,,anecdotes   ,,(   ,,pa9t]s1 ,,engrav]s
   ,sculptors & ,ar*itects1   ,,&       
,,curiosities ,,( ,,art4   ,,by   ,s4   
,,spoon]1 ,m4 ,d41   ,,au?or ,,( ,a     
,,biographical ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,f9e   
,,arts4   ,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes4   ,,vol4
 ,,iii4   ,,new ,,york3 ,r4 ,,wor?+ton1 
,,publi%]1 #ggj ,broadway4              
,,copyright1 ,s4 ,,spoon]1 #ahec4       
,re5t]$1 ,g4 ,b41 #ahhj4                
,,cont5ts4    ,egyptian ,art1           
#a   ,anci5t ,!bes1                     
#b   ,! ,temple ( ,c>nac1               
#e   ,temple ( ,luxor1                  
#e   ,! ,/atues ( ,memnon1              
#f   ,heliopolis1                       
#g   ,memphis1                          
#h   ,lake ,mo]is1                      
#i   ,! ,colossal ,sph9x1               
#aj   ,! ,labyr9? ( ,egypt1             
#aa   ,! ,catacombs ( ,egypt1           
#ab   ,! ,pyramids ( ,egypt1            
#ai   ,p]il\s ,asc5t ( ! ,pyramid (     
,cephr51                          #bg   
,egyptian ,obelisks1                    

#cj   ,removal ( an ,obelisk by         
,fontana1                               
#cc   ,removal ( an ,obelisk f ,!bes to 
,p>is1                         #dj      
,c>buri's ,base = ! ,eque/rian ,/atue ( 
,pet] ! ,great1        #db   ,comp>ative
 ,skill ( ! ,anci5ts & ,mod]ns 9        
,me*anics1         #de   ,! ,britannia  
,tubul> ,railway ,bridge1               
#df   ,! ,tubes1                        
#dg   ,con/ruction ( ! ,tubes1          
#di   ,float+ ! ,tubes1                 
#ej   ,rais+ ! ,tubes1                  
#eb   ,glory ( ,anci5t ,rome1           
#eg   ,! ,capitol1                      
#ei   ,mod]n ,rome1                     
#fj   ,! ,f\ndation ( ,v5ice1           
#gb   ,!odoric ! ,great1 & 8 ,love ( !  
,f9e ,arts1                 #gc         
,ar*im$es1                              
#gg   ,! ,trials ( ,g5ius--,filippo     
,brunelles*i1                           
#hj   ,brunelles*i's ,en?usiasm1        
#abb   ,brunelles*i & ,donatello1       
#abc   ,donatello1                      

#abe   ,donatello & ! ,m]*ant1          
#abf   ,donatello & 8 ,k9sm51           
#abg   ,dea? ( ,donatello1              
#abh   ,donatello & ,mi*ael ,angelo     
,comp>$1                                
#abh   ,s(onisba ,anguisciola's ,e>ly   
,di/9ction1                         #abi
   ,s(onisba's ,visit to ,rome1         
#acj   ,s(onisba's ,m>riages1           
#aca   ,s(onisba's ,resid5ce at ,g5oa1 &
 h] ,int]c\rse ) ,v&yck1  #acb   ,c>ri]a
 ,rosalba1                              
#acc   ,rosalba's ,mode/y1              
#acc   ,rosalba's ,k ( ,temp]s1         
#acc   ,elizabe? ,sirani1               
#acd   ,dea? ( ,elizabe? ,sirani1       
#ace   ,ra*el ,ruys*1                   
#ace   ,sir ,an?ony ,v&yck1             
#acf   ,v&yck's ,visit to ,italy1       
#ach   ,v&yck's ,return to ,antw]p1     
#aci   ,v&yck's ,visit to ,engl&1       
#ada   ,william van de ,velde ! ,eld]1  
#adc   ,van de ,velde & ,*>les ,,ii41   
#add   ,william van de ,velde ! ,y\ng]1 
#ade   ,! ,y\ng] van de ,velde's ,works1

                                  #adf  
,ni*olas ,p\ss91                        
#adh   ,p\ss9's fir/ ,celebrity1        
#adi   ,p\ss9's fir/ ,visit to ,rome1   
#aej   ,p\ss9's ,di/ress at ,rome1      
#aea   ,p\ss9's ,success at ,rome1      
#aeb   ,p\ss9's ,invitation to ,p>is1   
#aec   ,p\ss9's ,return to ,rome1       
#aed   ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds' ,critique 
on ,p\ss91                          #aef
   ,p\ss9's ,views ( 8 ,art1            
#aeg   ,p\ss9's ,works1                 
#aeh   ,m>9o & ,p\ss91                  
#aei   ,p\ss9 ,romaniz$1                
#afj   ,p\ss9's ,habits ( ,/udy1        
#afa   ,p\ss9's ,old ,age1              
#afb   ,p\ss9's ,la/ ,"w & ,dea?1       
#afc   ,p\ss9's ,ideas ( ,pa9t+1        
#afd   ,p\ss9 & ! ,nobleman1            
#afe   ,p\ss9 & ,m5gs1                  
#afe   ,p\ss9 & ,dom5i*9o1              
#aff   ,p\ss9 & ,salvator ,rosa1        
#aff   ,p\ss91 ,angelo1 & ,raffaelle    
,comp>$1                           #afh 
,rembr&t1                               

#agj   ,rembr&t's ,works1               
#agc   ,rembr&t z an ,engrav]1          
#agd   ,anecdote ( ,s*w>ts1             
#age   ,jacques ,callot1                
#agf   ,callot's ,patriotism1           
#agg   ,+5uity ( ,arti/s1               
#agh   ,a ,h9t to ,jewel]s1             
#agi   ,curi\s ,pa9t+s1                 
#ahj   ,! ,olde/ ,oil ,pa9t+ ,extant1   
#aha   ,curi\s ,repres5tations ( !      
,h>pies1                            #aha
   ,adrian ,br[]1                       
#ahb   ,br[]1 ! ,duke d',aremb]g1 &     
,rub5s1                           #ahc  
,dea? ( ,br[]1                          
#ahd   ,br[]'s ,works1                  
#ahe   ,rosa da ,tivoli1                
#ahe   ,rosa da ,tivoli's ,works1       
#ahf   ,rosa da ,tivoli's ,facility (   
,execution1                             
#ahf   ,rosa da ,tivoli's ,habits1      
#ahg   ,luca ,cambiaso's ,facility 9    
,pa9t+1                                 
#ahg   ,cambiaso's ,works 9 ,spa91      
#ahh   ,cambiaso's ,arti/ic ,m]its1     

#aij   ,r>ity ( ,female ,portraits 9    
,spa91                                  
#aia   ,murillo's ,pictures 9 ,spani%   
,am]ica1                                
#aib   ,murillo's ,virg9 ( ! ,napk91    
#aic   ,anecdote ( an ,alt>-,piece by   
,murillo1                               
#aid   ,murillo & 8 slave ,gomez1       
#aie   ,an ,arti/'s ,love ( ,romance1   
#aie   ,e/eban ,m>*'s ,/range ,me?od (  
,/udy1                           #aih   
,m>*'s ,adv5ture ( ! ,fi%1 fri$ 9 ,l9se$
 ,oil1               #aii   ,a ,pa9t]'s 
,rebuke1                                
#bjj   ,a ,pa9t]'s ,retort ,c\rte\s1    
#bja   ,ardemans & ,bocanegra--,a ,trial
 ( ,skill1                          #bja
   ,a ,pa9t]'s ,artifice to ,keep up    
,appe>ances1                     #bjb   
,a ,good ,natur$ ,criticism1            
#bjc   ,alonso ,cano & ! ,int5dant ( !  
,bi%op ( ,malaga1             #bjc      
,cano's ,love ( ,sculpture1             
#bjd   ,ca/illo's ,s>casm on ,alf>o1    
#bjd   ,torres' ,imitations (           

,c>avaggio1                             
#bje   ,pantoja & ! ,eagle1             
#bje   ,! ,pa9t] ,me?odius & ! ,k+ (    
,bulg>ia1                    #bjf       
,john ,c4 ,v]mey5 & ,*>les ,v41         
#bjf   ,blas de ,prado & ! ,emp]or (    
,morocco1                          #bjg 
,don ,juan ,c>r5o1                      
#bjh   ,c>r5o's ,copy ( ,titian's ,/4   
,m>g>et1                           #bjh 
,c>r5o's ,ab/raction ( ,m9d1            
#bji   ,anecdote ( ,cesp$es' ,la/       
,supp]1                                 
#bji   ,zucc>o's ,complim5t to ,cesp$es1
                                  #baj  
,dona ,b>b>a ,m>ia de ,hueva1           
#baj   ,! ,miracul\s ,picture ( !       
,virg91                                 
#baa   ,! ,*air ( ,/4 ,pet]1            
#bac   ,! ,sagro ,cat9o1 or ,em]ald     
,di%1                                   
#bae   ,! ,pa9t] ( ,flor5ce1            
#bag   ,leg5d ( ! ,pa9t]-,fri>1 !       
,devil1 & ! ,virg91            #bbj     
,g]>d ,d\w1                             

#bbb   ,d\w's ,/yle1                    
#bbd   ,d\w's ,me?od ( ,pa9t+1          
#bbe   ,d\w's ,works1                   
#bbf   ,alb]t ,dur]1                    
#bbh   ,dur]'s ,works z a ,pa9t]1       
#bbi   ,dur]'s ,works z an ,engrav]1    
#bca   ,dur]'s ,fame & ,dea?1           
#bcc   ,dur]'s ,habits & ,lit]>y ,works1
                                 #bcd   
,ludolph ,backhuys51                    
#bce   ,john ,bapti/ ,we5ix ! ,eld]1    
#bcf   ,we5ix's ,facility ( ,h&1        
#bcf   ,john ,bapti/ ,we5ix ! ,y\ng]1   
#bcg   ,jan ,/e51                       
#bch   ,jan ,/e5's ,works1              
#bch   ,kugl]'s ,critique on ! ,works ( 
,jan ,/e51                       #bdj   
,frolics ( ,mi]is & ,jan ,/e51          
#bda   ,sir ,an?ony ,m1                 
#bdb   ,sir ,an?ony ,m & ,philip ,,ii41 
#bdc   ,m's ,success & ,works1          
#bdc   ,p]il\s ,adv5ture ( a ,pa9t]1    
#bde   ,anecdote ( ,john de ,mabuse1    
#bdf   ,capugnano & ,lionello ,spada1   
#bdg   ,mi*ael ,angelo ,c>avaggio--,8   

,qu>relsome ,disposition1               
#bdh   ,jacopo ,amiconi1                
#bdi   ,pa9t+ ! ,dead1                  
#bej   ,taddeo ,zucc>o1                 
#bej   ,zucc>o's ,res5tm5t1             
#bea   ,royal ,criticism1               
#beb   ,pietro da ,cortona1             
#bec   ,"k ,?yself1                     
#bed   ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1                
#bee   ,fracanzani & ,salvator ,rosa1   
#bef   ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 & ,b]n9i1   
#bef   ,emulation & ,rivalry 9 ! ,f9e   
,arts1                            #beg  
,! ,notte ( ,correggio1                 
#bei   ,! ,dresd5 ,gall]y1              
#bfb   ,pa9t+ among ! ,egyptians1       
#bfc   ,pa9t+ among ! ,greeks1          
#bfe   ,numismatics1                    
#bfi   ,re/or+ ,anci5t ,edifices1       
#bgd   ,napoleon's ,love ( ,art1        
#bgd   ,napoleon's ,works at ,p>is1     
#bgf   ,! ,napoleon ,m$als1             
#bha   ,! ,elephant ,f\nta91            
#bhf   ,int]e/+ ,draw+1                 
#bhg   ,sevre ,*9a1                     

#bhh   ,dismantl+ ( ! ,l\vre1           
#bhi   ,removal ( ! ,v5etian ,horses f  
,p>is1                         #bif     
,removal ( ! ,/atue ( ,napoleon f !     
,place ,v5dome1          #cja   ,!      
,musee ,francais & ! ,musee ,royal1     
#cjb   ,boydell's ,%akspe>e ,gall]y1    
#cje   ,brief ,sket* ( a ,plan = an     
,am]ican ,national ,gall]y ( ,art1      
#cjg     ,,anecdotes  ,,(  ,,pa9t]s1    
,,engrav]s1 ,,sculptors1 ,,&            
,,ar*itects4     ,,egyptian ,,art4      
,*ampollion1 ! fam\s explor] ( ,egyptian
 antiquities1 holds ! foll[+ language at
 ! end ( 8 fifte5? lett]1 dat$ at ,!bes4
 ,x is evid5t to me1 z x mu/ be to all  
:o h ?or\ghly exam9$ ,egypt or h an     
accurate k ( ! ,egyptian monum5ts exi/+ 
9 ,europe1 t ! arts comm5c$ 9 ,greece by
 a s]vile imitation ( ! arts 9 ,egypt1  
mu* m advanc$ ?an is vulg>ly believ$1 at
 ! p]iod :5 ! ,egyptian colonies came 9 
contact ) ! savage inhabitants ( ,attica
 or ! ,peloponnesus4 ,)\t ,egypt1       
,greece w\ld probably nev] h become !   

classical l& ( ! f9e arts4 ,su* is my   
entire belief on ?is great problem4 ,i  
write ^! l9es almo/ 9 ! pres5ce (       
bas-reliefs :i* ! ,egyptians execut$1 ) 
! mo/ elegant delicacy ( workman%ip1    
sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4
 ,:at 7 ! ,greeks !n do+8  ,! sculptures
 ( ! monum5t ( ,el ,asaffif are asc]ta9$
 to be m ?an ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s 
old4     ,,anci5t ,,!bes4   ,!bes1 an   
anci5t city & capital ( ,egypt1 & !     
olde/ city 9 ! _w1 0 situat$ 9 ,upp]    
,egypt1 on bo? sides ( ! ,nile1 ab\t two
 hundr$ & sixty miles s\? ( ,cairo4     
,!bes is ! city ( a hundr$ gates1 ! !me 
& admiration ( anci5t poets & hi/orians1
 & ! wond] ( travel]s--t v5]able city1 9
 ! language ( ,dr4 ,pocoke1 ! date ( ^: 
de/ruction is old] ?an ! f\ndation ( o!r
 cities1 & ! ext5t ( ^: ru9s1 & !       
imm5sity ( ^: colossal fragm5ts /ill (f]
 s _m a/oni%+ objects1 t "o is rivet$ to
 ! spot1 unable to decide :i!r to direct
 ! /ep1 or fix ! att5tion4 ,^! ru9s     
ext5d ab\t eight miles along ! ,nile1 f 

ea* bank to ! sides ( ! enclos+ m\nta9s1
 & describe a circuit ( tw5ty-sev5      
miles4 ,! mo/ rem>kable objects on !    
ea/]n side are ! temples ( ,c>nac &     
,luxor2 & on ! we/]n side are !         
,memnonium or palace ( ,memnon1 two     
colossal /atues1 ! sepul*res ( ! k+s1 & 
! temple ( ,m$9et ,abu4 ,! glory ( ,!bes
 belongs to a p]iod prior to !          
comm5cem5t ( au!ntic hi/ory4 ,x is      
record$ only 9 ! dim lights ( poetry &  
tradition1 :i* might be suspect$ (      
fable1 did n su* mighty witnesses rema9 
to atte/ _! tru?4 ,/rabo & ,diodorus    
,siculus describ$ ,!bes "u ! "n (       
,diospolis 7! city ( ,god71 & gave su*  
magnific5t descriptions ( its monum5ts z
 caus$ ! fidelity ( ^? writ]s to be     
call$ 9 "q1 till ! obs]vations ( mod]n  
travel]s prov$ _! acc\nts to h fall5    
%ort ( ! reality4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian  
invasion "u ,cambyses1 ,memphis _h      
supplant$ ,!bes2 & ! ,ptolemys aft]w>ds 
remov$ ! seat ( empire to ,alex&ria4 ,at
 pres5t1 its site pres5ts only a few    

scatt]$ villages1 consi/+ ( mis]able    
cottages built 9 ! c\rts ( ! temples4 ,!
 anci5t /ructures1 h[ev]1 rema9 9 a /ate
 ( wond]ful pres]vation4 ,almo/ ! :ole  
ext5t ( eight miles along ! riv] is     
cov]$ ) magnific5t portals1 obelisks    
decorat$ ) mo/ beautiful sculptures1    
=e/s ( columns1 & long av5ues ( sphynxes
 & colossal /atues4 ,! mo/ rem>kable    
monum5ts1 ! ru9s ( :i* rema91 are !     
temples ( ,c>nac1 ,luxor1 ! ,memnonium  
or temple ( ,memnon1 & ! temple ( ,m$9et
 ,abu4 ,! tomb ( ,osym&yas1 ! temple (  
,iris1 ! ,labyr9?1 & ! ,catacombs lie on
 ! we/]n side ( ! ,nile4 ,9 ! int]ior ( 
! m\nta9s :i* rise beh9d ^! monum5ts1   
are f\nd objects less impos+ &          
magnific5t inde$1 b n less int]e/+--!   
tombs ( ! k+s ( ,!bes4 ,sev]al ( ^! 7   
op5$ by ,belzoni1 & 7 f\nd 9 great      
pres]vation1 ) mummies 9 ! s>cophagi1 z 
well z disp]s$ ?r\gh ! *amb]s4  ,su* 0  
anci5t ,!bes--a city s popul\s t1       
accord+ to anci5t writ]s1 9 times ( w>  
#aj1jjj soldi]s issu$ f ea* ( h] hundr$ 

gates1 =m+ an army ( #a1jjj1jjj m54 ,t  
^! magnific5t ru9s are ! rema9s ( ! city
 ( an hundr$ gates1--! e>lie/ capital 9 
! _w1 _c be d\bt$4 ,accord+ to !        
measurem5ts made by ! ,fr5*1 _! di/ance 
f ! sea on ! nor?1 is #fhj1jjj metres   
7#hej miles71 & f ,elephant9e on ! s\?1 
#ahj1jjj metres 7#bbe                   
miles7--correspond+ exactly ) ! #f1hjj &
 #a1hjj /adia ( ,h]odotus4 ,!           
circumf]5ce ( ! ru9s is ab\t #ae1jjj    
metres 7#aga_/b miles71 agree+ ) ! #adj 
/adia giv5 by ,diodorus z ! circumf]5ce 
( ,!bes4 ,! orig9 ( ! "n ( ?is celebrat$
 city1 z well z ! date ( its f\ndation1 
is unkn[n4 ,accord+ to ,*ampollion1 :o  
deciph]$ _m ( ! inscriptions on ^! ru9s1
 ! ,egyptian "n 0 ,?baki-antepi-,am\n   
7,city ( ! ,mo/ ,high71 ( :i* !         
,no-,ammon ( ! ,hebrews & ,diospolis ( !
 ,greeks are m]e translations2 ,!bae1 ( 
! ,greeks is also p]haps d]iv$ f !      
,egyptian ,?baki 7! city74     ,,!      
,,temple ,,( ,,c>nac4   ,! l>ge/ ( !    
temples ( ,!bes1 & ( any 9 ,egypt1 is t 

( ,c>nac1 on ! site ( ! anci5t          
,diospolis4 ,diodorus describes x z     
?irte5 /adia1 or ab\t a mile & a half 9 
circumf]5ce1 :i* ne>ly agrees ) !       
admeasurem5ts ( ,d5on4 ,x has twelve    
pr9cipal entrances2 & ! body ( ! temple1
 :i* is prec$$ by a l>ge c\rt1 consi/s (
 a prodigi\s hall or portico1 ! ro( (   
:i* is support$ by "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r
 columns1 "s tw5ty-six1 & o!rs ?irty    
feet 9 circumf]5ce2 f\r beautiful       
obelisks !n m>k ! entrance to ! %r9e1   
:i* consi/s ( ?ree ap>tm5ts1 built      
entirely ( granite4     ,,temple ,,(    
,,luxor4   ,! temple ( ,luxor is ab\t "o
 & a f\r? mile above t ( ,c>nac1 & ?\gh 
x is ( small] dim5sions x is 9 a sup]ior
 /yle ( ar*itecture1 & 9 m complete     
pres]vation4 ,! entrance is ?\ght to    
surpass ev]y?+ else t ,egypt pres5ts4 ,9
 front are ! two f9e/ obelisks 9 ! _w1  
=m$ ( rose-color$ granite1 & ris+1 z    
,d5on supposes1 aft] all[+ = ! portion  
buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 to ! height ( "o hundr$
 feet4 ,b ! objects :i* mo/ attract     

att5tion1 are ! sculptures :i* cov] !   
ea/ w+ ( ! nor!rn front4 ,!y repres5t on
 a gr& scale1 a victory ga9$ by "o ( !  
anci5t k+s ( ,egypt ov] _! ,asiatic     
enemies1 consi/+ ( multitudes ( figures1
 horses1 & *>iots1 execut$ 9 ! be/ /yle 
( ,egyptian art2 ! numb] ( human figures
 introduc$ exce$s fifte5 hundr$1 five   
hundr$ ( :i* are on foot1 & ! re/ 9     
*>iots4     ,,! ,,/atues ,,( ,,memnon4  
,!re 7 _m colossal /atues ( ,memnon 9   
,egypt1 b ! mo/ rem>kable 7 ! two 9 !   
,memnonium or palace ( ,memnon1 at      
,!bes4 ,! l>ge/ is ( rose-color$        
granite1 & /ood 9 ! c5tre ( ! pr9cipal  
c\rt2 its height 0 sixty-f\r feet1 & its
 rema9s are scatt]$ =ty feet ar\nd x4   
,rigaud1 "o ( ! ,fr5* savans1 says1 !   
excavations are /ill visible :]e ! w$ges
 7 plac$ :i* divid$ ! monum5t :5 x 0    
?r[n d[n by ,cambyses4 ,! trunk is broke
 (f at ! wai/1 & ! upp] "p lies pro/rate
 on ! back2 x measures six feet t5 in*es
 ov] ! front ( ! head1 & sixty-two feet 
r\nd ! %\ld]s4 ,at ! entrance ( ! gate  

:i* leads f ! second c\rt to ! palace1  
is ! fam\s colossal s\nd+ /atue1 :i*1   
accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ,/rabo1 &         
,pausanias1 utt]$ a joyful s\nd :5 ! sun
 rose1 & a m\rnful "o :5 x set4 ,x is   
also relat$ t x %$ te>s1 & gave out     
oracul> responses 9 sev5 v]ses1 & t ^!  
s\nds 7 he>d till ! f\r? c5tury aft]    
,*ri/4 ,^! ph5om5a1 atte/$ by _m anci5t 
& mod]n writ]s1 are v>i\sly acc\nt$ = by
 ! le>n$1 z prie/craft1 peculi>         
con/ruction1 escape ( r>ifi$ air1 c4    
,?is /atue is 9 excell5t pres]vation4 ,!
 head is ( rose-color$ granite1 & ! re/ 
( a k9d ( black /one4 ,two o!r colossal 
/atues1 ab\t fifty feet high1 are seat$ 
on ! pla94     ,,heliopolis4   ,! "n (  
,heliopolis1 or ,city ( ! ,sun1 0 giv5  
by ! ,greeks to ! ,egyptian ,city ( ,on4
 ,x 0 situat$ a little to ! nor? (      
,memphis1 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ cities ( ,egypt
 dur+ ! reign ( ! ,ph>aohs1 & s adorn$ )
 /atues z to be e/eem$ "o ( ! fir/ sacr$
 cities 9 ! k+dom4 ,! temple d$icat$ to 
,re1 0 a magnific5t build+1 hav+ 9 front

 an av5ue ( sphynxes1 celebrat$ 9       
hi/ory1 & adorn$ ) sev]al obelisks1     
rais$ by ,se?osis ,rameses1 ,b4,c4      
#aijj4 ,by means ( lakes & canals1 !    
t[n1 ?\gh built on an artificial em95ce1
 communicat$ ) ! ,nile1 & dur+ ! fl\ri%+
 ages ( ! ,egyptian mon>*y1 ! prie/s &  
s*ol>s acquir$ & taught ! elem5ts (     
le>n+ )9 ! prec9cts ( its temples4 ,at !
 "t ( ,/rabo :o visit$ ?is t[n ab\t ,a4 
,d4 #de1 ! ap>tm5ts 7 /ill %[n 9 :i*1   
f\r c5turies be=e1 ,eudoxus & ,plato _h 
labor$ to le>n ! philosophy ( ,egypt4   
,"h ,joseph & ,m>y are said to h re/$ ) 
our ,savi\r4 ,a mis]able village1 call$ 
,met>ea1 n[ /&s on ! site ( ?is once    
magnific5t city4 ,ne> ! village is !    
,pill> ( ,on1 a fam\s obelisk1 suppos$  
to be ! olde/ monum5t ( ! k9d exi/+4    
,its height is #fga_/b feet1 & its      
bread? at ! base #f feet4 ,x is "o s+le 
%aft ( r$di% granite 7,si5ite71 &       
hi]oglyphical *>act]s are rudely        
sculptur$ ^u x4     ,,memphis4   ,! v   
situation ( ?is fam\s anci5t city (     

,egypt _h long be5 a subject ( le>n$    
dispute1 till x 0 accurately asc]ta9$ by
 ! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,egypt4 ,num]\s   
heaps ( rubbi%1 ( blocks ( granite cov]$
 ) hi]oglyphics & sculptures1 ( colossal
 fragm5ts1 scatt]$ ov] a space ?ree or  
f\r leagues 9 circumf]5ce1 m>ks its     
site1 a few miles s\? ( ,met>ea or      
,heliopolis1 at a village call$         
,moniet-,rah9et4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 
! f\ndation ( ,memphis 0 ascrib$ to     
,m5es1 ! fir/ k+ ( ,egypt4 ,x 0 a l>ge1 
ri*1 & spl5did city1 & ! second capital 
( ,egypt4 ,among its build+s 7 sev]al   
magnific5t temples1 z ^? ( ,ph?a1       
,osiris1 ,s]apis1 etc42 its palaces 7   
also rem>kable4 ,9 ,/rabo's "t1 x 0 next
 to ,alex&ria 9 size & population4      
,edrisi1 :o visit$ ,memphis 9 ! #ab?    
c5tury1 ?us describes its rema9s !n     
exi/+3 ,not)/&+ ! va/ ext5t ( ?is city1 
! remote p]iod at :i* x 0 built1 !      
attempts made by v>i\s nations to de/roy
 x & to oblit]ate e trace ( x1 by remov+
 ! mat]ials ( :i* x 0 con/ruct$1 comb9$ 

) ! decay ( #d1jjj ye>s1 !re are yet 9 x
 works s wond]ful z to conf\nd !        
reflect+1 & su* z ! mo/ eloqu5t c\ld n  
adequately describe4 ,among ! works     
specifi$ by him1 are a monoli?ic temple 
( granite1 ?irte5 & a half feet high1   
twelve long1 & sev5 broad1 entirely     
cov]$1 )9 & )\t1 ) inscriptions2 &      
colossal /atues ( great beauty1 "o ( :i*
 0 =ty-five feet high1 c>v$ out ( a s+le
 block ( r$ granite4 ,^! ru9s !n ext5d$ 
ab\t n9e miles 9 e direction4     ,,lake
 ,,mo]is4   ,?is fam\s lake1 accord+ to 
,h]odotus1 ) ^: acc\nt ,diodorus        
,siculus & ,mela agree1 0 entirely an   
artificial excavation1 made by k+       
,mo]is1 to c>ry (f ! ov]fl[+ wat]s ( !  
,nile1 & res]ve !m = ! purposes (       
irrigation4 ,x 01 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus1   
#c1fjj /adia or #dej miles 9            
circumf]5ce1 & #cjj feet deep1 )        
innum]able canals & res]voirs4 ,d5on1   
,belzoni1 & o!r mod]n travel]s1 describe
 x at ! pres5t "t z a natural bas91     
?irty or =ty miles long1 & six broad4 ,!

 works1 !re=e1 :i* ,h]odotus attributes 
to ,k+ ,mo]is1 mu/ h be5 ! m\nds1 dams1 
canals1 & sluices :i* r5d]$ x subs]vi5t 
to ! purposes ( irrigation4 ,^!1 also1  
w\ld give x ! appe>ance ( be+ entirely !
 product ( human indu/ry4     ,,!       
,,colossal ,,sph9x4   ,! ,egyptian      
,sph9x is repres5t$ by a human head on !
 body ( a lion2 x is always 9 a recumb5t
 position ) ! =e paws /ret*$ =w>d1 & a  
head dress resembl+ an old-fa%ion$ wig4 
,! features are l ^? ( ! anci5t         
,egyptians1 z repres5t$ on _! monum5ts4 
,! colossal ,sph9x1 ne> ! gr\p (        
pyramids at ,jizeh1 :i* lay half buri$ 9
 ! s&1 0 uncov]$ & measur$ by ,caviglia4
 ,x is ab\t #aej feet long1 & #fc feet  
high4 ,! body is made out ( a s+le /one2
 b ! paws1 :i* are ?r[n out ab\t fifty  
feet 9 front1 are con/ruct$ ( masonry4  
,! ,sph9x ( ,sais1 =m$ ( a block ( r$   
granite1 tw5ty-two feet long1 is n[ 9 ! 
,egyptian ,museum 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,!re has  
be5 mu* speculation among ! le>n$1      
conc]n+ ! signification ( ^! figures4   

,w9ckelmann obs]ves t !y h ! head ( a   
female1 & ! body ( a male1 :i* has l$ to
 ! conjecture t !y are int5d$ z emblems 
( ! g5]ative p[]s ( nature1 :i* ! old   
my?ologies are accu/om$ to indicate by !
 my/ical union ( ! two sexes 9 "o       
individual2 !y 7 d\btless ( a sacr$ "*1 
z !y gu>d$ ! entrance ( temples1 & (t5  
=m$ long av5ues lead+ up to !m4     ,,! 
,,labyr9? ,,( ,,egypt   ,a labyr9?1 ) ! 
anci5ts1 0 a build+ conta9+ a great     
numb] ( *amb]s & gall]ies1 runn+ into "o
 ano!r 9 su* a mann] z to make x v      
difficult to f9d ! way ?r\gh ! edifice4 
,! mo/ fam\s 0 ! ,egyptian labyr9?1     
situat$ 9 ,c5tral ,egypt1 above ,lake   
,mo]is1 n f> f ,crocodilopolis1 9 !     
c\ntry n[ call$ ,fejoom4 ,h]odotus1 :o  
visit$ & exam9$ ?is edifice ) great     
att5tion1 affirms t x f> surpass$ ev]y?+
 he _h conceiv$ ( x4 ,x is v unc]ta9 :51
 by :om1 & = :at purpose x 0 built1 ?\gh
 9 all probability x 0 = a royal        
sepul*re4 ,! build+1 half above & half  
bel[ ! gr\nd1 0 "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 & is

 said to h conta9$ #c1jjj ap>tm5ts4 ,!  
arrangem5ts ( ! "w & ! di/ribution ( !  
p>ts 7 rem>kable4 ,x 0 divid$ into      
sixte5 pr9cipal regions1 ea* conta9+ a  
numb] ( spaci\s build+s1 :i* tak5       
toge!r1 might be def9$ an assemblage (  
palaces4 ,!re 7 also z _m temples z !re 
7 gods 9 ,egypt1 ! numb] ( :i* 0        
prodigi\s1 besides v>i\s o!r sacr$      
edifices1 & f\r l(ty pyramids at !      
angles ( ! walls4 ,! entrance 0 by va/  
halls1 foll[$ by saloons1 :i* conduct$  
to gr& porticos1 ! asc5t to :i* 0 by a  
flight ( n9ety /eps4 ,! int]ior 0       
decorat$ ) columns ( porphyry & colossal
 /atues ( ,egyptian gods4 ,! :ole 0     
surr\nd$ by a wall1 b ! passages 7 s    
intricate t no /rang] c\ld f9d ! way )\t
 a guide4 ,! sub/ructions ( ?is fam\s   
labyr9? /ill exi/1 & ,milizia says1 z !y
 7 n ar*$1 x is wond]ful t !y %\ld h be5
 s long pres]v$1 ) s _m /up5d\s edifices
 above !m4 ,! ,cretan labyr9? 0 built by
 ,da$alus on ! model ( ! ,egyptian1 b x 
0 only a hundr$? "p ! size2 yet1 accord+

 to ,diodorus ,siculus1 x 0 a spaci\s & 
magnific5t edifice1 divid$ into a great 
numb] ( ap>tm5ts1 & surr\nd$ entirely by
 a wall4 ,:at w\ld ! anci5ts say1 c\ld  
!y see our mod]n imitations ( _!        
labyr9?s8     ,,! ,,catacombs ,,(       
,,egypt4   ,!re are num]\s catacombs 9  
,egypt1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are at         
,alex&ria2 at ,sakk>a1 ne> ,cairo2 at   
,siut1 ne> ! anci5t ,lycopolis or ,city 
( ! ,wolf2 at ,gebel ,silsilis1 on !    
banks ( ! ,nile betwe5 ,etfu & ,ombos1 !
 site ( "o ( ! pr9cipal qu>ries ( anci5t
 ,egypt2 & at ,!bes4 ,_m ( ^! are ( va/ 
ext5t1 & 7 d\btless =m$ by qu>ry+ !     
rocks & m\nta9s = build+ mat]ials4 ,!y  
consi/ ( grottos1 gall]ies1 & *amb]s1   
p5etrat+ (t5 to a consid]able di/ance1 !
 sup]9cumb5t mass be+ support$ by huge  
pill>s ( rock2 or ! gall]ies runn+      
p>allel1 ) masses ( solid rock int]v5+ =
 supports4 ,_m ( ^! *amb]s & grottos    
conta9$ multitudes ( mummies1 probably !
 bodies ( ! less weal?y2 _m 7 evid5tly  
private family tombs ( weal?y           

individuals1 "s ( :i* are ( great       
magnific5ce1 adorn$ ) sculptures1       
pa9t+s1 & hi]oglyphics4 ,! ,arabs =     
c5turies h be5 plund]+ ^! abodes ( !    
dead1 & great numb]s ( ! mummies h be5  
de/roy$ = fuel1 & = ! l951 ros91 &      
asphaltum !y conta91 :i* is sold to     
advantage at ,cairo4 ,an imm5se numb] ( 
!m h be5 f\nd 9 ! pla9 ( ,sakk>a1 ne>   
,memphis1 consi/+ n only ( human bodies1
 b ( v>i\s sacr$ animals1 z bulls1      
crocodiles1 apes1 ibises1 fi%1 c42 h5ce 
x is call$ ,! ,pla9 ( ! ,mummies4       
,num]\s caves or grottos1 ) cont5ts ( ! 
same k9d1 are f\nd 9 ! two m\nta9\s     
ridges :i* run ne>ly p>allel ) ! ,nile1 
f ,cairo to ,sy5e4 ,_m ( ^! tombs &     
mummies are two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s old1 &
 "s ( !m p]haps old]4  ,among all !     
wond]ful subt]ranean monum5ts ( ,egypt1 
! ,catacombs ( ,!bes are ! mo/          
extraord9>y & magnific5t4 ,^! consi/ ( !
 ,necropolis1 or city ( ! dead1 on ! we/
 bank ( ! ,nile 7:i* 0 ! common         
burial-place ( ! p71 & ! ,tombs ( !     

,k+s4 ,! latt] lie to ! nor?we/ ( !     
city1 at "s di/ance 9 ! ,des]t4 ,hav+   
pass$ ! ,necropolis1 ! travel] ent]s a  
n>r[ & rugg$ valley1 flank$ ) p]p5dicul>
 rocks1 & asc5d+ a n>r[1 /eep passage   
ab\t t5 feet high1 :i* seems to h be5   
brok5 d[n ?r\gh ! rock1 ! anci5t passage
 be+ f ! ,memnonium "u ! hills1 he comes
 to a k9d ( amphi!atre ab\t #ajj y>ds   
wide1 :i* is call$ ,bab-il-,meluke--t   
is1 ! gate or c\rt ( ! k+s--be+ !       
sepul*res ( ! k+s ( ,!bes4 ,9 ?is c\rt  
!re are signs ( ab\t eighte5            
excavations2 b only n9e c be ent]$4 ,!  
hills on ea* side are high1 /eep rocks1 
& ! :ole pla9 is cov]$ ) r\gh /ones t   
seem to h roll$ d[n f !m4  ,! grottos   
pres5t ext]nally no o!r ornam5ts ?an a  
door 9 a simple squ>e frame1 ) an oval 9
 ! c5tre ( ! upp] "p1 on :i* are        
inscrib$ ! hi]oglyphical figures ( a    
beetle1 a man ) a hawk's head1 & beyond 
! circle two figures on _! knees1 9 !   
act ( adoration4 ,hav+ pass$ ! fir/     
gate1 long ar*$ gall]ies are discov]$1  

ab\t twelve feet wide & tw5ty feet high1
 cas$ ) /ucco1 sculptur$ & pa9t$2 !     
vaults1 ( an elegant elliptical figure1 
are cov]$ ) innum]able hi]oglyphics1    
dispos$ ) s mu* ta/e1 t not)/&+ ! s+ul> 
grotesqu5ess ( ! =ms1 & ! total abs5ce (
 demi-t9t or a]ial p]spective1 ! ceil+s 
make an agreeable :ole1 a ri* & h>moni\s
 association ( colors4 ,f\r ( five ( ^! 
gall]ies1 "o )9 ! o!r1 g5]ally lead to a
 spaci\s room1 conta9+ ! s>cophagus ( ! 
k+1 compos$ ( a s+le block ( granite1   
ab\t twelve feet long by eight 9 bread?1
 ornam5t$ ) hi]oglyphics1 bo? )9 & )\t2 
!y are squ>e at "o end1 & r\nd$ at !    
o!r1 l ! spl5did s>cophagus deposit$ 9 !
 ,briti% ,museum1 & suppos$ by ,dr4     
,cl>ke to h conta9$ ! body ( ,alex&]4   
,!y are cov]$ ) a lid ( ! same mat]ial1 
& ( enorm\s ?ickness1 %utt+ ) a groove2 
b nei!r ?is precaution1 nor ^! va/      
blocks ( /one1 br\ght f su* a di/ance ) 
imm5se labor1 h be5 able to pres]ve !   
relics ( ! sov]eigns f ! attempts (     
av>ice2 all ^! tombs h be5 violat$4 ,!  

figure ( ! k+ appe>s to h be5 sculptur$ 
& pa9t$ at full l5g? on ! lid ( ea*     
s>cophagus4  ,! pa9t+s f\nd 9 ^!        
sepul*res are among ! mo/ curi\s &      
int]e/+ rema9s ( ,egyptian art2 & !y are
 9 wond]ful pres]vation1 ! colors be+ z 
fre% z :5 fir/ execut$4 ,"s ( ^! figures
 7 copi$ by ,bruce2 & ,d5on1 a memb] ( !
 ,fr5* ,commission s5t by ,napoleon to  
exam9e ! antiquities ( ,egypt1 has      
publi%$ a mo/ valuable collection :i* h 
all ! appe>ance ( spirit$ & *>act]i/ic  
resemblances4 ,i discov]$1 says he1 "s  
little *amb]s1 on ! walls ( :i* 7       
repres5t$ all k9ds ( arms1 su* z        
panoplies1 coats ( mail1 tig]s' sk9s1   
b[s1 arr[s1 quiv]s1 pikes1 javel9s1     
sabres1 helmets1 & :ips3 9 ano!r 0 a    
collection ( h\sehold ut5sils1 su* z    
caskets1 *e/s ( draw]s1 *airs1 s(as1 &  
b$s1 all ( exquisite =ms1 & su* z might 
well grace ! ap>tm5ts ( mod]n luxury4 ,z
 ^! 7 probably accurate repres5tations (
 ! objects !mselves1 x is almo/ a pro( t
 ! anci5t ,egyptians employ$ = _!       

furniture ,indian wood1 c>v$ & gilt1 :i*
 !y cov]$ ) embroid]y4 ,besides ^!1 7   
repres5t$ v>i\s small] articles1 z      
vases1 c(fee-pots1 ew]s ) _! bas9s1 a   
tea-pot & basket4 ,ano!r *amb] 0        
consecrat$ to agriculture1 9 :i* 7      
repres5t$ all its v>i\s in/rum5ts--a    
sl$ge simil> to ^? 9 use at pres5t1 a   
man s[+ gra9 by ! side ( a canal1 f !   
bord]s ( :i* ! inundation is beg9n+ to  
retire1 a field ( corn reap$ ) a sickle1
 & fields ( rice ) m5 wat*+ !m4 ,9 a    
f\r? *amb] 0 a figure clo!d 9 :ite1     
play+ on a ri*ly ornam5t$ h>p1 ) elev5  
/r+s4  ,d5on obs]v$ ev]y?+ ) ! eye ( an 
arti/4 ,speak+ ( ! ,necropolis1 :i*     
consi/s ( num]\s d\ble gall]ies (       
grottos1 excavat$ 9 ! solid rock = ne>ly
 a mile & a half squ>e1 he obs]ves1 ,i 0
 conv9c$ by ! magnific5ce bo? ( ! pa9t+s
 & sculptures1 t ,i 0 among ! tombs (   
great m5 & h]os4 ,! sculpture 9 all is  
incomp>ably m labor$ & high] f9i%$ ?an  
any ,i _h se5 9 ! temples2 & ,i /ood 9  
a/oni%m5t at ! high p]fection ( ! art1 &

 its s+ul> de/9y to be devot$ to places 
( su* sil5ce & obscurity4 ,9 work+ ^!   
gall]ies1 b$s ( a v f9e calc>e\s clay h 
occasionally be5 cross$1 & "h ! l9es ( !
 hi]oglyphics h be5 cut ) a firmness (  
t\* & a precision1 ( :i* m>ble (f]s b   
few examples4 ,! figures h elegance &   
correctness ( cont\r1 ( :i* ,i nev]     
?\ght ,egyptian sculpture susceptible4  
,"h1 too1 ,i c\ld judge ( ! /yle ( ?is p
 9 subjects :i* _h nei!r hi]oglyphic1   
nor hi/orical1 nor sci5tific2 = !re 7   
repres5tations ( small sc5es tak5 f     
nature1 9 :i* ! /iff pr(ile outl9es1 s  
common ) ,egyptian arti/s1 7 ex*ang$ =  
supple & natural attitudes2 gr\ps (     
p]sons 7 giv5 9 p]spective1 & cut 9     
deep] relief ?an ,i %\ld h suppos$ any?+
 b metal c\ld h be5 work$4  ,!          
,sepul*res ( ! ,k+s ( ,!bes are m5tion$ 
by ,diodorus ,siculus z wond]ful works1 
& su* z c\ld nev] be exce$$ by any?+    
aft]w>ds execut$ 9 ?is k9d4 ,he says t  
=ty-sev5 ( !m 7 m5tion$ 9 _! hi/ory2 t  
only sev5te5 ( !m rema9$ to ! "t (      

,ptolemy ,lagus2 add+ t mo/ ( !m 7      
de/roy$ 9 8 "t4 ,/rabo says1 t above !  
,memnonium1 ! precise locality ( ,d5on's
 description1 7 ! sepul*res ( ! k+s (   
,!bes1 9 grottos cut out ( ! rock1 be+  
ab\t =ty 9 numb]1 wond]fully execut$ &  
wor?y to be se54 ,9 ^!1 he says1 7      
obelisks ) inscriptions on !m1 sett+ =? 
! ri*es1 p[]1 & empire ( ^! k+s1 z f> z 
,scy?ia1 ,bactria1 ,india1 & ,ionia1 _! 
great rev5ues1 & _! imm5se armies1      
consi/+ ( "o million ( m54  ,9 ,egypt1 !
 honors paid to ! dead p>took ( ! nature
 ( a religi\s homage4 ,by ! process (   
embalm+1 !y endeavor$ to pres]ve ! body 
f ! common laws ( nature2 & !y provid$  
^? magnific5t & durable habitations = ! 
dead--sublime monum5ts ( human          
folly--:i* h n pres]v$ b buri$ ! memory 
( _! f\nd]s4 ,by a s+ul> fatality1 !    
well-adapt$ puni%m5t ( pride1 !         
extraord9>y precautions by :i* x seem$ 9
 a mann] to triumph ov] dea?1 h only l$ 
to a m humiliat+ disappo9tm5t4 ,!       
spl5dor ( ! tomb has b attract$ !       

viol5ce ( rap9e2 ! s>cophagus has be5   
violat$2 & :ile o!r bodies h quietly    
return$ to _! native du/ 9 ! bosom ( _! 
"m e>?1 ! ,egyptian1 conv]t$ into a     
mummy1 has be5 pres]v$ only to ! insults
 ( curiosity1 or av>ice1 or b>b>ism4    
,,! ,,pyramids ,,( ,,egypt4   ,!        
pyramids ( ,egypt1 especially ! two     
l>ge/ ( ! gr\p ( ,jizeh or ,gize1 are ! 
mo/ /up5d\s masses ( build+s 9 /one t   
human labor has ev] be5 kn[n to         
accompli%1 & h be5 ! wond] ( anci5t &   
mod]n times4--,! numb] ( ! ,egyptian    
pyramids1 l>ge & small1 is v            
consid]able2 !y are situat$ on ! we/    
bank ( ! ,nile1 & ext5d 9 an irregul>   
l9e1 & 9 gr\ps at "s di/ance f ea* o!r1 
f ! neighborhood ( ,jizeh1 9 #cj deg4   
,n4 ,latitude1 z f> z sixty or sev5ty   
miles s\? ( t place4 ,! pyramids (      
,jizeh are ne>ly opposite ,cairo4 ,!y /&
 on a plateau or t]race ( lime/one1 :i* 
is a projection ( ! ,lybian m\nta9-*a94 
,! surface ( ! t]race is b>r5 &         
irregul>1 & is cov]$ ) s& & small       

fragm5ts ( rock2 its height1 at ! base (
 ! great pyramid1 is "o hundr$ & sixty  
f\r feet above ! ord9>y level ( ! ,nile1
 f :i* x is di/ant ab\t five miles4 ,!re
 are 9 ?is gr\p ?ree l>ge pyramids1 &   
sev]al small ones4 ,h]odotus1 :o 0 born 
,b4,c4 #dhd1 visit$ ^! pyramids4 ,he 0  
in=m$ by ! prie/s ( ,memphis1 t ! great 
pyramid 0 built by ,*eops1 k+ ( ,egypt1 
ab\t ,b4,c4 #ijj1 & t "o hundr$ ?\s&    
workm5 7 employ$ tw5ty ye>s 9 build+ x1 
& t ! body ( ,*eops 0 plac$ 9 a room    
b5ea? ! bottom1 surr\nd$ by a vault1 to 
:i* ! wat]s ( ! ,nile 7 convey$ ?r\gh a 
subt]ranean tunnel4 ,a *amb] has be5    
discov]$ "u ! c5tre ( ! pyramid1 b x is 
ab\t fifty-six feet above ! l[-wat] m>k 
( ! ,nile4 ,! second pyramid1 ,h]odotus 
says1 0 built by ,cephr5 or ,cephr5es1 !
 bro!r & successor ( ,*eops1 & ! ?ird by
 ,myc]9us1 ! son ( ,*eops4 ,h]odotus    
also says t ! two l>ge/ pyramids are    
:olly cov]$ ) :ite m>ble2 ,diodorus &   
,pl9y1 t !y are built ( ?is co/ly       
mat]ial4 ,! acc\nt ( ,h]odotus is       

confirm$ by pres5t appe>ances4 ,d5on1 :o
 accompani$ ! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,egypt1
 0 commission$ by ,buonap>te to exam9e !
 great pyramid ( ,jizeh2 ?ree hundr$    
p]sons 7 appo9t$ to ?is duty4 ,!y       
approa*$ ! bord]s ( ! des]t 9 boats1 to 
)9 half a league ( ! pyramid1 by means (
 ! canals f ! ,nile4 ,d5on says1 ! fir/ 
impression made on me by ! sight ( !    
pyramids1 did n equal my expectations1 =
 ,i _h no object ) :i* to comp>e !m2 b  
on approa*+ !m1 & see+ m5 at _! base1 _!
 gigantic size became evid5t4 ,:5 ,sav>y
 fir/ visit$ ^! pyramids1 he left ,jizeh
 at "o o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & soon rea*$  
!m4 ,! full moon illum9at$ _! summits1 &
 !y appe>$ to him l r\gh1 craggy peaks  
pi]c+ ! cl\ds4 ,h]odotus gives #hjj feet
 z ! height ( ! great pyramid1 & says   
?is is likewise ! l5g? ( its base1 on   
ea* side2 ,/rabo makes x #fbe1 &        
,diodorus #fjj4 ,mod]n measurem5ts agree
 mo/ ne>ly ) ! latt]4  ,! pyramid (     
,*eops consi/s ( a s]ies ( plat=ms1 ea* 
( :i* is small] ?an ! "o on :i* x re/s1 

& consequ5tly pres5ts ! appe>ance ( /eps
 :i* dim9i% 9 l5g? f ! bottom to ! top4 
,!re are #bjc ( ^! /eps1 & ! height ( !m
 decreases1 b n regul>ly1 ! greate/     
height be+ ab\t f\r feet eight in*es1 & 
! lea/ ab\t "o foot eight in*es4 ,!     
horizontal l9es ( ! plat=ms are p]fectly
 /raight1 ! /ones are cut & fitt$ to ea*
 o!r ) ! greate/ accuracy1 & jo9$ ) a   
cem5t ( lime1 ) little or no s& 9 x4 ,x 
has be5 asc]ta9$ t a b$ has be5 cut 9 ! 
solid rock1 eight in*es deep1 to receive
 ! l[e/ ext]nal c\rse ( /ones4 ,!       
v]tical height1 measur$ f ?is base 9 !  
rock to ! top ( ! highe/ plat=m n[      
rema9+1 is #def feet4 ,?is la/ plat=m is
 ?irty two feet eight in*es squ>e1 & if 
to ?is 7 add$ :at is necess>y to        
complete ! pyramid1 ! total height w\ld 
be #dgi feet4 ,ea* side ( ! base1       
measur$ r\nd ! /ones let into ! rock1 is
 #gfc feet #e in*es1 & ! p]imet] ( !    
base is ab\t #c1jec feet4 ,! measurem5ts
 ( travel]s diff] some:at1 b ! above are
 v ne>ly correct4 ,! area ( ! base is   

#fd1gec squ>e y>ds1 or ab\t #ac-a_/c    
acres4 ,! surface ( ea* face1 n includ+ 
! base1 is #be1dic squ>e y>ds2 & t ( !  
f\r faces is consequ5tly #aja1igb squ>e 
y>ds1 or m ?an #ba acres4 ,! solid      
cont5ts ( ! pyramid1 )\t mak+ d$uctions 
= ! small int]ior *amb]s1 is #c1cid1cjg 
cubic y>ds4 ,reckon+ ! total height at  
#dgi feet1 ! pyramid w\ld be #ae feet   
high] ?an ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 & #aai  
high] ?an ,/4 ,paul's1 ,london4 ,!      
entrance to ! great pyramid is on ! nor?
 face1 #dga_/b feet above ! base1 & on !
 level ( ! fifte5? /ep f ! f\ndation4 ,!
 entrance is easily rea*$ by ! mass (   
rubbi% :i* has fall5 or be5 ?r[n d[n f !
 top4 ,! passage to :i* ?is op5+ leads  
is #c feet #ga_/b in*es squ>e1 ) a      
d[nw>d incl9ation ( ab\t #bf deg44 ,x is
 l9$ ) slabs ( lime/one1 accurately jo9$
 toge!r4 ,?is passage leads to ano!r1   
:i* has an asc5d+ incl9ation ( #bg deg44
 ,! desc5d+ passage is #gc feet long1 to
 ! place :]e x meets ! asc5d+ "o1 :i* is
 #aji feet long2 at ! top ( ?is is a    

plat=m1 :]e is ! op5+ ( a well or %aft1 
:i* goes d[n into ! body ( ! pyramid1 & 
! comm5cem5t ( a horizontal gall]y #abg 
feet long :i* leads to ! ,que5's *amb]1 
an ap>tm5t #ag feet long1 #ad wide1 &   
#ab high4 ,ano!r gall]y1 #acb feet long1
 #bfa_/b high1 & #g wide1 comm5ces also 
at ?is plat=m1 & is cont9u$ 9 ! same l9e
 z ! =m] asc5d+ passage1 till x rea*es a
 l&+ place1 f :i* a %ort passage leads  
to a small *amb] or ve/ibule1 :5ce ano!r
 %ort passage leads to ! ,k+'s *amb]1   
:i* z well z ! ve/ibule & int]m$iate    
passage1 is l9$ ) l>ge blocks ( granite1
 well work$4 ,! k+'s *amb] is #cda_/b   
feet long1 #ag wide1 & #aic_/d high4 ,! 
ro( is =m$ ( n9e slabs ( granite1 rea*+ 
f side to side2 ! slabs are !re=e m ?an 
#ag feet long by #c feet #ia_/b in*es   
wide4 ,?is *amb] conta9s a s>cophagus ( 
r$ granite2 ! cov] is gone1 hav+        
probably be5 brok5 & c>ri$ away4 ,!     
s>cophagus is #g feet #fa_/b in*es long1
 #c feet #c in*es wide1 #c feet #ha_/b  
in*es high on ! outside1 ! bottom be+   

#ga_/b in*es ?ick4 ,!re are no          
hi]oglyphics ^u x4 ,sev]al o!r *amb]s h 
be5 discov]$ above ! k+'s *amb]1 b z !y 
are n m ?an ?ree or f\r feet high1 !y 7 
probably int5d$ to less5 & break !      
weight ( ! mass above1 :i* w\ld o!rwise 
fall on ! ,k+'s *amb]4  ,9 #ahaf1       
,capta9 ,caviglia discov]$ t ! entrance 
passage did n t]m9ate at ! bottom ( !   
asc5d+ passage1 b 0 cont9u$ d[nw>ds 9 ! 
same incl9$ plane ( #bf deg41 #bjj feet 
fur!r1 & by a %ort horizontal passage1  
op5$ on :at appe>$ to be ! bottom ( !   
well4 ,! passage1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ 9 !    
same direction #bc feet f>!r2 !n became 
n>r[]1 & 0 cont9u$ horizontally #bh feet
 m1 :]e x op5$ into a l>ge *amb] cut out
 ( ! rock bel[ & "u ! c5tre ( ! pyramid4
 ,?is *amb] is ab\t #bf by #bg feet4    
,ano!r passage leads f ?is *amb] #ee    
feet1 :]e x appe>s to t]m9ate abruptly4 
,! well1 :i* appe>$ to ,mr4 ,davidson & 
,capt4 ,caviglia to desc5d no l[] ?an   
:]e x 0 int]sect$ by ! desc5d+ passage1 
its dep? !re be+ #aee feet1 0 aft]w>ds  

cle>$ out by ! ,fr5* to ! dep? ( ne>    
#bjh feet1 ( :i* #ade feet are 9 ! solid
 rock2 s t ! base ( ! pyramid be+ #afd  
feet above ! l[ wat] level ( ! ,nile1 ! 
pres5t bottom ( ! well is #ai feet above
 ! ,nile2 b ! actual bottom does n appe>
 to h be5 rea*$4 ,! temp]ature )9 ! body
 ( ! pyramid 0 f\nd to be #ha deg4 #e'1 
,f>5heit1 & 9 ! well x 0 /ill high]4    
,h]odotus 0 in=m$ t ! *amb]s cut 9 !    
solid rock1 7 made be=e ! build+ ( !    
pyramid 0 comm5c$4 ,x is evid5t x 0     
int5d$ t ! pyramid %\ld n be ent]$ aft] 
! body or bodies 7 deposit$ 9 x1 z      
blocks ( granite 7 fix$ 9 ! entrances to
 ! pr9cipal passages1 9 su* a mann] z n 
only to close !m1 b to conceal !m4--,!re
 are evid5ces1 h[ev]1 t ?is pyramid 0   
ent]$ bo? by ! ,roman & ,arab conqu]ors 
( ,egypt4  ,! mat]ials ( all ! pyramids 
are lime/one1 &1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 7
 br\ght f ! m\nta9s ne> ,cairo1 :]e !re 
are anci5t qu>ries ( va/ ext5t2 b       
,belzoni is ( op9ion t a "p ( !m1 = !   
second pyramid at lea/1 0 procur$       

imm$iately on ! spot2 o!rs ?9k t !      
greate/ "p ( ! mat]ials came f ! we/    
side ( ! ,nile4 ,! granite :i* =ms !    
ro(+ ( ! *amb]s1 etc41 0 br\ght d[n !   
,nile f ,sy5e4 ,! /ones ( :i* x is      
built1 r>ely exce$ #i feet 9 l5g?1 &    
#fa_/b 9 bread?2 ! ?ickness has already 
be5 /at$4  ,! asc5t to ! great pyramid1 
?\gh n )\t difficulty & dang]1 is       
frequ5tly accompli%$1 ev5 by females4   
,! pyramid ( ,cephr51 ! second 9 size1  
accord+ to ,belzoni1 has ! foll[+       
dim5sions3    ,side ( ! base1           
#fhd feet4   ,v]tical height1           
#def     ,p]p5dicul>1 bisect+ ! face (  
! pyramid1                        #efh  
,coat+ f ! top1 to :]e x     ends1      
#adj    ,belzoni1 aft] great ex]tion1   
succe$$ 9 op5+ ! second pyramid1 & aft] 
trav]s+ passages simil> to ^? already   
describ$ 9 ! great pyramid1 rea*$ ! ma9 
*amb]1 :i* is cut 9 ! solid rock1 & is  
#df feet #c in*es long1 #af feet #c     
in*es wide1 & #bc feet #f in*es high4 ,!
 cov]+ is made ( blocks ( lime/one1 :i* 

meet 9 an angul> po9t1 =m+ a ro(1 ( !   
same slope z ! pyramid4 ,! *amb] conta9$
 a s>cophagus1 =m$ ( granite1 #h feet   
long1 #c feet #f in*es wide1 & #b feet  
#c in*es deep1 on ! inside4 ,!re 7 no   
hi]oglyphics on x4 ,"s bones 7 f\nd 9 x1
 :i* 7 s5t to ,london1 & prov$ to be ^? 
( a bull or an ox4 ,f an ,arabic        
inscription on ! wall ( ! *amb]1 x      
appe>s t "s ( ! ,arab rul]s ( ,egypt _h 
ent]$ ! pyramid1 & clos$ x aga94        
,belzoni also discov]$ ano!r *amb] 9 ?is
 pyramid4  ,! pyramid ( ,myc]nius1 !    
?ird 9 size ( ! ,jizeh gr\p1 is ab\t    
#ccj feet squ>e at ! base1 & #agd feet  
high4 ,?is pyramid has nev] be5 op5$4   
,!re are "s l>ge pyramids at ,sakk>ah1  
"o ( :i* is next 9 dim5sions to !       
pyramid ( ,*eops1 ea* side ( ! base be+ 
#fef feet1 & ! height #cci feet4 ,at    
,da%\r !re are also "s l>ge pyramids1 "o
 ( :i* has a base ( #gjj feet on ea*    
side1 & a p]p5dicul> height ( #cdc feet2
 & x has #aed /eps or plat=ms4 ,ano!r   
pyramid1 almo/ z l>ge at ! base z !     

prec$+1 is rem>kable4 ,x rises to !     
height ( #ahd feet at an angle ( #gj    
deg41 :5 ! plane ( ! side is *ang$1 to  
"o ( less incl9ation1 :i* completes !   
pyramid4 ,at ,!bes1 !re are "s small    
pyramids ( sun dri$ bricks4 ,h]odotus   
says1 ,ab\t ! middle ( ,lake ,mo]is1 !re
 are two pyramids1 ea* ris+ ab\t #cjj   
feet above ! wat]4 ,! "p t is "u ! wat] 
is j ! same height4 ,x is probable t ^! 
pyramids 7 built on an isl& 9 ! lake1 & 
t ,h]odotus 0 mis9=m$ z to ! dep? ( !   
wat]4 ,!re are num]\s pyramids 9        
,nubia--eighty or m--b !y are g5]ally   
small4  ,! object ( ! ,egyptians 9      
build+ ^! pyramids1 is n kn[n4 ,"s      
writ]s ma9ta9 t !y 7 z memorials1       
pill>s1 or alt>s consecrat$ to ! sun2   
o!rs1 t !y s]v$ z a k9d ( gnomon =      
a/ronomical obs]vations2 t !y 7 built to
 gratify ! vanity & tyranny ( k+s1 or = 
! celebration ( religi\s my/]ies2       
accord+ to ,did]ot1 = ! transmission &  
pres]vation ( hi/orical in=mation2 & to 
o!rs1 = sepul*res = ! k+s1--:i* la/ 0 ! 

common op9ion ( ! anci5ts4 ,"s suppose t
 !y 7 int5d$ z places = secret meet+s1  
magaz9es = corn1 or ligh?\ses2 b _!     
/ructure1 & great di/ance f ! sea1 are  
suffici5t refutations ( ^! absurd       
hypo!ses4     ,,p]il\s ,,asc5t ,,( ,,!  
,,pyramid ,,( ,,cephr54   ,! upp] "p (  
?is pyramid is /ill cov]$ ) ! orig9al   
poli%$ coat+ ( m>ble1 to ! di/ance (    
#adj feet f ! top t[>ds ! base1 :i*     
makes ! asc5t extremely difficult &     
dang]\s4 ,mr4 ,wilde1 9 8 ,n>rative ( a 
,voyage to ,madeira1 ,t5]iffe1 & along !
 %ore ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj1
 made ! asc5t to ! top1 & ?us describes 
! adv5ture3  ,i engag$ two ,arabs to    
conduct me to ! summit ( ! pyramid--"o  
an old man1 & ! o!r ab\t =ty1 bo? ( a   
m\ld1 :i* = comb9ation ( /r5g? &        
agility1 ,i nev] saw surpass$4 ,we soon 
turn$ to ! nor?1 & f9ally rea*$ ! out]  
cas+ on ! we/ side4 ,all ?is 0 v        
labori\s to be sure1 ?\gh n v dang]\s2 b
 "h 0 an ob/acle t ,i knew n h[ ! ,arabs
 !mselves c\ld surm\nt1 mu* less h[ ,i  

c\ld possibly ma/]--= above our heads   
jutt$ out1 l an eave or cop+1 ! l[]     
/ones ( ! coat+1 :i* /ill rema9 & reta9 
a smoo?1 poli%$ surface4 ,z consid]able 
precaution 0 necess>y1 ! m5 made me take
 (f my hat1 coat1 & %oes at ?is place2 !
 y\ng] !n plac$ 8 rais$ & ext5d$ h&s    
aga9/ ! project+ edge ( ! l[] /one1 :i* 
rea*$ above 8 *92 & ! eld]1 tak+ me up 9
 8 arms z ,i w\ld a *ild1 plac$ my feet 
on ! o!r's %\ld]s1 & my body flat on !  
smoo? surface ( ! /one4 ,9 ?is position1
 we =m$ an angle ) ea* o!r2 & "h ,i     
rema9$ = upw>ds ( two m9utes1 till !    
old] man w5t r\nd1 & by "s o!r means1   
contriv$ to get ov] ! projection1 :51   
creep+ along ! l9e ( junction ( ! cas+1 
he took my h&s1 drew me up to :]e he 0  
above me1 & !n lett+ d[n 8 girdle1      
assi/$ to m\nt up ! y\ng]1 b less d>+ & 
less active ( ! two4 ,we !n proce$$ mu* 
z foll[s4 ,"o ( !m got on ! %\ld]s ( !  
o!r1 & s ga9$ ! jo9+ ( ! /one above4 ,! 
upp] man !n help$ me 9 a simil> action1 
:ile ! l[] pu%$ me up by ! feet4 ,hav+  

ga9$ ?is r[1 we _h aft] to creep to "s  
di/ance along ! jo9+1 to :]e ano!r      
opportunity ( asc5d+ 0 (f]$4 ,9 ?is way 
we proce$$ to ! summit2 & "s idea may be
 =m$ ( my feel+s1 :5 x is recollect$ t  
all ( ^! /ones ( su* a span are highly  
poli%$1 are set on an angle ( little    
less ?an #de deg41 & t ! places we _h to
 grip ) our h&s & feet 7 (t5 n m ?an two
 in*es wide1 & _! height above ! gr\nd m
 ?an #djj feet4 ,a s+le slip ( ! foot1 &
 we all ?ree mu/ h be5 da%$ to atoms    
long be=e we rea*$ ! bottom4 7,?is      
actually happ5$ to an ,engli% travel] 9 
#ahej47 ,on ga9+ ! top1 my guides gave  
v5t to sundry demon/rations (           
satisfaction1 clapp+ me on ! back1 patt+
 me on ! head1 & kiss+ my h&s4 ,f ?is ,i
 began to suspect t some?+ wond]ful _h  
be5 a*iev$2 & "s idea ( my p]il\s       
situation broke ^u me1 :5 ,i saw "s ( my
 fri5ds b5ea?1 wav+ _! h&k]*iefs & look+
 up ) a/oni%m5t1 z we sat p]*$ ^u ! top1
 :i* is n m ?an six feet squ>e4 ,! apex 
/one is (f1 & x n[ consi/s ( f\r out]   

slabs1 & "o 9 ! c5tre1 :i* is rais$ up  
on ! end & leans to ! ea/w>d4 ,i d n ?9k
 human h&s c\ld h rais$ x f its b$1 on  
acc\nt ( its size1 & ! conf9$ space !y  
w\ld h to "w 94 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k !   
top 0 /ruck by lightn+1 & ! position ( !
 /one ?us alt]$ by x4 ,! ?ree ( u _h j  
room to sit ^u ! place4 ,! desc5t1 z    
might be expect$1 0 mu* m dang]\s1 ?\gh 
n s difficult4 ,! guides ti$ a long sa% 
"u my arms1 & s let me slide d[n f c\rse
 to c\rse ( ^! cov]+s ( /ones1 :i* are (
 a yell[i% lime/one1 some:at diff]5t f !
 mat]ial ( :i* ! /eps are compos$1 &    
totally di/9ct f ! rock at ! base1 or ! 
coat+ ( ! passages4     ,,egyptian      
,,obelisks4   ,obelisks belong to !     
olde/ & mo/ simple monum5ts ( ,egyptian 
ar*itecture1 & are high f\r-sid$ pill>s1
 dim9i%+ z !y asc5d1 & t]m9at+ 9 a small
 pyramid4 ,h]odotus speaks ( !m1 & ,pl9y
 gives a p>ticul> acc\nt ( !m4 ,! latt] 
m5tions k+ ,mesphres1 or ,me/res1 (     
,!bes1 z ! fir/ build] ( obelisks1 b    
does n give ! "t2 nor is ?is k+ notic$  

ei!r by ,h]odotus or ,diodorus4 ,x is   
probable t ^! monum5ts 7 fir/ built be=e
 ! "t ( ,moses1 at lea/ two c5turies    
be=e ! ,trojan w>4 ,!re are /ill sev]al 
obelisks 9 ,egypt2 !re is "o erect1 &   
ano!r fall5 at ,alex&ria1 betwe5 ! new  
city & ! light-h\se2 "o at ,mat>ea1     
among ! ru9s ( old ,heliopolis2 "o 9 !  
t]ritory ( ,fay\m1 ne> anci5t ,ars9oe2  
eight or t5 among ! ru9s ( ,!bes2 ! two 
f9e/ at ,luxor1 at ! entrance ( !       
temple1 c4 ,^! obelisks1 exclusively ( !
 p$e/als1 are mo/ly f #ej to #ajj feet  
high1 & ( a r$ poli%$ granite 7si5ite72 
a few ( ! lat] ones are ( :ite m>ble &  
o!r k9ds ( /one4 ,at _! base1 !y        
commonly occupy a space ( f #da_/b to   
#ab feet squ>e1 & (t5 m4 ,"s are adorn$ 
on all sides1 & "s on few]1 )           
hi]oglyphics cut 9 !m1 sometimes to !   
dep? ( two in*es1 divid$ into little    
squ>es & sections1 & fill$ ) pa9t3      
sometimes !y are /rip$ ) v>i\s colors4  
,"s are entirely pla9 & )\t             
hi]oglyphics4 ,! foot ( ! obelisk /&s ^u

 a quadrangul> base1 commonly two or    
?ree feet broad] ?an ! obelisk1 ) a     
socket1 9 :i* x re/s4 ,!y 7 commonly    
hewn out ( a s+le /one1 9 ! qu>ries (   
,upp] ,egypt1 & br\ght on canals1 f$ by 
! ,nile1 to ! place ( _! erection4  ,!  
,romans c>ri$ _m ( !m f ,egypt to ,rome1
 ,arles1 & ,con/ant9ople1 mo/ ( :i* 7   
aft]w>ds ov]turn$1 b h be5 put toge!r & 
replac$ 9 mod]n times4 ,augu/us1 =      
in/ance1 _h two l>ge obelisks br\ght f  
,heliopolis to ,rome1 "o ( :i* he plac$ 
9 ! ,campus ,m>tius4 ,! o!r /ood ^u !   
,sp9a1 9 ! ,circus ,maximus1 & is said  
to h be5 ! same :i* k+ ,semnes]teus     
7accord+ to ,pl9y7 erect$4 ,at ! sack ( 
,rome by ! b>b>ians1 x 0 ?r[n d[n1 &    
rema9$1 brok5 9 ?ree pieces1 amid/ !    
rubbi%1 until1 9 #aehi1 ,sixtus ,v4 _h x
 re/or$ by ! ar*itect ,dom5ico ,fontana1
 & plac$ ne> ! *ur* ,madonna del        
,popolo4 ,"u ,caligula1 ano!r l>ge      
obelisk 0 br\ght f ,heliopolis to ,rome1
 & plac$ 9 ! ,circus ,vaticanus4 ,x has 
/ood1 s9ce #aehf1 be=e ,/4 ,pet]'s *ur*3

 x is )\t hi]oglyphics2 &1 ) ! cross &  
p$e/al1 measures #abf feet 9 height4 ,x 
is ! only "o 9 ,rome :i* has rema9$     
entire4 ,its weight is e/imat$ at       
#aj1jjj cwt4 ,claudius _h two obelisks  
br\ght f ,egypt1 :i* /ood be=e !        
entrance ( ! ,mausoleum ( ,augu/us1 & "o
 ( :i* 0 re/or$ 9 #aefg1 & plac$ ne> !  
*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore4 ,c>acalla
 also procur$ an ,egyptian obelisk = 8  
circus1 & = ! ,appian ,way4 ,! l>ge/    
obelisk 7probably erect$ by ,rameses7 0 
plac$ by ,con/antius ,,ii41 9 ! ,circus 
,maximus at ,rome4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 x 0
 ?r[n d[n by ! b>b>ians1 & lay 9 pieces 
^u ! gr\nd1 until ,sixtus ,v41 9 #aehh1 
_h x rais$ ^u ! squ>e1 be=e ,/4 ,john's 
*ur* ( ! ,lat]an1 !nce call$ ! ,lat]an  
obelisk4 ,x is beautifully adorn$ )     
sculpture2 its weight is #ac1jjj cwt42  
its height1 exclusive ( ! p$e/al1 #adj  
feet2 ) ! p$e/al1 #agi feet4 ,sev]al    
o!rs h be5 erect$ by succe$+ popes4     
,,removal ,,( ,,an ,,obelisk ,,by       
,,fontana4   ,! foll[+ curi\s acc\nt ( !

 removal ( ! obelisk 9 ! ,circus        
,vaticanus to ! c5tre ( ,/4 ,pet]'s     
squ>e1 by ,dom5ico ,fontana1 is extract$
 f ,milizia's life ( t fam\s ar*itect4  
,x %[s pla9ly t ! ,egyptians mu/ h      
atta9$ great skill & p]fection 9        
me*anics & eng9e]+1 to h be5 able to    
qu>ry out obelisks at lea/ a ?ird l>g]1 
& convey !m (t5 sev]al hundr$ miles1 to 
! places :]e !y erect$ !m4  ,sixtus ,v4 
0 n[ desir\s ( rais+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! squ>e
 ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ! only obelisk :i* rema9$
 /&+1 b p>tly int]r$1 ne> ! wall ( !    
,sacri/y1 :]e 0 =m]ly ! ,circus ( ,n]o4 
,o!r pontiffs _h _h ! same wi%1 b !     
difficulty ( ! ent]prise _h prev5t$ !   
execution4  ,?is obelisk1 or pyramid1 is
 ( r$ granite1 call$ by ! anci5t        
,romans1 ,m>mor ,!banum 7,!ban m>ble71  
on acc\nt ( hav+ be5 work$ ne> ,!bes1 9 
,egypt1 :5ce x 0 transport$ to ,rome 9 !
 "t ( ,caes>4 ,( ! imm5se numb] 9 ,rome1
 ?is is ! only "o rema9+ entire2 x is   
)\t hi]oglyphics1 #hd feet high1 #h feet
 #f in*es wide at ! base1 & #e feet #f  

in*es at ! top4 ,"o cubic foot ( ?is    
granite weighs ab\t #afj p\nds2 s t !   
:ole weight ( ! obelisk mu/ be some:at  
less ?an #gei1jjj lbs4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* 
! ,egyptians & ,romans mov$ ^! enorm\s  
masses we h no idea1 & s _m c5turies    
hav+ elaps$ s9ce su* a ?+ _h be5 done1  
?is proposition ( ,sixtus ,v4 0 consid]$
 s novel1 t a g5]al assembly 0 call$ (  
all ! ma!maticians1 eng9e]s1 & le>n$ m5 
f v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe2 &1 9 a congress 
held by ! pope1 m ?an #ejj p]sons       
pres5t$ !mselves1 br++ ) !m _!          
inv5tions2 "s ) draw+s1 "s ) models1    
o!rs ) writ+s or argum5ts4  ,! great]   
numb] 7 = remov+ x by means ( an iron   
c>riage & ?irty-two lev]s4 ,o!rs inv5t$ 
a half :eel1 on :i* ! obelisk 0 to be   
rais$ by degrees4 ,"s propos$ screws1 & 
o!rs ?\ght ( c>ry+ x ^u sl+s4           
,b>tolomeo ,ammanati1 a ,flor5t9e       
ar*itect & sculptor1 s5t expressly by ! 
gr& duke1 pres5t$ himself be=e ! pope1  
)\t ei!r models or designs1 & reque/$ a 
ye> to consid] x2 = ?is he 0 mo/ sev]ely

 reprim&$ by ! pontiff4 ,fontana        
exhibit$ 8 wood5 model1 ) a lead5       
pyramid1 :i*1 by means ( a w9dlass &    
crane1 0 rais$ & l[]$ ) ! greate/       
facility2 he expla9$ ! nature ( ^!      
ma*9es & movem5ts1 & gave a practical   
pro( ( _! capability by rais+ a small   
pyramid 9 ! mausoleum ( ,augu/us1 :i* 0 
9 a ru9\s condition4 ,aft] _m disputes1 
,fontana's inv5tion 0 approv$2 b1 z he  
_h n yet acquir$ a "n ( suffici5t       
importance1 ! execution ( x 0 committ$  
to two ar*itects ( r5[n1 ,giacomo della 
,porta & ,b>tolomeo ,ammanati4--,^!     
imm$iately comm5c$ a scaffold 9 ! c5tre 
( ! squ>e :]e ! obelisk 0 to /&4        
,fontana be+ ju/ly displeas$ t 8 own    
discov]y %\ld n be entru/$ to 8         
execution1 w5t to ! pope1 & respectfully
 repres5t$ to him1 t no "o c\ld s       
prop]ly execute a design z ! inv5tor4   
,sixtus 0 p]suad$1 & committ$ ! entire  
direction ( x to him4 ,! ar*itect !n    
comm5c$ 8 "w ) ! utmo/ cel]ity4 ,he dug 
a squ>e hole ( #dd feet1 9 ! piazza1 #bd

 feet deep1 & f9d+ ! soil wat]y & *alky1
 he made x firm by /rong & massive      
piles4 ,at ! same "t he _h ropes made1  
?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 #aejj feet long1  
an imm5se quantity ( cords1 l>ge iron   
rods to /r5g!n ! obelisk1 & o!r pieces (
 iron = ! cases ( ! cranes1 p9s1        
circles1 pivots1 & in/rum5ts ( e k9d4 ,!
 iron to secure ! obelisk alone am\nt$  
to #dj1jjj lbs41 & 0 made 9 !           
manufactories ( ,rome1 ,ronciglione1 &  
,subbiaco4 ,! beams1 tak5 f ! woods (   
,nettuno1 7 ( su* a prodigi\s size1 t   
ea* 0 drawn by sev5 pair ( buffalos4 ,f 
,t]rac9a1 elm 0 br\ght1 = ! case+1 &    
,holm oak = ! %afts ( w9dlass2 & to     
prev5t ! gr\nd f giv+ way1 x be+ s(t &  
m>%y1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great weight1 he 
made a b$ ) two lay]s ( timb]1 cross+   
ea* o!r 9 a contr>y direction4 ,on ?is  
f\ndation he plac$ ! ca/le or c>riage1  
:i* _h eight columns3 ea* ( ^! columns 0
 compos$ ( s _m ?ick planks1 t !y       
measur$ #ac feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,^! 7   
unit$ toge!r by ?ick cords1 )\t screws1 

9 ord] to be done & undone ) great]     
quickness4 ,! height ( ! beams 0 requir$
 to be #ij feet2 & n any be+ ( t l5g?1  
!y 7 plac$ "o on ! o!r1 & unit$ by iron 
b&s4 ,^! columns 7 /r5g!n$ by =ty-eight 
braces1 & ti$ toge!r on all sides4 ,!   
obelisk 0 entirely cov]$ ) d\ble mats1  
to prev5t its be+ injur$2 x 0 !n        
surr\nd$ by planks1 ov] :i* 7 plac$ l>ge
 rods ( iron1 & ^! embrac+ ! ?ick "p    
und]nea?1 came directly ov] ! f\r faces 
( ! mass1 :i* ?us became totally        
encircl$ ) ^! cov]+s4 ,! :ole pyramid   
?us weigh$ "o million & a half p\nds4   
,fontana calculat$ t e w9dlass1 ) good  
ropes & cranes1 w\ld be able to move    
#bj1jjj lbs4 weight2 & consequ5tly =ty  
w\ld move #hjj1jjj1 & he ga9$ ! re/ by  
five lev]s ( ?ick beams #eb feet long4  
,s novel an app>atus excit$ ! curiosity 
( all ,rome1 & ( =eign]s also1 :o came f
 di/ant c\ntries to see :at effect w\ld 
be produc$ by ?is mass ( beams1 m+l$ )  
ropes1 w9dlasses1 lev]s1 & pulleys4 ,9  
ord] to prev5t confusion1 ,sixtus ,v4   

issu$ "o ( 8 m&ates1 t on ! day ( its   
be+ work$1 no "o1 except ! workm51 %\ld 
ent] ! enclosure1 on pa9 ( dea?1 & t no 
"o %\ld make ! lea/ noise1 nor ev5 speak
 l\d4 ,accord+ly1 on ! #cj? ( ,april1   
#aehf1 ! fir/ to ent] ! b>ri] 0 ! *ief  
ju/ice & 8 (fic]s1 & ! execution] to    
plant ! gibbet1 n m]ely z a matt] (     
c]emony4 ,fontana w5t to receive !      
b5$iction ( ! pope1 :o1 aft] hav+ be/[$ 
x1 told him to be cauti\s ( :at he did1 
= a failure w\ld c]ta9ly co/ him 8 head4
 ,on ?is occasion1 ,sixtus felt !       
diff]5ce betwe5 8 reg>d = 8 own glory1 &
 8 affection = ! ar*itect4 ,fontana1 9  
t]ror1 secretly plac$ horses at e gate1 
ready to convey him f ! papal ang]1 9   
case ( an accid5t4 ,at ! dawn ( day1 two
 masses ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7 celebrat$2 all
 ! artific]s made _! communion1 &       
receiv$ ! papal b5$iction1 & be=e ! ris+
 ( ! sun all ent]$ ! b>ri]4 ,! conc\rse 
( spectators 0 su*1 t ! tops ( ! h\ses 7
 cov]$1 & ! /reets cr[d$4 ,! nobility & 
prelates 7 at ! b>ri]s1 betwe5 ! ,swiss 

gu>ds & ! cavalry3 all 7 fix$ & att5tive
 to ! proce$+s2 &1 t]rifi$ at ! sight ( 
! inexorable gibbet1 e "o 0 sil5t4  ,!  
ar*itect gave an ord] t1 at ! s\nd ( !  
trumpet1 ea* %\ld beg9 work+1 & at t ( !
 bell1 plac$ 9 ! ca/le ( wood1 ea* %\ld 
desi/2 !re 7 m ?an #ijj workm51 & #ge   
horses4 ,! trumpet s\nd$1 & 9 an in/ant1
 m51 horses1 w9dlasses1 cranes1 & lev]s 
7 all 9 motion4 ,! gr\nd trembl$1 !     
ca/le crack$1 all ! planks b5t f !      
enorm\s weight1 & ! pyramid1 :i* incl9$ 
a foot t[>ds ! *oir ( ,/4 ,pet]1 0 rais$
 p]p5dicul>ly4 ,! comm5cem5t hav+       
prosp]$ s well1 ! bell s\nd$ a re/4 ,9  
twelve m movem5ts ! pyramid 0 rais$     
almo/ two feet f ! gr\nd1 9 su* a       
situation t x c\ld be plac$ on ! roll]s1
 & x rema9$ firmly fix$ by means ( w$ges
 ( iron & wood4 ,at ?is happy ev5t !    
ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo dis*>g$ all its     
artill]y1 & a univ]sal joy p]vad$ ! :ole
 city4  ,fontana 0 n[ conv9c$ t ! ropes 
7 bett] ?an iron b&s1 ^! be+ mo/ brok5  
or di/ort$1 or exp&$ by ! weight4 ,on ! 

