,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s ,in/itut$ #aheb ,,transactions ,pap] ,no4 #aaeg ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,tunnel ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad4 ,,! ,,site ,,( ,,! ,,t]m9al ,,/ation4#a ,by ,,george ,c4 ,,cl>ke1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4 ,! purpose ( ?is pap] is to describe ! prelim9>y "w = & ! prep>ation ( t portion ( ! site = ! ,t]m9al ,/ation 9 ,manhattan1 ( ! ,new ,york ,tunnel ,ext5sion ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ "u ! direction ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] ,division1 includ+ ! disposal ( mat]ial excavat$ f all p>ts ( ! ,t]m9al con/ruction & ! tunnels on ! ,ea/ ,riv] ,division4 ,z outl9$ 9 ! pap] by ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,*>les ,w4 ,raymond1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ,*airman ( ! ,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s1 ! track y>d ( ! /ation1 ,plate ,,liii1 ext5ds f ! ea/ l9e ( ,t5? ,av5ue ea/w>d to po9ts 9 #cb;d & #cc;d ,/reets1 respectively1 #bib & #ejb ft4 ea/ ( ! we/ l9e ( ,sev5? ,av5ue4 ,! wid? ( ! available area at track level at ,t5? ,av5ue is #bac ft41 cont9u+ at ?is wid? to )9 #ahb ft4 ( ! we/ l9e ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 :]e1 by an (fset t[>d ! s\?1 x is increas$ to #cee ft4 ,?is wid? is held to a po9t #e ft4 ea/ ( ! ea/ l9e ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 :]e1 by an (fset t[>d ! nor?1 x is increas$ to #eji ft41 :i* wid? cont9ues to ! we/ l9e ( ,sev5? ,av5ue1 :]e x divides into two fan-%ap$ areas4 ,! nor? area has a wid? ( ab\t #agj ft4 & ! s\? "o1 #afj ft41 at ! h\se l9e1 ea* area tap]+ gradually to ! wid? ( ! /&>d ?ree-track tunnel at ! ea/ ends1 not$ above 9 #cc;d & #cb;d ,/reets4 ,additional track room = f\r tail-tracks is ga9$ by ! con/ruction ( two d\ble-track tunnels "u ,n9? ,av5ue at #cc;d ,/reet1 _! c5t] l9es be+ p>allel to ! /reet & #de4e & #hd4e ft4 di/ant1 respectively1 f ! nor? h\se l9e4 ,an additional wid? ( #bd4e ft4 is occupi$ on ! nor? f #bgg4e ft4 to #edc4e ft4 we/ ( ! we/ l9e ( ,sev5? ,av5ue1 :]e ! build+s on ! nor? side ( #cc;d ,/reet h be5 torn d[n & ! enclos+ wall set back 9 anticipation ( a future outlet to #cd? ,/reet2 & on ! s\?1 f #dei ft4 to #eig ft4 we/ ( ! we/ l9e ( ,sev5? ,av5ue a rectangul> (fset ( #abd ft4 encloses ! area occupi$ by ! ,s]vice ,build+4 ,! total area above outl9$ is ! space occupi$ at track level1 & am\nts to #bh acres1 ( :i* ! portion we/ ( ! ea/ h\se l9e ( ,n9? ,av5ue & s\? ( a l9e #ajg4c ft4 s\? ( ! s\? l9e ( #cc;d ,/reet is a "p ( ! ,nor? ,riv] ,division1 & 0 con/ruct$ "u ! direction ( ! eng9e]s ( t ,division2 ! fan-%ap$ areas ea/ ( ! we/ h\se l9e ( ,sev5? ,av5ue 7 con/ruct$ "u ! direction ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ,electric ,traction & ,t]m9al ,/ation ,con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,liii4 ,p5nsylvania ,/ation1 ,new ,york ,city3 ,plan ,%[+ ,area at ,track ,level ,9 ,june1 #aijc1 :5 ! writ]'s connection ) ! "w began1 ! prelim9>y surveys _h be5 complet$ & ! location & ext5t ( ! ,t]m9al track area _h be5 fix$1 9 s f> z ! city blocks to be occupi$ 7 conc]n$4 ,?is contemplat$ area1 h[ev]1 did n include ! portion betwe5 ,n9? & ,t5? ,av5ues1 t be+ add$ subsequ5tly4 ,! elevation ( ! track level _h also be5 fix$ by ! requirem5t 9 ! agreem5t ) ! ,city t no "p ( ! p]man5t /ructure %\ld approa* )9 #ai ft4 ( ! surface "u any av5ue or "u any /reet except )9 ! ,t]m9al area4 ,! ne>e/ approa* ( ! tracks to ! surface is at a po9t #cbj ft4 ea/ ( ,eigh? ,av5ue1 :]e ! top ( ! rail is #dj ft4 bel[ ! #ca/ ,/reet curb l9e4 ,,wa%-,,bor+s4 ,! g5]al plan ( enclos+ ! area 9 reta9+ walls hav+ be5 adopt$1 wa%-bor+s 7 tak51 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! be/ location = ! walls1 ! dep? ( rock1 & ! nature ( ! mat]ial ov]ly+ x4 ,^! bor+s 7 made along bo? curb l9es ( ,sev5? ,av5ue1 ! ea/ curb l9e ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 ! nor? curb l9e ( #cc;d ,/reet1 & ! s\? curb l9e ( #ca/ ,/reet4 ,! bor+s1 z a rule1 7 tak5 at int]vals ( approximately #ajj ft41 "s deviation 9 ^! int]vals be+ made 9 ord] to prev5t injury to wat]1 gas1 & sew] connections1 &1 if ! elevation ( ! surface ( ! rock1 z det]m9$ by "o ( ^! bor+s1 correspond$ fairly well ) ! bor+s on ei!r side ( x1 no int]m$iate bor+s 7 tak54 ,:5 a discrepancy appe>$1 a bor+ 0 tak5 midway betwe5 ! two non-correspond+ ones1 & if ! in=mation obta9$ f ! int]m$iate bor+ fail$ to acc\nt = ! discrepancy1 o!rs 7 tak5 at ! qu>t] po9ts ( ! orig9al #ajj-;ft4 int]val4 ,! dott$ l9es on ,fig4 #a %[ ! pr(iles ( ! surface ( ! rock und]ly+ #ca/ & #cc;d ,/reets1 on ! l9e ( ! bor+s1 con/ruct$ f ! elevations obta9$ by !m2 ! solid l9es %[ ! pr(iles ( ! actual surface ( ! rock z f\nd :5 uncov]$4 ,x w be not$ t1 except 9 ?ree cases1 ,bor+s #cac1 #cbh1 & #ccc1 ! two pr(iles correspond v closely at ! po9ts :]e ! bor+s 7 made1 b !y diff] widely betwe5 ^? po9ts1 a v>iation ( #e ft4 be+ common2 !re is a v>iation ( #ad ft4 betwe5 ,bor+s #cbd & #cbg1 & betwe5 ,nos4 #ccg & #cdj2 & ( #ab ft4 betwe5 ,nos4 #ccc & #cce1 & betwe5 ,nos4 #cab & #cac1 :ile an extreme v>iation ( #ag ft4 is %[n betwe5 ,nos4 #cjc & #cje4 ,at ea* ( ! po9ts :]e ! v>iation is great ! int]val betwe5 bor+s is ! full #ajj ft41 & x is q app>5t t1 if a def9ite idea is to be obta9$ ( ! elevation ( ! surface ( ! rock 9 ,manhattan1 bor+s mu/ be tak5 at %ort] int]vals4 ,! necess>y wid? ( tr5* = ! con/ruction ( ! reta9+ walls 0 det]m9$ by ! elevation ( ! rock1 z %[n by ! bor+s1 & only 9 ! case ( ! dip betwe5 ,bor+s #cjc & #cje did ! v>iation lead to any difficulty4 ,! tr5* at t po9t _h to be wid5$ aft] rock 0 rea*$4 ,?is depression correspond$ v closely 9 location to t ( "o arm ( ! creek %[n on ,g5]al ,viele's map ( #ahfe1b ! b$ ( t /ream1 or "o 9 approximately ! same location1 be+ cle>ly m>k$ across ! excavation by smoo?ly-worn rock & well-r\nd$ b\ld]s4 ,! orig9al /ream1 h[ev]1 seem$ to h turn$ 9 a we/]ly direction "u #ca/ ,/reet to ,eigh? ,av5ue in/ead ( cross+1 z %[n on ,g5]al ,viele's map4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,pr(ile ,,( ,,rock ,,surfaces ,,9 ,,?irty-,,fir/ ,,& ,,?irty-,,?ird ,,/reets1 ,,betwe5 ,,sev5? ,,& ,,n9? ,,av5ues ,,sew]s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! sew]s 9 ! /reets 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,t]m9al ,site1 previ\s to ! beg9n+ ( ! con/ruction1 & ! dra9age area tribut>y to ^? sew]s1 is %[n by ,fig4 #b4 ,! ma9 sew] = ?is di/rict 0 9 ,eigh? ,av5ue1 & 0 a #f-;ft4 circul> brick conduit )9 ! ,t]m9al area4 ,! sew]s lead+ to x f ! we/1 9 #ca/1 #cb;d1 & #cc;d ,/reets1 7 elliptical1 #c by #b ft41 & egg-%ap$1 #d ft4 by #b ft4 #h 941 al?\gh 9 no case did !y dra9 m ?an "o block1 & !y 7 on a heavy grade4 ,dra9+ into ,eigh? ,av5ue f ! ea/1 ! "o on #ca/ ,/reet 0 #d ft4 by #b ft4 #h 941 egg-%ap$1 & dra9$ a l5g? ( two blocks1 & ^? on #cb;d & #cc;d ,/reets 7 circul>1 #d ft4 9 diamet]1 & dra9$ ! t]ritory = ?ree blocks1 or z f> ea/ z ,fif? ,av5ue4 ,!re 7 no sew]s 9 ,sev5? ,av5ue )9 ! ,t]m9al area1 except small vitrifi$ pipes1 ea* less ?an #bjj ft4 9 l5g?4 ,x 0 desirable t ! size & numb] ( ! sew]s 9 ! /reets & av5ues surr\nd+ ! ,t]m9al %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( c>+ = !m dur+ con/ruction & also to r$uce ! probability ( sewage leak+ into ! und]gr\nd portion ( ! "w aft] its completion4 ,) ?is 9 view1 ! plan 0 adopt$ ( build+ an int]cept+ sew] d[n ,sev5? ,av5ue f nor? ( #cc;d ,/reet to ! #cj? ,/reet sew]1 :i*1 be+ a #d-;ft4 circul> conduit1 0 suffici5tly l>ge to c>ry all ! sewage com+ f ea/ ( ,sev5? ,av5ue & s\? ( #cd? ,/reet4 ,x 0 decid$ to build ?is sew] ( ca/ iron :]e x cross$ ! propos$ con/ruction "w1 & also to replace ) ca/ iron ! brick sew]s on #ca/1 #cb;d1 & #cc;d ,/reets f ,sev5? ,av5ue to a po9t ea/ ( ! we/ end ( ! /&>d tunnel section1 & also ! sew] on ,eigh? ,av5ue f ! nor? side ( #cc;d ,/reet to ! s\? side ( #ca/ ,/reet4 ,?is arrangem5t p]mitt$3 fir/1 ! removal ( ! sew] 9 #cb;d ,/reet betwe5 ,sev5? & ,eigh? ,av5ues1 :i* 0 necess>y1 z t /reet 0 to be excavat$2 second1 ! r$uction ( ! sew] 9 ,eigh? ,av5ue f a #f-;ft4 to a #e-;ft4 circul> conduit2 &1 ?ird1 assum+ t ! sewage & dra9age f ! ,t]m9al w\ld be pump$ directly to ! sew]s 9 ! av5ues1 ! r$uction ( ! sew]s 9 #ca/ & #cc;d ,/reets1 f ,sev5? to ,n9? ,av5ue1 to #ae-;94 vitrifi$ pipes1 except we/ ( ! ,s]vice ,build+ 9 #ca/ ,/reet1 to accommodate :i* section1 a l>g] sew] 0 requir$4 ,! sew] 9 #cb;d ,/reet1 f ,n9? to ,eigh? ,av5ue1 ( c\rse1 c\ld be disp5s$ ) 9 any arrangem5t1 z all ! area tribut>y to x 0 to be excavat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,plan ,,%[+ ,,lay\t ,,( ,,sew] ,,9 ,,cat*m5t ,,area ,,ab\t ,,t]m9al ,,/ation ,,gas ,,& ,,wat] ,,ma9s4 ,a re>rangem5t ( ! gas pipes 9 ! ?ree /reets cross+ ! ,t]m9al site 0 necess>y4 ,^! pipes 7 ( two classes3 trunk ma9s & s]vice ma9s4 ,=tunately1 !re 7 b two trunk ma9s 9 ! ?ree /reets1 "o a #bj-;94 9 #ca/ ,/reet f ea/ ( ,sev5? ,av5ue to ,n9? ,av5ue1 ! o!r a #af-;94 9 #cb;d ,/reet f ea/ ( ,sev5? ,av5ue to ,eigh? ,av5ue4 ,! #bj-;94 ma9 0 relaid f ,sev5? ,av5ue & #ca/ ,/reet d[n ,sev5? ,av5ue to #cj? ,/reet & ?r\gh t /reet to ,n9? ,av5ue4 ,! #af-;94 ma9 0 relaid f ,sev5? ,av5ue & #cb;d ,/reet nor? to #cd? ,/reet & ?r\gh t /reet to ,eigh? ,av5ue4 ,! s]vice ma9s 9 #cb;d ,/reet 7 no long] requir$1 & 7 tak5 up & n replac$4 ,! h\ses on #ca/ & #cc;d ,/reets 7 provid$ ) s]vice by two #f-;94 wr\ght-iron ma9s back ( ! reta9+ walls 9 ea* /reet1 t location be+ *os5 to avoid damage by gas drip to ! wat]-pro(+ ( ! /reet bridges4 ,z ! p]man5t /ructures "u ! av5ues 7 n to approa* ! surface ne>] ?an #ai ft41 only slight re>rangem5ts1 suffici5t to p]mit ! new sew]s & wat] l9es to be laid1 7 necess>y4 ,!re 7 no l>ge wat] ma9s to be c>$ =1 9 fact1 ^? 9 ! /reets 7 too small = ample fire protection1 be+ only #f 94 9 diamet]4 ,! ma9 9 #cb;d ,/reet 0 tak5 up & n replac$1 & ^? on #ca/ & #cc;d ,/reets 7 replac$ by #ab-;94 pipes laid back ( ! reta9+ walls4 ,no *anges 7 necess>y 9 ! ma9s 9 ! av5ues1 b1 be=e approv+ ! re>rangem5t = ! /reets1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,wat] ,supply1 ,gas & ,electricity add$ a #dh-;94 ma9 9 ,eigh? ,av5ue to be laid z a "p ( ?is con/ruction1 ! pipe be+ suppli$ by ! ,city4 ,,location ,,& ,,design ,,( ,,reta9+ ,,walls4 ,! plans1 f ! e>lie/ /ages1 contemplat$ f\nd+ ! reta9+ wall on ! surface ( ! rock1 :]e ( suitable quality1 & aft]w>d excavat+ ! rock 9 front ( ! toe ( ! wall to sub-grade4 ,?is plan 0 def9itely adopt$ soon aft] ! bor+s 7 complet$1 on acc\nt ( ! great dang] ( bla/+ out l>ge quantities ( rock 9 timb]$ tr5*es close to build+s f\nd$ on s(t mat]ial1 & also to avoid ! additional co/ & delay t w\ld h be5 caus$ by c>ry+ ! walls to sub-grade4 ,! reta9+ walls 9 ,sev5? ,av5ue1 s\? ( ! viaduct1 & 9 ,n9? ,av5ue1 nor? ( ! viaduct1 7 n gov]n$ by ! same conditions z 9 ! /reets4 ,! dip & quality ( ! rock at bo? po9ts requir$ t ! walls be c>ri$ to sub-grade1 & !y are1 9 fact1 face walls2 ! ,n9? ,av5ue wall1 9 p>ticul>1 hav+ little ?ru/ to su/a91 is v light4 ,! results aim$ at 9 ! design & location ( ! reta9+ walls 9 #ca/ & #cc;d ,/reets 73 ,fir/4--,a p]fectly /able wall "u all conditions t might reasonably be expect$2 ,second4--,z mu* room z possible at ! elevation ( ! top ( rail2 ,?ird4--,! lea/ necess>y int]f]5ce ) adjo9+ prop]ty dur+ con/ruction2 &1 ,f\r?4--,! mo/ economical wall t w\ld fulfill ! o!r conditions4 ,z /at$ 9 ! pap] by ,alfr$ ,noble1 ,pa/-,presid5t1 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 ! ?ird /ipulation requir$ ! rel9qui%+ ( a portion ( ! space "u ^! /reets grant$ by ! ,city1 b x 0 f9ally