad[ ( ,saturn's r+s does n entirely disappe>--a fact :i* proves t ! r+s are p>tially transp>5t to ! sunlight--"o might be tempt$ to ask :e!r ,saturn itself1 consid]+ its a/oni%+ lack ( d5sity1 is n compos$1 at lea/ 9 its out] p>ts1 ( sep>ate p>ticles ( matt] revolv+ indep5d5tly ab\t _! c5t] ( attraction1 & pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a smoo?1 uni=m %ell reflect+ ! light ( ! sun4 ,9 o!r words1 may n ,saturn be1 ext]iorly1 a globe ( du/ in/ead ( a globe ( vapor8 ,c]ta9ly ! r+s1 incoh]5t & transluc5t ?\gh !y be1 reflect ! sunlight to our eyes1 at lea/ f ! bright] "p ( _! surface1 ) a brilliance comp>able ) t ( ! globe ( ! planet itself4 ,z be>+ on ! "q ( ! int]ior condition ( ,saturn & ,jupit]1 x %\ld1 p]haps1 be said t ma!matical consid]ations1 bas$ on ! figures ( equilibrium ( rotat+ liquid masses1 lead to ! conclusion t ^? planets are comp>atively v d5se )94 ,pr(essor ,d>w9 puts ! /atem5t v /rongly1 z foll[s3 ,9 ?is way x is kn[n ) c]ta9ty t ! c5tral portions ( ! planets ,jupit] & ,saturn are mu* d5s]1 comp>$ to _! sup]ficial portions1 ?an is ! case ) ! e>?4#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,! ,tides1 by ,g4,h4 ,d>w91 p4 #ccc4 ,! globe & r+s ( ,saturn witness an impos+ spectacle ( gigantic mov+ %ad[s4 ,! great ball /ret*es its va/ %ade across ! full wid? ( ! r+s at times1 & ! r+s1 z we h se51 ?r[ _! %ad[ 9 a belt1 ^: position sl[ly *anges1 across ! ball1 sweep+ f ! equator1 n[ t[>d "o pole & n[ t[>d ! o!r4 ,! sun %9es alt]nately on ea* side ( ! r+s = a space ( ne>ly fifte5 ye>s--a day fifte5 ye>s long6 ,& !n1 :5 t face ( ! r+ is turn$ away f ! sun1 !re ensues a night ( fifte5 ye>s' duration also4 ,:atev] appe>ance ! r+s may pres5t f ! equator & ! middle latitudes on ,saturn1 f ! pol> regions !y w\ld be totally invisible4 ,z "o pass$ t[>d ! nor?1 or ! s\?1 pole he w\ld see ! upp] "p ( ! ar* ( ! r+s gradually s9k t[>d ! horizon until at l5g?1 some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( ! pol> circle1 x w\ld f9ally disappe>1 hidd5 by ! r\nd %\ld] ( ! great globe4 ,,uranus1 ,,neptune1 ,,& ,,! ,,suspect$ ,,ultraneptunian ,,planet ,:at has be5 said ( ,jupit] & ,saturn applies also to ! rema9+ memb]s ( ! ,jovian gr\p ( planets1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 viz41 t _! d5sity is s small t x seems probable t !y c n1 at ! pres5t "t1 be 9 a habitable planet>y condition4 ,all f\r ( ^! out]1 l>g] planets h1 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 be5 sol> orbs1 small companions ( ! sun4 ,! d5sity ( ,uranus is ab\t "o fif? great] ?an t ( wat]1 & slightly great] ?an t ( ,neptune4 ,uranus is #cb1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 & ,neptune #ce1jjj miles4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! =ce ( gravity ^u ea* ( ^! two l>ge planets is a little less ?an ^u ! e>?4 ,?is arises f ! fact t 9 reckon+ gravity on ! surface ( a planet n only ! mass ( ! planet1 b its diamet] or radius1 mu/ be consid]$4 ,gravity v>ies directly z ! mass1 b inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! radius1 & = ?is reason a l>ge planet ( small d5sity may ex]cise a less =ce ( gravity at its surface ?an does a small planet ( great d5sity4 ,! mean di/ance ( ,uranus f ! sun is ab\t #a1ghj1jjj1jjj miles1 & its p]iod ( revolution is eighty-f\r ye>s2 ,neptune's mean di/ance is ab\t #b1hjj1jjj1jjj miles1 & its p]iod ( revolution is ab\t #afd ye>s4 ,uranus has f\r satellites1 & ,neptune "o4 ,! rem>kable ?+ ab\t ^! satellites is t !y revolve backw>d1 or contr>y to ! direction 9 :i* all ! o!r satellites belong+ to ! sol> sy/em revolve1 & 9 :i* all ! o!r planets rotate on _! axis4 ,9 ! case ( ,uranus1 ! plane 9 :i* ! satellites revolve is n f> f a position at "r angles to ! plane ( ! ecliptic2 b 9 ! case ( ,neptune1 ! plane ( revolution ( ! satellites is tipp$ mu* f>!r backw>d4 ,s9ce 9 e o!r case ! satellites ( a planet are situat$ ne>ly 9 ! plane ( ! planet's equator1 x may be assum$ t ! same rule holds ) ,uranus & ,neptune2 &1 t be+ s1 we mu/ conclude t ^? planets rotate backw>d on _! axes4 ,?is has an important be>+ on ! nebul> hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( ! sol> sy/em1 & at "o "t 0 ?\ght to furni% a conv9c+ argum5t aga9/ t hypo!sis2 b x has be5 %[n t by a modification ( ,laplace's !ory ! peculi> behavior ( ,uranus & ,neptune c be reconcil$ ) x4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! surfaces ( ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,indications ( ! exi/5ce ( belts resembl+ ^? ( ,jupit] h be5 f\nd 9 ! case ( bo? planets4 ,!re are simil> belts on ,saturn1 & z !y seem to be *>act]i/ic ( l>ge1 rapidly rotat+ bodies ( small d5sity1 x 0 to be expect$ t !y w\ld be f\nd on ,uranus & ,neptune4 ,! v int]e/+ op9ion is ent]ta9$ by "s a/ronom]s t !re is at lea/ "o o!r great planet beyond ,neptune4 ,! orbits ( c]ta9 comets are reli$ ^u z furni%+ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a body4 ,pr(4 ,george ,=bes has e/imat$ t ?is1 z yet undiscov]$1 planet may be ev5 great] ?an ,jupit] 9 mass1 & may be situat$ at a di/ance f ! sun "o hundr$ times z great z ! e>?'s1 :]e x revolves 9 an orbit a s+le circuit ( :i* requires a ?\s& ye>s4 ,:e!r ?is planet1 ) a ye> a ?\s& ( our ye>s 9 l5g?1 w ev] be se5 ) a telescope1 or :e!r its exi/5ce w ev]1 9 "s o!r mann]1 be fully demon/rat$1 c n yet be told4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,neptune 0 discov]$ by means ( computations bas$ ^u its di/urb+ attraction on ,uranus be=e x _h ev] be5 recogniz$ ) ! telescope4 ,b :5 ! a/ronom]s 9 ! obs]vatories 7 told by _! ma!matical bre?r5 :]e to look !y f\nd ! planet )9 half an h\r aft] ! se>* began4 ,s x is possible ! suspect$ great planet beyond ,neptune may be )9 ! range ( telescopic vision1 b may n be detect$ until elaborate calculations h d$uc$ its place 9 ! heav5s4 ,z a popul\s city is said to furni% ! be/ hid+-place = a man :o w\ld escape ! att5tion ( 8 fell[ be+s1 s ! />-spr9kl$ sky is able to conceal among its multitudes worlds bo? great & small until ! mo/ pa9/ak+ detective me?ods br+ !m to recognition4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,moon1 ,,*ild ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,! ,,sun ,v naturally ! moon has always be5 a great favorite ) ^? :o1 ei!r 9 a sci5tific or 9 a lit]>y _s1 h speculat$ ab\t ! plurality ( inhabit$ worlds4 ,! reasons = ! pref]5ce accord$ to ! moon 9 ?is reg>d are evid5t4 ,unless a comet %\ld bru% u--z a comet is suspect$ ( hav+ done already--no cele/ial body1 ( any pret5sions to size1 c ev] approa* z ne> to ! e>? z ! moon is1 at lea/ :ile ! sol> sy/em cont9ues to obey ! organic laws t n[ control x4 ,x is only a /ep f ! e>? to ! moon4 ,:at are #bdj1jjj miles 9 comp>ison ) ! di/ances ( ! />s1 or ev5 ) ! di/ances ( ! planets8 ,jupit]1 driv+ betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon1 w\ld occupy m ?an "o ?ird ( ! int]v5+ space ) ! *>iot ( 8 mighty globe2 ,saturn1 ) broad w+s outspread1 w\ld span m ?an two ?irds ( ! di/ance2 & ! sun1 s f> f be+ able to get ?r\gh at all1 w\ld ov]lap ! way m ?an #cjj1jjj miles on ea* side4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ( c\rse1 ( its ne>ness1 ! moon is ! only memb] ( ! planet>y sy/em ^: pr9cipal features are visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,9 tru?1 ! nak$ eye p]ceives ! l>g] configurations ( ! lun> surface m cle>ly ?an ! mo/ p[]ful telescope %[s ! details on ! disk ( ,m>s4 ,long be=e ! "t ( ,galileo & ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 m5 _h notic$ t ! face ( ! moon be>s a resemblance to ! appe>ance t ! e>? w\ld pres5t if view$ f af> (f4 ,9 remote antiquity !re 7 philosoph]s :o ?\ght t ! moon 0 an inhabit$ _w1 & v e>ly ! romanc]s took up ! !me4 ,lucian1 ! ,voltaire ( ! second c5tury ( our era1 m]cilessly sc\rg$ ! pret5d]s ( ! e>? f an imag9>y po9t ( vantage on ! moon1 :i* enabl$ him to pe] d[n into _! secrets4 ,lucian's description ( ! appe>ance ( ! e>? f ! moon %[s h[ cle>ly def9$ 9 8 day _h become ! conception ( our globe z only an atom 9 space4 ,especially did x occur to me to laugh at ! m5 :o 7 qu>rel+ ab\t ! b\nd>ies ( _! l&1 & at ^? :o 7 pr\d because !y cultivat$ ! ,sikyonian pla91 or own$ t "p ( ,m>a?on ar\nd ,o5oe1 or held possession ( a ?\s& acres at ,a*>n4 ,( ! :ole ( ,greece1 z x !n appe>$ to me f above1 be+ ab\t ! size ( f\r f+]s1 ,i ?9k ,attica 0 9 proportion a m]e speck4 ,s t ,i wond]$ on :at condition x 0 left to ^! ri* m5 to be pr\d4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,ik>om5ippus2 or1 ,above ! ,cl\ds4 ,pr(4 ,d4,c4 ,br[n's translation4 ,su* sc5es z ,lucian beheld1 9 imag9ation1 ^u ! e>? :ile look+ f ! moon1 _m w\ld fa9 behold1 ) telescopic aid1 ^u ! moon :ile look+ f ! e>?4 ,galileo believ$ t ! details ( ! lun> surface reveal$ by 8 telescope closely resembl$ 9 _! nature ! features ( ! e>?'s surface1 & = a long "t1 z ! telescope cont9u$ to be improv$1 obs]v]s 7 impress$ ) ! belief t ! moon possess$ n only m\nta9s & pla9s1 b seas & oceans also4 ,x 0 ! discov]y t ! moon has no p]ceptible atmosph]e t fir/ s]i\sly und]m9$ ! !ory ( its habitability4 ,yet1 z 0 rem>k$ 9 ! introductory *apt]1 !re has ( late be5 "s *ange ( view conc]n+ a lun> atmosph]e2 b ! *ange has be5 n s mu* 9 ! asc]ta9$ facts z 9 ! way ( look+ at ^? facts4 ,b be=e we discuss ?is matt]1 x w be well to /ate :at is kn[n beyond p]adv5ture ab\t ! moon4 ,its mean di/ance f ! e>? is usually call$1 = ! sake ( a r\nd numb]1 #bdj1jjj miles1 b m accurately /at$ x is #bch1hdj miles4 ,?is is v>iable to ! ext5t ( m ?an #ca1jjj miles1 on acc\nt ( ! ecc5tricity ( its orbit1 & ! ecc5tricity itself is v>iable1 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]turb+ attractions ( ! e>? & ! sun1 s t ! di/ance ( ! moon f ! e>? is cont9ually *ang+4 ,x may be z f> away z #bec1jjj miles & z ne> z #bba1fjj miles4 ,al?\gh ! orbit ( ! moon is g5]ally repres5t$1 = conv5i5ce1 z an ellipse ab\t ! e>?1 x is1 9 reality1 a v>y+ curve1 hav+ ! sun = its real focus1 & always concave t[>d ! latt]4 ,?is is a fact t c be m readily expla9$ ) ! aid ( a diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,moon',s ,,pa? ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,! ,,e>?4 ,9 ! accompany+ cut1 :5 ! e>? is at ,a ! moon is betwe5 x & ! sun1 9 ! phase call$ new moon4 ,at ?is po9t ! e>?'s orbit ab\t ! sun is m curv$ ?an ! moon's1 & ! e>? is mov+ relatively fa/] ?an ! moon1 s t :5 x arrives at ,b x is ahead ( ! moon1 & we see ! latt] to ! "r ( ! e>?1 9 ! phase call$ fir/ qu>t]4 ,! e>? be+ at ?is "t ahead ( ! moon1 ! effect ( its attraction1 comb9$ ) t ( ! sun1 t5ds to ha/5 ! moon onw>d 9 its orbit ab\t ! sun1 & ! moon beg9s to travel m swiftly1 until x ov]takes ! e>? at ,c1 & appe>s on ! side opposite ! sun1 9 ! phase call$ full moon4 ,at ?is po9t ! moon's orbit ab\t ! sun has a %ort] radius ( curvature ?an ! e>?'s4 ,9 travel+ f ,c to ,d ! moon /ill moves m rapidly ?an ! e>?1 &1 hav+ pass$ x1 appe>s at ,d to ! left ( ! e>?1 9 ! phase call$ ?ird qu>t]4 ,n[1 ! e>? be+ beh9d ! moon1 ! effect ( its attraction comb9$ ) ! sun's t5ds to ret>d ! moon 9 its orbit ab\t ! sun1 ) ! result t ! moon moves aga9 less rapidly ?an ! e>?1 & ! latt] ov]takes x1 s t1 ^u rea*+ ,e1 ! two are once m 9 ! same relative positions t !y occupi$ at ,a1 & x is aga9 new moon4 ,?us x w be se5 t1 al?\gh ! real orbit ( ! moon has ! sun = its c5t] ( revolution1 nev]!less1 9 consequ5ce ( ! attraction ( ! e>?1 comb9$ 9 v>y+ directions ) t ( ! sun1 ! moon1 once e mon?1 makes a complete circuit ( our globe4 ,! above explanation %\ld n be tak5 = a ma!matical demon/ration ( ! moon's motion1 b simply = a graphical illu/ration ( h[ ! moon appe>s to revolve ab\t ! e>? :ile really obey+ ! sun's attraction z completely z ! e>? does4 ,!re is no o!r planet t has a moon relatively z l>ge z ours4 ,! moon's diamet] is #b1afc miles4 ,its volume1 comp>$ ) ! e>?'s1 is 9 ! ratio ( #a to #di1 & its d5sity is ab\t six t5?s ( ! e>?'s4 ,?is makes its mass to t ( our globe ab\t z #a to #ha4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld take eighty-"o moons to c\nt]balance ! e>?4 ,be=e speak+ ( ! =ce ( gravity on ! moon we w exam9e ! "* ( ! lun> surface4 ,to ! nak$ eye ! moon's face appe>s v>iegat$ ) dusky pat*es1 :ile a few po9ts ( sup]ior brilliance %9e amid ! bright] portions1 especially 9 ! s\!rn & ea/]n qu>t]s1 :]e imm5se crat]s l ,ty*o & ,cop]nicus are visible to a ke5 eye1 gleam+ l poli%$ buttons4 ,) a telescope1 ev5 ( mod]ate p[]1 ! surface ( ! moon pres5ts a sc5e ( a/oni%+ complexity1 9 :i* /rang5ess1 beauty1 & gr&eur are all comb9$4 ,! half ( ! moon turn$ e>?w>d conta9s an area ( #g1cjj1jjj squ>e miles1 a little great] ?an ! area ( ,s\? ,am]ica & a little less ?an t ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,( ^! #g1cjj1jjj squ>e miles1 ab\t #b1ijj1jjj squ>e miles are occupi$ by ! gray1 or dusky1 expanses1 call$ 9 lun> geography1 or sel5ography1 m>ia--i4e41 seas4 ,:atev] !y may once h be51 !y are n n[ seas1 b dry pla9s1 bord]$ 9 _m places by precipit\s cliffs & m\nta9s1 v>i$ 9 level by l[ ridges & regions ( depression1 int]sect$ occasionally by imm5se cracks1 hav+ ! wid? & dep? ( our mightie/ riv] caons1 & spr9kl$ ) bright po9ts & crat] pits4 ,! rema9+ #d1djj1jjj squ>e miles are ma9ly occupi$ by m\nta9s ( ! mo/ extraord9>y "*4 ,ow+ p>tly to r\ghness ( ! surface & p>tly to m brilliant reflective p[]1 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ! moon appe> bright 9 comp>ison ) ! dull-color$ pla9s4 ,"s ( ! lun> m\nta9s lie 9 long1 massive *a9s1 ) t[]+ peaks1 pr(\nd gorges1 n>r[ valleys1 va/ amphi!at]s1 & beetl+ precipices4 ,look+ at !m ) a p[]ful telescope1 ! obs]v] might well fancy himself to be gaz+ d[n f an imm5se height into ! he>t ( ! untravel$ ,himalayas4 ,b ^!1 impos+ ?\gh !y are1 d n con/itute ! mo/ wond]ful feature ( ! m\nta9 sc5]y ( ! moon4 ,appe>+ sometimes on ! %ores ( ! seas1 sometimes 9 ! mid/ ( broad pla9s1 sometimes along ! c\rse ( m\nta9 *a9s1 & sometimes 9 magnific5t r[s1 foll[+ = hundr$s ( miles ! m]idians ( ! lun> globe1 are trem5d\s1 m\nta9-wall$1 circul> *asms1 call$ crat]s4 ,frequ5tly !y h 9 ! middle ( _! depress$ int]ior floors a peak1 or a clu/] ( peaks4 ,_! inn] & out] walls are seam$ ) ridges1 & :at look l gigantic /reams ( froz5 lava surr\nd !m4 ,! resemblance t !y be> to ! crat]s ( volcanoes is1 at fir/ sight1 s /rik+ t probably nobody w\ld ev] h ?\ght ( que/ion+ ! tru? ( ! /atem5t t !y are su* crat]s b = _! incr$ible magnitude4 ,_m ( !m exce$ fifty miles 9 diamet]1 & "s ( !m s9k two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & m miles bel[ ! l(tie/ po9ts ^u _! walls6 ,!re is a *asm1 #adj miles long & #gj broad1 nam$ ,newton1 situat$ ab\t #bjj miles f ! s\? pole ( ! moon1 ^: floor lies #bd1jjj feet bel[ ! summit ( a peak t t[]s j above x on ! ea/6 ,?is abyss is s pr(\nd t ! %ad[s ( its enclos+ precipices nev] entirely quit x1 & ! l>g] "p ( its bottom is buri$ 9 endless night4 ,"o c n b %udd] at ! ?\ght ( /&+ on ! brok5 walls ( ,newton1 & gaz+ d[n into a cavity ( su* /up5d\s dep? t if ,*imborazo 7 ?r[n into x1 ! head ( ! mighty ,&ean peak w\ld be ?\s&s ( feet b5ea? ! obs]v]4 ,a diff]5t example ( ! crat] m\nta9s ( ! moon is ! celebrat$ ,ty*o1 situat$ 9 latitude ab\t #dc s\?1 correspond+ ) ! latitude ( s\!rn ,new ,zeal& on ! e>?4 ,ty*o is ne>ly circul> & a little m ?an #ed miles across4 ,! highe/ po9t on its wall is ab\t #ag1jjj feet above ! int]ior4 ,9 ! middle ( its floor is a m\nta9 #e1jjj or #f1jjj feet high4 ,ty*o is especially rem>kable = ! va/ sy/em ( :iti% /reaks1 or rays1 :i* />t+ f its out] walls1 spread 9 all directions ov] ! face ( ! moon1 _m ( !m1 runn+1 )\t deviation1 hundr$s ( miles across m\nta9s1 crat]s1 & pla9s4 ,^! rays are among ! greate/ ( lun> my/]ies1 & we %all h m to say ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lun> ,,alps1 ,,ap5n9es1 ,,& ,,caucasus4 ,photograph$ ) ! ,lick ,telescope4 ,cop]nicus1 a crat] m\nta9 situat$ ab\t #aj nor? ( ! equator1 9 ! ea/]n hemisph]e ( ! moon1 is ano!r wond]ful object1 #ef miles 9 diamet]1 a polygon appe>+1 :5 n int5tly /udi$1 z a circle1 #aa1jjj or #ab1jjj feet deep1 & hav+ a gr\p ( relatively l[ peaks 9 ! c5t] ( its floor4 ,ar\nd ,cop]nicus an ext5sive area ( ! moon's surface is :it5$ ) some?+ resembl+ ! rays ( ,ty*o1 b m irregul> 9 appe>ance4 ,cop]nicus lies )9 ! edge ( ! great pla9 nam$ ! ,oceanus ,procell>um1 or ,ocean ( ,/orms1 & f>!r ea/1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean1 is a small] crat] m\nta91 nam$ ,kepl]1 :i* is also envelop$ by a :iti% area1 cov]+ ! lun> surface z if x 7 ! result ( ext5sive outfl[s ( light-color$ lava4 ,9 "o important p>ticul> ! crat] m\nta9s ( ! moon diff] f t]re/rial volcanoes4 ,?is diff]5ce is cle>ly describ$ by ,nasmy? & ,c>p5t] 9 _! book on ,! ,moon3 ,:ile ! t]re/rial crat] is g5]ally a holl[ on a m\nta9 top1 ) its flat bottom high above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 ^? ^u ! moon h _! l[e/ po9ts depress$ m or less deeply bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! moon1 ! ext]nal height be+ frequ5tly only a half or "o ?ird ( ! int]nal dep?4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! gigantic r+s are only basal wrecks ( volcanic m\nta9s1 ^: conical summits h be5 bl[n away1 leav+ va/ crat]i=m holl[s :]e ! mighty peaks once /ood2 b ! bett] op9ion seems to be t :i* assumes t ! r+s 7 =m$ by volcanic action v mu* z we n[ see !m4 ,if su* a crat] z ,cop]nicus or ! /ill l>g] "o nam$ ,!ophilus1 :i* is situat$ 9 ! we/]n hemisph]e ( ! moon1 on ! %ore ( ! ,sea ( ,nect>1 ev] _h a conical m\nta9 ris+ f its rim1 ! height atta9$ by ! peak1 if ! av]age slope 7 ab\t #cj1 w\ld h be5 truly /up5d\s--fifte5 or eighte5 miles6 ,!re is a k9d ( r+ m\nta9s1 f\nd 9 _m places on ! moon1 ^: =ms & surr\nd+s d n1 z ! crat]s h]et(ore describ$ d1 sugge/ at fir/ sight a volcanic orig94 ,^! are r level pla9s ( an oval or circul> outl9e1 enclos$ by a wall ( m\nta9s4 ,! f9e/ example is1 p]haps1 ! d>k-gray ,plato1 situat$ 9 #ej ( nor? latitude1 ne> an imm5se m\nta9 uplift nam$ ! ,lun> ,alps1 & on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,m>e ,imbrium1 or ,sea ( ,%[]s4 ,plato appe>s z an oval pla91 v smoo? & level1 ab\t #fj miles 9 l5g?1 & completely surr\nd$ by m\nta9s1 q precipit\s on ! inn] side1 & ris+ 9 _! highe/ peaks to an elevation ( #f1jjj to #g1jjj feet4 ,enclos$ pla9s1 be>+ m or less resemblance to ,plato--sometimes smoo? )91 & sometimes brok5 ) small peaks & crat]s or hilly ridges--are to be f\nd scatt]$ ov] almo/ all p>ts ( ! moon4 ,if our satellite 0 ev] an inhabit$ _w l ! e>?1 :ile its surface 0 9 its pres5t condition1 ^! valleys mu/ h pres5t$ an extraord9>y spectacle4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t !y may once h be5 fill$ ) wat]1 =m+ lakes t recall ! curi\s ,crat] ,lake ( ,oregon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,moon ,,at ,,fir/ ,,& ,,la/ ,,qu>t] 7,,we/]n ,,& ,,ea/]n ,,hemisph]es74 ,photograph$ ) ! ,lick ,telescope4 ,x is n my int5tion to give a complete description ( ! v>i\s lun> features1 & ,i m5tion b "o o!r--! clefts or rills1 :i* are to be se5 runn+ across ! surface l cracks4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is f\nd 9 ! ,oceanus ,procell>um1 ne> ! crat]-m\nta9 ,ari/>*us1 :i* is fam$ = ! int5se brilliance ( its c5tral peak1 ^: reflective p[] is s great t x 0 once suppos$ to be aflame ) volcanic fire4 ,! cleft1 or crack1 9 "q is v erratic 9 its c\rse1 & _m miles 9 l5g?1 & x t]m9ates 9 a r+$ pla9 nam$ ,h]odotus n f> ea/ ( ,ari/>*us1 break+ ?r\gh ! wall ( ! pla9 & ent]+ ! int]ior4 ,_m o!r simil> *asms or caons exi/ on ! moon1 "s cross+ pla9s1 "s cleav+ m\nta9 walls1 & "s =m+ a network ( int]sect+ clefts4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,gwyn ,elg] has ?is to say on ! subject ( ! lun> clefts3 ,if1 z seems mo/ probable1 ^! gigantic cracks are due to contractions ( ! moon's surface1 x is n impossible1 9 spite ( ! ass]tions ( ! text-books to ! effect t our satellite is n[ a '*angeless _w1' t emanations may proce$ f ^! fissures1 ev5 if1 "u ! mon?ly alt]nations ( extreme temp]atures1 surface *anges d n n[ occasionally take place f ?is cause also4 ,%\ld ?is be s1 ! appe>ance ( new rills & ! ext5sion & modification ( ^? already exi/+ may reasonably be look$ =4 ,mr4 ,elg] !n proce$s to describe 8 discov]y 9 #ahhc1 9 ! r+-pla9 ,m]s5ius1 ( a cleft nev] notic$ be=e1 & :i* seems to h be5 ( rec5t =mation4#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,! ,moon1 a ,full ,description & ,map ( its ,pr9cipal ,features1 by ,?omas ,gwyn ,elg]1 #ahie4 ,^? :o desire to read detail$ descriptions ( lun> sc5]y may consult1 9 addition to ,mr4 ,elg]'s book1 ! foll[+3 ,! ,moon1 consid]$ z a ,planet1 a ,_w1 & a ,satellite1 by ,james ,nasmy? & ,james ,c>p5t]1 #ahgd2 ,! ,moon1 & ! ,condition & ,configurations ( its ,surface1 by ,edmund ,neison1 #ahgf4 ,see also ,annals ( ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 vol4 xxxii1 "p ii1 #aijj1 = obs]vations made by ,pr(4 ,william ,h4 ,pick]+ at ! ,arequipa ,obs]vatory4 ,we n[ return to ! "q ( ! =ce ( lun> gravity4 ,?is we f9d to be only "o six? z great z gravity on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is by f> ! smalle/ =ce ( gravity t we h f\nd any:]e except on ! a/]oids4 ,employ+ ! same me?od ( comp>ison t 0 made 9 ! case ( ,m>s1 we compute t a man on ! moon c\ld atta9 a height ( ?irty-six feet )\t be+ relatively m unwieldy ?an a six-foot desc5dant ( ,adam is on ! e>?4 ,:e!r ?is furni%es a s\nd reason = assum+ t ! lun> inhabitants1 if any exi/ or h ev] exi/$1 %\ld be prepo/]\s giants is que/ionable2 yet su* an assumption receives a c]ta9 degree ( support f ! obs]v$ fact t ! natural features ( ! moon are fram$ on an exagg]at$ scale z comp>$ ) ! e>?'s4 ,we h j obs]v$ t ! moon is *>act]iz$ by va/ m\nta9 r+s1 atta9+ 9 _m cases a diamet] exce$+ fifty miles4 ,if ^! are volcanic crat]s1 x is evid5t1 at a glance1 t ! mightie/ volcanoes ( ! e>? fall into insignificance beside !m4 ,n[1 ! slight =ce ( gravity on ! moon has be5 appeal$ to z a reason :y volcanic explosions on ! lun> globe %\ld produce incomp>ably great] effects ?an ^u ! e>?1 :]e ! eject$ mat]ials are s mu* heavi]4 ,! same =ce t w\ld ?r[ a volcanic bomb a mile high on ! e>? c\ld ?r[ x six miles high on ! moon4 ,! giant cannon t we h plac$ 9 "o ( our coa/ =ts1 :i* is said to be able to hurl a projectile to a di/ance ( fifte5 miles1 c\ld s5d ! same projectile n9ety miles on ! moon4 ,an a?lete :o c cle> a horizontal b> at a height ( six feet on ! e>? c\ld cle> ! same b> at a height ( ?irty-six feet on ! moon4 ,9 o!r words1 he c\ld jump ov] a h\se1 unless1 inde$1 ! lun>ians really are giants1 & live 9 h\ses proportion$ to _! own dim5sions & to ! size ( _! m\nta9s4 ,9 t case1 our a?lete w\ld h to cont5t himself ) jump+ ov] a lun>ian1 ^: head he c\ld j cle>--) ! hat (f4 ,^! ?+s are n only amus+1 b important4 ,!re c be no "q t ! =ce ( gravity on ! moon actually is z slight z x has j be5 describ$4 ,s1 ev5 )\t call+ 9 imag9>y inhabitants to l5d x int]e/1 ! comp>ative inability ( ! moon to arre/ bodies 9 motion becomes a fact ( mu* significance4 ,x has l$ to ! !ory t meteorites may h orig9ally be5 %ot out ( ! moon's great volcanoes1 :5 ^? volcanoes 7 active1 & may h circulat$ ab\t ! sun until v>i\s p]turbations h br\ght !m d[n ^u ! e>?4 ,a body %ot radially f ! surface ( ! moon w\ld ne$ to h a velocity ( only ab\t a mile & a half 9 a second 9 ord] to escape f ! moon's control1 & we c believe t a lun> volcano :5 9 action c\ld h imp>t$ su* a velocity1 all ! m readily because ) mod]n gunp[d]s we h be5 able to give to projectiles a spe$ "o half z great z t ne$$ = lib]ation f lun> gravity4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ! small gravitative p[] ( ! moon be>s ^u ! all-important "q ( atmosph]e4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney1 h]et(ore ref]r$ to1 oxyg51 nitrog51 & wat] vapor w\ld all gradually escape f ! moon1 if orig9ally plac$ ^u x1 because1 by ! k9etic !ory1 ! maximum velocities ( _! molecules are great] ?an a mile & a half p] second4 ,! escape w\ld n occur in/antly1 nor all at once1 = x w\ld be only ! molecules at ! upp] surface ( ! atmosph]e :i* 7 mov+ ) _! greate/ velocity1 & 9 a direction radial to ! c5t] ( ! moon1 t w\ld get away2 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t ?is gradual leakage w\ld result 9 ! escape ( all ( ^? gases4#af ,footnote #af3 ,! discov]y ( free hydrog5 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 by ,pr(essor ,dew>1 #aija1 be>s ^u ! !ory ( ! escape ( gases f a planet1 & may modify ! view above express$4 ,s9ce hydrog5 is !oretically incapable ( be+ p]man5tly reta9$ 9 ! free /ate by ! e>?1 its pres5ce 9 ! atmosph]e indicates ei!r t !re is an influx f space or t x emanates f ! e>?'s cru/4 ,9 a simil> way x may be assum$ t atmosph]ic gases c be giv5 (f f ! cru/ ( ! moon1 ?us1 to a great] or less ext5t1 supply+ ! place ( ! molecules t escape4 ,aft] x _h be5 f\nd t1 to ord9>y te/s1 ! moon (f]$ no evid5ce ( ! possession ( an atmosph]e1 & be=e ,dr4 ,/oney's !ory 0 broa*$1 x 0 suppos$ by _m t ! moon _h lo/ its orig9al supply ( air by absorption into its int]ior4 ,! oxyg5 0 suppos$ to h ent]$ into comb9ation ) ! cool+ rocks & m9]als1 ?us be+ )drawn f ! atmosph]e1 & ! nitrog5 0 imag9$ to h disappe>$ also )9 ! lun> cru/4 ,= x seems to h always be5 tacitly assum$ t ! ph5om5on to be acc\nt$ = 0 n s mu* ! abs5ce ( a lun> atmosph]e z its disappe>ance4 ,b disappe>ance1 ( c\rse1 implies previ\s exi/5ce4 ,9 l mann] x has always be5 a commonly accept$ view t ! moon probably once _h en\gh wat] to =m lakes & seas4 ,^!1 x has be5 calculat$1 c\ld h be5 absorb$ into ! lun> globe z x cool$ (f4 ,b ,john/one ,/oney's !ory (f]s ano!r me?od by :i* !y c\ld h escap$1 ?r\gh evaporation & ! gradual flight ( ! molecules into op5 space4 ,possibly bo? me?ods h be5 9 op]ation1 a portion ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! =m] atmosph]e & oceans hav+ ent]$ into *emical comb9ations 9 ! lun> cru/1 & ! rema9d] hav+ vani%$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! lack ( suffici5t gravitative =ce to reta9 !m4 ,b :y1 x may be ask$1 %\ld x be assum$ t ! moon ev] _h ?+s :i* x does n n[ possess8 ,p]haps no entirely satisfactory reply c be made4 ,"s obs]v]s h believ$ t !y detect$ unmi/akable indications ( alluvial deposits on lun> pla9s1 & ( ! exi/5ce ( bea*es on ! %ores ( ! seas4 ,messrs4 ,loewy & ,puiseux1 ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 ^: photographs ( ! moon are p]haps ! f9e/ yet made1 say on ?is subject3 ,!re exi/s1 f ! po9t ( view ( relief1 a g5]al simil>ity betwe5 ! 'seas' ( ! moon & ! plateaux :i* are cov]$ to-day by t]re/rial oceans4 ,9 ^! convex surfaces are m frequ5t ?an concave bas9s1 ?r[n back usually t[>d ! v]ge ( ! depress$ space4 ,9 ! same way ! 'seas' ( ! moon pres5t1 g5]ally at ! edges1 r pron\nc$ depressions4 ,9 "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 we obs]ve normal de=mations ( a %r9k+ globe %ield$ f ! erosive action ( ra91 :i* t5ds1 on ! contr>y1 9 all ! abundantly wat]$ p>ts ( ! e>? to make ! concave surfaces pr$om9ate4 ,! explanation ( ?is /ructure1 su* z is admitt$ at pres5t by geologi/s1 seems to u equally valid = ! moon4#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,june #bf1 ,july #c1 #ahii4 ,x might be urg$ t !re is evid5ce ( =m] volcanic activity on ! moon ( su* a nature t explosions ( /eam mu/ h play$ a "p 9 ! ph5om5a1 & if !re 0 /eam1 ( c\rse !re 0 wat]4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ conv9c+ argum5t t5d+ to %[ t ! moon once _h a supply ( wat]1 ( :i* "s remnant may yet rema9 bel[ ! surface ( ! lun> globe1 is bas$ ^u ! probable simil>ity 9 composition ( ! e>? & ! moon4 ,?is simil>ity results almo/ equally :e!r we reg>d ! moon z hav+ orig9at$ 9 a r+ ( matt] left (f f ! contract+ mass t became ! e>?1 or :e!r we accept ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(4 ,g4,h4 ,d>w91 t ! moon is ! v]itable (fspr+ ( ! e>?1 br\ght into be+ by ! assi/ance ( ! tidal influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,! latt] hypo!sis is ! m picturesque ( ! two1 &1 at pres5t1 is probably ! m g5]ally favor$4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! !ory ( tidal friction1 :i* 0 ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 z (f]+ an explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! rotation ( ! planet ,m]cury has be5 sl[$ d[n until its rot>y p]iod co9cides ) t ( its revolution4 ,! gi/ ( ! hypo!sis 9 "q is t at a v e>ly p]iod 9 its hi/ory1 :5 ! e>? 0 probably yet 9 a fluid condition1 x rotat$ ) extreme rapidity on its axis1 & 01 at ! same "t1 greatly agitat$ by ! tidal attraction ( ! sun1 & f9ally huge masses 7 deta*$ f ! e>? :i*1 ultimately unit+1 became ! moon4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,! ,tides1 by ,g4,h4 ,d>w91 *apt] xvi4 ,born 9 ?is mann] f ! v sub/ance ( ! e>?1 ! moon w\ld necess>ily be compos$1 9 ! ma91 ( ! same elem5ts z ! globe on :i* we dwell1 & is x conceivable t x %\ld n h c>ri$ ) x bo? air & wat]1 or ! gases f :i* !y 7 to be =m$8 ,if ! moon ev] _h en\gh ( ^! prime requisites to enable x to support =ms ( life comp>able ) ^? ( ! e>?1 ! disappe>ance ( t life mu/ h be5 a direct consequ5ce ( ! gradual vani%+ ( ! lun> air & wat]4 ,! secul> dry+ up ( ! oceans & wa/+ away ( ! atmosph]e on our little neighbor _w involv$ a va/1 all-embrac+ trag$y1 "s ( ! e>li] sc5es ( :i*1 if !ories be correct1 are n[ re5act$ on ! half-desiccat$ planet ,m>s--a planet1 by ! way1 :i* 9 size1 mass1 & ability to reta9 vital gases /&s ab\t half-way betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts ab\t ! moon is t its surface af=ds evid5ce ( a cataclysm :i* has wip$ out _m1 & p]haps ne>ly all1 ( ! records ( its e>li] hi/ory1 t 7 once writt5 ^u its face4 ,ev5 on ! e>? !re h be5 geological cata/rophes de/roy+ or bury+ ! accumulat$ results ( ages ( undi/urb$ progress1 b on ! moon ^! effects h be5 transc5d5t4 ,! /ory ( ! trem5d\s disa/] t ov]took ! moon is p>tly writt5 9 its giant volcanoes4 ,al?\gh x may be true1 z "s ma9ta91 t !re is yet volcanic action go+ on ^u ! lun> surface1 x is evid5t t su* action mu/ be insignificant 9 comp>ison ) t :i* took place ages ago4 ,!re is a spot 9 ! we/]n hemisph]e ( ! moon1 on ! bord] ( a placid bay or sea1 t ,i c nev] look at )\t a feel+ ( awe & almo/ ( %r9k+4 ,!re1 )9 a space ab\t #bej miles 9 l5g? by #ajj 9 wid?1 is an exhibition ( ! mo/ t]rify+ effects ( volcanic en]gy t ! eye ( man c any:]e behold4 ,?ree imm5se crat]s--,!ophilus1 #fd miles across & #c-a_/b miles deep2 ,cyrillus1 #fj miles across & #ae1jjj feet deep2 & ,ca?