#g? ( ,may ! pyramid 0 plac$ on !       
sl$ge--a m difficult & t$i\s op]ation   
?an t ( rais+ x1 x be+ necess>y to      
convey x ov] ! piazza to ! situation    
int5d$ = x1 :i* 0 #aae rods f :]e x !n  
/ood4 ,! level ( ! piazza be+ ab\t #cj  
feet l[]1 x 0 necess>y to ?r[ up an e>!n
 embankm5t f "o place to ! o!r1 well    
secur$ by piles1 c4 ,?is be+ done1 on ! 
#ac? ( ,june1 by means ( f\r w9dlasses1 
! pyramid 0 remov$ ) ! greate/ facility 
on ! roll]s1 to ! place ( its de/9ation4
 ,! pope def]r$ its erection to ! next  
autumn1 le/ ! summ] heats %\ld injure ! 
workm5 & spectators4  ,9 ! meantime !   
p$e/al1 :i* 0 int]r$ #cj feet1 0 remov$3
 x 0 compos$ ( two p>ts1 ! ogee &       
basem5t be+ ( ! same mass1 & ! pl9? (   
:ite m>ble4 ,all ! prep>ations 7 made = 
?is la/ op]ation on ! #aj? ( ,septemb]1 
) ! same solemnities2 #adj horses & #hjj
 m5 7 employ$4 ,! pope select$ ?is day =
 ! solemn entrance ( ! duke (           
,luxemb\rg1 ambassador ( c]emony f ,h5ry
 ,,iii4 ( ,france1 & caus$ ! procession 

to ent] by ! ,porta ,angelica1 in/ead ( 
! ,porta del ,popolo4 ,:5 ?is nobleman  
cross$ ! ,piazza ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 he /opp$
 to obs]ve ! conc\rse ( workm5 9 ! mid/ 
( a =e/ ( ma*9es1 & saw1 admir+1 ,rome  
ris+ aga9 by ! h& ( ,sixtus ,v4 ,9      
fifty-two movem5ts ! pyramid 0 rais$1 & 
at ! sett+ ( ! sun x 0 plac$ firm ^u its
 p$e/al4 ,! ca/le disappe>$1 & !        
artific]s1 intoxicat$ ) joy1 c>ri$      
,fontana on _! %\ld]s 9 triumph to 8 own
 h\se1 amid/ ! s\nd ( drums & trumpets1 
& ! plaudits ( an imm5se cr[d4  ,9 plac+
 x upright on ! p$e/al1 ,fontana        
consid]$ ! me?od adopt$ by ! anci5ts z !
 lea/ difficult2 :i* 0 to re/ "o end on 
two globes1 !n draw ! po9t r\nd1 rais+ x
 at ! same "t1 aft]w>ds lett+ x fall    
p]p5dicul>ly on ! p$e/al4 ,x is         
conjectur$ t ?is 0 ! practice adopt$ by 
! anci5ts1 because two dies alone 7     
always cov]$ ) lead = a foot or m1 & 7  
moreov] cru%$ at ! extremities4 ,sixtus 
,v4 plac$ a cross #g feet high at ! top 
( ! obelisk1 :i* 0 c>ri$ 9 procession1 &

 :i* made ! :ole height #acb feet4  ,=  
?is und]tak+1 ,fontana 0 creat$ a knight
 ( ! ,gold5 ,spur1 & a ,roman nobleman2 
he _h a p5sion ( #bjjj cr[ns1           
transf]able to 8 heirs1 t5 knigh?oods1  
#ejjj cr[ns ( gold 9 ready money1 & e   
description ( mat]ial us$ 9 ! "w1 :i* 0 
valu$ at m ?an #bj1jjj cr[ns4 ,two      
bronze m$als ( him 7 /ruck2 & ! foll[+  
inscription 0 plac$ on ! base ( !       
pyramid by ord] ( ! pope3--             
,dom9icvs ,fontana1              ,ex4   
,pago4 ,agri4 ,novocom5sis4             
,tran/vlit4 ,et4 ,erexit4     ,,removal 
,,( ,,an ,,obelisk ,,f ,,!bes ,,to      
,,p>is4   ,9 #ahcc1 ! ,fr5* remov$ !    
smalle/ ( ! two obelisks :i* /ood be=e !
 propylon ( ! temple ( ,luxor to ,p>is1 
& elevat$ x 9 ! ,place de la ,concorde4 
,! %aft is #gf feet high1 & eight feet  
wide on ! broade/ side ( ! base2 !      
p$e/al is #aj feet squ>e by #af feet    
high4 ,p]mission = ! removal ( bo? !    
obelisks hav+ be5 grant$ to ! ,fr5*     
gov]nm5t by ! ,vic]oy ( ,egypt1 a vessel

 con/ruct$ = ! purpose 0 s5t out 9 ,m>*1
 #ahca1 "u ,m4 ,lebas1 an em95t eng9e]1 
to :om ! und]tak+ 0 confid$1 x be+      
previ\sly det]m9$ to br+ away only "o1 &
 ,m4 ,lebas f\nd x suffici5tly difficult
 to br+ away ! smalle/ ( ! two4 ,aft]   
?ree mon?s' labor ) #hjj m51 ! obelisk 0
 remov$ on an incl9$ plane into !       
vessel1 ?r\gh a hole made 9 ! end = !   
purpose4 ,x arriv$ safely up ! ,se9e to 
,p>is1 ,dec4 #bc;d1 #ahcc4 ,an incl9$   
plane ( solid masonry 0 !n con/ruct$1   
lead+ f ! riv] up to a plat=m1 also (   
r\gh masonry1 level ) ! top ( ! p$e/al4 
,! obelisk1 hav+ be5 plac$ on a k9d (   
timb] c> or sl$ge1 0 drawn up by means (
 ropes & cap/ans4 ,"o edge ( ! base hav+
 be5 br\ght to its place on ! p$e/al1 x 
0 rais$ to a p]p5dicul> position by     
ropes & pulleys atta*$ to ! heads ( t5  
ma/s1 five on ea* side4 ,:5 all 0 ready1
 ! obelisk 0 elevat$ to its place "u !  
direction ( ,m4 ,lebas1 9 ?ree h\rs1 )\t
 ! lea/ accid5t1 ,oct4 #be?1 #ahcf4 ,x  
is said t ,lebas _h provid$ himself )   

load$ pi/ols1 9 ! firm det]m9ation to   
bl[ out 8 bra9s 9 case ( an accid5t6  ,9
 #ahbj1 ! ,vic]oy ( ,egypt pres5t$ to ! 
,engli% gov]nm5t ! monoli? ly+ on !     
gr\nd at ,alex&ria1 "o ( ! two obelisks 
call$ ,cleopatra's ,ne$les2 ! o!r is    
/ill /&+4 ,! project ( remov+ x to      
,london & erect+ x 9 ,wat]loo ,squ>e1 0 
ent]ta9$ = "s "t by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 
b seems to h be5 long ab&on$2 rec5tly1  
h[ev]1 an exp$ition is be+ fitt$ out = !
 purpose4     ,,c>buri',s ,,base ,,= ,,!
 ,,eque/rian ,,/atue ,,( ,,pet] ,,!     
,,great4   ,milizia gives ! foll[+      
int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! removal ( ! imm5se   
mass ( granite1 :i* =ms ! p$e/al or base
 ( ! eque/rian /atue ( ,pet] ! ,great1 f
 ! bogs ( ! ,neva to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 a  
di/ance ( ab\t f\rte5 miles4 ,he also   
cites x z an in/ance ( extraord9>y      
+5uity & skill 9 me*anics4 ,x is1 h[ev]1
 a mu* easi] task to move a pond]\s mass
 ( r\gh1 unhewn rock1 ?an a brittle     
obelisk1 an hundr$ feet or s 9 l5g?1    
requir+ ! greate/ c>e to pres]ve x f    

injury4 ,x is also wor?y ( m5tion1 t 9  
wid5+ /reets 9 ,new ,york1 x is no      
uncommon ?+ to see a ?ree-/ory brick    
h\se set back t5 or fifte5 feet1 & ev5  
mov$ across ! /reet1 & rais$ an extra   
/ory into ! b>ga9--! /ory be+ add$ to ! 
bottom in/ead ( ! top ( ! build+4 ,?us !
 l>ge free /one & brick s*ool-h\se 9 !  
,fir/ ,w>d1 an edifice ( f\r l(ty       
/ories1 #ej by #gj feet1 & basem5t walls
 #ba_/b feet ?ick1 has be5 rais$ six    
feet1 to make x correspond ) ! new grade
 9 ! l[] "p ( ,gre5wi*-/reet4 ,x is also
 no uncommon ?+ to see a %ip ( a ?\s&   
tons1 ) h] c>go on bo>d1 rais$ out ( !  
wat] at ! ,hydraulic ,dock1 to /op a    
leak1 or make "s unexpect$ b necess>y   
repairs4  ,9 #agfi1 ! ,c\nt ,m>9o       
,c>buri1 ( ,cephalonia1 mov$ a mass (   
granite1 weigh+ ?ree million p\nds1 to  
,/4 ,pet]sburg1 to s]ve z a base = !    
eque/rian /atue ( ,pet] ! ,great1 to be 
erect$ 9 ! squ>e ( t city1 aft] ! design
 ( ,m4 ,falconet1 :o disc>d$ ! common   
mode ( plac+ an eque/rian /atue on a    

p$e/al1 :]e1 prop]ly speak+1 x nev] c\ld
 be2 & sugge/$ a rock1 on :i* ! h]o 0 to
 h ! appe>ance ( gallop+1 b sudd5ly be  
arre/$ at ! sight ( an enorm\s s]p5t1   
:i*1 ) o!r ob/acles1 he ov]comes = !    
happ9ess ( ! ,muscovites4 ,none b a     
,ca!r9e ,,ii41 :o s glori\sly accompli%$
 all ! great ideas ( t h]o1 c\ld h      
br\ght to p]fection ?is extraord9>y "o (
 ! arti/4 ,an imm5se mass 0 accid5tally 
f\nd buri$ #ae feet 9 a bog1 f\r miles &
 a half f ! riv] ,neva & f\rte5 f ,/4   
,pet]sburg4 ,x 0 also casually t ,c>buri
 0 at ! city to und]take ! removal ( x4 
,nature alone sometimes =ms a me*anic1 z
 %e does a sov]eign1 a g5]al1 a pa9t]1 a
 philosoph]4 ,! exp5se ( ?is removal 0  
only #gj1jjj rubles & ! mat]ials left   
aft] ! op]ation 7 wor? two-?irds ( t    
sum4 ,! ob/acles surm\nt$ d honor to !  
human und]/&+4 ,! rock 0 #cg feet long1 
#bb high1 & #ba broad1 9 ! =m ( a       
p>allelopip$on4 ,x 0 cleft by a bla/1 ! 
middle "p tak5 away1 & 9 ! cavity 0     
con/ruct$ a =ge = ! wants ( ! j\rney4   

,c>buri did n use cyl9drical roll]s = 8 
und]tak+1 ^! caus+ an attrition         
suffici5t to break ! /ronge/ cables4    
,in/ead ( roll]s he us$ balls compos$ ( 
brass1 t91 & calam9a1 :i* roll$ ) _!    
burd5 "u a species ( boat #ahj feet     
long1 & #ff wide4 ,?is extraord9>y      
spectacle 0 witness$ by ! :ole c\rt1 &  
by ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,prussia1 a bran* f ! 
great ,fr$]ick4 ,two drums at ! top     
s\nd$ ! m>*2 =ty /one-cutt]s 7          
cont9ually at "w on ! mass dur+ !       
j\rney1 to give x ! propos$ =m--a       
s+ul>ly +5i\s idea4 ,! =ge 0 always at  
"w3 a numb] ( o!r m5 7 also 9 att5dance 
to keep ! balls at prop] di/ances1 ( :i*
 !re 7 ?irty1 ( ! diamet] ( five in*es4 
,! m\nta9 0 mov$ by f\r w9dlasses1 &    
sometimes by two2 ea* requir$ ?irty-two 
m53 x 0 rais$ & l[]$ by screws1 to      
remove ! balls & put !m on ! o!r side4  
,:5 ! road 0 ev51 ! ma*9e mov$ #fj feet 
9 ! h\r4 ,! me*anic1 al?\gh cont9ually  
ill f ! dampness ( ! air1 0 /ill        
indefatigable 9 regulat+ ! arrangem5ts2 

& 9 six weeks ! :ole arriv$ at ! riv]4  
,x 0 emb>k$1 & safely l&$4 ,c>buri !n   
plac$ ! mass 9 ! squ>e ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 to
 ! honor ( ,pet]1 ,falconet1 ,c>buri1 & 
( ,ca!r9e1 :o may always1 f h] actions1 
be class$ among illu/ri\s m54 ,x is to  
be obs]v$1 t 9 ?is op]ation ! moss &    
/raw t 0 plac$ und]nea? ! rock1 became  
by compression s compact1 t x almo/     
equall$ 9 h>dness ! ball ( a musket4    
,simil> me*anical op]ations ( ! anci5ts 
h be5 wond]fully exagg]at$ by _! poets4 
,,comp>ative ,,skill ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts  
,,& ,,mod]ns ,,9 ,,me*anics4   ,_m      
p]sons suppose1 & ma9ta91 t ! gr&eur ( !
 monum5ts ( ! anci5ts1 & ! great size ( 
! /ones !y employ$ = build+ purposes1   
prove t !y und]/ood me*anics bett] ?an !
 mod]ns4 ,! lea/ k 9 me*anics1 h[ev]1 w 
%[ ?is op9ion to be errone\s4 ,! mod]ns 
possess p[]s :i* 7 unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 
z ! screw1 & ! hydraulic press1 ! p[] ( 
:i* la/ is only limit$ by ! /r5g? ( !   
ma*9]y4 ,! works ( ! anci5ts %[ t !y    
exp5d$ a va/ deal ( p[] & labor to      

gratify ! pride & ambition ( k+s2 b !   
mod]ns c d all ^! ?+s mu* easi]1 & 9 f> 
less "t1 :5ev] !y deem x prop]4 ,!re 0  
no?+ 9 anci5t times to be comp>$ ) t    
d>+1 +5i\s1 & /up5d\s monum5t ( eng9e]+ 
skill--! ,britannia ,tubul> ,bridge1    
across ! ,m5ai /raits--project$1        
design$1 & built by ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 ! 
fam\s ,engli% eng9e]4 ,he _h previ\sly  
built a simil> b small] /ructure--!     
,conway ,tubul> ,bridge4     ,,!        
,,britannia ,,tubul> ,,railway ,,bridge4
   ,_h ?is /up5d\s fabric exi/$ 9 anci5t
 times1 x w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z ! fir/ ( !
 sev5 wond]s ( ! _w4 ,great] & m        
exp5sive /ructures h be5 rais$1 b none  
display+ m sci5ce1 skill1 & +5uity1 &   
none requir+ su* trem5d\s me*anical p[] 
to execute4  ,! ,britannia ,tubul>      
,bridge 0 built to conduct ! ,*e/] &    
,holyhead ,railway across ! ,m5ai       
,/raits1 to ! isl& ( ,anglesea1 9 !     
,iri% ,sea4  ,! difficulties :i* !      
eng9e] _h to ov]come1 7 greatly augm5t$ 
by ! peculi> =m & situation ( ! /raits4 

,sir ,francis ,head says1 ,! po9t ( !   
/raits :i* x 0 desir$ to cross1 al?\gh  
broad] ?an t ab\t a mile di/ant2        
preoccupi$ by ,mr4 ,tel=d's susp5sion   
bridge--0 ( c\rse "o ( ! n>r[e/ t c\ld  
be select$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! ebb+ & 
fl[+ torr5t ru%es ?r\gh x ) su* viol5ce1
 t1 except :]e !re is back wat]1 x is   
(t5 impossible = a small boat to pull   
aga9/ x2 besides :i*1 ! gu/s ( w9d :i*  
come ov] ! tops1 d[n ! rav9es1 & r\nd ! 
sides ( ! neighbor+ m\nta9s1 are s      
sudd51 & occasionally s viol5t1 t x is z
 dang]\s to sail z x is difficult to r[2
 9 %ort1 ! w9d & ! wat]1 sometimes      
playfully & sometimes angrily1 seem to  
vie ) ea* o!r--l "s ( ,%akspe>e's       
fairies--9 exhibit+ be=e ! /rang] !     
utmo/ v>iety ( fanta/ic *anges :i* x is 
9 ! p[] ( ea* to assume4 ,! ,m5ai       
,/raits are ab\t twelve miles long1     
?r\gh :i*1 imprison$ betwe5 ! precipit\s
 %ores1 ! wat]s ( ! ,iri% ,sea & ,/4    
,george's ,*annel are n only ev]la/+ly  
vibrat+1 backw>ds & =w>ds1 b at ! same  

"t & f ! same causes1 are progressively 
ris+ & fall+ #bj to #be feet1 ) ea*     
successive tide1 :i*1 v>y+ its p]iod (  
high wat]1 e day =ms altoge!r an endless
 succession ( aque\s *anges4     ,,!    
,,tubes4   ,! tubes =m+ ! viaducts1 re/ 
^u two abutm5ts & ?ree pi]s1 call$      
respectively ! ,anglesea abutm5t & pi]1 
! ,c>n>von abutm5t & pi]1 & ! ,britannia
 or c5tral pi]1 built ^u ! ,britannia   
rock 9 ! middle ( ! /raits1 :i* gives "n
 to ! bridge4 ,! ,anglesea abutm5t is   
#adc feet #f in*es high1 #ee feet wide1 
& #age feet long to ! end ( ! w+s1 :i*  
t]m9ate 9 p$e/als1 support+ colossal    
lions on ei!r side1 #be feet #f in*es 9 
l5g?1 #ab feet #f in*es high1 & #h feet 
broad1 c>v$ out ( a s+le block (        
,anglesea m>ble4 ,! space betwe5 !      
,anglesea abutm5t & pi] is #bcj feet4   
,?is pi] is #aif feet high1 #ee feet    
wide1 & #cb feet long4 ,! ,c>n>von      
abutm5t & pi] are ( ! same dim5sions z  
^? above describ$1 on ! opposite %ore4  
,! ,britannia pi] is #bdj feet high1 #ee

 feet wide1 & #de feet long4 ,?is pi] is
 #dfj feet cle> ( ea* ( ! two side pi]s4
 ,! bottom ( ! tubes are #abd feet above
 l[ wat] m>k1 s t l>ge %ips c pass "u   
!m1 "u full sail4  ,!re are two tubes1  
to accommodate a d\ble track 7"o w\ld h 
done 9 ?is c\ntry1 b 9 ,engl& !y d no?+ 
by halves71 & ea* is #aeac feet long4 ,!
 total l5g? ( ! bridge is #ahda feet4   
,^! tubes are n r\nd or oval1 b ne>ly   
squ>e at ! t]m9i2 ! bridge be+ con/ruct$
 on ! pr9ciple ( ! ar*4 ,a section ( "o 
( ! tubes at ! ,britannia pi] is 9 ! =m 
( a p>allelogram1 :]e x is #cj feet     
high1 gradually dim9i%+ t[>ds ea* end to
 #bj feet4 ,! tubes are rivet$ toge!r   
into cont9u\s holl[ beams2 !y are ( !   
uni=m wid? ( #ad feet #h in*es ?r\gh\t2 
!y are con/ruct$ entirely ( iron1 &     
weigh ab\t #ab1jjj tons1 ea* tube       
conta9+ #ejjj tons ( wr\ght iron1 & ab\t
 #ajjj tons ( ca/ iron4 ,! tubes 7      
con/ruct$ ea* 9 f\r sections2 ! sections
 ext5d+ f ! abutm5ts to _! correspond+  
pi]s1 ea* #bej feet long1 7 built 9     

situ1 on imm5se scaffold+1 made ( heavy 
timb]s = ! purpose1 ev5 ) ! railway2 b !
 middle sections1 ea* #dgj feet long1 7 
built on pi]s on ! ,c>n>von%ire %ore1 !n
 float$ into ! /ream1 & elevat$ to _!   
position2 ea* ( ^! sections weigh$ #ahjj
 tons4     ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,!        
,,tubes4   ,! sides1 bottom1 & top ( ^! 
gigantic tubes are =m$ ( oblong wr\ght  
iron plates1 v>y+ 9 l5g?1 wid?1 &       
?ickness1 accord+ to circum/ances1 b (  
amaz+ size & weight4 ,!y are s arrang$ z
 to obta9 ! greate/ possible /r5g?1 !   
:ole be+ rivet$ toge!r 9 ! /ronge/      
mann]4 ,9 addition to ! #afjj tons (    
wr\ght iron 9 ea* ( ! f\r l>ge pieces1  
an additional #bjj tons 0 us$ to =m     
lift+ frames1 & ca/ iron beams = !      
purpose ( atta*+ ! tube to ^? huge *a9s 
by :i* !y 7 elevat$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! 
tubes is ?us describ$ 9 ! ,london       
,illu/rat$ ,news1 f :i* ?is acc\nt is   
d]iv$3  ,9 ord] to c>ry out ?is va/ "w  
7! con/ruction ( ! tubes71 eighty h\ses 
h be5 erect$ = ! accommodation ( !      

workm51 :i*1 be+ :itewa%$1 h a peculi>ly
 neat & picturesque appe>ance2 among !m 
are se5 but*]'s1 groc]'s1 & tobacconi/'s
 %ops1 supply+ ! wants ( a num]\s       
population4 ,a day s*ool1 ,sunday s*ool1
 & meet+-h\se also conspicu\sly figure4 
,work%ops1 /eam-eng9es1 /ore-h\ses1     
(fices1 & o!r build+s meet ! eye at e   
turn2 "o is l$ to conclude t a          
consid]able "t has elaps$ s9ce ! works 7
 comm5c$1 yet x is little m ?an two ye>s
 ago4 ,a /rang]1 on com+ to ! gr\nd1 is 
/ruck ) wond] :5 = ! fir/ "t he obta9s a
 ne> view ( ! va/ piles ( masonry t[]+  
maje/ically above all ! surr\nd+        
objects--/rong z ! pill>s ( ,h]cules1 & 
app>5tly z endurable--8 eyes w&]        
in/9ctively to ! pond]\s tubes1 ^?      
ma/]pieces ( eng9e]+ con/ructiv5ess &   
ma!matical adju/m5t2 he %r9ks into      
himself z he gazes1 & is a/oni%$ :5 he  
?9ks t ! :ole is ! develop$ idea ( "o   
man1 & c>ri$ out1 too1 9 ! face (       
difficulties :i* few w\ld h d>$ to      
enc\nt]4     ,,float+ ,,( ,,! ,,tubes4  

,! tubes 7 float$ to ! places :5ce !y 7 
elevat$ to _! positions on eight huge   
pontoons1 fitt$ ) valves & pumps to     
exhau/ ! wat] f !m1 :5 all 0 ready to   
float ! prodigi\s iron beams4 ,^!       
pontoons or boxes 7 ea* #ij feet long1  
#be feet wide1 & #ae feet deep4 ,!      
pontoons hav+ be5 plac$ "u "o ( ! tubes 
7sections71 ! float+ 0 easily effect$1 &
 ! op]ation is ?us describ$ by !        
,assi/ant ,eng9e]4  ,! op]ation ( float+
 ! tubes 7! f\r sections1 & "o only at a
 "t71 w be comm5c$ by clos+ ! valves 9 !
 pontoons at l[ wat]2 z ! tide rises1 ! 
pontoons w beg9 to float1 & %ortly      
aft]w>ds to be> ! weight ( ! tube1 :i* w
 at la/ be rais$ by !m entirely (f its  
tempor>y support+ pi]s2 ab\t an h\r & a 
half be=e high wat]1 ! curr5t runn+ ab\t
 f\r miles an h\r1 x w be dragg$ out    
into ! middle ( ! /ream1 by p[]ful      
cap/ans & haws]s1 rea*+ f ! pontoons at 
ea* end1 to ! opposite %ore4 ,9 ord] to 
guide x into its place ) ! greate/      
possible c]ta9ty1 ?ree l>ge haws]s w be 

laid d[n ! /ream1 "o end ( two ( !m be+ 
made fa/ to ! t[]s 7pi]s7 betwe5 :i* !  
tube is int5d$ to re/1 & ! o!r to /rong 
fix$ po9ts on ! two %ores1 ne> to &     
opposite ! fur!r end ( ! tube plat=ms2 9
 _! c\rse1 !y w pass ov] & re/ ^u !     
pontoons1 be+ tak5 ?r\gh 'cable-/opp]s' 
:i* are contrivances = embrac+ & gripp+ 
! haws] ext5d$ across ! /ream1 & !reby  
ret>d+1 or if necess>y entirely de/roy+1
 ! spe$ induc$ by ! curr5t4     ,,rais+ 
,,! ,,tubes   ,! tubes ( ! ,britannia   
bridge 7 rais$ by means ( ?ree hydraulic
 presses ( ! mo/ prodigi\s size1 /r5g?1 
weight1 & p[]2 two ( :i* 7 plac$ 9 !    
,britannia pi]1 above ! po9ts :]e !     
tubes re/1 & ! o!r alt]nately on !      
,anglesea & ,c>n>von pi]s4  ,9 ord] t   
all :o read ^! pages may und]/& ?is     
curi\s op]ation1 x is necess>y to       
describe ! pr9ciple ( ! hydraulic press4
 ,if a tube be screw$ into a cask or    
vessel fill$ ) wat]1 & !n wat] p\r$ into
 ! tube1 ! pressure on ! bottom & sides 
( ! vessel w n be ! cont5ts ( ! vessel &

 tube1 b t ( a column ( wat] equal to ! 
l5g? ( ! tube & ! dep? ( ! vessel4 ,?is 
law ( pressure 9 fluids is r5d]$ v /rik+
 9 ! exp]im5t ( bur/+ a /rong cask by ! 
action ( a few ounces ( wat]4 ,?is law1 
s extraord9>y & />tl+ ( belief to ^? :o 
d n und]/& ! reason+ ^u :i* x is f\nd$1 
has be5 call$ ! ,hydro/atic p>adox1 ?\gh
 !re is no?+ 9 reality m p>adoxical 9 x1
 ?an t "o p\nd at ! long end ( a lev]1  
%\ld balance t5 p\nds at ! %ort end4    
,?is pr9ciple has be5 appli$ to !       
con/ruction ( ! ,hydro/atic or          
,hydraulic press1 ^: p[] is only limit$ 
by ! /r5g? ( ! mat]ials ( :i* x is made4
 ,?us1 ) a hydraulic press no l>g] ?an a
 common tea-pot1 a b> ( iron may be cut 
z easily z a slip ( pa/ebo>d4 ,! ex]tion
 ( a s+le man1 ) a %ort lev]1 w produce 
a pressure ( #aejj atmosph]es1 or       
#bb1ejj p\nds on e squ>e in* ( surface  
inside ! cyl9d]4 ,by means ( hydraulic  
presses1 %ips ( a ?\s& tons bur!n1 )    
c>go on bo>d1 are lift$ out ( ! wat] =  
repairs1 & ! heavie/ bodies rais$ &     

mov$1 )\t any o!r exp5se ( human labor  
beyond ! managem5t ( ! eng9e4  ,! tubes 
on ! ,anglesea side 7 rais$ fir/4 ,!    
presses 9 ! ,britannia t[] 7 ea* capable
 ( rais+ a weight ( #abej tons2 t 9 !   
,anglesea t[]1 l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 #ahjj   
tons1 or ! :ole weight ( ! tube4 ,^!    
presses 7 work$ by two /eam eng9es ( #dj
 horse p[] ea*1 :i* =c$ ! wat] into !   
cyl9d]s1 ?r\gh a tube half an in* 9     
diamet]4 ,^! /eam eng9es 7 plac$ 9 !    
,britannia & ,anglesea pi]s4 ,! press 9 
! ,anglesea pi] is ?us describ$1 ! o!rs 
be+ con/ruct$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,!        
hydraulic press /&s on massive beams (  
wr\ght iron plates con/ruct$ on !       
pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 plac$ 9 ! t[] above ! 
po9ts :]e ! tubes re/4 ,! press consi/s 
( a huge cyl9d]1 #i feet #b in*es 9     
l5g?1 #c feet #f in*es outside diamet]1 
& ! ram #a foot #h in*es 9 diamet]1 mak+
 ! sides & bottom ( ! cyl9d] #aa in*es  
?ick2 x 0 calculat$ t x w\ld resi/ a    
pressure ( #hjjj or #ijjj p\nds to !    
squ>e in*4 ,! ram or pi/on 0 atta*$ to  

an exce$+ly ?ick & heavy beam ( ca/     
iron1 call$ ! cross-head1 /r5g!n$ ) b>s 
( wr\ght iron4 ,to ! cross-head 7 atta*$
 ! huge *a9s t desc5d$ to ! tubes f>    
bel[1 to :i* !y 7 secur$1 s t1 z ! ram 0
 =c$ up #f feet at ea* /roke1 ! tube 0  
rais$ ! same di/ance4 ,! p[] ( ! press  
is ex]t$ on ! tube by aid ( *a9s1 ! l9ks
 ( :i* are #f feet 9 l5g?1 bolt$ toge!r 
9 sets ( eight or n9e l9ks              
alt]nately4--,! ram raises ! cross-head 
#f feet at ea* /roke1 & ) x ! tube1 :5 t
 height is atta9$1 a l[] set ( *a9s on !
 beams grip ! next set ( l9ks1 & ?us    
prev5t !m f slipp+ d[n1 :il/ ! clamps on
 ! cross-heads are unscrew$1 ! upp] l9ks
 tak5 (f1 & ! ram & cross-head l[]$ to  
take ano!r /roke4 ,to gu>d aga9/ all    
*ances ( injury to ! tubes 9 case (     
accid5t to ! ma*9]y1 a contrivance 0    
adopt$ by :i* ! tubes 7 foll[$ up )     
w$ges4 ,! importance ( ?is precaution 0 
fully prov$ on ! v fir/ attempt to raise
 ! tube on ! ,anglesea side1 :5 ! huge  
cyl9d] broke1 almo/ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! 

op]ations4 ,! foll[+ is ! eng9e]'s      
int]e/+ report ( ! accid5t3  ,on ,friday
 la/ 7,augu/ #ag1 #ahdi71 at a qu>t] to 
twelve o'clock1 we comm5c$ lift+ ! tube 
at ! ,anglesea end1 int5d+ to raise x   
six feet1 & aft]w>ds to h rais$ !       
opposite end ! same height4  ,! tube    
rose /eadily to ! height ( two feet six 
in*es1 be+ closely foll[$ up by in*     
wood5 bo>ds pack$ b5ea? x1 :5 sudd5ly1 &
 )\t any w>n+1 ! bottom ( ! hydraulic   
press gave way1 sep>at+ completely f !  
body ( ! press4  ,! ram1 cross-head1 &  
*a9s desc5d$ viol5tly on ! press1 ) a   
trem5d\s noise1 ! tube s9k+ d[n ^u !    
wood5 pack+ b5ea? x4 ,! bottom ( !      
press1 weigh+ ne>ly two tons & a half1  
fell on ! top ( ! tube1 a dep? ( eighty 
feet4  ,a sailor1 nam$ ,ow5 ,p>ry1 0    
asc5d+ a rope ladd] at ! "t1 f ! top ( !
 tube into ! t[]2 ! brok5 piece ( press 
9 its desc5t /ruck ! ladd] & %ook him   
(f2 he fell on to ! tube1 a height (    
fifty feet1 receiv+ a contusion ( !     
skull1 & o!r injuries1 ( s s]i\s a      

nature t he di$ ! same ev5+4 ,he 0 n    
engag$ 9 ! rais+1 & _h only *os5 to     
cross ! tube1 z be+ ! ne>e/ road f "o   
t[] to ! o!r4 ,an inque/ 0 held on !    
foll[+ day1 & a v]dict ( accid5tal dea? 
return$4 ,no "o actually engag$ 9 !     
op]ation 0 injur$1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,edw9    
,cl>k1 :o 0 sup]9t5d+ ! op]ation1 on !  
top ( ! cross-head1 & 8 bro!r1 ,mr4 ,l4 
,cl>k1 :o 0 /&+ b5ea? x1 _h bo? a v n>r[
 escape4  ,! tube is n at all injur$1 b 
"s portions ( ! ca/ iron lift+ frames   
are brok51 & require repair+2 "s weeks  
mu/ elapse be=e a new cyl9d] is made1 & 
! op]ation cont9u$4  ,sir ,francis      
,head1 :5 he saw "o ( ! tubes rais$1 & 9
 its place1 obs]v$1 ,x seem$ surpris+ to
 u t by any arrangem5t ( mat]ials1 x    
c\ld possibly be made /rong en\gh to    
support ev5 itself1--mu* less heavily   
lad5 tra9s ( pass5g]s & goods1 fly+     
?r\gh x1 & actually pass+ ea* o!r 9 !   
air at railway spe$4 ,& ! m we call$    
reason & reflection to our assi/ance1 ! 
m incompreh5sible did ! my/]y           

practically appe>2 = ! plate iron ( :i* 
! a]ial gall]y is compos$ is lit]ally n 
s ?ick z ! lid1 sides1 & bottom :i*1 by 
he>tless contract1 are requir$ = an elm 
c(f9 #fa_/b feet long1 #ba_/d wide1 & #b
 deep1 ( /r5g? m]ely suffici5t to c>ry !
 corpse ( an emaciat$ paup] f ! workh\se
 to 8 grave6 ,! cov]+ ( ?is iron        
passage1 #ahda feet 9 l5g?1 is lit]ally 
n ?ick] ?an ! hide ( an elephant2 la/ly1
 x is sc>cely ?ick] ?an ! b>k ( ! good  
old ,engli% oak1--& if ?is noble        
sov]eign1 not)/&+ '! he>t' & int]ior    
sub/ance ( :i* x boa/s1 is1 ev5 9 !     
well-protect$ p>k 9 :i* x has be5 born &
 br$1 (t5 pro/rat$ by ! /orm1 h[        
difficult is x to conceive t an att5uat$
 a]ial holl[ beam1 no ?ick] ?an its m]e 
r9d1 %\ld1 by human sci5ce1 be con/ruct$
 /rong en\gh to )/&1 besides ! weights  
ru%+ ?r\gh x1 ! natural gales &         
artificial squalls ( w9d to :i*1 ?r\gh\t
 its entire l5g?1 & at its fe>ful       
height1 x is p]man5tly to be expos$4    
,not)/&+ ^! incompreh5sible             

speculations1 ! tubes are abundantly    
/rong to su/a9 ! pressure ( ! heavie/   
tra9s1 ev5 7 !y to /& /ill 9 ! middle ( 
! bridge4 ,x is calculat$ t ea* tube1 9 
its weake/ "p1 w\ld su/a9 a pressure (  
f\r or five ?\s& tons1 support a l9e (  
battle %ip1 ) all h] munitions & /ores  
on bo>d1 & be> a l9e ( locomotives cov]+
 ! entire bridge4 ,! bridge 0 complet$1 
& ! fir/ tra9 pass$ ?r\gh x ,m>* #e?1   
#ahej4 ,! total co/ ( ?is gigantic      
/ructure 0 only ,l#fja1hfe4     ,,glory 
,,( ,,anci5t ,,rome4   ,anci5t ,rome 0  
built ^u sev5 hills1 :i* are n[ sc>cely 
discov]able on acc\nt ( ! va/ quantities
 ( rubbi% ) :i* ! valleys are fill$4    
,pl9y e/imates ! circumf]5ce ( ! city 9 
8 "t at #ac1jjj paces 7:i* ne>ly agrees 
) mod]n measurem5ts71 & ! population at 
#c1jjj1jjj4 ,rome 0 fill$ ) magnific5t  
public edifices1 temples1 !atres1       
amphi!atres1 circuses1 nauma*iae1       
porticos1 basilicae1 ba?s1 g>d5s1       
triumphal ar*es1 columns1 sew]s1        
aqu$ucts1 sepul*res1 public & private   

palaces1 etc4  ,9 ! "t ( ! ,caes>s1     
f\rte5 magnific5t aqu$ucts1 support$ by 
imm5se ar*es1 conduct$ :ole riv]s into  
,rome1 f a di/ance ( _m miles1 & suppli$
 "o hundr$ & fifty public f\nta9s1 "o   
hundr$ & eighte5 l>ge public ba?s1 !    
artificial seas 9 :i* naval combats 7   
repres5t$ 9 ! ,colosseum1 & ! gold5     
palace ( ,n]o1 besides ! wat] necess>y  
to supply ! daily use ( ! inhabitants4  
,"o hundr$ ?\s& m>ble & bronze /atues   
ornam5t$ ! public squ>es1 ! temples1 !  
/reets1 & ! h\ses ( ! nobility3 n9ety   
colossal /atues rais$ on p$e/als2 &     
=ty-eight ,egyptian obelisks ( r$       
granite1 "s ( ! l>ge/ size1 also adorn$ 
! city4  ,su* 0 anci5t ,rome1 ! ,et]nal 
,city4 ,al?\gh visit$ = m ?an a ?\s&    
ye>s by v>i\s calamities1 %e is /ill !  
mo/ maje/ic ( cities2 ! *>m ( beauty1   
dignity1 & gr&eur /ill l+]s ar\nd ! ru9s
 ( anci5t1 z well z ! spl5did /ructures 
( mod]n ,rome1 & brilliant recollections
 ( e age are connect$ ) ! monum5ts :i* !
 pass+ travel] meets at e /ep4     ,,!  

,,capitol4   ,! ,capitol or ,citadel (  
anci5t ,rome /ood on ! ,capitol9e hill1 
! smalle/ ( ! sev5 hills ( ,rome1 call$ 
! ,saturn9e & ,t>peian rock4 ,x 0 begun 
,b4,c4 #fad1 by ,t>qu9ius ,priscus1 b 0 
n complet$ till aft] ! expulsion ( !    
k+s4 ,aft] be+ ?rice de/roy$ by fire &  
civil commotion1 x 0 rebuilt by         
,domitian1 :o in/itut$ !re ! ,capitol9e 
games4 ,dionysius says ! temple1 ) !    
ext]ior palaces1 0 #bjj feet long1 &    
#ahe broad4 ,! :ole build+ consi/$ (    
?ree temples1 :i* 7 d$icat$ to ,jupit]1 
,juno1 & ,m9]va1 & sep>at$ f "o ano!r by
 walls4 ,9 ! wide portico1 triumphal    
banquets 7 giv5 to ! p4 ,! /atue (      
,jupit]1 9 ! ,capitol1 repres5t$ ! god  
sitt+ on a ?rone ( ivory & gold1 &      
consi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ times ( clay pa9t$   
r$2 "u ,trajan1 x 0 =m$ ( gold4 ,! ro( (
 ! temple 0 made ( bronze2 x 0 gild$ by 
,q4 ,catulus4 ,! doors 7 ( ! same metal4
 ,spl5dor & exp5se 7 pr(usely lavi%$ ^u 
! :ole edifice4 ,! gild+ alone co/      
#ab1jjj tal5ts 7ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj71 = :i*

 reason ! ,romans call$ x ! ,gold5      
,capitol4 ,on ! p$im5t /ood a *>iot     
drawn by f\r horses1 at fir/ ( clay1 &  
aft]w>ds ( brass gild$4 ,! temple itself
 conta9$ an imm5se quantity ( ! mo/     
magnific5t pres5ts4 ,! mo/ important    
/ate pap]s1 & p>ticul>ly ! ,sibyll9e    
books 7 pres]v$ 9 x4 ,a few pill>s & "s 
ru9s are all t n[ rema9 ( ! magnific5t  
temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us4 ,its site 
is mo/ly occupi$ by ! *ur* ( !          
,franciscans1 & p>tly by ! mod]n capitol
 call$ ! ,campidoglio1 :i* 0 erect$ aft]
 ! design ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 consi/+ (  
?ree build+s4 ,f ! summit ( ! middle "o1
 ! spectator has a spl5did view ( "o ( !
 mo/ rem>kable regions 9 ! _w--!        
,campagna1 up to ! m\nta9s4 ,= a        
description ( ! ,colosseum1 see vol ii1 
page #bi1 ( ?is "w4     ,,mod]n ,,rome4 
,mod]n ,rome is ab\t ?irte5 miles 9     
circuit1 & is divid$ by ! ,tib] into two
 p>ts4 ,9 #ahcj1 ,rome conta9$ #add1edb 
inhabitants1 #ce1ijj h\ses1 #cdf *ur*es1
 #cj mona/]ies1 & upw>ds ( #abj palaces4

 ,! view ( ! maje/ic ru9s2 ! solemn     
gr&eur ( ! *ur*es & palaces2 !          
recollections ( ! pa/2 ! religi\s       
cu/oms2 ! magic & almo/ melan*oly       
tranquillity :i* p]vades ! city2 !      
enjoym5t ( ! endless treasures (        
art--all conspire to raise ! m9d ( !    
travel] to a high /ate ( excitem5t4 ,!  
*ur*es1 palaces1 villas1 squ>es1 /reets1
 f\nta9s1 aqu$ucts1 antiquities1 ru9s--9
 %ort1 ev]y?+ proclaims ! anci5t maje/y 
& ! pres5t greatness ( ,rome4 ,almo/ e  
*ur*1 palace1 & villa is a treasury (   
art4 ,among ! *ur*es1 ,/4 ,pet]'s is !  
mo/ conspicu\s1 & is1 p]haps1 ! mo/     
beautiful build+ 9 ! _w4 ,bramante began
 x2 ,sangallo & ,p]uzzi succe$$ him2 b  
,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o erect$ its imm5se   
dome1 :i* is f\r hundr$ & fifty feet    
high to ! top ( ! cross1 design$ !      
greate/ "p4 ,_m o!r ar*itects 7 (t5     
employ$ ^u x2 ,mad]no f9i%$ ! front & ! 
two t[]s4 ,! erection ( ?is edifice1 f  
#aejf to #afad1 co/ #de1jjj1jjj ,roman  
cr[ns4 ,be=e we arrive at ?is gr&       

temple1 ! eye is attract$ by ! beautiful
 squ>e 9 front ( x1 surr\nd$ by a       
magnific5t colonnade by ,b]n9i1 &       
ornam5t$ by an ,egyptian obelisk1 toge!r
 ) two spl5did f\nta9s4 ,^u ent]+ !     
ve/ibule1 ,giotto's mosaic1 la          
,navicella1 is se54 ,"u ! portico1      
opposite ! great door1 is ,b]n9i's great
 bas relief repres5t+ ,*ri/ comm&+ ,pet]
 to fe$ 8 %eep2 & at ! ends ( ! portico 
are ! eque/rian /atues ( ,con/ant9e by  
,b]n9i1 & ( ,*>lemagne by ,corna*9i4 ,! 
union ( ^! ma/]pieces has an            
indescribable effect4 ,! h>mony &       
proportion :i* prevail 9 ! int]ior ( ?is
 augu/ temple are su*1 t1 imm5se z x is1
 ! eye di/+ui%es all ! p>ts )\t         
confusion or difficulty4 ,:5 ea* object 
is m9utely exam9$1 we are a/oni%$ at its
 magnitude1 s mu* m consid]able ?an     
appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,! imm5se canopy (
 ! high alt>1 support$ by f\r bronze    
pill>s ( #abj feet 9 height1 p>ticul>ly 
attracts ! att5tion4 ,! dome is ! bolde/
 "w ( mod]n ar*itecture4 ,! cross !reon 

is #dej feet above ! pavem5t4 ,! lant]n 
af=ds ! mo/ beautiful prospect ( ! city 
& ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! spl5did mosaics1
 tombs1 pa9t+s1 frescos1 works 9 m>ble1 
gild$ bronze & /ucco1 ! new sacri/y--a  
beautiful piece ( ar*itecture1 b n 9    
unison ) ! re/--des]ve sep>ate          
consid]ation4 ,! two mo/ beautiful      
*ur*es 9 ,rome next to ,/4 ,pet]'s are !
 ,/4 ,john's ( ! ,lat]an1 & ! ,santa    
,m>ia ,maggiore4 ,! =m]1 built by       
,con/ant9e ! ,great1 is ! p>o*ial *ur* (
 ! pope2 x !re=e takes prec$5ce ( all   
o!rs1 & is call$ ,omnium urbis el orbis 
ecclesi>um mat] et caput 7! head & "m ( 
all *ur*es ( ! city & ! _w74 ,9 x is    
celebrat$ ! coronation ( ! popes4 ,x    
conta9s sev]al pill>s ( granite1 v]de   
antico1 & gilt bronze2 ! twelve apo/les 
by ,rusconi & ,legros2 & ! beautiful    
*apel ( ,cors9i1 :i* is unequall$ 9 its 
proportions1 built by ,alex&] ,galilei4 
,! alt>-piece is a mosaic f a pa9t+ by  
,guido1 & ! beautiful porphyry          
s>cophagus1 :i* is "u ! /atue ( ,clem5t 

,,xii41 0 f\nd 9 ! ,pan!on1 & is suppos$
 to h conta9$ ! a%es ( ,m4 ,agrippa4 ,! 
nave ( ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore  
is support$ by =ty ,ionic pill>s (      
,grecian m>ble1 :i* 7 tak5 f a temple ( 
,juno ,luc9a3 ! ceil+ 0 gild$ ) ! fir/  
gold br\ght f ,p]u4 ,we are "h /ruck )  
admiration at ! mosaics2 ! high alt>1   
consi/+ ( an antique porphyry           
s>cophagus2 ! *apel ( ,sixtus ,v41 built
 f ! designs ( ,fontana1 & ri*ly        
ornam5t$2 ! *apel ( ,paul ,v41 adorn$ ) 
m>ble & preci\s /ones2 ! *apel ( ,s=za1 
by ,mi*ael ,angelo2 & ! sepul*res (     
,guglielmo della ,porta & ,alg>di4 ,9 ! 
squ>e be=e ! front is a ,cor9?ian       
column1 :i* is consid]$ a ma/]piece (   
its k9d4 ,! l>ge/ *ur* 9 ,rome next to  
,/4 ,pet]'s 0 ! ,basilica di ,san ,paolo
 fuori delle ,mura1 on ! road to ,o/ia1 
burnt a few ye>s s9ce4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4    
,lor5zo1 )\t ! city1 possesses "s r>e   
monum5ts ( antiquity4 ,! *ur* ( ,san    
,pietro 9 ,v9cola conta9s ! celebrat$   
/atue ( ,moses1 by ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,!  

*ur* ( ,/4 ,agnes1 9 ! place ,navona1   
begun by ,ra9aldi & complet$ by         
,borrom9i1 is "o ( ! mo/ highly         
ornam5t$1 p>ticul>ly ) mod]n sculpture4 
,"h is ! admirable relief ( ,alg>di1    
repres5t+ ,/4 ,agnes depriv$ ( h] clo!s1
 & cov]$ only ) h] hair4 ,! ,basilica ( 
,/4 ,seba/ian1 be=e ! ,porta ,cap5a1    
conta9s ! /atue ( ! dy+ sa9t1 by        
,giorgetti1 a pupil ( ,alg>di1 & ! ma/] 
( ,b]n9i4 ,"u ^! *ur*es are ! catacombs1
 :i* =m]ly s]v$ z places ( burial4 ,9 ! 
*ur* ( ,/4 ,agnes1 be=e ! ,porta ,pia1  
among _m o!r beautiful columns are f\r (
 porphyry1 belong+ to ! high alt>1 &    
consid]$ ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,rome4 ,9 a  
small *apel is a bu/ ( ! ,savior by     
,mi*ael ,angelo--a ma/]piece4 ,9 ! *ur* 
( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 !re is a picture by     
,raphael repres5t+ ! prophet ,isaiah1 & 
an ,asc5sion by ,lanfranco4 ,! mona/]y  
has a ri* libr>y1 call$ ! ,angelica1 &  
increas$ by ! libr>y ( c>d9al           
,passionei4 ,! foll[+ *ur*es also des]ve
 to be m5tion$1 on acc\nt ( _!          

ar*itecture & works ( art2 ! *ur*es (   
,/4 ,ignatius1 ,/4 ,cecilia1 ,s4 ,&rea  
della ,valle1 ,s4 ,&rea del ,noviziato1 
! ,pan!on 7also call$ la ,rotonda71 9   
:i* ,raffaelle1 ,annibale ,c>acci1      
,m5gs1 etc41 are int]r$4 ,all ! #cfd    
*ur*es ( ,rome conta9 monum5ts ( art or 
antiquity4 ,among ! palaces1 ! pr9cipal 
is ! ,vatican1 an imm5se pile1 9 :i* !  
mo/ valuable monum5ts ( antiquity1 & !  
works ( ! greate/ mod]n ma/]s are       
pres]v$4 ,"h are ! museum               
,pio-,clem5t9um1 e/abli%$ by ,clem5t    
,,xiv41 & enl>g$ by ,pius ,,vi41 & !    
celebrat$ libr>y ( ! ,vatican4 ,!       
treasures c>ri$ away by ! ,fr5* h be5   
re/or$4 ,among ! pa9t+s ( ?is palace1 ! 
mo/ beautiful are ,raffaelle's frescos 9
 ! /anze & loggie4 ,! pr9cipal oil      
pa9t+s are 9 ! app>tam5to ,borgia1 :i*  
also conta9s ! ,transfiguration1 by     
,raphael4 ,9 ! ,si/9e *apel is ! ,la/   
,judgm5t by ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,! popes h 
*os5 ! palace ( ,monte ,cavallo1 or !   
,quir9al palace1 ) its ext5sive &       

beautiful g>d5s1 = _! usual resid5ce1 on
 acc\nt ( its heal?y air & f9e prospect4
 ,! ,lat]an palace1 :i* ,sixtus ,v4 _h  
rebuilt by ,fontana1 0 *ang$1 9 #afic1  
into an alms-h\se4 ,besides ^!1 ! foll[+
 are celebrat$3 ! palace della          
,cancell>io1 ! palace de' ,cons]vatori1 
! palace ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ! build+s ( !      
,academy1 etc4 ,among ! private palaces1
 ! ,b>b]9i is ! l>ge/2 x 0 built by     
,b]n9i1 9 a beautiful /yle4 ,"h are !   
,magdal5 ( ,guido1 "o ( ! f9e/ works (  
,c>avaggio1 ! ,pa9t+s ( ! great hall1 a 
ma/]piece ( ,pietro da ,cortona1 & o!r  
valuable pa9t+s4 ,( works ( sculpture1 !
 ,sleep+ ,fawn1 n[ 9 ,muni*1 0 =m]ly "h2
 ! ma/]ly gr\p repres5t+ ,atalanta &    
,meleag]1 a ,juno1 a sick ,satyr by     
,b]n9i1 ! bu/ ( ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i by !    
same arti/1 & ! bu/s ( ,m>ius1 ,sylla1 &
 ,scipio ,africanus1 are 9 ?is palace4  
,! libr>y is calculat$ to conta9 #fj1jjj
 pr9t$ books1 & #ijjj manuscripts2 a    
cab9et ( m$als1 bronzes1 & preci\s      
/ones1 is also connect$ ) ! libr>y4 ,!  

,borghese palace1 erect$ by ,bramante1  
is ext5sive1 & 9 a beautiful /yle2 !    
colonnade ( ! c\rt is spl5did4 ,?is     
palace conta9s a l>ge collection (      
pa9t+s1 r>e works ( sculpture1 valuable 
tables1 & ut5sils ( ri* workman%ip1 ( r$
 porphyry1 alaba/]1 & o!r mat]ials4 ,!  
upp] hall is unrivall$2 ! great l&scapes
 ( ,v]net1 ) :i* x is adorn$1 are s true
 to nature1 t1 ^u ent]+1 "o imag9es     
himself transport$ into real sc5es4 ,!  
palace ,albani1 ! situation ( :i* is    
rem>kably f9e1 possesses a valuable     
libr>y1 a great numb] ( pa9t+s1 & a     
collection ( designs by ,c>acci1        
,polidoro1 ,lanfranco1 ,spagnoletto1    
,cignani1 & o!rs4 ,! palace ,alti]i1 "o 
( ! l>ge/ 9 ,rome1 is 9 a simple /yle ( 
ar*itecture1 & conta9s r>e manuscripts1 
m$als1 pa9t+s1 etc41 & valuable         
furniture4 ,9 ! palace ,colonna !re is a
 ri* collection ( pa9t+s by ! fir/      
ma/]s2 all ! rooms are decorat$ ) !m1 & 
p>ticul>ly ! gall]y1 :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ 
9 ,europe4 ,9 ! g>d5s are ! ru9s ( !    

ba?s ( ,con/ant9e & ^? ( ! temple (     
,sol4 ,! ,aldobr&9i palace conta9s !    
pr\de/ monum5t ( anci5t pa9t+--!        
,aldobr&9e ,w$d+1 a fresco pur*as$ by   
,pius ,,vii41 9 #ahah1 9 :i* ! design is
 admirable4 ,! great ,f>nese palace1    
begun f ! designs ( ,sangallo1 &        
complet$ "u ! direction ( ,mi*ael       
,angelo1 is celebrat$ bo? = its beauty &
 its treasures ( art4 ,! ,c>acci &      
,dom5i*9o h immortaliz$ !mselves by _!  
frescos 9 its gall]y4 ,! ,f>nese        
,h]cules1 ! ma/]ly ,flora1 & ! urn (    
,caecilia ,metella1 =m]ly adorn$ ! c\rt2
 & 9 ! palace itself 0 ! beautiful gr\p 
( ! ,f>nese bull4 ,b :5 ! k+ ( ,naples  
inh]it$ ! ,f>nese e/ate1 ^! /atues1 )   
o!r works ( art1 7 c>ri$ to ,naples1 :]e
 !y n[ adorn ! palace degli ,/udi4 ,n f>
 (f is ! palace ,cors9i1 :]e que5       
,*ri/9a liv$ & di$ 9 #afhi4 ,x conta9s a
 valuable libr>y & gall]y4 ,! palace    
,giu/9iani also _h a gall]y adorn$ )    
num]\s valuable /atues & works (        
sculpture2 its pr9cipal ornam5ts 7 !    

celebrat$ /atue ( ,m9]va1 ! f9e/ ( t    
goddess n[ kn[n1 & ! bas-relief (       
,amal?aea suckl+ ,jupit]4 ,^! treasures 
7 nom9ally b\ght by ,napoleon1 & are n[ 
9 ,p>is4 ,! pa9t+s are *iefly 9 !       
possession ( ! k+ ( ,prussia4 ,9 !      
palace ,spada is ! /atue ( ,pompey1 at !
 foot ( :i* ,caes> fell "u ! dagg]s ( 8 
murd]]s4 ,we h yet to m5tion ! palace   
,co/aguti1 on acc\nt ( its f9e frescos2 
,*igi1 = its beautiful ar*itecture1 its 
pa9t+s & libr>y2 ,mattei1 = its num]\s  
/atues1 reliefs1 & anci5t inscriptions2 
! palace ( ,pamfili1 built by ,borrom9i1
 = its spl5did pa9t+s & int]nal         
magnific5ce2 t ( ,pamfili 9 ! squ>e (   
,navona1 ) a libr>y & gall]y2           
,rospigliosi1 ^u ! ,quir9al hill1 etc4  
,among ! palaces ( ,rome1 :i* be> ! "n (
 villas1 is ! ,villa ,m$ici1 on !       
,p9cian m\nt1 on :i* 7 =m]ly situat$ !  
spl5did g>d5s ( ,lucullus3 x once       
conta9$ a va/ numb] ( ma/]pieces ( e    
k9d2 b ! gr& dukes ,leopold & ,f]d9& h  
remov$ ! f9e/ works 7among !m1 ! gr\p ( 

,niobe1 by ,scopas7 to ,flor5ce4 ,?is   
palace1 h[ev]1 is yet wor?y ( be+       
visit$4 ,"u ! portico ( ! ,villa        
,negroni are ! two f9e /atues ( ,sylla &
 ,m>ius1 seat$ on ! sella curulis4 ,9 ! 
ext5sive g>d51 :i* is ?ree miles 9      
circuit1 "s beautiful fresco pa9t+s h   
be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( "s ( ! h\ses4 ,!    
,villa ,mattei1 on ! ,coelian m\nt1     
conta9s a spl5did collection ( /atues4  
,! ,villa ,ludovisi1 on ! ,p9cian m\nt1 
n f> f ! ru9s ( ! circus & ! g>d5s (    
,sallu/1 is "o & a half miles 9 circuit1
 & conta9s valuable monum5ts ( art1     
p>ticul>ly ! ,aurora ( ,gu]c9o1 an      
anci5t gr\p ( ! s5ator ,papirius & 8 "m 
7or r ( ,pha$ra & ,hippolytus71 ano!r ( 
,arria & ,paetus1 & ,b]n9i's rape (     
,pros]p9e4 ,! ,villa ,borghese1 ne>     
,rome1 has a f9e b an unheal?y          
situation4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! city1 & !  
environs z f> z ,frascati & ,tivoli1 are
 visible f x4 ,x has a g>d51 ) a p>k    
?ree miles 9 circuit4 ,?is palace 0     
ornam5t$ 9 its int]ior1 & furni%$ ) s   

mu* ri*ness & elegance1 t x might h be5 
consid]$ ! fir/ edifice 9 ,rome1 next to
 ! capitol1 p>ticul>ly = its f9e        
collection ( /atues4 ,! mo/ rem>kable   
among !m 7 ! ,fight+ ,gladiator2 ,sil5us
 & a ,faun2 ,s5eca1 9 black m>ble1 or r 
a slave at ! ba?s2 ,camillus2 !         
,h]maphrodite2 ! ,c5taur & ,cupid2 two  
,fauns1 play+ on ! flute2 ,c]es2 an     
,egyptian2 a /atue ( ! y\ng] ,n]o2 !    
bu/s ( ,lucius ,v]us1 ,alex&]1 ,fau/9a &
 ,v]us2 v>i\s relievos1 among :i* 0 "o  
repres5t+ ,curtius2 an urn1 on :i* 0    
repres5t$ ! fe/ival ( ,bac*us2 ano!r    
support$ by ! ,graces2 two horns (      
pl5ty1 etc4 ,! greate/ "p ( ^! has n be5
 re/or$ f ,p>is4 ,! ext]ior is ornam5t$ 
) anci5t reliefs4 ,! ,villa ,pamfili1   
be=e ! ,porta di ,san ,pancrazio1 also  
call$ ,belrespiro1 has an agreeable     
situation1 & is sev5 miles 9            
circumf]5ce4 ,! ar*itecture is by       
,alg>di1 b has be5 c5sur$ by            
connoisseurs4 ,9 ! int]ior !re are "s   
f9e specim5s ( sculpture4 ,full         

descriptions ( ?is & ( ! ,villa         
,borghese h be5 publi%$4 ,! ,villa      
,albani1 ^u an em95ce :i* comm&s ,tivoli
 & ! ,sab9a1 is an edifice ( ta/e &     
spl5dor4 ,! c>d9al ,alex&] ,albani      
exp5d$ imm5se sums ^u x1 &1 dur+ ! space
 ( fifty ye>s1 collect$ a spl5did       
cab9et4 ,! ceil+ ( ! gall]y 0 pa9t$ by  
,m5gs1 & is a model ( elegance4 ,!      
,villa ,lante & ! ,villa ,cors9i des]ve 
to be m5tion$ on acc\nt ( _! f9e        
prospects4 ,! ,villa ,doria 7=m]ly      
,algiati71 9 :i* ,raffaelle liv$1       
conta9s ?ree fresco pa9t+s ( ?is great  
ma/]4 ,! ,villa ,f>nese conta9s ! rema9s
 ( ! palace ( ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,!      
capitol conta9s s _m & su* magnific5t   
objects ( e description1 t x is         
impossible to enum]ate !m "h4 ,we mu/ be
 satisfi$ ) m5tion+ ! eque/rian /atue ( 
,m>cus ,aurelius1 be=e ! palace2 !      
,captive ,k+s1 9 ! c\rt2 ! columna      
ro/rata2 & )91 ! colossal /atue (       
,pyrrhus2 ! tomb ( ,sev]us2 ! ,c5taurs1 
( basalt2 ! beautiful alaba/] pill>s2 ! 

ma/]piece 9 mosaic1 :i* once belong$ to 
c>d9al ,furietti1 repres5t+ ?ree doves  
on ! edge ( a vessel fill$ ) wat]1 :i*  
is describ$ by ,pl9y4 ,! f\nta9s are    
among ! pr9cipal ornam5ts ( ! squ>es 9  
,rome4 ,! f\nta9 9 ! ,piazza ,navona1 ! 
mo/ spl5did ( !m all1 has be5 p>ticul>ly
 admir$2 x is surm\nt$ by an obelisk1 & 
ornam5t$ by f\r colossal /atues1 :i*    
repres5t ! f\r pr9cipal riv]s 9 ! _w4 ,!
 f\nta9 ( ,paul ,v41 ne> ! *ur* di ,san 
,pietro 9 ,montorio1 is 9 bad ta/e1 b   
furni%es su* a body ( wat]1 t sev]al    
mills are c>ri$ by x4 ,! f\nta9 di      
,t]m9i is adorn$ ) ?ree reliefs1        
repres5t+ ,moses /rik+ wat] f ! rock1 & 
) a colossal /atue ( t prophet1 & two   
,egyptian lions 9 basalt4 ,! spl5did    
f\nta9 ( ,trevi supplies ! be/ wat]1 :i*
 x receives ?r\gh an anci5t aqu$uct4    
,among ! /reets1 ! ,/rada ,felice & !   
,/rada ,pia1 :i* cross ea* o!r1 are !   
mo/ rem>kable2 among ! bridges1 t ( ,/4 
,angelo 7=m]ly ,pons ,a,elius71 #cjj    
feet 9 l5g?2 & among ! gates ! ,porta   

del ,popolo 7=m]ly ,porta ,flam9ia74 ,( 
anci5t monum5ts1 ! foll[+ yet rema93 !  
,pan!on1 ! ,coliseum1 ! column (        
,trajan1 t ( ,anton9e1 ! amphi!atre (   
,vespasian2 ! mausoleum ( ,augu/us1 !   
mausoleum ( ,adrian 7n[ ! =tress ( ,/4  
,angelo72 ! triumphal ar*es ( ,sev]us1  
,titus1 ,con/ant9e1 ,janus1 ,n]o1 &     
,drusus2 ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,jupit]    
,/ator1 ( ,jupit] ,tonans1 ( ,concordia1
 ( ,pax1 ( ,anton9us & ,fau/9a1 ( ! sun 
& moon1 ( ,romulus1 ( ,romulus & ,remus1
 ( ,pallas1 ( ,=tuna ,virilis1 ( ,=tuna 
,muliebris1 ( ,virtue1 ( ,bac*us1 (     
,ve/a1 ( ,m9]va ,m$ica1 & ( ,v5us &     
,cupid2 ! rema9s ( ! ba?s ( ,dioclesian1
 ( ,c>acalla & ,titus1 etc42 ! ru9s ( ! 
!atre ( ,pompey1 ne> ! ,curia ,pompeii1 
:]e ,caes> 0 murd]$1 & ^? ( ! !atre (   
,m>cellus2 ! ru9s ( ! old =um 7n[ call$ 
,campo ,vacc9o72 ! rema9s ( ! old       
bridges2 ! circus ,maximus2 ! circus (  
,c>acalla2 ! h\se ( ,cic]o2 ! ,curia    
,ho/ilia2 ! trophies ( ,m>ius2 ! portico
 ( ,philip & ,octavius2 ! c\ntry h\se & 

t[] ( ,maec5as2 ! ,claudian aqu$uct2 !  
monum5ts ( ! family ( ,aruns1 ( !       
,scipios1 ( ,metella 7call$ ,capo di    
,bove72 ! prison ( ,jugur?a 7,c>c]o     
,mam]t9o71 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] 0 imprison$2 
! monum5t ( ,caius ,ce/ius1 :i* is      
entirely un9jur$1 9 =m ( a pyramid1 ne> 
:i* ! ,prote/ants are buri$2 ! ,cloaca  
,maxima1 built by ,t>qu91 etc4 ,besides 
! obelisk ne> ! ,porta del ,popolo1 t   
rais$ 9 ! pontificate ( ,pius ,,vi41 on 
m\nt ,cavallo1 is des]v+ ( notice4 ,!   
pr9cipal collections ( lit]ature & !    
arts h already be5 notic$2 b ! ,museo   
,kir*eliano des]ves to be p>ticul>ly    
m5tion$2 !re are1 besides1 _m private   
collections & mona/ic libr>ies1 :i*     
conta9 _m valuable works4 ,su*          
treasures1 especially 9 ! arts1 make    
,rome ! great s*ool ( pa9t]s1 /atu>ies1 
& ar*itects1 & a place ( pilgrimage to  
all lov]s ( ! arts2 & !re are "h        
innum]able /udios ( pa9t]s & sculptors4 
,roman art seems to h receiv$ a new     
impulse4 ,! academy ( ,san ,luca 0      

e/abli%$ solely = ! art ( pa9t+4 ,!re   
are also _m lit]>y in/itutions 9 ! city4
     ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,v5ice4   ,x  
is record$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ,padua1 says   
,milizia1 t :5 ,rhadagasius ent]$       
,italy1 & ! cruelties ex]cis$ by !      
,visigo?s oblig$ ! p to seek refuge 9   
v>i\s places1 an ar*itect ( ,c&ia1 nam$ 
,eut9opus1 0 ! fir/ to retire to ! f5s (
 ! ,adriatic1 :]e he built a h\se1 :i*  
rema9$ ! only "o !re = sev]al ye>s4 ,at 
l5g?1 :5 ,al>ic cont9u$ to desolate !   
c\ntry1 o!rs s\ght an asylum 9 ! same   
m>%es1 & built tw5ty-f\r h\ses1 :i* =m$ 
! g]m ( ,v5ice4 ,! security ( ! place n[
 induc$ p to settle !re rapidly1 &      
,v5ice soon sprung up a city & gradually
 rose to be mi/ress ( ! seas4 ,!        
,v5etian hi/orians in=m u t ! h\se (    
,eut9opus1 dur+ a dreadful              
conflagration1 0 miracul\sly sav$ by a  
%[] ( ra91 at ! pray] ( ! ar*itect1 :o  
made a v[ to conv]t x into a *ur*2 he   
did ?is1 & d$icat$ x to ,/4 ,james1 !   
magi/rates & inhabitants contribut+ to  

build & ornam5t ! edifice4 ,! *ur* is   
/ill /&+1 9 ! qu>t] ( ! ,rialto1 :i* is 
univ]sally consid]$ ! olde/ "p ( ,v5ice4
     ,,!odoric ,,! ,,great1 ,,& ,,8     
,,love ,,( ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4   ,!odoric1
 k+ ( ! ,o/rogo?s1 & aft]w>ds also k+ ( 
,italy1 0 born at ,amali1 ne> ,vi5na1 9 
#dee1 & di$ 9 #ebf4 ,?\gh a ,go?1 he 0 s
 f> f delight+ 9 ! de/ruction ( public  
monum5ts1 & works ( art1 t he issu$     
edicts = _! pres]vation at ,rome &      
?r\gh\t ,italy1 & assign$ rev5ues = !   
repair ( ! public edifices1 = :i*       
purpose he employ$ ! mo/ skillful &     
le>n$ ar*itects1 p>ticul>ly ,aloisius1  
,boetius1 & ,symma*us4 ,accord+ to      
,cassiodorus 7lib4 ii4 ,v>ior4 ,epi/4   
xxxix471 ,!odoric said3 ,x is glori\s to
 pres]ve ! works ( antiquity2 & x is our
 duty to re/ore ! mo/ useful & ! mo/    
beautiful4 ,symma*us _h ! direction ( ! 
build+s con/ruct$ or rebuilt at ,rome4  
,! k+ ?us wrote to him3 ,y h con/ruct$  
f9e edifices2 y h1 moreov]1 dispos$ ( !m
 ) s mu* wisdom t !y equal ^? (         

antiquity1 & s]ve z examples to !       
mod]ns2 & all y %[ u is a p]fect image (
 ! excell5ce ( y\r m9d1 because x is n  
possible to build correctly )\t good    
s5se & a well cultivat$ und]/&+4  ,9 8  
directions to ! ,prefect ( ,rome1 on !  
ar*itecture ( ! public edifices1        
,!odoric ?us wrote3  ,! beauty ( !      
,roman build+s requires a skillful      
ov]se]1 9 ord] t su* a wond]ful =e/ (   
edifices %\ld be pres]v$ ) con/ant c>e1 
& ! new ones prop]ly con/ruct$1 bo?     
int]nally & ext]nally4 ,!re=e we direct 
our g5]osity n only to ! pres]vation (  
anci5t ?+s1 b to ! inve/+ ! new ones ) !
 glories ( antiquity4 ,be x kn[n1 !re=e1
 to y\r illu/ri\s p]son1 t = ?is end an 
ar*itect ( ! ,roman walls is appo9t$4 ,&
 because ! /udy ( ! arts requires       
assi/ance1 we desire t he may h e       
reasonable accommodation t 8 pr$ecessors
 h enjoy$4 ,he w c]ta9ly see ?+s sup]ior
 to :at he has read (1 & m beautiful ?an
 he c\ld ev] h imag9$4 ,! /atues /ill   
feel _! r5[n$ au?ors1 & appe> to live3  

he w obs]ve express$ 9 ! bronze1 ! ve9s1
 ! muscles swoll5 by ex]tion1 ! n]ves   
gradually /ret*$1 & ! figure express+ ^?
 feel+s :i* act on a liv+ subject4  ,x  
is said t ! fir/ arti/s 9 ,italy 7 !    
,etruscans1 & ?us po/]ity has giv5 to   
!m1 z well z to ,rome1 almo/ ! p[] (    
creat+ man4 ,h[ wond]ful are ! horses1 s
 full ( _s1 ) _! fi]y no/rils1 _! sp>kl+
 eyes1 _! easy & graceful limbs2--!y    
w\ld move1 if n ( metal4 ,& :at %all we 
say ( ^? l(ty1 sl5d]1 & f9ely flut$     
columns1 :i* appe> a "p ( ! sublime     
/ructure !y support8 ,t appe>s wax1 :i* 
is h>d & elegant metal2 ! jo9ts 9 !     
m>ble be+ l natural ve9s4 ,! beauty (   
art is to deceive ! eye4 ,anci5t        
hi/orians acqua9t u ) only sev5 wond]s 9
 ! _w3 ! ,temple ( ,diana1 at ,ephesus2 
! magnific5t sepul*re ( ! k+ ,mausolus1 
f :5ce is d]iv$ ! ^w mausoleum2 ! bronze
 ,colossus ( ! ,sun1 9 ,rhodes2 ! /atue 
( ,jupit] ,olympius1 ( gold & ivory1 =m$
 by ! ma/]ly h& ( ,phidias1 ! fir/ (    
ar*itects2 ! palace ( ,cyrus1 ,k+ (     

,m$ia1 built by ,memnon ( /ones unit$ by
 gold2 ! walls ( ,babylon1 con/ruct$ by 
,semiramis ( brick1 pit*1 & iron2 !     
pyramids ( ,egypt1 ! %ad[s ( :i* d n    
ext5d beyond ! space ( _! con/ruction4  
,b :o c any long] consid] ^! z wond]s1  
aft] hav+ se5 s _m 9 ,rome8 ,^? 7 fam\s 
because !y prec$$ u2 x is natural t !   
new productions ( ! !n b>b>\s ages %\ld 
be r5[n$4 ,x may truly be said t all    
,rome is wond]ful4 ,we h !re=e select$ a
 man clev] 9 ! arts1 :o1 9 see+ s _m    
+5i\s ?+s ( antiquity1 in/ead ( rema9+  
m]ely en*ant$ ) !m1 has set himself to  
"w to inve/igate ! reason1 /udy _!      
books1 & in/ruct himself1 t he may      
become z le>n$ z ^? 9 ! place ( :om he  
is to consid] himself appo9t$4  ,milizia
 says ( ,!odoric1 ,is ?is ! language ( a
 ,go?ic b>b>ian1 ! de/roy] ( good ta/e8 
,p]icles1 ,alex&]1 ,adrian1 or "o ( !   
,m$ici c\ld n h reason$ bett]4 ,& aga91 
,c ^! ,go?s be ! inv5tors ( t           
ar*itecture vulg>ly call$ ,go?ic8 & are 
^! ! b>b>ians said to h be5 ! de/roy]s (

 ! beautiful monum5ts ( antiquity8      
,ecclesia/ical hi/ory gives to ! good   
,*ri/ians & ! jeal\s ecclesia/ics !     
honor ( hav+ dismantl$ temples1 &       
disfigur$ /atues 9 ,italy1 ,greece1     
,asia1 & ,egypt4 99  99  99 ,x is cle> t
 ! ,go?s 7 n ! au?ors ( t ar*itecture   
call$ ,go?ic4 ,! ,go?s & b>b>ians :o    
ov]ran ,italy _h n any *>act]i/ic       
ar*itecture1 good or bad4 ,!y br\ght )  
!m nei!r ar*itects1 pa9t]s1 nor poets4  
,!y 7 all soldi]s1 & :5 fix$ 9 ,italy   
employ$ ,italian arti/s2 b z 9 t c\ntry1
 good ta/e 0 mu* on ! decl9e1 x n[      
became m debas$1 not)/&+ ! ef=ts made by
 ! ,go?s to revive x4     ,,ar*im$es4   
,?is wond]ful g5ius 0 ( royal desc5t1 & 
born at ,syracuse ab\t ,b4,c4 #bhg4 ,he 
0 a relative ( k+ ,hi]o1 :o held him 9 !
 highe/ e/eem & favor1 ?\gh he does n   
appe> to h held any public (fice1       
pref]r+ to devote himself entirely to   
sci5ce4 ,su* 0 8 en?usiasm1 t he appe>s 
at times to h be5 s completely absorb$ 9
 contemplation & calculations1 z to be  

totally unconsci\s ( :at 0 pass+ ar\nd  
him4 ,we _c fully e/imate 8 s]vices to  
ma!matics1 = want ( an acqua9tance ) !  
previ\s /ate ( sci5ce2 /ill we "k t he  
enri*$ x ) discov]ies ( ! highe/        
importance1 ^u :i* ! mod]ns h f\nd$ _!  
admeasurem5ts ( curvil9e> surfaces &    
solids4 ,euclid1 9 8 elem5ts1 consid]s  
only ! relations ( "s ( ^! magnitudes to
 ea* o!r1 b does n comp>e !m ) surfaces 
& solids b\nd$ by /raight l9es4         
,ar*im$es develop$ ! proportions        
necess>y = effect+ ?is comp>ison1 9 8   
treatises on ! sph]e & cyl9d]1 ! sph]oid
 & conoid1 & 9 8 "w on ! measure ( !    
circle4 ,he rose to /ill m ab/ruse      
consid]ations 9 8 treatise on ! spiral4 
,ar*im$es is also ! only "o ( ! anci5ts 
:o has left u any?+ satisfactory on !   
!ory ( me*anics & hydro/atics4 ,he fir/ 
taught ! pr9ciple t a body imm]s$ 9 a   
fluid1 loses z mu* 9 weight1 z ! weight 
( an equal volume ( ! fluid4 ,he        
discov]$ ?is :ile ba?+1 :i* is said to h
 caus$ him s mu* joy t he ran home f !  

ba? undress$1 exclaim+1 ,i h f\nd x2 ,i 
h f\nd x6 ,by means ( ?is pr9ciple1 he  
det]m9$ h[ mu* alloy a goldsmi? _h add$ 
to a cr[n :i* k+ ,hi]o _h ord]$ ( pure  
gold4 ,ar*im$es _h a pr(\nd k (         
me*anics1 & 9 a mom5t ( en?usiasm1 ) :i*
 ! extraord9>y p]=mances ( 8 ma*9es _h  
inspir$ him1 he exclaim$ t he c\ld move 
! e>? ) ease1 by means ( 8 ma*9es plac$ 
on a fix$ po9t ne> x4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( 
! comp\nd pulley1 & probably ( ! endless
 screw :i* be>s 8 "n4 ,he inv5t$ _m     
surpris+ eng9es & ma*9es4 ,"s suppose t 
he visit$ ,egypt1 & rais$ ! sites ( !   
t[ns & villages ( ,egypt1 & begun ^?    
m\nds ( e>? by means ( :i* communication
 0 kept up f t[n to t[n1 dur+ !         
inundations ( ! ,nile4 ,:5 ,m>cellus1 ! 
,roman consul1 besieg$ ,syracuse1 he    
devot$ all 8 tal5ts to ! def5se ( 8     
native c\ntry4 ,he con/ruct$ ma*9es :i* 
sudd5ly rais$ up 9 ! air ! %ips ( !     
enemy 9 ! bay be=e ! city1 & !n let !m  
fall ) su* viol5ce into ! wat] t !y     
sunk2 he also set !m on fire ) 8 burn+  

glasses4 ,polybius1 ,livy1 & ,plut>*    
speak 9 detail1 ) wond] & admiration1 ( 
! ma*9es ) :i* he repell$ ! attacks ( ! 
,romans4 ,:5 ! t[n 0 tak5 & giv5 up to  
pillage1 ! ,roman g5]al gave /rict ord]s
 to 8 soldi]s n to hurt ,ar*im$es1 & ev5
 (f]$ a rew>d to him :o %\ld br+ him    
alive & safe to 8 pres5ce4 ,all ^!      
precautions prov$ useless1 = !          
philosoph] 0 s deeply engag$ at ! "t 9  
solv+ a problem1 t he 0 ev5 ignorant t !
 enemy 7 9 possession ( ! city1 & :5 a  
soldi] ent]$ 8 ap>tm5t1 & comm&$ him to 
foll[ him1 he exclaim$1 accord+ to "s1  
,di/urb n my circle6 & to o!rs1 he begg$
 ! soldi] n to kill him till he _h solv$
 8 problem2 b ! r\gh w>rior1 ignorant ( 
! augu/ p]son be=e him1 little he$$ 8   
reque/1 & /ruck him d[n4 ,?is happ5$    
,b4,c4 #bab1 s t ,ar*im$es1 at 8 dea?1  
mu/ h be5 ab\t #ge ye>s old4 ,m>cellus  
rais$ a monum5t ov] him1 & plac$ ^u x a 
cyl9d] & a sph]e1 !reby to immortalize 8
 discov]y ( _! mutual relations1 on :i* 
he set a p>ticul> value2 b x rema9$ long

 neglect$ & unkn[n1 till ,cic]o1 dur+ 8 
que/or%ip ( ,sicily1 f\nd x ne> "o ( !  
gates ( ,syracuse1 & _h x repair$4 ,!   
/ory ( 8 burn+ glasses _h always appe>$ 
fabul\s to "s ( ! mod]ns1 till !        
exp]im5ts ( ,buffon demon/rat$ its tru? 
& practicability4 ,^! celebrat$ glasses 
are suppos$ to h be5 reflectors made (  
metal1 & capable ( produc+ _! effect at 
! di/ance ( a b[-%ot4     ,,! ,,trials  
,,( ,,g5ius4   ,,filippo ,,brunelles*i4 
,?is em95t ar*itect 0 "o ( ^? illu/ri\s 
m51 :o1 hav+ conceiv$ & matur$ a gr&    
design1 proce$1 cool1 calm1 &           
indefatigable1 to put x 9 execution1    
undismay$ by ob/acles t seem insup]able1
 by pov]ty1 want1 & :at is worse1 ! je]s
 ( m5 ^: capacities are too limit$ to   
compreh5d _! sublime conceptions4 ,! _w 
is apt to t]m su* m5 en?usia/s1 madm51  
or fools1 till _! glori\s a*ievem5ts    
/amp !m almo/ div9ely inspir$4          
,brunelles*i 0 nobly desc5d$ on 8 "m's  
side1 %e be+ a memb] ( ! ,sp9i family1  
:i*1 accord+ to ,bott>i1 became ext9ct  

t[>ds ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,8       
ance/ors on 8 fa!r's side 7 also le>n$ &
 di/+ui%$ m5--8 fa!r 0 a not>y1 8       
gr&fa!r a v le>n$ man1 & 8 great-gr&fa!r
 a fam\s physician 9 ^? times4          
,filippo's fa!r1 ?\gh poor1 educat$ him 
= ! legal or m$ical pr(ession2 b su* 0 8
 passion = art & me*anics1 t 8 fa!r1    
greatly aga9/ 8 w1 0 compell$ to all[   
him to foll[ ! b5t ( 8 g5ius3 he        
accord+ly plac$ him1 at a prop] age1 9 !
 ,guild ( ! ,goldsmi?s1 t he might      
acquire ! art ( design4 ,filippo soon   
became a pr(ici5t 9 ! sett+ ( preci\s   
/ones1 :i* he did mu* bett] ?an any old 
arti/s 9 ! vocation4 ,he also wr\ght 9  
niello1 & execut$ sev]al figures :i* 7  
highly comm5d$1 p>ticul>ly two figures (
 ,prophets1 = an alt> 9 ! ,ca!dral (    
,pi/oja4 ,filippo next turn$ 8 att5tion 
to sculpture1 & execut$ works 9         
basso-relievo1 :i* %[$ an extraord9>y   
g5ius4 ,subsequ5tly1 hav+ made !        
acqua9tance ( sev]al le>n$ m51 he began 
to turn 8 att5tion to ! computation ( ! 

