,catholic ,problems in ,western ,canada ,by ,george ,thomas ,daly1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 ,with preface by the ,most ,reverend ,o4 ,e4 ,mathieu1 ,archbishop of ,regina ,,toronto3 ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,,of ,,canada1 ,,ltd41 ,,at ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,house ,permissu ,superiorum ,,arthur ,t4 ,,coughlan1 ,c4,,ss4,r41 ,provincial4 ,imprimatur ,,edward ,,alfred ,,leblanc1 ,bishop of ,st4 ,john1 ,n4,b4 ,st4 ,john1 ,n4,b41 ,december #hth1 #aibj4 ,copyright1 ,canada1 #aiba ,,by ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,,of ,,canada1 ,,limited ,,toronto ,,respectfully ,,dedicated ,,to ,,the ,,catholic ,,hierarchy ,,of ,,canada4 ,,contents ,,introduction ,,part #a4--,,religious ,,problems ,,chapter #a4--,,this ,,call ,,of ,,the ,,west ,a ,call from the ,west--,the ,call of the ,catholic ,church in the ,west--,the ,response of the ,east--,the ,specific ,object of the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society4 ,,chapter #b4--;,,bridging ,,the ,,chasm ,the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society in ,canada--,its ,principles and ,policy4 ,,chapter #c4--,,pro ,,aris ,,et ,,focis ,the ,ruthenian ,problem--,a ,religious and ,national ,problem--,its ,phases--,its ,solution4 ,,chapter #d4--,,why8 ,,what8 ,,who8 ,the necessity of a ,field ,secretary for the ,organization of our ,missionary ,activities4 ,,chapter #e4--,,ploughing ,,the ,,sands ,the ,church ,union ,movement2 its ,causes and ,various ,manifestations--,the ,protestant and ,catholic ,view-point4 ,,chapter #f4--,,them ,,also ,i ,,must ,,bring 7,jo1 v1 #af7 ,the ,apostolate to non-,catholics2 its ,obligation--,what have we ,done8--,what ,can we ,do8 ,,chapter #g4--,,pros ,,and ,,cons ,obstacles that ,impede4 4 4 4 ,circumstances that ,help the ,work of the ,church in ,western ,canada4 ,,part #b4--;,,educational ,,problems ,,chapter #h4--,,why ,,separate8 ,a ,moral ,reason--,a ,social ,reason--,a ,political ,reason--,a ,national ,reason--,a ,british ,reason--,a ,religious ,reason 4 4 4 for our ,separate ,schools4 ,,chapter #i4--;,a ,,window ,,in ,,the ,,west ,a ,crusade for ,better ,schools in ,saskatchewan3 ,its ,history--,its ,lessons--,an ,invitation and a ,warning4 ,,chapter #aj4--,,unicuique ,,suum ,principle on which should be ,based the ,division of ,company-taxes between ,public and ,separate ,schools4 ,,chapter #aa4--;,,dream ,,of ,,reality ,higher ,education in ,western ,canada--,duty of the ,hour--,university ,training1 ,condition of ,genuine leadership--,for ,catholics ,higher ,education means ,higher ,catholic ,education--,the ,concerted ,action of all ,catholics in ,western ,canada can make a ,western ,catholic ,university a ,reality4 ,,part #c--,,social ,,problems ,,chapter #ab4--;,,beyond ,,berlin ,after-war ,problems from a ,catholic view-point--,reconstruction--,the ,duty of the ,hour4 ,,chapter #ac4--,,whom ,,do ,,men ,,say ,,that ,,the ,,son ,,of ,,man ,,is8 7,matt4 xvi1 #ac7 ,public ,opinion and the ,catholic ,church--,what is ,public ,opinion--,its ,power--,how it is ,formed--,the ,catholic ,church in its ,relation to ,public ,opinion--,our ,duties to ,public ,opinion4 ,,chapter #ad4--,,truth ,,shall ,,make ,,you ,,free 7,jo4 viii1 #cb7 ,facts--,principles--,policy of the ,catholic ,truth ,society--,its ,value for the ,church in ,western ,canada4 ,,chapter #ae4--;,a ,,suggestion ,importance of the ,catholic ,press--,requisites for its ,success in the ,west4 ,,chapter #af4--,,the ,,new ,,canadian ,immigration--,are we ,ready for it8--,outline of a ,plan of ,action4 ,,chapter #ag--,,ut ,,sint ,,unum ,a ,catholic ,congress of the ,western ,provinces1 the ,ultimate ,solution of all their ,problems--,what is a ,congress8--,its ,utility--,its ,necessity--,tentative ,programme of a ,general ,congress4 ,,chapter #ah4--,,ultima ,,verba ,,appendix ,i4--,,americanization ,a ,thought-compelling and ,illuminating ,article1 by ,l4 ,p4 ,edwards1 in ,new ,york ,times1 on ,problems that ,confront ,canada also4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,fad ,,of ,,americanization ,by ,glenn ,frank in the ,century1 ,june1 #aibj4 ,,iii4--,,americanization ,,work ,,must ,,proceed ,,slowly ,by ,rev4 ,d4 ,p4 ,tighe1 ,detroit ,news1 ,aug4 #bd1 #aiai4 ,,preface ,letter of the ,most ,reverend ,o4 ,e4 ,mathieu1 ,archbishop of ,regina1 to the ,author ,,reverend ,g4 ,,daly1 ,c4,,ss4,r41 ,st4 ,john1 ,n4,b4 ,dear ,father1-- ,quebec ,province claims you as her son4 ,there you lived for many years2 there you learned to admire the peaceful life and to appreciate the genuine happiness of our patriarchal families2 there you were an eyewitness of the bonne entente and noble rivalry which exist between the ethnical groups that go to make up its population4 ,at various times your sacred ministry has brought you in touch with the other ,eastern ,provinces of our broad ,dominion4 ,a keen observer1 you readily grasped existing conditions and the mentality of the various elements of our ,canadian ,population4 ,the year #aiag found you laboring in our beloved ,province of ,saskatchewan1 as ,rector of our ,cathedral4 ,for three years you lived with us4 ,the possibilities of our great ,west soon appealed to your enthusiastic heart4 ,the various problems which here engage the attention of the ,church fired your soul with noble ambition4 ,i shall never forget the good you have done in the parish committed to your care4 ,i shall be ever grateful for the zeal with which you devoted yourself1 heart and soul1 to the guidance of those under your charge4 ,you found your happiness in making others happy1 remembering that kindly actions alone give to our days their real value4 ,your priestly heart understood that when one is in ,god's service he must not be content with doing things in a half-hearted way or without willing sacrifice4 ,but the voice of your ,superiors called you to another field of action1 and with ready obedience you hastened to the ,eastern extremity of the ,dominion4 ,i can assure you1 dear ,father1 that1 though absent1 your memory is still fresh among us4 ,your old parishioners of ,holy ,rosary ,cathedral1 and others with whom you came in contact through missions and other work throughout the ,province1 have kept a fond and faithful remembrance of your ,reverence4 ,the citizens of ,regina who are not of our ,faith still remember the noble efforts you always put forth to promote good will and concord in the community at large4 ,your charity proved to them that we were not born to hate but to love one another4 ,it affords me great pleasure to see that since you left the ,west you have continued to have its welfare at heart1 its problems ever present in your thought4 ,for you tell me that you are just about to publish a book on ,catholic problems in ,western ,canada4 ,the ,west1 you have known1 studied and loved4 ,the tremendous obstacles1 as well as the great possibilities which there face the ,church at this critical hour of our history1 have left on your mind a lasting impression4 ,you fully realize1 dear ,father1 that our ,western problems are not sufficiently known by the ,catholics of the ,east4 ,were the importance of these issues fully appreciated by all1 a greater interest would be taken in regard to their immediate solution4 ,catholics throughout the ,country1 you rightly state1 are obliged to further the influence of ,holy ,mother ,church in our ,western ,provinces1 which will certainly be called upon within a very near future to play a most important part in our ,dominion4 ,to draw the attention of ,catholics to the critical issues which conditions1 during the last decade or so1 have created in our great ,west1 and to offer solutions which will be beneficial to the ,church1 are the noble motives that have prompted your important work and guided you on to its completion4 ,even though some may not fully share your views1 or see eye to eye with you on the means of action you suggest1 you will have nevertheless attained your object4 ,you will have1 ,i am confident1 awakened interest in our ,western problems which1 ,i repeat1 are unfortunately not known1 or at least1 are not fully appreciated by too many of our own4 ,there is a saying that the heart has reasons which the mind does not fully grasp4 ,i feel sure that the many hours you have spent in the composition of your book1 coupled with the strenuous work of the missions1 to which you have consecrated yourself with unrelenting zeal since your departure from our midst1 have been calculated to weaken your health4 ,but your heart1 unmindful of self1 did not consider time and fatigue so long as your fellow-man was being benefited4 ,your love for ,god and ,his ,church induced you to undertake this work and carry it through to completion4 ,your book1 ,i am sure1 is destined to produce happy results4 ,this will be your consolation and your reward4 ,asking ,god to bless your work and wishing you to accept this expression of my constant gratitude and sincere friendship1 ,i remain as ever1 ,devotedly yours1 ,,olivier ,,elzear ,,mathieu1 ,archbishop of ,regina4 ,,archbishop',s ,,house1 ,,regina1 ,november #bast1 #aibj4 ,,introduction ,praesentia tangens4 4 4 4 4 ,futura prospiciens4 ,problems characterize every age1 sum up the complex life of nations and give them their distinctive features4 ,they form that moral atmosphere which makes one period of history responsible and tributary to another4 ,and indeed1 in every human problem there is an ethical element4 ,this imponderable factor1 which often baffles our calculations1 always remains the true1 permanent driving force4 ,for in the last analysis of human things1 morality is what reachest furthest and matters most4 ,problems may vary with the times and the countries1 and yet1 the moral issues involved never change2 for1 right is eternal4 ,to detect this ethical element amid the ever restless waves of human activities has ever been the noble and constant effort of true leaders4 ,like the pilot they are ever watching for the lighted buoy on the tossing waves4 ,this moral element underlying all our national problems is what affects ,catholics as such1 or rather the medium through which ,catholics are called to affect them4 ,no period should prove more interesting to ,catholics than our own1 for the very principles of ,christian ,ethics are now being questioned and vindicated in the lives of nations1 either by the benefits accruing from their application1 or by the evils consequent upon their neglect4 ,our neo-pagan world is learning by a cruel and sad experience that ,religion is the foundation of morality1 and morality that of true legality4 ,for unless certain things antecedent to conscience be granted and firmly held1 'conscience' becomes synonymous with 'sentiment4' ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george himself1 addressing a religious gathering in ,wales on ,june #i1 #aibj1 recognized ,religion as the only bulwark able to resist the rising tide of anarchy4 ,bolshevism is spreading throughout the world1 said the ,british ,premier1 and the churches can alone save the people from the disaster which will ensue1 if this anarchy of will and aim continues to spread4 ,the task of the churches1 he continued1 was greater than that which came within the compass of any political party4 ,political parties might provide the lamps1 lay the wires and turn the current on to certain machinery1 but the churches must be the power stations4 ,if the generating stations were destroyed1 whatever the arrangements and plans of the political parties might be1 it would not be long before the light was cut off from the homes of the people4 ,the doctrines taught by the churches are the only security against the triumph of human selfishness1 and human selfishness unchecked will destroy any plans1 however perfect1 which politicians may devise4 ,this period of history1 to quote ,gladstone1 is an agitated and expectant age4 ,the world is travelling fast into a new era4 ,the modern social fabric1 built on the shifting sands of selfishness and injustice is rocking on its foundations4 ,amid accumulated ruins nations are searching for the basic principles of true ,reconstruction4 ,this period of unrest is in itself a challenge to ,christianity1 to the ,church4 ,but the vitalizing force of ,christianity can solve these problems of a decrepit civilization just as it solved the problem of tottering ,rome4 ,problems therefore must be faced and solved4 ,every ,catholic has his place in this world-wide work4 ,if our religion does not make its influence felt in every phase of our life's activities1 it is--as far as our life and its influence on others is concerned--a gigantic fraud4 ,bishop ,kettler understood this pressing obligation when1 breaking away from a too conservative programme of action1 he was the first in the ,church to give an impetus to the study of the modern social problem4 ,his policy and action were said to have prompted the celebrated letter of ,leo ,,iii1 ,rerum ,novarum4 ,the words of this great democratic ,bishop still bear his timely message to ,catholics of to-day1 ,to save the souls of countless workmen entrusted to her by ,christ1 the ,church must enter the field of ,social reform1 armed with extraordinary remedies4 ,she must exert herself to the utmost to rescue the workmen from a situation which constitutes a real proximate occasion of sin for them1 a situation which makes it morally impossible for them to fulfill their duties as ,christians4 ,the ,church is bound to interfere 'ex caritate1' as these workmen are in extreme need and cannot help themselves4 ,otherwise1 the unbelieving workingman will say to her3 ,of what use are your fine teachings to me8 ,what is the use of your referring me1 by way of consolation1 to the next world1 if in this world you let me and my wife and my children perish with hunger8 ,you are not seeking my welfare1 you are looking for something else4 ,our fair and broad ,dominion has not escaped from that spirit of unrest4 ,spasmodic eruptions in the ,east and in the ,west indicate the same central fires of the universal volcano upon which the world now sleeps uneasily4 ,yet1 various reasons have urged us to limit our investigation and reflections to ,western ,canada4 ,the predominating interests of the ,west have of late become more and more evident in the economic and political life of our country4 ,lord ,salisbury1 when trouble was brewing on the far-flung border of ,india1 gave to the people the famous warning ,look at big maps4 ,to get a just appreciation of our mighty ,west we may well follow that same advice and look at big maps4 ,the sudden and rapid growth of our ,prairie ,provinces particularly1 the unlimited and perennial resources of their fertile soil1 the progressive spirit of the population have made of the ,west the land of great possibilities and mighty problems4 ,the future of our ,country1 the peace and prosperity of the nation depend to a great extent on the reasonable and just exploitation of these resources and on the adequate solution to these problems4 ,there is no place in ,canada where problems develop more rapidly and meet with more radical solutions than in ,western ,canada4 ,this is the case in every young and prosperous country4 ,no dead are behind the living1 to link the past to the future with the steadying influence of tradition4 ,who has not heard of ,the ,spirit of the ,west8 ,broad in its vision1 sympathetic and ambitious in its plans1 over-confident in its powers and most aggressive in its policies1 that spirit grips you as you pass beyond the ,great ,lakes into the unlimited horizons of the rolling prairies4 ,those who have never experienced its secret influence1 will never fully understand its tremendous power4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dafoe1 of the ,manitoba ,free ,press1 welcoming to the ,west the ,members of the ,imperial ,press ,conference 7#aibj71 assured them that they would observe in the ,west evidence of a newer ,canadianism1 the ,canadianism of to-morrow2 not hostile to the ,east1 but1 we think1 a little better4 ,as the ,west has forced itself on the attention of our economic and political world1 so also have its ,religious problems loomed up many and great on the horizon of the ,church4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 there1 as in many mission countries1 is in process of formation3 immense fields await the scythe of belated reapers4 ,yet1 notwithstanding this state of imperfect organization1 the ,church stands out as one of the great moral factors which outsiders are the first to respect1 and politicians too willing at times to exploit4 ,through her teachings and her children1 she is bound to make the beneficial influence of her presence felt1 even by her enemies4 ,her teachings indeed create for her loyal children issues which have to be faced squarely and unflinchingly4 ,the influence of the ,church on ,society depends on the manner ,catholics understand their social responsibilities and translate into action her doctrine4 ,we may well apply to the life of the ,church in a country this biological truism3 life consists in adaptation to environment4 ,from a ,catholic viewpoint ,our ,west will be vitalized only in as much as the ,catholics in ,western ,canada1 thoroughly patriotic in their aspirations and thoroughly ,catholic in their ideas and feelings1 will bring their influence to bear on our national life4 ,their example and their influence will lead to the silent and pacific penetration of the ,society in which they live4 ,and the ,catholics throughout ,canada cannot stand aloof1 disinterested in the upbuilding of the ,western ,provinces1 where the ,canada of to-morrow is being created4 ,there indeed the clash of ideals is more marked1 the fermentation of thought is stronger1 issues are more vital4 ,our national life1 to a great extent1 will depend on how these conflicting elements are absorbed into the blood and sinews of the ,country4 ,the problems on which we dwell are1 in our humble estimation1 of paramount importance and should arrest the attention and elicit the co-operation of every ,catholic alive to their seriousness4 ,no doubt we have been sleeping at our posts4 ,red lights spot the darkness of the future and speak of danger ahead if the problems upon which we dwell are not pressed home with constancy and energy1 if some concerted action is not agreed upon4 ,behind these problems lurk mighty issues4 ,they strike at the very foundations of ,christianity and ,christian civilization1 and cannot be disposed of by ,parliament-,laws or ,orders-in-,council4 ,we are a minority1 some may say1 and without influence4 ,yes1 we are a minority1 but were we a militant minority1 our ideas would make their way4 ,small as the ,catholic body was in ,england1 said ,h4 ,belloc1 it knew what it thought2 it had a determined position4 ,that was of enormous importance4 ,a minority which was logical1 reasonable1 and united was a very much stronger thing than its mere numbers would suggest4 ,did not the ideas of a few ,oxford men revolutionize the ,church of ,england and bring on a movement the results of which we still witness throughout the ,english-speaking world4 ,the