>9a1 #gj miles across & f #h1jjj to #af1jjj feet deep--=m an int]l9k$ *a9 ( m\nta9 r+s1 ridges1 precipices1 *asms1 & bottomless pits t take away "o's brea?4 ,b :5 ! fir/ impression ( a/oni%m5t & dismay produc$ by ?is ov]:elm+ spectacle has some:at abat$1 ! ?\ghtful obs]v] w note t "h ! moon is tell+ him a "p ( h] wond]ful /ory1 depict$ 9 *>act]s s pla9 t he ne$s no in/ruction 9 ord] to deciph] _! mean+4 ,he w obs]ve t ?is ru9 0 n all wr\ght at once or simultane\sly4 ,!ophilus1 ! crat]-m\nta9 at ! nor?we/]n end ( ! *a91 ^: bottom lies deepe/ ( all1 is ! y\nge/ ( ^! giants1 ?\gh ! mo/ impos+4 ,= a di/ance ( =ty miles ! l(ty wall ( ,!ophilus has pil$ itself ^u ! ru9s ( ! wall ( ,cyrillus1 & ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle ( its trem5d\s crat] has be5 =cibly ?ru/ )9 ! orig9al rim ( ! m anci5t crat]1 :i* 0 ?us rudely compell$ to make room = its m vigor\s rival & successor4 ,! obs]v] w also notice t ,ca?>9a1 ! huge pit at ! s\!a/]n end ( ! *a91 be>s evid5ce ( yet great] age4 ,its orig9al walls1 fragm5ts ( :i* /ill /& 9 brok5 gr&eur1 t[]+ to a height ( #af1jjj feet1 h1 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( _! circuit1 be5 riddl$ by ! outbreak ( small] crat]s1 & torn asund] & ?r[n d[n on all sides4 ,9 ! va/ enclosure t 0 orig9ally ! floor ( ! crat]-m\nta9 ,ca?>9a1 sev]al crat] r+s1 only a ?ird1 a qu>t]1 or a fif? z great 9 diamet]1 h brok5 =?1 & ^! 9 turn h be5 p>tially de/roy$1 :ile 9 ! int]ior ( ! olde/ ( !m yet small] crat]s1 a ne/ ( !m1 m]e ,etnas1 ,cotopaxis1 & ,kilaueas 9 magnitude1 simple p9heads on ! moon1 h op5$ _! t9y jaws 9 weak & ineffective expression ( ! wan+ en]gies ( a /ill lat] epo*1 :i* foll[$ ! truly h]oic age ( lun> vulcanicity4 ,?is is only "o example among hundr$s1 scatt]$ all ov] ! moon1 :i* %[ h[ ! surface ( our satellite has suff]$ upheaval aft] upheaval4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! small crat]s1 n includ$ )9 ! walls ( ! great] ones1 may repres5t an e>ly /age 9 ! era ( volcanic activity t wreck$ ! moon1 b :]e l>g] & small] are gr\p$ toge!r a c]ta9 progression c be se51 t5d+ f9ally to ext9ction4 ,! int]nal en]gies rea*$ a maximum & !n fell (f 9 /r5g? until !y di$ out completely4 ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! life-be>+ phase ( lun> hi/ory--if !re ev] 0 "o--c\ld survive ! outbreak ( ! volcanic cataclysm4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 or ,europe1 if subject$ to su* an exp]i5ce z ! cont95tal areas ( ! moon h pass$ ?r\gh1 w\ld be1 9 proportion1 worse wreck$ ?an ! mo/ fe>fully batt]$ /eel victim ( a mod]n sea fight1 & "o c readily und]/& t1 9 su* circum/ances1 ^? n[ beautiful & popul\s cont95ts w\ld exhibit1 f a di/ance1 sc>cely any tok5 ( _! pres5t topographical features1 to say no?+ ( any relics ( _! occupation by liv+ creatures4 ,!re are o!r int]e/+ glimpses to be _h ( an old] _w 9 ! moon ?an t ^: sc>r$ face is n[ beautifi$ = u by di/ance4 ,n f> f ,!ophilus & ! o!r great crat]-m\nta9s j describ$1 at ! upp]1 or s\!rn1 end ( ! level expanse call$ ! ,sea ( ,nect>1 is a broad1 semicircul> bay ^: %ores are =m$ by ! walls ( a p>tially de/roy$ crat] nam$ ,fraca/orius4 ,x is evid5t t ?is bay1 & ! l>g] "p ( ! ,sea ( ,nect>1 h be5 creat$ by an outwell+ ( liquid lavas1 :i* =m$ a smoo? floor ov] a portion ( ! pre-exi/+ surface ( ! moon1 & broke d[n & subm]g$ a l>ge "p ( ! m\nta9 r+ ( ,fraca/orius1 leav+ ! m anci5t walls /&+ at ! s\!rn end1 :ile1 outl9$ by depressions & corrugations 9 ! rocky blanket1 are c]ta9 half-def9$ =ms belong+ to ! buri$ _w b5ea?4 ,ne> ,cop]nicus1 "s ye>s ago1 z ,dr4 ,edw>d ,s4 ,hold5 po9t$ out1 photographs made ) ! great ,lick telescope1 !n "u 8 direction1 %[$1 9 skeleton outl9e1 a huge r+ buri$ b5ea? "s va/ outfl[ ( molt5 matt] & undisc]n$ by telescopic obs]v]s4 ,& ,mr4 ,elg]1 :o 0 a mo/ indu/ri\s obs]v] & c>eful int]pret] ( lun> sc5]y1 speaks ( ! und\bt$ exi/5ce ( ! relics ( an e>li] lun> _w b5ea? ! smoo? sup]ficies ( ! m>ia4 ,al?\gh1 z already rem>k$1 x seems necess>y to assume t any life exi/+ 9 ! moon prior to its great volcanic outbur/ mu/ h ceas$ at t "t1 yet ! possibility may be admitt$ t life c\ld reappe> ^u ! moon aft] its surface _h aga9 become quiet & comp>atively undi/urb$4 ,g]ms ( ! e>li] life might h surviv$1 despite ! t]rible nature ( ! cata/rophe4 ,b ! conditions on ! moon at pres5t are su* t ev5 ! mo/ confid5t advocates ( ! view t ! lun> _w is n entirely dead d n v5ture to assume t any?+ beyond ! l[e/ & simple/ organic =ms--ma9ly1 if n :olly1 9 ! %ape ( vegetation--c exi/ !re4 ,! impression t ev5 su* life is possible re/s ^u ! accumulat+ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a lun> atmosph]e1 & ( visible *anges1 "s app>5tly ( a volcanic "* & "s n1 on ! moon's surface4 ,pr(4 ,william ,h4 ,pick]+1 :o is1 p]haps1 m famili> ) ! telescopic & photographic aspects ( ! moon ?an any o!r ,am]ican a/ronom]1 has record$ numb]less in/ances ( *ange 9 m9ute details ( ! lun> l&scapes4 ,he reg>ds "s ( 8 obs]vations made at ,arequipa z po9t+ v /rongly to ! exi/5ce ( vegetation ^u ! surface ( ! moon 9 l>ge quantities at ! pres5t "t4 ,! m\nta9-r+$ valley ( ,plato is "o ( ! places 9 ! lun> _w :]e ! visible *anges h be5 mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$1 & m ?an "o /ud5t ( ! moon has rea*$ ! conclusion t some?+ v l ! appe>ances t vegetation w\ld produce is to be se5 9 t valley4 ,pr(essor ,pick]+ has ?or\ghly discuss$ ! obs]vations relat+ to a celebrat$ crat] nam$ ,l9n 9 ! ,m>e ,s]5itatis1 & aft] read+ 8 description ( its *anges ( appe>ance "o c h>dly reject 8 conclusion t ,l9n is an active volcanic v5t1 b v>iable 9 its manife/ations4 ,?is is only "o ( a numb] ( simil> in/ances among ! small] crat]s ( ! moon4 ,! giant ones are evid5tly entirely ext9ct1 b "s ( ! m9or v5ts give occasional signs ( activity4 ,nor %\ld x be assum$ t ^! relatively slight manife/ations ( volcanic action are really insignificant4 ,z ,pr(essor ,pick]+ %[s1 !y may be reg>d$ z comp>able ) ! greate/ volcanic ph5om5a n[ witness$ on ! e>?1 &1 speak+ aga9 ( ,plato1 he says ( its evid5ces ( volcanic action3 ,x is1 ,i believe1 m active ?an any area ( simil> size ^u ! e>?4 ,!re seems to be no evid5ces ( lava1 b ! :ite /reaks indicate app>5tly some?+ analog\s to sn[ or cl\ds4 ,!re mu/ be a c]ta9 escape ( gases1 presumably /eam & c>bonic acid1 ! =m] ( :i*1 probably1 aids 9 ! production ( ! :ite m>k+s4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,annals ( ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 vol4 xxxii1 "p ii1 #aijj4 ,to ,pr(essor ,pick]+ we owe ! sugge/ion t ! wond]ful rays emanat+ f ,ty*o consi/ ( "s :iti% sub/ance bl[n by ! w9d1 n f ,ty*o itself1 b f l9es ( little volcanic v5ts or crat]s ly+ along ! c\rse ( ! rays4 ,?is sub/ance may be volcanic p[d] or sn[1 9 ! =m ( m9ute ice cry/als4 ,mr4 ,elg] rem>ks ( ?is !ory t ! confus$ network ( /reaks ar\nd ,cop]nicus seems to respond to x m happily ?an ! rays ( ,ty*o d1 because ( ! lack ( def9it5ess ( direction s manife/ 9 ! case ( ! rays4 ,z an enc\ragem5t to amateur obs]v]s :o may be dispos$ to f9d out = !mselves :e!r or n *anges n[ take place 9 ! moon1 ! foll[+ s5t5ce f ! introduction to ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s *apt] on ,plato 9 ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory ,annals1 volume xxxii1 w prove useful & int]e/+3 ,9 review+ ! hi/ory ( sel5ography1 "o mu/ be impress$ by ! s+ul> fact t1 :ile mo/ ( ! a/ronom]s :o h made a special /udy ( ! moon1 su* z ,s*roet]1 ,ma$l]1 ,s*midt1 ,webb1 ,neison1 & ,elg]1 h all believ$ t its surface 0 /ill subject to *anges readily visible f ! e>?1 ! great majority ( a/ronom]s :o h paid little att5tion to ! subject h q z /r5u\sly d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( su* *anges4 ,9 reg>d to ! lun> atmosph]e1 x may be said1 9 a ^w1 t ev5 ^? :o advocate ! exi/5ce ( vegetation & ( cl\ds ( du/ or ice cry/als on ! moon d n pr$icate any great] am\nt1 or great] d5sity1 ( atmosph]e ?an d ^? :o consid] ! moon to be :olly dead & in]t4 ,pr(essor ,pick]+ himself %[$1 f 8 obs]vations1 t ! horizontal refraction ( ! lun> atmosph]e1 in/ead ( be+ less ?an #b1 z =m]ly /at$1 0 less ?an #j4d4 ,yet he f\nd visual evid5ce t on ! sunlit side ( ! moon ?is r>e atmosph]e 0 fill$ to a height ( f\r miles ) "s absorb+ m$ium :i* 0 abs5t on ! d>k side1 & :i* 0 app>5tly an emanation f ! lun> cru/1 occurr+ aft] sunrise4 ,& ,messrs4 ,loewy & ,puiseux1 ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 say1 aft] %[+ reasons = ?9k+ t ! great volcanic eruptions belong to a rec5t p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! moon1 t ! diffusion ( c9d]s to great di/ances inf]s a gase\s envelope ( a c]ta9 d5sity4444 ,! resi/ance ( ! atmosph]e mu/ h be5 suffici5t to ret>d ! fall ( ?is du/ ! ref]5ce is to ! :ite trails1 l ^? f ,ty*o1 dur+ its transport ov] a di/ance ( m ?an #a1jjj kilomet]s #fbj miles4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,june #bc1 ,july #c1 #ahii4 ,we come n[ to a brief consid]ation ( c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! motions ( ! moon1 & 9 ! ph5om5a ( day & night on its surface4 ,! moon keeps ! same side =ev] turn$ t[>d ! e>?1 behav+1 9 ?is respect1 z ,m]cury does ) reg>d to ! sun4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! lun> globe makes b "o rotation on its axis 9 ! c\rse ( a mon?1 or 9 ! c\rse ( "o revolution ab\t ! e>?4 ,"s ( ! results ( ?is practical id5tity ( ! p]iods ( rotation & revolution are illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram on page #bej4 ,! moon really und]goes consid]able libration1 recall+ ! libration ( ,m]cury1 :i* 0 expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on t planet1 & 9 consequ5ce we are able to see a little way r\nd into ! opposite lun> hemisph]e1 n[ on ?is side & n[ on ! o!r1 b 9 ! diagram ?is libration has be5 neglect$4 ,if x _h be5 repres5t$ we %\ld h f\nd t1 in/ead ( only "o half1 ab\t ?ree fif?s ( ! total sup]ficies ( ! moon are visible f ! e>? at "o "t or ano!