divisions ( "t1 ! adju/m5t ( weights1 ! 
movem5t ( :eels1 etc4 ,he next b5t 8    
?\ghts to ! /udy ( p]spective1 to :i*1  
be=e 8 "t1 s little att5tion 0 paid by  
arti/s1 t ! figures (t5 appe>$ to be    
slipp+ (f ! canvas1 & ! build+s _h n a  
true po9t ( view4 ,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ :o  
reviv$ ! ,greek practice ( r5d]+ !      
precepts ( geometry subs]vi5t to !      
pa9t]2 = ?is purpose1 he /udi$ ) ! fam\s
 geometrician ,toscanelli1 :o 0 also !  
in/ructor1 fri5d1 & c\nsellor (         
,columbus4 ,filippo pursu$ 8            
inve/igations until he br\ght p]spective
 to great p]fection2 he 0 ! fir/ :o     
discov]$ a p]fectly correct me?od ( tak+
 ! gr\nd plan & sections ( build+s1 by  
means ( int]sect+ l9es--a truly +5i\s   
?+1 says ,vas>i1 & ( great utility to ! 
arts ( design4 ,filippo freely          
communicat$ 8 discov]ies to 8 bro!r     
arti/s4 ,he 0 imitat$ 9 mosaic by       
,b5$etto da ,macano1 & 9 pa9t+ by       
,masaccio1 :o 7 8 pupils4 ,vas>i says   
,brunelles*i 0 a man ( su* exalt$ g5ius1

 t we may truly decl>e him to h be5 giv5
 to u by ,heav51 = ! purpose ( imp>t+ a 
new _s to ar*itecture1 :i* = hundr$s (  
ye>s _h be5 lo/2 = ! m5 ( ^? times _h   
badly exp5d$ great treasures 9 !        
erection ( build+s )\t ord]1 con/ruct$ 9
 a mo/ wret*$ mann]1 aft] deplorable    
designs1 ) fanta/ic inv5tions1 labor$   
graces1 & worse decorations4 ,b x !n    
pleas$ ,heav51 ! e>? hav+ be5 = s _m    
ye>s de/itute ( any di/+ui%$ m9d & div9e
 g5ius1 t ,filippo ,brunelles*i %\ld    
leave to ! _w1 ! mo/ noble1 va/1 &      
beautiful edifice t _h ev] be5 con/ruct$
 9 mod]n times1 or ev5 9 ^? ( ! anci5ts2
 giv+ pro( t ! tal5t ( ! ,tuscan arti/s1
 al?\gh lo/ = a "t1 0 n ext+ui%$4 ,he 01
 moreov]1 adorn$ by ! mo/ excell5t      
qualities1 among :i* 0 t ( k9dl9ess1    
insomu* t !re nev] 0 a man ( m b5ign &  
amicable disposition2 9 judgm5t he 0    
calm & dispassionate1 & laid aside all  
?\ght ( 8 own int]e/ & ev5 t ( 8 fri5ds1
 :5ev] he p]ceiv$ ! m]its & tal5ts (    
o!rs to dem& t he %\ld d s4 ,he knew    

himself1 in/ruct$ _m f ! /ores ( 8      
g5ius1 & 0 ev] ready to succor 8        
neighbor 9 all 8 necessities2 he decl>$ 
himself ! confirm$ enemy ( all vice1 & !
 fri5d ( ^? :o labor$ 9 ! cause (       
virtue4 ,nev] did he sp5d 8 mom5ts      
va9ly1 b1 al?\gh con/antly occupi$ 9 8  
own works1 9 assi/+ ^? ( o!rs1 or       
adm9i/]+ to _! necessities1 he _h yet   
always "t to be/[ on 8 fri5ds1 = :om 8  
aid 0 ev] ready4  ,9 ! meantime1        
,brunelles*i _h /udi$ ar*itecture1 &    
made su* progress t he _h already       
conceiv$ two gr& projects--! "o 0 !     
revival ( ! good mann] ( anci5t         
ar*itecture1 :i* 0 !n ext9ct1 & ! o!r 0 
to discov] a me?od = con/ruct+ ! cupola 
( ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 9   
,flor5ce1 ! difficulties ( :i* 7 s great
 t1 aft] ! dea? ( ,arnolfo di ,lapi1 no 
ar*itect _h be5 f\nd ( suffici5t c\rage 
& capacity to attempt ! vault+ ( t      
cupola4#a ,if he c\ld accompli% "o or   
bo? ( ^! designs1 he believ$ t he w\ld n
 only immortalize 8 own "n1 b conf] a   

la/+ b5efit on mank9d4 ,filippo1 hav+   
resolv$ to devote himself entirely to   
ar*itecture 9 future1 set out = ,rome 9 
company ) 8 fri5d ,donatello1 )\t imp>t+
 8 purpose to any "o4 ,"h 8 m9d became s
 absorb$ t he labor$ incessantly1       
sc>cely all[+ himself ! re/ :i* nature  
requir$4 ,he exam9$1 measur$1 & made    
c>eful draw+s ( all ! edifices1 ru9s1   
ar*es1 & vaults ( antiquity2 to ^! he   
devot$ p]petual /udy1 & if by *ance he  
f\nd fragm5ts ( capitals1 columns1      
cornices1 or basem5ts ( build+s1 p>tly  
buri$ 9 ! e>?1 he set labor]s at "w to  
lay !m op5 to view4 ,"o day1 ,filippo & 
,donatello f\nd an e>!n vase full (     
anci5t co9s1 :i* caus$ a report to be   
spread ab\t ,rome t ! arti/s 7          
treasure-seek]s1 & ?is "n !y (t5 he>d1 z
 !y pass$ along ! /reets1 neglig5tly    
clo!d1 ! p believ+ !m to be m5 :o /udi$ 
geomancy1 = ! discov]y ( treasures4     
,donatello soon return$ to ,flor5ce1 b  
,filippo pursu$ 8 /udies ) unremitt+    
dilig5ce4 ,hav+ exhau/$ 8 means1 al?\gh 

he liv$ 9 ! mo/ frugal mann]1 he        
contriv$ to supply 8 wants1 says        
,milizia1 by pawn+ 8 jewels1 b ,vas>i ) 
great] probability1 by sett+ preci\s    
/ones = ! goldsmi?s1 :o 7 8 fri5ds4 ,nor
 did he re/1 says ,vas>i1 until he _h   
drawn e description ( fabric--temples1  
r\nd1 squ>e1 or octagon2 basilicas1     
aqu$ucts1 ba?s1 ar*es1 ! ,colosseum1    
amphi!atres1 & e *ur* built ( bricks1 ( 
:i* he exam9$ all ! modes ( b9d+ &      
clamp+1 z well z ! turn+ ( ! vaults &   
ar*es2 he took note1 likewise1 ( all !  
me?ods us$ = unit+ ! /ones1 z well z ( !
 means us$ = secur+ ! equilibrium &     
close conjunction ( all ! p>ts2 & hav+  
f\nd t 9 all ! l>g] /ones !re 0 a hole1 
=m$ exactly 9 ! c5tre ( ea* on ! "u     
side1 he discov]$ t ?is 0 = ! ins]tion (
 ! iron in/rum5t ) :i* ! /ones are drawn
 up1 & :i* is call$ by u ! mason's      
clamps 7la ulivella71 an inv5tion1 ! use
 ( :i* he re/or$1 & ev] aft]w>ds put 9  
practice4 ,! diff]5t ord]s 7 next divid$
 by 8 c>es1 ea* ord]1 ! ,doric1 ,ionic1 

or ,cor9?ian be+ plac$ ap>t2 & su* 0 !  
effect ( 8 zeal 9 t /udy1 t he became   
capable ( entirely recon/ruct+ ! city 9 
8 imag9ation1 & ( behold+ ,rome z %e _h 
be5 be=e %e 0 ru9$4 ,b 9 ! ye> #adjg !  
air ( ! place caus$ ,filippo "s slight  
indisposition1 :5 he 0 advis$ by 8      
fri5ds to try *ange ( air4 ,he          
consequ5tly return$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e _m 
build+s _h suff]$ by 8 abs5ce1 & = ^! he
 made _m draw+s & gave num]\s c\nsels on
 8 return4  ,9 ! same ye> an assemblage 
( ar*itects & eng9e]s 0 ga!r$ 9         
,flor5ce1 by ! ,sup]9t5d5ts ( ! works ( 
,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 & by ! ,syndics
 ( ! ,guild ( wool-work]s1 to consult on
 ! means by :i* ! cupola might be rais$4
 ,among ^! appe>$ ,filippo1 :o gave x z 
8 op9ion t ! edifice above ! ro( mu/ be 
con/ruct$1 n aft] ! design ( ,arnolfo1 b
 t a frieze1 fifte5 braccia high1 mu/ be
 erect$1 ) a l>ge w9d[ 9 ea* ( its      
sides3 s9ce n only w\ld ?is take !      
weight (f ! pi]s ( ! tribune1 b w\ld    
also p]mit ! cupola itself to be m      

easily rais$4  ,! ob/acles appe>$ s     
insup]able to ! ,sup]9t5d5ts & !        
,syndics1 t !y delay$ ! execution ( !   
cupola = sev]al ye>s4 ,9 ! meantime1    
,filippo secretly made models & designs 
= 8 cupola1 :i* p]petually occupi$ 8    
?\ghts4 ,he boldly ass]t$ t ! project 0 
n only practicable1 b t x c\ld be done )
 mu* less difficulty & at less exp5se   
?an 0 believ$4 ,at l5g?1 8 boldness1    
g5ius1 & p[]ful argum5ts1 br\ght _m ( ! 
citiz5s to 8 op9ion1 ?\gh he refus$ to  
%[ 8 models1 because he knew ! p[]ful   
opposition & influ5ces he w\ld h to     
enc\nt]1 & ! almo/ c]ta9 loss ( ! honor 
( build+ ! cupola1 :i* he covet$ above  
ev]y?+ else4 ,vas>i ?us cont9ues 8      
admirable hi/ory3 ,b "o morn+ ! fancy   
took him1 he>+ t !re 0 "s talk ( provid+
 eng9e]s = ! con/ruction ( ! cupola1 (  
return+ to ,rome1 ?9k+ t he w\ld h m    
reputation & be m s\ght = f abroad1 ?an 
if he rema9$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,:5 ,filippo _h
 return$ to ,rome accord+ly1 ! acut5ess 
( 8 g5ius & 8 read9ess ( res\rce 7 tak5 

into consid]ation1 :5 x 0 rememb]$ t 9 8
 disc\rses he _h %[$ a confid5ce &      
c\rage t _h n be5 f\nd 9 any ( ! o!r    
ar*itects1 :o /ood conf\nd$1 toge!r ) ! 
build]s1 hav+ lo/ all p[] ( proce$+2 =  
!y 7 conv9c$ t no me?od ( con/ruct+ !   
cupola w\ld ev] be f\nd1 nor any beams t
 w\ld make a scaffold /rong en\gh to    
support ! framework & weight ( s va/ an 
edifice4 ,! ,sup]9t5d5ts 7 !re=e resolv$
 to h an end ( ! matt]1 & wrote to      
,filippo 9 ,rome1 entreat+ him to repair
 to ,flor5ce1 :5 he1 :o desir$ no?+     
bett]1 return$ v readily4 ,! w>d5s (    
,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore & ! syndics ( ! 
,guild ( ,woolwork]s1 hav+ assembl$ on 8
 arrival1 set be=e him all !            
difficulties1 f ! greate/ to ! smalle/1 
:i* _h be5 made by ! ma/]s1 :o 7 pres5t1
 toge!r ) himself1 at ! audi5ce3 :]eupon
 ,filippo repli$ 9 ^! words--',g5tlem5  
,sup]9t5d5ts1 !re is no d\bt t great    
und]tak+s always pres5t difficulties 9  
_! execution2 & if none ev] did s be=e1 
?is ( y\rs does x to an ext5t ( :i* y   

are n p]haps ev5 yet fully aw>e1 = ,i d 
n "k t ev5 ! anci5ts ev] rais$ s enorm\s
 a vault z ?is w be4 ,i1 :o h _m times  
reflect$ on ! scaffold+s requir$1 bo? )9
 & )\t1 & on ! me?od to be pursu$ =     
work+ securely at ?is erection1 h nev]  
be5 able to come to a decision2 & ,i am 
conf\nd$1 no less by ! bread? ?an !     
height ( ! edifice4 ,n[1 if ! cupola    
c\ld be ar*$ 9 a circul> =m1 we might   
pursue ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,romans 9    
erect+ ! ,pan!on ( ,rome2 t is1 !       
,rotunda4 ,b "h we mu/ foll[ ! eight    
sides ( ! build+1 dove-tail+1 &1 s to   
speak1 en*a9+ ! /ones1 :i* w be a v     
difficult ?+4 ,yet1 rememb]+ t ?is is a 
temple consecrat$ to ,god & ! ,virg91 ,i
 confid5tly tru/1 t = a "w execut$ to _!
 honor1 !y w n fail to infuse k :]e x is
 n[ want+1 & w be/[ /r5g?1 wisdom1 &    
g5ius on him :o %all be ! au?or ( su* a 
project4 ,b h[ c ,i help y 9 ! matt]1   
see+ t ! "w is n m9e8 ,i tell y pla9ly1 
t if x belong$ to me1 my c\rage & p[]   
w\ld beyond all d\bt suffice to discov] 

means :]eby ! "w might be effect$ )\t s 
_m difficulties2 b z yet ,i h n reflect$
 on ! matt] to any ext5t1 & y w\ld h me 
tell y by :at me?od x is to be          
accompli%$4 ,b ev5 if y\r wor%ips %\ld  
det]m9e t ! cupola %all be rais$1 y w be
 compell$ n only to make trial ( me1 :o 
d n consid] myself capable ( be+ ! sole 
advis] 9 s important a matt]1 b also to 
exp5d money1 & to comm& t )9 a ye>1 & on
 a fix$ day1 _m ar*itects %all assemble 
9 ,flor5ce2 n ,tuscans & ,italians only1
 b ,g]mans1 ,fr5*1 & ( e o!r nation3 to 
!m x is t su* an und]tak+ %\ld be       
propos$1 to ! end t hav+ discuss$ !     
matt] & decid$ among s _m ma/]s1 ! "w   
may be comm5c$ & entru/$ to him :o %all 
give ! be/ evid5ce ( capacity1 or %all  
display ! be/ me?od & judgm5t = !       
execution ( s great a *>ge4 ,i am n able
 to (f] y o!r c\nsel1 or to propose a   
bett] arrangem5t ?an ?is4'  ,! proposal 
& plan ( ,filippo pleas$ ! ,syndics &   
,w>d5s ( ! works1 b !y w\ld h lik$ t he 
%\ld mean:ile prep>e a model1 on :i* !y 

might h decid$4 ,b he %[$ himself to h  
no su* int5tion1 & tak+ leave ( !m1     
decl>$ t he 0 solicit$ by lett]s to     
return to ,rome4 ,! syndics !n p]ceiv+ t
 _! reque/ & ^? ( ! w>d5s did n suffice 
to deta9 him1 caus$ sev]al ( 8 fri5ds to
 entreat 8 /ay2 b ,filippo n yield+ to  
^! pray]s1 ! w>d5s1 "o morn+1 ord]$ him 
a pres5t ( money2 ?is 0 on ! #bf? (     
,may1 #adag1 & ! sum is to be se5 among 
! exp5ses ( ,filippo1 9 ! books ( !     
works4 ,all ?is 0 done to r5d] him      
favorable to _! wi%es2 b1 firm to 8     
resolution1 he dep>t$ nev]!less f       
,flor5ce & return$ to ,rome1 :]e he     
cont9u$ ! unremitt+ /udy ( ! same       
subject1 mak+ v>i\s arrangem5ts & prep>+
 himself = ! completion ( t "w1 be+     
conv9c$1 z 0 ! tru?1 t no o!r ?an       
himself c\ld conduct su* an und]tak+ to 
its conclusion4 ,nor _h ,filippo advis$ 
! syndics to call new ar*itects = any   
o!r reason1 ?an 0 furni%$ by 8 desire t 
^? ma/]s %\ld be ! witnesses ( 8 own    
sup]ior g5ius3 he by no means expect$ t 

!y c\ld or w\ld receive ! commission =  
vault+ t tribune1 or w\ld und]take !    
*>ge1 :i* he believ$ to be altoge!r too 
difficult = !m4 ,mu* "t 0 mean:ile      
consum$1 be=e ! ar*itects1 :om ! syndics
 _h caus$ to be summon$ f af>1 c\ld     
arrive f _! diff]5t c\ntries4 ,ord]s _h 
be5 giv5 to ! ,flor5t9e m]*ants resid5t 
9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,spa91 :o 
7 au?oriz$ to sp5d l>ge sums ( money = !
 purpose ( s5d+ !m1 & 7 comm&$ to obta9 
f ! sov]eigns ( ea* realm ! mo/ exp]i5c$
 & di/+ui%$ ma/]s ( ! respective        
c\ntries4  ,9 ! ye> #adbj1 all ^! =eign 
ma/]s 7 at l5g? assembl$ 9 ,flor5ce1 )  
^? ( ,tuscany1 & all ! be/ ,flor5t9e    
arti/s 9 design4 ,filippo likewise !n   
return$ f ,rome4 ,!y all assembl$1      
!re=e1 9 ! hall ( ! w>d5s ( ,santa ,m>ia
 del ,fiore1 ! ,syndics & ,sup]9t5d5ts1 
toge!r ) a select numb] ( ! mo/ capable 
& +5i\s citiz5s be+ pres5t1 to ! end t  
hav+ he>d ! op9ion ( ea* on ! subject1  
!y might at l5g? decide on ! me?od to be
 adopt$ = vault+ ! tribune4 ,be+ call$  

into ! audi5ce1 ! op9ions ( all 7 he>d  
"o aft] ano!r1 & ea* ar*itect decl>$ !  
me?od :i* he _h ?\ght ( adopt+4 ,& a f9e
 ?+ x 0 to he> ! /range & v>i\s notions 
!n prop\nd$ on t matt]3 = "o said t     
columns mu/ be rais$ f ! gr\nd up1 & t  
on ^! !y mu/ turn ! ar*es1 :]eon !      
woodwork = support+ ! weight mu/ re/4   
,o!rs affirm$ t ! vault %\ld be turn$ 9 
cy/eolite or sponge-/one 7spugna71 !reby
 to dim9i% ! weight2 & sev]al ( ! ma/]s 
agre$ 9 ! op9ion t a column mu/ be      
erect$ 9 ! c5tre1 & ! cupola rais$ 9 !  
=m ( a pavilion1 l t ( ,san ,giovanni 9 
,flor5ce4 ,nay1 !re 7 n want+ ^? :o     
ma9ta9$ t x w\ld be a good plan to fill 
! space ) e>?1 among :i* small co9s     
7quatr9i7 %\ld be m+l$1 t :5 ! cupola   
%\ld be rais$1 !y might !n give         
p]mission t :oev] %\ld desire ! soil    
might g & fet* x1 :5 ! p w\ld imm$iately
 c>ry x away )\t exp5se4 ,filippo alone 
decl>$ t ! cupola might be erect$ )\t s 
great a mass ( woodwork1 )\t a column 9 
! c5tre1 & )\t ! m\nd ( e>?2 at a mu*   

light] exp5se ?an w\ld be caus$ by s _m 
ar*es1 & v easily1 )\t any framework    
:atev]4  ,he>+ ?is1 ! syndics1 :o 7     
li/5+ 9 ! expectation ( he>+ "s f9e     
me?od1 felt conv9c$ t ,filippo _h talk$ 
l a m]e simpleton1 z did ! sup]9t5d5ts1 
& all ! o!r citiz5s2 !y d]id$ him !re=e1
 laugh+ at him1 & turn+ away2 !y bade   
him disc\rse ( some?+ else1 = t ?is 0 ! 
talk ( a fool or madman1 z he 04 ,!re=e 
,filippo1 ?9k+ he _h cause ( (f5ce1     
repli$1 ',b consid]1 g5tlem51 t x is n  
possible to raise ! cupola 9 any o!r    
mann] ?an ?is ( m9e1 & al?\gh y laugh at
 me1 yet y w be oblig$ to admit 7if y d 
n mean to be ob/9ate71 t x nei!r mu/ nor
 c be done 9 any o!r mann]2 & if x be   
erect$ aft] ! me?od t ,i propose1 x mu/ 
be turn$ 9 ! mann] ( ! po9t$ ar*1 & mu/ 
be d\ble--! "o vault+ )91 ! o!r )\t1 9  
su* sort t a passage %\ld be =m$ betwe5 
! two4 ,at ! angles ( ! eight walls1 !  
build+ mu/ be /r5g!n$ by ! dove-tail+ ( 
! /ones1 & 9 l mann] ! walls !mselves   
mu/ be girt ar\nd by /rong beams ( oak4 

,we mu/ also provide = ! lights1 !      
/aircases1 & ! conduits by :i* !        
ra9-wat] may be c>ri$ (f4 ,& none ( y h 
rememb]$ t we mu/ prep>e supports )91 = 
! execution ( ! mosaics1 ) _m o!r       
difficult arrangem5ts2 b ,i1 :o see !   
cupola rais$1 ,i h reflect$ on all ^!   
?+s1 & ,i "k t !re is no o!r mode (     
accompli%+ !m1 ?an t ( :i* ,i h spok54' 
,becom+ heat$ z he proce$$1 ! m ,filippo
 s\ght to make 8 views cle> to 8 he>]s1 
t !y might compreh5d & agree ) him1 ! m 
he awak5$ _! d\bts1 & ! less !y confid$ 
9 him1 s t1 in/ead ( giv+ him _! fai?1  
!y held him to be a fool & a babbl]4    
,:]eupon1 be+ m ?an once dismiss$1 &    
f9ally refus+ to g1 !y caus$ him to be  
c>ri$ =cibly f ! audi5ce by ! s]vants ( 
! place1 consid]+ him to be altoge!r    
mad4 ,?is contemptu\s treatm5t caus$    
,filippo at a lat] p]iod to say1 t he   
d>$ n at t "t pass ?r\gh any "p ( !     
city1 le/ "s "o %\ld say1 ',see1 :]e    
goes t fool6' ,! syndics & o!rs =m+ !   
assembly rema9$ conf\nd$1 fir/1 by !    

difficult me?ods propos$ by ! o!r ma/]s1
 & next by t ( ,filippo1 :i* appe>$ to  
!m />k nons5se4 ,he appe>$ to !m to r5d]
 ! ent]prise impossible by 8 two        
propositions--fir/1 by t ( mak+ ! cupola
 d\ble1 :]eby ! great weight to be      
su/a9$ w\ld be r5d]$ altoge!r           
unmanageable1 & next by ! proposal (    
build+ )\t a framework4 ,filippo1 on !  
o!r h&1 :o _h sp5t s _m ye>s 9 close    
/udy to prep>e himself = ?is "w1 knew n 
to :at c\rse to betake himself1 & 0 _m  
times on ! po9t ( leav+ ,flor5ce4 ,/ill1
 if he desir$ to conqu]1 x 0 necess>y to
 arm himself ) pati5ce1 & he _h se5     
en\gh to "k t ! heads ( ! city seldom   
rema9$ long fix$ to "o resolution4 ,he  
might easily h %[n !m a small model :i* 
he _h secretly made1 b he w\ld n d s1   
kn[+ ! imp]fect intellig5ce ( ! syndics1
 ! envy ( ! arti/s1 & ! in/ability ( !  
citiz5s1 :o favor$ n[ "o & n[ ano!r1 z  
ea* *anc$ to please !m4 ,& ,i d n wond] 
at ?is1 because e "o 9 ,flor5ce pr(esses
 to "k z mu* ( ^! matt]s1 z d ! mo/     

exp]i5c$ ma/]s1 al?\gh !re are v few :o 
really und]/& !m2 a tru? :i* we may be  
p]mitt$ to affirm )\t (f5ce to ^? :o are
 well in=m$ on ! subject4 ,:at ,filippo 
!re=e c\ld n effect be=e ! tribunal1 he 
began to attempt ) individuals1 & talk+ 
ap>t n[ ) a syndic1 n[ ) a w>d51 & aga9 
) diff]5t citiz5s1 %[+ moreov] c]ta9    
p>ts ( 8 design2 he ?us br\ght !m at    
l5g? to resolve on confid+ ! conduct (  
?is "w1 ei!r to him or to "o ( ! =eign  
ar*itects4 ,h]eupon1 ! syndics1 ! w>d5s1
 & ! citiz5s1 select$ to be judges 9 !  
matt]1 hav+ rega9$ c\rage1 ga!r$ toge!r 
once aga91 & ! ar*itects disput$        
respect+ ! matt] be=e !m2 b all 7 put   
d[n & vanqui%$ on suffici5t gr\nds by   
,filippo1 & "h x is said t ! dispute ( !
 egg arose1 9 ! mann] foll[+4 ,! o!r    
ar*itects desir$ t ,filippo %\ld expla9 
8 purpose m9utely1 & %[ 8 model1 z !y _h
 %[n !irs4 ,?is he w\ld n d1 b propos$  
to all ! ma/]s1 =eign]s & compatriots1 t
 he :o c\ld make an egg /& upright on a 
piece ( smoo? m>ble1 %\ld be appo9t$ to 

build ! cupola1 s9ce 9 do+ t1 8 g5ius   
w\ld be made manife/4 ,!y took an egg   
accord+ly1 & all ^? ma/]s did _! be/ to 
make x /& upright1 b none discov]$ !    
me?od ( do+ s4 ,:]e=e1 ,filippo1 be+    
told t he might make x /& himself1 took 
x da9tily into 8 h&1 gave ! end ( x a   
bl[ on ! plane ( ! m>ble1 & made x /&   
upright4#b ,behold+ ?is1 ! arti/s l\dly 
prote/$1 exclaim+ t !y c\ld all h done !
 same2 b ,filippo repli$1 laugh+1 t !y  
might also "k h[ to con/ruct ! cupola1  
if !y _h se5 ! model & design4 ,x 0 ?us 
at l5g? resolv$ t ,filippo %\ld receive 
! *>ge ( conduct+ ! "w1 b 0 told t he   
mu/ furni% ! syndics & w>d5s ) m exact  
in=mation4  ,he return$1 !re=e1 to 8    
h\se1 & /at$ 8 :ole purpose on a %eet ( 
pap]1 z cle>ly z he c\ld possibly       
express x1 :5 x 0 giv5 to ! tribunal 9 !
 foll[+ t]ms3--',! difficulties ( ?is   
erection be+ well consid]$1 magnific5t  
signors & w>d5s1 ,i f9d t x _c by any   
means be con/ruct$ 9 a p]fect circle1   
s9ce ! ext5t ( ! upp] "p1 :]e ! lant]n  

has to be plac$1 w\ld be s va/1 t :5 a  
weight 0 laid !reon1 x w\ld soon give   
way4 ,n[ x appe>s to me t ^? ar*itects  
:o d n aim at giv+ p]petual duration to 
_! fabrics1 _c h any reg>d = !          
durability ( ! memorial1 nor d !y ev5 "k
 :at !y are do+4 ,i h !re=e det]m9$ to  
turn ! inn] "p ( ?is vault 9 angles1    
accord+ to ! =m ( ! walls1 adopt+ !     
proportions & mann] ( ! po9t$ ar*1 ?is  
be+ a =m :i* displays a rapid t5d5cy to 
asc5d1 & :5 load$ ) ! lant]n1 ea* "p w  
help to give /ability to ! o!r4 ,!      
?ickness ( ! vault at ! base mu/ be ?ree
 braccia & ?ree-qu>t]s2 x mu/ !n rise 9 
! =m ( a pyramid1 decreas+ f )\t up to !
 po9t :]e x closes1 & :]e ! lant]n has  
to be plac$1 & at ?is junction !        
?ickness mu/ be "o braccia & a qu>t]4 ,a
 second vault %all !n be con/ruct$      
outside ! fir/1 to pres]ve ! latt] f !  
ra91 & ?is mu/ be two braccia & a half  
?ick at ! base1 also dim9i%+            
proportionally 9 ! =m ( a pyramid1 9 su*
 a mann] t ! p>ts %all h _! junction at 

! comm5cem5t ( ! lant]n1 z did ! o!r1 & 
at ! highe/ po9t x mu/ h two-?irds ( !  
?ickness ( ! base4 ,!re mu/ be a        
buttress at ea* angle1 :i* w be eight 9 
all1 & betwe5 ! angles1 9 ! face ( ea*  
wall1 !re %all be two1 sixte5 9 all2 &  
^! sixte5 buttresses on ! inn] & out]   
side ( ea* wall mu/ ea* h ! bread? ( f\r
 braccia at ! base4 ,^! two vaults1     
built 9 ! =m ( a pyramid1 %all rise     
toge!r 9 equal proportion to ! height ( 
! r\nd w9d[ clos$ by ! lant]n4 ,!re w   
?us be con/ruct$ tw5ty-f\r buttresses ) 
! said vaults built ar\nd1 & six /rong  
high ar*es ( a h>d /one 7macigno71 well 
clamp$ & b\nd ) iron fa/5+s1 :i* mu/ be 
cov]$ ) t91 & ov] ^! /ones %all be      
cramp+ irons1 by :i* ! vaults %all be   
b\nd to ! buttresses4 ,! masonry mu/ be 
solid1 & mu/ leave no vacant space up to
 ! height ( five braccia & a qu>t]2 !   
buttresses be+ !n cont9u$1 ! ar*es w be 
sep>at$4 ,! fir/ & second c\rses f !    
base mu/ be /r5g!n$ ev]y:]e by long     
plates ( macigno laid crosswise1 9 su*  

sort t bo? vaults ( ! cupola %all re/ on
 ^! /ones4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole height1 at e 
n9? braccia !re %all be small ar*es     
con/ruct$ 9 ! vaults betwe5 !           
buttresses1 ) /rong cramps ( oak1 :]eby 
! buttresses by :i* ! inn] vault is     
support$ w be b\nd & /r5g!n$2 ^! fa/5+s 
( oak %all !n be cov]$ ) plates ( iron1 
on acc\nt ( ! /aircases4 ,! buttresses  
are all to be built ( macigno1 or o!r   
h>d /one1 & ! walls ( ! cupola are1 9 l 
mann]1 to be all ( solid /one b\nd to ! 
buttresses to ! height ( tw5ty-f\r      
braccia1 & !nce upw>d !y %all be        
con/ruct$ ( brick or ( spongite         
7spugne71 z %all be det]m9$ on by !     
ma/]s :o build x1 !y us+ t :i* !y       
consid] lighte/4 ,on ! outside1 a       
passage or gall]y %all be made above !  
w9d[s1 :i* bel[ %all =m a t]race1 ) an  
op5 p>apet or balu/rade two braccia     
high1 aft] ! mann] ( ^? ( ! l[]         
tribunes1 & =m+ two gall]ies1 "o ov] !  
o!r1 plac$ on a ri*ly decorat$ cornice1 
! upp] gall]y be+ cov]$4 ,! ra9-wat]    

%all be c>ri$ (f ! cupola by means ( a  
m>ble *annel1 "o ?ird ( an ell broad1 ! 
wat] be+ dis*>g$ at an outlet to be     
con/ruct$ ( h>d /one 7pietra =te71 b5ea?
 ! *annel4 ,eight ribs ( m>ble %all be  
=m$ on ! angles ( ! ext]nal surface ( ! 
cupola1 ( su* ?ickness z may be         
requisite2 ^! %all rise to ! height ( "o
 braccia above ! cupola1 ) cornices     
project+ 9 ! mann] ( a ro(1 two braccia 
broad1 t ! summit may be complete1 &    
suffici5tly furni%$ ) eaves & *annels on
 e side2 & ^! mu/ h ! =m ( ! pyramid1 f 
_! base1 or po9t ( junction1 to _!      
extremity4 ,?us ! cupola %all be        
con/ruct$ aft] ! me?od describ$ above1 &
 )\t framework1 to ! height ( ?irty     
braccia1 & f t height upw>ds1 x may be  
cont9u$ aft] su* mann] z %all be det]m9$
 on by ! ma/]s :o may h to build x1 s9ce
 practice tea*es u by :at me?ods to     
proce$4'  ,:5 ,filippo _h writt5 !      
above1 he repair$ 9 ! morn+ to !        
tribunal1 & gave 8 pap] to ! syndics &  
w>d5s1 :o took ! :ole ( x into _!       

consid]ation2 &1 al?\gh !y 7 n able to  
und]/& x all1 yet see+ ! confid5ce (    
,filippo1 & f9d+ t ! o!r ar*itects gave 
no evid5ce ( hav+ bett] gr\nd to proce$ 
on1--he moreov] %[+ a manife/ security1 
by con/antly repeat+ ! same ?+s 9 su* a 
mann] t he _h all ! appe>ance ( hav+    
vault$ t5 cupolas3--! ,syndics1 see+ all
 ?is1 retir$ ap>t1 & f9ally resolv$ to  
give him ! "w2 !y w\ld h lik$ to see "s 
example ( ! mann] 9 :i* he meant to turn
 ?is vault )\t framework1 b to all ! re/
 !y gave _! approbation4 ,& =tune 0     
favorable to ?is desire3 ,b>tolomeo     
,b>badori hav+ det]m9$ to build a *apel 
9 ,santa ,felicita1 & hav+ spok5 conc]n+
 x ) ,filippo1 ! latt] _h comm5c$ ! "w1 
& caus$ ! *apel1 :i* is on ! "r ( !     
entrance1 :]e is also ! holy wat] vase  
7likewise by ! h& ( ,filippo71 to be    
vault$ )\t any framework4 ,at ! same "t 
he con/ruct$ ano!r1 9 l mann]1 = ,/iatta
 ,ridolfi1 9 ! *ur* ( ,santo ,jacopo    
sopr' ,arno2 t1 namely1 beside ! *apel (
 ! ,high ,alt>2 & ^! works obta9$ him m 

cr$it ?an 0 giv5 to 8 words4 ,! consuls 
& w>d5s feel+ at l5g? assur$1 by ! writ+
 he _h giv5 !m1 & by ! works :i* !y _h  
se51 entru/$ ! cupola to 8 c>e1 & he 0  
made pr9cipal ma/] ( ! works by a       
majority ( votes4 ,!y w\ld nev]!less n  
commission him to proce$ beyond ! height
 ( twelve braccia1 tell+ him t !y desir$
 to see h[ ! "w w\ld succe$1 b t if x   
proce$$ z successfully z he expect$1 !y 
w\ld n fail to give him ! appo9tm5t = ! 
rema9d]4 ,! sight ( s mu* ob/9acy &     
di/ru/ 9 ! syndics & w>d5s 0 s surpris+ 
to ,filippo1 t if he _h n kn[n himself  
to be ! only p]son capable ( conduct+ ! 
"w1 he w\ld n h laid a h& ^u x2 b       
desir+1 z he did1 to secure ! glory (   
its completion1 he accept$ ! t]ms1 &    
pl$g$ himself to conduct ! und]tak+     
p]fectly to ! end4 ,! writ+ ,filippo _h 
giv5 0 copi$ into a book :]e9 ! purveyor
 kept ! acc\nts ( ! works 9 wood &      
m>ble1 toge!r ) ! obligation into :i*   
,filippo _h ent]$ z above said4 ,an     
all[ance 0 !n made to him1 con=mably )  

:at _h at o!r times be5 giv5 to o!r     
ma/]s ( ! works4  ,:5 ! commission giv5 
to ,filippo became kn[n to ! arti/s &   
citiz5s1 "s ?\ght well ( x1 & o!rs ill1 
z always is ! case ) a matt] :i* calls  
=? ! op9ions ( ! populace1 ! ?\ghtless1 
& ! envi\s4 ,:il/ ! prep>ation (        
mat]ials = beg9n+ to build 0 mak+1 a    
p>ty 0 =m$ among ! arti/s & citiz5s2 &  
^! m5 proce$+ to ! syndics & w>d5s1     
decl>$ t ! matt] _h be5 conclud$ too    
ha/ily1 & t su* a "w ought n to be      
execut$ accord+ to ! op9ion ( "o man    
only2 !y add$1 t if ! syndics & w>d5s _h
 be5 de/itute ( di/+ui%$ m51 in/ead (   
be+ furni%$ ) su* 9 abundance1 !y w\ld h
 be5 excusable1 b t :at 0 n[ done 0 n   
likely to r$\nd to ! honor ( ! citiz5s1 
see+1 t if any accid5t %\ld happ51 !y   
w\ld incur blame1 z p]sons :o _h conf]r$
 too great a *>ge on "o man1 )\t        
consid]+ ! losses & disgrace t might    
result to ! public4 ,all ?is consid]$1 x
 w\ld be well to give ,filippo a        
colleague1 :o might re/ra9 8 impetuosity

 7furore74  ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti _h at t "t 
atta9$ to high cr$it by ! evid5ce ( 8   
g5ius1 :i* he _h giv5 9 ! doors ( ,san  
,giovanni2 & t he 0 mu* belov$ by c]ta9 
p]sons :o 7 v p[]ful 9 ! gov]nm5t 0 n[  
prov$ ) suffici5t cle>ness1 s9ce1       
p]ceiv+ ! glory ( ,filippo to increase s
 greatly1 !y labor$ 9 su* a mann] ) !   
syndics & w>d5s1 "u ! pretext ( c>e &   
anxiety = ! build+1 t ,ghib]ti 0 unit$ )
 ,filippo 9 ! "w4 ,! bitt] vexation (   
,filippo1 ! despair into :i* he fell1 :5
 he he>d :at ! w>d5s _h done1 may be    
und]/ood by ! fact t he 0 on ! po9t (   
fly+ f ,flor5ce2 & _h x n be5 t ,donato 
& ,luca della ,robbia com=t$ & enc\rag$ 
him1 he w\ld h gone out ( 8 s5ses4 ,a   
truly wick$ & cruel rage is t ( ^? m51  
:o1 bl9d$ by envy1 endang] ! honors &   
noble works ( o!rs 9 ! base /rife (     
ambition3 x 0 n ! fault ( ^! m5 t       
,filippo did n break 9 pieces ! models1 
set fire to ! designs1 & 9 "o half h\r  
de/roy all ! labors s long endur$1 & ru9
 ! hopes ( s _m ye>s4 ,! w>d5s excus$   

!mselves at fir/ to ,filippo1 enc\rag+  
him to proce$1 rem9d+ him t ! inv5tor & 
au?or ( s noble a fabric 0 /ill himself1
 & no o!r2 b !y1 nev]!less1 gave ,lor5zo
 a /ip5d equal to t ( ,filippo4 ,! "w 0 
!n cont9u$ ) b little pleasure on ! "p (
 ,filippo1 :o knew t he mu/ endure all !
 labors connect$ !re)1 & w\ld !n h to   
divide ! honor & fame equally ) ,lor5zo4
 ,tak+ c\rage1 nev]!less1 f ! ?\ght t he
 %\ld f9d a me?od ( prev5t+ ! latt] f   
rema9+ v long atta*$ to t und]tak+1 he  
cont9u$ to proce$ aft] ! mann] laid d[n 
9 ! writ+ giv5 to ! w>d5s4 ,mean:ile !  
?\ght occurr$ to ! m9d ( ,filippo (     
con/ruct+ a complete model1 :i*1 z yet1 
_h nev] be5 done4 ,?is he comm5c$ =?)1  
caus+ ! p>ts to be made by a c]ta9      
,b>tolomeo1 a jo9]1 :o dwelt ne> 8      
/udio4 ,9 ?is model 7! measurem5ts ( :i*
 7 9 /rict accordance ) ^? ( ! build+   
itself1 ! diff]5ce be+ ( size only71 all
 ! difficult p>ts ( ! /ructure 7 %[n z  
!y 7 to be :5 complet$2 z1 = example1   
/aircases light$ & d>k1 ) e o!r k9d (   

light1 ) ! buttresses & o!r inv5tions = 
giv+ /r5g? to ! build+1 ! doors1 & ev5 a
 portion ( ! gall]y4 ,lor5zo1 hav+ he>d 
( ?is model1 desir$ to see x1 b ,filippo
 refus+1 he became angry1 & made        
prep>ations = con/ruct+ a model ( 8 own1
 t he might n appe> to be receiv+ 8     
sal>y = no?+1 b t he also might seem to 
c\nt = some?+ 9 ! matt]4 ,= ^! models   
,filippo receiv$ fifty lire & fifte5    
soldi1 z we f9d by an ord] 9 ! book (   
,migliore di ,tommaso1 "u date ( ! #c;d 
,octob]1 #adai1 :ile ,lor5zo 0 paid ?ree
 hundr$ lire = ! labor & co/ ( 8 model1 
a diff]5ce occasion$ by ! p>tiality &   
favor %[n to him1 r ?an m]it$ by any    
utility or b5efit secur$ to ! build+ by 
! model :i* he _h con/ruct$4  ,?is      
vexati\s /ate ( ?+s cont9u$ b5ea? ! eyes
 ( ,filippo until ! ye> #adbf1c ! fri5ds
 ( ,lor5zo call+ him ! inv5tor ( ! "w1  
equally ) ,filippo1 & ?is caus$ s viol5t
 a commotion 9 ! m9d ( ! latt]1 t he    
liv$ 9 ! utmo/ disquietude4 ,v>i\s      
improvem5ts & new inv5tions 71 besides1 

pres5t+ !mselves to 8 ?\ghts1 & he      
resolv$ to rid himself ( 8 colleague at 
all haz>ds1 kn[+ ( h[ little use he 0 to
 ! "w4 ,filippo _h already rais$ ! walls
 ( ! cupola to ! height ( twelve braccia
 9 bo? vaults1 b ! works1 :e!r 9 wood or
 /one1 t 7 to give /r5g? to ! fabric1 _h
 /ill to be execut$1 & z ?is 0 a matt] (
 difficulty1 he det]m9$ to speak )      
,lor5zo respect+ x1 t he might asc]ta9  
:e!r ! latt] _h tak5 x into             
consid]ation4 ,b ,lor5zo 0 s f> f hav+  
?\ght ( ?is exig5cy1 & s entirely       
unprep>$ = x1 t he repli$ by decl>+ t he
 w\ld ref] t to ,filippo z ! inv5tor4 ,!
 answ] ( ,lor5zo pleas$ ,filippo1 :o    
?\ght he "h saw ! means ( remov+ 8      
colleague f ! works1 & ( mak+ x manife/ 
t he did n possess t degree ( k 9 !     
matt] t 0 attribut$ to him by 8 fri5ds1 
& impli$ 9 ! favor :i* _h plac$ him 9 ! 
situation he held4 ,all ! build]s 7 n[  
engag$ 9 ! "w1 & wait$ only =           
directions1 to comm5ce ! "p above !     
twelve braccia1 to raise ! vaults1 &    

r5d] all secure4 ,! clos+ 9 ( ! cupola  
t[>ds ! top hav+ comm5c$1 x 0 necess>y  
to provide ! scaffold+1 t ! masons &    
labor]s might "w )\t dang]1 see+ t !    
height 0 su* z to make ! mo/ /eady head 
turn giddy1 & ! firme/ _s %r9k1 m]ely to
 look d[n f x4 ,! masons & o!r ma/]s 7  
!re=e wait+ 9 expectation ( directions z
 to ! mann] 9 :i* ! *a9s 7 to be appli$1
 & ! scaffold+s erect$2 b1 f9d+ !re 0   
no?+ det]m9$ on ei!r by ,lor5zo or      
,filippo1 !re arose a murmur among !    
masons & o!r build]s1 at n see+ ! "w    
pursu$ ) ! solicitude previ\sly %[n2 & z
 ! workm5 7 poor p]sons :o liv$ by !    
labor ( _! h&s1 & :o n[ believ$ t nei!r 
"o nor ! o!r ( ! ar*itects _h c\rage    
en\gh to proce$ fur!r ) ! und]tak+1 !y  
w5t ab\t ! build+ employ+ !mselves z be/
 !y c\ld 9 look+ ov] & furbi%+ up all t 
_h be5 already execut$4  ,b "o morn+1   
,filippo did n appe> at ! works3 he ti$ 
up 8 head1 w5t to b$ compla9+ bitt]ly1 &
 caus+ plates & t[els to be heat$ )     
great ha/e & anxiety1 pret5d+ t he _h an

 attack ( pleurisy4 ,! build]s :o /ood  
wait+ directions to proce$ ) _! "w1 on  
he>+ ?is1 dem&$ ord]s ( ,lor5zo = :at !y
 7 to d2 b he repli$ t ! arrangem5t ( ! 
"w belong$ to ,filippo1 & t !y mu/ wait 
= him4 ',h[8' said "o ( !m1 'd y n "k   
:at 8 int5tions are8' ',yes1' repli$    
,lor5zo1 'b ,i w\ld n d any?+ )\t him4' 
,?is he said by way ( excus+ himself2 = 
z he _h n se5 ! model ( ,filippo1 & _h  
nev] ask$ him :at me?od he meant to     
pursue1 t he might n appe> ignorant1 s  
he n[ felt completely out ( 8 dep?1 be+ 
?us ref]r$ to 8 own judgm5t1 & ! m s z  
he knew t he 0 employ$ 9 t und]tak+     
aga9/ ! w ( ,filippo4 ,! illness ( !    
latt] hav+ already la/$ m ?an two days1 
! purveyor ( ! works1 ) _m ( !          
ma/]-build]s1 w5t to see him1 &         
repeat$ly ask$ him to tell !m :at !y    
%\ld d2 b he con/antly repli$1 ',y h    
,lor5zo1 let him beg9 to d some?+ =     
once4' ,nor c\ld !y obta9 f him any o!r 
reply4 ,:5 ?is became kn[n1 x caus$ mu* 
discussion3 great blame 0 ?r[n ^u !     

und]tak+1 & _m adv]se judgm5ts 7 utt]$4 
,"s said t ,filippo _h tak5 to 8 b$ f   
grief1 at f9d+ t he _h n p[] to         
accompli% ! erection ( ! ,cupola1 & t he
 0 n[ rep5t+ ( hav+ m$dl$ ) ! matt]2 b 8
 fri5ds def5d$ him1 decl>+ t 8 vexation 
might arise f ! wrong he _h suff]$ 9    
hav+ ,lor5zo giv5 to him z a colleague1 
b t 8 disord] 0 pleurisy1 br\ght on by 8
 excessive labors = ! "w4 ,9 ! mid/ (   
all ?is tumult ( tongues1 ! build+ 0    
susp5d$1 & almo/ all ! op]ations ( !    
masons & /one-cutt]s came to a /&4 ,^!  
m5 murmur$ aga9/ ,lor5zo1 & said1 ',he  
is good en\gh at draw+ ! sal>y1 b :5 x  
comes to direct+ ! mann] 9 :i* we are to
 proce$1 he does no?+2 if ,filippo 7 n  
"h1 or if he %\ld rema9 long disabl$1   
:at c ,lor5zo d8 & if ,filippo be ill1  
is t 8 fault8' ,! w>d5s1 p]ceiv+ !      
discr$it t accru$ to !m f ?is /ate (    
?+s1 resolv$ to make ,filippo a visit1 &
 hav+ rea*$ 8 h\se1 !y fir/ condol$ )   
him on 8 illness1 told him into :at     
disord] ! build+ _h fall51 & describ$ ! 

tr\bles :i* ?is malady _h br\ght on !m4 
,:]eupon ,filippo1 speak+ ) mu* heat1   
p>tly to keep up ! fe9t ( illness1 b    
also 9 "p f 8 int]e/ 9 ! "w1 exclaim$1  
',:at6 is n ,lor5zo !re8 :y does n he d 
some?+8 ,i _c b wond] at y\r compla9ts4'
 ,to ?is ! w>d5s repli$1 ',he w n d     
any?+ )\t y4' ,:]eunto ,filippo made    
answ]1 ',b ,i c\ld d x well en\gh )\t   
him4' ,?is acute & d\bly significant    
reply suffic$ to ! w>d5s1 & !y dep>t$1  
hav+ conv9c$ !mselves t ,filippo 0 sick 
( ! desire to "w alone2 !y !re=e s5t    
c]ta9 ( 8 fri5ds to draw him f 8 b$1 ) !
 int5tion ( remov+ ,lor5zo f ! "w4      
,filippo !n return$ to ! build+1 b see+ 
! p[] t ,lor5zo possess$ by means ( !   
favor he enjoy$1 & t he desir$ to       
receive ! sal>y )\t tak+ any %>e :atev] 
9 ! labor1 he be?\ght himself ( ano!r   
me?od = disgrac+ him1 & mak+ x publicly 
& fully evid5t t he _h v little k ( !   
matt] 9 h&4 ,he consequ5tly made !      
foll[+ disc\rse to ! w>d5s 7,op]ai7     
,lor5zo be+ pres5t3--',signori ,op]ai1  

if ! "t we h to live 7 z well secur$ to 
u z is ! c]ta9ty t we may v quickly die1
 !re is no d\bt :atev] t _m works w\ld  
be complet$1 :i* are n[ comm5c$ & left  
imp]fect4 ,! malady ) :i* ,i h _h !     
mis=tune to be attack$1 might h depriv$ 
me ( life1 & put a /op to ?is "w2 :]e=e1
 le/ ,i %\ld aga9 fall sick1 or ,lor5zo 
ei!r1 :i* ,god =bid1 ,i h consid]$ t x  
w\ld be bett] = ea* to execute 8 own    
portion ( ! "w3 z y\r wor%ips h divid$ !
 sal>y1 let u also divide ! labor1 to ! 
end t ea*1 be+ incit$ to %[ :at he kn[s 
& is capable ( p]=m+1 may proce$ )      
confid5ce1 to 8 own honor & b5efit1 z   
well z to t ( ! republic4 ,n[ !re are   
two difficult op]ations :i* mu/ at ?is  
"t be put into c\rse ( execution--! "o  
is ! erection ( scaffold+s = enabl+ !   
build]s to "w 9 safety1 & :i* mu/ be    
prep>$ bo? = ! inside & outside ( !     
fabric1 :]e !y w be requir$ to su/a9 !  
weight ( ! m51 ! /ones & ! mort>1 )     
space also = ! crane to draw up !       
diff]5t mat]ials1 & = o!r ma*9es & tools

 ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! o!r difficulty is !   
*a9-"w1 :i* has to be con/ruct$ ^u !    
twelve braccia already erect$1 ?is be+  
requisite to b9d & secure ! eight sides 
( ! cupola1 & :i* mu/ surr\nd ! fabric1 
en*a9+ ! :ole1 9 su* a mann] t ! weight 
:i* has h]eaft] to be laid on x %all    
press equally on all sides1 ! p>ts      
mutually support+ ea* o!r1 s t no "p ( !
 edifice %all be too heavily press$ on  
or ov]weigh$1 b t all %all re/ firmly on
 its own basis4 ,let ,lor5zo !n take "o 
( ^! works1 :i*ev] he may ?9k he c mo/  
easily execute2 ,i w take ! o!r1 & answ]
 = br++ x to a successful issue1 t we   
may lose no m "t4' ,lor5zo hav+ he>d    
?is1 0 compell$1 = ! sake ( 8 honor1 to 
accept "o or o!r ( ^! und]tak+s2 &      
al?\gh he did x v unwill+ly1 he resolv$ 
to take ! *a9 "w1 ?9k+ t he might rely  
on ! c\nsels ( ! build]s1 & rememb]+    
also t !re 0 a *a9-"w ( /one 9 ! vault+ 
( ,san ,giovanni di ,fior5za1 f :i* he  
might take a "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( !       
arrangem5t4 ,"o took ! scaffolds 9 h&   

accord+ly1 & ! o!r ! *a9-"w1 s t bo? 7  
put 9 progress4 ,! scaffolds ( ,filippo 
7 con/ruct$ ) s mu* +5uity & judgm5t1 t 
9 ?is matt] ! v contr>y ( :at _m _h be=e
 expect$ 0 se5 to h happ5$1 s9ce !      
build]s work$ !reon ) z mu* security z  
!y w\ld h done on ! gr\nd b5ea?1 draw+  
up all ! requisite weights & /&+        
!mselves 9 p]fect safety4 ,! models ( ^!
 scaffolds 7 deposit$ 9 ! hall ( !      
w>d5s4 ,lor5zo execut$ ! *a9-"w on "o ( 
! eight walls ) ! utmo/ difficulty1 & :5
 x 0 f9i%$ ! w>d5s caus$ ,filippo to    
look at x4 ,he said no?+ to !m1 b ) "s (
 8 fri5ds he held disc\rse on ! subject1
 decl>+ t ! build+ requir$ a v diff]5t  
"w ( ligature & security to t "o1 laid 9
 a mann] altoge!r unlike ! me?od !re    
adopt$2 = t ?is w\ld n suffice to       
support ! weight :i* 0 to be laid on x1 
! pressure n be+ ( suffici5t /r5g? &    
firmness4 ,he add$ t ! sums paid to     
,lor5zo1 ) ! *a9-"w :i* he _h caus$ to  
be con/ruct$1 7 s mu* labor1 "t1 & money
 ?r[n away4 ,! rem>ks ( ,filippo became 

kn[n1 & he 0 call$ ^u to %[ ! mann] t   
ought to be adopt$ = ! con/ruction ( su*
 a *a9-"w2 :]e=e1 hav+ already prep>$ 8 
designs & models1 he exhibit$ !m        
imm$iately1 & !y 7 no soon] exam9$ by ! 
w>d5s & o!r ma/]s1 ?an !y p]ceiv$ !     
error into :i* !y _h fall5 by favor+    
,lor5zo4 ,= ?is !y n[ resolv$ to make   
am5ds2 & desir+ to prove t !y 7 capable 
( di/+ui%+ m]it1 !y made ,filippo *ief &
 sup]9t5d5t ( ! :ole fabric = life1     
comm&+ t no?+ %\ld be done 9 ! "w b z he
 %\ld direct4 ,z a fur!r m>k (          
approbation1 !y pres5t$ him moreov] ) a 
hundr$ flor9s1 ord]$ by ! syndics &     
w>d5s1 "u date ( ,augu/ #ac1 #adbc1     
?r\gh ,lor5zo ,paoli1 not>y ( !         
adm9i/ration ( ! works1 & sign$ by      
,gh]>do di ,mess] ,filippo ,cors9i3 !y  
also vot$ him an all[ance ( "o hundr$   
flor9s = life4 ,:]eupon1 hav+ tak5      
measures = ! future progress ( ! fabric1
 ,filippo conduct$ ! works ) s mu*      
solicitude & su* m9ute att5tion1 t !re 0
 n a /one plac$ 9 ! build+ :i* he _h n  

exam9$4 ,lor5zo on ! o!r h&1 f9d+       
himself vanqui%$ & 9 a mann] disgrac$1 0
 nev]!less s p[]fully assi/$ & favor$ by
 8 fri5ds1 t he cont9u$ to receive 8    
sal>y1 "u ! pretext t he c\ld n be      
dismiss$ until ! expiration ( ?ree ye>s 
f t "t4#d  ,draw+s & models 7 mean:ile  
cont9ually prep>$ by ,filippo = ! mo/   
m9ute portions ( ! build+1 = ! /ages or 
scaffolds = ! workm51 & = ! ma*9es us$ 9
 rais+ ! mat]ials4 ,!re 7 nev]!less     
sev]al malici\s p]sons1 fri5ds (        
,lor5zo1 :o did n cease to torm5t him by
 daily br++ =w>d models 9 rivalry ( ^?  
con/ruct$ by him1 insomu* t "o 0 made by
 ,mae/ro ,antonio da ,v]zelli1 & o!r    
ma/]s :o 7 favor$ & br\ght into         
notice--n[ by "o citiz5 & n[ by ano!r1  
_! fickl5ess & mutability betray+ !     
insuffici5cy ( _! k & ! weakness ( _!   
judgm5t1 s9ce hav+ p]fection )9 _! rea*1
 !y p]petually br\ght =w>d ! imp]fect & 
useless4  ,! *a9-"w 0 n[ complet$ ar\nd 
all ! eight sides1 & ! build]s1 animat$ 
by success1 work$ vigor\sly2 b be+      

press$ m ?an usual by ,filippo1 & hav+  
receiv$ c]ta9 reprim&s conc]n+ ! masonry
 & 9 relation to o!r matt]s ( daily     
occurr5ce1 discont5ts began to prevail4 
,mov$ by ?is circum/ance & by _! envy1 !
 *iefs among !m drew toge!r & got up a  
faction1 decl>+ t ! "w 0 a labori\s &   
p]il\s und]tak+1 & t !y w\ld n proce$ ) 
! vault+ ( ! cupola1 b on condition (   
receiv+ l>ge paym5ts1 al?\gh _! wages _h
 already be5 increas$ & 7 mu* high] ?an 
0 usual3 by ^! means !y hop$ to injure  
,filippo & increase _! own ga9s4 ,?is   
circum/ance displeas$ ! w>d5s greatly1 z
 x did ,filippo also2 b ! latt]1 hav+   
reflect$ on ! matt]1 took 8 resolution1 
& "o ,saturday ev5+ he dismiss$ !m all4 
,! m5 see+ !mselves ?us s5t ab\t _!     
bus9ess1 & n kn[+ h[ ! affair w\ld turn1
 7 v sull52 b on ! foll[+ ,monday       
,filippo set t5 ,lomb>ds to "w at !     
build+1 & by rema9+ con/antly pres5t )  
!m1 & say+1 'd ?is "h' & 'd t !re1' he  
taught !m s mu* 9 "o day t !y 7 able to 
cont9ue ! "w dur+ _m weeks4 ,! masons1  

see+ !mselves ?us disgrac$ z well z     
depriv$ ( _! employm5t1 & kn[+ t !y w\ld
 f9d no "w equally pr(itable1 s5t       
mess5g]s to ,filippo1 decl>+ t !y w\ld  
will+ly return1 & recomm5d+ !mselves to 
8 consid]ation4 ,filippo kept !m =      
sev]al days 9 susp5se1 & seem$ n incl9$ 
to admit !m aga92 !y 7 aft]w>ds re9/at$1
 b ) l[] wages ?an !y _h receiv$ at     
fir/3 ?us :]e !y _h ?\ght to make ga9 !y
 suff]$ loss1 & by seek+ to rev5ge      
!mselves on ,filippo1 !y br\ght injury &
 %ame on _! own heads4  ,! tongues ( !  
envi\s 7 n[ sil5c$1 & :5 ! build+ 0 se5 
to proce$ s happily1 ! g5ius ( ,filippo 
obta9$ its due consid]ation2 &1 by all  
:o judg$ dispassionately1 he 0 already  
held to h %[n a boldness :i* has1       
p]haps1 nev] be=e be5 display$ 9 _!     
works1 by any ar*itect1 anci5t or mod]n4
 ,?is op9ion 0 confirm$ by ! fact t     
,filippo n[ br\ght out 8 model1 9 :i*   
all might see ! extraord9>y am\nt (     
?\ght be/[$ on e detail ( ! build+4 ,!  
v>i$ inv5tion display$ 9 ! /aircases1 9 

! provision ( lights1 bo? )9 & )\t1 s t 
none might /rike or injure !mselves 9 ! 
d>kness1 7 all made manife/1 ) ! c>eful 
consid]ation ev9c$ by ! diff]5t supports
 ( iron :i* 7 plac$ to assi/ ! foot/eps 
:]ev] ! asc5t 0 /eep4 ,9 addition to all
 ?is1 ,filippo _h ev5 ?\ght ( ! irons = 
fix+ scaffolds )9 ! cupola1 if ev] !y   
%\ld be requir$ = ! execution ( mosaics 
or pictures2 he _h select$ ! lea/       
dang]\s positions = ! places ( !        
conduits1 to be aft]w>ds con/ruct$ =    
c>ry+ (f ! ra9 wat]1 _h %[n :]e ^! 7 to 
be cov]$ & :]e uncov]$2 & _h moreov]    
contriv$ diff]5t outlets & ap]tures1    
:]eby ! =ce ( ! w9ds %\ld be dim9i%$1 to
 ! end t nei!r vapors nor ! vibrations (
 ! e>?1 %\ld h p[] to d injury to !     
build+3 all :i* prov$ ! ext5t to :i* he 
_h pr(it$ by 8 /udies1 dur+ ! _m ye>s ( 
8 resid5ce 9 ,rome4 ,:5 9 addition to ^!
 ?+s1 ! sup]9t5d5ts consid]$ h[ mu* he  
_h accompli%$ 9 ! %ap+1 fix+1 unit+1 &  
secur+ ! /ones ( ?is imm5se pile1 !y 7  
almo/ awe-/ruck on p]ceiv+ t ! m9d ( "o 

man _h be5 capable ( all t ,filippo _h  
n[ prov$ himself able to p]=m4 ,8 p[]s &
 facilities cont9ually increas$1 & t to 
su* an ext5t1 t !re 0 no op]ation1 h[ev]
 difficult & complex1 :i* he did n r5d] 
easy & simple2 ( ?is he gave pro( 9 "o  
in/ance among o!rs1 by ! employm5t (    
:eels & c\nt]poises to raise heavy      
weights1 s t "o ox c\ld draw m ?an six  
pairs c\ld h mov$ by ! ord9>y me?ods4 ,!
 build+ _h n[ rea*$ su* a height1 t :5 a
 man _h once arriv$ at ! summit1 x 0 a v
 great labor to desc5d to ! gr\nd1 & !  
workm5 lo/ mu* "t 9 go+ to _! meals1 &  
to dr9k2 arrangem5ts 7 !re=e made by    
,filippo1 = op5+ w9e-%ops & eat+-h\ses 9
 ! cupola2 :]e ! requir$ food be+ sold1 
none 7 compell$ to leave _! labor until 
! ev5+1 :i* 0 a relief & conv5i5ce to ! 
m51 z well z a v important advantage to 
! "w4 ,p]ceiv+ ! build+ to proce$       
rapidly1 & f9d+ all 8 und]tak+s happily 
successful1 ! zeal & confid5ce (        
,filippo increas$1 & he labor$          
p]petually2 he w5t himself to ! ov5s :]e

 ! bricks 7 made1 exam9$ ! clay1 prov$ !
 quality ( ! work+1 & :5 !y 7 bak$ he   
w\ld select & set !m ap>t1 ) 8 own h&s4 
,9 l mann]1 :ile ! /ones 7 "u ! h&s ( ! 
/one-cutt]s1 he w\ld look n>r[ly to see 
t !y 7 h>d & free f clefts2 he suppli$ !
 /one-cutt]s ) models 9 wood or wax1 or 
ha/ily cut on ! spot f turnips1 to      
direct !m 9 ! %ap+ & junction ( !       
diff]5t masses2 he did ! same = ! m5 :o 
prep>$ ! iron "w2 ,filippo likewise     
inv5t$ hook h+es1 ) ! mode ( fix+ !m to 
! door-po/s1 & greatly facilitat$ !     
practice ( ar*itecture1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly   
br\ght by 8 labors to a p]fection t x   
w\ld else p]haps nev] h atta9$ among !  
,tuscans4  ,9 ! ye> #adbc1 :5 ! utmo/   
rejoic+ & fe/ivity 0 prevail+ 9         
,flor5ce1 ,filippo 0 *os5 "o ( !        
,signori = ! di/rict ( ,san ,giovanni1 =
 ! mon?s ( ,may & ,june2 ,lapo ,niccol9i
 be+ *os5 ,gonfaloni] = ! di/rict (     
,santa ,croce3 & if ,filippo be f\nd    
regi/]$ 9 ! ,priori/a z 'di ,s]         
,brunellesce ,lippi1' ?is ne$ n occasion

 surprise1 s9ce !y call$ him s aft] 8   
gr&fa!r1 ,lippo1 in/ead ( 'di ,lapi1' z 
!y ought to h done4 ,& ?is practice is  
se5 to prevail 9 ! ,priori/a1 ) respect 
to _m o!rs1 z is well kn[n to all :o h  
exam9$ x1 or :o are acqua9t$ ) ! cu/om (
 ^? times4 ,filippo p]=m$ 8 functions   
c>efully 9 t (fice2 & 9 o!rs connect$ ) 
! magi/racy ( ! city1 to :i* he 0       
subsequ5tly appo9t$1 he con/antly       
acquitt$ himself ) ! mo/ judici\s       
consid]ation4  ,! two vaults ( ! cupola 
7 n[ approa*+ _! close1 at ! circul>    
w9d[ :]e ! lant]n 0 to beg91 & !re n[   
rema9$ to ,filippo1 :o _h made v>i\s    
models 9 wood & clay1 bo? ( ! "o & !    
o!r1 9 ,rome & ,flor5ce1 to decide      
f9ally z to :i* ( ^! he w\ld put 9      
execution1 :]e=e he resolv$ to complete 
! gall]y1 & accord+ly made diff]5t plans
 = x1 :i* rema9$ 9 ! hall ( w>d5s aft] 8
 dea?1 b :i* by ! neglect ( ^? (ficials 
h s9ce be5 lo/4 ,b x 0 n until our own  
days t ev5 a fragm5t 0 execut$ on a "p (
 "o ( ! eight sides 7to ! end t ! build+

 might be complet$72 b z x 0 n 9        
accordance ) ! plan ( ,filippo1 x 0     
remov$ by ! advice ( ,mi*ael ,angelo    
,buon>otti1 & 0 n aga9 attempt$4        
,filippo also con/ruct$ a model = !     
lant]n1 ) 8 own h&2 x _h eight sides1 ! 
proportions 7 9 h>mony ) ^? ( ! cupola1 
& = ! inv5tion z well z v>iety &        
decoration1 x 0 c]ta9ly v beautiful4 ,he
 did n omit ! /aircase = asc5d+ to !    
ball1 :i* 0 an admirable ?+2 b z he _h  
clos$ ! entrance ) a morsel ( wood fix$ 
at ! l[] "p1 no "o b himself knew its   
position4 ,filippo 0 n[ highly r5[n$1 b 
not)/&+ ?is1 & al?\gh he _h already     
ov]come ! envy & abat$ ! arrogance ( s  
_m oppon5ts1 he c\ld n yet escape !     
vexation ( f9d+ t all ! ma/]s (         
,flor5ce1 :5 8 model _h be5 se51 7 sett+
 !mselves to make o!rs 9 v>i\s mann]s2  
nay1 !re 0 ev5 a lady ( ! ,gaddi family1
 :o v5tur$ to place h] k 9 competition )
 t ( ,filippo4 ,! latt]1 mean:ile1 c\ld 
n refra9 f laugh+ at ! presumption ( ^! 
p1 & :5 he 0 told by c]ta9 ( 8 fri5ds t 

he ought n to %[ 8 model to any arti/   
le/ !y %\ld le>n f x1 he repli$ t !re 0 
b "o true model1 & t ! o!rs 7 good =    
no?+4 ,"s ( ! o!r ma/]s _h us$ p>ts (   
,filippo's model = _! own1 :i*1 :5 !    
latt] p]ceiv$1 he rem>k$1 ',! next model
 made by ?is p]sonage w be m9e          
altoge!r4' ,! "w ( ,filippo 0 v highly  
prais$1 ) ! exception1 t1 n p]ceiv+ !   
/aircase by :i* ! ball 0 to be atta9$1 !
 model 0 consid]$ defective on t po9t4  
,! sup]9t5d5ts det]m9$1 nev]!less1 to   
give him ! commission = ! "w1 b on      
condition t he %\ld %[ ! /aircase2#e    
:]eupon ,filippo1 remov+ ! morsel ( wood
 :i* he _h plac$ at ! foot ( ! /air1 %[$
 x con/ruct$ z x is n[ se51 )9 "o ( !   
pi]s1 & pres5t+ ! =m ( a holl[ re$ or   
bl[-pipe1 hav+ a recess or groove on "o 
side1 ) b>s ( bronze1 by means ( :i* !  
summit 0 gradually atta9$4 ,filippo 0 n[
 at an age :i* r5d]$ x impossible t he  
%\ld live to see ! lant]n complet$2 he  
!re=e left directions1 by 8 w1 t x %\ld 
be built aft] ! model "h describ$1 &    

accord+ to ! rules :i* he _h laid d[n 9 
writ+1 affirm+ t ! fabric w\ld o!rwise  
be 9 dang] ( fall+1 s9ce1 be+ con/ruct$ 
) ! po9t$ ar*1 x requir$ to be r5d]$    
secure by means ( ! pressure ( ! weight 
to be ?us add$4 ,b1 ?\gh ,filippo c\ld n
 complete ! edifice be=e 8 dea?1 he     
rais$ ! lant]n to ! height ( sev]al     
braccia1 caus+ almo/ all ! m>bles       
requir$ = ! completion ( ! build+ to be 
c>efully prep>$ & br\ght to ! place4 ,at
 ! sight ( ^! huge masses z !y arriv$1 !
 p /ood amaz$1 m>vell+ t x %\ld be      
possible = ,filippo to propose ! lay+ ( 
su* a weight on ! cupola4 ,x 01 inde$1 !
 op9ion ( _m intellig5t m5 t x c\ld n   
possibly support t weight4 ,x appe>$ to 
!m to be a piece ( good =tune t he _h   
conduct$ x s f>1 & !y consid]$ ! load+ x
 s heavy to be a tempt+ ( ,provid5ce4   
,filippo con/antly laugh$ at ^! fe>s1 & 
hav+ prep>$ all ! ma*9es & in/rum5ts    
requir$ = ! con/ruction ( ! edifice1 he 
ceas$ n to employ all 8 "t 9 tak+ ?\ght 
= its future requirem5ts1 provid+ &     

prep>+ all ! m9utiae1 ev5 to gu>d+ aga9/
 ! dang] ( ! m>bles be+ *ipp$ z !y 7    
drawn up3 to :i* int5t ! ar*es ( !      
tab]nacles 7 built )9 def5ces (         
woodwork2 & = all beside ! ma/] gave    
models & writt5 directions1 z we h said4
  ,h[ beautiful ?is build+ is1 x w      
itself be> te/imony4 ,) respect to !    
height1 f ! level gr\nd to ! comm5cem5t 
( ! lant]n1 !re are "o hundr$ &         
fifty-f\r braccia2#f ! body ( ! lan?orn 
is ?irty-six braccia high2 ! copp] ball 
f\r braccia2 ! cross eight braccia2 9   
all two hundr$ & two braccia4 ,& x may  
be confid5tly affirm$ t ! anci5ts nev]  
c>ri$ _! build+s to s va/ a height1 nor 
committ$ !mselves to s great a risk z to
 d>e a competition ) ! heav5s1 :i* ?is  
/ructure v]ily appe>s to d1 see+ t x    
re>s itself to su* an elevation t !     
hills ar\nd ,flor5ce d n appe> to equal 
x4 ,& ( a tru? x might seem t ! heav5s 7
 envi\s ( its height1 s9ce _! lightn+s  
p]petually /rike x4 ,:ile ?is "w 0 9    
progress1 ,filippo con/ruct$ _m o!r     

fabrics4     ,,brunelles*i',s           
,,en?usiasm4   ,"o morn+1 z ,brunelles*i
 0 amus+ himself on ! ,piazza di ,santa 
,m>ia del ,fiore1 9 company ) ,donatello
 & o!r arti/s1 ! conv]sation happ5$ to  
turn on anci5t sculpture4 ,donatello    
relat$ t :5 he 0 return+ f ,rome1 he _h 
tak5 ! road ( ,orvieto1 to see !        
rem>kable facade ( ! ,ca!dral ( t       
city--a highly celebrat$ "w1 execut$ by 
v>i\s ma/]s1 & consid]$ 9 ^? days a v   
rem>kable production4 ,he add$ t z he 0 
pass+ ?r\gh ,cortona1 he _h se5 9 !     
capitul> *ur* ( t city a mo/ beautiful  
antique m>ble vase1 adorn$ )            
sculpture--a r>e ?+ at t "t1 z mo/ ( !  
beautiful works ( antiquity h s9ce be5  
br\ght to light4 ,z ,donatello proce$$  
to describe ! mann] 9 :i* ! arti/ _h    
treat$ ?is "w1 ! delicacy1 beauty1 &    
p]fection ( ! workman%ip1 ,filippo      
became inflam$ ) su* an ard5t desire to 
see x1 t he set (f imm$iately1 on foot1 
to ,cortona1 dress$ z he 0 9 8 mantle1  
hood1 & wood5 %oes1 )\t communicat+ 8   

purpose to any "o4 ,f9d+ t ,donatello _h
 n be5 too lavi% ( 8 praise1 he drew !  
vase1 return$ to ,flor5ce1 & surpris$ 8 
fri5ds ) ! accurate draw+ he _h made1   
be=e !y knew ( 8 dep>ture1 !y believ+ t 
he mu/ be occupi$ ) 8 inv5tions4 ,?is   
urn1 or fun]al vase1 accord+ to !       
,flor5t9e editors ( ,vas>i1 is /ill 9 ! 
,ca!dral ( ,cortona4 ,! sculptures      
repres5t ! ,battle ( ! ,c5taurs &       
,lapi?ae1 or z "s say1 a ,w>like        
,exp$ition ( ,bac*us4 ,! design &       
workman%ip are exquisite4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a 
field )\t ! city1 & almo/ close to !    
,ca!dral4     ,,brunelles*i ,,&         
,,donatello4   ,among o!r works1 says   
,vas>i1 ,donato receiv$ an ord] = a     
crucifix 9 wood1 = ! *ur* ( ,santa      
,croce at ,flor5ce1 on :i* he be/[$     
extraord9>y labor4 ,:5 ! "w 0 complet$1 
believ+ himself to h produc$ an         
admirable ?+1 he %[$ x to ,filippo di   
,s] ,brunellesco1 8 mo/ intimate fri5d1 
desir+ to h 8 op9ion ( x4 ,filippo1 :o  
_h expect$ f ! words ( ,donato1 to see a

 mu* f9] production1 smil$ some:at z he 
reg>d$ x1 & ,donato see+ ?is1 entreat$  
him by ! fri5d%ip exi/+ betwe5 !m1 to   
say :at he ?\ght ( x4 ,:]eupon ,filippo1
 :o 0 exce$+ly frank1 repli$ t          
,donatello appe>$ to him to h plac$ a   
cl[n on ! cross1 & n a figure resembl+ t
 ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ^: p]son 0 delicately  
beautiful1 & 9 all p>ts ! mo/ p]fect =m 
( man t _h ev] be5 born4 ,donato he>+   
himself c5sur$ :]e he _h expect$ praise1
 & m hurt ?an he 0 p]haps will+ to      
admit1 repli$1 ',if x 7 z easy to       
execute a "w z to judge x1 my figure    
w\ld appe> to !e to be ,*ri/ & n a boor2
 b take wood1 & try to make "o ?yself4' 
,filippo1 )\t say+ any?+ m1 return$     
home1 & set to "w on a crucifix1 :]e9 he
 labor$ to surpass ,donato1 t he might n
 be condemn$ by 8 own judgm5t2 b he     
suff]$ no "o to "k :at he 0 do+4 ,at !  
end ( "s mon?s1 ! "w 0 complet$ to !    
height ( p]fection1 & ?is done1 ,filippo
 "o morn+ invit$ ,donato to d9e ) him1 &
 ! latt] accept$ ! invitation4 ,!reupon1

 z !y 7 proce$+ toge!r t[>ds ! h\se (   
,filippo1 !y pass$ by ! ,m]cato ,vec*io1
 :]e ! latt] pur*as$ v>i\s articles1 &  
giv+ !m to ,donato1 said1 ',d ?\ g =w>d 
) ^! ?+s to ! h\se1 & wait = me !re2    
,i'll be aft] !e 9 a mom5t4' ,donato1   
!re=e1 hav+ ent]$ ! h\se1 _h no soon]   
done s ?an he saw ! crucifix1 :i*       
,filippo _h plac$ 9 a suitable light4   
,/opp+ %ort to exam9e ! "w1 he f\nd x s 
p]fectly execut$1 t feel+ himself       
conqu]$1 full ( a/oni%m5t1 &1 z x 7     
/>tl$ out ( himself1 he dropp$ ! h&s :i*
 7 hold+ up 8 apron1 :]e9 he _h plac$ ! 
pur*ases1 :5 ! :ole fell to ! gr\nd1    
eggs1 *eese1 & o!r ?+s1 all brok5 to    
pieces & m+l$ toge!r4 ,b ,donato1 n     
recov]+ f 8 a/oni%m5t1 rema9$ /ill gaz+ 
9 amazem5t & l "o out ( 8 wits :5       
,filippo arriv$1 & inquir$1 laugh+1     
',:at ha/ ?\ be5 ab\t1 ,donato8 & :at   
do/ ?\ mean u to h = d9n]1 s9ce ?\ ha/  
ov]turn$ ev]y?+8' ',i1 = my "p1' repli$ 
,donato1 'h _h my %>e ( d9n] = to-day2  
if ?\ mu/ ne$s h ?9e1 take x4 ,b en\gh  

said3 to !e x has be5 giv5 to repres5t  
,*ri/2 to me1 boors only4' ,?is crucifix
 n[ adorns ! alt> ( ! *apel ( ! ,gondi4 
,,donatello4   ,?is old ,flor5t9e       
sculptor 0 born 9 #achc4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ( 
! mod]ns :o =sook ! /iff & go?ic mann]1 
& endeavor$ to re/ore to sculpture !    
grace & beauty ( ! antique4 ,he execut$ 
a multitude ( works 9 wood1 m>ble &     
bronze1 consi/+ ( images1 /atues1 bu/s1 
basso-relievos1 monum5ts1 eque/rian     
/atues1 etc4 :i* ga9$ him great         
reputation1 & "s ( :i* are mu* e/eem$ at
 ! pres5t day4 ,he 0 mu* patroniz$ by   
,cosmo de' ,m$ici1 & 8 son ,pietro4     
,among ,donatello's pr9cipal works1 are 
?ree /atues1 ea* ?ree braccia & a half  
high1 7,vas>i errone\sly says f\r1 & ea*
 five braccia high71 = ! facade ( ! *ur*
 ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 :i* faces ! 
,campanile4 ,!y repres5t ,/4 ,john2     
,david1 call$ ,lo ,zuccone 7s call$1    
because bald-head$72 & ,solomon1 or z "s
 say1 ! prophet ,j]emiah4 ,! ,zuccone is
 consid]$ ! mo/ extraord9>y & ! mo/     

beautiful "w ev] produc$ by ,donatello1 
:o1 :ile work+ on x1 0 s delight$ ) 8   
success1 t he frequ5tly exclaim$1 ,speak
 !n6 :y wilt ?\ n speak8 ,:5ev] he wi%$ 
to affirm a ?+ 9 a mann] t %\ld preclude
 all d\bt1 he w\ld say1 ,by ! fai? ,i   
place 9 my ,zuccone4     ,,donatello ,,&
 ,,! ,,m]*ant4   ,a ri* ,g5oese m]*ant  
commission$ ,donatello to execute 8 bu/ 
9 bronze1 ( life size4 ,:5 ! "w 0       
complet$1 x 0 pron\nc$ a capital        
p]=mance1 & ,cosmo de' ,m$ici1 :o 0 !   
fri5d ( bo? p>ties1 caus$ x to be plac$ 
9 ! upp] c\rt ( ! palace1 betwe5 !      
battlem5ts :i* ov]look ! /reet1 t x     
might be se5 by ! citiz5s4 ,:5 ! m]*ant1
 unacqua9t$ ) ! value ( su* works1 came 
to pay = x1 ! price dem&$ appe>$ to him 
s exorbitant t he refus$ to take x1     
:]eupon ! mutt] 0 ref]r$ to ,cosmo4 ,:5 
! latt] s\ght to settle ! diff]5ce1 he  
f\nd ! (f] ( ! m]*ant to be v f> f ! j  
dem& ( ,donatello1 & turn+ t[>ds him1   
obs]v$ t he (f]$ too small comp5sation4 
,! m]*ant repli$ t ,donatello c\ld h    

made x 9 a mon?1 & w\ld ?us be ga9+ half
 a flor9 a day 7ab\t "o doll>74         
,donatello1 disgu/$ & /ung ) rage1 told 
! m]*ant t he _h f\nd means 9 ! hundr$? 
"p ( an h\r to de/roy ! :ole labor &    
cures ( a ye>1 & knock$ ! bu/ out ( !   
w9d[1 :i* 0 da%$ to pieces on ! pavem5t 
bel[1 obs]v+1 at ! same "t1 t x 0 evid5t
 he 0 bett] v]s$ 9 b>ga9+ = horse-beans 
?an 9 pur*as+ /atues4 ,! m]*ant n[ a%am$
 ( 8 conduct1 & regrett+ :at _h happ5$1 
(f]$ him d\ble 8 price if he w\ld       
recon/ruct ! bu/1--b ,donatello1 ?\gh   
poor1 flatly refus$ to d x on any t]ms1 
ev5 at ! reque/ ( ,cosmo himself4       
,,donatello ,,& ,,8 ,,k9sman4   ,:5     
,donatello 0 v sick1 c]ta9 ( 8 k9sfolk1 
:o 7 well to d 9 ! _w1 b _h n visit$ him
 9 _m ye>s1 w5t to condole ) him 9 8 la/
 illness4 ,be=e !y left1 !y told him x 0
 8 duty to leave to !m a small f>m :i*  
he _h 9 ! t]ritories ( ,prato1 & ?is !y 
begg$ v e>ne/ly1 ?\gh x 0 small &       
produc$ a v small income4 ,donatello1   
p]ceiv+ ! motive ( _! visit1 ?us rebuk$ 

!m3 ,i _c cont5t y 9 ?is matt]1 k9sm51  
because ,i resolve--& x appe>s to me j &
 prop]--to leave ! f>m to ! poor        
husb&man :o has always till$ x1 & :o has
 be/[$ great labor on x2 n to y1 :o )\t 
ev] hav+ done any?+ = x1 or = me1 b only
 ?\ght ( obta9+ x1 n[ come ) ?is visit (
 y\rs1 desir+ t ,i %\ld leave x to y4   
,g6 & ! ,"l be ) y4     ,,dea? ,,(      
,,donatello4   ,donatello di$ on ! #ac? 
( ,decemb]1 #adff4 ,he 0 buri$ ) great  
pomp & solemnity 9 ! *ur* ( ,san        
,lor5zo1 ne> ! tomb ( ,cosmo1 z he      
himself _h comm&$ 7= he _h pur*as$ !    
"r71 to ! end1 z he said1 t 8 body might
 be ne> him :5 dead1 z 8 _s _h ev] be5  
ne> him :5 9 life4 ,bott>i obs]ves t    
ano!r reason = 8 *oice ( ,san ,lor5zo1  
may h be5 t _m ( 8 works 7 9 t *ur*4    
,,donatello ,,& ,,mi*ael ,,angelo       
,,comp>$4   ,i w n omit to m5tion1 says 
,vas>i1 t ! mo/ le>n$ & v rev]5d ,don   
,v9c5zio ,borgh9i1 ( :om we h be=e spok5
 9 relation to o!r matt]s1 has collect$ 
into a l>ge book1 innum]able draw+s (   

di/+ui%$ pa9t]s & sculptors1 anci5t z   
well z mod]n1 & among ^! are two draw+s 
on two leaves opposite to ea* o!r1 "o ( 
:i* is by ,donato1 & ! o!r by ,mi*ael   
,angelo ,buon>roti4 ,on ^! he has ) mu* 
judgm5t inscrib$ ! two ,greek mottos :i*
 foll[2 on ! draw+ ( ,donato1 ,greek3 ,e
 ,donatos ,bon>rotixei1 & on t ( ,mi*ael
 ,angelo1 ,greek3 ,e ,bon>rotos         
,donatixei1 :i* 9 ,lat9 ran ?us3 ,aut   
,donatus ,bon>rotom exprimit et ref]t1  
aut ,bon>rotus ,donatum2 & 9 our        
language !y mean1 ',ei!r ! _s ( ,donato 
work$ 9 ,buon>roti1 or t ( ,buon>roti   
fir/ act$ 9 ,donato4'     ,,s(onisba    
,,anguisciola',s ,,e>ly ,,di/9ction4    
,?is noble lady ( ,cremona 7born ab\t   
#aecj71 0 "o ( six si/]s1 all amiable1 &
 mu* di/+ui%$ 9 arts & lett]s4 ,%e      
display$ a ta/e = draw+ at a v e>ly age1
 & soon became ! be/ pupil 9 ! s*ool (  
,antonio ,campi4 ,"o ( h] e>ly sket*es1 
( a boy caught ) 8 h& 9 ! claw ( a      
lob/]1 ) a little girl laugh+ at 8      
plight1 0 9 possession ( ,vas>i1 & by   

him e/eem$ wor?y ( a place 9 a volume   
:i* he _h fill$ ) draw+s by ! mo/ fam\s 
ma/]s ( t great age4 ,portraiture 0 h]  
*ief /udy2 & ,vas>i comm5ds a picture   
:i* he saw at h] fa!r's h\se1 ( ?ree ( !
 si/]s1 & an anci5t h\sekeep] ( ! family
 play+ at *ess1 z a "w pa9t$ ) s mu*    
skill & c>e1 t ! figures want$ only     
voice to appe> alive4 ,he also praises a
 portrait :i* %e pa9t$ ( h]self1 &      
pres5t$ to ,pope ,julius ,,iii41 :o di$ 
9 #aeee1 :i* %[s t %e mu/ h attract$ !  
notice ( pr9ces :ile yet 9 h] girlhood4 
,at ,milan1 :i!r %e accompani$ h] fa!r1 
%e pa9t$ ! portrait ( ! ,duke ( ,sessa1 
! ,vic]oy1 :o rew>d$ h] ) f\r pieces (  
brocade & v>i\s ri* gifts4              
,,s(onisba',s ,,visit ,,to ,,spa94   ,h]
 "n hav+ become fam\s 9 ,italy1 9 #aeei1
 ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 ord]$ ! ,duke ( ,alba1 :o
 0 !n at ,rome1 to invite h] to ! c\rt (
 ,madrid4 ,%e arriv$ !re 9 ! same ye>1 &
 0 receiv$ ) great di/9ction1 & lodg$ 9 
! palace4 ,h] fir/ "w 0 ! portrait ( !  
k+1 :o 0 s mu* pleas$ ) ! p]=mance t he 

rew>d$ h] ) a diamond wor? #aejj ducats1
 & settl$ ^u h] a p5sion ( #bjj ducats4 
,h] next sitt]s 7 ! "y que5 ,elizabe? ( 
,valois1 kn[n 9 ,spa9 z ,isabel ( !     
,peace1 !n 9 ! bloom ( bridal beauty1 & 
! unhappy boy1 ,don ,c>los4 ,by ! desire
 ( ,pope ,pius ,,iv41 %e made a second  
portrait ( ! ,que51 s5t to 8 ,hol9ess ) 
a dutiful lett]1 :i* ,vas>i has pres]v$1
 z well z ! graci\s reply ( ! pontiff1  
:o assures h] t h] pa9t+ %all be plac$  
among 8 mo/ preci\s treasures4 ,s(onisba
 held ! po/ ( lady-9-wait+ to ! que51 & 
0 = "s "t gov]ness to h] daught]1 !     
,infanta ,isabella ,cl>a ,eug5ia1--an   
appo9tm5t :i* proves t %e mu/ h resid$ 9
 ,spa9 = "s "t aft] #aeff1 ! ye> ( t    
pr9cess' bir?4     ,,s(onisba',s        
,,m>riages4   ,h] royal patrons at la/  
m>ri$ _! fair arti/1 n[ arriv$ to a     
mature age1 to ,don ,fabrizio de        
,moncada1 a noble ,sicilian1 giv+ h] a  
d[ry ( #ab1jjj ducats & a p5sion (      
#a1jjj1 besides _m ri* pres5ts 9        
tape/ries & jewels4 ,! newly w$d$ pair  

retir$ to ,pal]mo1 :]e ! husb& di$ "s   
ye>s aft]4 ,s(onisba 0 !n invit$ back to
 ! c\rt ( ,madrid1 b excus$ h]self on   
acc\nt ( h] desire to see ,cremona & h] 
k9dr$ once m4 ,emb>k+ = ?is purpose on  
bo>d ( a ,g5oese galley1 %e 0 ent]ta9$ )
 su* gallant c\rtesy by ! capta91       
,orazio ,lomell9i1 "o ( ! m]*ant pr9ces 
( ! city ( ,palaces1 t %e fell 9 love ) 
him1 &1 accord+ to ,soprani1 (f]$ him h]
 h& 9 m>riage1 :i* he accept$4 ,on he>+ 
( h] second nuptials1 _! ,ca?olic       
,maje/ies add$ #djj cr[ns to h] p5sion4 
,,s(onisba',s ,,resid5ce ,,at ,,g5oa1   
,,& ,,h] ,,int]c\rse ,,) ,,v&yck4       
,aft] h] second m>riage1 ,s(onisba      
cont9u$ to pursue ! art at ,g5oa1 :]e h]
 h\se became ! resort ( all ! poli%$ &  
intellectual society ( ! ,republic4 ,!  
,empress ( ,g]many paid h] a visit on h]
 way to ,spa91 & accept$ a little       
picture1--"o ( ! mo/ f9i%$ & beautiful (
 h] works4 ,%e 0 also visit$ by h] =m]  
*>ge1 ! ,infanta1 !n ! wife ( ! ,ar*duke
 ,alb]t1 & ) him co-sov]eign ( ,fl&]s4  