men who see clear and far1 who feel keenly and deeply will necessarily be leaders4 ,the hand that leads is always governed by a warm heart and a clear eye4 ,devotion is the child of conviction1 said ,lord ,haldane4 ,the non-,catholic may be inclined to look upon our exposition of these ,western ,problems as a merely sectarian viewpoint1 and therefore1 of no value to him4 ,he may even look upon our work as an open challenge4 ,i would answer in ,newman's words3 ,our motive for writing has been the sight of the truth and the desire to show it to others4 ,the serious minded non-,catholic1 whose soul has not been wholly warped by prejudice1 will at least consider the ,catholic ,church as one of the great moral factors in the nation4 ,he will naturally wish to know the mind of the ,church and the reasons for its stand in many problems common to all ,canadians4 ,our candid explanation will help to give him a better understanding of facts and a better appreciation of our position on issues to be faced by us all4 ,we are prompted by a sincere love for our ,country in offering these solutions for the various issues with which we are confronted4 ,preconceived opinions and inherited prejudices1 particularly in religious matters tend to make men either blind or indifferent to the merits of systems other than their own4 ,we do not expect our non-,catholic readers to see eye to eye with us in the discussion of the various problems under examination4 ,our viewpoint is naturally the ,catholic one4 ,but we do believe that the broad-minded ,westerner is open to conviction and willing to take an argument on its face value4 ',give us a hearing' 4 4 4 4 this is the burden of our message to our non-,catholic countrymen4 ,this book is not written in a spirit of controversy4 ,were some to see it in this light1 then ,i would claim for the author what ,birrell said of ,newman3 ,he contrived to instil into his very controversy more of the spirit of ,christ than most men can find room for in their prayers4 ,moreover2 we are persuaded that the great war has mellowed the minds of men and made them more receptive4 ,the contact with other countries has softened the contours of certain controversies and given to all a broader outlook4 ,however1 should our arguments fail to prove satisfactory or should they give rise to contradiction1 we would repeat here what ,newman wrote in his ,preface to ,difficulties of ,anglicans1 ,it has not been our practice to engage in controversy with those who felt it their duty to criticise what at any time we have written2 but that will not preclude us under present circumstances1 from elucidating what is deficient in them by further observations1 should questions be asked1 which1 either from the quarter whence they proceed1 or from their intrinsic weight1 have1 according to our judgment1 a claim upon our attention4 ,the problems we touch upon are of a general character4 ,they are not new1 but the war and the loose and hysterical thinking which has accompanied and followed it1 have forced them into startling prominence4 ,we have grouped them under three headings3 religious1 educational1 and social4 ,we do not pretend to present an exhaustive treatment of the matter4 ,to do so1 would be on our part a stroke of temerity and for the reader1 an assured deception4 ,human problems are ever the same4 ,the surface may be somewhat changed1 the handling a little different1 but the principles upon which depends their solution do not change4 ,our effort is to throw a new light on old subjects4 ,to be of service to the ,church1 and1 through ,her to our ,country1 is the sole ambition we have had before us in gathering together in book-form stray sheaves of thought1 published here and there1 during the course of the last few years4 ,we are quite convinced that a clear vision of the problems facing the ,church in ,western ,canada will awaken a sense of the responsibility which they entail for every ,catholic in the land4 ,our views and suggestions in the matter are but those of a humble soldier who belongs to the rank and file of the great ,catholic army4 ,but often a private in the firing line can suggest a plan of action which1 when corrected or modified at headquarters1 proves to be of some benefit to his battalion4 ,this explains the dedication of our humble effort to the ,hierarchy of ,canada4 ,for in problems which affect the ,church1 we would not lose sight of this supreme truth3 ,the ,holy ,ghost has placed the ,bishops to rule the ,church of ,god1 which ,he has purchased with ,his own blood4-- 7,act ,,xx1 #bh7 ,,st4 ,,peters ,,rectory1 ,,st4 ,,john1 ,n4,b4 ,on the ,feast of the ,immaculate ,conception1 ,december #hth1 #aibj4 ,,part ,i ,,religious ,,problems ,it is surprising how at the bottom of every political problem we always find some theology involved4 --7,proudhom7 ,,chapter #a ,,the ,,call ,,of ,,the ,,west#a ,a ,call from the ,west ,who has not heard the call of the ,west8 ,like the blast of the hunter's horn in the silent forest1 its thrilling and inviting sound has awakened the echoes throughout the land4 ,springing from the granite heart of our mighty ,rockies1 that call comes through their valleys1 is heard over the ,great ,divide and whispers its way to the foothills4 ,soft as the evening breeze1 strong as the howling blizzard1 we hear it across the prairie1 gathering as it were1 on its triumphal march to the ,east1 something of the immensity of the plains and freshness of the lakes4 ,in the din of our manufacturing cities1 in the quietness of our towns and villages1 by the rivers and winding bays of our ,maritime ,provinces1 along the peaceful shores of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 the call of the ,west has been heard4 ,its alluring sound has cast a spell upon our youth1 the hope of the country4 ,faces flushed with the bright hues of life's dawn1 eyes sparkling with the fires of early youth1 instinctively turn to the ,west4 ,from all points of ,eastern ,canada young men and young women are leaving for that mysterious land of brilliant promise and great possibilities4 ,the ,call of the ,west6 ,all ,canada is eager to hear its message4 ,has not the merchant his ear to the ground1 listening to the throbbing of the growing harvest on our ,western prairies8 ,he knows that in the furrows of that rich loam lie the wealth and prosperity of the country at large4 ,the ,eastern manufacturer anxiously scans the daily paper to be posted on crop conditions in the ,west4 ,they regulate to a great extent the activities and output of his plant4 ,and when college and university days are over1 where does the young professional man turn his eyes8 ,to the ,west4 ,westward1 with the sun1 he travels2 its fiery course is an invitation to and a harbinger of his bright career4 ,the ,call of the ,west6 ,across the ocean it has gone and awakened the dormant energies of old ,european nations4 ,settlers of every race and creed have rushed to our shores1 like the waves of the heaving and hurrying tide4 ,the attraction of the ,canadian ,west has become general1 at home and abroad4 ,nothing can stop this onward march to the land of promise4 ,a new ,canada is being created beyond the ,great ,lakes4 ,a very small fraction of the ,western fertile soil is under cultivation and already the phenomenal yield has prompted the nations at large to call the ,prairie ,provinces the granary of the world4 ,already in ,canada the industrial1 commercial1 and to a great extent1 the political world hinges on the ,western crop4 ,it is the great source of ,canada's national wealth4 ,for1 the prodigious resources of our mines and forests1 and the annual yield of our harvest are the two poles upon which revolves the credit of our country abroad4 ,but the growing value of the ,west to the economic and national life of ,canada is a mere shadow of its increasing importance in the religious world4 ,above the hum of the binders and loud clatter of the threshing machines1 above the sharp voice of the shrieking steel rail1 counting1 as it were1 one by one1 the freighted cars on their way to the ,eastern ports1 above the clamor of commerce and industry1 ring out the voices of immortal souls4 ,the ,west1 for the ,church of ,god also is the land of great possibilities and brilliant promise4 ,the waving sea of its wheat fields calls to mind the words of the ,master3 ,lift up your eyes and see the countries ready for the harvest4 4 4 4 ,the harvest is great indeed but the labourers are few4 4 4 4 ,on his return from a visit to our ,canadian ,west ,cardinal ,bourne1 in the course of conversation1 spoke of ,canada with almost exclusive reference to the ,western ,provinces4 ,some one remarked to him1 ,your ,grace is referring to conditions in the ,west8 ,yes1 the ,west1 the ,west is ,canada6 he replied4 ,no one can over-estimate the importance of the ,west from a ,catholic standpoint4 ,it is a new empire that is being formed beyond the ,lakes1 an empire with tremendous and perennial resources1 with ambitious ideals and progressive policies1 with forward-looking people and youthful leaders4 ,there the ultra-conservatism of the ,east has been brushed aside and space made for a new democracy4 ,the question of paramount importance for us is3 ,what will be the condition of the ,church in that coming part of ,canada8 ,what share will ,she have in the solving of the social1 educational and economic problems of that new domain8 ,every ,catholic should be interested in this vital issue4 ,the call of the ,west for a ,catholic is the call of the ,church1 the call of a ,mother to a loyal son4 ,she has a right to a hearty response from every ,catholic throughout our broad ,dominion4 ,it is1 therefore1 a duty of conscience for every son of the ,church in ,canada to come to the assistance of his mother1 to take her honor to heart4 ,at the present hour this duty is most imperative1 this obligation most pressing4 ,there is nothing in the wide sphere of our ,catholic social duties so immediate in its urgency or so far reaching in its consequences4 ,the ,church depends on the loyalty of her children4 ,to bring this call of our ,western missions to the attention of every individual ,catholic1 to make every soul a co-operator in the extension of ,god's kingdom in ,canada1 to develop that sense of responsibility which makes one consider the ,church's business his own business1 to rally our disbanded forces1 to unite our sporadic efforts around the great work of the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society of ,canada--such is the object of these few pages4 ,to place facts before the reader1 and suggest remedies2 to sound the call of the ,west1 loud and sonorous as the bugle pealing a great reveille1 strong and clear as the trumpet blast that stirs the blood2 to prompt a timely and generous response in the ,east1 by uniting the ,church of ,canada in a crusade of prayers and sacrifices for our ,western ,missions3 this is our aim and hopeful ambition4 ,the ,call of the ,catholic ,church in the ,west ,the call of the ,church in the ,west is a cry for help4 ,great indeed are the pressing needs of the ,western ,church1 for numerous and various are the difficulties with which ,catholics have to contend on the prairie and in the small towns4 ,the first barrier to surmount is distance4 ,the very layout of the country is to a great extent a hindrance to the efficient working of a parish4 ,the survey of the land has been made from a strictly economic point of view4 ,large farms1--vast wheat fields--were the final object of the survey4 ,the social1 educational1 and religious phases of the situation are in the background4 ,this renders church and school problems particularly difficult to solve1 as was outlined in ,dr4 ,foght's report of the educational survey in the ,province of ,saskatchewan 7#aiah74 ,this difficulty--let us not forget--will persist for years to come in ,western ,canada4 ,according to competent authorities wheat growing1 being essentially a large unit undertaking1 demands extensive farming4 ,this statement is very important1 for its consequences in ,church organization are far-reaching4 ,the planless settling of the ,catholic homesteaders here and there on the prairie1 has also created for the ,church one of its greatest difficulties4 ,living often #cj1 #dj and #ej miles from a ,catholic chapel1 these settlers drift away from the authority1 teaching and sacraments of the ,church4 ,to form self-supporting parishes in the sparsely settled districts is often an impossibility4 ,to this barrier of immense distances are added for long months1 unfavourable climatic conditions4 ,the very severe cold1 the high winds which have such a sweep on the boundless prairies1 the terrific blizzards of the long winter months1 will always remain great obstacles to an intense ,catholic life in rural parishes4 ,many ,sundays1 from ,december to ,march1 it is a real impossibility for those who live at any distance to go to ,church4 ,and who are those who have settled on our ,western plains8 ,this is not the place to discuss the immigration policies of the past4 ,we are dealing with facts4 ,we have the most cosmopolitan population one could imagine4 ,the most divergent factors go to make up the racial composition of our western population4 ,we know of a city parish that counted #af different nationalities within its boundaries4 ,during the first and second generation1 during what we would call the period of ,canadianization of these various national elements1 the ,church has to face a most difficult and complex situation4 ,diversity of nations means variety of ideals1 differences of customs and traditions4 ,the disassociation from former relations and the sudden transfer to new conditions of life1 have proved to be such a shock to many settlers that they fail to readjust their lives to the arising needs4 ,separated from the influences of his early life the immigrant is apt to suffer from disintegrating reaction amid the perplexing distractions1 difficulties and dangers of his new environment4 ,frequently it happens that old associations are destroyed and there is no substitution of the best standards in the new environment4 ,a vacuum is created which invites the inrush of destructive influences4 ,how many foreigners have been lost to the ,church because the teachings of their ,faith were no longer handed down to them1 wrapped up1 we would say1 in the folds of their national customs and celebrations6 ,the oriental and southern mind is more particularly susceptible to the influence of this national tinge with which religion itself comes to them4 ,the fusion of so many ethnical groups and their adaptation to new surroundings are the result of a very delicate and slow process1 especially in rural communities4 ,you cannot play with human chemicals any more than with real ones4 ,you have to know something of chemistry1 said ,winston ,churchill4 ,thousands of foreigners have been lost to the faith because many of our own1 clergy and laity1 did not know the first elements of human chemistry4 ,the great leakage from the ,church in the ,west is among ,catholic immigrants4 ,unscrupulous proselytisers on the specious plea of ,canadianization have weaned them from the faith of their fathers4 ,this nefarious process is still at work1 especially in the ,ruthenian settlements4 ,the number of languages complicates still more this ethnical problem4 ,not hearing the ,catholic doctrine in his own language and crippled by that instinctive shyness and extreme reserve which seem to grasp him as he steps on our shores1 the foreigner often loses contact with the ,church4 ,like a transplanted shrub in an uncongenial soil1 he languishes for years in his faith and its practices4 ,the very atmosphere of the ,west is another great cause of defections among the faithful4 ,you must live for some years out ,west to appreciate the full meaning of this statement4 ,moral atmosphere is to the soul what air is to the lungs2 it is health and life4 ,two elements constitute that factor which plays such a vital part in our religious life--tradition and environment4 ,tradition links the past to the present and gives to the soul a certain stability amidst the fluctuations of life4 ,it is made up of details if you wish1 but1 like the tossing buoy1 these details betray where the anchor is hidden4 ,this absence of the past has a great influence on our ,western ,church4 ,people hailing from all points of ,eastern ,canada1 of the ,united ,states and of ,europe1 have not yet formed religious traditions which are to the ,catholic life of the family and of the parish what roots are to a tree4 ,and what environments surround our scattered settlers on the prairie8 ,only those who have come in close relation with the lonely homesteader can understand how much he is debarred from the influence of ,catholic life4 ,very often not even a chapel is to be found for miles and miles4 ,a chapel1 no matter how humble it may be1 is in the religious world of a community like the mother-cell2 in it life is concentrated2 from it emanates activity4 ,mass is now often said in a private house1 a public hall or a school house4 ,children who have not known the beauty and the warmth of ,catholic worship will hardly appreciate its lessons4 ,moreover1 social relations often bring our ,western ,catholics in very frequent contact with the different ,protestant churches and their tremendous activities4 ,mixed marriages are the outcome of these circumstances4 ,god alone knows how many of our ,catholic boys and girls have been lost to the faith through mixed marriages and marriages outside of the ,church4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,these various obstacles1 geographical 7distance and climate71 ethnical 7race and language71 religious 7absence of ,catholic tradition and surroundings71 are the ever open crevices through which a tremendous leakage has been draining the vitality of the ,church in ,western ,canada4 ,so the call of the ,west is like the frantic ,s4,o4,s4 on the high seas1 that snaps from the masts of a ship in danger4 ,it is the cry of thousands of ,catholics sinking into the sea of unbelief and irreligion4 ,in the wreckage there is still a gleam of hope4 ,great numbers yet cling to a remnant of the old faith of their fathers2 it will keep them afloat until helping hands come to their rescue4 ,the ,call of the ,church in the ,west is a call of distress4 ,has the ,church in the ,east heard it8 ,what is its response8 ,the ,response of the ,east ,has the ,church at large in the ,east heard the call of the ,west8 ,has that cry of distress gone through the ranks of our ,catholics like the shrill blast of the bugle call8 ,has it awakened our ,catholics from their torpid lethargy and quickened their sense of responsibility8 ,has the call been answered1 or has it gone out like a cry in the wilderness1 lost in the noise of our busy world1 stifled by the clamour of other voices1 smothered under other diocesan and parochial claims8 ,in the ,church of ,canada there have always been generous and noble souls for whom the missions of the ,west have had a mysterious attraction4 ,who can read without emotion of the heroic deeds of the first ,jesuits who followed the explorers and courreurs-des-bois