images ( public doma9 mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,socialism ,,& ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce 7,,d>w91 ,,sp5c]1 ,,m>x7 ,,by ,,enrico ,,f]ri ,,translat$ ,,by ,,rob]t ,,rives ,,la ,,monte ,,?ird ,,edition ,,*icago ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company #aiag ,copyright1 #aijj by ,! ,int]national ,libr>y ,publi%+ ,co4 ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,,page4 ,preface #e ,introduction #i ,i4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,alleg$ ,,contradictions ,,betwe5 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,socialism ,vir*[ ,& ,haeckel at ! ,congress ( ,muni* #ac a7 ,! equality ( individuals #ai b7 ,! /ruggle = life & its victims #ce c7 ,! survival ( ! fitte/ #di ,,socialism ,,z ,a ,,consequ5ce ,,( ,,d>w9ism4 ,socialism & religi\s beliefs #ei ,! individual & ! species #fg ,! /ruggle = life & ! class-/ruggle #gd ,,ii4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,socialism4 ,! or?odox !sis & ! sociali/ !sis confront$ by ! !ory ( evolution #ib ,! law ( app>5t retrogression & collective own]%ip #ajj ,! social evolution & individual lib]ty #aaj ,evolution4--,revolution4--,rebellion4-- ,viol5ce #abi ,,iii4 ,,sociology ,,& ,,socialism4 ,/]ility ( sociology #aef ,m>x completes ,d>w9 ,& ,sp5c]4 ,cons]vatives & sociali/s #aei ,app5dix ,i4--,reply to ,sp5c] #agc ,app5dix ,,ii4--,sociali/ sup]/ition & individuali/ myopia #agg ,au?or's ,preface4 7,= ! ,fr5* ,edition47 ,?is volume--:i* x has be5 desir$ to make kn[n to ! great public 9 ! ,fr5* language--9 ent]+ ^u a "q s complex & s va/ z socialism1 has b a s+le & def9ite aim4 ,my int5tion has be5 to po9t out1 & 9 ne>ly all cases by rapid & concise obs]vations1 ! g5]al relations exi/+ betwe5 contempor>y socialism & ! :ole tr5d ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght4 ,! oppon5ts ( contempor>y socialism see 9 x1 or wi% to see 9 x1 m]ely a reproduction ( ! s5tim5tal socialism ( ! fir/ half ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,!y cont5d t socialism is 9 conflict ) ! fundam5tal facts & inductions ( ! physical1 biological & social sci5ces1 ^: m>vel\s developm5t & fruitful applications are ! glory ( our dy+ c5tury4 ,to oppose socialism1 rec\rse has be5 _h to ! individual int]pretations & exagg]ations ( su* or su* a p>tisan ( ,d>w9ism1 or to ! op9ions ( su* or su* a sociologi/--op9ions & int]pretations 9 obvi\s conflict ) ! premises ( _! !ories on univ]sal & inevitable evolution4 ,x has also be5 said--"u ! pressure ( acute or *ronic hung]--t if sci5ce 0 aga9/ socialism1 s mu* ! worse = sci5ce4 ,& ^? :o ?us spoke 7 "r if !y meant by sci5ce--ev5 ) a capital ,s--! :ole mass ( obs]vations & conclusions ad usum delph9i t or?odox sci5ce1 academic & (ficial--(t5 9 good fai?1 b sometimes also ?r\gh int]e/$ motives--has always plac$ at ! disposal ( ! rul+ m9orities4 ,i h believ$ x possible to %[ t mod]n exp]i5tial sci5ce is 9 complete h>mony ) contempor>y socialism1 :i*1 s9ce ! "w ( ,m>x & ,engels & _! successors1 diff]s ess5tially f s5tim5tal socialism1 bo? 9 its sci5tific sy/em & 9 its political tactics1 ?\gh x cont9ues to put =? g5]\s ef=ts = ! atta9m5t ( ! same goal3 social ju/ice = all m54 ,i h loyally & c&idly ma9ta9$ my !sis on sci5tific gr\nds2 ,i h always recogniz$ ! p>tial tru?s ( ! !ories ( our oppon5ts1 & ,i h n ignor$ ! glori\s a*ievem5ts ( ! b\rgeoisie & b\rgeois sci5ce s9ce ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! b\rgeois class & sci5ce1 :i*1 at _! adv5t m>k$ ! disappe>ance ( ! hi]atic & ari/ocratic classes & sci5ce1 w result 9 ! triumph ( social ju/ice = all mank9d1 )\t di/9ction ( classes1 & 9 ! triumph ( tru? c>ri$ to its ultimate consequ5ces4 ,! app5dix conta9s my replies to a lett] ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & to an anti-sociali/ book ( ,m4 ,g>(alo4 ,x %[s ! pres5t /ate ( social sci5ce1 & ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ultra-cons]vative or?odoxy1 :i* is bl9d$ to ! sad tru?s ( contempor>y life by its traditional syllogisms & innovat+ het]odoxy :i* is ev] becom+ m m>k$ among ! le>n$1 z well z /r5g!n+ its hold ^u ! collective intellig5ce4 ,,enrico ,,f]ri4 ,brussels1 ,nov41 #ahie4 ,introduction4 ,conv9c$ ,d>w9ian & ,sp5c]ian1 z ,i am1 x is my int5tion to demon/rate t ,m>xian ,socialism--! only socialism :i* has a truly sci5tific me?od & value1 & !re=e ! only socialism :i* f ?is "t =? has p[] to inspire & unite ! ,social ,democrats ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w--is only ! practical & fruitful fulfilm5t1 9 ! social life1 ( t mod]n sci5tific revolution :i*--inaugurat$ "s c5turies s9ce by ! rebir? ( ! exp]im5tal me?od 9 all bran*es ( human k--has triumph$ 9 our times1 ?anks to ! works ( ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,x is true t ,d>w9 & especially ,sp5c] halt$ :5 !y _h travell$ only half way t[>d ! conclusions ( a religi\s1 political or social ord]1 :i* necess>ily fl[ f _! indisputable premises4 ,b t is1 z x 71 only an individual episode1 & has no p[] to /op ! de/9$ m>* ( sci5ce & ( its practical consequ5ces1 :i* are 9 wond]ful accord ) ! necessities--necessities en=c$ ^u our att5tion by want & mis]y--( contempor>y life4 ,?is is simply "o m reason :y x is incumb5t ^u u to r5d] ju/ice to ! sci5tific & political "w ( ,k>l ,m>x :i* completes ! r5ovation ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght4 ,feel+ & ?\ght are ! two insep>able impell+ =ces ( ! individual life & ( ! collective life4 ,socialism1 :i* 0 /ill1 b a few ye>s s9ce1 at ! m]cy ( ! /rong & con/antly recurr+ b undiscipl9$ fluctuations ( humanit>ian s5tim5talism1 has f\nd1 9 ! "w ( t great man1 ,k>l ,m>x1 & ( ^? :o h develop$ & complet$ 8 ?\ght1 its sci5tific & political guide4#a ,?is is ! explanation ( e "o ( its conque/s4 ,civilization is ! mo/ fruitful & mo/ beautiful developm5t ( human en]gies1 b x conta9s also an infecti\s virus ( trem5d\s p[]4 ,beside ! spl5dor ( its arti/ic1 sci5tific & indu/rial a*ievem5ts1 x accumulates gangr5\s products1 idl5ess1 pov]ty1 mis]y1 insanity1 crime & physical suicide & moral suicide1 i4 e4 s]vility4 ,pessimism--t sad symptom ( a life )\t ideals &1 9 "p1 ! effect ( ! exhau/ion or ev5 ( ! deg5]ation ( ! n]v\s sy/em--glorifies ! f9al annihilation ( all life & s5sation z ! only mode ( escap+ f or triumph+ ov] pa9 & suff]+4 ,we h fai?1 on ! contr>y1 9 ! et]nal virtus m$icatrix naturae 7heal+ p[] ( ,nature71 & socialism is precisely t brea? ( a new & bett] life :i* w free humanity--aft] "s access ( fev] p]haps--f ! noxi\s products ( ! pres5t phase ( civilization1 & :i*1 9 a m advanc$ phase1 w give a new p[] & opportunity ( expansion to all ! heal?y & fruitful en]gies ( all human be+s4 ,,enrico ,,f]ri4 ,rome1 ,june1 #ahid4 ,,footnote3 #a ,! ^w 9 ! orig9al means a m>9]'s compass4--,tr4 ,,socialism ,,& ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce4 ,,"p ,,fir/4 ,i4 ,,vir*[ ,,& ,,haeckel ,,at ,,! ,,congress ,,( ,,muni*4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,septemb]1 #ahgg1 ,erne/ ,haeckel1 ! celebrat$ embryologi/ ( ,j5a1 deliv]$ at ! ,congress ( ,naturali/s1 :i* 0 held at ,muni*1 an eloqu5t address def5d+ & propagat+ ,d>w9ism1 :i* 0 at t "t ! object ( ! mo/ bitt] polemical attacks4 ,a few days aft]w>d1 ,vir*[1 ! great pa?ologi/1--an active memb] ( ! progressive p>liam5t>y p>ty1 hat+ new !ories 9 politics j z mu* z 9 sci5ce--viol5tly assail$ ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( organic evolution1 &1 mov$ by a v j pres5tim5t1 hurl$ aga9/ x ?is cry ( al>m1 ?is political ana!ma3 ,d>w9ism leads directly to socialism4 ,! ,g]man ,d>w9ians1 & at _! head ,messrs4 ,osc> ,s*midt & ,haeckel1 imm$iately prote/$2 &1 9 ord] to av]t ! addition ( /rong political opposition to ! religi\s1 philosophical1 & biological opposition already made to ,d>w9ism1 !y ma9ta9$1 on ! contr>y1 t ! ,d>w9ian !ory is 9 direct1 op5 & absolute opposition to socialism4 ,if ! ,sociali/s 7 prud5t1 wrote ,osc> ,s*midt 9 ! ,ausl& ( ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgg1 !y w\ld d _! utmo/ to kill1 by sil5t neglect1 ! !ory ( desc5t1 = t !ory mo/ emphatically proclaims t ! sociali/ ideas are impracticable4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 said ,haeckel1#b !re is no sci5tific doctr9e :i* proclaims m op5ly ?an ! !ory ( desc5t t ! equality ( individuals1 t[>d :i* socialism t5ds1 is an impossibility2 t ?is *im]ical equality is 9 absolute contradiction ) ! necess>y &1 9 fact1 univ]sal inequality ( individuals4 ,socialism dem&s = all citiz5s equal rights1 equal duties1 equal possessions & equal enjoym5ts2 ! !ory ( desc5t e/abli%es1 on ! contr>y1 t ! realization ( ^! hopes is purely & simply impossible2 t1 9 human societies1 z 9 animal societies1 nei!r ! rights1 nor ! duties1 nor ! possessions1 nor ! enjoym5ts ( all ! memb]s ( a society are or ev] c be equal4 ,! great law ( v>iation tea*es--bo? 9 ! g5]al !ory ( evolution & 9 ! small] field ( biology :]e x becomes ! !ory ( desc5t--t ! v>iety ( ph5om5a fl[s f an orig9al unity1 ! div]sity ( functions f a primitive id5tity1 & ! complexity ( organization f a primordial simplicity4 ,! conditions ( exi/5ce = all individuals are1 f _! v bir?1 unequal4 ,!re mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation ! inh]it$ qualities & ! innate t5d5cies :i* also v>y m or less widely4 ,9 view ( all ?is1 h[ c ! "w & ! rew>d be equal = all8 ,! m highly ! social life is develop$1 ! m important becomes ! great pr9ciple ( ! division ( labor1 ! m requisite x becomes = ! /able exi/5ce ( ! ,/ate z a :ole t its memb]s %\ld di/ribute among !mselves ! multif>i\s tasks ( life1 ea* p]=m+ a s+le function2 & z ! labor :i* mu/ be p]=m$ by ! individuals1 z well z ! exp5diture ( /r5g?1 tal5t1 money1 etc41 :i* x necessitates1 diff]s m & m1 x is natural t ! remun]ation ( ?is labor %\ld also v>y widely4 ,^! are facts s simple & s obvi\s t x seems to me e intellig5t & enlight5$ /atesman ought to be an advocate ( ! !ory ( desc5t & ! g5]al doctr9e ( evolution1 z ! be/ antidote = ! absurd equalit>ian1 utopian notions ( ! sociali/s4 ,& x 0 ,d>w9ism1 ! !ory ( selection1 t ,vir*[1 9 8 d5unciation1 _h 9 m9d1 r ?an m]e metamorphic developm5t1 ! !ory ( desc5t1 ) :i* x is always confus$6 ,d>w9ism is any?+ r ?an sociali/ic4 ,if "o wi%es to attribute a political t5d5cy to ?is ,engli% !ory1--:i* is q p]missible1--?is t5d5cy c be no?+ b ari/ocratic2 by no means c x be democratic1 /ill less sociali/ic4 ,! !ory ( selection tea*es t 9 ! life ( mank9d1 z 9 t ( plants & animals1 x is always & ev]y:]e a small privileg$ m9ority alone :i* succe$s 9 liv+ & develop+ itself2 ! imm5se majority1 on ! contr>y1 suff] & succumb m or less prematurely4 ,c\ntless are ! se$s & eggs ( e species ( plants & animals1 & ! "y individuals :o issue f !m4 ,b ! numb] ( ^? :o h ! good =tune to rea* fully develop$ maturity & to atta9 ! goal ( _! exi/5ce is relatively insignificant4 ,! cruel & pitiless '/ruggle = exi/5ce' :i* rages ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t animat$ nature1 & :i* 9 ! nature ( ?+s mu/ rage1 ?is et]nal & inexorable competition betwe5 all liv+ be+s1 is an und5iable fact4 ,only a small pick$ numb] ( ! /ronge/ or fitte/ is able to come =? victori\sly f ?is battle ( competition4 ,! great majority ( _! un=tunate competitors are inevitably de/9$ to p]i%4 ,x is well en\gh to deplore ?is tragic fatality1 b "o _c d5y x or *ange x4 ',_m are call$1 b few are *os56' ,! selection1 ! 'election' ( ^! 'elect' is by absolute necessity b\nd up ) ! rejection or de/ruction ( ! va/ multitude ( be+s :om !y h surviv$4 ,& s ano!r le>n$ ,engli%man has call$ ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,d>w9ism '! survival ( ! fitte/1 ! victory ( ! be/4' ,at all ev5ts1 ! pr9ciple ( selection is n 9 ! slighte/ degree democratic2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ?or\ghly ari/ocratic4 ,if1 !n1 ,d>w9ism1 c>ri$ out to its ultimate logical consequ5ces1 has1 accord+ to ,vir*[1 = ! /atesman 'an extraord9>ily dang]\s side1' ! dang] is d\btless t x favors ari/ocratic aspirations4 ,i h reproduc$ complete & 9 _! exact =m all ! argum5ts ( ,haeckel1 because !y are ^? :i* are repeat$--9 v>y+ tones1 & ) expressions :i* diff] f 8 only to lose precision & eloqu5ce--by ^? oppon5ts ( socialism :o love to appe> sci5tific1 & :o1 = polemical conv5i5ce1 make use ( ^? ready-made or /]eotyp$ phrases :i* h curr5cy1 ev5 9 sci5ce1 m ?an is commonly imag9$4 ,x is easy1 nev]!less1 to demon/rate t1 9 ?is debate1 ,vir*['s way ( look+ at ! subject 0 ! m correct & m p]spicaci\s1 & t ! hi/ory ( ^! la/ tw5ty ye>s has amply ju/ifi$ 8 position4 ,x has happ5$1 inde$1 t ,d>w9ism & socialism h bo? progress$ ) a m>vel\s p[] ( expansion4 ,f t "t ! "o 0 to conqu]--= its fundam5tal !ory--! unanim\s endorsem5t ( naturali/s2 ! o!r 0 to cont9ue to develop--9 its g5]al aspirations z 9 its political discipl9e--flood+ all ! conduits ( ! social consci\sness1 l a torr5tial inundation f int]nal w\nds caus$ by ! daily gr[? ( physical & moral disease1 or l a gradual1 capill>y1 inevitable infiltration into m9ds fre$ f all prejudices1 & :i* are n satisfi$ by ! m]ely p]sonal advantages t !y d]ive f ! or?odox di/ribution ( spoils4 ,b1 z political or sci5tific !ories are natural ph5om5a & n ! caprici\s & ephem]al products ( ! free wills ( ^? :o con/ruct & propagate !m1 x is evid5t t if ^! two curr5ts ( mod]n ?\ght h ea* be5 able to triumph ov] ! opposition !y fir/ ar\s$--! /ronge/ k9d ( opposition1 sci5tific & political cons]vatism--& if e day increases ! army ( _! av[$ disciples1 ?is ( itself is en\gh to %[ u--,i 0 ab\t to say by a law ( intellectual symbiosis--t !y are nei!r irreconcilable )1 nor contradictory to1 ea* o!r4 ,moreov]1 ! ?ree pr9cipal argum5ts :i* =m ! sub/ance ( ! anti-sociali/ reason+ ( ,haeckel resi/ nei!r ! mo/ elem5t>y criticisms1 nor ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]vation ( e-day life4 ,^! argum5ts are3 ,i4--,socialism t5ds t[>d a *im]ical equality ( p]sons & prop]ty3 ,d>w9ism1 on ! contr>y1 n only e/abli%es1 b %[s ! organic necessity ( ! natural inequality ( ! capabilities & ev5 ! wants ( individuals4 ,,ii4--,9 ! life ( mank9d1 z 9 t ( plants & animals1 ! imm5se majority ( ^? :o are born are de/9$ to p]i%1 because only a small m9ority c triumph 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 socialism ass]ts1 on ! contr>y1 t all ought to triumph 9 ?is /ruggle1 & t no "o is inexorably de/9$ to be conqu]$4 ,,iii4--,! /ruggle = exi/5ce assures ! survival ( ! be/1 ! victory ( ! fitte/1 & ?is results 9 an ari/ocratic hi]>*ic gradation ( select$ individuals--a cont9u\s progress--in/ead ( ! democratic1 collectivi/ level+ ( socialism4 ,,footnote3 #b ,les preuves du trans=misme4--,p>is1 #ahgi1 page #aaj et seq4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,equality ,,( ,,individuals4 ,! fir/ ( ! objections1 :i* is br\ght aga9/ socialism 9 ! "n ( ,d>w9ism1 is absolutely )\t f\ndation4 ,if x 7 true t socialism aspires to ! equality ( all individuals1 x w\ld be correct to ass]t t ,d>w9ism irrevocably condemns x4#c ,b al?\gh ev5 to-day x is /ill curr5tly repeat$--by "s 9 good fai?1 l p>rots :o recite _! /]eotyp$ phrases2 by o!rs 9 bad fai?1 ) polemical skillfulness--t socialism is synonym\s ) equality & level+2 ! tru? is1 on ! contr>y1 t sci5tific socialism--! socialism :i* draws its inspiration f ! !ory ( ,m>x1 & :i* alone to-day is wor?y ( support or opposition1--has nev] d5i$ ! inequality ( individuals1 z ( all liv+ be+s--inequality innate & acquir$1 physical & intellectual4#d ,x is j z if "o %\ld say t socialism ass]ts t a royal decree or a popul> vote c\ld settle x t h5ce=? all m5 %all be five feet sev5 in*es tall4 ,b 9 tru?1 socialism is some?+ m s]i\s & m difficult to refute4 ,socialism says3 ,m5 are unequal1 b !y are all 7( !m7 m54 ,&1 9 fact1 al?\gh ea* individual is born & develops 9 a fa%ion m or less diff]5t f t ( all o!r individuals1--j z !re are n 9 a =e/ two leaves id5tically alike1 s 9 ! :ole _w !re are n two m5 9 all respects equals1 ! "o ( ! o!r1--nev]!less e man1 simply because he is a human be+1 has a "r to ! exi/5ce ( a man1 & n ( a slave or a bea/ ( burd54 ,we "k1 we z well z our oppon5ts1 t all m5 _c p]=m ! same k9d & am\nt ( labor--n[1 :5 social inequalities are add$ to equalities ( natural orig9--& t !y w /ill be unable to d x "u a sociali/ regime--:5 ! social organization w t5d to r$uce ! effect ( cong5ital inequalities4 ,!re w always be "s p ^: bra9s or muscul> sy/ems w be bett] adapt$ = sci5tific "w or = arti/ic "w1 :ile o!rs w be m fit = manual labor1 or = "w requir+ me*anical precision1 etc4 ,:at ought n to be1 & :at w n be--is t !re %\ld be "s m5 :o d n "w at all1 & o!rs :o "w too mu* or receive too little rew>d = _! toil4 ,b we h rea*$ ! height ( inju/ice & absurdity1 & 9 ^! days x is ! man :o does n "w :o reaps ! l>ge/ returns1 :o is ?us gu>ante$ ! individual monopoly ( weal? :i* accumulates by means ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,?is weal?1 moreov]1 is only v r>ely due to ! economy & ab/95ce ( ! pres5t possessor or ( "s indu/ri\s ance/or ( 82 x is mo/ frequ5tly ! "t-honor$ fruit ( spoliation by milit>y conque/1 by unscrupul\s bus9ess me?ods1 or by ! favoritism ( sov]eigns2 b x is 9 e in/ance always indep5d5t ( any ex]tion1 ( any socially useful labor ( ! inh]itor1 :o (t5 squ&]s 8 prop]ty 9 idl5ess or 9 ! :irlpool ( a life z inane z x is brilliant 9 appe>ance4 ,&1 :5 we are n confront$ ) a =tune due to inh]itance1 we meet ) weal? due to fraud4 ,)\t talk+ = ! mom5t ( ! economic organization1 ! me*anism ( :i* ,k>l ,m>x has reveal$ to u1 & :i*1 ev5 )\t fraud1 normally enables ! capitali/ or prop]ty own] to live ^u 8 income )\t work+1 x is indisputable t ! =tunes :i* are =m$ or enl>g$ ) ! greate/ rapidity "u our eyes _c be ! fruit ( hone/ toil4 ,! really hone/ work+man1 no matt] h[ indefatigable & economical he may be1 if he succe$s 9 rais+ himself f ! /ate ( wage-slave to t ( an ov]se] or contractor1 c1 by a long life ( privations1 accumulate at mo/ a few hundr$s ( doll>s4 ,^? :o1 on ! contr>y1 )\t mak+ by _! own tal5t indu/rial discov]ies or inv5tions1 accumulate 9 a few ye>s millions1 c be no?+ b unscrupul\s manipulators ( affairs1 if we except a few r>e /rokes ( good luck4 ,& x is ^! v p>asites--bank]s1 etc41--:o live 9 ! mo/ o/5tati\s luxury enjoy+ public honors1 & hold+ (fices ( tru/1 z a rew>d = _! honorable bus9ess me?ods4 ,^? :o toil1 ! imm5se majority1 receive b>ely en\gh food to keep !m f dy+ ( hung]2 !y live 9 back-rooms1 9 g>rets1 9 ! fil?y alleys ( cities1 or 9 ! c\ntry 9 hovels n fit = /ables = horses or cattle4 ,besides all ?is1 we mu/ n =get ! horrors ( be+ unable to f9d "w1 ! sadde/ & mo/ frequ5t ( ! ?ree symptoms ( t equality 9 mis]y :i* is spread+ l a pe/il5ce ov] ! economic _w ( mod]n ,italy1 z inde$1 ) v>y+ degrees ( int5sity1 x is ev]y:]e else4 ,i ref] to ! ev]-gr[+ army ( ! unemploy$ 9 agriculture & indu/ry--( ^? :o h lo/ _! foo?old 9 ! l[] middle class1--& ( ^? :o h be5 expropriat$ 7robb$7 ( _! little possessions by taxes1 debts or usury4 ,x is n correct1 !n1 to ass]t t socialism dem&s = all citiz5s mat]ial & actual equality ( labor & rew>ds4 ,! only possible equality is equality ( obligation to "w 9 ord] to live1 ) a gu>antee to e labor] ( conditions ( exi/5ce wor?y ( a human be+ 9 ex*ange = ! labor furni%$ to society4 ,equality1 accord+ to socialism--z ,b5oit ,malon said#e--;is a relative ?+1 & mu/ be und]/ood 9 a two-fold s5se3 #a/1 ,all m51 z m51 mu/ be gu>ante$ human conditions ( exi/5ce2 #b;d1 ,all m5 ought to be equal at ! />t+ po9t1 ought n to be h&icapp$1 9 ! /ruggle = life1 9 ord] t ea* may freely develop 8 own p]sonality 9 an environm5t ( equality ( social conditions1 :ile to-day a *ild1 s\nd & heal?y1 b poor1 goes to ! wall 9 competition ) a *ild puny b ri*4#f ,?is is :at con/itutes ! radical1 immeasurable trans=mation t socialism dem&s1 b t x also has discov]$ & ann\nces z an evolution--already begun 9 ! _w ar\nd u--t w be necess>ily1 inevitably accompli%$ 9 ! human society ( ! days to come4#g ,?is trans=mation is summ$ up 9 ! conv]sion ( private or individual own]%ip ( ! means ( production1 i4 e4 ( ! physical f\ndation ( human life 7l&1 m9es1 h\ses1 factories1 ma*9]y1 in/rum5ts ( labor or tools1 & means ( transportation7 into collective or social own]%ip1 by means ( me?ods & processes :i* ,i w consid] fur!r on4 ,f ?is po9t we w consid] x z prov5 t ! fir/ objection ( ! anti-sociali/ reason+ does n hold1 s9ce its />t+-po9t is non-exi/5t4 ,x assumes1 9 %ort1 t contempor>y socialism aims at a *im]ical physical & m5tal equality ( all m51 :5 ! fact is t sci5tific & fact-f\nd$ socialism nev]1 ev5 9 a dream1 ?\ght ( su* a ?+4 ,socialism ma9ta9s1 on ! contr>y1 t ?is inequality--?\gh greatly dim9i%$ "u a bett] social organization :i* w d away ) all ! physical & m5tal imp]fections t are ! cumulative results ( g5]ations ( pov]ty & mis]y--c1 nev]!less1 nev] disappe> = ! reasons t ,d>w9ism has discov]$ 9 ! my/]i\s me*anism ( life1 9 o!r words on acc\nt ( ! pr9ciple ( v>iation t manife/s itself 9 ! cont9u\s developm5t ( species culm9at+ 9 man4 ,9 e social organization t x is possible to conceive1 !re w always be "s m5 l>ge & o!rs small1 "s weak & "s /rong1 "s phlegmatic & "s n]v\s1 "s m intellig5t1 o!rs less s1 "s sup]ior 9 m5tal p[]1 o!rs 9 muscul> /r5g?2 & x is well t x %\ld be s2 moreov]1 x is inevitable4 ,x is well t ?is is s1 because ! v>iety & inequality ( individual aptitudes naturally produce t division ( labor t ,d>w9ism has rightly decl>$ to be a law ( individual physiology & ( social economy4 ,all m5 ought to "w 9 ord] to live1 b ea* ought to devote himself to ! k9d ( labor :i* be/ suits 8 peculi> aptitudes4 ,an injuri\s wa/e ( /r5g? & abilities w\ld ?us be avoid$1 & labor w\ld cease to be repugnant1 & w\ld become agreeable & necess>y z a condition ( physical & moral heal?4 ,& :5 all h giv5 to society ! labor be/ suit$ to _! innate & acquir$ aptitudes1 ea* has a "r to ! same rew>ds1 s9ce ea* has equally contribut$ to t solid>ity ( labor :i* su/a9s ! life ( ! social aggregate &1 9 solid>ity ) x1 ! life ( ea* individual4 ,! peasant :o digs ! e>? p]=ms a k9d ( labor 9 appe>ance m mode/1 b j z necess>y1 useful & m]itori\s z t ( ! workman :o builds a locomotive1 ( ! me*anical eng9e] :o improves x or ( ! savant :o /rives to ext5d ! b\nds ( human k 9 8 /udy or laboratory4 ,! "o ess5tial ?+ is t all ! memb]s ( society "w1 j z 9 ! individual organism all ! cells p]=m _! diff]5t functions1 m or less mode/ 9 appe>ance--= example1 ! n]ve-cells1 ! bone-cells or ! muscul> cells--b all biological functions1 or sorts ( labor1 equally useful & necess>y to ! life ( ! organism z a :ole4 ,9 ! biological organism no liv+ cell rema9s inactive1 & ! cell obta9s n\ri%m5t by mat]ial ex*anges only 9 proportion to its labor2 9 ! social organism no individual ought to live )\t work+1 :atev] =m 8 labor may take4 ,9 ?is way ! majority ( ! artificial difficulties t our oppon5ts raise aga9/ socialism may be swept aside4 ,:o1 !n1 w black ! boots "u ! sociali/ regime8 dem&s ,m4 ,ri*t] 9 8 book s poor 9 ideas1 b :i* becomes positively grotesque :5 x assumes t1 9 ! "n ( social equality ! gr& *ancellor ( ! sociali/ society w be oblig$1 be=e att5d+ to ! public bus9ess1 to black 8 own boots & m9d 8 own clo!s6 ,9 tru?1 if ! adv]s>ies ( socialism _h no?+ b argum5ts ( ?is sort1 discussion w\ld inde$ be ne$less4 ,b all w want to d ! lea/ fatigu+ & mo/ agreeable k9ds ( "w1 says "s "o ) a great] %[ ( s]i\sness4 ,i w answ] t ?is is equival5t to dem&+ to-day ! promulgation ( a decree z foll[s3 ,h5ce=? all m5 %all be born pa9t]s or surgeons6 ,! di/ribution to ! prop] p]sons ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( m5tal & manual labor w be effect$ 9 fact by ! an?ropological v>iations 9 temp]am5t & "*1 & !re w be no ne$ to resort to monki% regulations 7ano!r baseless objection to socialism74 ,propose to a peasant ( av]age intellig5ce to devote himself to ! /udy ( anatomy or ( ! p5al code or1 inv]sely1 tell him ^: bra9 is m highly develop$ ?an 8 muscles to dig ! e>?1 in/ead ( obs]v+ ) ! microscope4 ,!y w ea* pref] ! labor = :i* !y feel !mselves be/ fitt$4 ,! *anges ( occupation or pr(ession w n be z consid]able z _m imag9e :5 society %all be organiz$ "u ! collectivi/ regime4 ,:5 once ! indu/ries m9i/]+ to purely p]sonal luxury %all be suppress$--luxury :i* 9 mo/ cases insults & aggravates ! mis]y ( ! masses--! quantity & v>iety ( "w w adapt !mselves gradually1 t is to say naturally1 to ! sociali/ phase ( civilization j z !y n[ con=m to ! b\rgeois phase4 ,moreov]1 "u ! sociali/ regime1 e "o w h ! fulle/ lib]ty to decl>e & make manife/ 8 p]sonal aptitudes1 & x w n happ51 z x does to-day1 t _m peasants1 sons ( ! p & ( ! l[] middle class1 gift$ ) natural tal5ts1 w be compell$ to all[ _! tal5ts to atrophy :ile !y toil z peasants1 work+m5 or employees1 :5 !y w\ld be able to furni% society a diff]5t & m fruitful k9d ( labor1 because x w\ld be m 9 ,h>mony ) _! peculi> g5ius4 ,! "o ess5tial po9t is ?is3 ,9 ex*ange = ! labor t !y furni% to society1 society mu/ gu>antee to ! peasant & ! artisan1 z well z to ! "o :o devotes himself to ! lib]al c>e]s1 conditions ( exi/5ce wor?y ( a human be+4 ,!n we w no long] be affront$ by ! spectacle ( a ballet girl1 = in/ance1 e>n+ z mu* 9 "o ev5+ by :irl+ on h] toes z a sci5ti/1 a doctor1 a lawy]1 etc41 9 a ye>'s "w4 ,9 fact to-day ! latt] are 9 luck if !y d t well4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! arts w n be neglect$ "u ! sociali/ regime1 because socialism wi%es life to be agreeable = all1 in/ead ( = a privileg$ few only1 z x is to-day2 x w1 on ! contr>y1 give to all ! arts a m>vel\s impulse1 & if x aboli%es private luxury ?is w be all ! m favorable to ! spl5dor ( ! public edifices4 ,m att5tion w be paid to assur+ to ea* "o remun]ation 9 proportion to ! labor p]=m$4 ,?is ratio w be asc]ta9$ by tak+ ! difficulty & dang] ( ! labor into acc\nt & all[+ !m to r$uce ! "t requir$ = a giv5 comp5sation4 ,if a peasant 9 ! op5 air c "w sev5 or eight h\rs a day1 a m9] ought n to "w m ?an ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,&1 inde$1 :5 ev]ybody %all "w1 :5 mu* unproductive labor %all be suppress$1 ! aggregate ( daily labor to be di/ribut$ among m5 w be mu* less heavy & m easily endur$ 7by reason ( ! m abundant food1 m com=table lodg+ & recreation gu>ante$ to e work]7 ?an x is to-day by ^? :o toil & :o are s poorly paid1 &1 besides ?is1 ! progress ( sci5ce appli$ to indu/ry w r5d] human labor less & less toilsome4 ,individuals w apply !mselves to "w1 al?\gh ! wages or remun]ation _c be accumulat$ z private weal?1 because if ! normal1 heal?y1 well-f$ man avoids excessive or poorly rew>d$ labor1 he does n rema9 9 idl5ess1 s9ce x is a physiological & psy*ological necessity = him to devote himself to a daily occupation 9 h>mony ) 8 capacities4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( sport are = ! leisure classes a sub/itute = productive labor :i* a physiological necessity imposes ^u !m1 9 ord] t !y may escape ! detrim5tal consequ5ces ( absolute repose & ennui4 ,! grave/ problem w be to proportion ! remun]ation to ! labor ( ea*4 ,y "k t collectivism adopts ! =mula--to ea* accord+ to 8 labor1 :ile communism adopts ?is o!r--to ea* accord+ to 8 ne$s4 ,no "o c give1 9 its practical details1 ! solution ( ?is problem2 b ?is impossibility ( pr$ict+ ! future ev5 9 its slighte/ details does n ju/ify ^? :o br& socialism z a utopia incapable ( realization4 ,no "o c\ld h1 a priori1 9 ! dawn ( any civilization pr$ict$ its successive developm5ts1 z ,i w demon/rate :5 ,i come to speak ( ! me?ods ( social r5ovation4 ,?is is :at we are able to affirm ) assurance1 bas+ our position on ! mo/ c]ta9 inductions ( psy*ology & sociology4 ,x _c be d5i$1 z ,m>x himself decl>$1 t ?is second =mula--:i* makes x possible to di/+ui%1 accord+ to "s1 an>*y f socialism--repres5ts a m remote & m complex ideal4 ,b x is equally impossible to d5y t1 9 any case1 ! =mula ( collectivism repres5ts a phase ( social evolution1 a p]iod ( individual discipl9e :i* mu/ necess>ily prec$e communism4#h ,!re is no ne$ to believe t socialism w realize 9 _! fulness all ! highe/ possible ideals ( humanity & t aft] its adv5t !re w be no?+ left to desire or to battle =6 ,our desc5dants w\ld be condemn$ to idl5ess & vagabondage if our imm$iate ideal 0 s p]fect & all-inclusive z to leave !m no ideal at :i* to aim4 ,! individual or ! society :i* no long] has an ideal to /rive t[>d is dead or ab\t to die4#i ,! =mula ( communism may !n be a m remote ideal1 :5 collectivism %all h be5 completely realiz$ by ! hi/orical processes :i* ,i w consid] fur!r on4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to conclude t !re is no contradiction betwe5 socialism & ,d>w9ism on ! subject ( ! equality ( all m54 ,socialism has nev] laid d[n ?is proposition & l ,d>w9ism its t5d5cy is t[>d a bett] life = individuals & = society4 ,?is enables u also to reply to ?is objection1 too (t5 repeat$1 t socialism /ifles & suppresses human individuality "u ! lead5 pall ( collectivism1 by subject+ individuals to uni=m mona/ic regulations & by mak+ !m into s _m human bees 9 ! social honey-comb4 ,exactly ! opposite ( ?is is true4 ,is x n obvi\s t x is "u ! pres5t b\rgeois organization ( society t s _m individualities atrophy & are lo/ to humanity1 :i* "u o!r conditions might be develop$ to _! own advantage & to ! advantage ( society z a :ole8 ,to-day1 9 fact1 ap>t f "s r>e exceptions1 e man is valu$ = :at he possesses & n = :at he is4#aj ,he :o is born poor1 obvi\sly by no fault ( 8 own1 may be end[$ by ,nature ) arti/ic or sci5tific g5ius1 b if 8 patrimony is insuffici5t to enable him to triumph 9 ! fir/ /ruggles = developm5t & to complete 8 education1 or if he has n1 l ! %eph]d ,giotto1 ! luck to meet ) a ri* ,cimabue1 he mu/ inevitably vani% 9 oblivion 9 ! great prison ( wage-slav]y1 & society itself ?us loses treasures ( intellectual p[]4#aa ,he :o is born ri*1 al?\gh he owes 8 =tune to no p]sonal ex]tion1 ev5 if 8 m5tal capacity is bel[ normal1 w play a lead+ role on ! /age ( life's !atre1 & all s]vile p w heap praise & flatt]y ^u him1 & he w imag9e1 simply because he has money1 t he is q a diff]5t p]son f :at 9 reality he is4#ab ,:5 prop]ty %all h become collective1 t is to say1 "u ! sociali/ regime1 e "o w be assur$ ( ! means ( exi/5ce1 & ! daily labor w simply s]ve to give free play to ! special aptitudes1 m or less orig9al1 ( ea* individual1 & ! be/ & mo/ fruitful 7pot5tially7 ye>s ( life w n be completely tak5 up1 z !y are at pres5t1 by ! griev\s & tragic battle = daily bread4 ,socialism w assure to e "o a human life2 x w give ea* individual true lib]ty to manife/ & develop 8 or h] own physical & intellectual individuality--individualities :i* !y br+ into ! _w at bir? & :i* are inf9itely v>i$ & unequal4 ,socialism does n d5y inequality2 x m]ely wi%es to utilize ?is inequality z "o ( ! factors lead+ to ! free1 prolific & _m-sid$ developm5t ( human life4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,j4 ,de ,johannis1 ,il concetto dell'equaglianza nel socialismo e nella sci5za1 9 ,rassegna delle sci5za sociali1 ,flor5ce1 ,m>* #ae1 #ahhc1 & m rec5tly1 ,huxley1 ,on ! ,natural ,inequality ( ,m51 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,janu>y1 #ahij4 #d ,utopian socialism has bequea!d to u z a m5tal habit1 a habit surviv+ ev5 9 ! mo/ intellig5t disciples ( ,m>xian socialism1 ( ass]t+ ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 equalities--! equality ( ! two sexes1 = example--ass]tions :i* _c possibly be ma9ta9$4 ,,bebel1 ,woman 9 ! ,pa/1 ,pres5t & ,future4 ,bebel1 ! propag&i/ & exp\nd] ( ,m>xian !ories1 also repeats ?is ass]tion t1 f ! psy*o-physiological po9t ( view1 woman is ! equal ( man1 & he attempts to refute1 )\t success1 ! sci5tific objections t h be5 made to ?is !sis4 ,s9ce ! sci5tific inve/igations ( ,messrs4 ,lombroso & ,f]r]o1 embodi$ 9 ,donna del9qu5te1 pro/ituta e normale1 ,tur91 #ahic 7,?is book has be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 if my memory s]ves me "r4--,tr471 "o c no long] d5y ! physiological & psy*ological inf]iority ( woman to man4 ,i h giv5 a ,d>w9ian explanation ( ?is fact 7,scuola positiva1 #ahic1 ,nos4 #g-h71 t ,lombroso has s9ce completely accept$ 7,uomo di g5io1 #f;e dit1 #ahid4 ,?is book is also available 9 ,engli%1 ,i believe4--,tr47 ,i po9t$ out t all ! physio-psy*ical *>act]i/ics ( woman are ! consequ5ces ( h] great biological function1 mat]nity4 ,a be+ :o creates ano!r be+--n 9 ! fleet+ mom5t ( a voluptu\s contact1 b by ! organic & psy*ical sacrifices ( pregnancy1 *ildbir? & giv+ suck--_c pres]ve = h]self z mu* /r5g?1 physical & m5tal1 z man ^: only function 9 ! reproduction ( ! species is inf9itely less ( a dra94 ,& s1 aside f c]ta9 individual exceptions1 woman has a l[] degree ( physical s5sibility ?an man 7! curr5t op9ion is j ! opposite71 because if h] s5sibility 7 great]1 %e c\ld n1 accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian law1 survive ! imm5se & repeat$ sacrifices ( mat]nity1 & ! species w\ld become ext9ct4 ,woman's intellect is weak]1 especially 9 syn!tic p[]1 precisely because ?