,t pr9cess sp5t _m h\rs 9 conv]s+ ) h] (
 by-gone days & family affairs2 %e also 
sat = h] portrait1 & pres5t$ ,s(onisba )
 a gold *a9 enri*$ ) jewels1 z a        
memorial ( _! fri5d%ip4 ,?us c\rt$ 9 !  
society ( ,g5oa1 & c>ess$ by royalty1   
?is em95t pa9tress liv$ to ! extreme age
 ( n9ety-?ree ye>s4 ,a m$al 0 /ruck 9 h]
 honor at ,bologna2 arti/s li/5$        
rev]5tially to h] op9ions2 & poets sang 
h] praises4 ,?\gh depriv$ ( sight 9 h]  
latt] ye>s1 %e reta9$ to ! la/ h] o!r   
faculties1 h] love ( art1 & h] reli% = !
 society ( its pr(essors4 ,v&yck 0      
frequ5tly h] gue/ dur+ 8 resid5ce at    
,g5oa1 9 #afba2 & he us$ to say ( h] t  
he _h le>n$ m ( ! practical pr9ciples ( 
! art f a bl9d woman1 ?an by /udy+ all !
 works ( ! be/ ,italian ma/]s4          
,,c>ri]a ,,rosalba4   ,?is celebrat$    
,italian pa9tress 0 born at ,*iozza1 ne>
 ,v5ice1 9 #afge4 ,%e acquir$ an imm5se 
reputation1 & 0 invit$ to sev]al ( !    
c\rts ( ,europe4 ,few arti/s h equall$  
,rosalba 9 crayon pa9t+4                

,,rosalba',s ,,mode/y4   ,not)/&+ %e    
receiv$ s _m flatt]+ m>ks ( di/9ction f 
cr[n$ heads1 ,rosalba's native mode/y   
nev] des]t$ h]1 & %e seem$ to e/eem h]  
works less ?an did _m ( h] admir]s1     
because %e 0 s5sible h[ f> %e fell %ort 
( h] idea ( p]fection4 ,ev]y?+ ,i d1    
said %e1 seems good en\gh to me j aft]  
,i h done x1 & p]haps = a few h\rs      
aft]w>ds1 b !n ,i beg9 to discov] my    
imp]fections6 ,?us x is ) true m]it2 ^? 
:o are sup]ficial or pret5d+ c nev] f9d 
out1 or nev] w ackn[l$ge _! own faults4 
,,rosalba',s ,,k ,,( ,,temp]s4          
,rosalba us$ to say1 ,i h s long be5    
accu/om$ to /udy features1 & !          
expression ( ! m9d by !m1 t ,i "k p's   
temp]s by _! faces4 ,%e frequ5tly       
surpris$ h] fri5ds by ! accuracy ( "*   
:i* %e read 9 ! faces ( p]sons :o 7     
entire /rang]s to h]4     ,,elizabe?    
,,sirani4   ,elizabe? ,sirani 0 born at 
,bologna 9 #afch4 ,%e e>ly exhibit$ !   
mo/ extraord9>y tal5t = pa9t+1 :i* 0    
p]fectly cultivat$ by h] fa!r1 ,gio4    

,&rea ,sirani1 an excell5t disciple &   
imitator ( ,guido4 ,%e atta*$ h]self to 
an imitation ( ! be/ /yle ( ,guido1 :i* 
unites great relief ) ! mo/ captivat+   
am5ity4 ,h] fir/ public "w appe>$ 9     
#afee1 :5 %e 0 sev5te5 ye>s ( age4 ,x is
 almo/ incr$ible t 9 a %ort life ( n m  
?an tw5ty-six or tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 %e    
c\ld h execut$ ! long li/ ( works       
enum]at$ by ,malvasia1 copi$ f a regi/] 
kept by h]self1 am\nt+ to upw>ds ( "o   
hundr$ & fifty pictures & portraits2 &  
our a/oni%m5t is increas$1 :5 we are    
told by ! same au?or1 t _m ( !m are     
pictures & alt>-pieces ( l>ge size1 &   
f9i%$ ) a c>e t excludes all appe>ance (
 neglig5ce & ha/e4 ,!re are q a numb] ( 
h] works 9 ! *ur*es ( ,bologna4 ,lanzi  
also speaks ( h] 9 t]ms ( high          
comm5dation1 & says1 t 9 h] small]      
works1 pa9t$ by commission1 %e /ill     
improv$ h]self1 z may be se5 by h]      
num]\s pictures ( ,madonnas1 ,magdal5s1 
sa9ts1 & ! infant ,savi\r1 f\nd 9 !     
,zampi]i1 ,zambecc>i1 & ,capr>a palaces 

at ,bologna1 & 9 ! ,cors9i & ,bolognetti
 collections at ,rome4 ,%e receiv$ _m   
commissions f _m ( ! sov]eigns & mo/    
di/+ui%$ p]sons ( ,europe4 ,%e _h two   
si/]s1 ,anna & ,b>b>a1 :om1 accord+ to  
,crespi1 %e in/ruct$ 9 ! art1 & :o      
possess$ consid]able tal5t4 ,h] fame 0 s
 great1 t aft] h] dea? n only ! works ( 
h] si/]s1 b _m ( ^? ( h] fa!r1 7        
attribut$ to h]4 ,lanzi says1 ,%e is    
ne>ly ! sole individual ( ! family ^: "n
 occurs 9 collections out ( ,bologna4   
,%e also execut$ "s spirit$ et*+s mo/ly 
f h] own designs4     ,,dea? ,,(        
,,elizabe? ,,sirani4   ,?is accompli%$1 
amiable1 & tal5t$ lady 0 cut (f 9 ! fl[]
 ( h] life1 ,augu/ #bi?1 #affe1 by      
poison1 adm9i/]$ by "o ( h] own maids1  
in/igat$1 z is suppos$1 by "s jeal\s "y 
arti/s4 ,h] melan*oly dea? 0 bewail$ )  
demon/rations ( public sorr[1 & h]      
rema9s 7 int]r$ ) great pomp & solemnity
 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,dom5ico1 9 ! same vault
 :]e repos$ ! a%es ( ,guido4     ,,ra*el
 ,,ruys*4   ,?is celebrat$ pa9tress (   

fruit & fl[]s 0 born at ,am/]dam 9      
#affd4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,fr$]ick ,ruis*
 or ,ruys*1 ! celebrat$ pr(essor (      
anatomy4 ,%e e>ly %[$ an extraord9>y    
ta/e = depict+ fruit & fl[]s1 & atta9$  
to su* p]fection 9 h] art1 t "s h n     
hesitat$ to equal & ev5 pref] h] works  
to ^? ( ,john van ,huysum4 ,%e gr\p$ h] 
fl[]s 9 ! mo/ ta/eful & picturesque     
mann]1 & depict$ !m ) a grace &         
brilliancy t rivall$ nature4 ,descamps  
says t 9 h] pictures ( fruit & fl[]s1 %e
 surpass$ nature h]self4 ,! extraord9>y 
tal5ts ( ?is lady recomm5d$ h] to !     
patronage ( ! ,elector ,palat9e--a great
 admir] ( h] pictures--= :om %e execut$ 
"s ( h] *oice/ works1 & receiv$ = !m a  
munific5t rew>d4 ,?\gh %e ex]cis$ h]    
tal5ts to an advanc$ age1 h] works are  
exce$+ly r>e1 s great 0 ! labor be/[$ ^u
 !m4 ,%e sp5t sev5 ye>s 9 pa9t+ two     
pictures1 a fruit & a fl[] piece1 :i* %e
 pres5t$ to "o ( h] daught]s z a m>riage
 portion4 ,%e m>ri$ ,jurian ,pool1 an   
em95t portrait pa9t]1 by :om %e _h t5   

*ildr52 %e is frequ5tly call$ by 8 "n1  
?\gh %e always sign$ h] pictures ) h]   
maid5 "n4 ,smi?1 9 8 ,catalogue         
raisonne1 vols4 vi4 & ix41 gives a      
description ( only ab\t ?irty pieces by 
h]--a pro( ( _! extreme r>ity4 ,!y n[   
comm& v high prices :5 (f]$ = sale1 :i* 
r>ely happ5s4 ,%e di$ 9 #agfj1 ag$ #hf  
ye>s4     ,,sir ,,an?ony ,,v&yck4   ,?is
 em95t ,flemi% pa9t] 0 born at ,antw]p 9
 #aeii4 ,8 fa!r e>ly gave him in/ruction
 9 draw+2 he 0 also in/ruct$ by 8 "m1 :o
 pa9t$ l&scapes1 & 0 v skillful 9       
embroid]y4 ,he /udi$ aft]w>ds "u ,h5ry  
van ,bal51 & made rapid progress 9 !    
art2 b attract$ by ! fame ( ,rub5s1 he  
ent]$ ! s*ool ( t ma/]1 & %[$ s mu*     
ability z to be soon entru/$ ) !        
execution ( "s ( 8 in/ructor's designs4 
,"s writ]s1 among :om ,d',arg5ville 0 ! 
fir/1 ass]t t ,rub5s became jeal\s (    
,v&yck's gr[+ excell5ce1 & !re=e advis$ 
him to devote himself to portrait pa9t+2
 assign+ ! foll[+ anecdote z ! cause ( 8
 jeal\sy4 ,dur+ ! %ort abs5ces ( ,rub5s 

f 8 h\se1 = ! purpose ( recreation1 8   
disciples frequ5tly obta9$ access to 8  
/udio1 by means ( brib+ an old s]vant :o
 kept ! keys2 & on "o ( ^! occasions1   
:ile !y 7 all eag]ly press+ =w>d to view
 ! great picture ( ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross 
7al?\gh lat] inve/igations conc]n+ dates
 seem to indicate t x 0 "s o!r picture71
 ,diep5beck accid5tally fell aga9/ !    
canvas1 effac+ ! face ( ! ,virg91 & !   
,magdal5's arm1 :i* _h j be5 f9i%$1 & 7 
n yet dry4 ,fe>ful ( expulsion f !      
s*ool1 ! t]rifi$ pupils *ose ,v&yck to  
re/ore ! "w1 & he complet$ x ! same day 
) su* success t ,rub5s did n at fir/    
p]ceive ! *ange1 & aft]w>ds conclud$ n  
to alt] x4 ,walpole ent]ta9s a diff]5t &
 m rational view respect+ ,rub5s'       
suppos$ jeal\sy3 he ?9ks t ,v&yck felt !
 hopelessness ( surpass+ 8 ma/] 9       
hi/orical pa9t+1 & !re=e resolv$ to     
devote himself to portrait4 ,"o au?ority
 /ates t ! above m5tion$ incid5t only   
increas$ ,rub5s' e/eem = 8 pupil1 9     
p]fect accordance ) ! di/+ui%$ "* =     

g5]osity & lib]ality1 :i* t great ma/] s
 (t5 ev9c$1 & :i* =ms v /rong           
presumptive evid5ce aga9/ s base an     
accusation4 ,besides1 8 advice to ,v&yck
 to visit ,italy--:]e 8 own p[]s _h be51
 z 8 pupil's w\ld be1 greatly           
/r5g!n$--may be consid]$ z suffici5t to 
refute x entirely4 ,!y appe> to h p>t$  
on ! be/ t]ms2 ,v&yck pres5t$ ,rub5s )  
an ,ecce ,homo1 ,*ri/ 9 ! ,g>d51 & a    
portrait ( ,hel5 ,=man1 ,rub5s' second  
wife2 he 0 pres5t$ 9 return1 by ,rub5s1 
) "o ( 8 f9e/ horses4     ,,v&yck',s    
,,visit ,,to ,,italy4   ,at ! age (     
tw5ty1 ,v&yck set out = ,italy1 b delay$
 "s "t at ,brussels1 fasc9at$ by ! *>ms 
( a peasant girl ( ,savel!im1 nam$ ,anna
 van ,ophem1 :o p]suad$ him to pa9t two 
pictures = ! *ur* ( h] native place--a  
,/4 ,m>t9 on horseback1 pa9t$ f himself 
& ! horse giv5 him by ,rub5s2 & a ,holy 
,family1 = :i* ! girl & h] p>5ts 7 !    
models4 ,on arriv+ 9 ,italy1 he sp5t "s 
"t at ,v5ice1 /udy+ ) great att5tion !  
works ( ,titian2 aft] :i* he visit$     

,g5oa1 & pa9t$ _m excell5t portraits = !
 nobility1 z well z sev]al pictures = ! 
*ur*es & private collections1 :i* ga9$  
him great applause4 ,f ,g5oa he w5t to  
,rome1 :]e he 0 also mu* employ$1 & liv$
 9 great /yle4 ,8 portrait ( ,c>d9al    
,b5tivoglio1 pa9t$ ab\t ?is "t1 is "o ( 
8 ma/]pieces1 & 9 e respect an admirable
 picture2 x is n[ 9 ! ,palazzo ,pitti1  
at ,flor5ce1 hang+ ne> ,raffaelle's     
celebrat$ portrait ( ,leo ,x4 ,v&yck 0  
kn[n at ,rome z ! ,pittore ,cavali]esco2
 8 c\ntrym5 !re be+ m5 ( l[ & intemp]ate
 habits1 he avoid$ _! society1 & 0      
!nce=w>d s greatly annoy$ by _!         
criticisms & revil+s1 t he 0 oblig$ to  
leave ,rome ab\t #afbe1 & return to     
,g5oa1 :]e he met ) a flatt]+ reception1
 & pl5tiful enc\ragem5t4 ,invit$ to     
,pal]mo1 he visit$ t city1 & pa9t$ !    
portraits ( ,pr9ce ,philib]t ( ,savoy1 !
 ,vic]oy ( ,sicily1 & sev]al di/+ui%$   
p]sons1 among :om 0 ! celebrat$ pa9tress
 ,s(onisba ,anguisciola1 !n 9 h] #ib;d  
ye>2 b ! plague break+ out1 he return$  

to ,g5oa1 & !nce to 8 own c\ntry4       
,,v&yck',s ,,return ,,to ,,antw]p4   ,on
 8 return to ,antw]p1 :i!r 8 reputation 
_h prec$$ him1 ,v&yck 0 spe$ily employ$ 
by v>i\s religi\s societies1 & 8 picture
 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e = ! *ur* ( ! ,augu/9es 9
 t city1 e/abli%$ 8 reputation among !  
fir/ pa9t]s ( 8 "t4 ,he pa9t$ o!r       
hi/orical pictures1 = ! pr9cipal public 
edifices at ,antw]p1 ,brussels1 ,me*l91 
& ,gh5t2 b acquir$ great] fame by 8     
portraits1 p>ticul>ly 8 well kn[n s]ies 
( ! em95t arti/s ( 8 "t1 :i* 7 engrav$  
by ,vor/]mans1 ,pontius1 ,bolsw]t1 &    
o!rs4 ,8 brilliant reputation at l5g?   
r\s$ ! jeal\sy ( 8 cotempor>ies1 _m (   
:om 7 indefatigable 9 _! intrigues to   
calumniate 8 works4 ,9 addition to ^!   
annoyances1 ! conduct ( ! canons ( !    
,collegiate *ur* ( ,c\rtray1 = :om he   
pa9t$ an admirable picture ( !          
,elevation ( ! ,cross1 prov$ too mu* = 8
 endurance4 ,aft] he _h ex]t$ all 8 p[]s
 to produce a ma/]piece ( art1 ! canons1
 ^u view+ ! picture1 pron\nc$ x a       

contemptible p]=mance1 & ! arti/ a      
mis]able daub]2 & ,v&yck c\ld h>dly     
obta9 paym5t = 8 "w4 ,:5 ! picture _h   
receiv$ high comm5dation f good judges1 
!y became s5sible ( _! error1 & reque/$ 
him to execute two m works2 b !         
indignant arti/ refus$ ! commission4    
,disgu/$ ) su* treatm5t1 ,v&yck readily 
accept$ an invitation to visit ! ,hague1
 f ,fr$]ick1 ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 ^:       
portrait he pa9t$1 & ^? ( 8 family1 !   
pr9cipal p]sonages ( 8 c\rt1 & ! =eign  
ambassadors4     ,,v&yck',s ,,visit ,,to
 ,,engl&4   ,he>+ ( ! great enc\ragem5t 
ext5d$ to ! arts by ,*>les ,i41 he      
det]m9$ to visit ,engl& 9 #afbi4 ,:ile  
!re1 he lodg$ ) 8 fri5d & c\ntryman1    
,george ,geldorp ! pa9t]1 & expect$ to  
be pres5t$ to ! k+2 b 8 hopes n be+     
realiz$1 he visit$ ,p>is2 & meet+ no    
bett] success !re1 be return$ to 8 own  
c\ntry1 ) ! int5tion ( rema9+ !re dur+ !
 re/ ( 8 life4 ,*>les1 h[ev]1 hav+ se5 a
 portrait by ,v&yck1 ( ! musician1 ,fic4
 ,lani]e1 director ( ! music ( ! k+'s   

*apel1 reque/$ ,sir ,k5elm ,digby to    
invite him to return to ,engl&4         
,accord+ly1 9 #afca1 he arriv$ a second 
"t at ,london1 & 0 receiv$ by ! k+ 9 a  
flatt]+ mann]4 ,he 0 lodg$ at           
,blackfri>s1 among ! ,k+'s arti/s1 :]e 8
 maje/y frequ5tly w5t to sit = 8        
portrait1 z well z to enjoy ! society ( 
! pa9t]4 ,! honor ( knigh?ood 0 conf]r$ 
^u him 9 #afcb1 & ! foll[+ ye> he 0     
appo9t$ pa9t] to ! k+1 ) an annuity (   
,l#bjj4  ,prosp]ity n[ fl[$ 9 ^u !      
,flem+ 9 abundance1 & al?\gh he op]at$ )
 ! greate/ indu/ry & facility1 pa9t+    
s+le portraits 9 "o day1 he c\ld h>dly  
fulfill all 8 commissions4 ,naturally   
fond ( display1 he kept a spl5did       
e/abli%m5t1 & 8 sumptu\s table 0        
frequ5t$ by p]sons ( ! highe/ di/9ction4
 ,he (t5 deta9$ 8 sitt]s to d9n]1 :]e he
 _h an opportunity to obs]ve m ( _!     
peculi> *>act]i/ics1 & ret\*$ _!        
pictures 9 ! aft]noon4 ,not)/&+ 8       
di/+ui%$ success1 he does n appe> to h  
be5 satisfi$ ) em95ce 9 portrait pa9t+2 

& n long aft] 8 m>riage ) ,m>ia ,ru?v51 
gr&daught] ( ,"l ,g[rie1 he w5t to      
,antw]p ) 8 lady1 on a visit to 8 family
 & fri5ds1 & !nce proce$$ to ,p>is4 ,!  
fame :i* ,rub5s _h acquir$ by 8         
celebrat$ p]=mances at ! ,luxemb\rg1    
r5d]$ ,v&yck desir\s to execute !       
decorations at ! ,l\vre2 b on arriv+ at 
! ,fr5* capital1 he f\nd ! commission   
dispos$ ( to ,ni*olas ,p\ss94 ,he soon  
return$ to ,engl&1 & be+ /ill desir\s ( 
execut+ "s great "w1 propos$ to ! k+    
?r\gh ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 to decorate ! 
walls ( ! ,banquet+ ,h\se 7( :i* ! ceil+
 0 already adorn$ by ,rub5s71 ) !       
,hi/ory & ,progress ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]4
 ,! sum dem&$ 0 ,l#hjjj1 & :ile ! k+ 0  
treat+ ) him = a less am\nt1 ! project 0
 t]m9at$ by ! dea? ( ,v&yck1 ,decemb]   
#i?1 #afda1 ag$ #db ye>s4 ,he 0 buri$ ) 
extraord9>y honors 9 ,/4 ,paul's        
ca!dral4 ,8 high liv+ _h br\ght on ! g\t
 dur+ 8 latt] ye>s1 & luxury _h         
consid]ably r$uc$ 8 =tune1 :i* he       
endeavor$ to repair by ! /udy ( al*emy4 

,he left prop]ty am\nt+ to ab\t         
,l#bj1jjj4 ,9 8 private "*1 ,v&yck 0    
univ]sally e/eem$ = ! urbanity ( 8      
mann]s1 & 8 g5]\s patronage to all :o   
excell$ 9 any sci5ce or art1 _m ( ^:    
portraits he pa9t$ gratuit\sly4         
,,william ,,van ,,de ,,velde1 ,,!       
,,eld]4   ,?is em95t ,dut* m>9e pa9t] 0 
born at ,leyd51 9 #afaj4 ,he drew ev]y?+
 aft] nature1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ correct1   
spirit$1 & admirable design]s ( m>9e    
subjects4 ,he made an incr$ible numb] ( 
draw+s on pap]1 height5$ ) ,india ink1  
all ( !m sket*$ f nature ) uncommon     
elegance & fidelity4 ,8 tal5ts recomm5d$
 him to ! notice ( ! ,/ates ( ,holl&1 & 
,descamps says !y furni%$ him ) a small 
vessel to accompany _! fleets1 t he     
might design ! diff]5t manoeuvres &     
engagem5ts2 t he 0 pres5t 9 v>i\s       
sea-fights1 9 :i* he fe>lessly expos$   
himself to ! mo/ imm95t dang]1 :ile mak+
 8 sket*es2 he 0 pres5t at ! sev]e      
battle betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,dut* fleets1 
"u ! comm& ( ! ,duke ( ,york & ,admiral 

,opdam1 9 :i* ! %ip ( ! latt]1 ) five   
hundr$ m51 0 bl[n up1 & 9 ! /ill m      
memorable engagem5t 9 ! foll[+ ye>1     
betwe5 ! ,engli% "u ! ,duke ( ,albem>le1
 & ! ,dut* ,admiral de ,ruyt]1 :i* la/$ 
?ree days4 ,x is said t dur+ ^!         
engagem5ts he sail$ alt]nately betwe5 ! 
fleets1 s z to repres5t m9utely e       
movem5t ( ! %ips1 & ! mo/1 mat]ial      
circum/ances ( ! actions ) incr$ible    
exactness & tru?4 ,s int5t 0 he ^u 8    
draw+1 t he con/antly expos$ himself to 
! greate/ dang]1 )\t ! lea/ app>5t      
anxiety4 ,he wrote ov] ! %ips _! names &
 ^? ( _! comm&]s2 & "u 8 own frail craft
 ,v4 ,velde's ,gallijodt1 or ,myn       
,gallijodt4     ,,van ,,de ,,velde ,,&  
,,*>les ,,ii4   ,aft] hav+ execut$ _m   
capital pictures = ! ,/ates ( ,holl&1   
,van de ,velde 0 invit$ to ,engl& by    
,*>les ,,ii41 :o _h become acqua9t$ ) 8 
tal5ts dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,holl&4 ,he    
arriv$ 9 ,london ab\t #afge1 well       
advanc$ 9 ye>s1 & ! k+ settl$ ^u him a  
p5sion ( ,l#ajj p] annum until 8 dea?1 9

 #afic1 z appe>s f ?is inscription on 8 
tomb-/one 9 ,/4 ,james' *ur*3 ,mr4      
,william van de ,velde1 s5ior1 late     
pa9t] ( sea-fights to _! ,maje/ies1 ,k+ 
,*>les ,,ii4 & ,k+ ,james1 di$ 9 #afic4 
,he 0 accompani$ by 8 son1 :o 0 also    
tak5 into ! s]vice ( ! k+1 z appe>s f an
 ord] ( ! privy seal1 z foll[s3 ,*>les !
 ,second1 by ! grace ( ,god1 c41 to our 
de> ,c\s91 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 & ! re/ ( our 
commission]s = execut+ ! place ( ,"l    
,high ,admiral ( ,engl&1 greet+4 ,:]eas1
 we h ?\ght fit to all[ ! sal>y ( ,l#ajj
 p] annum unto ,william van de ,velde ! 
,eld]1 = tak+ & mak+ draughts (         
sea-fights2 & ! l sal>y ( ,l#ajj p]     
annum unto ,william van de ,velde !     
y\ng]1 = putt+ ! said draughts 9 color =
 our p>ticul> use2 our w & pleasure is1 
& we d h]eby au?orize & require y to    
issue y\r ord]s = ! pres5t & ! future   
e/abli%m5t ( said sal>ies to ! a=esaid  
,william van de ,velde ! ,eld] &        
,william van de ,velde ! ,y\ng]1 to be  
paid unto !m1 or ei!r ( !m1 dur+ our    

pleasure1 & = s do+1 ^! our lett]s %all 
be y\r suffici5t w>rant & dis*>ge4 ,giv5
 "u our privy-seal1 at our palace (     
,we/m9/]1 ! #bj? day ( ,febru>y1 9 !    
#bf? ye> ( our reign4  ,_m ( ! l>ge     
pictures ( sea-fights 9 ,engl&1 &       
d\btless 9 ,holl&1 be>+ ! signature ,w4 
van de ,velde1 & g5]ally attribut$ to ! 
son1 7 execut$ by him f ! designs ( 8   
fa!r4 ,su* are ! s]ies ( twelve naval   
engagem5ts & sea-ports 9 ! palace at    
,hampton ,c\rt1 ?\gh sign$ l ! be/ works
 ( ! y\ng] van de ,velde2 !y are dat$   
#afgf & #afhb4     ,,william ,,van ,,de 
,,velde ,,! ,,y\ng]4   ,?is em95t arti/ 
0 ! son ( ! prec$+1 & born at ,am/]dam 9
 #afcc4 ,he _h already acquir$ a        
di/+ui%$ reputation 9 8 native c\ntry = 
8 admirable cab9et pictures ( m>9e      
subjects1 :5 he accompani$ 8 fa!r to    
,engl&1 :]e 8 tal5ts n only recomm5d$   
him to ! patronage ( ! k+1 b to !       
pr9cipal nobility & p]sonages ( 8 c\rt1 
= :om he execut$ _m ( 8 mo/ beautiful   
works4 ,! palm1 says ,"l ,or=d1 is n    

less disput$ ) ,raffaelle = hi/ory1 ?an 
) ,van de ,velde = sea-pieces4 ,he di$ 9
 #agjg4     ,,! ,,y\ng] ,,van ,,de      
,,velde',s ,,works4   ,l 8 fa!r1 ! y\ng]
 ,van de ,velde design$ ev]y?+ f nature1
 & 8 compositions are di/+ui%$ by a m   
elegant & ta/eful arrangem5t ( 8        
objects1 ?an is to be f\nd 9 !          
productions ( any o!r pa9t] ( m>9es4 ,8 
vessels are design$ ) ! greate/         
accuracy1 & f ! improvem5ts :i* _h be5  
made 9 %ip-build+1 !y are ( a m graceful
 & pleas+ =m ?an ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors2 !  
cordage & rigg+ are f9i%$ ) a delicacy1 
& at ! same "t ) a fre$om almo/ )\t     
example2 8 small figures are drawn )    
rem>kable correctness1 & t\*$ ) !       
greate/ _s4 ,9 8 calms ! sky is sunny1 &
 brilliant1 & e object is reflect$ 9 !  
glassy smoo?ness ( ! wat]1 ) a lum9\s   
transp>5cy peculi> to himself4 ,9 8 fre%
 breezes & squalls1 ! swell & curl ( !  
waves is del9eat$ ) a tru? & fidelity   
:i* c\ld only be d]iv$ f ! mo/ att5tive 
& accurate /udy ( nature2 9 8 /orms1    

tempe/s1 & hurricanes1 ! trem5d\s       
conflict ( ! elem5ts & ! horrors (      
%ipwreck are repres5t$ ) a tru?fulness t
 /rikes ! behold] ) t]ror4  ,! works ( !
 y\ng] ,van de ,velde are v num]\s1 & ! 
great] "p ( !m are 9 ,engl&1 :]e        
,h\brak5 says !y 7 s highly e/eem$ t !y 
7 eag]ly s\ght aft] 9 ,holl&1 & pur*as$ 
at high prices to transport to ,london2 
s t !y are r>ely to be met ) 9 8 native 
c\ntry4 ,smi?1 9 8 ,catalogue raisonne1 
vol4 vi4 & ,supplem5t1 describes ab\t   
?ree hundr$ & ?irty pictures by him1 !  
value ( :i* has increas$ amaz+ly1 z may 
be se5 by a few examples4 ,! two m>9es  
n[ 9 ! ,e>l ( ,ellesm]e's collection1 "o
 a ,view ( ! ,entrance to ! ,texel1 sold
 9 #agff = ,l#hj1 n[ valu$ at ,l#a1jjj2 
! o!r sold 9 #agfe = ,l#hd1 n[ valu$ at 
,l#ejj4 ,a ,sea-,view1 =m]ly 9 !        
collection ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 sold 9  
#aggb = only ,l#ca2 br\ght 9 #ahbh1     
,l#cjj4 ,! ,dep>ture ( ,*>les ,,ii4 f   
,holl& 9 #affj1 sold 9 #agha = ,l#hb2 x 
br\ght rec5tly1 at public sale1 ,l#hjj4 

,a ,view (f ! ,coa/ ( ,holl& sold 9     
#ahaf = ,l#add2 x br\ght1 9 ,sir ,simon 
,cl>ke's sale 9 #ahdj1 ,l#a1jbi4 ,a     
,view on ! ,sea-,%ore1 #af in*es by #ab1
 sold 9 #agbf = ,l#i1 & 9 #ahce =       
,l#ajh4 ,! picture kn[n z ,le ,c\p de   
,canon1 sold 9 #aghf = ,l#eb1 9 #agij = 
only ,l#cf1 b 9 #ahdd x br\ght #a1chj   
gu9eas4  ,! draw+s1 & especially !      
sket*es & /udies ( ! y\ng] ,van de      
,velde are v num]\s1 & prove !          
indefatigable pa9s he took 9 design+ 8  
vessels1 _! appurt5ances1 & ! ordonnance
 ( 8 compositions4 ,8 sket*es are       
execut$ 9 black lead only2 8 m f9i%$    
draw+s ) ! p5cil or p51 & %ad$ ) ,india 
ink4 ,he execut$ ^! ) wond]ful facility2
 x is record$ t he 0 s rapid 9 8 sket*+1
 t he frequ5tly fill$ a quire ( pap] 9  
an ev5+4 ,/anley says t dur+ ! ye>s     
#aggh & #aghj1 ab\t #h1jjj ( 8 draw+s 7 
sold 9 ,london at public auction4 ,"s ( 
8 *oice/ draw+s 9 ,india ink br\ght1 at 
! sale ( ,m4 ,goll de ,frank5/e9 at     
,am/]dam1 9 #ahcc1 & at t ( ! late ,b>on

 ,v]/olk de ,soel51 9 ! same city 9     
#ahdg1 prices v>y+ f ,l#bg up to ,l#add 
ea*4 ,he inh]it$ 8 fa!r's draw+s1 & all 
^! seem n[ to be attribut$ to him4      
,,ni*olas ,,p\ss94   ,?is di/+ui%$ ,fr5*
 pa9t] 0 born at ,&ely1 9 ,norm&y1 9    
#aeid4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f a noble family1  
orig9ally ( ,soissons1 ^: =tunes _h be5 
ru9$ 9 ! disa/r\s civil w>s 9 ! "t (    
,*>les ,,ix4 & ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,8 fa!r1    
,jean ,p\ss91 aft] s]v+ 9 ! army ( ,h5ry
 ,,iv41 settl$ on a small pat]nal       
inh]itance at ,&ely1 :]e he cultivat$ a 
ta/e = lit]ature & ! sci5ces1 & in/ruct$
 8 son 9 ! same4 ,"y ,p\ss9 _h already  
di/+ui%$ himself = ! solidity ( 8       
judgm5t1 & 8 progress 9 lett]s1 :5 a    
natural fondness = draw+1 develop$ by an
 acqua9tance he _h =m$ ) ,qu9t9 ,v>91 an
 arti/ ( "s em95ce1 induc$ him to solict
 ! p]mission ( 8 fa!r to adopt pa9t+ z a
 pr(ession4     ,,p\ss9',s ,,fir/       
,,celebrity4   ,9 #afab1 at ! age (     
eighte51 ,p\ss9 w5t to ,p>is 9 se>* (   
improvem5t1 :]e he devot$ himself to    

/udy+ ! be/ works to :i* he c\ld ga9    
access 7= ! f9e arts 7 !n at a l[ ebb 9 
,france7 ) ! greate/ assiduity4 ,9      
#afbj1 accord+ to ,felibi51 ! ,jesuits  
celebrat$ ! canonization ( ! f\nd] ( _! 
ord]1 ,ignatius ,loyola & ,/4 ,francis  
,xavi]1 on :i* occasion !y det]m9$ to   
display a s]ies ( pictures by ! fir/    
arti/s 9 ,p>is1 repres5t+ ! miracles    
p]=m$ by _! patron sa9ts4 ,( ^!1 ,p\ss9 
pa9t$ six 9 di/emp]1 9 an incr$ibly %ort
 space ( "t1 & :5 ! exhibition came (f1 
al?\gh he _h be5 oblig$ to neglect      
detail1 8 pictures excit$ ! greate/     
admiration on acc\nt ( ! gr&eur (       
conception1 & ! elegance ( design       
display$ 9 !m4 ,!y obta9$ ! pref]5ce ov]
 all ! o!rs1 & br\ght ,p\ss9 imm$iately 
into notice4     ,,p\ss9',s ,,fir/      
,,visit ,,to ,,rome4   ,:ile ,p\ss9     
resid$ at ,p>is1 8 tal5ts1 & ! end[m5ts 
( 8 m9d procur$ him ! e/eem ( sev]al m5 
( lett]s & di/9ction1 among :om 0 !     
,cav4 ,m>9o1 ! celebrat$ ,italian poet1 
:o happ5$ !n to be 9 ,p>is4 ,m>9o       

/rongly urg$ him to accompany him to    
,rome1 an invitation :i* ,p\ss9 w\ld    
gladly h accept$1 _h he n !n be5 engag$ 
9 "s commissions ( importance1 :i* hav+ 
complet$1 he set out = ,rome 9 #afbd1   
:]e he 0 w>mly receiv$ by 8 fri5d ,m>9o1
 :o introduc$ him to ! ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i4 
,he h[ev] d]iv$ little advantage f ?is  
favorable notice at ! "t1 z ! ,c>d9al   
soon aft] left ,rome on 8 legation to   
,france & ,spa91 & ! ,cav4 ,m>9o di$    
ab\t ! same "t4 ,p\ss9 n[ f\nd himself a
 /rang]1 fri5dless & unkn[n 9 ! ,et]nal 
,city1 9 v emb>rass$ circum/ances2 b he 
consol$ himself ) ! ?\ght t 8 wants 7   
few1 t he 0 9 ! v place :]e he _h long  
sigh$ to be1 surr\nd$ by ! glori\s works
 ( anci5t & mod]n art1 & t he %\ld h    
abundant leisure to /udy4 ,!re=e1 ?\gh  
he c\ld sc>cely supply 8 necessities by 
! disposal ( 8 works1 & 0 (t5 compell$  
to sell !m = ! mo/ paltry prices1 8     
c\rage did n fail him1 b r /imulat$ him 
to ! greate/ assiduity to p]fect himself
 9 ! art4 ,he lodg$ 9 ! same h\se )     

,francis du ,quesnoy1 call$ ,il         
,fiamm+o1 ! /ate ( ^: f9ances at t "t 7 
n m fl\ri%+ ?an 8 own1 & he liv$ 9      
habits ( intimacy & /rict fri5d%ip ) t  
em95t sculptor1 ) :om he explor$1 /udi$1
 & model$ ! mo/ celebrat$ antique /atues
 & bas-reliefs1 p>ticul>ly ! ,meleag] 9 
! ,vatican1 f :i* he d]iv$ 8 rules (    
proportion4 ,at fir/ he copi$ sev]al ( !
 works ( ,titian1 & improv$ 8 /yle (    
color+1 b he aft]w>ds contemplat$ !     
works ( ,raffaelle ) an en?usiasm bord]+
 on adoration4 ,! admirable expression &
 purity ( ! works ( ,dom5i*9o1 r5d]$ !m 
p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to him1 & he us$ to  
reg>d 8 ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome z !     
second picture at ,rome1 !              
,transfiguration by ,raffaelle be+ !    
fir/4     ,,p\ss9',s ,,di/ress ,,at     
,,rome4   ,:ile ,p\ss9 0 ?us pursu+ 8   
/udies at ,rome1 he 0 left by ! dea? ( 8
 fri5d ,m>9o1 9 a /ate ( extreme        
di/ress1 & 0 oblig$ to dispose ( 8      
pa9t+s at ! mo/ paltry prices1 to       
procure ! necess>ies ( life4 ,filibi5   

says t he sold ! two f9e battle-pieces  
:i* 7 aft]w>ds 9 ! collection ( ! ,duke 
de ,noailles = sev5 cr[ns ea*1 & a      
picture ( a ,prophet = eight livres4 ,8 
celebrat$ picture ( ! ,ark ( ,god among 
! ,phili/9es br\ght him b sixty cr[ns2 !
 orig9al pur*as] sold x n long aft]w>ds 
to ! ,duc de ,ri*elieu = "o ?\s& cr[ns6 
,,p\ss9',s ,,success ,,at ,,rome4   ,a  
bright] day n[ dawn$ ^u ,p\ss94 ,:at _h 
happ5$ to him1 :i* w\ld h be5 reg>d$ by 
mo/ "y arti/s z ! greate/ mis=tune &    
sunk !m 9 despond5cy & ru91 prov$ ( !   
greate/ advantage to him4 ,! ,c>d9al    
,b>b]9i hav+ return$ to ,rome1 gave him 
"s commissions1 :i* he execut$ 9 su* an 
admirable mann] z at once e/abli%$ 8    
reputation among ^? ( ! greate/ arti/s (
 ! age4 ,! fir/ "w he execut$ = 8 patron
 0 8 celebrat$ picture ( ! ,dea? (      
,g]manicus1 :i* ,lanzi pron\nces "o ( 8 
f9e/ productions4 ,he next pa9t$ ! ,tak+
 ( ,j]usalem by ,titus4 ,^! works gave !
 ,c>d9al s mu* satisfaction t he procur$
 = him ! commission to pa9t a l>ge      

picture ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,erasmus1 = 
,/4 ,pet]'s1 n[ 9 ! pontifical palace at
 ,monte ,cavallo4 ,^! works procur$ him 
! fri5d%ip & patronage ( ! ,cav4 del    
,pozzo1 = :om he pa9t$ 8 fir/ set (     
pictures1 repres5t+ ! ,sev5 ,sacram5ts1 
n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,duke ( ,rutl&4   
,he aft]w>ds pa9t$ ano!r set ( ! same1 )
 "s v>iations1 = ,m4 de ,*antel\1 =m]ly 
9 ! ,orleans collection1 n[ 9 t ( !     
,m>quis ( ,/af=d4     ,,p\ss9',s        
,,invitation ,,to ,,p>is4   ,9 #afci1   
,p\ss9 0 invit$ to ,p>is by ,l\is       
,,xiii41 :o honor$ him on ?is occasion )
 ! foll[+ autograph lett]1 :i* 0 an     
extraord9>y & unusual homage to art3    
,,de> ,,& ,,well ,,belov$1  ,"s ( our   
especial s]vants hav+ made a report to u
 ( ! reputation :i* y h acquir$1 & !    
rank :i* y hold among ! be/ & mo/ fam\s 
pa9t]s ( ,italy2 & we be+ desir\s1 9    
imitation ( our pr$ecessors1 to         
contribute1 z mu* z lies 9 u1 to !      
ornam5t & decoration ( our royal h\ses1 
by fix+ ar\nd u ^? :o excel 9 ! arts1 & 

^: atta9m5ts 9 !m h attract$ notice 9 ! 
places :]e ^? arts are mo/ *]i%$1 d     
!re=e write y ?is lett]1 to acqua9t y t 
we h *os5 & appo9t$ y to be "o ( our    
pa9t]s 9 ord9>y1 & t1 h5ce=w>d1 we w    
employ y 9 t capacity4 ,to ?is effect   
our int5tion is1 t on ! receipt ( ?is   
pres5t1 y %all dispose y\rself to come  
hi!r1 :]e ! s]vices y p]=m %all meet ) z
 mu* consid]ation z d y\r m]its & y\r   
works1 9 ! place :]e y n[ reside4 ,by   
our ord]1 giv5 to ,m4 de ,noy]s1 y w    
le>n m p>ticul>ly ! favor we h det]m9$  
to %ew y4 ,we w add no?+ to ?is pres5t1 
b to pray ,god to h y 9 8 holy keep+4   
,giv5 at ,fonta9ebleau1    ,jan4 #ae1   
#afci4   ,p\ss9 accept$ ! invitation )  
great reluctance1 at ! e>ne/            
solicitation ( 8 fri5ds4 ,on 8 arrival  
at ,p>is he 0 receiv$ ) m>k$ di/9ction1 
appo9t$ pr9cipal pa9t] to ! k+1 ) a     
p5sion1 & accommodat$ ) ap>tm5ts 9 !    
,tuil]ies4 ,he 0 commission$ to pa9t an 
alt>-piece = ! *apel ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 en    
,laie1 :]e he produc$ 8 admirable "w ( !

 ,la/ ,supp]1 & 0 engag$ to decorate !  
,gall]y ( ! ,l\vre ) ! ,labors (        
,h]cules4 ,he _h already prep>$ !       
designs & "s ( ! c>toons = ^! works1 :5 
he 0 assail$ by ! ma*9ations ( ,simon   
,v\et & 8 adh]5ts2 & ev5 ! l&scape pa9t]
 ,f\qui]es1 jeal\s ( 8 fame1 presum$ to 
criticise 8 works & detract f _! m]it4  
,,p\ss9',s ,,return ,,to ,,rome4        
,p\ss91 naturally ( a peaceful turn (   
m9d1 fond ( retirem5t & ! society ( a   
few select lit]>y fri5ds1 0 disgu/$ ) ! 
o/5tation ( ! c\rt & ! cabals by :i* he 
0 surr\nd$2 he secretly sigh$ = ! quiet 
felicity he _h left at ,rome1 & resolv$ 
to return ?i!r )\t delay4 ,= ?is        
purpose1 he solicit$ & obta9$ leave ( ! 
k+ to visit ,italy & settle 8 affairs1 &
 fet* 8 wife2 b :5 he _h once cross$ !  
,alps1 no inducem5t c\ld prevail on him 
to revisit 8 native c\ntry1 or ev5 to   
leave ,rome4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( tw5ty-?ree 
ye>s aft] 8 return to ,rome f ,p>is1 he 
liv$ a quiet1 uno/5tati\s life1 &       
execut$ a great numb] ( pictures1 :i*   

decorate ! pr9cipal cab9ets ( ,europe1 &
 w ev] be reg>d$ z among _! mo/ valuable
 ornam5ts4 ,he conf9$ himself mo/ly to  
works ( ! l>ge easel size1 :i* 7 eag]ly 
s\ght aft]1 & usually dispos$ ( z soon z
 !y 7 execut$4 ,he nev] made any words  
ab\t ! price ( 8 pictures1 b ask$ a     
mode/ & mod]ate price1 :i* he always    
m>k$ ^u ! back ( 8 canvas1 & :i* 0      
inv>iably paid4 ,_m ( 8 works 7 s5t to  
,p>is1 :]e !y 7 valu$ next to !         
productions ( ,raffaelle4 ,he 0 pla9 &  
unassum+ 9 8 mann]s1 v frugal 9 8 liv+1 
yet s lib]al & g5]\s t at 8 dea? he left
 an e/ate ( only #fj1jjj livres--ab\t   
#ab1jjj4 ,felibi5 relates an anecdote   
:i* pleas+ly illu/rates 8 simple &      
uno/5tati\s mode ( life4 ,! ,c>d9al     
,manc9i 0 accu/om$ to visit 8 /udio     
frequ5tly1 & on "o occasion1 hav+ /aid  
lat] ?an usual1 ,p\ss9 light$ him to !  
door1 at :i* ! prelate obs]v$1 ,i pity  
y1 ,monsieur ,p\ss91 t y h n "o s]vant4 
,& ,i1 repli$ ! pa9t]1 pity y\r         
,excell5cy mu* m1 t y are oblig$ to keep

 s _m4     ,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds'    
,,critique ,,on ,,p\ss94   ,! favorite  
subjects ( ,p\ss9 7 anci5t fables2 & no 
pa9t] 0 ev] bett] qualifi$ to pa9t su*  
subjects1 n only f 8 be+ em95tly skill$ 
9 ! k ( ! c]emonies1 cu/oms1 & habits ( 
! anci5ts1 b f 8 be+ s well acqua9t$ ) !
 diff]5t *>act]s :i* ^? :o inv5t$ !m    
gave to _! allegorical figures4 ,?\gh   
,rub5s has %[n great fancy 9 8 ,satyrs1 
,sil5uses1 & ,fauns1 yet !y are n t     
di/9ct1 sep>ate class ( be+s :i* is     
c>efully exhibit$ by ! anci5ts1 & by    
,p\ss94 ,c]ta9ly1 :5 su* subjects (     
antiquity are repres5t$1 no?+ %\ld rem9d
 u ( mod]n times4 ,! m9d is ?r[n back   
into antiquity1 & no?+ ought to be      
introduc$ t may t5d to awak5 x f !      
illusion4  ,p\ss9 seem$ to ?9k t ! /yle 
& ! language 9 :i* su* /ories are told  
is n ! worse = pres]v+ "s reli% ( ! old 
way ( pa9t+1 :i* seem$ to give a g5]al  
uni=mity to ! :ole1 s t ! m9d 0 ?r[n    
back into antiquity1 n only by !        
subject1 b also by ! execution4  ,if    

,p\ss91 9 imitation ( ! anci5ts1        
repres5ts ,apollo driv+ 8 ,*>iot out ( !
 sea1 by way ( repres5t+ ! sun ris+1 if 
he p]sonifies lakes & riv]s1 x is n[ays 
(f5sive 9 him1 b seems p]fectly ( a     
piece ) ! g5]al air ( ! picture4 ,on !  
contr>y1 if ! figures :i* p 8 pictures  
_h a mod]n air & c\nt5ance1 if !y appe>$
 l our c\ntrym51 if ! drap]ies 7 l clo? 
or silk ( our manufacture1 if ! l&scape 
_h ! appe>ance ( a mod]n "o1 h[         
ridicul\s w\ld ,apollo appe> in/ead ( ! 
sun1 & an old ,man or a ,nymph ) an urn 
to repres5t a riv] or lake8 ,he also    
says1 9 ano!r place1 t x may be d\bt$   
:e!r any alt]ation ( :at is consid]$    
defective 9 8 works1 w\ld n de/roy !    
effect ( ! :ole4     ,,p\ss9',s ,,views 
,,( ,,8 ,,art4   ,p\ss91 9 8 directions 
to arti/s :o came to /udy at ,rome1 us$ 
to say t ! rema9s ( antiquity af=d$ him 
in/ruction t he c\ld n expect f ma/]s2 &
 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,m4 de ,*antel\1 he 
obs]ves t he _h appli$ to pa9t+ ! !ory  
:i* ! ,greeks _h introduc$ into _!      

music--! ,dorian = ! grave & ! s]i\s2 ! 
,phrygian = ! vehem5t & ! passionate2 ! 
,lydian = ! s(t & ! t5d]2 & ! ,ionian = 
! riot\s fe/ivity ( 8 bac*analians4 ,he 
0 accu/om$ to say t a p>ticul> att5tion 
to color+ 0 an ob/acle to ! /ud5t 9 8   
progress to ! great end & design ( !    
art2 & t he :o atta*es himself to ?is   
pr9cipal end1 w acquire by practice a   
reasonably good me?od ( color+4 ,he well
 knew t spl5dor ( color+ & brilliancy ( 
t9ts w\ld ill accord ) ! solidity &     
simplicity ( effect s ess5tial to h]oic 
subjects1 & t ! sublime & maje/ic w\ld  
be degrad$ by a union ) ! florid & !    
gay4 ,! elevation ( 8 m9d is conspicu\s 
9 all 8 works4 ,he 0 att5tive to v>y 8  
/yle & ! tone ( 8 color1 di/+ui%+ !m by 
a f9] & m delicate t\*1 a t9t m *e]ful  
or au/]e1 a site m cultivat$ or wild1   
accord+ to ! "* ( 8 subject & !         
impression he design$ to make2 s t we   
are n less impress$ ) ! beauty & gr&eur 
( 8 sc5]y1 ?an ) ! v>i$1 appropriate1 & 
dignifi$ *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% 8      

works4     ,,p\ss9',s ,,works4   ,9     
,smi?'s ,catalogue raisonne may be f\nd 
a descriptive acc\nt ( upw>ds ( ?ree    
hundr$ & fifty ( ! works ( ?is great    
arti/1 9 _m in/ances trac+ ! hi/ory f ! 
"t !y 7 pa9t$1 ! names ( ! pres5t       
possessors1 & ! pr9cipal arti/s by :om  
!y h be5 engrav$1 toge!r ) _m int]e/+   
p>ticul>s ( ! life ( ! pa9t]4 ,!re are  
eight ( 8 pictures 9 ! ,engli% ,national
 ,gall]y1 f\rte5 9 ! ,dulwi* ,gall]y1 & 
_m 9 ! possession ( ! nobility ( ,engl&4
 ,! prices paid = ^? 9 ! ,national      
,gall]y v>y f #aej to #ajjj gu9eas4     
,,m>9o ,,& ,,p\ss94   ,m>9o 0 born at   
,naples4 ,"s political di/urbances1 9   
:i* he & 8 family _h tak5 "p1 oblig$ him
 to quit t k+dom1 & he took refuge      
successively 9 sev]al ( ! petty c\rts ( 
,italy4 ,8 tal5t = satire involv$ him 9 
v>i\s lit]>y disputes1 z well z "s      
political qu>rels1 & he nev] resid$ long
 9 "o place1 until ,m>y ( ,m$icis invit$
 him to ! c\rt ( ,france1 :]e he pass$  
mu* ( 8 life1 & :]e he wrote mo/ ( 8    

poems1 :i*1 ?\gh lic5ti\s bo? 9 matt] & 
/yle1 conta9 num]\s beauties1 & are full
 ( classical imag]y4 ,m>9o gave ,p\ss9  
an ap>tm5t 9 8 h\se at ,rome1 & z 8 own 
heal? 0 at t "t extremely d]ang$1 he    
lov$ to h ,p\ss9 by ! side ( 8 c\*1 :]e 
he drew or pa9t$1 :ile ,m>9o read al\d  
to him f "s ,lat9 or ,italian au?or1 or 
f 8 own poems1 :i* ,p\ss9 illu/rat$ by  
beautiful draw+s1 mo/ ( :i* x is to be  
fe>$ are lo/2 al?\gh x is believ$ t !re 
is /ill exi/+ 9 ! ,massimi libr>y1 a    
copy ( ! ,adonis 9 ,m>9o's h&-writ+1 )  
,p\ss9's draw+s int]leav$4 ,to ?is k9d (
 /udy :i* he pursu$ ) ,m>9o1 may p]haps 
be attribut$ ,p\ss9's pr$ilection =     
compositions :]e9 nymphs1 & fairies1 &  
bac*anals are ! subjects--compositions 9
 :i* he greatly excell$4     ,,p\ss9    
,,romaniz$4   ,:ile ! c\rt ( ,france 0  
at v>iance ) ! ,holy ,see1 consid]able  
acrimony exi/$ among 8 ,hol9ess's troops
 aga9/ all ,fr5*m52 consequ5tly1 :]ev]  
!y met !m 9 ,rome1 !y in/antly attack$  
!m ) /icks & /ones1 & sometimes ) ev5 m 

=midable weapons4 ,x happ5$ "o day t    
,p\ss9 & ?ree or f\r ( 8 c\ntrym51      
return+ f a draw+ excursion1 met at !   
,quattro ,fontane ne> ,monte ,cavallo1 a
 company ( soldi]s1 :o see+ !m dress$ 9 
! ,fr5* co/ume1 in/antly attack$ !m4 ,!y
 all fl$ b ,p\ss91 :o 0 surr\nd$1 &     
receiv$ a cut f a sabre betwe5 ! fir/ & 
second f+]4 ,pass]i1 :o relates !       
anecdote1 says t ! sword turn$1 o!rwise 
a great mis=tune mu/ h happ5$ bo? to him
 & to pa9t+4 ,n daunt$1 h[ev]1 he f\ght 
"u ! %elt] ( 8 portfolio1 ?r[+ /ones z  
he retreat$1 till be+ recogniz$ by "s   
,romans :o took 8 "p1 he effect$ 8      
escape to 8 lodg+s4 ,f t day he put on !
 ,roman dress1 adopt$ ! ,roman way (    
liv+1 & became s mu* a ,roman1 t he     
consid]$ ! city z 8 true home4          
,,p\ss9',s ,,habits ,,( ,,/udy4   ,p\ss9
 n only /udi$ e ve/ige ( antiquity at   
,rome & 9 its environs1 ) ! greate/     
assiduity :ile "y1 b he foll[$ ?is      
practice ?r\gh life4 ,x 0 8 delight to  
sp5d e h\r he c\ld sp>e at ! diff]5t    

villas 9 ! neighborhood ( ,rome1 :]e1   
besides ! mo/ beautiful rema9s (        
antiquity1 he enjoy$ ! unrivall$ l&scape
 :i* surr\nds t city1 s mu* dignifi$ by 
! noble works ( anci5t days1 t e hill is
 classical1 ! v trees h a poetic air1 & 
ev]y?+ comb9es to excite 9 ! s\l a k9d (
 dream+ rapture f :i* x w\ld n be       
awak5$1 & :i* ^? :o h n felt x c sc>cely
 und]/&4  ,he re/or$ ! antique temples1 
& made plans & accurate draw+s ( !      
fragm5ts ( anci5t ,rome2 & !re are few (
 8 pictures1 :]e ! subject admits ( x1 9
 :i* we may n trace ! build+s1 bo? ( !  
anci5t & ! mod]n city4 ,9 ! beautiful   
l&scape ( ! dea? ( ,eurydice1 ! bridge &
 ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo1 & ! t[]1 commonly 
call$ t ( ,n]o1 =m ! middle gr\nd ( !   
picture4 ,! ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo appe>s  
aga9 9 "o ( 8 pictures ( ! ,expos+ (    
,moses2 & ! pyramid ( ,caius ,ce/ius1 ! 
,pan!on1 ! ru9s ( ! ,=um1 & ! walls (   
,rome1 may be recognis$ 9 ! ,f9d+ (     
,moses1 & sev]al o!rs ( 8 rem>kable     
pictures4  ,i h (t5 admir$1 said        

,vigneul de ,m>ville1 :o knew him at a  
late p]iod ( 8 life1 ! love he _h = 8   
art4 ,old z he 01 ,i frequ5tly saw him  
among ! ru9s ( anci5t ,rome1 out 9 !    
,campagna1 or along ! banks ( ! ,tyb]1  
sket*+ a sc5e :i* _h pleas$ him2 & ,i   
(t5 met him ) 8 h&k]*ief full ( /ones1  
moss1 or fl[]s1 :i* he c>ri$ home1 t he 
might copy !m exactly f nature4 ,"o day 
,i ask$ him1 h[ he _h atta9$ to su* a   
degree ( p]fection z to h ga9$ s high a 
rank among ! great pa9t]s ( ,italy8 ,he 
answ]$1 ',i h neglect$ no?+6'           
,,p\ss9',s ,,old ,,age4   ,! g5ius (    
,p\ss9 seems to h ga9$ vigor ) age4     
,ne>ly 8 la/ works1 :i* 7 begun 9 #affj1
 & s5t to ,p>is #affd1 7 ! f\r pictures1
 allegorical ( ! seasons1 :i* he pa9t$ =
 ! ,duc de ,ri*elieu4 ,he *ose !        
t]re/rial p>adise1 9 all ! fre%ness (   
creation1 to designate spr+4 ,!         
beautiful /ory ( ,boaz & ,ru? =m$ !     
subject ( summ]4 ,autumn 0 aptly        
pictur$1 9 ! two ,israelites be>+ ! bun*
 ( grapes f ! ,promis$ ,l&4 ,b !        

ma/]piece 0 ,w9t]1 repres5t$ 9 !        
,deluge4 ,?is picture has be51 p]haps1 !
 mo/ prais$ ( all ,p\ss9's works4 ,a    
n>r[ space1 & a v few p]sons h suffic$  
him = ?is p[]ful repres5tation ( t great
 cata/rophe4 ,! sun's disc is d>k5$ )   
cl\ds2 ! lightn+ %oots 9 =k$ fla%es     
?r\gh ! air3 no?+ b ! ro(s ( ! highe/   
h\ses are visible above ! di/ant wat] ^u
 :i* ! ark floats1 on a level ) ! highe/
 m\nta9s4 ,ne>]1 :]e ! wat]s1 p5t 9 by  
rocks1 =m a cat>act1 a boat is =c$ d[n !
 fall1 & ! wret*es :o _h s\ght safety 9 
x are p]i%+3 b ! mo/ pa!tic incid5t is  
br\ght close to ! spectator4 ,a "m 9 a  
boat is hold+ up h] infant to its fa!r1 
:o1 ?\gh ^u a high rock1 is evid5tly n  
out ( rea* ( ! wat]1 & is only protract+
 life a v little4     ,,p\ss9',s ,,la/  
,,"w ,,& ,,dea?4   ,! long & honorable  
race ( ,p\ss9 0 n[ ne>ly run4 ,e>ly 9 ! 
foll[+ ye>1 #affe1 he 0 slightly affect$
 by palsy1 & ! only picture ( figures t 
he pa9t$ aft]w>ds 0 ! ,sam>itan ,woman  
at ! ,well1 :i* he s5t to ,m4 de        

,*antel\1 ) a note1 9 :i* he says1 ,?is 
is my la/ "w2 ,i h already "o foot 9 !  
grave4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he wrote !      
foll[+ lett] to ,m4 ,felibi53 ,i c\ld n 
answ] ! lett] :i* y\r bro!r1 ,m4 le     
,prieur de ,/4 ,clem5t91 =w>d$ to me1 a 
few days aft] 8 arrival 9 ?is city1     
soon]1 my usual infirmities be+ increas$
 by a v tr\blesome cold1 :i* cont9ues & 
annoys me v mu*4 ,i mu/ n[ ?ank y n only
 = y\r remembrance1 b = ! k9dness y h   
done me1 by n rem9d+ ! pr9ce ( ! wi% he 
once express$ to possess "s ( my works4 
,x is too late = him to be well s]v$2 ,i
 am become too infirm1 & ! palsy h9d]s  
me 9 work+1 s t ,i h giv5 up ! p5cil =  
"s "t1 & ?9k only ( prep>+ = dea?1 :i*  
,i feel bodily ^u me4 ,x is all ov] )   
me4 ,he expir$ %ortly aft]w>ds1 ag$ #ga 
ye>s4     ,,p\ss9',s ,,ideas ,,(        
,,pa9t+4   ,pa9t+ is an imitation by    
means ( l9es & colors1 on "s sup]fices1 
( ev]y?+ t c be se5 "u ! sun2 its end is
 to please4  ,pr9ciples t e man capable 
( reason+ may le>n3--,!re c be no?+     

repres5t$1    ,)\t light1   ,)\t =m1    
,)\t color1   ,)\t di/ance1   ,)\t an   
in/rum5t1 or m$ium4  ,?+s :i* are n to  
be le>n$1 & :i* make an ess5tial "p (   
pa9t+4  ,fir/1 ! subject mu/ be noble4  
,x %\ld h receiv$ no quality f ! m]e    
workm52 & to all[ scope to ! pa9t] to   
display 8 p[]s1 he %\ld *oose x capable 
( receiv+ ! mo/ excell5t =m4 ,he mu/    
beg9 by composition1 !n ornam5t1        
propriety1 beauty1 grace1 vivacity1     
probability1 & judgm5t1 9 ea* & all4 ,^!
 la/ belong solely to ! pa9t]1 & _c be  
taught4 ,! n9e are ! gold5 b\gh (       
,virgil1 :i* no man c f9d or ga!r1 if 8 
fate d n lead him to x4     ,,p\ss9 ,,& 
,,! ,,nobleman4   ,a p]son ( rank :o    
dabbl$ 9 pa9t+ = 8 amusem5t1 hav+ "o day
 %[n ,p\ss9 "o ( 8 p]=mances1 & ask$ 8  
op9ion ( its m]its1 ! latt] repli$1 ,y  
only want a little pov]ty1 sir1 to make 
a good pa9t]4     ,,p\ss9 ,,& ,,m5gs4   
,! admir]s ( ,m5gs1 jeal\s ( ,p\ss9's   
title ( ! ,pa9t] ( ,philosoph]s1 conf]r$
 on him ! anti!tical "o ( ! ,philosoph] 

( ,pa9t]s4 ,?\gh x _c be d5i$ t ,m5gs'  
writ+s & 8 pictures are le>n$1 yet few  
arti/s h enc\nt]$ su* a /orm (          
criticism4     ,,p\ss9 ,,& ,,dom5i*9o4  
,next to correctness ( draw+ & dignity (
 conception1 ,p\ss9 valu$ expression 9  
pa9t+4 ,he rank$ ,dom5i*9o next to      
,raffaelle = ?is quality1 & n long aft] 
8 arrival at ,rome1 he set ab\t copy+ ! 
,flagellation ( ,/4 ,&rew1 pa9t$ by t   
ma/] 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,gregorio1 9        
competition ) ,guido1 ^: ,m>tyrdom ( t  
,sa9t is on ! opposite side ( ! same    
*ur*4 ,p\ss9 f\nd all ! /ud5ts 9 ,rome  
busily copy+ ! ,guido1 :i*1 ?\gh a mo/  
beautiful "w1 lacks ! en]gy & expression
 :i* di/+ui% ! ,flagellation2 b he 0 too
 sure ( 8 object to be l$ away by !     
cr[d4 ,accord+ to ,felibi51 ,dom5i*9o1  
:o !n resid$ at ,rome1 9 a v delicate   
/ate ( heal?1 hav+ he>d t a "y ,fr5*man 
0 mak+ a c>eful /udy ( 8 picture1 caus$ 
himself to be convey$ 9 8 *air to !     
*ur*1 :]e he conv]s$ "s "t ) ,p\ss91 )\t
 mak+ himself kn[n2 *>m$ ) 8 tal5ts &   

highly cultivat$ m9d1 he invit$ him to 8
 h\se1 & f t "t ,p\ss9 enjoy$ 8 fri5d%ip
 & pr(it$ by 8 advice1 till t illu/ri\s 
pa9t] w5t to ,naples1 to pa9t ! *apel ( 
,/4 ,janu>ius4     ,,p\ss9 ,,&          
,,salvator ,,rosa4   ,among ! /roll+    
p>ties ( monks & fri>s1 c>d9als &       
prelates1 ,roman pr9cesses & ,engli%    
pe]s1 ,spani% gr&ees & ,fr5* cavali]s   
:i* cr[d$ ! ,p9cio1 t[>ds ! latt] end ( 
! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re appe>$ two gr\ps1
 :i* may h recall$ ^? ( ! ,portico or ! 
,academy1 & :i* nev] fail$ to int]e/ &  
fix ! att5tion ( ! behold]s4 ,! lead] ( 
"o ( ^! s+ul> p>ties 0 ! v5]able        
,niccolo ,p\ss96 ,! air ( antiquity :i* 
brea!d ov] all 8 works seem$ to h       
infect$ ev5 8 p]son & 8 features2 & 8   
cold1 s$ate1 & passionless c\nt5ance1 8 
measur$ pace & sob] deportm5t1 spoke t  
phlegmatic temp]am5t & regulat$ feel+1  
:i* _h l$ him to /udy monum5ts r ?an m51
 & to decl>e t ! result ( all 8 exp]i5ce
 0 to tea* him to live well ) all       
p]sons4 ,sob]ly clad1 & sagely          

accompani$ by "s le>n$ antiqu>y or pi\s 
*ur*man1 & by a few ( 8 def]5tial       
disciples1 he gave out 8 trite axioms 9 
measur$ phrase & emphatic acc5t1 lectur$
 r ?an conv]s$1 & appe>$ l "o ( !       
p]ipatetic tea*]s ( ! la/ days ( ,a!nian
 p$antry & pret5sion4  ,9 /rik+ contra/ 
to ^! academic figures1 :i* look$ l _!  
own gr&sires cut 9 alaba/]1 appe>$1     
unremitt+ly1 on ! ,p9cio1 aft] sun-set1 
a gr\p ( a diff]5t /amp & "*1 l$ on by  
"o :o1 9 8 fla%+ eye1 mobile br[1 &     
rapid movem5t1 all fire1 feel+1 &       
p]ception--0 ! v p]sonification ( g5ius 
itself4 ,?is gr\p consi/$ ( ,salvator   
,rosa1 gallantly if n spl5didly habit$1 
& a motley ga!r+ ( ! le>n$ & witty1 !   
gay & ! grave1 :o surr\nd$ him4 ,he 0   
con/antly accompani$ 9 ^! walks on !    
,p9cio by ! mo/ em95t virtuosi1 poets1  
musicians1 & cavali]s 9 ,rome2 all      
anxi\s to draw him out on a v>iety (    
subjects1 :5 air1 ex]cise1 ! desire (   
pleas+1 & ! consci\sness ( success1 _h  
w\nd him up to 8 highe/ pit* (          

excitem5t2 :ile _m :o c\ld n appreciate1
 & "s :o did n approve1 7 /ill anxi\s to
 be se5 9 8 tra91 m]ely t !y might h to 
boa/ nos quoque4  ,f ! ,p9cio1 ,salvator
 ,rosa 0 g5]ally accompani$ home by !   
mo/ di/+ui%$ p]sons1 bo? = tal5t & rank2
 & :ile ! frugal ,p\ss9 0 light+ out "s 
rev]5d prelate or antiqu>ian ) "o sorry 
tap]1 ,salvator1 ! prodigal ,salvator1 0
 pass+ ! ev5+ 9 8 elegant gall]y1 9 !   
mid/ ( pr9ces1 nobles1 & m5 ( wit &     
sci5ce1 :]e he made new claims on _!    
admiration1 bo? z an arti/ & z an       
improvisatore2 = till )9 a few ye>s ( 8 
dea? he cont9u$ to recite 8 own poetry1 
& s+ 8 own compositions to ! h>psi*ord  
or lute4     ,,p\ss91 ,,angelo1 ,,&     
,,raffaelle ,,comp>$4   ,p\ss9 is1 9 !  
/rict s5se ( ! ^w1 an hi/orical pa9t]4  
,mi*ael ,angelo is too int5t on !       
sublime1 too mu* occupi$ ) ! effect ( ! 
:ole1 to tell a common hi/ory4 ,8       
conceptions are epic1 & 8 p]sons1 & 8   
colors1 h z little to d ) ord9>y life1 z
 ! viol5t action ( 8 actors h           

resemblance to ! usually indol5t /ate ( 
ord9>y m54  ,raffaelle's figures int]e/ 
s mu* 9 !mselves1 t !y make u =get t !y 
are only "p ( a hi/ory4 ,we foll[ !m    
eag]ly1 z we d ! p]sonages ( a drama2 we
 grieve1 we hope1 we despair1 we rejoice
 ) !m4  ,p\ss9's figures1 on ! contr>y1 
tell _! /ory2 we feel n ! intimate      
acqua9tance ) !mselves1 t we d ) !      
creations ( ,raffaelle4 ,8 ,cic]o w\ld  
?und] 9 ! =um & dissipate a conspiracy1 
& we %\ld take leave ( him ) respect at 
! end ( ! sc5e2 b ) ,raffaelle's we %\ld
 feel 9 ha/e to quit ! tumult1 & retire 
) him to 8 ,tusculum1 & le>n to love !  
virtues1 & almo/ to *]i% ! weaknesses ( 
su* a man4  ,p\ss9 has %[n t grace &    
expression may be indep5d5t ( :at is    
commonly call$ beauty4 ,8 wom5 h none ( 
t s(t1 easy1 & attractive air1 :i* _m   
o!r pa9t]s h f\nd ! secret ( imp>t+1 n  
only to _! ,v5uses & ,graces1 b to _!   
,madonnas & ,sa9ts4 ,8 beauties are     
au/]e & dignifi$4 ,m9]va & ! ,muses     
appe> to h be5 8 models1 r ?an !        

inhabitants ( ,m\nt ,ci?a]on4 ,h5ce     
subjects ( action are m suit$ to him ?an
 ^? ( repose4--,graham's ,life ( ,p\ss94
     ,,rembr&t4   ,paul ,rembr&t van    
,rhyn1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t pa9t]s &        
engrav]s ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 0 ! son ( a   
mill]1 & 0 born 9 #afjf1 at a small     
village on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 betwe5    
,leyd]dorp & ,leyd51 :5ce he 0 call$    
,rembr&t van ,rhyn1 ?\gh 8 family "n 0  
,g]retz4 ,x is said t 8 fa!r1 be+ 9 easy
 circum/ances1 int5d$ him = "o ( ! le>n$
 pr(essions1 b 0 induc$ by ,rembr&t's   
passion = ! art to all[ him to foll[ 8  
incl9ation4 ,he ent]$ ! s*ool ( ,j4 van 
,zwaan5b]g at ,am/]dam1 :]e he cont9u$  
?ree ye>s1 & made su* surpris+ progress 
z a/oni%$ 8 in/ructor4 ,hav+ le>n$ f    
,zwaan5b]g all he 0 capable ( imp>t+1 he
 next /udi$ ab\t six mon?s ) ,pet]      
,la/mann1 & aft]w>ds = a %ort "t )      
,jacob ,p9as1 f :om x is said he acquir$
 t ta/e = /rong contra/s ( light & %ad[1
 = :i* 8 works are s rem>kable4 ,he 01  
h[ev]1 m indebt$ = 8 be/ improvem5t to !

 vivacity ( 8 own g5ius1 & an att5tive  
/udy ( nature1 ?an to any in=mation he  
d]iv$ f 8 in/ructors4 ,on return+ home1 
he fitt$ up an attic room1 ) a skylight1
 9 8 fa!r's mill1 = a /udio1 :]e he     
probably pursu$ 8 labors = sev]al ye>s1 
z he did n remove to ,am/]dam till      
#afcj4 ,"h he /udi$ ! grotesque figure (
 ! ,dut* boor1 or ! rotund cont\r ( !   
b>-maid ( an ale h\se1 ) z mu* precision
 z ! great arti/s ( ,italy h imitat$ !  
,apollo ,belvid]e1 or ! ,m$icean ,v5us4 
,he 0 exce$+ly ignorant1 & x is said t  
he c\ld sc>cely read4 ,he 0 ( a wayw>d &
 ecc5tric disposition1 & s\ght =        
recreation among ! l[e/ ord]s ( ! p1 9 !
 amusem5ts ( ! ale-h\se1 contract+      
habits :i* cont9u$ ?r\gh life2 ev5 :5 9 
prosp]\s circum/ances1 he manife/$ no   
disposition to associate ) m ref9$ &    
intellectual society4 ,x w readily be   
p]ceiv$ t 8 habits1 disposition1 &      
/udies c\ld n conduct him to ! noble    
conceptions ( ,raffaelle1 b r to an     
exact imitation ( ! l[e/ ord] ( nature1 

) :i* he delight$ to be surr\nd$4 ,!    
life ( ,rembr&t is mu* involv$ 9 fable1 
& 9 ord] to =m a j e/imate ( 8 p[]s1 x  
is necess>y to take ^! ?+s into         
consid]ation4 ,x is said by "s writ]s1  
t1 _h he /udi$ ! antique1 he w\ld h     
rea*$ ! v p]fection ( ! art1 b          
,nieuw5huys1 9 8 review ( ! ,lives &    
,works ( ! mo/ em95t pa9t]s ( ! ,dut* & 
,flemi% s*ools1 9 ,smi?'s ,catalogue    
raisonne1 vol xii4 & supplem5t1 says t  
he 0 by no means defici5t on t po9t4 ,= 
x is kn[n t he pur*as$1 at a high price1
 ca/s f ! antique m>bles1 pa9t+s1       
draw+s1 & engrav+s by ! mo/ excell5t    
,italian ma/]s1 to assi/ him 9 8 /udies1
 & :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tory ( 8     
goods :5 seiz$ = debt4  ,he !n goes on  
to give a li/ ( ! works s seiz$4 ,be ?is
 z x may he c]ta9ly nev] d]iv$ any      
advantage f !m4 ,he _h collect$ a great 
v>iety ( old armor1 sabres1 flags1 &    
fanta/ical ve/m5ts1 ironically t]m+ !m 8
 antiques1 & frequ5tly introduc+ !m into
 8 pictures4  ,rembr&t _h already br\ght

 bo? ! arts ( pa9t+ & engrav+ to v great
 p]fection 79 8 own way71 :5 a slight   
incid5t l$ him to fame & =tune4 ,he 0   
induc$ by a fri5d to take "o ( 8 *oice/ 
pictures to a picture-deal] at ! ,hague1
 :o1 be+ *>m$ ) ! p]=mance1 in/antly    
gave him a hundr$ flor9s = x1 & treat$  
him ) great respect4 ,?is occurr5ce s]v$
 to conv9ce ! public ( 8 m]it1 &        
contribut$ to make ! arti/ s5sible ( 8  
own abilities4 ,9 #afcj he w5t to       
,am/]dam1 :]e he m>ri$ a h&some peasant 
girl 7frequ5tly copi$ 9 8 works71 &     
settl$ !re = life4 ,8 pa9t+s 7 soon 9   
extraord9>y dem&1 & 8 fame spread f> &  
wide2 pupils flock$ to 8 /udio1 & he    
receiv$ = ! in/ruction ( ea* a hundr$   
flor9s a ye>4 ,he 0 s excessively       
av>ici\s t he soon ab&on$ 8 =m] c>eful &
 f9i%$ /yle1 = a rapid execution2 also  
frequ5tly ret\*$ ! pictures ( 8 be/     
pupils1 & sold !m z 8 own4 ,8 deceits 9 
dat+ sev]al ( 8 et*+s at ,v5ice1 to make
 !m m saleable1 l$ "s ( 8 biograph]s to 
believe t he visit$ ,italy1 & resid$ at 

,v5ice 9 #afce & #afcf2 b x has be5     
satisfactorily prov$ t he nev] left     
,holl&1 ?\gh he con/antly ?reat5$ to d  
s1 9 ord] to increase ! sale ( 8 works4 
,z e>ly z #afbh1 he appli$ himself      
zeal\sly to et*+1 & soon acquir$ great  
p]fection 9 ! art4 ,8 et*+s 7 e/eem$ z  
highly z 8 pa9t+s1 & he _h rec\rse to   
sev]al artifices to raise _! price &    
increase _! sales4 ,= example1 he sold  
impressions f ! unf9i%$ plates1 !n f9i%$
 !m1 & aft] hav+ us$ !m1 made "s slight 
alt]ations1 & ?us sold ! same works ?ree
 or f\r times2 produc+ :at connoisseurs 
t]m v>iations 9 pr9ts4 ,by ^! practices1
 & 8 p>simoni\s mann] ( liv+1 ,rembr&t  
amass$ a l>ge =tune4     ,,rembr&t',s   
,,works4   ,8 works are num]\s1 & are   
disp]s$ 9 v>i\s public & private        
collections ( ,europe2 & :5 !y are (f]$ 
= sale !y comm& enorm\s prices4 ,!re are
 eight ( 8 pictures 9 ! ,engli%         
,national ,gall]y2 "o ( ^!1 ! ,woman    
tak5 9 ,adult]y1 =m]ly 9 ! ,orleans     
collection1 sold = ,l#ejjj4 ,9 ,smi?'s  

,catalogue raisonne is a description (  
six hundr$ & =ty pictures by him1 !     
public & private gall]ies & collections 
9 :i* !y 7 locat$ at ! "t ( !           
publication ( ! "w1 toge!r ) a copi\s   
li/ ( 8 draw+s & et*+s1 & mu* o!r       
int]e/+ in=mation4 ,he left _m /udies1  
sket*es1 & draw+s1 execut$ 9 a *>m+     
/yle1 :i* are n[ sc>ce & valuable4      
,,rembr&t ,,z ,,an ,,engrav]4   ,rembr&t
 holds a di/+ui%$ rank among ! engrav]s 
( 8 c\ntry2 he e/abli%$ a m important   
epo* 9 ?is art ?an any o!r ma/]4 ,he 0  
indebt$ entirely to 8 own g5ius = !     
inv5tion ( a process :i* has ?r[n an    
indescribable *>m ov] 8 plates4 ,!y are 
p>tly et*$1 frequ5tly mu* assi/$ by !   
dry po9t1 & occasionally1 ?\gh r>ely1   
f9i%$ ) ! grav]2 ev9c+ ! mo/ extraord9>y
 facility ( h&1 & display+ ! mo/        
consummate k ( light & %ad[4 ,8 free &  
playful po9t sports 9 picturesque       
disord]1 produc+ ! mo/ surpris+ &       
en*ant+ effects1 z if by accid5t2 yet an
 exam9ation w %[ t 8 motions are always 

regulat$ by a pr(\nd k ( ! pr9ciples (  
light & %ad[4 ,8 mo/ admirable          
productions 9 bo? arts are 8 portraits1 
:i* are execut$ ) unexampl$ expression &
 skill4 ,= a full description ( 8 pr9ts1
 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,b>ts*'s ,pe9tre  
,graveur4  ,8 pr9ts are v num]\s1 yet !y
 comm& v high prices4 ,! l>ge/          
collection ( 8 pr9ts kn[n1 0 made by ,m4
 de ,burgy at ! ,hague1 :o di$ 9 #agee4 
,?is collection conta9$ #ffe pr9ts ) _! 
v>iations1 namely1 #beg portraits1 #afa 
hi/ories1 #aee figures1 & #he l&scapes4 
,!re are no less ?an #bg portraits (    
,rembr&t by himself4     ,,anecdote ,,( 
,,s*w>ts4   ,s&r>t relates ! foll[+     
anecdote ( ,*ri/oph] ,s*w>ts1 a fam\s   
,g]man pa9t]1 :i*1 if true1 r$\nds m to 
8 +5uity ?an to 8 cr$it4 ,hav+ be5      
engag$ to pa9t ! ceil+ ( ! ,t[n ,hall at
 ,muni* by ! day1 8 love ( dissipation  
induc$ him to neglect 8 "w1 s t !       
magi/rates & ov]se]s ( ! "w 7 frequ5tly 
oblig$ to hunt him out at ! cab>et4 ,z  
he c\ld no long] dr9k 9 quiet1 he /uff$ 

an image ( himself1 left ! legs hang+   
d[n betwe5 ! /ag+ :]e he 0 accu/om$ to  
"w1 & s5t "o ( 8 boon companions to move
 ! image a little two or ?ree times a   
day1 & to take x away at noon & night4  
,by means ( ?is deception1 he drank )\t 
! lea/ di/urbance a :ole =tnight toge!r1
 ! inn-keep] be+ privy to ! plot4 ,!    
(fic]s came 9 twice a day to look aft]  
him1 & see+ ! well kn[n /ock+s & %oes   
:i* he 0 accu/om$ to we>1 suspect$ no?+ 
wrong1 & w5t _! way1 greatly extoll+ _! 
own conv]t1 z ! mo/ indu/ri\s &         
consci5ti\s pa9t] 9 ! _w4     ,,jacques 
,,callot4   ,?is em95t ,fr5* engrav] 0  
born at ,nancy1 9 ,lorra9e1 9 #aeic4 ,he
 0 ! son ( ,jean ,callot1 a g5tleman (  
noble family1 :o int5d$ him = a v       
diff]5t pr(ession1 & endeavor$ to re/ra9
 8 natural passion = art2 b :5 he 0     
twelve ye>s old1 he left 8 home )\t     
money or res\rces1 jo9$ a company ( w&]+
 ,bohemians1 & f\nd 8 way to ,flor5ce1  
:]e "s (fic] ( ! c\rt1 discov]+ 8       
incl9ation = draw+1 plac$ him "u        