decid$ n to approa* ! s\? h\se l9e ( #ca/ ,/reet ) ! back ( ! walls ne>] ?an #i ft41 :ile on #cc;d ,/reet ! extreme position ( ! back 0 fix$ at ! nor? l9e1 z !re 7 no build+s1 except ^? belong+ to ! ,railroad ,company1 on ! h\se l9e at ! l[ po9ts 9 ! rock4 ,! assumptions made 9 design+ ! wall 7 z foll[s3 ,fir/4--,weight ( concrete1 #adj lb4 p] cu4 ft4 ,second4--,weight ( mat]ial f ! surface ( ! gr\nd to a dep? ( #ab ft4 7:i* 0 %[n by te/s made 9 bore-holes to be ! elevation ( ! gr\nd-wat] surface71 #ajj lb4 p] cu4 ft42 & angle ( repose1 #cj degrees4 ,! di/ance ( #ab ft4 bel[ ! surface 0 ! dep? ( ! inv]ts ( ! sew]s1 :i* und\bt$ly dra9$ ! gr\nd above !m1 ?us acc\nt+ = ! /&+ ( ! gr\nd-wat] 9 planes practically p>allel ) ! surface4 ,?ird4--,weight ( build+s back ( wall neglect$1 z t ( ! pres5t type w ab\t equal ! cell>s fill$ ) mat]ial at #ajj lb4 p] cu4 ft41 & if l>ge build+s are erect$ 9 ! future !y w und\bt$ly be c>ri$ to rock4 ,f\r?4--,reaction f sup]/ructure1 live & dead load1 #bj1jjj lb4 p] l94 ft4 ( wall4 ,fif?4--,weight ( mat]ials bel[ ! #ab-;ft4 l9e1 #abd lb4 p] cu4 ft41 asc]ta9$ z foll[s3 ,! mat]ial 0 consid]$ z weigh+ #afe lb4 p] cu4 ft4 9 ! solid1 & hav+ #dj ( voids fill$ ) wat] at #fb4e lb4 p] cu4 ft41 ! result+ weight be+ 7#afe #fj_/ajj7 7#fb4e #dj_/ajj7 #abd lb4 p] cu4 ft4 ,v>i\s angles ( repose 7 us$ = ?is mat]ial 9 ! inve/igation1 & x 0 f9ally decid$ t #cj 0 ! greate/ angle t c\ld be expect$1 :]eas ! wor/ condition t c\ld be anticipat$ 0 t ! s& & wat] w\ld act sep>ately & give a pressure z foll[s3 ,hydraulic pressure f liquid weigh+ #fb4e lb4 p] cu4 ft4 plus pressure f s& ) angle ( repose at #cj & weight z foll[s3 ,weight ( #a cu4 ft4 9 air #afe #fj_/ajj #ii lb4 ,weight ( wat] displac$ by #a cu4 ft4 #fj_/ajj #fb4e lb4 #cg4e lb4 ,weight 9 wat]1 !re=e #fa4e lb4 p] cu4 ft4 ,^! comb9$ weights1 ( c\rse1 are equal to ! weight ( ! comb9$ mat]ial 9 ! previ\s assumption4 ,six?4--,! usual requirem5t t ! resultant ( bo? horizontal & v]tical =ces %\ld1 at all po9ts1 fall )9 ! middle ?ird ( ! wall1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re %\ld be no t5sion 9 ! concrete4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,liv4 ,diagram ,%[+ ,wid?s ( ,base ( ,reta9+ ,wall ,requir$ = ,diff]5t ,batt]s & ,pressures1 ,p5nsylvania ,/ation ,) ^! assumptions1 inve/igation 0 made ( walls ) v>i\s batt]s & diff]5tly design$ backs4 ,?is inve/igation develop$ ! fact t ! reaction f ! sup]/ructure 0 s great t1 = economy1 bo? 9 fir/ co/ & space occupi$1 ! batt] mu/ be suffici5t to cause t reaction to fall )9 or v close to ! middle ?ird4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 ga9$ by hav+ t reaction fall back ( ! front ( ! middle ?ird1 z ! wall 0 requir$ to be /able aga9/ ! full pressure be=e ! sup]/ructure 0 erect$1 & 9 case x %\ld ev] be remov$2 or1 to /ate ! matt] m cle>ly1 ! reaction f ! sup]/ructure 0 s great 9 comp>ison to ! weight ( ! wall1 t1 if x fell 9 front ( ! resultant ( all ! o!r =ces1 ! wid? ( base requir$ w\ld be greatly increas$ to make ! wall /able aft] ! sup]/ructure 0 erect$2 :]eas1 if ! reaction f ! sup]/ructure fell back ( ! resultant ( all ! o!r =ces1 ! wid? ( base c\ld n be correspond+ly decreas$ )\t dang] ( ! wall be+ ov]turn$ be=e ! sup]/ructure 0 erect$4 ,! lea/ batt] t w\ld answ] ^? conditions 0 f\nd to be #b 94 p] ft4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 design+1 & economy 9 con/ruct+1 ! /eelwork1 ! faces ( ! bridge seat & ( ! backwall 7 laid p>allel to ! c5t] l9e ( ! ,t]m9al1 & 9 elevation on l9e p>allel to ! top ( ! curb & z ne> to x z ! economical dep? ( /eel w\ld p]mit1 )\t br++ ! f9i%$ con/ruction above ! plane fix$ 9 ! ord9ance4 ,z !re is a v>iation ( #ac ft4 9 ! elevation ( ! top ( ! curb ( #ca/ ,/reet above ! top ( rail & a v>iation ( #ah ft4 9 #cc;d ,/reet1 a uni=m batt]1 ) ! top p>allel to ! c5t] l9e1 w\ld produce a toe v>y+ 9 di/ance f x & f ! o!r con/ructions4 ,x 0 decid$1 !re=e1 = ! sake ( appe>ance1 to make ! face ( ! wall 7or wall produc$7 at ! top ( rail p>allel to ! c5t] l9e1 & to v>y ! batt] accord+ly1 us+ ! #b-;94 batt] previ\sly m5tion$ z ! m9imum4 ,?is gave a maximum batt] ( #c 94 p] ft4 ,! v>iation is s gradual t x is unnoticeable1 & is n suffici5t to introduce any complications 9 con/ruction4 ,! wall 0 design$ ) a /epp$ back1 prim>ily to all[ ! wat]-pro(+ & brick protection to be held 9 position m readily4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 put at #ac ft4 bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is gave a v]tical back above t po9t = a #c-;94 batt]$ face1 & a slightly batt]$ back = sections hav+ a less batt] 9 front4 ,bel[ t po9t a /ep 0 add$ = ea* #e ft4 ( dep? to ! elevation ( ! top ( rail1 or to ! f\ndation ( ! wall if above t elevation4 ,z ! horizontal di/ance ( ! heel ( ! wall1 at its greate/ wid?1 f its face at ! top ( rail w\ld det]m9e ! effective room to be occupi$ by ! wall1 x 0 det]m9$ to make ! back v]tical bel[ ! top ( rail & ga9 ! necess>y increase 9 wid? bel[ t po9t by mak+ a heavy batt] on ! face4 ,! type ( wall hav+ be5 ?us det]m9$1 calculations 7 made ( ! wid? ( base requir$ = ea* -94 batt] f #b to #c 941 inclusive1 fir/ = a dep? ( #ac ft4 bel[ ! top ( ! curb & !n = ea* #e ft4 bel[ t elevation1 to a dep? correspond+ to ! di/ance betwe5 ! top ( ! curb & ! top ( ! rail at ! po9t ( greate/ v>iation4 ,^! wid?s ( wall 7 det]m9$ = ! two pressures previ\sly decid$ on1 & curves 7 !n plott$ %[+ ! ?ickness ( wall requir$ = ea* batt] calculat$ & = ea* pressure4 ,!y are %[n on ,plate ,,liv4 ,! curves 9 brok5 l9es repres5t ! wid?s requir$ = saturat$ mat]ial1 & ! curves 9 dott$ l9es = hydraulic pressure4 ,mean curves 7 !n drawn betwe5 ea* brok5 & its correspond+ dott$ curve4 ,^! are %[n 9 solid l9es1 & repres5t ! wid?s ( wall :i* 7 us$ 9 ! con/ruction4 ,typical sections ( ! wall & pipes back ( x are %[n on ,fig4 #c4 ,! extreme positions ( ! back ( ! wall on ! two /reets hav+ be5 det]m9$1 z previ\sly /at$1 ! wid? ( base requir$ at ^? po9ts fix$ ! toe ( ! wall at ! top ( rail z #bed4e ft4 s\? ( ! c5t] l9e ( ! ,t]m9al 9 #ca/ ,/reet1 & #beh4e ft4 nor? ( ! c5t] l9e 9 #cc;d ,/reet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,,typical ,,sections ,,( ,,reta9+ ,,wall ,,9 ,,?irty-,,fir/ ,,/reet ,,contracts4 ,! con/ruction 0 done "u ! foll[+ contracts3 #a4--,! pr9cipal contract1 dat$ ,june #ba/1 #aijd1 0 ) ! ,new ,york ,contract+ & ,truck+ ,company1 lat] assign$ by t company to ! ,new ,york ,contract+ ,company-,p5nsylvania ,t]m9al1 = ! p]=mance ( ! foll[+ works3 7a74--,! excavation = & con/ruction ( a reta9+ wall 9 ,sev5? ,av5ue1 #ca/ ,/reet1 ,n9? ,av5ue1 & #cc;d ,/reet4 7b74--,excavation ov] ! area enclos$ by ! reta9+ wall4 7c74--,! build+ ( sew]s & ! lay+ ( wat] & gas pipes4 7d74--,! build+ ( a timb] tre/le to support ! surface ( ,eigh? ,av5ue betwe5 ! s\? side ( #ca/ ,/reet & ! nor? side ( #cc;d ,/reet1 & also ! surface ( #ca/ & #cc;d ,/reets betwe5 ,sev5? & ,n9? ,av5ues4 ,?is ref]s to ! tre/les left 9 place on ! completion ( ! "w4 7e74--,! build+ ( a tre/le & bridg+ f a po9t ne> ! we/ side ( ,t5? ,av5ue on ! s\? side ( #cb;d ,/reet1 we/w>d to ! out] end ( ,pi] ,no4 #fb1 at ! foot ( #cb;d ,/reet4 #b4--,! second contract1 dat$ ,febru>y #aj?1 #aije1 0 ) ! ,new ,york ,contract+ ,company-,p5nsylvania ,t]m9al1 = ! excavation = & con/ruction ( reta9+ walls = ! ,manhattan ,t]m9al ,p[] ,/ation1 & ! excavation ( ! area ?us enclos$4 #c4--,! ?ird contract1 dat$ ,octob] #b;d1 #aijg1 0 ) ! ,new ,york ,contract+ ,company-,p5nsylvania ,t]m9al1 = ! con/ruction ( two tw9 tunnels "u ,n9? ,av5ue1 & o!r "w incid5tal !reto4 ,sew]s & gas ma9s laid outside ! area cov]$ by ! =ego+ contracts 7 con/ruct$ "u ! foll[+ agreem5ts3 ,an agreem5t1 dat$ ,augu/ #i?1 #aijd1 betwe5 ! ,new ,york ,contract+ ,company-,p5nsylvania ,t]m9al1 & ! ,new ,am/]dam ,gas ,company1 = a #bj-;94 gas ma9 f ,sev5? ,av5ue & #ca/ ,/reet to #cj? ,/reet1 & !nce to ,n9? ,av5ue1 ! ,new ,am/]dam ,gas ,company be+ remun]at$ = ! co/ by ! ,tunnel ,company4 ,a contract1 dat$ ,augu/ #bd?1 #aijd1 ) ! ,new ,york ,contract+ ,company-,p5nsylvania ,t]m9al1 = ! con/ruction ( sew]s 9 ,sev5? ,av5ue & 9 #cb;d & #cc;d ,/reets ea/ ( ,sev5? ,av5ue4 ,a contract1 dat$ ,novemb] #bd?1 #aijh1 ) ! ,new ,york ,contract+ ,company-,p5nsylvania ,t]m9al1 = ! con/ruction ( a #af-;94 gas ma9 f ,sev5? ,av5ue & #cb;d ,/reet to #cd? ,/reet1 & !nce to ,eigh? ,av5ue4 ,all ^! contracts requir$ t ! excavat$ mat]ial be deliv]$ on bo>d sc[s to be furni%$ by ! company at ! pi] at ! foot ( #cb;d ,/reet1 ,nor? ,riv]4 ,^! sc[s 7 furni%$ & ! mat]ial 0 dispos$ ( f t po9t by ,h5ry ,/e]s1 ,incorporat$1 "u a contract1 dat$ ,augu/ #i?1 #aijd1 :i* call$ = ! transportation to & plac+ ( all mat]ial s deliv]$ 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company's freight t]m9al at ,gre5ville1 ,n4,y4 ,! disposal ( ! excavat$ mat]ial 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal features ( ! "w1 &1 "u ! above contract1 mat]ial f ^? portions ( ! ,t]m9al site ea/ ( ,sev5? ,av5ue & we/ ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 & f all sub/ructures "w1 0 dispos$ (1 z well z f ! con/ructions h]e9 describ$4 ,! problem diff]$ f t pres5t$ by ! usual f\ndation excavations 9 ,new ,york ,city 9 magnitude only1 & ! me?ods 7 n unusual1 b 7 adaptations ( ! usual ones to exceptionally l>ge "w4 ,,pi]s ,,& ,,tre/le ,,= ,,disposal4 ,! mo/ rapid & economical h&l+ ( all excavat$ mat]ial to sc[s 0 made possible by ! ,tunnel ,company procur+ f ! ,new ,york ,c5tral & ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad ,company ! pi] at ! foot ( #cb;d ,/reet1 ,nor? ,riv]1 kn[n 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! "w z ,pi] ,no4 #fb1 b subsequ5tly *ang$ to ,pi] ,no4 #gb1 & ?us ref]r$ to 9 ?is pap]4 ,?is pi] 0 occupi$ by a freight-%$ us$ by ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad ,company1 "u a long-t]m lease f ! ,city1 & t ,company _h to make num]\s *anges 9 _! tracks & adjo9+ pi]s be=e ,no4 #gb c\ld be turn$ ov]2 ! contract = ! excavation1 !re=e1 requir$ ! contractor to procure any pi]s ne$$ previ\s to & 9 addition to x4 ,"u ?is clause ( ! agreem5t1 ! contractor procur$ "o-half ( ! pi] at #ce? ,/reet1 ,nor? ,riv]1 :i* 0 us$ = ! disposal ( all mat]ial excavat$ previ\s to ,may #bb;d1 #aije1 on :i* date ,pi] ,no4 #gb 0 fir/ put 9 s]vice4 ,z ! type ( plant ! contractor w\ld elect to use c\ld n be det]m9$1 previ\s to ! lett+ ( ! contract1 a g5]al plan = ,pi] ,no4 #gb & ! tre/le approa*1 suitable = ei!r tra9s or wagons1 0 atta*$ to ! contract1 & ! details 7 work$ out aft]w>d4 ,! me?od adopt$ 0 by tra91 & a two-track approa* to ! pi] 0 provid$4 ,beg9n+ on ! ea/ side ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 at ! s\? l9e ( #cb;d ,/reet1 at an elevation ( #bj ft4 bel[ ! surface1 cross+ "u ,n9? ,av5ue & to ! c5t] l9e ( #cb;d ,/reet1 x rose on a #a4e grade 9 op5 cut to ! surface ( #cb;d ,/reet at a po9t #ejj ft4 we/ ( ,t5? ,av5ue1 f :i* po9t x rose above ! surface ( ! /reet on a timb] tre/le to ,t5? ,av5ue1 :i* 0 cross$ ov]head4 ,we/ ( ,t5? ,av5ue ! l9e *ang$ by a rev]se curve to ! s\? sidewalk ( #cb;d ,/reet1 & cont9u$ on a timb] tre/le1 practically level1 to ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,y>d tracks ne> ,elev5? ,av5ue4 ,^! tracks & ,elev5? ,av5ue 7 cross$ ov]head on a ?r\gh-truss1 /eel bridge1 & a column-&-gird] con/ruction on :i* ! two tracks sep>at$ to a di/ance ( #bi ft1 betwe5 c5t] l9es1 s z to br+ !m directly ov] ! po/s ( special timb] b5ts :i* spann$ ! two h\se tracks ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral s\?-b\nd freight %$1 :i* ! tre/le "h p>allel$4 ,?is position 0 held to a po9t #be ft4 we/ ( ! ea/ h\se l9e ( ,twelf? ,av5ue1 :]e1 by a sy/em ( cross-ov]s & turn-outs1 access 0 _h f ei!r track to six tracks on ! pi]4 ,f\r ( ^! 