in their perilous adventures8 ,what tribute of admiration and gratitude do we not owe to the ,oblate missionaries who lived and died with the wandering children of the plains1 who have kept the fires of ,faith burning1 from the banks of the ,red ,river to the ,pacific ,coast1 from the winding shores of the ,missouri and ,mississippi to the everlasting snows of the ,arctic4 ,their lives of heroism furnish a bright splash on the rather drab and bleak landscape of what was known as the ,northwest ,territories4 ,the ,church of ,canada will ever remain indebted to these noble pioneers of the cross1 apostolic bishops and priests of the first hour2 their saintly lives are forever emblazoned on the pages of ,canadian history2 the western trails murmur their names in gratitude and the children of the prairie still bless their memory by the dying fires of their camps4 ,indeed the ,province of ,quebec for years sent her money to help the struggling schools of ,manitoba4 ,the ,catholic ,church of ,canada has pledged itself in the ,plenary ,council of ,quebec to help the ,ruthenian cause2 the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society of late years is enlisting the sympathies of ,eastern ,catholics for our ,western missions4 ,with the help of their motherhouses our various sisterhoods have dotted the ,west with convents1 schools1 hospitals and charitable institutions4 ,we all recognize the beauty and the heroism of their ,catholic charity and apostolic zeal4 ,notwithstanding these noble efforts1 can we safely state that the ,church of ,eastern ,canada1 as a whole1 is deeply interested in the ,catholic welfare of the ,west8 ,have we kept pace with the changing conditions the last decade has brought throughout our ,western ,canada8 ,no4 ,and this is our national sin4 ,the ,church as a whole1 has not awakened to its responsibility4 ,as individuals1 as parishes1 as dioceses1 ,catholics here and there have nobly done their duty4 ,as a body1 as a living ,church of ,canada1 we have failed to help the struggling ,west as we should have done4 ,we have not thrown all the energies of our great living1 organizing ,church into this missionary work4 ,the ,catholics of our ,eastern ,provinces are not yet united in one great1 generous effort to protect and spread the ,kingdom of ,god in their own fair ,dominion4 ,the call of the ,church in the ,west has not been heard4 ,never has the importance of the ,west loomed up before the public mind as it has since the beginning of the war4 ,to realize this you have only to remark its growing influence in our political life4 ,it cannot be otherwise2 the possibilities of the ,west are so great and so numerous4 ,immense virgin prairies are still waiting for the plough4 ,after the war1 during the period of reconstruction1 necessarily so pregnant of great events1 the producing powers of our agricultural ,west will be tremendous4 ,this is1 therefore1 a trying period for the ,church in the ,west4 ,beyond the waving wheat of the prairie we should contemplate the ripening harvest of souls4 ,like a growing youth1 the ,church in ,western ,canada needs more than ever1 help and support from the ,mother ,church of the ,east4 ,this assistance in the present stage of the ,western ,church is a pressing duty of conscience1 not only for the individual ,catholic1 but particularly for the ,church as a whole1 in ,eastern ,canada4 ,this duty is a duty of the hour1 a duty most serious1 most imperative4 ,how can it be accomplished8 ,by the united action of the ,eastern dioceses of ,canada4 ,each diocese is a constituted unity in itself1 but not for itself alone4 ,like each particular organism in the human system1 it exists for the benefit of the whole4 ,the ,catholicity of the ,church implies this idea of solidarity whereby the strong help the weak and the rich come to the rescue of the poor4 ,never1 perhaps1 has the ,church suffered so much from the wasting of energies4 ,the torrent1 if not directed1 spends its energy on itself2 turned into the mill race1 every drop counts4 ,one of the great lessons the war has given to the world is the absolute necessity of centralized effort and the advisability of central organization rather than multiplying organizations4 ,we are living in an age of efficiency through co-operation4 ,fas est ab hoste doceri4--,the lesson coming from our separated brethren should strike home4 ,one has to go ,west to see the feverish activities of the different denominations in that new field4 ,ask the mission organizers of the various non-,catholic bodies how much money comes from the ,east to support the struggling ,protestant churches of the ,west2 visit their immense printing establishments which are producing and distributing the literature you will find on the table of the lonely ,western settler2 study these organizations which are supplying field secretaries1 teachers1 social workers to our foreign ,catholic settlements1 then you will begin to understand this word of ,pius ,x43 ,the strength of the enemy lies in the apathy of the good4 ,the mass of evidence1 which can be had by the simple reading of the non-,catholic missionary reports1 as to their activities in ,western ,canada1 is nothing short of staggering4 ,what examples6 ,what lessons6 ,should they not turn our apathetic ,catholics into enthusiastic apostles1 stir them into watchfulness and action8 ,and what could we not do with more unity of action8 ,two conditions make united action possible--uniform plan and authoritative leadership4 ,it would be rather preposterous on our part to attempt to formulate what we could call a plan of campaign for our ,western apostles4 ,we wish only to submit a few suggestions which may help to group our scattered energies and bring rescue to the ,church1 particularly in the unorganized districts of ,western ,canada4 ,to readjust our methods to conditions as we find them means efficiency with the least waste of energy4 ,therefore1 we claim that a survey of membership and conditions of the ,catholic ,church in unorganized districts is an absolute necessity4 ,it is the only logical basis for true knowledge of conditions and for development4 ,this survey will bring us into immediate contact with the fallen-away ,catholics4 ,as it is now1 are we not too often waiting for the fallen-away to come to us8 ,if the survey has proved essential in the solving of educational and social problems1 why should it not commend itself in religious matters8 ,proselytizers--especially the ,english ,biblical ,society1 with headquarters at ,toronto and ,winnipeg1 have the survey of the ,west down to a science4 ,their map room in the ,bible ,house of ,winnipeg is a perfect religious topography of ,western ,canada4 ,we are firm believers in what we would call the ,catholicization of modern methods that have proved beneficial to any cause4 ,without this survey and the grasp which it yields of the relative proportion of things1 a vast waste of matter and energy alike is inevitable4 ,this ,catholic survey of unorganized districts may appear to some as a dream1 a desk-policy of apostleship--as too modern1 etc4#b ,the only answer ,i can give are the facts and figures of the ,american ,catholic ,church ,extension1 whose work along similar lines proves their efficiency and high value4 ,the specific and ultimate object of the survey would be to keep ,catholics who live out of the radius of parish life1 in constant touch with the ,church1 its teaching1 its sacraments and its authority4 ,the mailing of ,catholic literature pamphlets1 devotional and controversial1 and newspapers1 the teaching of catechism by correspondence1 as is practised in certain districts of ,minnesota1 the selection of teachers for foreign districts and of boys for higher education1 the establishment of a central ,catholic ,bureau of information in each ,province1 which could serve as a clearing house and centre of ,catholic activities1 and other means of apostleship1 these would be the natural consequences of the survey4 ,who cannot see what a help this would be to our scattered ,catholics8 ,a great help to keep the faith among the scattered home-steaders4 ,the service of an auto-chapel would bring them also1 at least once a year1 the benefit of the sacraments and the blessing of the priests' visit4 ,for1 let us not forget it1 one family now lost to the ,church means several families in the coming generation4 ,this absence of contact with the ,church has been for our scattered ,english-speaking ,catholics especially1 one of the great causes of the loss of faith4 ,and what about our mission to non-,catholics8 ,we have the truth2 are we doing enough1 not only to keep it among our own1 but to spread it among others8 ,are we aggressive enough8 ,and still ,i hear the ,master say3 ,and other sheep ,i have that are not of this fold2 them also ,i must bring and they shall hear my voice and there shall be one fold and shepherd 7,jo4 ,x1 #af74 ,we must bring them back2 they shall hear our voice4 4 4 4 ,on the strength of that command and of that promise should our policy not be more saintly aggressive8 ,what an immense field awaits the zeal of true apostles6 ,nowhere more than in the ,west has absolute disintegration set in among the different denominations4 ,the universal desire for ,church ,union is1 in our mind1 the best proof of our statement4 ,the most elementary principles of ,christianity1 of a supernatural religion1 have lost their grasp on the mind of the average ,protestant ,westerner4 ,nominally1 he belongs to a denomination1 in reality he belongs to none4 ,and what are we doing to give them the faith8 ,a uniform plan of action1 once adopted1 requires for execution1 an authoritative leadership1 if desired results are expected4 ,in the ,church of ,god the ,bishops are our authoritative leaders--,posuit ,episcopos regere ,ecclesiam ,dei4 ,in the ordinary life of the ,church this authority in matters spiritual is delegated to and operates through the parish priests4 ,the parish is with the diocese1 the established unit of religious organization4 ,for the work in unorganized districts1 which is here the special subject of our attention1 could there not be in each ,province or in each diocese1 four or five ,free ,lances8 #c ,let them be diocesan missionaries1 priests chosen by the ,bishops because of their special fitness for this great work4 ,they would be to the ,church what the ,r4,n4,w4 ,mounted ,police have been to the ,northwest ,territories1 or what the itinerant preachers are to certain denominations in sparsely settled districts4 ,their mission would be to visit1 preach1 baptize1 say ,mass in the distant districts not visited by a parish priest4 ,they would be the advance-guard of the ,church throughout the land4 ,during the winter months they could continue their work by attending to districts within reach of a railway4 ,the religious ,orders1--and they alone can more easily supply reserves and train subjects for this special work--the religious ,orders surely will be able to enter into this field of missionary activity1 at the same time protecting their subjects with the safeguards of the ,rule as also of paternal vigilance and guidance4 ,an itinerant regional clergy radiating from a centre where they are fortified by the advantages of common life1 is one of the ,bishop of ,northampton's remedial suggestions among possible new methods devised to meet new needs4 ,this suggestion is to be found in his ,lenten ,pastoral of #aibj4 ,the ,church in the ,east1 through the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society1 would gladly1 if well informed on the matter1 furnish the financial aid for the support of these free lances--and their apostolic activities4 ,the ,catholic ,truth ,society would gladly1 contribute all the literature needed to spread the truth and to keep the fires of faith burning on our prairies4 ,grouping forces1 co-ordination of efforts1 is what we need most in ,canada4 ,in the rank and file of the ,catholic laity treasures of enthusiasm1 latent powers of energy go to waste because there is no leader to awaken and direct them4 ,the policy of the ,catholic ,church ,extension is to act on these long unspoken desires1 to loosen the pent-up energies of the ,catholic heart throughout the land4 ,the ,specific ,object of the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society ,through its press1 literature1 auxiliary societies and various other activities1 this apostolic society is ever trying to quicken among ,catholics a profound sense of responsibility to the ,church ,universal4 ,the welfare of our ,western missions depends on how the ,church in the ,east understands and shoulders its obligation4 ,by financial aid we do not only mean donations and contributions1 here and there1 from wealthy ,catholics4 ,what we have in view is the financial assistance of the ,church in the ,east1 as a whole1 as a corporate body4 ,every ,catholic in ,canada must become more or less interested in ,home ,missions and be willing to do his little bit4 ,as the small fibrous roots are the feeders and strength of the tree1 so also the small and continued donations of all ,catholics in the ,east will be the support of our missions in the ,west4 ,in the various ,protestant denominations1 for every dollar given to support of the local church another dollar goes to the ,home ,mission ,fund4 ,at the last general ,methodist ,conference 7,hamilton1 #aiah7 that ,church pledged eight million dollars 7#h1jjj1jjj4jj7 for their missions in the next five years4 ,with the enormous sums these various religious bodies receive from the ,east they support the non-,catholic institutions of higher education to be found in all cities of ,western ,canada1 they distribute free of charge tons of literature throughout the prairie1 they defray the expenses of their social workers1 field secretaries1 etc4 ,among the ,catholics of hundreds of parishes does not the prevailing policy seem to be3 ,charity begins at home--and we may add1 often ends there4 ,when one has paid his pew-rent and his dues1 bought a few tickets for a sacred concert or bazaar1 thrown on the collection plate each ,sunday a few coppers or a small piece of silver1 he thinks he has accomplished all his duty to the ,church4 ,the vision of too many ,catholics does not go beyond the boundaries of their parish or their diocese4 ,circumscribed in their views1 they remain illiberal in their sympathies4 ,floyd ,keeler1 a neo-convert to the ,catholic ,faith1 made recently this most instructive statement4 ,perhaps the greatest problem which the convert is the most surprised to find existing in the ,catholic ,church1 is the problem why the average ,american ,catholic is so supremely selfsatisfied and seems to have so little thought for the propagation of the ,faith which he professes4 ,coming from a body which has had for many years a well-organized system of missionary propaganda and which1 in spite of its many and grave doctrinal difficulties1 is fairly well permeated with missionary spirit1 it is a shock to find that within the ,fold so little attention is paid to what really ought to be the very breath of life to its people1 the ,extension of the ,kingdom of ,god on earth1 the carrying out of our ,lord's ,last ,will and ,testament4 ,to find ,catholics whose ideals are bound up within their own parishes1 who possess no sort of vision of the world beyond1 still lying in darkness and in the shadow of death and no concern over its redemption1 is a phenomenon which is hard to explain4 ,it distresses us more than we can tell to find those who are nourished at the breasts of the ,bride of ,christ1 callous to ,her charms1 unmindful of ,her privileges1 thoughtlessly and grudgingly rendering their minimum of service1 for we realize how ,christ is thus being 'wounded in the house of ,his friends' and ,his ,bride made to lose ,her comeliness in the sight of men4 ,but the ,catholic press and the ,catholic pulpit1 fired with the zeal of this new apostolate can1 and we believe will solve the problem4--7,america1 ,march #ac1 #aibj47 ,our parishes and dioceses will never suffer from an increased zeal in the broader interests of the ,universal ,church4#d ,there can be no conflict of interests in the ,church of ,god1 if seen from the proper point of view1--the glory of ,god and the salvation of souls4 ,it is because we have need of men and means at home that ,i am convinced we ought to send both men and means abroad4 ,in exact proportion as we freely give what we have freely received will our works at home prosper and the zeal and number of our priests be multiplied4 ,this is the test and the measure of ,catholic life among us4 ,the missionary spirit is the condition of the growth1 and1 if ,faith is to extend at home it must be by our aiding to carry it abroad 7,card4 ,manning74 ,was it not while he was building the ,cathedral of ,westminster1 that ,card4 ,vaughn founded the ,mission ,society8 ,this missionary spirit has also a bearing on the spiritual welfare of the flock in which it is fostered4 ,for those who would object that giving money to our ,western ,church is carrying coals to ,newcastle1 we would state that the ,west now needs more the help of the ,east than at any other time4 ,the organized parishes are indeed beginning to be self-supporting2 but the work we have outlined in these pages1 if it is to be done1 has to be supported by the ,catholics of ,canada at large4 ,the spiritual aids will be the prayers1 ,masses1 sacrifices of all kind offered for our ,home ,missions4 ,nothing strengthens faith and stimulates genuine piety1 as prayers and sacrifices for the great cause of our missions4 ,they are so disinterested1 they reveal true love for our ,blessed ,lord4 ,only a chosen few are called to go into the field at home and afar and reap the ripening harvest4 ,but all are commanded by the ,master to pray the ,father for harvesters4 ,this sublime apostleship of prayer is the privilege and duty of every ,christian4 ,is there anything more instructive and more pathetic than the invitation of the ,saviour to co-operate with ,him in this great work of the ,redemption4 ,and seeing the multitudes he had compassion on them3 because they were distressed and lying like sheep that have no shepherd4 ,then ,he said to ,his disciples3 the harvest indeed is great but the labourers are few4 ,pray ye therefore the ,lord of the harvest that he send labourers into the harvest4 7,math4 ,,ix1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch47 ,the ,divine ,master cannot but hear the prayer asking ,him to send labourers to the ripening harvest4 ,and could we give better proof of devotion to ,church and ,country8 ,great is the seriousness of the present hour1 tremendous the task that confronts us after the war4 ,never has any generation in history been so freighted with the responsibilities of the future as ours is1 marching home from the battlefields of ,europe4 ,we are living in stirring and changeful times4 ,nowhere in the ,dominion of ,canada will the period of reconstruction have more far-reaching effects than in the ,west4 ,the after-war problems will meet there with rapid and very often radical solutions4 ,to understand this issue that faces our country1 to grasp it in