,cantagall9a4 ,aft] pass+ "s "t at      
,flor5ce1 he w5t to ,rome1 :]e he 0     
recogniz$ by "s fri5ds ( 8 family1 :o   
p]suad$ him to return to 8 p>5ts4 ,meet+
 ) cont9ual opposition1 he aga9         
abscond$1 b 0 foll[$ by 8 bro!r to      
,tur91 & tak5 back to ,nancy4 ,8 p>5ts1 
at l5g? f9d+ 8 love ( art too firmly    
implant$ to be eradicat$1 conclud$ to   
all[ him to foll[ ! b5t ( 8 g5ius1 & !y 
s5t him to ,rome 9 ! suite ( ! ,envoy f 
! ,duke ( ,lorra9e to ! ,pope4 ,"h he   
/udi$ ) ! greate/ assiduity1 & soon     
di/+ui%$ himself z a v skillful engrav]4
 ,f ,rome he w5t to ,flor5ce1 :]e 8     
tal5ts recomm5d$ him to ! patronage ( ! 
,gr& ,duke ,cosmo ,,ii41 on ^: dea? he  
return$ to ,nancy1 :]e he 0 lib]ally    
patroniz$ by ,h5ry1 ,duke ( ,lorra9e4   
,:5 mis=tune ov]took t pr9ce1 he w5t to 
,p>is1 :i!r 8 reputation _h prec$$ him1 
:]e he 0 employ$ by ,l\is ,,xiii4 to    
engrave ! successes ( ! ,fr5* arms1     
p>ticul>ly ! siege ( ! ,isle de ,re1 9  
sixte5 %eets2 ! siege ( ,ro*elle1 d42 & 

! siege ( ,br$a1 9 eight %eets4 ,8 pr9ts
 are v num]\s1 & are highly e/eem$2     
,he9ek5 gives a full li/ ( 8 pr9ts1     
am\nt+ to ov] fifte5 hundr$6 ,! f]tility
 ( 8 inv5tion & ! facility ( 8 h& 7     
wond]ful2 yet 8 pr9ts are accurately    
design$4 ,he frequ5tly made sev]al      
draw+s = ! same plate be=e he 0         
satisfi$4 ,watelet says t he saw f\r    
diff]5t draw+s by him = ! celebrat$     
,temptation ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,8 draw+s are
 also greatly admir$ & highly priz$4    
,,callot',s ,,patriotism4   ,:5 ,c>d9al 
,ri*elieu desir$ ,callot to design &    
engrave a set ( plates descriptive ( !  
siege & fall ( 8 native t[n1 he promptly
 refus$2 & :5 ! ,c>d9al p]emptorily     
insi/$ t he %\ld d x1 he repli$1 ,my    
,"l1 if y cont9ue to urge me1 ,i w cut  
(f ! ?umb ( my "r h& be=e y\r face1 = ,i
 nev] w cons5t to p]petuate ! calamity &
 disgrace ( my sov]eign & protector4    
,,+5uity ,,( ,,arti/s4   ,pl9y ass]ts t 
an +5i\s arti/ wrote ! :ole ( ! ,iliad  
on s small a piece ( p>*m5t t x might be

 enclos$ )9 ! compass ( a nut-%ell4     
,cic]o also records ! same ?+4 ,?is     
d\btless might be done on a /rip ( ?9   
p>*m5t1 & roll+ x compactly4  ,heyl91 9 
8 life ( ,*>les ,i41 says t 9 ,que5     
,elizabe?'s "t1 a p]son wrote ! ,t5     
,comm&m5ts1 ! ,cre$1 ! ,pat] ,no/]1 !   
,que5's "n1 & ! date1 )9 ! compass ( a  
p5ny1 :i* he pres5t$ to h] ,maje/y1     
toge!r ) a pair ( spectacles ( su* an   
artificial make1 t by _! help %e pla9ly 
disc]n$ e lett]4 ,"o ,francis ,almonus  
wrote ! ,cre$1 & ! fir/ f\rte5 v]ses ( !
 ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john1 on a piece (      
p>*m5t no l>g] ?an a p5ny4 ,9 ! libr>y (
 ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,ox=d1 is a      
picture ( ,*>les ,i4 done ) a p51 ! l9es
 ( :i* conta9 all ! psalms1 writt5 9 a  
legible h&4  ,at ,hal/on1 9 ,%rop%ire1 !
 seat ( ! ,myttons1 is pres]v$ a c>v+   
mu* resembl+ t m5tion$ by ,walpole 9 8  
,anecdotes ( ,pa9t+1 vol4 ii41 p4 #db4  
,x is ! portrait ( ,*>les ,i41          
full-fac$1 cut on a pea*-/one2 above1 is
 a cr[n2 8 face1 & clo!s :i* are ( a    

,v&yck dress are pa9t$2 on ! rev]se is  
an eagle transfix$ ) an arr[1 & r\nd x  
is ?is motto3 ,i fea!r$ ?is arr[4 ,!    
:ole is mo/ admirably execut$1 & is set 
9 gold1 ) a cry/al on ea* side4 ,x      
probably 0 ! "w ( ,ni*olas ,bryot1 a    
great grav] ( ! m9t 9 ! "t ( ,*>les     
,i4--,p5nant's ,wales4  ,9 ! ,royal     
,museum at ,cop5hag5 is a common        
*]ry-/one1 on ! surface ( :i* are cut   
two hundr$ & tw5ty heads6     ,a ,,h9t  
,,to ,,jewel]s4   ,:5 ! haughty & able  
,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 caus$ ,c>d9al     
,langton to be elect$ ,ar*bi%op (       
,cant]bury 9 despite ( ,k+ ,john1 &     
compell$ him to submit1 to appease !    
latt] & to admoni% him1 8 ,hol9ess      
pres5t$ him ) f\r gold5 r+s1 set )      
preci\s /ones1 at ! same "t tak+ c>e to 
in=m him ( ! _m my/]ies impli$ 9 !m4 ,8 
,hol9ess begg$ ( him 7,k+ ,john71 says  
,hume1 to consid] s]i\sly ! =m ( ! r+s1 
_! numb]1 _! matt]1 & _! color4 ,_! =m1 
he said1 %ad[$ out et]nity1 :i* _h nei!r
 beg9n+ nor end2 & he ought !nce to le>n

 8 duty ( aspir+ f e>?ly objects to     
heav5ly1 f ?+s temporal to ?+s et]nal4  
,! numb]1 f be+ a squ>e1 d5ot$ /ead9ess 
( m9d1 n to be subv]t$ ei!r by adv]sity 
or prosp]ity1 fix$ =ev] on ! firm base (
 ! f\r c>d9al virtues4 ,gold1 :i* is !  
matt]1 be+ ! mo/ preci\s ( ! metals1    
signifi$ wisdom1 :i* is ! mo/ preci\s ( 
all ! accompli%m5ts1 & ju/ly pref]r$ by 
,solomon to ri*es1 p[]1 & all ext]ior   
atta9m5ts4 ,! blue color ( ! sapphire   
repres5t$ ,fai?2 ! v]dure ( ! em]ald1   
,hope2 ! r$ness ( ! ruby1 ,*>ity2 & !   
spl5dor ( ! topaz1 good works4 ,jewel]s1
 :o usually deal s little 9 s5tim5t 9 _!
 works1 may le>n f ?is +5i\s allegory ! 
advantage ( call+ up ! wond]-work+ aid (
 fancy1 9 =m+ _! comb9ations ( preci\s  
?+s4     ,,curi\s ,,pa9t+s4   ,9 !      
,ca!dral at ,worms1 ov] ! alt>1 is a v  
old pa9t+1 9 :i* ! ,virg9 is repres5t$  
?r[+ ! infant ,jesus into ! hopp] ( a   
mill2 :ile f ! o!r side he issues1 *ang$
 into waf]s or little morsels ( bread1  
:i* ! prie/s are adm9i/]+ to ! p4       

,ma?ison1 9 8 lett]s1 ?us describes a   
picture 9 a *ur* at ,con/ance1 call$ !  
,conception ( ! ,holy ,virg94 ,an old   
man lies on a cl\d1 :5ce he d>ts a va/  
beam1 :i* passes ?r\gh a dove hov]+ j   
bel[2 at ! end ( ! beam appe>s a l>ge   
transp>5t egg1 9 :i* egg is se5 a *ild 9
 swaddl+ clo!s1 ) a glory r\nd x2 ,m>y  
sits lean+ 9 an arm-*air & op5s h] m\?  
to receive ! egg6 ,:i* are ! mo/        
pr(ane--^! pictures1 or ! ,v5us         
,anadyom5e ( ,apelles1 ! ,v5us (        
,titian1 & ! ,l$a ( ,correggio8     ,,! 
,,olde/ ,,oil ,,pa9t+ ,,extant4   ,!    
olde/ oil pa9t+ n[ 9 exi/5ce1 is believ$
 to be "o ( ! ,madonna & infant ,jesus 9
 h] arms1 ) an ,ea/]n /yle ( c\nt5ance4 
,x is m>k$ ,,dccclxxxvi4 7#hhf74 ,?is   
s+ul> & valuable pa9t+ =m$ "p ( !       
treasures ( art 9 ! old palace ( !      
,flor5t9e ,republic1 & 0 pur*as$ by !   
,director ,b5civ5ni f a brok] 9 ! /reet1
 = a few livres4  ,! above is f\nd quot$
 9 _m books1 9 pro( t oil pa9t+ 0 kn[n  
long be=e ! "t ( ! ,van ,eycks2 b all ^!

 old suppos$ oil pa9t+s h be5 prov$ by  
*emical analysis to h be5 pa9t$ 9       
di/emp]4 ,see vol4 ii41 p4 #ada1 ( ?is  
"w4     ,,curi\s ,,repres5tations ,,(   
,,! ,,h>pies4   ,hom] repres5ts !       
,h>pies z ! rapaci\s goddesses ( !      
/orms1 resid+ ne> ! ,er9nyes1 or !      
,ocean1 be=e ! jaws ( hell4 ,if any     
p]son 0 s long abs5t f home t x 0 n kn[n
 :at _h become ( him1 & he 0 suppos$ to 
be dead1 x 0 commonly said1 ,! ,h>pies h
 c>ri$ him (f4 ,hesiod repres5ts !m z "y
 virg9s ( great beauty4 ,! lat] poets & 
arti/s vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 depict+ !m "u !  
mo/ hide\s =ms2 !y commonly repres5t$ !m
 z w+$ mon/]s1 hav+ ! face ( a woman & !
 body ( a vulture1 ) _! feet & f+]s arm$
 ) %>p claws4 ,spanheim1 9 8 "w1 gives  
?ree repres5tations ( ! h>pies1 tak5 f  
anci5t co9s & works ( art2 !y h female  
heads1 ) ! bodies & claws ( birds (     
prey2 ! fir/ has a co>se female face1 ! 
second a beautiful fem99e head1 & two   
brea/s1 & ! ?ird a visage ornam5t$ )    
wrea?s & a head-dress4 ,!re are v>i\s   

o!r repres5tations ( !m1 "o ( ! mo/     
rem>kable ( :i* is a mon/] ) a human    
head & ! body ( a vampire bat4          
,,adrian ,,br[]4   ,?is extraord9>y     
pa9t] 0 born at ,ha]lem1 9 #afjh4 ,8    
p>5ts 7 extremely poor1 & 8 "m sold to !
 peasants bonnets & h&k]*iefs1 :i* ! "y 
,adrian pa9t$ ) fl[]s & birds4 ,^!      
attempts 7 notic$ by ,francis ,hals1 a  
di/+ui%$ pa9t] ( ,ha]lem1 :o (f]$ to    
take ! "y arti/ into 8 s*ool--:i*       
proposal 0 gladly accept$4 ,hals1 on    
discov]+ 8 sup]ior g5ius1 sep>at$ him f 
all 8 companions1 & lock$ him up 9 a    
g>ret1 t he might pr(it by 8 tal5ts4 ,! 
pictures ( ,br[] sold readily at high   
prices1 b ! av>ici\s ,hals treat$ him ) 
increas$ sev]ity1 le/ he %\ld become    
acqua9t$ ) ! value ( 8 tal5ts1 & leave  
him4 ,?is cruelty excit$ ! pity (       
,adrian van ,o/ade1 !n a pupil ( ,hals2 
& he f\nd an opportunity ( advis+ ,br[] 
to make 8 escape1 :i* ! latt] effect$1 &
 fl$ to ,am/]dam4 ,soon aft] arriv+ 9 t 
city1 he pa9t$ a picture ( ,boors       

,fight+1 :i* he gave to ! l&lord ( ! inn
 :]e he lodg$1 & reque/$ him to sell x4 
,! ho/ soon return$ ) "o hundr$ ducats1 
:i* he _h receiv$ = ! "w4 ,! arti/ 0    
amaz$ at su* a result ( 8 labors1 b     
in/ead ( ex]t+ 8 wond]ful tal5ts1 he    
plung$ into a c\rse ( dissipation4 ,?is 
natural prop5sity to alt]nate "w &      
indulg5ce m>k$ 8 :ole life1 & involv$   
him 9 _m extraord9>y adv5tures4         
,,br[]1 ,,! ,,duke ,d',,aremb]g1 ,,&    
,,rub5s4   ,:5 ! ,/ates-,g5]al 7 at w> )
 ,spa91 ,br[] />t$ on a visit to        
,antw]p1 :i!r 8 reputation _h already   
proce$$ him4 ,omitt+ to provide himself 
) a passport1 he 0 arre/$ z a spy1 &    
conf9$ 9 ! citadel1 :]e ! ,duke         
d',aremb]g 0 imprison$4 ,t nobleman liv$
 9 fri5d%ip ) ,rub5s1 :o (t5 visit$ him 
9 8 conf9em5t2 & ! ,duke1 hav+ obs]v$ ! 
g5ius ( ,br[]1 desir$ ,rub5s to br+ a   
palette & p5cils1 :i* he gave to ,br[]1 
& ! latt] soon produc$ a repres5tation (
 ,soldi]s play+ at ,c>ds1 :i* he design$
 f a gr\p he _h se5 f 8 prison w9d[4 ,! 

,duke %[$ ! picture to ,rub5s1 :o       
imm$iately exclaim$ t x 0 by ! celebrat$
 ,br[]1 ^: pictures he (t5 admir$2 & he 
(f]$ ! ,duke six hundr$ guild]s = ! "w1 
b ! latt] refus$ to "p ) x1 & pres5t$ ! 
arti/ ) a mu* l>g] sum4 ,rub5s lo/ no "t
 9 procur+ 8 lib]ty1 :i* he did by      
becom+ 8 surety1 took him into 8 own    
h\se1 & treat$ him ) ! greate/ k9dness4 
,,dea? ,,( ,,br[]4   ,br[] did n cont9ue
 long 9 ! hospitable mansion ( ,rub5s1  
^: ref9$ & elegant mann]s1 love (       
lit]ature1 & dome/ic happ9ess 7 less    
cong5ial to ?is erratic g5ius ?an !     
revels ( 8 pot-companions4 ,br[] soon   
became we>y ( 8 situation1 & return$ to 
8 vici\s habits1 to :i* he soon fell a  
victim 9 #afdj1 at ! e>ly age ( #cb     
ye>s4 ,he di$ 9 ! public hospital at    
,antw]p1 & 0 buri$ 9 an obscure mann]2 b
 :5 ,rub5s knew x1 he _h ! body re9t]r$1
 ) fun]al pomp1 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,c>melites2
 & he int5d$ also to h erect$ a sup]b   
monum5t to 8 memory1 _h he liv$ to see x
 execut$2 ?\gh ,s&r>t says !re 0 a      

magnific5t "o ov] 8 tomb1 ) an epitaph  
to p]petuate 8 honor4     ,,br[]',s     
,,works4   ,! subjects ( ,br[] 7 ( !    
l[e/ ord]1 repres5t+ ! frolics ( 8 pot  
companions2 b 8 expression is s lively &
 *>act]i/ic1 8 color+ s transp>5t &     
brilliant1 & ! passions & movem5ts ( 8  
figures are s admirably express$1 t 8   
works h ju/ly elicit$ ! applause ( ! _w4
 ,!y are highly valu$1 & 9 consequ5ce ( 
8 irregul> life1 are exce$+ly sc>ce4    
,br[] also et*$ a few plates 9 a v      
spirit$ /yle4     ,,rosa ,,da ,,tivoli4 
,! "n ( ?is arti/ 0 ,philip ,roos1 & he 
0 born at ,frank=t 9 #afee4 ,he e>ly %[$
 a passion = pa9t+1 & exhibit$ su*      
extraord9>y tal5ts t ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse
 took him "u 8 protection1 & s5t him to 
,italy ) a p5sion suffici5t = 8 support4
 ,to facilitate 8 /udies1 he e/abli%$   
himself at ,tivoli 7:5ce 8 "n71 :]e he  
kept a k9d ( m5ag]ie1 & on acc\nt ( !   
numb] & v>iety ( ! animals1 8 h\se 0    
call$ ,noah's ,ark4     ,,rosa ,,da     
,,tivoli',s ,,works4   ,rosa da         

,tivoli's pictures usually repres5t     
pa/oral subjects1 ) h]dsm5 & cattle1 or 
%eph]ds ) %eep & goats1 :i* he frequ5tly
 pa9t$ z l>ge z life4 ,he design$ ev]y?+
 f nature1 n only 8 animals1 b ! sites (
 8 l&scapes1 ru9s1 build+s1 rocks1      
precipices1 riv]s1 etc4 ,8 gr\ps are    
compos$ ) great judgm5t & ta/e1 & 8     
l&scapes1 backgr\nds1 skies1 & di/ances 
are treat$ 9 a ma/]ly /yle4 ,8 cattle & 
animals1 9 p>ticul>1 are design$ )      
wond]ful tru? & _s2 8 color+ is full (  
=ce1 8 lights & %ad[s are di/ribut$ )   
judgm5t & 8 t\* is rem>kably firm &     
spirit$4     ,,rosa ,,da ,,tivoli',s    
,,facility ,,( ,,execution4   ,rosa da  
,tivoli acquir$ a wond]ful facility 9   
design & execution1 = :i* reason he 0   
nam$ ,m]curius by ! ,b5tvogel ,society4 
,a rem>kable in/ance ( 8 p[]s is record$
 by ,c4 le ,blond1 !n a /ud5t at ,rome4 
,x happ5$ "o day1 says he1 t sev]al "y  
arti/s & myself 7 occupi$ 9 design+ f ! 
bassi-relievi ( ! ,ar* ( ,titus1 :5     
,roos pass+ by1 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) "s 

picturesque object :i* caught 8         
att5tion1 & he reque/$ "o ( ! /ud5ts to 
accommodate him ) a crayon & pap]4 ,:at 
0 our surprise1 :5 9 half an h\r he     
produc$ an admirable draw+1 f9i%$ )     
accuracy & _s4  ,x is also relat$ t !   
,imp]ial ,ambassador1 ,c\nt ,m>t9ez1    
laid a wag] ) a ,sw$i% g5]al t ,roos    
w\ld pa9t a picture ( ?ree-qu>t]s' size1
 :ile !y 7 play+ a game at c>ds2 & 9    
less ?an half an h\r ! picture 0 well   
f9i%$1 ?\gh x consi/$ ( a l&scape1 a    
%eph]d1 & sev]al %eep & goats4          
,,rosa ,,da ,,tivoli',s ,,habits4       
,rosa da ,tivoli un=tunately fell into  
extravagant & dissipat$ habits1 :i*     
frequ5tly caus$ him great inconv5i5ce4  
,f 8 facility1 he multipli$ 8 pictures  
to su* an ext5t z greatly to depreciate 
_! value4 ,x is relat$ t he w\ld sit    
d[n1 :5 press$ = money1 dispat* a l>ge  
picture 9 a few h\rs1 & s5d x directly  
to be sold at any price4 ,8 s]vant1     
possess+ m discretion ?an 8 ma/]1       
usually paid him ! highe/ price (f]$ by 

! deal]s1 & kept ! pictures himself1    
till he c\ld dispose ( !m to m          
advantage4     ,,luca ,,cambiaso',s     
,,facility ,,9 ,,pa9t+4   ,! mo/        
rem>kable quality ( ?is di/+ui%$ ,g5oese
 pa9t] 0 8 rapidity ( op]ation4 ,he     
began to pa9t :5 t5 ye>s old1 "u ! eye (
 8 fa!r1 ,giovanni ,cambiaso1 :o ev9c$  
good ta/e 9 sett+ him to copy "s works  
by ! correct & noble ,mantegna4 ,8      
progress 0 s rapid t at ! age ( sev5te5 
he 0 entru/$ to decorate "s facades &   
*amb]s ( ! ,doria palace at ,g5oa1 :]e  
he display$ 8 ra% facility ( h& by pa9t+
 ! /ory ( ,niobe on a space ( wall fifty
 palms long & ( proportionate height1   
)\t c>toons or any draw+ l>g] ?an 8 fir/
 ha/y sket* on a s+le %eet ( pap]6 ,:ile
 he 0 engag$ on ?is "w1 !re came "o     
morn+ "s ,flor5t9e arti/s to look at x4 
,see+ a lad ent] soon aft]1 & comm5ce   
pa9t+ ) prodigi\s fury1 !y call$ out to 
him to desi/2 b 8 mode ( h&l+ ! bru%es &
 colors1 :i* !y _h imag9$ x 0 8 bus9ess 
m]ely to clean or p\nd1 soon conv9c$ !m 

t ?is d>+ y\ng/] 0 no o!r ?an ,luca     
himself2 :]eupon !y cross$ !mselves1 &  
decl>$ he w\ld "o day eclipse ,mi*ael   
,angelo4     ,,cambiaso',s ,,works ,,9  
,,spa94   ,aft] atta9+ a high reputation
 9 ,italy1 ,cambiaso 0 invit$ to ,madrid
 by ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa94 ,he execut$  
!re a great numb] ( works1 among :i* !  
mo/ important 0 ! vault ( ! *oir ( !    
,escurial *ur*1 :]e he pa9t$ 9 fresco ! 
,glory ( ! ,bless$ 9 ,heav54 ,in/ead (  
all[+ ! arti/ to pa9t f 8 own           
conceptions1 ! k+ li/5$ to ! c\nsels ( !
 monks1 :o recomm5d$ t ! heav5ly ho/    
%\ld be drawn up 9 due !ological ord]4  
,a design m pi\s ?an picturesque be+ at 
la/ agre$ ^u1 ! pa9t] fell to "w ) 8    
wont$ fury1 & s spe$ily cov]$ va/ spaces
 ) a multitude ( figures1 t ! k+1       
accord+ to ! expressive ,italian phrase1
 rema9$ /upid1 n be+ able to believe t !
 ma/]1 ) only "o assi/ant1 c\ld h       
accompli%$ s mu*4 ,philip (t5 visit$    
,cambiaso :ile at "w1 & "o day rem>k+ t 
! head ( ,/4 ,anne among ! bless$ 0 too 

y\?ful1 ! pa9t] repli$ by seiz+ 8 p5cil1
 & ) f\r /rokes s seam$ ! face )        
wr9kles1 & s entirely alt]$ its air1 t !
 royal critic once m rema9$ /upid1 h>dly
 kn[+ :e!r he _h judg$ amiss1 or ! *ange
 _h be5 effect$ by magic4 ,by means (   
?us pa9t+ at full spe$1 frequ5tly )\t   
sket*es1 & sometimes ) bo? h&s at once1 
,cambiaso clo!d ! vault ) its imm5se    
fresco 9 ab\t fifte5 mon?s4 ,! color+ is
 /ill fre%1 & _m ( ! =ms are f9e & !    
figures noble2 b ! composition _c be    
call$ pleas+4 ,! failure mu/ be ma9ly   
attribut$ to ! unlucky m$dl+ ( ! fri>s1 
:o h m>%all$    ,! helm$ ,*]ubim1    ,& 
sword$ ,s]aphim1  ) exact milit>y       
precision1 rang$ ! cele/ial *oir 9 r[s l
 ! fiddl]s ( a sublun>y or*e/ra1 &      
accommodat$ ! congregation ( ! righte\s 
) long b5*es1 l ^? ( a ,me?odi/         
meet+-h\se6 ,h[ev]1 ! k+ 0 s well pleas$
 ) ! "w1 t he rew>d$ ,cambiaso ) #ab1jjj
 ducats4     ,,cambiaso',s ,,arti/ic    
,,m]its4   ,9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 c>e]1 !    
impetuosity ( 8 g5ius l$ him a/ray2 he  

usually pa9t$ 8 pictures 9 oil or fresco
 )\t prep>+ ei!r draw+ or c>toon2 & 8   
fir/ /yle 0 gigantic & unnatural4       
,subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 he *eck$ ?is       
impetuosity1 & x 0 9 ! middle ( 8 life t
 he produc$ 8 be/ works4 ,8 f]tility (  
inv5tion 0 wond]ful2 8 g5ius grappl$ ) &
 conqu]$ ! mo/ ardu\s difficulties ( !  
art1 & he %[s 8 p[]s 9 =e%ort5+ 9 ! mo/ 
d>+ v>iety4 ,he 0 rapid & bold 9 design1
 yet 0 select$ by ,bos*9i z a model (   
correctness2 h5ce 8 draw+s1 ?\gh num]\s1
 are highly e/eem$4 ,8 ,rape ( !        
,sab9es1 9 ! ,palazzo ,imp]iali at      
,t]ralba1 ne> ,g5oa1 has be5 highly     
extoll$4 ,x is a l>ge "w full ( life &  
motion1 passionate ravi%]s & reluctant  
damsels1 f9e horses & glimpses ( noble  
ar*itecture1 ) sev]al episodes height5+ 
! effect ( ! ma9 /ory4 ,m5gs decl>$ he  
_h se5 no?+ out ( ,rome t s vividly     
rem9d$ him ( ! *amb]s ( ! ,vatican4     
,,r>ity ,,( ,,female ,,portraits ,,9    
,,spa94   ,v few female portraits are   
f\nd 9 ! ,spani% collections4 ,_! pa9t]s

 7 seldom br\ght 9 pr(essional contact )
 ! beauty ( high-born wom5--! f9e/      
t\*/one ( pr(essional skill--& _! great 
portrait pa9t]s liv$ 9 an age ( jeal\s  
husb&s1 :o c>$ n to set (f to public    
admiration ! *>ms ( _! sp\ses4          
,velasquez came to reside at c\rt ab\t !
 same "t t ,madrid 0 visit$ by ,sir     
,k5elm ,digby1 :o _h l to h be5 sla9 !  
fir/ night ( 8 arrival1 = m]ely look+ at
 a lady4 ,return+ ) two fri5ds f supp]  
at ,"l ,bri/ol's1 ! adv5tur\s knight    
relates 9 8 ,private ,memoirs1 h[ !y    
came b5ea? a balcony :]e a love-lorn    
fair "o /ood t\*+ h] lute1 & h[ !y      
loit]$ a:ile to admire h] beauty1 & li/5
 to h] s\l-ravi%+ h>mony4 ,_! delightful
 contemplations1 h[ev]1 7 soon arre/$ by
 a sudd5 attack f sev]al arm$ m51 :o    
precipitat$ !mselves ^u ! ?ree ,britons4
 ,_! swords 7 in/antly drawn1 & a fi]ce 
combat ensu$2 b ! valiant ,digby slew ! 
lead] ( ! b&1 & f9ally succe$$ 9 escap+ 
) 8 companions4  ,( ! sixty-two works by
 ,velasquez 9 ! ,royal ,gall]y at       

,madrid1 !re are only f\r female        
portraits2 & ( ^!1 two repres5t *ildr51 
ano!r an anci5t matron1 & a f\r? 8 own  
wife6 ,! ,duke ( ,abuqu]que1 :o at !    
door ( 8 own palace waylaid & horse:ipp$
 ,philip ,,iv41 & 8 m9i/] ,oliv>ez1     
feign+ ignorance ( _! p]sons1 z ! mon>* 
came to pay a nocturnal visit to !      
,du*ess1 0 n v likely to call 9 ! c\rt  
pa9t] to take h] ,grace's portrait4     
,ladies liv$ = ! mo/ "p 9 a sort (      
,ori5tal seclusion1 among/ du5nas1      
wait+-wom51 & dw>fs2 & go+ abroad only  
to mass1 or to take ! air 9 curta9$     
c>riages on ! ,prado4 ,9 su* a /ate (   
?+s1 ! r>ity ( female portraits 9 !     
,spani% collections 0 a natural         
consequ5ce4     ,,murillo',s ,,pictures 
,,9 ,,spani% ,,am]ica4   ,x is relat$ t 
?is great ,spani% pa9t] visit$ ,am]ica 9
 e>ly life1 & pa9t$ !re _m works2 b !   
lat] ,spani% hi/orians h %[n t he nev]  
quitt$ 8 native c\ntry2 & ! circum/ance 
( 8 pictures be+ f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 is be/ 
acc\nt$ = by ! foll[+ n>rative4 ,aft]   

acquir+ consid]able k ( ! art "u ,juan  
del ,ca/illo at ,seville1 he det]m9$ to 
travel = improvem5t2 b h[ to raise !    
necess>y funds 0 a matt] ( difficulty1 =
 8 p>5ts _h di$ leav+ little beh9d !m1 &
 8 g5ius _h n yet recomm5d$ him to !    
good (fices ( any weal?y or p[]ful      
patron4 ,b ,murillo 0 n to be balk$ ( 8 
*]i%$ desires4 ,buy+ a l>ge quantity (  
canvas1 he divid$ x into squ>es ( v>i\s 
sizes1 :i* he prim$ & prep>$ ) 8 own h&s
 = ! p5cil1 & !n conv]t$ into pictures (
 ! m popul> sa9ts1 l&scapes1 &          
fl[]-pieces4 ,^! he sold to ! ,am]ican  
trad]s = exportation1 & ?us obta9$ a sum
 ( money suffici5t = 8 purpose4         
,,murillo',s ,,virg9 ,,( ,,! ,,napk94   
,! small picture :i* once adorn$ !      
tab]nacle ( ! ,capu*9 high alt> at      
,seville1 is int]e/+ on acc\nt ( its    
leg5d1 z well z its extraord9>y arti/ic 
m]its4 ,murillo1 :il/ employ$ at !      
conv5t1 _h =m$ a fri5d%ip ) a lay bro!r1
 ! cook ( ! frat]nity1 :o att5d$ to 8   
wants & wait$ on him ) peculi>          

assiduity4 ,at ! conclusion ( 8 labors1 
?is ,capu*9 ( ! kit*5 begg$ = "s trifl+ 
memorial ( 8 p5cil4 ,! pa9t] 0 q will+  
to comply1 b said t he _h exhau/$ 8 /ock
 ( canvas4 ,nev] m9d1 said ! ready cook1
 take ?is napk91 (f]+ him t :i* he _h   
us$ at d9n]4 ,! good-natur$ arti/       
accord+ly w5t to "w1 & be=e ev5+ he _h  
conv]t$ ! piece ( co>se l95 into a      
picture comp>$ to :i* clo? ( gold or !  
f9e/ tissue ( ! ,ea/ w\ld be acc\nt$    
wor?less4 ,! ,virg9 has a face 9 :i*    
?\ght is happily bl5d$ ) maid5ly        
innoc5ce2 & ! div9e infant1 ) 8 deep    
e>ne/ eyes1 leans =w>d 9 h] arms1       
/ruggl+ z x 7 almo/ out ( ! frame1 z if 
to welcome ! c>p5t] ,joseph home f 8    
daily toil4 ,! picture is color$ ) a    
brilliancy :i* ,murillo nev] excell$1   
gl[+ ) a gold5 light1 z if ! sun 7      
always %9+ on ! canvas4 ,?is admirable  
"w is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,seville4        
,,anecdote ,,( ,,an ,,alt>-,,piece ,,by 
,,murillo4   ,"o ( ,murillo's pictures1 
9 ! possession ( a society ( fri>s 9    

,fl&]s1 0 b\ght by an ,engli%man = a    
consid]able sum1 & ! pur*as] affix$ 8   
signature & seal to ! back ( ! canvas1  
at ! desire ( ! v5d]s4 ,9 due "t x      
foll[$ him to ,engl&1 & became ! pride (
 8 collection4 ,sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds1   
h[ev]1 :ile pass+ ?r\gh ,belgium1 !     
pur*as] turn$ aside to visit 8 fri5ds ! 
monks1 :5 he 0 greatly surpris$ to f9d !
 beautiful "w :i* he _h suppos$ 0 9 8   
own possession1 smil+ 9 all its orig9al 
brightness on ! v same wall :]e he _h   
be5 fir/ smitt5 by its *>ms6 ,! tru? 01 
t ! monks always kept "u ! canvas an    
excell5t copy1 :i* !y sold 9 ! mann]    
above relat$1 z (t5 z !y c\ld f9d a     
pur*as]4     ,,murillo ,,& ,,8 ,,slave  
,,gomez4   ,seba/ian ,gomez1 ! mulatto  
slave ( ,murillo1 is said to h become   
enamor$ ( art :ile p]=m+ ! m5ial (fices 
( 8 ma/]'s /udio4 ,l ,erigonus1 ! color 
gr9d] ( ,nealces1 or l ,p>eja1 ! mulatto
 ( ,velasquez1 he devot$ 8 leisure to ! 
secret /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( draw+1 & 9  
"t acquir$ a skill ) ! bru% rivall$ by  

few ( ! regul> s*ol>s ( ,murillo4 ,!re  
is a tradition at ,seville1 t he took ! 
opportunity "o day1 :5 ! pa9t+ room 0   
empty1 ( giv+ ! fir/ pro( ( 8 abilities1
 by f9i%+ ! head ( a ,virg91 t /ood     
ready sket*$ on 8 ma/]'s easel4 ,pleas$ 
) ! beauty ( ?is unexpect$ int]polation1
 ,murillo1 :5 he discov]$ ! au?or ( x1  
imm$iately promot$ ,gomez to ! use ( ^? 
colors :i* x _h hi!rto be5 8 task to    
gr9d4 ,i am inde$ =tunate1 ,seba/ian1   
said ! good-natur$ arti/1 = ,i h n only 
creat$ pictures1 b a pa9t]4     ,,an    
,,arti/',s ,,love ,,romance4            
,francisco ,vieira1 an em95t ,portuguese
 pa9t]1 0 /ill a *ild :5 he became      
enamor$ ( ,dona ,ignez ,el5a de ,lima1 !
 daught] ( noble p>5ts1 :o liv$ on      
fri5dly t]ms ) 8 own & p]mitt$ !        
int]c\rse ( _! *ildr54 ,! ?read ( _!    
loves 0 brok5 = a :ile by ! dep>ture ( !
 "y woo] to ,rome1 9 ! suite ( ! ,m>quis
 ( ,abrantes4 ,!re he appli$ himself    
dilig5tly to ! /udy ( pa9t+1 "u         
,trevisani1 & c>ri$ (f ! fir/ prize 9 ! 

,academy ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,on return+ to    
,portugal1 al?\gh only 9 8 #af? ye>1 he 
0 imm$iately appo9t$ by ,k+ ,john ,v4 to
 pa9t a l>ge picture ( ! ,my/]y ( !     
,eu*>i/1 to be us$ at ! approa*+ fea/ ( 
,corpus ,*ri/i2 & he also pa9t$ ! k+'s  
portrait4  ,an abs5ce ( sev5 ye>s _h n  
affect$ ,vieira's con/ancy1 & he took ! 
fir/ opportunity ( fly+ once m to       
,ignez4 ,he 0 k9dly receiv$ by ! ,lima  
family1 at _! villa on ! beautiful %ores
 ( ! ,tagus1 & 0 p]mitt$ to reside !re =
 a :ile1 pa9t+ ! sc5]y1 & woo+ 8 n      
unwill+ mi/ress4 ,:5 ! maid5's he>t 0   
fairly won1 ! p>5ts at l5g? int]f]$1 & !
 lov]s f\nd ! old adage v]ifi$1 t !     
c\rse ( true love nev] did run smoo?4   
,vieira 0 ignom9i\sly turn$ out ( doors1
 & ! fair ,ignez 0 %ut up 9 ! conv5t (  
,/4 ,anna1 & compell$ to take ! veil4   
,! afflict$ lov] imm$iately laid 8 cause
 be=e ! k+1 b receiv$ an unfavorable    
answ]4 ,no?+ daunt$1 he !n w5t to ,rome1
 & succe$$ 9 obta9+ f ! ,pope a         
commission to ! ,patri>* ( ,lisbon1     

emp[]+ him to inquire into ! facts ( !  
case2 & t prelate's report be+          
favorable1 ! lov] 0 made happy ) a bull 
annull+ ! religi\s v[s ( ! nun1 &       
au?oriz+ _! m>riage4 ,x is unc]ta9 h[   
long ?is affair rema9$ undecid$2 b a    
,portuguese ,jesuit hav+ w>n$ ,vieira t 
at home he ran ! risk ( be+ puni%$ by   
confiscation ( 8 prop]ty1 = obta9+ a    
bull )\t ! cons5t ( ! civil p[]1 he     
prolong$ 8 resid5ce at ,rome to six     
ye>s1 t ! affair might h "t to be =gott5
 at ,lisbon4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he cont9u$ 
to ex]cise 8 p5cil ) s mu* success t he 
0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,/4     
,luke4  ,aft] su* a probation1 ! en]gy &
 p]sev]ance ( ! lov] is almo/           
unp>allel$4 ,he f9ally v5tur$ to return 
to 8 native ,tagus1 & accompli%$ !      
object ( 8 life4 ,disguis+ himself z a  
bricklay]1 he skulk$ ab\t ! conv5t :]e  
,ignez lay immur$1 m+l+ ) ! workm5      
employ$ !re1 till he f\nd means to op5 a
 communication ) h] & conc]t a plan (   
escape4 ,he !n furni%$ h] ) male attire1

 & at la/ successfully c>ri$ h] (f on   
horseback 7?\gh n )\t a sev]e w\nd f !  
bro!r ( 8 bride71 to ano!r bi%opric1 :]e
 !y 7 m>ri$ 9 virtue ( ! ,pope's bull4  
,aft] resid+ = "s "t 9 ,spa9 & ,italy1  
h[ev]1 ,vieira 0 comm&$ to return to    
,portugal1 & appo9t$ pa9t] to ! k+4 ,be+
 ! be/ arti/ 9 t k+dom1 8 tal5ts soon   
oblit]at$ ! remembrance ( 8 some:at     
irregul> m>riage1 & dur+ =ty ye>s he    
pa9t$ ) great reputation & success = !  
royal palaces at ,nafra & else:]e1 = !  
conv5ts1 & ! collections ( ! nobility4  
,x w d\btless be pleas+ to ! fair read]s
 ( ^! anecdotes1 t all ?is long c\rse ( 
outw>d prosp]ity 0 sweet5$ by !         
affection ( 8 con/ant wife4     ,,e/eban
 ,,m>*',s ,,/range ,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy4  
,e/eban ,m>*1 a di/+ui%$ ,spani% pa9t] (
 ! #ag? c5tury1 0 ecc5tric 9 "* & viol5t
 9 temp]am5t4 ,battles be+ 8 favorite   
subjects1 8 /udio 0 hung r\nd ) pikes1  
cutlasses1 javel9s1 & o!r implem5ts (   
w>1 :i* he us$ 9 a v peculi> & boi/]\s  
mann]4 ,z ! mild & sa9tly ,joanes 0 wont

 to prep>e himself = 8 daily task by    
pray] & fa/+1 s 8 riot\s c\ntryman us$  
to excite 8 imag9ation to ! prop]       
creative pit* by beat+ a drum1 or bl[+ a
 trumpet1 & !n valiantly assault+ !     
walls ( 8 *amb] ) sword & buckl]1 lay+  
ab\t him1 l ano!r ,don ,quixote1 ) a    
bl9d en]gy t told sev]ely on ! pla/] &  
furniture1 & drove 8 t]rifi$ s*ol>s or  
assi/ants to seek safety 9 flight4 ,hav+
 ?us la%$ himself into suffici5t fr5zy1 
he p]=m$ miracles1 accord+ to ,palom9o1 
9 ! field ( battle-pieces1 ?r[+ (f _m   
bold & spirit$ pictures ( ,ph>aoh & 8   
ho/ /ruggl+ 9 ! angry wat]s1 or mail$   
,*ri/ians quell+ ! turban$ armies ( !   
,cresc5t4 ,few w )hold f him ! praise ( 
,b]mudez1 = brilliancy ( color+1 & = !  
skill ) :i* ! du/1 smoke1 & d5se        
atmosph]e ( ! combat are depict$4       
,,m>*',s ,,adv5ture ,,( ,,! ,,fi% ,,fri$
 ,,9 ,,l9se$ ,,oil4   ,palom9o says t   
,m>* _h gone out "o day1 leav+ nei!r    
meat nor money 9 ! h\se1 & 0 abs5t till 
pa/ midnight1 :5 he return$ ) a few fi%1

 :i* he insi/$ on hav+ in/antly dress$ =
 supp]4 ,8 wife said !re 0 no oil2 &    
,juan ,con*illos1 "o ( 8 pupils1 be+    
ord]$ to get "s1 object$ t all ! %ops 7 
%ut up4 ,!n take l9se$ oil1 cri$ !      
impetu\s ,m>*1 =1 por ,dios1 ,i w h ^!  
fi% pres5tly fri$4 ,! mess 0 !re=e s]v$ 
) ?is unwont$ sauce1 b 0 no soon] ta/$  
?an x began to act z a vigor\s emetic ^u
 ! :ole p>ty1 = inde$1 gravely writes   
,palom9o1 l9se$ oil1 at all times ( a   
villa9\s flavor1 :5 hot is ! v devil4   
,)\t m ado1 ! ma/] ( ! fea/ ?rew fi% &  
fry+-pan out ( ! w9d[2 & ,con*illos1    
kn[+ 8 humor1 flung ! e>!n *af+-di% &   
*>coal aft] !m4 ,m>* 0 delight$ ) ?is   
sally1 & embrac+ ! y\?1 he lift$ him f !
 floor1 putt+ him 9 bodily fe>1 z he    
aft] w>ds told ,palom9o1 t he 0 ab\t to 
foll[ ! coal & vi&s into ! /reet4 ,z = !
 poor we>y wife1 %e ?\ght ( h] crock]y1 
& rem>k+ 9 a matt] (-fact way1 ,:at %all
 we h = supp] n[8 w5t to b$2 :i!r h]    
husb&1 pleas$ ) ! frolic ( spoil+ 8 meal
 & break+ ! di%es1 seems to h foll[$ h] 

9 a m complac5t mood ?an common4     ,a 
,,pa9t]',s ,,rebuke4   ,jose ,antonilez1
 a ,spani% pa9t]1 /udi$ "u ,francisco   
,rizi at ,madrid4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 occupi$ 
9 prep>+ "s new sc5]y = ! !atre at ,buon
 ,retiro1 ,antonilez spoke ( him z a    
pa9t] ( foot-clo?s--an expression :i* 0 
soon communicat$ to 8 ma/]4 ,rizi       
imm$iately adm9i/]$ a :olesome practical
 rebuke1 by comm&+ ! att5dance (        
,ant9olez on 8 ,maje/y's s]vice1 & ord]+
 him to execute a piece ( pa9t+ 9       
di/emp]4 ,! unlucky wag1 be+ q ignorant 
( ! mode ( p]=m+ ! "w1 & too pr\d to    
confess x1 work$ = a :ole day1 at ! end 
( :i* he _h m]ely spoil$ a l>ge piece ( 
canvas4 ,s1 sir1 said ,rizi1 quietly1 y 
see pa9t+ foot-clo?s is n s easy aft]   
all2 & turn+ to 8 s]vant1 add$1 "h1 boy1
 take ?is canvas & c>ry x to ! ci/]n to 
be wa%$4     ,a ,,pa9t]',s ,,retort     
,,c\rte\s4   ,jean ,ranc1 an em95t ,fr5*
 portrait pa9t]1 0 sometimes annoy$ by  
imp]t95t & vexati\s criticism4 ,hav+    
exhau/$ all 8 tal5t ^u a p>ticul>       

portrait1 ! fri5ds ( ! sitt] refus$ to  
be pleas$1 al?\gh ! sitt] himself appe>s
 to h be5 well satisfi$4 ,9 conc]t ) !  
latt]1 ,ranc conc]t$ a plan = a         
practical retort4 ,aft] privately pa9t+ 
a copy ( ! picture1 he cut ! head out ( 
! canvas1 & plac$ x 9 su* a position t !
 orig9al c\ld supply ! op5+ ) 8 own     
v]itable face1 undetect$4 ,aft] all 0   
ready1 ! cavil]s 7 invit$ to view !     
p]=mance1 b !y 7 no bett] pleas$4 ,fall+
 completely into ! sn>e1 ! w\ld-be      
critics 7 go+ on to condemn ! lik5ess1  
:5 ! relax+ features & he>ty laught] ( !
 suppos$ portrait1 spe$ily & suffici5tly
 av5g$ ! pa9t] ( _! fa/idi\sness4       
,,ardemans ,,& ,,bocanegra--,a ,,trial  
,,( ,,skill4   ,^! ,spani% pa9t]s       
cont5d$ 9 #afhi = ! (fice ( ,ma/] ( !   
,works 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,granada4         
,bocanegra 0 excessively va9 & ov]be>+1 
& boa/$ 8 sup]iority to all ! arti/s ( 8
 "t2 b ,ardemans1 ?\gh a /rang] 9       
,granada1 0 n to be daunt$1 & a trial ( 
skill1 a duel ) p5cils1 0 accord+ly     

arrang$ betwe5 !m1 :i* 01 t ea* %\ld    
pa9t ! o!r's portrait4 ,ardemans1 :o 0  
!n h>dly tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 fir/    
ent]$ ! li/s1 & )\t draw+ any outl9e on 
! canvas1 produc$ an excell5t lik5ess ( 
8 adv]s>y 9 less ?an an h\r4 ,bocanegra1
 q daunt$ by ?is feat1 & disc\rag$ by ! 
applause accord$ to 8 rival by ! num]\s 
spectators1 put (f 8 own exhibition till
 ano!r day1 & 9 ! end utt]ly fail$ 9 8  
attempt to transf] ! features ( 8 rival 
to canvas4 ,8 defeat1 & ! je]s ( 8 =m]  
admir]s1 s ov]:elm$ him ) mortification1
 t he di$ %ortly aft]4     ,a ,,pa9t]',s
 ,,artifice ,,to ,,keep ,,up            
,,appe>ances4   ,! ,spani% pa9t]        
,antonio ,p]$a m>ri$ ,dona ,m>ia de     
,bu/am5te1 a woman ( "s rank1 & great]  
pret5sion1 :o w\ld associate only ) p ( 
high fa%ion1 & insi/$ on hav+ a du5na 9 
con/ant wait+ 9 h] ante*amb]1 l a lady (
 quality4 ,p]$a 0 n ri* en\gh to ma9ta9 
su* an att5dant2 he !re=e compromis$    
matt]s by pa9t+ on a scre5 an old lady  
sitt+ at h] ne$le1 ) spectacles on h]   

nose1 & s tru?fully execut$ t visitors 7
 wont to salute h] z !y pass$1 tak+ h] =
 a real du5na1 too deaf or too discreet 
to notice _! entrance6     ,a           
,,good-,,natur$ ,,criticism4            
,b>tolomeo ,c>ducci1 :o 0 employ$ 9 !   
s]vice ( ! ,spani% c\rt = _m ye>s1 0    
express+ "o day 8 admiration ( a newly  
f9i%$ picture by a bro!r arti/1 :5 "o ( 
8 own s*ol>s drew 8 att5tion to a badly 
execut$ foot4 ,i did n obs]ve x1 repli$ 
he1 x is s conceal$ by ! difficult      
excell5ce ( ?is bosom & ^! h&s--a piece 
( k9dly criticism t des]ves to be       
record$4     ,,alonso ,,cano ,,& ,,!    
,,int5dant ,,( ,,! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,malaga4
   ,! ,bi%op ( ,malaga1 be+ engag$ 9    
improv+ 8 ,ca!dral *ur*1 invit$ ,cano to
 t city1 = ! purpose ( design+ a new    
tab]nacle = ! high alt>1 & new /alls = !
 *oir4 ,he _h f9i%$ 8 plans1 v mu* to ! 
prelate's satisfaction1 :5 he 0         
privately in=m$ t ! ,int5dant ( ! works 
propos$ to all[ him b a v trifl+        
remun]ation4 ,^! draw+s1 said ,cano1 are

 ei!r to be giv5 away1 or to fet* #b1jjj
 ducats2 & pack+ !m up1 he m\nt$ 8 mule1
 & took ! road to ,granada4 ,! nigg>dly 
,int5dant1 le>n+ ! cause ( 8 dep>ture1  
became al>m$1 & s5t a mess5g] aft] him  
po/-ha/e1 (f]+ him 8 own price = !      
plans6     ,,cano',s ,,love ,,(         
,,sculpture4   ,skillful z ,cano 0 ) !  
p5cil1 he lov$ ! *isel above all 8 o!r  
arti/ic implem5ts4 ,he 0 s fond (       
sculpture t1 :5 we>i$ ) pa9t+1 he w\ld  
take 8 tools1 & block out a piece (     
c>v+4 ,a disciple "o day rem>k+ t to lay
 d[n a p5cil & take up a mallet1 0 a    
/range me?od ( repose1 he repli$1       
,blockhead6 don't y see t to create =m &
 relief on a flat surface1 is a great]  
labor ?an to fa%ion "o %ape into ano!r8 
,,ca/illo',s ,,s>casm ,,on ,,alf>o4     
,juan de ,alf>o fir/ /udi$ "u ,antonio  
del ,ca/illo at ,seville1 & subsequ5tly 
9 ! s*ool ( ,velasquez at ,madrid4 ,aft]
 8 return to ,seville1 he 0 wont to     
plume himself ^u ! k ( art :i* he _h    
acquir$ 9 ! s*ool ( t great pa9t]2 & he 

also sign$ all 8 pictures 9 a conspicu\s
 mann]1 ,alf>o1 p9xit4 ,?is 0 too mu* = 
,ca/illo1 & he accord+ly inscrib$ 8     
,baptism ( ,/4 ,francis1 execut$ = !    
,capu*9 conv5t1 :]e 8 juv5ile rival 0   
likewise employ$1 ,non p9xit ,alf>o4    
,ye>s aft]1 ,palom9o became suffici5tly 
intimate ) ,alf>o1 to ask him :at he    
?\ght ( ,ca/illo's s>ca/ic inscription4 
,i ?9k1 repli$ ! unaba%$ object ( ! je/1
 t x 0 a great honor = me1 :o 0 !n a    
be>dless boy1 to be treat$ z a rival by 
s able an arti/4     ,,torres'          
,,imitations ,,( ,,c>avaggio4   ,matias 
de ,torres1 a ,spani% pa9t]1 affect$ !  
/yle ( ,c>avaggio4 ,8 compositions 7    
half veil$ 9 ?ick imp5etrable %ad[s1 :i*
 conceal$ ! design1 & sometimes left !  
subject a my/]y4 ,francisco de ,solis 0 
/&+ be=e "o ( !m1 9 ! *ur* ( ,victory at
 ,madrid1 repres5t+ a sc5e f ! life (   
,/4 ,diego1 & 0 ask$ to expla9 ! subject
 depict$4 ,x repres5ts1 said ! witty    
pa9t]1 ,san ,brazo1 ,/4 ,arm1 no?+ be+  
di/+ui%$ b ! arm ( a m5dicant 9 !       

backgr\nd4     ,,pantoja ,,& ,,!        
,,eagle4   ,palom9o relates t a sup]b   
eagle1 ( ! be>d$ k9d1 hav+ be5 captur$ 9
 ! royal *ase1 ne> ! ,prado1 ! k+       
7,philip ,,iii47 gave ord]s to ,pantoja 
to pa9t its lik5ess1 :i* he did ) su*   
tru?fulness t ! royal bird1 on see+ x1  
mi/ook x = a real eagle1 & attack$ !    
picture ) su* impetuosity t he tore x 9 
pieces ) 8 beak & talons be=e !y c\ld   
secure him4 ,! indignant bird 0 !n ti$ m
 c>efully1 & ! portrait pa9t$ ov] aga94 
,,! ,,pa9t] ,,me?odius ,,& ,,! ,,k+ ,,( 
,,bulg>ia4   ,pa*eco relates a rem>kable
 effect produc$ by a picture f ! p5cil (
 ,me?odius1 :o resid$ at ,con/ant9ople  
ab\t #hed4 ,he 0 invit$ to ,nicopolis by
 ,bogoris1 k+ ( ! ,bulg>ians1 to        
decorate a banquet+-hall 9 8 palace4 ,t 
pr9ce left ! *oice ( 8 subject to !     
arti/1 limit+ him to ^? ( a tragic or   
t]rible "*4 ,! si/] ( ,bogoris1 dur+ a  
long captivity at ,con/ant9ople1 _h     
become a conv]t to ! ,greek *ur*1 &     
greatly desir$ t h] bro!r %\ld r5\nce   

paganism2 !re=e x 0 probably at h]      
in/ance1 9 ?is case1 t ,me?odius pa9t$ !
 ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,he succe$$ 9 depict+ ! 
glories ( ! bless$ & ! pa9s ( ! damn$ 9 
su* a fe>ful mann]1 t ! hea!n k+ 0      
induc$ 9 8 t]ror to s5d = a ,bi%op1 &   
signify 8 will+ness to unite ) ! ,greek 
*ur*2 & ! :ole ,bulg>ian nation soon    
foll[$ 8 example4     ,,john ,c4        
,,v]mey5 ,,& ,,*>les ,v4   ,?is ,dut*   
pa9t] 0 invit$ to ,spa9 by ,*>les ,v41 &
 accompani$ t mon>* on 8 exp$ition to   
,tunis1 ( :i* he pres]v$ "s sc5es t 7   
aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ,brussels         
tape/ries4 ,he foll[$ ! c\rt = _m ye>s1 
& ex]cis$ 8 art ) honor & pr(it1 9      
portrait1 l&scape1 & sacr$ subjects4 ,! 
palace ( ! ,prado 0 adorn$ ) a numb] ( 8
 works1 p>ticul>ly eight pictures       
repres5t+ ! ,imp]ial progresses 9       
,g]many1 & ,views ( ,madrid1            
,valladolid1 ,naples1 & ,london2 all (  
:i* p]i%$ 9 ! fire ( #afjh4 ,v]mey5 0 an
 especial favorite ( ,*>les ,v41 :o     
ord]$ 8 bu/ to be execut$ 9 m>ble1 = !  

sake ( ! gravity & nobl5ess ( 8         
c\nt5ance4 ,he 0 v rem>kable = 8 long   
be>d1 :i* ga9$ him ! surname ( ,el      
,b>budo or ,b>balonga4 ,9 fact1 s v     
l5g?y 0 ?is be>d1 t ,descamps says !    
,emp]or 9 8 playful moods us$ to amuse  
himself by tread+ on x1 z x trail$ on ! 
gr\nd6     ,,blas ,,de ,,prado ,,& ,,!  
,,emp]or ,,( ,,morocco4   ,9 #aeic !    
,emp]or ( ,morocco appli$ to ,philip    
,,ii4 = ! loan ( a pa9t]1 to :i* ! latt]
 made answ] t !y _h 9 ,spa9 two sorts ( 
pa9t]s--! ord9>y & ! excell5t--& desir$ 
to "k :i* 8 infidel bro!r pref]r$4 ,k+s 
%\ld always h ! be/1 repli$ ! ,moor2 & s
 ,philip s5t him ,blas de ,prado to     
,fez4 ,!re he pa9t$ v>i\s works = !     
palace1 & a portrait ( ! mon>*'s        
daught]1 to ! great satisfaction ( h]   
fa!r4 ,aft] keep+ ! arti/ sev]al ye>s 9 
8 s]vice1 ! emp]or f9ally s5t him away1 
) _m ri* gifts2 & he return$ to ,ca/ile 
) consid]able weal?4 ,! ,academy ( ,san 
,f]d9&o possesses a f9e "w by him1      
repres5t+ ! ,virg9 & ,infant seat$ 9 !  

cl\ds4     ,,don ,,juan ,,c>r5o   ,?is  
,spani% pa9t] 0 a favorite ) ,k+ ,*>les 
,,ii4 ,he 0 pa9t+ 8 ,maje/y's portrait  
"o day 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,que5 "m1 :5 !   
royal sitt] ask$ him to :i* ( ! knightly
 ord]s he belong$4 ,to none1 repli$ !   
arti/1 b ! ord] ( y\r ,maje/y's s]vants4
 ,:y is ?is8 said ,*>les4 ,! ,admiral ( 
,ca/ile1 :o 0 /&+ by1 repli$ t he %\ld h
 a cross imm$iately2 & on leav+ ! royal 
pres5ce1 he s5t ,c>r5o a ri* badge (    
,santiago1 assur+ him t :at ! k+ _h said
 entitl$ him to we> x4 ,palom9o says1   
h[ev]1 t ! arti/'s mode/y prev5t$ him f 
accept+ ! pr(f]$ honor4 ,8 royal ma/]   
cont9u$ to treat him ) unabat$ reg>d1 & 
w\ld all[ no arti/ to pa9t him )\t      
,c>r5o's p]mission4     ,,c>r5o',s      
,,copy ,,( ,,titian',s ,,/4 ,,m>g>et4   
,palom9o 0 "o day 9 company ) ,c>r5o at 
! h\se ( ,don ,p$ro de ,arce1 :5 a      
discussion arose ab\t ! m]its ( a c]ta9 
copy ( ,titian's ,/4 ,m>g>et1 :i* hung 9
 ! room ,aft] all pres5t _h vot$ x      
execrable1 ,c>r5o quietly rem>k$1 ,x at 

lea/ has ! m]it ( %[+ t no man ne$      
despair ( improv+ 9 art1 = ,i pa9t$ x   
myself :5 ,i 0 a beg9n]4     ,,c>r5o',s 
,,ab/raction ,,( ,,m9d4   ,be+ at 8     
easel "o morn+ ) two fri5ds1 "o ( !m1 = 
a je/1 drank ! cup ( *ocolate :i* /ood  
unta/$ by 8 side4 ,! maid-s]vant remov+ 
! cup1 ,c>r5o remon/rat$1 say+ t he _h n
 breakfa/$1 & on be+ %[n t ! cont5ts 7  
gone1 appeal$ to ! visitors4 ,be+       
gravely assur$ by !m t he _h actually   
empti$ ! cup ) 8 own lips1 he repli$1 l 
,newton1 ,well really1 ,i 0 s busy t ,i 
_h entirely =gott5 x4     ,,anecdote ,,(
 ,,cesp$es' ,,la/ ,,supp]4   ,! ,ca!dral
 ( ,cordova /ill possesses 8 fam\s      
,supp]1 b 9 s fad$ & ru9\s a condition t
 x is impossible to judge fairly ( its  
m]its4 ,palom9o extols ! dignity &      
beauty ( ! ,savi\r's head1 & ! ma/]ly   
discrim9ation ( "* display$ 9 ^? ( !    
apo/les4 ,( ! j>s & vases /&+ 9 !       
=egr\nd1 x is relat$ t :ile ! picture 0 
on ! easel1 ^! accessories attract$1 by 
_! exquisite f9i%1 ! att5tion ( "s      

visitors1 to ! exclusion ( ! high] p>ts 
( ! composition1 to ! great disgu/ ( !  
arti/4 ,&res6 cri$ he1 some:at te/ily1  
to 8 s]vant1 rub out ^! ?+s1 s9ce aft]  
all my c>e & /udy1 & among/ s _m heads1 
figures1 h&s1 & expressions1 p *oose to 
see no?+ b ^! imp]t95ces2 & mu*         
p]suasion & entreaty 7 ne$$ to save !   
devot$ pipk9s f de/ruction4             
,,zucc>o',s ,,complim5t ,,to ,,cesp$es4 
,! reputation :i* ! ,spani% pa9t]       
,cesp$es enjoy$ among 8 cotempor>ies1 is
 prov$ by an anecdote ( ,f$]igo ,zucc>o4
 ,on be+ reque/$ to pa9t a picture ( ,/4
 ,m>g>et = ! ,ca!dral ( ,cordova1 he =  
"s "t refus$ to comply1 ask+1 ,:]e is   
,cesp$es1 t y s5d to ,italy = pictures8 
,,dona ,,b>b>a ,,m>ia ,,de ,,hueva4     
,dona ,b>b>a ,m>ia de ,hueva 0 born at  
,madrid 9 #agcc4 ,be=e %e _h rea*$ h]   
tw5tie? ye>1 accord+ to ,b]mudez1 %e _h 
acquir$ s mu* skill 9 pa9t+1 t at ! fir/
 meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,f]d9& 9      
#ageb1 on ! exhibition ( "s ( h]        
sket*es1 %e 0 imm$iately elect$ an      

honor>y academician1 & receiv$ ! fir/   
diploma issu$ "u ! royal *>t]4 ,?is pr\d
 di/9ction1 said ! presid5t1 is conf]r$ 
9 ! hope t ! fair arti/ may be enc\rag$ 
to rival ! fame ( ^? ladies already     
illu/ri\s 9 art4 ,h[ f> ?is hope 0      
realiz$1 ,b]mudez has omitt$ to in=m u4 
,,! ,,miracul\s ,,picture ,,( ,,!       
,,virg94   ,! em95t ,am]ican sculptor   
,gre5\gh1 :o has rec5tly 7#ahec7 dep>t$ 
?is life1 wrote sev]al ye>s ago a v     
int]e/+ acc\nt ( a wond]ful picture at  
,flor5ce1 f :i* ! foll[+ is extract$3   
,:5 y ent] ! *ur* ( ,santissima         
,annunziata1 at ,flor5ce1 y\r att5tion  
is drawn at once to a sort ( m9iature   
temple on ! left h&4 ,x is ( :ite m>ble2
 b ! gl>e & fla% ( crimson hang+s &     
silv] lamps sc>cely all[ y\r eye ! quiet
 necess>y to appreciate ei!r =m or      
mat]ial4 ,a picture hangs !re4 ,x is !  
,miracul\s ,annunciation4 ,! arti/ :o 0 
employ$ to pa9t x1 _h f9i%$ all except !
 head ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & fell asleep    
be=e ! easel :ile ! "w 0 9 t condition4 

,on awak5+1 he beheld ! picture f9i%$2 &
 ! %ort "t :i* _h elaps$1 & 8 own       
position relative to ! canvas1 made x   
cle> 7s says ! tradition7 t a div9e h&  
_h complet$ a task :i*1 to say ! lea/1 a
 mortal c\ld only attempt ) despair4    
,less ?an ?is has made _m pictures 9    
,italy ! objects ( att5tions :i* our    
,puritan fa!rs condemn$ z idolatr\s4 ,! 
miracul\s ',annunziata' became1         
accord+ly1 ! div9ity ( a spl5did %r9e4  
,! fame ( h] int]position spread f> &   
wide1 & h] tab]nacle 0 fill$ ) ! co/ly  
(f]+s ( ! dev\t1 ! %[y tributes ( !     
zeal\s4 ,! pr9ce gave ( 8 abundance1 nor
 0 ! wid['s mite refus$2 & to ?is day ! 
reputation ( ?is %r9e /&s unt\*$ among  
all papal devotees4  ,! ,santissima     
,annunziata is always veil$1 unless h]  
int]position is urg5tly dem&$ by !      
appreh5sion ( fam9e1 plague1 *ol]a1 or  
"s o!r public calamity4 ,dur+ my own    
resid5ce at ,flor5ce1 ,i h nev] kn[n !  
miracul\s picture to be uncov]$ dur+ a  
dr\ght1 )\t ! desir$ result imm$iately  

foll[+4 ,9 cases ( long cont9u$ ra9s1   
its int]v5tion has be5 equally happy4 ,i
 h he>d sev]al p]sons1 r incl9$ to      
skepticism z to ! miracul\s qualities ( 
! picture1 h9t t ! b>omet] 0 consult$ on
 ^! occasions2 else1 say !y1 :y 0 n !   
picture uncov]$ be=e ! mis*ief _h gone s
 f>8 ,:at an idea is sugge/$ by ! b>e   
h9t6  ,i /ood on ! pavem5t ( ! *ur*1 )  
an old man :o _h himself be5 educat$ z a
 prie/4 ,he _h a tal5t = draw+1 & became
 a pa9t]4 ,z a practical pa9t]1 he 0    
m$iocre2 b he 0 le>n$ 9 ev]y?+ relat+ to
 art4 ,he gradually sank f hi/ory to    
portrait1 f portrait to m9iature1 f     
m9iature to re/oration2 & _h ! grim     
satisfaction1 9 8 old age1 ( m5d+ :at 9 
8 be/ days he nev] c\ld make--good      
pictures4 ,:5 ,i knew him1 he 0 "o ( !  
cons]vators ( ! ,royal ,gall]y4 ,he l$  
me be=e ! %r9e1 & :isp]$1 ) mu*         
v5]ation1 ! /ory ,i h relat$ ( its      
orig94 ,:5 ,i _h gaz$ long at ! picture1
 ,i turn$ to speak to him1 b he _h left 
! *ur*4 ,z ,i walk$ ?r\gh ! ve/ibule1   

h[ev]1 ,i saw him /&+ ne> "o ( ! pill>s 
t adorn ! facade4 ,he 0 evid5tly wait+ =
 me4 ,me-?9ks ,i see him n[1 ) 8 face ( 
sev5ty & 8 dress ( tw5ty-five1 8 bright 
black wig1 8 velvet wai/coat1 & glitt]+ 
gold *a9--8 snuff-box 9 8 h&1 & a lat5t 
tw9kle 9 8 black eyes4 ',:at is really  
rem>kable 9 t miracul\s picture1' said  
he1 tak+ me by ! button1 & =c+ me to b5d
 till 8 m\? & my e> 7 exactly on a      
l9e--',:at is really rem>kable ab\t x   
is1 t ! angel :o pa9t$ t ,virg91 s      
completely adopt$ ! /yle ( t epo*6 ,same
 angul>1 incorrect outl9e6 ,same opaque 
%ad[s6 eh8 eh8' ,he took a p9*1 & wi%+  
me a good appetite1 turn$ up ! ,via ,s4 
,seba/iano4     ,,! ,,*air ,,( ,,/4     
,,pet]4   ,la ,fe/ra di ,cattr$a1 or    
commemoration ( ! plac+ ( ! *air ( ,/4  
,pet]1 on ! #ah? ( ,janu>y1 is "o ( !   
mo/ /rik+ c]emonies1 at ,rome1 :i* foll[
 ,*ri/mas & prec$e ! holy week4 ,at !   
extremity ( ! great nave ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 
beh9d ! high alt>1 & m\nt$ ^u a tribune 
design$ or ornam5t$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 

/&s a sort ( ?rone1 compos$ ( preci\s   
mat]ials1 & support$ by f\r gigantic    
figures4 ,a glory ( s]aphim1 ) gr\ps (  
angels1 %$ a brilliant light ^u its     
spl5dors4 ,?is ?rone en%r9es ! real1    
pla91 worm-eat5 wood5 *air1 on :i* ,/4  
,pet]1 ! pr9ce ( ! apo/les1 is said to h
 pontificat$2 m preci\s ?an all !       
bronze1 gold1 & gems ) :i* x is hidd51 n
 only f impi\s1 b holy eyes1 & :i* once 
only1 9 ! flight ( ages1 0 pr(an$ by    
mortal inspection4  ,! sacrilegi\s      
curiosity ( ! ,fr5*1 h[ev]1 broke ?r\gh 
all ob/acles to _! see+ ! *air ( ,/4    
,pet]4 ,!y actually remov$ its sup]b    
casket1 & discov]$ ! relic4 ,^u its     
m\ld]+ & du/y surface 7 trac$ c>v+s1 :i*
 bore ! appe>ance ( lett]s4 ,! *air 0   
quickly br\ght into a bett] light1 ! du/
 & cobwebs remov$1 & ! inscription 7= an
 inscription x 071 fai?fully copi$4 ,!  
writ+ is 9 ,arabic *>act]s1 & is ! well 
kn[n confession ( ,mahometan fai?--',!re
 is b "o ,god1 & ,mahomet is 8 prophet4'
 ,x is suppos$ t ?is *air _h be51 among 

! spoils ( ! ,crusad]s1 (f]$ to ! *ur*  
at a "t :5 a ta/e = antiqu>ian lore1 & !
 deciph]+ ( inscriptions1 7 n yet 9     
fa%ion4 ,! /ory has be5 s9ce hu%$ up1 ! 
*air replac$1 & none b ! unhall[$       
rememb] ! fact1 & none b ! audaci\s     
repeat x4 ,yet su* !re are1 ev5 at      
,rome6--,irel&'s ,anecdotes ( ,napoleon4
     ,,! ,,sagro ,,cat9o1 ,,or ,,em]ald 
,,di%4   ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,lor5zo1 at      
,g5oa1 is celebrat$ = conta9+ a mo/     
sacr$ relic1 ! ',sagro ,cat9o1' a di% ( 
"o entire & p]fect em]ald1 said to be t 
on :i* our ,savi\r ate 8 la/ supp]4 ,su*
 a di% 9 ! h\se ( a ,jewi% publican 0 a 
miracle 9 itself4 ,mr4 ,eu/ace says1 he 
look$ = ?is di%1 b f\nd t ! ,fr5*1 '^:  
delight is brutal viol5ce1 z x is t ( ! 
lion or ! tig]1' _h c>ri$ x away4 ,& s  
inde$ !y did4 ,b t 0 no?+4 ,! c>ry+ (f  
relics--! robb+ ( ,pet] to pay ,paul1 & 
spoliat+ "o *ur* to enri* ano!r--0 an   
old trick ( legitimate conqu]ors 9 all  
ages2 = ?is v 'di%' _h be5 c>ri$ away by
 ! royal crusad]s1 :5 !y took ,ces>ea 9 

,pale/9e1 "u ,guillaume ,embriaco1 9 !  
twelf? c5tury4 ,9 ! division ( spoils1  
?is em]ald fell to ! %>e ( ! ,g5oese    
,crusad]s1 into ^: holy vocation "s ( _!
 old trad+ prop5sities evid5tly ent]$2 &
 !y deem$ ! vulg> value1 ! pr(ane price1
 ( ?is treasure1 s high1 t on an        
em]g5cy1 !y pl$g$ x = n9e ?\s& five     
hundr$ livres4 ,r$eem$ & replac$1 x 0   
gu>d$ by ! knights ( honor call$        
,clavig]i2 & only escap$ once a ye>6    
,millions knelt be=e x1 & ! p5alty on ! 
bold b zeal\s h& t t\*$ x ) a diamond1 0
 a ?\s& gold5 ducats4  ,! ,fr5* seiz$   
?is relic1 z ! crusad]s _h done 9 !     
twelf? c5tury2 b in/ead ( convey+ x f ! 
*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo to ! abbey ( ,/4    
,d5is 7selon les regles71 !y mo/        
sacrilegi\sly s5t x to a laboratory4    
,in/ead ( submitt+ x1 ) a traditional   
/ory1 to a c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 !y h&$ x ov] 
to ! in/itute ( ,p>is2 & *emi/s1        
geologi/s1 & philosoph]s1 7 call$ on to 
decide ! fate ( t relic :i* bi%ops1     
prie/s & deacons _h pron\nc$ to be too  

sacr$ = human inve/igation1 or ev5 =    
human t\*4 ,! result ( ! sci5tific      
inve/igation 01 t ! em]ald di% 0 a piece
 ( gre5 glass6  ,:5 ,engl& made ! ,k+ ( 
,s>d9ia a pres5t ( ! duk$om ( "o ( !    
olde/ republics 9 ,europe1 & re/itutions
 7 mak+ de "p et d'autre2 ,victor       
,emmanuel insi/$ ^u hav+ 8 em]ald di%2 n
 = ! purpose ( putt+ x 9 a cab9et (     
curiosities1 z !y _h done at ,p>is1 to  
s]ve z a curi\s monum5t ( ! remote epo* 
9 :i* ! art ( mak+ color$ glass 0       
kn[n--7( its great antiquity !re is no  
d\bt7--b ( re/or+ x to its %r9e at ,san 
,lor5zo--to its gu>d ( knights          
s]vitors--to ! homage1 (f]+s1 & bigotry 
( ! p6 ) a republi%$ assurance t ?is is 
! invaluable em]ald di%1 ! ',sagro      
,cat9o1' :i* ,que5 ,%eba (f]$1 ) o!r    
gems1 to ,k+ ,solomon 7:o deposit$ x1   
:]e all gems %\ld be1 9 8 *ur*71 & :i*  
aft]w>ds 0 res]v$ = a high] de/9y ?an   
ev5 t assign$ to x 9 ! gorge\s temple ( 
,j]usalem4 ,! /ory ( ! analysis by !    
in/itute ( ,p>is is hu%$ up1 & ^? :o    

w\ld revive x w\ld be br&$ ) ! odium (  
blasphemy & s$ition2 none n[ rememb] su*
 ?+s1 b ^? :o are ! det]m9$ enemies (   
social ord]1 or z ! ,g5oese ,royal      
,j\rnal w\ld call !m1 '! radicals ( !   
age4'--,italy1 by ,lady ,morn+4     ,,! 
,,pa9t] ,,( ,,flor5ce4   ,!re is an old 
pa9t+ 9 ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,virg9 at      
,flor5ce1 repres5t+ ! ,virg9 ) ! infant 
,jesus 9 h] arms1 trampl+ ! dragon "u h]
 feet1 ab\t :i* is ! foll[+ curi\s      
leg5d1 ?us humor\sly describ$ by ,s\!y1 
9 ! ,annals ( ! ,f9e ,arts3    ,!re once
 0 a ,pa9t] 9 ,ca?olic days1       ,l   
,job :o es*ew$ all evil1   ,/ill on 8   
,madonnas ! curi\s may gaze   ,)        
applause & amazem5t2 b *iefly 8 praise  
,& delight 0 9 pa9t+ ! devil4    ,!y 7  
angels comp>$ to ! devils he drew1      
,:o besieg$ poor ,/4 ,an?ony's cell1    
,su* burn+ hot eyes1 su* a d----mnable  
hue1   ,y c\ld ev5 smell brim/one1 _!   
brea? 0 s blue       ,he pa9t$ 8 devils 
s well4    ,& n[ _h ! arti/ a picture   
begun1       ',twas ov] ! ,virg9's *ur* 

door2   ,%e /ood on ! dragon embrac+ h] 
son1   ,_m devils already ! arti/ _h    
done1       ,b ?is mu/ outdo all be=e4  
,! old dragon's imps z !y fl$ ?r\gh !   
air1       ,at see+ x paus$ on ! w+1    
,= he _h a lik5ess s j to a hair1   ,t  
!y came z ,apollyon himself _h be5 !re1 
,to pay _! respects to _! k+4    ,e *ild
 on behold+ x1 %iv]$ ) dread1       ,&  
scream$1 z he turn$ away quick2   ,n an 
old woman saw x1 b rais+ h] head1       
,dropp'd a bead1 made a cross on h]     
wr9kles1 & said1       ,god help me f   
ugly old ,nick6    ,:at ! ,pa9t] s      
e>ne/ly ?\ght on by day1       ,he      
sometimes w\ld dream ( by night2   ,b   
once he 0 />t$ z sleep+ he lay1   ',twas
 no fancy1 no dream--he c\ld pla9ly     
survey       ,t ! devil himself 0 9     
sight4    ,y rascally daub]1 old        
,beelzebub cries1       ,take he$ h[ y  
wrong me1 aga96   ,?\gh y\r c>icatures =
 myself ,i despise1   ,make me h&som] n[
 9 ! multitude's eyes1       ,or see if 
,i ?reat5 9 va94    ,n[ ! pa9t] 0 bold &

 religi\s beside1       ,& on fai? he _h
 c]ta9 reliance1   ,s e>ne/ly he all 8  
c\nt5ance ey$1   ,& ?ank$ him = sitt+ ) 
,ca?olic pride1       ,& /urdily bid him
 defiance4    ,betimes 9 ! morn+1 !     
,pa9t] arose1       ,he is ready z soon 
z 'tis light2   ,e look1 e l9e1 e       
feature he kn[s1   ',twas fre% to 8 eye1
 to 8 labor he goes1       ,& he has !  
wick$ old "o q4    ,happy man1 he is    
sure ! resemblance c't fail1       ,!   
tip ( 8 nose is r$ hot1   ,!re's 8 gr9 &
 8 fangs1 8 sk9 cov]'d ) scales   ,&    
t--! id5tical curl ( ! tail1       ,n a 
m>k--n a claw is =got4    ,he looks &   
ret\*es aga9 ) delight2       ',tis a   
portrait complete to 8 m9d6   ,he t\*es 
aga91 & aga9 fe$s 8 sight1   ,he looks  
ar\nd = applause1 & he sees ) affright1 
,! orig9al /&+ beh9d4    ,fool6 idiot6  
old ,beelzebub gr9n$ z he spoke1        
,& /amp'd on ! scaffold 9 ire2   ,!     
pa9t] grew pale1 = he knew x no joke1   
',twas a t]rible height1 & ! scaffold+  
broke2       ,& ! devil c\ld wi% x no   

high]4    ,help6 help me1 ,o ,m>y1 he   
cri$ 9 al>m1       ,z ! scaffold sank "u
 8 feet1   ,f ! canvas ! ,virg9 ext5d$  
h] arm1   ,%e caught ! good pa9t]1 %e   
sav$ him f h>m1       ,!re 7 ?\s&s :o   
saw 9 ! /reet4    ,! old dragon fl$ :5 !
 wond] he spi$1       ,& curs'd 8 own   
fruitless endeavor3   ,:ile ! ,pa9t]    
call$ aft]1 8 rage to d]ide1   ,%ook 8  
palette & bru%es 9 triumph1 & cri$1     
,n[ ,i'll pa9t !e m ugly ?an ev]6       
,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t]-,,fri>1 ,,!     
,,devil ,,& ,,! ,,virg94   ,don ,jose de
 ,valdivielso1 "o ( ! *apla9s ( ! gay   
,c>d9al ,infant ,f]d9& ( ,au/ria1       
relates ! foll[+ leg5d 9 8 pap] on !    
,tax on ,pictures1 app5d$ to ,c>du*o's  
,dialogos de la ,p9tura4 ,a c]ta9 "y    
fri> 0 fam\s among/ 8 ord]1 = 8 skill 9 
pa9t+2 & he took peculi> delight 9 draw+
 ! ,virg9 & ! ,devil4 ,to height5 !     
div9e beauty ( ! "o1 & to devise new &  
extravagant =ms ( ugl9ess = ! o!r1 7 !  
*ief recreations = 8 leisure h\rs4 ,vex$
 at la/ by ! v>iety & vigor ( 8 sket*es1

 ,beelzebub1 to be rev5g$1 assum$ ! =m (
 a lovely maid51 & cross$ "u ?is guise !
 pa? ( ! fri>1 :o be+ ( an amor\s       
disposition1 fell at once into ! trap4  
,! seem+ damsel smil$ on h] %av5 woo]1 b
 ?\gh no?+ lo? to be won1 w\ld n surr5d]
 h] *>ms at a less price ?an c]ta9      
reliqu>ies & jewels 9 ! conv5t          
treasury--a price :i* ! fri> 9 an evil  
h\r cons5t$ to pay4 ,he admitt$ h] at   
midnight )9 ! conv5t walls1 & lead+ h]  
to ! sacri/y1 took f its antique cab9et 
! ?+s = :i* %e _h ask$4 ,!n came ! mom5t
 ( v5geance4 ,pass+ 9 _! return ?r\gh ! 
moonlit cloi/] z ! fri> /ole along1     
embrac+ ! booty ) "o arm1 & 8 false     
,duessa ) ! o!r1 ! demon-lady sudd5ly   
cri$ out ,?ieves6 ) diabolical en]gy1 & 
in/antly vani%$4 ,! snor+ monks ru%$    
disord]$ f _! cells & detect$ _! unlucky
 bro!r mak+ (f ) _! plate4 ,excuse be+  
impossible1 !y ti$ ! culprit to a       
column1 & leav+ him till mat9s1 :5 8    
puni%m5t 0 to be det]m9$1 w5t back to _!
 slumb]s4 ,:5 all 0 quiet1 ! ,devil     

reappe>$1 b ?is "t 9 8 mo/ hide\s %ape4 
,half dead ) cold & t]ror1 ! discomfit$ 
c>icaturi/ /ood %iv]+ at 8 column1 :ile 
8 torm5tor made unm]cifully m]ry ) him2 
twitt+ him ) 8 amor\s ov]tures1 mock+ 8 
/amm]$ pray]s1 & irrev]5tly sugge/+ an  
appeal = aid to ! beauty he s lov$ to   
del9eate4 ,! p5it5t wret* at la/ took ! 
advice ?us je]+ly giv5--:5 lo6 ! ,virg9 
desc5d$1 radiant 9 heav5ly lovel9ess1   
loos5$ 8 cords1 & bade him b9d ! ,evil  
,"o to ! column 9 8 place--an ord] :i*  
he obey$ ?r\gh h] /r5g?1 ) no less      
alacrity ?an a/oni%m5t4 ,%e fur!r ord]$ 
him to appe> among ! o!r monks at table1
 & *>g$ h]self ) ! task ( re/or+ ! /ol5 
plate to its place4 ,?us ! tables 7     
sudd5ly turn$4 ,! fri> pres5t$ himself  
among 8 bre?r5 9 ! morn+1 to _! no small
 a/oni%m5t1 & vot$ ) mu* contrition = 8 
own condemnation--a s5t5ce :i* 0 rev]s$ 
:5 !y came to exam9e ! cont5ts ( !      
sacri/y1 & f\nd ev]y?+ correct4 ,z to ! 
,devil1 :o rema9$ fa/ b\nd to ! pill>1  
he 0 s\ndly flogg$1 & s fell into ! pit 

:i* he _h digg$ = ano!r4 ,8 dupe1 on !  
o!r h&1 ga!r$ new /r5g? f 8 fall1 &     
became n only a wis] & a bett] man1 b   
also an abl] arti/2 = ! exp]i5ce ( t    
t]rible night _h suppli$ all t 0 want+  
to complete ! ideal ( 8 favorite        
subjects4 ,!nce=?1 he foll[$ no m aft]  
entic+ damsels1 b rema9$ 9 8 cloi/]1    
pa9t+ ! ,madonna m s]5ely beautiful1 & !
 ,ar* ,enemy m curi\sly appall+ ?an ev]4
     ,,g]>d ,,d\w4   ,?is extraord9>y   
arti/ 0 born at ,leyd51 9 #afac4 ,he 0 !
 son ( a glazi]1 & e>ly exhibit$ a      
passion = ! f9e arts1 :i* 8 fa!r        
enc\rag$4 ,he receiv$ 8 fir/ in/ruction 
9 draw+ f ,dol5do1 ! engrav]4 ,he 0     
aft]w>ds plac$ ) ,pet] ,k[5hoorn1 to    
le>n ! trade ( a glass-/a9] or pa9t]2 b 
dislik+ ?is bus9ess1 he became ! pupil (
 ,rembr&t :5 only fifte5 ye>s ( age1 9  
^: s*ool be cont9u$ ?ree ye>s4 ,f       
,rembr&t he le>n$ ! true pr9ciples (    
color+1 to :i* he add$ a delicacy (     
p5cill+1 & a pati5ce 9 work+ up 8       
pictures to ! highe/ degree ( neatness &

 f9i%1 sup]ior to any o!r ma/]4 ,he 0 m 
pleas$ ) ! e>li] & m f9i%$ works (      
,rembr&t1 ?an ) 8 lat] productions1     
execut$ ) m boldness & fre$om ( p5cill+2
 he !re=e conceiv$ ! project ( comb9+ ! 
ri* & gl[+ colors ( t ma/] ) ! poli% &  
suavity ( extreme f9i%+1 & he adopt$ !  
me?od ( unit+ ! p[]ful tunes & ! magical
 light & %ad[ ( 8 in/ructor ) a m9ut5ess
 & precision ( p5cill+ t s ne>ly        
approa*$ nature z to become p]fect      
illusion4 ,b ?\gh 8 mann] appe>s s      
totally diff]5t f t ( ,rembr&t1 yet x 0 
to him he ow$ t excell5ce ( color+ :i*  
enabl$ him to triumph ov] all ! arti/s (
 8 "t4 ,8 pictures are usually ( small  
size1 ) figures s exquisitely t\*$1 & ) 
a color+ s h>moni\s1 transp>5t1 &       
delicate1 z to excite ! a/oni%m5t &     
admiration ( ! behold]4 ,al?\gh 8       
pictures are wr\ght up beyond ! works ( 
any o!r arti/1 !re is /ill discov]able a
 spirit$ & *>act]i/ic t\* t ev9ces ! h& 
( a consummate ma/]1 & a bread? ( light 
& %ad[ :i* is only to be f\nd 9 ! works 

( ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! art ( *i>o-scuro4 
,! fame acquir$ by ,d\w is a cr[n+ pro( 
t excell5ce is n conf9$ to any p>ticul> 
/yle or mann]1 & _h he attempt$ to      
arrive at di/9ction by a bold] & less   
f9i%$ p5cil1 x is highly probable t 8   
fame w\ld n h be5 s great4 ,x has be5   
truly said t !re are no positive rules  
by :i* g5ius mu/ be b\nd$ to arrive at  
excell5ce4 ,e int]m$iate /yle1 f ! gr& &
 d>+ h&l+ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo to !        
labori\s & pati5t f9i%+ ( ,d\w1 may     
conduct ! pa9t] to di/9ction1 provid$ he
 adapts 8 mann] to ! "* ( ! subjects he 
treats4     ,,d\w',s ,,/yle4   ,d\w     
design$ ev]y?+ f nature1 & ) su*        
exactness t ea* object appe>s z p]fect z
 nature h]self4 ,he 0 inconte/ibly ! mo/
 wond]ful 9 8 f9i%+ ( all ! ,flemi%     
ma/]s1 al?\gh ! numb] ( arti/s ( t s*ool
 :o h excell$ 9 ?is p>ticul> /yle are q 
l>ge4 ,! pictures he fir/ pa9t$ 7       
portraits1 & he wr\ght by ! aid ( a     
concave mirror1 & sometimes by look+ at 
! object ?r\gh a frame ( _m squ>es (    

small silk ?read4 ,he sp5t s mu* "t 9 ^!
 works t1 not)/&+ !y 7 extremely admir$1
 8 sitt]s became disgu/$1 & he 0 oblig$ 
to ab&on portrait pa9t+ entirely1 &     
devote 8 att5tion to fancy subjects1 9 !
 execution ( :i* he c\ld devote z mu* "t
 z he pleas$4 ,?is w n appe> surpris+1  
:5 ,s&r>t in=ms u t1 on "o occasion1 9  
company ) ,pet] de ,la]1 he visit$ ,d\w1
 & f\nd him at "w on a picture1 :i* !y  
c\ld n =be> admir+ = its extraord9>y    
neatness1 & on tak+ p>ticul> notice ( a 
broom1 & express+ _! surprise t he c\ld 
devote s mu* "t 9 f9i%+ s m9ute an      
object1 ,d\w in=m$ !m t he %\ld "w on x 
?ree days m be=e he %\ld ?9k x complete4
 ,! same au?or also says t 9 a family   
picture ( ,mrs4 ,spi]+1 t lady sat five 
days = ! f9i%+ ( "o ( h] h&s1 support+ x
 on ! arm ( a *air4     ,,d\w',s ,,me?od
 ,,( ,,pa9t+4   ,8 m9d 0 naturally turn$
 to precision & exactness1 & x is evid5t
 t he w\ld h %[n ?is quality 9 any o!r  
pr(ession1 _h he practic$ ano!r4        
,me?odical & regul> 9 all 8 habits1 he  

prep>$ & gr\nd 8 own colors1 & made 8   
own bru%es ( a peculi> %ape1 & he kept  
!m lock$ up 9 a case made = ! purpose1 t
 !y might be free f soil4 ,he p]mitt$ no
 "o to ent] 8 /udio1 save a v few       
fri5ds1 & :5 he ent]$ himself1 he w5t z 
s(tly z he c\ld tread1 s z n to raise ! 
du/1 & aft] tak+ 8 seat1 wait$ "s "t    
till ! air 0 settl$ be=e he op5$ 8 box &
 w5t to "w2 sc>cely a brea? ( air 0     
all[$ to v5tilate 8 pa9t+-room4         
,,d\w',s ,,works4   ,ev]y?+ t came f 8  
p5cil 0 preci\s1 ev5 9 8 life-"t4       
,h\brak5 says t 8 great patron1 ,mr4    
,spi]+ ! bank]1 all[$ him "o ?\s&       
guild]s a ye>1 & paid besides :atev] sum
 he pleas$ to ask = 8 pictures1 "s ( :i*
 he pur*as$ = _! weight 9 silv]2 b      
,s&r>t in=ms u1 ) m probability1 t !    
?\s& guild]s 7 paid to ,d\w by ,spi]+ on
 condition t ! arti/ %\ld give him !    
*oice ( all ! pictures he pa9t$4 ,!     
foll[+ description ( "o ( ,g]h>d's mo/  
capital pictures1 = a long "t 9 !       
possession ( ! family ( ,van ,hoek1 at  

,am/]dam1 w s]ve to give a good idea ( 8
 me?od ( treat+ 8 subjects4 ,! picture  
is mu* l>g] ?an 8 usual size1 be+ ?ree  
feet long by two feet six in*es wide1   
inside ! frame4 ,! room is divid$ into  
two ap>tm5ts by a curta9 ( curi\sly     
wr\ght tape/ry4 ,9 "o ap>tm5t sits a    
woman giv+ suck to h] *ild2 at h] side  
is a cradle1 & a table cov]$ ) tape/ry1 
on :i* is plac$ a gilt lamp :i* lights !
 room4 ,9 ! second ap>tm5t is a surgeon 
p]=m+ an op]ation ^u a c\ntryman1 & by 8
 side /&s a woman hold+ "s ut5sils4 ,!  
fold+ doors on "o side %[s a /udy1 & a  
man mak+ a p5 by c&le light2 & on ! o!r1
 a s*ool1 ) boys writ+1 & sitt+ at      
diff]5t tables4 ,! :ole is light$ 9 an  
agreeable & surpris+ mann]2 e object is 
express$ ) beauty & a/oni%+ =ce4 ,nor   
does ! subject appe> too cr[d$1 = x 0 "o
 ( 8 peculi> tal5ts to %[1 9 a small    
compass1 m ?an o!r pa9t]s c\ld d 9 a mu*
 l>g] space4 ,8 pictures are g5]ally    
conf9$ to a few figures1 & sometimes to 
a s+le "o1 & :5 he attempt$ l>g]        

compositions1 he 0 g5]ally less         
successful4 ,! works ( ?is arti/ are n  
num]\s1 f ! imm5se labor & "t he be/[$  
^u a s+le "o2 & f ?is circum/ance1 & !  
e/imation 9 :i* !y are held by ! curi\s 
collectors1 !y h ev] comm&$ enorm\s     
prices4 ,!y 7 always p>ticul>ly admir$ 9
 ,france1 9 ! days ( ,napoleon1 !re 7 no
 less ?an sev5te5 ( 8 pictures ga!r$    
into ! ,l\vre1 mo/ ( :i* 71 aft] 8      
d[nfall1 re/or$ to _! orig9al           
proprietors1 among :i* 0 ! fam\s        
,dropsical ,woman1 f ! collection ( !   
,k+ ( ,s>d9ia4 ,at ,tur91 are sev]al    
pictures by ,d\w1 ! mo/ fam\s ( :i* is !
 "o j nam$--! ,dropsical ,woman1 att5d$ 
by h] physician1 :o is exam9+ an ur9al4 
,?is picture is wond]fully true to      
nature1 & ea* p>ticul> hair & pore ( !  
sk9 is repres5t$4 ,9 ! gall]y at        
,flor5ce is "o ( 8 pictures1 repres5t+  
an int]ior by c&le-light1 ) a m\ntebank1
 surr\nd$ by a numb] ( cl[ns1 :i* is    
exquisitely f9i%$4 ,! great fame (      
,g]h>d ,d\w1 & ! eag] desire = 8 works1 

h giv5 rise to num]\s c\nt]feits4 ,we   
may safely say t !re is n an orig9al    
picture by ?is arti/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
,d\w di$1 v ri*1 9 #afgd4     ,,alb]t   
,,dur]4   ,?is extraord9>y arti/ 0 born 
at ,nuremb]g 9 #adga4 ,8 fa!r 0 a       
skillful goldsmi?1 f ,hung>y1 & taught 8
 son ! fir/ rudim5ts ( design1 int5d+   
him = 8 own pr(ession2 b 8 e>ly & decid$
 incl9ation = ! arts & sci5ces induc$   
him to p]mit "y ,dur] to foll[ ! b5t ( 8
 g5ius4 ,he receiv$ 8 fir/ in/ruction 9 
pa9t+ & engrav+ f ,m>t9 ,hapse4 ,:5 he  
_h rea*$ ! age ( f\rte51 x 0 8 fa!r's   
int5tion to h plac$ him "u ! in/ruction 
( ,m>t9 ,s*o51 ( ,colm>1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ 
arti/ ( 8 "t 9 ,g]many1 b ! dea? ( !    
latt] happ5+ ab\t t "t1 he became a     
pupil ( ,mi*ael ,wolgemut1 9 #adhf1 !   
fir/ arti/ !n 9 ,nuremb]g1 ) :om he     
/udi$ dilig5tly f\r ye>s4 ,he also      
cultivat$ ! /udy ( p]spective1 !        
ma!matics1 & ar*itecture1 9 all ( :i* he
 acquir$ a pr(\nd k4 ,hav+ f9i%$ 8      
/udies1 he comm5c$ 8 travels 9 #adij1 & 

sp5t f\r ye>s 9 travel+ ?r\gh ,g]many1 !
 ,ne!rl&s1 & ! adjac5t c\nties &        
prov9ces4 ,on 8 return to ,nuremb]g1 9  
#adid1 he v5tur$ to exhibit 8 works to !
 public1 :i* imm$iately attract$ great  
att5tion4 ,8 fir/ "w 0 a piece ( ! ,?ree
 ,graces1 repres5t$ by z _m female      
figures1 ) a globe ov] _! heads4 ,he    
soon aft] execut$ "o ( 8 ma/]pieces1 a  
draw+ ( ,orpheus4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 to      
please 8 fa!r1 z x is said1 he m>ri$ !  
daught] ( ,hans ,fritz1 a celebrat$     
me*anic1 :o prov$ a fi]ce ,xantippe1 &  
embitt]$1 & "s say %ort5$ 8 life4 ,9    
#aejf1 he w5t to ,v5ice to improve      
himself1 :]e 8 abilities excit$ envy &  
admiration4 ,"h he pa9t$ ! ,m>tyrdom (  
,/4 ,b>?olomew = ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>co1 :i*
 0 aft]w>ds pur*as$ by ! ,emp]or        
,rodolphus1 & remov$ to ,prague4 ,he    
also w5t to ,bologna1 & return$ home 9  
#aejg4 ,?is j\rney to ,italy _h no      
effect :atev] ^u 8 /yle1 ?\gh d\btless  
he obta9$ mu* in=mation t 0 valuable to 
him1 = at ?is p]iod comm5c$ ! prop] era 

( 8 greatness4     ,,dur]',s ,,works ,,z
 ,a ,,pa9t]4   ,?\gh ,dur] 0 mo/ fam\s z
 an engrav]1 yet he execut$ _m l>ge     
pa9t+s1 :i* occupy a di/+ui%$ place 9 ! 
royal collections ( ,g]many1 & o!r      
,european c\ntries4 ,9 ! imp]ial        
collection at ,muni* are "s ( ! mo/     
celebrat$1 z ,adam & ,eve1 ! ,adoration 
( ! ,magi1 ! ,crucifixion--a gr&        
composition--! ,cr[n+ ( ! ,virg91 !     
,battle betwe5 ,alex&] & ,d>ius1 & _m   
o!r great works4 ,dur] pa9t$ ! ,wise    
,m5's ,(f]+1 two pictures ( ! ,passion (
 ,*ri/1 & an ,assumption ( ! ,virg91 = a
 mona/]y ( ,frank=t1 :i* prov$ a s\rce (
 income to ! monks1 f ! pres5ts !y      
receiv$ = exhibit+ !m4 ,! p ( ,nuremb]g 
/ill pres]ve1 9 ! ,t[n ,hall1 8         
portraits ( ,*>lemagne & "s ,emp]ors ( !
 ,h\se ( ,au/ria1 ) ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 
^: drap]y is rem>kable = be+ mod]n      
,g]man1 in/ead ( ,ori5tal4 ,he s5t 8 own
 portrait to ,raffaelle1 pa9t$ on       
canvas1 )\t any color+ or t\* ( ! p5cil1
 only height5$ ) %ades & :ite1 yet      

exhibit+ su* /r5g? & elegance t ! great 
arti/ to :om x 0 pres5t$ express$ !     
greate/ surprise at ! sight ( x4 ,?is   
piece1 aft] ! dea? ( ,raffaelle1 fell   
into ! possession ( ,giulio ,romano1 :o 
plac$ x among ! curiosities ( ! palace (
 ,mantua4 ,besides ! pictures already   
m5tion$1 !re is by him an ,ecce ,homo at
 ,v5ice1 8 own portrait1 & two pictures 
repres5t+ ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,philip1 & an
 ,adam & ,eve 9 ! ,flor5t9e ,gall]y4    
,!re are also "s ( 8 works 9 ! ,l\vre1 &
 9 ! royal collections 9 ,engl&4 ,z a   
pa9t]1 x has be5 obs]v$ ( ,dur] t he    
/udi$ nature only 9 h] unadorn$ /ate1   
)\t att5d+ to ^? graces :i* /udy & art  
might h af=d$ him2 b 8 imag9ation 0     
lively1 8 composition gr&1 & 8 p5cil    
delicate4 ,he f9i%$ 8 works ) exact     
neatness1 & he 0 p>ticul>ly excell5t 9 8
 ,madonnas1 ?\gh he encumb]$ !m ) heavy 
drap]ies4 ,he surpass$ all ! pa9t]s ( 8 
own c\ntry1 yet he did n avoid _!       
defects--su* z dryness & =mality (      
outl9e1 ! want ( a j degradation ( !    

t9ts1 an expression )\t agreeabl5ess1 & 
drap]ies broad 9 ! folds1 b /iff 9 !    
=ms4 ,he 0 no obs]v] ( ! propriety (    
co/ume1 & paid s little att5tion to x t 
he appe>s to h pref]r$ to drape 8 sa9ts 
& h]oes ( antiquity 9 ! co/ume ( 8 own  
"t & c\ntry4 ,fuseli obs]ves t ! color+ 
( ,dur] w5t beyond 8 age1 & 9 8 easel   
pictures x z f> excell$ ! oil color (   
,raffaelle 9 juice1 & bread?1 & h&l+1 z 
,raffaelle excell$ him 9 e o!r quality4 
,,dur]',s ,,works ,,z ,,an ,,engrav]4   
,dur] d]iv$ mo/ ( 8 fame f 8 engrav+s1 &
 he is all[$ to h surpass$ e arti/ ( 8  
"t 9 ?is bran* ( art4 ,born 9 ! infancy 
( ! art1 he c>ri$ engrav+ to a p]fection
 t has h>dly be5 surpass$4 ,:5 we       
consid] t1 )\t any models wor?y (       
imitation1 he br\ght engrav+ to su*     
great p]fection1 we are a/oni%$ at 8    
g5ius1 & 8 own res\rces4 ,al?\gh engrav+
 has _h ! advantage & exp]i5ce ( m ?an  
?ree c5turies1 x w\ld p]haps be         
difficult to select a specim5 (         
executive excell5ce surpass+ 8 pr9t (   

,/4 ,j]ome1 engrav$ 9 #aead4 ,he _h a   
p]fect comm& ( ! grav]1 & 8 works are   
execut$ ) rem>kable neatness & cle>ness 
( /roke2 if we d n f9d 9 8 plates t     
boldness & fre$om desirable 9 l>ge      
hi/orical works1 we f9d 9 !m ev]y?+ t c 
be wi%$ 9 works m m9ute & f9i%$1 z 7 84 
,to him is attribut$ ! inv5tion ( et*+2 
& if he 0 n ! inv5tor1 he 0 ! fir/ :o   
excell$ 9 ! art4 ,he also inv5t$ ! me?od
 ( pr9t+ wood-cuts 9 *i>o-scuro1 or )   
two blocks4 ,8 great ma!matical k enabl$
 him to =m a regul> sy/em ( rules =     
draw+ & pa9t+ ) geometrical precision4  
,he _h ! p[] ( cat*+ ! exact expression 
( ! features1 & ( del9eat+ all !        
passions4 ,al?\gh he 0 well acqua9t$ ) !
 anatomy ( ! human figure1 &            
occasionally design$ x correctly1 8     
cont\rs are nei!r graceful nor pleas+1 &
 8 pr9ts are nev] entirely dive/$ ( !   
/iff & =mal ta/e t prevail$ at ! "t1 bo?
 9 8 figures & drap]y4 ,su* 0 8         
reputation1 bo? at home & abroad1 t     
,m>c' ,antonio ,raimondi c\nt]feit$ 8   

,passion ( ,*ri/1 & ! ,life ( ! ,virg9  
at ,v5ice1 & sold !m = ! g5u9e works (  
,dur]4 ,! latt]1 he>+ ( ! fraud1 0 s    
exasp]at$ t he set out = ,v5ice1 :]e he 
compla9$ to ! gov]nm5t ( ! wrong t _h   
be5 done him by ! plagi>i/1 b he c\ld   
obta9 no o!r satisfaction ?an a decree  
prohibit+ ,raimondi f affix+ ,dur]'s    
monogram or signatures to ^! copies 9   
future4 ,vas>i says t :5 ! pr9ts ( ,dur]
 7 fir/ br\ght into ,italy1 !y incit$ ! 
pa9t]s !re to elevate !mselves 9 t bran*
 ( art1 & to make 8 works _! models4    
,,dur]',s ,,fame ,,& ,,dea?4   ,! fame (
 ,dur] spread f> & wide 9 8 life-"t4 ,! 
,emp]or ,maximillian ,i4 _h a great     
e/eem = him1 & appo9t$ him 8 c\rt pa9t]1
 ) a lib]al p5sion1 & conf]r$ on him    
lett]s ( nobility2 ,*>les ,v41 8        
successor1 confirm$ him 9 8 (fice1 be/[+
 ^u him at ! same "t ! pa9t]'s coat (   
arms1 viz41 ?ree escut*eons1 arg5t1 9 a 
deep azure field4 ,f]d9&1 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1
 also be/[$ ^u him m>k$ favors &        
lib]ality4 ,dur] 0 9 favor ) high & l[4 

,all ! arti/s & le>n$ m5 ( 8 "t honor$ &
 lov$ him1 & 8 e>ly dea? 9 #aebh 0      
univ]sally lam5t$4     ,,dur]',s        
,,habits ,,& ,,lit]>y ,,works4   ,dur]  
always liv$ 9 a frugal mann]1 )\t ! lea/
 o/5tation = ! di/+ui%$ favors heap$ ^u 
him4 ,he appli$ himself to 8 pr(ession )
 ! mo/ con/ant & untir+ indu/ry1 :i*1   
toge!r ) 8 great k1 great facility (    
me*anical execution1 & a rem>kable tal5t
 = imitation1 enabl$ him to rise to su* 
di/9ction1 & to ex]t s p[]ful an        
influ5ce on ,g]man art = a great l5g? ( 
"t4 ,he 0 ! fir/ arti/ 9 ,g]many :o     
practic$ & taught ! rules ( p]spective1 
& ( ! proportions ( ! human figure1     
accord+ to ma!matical pr9ciples4 ,8     
treatise on proportions is said to h    
result$ f 8 /udies ( 8 picture ( ,adam &
 ,eve4 ,8 pr9cipal works are ,de        
,symmetria p>tium 9 rectis =mis         
humanorum corporum1 pr9t$ at ,nuremb]g 9
 #aecb2 & ,de ,v]ieitate ,figur>um1 et  
flexuris p>tium1 et ,ge/ibus ,imag9um2  
#aecd4 ,^! works 7 writt5 9 ,g]man1 &   

aft] ,dur]'s dea? translat$ into ,lat94 
,! figures illu/rat+ ! subjects 7       
execut$ by ,dur]1 on wood1 9 an         
admirable mann]4 ,dur] _h also mu* m]it 
z a miscellane\s writ]1 & labor$ to     
purify & elevate ! ,g]man language1 9   
:i* he 0 assi/$ by 8 fri5d1 ,w4         
,pirkheim]4 ,8 works 7 publi%$ 9 a      
collect$ =m at ,arnheim1 9 #afjc1 folio1
 9 ,lat9 & 9 ,fr5*4 ,j4 ,j4 ,ro? wrote a
 life ( ,dur]1 publi%$ at ,leipsic 9    
#agia4     ,,ludolph ,,backhuys54   ,?is
 em95t pa9t] 0 born 9 #afca4 ,8 fa!r    
int5d$ him = ! m]cantile pr(ession1 b   
nature = a m>9e pa9t]4 ,8 passion = art 
induc$ him to neglect 8 employ]'s       
bus9ess1 ) :om 8 fa!r _h plac$ him1 & to
 sp5d 8 "t 9 draw+1 & 9 frequ5t+ !      
/udios ( ! pa9t]s at ,am/]dam4 ,8       
fondness = %ipp+ l$ him frequ5tly to !  
port ( ! city1 :]e he made admirable    
draw+s ( ! vessels ) a p51 :i* 7 mu*    
s\ght aft] by ! collectors1 & 7 pur*as$ 
at lib]al prices4 ,sev]al ( 8 draw+s 7  
sold at #ajj flor9s ea*4 ,?is success   

induc$ him to pa9t m>9e subjects4 ,8    
fir/ essays 7 successful1 & 8 pictures  
univ]sally admir$4 ,:ile pa9t+1 he w\ld 
n admit 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds to 8      
/udio1 le/ 8 fancy might be di/urb$4 ,he
 hir$ fi%]m5 to take him out to sea 9 ! 
mo/ trem5d\s gales1 & on l&+1 he w\ld   
run impati5tly to 8 palette to secure ! 
gr& impressions ( ! views he _h j       
witness$4 ,he has repres5t$ t elem5t 9  
its mo/ t]rible agitation1 ) a fidelity 
t intimidates ! behold]4 ,8 pictures on 
^! subjects h rais$ 8 reputation ev5    
high] ?an t ( ,w4 van de ,velde2 al?\gh 
! works ( ! lat]1 :i* repres5t ! sea at 
re/1 or 9 light breezes1 are mu*        
sup]ior1 & inde$ inimitable4 ,8 pictures
 are di/+ui%$ = _! admirable p]spective1
 correct draw+1 neatness & fre$om ( t\*1
 & rem>kable facility ( execution4 ,= ! 
burgoma/]s ( ,am/]dam1 he pa9t$ a l>ge  
picture ) a multitude ( vessels1 & a    
view ( ! city 9 ! di/ance2 = :i* !y gave
 him #a1cjj guild]s1 & a h&some pres5t4 
,?is picture 0 pres5t$ to ! ,k+ (       

,france1 :o plac$ x 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! ,k+ (
 ,prussia visit$ ,backhuys51 & ! ,cz>   
,pet] took delight 9 see+ him pa9t1 &   
(t5 endeavor$ to make draw+s aft]       
vessels :i* ! arti/ _h design$4         
,,john ,,bapti/ ,,we5ix1 ,,! ,,eld]4    
,?is em95t ,dut* pa9t] 0 born at        
,am/]dam 9 #afba4 ,he possess$          
extraord9>y & v>i$ tal5ts4 ,he pa9t$    
hi/ory1 portraits1 l&scapes1 sea-ports1 
animals1 & dead game1 9 all :i* bran*es 
he %[$ uncommon ability2 b 8 greate/    
excell5ce lay 9 pa9t+ ,italian          
sea-ports1 ( a l>ge size1 enri*$ ) noble
 edifices1 & decorat$ ) figures         
repres5t+ emb>kations & all ! activity (
 comm]cial indu/ry4 ,9 ^! subjects he   
has sc>cely be5 surpass$ except by 8    
pupil1 ,ni*olas ,b]ghem4     ,,we5ix',s 
,,facility ,,( ,,h&4   ,h\brak5 relates 
sev]al in/ances ( 8 rem>kable facility (
 h&4 ,he frequ5tly pa9t$ a l>ge l&scape 
& ins]t$ all ! figures 9 a s+le         
day--feats s mu* admir$ 9 ,salvator     
,rosa1 & ,gasp> ,ponss94 ,on "o occasion

 he comm5c$ & f9i%$ ?ree portraits1 on  
canvass1 ( ?ree-qu>t]s size1 ) heads z  
l>ge z life1 f sun-rise to sun-set1 on a
 summ]'s day4 ,lanzi w>ns all arti/s1   
especially ! y\?ful aspirant1 n to      
imitate su* exp$ition1 z !y value _!    
reputation4     ,,john ,,bapti/ ,,we5ix1
 ,,! ,,y\ng]4   ,0 ! son ( ! prec$+1 &  
born at ,am/]dam 9 #afdd4 ,possess+ less
 v>i$ tal5t ?an 8 fa!r2 he 0 unrival$ 9 
pa9t+ all sorts ( animals1 hunt+s1 dead 
games1 birds1 fl[]s1 & fruit4 ,he 0     
appo9t$ ,c\rt pa9t] to ! ,elector       
,palat9e1 ) a lib]al p5sion1 & decorat$ 
8 palace at ,b]nsb]g ) _m ( 8 *oice/    
works4 ,he pa9t$ 9 "o gall]y a s]ies (  
pictures repres5t+ ! ,hunt+ ( ! ,/ag2 & 
9 ano!r ! ,*ase ( ! ,wild ,bo>1 :i* ga9$
 him ! greate/ applause4 ,!re are _m ( 8
 be/ works 9 ! ,dusseldorf ,gall]y4 ,he 
pa9t$ all k9ds ( birds & f[ls 9 an      
inimitable mann]2 ! s(t d[n ( ! duck1 ! 
glossy plumage ( ! pigeon1 ! spl5dor ( !
 peacock1 ! magnific5t spread ( an      
inanimate swan produc+ a flood ( light1 

& s]v+ z a contra/ to all ! objects     
ar\nd x1 are s attractive t x is        
impossible to contemplate "o ( 8        
pictures ( ^! subjects )\t feel+        
admiration & delight at ! pa9t]'s skill 
9 rival+ nature4     ,,jan ,,/e54   ,!  
life ( ?is extraord9>y arti/1 if we are 
to believe 8 biograph]s1 is soon told4  
,he 0 born at ,leyd5 9 #afcf4 ,he e>ly  
exhibit$ a passion = art1 :i* 8 fa!r1 a 
weal?y brew] ( t city1 endeavor$ to     
re/ra91 & aft]w>ds appreh5d+ t he c\ld n
 procure a com=table subsi/5ce by !     
ex]cise ( 8 p5cil1 e/abli%$ him 9 8 own 
bus9ess at ,delft1 :]e1 in/ead ( att5d+ 
to 8 affairs1 he gave himself up to     
dissipation1 & soon squ&]$ 8 means &    
ru9$ 8 e/abli%m5t2 8 indulg5t p>5t1 aft]
 repeat$ attempts to reclaim him1 0     
compell$ to ab&on him to 8 fate4 ,he    
op5$ a tav]n1 :i* prov$ m calamit\s ?an 
! =m] und]tak+4 ,he gave himself up     
entirely to revel+ & intoxication1      
wr\ght only :5 8 necessities compell$   
him1 & sold 8 pictures to satisfy 8     

imm$iate wants1 & (t5 = ! mo/ paltry    
prices to escape arre/4     ,,jan       
,,/e5',s ,,works4   ,! pictures ( ,jan  
,/e5 usually repres5t m]ry-mak+s1 & !   
frolics & fe/ivities ( ! ale-h\se1 :i*  
he treat$ ) a *>act]i/ic expression (   
humor\s droll]y1 t comp5sat$ = !        
vulg>ity ( 8 subjects4 ,he sometimes    
pa9t$ int]iors1 dome/ic assemblies1     
conv]sations1 m\ntebanks1 etc41 :i* he  
g5]ally accompani$ ) "s faceti\s trait (
 wit or humor1 admirably r5d]$4 ,"s ( 8 
works ( ?is description are little      
inf]ior to ! *>m+ productions ( ,gabriel
 ,metzu4 ,8 compositions are +5i\s &    
int]e/+1 8 design is correct & spirit$1 
8 color+ *a/e & cle>1 & 8 p5cil free &  
decid$4 ,he also _h a good k ( !        
*i>o-scuro1 :i* enabl$ him to give 8    
figures a f9e relief4 ,8 works are      
inv>iably f9i%$ ) c>e & dilig5ce1 & d n 
betray any ha/e or infirmity ( h& or    
head4 ,x is evid5t t1 f "s unt[>d       
circum/ance1 8 works 7 n appreciat$ 9 8 
day1 b aft] 8 dea? !y rose amaz+ly 9    

value1 & h cont9u$ to increase ev]      
s9ce1--a true te/ ( a ma/]'s m]it--till 
n[ !y are sc>cely to be f\nd except 9   
royal & noble collections & ! public    
gall]ies ( ,europe4 ,8 pictures 71 = a  
long "t1 sc>cely kn[n out ( ,holl&1 b n[
 !y are des]v$ly plac$ 9 ! *oice/       
collections4 ,8 works are v num]\s1     
suffici5t to h cont9ually occupi$ ! life
 "t ( n only a sob] & indu/ri\s arti/1 b
 "o possess+ great facility ( h&4 ,smi?1
 9 8 ,catalogue raisonne1 vol4 iv4 &    
,supplem5t1 gives a descriptive acc\nt (
 upw>ds ( #cjj g5u9e pictures by ,/e51  
_m ( !m compositions ( num]\s figures1 &
 almo/ all ( !m execut$ ) ! greate/ c>e4
 ,x _c be believ$ t a man liv+ 9 a /ate 
( cont9u$ dissipation & inebriety1 c\ld 
f9d "t to produce s _m admirable works1 
display+1 z !y d1 a deep /udy ( human   
nature1 & a great discrim9ation ( "*1 or
 t ! h& ( a habitual drunk>d c\ld op]ate
 ) su* beauty & precision4 ,nor is x    
probable t a m9d besott$ by dr9k1 &     
debas$ by l[ int]c\rse1 c\ld moralize s 

admirably z he has done on ! evil       
consequ5ces ( intemp]ance & ! indulg5ce 
( evil passions4     ,,kugl]',s         
,,critique ,,on ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,jan   
,,/e54   ,dr ,kuegl]1 a judici\s critic1
 ?us sums up 8 "* z an arti/3 ,! works (
 ,jan ,/e5 imply a free & *e]ful view ( 
common life1 & he treats x ) a c>eless  
humor1 su* z seems to deal ) all its    
daily occurr5ces1 high & l[1 z a        
laughable masqu]ade & a m]e sc5e (      
p]v]se absurdity4 ,8 treatm5t ( !       
subjects diff]$ ess5tially f t adopt$ by
 o!r arti/s4 ,frequ5tly1 inde$1 !y are !
 same jolly dr9k+ p>ties1 or ! meet+s ( 
boors2 b 9 o!r ma/]s ! object is1 = !   
mo/ "p1 to depict a c]ta9 situation1    
ei!r quiet or animat$1 :il/ 9 ,jan ,/e5 
is g5]ally to be f\nd action m or less  
develop$1 toge!r ) all ! reciprocal     
relations & int]e/s betwe5 ! *>act]s :i*
 spr+ f x4 ,?is is accompani$ by great  
v>iety & =ce ( individual expression1   
su* z ev9ces ! %>pe/ obs]vation4 ,he is 
almo/ ! only arti/ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s :o has  

?us1 ) true g5ius1 br\ght into full play
 all ^! elem5ts ( com$y4 ,8 te*nical    
execution suits 8 design2 x is c>efully 
f9i%$1 & not)/&+ ! close/ att5tion to   
m9ute details1 x is z firm & correct z x
 is light & free4     ,,frolics ,,(     
,,mi]is ,,& ,,jan ,,/e54   ,s&r>t says t
 ,mi]is _h a real fri5d%ip = ,jan ,/e51 
& delight$ 9 8 company1 ?\gh he 0 by no 
means fond ( dr9k+ z freely z ,jan 0    
accu/om$ to d e ev5+ at ! tav]n4        
,not)/&+ ?is1 he (t5 pass$ :ole nights )
 8 fri5d 9 a joy\s mann]1 & frequ5tly   
return$ v late to 8 lodg+4 ,"o ev5+1 :5 
x 0 v d>k & almo/ midnight1 z ,mi]is    
/roll$ home f ! tav]n1 he unluckily fell
 into ! common sew]1 :i* _h be5 op5$ = !
 purpose ( cleans+1 & ! workm5 _h left  
ungu>d$4 ,!re he mu/ h p]i%$1 _h n a    
cobbl] & 8 wife1 :o work$ 9 a neighbor+ 
/all1 he>d 8 cries & in/antly ran to 8  
relief4 ,hav+ extricat$ ,mi]is1 !y took 
all possible c>e ( him1 & procur$ ! be/ 
refre%m5t 9 _! p[]4 ,! next morn+       
,mi]is1 hav+ ?ank$ 8 pres]v]s1 took 8   

leave1 b p>ticul>ly rem>k$ ! h\se1 t he 
might "k x ano!r "t4 ,! poor p 7 totally
 ignorant ( ! p]son :om !y _h reliev$1 b
 ,mi]is _h too grateful a he>t to =get 8
 b5efactors1 & hav+ pa9t$ a picture 9 8 
be/ mann]1 he br\ght x to ! cobbl] & 8  
wife1 tell+ !m x 0 a pres5t f ! p]son ^:
 life !y _h contribut$ to save1 & desir$
 !m to c>ry x to 8 fri5d ,cornelius     
,plaats1 :o w\ld give !m ! full value = 
x4 ,! woman1 unacqua9t$ ) ! real wor? ( 
! pres5t1 conclud$ %e might receive a   
mod]ate gratuity = ! picture1 b h]      
a/oni%m5t 0 inexpressible1 :5 %e receiv$
 ! sum ( eight hundr$ flor9s4     ,,sir 
,,an?ony ,,m4   ,?is em95t pa9t] 0 born 
at ,utre*t1 9 #aeai4 ,9 #aeeb1 he       
accompani$ ! ,c>d9al ,granville to      
,spa91 :o recomm5d$ him to ! patronage (
 ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 ^: portrait he   
pa9t$1 & t ( ,pr9ce ,philip1 :i* gave s 
mu* satisfaction to ! mon>*1 t he s5t   
him to ,portugal1 to pa9t ! portraits ( 
,k+ ,john ,,iii41 ,ca!r9e ( ,au/ria 8   
,que51 & si/] to ,*>les1 & t ( _!       

daught]1 ! ,pr9cess ,donna ,m>ia1 !n    
contract$ to ,philip2 he also pa9t$ !   
portrait ( ,donna ,catal9a1 ,*>les'     
y\ng] si/]2 all ( :i* gave entire       
satisfaction1 & ! arti/ 0 munific5tly   
rew>d$1 & ! honor ( knigh?ood conf]r$ on
 him4 ,! ,emp]or next despat*$ ,m to    
,engl& to take ! portrait ( ! pr9cess   
,m>y previ\s to h] m>riage ) ,philip (  
,spa94 ,on ?is occasion1 he is said to h
 employ$ all ! flatt]+ aids ( 8 art1 & s
 captivat$ ! c\rti]s ( ,spa91 ) ! *>ms (
 ,m>y's p]son1 t he 0 employ$ by ,c>d9al
 ,granville & sev]al ( ! gr&ees to make 
copies ( x = !m4 ,he accompani$ ,philip 
to ,engl&1 :]e he rema9$ till ! dea? (  
,que5 ,m>y1 :o highly honor$ him1       
pres5t$ him a gold *a91 & all[$ him a   
p5sion ( ,l#ajj a ye>4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les
 ,v4 hav+ abdicat$ 9 favor ( 8 son      
,philip ,,ii41 ! latt] return$ to ,spa91
 & made ,m 8 c\rt-pa9t]1 :]e 8 tal5ts   
procur$ him great respect & abundant    
employm5t4     ,,sir ,,an?ony ,,m ,,&   
,,philip ,,ii4   ,philip ,,ii4 0        

accu/om$ to honor ,m by frequ5t visits  
to 8 /udio1 on :i* occasions he treat$  
him ) extraord9>y famili>ity4 ,"o day1 9
 a mom5t ( condesc5sion & admiration1 ! 
mon>* jocosely slapp$ ,m on ! %\ld] :i* 
complim5t ! pa9t]1 9 an ungu>d$ mom5t1  
playfully return$ by sme>+ 8 h& ) a     
little c>m9e f 8 bru%4 ,! ,k+ )drew 8 h&
 & survey$ x = a mom5t1 s]i\sly2 !      
c\rti]s 7 petrifi$ ) horror & amazem5t2 
! h& to :i* ladies knelt be=e !y _h !   
honor to kiss x1 _h nev] be=e be5 s     
di%onor$ s9ce ! f\ndation ( ! mon>*y2 at
 t mom5t ! fate ( ,m 0 balanc$ on a     
hair2 he saw 8 ra%ness1 fell on 8 knees1
 kiss$ ! ,k+'s feet1 & humbly begg$     
p>don = ! (f5ce4 ,philip smil$1 & p>don$
 him1 & all seem$ to be well aga92 b !  
p]son ( ! ,k+ 0 too sacr$ 9 ^? days1 & !
 act too d>+ to escape ! notice ( !     
,inquisition1 f ^: bigotry & v5geance ! 
,k+ himself c\ld n h %ield$ him4        
,happily = ,m1 "o ( ,philip's m9i/]s    
advis$ him ( 8 dang]1 & )\t loss ( "t he
 set out = ,brussels1 ^u ! feign$       

pret5ce ( press+ engagem5ts1 nor c\ld   
,philip ev] induce him to return to 8   
c\rt4     ,,m',s ,,success ,,& ,,works4 
,m 0 employ$ by mo/ ( ! pr9ces (        
,europe1 :o lib]ally rew>d$ him1 & at e 
c\rt 8 pa9t+s 7 beheld ) admiration &   
applause1 b at none m ?an at ^? ( ,spa9 
& ,engl&4 ,he acquir$ an ample =tune4   
,:5 he 0 9 ,portugal1 ! nobility ( t    
c\ntry1 9 tok5 ( _! e/eem1 pres5t$ him1 
9 ! "n ( _! ord]1 a gold *a9 valu$ at a 
?\s& ducats4 ,he closely imitat$ nature4
 ,he design$ & pa9t$ 9 a bold1 mascul9e 
/yle1 ) a ri* tone ( color+2 he %[$ a   
good k ( ! *i>o-scuro1 & he f9i%$ 8     
pictures ) neatness & c>e2 8 /yle is    
said to resemble t ( ,hans ,holbe91 ?\gh
 n possess+ 8 delicacy & cle>ness2 & !re
 is some?+ dry & h>d 9 8 mann]4 ,8      
tal5ts 7 n conf9$ to portraits2 he pa9t$
 sev]al hi/orical subjects 9 ,spa9 = !  
,royal ,collection1 :i* 7 highly        
applaud$1 b :i* 7 un=tunately de/roy$ 9 
! conflagration ( ! palace ( ! ,prado4  
,:ile he resid$ 9 ,spa91 he copi$ "s    

portraits ( illu/ri\s wom51 9 a /yle    
said to approa* ,titian4 ,8 own         
portrait1 pa9t$ by himself1 *>m+ly      
color$1 & full ( life & nature1 is 9 !  
,flor5t9e ,gall]y4 ,8 be/ "w 0 a picture
 ( ! ,circumcision1 int5d$ = ! ,ca!dral 
at ,antw]p1 b he did n live to f9i% x1 &
 di$ !re 9 #aege4     ,,p]il\s          
,,adv5ture ,,( ,a ,,pa9t]4   ,john      
,griffi]1 a ,dut* pa9t] ( celebrity1 w5t
 to ,london 9 #affg1 :]e he met ) great 
enc\ragem5t4 ,:ile !re he pa9t$ _m views
 on ! ,?ames1 & 9 ord] to obs]ve nature 
m att5tively1 he b\ght a ya*t1 emb>k$ 8 
family1 & sp5t 8 :ole "t on ! riv]4     
,aft] sev]al ye>s he sail$ = ,holl& 9 8 
frail craft b 0 wreck$ 9 ! ,texel1 :]e1 
aft] eight days ( suff]+1 he & 8 family 
b>ely escap$ ) _! lives1 hav+ lo/ all 8 
pa9t+s1 & ! fruits ( 8 indu/ry4 ,?is    
mi%ap cur$ him ( 8 passion = ! sea4     
,,anecdote ,,( ,,john ,,de ,,mabuse4    
,an amus+ anecdote is relat$ ( ?is em95t
 pa9t]4 ,he 0 inord9ately giv5 to       
dissipation1 & sp5t all 8 money1 z fa/ z

 he e>n$ x1 9 c>\s+ ) 8 boon companions4
 ,he 0 = a long "t 9 ! s]vice ( !       
,m>quess de ,v]51 = :om he execut$ "s ( 
8 mo/ capital works4 ,x happ5$ on "o    
occasion t ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 made a  
visit to ! ,m>quess1 :o made magnific5t 
prep>ations = 8 reception1 & among o!r  
?+s ord]$ all 8 h\sehold to be dress$ 9 
:ite damask4 ,:5 ! tailor came to       
measure ,mabuse1 he desir$ to h !       
damask1 "u ! pret5ce ( inv5t+ a s+ul>   
habit4 ,he sold x imm$iately1 sp5t !    
money1 & !n pa9t$ a pap] suit1 s l      
damask t x 0 n di/+ui%$ z he walk$ 9    
procession betwe5 a philosoph] & a poet1
 o!r p5sion]s ( ! ,m>quess2 b ! joke 0  
too good to be kept1 s 8 fri5ds betray$ 
him to ! ,m>quess1 :o1 in/ead ( be+     
displeas$ 0 highly div]t$1 & ask$ !     
,emp]or :i* ( ! ?ree suits he lik$ be/4 
,! ,emp]or po9t$ to t ( ,mabuse1 z      
excell+ 9 :it5ess & beauty ( ! fl[]s2 & 
:5 he 0 told ( ! pa9t]'s /ratagem1 he   
w\ld n believe x1 till he _h exam9$ x ) 
8 own h&s4     ,,capugnano ,,&          

,,lionello ,,spada4   ,lanzi relates !  
foll[+ amus+ anecdote ( ,giovanni da    
,capugnano1 an arti/ ( little m]it1 b ^:
 assurance enabl$ him to attract        
consid]able att5tion 9 8 day4 ,misl$ by 
a pleas+ self-delusion1 he believ$      
himself born to become a pa9t]2 l t     
anci5t p]sonage1 m5tion$ by ,horace1 :o 
imag9$ himself ! own] ( all ! vessels t 
arriv$ 9 ! ,a!nian port4 ,8 *ief tal5t  
lay 9 mak+ crucifixes1 to fill up !     
angles1 & 9 giv+ a v>ni% to !           
balu/rades4 ,next1 he attempt$ l&scape 9
 wat]-colors1 9 :i* 7 exhibit$ ! mo/    
/range proportions2 ( h\ses less ?an !  
m52 ^! la/ small] ?an 8 %eep2 & ! %eep  
aga9 ?an 8 birds4 ,extoll$1 h[ev]1 9 8  
own di/rict1 he det]m9$ to leave 8      
native m\nta9s1 & figure on a wid] !atre
 at ,bologna2 !re he op5$ 8 h\se1 &     
reque/$ ! ,c>acci1 ! only arti/s he     
believ$ to be m le>n$ ?an himself1 to   
furni% him ) a pupil1 :om he int5d$ to  
poli% 9 8 /udio4 ,lionello ,spada1 an   
admirable wit1 accept$ ?is invitation2  

he w5t & copi$ designs1 affect+ ! utmo/ 
obsequi\sness t[>ds 8 ma/]4 ,at l5g?1   
conceiv+ x "t to put an end to ! je/1 he
 left beh9d him a mo/ exquisite pa9t+ ( 
,lucretia1 & ov] ! entrance ( ! *amb] "s
 f9e satirical octaves1 9 app>5t praise1
 b real ridicule ( ,capugnano4 ,8 wor?y 
ma/] only accus$ ,lionello ( +ratitude1 
= hav+ acquir$ f him 9 s %ort a space ! 
art ( pa9t+ s beautifully f 8 designs2 b
 ! ,c>acci at la/ acqua9t$ him ) ! joke1
 :i* act$ z a complete antidote to 8    
folly4     ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,da       
,,c>avaggio--,,8 ,,qu>relsome           
,,disposition4   ,c>avaggio possess$ a v
 irascible & rov+ disposition4 ,at !    
height ( 8 popul>ity at ,rome1 he got   
into a qu>rel ) "o ( 8 own "y fri5ds1 9 
a t5nis-c\rt1 & /ruck him dead ) a      
racket1 hav+ be5 sev]ely w\nd$ himself 9
 ! affray4 ,he fl$ to ,naples1 :]e he   
execut$ "s ( 8 f9e/ pictures1 b he soon 
got we>y ( 8 resid5ce !re1 & w5t to     
,malta4 ,"h 8 sup]b picture ( ! ,gr&    
,ma/] obta9$ = him ! ,cross ( ,malta1 a 

ri* gold *a91 plac$ on 8 neck by ! ,gr& 
,ma/]'s own h&s1 & two slaves to att5d  
him4 ,all ^! honors did n prev5t ! new  
knight f fall+ back into old habits4 ,il
 suo torbido +egno1 says ,bellori1      
plung$ him into new difficulties2 he    
f\ght & w\nd$ a noble cavali]1 0 ?r[n   
into prison1 f :i* he escap$ almo/ by a 
miracle1 & fl$ to ,syracuse1 :]e he     
obta9$ ! favor ( ! ,syracusans by pa9t+ 
a spl5did picture ( ! ,santa ,morte1 = !
 *ur* ( ,s4 ,lucia4 ,9 appreh5sion ( be+
 tak5 by ! ,knights ( ,malta1 he soon   
fl$ to ,mess9a1 !nce to ,pal]mo1 &      
return$ to ,naples1 :]e hopes 7 held out
 to him ( ! ,pope's p>don4 ,"h he got   
into a qu>rel ) "s milit>y m5 9 a public
 h\se1 0 w\nd$1 & took refuge on bo>d a 
felucca1 ab\t to sail = ,rome4 ,/opp+ at
 a small port on ! way1 he 0 arre/$ by a
 ,spani% gu>d1 by mi/ake1 = ano!r p]son2
 :5 releas$1 he f\nd ! felucca gone1 & 9
 x all 8 prop]ty4 ,trav]s+ ! burn+ %ore1
 "u an almo/ v]tical sun1 he 0 seiz$ ) a
 bra9 fev]1 & cont9u$ to w&] ?r\gh !    

,pont9e ,m>%es till he arriv$ at ,porto 
,ercoli1 :5 he expir$1 ag$ =ty ye>s4    
,,jacopo ,,amiconi4   ,giacomo ,amiconi1
 a ,v5etian pa9t]1 w5t to ,engl&1 9     
#agbi1 :]e he 0 fir/ employ$ by ,"l     
,tank]ville to pa9t ! /aircase ( 8      
palace 9 ,/4 ,james' ,squ>e4 ,he !re    
repres5t$ ! /ories ( ,a*illes1          
,telema*us & ,tiresias1 :i* ga9$ him    
great applause4 ,:5 he 0 to be paid1 he 
produc$ 8 bills ( ! workm5 = scaffold+1 
mat]ials1 c41 am\nt+ to ,l#ij1 & ask$ no
 m1 say+ t he 0 cont5t ) ! opportunity (
 %[+ :at he c\ld d4 ,! pe]1 h[ev]1 gave 
him ,l#bjj m4 ,?is br\ght him into      
notice1 & he 0 mu* employ$ by ! nobility
 to decorate _! h\ses4     ,,pa9t+ ,,!  
,,dead4   ,giovanni ,bapti/a ,gaulli1   
call$ ,baciccio1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t       
,g5oese pa9t]s1 0 no less celebrat$ =   
portraits ?an = hi/ory4 ,pascoli says he
 pa9t$ no less ?an sev5 diff]5t         
,pontiffs1 besides _m illu/ri\s         
p]sonages4 ,possess+ great colloquial   
p[]s1 he engag$ 8 sitt]s 9 ! mo/ animat$

 conv]sation1 & ?us transf]r$ _!        
features to 8 canvas1 s full ( life &   
expression1 t !y look$ z ?\gh !y 7 ab\t 
to speak to ! behold]4 ,he also _h a    
rem>kable tal5t ( pa9t+ ! dead1 s z to  
obta9 an exact resemblance ( deceas$    
p]sons :om he _h nev] se54 ,= ?is       
purpose1 he drew a face at r&om1        
aft]w>ds alt]+ x 9 e feature1 by !      
advice & "u ! inspection ( ^? :o _h kn[n
 ! orig9al1 till he _h improv$ x to a   
/rik+ lik5ess4     ,,taddeo ,,zucc>o4   
,?is em95t pa9t] 0 born at ,san         
,angiolo1 9 ! ,du*y ( ,urb9o1 9 #aebi4  
,at a v e>ly age he ev9c$ a passion =   
art & a precoci\s g5ius4 ,aft] hav+     
receiv$ in/ruction f 8 fa!r1 a pa9t] (  
little note1 8 extraord9>y en?usiasm    
induc$ him1 at f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 to g  
to ,rome1 )\t a p5ny 9 8 pocket1 :]e he 
pass$ ! day 9 design+1 f ! works (      
,raffaelle4 ,su* 0 8 pov]ty1 t he 0     
compell$ to sleep "u ! loggie ( ! ,*igi 
palace2 he contriv$ to get money en\gh  
b>ely to supply ! wants ( nature1 by    

gr9d+ colors = ! %ops4 ,undaunt$ by     
difficulties t w\ld h driv5 a less      
devot$ lov] ( ! art f ! field1 he pursu$
 8 /udies ) undim9i%$ ardor1 till 8     
tal5ts & indu/ry attract$ ! notice (    
,daniello da ,por1 an arti/ !n 9 repute1
 :o g5]\sly reliev$ 8 wants & gave him  
in/ruction4 ,f t "t he made rapid       
progress1 & soon acquir$ a di/+ui%$     
reputation1 b he di$ at ,rome 9 #aeff1 9
 ! prime ( life4     ,,zucc>o',s        
,,res5tm5t4   ,f$]igo ,zucc>o1 ! bro!r (
 ,taddeo1 0 employ$ by ,pope ,gregory   
,,xiii4 9 ! ,paul9e *apel4 ,:ile proce$+
 ) 8 "w1 h[ev]1 he fell out ) "s ( !    
,pope's (fic]s2 & conceiv+ himself      
treat$ ) indignity1 he pa9t$ an         
allegorical picture ( ,calumny1         
introduc+ ! portraits ( all ^?          
individuals :o _h (f5d$ him1 decorat$ ) 
asses' e>s4 ,?is he caus$ to be exhibit$
 publicly ov] ! gate ( ,/4 ,luke's *ur*1
 on ! fe/ival day ( t ,sa9t4 ,8 enemies1
 ^u ?is1 made su* compla9ts t he 0 =c$  
to fly f ,rome1 & pass+ into ,france1 he

 visit$ ,fl&]s & ,engl&4 ,z soon z !    
pontiff 0 appeas$1 he return$ to ,rome1 
& complet$ 8 "w 9 ! ,paul9e *apel1      
=tunate 9 n los+ 8 head z ! price ( su* 
a d>+ exploit4     ,,royal ,,criticism4 
,f$]igo ,zucc>o 0 invit$ to ,madrid by  
,philip ,,ii4 to execute "s frescos 9 ! 
l[] cloi/] ( ! ,escurial1 :i*1 fail+ to 
give satisfaction to 8 royal patron1 7  
subsequ5tly effac$1 & _! place suppli$  
by ,pellegr9o ,tibaldi2 ! k+ nev]!less  
munific5tly rew>d$ him4 ,"o day1 z he 0 
display+ a picture ( ! ,nativity1 :i* he
 _h pa9t$ = ! great alt> ( ! ,escurial1 
= ! inspection ( ! mon>*1 he said1      
,sire1 y n[ behold all t art c execute2 
beyond ?is :i* ,i h done1 ! p[]s ( pa9t+
 _c g4 ,! k+ 0 sil5t = "s "t2 8         
c\nt5ance betray$ nei!r approbation nor 
contempt2 at la/1 pres]v+ ! same        
indiff]5ce1 he quietly ask$ ! pa9t] :at 
^? ?+s 7 9 ! basket ( "o ( ! %eph]ds 9 !
 act ( runn+8 ,he repli$ !y 7 eggs4 ,x  
is well !n1 t he did n break !m1 said ! 
k+1 z he turn$ on 8 way--a j rebuke =   

su* fulsome self-adulation4     ,,pietro
 ,,da ,,cortona4   ,! "n ( ?is illu/ri\s
 pa9t] & ar*itect 0 ,b]rett9i1 & he 0   
born at ,cortona1 ne> ,flor5ce1 9 #aeif4
 ,at ! age ( f\rte5 he w5t to ,rome1 :]e
 he /udi$ ! works ( ,raffaelle &        
,c>avaggio ) ! greate/ assiduity4 ,x is 
said t at fir/ he betray$ b little tal5t
 = pa9t+1 b 8 g5ius bur/ =? sudd5ly1 to 
! a/oni%m5t ( ^? companions :o _h laugh$
 at 8 incapacity2 ?is d\btless 0 ow+ to 
8 previ\s ?or\gh c\rse ( /udy4 ,:ile yet
 "y1 he pa9t$ two pictures = ! ,c>d9al  
,sac*etti1 repres5t+ ! ,rape ( !        
,sab9es1 & a ,battle ( ,alex&]1 :i* ga9$
 him s mu* celebrity t ,pope ,urban     
,,viii4 commission$ him to pa9t a *apel 
9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,bibi5a1 :]e ,ciampelli 0
 employ$4 ,! latt] at fir/ reg>d$ )     
contempt ! audacity ( s "y a man's d>+  
to attempt s important a public "w1 b   
,cortona _h no soon] comm5c$ ?an        
,ciampelli's disgu/ *ang$ to admiration 
( 8 abilities4 ,8 success 9 ?is p]=mance
 ga9$ him ! celebrat$ "w ( ! ceil+ ( !  

gr& saloon 9 ! ,b>b]9i palace1 :i* is   
consid]$ "o ( ! greate/ productions ( ! 
k9d ev] execut$4 ,cortona 0 invit$ to   
,flor5ce by ! ,gr& ,duke ,f]d9& ,,ii41  
to pa9t ! saloon & f\r ap>tm5ts 9 !     
,pitti palace1 :]e he repres5t$ !       
,clem5cy ( ,alex&] to ! family ( ,d>ius1
 ! ,firmness ( ,pors5a1 ! ,cont95ce (   
,cyrus1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,massanissa1 & o!r  
subjects4 ,:ile ?us employ$1 ! ,duke1 "o
 day1 hav+ express$ 8 admiration ( a    
weep+ *ild :i* he _h j pa9t$1 ,cortona )
 a s+le /roke ( 8 p5cil made x appe>    
laugh+1 & ) ano!r re/or$ x to its =m]   
/ate2 ,pr9ce1 said he1 y see h[ easily  
*ildr5 laugh & cry4 ,disgu/$ ) !        
intrigues ( "s arti/s jeal\s ( 8        
reputation1 he left ,flor5ce abruptly1  
)\t complet+ 8 works1 & ! ,gr& ,duke    
c\ld nev] p]suade him to return4 ,on 8  
return to ,rome1 he ab\nd$ )            
commissions1 & ,pope ,alex&] ,,vii4     
honor$ him ) ! ord] ( ! ,gold5 ,spur4   
,cortona 0 also di/+ui%$ z an ar*itect4 
,he made a design = ! ,palace ( !       

,l\vre1 :i* 0 s highly approv$ by ,l\is 
,,xiv4 t he s5t him 8 picture ri*ly set 
9 jewels4 ,cortona 0 a labori\s arti/1 &
 ?\gh torm5t$ ) ! g\t1 & 9 afflu5t      
circum/ances1 he cont9u$ to pa9t till 8 
dea?1 9 #afii4     ,,"k ,,?yself4       
,m>io ,ballassi1 a ,flor5t9e pa9t] born 
9 #afjd1 /udi$ successively "u ,ligozzi1
 ,roselli1 & ,passignano2 he assi/$ !   
latt] 9 ! works he execut$ at ,rome =   
,pope ,urban ,,xiii4 ,8 *ief tal5t lay 9
 copy+ ! works ( ! great ma/]s1 :i* he  
did to admiration4 ,don ,taddeo ,b>b]9i 
employ$ him to copy ! ,transfiguration (
 ,raffaelle1 = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,conception1 
9 :i* he imitat$ ! t\* & expression ( ! 
orig9al 9 s excell5t a mann] z to excite
 ! surprise ( ! be/ judges at ,rome4 ,at
 ! recomm5dation ( ! ,c>d9al            
,piccolom9i1 he 0 introduc$ to ! ,emp]or
 ,f]d9& ,,iii41 :o receiv$ him 9 an     
honorable mann]4 ,elat$ ) 8 success1 he 
va9ly imag9$ t if he c\ld imitate ! old 
ma/]s1 he c\ld also equal !m 9 an       
orig9al /yle ( 8 own4 ,he signally fail$

 9 ! attempt1 :i* br\ght him into z mu* 
contempt z 8 =m] works _h ga9$ him      
approbation4     ,,b5v5uto ,,cell9i4    
,?is em95t sculptor & fam\s m$ali/ 0 9  
high favor ) ,clem5t ,,vii41 :o took him
 into 8 s]vice4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ! ,spani%  
invasion1 ,cell9i ask$ ! ,pope =        
absolution = c]ta9 homicides :i* he     
believ$ himself to h committ$ 9 ! s]vice
 ( ! *ur*4 ,! ,pope absolv$ him1 &1 to  
save "t1 he add$ an absolution 9        
prospectu1 = all ! homicides !reaft] :i*
 ! said ,b5v5uto might commit 9 ! same  
s]vice4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,cell9i got 
into a broil1 & committ$ a homicide t 0 
n 9 ! s]vice ( ! *ur*4 ,! fri5ds ( !    
deceas$ insi/$ ^u condign puni%m5t1 &   
presum$ to make "s m5tion to ! ,pope    
ab\t ! laws2 ^u :i* ! successor ( ,/4   
,pet]1 kn[+ t x 0 easi] to hang ?an to  
replace su* a man1 assum$ a high tone1 &
 told ! compla9ants t m5 :o 7 ma/]s ( _!
 art %\ld n be subject to ! laws4       
,,fracanzani ,,& ,,salvator ,,rosa4   ,!
 fir/ acc5ts ( ! ?rill+ melody ( sweet  

r5[n :i* ev] vibrat$ to ! he>t (        
,salvator ,rosa1 came to 8 e> f !       
k9d-he>t$ ,fracanzani1 8 si/]'s husb&1 &
 a pa9t] ( m]it4 ,:5 ,salvator return$  
home f 8 sket*+ t\rs among ! m\nta9s1   
,fracanzani w\ld exam9e 8 draw+s1 & :5  
he saw any?+ good1 he w\ld smil+ly pat  
him on ! head & exclaim1 ,fruscia1      
fruscia1 ,salvatoriello--*e va buono 7,g
 on1 g on1 ,salvator--?is is good74 ,^! 
simple plaudits 7 recall$ to 8 memory ) 
pleasure1 9 aft] ye>s1 :5 8 fame rung   
among ! poli%$ circles at ,rome &       
,flor5ce4     ,,pope ,,urban ,,viii4 ,,&
 ,,b]n9i4   ,:5 ! ,c>d9al ,b>b]9i1 :o _h
 be5 ! w>m fri5d1 patron1 & protector ( 
,b]n9i1 0 elevat$ to ! pontificate1 !   
latt] w5t to (f] 8 congratulations to 8 
b5efactor4 ,! ,pope receiv$ him 9 ! mo/ 
graci\s mann]1 utt]+ ^! memorable words1
 ,e gran =tuna la vo/ra1 ,b]n9i1 di v$]e
 ,papa1 il ,c>d4 ,maffeo ,b>b]9i2 ma    
assai maggiore e la no/ra1 *e il ,cav4  
,b]n9i viva nel no/ro pontificato2 7,x  
is a great piece ( =tune = y1 ,b]n9i1 to

 behold ! ,c>d9al ,maffeo ,b>b]9i ,pope2
 b h[ mu* great] is ours1 t ! ,cav4     
,b]n9i lives 9 our pontificate27 & he   
imm$iately *>g$ him ) ! execution ( ^?  
great works :i* h immortaliz$ bo? _!    
names4 ,among ! great works :i* he      
execut$ 9 ?is pontificate are !         
,balda*91 or great alt> ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 9
 bronze & gilt1 "u ! c5tre ( ! great    
dome2 ! f\r colossal /atues :i* fill !  
ni*es "u ! p$atives2 ! pulpit & canopy (
 ,/4 ,pet]'s2 ! ,campanile2 & ! ,b>b]9i 
palace4 ,= ^! s]vices1 ! ,pope gave     
,b]n9i #aj1jjj cr[ns1 besides 8 mon?ly  
sal>y ( #cjj1 :i* he increas$1 & ext5d$ 
8 favors to 8 bro!rs--a gr& piece (     
=tune1 truly4     ,,emulation ,,&       
,,rivalry ,,9 ,,! ,,f9e ,,arts4         
,emulation c>ries ) x nei!r envy nor    
unfair rivalry1 b inspires a man to     
surpass all o!rs by sup]iority alone4   
,su* 0 ! emulation & rivalry betwe5     
,zeuxis & ,p>rhasius1 :i* contribut$ to 
! improvem5t ( bo?2 & simil> !reto 0 t  
:i* inspir$ ! ma/]-m9ds ( ,mi*ael       

,angelo & ,raffaelle2 ( ,titian &       
,pord5one2 ( ,alb]t ,dur] & ,lucas van  
,leyd52 ( ,ago/9o & ,annibale ,c>acci2 &
 we may add1 9 our own c\ntry1 ( ,?omas 
,cole & ,dur&4 ,! emulation betwe5 !    
,c>acci1 ?\gh x t5d$ to ! improvem5t (  
bo?1 0 m un=tunate 9 its result1 z x    
f9ally eng5d]$ su* a bitt] rivalry z to 
drive ,ago/9o f ! field1 & x is said by 
"s t bo? ! ,c>acci decl9$ :5 _!         
competition ceas$4  ,! confrat]nity ( ! 
,*>treuse at ,bologna propos$ to !      
arti/s ( ,italy to pa9t a picture = !m 9
 competition1 & to s5d designs =        
selection4 ,! ,c>acci 7 among !         
competitors1 & ! design ( ,ago/9o 0     
pref]r$ be=e all o!rs2 ?is1 accord+ to  
sev]al au?ors1 fir/ gave rise to !      
jeal\sy betwe5 ! two bro!rs4 ,! picture 
:i* ,ago/9o pa9t$ 0 8 celebrat$         
,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome :i* ,napoleon   
plac$ 9 ! ,l\vre1 b is n[ 9 ! gall]y at 
,bologna4 ,x is e/eem$ ! ma/]piece ( !  
arti/4 ,x repres5ts ! v5]able sa9t1     
c>ri$ to ! *ur* ( ,be?lehem on 8        

approa*+ dissolution1 :]e he receives ! 
la/ sacram5t ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 !        
,viaticum1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 disciples1 :ile 
a monk writes d[n 8 pi\s exhortations4  
,soon aft] ! completion ( ?is sublime   
picture1 ! two bro!rs comm5c$ !         
celebrat$ ,f>nese ,gall]y 9 conjunction2
 b ! jeal\s feel+s :i* exi/$ betwe5 !m  
caus$ cont9ual diss5tions1 & ! turbul5t 
disposition ( ,annibale compell$ ,ago/9o
 to ab&on him & quit ,rome4 ,ago/9o1 :o 
accord+ to all au?orities 0 ! be/ temp]$
 ( ! two1 f t "t gave himself up almo/  
entirely to engrav+4 ,annibale1 ?\gh he 
has ! honor ( hav+ execut$ ! immortal   
works 9 ! ,f>nese ,gall]y1 yet ow$ mu*  
!re1 z else:]e1 to ! acquirem5ts &      
poetical g5ius ( ,ago/9o4 ,9 !          
composition ( su* my?ological subjects !
 unlett]$ ,annibale 0 totally           
inadequate4 ,see vol4 i41 page #ga ( ?is
 "w4     ,,! ,,notte ,,( ,,correggio4   
,?is wond]ful picture is "o ( ! mo/     
s+ul> & beautiful works ( t great ma/]4 
,adopt+ an idea till !n unkn[n to       

pa9t]s1 he has creat$ a new pr9ciple (  
light & %ade2 & 9 ! limit$ space ( n9e  
feet by six1 has exp&$ a bread? & dep? (
 p]spective :i* defies description4 ,!  
subject he has *os51 is ! adoration ( ! 
%eph]ds1 :o1 aft] he>+ ! glad tid+s (   
joy & salvation1 proclaim$ by ! heav5ly 
ho/1 ha/5 to hail ! new-born ,k+ &      
,savi\r4 ,on s unpromis+ a subject z !  
bir? ( a *ild1 9 s mean a place z a     
/able1 ! pa9t] has1 h[ev]1 ?r[n ! air ( 
div9ity itself4 ,! pr9cipal light       
emanates f ! body ( ! infant1 &         
illum9ates ! surr\nd+ objects2 b a      
second>y light is borr[$ f a gr\p (     
angels above1 :i*1 :ile x aids ! g5]al  
effect1 is yet itself irradiat$ by !    
glory break+ f ! *ild1 & allegoriz+ !   
expression ( scripture1 t ,*ri/ is !    
true light ( ! _w4 ,nor is ! art1 ) :i* 
! figures are repres5t$ less admirable  
?an ! managem5t ( ! light4 ,! face ( !  
*ild is skillfully hidd51 by its oblique
 position1 f ! conviction t ! features (
 a new-born infant are ill-adapt$ to    

please ! eye2 b t ( ! ,virg9 is w>mly   
irradiat$1 & yet s dispos$1 t 9 b5d+ )  
mat]nal fondness ov] h] (fspr+1 x       
exhibits exquisite beauty1 )\t ! h>%ness
 ( deep %ad[s4 ,! light /rikes boldly on
 ! l[] "p ( h] face1 & is lo/ 9 a fa9t] 
gl[ on ! eyes1 :ile ! =ehead is ?r[n    
into %ade4 ,! figures ( ,joseph & !     
%eph]ds are trac$ ) ! same skillful     
p5cil2 & ! gl[ :i* illum9ates ! piece is
 height5$ to ! imag9ation1 by ! attitude
 ( a %eph]dess1 br++ an (f]+ ( doves1 :o
 %ades h] eyes ) h] h&1 z if unable to  
su/a9 ! brightness ( inc>nate div9ity4  
,! glimm]+ ( ! ris+ dawn1 :i* %ews !    
figures 9 ! backgr\nd1 contributes to   
augm5t ! spl5dor ( ! pr9cipal glory4 ,! 
beauty1 grace1 & f9i% ( ! piece1 says   
,m5gs1 are admirable1 & e "p is execut$ 
9 a peculi> & appropriate /yle4  ,opie1 
9 8 lectures1 speak+ ( ?is "w1 ju/ly    
obs]ves1 ,9 ! ,notte1 :]e ! light       
diffus$ ov] ! piece emanates f ! *ild1  
he has embodi$ a ?\ght at once          
beautiful1 picturesque1 & sublime2 an   

idea :i* has be5 seiz$ ^u ) su* avidity1
 & produc$ s _m imitations t no "o is   
accus$ ( plagi>ism4 ,! real au?or is    
=gott51 & ! public accu/om$ to consid]  
?is incid5t z naturally a "p ( !        
subject1 h long ceas$ to inquire1 :51 or
 by :om1 x 0 inv5t$4  ,! hi/ory ( ?is   
picture is curi\s1 ?\gh involv$ 9 mu*   
obscurity4 ,x is g5]ally /at$ t :ile    
,correggio 0 engag$ ^u ! gr& cupola at  
,p>ma1 he g5]ally pass$ ! cold] season1 
:5 he c\ld n "w 9 fresco1 9 8 native    
place4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,reggio 9 "o ( 8    
j\rneys1 he receiv$ a commission f      
,alb]to ,praton]o = an alt>-piece ( !   
,nativity1 :i* produc$ "o ( 8 f9e/      
pictures1 n[ call$ ,la ,notte4 ,!       
indefatigable ,tirabos*i discov]$ !     
orig9al contract = ! "w1 :i* is dat$    
,octob] #ad?1 #aebb1 & fixes ! price at 
two hundr$ & eight livre di moneta      
,vec*ia1 or =ty-sev5 & a half gold      
ducats 7ab\t #ajd74 ,x 0 pa9t$ = !      
,praton]i *apel 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,prosp]o 
at ,reggio1 b x 0 n fix$ 9 its de/9$    

place till #aecj4 ,x is said t x 0      
remov$ surreptiti\sly by ord] (         
,francesco ,i41 ! reign+ ,duke ( ,mod5a1
 :o sub/itut$ a copy4 ,! same /ory1     
h[ev]1 is relat$ ( ,correggio's ,ancona1
 pa9t$ = ! *ur* ( ! ,conv5tuals at      
,correggio4 7,see vol4 ii41 page #beg1 (
 ?is "w47 ,at all ev5ts1 ! elector (    
,saxony subsequ5tly pur*as$ ?is gem1 )  
o!r valuable pictures1 f ! ,ducal       
,gall]y at ,mantua1 & x n[ =ms "o ( !   
pr9cipal ornam5ts ( ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4  
,,! ,,dresd5 ,,gall]y4   ,! ,gall]y (   
,dresd5 is well kn[n to mo/ amateurs f !
 engrav+s :i* h be5 made ( _m ( its mo/ 
capital pictures4 ,9 ! works (          
,correggio x /&s preem95t above all     
o!rs2 & al?\gh "s ( ^! h suff]$ by      
injudici\s clean+1 /ill !y are by       
,correggio4 ,9 ! works ( ,titian1       
,raffaelle1 ,lion>do da ,v9ci1          
,p>miggiano1 ,&rea del ,s>to1 ! ,c>acci1
 ,guido1 c41 x holds also a high place2 
:ile x is ri* 9 ! works ( ! ,flemi% &   
,dut* ma/]s4 ,( ! works ( ,reub5s !re   

are1 #cj2 ( ,v&yck1 #ah2 ( ,rembr&t1    
#ae2 ( ,paul ,pott]1 #c2 ( ,david       
,t5i]s1 jun41 #bd2 ( ,philip ,w\v]mans1 
#eb2 ( ,adrian ,o/ade1 #f2 ( ,g]>d ,d\w1
 #af2 ( ,francis ,mi]is1 #ad2 ( ,gabriel
 ,metzu1 #f2 ( ,b]ghem1 #i2 ( ,adrian   
van de ,velde1 #e2 ( ,ruysdael1 #ac2 &  
o!rs by ! ,dut* ma/]s4 ,?o entire       
collection conta9s #ajaj ,flemi% & ,dut*
 pictures1 & #cej pictures ( ! ,italian 
s*ools1 ! pr9cipal "p ( :i*1 p>ticul>ly 
! pictures ( ,correggio1 etc41 belong$  
=m]ly to ! ,mantua collection1 & 7      
pur*as$ by ! ,elector ,augu/us ,,iii41  
aft]w>ds ,k+ ( ,pol&4     ,,pa9t+       
,,among ,,! ,,egyptians4   ,! antiquity 
( pa9t+1 z well z ( sculpture1 among !  
,egyptians1 is sunk 9 fable4 ,yet x is  
c]ta9 t !y made little or no progress 9 
ei!r art4 ,plato1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #djj  
,b4,c41 says t ! art ( pa9t+ _h be5     
practic$ by ! ,egyptians upw>ds ( t5    
?\s& ye>s1 & t !re 7 exi/+ 9 t c\ntry   
pa9t+s ( t high antiquity1 :i* 7 nei!r  
inf]ior to1 nor v diff]5t f1 ^? execut$ 

by ! ,egyptian arti/s 9 8 own "t4  ,be=e
 ! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,egypt1 a great   
deal _h be5 writt5 on ! subject (       
,egyptian art1 )\t elicit+ any?+        
satisfactory4 ,nord51 ,pococke1 ,bruce1 
& o!r mod]n travel]s1 speak (           
extraord9>y pa9t+s f\nd on ! walls ( !  
temples & 9 ! tombs at ,!bes1 ,d5d]ah1 &
 o!r places 9 ,upp] ,egypt2 &           
,w9ckelmann ju/ly regrets t ^? curi\s   
rema9s _h n be5 visit$ by arti/s or     
p]sons skill$ 9 works ( art1 by ^:      
te/imony we might h be5 correctly in=m$ 
( _! "*1 /yle1 & manoeuvre4 ,! man at   
la/ came1 & ,d5on1 9 8 ,voyage dans le  
,basse et ,haute ,egypt1 has set ! matt]
 at re/4 ,he has giv5 a curi\s & int]e/+
 acc\nt ( ! pa9t+s at ,!bes1 :i* he     
reports to be z fre% 9 color z :5 !y 7  
fir/ execut$4 ,! design is 9 g5]al /iff 
& incorrect2 & :atev] attitude is giv5  
to ! figure1 ! head is always 9 pr(ile4 
,! colors are entire1 )\t bl5d+ or      
degradation1 z 9 play+ c>ds1 & ! :ole   
exhibits ! art 9 a v rude /ate4 ,!y     

exhibit little or no k ( anatomy4 ,!    
colors !y us$ 7 conf9$ to f\r--blue1 r$1
 yell[1 & gre52 & ( ^!1 ! blue & r$     
pr$om9ate4 ,! p]fect pres]vation ( !    
,egyptian pa9t+s = s _m ages is to be   
attribut$ to ! dryness ( a climate :]e x
 nev] ra9s4  ,! ,egyptian pa9t]s &      
sculptors design$ _! figures 9 a /yle   
peculi>ly /iff & =mal1 ) ! legs         
inv>iably clos$1 except 9 "s in/ances 9 
! tombs ( ! ,k+s at ,!bes1 & _! arms    
/uck to _! sides1 z if !y _h consult$ no
 o!r models ?an _! b&ag$ mummies4 ,!    
reasons :y ! ,egyptians nev] made any   
progress 9 art till ! "t ( !            
,greco-,egyptian k+s1 7 _! mann]s &     
cu/oms1 :i* prohibit$ any innovations1 &
 compell$ e "o to foll[ ! beat5 track ( 
8 ca/1 )\t ! lea/ deviation f e/abli%$  
rules1 ?us *a9+ d[n g5ius1 & ! /imulus (
 emulation1 honor1 r5[n & rew>d4 ,:5    
,egypt pass$ "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,ptolemys1
 %e made rapid progress 9 art1 & produc$
 "s excell5t pa9t]s1 sculptors1 &       
ar*itects1 ?\gh d\btless !y 7 mo/ly (   

,greek orig94 ,x is relat$ ( ,ptolemy   
,philopator1 t he s5t a hundr$ ar*itects
 to rebuild ,rhodes1 :5 x 0 de/roy$ by  
an e>?quake4 ,see vol4 iii41 page #a1 ( 
?is "w4     ,,pa9t+ ,,among ,,!         
,,greeks4   ,! orig9 ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,greece 
0 unkn[n to ,pl9y1 to :om we are *iefly 
indebt$ = ! few fragm5ts ( ! biography (
 ,greek arti/s2 he c\ld only obta9 8    
in=mation f ,greek writ]s1 ( :om he     
compla9s t !y h n be5 v att5tive to _!  
accu/om$ accuracy4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t
 ! arts 7 practic$ 9 ,egypt & 9 ! ,ea/1 
_m ages be=e !y 7 kn[n 9 ,greece1 & x is
 ! common op9ion t !y 7 introduc$ into t
 c\ntry f ,egypt & ,asia1 ?r\gh ! *annel
 ( ! ,pho5ecian trad]s4 ,x has be5 a    
matt] ( admiration t ! ,greeks1 9 !     
c\rse ( ?ree or f\r c5turies1 %\ld h    
atta9$ su* p]fection 9 e species ( art t
 ennobles ! human m9d1 z oratory1       
poetry1 music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 &      
ar*itecture4 ,two ?+s expla9 !          
cause--fre$om ( action1 & c]ta9ty (     
rew>d4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! :ole      

hi/ory ( ! arts & sci5ces4 ,! anci5t    
ea/]n nations1 among :om ! fre$om (     
?\ght & action 0 =bidd51 & e man oblig$ 
to foll[ ! trade ( 8 ca/e1 nev] made any
 progress2 nor w ! mod]ns progress 9 ^? 
c\ntries till ca/e is done away1 & e man
 all[$ to foll[ ! incl9ations ( 8 g5ius4
  ,! ,greeks 7 favor$ ) a climate ! mo/ 
cong5ial = ! p]fect developm5t ( ! m5tal
 & physical p[]s1 & beauty ( =m4 ,e man 
0 at lib]ty freely to foll[ 8 favorite  
pursuits4 ,!y rew>d$ all :o excell$ 9   
any?+ t 0 useful or beautiful1 & t ) a  
lavi% h&4 ,! prices !y paid _! great    
arti/s 7 truly a/oni%+2 9 comp>ison to  
:i*1 ! prices paid to ! greate/ arti/s (
 mod]n times are small4 ,nor 0 ?is s    
great an inc5tive z ! admiration & !    
c>esses !y receiv$4 ,! man ( g5ius 0    
sure ( immortality & weal?4 ,_! academic
 groves & _! games 7 ! admiration &     
resort ( all ! surr\nd+ c\ntries4 ,!y   
decre$ /atues to _! great m5 :o des]v$  
well ( _! c\ntry4 ,to o!r p[]ful        
inc5tives1 ! ,greek arti/s _h !         

advantage ( ! be/ models be=e !m1 9 _!  
gymna/ic ex]cises & public games1 :]e ! 
y\? cont5d$ = ! prize q nak$4 ,! ,greeks
 e/eem$ natural qualities s highly t !y 
decre$ ! fir/ rew>ds to ^? :o di/+ui%$  
!mselves 9 feats ( agility & /r5g?4     
,/atues 7 (t5 rais$ to wre/l]s4 ,n only 
! fir/ y\? ( ,greece1 b ! sons ( k+s &  
pr9ces s\ght r5[n 9 ! public games &    
gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,*rysippus &         
,clean?us di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ^! games  
be=e !y 7 kn[n z philosoph]s4 ,plato    
appe>$ z a wre/l] bo? at ! ,i/hmian &   
,py?ian games2 & ,py?agoras c>ri$ (f !  
prize at ,elis4 ,! passion :i* inspir$  
!m 0 glory--! ambition ( hav+ /atues    
erect$ to _! memory1 9 ! mo/ sacr$ place
 9 ,greece1 to be admir$ by ! :ole p4   
,al?\gh x is univ]sally admitt$ t !     
,greeks c>ri$ sculpture & ar*itecture to
 su* a /ate ( p]fection t !y h nev] be5 
equall$ by ! mod]ns1 except 9 imitat+   
!m1 yet !re is a great contr>iety (     
op9ion among ! mo/ em95t mod]n writ]s z 
to _! success 9 pa9t+2 "s1 full (       

admiration = ! works ( antiquity :i* h  
desc5d$ to u1 h n hesitat$ to decl>e t !
 ,greeks mu/ h be5 equally successful 9 
pa9t+1 :ile o!rs1 pr(ess+ t we possess  
colors1 vehicles1 & sci5ce 7z ! k (     
=e%ort5+1 p]spective1 & ( ! *i>o-scuro7 
unkn[n to !m1 h z r\ndly ass]t$ t !y 7  
f> inf]ior to ! mod]ns 9 ?is bran*1 & t 
_! pictures1 c\ld we n[ see !m 9 all _! 
beauty1 w\ld excite our contempt4 ,mu* (
 ?is boa/$ mod]n k is1 h[ev]1 entirely  
gratuit\s2 ! ,greeks c]ta9ly well       
und]/ood =e%ort5+ & p]spective1 z we h  
abundance ( evid5ce 9 _! works1 to say  
no?+ ( ^! be+ expressly m5tion$ by      
,pl9y1 & t x is impossible to execute   
any "w ( excell5ce )\t !m4 ,?is errone\s
 op9ion has sprung f ! ignorance &      
imp]fections ( ! old fa!rs ( ,italian   
art 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 & ! discov]ies &    
p]fections ( ^? m mod]n4 ,if ! mod]ns   
possess any advantages ov] ! anci5ts1 x 
is t *emi/ry has inv5t$ "s beautiful    
colors unkn[n to !m1 ! inv5tion ( oil   
pa9t+1 & t illusion :i* results f a     

p]fect acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( !    
*i>o-scuro2 b ev5 "h ! m9]al colors--!  
mo/ valuable & p]man5t--7 well kn[n to  
!m2 & if !y _h n oil colors1 !y _h a    
me?od ( encau/ic pa9t+ n positively kn[n
 to u1 :i* might h answ]$ z good a      
purpose--nor are we sure !y did n       
practice ! *i>o-scuro4 ,besides1 ! mo/  
r5[n$ mod]n ma/]s 7 m celebrat$ 9 fresco
 ?an 9 oil pa9t+1 & ! anci5ts well      
und]/ood pa9t+ 9 fresco4  ,9 ?is1 z 9   
mo/ o!r disputes1 x may reasonably be   
presum$1 t a j e/imation ( bo? w be f\nd
 betwe5 ! extremes4 ,9 comp>+ ! pa9t+s (
 ! mod]ns ) ^? ( ! anci5ts1 x may be    
fairly inf]r$ t ! latt] surpass$ ! =m] 9
 expression1 9 purity ( design1 9       
attitude ( ! figures1 & 9 ideal beauty4 
,! mod]ns h d\btless surpass$ ! anci5ts 
9 ! arrangem5t ( _! gr\ps1 9 p]spective1
 =e%ort5+ & *i>o-scuro--& 9 color+4 ,= a
 fur!r disquisition on ?is subject1 see 
,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bb1 ( ?is "w1 article     
,apelles4     ,,numismatics4            
,numismatics is ! sci5ce :i* has = its  

object ! /udy ( co9s & m$als1 especially
 ^? /ruck by ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans4
 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,greek ,greek3      
nomisma1 or ! ,lat9 numus1 co9 or m$al4 
,numismatics is n[ reg>d$ z indisp5sable
 to ar*aeology1 & to a ?or\gh           
acqua9tance ( ! f9e arts2 x is also (   
great assi/ance 9 philology & !         
explanation ( ! anci5t classics2 x      
appe>s to h be5 entirely unkn[n to !    
anci5ts1 b s9ce ! middle ( ! sixte5?    
c5tury1 x has occupi$ ! att5tion ( _m   
le>n$ m54  ,! "n ( co9s is giv5 to      
pieces ( metal1 on :i* ! public au?ority
 has impress$ diff]5t m>ks to indicate  
_! weight & value1 to make !m a conv5i5t
 m$ium ( ex*ange4 ,by ! ^w m$als1 :5 us$
 9 ref]5ce to mod]n times1 is und]/ood  
pieces ( metal simil> to co9s b n int5d$
 z a m$ium ( ex*ange1 b /ruck &         
di/ribut$ to commemorate "s important   
ev5t1 or 9 memory ( "s di/+ui%$         
p]sonage4 ,! "n ( m$als1 h[ev]1 is also 
giv5 to all pieces ( money :i* h rema9$ 
f anci5t times4 ,! t]m m$allion is giv5 

to m$als ( a v l>ge size1 _m ( !m be+   
sev]al in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! p>ts ( a co9 
or m$al are ! two sides2 fir/1 ! obv]se 
side1 face or head1 :i* conta9s !       
portrait ( ! p]son at ^: comm& or 9 ^:  
honor x 0 /ruck1 or o!r figures relat+  
to him3 ?is portrait consi/s ei!r ( !   
head alone1 or ! bu/1 half l5g?1 or full
 figure2 second1 ! rev]se conta9s       
my?ological1 allegorical1 or hi/orical  
figures4 ,! words ar\nd ! bord] =m !    
leg5d1 & ^? 9 ! middle ! inscription4 ,!
 l[] "p ( ! co91 :i* is sep>at$ by a l9e
 f ! figures or ! inscription1 is !     
basis or ex]gue1 & conta9s subsidi>y    
matt]1 z ! date1 ! place :]e ! piece 0  
/ruck1 etc4  ,numismatics has ! same    
divisions z hi/ory4--,anci5t            
,numismatics ext5ds to ! ext9ction ( !  
empire ( ! ,we/2 ! ,numismatics ( !     
middle ages comm5ces ) ,*>lemagne2 &    
mod]n ,numismatics ) ! revival ( le>n+4 
,m$als indicate ! names ( prov9ces &    
cities1 det]m9e _! position1 & pres5t   
pictures ( _m celebrat$ places4 ,!y fix 