7 on upp] decks1 two on ! nor? & two on ! s\? edge ( ! pi]1 at an elevation ( #da ft4 above mean high tide1 to c>ry e>? & small rock to *utes f :i* x 0 dump$ into b>ges4 ,! o!r two tracks proce$$ by a #e4c grade d[n ! c5t] ( ! pi] to ! l[] deck :]e1 at a di/ance ( #edj ft4 f ! bulkhead1 & beyond ! upp] deck con/ruction1 !y div]g$ into six1 two on ! nor? & two on ! s\? edge ( ! pi] = /&+ tracks to s]ve d]ricks1 & two d[n ! c5t] = %ift+ purposes4 ,a sid+ to ! nor? ( ! two runn+ tracks j we/ ( ! bottom ( ! incl9e s]v$ a bank ( eight electric telph]s4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! pi] is %[n by ,fig4 #d4 ,! tre/le ea/ ( ! /eel /ructure at ,elev5? ,av5ue _h simple f\r-po/ b5ts1 z %[n by ,b5t ,a1 on ,fig4 #e1 all po/s be+ v]tical1 to save room at ! /reet level2 ! outside po/s & ! caps & sills 7 ( #ab by #ab-;94 timb]2 ! int]m$iate po/s 7 ( #h by #ab-;94 timb]2 & s+le or d\ble decks ( #c by #h-;94 brac+ 7 us$1 dep5d+ on ! height ( ! b5ts4 ,^! b5ts 7 fram$ on ! gr\nd 9 position & rais$ by h&4 ,we/ ( ,t5? ,av5ue1 ! sills ( ! b5ts re/$ on f\r #ab by #ab-;94 longitud9al timb]s1 ea* spann+ two bays & break+ jo9ts1 = conv5i5ce 9 support+ ! tre/le :ile ! tunnels 7 con/ruct$ 9 op5 cut b5ea?4 ,^! b5ts 7 plac$ #ab ft4 on c5t]s1 ) "o #h by #af-;94 /r+] "u ea* rail1 & "o #f by #af-;94 jack-/r+] support+ ! ov]hang ( ! floor on ei!r side4 ,! b5ts along ! ,new ,york ,c5tral freight %$ _h b two po/s ( #ab by #ad-;94 yell[ p9e v>y+ f #bf ft1 to #ca ft4 #i 94 f c5t] to c5t]2 !y _h d\ble caps ( #ab by #ad-;94 yell[ p9e on edge1 no bottom sills or brac+1 & ! vibration & w9d pressure 7 tak5 c>e ( by ! top brac+ & an*orage1 z %[n by ,b5t ,g1 on ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,,plant ,,= ,,disposal ,,( ,,excavat$ ,,mat]ials ,,pi] ,,no4 #gb ,n4,r4 ,! me?od ( erection 0 z foll[s3 ,an excavation 0 made on ! l9e ( ea* po/1 #d ft4 deep & f #d to #e ft4 squ>e1 dep5d+ on :e!r x 0 = a s+le or re9=c$ po/2 #f 94 ( concrete 0 plac$ 9 ! bottom1 & on ?is 7 laid1 at "r angles to ! c5t] ( ! tr5*1 ?ree #h by #ab-;94 timb]s v>y+ 9 l5g? ) ! excavation f #c to #d ft4 ,to ^! timb]s 0 drift$ "o #ab by #ab-;94 timb] ( ! same l5g? z ^? 9 ! bottom r[1 b at "r angles to !m4 ,elevations 7 !n tak5 on top ( ! #ab by #ab-;94 timb]1 & ! b5t 0 fram$ complete & ( correct height4 ,! fram+ 0 done s\? ( ! l9e ( ! tre/le & we/ ( ! freight-h\se4 ,! fram$ b5ts 7 pick$ up by a small two-boom travel] c>ry+ two d\ble-drum1 electric1 hoi/+ eng9es1 & run =w>d into position4 ,a hole _h previ\sly be5 made 9 ! metal gutt] & canopy ( ! freight-h\se1 by an exp]i5c$ ro(]1 & 9 ! freight plat=m und]nea?1 &1 z soon z ! b5t _h be5 dropp$ into position1 x 0 firmly drift$ to ! foot-blocks1 previ\sly describ$1 & ! excavation made = !m 0 fill$ ) concrete well ramm$ ab\t ! blocks & r\nd$ (f #f 94 above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,secure fla%+s1 9 two sections1 7 !n made ab\t ! po/s to cov] ! holes made 9 ! gutt] & ro(1 ! bottom sections be+ firmly sold]$ to ! ro( or gutt]1 & ! top sections1 :i* lapp$ ov] ! bottom & cle>$ !m #b 94 9 all directions1 7 firmly nail$ to ! po/s & ! jo9ts lead$4 ,?is arrangem5t all[$ ! b5ts to move slightly1 & at ! same "t made ! ro( & gutt] wat]-tight4 ,^! b5ts 7 plac$ #af ft4 on c5t]s to correspond ) ! spac+ ( ! doors ( ! freight %$4 ,"u ! cross-ov]s ne> ,elev5? ,av5ue1 :]e ! tracks _h to be support$ 9 diff]5t positions on ! caps1 & c\ld no long] be kept ov] ! po/s1 ! caps 7 truss$ & ! po/s 7 re9=c$1 z %[n on ,b5ts ,j1 ,h1 & ,k1 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,,detail ,,( ,,b5ts ,,= ,,mat]ial ,,tre/le ,! trusses = ! ?r\gh bridge ov] ! tracks 7 erect$ on ,sunday1 ,april #af?4 ,! two trusses1 "o #abb ft4 & ! o!r #afe ft4 #h 94 f c5t] to c5t] ( end po/s1 _h be5 assembl$ & rivet$1 ly+ flat on cribwork a few feet above ! gr\nd1 s\? ( ! p]man5t position & betwe5 ! ,new ,york ,c5tral tracks & ,elev5? ,av5ue4 ,on ! date /at$1 ! contractor1 hav+ be5 giv5 p]mission to block ! ,c5tral's tracks f #e a4m4 to #i p4m41 erect$ a l>ge /eel g9 pole j s\? ( ! correct position ( ! c5t] ( ! nor? truss1 :i* 0 !n dragg$1 f ! place :]e x _h be5 assembl$1 across ! railroad tracks until ! c5t] ( ! bottom *ord 0 v]tically "u its true position1 ! truss /ill ly+ flat & ab\t at "r angles to ! c5t] l9e ( ! bridge4 ,*a9s 7 made fa/ to ! top *ord at ! middle panel ( ! truss1 :i* 0 !n turn$ up to a v]tical plane1 rais$ to its p]man5t position1 & guy$4 ,! g9 pole 0 !n %ift$ & ! op]ation repeat$ ) ! long] truss1 aft] :i*1 half ( ! floor beams & a "p ( ! top lat]als 7 bolt$ 9 position & ! guys 7 remov$1 ! bridge be+ ?us erect$ )\t ! use ( falsework ( any k9d4 ,dur+ ! lift+ !re 0 no sag 9 ei!r truss t c\ld be notic$ by ! eye4 ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lv1 %[s ! bridge erect$1 ) ! exception ( ! tight timb] f5ce4 ,pi] ,no4 #gb is directly ov] ! ,nor? ,riv] ,tunnels4 ,:5 x 0 turn$ ov] by ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad ,company1 ! contractor = ! con/ruction ( ^? tunnels tore d[n ! %$ & remov$ ! deck & su* piles z 7 9 ! pa? ( ! tubes4 ,?is left /&+ ! f\r nor!rnmo/1 ! f\r s\!rnmo/ & two c5t]s r[s ( piles = ! entire l5g? ( ! pi]4 ,an additional r[ ( piles 0 !n driv5 on ei!r side ( ! two c5t] r[s1 & batt]$ s t at ! elevation ( ! tunnels !y w\ld be close to ! c5t] r[s & leave z mu* cle> space z possible4 ,! pi]1 !re=e1 0 con/ruct$ ( ?ree indep5d5t l9es ( f\r-po/ b5ts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 re/$ on sills :i* 7 cont9u\s ?r\gh\t ! wid? ( ! pi]1 z %[n by ,figs4 #b & #c1 ,plate ,,lv4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,detail ,,( ,,b5ts ,,= ,,mat]ial ,,tre/le4 ,! b5ts = ! upp] floors ( ! pi] 7 d\ble-deck$1 ) #ab by #ab-;94 po/s1 sills1 int]m$iate & top caps1 & #c by #h-;94 longitud9al & cross-brac+4 ,! b5ts = ! incl9e 7 simil>1 except t ^? bel[ #af ft4 9 height 7 ( s+le-deck con/ruction4 ,! spac+ ( ! b5ts v>i$ f #i ft4 #f 94 to #ab ft41 except ! ?ree out] bays1 :i* _h a span ( #bc ft41 all to agree ) ! position ( ! pile b5ts4 ,! d\ble-deck con/ruction ext5d$ = ! full l5g? ( ! orig9al pi]4 ,a s+le-deck ext5sion1 ( full wid? & #ahj ft4 9 l5g?1 0 subsequ5tly built = ! accommodation ( f\r d]ricks = h&l+ build+ mat]ial & l>ge rock4 ,! piles = ?is ext5sion 7 driv5 9 ?ree sets ( f\r r[s ea*1 simil> to ^? 9 ! old portion ( ! pi]1 except t ! b5ts 7 driv5 ) a uni=m spac+ ( #ae ft4 betwe5 c5t]s4 ,! ?ree sets ( b5ts 7 topp$ sep>ately ) #ab by #ab-;94 caps & #ab by #ab-;94 dock /r+]s2 !y 7 brac$ ) bo? cross & longitud9al l[-wat] brac+1 & 7 ti$ toge!r by a cont9u\s #ab by #ab-;94 timb] ov] ! dock /r+]s & #ab by #ab-;94 pack+ pieces f /r+] to /r+]1 ea* ( ^! ties be+ support$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! span ov] ! tunnels by two #b-;94 hog rods1 ,section ,a-,a1 ,fig4 #d4 ,! s\? side ( ! upp] deck ( ! pi] c>ri$ ?ree sets ( n9e hopp]s1 ea* set cov]+ #ij ft41 a little less ?an ! full l5g? betwe5 bulkheads ( ! l>ge/ deck sc[s1 ) #gj ft4 cle> betwe5 sets1 to all[ = ! l5g? ( a sc[ outside ( ! bulkhead & to p]mit ! free movem5t ( boats4 ,ea* hopp] occupi$ ! full space betwe5 two b5ts1 &1 z ! caps 7 topp$ by /rips ( timb] ( triangul> section1 ) a wid? ( #ab 94 on ! base & a height ( #f 941 protect$ by a #f by #f-;94 /eel angle1 ea* set ( hopp]s pres5t$ #ij l94 ft4 ( cont9u\s dump+ room4 ,! bottoms ( ! hopp]s1 set at an angle ( #de1 7 =m$ by #ab by #ab-;94 timb]s laid longitud9ally1 runn+ cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t ea* set1 & cov]$ by #c-;94 plank+4 ,! p>titions 7 =m$ ) #d-;94 planks securely spik$ to uprights f ! floor ( ! hopp]s to ! caps2 ^! p>titions n>r[$ t[>d ! front & bottom s z to fit inside ! *utes4 ,ea* hopp] 0 l9$ on ! bottom & sides ) -94 /eel plates1 & ! bottoms 7 subsequ5tly armor$ ) #b by #a-;94 squ>e b>s laid #c 94 on c5t]s & bolt$ ?r\gh ! #ab by #ab-;94 floor+ ( ! hopp]s4 ,! *utes1 ext5d+ f ! bottom ( ! hopp]s1 7 #bj ft4 long & #g ft4 wide1 9 ! cle>2 !y 7 =m$ entirely ( /eel plates1 *annels1 & angles1 & 7 support$ f ! upp] deck ( ! pi] by *a9s2 _! l[] ends 7 #ag ft4 above mean high tide & #ad ft4 #f 94 f ! /r+ piece ( ! pi]4 ,! hopp]s & *utes are %[n by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lv4 ,mat]ial ,tre/le ,ov] ,n4,y4,c4 ,h4,r4,r4,r4 ,co4's ,tracks2 & ,con/ruction ( ,pi] ,no4 #gb1 ,nor? ,riv] ,fig4 #a4--,mat]ial ,tre/le ,ov] ,n4,y4,c4 ,h4,r4,r4,r4 ,co4's ,tracks4 ,fig4 #b4--,mat]ial ,tre/le ,"u ,con/ruction on ,pi] ,no4 #gb1 ,nor? ,riv]1 ,%[+ ,cle> ,wat] ,ov] ,tunnel ,location4 ,fig4 #c4--,pi] ,no4 #gb1 ,nor? ,riv]1 ,%[+ ,incl9e z ,recon/ruct$ ,= ,locomotives4 ,a l5g? ( #aej ft4 ( ! nor? side ( ! pi] 0 = ! use ( ! contractor = ! ,nor? ,riv] tunnels2 x 0 equipp$ ) a set ( n9e *utes simil> to ^? = ! s\? side2 !y 7 us$ b little1 & 7 f9ally remov$ to make room = a cableway = unload+ s& & cru%$ /one4 ,at ! foot ( ! incl9e !re 0 a bank ( eight telph]s runn+ on rails securely bolt$ to ! tops ( #bj-;94 ,i-beams1 :i* 7 hung f /r+]s re/+ on ! upp] caps4 ,! beams 7 erect$ 9 pairs1 ea* pair be+ securely brac$ toge!r & to ! tre/le po/s to prev5t sway+4 ,ea* telph] occupi$ ! space betwe5 two b5ts1 ab\t #aj ft41 s t ! entire bank comm&$ a l5g? ( #hj ft41 :i* 0 approximately ! l5g? ( a rock sc[ betwe5 bulkheads4 ,all supports = ! telph]s 7 provid$ z a "p ( ! tre/le1 b ! ma*9es !mselves 7 a "p ( ! contractor's plant4 ,f\r d]ricks 7 erect$ on ! ext5sion1 two on ! nor? & two on ! s\? edge ( ! pi]1 support$ on b5ts at a suffici5t elevation above ! floor to cle> a locomotive4 ,aft] mo/ ( ! e>? _h be5 excavat$1 ! out-b\nd set ( hopp]s on ! s\? side ( ! pi] 0 remov$1 & two d]ricks 7 erect$ 9 _! place & us$ = unload+ s&1 cru%$ /one1 & o!r build+ mat]ial4 ,,plant4 ,z ! use ( ! #ce? ,/reet pi] = ! disposal ( mat]ial requir$ t ! mode ( transportation %\ld be by dump-wagons drawn by horses1 ! plant 9 use by ! contractor dur+ t p]iod necess>ily diff]$ 9 _m respects f :at x 0 lat]1 :5 ,pi] ,no4 #gb 0 available4 ,!re=e1 ! nature ( ! plant dur+ ea* p]iod w be /at$4 ,! plant = ea* p]iod w be divid$ into five classes3 #a4--;,c5tral ,plant3 7a7 ,p[]-,g5]at+ ,plant4 7b7 ,repair ,%ops4 #b4--,reta9+-,wall ,plant4 #c4--,pit-,excavat+ ,plant4 #d4--,transportation ,plant4 #e4--;,dock ,plant4 ,horse-&-,truck ,p]iod3 ,july #aa?1 #aijd1 to ,may #bb;d1 #aije4 #a4--;,c5tral ,plant4 7a74--,p[]-,g5]at+ ,plant4--,! contractor's fir/ c5tral g5]at+ plant 0 e/abli%$ 9 a #ce by #he-;ft4 /eel-fram$ build+ cov]$ ) corrugat$ iron1 ! long side be+ p>allel to ,n9? ,av5ue & #ae ft4 f ! ea/ h\se l9e1 & ! nor? end #dc ft4 s\? ( ! s\? h\se l9e ( #cb;d ,/reet4 ,! f\ndations = ! build+ & ma*9]y 7 ( concrete1 re/+ on b$-rock1 ! floor be+ #bj ft4 bel[ ! level ( ! ,n9? ,av5ue curb4 ,! s\? end ( ! build+ 0 ! boil]-room & ! nor? end ! compressor-room1 ! two be+ sep>at$ by a p>tition4 ,coal 0 deliv]$ into a l>ge b91 betwe5 ! boil]-h\se & ,n9? ,av5ue1 its top be+ level ) ! /reet surface1 & its base level ) ! boil]-room floor4 ,at ! end ( ! horse-&-truck p]iod ! plant consi/$ (3 ,two ,r&1 /raight-l9e compressors1 #bd by #cj 941 hav+ a capacity ( #a1djj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 :5 op]at+ at #hf rev4 p] m94 & compress+ to #hj lb4 above atmosph]ic pressure4 ,"o #aj by #f by #aj-;941 ,wor?