all its breadth and fulness1 should we not broaden our vision1 readjust it1 we would say1 to the new scale of changing conditions8 ,only then will we be able to marshal our forces and throw the weight of ,catholic principles into the solving of the social1 economic and religious problems of the hour4 ,the ,church cannot remain an isolated factor in the nation4 ,the ,catholic ,church possesses spiritual and moral resources which are at the command of the nation in every great crisis4 ,the message to the nation to forget local boundaries and provincialism is a message likewise to the ,catholic ,church4 ,parochial1 diocesan and provincial limits must be forgotten in the face of the greater tasks which burden our collective religious resources4 7,card4 ,gibbons47 ,let us give to the people that broad1 ,catholic vision of our present duty to our country and to our ,church4 ,the broader the outlook1 the deeper the insight4 ,the measure of their vision will be the measure of their action4 ,no leader can meet with success without a certain receptivity to work upon4 ,this receptivity is formed by spreading ideas1 by an educational propaganda4 ,it may take time before the vision struggles into consciousness and wins its way to the dominance of the mind4 ,what we need is a systematized1 continuous effort that will gradually crystalize that vision into a definite workable project4 ,a flourish of trumpets and blaze of ,catholic zeal1 as we are accustomed to witness on the occasion of some special sermon and appeal by a missionary1 will only prompt an act of passing generosity4 ,the special object of the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society is to awaken the collective consciousness of the ,catholic population and to give to ,catholics that vision of their social responsibility and religious solidarity and to keep it1 by its organization1 in a healthy condition4 ,it realizes that co-operation from the ,church at large will exist and maintain itself only if preceded1 accompanied and upheld by a strong and vigilant ,catholic public opinion4 ,in return public opinion1 once created in the ranks of our ,catholic laity1 will make the ,extension ,society a live-wire1 a dynamic force of the ,church in ,canada4 ,let us not forget1 vision--and public opinion is the vision of the multitude--is the first and primary of constructive forces4 ,to have ,catholic action we must first create a ,catholic mind4 ,a publicity campaign1 followed by a dominion-wide drive for funds1 would be now in order4 ,the spirit of giving and of giving for great causes is in the air4 ,a campaign of that nature--we have seen it often during the war1--is in itself an education4 ,it spreads information and arouses the sense of duty4 ,from the clearness1 breadth and depth of that vision will spring the conquering spirit of united action4 ,forgetting then our lingual and racial differences that have created in the past among us so many unfortunate misunderstandings and have weakened our forces before the enemy1 we will rise to the level of our faith1 to the creative powers of true ,catholicity4 ,the ,call of the ,west has been heard4 ,it comes to you with the burning problems of the present 4 4 4 praesentia tangens 4 4 4 and the vision of brilliant promises and heavy responsibilities of the future 4 4 4 furtra prospiciens4 ,,what ,,is ,,your ,,answer8 #a ,this ,chapter formed the matter of a series of articles published in the ,catholic ,register of ,toronto4 ,the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society republished them in pamphlet form with the following introduction by ,archbishop ,mc,neil4 ,the author of this pamphlet has lived in the ,west and has felt--,i was going to say--the need of ,catholic co-operation1 but that falls short of the reality4 ,co-operation among ,catholics is more than a means to a missionary end4 ,it is an essential part of ,catholic life4 ,boundaries of jurisdiction are conveniences and means to an end4 ,in the first centuries of the ,christian era it was centres rather than circumferences that marked divisions of work and of jurisdiction2 but1 in any case1 administrative divisions were never intended to be divisions of brotherhood4 ,in places where we are well established we are inclined to look upon ,christian brotherhood in an abstract way4 ,in the ,west they feel it as a necessity of ,catholic life1 not only as a source of financial help1 but as brotherhood in sympathy1 interest1 and mutual helpfulness4 ,the ,west can help the ,east by its growing influence1 and ,catholics in the ,west can do their part in defence of ,catholic ideals and ,catholic institutions4 ,the more we do for them the more they can do for us4 ,father ,daly describes the ,call of the ,west1 and it is fittingly through ,catholic ,extension that the call is now made and will be answered4 #b ,the ,universe the great ,catholic ,weekly of ,england1 had in its editorial notes the following remarks on this suggestion of ours3 ,a ,,desk-,,policy ,,of ,,apostleship ,the ,catholic ,church in ,canada possesses a ,home ,missionary problem of the extent of which we can scarcely form an idea4 ,in making his appeal from the ,west to the ,east of the vast ,dominion1 ,father ,daly1 ,c4,s4,s4,r41 who has just issued a pamphlet on the subject through the ,church ,extension ,press1 ,toronto1 brings out some salient truths on the subject of co-operation and organization which ,catholics all the world over can well take to heart and apply to themselves4 ,two conditions 7he says7 made united action possible--uniform plan and authoritative leadership4 ,to readjust our methods to conditions as we find them means efficiency with the least waste of energy1 and acting on this principle ,father ,daly advocates a 'survey' of membership and conditions of the ,catholic ,church in unorganized districts as the one means of getting at lapsed ,catholics4 ',too often1' he observes1 'we are waiting for the fallen away to come to us4' ,this is true indeed4 ,protestant proselytizers in the west of ,canada have the whole 'survey' scheme worked out on a scientific basis4 ,father ,daly is more willing to learn from them4 ,i am a firm believer1 he writes1 in what ,i would call the ,catholicization of modern methods that have proved beneficial in any cause4 ,the problem of unorganized districts and of a scattered ,catholic population in our own case is1 of course1 minute compared with that of ,canada2 but it is there1 and sufficiently in evidence to justify the ,redemptorist ,father's desk-policy of apostleship4 ,there is no reason1 in short1 why the interorganization of the members of the most perfect organization in the world should be committed to a kind of spiritual rule of thumb4 #c ,the following letter prompted by the reading of this very article was received by the ,president of the ,church ,extension1 dated1 ,march #ad1 #aiai1 at a point of ,saskatchewan we know quite well2 it is illustrative of conditions prevailing in many districts of our ,great ,west3 ,very ,reverend and dear ,father1-- ,i have just read your article in the ,febr41 #ae issue and ,i am so pleased with your suggestion for relieving the situation for scattered ,catholics throughout the ,west that ,i must write my appreciation4 ,i am sure that very few people in the ,east realize what a veritable necessity those ,free ,lances you spoke of are to so many ,western people1 or what a ,god-send those auto-chapels would be4 ,western homesteaders do not stray far from home for two very good reasons1 lack of transportation facilities and lack of funds4 ,we live #ab miles from the church1 that is my own family4 ,the others live thirty-five and fifty miles away and up to this year we have had nothing but a waggon to travel in1 and now those that live farthest away have still only a waggon4 ,so you will understand that we have not made more than necessary trips or not many more4 ,and ,i wonder if my brothers would make those1 were it not for my mothers insistence4 ,they are surrounded by such bad influences4 ,it's not that it is a sectarian influence1 but rather a total lack of religion altogether4 ,the only things that matter greatly are the material things of this world4 ,to confess yourself religious1 especially ,catholic1 is to confess yourself old fashioned and to cause people to smile4 ,you know that is harder to combat than bigoted opposition4 ,your plan to send out pamphlets would be appreciated by many--,but above all we need the personal touch of a priest4 ,we need it as our crops need rain1 etc4 4 4 4 #d ,as an illustration of what in a simple and unostentatious way can be done by any parish in the mission cause the editor of the ,annals of the ,propagation of the ,faith 7,n4,y47 refers to an invitation extended to him to attend a ,christmas sale4 ,it took place in a parish of the ,brooklyn diocese on ,dec4 #c1 #aiai1 the feast of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 patron of the mission cause4 ,thanks mainly to the efforts of an energetic lady1 but with the consent and patronage of the pastor1 a ,xavirian ,mission ,circle had been formed4 ,within eighteen months after its organization the newly found circle had paid off a #ejj4jj mortgage for a heavily burdened priest in the ,south1 had adopted eight abandoned children of the ,chinese ,missions1 had sent #a1jjj ,mass intentions1 was supporting seven catechists in ,africa1 ,india1 and ,china1 was educating a ,chinese seminarian1 had given #aej volumes to the parochial library of a bigoted section in the ,south1 and was able then to place upon exhibition a number of sacred vessels that were to be forwarded as gifts to poor priests4 ,and did all these activities not interfere with your parochial work8 ,mgr4 ,freri asked the pastor4 ,not in the least--was the answer--,my collections have never been larger4 ,,even ,,protestantism ,,finds ,,that ,,home ,,collections ,,are ,,in ,,direct ,,proportion ,,to ,,the ,,mission ,,gifts4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,bridging ,,the ,,chasm#a ,most touching in its divine simplicity1 most sublime in its inspired lessons was the invitation of the ,master to ,his ,apostles3 ,behold ,i say to you lift up your eyes and see the countries1 for they are white1 already to harvest1 7,john ,,iv1 #ce7--;,as ,he stood by the well of ,jacob1 facing the slopes of the hills of ,samaria1 ,he pointed out to them the crowds that were hastening to listen to ,his ,message and believe in ,his divine mission4 ,the fields around lay desolate and lifeless1 for it was then winter4 ,do you not say1 asks ,jesus1 there are yet four months and then the harvest cometh8 ,behold ,i say to you lift up your eyes and see the countries for they are white already to harvest4 ,this human harvest1 of which the ,master speaks1 is but the prelude of that immense harvest of souls ever ripening under the rays of ,god's divine grace in the great field of this world4 ,the ,church1 like ,christ1 also invites us to contemplate that waving harvest and to pray the ,lord to send labourers into the field4 ,this divine invitation1 the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society makes its own1 to plead the cause of our ,home ,missions4 ,pointing to our ,western ,provinces1 to that great ,dominion beyond the ,lakes1 that missionary organization says to every ,catholic in the land3 ,the harvest is great1 but the labourers are few4 ,pray ye therefore the ,lord of the harvest that he send labourers into the harvest4 ,the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society has been founded in ,canada1 for the conservation and propagation of the ,catholic ,faith in our mission districts4 ,its very name1 as we readily see1 shows forth its object and explains its existence4 ,canada1 as we all know1 possesses vast areas1 in her ,western ,provinces particularly1 where the ,church has not yet established the influence of her permanent organization4 ,there1 her children suffer from the prolonged absence of her teaching1 of her sacraments1 of her authority1 and are struggling against the abiding presence of numerous1 rich1 aggressive1 and unscrupulous proselytizers4 ,yet1 on the vast stretches of prairie1 where the lonely homesteader has just broken the virgin soil1 amid the snows of the bleak ,north1 by the rushing waters of the ,fraser1 the ,mackenzie1 the ,peace1 and the ,saskatchewan ,rivers1 in the far distant valleys of the ,rockies--the words of the ,master are still a living reality4 4 4 4 ,the fields are ready for the harvest and the workers are few4 ,the ,extension ,society has been established in ,canada to point out to our ,catholic laity these fields where the harvest is waiting and to help to send labourers into them4 ,its sublime mission is to bridge the chasm which separates the ,east from the ,west4 ,it is the binding and living link between the organized ,church and the mission field4 ,this sublime object of the ,society makes it most worthy of our commendation and of your loyal and generous support4 ,principle and policy are the basic ideas of organized action4 ,if the principles upon which an organization rests are true and elevating1 if the policy it advocates and which governs its activities is practical1 easy1 and attractive1 the organization itself is bound to meet in time with an unlimited success4 ,the higher the principles1 the more inviting the policy1 the more living and telling will be the resultant action4 ,therefore1 to place before our readers the principles and policy of the ,catholic ,extension ,society will no doubt help them to understand better its claims and respond more generously to its appeal4 ,i4--,principles ,the ,kingdom of ,god comes upon earth through the ,apostolate of the ,church4 ,as the ,father sent me1 ,i also send you1 said ,christ to ,his ,apostles1 and to all who were to take their place in succeeding generations4 ,for1 these words of ,christ created the ,catholic ,apostolate and maintain it4 ,his words1 indeed1 are words of life4 ,the ,apostolate of the ,church is an absolute necessity1 the very condition of ,her existence and progress4 ,the ,catholic ,church ,extension is one of the most beautiful expressions of that ,apostolate1 for its object is1 as we stated1 the conservation and propagation of the ,faith in the ,mission districts of ,canada4 ,the principles upon which the activities of this ,society are based may be reduced to two3 the doctrinal and the historic3 #a4 ,doctrinal ,principle4--,all appeals for sympathy and help in the great cause of ,catholic ,missions rest on one of the most fundamental doctrines of our ,faith1 the ,catholicity of the ,church4 ,the ,church ,catholic1 says the great theologian ,suarez1 means the ,church ,universal--,ecclesiam esse catholicam1 idem est ac esse universalem 7,disput4 de ,ecclesia ,,ix41 sect4 ,,viii41 ,no4 #e74 ,this universality of ,christ's ,church implies the idea of solidarity1 whereby in her living and indivisible unity ,she is always and everywhere the same4 ,the ,church1 like a perfect vital organism1 is a divine organic whole1 solidly constituted1 identical to itself1 and in all its parts1 throughout time and space4 ,the whole is reflected or rather found in each part1 and each part reflects and possesses the whole4 ,the ,catholicity of the ,church is but the expansion of its ,unity4 ,it stands therefore as its permanent and outward manifestation4 ,should we now wonder why the ,church of ,christ is called ,catholic8 ,we name things and persons by that characteristic feature which conveys to our mind the most accurate concept of them4 ,the very name of the ,church is1 as you see1 an ever living proof of her divinity4 ,and of that name1 we may well say what is said of the name of ,jesus 4 4 4 signum cui contradicetur 4 4 4 it will be forever a sign of contradiction4 ,the moral aspect of this solidarity of the ,church is responsibility4 ,the ,church at large is responsible for each particular diocese and parish1 and each individual diocese and parish is in return responsible for the ,church universal4 ,this responsibility is to be shared by every ,catholic4 ,and as by its ,catholicity the ,church overcomes the two great barriers to all human power1 time and space1 so also should every ,catholic manifest in the affairs of the ,church universal an interest equally as great as that he shares in his own particular parish4 ,co-operation among ,catholics1 as ,archbishop ,mc,neil justly remarked1 is more than a means to a missionary end4 ,it is an essential part of ,catholic life4 ,boundaries of jurisdiction are conveniences and means to an end4 ,in the first century of the ,christian era1 it was centres rather than circumferences that marked divisions of work and jurisdiction2 but in any case administrative divisions were never intended to be divisions of brotherhood4 ,the divisions of the ,church into dioceses and parishes are to further increase1 and not to weaken or destroy its ,catholicity4 ,and what we say of these divisions of space1 may also be said of those of time4 ,as the glorious memories of the divine history of the ,church belong to each individual ,catholic1 so also should the possibilities of her future destinies in our country and throughout the world1 preoccupy his thoughts and affections in the present4 ,this is one of the most comprehensive and most pregnant aspects of the ,church4 ,it throws open the whole world to the zeal of every individual ,catholic4 ,wherever the tents of ,israel are1 there he finds his home1 be it in the wilds of ,africa1 or on the islands of ,oceanica1 under the scorching sun of the tropics or in the snows of the lonely ,north4 ,but as we are more closely united with those among whom ,divine ,providence has cast our lot in this world1 our home-missions have the first claim on our zeal and generosity4 ,for1 according to ,st4 ,thomas ,acquinas1 the more or less close relationship with our neighbor is the measure of the intensity of our love and devotedness4 ,we now understand what the ,church ,extensions' claim means for the missions of ,canada4 ,the intention of the ,society1 as we may readily see1 is not to limit our zeal to any national issue1 but rather1 to develop more easily the missionary spirit and direct its first effort to the welfare of our own countrymen by the consideration of our own wants4 #b4 ,historic ,principle4--,the lesson of facts is very often more striking than that of doctrine4 ,they are here the concrete expression1 in the various nations1 and through the course of centuries1 of those fundamental principles we have just considered4 ,it is indeed a law of ,catholic ,history1 that the more ,catholic a nation is1 the more apostolic1 the more missionary it will prove itself to be4 ,the missionary spirit is the test of ,catholicity1 the abiding proof of its solidarity4 ,the history of ,catholic nations justifies this statement2 their zeal for the propagation of the faith will explain their rise and downfall in the eyes of the ,church4 ,ireland is a classical illustration of this point4 ,poor1 persecuted1 downtrodden1 the land of the ,gael still remains the seminary of the world's apostles4 ,the foreign missions always appealed to the ,irish people and the limits of the earth have heard the voice