! p]iod ( ev5ts1 frequ5tly det]m9e _!   
"*1 & enable u to trace ! s]ies ( k+s4  
,!y also enable u to le>n ! diff]5t     
metallurgical processes1 ! diff]5t      
alloys1 ! modes ( gild+ & plat+ practic$
 by ! anci5ts1 ! metals :i* !y us$1 _!  
weight & measures1 _! diff]5t modes (   
reckon+1 ! names & titles ( ! v>i\s k+s 
& magi/rates1 & also _! portraits1 _!   
diff]5t div9ities1 ) _! attributes &    
titles1 ! ut5sils & c]emonies ( _!      
wor%ip1 ! co/ume ( _! prie/s--9 f9e1    
ev]y?+ :i* relates to _! usages1 civil1 
milit>y1 & religi\s4 ,m$als also acqua9t
 u ) ! hi/ory ( art4 ,!y conta9         
repres5tations ( sev]al celebrat$ works 
( antiquity :i* h be5 lo/1 ! value ( :i*
 may be e/imat$ f ! anci5t m$als ( ^?   
/ill exi/+1 z ! ,f>nese ,h]cules1 ,niobe
 & h] ,*ildr51 ! ,v5us ( ,gnidos1 etc4  
,l gems & /atues1 !y enable u to trace !
 epo*s ( diff]5t /yles ( art1 to asc]ta9
 its progress among ! mo/ civiliz$      
nations1 & its condition among ! rude4  
,! anci5t m$als 7 /ruck or ca/2 "s 7    

fir/ ca/ & !n /ruck4 ,! fir/ co9s (     
,rome & o!r cities ( ,italy mu/ h be5   
ca/1 z ! hamm] c\ld n h produc$ s bold a
 relief4 ,! copp] co9s ( ,egypt 7 ca/4  
,! "r ( co9+ money has always be5 "o ( !
 privileges :i* rul]s h conf9$ to       
!mselves4 ,! free cities h inscrib$ only
 _! names on _! co9s4 ,! cities subject 
to k+s sometimes obta9$ p]mission to    
/rike money 9 _! own "n1 b 7 mo/        
frequ5tly requir$ to add ! "n or image (
 ! k+ to :om !y 7 subject4 ,! m$als ( ! 
,p>?ians & ! ,pho5ecians (f] _m examples
 ( ?is sort4 ,rome1 "u ! republic1 all[$
 no individual ! "r to co9 money2 no    
magi/rate c\ld put 8 "n !reon1 ?\gh ?is 
honor 0 sometimes all[$1 z a special    
favor1 by a decree ( ! ,s5ate4 ,we c    
c\nt z numismatic c\ntries only ^? into 
:i* ! ,greeks & ,romans c>ri$ ! use (   
money2 ?\gh "s ( ! ori5tal nations us$  
gold & silv] z a m$ium ( ex*ange1 be=e  
_! "t x 0 by weight4 ,! p 9 ! nor!rn "p 
( ,europe _h no money4  ,! co9s pres]v$ 
f antiquity are e/imat$ to be m num]\s  

?an ^? we possess f ! middle ages1 9 !  
proportion ( a hundr$ to "o6 ,mill9 ?9ks
 t ! numb] ( extant anci5t m$als am\nts 
to #gj1jjj6 ,:at a fund ( ! mo/ curi\s &
 au!ntic in=mation d !y conta91 & :at a 
multitude ( errors h be5 correct$ by _! 
means6 ,!re are valuable cab9ets ( m$als
 9 all ! pr9cipal cities ( ,europe2 t ( 
,p>is is by f> ! ri*e/2 ,pill]9 alone   
add$ to x #cc1jjj anci5t co9s & m$als4  
,! co9s ( ! k+s ( ,mac$on are ! mo/     
anci5t ( any yet discov]$ hav+          
portraits2 & ,alex&] ,i41 :o comm5c$ 8  
reign ab\t ,b4,c4 #ejj1 is ! e>lie/     
mon>* ^: m$als h yet be5 f\nd4 ,!n      
succe$ ! sov]eigns :o reign$ 9 ,sicily1 
,c>ia1 ,cyprus1 ,h]aclea1 & ,pontus4    
,aft]w>ds comes ! s]ies ( k+s ( ,egypt1 
,syria1 ! ,cimm]ian ,bosphorus1 ,?race1 
,p>?ia1 ,arm5ia1 ,damascus1 ,cappadocia1
 ,paphlagonia1 ,p]gamos1 ,galatia1      
,cilicia1 ,sp>ta ,paeonia1 ,epirus1     
,illyricum1 ,gaul1 & ! ,alps4 ,?is s]ies
 rea*es f ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great to !  
,*ri/ian ,era1 compris+ a p]iod ( ab\t  

#ccj ye>s4 ,a p]fect & di/9ct s]ies is  
=m$ by ! ,roman emp]ors1 f ! "t (       
,julius ,caes> to ! de/ruction ( !      
empire1 & ev5 /ill lat]4 ,! ,grecian    
m$als claim t place 9 a cab9et1 f _!    
antiquity1 :i* _! workman%ip might      
ensure !m1 indep5d5tly ( t advantage\s  
consid]ation4 ,x is obs]v$ by ,p9k]ton1 
t an imm5se numb] ( ! m$als ( cities1   
:i*1 f _! "*1 we might judge to be ( !  
highe/ antiquity1 h a surpris+ /r5g?1   
beauty1 & relief 9 _! impressions4 ,ab\t
 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ?is art appe>s
 to h atta9$ its highe/ p]fection4 ,!   
co9s ( ,alex&] & 8 fa!r exce$ 9 beauty  
all t 7 ev] execut$1 if we except ^? (  
,sicily1 ,magna ,grecia1 & ! anci5t ones
 ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,sicilian m$als are     
fam\s = workman%ip1 ev5 f ! "t ( ,gelo4 
,! co9s ( ! ,syrian k+s1 successors to  
,alex&]1 almo/ equal 8 own 9 beauty2 b  
adequate judges conf9e _! high praises (
 ! ,greek m9t to ^? co9s /ruck be=e !   
subjection ( ,greece to ! ,roman empire4
 ,! ,roman co9s1 consid]$ z m$als 9 a   

cab9et1 may be divid$ into two great    
classes--! consul> & ! imp]ial2 bo? are 
num]\s & valuable4 ,9 ! cab9et ( ! ,gr& 
,duke ( ,tuscany is a set ( twelve m$als
 ( ,antonius ,pius1 ea* ) "o ( ! signs (
 ! ,zodiac on ! rev]se1 & "p ( ano!r    
set1 eight 9 numb] ) z _m ( ! labors (  
,h]cules4     ,,re/or+ ,,anci5t         
,,edifices4   ,z 9 comp>ative anatomy x 
is easy1 f a s+le bone1 to designate &  
describe ! animal to :i* x belong$1 s 9 
ar*itecture x is easy to re/ore1 by a   
few fragm5ts1 any anci5t build+4 ,9     
consequ5ce ( ! kn[n simplicity &        
regul>ity ( mo/ antique edifices1 ! task
 ( re/oration1 by means ( draw+s &      
models1 is mu* less difficult ?an might 
be suppos$4 ,! gr\nd "w1 or "s suffici5t
 p>ts ( x1 commonly extant1 %[s ! l5g? &
 bread? ( ! build+1 ) ! positions ( !   
walls1 doors & columns4 ,a s+le column1 
or "p ( a column1 :e!r /&+ or fall51 ) a
 fragm5t ( ! entablature1 furni%es data 
f :i* ! rema9d] ( ! colonnade & ! height
 ( ! edifice c be made out4 ,a s+le /one

 f ! cornice ( ! p$im5t1 is suffici5t to
 give ! angle ( incl9ation1 &           
consequ5tly ! height ( ! ro(4 ,9 ?is way
 ! /ructure ( _m beautiful edifices has 
be5 accurately det]m9$1 :5 9 s ru9\s a  
/ate z sc>cely to h left "o /one ^u     
ano!r4     ,,napoleon',s ,,love ,,(     
,,art4   ,napoleon 0 n only a true lov] 
( art1 b an excell5t connoisseur4 ,he   
did m to elevate ! arts & sci5ces 9     
,france ?an all ! mon>*s toge!r :o _h   
prec$$ him4 ,x 0 a "p ( 8 policy to     
honor & rew>d e man ( g5ius1 no matt]   
:at 8 orig91 & ?us to develop !         
intellect ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he =esaw !       
advantage ( mak+ ,p>is ! great c5tre (  
art2 !re=e he did n hesitate to         
transport f ! c\ntries he conqu]$1 ! mo/
 r5[n$ & valuable works ( anci5t & mod]n
 times4 ,p>is is ,rome2 ,p>is is n[ !   
great c5tre ( art1 said he to ,canova 9 
#ahaj1 :5 t great sculptor visit$ ,p>is 
at 8 comm&1 & :om he endeavor$ to       
p]suade to p]man5tly rema9 9 8 s]vice4  
,we/1 aft] 8 return to ,engl& f ,p>is1  

:]e he _h _h sev]al int]views )         
,bonap>te1 express$ 8 admiration ( ! man
 9 su* w>m t]ms z (f5d$ ! (ficials ( !  
gov]nm5t1 & caus$ su* opposition1 t he  
deem$ x prop] to resign ! ,presid5t's   
*air 9 ! ,royal ,academy4 ,! tru? is1 x 
0 n ! conqu]or1 z ! ,engli% pret5d$1 b 8
 exalt$ ideas ( ! arts1 & ( _! value to 
a c\ntry1 :i* captivat$ ,we/1 ^:        
peaceful t5ets l$ him to abhor w> &     
deva/ation4  ,napoleon's enlight5$      
policy is also se5 9 ^? /up5d\s works   
publi%$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 z !        
,description de l',egypte1 ou ,recueil  
des ,obs]vationes et des ,re*]*es p5dant
 l',exp$ition de l',armee ,francais1 #be
 vols4 9 elephant folio4 ,?is "w        
corresponds 9 gr&eur ( its proportions  
to ! edifices & monum5ts :i* x          
describes4 ,ev]y?+ t zeal 9 ! cause (   
sci5ce1 comb9$ ) ! mo/ ext5sive k1 _h   
be5 able to collect 9 a l& ab\nd+ 9     
monum5ts ( e k9d1 & 9 ! r>e/            
curiosities1 is describ$ & illu/rat$ 9  
?is "w by a committee ( savans appo9t$ =

 ! purpose4 ,x conta9s m ?an #ijj       
engrav+s1 & #cjjj illu/rative sket*es4  
,! ,musee ,francais1 & ! ,musee ,royal1 
conta9+ #ebb plates1 aft] ! gems ( ! _w1
 are n less gr& & magnific5t1 & f> m    
valuable contributions to art4 ,^! w be 
describ$ 9 a subsequ5t page4 ,su* 0     
,napoleon2 deprive him ( e o!r glory1 8 
love ( art1 & :at he did = its          
promotion1 & ! adornm5t ( 8 c\ntry1 w\ld
 immortalize 8 "n4  ,napoleon delight$  
to sp5d "s ( 8 leisure mom5ts 9         
contemplat+ ! ma/] pieces ( art :i* he  
_h ga!r$ 9 ! ,l\vre1 & t he might g !re 
:5 he pleas$1 )\t p>ade1 he _h a private
 gall]y con/ruct$ lead+ to t edifice f !
 ,tuill]ies4 7,see ,spoon]'s ,diction>y 
( ,pa9t]s1 ,engrav]s1 ,sculptors1 &     
,ar*itects1 articles ,we/1 ,david1      
,d5on1 ,canova1 etc41 & vol i41 page #h1
 ( ?is "w47     ,,napoleon',s ,,works   
,,at ,,p>is4   ,! emp]or 01 mo/         
indisputably1 ! mon>* :o contribut$ 9 ! 
greate/ degree to ! embelli%m5t ( ,p>is4
 ,h[ _m e/abli%m5ts orig9at$ "u 8 reign6

 nev]!less1 on behold+ !m1 ! obs]v] has 
b a fa9t idea ( all he a*iev$2 s9ce e   
pr9cipal city ( ! empire witness$ alike 
! effects ( 8 munific5ce & gr&eur ( m9d2
 ! /reets 7 wid5$1 roads con/ruct$ &    
canals cut2 ev5 ! smalle/ t[ns exp]i5c$ 
improvem5ts1 ! result ( t exp&$ g5ius   
:i* 0 daily manife/$4 ,i %all1 !re=e1   
cont5t myself by plac+ be=e ! read] a   
m]e sket* ( ! works a*iev$ at ,p>is2 = 7
 x requisite to give a catalogue ( all !
 monum5ts erect$ dur+ 8 reign1 ?r\gh\t !
 ,fr5* empire1 a s]ies ( volumes w\ld be
 requir$ to commemorate ^? multif>i\s   
labors4--,irel&4   ,palaces4  ,! ,l\vre 
0 completely re/or$1 :i* a succession ( 
,fr5* mon>*s _h n be5 able to accompli%4
 ,! ,palace ( ! ,luxemb\rg equally      
embelli%$ ?r\gh\t1 z well 9 ! int]ior z 
! ext]ior1 & its g>d5s replant$4 ,!     
,ex*ange f\nd$4 ,! ,palace ( !          
,univ]sity recon/ruct$1 z well z !      
,gall]y unit+ ! ,palace ( ! ,tuill]ies  
to t ( ! ,l\vre4   ,f\nta9s4  ,!        
situation ( ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,innoc5ts     

*ang$1 & ! :ole re]ect$2 t ( ,sa9t      
,sulpicius2 ( ! ,f\r ,nations2 ( ,desaix
 9 ! ,place ,dauph9e2 ( ,gros-,caillon2 
( ! ,quay de ,l',ecole2 ( ! ,bridge (   
,sa9t ,eu/atius2 ( ! ,rue ,ceusd]2 ( !  
,rue ,pop9c\rt2 ( ! ,*ateau ,d',eau2 ( !
 ,squ>e ( ! ,*atelet2 ( ! ,place ,notre 
,dame2 ( ! ,temple2 & ( ! ,elephant1 9 !
 ,place ( ! ,ba/ille4   ,acqu$ucts4  ,! 
subt]ranean acqu$ucts 7 con/ruct$1 :i*  
convey ! wat] ( ! ,canal de ,l',ourcq   
?r\gh\t ! diff]5t qu>t]s ( ,p>is1 f :5ce
 a va/ numb] ( small f\nta9s di/ribute  
!m 9 e direction1 to refre% ! /reets    
dur+ ! summ] season1 & to cleanse !m 9 !
 w9t]2 ^! same *annels be+ also =m$ to  
receive ! wat]s :i* fl[ f ! gutt]s 9 !  
/reets4   ,m>kets4  ,t ( ! ,innoc5ts1 ! 
l>ge/ 9 ,p>is2 ! ,jacob9s1 :]e =m]ly    
/ood ! mona/]y ( t "n1 & dur+ ! heat ( !
 revolution1 ! club s call$2 ! ,valley =
 ! sale ( ,p\ltry2 ! ,m>ket ( ,sa9t     
,joseph2 ! ,halle = ! sale ( ,w9es2 !   
,m>ket ( ,sa9t ,m>t92 t ( ,sa9t ,g]ma91 
& ( ,sa9t ,jacques-la-,b\*]ie4          

,slaught] ,h\ses4  ,^? ( ! ,deux ,m\l9s2
 ( ! ,invalids2 ( ,pop9c\rt2 (          
,miromeuil1 & ( ,les ,m>tyrs4  ,z !     
kill+ ( animals1 = ! consumption (      
,p>is1 )9 ! conf9es ( ! city1 0 deem$ n 
only un:olesome1 b v disgu/+1 ^! build+s
 7 erect$ by ord] ( ,napoleon1 & h prov$
 ( ! greate/ utility4 ,! edifices are v 
spaci\s1 conta9+ all ! requisites = !   
purpose int5d$1 & be+ also plac$ 9      
diff]5t directions & )\t ! b>ri]s ( !   
city1 ! eyes ( ! inhabitants are no     
long] disgu/$ by behold+ ^? torr5ts (   
blood :i* =m]ly inundat$ ! /reets1 &    
:i*1 9 ! summ] season1 produc$ an       
effluvia n only disgu/+ to ! smell1 b   
highly detrim5tal to ! heal? ( !        
population ( ! city4   ,wat]+ ,places = 
,animals4  ,t ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 a   
sup]b m>ble /ructure1 toge!r ) !        
,abreuvoir ( ! ,rue ,l',eg\t1 ,sa9t     
,g]ma94   ,public ,gran>y1 or ,halle du 
,ble4  ,necessity gave rise to ! noble  
plan ( ?is /up5d\s fabric1 ! idea ( :i* 
0 tak5 f ! p ( antiquity4   ,b\lev>d4   

,t call$ ,b\rdon 0 =m$1 occupy+ !       
environs ( ! spot :]e ! ,ba/ille /ood4  
,bridges4  ,^? ( ! ,arts2 ( ! ,city2 (  
,au/]litz2 & ( ,j5a4   ,triumphal       
,ar*es4  ,! ,c>\sel2 ! ,etoile2 & ! ,ar*
 ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 re/or$4   ,quays4  ,^? 
( ,napoleon2 ( ,fl[]s2 ( ,morl&2 & (    
,cat5at4   ,! ,column ( ,au/]litz4      
,situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,place ,v5dome1  
=m$ ( ! brass produc$ f ! cannon :i* 7  
tak5 f ! ,au/rians dur+ ! memorable     
campaign ( #ahje4   ,place de           
,victoires4  ,9 ! middle ( ?is squ>e 0  
erect$ a colossal bronze /atue ( !      
gallant ,g5]al ,desaix1 :o nobly fell at
 ! battle ( ,m>5go1 :5 lead+ to ! *>ge a
 body ( cavalry1 :i* decid$ ! fate ( t  
desp]ate conflict2 ?is tribute1 h[ev]1  
to ! memory ( ! brave1 0 remov$ by ord] 
( ! ,b\rbons1 on _! fir/ re/oration4    
,squ>es4  ,9 ! middle ( ! ,place ,royale
 a f9e bas9 has be5 con/ruct$1 f :5ce   
plays a magnific5t piece ( wat]2 !      
,squ>es ( ! ,apport de ,p>is2 ( !       
,rotunda2 & ( ,rivoli4   ,! ,pan!on4  ,!

 pill>s support+ ! va/ dome ( ?is l(ty  
pile1 :i* _h long ?reat5$ ! ov]?r[ ( !  
/ructure 7 replac$1 & ! tott]+          
f\ndations r5d]$ p]fect & solid4   ,!   
,hotel ,dieu4  ,! :ole facade ( ?is     
imm5se ,hospital 0 recon/ruct$4   ,!    
,canal de ,l',ourcq4  ,?is gr& und]tak+ 
0 r5d]$ navigable1 & ! bas91 sluices1 c4
 completely f9i%$4     ,,! ,,napoleon   
,,m$als4   ,( ! num]\s means employ$ to 
commemorate ! a*ievem5ts ( ,napoleon1 ! 
public build+s & monum5ts ( ,france be> 
ample witness4 ,inde$1 ,bonap>te's "n & 
fame are s engraft$ ) ! arts & lit]ature
 ( ,france1 t x w\ld be impossible = !  
gov]nm5t to erase ! e/imation 9 :i* he  
is held by ! ,fr5* p4  ,a s]ies ( m$als 
9 bronze1 ne>ly "o hundr$ & ?irty 9     
numb]1 /ruck at diff]5t epo*s ( 8 c>e]1 
exi/1 ea* 9 celebration ( ! pr[ess ( !  
,fr5* army1 or ( "s great act ( 8       
gov]nm5t3 a victory1 a successful       
exp$ition1 ! conque/ ( a nation1 !      
e/abli%m5t ( a new /ate1 ! elevation (  
"s ( 8 family1 or 8 own p]sonal         

aggr&izem5t4  ,! m$al commemorative ( ! 
battle ( ,m>5go be>s1 on "o side1 a l>ge
 bun* ( keys1 environ$ by two laurel    
bran*es2 &1 on ! rev]se1 ,bonap>te1 z a 
w+$ g5ius1 /&+ on a dism\nt$ cannon to  
:i* f\r horses are atta*$ ^u ! summit ( 
,m\nt ,/4 ,b]n>d1 urges _! rapid spe$1 )
 a laurel bran* 9 "o h&1 :il/ he directs
 ! re9s ) ! o!r4  ,t on ! peace (       
,luneville is two in*es & a qu>t] 9     
diamet]1 ) ! head ( ! fir/ consul 9     
uncommonly bold relief2 ! device1 z     
m5tion$ 9 ano!r place1 is ! sun aris+ 9 
spl5dor ^u t "p ( ! globe :i* repres5ts 
,france1 & :i* is ov]%ad[$ by laurels1  
:il/ a cl\d desc5ds & obscures ,great   
,brita94  ,! comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities by 
,engl&1 aft] ! peace ( ,ami5s1 is       
designat$ by ! ,engli% leop>d te>+ a    
scroll1 ) ! inscription1 ,le ,traite    
d',ami5s ,rompu p> l',anglet]re en ,mai 
de l',an #ahjc2 on ! rev]se1 a w+$      
female figure 9 brea?less ha/e =c+ on a 
horse at full spe$1 & hold+ a laurel    
cr[n1 inscrib$1 ,l',hanovre occupe v>   

l',armee ,francaise en ,ju9 de l',an    
#ahjc2 & b5ea?1 ,frappee avec l',arg5t  
des ,m9es d',hanovre1 l',an #d de       
,bonap>te4  ,8 m$al1 on assum+ ! purple1
 has 8 portrait1 ,napoleon ,emp]eur1 by 
,&rieu1 :o execut$ ne>ly all ! portraits
 on 8 m$als2 on ! rev]se1 he is 9 8     
imp]ial robes1 elevat$ by two figures1  
"o arm$1 inscrib$1 ,le ,s5at et le      
,peuple4  ,! battle ( ,au/]litz has1 on 
! rev]se1 simply a ?und]bolt1 ) a small 
figure ( ,napoleon1 enrob$ & en?ron$ on 
! upp] end ( ! %aft ( ! ?und]4  ,9      
#ahjd1 he /ruck a m$al ) a ,h]culean    
figure on ! rev]se1 conf9+ ! head ( !   
,engli% leop>d betwe5 8 knees1 :il/     
prep>+ a cord to /rangle him1 inscrib$  
,en l',an ,,xii4 #bjjj b>ques sont      
con/ruites2--?is 0 9 condemnation ( !   
invasion & conque/ ( ,engl&4  ,! rev]se 
( ! m$al on ! battle ( ,j5a repres5ts   
,napoleon on an eagle 9 ! cl\ds1 z w>r+ 
) giants on ! e>?1 :om he bla/s )       
?und]bolts4  ,! m$al on ! ,conf$]ation (
 ! ,rh9e has1 = its rev]se1 num]\s      

w>riors 9 anci5t armor1 swe>+ ) _! "r   
h&s on an alt>1 =m$ ( an imm5se fasces1 
) ! imp]ial eagle project+ f x4  ,n !   
lea/ *>act]i/ic ( ! s]ies is a m$al1 ) !
 usual head ,napoleon ,emp4 et ,roi1 on 
! ex]gue1 ) ?is rem>kable rev]se1 a     
?rone1 ) ! imp]ial robes ov] ! back &   
across ! sceptre1 :i* is 9 ! *air2 be=e 
! ?rone is a table1 ) sev]al cr[ns1     
diff]+ 9 %ape & dignity1 & "s sceptres )
 !m ly+ ^u x2 ?ree cr[ns are on ! gr\nd1
 "o brok5 & two upside d[n2 an eagle ) a
 fasces hov]s 9 ! air2 ! inscription is1
 ,s\v]a9etes donnes ,m4,,dcccvi4  ,!    
rev]ses ( ! la/ f\r 9 succession1 /ruck 
dur+ ! reign ( ,napoleon1 are1 #a4 ,!   
,wolga1 ris+ ) a/oni%m5t f 8 b$ at !    
sight ( ! ,fr5* eagle2 #b4 ,a           
repres5tation ( la ,bataille de la      
,mosk[a1 #g ,septembre1 #ahab2 #c4 ,a   
view ( ,mosc[1 ) ! ,fr5* flag fly+ on ! 
,kreml91 & an ensign ( ! ,fr5* eagle1   
be>+ ! lett] ,n4 l(tily elevat$ above   
its t[]s & m9>ets1 dat$ #ad? ,septemb]1 
#ahab2 #d4 ,a figure 9 ! air1 direct+ a 

furi\s /orm aga9/ an arm$ w>rior        
resembl+ ,napoleon1 :o1 unable to resi/ 
! attack1 is /]nly look+ back1 :il/     
compell$ to fly be=e x--a dead horse1   
cannon dism\nt$1 & a wagon full ( troops
 /&+ /ill1 p]i%+ 9 fields ( sn[2 !      
inscription is1 ,retraite de l',armee1  
,novembre1 #ahab4  ,! workman%ip ( !    
prec$+ m$als are admirable1 b mo/ ( !m  
are surpass$ 9 t respect by "s to :i* we
 c d little m ?an allude4  ,a f9ely     
execut$ m$al1 two in*es & five-eights 9 
diamet]1 repres5ts ,napoleon en?ron$ 9 8
 full imp]ial co/ume1 hold+ a laurel    
wrea?2 on ! rev]se is a head ( ,m9]va1  
surr\nd$ by laurel & v>i\s trophies ( ! 
f9e arts1 ) ?is inscription--,ecole     
,francaise des ,beaux ,arts a ,rome1    
retablie et augm5tee p> ,napoleon en    
#ahjc4 ,! rev]ses--( ! ,ca!dral at      
,p>is--a w>rior %ea?+ 8 sword 7on !     
battle ( ,j5a7--& ,bonap>te hold+ up !  
,k+ ( ,rome1 & pres5t+ him to ! p--are  
among/ ! mo/ highly f9i%$ & mo/         
ine/imable specim5s ( art4              

,unque/ionably ! wor/ 9 ! collection is 
! consul> m$al1 :i*1 on t acc\nt1       
des]ves description2 x is1 9 size1 ab\t 
a half cr[n piece1 on ! ex]gue1 ov] a   
small head ( ,bonap>te1 is inscrib$     
,bonap>te premi] consul2 b5ea? x1       
,cambac]es second consul1 le ,brun      
troisieme consul de la republique       
,francaise2 on ! rev]se1 ,le peuple     
,francais a def5seurs1 cette premi]e    
pi]re de la colonne nationale1 posee p> 
,luci5 ,bonap>te1 m9i/re de l'int]ieur1 
#be ,messidore1 ,an #h1 #ad ,juillet1   
#ahjj4--,"o o!r m$al only appe>s ) ! "n 
( ,luci5 ,bonap>te2 x is t /ruck 9 honor
 ( ,m>%al ,tur5ne1 ^u ! ,translation du 
corps de ,tur5ne au ,temple de ,m>s p>  
les ordres du premi] ,consul ,bonap>te2 
& is ( a l>ge size1 be>+ ! head (       
,tur5ne1 )1 b5ea? x1 ,sa gloire app>ti5t
 au peuple ,francais4 ,sev]al are 9     
honor ( ,g5]al ,desaix1 ^: memory       
,napoleon held 9 great e/eem4 ,^? on 8  
m>riage ) ,m>ie ,l\ise be> h] head      
beside 8 own2 & a small "o on t occasion

 has = its rev]se1 a ,cupid c>ry+ )     
difficulty a ?und]bolt4 ,^? on ! bir? ( 
_! *ild be> ! same heads on ! ex]gue1 ) 
! head ( an infant1 on ! rev]se1        
inscrib$1 ,napoleon ,francois ,joseph   
,*>les1 ,rio de ,rome1 ,,xx4 ,m>s       
,m4,,dcccxi4--,irel&4     ,,! ,,elephant
 ,,f\nta94   ,:5 ,napoleon _h decid$ t a
 /up5d\s f\nta9 %\ld occupy ! c5tre ( ! 
area :]e ! celebrat$ /ate prison ( !    
,ba/ille /ood1 ! sev]al arti/s1 employ$ 
by ! gov]nm5t1 7 ord]$ to prep>e designs
 = ! und]tak+1 & num]\s draw+s 7 9      
consequ5ce s5t 9 = ! emp]or's           
inspection4 ,on ! day appo9t$1 he       
proce$$ to exam9e ^! specim5s1 n "o (   
:i*1 h[ev]1 prov$ at all comm5surate ) !
 va/ idea he _h 9 contemplation2 :]e=e1 
aft] pac+ ! *amb] a few m9utes1         
,napoleon sudd5ly halt$1 exclaim+3      
,plant me a colossal elephant !re1 & let
 ! wat] sp\t f 8 ext5d$ trunk6 ,all !   
arti/s /ood a/oni%$ at ?is bold idea1 ! 
propriety & gr&eur ( :i* imm$iately     
fla%$ conviction ^u _! m9ds1 & ! only   

wond] ( ea* 01 t no su* ?\ght %\ld h    
pres5t$ itself to 8 own imag9ation3 !   
simple fact is1 !re 0 b "o ,napoleon    
pres5t6--,communicat$ to ,irel& by      
,david4  ,?is f\nta9 0 model$ 9 ,pla/] (
 ,p>is on ! spot4 ,x is sev5ty-two feet 
9 height2 ! jet d'eau is ?r\gh ! no/rils
 ( 8 trunk2 ! res]voir 9 ! t[] on 8     
back2 & "o ( 8 legs conta9s ! /aircase =
 asc5d+ to ! l>ge room 9 ! inside ( 8   
belly4 ,! elephant 0 to h be5 execut$ 9 
bronze1 ) tusks ( silv]1 surr\nd$ by    
lions ( bronze1 :i* 7 to sp\t wat] f "o 
ci/]n to ano!r4     ,,int]e/+ ,,draw+s4 
,on ! sail+ ( ! ,fr5* exp$ition =       
,egypt1 f ,malta1 "u ! ord]s (          
,bonap>te1 ! fleet 0 int5tionally       
disp]s$ 9 ord] to arrive )\t be+ notic$2
 !y _h no soon]1 h[ev]1 left ,malta1 ?an
 !y le>n$ t ,nelson _h p5etrat$ _!      
design1 & 0 9 pursuit ( !m4 ,expect+ e  
h\r to be come up )1 & be+ too weak to  
risk a combat1 x 0 ! resolution (       
,bonap>te & ! re/ ( ! illu/ri\s p]sons  
on bo>d ! ,ori5t to bl[ h] up1 r ?an be 

tak5 prison]s2 b1 t ! memory ( ^? :o    
p]i%$ might be pres]v$1 & _! features   
kn[n by po/]ity1 ,bonap>te caus$ !      
portraits ( eighte5 to be tak5 on two   
%eets ( pap]1 :i* 7 to be roll$ up1 put 
9 bottles1 & committ$ to ! waves3 !     
names ( ! p]sons are1--  ,fir/ ,draw+4  
,desaix1   ,b]?i]1   ,kleb]1            
,dalomieu1   ,b]?ollet1   ,bonap>te1    
,caff>elli1   ,brueys1   ,monge4        
,second ,draw+4    ,rampon1   ,junot1   
,regni]1   ,desg5ettes1   ,l>rey1       
,murat1   ,lasnes1   ,belli>d1          
,snulkanski4  ,! portraits 7 execut$ 9  
m$allions1 ) ,india ink2 !y 7 c>efully  
pres]v$ by ! fam\s surgeon1 ,b>on       
,l>rey2 & !y adorn$ 8 /udy at ,p>is till
 8 dea?4     ,,sevres ,,*9a4   ,on !    
riv] at ,sevres1 ne> ,p>is1 a           
manufactory is c>ri$ on1 :i* produces ! 
beautiful porcela91 commonly call$      
,sevres1 *9a4 ,x is equal to all t has  
be5 said ( x1 & aft] decl9+1 z e o!r    
great national e/abli%m5t did1 dur+ !   
revolution1 fl\ri%$ greatly "u ! peculi>

 patronage ( ! emp]or ,napoleon4 ,he    
made pres5ts h5ce to ^? sov]eigns (     
,europe ) :om he 0 9 alliance4 ,napoleon
 _h two vases made ( ?is *9a1 :i*1 ev5  
at ?is day1 =m ! pr9cipal ornam5t ( !   
gall]y at ,/4 ,cl\d4 ,^! 7 made at      
,sevres1 & are valu$ at #ajj1jjj francs 
ea*4 ,! clay made use ( 0 br\ght at a   
great exp5se f a di/ant "p ( ,france1 & 
af=ds an in/ance ( h[ mu* ! value ( raw 
mat]ial may be increas$ by ! +5uity ( a 
skillful arti/4     ,,dismantl+ ,,( ,,! 
,,l\vre4   ,9 ,scott's ,p>is ,revisit$  
7,a4 ,d4 #ahae71 we h ! foll[+ int]e/+  
p>ticul>s ( ! removal ( ! celebrat$     
pictures & /atues f ?is fam\s emporium (
 ! f9e arts4  ,e day new arrivals (     
/rang]s p\r$ into ,p>is1 all anxi\s to  
ga9 a view ( ! ,l\vre1 be=e its         
collection 0 brok5 up2 x 0 ! fir/ po9t  
to :i* all ! ,briti% direct$ _! /eps e  
morn+1 9 eag] curiosity to "k :e!r !    
bus9ess ( removal _h comm5c$4 ,! t[ns & 
pr9cipalities1 t _h be5 plund]$1 7 mak+ 
s$ul\s ex]tions to influ5ce ! c\ncils ( 

! allies to det]m9e on a g5]al          
re/oration2 & sev]al ( ! great p[]s     
lean$ decid$ly t[>ds su* a decision4    
,be=e actual =ce 0 employ$1             
repres5tations 7 repeat$ to ! ,fr5*     
gov]nm5t1 b ! m9i/]s ( ! k+ ( ,france   
w\ld nei!r promise due satisfaction1 nor
 uphold a /r5u\s opposition4 ,!y %[$ a  
sulky disreg>d ( e application4 ,a      
deputation f ! ,ne!rl&s =mally claim$ ! 
,dut* & ,flemi% pictures tak5 dur+ !    
revolution>y w>s f ^? c\ntries2 & ?is   
dem& 0 convey$ ?r\gh ! ,duke (          
,well+ton1 z comm&]-9-*ief ( ! ,dut* &  
,belgian armies4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 also1 
,au/ria det]m9$ t h] ,italian & ,g]man  
t[ns1 :i* _h be5 despoil$1 %\ld h _!    
prop]ty replac$1 & ,canova1 ! anxi\s    
repres5tative ( ,rome1 aft] _m fruitless
 appeals to ,talleyr&1 receiv$          
assurances t he1 too1 %\ld be furni%$ ) 
an arm$ =ce suffici5t to protect him 9  
tak+ back to t v5]able city1 :at lo/ its
 highe/ value 9 its removal f !nce4     
,contradict+ reports cont9u$ to prevail 

among ! cr[ds ( /rang]s & natives z to !
 int5tions ( ! allies1 b on ,saturday1 !
 #bc;d ( ,septemb]1 all d\bt 0 remov$4  
,on go+ up to ! door ( ! ,l\vre1 ,i f\nd
 a gu>d ( "o hundr$ & fifty ,briti%     
riflem5 drawn up outside4 ,i ask$ "o ( !
 soldi]s :at !y 7 !re =8 ',:y1 !y tell  
me1 sir1 t !y mean to take away !       
pictures1' 0 8 reply4 ,i walk$ 9 among/ 
! /atues bel[1 & on go+ to ! great      
/aircase1 ,i saw ! ,engli% gu>d ha/ily  
trampl+ up its magnific5t asc5t3 a cr[d 
( a/oni%$ ,fr5* foll[$ 9 ! re>1 &1 f    
above1 _m ( ! visitors 9 ! gall]y (     
pictures 7 attempt+ to =ce _! way pa/ ! 
asc5d+ soldi]s1 cat*+ an al>m f _! sudd5
 entrance4 ,! al>m1 h[ev]1 0 unf\nd$2 b 
! spectacle t pres5t$ itself 0 v        
impressive4 ,a ,briti% (fic] dropp$ 8 m5
 9 files along ?is magnific5t gall]y1   
until !y ext5d$1 two & two1 at small    
di/ances1 f its entrance to its         
extremity4 ,all ! spectators 7          
brea?less1 9 eag]ness to "k :at 0 to be 
done1 b ! soldi]s /opp$ z ma*9es1 hav+  

no c>e beyond ob$i5ce to _! ord]s4  ,!  
"w ( removal n[ comm5c$ 9 good e>ne/3   
port]s ) b>r[s1 & ladd]s1 & tackles (   
ropes made _! appe>ance4 ,! collection (
 ! ,l\vre might f t mom5t be consid]$ z 
brok5 up = ev]4 ,! sublimity ( its      
ord]ly aspect vani%$3 x took n[ !       
melan*oly1 confus$1 desolate air ( a    
l>ge auction room1 aft] a day's sale4   
,be=e ?is1 ! visitors _h walk$ d[n its  
pr(\nd l5g? ) a s5se ( respect on _!    
m9ds1 influ5c+ !m to pres]ve sil5ce &   
decorum1 z !y contemplat$ ! maje/ic     
pictures2 b dec5cy & quiet 7 dispell$ :5
 ! signal 0 giv5 = ! break+ up ( !      
e/abli%m5t4 ,x seem$ z if a nation _h   
become ru9$ ?r\gh improvid5ce1 & 0 sell+
 (f4  ,! gu>d+ ( ! ,l\vre 0 committ$ by 
turns to ! ,briti% & ,au/rians1 :ile ?is
 process la/$4 ,! ,prussians said t !y  
_h done _! own bus9ess = !mselves1 &    
w\ld n n[ incur odium = o!rs4 ,! workm5 
be+ incommod$ by ! cr[ds t n[ ru%$ to ! 
,l\vre1 z ! news spread ( ! de/ruction (
 its great collection1 a milit>y ord]   

came t no visitors %\ld be admitt$ )\t  
p]mission f ! =eign comm&ant ( ,p>is4   
,?is direction 0 pretty mu* adh]$ to by 
! s5t9els z f> z ! exclusion ( ! ,fr5*1 
b ! words ,je suis ,anglais1 7 always   
suffici5t to ga9 leave to pass f !      
,au/rians3 our own c\ntrym5 7 r m /rict1
 b1 9 g5]al1 =eign]s c\ld1 ) b little   
difficulty1 procure admission4 ,!       
,p>isians /ood 9 cr[ds ar\nd ! door1    
look+ wi/fully )9 x1 z x occasionally   
op5$ to admit ,g]mans1 ,engli%1         
,russians1 c41 into a palace ( _!       
capital f :i* !y 7 exclud$4 ,i 0        
frequ5tly ask$ by ,fr5* g5tlem51 /&+ )  
ladies on _! arms1 & kept back f ! door 
by ! gu>ds1 to take !m into _! own      
,l\vre1 "u my protection z an unkn[n    
=eign]6 ,x 0 impossible n to feel = !m 9
 ^! rem>kable circum/ances (            
mortification & humiliation2 & !        
agitation ( ! ,fr5* public 0 n[ evid5tly
 excessive4 ,e ,fr5*man look$ a walk+   
volcano1 ready to spit =? fire4 ,gr\ps (
 ! common p collect$ 9 ! space be=e !   

,l\vre1 & a spokesman 0 g5]ally se51    
ex]cis+ ! mo/ viol5t ge/iculations1     
suffici5tly indicative ( rage1 & li/5$  
to by ! o!rs1 ) lively signs ( sympa?y )
 8 passion4 ,z ! packages came out1 !y  
cr[d$ r\nd !m1 giv+ v5t to torr5ts (    
pe/es1 diables1 sacres1 & o!r worse     
int]jections4  ,:]ev] an ,engli%man w5t1
 9 ,p>is1 at ?is "t1 :e!r into a %op or 
a company1 he 0 assail$ ) ! exclamation1
 ',ah6 vos compatriotes6' & ! ladies _h 
always "s wond]ful /ory to tell him1 (  
an emb>rassm5t or mortification t _h    
happ5$ to 8 duke2 ( ! evil designs ( !  
,pr9ce ,reg5t1 or ! dreadful rev5ge t 0 
prep>+ aga9/ ! injuries ( ,france4 ,!   
great gall]y ( ! ,l\vre pres5t$ e fre%  
day a m & m =lorn aspect2 b to !        
reflect+ m9d1 x comb9$ a numb] ( int]e/+
 po9ts ( view4 ,! gall]y n[ seem$ to be 
! abode ( all ! =eign]s 9 ! ,fr5*       
capital3--we collect$ !re1 z a matt] (  
c\rse1 e morn+--b x 0 easy to di/+ui% ! 
la/ com]s f ! re/4 ,!y ent]$ ! ,l\vre ) 
/eps ( eag] ha/e1 & looks ( anxi\s      

inquiry2 !y seem$ to h sc>cely /opp$ by 
! way--& to h made directly = ! pictures
 on ! in/ant ( _! rea*+ ,p>is4 ,! fir/  
view ( ! /ripp$ walls made _! c\nt5ances
 s9k "u ! disappo9tm5t1 z to ! great    
object ( _! j\rney4 ,cr[ds collect$ r\nd
 ! ,transfiguration--t picture :i*1     
accord+ to ! ,fr5* acc\nt1 de/9y _h     
always int5d$ = ! ,fr5* nation3 x 0 e   
"o's wi% to see x tak5 d[n1 = ! fame :i*
 ?is great "w ( ,raffaelle _h acquir$1 &
 its notoriety 9 ! g5]al k1 caus$ its   
dep>ture to be reg>d$ z ! consummation (
 ! de/ruction ( ! picture gall]y ( !    
,l\vre4 ,x 0 tak5 away among ! la/4     
,/ud5ts ( all nations fix$ !mselves r\nd
 ! pr9cipal pictures1 anxi\s to complete
 _! copies be=e ! workm5 came to remove 
! orig9als4 ,_m "y ,fr5* girls 7 se5    
among ^!1 p]*$ ^u small scaffolds1 &    
calmly pursu+ _! labors 9 ! mid/ ( !    
?rong & bu/le4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* gall]y 0     
?or\ghly cle>$ ( ! prop]ty ( o!r        
nations1 ,i reckon$ ! numb] ( pictures  
:i* !n rema9$ to x1 & f\nd t ! total    

left to ! ,fr5* nation1 ( ! fifte5      
hundr$ pictures :i* con/itut$ _!        
magnific5t collection1 0 two hundr$ &   
sev5ty-f\r6 ,! ,italian division        
compreh5d$ ab\t eighty-five specim5s2 ^!
 7 n[ dw9dl$ to twelve3 9 ?is small     
numb]1 h[ev]1 !re are "s v exquisite    
pictures by ,raffaelle1 & o!r great     
ma/]s4 ,_! ,titians are mu* r$uc$1 b !y 
keep ! ,entombm5t1 z belong+ to ! ,k+ ( 
,france's old collection1 :i* is "o ( ! 
f9e/ by t arti/4 ,a melan*oly air ( utt]
 ru9 mantl$ ov] ! walls ( ?is sup]b     
gall]y3 ! floor 0 cov]$ ) empty frames3 
a ,fr5*man1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 sorr[1 _h 8    
joke1 9 say+1 ',well1 we %\ld n h left  
to !m ev5 ^!6' ,9 walk+ d[n ?is exhau/$ 
place1 ,i obs]v$ a p]son1 we>+ !        
insignia ( ! legion ( honor1 sudd5ly /op
 %ort1 & he>d him exclaim1 ',ah1 my     
,god--& ! ,paul ,pott]1 too6' ,?is      
ref]r$ to ! fam\s pa9t+ ( a bull by t   
ma/]1 :i* is ! l>ge/ ( 8 pictures1 & is 
v highly valu$4 ,x belong$ to !         
,ne!rl&s1 & has be5 return$ to !m4 ,x 0 

said t ! emp]or ,alex&] (f]$ fifte5 ?\s&
 p\nds = x4  ,! removal ( ! /atues 0    
lat] 9 comm5c+1 & took up m "t2 !y 7    
/ill pack+ ^! up :5 ,i quitt$ ,p>is4 ,i 
saw ! ,v5us1 ! ,apollo1 & ! ,laocoo5    
remov$3 ^! may be deem$ ! presid+       
deities ( ! collection4 ,! solemn       
antique look ( ^! halls fl$ =ev]1 :5 !  
workm5 came 9 ) _! /raw & ,pla/] (      
,p>is1 to pack up4 ,! ,fr5* c\ld n1 = "s
 "t1 all[ !mselves to believe t _!      
enemies w\ld d>e to deprive !m ( ^!     
sacr$ works2 x appe>$ to !m impossible t
 !y %\ld be sep>at$ f ,france--f la     
,france--! c\ntry ( ! ,l\vre & !        
,in/itute2 x seem$ a cont+5cy beyond !  
limits ( human rev]ses4 ,b x happ5$1    
nev]!less3 !y 7 all remov$4 ,"o         
aft]noon1 be=e quitt+ ! place1 ,i       
accid5tally /opp$ long] ?an usual1 to   
gaze on ! ,v5us1 & ,i nev] saw s cle>ly 
h] sup]iority ov] ! ,apollo1 !          
impositions ( ^: /yle1 ev5 m ?an ! great
 beauties ) :i* !y are m+l$1 h ga9$ = x 
an inord9ate & indiscrim9at+ admiration4

 ,on ?is day1 v few1 if any ( ! /atues  
_h be5 tak5 away--& _m said t ,france   
w\ld reta9 !m1 al?\gh %e 0 los+ !       
pictures4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ ,i return$1
 & ! p$e/al on :i* ! ,v5us _h /ood = s  
_m ye>s1 ! pride ( ,p>is1 & ! delight ( 
e obs]v]1 0 vacant6 ,x seem$ z if a s\l 
_h tak5 its flight f a body4            
,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,v5etian ,,horses ,,f
 ,,p>is4   ,! removal ( ! well kn[n     
horses tak5 f ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>k 9       
,v5ice1 0 a bitt] mortification to ! p (
 ,p>is4 ,^! _h be5 peculi>ly ! objects (
 popul> pride & admiration4 ,be+ expos$ 
to ! public view1 9 "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t$ 
situations ( ,p>is1 ?is 0 e/eem$ !      
noble/ trophy belong+ to ! capital2 &   
!re 0 n a ,p>isian v5d] ( a pail-full ( 
wat] :o did n look l a h]o :5 ! ,v5etian
 horses 7 spok5 (4  ',h y he>d :at has  
be5 det]m9$ ab\t ! horses8' 0 e =eign]'s
 "q4 ',oh6 !y _c mean to take ! horses  
away1' 0 e ,fr5*man's answ]4 ,on ! morn+
 ( ,?ursday1 ! #bf? ( ,septemb]1 #ahae1 
h[ev] x 0 :isp]$ t !y _h be5 at "w all  

night 9 loos5+ !m f _! fa/5+4 ,x 0 soon 
confirm$ t ?is 0 true--& ! ,fr5* !n _h  
no?+ left = x1 b to v[1 t if ! allies 7 
to attempt to t\* !m 9 ! daylight1 ,p>is
 w\ld rise at once1 ext]m9ate its       
enemies1 & rescue its honor4 ,on ,friday
 morn+ ,i walk$ ?r\gh ! squ>e2 x 0 cle> 
t "s consid]able *ange _h tak5 place2 ! 
=ms ( ! horses appe>$ f9] ?an ,i _h ev] 
be=e witness$4 ,:5 look+ to discov] :at 
_h be5 done1 a private ( ! ,briti% /aff 
corps came up1 ',y see1 sir1 we took    
away ! h>ness la/ night1' said he4 ',y h
 made a great improvem5t by s do+1' ,i  
repli$2 'b are ! ,briti% employ$ on ?is 
"w8' ,! man said t ! ,au/rians _h       
reque/$ ! assi/ance ( our /aff corps1 = 
x includ$ bett] workm5 ?an any !y _h 9  
_! s]vice4 ,i he>d t an angry ,fr5* mob 
_h giv5 "s tr\ble to ! p employ$ on !   
,?ursday night1 b t a body ( ,p>isian   
g5d>m]ie _h disp]s$ ! assemblage4 ,!    
,fr5*m5 cont9u$ _! sne]s aga9/ ! allies 
= work+ 9 ! d>k3 fe> & %ame 7 ! causes  
assign$4 ',if y take !m at all1 :y n    

take !m 9 ! face ( day8 ,b y are too    
wise to drag ^u y\rselves ! irresi/ible 
popul> fury1 :i* su* a sight w\ld excite
 aga9/ y6'  ,on ! night ( ,friday1 !    
ord] ( proce$+ 0 entirely *ang$4 ,x _h  
be5 f\nd prop] to call out a /rong gu>d 
( ,au/rians1 horse & foot4 ,! mob _h be5
 *>g$ by ! cavalry1 & x 0 said t sev]al 
_h _! limbs brok54 ,i expect$ to f9d !  
place on ,saturday morn+ quiet & op5 z  
usual2 b :5 ,i rea*$ its entrance1 :at  
an impressive sc5e pres5t$ itself6 ,!   
delicate plan--= su* 9 tru? x 0--( work+
 by night1 0 n[ ov]4 ,! ,au/rians _h    
wi%$ to sp>e ! feel+s ( ! k+ ! pa9 (    
see+ 8 capital dismantl$ be=e 8 palace  
w9d[s1 :]e he pass$ 9 8 c>riage :5 he   
w5t out = 8 daily ex]cise4 ,b ! acute   
feel+s ( ! p r5d]$ sev]] measures       
necess>y4 ,my companion & myself 7 /opp$
 f ent]+ ! place by ,au/rian dragoons3 a
 l>ge mob ( ,fr5*m5 7 collect$ "h1 /&+  
on tip-toe to cat* ! ar* 9 ! di/ance1 on
 ! top ( :i* ! om9\s sight ( numb]s (   
workm51 busy ab\t ! horses1 0 pla9ly to 

be di/+ui%$4 ,we advanc$ aga9 to !      
soldi]s3 "s ( ! ,fr5*1 by :om we 7      
surr\nd$1 said1 ',:oev] y are1 y w n be 
all[$ to pass4' ,i confess ,i 0 =       
retir+--= ! :ole assemblage1 citiz5s &  
soldi]s1 seem$ to we> an angry & al>m+  
aspect4 ,b my companion 0 eag] =        
admittance4 ,he 0 put back aga9 by an   
,au/rian huss>3--',:at1 n ! ,engli%6' he
 exclaim$ 9 8 own language4 ,! mob      
laugh$ l\dly1 :5 !y he>d ! =eign soldi] 
s address$2 b ! triumph 0 ours2 way 0   
in/antly made = u--& an (fic] on duty1  
close by1 t\*$ 8 helmet z we pass$4  ,! 
k+ & pr9ces _h left ! ,tuill]ies1 to be 
out ( ! view ( s mortify+ a bus9ess ,!  
c\rt ( ! palace1 :i* us$ to be gay ) "y 
g>des du corps & equipages1 0 n[ sil5t1 
des]t$1 & %ut up4 ,n a s\l mov$ 9 x4 ,! 
top ( ! ar* 0 fill$ ) p1 & ! horses1    
?\gh z yet all !re1 might be se5 to beg9
 to move4 ,! c>riages t 7 to take !m    
away 7 9 wait+ bel[1 & a tackle ( ropes 
0 already affix$ to "o4 ,! small door   
lead+ to ! top 0 protect$ by a /rong    

gu>d3 e "o 0 /riv+ to obta9 p]mission to
 gratify 8 curiosity1 by visit+ ! horses
 = ! la/ "t t !y c\ld be visit$ 9 ?is   
situation4 ,p]mission1 h[ev]1 c\ld      
necess>ily be grant$ b to few4 ,i 0 ( ! 
=tunate numb]4 ,9 a m9ute ,i _h climb$ !
 n>r[ d>k /air1 asc5d$ a small ladd]1 & 
0 out on ! top1 ) ! mo/ picturesque view
 be=e me t c be imag9$4 ,an ,engli% lady
 ask$ me to assi/ h] into ,napoleon's c>
 ( victory3 8 own /atue 0 to h be5 plac$
 9 x1 :5 he came back a conqu]or f 8    
,russian exp$ition6 ,i foll[$ ! lady &  
h] husb& into ! c>1 & we f\nd a         
,prussian (fic] !re be=e u4 ,he look$ at
 u1 &1 ) a good humor$ smile1 said1 ',! 
emp]or kept ! ,engli% out ( ,france1 b !
 ,engli% h n[ got :]e he c\ld n6 ',ah1  
pauvre1 ,napoleon6'  ,! cry ( ! ,fr5* n[
 01 t x 0 abom9able1 execrable1 to      
insult ! k+ 9 8 palace--to insult him 9 
! face ( 8 own subjects by remov+ !     
horses 9 ! face ( day6 ,i adj\rn$ ) a   
fri5d to d9e at a re/aurateur's1 ne> !  
g>d5 ( ! ,tuill]ies1 aft] witness+ :at  

,i h describ$4 ,betwe5 sev5 & eight 9 ! 
ev5+ we he>d ! roll+ ( :eels1 ! clatt] (
 cavalry1 & ! tramp ( infantry4 ,a numb]
 ( ,briti% 7 9 ! room2 !y all rose &    
ru%$ to ! door )\t hats1 & c>ry+ 9 _!   
ha/e _! :ite table napk9s 9 _! h&s4 ,!  
horses 7 go+ pa/ 9 milit>y procession1  
ly+ on _! sides1 9 sep>ate c>s4 ,fir/   
came cavalry1 !n infantry1 !n a c>2 !n m
 cavalry1 m infantry1 !n ano!r c>2 & s  
on till all f\r pass$4 ,! drums 7 beat+1
 & ! /&>ds w5t wav+ by4 ,?is 0 ! only   
appe>ance ( p>ade t att5d$ any ( !      
removals4 ,?ree ,fr5*m51 see+ ! gr\p (  
,engli%1 came up to u1 & began a        
conv]sation4 ,!y appeal$ to u if ?is 0 n
 %ameful4 ,a g5tleman obs]v$1 t ! horses
 7 only go+ back to ! place f :5ce !    
,fr5* _h tak5 !m3 if !re 0 a "r 9 p[] = 
,france1 !re mu/ also be "o = o!r /ates 
b ! bett] way to consid] ^! ev5ts 0 z   
t]m9at+ ! times ( robb]y & discord4 ,two
 ( !m seem$ mu* incl9$ to come in/antly 
r\nd to our op9ion3 b "o 0 mu* m        
consi/5t4 ,he appe>$ an (fic]1 & 0      

advanc$ beyond ! middle age ( life4 ,he 
kept sil5ce = a mom5t2 & !n1 ) /rong    
emphasis1 said--',y h left me no?+ = my 
*ildr5 b hatr$ aga9/ ,engl&2 ?is %all be
 my legacy to !m4'--,scott4             
,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,/atue ,,( ,,napoleon
 ,,f ,,! ,,place ,,v5dome4   ,:at w     
po/]ity ?9k ( ! madness ( ! ,fr5*       
gov]nm5t & ! exasp]ation ( public feel+ 
9 a nation l ! ,fr5*1 s uni=mly pr\d (  
milit>y glory1 :5 v %ortly aft] ! fir/  
arrival ( _! new mon>*1 ,l\is ,,xviii41 
an ord] 0 issu$ = level+ ) ! du/ t pr\d 
monum5t ( _! victories1 ! fam\s column &
 /atue ( ,napoleon 9 ! ,place ,v5dome   
ca/ f ^? cannon :i* _! frequ5t victories
 ov] ! ,au/rians _h plac$ at _!         
disposal8 ,! ropes atta*$ to ! neck ( ! 
colossal braz5 figure ( ! ,emp]or1 :]e) 
! pill> 0 cr[n$1 ext5d$ to ! v iron     
grat+s ( ! ,tuill]ie g>d5s2 ?\s&s essay$
 to move x1 b all attempts 7 va9--!     
/atue s+ly defi$ _! malice2 ^u :i* a    
second exp$i5t 0 resort$ to1 & ! c>riage
 horses1 etc41 f ! royal /ables 7       

impress$ into ?is s]vice1 & affix$ to ! 
ropes1 ?us unit+ _! p[]ful =ce to t ( ! 
bip$s3 b ev5 ?is prov$ abortive2 ! /atue
 & column brav$ ! unit$ %ocks ( man &   
bea/1 & bo? rema9$ immoveable4 ,! /atue 
0 aft]w>ds quietly dislodg$ f its /ation
 by ! regul> labors ( ! exp]i5c$        
artisan4 ,x 0 n replac$ till aft] !     
,revolution 9 #ahcj4--;,irel&4     ,,!  
,,musee ,,francais ,,& ,,! ,,musee      
,,royal4   ,:5 ! ,allies ent]$ ,p>is 9  
#ahae1 !y f\nd 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,l\vre    
ab\t two ?\s& works ( art--! gems ( ! _w
 9 pa9t+ & antique sculpture--mo/ly !   
spoils ( w>1 deposit$ !re by ! ,emp]or  
,napoleon4 ,! selection ( ^! works 0    
entru/$ to a commission1 at ! head ( :om
 0 ! ,b>on ,d5on1 :o accompani$ !       
,emp]or 9 all 8 exp$itions = ?is        
purpose4 ,! ,l\vre1 at ?is "t1 0 !      
ackn[l$g$ emporium ( ! f9e arts4 ,! gr& 
det]m9ation ( ,napoleon to place ,france
 highe/ 9 art among ! nations1 did n re/
 "h4 ,! design ( comb9+ 9 "o s+le s]ies1
 five hundr$ & tw5ty-two l9e engrav+s f 

! f9e/ pa9t+s & antique /atues 9 ! _w1 0
 a conception wor?y ( 8 g5ius & =esight1
 & by its execution he conf]r$ a la/+   
favor n only on ! arti/ic1 b ! civiliz$ 
_w1 = ! orig9als 7 subsequ5tly re/or$ by
 ! ,allies to _! rightful own]s & only  
ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty pieces rema9$ (
 t spl5did collection4 ,^! works 7!     
,musee ,francais1 & ! ,musee ,royal71   
says a di/+ui%$ connoisseur1 are        
unque/ionably ! greate/ production (    
mod]n times4 ,!y exhibit a s]ies (      
exquisite engrav+s by ! mo/ di/+ui%$    
arti/s1 ( su* a magnific5t collection ( 
pa9t+ & ( sculpture z c nev] be aga9    
unit$4 ,^! works 7 int5d$ z a great     
treasury ( art1 f :i* n only arti/s1 b !
 :ole _w might d]ive in/ruction & pr(it4
 ,to secure ! utmo/ p]fection 9 e       
dep>tm5t1 no exp5se 0 sp>$4 ,! draw+s = 
! engrav]s to engrave f1 7 execut$ by ! 
mo/ di/+ui%$ arti/s1 9 ord] to ensure t 
e peculi>ity1 p]fection1 & imp]fection 9
 ! orig9als %\ld be exactly copi$1 & ^! 
are po9t$ out 9 ! accompany+ criticisms4

 ,^! draw+s alone co/ ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t  
#djj1jjj francs4  ,! engrav+s 7 execut$ 
by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ engrav]s ( ,europe1   
)\t reg>d to c\ntry1 among :om x is     
suffici5t to m5tion ,raffaelle ,morgh51 
! ,*evali] von ,muell]1 & 8 son ,c4 ,f4 
von ,muell]1 ,b]vic1 ,ri*omme1          
,rosasp9a1 ,b>tolozzi1 ,g&olfi1         
,s*iavonetti1 ! eld] & y\ng] ,laur5t1   
,mass>d1 ,gir>det1 ,lignon1 ,*atillon1  
,aud\91 ,=/]1 ,claess5s1 etc4 ,/anley   
says t pro( impressions ( ,b]vic's      
ma/]piece1 ! ,laocoo51 h be5 sold 9     
,london = ?irty gu9eas ea*4 ,!re are _m 
pr9ts 9 ^! works n less celebrat$1 & :i*
 are reg>d$ by connoisseurs z ma/]pieces
 ( ! art4  ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,napoleon    
summon$ ,visconti1 ! fam\s antiqu>y1    
ar*aeologi/1 & connoisseur1 f ,rome to  
,p>is1 to assi/ 9 gett+ up ! admirable  
descriptions & criticisms1 p>ticul>ly ( 
! anci5t /atues4 ,?is dep>tm5t 0 confid$
 to ,visconti1 ,guizot1 ,cl>ac1 & ! eld]
 ,du*esne4 ,! sup]vision ( ! engrav+ &  
publi%+ dep>tm5t 0 entru/$ to ! ,messrs4

 ,robilli>d1 ,p]onville1 & ,laur5t4 ,^! 
works 7 publi%$ 9 numb]s ( f\r plates1  
atlas folio1 at ! price ( #if francs ea*
 = ! pro(s be=e ! lett]1 & #dh francs = 
! pr9ts4 ,! fir/ numb] ( ! ,musee       
,francais 0 issu$ 9 #ahjc1 & ! la/ 9    
#ahaa2 b ! ,musee ,royal1 :i* 0 int5d$  
to supply ! defici5cies ( ! ,musee      
,francais1 0 n complet$ till #ahai2     
nev]!less1 x 0 ,napoleon's "w1 ?\gh     
consummat$ 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xviii4   
,! ,musee ,francais 0 orig9ally publi%$ 
9 five volumes1 & conta9s1 besides !    
descriptions & criticisms on ! plates1  
admirable essays--#a/4 on ! ,hi/ory (   
,pa9t+1 f its orig9 9 anci5t times d[n  
to ! "t ( ,cimabue2 #b;d4 on ! ,hi/ory (
 ,pa9t+ 9 ! ,g]man1 ,dut*1 ,flemi%1 &   
,fr5* s*ools2 #c;d4 on ! ,hi/ory (      
,engrav+2 #d?4 on ! ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t   
,sculpture4 ,! ,musee ,royal 0 publi%$ 9
 two volumes4 ,a second edition ( !     
,musee ,francais 0 publi%$ by ! ,messrs4
 ,galignani1 9 f\r volumes1 ) an ,engli%
 & ,fr5* lett]-press1 b bo? greatly     

abridg$4 ,! lett]-press ( ! ,musee      
,royal has nev] be5 r5d]$ into ,engli%4 
,! plates 7 sold by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9  
#ahcf1 s9ce :i* "t a small edition has  
be5 pr9t$ f bo? works4     ,,boydell',s 
,,%akspe>e ,,gall]y4   ,ab\t ! ye>      
#aghe1 ,ald]man ,j4 ,boydell1 ( ,london1
 conceiv$ ! project ( e/abli%+ a        
',%akspe>e ,gall]y1' ^u a scale ( gr&eur
 & magnific5ce :i* %\ld be 9 accordance 
) ! fame ( ! poet1 &1 at ! same "t1     
reflect honor ^u ! /ate ( ! arts 9      
,great ,brita9 & ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,mr4     
,boydell 0 at ?is "t a man ( great weal?
 & influ5ce1 & a patron ( ! f9e arts1   
be+ an engrav] himself1 & hav+          
accumulat$ 8 =tune mo/ly by deal+s 9    
works ( t "*4  ,he adv]tis$ = designs f 
arti/s ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita91 & paid a 
gu9ea = e "o submitt$1 :e!r accept$ or  
n2 & = e "o accept$ by ! committee1 a   
prize ( "o hundr$ gu9eas4 ,! committee =
 select+ ^! designs 0 compos$ ( five    
em95t arti/s1 ,boydell himself be+ !    
presid5t4 ,! fir/ pa9t]s ( ! age 7 !n   

employ$ to pa9t ^! pictures1 among :om 7
 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ,sir ,b5jam9    
,we/1 ,fusell1 ,romney1 ,nor?cote1      
,smirke1 ,sir ,william ,bee*y1 & ,opie4 
,allan ,cunn+ham1 9 8 ',lives ( ,em95t  
,briti% ,arti/s1' m5tions t ,sir ,jo%ua 
,reynolds 0 at fir/ oppos$ to ,boydell's
 project1 z impracticable on su* an     
imm5se scale1 & ,boydell1 to ga9 8      
approbation & assi/ance1 privately s5t  
him a lett] enclos+ a ,l#ajjj ,bank (   
,engl& note1 & reque/+ him to pa9t two  
pictures at 8 own price4 ,:at sum 0 paid
 by ,boydell = ^! pictures 0 nev] kn[n4 
,a magnific5t build+ 0 erect$ 9 ,pall   
,mall to exhibit ?is imm5se collection1 
call$ ! ,%akspe>e ,gall]y1 :i* 0 = a    
long "t ! pride ( ,london4  ,! fir/     
engrav]s ( ,engl& 7 employ$ to transf]  
^! gems to copp]1 & su* arti/s z ,%>p1  
,b>tolozzi1 ,e>lom1 ,!w1 ,simon1        
,middiman1 ,watson1 ,fyttl]1 ,wilson1 & 
_m o!rs1 ex]t$ _! tal5ts = ye>s 9 ?is   
great "w4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! labor ( m   
?an five ye>s 0 exp5d$ on a s+le plate1 

& pro( impressions 7 tak5 = subscrib]s  
at almo/ e /age ( ! "w4 ,at l5g? 9      
#ahjc1 aft] ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 ! "w 0    
complet$4 ,! price fix$ 7:i* 0 nev]     
r$uc$7 0 two gu9eas ea* = ! fir/ ?ree   
hundr$ impressions1 & ! subscription li/
 0 !n fill$ up at "o gu9ea ea*1 or "o   
hundr$ gu9eas a set ( "o hundr$ plates4 
,besides ^! subscriptions1 l>ge         
donations 7 made by _m ( ! noblem5 (    
,engl&1 to enc\rage ! und]tak+1 & to    
enable ,boydell to meet 8 enorm\s       
outlay4 ,! co/ ( ! :ole "w1 f !         
comm5cem5t1 is said to h be5 ab\t "o    
million p\nds /]l+2 & al?\gh ! projector
 0 a weal?y man :5 he comm5c$ x1 he di$ 
soon aft] its completion1 a bankrupt to 
! am\nt1 x is said1 ( ,l#bej1jjj4  ,aft]
 ^! plates 7 issu$1 ,boydell petition$  
,p>liam5t to all[ him to dispose ( 8    
gall]y ( pa9t+s by a lott]y4 ,! petition
 0 grant$1 & ! :ole collection 0 ?us    
dispos$ (4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( ^! pictures1  
,k+ ,le>1 by ,sir ,b5jam9 ,we/1 is n[ 9 
! ,bo/on ,a!naeum4  ,"o fact 9 relation 

to ^! plates gives great value to !m4   
,all ! pr9cipal hi/orical *>act]s are   
g5u9e portraits ( ! p]sons repres5t$ 9 !
 play2 e picture gall]y & old ca/le 9   
,engl& 0 ransack$ to furni% ^!          
portraits4     ,,brief ,,sket* ,,( ,a   
,,plan ,,= ,,an ,,am]ican ,,national    
,,gall]y ,,( ,,art4   ,public ,gall]ies 
( ,art are n[ reg>d$ by ! mo/ enlight5$ 
m51 & ! wise/ legislators1 z (          
incalculable b5efit to e civiliz$       
c\ntry4 7,see vol4 i41 page #f1 ( ?is   
"w47 ,!y communicate to ! m9d1 ?r\gh !  
eye1 ! accumulat$ wisdom ( ages1        
relative to e =m ( beauty1 9 ! mo/ rapid
 & captivat+ mann]4 ,if su* in/itutions 
are important 9 ,europe1 ab\nd+ 9 works 
( art1 h[ mu* m s 9 our c\ntry1 sep>at$ 
z x is by ! broad ,atlantic f ! arti/ic 
_w1 :i* few comp>atively c ev] visit3 _m
 ( our "y arti/s1 = ! want ( su* an     
in/itution1 are oblig$ to grope _! way 9
 ! d>k1 & to sp5d mon?s & ye>s to f9d   
out a few simple pr9ciples ( art4  ,a   
di/+ui%$ pr(essor1 high 9 public        

e/imation1 has decl>$ t ! =mation ( su* 
an in/itution 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]       
important & desirable x may be1 is almo/
 hopeless4 ,he f\nds 8 op9ion on !      
difficulty ( obta9+ ! au!nticat$ works (
 ! great ma/]s1 & ! enorm\s prices !y n[
 comm& 9 ,europe4 ,! writ] v5tures to   
decl>e x z 8 long *]i%$ op9ion t a      
,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,gall]y is      
entirely practicable1 z f> z all useful 
purposes are conc]n$2 & at a ti! ( ! co/
 ( su* in/itutions 9 ,europe4 ,9 !      
pres5t /ate ( ! ,f9e ,arts 9 our c\ntry1
 we %\ld n attempt to emulate ,european 
magnific5ce1 b utility4 ,! c\rse (      
empire is we/w>d1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 z   
weal? & ta/e increases1 sale w be s\ght 
"h1 z n[ 9 ,engl&1 = _m works ( ! highe/
 art4 ,x is also to be hop$ t "s public 
b5efactors w rise to our assi/ance4     
,aft] ! f\ndation ( ! in/itution1 x may 
be ext5d$ accord+ to ! ta/e & wants ( ! 
c\ntry2 pr(essor%ips may be add$1 & !   
r>e/ works pur*as$4 ,:5 ! c\ntry c & w  
af=d x1 no price %\ld be reg>d$ too     

great = a p]fect ma/]piece ( art1 z a   
model 9 a national collection4 ,to beg91
 ! ,gall]y %\ld conta91  #a/4 ,a        
complete libr>y ( all /&>d works on     
,art1 hi/orical & illu/rative1 9 e      
language4  #b;d4 ,a collection ( !      
ma/]pieces ( engrav+2 ^! %\ld be m\nt$  
on l951 numb]$1 b\nd1 describ$ &        
criticis$4  #c;d4 ,a complete collection
 ( ca/s ( m$als & antique gems1 :]e !   
orig9als _c be obta9$4 ,!re are ab\t    
#gj1jjj antique m$als ( high importance 
to art4 7,see ,numismatics1 vol4 iii41  
p4 #bfi1 ( ?is "w47 ,^! ca/s c\ld easily
 be obta9$ ?r\gh our diplomatic ag5ts2  
!y %\ld be tak5 9 ,pla/] ( ,p>is or     
,sulphur1 d\ble--i4e41 ! rev]se &       
obv]se1--classifi$1 catalogu$1 describ$1
 & arrang$ 9 cases cov]$ ) plate glass1 
= _! pres]vation4  #d?4 ,a collection ( 
pla/] ca/s ( all ! be/ works (          
sculpture1 p>ticul>ly ( ! antique4      
,correct ca/s ( ! ,elg9 m>bles are sold 
by ! ,briti% ,museum at a v reasonable  
price1 & 9 ?is case w\ld d\btless be    

pres5t$ to ! in/itution4  #e?4 ,a       
collection ( ,pa9t+s4 ,?is is ! mo/     
difficult "p ( ! project1 yet           
practicable4 ,ma/]pieces ( ! art only   
%\ld be admitt$1 b hi/orical au!nticity 
disreg>d$4 ,! works ( ! great ma/]s h   
be5 s closely imitat$1 t !re are no     
c]ta9 m>ks ( au!nticity1 :]e ! hi/ory ( 
! picture _c be trac$4 7,see ,spoon]'s  
,diction>y ( ,pa9t]s1 etc41             
,introduction1 & ,table ( ,imitators47  
,half ! pictures 9 =eign collections _c 
be au!nticat$1 & _m ( ^? :i* are1 are n 
! be/ productions ( ! ma/]1 nor wor?y ( 
! places !y occupy4 7,see ,mrs4         
,jameson's ,h&-,book to ! ,public       
,gall]ies 9 & ne> ,london2 also !       
,catalogues ( ! v>i\s ,public ,gall]ies 
( ,europe47 ,!re=e1 in/ead ( pay+ #e1jjj
 or #aj1jjj gu9eas = an au!nticat$ piece
 by a c]ta9 ma/]1 z is sometimes done 9 
,europe1 compet5t & true m5 %\ld be     
appo9t$ to select capital works1 execut$
 9 ! /yle ( ! great ma/]s4 ,_m su* c be 
_h 9 ?is c\ntry z well z 9 ,europe1 at  

mod]ate prices4  #f?4 ,! ,in/itution    
%\ld be locat$ 9 ,new ,york1 z ! mo/    
conv5i5t place1 & z ! great c5tre (     
comm]ce1 :]e arti/s c\ld mo/ readily    
dispose ( _! works4 ,= ?is favor1 ! city
 w\ld d\btless donate ! gr\nd1 & h]     
citiz5s make lib]al contributions4 ,!   
edifice %\ld be built fire-pro(1 & ?ree 
/ories high--! upp] ) a skylight1 = !   
gall]y ( pa9t+s4 ,su* an in/itution ne$ 
n be v exp5sive2 yet x w\ld af=d !      
elem5ts = ! in/ruction & accompli%m5t ( 
! pa9t]1 ! engrav]1 ! sculptor1 !       
ar*itect1 ! connoisseur1 ! ar*aeologi/1 
& ! public at l>ge2 x w\ld be ! means ( 
awak5+ & develop+ ! sleep+ g5ius ( _m   
m51 to ! honor1 glory1 & advantage ( _! 
c\ntry1 :i*1 )\t x1 mu/ sleep on =ev]4  
,see vol4 ii41 pp4 #adi & #aee1 & vol4  
iii41 p4 #bfe ( ?is "w4     ,,index4    
,advantages ( ! ,cultivation ( ! ,f9e   
,arts to a ,c\ntry1 i1 #f2     ,sir ,m4 
,a4 ,%oe's ,op9ion1 i1 #f2     ,sir     
,george ,beaumont's1 i1 #g2     ,we/'s1 
i1 #h2     ,taylor's1 i1 #i2     see    

also1 i1 #fi2     ,reynolds' ,op9ion1 i1
 #bjd2     ,napoleon's1 iii1 #bgd4      
,a,etion1 8 picture ( ! ,nuptials (     
,alex&] & ,roxana1 ii1 #ahd4            
,agaptos1 ,porticos (1 ii1 #ahe4        
,ageladus1 8 works1 ii1 #ahe4           
,aldobr&9i ,w$d+1 ,fresco (1 ii1 #ee4   
,all/on1 ,wa%+ton1 i1 #fj2     8 ,pray] 
answ]$1 i1 #fa2     8 success 9 ,london1
 i1 #fb2     8 ,dea?1 i1 #fb2           
,v&]lyn's lett]--8 ,reflections on 8    
,dea?1 i1 #fc4    ,am]ican ,patronage at
 ,home & ,abroad1 i1 #ff2     ,weir1    
,gre5\gh1 & ,coop]'s te/imony1 i1 #fg2  
,coop]'s ,lett]1 i1 #fh4    ,amiconi1   
,jacopo1 iii1 #bdi4    ,angelo1 ,mi*ael1
 8 ,e>ly ,passion = ,art1 i1 #dg2     8 
,mask ( a ,satyr1 i1 #dh2     8 ,sleep+ 
,cupid1 i1 #dh2     ,angela & ,julius   
,,ii1 i1 #ej2     ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 i1 
#ej2     ,angelo & ,lor5zo !            
,magnific5t1 i1 #eb2     8 ,c>toon (    
,pisa1 i1 #ec2     8 ,la/ ,judgm5t1 i1  
#ed2     8 ,color+1 i1 #ef2     8       
,grace1 i1 #eg2     8 ,oil ,pa9t+s1 i1  

#eh2     8 ,prophets & ,julius ,,ii1 i1 
#eh2     8 ,bon-,mots1 i1 #ei2          
,angelo & ,raffaelle1 i1 #gj-gb4        
,anguisciola1 ,s(onisba1 iii1 #abi2     
h] ,e>ly ,di/9ction1 iii1 #abi2     h]  
,invitation to ,spa9 iii1 #acj2     h]  
,m>riages1 iii1 #aca2     h] ,resid5ce  
at ,g5oa1 h] ,honors1 & h] ,int]c\rse ) 
,v&yck1 iii1 #acb4    ,antique          
,sculptures 9 ,rome1 ii1 #aei4          
,antiquities ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii1  
ii1 #dc4    ,antiquity ( ! ,f9e ,arts1  
i1 #ab4    ,ap>icio1 ,canova1 &         
,?orwalds51 i1 #bcf4    ,apelles1 i1    
#ah2     8 ,works1 i1 #ah2     8        
,indu/ry1 i1 #ai2     8 ,portraits (    
,philip & ,alex&]1 i1 #ai2     8 ,v5us  
,anadyom5e1 i1 #bj2    ,apelles & !     
,cobbl]1 i1 #bc2     8 ,foam+ ,*>g]1 i1 
#bd2     8 ,fre$om ) ,alex&]1 i1 #be2   
,apelles & ,protog5es1 i1 #be2     !    
celebrat$ ,conte/ ( ,l9es1 i1 #bf2     8
 ,g5]osity to ,protog5es1 i1 #bh4       
,apelles ( ,ephesus1 i1 #ic2     8      
,treatm5t by ,ptolomy ,philopator1 i1   

#id2     8 ,rev5ge 9 8 fam\s ,picture ( 
,calumny1 i1 #id2     ,lucian's         
description ( x1 i1 #id2                
,raffaelle's ,draw+ ( x1 i1 #ie2        
,pro( t !re 7 two ,pa9t]s nam$ ,apelles1
 i1 #ie4    ,apollo ,belvid]e--,we/'s   
,criticism1 i1 #da4    ,apollo1         
,colossal ,etruscan1 i1 #ij4    ,apollo 
,sauroctonos1 i1 #aee4    ,apollodorus !
 ,pa9t]1 i1 #afb2     8 ,works & ,/yle1 
i1 #afc4    ,apollodorus ! ,ar*itect1 i1
 #afc2     8 ,worke1 i1 #afd2           
,trajan's ,column1 i1 #afd2             
,apollodorus & ,adrian1 i1 #afe2     8  
,wick$ ,dea?1 i1 #afe4    ,aqu$ucts (   
,anci5t ,rome1 ii #aeb4    ,ar*1 ,orig9 
& ,antiquity ( !1 ii4 #da4    ,ar*es1   
,triumphal1 ii1 #aeg4    ,ar*im$es1 iii1
 #gg2     8 ,g5ius1 ,discov]ies1 &      
,inv5tions1 iii1 #gg2     8 ,wond]ful   
,ma*9es1 iii1 #gh2     8 ,dea? &        
,monum5t1 iii1 #gi2     ,/ory ( 8 ,burn+
 ,glasses prov$ true1 iii1 #gi4         
,ardemans & ,bocanegra--a ,trial (      
,skill1 iii1 #bja4    ,art1 ,egyptian1  

iii1 #a-db1 & iii1 #bfc4    ,art1       
,grecian1 d]iv$ f !                     
,egyptian--,*ampollion's ,op9ion1 iii1  
#a2     ,orig9 (1 iii1 #bfe4            
,a!nians1 ,+ratitude (1 to ,arti/s1 i1  
#aei4     ,backhuys51 ,ludolph1 ,sket* (
 8 ,life & ,works1 iii1 #bce4    ,banks1
 ,?omas--8 ,ambition1 i1 #b2     8 ,"*1 
i1 #bie2     8 ,g5ius1 i1 #big2     8   
,k9dness to ,"y ,sculptors1 i1 #bih2    
8 ,p]sonal ,appe>ance & ,habits1 i1     
#bii2     ,flaxman's ,tribute1 i1 #cjj4 
,b>ry1 ,james--8 ,en?usiasm1 i1 #b2     
8 ,pov]ty1 ,dea?1 & ,monum5t1 i1 #c2    
,johnson's ,op9ion ( 8 ,g5ius1 i1 #c4   
,bassano1 ,jacopo--s+ul> in/ance ( 8    
,skill1 ii1 #aci4    ,beaumont1 ,sir    
,george--8 ,op9ion ( ! ,importance ( !  
,f9e ,arts1 i1 #g2    8 ,en?usiasm &    
munific5t gift to ! ,engli% ,national   
,gall]y1 i1 #g4    ,beauty1 ,ideal1 z   
,conceiv$ & ,practic$ by ! ,greate/     
,ma/]s1 ii1 #bdg4    ,belzoni--8        
,travels 9 ,egypt1 iii1 #be4    ,!      
,belzoni ,s>cophagus1 ii1 #aid4         