+ton1 /eam1 plung] pump4 ,?ree horizontal boil]s ( ! locomotive type1 ea* ( #abe h4p4 7b74--,repair ,%ops4--,! repair %ops1 :i* includ$ blacksmi?1 ma*9e & c>p5t] %ops1 7 locat$ on ! fir/ floor ( a #dj by #gj-;ft4 two-/ory frame /ructure1 :i* 0 9 ! pit on ! nor? side ( #ca/ ,/reet1 #dh ft4 ea/ ( ,n9? ,av5ue4 ,! second floor 0 on ! /reet level1 & 0 us$ z a /oreh\se = h&-tools & small plant4 ,! blacksmi? %op conta9$3 ,f\r =ges ) h& bl[]s1 f\r anvils1 & h&-tools4 ,! ma*9e %op conta9$3 ,"o drill press1 "o %ap] 7#ad-;94 /roke71 "o #ah-;94 sw+ la!1 & "o #f-;94 b$ la!4 ,! c>p5t] %op conta9$3 ,"o circul> saw1 "o wood la!1 & h&-tools4 ,! plant 9 bo? ma*9e & c>p5t] %ops 0 op]at$ by "o #g-;h4p4 ,g5]al ,electric motor1 ! curr5t = :i* 0 obta9$ f ! ,edison ,electric ,heat1 ,light1 & ,p[] ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,lvi4 ,mat]ial ,tre/le ,%[+ ,fir/ ,*utes 9 ,op]ation2 & ,views ( ,ea/ & ,we/ ,pits at ,t]m9al ,site ,fig4 #a4--,mat]ial ,tre/le1 ,%[+ ,fir/ ,*utes 9 ,op]ation4 ,fig4 #b4--;,ea/ ,pit1 ,/eam ,%ovel ,load+ ,excavat$ ,mat]ial on ,c>4 ,fig4 #c4--,we/ ,pit1 ,%[+ ,condition on ,june #bh?1 #aije4 #b4--,reta9+-,wall ,plant4 ,?ree cableways1 ) #ce-;ft4 t[]s ( #ab by #ab-;94 yell[ p9e timb] capable ( spann+ #cej ft41 & op]at$ by #g by #aj-;94 d\ble-drum ,lamb]t hoi/+ eng9es m\nt$ ) #be-;h4p4 ,lamb]t upright boil]s4 ,five /iff-leg d]ricks1 ) ma/s f #ce to #ej ft4 long & booms f #de to #fj ft4 long1 op]at$ by #g by #aj-;94 ,lamb]t d\ble-drum & sw++ ge> eng9es1 m\nt$ ) #be-;h4p4 upright ,lamb]t boil]s4 ,six ,cam]on pumps1 v>y+ 9 size f #g by #f by #ac 94 to #aj by #h by #af 94 ,! fir/ dim5sion ref]r+ to ! diamet] ( ! /eam cyl9d]1 ! second to t ( ! wat]1 & ! ?ird to ! /roke4 ,five ,r& %eet+ driv]s4 ,two ,ransome -cu4 yd4 concrete mix]s1 m\nt$ on frame1 ) k]os5e driv+ eng9e4 ,drills drawn f pit plant z requir$4 #c4--,pit-,excavat+ ,plant4 ,"o guy d]rick1 #ej-;ft4 ma/ & #de-;ft4 boom1 op]at$ by a ,lamb]t two-drum & sw+-ge> hoi/+ eng9e1 ) ,lamb]t #be-;h4p4 upright boil]4 ,?ree /iff-leg d]ricks1 simil> to ^? us$ on ! reta9+ wall "w4 ,?ree ,bucyrus1 #gj-ton /eam %ovels ) #c-;cu4 yd4 dipp]s4 ,"o travel+ d]rick1 built ) an ,a-frame ( #ab by #ab-;94 timb]s1 #ae-;ft4 ma/1 & #be-;ft4 boom2 ! travel] c>ri$ an eng9e & boil] simil> to ^? us$ on ! /iff-leg d]ricks1 & 0 us$ on ! ,sev5? & ,eigh? ,av5ue sew]s1 z well z 9 ! pit4 ,t5 ,r&-,+]soll rock drills1 ,nos4 #a1 #c1 & #d4 ,"o ,reliance /one cru%] 7nom9al capacity #ag tons ( cru%$ /one p] h\r7 belt-driv5 by #ej-;h4p4 eng9e4 #d4--,transportation ,plant4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! fir/ p]iod ! transportation plant consi/$ ( two-horse trucks & snat* teams z ne$$4 ,! numb] v>i$ greatly f #be at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! p]iod to an av]age ( #ace f ,augu/ #a/ to ,decemb] #a/1 #aijd1 ab\t #aj ( ! total numb] ( teams be+ us$ z snat* teams4 #e4--;,dock ,plant4 ,! only ma*9]y us$ on ! dock dur+ ! horse-&-truck p]iod 0 "o /iff-leg d]rick simil> 9 size & op]ation to ^? describ$ "u ! head ( reta9+-wall plant4 ,! plant describ$ above does n repres5t t :i* 0 us$ dur+ ! :ole ( ! horse-&-truck p]iod1 b :at _h accumulat$ at ! end ( x4 ,! p[]-g5]at+ plant might almo/ h be5 omitt$ f ?is p]iod1 z ! fir/ compressor did n beg9 runn+ until ,febru>y1 #aije4 ,previ\s to t "t1 ! p[] = drill+1 pump+1 driv+1 %eet+1 etc41 0 /eam furni%$ by ! boil]s :i* subsequ5tly drove ! compressors1 ^! be+ br\ght on ! gr\nd & fir$ z occasion requir$4 ,tra9-,disposal ,p]iod1 ,beg9n+ ,may #bb;d1 #aije4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod !re _h be5 excavat$ #bdb1hjj cu4 yd4 ( e>? & #bb1hjj cu4 yd4 ( rock1 ( ! total excavation ( #hjc1ejj cu4 yd4 ( e>? & #hjd1jjj cu4 yd4 ( rock includ$ 9 ! pr9cipal contract1 leav+ to be excavat$ "u t contract #efj1jjj cu4 yd4 ( e>? & #gha1bjj cu4 yd4 ( rock1 & an additional contract _h be5 let to ! ,new ,york ,contract+ ,company = ! t]m9al p[] /ation1 :i* increas$ ! e>? by #af1ejj & ! rock by #ae1ejj cu4 yd4 ,dur+ ! ye> foll[+1 contracts = ! ea/ & we/ portions & ! sub-/ructures 7 let1 :i* br\ght ! total to be excavat$1 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! tra9-disposal p]iod1 up to #fha1jjj cu4 yd4 ( e>? & #a1did1jjj cu4 yd4 ( rock4 ,! c5tral plant1 transportation plant1 & dock plant 7 us$ indiscrim9ately on all ^! contracts1 &1 z no sep>ation c be made :i* w hold good = any appreciable l5g? ( "t1 ! plant 9 ^? classes w be /at$ 9 total4 ,! reta9+-wall & pit plant "h giv5 include t us$ on ! pr9cipal contract & t]m9al p[] /ation only4 ,! p[]-g5]at+ plant giv5 "u ! horse-&-truck p]iod 0 d\bl$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! tra9-disposal p]iod1 b x 0 /ill insuffici5t = ! "w !n "u contract1 & ! additional contracts necessitat$ a great] increase4 ,! location _h also to be *ang$ to p]mit ! excavation ( ! rock "u ,n9? ,av5ue4 ,! old /one *ur* front+ on #cd? ,/reet1 betwe5 ,sev5? & ,eigh? ,av5ues1 a build+ #fh ft4 wide & #ib ft4 long1 made a roomy & v acceptable compressor-h\se4 ,! wood5 floors & gall]ies 7 remov$1 & good concrete f\ndations 7 put 91 on :i* to set ! plant2 ! walls1 :i* 7 crack$ 9 sev]al places1 7 truss$ ap>t & prev5t$ f mov+ outw>d by cables pass$ ab\t ! pila/]s betwe5 ! w9d[s4 ,! boil]s 7 erect$ s\? ( ! *ur*1 an a%-pit be+ fir/ built1 ! full wid? ( x1 ) ! floor on a level ) ! basem5t4 ,! re> wall ( ! *ur* =m$ ! nor? wall ( ! a%-pit1 & ! s\? wall & ! ends 7 built ( concrete4 ,! boil]s 7 set ) ! fire-doors t[>d ! re> wall ( ! build+1 & #g ft4 di/ant f x1 & above ?is fire-room & ! boil]s !re 0 erect$ a coal-b9 ( #ejj tons capacity4 ,! re> wall ( ! compressor-h\se =m$ ! nor? wall ( ! b91 ! section ( :i* 0 an isosceles "r-angl$ triangle4 ,coal 0 deliv]$ by dump+ wagons into a l>ge vault con/ruct$ "u ! sidewalk on #cd? ,/reet1 & 0 tak5 f !re to ! b9 by a belt conveyor4 ,! plant = ! second p]iod 0 z foll[s3 #a4--;,c5tral ,plant4 7a74--,p[]-,g5]at+ ,plant4--,! plant 9 ! eng9e-room consi/$ (3 ,?ree ,r& /raight-l9e compressors f ! orig9al p[] plant at ,n9? ,av5ue & #cb;d ,/reet4 ,"o ,+]soll /raight-l9e compressor f ! old p[]-h\se4 ,"o ,r& duplex ,corliss1 #dj by #dh-;94 air-compressor1 ) bo? air & /eam cyl9d]s cross-comp\nd$1 & a capacity ( #e1fjj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 compress$ to #hj lb4 at #gj rev4 p] m94 ,?ree ,r& duplex1 #cj by #cj-;941 compressors1 connect$ ) #ebe-;h4p41 #f1fjj-volt1 ,g5]al ,electric motors1 ) a capacity ( #c1jjj cu4 ft4 ( free air p] m94 compress$ to #hj lb4 at #abe rev4 p] m94 ,two #aj by #f by #aj-;94 ,wor?+ton /eam plung] pumps4 ,"o #g-;h4p4 ,g5]al ,electric motor = driv+ ! ,robb9s belt coal conveyor4 ,"o =c$-draft fan 7built by ! ,buffalo ,=ge & ,bl[] ,company71 driv5 by an #h by #aj-;94 ,buffalo eng9e4 ,9 ! boil]-room !re 7 ?ree #ejj-;h4p4 ,/]l+ wat]-tube boil]s4 7b74--,repair ,%ops4--,! repair %ops rema9$ 9 _! old location until suffici5t room _h be5 excavat$ to sub-grade 9 ! lot ea/ ( ,eigh? ,av5ue1 & !n !y 7 mov$ to ! old ,n9? ,av5ue p[]-h\se :i* _h be5 erect$ at t po9t4 ,! cont5ts ( ! blacksmi? %op rema9$ ! same z = ! fir/ p]iod4 ,! equipm5t ( ! ma*9e %op 0 increas$ by "o #ah-ton trip-hamm] op]at$ by air & "o bolt-cutt+ ma*9e1 size #a 94 to #a 94 ,! c>p5t] %op rema9$ ! same except t ! electric motor 0 replac$ by a #be-;h4p4 s+le-cyl9d] air motor2 !re 0 add$ to ! repair %op a drill %op conta9+3 ,f\r =ges ) compress$ air bl[]s1 f\r anvils1 two ,ajax #bj-;ft4 drill %>p5]s1 & "o oil bl[] =ge4 #b4--,reta9+-,wall ,plant4 ,! reta9+-wall plant 0 id5tical ) t describ$ = ! fir/ p]iod1 ) ! addition ( two ,ransome #a-;cu4 yd41 concrete mix]s1 ) v]tical eng9es m\nt$ on ! same frame1 us+ compress$ air4 #c4--,pit-,excavat+ ,plant4 ,! pit-excavat+ plant includ$ t li/$ = ! fir/ p]iod &1 9 addition1 ! foll[+3 ,"o ,vulcan1 #cj-ton1 /eam %ovel1 ) #a-;cu4 yd4 dipp] & a v]tical boil]4 ,"o ,ohio1 #cj-ton1 /eam %ovel1 ) #a-;cu4 yd4 dipp] & a v]tical boil]4 ,f\r guy d]ricks 7#ej to #hj-;ft4 ma/s & #de to #fj-;ft4 booms71 op]at$ by ,lamb]t #g by #aj-;94 eng9es1 ) two drums & sw++ ge>1 m\nt$ ) #be-;h4p4 v]tical boil]s1 b driv5 by compress$ air4 ,sev5ty ,+]soll-,r& rock drills1 ,nos4 #a1 #c1 & #d4 ,two ,r& qu>ry b>s1 cutt+ #aj ft4 9 l5g? at "o set-up1 & m\nt$ ) ,no4 #d drill us+ a ,z-bit4 #d4--,transportation ,plant4 ,tw5ty-"o ,h4 ,k4 ,port] locomotives1 #aj by #af-;941 & #cf-;94 gauge4 ,?ree ,dav5port locomotives1 #i by #af-;941 & #cf-;94 gauge4 ,"o hundr$ & =ty ,we/]n dump-c>s1 ea* ( #d cu4 yd4 capacity4 ,"o hundr$ & sixty-five flat c>s1 ) iron skips1 ea* ( #d cu4 yd4 capacity4 #e4--;,dock ,plant4 ,f\r /iff-leg d]ricks on ext5sion1 hav+ #ce-;ft4 ma/s & #dj-;ft4 booms1 & ea* op]at$ by a #fj-;h4p4 ,lamb]t1 ?ree-drum1 electric1 hoi/+ eng9e4 ,"o /iff-leg d]rick1 on ! s\? side ( ! pi] on ! upp] deck1 ) a #bh-;ft4 ma/ op]at$ by a ?ree-drum ,lamb]t eng9e & a #be-;h4p4 v]tical boil]4 ,"o /iff-leg d]rick1 on ! nor? side ( ! dock on ! upp] deck1 us$ exclusively = br++ 9 brick1 electric conduit1 pipe1 & o!r build+ mat]ial1 op]at$ :5 fir/ erect$ by a ?ree-drum1 /eam-driv51 ,lamb]t1 hoi/+ eng9e4 ,?is eng9e 0 lat] *ang$ to ! d]rick on ! s\? side ( ! dock1 & a motor-driv5 ,lamb]t eng9e f t d]rick 0 sub/itut$4 ,eight electric telph]s4 ,n9? ,av5ue ,tw9-,tunnels ,plant4 ,"o /iff-leg d]rick1 previ\sly us$ 9 reta9+-wall "w4 ,"o ,smi? concrete mix]1 #a cu4 yd4 capacity1 driv5 by atta*$ air eng9e4 ,two cableways tak5 f ! reta9+-wall plant & us$ = muck+ out ! tunnels aft] ! c5t] pi] _h be5 built2 driv5 by air suppli$ to ! orig9al eng9e4 ,"o ,robb9s belt conveyor1 driv5 by a #cj-;h4p4 eng9e run by air4 ,?ree #a-;cu4 yd4 ,hopple dump-c>s4 ,,con/ruction4 ,gr\nd 0 brok5 = "w "u ! pr9cipal contract on ,july #i?1 #aijd1 on :i* date ! contractor began cutt+ asphalt = ,tr5* ,no4 #a 9 #ca/ ,/reet1 & also began mak+ a roadway f ,n9? ,av5ue into ! pit j s\? ( #cb;d ,/reet4 ,excavation = ,reta9+ ,walls4--,two ess5tially diff]5t me?ods 7 us$ 9 excavat+ = & build+ ! reta9+ walls2 "o1 con/ruction 9 tr5*1 ! o!r1 con/ruction on b5*4 ,9 g5]al1 ! tr5* me?od 0 us$ :]ev] ! rock on :i* ! wall 0 to be f\nd$ 0 #ab ft4 or m bel[ ! surface ( ! /reet2 or1 :at is p]haps a m exact /atem5t1 z x includes ! det]m9+ factor1 :]e ! build+s adjo9+ ! wall location 7 n f\nd$ on rock4 ,9 ! tr5* me?od ! base ( ! wall 0 /ak$ out on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! requir$ wid? be+ det]m9$ by ! elevation ( ! rock1 z %[n by ! bor+s4 ,! contractor !n add$ z mu* wid? z he desir$ = %eet+ & work+ space1 & excavat$ to a dep? ( ab\t #e ft4 be=e sett+ any timb]4 ,9 "s cases ! dep? ( #e ft4 0 excavat$ be=e ! cableway or d]rick = ! excavation 0 erect$1 ! wagons be+ driv5 directly into ! excavation & load$ by h&1 b1 usually1 ! cableway 0 fir/ erect$1 & buckets 7 us$ f ! />t4 ,aft] ! fir/ #e ft4 _h be5 excavat$1 two sets ( rang]s & /ruts 7 set1 ! fir/ 9 ! bottom ( ! excavation & ! second at ! level ( ! /reet surface1 support$ by po/s re/+ on ! bottom rang]s4 ,! %eet+ 0 !n set1 & all voids back ( x 7 fill$ ) clean e>? & well tamp$4 ,! toe ( ! %eet+ 0 kept level ) ! bottom ( ! excavation until ! gr\nd-wat] 0 rea*$1 aft] :i* x 0 kept f #c to #e ft4 ahead ( ! digg+4 ,! %eet+ us$ 0 #c-;941 9 v>iable wid?s2 x 0 always tongu$ & groov$ on ! side ( ! tr5* next to ! build+s & 9 ! deep] excavations on bo? sides ( ! tr5*1 & 0 driv5 by wood5 mauls above ! gr\nd-wat] level1 b /eam %eet+-driv]s 7 us$ bel[ t elevation4 ,/ruts1 rang]s1 & po/s 7 g5]ally #ab by #ab-;94 ,"s exce$+ly bad mat]ial 0 enc\nt]$ 9 ! deep] excavations1 b$s ( quicks& be+ pass$ ?r\gh1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f #a to #ah ft41 ! latt]1 9 #ca/ ,/reet betwe5 ,sev5? & ,eigh? ,av5ues1 9 ! deepe/ excavation made4 ,aft] enc\nt]+ ! f9e s& 9 t tr5*1 no headway 0 made until a tight wood5 cyl9d] 0 sunk ?r\gh ! s& by excavat+ ! mat]ial inside ( x & heavily weight+ ! %ell ) pig iron4 ,:5 ?is cyl9d] _h rea*$ ! gravel1 :i* lay bel[ ! s&1 x 0 us$ z a sump1 & ! wat] level 0 kept bel[ ! bottom ( ! excavation1 :i* p]mitt$ good progress4 ,s& cont9u$ to fl[ "u ! %eet+ to su* an ext5t1 h[ev]1 t ! front walls ( f\r adjo9+ build+s 7 badly crack$ & _h to be tak5 d[n & rebuilt4 ,all ! /oops along ?is tr5* settl$1 & _h to be repair$4 ,! b5* me?od ( excavat+ = ! reta9+ wall 0 v simple1 & 0 us$ only :]e ! rock lay ne> ! surface & ! adjo9+ build+s 7 f\nd$ on x1 ! ov]ly+ mat]ial be+ 9 su* case dry1 & consequ5tly firm1 little or no %or+ 0 requir$4 ,! me?od 0 to ext5d ! pit excavation to a wid? ( #b or #c ft4 beyond ! propos$ back ( ! reta9+ wall1 & to c>ry t wid? d[n to ! dep? requir$ = its base1 bel[ :i* ! excavation 0 n>r[$ to #a ft4 inside ( ! face ( ! wall & cont9u$ ei!r be=e x 0 built or subsequ5tly4 ,reta9+-,wall ,con/ruction4--,! concrete walls 7 built 9 sections #ej ft4 9 l5g?1 except :]e t spac+ w\ld br+ an expansion jo9t "u a gird] pocket or j on l9e ) a ti] ( /ruts1 9 :i* cases ! section 0 %ort5$ z requir$4 ,tr5*es 7 nev] all[$ to rema9 op5 at ! full dep?1 ! concret+ be+ />t$ z soon aft] ! necess>y l5g? ( rock _h be5 uncov]$ z ! =ms & prelim9>y "w = a section c\ld be prep>$4 ,ea* section 0 a monoli?1 except 9 a few cases :]e v heavy ra9s made x impossible to hold ! labor]s4 ,! v>i\s op]ations 9 build+ ! concrete wall are %[n on ,fig4 #g4 ,guide-planks1 a a1 ,section ,a-,a1 7 securely spik$ to alt]nate ti]s ( /ruts = ! l5g? ( ! section1 ! face ( ea* guide-plank be+ set on l9e ) ! int5d$ face ( ! concrete wall1 & #b-;94 tongu$-&-groov$ spruce plank 7 laid along ! guide-plank to ! height ( ! bottom /rut & securely brac$ f ! front %eet+4 ,a #d-;94 brick wall 0 built simultane\sly on l9e ) ! back ( ! wall to ! height ( ! fir/ /ep4 ,:]e ! bottom /rut 0 bel[ t elevation1 ! brickwork 0 left l[ at t imm$iate po9t & built up :5 ! /rut 0 remov$4 ,! brick wall 0 !n wat]-pro($ on ! side t[>d ! concrete1 & loose laps ( ! wat]-pro(+ 7 all[$ to hang ov] ! brickwork & at lea/ #h 94 d[n ! back4 ,a #f-;94 vitrifi$ pipe dra9 0 !n laid along ! surface ( ! rock j outside ( ! brick wall1 ! jo9ts 9 ! pipe be+ caulk$ ) oakum saturat$ 9 cem5t1 & po9t$ ) cem5t mort> above a l9e #a 94 bel[ ! horizontal diamet]1 ! rema9d] ( ea* jo9t be+ left op54 ,cross-dra9s 7 laid f tees 9 ! back dra9 to ! face ( ! wall at all l[ po9ts 9 ! rock & at lea/ = e #be ft4 ( wall l5g?1 ! jo9ts ( ^! dis*>ge pipes be+ caulk$ & cem5t$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! surface ( ! rock 0 !n wa%$ & scrap$ clean1 & 0 cov]$ ) ab\t #a 94 ( mort>1 aft] :i* ! section 0 ready = concrete4 ,! build+ ( monoli?ic sections 9 tr5*es requir$ t ! ?ru/ f "o set ( /ruts be tak5 by ! concrete be=e ! set above c\ld be remov$1 & necess>ily caus$ sl[ progress1 ! rate at :i* concrete 0 deposit$ be+ j suffici5t to prev5t "o lay] f sett+ be=e ! next lay] above c\ld be plac$4 ,! concrete us$ 0 mix$ 9 ! proportions ( #a "p ( cem5t to #c p>ts ( s& & #f p>ts ( /one1 9 #b-;bag bat*es1 9 -yd4 & #a-yd4 ,ransome portable mix]s m\nt$ ) air-driv5 eng9es on ! same frame4 ,^! mix]s 7 plac$ at ! surface1 & 7 *>g$ ) b>r[s1 ! correct quantities ( s& & /one = ea* bat* be+ measur$ 9 rectangul> boxes previ\s to load+ ! b>r[s4 ,! concrete 0 dis*>g$ f ! mix] into a hopp] :i* divid$ into two *utes1 only "o ( :i* 0 us$ at a "t1 ! concrete be+ %ovel$ f ! bottom ( ! *utes to its f9al position4 ,fac+ mort>1 #b 94 ?ick1 0 deposit$ simultane\sly ) ! concrete1 & 0 kept sep>ate f x by a /eel diaphragm until bo? 7 9 place1 :5 ! diaphragm 0 remov$ & ! two 7 spad$ toge!r4 ,! bottoms ( ! guide-planks 7 cut (f j above ! concrete z x progress$1 &1 z soon z ! wall _h rea*$ a /rut at "o end ( ! section1 t /rut 0 remov$1 ! =m 0 built up to ! next /rut1 at front & back1 & brac$ to ! %eet+1 s t1 by ! "t ! entire l5g? ( ! section _h be5 c>ri$ up to ! level ( ! fir/ l9e ( /ruts1 =ms 7 ready at "o end = ! succe$+ lay]s4 ,! lay]s ( concrete nev] exce$$ #h 94 9 height1 & at times !re 7 slight delays 9 ! concret+ :ile ! c>p5t]s made ready ! next lift ( =ms1 b su* delays 7 r>ely long en\gh to p]mit ! concrete to take its initial set4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,=ms ,,=1 ,,& ,,me?od ,,(1 ,,concret+ ,,reta9+ ,,walls ,,9 ,,tr5*4 ,aft] a section ( concrete _h firmly set1 bo? back & front =ms 7 remov$1 & ! ?ru/ f ! sides ( ! tr5* 0 transf]r$ directly to ! f9i%$ wall4 ,! face ( ! wall 0 rubb$ ) a cem5t brick to remove ! m>ks ( ! plank1 & 0 !n coat$ ) a wa% ( ?9 cem5t gr\t4 ,! wat]-pro(+ & brick armor 7 !n cont9u$ up ! back ( ! wall1 ! spaces betwe5 ! l9es ( braces be+ fir/ wat]-pro($ & brick$1 & ! braces transf]r$ to ! f9i%$ surface1 aft] :i* ! omitt$ panels 7 complet$4 ,! wat]-pro(+ consi/$ ( ?ree lay]s ( ,hydrex felt1 ( a br& kn[n z ,p5nsylvania ,special1 & f\r lay]s ( coal-t> pit*4 ,! pit* conta9$ n less ?an #be ( c>bon1 s(t5$ at #fj ,fahr41 & melt$ at a po9t betwe5 #if & #ajf ,fahr4 ,! melt+ po9t 0 det]m9$ by plac+ #a gramme ( pit* on a lead disk ov] a hole1 #e_/af-;94 9 diamet]1 & imm]s$ 9 wat] :i* 0 heat$ at ! rate ( #a p] m942 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! "t ! pit* ran ?r\gh ! hole 0 consid]$ z ! melt+ po9t4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! wat]-pro(+ f be+ torn at ! jo9t betwe5 sections :5 !y contract f *anges 9 temp]ature1 a v]tical /rip ( felt1 #f 94 wide1 0 pit*$ ov] ea* jo9t1 lapp+ #c 94 on ea* concrete section4 ,! back ( ?is /rip 0 n pit*$1 b 0 cov]$ ) pulv]iz$ soap/one1 s t ! wat]-pro(+ %eet 0 free f ! wall = a di/ance ( #c 94 on ei!r side ( ea* jo9t4 ,concret+ 0 cont9u$ dur+ ! sev]e/ wea!r1 "o section be+ plac$ :5 ! !rmomet] 0 #e above z]o4 ,:5 ! !rmomet] 0 bel[ ! freez+ po9t bo? s& & /one 7 heat$ by wood fires 9 l>ge pipes "u ! supply piles2 ! temp]ature ( ! mix 0 tak5 frequ5tly1 & 0 kept above #dj degrees4 ,num]\s te/s made :ile ! "w 0 9 progress %[$ t1 :ile ! temp]ature fell slightly soon aft] ! concrete 0 deposit$1 x 0 always f #b to #e high] at ! end ( #b h\rs4 ,! face & back ( ! concrete 7 prev5t$ f freez+ by a lib]al pack+ ( salt hay j outside ! =ms4 ,a v]tical hog tr\gh1 #bd 94 wide & #i 94 deep1 0 plac$ 9 "o end ( ea* section1 = its full height bel[ ! bridge seat1 into :i* ! next section key$1 &1 :5 ! temp]ature at ! "t ( concret+ 0 bel[ #ej ,fahr41 a compression jo9t 0 =m$ by plac+ a /rip ( heavy dead5+ felt1 #b ft4 wide1 on ! end ( ! complet$ section next to ! face & cov]+ ! rema9d] ( ! end ) two ply ( ! felt & pit* wat]-pro(+2 ! "o ply ( dead5+ felt ne> ! face 0 ab\t ! same ?ickness z ! two ply ( wat]-pro(+1 & 0 us$ to prev5t ! pit* f be+ squeez$ out ( ! jo9t to ! face ( ! wall4 ,! excavation = ! reta9+ walls 9 #ca/ & #cc;d ,/reets 7 9 all cases made ( suffici5t wid? to receive ! sew]s1 :i* 7 laid z soon z ! back-fill1 c>efully ramm$ & puddl$1 _h rea*$ ! prop] elevations2 ! back-fill+ 0 !n complet$1 & ! gas & wat] ma9s 7 aft]w>d laid 9 sep>ate tr5*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,=ms ,,& ,,brac+ ,,= ,,n9? ,,av5ue ,,wall ,! sections ( concrete built 9 tr5* v>i$ 9 height f #ac to #ei ft4 f ! base to ! top ( ! back wall4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,sev5? ,av5ue wall1 #ej ft4 9 height1 & ! ,n9? ,av5ue wall1 #fb ft4 9 height1 none ( ^? sections con/ruct$ by ! b5* me?od 0 m ?an #ad ft4 ,! =ms & brac+ = ^! walls 7 sub/antially ! same1 except t ! l[ walls 7 built 9 l5g?s ( approximately #ej ft41 :ile ! =ms = ! ,sev5? & ,n9? ,av5ue walls 7 only #bj ft4 long4 ,! =ms & brac+ = ! ,n9? ,av5ue walls are %[n on ,fig4 #h4 ,^! =ms 7 built 9 "o piece & mov$ ahead f section to section1 & !y 7 firmly brac$ f ! bottom ) rak] braces to a po9t #cf ft4 above ! base1 ! upp] "p be+ held 9 place by -94 bolts pass$ ?r\gh ! =ms & an*or$ by cables to bolts gr\t$ into ! rock beh9d4 ,aft] ! =ms _h be5 set & brac$1 an #h-;94 brick wall 0 laid up ! face ( ! rock1 conta9+ a v]tical l9e ( ?ree-cell holl[ tile block e #e ft4 ( l5g?1 & laid to con=m z ne>ly z possible to ! face ( ! rock1 all voids be+ fill$ ) brok5 /one4 ,wat]-pro(+1 simil> to t describ$ = ! walls 9 ! tr5*1 0 !n appli$ to ! brick & tile wall = ! full height1 & firmly brac$ to ! front =ms1 ! braces be+ remov$ z ! concrete rea*$ !m4 ,! concrete 0 mix$ at ! /reet level & deposit$ ?r\gh *utes1 z describ$ previ\sly4 ,tables #a1 #b1 & #c %[ ! quantity ( cem5t us$ 9 ea* section ( reta9+ wall1 & give figures by :i* ! quantities ( o!r mat]ials may be det]m9$4 ,pit ,excavation4--,! pit excavation dur+ ! horse-&-truck p]iod 0 l>gely prep>atory "w done to get ! excavation 9 good %ape = h&l+ spoil tra9s aft] ,pi] ,no4 #gb & ! tre/le approa* 7 f9i%$4 ,?is requir$ an op5 cut f ,n9? to ,sev5? ,av5ues at a suffici5t dep? bel[ ! sew]s & o!r sub/ructures 9 ! av5ues to cle> a locomotive1 & wide en\gh = bo? runn+ & load+ tracks1 also ! build+ ( ! ca/-iron sew] 9 ,eigh? ,av5ue across ! entire excavation1 ) en\gh ( ! tempor>y bridg+ to support x4 ,! build+ ( ! tre/le 9 ,eigh? ,av5ue 0 ess5tially a "p ( ! pit excavation1 z ! progress ( "o dep5d$ greatly on t ( ! o!r4 ,excavation 0 comm5c$ on ,july #ab?1 #aijd1 = ! cross+ "u ,n9? ,av5ue1 & 9 ! pit ea/ ( ,n9? ,av5ue along #cb;d ,/reet4 ,! l9e *os5 = ! op5+ cut 0 d[n ! c5t] ( ! pit1 z x 0 n safe to excavate ne> ! b\nd+ /reets until aft] ! completion ( ! enclos+ reta9+ wall4 ,! excavation 0 />t$ by h&1 b ?ree #gj-ton ,bucyrus /eam %ovels 7 put to "w z soon z !y c\ld be deliv]$1 ! fir/ on ,july #be? & ! ?ird on ,septemb] #ab?4 ,! excavat$ mat]ial 0 load$ by ! %ovels on end-dump wagons1 ea* hav+ a capacity ( #b cu4 yd41 & 0 convey$ 9 !m to ! dump+ bo>d at #ce? ,/reet4 ,! av]age numb] ( teams 0 #ace1 #aj be+ snat* teams to pull ! wagons out ( ! pit & to assi/ !m up ! runway at ! dump+ bo>d4 ,! teams av]ag$ only sev5 trips p] day ( #aj h\rs1 consid]able delay be+ caus$ by ! tra9s ( ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad at ,elev5? ,av5ue4 ,! numb] ( teams 0 n suffici5t1 !re=e1 to keep ! ?ree %ovels busy :5 !y 7 all 9 good digg+1 b ! dump+ bo>d 0 tax$ to accommodate t numb]1 & little w\ld h be5 ga9$ by increas+ x4 ,! digg+ 0 v good dur+ ?is p]iod1 practically no rock be+ enc\nt]$1 & ! build+ f\ndations 7 too light to pres5t any ob/acle to su* p[]ful %ovels4 ,! capacity ( _! dipp]s 0 #c cu4 yd41 s t "o dipp]ful meant "o truck load$ & runn+ ov]4 ,! output f ,augu/ to ,novemb]1 inclusive1 av]ag$ #dj1jjj cu4 yd4 p] mon?2 "o %ift only 0 work$ p] day1 & al?