\gh !re are no 7,s]gi1 9 ,atti della societa romana di antropologia1 #ahid7 wom5 ( g5ius1 !y nev]!less give bir? to m5 ( g5ius4 ,?is is s true t great] s5sibility & p[] ( intellect are f\nd 9 wom5 9 :om ! function & s5tim5t ( mat]nity are undevelop$ or are only slightly develop$ 7wom5 ( g5ius g5]ally h a mascul9e physiognomy71 & _m ( !m atta9 _! complete intellectual developm5t only aft] !y pass ! critical p]iod ( life dur+ :i* ! mat]nal functions cease f9ally4 ,b1 if x is sci5tifically c]ta9 t woman repres5ts an inf]ior degree ( biological evolution1 & t %e occupies a /ation1 ev5 z reg>ds h] physio-psy*ical *>act]i/ics1 midway betwe5 ! *ild & ! adult male1 x does n foll[ f ?is t ! sociali/ conclusions conc]n+ ! woman "q are false4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,society ought to place woman1 z a human be+ & z a creatress ( m5--m wor?y !re=e ( love & respect--9 a bett] juridical & e?ical situation ?an %e enjoys at pres5t4 ,n[ %e is too (t5 a bea/ ( burd5 or an object ( luxury4 ,9 ! same way :51 f ! economic po9t ( view1 we dem& at ! pres5t day special measures 9 behalf ( wom51 we simply take into consid]ation _! special physio-psy*ical conditions4 ,! pres5t economic individualism exhau/s !m 9 factories & rice-fields2 socialism1 on ! contr>y1 w require f !m only su* pr(essional1 sci5tific or muscul> labor z is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! sacr$ function ( mat]nity4 ,,kulisci(f1 ,il monopolio dell'uomo1 ,milan1 #ahib1 #b;d edition4--,,mozzoni1 ,i sociali/i e l'emancipazione della donna1 ,milan1 #ahia4 #e ,b4 ,,malon1 ,le ,socialisme ,integral1 #b vol41 ,p>is1 #ahib4 #f ,,zuliani1 ,il privilegio della salute1 ,milan1 #ahic4 #g ,,let\rneau1 ,pass1 prs5t et av5ir du travail1 9 ,revue m5suelle de l'cole d'an?ropologie1 ,p>is1 ,june #ae1 #ahid4 #h ,m4 ,z]boglio has v ju/ly po9t$ out t individualism act+ )\t ! pressure ( ext]nal sanction & by ! simple int]nal impulse t[>d good 7rightness7--?is is ! di/ant ideal ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]--c be realiz$ only aft] a phase ( collectivism1 dur+ :i* ! individual activity & in/9cts c be discipl9$ into social solid>ity & wean$ f ! ess5tially an>*i/ individualism ( our times :5 e "o1 if he is clev] en\gh to slip ?r\gh ! me%es ( ! p5al code c d :at he pleases )\t any reg>d to 8 fell[s4 #i ,ah1 b a man's rea* %\ld exce$ 8 grasp1 is ! way ,rob]t ,br[n+ expresses ?is 9 ,&rea ,del ,s>to4--,translator4 #aj ,note our common expression3 ,he is wor? s mu*4--,tr4 #aa ,full _m a gem ( pure/ ray s]5e ,! d>k unfa?om'd caves ( ocean be>3 ,full _m a fl[] is born to blu% unse51 ,& wa/e its fragrance on ! des]t air4 ,"s village-,hampd51 t ) dauntless brea/ ,! little tyrant ( 8 field )/ood1 ,"s mute +lori\s ,milton "h may re/1 ,"s ,cromwell1 guiltless ( 8 c\ntry's blood4 --,/anzas f ,,gray',s ,elegy 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*-y>d4 ,translator4 #ab ,curs$ be ! gold t gilds ! /raight5'd =ehead ( ! fool6 --,t5nyson1 9 ,locksley ,hall4 ,gold1 yell[1 glitt]+1 preci\s gold6 ,?us1 mu* ( ?is w make black1 :ite2 f\l1 fair2 ,wrong1 "r2 base1 noble2 old1 "y2 c[>d1 valiant4 --,%akespe>e1 9 ,timon ( ,a!ns4--,translator4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,life ,,& ,,its ,,victims4 ,socialism & ,d>w9ism1 x is said1 are 9 conflict on a second po9t4 ,d>w9ism demon/rates t ! imm5se majority--( plants1 animals & m5--are de/9$ to succumb1 because only a small m9ority triumphs 9 ! /ruggle = life2 socialism1 on its "p1 ass]ts t all ought to triumph & t no "o ought to succumb4 ,x may be repli$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t1 ev5 9 ! biological doma9 ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! disproportion betwe5 ! numb] ( individuals :o are born & ! numb] ( ^? :o survive regul>ly & progressively gr[s small] & small] z we asc5d 9 ! biological scale f vegetables to animals1 & f animals to ,man4 ,?is law ( a decreas+ disproportion betwe5 ! call$ & ! *os5 is support$ by ! facts ev5 if we limit our obs]vation to ! v>i\s species belong+ to ! same natural ord]4 ,! high] & m complex ! organization1 ! small] ! disproportion4 ,9 fact1 9 ! vegetables1 ea* individual produces e ye> an inf9ite numb] ( se$s1 & an inf9itesimal numb] ( ^! survive4 ,9 ! animals1 ! numb] ( "y ( ea* individual dim9i%es & ! numb] ( ^? :o survive cont9ues on ! contr>y1 to increase4 ,f9ally1 = ! human species1 ! numb] ( individuals t ea* "o c beget is v small & mo/ ( !m survive4 ,b1 moreov]1 9 ! cases ( all ?ree1 vegetables1 animals & m51 we f9d t x is ! l[] & m simply organiz$ species1 ! races & classes less advanc$ 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce1 :o reproduce _! sev]al k9ds ) ! greate/ prolificness & 9 :i* g5]ation foll[s g5]ation mo/ rapidly on acc\nt ( ! brevity ( individual life4 ,a f]n produces millions ( spores1 & its life is v %ort--:ile a palm tree produces only a few doz5 se$s1 & lives a c5tury4 ,a fi% produces sev]al ?\s& eggs--:ile ! elephant or ! *impanzee h only a few "y :o live _m ye>s4 ,)9 ! human species ! savage races are ! mo/ prolific & _! lives are %ort--:ile ! civiliz$ races h a l[ bir?-rate & live long]4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t1 ev5 conf9+ ourselves to ! purely biological doma91 ! numb] ( victors 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce con/antly t5ds to approa* ne>] & ne>] to ! numb] ( bir?s ) ! advance or asc5t 9 ! biological scale f vegetables to animals1 f animals to m51 & f ! l[] species or v>ieties to ! high] species or v>ieties4 ,! iron law ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 !n1 con/antly r$uces ! numb] ( ! victims =m+ its hecatomb ) ! asc5t ( ! biological scale1 & ! rate ( decrease becomes m & m rapid z ! =ms ( life become m complex & m p]fect4 ,x w\ld !n be a mi/ake to invoke aga9/ socialism ! ,d>w9ian law ( ,natural ,selection 9 ! =m "u :i* t law manife/s itself 9 ! primitive 7or l[]7 =ms ( life1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt its cont9u\s att5uation z we pass f vegetables to animals1 f animals to m51 & )9 humanity itself1 f ! primitive races to ! m advanc$ races4 ,& z socialism repres5ts a yet m advanc$ phase ( human progress1 x is /ill less all[able to use z an objection to x su* a gross & inaccurate int]pretation ( ! ,d>w9ian law4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! oppon5ts ( socialism h made a wrong use ( ! ,d>w9ian law or r ( its brutal int]pretation 9 ord] to ju/ify mod]n individuali/ competition :i* is too (t5 only a disguis$ =m ( cannibalism1 & :i* has made ! maxim homo hom9i lupus 7man to man a wolf2 or1 freely1 man eats man7 ! *>act]i/ic motto ( our era1 :ile ,hobbes only made x ! rul+ pr9ciple ( ! /ate ( nature ( mank9d1 be=e ! mak+ ( ! social contract4 ,b because a pr9ciple has be5 abus$ or misus$ we are n ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! pr9ciple itself is false4 ,its abuse (t5 s]ves z an inc5tive to def9e its nature & its limitations m accurately1 s t 9 practice x may be appli$ m correctly4 ,?is w be ! result ( my demon/ration ( ! p]fect h>mony t reigns betwe5 socialism & ,d>w9ism4 ,z long ago z ! fir/ edition ( my "w ,socialismo e ,crim9alit 7pages #agi et seq47 ,i ma9ta9$ t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is a law imman5t 9 ! human race1 z x is a law ( all liv+ be+s1 al?\gh its =ms cont9ually *ange & ?\gh x und]goes m & m att5uation4 ,?is is /ill ! way x appe>s to me1 & consequ5tly1 on ?is po9t ,i disagree ) "s sociali/s :o h ?\ght !y c\ld triumph m completely ov] ! objection urg$ aga9/ !m 9 ! "n ( ,d>w9ism by decl>+ t 9 human society ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is a law :i* is de/9$ to lose all mean+ & applicability :5 ! social trans=mation at :i* socialism aims %all h be5 effect$4#ac ,x is a law :i* dom9ates tyrannically all liv+ be+s1 & x mu/ cease to act & fall in]t at ! feet ( ,man1 z if he 7 n m]ely a l9k insep>able f ! great biological *a96 ,i ma9ta9$1 & ,i /ill ma9ta91 t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is a law insep>able f life1 & consequ5tly f humanity itself1 b t1 ?\gh rema9+ an inh]5t & con/ant law1 x is gradually trans=m$ 9 its ess5ce & att5uat$ 9 its =ms4 ,among primitive mank9d ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is b slightly diff]5tiat$ f t :i* obta9s among ! o!r animals4 ,x is ! brutal /ruggle = daily food or = possession ( ! females--hung] & love are1 9 fact1 ! two fundam5tal ne$s & ! two poles ( life--& almo/ its only me?od is muscul> viol5ce4 ,9 a m advanc$ phase !re is jo9$ to ?is basic /ruggle ! /ruggle = political supremacy 79 ! clan1 9 ! tribe1 9 ! village1 9 ! commune1 9 ! ,/ate71 &1 m & m1 muscul> /ruggle is sup]s$$ by intellectual /ruggle4 ,9 ! hi/orical p]iod ! ,graeco-,lat9 society /ruggl$ = civil equality 7! abolition ( slav]y72 x triumph$1 b x did n halt1 because to live is to /ruggle2 ! society ( ! middle ages /ruggl$ = religi\s equality2 x won ! battle1 b x did n halt2 & at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 x /ruggl$ = political equality4 ,mu/ x n[ halt & rema9 /ation>y 9 ! pres5t /ate ( progress8 ,to-day society /ruggles = economic equality1 n = an absolute mat]ial equality1 b = t m practical1 tru] equality ( :i* ,i h already spok54 ,& all ! evid5ce enables u to =esee ) ma!matical c]ta9ty t ?is victory w be won to give place to new /ruggles & to new ideals among our desc5dants4 ,! successive *anges 9 ! subject-matt] 7or ! ideals7 ( ! /ruggles = exi/5ce are accompani$ by a progressive mitigation ( ! me?ods ( combat4 ,viol5t & muscul> at fir/1 ! /ruggle is becom+1 m & m1 pacific & intellectual1 not)/&+ "s atavic recurr5ces ( e>li] me?ods or "s psy*o-pa?ological manife/ations ( individual viol5ce aga9/ society & ( social viol5ce aga9/ individuals4 ,! rem>kable "w ( ,mr4 ,novic[#ad has rec5tly giv5 a signal confirmation to my op9ion1 al?\gh ,novic[ has n tak5 ! sexual /ruggle into acc\nt4 ,i w develop my demon/ration m fully 9 ! *apt] devot$ to l'av5ir moral de l'humanit 7! intellectual future ( humanity71 9 ! second edition ( ,socialismo e ,crim9alit4 ,= ! mom5t ,i h suffici5tly repli$ to ! anti-sociali/ objection1 s9ce ,i h %[n n m]ely t ! disproportion betwe5 ! numb] ( bir?s & ! numb] ( ^? :o survive t5ds to con/antly dim9i%1 b also t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce itself *anges 9 its ess5ce & gr[s mild] 9 its processes at ea* successive phase ( ! biological & social evolution4 ,socialism may !n insi/ t human conditions ( exi/5ce ought to be gu>ante$ to all m5--9 ex*ange = labor furni%$ to collective society--)\t !reby contradict+ ! ,d>w9ian law ( ! survival ( ! victors 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 s9ce ?is ,d>w9ian law ought to be und]/ood & appli$ 9 ea* ( its v>y+ manife/ations1 9 h>mony ) ! law ( human progress4 ,socialism1 sci5tifically und]/ood1 does n d5y1 & _c d5y1 t among mank9d !re are always "s los]s 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?is "q is m directly connect$ ) ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 socialism & crim9ality1 s9ce ^? :o cont5d t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is a law :i* does n apply to human society1 decl>e1 accord+ly1 t crime 7an abnormal & anti-social =m ( ! /ruggle = life1 j z labor is its normal & social =m7 is de/9$ to disappe>4 ,likewise !y ?9k !y discov] a c]ta9 contradiction betwe5 socialism & ! tea*+s ( crim9al an?ropology conc]n+ ! cong5ital crim9al1 ?\gh ^! tea*+s are also d$uct$ f ,d>w9ism4#ae ,i res]ve ?is "q = full] treatm5t else:]e4 ,"h is 9 brief my ?\ght z a sociali/ & z a crim9al an?ropologi/4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! s*ool ( sci5tific crim9ologi/s deal ) life z x n[ is--& und5iably x has ! m]it ( hav+ appli$ ! me?ods ( exp]im5tal sci5ce to ! /udy ( crim9al ph5om5a1 ( hav+ %[n ! hypocritical absurdity ( mod]n p5al sy/ems bas$ on ! notion ( free-w & moral del9qu5cy & result+ 9 ! sy/em ( cellul> conf9em5t1 "o ( ! m5tal ab]rations ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 z ,i h else:]e qualifi$ x4 ,9 its /ead ! crim9ologi/s wi% to sub/itute ! simple segregation ( individuals :o are n fitt$ = social life on acc\nt ( pa?ological conditions1 cong5ital or acquir$1 p]man5t or transitory4 ,9 ! second place1 to cont5d t socialism w cause ! disappe>ance ( all =ms ( crime is to act ^u ! impulse ( a g5]\s s5tim5t1 b ! cont5tion is n support$ by a rigor\sly sci5tific obs]vation ( ! facts4 ,! sci5tific s*ool ( crim9ology demon/rates t crime is a natural & social ph5om5on--l insanity & suicide--det]m9$ by ! abnormal1 organic & psy*ological con/itution ( ! del9qu5t & by ! influ5ces ( ! physical & social environm5t4 ,! an?ropological1 physical & social factors1 all1 always1 act concurr5tly 9 ! det]m9ation ( all (f5ces1 ! lighte/ z well z ! grave/--z1 moreov]1 !y d 9 ! case ( all o!r human actions4 ,:at v>ies 9 ! case ( ea* del9qu5t & ea* (f5se1 is ! decisive int5sity ( ea* ord] ( factors4#af ,= in/ance1 if ! case 9 po9t is an assass9ation committ$ ?r\gh jeal\sy or halluc9ation1 x is ! an?ropological factor :i* is ! mo/ important1 al?\gh nev]!less consid]ation mu/ also be paid to ! physical environm5t & ! social environm5t4 ,if x is a "q1 on ! contr>y1 ( crimes aga9/ prop]ty or ev5 aga9/ p]sons1 committ$ by a riot\s mob or induc$ by alcoholism1 etc41 x is ! social environm5t :i* becomes ! prepond]at+ factor1 ?\gh x is1 not)/&+1 impossible to d5y ! influ5ce ( ! physical environm5t & ( ! an?ropological factor4 ,we may repeat ! same reason+--9 ord] to make a complete exam9ation ( ! objection br\ght aga9/ socialism 9 ! "n ( ,d>w9ism--on ! subject ( ! ord9>y diseases2 crime1 moreov]1 is a dep>tm5t ( human pa?ology4 ,all diseases1 acute or *ronic1 infecti\s or n infecti\s1 sev]e or mild1 are ! product ( ! an?ropological con/itution ( ! individual & ( ! influ5ce ( ! physical & social environm5t4 ,! decisiv5ess ( ! p]sonal conditions or ( ! environm5t v>ies 9 ! v>i\s diseases2 ph?isis or he>t disease1 = in/ance1 dep5d pr9cipally on ! organic con/itution ( ! individual1 ?\gh x is necess>y to take ! influ5ce ( ! environm5t into acc\nt2 pellagra1#ag *ol]a1 typhus1 etc41 on ! contr>y1 dep5d pr9cipally on ! physical & social conditions ( ! environm5t4 ,& s ph?isis makes its ravages ev5 among well-to-d p1 t is to say1 among p]sons well n\ri%$ & well h\s$1 :ile x is ! badly n\ri%$1 t is to say1 ! poor1 :o furni% ! greate/ numb] ( victims to pellagra & *ol]a4 ,x is1 consequ5tly1 evid5t t a sociali/ regime ( collective prop]ty :i* %all assure to e "o human conditions ( exi/5ce1 w l>gely dim9i% or possibly annihilate--aid$ by ! sci5tific discov]ies & improvem5t 9 hygi5ic measures--! diseases :i* are pr9cipally caus$ by ! conditions ( ! environm5t1 t is to say by insuffici5t n\ri%m5t or by ! want ( protection f inclem5cy ( ! wea!r2 b we %all n witness ! disappe>ance ( ! diseases due to traumatic injuries1 imprud5ce1 pulmon>y affections1 etc4 ,! same conclusions are valid reg>d+ crime4 ,if we suppress pov]ty & ! %ock+ inequality ( economic conditions1 hung]1 acute & *ronic1 w no long] s]ve z a /imulus to crime4 ,bett] n\ri%m5t w br+ ab\t a physical & moral improvem5t4 ,! abuses ( p[] & ( weal? w disappe>1 & !re w be a consid]able dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( crimes due to circum/ances 7crimes d'occasion71 crimes caus$ pr9cipally by ! social environm5t4 ,b !re are "s crimes :i* w n disappe>1 su* z revolt+ crimes aga9/ dec5cy due to a pa?ological p]v]sion ( ! sexual in/9ct1 homicides induc$ by epilepsy1 !fts :i* result f a psy*o-pa?ological deg5]ation1 etc4 ,= ! same reasons popul> education w be m widely diffus$1 tal5ts ( e k9d w be able to develop & manife/ !mselves freely2 b ?is w n cause ! disappe>ance ( idiocy & imbecility due to h]$it>y pa?ological conditions4 ,nev]!less x w be possible = diff]5t causes to h a prev5tive & mitigat+ influ5ce on ! v>i\s =ms ( cong5ital deg5]ation 7ord9>y diseases1 crim9ality1 insanity & n]v\s disord]s74 ,among ^! prev5tive influ5ces may be3 a bett] economic & social organization1 ! prud5tial c\nsels1 con/antly gr[+ 9 efficacy giv5 by exp]im5tal biology1 & less & less frequ5t procreation1 by means ( volunt>y ab/5tion1 9 cases ( h]$it>y disease4 ,to conclude we w say t1 ev5 "u ! sociali/ regime--al?\gh !y w be inf9itely few]--!re w always be "s :o w be vanqui%$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce--^! w be ! victims ( weakness1 ( disease1 ( dissipation1 ( n]v\s disord]s1 ( suicide4 ,we may !n affirm t socialism does n d5y ! ,d>w9ian law ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,socialism w1 h[ev]1 h ?is indisputable advantage--! epidemic or endemic =ms ( human deg5]acy w be entirely suppress$ by ! elim9ation ( _! pr9cipal cause--! physical pov]ty & 7its necess>y consequ5ce7 ! m5tal suff]+ ( ! majority4 ,!n ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :ile rema9+ always ! driv+ p[] ( ! life ( society1 w assume =ms less & less brutal & m & m humane4 ,x w become an intellectual /ruggle4 ,its ideal ( physiological & intellectual progress w con/antly gr[ 9 gr&eur & sublimity :5 ?is progressive idealization ( ! ideal %all be made possible by ! gu>antee to e "o ( daily bread = ! body & ! m9d4 ,! law ( ! /ruggle = life mu/ n cause u to =get ano!r law ( natural & social ,d>w9ian evolution4 ,x is true _m sociali/s h giv5 to ?is latt] law an excessive & exclusive importance1 j z "s individuals h entirely neglect$ x4 ,i ref] to ! law ( solid>ity :i* knits toge!r all ! liv+ be+s ( "o & ! same species--= in/ance animals :o live greg>i\sly 9 consequ5ce ( ! abundance ( ! supply ( _! common food 7h]bivor\s animals7--or ev5 ( diff]5t species4 ,:5 species ?us mutually aid ea* o!r to live !y are call$ by naturali/s symbiotic species1 & in/ead ( ! /ruggle = life we h co-op]ation = life4 ,x is incorrect to /ate t ! /ruggle = life is ! sole sov]eign law 9 ,nature & society1 j z x is false to cont5d t ?is law is :olly inapplicable to human society4 ,! real tru? is t ev5 9 human society ! /ruggle = life is an et]nal law :i* gr[s progressively mild] 9 its me?ods & m elevat$ 9 its ideals4 ,b op]at+ concurr5tly ) ?is we f9d a law1 ! influ5ce ( :i* ^u ! social evolution con/antly increases1 ! law ( solid>ity or co-op]ation betwe5 liv+ be+s4 ,ev5 9 animal societies mutual aid aga9/ ! =ces ( ,nature1 or aga9/ o!r animals is ( con/ant occurr5ce1 & ?is is c>ri$ mu* fur!r among human be+s1 ev5 among savage tribes4 ,"o notes ?is ph5om5on especially 9 tribes :i* on acc\nt ( ! favorable "* ( _! environm5t1 or because _! subsi/5ce is assur$ & abundant1 become ( ! indu/rial or peaceful type4 ,! milit>y or w>like type :i* is unhappily pr$om9ant 7on acc\nt ( ! unc]ta9ty & insuffici5cy ( subsi/5ce7 among primitive mank9d & 9 reaction>y phases ( civilization1 pres5ts u ) less frequ5t examples ( x4 ,! indu/rial type con/antly t5ds1 moreov]1 z ,sp5c] has %[n1 to take ! place ( ! w>like type4#ah ,conf9+ ourselves to human society alone1 we w say t1 :ile 9 ! fir/ /ages ( ! social evolution ! law ( ! /ruggle = life takes prec$5ce ov] ! law ( solid>ity1 ) ! gr[? )9 ! social organism ( ! division ( labor :i* b9ds ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! social :ole m closely toge!r 9 int]-dep5d5ce1 ! /ruggle = life gr[s mild] & is metamorphos$1 & ! law ( co-op]ation or solid>ity ga9s m & m bo? 9 effici5cy & 9 ! range ( its influ5ce1 & ?is is due to t fundam5tal reason t ,m>x po9t$ out1 & :i* con/itutes 8 great sci5tific discov]y1 ! reason t 9 ! "o case ! conditions ( exi/5ce--food especially--are n assur$1 & 9 ! o!r case !y are4 ,9 ! lives ( individuals z 9 ! life ( societies1 :5 ! means ( subsi/5ce1 t is to say1 ! physical basis ( exi/5ce1 are assur$1 ! law ( solid>ity takes prec$5ce ov] ! law ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & :5 !y are n assur$1 ! contr>y is true4 ,among savages1 infanticide & p>ricide are n only p]mitt$ b are obligatory & sanction$ by religion if ! tribe inhabits an isl& :]e food is sc>ce 7= in/ance1 9 ,polynesia71 & !y are immoral & crim9al acts on cont95ts :]e ! food supply is m abundant & c]ta94#ai ,j s1 9 our pres5t society1 z ! majority ( individuals are n sure ( gett+ _! daily bread1 ! /ruggle = life1 or free competition1 z ! individuali/s call x1 assumes m cruel & m brutal =ms4 ,j z soon z ?r\gh collective own]%ip e individual %all be assur$ ( fitt+ conditions ( exi/5ce1 ! law ( solid>ity w become prepond]ant4 ,:5 9 a family f9ancial affairs run smoo?ly & prosp]\sly1 h>mony & mutual good-w prevail2 z soon z pov]ty makes its appe>ance1 discord & /ruggle ensue4 ,society z a :ole %[s u ! picture on a l>ge scale4 ,a bett] social organization w insure univ]sal h>mony & mutual good-w4 ,?is w be ! a*ievem5t ( socialism1 &1 to repeat1 = ?is1 ! fulle/ & mo/ fruitful int]pretation ( ! inexorable natural laws discov]$ by ,d>w9ism1 we are indebt$ to socialism4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,su* sociali/s are ,,labusqui]e1 ,,lanessau1 ,,loria ,& ,,colajanni4 #ad ,,novic[1 ,les luttes entre socits1 leurs phases successives1 ,p>is1 #ahic4 ,,l]da1 ,la lotta p] la vita1 9 ,p5si]o italiano1 ,milan1 ,feb4 & ,m>*1 #ahid4 #ae ,i regret t ,m4 ,loria1 ord9>ily s pr(\nd & acute1 has "h be5 deceiv$ by appe>ances4 ,he has po9t$ out ?is pret5d$ contradiction 9 8 ,economic ,f\ndations ( ,society 7available 9 ,engli%1 ,tr474 ,he has be5 completely answ]$1 9 ! "n ( ! s*ool ( sci5tific crim9al an?ropology1 by ,m4 ,,rivi]i ,,de ,,roc*i1 ,il diritto p5ale e un'op]a rec5te di ,loria 9 ,scuola positiva nella giurisprud5za p5ale ( ,feb4 #ae1 #ahid1 & by ,m4 ,,lombroso1 9 ,ar*ivio di psi*iatria e sci5za p5ali1 #ahid1 ,,xiv1 fasc4 ,c4 #af ,,enrico ,,f]ri1 ,sociologie crim9elle 7,fr5* translation71 #ahic1 ,*aps4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,a rec5t "w has j giv5 sci5tific confirmation to our inductions3 ,,=s9>i ,,di ,,v]ce1 ,sulla crim9alit e le vic5de economi*e d',italia dal #ahgc al #ahij4 ,tur91 #ahid4 ,! preface writt5 by ,lombroso concludes 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,we d n wi%1 !re=e1 to slight or neglect ! tru? ( ! sociali/ movem5t1 :i* is de/9$ to *ang$ ! curr5t ( mod]n ,european ?\ght & action1 & :i* cont5ds ad majorem gloriam ( its conclusions t all crim9ality dep5ds on ! influ5ce ( ! economic environm5t4 ,we also believe 9 ?is doctr9e1 ?\gh we are unwill+ & unable to accept ! errone\s conclusions drawn f x4 ,h[ev] en?usia/ic we may be1 we w nev]1 9 its honor1 r5\nce ! tru?4 ,we leave ?is useless s]vility to ! uphold]s ( classical or?odoxy4 #ag ,a sk9-disease endemic 9 ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,tr4 #ah ,see 9 ?is connection ! fam\s monographs ( ,kropotk91 ,mutual aid among ! savages1 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,april #i1 #ahia1 & ,among ! b>b>ians1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,janu>y1 #ahib1 & also two rec5t articles sign$3 ,un ,pr(esseur1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,revue ,sociali/e1 ( ,p>is1 ,may & ,june1 #ahid1 "u ! title3 ,lutte ou accord p\r la vie4 #ai ,,enrico ,,f]ri1 ,omicidio nell' antropologia crim9ale1 ,introduction1 ,tur91 #ahid4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,survival ,,( ,,! ,,fitte/4 ,! ?ird & la/ "p ( ! argum5t ( ,haeckel is correct if appli$ solely to ! purely biological & ,d>w9ian doma91 b its />t+ po9t is false if x is int5d$ to apply x to ! social doma9 & to turn x into an objection aga9/ socialism4 ,x is said ! /ruggle = exi/5ce assures ! survival ( ! fitte/2 x !re=e causes an ari/ocratic1 hi]>*ic gradation ( select$ individuals--a cont9u\s progress--& n ! democratic level+ ( socialism4 ,"h aga91 let u beg9 by accurately asc]ta9+ ! nature ( ?is fam\s natural selection :i* results f ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! expression :i* ,haeckel uses & :i*1 moreov]1 is 9 curr5t use1 survival ( ! be/ or ( ! be/ fitt$1 ought to be correct$4 ,we mu/ suppress ! adjective be/4 ,?is is simply a p]si/+ relic ( t teleology :i* us$ to see 9 ,nature & hi/ory a prem$itat$ goal to be rea*$ by means ( a process ( cont9u\s amelioration or progress4 ,d>w9ism1 on ! contr>y1 & /ill m ! !ory ( univ]sal evolution1 has completely bani%$ ! notion ( f9al causes f mod]n sci5tific ?\ght & f ! int]pretation ( natural ph5om5a4 ,evolution consi/s bo? ( involution & dissolution4 ,x may be true1 & inde$ x is true1 t by comp>+ ! two extremes ( ! pa? trav]s$ by humanity we f9d t !re has really be5 a true progress1 an improvem5t tak+ x all 9 all2 b1 9 any case1 progress has n foll[$ a /raight asc5d+ l9e1 b1 z ,goe! has said1 a spiral ) rhy?ms ( progress & ( retrogression1 ( evolution & ( dissolution4 ,e cycle ( evolution1 9 ! individual life z 9 ! collective life1 be>s )9 x ! g]ms ( ! correspond+ cycle ( dissolution2 &1 inv]sely1 ! latt]1 by ! decay ( ! =m already worn out1 prep>es 9 ! et]nal laboratory new evolutions & new =ms ( life4 ,x is ?us t 9 ! _w ( human society e phase ( civilization be>s )9 x & is con/antly develop+ ! g]ms ( its own dissolution f :i* issues a new phase ( civilization--:i* w be m or less diff]5t f its pr$ecessor 9 geographical situation & range--9 ! et]nal rhy?m ( liv+ humanity4 ,! anci5t hi]atic civilizations ( ! ,ori5t decay1 & ?r\gh _! dissolution !y give bir? to ! ,graeco-,roman _w1 :i* 9 turn is foll[$ by ! feudal & ari/ocratic civilization ( ,c5tral ,europe2 x also decays & dis9tegrates ?r\gh its own excesses1 l ! prec$+ civilizations1 & x is replac$ by ! b\rgeois civilization :i* has rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon _w4 ,b x is already exp]i5c+ ! fir/ tremors ( ! fev] ( dissolution1 :ile f its womb !re em]ges & is develop+ ! sociali/ civilization :i* w fl\ri% ov] a va/] doma9 ?an t ( any ( ! civilizations :i* h prec$$ x4#bj ,h5ce x is n correct to ass]t t ! natural selection caus$ by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce assures ! survival ( ! be/2 9 fact1 x assures ! survival ( ! be/ fitt$4 ,?is is a v great diff]5ce1 alike 9 natural ,d>w9ism & 9 social ,d>w9ism4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce necess>ily causes ! survival ( ! individuals be/ fitt$ = ! environm5t & ! p>ticul> hi/orical p]iod 9 :i* !y live4 ,9 ! natural1 biological doma91 ! free play ( natural 7cosmiques7 =ces & conditions causes a progressive advance or asc5t ( liv+ =ms1 f ! microbe up to ,man4 ,9 human society1 on ! contr>y1 t is to say1 9 ! sup]-organic evolution ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ! int]v5tion ( o!r =ces & ! occurr5ce ( o!r conditions sometimes causes a retrograde selection :i* always assures ! survival ( ^? :o are be/ fitt$ = a giv5 environm5t at a giv5 "t1 b ! controll+ pr9ciple ( ?is selection is 9 turn affect$ by ! vici\s conditions--if !y are vici\s--( ! environm5t4 ,"h we are deal+ ) ! "q ( social selection1 or r social selections1 = !re is m ?an "o k9d ( social selection4 ,by />t+ f ?is idea--n cle>ly compreh5d$--"s writ]s1 bo? sociali/s & non-sociali/s1 h come to d5y t ! ,d>w9ian !ories h any application to human society4 ,x is kn[n1 inde$1 t 9 ! contemporane\s civiliz$ _w natural selection is injuri\sly int]f]$ ) by milit>y selection1 by matrimonial selection1 &1 above all1 by economic selection4#ba ,! tempor>y celibacy impos$ ^u soldi]s c]ta9ly has a deplorable effect ^u ! human race4 ,x is ! "y m5 :o on acc\nt ( comp>atively poor physical con/itutions are excus$ f milit>y s]vice1 :o m>ry ! fir/1 :ile ! heal?i] individuals are condemn$ to a transitory /]ility1 & 9 ! great cities run ! risk ( contagion f syphilis :i* un=tunately has p]man5t effects4 ,m>riage also1 corrupt$ z x is 9 ! exi/5t society by economic consid]ations1 is ord9>ily 9 practice a sort ( retrogressive sexual selection4 ,wom5 :o are true deg5]ates1 b :o h good d[ries or prospects1 readily f9d husb&s on ! m>riage m>ket1 :ile ! mo/ robu/ wom5 ( ! p or ( ! middle class :o h no d[ries are condemn$ to ! /]ility ( compulsory old-maiddom or to surr5d] !mselves to a m or less gild$ pro/itution4#bb ,x is indisputable t ! pres5t economic conditions ex]cise an influ5ce ^u all ! social relations ( m54 ,! monopoly ( weal? assures to its possessor ! victory 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,ri* p1 ev5 ?\gh !y are less robu/1 h long] lives ?an ^? :o are ill-f$4 ,! day-&-night-"w1 "u inhuman conditions1 impos$ ^u gr[n m51 & ! /ill m baleful labor impos$ ^u wom5 & *ildr5 by mod]n capitalism causes a con/ant det]ioration 9 ! biological conditions ( ! toil+ masses4#bc ,9 addition to all ^! we mu/ n =get ! moral selection--:i* is really immoral or retrograde--made at pres5t by capitalism 9 its /ruggle ) ! prolet>iat1 & :i* favors ! survival ( ^? ) s]vile *>act]s1 :ile x p]secutes & /rives to suppress all ^? :o are /rong 9 "*1 & all :o d n seem dispos$ to tamely submit to ! yoke ( ! pres5t economic ord]4#bd ,! fir/ impression :i* spr+s f ! recognition ( ^! facts is t ! ,d>w9ian law ( natural selection does n hold good 9 human society--9 %ort1 is inapplicable to human society4 ,i h ma9ta9$1 & ,i d ma9ta91 on ! contr>y1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ^! v>i\s k9ds ( retrograde social selection are n 9 contradiction ) ! ,d>w9ian law1 & t1 moreov]1 !y s]ve z ! mat]ial = an argum5t 9 favor ( socialism4 ,no?+ b socialism1 9 fact1 c make ?is inexorable law ( natural selection "w m b5efic5tly4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,d>w9ian law does n cause ! survival ( ! be/1 b simply ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,x is obvi\s t ! =ms ( deg5]acy produc$ by ! div]s k9ds ( social selection & notably by ! pres5t economic organization m]ely promote1 inde$1 & ) gr[+ effici5cy1 ! survival ( ^? be/ fitt$ = ?is v economic organization4 ,if ! victors 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce are ! wor/ & ! weake/1 ?is does n mean t ! ,d>w9ian law does n hold good2 x means simply t ! environm5t is corrupt 7& corrupt+71 & t ^? :o survive are precisely ^? :o are ! fitte/ = ?is corrupt environm5t4 ,9 my /udies ( crim9al psy*ology ,i h too (t5 _h to recognize ! fact t 9 prisons & 9 ! crim9al _w x is ! mo/ cruel or ! mo/ cunn+ crim9als :o enjoy ! fruits ( victory2 x is j ! same 9 our mod]n economic individuali/ sy/em2 ! victory goes to him :o has ! fewe/ scruples2 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce favors him :o is fitte/ = a _w :]e a man is valu$ = :at he has 7no matt] h[ he got x71 & n = :at he is4 ,! ,d>w9ian law ( natural selection functions !n ev5 9 human society4 ,! error ( ^? :o d5y ?is proposition spr+s f ! fact t !y conf\nd ! pres5t environm5t & ! pres5t transitory hi/orical era--:i* are kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! b\rgeois environm5t & p]iod1 j z ! ,middle ,ages are call$ feudal--) all hi/ory & all humanity1 & !re=e !y fail to see t ! disa/r\s effects ( mod]n1 retrograde1 social selection are only confirmations ( ! ,d>w9ian law ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,popul> common s5se has long recogniz$ ?is influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+s1 z is %[n by _m a common prov]b1 & its sci5tific explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! necess>y biological relations :i* exi/ betwe5 a giv5 environm5t & ! individuals :o are born1 /ruggle & survive 9 t environm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is tru? con/itutes an unansw]able argum5t 9 favor ( socialism4 ,by free+ ! environm5t f all ! corruptions ) :i* our unbridl$ economic individualism pollutes x1 socialism w necess>ily correct ! ill effects ( natural & social selection4 ,9 a physically & morally :olesome environm5t1 ! individuals be/ fitt$ to x1 ^? :o w !re=e survive1 w be ! physically & morally heal?y4 ,9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ! victory w !n g to him :o has ! greate/ & mo/ prolific physical1 intellectual & moral en]gies4 ,! collectivi/ economic organization1 by assur+ to ev]yone ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 w & necess>ily mu/1 result 9 ! physical & moral improvem5t ( ! human race4 ,to ?is "s "o replies3 ,suppose we grant t socialism & ,d>w9ian selection may be reconcil$1 is x n obvi\s t ! survival ( ! fitte/ t5ds to e/abli% an ari/ocratic gradation ( individuals1 :i* is contr>y to sociali/ic level+8 ,i h already answ]$ ?is objection 9 "p by po9t+ out t socialism w assure to all individuals--in/ead ( z at pres5t only to a privileg$ few or to society's h]oes--fre$om to ass]t & develop _! own individualities4 ,!n 9 tru? ! result ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce w be ! survival ( ! be/ & ?is = ! v reason t 9 a :olesome environm5t ! victory is won by ! heal?ie/ individuals4 ,social ,d>w9ism1 !n1 z a cont9uation & complem5t ( natural 7biological7 ,d>w9ism1 w result 9 a selection ( ! be/4 ,to respond fully to ?is insi/5ce ^u an unlimit$ ari/ocratic selection1 ,i mu/ call att5tion to ano!r natural law :i* s]ves to complete t rhy?m ( action & reaction :i* results 9 ! equilibrium ( life4 ,to ! ,d>w9ian law ( natural inequalities we mu/ add ano!r law :i* is insep>able f x1 & :i* ,jacoby1 foll[+ 9 ! track ( ! labors ( ,morel1 ,lucas1 ,galton1 ,de ,caudole1 ,ribot1 ,sp5c]1 ,roy]1 ,lombroso1 & o!rs1 has cle>ly demon/rat$ & exp\nd$4 ,?is same ,nature1 :i* makes *oice & ari/ocratic gradation a condition ( vital progress1 aft]w>ds re/ores ! equilibrium by a level+ & democratic law4 ,f ! inf9ite ?rong ( humanity !re em]ge individuals1 families & races :i* t5d to rise above ! common level2 pa9fully climb+ ! /eep heights !y rea* ! summits ( p[]1 weal?1 intellig5ce & tal5t1 &1 hav+ rea*$ ! goal1 !y are hurl$ d[n & disappe> 9 ! abysses ( insanity & deg5]ation4 ,dea? is ! great level]2 by de/roy+ e "o :o rises above ! common h]d1 x democratizes humanity4#be ,e "o :o attempts to create a monopoly ( natural =ces comes into viol5t conflict ) t supreme law ( ,nature :i* has giv5 to all liv+ be+s ! use & disposal ( ! natural ag5ts3 air & light1 wat] & l&4 ,ev]ybody :o is too mu* above or too mu* bel[ ! av]age ( humanity--an av]age :i* rises ) ! flux ( "t1 b is absolutely fix$ at any giv5 mom5t ( hi/ory--does n live & disappe>s f ! /age4 ,! idiot & ! man ( g5ius1 ! />v+ wret* & ! millionaire1 ! dw>f & ! giant1 are s _m natural or social mon/]s1 & ,nature inexorably bla/s !m ) deg5]acy or /]ility1 no matt] :e!r !y be ! product ( ! organic life1 or ! effect ( ! social organization4 ,& s1 all families possess+ a monopoly ( any k9d--monopoly ( p[]1 ( weal? or ( tal5t--are inevitably de/9$ to become 9 _! late/ (f%oots imbeciles1 /]ile or suicides1 & f9ally to become ext9ct4 ,noble h\ses1 dyna/ies ( sov]eigns1 desc5dants ( millionaires--all foll[ ! common law :i*1 "h aga91 s]ves to confirm ! inductions--9 ?is s5se1 equalit>ian--( sci5ce & ( socialism4 ,,footnotes3 #bj ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic processes ( social dissolution is p>asitism4 ,,mass>t & ,,v&]velde1 ,p>asitism1 organic & social4 7,engli% translation47 ,swan1 ,sonn5s*e9 ,co41 ,london4 #ba ,,broca1 ,les slections 7 #f4 ,les slections sociales7 9 ,mmoires d' an?ropologie1 ,p>is1 #ahgg1 ,,iii41 #bje4 ,,lap\ge1 ,les slections sociales1 9 ,revue d' an?rop41 #ahhg1 p4 #eai4 ,,loria1 ,disc\rse su ,c>lo ,d>w91 ,,si5ne1 #ahhb4 ,,vadala1 ,d>w9ismo naturale e ,d>w9ismo sociale1 ,tur91 #ahhc4 ,,bordi]1 ,la vie des socits1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,,s]gi1 ,le deg5]azione umane1 ,milan1 #ahhi1 p4 #aeh4 ,,bebel1 ,woman 9 ! pa/1 pres5t & future4 #bb ,,max ,,nordau1 ,conv5tional ,lies ( our ,civilization4 7,engli% trans47 ,laird ,lee1 ,*icago1 #ahie4 #bc ,:ile ?is is %[n by all (ficial /ati/ics1 x is signally %[n by ! facts collat$ by ,m4 ,pagliani1 ! pres5t ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,bureau ( ,heal? 9 ! ,int]ior ,dep>tm5t1 :o has %[n t ! bodies ( ! poor are m backw>d & less develop$ ?an ^? ( ! ri*1 & t ?is diff]5ce1 ?