,b]nazzano1 ! ,zeuxis ( ,italy1 ii1     
#adj4    ,b]n9i1 ! ,cav41 i1 #aja2     8
 ,precocity1 i1 #aja2     8 ,bu/ (      
,*>les ,i4 & 8 ,pr$iction1 i1 #aja2     
,b]n9i & ,l\is ,,xiv41 i1 #ajb2     8   
,triumphal ,visit to ,p>is1 i1 #ajb2    
! ,m$al /ruck 9 8 ,honor1 i1 #ajc2     8
 ,works1 i1 #ajc2     8 ,re/oration ( ! 
,v]ospi ,h]cules1 i1 #ajd2     ,lanzi's 
,critique1 i1 #ajc2     8 ,love (       
,spl5dor & 8 ,ri*es1 i1 #ajd2     ,b]n9i
 & ,urban ,,viii41 iii1 #bef4    ,blake1
 ,william--8 ,en?usiasm1 ,ecc5tricity1 &
 ,pov]ty1 i1 #c2     8 melan*oly yet    
triumphant ,dea?1 #a1 #d4    ,boydell's 
,%akespe>e ,gall]y1 iii1 #cje4          
,bridge1 ,trajan's1 across ! ,danube1 i1
 #afd4    ,bridge1 ,m&rocles'1 across ! 
,bosphorus1 ii1 #afb4    ,bridge1 !     
,britannia ,railway ,tubul>1 iii #df2   
! ,tubes1 iii1 #dg2     ! ,pi]s1 iii1   
#dh2     ,con/ruction ( ! ,tubes1 iii1  
#di2     ,float+ ! ,tubes1 iii1 #ej2    
,rais+ ! ,tubes1 iii1 #eb2     !        
prodigi\s ,hydraulic ,presses us$1 iii1 

#ec2     ,bur/+ ( "o1 iii1 #ee2     ,sir
 ,francis ,head's ,description1 iii1    
#ef2     ,co/ ( ! ,/ructure1 iii1 #eg4  
,br[]1 ,adrian1 iii1 #ahb2     8 ,escape
 f a ,cruel ,ma/]1 iii1 #ahc2     ,br[]1
 ! ,duke d',aremb]g1 & ,rub5s1 iii1     
#ahd2     8 ,dea?1 iii1 #ahd2     8     
,works1 iii1 #ahe4    ,brunelles*i1     
,filippo--rem>kable in/ance ( ! ,trials 
& ,triumphs     ( ,g5ius1 iii1 #hj2     
8 ,inquir+ ,m9d1 ,indu/ry1 &            
,discov]ies1 iii1 #ha2     8 ,g5ius1    
iii1 #hb2     8 ,ambition1 iii1 #hc2    
8 fir/ ,visit to ,rome & ,assiduity1    
iii1 #hd2     ,assembly ( ,ar*itects to 
consult on ! be/ means ( rais+ !        
,cupola ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce1 iii1   
#he2     8 ,return to ,rome1 iii1 #hf2  
8 ,invitation back to ,flor5ce1 iii1    
#hg2     8 ,disc\rse1 iii1 #hg2     8   
,return to ,rome1 iii1 #hi2     gr&     
,assemblage ( ,ar*itects f all p>ts (   
,europe1 iii1 #ij2     _! ,op9ions &    
ridicul\s ,projects to raise ! ,cupola1 
iii1 #ia2     ,filippo's ,opposition &  

,disc\rse1 iii1 #ib2     tak5 = a       
,madman1 & driv5 out ( ! ,assembly1 iii1
 #ic2     8 ,disc\rse1 iii1 #id2     8  
,argum5ts1 & 8 ,proposal t he :o c\ld   
make an ,egg /&     on "o end %\ld build
 ! ,cupola1 iii1 #id2     8 ,plan       
submitt$1 iii1 #if2     its ,adoption1  
iii1 #ii2     ,opposition enc\nt]$1 iii1
 #aja2     ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti associat$ ) 
him1 iii1 #aja2     8 ,vexation &       
,despair1 iii1 #ajb2     ,comm5cem5t ( !
 ,"w1 iii1 #ajc2     ,lor5zo's          
incapacity = su* a ,"w1 iii1 #ajd2      
,filippo's ,s*eme to get rid ( him1 iii1
 #aje2     ,lor5zo disgrac$1 iii1 #aji2 
,filippo appo9t$ ,sole ,ar*itect1 iii1  
#aaa2     8 ,indu/ry1 ! wond]ful        
,res\rces ( 8 ,m9d1 & 8     triumphant  
,success1 iii1 #aab2     ,filippo *os5  
,magi/rate ( ! ,city1 iii1 #aaf2        
,jeal\sies he /ill enc\nt]$1 iii1 #aah2 
8 ,arre/1 ,mortify+ ,affront1 &         
,triumph1 iii1 #aah2     ,gr&eur &      
,magnific5ce ( 8 ,cupola1 iii1 #abj2    
8 ,en?usiasm1 iii1 #abb2                

,brunelles*i & ,donatello1 iii1 #abc4   
,buffalmacco1 ! successor ( ,giotto1 ii1
 #bfg2     8 comical ,tricks to enjoy 8 
sweete/ ,sleep1 ii1 #bfh2     8         
,employm5t by ! ,nuns ( ,fa5za1 ii1     
#bgj2     8 ,use ( _! be/ w9e1 ii1 #bgb2
     8 ,employm5t by ,bi%op ,guido1 ii1 
#bgc2     ,comical ,pranks ( ! ,bi%op's 
,monkey1 ii1 #bgd2     8 ,trick on !    
,bi%op1 ii1 #bgg2     ,orig9 ( ,libel   
,pa9t+1 ii1 #bgh2    ,utility ( anci5t  
pa9t+s1 ii1 #bhj2     8 ,commission f ! 
,c\ntryman1 & its curi\s execution1 ii1 
#bhb2     8 ,commission f ! ,p]ugians1  
ii1 #bhc2     _! ,imp]t95ce requit$1 ii1
 #bhd2     8 ,novel ,mode ( en=c+       
,paym5t1 ii1 #bhe4    ,callot1 ,jacques1
 iii1 #agf2     8 uncontrollable        
,passion = ,art1 iii1 #agf2     8       
,patriotism1 iii1 #agg4                 
,callima*us--8 inv5tion ( ! ,cor9?ian   
,capital1 i1 #aeb4    ,cambiaso1        
,luca--8 ,precocity & rem>kable         
,facility ( ,h&1 iii1 #ahg2     8       
,invitation to ,spa91 iii1 #ahh2        

,luca & ,philip ,,ii41 iii1 #ahi2     8 
,arti/ic ,m]its1 iii1 #aij2     ,bos*9i 
& ,m5gs' ,op9ions1 iii1 #aij4           
,campaspe & ,apelles1 i1 #ba4    ,campus
 ,m>tius1 i1 #ia4    ,cano1 ,alonso1 i1 
#bcj2     8 ,lib]ality1 i1 #bca2     8  
,ecc5tricities1 i1 #bca2     8 ,hatr$ ( 
! ,jews1 i1 #bcb2     8 ,rul+ ,passion  
/rong 9 ,dea?1 i1 #bcd2     ,cano & !   
,int5dant ( ! ,bi%op ( ,malaga1 iii1    
#bjc2     8 love ( ,sculpture1 iii1     
#bjd4    ,canova--8 ,visit to 8 ,native 
,place 9 8 old age1 i1 #cb4    ,capitol1
 anci5t1 ( ,rome1 iii1 #ei4             
,capugnano & ,lionello ,spada1 iii1     
#bdg4    ,c>acci1 ! ,s*ool (1 ii1 #abb4 
,c>acci1 ,annibale--8 ,lett] to         
,lodovico1 & 8 ,op9ion ( !     ,works ( 
,correggio1 i1 #bec2     in/ance ( 8    
,skill1 ii1 #acg2     8 ,jeal\sy (      
,ago/9o1 iii1 #beh4    ,c>buri1 ,c\nt--8
 ,skill 9 ,eng9e]+1 iii1 #db4           
,c>acciolo1 ,gio4 ,batti/a--8           
,intrigues1 ii1 #abh4    ,c>ducci1      
,b>tolomeo--8 k9d ,criticism1 iii1 #bjc4

    ,c>los1 ! ,f\r1 ( ! #ag? ,c5tury1   
ii1 #ahd4    ,c>avaggio1 ,mi*ael ,angelo
 da--8 ,qu>relsome ,disposition     & 8 
,dea?1 iii1 #bdh4    ,c>r5o1 ,don ,juan1
 & ,*>les ,,ii1 iii1 #bjh2     8 ,copy (
 ,titian's ,/4 ,m>g>et1 iii1 #bjh2     8
 ,ab/raction ( ,m9d1 iii1 #bji4         
,ca/agno1 ,&rea del1 8 ,trea*]y & ,dea?1
 ii1 #add4    ,ca/illo's ,s>casm on     
,alf>o1 iii1 #bjd4    ,catacombs (      
,egypt1 iii1 #ab4    ,cat9o1 ! ,sagro1  
or ,em]ald ,di%1 iii1 #bae4    ,cell9i1 
,b5v5ute1 iii1 #bee2     ,cell9i &      
,urban ,,viii2     8 absolution = s9s   
committ$ 9 ! s]vice ( !     ,*ur*1 iii1 
#bee4    ,cesp$es1 ,pablo--8 ,la/       
,supp]1 iii1 #bji2     ,zucc>o's        
,complim5t to ,cesp$es1 iii1 #baj4      
,*air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 iii1 #bac4    ,*ur*1 
,/ ,pet]'s1 iii1 #fa    ,*ur*es ( ,rome1
 iii1 #fj4    ,cimabue1                 
,giovanni--,sket* ( 8 ,life1 ii1 #bea2  
8 ,/yle1 ii1 #beb2     8 ,passion =     
,art1 ii1 #beb2     8 fam\s picture ( ! 
,virg91 ii1 #bec2     rem>kable in/ance 

( homage to ,art1 ii1 #bed2     8       
,works1 ii1 #bee2     8 ,dea?1 ii1 #bef2
     8 ,c>e ( ,giotto1 ii1 #beg4        
,cloaca ,maxima at ,rome1 ii1 #db4      
,coello1 ,claudio1 8 *all5ge to         
,giordano1 ii1 #bcd4    ,column1        
,trajan's1 i1 #afd4    ,column (        
,au/]litz1 iii1 #bhj4    ,colosseum1    
description (1 ii1 #bi2     ,montaigne's
 qua9t acc\nt ( its ,spectacles1 ii1    
#ca4    ,colossus ( ! ,sun at ,rhodes1  
ii1 #afb4    ,columbus & ! ,egg1 /ory (1
 d]iv$ by him f     ,brunelles*i1 iii1  
#ie4    ,cont>9i1 ,cav4 ,giovanni--8    
skill 9 ,portraits1 ii1 #aci4           
,contri1 ,antonio--8 me?od ( transf]r+  
frescos f walls to     canvass1 ii1     
#adf2     see also ,palm>olis1 ii1 #adg4
    ,coop]1 ,j4 ,f5nimore--8            
,enc\ragem5t ( ,gre5\gh1 i1 #ff2     8  
,lett] to ,induce 8 ,c\ntrym5 to        
,patronize _! own     ,arti/s1 i1 #fg4  
,cor5zio1 ,belis>io--8 ,intrigues1 ii1  
#abh4    ,cor9?ian ,capital1 inv5tion (1
 i1 #aeb4    ,correggio--,sket* ( 8     

,life1 i1 #bdc2     8 ,cupola ( ! ,*ur* 
( ,/4 ,john at ,p>ma1 i1 #bdd2     8 gr&
 ,cupola ( ! ,ca!dral1 i1 #bdf2     8   
,fate ,exagg]at$1 i1 #bdi2     ,lanzi's 
,op9ion1 i1 #bea2     8 ,m>riage &      
,*ildr51 i1 #beb2     ,c>acci's ,op9ion 
( ,correggio1 & 8 ,lett]1 i1 #beh2     8
 ,en?usiasm1 i1 #bee2     8 ,grace1 i1  
#bee2     ,correggio & ! ,monks1 i1     
#bef2     8 ,k9dness--8 ,mulete]1 i1    
#bef2     ,duke ( ,well+ton's           
,correggio1 i1 #beg2     ,correggio's   
,ancona1 i1 #beg2     ,portraits (      
,correggio1 i1 #beh2     did ,correggio 
ev] visit ,rome8 i1 #bei2     ,s+ul>    
,hi/ory ( ,correggio's ,adoration ( !   
,%eph]ds1 i1 #bfa2     ( 8 ,education ( 
,cupid1 i1 #bfb2     ( a ,magdal51 i1   
#bfd2     ( a ,*>ity1 i1 #bfe2     !    
celebrat$ ,notte ( ,correggio1 iii1     
#bei4    ,cortona1 ,pietro--,sket* ( 8  
,life1 iii1 #bec2     ,anecdotes (1 iii1
 #bed4     ,david1 ,jacques ,l\is1 i1   
#agf2     8 ,politics & ,love ( ,lib]ty1
 i1 #agf2     ,david & ,napoleon1 i1    

#agg2     8 ,bani%m5t to ,brussels1 i1  
#agg2     8 fam\s picture ( !           
,coronation ( ,napoleon1 i1 #agh2       
,david & ,canova1 i1 #agi2              
,napoleon's ,complim5ts to ,david1 i1   
#ahj2     ! ,k+ ( ,wurtemb]g's1 i1 #aha2
     ,li/ ( ,portraits x conta9$1 i1    
#ahb2     its ,b>b>\s ,de/ruction by !  
,b\rbons1 i1 #ahd2     ,david & ! ,duke 
( ,well+ton at ,brussels1 i1 #ahd2      
,david & ! ,c>d9al ,capr>a1 i1 #ahe2    
,talma & ,david 9 8 ,bani%m5t1 #a1 #ahf4
    ,d5on1 ! ,b>on--8 description ( !   
,necropolis ( ,!bes1 iii1 #af1     8    
,employm5t by ,napoleon1 iii1 #hjb4     
,digby1 ,sir ,k5elm--8 ,love ,adv5ture 9
 ,spa91 iii1 #aii4    ,d9ocrates--8     
,proposal to cut ,m\nt ,a?os into a     
,/atue ( ,alex&]     ! ,great1 ii1 #afe2
     ,pope's ,idea ( its                
,practicability1 ii1 #aff2              
,d9ocrates' ,temple ) an ,iron ,/atue   
susp5d$ 9 ! air by     ,load/one1 ii1   
#afh4    ,dom5i*9o1 ii1 #aba2     8     
,dullness 9 8 ,y\?1 ii1 #aba2           

,c>acci's pr$iction ( 8 rise to ,em95ce1
 ii1 #abb2     ,lanzi & ,m5gs' ,te/imony
 ( 8 ,g5ius & ,m]its1 ii1 #abc2     8   
,sc\rg+ ( ,/4 ,&rew1 ii1 #abc2     8    
,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 ii1 #abd2     8
 ,enemies at ,rome1 ii1 #abe2           
,lanzi's ,acc\nt ( ! ,decision (        
,po/]ity on 8 ,m]its1 ii1 #abf2     8   
,c>icatures1 ii1 #abh2     ,intrigues ( 
! ,neapolitan ,triumvirate ( ,pa9t]s1   
ii1 #abh2     ,lanzi's ,acc\nt ( ?is    
disgraceful ,cabal1 ii1 #abi2     8     
,works 9 ! ,*apel ( ,/ ,janu>ius1 & !   
,prices he     receiv$1 ii1 #aca2     8 
,dea?1 ii1 #acb4    ,donatello1 iii1    
#abe2     ,donatello & ! ,m]*ant1 iii1  
#abf2     ,donatello & 8 unwor?y ,k9sm51
 iii1 #abg2     8 ,dea?1 iii1 #abh2     
,donatello & ,mi*ael ,angelo ,comp>$1   
iii1 #abh2     ,donatello &             
,brunelles*i1 iii1 #abc2     ,donatello 
& ,uccello1 ii1 #bib4    ,d\w1 ,g]>d1   
iii1 #bbb2     8 ,/yle1 iii1 #bbd2     8
 ,me?od ( ,pa9t+1 iii1 #bbe2     8      
,works1 iii1 #bbf2     8 ,dropsical     

,woman1 iii1 #bbg4    ,dramatic ,sc5]y  
at ,rome1 i1 #ic4    ,dur]1 ,alb]t1 iii1
 #bbh2     8 un=tunate ,m>riage1 iii1   
#bbi2     8 ,works z a ,pa9t]1 iii1     
#bbi2     8 ,works z an ,engrav]1 iii1  
#bca2     8 ,fame & ,dea?1 iii1 #bcc2   
8 ,habits1 iii1 #bcd2     8 ,lit]>y     
,works1 iii1 #bcd4     ,egyptian ,art1  
iii1 #a1 & iii1 #bfc4    ,electione]+   
,pictures at ,rome1 i1 #ia4             
,emulation & ,rivalry ( ,advantage to   
,arti/s1 iii1 #beg4    ,engrav+1        
,inv5tion ( ,copp]-,plate1 i1 #bhg4     
,era1 ,brighte/1 ( ,grecian ,art1 i1    
#aa1 & ii1 #aed4    ,era1 ,brighte/1 (  
,roman ,art1 ii1 #aeb4    ,era1         
,brighte/1 ( ,italian ,art1 ii1 #adi4   
,eyck1 ,john van--8 ,inv5tion ( ,oil    
,pa9t+1 ii1 #ada4     ,fabius           
,maximus--8 ,e/imation ( ,art1 i1 #ade4 
,fanaticism1 ,religi\s1 de/ructive to   
,art1 i1 #aje2     its ,effects 9       
,engl&1 i1 #aje4    ,figure1 ! ,nude1 i1
 #aji2     ,b>ry's ,op9ion1 i1 #aji2    
,s*legel's1 i1 #aaj4    ,f9e ,arts1     

,gold5 ,age (1 9 ,greece1 i1 #aa4       
,f9e ,arts1 ,gold5 ,age (1 9 ,rome1 ii1 
#aeb    ,f9e ,arts1 ,gold5 ,age (1 ,9   
,italy1 ii1 #adi4    ,f9igu]ra1 ,maso--8
 ,inv5tion ( ,copp]-,plate ,engrav+1 i1 
#bhg4    ,fior5t9o1 ,/efano1 "o ( !     
,fa!rs ( ,pa9t+1 ii1 #bhf4    ,=e%ort5+1
 ii1 #ade2     its ,inv5tion1 ii1 #ade4 
,fontana1 ,dom5ico1 iii1 #cc2     8     
,removal ( an ,obelisk at ,rome1 iii1   
#cd2     ,dang]s he ,enc\nt]$1 iii1 #cg2
     ,honors be/[$ on him = 8 ,success1 
iii1 #dj4    ,=ce ( ,habit1 i1 #bjb4    
,=n>9a1 ,la ,bella1 i1 #ge4    ,f\nta91 
! ,elephant1 iii1 #bhf4    ,f\r ,c>los (
 ! #ag? ,c5tury1 ii1 #ahd4    ,f\r ,f9e/
 ,pictures at ,rome1 ii1 #ahc           
,frescos1 ,anci5t1 ii1 #ee2     !       
,aldobr&9i ,w$d+1 ii1 #ef4    ,fuseli1  
,h5ry--8 ,bir?1 ii1 #ei2     8 ,e>ly    
,passion = ,art1 ii1 #ei2     8 ,lit]>y 
& ,poetical ,ta/e1 ii1 #fj2     ,fuseli1
 ,lavat]1 & ! ,unju/ ,magi/rate1 ii1    
#fa2     8 ,travels & ,lit]>y           
,di/9ction1 ii1 #fb2     8 ,arrival 9   

,london1 ii1 #fc2     8 ,*ange f        
,lit]ature to ,pa9t+1 ii1 #fc2     8    
,visit to ,italy1 ii1 #fe2     8        
,nightm>e1 ii1 #ff2     8 ,o,edipus & 8 
,daught]s1 ii1 #ff2     ,fuseli & !     
,%akspe>e ,gall]y1 ii1 #fg2     8       
,hamlet's ,gho/1 ii1 #fi2     8         
,titania1 ii1 #fi2     8 ,election z a  
,royal ,academician1 ii1 #gj2           
,fuseli & ,walpole1 ii1 #ga2     ,fuseli
 & ,c\tts1 ii1 #gb2     ,fuseli & ,pr(4 
,porson1 ii1 #gb2     8 ,me?od ( giv+   
,v5t to 8 ,passion1 ii1 #gc2     8 ,love
 ( ,t]rific ,subjects1 ii1 #gc2     8   
,rev5ge on ,lawr5ce1 ii1 #gd2     8     
,e/imate ( ,reynolds z an ,hi/orical    
,pa9t]1 ii1 #ge2     8 ,fri5d%ip =      
,lawr5ce1 ii1 #ge2     ,fuseli z ,keep] 
( ! ,royal ,academy1 ii1 #gf2     8     
,je/s & ,oddities ) ! ,/ud5ts1 ii1 #gg2 
8 ,s>casms on ,nor?cote1 ii1 #gh2     on
 v>i\s ,arti/s1 ii1 #gi2     8 ,retorts1
 ii1 #hj2     8 ,retort 9 ,mr4 ,c\tts'  
,bank+-,h\se1 ii1 #hb2     8 ,s>casm on 
,l&scape & ,portrait ,pa9t]s1 ii1 #hc2  

8 own ,atta9m5t ( ,happ9ess1 ii1 #hd2   
8 ,habits1 ii1 #hd2     8 ,wife's ,novel
 ,me?od ( ,cur+ 8 ,fits ( ,despond5cy1  
ii1 #he2     8 ,p]sonal ,appe>ance1     
,s>ca/ic ,disposition1 & ,quick         
,temp]1 ii1 #hf2     8 ,ne> ,sight1 ii1 
#hg2     8 ,popul>ity1 ii1 #hh2     8   
,arti/ic ,m]its1 ii1 #hh2     8 ,milton 
,gall]y1 etc41 ii1 #hi4    ,fulton1     
,rob]t1 z a ,pa9t]1 i1 #abb2     8 ,love
 ( ,art1 i1 #abc2     8 ,exalt$ ,m9d1 i1
 #abc2     8 ,acc\nt ( 8 fir/ ,/eamboat 
,voyage to ,albany1 & 8     ,pr$ictions1
 i1 #abd4     ,gall]y1 ,engli%          
,national1 i1 #ajg4    ,gall]y1 ,dresd51
 iii1 #bfb4    ,gall]y ( ! ,l\vre1 iii1 
#bhi & #cjb4    ,gall]y1 ,unit$ ,/ates  
,national--,sugge/ions = ,"o1 iii1 #cjg4
    ,gall]ies1 ,prices (1 i1 #aab4      
,galletti1 ,pietro1 & ! ,bolognese      
,/ud5ts1 ii1 #ahd4    ,g>l& ,tw9]1 i1   
#adh4    ,gaulli1 ,gio4 ,batti/a--8     
,excell5ce 9 ,portraiture1 iii1 #bej2   
8 curi\s me?od ( ,pa9t+ ! ,dead1 iii1   
#bej4    ,g5ius1 ,trials (1 i1 #a1 &    

iii1 #hj4    ,ghib]ti1 ,lor5zo--8 fam\s 
,doors ( ,san ,giovanni1 i1 #fj1 & iii1 
#aja2     z an ,ar*itect1 iii1 #ajb4    
,giordano1 ,luca--8 ,wond]ful           
,precocity1 ii1 #bbd2     8 ,en?usiasm1 
ii1 #bbe2     ,orig9 ( 8 ,nickname (    
,luca-fa ,pre/o1 ii1 #bbf2     8 ,skill 
9 copy+ & ,imitat+1 ii1 #bbf2     8     
,success at ,naples1 ii1 #bbg2          
,giordano1 ! ,vic]oy1 & ! ,duke (       
,diano1 ii1 #bbh2     8 ,invitation to  
,flor5ce--,giordano & ,c>lo ,dolci1 ii1 
#bbi2     8 ,invitation to ! ,c\rt (    
,spa91 ii1 #bcj2     8 ,flatt]+         
,reception1 ii1 #bcj2     8 ,works 9    
,spa91 ii1 #bca2     9 ! ,escurial1 ii1 
#bcb2     8 ,habits1 iii #bcc2     8    
fir/ ,picture at ,madrid1 ii1 #bcc2     
a great ,favorite at ,c\rt1 ii1 #bcd2   
,coello's ,*all5ge1 ii1 #bcd2           
,anecdotes1 ii1 #bcd2     ,pa9t+ ) 8    
,f+]s1 ii1 #bce2     ,ri* ,pres5ts he   
,receiv$1 ii1 #bcf2     8 ,return to    
,naples1 ii1 #bcf2     8 ,reception at  
,g5oa1 ,flor5ce1 ,rome & ,naples1 ii1   

#bcg2     8 ,p]sonal ,appe>ance & ,"*1  
ii1 #bcg2     8 ,popul>ity1 ,love (     
,ga91 & ,?ree ,sorts ( ,p5cils1 ii1     
#bch2     8 ,ri*es1 ii1 #bch2     8     
,wond]ful ,facility ( ,h&1 ii1 #bci2    
8 ,fame & ,reputation1 ii1 #bdj2     8  
,g5ius & m]its1 ii1 #bda2     8 ,tricks 
= ,notoriety1 8 ,false ,/yle & its      
,injuri\s ,effects     on ,art at ! ,"t1
 ii1 #bda2     ,rem>kable ,in/ance ( 8  
,rapidity ( ,execution 9 8 alt>-piece   
( ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]1 ii1 #bdb4        
,giotto--,sket* ( 8 ,life1 ii1 #beg2    
8 ,e>ly ,passion = ,art1 ii1 #beg2     8
 ,works1 ii1 #beh2     z an ,ar*itect1  
ii1 #bei2     8 ,/4 ,francis ,/igmata1  
ii1 #bei2     8 ,invitation to ,rome1   
ii1 #bfj2     ,r\nd z ,giotto's ,o1 ii1 
#bfa2     ,/ory ( 8 ,liv+ ,model1 ii1   
#bfb2     ,giotto & ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 ii1
 #bfd2     8 ,bon ,mots1 ii1 #bfe2      
,giotto & ,dante1 ii1 #bff2     ,dea? ( 
,giotto ii #bff4    ,giott9o1 ii1 #bhf4 
,gladiator1 ,/atue ( ! ,dy+1 i1 #add4   
,gladiator1 ,/atue ( ! ,fight+1 ii1     

#ahg4    ,glass1 ,anci5t1 ii1 #eg2      
,anci5t ,pictures (1 ii1 #eh4    ,gold5 
,age ( ,art 9 ,greece1 i1 #aa1 & ii1    
#aed4    ,gold5 ,age ( ,art 9 ,rome1 ii1
 #aeb4    ,gold5 ,age ( ,art 9 ,italy1  
ii1 #adi4    ,goldsmi?1 ,dr41 &         
,reynolds1 i1 #aii2     8 ,des]t$       
,village1 i1 #bjj2     8 ,retaliation1  
i1 #bjj4    ,gomez1 ! ,slave ( ,murillo1
 iii1 #aie4    ,grecian ,art d]iv$ f !  
,egyptians1 iii1 #a4    ,gre5\gh1       
,horatio--8 ,*ant+ ,*]ubs1 i1 #fg2      
,commission = 8 ,/atue ( ,wa%+ton = !   
,capitol1 i1 #fh2     8 ,mode/y1 i1 #fi2
     8 acc\nt ( ! ,miracul\s ,picture ( 
! ,virg9 at     ,flor5ce1 iii1 #baa4    
,griffi]1 ,john--8 ,p]il\s ,adv5ture1   
iii1 #bde4    ,gr\p ( ,niobe & h]       
,*ildr51 ii1 #ahe4    ,gr\p ( ,laocoo5 &
 8 ,sons1 ii1 #ahg4    ,gu]c9o--8 ,p[] (
 ,relief1 ii1 #adj4     ,hals1 ,frank1 &
 ,v&yck1 ii1 #cab4    ,hanneman--8      
picture ( ,peace1 i1 #caj4    ,h>pies1  
,curi\s ,repres5tations (1 iii1 #aha4   
,heliopolis1 iii1 #g4                   

,h]culaneum--its                        
,de/ruction--,antiquities & ,works (    
,art     discov]$1 ii1 #dc4             
,hog>?--,value ( 8 ,works1 i1 #f2     8 
,g5ius1 i1 #aff2     8 ,appr5tice%ip1 i1
 #afg2     8 ,rev5ge1 i1 #afh2     8    
,me?od ( ,sket*+ an ,incid5t1 i1 #afh2  
8 ,m>riage1 i1 #afh2     8 ,successful  
,exp$i5t to get ,paym5t1 i1 #afi2     8 
,picture ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 i1 #agj2     8   
,c\rtesy1 i1 #aga2     8 ,abs5ce ( ,m9d1
 i1 #aga2     8 ,m>* to ,f9*ley1 i1     
#agb2     8 un=tunate ,d$ication to !   
,k+1 i1 #agb2     8 ,/range ,mann] (    
,sell+ 8 ,pictures1 i1 #agb2     ,paltry
 ,prices he receiv$1 i1 #agd2     8 la/ 
,"w1 ! ,tail-,piece1 i1 #age2     8     
,dea?1 i1 #agf4    ,holbe91 ,hans1 ii1  
#baf2     8 ,portrait ) ! ,fly1 ii1     
#baf2     8 ,visit to ,engl&1 ii1 #baf2 
,holbe9 & ,h5ry ,,viii41 ii1 #bag2     8
 ,adv5ture ) ! ,nobleman1 ii1 #bag2     
! ,k+'s ,rebuke & ,protection1 ii1 #bah2
     8 ,portrait ( ! ,du*ess ( ,milan1  
ii1 #bah2     8 ,dang]\s ,flatt]y1 ii1  

#bai2     8 ,portrait ( ,cratz]1 ii1    
#bai2     8 ,portraits ( ,sir ,?omas ,m 
& 8 ,family1 ii1 #bbj2     ,bon-,mot (  
,sir ,?omas1 ii1 #bba4     ,illusions 9 
,pa9t+1 i1 #bbh2     ,s+ul> ,pictorial1 
ii1 #acg4    ,indu/ry necess>y to       
,success 9 ,art--,reynold's ,op9ion1 i1 
#bja2     ,dur]'s1 iii1 #bbh & #bcd2    
,mi*ael ,angelo's1 i1 #fj2              
,apelles'1 i1 #ai2     ,da ,v9ci's1 i1  
#bge1 #bhj1 & #bhb2     ,v]net's1 ii1   
#big & #bii2     ,rub5s'1 i1 #hj & #hb2 
,raffaelle's1 i1 #ga2     ,p\ss9's1 iii1
 #aej & #afa2     ,gi]dano's1 ii1 #bbf &
 #bcc2     ,brunelles*i's1 iii1 #ha &   
#hd4    ,infelicities ( ,arti/s1 i1     
#a-f4    ,+5uity ( ,arti/s1 iii1 #agh4  
,inquisition1 ,evil ,influ5ce ( !1 on   
,spani% ,art1 i1 #baa2     &            
,torreggiano1 i1 #b2     & ,sir ,an?ony 
,moore1 iii1 #bdc4     ,j>vis1 ,john    
,wesley1 i1 #aac2     8 ,ecc5tricity1 & 
,lore ( ,je/+1 ,mimick+1 &              
,/ory-,tell+1 i1 #aac2     8 ,ludicr\s  
,read+s f ,%akspe>e1 i1 #aae2     ,dr4  

,francis' ,acc\nt ( him1 i1 #aaf2     ! 
,bigge/ ,lie1 i1 #aah2     ,j>vis &     
,bi%op ,moore1 i1 #aai2     & ,commodore
 ,p]ry1 i1 #aai2     & ! ,philosoph]1 i1
 #abj2     & ,dr4 ,mit*ell1 i1 #abj2    
8 ,habits1 i1 #aba2     ,j>vis & ,sully1
 i1 #abb2     8 ,fondness = ,notoriety1 
i1 #abb4    ,j]vas1 ,*>les1 ii1 #bac2   
,j]vas & ,pope1 ii1 #bad2     & ,dr4    
,arbu?not1 ii1 #bae2     8 ,vanity1 ii1 
#bae2     ,knell]'s ,s>casm1 ii1 #baf4  
,jewel]s1 a h9t to1 iii1 #agi4          
,johnson1 ,dr4--8 ,fri5d%ip = ,reynolds1
 i1 #aif2     8 ,apology = ,portrait    
,pa9t+1 i1 #aig2     8 ,portrait1 i1    
#aih2     8 ,dea?1 i1 #aii4    ,julian !
 ,apo/ate--8 ,attempt to rebuild        
,j]usalem1 ii1 #afj4    ,jupit]--see    
,temples & ,/atues4     ,kirk1 ,?omas--8
 ,g5ius1 ,mis=tune1 & untimely ,dea?1 i1
 #e4    ,knell]1 ,sir ,godfrey--8       
,arrival 9 ,engl&1 & great ,success1 i1 
#if2     ,knell]'s ,portrait ( ,*>les   
,,ii41 i1 #ii2     ,knell] & ,james     
,,ii41 i1 #ig2     8 ,complim5t to ,l\is

 ,,xiv41 i1 #ig2     8 ,wit &           
,bon-,mots1 i1 #ih2     8 ,k (          
,physiognomy1 i1 #ii2     ,knell] z a   
,ju/ice ( ! ,peace1 i1 #ii2     8       
,decisions regulat$ by ,equity r ?an    
,law1 i1 #ii2     ,knell] & ,clo/]mans1 
i1 #ajj4     ,la ,bella ,=n>9a1 i1 #ge4 
,labyr9? ( ,egypt1 iii1 #aa4    ,lake   
,mo]is1 iii1 #i4    ,lamps1 ,p]petual1  
ii1 #ahb4    ,laocoo51 ,gr\p ( !1 ii1   
#ahg2     ,pl9y's ,acc\nt (1 ii1 #ahi2  
,mi*ael ,angelo's ,op9ion1 ii1 #aij2    
,sangallo's ,acc\nt ( its ,discov]y1 ii1
 #aij4    ,lanfranco1 ! ,cav41 ii1 #ia2 
8 ,ho/ility to ,dom5i*9o1 ii1 #abe4     
,lasson1 ,m4 de--8 ,c>icature1 ii1 #caa4
    ,lay>d--8 ,n9eveh & its ,rema9s1 ii1
 #cd4    ,lebas1 ,m4--8 ,removal ( an   
,obelisk f ,!bes to ,p>is1 iii1 #dj4    
,l\vre1 ,gall]y ( !1 iii1 #cjb2         
,dismantl+ (1 iii1 #bhi4    ,love makes 
a ,pa9t]1 i1 #aab1 i1 #adh1 i1 #bce1 &  
iii1 #aie4    ,love ( ,art among !      
,romans1 i1 #adf4    ,luca-fa-,pre/o1   
ii1 #bbf4     ,mabuse1 ,john de1        

,anecdote (1 iii1 #bdf4    ,m&rocles'   
,bridge across ! ,bosphorus1 ii1 #afb4  
,m>*1 ,e/eban--8 ,/range ,me?od ( ,/udy1
 iii1 #aih2     8 ,adv5ture ( ! ,fi%    
fri$ 9 ,l9se$ ,oil1 iii1 #aii4          
,m>bles1 v curi\s ,imitations (1 ii1    
#adg4    ,m>bles1 ! ,elg91 ii1 #aga4    
,matsys1 ,qu9t91 i1 #aab2     8 ,love & 
,monum5t1 i1 #aac4    ,ma/]s1 ! ,old1 i1
 #aaa4    ,mausolus1 ,tomb (1 ii1 #afa4 
,me*anics1 ,comp>ative ,skill ( !       
,anci5ts & ,mod]ns 91 iii1 #de4         
,m$als1 #gj1jjj ,anci5ts1 iii1 #bgb4    
,m$als ( ,napoleon1 iii1 #bha4          
,memphis1 iii1 #h4    ,mess9a1          
,antonella da1 ii1 #adc4    ,me?odius & 
! ,k+ ( ,bulg>ia1 iii1 #bjf4    ,mi]is &
 ,jan ,/e51 ,frolics (1 iii1 #bda4      
,mign>d ,pi]re--8 ,skill 9 imitat+ o!r  
,ma/]s1 i1 #ahf2     amus+ in/ance (1 i1
 #ahg2     8 ,skill 9 ,portraits1 ii1   
#ach4    ,mode/y1 an ,ov]plus (1 dang]\s
 to ,success1 i1 #cjg4    ,mo]is1 ,lake 
(1 iii1 #i4    ,m1 ,sir ,an?ony1 iii1   
#bdb2     8 ,visit to ,spa9 & great     

,success1 iii1 #bdb2     8 ,visit to    
,engl& & flatt]+ ,reception1 iii1 #bdc2 
,m & ,philip ,,ii41 iii1 #bdd2     8    
=tunate ,escape1 iii1 #bdd2     8       
,success & ,works1 iii1 #bdd4    ,morl&1
 ,george--,sket* ( 8 ,life1 ii4 #aig2   
8 wond]ful ,precocity1 ii1 #aih2     8  
e>ly ,fame1 ii1 #aii2     8 ,m5tal &    
,moral ,culture "u an ,unnatural ,p>5t1 
ii1 #bfj2     8 ,escape f 8 ,?raldom1   
ii1 #bja2     8 ,m>riage & ,tempor>y    
,re=m1 ii1 #bjb2     8 ,social          
,position1 ii1 #bjc2     8 unpleasant   
,enc\nt]1 ii1 #bjd2     8 ,/ay 9 ! ,isle
 ( ,wight1 ii1 #bje2     8 ,novel ,mode 
( fulfill+ commissions1 ii1 #bjf2       
,morl& & ! ,pig1 ii1 #bjf2     8        
,pictures 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 ii1 #bjg2 
8 ,freaks1 ii1 #bjh2     8 ,dread (     
,bailiffs1 ii1 #bjh2     8 ,appreh5sion 
z a ,spy1 ii1 #bji2     8 ,sign ( !     
,black ,bull1 ii1 #baj2     ,morl& & !  
,pawnbrok]1 ii1 #baa2     8 ,idea ( a   
,b>onetcy1 ii1 #bab2     8 ,arti/ic     
,m]its1 ii1 #bab4    ,mosaics1 i1 #ae2  

anci5t1 ii1 #ee2     ( ! ,battle (      
,platea1 ii1 #ee4    ,mudo1 ,el1 &      
,titian's ,la/ ,supp]1 ii1 #ad4         
,murillo1 i4 #bcf2     8 ,visit to      
,madrid & ,velasquez1 i1 #bcf2     8    
,return to ,seville1 i1 #bcg2           
,murillo & ,iri>te1 i1 #bch2     8      
,dea?1 i1 #bch2     8 ,/yle1 i1 #bci2   
8 ,works1 i1 #bdj2     ,s\lt's          
,murillos1 i1 #bdj & #bdb2              
,ca/illo's ,tribute1 i1 #bdb2     8     
,virg9 ( ! ,napk91 iii1 #aic2     8     
pictures 9 ,spani% ,am]ica1 iii1 #aib2  
,anecdote ( an ,alt>-,piece 9 ,fl&]s1   
iii1 #aid2     8 ,slave ,gomez1 iii1    
#aie4    ,musee ,francais & ,musee      
,royal1 iii1 #cjb4     ,names (         
,ar*itects designat$ by ,reptiles1 ii1  
#aef4    ,napoleon--8 ,love ( ,art1 iii1
 #bgd2     8 ,enlight5$ ,policy to      
,enc\rage ,art1 iii1 #bge2     8 ,works 
at ,p>is1 iii1 #bgf2     ,! ,napoleon   
,m$als1 iii1 #bha2     ! ,elephant      
,f\nta91 iii1 #bhf2     ,int]e/+ ,draw+1
 iii1 #bhg2     ,sevres ,*9a1 iii1 #bhh2

     ,dismantl+ ( ! ,l\vre1 iii1 #bhi2  
,removal ( ! ,v5etian ,horses1 iii1     
#bif2     ,removal ( ! ,/atue (         
,napoleon f ! ,column (     ,au/]litz1  
iii1 #cja4    ,ne$les1 ,cleopatra's1    
iii1 #db4    ,niello1 ,works 91 i1 #bhf4
    ,n9eveh & its ,rema9s1 ii1 #cd2     
,description ( ! ,royal ,palace exhum$  
at ,nimr\d1 ii1 #cg2     ,lay>d's       
description ( its int]ior1 ii1#ci4      
,niobe & h] ,*ildr51 ,gr\p (1 ii1 #ahe2 
,s*legel's ,criticism1 ii1 #ahf4        
,nollek5s1 ,joseph1 i1 #cja2     8      
,visit to ,rome1 i1 #cja2     ,nollek5s 
& ,g>rick1 i1 #cjb2     8 ,tal5ts 9 ,bu/
 ,sculpture1 i1 #cjc2     8 ,bu/ (      
,johnson1 i1 #cjd2     8 ,lib]ality &   
,k9dness to ,*antrey1 i1 #cjd2          
,nollek5s & ! ,wid[1 i1 #cje2     8 odd 
,complim5ts1 i1 #cjf4    ,norgate1      
,edw>d--8 ,visit to ,italy1 ,mi%aps1 &  
travell+ ,home on     foot1 i1 #cjh4    
,nor?cote1 ,james1 & ,fuseli1 ii1 #gh4  
,numismatics1 iii1 #bfi2     ,value ( ! 
,sci5ce to ,ar*aeology1 ,philology1 !   

,f9e     ,arts1 etc41 iii1 #bgj2        
#gj1jjj ,anci5t ,m$als1 iii1 #bgb4      
,obelisks1 ,egyptian1 iii1 #cj2         
,numb] (1 at ,rome1 ii1 #aeb2           
,removal ( "o by ,fontana1 iii1 #cc2    
,removal ( "o f ,!bes to ,p>is1 iii1    
#dj2     ,cleopatra's ,ne$les1 iii1 #db4
    ,odeon1 ! fir/ at ,a!ns1 ii1 #ahb4  
,olyn?ian ,captive1 ,/ory (1 i1 #aea4   
,orig9 ( ,label ,pa9t+1 ii1 #bgh4       
,pa*eco--8 ,op9ions on ,art z re/rict$  
by ! ,inquisition1 i1 #bab4    ,p>$a1   
,antonio--8 ,artifice to ,keep up       
,appe>ances1 iii1 #bjb4    ,p>eja1 ,juan
 de1 ! ,slave ( ,velasquez1 i1 #bbh2    
8 ,love ( ,pa9t+ & 8 ,success1 i1 #bbi2 
8 ,gratitude to 8 ,ma/]1 i1 #bbi4       
,pa9t]1 p]il\s adv5ture ( a1 iii1 #bde  
,pa9t] ( ,flor5ce1 ,curi\s ,leg5d ( !1  
iii1 #bag    ,pa9t]-,fri>1 ! ,devil1 & !
 ,virg91 iii1 #bbj4    ,pa9t+ among !   
,egyptians1 iii1 #a & #bfc4    ,pa9t+   
among ! ,greeks1 i1 #bb1 #bg1 & iii1    
#bfe4    ,pa9t+ among ! ,romans1 i1 #hh1
 & ii1 #aeb4    ,pa9t+1 ,revival (1 9   

,italy1 ii1 #bdd4    ,pa9t+1 ,italian   
,s*ools (1 ii1 #bib4    ,pa9t+1 ,gold5  
,age (1 9 ,italy1 ii1 #adi2     ,lanzi's
 ,philosophy (1 ii1 #aej2               
,milizia's1 ii1 #aed4    ,pa9t+--diff]5t
 ,s*ools ,comp>$1 i1 #aaj4    ,pa9t+1   
,effects (1 on ! ,m9d1 i1 #adg4         
,pa9t+ f ,nature1 i1 #ah4    ,pa9t+1    
,oil1 ,inv5tion (1 ii1 #ada4    ,pa9t+1 
olde/ ,oil1 extant1 iii1 #aha4          
,pa9t+1 ,portrait1 ,johnson's ,apology  
=1 i1 #aig4    ,pa9t+1 ,orig9 ( ,label1 
ii1 #bgh4    ,pa9t+s transf]r$ f ,walls 
& ,panels to ,canvas1 ii1 #adf4         
,pa9t+s1 ,curi\s1 iii1 #ahj4    ,pa9t+s1
 ,evanesc5t1 i1 #ajf4    ,palace1 ,n]o's
 ,gold51 ii1 #aee4    ,palaces ( ,rome1 
iii1 #fe4    ,palm>oli--8 ,me?od (      
transf]r+ ,pa9t+s f ,walls & ,panels    
to ,canvas1 ii1 #adg4    ,pantoja & !   
,eagle1 iii1 #bje4    ,p>rhasius1 i1    
#aej2     8 ,demos & o!r ,works1 i1     
#aej2     ! ,olyn?ian ,captive1 i1 #aea2
     8 ,vanity1 i1 #aeb4    ,p>!non at  
,a!ns1 ii1 #agj2     its ,dilapidation1 

by ! ,v5etians1 ,turks1 & ,"l ,elg91 ii1
 #aga4    ,pausias1 i1 #adh2 8 ,works & 
! ,g>l& ,tw9]1 i1 #adh4    ,p]petual    
,lamps1 ii1 #ahb4    ,ph>os1 ,light-h\se
 (1 ii1 #afd4    ,phidias1 i1 #aeg2     
8 ,/atue ( ,m9]va1 i1 #aeh1 & ii1 #aga2 
,phidias & ,alcam5es1 i1 #aei2          
,+ratitude ( ! ,a!nians1 i1 #aei2     8 
,olympian ,jupit]1 i1 #ag1 & i1 #afj2   
8 ,model = ! ,olympian ,jupit]1 i1 #afa4
    ,picture ( ,ialysus & 8 ,dog1       
,protog5es1 i1 #adi1 & i1 #bha4         
,picture ( ,calumny1 ,apelles'1 i1 #id4 
,picture ( ! ,virg91 ! ,miracul\s1 iii1 
#baa4    ,pictures1 fir/ br\ght to      
,rome1 i1 #hh4    ,pictures ( ,glass1   
,anci5t1 ii1 #eh4    ,pictures1 ,f\r    
f9e/ at ,rome1 ii1 #ahc4    ,pill> (    
,on1 iii1 #h4    ,poecile at ,a!ns1 i1  
#ac4    ,pompeii--its ,de/ruction2      
,antiquities & ,works ( ,art discov]$1  
ii1 #dc2     ,vivid ,sket* ( its pres5t 
,appe>ance1 etc41 by an ,am]ican        
,travel]1 ii1 #df4    ,pope z a         
,pa9t]--8 ,fame1 i1 #bja2     8         

,pr(ici5cy 9 ! ,art1 ii1 #bad2     8    
,idea ( ! ,practicability ( ,d9ocrates' 
,plan ( cutt+ ,m\nt     ,a?os into a    
,/atue ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 ii1 #aff4    
,portici1 ! ,site ( ,h]culaneum1 ii1 #dd
 & #df4    ,portraits1 ,female1 ,r>ity  
(1 9 ,spa91 iii1 #aia4    ,p\ss91       
,ni*olas--8 ,noble ,desc5t1 iii1 #adh2  
8 ,fir/ ,celebrity1 iii1 #adi2     8    
fir/ ,visit to ,rome1 iii1 #aej2     8  
,en?usiasm & ,assiduity1 iii1 #aej2     
8 ,di/ress1 & ! ,paltry ,prices he      
receiv$ = 8     ,works1 iii1 #aea2     8
 ,ultimate ,appreciation & ,success1    
iii1 #aeb2     8 ,invitation back to    
,p>is1 iii1 #aec2     ! ,k+'s ,autograph
 ,lett] on ! ,occasion1 iii1 #aec2      
,intrigues1 8 ,disgu/1 & ,secret ,return
 to ,rome1 iii1 #aed2     8 ,mode/y1    
uno/5tati\s ,mode ( ,liv+1 & 8          
,g5]osity1 iii1 #aee2     ,p\ss9 &      
,c>d9al ,manc9i1 iii1 #aee2             
,reynolds' ,critique1 iii1 #aef2        
,p\ss9 & ,m>9o1 iii1 #aei2     ,p\ss9   
,romaniz$1 iii1 #afj2     8 ,habits (   

,/udy1 iii1 #afa2     8 ,old ,age1 iii1 
#afb2     8 ,ma/]-,piece1 iii1 #afc2    
8 la/ ,"w & ,dea?1 iii1 #afc2     8     
,lett] to ,m4 ,felibi51 iii1 #afd2     8
 ,ideas ( ,pa9t+1 iii1 #afd2     ,p\ss9 
& ! ,nobleman1 iii1 #afe2     & ,m5gs1  
iii1 #afe2     & ,dom5i*9o1 iii1 #aff2  
& ,salvator ,rosa1 iii1 #aff2     8     
,dignity1 iii1 #afg2     ,p\ss91        
,angelo1 & ,raffaelle comp>$1 iii1 #afh4
    ,prado1 ,blas de1 & ! ,emp]or (     
,morocco1 iii1 #bjg4    ,praxiteles1 i1 
#aee2     8 ,works--! ,v5us ( ,cnidus & 
! ,apollo ,sauroctonos1 i1 #aee2        
,praxiteles & ,phryne1 i1 #aef2     !   
,k+ ( ,bi?ynia1 & ! ,v5us ( ,cnidus1 i1 
#aeg4    ,press1 ,hydraulic1 expla9$1   
iii #eb2     its ,trem5d\s ,p[] & ,use1 
iii1 #ec4    ,proctor1 8 ,g5ius &       
,works1 i1 #d2     8 ,mis=tunes &       
melan*oly ,dea?1 i1 #e4    ,protog5es1  
i1 #adi2     8 ,works1 & 8 fam\s picture
 ( ,ialysus & 8 ,dog1 i1 #adi2          
,protog5es & ,demetrius ,poliorcetes1 i1
 #bh1 & i1 #adi2     & ,apelles1 i1 #be4

    ,pyramids ( ,egypt1 iii1 #ai4       
,pyramid ( ,cephr51 ,p]il\s ,asc5t (1   
iii1 #bg4     ,raffaelle1 i1 #gj2     8 
ambition1 i1 #gj2     ,raffaelle &      
,mi*ael ,angelo1 i1 #ga2     8          
,transfiguration1 i1 #gb2     8 ,dea?1  
i1 #gd2     8 ,"*1 i1 #gd2     8        
,mi/ress1 i1 #ge2     8 ,g5ius1 i1 #gf2 
8 ,model = 8 ,female ,sa9ts1 i1 #gf2    
8 ,oil ,pa9t+s1 i1 #gg2     8 ,portraits
 ( ,julius ,,ii41 i1 #gh2     8 diff]5t 
,mann]s1 i1 #gh2     8 ,skill 9         
,portraits1 ii1 #ach2     ,skull (      
,raffaelle 9 ! ,academy ( ,/ ,luke1 ii1 
#ahc4    ,ranc1 ,jean--8 ,retort1 iii1  
#bja4    ,rebuke1 a ,pa9t]'s j1 iii1    
#bjj4    ,retort ,c\rte\s1 a ,pa9t]'s1  
iii1 #bja4    ,rembr&t--,sket* ( 8      
,life1 iii1 #agj2     8 ,/udio &        
,models1 iii1 #aga2     8 great         
,success1 iii1 #agb2     8 ,deceits to  
sell & increase ! ,price ( 8 ,works1    
iii1 #agc2     8 num]\s ,works1 iii1    
#agc2     8 extraord9>y ,m]its z an     
,engrav]1 iii1 #agd4    ,reynolds1 ,sir 

,jo%ua1 i1 #ahh2     8 pleas+ ,mann]s1  
,=tune1 & ,collection ( ,works ( ,art1  
i1 #ahi2     8 new ,/yle & its ,success1
 i1 #ahi2     8 ,prices1 i1 #aia2     8 
,me?od ) 8 ,sitt]s1 i1 #aib2     8      
,removal to ,leice/] ,squ>e1 i1 #aib2   
8 %[y ,coa*1 i1 #aic2     8 ,table &    
,gue/s1 i1 #aid2     ! ,f\nd+ ( ! ,royal
 ,academy1 & 8 election z     ,presid5t1
 i1 #aid2     ,reynolds & ,dr4 ,johnson1
 i1 #aie2     ,johnson's ,fri5d%ip =    
,reynolds1 & 8 ,apology = ,portrait     
,pa9t+1 i1 #aif & #aig2     ! ,lit]>y   
,club1 i1 #aih2     ,johnson's          
,portrait1 i1 #aih2     ,johnson's      
,dea?1 i1 #aii2     ,reynolds & ,dr4    
,goldsmi?1 i1 #aii2     ! ,des]t$       
,village1 i1 #bjj2     ,retaliation1 i1 
#bjj2     ,pope's ,fan i1 #bja2         
,reynolds' fir/ ,attempts 9 ,art1 i1    
#bjb2     ,=ce ( ,habit1 i1 #bjb2       
,pay+ ! ,pip]1 i1 #bjc2     8 ,mode/y & 
8 ,g5]osity1 i1 #bjc2     8 ,love (     
,art1 i1 #bjd2     8 ,critique on       
,rub5s1 i1 #bje2     ,reynolds & ,haydn1

 i1 #bjf2     8 ,skill 9 ,complim5t1 i1 
#bjg2     8 ,excell5t ,advice1 i1 #bjh2 
,reynolds z ,mayor ( ,plympton & 8 two  
,portraits1 i1 #bjh2     8 ,k9dness (   
,he>t1 i1 #bji2     ,burke's ,eulogy1 i1
 #bji2     8 ,exp]im5ts & ,use ( ,old   
,pa9t+s1 i1 #baj2     8 ,me?od ( ,work+1
 i1 #aic2     ,rub5s' ,la/ ,supp]1 i1   
#bjf4    ,rhodes1 ,/atues & ,pa9t+s at1 
ii1 #afd4    ,ribalta ,francisco--8     
,love ,romance & 8 ,success1 i1 #bce4   
,rib]a1 ,giuseppe1 7,spagnoletto17 8    
,e>ly ,en?usiasm1 ,pov]ty1 &            
,indu/ry at ,rome1 ii1 #acc2     8      
,return to ,naples & ,m>riage1 ii1 #acd2
     8 ,rise to ,em95ce1 ii1 #ace2     8
 ,discov]y ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 ii1 
#ace2     8 ,favorite ,subjects1 ii4    
#acf2     8 ,disposition1 ii1 #acg2     
8 ,intrigues1 ii1 #ach2     ,lanzi's    
,acc\nt ( 8 ,dea?1 ii1 #acb4    ,riley1 
,john1 i1 #cjg2     8 ,diffid5ce &      
,m]its1 i1 #cjh4    ,rizi1 ,francisco--8
 ,rebuke to ,antonilez1 iii1 #bjj4      
,romans1 ,fondness (1 = ,works ( ,art1  

i1 #hh2     = ,etruscan ,sculpture1 i1  
#ij4    ,rome1 ,anci5t1 ,glory (1 ii1   
#aeb1 & iii1 #eg & #ga2     fir/        
,pictures br\ght to ,rome1 i1 #hh2      
,electione]+ pictures at ,rome1 i1 #ia2 
,dramatic ,sc5]y at ,rome1 i1 #ic2      
,anci5t ,map ( ,rome1 ii1 #afj2         
#ajj1jjj ,/atues at ,rome1 ii1 #aeb4    
,rome1 ,modem--its ,*ur*es1 ,palaces1   
,villas1 & ,treasures (     ,art1 iii1  
#fj4    ,rosa1 ,salvator1 ii1 #ia2      
,cav4 ,lanfranco's ,g5]osity1 ii1 #ia2  
,rosa at ,rome & ,flor5ce1 ii1 #ib2     
8 ,return to ,rome1 ii1 #ic2            
brighte/ ,era ( ,l&scape ,pa9t+1 ii1    
#ic2     8 ,subjects1 ii1 #ic2     8    
wond]ful ,facility ( ,execution1 ii1    
#id2     8 ,flagellation by ! ,monks1   
ii1 #ie2     ,rosa & ! higgl+ ,pr9ce1   
ii1 #if2     8 ,op9ion ( 8 own ,works1  
ii1 #ih2     8 ,b&itti1 ii1 #ih2        
,rosa & ,massaniello1 ii1 #ajj2     &   
,c>d9al ,s=za1 ii1 #ajj2     8          
,manife/o1 ii1 #aja2     8 ,bani%m5t f  
,rome1 ii1 #ajb2     8 ,secret ,visit to

 ,rome1 ii1 #ajb2     8 ,wit1 ii1 #ajc2 
8 ,reception at ,flor5ce1 ii1 #ajc2     
8 ,hi/rionic ,p[]s1 ii1 #ajd2     8     
,reception at ! ,pitti ,palace1 ii1     
#aje2     8 ,satires1 ii1 #ib & #aje2   
8 ,h>psi*ord1 ii1 #ajf2     ,r>e        
,portrait1 ii1 #ajf2     8 ,return to   
,rome1 ii1 #aji2     8 ,love ( ,%[ &    
,magnific5ce1 ii1 #aji2     8 ,la/      
,works1 ii1 #aaa2     8 ov]-we5+ ,desire
 to be consid]$ a ,hi/orical ,pa9t]1 ii1
 #aab2     ,ghigi1 8 ,physician & ,rosa1
 ii1 #aac2     ,lady ,morgan's ,acc\nt (
 8 ,dea?-,b$1 ii1 #aae2     ,rosa &     
,p\ss9 iii1 #aff2     ,rosa &           
,fracanzani1 iii1 #bef4    ,rosada      
,tivoli1 iii1 #ahe2     8 ,works1 iii1  
#ahf2     8 wond]ful ,rapidity ( ,h&1   
iii1 #ahf2     a ,wag] won1 iii1 #ahg2  
8 ,habits & ,improvid5ce1 iii1 #ahg4    
,rosa1 ,giovanni--a mod]n ,zeuxis1 ii1  
#aci4    ,rosalba1 ,c>ri]a1 iii1 #acc2  
h] ,mode/y1 & ,k ( ,temp]s1 iii1 #acc4  
,rub5s1 ,pet] ,paul1 i1 #gi2     8      
,visit to ,italy1 i1 #hj2     8         

,reception by ! ,duke ( ,mantua1 i1 #hj2
     8 ,en?usiasm1 i1 #hj2     8        
,embassy to ,spa91 i1 #ha2     8 ,return
 to ,antw]p1 i1 #ha2     8 ,m>riage1    
,h\se1 & ri* collection ( ,works ( ,art1
 i1 #ha2     8 ,habits1 ,extraord9>y    
,memory & ,acquirem5ts1 i1 #hb2     8   
,detractors1 i1 #hb2     8 ,magnanimity1
 i1 #hc2     ! ,gall]y ( ! ,luxemb\rg1  
i1 #hc2     ,rub5s s5t ,ambassador to ! 
,c\rts ( ,spa9 & ,engl&1 i1 #hc2     8  
,reception & ,works at ,madrid1 i1 #hd2 
8 ,reception & ,works 9 ,engl&1 i1 #hd2 
8 ,delicacy1 ,address1 & ! ,honors      
conf]r$ on him on !     occasion1 i1    
#he2     8 ,dea?1 i1 #he2     8 ,num]\s 
,works1 i1 #hf2     8 ,me?od ( ,work+1  
i1 #bjf4    ,ruys*1 ,ra*el--h] ,life &  
,works1 iii1 #ace4     ,scagliola or    
,mis*ia1 ,works 91 ii1 #adg4    ,s*w>ts1
 amus+ ,anecdote (1 iii1 #age4          
,sculpture1 ,inv5tion (1 i1 #aec2       
,etruscan1 i1 #ij2     ,egyptian1 iii1  
#a2     ,grecian1 i1 #aed & #aeg4       
,sculptures1 ,antique1 at ,rome1 ii1    

#aei4    ,seym\r1 ,anecdotes (1 & !     
,pr\d ,duke1 ii1 #bbc4    ,%akspe>e     
,gall]y1 iii1 #cje4    ,sirani1         
,elizabe?--h] ,life & ,works1 iii1 #acd2
     h] melan*oly ,dea?1 iii1 #ace4     
,soane1 ,sir ,john1 ii1 #aia2     8     
,success & ,works1 ii1 #aib2     8      
,lib]ality & ,public ,munific5ce1 ii1   
#aib2     8 ,museum1 ii1 #aic 2     !   
,belzoni ,s>cophagus1 ii1 #aid2         
,tasso's ,,ms4 ( ,g]usalemme ,lib]ata1  
ii1 #aie2     o!r r>e ,,mss41           
,antiquities1 ,works ( ,art1 etc41 ii1  
#aie4    ,so/ratus1 8 ,light-,h\se on ! 
,isle ( ,ph>os1 ii1 #afd4               
,spagnoletto--,see ,rib]a4    ,spa91    
,melan*oly ,/ate ( ! ,f9e ,arts 91 i1   
#bag2     ,r>ity ( ,female ,portraits 91
 iii1 #aia4    ,spani% ,art1 ,evil      
,effects ( ! ,inquisition on1 i1 #baa4  
,sph9x1 ! ,colossal1 iii1 #aj4          
,/abiae--its ,de/ruction1 ii1 #dc4      
,/atue ( ! ,apollo ,belvid]e1 i1 #da2   
( ! ,apollo ,sauroctonos1 i1 #aee2     (
 ! ,apollo1 ,colossal ,etruscan1 i1 #ij4

    ,/atue ( ! ,v5us de ,m$ici1 i1 #adg4
    ,/atue ( ! ,v5us ( ,cnidus1 i1 #aef 
,/atue ( ! ,v5us ,victrix1 i1 #adg4     
,/atue ( ,m9]va1 ,phidia's1 i1 #aeh1 &  
ii1 #aga4    ,/atue ( ! ,olympian       
,jupit]1 ,phidias'1 i1 #afj    ,/atue ( 
! ,fight+ ,gladiator1 ii1 #ahg4         
,/atue ( ! ,dy+ ,gladiator1 i1 #add4    
,/atue ( ,pompey ! ,great1 ii1 #aei4    
,/atue ( ,semiramis1 cut out ( a        
,m\nta91 ii1 #afg4    ,/atue ( ,napoleon
 on ! ,column ( ,au/]litz1 iii1 #cja4   
,/atue1 ,eque/rian1 ( ,pet] ! ,great1   
iii1 #db4    ,/atues1 ! ,greek1 i1 #aji4
    ,/atues1 ,s\nd+1 iii1 #f4    ,/atues
 ( ,memnon1 iii1 #f4    ,/ratagem1 an   
,ar*itect's1 i1 #cji4    ,/ratagem1     
,hog>?'s1 i1 #afi4    ,/e51 ,jan1 iii1  
#bch2     8 ,works1 iii1 #bch2          
,kugl]'s ,critique on1 iii1 #bdj2       
,frolics ( ,/e5 & ,mi]is1 iii1 #bda4    
,/eph5son1 ,rob]t1 & ! ,britannia       
,bridge1 iii1 #df4    ,/u>t1 ,*>les     
,gilb]t1 i1 #abd2     8 ,visit to       
,scotl& & ,return be=e ! ,ma/1 i1 #abe2 

8 ,visit to ,london1 i1 #abe2     8     
,skill 9 ,music1 & its ,use 9 ,"t (     
,ne$1 i1 #abf2     8 ,introduction to   
,we/1 i1 #abf2     8 ,portrait ( ,we/1  
i1 #abf2     8 ,s*ol>%ip1 i1 #aca2     8
 ,rule ( half prepaym5t1 i1 #aca2     8 
,p[]s ( ,p]ception i1 #acb2             
,all/on's ,eulogium1 i1 #acc2     8     
great ,conv]sational ,p[]s1 i1 #acc2    
8 ,success 9 ,europe1 i1 #acf2     9    
,irel&1 i1 #acf2     8 ,return to       
,am]ica1 i1 #acg2     ,/u>t & ,wa%+ton1 
i1 #acg2     8 ,la/ ,picture1 i1 #adb2  
,/u>t1 8 ,boy & 8 ,dog1 i1 #adb2     8  
,m>k1 i1 #adb4     ,tasso's ,,ms4 (     
,g]usalemme ,lib]ata1 ii1 #aie4         
,temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 i1 #add4  
,temple ( ,jupit] ,olympius at ,a!ns1   
ii1 #afh4    ,temple ( ,jupit]          
,capitol9us1 ii1 #aec1 & iii1 #ei4      
,temple ( ,m9]va at ,a!ns1 ii1 #agj4    
,temple ( ,c>nac1 iii1 #e4    ,temple ( 
,luxor1 iii1 #e4    ,titian--,sket* ( 8 
,life1 ii1 #a2     8 fam\s picture ( ,/4
 ,pet] ! ,m>tyr1 ii1 #b2     8 ,refusal 

( ! ,(fice ( ! ,lead5 ,seal1 ii1 #d2    
8 diff]5t ,mann]s1 ii1 #e2     8 ,works1
 ii1 #f2     8 ,imitators1 ii1 #g2     8
 ,v5us1 ii1 #h2     ,ottley's           
,description ( x1 ii1 #h2     ,titian & 
! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 ii4 #aj2          
extraord9>y ,fri5d%ip ( ,*>les =        
,titian1 8 ,favors &     ,rem>kable     
,say+s1 ii1 #aa2     ,*>les' rebukes to 
8 jeal\s ,nobles1 ii1 #ab2     ,titian &
 ,philip ,,ii41 ii1 #ac2     8 ,lett] ( 
,congratulation to ,philip1 ii1 #ac2    
,philip & ! ,titian ,v5us1 ii1 #ad2     
,titian's ,la/ ,supp] & ,el ,mudo1 ii1  
#ad2     8 ,old ,age1 ii1 #ae2          
,monum5t to ,titian1 ii1 #ae4    ,!bes1 
,anci5t1 iii1 #b4    ,!odoric !         
,great--8 ,love ( ,art1 iii1 #gc4       
,torregiano--8 ,visit to ,spa91 & 8     
,gr\p ( ! ,virg9 &     ,*ild1 i1 #a2    
8 ,horrid ,treatm5t & ,dea?1 i1 #b4     
,torres--,s>casm on 8 ,imitations (     
,c>avaggio1 iii1 #bje4                  
,transfiguration ( ,raffaelle1 i1 #gb4  
,tri/an1 ,luis1 i1 #bbi2     ,tri/an &  

,velasquez1 i1 #bbi2     ,tri/an & ,el  
,greco1 i1 #bcj4    ,triumvirate (      
,hi/orical ,pa9t]s1 i1 #bdd4            
,triumvirate ( ,l&scape ,pa9t]s1 ii1    
#ic4    ,triumvirate ( ,neapolitan      
,pa9t]s1 ,intrigues (1 ii1 #abh4        
,uccello1 ,paolo1 "o ( ! ,fa!rs (       
,pa9t+1 ii1 #bhg2     8 ,en?usiasm1 ii1 
#bhh2     ,uccello & ! ,monks ( ,san    
,m9iato1 ii1 #bhi2     8 rem>kable      
,picture ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,arti/s ( 8   
,"t1 ii1 #bij2     8 ,incr$ulity ( ,/4  
,?omas1 ii1 #bia2     ,uccello &        
,donatello1 ii1 #bib4    ,utility (     
,anci5t ,works1 ii1 #bhj4     ,vanbrugh1
 ,sir ,john1 & 8 ,sev]e ,critics1 ii1   
#bba2     ,reynolds' celebrat$          
,criticism 9 8 favor1 ii1 #bba4         
,vase1 ! ,portl&1 ii1 #ef4    ,v&yck1   
,sir ,an?ony--8 ,conduct 9 ! ,s*ool (   
,rub5s1 iii1 #acf2     8 ,visit to      
,italy1 iii1 #ach2     8 ,return to     
,antw]p1 iii1 #aci2     8 ,success & !  
,jeal\sy ( ,arti/s1 iii1 #adj2     8    
celebrat$ ,picture ( ! ,elevation ( !   

,cross1 & ! ,canons     ( ,c\rtray1 iii1
 #adj2     8 ,visit to ,engl&1 iii1     
#ada2     8 ,success & ,honors1 iii1    
#ada2     8 ,dea? & ,"*1 iii1 #adb2     
,rem>kable ,in/ance ( 8 ,rapidity (     
,execution1 ii1 #cab4    ,velasquez1    
,don ,diego1 i1 #bbf2     ,velasquez &  
,rub5s comp>$ by ,mrs4 ,jameson1 i1     
#bbf2     ,velasquez & ,philip ,,iv--!  
favors & extraord9>y ,honors     conf]r$
 on him1 i1 #bbg2     8 ,skill 9        
,portraits1 i1 #bbg2     8 ,portrait (  
,innoc5t ,x1 i1 #bbh2     8 ,g5]osity to
 8 ,slave1 i1 #bbh4    ,velde1 ,william 
van de1 ! ,eld]1 iii1 #adc2     8       
,intrepidity 9 ,pa9t+ ,naval            
,engagem5ts1 iii1 #adc2     8           
,invitation to ,engl& & 8 ,works1 iii1  
#adc2     ,van de ,velde & ,*>les ,,ii41
 iii1 #ade4    ,velde1 ,william van de1 
! ,y\ng]1 iii1 #ade2     8 ,admirable   
,works1 iii1 #adf2     ,pres5t ,value ( 
8 ,works1 iii1 #adg2     8 num]\s       
,draw+s1 & _! ,e/imation & ,value1 iii1 
#adh4    ,v5eziano1 ,dom5ico1 ii1 #add2 

8 trea*]\s ,dea?1 ii1 #add4    ,v5ice1  
,f\ndation (1 iii1 #gb4    ,v5etian     
,horses1 ! fam\s1 ,removal ( f ,p>is1   
iii1 #bif4    ,v5us ,anadyom5e1 i1 #b4  
,v5us ( ,cnidus1 i1 #aee4    ,v5us de   
,m$ici1 i1 #adg4    ,v5us ,victrix1 i1  
#adg4    ,v5us1 ,titian's1 ii1 #h4      
,v]mey51 ,john ,c41 & ! ,emp]or ,*>les  
,v41 iii1 #bjf2     8 s+ul> ,dress &    
long ,be>d1 iii1 #bjg4    ,v]net1       
,claude ,joseph1 ii1 #bie2     8        
,passion = ,art1 & 8 ,precocity1 ii1    
#bie2     8 ,en?usiasm1 ii1 #bif2     8 
,sket*+ ! ,tempe/1 la%$ to ! ,ma/1 ii1  
#big2     8 ,arrival at ,rome1 ii1 #bih2
     8 ,indu/ry & ,pov]ty1 ii1 #bii2    
8 ,alphabet ( ,tones1 ii1 #bii2         
,v]net & ! ,connoisseur1 ii1 #cja2     8
 ,success & ,works1 ii1 #cja2           
,did]ot's ,eulogy1 ii1 #cjc2     8      
,passion = ,music1 ii1 #cjf2     8      
,op9ion ( 8 own ,arti/ic ,m]its1 ii1    
#cjg2     ,*>act]i/ic ,lett] to !       
,m>quis de ,m>igny1 ii1 #cji2     8     
,prices1 ii1 #caj4    ,v]net1 ,*>les1   

ii1 #caj2     8 ,works1 ii1 #caj2     8 
rebuke to a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate1 ii1 #caa4   
,v]net1 ,horace--8 ,life1 ,/yle1 &      
,works1 ii1 #af-bh4    ,vieira1         
,francisco--8 ,love ,romance1 iii1 #aie2
     8 ,success1 iii1 #aih4    ,v9ci1   
,lion>do da1 i1 #bff2     ,precocity ( 8
 ,g5ius1 i1 #bff2     8 fir/ rem>kable  
,picture1 i1 #bfg2     ! extraord9>y    
,v]satility ( 8 ,tal5ts1 i1 #bfh2     8 
,works at ,milan1 i1 #bfh2     8 fam\s  
,battle ( ! ,/&>d1 i1 #bgj2     ,v9ci & 
,leo ,x41 i1 #bga2     ,v9ci & ,francis 
,i41 i1 #bga2     8 ,dea?1 i1 #bgb2     
8 ,le>n+1 i1 #bgb2     8 ,writ+s1 i1    
#bgc2     8 ,sket* ,books1 i1 #bge2     
8 ,la/ ,supp]1 i1 #bgf2     ,copies ( 8 
,la/ ,supp]1 i1 #bgh2     8             
,discrim9ation1 i1 #bgi2     8 ,idea (  
,p]fection 9 ,art1 i1 #bhj2     ,v9ci & 
! ,prior1 i1 #bhb2     8 ,draw+s ( !    
,heads 9 ! ,la/ ,supp]1 i1 #bhd2        
,francis ,i4 & ! ,la/ ,supp]1 i1 #bhd2  
,au!nticat$ ,works ( ,da ,v9ci1 i1 #bhe4
     ,we5ix1 ,john ,bapti/ ! ,eld]1 iii1

 #bcf2     8 wond]ful ,facility ( ,h&1  
iii1 #bcf4    ,we5ix1 ! ,y\ng]1 iii1    
#bcg4    ,weesop1 ,anecdote (1 i1 #caj4 
,we/1 ,b5jam9--8 ,op9ion ( ! ,value ( ! 
,f9e ,arts to a     ,c\ntry1 i1 #h2     
,anecdotes ( ,we/1 i1 #bh2     8        
,ance/ry1 i1 #bh2     8 ,bir?1 i1 #bi2  
8 ,fir/ ,rem>kable ,feat1 i1 #cj2     8 
do+s ) ! ,indians1 i1 #cj2     8        
,cat's-,tail's ,p5cils1 i1 #cj2     8   
,fir/ ,picture1 i1 #ca2     8 ,fir/     
,visit to ,philadelphia1 i1 #cb2     8  
,ambition1 i1 #cc2     8 ,fir/ ,patrons1
 i1 #cd2     8 ,education1 i1 #ce2     8
 ,d$ication to ,art1 i1 #cf2     8 ,e>ly
 ,prices1 i1 #ch2     8 ,arrival at     
,rome1 i1 #ci2     8 ,reception at      
,rome1 i1 #dj2     8 ,criticism on !    
,apollo ,belvid]e1 i1 #da2     8 ,e>ly  
,fri5ds1 i1 #da2     8 ,c\rse ( ,/udy1  
i1 #db2     a ,rem>kable ,prophecy1 i1  
#dc2     ,we/ 9 ,london--8 ,fondness =  
,skat+1 i1 #dd2     8 ,dea? ( ,wolfe1 i1
 #de2     8 ,def5se = ,innovation be=e !
 ,k+1 i1 #df2     ,/u>t's ,anecdotes (  

,we/1 i1 #abg-aca4    ,wilson1 ,ri*>d--8
 ,pov]ty & ,want ( ,appreciation1 i1 #f2
     ,pres5t ,value ( 8 ,works1 i1 #f4  
,w9de ,william--8 successful ,/ratagem1 
i1 #cii4    ,wiss+1 ,william--,fre$om ( 
! ,times 9 ,engl& 9 ! reign (     ,*>les
 ,,ii41 i1 #cji4    ,wolf1 ! ,bronze1 ! 
,?und]-,/rick5 ,nurse ( ,rome1 i1 #ij4  
,wond]s1 ! ,sev51 ( ! ,_w1 iii1 #ge4    
,wr51 ,sir ,*ri/oph]1 i1 #bij2     8    
,self-,comm&1 i1 #bij2     8 ,re/ra9ts 9
 design+ 8 ,edifices1 i1 #bib2     !    
great ,fire 9 ,london1 i1 #bic2     ,/4 
,paul's ,ca!dral1 i1 #bid2     8 ,dea?1 
i1 #bie2     ,wr5 & ,*>les ,,ii41 i1    
#bie4     ,zucc>o1 ,taddeo1 iii1 #bej2 8
 ,pov]ty1 ,en?usiasm1 & ,works1 iii1    
#bea4    ,zucc>o1 ,f$]igo--8 ,res5tm5t1 
iii1 #bea2 ,royal ,criticism on 8       
,self-,adulation1 iii1 #beb4            
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #a3 ,arnolfo _h 
propos$ to raise ! cupola imm$iately    
above ! fir/ cornice1 f ! model ( ! *ur*
 9 ! *apel ( ! ,spani>ds1 :]e ! cupola  
is extremely small4 ,arnolfo 0 foll[$ by

 ,giotto 9 #acca4 ,to ,giotto succe$$   
,taddeo ,gaddi1 aft] :om1 fir/ ,&rea    
,orgagna1 next ,lor5zo di ,filippo1 &   
la/ly ,brunelles*i 7 ar*itects ( !      
,ca!dral4  ,footnote #b3 ,! /ory (      
,columbus & ! ,egg is famili> to e "o4  
,! je/ und\bt$ly orig9at$ )             
,brunelles*i1 z x is atte/$ by _m ( !   
,italian writ]s2 x happ5$ 9 #adbj1      
f\rte5 ye>s be=e ,columbus 0 born4      
,toscanelli 0 a great admir] (          
,brunelles*i1 ^: k ( ! ,scriptures &    
p[]s ( argum5t 7 s great1 t he c\ld     
successfully dispute 9 public           
assemblies1 or 9 private ) ! mo/ le>n$  
!ologians1 s t ,toscanelli 0 accu/om$ to
 say t to he> ,filippo 9 argum5t1 "o    
might fancy "o's self li/5+ to a second 
,paul4 ,s capital a retort c\ld h>dly h 
fail$ to rea* ,columbus1 ?r\gh 8        
in/ructor1 nor w\ld he h hesitat$ to use
 x aga9/ 8 antagoni/s "u simil>         
circum/ances4 ,brunelles*i 0 born 9     
#acgg & di$ 9 #addd2 ,columbus 9 #adcf1 
& di$ 9 #aejf4  ,footnote #c3 ,vas>i    

means t ,lor5zo cont9u$ to receive 8    
sal>y till #adbf1 al?\gh ,filippo _h be5
 appo9t$ sole ma/] ( ! works 9 #adbc1 z 
he himself relates 9 ! sequel4          
,footnote #d3 ,h[ diff]5t 0 ! treatm5t  
,ghib]ti receiv$ f ,brunelles*i1 :5 !   
arti/s pres5t$ _! models = "o ( ! bronze
 doors ( ! ,bapti/]y ( ,san ,giovanni at
 ,flor5ce4 ,! designs ( ,ghib]ti1       
,brunelles*i1 & ,donatello1 7 consid]$ !
 ?ree be/2 b ! two latt]1 consid]+ t    
,ghib]ti 0 fairly entitl$ to ! prize1   
)drew _! claims 9 8 favor1 & p]suad$ !  
syndics to adjudge ! "w to him4         
,brunelles*i 0 reque/$ to und]take ! "w 
9 conc]t ) ,ghib]ti1 b he w\ld n cons5t 
to ?is1 desir+ to be fir/ 9 "s o!r art  
or und]tak+ ?an equal1 or p]haps        
second>y1 9 ano!r4 ,n[1 ?is 0 9 tru?1   
says ,vas>i1 ! s9c]e rectitude (        
fri5d%ip2 x 0 tal5t )\t envy1 &         
uprightness ( judgm5t 9 a decision      
respect+ !mselves1 by :i* ^! arti/s 7 m 
highly honor$ ?an !y c\ld h be5 by      
conduct+ ! "w to ! utmo/ summit (       

p]fection4 ,happy spirits6 :o1 :ile aid+
 ea* o!r took pleasure 9 comm5d+ !      
labors ( _! competitors4 ,h[ unhappy1 on
 ! contr>y1 are ! arti/s ( our day1     
labor+ to injure ea* o!r1 yet /ill      
unsatisfi$1 !y bur/ ) envy1 :ile seek+  
to w\nd o!rs4  ,footnote #e3 ,?is di/ru/
 seems a/oni%+1 aft] :at ,brunelles*i _h
 accompli%$1 b x %[s ! opposition &     
enmity he _h to enc\nt]4 ,9 #adcd1 he   
receiv$ a mortify+ affront f ! ,guild ( 
,build]s4 ,f9d+ t he c>ri$ on ! build+  
)\t ?9k+ to pay ! annual tax due f e    
arti/ :o ex]cis$ 8 call+1 !y caus$ him  
to be appreh5d$ & ?r[n into prison4 ,z  
soon z ?is outrage 0 kn[n to ! w>d5s1 !y
 in/antly assembl$ ) indignation1 &     
issu$ a solemn decree1 comm&+ t ,filippo
 %\ld be lib]at$1 & t ! ,consuls ( !    
,guild %\ld be imprison$1 :i* 0         
accord+ly done4 ,bald9ucci discov]$ &   
pr9t$ ! au!ntic docum5t conta9+ !       
decree1 :i* is dat$ ,augu/ #bj1 #adcd4  
,footnote #f3 ,masselli says t ! ,tuscan
 braccio1 is ! anci5t ,roman foot d\bl$ 

= great] conv5i5ce1 & is equal to "o    
foot n9e in*es & six l9es1 ,p>is        
measure4 ,! editors ( ! ,flor5t9e       
edition ( ,vas>i1 #ahdf-i1 rem>k t !    
measure ( ! :ole edifice z giv5 by      
,vas>i1 diff]s f t giv5 by ,fantozzi2 ! 
latt] gives #aif braccia z its total    
height4 ,milizia says1 ,brunelles*i     
complet$ 8 und]tak+1 :i* surpass$ 9     
height any "w ( ! anci5ts4 ,! lant]n    
alone rema9$ imp]fect2 b he left a model
 = x1 & always recomm5d$1 ev5 9 8 la/   
mom5ts1 t x %\ld be built ( heavy m>ble1
 because ! cupola be+ rais$ on f\r      
ar*es1 x w\ld h a t5d5cy to spr+ upw>ds 
if n press$ ) a heavy weight4 ,! ?ree   
ma!maticians :o h writt5 on ! cupola (  
,/4 ,pet]'s1 h cle>ly demon/rat$ a tru? 
diff]+ f ! op9ion ( ,brunelles*i1 viz41 
t ! small cupola increases1 9 a great   
degree1 ! lat]al pressure4 ,! :ole      
height ( ! /ructure f ! gr\nd to ! top1 
is #che feet2 t is1 to ! lant]n #bic    
feet1 ! latt] be+ #fh feet #f in*es2 !  
ball #h feet2 ! cross #ae feet #f in*es4

 99  99  99  ,! plan ( ! dome is        
octangul>2 ea* side 9 ! int]ior is #eg  
feet1 & ! cle> wid? betwe5 ! sides1 n   
measur+ into ! angles1 is #acg feet2 !  
walls are #af feet #i in*es ?ick2 ! :ole
 l5g? ( ! *ur* is #ejj feet4 ,! nave has
 f\r po9t$ ar*es on ea* side1 on pi]s1  
sep>at+ x f ! side aisles4 ,! transept &
 *oir h no side aisles1 b are portions (
 an octagon1 atta*$ to ! base ( ! dome1 
giv+ ! :ole plan ! figure ( a cross4 ,! 
edifice has a ,go?ic "*1 & is incru/$ 9 
m>ble & mosaic "w4 99  99  99  ,accord+ 
to ,fontani1 ?is cupola exce$s t ( !    
,vatican1 bo? 9 height & circumf]5ce by 
f\r braccia2 & al?\gh support$ by eight 
ribs only1 :i* r5d]s x mu* light] ?an t 
( ! ,vatican1 :i* has sixte5 flank+     
buttresses1 x is nev]!less m solid &    
firm4 ,?us x has nev] requir$ to be     
support$ by circl+ hoops ( iron1 nor has
 x dem&$ ! labors ( ! _m eng9e]s &      
ar*itects :o h pr9t$ volumes ^u !       
subject4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is cupola is 
rem>kable 9 ^! p>ticul>s--t x is        

octangul>1 t x is d\ble1 & built        
entirely on ! walls1 unsupport$ by pi]s1
 & t !re are no app>5t c\nt]=ts4