\gh ! quantity 0 n l>ge = ?ree su* p[]ful %ovels1 x 0 l>ge to truck ?r\gh ! /reets1 & requir$ t "o team pass a giv5 po9t e #ah sec4 ,at ! end ( ,novemb] ! op5+ up ( ! pit _h be5 accompli%$1 consid]able rock _h be5 /ripp$ ne> ,n9? ,av5ue1 & ! /reets _h become s icy t ! co/ ( transportation 0 practically d\bl$2 "w 9 ! pit1 !re=e1 0 mu* curtail$1 & am\nt$ to cont9u\s "w = "o %ovel f t "t until ! end ( ! p]iod1 ,may #bb;d1 #aije1 :5 ,pi] ,no4 #gb 0 put 9 s]vice & transportation by tra9 began4 ,figs4 #b & #c1 ,plate ,,lvi1 %[ ! condition ( ! pit ea/ & we/ ( ,eigh? ,av5ue1 respectively1 on t date4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,typical ,,b5t ,,( ,,tre/le ,,support+ ,,eigh? ,,av5ue ,! "w ( excavat+ = & build+ ! tempor>y /reet bridge1 a typical b5t & brac+ = :i* are %[n on ,fig4 #i1 & ! ca/-iron sew] & wat] ma9s 9 ,eigh? ,av5ue1 0 comm5c$ on ,septemb] #c;d1 #aijd4 ,! tre/le 0 a d\ble-deck$ /ructure ( yell[ p9e1 ) #aj by #aj-;94 po/s & sills1 #aj by #ad-;94 int]m$iate & top caps1 & #b by #aj-;94 longitud9al & cross-braces4 ,! tre/le 0 fur!r /iff5$ longitud9ally by f\r l9es ( #h by #aj-;94 /ruts1 butt$ betwe5 ! int]m$iate caps1 & held 9 position by #b by #h-;94 splice-plates re/+ on top ( !m4 ,! int]m$iate caps 7 at an elevation ( #ae ft4 bel[ ! surface ( ! /reet1 & above t l9e ! longitud9al brac+ 0 cont9u\s1 :ile bel[ x ! b5ts 7 brac$ 9 pairs1 ! brac+ be+ omitt$ f e second bay4 ,bel[ ! int]m$iate cap ! b5ts 7 uni=m = ! entire wid? ( ! tre/le1 b ! top cap 0 n cont9u\s1 be+ #e ft4 bel[ ! surface "u ! trolley tracks1 & only #ah 941 ! dep? ( /r+]s & plank+1 beyond4 ,! /r+]s "u ! trolley tracks 7 #h by #af-;94 yell[ p9e1 spac$ ?ree to a track1 & ^? = ! driveway 7 #f by #ad-;941 spac$ #a ft4 #f 94 on c5t]s1 ! plank+ be+ #d-;94 yell[ p9e4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! con/ruction 0 to excavate a tr5* #ae ft4 wide on ! we/ side ( ! /reet1 ! ea/ side ( ! tr5* be+ #d ft4 we/ ( ! we/]nmo/ trolley rail4 ,:ile ?is "w 0 9 progress1 all vehicul> traffic 0 turn$ to t "p ( ! av5ue ea/ ( ! we/]ly trolley rail4 ,! tr5* 0 %eet$ & timb]$1 & c>ri$ to a dep? suffici5t to receive ! int]m$iate cap4 ,t portion ( ! b5t f ! bottom ( ! int]m$iate cap to ! bottom ( ! top cap 0 !n erect$ = ! wid? ( ! tr5*1 aft] :i* ! #fj-;94 ca/-iron sew] & ! #dh-;94 wat] ma9 7 laid 9 position & caulk$4 ,! top cap1 /r+]s1 & plank+ 7 !n laid1 = ! full wid? ( ! tre/le we/ ( ! trolley tracks4 ,?is "w 0 f9i%$ & ! sewage turn$ into ! new sew] 9 ,april1 #aije4 ,z ! plank+ 0 laid we/ ( ! trolley tracks1 traffic 0 turn$ to t side ( ! /reet1 & ! mat]ial ea/ ( ! tracks 0 excavat$ to its natural slope4 ,tr5*es 7 !n dug "u ! tracks on ! l9e ( ! b5ts1 & ! caps 7 set 9 position on block+4 ,! mat]ial betwe5 ^! tr5*es 0 !n remov$1 ! tracks be+ support$ mean:ile by block+ at lea/ e #f ft41 & ! /r+]s & plank+ 7 %ov$ into place4 ,excavation 0 next made betwe5 ! caps to a dep? ( ab\t #e ft4 bel[ !m1 ne$le-beams be+ plac$ "u ! caps1 "o or two at a "t1 & support$ on po/s erect$ 9 ^! excavations2 ! mat]ial on l9e ( ! b5ts 0 excavat$ to ! dep? ( ! int]m$iate caps1 :i* 7 !n set1 toge!r ) ! po/s & brac+ = ! upp] deck ( ! /ructure4 ,?is op]ation 0 repeat$ = ! l[] deck1 ab\t #aj ft4 be+ ga9$ = ea* *ange ( po/s1 & ?ree %ifts1 !re=e1 7 requir$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! tra9-transportation p]iod1 ,may #bb;d1 #aije1 two %ifts ( #aj h\rs ea* 7 inaugurat$1 & ! e>? 0 h&l$ at ! rate ( f #he1jjj to #ij1jjj cu4 yd4 p] mon?2 b1 by ! end ( ,augu/1 :5 a little m ?an #fj ( ! total e>? _h be5 dispos$ (1 ! rock began to int]f]e v greatly ) ! progress4 ,! /rike ( ! rock 0 almo/ directly nor? & s\?1 & its surface =m$ brok5 ridges runn+ 9 t direction1 ) deep valleys betwe54 ,! dip 0 almo/ v]tical ne> ,n9? ,av5ue1 & ab\t #gj t[>d ! we/ ne> ,sev5? ,av5ue4 ,?is condition made x necess>y to turn ! %ovels p>allel to ! ridges 9 ord] to /rip ! rock = drill+2 &1 z ! ridges 7 v brok51 ! %ovels cont9u$ to bump into !m on all occasions1 mak+ x necess>y to move back & />t o!r cuts or /& & wait = ! rock to be drill$ & bla/$4 ,"o small ,vulcan /eam %ovel1 ) v]tical boil] & -cu4 yd4 dipp]1 _h be5 br\ght on ! "w to be us$ 9 /ripp+ rock1 & 0 mov$ f place to place s mu* m easily ?an ! l>ge ones t an ,ohio %ovel ( ! same g5]al type 0 pur*as$ 9 ,octob]1 & !reaft] ! /ripp+ 0 done l>gely by ! two small %ovels & by h&1 ! l>ge %ovels be+ us$ almo/ exclusively 9 h&l+ rock4 ,! drill+ necess>y to remove ! rock 0 v l>ge 9 am\nt & also p] y>d excavat$4 ,9 ord] n to damage ! reta9+ walls & ! rock und]ly+ !m1 holes spac$ at #e-;94 c5t]s 7 drill$ #a ft4 away f ! face ( ! walls & on ! same batt]4 ,^! break+ holes alone am\nt$ to a total ( #baj1jjj l94 ft41 or #a ft4 ( hole = ea* #c cu4 yd4 ( rock excavat$2 & ! regulations ( ! ,bureau ( ,combu/ibles1 :i* prev5t$ spr++1 caus$ ! bla/+ holes to be plac$ v close toge!r & requir$ a total ( ab\t #dbj1jjj l94 ft41 mak+ #fcj1jjj ft4 ,if to ?is is add$ ! block holes1 = "s ( ! rock broke v l>ge1 x w %[ at lea/ #a ft4 ( drill hole = ea* cubic y>d ( rock excavat$1 ab\t t5 times ! av]age on g5]al railroad "w4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! ?ree numb]$ ,tables 7 orig9ally pr9t$ at full wid?1 ) columns 7#a7-7ac7 display$ 9 a s+le r[4 ,,table #a;a4--,record ( ,reta9+-,wall ,sections1 ,t]m9al ,/ation4 ,we/ ,?irty-fir/ ,/reet f ,sev5? ,av5ue to ,n9? ,av5ue4 7#a7 ,section ,no4 7#b7 ,/ations4 7#c7 ,cont5ts ( section1 9 cubic y>ds4 7#d7 ,b>rels ( cem5t us$ = fac+4 7#e7 ,cubic y>ds ( fac+ mort> equival5t4 7#f7 ,b>rels ( cem5t us$ = b$ mort>4 7#g7 ,cubic y>ds ( b$ mort> equival5t4 7#h7 ,cubic y>ds ( emb$d$ /one4 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 #a #afe #je4h #afe #ff4j #fag4dh #ag4ej #e4ie 444 444 444 #b #afe #ff4j #afe #ie4d #bcc4if #aj4be #c4di 444 444 444 #c #afe #ie4d #aff #da4b #cee4bj #bd4ej #h4cd 444 444 444 #d #aga #jc4d #aga #ec4d #cji4bi #fg4ej #bc4jj 444 444 444 #e #agg #dd4j #agg #id4j #aji4fb #cj4be #aj4cj 444 444 444 #f #aga #ec4d #aga #hc4j #bdf4ce #bg4ge #i4dd 444 444 444 #g #aff #da4b #aff #gi4j #fdd4ab #gg4ej #bf4cg 444 444 444 #h #aga #hc4j #agb #ab4j #cid4dc #fc4ge #ba4fi 444 444 444 #i #aff #gi4j #afg #bj4e #igd4eh #ajc4ge #ce4cj #b4ej #j4he #g4if #aj #agj #af4f #agj #eh4f #gfg4cd #ib4ej #ca4dh #b4ge #j4id 444 #aa #agj #eh4f #aga #jc4d #eii4ag #gg4jj #bf4bj #aj4be #c4di 444 #ab #afg #bj4e #afg #dc4i #ece4bh #ej4ej #ag4ah #b4jj #j4fh #d4jj #ac #age #ah4e #age #fa4h #eec4jd #fb4jj #ba4aj #e4be #a4gi 444 #ad #agg #jb4i #agg #dd4j #cje4ab #di4be #af4gf #d4ej #a4ec 444 #ae #age #fa4h #agf #ia4g #dbi4hh #ej4jj #ag4ja #a4ej #j4ea 444 #af #agf #fb4e #agg #jb4i #fge4fd #gg4ej #bf4cg #f4be #b4ac 444 #ag #agd #jd4e #agd #bi4f #afb4ih #bi4jj #i4hg #c4ej #a4ai 444 #ah #age #ia4g #agf #ba4e #fih4hh #df4be #ae4gb #d4ej #a4ec #ae4hf #ai #agf #ba4e #agf #fb4e #a1aff4gi #ha4ej #bg4gc #d4jj #a4cf #cd4if #bj #afg #dc4i #afg #ib4f #ige4ec #ie4ge #cb4eh #c4be #a4aa #cf4ii #ba #agb #ab4j #agb #de4b #bga4dh #ca4ge #aj4hj #b4ej #j4he #h4fe #bb #afh #da4c #afh #gb4f #caf4cj #dd4jj #ad4ig #e4be #a4gi #g4ah #bc #agc #fc4f #agd #jd4e #ebi4cc #ed4ge #ah4fc #d4ge #a4fb #a4be #bd #afg #ib4f #afh #da4c #a1jaj4fd #ff4jj #bb4df #e4ej #a4hg #aj4af #be #agc #ba4b #agc #fc4f #fge4ba #gg4ge #bf4df #b4ej #j4he #ab4jj #bf #afd #gb4e #afe #je4h #deh4bb #dj4jj #ac4fa #e4ej #a4hg #bb4cg #bg #agb #ha4i #agc #ba4b #dji4dc #ce4jj #aa4ia #i4ge #c4ca #d4fd #bh #afd #bg4f #afd #gb4e #feh4df #gb4jj #bd4ej #a4ej #j4ea #af4dj #bi #agb #de4b #agb #ha4i #cde4hi #cj4be #aj4bi #e4jj #a4gj #a4fb #ca #agd #gh4j #age #ah4e #ejg4ej #ce4ge #ab4ag #c4jj #a4jb #ag4ji #cb #agd #bi4f #agd #gh4j #cif4ii #dc4ge #ad4hi #a4ge #j4fj #f4ej #dc #agg #id4j #agh #dd4a #aid4jg #cj4jj #aj4ba #b4jj #j4fh #h4ce ,pi] #afh #gb4f #afh #ha4a #ajf4eb 444 444 444 444 444 #gf #agh #dd4a #agh #id4a #acf4cb #ab4ge #d4cd #d4ge #a4fb 444 #gi #agh #id4a #agi #dd4a #aah4jg #i4jj #c4jf #h4ej #a4ai 444 #hb #agi #dd4a #agi #ic4g #abf4ab #f4ej #b4ba #b4ej #j4he 444 #hd #agi #ic4g #ahj #dd4b #abf4gg #f4ge #b4cj #b4be #j4gg 444 #hf #ahj #dd4b #ahj #ic4f #afb4dh #h4jj #b4gb #b4ge #j4id 444 #ij #ahj #ic4f #aha #ag4i #ib4eb #d4jj #a4cf #a4jj #j4cd 444 ,,table #a;b4--,record ( ,reta9+-,wall ,sections1 ,t]m9al ,/ation4 ,we/ ,?irty-fir/ ,/reet f ,sev5? ,av5ue to ,n9? ,av5ue4 7#a7 ,section ,no4 7#b7 ,/ations4 7#i7 ,cubic y>ds ( concrete 9 section 7net74 7#aj7 ,b>rels ( cem5t us$ 9 concrete4 7#aa7 ,b>rels ( cem5t p] cubic y>d ( concrete4 7#ab7 ,concrete />t$4 7#ac7 ,concrete f9i%$4 7#a7 7#b7 7#i7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 7#ac7 #a #afe #je4h #afe #ff4j #faa4ec #gca4ej #a4bj #aa_/d_/jd #aa_/bj_/jd #b #afe #ff4j #afe #ie4d #bcj4dg #bgg4be #a4bj #aa_/ba_/jd #aa_/bg_/jd #c #afe #ie4d #aff #da4b #cdf4hf #cih4be #a4ae #aa_/bf_/jd #ab_/c_/jd #d #aga #jc4d #aga #ec4d #bhf4bi #cfj4ej #a4bf #ab_/b_/jd #ab_/aj_/jd #e #agg #dd4j #agg #id4j #ii4cb #abj4ge #a4bb #ab_/bh_/jd #ab_/cj_/jd #f #aga #ec4d #aga #hc4j #bcf4ia #bib4ej #a4bc #a_/b_/je #a_/aa_/je #g #aff #da4b #aff #gi4j #fag4ge #gcg4jj #a4ai #a_/ac_/je #b_/d_/je #h #aga #hc4j #agb #ab4j #cgb4gd #dbj4ge #a4ac #a_/ad_/je #a_/bh_/je #i #aff #gi4j #afg #bj4e #icj4dg #a1jff4be #a4ad #b_/ah_/je #c_/ac_/je #aj #agj #af4f #agj #eh4f #gcd4ib #heb4ej #a4af #a_/ca_/je #b_/be_/je #aa #agj #eh4f #aga #jc4d #efi4dh #fhi4ge #a4ba #c_/aa_/je #c_/bc_/je #ab #afg #bj4e #afg #dc4i #eac4db #faa4ge #a4ai #c_/i_/je #c_/bf_/je #ac #age #ah4e #age #fa4h #ecj4ae #fcj4ej #a4ai #c_/ae_/je #c_/bi_/je #ad #agg #jb4i #agg #dd4j #bhf4hc #cdj4be #a4ai #c_/bf_/je #c_/ca_/je #ae #age #fa4h #agf #ia4g #dab4cf #dgb4ej #a4ae #c_/bh_/je #d_/ad_/je #af #agf #fb4e #agg #jb4i #fdg4ad #ghh4jj #a4bb #d_/a_/je #d_/ag_/je #ag #agd #jd4e #agd #bi4f #aea4ib #ahb4ej #a4bj #e_/c_/je #e_/f_/je #ah #age #ia4g #agf #ba4e #ffe4gg #hja4jj #a4bj #e_/i_/je #e_/ai_/je #ai #agf #ba4e #agf #fb4e #a1ajb4gd #a1ced4ej #a4bc #e_/ae_/je #e_/bh_/je #bj #afg #dc4i #afg #ib4f #ijd4he #a1jab4ge #a4ab #e_/be_/je #f_/c_/je #ba #agb #ab4j #agb #de4b #bea4ah #caa4ej #a4bd #e_/bi_/je #f_/c_/je #bb #afh #da4c #afh #gb4f #bib4cf #cch4ge #a4af #f_/e_/je #f_/aj_/je #bc #agc #fc4f #agd #jd4e #ejg4hc #ehg4be #a4af #f_/e_/je #f_/ac_/je #bd #afg #ib4f #afh #da4c #igf4ae #a1jch4ge #a4jg #f_/h_/je #f_/ba_/je #be #agc #ba4b #agc #fc4f #fce4ij #ggf4be #a4bb #f_/af_/je #f_/bd_/je #bf #afd #gb4e #afe #je4h #dbj4cg #ecb4jj #a4bf #f_/bc_/je #f_/bh_/je #bg #agb #ha4i #agc #ba4b #chi4eg #dej4jj #a4af #f_/bg_/je #g_/g_/je #bh #afd #bg4f #afd #gb4e #fag4je #gbf4be #a4ah #f_/bi_/je #g_/g_/je #bi #agb #de4b #agb #ha4i #ccb4bh #chd4jj #a4af #g_/aa_/je #g_/ai_/je #ca #agd #gh4j #age #ah4e #dgg4bb #efg4ej #a4ai #g_/bi_/je #h_/f_/je #cb #agd #bi4f #agd #gh4j #cge4jj #dcd4be #a4af #h_/e_/je #h_/ab_/je #dc #agg #id4j #agh #dd4a #agd4hc #bai4ge #a4bf #aa_/i_/je #aa_/ab_/je ,pi] #afh #gb4f #afh #ha4a #ajf4eb #add4jj #a4ce #ab_/f_/jf #ab_/h_/jf #gf #agh #dd4a #agh #id4a #acj4cf #adb4ej #a4ji #g_/h_/jg #g_/aj_/jg #gi #agh #id4a #agi #dd4a #aac4hb #abi4ej #a4ad #g_/ae_/jg #g_/af_/jg #hb #agi #dd4a #agi #ic4g #abc4jf #aca4ge #a4jg #g_/bb_/jg #g_/bc_/jg #hd #agi #ic4g #ahj #dd4b #abc4gj #acc4ej #a4jh #g_/bf_/jg #g_/bg_/jg #hf #ahj #dd4b #ahj #ic4f #aeh4hb #afg4jj #a4je #g_/cj_/jg #g_/ca_/jg #ij #ahj #ic4f #aha #ag4i #ij4hb #aae4jj #a4bg #h_/ah_/jh #h_/ah_/jh ,,note4--,! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( cru%$ /one us$ 9 any section c be f\nd by multiply+ ! figure = t section 9 ,column #aj by #j4gggh4 ,! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( s& us$ 9 any section c be f\nd by multiply+3 ! sum ( ! figures = t section 9 ,columns #d1 #f1 & #aj by #j4chhi4 ,,rem>ks4--,section ,no4 #d4 ,am\nt ( s& cut d[n on a "p ( ?is section on acc\nt ( du/ 9 /one4 ,section ,no4 #h4 ,o',r\rke /one us$ on ?is section1 l>ge & full ( du/4 ,section ,no4 #i4 ,/one cru%$ on ! "w us$ on ?is section1 l>ge & full ( du/4 ,section ,no4 #ba4 #a3c3e mix 0 us$ 9 "p ( ?is section on acc\nt ( /one be+ l>ge4 ,section ,no4 #bd4 ,diff]5t siz$ /one 0 %ipp$ on b>ge & mix$ on ! bo>d = ?is section4 ,section ,no4 #be4 #a3c3e mix us$ 9 a small "p ( ?is section on acc\nt ( /one be+ l>ge4 ,sections ,nos4 #gf1 #hb1 #hd1 & #hf4 ,/one conta9$ l>ge am\nt ( du/4 ,,table #b;a4--,record ( ,reta9+-wall ,sections1 ,t]m9al ,/ation4 ,we/ ,?irty-?ird ,/reet f ,sev5? ,av5ue to ,n9? ,av5ue4 7#a7 ,section ,no4 7#b7 ,/ations4 7#c7 ,cont5ts ( section1 9 cubic y>ds4 7#d7 ,b>rels ( cem5t us$ = fac+4 7#e7 ,cubic y>ds ( fac+ mort> equival5t4 7#f7 ,b>rels ( cem5t us$ = b$ mort>4 7#g7 ,cubic y>ds ( b$ mort> equival5t4 7#h7 ,cubic y>ds ( emb$d$ /one4 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 #cj #agj #gc4b #aga #af4a #cfd4gb #db4ej #ad4df #d4jj #a4cf 444 #cc #agh #dh4g #agh #hd4a #ahj4dj #bi4ej #aj4jd #c4ej #a4ai 444 #cd ,r #b #ge4e #agj #jc4e #bad4ab #ch4jj #ab4ic #a4jj #j4cd #a4ej #ce #aga #af4a #aga #db4e #cha4ef #dj4be #ac4gj #a4jj #j4cd #ad4cg #cf #agj #jc4f #agj #be4j #aej4af #bj4ej #f4ih 444 444 #f4be #cg #aga #db4e #aga #ia4c #hfi4dj #ei4ej #bj4be #d4ej #a4ec #dd4if #ch #aga #ia4c #agb #ai4b #bcc4di #bb4ge #g4gd #b4ge #j4id #ad4de #ci #agi #bg4b #agi #fd4b #bee4ci #cb4jj #aj4hi #c4jj #a4jb #i4je #dj #agj #be4j #agj #gc4b #ejj4gc #dd4be #ae4jf #a4jj #j4cd #bi4fd #da #afi #ej4h ,r #b #ge4e #bae4ic #bh4be #i4fa #b4jj #j4fh 444 #db #agh #hd4a #agi #bg4b #agg4fb #bc4jj #g4hc #a4ej #j4ea #g4jf #dd #ahj #je4e #ahj #dd4b #icf4ae #eh4ge #ai4ii #aj4ej #c4dg #gc4hd #de #ahj #dd4b #ahj #gd4i #a1acc4ei #fj4jj #bj4db #e4jj #a4gj #fj4ga #df #agi #fd4b #ahj #je4e #dgg4ad #ce4jj #aa4ia #c4ge #a4bh #bd4eh #dg #afi #jj4a #afi #ej4h #acf4ai #ad4be #d4he #c4ej #a4ai #b4jj #dh #agh #bd4a #agh #dh4g #aib4gh #ba4be #g4bc #b4jj #j4fh 444 #di #agg #ha4a #agh #bd4a #bda4ea #be4be #h4ei #b4ej #j4he #a4cc #ej #afh #jc4f #afh #de4f #dje4fa #be4ej #h4fh #d4jj #a4cf #cf4aj #ea #agg #ch4d #agg #ha4a #ajj4ed #ab4ge #d4cd #c4jj #a4jb #j4gh #eb #afh #de4f #afh #hj4a #aha4if #ai4jj #f4dg #a4jj #j4cd #i4jc #ec #afh #hj4a #afi #jj4a #da4cb #c4ej #a4ai 444 444 444 #ee #agf #ij4j #agg #ch4d #ib4da #aa4be #c4hc #b4ej #j4he #c4fh #ef #afg #fb4a #afh #jc4f #chc4fg #cc4ge #aa4dh #c4be #a4aa #cf4fb #ei #age #fg4c #age #ih4i #age4fa #ae4ej #e4bg #b4ej #j4he #i4cg #fj #agf #di4j #agf #ij4j #fi4ig #h4be #b4ha #c4jj #a4jb #a4eh #fa #age #ih4i #agf #di4j #ajd4ef #h4jj #b4gb #c4ej #a4ai #c4gb #fd #age #cj4c #age #fg4c #adj4ae #ad4ge #e4jb #b4ge #j4id 444 #fe #agd #he4d #age #cj4c #hj4ff #i4jj #c4jf #b4ej #j4he 444 #ff #agd #dg4i #agd #he4d #fh4hi #e4ej #a4hg #c4be #a4aa 444 #fg #agd #ba4a #agd #dg4i #fj4ad #c4jj #a4jb #b4jj #j4fh #j4ib #fh #afg #ab4c #afg #fb4a #cgi4id #bc4ej #h4jj #e4jj #a4gj #ai4cd #fi #agc #he4f #agd #ba4a #gg4dc #f4ej #b4ba #c4jj #a4jb 444 #gj #aff #ge4f #afg #ab4c #djh4ha #cc4ge #aa4dh #c4ge #a4bh 444 #ga #agc #df4e #agc #he4f #he4ib #h4be #b4ha #a4ge #j4fj 444 #gd #agb #ai4b #agb #gc4j #ddi4bh #bb4ge #g4gd #f4be #b4ac 444 #ge #agb #gc4j #agc #bd4j #ejb4bj #bg4be #i4bg #g4jj #b4ch 444 #gg #afd #gg4j #afe #bg4a #ada4ch #i4jj #c4jf #g4be #b4dg 444 #gh #afh #hc4d #afi #ah4c #fc4ce #c4jj #a4jb #a4ej #j4ea 444 #hj #afe #bg4a #afe #gf4f #ajh4hf #aa4ge #d4jj #c4jj #a4jb 444 #ha #afh #de4f #afh #hc4d #baj4ig #ac4jj #d4db #f4be #b4ac 444 #hc #afe #gf4f #aff #bj4e #ajh4jf #h4jj #b4gb #c4ge #a4bh 444 #he #aff #bj4e #aff #fd4f #ajg4eb #i4jj #c4jf #b4be #j4gf 444 #hg #aff #fd4f #aff #ge4f #bc4dd #a4jj #j4cd #b4be #j4db 444 #hh #afd #bf4c #afd #gg4j #cag4gb #bd4jj #h4ag #b4be #j4gf 444 #hi #agc #bj4h #agc #df4e #ic4ea #e4fj #a4gj #a4ej #j4ea 444 #ia #ahj #gd4i #ahj #ib4g #ada4dj #ag4ej #e4if 444 444 444 #ib #ahj #ib4g #aha #bh4h #aah4ic #ai4jj #f4df 444 444 444 ,,table #b;b4--,record ( ,reta9+-wall ,sections1 ,t]m9al ,/ation4 ,we/ ,?irty-?ird ,/reet f ,sev5? ,av5ue to ,n9? ,av5ue4 7#a7 ,section ,no4 7#b7 ,/ations4 7#i7 ,cubic y>ds ( concrete 9 section 7net74 7#aj7 ,b>rels ( cem5t us$ 9 concrete4 7#aa7 ,b>rels ( cem5t p] cubic y>d ( concrete4 7#ab7 ,concrete />t$4 7#ac7 ,concrete f9i%$4 7#a7 7#b7 7#i7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 7#ac7 #cj #agj #gc4b #aga #af4a #cdh4ij #cia4jj #a4ab #g_/bj_/je #g_/bf_/je #cc #agh #dh4g #agh #hd4a #afi4ag #ahh4jj #a4aa #h_/g_/je #h_/aa_/je #cd ,r #b #ge4e #agj #jc4e #aii4ce #bag4be #a4ji #h_/ad_/je #h_/ai_/je #ce #aga #af4a #aga #db4e #cec4ae #djj4be #a4ac #h_/af_/je #h_/bb_/je #cf #agj #jc4f #agj #be4j #acf4ic #acc4ge #j4ih #h_/ai_/je #h_/bb_/je #cg #aga #db4e #aga #ia4c #hjb4ff #iji4jj #a4ac #h_/bb_/je #i_/f_/je #ch #aga #ia4c #agb #ai4b #baj4cf #bch4ej #a4ac #h_/bd_/je #h_/bg_/je #ci #agi #bg4b #agi #fd4b #bcd4dc #bgj4be #a4ae #h_/bi_/je #i_/b_/je #dj #agj #be4j #agj #gc4b #dee4fi #ebe4ge #a4ae #i_/aa_/je #i_/ae_/je #da #afi #ej4h ,r #b #ge4e #bje4fd #bcf4ej #a4ae #aj_/c_/je #aj_/f_/je #db #agh #hd4a #agi #bg4b #afb4bb #aid4ge #a4bj #aj_/i_/je #aj_/aa_/je #dd #ahj #je4e #ahj #dd4b #hch4he #ihg4jj #a4ah #aa_/ag_/je #aa_/bg_/je #de #ahj #dd4b #ahj #gd4i #a1jej4hf #a1bjf4jj #a4ae #ab_/ac_/je #ab_/bc_/je #df #agi #fd4b #ahj #je4e #dci4cg #ece4jj #a4bb #a_/ae_/jf #a_/ai_/jf #dg #afi #jj4a #afi #ej4h #abh4ae #aej4ej #a4ag #d_/d_/jf #d_/f_/jf #dh #agh #bd4a #agh #dh4g #ahd4hg #bbf4jj #a4bb #d_/bd_/jf #d_/cj_/jf #di #agg #ha4a #agh #bd4a #bcj4gd #bgd4jj #a4ai #e_/ba_/jf #e_/bd_/jf #ej #afh #jc4f #afh #de4f #cei4dg #djf4jj #a4ac #f_/ac_/jf #f_/ah_/jf #ea #agg #ch4d #agg #ha4a #id4dj #aab4jj #a4ai #f_/bj_/jf #f_/ba_/jf #eb #afh #de4f #afh #hj4a #aff4ab #aij4jj #a4ad #f_/be_/jf #f_/bh_/jf #ec #afh #hj4a #afi #jj4a #dj4ac #dd4ej #a4aa #f_/bi_/jf #f_/bi_/jf #ee #agf #ij4j #agg #ch4d #hd4je #ih4be #a4ag #h_/ag_/jf #h_/ah_/jf #ef #afg #fb4a #afh #jc4f #ccd4df #chc4ej #a4ad #h_/bh_/jf #i_/a_/jf #ei #age #fg4c #age #ih4i #afj4ab #ahf4jj #a4af #aj_/ae_/jf #aj_/af_/jf #fj #agf #di4j #agf #ij4j #fd4ef #ge4jj #a4af #aj_/ag_/jf #aj_/ah_/jf #fa #age #ih4i #agf #di4j #if4ic #ajh4jj #a4aa #aj_/ai_/jf #aj_/bj_/jf #fd #age #cj4c #age #fg4c #acd4ai #afa4ej #a4bj #aa_/ba_/jf #aa_/bb_/jf #fe #agd #he4d #age #cj4c #gf4ge #ib4ge #a4ba #ab_/ad_/jf #ab_/ae_/jf #ff #agd #dg4i #agd #he4d #fe4ia #hc4ej #a4bg #ab_/ah_/jf #ab_/ah_/jf #fg #agd #ba4a #agd #dg4i #eg4eb #fg4ej #a4ag #ab_/ba_/jf #ab_/ba_/jf #fh #afg #ab4c #afg #fb4a #cej4ij #dab4ej #a4ag #a_/b_/jg #a_/f_/jg #fi #agc #he4f #agd #ba4a #gd4bj #ia4jj #a4bc #a_/bi_/jg #a_/cj_/jg #gj #aff #ge4f #afg #ab4c #cif4je #dfh4ej #a4ah #d_/b_/jg #d_/aj_/jg #ga #agc #df4e #agc #he4f #hb4ea #ie4ge #a4af #d_/ag_/jg #d_/ai_/jg #gd #agb #ai4b #agb #gc4j #dci4da #ejf4jj #a4ae #f_/bj_/jg #f_/bd_/jg #ge #agb #gc4j #agc #bd4j #dij4ee #egi4jj #a4ah #g_/h_/jg #h_/be_/jg #gg #afd #gg4j #afe #bg4a #ace4he #afa4ej #a4ai #g_/ac_/jg #g_/ae_/jg #gh #afh #hc4d #afi #ah4c #fa4hb #gc4jj #a4ah #g_/ac_/jg #g_/ad_/jg #hj #afe #bg4a #afe #gf4f #ajc4hd #acc4ej #a4bh #g_/ah_/jg #g_/ai_/jg #ha #afh #de4f #afh #hc4d #bjd4db #bee4ge #a4be #g_/bj_/jg #g_/bc_/jg #hc #afe #gf4f #aff #bj4e #ajd4jf #abh4ej #a4bc #g_/be_/jg #g_/bg_/jg #he #aff #bj4e #aff #fd4f #ajc4gj #add4ej #a4ci #g_/bi_/jg #g_/cj_/jg #hg #aff #fd4f #aff #ge4f #bb4fh #cj4jj #a4cb #g_/ca_/jg #g_/ca_/jg #hh #afd #bf4c #afd #gg4j #cjh4gi #cgj4jj #a4bj #h_/h_/jg #h_/aa_/jg #hi #agc #bj4h #agc #df4e #ia4cj #aba4ge #a4cc #i_/g_/jg #i_/h_/jg #ia #ahj #gd4i #ahj #ib4g #ace4dd #bjc4ej #a4ej #aa_/ah_/jg #aa_/bj_/j #ib #ahj #ib4g #aha #bh4h #aab4dg #aij4jj #a4fi #ab_/a_/jh #ab_/b_/jh ,,note4--,! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( cru%$ /one us$ 9 any section c be f\nd by multiply+ ! figure = t section 9 ,column #aj by #j4gggh4 ,! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( s& us$ 9 any section c be f\nd by multiply+ ! sum ( ! figures = t section 9 ,columns #d1 #f1 & #aj by #j4chhi4 ,,rem>ks4--,section ,no4 #dg4 ,"p ( ?is section 0 remov$ on acc\nt ( damage done by bla/+ & 0 replac$ by ,section ,no4 #gh4 ,section ,no4 #eb4 ,all ( ?is section 0 remov$ on acc\nt ( damage done by bla/+ & 0 replac$ by ,section ,no4 #ha4 ,section ,no4 #ec4 ,all ( ?is section 0 remov$ on acc\nt ( damage done by bla/+ & 0 replac$ by ,sections ,nos4 #gh & #ha4 ,,table #c;a4--,record ( ,reta9+ ,wall ,sections4 7#a7 ,section ,no4 7#b7 ,/ations4 7#c7 ,cont5ts ( section1 9 cubic y>ds4 7#d7 ,b>rels ( cem5t us$ = fac+4 7#e7 ,cubic y>ds ( fac+ mort> equival5t4 7#f7 ,b>rels ( cem5t us$ = b$ mort>4 7#g7 ,cubic y>ds ( b$ mort> equival5t4 7#h7 ,cubic y>ds ( emb$d$ /one4 ,p[]-,h\se4 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 ,a ,l #b #ge4c ,l #c #be4c #dfc4bh #eh4be #ai4hb #e4ej #a4hg #aa4ej ,b ,l #c #be4c ,l #c #gd4i #aad4gh #bc4jj #g4hc #a4ge #j4fj #a4ej ,c #afi #cj4h #afi #gd4h #agi4ai #cd4be #aa4ff #a4jj #j4cd #c4fj ,d #afi #gd4h #agj #bh4h #aad4ch #bg4be #i4bg #j4be #j4ji #j4jg ,e #afh #hc4f #afi #cj4h #aja4bj #bb4jj #g4di #a4ej #j4ea #j4fe ,f ,l #b #gh4b ,l #c #ai4f #ceh4hj #ci4ej #ac4dd #j4ge #j4bf #i4ej ,g ,l #c #ai4f ,l #c #ef4i #bcg4cc #bc4jj #g4hc #a4jj #j4cd #j4gd ,h ,l #c #ef4i #afh #hc4e #be4ee #f4be #b4ac #j4ge #j4bf 444 ,sev5? ,av5ue4 #ed #afd #bg4f ,l #b #cb4j #gfd4dh #fi4ge #bc4gd #c4jj #a4jb 444 #eg ,l #b #aj4c ,l #b #cb4j #ecc4jf #cd4jj #aa4eg #b4be #j4gg 444 #eh ,l #a #hg4a ,l #b #aj4c #edd4ed #cb4be #aj4ig #b4jj #j4fh #i4hj #fb ,l #a #hg4a ,l #a #fd4d #ege4fg #cj4jj #aj4ba #c4jj #a4jb #f4bj #fc ,l #a #db4d ,l #a #fd4d #fjg4ja #cj4ej #aj4ch #b4ej #j4he #c4gi #gb ,l #a #db4d ,l #a #ai4f #fca4ig #cj4jj #aj4ba #a4ge #j4fj #a4ah #gc ,l #a #ai4f ,l #j #ig4j #egc4cc #be4be #h4ei #j4be #j4jh #b4dh ,,table #c;b4--,record ( ,reta9+ ,wall ,sections4 7#a7 ,section ,no4 7#b7 ,/ations4 7#i7 ,cubic y>ds ( concrete 9 section 7net74 7#aj7 ,b>rels ( cem5t us$ 9 concrete4 7#aa7 ,b>rels ( cem5t p] cubic y>d ( concrete4 7#ab7 ,concrete />t$4 7#ac7 ,concrete f9i%$4 ,p[]-,h\se4 7#a7 7#b7 7#i7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 7#ac7 ,a ,l #b #ge4c ,l #c #be4c #dcj4ji #dhb4ge #a4ab #e_/ah_/je #e_/be_/je ,b ,l #c #be4c ,l #c #gd4i #ajd4he #abe4ej #a4bj #f_/ad_/je #f_/af_/je ,c #afi #cj4h #afi #gd4h #afc4ei #ahc4jj #a4ab #g_/aj_/je #g_/ac_/je ,d #afi #gd4h #agj #bh4h #ajd4ie #aai4be #a4ad #g_/ad_/je #g_/ai_/je ,e #afh #hc4f #afi #cj4h #ib4ee #ajg4be #a4af #g_/bf_/je #g_/bh_/je ,f ,l #b #gh4b ,l #c #ai4f #cce4fj #cig4ge #a4ah #i_/ai_/je #i_/bd_/je ,g ,l #c #ai4f ,l #c #ef4i #bbh4db #bgh4jj #a4bb #i_/bf_/je #i_/bi_/je ,h ,l #c #ef4i #afh #hc4e #bc4af #bh4jj #a4ba #i_/bi_/je #i_/bi_/je ,sev5? ,av5ue4 #ed #afd #bg4f ,l #b #cb4j #gci4gb #ijg4ej #a4bc #h_/f_/jf #h_/ae_/jf #eg ,l #b #aj4c ,l #b #cb4j #ebj4gb #faj4ge #a4ag #i_/aj_/jf #i_/ae_/jf #eh ,l #a #hg4a ,l #b #aj4c #ebc4ji #ehh4be #a4ab #i_/bd_/jf #i_/bh_/jf #fb ,l #a #hg4a ,l #a #fd4d #ech4bd #fci4ej #a4ai #aj_/bd_/jf #aj_/bi_/jf #fc ,l #a #db4d ,l #a #fd4d #eha4ii #fgh4ej #a4ag #aa_/e_/jf #aa_/aa_/jf #gb ,l #a #db4d ,l #a #ai4f #fai4ih #gai4ej #a4af #d_/be_/jg #d_/cj_/jg #gc ,l #a #ai4f ,l #j #ig4j #efb4ah #fhe4ge #a4bb #e_/ac_/jg #e_/ah_/jg ,,note4--,! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( cru%$ /one us$ 9 any section c be f\nd by multiply+ ! figure = t section 9 ,column #aj by #j4gggh4 ,! numb] ( cubic y>ds ( s& us$ 9 any section c be f\nd by multiply+ ! sum ( ! figures = t section 9 ,columns #d1 #f1 & #aj by #j4chhi4 ,*annel+ ) a #aj-;ft qu>ry b>1 c>ry+ a ,no4 #d ,+]soll-,r& drill ) ,z-bits1 0 attempt$ 9 place ( ! close drill+ bel[ ! walls1 b1 z ! rock /ood s ne>ly v]tical & 0 full ( s(t seams1 v little c\ld be accompli%$1 ! av]age cut p] day ( #aj h\rs1 c\nt+ ! "t ( mov+ & sett+ up1 0 only #d sq4 ft41 &1 aft] a ?or\gh trial1 ! b>s 7 ab&on$4 ,disposal4--,! excavat$ mat]ial 0 haul$ f ! %ovels to ! pi] 9 #aj-;c> tra9s4 ,! c>s 7 ( ?ree classes3 #d-yd4 ,we/]n dump-c>s1 flat c>s )\t skips1 & flats c>ry+ specially design$ /eel skips hav+ a capacity ( #d cu4 yd4 ea*4 ,z f> z practicable1 e>?1 & rock conta9+ #a cu4 yd4 or less1 0 load$ on dump]s1 m$ium-siz$ rock on ! skips1 & l>ge rock on ! b>e flats4 ,z a /eam %ovel mu/ pick up :at is ne>e/ to x fir/1 h[ev]1 ?is classification c\ld n always be adh]$ to1 & _m l>ge rocks 7 load$ into dump]s4 ,c>s ( ?is class :i* conta9$ no mat]ial too l>ge to dump 7 run at once to ! hopp]s1 & 7 dump$ & return$ to ! pit2 o!rs1 toge!r ) ! flat & skip c>s1 7 run d[n ! incl9e to ! d]ricks & telph]s1 :]e ! flats & skips 7 entirely unload$1 & ! l>ge rocks w>e remov$ f ! dump]s1 aft] :i* !y 7 run to ! hopp]s & empti$4 ,! total quantity ( excavat$ mat]ial h&l$ at ?is pi] f ,may #bb;d1 #aije1 to ,decemb] #ca/1 #aijh1 am\nt$ to #fgc1hjj cu4 yd4 ( e>? & #a1dhh1jjj cu4 yd4 ( rock1 place measurem5t1 equal to #c1bjc1djj cu4 yd41 sc[ measurem5t2 9 addition to :i* #age1jjj cu4 yd4 ( cru%$ /one & s& & #f1jjj c> loads ( miscellane\s build+ mat]ial 7 transf]r$ f sc[s & light]s to small c>s = deliv]y to ! ,t]m9al "w4 ,all ! e>? & #egj1jjj cu4 yd4 ( ! rock1 place measurem5t1 7 h&l$ ?r\gh ! *utes1 & ! rema9d] ( ! rock1 #iah1jjj cu4 yd41 & all ! incom+ mat]ial by ! d]ricks & telph]s4 ,9 capacity to h&le mat]ial1 "o telph] 0 ab\t equal to "o d]rick4 ,a tra91 !re=e1 c\ld