of its zealous missionaries4 ,does not ,france1 notwithstanding the persecution of the ,church by its government1 still remain the great missionary country of the world8 ,she sends more missionaries and gives more monetary aid to the ,propagation of the ,faith than any other ,catholic nation4 ,england's return to ,catholicism is most promising1 for her converts of yesterday are already in the field afar4 ,the awakening of that same apostolic spirit in the ,church of the ,united ,states is the most convincing sign of the great strides ,catholicity is making in that land of ,liberty4 ,this unwritten law which prevails throughout the history of ,catholic nations and expresses so forcibly and so persistently the doctrinal principle of which we spoke1 justifies the claims of the ,catholic ,extension and gives strength to its appeal4 ,such are the two principles upon which rest the ,extension ,society--dogma and history4 ,they strike the very bed-rock of our ,faith4 ,but if its principles are sublime and inspiring--its policy is simple and effective4 ,,ii4--,policy ,the policy of an organization is the direction of its activities1 the plan of campaign for the furtherance of its principles1 the line of action in the realization of its ideal4 ,the ,policy of the ,church ,extension is twofold3 education and action4 ,to give to all the ,catholics of our country1 an accurate knowledge of conditions in our various mission fields1 to develop in them the true missionary spirit1 to make them think in terms of the ,church ,universal 4 4 4 this is its educational policy4 ,to organize in every parish a branch of the ,society and through it to enlist the sympathy and receive the spiritual and financial assistance of every member1 to develop1 co-ordinate and direct the missionary activities of all our dioceses in favor of our home missions2 in other words1 to promote efficiency through organization1 centralization of efforts with the least waste of energy 4 4 4 this is its policy of action4 #a4 ,policy of ,education4--,the acuteness of our sense of duty depends largely on the breadth and depth of our vision4 ,this principle explains the importance of the ,catholic ,extension educational policy4 ,through its official organ1 ,the ,catholic ,register1 by means of pamphlets1 leaflets1 and lectures and sermons1 the ,society is most intent on giving to the ,catholics of ,canada1 first hand knowledge of conditions in our mission districts4 ,we are perfectly convinced that when all our ,catholics will have fully realized the truth of these conditions1 they will immediately understand their responsibilities and fulfill generously their duty4 ,but what is that call of the ,west which the ,catholic ,church ,extension is sounding like a cry of alarm through the country8 ,you all know1 what ,i would call1 the ,romance of the ,west4 ,a few decades ago ,western ,canada was but a bleak1 lifeless plain1 extending from the ,great ,lakes to the foothills of the ,rockies1 dotted here and there with the ,indian wigwam1 the roving herds of buffaloes1 the solitary chapel of the ,catholic missionary1 and the lonely posts of the ,hudson ,bay fur-traders4 ,suddenly under the magic steel of the plough1 that immense waste of land woke up from its age-long slumber4 ,the desolate prairie became within a few years the greatest granary of the world4 ,the ,indian trail gave place to transcontinental highways1 to those long1 long1 and winding1 steel trails that have led the youth of our ,country and the exiles of ,europe into the lands of their dreams4 ,these trans-,canada roads have conquered distances and linked the ,atlantic to the ,pacific4 ,they may well be considered as the arteries of our ,dominion2 through them indeed flows rapid and warm the blood of our national life and in them one can hear1 as it were1 the pulsations of its great and noble heart4 ,the transcontinental lines are responsible for the birth and phenomenal growth of our ,prairie ,provinces4 ,what are the conditions of the ,church in these new and promising ,provinces8 ,it is not the time1 nor is it the place to discuss errors or absence of policy that have crippled the ,church's work and growth in that period of rapid transformation4 ,we take facts as they are now4 ,the ,church in ,western ,canada to hold its ground1 to extend its work and develop its institutions1 has an absolute need of the help of the ,east4 ,the barrier of immense distances to which are added1 for long months1 unfavorable climatic conditions2 diversity of nationality1 variety of racial ideals1 differences of language1 customs and traditions2 absence of ,catholic traditions and a prevailing atmosphere of unbelief and irreligion2 such are1 in a few words1 the tremendous obstacles against which the ,western ,church in its infancy has to contend4 ,this vision of distress1 the ,extension wishes to place before every ,catholic in ,canada2 this call for help1 it wishes him to hear4 ,but particularly the future of the ,church in these ,provinces forms the subject of the ,extension's preoccupations4 ,we all realize the vast possibilities of our ,western ,provinces1 and the important part they must of necessity play in the future affairs of our ,dominion4 ,the ,church's influence then will be what we make it by our efforts now1 and its progress will be in exact proportion to the amount of our foresight4 ,this responsibility of the present and the future1 the ,church ,extension preaches to all in season and out of season4 ,like the beacon by the sea1 it is ever turning its revolving lights over the immense uncharted ocean of our ,western missions and hopes that with time1 every ,catholic in ,canada will take his course on them4 ,for1 let us not forget it1 if we do not take care of our mission districts1 others will1 and that to the detriment and loss of the ,church4--,fas est ab hoste doceri6 ,it is permissible1 says the proverb1 to receive a lesson from an enemy4 ,only those who have worked out ,west on the missions know to what extent unscrupulous and most aggressive proselytizers are always on the ground1 ever at work among our people4 ,they are digging broad and deep trenches around the settlements of our ,catholic foreigners1 particularly ,ruthenians1 draining to their profit the dormant energies of the new ,canadian4 ,the invasion is slow but sure1 the leakage1 great and continual4 ,this lesson that comes from the tremendous activities of the various ,protestant denominations should strike home more forcibly4 ,the more stinging the lash1 the more sudden the rebound4 ,this educational policy of the ,church ,extension appeals to the ,catholic mind and tells it something it desires to know4 ,it awakens that latent ,catholicity which ,baptism has given us and on which the narrow limitations of time and space have no claim4 ,this education of our ,catholic laity in the value and necessity of the missionary spirit1 in the perfect knowledge and true appreciation of its character in the ,church of ,god1 is the end and result of the ,extension policy4 ,to make that spirit the inspiring1 guiding and testing power of ,catholic life1 is the definite aim of its educational work1 of its publicity campaign4 ,when our laity will have absorbed the lesson1 it will be ready for action4 ,this knowledge will awaken our sense of responsibility and prompt our sympathetic support4 ,this leads us to say a word on the ,society's policy of action4 #b4 ,policy of ,action4--,vision resolves itself into action4 ,when the mind sees deep and clear1 the heart feels warm and generous1 the will acts promptly and decisively4 ,as the spark leaps bright and sharp from the silent battery1 ignites the fuel and drives the piston1 so will a broad vision give a generous impulse to action4 ,you readily see the value of an educational policy1 and its intimate connection with that of action4 ,action to be efficient and lasting must be organized4 ,grouping of forces1 co-ordination of efforts1 are what we need most in the ,church of ,canada4 ,in the rank and file of the laity1 hidden treasures of enthusiasm1 latent powers of energy go to waste1 because there is no leader to awaken them1 or if aroused1 no organization to direct them4 ,the policy of the ,catholic ,extension is to bring to vigorous activity these long slumbering desires1 to give an effective vent to the pent up energies of the ,catholic heart1 to group all ,catholic missionary work for the conservation and propagation of the ,faith in our mission districts4 ,have we not been working too much as separate units8 ,has not our zeal been limited by the boundaries of our parishes and dioceses8 ,what activities have been absorbed by side-issues1 while the great cause of the ,church at large should have occupied our attention6 ,we were deliberating 4 4 4 and the ,west was being lost to us6 ,the time has come to rally around the ,church in our mission fields and prove ourselves worthy of our name--,christian and our surname--,catholic4 ,the policy1 therefore1 of the ,extension is to enlist the organized effort of every parish1 of every diocese in a great missionary movement1 and to throw the weight of the ,catholic influence of the ,east into the immense field of our ,western missions4 ,it is not for the promotion of any project1 for the benefit of any particular section of the ,church in ,canada1 that the ,extension ,society exists4 ,true genuine ,catholicity is the only inspiration of its activities4 ,this united action will manifest itself first and above all in prayer4 ,the preservation of the ,faith1 and the conversion of souls are supernatural works depending primarily and in the final analysis on the grace of ,god4 ,never has it been more necessary to emphasize this trait of the ,catholic ,aspostolate4 ,confronted with elaborate schemes of finance and the co-operative action of various denominations1 we may take lessons from them1 but should never forget that there is something more fundamental2 we mean1 the grace of ,god4 ,our prayer--the prayer of every child1 the prayer of every man and woman within the fold1 the prayer of every nun and priest1 should be the prayer of the ,master to the ,heavenly ,father3 ,send harvesters into the fields6 ,how powerful should not that prayer be6 ,how strong a binding link between the ,east and the ,west6 ,but prayer1 like faith1 without works is dead4 ,the ,extension1 therefore1 not only solicits our prayers1 but also our help to meet the needs of our home-missions--,men and money1 financial aid and apostolic vocations1 these are the needs of the hour4 ,money to build chapels1 schools1 orphanages1 hospitals2 money to help the ,catholic press1 the spreading of ,catholic ,literature2 money to forward the great and vital cause of higher education4 ,this organized financial assistance of the ,church in the ,east1 as a whole1 as a corporate body1 is the best expression of the reality and sincerity of ,catholic solidarity4 ,to boast of our beautiful churches and sumptuous cathedrals in the ,east and to leave our priests in the ,west without a decent chapel to say ,mass denote either painful ignorance of actual facts or the fallacy of our ,catholicity4 ,great is the need of money1 but greater still the need of men4 ,the principal work of the ,extension is to foster1 develop and bring to fruition missionary vocations for the ,west4 ,burses are founded to assist young men in their studies1 and in a few years1 it is the hope of the ,extension to be able to send to every diocese of the ,west zealous harvesters for the harvest that is awaiting them beyond the ,lakes4 ,could we be invited to share a more noble task than to contribute to the education of the heralds of the ,gospel1 of the ambassadors of ,christ to that ,western ,kingdom of ours8 ,let us conclude4 ,these are the principles on which rests the ,church ,extension ,society2 this is the policy it pursues4 ,the adoption of these principles and the furtherance of this policy will1 we are confident1 develop the true type of the ,catholic ,laity4 ,the parish1 its works1 its pastor1 will be the first to benefit by this missionary spirit of the laity4 ,long enough has the priest1 the missionary1 laboured alone in the harvest field and borne the heats of the day2 long enough have but a few loyal and generous souls shouldered the burden of the missionary work in ,canada2 long enough have our ,catholics limited their zealous efforts to the confines of their parish or their diocese4 ,the time has come for every ,catholic in ,canada to answer the call of the ,master1 to take his place in the harvest field1 to share the responsibilities of the present and prepare a glorious future for the ,church in our great and prosperous ,dominion4 ,the appeal that comes to the ,church of ,canada from the ,catholic ,extension is straightforward4 ,it needs no apology4 ,it stands its ground on its own merits4 ,it is not--let us never forget it--an appeal to our charity4 ,it is a pressing call to accomplish a sacred duty1 a timely warning not to neglect it4 ,and indeed1 active co-operation in the work of ,extension is1 we repeat1 an unfaltering belief in the reality of our ,catholicism4 ,it knits our soul to the very soul of the ,church1 our heart to ,her heart4 ,strengthened by these highest motives of ,catholic ,solidarity and ,christian ,charity we should give joyfully and generously4 ,let us levy a tax on our income1 no matter how small it may be1 remembering the fiduciary character of our earthly possessions4 ,let us give our time and our services to this noble ,cause4 ,let us give lovingly and willingly our children to the great harvest1 if it be ,god's will to call them to ,his service4 ,but above all let us pray that the ,kingdom of ,jesus ,christ may come in our beloved ,country through the ,extension of ,his divine ,church4 #a ,this chapter formed the substance of a ,sermon preached on ,extension ,sunday in ,st4 ,finnan's ,cathedral1 ,alexandria1 ,ont4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,pro ,,aris ,,et ,,focis#a ,militancy is the characteristic feature of ,god's ,church on earth4 ,new dangers1 fresh struggles await ,her at every turn of the road in ,her onward march to eternity4 ,assailed from within by her own children1 attacked from without by bitter enemies1 she is ever working out through the frailties of human nature her sublime destiny4 ,not of this world1 but passing through it1 ,she has necessarily to suffer from the inherent weakness of her children4 ,it is the human side of the divine ,church4 ,those who would be scandalized at this ever renascent warfare against the ,catholic ,church1 in all times and in all countries1 should remember that this hall-mark of true ,christianity is the fulfillment of ,christ's promise and the realization of his prophecy4 ,in this great firing line of the ,church militant every ,catholic has his place4 ,his marked duty is to make the divine triumph over the human in his individual life and through it--no matter how limited his circle of influence may be--in the great life of the ,church and in society at large4 ,he should make his own the various problems confronting the ,church in his country and help1 within the sphere of his activities1 to offer a happy solution4 ,two great problems now face the ,church in ,canada1 and tax to the utmost the wisdom of its leaders3 ,the race problem and the ,ruthenian problem4 ,in many centres the former has weakened the principle of authority and paralyzed our efforts of co-operation2 the latter means a tremendous leakage through which the ,church1 particularly in ,western ,canada1 is losing every day an important and vital factor4 ,the race problem has always existed and will always exist in the ,church of ,god4 ,this problem is imbedded in human nature4 ,it plunges its roots into the very depths of the human heart4 ,language is the tap-root which gives life and vigor to its various manifestations4 ,language is indeed the best expression and highest manifestation of the race4 ,the race problem therefore is generally complicated with the language problem4 ,the ,catholic ,church has always respected the racial feelings and the language of nations1 for they are based on natural law1 and natural law is nothing else but the expression of the fundamental relations constituted by ,god4 ,yet history can tell what the ,church had to suffer from racial and language differences4 ,we all agree on principles1 but often differ on policies4 ,the angle of vision varies2 facts are misrepresented2 ideals misinterpreted2 feeling and not judgment is appealed to1 in these racial conflicts4 ,but it is not our intention to deal with this great problem4 ,only let us ever remember the words of ,benedict ,,xv4 in his letter ,comisso ,divinitus to the ,catholics of ,canada4 ,he sees in our divisions a source of weakness for the ,church1 a subject of scandal for our separated brethren and a cause for him of sadness and anxiety4 ,let us therefore hope that the wishes of the ,common ,father of ,catholicity will soon be realized and that the ,church in ,canada will see the clouds of misunderstanding lift and a brighter day break on the horizon4 ,the problem to which ,i would draw again the attention of our ,catholics throughout the land is one that has been frequently of late placed before the ,catholic public4 ,but as its aspects are ever changing and its importance growing1 ,i would wish to throw light on some new factors at play in this momentous issue4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,immigration has brought to the ,church of ,canada many serious and knotty problems4 ,among these stands first and foremost the ,ruthenian question4 ,only those who have followed the various developments of this perplexing problem and are fully aware of the unceasing activities of the various ,protestant denominations among ,catholic foreigners1 grasp their meaning and understand their importance to the ,church4 ,the average ,catholic1 we are sorry to say1 is not awakened to the reality of this live issue and fails therefore to meet his responsibilities4 ,over #bej1jjj ,catholic ,ruthenians1 of the ,greek rite1 have settled in ,canada within the past decade or so4 ,they are scattered throughout the length and breadth of our immense ,dominion4 ,you will find them in the very heart of our large industrial centres1 from ,sydney to ,vancouver1 and in compact groups on our ,western prairies4 ,the vast majority of these ,ruthenians belong to the ,catholic ,church and are our brethren in the ,faith4 ,to protect them against unscrupulous proselytizers1 to help them to keep the faith in the trying period of their acclimatization to our ,canadian national life1 in a word1 to make the ,church of ,canada assume the proper responsibility which ,catholic solidarity imposes on all her children in regard to this new factor of ,catholicity in our country1 4 4 4 this is the ,ruthenian problem as it presents itself to us with its various aspects and critical issues4 ,problems of the moral and religious order are of a very complex nature4 ,principles remain but circumstances change with the fancies of imagination1 the impulse of passion1 the whims of the will4 ,this explains how1 in the great and everlasting war between right and wrong1 truth and