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,phases ,,& ,,rotation ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,p]haps x %\ld be rem>k$ t 9 draw+ ! moon's orbit ab\t ! e>? z a c5t] we (f] no contradiction to :at 0 %[n e>li] 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! moon does travel ar\nd ! e>?1 & its orbit ab\t our globe may1 = our pres5t purpose1 be treat$ indep5d5tly ( its motion ab\t ! sun4 ,let ! c5tral globe1 !n1 repres5t ! e>?1 & let ! sun be suppos$ to %9e f ! left-h& side ( ! diagram4 ,a little cross is erect$ at a fix$ spot on ! globe ( ! moon4 ,at ,a ! moon is betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 or 9 ! phase ( new moon4 ,! lun> hemisph]e fac+ ! e>? is n[ buri$ 9 night1 except s f> z ! light reflect$ f ! e>? illum9ates x1 & ?is illum9ation1 x is int]e/+ to rememb]1 is ab\t f\rte5 times z great--reckon$ by ! relative areas ( ! reflect+ surfaces--z t :i* ! full moon s5ds to ! e>?4 ,an inhabitant ( ! moon1 /&+ beside ! cross1 sees ! e>? 9 ! =m ( a huge full moon directly above 8 head1 b1 z f> z ! sun is conc]n$1 x is midnight = him4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ab\t sev5 days ! moon travels to ,b4 ,9 ! meantime x has turn$ "o qu>t] ( ! way ar\nd its axis1 & ! spot m>k$ by ! cross is /ill directly "u ! e>?4 ,= ! lun> inhabitant /&+ on t spot ! sun is n[ on ! po9t ( ris+1 & he sees ! e>? no long] 9 ! %ape ( a full moon1 b 9 t ( a half-moon4 ,! lun> globe itself appe>s1 at ! same "t f ! e>?1 z a half-moon1 be+ 9 ! position or phase t we call fir/ qu>t]4 ,sev5 m days elapse1 & ! moon arrives at ,c1 opposite to ! position ( ! sun1 & ) ! e>? betwe5 x & ! sol> orb4 ,x is n[ high noon = our lun>ian /&+ beside ! cross1 :ile ! e>? ov] 8 head appe>s1 if he sees x at all1 only z a black disk close to ! sun1 or--z w\ld sometimes be ! case--cov]+ ! sun1 & encircl$ ) a beautiful r+ ( light produc$ by ! refraction ( its atmosph]e4 7,recall ! simil> ph5om5on 9 ! case ( ,v5us47 ,! moon se5 f ! e>? is n[ 9 ! phase call$ full moon4 ,ano!r lapse ( sev5 days1 & ! moon is at ,d1 9 ! phase call$ ?ird qu>t]1 :ile ! e>?1 view$ f ! cross on ! moon1 :i* is /ill po9t$ directly at x1 appe>s aga9 9 ! %ape ( a huge half-moon4 ,dur+ ! next sev5 days ! moon returns to its orig9al position at ,a1 & becomes once m new moon1 ) full e>? %9+ ^u x4 ,n[ x is evid5t t 9 consequ5ce ( ! peculi> law ( ! moon's rotation its days & nights are ea* ab\t two ( our weeks1 or f\rte5 days1 9 l5g?4 ,t hemisph]e ( ! moon :i* is 9 ! full sunlight at ,a1 = in/ance1 is buri$ 9 ! middle ( night at ,c4 ,! result is diff]5t ?an 9 ! case ( ,m]cury1 because ! body t[>d :i* ! moon always keeps ! same face direct$ is n ! lum9\s sun1 b ! non-lum9\s e>?4 ,x is believ$ t ! moon acquir$ ?is mann] ( rotation 9 consequ5ce ( ! tidal friction ex]cis$ ^u x by ! e>?4 ,! tidal attraction ( ! e>? exce$s t ( ! sun ^u ! moon because ! e>? is s mu* ne>] ?an ! sun is1 & tidal attraction v>ies inv]sely z ! cube ( ! di/ance4 ,9 fact1 ! brak+ effect ( tidal friction v>ies inv]sely z ! six? p[] ( ! di/ance1 s t ! ability ( ! e>? to /op ! rotation ( ! moon on its axis is imm5sely great] ?an t ( ! sun4 ,?is p[] 0 effectively appli$ :ile ! moon 0 yet a molt5 mass1 s t x is probable t ! moon has rotat$ j z x does n[ = millions ( ye>s4 ,z 0 rem>k$ a little :ile ago1 ! moon travel+ 9 an elliptical orbit ab\t ! e>? has a libratory movem5t :i*1 if repres5t$ 9 our picture1 w\ld cause ! cross to sw+ n[ a little "o way & n[ a little ! o!r1 & ?us produce an app>5t p5dulum motion ( ! e>? 9 ! sky1 simil> to t ( ! sun z se5 f ,m]cury4 ,b x is n necess>y to g into ! details ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,! read]1 if he *ooses1 c d$uce !m = himself4 ,b we may inquire a little into ! effects ( ! long days & nights ( ! moon4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! extreme r>ity ( ! lun> atmosph]e1 x is believ$ t ! heat ( ! sun fall+ ^u x dur+ a day two weeks 9 l5g?1 is radiat$ away s rapidly t ! surface ( ! lun> rocks nev] rises above ! freez+ temp]ature ( wat]4 ,on ! night side1 ) no w>m atmosph]ic blanket su* z ! e>? enjoys1 ! temp]ature may fall f> t[>d absolute z]o1 ! mo/ m]ciful figure t has be5 sugge/$ = x be+ #bjj bel[ ! z]o ( our ord9>y !rmomet]s6 ,b !re is mu* unc]ta9ty ab\t ! actual temp]ature on ! moon1 & diff]5t exp]im5ts1 9 ! attempt to make a direct measurem5t ( x1 h yield$ discordant results4 ,at "o "t1 = in/ance1 ,"l ,rosse believ$ he _h demon/rat$ t at lun> noon ! temp]ature ( ! rocks rose above ! boil+-po9t ( wat]4 ,b aft]w>d he *ang$ 8 m9d & favor$ ! !ory ( a l[ temp]ature4 ,9 ?is & 9 o!r respects mu* rema9s to be discov]$ conc]n+ our int]e/+ satellite1 & !re is pl5ty ( room1 & an abundance ( orig9al occupation1 = new obs]v]s ( ! lun> _w4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,planets ,!re is no reason :y ev]ybody %\ld n "k ! pr9cipal planets at sight ne>ly z well z ev]ybody kn[s ! moon4 ,x only requires a little intellig5t application to become acqua9t$ ) ! o!r worlds t h be5 discuss$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 & to be able to foll[ _! c\rses ?r\gh ! sky & recognize !m :]ev] !y appe>4 ,no telescope1 or any o!r in/rum5t :atev]1 is requir$ = ! purpose4 ,!re is b "o prelim9>y requirem5t1 j z e bran* ( human k presupposes its ,a ,b ,c4 ,?is is an acqua9tance ) ! con/ellations & ! pr9cipal />s--n a difficult ?+ to obta94 ,almo/ ev]ybody kn[s ! ,great ,dipp] f *ildhood's days1 except1 p]haps1 ^? :o h _h ! mis=tune to sp5d _! y\? "u ! gl>e ( city lights4 ,"s "k ,orion :5 he %9es glori\sly 9 ! w9t] heav5s4 ,_m are able to po9t out ! nor? />1 or pole />1 z ev]ybody %\ld be able to d4 ,all ?is =ms a good beg9n+1 & may s]ve z ! basis = ! rapid acquirem5t ( a g5]al k ( ! geography ( ! heav5s4 ,if y are =tunate en\gh to numb] an a/ronom] among y\r acqua9tance--an amateur w d z well z a pr(essor--y may1 ) 8 aid1 make a %ort cut to a k ( ! />s4 ,o!rwise y mu/ dep5d ^u books & *>ts4 ,my ,a/ronomy ) an ,op]a-,glass 0 prep>$ = ?is v purpose4 ,= simply le>n+ ! con/ellations & ! *ief />s y ne$ no op]a-glass or o!r in/rum5t4 ,) ! aid ( ! *>ts1 famili>ize y\rself ) ! appe>ance ( ! con/ellations by notic+ ! *>act]i/ic arrangem5ts ( _! *ief />s4 ,y ne$ pay no att5tion to any except ! bright />s1 & ^? t are conspicu\s en\gh to ?ru/ !mselves ^u y\r att5tion4 ,le>n by obs]vation at :at seasons p>ticul> con/ellations are on1 or ne>1 ! m]idian--i4e41 ! nor? & s\? l9e ?r\gh ! middle ( ! heav5s4 ,make y\rself especially famili> ) ! s-call$ zodiacal con/ellations1 :i* are1 9 _! ord]1 runn+ ar\nd ! heav5s f we/ to ea/3 ,aries1 ,taurus1 ,gem9i1 ,canc]1 ,leo1 ,virgo1 ,libra1 ,scorpio1 ,sagitt>ius1 ,capricornus1 ,aqu>ius1 & ,pisces4 ,! importance ( ^! p>ticul> con/ellations arises f ! fact t x is across !m t ! tracks ( ! planets lie1 & :5 y are famili> ) ! fix$ />s belong+ to !m y w be able imm$iately to recognize a /rang] appe>+ among !m1 & w correctly conclude t x is "o ( ! planets4#ba ,h[ to tell :i* planet x may be1 x is ! object ( ?is *apt] to %[ y4 ,z an indisp5sable aid--unless y happ5 already to possess a complete /> atlas on a l>g] scale--,i h drawn ! six *>ts ( ! zodiacal con/ellations & _! neighbors t are includ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,footnote #ba3 ,9 our latitudes1 planets are nev] se5 9 ! nor!rn qu>t] ( ! sky4 ,:5 on ! m]idian1 !y are always some:]e betwe5 ! z5i? & ! s\!rn horizon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #a4--;,,f ,,"r ,,asc5sion #j ,,h\rs ,,to #d ,,h\rs2 ,,decl9ation #cj ,,nor? ,,to #aj ,,s\?4 ,hav+ le>n$ to recognize ! con/ellations & _! *ief />s on sight1 "o o!r /ep1 an extremely easy "o1 rema9s to be tak5 be=e beg9n+ y\r se>* = ! planets--buy ! ,am]ican ,ephem]is & ,nautical ,almanac = ! curr5t ye>4 ,x is publi%$ "u ! direction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 & c be pur*as$ = "o doll>4 ,?is book1 :i* may appe> to y r bulky & =midable = an almanac1 conta9s hundr$s ( pages & scores ( tables to :i* y ne$ pay no att5tion4 ,!y are = navigators & a/ronom]s1 & are mu* m innoc5t ?an !y look4 ,! pla9 citiz51 seek+ only an introduction to ! planets1 c return _! />e & pass by1 )\t feel+ 9 ! lea/ humiliat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #b4--;,,f ,,"r ,,asc5sion #d ,,h\rs ,,to #h ,,h\rs2 ,,decl9ation #cj ,,nor? ,,to #aj ,,s\?4 ,9 ! front "p ( ! book1 aft] ! long cal5d>1 & ! tables relat+ to ! sun & ! moon1 w be f\nd ab\t ?irty pages ( tables head$1 9 l>ge black lett]s1 ) ! names ( ! planets--,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 etc4 ,two mon?s are repres5t$ on ea* page1 & opposite ! numb] ( ea* successive day ( ! mon? ! position ( ! planet is giv5 9 h\rs1 m9utes1 & seconds ( "r asc5sion1 & degrees1 m9utes1 & seconds ( nor? & s\? decl9ation1 ! sign mean+ nor?1 & ! sign - s\?4 ,d n tr\ble y\rself ) ! seconds 9 ei!r column1 & take ! m9utes only :5 ! numb] is l>ge4 ,! h\rs ( "r asc5sion & ! degrees ( decl9ation are ! ma9 ?+s to be notic$4 ,"r asc5sion1 by ! way1 expresses ! di/ance ( a cele/ial body1 su* z a /> or a planet1 ea/ ( ! v]nal equ9ox1 or ! fir/ po9t ( ,aries1 :i* is an arbitr>y po9t on ! equator ( ! heav5s1 :i* s]ves1 l ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* on ! e>?1 z a />t+-place = reckon+ longitude4 ,! entire circuit ( ! heav5s along ! equator is divid$ into tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( "r asc5sion1 ea* h\r cov]+ #ae ( space4 ,if a planet !n is 9 "r asc5sion 7usually pr9t$ = %ort ,r4,a47 #j h4 #j m4 #j s41 x is on ! m]idian ( ! v]nal equ9ox1 or ! cele/ial ,gre5wi*2 if x is 9 ,r4,a4 #a h41 x w be f\nd #ae ea/ ( ! v]nal equ9ox1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #c4--;,,f ,,"r ,,asc5sion #h ,,h\rs ,,to #ab ,,h\rs2 ,,decl9ation #cj ,,nor? ,,to #aj ,,s\?4 ,decl9ation 7pr9t$ ,d4 or ,dec47 expresses ! di/ance ( a cele/ial body nor? or s\? ( ! equator ( ! heav5s4 ,) ^! explanations we may proce$ to f9d a planet by ! aid ( ! ,nautical ,almanac & our *>ts4 ,i take1 = example1 ! ephem]is = ! ye> #aija1 & ,i look "u ! head+ ,jupit] on page #bci1 = ! mon? ( ,july4 ,opposite ! #ae? day ( ! mon? ,i f9d ! "r asc5sion to be #ah h4 #bg m41 neglect+ ! seconds4 ,n[ #bg m9utes are s ne> to half an h\r t1 = our purposes1 we may say ,jupit] is 9 ,r4,a4 #ah h4 #cj m4 ,i set ?is d[n on a slip ( pap]1 & !n exam9e ! decl9ation column1 :]e ,i f9d t on ,july #ae ,jupit] is 9 s\? decl9ation 7! sign - mean+ s\?1 z be=e expla9$7 #bc #ag #eb1 :i* is almo/ #bc #ah1 &1 = our purposes1 we may call ?is #bc #bj1 :i* is :at ,i set d[n on my slip4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #d4--;,,f ,,"r ,,asc5sion #ab ,,h\rs ,,to #af ,,h\rs2 ,,decl9ation #aj ,,nor? ,,to #cj ,,s\?4 ,next1 ,i turn to ,*>t ,no4 #e1 9 ?is *apt]1 :]e ,i f9d ! m]idian l9e ( ,r4,a4 #ah h4 runn+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! *>t4 ,i "k t ,jupit] is to be look$ = ab\t #cj m4 ea/1 or to ! left1 ( t l9e4 ,at ! bottom & top ( ! *>t1 e tw5ty m9utes ( ,r4,a4 is indicat$1 s t x is easy1 ) ! eye1 or ) ! aid ( a rul]1 to place ! v]tical l9e at "s po9t ( :i* ,jupit] is to be f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #e4--;,,f ,,"r ,,asc5sion #af ,,h\rs ,,to #bj ,,h\rs2 ,,decl9ation #aj ,,nor? ,,to #cj ,,s\?4 ,!n ,i consult my note ( ! decl9ation ( ! planet4 ,x is s\? #bc #bj4 ,on ! v]tical bord]s ( ! *>t ,i f9d ! figures ( ! decl9ation1 & ,i obs]ve t #j ,dec41 :i* repres5ts ! equator ( ! heav5s1 is ne> ! top ( ! *>t1 :ile ea* p>allel horizontal l9e across ! *>t indicates #aj nor? or s\? ( its next neighbor4 ,next to ! bottom ( ! *>t ,i f9d ! p>allel ( #bj1 & ,i see t e five degrees is indicat$ by ! figures at ! sides4 ,by ! eye1 or ) ! aid ( a rul]1 ,i easily e/imate :]e ! horizontal l9e ( #bc w\ld fall1 & s9ce #bj is ! ?ird ( a degree ,i p]ceive t x is1 = ! r\gh purpose ( m]ely f9d+ a conspicu\s planet1 negligible1 al?