\gh b slightly manife/ at bir?1 becomes great] & great] 9 aft] life1 i4 e4 z soon z ! influ5ce ( ! economic conditions makes itself felt 9 all its inexorable tyranny4 #bd ,,turati1 ,selezione s]vile1 9 ,critica ,sociale1 ,june #a1 #ahid4 ,,s]gi1 ,deg5]azione umane1 ,milan1 #ahhi4 #be ,,jacoby1 ,etudes sur la slection dans ses rapports avec l'hrdit *ez l'homme1 ,p>is1 #ahha1 p4 #fjf4 ,,lombroso1 ,l'uomo di g5io1 #f? edition1 ,tur91 #ahid1 has develop$ & complem5t$ ?is law4 ,?is law1 s easily =gott51 is neglect$ by ,,rit*ie 7,d>w9ism & ,politics4 ,london4 ,sonn5s*e91 #ahia47 9 ! section call$ ,does ! doctr9e ( ,h]$ity support ,ari/ocracy8 ,v4 ,,socialism ,,& ,,religi\s ,,beliefs4 ,n "o ( ! ?ree contradictions betwe5 socialism & ,d>w9ism1 :i* ,haeckel =mulat$1 & :i* s _m o!rs h e*o$ s9ce1 resi/s a c&id & m accurate exam9ation ( ! natural laws :i* be> ! "n ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,i add t n only is ,d>w9ism n 9 contradiction ) socialism1 b t x con/itutes "o ( its fundam5tal sci5tific premises4 ,z ,vir*[ ju/ly rem>k$1 socialism is no?+ b a logical & vital coroll>y1 9 "p ( ,d>w9ism1 9 "p ( ,sp5c]ian evolution4 ,! !ory ( ,d>w91 :e!r we wi% x or n1 by demon/rat+ t man is desc5d$ f ! animals1 has dealt a sev]e bl[ to ! belief 9 ,god z ! creator ( ! univ]se & ( man by a special fiat4 ,?is1 moreov]1 is :y ! mo/ bitt] opposition1 & ! only opposition :i* /ill cont9ues1 to its sci5tific inductions1 0 made & is made 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,x is true t ,d>w9 did n decl>e himself an a!i/#bf & t ,sp5c] is n "o2 x is also true t1 /rictly speak+1 ! !ory ( ,d>w91 l t ( ,sp5c]1 c also be reconcil$ ) ! belief 9 ,god1 s9ce x may be admitt$ t ,god creat$ matt] & =ce1 & t bo? aft]w>d evolv$ into _! successive =ms 9 accordance ) ! initial creative impulse4 ,nev]!less1 x _c be d5i$ t ^! !ories1 by r5d]+ ! idea ( causality m & m inflexible & univ]sal1 lead necess>ily to ! negation ( ,god1 s9ce !re always rema9s ?is "q3 ,& ,god1 :o creat$ him8 ,& if x is repli$ t ,god has always exi/$1 ! same reply may be flung back by ass]t+ t ! univ]se has always exi/$4 ,to use ! phrase ( ,ardig1 human ?\ght is only able to conceive ! *a9 :i* b9ds effects to causes z t]m9at+ at a giv5 po9t1 purely conv5tional4#bg ,god1 z ,laplace said1 is an hypo!sis ( :i* exact sci5ce has no ne$2 he is1 accord+ to ,h]z51 at ! mo/ an ,x1 :i* repres5ts n ! unkn[able--z ,sp5c] & ,dubois ,raymond cont5d--b all t :i* humanity does n yet "k4 ,!re=e1 x is a v>iable ,x :i* decreases 9 direct ratio to ! progress ( ! discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,x is = ?is v reason t sci5ce & religion are 9 inv]se ratio to ea* o!r2 ! "o dim9i%es & gr[s weak] 9 ! same proportion t ! o!r increases & gr[s /rong] 9 its /ruggle aga9/ ! unkn[n4#bh ,& if ?is is "o ( ! consequ5ces ( ,d>w9ism1 its influ5ce on ! developm5t ( socialism is q obvi\s4 ,! disappe>ance ( fai? 9 ! h]eaft]1 :]e ! poor %all become ! elect ( ! ,"l1 & :]e ! mis]ies ( ! vale ( te>s w f9d an et]nal comp5sation 9 p>adise1 gives great] /r5g? to ! desire = "s semblance ( an e>?ly p>adise "h bel[ ev5 = ! un=tunate & ! poor1 :o are ! great majority4 ,h>tmann & ,guyau#bi h %[n t ! evolution ( religi\s beliefs may be summ>iz$ ?us3 ,all religions include1 ) v>i\s o!r matt]s1 ! promise ( happ9ess2 b ! primitive religions conc$e t ?is happ9ess w be realiz$ dur+ ! life ( ! individual himself1 & ! lat] religions1 ?r\gh an excess ( reaction1 place its realization aft] dea?1 outside ! human _w2 9 ! f9al phase1 ?is realization ( happ9ess is once m plac$ )9 ! field ( human life1 no long] 9 ! ephem]al mom5t ( ! individual exi/5ce1 b inde$ 9 ! cont9u\s evolution ( all mank9d4 ,on ?is side1 !n1 socialism is closely relat$ to ! religi\s evolution1 & t5ds to sub/itute itself = religion1 s9ce its aim is = humanity to h its own e>?ly p>adise "h1 )\t hav+ to wait = x 9 ! h]eaft]1 :i*1 to say ! lea/1 is v problematical4 ,!re=e1 x has be5 v ju/ly rem>k$ t ! sociali/ movem5t has _m traits 9 common )1 = example1 primitive ,*ri/ianity1 notably t ard5t fai? 9 ! ideal t has def9itively des]t$ ! arid field ( b\rgeois skepticism1 & "s savants1 n sociali/s1 su* z ,messrs4 ,wallace1 de ,lavaleye & ! ,rob]ty1 etc41 admit t x is entirely possible = socialism to replace by its humanit>ian fai? ! fai? 9 ! h]eaft] ( ! =m] religions4 ,m direct & pot5t ?an ^! relations 7betwe5 socialism & fai? 9 a h]eaft]7 are1 h[ev]1 ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 socialism & ! belief 9 ,god4 ,x is true t ,m>xian ,socialism1 s9ce ! ,congress held at ,erfurt 7#ahia71 has rightly decl>$ t religi\s beliefs are private affairs#cj & t1 !re=e1 ! ,sociali/ p>ty combats religi\s intol]ance "u all its =ms1 :e!r x be direct$ aga9/ ,ca?olics#ca or aga9/ ,jews1 z ,i h %[n 9 an article aga9/ ,anti-,semitism4#cb ,b ?is bread? ( sup]iority ( view is1 at bottom1 only a consequ5ce ( ! confid5ce 9 f9al victory4 ,x is because socialism kn[s & =esees t religi\s beliefs1 :e!r "o reg>ds !m1 ) ,s]gi1#cc z pa?ological ph5om5a ( human psy*ology1 or z useless ph5om5a ( moral incru/ation1 are de/9$ to p]i% by atrophy ) ! ext5sion ( ev5 elem5t>y sci5tific culture4 ,?is is :y socialism does n feel ! necessity ( wag+ a special w>f>e aga9/ ^! religi\s beliefs :i* are de/9$ to disappe>4 ,x has assum$ ?is attitude al?\gh x kn[s t ! abs5ce or ! impairm5t ( ! belief 9 ,god is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful factors = its ext5sion1 because ! prie/s ( all religions h be51 ?r\gh\t all ! phases ( hi/ory1 ! mo/ pot5t allies ( ! rul+ classes 9 keep+ ! masses pliant & submissive "u ! yoke by means ( ! en*antm5t ( religion1 j z ! tam] keeps wild bea/s submissive by ! t]rors ( ! cracks ( 8 :ip4 ,& ?is is s true t ! mo/ cle>-sight$ cons]vatives1 ev5 ?\gh !y are a!i/s1 regret t ! religi\s s5tim5t--t preci\s n>cotic--is dim9i%+ among ! masses1 because !y see 9 x1 ?\gh _! ph>isaism does n p]mit !m to say x op5ly1 an in/rum5t ( political dom9ation4#cd ,un=tunately1 or =tunately1 ! religi\s s5tim5t _c be re-e/abli%$ by royal decree4 ,if x is disappe>+1 ! blame = ?is _c be laid at ! door ( any p>ticul> individual1 & !re is no ne$ ( a special propag&a aga9/ x1 because its antidote impregnates ! air we brea!--saturat$ ) ! inductions ( exp]im5tal sci5ce--& religion no long] meets ) conditions favorable to its developm5t z x did amid ! sup]/iti\s ignorance ( pa/ c5turies4 ,i h ?us %[n ! direct influ5ce ( mod]n sci5ce1 sci5ce bas$ on obs]vation & exp]im5t1--:i* has sub/itut$ ! idea ( natural causality = ! ideas ( miracle & div9ity1--on ! extremely rapid developm5t & on ! exp]im5tal f\ndation ( contempor>y socialism4 ,democratic socialism does n look ) unfri5dly eyes ^u ,ca?olic ,socialism 7! ,*ri/ian ,socialism ( ,s\!rn ,europe71 s9ce x has no?+ to fe> f x4 ,ca?olic socialism1 9 fact1 aids 9 ! propagation ( sociali/ ideas1 especially 9 ! rural di/ricts :]e religi\s fai? & practices are /ill v vigor\s1 b x w n w9 & we> ! palm ( victory ad majorem dei gloriam4 ,z ,i h %[n1 !re is a gr[+ antagonism betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 & ! sociali/ v>ni% _c pres]ve ,ca?olicism4 ,! e>?ly socialism has1 moreov]1 a mu* great] attractive p[]4 ,:5 ! peasants %all h become famili> ) ! views ( ,ca?olic socialism1 x w be v easy = democratic socialism to rally !m "u its own flag--!y w1 inde$1 conv]t !mselves4 ,socialism occupies an analog\s position ) reg>d to republicanism4 ,j z a!ism is a private affair :i* conc]ns ! individual consci5ce1 s a republican =m ( gov]nm5t is a private affair :i* int]e/s only a "p ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,c]ta9ly1 by ! "t t socialism draws ne> to its day ( triumph1 a!ism w h made imm5se progress1 & a republican =m ( gov]nm5t w h be5 e/abli%$ 9 _m c\ntries :i* to-day submit to a mon>*ical regime4 ,b x is n socialism :i* develops a!ism1 any m ?an x is socialism :i* w e/abli% republicanism4 ,a!ism is a product ( ! !ories ( ,d>w9 & ,sp5c] 9 ! pres5t b\rgeois civilization1 & republicanism has be5 & w be1 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries1 ! "w ( a portion ( ! capitali/ b\rgeoisie1 z 0 rec5tly said 9 "s ( ! cons]vative newspap]s ( ,milan 7,corri]e della s]a & ,idea lib]ale71 :5 ! mon>*y %all no long] s]ve ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 t is to say ( ! class 9 p[]4 ,! evolution f absolute mon>*y to con/itutional mon>*y & to republicanism is an obvi\s hi/orical law2 9 ! pres5t phase ( civilization ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two latt] is 9 ! elective or h]$it>y "* ( ! head ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe1 ! b\rgeoisie !mselves ,hill dem& ! transition f mon>*y to republicanism1 9 ord] to put (f z long z possible ! triumph ( socialism4 ,9 ,italy z 9 ,france1 9 ,engl& z 9 ,spa91 we see only too _m republicans or radicals ^: attitude ) reg>d to social que/ions is m b\rgeois & m cons]vative ?an t ( ! intellig5t cons]vatives4 ,at ,montecitorio1 = example1 !re is ,imbriani ^: op9ions on religi\s & social matt]s are m cons]vative ?an ^? ( ,m4 di ,rud9i4 ,imbriani1 ^: p]sonality is moreov] v attractive1 has nev] attack$ ! prie/s or monks--?is man :o attacks ! entire univ]se & v (t5 ) good reason1 al?\gh )\t mu* success on acc\nt ( mi/ak5 me?ods--& he 0 ! only "o to oppose ev5 ! consid]ation ( a law propos$ by ! ,dput ,f]r>i1 :i* increas$ ! tax on e/ates inh]it$ by collat]al heirs6 ,socialism !n has no m int]e/ 9 prea*+ republicanism ?an x has 9 prea*+ a!ism4 ,to ea* 8 role 7or task71 is ! law ( division ( labor4 ,! /ruggle = a!ism is ! bus9ess ( sci5ce2 ! e/abli%m5t ( republicanism 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe has be5 & w be ! "w ( ! b\rgeoisie !mselves--:e!r !y be cons]vative or radical4 ,all ?is con/itutes ! hi/orical progress t[>d socialism1 & individuals are p[]less to prev5t or delay ! succession ( ! phases ( ! moral1 political & social evolution4 ,,footnotes3 #bf ,d>w9 nev] made a decl>ation ( a!ism1 b t 0 9 fact 8 way ( look+ at ! problem 7sa manire de voir474 ,:ile ,haeckel1 conc]n$ solely ) triumph+ ov] ! opposition1 said at ! ,congress ( ,eis5a* 7#ahhb7 t ,d>w9 0 n an a!i/1 ,b*n]1 on ! contr>y1 publi%$ %ortly aft]w>d a lett] :i* ,d>w9 _h writt5 him1 & 9 :i* he av[$ t s9ce ! age ( =ty ye>s1 8 sci5tific /udies _h l$ him to a!ism4 7,see also1 ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,k>l ,m>x3 ,a ,comp>ison1 by ,ed4 ,avel+4 ,publi%$ by ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,press1 ,london4--,translator47 ,9 ! same way1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill nev] decl>$ himself a ,sociali/1 b t1 nev]!less1 9 op9ion he 0 "o1 is made evid5t by 8 autobiography & 8 po/hum\s fragm5ts on ,socialism4 7,see ,! ,socialism ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,humboldt ,pub4 ,co41 ,new ,york4--,tr47 #bg ,,ardig1 ,la ,=mazione naturale1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( 8 ,op]e filologi*e1 & ,vol4 ,,vi41 ,la ,ragione1 ,padone1 #ahid4 #bh ,guyau1 ,l',irrligion de l'av5ir4 ,p>is4 #ahhg4 #bi ,! dom9ant factor1 nev]!less1 9 religi\s beliefs1 is ! h]$it>y or traditional s5tim5tal factor2 ?is x is :i* always r5d]s !m respectable :5 !y are pr(ess$ 9 good fai?1 & (t5 makes !m ev5 appeal to our sympa?ies1--& ?is is precisely because ( ! +5u\s or ref9$ s5sibility ( ! p]sons 9 :om religi\s fai? is ! mo/ vital & s9c]e4 #cj ,,nitti1 ,le ,socialisme ca?olique1 ,p>is1 #ahid1 p4 #bg & #cic4 #ca ,its usual =m 9 ,am]ica4--,translator4 #cb ,nuova ,rassegna1 ,augu/1 #ahid4 #cc ,,s]gi1 ,l'orig9e dei f5om5i psi*ici e loro significazione biologica1 ,milan1 #ahhe1 p4 #ccd1 et seq4 #cd ,,durkheim1 ,de la division du travail social4 ,p>is4 #ahic4 ,z reg>ds ! pret5d$ influ5ce ( religion on p]sonal morality ,i h %[n h[ v slight a f\ndation !re 0 = ?is op9ion 9 my /udies on crim9al psy*ology1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,omicidio nell' antropologia crim9ale4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,individual ,,& ,,! ,,species4 ,x c also be %[n t sci5tific socialism proce$s directly f ,d>w9ism by an exam9ation ( ! diff]5t modes ( conceiv+ ( ! individual 9 relation to ! species4 ,! eighte5? c5tury clos$ ) ! exclusive glorification ( ! individual1 ( ! man--z an entity 9 himself4 ,9 ! works ( ,r\sseau ?is 0 only a b5efic5t1 ?\gh exagg]at$ re-action aga9/ ! political & sac]dotal tyranny ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is individualism l$ directly to t artificiality 9 politics1 :i* ,i w consid] a little fur!r on 9 /udy+ ! relations betwe5 ! !ory ( evolution & socialism1 & :i* is common to ! rul+ classes "u ! b\rgeois regime & to ! individuali/ic an>*i/s1--s9ce bo? alike imag9e t ! social organization c be *ang$ 9 a day by ! magical effect ( a bomb1--m or less murd]\s4 ,mod]n biology has radically *ang$ ?is conception ( ! individual & x has demon/rat$1 9 ! doma9 ( biology z 9 t ( sociology1 t ! individual is himself only an aggregation ( m simple liv+ elem5ts1 & likewise t ! individual 9 himself1 ! ,selb/wes5 ( ! ,g]mans1 does n exi/ 9 indep5d5t isolation1 b only z a memb] ( a society 7,gli$wes574 ,e liv+ object is an association1 a collectivity4 ,! monad itself1 ! liv+ cell1 ! irr$ucible expression ( biological individuality1 is also an aggregate ( v>i\s p>ts 7nucleus1 nuclole1 protoplasm71 & ea* "o ( !m 9 its turn is an aggregate ( molecules :i* are aggregates ( atoms4 ,! atom does n exi/ alone1 z an individual2 ! atom is invisible & impalpable & x does n live4 ,& ! complexity ( ! aggregation1 ! f$]ation ( ! p>ts con/antly increases ) ! asc5t 9 ! zoological s]ies f protozoa to ,man4 ,unify+1 ,jacob9 artificiality corresponds to ! metaphysics ( individualism1 j z ! conception ( national & int]national f$]alism corresponds to ! sci5tific "* ( mod]n socialism4 ,! organism ( a mammal is simply a f$]ation ( tissues1 organs & anatomical ma*9]y2 ! organism ( a society c consi/ ( no?+ b a f$]ation ( communes1 prov9ces & regions2 ! organism ( humanity c be no?+ b a f$]ation ( nations4 ,if x is absurd to conceive ( a mammal ^: head %\ld h to move 9 ! same fa%ion z ! extremities & all ( ^: extremities w\ld h to p]=m ! same motions simultane\sly1 !re is no less absurdity 9 a political & adm9i/rative organization 9 :i* ! extreme nor!rn prov9ce or ! m\nta9\s prov9ce1 = in/ance1 h to h ! same bureaucratic ma*9]y1 ! same body ( laws1 ! same me?ods1 etc41 z ! extreme s\!rn prov9ce or ! prov9ce made up ( pla9s1 solely ?r\gh ! passion = symmetrical uni=mity1 t pa?ological expression ( unity4 ,if we disreg>d ^? consid]ations ( a political ord] :i* make x possible to conclude1 z ,i h done else:]e1#ce t ! only possible organization = ,italy1 z = e o!r c\ntry1 appe>$ to me to be t ( an adm9i/rative f$]alism comb9$ ) political unity1 we c reg>d x z manife/1 t at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! individual1 z an indep5d5t entity1 is de?ron$ alike 9 biology & sociology4 ,! individual exi/s1 b only 9 s f> z he =ms a "p ( a social aggregate4 ,rob9son ,crusoe--t p]fect type ( individualism--c n possibly be aught b a leg5d or a pa?ological specim54 ,! species--t is to say1 ! social aggregate--is ! great1 ! liv+ & et]nal reality ( life1 z has be5 demon/rat$ by ,d>w9ism & confirm$ by all ! inductive sci5ces f a/ronomy to sociology4 ,at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,r\sseau ?\ght t ! individual alone exi/$1 & t society 0 an artificial product ( ! social contract &1 z he attribut$ 7j z ,ari/otle _h done 9 ! case ( slav]y7 a p]man5t human "* to ! transitory manife/ations ( ! p]iod1 su* z ! rott5ness ( ! regime "u :i* he liv$1 he fur!r ?\ght t ,society 0 ! cause ( all evils1 & t individuals are all born good & equal4 ,at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 on ! contr>y1 all ! inductive sci5ces agree 9 recogniz+ t society1 ! social aggregate1 is a fact ( ,nature1 insep>able f life1 9 ! vegetable species z 9 ! animal species1 f ! l[e/ animal colonies ( zoophytes up to societies ( mammals 7h]bivora71 & to human society4#cf ,all t is be/ 9 ! individual1 he owes to ! social life1 al?\gh e phase ( evolution is m>k$ at its decl9e by pa?ological conditions ( social decay--ess5tially transitory1 h[ev]--:i* inevitably prec$e a new cycle ( social r5ovation4 ,! individual1 z su*1 if he c\ld live1 w\ld fulfill only "o ( ! two fundam5tal requirem5ts 7ne$s7 ( exi/5ce3 alim5tation--t is to say1 ! selfi% pres]vation ( 8 own organism1 by means ( t primordial & fundam5tal function1 :i* ,ari/otle designat$ by ! "n ( ctesi--! conque/ ( food4 ,b all individuals h to live 9 society because a second fundam5tal requirem5t ( life imposes itself ^u ! individual1 viz41 ! reproduction ( be+s l himself = ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,x is ?is life ( relation%ip & reproduction 7sexual & social7 :i* gives bir? to ! moral or social s5se1 :i* enables ! individual n only to be1 b to co-exi/ ) 8 fell[s4 ,x may be said t ^! two fundam5tal in/9cts ( life--bread & love--by _! function+ ma9ta9 a social equilibrium 9 ! life ( animals1 & especially 9 ,man4 ,x is love :i* causes1 9 ! great majority ( m51 ! pr9cipal physiological & psy*ical exp5diture ( ! =ces accumulat$ 9 l>g] or small] quantities by ! consumption ( daily bread1 & :i* ! daily labor has n absorb$ or :i* p>asitic inaction has left intact4 ,ev5 m--love is ! only pleasure :i* truly has a univ]sal & equalit>ian "*4 ,! p h nam$ x ! p>adise ( ! poor2 & religions h always bidd5 !m to enjoy x )\t limits--be fruitful & multiply--because ! erotic exhau/ion :i* results f x1 especially 9 males1 dim9i%es or hides b5ea? ! pall ( =getfulness ! tortures ( hung] & s]vile labor1 & p]man5tly en]vates ! en]gy ( ! individual2 & to ?is ext5t x p]=ms a function useful to ! rul+ class4 ,b indissolubly l9k$ to ?is effect ( ! sexual in/9ct !re is an o!r1 ! increase ( ! population4 ,h5ce x happ5s t ! desire to et]nize a giv5 social ord] is ?w>t$ & defeat$ by ! pressure ( ?is population :i* 9 our epo* assumes ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! prolet>iat1--& ! social evolution cont9ues its inexorable & inevitable =w>d m>*4 ,x foll[s f our discussion t :ile at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 ?\ght t ,society 0 made = ! individual--& f t ! d$uction c\ld be made t millions ( individuals c\ld & ought to toil & suff] = ! exclusive advantage ( a few individuals--at ! end ( our c5tury ! inductive sci5ces h demon/rat$1 j ! opposite1 t x is ! individual :o lives = ! species & t ! latt] is ! only et]nal reality ( life4 ,!re we h ! />t+-po9t ( ! sociological or sociali/ t5d5cy ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght 9 ! face ( ! exagg]at$ individualism inh]it$ f ! la/ c5tury4 ,mod]n biology also demon/rates t x is necess>y to avoid ! opposite excess--into :i* c]ta9 s*ools ( utopian socialism & ( communism fall--! excess ( reg>d+ only ! int]e/s ( ,society & altoge!r neglect+ ! individual4 ,an o!r biological law %[s u1 9 fact1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! aggregation is ! resultant ( ! life ( all ! individuals1 j z ! exi/5ce ( an individual is ! resultant ( ! life ( its con/itu5t cells4 ,we h demon/rat$ t ! socialism :i* *>act]izes ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & :i* w illum9e ! dawn ( ! com+ c5tury is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! entire curr5t ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,?is h>mony manife/s itself ev5 on ! fundam5tal "q ( ! pr$om9ance giv5 to ! vital necessity ( collective or social solid>ity ov] ! dogmatic exagg]ations ( individualism1 & if ! latt] at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury 0 ! outw>d sign ( a pot5t & fruitful awak5+1 x inevitably leads1 ?r\gh ! pa?ological manife/ations ( unbridl$ competition1 to ! lib]t>ian explosions ( an>*ism :i* prea*es individual action1 & :i* is entirely oblivi\s ( human & social solid>ity4 ,we n[ come to ! la/ po9t ( contact & ess5tial on5ess t !re is betwe5 ,d>w9ism & socialism4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,sociologie crim9elle1 ,fr5* trans41 ,p>is1 #ahib4 #cf ,i _c consid] "h ! rec5t attempt at eclecticism made by ,m4 ,f\ille & o!rs4 ,m4 ,f\ille wi%es to oppose1 or at lea/ to add1 to ! naturali/ic conception ( society ! cons5sual or contractual conception4 ,evid5tly1 s9ce no !ory is absolutely false1 !re is ev5 9 ?is cons5sual !ory a %>e ( tru?1 & ! lib]ty ( emigration may be an in/ance ( x--z long z ?is lib]ty is compatible ) ! economic int]e/s ( ! class 9 p[]4 ,b1 obvi\sly1 ?is cons5t1 :i* does n exi/ at ! bir? ( ea* individual into su* or su* a society 7& ?is fact ( bir? is ! mo/ decisive & tyrannical factor 9 life7 also has v little to d ) ! developm5t ( 8 aptitudes & t5d5cies1 dom9at$ z !y are by ! iron law ( ! economic & political organization 9 :i* he is an atom4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,life ,,& ,,! ,,class-,,/ruggle4 ,d>w9ism has demon/rat$ t ! entire me*anism ( animal evolution may be r$uc$ to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 individuals ( ! same species on ! "o h&1 & betwe5 ea* species & ! :ole _w ( liv+ be+s4 ,9 ! same way all ! ma*9]y ( social evolution has be5 r$uc$ by ,m>xian socialism to ! law ( ! ,/ruggle betwe5 ,classes4 ,?is !ory n only gives u ! secret motive-p[] & ! only sci5tific explanation ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d2 x also furni%es ! ideal & rigid /&>d ( discipl9e = political socialism & ?us enables x to avoid all ! ela/ic1 vapor\s1 inconclusive unc]ta9ties ( s5tim5tal socialism4 ,! only sci5tific explanation ( ! hi/ory ( animal life is to be f\nd 9 ! gr& ,d>w9ian law ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 x alone enables u to det]m9e ! natural causes ( ! appe>ance1 developm5t & disappe>ance ( vegetable & animal species f paleontological times d[n to our own day4 ,9 ! same way ! only explanation ( ! hi/ory ( human life is to be f\nd 9 ! gr& ,m>xian law ( ! /ruggle betwe5 classes2 ?anks to x ! annals ( primitive1 b>b>\s & civiliz$ humanity cease to be a caprici\s & sup]ficial kaleidoscopic arrangem5t ( individual episodes 9 ord] to become a gr& & inevitable drama1 det]m9$--:e!r ! actors realize x or n1 9 its smalle/ int]nal details z well z 9 its cata/rophes--by ! economic conditions1 :i* =m ! indisp5sable1 physical basis ( life & by ! /ruggle betwe5 ! classes to obta9 & keep control ( ! economic =ces1 ^u :i* all ! o!rs--political1 juridical & moral--necess>ily dep5d4 ,i w h occasion to speak m at l5g?--9 /udy+ ! relations betwe5 sociology & socialism--( ?is gr& conception1 :i* is ! imp]i%able glory ( ,m>x & :i* assures him 9 sociology ! place :i* ,d>w9 occupies 9 biology & ,sp5c] 9 philosophy4#cg ,= ! mom5t x suffices = me to po9t out ?is new po9t ( contact betwe5 ,socialism & ,d>w9ism4 ,! expression1 ,class-,/ruggle1 s repugnant :5 fir/ he>d or se5 7& ,i confess t x produc$ ?is impression on me :5 ,i _h n yet grasp$ ! sci5tific import ( ! ,m>xian !ory71 furni%es u1 if x be correctly und]/ood1 ! prim>y law ( human hi/ory &1 !re=e1 x alone c give u ! c]ta9 index ( ! adv5t ( ! new phase ( evolution :i* ,socialism =esees & :i* x /rives to ha/54 ,to ass]t ! exi/5ce ( ! class-/ruggle is equival5t to say+ t human society1 l all o!r liv+ organisms1 is n a homog5e\s :ole1 ! sum ( a great] or small] numb] ( individuals2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 a liv+ organism :i* is made up ( div]se p>ts1 & _! diff]5tiation con/antly increases 9 direct ratio to ! degree ( social evolution atta9$4 ,j z a protozoon is almo/ :olly compos$ ( album9oid gelat9e1 :ile a mammal is compos$ ( tissues widely v>y+ 9 k9d1 9 ! same way a tribe ( primitive savages1 )\t a *ief1 is compos$ simply ( a few families & ! aggregation is ! result ( m]e mat]ial prop9quity1 :ile a civiliz$ society ( ! hi/orical or contemporane\s p]iod is made up ( social classes :i* diff]1 ! "o f ! o!r1 ei!r ?r\gh ! physio-psy*ical con/itutions ( _! compon5t memb]s1 or ?r\gh ! :ole ( _! cu/oms & t5d5cies1 & _! p]sonal1 family or social life4 ,^! diff]5t classes may be rigor\sly sep>at$4 ,9 anci5t ,india !y range f ! brahman to ! sudra3 9 ! ,europe ( ! ,middle ,ages1 f ! ,emp]or & ! ,pope to ! feudatory & ! vassal1 d[n to ! artisan1 & an individual _c pass f "o class into ano!r1 z 8 social condition is det]m9$ solely by ! haz>d ( bir?4 ,classes may lose _! legal "*1 z happ5$ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & exceptionally !re may be an in/ance ( an individual pass+ f "o class into ano!r1 analog\sly to ! endosmose & exosmose ( molecules1 or1 to use ! phrase ( ,m4 ,dumont1 by a sort ( social capill>ity4 ,b1 9 any case1 ^! diff]5t classes exi/ z an assur$ reality & !y resi/ e juridical attempt at level+ z long z ! fundam5tal reason = _! diff]5tiation rema9s4 ,x is ,k>l ,m>x :o1 bett] ?an any "o else1 has prov$ ! tru? ( ?is !ory by ! mass ( sociological obs]vations :i* he has drawn f societies "u ! mo/ div]se economic conditions4 ,! names 7( ! classes71 ! circum/ances & ph5om5a ( _! ho/ile contact & conflict may v>y ) ! v>y+ phases ( social evolution1 b ! tragic ess5ce ( hi/ory always appe>s 9 ! antagonism betwe5 ^? :o hold ! monopoly ( ! means ( production--& ^! are few--& ^? :o h be5 robb$ 7expropriat$7 ( !m--& ^! are ! great majority4 ,w>riors & %eph]ds 9 ! primitive societies1 z soon z fir/1 family & !n individual own]%ip ( l& has sup]s$$ ! primitive collectivism2 patricians & plebeians--feudatories & vassals--nobles & common p--b\rgeoisie & prolet>iat2 ^! are s _m manife/ations ( "o & ! same fact--! monopoly ( weal? on "o side1 & productive labor on ! o!r4 ,n[1 ! great importance ( ! ,m>xian law--! /ruggle betwe5 classes--consi/s pr9cipally 9 ! fact t x indicates ) great exactness j :at is 9 tru? ! vital po9t ( ! social "q & by :at me?od its solution may be rea*$4 ,z long z no "o _h %[n on positive evid5ce ! economic basis ( ! political1 juridical & moral life1 ! aspirations ( ! great majority = ! amelioration ( social conditions aim$ vaguely at ! dem& & ! p>tial conque/ ( "s accessory in/rum5tality1 su* z fre$om ( wor%ip1 political suffrage1 public education1 etc4 ,& c]ta9ly1 ,i h no desire to d5y ! great utility ( ^! conque/s4 ,b ! sancta sanctorum always rema9$ imp5etrable to ! eyes ( ! masses1 & z economic p[] cont9u$ to be ! privilege ( a few1 all ! conque/s & all ! concessions _h no real basis1 sep>at$1 z !y 71 f ! solid & fecund f\ndation :i* alone c give life & abid+ p[]4 ,n[1 t ,socialism has %[n--ev5 be=e ,m>x1 b nev] be=e ) s mu* sci5tific precision--t individual own]%ip1 private prop]ty 9 l& & ! means ( production is ! vital po9t ( ! "q--! problem is =mulat$ 9 exact t]ms 9 ! consci\sness ( contemporane\s humanity4 ,:at me?od w x be necess>y to employ 9 ord] to aboli% ?is monopoly ( economic p[]1 & ! mass ( suff]+ & ills1 ( hate & inju/ice :i* fl[ f x8 ,! me?od ( ! ,class ,/ruggle1 bas$ on ! sci5tifically prov5 fact t e class t5ds to pres]ve & increase its acquir$ advantages & privileges1 tea*es ! class depriv$ ( economic p[] t 9 ord] to succe$ 9 conqu]+ x1 ! /ruggle 7we w consid]1 fur!r on1 ! =ms ( ?is /ruggle7 mu/ be a /ruggle ( class aga9/ class1 & n ( individual aga9/ individual4 ,hatr$ t[>d su* or su* an individual--ev5 if x result 9 8 dea?--does n advance u a s+le /ep t[>d ! solution ( ! problem2 x r ret>ds its solution1 because x provokes a reaction 9 ! g5]al feel+ aga9/ p]sonal viol5ce & x violates ! pr9ciple ( respect = ! human p]son :i* socialism proclaims mo/ emphatically = ! b5efit ( all & aga9/ all oppon5ts4 ,! solution ( ! problem does n become easi] because x is recogniz$ t ! pres5t abnormal condition1 :i* is becom+ m & m acute--mis]y = ! masses & pleasure = a few--is n ! consequ5ce ( ! bad int5tions ( su* or su* an individual4 ,view$ f ?is side also socialism is1 9 fact1 9 p]fect h>mony ) mod]n sci5ce1 :i* d5ies ! free w ( man & sees 9 human activity1 individual & collective1 a necess>y effect ^: det]m9+ causes are ! conditions ( race & environm5t1 act+ concurr5tly4#ch ,crime1 suicide1 insanity1 mis]y are n ! fruits ( free w1 ( individual faults1 z metaphysical spiritualism believes1 & nei!r is x an effect ( free w1 a fault ( ! individual capitali/ if ! work+man is badly paid1 if he is )\t "w1 if he is poor & mis]able4 ,all social ph5om5a are ! necess>y resultants ( ! hi/orical conditions & ( ! environm5t4 ,9 ! mod]n _w ! facility & ! great] frequ5cy ( communication & relations ( e k9d betwe5 all p>ts ( ! e>? h also increas$ ! dep5d5ce ( e fact--economic1 political1 juridical1 e?ical1 arti/ic or sci5tific--^u ! mo/ remote & app>5tly unrelat$ conditions ( ! life ( ! great _w4 ,! pres5t organization ( private prop]ty ) no re/rictions ^u ! "r ( inh]itance by desc5t or ^u p]sonal accumulation2 ! ev] increas+ & m p]fect application ( sci5tific discov]ies to ! facilitation ( human labor--! labor ( adapt+ ! mat]ials furni%$ by ,nature to human ne$s2 ! telegraph & ! /eam-eng9e1 ! con/antly ov]fl[+ torr5t ( human migrations--all ^! b9d1 ) invisible b infrangible ?reads1 ! exi/5ce ( a family ( peasants1 "w-p or petty trades-p to ! life ( ! :ole _w4 ,& ! h>ve/ ( c(fee1 cotton or :eat 9 ! mo/ di/ant c\ntries makes its effects felt 9 all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w1 j z ! decrease or increase ( ! sun-spots are ph5om5a co-incid5t ) ! p]iodical agricultural crises & h a direct influ5ce on ! de/9ies ( millions ( m54 ,?is magnific5t sci5tific conception ( ! unity ( physical =ces1 to use ! expression ( ,p4 ,sec*i1 or ( univ]sal solid>ity is f>1 inde$1 f t infantile conception :i* f9ds ! causes ( human ph5om5a 9 ! free wills ( individuals4 ,if a sociali/ 7 to attempt1 ev5 = philan?ropic purposes1 to e/abli% a factory 9 ord] to give "w to ! unemploy$1 & if he 7 to produce articles out ( fa%ion or = :i* !re 0 no g5]al dem&1 he w\ld soon become bankrupt 9 spite ( 8 philan?ropic int5tions by an inevitable effect ( inexorable economic laws4 ,or1 aga91 if a sociali/ %\ld give ! labor]s 9 8 e/abli%m5t wages two or ?ree times z high z ! curr5t rate ( wages1 he w\ld evid5tly h ! same fate1 s9ce he w\ld be dom9at$ by ! same economic laws1 & he w\ld h to sell 8 commodities at a loss or keep !m unsold 9 8 w>eh\ses1 because 8 prices = ! same qualities ( goods w\ld be above ! m>ket price4 ,he w\ld be decl>$ a bankrupt & ! only consolation ! _w w\ld (f] him w\ld be to call him an hone/ man 7brave homme72 & 9 ! pres5t phase ( m]cantile e?ics we "k :at ?is expression means4#ci ,!re=e1 )\t reg>d to ! p]sonal relations1 m or less cordial1 betwe5 capitali/s & work+m51 _! respective economic situations are inexorably det]m9$ by ! pres5t 7indu/rial7 organization1 9 accordance ) ! law ( surplus-labor :i* enabl$ ,m>x to expla9 & demon/rate irrefutably h[ ! capitali/ is able to accumulate weal? )\t work+1--because ! labor] produces 9 8 day's "w an am\nt ( weal? exce$+ 9 value ! wage he receives1 & ?is surplus-product =ms ! gratuit\s 7une>n$7 pr(it ( ! capitali/4 ,ev5 if we d$uct f ! total pr(its 8 pay = te*nical & adm9i/rative sup]9t5d5ce1 ?is une>n$ surplus-product /ill rema9s4 ,l&1 ab&on$ to ! sun & ! ra91 does n1 ( itself1 produce ei!r :eat or w9e4 ,m9]als d n come =?1 unaid$1 f ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,a bag ( doll>s %ut up 9 a safe does n produce doll>s1 z a c[ produces calves4 ,! production ( weal? results only f a trans=mation ( 7,nature-giv57 mat]ials effect$ by human labor4 ,& x is only because ! peasant tills ! l&1 because ! m9] extracts m9]als1 because ! labor] sets ma*9]y 9 motion1 because ! *emi/ makes exp]im5ts 9 8 laboratory1 because ! eng9e] inv5ts ma*9]y1 etc41 t ! capitali/ or ! l&lord--?\gh ! weal? inh]it$ f 8 fa!r may h co/ him no labor1 & ?\gh he may practise abs5teeism & ?us make no p]sonal ex]tion--is able e ye> to enjoy ri*es t o!rs h produc$ = him1 9 ex*ange = wret*$ lodg+s & inadequate n\ri%m5t--:ile ! work]s are1 9 mo/ cases1 poison$ by ! miasmatic vapors f riv]s or m>%es1 by gas 9 m9es & by du/ 9 factories--9 brief1 9 ex*ange = wages :i* are always inadequate1 to assure ! work]s conditions ( exi/5ce wor?y ( human creatures4 ,ev5 "u a sy/em ( absolute mtayage 7%>e-f>m+7--:i* has be5 call$ a =m ( practical socialism--we always h ?is "q left unansw]$4 ,by :at miracle does ! l&lord1 :o does n "w1 get 8 b>ns & h\ses fill$ ) :eat & oil & w9e 9 suffici5t quantities to enable him to live 9 ample com=t1 :ile ! mtay] 7! t5ant on %>es7 is oblig$ to "w e day1 9 ord] to wre/ f ! e>? en\gh to support himself & 8 family 9 wret*$ness8 ,& ! sy/em ( mtayage does at lea/ give ! t5ant ! tranquilliz+ assurance t he w rea* ! end ( ! ye> )\t exp]i5c+ all ! horrors ( en=c$ idl5ess to :i* ! ord9>y day or wage labor]s are condemn$ 9 bo? city & c\ntry4 ,b1 9 sub/ance1 ! :ole problem 9 its entirety rema9s unsolv$ 7ev5 "u ?is sy/em71 & !re is always "o man :o lives 9 com=t1 )\t work+1 because t5 o!rs live poorly by work+4#dj ,?is is ! way ! sy/em ( private prop]ty works1 & ^! are ! consequ5ces x produces1 )\t any reg>d to ! wills or wi%es ( individuals4 ,!re=e1 e attempt made aga9/ su* or su* an individual is condemn$ to rema9 b>r5 ( results2 x is ! rul+ t5d5cy ( ,society1 ! objective po9t :i* mu/ be *ang$1 x is private own]%ip :i* mu/ be aboli%$1 n by a p>tition 7divid+ up71 :i* w\ld result 9 ! mo/ extreme & p]nici\s =m ( private own]%ip1 s9ce by ! end ( a ye> ! p]si/5ce ( ! old individuali/ pr9ciple w\ld re/ore ! /atus quo ante1 & all ! advantage w\ld accrue solely to ! mo/ crafty & ! lea/ scrupul\s4 ,our aim mu/ be ! abolition ( private own]%ip & ! e/abli%m5t ( collective & social own]%ip 9 l& & ! means ( production4 ,?is sub/itution _c be ! subject = a decree1--?\gh ! int5tion to effect x by a decree is attribut$ to u--b x is 9 c\rse ( accompli%m5t "u our eyes1 e day1 f h\r to h\r1 directly or indirectly4 ,directly1 because civilization %[s u ! cont9u\s sub/itution ( public own]%ip & social functions = private own]%ip & individual functions4 ,roads1 po/al sy/ems1 railways1 museums1 city light+-plants1 wat]-plants1 s*ools1 etc41 :i* 7 only a few ye>s s9ce private prop]ties & functions1 h become social prop]ties & functions4 ,& x w\ld be absurd to imag9e t ?is direct process ( socialization is de/9$ to come to a halt to-day1 in/ead ( becom+ progressively m & m m>k$1 9 accordance ) e t5d5cy ( our mod]n life4 ,indirectly1 s9ce x is ! outcome t[>d :i* ! economic individualism ( ! b\rgeoisie t5ds4 ,! b\rgeois class1 :i* takes its "n f ! dwell]s 9 ! b\rgs 7t[ns7 :i* ! feudal *ateau & ! ,*ur*--symbols ( ! class !n dom9ant--protect$1 is ! result ( fecund labor intellig5tly direct$ t[>d its goal & ( hi/orical conditions :i* h *ang$ ! economic /ructure & t5d5cy ( ! _w 7! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 = in/ance74 ,?is class a*iev$ its revolution 9 ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & conqu]$ ! political p[]4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! civiliz$ _w1 x has inscrib$ a page 9 lett]s ( gold by ^? wondr\s developm5ts 9 ! lives ( nations t are truly epic 9 "*1 & by its m>vel\s applications ( sci5ce to indu/ry 444 b x is n[ trav]s+ ! d[nw>d bran* ( ! p>abola1 & symptoms are appe>+ :i* ann\nce to u--& (f] pro( ( _! ann\ncem5t--its dissolution2 )\t its disappe>ance1 moreov]1 ! adv5t & e/abli%m5t ( a new social phase w\ld be impossible4 ,economic individualism c>ri$ out to its ultimate logical consequ5ces1 necess>ily causes ! progressive multiplication ( prop]ty 9 h&s ( a con/antly dim9i%+ numb] ( p]sons4 ,milli>daire 7billionaire7 is a new ^w1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ?is new ^w s]ves to express & emphasize t ph5om5on--9 :i* ,h5ry ,george saw ! hi/oric law ( individualism--( ! ri* becom+ ri*] :ile ! poor become poor]4#da ,n[ x is evid5t t ! small] is ! numb] ( ^? :o hold possession ( ! l& & ! means ( production ! easi] is _! expropriation--) or )\t indemnification--= ! b5efit ( a s+le proprietor :i* is & c be ,society alone4 ,l& is ! physical basis ( ! social organism4 ,x is !n absurd = x to belong to a few & n to ! :ole social collectivity2 x w\ld n be any m absurd = ! air we brea! to be ! monopoly ( a few airlords4 ,t 7! socialization ( ! l& & ! means ( production7 is truly ! supreme goal ( socialism1 b evid5tly x c n be rea*$ by attack+ su* or su* a l&lord1 or su* or su* a capitali/4 ,! individuali/ mode ( conflict is de/9$ to rema9 b>r5 ( results1 or1 to say ! lea/1 x requires a t]ribly extravagant exp5diture ( /r5g? & ef=ts to obta9 m]ely p>tial or provisional results4 ,& s ^? politicians1 ^: conception ( /atesman%ip is a c>e] ( daily1 trivial prote/s1 :o see no?+ 9 politics b a /ruggle betwe5 individuals--& ^? tactics no long] produce any effect ei!r on ! public or on legislative assemblies1 because !y h at la/ become wont$ to !m--produce j ab\t z mu* effect z w\ld fanta/ic *ampions ( hygi5e :o %\ld attempt to r5d] a m>% inhabitable by kill+ ! mosquitoes "o by "o ) %ots f a revolv]1 in/ead ( adopt+ z _! me?od & _! goal ! dra9+ ( ! pe/il5tial m>%4 ,no individual conflicts1 no p]sonal viol5ce1 b a ,class ,/ruggle4 ,x is necess>y to make ! imm5se army ( work]s ( all trades & ( all pr(essions consci\s ( ^! fundam5tal tru?s4 ,x is necess>y to %[ !m t _! class int]e/s are 9 opposition to ! int]e/s ( ! class :o possess ! economic p[]1 & t x is by class-consci\s organization t !y w conqu] ?is economic p[] ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! o!r public p[]s t mod]n civilization has assur$ to free peoples4 ,x may1 nev]!less1 be =ese5 t1 9 e c\ntry1 ! rul+ class1 be=e yield+1 w abridge or de/roy ev5 ^! public lib]ties :i* 7 )\t dang] = !m :5 !y 7 9 ! h&s ( labor]s n organiz$ into a class-consci\s p>ty1 b =m+ ! re>gu>d ( o!r purely political p>ties1 z radical on second>y que/ions z !y are pr(\ndly cons]vative on ! fundam5tal "q ( ! economic organization ( prop]ty4 ,a ,class-,/ruggle1 !re=e a /ruggle ( class aga9/ class2 & a /ruggle 7?is is und]/ood71 by ! me?ods ( :i* ,i w soon speak 9 discuss+ ! f\r modes ( social trans=mation3 evolution--revolution--rebellion--indivi dual viol5ce4 ,b a ,class-,/ruggle 9 ! ,d>w9ian s5se1 :i* r5ews 9 ! hi/ory ( ,man ! magnific5t drama ( ! /ruggle = life betwe5 species1 in/ead ( degrad+ u to ! savage & mean+less brute /rife ( individual ) individual4 ,we c /op "h4 ,! exam9ation ( ! relations betwe5 ,d>w9ism & socialism might lead u mu* fur!r1 b x w\ld g on con/antly elim9at+ ! pret5d$ contradiction betwe5 ! two curr5ts ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght1 & x w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 confirm ! ess5tial1 natural & indissoluble h>mony t !re is betwe5 !m4 ,?us ! p5etrat+ view ( ,vir*[ is confirm$ by t ( ,leopold ,jacoby4 ,! same ye> 9 :i* appe>$ ,d>w9's book 7#ahei7 & com+ f a q diff]5t direction1 an id5tical impulse 0 giv5 to a v important developm5t ( social sci5ce by a "w :i* long pass$ unnotic$1 & :i* bore ! title3 ,critique de l'conomie politique by ,,k>l ,,m>x--x 0 ! =]unn] ( ,capital4 ,:at ,d>w9's book on ! ,orig9 ( ,species is on ! subject ( ! g5esis & evolution ( organic life f non-s5ti5t nature up to ,man1 ! "w ( ,m>x is on ! subject ( ! g5esis & evolution ( association among human be+s1 ( ,/ates & ! social =ms ( humanity4#db ,& ?is is :y ,g]many1 :i* has be5 ! mo/ fruitful field = ! developm5t ( ! ,d>w9ian !ories1 is also ! mo/ fruitful field = ! intellig5t1 sy/ematic propag&a ( sociali/ ideas4 ,& x is precisely = ?is reason t 9 ,b]l91 9 ! w9d[s ( ! book-/ores ( ! sociali/ propag&a1 ! works ( ,*>les ,d>w9 occupy ! place ( honor beside ^? ( ,k>l ,m>x4#dc ,,footnotes3 #cg ,,l>f>gue1 ,le ,matrialisme conomique1 9 ,ere n\velle1 #ahic4 #ch ,avoid+ bo? ( ! mutually exclusive !ses t civilization is a consequ5ce ( race or a product ( ! environm5t1 ,i h always ma9ta9$--by my !ory ( ! natural factors 9 crim9ality--t x is ! resultant ( ! comb9$ action ( ! race & ! environm5t4 ,among ! rec5t works :i* support ! !sis ( ! exclusive or pr$om9ant influ5ce ( race1 ,i mu/ m5tion ,,le ,,bon1 ,les lois psy*ologiques de l'volution des peuples1 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,?is "w is1 h[ev]1 v sup]ficial4 ,i ref] ! read] = a m ?or\gh exam9ation ( ^! two !ses to ,*ap4 ,,iv ( my book ,omicidio nell' an?ropologia crim9ale1 ,tur91 #ahid4 #ci ,i use ! expression m]cantile e?ics1 :i* ,,let\rneau us$ 9 8 book on ! ,evolution ( ,e?ics 7,l'volution de la morale71 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,9 8 sci5tific /udy ( ! facts relat+ to e?ics1 ,let\rneau has di/+ui%$ f\r phases3 animal e?ics--savage e?ics--b>b>\s e?ics--m]cantile 7or b\rgeois7 e?ics2 ^! phases w be foll[$ by a high] phase ( e?ics :i* ,malon has call$ social e?ics4 #dj ,"s p]sons1 /ill imbu$ ) political 7,jacob97 artificiality1 ?9k t 9 ord] to solve ! social "q x w be necess>y to g5]alize ! sy/em ( mtayage4 ,!y imag9e1 !n--?\gh !y d n say s--a royal or presid5tial decree3 ,art4 #a4 ,let all m5 become mtay]s6 ,& x does n occur to !m t if mtayage1 :i* 0 ! rule1 has become a less & less frequ5t exception1 ?is mu/ be ! necess>y result ( natural causes4 ,! cause ( ! trans=mation is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t mtayage repres5ts 7is a =m typical (7 petty agricultural indu/ry1 & t x is unable to compete ) mod]n agricultural indu/ry organiz$ on a l>ge scale & well equipp$ ) ma*9]y1 j z h&icrafts h n be5 able to endure competition ) mod]n manufactur+ indu/ry4 ,x is true t !re /ill are to-day "s h&icraft indu/ries 9 a few villages1 b ^! are rudim5t>y organs :i* m]ely repres5t an ant]ior phase 7( production71 & :i* no long] h any important function 9 ! economic _w4 ,!y are1 l ! rudim5t>y organs ( ! high] species ( animals1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,d>w91 p]man5t witnesses ( pa/ epo*s4 ,! same ,d>w9ian & economic law applies to mtayage1 :i* is also evid5tly de/9$ to ! same fate z h&icrafts4 ,conf4 ! excell5t propag&i/ pamphlet ( ,,biel1 ,ai contad9i toscani1 ,colle d' ,elsa1 #ahid4 #da ,,h5ry ,,george1 ,progress & ,pov]ty1 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 ,d\bl$ay ,mc,clure ,co4 #db ,l4 ,,jacoby1 ,l',idea dell' evoluzione1 9 ,biblio!ca dell' economi/a1 srie ,,iii1 vol4 ,,ix1 #b;d "p1 p4 #fi4 #dc ,at ! dea? ( ,d>w9 ! ,sozialdemokrat ( ! #bg? ( ,april1 #ahhb1 wrote3 ,! prolet>iat :o are /ruggl+ = _! emancipation w ev] honor ! memory ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,conf4 ,,laf>gue1 ,la ?orie d>w9i5ne4 ,i am well aw>e t 9 ^! la/ ye>s1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( ! relations betwe5 ,d>w9ism & socialism1 consid]ation has aga9 be5 giv5 to ! objections to ! !ory ( ,d>w91 made by ,voegeli1 & m rec5tly by ,weismann1 on ! h]$it>y transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,see ,,sp5c]1 ,! ,inadequacy ( ,natural ,selection1 ,p>is1 #ahid4--,,vir*[1 ,trans=misme et desc5dance1 ,b]l91 #ahic4 ,b all ?is m]ely conc]ns su* or su* a detail ( ,d>w9ism1 :ile ! fundam5tal !ory ( metamorphic organic developm5t rema9s impregnable4 ,,"p ,,second4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,socialism4 ,! !ory ( univ]sal evolution :i*--ap>t f su* or su* a m or less disputable detail--is truly *>act]i/ic ( ! vital t5d5cy ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght1 has also be5 made to appe> 9 absolute contradiction ) ! !ories & ! practical ideals ( socialism4 ,9 ?is case ! fallacy is obvi\s4 ,if socialism is und]/ood z t vague complex ( s5tim5tal aspirations s (t5 cry/alliz$ into ! artificial utopian creations ( a new human _w to be sub/itut$ by "s sort ( magic 9 a s+le day = ! old _w 9 :i* we live2 !n x is q true t ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution condemns ! presumptions & ! illusions ( artificial or utopian political !ories1 :i*1 :e!r !y are reaction>y or revolution>y1 are always romantic1 or 9 ! words ( ! ,am]ican ,s5ator ,+alls1 are iridesc5t dreams4 ,b1 un=tunately = our adv]s>ies1 contempor>y socialism is an entirely diff]5t ?+ f ! socialism :i* prec$$ ! "w ( ,m>x4 ,ap>t f ! same s5tim5t ( prote/ aga9/ pres5t inju/ices & ! same aspirations t[>d a bett] future1 !re is no?+ 9 common betwe5 ^! two socialisms1 nei!r 9 _! logical /ructure nor 9 _! d$uctions1 unless x be ! cle> vision1 :i* 9 mod]n socialism becomes a ma!matically exact pr$iction 7?anks to ! !ories ( evolution7 ( ! f9al social organization--bas$ on ! collective own]%ip ( ! l& & ! means ( production4 ,^! are ! conclusions to :i* we are l$ by ! evid5ce ( ! facts--facts v]ifi$ by a sci5tific exam9ation ( ! ?ree pr9cipal contradictions :i* our oppon5ts h s\ght to set up betwe5 socialism & sci5tific evolution4 ,f ?is po9t x is impossible n to see ! direct causal connection betwe5 ,m>xian socialism & sci5tific evolution1 s9ce x mu/ be recogniz$ t ! =m] is simply ! logical consequ5ce ( ! application ( ! evolution>y !ory to ! doma9 ( economics4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,or?odox ,,!sis ,,& ,,! ,,sociali/ ,,!sis ,,9 ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,! ,,evolution ,,!ory4 ,:at1 9 sub/ance1 is ! message ( socialism8 ,t ! pres5t economic _w c n be immutable & et]nal1 t x m]ely repres5ts a transitory phase ( social evolution & t an ult]ior phase1 a diff]5tly organiz$ _w1 is de/9$ to succe$ x4 ,t ?is new organization mu/ be collectivi/ or sociali/--& no long] individuali/--results1 z an ultimate & c]ta9 conclusion1 f ! exam9ation we h made ( ,d>w9ism & socialism4 ,i mu/ n[ demon/rate t ?is fundam5tal affirmation ( socialism--leav+ out ( consid]ation = ! mom5t all ! details ( t future organization1 ( :i* ,i w speak fur!r on--is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! exp]i5tial !ory ( evolutionism4 ,^u :at po9t are or?odox political economy & socialism 9 absolute conflict8 ,political economy has held & holds t ! economic laws gov]n+ ! production & di/ribution ( weal? :i* x has e/abli%$ are natural laws 444 n 9 ! s5se t !y are laws naturally det]m9$ by ! conditions ( ! social organism 7:i* w\ld be correct71 b t !y are absolute laws1 t is to say t !y apply to humanity at all times & 9 all places1 &1 consequ5tly1 t !y are immutable 9 _! pr9cipal po9ts1 ?\gh !y may be subject to modification 9 details4#dd ,sci5tific socialism holds1 on ! contr>y1 t ! laws e/abli%$ by classical political economy1 s9ce ! "t ( ,adam ,smi?1 are laws peculi> to ! pres5t p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( civiliz$ humanity1 & t !y are1 consequ5tly1 laws ess5tially relative to ! p]iod ( _! analysis & discov]y1 & t j z !y no long] fit ! facts :5 ! attempt is made to ext5d _! application to pa/ hi/orical epo*s &1 /ill m1 to pre-hi/oric & ante-hi/oric times1 s x is absurd to attempt to apply !m to ! future & ?us va9ly try to petrify & p]petuate pres5t social =ms4 ,( ^! two fundam5tal !ses1 ! or?odox !sis & ! sociali/ !sis1 :i* is ! "o :i* be/ agrees ) ! sci5tific !ory ( univ]sal evolution8 ,! answ] c n be d\btful4#de ,! !ory ( evolution1 ( :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 0 ! true creator1 by apply+ to sociology ! t5d5cy to relativism :i* ! hi/orical s*ool _h foll[$ 9 its /udies 9 law & political economy 7ev5 !n het]odox on m ?an "o po9t71 has %[n t ev]y?+ *anges2 t ! pres5t phase--( ! facts 9 a/ronomy1 geology1 biology & sociology--is only ! resultant ( ?\s&s on ?\s&s ( incessant1 inevitable1 natural trans=mations2 t ! pres5t diff]s f ! pa/ & t ! future w c]ta9ly be diff]5t f ! pres5t4 ,sp5c]ism has done no?+ b to collate a va/ am\nt ( sci5tific evid5ce1 f all bran*es ( human k1 9 support ( ^! two ab/ract ?\ghts ( ,leibnitz & ,hegel3 ,! pres5t is ! *ild ( ! pa/1 b x is ! p>5t ( ! future1 & ,no?+ is2 ev]y?+ is becom+4 ,?is demon/ration _h already be5 made 9 ! case ( geology by ,lyell :o sub/itut$ = ! traditional cata/rophic !ory ( cataclysmic *anges1 ! sci5tific !ory ( ! gradual & cont9u\s trans=mation ( ! e>?4#df ,x is true t1 not)/&+ 8 encyclopdic k1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has n made a really pr(\nd /udy ( political economy1 or t at lea/ he has n furni%$ u ! evid5ce ( ! facts to support 8 ass]tions 9 ?is field z he has done 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,?is does n alt] ! fact1 h[ev]1 t socialism is1 aft] all1 9 its fundam5tal conception only ! logical application ( ! sci5tific !ory ( natural evolution to economic ph5om5a4 ,x 0 ,k>l ,m>x :o1 9 #ahei 9 8 ,critique de l'conomie politique1 & ev5 be=e !n1 9 #ahdg1 9 ! fam\s ,manife/o writt5 9 collaboration ) ,engels1 ne>ly t5 ye>s be=e ,sp5c]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 & f9ally 9 ,capital 7#ahfg7 supplem5t$1 or r complet$1 9 ! social doma91 ! sci5tific revolution begun by ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]4 ,! old metaphysics conceiv$ ( e?ics--law--economics--z a f9i%$ compilation ( absolute & et]nal laws4 ,?is is ! conception ( ,plato4 ,x takes into consid]ation only hi/orical times & x has1 z an in/rum5t ( rese>*1 only ! fanta/ic logic ( ! s*ool-m54 ,! g5]ations :i* prec$$ u1 h all be5 imbu$ ) ?is notion ( ! absolut5ess ( natural laws1 ! conflict+ laws ( a dual univ]se ( matt] & _s4 ,mod]n sci5ce1 on ! contr>y1 />ts f ! magnific5t syn!tic conception ( monism1 t is to say1 ( a s+le sub/ance und]ly+ all ph5om5a--matt] & =ce be+ recogniz$ z insep>able & inde/ructible1 cont9u\sly evolv+ 9 a succession ( =ms--=ms relative to _! respective times & places4 ,x has radically *ang$ ! direction ( mod]n ?\ght & direct$ x t[>d ! gr& idea ( univ]sal evolution4#dg ,e?ics1 law & politics are m]e sup]/ructures1 effects ( ! economic /ructure2 !y v>y ) its v>iations1 f "o p>allel 7( latitude or longitude7 to ano!r1 & f "o c5tury to ano!r4 ,?is is ! great discov]y :i* ! g5ius ( ,k>l ,m>x has exp\nd$ 9 8 ,critique de l'conomie politique4 ,i w exam9e fur!r on ! "q z to :at ?is sole s\rce or basis ( ! v>y+ economic conditions is1 b ! important po9t n[ is to emphasize _! con/ant v>iability1 f ! pre-hi/oric ages d[n to hi/orical times & to ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! latt]4 ,moral codes1 religi\s cre$s1 juridical in/itutions bo? civil & crim9al1 political organization3--all are con/antly und]go+ trans=mation & all are relative to _! respective hi/orical & mat]ial environm5ts4 ,to slay "o's p>5ts is ! greate/ ( crimes 9 ,europe & ,am]ica2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 a duty enjo9$ by religion 9 ! isl& ( ,sumatra2 9 ! same way1 cannibalism is a p]mitt$ usage 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 & su* x also 0 9 ,europe & ,am]ica 9 pre-hi/oric ages4 ,! family is1 at fir/ 7z among animals71 only a sort ( sexual communism2 !n poly&ry & ! matri>*al sy/em 7 e/abli%$ :]e ! supply ( food 0 scanty & p]mitt$ only a v limit$ increase ( population2 we f9d polygamy & ! patri>*al sy/em appe>+ :5ev] & :]ev] ! tyranny ( ?is fundam5tal economic cause ( poly&ry ceases to be felt2 ) ! adv5t ( hi/orical times appe>s ! monogamic =m ( ! family ! be/ & ! mo/ advanc$ =m1 al?\gh x is /ill requisite = x to be fre$ f ! rigid conv5tionalism ( ! indissoluble tie & ! disguis$ & legalis$ pro/itution 7! fruits ( economic causes7 :i* pollute x among u to-day4 ,h[ c any "o hold t ! con/itution ( prop]ty is b\nd to rema9 et]nally j z x is1 immutable1 9 ! mid/ ( ! trem5d\s /ream ( *ang+ social in/itutions & moral codes1 all pass+ ?r\gh evolutions & cont9u\s & pr(\nd trans=mations8 ,prop]ty alone is subject to no *anges & w rema9 petrifi$ 9 its pres5t =m1 i4 e41 a monopoly by a few ( ! l& & ! means ( production6#dh ,?is is ! absurd cont5tion ( economic & juridical or?odoxy4 ,to ! irresi/ible pro(s & demon/rations ( ! evolutioni/ !ory1 !y make only ?is "o concession3 ! subord9ate rules may v>y1 ! abuses may be dim9i%$4 ,! pr9ciple itself is unassailable & a few individuals may seize ^u & appropriate ! l& & ! means ( production necess>y to ! life ( ! :ole social organism :i* ?us rema9s completely & et]nally "u ! m or less direct dom9ation ( ^? :o h control ov] ! physical f\ndation ( life4#di ,no?+ m ?an a p]fectly cle> /atem5t ( ! two fundam5tal !ses--! !sis ( classical law & economics1 & ! economic & juridical !sis ( socialism--is necess>y to det]m9e1 )\t fur!r discussion1 ?is fir/ po9t ( ! controv]sy4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! !ory ( evolution is 9 p]fect1 unque/ionable h>mony ) ! inductions ( socialism &1 or ! contr>y1 x flatly contradicts ! hypo!sis ( ! absolut5ess & immutability ( ! natural laws ( economies1 etc4 ,,footnotes3 #dd ,u4 ,,rabb5o1 ,le leggi economi*e e il socialismo1 9 ,rivi/a di filos4 sci5tif41 #ahhd1 vol4 ,,iii41 fasc4 #e4 #de ,?is is ! !sis ( ,,colajanni1 9 ,il socialismo1 ,catane1 #ahhd1 ,p4 #bgg4 ,he errs :5 he ?9ks t ,i combatt$ ?is position 9 my book ,socialismo e crim9alit4 #df ,,morselli1 ,antropologia g5]ale--,lezioni sull' uomo secondo la teoria dell' evoluzione1 ,tur91 #ahij-id1 gives an excell5t resum ( ^! g5]al indications ( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght 9 _! application to all bran*es ( k f geology to an?ropology4 #dg ,,bon>di1 ,evoluzionismo e socialismo1 ,flor5ce1 #ahid4 #dh ,,arcangeli1 ,le evoluzioni della propriet1 9 ,critica sociale1 ,july #a1 #ahid4 #di ,?is is exactly analog\s to ! conflict betwe5 ! p>tisans & ! oppon5ts ( free-w4 ,! old metaphysics accord$ to man 7alone1 a m>vel\s exception f all ! re/ ( ! univ]se7 an absolutely free w4 ,mod]n physio-psy*ology absolutely d5ies e =m ( ! free-w dogma 9 ! "n ( ! laws ( natural causality4 ,an int]m$iate position is occupi$ by ^? :o1 :ile recogniz+ t ! fre$om ( man's w is n absolute1 hold t at lea/ a remnant ( fre$om mu/ be conc$$ to ! human w1 because o!rwise !re w\ld no long] be any m]it or any blamewor?9ess1 any vice or any virtue1 etc4 ,i consid]$ ?is "q 9 my fir/ "w3 ,teoria dell' imputabilit e negazione del lib]o arbitrio 7,flor5ce1 #ahgh1 out ( pr9t71 & 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( my ,sociologie crim9elle1 ,fr5* trans41 ,p>is1 #ahib4 ,i speak ( x "h only 9 ord] to %[ ! analogy 9 ! =m ( ! debate on ! economico-social "q1 & !re=e ! possibility ( pr$ict+ a simil> ultimate solution4 ,! true cons]vative1 draw+ 8 inspiration f ! metaphysical tradition1 /icks to ! old philosophical or economic ideas ) all _! rigid absolutism2 at lea/ he is logical4 ,! det]m9i/1 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 upholds diametrically opposite ideas1 9 ! doma9 ( psy*ology z well z 9 ^? ( ! economic or juridical sci5ces4 ,! eclectic1 9 politics z 9 psy*ology1 9 political economy z 9 law1 is a cons]vative ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 b he fondly hopes to escape ! difficulties ( ! cons]vative position by mak+ a few p>tial concessions to save appe>ances4 ,b if ! eclecticism is a conv5i5t & agreeable attitude = its *ampions1 x is1 l hybridism1 /]ile1 & nei!r life nor sci5ce owe any?+ to x4 ,!re=e1 ! sociali/s are logical :5 !y cont5d t 9 ! la/ analysis !re are only two political p>ties3 ! individuali/s 7cons]vatives or ,republicans1 progressives or ,democrats & radicals or ,populi/s7 & ! sociali/s4 ,x4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,app>5t ,,retrogression ,,& ,,collective ,,own]%ip4 ,admitt+1 say our adv]s>ies1 t 9 dem&+ a social trans=mation socialism is 9 app>5t accord ) ! evolutioni/ !ory1 x does n foll[ t its positive conclusions--notably ! sub/itution ( social own]%ip = individual own]%ip--are ju/ifi$ by t !ory4 ,/ill fur!r1 !y add1 we ma9ta9 t ^? conclusions are 9 absolute contradiction ) t v !ory1 & t !y are !re=e1 to say ! lea/1 utopian & absurd4 ,! fir/ alleg$ contradiction betwe5 socialism & evolutionism is t ! return to collective own]%ip ( ! l& w\ld be1 at ! same "t1 a return to ! primitive1 savage /ate ( mank9d1 & socialism w\ld inde$ be a trans=mation1 b a trans=mation 9 a backw>d direction1 t is to say1 aga9/ ! curr5t ( ! social evolution :i* has l$ u f ! primitive =m ( collective prop]ty 9 l& to ! pres5t =m ( individual prop]ty 9 l&--! =m *>act]i/ic ( advanc$ civilization4 ,socialism1 !n1 w\ld be a return to b>b>ism4 ,?is objection conta9s an elem5t ( tru? :i* c n be d5i$2 x rightly po9ts out t collective own]%ip %\ld be a return--app>5t--to ! primitive social organization4 ,b ! conclusion drawn f ?is tru? is absolutely false & anti-sci5tific because x altoge!r neglects a law--:i* is usually =gott5--b :i* is no less true1 no less f\nd$ on sci5tific obs]vation ( ! facts ?an is ! law ( social evolution4 ,?is is a sociological law :i* an able ,fr5* physician m]ely po9t$ out 9 8 /udies on ! relations betwe5 ,transmutation & ,socialism1#ej & ! tru? & full importance ( :i* ,i %[$ 9 my ,sociologie crim9elle 7#ahib7--;be=e ,i became a militant sociali/--& :i* ,i aga9 emphasiz$ 9 my rec5t controv]sy ) ,morselli on ! subject ( divorce4#ea ,?is law ( app>5t retrogression proves t ! rev]sion ( social in/itutions to primitive =ms & types is a fact ( con/ant recurr5ce4 ,be=e ref]r+ to "s obvi\s illu/rations ( ?is law1 ,i w\ld recall to y\r notice ! fact t ,m4 ,cognetti de ,m>tiis1 z f> back z #ahha1 _h a vague p]ception ( ?is sociological law4 ,8 "w1 ,=me primitive nell' evoluzione economica1 7,tur91 #ahha71 s rem>kable = ! fullness1 accuracy & reliability ( its collation ( relevant facts1 made x possible to =esee ! possibility ( ! reappe>ance 9 ! future economic evolution ( ! primitive =ms *>act]i/ic ( ! /atus :i* =m$ ! />t+-po9t ( ! social evolution4 ,i also rememb] hav+ he>d ,c>ducci say1 9 8 lectures at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 t ! lat] developm5t ( ! =ms & ! sub/ance ( lit]ature is (t5 m]ely ! reproduction ( ! =ms & ! sub/ance ( ! primitive ,grco-,ori5tal lit]ature2 9 ! same way1 ! mod]n sci5tific !ory ( monism1 ! v s\l ( univ]sal evolution & ! typical & def9itive =m ( sy/ematic1 sci5tific1 exp]i5tial human ?\ght boldly front+ ! facts ( ! ext]nal _w--foll[+ ^u ! brilliant b erratic speculations ( metaphysics--is only a return to ! ideas ( ! ,greek philosoph]s & ( ,lucretius1 ! great poet ( naturalism4 ,! examples ( ?is rev]sion to primitive =ms are only too obvi\s & too num]\s1 ev5 9 ! category ( social in/itutions4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! religions evolution4 ,accord+ to ,h>tmann1 9 ! primitive /age ( human developm5t happ9ess appe>$ atta9able dur+ ! lifetime ( ! individual2 ?is appe>$ impossible lat] on & its realization 0 ref]r$ to ! life beyond ! tomb2 & n[ ! t5d5cy is to ref] its realization to ! e>?ly life ( humanity1 n to ! life ( ! individual z 9 primitive times1 b to s]ies ( g5]ations yet unborn4 ,! same is true 9 ! political doma94 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] rem>ks 7,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,v1 ,*ap4 ,v17 t ! w ( all--! sov]eign elem5t among primitive mank9d--gradually gives way to ! w ( a s+le p]son1 !n to ^? ( a few 7^! are ! v>i\s ari/ocracies3 milit>y1 h]$it>y1 pr(essional or feudal71 & ! popul> w f9ally t5ds aga9 to become sov]eign ) ! progress ( democracy 7univ]sal suffrage--! ref]5dum--direct legislation by ! p1 etc474 ,! "r to adm9i/] puni%m5t1 a simple def5sive function among primitive mank9d t5ds to become ! same once m4 ,crim9al law no long] pret5ds to be a teleological ag5cy = ! di/ribution ( ideal ju/ice4 ,?is pret5sion 9 =m] days 0 an illusion t ! belief 9 ! fre$om ( ! w _h erect$ on ! natural f\ndation ( society's "r ( self-def5se4 ,sci5tific inve/igations into ! nature ( crime1 z a natural & social ph5om5on1 h demon/rat$ to-day h[ absurd & unju/ifi$ 0 ! pret5sion ( ! lawmak] & ! judge to weigh & measure ! guilt ( ! del9qu5t to make ! puni%m5t exactly c\nt]balance x1 in/ead ( cont5t+ !mselves ) exclud+ f civil society1 tempor>ily or p]man5tly1 ! individuals unable to adapt !mselves to its requirem5ts1 z is done 9 ! case ( ! insane & ! victims ( contagi\s diseases4 ,! same tru? applies to m>riage4 ,! "r ( freely dissolv+ ! tie1 :i* 0 recogniz$ 9 primitive society1 has be5 gradually replac$ by ! absolute =mul ( !ology & my/icism :i* fancy t ! free w c settle ! de/9y ( a p]son by a monosyllable pron\nc$ at a "t :5 ! physical equilibrium is z un/able z x is dur+ c\rt%ip & at m>riage4 ,lat] on ! rev]sion to ! spontane\s & primitive =m ( a union bas$ on mutual cons5t imposes itself on m51 & ! matrimonial union1 ) ! increase 9 ! frequ5cy & facility ( divorce1 rev]ts to its orig9al =ms & re/ores to ! family1 t x to say to ! social cell1 a heal?i] con/itution4 ,?is "s ph5om5on may be trac$ 9 ! organization ( prop]ty4 ,sp5c] himself has be5 =c$ to recognize t !re has be5 an inexorable t5d5cy to a rev]sion to primitive collectivism s9ce own]%ip 9 l&1 at fir/ a family attribute1 !n indu/rial1 z he has himself demon/rat$1 has rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t1 s t 9 "s c\ntries 7,torr5s act 9 ,au/ralia7 l& has become a sort ( p]sonal prop]ty1 transf]able z readily z a %>e 9 a /ock-company4 ,read z pro( :at su* an individuali/ z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has writt53 ,at fir/ sight x seems fairly inf]able t ! absolute own]%ip ( l& by private p]sons1 mu/ be ! ultimate /ate :i* indu/rialism br+s ab\t4 ,b ?\gh indu/rialism has ?us f> t5d$ to individualize possession ( l&1 :ile individualiz+ all o!r possession1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! f9al /age is at pres5t rea*$4 ,own]%ip e/abli%$ by =ce does n /& on ! same foot+ z own]%ip e/abli%$ by contract1 & ?\gh multipli$ sales & pur*ases1 treat+ ! two own]%ips 9 ! same way1 h tacitly assimilat$ !m1 ! assimilation may ev5tually be d5i$4 ,! analogy furni%$ by assum$ rights ( possession ov] human be+s1 helps u to recognize ?is possibility4 ,= :ile prison]s ( w>1 tak5 by =ce & held z prop]ty 9 a vague way 7be+ at fir/ mu* on a foot+ ) o!r memb]s ( a h\sehold71 7 r$uc$ m def9itely to ! =m ( prop]ty :5 ! buy+ & sell+ ( slaves became g5]al2 & :ile x might1 c5turies ago1 h be5 !nce inf]r$ t ! own]%ip ( man by man 0 an own]%ip 9 c\rse ( be+ p]man5tly e/abli%$2#eb yet we see t a lat] /age ( civilization1 rev]s+ ?is process1 has de/roy$ own]%ip ( man by man4 ,simil>ly1 at a /age /ill m advanc$1 x may be t private own]%ip ( l& w disappe>4#ec ,moreov]1 ?is process ( ! socialization ( prop]ty1 ?\gh a p>tial & subord9ate process1 is nev]!less s evid5t & cont9u\s t to d5y its exi/5ce w\ld be to ma9ta9 t ! economic & consequ5tly ! juridical t5d5cy ( ! organization ( prop]ty is n 9 ! direction ( a great] & great] magnification ( ! int]e/s & rights ( ! collectivity ov] ^? ( ! individual4 ,?is1 :i* is only a prepond]ance to-day1 w become by an inevitable evolution a complete sub/itution z reg>ds prop]ty 9 l& & ! means ( production4 ,! fundam5tal !sis ( ,socialism is !n1 to repeat x aga91 9 p]fect h>mony ) t sociological law ( app>5t retrogression1 ! natural reasons = :i* h be5 s admirably analyz$ by ,m4 ,loria1 ?us3 ! ?\ght & ! life ( primitive mank9d are m\ld$ & direct$ by ! natural environm5t along ! simple/ & mo/ fundam5tal l9es2 !n ! progress ( intellig5ce & ! complexity ( life increas+ by a law ( evolution give u an analytical developm5t ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! fir/ g5us ( ea* in/itution2 ?is analytical developm5t is (t51 :5 once f9i%$1 detrim5tal to ea* "o ( its elem5ts2 humanity itself1 arriv$ at a c]ta9 /age ( evolution1 recon/ructs & comb9es 9 a f9al syn!sis ^! diff]5t elem5ts1 & ?us returns to its primitive />t+-po9t4#ed ,?is rev]sion to primitive =ms is n1 h[ev]1 a pure & simple repetition4 ,!re=e x is call$ ! law ( app>5t retrogression1 & ?is removes all =ce f ! objection t socialism w\ld be a return to primitive b>b>ism4 ,x is n a pure & simple repetition1 b x is ! conclud+ phase ( a cycle1 ( a gr& rhy?m1 z ,m4 ,a/ur>o rec5tly put x1 :i* infallibly & inevitably pres]ves 9 _! integrity ! a*ievem5ts & conque/s ( ! long prec$+ evolution1 9 s f> z !y are vital & fruitful2 & ! f9al outcome is f> sup]ior1 objectively & subjectively1 to ! primitive social embryo4 ,! track ( ! social evolution is n repres5t$ by a clos$ circle1 :i*1 l ! s]p5t 9 ! old symbol1 cuts (f all hope ( a bett] future2 b1 to use ! figure ( ,goe!1 x is repres5t$ by a spiral1 :i* seems to return ^u itself1 b :i* always advances & asc5ds4 ,,footnotes3 #ej ,l4 ,,dram>d1 ,trans=misme et socialisme1 9 ,revue ,sociali/e1 ,jan4 & ,feb41 #ahhe4 #ea ,divorzio e sociologia1 9 ,scuola positiva nella geurisprud5za p5ale1 ,rome1 #ahic1 ,no4 #af4 #eb ,x is kn[n t ,ari/otle1 mi/ak+ = an absolute sociological law a law relative to 8 own "t1 decl>$ t slav]y 0 a natural in/itution1 & t m5 7 divid$1 by ,nature1 into two classes--free m5 & slaves4 #ec ,,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p4 ,v41 ,*ap4 ,,xv41 p4 #eec4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,?is idea1 :i* ,sp5c] _h express$ 9 #ahej 9 8 ,social ,/atics is f\nd aga9 9 8 rec5t "w1 ,ju/ice 7,*ap4 ,,xi1 & ,app5dix #c74 ,x is true t he has made a /ep backw>d4 ,he ?9ks t ! am\nt ( ! indemnity to be giv5 to ! pres5t hold]s ( ! l& w\ld be s great t ?is w\ld make next to impossible t nationalization ( ! l& :i*1 z long ago z #ahha1 ,h5ry ,george consid]$ z ! only rem$y1 & t ,glad/one _h ! c\rage to propose z a solution ( ! ,iri% "q4 ,sp5c] adds3 ,i adh]e to ! inf]5ce orig9ally drawn1 t ! aggregate ( m5 =m+ ! community are ! supreme own]s ( ! l&1 b a full] consid]ation ( ! matt] has l$ me to ! conclusion t individual own]%ip1 subject to ,/ate suz]a9ty1 %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,! pr(\nd /udy :i* ,sp5c] has made 9 ,ju/ice--7&1 let u say betwe5 p>5!ses1 ?is "w1 toge!r ) 8 ,positive & ,negative ,b5efic5ce furni%es sad evid5ce ( ! s5ile m5tal retrogression t ev5 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has be5 unable to escape2 moreov] its subjective aridity is 9 /range contra/ ) ! m>vel\s weal? ( sci5tific evid5ce p\r$ =? 