,,american ,,society ,,of ,,civil       
,,engineers                 ,instituted 
#aheb                    ,,transactions 
,paper ,no4 #aaeg        ,,the ,,new    
,,york ,,tunnel ,,extension ,,of ,,the  
,,pennsylvania ,,railroad4        ,,the 
,,site ,,of ,,the ,,terminal            
,,station4#a       ,by ,,george ,c4     
,,clarke1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4   ,the 
purpose of this paper is to describe the
 preliminary work for and the           
preparation of that portion of the site 
for the ,terminal ,station in           
,manhattan1 of the ,new ,york ,tunnel   
,extension of the ,pennsylvania         
,railroad1 which was constructed under  
the direction of the ,chief ,engineer of
 the ,east ,river ,division1 including  
the disposal of material excavated from 
all parts of the ,terminal construction 
and the tunnels on the ,east ,river     
,division4  ,as outlined in the paper by
 ,brigadier-,general ,charles ,w4       
,raymond1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41       
,chairman of the ,board of ,engineers1  

the track yard of the station1 ,plate   
,,liii1 extends from the east line of   
,tenth ,avenue eastward to points in    
#cb;d and #cc;d ,streets1 respectively1 
#bib and #ejb ft4 east of the west line 
of ,seventh ,avenue4 ,the width of the  
available area at track level at ,tenth 
,avenue is #bac ft41 continuing at this 
width to within #ahb ft4 of the west    
line of ,ninth ,avenue1 where1 by an    
offset toward the south1 it is increased
 to #cee ft4 ,this width is held to a   
point #e ft4 east of the east line of   
,ninth ,avenue1 where1 by an offset     
toward the north1 it is increased to    
#eji ft41 which width continues to the  
west line of ,seventh ,avenue1 where it 
divides into two fan-shaped areas4 ,the 
north area has a width of about #agj ft4
 and the south one1 #afj ft41 at the    
house line1 each area tapering gradually
 to the width of the standard           
three-track tunnel at the east ends1    
noted above in #cc;d and #cb;d ,streets4
 ,additional track room for four        

tail-tracks is gained by the            
construction of two double-track tunnels
 under ,ninth ,avenue at #cc;d ,street1 
their center lines being parallel to the
 street and #de4e and #hd4e ft4 distant1
 respectively1 from the north house     
line4 ,an additional width of #bd4e ft4 
is occupied on the north from #bgg4e ft4
 to #edc4e ft4 west of the west line of 
,seventh ,avenue1 where the buildings on
 the north side of #cc;d ,street have   
been torn down and the enclosing wall   
set back in anticipation of a future    
outlet to #cdth ,street2 and on the     
south1 from #dei ft4 to #eig ft4 west of
 the west line of ,seventh ,avenue a    
rectangular offset of #abd ft4 encloses 
the area occupied by the ,service       
,building4 ,the total area above        
outlined is the space occupied at track 
level1 and amounts to #bh acres1 of     
which the portion west of the east house
 line of ,ninth ,avenue and south of a  
line #ajg4c ft4 south of the south line 
of #cc;d ,street is a part of the ,north

 ,river ,division1 and was constructed  
under the direction of the engineers of 
that ,division2 the fan-shaped areas    
east of the west house line of ,seventh 
,avenue were constructed under the      
direction of the ,chief ,engineer of    
,electric ,traction and ,terminal       
,station ,construction4                 
,illustration3   ,plate ,,liii4         
,pennsylvania ,station1 ,new ,york      
,city3 ,plan ,showing ,area at ,track   
,level  ,in ,june1 #aijc1 when the      
writer's connection with the work began1
 the preliminary surveys had been       
completed and the location and extent of
 the ,terminal track area had been      
fixed1 in so far as the city blocks to  
be occupied were concerned4 ,this       
contemplated area1 however1 did not     
include the portion between ,ninth and  
,tenth ,avenues1 that being added       
subsequently4 ,the elevation of the     
track level had also been fixed by the  
requirement in the agreement with the   
,city that no part of the permanent     

structure should approach within #ai ft4
 of the surface under any avenue or     
under any street except within the      
,terminal area4 ,the nearest approach of
 the tracks to the surface is at a point
 #cbj ft4 east of ,eighth ,avenue1 where
 the top of the rail is #dj ft4 below   
the #cast ,street curb line4            
,,wash-,,borings4  ,the general plan of 
enclosing the area in retaining walls   
having been adopted1 wash-borings were  
taken1 for the purpose of determining   
the best location for the walls1 the    
depth of rock1 and the nature of the    
material overlying it4 ,these borings   
were made along both curb lines of      
,seventh ,avenue1 the east curb line of 
,ninth ,avenue1 the north curb line of  
#cc;d ,street1 and the south curb line  
of #cast ,street4 ,the borings1 as a    
rule1 were taken at intervals of        
approximately #ajj ft41 some deviation  
in these intervals being made in order  
to prevent injury to water1 gas1 and    
sewer connections1 and1 if the elevation

 of the surface of the rock1 as         
determined by one of these borings1     
corresponded fairly well with the       
borings on either side of it1 no        
intermediate borings were taken4 ,when a
 discrepancy appeared1 a boring was     
taken midway between the two            
non-corresponding ones1 and if the      
information obtained from the           
intermediate boring failed to account   
for the discrepancy1 others were taken  
at the quarter points of the original   
#ajj-;ft4 interval4  ,the dotted lines  
on ,fig4 #a show the profiles of the    
surface of the rock underlying #cast and
 #cc;d ,streets1 on the line of the     
borings1 constructed from the elevations
 obtained by them2 the solid lines show 
the profiles of the actual surface of   
the rock as found when uncovered4 ,it   
will be noted that1 except in three     
cases1 ,borings #cac1 #cbh1 and #ccc1   
the two profiles correspond very closely
 at the points where the borings were   
made1 but they differ widely between    

those points1 a variation of #e ft4     
being common2 there is a variation of   
#ad ft4 between ,borings #cbd and #cbg1 
and between ,nos4 #ccg and #cdj2 and of 
#ab ft4 between ,nos4 #ccc and #cce1 and
 between ,nos4 #cab and #cac1 while an  
extreme variation of #ag ft4 is shown   
between ,nos4 #cjc and #cje4 ,at each of
 the points where the variation is great
 the interval between borings is the    
full #ajj ft41 and it is quite apparent 
that1 if a definite idea is to be       
obtained of the elevation of the surface
 of the rock in ,manhattan1 borings must
 be taken at shorter intervals4  ,the   
necessary width of trench for the       
construction of the retaining walls was 
determined by the elevation of the rock1
 as shown by the borings1 and only in   
the case of the dip between ,borings    
#cjc and #cje did the variation lead to 
any difficulty4 ,the trench at that     
point had to be widened after rock was  
reached4 ,this depression corresponded  
very closely in location to that of one 

arm of the creek shown on ,general      
,viele's map of #ahfe1b the bed of that 
stream1 or one in approximately the same
 location1 being clearly marked across  
the excavation by smoothly-worn rock and
 well-rounded boulders4 ,the original   
stream1 however1 seemed to have turned  
in a westerly direction under #cast     
,street to ,eighth ,avenue instead of   
crossing1 as shown on ,general ,viele's 
map4    ,illustration3   ,fig4 #a4      
,,profile ,,of ,,rock ,,surfaces ,,in   
,,thirty-,,first ,,and ,,thirty-,,third 
,,streets1   ,,between ,,seventh ,,and  
,,ninth ,,avenues   ,,sewers4  ,the     
arrangement of the sewers in the streets
 in the vicinity of the ,terminal ,site1
 previous to the beginning of the       
construction1 and the drainage area     
tributary to those sewers1 is shown by  
,fig4 #b4 ,the main sewer for this      
district was in ,eighth ,avenue1 and was
 a #f-;ft4 circular brick conduit within
 the ,terminal area4 ,the sewers leading
 to it from the west1 in #cast1 #cb;d1  

and #cc;d ,streets1 were elliptical1 #c 
by #b ft41 and egg-shaped1 #d ft4 by #b 
ft4 #h in41 although in no case did they
 drain more than one block1 and they    
were on a heavy grade4 ,draining into   
,eighth ,avenue from the east1 the one  
on #cast ,street was #d ft4 by #b ft4 #h
 in41 egg-shaped1 and drained a length  
of two blocks1 and those on #cb;d and   
#cc;d ,streets were circular1 #d ft4 in 
diameter1 and drained the territory for 
three blocks1 or as far east as ,fifth  
,avenue4 ,there were no sewers in       
,seventh ,avenue within the ,terminal   
area1 except small vitrified pipes1 each
 less than #bjj ft4 in length4  ,it was 
desirable that the size and number of   
the sewers in the streets and avenues   
surrounding the ,terminal should be     
reduced to a minimum1 on account of the 
difficulty of caring for them during    
construction and also to reduce the     
probability of sewage leaking into the  
underground portion of the work after   
its completion4 ,with this in view1 the 

plan was adopted of building an         
intercepting sewer down ,seventh ,avenue
 from north of #cc;d ,street to the     
#cjth ,street sewer1 which1 being a     
#d-;ft4 circular conduit1 was           
sufficiently large to carry all the     
sewage coming from east of ,seventh     
,avenue and south of #cdth ,street4 ,it 
was decided to build this sewer of cast 
iron where it crossed the proposed      
construction work1 and also to replace  
with cast iron the brick sewers on      
#cast1 #cb;d1 and #cc;d ,streets from   
,seventh ,avenue to a point east of the 
west end of the standard tunnel section1
 and also the sewer on ,eighth ,avenue  
from the north side of #cc;d ,street to 
the south side of #cast ,street4 ,this  
arrangement permitted3 first1 the       
removal of the sewer in #cb;d ,street   
between ,seventh and ,eighth ,avenues1  
which was necessary1 as that street was 
to be excavated2 second1 the reduction  
of the sewer in ,eighth ,avenue from a  
#f-;ft4 to a #e-;ft4 circular conduit2  

and1 third1 assuming that the sewage and
 drainage from the ,terminal would be   
pumped directly to the sewers in the    
avenues1 the reduction of the sewers in 
#cast and #cc;d ,streets1 from ,seventh 
to ,ninth ,avenue1 to #ae-;in4 vitrified
 pipes1 except west of the ,service     
,building in #cast ,street1 to          
accommodate which section1 a larger     
sewer was required4 ,the sewer in #cb;d 
,street1 from ,ninth to ,eighth ,avenue1
 of course1 could be dispensed with in  
any arrangement1 as all the area        
tributary to it was to be excavated4    
,illustration3   ,fig4 #b4   ,,plan     
,,showing ,,layout ,,of ,,sewer ,,in    
,,catchment ,,area ,,about ,,terminal   
,,station   ,,gas ,,and ,,water ,,mains4
  ,a rearrangement of the gas pipes in  
the three streets crossing the ,terminal
 site was necessary4 ,these pipes were  
of two classes3 trunk mains and service 
mains4 ,fortunately1 there were but two 
trunk mains in the three streets1 one a 
#bj-;in4 in #cast ,street from east of  

,seventh ,avenue to ,ninth ,avenue1 the 
other a #af-;in4 in #cb;d ,street from  
east of ,seventh ,avenue to ,eighth     
,avenue4 ,the #bj-;in4 main was relaid  
from ,seventh ,avenue and #cast ,street 
down ,seventh ,avenue to #cjth ,street  
and through that street to ,ninth       
,avenue4 ,the #af-;in4 main was relaid  
from ,seventh ,avenue and #cb;d ,street 
north to #cdth ,street and through that 
street to ,eighth ,avenue4 ,the service 
mains in #cb;d ,street were no longer   
required1 and were taken up and not     
replaced4 ,the houses on #cast and #cc;d
 ,streets were provided with service by 
two #f-;in4 wrought-iron mains back of  
the retaining walls in each street1 that
 location being chosen to avoid damage  
by gas drip to the water-proofing of the
 street bridges4 ,as the permanent      
structures under the avenues were not to
 approach the surface nearer than #ai   
ft41 only slight rearrangements1        
sufficient to permit the new sewers and 
water lines to be laid1 were necessary4 

,there were no large water mains to be  
cared for1 in fact1 those in the streets
 were too small for ample fire          
protection1 being only #f in4 in        
diameter4 ,the main in #cb;d ,street was
 taken up and not replaced1 and those on
 #cast and #cc;d ,streets were replaced 
by #ab-;in4 pipes laid back of the      
retaining walls4 ,no changes were       
necessary in the mains in the avenues1  
but1 before approving the rearrangement 
for the streets1 the ,department of     
,water ,supply1 ,gas and ,electricity   
added a #dh-;in4 main in ,eighth ,avenue
 to be laid as a part of this           
construction1 the pipe being supplied by
 the ,city4   ,,location ,,and ,,design 
,,of ,,retaining ,,walls4  ,the plans1  
from the earliest stages1 contemplated  
founding the retaining wall on the      
surface of the rock1 where of suitable  
quality1 and afterward excavating the   
rock in front of the toe of the wall to 
sub-grade4 ,this plan was definitely    
adopted soon after the borings were     

completed1 on account of the great      
danger of blasting out large quantities 
of rock in timbered trenches close to   
buildings founded on soft material1 and 
also to avoid the additional cost and   
delay that would have been caused by    
carrying the walls to sub-grade4 ,the   
retaining walls in ,seventh ,avenue1    
south of the viaduct1 and in ,ninth     
,avenue1 north of the viaduct1 were not 
governed by the same conditions as in   
the streets4 ,the dip and quality of the
 rock at both points required that the  
walls be carried to sub-grade1 and they 
are1 in fact1 face walls2 the ,ninth    
,avenue wall1 in particular1 having     
little thrust to sustain1 is very light4
  ,the results aimed at in the design   
and location of the retaining walls in  
#cast and #cc;d ,streets were3          
,first4--,a perfectly stable wall under 
all conditions that might     reasonably
 be expected2    ,second4--,as much room
 as possible at the elevation of the top
 of     rail2    ,third4--,the least    

necessary interference with adjoining   
property     during construction2 and1  
,fourth4--,the most economical wall that
 would fulfill the other     conditions4
  ,as stated in the paper by ,alfred    
,noble1 ,past-,president1 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4
 ,e41 the third stipulation required the
 relinquishing of a portion of the space
 under these streets granted by the     
,city1 but it was finally decided not to
 approach the south house line of #cast 
,street with the back of the walls      
nearer than #i ft41 while on #cc;d      
,street the extreme position of the back
 was fixed at the north line1 as there  
were no buildings1 except those         
belonging to the ,railroad ,company1 on 
the house line at the low points in the 
rock4  ,the assumptions made in         
designing the wall were as follows3     
,first4--,weight of concrete1 #adj lb4  
per cu4 ft4    ,second4--,weight of     
material from the surface of the ground 
to a     depth of #ab ft4 7which was    
shown by tests made in bore-holes to be 

the elevation of the ground-water       
surface71 #ajj lb4 per cu4 ft42     and 
angle of repose1 #cj degrees4 ,the      
distance of #ab ft4 below     the       
surface was the depth of the inverts of 
the sewers1 which     undoubtedly       
drained the ground above them1 thus     
accounting for the     standing of the  
ground-water in planes practically      
parallel with     the surface4          
,third4--,weight of buildings back of   
wall neglected1 as that of the          
present type will about equal the       
cellars filled with material at     #ajj
 lb4 per cu4 ft41 and if large buildings
 are erected in the     future they will
 undoubtedly be carried to rock4        
,fourth4--,reaction from superstructure1
 live and dead load1 #bj1jjj     lb4 per
 lin4 ft4 of wall4    ,fifth4--,weight  
of materials below the #ab-;ft4 line1   
#abd lb4 per     cu4 ft41 ascertained as
 follows3 ,the material was considered  
as     weighing #afe lb4 per cu4 ft4 in 
the solid1 and having #dj of voids      

filled with water at #fb4e lb4 per cu4  
ft41 the resulting weight     being     
7#afe  #fj_/ajj7  7#fb4e  #dj_/ajj7     
#abd lb4 per cu4 ft4  ,various angles of
 repose were used for this material in  
the investigation1 and it was finally   
decided that #cj was the greatest angle 
that could be expected1 whereas the     
worst condition that could be           
anticipated was that the sand and water 
would act separately and give a pressure
 as follows3  ,hydraulic pressure from  
liquid weighing #fb4e lb4 per cu4 ft4   
plus pressure from sand with angle of   
repose at #cj and weight as follows3    
,weight of #a cu4 ft4 in air  #afe      
#fj_/ajj  #ii lb4  ,weight of water     
displaced by #a cu4 ft4  #fj_/ajj  #fb4e
 lb4  #cg4e lb4  ,weight in water1      
therefore  #fa4e lb4 per cu4 ft4  ,these
 combined weights1 of course1 are equal 
to the weight of the combined material  
in the previous assumption4             
,sixth4--,the usual requirement that the
 resultant of both horizontal     and   