\gh x1 too1 c be includ$ 9 ! e/imate1 if ?\ght desirable4 ,hav+ already f\nd ! v]tical l9e on :i* ,jupit] is plac$ & hav+ n[ f\nd ! horizontal l9e also1 ,i h simply to reg>d _! cross+ po9t1 :i* w be ! situation ( ! planet among ! />s4 ,i note t x is 9 ! con/ellation ,sagitt>ius 9 a c]ta9 position ) ref]5ce to a famili> gr\p ( />s 9 t con/ellation1 & :5 ,i look at ! heav5s1 !re1 9 ! place ?us indicat$1 ,jupit] /&s reveal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,no4 #f4--;,,f ,,"r ,,asc5sion #bj ,,h\rs ,,to #bd ,,h\rs 7#j ,,ii472 ,,decl9ation #aj ,,nor? ,,to #cj ,,s\?4 ,! read] w readily p]ceive t1 9 a precisely simil> mann]1 any planet c be locat$1 at any "t ( ! ye>1 & at any po9t 9 its c\rse ab\t ! heav5s4 ,b x may turn out t ! place occupi$ by ! planet is too ne> ! sun to r5d] x easily1 or at all1 visible4 ,su* a case c be recogniz$1 ei!r f a g5]al k ( ! location ( ! con/ellations at v>i\s seasons1 or ) ! aid ( ! ,nautical ,almanac1 :]e at ! beg9n+ ( ea* set ( mon?ly tables 9 ! cal5d> ! sun's "r asc5sion & decl9ation w be f\nd4 ,9 locat+ ! sun1 if y f9d t its "r asc5sion diff]s by less ?an an h\r1 "o way or ! o!r1 f t ( ! planet s\ght1 x is useless to look = ! latt]4 ,if ! planet is situat$ we/ ( ! sun--to ! "r on ! *>t--!n x is to be look$ = 9 ! ea/ be=e sunrise4 ,b if x is ea/ ( ! sun--to ! left on ! *>t--!n y mu/ seek x 9 ! we/ aft] sunset4 ,= in/ance1 ,i look = ! planet ,m]cury on ,octob] #ab1 #aija4 ,i f9d its ,r4,a4 to be #ad h4 #dj m4 & its ,dec4 #ah #cf4 ,look+ at ! sun's place = ,octob] #ab?1 ,i f9d x to be ,r4,a4 #ac h4 #h m4 & ,dec4 #g #ad4 ,plac+ !m bo? on ,*>t ,no4 #d1 ,i discov] t ,m]cury is well to ! ea/1 or left h& ( ! sun1 & w consequ5tly be visible 9 ! we/]n sky aft] sund[n4 ,additional guidance w be f\nd by not+ ! foll[+ facts ab\t ! *>ts3 ,! m]idian 7! nor? & s\? l9e7 runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ,*>t ,no4 #a betwe5 #aa & #ab o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,novemb] #a/1 betwe5 #i & #aj o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,decemb] #a/1 & betwe5 #g & #h o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,janu>y #a/4 ,! m]idian runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ,*>t ,no4 #b betwe5 #aa & #ab o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,janu>y #a/1 betwe5 #i & #aj o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,febru>y #a/1 & betwe5 #g & #h o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,m>* #a/4 ,! m]idian runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ,*>t ,no4 #c betwe5 #aa & #ab o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,m>* #a/1 betwe5 #i & #aj o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,april #a/1 & betwe5 #g & #h o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,may #a/4 ,! m]idian runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ,*>t ,no4 #d betwe5 #aa & #ab o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,may #a/1 betwe5 #i & #aj o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,june #a/1 & betwe5 #g & #h o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,july #a/4 ,! m]idian runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ,*>t ,no4 #e betwe5 #aa & #ab o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,july #a/1 betwe5 #i & #aj o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,augu/ #a/1 & betwe5 #g & #h o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,septemb] #a/4 ,! m]idian runs ?r\gh ! middle ( ,*>t ,no4 #f betwe5 #aa & #ab o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,septemb] #a/1 betwe5 #i & #aj o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,octob] #a/1 & betwe5 #g & #h o'clock ,p4,m4 on ,novemb] #a/4 ,note well1 also1 ^! p>ticul>s ab\t ! *>ts3 ,*>t ,no4 #a includes ! fir/ f\r h\rs ( "r asc5sion1 f #j h4 to #d h4 inclusive2 ,*>t ,no4 #b includes #d h4 to #h h42 ,*>t ,no4 #c1 #h h4 to #ab h42 ,*>t ,no4 #d1 #ab h4 to #af h42 ,*>t ,no4 #e1 #af h4 to #bj h42 & ,*>t ,no4 #f1 #bj h4 to #bd h41 :i* completes ! circuit4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree *>ts ! l9e ( #j1 or ! equator1 is f\nd ne> ! bottom1 & 9 ! la/ ?ree ne> ! top4 ,?is is a matt] ( conv5i5ce 9 arrangem5t1 bas$ ^u ! fact t ! ecliptic1 :i*1 & n ! equator1 m>ks ! c5t] ( ! zodiac1 indicates ! position ( ! tracks ( ! planets among ! />s2 & ! ecliptic1 be+ incl9$ #bc to ! plane ( ! equator1 lies half to ! nor? & half to ! s\? ( ! latt]4 ,^? :o1 aft] all1 may n c>e to consult ! ephem]is 9 ord] to f9d ! planets1 may be able to locate !m1 simply f a k ( _! situation among ! con/ellations4 ,"s ord9>y almanacs tell 9 :at con/ellations ! pr9cipal planets are to be f\nd at v>i\s times ( ! ye>4 ,hav+ once f\nd !m 9 ?is way1 x is comp>atively easy to keep track ( !m !reaft] ?r\gh a g5]al k ( _! movem5ts4 ,jupit]1 = in/ance1 requir+ a p]iod ( ne>ly twelve ye>s to make a s+le j\rney ar\nd ! sun1 moves ab\t #cj ea/w>d among ! />s e ye>4 ,! zodiacal con/ellations are r\ghly ab\t #cj 9 l5g?1 & z ,jupit] 0 9 ,sagitt>ius 9 #aija1 he w be 9 ,capricornus 9 #aijb4 ,saturn1 requir+ ne>ly ?irty ye>s = a revolution ar\nd ! sun1 moves only betwe5 #ab & #ac ea/w>d e ye>1 &1 be+ 9 conjunction ) ,jupit] 9 ,sagitt>ius 9 #aija1 does n get beyond ! bord] ( t con/ellation 9 #aijb4 ,jupit] hav+ be5 9 opposition to ! sun ,june #cj1 #aija1 w be simil>ly plac$ e>ly 9 ,augu/1 #aijb1 ! "t f "o opposition ( ,jupit] to ! next be+ #cii days4 ,saturn passes f "o opposition to ! next 9 #cgh days1 s t hav+ be5 9 t position ,july #e1 #aija1 x rea*es x aga9 ab\t ,july #ah1 #aijb4 ,m>s requires ab\t #fhg days to complete a revolution1 & comes into conjunction ) ! e>?1 or opposition to ! sun--! be/ position = obs]vation--on ! av]age once e #ghj days4 ,m>s 0 9 opposition ne> ! end ( ,febru>y1 #aija1 & "s ( its future oppositions w be 9 ,m>*1 #aijc2 ,may1 #aije2 ,july1 #aijg2 & ,septemb]1 #aiji4 ,! oppositions ( #aijg & #aiji w be unusually favorable ones1 = !y w occur :5 ! planet is comp>atively ne> ! e>?4 ,:5 a planet is 9 opposition to ! sun x is on ! m]idian1 ! nor? & s\? l9e1 at midnight4 ,m]cury & ,v5us be+ ne>] ! sun ?an ! e>? is1 c nev] be se5 v f> f ! place ( ! sun itself4 ,v5us rec$es mu* f>!r f ! sol> orb ?an ,m]cury does1 b bo? are visible only 9 ! sunset or ! sunrise sky4 ,all almanacs tell at :at times ^! planets play _! respective rles z morn+ or z ev5+ />s4 ,9 ! case ( ,m]cury ab\t #aaf days on ! av]age elapse betwe5 its reappe>ances2 9 ! case ( ,v5us1 ab\t #ehd days4 ,! latt]1 = in/ance1 hav+ become an ev5+ /> at ! end ( ,april1 #aija1 w become an ev5+ /> aga9 9 ,decemb]1 #aijb4 ,) ! aid ( ! ,nautical ,almanac & ! *>ts ! amateur w f9d no difficulty1 aft] a little practise1 9 keep+ track ( any ( ! planets4 ,9 ! back "p ( ! ,nautical ,almanac w be f\nd two pages head$ ,ph5om5a3 ,planet>y ,configurations4 ,) ! aid ( ^! ! /ud5t c det]m9e ! position ( ! planets ) respect to ! sun & ! moon1 & ) respect to "o ano!r4 ,! mean+ ( ! v>i\s symbols us$ 9 ! tables w be f\nd expla9$ on a page fac+ ! cal5d> at ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 ,f ^! tables1 among o!r ?+s1 ! times ( greate/ elongation f ! sun ( ! planets ,m]cury & ,v5us c be f\nd4 ,x may be add$ t only bright />s1 & />s easily se51 are includ$ 9 ! *>ts1 & !re w be no dang] ( mi/ak+ any ( ^! />s = a planet1 if ! obs]v] fir/ c>efully le>ns to recognize _! configurations4 ,nei!r ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 nor ,saturn ev] appe>s z fa9t z any ( ! />s1 except ^? ( ! fir/ magnitude1 includ$ 9 ! *>ts4 ,uranus & ,neptune be+ invisible to ! nak$ eye--,uranus c occasionally be j glimps$ by a ke5 eye--are too fa9t to be f\nd )\t ! aid ( m effective appliances4 ,,index ,agassiz1 ,alex&]1 on deep-sea animals1 #fc4 ,a/]oids1 !1 #af1 #abi4 brightness (1 #acj4 imag9>y adv5tures on1 #adf4 life on1 #add4 numb] (1 kn[n1 #abi4 orbits (1 #acb4 orig9 (1 #ach1 #adc4 size (1 #abi4 ,ari/>*us1 lun> crat]1 #bbf4 ,atmosph]e1 importance (1 #bj4 ,bailey1 ,solon ,i41 on oppositions ( ,eros1 #acd4 ,b>n>d1 ,e4,e41 discov]s fif? satellite ( ,jupit]1 #aha4 measures a/]oids1 #abi4 on ,saturn's r+s1 #bje4 ,belopolski1 on rotation ( ,v5us1 #gi4 ,c]es1 an a/]oid1 #abi1 #acj4 ,clefts 9 ! moon1 #bbf4 ,cop]nicus1 lun> crat]1 #bbc1 #bdb4 ,d>w91 ,george ,h41 on ,jupit] & ,saturn1 #bjf4 on orig9 ( moon1 #bce4 !ory ( tidal friction1 #cb4 ,davy1 ,sir ,humphry1 on ,saturn1 #aij4 ,dawes sees canals on ,m>s1 #ic4 ,deimos1 satellite ( ,m>s1 #abe4 ,d5n+1 ,w4,f41 description ( ,jupit]1 #age4 ,de ,vico on rotation ( ,v5us1 #gf4 ,dew>1 ,james1 discov]s free hydrog5 9 air1 #bcb4 ,de ,witt discov]s ,eros1 #acc4 ,dick1 ,?omas1 on ,saturn1 #bja4 ,d\glass1 ,a4,e41 sees ,m>s's canals1 #ib4 sees cl\ds 9 ,m>s1 #aai4 ,doppl]'s