error1 the line of battle is ever shifting1 the methods of attack ever changing4 ,various therefore have been the phases of the problem under discussion4 ,but1 we presume1 they may all be related to two periods3 the period of settlement and the period of assimilation4 ,the ,period of ,settlement ,when a few years ago our shores were heavily invaded by the rising tide of an intense immigration from the ,british ,isles and ,continental ,europe1 the ,church had to face conditions heretofore unknown4 ,without doubt1 the most complex in its elements1 the most serious in its consequences1 was the ,ruthenian issue4 ,it was a case of providing for the spiritual wants of over a quarter of a million souls4 ,the dearth of priests1 the difference of rite1 the difficulty of language1 and the great number of ,ruthenians1 created for the ,church an almost insurmountable barrier which nothing short of a miracle could otherthrow ,transcriber's note3 overthrow84 ,this sudden and large influx of ,catholics belonging to the ,greek rite1 into a ,country where the ,latin ,church alone prevailed1 constitutes a fact that has never been seen before in the history of the ,church4 ,thousands and thousands of these ,greek ,catholics were scattered through the prairies2 roaming flocks without shepherds1 a prey to ravening wolves4 ,heresy1 schism1 atheism1 socialism and anarchy openly joined hands to rob these poor people of the only treasure they had brought with them from the old-land1--their ,catholic ,faith4 ,presbyterian ministers were seen to celebrate among them bogus masses2 schismatic emissaries tried to bribe them with ,moscovite money2 fake bishops were imposing sacrilegious hands on out-laws and perverts2 traitors from among their ranks1 like ,judas1 bartered away their faith for a few pieces of silver2 a subsidized press1--,the ,canadian ,farmer and ,the ,ranok--was ever at work1 playing on their patriotism and exploiting their racial feelings1 to cover with ridicule their faith and pious traditions4 ,the public school became in the hands of the enemy the most powerful weapon4 ,government itself1 through its various officials1 often went out of its way to thwart the efforts of our missionaries4 ,it is not without poignant emotion that we have followed1 at close range1 this struggle for the mastery of the ,ruthenian soul4 ,we hardly know which we should admire the more1 the faithfulness of the simple-minded ,ruthenian1 or the devotedness of the few missionaries who1 for the last fifteen years1 have lived1 worked and died among them4 ,we all remember that cry of distress1 that demand for help which came from ,archbishop ,langevin in favor of his ,ruthenian children4 ,it broke upon the land as a clarion call and its voice was heard in the first ,plenary ,council of ,quebec4 ,the ,oblates of ,mary ,immaculate--the pioneer missionaries of the ,west1 the ,basilians1 the ,redemptorists1 and a few ,french-,canadian secular priests1 were the first to answer the call4 ,they divided among themselves that immense field of labour4 ,god alone knows what sacrifices1 what heart-burnings1 what hours of discouragement and loneliness1 were theirs in that strenuous period of settlement when the wilderness began to blossom1 when homesteads were seen to spring up on the bare soil4 ,we have a faint idea of these difficulties when we read the ,memoir3 ',tentative de ,schisme et d'heresie au milieu des ,ruthnes de l',ouest ,canadien1 of ,father ,delaere1 ,c4,,ss4,r41 7#aijh71 and ,father ,sabourin's pamphlet1 ,les ,ruthenes ,catholiques 7#aiji74 ,let us hope that the ,church in ,canada will keep sacred the memory of these harvesters of the first hour4 ,the ,catholics owe them a debt of gratitude4 ,we sincerely hope that the history of their heroic efforts will not be lost and that the first to appreciate them will be the coming ,ruthenian generation4 ,father ,delaere1 ,c4,,ss4,r4--who has laboured among the ,ruthenians in ,western ,canada for the last twenty years will one day give us1 we sincerely hope1 the history of the settlement and struggles of his adopted people4 ,little by little the ,ruthenian ,church in ,canada is emerging from its first chaotic state4 ,the visit of ,mgr4 ,septeski to ,canada1 the appointment of the ,very ,reverend ,n4 ,budka as ,bishop of all the ,ruthenians in ,canada1 marked a turning-point in their history4 ,authority is1 in the ,church of ,god1 the only great vital centre from which proceed true order and permanent development4 ,the war1 it is true1 complicated the ,ruthenian issue4 ,we all know what difficulties the ,ruthenian ,bishop had to face during this trying period1 under what dark clouds of ungrounded suspicion he lived4 ,but the most painful feature of this long and cruel ordeal was the absence of sympathy and the lack of co-operation in those from whom1 as a ,catholic ,bishop1 he had a right to expect them4 ,the ,period of ,assimilation ,the period of settlement has passed1 and already a young ,,canadian generation has sprung up sturdy1 thrifty1 progressive from the transplanted ,ruthenian stock4 ,the numerous children of that prolific race are gradually passing from the home into the schools and from the schools into the community life of the country4 ,this ,slavic race is striking deep roots in ,canadian soil1 particularly in our ,western ,provinces4 ,the loss of faith has been heavy1 we believe1 especially in our large cities4 ,naturally1 allowance must be made for the drift-wood which always follows the tide of immigration4 ,in our rural centres1 be it said to the praise of that simple-minded people1 and to the confusion of the enemies of their faith1 the great majority have kept their allegiance to the ,church of their baptism4 ,but1 where the bogus mass1 the false priests and ,moscovite money have failed1 the neutralizing process of a so-called ,canadianization may succeed4 ,the flank envelopment has often a greater success than the frontal attack4 ,this leads us to dwell on another phase of the ,ruthenian problem4 ,in the history of the human race there is nothing more complicated than ethnic assimilation4 ,it is a slow1 delicate and1 in many cases1 very dangerous process4 ,in the laboratory of the world many explosions are due to the ignorance of what we would call human chemistry4 ,one cannot play with human chemicals any more than with real ones4 ,we know by experience that at times they are fulginous and ready to break into open flames4 ,but there are two elements which have to be treated with the greatest care3 ,religion and ,race4 ,they are the two foci of the ellipse in which moves history2 the two shores between which oscillates the tossing tide of humanity4 ,lord ,morley calls them the two incendiary forces of history1 ever shooting jets of flame from undying embers4 ,this explains why the soil of history is so volcanic1 so filled with burning lava which time itself has not cooled4 ,the racial element in ethnical assimilation is gradually modified by the imperative adjustment of the immigrant to his new conditions of life4 ,for the observer and student of history there is nothing more instructive and1 at times1 more pathetic than that borderland which lies between what has been and what is to be in the life of the immigrant4 ,this violent breaking away from the past and gradual assimilation with the present has its dangers4 ,unknown and occult factors are at work with the blood of several generations1 pulsating in the veins of the new ,canadian4 ,whilst beckoning hands stretch out to receive him on our shores and initiate him into our national life1 other hands1 the hands of the dead1 stretch out through several generations to lay claim on him4 ,like everything in nature this change or rather this transformation should be imperceptible4 ,mutual toleration is the factor of a healthy assimilation4 ,this has given to the ,united ,states a greater solvent power than has been shown by any other nation1 ancient or modern4 ,coercive assimilation arouses national feelings1 alien elements1 and racial self-assertion4 ,the worst enemy of ,canada is the political power which1 to please a blatant1 ultra-loyal faction1 pursues the policy of crushing into uniformity the heterogeneous elements invited to the country and allured to our shores with the bait of liberty4 ,this patriotism may be well called the last refuge of scoundrels2 it is nothing but ,prussianism wrapped up in the very folds of the ,union-,jack4 ,therefore1 when in the great work of ,canadianization this law of social psychology is not observed1 we not only prevent assimilation1 but we deprive the nation of the fertilizing contact and invigorating contrast of various ethnical elements and ferment future conflict4 ,the religious element belongs to a higher plane4 ,although independent in its nature of any particular racial feature1 yet it co-exists with the love of country1 giving to our patriotism something of its sanctity and durability4 ,but the point at issue here is3 ,can the religious element prevent racial assimilation8 ,in the eyes of many ,canadians the ,ruthenian's religion is looked upon as one of the greatest obstacles to his ,canadianization4 ,under the cover of that specious plea1 many agents are at work in our ,ruthenian settlements4 ,with the preconceived idea that their religion with its ritual1 language and traditions1 is the greatest obstacle to their nationalization and to its inherent benefits1 these agents are multiplying their efforts to wean new ,canadians from the faith of their fathers4 ,the last report of the ,methodist ,missionary ,society--#aiah1 openly states the designs of this ,church in the matter4 ,many of these ,ruthenian people are ignorant and degraded2 and under the sinister leadership of their priests are resolved to resist all ,canadianizing influences4 4 4 4 ,for the ,christian ,church to act at once is the need of the present hour1 if the foreign peoples are to be made ,christian citizens of the great ,west44 ,this statement is symptomatic of the curious ,christianity that now prevails among the various non-,catholic denominations4 ,with them ,christianity is nothing more than social welfare inspired by a vague philanthropy4 ,differences of creed are being cast to the winds1 and ,social ,service is the basic idea of their forward movement1 around which they are trying to rally their dwindling forces4 ,it is then but consequent to have the burden of their message and the policy of their apostolate bear on ,citizenship4 ,the inevitable and perfidious neutrality of state officialdom unconsciously seconds their efforts in this direction4 ,but the most efficient co-operators in this nefarious work are the fallen-away ,ruthenians4 ,they have a smattering of education which makes them the more dangerous among their own4 ,this organized opinion and co-ordinated action of the churches against the ,,church should give to all ,catholics food for thought4 ,to be indifferent would be criminal4 ,we can say with ,augustine ,birrell3 ,it is obviously not a wise policy to be totally indifferent to what other people are thinking about--simply because our own thoughts are running in another direction4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,this diagnosis of the ,ruthenian problem should suggest practical lines for individual and group action4 ,it would be preposterous on our part were we to assume an attitude of destructive criticism without having a remedy to propose4 ,but what we have in mind is to suggest means whereby the ,church as a whole1 and the laity in particular1 will come to the help of a few heroic1 struggling missionaries and to the rescue of their ,ruthenian flock4 ,the ,ruthenian people in ,canada are now going through their assimilation period4 ,in another generation or so they will be1 at least they should be1 all full-fledged ,canadian citizens4 ,this land of opportunity that has adopted them has a right to see them all become good citizens1 as ready to shoulder their share of the common burden as they were to receive the benefits of our liberties4 ,in our large industrial centres their transformation is rapid4 ,the stranger is swallowed up in the vortical suction of the city and is soon carried away in the maelstrom of its strenuous life4 ,he rapidly loses his identity2 only the strong individual will survive1 bearing the features of his race4 ,in our rural settlements where the foreigner has established colonies1 the assimilation is slow and gradual4 ,the change affects the community and1 through it1 the individual4 ,but in all cases this transformation is a necessity1 and necessity should be a deciding factor4 ,if this process of assimilation1 we contend1 is not surrounded with ,catholic influence1 if it is not carried on by ,catholic agents--and is left only to those who see in the faith of the ,ruthenian1 a relic of the ,middle-,ages1 an obstacle to ,canadian citizenship--the danger to the faith of our ,ruthenian people is greater than in the days of open attack4 ,this method of neutral proselytism is more insidious1 and in the long run1 more telling4 ,we know perfectly well that if the ,canadian ,ruthenian is to give to ,caesar what belongs to ,caesar he must first give to ,god what belongs to ,god4 ,it is therefore our bounden duty to help our ,ruthenian brethren to swing into the main stream of our national existence2 and there is no reason why our religious duties and patriotic endeavors should work at cross purposes4 ,in fact1 if in the present crisis1 the two are not merged into one1 there will be a distinct loss to the ,catholic ,church in ,canada4 ,have we not waited long enough for the immigrants to come to us8 ,we contented ourselves with giving them as often as possible a priest of their language2 and have left to others1 to neutral and1 most often1 openly anti-,catholic agencies the duty of initiating them to ,canadian life4 ,the ,american ,bishops have understood this necessity1 and with what marvellous foresight and wonderful organization have they thrown into the work of reconstruction the whole weight of the ,catholic ,church6 ,their joint letter--the most timely and most luminous pronouncement on the labour problem1--their general meeting in ,washington1 the constitutions of the ,catholic ,national ,board with its various departments1 all go to prove that they grasped the signs of the times and have readjusted the sails of the ,ship of ,peter in ,america to the new winds that are sweeping over the world4 ,we should never forget indeed that the ,church of ,god is not of this world but is in this world4 ,to strip ourselves of crippling formalism and to bring the ,church nearer the realities of the times1 is1 in ,byron's words1 making realities real4 ,is it not indeed time to broaden our apostolate and give more scope to the laity8 ,if the non-,catholic denominations are able to find young men and women who consent to live among our foreigners as teachers1 social workers1 field secretaries1 lay missionaries and catechists1 surely we should be able to find the same among our own to protect the faithful against apostasy4 ,we must remember that the ,ruthenians who have come to this country belong1 generally speaking1 to that class for whom even existence was a problem in their native land4 ,they are the very ones who have been protected in their faith by language1 tradition1 customs and all that goes to make up the mental atmosphere of the uneducated mass4 ,when that atmosphere disappears these poor people are exposed to all pernicious influences4 ,we are therefore responsible to the ,church to build around them the protective wall of ,catholic life4 ,the initiation to their ,canadian life should not be at the price of their ,catholic life4 ,this is the situation4 ,what can be done8 ,naturally1 to quote ,lord ,morley3 ,a settlement of foolscap sheet1 independent of facts1 of local circumstances and feeling1 and passion1 and finance1 and other appurtenances of human nature 4 4 4 will lead nowhere4 ,to do effective work along the lines suggested in this chapter we must take facts and circumstances as they are1 and work into them the idea1 and then work the idea into the people4 ,the ,,language1 the ,,school1 the ,,community ,,life are the ,,three ,,great ,,factors that the enemies of the ,ruthenian's faith unscrupulously exploit in their nefarious work4 ,we must meet the enemy on this common ground and beat him with his own weapons4 ,language4--,the right of a man to his language is an incontestable right2 the free use of it is a primary human liberty4 ,the ,church has always respected this right as one of the most elementary laws of nature4 ,in the evangelization of nations ,she has always accommodated ,herself to the ways and language of the people4 ,in this1 ,she is faithful to the illuminating lesson the ,master gave to ,her on ,her birthday1 ,pentecost ,sunday1 when the ,apostles were heard each speaking his own language4 ,they began to speak with divers tongues according as the ,holy ,ghost gave them to speak 4 4 4 ,every man heard them speak in his own tongue4 ,since that day the true ,apostle of ,christ has respected the language of the people he evangelized4 ,the theory of compelling a nation to learn a certain language as if it were the only vehicle of the ,great ,message of ,christ or of waiting until the people know the missionary's own language 4 4 4 is not ,catholic4 ,the ,church of ,christ is not a nationalistic ,church4 ,no one has to deny his race nor to give up his language to become or to remain ,her faithful child4 ,but1 facts are facts and one must face them and take from them one's bearings4 ,they stand as the tossing buoy on the drifting waters of our ordinary life4 ,to ignore them often spells disaster4 ,now1 the fact of paramount importance is that the ,english language is fast gaining ground among the ,ruthenians4 ,the recent school laws 7we do not discuss here their wisdom7#b1 the anti-foreign feeling that has held the country in its grip during the war1 the violent campaign of a certain element1 the general drift of the various annual conventions1 the studied plan of action of ,provincial ,governments1 the eagerness of the ,ruthenian rising generation to know ,english#c1 and above all the unbounded zeal of non-,catholic denominations who make the learning of ,english the trump card of their game1 these are facts1 and have to be reckoned with4 ,the sooner our ,ruthenians are made to grasp these conditions1 the better will they be equipped for the struggle of ,canadian life and for the preservation of their ,catholic faith4 ,is it not time1 therefore1 for some ,english-speaking priests to go out among the ,ruthenians and share the work with those valiant missionaries who1 the great majority at least1 are strangers to our country1 and who have learned the language1 embraced the rite and for the last twenty years have been doing our work for us8 ,their presence is a stimulating lesson and an abiding reproach4 ,a dozen or so of young ,english-speaking priests would be a great boon to the ,ruthenian mission1 particularly in the ,west with its present mentality4 ,the ,school is the great melting pot4 ,one has to read ,the ,new ,canadian1 by ,dr4 ,anderson1 to understand the full meaning of this statement in