vertical forces should1 at all points1  
fall within the middle     third of the 
wall1 or1 in other words1 that there    
should be no     tension in the         
concrete4    ,illustration3   ,plate    
,,liv4   ,diagram ,showing ,widths of   
,base of ,retaining ,wall ,required     
for ,different ,batters and ,pressures1 
,pennsylvania ,station  ,with these     
assumptions1 investigation was made of  
walls with various batters and          
differently designed backs4 ,this       
investigation developed the fact that   
the reaction from the superstructure was
 so great that1 for economy1 both in    
first cost and space occupied1 the      
batter must be sufficient to cause that 
reaction to fall within or very close to
 the middle third4 ,nothing could have  
been gained by having that reaction fall
 back of the front of the middle third1 
as the wall was required to be stable   
against the full pressure before the    
superstructure was erected1 and in case 
it should ever be removed2 or1 to state 

the matter more clearly1 the reaction   
from the superstructure was so great in 
comparison to the weight of the wall1   
that1 if it fell in front of the        
resultant of all the other forces1 the  
width of base required would be greatly 
increased to make the wall stable after 
the superstructure was erected2 whereas1
 if the reaction from the superstructure
 fell back of the resultant of all the  
other forces1 the width of base could   
not be correspondingly decreased without
 danger of the wall being overturned    
before the superstructure was erected4  
,the least batter that would answer     
those conditions was found to be #b in4 
per ft4  ,for convenience in designing1 
and economy in constructing1 the        
steelwork1 the faces of the bridge seat 
and of the backwall were laid parallel  
to the center line of the ,terminal1 and
 in elevation on line parallel to the   
top of the curb and as near to it as the
 economical depth of steel would permit1
 without bringing the finished          

construction above the plane fixed in   
the ordinance4 ,as there is a variation 
of #ac ft4 in the elevation of the top  
of the curb of #cast ,street above the  
top of rail and a variation of #ah ft4  
in #cc;d ,street1 a uniform batter1 with
 the top parallel to the center line1   
would produce a toe varying in distance 
from it and from the other              
constructions4 ,it was decided1         
therefore1 for the sake of appearance1  
to make the face of the wall 7or wall   
produced7 at the top of rail parallel to
 the center line1 and to vary the batter
 accordingly1 using the #b-;in4 batter  
previously mentioned as the minimum4    
,this gave a maximum batter of #c in4   
per ft4 ,the variation is so gradual    
that it is unnoticeable1 and is not     
sufficient to introduce any             
complications in construction4  ,the    
wall was designed with a stepped back1  
primarily to allow the water-proofing   
and brick protection to be held in      
position more readily4 ,the first step  

was put at #ac ft4 below the surface of 
the ground4 ,this gave a vertical back  
above that point for a #c-;in4 battered 
face1 and a slightly battered back for  
sections having a less batter in front4 
,below that point a step was added for  
each #e ft4 of depth to the elevation of
 the top of rail1 or to the foundation  
of the wall if above that elevation4 ,as
 the horizontal distance of the heel of 
the wall1 at its greatest width1 from   
its face at the top of rail would       
determine the effective room to be      
occupied by the wall1 it was determined 
to make the back vertical below the top 
of rail and gain the necessary increase 
in width below that point by making a   
heavy batter on the face4  ,the type of 
wall having been thus determined1       
calculations were made of the width of  
base required for each -in4 batter from 
#b to #c in41 inclusive1 first for a    
depth of #ac ft4 below the top of the   
curb and then for each #e ft4 below that
 elevation1 to a depth corresponding to 

the distance between the top of the curb
 and the top of the rail at the point of
 greatest variation4 ,these widths of   
wall were determined for the two        
pressures previously decided on1 and    
curves were then plotted showing the    
thickness of wall required for each     
batter calculated and for each pressure4
 ,they are shown on ,plate ,,liv4 ,the  
curves in broken lines represent the    
widths required for saturated material1 
and the curves in dotted lines for      
hydraulic pressure4 ,mean curves were   
then drawn between each broken and its  
corresponding dotted curve4 ,these are  
shown in solid lines1 and represent the 
widths of wall which were used in the   
construction4 ,typical sections of the  
wall and pipes back of it are shown on  
,fig4 #c4  ,the extreme positions of the
 back of the wall on the two streets    
having been determined1 as previously   
stated1 the width of base required at   
those points fixed the toe of the wall  
at the top of rail as #bed4e ft4 south  

of the center line of the ,terminal in  
#cast ,street1 and #beh4e ft4 north of  
the center line in #cc;d ,street4       
,illustration3   ,fig4 #c4   ,,typical  
,,sections ,,of ,,retaining ,,wall ,,in 
,,thirty-,,first ,,street   ,,contracts4
  ,the construction was done under the  
following contracts3  #a4--,the         
principal contract1 dated ,june #bast1  
#aijd1 was with the ,new ,york          
,contracting and ,trucking ,company1    
later assigned by that company to the   
,new ,york ,contracting                 
,company-,pennsylvania ,terminal1 for   
the performance of the following works3 
7a74--,the excavation for and           
construction of a retaining wall in     
,seventh ,avenue1 #cast ,street1 ,ninth 
,avenue1 and #cc;d ,street4             
7b74--,excavation over the area enclosed
 by the retaining wall4    7c74--,the   
building of sewers and the laying of    
water and gas pipes4    7d74--,the      
building of a timber trestle to support 
the surface of     ,eighth ,avenue      

between the south side of #cast ,street 
and the north     side of #cc;d ,street1
 and also the surface of #cast and #cc;d
 ,streets     between ,seventh and      
,ninth ,avenues4 ,this refers to the    
trestles left     in place on the       
completion of the work4    7e74--,the   
building of a trestle and bridging from 
a point near the     west side of ,tenth
 ,avenue on the south side of #cb;d     
,street1 westward     to the outer end  
of ,pier ,no4 #fb1 at the foot of #cb;d 
,street4  #b4--,the second contract1    
dated ,february #ajth1 #aije1 was with  
the ,new ,york ,contracting             
,company-,pennsylvania ,terminal1 for   
the excavation for and construction of  
retaining walls for the ,manhattan      
,terminal ,power ,station1 and the      
excavation of the area thus enclosed4   
#c4--,the third contract1 dated ,october
 #b;d1 #aijg1 was with the ,new ,york   
,contracting ,company-,pennsylvania     
,terminal1 for the construction of two  
twin tunnels under ,ninth ,avenue1 and  

other work incidental thereto4  ,sewers 
and gas mains laid outside the area     
covered by the foregoing contracts were 
constructed under the following         
agreements3  ,an agreement1 dated       
,august #ith1 #aijd1 between the ,new   
,york ,contracting                      
,company-,pennsylvania ,terminal1 and   
the ,new ,amsterdam ,gas ,company1 for a
 #bj-;in4 gas main from ,seventh ,avenue
 and #cast ,street to #cjth ,street1 and
 thence to ,ninth ,avenue1 the ,new     
,amsterdam ,gas ,company being          
remunerated for the cost by the ,tunnel 
,company4  ,a contract1 dated ,august   
#bdth1 #aijd1 with the ,new ,york       
,contracting ,company-,pennsylvania     
,terminal1 for the construction of      
sewers in ,seventh ,avenue and in #cb;d 
and #cc;d ,streets east of ,seventh     
,avenue4  ,a contract1 dated ,november  
#bdth1 #aijh1 with the ,new ,york       
,contracting ,company-,pennsylvania     
,terminal1 for the construction of a    
#af-;in4 gas main from ,seventh ,avenue 

and #cb;d ,street to #cdth ,street1 and 
thence to ,eighth ,avenue4  ,all these  
contracts required that the excavated   
material be delivered on board scows to 
be furnished by the company at the pier 
at the foot of #cb;d ,street1 ,north    
,river4 ,these scows were furnished and 
the material was disposed of from that  
point by ,henry ,steers1 ,incorporated1 
under a contract1 dated ,august #ith1   
#aijd1 which called for the             
transportation to and placing of all    
material so delivered in the            
,pennsylvania ,railroad ,company's      
freight terminal at ,greenville1 ,n4,y4 
,the disposal of the excavated material 
was one of the principal features of the
 work1 and1 under the above contract1   
material from those portions of the     
,terminal site east of ,seventh ,avenue 
and west of ,ninth ,avenue1 and from all
 substructures work1 was disposed of1 as
 well as from the constructions herein  
described4 ,the problem differed from   
that presented by the usual foundation  

excavations in ,new ,york ,city in      
magnitude only1 and the methods were not
 unusual1 but were adaptations of the   
usual ones to exceptionally large work4 
,,piers ,,and ,,trestle ,,for           
,,disposal4  ,the most rapid and        
economical handling of all excavated    
material to scows was made possible by  
the ,tunnel ,company procuring from the 
,new ,york ,central and ,hudson ,river  
,railroad ,company the pier at the foot 
of #cb;d ,street1 ,north ,river1 known  
in the earlier stages of the work as    
,pier ,no4 #fb1 but subsequently changed
 to ,pier ,no4 #gb1 and thus referred to
 in this paper4 ,this pier was occupied 
by a freight-shed used by the ,new ,york
 ,central ,railroad ,company1 under a   
long-term lease from the ,city1 and that
 ,company had to make numerous changes  
in their tracks and adjoining piers     
before ,no4 #gb could be turned over2   
the contract for the excavation1        
therefore1 required the contractor to   
procure any piers needed previous to and

 in addition to it4 ,under this clause  
of the agreement1 the contractor        
procured one-half of the pier at #ceth  
,street1 ,north ,river1 which was used  
for the disposal of all material        
excavated previous to ,may #bb;d1 #aije1
 on which date ,pier ,no4 #gb was first 
put in service4  ,as the type of plant  
the contractor would elect to use could 
not be determined1 previous to the      
letting of the contract1 a general plan 
for ,pier ,no4 #gb and the trestle      
approach1 suitable for either trains or 
wagons1 was attached to the contract1   
and the details were worked out         
afterward4 ,the method adopted was by   
train1 and a two-track approach to the  
pier was provided4 ,beginning on the    
east side of ,ninth ,avenue1 at the     
south line of #cb;d ,street1 at an      
elevation of #bj ft4 below the surface1 
crossing under ,ninth ,avenue and to the
 center line of #cb;d ,street1 it rose  
on a #a4e grade in open cut to the      
surface of #cb;d ,street at a point #ejj

 ft4 west of ,tenth ,avenue1 from which 
point it rose above the surface of the  
street on a timber trestle to ,tenth    
,avenue1 which was crossed overhead4    
,west of ,tenth ,avenue the line changed
 by a reverse curve to the south        
sidewalk of #cb;d ,street1 and continued
 on a timber trestle1 practically level1
 to the ,new ,york ,central ,yard tracks
 near ,eleventh ,avenue4 ,these tracks  
and ,eleventh ,avenue were crossed      
overhead on a through-truss1 steel      
bridge1 and a column-and-girder         
construction on which the two tracks    
separated to a distance of #bi ft1      
between center lines1 so as to bring    
them directly over the posts of special 
timber bents which spanned the two house
 tracks of the ,new ,york ,central      
south-bound freight shed1 which the     
trestle here paralleled4 ,this position 
was held to a point #be ft4 west of the 
east house line of ,twelfth ,avenue1    
where1 by a system of cross-overs and   
turn-outs1 access was had from either   

track to six tracks on the pier4 ,four  
of these were on upper decks1 two on the
 north and two on the south edge of the 
pier1 at an elevation of #da ft4 above  
mean high tide1 to carry earth and small
 rock to chutes from which it was dumped
 into barges4 ,the other two tracks     
proceeded by a #e4c grade down the      
center of the pier to the lower deck    
where1 at a distance of #edj ft4 from   
the bulkhead1 and beyond the upper deck 
construction1 they diverged into six1   
two on the north and two on the south   
edge of the pier for standing tracks to 
serve derricks1 and two down the center 
for shifting purposes4 ,a siding to the 
north of the two running tracks just    
west of the bottom of the incline served
 a bank of eight electric telphers4 ,the
 arrangement of the pier is shown by    
,fig4 #d4  ,the trestle east of the     
steel structure at ,eleventh ,avenue had
 simple four-post bents1 as shown by    
,bent ,a1 on ,fig4 #e1 all posts being  
vertical1 to save room at the street    

level2 the outside posts and the caps   
and sills were of #ab by #ab-;in4       
timber2 the intermediate posts were of  
#h by #ab-;in4 timber2 and single or    
double decks of #c by #h-;in4 bracing   
were used1 depending on the height of   
the bents4 ,these bents were framed on  
the ground in position and raised by    
hand4 ,west of ,tenth ,avenue1 the sills
 of the bents rested on four #ab by     
#ab-;in4 longitudinal timbers1 each     
spanning two bays and breaking joints1  
for convenience in supporting the       
trestle while the tunnels were          
constructed in open cut beneath4 ,these 
bents were placed #ab ft4 on centers1   
with one #h by #af-;in4 stringer under  
each rail1 and one #f by #af-;in4       
jack-stringer supporting the overhang of
 the floor on either side4  ,the bents  
along the ,new ,york ,central freight   
shed had but two posts of #ab by        
#ad-;in4 yellow pine varying from #bf   
ft1 to #ca ft4 #i in4 from center to    
center2 they had double caps of #ab by  

#ad-;in4 yellow pine on edge1 no bottom 
sills or bracing1 and the vibration and 
wind pressure were taken care of by the 
top bracing and anchorage1 as shown by  
,bent ,g1 on ,fig4 #f4    ,illustration3
   ,fig4 #d4   ,,plant ,,for ,,disposal 
,,of ,,excavated ,,materials ,,pier     
,,no4 #gb ,n4,r4  ,the method of        
erection was as follows3 ,an excavation 
was made on the line of each post1 #d   
ft4 deep and from #d to #e ft4 square1  
depending on whether it was for a single
 or reinforced post2 #f in4 of concrete 
was placed in the bottom1 and on this   
were laid1 at right angles to the center
 of the trench1 three #h by #ab-;in4    
timbers varying in length with the      
excavation from #c to #d ft4 ,to these  
timbers was drifted one #ab by #ab-;in4 
timber of the same length as those in   
the bottom row1 but at right angles to  
them4 ,elevations were then taken on top
 of the #ab by #ab-;in4 timber1 and the 
bent was framed complete and of correct 
height4 ,the framing was done south of  

the line of the trestle and west of the 
freight-house4 ,the framed bents were   
picked up by a small two-boom traveler  
carrying two double-drum1 electric1     
hoisting engines1 and run forward into  
position4 ,a hole had previously been   
made in the metal gutter and canopy of  
the freight-house1 by an experienced    
roofer1 and in the freight platform     
underneath1 and1 as soon as the bent had
 been dropped into position1 it was     
firmly drifted to the foot-blocks1      
previously described1 and the excavation
 made for them was filled with concrete 
well rammed about the blocks and rounded
 off #f in4 above the surface of the    
ground4 ,secure flashings1 in two       
sections1 were then made about the posts
 to cover the holes made in the gutter  
and roof1 the bottom sections being     
firmly soldered to the roof or gutter1  
and the top sections1 which lapped over 
the bottom and cleared them #b in4 in   
all directions1 were firmly nailed to   
the posts and the joints leaded4 ,this  

arrangement allowed the bents to move   
slightly1 and at the same time made the 
roof and gutter water-tight4 ,these     
bents were placed #af ft4 on centers to 
correspond with the spacing of the doors
 of the freight shed4  ,under the       
cross-overs near ,eleventh ,avenue1     
where the tracks had to be supported in 
different positions on the caps1 and    
could no longer be kept over the posts1 
the caps were trussed and the posts were
 reinforced1 as shown on ,bents ,j1 ,h1 
and ,k1 ,fig4 #e4    ,illustration3     
,fig4 #e4   ,,detail ,,of ,,bents ,,for 
,,material ,,trestle  ,the trusses for  
the through bridge over the tracks were 
erected on ,sunday1 ,april #afth4 ,the  
two trusses1 one #abb ft4 and the other 
#afe ft4 #h in4 from center to center of
 end posts1 had been assembled and      
riveted1 lying flat on cribwork a few   
feet above the ground1 south of the     
permanent position and between the ,new 
,york ,central tracks and ,eleventh     
,avenue4 ,on the date stated1 the       