pr9ciple1 #gi1 #bjj4 ,e>? & moon's orbit1 #bag4 bir? ( moon f1 #bcf4 *ange ( di/ance f sun1 #bg4 less advanc$ ?an ,m>s1 #hi4 old] ?an ,v5us1 #eh4 se5 f ,m]cury1 #da4 se5 f ,v5us1 #fi-ga1 #ge4 se5 f moon1 #bad4 ,e>?1 simil>ity to ,v5us1 #df4 suppos$ signals to & f ,m>s1 #aaj4 ,elg]1 ,t4,g41 on cracks 9 moon1 #bbg4 on ,ty*o's rays1 #bdf4 ,ephem]is1 h[ to use1 #bfj1 #bfd4 ,eros1 an a/]oid1 #aca-acd1 #acf1 #acg4 ,flamm>ion1 ,c41 obs]ves ,v5us's atmosph]e1 #ef4 on plurality ( worlds1 #h4 ,=bes1 ,pr(4 ,george1 on ultra-,neptunian planet1 #baj4 ,galileo on lun> _w1 #bae4 ,gravity1 z affect+ life on planets1 #bj1 #df4 ,hall1 ,asaph1 discov]s ,m>s's moons1 #ij4 ,h]odotus1 lun> crat]1 #bbg4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 on ,saturn1 #ahe4 ,hold51 ,e4,s41 on photograph ( lun> crat]1 #bdb4 ,hugg9s on ,m]cury's atmosph]e1 #ba4 ,inhabitants ( =eign planets1 #a1 #d1 #e4 ,int]planet>y communication1 #a1 #c1 #gb1 #aaj1 #aab4 ,juno1 an a/]oid1 #abi4 ,jupit]1 cl\dy aspect (1 #afe4 d5sity (1 #afb4 di/ance (1 #afa4 equatorial belts on1 #afe4 future (1 #ahj4 gravity on1 #afb4 great r$ spot on1 #afi4 m>k+s outside ! belts1 #afh4 & ! nebul> !ory1 #agh4 once a companion />1 #agi4 pol> compression (1 #afa4 possibly yet inc&esc5t1 #agg4 "q ( a d5s] core1 #agf4 resemblance (1 to sun1 #agd4 rotation (1 #afa1 #agc4 satellites (1 #aff1 #aha4 se5 f satellites1 #ahb4 size (1 #afj4 sol> light & heat on1 #ahb4 s\? belt (1 #agb4 surface conditions (1 #afc4 !ories ab\t ! r$ spot1 #agj4 trade-w9ds & ! belts (1 #afg4 v>i\s rates ( rotation (1 #agc4 visibility ( rotation (1 #aff4 ,keel]1 ,j4,e41 on ,saturn's r+s1 #bjj4 ,kepl]1 lun> crat]1 #bbc4 ,k9etic !ory ( gases1 #aaf4 ,kirkwood1 ,daniel1 on a/]oids1 #aca4 ,lagrange on ,olb]s's !ory1 #aci4 ,lick ,obs]vatory & ,m>s's canals1 #ib4 ,life1 a planet>y ph5om5on1 #aj4 9 sea dep?s1 #fb4 on planets1 #fb1 #fc4 prime requisites (1 #fd4 resi/+ extreme cold1 #abc4 univ]sality (1 #i4 ,loewy & ,puiseux1 on lun> atmosph]e1 #bdh4 on lun> seas1 #bcd4 ,l[ell1 ,p]cival1 description ( ,m>s1 #ajh4 on m>k+s ( ,v5us1 #fj4 on ,m]cury's rotation1 #cc4 on rotation ( ,v5us1 #gg4 sees ,m>s's canals1 #ib4 !ory ( ,m>tian canals1 #aja4 ,lucian1 on appe>ance ( e>? f moon1 #bac4 ,lyman1 ,c4,s41 obs]ves ,v5us's atmosph]e1 #ee4 ,m>s1 age (1 #hi4 atmosph]e (1 #hf1 #aae1 #aag4 b&s ( life on1 #ajd4 canals on1 #ij4 describ$ by ,s*iap>elli1 #ic4 gem9ation (1 #ia1 #aje4 h build]s (1 disappe>$8 #ajg4 & irrigation1 #aja4 & l9es ( vegetation1 #ajb4 & seasonal *anges1 #ii4 & wat] circulation1 #ajj4 c>bon dioxide on1 #aah4 circul> spots or oases on1 #ajc4 colors (1 #hi4 dim5sions (1 #hf4 di/ance (1 #he1 #hf4 enigmatical lights on1 #aaa4 gravity on1 #hf4 incl9ation ( axis1 #hf4 l5g? ( ye>1 #hf4 ,l[ell's !ory (1 #aja4 light & heat on1 #he4 moonlight on1 #abh4 orbit (1 #he4 pol> caps (1 #hg1 #aah4 possible size ( inhabitants1 #ajf4 satellites (1 #ij1 #abd1 #abf4 seasons on1 #hg4 suppos$ signals f1 #aaj1 #aab4 temp]ature (1 #abj1 #abb4 wat] vapor on1 #aag4 ,m]cury1 atmosph]e (1 #ba1 #bh1 #dc1 #dd4 day & night on1 #cd1 #ch1 #dj4 dim5sions1 #ah4 e>? se5 f1 #da4 habitability (1 #cc1 #dj1 #dd4 heav5s se5 f1 #da1 #db4 heat & light on1 #be1 #bh4 holds place ( honor1 #ai4 l5g? ( ye>1 #bd4 mass (1 #ai4 moon visible f1 #da4 resemblances to moon1 #dc4 rotation (1 #cj4 %ape ( orbit1 #bc4 sun z se5 f1 #cg4 velocity 9 orbit1 #bc4 ,v5us se5 f1 #da4 virtual fall t[>d sun1 #bd4 visibility (1 #ba4 wat] on1 #dc4 ,moon1 ! area ( surface1 #bai4 atmosph]e (1 #g1 #bae1 #bca1 #bdg1 #bdh4 cl\ds on1 #f1 #bde4 con/itution (1 #bcf4 crat]s1 #bba4 day & night on1 #bed4 di/ance (1 #bab1 #bae4 d5sity (1 #bai4 =m] cataclysm on1 #bcg4 =m] life on1 #bda1 #bdc4 giantism on1 #bbh1 #bbi4 gravity on1 #bai1 #bbh1 #bbi4 libration (1 #bdi4 meteorites &1 #bcj4 m\nta9s on1 #bbj4 ! old] _w 91 #bdb4 orig9 (1 #bce4 phases & motions (1 #bej4 rotation (1 #bdi4 seas (1 #bcd4 size (1 #bah4 sn[ on1 #bdf4 speculation ab\t1 #bab4 temp]ature (1 #bee4 vegetation on1 #f1 #bdd1 #bdg4 visibility ( features (1 #bac4 ,nasmy? & ,c>p5t] on lun> crat]s1 #bbd4 ,neptune1 description (1 #bjh-baj4 ,newcomb1 ,simon1 on ,olb]s's !ory1 #ada4 ,newton1 lun> crat]1 #bbb4 ,olb]s's !ory ( planet>y explosion1 #ach4 on ,ve/a's light1 #ach4 ,pallas1 an a/]oid1 #abi4 ,p]rot9 sees canals on ,m>s1 #ib4 ,phobos1 satellite ( ,m>s1 #abe4 ,pick]+1 ,e4,c41 discov]s n9? moon ( ,saturn1 #aie4 f9ds ,eros on ,h>v>d plates1 #acc4 on %ape ( ,eros1 #acf4 on light ( ,eros1 #acg4 ,pick]+1 ,w4,h41 on lun> atmosph]e1 #bdg4 obs]ves *anges 9 moon1 #bdd4 sees ,m>s's canals1 #ib4 !ory ( ,ty*o's rays1 #bdf4 on ,v5us's atmosph]e1 #ed4 ,planets1 classification (1 #ae4 h[ to f9d1 #bef1 #bgc4 resemblances among1 #ab4 ,plato1 lun> r+ pla91 #bbe4 ,plurality ( worlds 9 lit]ature1 #b4 subject ignor$1 #h4 ,proctor1 ,r4,a41 on ,jupit]'s moons1 #ahj4 on o!r worlds1 #h4 ,ro*e's limit1 #bja4 ,rosse1 ,"l1 on temp]ature ( moon1 #bee4 ,saturn1 age (1 #ahi4 composition (1 #aij4 d5sity (1 #ahh4 di/ance (1 #ahf4 ! gauze r+1 #aii-bjb4 gravity on1 #ahh4 incl9ation ( axis1 #ahg4 int]ior (1 #bjf4 l5g? ( ye>1 #ahf4 popul> telescopic object1 #ahe4 r+s (1 #ahe1 #aif4 gaps 91 #aig4 orig9 (1 #bjj4 p]iodic disappe>ance (1 #aih4 se5 f planet1 #bjg4 %ad[ (1 #aih4 rotation (1 #ahg4 satellites (1 #aie4 size (1 #ahg4 ,s*iap>elli discov]s canals on ,m>s1 #ij4 describes ,m>tian canals1 #ic4 discov]s ,m]cury's rotation1 #cj1 #cb4 on rotation ( ,v5us1 #gf4 ,sol> sy/em1 %ape & size (1 #ad4 unity (1 #i4 view$ f space1 #aa4 ,/oney1 ,john/one1 on atmosph]es ( planets1 #aaf4 on escape ( gases f moon1 #bca4 ,sun1 !1 isolation 9 space1 #ac4 no life on1 #aj4 resemblances ) ,jupit]1 #agd4 ,sw$5borg1 on ,saturn's r+s1 #bjd4 ,tidal friction1 #hj1 #ha1 #bcf1 #bec4 ,ty*o1 lun> crat]1 #bbb4 ,ultra-,neptunian planet1 #baj4 ,uranus1 description (1 #bjh-baj4 ,v5us1 age (1 #eh4 atmosph]e (1 #ec1 #ee1 #ei1 #fa1 #fh4 abs5ce ( seasons on1 #ea4 d5sity (1 #dg4 di/ance (1 #dg1 #ej4 gravity on1 #df1 #dg4 incl9ation ( axis1 #ej4 life on1 #eg1 #eh1 #fa1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #hb1 #aag4 light & heat on1 #ej-eg4 orbit (1 #ej4 phases (1 #di4 resemblances (1 to e>?1 #df4 rotation (1 #gf1 #gi1 #hj4 size (1 #df4 twilight on1 #hc4 visibility (1 #dg4 ,ve/a1 an a/]oid1 #abi1 #acj1 #ach4 ,vogel on ,m]cury's atmosph]e1 #ba4 ,wireless telegraphy1 #a1 #aab4 ,"y1 ,c4,a41 on ,olb]s's !ory ( a/]oids1 #adb4 on temp]ature ( ,m>s1 #abb4 on ,v5us's atmosph]e1 #ec4 ,zodiac1 !1 #beh4 ,,! ,,end ,a ,,new ,,book ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,groos4 ,! ,play ( ,man4 ,by ,,k>l ,,groos1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,basel1 & au?or ( ,! ,play ( ,animals4 ,translat$1 ) ! au?or's coop]ation1 by ,elizabe? ,l4 ,baldw91 & edit$1 ) a ,preface & ,app5dix1 by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m>k ,baldw91 ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej net2 po/age1 #ab c5ts additional4 ,! results ( ,pr(essor ,groos's orig9al & acute inve/igations are ( peculi> value to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 psy*ology & sociology1 & !y are ( great importance to educators4 ,he pres5ts ! an?ropological aspects ( ! subject treat$ 9 8 psy*ological /udy ( ! ,play ( ,animals1 :i* has already become a classic4 ,pr(essor ,groos1 :o agrees ) ! foll[]s ( ,weismann1 develops ! great importance ( ! *ild's play z t5d+ to /r5g!n 8 inh]itance 9 ! acquisition ( adaptations to 8 environm5t4 ,! influ5ce ( play on "*1 & its relation to education1 are sugge/ively indicat$4 ,! playful manife/ations affect+ ! *ild himself & ^? affect+ 8 relations to o!rs h be5 c>efully classifi$1 & ! read] is l$ f ! simpl] ex]cises ( ! s5sory app>atus ?r\gh a v>iety ( divisions to inn] imitations & social play4 ,! biological1 /hetic1 e?ical1 & p$agogical /&po9ts receive mu* att5tion f ! inve/igator4 ,:ile ?is book is an illum9at+ contribution to sci5tific lit]ature1 x is ( em95tly practical value4 ,its illu/rations & lessons w be /udi$ & appli$ by educators1 & ! importance ( ?is orig9al pres5tation ( a mo/ f]tile subject w be appreciat$ by p>5ts z well z by ^? :o are int]e/$ z g5]al /ud5ts ( sociological & psy*ological !mes4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company',s ,,publications4 ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor',s ,,works4 ,,o!r ,,worlds ,,?an ,,ours3 ,! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 ,/udi$ "u ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,sci5tific ,rese>*es4 ,) ,illu/rations1 "s color$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,cont5ts4--,introduction4--,:at ! ,e>? tea*es u4--,:at we le>n f ! ,sun4--,! ,inf]ior ,planets4--,m>s1 ! ,m9iature ( our ,e>?4--,jupit]1 ! ,giant ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4--,saturn1 ! ,r+$ ,_w4--,uranus & ,neptune1 ! ,arctic ,planets4--,! ,moon & o!r ,satellites4--,meteors & ,comets3 _! ,(fice 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4--,o!r ,suns ?an ,ours4--,( ,m9or ,/>s1 & ( ! ,di/ribution ( ,/>s 9 ,space4--,! ,nebul3 are !y ,ext]nal ,galaxies8--,sup]vision & ,control4 ,,our ,,place ,,among ,,inf9ities4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays contra/+ our ,little ,abode 9 ,space & ,"t ) ! ,inf9ities ar\nd u4 ,to :i* are add$ ,essays on ! ,jewi% ,sabba? & ,a/rology4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,cont5ts4--,pa/ & ,future ( ! ,e>?4--,seem+ ,wa/es 9 ,nature4--,new ,!ory ( ,life 9 o!r ,worlds4--,a ,miss+ ,comet4--,! ,lo/ ,comet & its ,meteor ,tra94--,jupit]4--,saturn & its ,sy/em4--,a ,giant ,sun4--,! ,/> ,dep?s4--,/> ,gaug+4--,saturn & ! ,sabba? ( ! ,jews4--,?