9 8 e>li] works7--is bas$ on ^! two argum5ts3 ,i4 ,! pres5t l&$ proprietors are n ! direct desc5dants ( ! fir/ conqu]ors2 !y h1 9 g5]al1 acquir$ _! titles by free contract2 ,,ii4 ,society is entitl$ to ! own]%ip ( ! virg9 soil1 z x 0 be=e x 0 cle>$1 be=e any improvem5ts or build+s 7 put ^u x by private own]s2 ! indemnity :i* w\ld h to be paid = ^! improvem5ts w\ld rea* an enorm\s figure4 ,! answ] is t ! fir/ argum5t w\ld hold good if socialism propos$ to puni% ! pres5t own]s2 b ! "q pres5ts itself 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,society places ! expropriation ( ! own]s ( l& on ! gr\nd ( public utility1 & ! individual "r mu/ give way be=e ! rights ( society4 ,j z x does at pres5t1 leav+ out ( consid]ation = ! mom5t ! "q ( indemnity4 ,to reply to ! second argum5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! improvem5ts are n exclusively ! "w ( ! p]sonal ex]tions ( ! own]s4 ,!y repres5t1 at fir/1 an enorm\s accumulation ( fatigue & blood t _m g5]ations ( labor]s h left ^u ! soil1 9 ord] to br+ x to its pres5t /ate ( cultivation 444 & all ( ?is = ! pr(it ( o!rs2 !re is also ?is fact to be rememb]$ t society itself1 ! social life1 has be5 a great factor 9 produc+ ^! improvem5ts 7or increas$ values71 s9ce public roads1 railways1 ! use ( ma*9]y 9 agriculture1 etc41 h be5 ! means ( be/[+ freely ^u ! l&[n]s l>ge une>n$ increm5ts t h greatly swoll5 ! prices ( _! l&s4 ,:y1 f9ally1 if we are to consid] ! am\nt & ! "* ( ?is indemnity1 %\ld ?is indemnity be total & absolute8 ,:y1 ev5 "u pres5t conditions1 if a l&[n]1 = v>i\s reasons1 su* z *]i%$ memories connect$ ) ! l&1 values x at a s5tim5tal price1 he w\ld be =c$ "u ! "r ( em95t doma9 to accept ! m>ket value1 )\t any extra paym5t = 8 affection or s5tim5t4 ,x w\ld be j ! same 9 ! case ( ! collective appropriation :i* w\ld1 moreov]1 be facilitat$ by ! progressive conc5tration ( ! l& 9 ! h&s ( a few great l&$ proprietors4 ,if we 7 to assure ^! proprietors1 = ! t]m ( ! natural lives1 a com=table & tranquil life1 x w\ld suffice to make ! indemnity meet all ! requirem5ts ( ! mo/ rigor\s equity4 #ed ,,loria1 ,la ,teoria economica della con/ituzione politica1 ,tur91 #ahhf4 p4 #ada4 ,! second edition ( ?is "w has appe>$ 9 ,fr5*1 consid]ably enl>g$3 ,les bases conomiques de la con/itution sociale1 ,p>is1 #ahic4 7,?is has also be5 translat$ into ,engli%4--,tr47 ,?is law ( app>5t retrogression alone ov]?r[s ! great] "p ( ! f> too sup]ficial criticisms t ,guyot makes ^u socialism 9 ,la ,tyrannie sociali/e1 ,p>is1 #ahic 7publi%$ 9 ,engli%1 by ,swan ,sonn5s*e91 ,london17 & 9 ,les ,pr9cipes de #aghi et le ,socialisme1 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,social ,,evolution ,,& ,,individual ,,lib]ty4 ,! conclusion ( ! prec$+ *apt] w be ( use to u 9 ! exam9ation ( ! second contradiction t1 x is pret5d$1 exi/s betwe5 socialism & ! !ory ( evolution4 ,x is ass]t$ & repeat$ 9 all possible tones t socialism con/itutes a tyranny "u a new =m :i* w de/roy all ! bless+s ( lib]ty won ) su* toil & difficulty 9 our c5tury1 at ! co/ ( s _m sacrifices & ( s _m m>tyrs4 ,i h already %[n1 9 speak+ ( an?ropological inequalities1 t socialism w1 on ! contr>y1 assure to all individuals ! conditions ( a human exi/5ce & ! possibility ( develop+ ) ! utmo/ fre$om & complet5ess _! own respective individualities4 ,x is suffici5t "h = me to ref] to ano!r law1 :i* ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution has e/abli%$1 to demon/rate 7s9ce ,i _c 9 ?is monograph ent] into details7 t x is an error to assume t ! adv5t ( socialism w\ld result 9 ! suppression ( ! vital & vitaliz+ "p ( p]sonal & political lib]ty4 ,x is a law ( natural evolution1 set =? & illu/rat$ ) rem>kable cle>ness by ,m4 ,ardig#ee1 t ea* succe$+ phase ( ! natural & social evolution does n de/roy ! vital & life-giv+ manife/ations ( ! prec$+ phases1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x pres]ves _! exi/5ce 9 s f> z !y are vital & only elim9ates _! pa?ological manife/ations4 ,9 ! biological evolution1 ! manife/ations ( vegetable life d n efface ! fir/ glimm]+s ( ! dawn ( life t are se5 ev5 be=e 9 ! cry/allization ( m9]als1 any m ?an ! manife/ations ( animal life efface ^? ( vegetable life4 ,! human =m ( life also p]mits ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! =ms & l9ks :i* prec$e x 9 ! great s]ies ( liv+ be+s1 b1 m ?an ?is1 ! lat] =ms only really live 9 s f> z !y are ! product ( ! primitive =ms & co-exi/ ) !m4 ,! social evolution foll[s ! same law3 & ?is is precisely ! int]pretation ( transition p]iods giv5 by sci5tific evolutionism4 ,!y did n annihilate ! conque/s ( ! prec$+ civilizations1 b !y pres]v$1 on ! contr>y1 :atev] 0 vital 9 !m & fecundat$ !m = ! ,r5aissance ( a new civilization4 ,?is law1 :i* dom9ates all ! magnific5t developm5t ( ! social life1 equally gov]ns ! fate & ! p>abolic c>e] ( all social in/itutions4 ,"o phase ( social evolution by foll[+ ^u ano!r phase elim9ates1 x is true1 ! p>ts t are n vital1 ! pa?ological products ( prec$+ in/itutions1 b x pres]ves & develops ! p>ts t are heal?y & vigor\s :ile ev] elevat+ m & m ! physical & moral diapason ( humanity4 ,by ?is natural process ! great /ream ( humanity issu$ f ! virg9 =e/s ( savage life & develop$ ) maje/ic gr&eur dur+ ! p]iods ( b>b>ism & ! pres5t civilization1 :i* are sup]ior 9 "s respects to ! prec$+ phases ( ! social life1 b 9 _m o!rs are m>r$ by ! v products ( _! own deg5]acy1 z ,i po9t$ out 9 speak+ ( reaction>y v>ieties ( social selection4 ,&1 z an example ( ?is1 x is c]ta9 t ! labor]s ( ! contemporane\s p]iod1 ( ! b\rgeois civilization h1 9 g5]al1 a bett] physical & moral life ?an ^? ( pa/ c5turies1 b x _c be d5i$ none ! less t _! condition z free wage-work]s is inf]ior 9 m ?an "o p>ticul> to ! condition ( ! slaves ( antiquity & ( ! s]fs ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! slave ( antiquity 01 x is true1 ! absolute prop]ty ( 8 ma/]1 ( ! free man1 & he 0 condemn$ to well nigh an animal exi/5ce1 b x 0 to ! int]e/ ( 8 ma/] to assure him daily bread at ! lea/1 = ! slave =m$ a "p ( 8 e/ate1 l 8 cattle & horses4 ,j s1 ! s]f or ville9 ( ! ,middle ,ages enjoy$ c]ta9 cu/om>y rights :i* atta*$ him to ! soil & assur$ him at ! lea/--save 9 case ( fam9e--( daily bread4 ,! free wage-work] ( ! mod]n _w1 on ! contr>y1 is always condemn$ to labor inhuman bo? 9 its duration & its "*1 & ?is is ! ju/ification ( t dem& = an ,eight-,h\rs day :i* c already c\nt m ?an "o victory & :i* is de/9$ to a sure triumph4 ,z no p]man5t legal relation b9ds ! wage-slave ei!r to ! capitali/ proprietor or to ! soil1 8 daily bread is n assur$ to him1 because ! proprietor no long] has any int]e/ to fe$ & support ! labor]s :o toil 9 8 factory or on 8 field4 ,! dea? or sickness ( ! labor] _c1 9 fact1 cause any decrease ( 8 e/ate & he c always draw f ! inexhau/ible multitude ( labor]s :o are =c$ by lack ( employm5t to (f] !mselves on ! m>ket4 ,t is :y--n because pres5t-day proprietors are m wick$ ?an ^? ( =m] times1 b because ev5 ! moral s5tim5ts are ! result ( economic conditions--! l&$ proprietor or ! sup]9t5d5t ( 8 e/ate ha/5s to h a vet]9>y call$ if1 9 8 /able1 a c[ becomes ill1 :ile he is 9 no hurry to h a doctor call$ if x is ! son ( ! c[-h]d :o is attack$ by disease4 ,c]ta9ly !re may be--& ^! are m or less frequ5t exceptions--"h & !re a proprietor :o contradicts ?is rule1 especially :5 he lives 9 daily contact ) 8 labor]s4 ,nei!r c x be d5i$ t ! ri* classes are mov$ at times by ! _s ( b5evol5ce--ev5 ap>t f ! *>ity fad--& t !y ?us put to re/ ! inn] voice1 ! symptom ( ! moral disease f :i* !y suff]1 b ! inexorable rule is nev]!less z foll[s3 ) ! mod]n =m ( indu/ry ! labor] has ga9$ political lib]ty1 ! "r ( suffrage1 ( association1 etc4 7rights :i* he is all[$ to use only :5 he does n utilize !m to =m a class-p>ty1 bas$ on intellig5t appreh5sion ( ! ess5tial po9t ( ! social "q71 b he has lo/ ! gu>antee ( daily bread & ( a home4 ,socialism wi%es to give ?is gu>antee to all individuals--& x demon/rates ! ma!matical possibility ( ?is by ! sub/itution ( social own]%ip = individual own]%ip ( ! means ( production--b x does n foll[ f ?is t socialism w d away ) all ! useful & truly fruitful conque/s ( ! pres5t phase ( civilization1 & ( ! prec$+ phases4 ,& "h is a *>act]i/ic example ( ?is3 ! inv5tion ( indu/rial & agricultural ma*9]y1 t m>vel\s application ( sci5ce to ! trans=mation ( natural =ces :i* ought to h _h only b5efic5t consequ5ces1 has caus$ & is /ill caus+ ! mis]y & ru9 ( ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( labor]s4 ,! sub/itution ( ma*9es = human labor has inevitably condemn$ multitudes ( work]s to ! tortures ( en=c$ idl5ess & to ! ru?less action ( ! iron law ( m9imum wages b>ely suffici5t to prev5t !m f dy+ ( hung]4 ,! fir/ in/9ctive reaction or impulse ( ^! un=tunates 0 & /ill is1 unhappily1 to de/roy ! ma*9es & to see 9 !m only ! in/rum5ts ( _! undes]v$ suff]+s4 ,b ! de/ruction ( ! ma*9es w\ld be1 9 fact1 only a pure & simple return to b>b>ism1 & ?is is n ! wi% or purpose ( socialism :i* repres5ts a high] phase ( human civilization4 ,& ?is is :y socialism alone c furni% a solution ( ?is tragic difficulty :i* c n be solv$ by economic individualism :i* involves ! con/ant employm5t & introduction ( improv$ ma*9]y because its use gives an evid5t & irresi/ible advantage to ! capitali/4 ,x is necess>y--& !re is no o!r solution--t ! ma*9es become collective or social prop]ty4 ,!n1 obvi\sly1 _! only effect w be to dim9i% ! aggregate am\nt ( labor & muscul> ef=t necess>y to produce a giv5 quantity ( products4 ,& ?us ! daily "w ( ea* work] w be decreas$1 & 8 /&>d ( exi/5ce w con/antly rise & become m closely correspond5t ) ! dignity ( a human be+4 ,?is effect is already manife/1 to a limit$ ext5t1 9 ^? cases :]e1 = in/ance1 sev]al small f>m proprietors f\nd co-op]ative societies = ! pur*ase (1 = example1 ?re%+-ma*9es4 ,if !re %\ld be jo9$ to ! small proprietors1 9 a gr& frat]nal co-op]ation1 ! labor]s or peasants 7& ?is w be possible only :5 ! l& %all h become social prop]ty71 & if ! ma*9es 7 municipal prop]ty1 = example1 z are ! fire-eng9es1 & if ! commune 7 to grant _! use = ! labors ( ! fields1 ! ma*9es w\ld no long] produce any evil effects & all m5 w\ld see 9 !m _! lib]ators4 ,x is ?us t socialism1 because x repres5ts a high] phase ( human evolution1 w\ld elim9ate f ! pres5t phase only ! bad products ( our unbridl$ economic individualism :i* creates1 at "o pole1 ! billionaires or ,napoleons ( ,f9ance :o enri* !mselves 9 a few ye>s by seiz+ ^u--9 ways m or less cle>ly describ$ 9 ! p5al code--! public funds1 & :i*1 at ! o!r pole1 accumulates va/ multitudes ( pov]ty-/rick5 wret*es 9 ! slums ( ! cities or 9 ! h\ses ( /raw & mud :i* reproduce 9 ! ,s\? ( ,italy1 ! qu>t]s ( ! ,helots ( antiquity1 or 9 ! valley ( ! ,po1 ! huts ( ! ,au/ralian bu%m54#ef ,no intellig5t sociali/ has ev] dreamt ( n recogniz+ all t ! b\rgeoisie has done = human civilization1 or ( te>+ out ! pages ( gold t x has writt5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! civiliz$ _w by its brilliant developm5t ( ! v>i\s nations1 by its m>vel\s applications ( sci5ce to indu/ry1 & by ! comm]cial & intellectual relations :i* x has develop$ betwe5 diff]5t peoples4 ,^! are p]man5t conque/s ( human progress1 & socialism does n d5y !m any m ?an x wi%es to de/roy !m1 & x accords a j tribute ( recognition to ! g5]\s pione]s :o h a*iev$ !m4 ,! attitude ( socialism t[>d ! b\rgeoisie might be comp>$ to t ( a!i/s :o d n wi% ei!r to de/roy or to refuse _! admiration to a pa9t+ ( ,raphael or to a /atue ( ,mi*el-,angelo1 because ^! works repres5t & give ! seal ( et]nity to religi\s leg5ds4 ,b socialism sees 9 ! pres5t b\rgeois civilization1 arriv$ at its decl9e1 ! sad symptoms ( an irrem$iable dissolution1 & x cont5ds t x is necess>y to rid ! social organism ( its infecti\s poison1 & ?is n by ridd+ x ( su* or su* a bankrupt1 ( su* or su* a corrupt (ficial1 ( su* or su* a di%one/ contractor 444 b by go+ to ! root ( ! evil1 to ! indisputable s\rce ( ! virul5t infection4 ,by radically trans=m+ ! regime--?r\gh ! sub/itution ( social own]%ip = individual own]%ip--x is necess>y to r5ew ! heal?y & vital =ces ( human society1 to enable x to rise to a high] phase ( civilization4 ,!n1 x is true1 ! privileg$ classes w no long] be able to pass _! lives 9 idl5ess1 luxury & dissipation1 & !y w h to make up _! m9ds to lead an indu/ri\s & less o/5tati\s life1 b ! imm5se majority ( m5 w rise to ! heights ( s]5e dignity1 security & joy\s bro!rhood1 in/ead ( liv+ 9 ! sorr[s1 anxieties & bitt] /rife ( ! pres5t4 ,an analog\s response may be made to t banal objection t socialism w suppress all lib]ty--t objection repeat$ to satiety by all ^? :o m or less consci\sly conceal1 "u ! colors ( political lib]alism1 ! t5d5cies ( economic cons]vatism4 ,t repugnance :i* _m p1 ev5 9 good fai?1 %[ t[>d socialism1 is x n ! manife/ation ( ano!r law ( human evolution :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has =mulat$ ?us3 ,e progress effect$ is an ob/acle to fur!r progress8 ,?is is1 9 fact1 a natural psy*ological t5d5cy1 a t5d5cy analog\s to feti%ism1 to refuse to consid] ! ideal atta9$1 ! progress effect$ z a simple in/rum5t1 a />t+-po9t = fur!r progress & = ! atta9m5t ( new ideals1 in/ead ( cont5t$ly halt+ to adore z a feti% ! progress already effect$1 :i* m5 are prone to look ^u z be+ s complete t x leaves no room = new ideals & high] aspirations4 ,j z ! savage adores ! fruit-tree1 ^: b5efits he enjoys1 = itself & n = ! fruits x c yield1 &1 9 ! end1 makes a feti% ( x1 an idol too holy to be t\*$ &1 !re=e1 b>r52 j z ! mis] :o has le>n$ 9 our individuali/ _w ! value ( money1 ends by ador+ ! money 9 itself & = itself1 z a feti% & an idol1 & keeps x buri$ 9 a safe :]e x rema9s /]ile1 in/ead ( employ+ x z a means = procur+ himself new pleasures2 9 ! same way1 ! s9c]e lib]al1 ! son ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 has made ,lib]ty an idol :i* is its own goal1 a /]ile feti%1 in/ead ( mak+ use ( x z an in/rum5t = new conque/s1 = ! realization ( new ideals4 ,x is und]/ood t "u a regime ( political tyranny1 ! fir/ & mo/ urg5t ideal 0 necess>ily ! conque/ ( lib]ty & ( political sov]eignty4 ,& we :o arrive ^u ! field aft] ! battle is f\ght & ! victory won1 we gladly pay our tribute ( gratitude = t conque/ to all ! m>tyrs & h]oes :o b\ght x at ! price ( _! blood4 ,b ,lib]ty is n & c n be its own end & object6 ,:at is ! lib]ty ( hold+ public assemblages or ! lib]ty ( ?\ght wor? if ! /oma* has n its daily bread1 & if millions ( individuals h _! moral /r5g? p>alyz$ z a consequ5ce ( bodily or c]ebral anemia8 ,( :at wor? is ! !oretic %>e 9 political sov]eignty1 ! "r to vote1 if ! p rema9 enslav$ by mis]y1 lack ( employm5t1 & acute or *ronic hung]8 ,lib]ty = lib]ty's sake--!re y h ! progress a*iev$ turn$ into an ob/acle to future progress2 x is a sort ( political ma/urbation1 x is impot5cy face to face ) ! new necessities ( life4 ,socialism1 on ! o!r h&1 says t j z ! subsequ5t phase ( ! social evolution does n efface ! conque/s ( ! prec$+ phases1 nei!r does x wi% to suppress ! lib]ty s glori\sly conqu]$1 by ! b\rgeois _w 9 #aghi--;b x does desire ! labor]s1 aft] !y h become consci\s ( ! int]e/s & ne$s ( _! class1 to make use ( t lib]ty to realize a m equitable & m human social organization4 ,nev]!less1 x is only too indisputable t "u ! sy/em ( private prop]ty & its inevitable consequ5ce1 ! monopoly ( economic p[]1 ! lib]ty ( ! man :o does n %>e 9 ?is monopoly1 is only an impot5t & s5tim5tal toy4 ,& :5 ! work]s1 ) a cle> consci\sness ( _! class-int]e/s1 wi% to make use ( ?is lib]ty1 !n ! hold]s ( political p[] are =c$ to dis[n ! great lib]al pr9ciples1 ! pr9ciples ( '#hi1 by suppress+ all public lib]ty1 & !y va9ly fancy t !y w be able1 9 ?is way1 to /op ! inevitable m>* ( human evolution4 ,z mu* mu/ be said ( ano!r accusation made aga9/ sociali/s4 ,!y r5\nce _! fa!rl& 7patrie71 x is said1 9 ! "n ( int]nationalism4 ,?is also is false4 ,! national popes :i*1 9 our c5tury1 h reconqu]$ = ,italy & ,g]many _! unity & _! indep5d5ce1 h really con/itut$ great /eps =w>d1 & we are grateful to ^? :o h giv5 u a free c\ntry4 ,b our c\ntry c n become an ob/acle to future progress1 to ! frat]nity ( all peoples1 fre$ f national hatr$s :i* are truly a relic ( b>b>ism1 or a m]e bit ( !atrical sc5]y to hide ! int]e/s ( capitalism :i* has be5 %rewd en\gh to realize1 = its own b5efit1 ! broade/ int]nationalism4 ,x 0 a true moral & social progress to rise above ! phase ( ! communal w>s 9 ,italy1 & to feel ourselves all bro!rs ( "o & ! same nation2 x w be j ! same :5 we %all h ris5 above ! phase ( patriotic rivalries to feel ourselves all bro!rs ( "o & ! same humanity4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 n difficult = u to p5etrate1 ?anks to ! hi/orical key ( class-int]e/s1 ! secret ( ! contradictions1 9 :i* ! classes 9 p[] move4 ,:5 !y =m an int]national league--! ,london bank]1 ?anks to telegraphy1 is ma/] ( ! m>kets 9 ,pek91 ,new ,york & ,/4 ,pet]sburg--x is greatly to ! advantage ( t rul+ class to ma9ta9 ! artificial divisions betwe5 ! labor]s ( ! :ole _w1 or ev5 ^? ( old ,europe alone1 because x is only ! division ( ! work]s :i* makes possible ! ma9t5ance ( ! p[] ( ! capitali/s4 ,& to atta9 _! object1 x suffices to exploit ! primitive fund ( savage hatr$ = =eign]s4 ,b ?is does n keep int]national socialism f be+1 ev5 f ?is po9t ( view1 a def9ite moral s*eme & an inevitable phase ( human evolution4 ,j s1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! same sociological law1 x is n correct to ass]t t1 by e/abli%+ collective own]%ip1 socialism w suppress e k9d ( individual own]%ip4 ,we mu/ repeat aga9 t "o phase ( evolution c n suppress all t has be5 accompli%$ dur+ ! prec$+ phases2 x suppresses only ! manife/ations :i* h ceas$ to be vital1 & x suppresses !m because !y are 9 contradiction ) ! new conditions ( exi/5ce begott5 by ! new phases ( evolution4 ,9 sub/itut+ social own]%ip = individual own]%ip ( ! l& & ! means ( production1 x is obvi\s t x w n be necess>y to suppress private prop]ty 9 ! food necess>y to ! individual1 nor 9 clo?+ & objects ( p]sonal use :i* w cont9ue to be objects ( individual or family consumption4 ,?is =m ( individual own]%ip w !n always cont9ue to exi/1 s9ce x is necess>y & p]fectly consi/5t ) social own]%ip ( ! l&1 m9es1 factories1 h\ses1 ma*9es1 tools & in/rum5ts ( labor1 & means ( transportation4 ,! collective own]%ip ( libr>ies--:i* we see 9 op]ation "u our eyes--does x deprive individuals ( ! p]sonal use ( r>e & exp5sive books :i* !y w\ld be unable to procure 9 any o!r way1 & does x n l>gely increase ! utility t c be d]iv$ f ^! books1 :5 comp>$ to ! s]vices t ^! books c\ld r5d] if !y 7 %ut up 9 ! private libr>y ( a useless book-collector8 ,9 ! same way1 ! collective own]%ip ( ! l& & ! means ( production1 by secur+ to ev]yone ! use ( ! ma*9es1 tools & l&1 w only increase _! utility a hundr$-fold4 ,& let no "o say t1 :5 m5 %all no long] h ! exclusive & transf]able 7by inh]itance1 etc47 own]%ip ( weal?1 !y w no long] be impell$ to labor because !y w no long] be con/ra9$ to "w by p]sonal or family self-int]e/4#eg ,we see1 = example1 t1 ev5 9 our pres5t individuali/ _w1 ^? survivals ( collective prop]ty 9 l&--to :i* ,laveleye has s /rik+ly call$ ! att5tion ( sociologi/s--cont9ue to be cultivat$ & yield a return :i* is n l[] ?an t yield$ by l&s held 9 private own]%ip1 al?\gh ^! communi/ or collectivi/ f>m]s h only ! "r ( use & enjoym5t1 & n ! absolute title4#eh ,if "s ( ^! survivals ( collective own]%ip are disappe>+1 or if _! adm9i/ration is bad1 ?is c n be an argum5t aga9/ socialism1 s9ce x is easy to und]/& t1 9 ! pres5t economic organization bas$ on absolute individualism1 ^! organisms d n h an environm5t :i* furni%es !m ! conditions ( a possible exi/5ce4 ,x is z ?\gh "o 7 to wi% a fi% to live out ( wat]1 or a mammal 9 an atmosph]e conta9+ no oxyg54 ,^! are ! same consid]ations :i* condemn to a c]ta9 dea? all ^? fam\s exp]im5ts--! sociali/1 communi/ or an>*i/ colonies :i* x has be5 attempt$ to e/abli% 9 v>i\s places z exp]im5tal trials ( socialism4 ,x seems n to h be5 und]/ood t su* exp]im5ts c\ld only result 9 inevitable abortions1 oblig$ z !y are to develop 9 an individuali/ economic & moral environm5t :i* c n furni% !m ! conditions ess5tial = _! physiological developm5t1 conditions :i* !y w1 on ! contr>y1 h :5 ! :ole social organization %all be guid$ by ! collectivi/ pr9ciple1 t is to say1 :5 society %all be socializ$4#ei ,!n individual t5d5cies & psy*ological aptitudes w adapt !mselves to ! environm5t4 ,x is natural t 9 an individuali/ environm5t1 a _w ( free competition1 9 :i* e individual sees 9 e o!r if n an adv]s>y1 at lea/ a competitor1 anti-social egoism %\ld be ! t5d5cy :i* is inevitably mo/ highly develop$1 z a necess>y result ( ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 especially 9 ^! late/ phases ( a civilization :i* seems to be driv5 at full /eam1 comp>$ to ! pacific & g5tle individualism ( pa/ c5turies4 ,9 an environm5t :]e e "o1 9 ex*ange = intellectual or manual labor furni%$ to society1 w be assur$ ( 8 daily bread & w ?us be sav$ f daily anxiety1 x is evid5t t egoism w h f> few] /imulants1 few] occasions to manife/ itself ?an solid>ity1 sympa?y & altruism w h4 ,!n t pitiless maxim--homo hom9i lupus--w cease to be true--a maxim :i*1 :e!r we admit x or n1 poisons s mu* ( our pres5t life4 ,i c n dwell long] on ^! details & ,i conclude "h ! exam9ation ( ?is second pret5d$ opposition betwe5 socialism & evolution by aga9 po9t+ out t ! sociological law :i* decl>es t ! subsequ5t phase 7( social evolution7 does n efface ! vital & fruitful manife/ations ( ! prec$+ phases ( evolution1 gives u1 9 reg>d to ! social organization 9 process ( =mation1 a m exact 7positive or fact-f\nd$7 idea ?an our oppon5ts ?9k1 :o always imag9e t !y h to refute ! romantic & s5tim5tal socialism ( ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury4#fj ,?is %[s h[ little weight !re is 9 ! objection rec5tly rais$ aga9/ socialism1 9 ! "n ( a le>n$ b vague sociological eclecticism1 by a di/+ui%$ ,italian pr(essor1 ,m4 ,vanni4 ,contempor>y socialism is n id5tifi$ ) individualism1 s9ce x places at ! f\ndation ( ! social organization a pr9ciple :i* is n t ( individual autonomy1 b r its negation4 ,if1 not)/&+ ?is1 x promulgates individuali/ ideas1 :i* are 9 contradiction ) its pr9ciples1 ?is does n signify t x has *ang$ its nature1 or t x has ceas$ to be socialism3 x means simply t x lives ^u & by contradictions4#fa ,:5 socialism1 by assur+ to e "o ! means ( livelihood1 cont5ds t x w p]mit ! ass]tion & ! developm5t ( all individualities1 x does n fall into a contradiction ( pr9ciples1 b be+1 z x is1 ! approa*+ phase ( human civilization1 x c n suppress nor efface :atev] is vital1 t is to say1 compatible ) ! new social =m1 9 ! prec$+ phases4 ,& j z sociali/ int]nationalism is n 9 conflict ) patriotism1 s9ce x recognizes :atev] is heal?y & true 9 t s5tim5t1 & elim9ates only ! pa?ological "p1 j+oism1 9 ! same way1 socialism does n draw its life f contradiction1 b x foll[s1 on ! contr>y1 ! fundam5tal laws ( natural evolution1 9 develop+ & pres]v+ ! vital "p ( individualism1 & 9 suppress+ only its pa?ological manife/ations :i* are responsible = ! fact t 9 ! mod]n _w1 z ,prampol9i said1 #ij p] c5t4 ( ! cells ( ! social organization are condemn$ to anemia because #aj p] c5t4 are ill ) hyp]-emia & hyp]-trophy4 ,,footnotes3 #ee ,,ardig1 ,la =mazione naturale1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( 8 ,op]e filos(i*e1 ,padua1 #ahig4 #ef ,my ma/]1 ,pietro ,ell]o1 has giv5 9 ,la ,tirr&ie borghese1 an eloqu5t description ( ?is social & political pa?ology z x appe>s 9 ,italy4 #eg ,,ri*t]1 ,o mne le socialisme1 ,p>is1 #ahib4 #eh ,m4 ,loria1 9 ,les ,bases conomiques de la con/itution sociale1 ,p>is1 #ahid1 "p #a/1 demon/rates1 moreov]1 t 9 a society bas$ on collective own]%ip selfi%ness1 rightly und]/ood w /ill rema9 ! pr9cipal motive ( human actions1 b t x w !n be ! means ( realiz+ a social h>mony ( :i* x is ! wor/ enemy "u ! regime ( individualism4 ,"h is an example ( ?is1 on a small scale1 b in/ructive4 ,! means ( transportation h1 9 l>ge cities1 foll[$ ! ord9>y process ( progressive socialization4 ,at fir/1 ev]ybody w5t on foot1 except+ only a few ri* p]sons :o 7 able to h horses & c>riages2 lat]1 c>riages 7 made available = ! public at a fix$ rate ( hire 7! fiacres :i* h be5 us$ 9 ,p>is a little m ?an a c5tury1 & :i* took _! "n f ,sa9t ,fiacre because ! fir/ cab /ood b5ea? 8 image72 !n1 ! de>ness ( fiacre-hire l$ to a fur!r socialization by means ( omnibuses & tramways4 ,ano!r /ep =w>d & ! socialization w be complete4 ,let ! cab s]vice1 omnibus s]vice1 /reet railways1 bicyclettes1 etc41 become a municipal s]vice or function & e "o w be able to make use ( x gratis j z he freely enjoys ! railways :5 !y become a national public s]vice4 ,b1 !n--?is is ! individuali/ objection--ev]ybody w wi% to ride 9 cabs or on trolleys1 & ! s]vice hav+ to attempt to satisfy all1 w be p]fectly satisfactory to no "o4 ,?is is n correct4 ,if ! trans=mation _h to be made sudd5ly1 ?is might be a tempor>y consequ5ce4 ,b ev5 n[ _m ride gratis 7on passes1 etc47 on bo? railways & tramways4 ,& s x seems to u t e "o w wi% to ride on ! /reet c>s because ! fact t x is n[ impossible = _m to enjoy ?is mode ( locomotion gives rise to ! desire = ! =bidd5 fruit4 ,b :5 ! enjoym5t ( x %all be free 7& !re c\ld be re/rictions bas$ on ! necessity = su* transportation7 ano!r egoi/ic motive w come into play--! physiological ne$ ( walk+1 especially = well-f$ p :o h be5 engag$ 9 s$5t>y labor4 ,& s y see h[ individual selfi%ness1 9 ?is example ( collective own]%ip on a small scale1 w\ld act 9 h>mony ) ! social requirem5ts4 #ei ,?us x is easy to und]/& h[ unf\nd$ is ! reason+ among ! oppon5ts ( socialism t ! failure ( communi/ or sociali/ colonies is an objective demon/ration ( ! in/ability ( a sociali/ arrangem5t 7( society74 #fj ,?is is :at ,yves ,guyot1 = example1 does 9 ,les ,pr9cipes de #aghi1 ,p>is1 #ahid1 :5 he decl>es1 9 ! "n ( individuali/ psy*ology1 t socialism is re/rictive & individualism expansive4 ,?is !sis is1 moreov]1 9 "p true1 if x is transpos$4 ,! vulg> psy*ology1 :i* answ]s ! purposes ( ,m4 ,guyot 7,la ,tyrannie sociali/e1 liv4 ,,iii1 *4 ,i471 is cont5t ) sup]ficial obs]vations4 ,x decl>es1 = in/ance1 t if ! labor] works twelve h\rs1 he w produce evid5tly a ?ird m ?an if he works eight h\rs1 & ?is is ! reason :y indu/rial capitalism has oppos$ & does oppose ! m9imum programme ( ! ?ree eigh?s--eight h\rs = "w1 eight h\rs = sleep & eight h\rs = meals & recreation4 ,a m sci5tific physio-psy*ological obs]vation demon/rates1 on ! contr>y1 z ,i said long ago1 t man is a ma*9e1 b he does n function aft] ! fa%ion ( a ma*9e1 9 ! s5se t man is a liv+ ma*9e1 & n an inorganic ma*9e4 ,e "o kn[s t a locomotive or a sew+ ma*9e does 9 twelve h\rs a quantity ( "w great] by "o-?ird ?an x does 9 eight h\rs2 b man is a liv+ ma*9e1 subject to ! law ( physical me*anics1 b also to ^? ( biological me*anics4 ,intellectual labor1 l muscul> labor1 is n uni=m 9 quality & int5sity ?r\gh\t its duration4 ,)9 ! individual limits ( fatigue & exhau/ion1 x obeys ! law :i* ,quetelet express$ by 8 b9omial curve1 & :i* ,i believe to be "o ( ! fundam5tal laws ( liv+ & inorganic nature4 ,at ! />t ! =ce or ! spe$ is v slight--aft]w>d a maximum ( =ce or spe$ is atta9$--& at la/ ! =ce or spe$ aga9 becomes v slight4 ,) manual labor1 z ) intellectual labor1 !re is a maximum1 aft] :i* ! muscul> & c]ebral =ces decl9e1 & !n ! "w drags along sl[ly & )\t vigor until ! end ( ! =c$ daily labor4 ,consid] also ! b5efici5t sugge/ive influ5ce ( a r$uction ( h\rs1 & y w readily und]/& :y ! rec5t ,engli% reports are s unansw]able on ! excell5t results1 ev5 f ! capitali/ po9t ( view1 ( ! ,eight-,h\r re=m4 ,! work+m5 are less fatigu$1 & ! production is undim9i%$4 ,:5 ^! economic re=ms1 & all ^? :i* are bas$ on an exact physio-psy*ology1 %all be effect$ "u ! sociali/ regime--t is to say1 )\t ! friction & ! loss ( =ce t w\ld be inevitable "u capitali/ individualism--x is evid5t t !y w h imm5se mat]ial & moral advantages1 not)/&+ ! a priori objections ( ! pres5t individualism :i* c n see or :i* =gets ! pr(\nd reflex effects ( a *ange ( ! social environm5t on individual psy*ology4 #fa ,,icilio ,,vanni1 ,la funzione practica della filos(ia del diritto consid]ata 9 s e 9 rapporto al socialismo contemporaneo1 ,bologne1 #ahid4 ,,xii4 ,,evolution--,,revolution--,,rebellion-- ,,individual ,,viol5ce--,,socialism ,,& ,,an>*y4 ,! la/ & ! grave/ ( ! contradictions t x is attempt$ to set up betwe5 socialism & ! sci5tific !ory ( evolution1 relates to ! "q ( h[ socialism1 9 practice1 w be inaugurat$ & realiz$4 ,"s ?9k t socialism ought1 at ! pres5t "t1 to set =?1 9 all its details1 ! precise & symmetrical =m ( ! future social organization4--,%[ me a practical description ( ! new society1 & ,i w !n decide :e!r ,i ought to pref] x to ! pres5t society4 ,o!rs--& ?is is a consequ5ce ( t fir/ false conception--imag9e t socialism wi%es 9 a s+le day to *ange ! face ( ! _w1 & t we w be able to g to sleep 9 a _w completely b\rgeois & to wake up next morn+ 9 a _w completely sociali/4 ,h[ is x possible n to see1 "s "o !n says1 t all ?is is directly & ?or\ghly 9 conflict ) ! law ( evolution1 a law bas$ on ! two fundam5tal ideas--:i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! new t5d5cies ( sci5tific ?\ght & :i* are 9 conflict ) ! old metaphysics--( ! naturalness & ! gradualness ( all ph5om5a 9 all doma9s ( univ]sal life1 f a/ronomy to sociology4 ,x is indisputable t ^! two objections 71 9 great "p1 well f\nd$ :5 !y 7 direct$ aga9/ :at ,engels has call$ utopian socialism4 ,:5 socialism1 be=e ! "t ( ,k>l ,m>x1 0 m]ely ! s5tim5tal expression ( a humanit>ianism z noble z x 0 neglectful ( ! mo/ elem5t>y pr9ciples ( exact sci5ce1 x 0 altoge!r natural = its p>tisans to give re9 to ! impetuosity ( _! g5]\s natures bo? 9 _! vehem5t prote/s aga9/ social inju/ices & 9 _! rev]ies & day-dreams ( a bett] _w1 to :i* ! imag9ation /rove to give precise cont\rs1 z witness all ! utopias f ! ,,republic ( ,plato to ! ,,look+ ,,backw>d ( ,bellamy4 ,x is easy to und]/& :at opportunities ^! con/ructions af=d$ to criticism4 ,! latt] 0 false 9 "p1 moreov]1 because x 0 ! (fspr+ ( ! habits ( ?\ght peculi> to ! mod]n _w1 & :i* w *ange ) ! *ange 9 ! environm5t1 b x 0 well f\nd$ 9 "p also because ! enorm\s complexity ( social ph5om5a makes x impossible to prophesy 9 reg>d to all ! details ( a social organization :i* w diff] f ours m pr(\ndly ?an ! pres5t society diff]s f t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 because ! b\rgeois _w has reta9$ ! same f\ndation1 individualism1 z ! society :i* prec$$ x1 :ile ! sociali/ _w w h a fundam5tally diff]5t pol>ization4 ,^! prophetic con/ructions ( a new social ord] are1 moreov]1 ! natural product ( t artificiality 9 politics & sociology1 ) :i* ! mo/ or?odox individuali/s are equally deeply imbu$1 individuali/s :o imag9e1 z ,sp5c] has rem>k$1 t human society is l a piece ( d\gh to :i* ! law c give "o =m r ?an ano!r1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! organic & psy*ical1 e?ical & hi/orical qualities1 t5d5cies & aptitudes ( ! diff]5t peoples4 ,s5tim5tal socialism has furni%$ "s attempts at utopian con/ruction1 b ! mod]n _w ( politics has pres5t$ & does pres5t /ill m ( !m ) ! ridicul\s & *aotic mess ( laws & codes :i* surr\nd e man f 8 bir? to 8 dea?1 & ev5 be=e he is born & aft] he is dead1 9 an inextricable network ( codes1 laws1 decrees & regulations :i* /ifle him l ! silk-worm 9 ! cocoon4 ,& e day1 exp]i5ce %[s u t our legislators1 imbu$ ) ?is political & social artificiality1 d no?+ b copy ! laws ( ! mo/ dissimil> peoples1 accord+ z ! fa%ion comes f ,p>is or ,b]l91--in/ead ( c>efully /udy+ ! facts ( actual life1 ! conditions ( exi/5ce & ! int]e/s ( ! p 9 _! respective c\ntries1 9 ord] to adapt _! laws to !m1 laws :i*--if ?is is n done--rema91 z abundant examples %[1 dead lett]s because ! reality ( ! facts ( life does n p]mit !m to /rike _! roots into ! social soil & to develop a fruitful life4#fb ,on ! subject ( artificial social con/ructions1 ! sociali/s might say to ! individuali/s3 let him :o is )\t s91 ca/ ! fir/ /one4 ,! true reply is :olly diff]5t4 ,sci5tific socialism repres5ts a mu* m advanc$ phase ( sociali/ ?\ght2 x is 9 p]fect h>mony ) mod]n1 exp]i5tial sci5ce1 & x has completely ab&on$ ! fanta/ic idea ( prophesy+1 at ! pres5t "t1 :at human society w be "u ! new collectivi/ organization4 ,:at sci5tific socialism c affirm & does affirm ) ma!matical c]ta9ty1 is t ! curr5t1 ! trajectory1 ( human evolution is 9 ! g5]al direction po9t$ out & =ese5 by socialism1 t is to say1 9 ! direction ( a cont9u\sly & progressively increas+ prepond]ance ( ! int]e/s & importance ( ! species ov] ! int]e/s & importance ( ! individual--&1 !re=e1 9 ! direction ( a cont9u\s socialization ( ! economic life1 & ) & 9 consequ5ce ( t1 ( ! juridical1 moral & political life4 ,z to ! petty details ( ! new social edifice1 we are unable to =esee !m1 precisely because ! new social edifice w be1 & is1 a natural & spontane\s product ( human evolution1 a product :i* is already 9 process ( =mation1 & ! g5]al outl9es ( :i* are already visible1 & n an artificial con/ruction ( ! imag9ation ( "s utopian or ideali/4 ,! situation is ! same 9 ! social sci5ces & ! natural sci5ces4 ,9 embryology ! celebrat$ law ( ,haeckel tells u t ! developm5t ( ! individual embryo reproduces 9 m9iature ! v>i\s =ms ( developm5t ( ! animal species :i* h prec$$ x 9 ! zoological s]ies4 ,b ! biologi/1 by /udy+ a human embryo ( a few days' or a few weeks' gr[?1 c n tell :e!r x w be male or female1 & /ill less :e!r x w be a /rong or a weak individual1 phlegmatic or n]v\s1 intellig5t or n4 ,he c only tell ! g5]al l9es ( ! future evolution ( t individual1 & mu/ leave x to "t to %[ ! exact "* ( all ! p>ticul> details ( its p]sonality1 :i* w be develop$ naturally & spontane\sly1 9 con=mity ) ! h]$it>y organic conditions & ! conditions ( ! environm5t 9 :i* x w live4 ,?is is :at c be & :at mu/ be ! reply ( e sociali/4 ,?is is ! position tak5 by ,bebel 9 ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag#fc 9 8 reply to ^? :o wi% to "k at ! pres5t "t :at all ! details ( ! future ,/ate w be1 & :o skilfully pr(it+ by ! +5uity ( ! sociali/ romanc]s1 criticize _! artificial fantasies :i* are true 9 _! g5]al outl9es1 b arbitr>y 9 _! details4 ,x w\ld h be5 j ! same ?+ if1 be=e ! ,fr5* ,revolution1--:i*1 z x 71 hat*$ out ! b\rgeois _w1 prep>$ & matur$ dur+ ! previ\s evolution1--! nobility & ! cl]gy1 ! classes !n 9 p[]1 _h ask$ ! repres5tatives ( ! ,?ird ,e/ate--b\rgeois by bir?1 ?\gh "s ari/ocrats or prie/s embrac$ ! cause ( ! b\rgeoisie aga9/ ! privileges ( _! ca/e1 z ! ,m>quis de ,mirabeau & ! ,abb ,sieys--,b :at sort ( a _w w ?is new _w ( y\rs be8 ,%[ u fir/ its exact plan1 & aft] t we w decide6 ,! ,?ird ,e/ate1 ! b\rgeoisie1 w\ld n h be5 able to answ] ?is "q1 because x 0 impossible = !m to =esee :at ! human society ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 to be4 ,b ?is did n prev5t ! b\rgeois revolution f tak+ place because x repres5t$ ! next natural & inevitable phase ( an et]nal evolution4 ,?is is n[ ! position ( socialism ) relation to ! b\rgeois _w4 ,& if ?is b\rgeois _w1 born only ab\t a c5tury ago1 is de/9$ to h a mu* %ort] hi/orical cycle ?an ! feudal 7ari/ocratico-cl]ical7 _w1 ?is is simply because ! m>vel\s sci5tific progress ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has increas$ a hundr$-fold ! rapidity ( life 9 "t & has ne>ly annihilat$ space1 &1 !re=e1 civiliz$ humanity trav]ses n[ 9 t5 ye>s ! same road t x took1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 a c5tury or two to travel4 ,! cont9u\sly accel]at$ velocity ( human evolution is also "o ( ! laws e/abli%$ & prov$ by mod]n social sci5ce4 ,x is ! artificial con/ructions ( s5tim5tal socialism :i* h giv5 bir? to ! idea--correct s f> z !y are conc]n$--t socialism is synonym\s ) tyranny4 ,x is evid5t t if ! new social organization is n ! spontane\s =m naturally produc$ by ! human evolution1 b r an artificial con/ruction t has issu$ complete 9 e detail f ! bra9 ( "s social ar*itect1 ! latt] w be unable to avoid regulat+ ! new social ma*9]y by an inf9ite numb] ( rules & by ! sup]ior au?ority :i* he w assign to a controll+ intellig5ce1 ei!r individual or collective4 ,x is easy to und]/& !n1 h[ su* an organization gives rise 9 its oppon5ts--:o see 9 ! individuali/ _w only ! advantages ( lib]ty1 & :o =get ! evils :i* s copi\sly fl[ f x--! impression ( a sy/em ( mona/ic or milit>y discipl9e4#fd ,ano!r contempor>y artificial product has contribut$ to confirm ?is impression--,/ate ,socialism4 ,at bottom1 x does n diff] f s5tim5tal or utopian socialism1 & z ,liebkne*t said at ! sociali/ congress ( ,b]l9 7#ahib71 x w\ld be a ,/ate ,capitalism :i* w\ld jo9 political slav]y to economic exploitation4 ,/ate ,socialism is a symptom ( ! irresi/ible p[] ( sci5tific & democratic socialism--z is %[n by ! fam\s rescripts ( ,emp]or ,william convok+ an int]national conf]5ce to solve 7?is is ! infantile idea ( ! decree7 ! problems ( labor1 & ! fam\s ,encyclical on ,! ,condition ( ,labor ( ! v able ,pope1 ,leo ,,xiii1 :o has h&l$ ! subject ) great tact & clev]ness4#fe ,b ^! imp]ial rescripts & ^! papal encyclicals--because x is impossible to leap ov] or suppress ! phases ( ! social evolution--c\ld only result abortively 9 our b\rgeois1 individuali/ & laissez faire _w4 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld n h be5 displeas+ to ?is b\rgeois _w to see ! vigor\s contempor>y socialism /rangl$ to dea? 9 ! amor\s embraces ( (ficial artificiality & ( ,/ate ,socialism1 = x _h become evid5t 9 ,g]many & else:]e1 t nei!r laws nor repressive measures ( any k9d c\ld kill x4#ff ,all t ars5al ( rules & regulations & provisions = inspection & sup]9t5d5ce has no?