contractor1 having been given permission
 to block the ,central's tracks from #e 
a4m4 to #i p4m41 erected a large steel  
gin pole just south of the correct      
position of the center of the north     
truss1 which was then dragged1 from the 
place where it had been assembled1      
across the railroad tracks until the    
center of the bottom chord was          
vertically under its true position1 the 
truss still lying flat and about at     
right angles to the center line of the  
bridge4 ,chains were made fast to the   
top chord at the middle panel of the    
truss1 which was then turned up to a    
vertical plane1 raised to its permanent 
position1 and guyed4 ,the gin pole was  
then shifted and the operation repeated 
with the longer truss1 after which1 half
 of the floor beams and a part of the   
top laterals were bolted in position and
 the guys were removed1 the bridge being
 thus erected without the use of        
falsework of any kind4 ,during the      
lifting there was no sag in either truss

 that could be noticed by the eye4 ,fig4
 #a1 ,plate ,,lv1 shows the bridge      
erected1 with the exception of the tight
 timber fence4  ,pier ,no4 #gb is       
directly over the ,north ,river         
,tunnels4 ,when it was turned over by   
the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad       
,company1 the contractor for the        
construction of those tunnels tore down 
the shed and removed the deck and such  
piles as were in the path of the tubes4 
,this left standing the four            
northernmost1 the four southernmost and 
two centers rows of piles for the entire
 length of the pier4 ,an additional row 
of piles was then driven on either side 
of the two center rows1 and battered so 
that at the elevation of the tunnels    
they would be close to the center rows  
and leave as much clear space as        
possible4 ,the pier1 therefore1 was     
constructed of three independent lines  
of four-post bents1 which1 however1     
rested on sills which were continuous   
throughout the width of the pier1 as    

shown by ,figs4 #b and #c1 ,plate ,,lv4 
,illustration3   ,fig4 #f4   ,,detail   
,,of ,,bents ,,for ,,material ,,trestle4
  ,the bents for the upper floors of the
 pier were double-decked1 with #ab by   
#ab-;in4 posts1 sills1 intermediate and 
top caps1 and #c by #h-;in4 longitudinal
 and cross-bracing4 ,the bents for the  
incline were similar1 except that those 
below #af ft4 in height were of         
single-deck construction4 ,the spacing  
of the bents varied from #i ft4 #f in4  
to #ab ft41 except the three outer bays1
 which had a span of #bc ft41 all to    
agree with the position of the pile     
bents4 ,the double-deck construction    
extended for the full length of the     
original pier4 ,a single-deck extension1
 of full width and #ahj ft4 in length1  
was subsequently built for the          
accommodation of four derricks for      
handling building material and large    
rock4 ,the piles for this extension were
 driven in three sets of four rows each1
 similar to those in the old portion of 

the pier1 except that the bents were    
driven with a uniform spacing of #ae ft4
 between centers4 ,the three sets of    
bents were topped separately with #ab by
 #ab-;in4 caps and #ab by #ab-;in4 dock 
stringers2 they were braced with both   
cross and longitudinal low-water        
bracing1 and were tied together by a    
continuous #ab by #ab-;in4 timber over  
the dock stringers and #ab by #ab-;in4  
packing pieces from stringer to         
stringer1 each of these ties being      
supported in the center of the span over
 the tunnels by two #b-;in4 hog rods1   
,section ,a-,a1 ,fig4 #d4  ,the south   
side of the upper deck of the pier      
carried three sets of nine hoppers1 each
 set covering #ij ft41 a little less    
than the full length between bulkheads  
of the largest deck scows1 with #gj ft4 
clear between sets1 to allow for the    
length of a scow outside of the bulkhead
 and to permit the free movement of     
boats4 ,each hopper occupied the full   
space between two bents1 and1 as the    

caps were topped by strips of timber of 
triangular section1 with a width of #ab 
in4 on the base and a height of #f in41 
protected by a #f by #f-;in4 steel      
angle1 each set of hoppers presented #ij
 lin4 ft4 of continuous dumping room4   
,the bottoms of the hoppers1 set at an  
angle of #de1 were formed by #ab by     
#ab-;in4 timbers laid longitudinally1   
running continuously throughout each    
set1 and covered by #c-;in4 planking4   
,the partitions were formed with #d-;in4
 planks securely spiked to uprights from
 the floor of the hoppers to the caps2  
these partitions narrowed toward the    
front and bottom so as to fit inside the
 chutes4 ,each hopper was lined on the  
bottom and sides with -in4 steel plates1
 and the bottoms were subsequently      
armored with #b by #a-;in4 square bars  
laid #c in4 on centers and bolted       
through the #ab by #ab-;in4 flooring of 
the hoppers4 ,the chutes1 extending from
 the bottom of the hoppers1 were #bj ft4
 long and #g ft4 wide1 in the clear2    

they were formed entirely of steel      
plates1 channels1 and angles1 and were  
supported from the upper deck of the    
pier by chains2 their lower ends were   
#ag ft4 above mean high tide and #ad ft4
 #f in4 from the string piece of the    
pier4 ,the hoppers and chutes are shown 
by ,fig4 #a1 ,plate ,,lvi4              
,illustration3   ,plate ,,lv4           
,material ,trestle ,over ,n4,y4,c4      
,h4,r4,r4,r4 ,co4's ,tracks2     and    
,construction of ,pier ,no4 #gb1 ,north 
,river   ,fig4 #a4--,material ,trestle  
,over ,n4,y4,c4  ,h4,r4,r4,r4 ,co4's    
,tracks4   ,fig4 #b4--,material ,trestle
 ,under ,construction on ,pier ,no4 #gb1
     ,north ,river1 ,showing ,clear     
,water ,over ,tunnel ,location4   ,fig4 
#c4--,pier ,no4 #gb1 ,north ,river1     
,showing ,incline as ,reconstructed     
,for ,locomotives4  ,a length of #aej   
ft4 of the north side of the pier was   
for the use of the contractor for the   
,north ,river tunnels2 it was equipped  
with a set of nine chutes similar to    

those for the south side2 they were used
 but little1 and were finally removed to
 make room for a cableway for unloading 
sand and crushed stone4  ,at the foot of
 the incline there was a bank of eight  
telphers running on rails securely      
bolted to the tops of #bj-;in4 ,i-beams1
 which were hung from stringers resting 
on the upper caps4 ,the beams were      
erected in pairs1 each pair being       
securely braced together and to the     
trestle posts to prevent swaying4 ,each 
telpher occupied the space between two  
bents1 about #aj ft41 so that the entire
 bank commanded a length of #hj ft41    
which was approximately the length of a 
rock scow between bulkheads4 ,all       
supports for the telphers were provided 
as a part of the trestle1 but the       
machines themselves were a part of the  
contractor's plant4  ,four derricks were
 erected on the extension1 two on the   
north and two on the south edge of the  
pier1 supported on bents at a sufficient
 elevation above the floor to clear a   

locomotive4  ,after most of the earth   
had been excavated1 the out-bound set of
 hoppers on the south side of the pier  
was removed1 and two derricks were      
erected in their place and used for     
unloading sand1 crushed stone1 and other
 building material4   ,,plant4  ,as the 
use of the #ceth ,street pier for the   
disposal of material required that the  
mode of transportation should be by     
dump-wagons drawn by horses1 the plant  
in use by the contractor during that    
period necessarily differed in many     
respects from what it was later1 when   
,pier ,no4 #gb was available4           
,therefore1 the nature of the plant     
during each period will be stated4 ,the 
plant for each period will be divided   
into five classes3    #a4--;,central    
,plant3     7a7 ,power-,generating      
,plant4     7b7 ,repair ,shops4         
#b4--,retaining-,wall ,plant4           
#c4--,pit-,excavating ,plant4           
#d4--,transportation ,plant4            
#e4--;,dock ,plant4  ,horse-and-,truck  

,period3 ,july #aath1 #aijd1 to ,may    
#bb;d1 #aije4  #a4--;,central ,plant4   
7a74--,power-,generating ,plant4--,the  
contractor's first central generating   
plant was established in a #ce by       
#he-;ft4 steel-framed building covered  
with corrugated iron1 the long side     
being parallel to ,ninth ,avenue and #ae
 ft4 from the east house line1 and the  
north end #dc ft4 south of the south    
house line of #cb;d ,street4 ,the       
foundations for the building and        
machinery were of concrete1 resting on  
bed-rock1 the floor being #bj ft4 below 
the level of the ,ninth ,avenue curb4   
,the south end of the building was the  
boiler-room and the north end the       
compressor-room1 the two being separated
 by a partition4 ,coal was delivered    
into a large bin1 between the           
boiler-house and ,ninth ,avenue1 its top
 being level with the street surface1   
and its base level with the boiler-room 
floor4  ,at the end of the              
horse-and-truck period the plant        

consisted of3    ,two ,rand1            
straight-line compressors1 #bd by #cj   
in41 having a capacity     of #a1djj cu4
 ft4 of free air per min4 when operating
 at #hf rev4 per     min4 and           
compressing to #hj lb4 above atmospheric
 pressure4    ,one #aj by #f by         
#aj-;in41 ,worthington1 steam1 plunger  
pump4    ,three horizontal boilers of   
the locomotive type1 each of #abe h4p4  
7b74--,repair ,shops4--,the repair      
shops1 which included blacksmith1       
machine and carpenter shops1 were       
located on the first floor of a #dj by  
#gj-;ft4 two-story frame structure1     
which was in the pit on the north side  
of #cast ,street1 #dh ft4 east of ,ninth
 ,avenue4 ,the second floor was on the  
street level1 and was used as a         
storehouse for hand-tools and small     
plant4  ,the blacksmith shop contained3 
,four forges with hand blowers1 four    
anvils1 and hand-tools4  ,the machine   
shop contained3 ,one drill press1 one   
shaper 7#ad-;in4 stroke71 one #ah-;in4  

swing lathe1 and one #f-;in4 bed lathe4 
,the carpenter shop contained3 ,one     
circular saw1 one wood lathe1 and       
hand-tools4  ,the plant in both machine 
and carpenter shops was operated by one 
#g-;h4p4 ,general ,electric motor1 the  
current for which was obtained from the 
,edison ,electric ,heat1 ,light1 and    
,power ,company4    ,illustration3      
,plate ,,lvi4   ,material ,trestle      
,showing ,first ,chutes in ,operation2  
and ,views of ,east and ,west ,pits at  
,terminal ,site   ,fig4 #a4--,material  
,trestle1 ,showing ,first ,chutes in    
,operation4   ,fig4 #b4--;,east ,pit1   
,steam ,shovel ,loading ,excavated      
,material on ,car4   ,fig4 #c4--,west   
,pit1 ,showing ,condition on ,june      
#bhth1 #aije4  #b4--,retaining-,wall    
,plant4    ,three cableways1 with       
#ce-;ft4 towers of #ab by #ab-;in4      
yellow pine timber     capable of       
spanning #cej ft41 and operated by #g by
 #aj-;in4 double-drum     ,lambert      
hoisting engines mounted with #be-;h4p4 

,lambert upright     boilers4    ,five  
stiff-leg derricks1 with masts from #ce 
to #ej ft4 long and booms     from #de  
to #fj ft4 long1 operated by #g by      
#aj-;in4 ,lambert double-drum     and   
swinging gear engines1 mounted with     
#be-;h4p4 upright ,lambert     boilers4 
,six ,cameron pumps1 varying in size    
from #g by #f by #ac in4 to #aj by #h   
by #af in4 ,the first dimension         
referring to the diameter of the steam  
cylinder1 the second to that of the     
water1 and the third to the     stroke4 
,five ,rand sheeting drivers4    ,two   
,ransome -cu4 yd4 concrete mixers1      
mounted on frame1 with     kerosene     
driving engine4    ,drills drawn from   
pit plant as required4                  
#c4--,pit-,excavating ,plant4    ,one   
guy derrick1 #ej-;ft4 mast and #de-;ft4 
boom1 operated by a ,lambert            
two-drum and swing-gear hoisting engine1
 with ,lambert #be-;h4p4     upright    
boiler4    ,three stiff-leg derricks1   
similar to those used on the retaining  

wall     work4    ,three ,bucyrus1      
#gj-ton steam shovels with #c-;cu4 yd4  
dippers4    ,one traveling derrick1     
built with an ,a-frame of #ab by        
#ab-;in4 timbers1     #ae-;ft4 mast1 and
 #be-;ft4 boom2 the traveler carried an 
engine and     boiler similar to those  
used on the stiff-leg derricks1 and was 
used on the ,seventh and ,eighth ,avenue
 sewers1 as well as in the pit4    ,ten 
,rand-,ingersoll rock drills1 ,nos4 #a1 
#c1 and #d4    ,one ,reliance stone     
crusher 7nominal capacity #ag tons of   
crushed stone     per hour7 belt-driven 
by #ej-;h4p4 engine4                    
#d4--,transportation ,plant4    ,during 
the whole of the first period the       
transportation plant     consisted of   
two-horse trucks and snatch teams as    
needed4 ,the number     varied greatly  
from #be at the beginning and end of the
 period to an     average of #ace from  
,august #ast to ,december #ast1 #aijd1  
about #aj of     the total number of    
teams being used as snatch teams4       

#e4--;,dock ,plant4    ,the only        
machinery used on the dock during the   
horse-and-truck period     was one      
stiff-leg derrick similar in size and   
operation to those     described under  
the head of retaining-wall plant4  ,the 
plant described above does not represent
 that which was used during the whole of
 the horse-and-truck period1 but what   
had accumulated at the end of it4 ,the  
power-generating plant might almost have
 been omitted from this period1 as the  
first compressor did not begin running  
until ,february1 #aije4 ,previous to    
that time1 the power for drilling1      
pumping1 driving1 sheeting1 etc41 was   
steam furnished by the boilers which    
subsequently drove the compressors1     
these being brought on the ground and   
fired as occasion required4             
,train-,disposal ,period1 ,beginning    
,may #bb;d1 #aije4  ,at the beginning of
 this period there had been excavated   
#bdb1hjj cu4 yd4 of earth and #bb1hjj   
cu4 yd4 of rock1 of the total excavation

 of #hjc1ejj cu4 yd4 of earth and       
#hjd1jjj cu4 yd4 of rock included in the
 principal contract1 leaving to be      
excavated under that contract #efj1jjj  
cu4 yd4 of earth and #gha1bjj cu4 yd4 of
 rock1 and an additional contract had   
been let to the ,new ,york ,contracting 
,company for the terminal power station1
 which increased the earth by #af1ejj   
and the rock by #ae1ejj cu4 yd4 ,during 
the year following1 contracts for the   
east and west portions and the          
sub-structures were let1 which brought  
the total to be excavated1 after the    
beginning of the train-disposal period1 
up to #fha1jjj cu4 yd4 of earth and     
#a1did1jjj cu4 yd4 of rock4  ,the       
central plant1 transportation plant1 and
 dock plant were used indiscriminately  
on all these contracts1 and1 as no      
separation can be made which will hold  
good for any appreciable length of time1
 the plant in those classes will be     
stated in total4 ,the retaining-wall and
 pit plant here given include that used 

on the principal contract and terminal  
power station only4 ,the                
power-generating plant given under the  
horse-and-truck period was doubled at   
the beginning of the train-disposal     
period1 but it was still insufficient   
for the work then under contract1 and   
the additional contracts necessitated a 
greater increase4 ,the location had also
 to be changed to permit the excavation 
of the rock under ,ninth ,avenue4 ,the  
old stone church fronting on #cdth      
,street1 between ,seventh and ,eighth   
,avenues1 a building #fh ft4 wide and   
#ib ft4 long1 made a roomy and very     
acceptable compressor-house4 ,the wooden
 floors and galleries were removed1 and 
good concrete foundations were put in1  
on which to set the plant2 the walls1   
which were cracked in several places1   
were trussed apart and prevented from   
moving outward by cables passed about   
the pilasters between the windows4  ,the
 boilers were erected south of the      
church1 an ash-pit being first built1   

the full width of it1 with the floor on 
a level with the basement4 ,the rear    
wall of the church formed the north wall
 of the ash-pit1 and the south wall and 
the ends were built of concrete4 ,the   
boilers were set with the fire-doors    
toward the rear wall of the building1   
and #g ft4 distant from it1 and above   
this fire-room and the boilers there was
 erected a coal-bin of #ejj tons        
capacity4 ,the rear wall of the         
compressor-house formed the north wall  
of the bin1 the section of which was an 
isosceles right-angled triangle4 ,coal  
was delivered by dumping wagons into a  
large vault constructed under the       
sidewalk on #cdth ,street1 and was taken
 from there to the bin by a belt        
conveyor4  ,the plant for the second    
period was as follows3  #a4--;,central  
,plant4  7a74--,power-,generating       
,plant4--,the plant in the engine-room  
consisted of3    ,three ,rand           
straight-line compressors from the      
original power plant at     ,ninth      