\ghts on ,a/rology4 ,,! ,,expanse ,,( ,,heav54 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ! ,wond]s ( ! ,firmam5t4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,cont5ts4--,a ,dream t 0 n all a ,dream4--,! ,sun4--,! ,que5 ( ,night4--,! ,ev5+ ,/>4--,! ,ruddy ,planet4--,life 9 ! ,ruddy ,planet4--,! ,pr9ce ( ,planets4--,jupit]'s ,family ( ,moons4--,! ,r+-,girdl$ ,planet4--,newton & ! ,law ( ! ,univ]se4--,! ,discov]y ( ,two ,giant ,planets4--,! ,lo/ ,comet4--,visitants f ! ,/> ,dep?s4--,:5ce come ! ,comets8--,! ,comet ,families ( ! ,giant ,planets4--,! ,e>?'s ,j\rney ?r\gh ,%[]s4--,h[ ! ,planets ,grew4--,our ,daily ,light4--,! ,flight ( ,light4--,a ,clu/] ( ,suns4--,worlds rul$ by ,color$ ,suns4--,! ,k+ ( ,suns4--,f\r ,ord]s ( ,suns4--,! ,dep?s ( ,space4--,*>t+ ! ,/> ,dep?s4--,! ,/> ,dep?s ,a/ir ) ,life4--,! ,drift+ ,/>s4--,! ,milky ,way4 ,,! ,,moon3 ,h] ,motions1 ,aspect1 ,sc5]y1 & ,physical ,conditions4 ,) ,?ree ,lun> ,photographs1 ,map1 & ,_m ,plates1 ,*>ts1 etc4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,,cont5ts4--,! ,moon's ,di/ance1 ,size1 & ,mass4--,! ,moon's ,motions4--,! ,moon's ,*anges ( ,aspect1 ,rotation1 ,libration1 etc4--,/udy ( ! ,moon's ,surface4--,lun> ,cele/ial ,ph5om5a4--,condition ( ! ,moon's ,surface4--,index to ! ,map ( ! ,moon4 ,,light ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,leisure ,,h\rs4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,famili> ,essays on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 ,natural ,ph5om5a1 etc4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,! ,,beg9n]s ,,( ,a ,,nation4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,s\rce & ,rise ( ! ,e>lie/ ,engli% ,settlem5ts 9 ,am]ica1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,life & ,"* ( ! ,p4 ,! fir/ volume 9 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,life 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,eggle/on4 ,small #hvo4 ,clo?1 gilt top1 uncut1 ) ,maps1 #a4ej4 ,few works on ! p]iod :i* x cov]s c comp>e ) ?is 9 po9t ( m]e lit]>y attractiv5ess1 & we fancy t _m to :om its s*ol>ly value w n appeal w read ! volume ) int]e/ & delight4--,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,writt5 ) a firm grasp ( ! !me1 inspir$ by ample k1 & made attractive by a vigor\s & resonant /yle1 ! book w receive mu* att5tion4 ,x is a great !me ! au?or has tak5 up1 & he grasps x ) ! confid5ce ( a ma/]4--,new ,york ,times4 ,mr4 ,eggle/on's ',beg9n]s' is unique4 ,no simil> hi/orical /udy has1 to our k1 ev] be5 done 9 ! same way4 ,mr4 ,eggle/on is a reliable report] ( facts2 b he is also an exce$+ly ke5 critic4 ,he writes hi/ory )\t ! ef=t to m]ge ! critic 9 ! hi/orian4 ,8 s5se ( humor is nev] dormant4 ,he r5d]s "s ( ! dulle/ passages 9 colonial annals actually amus+ by 8 witty treatm5t ( !m4 ,he f9ds a laugh = 8 read]s :]e mo/ ( 8 pr$ecessors h f\nd yawns4 ,& ) all ?is he does n sacrifice ! dignity ( hi/ory = an in/ant4--,bo/on ,saturday ,ev5+ ,gazette4 ,! delightful /yle1 ! cle> fl[ ( ! n>rative1 ! philosophical tone1 & ! able analysis ( m5 & ev5ts w comm5d ,mr4 ,eggle/on's "w to e>ne/ /ud5ts4--,philadelphia ,public ,l$g]4 ,! "w is wor?y ( c>eful read+1 n only because ( ! au?or's ability z a lit]>y arti/1 b because ( 8 conspicu\s pr(ici5cy 9 int]pret+ ! causes ( & *anges 9 ,am]ican life & "*4--,bo/on ,j\rnal4 ,x is noticeable t ,mr4 ,eggle/on has foll[$ no beat5 track1 b has drawn 8 own conclusions z to ! e>ly p]iod1 & !y diff] f ! g5]ally receiv$ v]sion n a little4 ,! book is /imulat+ & w prove ( great value to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory4--,m9neapolis ,j\rnal4 ,a v int]e/+ z well z a valuable book4444 ,a di/9ct advance ^u mo/ t has be5 writt51 p>ticul>ly ( ! settlem5t ( ,new ,engl&4--,new>k ,adv]tis]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important books ( ! ye>4 ,x is a "w ( art z well z ( hi/orical sci5ce1 & its di/9ctive purpose is to give an insight into ! real life & "* ( p4444 ,! au?or's /yle is *>m+1 & ! hi/ory is fully z int]e/+ z a novel4--,brooklyn ,/&>d-,union4 ,! value ( ,mr4 ,eggle/on's "w is 9 t x is really a hi/ory ( 'life1' n m]ely a record ( ev5ts4444 ,! compreh5sive purpose ( 8 volume has be5 excell5tly p]=m$4 ,! book is em95tly readable4--,philadelphia ,times4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 ,,rec5t ,,books ,,by ,,di/+ui%$ ,,speciali/s4 ,! ,comp>ative ,physiology & ,morphology ( ,animals4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,joseph ,,le ,,conte4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,evolution by ,atrophy4 ,by ,,jean ,,demoor1 ,,jean ,,mass>t1 & ,,mile ,,v&]velde4 ,a new volume 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,foot-,notes to ,evolution4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,popul> ,addresses on ! ,evolution ( ,life4 ,by ,,david ,,/>r ,,jordan1 ,ph4,d41 ,presid5t ( ,lel& ,/an=d ,junior ,univ]sity4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,outl9es ( ! ,e>?'s ,hi/ory4 ,a ,popul> ,/udy 9 ,physiography4 ,by ,pr(4 ,n4,s4 ,,%al]1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,/udies ( ,good & ,evil4 ,by ,,josiah ,,royce1 ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,evolutional ,e?ics & ,animal ,psy*ology4 ,by ,e4,p4 ,,evans1 au?or ( ,animal ,symbolism 9 ,ecclesia/ical ,ar*itecture1 etc4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,wages & ,capital4 ,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,wages ,fund ,doctr9e4 ,by ,f4,w4 ,,taussig1 ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 au?or ( ,t>iff ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,! ,silv] ,situation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,:at is ,electricity8 ,by ,pr(4 ,,john ,,tr[bridge1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,sugge/ion4 ,a ,rese>* into ! ,subconsci\s ,nature ( ,man & ,society4 ,by ,,boris ,,sidis1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,associate 9 ,psy*ology at ! ,pa?ological ,in/itute ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,hospitals4 ,) an ,introduction by ,pr(4 ,william ,james1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 ,a ,,timely ,,book4 ,*9a4 ,travels & ,inve/igations 9 ! ,middle ,k+dom--,a ,/udy ( its ,civilization & ,possibilities4 ,toge!r ) an ,acc\nt ( ! ,box] ,w>1 ! ,relief ( ! ,legations1 & ! ,re-e/abli%m5t ( ,peace4 ,by ,,james ,,h>rison ,,wilson1 ,a4,m41 ,,ll4,d41 late ,major-,g5]al ,unit$ ,/ates ,volunte]s1 & ,brevet ,major-,g5]al ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,?ird edition1 revis$ ?r\gh\t1 enl>g$1 & reset4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,g5]al ,wilson's second visit to ,*9a & 8 rec5t active s]vice 9 t c\ntry h af=d$ exceptional *ances = a k ( pres5t conditions & ! possibilities ( ! future4 ,9 ! light ( ! in=mation ?us obta9$ at fir/ h& 9 ! c\ntry itself1 ,g5]al ,wilson is enabl$ to write ) a peculi> au?oritativ5ess 9 ?is edition1 :i* br+s 8 /udy ( ,*9a d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,9 addition to ! new *apt]s :i* h be5 add$ expla9+ ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! ,box] insurrection1 ! relief ( ! legations1 & ! outlook = ! future1 ! au?or has revis$ 8 book ?r\gh\t1 & has add$ mu* valuable matt] 9 ! c\rse ( 8 n>rative4 ,?is book1 :i* is !re=e 9 _m respects new1 puts ! read] 9 possession ( a broad & compreh5sive k ( ,*9ese affairs1 & ?is includes ! late/ phases ( ! subject4 ,! practical & discrim9at+ "* ( ! au?or's /udy ( ,*9a w be appreciat$ m ?an ev] at ?is "t :5 practical que/ions relat+ to ,*9ese adm9i/ration1 comm]ce1 & o!r matt]s ( ! fir/ importance1 are engag+ s mu* att5tion4 ,?is new edition is indisp5sable = any "o :o wi%es a compact1 au?oritative pres5tation ( ! ,*9a ( to-day4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,! ,sun4 ,by ,c4,a4 ,,"y1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,new & revis$ edition1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ',! ,sun' is a book ( facts & a*ievem5ts1 & n a discussion ( !ories1 & x w be read & appreciat$ by all sci5tific /ud5ts1 & n by !m alone4 ,be+ writt5 9 unte*nical language1 x is equally adapt$ to a l>ge class ( educat$ read]s n engag$ 9 sci5tific pursuits4--,j\rnal ( ,education1 ,bo/on4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,sun4 ,by ,sir ,,rob]t ,s4 ,,ball1 ,f4,r4,s41 au?or ( ,an ,atlas ( ,a/ronomy1 ,! ,cause ( an ,ice ,age1 etc4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4 ,sir ,rob]t ,ball has ! happy gift ( mak+ ab/ruse problems intelligible to ! 'wayf>+ man' by ! aid ( simple language & a few diagrams4 ,sci5ce moves s fa/ t !re 0 room = a volume :i* %\ld enlight5 ! g5]al lead] on ! pres5t /ate ( k ab\t sol> ph5om5a1 & t place ! pres5t treatise admirably fills4--,london ,*ronicle4 ,an ,atlas ( ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,sir ,,rob]t ,s4 ,,ball1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy & ,geometry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge2 au?or ( ,/>l&1 ,! ,cause ( an ,ice ,age1 etc4 ,) #gb ,plates1 ,explanatory ,text1 & ,complete ,index4 ,small #dto4 ,clo?1 #d4jj4 ,! high reputation ( ,sir ,rob]t ,ball z a writ] on a/ronomy at once popul> & sci5tific is 9 itself m ?an suffici5t recomm5dation ( 8 newly publi%$ ',atlas ( ,a/ronomy4' 444 ,! introduction is writt5 ) ,sir ,rob]t ,ball's well-kn[n lucidity & simplicity ( exposition1 & altoge!r ! ,atlas is admirably adapt$ to meet ! ne$s & smoo? ! difficulties ( "y & inexp]i5c$ /ud5ts ( a/ronomy1 z well z mat]ially to assi/ ! rese>*es ( ^? t are m advanc$4--,london ,times4 ,/udies 9 ,spectrum ,analysis4 ,by ,j4 ,,norman ,,locky]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,correspond5t ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 etc4 ,) #fj ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,! /udy ( spectrum analysis is "o fraught ) a peculi> fasc9ation1 & "s ( ! au?or's exp]im5ts are exce$+ly picturesque 9 _! results4 ,!y are s lucidly describ$1 too1 t ! read] keeps on f page to page1 nev] flagg+ 9 int]e/ 9 ! matt] be=e him1 nor putt+ d[n ! book until ! la/ page is rea*$4--,new ,york ,ev5+ ,express4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,/>s4 ,by ,g4,f4 ,,*amb]s1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 au?or ( ,h&book ( ,descriptive & ,practical ,a/ronomy1 etc4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 7,libr>y ( ,useful ,/ories47 #afmo4 ,clo?1 #dj c5ts4 ,"o c "h get a cle> conception ( ! relative condition ( ! />s & con/ellations1 & ( ! exi/5t univ]se s f> z x is disclos$ to view4 ,! au?or pres5ts 8 wond]ful & at times bewild]+ facts 9 a bright & *e]y _s t makes ! book d\bly attractive4--,bo/on ,home ,j\rnal4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york4