its relation to the ,ruthenian problem4 ,the schools among the ,ruthenians in the ,western ,provinces are practically all public schools4 ,the number of ,catholic teachers is exceedingly small and yet1 were they available1 the ,ruthenian trustees would be at liberty and glad to give them the preference4 ,only those who know the influence the teacher wields in a ,ruthenian settlement will fully appreciate the presence of a ,catholic teacher4 ,were a good ,catholic teacher to give to this cause a year or two of her teaching life she would be doing a great missionary work4 ,if the ,baptists1 ,presbyterians and ,methodists can get girls and young men to go1 surely we could also1 were we to organize and try it4 ,this is the reason why the foundation1 in ,yorkton1 of the ,english speaking ,brothers of ,toronto1 is one of the wisest moves in the right direction4 ,the idea is to prepare teachers for the ,ruthenian settlements by giving them the benefit of a higher education under ,catholic influences4 ,the ,governments of the various ,western ,provinces made several attempts to equip the ,ruthenian schools with ,ruthenian teachers4 ,with a few exceptions1 these embryo teachers proved to be a failure and from a ,catholic view-point a real calamity4 ,we remember personally how in a certain normal school the special ,ruthenian class was nothing but a hot-bed of infidelity and anarchy4 ,the students were collaborating with the worst subversive elements in the country4 ,therefore1 our practical suggestion would be to encourage the recent foundation of the ,christian ,brothers by contributing liberally to its support and to the extension of the work of which it will become a natural centre4 ,could there not be a bureau in the ,east for the recruiting of teachers8 ,a campaign of education to this effect1 in the ,catholic press1 would be in season4 ,community work is without doubt a deciding factor in our civic life4 ,considered from a ,christian angle it is nothing else but the practice of charity4 ,when animated by mere philanthropy it may play havoc with souls1 particularly among our foreign element4 ,the ,church in the ,united ,states has realized its importance and has outlined a social service programme for ,catholic agencies4 ,they have field-secretaries and instructors--often ,knights of ,columbus--throughout the country1 carrying on this welfare work4 ,i would refer the reader to the monthly ,bulletin of the ,national ,catholic ,welfare ,council for an idea of the extensive work of their ,catholic social activities4 ,it is simply wonderful4 ,as times change our activities also have to be modified4 ,new questions call for new treatment4 ,the initiation of the ,ruthenian people to ,canadian life should be our work4 ,being ,catholics they are our wards in this new country and it is our sacred duty to see that they receive true ideals of ,canadian citizenship without losing the higher ideal of their ,catholic life4 ,at times ,canadian liberty has proved to be to some extent too strong a tonic4 ,it is through a sound1 intelligent1 local government exercised in the school district and our municipal life that the new ,canadians can learn best to play their part in the greater life of ,provincial and ,federal politics4 ,if any one desires more details on this subject we refer him to the ,national ,catholic ,welfare ,council's ,reconstruction pamphlets ,no4 #e and #g4 ,who has not followed with pride the launching of the great educational programme of the ,knights of ,columbus1 particularly their nation-wide scheme of supplementary schools for the explanation of the ,american ,constitution to foreigners8 ,it is an open challenge to radicalism4 ,to educate a citizen in the chart that governs his country1 in the right use of his franchise1 is an act of real patriotism and real ,catholicism4 ,picture to yourself the results of the ,ruthenian vote on an issue in which the ,church is involved4 ,eventually time will bring such issues4 ,we would say to our laity what the editor of the ',columbiad' wrote in the ,october number3 ,the vista of the glory of service that opens before the mind musing on the power for good within our grip is sublime4 ,to each the image rises4 ,an army1 a host of faces keen with knowledge1 calm with contentment1 eager with honest ambition looks up4 ,men1 women1 boys1 girls--humanity gazes at the beholder4 ,the eye does not glimpse the last face1 far out beyond the faint horizon of the panorama4 4 4 4 ,the vista is unending4 ,yes1 the apostolate among the ,ruthenians is1 we claim1 a necessity of the hour2 its possibilities are beyond realization4 ,procrastination in this matter is nothing short of treason and will prove a disaster to the ,ruthenians1 and to the ,church4 ,turning to the ,knights of ,columbus in ,canada and pointing to the feverish and unceasing activities of other agents among this our people ,i say3 ,go and do likewise4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,our conclusion is obvious4 ,the ,ruthenian ,question stands to-day as a religious problem to solve and a national duty to fulfill4 ,church and ,country present a united and pressing claim for our co-operation4 ,this appeal to the two strongest feelings of the human heart should awaken patriotic sympathies and quicken ,catholic conscience into action4 ,the issue is serious and far reaching in its consequences4 ,only organized opinion with united and determined action can successfully meet it4 #a ,this chapter was the matter of a series of articles in the ,north ,west ,review1 of ,winnipeg4 ,the ,editor prefaced them with the following remarks1 to give emphasis to the importance of this ,problem3 ,we wish to draw the attention of our readers to a series of authoritative articles now appearing in the ,northwest ,review on ',the ,ruthenian ,problem4' ,the writer is one of our foremost educationalists and knows his subject thoroughly4 ,furthermore his manuscript has passed through the hands of ,bishop ,budka and other members of the ,hierarchy of the ,west who have given it their warm approval4 ,it is1 we think1 very essential that the ,catholics of this country should thoroughly understand the problem before them1 so that when called upon to perform their duty in the matter they may be able to act promptly1 wholeheartedly and with conviction4 ,our thanks are due to the author1 ',miles ,christi' for having put before us such a clear presentation of the problem which sooner or later we shall be called upon to solve4 ,the matter is one that to a very large extent concerns the laity and we think it should be thoroughly discussed in every council of ,knights of ,columbus throughout ,canada4 ,in districts where this society is not organized1 any other existing ,catholic societies might very appropriately co-ordinate in this good work4 ,the question is also one of national as well as ,catholic moment and so entitled to its due share of any 'forward movements' now anticipated4 #b ,judge ,buffington1 of ,pennsylvania1 gave a lecture lately on ,americanization4 ,from it we cull the following paragraph on the foreign language question3-- ,the solution is not in the abolition of foreign languages in this country4 ,i have heard loyal patriots who found ,english twisting their tongues1 and ,bolshevism has come from the lips of those of ,new ,england culture like ,foster4 ,this country has not only been remiss in failing to teach the foreigner but in teaching the native4 ,i believe in the ,english tongue and in the amalgamation resulting from common speech1 but we do not accomplish our aims by destroying other languages4 #c ,in a recent report of the ,department of ,education of the ,province of ,saskatchewan1 of #agg schools in ,ruthenian settlements only #bh have engaged teachers holding provisional certificates or permits2 all the others are fully normal-trained and perfectly qualified4 ,in many school districts salaries range between #a1jjj and #a1ejj4 ,the ,ruthenians are among those who pay the best salaries to teachers4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,why8 ,,what8 ,,who8 ,the ,necessity of a ,field-,secretary for the ,organization of our ,missionary ,activities ,no one can read the ,encyclical letter which ,his ,holiness has recently addressed to the ,catholic ,church on the ,propagation of the ,faith throughout the world1 without being deeply moved by the yearnings of the apostolic heart of our ,common ,father1 and vividly impressed by the lessons that come from his inspired and timely message to each and every one of us4 ,without doubt our own dear country is witnessing that movement which1 inspired by the ,holy ,ghost1 is being felt throughout the ,catholic world in favour of home and foreign missions4 ,the growing interest of our people in the ,catholic ,church ,extension ,society2 the enthusiasm with which the great and noble work of ,father ,fraser1 for ,chinese ,missions1 was greeted everywhere2 the recent foundation and marvellous development of the community of the ,missionary ,sisters of the ,immaculate ,conception in ,montreal1 for service among the lepers of ,china2 the wonderful response which the call of ,africa met with among the college and convent youths of the ,province of ,quebec2 the increasing number of vocations to the missionary orders1 both for men and women1--to mention only a few outstanding and significant facts1--are evident signs of the stirring of the waters in the ,church in ,canada4 ,to help to promote and develop fully this providential movement in the ,church of ,god1 we beg to submit a few suggestions which may be of some use in the great cause of ,home and ,foreign ,missions4 ,i--,why8 ,the continued progress and abiding success of a movement depend on its organization4 ,for1 to realize its proposed aim and accepted plan of action1 organization alone can enlist and keep secure the sympathies of patrons and members1 co-ordinate the various forces1 and call into play1 when necessary1 new and fresh energies4 ,the greater the number to be reached by the society or societies which embody this movement1 the more efficient should be the organizing power4 ,experience and reason prove that an organization destined to affect the masses and hold its grip on them1 will not live and thrive only on an occasional appeal or a printed message4 ,these are indeed of great value1 particularly the insistently repeated message in print4 ,we are great believers in the force of a persistent1 regular and frequent circularization4 ,but1 in our humble estimation1 there is something more essential in the matter under consideration1 and that is the human contact and continued influence of a field-organizer4 ,an extensive organization without this factor will not be efficient1 will not last4 ,as ,floyd ,keeler wrote in ,america 7,july #aj1 #aibj73 ,it is the personal equation between the organizer and the various units of the ,society that counts4 4 4 4 ,the masses are accustomed to think in concrete terms4 4 4 4 ,long distance appeals and those made to total strangers do not produce permanent results4 ,this influence of the field-organizer is so great that we may safely state that the life of a society fluctuates with the various impulses it receives from him4 ,he is the very heart which gives health and vigor to its organism4 ,here lies the secret of the mission-organizations in the ,protestant ,churches1 to which1 of late1 we have referred so frequently in our ,catholic papers1 under the heading of3 ,fas est ab hoste doceri4 4 4 4 ,every denomination has its field-organizers entirely consecrated to mission activities among its people4 ,financial results tell to what extent they are effective in their work4 ,we have also among our own missionary societies1 examples that illustrate the point we wish to emphasize4 ,since when has the ,society of the ,propagation of the ,faith1 in the dioceses of ,new ,york and ,boston1 leaped into prominence1 and headed by generous contributions the list of the whole world8 ,how did that change come about8 ,where is the secret of this success8 ,the establishment of permanent diocesan organizers is the answer4 ,what they have done1 why could we not do8 ,quod isti--cur non et nos8 ,never1 we claim1 will the missionary potentialities that lie dormant in ,canadian ,catholicism1 be actuated to bear its message of spiritual light1 heat and power to the ,church at large1 until we establish in the field at various points1 secretaries or organizers1 whose life-work will be to call into play1 to systematize the mission forces of the ,church in ,canada4 ,if on the contrary1 as in the past1 we content ourselves with an occasional appeal for missions1 a collection now and then1 a spasmodic effort here and there1 a subscription to a ,catholic paper or missionary magazine1 the work for ,home and ,foreign missions will remain exterior to the corporate life of the ,church1 will not be woven into its very fibre to permeate its activities4 ,as shadows on the wall1 they will suggest rather than reveal the possibilities of our missionary effort4 ,the great and pressing call of the ,white ,shepherd of the ,vatican will go unheard4 ,if there is a response that comes from ,canada1 it will not be from the ,church at large4 ,,ii4--,what8 ,the raison d'tre1 the definite function of a field-secretary is organization4 ,this work implies the double duty to spread1 by an intelligent and well thought-out propaganda1 the knowledge of the ,home and ,foreign ,missions and of the responsibility it entails1 and to found and maintain efficient the various societies established to promote and help their great work4 #a4 ,vision4 ,the effective presentation of the case of ,catholic ,missions1 both to the clergy and to the laity1 is the field-secretary's first and important duty4 ,nothing indeed can be hoped for1 nothing can be accomplished until the ,catholic people fully grasp and intensely feel what their help and co-operation--however little it may be--mean to the ,church1 to the salvation of souls1 to the honour of our ,blessed ,lord1 to the glory of ,god4 ,fac ut videant6 ,the clear1 broad and deep vision of these great possibilities in the mission fields will alone overcome selfishness and apathy1 awaken interest1 stimulate energy4 ,the field-secretary is the official expert in mission-matters4 ,he will be able to accumulate strong evidence1 sum up striking statistics and draw burning comparisons for the effective presentation of his case4 ,an enthusiastic advocate1 he will plead with thrilling appeals1 the great cause placed in his hands4 ,during his absence from the field of action1 the vision he pointed to1 will be kept bright by the recurrence1 at stated intervals1 of the printed message4 ,missionary literature receives its life1 vigour and impulse from the field-organizer and continues his work in his absence4 #b4 ,action4 ,to realize that vision and incarnate it in work for the ,home and ,foreign ,missions1 the ,field-secretary will take the diocese as a unit of his organization4 ,in each diocese1 with the permission1 authority1 and co-operation of the ,ordinary1 he will establish the ,societies recommended by our ,holy ,father in his ,apostolic ,letter1 and others that have been created to meet the specific needs of the country or to favour certain particular missionary work4 ,therefore3-- 7a7 ,among the ,clergy will be founded ,the ,missionary ,union of the ,clergy1 which our ,holy ,father desires to see established in every diocese4 ,for loving sons and faithful priests of the ,church of ,god the desire of the ,sovereign ,pontiff is a command4 ,this1 we think1 could be easily done by the field-organizer when he visits each parish for the purpose of organizing missionary parochial units1 as we shall see later4 ,the beautiful programme of action which is so easily combined with the ordinary work of the priest in the parish1 the facility of his moral and material co-operation in this great work of missions1 the spiritual favours and wonderful privileges which the ,union grants to its members1 together with the explicit desire of the ,holy ,see1 these are so many motives and incentives1 which should induce all the members of the clergy to enter the ranks of the ,missionary ,union and assure to the ,church their co-operation in the great mission work1 both at ,home and in the ,field-,afar4 7b7 ,among the laity of each parish will be founded3 ,the ,propagation of the ,faith--for ,foreign ,missions2 ,the ,church ,extension--for ,home ,missions4 ,the permanent success of these societies1 once established by the field-organizer1 will wholly depend on the selection and appointment of trustworthy promoters1 who will distribute the missionary literature1 and collect from their respective circles of #aj or #bj members the monthly fee1 stipulated for each society4 ,this monthly collection comes as a reminder and is more effective1 both morally and financially1 than an annual collection taken up in the ,church1 as is now the prevailing custom in several dioceses4 ,the monthly call of the promoter is a fresh awakening of the missionary spirit in the home1 and stands as the continued call of the ,master of the harvest4 ,it keeps the interest alive and awakens anew the sympathy for the missions4 7c7 ,among the ,children of our ,separate ,schools and ,sunday-,schools1 can be established1 with great profit1 ,the ,holy ,childhood ,society4 ,it is wonderful what interest the kind and sympathetic hearts of children will take in missionary work4 ,the results obtained by the distribution of mite boxes are marvellous4 ,to quote an example given to us by the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of the ,united ,states1 we would say that through their ,sunday-,school classes1 they raise annually the sum of #bjj1jjj4jj4 ,but above all1 the great asset to be considered in this educational work1 is the broad ,catholic spirit we create and maintain in the soul of the child4 ,this is far more important than his actual financial contribution1 and at the same time it prepares him to be1 in later years1 a generous contributor4 ,without any doubt1 the ,protestants can teach us here a lesson of organization4 7d7 ,in ,colleges1 ,boarding-,schools1 ,convents and ,universities why should we not have branches of the ,catholic ,students ,mission ,crusade8 ,this organization is doing wonderful work in the ,united ,states1 and will prove soon to be a potent factor in the ,missionary activities of the ,church across the boundary4 #bej delegates from various institutions of higher learning1 throughout the country1 gathered in ,washington1 last ,august 7#aibj71 for the second annual ,convention4 ,among the delegates1 we are proud to note1 were a few ,canadians4 7e7 ,the follow up work is what counts in the long run1 in a movement of this kind4 ,if we do not wish to see all this beautiful zeal for missions burn away in a passing blaze1 we must have a ,central ,bureau1 which will keep in touch with the promoters1 and act as the centre of ,missionary activities1 in the diocese4 ,there all lines will converge1 gathering information1 bringing results2 from there1 as from the power-station1 will go out to the workers in the field1 enthusiasm and energy4 ,unity1 says ,f4 ,kinsman1 cannot be