,avenue and #cb;d ,street4    ,one      
,ingersoll straight-line compressor from
 the old power-house4    ,one ,rand     
duplex ,corliss1 #dj by #dh-;in4        
air-compressor1 with both air     and   
steam cylinders cross-compounded1 and a 
capacity of #e1fjj cu4     ft4 of free  
air per min4 compressed to #hj lb4 at   
#gj rev4 per min4    ,three ,rand       
duplex1 #cj by #cj-;in41 compressors1   
connected with #ebe-;h4p41              
#f1fjj-volt1 ,general ,electric motors1 
with a capacity of #c1jjj cu4     ft4 of
 free air per min4 compressed to #hj lb4
 at #abe rev4 per min4    ,two #aj by #f
 by #aj-;in4 ,worthington steam plunger 
pumps4    ,one #g-;h4p4 ,general        
,electric motor for driving the ,robbins
 belt coal     conveyor4    ,one        
forced-draft fan 7built by the ,buffalo 
,forge and ,blower ,company71     driven
 by an #h by #aj-;in4 ,buffalo engine4  
,in the boiler-room there were three    
#ejj-;h4p4 ,sterling water-tube boilers4
  7b74--,repair ,shops4--,the repair    

shops remained in their old location    
until sufficient room had been excavated
 to sub-grade in the lot east of ,eighth
 ,avenue1 and then they were moved to   
the old ,ninth ,avenue power-house which
 had been erected at that point4 ,the   
contents of the blacksmith shop remained
 the same as for the first period4 ,the 
equipment of the machine shop was       
increased by one #ah-ton trip-hammer    
operated by air and one bolt-cutting    
machine1 size #a in4 to #a in4 ,the     
carpenter shop remained the same except 
that the electric motor was replaced by 
a #be-;h4p4 single-cylinder air motor2  
there was added to the repair shop a    
drill shop containing3 ,four forges with
 compressed air blowers1 four anvils1   
two ,ajax #bj-;ft4 drill sharpeners1 and
 one oil blower forge4                  
#b4--,retaining-,wall ,plant4  ,the     
retaining-wall plant was identical with 
that described for the first period1    
with the addition of two ,ransome       
#a-;cu4 yd41 concrete mixers1 with      

vertical engines mounted on the same    
frame1 using compressed air4            
#c4--,pit-,excavating ,plant4  ,the     
pit-excavating plant included that      
listed for the first period and1 in     
addition1 the following3    ,one        
,vulcan1 #cj-ton1 steam shovel1 with    
#a-;cu4 yd4 dipper and a vertical       
boiler4    ,one ,ohio1 #cj-ton1 steam   
shovel1 with #a-;cu4 yd4 dipper and a   
vertical     boiler4    ,four guy       
derricks 7#ej to #hj-;ft4 masts and #de 
to #fj-;ft4 booms71     operated by     
,lambert #g by #aj-;in4 engines1 with   
two drums and swinging     gear1 mounted
 with #be-;h4p4 vertical boilers1 but   
driven by     compressed air4           
,seventy ,ingersoll-,rand rock drills1  
,nos4 #a1 #c1 and #d4    ,two ,rand     
quarry bars1 cutting #aj ft4 in length  
at one set-up1 and     mounted with ,no4
 #d drill using a ,z-bit4               
#d4--,transportation ,plant4            
,twenty-one ,h4 ,k4 ,porter locomotives1
 #aj by #af-;in41 and #cf-;in4 gauge4   

,three ,davenport locomotives1 #i by    
#af-;in41 and #cf-;in4 gauge4    ,one   
hundred and forty ,western dump-cars1   
each of #d cu4 yd4 capacity4    ,one    
hundred and sixty-five flat cars1 with  
iron skips1 each of #d cu4     yd4      
capacity4  #e4--;,dock ,plant4    ,four 
stiff-leg derricks on extension1 having 
#ce-;ft4 masts and #dj-;ft4     booms1  
and each operated by a #fj-;h4p4        
,lambert1 three-drum1 electric1         
hoisting engine4    ,one stiff-leg      
derrick1 on the south side of the pier  
on the upper     deck1 with a #bh-;ft4  
mast operated by a three-drum ,lambert  
engine     and a #be-;h4p4 vertical     
boiler4    ,one stiff-leg derrick1 on   
the north side of the dock on the upper 
deck1 used exclusively for bringing in  
brick1 electric conduit1     pipe1 and  
other building material1 operated when  
first erected by a     three-drum1      
steam-driven1 ,lambert1 hoisting engine4
 ,this engine was     later changed to  
the derrick on the south side of the    

dock1 and a     motor-driven ,lambert   
engine from that derrick was            
substituted4    ,eight electric         
telphers4  ,ninth ,avenue ,twin-,tunnels
 ,plant4    ,one stiff-leg derrick1     
previously used in retaining-wall work4 
,one ,smith concrete mixer1 #a cu4 yd4  
capacity1 driven by attached air        
engine4    ,two cableways taken from the
 retaining-wall plant and used for      
mucking     out the tunnels after the   
center pier had been built2 driven by   
air     supplied to the original engine4
    ,one ,robbins belt conveyor1 driven 
by a #cj-;h4p4 engine run by air4       
,three #a-;cu4 yd4 ,hopple dump-cars4   
,,construction4  ,ground was broken for 
work under the principal contract on    
,july #ith1 #aijd1 on which date the    
contractor began cutting asphalt for    
,trench ,no4 #a in #cast ,street1 and   
also began making a roadway from ,ninth 
,avenue into the pit just south of #cb;d
 ,street4  ,excavation for ,retaining   
,walls4--,two essentially different     

methods were used in excavating for and 
building the retaining walls2 one1      
construction in trench1 the other1      
construction on bench4 ,in general1 the 
trench method was used wherever the rock
 on which the wall was to be founded was
 #ab ft4 or more below the surface of   
the street2 or1 what is perhaps a more  
exact statement1 as it includes the     
determining factor1 where the buildings 
adjoining the wall location were not    
founded on rock4  ,in the trench method 
the base of the wall was staked out on  
the surface of the ground1 the required 
width being determined by the elevation 
of the rock1 as shown by the borings4   
,the contractor then added as much width
 as he desired for sheeting and working 
space1 and excavated to a depth of about
 #e ft4 before setting any timber4 ,in  
some cases the depth of #e ft4 was      
excavated before the cableway or derrick
 for the excavation was erected1 the    
wagons being driven directly into the   
excavation and loaded by hand1 but1     

usually1 the cableway was first erected1
 and buckets were used from the start4  
,after the first #e ft4 had been        
excavated1 two sets of rangers and      
struts were set1 the first in the bottom
 of the excavation and the second at the
 level of the street surface1 supported 
by posts resting on the bottom rangers4 
,the sheeting was then set1 and all     
voids back of it were filled with clean 
earth and well tamped4 ,the toe of the  
sheeting was kept level with the bottom 
of the excavation until the ground-water
 was reached1 after which it was kept   
from #c to #e ft4 ahead of the digging4 
,the sheeting used was #c-;in41 in      
variable widths2 it was always tongued  
and grooved on the side of the trench   
next to the buildings and in the deeper 
excavations on both sides of the trench1
 and was driven by wooden mauls above   
the ground-water level1 but steam       
sheeting-drivers were used below that   
elevation4 ,struts1 rangers1 and posts  
were generally #ab by #ab-;in4  ,some   

exceedingly bad material was encountered
 in the deeper excavations1 beds of     
quicksand being passed through1 varying 
in thickness from #a to #ah ft41 the    
latter1 in #cast ,street between        
,seventh and ,eighth ,avenues1 in the   
deepest excavation made4 ,after         
encountering the fine sand in that      
trench1 no headway was made until a     
tight wooden cylinder was sunk through  
the sand by excavating the material     
inside of it and heavily weighting the  
shell with pig iron4 ,when this cylinder
 had reached the gravel1 which lay below
 the sand1 it was used as a sump1 and   
the water level was kept below the      
bottom of the excavation1 which         
permitted good progress4 ,sand continued
 to flow under the sheeting to such an  
extent1 however1 that the front walls of
 four adjoining buildings were badly    
cracked and had to be taken down and    
rebuilt4 ,all the stoops along this     
trench settled1 and had to be repaired4 
,the bench method of excavating for the 

retaining wall was very simple1 and was 
used only where the rock lay near the   
surface and the adjoining buildings were
 founded on it1 the overlying material  
being in such case dry1 and consequently
 firm1 little or no shoring was         
required4 ,the method was to extend the 
pit excavation to a width of #b or #c   
ft4 beyond the proposed back of the     
retaining wall1 and to carry that width 
down to the depth required for its base1
 below which the excavation was narrowed
 to #a ft4 inside of the face of the    
wall and continued either before it was 
built or subsequently4  ,retaining-,wall
 ,construction4--,the concrete walls    
were built in sections #ej ft4 in       
length1 except where that spacing would 
bring an expansion joint under a girder 
pocket or just on line with a tier of   
struts1 in which cases the section was  
shortened as required4 ,trenches were   
never allowed to remain open at the full
 depth1 the concreting being started as 
soon after the necessary length of rock 

had been uncovered as the forms and     
preliminary work for a section could be 
prepared4 ,each section was a monolith1 
except in a few cases where very heavy  
rains made it impossible to hold the    
laborers4  ,the various operations in   
building the concrete wall are shown on 
,fig4 #g4 ,guide-planks1 a a1 ,section  
,a-,a1 were securely spiked to alternate
 tiers of struts for the length of the  
section1 the face of each guide-plank   
being set on line with the intended face
 of the concrete wall1 and #b-;in4      
tongued-and-grooved spruce plank were   
laid along the guide-plank to the height
 of the bottom strut and securely braced
 from the front sheeting4 ,a #d-;in4    
brick wall was built simultaneously on  
line with the back of the wall to the   
height of the first step4 ,where the    
bottom strut was below that elevation1  
the brickwork was left low at that      
immediate point and built up when the   
strut was removed4 ,the brick wall was  
then water-proofed on the side toward   

the concrete1 and loose laps of the     
water-proofing were allowed to hang over
 the brickwork and at least #h in4 down 
the back4 ,a #f-;in4 vitrified pipe     
drain was then laid along the surface of
 the rock just outside of the brick     
wall1 the joints in the pipe being      
caulked with oakum saturated in cement1 
and pointed with cement mortar above a  
line #a in4 below the horizontal        
diameter1 the remainder of each joint   
being left open4 ,cross-drains were laid
 from tees in the back drain to the face
 of the wall at all low points in the   
rock and at least for every #be ft4 of  
wall length1 the joints of these        
discharge pipes being caulked and       
cemented throughout4 ,the surface of the
 rock was then washed and scraped clean1
 and was covered with about #a in4 of   
mortar1 after which the section was     
ready for concrete4  ,the building of   
monolithic sections in trenches required
 that the thrust from one set of struts 
be taken by the concrete before the set 

above could be removed1 and necessarily 
caused slow progress1 the rate at which 
concrete was deposited being just       
sufficient to prevent one layer from    
setting before the next layer above     
could be placed4  ,the concrete used was
 mixed in the proportions of #a part of 
cement to #c parts of sand and #f parts 
of stone1 in #b-;bag batches1 in -yd4   
and #a-yd4 ,ransome portable mixers     
mounted with air-driven engines on the  
same frame4 ,these mixers were placed at
 the surface1 and were charged with     
barrows1 the correct quantities of sand 
and stone for each batch being measured 
in rectangular boxes previous to loading
 the barrows4 ,the concrete was         
discharged from the mixer into a hopper 
which divided into two chutes1 only one 
of which was used at a time1 the        
concrete being shoveled from the bottom 
of the chutes to its final position4    
,facing mortar1 #b in4 thick1 was       
deposited simultaneously with the       
concrete1 and was kept separate from it 

by a steel diaphragm until both were in 
place1 when the diaphragm was removed   
and the two were spaded together4 ,the  
bottoms of the guide-planks were cut off
 just above the concrete as it          
progressed1 and1 as soon as the wall had
 reached a strut at one end of the      
section1 that strut was removed1 the    
form was built up to the next strut1 at 
front and back1 and braced to the       
sheeting1 so that1 by the time the      
entire length of the section had been   
carried up to the level of the first    
line of struts1 forms were ready at one 
end for the succeeding layers4 ,the     
layers of concrete never exceeded #h in4
 in height1 and at times there were     
slight delays in the concreting while   
the carpenters made ready the next lift 
of forms1 but such delays were rarely   
long enough to permit the concrete to   
take its initial set4    ,illustration3 
,fig4 #g4   ,,sketch ,,showing ,,forms  
,,for1 ,,and ,,method ,,of1 ,,concreting
 ,,retaining ,,walls   ,,in ,,trench4   

,after a section of concrete had firmly 
set1 both back and front forms were     
removed1 and the thrust from the sides  
of the trench was transferred directly  
to the finished wall4 ,the face of the  
wall was rubbed with a cement brick to  
remove the marks of the plank1 and was  
then coated with a wash of thin cement  
grout4 ,the water-proofing and brick    
armor were then continued up the back of
 the wall1 the spaces between the lines 
of braces being first water-proofed and 
bricked1 and the braces transferred to  
the finished surface1 after which the   
omitted panels were completed4 ,the     
water-proofing consisted of three layers
 of ,hydrex felt1 of a brand known as   
,pennsylvania ,special1 and four layers 
of coal-tar pitch4 ,the pitch contained 
not less than #be of carbon1 softened at
 #fj ,fahr41 and melted at a point      
between #if and #ajf ,fahr4 ,the melting
 point was determined by placing #a     
gramme of pitch on a lead disk over a   
hole1 #e_/af-;in4 in diameter1 and      

immersed in water which was heated at   
the rate of #a per min42 the temperature
 of the water at the time the pitch ran 
through the hole was considered as the  
melting point4  ,in order to prevent the
 water-proofing from being torn at the  
joint between sections when they        
contract from changes in temperature1 a 
vertical strip of felt1 #f in4 wide1 was
 pitched over each joint1 lapping #c in4
 on each concrete section4 ,the back of 
this strip was not pitched1 but was     
covered with pulverized soapstone1 so   
that the water-proofing sheet was free  
from the wall for a distance of #c in4  
on either side of each joint4           
,concreting was continued during the    
severest weather1 one section being     
placed when the thermometer was #e above
 zero4 ,when the thermometer was below  
the freezing point both sand and stone  
were heated by wood fires in large pipes
 under the supply piles2 the temperature
 of the mix was taken frequently1 and   
was kept above #dj degrees4 ,numerous   

tests made while the work was in        
progress showed that1 while the         
temperature fell slightly soon after the
 concrete was deposited1 it was always  
from #b to #e higher at the end of #b   
hours4 ,the face and back of the        
concrete were prevented from freezing by
 a liberal packing of salt hay just     
outside the forms4  ,a vertical hog     
trough1 #bd in4 wide and #i in4 deep1   
was placed in one end of each section1  
for its full height below the bridge    
seat1 into which the next section keyed1
 and1 when the temperature at the time  
of concreting was below #ej ,fahr41 a   
compression joint was formed by placing 
a strip of heavy deadening felt1 #b ft4 
wide1 on the end of the completed       
section next to the face and covering   
the remainder of the end with two ply of
 the felt and pitch water-proofing2 the 
one ply of deadening felt near the face 
was about the same thickness as the two 
ply of water-proofing1 and was used to  
prevent the pitch from being squeezed   