be empti$ or a boat load$ "u ! bank ( eight telph]s 9 "o-f\r? ! "t requir$ by ! d]ricks1 ( :i* only two c\ld "w on "o boat4 ,! telph]s1 !re=e1 7 ( great advantage :]e track room & sc[ b]?s 7 limit$4 ,z not$ 9 ! li/ ( contracts "u :i* ! "w 0 execut$1 ! sc[s at bo? ! #ce? ,/reet dump+ bo>d & ,pi] ,no4 #gb 7 furni%$1 t[$1 & ! mat]ial f9ally dispos$ (1 by ,h5ry ,/e]s1 ,incorporat$4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod1 ?is contractor dispos$ ( ! mat]ial excavat$ f bo? ! ,cross-t[n ,tunnels1 con/ruct$ by ! ,unit$ ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+ ,company1 & ! tunnels "u ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 con/ruct$ by ,s4 ,pe>son & ,son1 ,incorporat$4 ,z /at$ 9 o!r pap]s ( ?is s]ies relat+ to ! con/ruction ( ^? tunnels1 ! mat]ial excavat$ by ! ,unit$ ,eng9e]+ & ,contract+ ,company 0 deliv]$ to b>ges at #ce? ,/reet & ,ea/ ,riv] & t by ,s4 ,pe>son & ,son1 ,incorporat$1 at two po9ts1 "o 9 ,long ,isl& ,city & ! o!r at #cc;d ,/reet & ,ea/ ,riv]1 ,manhattan4 ,! total numb] ( cubic y>ds ( mat]ial dispos$ ( am\nt$ to3 ,place measurem5t4 ,total b>ge ,e>?4 ,rock4 measurem5t4 #ce? ,/reet & ,nor? ,riv] #bdb1hjj #bb1hjj #bha1ejj ,pi] ,no4 #gb1 ,nor? ,riv] #fgc1hjj #a1dhh1jjj #c1bjc1djj ,f ,cross-t[n ,tunnels #egj1djj ,f ,"u-riv] ,tunnels #djb1ejj ----------- ,total #d1deg1hjj ,! mat]ial 0 deliv]$ z foll[s3 ,to ! freight t]m9al ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company at ,gre5ville1 ,n4,j4 #c1ded1hjj ,to ! ,mead[s ,division ( ! ,tunnel ,l9e betwe5 ,h>rison1 ,n4,j41 & ! ,nor? ,riv] ,portals #gaa1ijj ,to o!r po9ts select$ by ! contractors #bia1ajj --------- ,total #d1deg1hjj ,! h&l+ ( ?is l>ge quantity ( mat]ial requir$ ! load+ ( f #aj to #bj sc[s p] day 7& = m ?an two ye>s ! av]age 0 #ad71 &1 z ! av]age "t sp5t 9 "o r\nd trip 0 #c #a_/c days1 a fleet ( m ?an #ej sc[s 0 requir$ to keep all po9ts suppli$ & all[ = a few to be out ( s]vice und]go+ repairs4 ,all load$ sc[s 7 t[$ f ! docks1 ) ! ebb tide1 to a /ake boat an*or$ 9 ! bay ab\t "o mile (f %ore at ,gre5ville2 & 7 tak5 f !re to ! diff]5t unload+ po9ts1 z requir$1 by small] tugs :i* also return$ ! empty sc[s to ! /ake4 ,! unload+ plants 7 simil> at ! diff]5t po9ts1 al?\gh t at ,gre5ville 0 mu* l>g] ?an ! o!rs4 ,x includ$ five l& dr$ges & eight travel+ d]ricks ( two types1 "o float+ & ! o!r m\nt$ on :eels & travel+ on a track ( #af-;ft4 gauge4 ,! d]ricks h&l$ ! l>ge rock1 :i* 0 load$ at ,pi] ,no4 #gb by d]ricks & telph]s4 ,!y 7 ( ! ord9>y ,a-frame type1 & 7 design$ to h&le #bj tons4 ,!y 7 op]at$ by #i by #aj-;94 ,lidg]wood d\ble-drum & sw++-ge> eng9es4 ,! l>ge rock 0 deposit$ by ! d]ricks ei!r 9 ! *annels along :i* !y work$ or 9 ! fill along %ore1 )\t ! use ( c>s4 ,! l& dr$ges 7 equipp$ ) a #fj-;ft4 boom & a #b-yd4 ,hayw>d bucket op]at$ by a #ad by #ah-;94 d\ble-drum ,lidg]wood dr$g+ eng9e4 ,!y load$ into #i-yd41 /&>d-gauge1 side-dump c>s1 built by ! contractor1 & unload$ ! sc[s to )9 ab\t #a ft4 ( ! deck1 a ,hayw>d bucket be+ unsuitable = clos] "w )\t greatly damag+ ! sc[s4 ,! mat]ial rema9+ 0 load$ by h& into skips :i* 7 h&l$ to ! c>s by small d]ricks1 "o ( :i* 0 locat$ at ! re> ( ea* dr$ge4 ,! c>s 7 tak5 to ! dump & return$ by #be-ton1 /&>d-gauge1 eng9es :i* _h previ\sly done s]vice on ! ,manhattan ,elevat$ ,railroad1 b 7 spott$ = load+ by ! eng9e on ! dr$ge4 ,9 ord] to keep a record ( ! fleet ( sc[s1 :i* w\ld %[ ! available supply at a glance1 a bo>d1 #aj by #ae 941 & cov]$ ) a heavy %eet ( rul$ pap]1 0 arrang$ z %[n by ,fig4 #aj4 ,x 0 divid$ into #ab v]tical columns1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 head$ ,sc[s1 & conta9$ ! "n or numb] ( ea* sc[ 9 s]vice4 ,! next f\r columns d5ot$ load+ po9ts1 & 7 head$ ,pi] ,no4 #gb1 ,?irty-?ird ,/reet1 ,ea/ ,riv]1 ,?irty-fif? ,/reet1 ,ea/ ,riv]1 & ,long ,isl& ,city1 respectively2 ! six? column 0 head$ ,gre5ville1 ! sev5? ,hack5sack1 ! eigh? ,passaic1 & ! n9? ,gov]nors ,isl&1 be+ unload+ po9ts1 ! t5? & elev5?1 ,/ake ,boat & ,dry ,dock1 respectively1 :ile ! twelf? 0 = ,extra p9s1 n 9 use4 ,to indicate ! condition ( ! sc[s1 small p9s ) color$ heads 7 us$2 :ite indicat$ empty2 blue1 work+2 black1 load$2 r$1 be+ repair$2 & a pe>l-color$ p91 miss+4 ,?us a :ite-head$ p9 opposite ! numb] #f 9 ! column head$ ,pi] ,no4 #gb indicat$ t sc[ ,no4 #f 0 ly+ at t pi] wait+ to be plac$ 9 position = load+1 :]eas a black-head$ p9 at ! same po9t meant t ! sc[ _h receiv$ its load & 0 ready to be t[$4 ,,bo>d ,,record+ ,,location ,,& ,,condition ,,( ,,sc[s ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is *>t 0 orig9ally pres5t$ z an illu/ration1 ,figure #aj4 ,x is %[n "h rotat$ f horizontal to v]tical = readability4 ,z 9 ! orig9al1 only a p>tial bo>d is %[n2 ! numb] ( ,sc[s 0 at lea/ #h4 ---------------------------------------- -----------------------_/ ,sc[s4 ,h4,s4 ,h4,s4 ,h4,s4 ,h4,s4 ,h4,s4 ,h4,s4 _/ ,no4 #a ,no4 #b ,no4 #c ,no4 #d ,no4 #e ,no4 #f _/ ---------------------------------------- -----------------------_/ ,load+ ,po9ts _/ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------_/ ,pi] ,no4 #gb _/ ---------------------------------------- --------------------_/ ,?irty-?ird _/ ,/reet ,ea/ ,r4 _/ ---------------------------------------- --------------------_/ ,?irty-fif? _/ ,/reet ,ea/ ,r4 _/ ---------------------------------------- --------------------_/ ,long ,isl& ,city _/ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------_/ ,unload+ ,po9ts _/ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------_/ ,gre5ville4 _/ ---------------------------------------- --------------------_/ ,hack5sack4 _/ ---------------------------------------- --------------------_/ ,passaic4 _/ ---------------------------------------- --------------------_/ ,gov]nors ,isl&4 _/ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------_/ ,/ake ,boat4 _/ ---------------------------------------- -----------------------_/ ,dry ,dock4 _/ ---------------------------------------- -----------------------_/ _/ ,extra ,p9s4 ,empty4 ,:ite ,p9s n 9 use plac$ "h4 _/ _/ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------_/ ,! sc[s 7 all tak5 f ! g5]al s]vice ab\t ! h>bor2 "s ( !m 7 practically new1 :ile o!rs _h se5 mu* s]vice4 ,!y 7 ( two g5]al types1 truss-fram$ or bulkhead-fram$2 all 7 flat-bottom$1 ) a rake ( ab\t #de at b[ & /]n4 ,! truss-fram$ sc[s 7 built ) a cross-truss e #aj to #ae ft41 on :i* re/$1 =e & aft1 two classes ( beams1 ma9 & int]m$iate4 ,! ma9 beams 7 built ( timb]s rang+ f #aj by #aj 94 to #ad by #ad 941 7 sc>f$ at ! jo9ts1 & truss$ ) ! bottom logs4 ,! int]m$iate beams 7 ( timb]s v>y+ f #f by #f 94 to #aj by #ab 941 _h butt jo9ts1 & 7 dapp$ at ! cross-trusses to give a convex surface to ! deck1 :i* 0 built ( #c-;94 & #d-;94 plank1 f #h to #ab 94 9 wid?1 runn+ a?w>t%ip4 ,! sides ( ! sc[s ( ?is class 7 spik$ & bolt$ to trusses simil> to ^? runn+ "u ! ma9 beams4 ,! bulkhead$ boats _h bo? sides & two longitud9al bulkheads plac$ s z to divide ! sc[ into ?ree sections ( equal wid?1 built ( #h by #h-;94 or #aj by #aj-;94 timb]s1 laid "o ^u ! o!r1 & bolt$ ?r\gh f top to bottom4 ,! beams on ^! boats ran a?w>t%ip1 re/$ on sides & bulkheads1 & rang$ f #f by #aj-;94 to #aj by #ab-;941 spac$ #b ft4 ap>t1 & dress$ to give a convex surface to ! deck1 :i* 0 usually #c 941 9 "s cases #d 941 9 ?ickness1 & made up ( n>r[ plank f #d to #f 94 9 wid?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,diagram ,,( ,,deck ,,%[+ ,,bays ,^! boats _h all be5 design$ = light] "w ?an !y 7 "h requir$ to p]=m1 & a l>ge am\nt ( breakage occurr$ f ! />t4 ,9 ord] t ! contractors = ! excavation %\ld be unhamp]$ z to me?od ( load+1 ! contracts provid$ t !y %\ld pay = all damage done to ! sc[s 9 load+1 o!r ?an ord9>y & usual we> & te>1 all o!r damage be+ at ! exp5se ( ! contractor = ! disposal4 ,a rigid sy/em ( inspection 0 necess>y to det]m9e & record prop]ly ! damage = :i* ea* contractor 0 responsible2 &1 z mu* ( ! breakage c\ld n be notic$ f ! ext]ior1 a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! int]ior ( ea* sc[ 0 made be=e & aft] e load+4 ,9 ord] to keep prop] records1 ! bays ( ea* sc[1 =m$ by ! cross-trusses1 7 numb]$1 beg9n+ aft ) numb] #a & go+ =w>d to ! b[1 & ! longitud9al bays =m$ by ! ma9 beams 7 lett]$1 beg9n+ ) ,a on ! port side4 ,a beam brok5 9 #a-;,a1 !re=e1 w\ld be an int]m$iate beam 9 ! /]n port corn] bay1 & a beam brok5 9 #aj-;,a-,b w\ld be a ma9 beam at ! b[ end on ! port side4 ,! und]side ( ea* plank 0 m>k$ ) a numb] beg9n+ ) #a at ! /]n & increas+ by unity to ! b[4 ,fig4 #aa is a diagram ( a sc[ 9 accordance ) ?is sy/em4 ,9 addition to record+ ! date1 location1 ext5t1 & p>ty responsible = ea* damage1 9 a book kept = t purpose1 ! injur$ memb] 0 m>k$ ) pa9t1 ! color ( :i* indicat$ ! p>ty responsible4 ,! repairs 7 made by ! contractor = ! disposal ( mat]ial1 & ! co/ 0 assess$ accord+ to ! m>k+ 9 ! boat4 ,! c>eful inspection ( ! damage done to sc[s & ! co/ ( _! repairs enables a fairly accurate /atem5t to be made ( ! am\nt at diff]5t po9ts1 & x is "h giv5 on ! basis ( co/ ( repairs p] cubic y>d1 b>ge measurem5t1 ( mat]ial h&l$4 ,co/1 9 c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,repairs ( damage done 9 load+ mat]ial f ! t]m9al site #b4jj ,repairs ( damage done 9 load+ mat]ial f cross-t[n tunnels #a4cb ,repairs ( damage done 9 load+ mat]ial f "u-riv] tunnels #a4gg ,repairs ( damage done 9 transport+ & unload+ mat]ial f all po9ts #a4ha ,! above figures d n include ! exp5se due to sc[s :i* 7 ov]turn$ or sunk :ile 9 ! s]vice1 :i* am\nt$ to #j4d c5t p] cubic y>d1 additional4 ,n9? ,av5ue ,tunnels4--,! two d\ble-track tunnels "u ,n9? ,av5ue1 con/ruct$ to obta9 #ajj ft4 ( additional tail room on ea* ( f\r tracks1 requir$ an excavation #gf ft4 wide1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! rock1 al?\gh fair1 0 n firm en\gh = s great a span1 &1 to obviate ! necessity ( timb]+1 ! c5t] wall 0 built be=e excavat+ = ! full wid?4 ,! dip ( ! rock at ?is po9t is almo/ #ij1 & to prev5t bl[+ away ! entire face 9 excavat+ = ! tunnel1 ! pit excavation 0 n c>ri$ we/ to ! f9al face bel[ ! spr++ l9e1 a #aj-;ft4 b5* be+ left at t elevation4 ,a top head+ #i ft4 high & #aj ft4 wide 0 />t$ above t b5* &1 aft] p5etrat+ ab\t #aj ft41 0 wid5$ to #bj ft4 ,a cross-head+ 0 driv5 9 ea* direction at ! we/ end ( ! fir/ head+2 ! b5* 0 !n %ot d[n1 & ! fir/ #aj ft4 ( ! longitud9al head+ 0 wid5$ suffici5tly to receive ! c5t] wall1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,aft] ! middle wall _h be5 concret$1 any voids betwe5 its top & ! rock 7 gr\t$ ?r\gh pipes left = t purpose2 ! wall 0 !n protect$ by curta9s ( heavy r\nd timb] securely wir$ toge!r1 & ! rema9d] ( ! excavation 0 made by wid5+ ! cross-head+s t[>d ! face4 ,! muck 0 c>ri$ out by two cableways1 "o on ea* side ( ! complet$ middle wall1 ea* ( :i* 0 support$ by a t[] outside ( ! tunnel & a l>ge hook-bolt gr\t$ into ! rock at ! inn] end ( ! tunnel4 ,=ms 7 built = ea* tunnel complete1 & ! concrete 0 deliv]$ by a belt conveyor1 runn+ ov] ! top ( ! lagg+1 & mov$ out z ! tunnel 0 key$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,t]m9al ,,/ation ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,two ,,track ,,tunnels ,,at ,,n9? ,,av5ue ,,& ,,?irty-,,?ird ,,/reet ,,footnotes #a3 ,pres5t$ at ! meet+ ( ,may #d?1 #aiaj4 #b3 ,reproduc$ z ,plate ,,ix 9 ! pap] by ,mr4 ,noble4 ,text ref]5ce = footnote #b3 "o arm ( ! creek %[n on ,g5]al ,viele's map ( #ahfe ,! article is ,,asce #aaeb1 ,! ,ea/ ,riv] ,division1 available f ,project ,gut5b]g z e-text #ahjfe 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errata3 ,table #b;a #hg #aff #fd4f #aff #ge4f #bc4dd #a4jj #j4cd #b4be #j4db 444 #b4be is uncle>2 only 4#be is fully legible