+ 9 common ) sci5tific socialism :i* =esees cle>ly t ! executive guidance ( ! new social organization w be no m confus$ ?an is ! pres5t adm9i/ration ( ! ,/ate1 ! prov9ces & ! communes1 & w1 on ! contr>y1 be mu* bett] adapt$ to subs]ve ! int]e/s ( bo? society & ! individual1 s9ce x w be a natural product & n a p>asitic product ( ! new social organization4 ,j s1 ! n]v\s sy/em ( a mammal is ! regulat+ app>atus ( its organism2 x is1 c]ta9ly1 m complex ?an t ( ! organism ( a fi% or ( a mollusc1 b x has n1 = t reason1 tyrannically /ifl$ ! autonomy ( ! o!r organs & anatomical ma*9]y1 or ( ! cells 9 _! liv+ conf$]ation4 ,x is und]/ood1 !n1 t to refute socialism1 some?+ m is ne$$ ?an ! m]e repetition ( ! curr5t objections aga9/ t artificial & s5tim5tal socialism :i* /ill cont9ues to exi/1 ,i confess1 9 ! nebul\s mass ( popul> ideas4 ,b e day x is los+ gr\nd be=e ! intellig5t p>tisans--work+m51 middle-class or ari/ocrats--( sci5tific socialism :i* arm$--?anks to ! impulse receiv$ f ! g5ius ( ,m>x--) all ! be/-e/abli%$ inductions ( mod]n sci5ce1 is triumph+ ov] ! old objections :i* our adv]s>ies1 ?r\gh =ce ( m5tal cu/om1 /ill repeat1 b :i* h long be5 left beh9d by contempor>y ?\ght1 toge!r ) ! utopian socialism :i* provok$ !m4 ,! same reply mu/ be made to ! second "p ( ! objection1 ) reg>d to ! mode by :i* ! adv5t ( socialism w be accompli%$4 ,"o ( ! inevitable & logical consequ5ces ( utopian & artificial socialism is to ?9k t ! ar*itectonic con/ruction propos$ by su* or su* a re=m]1 ought to be & c be put into practice 9 a s+le day by a decree4 ,9 ?is s5se x is q true t ! utopian illusion ( empirical socialism is 9 opposition to ! sci5tific law ( evolution1 &1 look$ at 9 ?is way1 ,i combatt$ x 9 my book on ,socialismo e ,crim9alit1 because at t "t 7#ahhc7 ! ideas ( sci5tific or ,m>xian socialism 7 n yet g5]ally dissem9at$ 9 ,italy4 ,a political p>ty or a sci5tific !ory are natural products :i* mu/ pass ?r\gh ! vital phases ( infancy & y\?1 be=e rea*+ complete developm5t4 ,x 01 !n1 inevitable t1 be=e becom+ sci5tific or positif 7fact-f\nd$71 socialism1 9 ,italy z 9 o!r c\ntries1 %\ld pass ?r\gh ! infantile phases ( clanni% exclusiv5ess--! era :5 socialism 0 conf9$ to organizations ( manual labor]s--& ( nebul\s romanticism :i*1 z x gives to ! ^w revolution a n>r[ & incomplete mean+1 is always f$ ) false hope by ! illusion t a social organism c be radically *ang$ 9 a s+le day ) f\r rifle-%ots1 j z a mon>*ical regime c\ld ?us be conv]t$ into a republican regime4 ,b x is inf9itely easi] to *ange ! political envelope ( a social organization1--because su* a *ange has little effect on ! economic f\ndation ( ! social life1--?an to completely revolutionize ?is social life 9 its economic con/itution4 ,! processes ( social trans=mation1 z well z--"u v>i\s names--^? ( e sort ( trans=mation 9 liv+ organisms are3 evolution1--revolution1--rebellion1--ind ividual viol5ce4 ,a m9]al or vegetable or animal species may pass ?r\gh1 dur+ ! cycle ( its exi/5ce1 ^! f\r processes4 ,z long z ! /ructure & ! volume ( ! c5tre ( cry/allization1 ! g]m1 or ! embryo1 increase gradually1 we h a gradual & cont9u\s process ( evolution1 :i* mu/ be foll[$ at a def9ite /age by a process ( revolution1 m or less prolong$1 repres5t$1 = example1 by ! sep>ation ( ! entire cry/al f ! m9]al mass :i* surr\nds x1 or by c]ta9 revolution>y phases ( vegetable or animal life1 z1 = example1 ! mom5t ( sexual reproduction2 !re may also be a p]iod ( rebellion1 t is to say1 ( organiz$ p]sonal viol5ce1 a frequ5t & well-v]ifi$ ph5om5on among ^? species ( animals :o live 9 societies2 !re may also be isolat$ in/ances ( p]sonal viol5ce1 z 9 ! /ruggles to obta9 food or = possession ( ! females betwe5 animals ( ! same species4 ,^! same processes also occur 9 ! human _w4 ,by evolution mu/ be und]/ood ! trans=mation t takes place day by day1 :i* is almo/ unnotic$1 b cont9u\s & inevitable2 by revolution1 ! critical & decisive p]iod1 m or less prolong$1 ( an evolution t has rea*$ its conclud+ phase2 by rebellion1 ! p>tially collective viol5ce :i* breaks out1 ^u ! occasion ( "s p>ticul> circum/ance1 at a def9ite place & "t2 & by individual viol5ce1 ! action ( "o individual aga9/ "o or sev]al o!rs1 :i* may be ! effect ( a fanatical passion or ( crim9al in/9cts1 or ! manife/ation ( a lack ( m5tal equilibrium1--& :i* id5tifies itself ) ! political or religi\s ideas mo/ 9 vogue at ! mom5t4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t :ile revolution & evolution are normal functions ( social physiology1 rebellion & individual viol5ce are symptoms ( social pa?ology4 ,^! are1 nev]!less1 m]ely natural & spontane\s processes1 s9ce1 z ,vir*[ has %[n1 pa?ology is m]ely ! sequel ( normal physiology4 ,besides1 ! pa?ological symptoms h1 or %\ld h1 a great diagno/ical value = ! classes 9 p[]2 b ! latt]1 un=tunately1 9 e p]iod ( hi/ory1 9 times ( political crisis1 z 9 ^? ( social crisis1 h %[n !mselves unable to conceive ( any o!r rem$y ?an brutal repression--! guillot9e or ! prison--& !y fancy t ?us !y c cure ! organic & con/itutional disease :i* vexes ! social body4#fg ,b x is indisputable1 at all ev5ts1 t ! normal processes ( social trans=mation 7& because !y are normal1 ! mo/ fruitful & ! sure/1 al?\gh ! sl[e/ & ! lea/ effective 9 appe>ance7 are evolution & revolution1 us+ ! latt] t]m 9 its accurate & sci5tific s5se1 z ! conclud+ phase ( an evolution1 & n 9 ! curr5t & incorrect s5se ( a /ormy & viol5t revolt4#fh ,x is evid5t1 9 fact1 t ,europe & ,am]ica are1 9 ^! clos+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 a p]iod ( revolution1 prep>$ by ! evolution begott5 by ! b\rgeois organization itself & promot$ by utopian socialism z well z by sci5tific socialism4 ,likewise1 we are 9 t p]iod ( social life :i* ,bagehot calls ! age ( discussion1#fi & already we c see :at ,zola has call$1 9 ,g]m9al1 ! crack+ ( ! politico-social cru/1 &1 9 fact1 all ^? symptoms :i* ,ta9e has describ$ 9 8 l',anci5 ,rgime1 9 relat+ ! hi/ory ( ! tw5ty ye>s :i* prec$$ #aghi4 ,z repressive me?ods are ( no avail aga9/ dome/ic revolution1 & only s]ve to expose ! symptoms1 !re c be no?+ efficaci\s & productive ( good results1 except laws ( social re=m & prep>ation :i*1 :ile safe-gu>d+ ! pres5t society1 w r5d] less pa9ful1 z ,m>x said1 ! bir? ( ! new society4 ,9 ?is s5se1 evolution & revolution con/itute ! mo/ fruitful & sure/ processes ( social metamorphosis4 ,z human society =ms a natural & liv+ organism1 l all o!r organisms1 x c n endure sudd5 trans=mations1 z ^? imag9e :o ?9k t rec\rse mu/ be _h only or by pref]5ce to rebellion or p]sonal viol5ce to inaugurate a new social organization4 ,?is seems to me l imag9+ t a *ild or a y\? c\ld1 9 a s+le day1 accompli% a biological evolution & become =?) an adult4#gj ,x is easy to und]/& h[ a man out ( "w1 9 ! horrors ( />vation1 8 bra9 giv+ way = want ( n\ri%m5t1 may fancy t by giv+ a policeman a bl[ ) 8 fi/1 by ?r[+ a bomb1 by rais+ a b>ricade1 or by tak+ "p 9 a riot1 he is ha/5+ ! realization ( a social ideal1 f :i* inju/ice w h vani%$4 ,&1 ev5 ap>t f su* cases1 x is possible to und]/& h[ ! p[] ( impulsive feel+1 ! dom9ant factor 9 "s natures1 may1 ?r\gh a g5]\s impati5ce1 lead !m to make "s real attempt--& n imag9>y l ^? :i* ! police 9 all times & all c\ntries prosecute 9 ! c\rts--to spread t]ror among ^? :o feel ! political or economic p[] slipp+ f _! h&s4 ,b sci5tific socialism1 especially 9 ,g]many1 "u ! direct influ5ce ( ,m>xism1 has completely ab&on$ ^? old me?ods ( revolution>y romanticism4 ,?\gh !y h (t5 be5 employ$1 !y h always result$ abortively1 & = t v reason ! rul+ classes no long] dread !m1 s9ce !y are only light1 localiz$ assaults on a =tress :i* /ill has m ?an suffici5t resi/ant p[] to rema9 victori\s & by ?is victory to ret>d tempor>ily ! evolution by remov+ f ! sc5e ! /ronge/ & bolde/ adv]s>ies ( ! /atus quo4 ,m>xian socialism is revolution>y 9 ! sci5tific mean+ ( ! ^w1 & x is n[ develop+ into op5 social revolution--no "o w attempt to d5y1 ,i ?9k1 t ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury m>ks ! critical phase ( ! b\rgeois evolution ru%+ "u a full head ( /eam1 ev5 9 ,italy1 along ! road ( individuali/ capitalism4 ,m>xian socialism has ! c&or to say1 ?r\gh ! m\?s ( its mo/ au?oritative spokesm51 to ! great suff]+ ho/ ( ! mod]n prolet>iat1 t x has no magic w& to trans=m ! _w 9 a s+le day1 z "o %ifts ! sc5es 9 a !atre2 x says on ! contr>y1 repeat+ ! prophetic exhortation ( ,m>x1 ,prolet>ians ( all c\ntries1 unite1 t ! social revolution c n a*ieve its object1 unless x fir/ becomes a vivid fact 9 ! m9ds ( ! work]s !mselves by virtue ( ! cle> p]ception ( _! class-int]e/s & ( ! /r5g? :i* _! union w give !m1 & t !y w n wake up "s day "u a full-fl$g$ sociali/ regime1 because divid$ & apa!tic = #cfd days out ( ! ye> !y %all rebel on ! #cfe?1 or devote !mselves to ! p]petration ( "s de$ ( p]sonal viol5ce4 ,?is is :at ,i call ! psy*ology ( ! gros lot 7! capital prize 9 a lott]y1 etc474 ,_m work+m5 imag9e1 9 fact1 t--)\t do+ any?+ to =m !mselves into a class-consci\s p>ty--!y w w9 "s day ! capital prize1 ! social revolution1 j z ! manna is said to h come d[n f heav5 to fe$ ! ,hebrews4 ,sci5tific socialism has po9t$ out t ! trans=m+ p[] decreases z we desc5d ! scale f "o process to ano!r1 t ( revolution be+ less ?an t ( evolution1 & t ( rebellion be+ less ?an t ( revolution1 & individual viol5ce hav+ ! lea/ ( all4 ,& s9ce x is a "q ( a complete trans=mation &1 consequ5tly1 9 its juridical1 political & e?ical organization1 ! process ( trans=mation is m effective & bett] adapt$ to ! purpose 9 proportion z its social "* pr$om9ates ov] its individual "*4 ,! individuali/ p>ties are individuali/s ev5 9 ! daily /ruggle2 socialism1 on ! contr>y1 is collectivi/ ev5 9 t1 because x kn[s t ! pres5t organization does n dep5d ^u ! w ( su* or su* an individual1 b ^u society z a :ole4 ,& ?is is also "o reason :y *>ity1 h[ev] g5]\s x be1 be+ necess>ily p]sonal & p>tial1 c n be a rem$y = ! social1 & !reby collective1 "q ( ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,9 political que/ions1 :i* leave ! economico-social f\ndation unt\*$1 x is possible to und]/& h[1 = in/ance1 ! exile ( ,napoleon ,,iii4 or ( ! ,emp]or ,don ,p$ro c\ld inaugurate a republic4 ,b ?is trans=mation does n ext5d to ! f\ndation ( ! social life1 & ! ,g]man ,empire or ! ,italian ,mon>*y are1 socially1 b\rgeois j ! same z ! ,fr5* ,republic or ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,republic1 because not)/&+ ! political diff]5ces betwe5 !m1 !y all belong to ! same economico-social phase4 ,?is is :y ! processes ( evolution & revolution--! only :olly social or collective processes--are ! mo/ efficaci\s1 :ile p>tial rebellion &1 /ill m1 individual viol5ce h only a v feeble p[] ( social trans=mation2 !y are1 moreov]1 anti-social & anti-human1 because !y re-awak5 ! primitive savage in/9cts1 & because !y d5y1 9 ! v p]son :om !y /rike d[n1 ! pr9ciple ) :i* !y believe !mselves animat$--! pr9ciple ( respect = human life & ( solid>ity4 ,:at is ! use ( hypnotiz+ oneself ) phrases ab\t ! propag&a ( ! de$ & imm$iate action8 ,x is kn[n t an>*i/s1 individuali/s1 amorphi/s & lib]t>ians admit z a means ( social trans=mation individual viol5ce :i* ext5ds f homicide to !ft or e/ampage1 ev5 among companions2 & ?is is !n m]ely a political color+ giv5 to crim9al in/9cts :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) political fanaticism1 :i* is a v diff]5t ph5om5on1 common to ! extreme & romantic p>ties ( all times4 ,a sci5tific exam9ation ( ea* case by itself1 ) ! aid ( an?ropology & psy*ology1 alone c decide :e!r ! p]petrator ( su* or su* a de$ ( viol5ce is a cong5ital crim9al1 a crim9al ?r\gh insanity1 or a crim9al ?r\gh /ress ( political fanaticism4 ,i h1 9 fact1 always ma9ta9$1 & ,i /ill ma9ta91 t ! political crim9al1 :om "s wi% to class 9 a special category1 does n con/itute a peculi> an?ropological v>iety1 b t he c be plac$ "u "o or ano!r ( ! an?ropological categories ( crim9als ( ord9>y law1 & p>ticul>ly "o ( ^! ?ree3 ! born crim9al hav+ a cong5ital t5d5cy to crime1 ! insane-crim9al1 ! crim9al by /ress ( fanatical passion4 ,! hi/ory ( ! pa/ & ( ^! latt] times af=d u obvi\s illu/rations ( ^! sev]al categories4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages religi\s beliefs fill$ ! m9ds ( all & color$ ! crim9al or insane excesses ( _m ( ! unbalanc$4 ,a simil> insanity 0 ! effici5t cause ( ! m or less hy/]ical sanctity ( "s ( ! sa9ts4 ,at ! close ( our c5tury x is ! politico-social que/ions :i* absorb 7& ) :at ov]:elm+ int]e/67 ! univ]sal consci\sness--:i* is /imulat$ by t univ]sal contagion creat$ by j\rnalism ) its great s5sationalism--& ^! are ! que/ions :i* color ! crim9al or insane excesses ( _m ( ! unbalanc$1 or :i* are ! det]m9+ causes ( in/ances ( fanaticism occurr+ 9 m5 :o are ?or\ghly honorable1 b afflict$ ) excessive s5sibility4 ,x is ! mo/ extreme =m ( ^! politico-social que/ions :i*1 9 ea* hi/orical p]iod1 possesses ! mo/ int5se sugge/ive p[]4 ,9 ,italy sixty ye>s ago x 0 ,mazz9nianisme or ,c>bon>isme2 tw5ty ye>s ago1 x 0 socialism2 n[ x is an>*ism4 ,x is v easy to und]/& h[ !re occurr$ 9 ea* p]iod1 9 accordance ) _! respective dom9ant t5d5cies1 de$s ( p]sonal viol5ce4444 ,felice ,ors9i1 = example1 is "o ( ! m>tyrs ( ! ,italian ,revolution4 ,9 ea* case ( individual viol5ce1 unless "o is cont5t ) ! necess>ily errone\s judgm5ts begott5 by emotion to rea* a correct decision x is necess>y to make a physio-psy*ical exam9ation ( ! p]petrator1 j z x is 9 ! case ( any o!r crime4 ,felice ,ors9i 0 a political crim9al ?r\gh passion4 ,among ! an>*i/ bomb-?r[]s or assass9s ( our day may be f\nd ! born crim9al--:o simply colors 8 cong5ital lack ( ! moral or social s5se ) a political v>ni%--2 ! insane-crim9al or mattoid ^: m5tal defici5cy becomes bl5d$ ) ! political ideas ( ! p]iod2 & also ! crim9al ?r\gh political passion1 act+ f s9c]e conviction & m5tally almo/ normal1 9 :om ! crim9al action is det]m9$ 7or caus$7 solely by ! false idea 7:i* socialism combats7 ( ! possibility ( effect+ a social trans=mation by means ( individual viol5ce4#ga ,b no matt] :e!r ! p>ticul> crime is t ( a cong5ital crim9al or ( a madman or ( a political crim9al ?r\gh passion1 x is none ! less true t p]sonal viol5ce1 z adopt$ by ! an>*i/ individuali/s1 is simply ! logical product ( individualism c>ri$ to extremes &1 !re=e1 ! natural product ( ! exi/+ economic organization--?\gh its production is also favor$ by ! delirium ( hung]1 acute or *ronic2 b x is also ! lea/ efficaci\s & ! mo/ anti-human means ( social trans=mation4#gb ,b all an>*i/s are n individuali/s1 amorphi/s or autonomi/s2 !re are also an>*i/-communi/s4 ,! latt] repudiates de$s ( p]sonal viol5ce1 z ord9>y means ( social trans=mation 7,m]l9o1 = example has rec5tly /at$ ?is 9 8 pamphlet3 ,necessit e base di un accordo1 ,prato1 #ahib71 b ev5 ^! an>*i/-communi/s cut !mselves (f f ,m>xian socialism1 bo? by _! ultimate ideal & m especially by _! me?od ( social trans=mation4 ,!y combat ,m>xian socialism because x is law-abid+ & p>liam5t>y1 & !y cont5d t ! mo/ efficaci\s & ! sure/ mode ( social trans=mation is rebellion4 ,^! ass]tions :i* respond to ! vagu5ess ( ! s5tim5ts & ideas ( too l>ge a portion ( ! work+-class & to ! impati5ce provok$ by _! wret*$ condition1 may meet ) a tempor>y1 un9tellig5t approval1 b _! effect c be only ephem]al4 ,! explosion ( a bomb may inde$ give bir? to a mom5t>y emotion1 b x c n advance by ! hundr$? "p ( an in* ! evolution 9 m5's m9ds t[>d socialism1 :ile x causes a reaction 9 feel+1 a reaction 9 "p s9c]e1 b skilfully fom5t$ & exploit$ z a pretext = repression4 ,to say to ! labor]s t1 )\t hav+ made ready ! requisite mat]ial means1 b especially )\t solid>ity & )\t an intellig5t conception ( ! goal & )\t a high moral purpose1 !y ought to rise aga9/ ! classes 9 p[]1 is really to play into ! h&s ( ^? v classes1 s9ce ! latt] are sure ( ! mat]ial victory :5 ! evolution is n ripe & ! revolution is n ready4#gc ,& s x has be5 possible to %[ 9 ! case ( ! late ,sicilian rebellion1 9 spite ( all ! lies ( ^? int]e/$ 9 hid+ ! tru?1 t 9 ^? di/ricts :]e socialism 0 mo/ advanc$ & be/ und]/ood !re 7 no de$s ( p]sonal viol5ce1 no revolts1 z1 = example1 among ! peasants ( ,piana dei ,greci1 ( :om ,nicola ,b>bato _h made intellig5t sociali/s2 :ile ^? convulsive movem5ts occurr$ outside ( ! field ( ! sociali/ propag&a z a rebellion aga9/ ! exactions ( ! local gov]nm5ts & ( ! camorre1#gd or 9 ^? di/ricts :]e ! sociali/ propag&a 0 less intellig5t & 0 /ifl$ by ! fi]ce passions caus$ by hung] & mis]y4#ge ,hi/ory demon/rates t ! c\ntries :]e revolts h be5 ! mo/ frequ5t are ^? 9 :i* social progress is ! lea/ advanc$4 ,! popul> en]gies exhau/ & de/roy !mselves 9 ^! fev]i%1 convulsive excesses1 :i* alt]nate ) p]iods ( disc\ragem5t & despair--:i* are ! fitt+ environm5t ( ! ,buddhi/ !ory ( electoral ab/5tion--a v conv5i5t !ory = ! cons]vative p>ties4 ,9 su* c\ntries we nev] see t cont9uity ( prem$itat$ action1 sl[] & less effective 9 appe>ance1 b 9 reality ! only k9d ( action t c accompli% ^? ?+s :i* appe> to u z ! miracles ( hi/ory4 ,!re=e ,m>xian socialism 9 all c\ntries has proclaim$ t f ?is "t =? ! pr9cipal means ( social trans=mation mu/ be ! conque/ ( ! public p[]s 79 local adm9i/rations z well z 9 national ,p>liam5ts7 z "o ( ! results ( ! organization ( ! labor]s into a class-consci\s p>ty4 ,! fur!r ! political organization ( ! labor]s1 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 %all progress1 ! m "o w see realiz$1 by a resi/less evolution1 ! sociali/ organization ( society1 at fir/ by p>tial concessions1 b ev] gr[+ m important1 wre/$ f ! capitali/ class by ! work+-class 7! law re/rict+ ! work+-day to ,eight ,h\rs1 = example71 & !n by ! complete trans=mation ( individual own]%ip into social own]%ip4 ,z to ! "q :e!r ?is complete trans=mation1 :i* is at pres5t be+ prep>$ = by a process ( gradual evolution :i* is ne>+ ! critical & decisive p]iod ( ! social revolution1 c be accompli%$ )\t ! aid ( o!r means ( trans=mation--su* z rebellion & individual viol5ce--?is is a "q :i* no "o c answ] 9 advance4 ,m>xian sociali/s are n prophets4 ,our s9c]e wi% is t ! social revolution1 :5 its evolution %all be ripe1 may be effect$ peacefully1 z s _m o!r revolutions h be51 )\t blood-%$--l ! ,engli% ,revolution1 :i* prec$$ by a c5tury1 ) its ,bill ( ,rights1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 l ! ,italian ,revolution 9 ,tuscany 9 #ahei2 l ! ,brazilian ,revolution1 ) ! exile ( ! ,emp]or ,dom ,p$ro1 9 #ahib4 ,x is c]ta9 t socialism by spread+ education & culture among ! p1 by organiz+ ! work]s into a class-consci\s p>ty "u its bann]1 is only increas+ ! probability ( ! fulfilm5t ( our hope1 & is dissipat+ ! old =ebod+s ( a reaction aft] ! adv5t ( socialism1 :i* 7 inde$ ju/ifi$ :5 socialism 0 /ill utopian 9 its means ( realization in/ead ( be+1 z x n[ is1 a natural & spontane\s1 & !re=e inevitable & irrevocable1 phase ( ! evolution ( humanity4 ,:]e w ?is social revolution />t8 ,i am firmly conv9c$ t if ! ,lat9 peoples1 be+ ,s\!rn]s1 are m ready = revolt1 :i* may suffice = purely political trans=mations1 ! peoples ( ! ,nor?1 ! ,g]mans & ,anglo-,saxons are bett] prep>$ = ! tranquil & ord]ly b inexorable process ( ! true revolution1 und]/ood z ! critical phase ( an organic1 incomplete1 prep>atory evolution1 :i* is ! only effective process = a truly social trans=mation4 ,x is 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 :]e ! great] developm5t ( b\rgeois indu/rialism inevitably aggravates its detrim5tal consequ5ces1 & !reby magnifies ! necessity = socialism1 t ! great social metamorphosis w p]haps be+--?\gh inde$ x has begun ev]y:]e--& f !re x w spread across old ,europe1 j z at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury ! signal = ! political & b\rgeois revolution 0 rais$ by ,france4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we h j demon/rat$ once m ! pr(\nd diff]5ce !re is betwe5 socialism & an>*ism--:i* our oppon5ts & ! s]vile press endeavor to conf\nd#gf &1 at all ev5ts1 ,i h demon/rat$ t ,m>xian socialism is 9 h>mony ) mod]n sci5ce & is its logical cont9uation4 ,t is exactly ! reason :y x has made ! !ory ( evolution ! basis ( its inductions & :y x ?us m>ks ! truly liv+ & f9al phase--&1 !re=e1 ! only phase recogniz$ by ! intellig5ce ( ! collectivi/ democracy--( socialism :i* _h !ret(ore rema9$ float+ 9 ! nebulosities ( s5tim5t & :y x has tak5 z its guide ! un]r+ compass ( sci5tific ?\ght1 rejuv5at$ by ! works ( ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]4 ,,footnotes3 #fb ,we h a typical example ( ?is 9 ! new ,italian p5al code1 :i*1 z ,i said be=e its en=cem5t1 %[s no signs ( special adaptation to ,italian conditions4 ,x might j z well be a code made = ,greece or ,norway1 & x has borr[$ f ! c\ntries ( ! nor? ! sy/em ( conf9em5t 9 cells1 :i* ev5 !n 9 ! nor? 0 recogniz$ 9 all its co/ly absurdity z a sy/em devis$ = ! brutalization ( m54 #fc ,,bebel1 ,zukunft/aat und ,sozialdemokratie1 #ahic4 #fd ,x is ?is artificial socialism :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c] attacks4 #fe ,see ,socialism3 a ,reply to ! ,pope's ,encyclical1 by ,rob]t ,blat*=d4 ,! ,int]national ,publi%+ ,co41 ,new ,york4--,tr4 #ff ,to ?is ,/ate socialism apply mo/ ( ! individuali/ & an>*i/ objections ( ,sp5c] ,9 ,man vs4 ,/ate4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,y w recall on ?is subject ! celebrat$ debate betwe5 ,sp5c] & ,laveleye3 ,! ,/ate & ! ,individual or ,social ,d>w9ism & ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 #ahhe4 ,laf>gue has also repli$ to ,sp5c]1 b has n po9t$ out ! fact t ,sp5c]'s criticisms apply1 n to democratic socialism1 our socialism1 b to ,/ate socialism4 ,see also ,,ciccotti on ?is subject4 #fg ,at ! mom5t :5 ,i 0 correct+ ! pro(s ( ! ,italian edition ( ?is "w1 ,m4 ,crispi _h j propos$ ! exceptional laws = ! public safety1 :i*1 us+ ! outrages ( ! an>*i/s z a pretext1 aim$ by ?is me?od to /rike a bl[ at & to suppress socialism4 ,repressive laws c suppress m51 b n ideas4 ,has ! failure ( ! exceptional laws aga9/ ! sociali/ p>ty 9 ,g]many be5 =gott58 ,x is possible to increase ! numb] ( crimes1 to suppress public lib]ties 444 b t is no rem$y4 ,socialism w cont9ue its =w>d m>* j ! same4 #fh ,,lombroso & ,,las*i1 ,le ,crime politique1 etc41 & ! monograph ( ,,elisee ,,reclus1 ,evolution et ,rvolution4 #fi ,,walt] ,,bagehot1 ,physics & ,politics4 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #gj ,x is ?is lack ( ev5 elem5t>y k ( geology1 biology1 etc41 :i* makes ! vague ideal ( an>*y s attractive to _m m5 or ! p ) really bright m9ds1 b ) no sci5tific tra9+1 ev5 ?\gh !y repudiate ! employm5t ( viol5t me?ods4 ,9 my op9ion a m wide-spread in/ruction 9 ! natural sci5ces--toge!r ) _! sub/itution = ! classics--w\ld d m ?an any repressive laws to suppress ! outrages ( an>*y4 #ga ,,hamon1 ,les ,hommes et les ?ories de l'an>*ie1 ,p>is1 #ahic4--,,lombroso1 ,ultime scop]te ed applicazioni dell' antropologia crim9ale1 ,tur91 #ahic4 #gb ,at ! mom5t :5 ,i 0 correct+ ! pro(s ( ! ,italian edition ( ?is book1 ! emotion _h n yet subsid$ :i* grew out ( ! h>mless attack ^u ,crispi1 at ,rome1 on ! #af? ( ,june1 & especially ! mu* ke5] emotion produc$ by ! dea? ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 ,sadi ,c>not1 on ! #bd? ( ,june4 ,i reproduce "h1 z docum5t>y evid5ce1 ! decl>ation publi%$ by a section ( ! ,sociali/ ,p>ty ( ,italian ,work]s 9 ! ,secolo ( ! #bg-bh ,june1 & di/ribut$ by ?\s&s 9 ,milan z a manife/o1 & :i* 0 n m5tion$ by ei!r ! ,cons]vative or ! ,progressive newspap]s1 :o tri$ by _! sil5ce to p]petrate ! confusion betwe5 socialism & an>*y4 ,"h is ! decl>ation3 ,! ,sociali/ ,p>ty to ! ,work+m5 ( ,italy4--,d[n ) assass9s6 ,humanity n[ und]/&s t life is sacr$1 & does n tol]ate brutal violations ( ?is great pr9ciple :i* is morally ! s\l ( socialism4 ,c4 ,,prampol9i4 ,he :o /ruggles = ! "r to life1 9 ex*ange = 8 labor1 condemns e assault ^u human life1--:e!r x be ! "w ( b\rgeois exploitation 9 factories1 or ( ! bombs or dagg]s ( un9tellig5t revolutioni/s4 ,! ,sociali/ ,p>ty :i* has ?is pr9ciple = a %ibbole?1 :i* expects ev]y?+ f ! class-consci\s organization ( ! work+ class1 execrates ! crime committ$ aga9/ ! p]son ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 z a brutal de$1 z ! negation ( e pr9ciple ( revolution>y logic4 ,x is necess>y to ar\se 9 ! prolet>iat ! consci\sness ( _! own rights1 to furni% !m ! /ructure ( organization1 & to induce !m to function z a new organism4 ,x is necess>y to conqu] ! public p[]s by ! means :i* mod]n civilization gives u4 ,to revolt1 to ?r[ at haphaz>d a bomb among ! spectators 9 a !atre1 or to kill an individual1 is ! act ( b>b>ians or ( ignorant p4 ,! ,sociali/ ,p>ty sees 9 su* de$s ! viol5t manife/ation ( b\rgeois s5tim5ts4 ,we are ! adv]s>ies ( all ! viol5ces ( b\rgeois exploitation1 ( ! guillot9e1 ( musketry dis*>ges 7aim$ at /rik]s1 etc471 & ( an>*i/ outrages4 ,hurrah = ,socialism6 ,socialism represses all ^! /]ile & repugnant =ms ( individual viol5ce4 ,c>not's dea? accompli%$ no?+ except to ar\se a transitory atavi/ic hatr$ ( ,italians4 ,aft]w>d1 ! ,fr5* ,republic elect$ ano!r ,presid5t & ev]y?+ 0 z be=e4 ,! same may be said ( ,russia aft] ! assass9ation ( ,alex&] ,,ii4 ,b ! "q may be reg>d$ f ano!r po9t ( view1 :i* ! cons]vatives1 ! progressives & ! radicals too completely =get4 ,! v day ( ^! outrages two explosions ( gas took place1 "o 9 ! m9es ( ,k>w9n 7,au/ria71 & ! o!r 9 ! m9es ( ,c>diff 7,engl&72 ! fir/ caus$ ! dea? ( #beg m9]s 4441 ! second ! dea? ( #baj66 ,al?\gh ! dea? ( an honorable man1 l ,c>not1 may be regrett$1 x is n to be comp>$ to ! mass ( human suff]+s1 mis]y & woe :i* fell ^u ^! #dfg work+-class families1 equally innoc5t z he4 ,x w be said1 x is true1 t ! murd] ( ,c>not 0 ! volunt>y act ( a fanatic1 :ile no "o directly kill$ ^! #dfg m9]s6--,& c]ta9ly ?is is a diff]5ce4 ,b x mu/ be rem>k$ t if ! dea? ( ^! #dfg m9]s is n directly ! volunt>y "w ( any "o1 x is indirectly a result ( individual capitalism1 :i*1 to swell its rev5ues1 r$uces exp5ses to ! l[e/ possible po9t1 does n curtail ! h\rs ( labor1 & does n take all ! prev5tive measures indicat$ by sci5ce & sometimes ev5 enjo9$ by law1 :i* is 9 su* cases n respect$1 = ! ju/ice ( e c\ntry is z flexible to accommodate ! int]e/s ( ! rul+ class z x is rigid :5 appli$ aga9/ ! int]e/s ( ! work+-class4 ,if ! m9es 7 collectively own$1 x is c]ta9 ! own]s w\ld be less /+y ab\t tak+ all ! te*nical prev5tive precautions 7electric light+1 = in/ance71 :i* w\ld dim9i% ! numb] ( ^! frightful cata/rophes :i* inf9itely increase ! anonym\s multitude ( ! m>tyrs ( toil & :i* d n ev5 tr\ble ! dige/ion ( ! %>e-hold]s 9 m9+ companies4 ,t is :at ! individuali/ regime gives u2 all ?is w be trans=m$ by ! sociali/ regime4 #gc ,,ri5zi1 l',an>*isme2 ,,deville1 l',an>*isme4 #gd ,a4 ,,rossi1 l',agitazione 9 ,sicilia1 ,milan1 #ahid4 ,,colajanni1 ,9 ,sicilia1 ,rome1 #ahid4 #ge ,! camorre 7 tyrannical secret societies t 7 =m]ly preval5t & p[]ful 9 ,italy4--,translator4 #gf ,i mu/ recognize t "o ( ! rec5t hi/orians ( socialism1 ,m4 l',abb ,w9t]]--m c&id & honorable ?an m ?an "o jesuitical j\rnali/--di/+ui%es always1 9 ea* c\ntry1 ! sociali/ movem5t f ! an>*i/ movem5t4 ,,w9t]]1 le ,socialisme contempora91 ,p>is1 #ahid1 #bnd edition4 ,,"p ,,?ird4 ,,sociology ,,& ,,socialism4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,/]ility ,,( ,,sociology4 ,"o ( ! /range/ facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5tific ?\ght ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is t1 ?\gh ! pr(\nd sci5tific revolution caus$ by ,d>w9ism & ,sp5c]ian evolution has re9vigorat$ ) new y\? all ! physical1 biological & ev5 psy*ological sci5ces1 :5 x rea*$ ! doma9 ( ! social sci5ces1 x only sup]ficially rippl$ ! tranquil & or?odox surface ( ! lake ( t social sci5ce p> excell5ce1 political economy4 ,x has l$1 x is true1 ?r\gh ! initiative ( ,augu/e ,comte--^: "n has be5 some:at obscur$ by ^? ( ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]1 b :o 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ prolific g5iuses ( our age--to ! creation ( a new sci5ce1 ,sociology1 :i* %\ld be1 toge!r ) ! natural hi/ory ( human societies1 ! cr[n+ glory ( ! new sci5tific edifice erect$ by ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,i d n d5y t sociology1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( purely descriptive anatomy ( ! social organism1 has made great & fruitful new contributions to contempor>y sci5ce1 ev5 develop+ into "s specializ$ bran*es ( sociology1 ( :i* crim9al sociology1 ?anks to ! labors ( ! ,italian s*ool1 has become "o ( ! mo/ important results4 ,b :5 ! politico-social "q is ent]$ ^u1 ! new sci5ce ( sociology is ov]p[]$ by a sort ( hypnotic sleep & rema9s susp5d$ 9 a /]ile1 colorless limbo1 ?us p]mitt+ sociologi/s to be 9 public economy1 z 9 politics1 cons]vatives or radicals1 9 accordance ) _! respective :ims or subjective t5d5cies4 ,& :ile ,d>w9ian biology1 by ! sci5tific det]m9ation ( ! relations betwe5 ! individual & ! species1 & evolutioni/ sociology itself by describ+ 9 human society ! organs & ! functions ( a new organism1 0 mak+ ! individual a cell 9 ! animal organism1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 0 l\dly proclaim+ 8 ,engli% individualism ext5d+ to ! mo/ absolute !oretical an>*ism4 ,a p]iod ( /agnation 0 inevitable 9 ! sci5tific productive activity ( sociology1 aft] ! fir/ orig9al obs]vations 9 descriptive social anatomy & 9 ! natural hi/ory ( human societies4 ,sociology repres5t$ ?us a sort ( arre/$ developm5t 9 exp]im5tal sci5tific ?\ght1 because ^? :o cultivat$ x1 witt+ly or unwitt+ly1 recoil$ be=e ! logical & radical conclusions t ! mod]n sci5tific revolution 0 de/9$ to e/abli% 9 ! social doma9--! mo/ important doma9 ( all if sci5ce 0 to become ! h&maid ( life1 in/ead ( cont5t+ itself ) t b>r5 =mula1 sci5ce = ! sake ( sci5ce4 ,! secret ( ?is /range ph5om5on consi/s n only 9 ! fact t1 z ,malagodi said1#gg sociology is /ill 9 ! p]iod ( sci5tific analysis & n yet 9 t ( syn!sis1 b especially 9 ! fact t ! logical consequ5ces ( ,d>w9ism & ( sci5tific evolutionism appli$ to ! /udy ( human society lead inexorably to socialism1 z ,i h demon/rat$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,,footnote3 #gg ,,malagodi1 ,il ,socialismo e la sci5za4 ,9 ,critica ,sociale1 ,aug4 #a1 #ahib4 ,,xiv4 ,,m>x ,,completes ,,d>w9 ,,& ,,sp5c]4 ,,cons]vatives ,,& ,,sociali/s4 ,to ,k>l ,m>x is due ! honor ( hav+ sci5tifically =mulat$ ^! logical applications ( exp]i5tial sci5ce to ! doma9 ( social economy4 ,beyond d\bt1 ! exposition ( ^! tru?s is surr\nd$1 9 8 writ+s1 ) a multitude ( te*nical details & ( app>5tly dogmatic =mul1 b may n ! same be said ( ! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ( ,sp5c]1 & are n ! lum9\s passages on evolution 9 x surr\nd$ ) a d5se fog ( ab/ractions on "t1 space1 ! unkn[able1 etc48 ,until ^! la/ few ye>s a va9 ef=t 0 made to consign1 by a conspiracy ( sil5ce1 ! ma/]ly "w ( ,m>x to oblivion1 b n[ 8 "n is com+ to rank ) ^? ( ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] z ! ?ree ,titans ( ! sci5tific revolution :i* begot ! intellectual r5aissance & gave fre% pot5cy to ! civiliz+ ?\ght ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ideas by :i* ! g5ius ( ,k>l ,m>x complet$ 9 ! doma9 ( social economy ! revolution effect$ by sci5ce are 9 numb] ?ree4 ,! fir/ is ! discov]y ( ! law ( surplus-labor4 ,?is law gives u a sci5tific explanation ( ! accumulation ( private prop]ty n creat$ by ! labor ( ! accumulator2 z ?is law has a m peculi>ly te*nical "*1 we w n lay fur!r /ress ^u x "h1 z we h giv5 a g5]al idea ( x 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,! two o!r ,m>xian !ories are m directly relat$ to our obs]vations on sci5tific socialism1 s9ce !y und\bt$ly furni% u ! sure & infallible key to ! life ( society4 ,i allude1 fir/1 to ! idea express$ by ,m>x1 z long ago z #ahei1 9 8 ,critique de l'conomie politique1 t ! economic ph5om5a =m ! f\ndation & ! det]m9+ conditions ( all o!r human or social manife/ations1 & t1 consequ5tly1 e?ics1 law & politics are only d]ivative ph5om5a det]m9$ by ! economic factor1 9 accordance ) ! conditions ( ea* p>ticul> p 9 e phase ( hi/ory & "u all climatic conditions4 ,?is idea :i* corresponds to t great biological law :i* /ates ! dep5d5ce ( ! function on ! nature & capacities ( ! organ & :i* makes ea* individual ! result ( ! innate & acquir$ conditions ( 8 physiological organism1 liv+ 9 a giv5 environm5t1 s t a biological application may be giv5 to ! fam\s say+3 ,tell me :at y eat & ,i w tell y :at y are1--?is sublime idea :i* unfolds be=e our eyes ! maje/ic drama ( hi/ory1 no long] z ! arbitr>y succession ( great m5 on ! /age ( ! social !atre1 b r z ! resultant ( ! economic conditions ( ea* p1 ?is sublime idea1 aft] hav+ be5 p>tially appli$ by ,?orold ,rog]s#gh has be5 s brilliantly exp\nd$ & illu/rat$ by ,a*ille ,loria1#gi t ,i believe x unnecess>y to say any?+ m ab\t x4 ,"o idea1 h[ev]1 /ill appe>s to me necess>y to complete ?is ,m>xian !ory1 z ,i rem>k$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( my book3 ,socialismo e crim9alit4 ,x is necess>y1 inde$1 to rid ?is impregnable !ory ( t species ( n>r[ dogmatism ) :i* x is clo!d 9 ,m>x & /ill m 9 ,loria4 ,x is p]fectly true t e ph5om5on1 z well z e in/itution--moral1 juridical or political--is simply ! result ( ! economic ph5om5a & conditions ( ! transitory physical & hi/orical environm5t4 ,b1 z a consequ5ce ( t law ( natural causality :i* tells u t e effect is always ! resultant ( num]\s concurr5t causes & n ( "o cause alone1 & t e effect becomes 9 its turn a cause ( o!r ph5om5a1 x is necess>y to am5d & complete ! too rigid =m t has be5 giv5 to ?is true idea4 ,j z all ! psy*ical manife/ations ( ! individual are ! resultant ( ! organic conditions 7temp]am5t7 & ( ! environm5t 9 :i* he lives1 9 ! same way1 all ! social manife/ations--moral1 juridical or political--( a p are ! resultant ( _! organic conditions 7race7 & ( ! environm5t1 z ^! are ! det]m9+ causes ( ! giv5 economic organization :i* is ! physical basis ( life4 ,9 _! turn1 ! individual psy*ical conditions become causes & effect1 al?\gh ) less p[]1 ! individual organic conditions & ! issue ( ! /ruggle = life4 ,9 ! same way1 ! moral1 juridical & political in/itutions1 f effects become causes 7!re is1 9 fact1 = mod]n sci5ce no sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 cause & effect1 except t ! effect is always ! latt] ( two relat$ ph5om5a1 & ! cause always ! =m]7 & react 9 _! turn1 al?