out of the joint to the face of the     
wall4  ,the excavation for the retaining
 walls in #cast and #cc;d ,streets were 
in all cases made of sufficient width to
 receive the sewers1 which were laid as 
soon as the back-fill1 carefully rammed 
and puddled1 had reached the proper     
elevations2 the back-filling was then   
completed1 and the gas and water mains  
were afterward laid in separate         
trenches4    ,illustration3   ,fig4 #h4 
,,sketch ,,showing ,,forms ,,and        
,,bracing ,,for ,,ninth ,,avenue ,,wall 
,the sections of concrete built in      
trench varied in height from #ac to #ei 
ft4 from the base to the top of the back
 wall4 ,with the exception of the       
,seventh ,avenue wall1 #ej ft4 in       
height1 and the ,ninth ,avenue wall1 #fb
 ft4 in height1 none of those sections  
constructed by the bench method was more
 than #ad ft4 ,the forms and bracing for
 these walls were substantially the     
same1 except that the low walls were    
built in lengths of approximately #ej   

ft41 while the forms for the ,seventh   
and ,ninth ,avenue walls were only #bj  
ft4 long4  ,the forms and bracing for   
the ,ninth ,avenue walls are shown on   
,fig4 #h4 ,these forms were built in one
 piece and moved ahead from section to  
section1 and they were firmly braced    
from the bottom with raker braces to a  
point #cf ft4 above the base1 the upper 
part being held in place by -in4 bolts  
passed through the forms and anchored by
 cables to bolts grouted into the rock  
behind4  ,after the forms had been set  
and braced1 an #h-;in4 brick wall was   
laid up the face of the rock1 containing
 a vertical line of three-cell hollow   
tile block every #e ft4 of length1 and  
laid to conform as nearly as possible to
 the face of the rock1 all voids being  
filled with broken stone4               
,water-proofing1 similar to that        
described for the walls in the trench1  
was then applied to the brick and tile  
wall for the full height1 and firmly    
braced to the front forms1 the braces   

being removed as the concrete reached   
them4 ,the concrete was mixed at the    
street level and deposited through      
chutes1 as described previously4        
,tables #a1 #b1 and #c show the quantity
 of cement used in each section of      
retaining wall1 and give figures by     
which the quantities of other materials 
may be determined4  ,pit                
,excavation4--,the pit excavation during
 the horse-and-truck period was largely 
preparatory work done to get the        
excavation in good shape for handling   
spoil trains after ,pier ,no4 #gb and   
the trestle approach were finished4     
,this required an open cut from ,ninth  
to ,seventh ,avenues at a sufficient    
depth below the sewers and other        
substructures in the avenues to clear a 
locomotive1 and wide enough for both    
running and loading tracks1 also the    
building of the cast-iron sewer in      
,eighth ,avenue across the entire       
excavation1 with enough of the temporary
 bridging to support it4 ,the building  

of the trestle in ,eighth ,avenue was   
essentially a part of the pit           
excavation1 as the progress of one      
depended greatly on that of the other4  
,excavation was commenced on ,july      
#abth1 #aijd1 for the crossing under    
,ninth ,avenue1 and in the pit east of  
,ninth ,avenue along #cb;d ,street4 ,the
 line chosen for the opening cut was    
down the center of the pit1 as it was   
not safe to excavate near the bounding  
streets until after the completion of   
the enclosing retaining wall4 ,the      
excavation was started by hand1 but     
three #gj-ton ,bucyrus steam shovels    
were put to work as soon as they could  
be delivered1 the first on ,july #beth  
and the third on ,september #abth4 ,the 
excavated material was loaded by the    
shovels on end-dump wagons1 each having 
a capacity of #b cu4 yd41 and was       
conveyed in them to the dumping board at
 #ceth ,street4 ,the average number of  
teams was #ace1 #aj being snatch teams  
to pull the wagons out of the pit and to

 assist them up the runway at the       
dumping board4 ,the teams averaged only 
seven trips per day of #aj hours1       
considerable delay being caused by the  
trains of the ,new ,york ,central       
,railroad at ,eleventh ,avenue4 ,the    
number of teams was not sufficient1     
therefore1 to keep the three shovels    
busy when they were all in good digging1
 but the dumping board was taxed to     
accommodate that number1 and little     
would have been gained by increasing it4
 ,the digging was very good during this 
period1 practically no rock being       
encountered1 and the building           
foundations were too light to present   
any obstacle to such powerful shovels4  
,the capacity of their dippers was #c   
cu4 yd41 so that one dipperful meant one
 truck loaded and running over4 ,the    
output from ,august to ,november1       
inclusive1 averaged #dj1jjj cu4 yd4 per 
month2 one shift only was worked per    
day1 and although the quantity was not  
large for three such powerful shovels1  

it was large to truck through the       
streets1 and required that one team pass
 a given point every #ah sec4 ,at the   
end of ,november the opening up of the  
pit had been accomplished1 considerable 
rock had been stripped near ,ninth      
,avenue1 and the streets had become so  
icy that the cost of transportation was 
practically doubled2 work in the pit1   
therefore1 was much curtailed1 and      
amounted to continuous work for one     
shovel from that time until the end of  
the period1 ,may #bb;d1 #aije1 when     
,pier ,no4 #gb was put in service and   
transportation by train began4 ,figs4 #b
 and #c1 ,plate ,,lvi1 show the         
condition of the pit east and west of   
,eighth ,avenue1 respectively1 on that  
date4    ,illustration3   ,fig4 #i4     
,,sketch ,,showing ,,typical ,,bent ,,of
 ,,trestle ,,supporting ,,eighth        
,,avenue  ,the work of excavating for   
and building the temporary street       
bridge1 a typical bent and bracing for  
which are shown on ,fig4 #i1 and the    

cast-iron sewer and water mains in      
,eighth ,avenue1 was commenced on       
,september #c;d1 #aijd4 ,the trestle was
 a double-decked structure of yellow    
pine1 with #aj by #aj-;in4 posts and    
sills1 #aj by #ad-;in4 intermediate and 
top caps1 and #b by #aj-;in4            
longitudinal and cross-braces4 ,the     
trestle was further stiffened           
longitudinally by four lines of #h by   
#aj-;in4 struts1 butted between the     
intermediate caps1 and held in position 
by #b by #h-;in4 splice-plates resting  
on top of them4 ,the intermediate caps  
were at an elevation of #ae ft4 below   
the surface of the street1 and above    
that line the longitudinal bracing was  
continuous1 while below it the bents    
were braced in pairs1 the bracing being 
omitted from every second bay4 ,below   
the intermediate cap the bents were     
uniform for the entire width of the     
trestle1 but the top cap was not        
continuous1 being #e ft4 below the      
surface under the trolley tracks1 and   

only #ah in41 the depth of stringers and
 planking1 beyond4 ,the stringers under 
the trolley tracks were #h by #af-;in4  
yellow pine1 spaced three to a track1   
and those for the driveway were #f by   
#ad-;in41 spaced #a ft4 #f in4 on       
centers1 the planking being #d-;in4     
yellow pine4  ,the first step in the    
construction was to excavate a trench   
#ae ft4 wide on the west side of the    
street1 the east side of the trench     
being #d ft4 west of the westernmost    
trolley rail4 ,while this work was in   
progress1 all vehicular traffic was     
turned to that part of the avenue east  
of the westerly trolley rail4 ,the      
trench was sheeted and timbered1 and    
carried to a depth sufficient to receive
 the intermediate cap4 ,that portion of 
the bent from the bottom of the         
intermediate cap to the bottom of the   
top cap was then erected for the width  
of the trench1 after which the #fj-;in4 
cast-iron sewer and the #dh-;in4 water  
main were laid in position and caulked4 

,the top cap1 stringers1 and planking   
were then laid1 for the full width of   
the trestle west of the trolley tracks4 
,this work was finished and the sewage  
turned into the new sewer in ,april1    
#aije4  ,as the planking was laid west  
of the trolley tracks1 traffic was      
turned to that side of the street1 and  
the material east of the tracks was     
excavated to its natural slope4         
,trenches were then dug under the tracks
 on the line of the bents1 and the caps 
were set in position on blocking4 ,the  
material between these trenches was then
 removed1 the tracks being supported    
meanwhile by blocking at least every #f 
ft41 and the stringers and planking were
 shoved into place4 ,excavation was next
 made between the caps to a depth of    
about #e ft4 below them1 needle-beams   
being placed under the caps1 one or two 
at a time1 and supported on posts       
erected in these excavations2 the       
material on line of the bents was       
excavated to the depth of the           

intermediate caps1 which were then set1 
together with the posts and bracing for 
the upper deck of the structure4 ,this  
operation was repeated for the lower    
deck1 about #aj ft4 being gained for    
each change of posts1 and three shifts1 
therefore1 were required4  ,at the      
beginning of the train-transportation   
period1 ,may #bb;d1 #aije1 two shifts of
 #aj hours each were inaugurated1 and   
the earth was handled at the rate of    
from #he1jjj to #ij1jjj cu4 yd4 per     
month2 but1 by the end of ,august1 when 
a little more than #fj of the total     
earth had been disposed of1 the rock    
began to interfere very greatly with the
 progress4 ,the strike of the rock was  
almost directly north and south1 and its
 surface formed broken ridges running in
 that direction1 with deep valleys      
between4 ,the dip was almost vertical   
near ,ninth ,avenue1 and about #gj      
toward the west near ,seventh ,avenue4  
,this condition made it necessary to    
turn the shovels parallel to the ridges 

in order to strip the rock for drilling2
 and1 as the ridges were very broken1   
the shovels continued to bump into them 
on all occasions1 making it necessary to
 move back and start other cuts or stand
 and wait for the rock to be drilled and
 blasted4 ,one small ,vulcan steam      
shovel1 with vertical boiler and -cu4   
yd4 dipper1 had been brought on the work
 to be used in stripping rock1 and was  
moved from place to place so much more  
easily than the large ones that an ,ohio
 shovel of the same general type was    
purchased in ,october1 and thereafter   
the stripping was done largely by the   
two small shovels and by hand1 the large
 shovels being used almost exclusively  
in handling rock4  ,the drilling        
necessary to remove the rock was very   
large in amount and also per yard       
excavated4 ,in order not to damage the  
retaining walls and the rock underlying 
them1 holes spaced at #e-;in4 centers   
were drilled #a ft4 away from the face  
of the walls and on the same batter4    

,these breaking holes alone amounted to 
a total of #baj1jjj lin4 ft41 or #a ft4 
of hole for each #c cu4 yd4 of rock     
excavated2 and the regulations of the   
,bureau of ,combustibles1 which         
prevented springing1 caused the blasting
 holes to be placed very close together 
and required a total of about #dbj1jjj  
lin4 ft41 making #fcj1jjj ft4 ,if to    
this is added the block holes1 for some 
of the rock broke very large1 it will   
show at least #a ft4 of drill hole for  
each cubic yard of rock excavated1 about
 ten times the average on general       
railroad work4    ,transcriber's ,note3 
,the three numbered ,tables were        
originally printed at full width1 with  
columns 7#a7-7ac7 displayed in a single 
row4  ,,table #a;a4--,record of         
,retaining-,wall ,sections1 ,terminal   
,station4  ,west ,thirty-first ,street  
from ,seventh ,avenue to ,ninth ,avenue4
   7#a7 ,section ,no4  7#b7 ,stations4  
7#c7 ,contents of section1 in cubic     
yards4  7#d7 ,barrels of cement used for

 facing4  7#e7 ,cubic yards of facing   
mortar equivalent4  7#f7 ,barrels of    
cement used for bed mortar4  7#g7 ,cubic
 yards of bed mortar equivalent4  7#h7  
,cubic yards of embedded stone4         
7#a7      7#b7            7#c7     7#d7 
7#e7     7#f7    7#g7     7#h7          
#a   #afe  #je4h                        
#afe  #ff4j    #fag4dh  #ag4ej   #e4ie  
444   444    444       #b   #afe  #ff4j 
#afe  #ie4d    #bcc4if  #aj4be   #c4di  
444   444    444       #c   #afe  #ie4d 
#aff  #da4b    #cee4bj  #bd4ej   #h4cd  
444   444    444       #d   #aga  #jc4d 
#aga  #ec4d    #cji4bi  #fg4ej  #bc4jj  
444   444    444       #e   #agg  #dd4j 
#agg  #id4j    #aji4fb  #cj4be  #aj4cj  
444   444    444       #f   #aga  #ec4d 
#aga  #hc4j    #bdf4ce  #bg4ge   #i4dd  
444   444    444       #g   #aff  #da4b 
#aff  #gi4j    #fdd4ab  #gg4ej  #bf4cg  
444   444    444       #h   #aga  #hc4j 
#agb  #ab4j    #cid4dc  #fc4ge  #ba4fi  
444   444    444       #i   #aff  #gi4j 
#afg  #bj4e    #igd4eh #ajc4ge  #ce4cj  

#b4ej  #j4he   #g4if     #aj   #agj     
#af4f                                   
#agj  #eh4f    #gfg4cd  #ib4ej  #ca4dh  
#b4ge  #j4id   444      #aa   #agj      
#eh4f                                   
#aga  #jc4d    #eii4ag  #gg4jj  #bf4bj  
#aj4be  #c4di   444      #ab   #afg     
#bj4e                                   
#afg  #dc4i    #ece4bh  #ej4ej  #ag4ah  
#b4jj  #j4fh   #d4jj     #ac   #age     
#ah4e                                   
#age  #fa4h    #eec4jd  #fb4jj  #ba4aj  
#e4be  #a4gi   444      #ad   #agg      
#jb4i                                   
#agg  #dd4j    #cje4ab  #di4be  #af4gf  
#d4ej  #a4ec   444      #ae   #age      
#fa4h                                   
#agf  #ia4g    #dbi4hh  #ej4jj  #ag4ja  
#a4ej  #j4ea   444      #af   #agf      
#fb4e                                   
#agg  #jb4i    #fge4fd  #gg4ej  #bf4cg  
#f4be  #b4ac   444      #ag   #agd      
#jd4e                                   
#agd  #bi4f    #afb4ih  #bi4jj   #i4hg  
#c4ej  #a4ai   444      #ah   #age      

#ia4g                                   
#agf  #ba4e    #fih4hh  #df4be  #ae4gb  
#d4ej  #a4ec  #ae4hf     #ai   #agf     
#ba4e                                   
#agf  #fb4e  #a1aff4gi  #ha4ej  #bg4gc  
#d4jj  #a4cf  #cd4if     #bj   #afg     
#dc4i                                   
#afg  #ib4f    #ige4ec  #ie4ge  #cb4eh  
#c4be  #a4aa  #cf4ii     #ba   #agb     
#ab4j                                   
#agb  #de4b    #bga4dh  #ca4ge  #aj4hj  
#b4ej  #j4he   #h4fe     #bb   #afh     
#da4c                                   
#afh  #gb4f    #caf4cj  #dd4jj  #ad4ig  
#e4be  #a4gi   #g4ah     #bc   #agc     
#fc4f                                   
#agd  #jd4e    #ebi4cc  #ed4ge  #ah4fc  
#d4ge  #a4fb   #a4be     #bd   #afg     
#ib4f                                   
#afh  #da4c  #a1jaj4fd  #ff4jj  #bb4df  
#e4ej  #a4hg  #aj4af     #be   #agc     
#ba4b                                   
#agc  #fc4f    #fge4ba  #gg4ge  #bf4df  
#b4ej  #j4he  #ab4jj     #bf   #afd     
#gb4e                                   

#afe  #je4h    #deh4bb  #dj4jj  #ac4fa  
#e4ej  #a4hg  #bb4cg     #bg   #agb     
#ha4i                                   
#agc  #ba4b    #dji4dc  #ce4jj  #aa4ia  
#i4ge  #c4ca   #d4fd     #bh   #afd     
#bg4f                                   
#afd  #gb4e    #feh4df  #gb4jj  #bd4ej  
#a4ej  #j4ea  #af4dj     #bi   #agb     
#de4b                                   
#agb  #ha4i    #cde4hi  #cj4be  #aj4bi  
#e4jj  #a4gj   #a4fb     #ca   #agd     
#gh4j                                   
#age  #ah4e    #ejg4ej  #ce4ge  #ab4ag  
#c4jj  #a4jb  #ag4ji     #cb   #agd     
#bi4f                                   
#agd  #gh4j    #cif4ii  #dc4ge  #ad4hi  
#a4ge  #j4fj   #f4ej     #dc   #agg     
#id4j                                   
#agh  #dd4a    #aid4jg  #cj4jj  #aj4ba  
#b4jj  #j4fh   #h4ce     ,pier #afh     
#gb4f                                   
#afh  #ha4a    #ajf4eb   444    444     
444   444    444      #gf   #agh  #dd4a 
#agh  #id4a    #acf4cb  #ab4ge   #d4cd  
#d4ge  #a4fb   444      #gi   #agh      

#id4a                                   
#agi  #dd4a    #aah4jg   #i4jj   #c4jf  
#h4ej  #a4ai   444      #hb   #agi      
#dd4a                                   
#agi  #ic4g    #abf4ab   #f4ej   #b4ba  
#b4ej  #j4he   444      #hd   #agi      
#ic4g                                   
#ahj  #dd4b    #abf4gg   #f4ge   #b4cj  
#b4be  #j4gg   444      #hf   #ahj      
#dd4b                                   
#ahj  #ic4f    #afb4dh   #h4jj   #b4gb  
#b4ge  #j4id   444      #ij   #ahj      
#ic4f                                   
#aha  #ag4i     #ib4eb   #d4jj   #a4cf  
#a4jj  #j4cd   444       ,,table        
#a;b4--,record of ,retaining-,wall      
,sections1 ,terminal ,station4  ,west   
,thirty-first ,street from ,seventh     
,avenue to ,ninth ,avenue4   7#a7       
,section ,no4  7#b7 ,stations4  7#i7    
,cubic yards of concrete in section     
7net74 7#aj7 ,barrels of cement used in 
concrete4 7#aa7 ,barrels of cement per  
cubic yard of concrete4 7#ab7 ,concrete 
started4 7#ac7 ,concrete finished4      

7#a7      7#b7            7#i7          
7#aj7    7#aa7     7#ab7       7#ac7    
#a   #afe  #je4h                        
#afe  #ff4j    #faa4ec    #gca4ej  #a4bj
   #aa_/d_/jd  #aa_/bj_/jd      #b      
#afe  #ff4j                             
#afe  #ie4d    #bcj4dg    #bgg4be  #a4bj
  #aa_/ba_/jd  #aa_/bg_/jd      #c      
#afe  #ie4d                             
#aff  #da4b    #cdf4hf    #cih4be  #a4ae
  #aa_/bf_/jd   #ab_/c_/jd      #d      
#aga  #jc4d                             
#aga  #ec4d    #bhf4bi    #cfj4ej  #a4bf
   #ab_/b_/jd  #ab_/aj_/jd      #e      
#agg  #dd4j                             
#agg  #id4j     #ii4cb    #abj4ge  #a4bb
  #ab_/bh_/jd  #ab_/cj_/jd      #f      
#aga  #ec4d                             
#aga  #hc4j    #bcf4ia    #bib4ej  #a4bc
    #a_/b_/je   #a_/aa_/je      #g      
#aff  #da4b                             
#aff  #gi4j    #fag4ge    #gcg4jj  #a4ai
   #a_/ac_/je    #b_/d_/je      #h      
#aga  #hc4j                             
#agb  #ab4j    #cgb4gd    #dbj4ge  #a4ac

   #a_/ad_/je   #a_/bh_/je      #i      
#aff  #gi4j                             
#afg  #bj4e    #icj4dg  #a1jff4be  #a4ad
   #b_/ah_/je   #c_/ac_/je     #aj      
#agj  #af4f                             
#agj  #eh4f    #gcd4ib    #heb4ej  #a4af
   #a_/ca_/je   #b_/be_/je     #aa      
#agj  #eh4f                             
#aga  #jc4d    #efi4dh    #fhi4ge  #a4ba
   #c_/aa_/je   #c_/bc_/je     #ab      
#afg  #bj4e                             
#afg  #dc4i    #eac4db    #faa4ge  #a4ai
    #c_/i_/je   #c_/bf_/je     #ac      
#age  #ah4e                             
#age  #fa4h    #ecj4ae    #fcj4ej  #a4ai
   #c_/ae_/je   #c_/bi_/je     #ad      
#agg  #jb4i                             
#agg  #dd4j    #bhf4hc    #cdj4be  #a4ai
   #c_/bf_/je   #c_/ca_/je     #ae      
#age  #fa4h                             
#agf  #ia4g    #dab4cf    #dgb4ej  #a4ae
   #c_/bh_/je   #d_/ad_/je     #af      
#agf  #fb4e                             
#agg  #jb4i    #fdg4ad    #ghh4jj  #a4bb
    #d_/a_/je   #d_/ag_/je     #ag      

#agd  #jd4e                             
#agd  #bi4f    #aea4ib    #ahb4ej  #a4bj
    #e_/c_/je    #e_/f_/je     #ah      
#age  #ia4g                             
#agf  #ba4e    #ffe4gg    #hja4jj  #a4bj
    #e_/i_/je   #e_/ai_/je     #ai      
#agf  #ba4e                             
#agf  #fb4e  #a1ajb4gd  #a1ced4ej  #a4bc
   #e_/ae_/je   #e_/bh_/je     #bj      
#afg  #dc4i                             
#afg  #ib4f    #ijd4he  #a1jab4ge  #a4ab
   #e_/be_/je    #f_/c_/je     #ba      
#agb  #ab4j                             
#agb  #de4b    #bea4ah    #caa4ej  #a4bd
   #e_/bi_/je    #f_/c_/je     #bb      
#afh  #da4c                             
#afh  #gb4f    #bib4cf    #cch4ge  #a4af
    #f_/e_/je   #f_/aj_/je     #bc      
#agc  #fc4f                             
#agd  #jd4e    #ejg4hc    #ehg4be  #a4af
    #f_/e_/je   #f_/ac_/je     #bd      
#afg  #ib4f                             
#afh  #da4c    #igf4ae  #a1jch4ge  #a4jg
    #f_/h_/je   #f_/ba_/je     #be      
#agc  #ba4b                             

#agc  #fc4f    #fce4ij    #ggf4be  #a4bb
   #f_/af_/je   #f_/bd_/je     #bf      
#afd  #gb4e                             
#afe  #je4h    #dbj4cg    #ecb4jj  #a4bf
   #f_/bc_/je   #f_/bh_/je     #bg      
#agb  #ha4i                             
#agc  #ba4b    #chi4eg    #dej4jj  #a4af
   #f_/bg_/je    #g_/g_/je     #bh      
#afd  #bg4f                             
#afd  #gb4e    #fag4je    #gbf4be  #a4ah
   #f_/bi_/je    #g_/g_/je     #bi      
#agb  #de4b                             
#agb  #ha4i    #ccb4bh    #chd4jj  #a4af
   #g_/aa_/je   #g_/ai_/je     #ca      
#agd  #gh4j                             
#age  #ah4e    #dgg4bb    #efg4ej  #a4ai
   #g_/bi_/je    #h_/f_/je     #cb      
#agd  #bi4f                             
#agd  #gh4j    #cge4jj    #dcd4be  #a4af
    #h_/e_/je   #h_/ab_/je     #dc      
#agg  #id4j                             
#agh  #dd4a    #agd4hc    #bai4ge  #a4bf
   #aa_/i_/je  #aa_/ab_/je     ,pier    
#afh  #gb4f                             
#afh  #ha4a    #ajf4eb    #add4jj  #a4ce

   #ab_/f_/jf   #ab_/h_/jf     #gf      
#agh  #dd4a                             
#agh  #id4a    #acj4cf    #adb4ej  #a4ji
    #g_/h_/jg   #g_/aj_/jg     #gi      
#agh  #id4a                             
#agi  #dd4a    #aac4hb    #abi4ej  #a4ad
   #g_/ae_/jg   #g_/af_/jg     #hb      
#agi  #dd4a                             
#agi  #ic4g    #abc4jf    #aca4ge  #a4jg
   #g_/bb_/jg   #g_/bc_/jg     #hd      
#agi  #ic4g                             
#ahj  #dd4b    #abc4gj    #acc4ej  #a4jh
   #g_/bf_/jg   #g_/bg_/jg     #hf      
#ahj  #dd4b                             
#ahj  #ic4f    #aeh4hb    #afg4jj  #a4je
   #g_/cj_/jg   #g_/ca_/jg     #ij      
#ahj  #ic4f                             
#aha  #ag4i     #ij4hb    #aae4jj  #a4bg
   #h_/ah_/jh   #h_/ah_/jh              
,,note4--,the number of cubic yards of  
crushed stone used in any section can be
 found by multiplying the figure for    
that section in ,column #aj by #j4gggh4 
,the number of cubic yards of sand used 
in any section can be found by          

multiplying3 the sum of the figures for 
that section in ,columns #d1 #f1 and #aj
 by #j4chhi4    ,,remarks4--,section    
,no4 #d4 ,amount of sand cut down on a  
part of this     section on account of  
dust in stone4   ,section ,no4 #h4      
,o',rourke stone used on this section1  
large and full of     dust4   ,section  
,no4 #i4 ,stone crushed on the work used
 on this section1 large     and full of 
dust4   ,section ,no4 #ba4 #a3c3e mix   
was used in part of this section on     
account     of stone being large4       
,section ,no4 #bd4 ,different sized     
stone was shipped on barge and mixed    
on the board for this section4          
,section ,no4 #be4 #a3c3e mix used in a 
small part of this section on           
account of stone being large4           
,sections ,nos4 #gf1 #hb1 #hd1 and #hf4 
,stone contained large amount of        
dust4  ,,table #b;a4--,record of        
,retaining-wall ,sections1 ,terminal    
,station4  ,west ,thirty-third ,street  
from ,seventh ,avenue to ,ninth ,avenue4

   7#a7 ,section ,no4  7#b7 ,stations4  
7#c7 ,contents of section1 in cubic     
yards4  7#d7 ,barrels of cement used for
 facing4  7#e7 ,cubic yards of facing   
mortar equivalent4  7#f7 ,barrels of    
cement used for bed mortar4  7#g7 ,cubic
 yards of bed mortar equivalent4  7#h7  
,cubic yards of embedded stone4         
7#a7    7#b7            7#c7     7#d7   
7#e7     7#f7    7#g7     7#h7          
#cj #agj  #gc4b                         
#aga  #af4a    #cfd4gb  #db4ej  #ad4df  
#d4jj  #a4cf   444      #cc #agh  #dh4g 
#agh  #hd4a    #ahj4dj  #bi4ej  #aj4jd  
#c4ej  #a4ai   444      #cd ,r #b  #ge4e
                                        
#agj  #jc4e    #bad4ab  #ch4jj  #ab4ic  
#a4jj  #j4cd   #a4ej     #ce #aga  #af4a
                                        
#aga  #db4e    #cha4ef  #dj4be  #ac4gj  
#a4jj  #j4cd  #ad4cg     #cf #agj  #jc4f
                                        
#agj  #be4j    #aej4af  #bj4ej   #f4ih  
444   444    #f4be     #cg #aga  #db4e  
#aga  #ia4c    #hfi4dj  #ei4ej  #bj4be  

#d4ej  #a4ec  #dd4if     #ch #aga  #ia4c
                                        
#agb  #ai4b    #bcc4di  #bb4ge   #g4gd  
#b4ge  #j4id  #ad4de     #ci #agi  #bg4b
                                        
#agi  #fd4b    #bee4ci  #cb4jj  #aj4hi  
#c4jj  #a4jb   #i4je     #dj #agj  #be4j
                                        
#agj  #gc4b    #ejj4gc  #dd4be  #ae4jf  
#a4jj  #j4cd  #bi4fd     #da #afi  #ej4h
                                        
,r #b  #ge4e    #bae4ic  #bh4be   #i4fa 
#b4jj  #j4fh   444      #db #agh  #hd4a 
#agi  #bg4b    #agg4fb  #bc4jj   #g4hc  
#a4ej  #j4ea   #g4jf     #dd #ahj  #je4e
                                        
#ahj  #dd4b    #icf4ae  #eh4ge  #ai4ii  
#aj4ej  #c4dg  #gc4hd     #de #ahj      
#dd4b                                   
#ahj  #gd4i  #a1acc4ei  #fj4jj  #bj4db  
#e4jj  #a4gj  #fj4ga     #df #agi  #fd4b
                                        
#ahj  #je4e    #dgg4ad  #ce4jj  #aa4ia  
#c4ge  #a4bh  #bd4eh     #dg #afi  #jj4a
                                        

#afi  #ej4h    #acf4ai  #ad4be   #d4he  
#c4ej  #a4ai   #b4jj     #dh #agh  #bd4a
                                        
#agh  #dh4g    #aib4gh  #ba4be   #g4bc  
#b4jj  #j4fh   444      #di #agg  #ha4a 
#agh  #bd4a    #bda4ea  #be4be   #h4ei  
#b4ej  #j4he   #a4cc     #ej #afh  #jc4f
                                        
#afh  #de4f    #dje4fa  #be4ej   #h4fh  
#d4jj  #a4cf  #cf4aj     #ea #agg  #ch4d
                                        
#agg  #ha4a    #ajj4ed  #ab4ge   #d4cd  
#c4jj  #a4jb   #j4gh     #eb #afh  #de4f
                                        
#afh  #hj4a    #aha4if  #ai4jj   #f4dg  
#a4jj  #j4cd   #i4jc     #ec #afh  #hj4a
                                        
#afi  #jj4a     #da4cb   #c4ej   #a4ai  
444   444   444      #ee #agf  #ij4j    
#agg  #ch4d     #ib4da  #aa4be   #c4hc  
#b4ej  #j4he   #c4fh     #ef #afg  #fb4a
                                        
#afh  #jc4f    #chc4fg  #cc4ge  #aa4dh  
#c4be  #a4aa  #cf4fb     #ei #age  #fg4c
                                        

#age  #ih4i    #age4fa  #ae4ej   #e4bg  
#b4ej  #j4he   #i4cg     #fj #agf  #di4j
                                        
#agf  #ij4j     #fi4ig   #h4be   #b4ha  
#c4jj  #a4jb   #a4eh     #fa #age  #ih4i
                                        
#agf  #di4j    #ajd4ef   #h4jj   #b4gb  
#c4ej  #a4ai   #c4gb     #fd #age  #cj4c
                                        
#age  #fg4c    #adj4ae  #ad4ge   #e4jb  
#b4ge  #j4id   444      #fe #agd  #he4d 
#age  #cj4c     #hj4ff   #i4jj   #c4jf  
#b4ej  #j4he   444      #ff #agd  #dg4i 
#agd  #he4d     #fh4hi   #e4ej   #a4hg  
#c4be  #a4aa   444      #fg #agd  #ba4a 
#agd  #dg4i     #fj4ad   #c4jj   #a4jb  
#b4jj  #j4fh   #j4ib     #fh #afg  #ab4c
                                        
#afg  #fb4a    #cgi4id  #bc4ej   #h4jj  
#e4jj  #a4gj  #ai4cd     #fi #agc  #he4f
                                        
#agd  #ba4a     #gg4dc   #f4ej   #b4ba  
#c4jj  #a4jb   444      #gj #aff  #ge4f 
#afg  #ab4c    #djh4ha  #cc4ge  #aa4dh  
#c4ge  #a4bh   444      #ga #agc  #df4e 

#agc  #he4f     #he4ib   #h4be   #b4ha  
#a4ge  #j4fj   444      #gd #agb  #ai4b 
#agb  #gc4j    #ddi4bh  #bb4ge   #g4gd  
#f4be  #b4ac   444      #ge #agb  #gc4j 
#agc  #bd4j    #ejb4bj  #bg4be   #i4bg  
#g4jj  #b4ch   444      #gg #afd  #gg4j 
#afe  #bg4a    #ada4ch   #i4jj   #c4jf  
#g4be  #b4dg   444      #gh #afh  #hc4d 
#afi  #ah4c     #fc4ce   #c4jj   #a4jb  
#a4ej  #j4ea   444      #hj #afe  #bg4a 
#afe  #gf4f    #ajh4hf  #aa4ge   #d4jj  
#c4jj  #a4jb   444      #ha #afh  #de4f 
#afh  #hc4d    #baj4ig  #ac4jj   #d4db  
#f4be  #b4ac   444      #hc #afe  #gf4f 
#aff  #bj4e    #ajh4jf   #h4jj   #b4gb  
#c4ge  #a4bh   444      #he #aff  #bj4e 
#aff  #fd4f    #ajg4eb   #i4jj   #c4jf  
#b4be  #j4gf   444      #hg #aff  #fd4f 
#aff  #ge4f     #bc4dd   #a4jj   #j4cd  
#b4be  #j4db   444      #hh #afd  #bf4c 
#afd  #gg4j    #cag4gb  #bd4jj   #h4ag  
#b4be  #j4gf   444      #hi #agc  #bj4h 
#agc  #df4e     #ic4ea   #e4fj   #a4gj  
#a4ej  #j4ea   444      #ia #ahj  #gd4i 
#ahj  #ib4g    #ada4dj  #ag4ej   #e4if  