\gh ) less efficacy1 on ! economic conditions4 ,an individual :o has /udi$ ! laws ( hygi5e may influ5ce b5efic5tly1 = in/ance1 ! imp]fections ( 8 dige/ive app>atus1 b always )9 ! v n>r[ limits ( 8 organic capacities4 ,a sci5tific discov]y1 an electoral law may h an effect on indu/ry or on ! conditions ( labor1 b always )9 limits fix$ by ! framework ( ! fundam5tal economic organization4 ,?is is :y moral1 juridical & political in/itutions h a great] influ5ce on ! relations betwe5 ! v>i\s subdivisions ( ! class controll+ ! economic p[] 7capitali/s1 indu/rial magnates1 l&$ proprietors7 ?an on ! relations betwe5 ! capitali/--prop]ty-own]s on ! "o side & ! toil]s on ! o!r4 ,x suffices "h = me to h m5tion$ ?is ,m>xian law & ,i w ref] to ! sugge/ive book ( ,a*ille ,loria ! read] :o desires to see h[ ?is law sci5tifically expla9s all ! ph5om5a1 f ! mo/ trivial to ! mo/ impos+1 ( ! social life4 ,?is law is truly ! mo/ sci5tific & ! mo/ prolific sociological !ory t has ev] be5 discov]$ by ! g5ius ( man4 ,x furni%es1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 a sci5tific1 physiological1 exp]i5tial explanation ( social hi/ory 9 ! mo/ magnific5t dramas z well z ( p]sonal hi/ory 9 its mo/ trivial episodes--on explanation 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! entire tr5d--:i* has be5 describ$ z mat]iali/ic--( mod]n sci5tific ?\ght4#hj ,if we leave out ( consid]ation ! two unsci5tific explanations ( free w & div9e provid5ce1 we f9d t two "o-sid$ & !re=e incomplete1 al?\gh correct & sci5tific1 explanations ( human hi/ory h be5 giv54 ,i ref] to ! physical det]m9ism ( ,montesquieu1 ,buckle & ,mets*nik(f1 & to ! an?ropological det]m9ism ( ! e?nologi/s :o f9d ! explanation ( ! ev5ts ( hi/ory 9 ! organic & psy*ical *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s races ( m54 ,k>l ,m>x sums up1 comb9es & completes ^! two !ories by 8 economic det]m9ism4 ,! economic conditions--:i* are ! resultant ( ! e?nical en]gies & aptitudes act+ 9 a giv5 physical environm5t--are ! det]m9+ basis ( all ! moral1 juridical & political ph5om5al manife/ations ( human life1 bo? individual & social4 ,?is is ! sublime conception1 ! fact-f\nd$ & sci5tific ,m>xian !ory1 :i* fe>s no criticism1 re/+ z x does on ! be/ e/abli%$ results ( geology & biology1 ( psy*ology & sociology4 ,x is ?anks to x t /ud5ts ( ! philosophy ( law & sociology are able to det]m9e ! true nature & functions ( ! ,/ate :i*1 z x is no?+ b society juridically & politically organiz$1 is only ! secul> arm us$ by ! class 9 possession ( ! economic p[]--& consequ5tly ( ! political1 juridical & adm9i/rative p[]--to pres]ve _! own special privileges & to po/pone z long z possible ! evil day :5 !y mu/ surr5d] !m4 ,! o!r sociological !ory by :i* ,k>l ,m>x has truly dissipat$ ! cl\ds :i* _h ere !n d>k5$ ! sky ( ! aspirations ( socialism1 & :i* has suppli$ sci5tific socialism ) a political compass by ! use ( :i* x c guide its c\rse1 ) complete confid5ce & c]ta9ty1 9 ! /ruggles ( e-day life1 is ! great hi/orical law ( class /ruggles4#ha 7,! hi/ory ( all hi!rto exi/+ society is ! hi/ory ( class /ruggles4 ,communi/ ,manife/o4 ,m>x & ,engels4 #ahdh47 ,if x is grant$ t ! economic conditions ( social gr\ps1 l ^? ( individuals1 con/itute ! fundam5tal1 det]m9+ cause ( all ! moral1 juridical & political ph5om5a1 x is evid5t t e social gr\p1 e individual w be l$ to act 9 accordance ) its or 8 economic int]e/1 because ! latt] is ! physical basis ( life & ! ess5tial condition ( all o!r developm5t4 ,9 ! political sph]e1 ea* social class w be incl9$ to pass laws1 to e/abli% in/itutions & to p]petuate cu/oms & beliefs :i*1 directly or indirectly subs]ve its int]e/s4 ,^! laws1 ^! in/itutions1 ^! beliefs1 h&$ d[n by inh]itance or tradition1 f9ally obscure or conceal _! economic orig91 & philosoph]s & juri/s & (t5 ev5 ! laity def5d !m z tru?s1 subsi/+ by virtue ( _! own intr9sic m]its1 )\t see+ _! real s\rce1 b ! latt]--! economic sub-/ratum--is none ! less ! only sci5tific explanation ( ^! laws1 in/itutions & beliefs4 ,& 9 ?is fact consi/s ! greatness & /r5g? ( ! p]spicaci\s conception ( ! g5ius ( ,m>x4#hb ,z 9 ! mod]n _w !re are n[ b two classes1 ) subord9ate v>ieties1--on ! "o side ! work]s to :atev] category !y belong1 & on ! o!r ! prop]ty own]s :o d n "w1--! sociali/ !ory ( ,m>x leads u to ?is evid5t conclusion3 s9ce political p>ties are m]ely ! e*oes & ! m\?-pieces ( class int]e/s--no matt] :at ! subv>ieties ( ^! classes may be--!re c be sub/antially only two political p>ties3 ! sociali/ labor p>ty & ! individuali/ p>ty ( ! class 9 possession ( ! l& & ! o!r means ( production4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! economic monopoly may cause1 x is true1 a c]ta9 div]sity ( political color1 & ,i h always cont5d$ t ! great l&$ proprietors repres5t ! cons]vative t5d5cies ( political /agnation1 :ile ! hold]s ( f9ancial or indu/rial capital repres5t 9 _m in/ances ! progressive p>ty1 driv5 by its own nature to petty innovations ( =m1 :ile f9ally ^? :o possess only an intellectual capital1 ! lib]al pr(essions1 etc41 may g to ! extreme l5g? ( political radicalism4 ,on ! vital "q--t is to say on ! economic "q ( prop]ty--cons]vatives1 progressives & radicals are all individuali/s4 ,on ?is po9t !y are all1 9 _! ess5tial nature ( ! same social class &1 9 spite ( c]ta9 s5tim5tal sympa?ies1 ! adv]s>ies ( ! work+ class & ( ^? :o1 al?\gh born on ! o!r %ore1 h embrac$ ! political programme ( t class1 a programme necess>ily correspond+ to ! primordial economic necessity--t is to say1 ! socialization ( ! l& & ! means ( production ) all ! innum]able & radical moral1 juridical & political trans=mations1 :i* ?is socialization w inevitably br+ to pass 9 ! social _w4 ,?is is :y contempor>y political life _c b deg5]ate into ! mo/ /]ile bysant9isme & ! mo/ corrupt /rife = bribes & spoils1 :5 x is conf9$ to ! sup]ficial skirmi%es betwe5 individuali/ p>ties1 :i* diff] only by a %ade & 9 _! =mal names1 b ^: ideas are s simil> t "o (t5 sees radicals & progressives less mod]n ?an _m cons]vatives4 ,!re w be a new bir? ( political life only ) ! developm5t ( ! sociali/ p>ty1 because1 aft] ! disappe>ance f ! political /age ( ! hi/orical figures ( ! patriots 7! f\nd]s ( mod]n ,italy7 & ( ! p]sonal reasons :i* split up ! repres5tatives into diff]5t political gr\ps1 ! =mation ( "o s+le individuali/ p>ty w become necess>y1 z ,i decl>$ 9 ! ,italian ,*amb] on ! #bj? ( ,decemb]1 #ahic4 ,! hi/orical duel w !n be begun1 & ! ,class ,/ruggle w !n display on ! field ( politics all its b5efic5t influ5ce4 ,b5efic5t1 ,i say1 because ! class /ruggle mu/ be und]/ood n 9 ! contemptible s5se ( a ,saturnalia ( fi/-fights & outrages1 ( malevol5ce & p]sonal viol5ce1 b mu/ be wor?ily conceiv$ z a great social drama4 ,) all my he>t ,i hope t ?is conflict may be settl$1 = ! progress ( civilization1 )\t bloody convulsions1 b hi/orical de/9y has decre$ ! conflict1 & x is n giv5 to u or to o!rs to av]t or po/pone x4 ,x foll[s f all t we h j said t ^! ideas ( political socialism1 because !y are sci5tific1 dispose _! p>tisans bo? to p]sonal tol]ance & to !oretical inflexibility4#hc ,?is is also a conclusion rea*$ by exp]im5tal psy*ology 9 ! doma9 ( philosophy4 ,h[ev] great our p]sonal sympa?ies may be = su* or su* a repres5tative ( ! radical faction ( ! individuali/ p>ty 7z well z = e honorable & s9c]e repres5tative ( any sci5tific1 religi\s or political op9ion :atsoev]71 we are b\nd to recognize t !re are on ! side ( socialism no p>titi aff9i4#hd ,x is necess>y to be on "o side or ! o!r--individuali/ or sociali/4 ,!re is no middle gr\nd4 ,& ,i am con/antly gr[+ m & m conv9c$ t ! only s]viceable tactics = ! =mation ( a sociali/ p>ty likely to live1 is precisely t policy ( !oretical inflexibility & ( refus+ to ent] into any alliance ) p>titi aff9i1 z su* an alliance is = socialism only a false plac5ta = a fetus t is unlikely to live4 ,! cons]vative & ! sociali/ are ! natural products ( ! individual "* & ! social environm5t4 ,"o is born a cons]vative or an innovator j z "o is born a pa9t] or a surgeon4 ,!re=e ! sociali/s h no contempt = or bitt]ness t[>d ! s9c]e repres5tatives ( any faction ( ! cons]vative p>ty1 ?\gh !y combat _! ideas unrel5t+ly4 ,if su* or su* a sociali/ %[s himself intol]ant1 if he abuses 8 oppon5ts1 ?is is because he is ! victim ( a pass+ emotion or ( an ill-balanc$ temp]am5t2 x is1 !re=e1 v excusable4 ,! ?+ t provokes a smile ( pity is to see c]ta9 cons]vatives "y 9 ye>s1 b old 9 ?\ght--= cons]vatism 9 ! "y c be no?+ b ! effect ( calculat+ selfi%ness or ! index ( psy*ical anemia--h an air ( complac5cy or ( pity = sociali/s :om !y consid]1 at be/1 z misl$1 )\t p]ceiv+ t :at is normal is = ! old to be cons]vatives1 b t "y cons]vatives c be no?+ b egoi/s :o are afraid ( los+ ! life ( idle luxury into :i* !y 7 born or ! advantages ( ! or?odox fa%ion ( divid+ 787 ! fruits ( labor4 ,_! he>ts at lea/1 if n _! bra9s1 are abnormally small4 ,! sociali/1 :o has ev]y?+ to lose & no?+ to ga9 by boldly decl>+ 8 position & pr9ciples1 possesses by contra/ all ! sup]iority ( a dis9t]e/$ altruism1 especially :5 hav+ be5 born 9 ! ari/ocratic or ! b\rgeois class he has r5\nc$ ! brilliant pleasure ( a life ( leisure to def5d ! cause ( ! weak & ! oppress$4#he ,b1 x is said1 ^! b\rgeois sociali/s act 9 ?is way ?r\gh love ( popul>ity6 ,?is is a /range =m ( selfi%ness1 at all ev5ts1 :i* pref]s to ! quickly reap$ rew>ds & pr(its ( b\rgeois individualism1 ! sociali/ idealism ( popul> sympa?y1 especially :5 x might ga9 ?is sympa?y by o!r means :i* w\ld compromise x less 9 ! eyes ( ! class 9 p[]4 ,let u hope1 9 conclud+1 t :5 ! b\rgeoisie %all h to surr5d] ! economic p[] & ! political p[] 9 ord] t !y may be us$ = ! b5efit ( all 9 ! new society & t1 z ,b]59i rec5tly said1 victors & vanqui%$ may really become bro!rs )\t di/9ction ( class 9 ! common assur$ enjoym5t ( a mode ( life wor?y ( human be+s1 let u hope t 9 surr5d]+ p[]1 ! b\rgeoisie w d x ) t dignity & self-respect :i* ! ari/ocracy %[$ :5 x 0 /ripp$ ( its class privileges by ! triumphant b\rgeoisie at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,x is ! tru? ( ! message ( socialism & its p]fect agreem5t ) ! mo/ c]ta9 inductions ( exp]im5tal sci5ce :i* expla9 to u n only its trem5d\s gr[? & progress1 :i* c\ld n be m]ely ! purely negative effect ( a mat]ial & moral malady r5d]$ acute by a p]iod ( social crisis1 b above all x expla9s to u t unity ( intellig5t1 discipl9$1 class-consci\s solid>ity :i* pres5ts1 9 ! _w-wide celebration ( ! fir/ ( ,may1 a moral ph5om5on ( su* gr&eur t human hi/ory pres5ts no p>allel example1 if we except ! movem5t ( primitive ,*ri/ianity :i* _h1 h[ev]1 a mu* m re/rict$ field ( action ?an contempor>y socialism4 ,h5ce=?--disreg>d+ ! hy/]ical or unreason+ attempts to rev]t f b\rgeois scepticism to my/icism z a safegu>d aga9/ ! moral & mat]ial crisis ( ! pres5t "t1 attempts :i* make u ?9k ( ^? lascivi\s wom5 :o become pi\s bigots on gr[+ old#hf--;h5ce=? bo? p>tisans & adv]s>ies ( socialism are =c$ to recognize ! fact t1 l ,*ri/ianity at ! dissolution ( ! ,roman _w1 ,socialism con/itutes ! only =ce :i* re/ores ! hope ( a bett] future to ! old & dis9tegrat+ human society--a hope no long] begott5 by a fai? inspir$ by ! unreason+ transports ( s5tim5t1 b born ( rational confid5ce 9 ! inductions ( mod]n exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #gh ,j4 ,e4 ,,?4 ,,rog]s1 ,! ,economic ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory1 ,london1 #ahhh4 #gi ,,loria1 ,les ,bases conomiques de la con/itution sociale1 #bnd edition1 ,p>is1 #ahid4 7,?is "w is available 9 ,engli% "u ! title3 ,! ,economic ,f\ndations ( ,society4 ,swan ,sonn5s*e91 ,london4--,tr47 ,to ! g5]al idea ( ,k>l ,m>x1 ,loria adds a !ory ab\t ! occupation ( free l&1 :i* is ! fundam5tal cause ( ! te*nical explanation ( ! diff]5t econo-micro-social organizations1 a !ory :i* he has amply demon/rat$ 9 8 ,analisi della propriet capitali/ica1 ,tur91 #ahib4 #hj ,x is se5 :at our judgm5t mu/ be reg>d+ ! !sis ma9ta9$ by ,ziegl]1 9 8 book3 ,la "q sociale e/ une "q morale 7,! social "q is a moral "q74 ,fr5* trans41 ,p>is1 #ahid4 ,j z psy*ology is an effect ( physiology1 s ! moral ph5om5a are effects ( ! economic facts4 ,su* books are only int5d$1 m or less consci\sly1 to div]t att5tion f ! vital po9t ( ! "q1 :i* is t =mulat$ by ,k>l ,m>x4 ,see on our side1 ,,de ,,greef1 l',empirieme1 l'utopi et le socialisme sci5tifique1 ,revue ,sociali/e1 ,aug41 #ahhf1 p4 #fhh4 #ha ,z pro( ( t conspiracy ( sil5ce ab\t ! !ories ( ,k>l ,m>x1 x suffices = me to po9t out t ! hi/orians ( socialism g5]ally m5tion only ! te*nical !ory ( surplus-labor1 & ignore ! two o!r laws3 7#a7 ! det]m9ation ( social ph5om5a & in/itutions by economic conditions1 & 7#b7 ! ,class ,/ruggle4 #hb ,! votes on measures impos+ taxes 9 ! legislative bodies ( all c\ntries af=d obvi\s illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple4 7,! alignm5t ( =ces 9 ! /ruggle = ! income tax "u ! late adm9i/ration ( ,presid5t ,clevel&1 is a v /rik+ in/ance4--,tr47 #hc ,if uncompromis+ness 0 an ,engli% ^w1 x w\ld express ! ?\ght m cle>ly & /rongly4--,tr4 #hd ,p>ties relat$ by aff9ity ( object1 tactics1 or1 m especially1 ( imm$iate dem&s4--,tr4 #he ,see ! lectures ( ,,de ,,amicis4 ,oss]vazioni sulla que/ione sociale1 ,lecce1 #ahid4 ,,labriola1 ,il ,socialismo1 ,rome1 #ahij4 ,g4 ,,ogg]o1 ,il ,socialismo1 #bnd edition1 ,milan1 #ahid4 #hf ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 =ms ( ?is my/icism :i* appeal to our sympa?ies v /rongly4 ,su* =ms ,i w call social my/icism4 ,we may in/ance ! works ( ,tol/oi1 :o envelops 8 socialism ) ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance to evil by viol5t means1 drawn f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,tol/oi is also an eloqu5t anti-milit>i/1 & ,i am pleas$ to see quot$ 9 8 book le ,salut e/ en v\s1 ,p>is1 #ahid1 a passage f "o ( my lectures aga9/ w>4 ,b he ma9ta9s a position alo( f contempor>y exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & 8 "w ?us fails to rea* ! m>k4 ,,app5dix ,i#hg ,editor1 etc4 ,,de> ,,sir3- ,i h read 9 y\r j\rnal a lett] f ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 :i* he1 rely+ on indirect in=mation convey$ to him1 reg>d+ my book1 ,socialism & ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 expresses 8 a/oni%m5t at ! audacity ( him :o has made use ( 8 "n to def5d socialism4 ,p]mit me to say to y t no sociali/ has ev] dreamt ( mak+ ,mr4 ,sp5c] 7:o is c]ta9ly ! greate/ ( liv+ philosoph]s7 pass z a p>tisan ( socialism4 ,x is /range1 inde$1 t anyone c\ld h be5 able to make him believe t !re is 9 ,italy en\gh ignorance among writ]s z well z among read]s = "o to misuse s grotesquely ! "n ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ^: extreme individualism is kn[n to all ! _w4 ,b ! p]sonal op9ion ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] is a q diff]5t ?+ f ! logical consequ5ce ( ! sci5tific !ories conc]n+ univ]sal evolution1 :i* he has develop$ m fully & bett] ?an anyone else1 b ( :i* he has n ! (ficial monopoly & ^: free expansion by ! labor ( o!r ?9k]s he c n inhibit4 ,i myself1 9 ! preface ( my book1 po9t$ out t ,sp5c] & ,d>w9 /opp$ half-way on ! road to ! logical consequ5ces ( _! doctr9es4 ,b ,i also demon/rat$ t ^! v doctr9es con/itut$ ! sci5tific f\ndation ( ! socialism ( ,m>x1 ! only "o :o1 by ris+ above ! s5tim5tal socialism ( =m] days1 has arrang$ 9 a sy/ematic & ord]ly fa%ion ! facts ( ! social economy1 & by induction drawn f !m political conclusions 9 support ( ! revolution>y me?od ( tactics z a means ( approa* to a revolution>y goal4 ,z reg>ds ,d>w9ism1 be+ unable to repeat "h ! argum5ts :i* are already conta9$ 9 my book & :i* w be m fully develop$ 9 ! second edition1 x suffices = me to rem9d y--s9ce x has be5 ?\ght fit to resort to argum5ts hav+ s little weight z appeals to ! au?ority ( individuals--t1 among _m o!rs1 ! celebrat$ ,vir*[ =esaw1 ) great p5etration1 t ,d>w9ism w\ld lead directly to socialism1 & let me rem9d y t ! celebrat$ ,wallace1 ,d>w9ian ?\gh he is1 is a memb] ( ! ,engli% ,league = ! ,nationalization ( ! ,l&1 :i* con/itutes "o ( ! fundam5tal conclusions ( socialism4#hh ,&1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 :at is ! fam\s doctr9e ( class-/ruggle :i* ,m>x reveal$ z ! positive key ( human hi/ory1 b ! ,d>w9ian law ( ! /ruggle = life trans=m$ f a *aotic /rife betwe5 individuals to a conflict betwe5 collectivities8 ,j ! same z e individual1 e class or social gr\p /ruggles = its exi/5ce4 ,& j z ! b\rgeoisie /ruggl$ aga9/ ! cl]gy & ! ari/ocracy1 & triumph$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 9 ! same way to-day ! int]national prolet>iat /ruggles1 & n by ! use ( viol5ce1 z is con/antly *>g$ aga9/ u1 b by propag&a & organization = its economic & moral exi/5ce at pres5t s ill assur$ & depress$ to s sadly l[ a plane4 ,z reg>ds ! !ory ( evolution1 h[ c any "o n see t x mo/ flagrantly contradicts ! classical !ories ( political economy1 :i* looks ^u ! basic laws ( ! exi/+ economic organization z et]nal & immutable laws8 ,socialism1 on ! contr>y1 ma9ta9s t ! economic in/itutions & ! juridical & political in/itutions are only ! hi/orical product ( _! p>ticul> epo*1 & t !re=e !y are *ang+1 s9ce !y are 9 a /ate ( cont9u\s evolution1 :i* causes ! pres5t to diff] f ! pa/1 j z ! future w be diff]5t f ! pres5t4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] believes t univ]sal evolution dom9ates ov] all ord]s ( ph5om5a1 ) ! exception ( ! organization ( prop]ty1 :i* he decl>es is de/9$ to exi/ et]nally "u its individuali/ic =m4 ,! sociali/s1 on ! contr>y1 believe t ! organization ( prop]ty w inevitably und]go--j z all o!r in/itutions--a radical trans=mation1 &1 tak+ into consid]ation its hi/orical trans=mations1 !y %[ t ! economic evolution is m>*+ & w m>* fa/] & fa/]--z a consequ5ce ( ! increas$ evils ( individuali/ conc5tration--t[>d its goal1 ! complete socialization ( ! means ( production :i* con/itute ! physical basis ( ! social & collective life1 & :i* mu/ n & c n !re=e rema9 9 ! h&s ( a few individuals4 ,betwe5 ^! two doctr9es x is n difficult to decide :i* is ! m 9 h>mony ) ! sci5tific !ory ( physical & social evolution4 ,9 any case1 ) all ! respect due to our intellectual fa!r1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 b also ) all ! pride to :i* my sci5tific /udies & consci5ce give me ! "r1 ,i am cont5t ) hav+ repell$ ! ana!ma :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c]--)\t hav+ read my book & on indirect & untru/wor?y in=mation--has ?\ght prop] to hurl ) su* a dogmatic tone aga9/ a sci5tific !sis :i* ,i h affirm$--n m]ely on ! /r5g? ( an ipse dixi 7a mode ( argum5t :i* has _h its day7--b :i* ,i h work$ out & support$ ) argum5ts :i* h1 up to ?is "t1 await$ 9 va9 a sci5tific refutation4 ,,enrico ,,f]ri4 ,rome1 ,june1 #ahie4 ,,footnotes3 #hg ,?is app5dix is a copy ( a lett] address$ by ,m4 ,f]ri to an ,italian newspap] :i* _h pr9t$ a lett] address$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] to ,m4 ,fior5t9o4 #hh ,wallace has advanc$ beyond ?is half way h\se1 & n[ calls himself a ,sociali/4--,tr4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4#hi ,,sociali/ ,,sup]/ition ,,& ,,individuali/ ,,myopia4 ,among ! num]\s publications :i*1 = or aga9/ socialism1 h appe>$ 9 ,italy s9ce my ,socialismo e sci5za positiva#ij--:i* demon/rat$ ! agreem5t ( socialism ) ! fundam5tal l9es ( contempor>y sci5tific ?\ght--! book ( ,b>on ,g>(alo 0 look$ =w>d to ) eag] int]e/4 ,x receiv$ att5tion bo? because ( ! fame ( ! au?or & ! op5 & radical disagreem5t :i* its publication made manife/ 9 ! ranks ( ! f\nd]s ( ! s*ool ( positive crim9ology1 =m]ly unit$ 9 su* close bonds 9 ! propag&a & def5se ( ! new sci5ce--crim9al an?ropology & sociology--creat$ by ,m4 ,lombroso4 ,x is true t ! sci5tific union betwe5 ! f\nd]s ( ! new ,italian s*ool ( crim9ology =m$ an alliance1 b !y 7 nev] 9 p]fect unison4 ,m4 ,lombroso gave to ! /udy ( crime z a natural & social ph5om5on ! initial impulse1 & brilliantly support$ ! correctness ( ?is conception by 8 fruitful an?ropological & biological inve/igations4 ,i contribut$ ! sy/ematic1 !oretical treatm5t ( ! problem ( human responsibility1 & my psy*ological & sociological /udies enabl$ me to classify ! natural causes ( crime & ! an?ropological categories ( crim9als4 ,i %[$ ! pr$om9ant role ( social prev5tion--q a diff]5t ?+ f police prev5tion--( crim9ality1 & demon/rat$ ! inf9itesimal influ5ce ( repression1 :i* is always viol5t & only acts aft] ! mis*ief has be5 done4 ,m4 ,g>(alo--?\gh he 0 9 accord ) u on ! subject ( ! diagnosis ( crim9al pa?ology--contribut$ nev]!less a curr5t ( ideas peculi> to himself1 ideas m metaphysical & less het]odox2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! idea t ! anomaly %[n by ! crim9al is only a moral anomaly2 t religion has a prev5tive influ5ce on crim9ality2 t sev]e repression is1 at all ev5ts1 ! effective rem$y2 t mis]y 7pov]ty7 x n only n ! sole & exclusive factor 9 produc+ crime 7:i* ,i always ma9ta9$ & /ill ma9ta971 b t x has no det]m9+ influ5ce on crime2 & t popul> education1 in/ead ( be+ a prev5tive means1 is1 on ! contr>y1 an inc5tive1 etc4 ,^! ideas1 9 evid5t disagreem5t ) ! inductions ( biology & ( crim9al psy*ology & sociology--z ,i h else:]e demon/rat$--nev]!less did n prev5t h>mony among ! positivi/s ( ! new s*ool4 ,9 fact1 ^! p]sonal & antiquat$ conceptions ( ,m4 ,g>(alo pass$ almo/ unnotic$4 ,8 action 0 especially notable by reason ( ! great] importance & developm5t he gave to ! purely juridical inductions ( ! new s*ool1 :i* he sy/ematiz$ into a plan ( re=ms 9 crim9al law & proc$ure4 ,he 0 ! juri/ ( ! new s*ool1 ,m4 ,lombroso 0 ! an?ropologi/1 & ,i ! sociologi/4 ,b :ile 9 ,lombroso & myself ! progressive & het]odox t5d5cy--ext5d+ ev5 to socialism--became m & m m>k$1 x c\ld already be =ese5 t 9 ,m4 ,g>(alo ! or?odox & reaction>y t5d5cies w\ld prevail1 ?us lead+ u away f t common gr\nd on :i* we h f\ght side by side1 & might /ill s fight4 ,= ,i d n believe t ^! disagreem5ts conc]n+ ! social future mu/ necess>ily prev5t our agreem5t on ! m limit$ field ( ! pres5t diagnosis ( a ph5om5on ( social pa?ology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! explanation ( ?is p]sonal matt]1 we mu/ n[ exam9e ! cont5ts ( ?is ,sup]/ition sociali/e1 9 ord] to see1 9 ?is s*ism ( ! sci5tific crim9ologi/s1 :i* side has foll[$ mo/ sy/ematically ! me?od ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 & trac$ ) ! mo/ rigor\s exactness ! trajectory ( human evolution4 ,we mu/ see :o is ! m sci5tific1 he :o 9 c>ry+ ! exp]im5tal sci5ce beyond ! n>r[ conf9es ( crim9al an?ropology & apply+ x 9 ! broad field ( social sci5ce1 accepts all ! logical consequ5ces ( sci5tific obs]vations & gives 8 op5 adh]5ce to ,m>xian socialism--or he :o :ile be+ a positivi/ & innovator 9 "o special bran* ( sci5ce1 rema9s a cons]vative 9 ! o!r bran*es1 to :i* he refuses to apply ! positive me?od1 & :i* he does n /udy ) a critical _s1 b 9 :i* he cont5ts himself ) ! easy & sup]ficial repetition ( trite commonplaces4 ,to ^? famili> ) ! =m] "w ( ! au?or1 ?is book1 f ! fir/ page to ! la/1 pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ,m4 ,g>(alo1 ! het]odox crim9ologi/ ev] ready to criticize ) p5etration classical crim9ology1 always 9 revolt aga9/ ! ?readb>e commonplaces ( juridical tradition1 & ,m4 ,g>(alo1 ! anti-sociali/1 ! or?odox sociologi/1 ! cons]vative foll[] ( tradition1 :o f9ds t all is well 9 ! _w ( to-day4 ,he :o di/+ui%$ himself be=e by ! tone ( 8 publications1 always s]5e & dignifi$1 n[ p]mits u to ?9k1 t he is less conv9c$ ( ! correctness ( 8 position ?an he w\ld h u believe1 & to cov] up ?is defici5cy ( conviction screams & %\ts at ! top ( 8 voice4 ,= in/ance1 on page #ag1 9 a /yle :i* is nei!r ari/ocratic nor b\rgeois1 he writes t ,bebel _h ! impud5ce to def5d ! ,commune 9 a public session ( ! ,rei*/ag2 & he =gets t ! ,commune ( ,p>is is n to be judg$ hi/orically by rely+ solely ^u ! revolt+ impressions left ^u ! m9d by ! artificial & exagg]at$ acc\nts ( ! b\rgeois press ( t "t4 ,malon & ,m>x h %[n by indisputable docum5t>y evid5ce & on impregnable hi/orical gr\nds :at ! v]dict on ! ,commune ( ! imp>tial judgm5t mu/ be1 9 spite ( ! excesses :i*--z ,m4 ,alfr$ ,maury said to me at ! ,pre-,la*aise1 "o day 9 #ahgi--7 f> surpass$ by ! f]ocity ( a bloody & savage repression4 ,9 ! same way1 on pages #bj-bb1 he speaks 7,i c n see :y7 ( ! contempt ( ,m>xian sociali/s = s5tim5tal socialism1 :i* no ,m>xian has ev] dreamt ( despis+1 ?\gh we recognize x is little 9 h>mony ) ! sy/ematic1 exp]im5tal me?od ( social sci5ce4 ,&1 on page #aed1 he seems to ?9k1 he is c>ry+ on a sci5tific discussion :5 he writes3 ,9 tru?1 :5 "o sees m5 :o pr(ess su* doctr9es succe$ 9 obta9+ a he>+1 "o is oblig$ to recognize t !re are no limits to human imbecility4 ,ah6 my de> ,b>on ,g>(alo1 h[ ?is language rem9ds me ( t ( "s ( ! classical crim9ologi/s--d y rememb] x8--:o tri$ to combat ! positivi/ s*ool ) language too mu* l ?is ( y\rs1 :i* conceals beh9d hackney$ phrases1 ! utt] lack ( ideas to oppose to ! hat$1 b victori\s h]esy6 99 99 99 99 99 ,b aside f ?is language1 s /range f ! p5 ( ,m4 ,g>(alo1 x is impossible n to p]ceive ! /range contra/ betwe5 8 critical tal5t & ! num]\s /atem5ts 9 ?is book :i* are1 to say ! lea/1 *>act]iz$ by a naivet "o w\ld nev] h suspect$ 9 him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is true t1 on page #gd1 l an individuali/ ( ! good old days1 & ) an absolutism :i* we may h5ce=? call pre-hi/oric1 he deplores ! enactm5t ( ev5 ^? civil laws :i* h limit$ ! jus ut5di et abut5di 7freely1 ! "r ( do+ :at "o w ) "o's own--,tr471 & :i* h s]i\sly maim$ ! in/itution ( private prop]ty1 s9ce1 he says1 ! l[] classes suff] cruelly1 n f ! exi/5ce ( great =tunes1 b r f ! economic emb>rassm5t ( ! upp] classes 7page #gg74 ,:at boldness ( critical ?\ght & pr(undity 9 economic sci5ce6 ,&1 9 reg>d to my /atem5t t contempor>y sci5ce is altoge!r dom9at$ by ! idea & ! fact ( ! social aggregate--&1 !re=e1 ( socialism--9 contra/ to ! glorification ( ! individual1 &1 !re=e1 ( individualism1 :i* obta9$ 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ,m4 ,g>(alo replies to me t ! /ory ( ,rob9son ,crusoe 0 borr[$ f a v tru/wor?y hi/ory1 & adds t x w\ld be possible to cite _m cases ( an*orites & h]mits :o _h no ne$ ( ! company ( _! fell[s 7page #hb74 ,he believes t he has ?us demon/rat$ t ,i 0 mi/ak5 :5 ,i decl>$ t ! species is ! sole et]nal reality ( life & t ! individual--himself a biological aggregation--does n live alone & by himself alone1 b only by virtue ( ! fact t he =ms a "p ( a collectivity1 to :i* he owes all ! creative conditions ( 8 mat]ial1 moral & intellectual exi/5ce4 ,9 tru?1 if ,m4 ,g>(alo _h employ$ su* argum5ts to expose ! absurdities ( metaphysical p5ology1 & to def5d ! h]esies ( ! positive s*ool1 ! latt] w\ld c]ta9ly n numb] him among its mo/ eloqu5t & sugge/ive f\nd]s & *ampions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& yet1 ,m4 ,g>(alo1 in/ead ( repeat+ ^! soporific banalities1 ought to h be5 able to discuss s]i\sly ! fundam5tal !sis ( socialism1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! social own]%ip ( ! l& & ! means ( production1 t5ds to assure to e individual ! conditions ( an exi/5ce m wor?ily human1 & ( a full & p]fectly free developm5t ( 8 physical & moral p]sonality4 ,= !n only1 :5 ! daily bread ( ! body & m9d is gu>ante$1 w e man be able1 z ,goe! said1 to become t :i* he is1 in/ead ( wa/+ & we>+ himself out 9 ! spasmodic & exhau/+ /ruggle = daily bread1 obta9$ too (t5 at ! exp5se ( p]sonal dignity or ! sacrifice ( intellectual aptitudes1 :ile human en]gies are obvi\sly squ&]$ to ! great disadvantage ( ! entire society1 & all ?is ) ! appe>ance ( p]sonal lib]ty1 b1 9 fact1 ) ! va/ majority ( mank9d r$uc$ to dep5d5ce ^u ! class 9 possession ( economic monopoly4 ,b ,m4 ,g>(alo has altoge!r refra9$ f ^! discussions1 :i* admit ( sci5tific argum5ts on ei!r h&4 ,he has conf9$ himself1 on ! contr>y1 ev5 :5 he has attempt$ to discuss s]i\sly1 to ! repetition ( ! mo/ sup]ficial commonplaces4 ,?us1 = example 7page #ib71 oppos+ ! sociali/s :o ma9ta9 t ! v>iations ( ! social environm5t w inevitably br+ ab\t a *ange 9 individual aptitudes & activities1 he writes3 ,b ! _w c n *ange1 if m5 d n fir/ beg9 by trans=m+ !mselves "u ! influ5ce ( ^? two ideal factors3 honor & duty4 ,t is ! same z say+ t a man mu/ n jump into ! wat] 444 unless he has le>n$ be=eh& to swim1 :ile rema9+ on l&4 ,no?+1 on ! contr>y1 is m 9 h>mony ) ! sci5tific inductions ( biology & sociology ?an ! sociali/ idea1 accord+ to :i* *anges 9 ! environm5t cause correlative *anges1 bo? physiological & psy*ical1 9 individuals4 ,! s\l ( ,d>w9ism1 is x n :olly 9 ! v>iability1 organic & functional1 ( individuals & species1 "u ! modify+ influ5ce ( ! environm5t1 fix$ & transmitt$ by natural selection8 ,& neo-,d>w9ism itself1 does x n consi/ :olly 9 ! con/antly increas+ importance attribut$ to ! *anges 9 ! environm5t z explanations ( ! v>iations ( liv+ be+s8 ,&1 9 ! realm ( sociology1 j z1 accord+ to ! repeat$ & unque/ion$ demon/rations ( ,sp5c]1 9 ! passage ( human societies f ! milit>y type to ! indu/rial type--z ,sa9t-,simon _h already po9t$ out--a *ange1 a process ( adaptation1 also takes place 9 t human nature :i* ! anti-sociali/s w\ld h u believe is a fix$ & immutable ?+1 l ! creat$ species ( old-s*ool biology2 9 ! same way1 9 ! gradual transition to a collectivi/ organization1 human nature w necess>ily adapt itself to ! modifi$ social conditions4 ,c]ta9ly1 human nature w n *ange 9 its fundam5tal t5d5cies2 &1 z an illu/ration1 man l ! animals w always %un suff]+ & /rive aft] pleasure1 s9ce ! =m] is a dim9ution & ! latt] an augm5tation ( life2 b ?is is n inconsi/5t ) ! fact t ! application & direction ( ^! biological t5d5cies c & mu/ *ange ) ! *anges 9 ! environm5t4 ,s t ,i h be5 able else:]e to demon/rate t individual egoism w1 inde$1 always exi/1 b x w act 9 a pr(\ndly diff]5t fa%ion1 9 a society ^: consci\s goal w be true human solid>ity1 f ! way 9 :i* x acts 9 ! individuali/ & morally an>*ical _w ( to-day1 a _w 9 :i* e man1 by ! work+ ( :at is call$ free competition1 is =c$ to foll[ ! impulses ( 8 anti-social egoism1 t is to say1 to be 9 conflict1 & n 9 h>mony1 ) ! wants & ! t5d5cies ( ! o!r memb]s ( society4 ,b ! repetition ( worn-out commonplaces rea*es its climax :5 ,m4 ,g>(alo--surely1 ?r\gh inatt5tion--writes ^! m>vel\s l9es3 ,app>5tly1 _m "y m5 ( ari/ocratic families d n "w4 ,x is nev]!less m correct to say t !y d n d any productive labor = !mselves1 b !y "w j ! same 76671 & ?is = ! b5efit ( o!rs6 ,9 fact1 ^! g5tlem5 '( leisure' are g5]ally devot$ to sport--hunt+1 ya*t+1 horseback rid+1 f5c+--or to travel1 or to dilettantisme 9 ! arts1 & _! activity1 unproductive = !mselves1 provides an imm5se numb] ( p]sons ) pr(itable occupations 7page #ahc74 ,"o day1 :5 ,i 0 /udy+ ! prison]s 9 a jail1 "o ( !m said to me3 ,su* an outcry is made aga9/ ! crim9als because !y d n "w2 b if we did n exi/1 an imm5se numb] ( p]sons--jail]s1 policem51 judges & lawy]s--w\ld be )\t a pr(itable occupation6 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] hav+ not$ ^! specim5s ( unsci5tific c>elessness1 & be=e ent]+ ^u ! exam9ation ( ! few sci5tific argum5ts develop$ by ,m4 ,g>(alo1 x w be well1 to aid u 9 =m+ a g5]al judgm5t on 8 book1 to %[ h[ f> he has =gott5 ! mo/ elem5t>y rules ( ! sci5tific me?od4 ,& x w be useful also to add a few examples ( mi/akes 9 reg>d to facts be>+ ei!r on sci5ce 9 g5]al1 or on ! doctr9es combat$ by him4 ,on page #da1 speak+ ( ! sci5tific "w ( ,m>x ) a disda9 :i* c n be tak5 s]i\sly1 s9ce x is too mu* l t ( ! !ologians = ,d>w9 or t ( ! juri/s = ,lombroso1 he reasons 9 ?is curi\s fa%ion3 ,/>t+ f ! hypo!sis t all private prop]ty is unju/1 x is n logic t is want+ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,m>x4 ,b if "o recognizes1 on ! contr>y1 t e individual has a "r to possess "s ?+ ( 8 own1 ! direct & inevitable consequ5ce is ! rightfulness ( ! pr(its ( capital1 &1 !re=e1 ! augm5tation ( ! latt]4 ,c]ta9ly1 if "o admits a priori ! "r ( individual prop]ty 9 ! l& & ! means ( production 444 x is ne$less & useless to discuss ! "q4 ,b ! tr\blesome fact is t all ! sci5tific "w ( ,m>x & ! sociali/s has be5 done precisely 9 ord] to furni% absolute sci5tific pro( ( ! true g5esis ( capitali/ prop]ty--! unpaid surplus-labor ( ! labor]--& to put an end to ! old fables ab\t ! fir/ occupant1 & accumulat$ sav+s :i* are only exceptions1 ev] becom+ r>]4 ,moreov]1 ! negation ( private prop]ty is n ! hypo!sis1 b ! logical & inevitable consequ5ce ( ! premises ( facts & ( hi/orical demon/rations made1 n only by ,m>x1 b by a num]\s gr\p ( sociologi/s :o1 ab&on+ ! retic5ce & m5tal res]vations ( or?odox conv5tionalism1 h1 by t /ep1 become sociali/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b contempor>y socialism1 = ! v reason t x is 9 p]fect h>mony ) sci5tific & exact ?\ght1 no long] h>bors ! illusions ( ^? :o fancy t to-morr[--) a dictator ( wond]ful intellig5ce & rem>kable eloqu5ce1 *>g$ ) ! duty ( organiz+ collectivism by means ( decrees & regulations--we c\ld rea* ! ,co-op]ative ,commonweal? at a b\nd1 elim9at+ ! int]m$iate phases4 ,moreov]1 is n ! absolute & unbridl$ individualism ( ye/]day already trans=m$ into a limit$ individualism & into a p>tial collectivism by legal limitations ( ! jus abut5di & by ! cont9u\s trans=mation into social functions or public prop]ties ( ! s]vices 7light+1 wat]-supply1 transportation1 etc471 or prop]ties 7roads1 bridges1 canals1 etc471 :i* 7 =m]ly private s]vices & prop]ties8 ,^! int]m$iate phases c n be suppress$ by decrees1 b !y develop & f9i% _! c\rse naturally day by day1 "u ! pressure ( ! economic & social conditions2 b1 by a natural & !re=e inexorable progress1 !y are con/antly approa*+ m closely t ultimate phase ( absolute collectivism 9 ! means ( production1 :i* ! sociali/s h n inv5t$1 b ! t5d5cy t[>d :i* !y h %[n1 & ^: ultimate atta9m5t !y sci5tifically pr$ict4 ,! rate ( progress t[>d ?is goal !y c accel]ate by giv+ to ! prolet>ians1 organiz$ into a class-p>ty1 a cle>] consci\sness ( _! hi/oric mission4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ?r\gh ?is book are scatt]$ n only defects ( me?od1 b also actual errors 9 matt]s ( fact4 ,! book is also m>r$ by an imman5t contradiction t runs all ?r\gh x1 9 connection ) ! absolutely uncompromis+ attitude aga9/ socialism :i* ! au?or aims to ma9ta91 b :i* he is unable to keep up 9 ! face ( ! irresi/ible t5d5cy ( ! facts1 z we %all see 9 ! conclusion ( ?is analysis4 ,9 *apt] ,,iv1 ,m4 ,g>(alo cont5ds t civilization w\ld be m5ac$ ) de/ruction by ! elevation to p[] ( ! popul> classes4 ,m4 ,g>(alo1 :o is ( an old ari/ocratic family1 decl>es t ! ,?ird ,e/ate1 :i* %\ld h sub/itut$ y\?ful en]gies = ! feebl5ess & corruption ( an effete & deg5]ate ari/ocracy1 has %[n magnifi$ a hundr$-fold ! defects & corruption ( ! latt] 7p4 #bjf74 ,?is is c]ta9ly n a correct hi/orical judgm5t2 = x is c]ta9 t ! ,?ird ,e/ate1 :i* ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution ga9$ political asc5dancy--a political asc5dancy made inevitable by its previ\sly won economic asc5dancy1--gave 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury a new & p[]ful impulse to civilization4 ,& if to-day1 aft] a c5tury ( undisput$ dom9ation1 ! b\rgeoisie %[s multipli$ a hundr$-fold ! defects & ! corruption ( ! ari/ocracy ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ?is signifies simply t ! ,?ird ,e/ate has rea*$ ! f9al phase ( its p>abola1 s t ! adv5t ( a m develop$ social phase is becom+ an imm95t hi/orical necessity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r error 9 crim9al psy*ology--natural en\gh = ideali/s & metaphysicians1 b :i* may well surprise u 9 an exact sci5ti/--is ! influ5ce ^u human conduct :i* ,m4 ,g>(alo attributes to ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,moral in/ruction has no mean+1 or at lea/ no efficacy1 )\t a religi\s basis 7p4 #bfg74 ,& f ?is errone\s psy*ological premise1 he draws ! conclusion t x is necess>y to return to religi\s in/ruction 9 ! s*ools1 select+ ! ma/]s f among m5 ( mature age1 fa!rs ( families or m9i/]s ( religion 7p4 #bfh74 ,9 combat+ ?is conclusion1 truly surpris+ 9 a sci5ti/1 x is useless to recall ! tea*+s ( ! exp]i5ce ( =m] times 9 reg>d to ! pret5d$ moraliz+ influ5ce ( ! prie/ ^u ! s*ool2 & x is also unnecess>y to recall ! /ati/ics ( crim9al assaults committ$ by prie/s condemn$ to celibacy4 ,x is equally sup]flu\s to add t at all ev5ts1 9 aga9 turn+ ! prie/ into a s*oolma/]1 x w\ld be necess>y to recomm5d to him nev] to recall ! invectives ( ,jesus aga9/ ! ri*1 ! metaphor ( ! camel pass+ ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le1 or ! /ill m viol5t invectives ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ private prop]ty2 = long be=e ,pr\dhon1 ,sa9t ,j]ome _h said t weal? is always ! product ( !ft2 if x 0 n committ$ by ! pres5t hold]1 x 0 by 8 ance/ors1 & ,sa9t ,ambrose add$ t ,nature has e/abli%$ community ( goods2 f usurpation alone is private prop]ty born4 ,if x is true t lat] on ! ,*ur*1 9 proportion z x dep>t$ f ! doctr9es ( ! ,ma/]1 prea*$ 9 favor ( ! ri*1 leav+ to ! poor ! hope ( ,p>adise2 & if x is true1 z ,m4 ,g>(alo says1 t ! ,*ri/ian philosoph]s exhort$ ! poor to sanctify ! tribulations ( pov]ty by resignation 7p4 #aff72 x is also true t1 = example1 ,bossuet1 9 "o ( 8 fam\s s]mons1 recogniz$ t ! compla9ts ( ! poor are ju/ifi$2 & he ask$3 ,:y are conditions s unequal8 ,we are all =m$ ( ! same du/1 & no?+ c ju/ify x4 ,s t rec5tly1 ,m4 ,giraud-,teulon1 9 ! "n ( an h]maphrodite lib]alism1 recall$ t ! "r ( private prop]ty is r tol]at$ by ! ,*ur* z an exi/+ fact ?an pres5t$ z a necess>y f\ndation ( civil society4 ,x is ev5 condemn$ 9 its inspir+ pr9ciple by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4#ia ,b ap>t f all ?is1 x is suffici5t = me to e/abli% t ! psy*ological premise1 f :i* ,m4 ,g>(alo />ts1 is errone\s 9 itself4 ,/udy+ else:]e ! influ5ce ( ! religi\s s5tim5t on crim9ality#ib1 ,i h %[n by positive docum5t>y evid5ce1 t religi\s beliefs1 efficaci\s = individuals already end[$ ) a normal social s5se1 s9ce !y add to ! sanction ( ! moral consci5ce 7:i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld suffice by itself7 ! sanctions ( ! life beyond ! tomb--religion is ! gu>antor ( ju/ice#ic--;are1 nev]!less1 :olly ineffective1 :5 ! social s5se1 on acc\nt ( "s physio-psy*ical anomaly1 is atrophi$ or non-exi/5t4 ,s t religi\s belief1 consid]$ z a regulator ( social conduct1 is at once sup]flu\s = honorable p & altoge!r ineffective = ^? :o are n honorable1 if inde$ x is n capable ( increas+ ! prop5sity to evil by develop+ religi\s fanaticism or giv+ rise to ! hope ( p>don 9 ! confessional or ( absolution 9 articulo mortis1 etc4 ,x is possible to und]/&--at lea/ z an exp$i5t z utilit>ian z x is highly hypocritical--! argum5t ( ^? :o1 a!i/s s f> z !y !mselves are conc]n$1 /ill wi% to pres]ve religi\s beliefs = ! p1 because !y ex]cise a depress+ influ5ce & prev5t all en]getic agitation = human rights & enjoym5ts "h bel[4 ,! conception ( ,god z a ,policeman is only "o among _m illusions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,besides ^! errors ( fact 9 ! biological & psy*ological sci5ces1 ,m4 ,g>(alo also mis/ates ! sociali/ doctr9es1 foll[+ ! example ( ! oppon5ts ( ! new s*ool ( crim9ology1 :o f\nd x easi] to refute ! doctr9es !y attribut$ to u ?an to %ake ! doctr9es we def5d$4 ,on page #ad1 ,m4 ,g>(alo beg9s by /at+1 ! true t5d5cy ( ! p>ty kn[n z ! ,work+m5's ,p>ty1 is to ga9 p[]1 n 9 ! int]e/ ( all1 b 9 ord] to expropriate ! dom9ant class & to /ep into _! %oes4 ,!y d n disguise ?is purpose 9 _! programmes4 ,?is /atem5t is f\nd aga9 on page #baj1 etc4 ,n[1 x suffices to h read ! programme ( ! sociali/ p>ty1 f ! ,,manife/o ( ,m>x & ,engels d[n to ! propag&i/ publications1 to "k1 on ! contr>y1 t contempor>y socialism wi%es1 & decl>es its wi%1 to accompli% ! g5]al suppression ( all social divisions into classes by suppress+ ! division ( ! social patrimony ( production1 &1 !re=e1 proclaims itself resolv$ to a*ieve ! prosp]ity ,,( ,,all1 & n only--z "s victims ( myopia cont9ue to believe--t ( a ,f\r? ,e/ate1 :i* w\ld simply h to foll[ ! example ( ! decay+ ,?ird ,e/ate4 ,/>t+ f ?is fundam5tal datum ( socialism1 t e individual1 unless he be a *ild1 sick or an invalid1 mu/ "w1 9 ord] to live1 at "o sort or ano!r ( useful labor1 x foll[s z an inevitable consequ5ce t1 9 a society organiz$ on ?is pr9ciple1 all class antagonism w become impossible2 = ?is antagonism exi/s only :5 society conta9s a great majority :o "w1 9 ord] to live 9 discom=t1 & a small m9ority :o live well1 )\t work+4 ,?is initial error naturally dom9ates ! entire book4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! ?ird *apt] is devot$ to prov+ t ! social revolution plann$ = by ! new sociali/s1 w be ! de/ruction ( all moral ord] 9 society1 because x is )\t an ideal to s]ve x z a lum9\s /&>d 7p4 #aei74 ,let u disreg>d1 my de> ,b>on1 ! fam\s moral ord] ( t society :i* enri*es & honors ! well-dress$ :olesale ?ieves ( ! great & little ,panamas1 ! banks & railways1 & condemns to imprisonm5t *ildr5 & wom5 :o /eal dry wood or grass 9 ! fields :i* =m]ly belong$ to ! commune4 ,b to say t socialism is )\t an ideal1 :5 ev5 its oppon5ts conc$e to x ?is imm5se sup]iority 9 pot5tial /r5g? ov] ! sordid skepticism ( ! pres5t _w1 viz41 its ard5t fai? 9 a high] social ju/ice = all1 a fai? t makes /rik+ly cle> its resemblance to ! reg5]at+ ,*ri/ianity ( primitive times 7v diff]5t f t fatty deg5]ation ( ,*ri/ianity1 call$ ,ca?olicism71 to say ?is is truly1 = a sci5ti/1 to bl9dly rebel aga9/ ! mo/ obvi\s facts ( daily life4 ,m4 ,g>(alo ev5 goes s f> z to say t ! want ( ! necess>ies ( life is a v exceptional fact1 & t !re=e ! condition ( ! prolet>iat is a social condition l t ( all ! o!r classes1 & ! lack ( capital1 :i* is its *>act]i/ic1 is a p]man5t economic condition :i* is n at all abnormal ,,= ,,^? ,,:o ,,are ,,us$ ,,to ,,x4#id ,!n--:ile pass+ ov] ?is com=table & egoi/ic quietism :i* f9ds no?+ abnormal 9 ! mis]y 444 ( o!rs--we p]ceive h[ defici5t ,m4 ,g>(alo is1 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y accuracy1 9 ! asc]ta9m5t ( facts :5 we recall ! suff]+ & ev]-gr[+ multitude ( ! unemploy$1 :i* is sometimes a local & transitory ph5om5on1 b :i*1 9 its acute or *ronic =ms1 is always ! necess>y & inconte/able effect ( capitali/ accumulation & ! introduction & improvem5t ( ma*9]y1 :i* are1 9 _! turn1 ! s\rce ( mod]n socialism1 sci5tific socialism1 s diff]5t f ! s5tim5tal socialism ( =m] times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! fundam5tal fallacy1 f :i* s _m ?9k]s--,m4 ,g>(alo among !m--c n free !mselves1 & to :i* ,i myself yield$1 be=e ,i _h p5etrat$1 ?anks to ! ,m>xian !ory ( hi/oric mat]ialism--or1 m exactly1 ( economic det]m9ism--into ! true _s ( sociali/ sociology1 is ! t5d5cy to judge ! inductions ( socialism by ! biological1 psy*ological & sociological data ( ! pres5t society1 )\t ?9k+ ( ! necess>y *anges t w be effect$ by a diff]5t economic environm5t ) its inevitable concomitants or consequ5ces1 diff]5t moral & political environm5ts4 ,9 ,m4 ,g>(alo's book we f9d once m ?is petitio pr9cipii :i* refuses to believe 9 ! future 9 ! "n ( ! pres5t1 :i* is decl>$ immutable4 ,x is exactly z if 9 ! e>lie/ geological epo*s x _h be5 conclud$ f ! flora & fauna !n exi/+ t x 0 impossible = a fauna & flora ev] to exi/ diff]+ f !m z widely z d ! cryptogams f ! conif]s1 or ! mammalia f ! mollusca4 ,?is confirms1 once m1 ! obs]vation t ,i made be=e1 t to d5y ! tru? ( sci5tific socialism is implicitly to d5y t law ( univ]sal & et]nal evolution1 :i* is ! dom9ant factor 9 all mod]n sci5tific ?\ght4 ,on page #af1 ,m4 ,g>(alo pr$icts t ) ! triumph ( socialism we %all see re-appe> ^u e>? ! reign ( irrational & brutal physical =ce1 & t we %all witness1 z happ5s e day 9 ! l[e/ /rata ( ! population1 ! triumph ( ! mo/ viol5t m54 ,& he repeats ?is on pages #bji-baj2 b he =gets t1 giv5 ! sociali/ premise ( a bett] organiz$ social environm5t1 ?is brutality1 :i* is ! product ( ! pres5t mis]y & lack ( education1 mu/ necess>ily gradually dim9i%1 & at la/ disappe>4 ,n[1 ! possibility ( ?is improvem5t ( ! social environm5t1 :i* socialism ass]ts1 is a !sis t c be discuss$2 b :5 a writ]1 9 ord] to d5y ?is possibility1 opposes to ! future ! effects ( a pres5t1 ^: elim9ation is ! precise "q at issue1 he falls into t insidi\s fallacy :i* x is only necess>y to po9t out to remove all f\ndation f 8 argum5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& x is z always by grace ( ?is same fallacy t he is able to decl>e1 on page #bac1 t "u ! sociali/ regime ! f9e arts w be unable to exi/4 ,x is easy to say1 !y w h5ce=? be ex]cis$ & cultivat$ = ! b5efit ( ! public4 ,( :at public8 ,( ! great mass ( ! p depriv$ ( arti/ic education8 ,z if1 :5 pov]ty is once elim9at$ & labor has become less exhau/+ = ! popul> classes1 ! com=t & economic security1 :i* w\ld result f ?is1 w\ld n be sure to develop 9 !m also ! ta/e = /hetic pleasure1 :i* !y feel & satisfy n[1 s f> z t is possible = !m1 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( popul> art1 or z may be se5 to-day x ,p>is & ,vi5na by ! ,?tre sociali/e & at ,brussells by ! free musical mat9es1 in/itut$ by ! sociali/s & frequ5t$ by a con/antly gr[+ numb] ( work+m54 ,x is j ! same ) reg>d to sci5tific in/ruction1 z witness ,univ]sity ,ext5sion 9 ,engl& & ,belgium4 ,& all ?is1 not)/&+ ! pres5t total lack ( arti/ic education1 b ?anks to ! exig5ce among ! work]s ( ^! c\ntries ( an economic condition lees wret*$ ?an t ( ! agricultural or ev5 ! indu/rial prolet>iat 9 c\ntries su* z ,italy4 ,& f ano!r po9t ( view1 :at are ! museums if n a =m ( collective own]%ip & use ( ! products ( art8 ,x is aga91 z always1 ! same fallacy :i* 7at page #baf7 makes ,m4 ,g>(alo write3 ,! hi/ory ( ,europe1 f ! fif? to ! ?irte5? c5turies1 %[s u1 by analogy1 :at w\ld happ5 to ! _w if ! l[] classes %\ld come into p[]4444 ,h[ to expla9 ! m$ieval b>b>ism & an>*y save by ! grossness & ignorance ( ! conqu]ors8 ,! same fate w\ld inevitably await ! mod]n civilization1 if ! controll+ p[] %\ld fall into ! h&s ( ! prolet>ians1 :o1 assur$ly1 are intellectually n sup]ior to ! anci5t b>b>ians & ,,morally ,,are ,,f> ,,inf]ior ,,to ,,!m6 ,let u disreg>d ?is unju/ifi$ & unju/ifiable insult & ?is completely errone\s hi/orical comp>ison4 ,x is en\gh to po9t out t x is "h suppos$ t by a /roke ( a magic w& ! l[] classes w be able 9 a s+le day to ga9 possession ( p[] )\t hav+ be5 prep>$ = ?is by a prelim9>y moral revolution1 a revolution accompli%$ 9 !m by ! acquir$ consci\sness ( _! rights & ( _! organic solid>ity4 ,x w be impossible to comp>e ! prolet>ians 9 :om ?is moral revolution %all h tak5 place ) ! b>b>ians ( ! ,middle ,ages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 my book ,socialismo et ,crim9alit1 publi%$ 9 #ahhc1 & :i* to-day my adv]s>ies1 includ+ ,m4 ,g>(alo 7p4 #abh et seq471 try to oppose to ! op9ions :i* ,i h upheld 9 my m rec5t book1 ,socialisme et sci5ce positive 7! pres5t "w71 ,i h develop$ two !ses3 ,i4 ,t ! social organization c\ld n be sudd5ly *ang$1 z 0 !n ma9ta9$ 9 ,italy by ! s5tim5tal sociali/s1 s9ce ! law ( evolution dom9ates ) sov]eign p[] ! human _w z well z ! inorganic & organic _w2 ,,ii4 ,t1 by analogy1 crime c\ld n disappe> absolutely f among mank9d1 z ! ,italian sociali/s ( ^? days vaguely h9t$4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place x w\ld n h be5 at all inconsi/5t if1 aft] hav+ p>tially accept$ socialism1 :i* ,i _h already done 9 #ahhc1 ! progressive evolution ( my ?\ght1 aft] hav+ /udi$ ! sy/ematic1 sci5tific =m giv5 to socialism by ,m>x & 8 co-work]s1 _h l$ me to recognize 7ap>t f all p]sonal advantage7 ! complete tru? ( socialism4 ,b1 especially1 precisely because sci5tific socialism 7s9ce ! "w ( ,m>x1 ,engels1 ,malon1 de ,paepe1 ,dram>d1 ,lanessan1 ,guesde1 ,s*aeffle1 ,george1 ,bebel1 ,loria1 ,colajanni1 ,turati1 de ,greef1 ,laf>gue1 ,jaurs1 ,r5>d1 ,d5is1 ,ple*an[1 ,v&]velde1 ,let\rneau1 ,l4 ,jacoby1 ,labriola1 ,kautsky1 etc47 is diff]5t f ! s5tim5tal socialism :i* ,i _h alone 9 m9d 9 #ahhc1 x is = t v reason t ,i /ill ma9ta9 to-day ^! two same pr9cipal !ses1 & ,i f9d myself 9 s do+ 9 p]fect h>mony ) int]national sci5tific socialism4 ,& z to ! absolute disappe>ance ( all crim9ality1 ,i /ill ma9ta9 my !sis ( #ahhc1 & 9 ! pres5t book 7 #c71 ,i h writt5 t1 ev5 "u ! sociali/ regime1 !re w be--?\gh inf9itely few]--"s :o w be conqu]$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & t1 ?\gh ! *ronic & epidemic =ms ( n]v\s disease1 crime1 insanity & suicide1 are de/9$ to disappe>1 ! acute & sporadic =ms w n completely disappe>4 ,at ?is /atem5t ,m4 ,g>(alo manife/s a surprise :i*1 z ,i c n suppose x simulat$1 ,i decl>e truly inexplicable 9 a sociologi/ & a crim9ologi/2 = ?is rem9ds me too /rongly ( ! ignorant surprise %[n by a review ( classical jurisprud5ce 9 reg>d to a new sci5tific fact record$ by ! ,ar*ives de psy*iatrie ( ,m4 ,lombroso1 ! case be+ ! disappe>ance ( e crim9al t5d5cy 9 a woman aft] ! surgical removal ( h] ov>ies4 ,b t ! trepann+ ( ! skull 9 a case ( traumatic epilepsy or t ov>iotomy c cure ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em &1 !re=e1 re/ore ! "* & ev5 ! morality ( ! individual1 ^! are facts t c be unkn[n only to a metaphysical ideali/1 an oppon5t ( ! positivi/ s*ool ( crim9ology4 ,& yet ?is is h[ ,m4 ,g>(alo comm5ts on my induction 7p4 #bdj72 ?is comm5t>y is reproduc$ aga9 on pages #ie1 #ajj1 #acd & #bia3 ,x is truly extraord9>y t ,m4 ,f]ri1 not)/&+ t crim9al an?ropology1 ( :i* he has s long be5 7& /ill is7 "o ( ! mo/ ard5t p>tisans1 %\ld h all[$ himself to be s bl9d$ by ! mirage ( socialism4 ,a /atem5t su* z t :i* ,i h quot$ at fir/ leaves ! read] /unn$1 s9ce he sees absolutely no connection betwe5 n]v\s diseases & collective own]%ip4 ,x w\ld be j z s5sible to say t by ! /udy ( algebra "o c make sure ( "o's fir/-born *ild be+ a male4 ,h[ exactly l ! rem>ks ( ! ,review ( jurisprud5ce conc]n+ ! case ( ! removal ( ! ov>ies6 ,n[1 let u see :e!r x is possible1 by a supreme ef=t ( our feeble intellect1 to po9t out a connection betwe5 n]v\s diseases & collective own]%ip4 ,t pov]ty1 i4 e41 inadequate physical & m5tal nutrition--9 ! life ( ! individual & ?r\gh h]$it>y transmission--is1 if n ! only & exclusive cause1 c]ta9ly ! pr9cipal cause ( human deg5]ation1 is h5ce=? an indisputable & undisput$ fact4 ,t ! pov]ty & mis]y ( ! work+ class--& notably ( ! unhappy triad ( ! unemploy$1 ! displac$ by ma*9]y1 tru/s1 etc4 & ^? :o h be5 expropriat$ by taxation--is de/9$ to disappe> ) ! socialization ( ! l& & ! means ( production3--?is is ! proposition t socialism ma9ta9s & demon/rates4 ,x is1 !re=e1 natural t "u ! sociali/ rgime1 ) ! disappe>ance ( pov]ty1 !re %\ld be elim9at$ ! pr9cipal s\rce ( popul> deg5]acy 9 ! epidemic & *ronic =ms ( diseases1 crimes1 insanity & suicide2 ?is c1 moreov]1 be se5 at pres5t--on a small scale1 b cle>ly en\gh to positively confirm ! g5]al induction--s9ce diseases n]v\s1 crimes1 insanity & suicide increase dur+ fam9es & crises1 :ile !y dim9i% 9 ye>s :5 ! economic conditions are less wret*$4 ,!re is /ill m to be said4 ,ev5 among ! ari/ocracy & b\rgeoisie1 no "o c fail to see t ! fev]i% competition & cannibali/ic /rife ( our pres5t sy/em beget n]v\s disord]s1 crime & suicide1 :i* w\ld be r5d]$ q unnecess>y by ! e/abli%m5t ( a sociali/ rgime1 :i* w\ld bani% worry & uneas9ess = ! morr[ f ! human race4 ,!re !n y see e/abli%$ ! relation betwe5 collective own]%ip & n]v\s diseases or deg5]ation 9 g5]al1 n only among ! popul> & m num]\s classes1 b also 9 ! b\rgeois & ari/ocratic classes4 ,x is1 inde$1 a/oni%+ t ! anti-sociali/ prejudice ( ,m4 ,g>(alo %\ld h be5 /rong en\gh to cause him to =get t tru? :i* is nev]!less a legitimate induction ( crim9al biology & sociology1 ! tru? t besides ! cong5ital crim9al !re are o!r types ( crim9als :o are m num]\s & m directly produc$ by ! vitiat$ social environm5t4 ,&1 f9ally1 if ! cong5ital crim9al is n himself ! direct product ( ! environm5t1 he is indirectly its product ?r\gh ! deg5]ation begun 9 8 ance/ors1 by "s acute disease 9 "s cases1 b by debilitat+ pov]ty 9 ! majority ( cases1 & aft]w>d h]$it>ily transmitt$ & aggravat$ 9 accordance ) ! inexorable laws discov]$ by mod]n sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 ,g>(alo's book1 :i* 0 ann\nc$ z an assault ( sci5ce ^u socialism1 has be51 ev5 f ?is po9t ( view1 a complete disappo9tm5t1 z ev5 ! ,italian anti-sociali/s h confess$ 9 sev]al ( ! mo/ or?odox ,reviews4 ,x n[ rema9s = me to reply briefly to 8 obs]vations--& !y are few & f> betwe5--on ! relations :i* exi/ betwe5 contempor>y socialism & ! g5]al tr5d & t5d5cy ( ?\ght 9 ! exact sci5ces4 ,disreg>d+ ! argum5ts :i* ,i _h develop$ on ?is subject by po9t+ out t !re is an ess5tial connection betwe5 economic & social transmutation 7,m>x7 & ! !ories ( biological transmutation 7,d>w97 & ( univ]sal transmutation 7,sp5c]71 ,m4 ,g>(alo has ?\ght x prud5t to take up = consid]ation only ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! relations betwe5 evolution & revolution4 ,z to ! fir/1 five pages 7#if-ajj7 are en\gh to enable him to decl>e1 )\t support+ 8 decl>ation by any positive argum5t :i* is n m]ely a diff]5t v]bal expression ( ! same idea1 t ! ,d>w9ian law ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce has n und]gone & c n und]go any trans=mation except t :i* w *ange ! viol5t /ruggle into competition 7! /ruggle ( skill & intellig5ce7 & t ?is law is irreconcilable ) socialism2 = x necess>ily requires ! sacrifice ( ! conqu]$1 :ile socialism w\ld gu>antee to all m5 _! mat]ial exi/5ce1 s !y w\ld h no cause = anxiety4 ,b my fri5d1 ! ,b>on ,g>(alo1 quietly & completely ignores ! fundam5tal argum5t t ! sociali/s oppose to ! individuali/ int]pretation t has hi!rto be5 giv5 ( ! /ruggle = life & :i* /ill affects ! m9ds ( "s sociali/s s f> z to make !m ?9k t ! law ( ! /ruggle = life is n true & t ,d>w9ism is irreconcilable ) socialism4 ,! sociali/s1 9 fact1 ?9k t ! laws ( life are ! foll[+1 & t !y are concurr5t & insep>able3 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & solid>ity 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ natural =ces4 ,if ! fir/ law is 9 _s individuali/1 ! second is ess5tially sociali/ic4 ,n[1 n to repeat :at ,i h writt5 else:]e1 x is suffici5t "h = me to e/abli% ?is positive fact t all human evolution is effect$ ?r\gh ! con/antly increas+ pr$om9ance ( ! law ( solid>ity ov] ! law ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! =ms ( ! /ruggle are trans=m$ & gr[ mild]1 z ,i %[$ z long ago z #ahhc1 & ,m4 ,g>(alo accepts ?is way ( look+ at ! matt] :5 he recognizes t ! muscul> /ruggle is ev] t5d+ to become an intellectual /ruggle4 ,b he has 9 view only ! =mal evolution2 he :olly disreg>ds ! progressive decrease 9 ! importance ( ! /ruggl+ function "u ! action ( ! o!r p>allel law ( solid>ity 9 ! /ruggle4 ,"h comes 9 t con/ant pr9ciple 9 sociology1 t ! social =ms & =ces co-exi/ always1 b t _! relative importance *anges f epo* to epo* & f place to place4 ,j z 9 ! individual egoism & altruism co-exi/ & w co-exi/ always--= egoism is ! basis ( p]sonal exi/5ce--b ) a cont9u\s & progressive re/riction & trans=mation ( egoism1 correspond+ to ! expansion ( altruism1 9 pass+ f ! fi]ce egoism ( savage humanity to ! less brutal egoism ( ! pres5t epo*1 & f9ally to ! m frat]nal egoism ( ! com+ society2 9 ! same way 9 ! social organism1 = example1 ! milit>y type & ! indu/rial type always co-exi/1 b ) a progressively increas+ pr$om9ance ( ! latt] ov] ! =m]4 ,! same tru? applies to ! diff]5t =ms ( ! family1 & also to _m o!r in/itutions1 ( :i* ,sp5c]ian sociology _h giv5 only ! descriptive evolution & ( :i* ! ,m>xian !ory ( economic det]m9ism has giv5 ! g5etic evolution1 by expla9+ t ! religi\s & juridical cu/oms & in/itutions1 ! social types1 ! =ms ( ! family1 etc41 are only ! reflex ( ! economic /ructure :i* diff]s 9 v>y+ localities 7on isl&s or cont95ts1 accord+ to ! abundance or sc>city ( food7 & also v>ies f epo* to epo*4 ,&--to complete ! ,m>xian !ory--?is economic /ructure is1 9 ! case ( ea* social gr\p1 ! resultant ( its race en]gies develop+ !mselves 9 su* or su* a physical environm5t1 at ,i h said else:]e4 ,! same rule holds 9 ! case ( ! two co-exi/+ laws ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ( solid>ity 9 ! /ruggle1 ! fir/ ( :i* pr$om9ates :]e ! economic conditions are m difficult2 :ile ! second pr$om9ates ) ! gr[? ( ! economic security ( ! majority4 ,b :ile ?is security w become complete "u ! rgime ( socialism1 :i* w assure to e man :o works ! mat]ial means ( life1 ?is w n exclude ! intellectual =ms ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* ,m4 ,t*is* rec5tly said %\ld be int]pret$ n only 9 ! s5se ( a /ruggle = life1 b also 9 ! s5se ( a /ruggle = ! enri*m5t ( life4#ie ,9 fact1 :5 once ! mat]ial life ( e "o is assur$1 toge!r ) ! duty ( labor = all ! memb]s ( society1 man w cont9ue always to /ruggle = ! enri*m5t ( life1 t is to say1 = ! full] developm5t ( 8 physical & moral individuality4 ,& x is only "u ! rgime ( socialism t1 ! pr$om9ance ( ! law ( solid>ity be+ decisive1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce w *ange its =m & sub/ance1 :ile p]si/+ z an et]nal /riv+ t[>d a bett] life 9 ! solidaire developm5t ( ! individual & ! collectivity4 ,b ,m4 ,g>(alo devotes m att5tion to ! practical 787 relations betwe5 socialism & ! law ( evolution4 ,& 9 sub/ance1 once m mak+ use ( ! objection already s (t5 rais$ aga9/ ,m>xism & its tactics1 he =mulates 8 indictm5t ?us3 ,! new sociali/s :o1 on ! "o h&1 pret5d to speak 9 ! "n ( sociological sci5ce & ( ! natural laws ( evolution1 decl>e !mselves politically1 on ! o!r h&1 z revolutioni/s4 ,n[1 evid5tly sci5ce has no?+ to d ) _! political action4 ,al?\gh !y take pa9s to say t by revolution !y d n mean ei!r a riot or a revolt--an explanation also conta9$ 9 ! diction>y#if--?is fact always rema9s1 viz43 t !y are unwill+ to await ! spontane\s organization ( society "u ! new economic arrangem5t =ese5 by !m 9 a m or less remote future4 ,= if !y %\ld ?us quietly await its com+1 :o among !m w\ld survive to prove to ! incr$ul\s ! tru? ( _! pr$ictions8 ,x is a "q !n ( an evolution artificially ha/5$1 t is to say1 9 o!r words1 ( ! use ( =ce to trans=m society 9 accordance ) _! wi%es4 7p4 #cj47 ,! sociali/s ( ! ,m>xian s*ool d n expect ! trans=mation to be effect$ by a sl[ evolution1 b by a revolution ( ! p1 & !y ev5 fix ! epo* ( its occur5ce4 7p4 #ec47 ,h5ce=? ! sociali/s mu/ make a decision & take "o horn ( ! dilemma or ! o!r4 ,ei!r !y mu/ be !oretical evolutioni/s1 ,,:o ,,wait ,,pati5tly until ! "t %all be ripe2 ,or1 on ! contr>y1 !y mu/ be revolution>y democrats2 & if !y take ?is horn1 x is nons5se to talk ( evolution1 accumulation1 spontane\s conc5tration1 etc4 ,,accompli% ,,!n ,,?is ,,revolution1 ,,if ,,y ,,h ,,! ,,p[]4 7p4 #aea47 ,i d n wi% to dwell on ?is curi\s in/igation to civil w> by su* an or?odox cons]vative z ! ,b>on ,g>(alo1 al?\gh he might be suspect$ ( ! n specially ,*ri/ian wi% to see ?is revolution ( ! p break out at once1 :ile ! p are /ill disorganiz$ & weak & :ile x w\ld be easi] = ! dom9ant class to ble$ !m copi\sly4444 ,let u try r to deliv] ,m4 ,g>(alo f ano!r tr\ble2 = on page #aai he exclaims pa!tically3 ,i decl>e on my honor ,i d n und]/& h[ a s9c]e sociali/ c to-day be a revolutioni/4 ,i w\ld be s9c]ely grateful to anyone :o w\ld expla9 ?is to me1 = to me ?is is an enigma1 s great is ! contradiction betwe5 ! !ory & ! me?ods ( ! sociali/s4 ,well !n1 console y\rself1 my excell5t fri5d6 ,j z 9 ! case ( ! relation%ip betwe5 collective own]%ip & human deg5]ation1 :i* seem$ s enigmatical to ?is same ,b>on ,g>(alo--& al?\gh he has n (f]$ 8 gratitude = ! solution ( ?is enigma to ! sociali/ ,o$ipus :o expla9$ x to him--"h also1 9 ! case ( ?is o!r enigma1 ! explanation is v simple4 ,on ! subject ( ! social "q ! attitudes assum$ 9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 or on ! field ( politics1 are ! foll[+3 #a/4 ,t ( ! cons]vatives1 su* z ,m4 ,g>(alo4 ,^!1 judg+ ! _w1 n by ! conditions objectively e/abli%$1 b by _! own subjective impressions1 consid] t !y are well en\gh (f "u ! pres5t rgime1 & cont5d t ev]y?+ is = ! be/ 9 ?is be/ ( all possible worlds1 & oppose 9 all cases1 ) a v logical egoism1 e *ange :i* is n m]ely a sup]ficial *ange2 #bnd4 ,t ( ! re=m]s1 :o1 l all ! eclectics1 ^: numb] is inf9ite1 give1 z ! ,italian prov]b says1 "o bl[ to ! cask & ano!r to ! hoop & d n d5y--,o1 no6--! inconv5i5ces & ev5 ! absurdities ( ! pres5t 444 b1 n to compromise !mselves too f>1 ha/5 to say t !y mu/ conf9e !mselves to m9or ameliorations1 to sup]ficial re=ms1 t is to say1 to treat+ ! symptoms in/ead ( ! disease1 a !rapeutic me?od z easy & z b>r5 ( abid+ results 9 deal+ ) ! social organism z ) ! individual organism2 #crd4 ,t1 f9ally1 ( ! revolution>ies1 :o rightly call !mselves ?us because !y ?9k & say t ! effective rem$y is n to be f\nd 9 sup]ficial re=ms1 b 9 a radical reorganization ( society1 beg9n+ at ! v f\ndation1 private prop]ty1 & :i* w be s pr(\nd t x w truly con/itute a social revolution4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,galileo accompli%$ a sci5tific revolution2 = he did n conf9e himself to re=ms ( ! a/ronomical sy/em receiv$ 9 8 "t1 b he radically *ang$ its fundam5tal l9es4 ,& x is 9 ?is same s5se t ,jacqu>t effect$ an indu/rial revolution1 s9ce he did n conf9e himself to re=m+ ! h&-loom1 z x _h exi/$ = c5turies1 b radically *ang$ its /ructure & productive p[]4 ,!re=e1 :5 sociali/s speak ( socialism z revolution>y1 !y mean by ?is to describe ! programme to be realiz$ & ! f9al goal to be atta9$ & n--z ,m4 ,g>(alo1 9 spite ( ! diction>y1 cont9ues to believe--! me?od or ! tactics to be employ$ 9 a*iev+ ?is goal1 ! social revolution4 ,& "r "h appe>s ! pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?od ( s5tim5tal socialism & t ( sci5tific socialism--h5ce=? ! only socialism 9 ! civiliz$ _w--:i* has receiv$ ?r\gh ! "w ( ,m>x1 ,engels & _! successors t sy/ematic =m :i* is ! di/9ctive m>k ( all ! evolution>y sci5ces4 ,& t is :y & h[ ,i h be5 able to demon/rate t contempor>y socialism is 9 full h>mony ) ! sci5tific doctr9e ( evolution4 ,socialism is 9 fact evolution>y1 b n 9 ! s5se t ,m4 ,g>(alo pref]s ( wait+ pati5tly until ! times %all be ripe & until society %all organize spontane\sly "u ! new economic arrangem5t1 z if sci5ce necess>ily mu/ consi/ 9 ,ori5tal contemplation & academic ,platonism--z x has done = too long--in/ead ( inve/igat+ ! conditions ( actual1 e-day life1 & apply+ its inductions to !m4 ,c]ta9ly1 sci5ce = ! sake ( sci5ce1 is a =mula v satisfactory to ! av[$ cons]vatives--& t is only logical--& also to ! eclectics2 b mod]n positivism pref]s ! =mula ( sci5ce = life's sake &1 !re=e1 ?9ks t ! rip5ess ( ! times & ! new economic arrangem5t w c]ta9ly n be realiz$ by spontane\s g5]ation & t !re=e x is necess>y to act1 9 h>mony ) ! inductions ( sci5ce1 9 ord] to br+ ?is realization to pass4 ,to act1 b h[8 ,!re is ! "q ( me?ods & tactics1 :i* diff]5tiates utopian socialism f sci5tific socialism2 ! =m] fanci$ x possible to alt] ! economic organization ( society f top to bottom by ! improvis$ miracle ( a popul> insurrection2 ! latt]1 on ! contr>y1 decl>es t ! law ( evolution is supreme & t1 !re=e1 ! social revolution c be no?+ b ! f9al phase ( a prelim9>y evolution1 :i* w consi/--?r\gh sci5tific /udy & propag&a "w--9 ! realization ( ! exhortation ( ,m>x3 ,prolet>ians ( all c\ntries1 unite6 ,!re !n is ! explanation ( ! easy enigma1 pres5t$ by ! fact t socialism1 ?\gh revolution>y 9 its programme1 foll[s ! laws ( evolution 9 its me?od ( realization1 & t is ! secret ( its vitality & p[]1 & t is also :at makes x s ess5tially diff]5t f t my/ical & viol5t an>*ism1 :i* class prejudices or ! exig5cies ( v5al j\rnalism ass]t is no?+ b a consequ5ce ( socialism1 :ile 9 fact x is ! practical negation ( socialism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f9ally1 z a syn!tic conclusion1 ,i ?9k x wor? :ile to %[ t1 :ile 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 book ,m4 ,g>(alo />ts out 9 op5 ho/ility to socialism ) ! int5tion ( ma9ta9+ an absolutely uncompromis+ attitude1 decl>+ on ! fir/ page t he has writt5 8 book = ^? :o are call$ ! b\rgeois1 9 ord] to dissuade !m f ! concessions :i* !y !mselves1 9 _! own m9ds1 c n prev5t !mselves f mak+ to ! und5iable tru? ( ! sociali/ ideal1 :5 he rea*es ! end ( 8 polemic1 ! irresi/ible implications ( ! facts =ce ,m4 ,g>(alo to a s]ies ( eclectic compromises1 :i* produce on ! read]1 aft] s _m accusations & ?reats ( repression1 ! depress+ impression ( a m5tal collapse1 z un=ese5 z x is significant4 ,inde$1 ,m4 ,g>(alo1 on page #beh1 recognizes ! usefulness ( comb9ations ( labor]s to enable !m to resi/ unju/ dem&s1 & ev5 decl>es x obligatory ^u factory-own]s to assure a life-p5sion to _! labor]s :o h s]v$ !m long4 7p4 #bge47 ,& he dem&s = ! labor]s at all ev5ts a %>e 9 ! pr(its 7p4 #bgf72 he recognizes also t ! adult out ( "w & 9 good heal? has ! "r to assi/ance1 no less ?an ! sick man or ! cripple 7p4 #bha74 ,m4 ,g>(alo1 :o by all ^! re/rictions to 8 absolute individualism has p]mitt$ himself to make concessions to ,socialism1 :i* are 9 flagrant contradiction ) 8 ann\nc$ int5tion & to ! :ole tr5d ( 8 book1 ends inde$ by confess+ t if ! new sociali/s 7 to prea* collectivism solely )9 ! sph]e ( agricultural indu/ry1 x w\ld at lea/ be possible to discuss x1 s9ce "o w\ld n be confront$ at ! outset by an absurdity1 z is ! case 9 attempt+ to discuss univ]sal collectivism4 ,?is is n equival5t to say+ t agricultural collectivism#ig w\ld be easily put into practice4 ,t is to say t !re is room = compromises & t a mitigat$ collectivism w\ld n be 9 contradiction ) all ! laws ( sci5ce1 a contradiction :i* x seems 8 entire argum5t 0 int5d$ to e/abli%2 = ,m4 ,g>(alo conf9es himself to rem>k+ t ! realization ( collectivism 9 l& w\ld n be easy--a fact t no sociali/ has ev] disput$4 ,!re is no ne$ = me to po9t out once m h[ ?is me?od ( combat+ socialism1 on ! "p ( ,m4 ,g>(alo1 resemble t :i* ! classical crim9ologi/s employ$ aga9/ ! positivi/ s*ool1 :51 aft] s _m sweep+ d5ials ( our tea*+s1 !y came to admit t1 nev]!less1 "s ( our inductions1 = example1 ! an?ropological classification ( crim9als1 might well be appli$ 444 on a r$uc$ scale1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( jails & p5it5ti>ies1 b nev] 9 ! provisions ( ! crim9al law6 ,dur+ _m ye>s1 z a def5d] ( ! positivi/ s*ool ( crim9ology1 ,i h _h p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! inevitable phases t mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh by a sci5tific tru? be=e its f9al triumph--! conspiracy ( sil5ce2 ! attempt to smo!r ! new idea ) ridicule2 !n1 9 consequ5ce ( ! resi/ance to ^! artifices ( reaction>y cons]vatism1 ! new ideas are misrepres5t$1 ?r\gh ignorance or to facilitate assaults ^u !m1 & at la/ !y are p>tially admitt$ & t is ! beg9n+ ( ! f9al triumph4 ,s t1 kn[+ ^! phases ( ! natural evolution ( e new idea1 n[ :51 = ! second "t1 in/ead ( re/+ ^u ! laurels ( my fir/ sci5tific victories1 ,i h wi%$ to fight = a second & m radical h]esy2 ?is "t ! victory appe>s to me m c]ta91 s9ce my oppon5ts & my =m] companions 9 arms aga9 call into use aga9/ x ! same artifices ( reaction>y opposition1 ^: impot5ce ,i _h already e/abli%$ on a n>r[] battle-field1 b "o :]e ! conflict 0 nei!r less ke5 nor less difficult4 ,& s1 a new recruit enli/$ to fight = a gr& & noble human ideal1 ,i behold ev5 n[ ! spectacle ( p>tial & inevitable concessions be+ wrung f ^? :o /ill pret5d to ma9ta9 a position ( uncompromis+ & unb5d+ ho/ility1 b :o are helpless be=e ! great cry ( suff]+ & hope :i* spr+s f ! dep?s ( ! masses ( mank9d 9 passionate emotion & 9 intellectual /riv+4 ,,enrico ,,f]ri4 ,,footnotes3 #hi ,?is app5dix 0 writt5 z a reply to a book by ,b>on ,g>(alo1 call$ ,la ,sup]/ition sociali/e4 ,?is book made q a s5sation 9 ,italy & ,france1 n on acc\nt ( ! solidity ( its argum5ts1 b m]ely because ,g>(alo _h be5 associat$ ) ,lombroso & ,f]ri 9 f\nd+ ! mod]n s*ool ( crim9ology4 ,z ,g>(alo's book is practically unkn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i h felt ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ _m & l>ge omissions f ?is app5dix4 ,gabriel ,deville expos$ ! empt9ess ( ,g>(alo's pret5ti\s book 9 a mo/ brilliant op5 lett] to ! ,b>on1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,le ,sociali/e = ! #ae? ( ,sept41 #ahie4--,tr4 #ij ,! pres5t "w1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,italian 9 #ahid1 9 ,fr5* 9 #ahie1 & 9 ,spani% 9 ,madrid & ,bu5os-,ayres 9 #ahie4 ,x n[ appe>s 9 ,engli% = ! fir/ "t4 #ia ,,giraud-,,teulon1 ,d\ble pril social4 ,l',eglise et le socialisme1 ,p>is1 #ahid1 p4 #ag4 #ib ,e4 ,,f]ri1 l',omicidio nell' antropologia crim9ale1 ,tur91 #ahie1 toge!r ) ,atlas & m especially ,religion et ,crim9alit 9 la ,revue des ,revues1 ,oct44 #ahie4 #ic ,,de ,,mol9>i1 ,sci5ce et ,religion1 ,p>is1 #ahid4 #id ,g>(alo suppress$ ^! l9es 9 ! ,fr5* edition ( 8 book4 #ie ,t*is*1 la ,loi fondam5tale de la vie1 ,dorpat1 #ahie1 p4 #ai4 #if ,& yet1 h[ _m judges h n1 to ! injury ( ! ,sociali/s1 d5i$ ?is elem5t>y tru? taught by ! diction>y6 #ig ,m correctly1 collective own]%ip ( ! l&4--,tr4