444    444   444      #ib #ahj  #ib4g   
#aha  #bh4h    #aah4ic  #ai4jj   #f4df  
444    444   444       ,,table          
#b;b4--,record of ,retaining-wall       
,sections1 ,terminal ,station4  ,west   
,thirty-third ,street from ,seventh     
,avenue to ,ninth ,avenue4   7#a7       
,section ,no4  7#b7 ,stations4  7#i7    
,cubic yards of concrete in section     
7net74 7#aj7 ,barrels of cement used in 
concrete4 7#aa7 ,barrels of cement per  
cubic yard of concrete4 7#ab7 ,concrete 
started4 7#ac7 ,concrete finished4      
7#a7    7#b7            7#i7            
7#aj7   7#aa7    7#ab7       7#ac7      
#cj #agj  #gc4b                         
#aga  #af4a    #cdh4ij    #cia4jj  #a4ab
  #g_/bj_/je   #g_/bf_/je     #cc #agh  
#dh4g                                   
#agh  #hd4a    #afi4ag    #ahh4jj  #a4aa
  #h_/g_/je    #h_/aa_/je     #cd ,r #b 
#ge4e                                   
#agj  #jc4e    #aii4ce    #bag4be  #a4ji
  #h_/ad_/je   #h_/ai_/je     #ce #aga  
#af4a                                   

#aga  #db4e    #cec4ae    #djj4be  #a4ac
  #h_/af_/je   #h_/bb_/je     #cf #agj  
#jc4f                                   
#agj  #be4j    #acf4ic    #acc4ge  #j4ih
  #h_/ai_/je   #h_/bb_/je     #cg #aga  
#db4e                                   
#aga  #ia4c    #hjb4ff    #iji4jj  #a4ac
  #h_/bb_/je   #i_/f_/je      #ch #aga  
#ia4c                                   
#agb  #ai4b    #baj4cf    #bch4ej  #a4ac
  #h_/bd_/je   #h_/bg_/je     #ci #agi  
#bg4b                                   
#agi  #fd4b    #bcd4dc    #bgj4be  #a4ae
  #h_/bi_/je   #i_/b_/je      #dj #agj  
#be4j                                   
#agj  #gc4b    #dee4fi    #ebe4ge  #a4ae
  #i_/aa_/je   #i_/ae_/je     #da #afi  
#ej4h                                   
,r #b  #ge4e    #bje4fd    #bcf4ej      
#a4ae  #aj_/c_/je   #aj_/f_/je     #db  
#agh  #hd4a                             
#agi  #bg4b    #afb4bb    #aid4ge  #a4bj
  #aj_/i_/je   #aj_/aa_/je    #dd #ahj  
#je4e                                   
#ahj  #dd4b    #hch4he    #ihg4jj  #a4ah

  #aa_/ag_/je  #aa_/bg_/je    #de #ahj  
#dd4b                                   
#ahj  #gd4i  #a1jej4hf  #a1bjf4jj  #a4ae
  #ab_/ac_/je  #ab_/bc_/je    #df #agi  
#fd4b                                   
#ahj  #je4e    #dci4cg    #ece4jj  #a4bb
  #a_/ae_/jf   #a_/ai_/jf     #dg #afi  
#jj4a                                   
#afi  #ej4h    #abh4ae    #aej4ej  #a4ag
  #d_/d_/jf    #d_/f_/jf      #dh #agh  
#bd4a                                   
#agh  #dh4g    #ahd4hg    #bbf4jj  #a4bb
  #d_/bd_/jf   #d_/cj_/jf     #di #agg  
#ha4a                                   
#agh  #bd4a    #bcj4gd    #bgd4jj  #a4ai
  #e_/ba_/jf   #e_/bd_/jf     #ej #afh  
#jc4f                                   
#afh  #de4f    #cei4dg    #djf4jj  #a4ac
  #f_/ac_/jf   #f_/ah_/jf     #ea #agg  
#ch4d                                   
#agg  #ha4a     #id4dj    #aab4jj  #a4ai
  #f_/bj_/jf   #f_/ba_/jf     #eb #afh  
#de4f                                   
#afh  #hj4a    #aff4ab    #aij4jj  #a4ad
  #f_/be_/jf   #f_/bh_/jf     #ec #afh  

#hj4a                                   
#afi  #jj4a     #dj4ac     #dd4ej  #a4aa
  #f_/bi_/jf   #f_/bi_/jf     #ee #agf  
#ij4j                                   
#agg  #ch4d     #hd4je     #ih4be  #a4ag
  #h_/ag_/jf   #h_/ah_/jf     #ef #afg  
#fb4a                                   
#afh  #jc4f    #ccd4df    #chc4ej  #a4ad
  #h_/bh_/jf   #i_/a_/jf      #ei #age  
#fg4c                                   
#age  #ih4i    #afj4ab    #ahf4jj  #a4af
  #aj_/ae_/jf  #aj_/af_/jf    #fj #agf  
#di4j                                   
#agf  #ij4j     #fd4ef     #ge4jj  #a4af
  #aj_/ag_/jf  #aj_/ah_/jf    #fa #age  
#ih4i                                   
#agf  #di4j     #if4ic    #ajh4jj  #a4aa
  #aj_/ai_/jf  #aj_/bj_/jf    #fd #age  
#cj4c                                   
#age  #fg4c    #acd4ai    #afa4ej  #a4bj
  #aa_/ba_/jf  #aa_/bb_/jf    #fe #agd  
#he4d                                   
#age  #cj4c     #gf4ge     #ib4ge  #a4ba
  #ab_/ad_/jf  #ab_/ae_/jf    #ff #agd  
#dg4i                                   

#agd  #he4d     #fe4ia     #hc4ej  #a4bg
  #ab_/ah_/jf  #ab_/ah_/jf    #fg #agd  
#ba4a                                   
#agd  #dg4i     #eg4eb     #fg4ej  #a4ag
  #ab_/ba_/jf  #ab_/ba_/jf    #fh #afg  
#ab4c                                   
#afg  #fb4a    #cej4ij    #dab4ej  #a4ag
  #a_/b_/jg    #a_/f_/jg      #fi #agc  
#he4f                                   
#agd  #ba4a     #gd4bj     #ia4jj  #a4bc
  #a_/bi_/jg   #a_/cj_/jg     #gj #aff  
#ge4f                                   
#afg  #ab4c    #cif4je    #dfh4ej  #a4ah
  #d_/b_/jg    #d_/aj_/jg     #ga #agc  
#df4e                                   
#agc  #he4f     #hb4ea     #ie4ge  #a4af
  #d_/ag_/jg   #d_/ai_/jg     #gd #agb  
#ai4b                                   
#agb  #gc4j    #dci4da    #ejf4jj  #a4ae
  #f_/bj_/jg   #f_/bd_/jg     #ge #agb  
#gc4j                                   
#agc  #bd4j    #dij4ee    #egi4jj  #a4ah
  #g_/h_/jg    #h_/be_/jg     #gg #afd  
#gg4j                                   
#afe  #bg4a    #ace4he    #afa4ej  #a4ai

  #g_/ac_/jg   #g_/ae_/jg     #gh #afh  
#hc4d                                   
#afi  #ah4c     #fa4hb     #gc4jj  #a4ah
  #g_/ac_/jg   #g_/ad_/jg     #hj #afe  
#bg4a                                   
#afe  #gf4f    #ajc4hd    #acc4ej  #a4bh
  #g_/ah_/jg   #g_/ai_/jg     #ha #afh  
#de4f                                   
#afh  #hc4d    #bjd4db    #bee4ge  #a4be
  #g_/bj_/jg   #g_/bc_/jg     #hc #afe  
#gf4f                                   
#aff  #bj4e    #ajd4jf    #abh4ej  #a4bc
  #g_/be_/jg   #g_/bg_/jg     #he #aff  
#bj4e                                   
#aff  #fd4f    #ajc4gj    #add4ej  #a4ci
  #g_/bi_/jg   #g_/cj_/jg     #hg #aff  
#fd4f                                   
#aff  #ge4f     #bb4fh     #cj4jj  #a4cb
  #g_/ca_/jg   #g_/ca_/jg     #hh #afd  
#bf4c                                   
#afd  #gg4j    #cjh4gi    #cgj4jj  #a4bj
  #h_/h_/jg    #h_/aa_/jg     #hi #agc  
#bj4h                                   
#agc  #df4e     #ia4cj    #aba4ge  #a4cc
  #i_/g_/jg    #i_/h_/jg      #ia #ahj  

#gd4i                                   
#ahj  #ib4g    #ace4dd    #bjc4ej  #a4ej
  #aa_/ah_/jg  #aa_/bj_/j     #ib #ahj  
#ib4g                                   
#aha  #bh4h    #aab4dg    #aij4jj  #a4fi
  #ab_/a_/jh   #ab_/b_/jh               
,,note4--,the number of cubic yards of  
crushed stone used in any section can be
 found by multiplying the figure for    
that section in ,column #aj by #j4gggh4 
,the number of cubic yards of sand used 
in any section can be found by          
multiplying the sum of the figures for  
that section in ,columns #d1 #f1 and #aj
 by #j4chhi4    ,,remarks4--,section    
,no4 #dg4 ,part of this section was     
removed on account     of damage done by
 blasting and was replaced by ,section  
,no4 #gh4   ,section ,no4 #eb4 ,all of  
this section was removed on account of  
damage     done by blasting and was     
replaced by ,section ,no4 #ha4          
,section ,no4 #ec4 ,all of this section 
was removed on account of damage        
done by blasting and was replaced by    

,sections ,nos4 #gh and #ha4  ,,table   
#c;a4--,record of ,retaining ,wall      
,sections4   7#a7 ,section ,no4  7#b7   
,stations4  7#c7 ,contents of section1  
in cubic yards4  7#d7 ,barrels of cement
 used for facing4  7#e7 ,cubic yards of 
facing mortar equivalent4  7#f7 ,barrels
 of cement used for bed mortar4  7#g7   
,cubic yards of bed mortar equivalent4  
7#h7 ,cubic yards of embedded stone4    
,power-,house4     7#a7     7#b7        
7#c7     7#d7     7#e7    7#f7    7#g7  
7#h7        ,a  ,l #b  #ge4c            
,l #c  #be4c  #dfc4bh  #eh4be  #ai4hb   
#e4ej  #a4hg  #aa4ej     ,b  ,l #c      
#be4c                                   
,l #c  #gd4i  #aad4gh  #bc4jj   #g4hc   
#a4ge  #j4fj   #a4ej     ,c  #afi  #cj4h
                                        
#afi  #gd4h  #agi4ai  #cd4be  #aa4ff    
#a4jj  #j4cd   #c4fj     ,d  #afi  #gd4h
                                        
#agj  #bh4h  #aad4ch  #bg4be   #i4bg    
#j4be  #j4ji   #j4jg     ,e  #afh  #hc4f
                                        

#afi  #cj4h  #aja4bj  #bb4jj   #g4di    
#a4ej  #j4ea   #j4fe     ,f  ,l #b      
#gh4b                                   
,l #c  #ai4f  #ceh4hj  #ci4ej  #ac4dd   
#j4ge  #j4bf   #i4ej     ,g  ,l #c      
#ai4f                                   
,l #c  #ef4i  #bcg4cc  #bc4jj   #g4hc   
#a4jj  #j4cd   #j4gd     ,h  ,l #c      
#ef4i                                   
#afh  #hc4e   #be4ee   #f4be   #b4ac    
#j4ge  #j4bf   444              ,seventh
 ,avenue4        #ed #afd  #bg4f        
,l #b  #cb4j  #gfd4dh  #fi4ge  #bc4gd   
#c4jj  #a4jb   444      #eg ,l #b  #aj4c
                                        
,l #b  #cb4j  #ecc4jf  #cd4jj  #aa4eg   
#b4be  #j4gg   444      #eh ,l #a  #hg4a
                                        
,l #b  #aj4c  #edd4ed  #cb4be  #aj4ig   
#b4jj  #j4fh   #i4hj     #fb ,l #a      
#hg4a                                   
,l #a  #fd4d  #ege4fg  #cj4jj  #aj4ba   
#c4jj  #a4jb   #f4bj     #fc ,l #a      
#db4d                                   
,l #a  #fd4d  #fjg4ja  #cj4ej  #aj4ch   

#b4ej  #j4he   #c4gi     #gb ,l #a      
#db4d                                   
,l #a  #ai4f  #fca4ig  #cj4jj  #aj4ba   
#a4ge  #j4fj   #a4ah     #gc ,l #a      
#ai4f                                   
,l #j  #ig4j  #egc4cc  #be4be   #h4ei   
#j4be  #j4jh   #b4dh       ,,table      
#c;b4--,record of ,retaining ,wall      
,sections4   7#a7 ,section ,no4  7#b7   
,stations4  7#i7 ,cubic yards of        
concrete in section 7net74 7#aj7        
,barrels of cement used in concrete4    
7#aa7 ,barrels of cement per cubic yard 
of concrete4 7#ab7 ,concrete started4   
7#ac7 ,concrete finished4               
,power-,house4     7#a7     7#b7        
7#i7     7#aj7   7#aa7      7#ab7       
7#ac7        ,a  ,l #b  #ge4c           
,l #c  #be4c  #dcj4ji  #dhb4ge  #a4ab   
#e_/ah_/je   #e_/be_/je     ,b  ,l #c   
#be4c                                   
,l #c  #gd4i  #ajd4he  #abe4ej  #a4bj   
#f_/ad_/je   #f_/af_/je     ,c  #afi    
#cj4h                                   
#afi  #gd4h  #afc4ei  #ahc4jj  #a4ab    

#g_/aj_/je   #g_/ac_/je     ,d  #afi    
#gd4h                                   
#agj  #bh4h  #ajd4ie  #aai4be  #a4ad    
#g_/ad_/je   #g_/ai_/je     ,e  #afh    
#hc4f                                   
#afi  #cj4h   #ib4ee  #ajg4be  #a4af    
#g_/bf_/je   #g_/bh_/je     ,f  ,l #b   
#gh4b                                   
,l #c  #ai4f  #cce4fj  #cig4ge  #a4ah   
#i_/ai_/je   #i_/bd_/je     ,g  ,l #c   
#ai4f                                   
,l #c  #ef4i  #bbh4db  #bgh4jj  #a4bb   
#i_/bf_/je   #i_/bi_/je     ,h  ,l #c   
#ef4i                                   
#afh  #hc4e   #bc4af   #bh4jj  #a4ba    
#i_/bi_/je   #i_/bi_/je                 
,seventh ,avenue4        #ed #afd  #bg4f
                                        
,l #b  #cb4j  #gci4gb  #ijg4ej  #a4bc   
#h_/f_/jf   #h_/ae_/jf     #eg ,l #b    
#aj4c                                   
,l #b  #cb4j  #ebj4gb  #faj4ge  #a4ag   
#i_/aj_/jf   #i_/ae_/jf     #eh ,l #a   
#hg4a                                   
,l #b  #aj4c  #ebc4ji  #ehh4be  #a4ab   

#i_/bd_/jf   #i_/bh_/jf     #fb ,l #a   
#hg4a                                   
,l #a  #fd4d  #ech4bd  #fci4ej  #a4ai   
#aj_/bd_/jf  #aj_/bi_/jf     #fc ,l #a  
#db4d                                   
,l #a  #fd4d  #eha4ii  #fgh4ej  #a4ag   
#aa_/e_/jf  #aa_/aa_/jf     #gb ,l #a   
#db4d                                   
,l #a  #ai4f  #fai4ih  #gai4ej  #a4af   
#d_/be_/jg   #d_/cj_/jg     #gc ,l #a   
#ai4f                                   
,l #j  #ig4j  #efb4ah  #fhe4ge  #a4bb   
#e_/ac_/jg   #e_/ah_/jg                 
,,note4--,the number of cubic yards of  
crushed stone used in any section can be
 found by multiplying the figure for    
that section in ,column #aj by #j4gggh4 
,the number of cubic yards of sand used 
in any section can be found by          
multiplying the sum of the figures for  
that section in ,columns #d1 #f1 and #aj
 by #j4chhi4  ,channeling with a #aj-;ft
 quarry bar1 carrying a ,no4 #d         
,ingersoll-,rand drill with ,z-bits1 was
 attempted in place of the close        

drilling below the walls1 but1 as the   
rock stood so nearly vertical and was   
full of soft seams1 very little could be
 accomplished1 the average cut per day  
of #aj hours1 counting the time of      
moving and setting up1 was only #d sq4  
ft41 and1 after a thorough trial1 the   
bars were abandoned4  ,disposal4--,the  
excavated material was hauled from the  
shovels to the pier in #aj-;car trains4 
,the cars were of three classes3 #d-yd4 
,western dump-cars1 flat cars without   
skips1 and flats carrying specially     
designed steel skips having a capacity  
of #d cu4 yd4 each4 ,as far as          
practicable1 earth1 and rock containing 
#a cu4 yd4 or less1 was loaded on       
dumpers1 medium-sized rock on the skips1
 and large rock on the bare flats4 ,as a
 steam shovel must pick up what is      
nearest to it first1 however1 this      
classification could not always be      
adhered to1 and many large rocks were   
loaded into dumpers4 ,cars of this class
 which contained no material too large  

to dump were run at once to the hoppers1
 and were dumped and returned to the    
pit2 others1 together with the flat and 
skip cars1 were run down the incline to 
the derricks and telphers1 where the    
flats and skips were entirely unloaded1 
and the large rocks ware removed from   
the dumpers1 after which they were run  
to the hoppers and emptied4  ,the total 
quantity of excavated material handled  
at this pier from ,may #bb;d1 #aije1 to 
,december #cast1 #aijh1 amounted to     
#fgc1hjj cu4 yd4 of earth and #a1dhh1jjj
 cu4 yd4 of rock1 place measurement1    
equal to #c1bjc1djj cu4 yd41 scow       
measurement2 in addition to which       
#age1jjj cu4 yd4 of crushed stone and   
sand and #f1jjj car loads of            
miscellaneous building material were    
transferred from scows and lighters to  
small cars for delivery to the ,terminal
 work4  ,all the earth and #egj1jjj cu4 
yd4 of the rock1 place measurement1 were
 handled through the chutes1 and the    
remainder of the rock1 #iah1jjj cu4 yd41

 and all the incoming material by the   
derricks and telphers4 ,in capacity to  
handle material1 one telpher was about  
equal to one derrick4 ,a train1         
therefore1 could be emptied or a boat   
loaded under the bank of eight telphers 
in one-fourth the time required by the  
derricks1 of which only two could work  
on one boat4 ,the telphers1 therefore1  
were of great advantage where track room
 and scow berths were limited4  ,as     
noted in the list of contracts under    
which the work was executed1 the scows  
at both the #ceth ,street dumping board 
and ,pier ,no4 #gb were furnished1      
towed1 and the material finally disposed
 of1 by ,henry ,steers1 ,incorporated4  
,during the same period1 this contractor
 disposed of the material excavated from
 both the ,cross-town ,tunnels1         
constructed by the ,united ,engineering 
and ,contracting ,company1 and the      
tunnels under the ,east ,river1         
constructed by ,s4 ,pearson and ,son1   
,incorporated4 ,as stated in other      

papers of this series relating to the   
construction of those tunnels1 the      
material excavated by the ,united       
,engineering and ,contracting ,company  
was delivered to barges at #ceth ,street
 and ,east ,river and that by ,s4       
,pearson and ,son1 ,incorporated1 at two
 points1 one in ,long ,island ,city and 
the other at #cc;d ,street and ,east    
,river1 ,manhattan4  ,the total number  
of cubic yards of material disposed of  
amounted to3                            
,place measurement4   ,total barge      
,earth4       ,rock4   measurement4     
#ceth ,street and ,north ,river         
#bdb1hjj      #bb1hjj      #bha1ejj     
,pier ,no4 #gb1 ,north ,river           
#fgc1hjj   #a1dhh1jjj    #c1bjc1djj     
,from ,cross-town ,tunnels              
#egj1djj   ,from ,under-river ,tunnels  
#djb1ejj                                
-----------                  ,total     
#d1deg1hjj                              
,the material was delivered as follows3 
,to the freight terminal of the         

,pennsylvania ,railroad     ,company at 
,greenville1 ,n4,j4                     
#c1ded1hjj   ,to the ,meadows ,division 
of the ,tunnel ,line between            
,harrison1 ,n4,j41 and the ,north ,river
 ,portals            #gaa1ijj   ,to     
other points selected by the contractors
              #bia1ajj                  
---------                  ,total       
#d1deg1hjj                              
,the handling of this large quantity of 
material required the loading of from   
#aj to #bj scows per day 7and for more  
than two years the average was #ad71    
and1 as the average time spent in one   
round trip was #c #a_/c days1 a fleet of
 more than #ej scows was required to    
keep all points supplied and allow for a
 few to be out of service undergoing    
repairs4  ,all loaded scows were towed  
from the docks1 with the ebb tide1 to a 
stake boat anchored in the bay about one
 mile off shore at ,greenville2 and were
 taken from there to the different      
unloading points1 as required1 by       

smaller tugs which also returned the    
empty scows to the stake4  ,the         
unloading plants were similar at the    
different points1 although that at      
,greenville was much larger than the    
others4 ,it included five land dredges  
and eight traveling derricks of two     
types1 one floating and the other       
mounted on wheels and traveling on a    
track of #af-;ft4 gauge4 ,the derricks  
handled the large rock1 which was loaded
 at ,pier ,no4 #gb by derricks and      
telphers4 ,they were of the ordinary    
,a-frame type1 and were designed to     
handle #bj tons4 ,they were operated by 
#i by #aj-;in4 ,lidgerwood double-drum  
and swinging-gear engines4 ,the large   
rock was deposited by the derricks      
either in the channels along which they 
worked or in the fill along shore1      
without the use of cars4 ,the land      
dredges were equipped with a #fj-;ft4   
boom and a #b-yd4 ,hayward bucket       
operated by a #ad by #ah-;in4           
double-drum ,lidgerwood dredging engine4

 ,they loaded into #i-yd41              
standard-gauge1 side-dump cars1 built by
 the contractor1 and unloaded the scows 
to within about #a ft4 of the deck1 a   
,hayward bucket being unsuitable for    
closer work without greatly damaging the
 scows4 ,the material remaining was     
loaded by hand into skips which were    
handled to the cars by small derricks1  
one of which was located at the rear of 
each dredge4 ,the cars were taken to the
 dump and returned by #be-ton1          
standard-gauge1 engines which had       
previously done service on the          
,manhattan ,elevated ,railroad1 but were
 spotted for loading by the engine on   
the dredge4  ,in order to keep a record 
of the fleet of scows1 which would show 
the available supply at a glance1 a     
board1 #aj by #ae in41 and covered with 
a heavy sheet of ruled paper1 was       
arranged as shown by ,fig4 #aj4 ,it was 
divided into #ab vertical columns1 the  
first of which was headed ,scows1 and   
contained the name or number of each    

scow in service4 ,the next four columns 
denoted loading points1 and were headed 
,pier ,no4 #gb1 ,thirty-third ,street1  
,east ,river1 ,thirty-fifth ,street1    
,east ,river1 and ,long ,island ,city1  
respectively2 the sixth column was      
headed ,greenville1 the seventh         
,hackensack1 the eighth ,passaic1 and   
the ninth ,governors ,island1 being     
unloading points1 the tenth and         
eleventh1 ,stake ,boat and ,dry ,dock1  
respectively1 while the twelfth was for 
,extra pins1 not in use4 ,to indicate   
the condition of the scows1 small pins  
with colored heads were used2 white     
indicated empty2 blue1 working2 black1  
loaded2 red1 being repaired2 and a      
pearl-colored pin1 missing4 ,thus a     
white-headed pin opposite the number #f 
in the column headed ,pier ,no4 #gb     
indicated that scow ,no4 #f was lying at
 that pier waiting to be placed in      
position for loading1 whereas a         
black-headed pin at the same point meant
 that the scow had received its load and

 was ready to be towed4  ,,board        
,,recording ,,location ,,and ,,condition
 ,,of ,,scows    ,transcriber's ,note3  
,this chart was originally presented as 
an illustration1 ,figure #aj4   ,it is  
shown here rotated from horizontal to   
vertical for readability4   ,as in the  
original1 only a partial board is shown2
 the number of ,scows   was at least #h4
                                        
----------------------------------------
-----------------------_/               
,scows4          ,h4,s4   ,h4,s4        
,h4,s4   ,h4,s4   ,h4,s4   ,h4,s4  _/   
,no4 #a  ,no4 #b  ,no4 #c  ,no4 #d  ,no4
 #e  ,no4 #f _/                         
----------------------------------------
-----------------------_/    ,loading   
,points                                 
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
----------------------_/      ,pier ,no4
 #gb                                    
_/                                      
----------------------------------------

--------------------_/                  
,thirty-third                           
_/        ,street ,east ,r4             
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
--------------------_/                  
,thirty-fifth                           
_/        ,street ,east ,r4             
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
--------------------_/      ,long       
,island ,city                           
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
----------------------_/    ,unloading  
,points                                 
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
----------------------_/                
,greenville4                            
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
--------------------_/      ,hackensack4
                                        
_/                                      

----------------------------------------
--------------------_/      ,passaic4   
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
--------------------_/      ,governors  
,island4                                
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
----------------------_/    ,stake      
,boat4                                  
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------_/    ,dry ,dock4
                                        
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
-----------------------_/               
_/    ,extra ,pins4           ,empty4   
,white ,pins not in use placed here4 _/ 
_/                                      
----------------------------------------
----------------------------_/  ,the    
scows were all taken from the general   
service about the harbor2 some of them  
were practically new1 while others had  

seen much service4 ,they were of two    
general types1 truss-framed or          
bulkhead-framed2 all were flat-bottomed1
 with a rake of about #de at bow and    
stern4 ,the truss-framed scows were     
built with a cross-truss every #aj to   
#ae ft41 on which rested1 fore and aft1 
two classes of beams1 main and          
intermediate4 ,the main beams were built
 of timbers ranging from #aj by #aj in4 
to #ad by #ad in41 were scarfed at the  
joints1 and trussed with the bottom     
logs4 ,the intermediate beams were of   
timbers varying from #f by #f in4 to #aj
 by #ab in41 had butt joints1 and were  
dapped at the cross-trusses to give a   
convex surface to the deck1 which was   
built of #c-;in4 and #d-;in4 plank1 from
 #h to #ab in4 in width1 running        
athwartship4 ,the sides of the scows of 
this class were spiked and bolted to    
trusses similar to those running under  
the main beams4 ,the bulkheaded boats   
had both sides and two longitudinal     
bulkheads placed so as to divide the    

scow into three sections of equal width1
 built of #h by #h-;in4 or #aj by       
#aj-;in4 timbers1 laid one upon the     
other1 and bolted through from top to   
bottom4 ,the beams on these boats ran   
athwartship1 rested on sides and        
bulkheads1 and ranged from #f by        
#aj-;in4 to #aj by #ab-;in41 spaced #b  
ft4 apart1 and dressed to give a convex 
surface to the deck1 which was usually  
#c in41 in some cases #d in41 in        
thickness1 and made up of narrow plank  
from #d to #f in4 in width4             
,illustration3   ,fig4 #aa4   ,,diagram 
,,of ,,deck ,,showing ,,bays  ,these    
boats had all been designed for lighter 
work than they were here required to    
perform1 and a large amount of breakage 
occurred from the start4 ,in order that 
the contractors for the excavation      
should be unhampered as to method of    
loading1 the contracts provided that    
they should pay for all damage done to  
the scows in loading1 other than        
ordinary and usual wear and tear1 all   

other damage being at the expense of the
 contractor for the disposal4 ,a rigid  
system of inspection was necessary to   
determine and record properly the damage
 for which each contractor was          
responsible2 and1 as much of the        
breakage could not be noticed from the  
exterior1 a thorough examination of the 
interior of each scow was made before   
and after every loading4 ,in order to   
keep proper records1 the bays of each   
scow1 formed by the cross-trusses1 were 
numbered1 beginning aft with number #a  
and going forward to the bow1 and the   
longitudinal bays formed by the main    
beams were lettered1 beginning with ,a  
on the port side4 ,a beam broken in     
#a-;,a1 therefore1 would be an          
intermediate beam in the stern port     
corner bay1 and a beam broken in        
#aj-;,a-,b would be a main beam at the  
bow end on the port side4 ,the underside
 of each plank was marked with a number 
beginning with #a at the stern and      
increasing by unity to the bow4 ,fig4   

#aa is a diagram of a scow in accordance
 with this system4 ,in addition to      
recording the date1 location1 extent1   
and party responsible for each damage1  
in a book kept for that purpose1 the    
injured member was marked with paint1   
the color of which indicated the party  
responsible4 ,the repairs were made by  
the contractor for the disposal of      
material1 and the cost was assessed     
according to the marking in the boat4   
,the careful inspection of the damage   
done to scows and the cost of their     
repairs enables a fairly accurate       
statement to be made of the amount at   
different points1 and it is here given  
on the basis of cost of repairs per     
cubic yard1 barge measurement1 of       
material handled4                       
,cost1 in cents                         
per cubic yard4    ,repairs of damage   
done in loading material         from   
the terminal site                       
#b4jj   ,repairs of damage done in      
loading material         from cross-town

 tunnels                  #a4cb         
,repairs of damage done in loading      
material         from under-river       
tunnels                 #a4gg   ,repairs
 of damage done in transporting and     
unloading material from all points      
#a4ha  ,the above figures do not include
 the expense due to scows which were    
overturned or sunk while in the service1
 which amounted to #j4d cent per cubic  
yard1 additional4  ,ninth ,avenue       
,tunnels4--,the two double-track tunnels
 under ,ninth ,avenue1 constructed to   
obtain #ajj ft4 of additional tail room 
on each of four tracks1 required an     
excavation #gf ft4 wide1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,the
 rock1 although fair1 was not firm      
enough for so great a span1 and1 to     
obviate the necessity of timbering1 the 
center wall was built before excavating 
for the full width4 ,the dip of the rock
 at this point is almost #ij1 and to    
prevent blowing away the entire face in 
excavating for the tunnel1 the pit      
excavation was not carried west to the  

final face below the springing line1 a  
#aj-;ft4 bench being left at that       
elevation4 ,a top heading #i ft4 high   
and #aj ft4 wide was started above that 
bench and1 after penetrating about #aj  
ft41 was widened to #bj ft4 ,a          
cross-heading was driven in each        
direction at the west end of the first  
heading2 the bench was then shot down1  
and the first #aj ft4 of the            
longitudinal heading was widened        
sufficiently to receive the center wall1
 ,fig4 #ab4 ,after the middle wall had  
been concreted1 any voids between its   
top and the rock were grouted through   
pipes left for that purpose2 the wall   
was then protected by curtains of heavy 
round timber securely wired together1   
and the remainder of the excavation was 
made by widening the cross-headings     
toward the face4 ,the muck was carried  
out by two cableways1 one on each side  
of the completed middle wall1 each of   
which was supported by a tower outside  
of the tunnel and a large hook-bolt     

grouted into the rock at the inner end  
of the tunnel4 ,forms were built for    
each tunnel complete1 and the concrete  
was delivered by a belt conveyor1       
running over the top of the lagging1 and
 moved out as the tunnel was keyed4     
,illustration3   ,fig4 #ab4   ,,terminal
 ,,station ,,sketch ,,showing ,,two     
,,track ,,tunnels   ,,at ,,ninth        
,,avenue ,,and ,,thirty-,,third ,,street
   ,,footnotes    #a3 ,presented at the 
meeting of ,may #dth1 #aiaj4    #b3     
,reproduced as ,plate ,,ix in the paper 
by ,mr4 ,noble4    ,text reference for  
footnote #b3   one arm of the creek     
shown on ,general ,viele's map of #ahfe 
,the article is ,,asce #aaeb1 ,the ,east
 ,river ,division1 available from       
,project ,gutenberg as e-text #ahjfe    
99       99       99       99       99  
99       99       99       99        99 
99       99       99       99  ,errata3 
,table #b;a    #hg #aff  #fd4f          
#aff  #ge4f     #bc4dd   #a4jj   #j4cd  
#b4be  #j4db   444       #b4be is       

unclear2 only 4#be is fully legible