created by agitated fragments of a circumference2 it must issue from a central force and be sustained by a centripetal instinct4 ,the ,central ,bureau1 or ,clearing ,house could be confided to a trustworthy person1 who would willingly give his spare hours to this great ,catholic work1 until it would grow to the point of necessitating a permanent and salaried secretary4 ,it is useless1 we believe1 to state that a crusade of prayers would be the sustaining force of this movement4 ,we all know that the salvation of souls is above all a supernatural process4 ,we may sow1 another may water the seed1--but it is for ,god to give the growth1--,deus autem incrementum dat4 ,the development and fostering of missionary vocations would be the natural sequel to this movement at large1 in the ,church of ,canada4 ,how many young men and women could not the field-secretary find here and there1 and direct to the mission fields where the harvest is plentiful and the harvesters few4 ,,iii4--,who8 ,the function of a field-secretary or organizer is a delicate one1 we fully understand4 ,but we are firmly convinced that priests can be found1 who1 with tact1 intelligence and enthusiasm for the great ,cause of ,missions1 and backed with the authority and sympathy of the ,ordinary1 are bound to make this work a success4 ,there is a wave of the missionary spirit passing over the ,church of ,god4 ,the clergy and the people are eager to help missions at ,home and ,abroad4 ,but they desire a concrete1 workable plan to pin their activities to2 they are waiting for something definite to act upon1 and a responsible representative of the cause to work with4 ,until the development of the organization would call for a diocesan organizer1 one priest could act for a ,province or ,region of the ,country4 ,the ordinary objection which our proposal here would meet with1 would be the lack of personnel4 ,there is1 we know1 a shortage of priests everywhere4 ,but would not the ,church1 as a whole1 in ,canada and throughout the world1 receive more benefit from the life of a priest entirely dedicated to this work of ,missions1 than if it were given to a specific parish or diocese4 ,even were a parish or small country mission to be deprived for the time being of a resident pastor1 should not that sacrifice be made1 generously and cheerfully1 for the sake of a greater cause4 ,it is assuredly a short-sighted policy to sacrifice hundreds of thousands of souls for the care of a few1 to prefer the welfare of a parish to that of the ,church at large4 ,this reasoning and its disastrous consequences are surely not ,catholic4 ,we emphasise the necessity for the organizer to consecrate his life solely to this proposed work4 ,at this price alone will he make it a success4 ,without doubt1 it is the work of a man1 the work of a life4 ,god grant that we may see the day when all the latent ,missionary forces of the ,church of ,canada will be awakened and united in one great gigantic effort of apostolate6 ,these forces form an invisible army of reserves on which the ,church is to draw1 to fill1 as it were1 the depleted ranks of ,her ,missionary units throughout the world4 ,the lack of organization is the weakness of our strength4 ,let the leaders come forward1 and we ourselves shall be astonished at the latent powers of ,faith in the ,church of ,canada4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,ploughing ,,the ,,sands ,the ,church-,union ,movement3 its ,causes and ,various ,manifestations4 ,the ,protestant and ,catholic ,view-,point4 ,church-union is to-day the outstanding feature of the ,protestant world4 ,the possibilities and promises1 the necessity and advantages of this movement are widely discussed in the press and magazine1 in the pulpit and on the platform1 in ,church conferences and synods4 ,denominational barriers are being swept away2 creed lines lowered2 inevitably great changes are impending4 ,this universal unrest is assuredly symptomatic of a chaotic ,christendom outside of the true ,church4 ,the peace and self-confidence of the ,catholic ,church pursuing the even tenor of ,her life is indeed in striking contrast4 ,no serious-minded ,christian can be disinterested in this supreme effort of the various ,christian denominations for unity4 ,we are not allowed to doubt the good intentions that animate and direct the promoters of this inter-church movement4 ,for1 as ,lord ,morley said1 in the heat of the battle it often happens that men manifest towards the heretic feeling which should be exclusively reserved for the heresy4 ,yet we believe that the explanation of our attitude1 so much misunderstood and misinterpreted1 cannot but help to hasten the day of the true and everlasting union1 when in accord with the great desire of the ,master1 there will be but ,one ,fold and ,one ,pastor4 ,gladstone said3 ,any man who advances one step the cause of ,christian unity in his life may well lie down to die content that he had a life well lived4 ,we said advisedly our attitude1 for it is a vastly interesting point to note with ,hilaire ,belloc3 ,the ,catholic understands his opponent1 whereas that opponent does not understand him4 ,a similar contrast existed once before in the ,history of ,western mankind1 to wit1 in the latter days of the ,roman ,empire4 ,the ,catholic understood the ,pagan2 the ,pagan did not understand the ,catholic4 ,church-union was always more or less an ideal in the various non-,catholic denominations4 ,periodically efforts were made to realize this ideal2 but they always failed in the presence of the bitter antagonism that existed between the leading factions4 ,the ,church-union movement manifested itself1 timidly at first1 in the interchange of pulpits1 the united services and inter-communion of several denominations4 ,this exchange in the ministerial field now prevails among the ,nonconformists and has also affected to a large extent the ,anglican communion4 ,but the multiplied divisions and multiplying sub-divisions among the conflicting creeds1 a wasteful overlapping and disastrous competition in the mission field1 the enlightening experience of the great war1 have forced an issue upon the ,churches4 ,in ,scotland the ,old ,kirk is trying to bridge the chasm that has separated it from the ,free ,church in the past years4 ,in ,england1 under the leadership of ,mr4 ,shakespeare1 the ,nonconformists are fusing their differences and presenting a united front to the ,established ,church4 ,only last year1 7#aiai7 in ,kingswall ,hall1 did not the ,bishop of ,london make most remarkable overtures to the ,wesleyans and propose to them a scheme of union6 ,by the introduction of ,evangelical methods and particularly by the association with ,nonconformists on doctrinal grounds1 or in services in which doctrines are involved1 the ,anglican ,church has been engaged--to speak with ,newman--in diluting its high orthodoxy4 ,last ,august1 #aibj1 ,geneva was the meeting place of ,the ,world ,christian ,congress4 ,the ,congress adopted a resolution to form a ,league of ,churches whose object is to put an end to proselytizing between ,christian churches and promote mutual understanding between them for ,christian missions among non-,christian peoples2 secondly1 to promote an association and collaboration of ,churches to establish ,christian principles2 thirdly1 to help the ,churches to become acquainted with one another2 fourthly1 to bring together smaller ,christian communities1 and unite all ,churches on questions of faith and order4 ,but it was reserved for ,america1 the land of daring schemes and audacious plans1 to formulate the most chimerical project of all4 ,the ,episcopalian ,church has promoted ,the ,world ,congress on ,faith and ,order4 ,bishop ,weller1 of ,fond-du-,lac1 ,wisc41 is directing this gigantic movement4 ,a committee of bishops has already called on the various heads of ,christian ,churches1 and we all know of their visit to the ,vatican and of the refusal of the ,holy ,see to participate in the ,pan-,christian ,congress4 ,sponsored by the ,presbyterian ,church of ,america1 ,the ,united ,churches of ,christ were formed some months ago1 with a complete organic union of the ,protestant ,churches of ,america in view4 ,this is 4 4 4 an advance of the present existing organization of the ,federal ,council of the ,churches of ,christ in ,america1 as it opens the way for consolidation of administration agencies and the carrying forward of the general work of the ,churches through the council of the ,united ,church4 ,but the most ambitious scheme is that of the ,inter ,church ,world ,movement4 ,it has been called into existence 7#aiah7 for the purpose of developing a plan whereby the ,evangelical ,churches of ,north ,america may co-operate in carrying out their educational1 missionary and benevolent programme at home and abroad4 ,to discover and group the facts concerning the world's needs2 to build a programme of inspiration and education based on these facts2 to develop spiritual power adequate for the task2 to secure enough lives and money to meet the needs3 such is the tremendous task the ,inter ,church ,world ,movement has set itself4 ,at a meeting in ,atlantic ,city it was voted to raise the stupendous sum of #a1cjj1jjj1jjj to meet the requirements of this ,pan-,protestant project4 ,two thousand men and women are now 7,feb4 #aibj17 busy at the head-office1 in ,new ,york1 preparing the world-wide survey and financial campaign4#a ,the ,protestant ,churches in ,canada are also falling in line in this universal movement for unity4 ,the ,united ,national ,campaign which marked #aiai with thirteen national conventions1 represented the co-operative feature of various churches in a general ,forward ,movement4 ,the war1 we all know1 has impeded the projected union between the ,methodist1 ,presbyterian and ,congregationalist denominations4 ,there is hardly any doubt that this union will be effected in the near future4 ,but as usual1 while the ,east was deliberating1 the forward and aggressive ,west was acting4 ,church-,union is an accomplished fact in many centres1 particularly in the ,province of ,saskatchewan4 ,last ,october the ,union ,church of ,western ,canada held a convention in ,regina and reported progress4 ,conditions in the ,west1 especially in the rural districts1 naturally favour this movement4 ,the strong denominational feeling is becoming more and more a thing of the past4 ,the identity of churches is being absorbed in social service work1 and sectarian peculiarities considered obsolete impertinences4 ,these are the various manifestations of the ,church-,union ,movement4 ,although loose thinking and indefiniteness of purpose characterize most of these various moves1 a close analysis reveals two different underlying principles which support and explain them4 ,as an ,anglican clergyman stated3 ,there are two courses open1 uniting on points of agreement and allowing the differences to settle themselves1 or facing differences with a view of settling them4 ,the first course promotes a co-operative union in social and ,christian work4 ,this union does not interfere with matters of belief1 but aims solely at the co-operation and co-ordination of all services which the ,churches can render in the missionary1 educational and social fields4 ,it means a ,league or ,federation of ,churches1 with a view to greater efficiency4 ,the other course goes deeper into the problem under discussion1 for it has as object an organic union4 ,this union means the fusing of all denominational creeds and forms of worship1 or1 at least1 the acceptance by all of a certain doctrinal minimum as a basis of the entente cordiale4 ,the ,anglicans in the ,conference of ,lambeth1 #ahhh1 formulated the famous ,quadrilateral whereby the ,scriptures as ,rule of ,faith1 the ,apostles' and ,nicene ,creeds1 the two sacraments of ,baptism and of ,eucharist1 and the ,episcopacy or apostolic succession1 are as the irreducible minimum on which they would open negotiations for reunion4 #b ,,ii4 ,the ,protestant ,inter-,church ,movement is a fact2 we know its causes1 its various manifestations1 its ultimate aim4 ,to what extent this universal movement reflects the general1 deep and conscientious convictions of the masses1 it would be hard to say4 ,the prevalent indifference and profound ignorance as regards the specific tenets of each denomination would lead us to believe that this movement does not spring from the very soul-depths of the masses4 ,yet the fact is there1 and assuredly of importance in the religious realm4 ,what is the meaning of this fact8 ,what is its message8 ,for1 every universal fact of that kind reveals and interprets an ideal4 ,naturally the view point of the ,protestant will be different from that of the ,catholic4 ,the explanation of the attitude of both1 as we stated1 cannot but help to hasten the coming of true union in ,christendom4 ,the non-,catholic mind sees in this ,inter-,church ,movement the ultimate triumph of ,protestantism1 the vindication of the leading principles of the ,reformation4 ,the ,anglican ,archbishop ,du,vernet wrote in the ,montreal ,star1 ,may #ajth1 #aiai3 ,reviewing the movement towards ,christian ,union in ,canada1 a very natural evolutionary order is at once detected1 which gives us the assurance that a spiritual cosmic urge is at work behind this united action of the ,anglican1 ,presbyterian1 ,methodist and ,congregationalist ,churches of ,canada1 the great evolutionary movement towards the comprehensive ,church of the ,future4 ,we all know of the sensation created in ,anglican circles by the extreme views of the ,bishop of ,carlisle4 ,in a recent article on the ,nineteenth ,century and ,after--entitled ,monopoly of ,religion1 he protests against the claims of right and the privilege of monopoly in ,religion1 either in doctrine or in form of government4 ,he says that the ,free ,churches have been right in resisting unto death the doctrines of religious monopoly4 ,robert ,h4 ,gardner1 in the ,the ,churchman1 7,episcopal71 acknowledges that ,the unanimous recognition of the plans 7,interchurch ,world ,movement7 is only a beginning2 the hope of all that it will lead to a more perfect union1 and the evident anxiety to leave the ,catholic 787 churches free to maintain their principle without compromise or surrender1 have converted him to the belief that ,god the ,holy ,ghost is guiding this movement1 and1 therefore1 that it is truly ,catholic 7874 ,if such are the views of the ,anglican ,church1 which1 among other denominations1 has always been considered as most conservative1 what may we not expect from the other ,churches8 ,and indeed1 the reading of addresses made at their different ,conferences and ,general ,assemblies1 the resolutions passed1 and the very atmosphere of these meetings tend to uphold the ,church-,union ,movement as the realization of unity in ,christendom4 ,the ,christian ,century 7organ of the ,disciples of ,christ7 says3 ,it marks out the best path yet that has been described for the attainment of unity4 ,it outlines the goal and bravely takes the first step towards its realization4 ,the ,new ,york ,christian ,advocate 7,methodist7 thinks3 ,it will mark a definite step toward that fusing of ,protestant forces whose absence hitherto1 is responsible in large part for the failure of ,christianity to make powerful headway among men4 ,as the ,presbyterians were the originators of the movement1 ,the ,continent takes a justifiable pride1 in quoting from a contemporary1 that3 ,they are perfectly ready to contemplate a ,christian unity that involves the passing away of this particular organism called the ,presbyterian ,church1 finely wrought though it be1 and exhorts3 ,presbyterians1 this sort of reputation is a lot to live up to4 ,but we must not fall from it4 ,the principles of evolution--principles which we find underlying modern thought--are freely called upon to explain this movement and justify its consequences4 ,our millennial-minded doctors and preachers are celebrating already the apotheosis of the ,universal ,church of the future4 ,and what does the ,catholic ,church think of ,church-,union8 ,what is its point of view on this ,movement which has now such hold on the ,protestant denominations8 ,as the ,catholic ,church is in itself the largest ,christian body1 it is but natural to presume that all ,christians will be interested in knowing ,her views on this vital subject4 ,for is ,she not that ,church which ,gladstone himself calls1 the most famous of ,christian communions1 and the one within which the largest numbers of ,christian souls find their spiritual food6 7,gladstone to ,acton1 ,nov41 #ahfi47 ,the ,catholic ,church sees in this movement of ,church-,union the complete disintegration of ,protestantism and the open condemnation of its fundamental principles4 ,those who are not of the ,fold will perhaps resent1 but not be astonished at this sweeping statement4 ,we would only ask them to follow our argument and then judge for themselves4 ,union--and therefore unity--will not and cannot be the result of the present ,inter-,church ,movement4 ,this statement involves a question of fact and of right4 ,in facto4--,let us examine first the question of fact4 ,union1 as now promoted1 is either co-operative or organic4 ,co-operative union ignores differences of creed or form of worship2 organic union suppresses them or merges them into a neutral mixture4 ,co-operative ,union1--as a basis of religious unity affecting the religion of the individual1 can be at once dismissed4 ,for1 what religious action1--i4e41 action prompted and guided by a principle1 a religious doctrine1--is possible without that principle1 that doctrine8 ,moral action1--and ,religion is at the same time the foundation and the highest expression of the moral order1--pre-supposes immutable and recognized principles4 ,the mental attitude defined on paper as 'undenominational1' ,miss ,m4 ,fletcher says rightly1 has no existence in the human mind4 ,below all sustained enthusiasms lie strong convictions4--,therefore to ignore the directing principles of their various denominations in a common religious action1 and yet to pretend to keep their denominational identity1 involves1 on the part of the ,churches1 an absolute impossibility4 ,because doctrine is the very foundation1 the raison d'tre of intelligent ,christian action4 ,diversity of opinion is bound to bring1 in religious matters1 diversity of action2 for1 to be consequent one must act according to his belief4 ,baptism1 for instance1 is necessary or not necessary for salvation4 ,on this doctrinal point will necessarily hinge a diversity of action in the mission field alloted to this or to that denomination4 ,the position is quite different when common action is confined to merely social work4 ,but social service1 stripped of all its ,christian principles and reduced to pure philanthropy1 is not ,christianity2 it is mere naturalism or neo-paganism4 ,the great majority of those for whom ,christianity is yet a living reality understand the nefarious consequences of co-operative-union4 ,to protect themselves against this scheme of a perfidious neutrality1 they advocate an organic union4 ,this even is to the fore in the ,philadelphia plan of the ,inter-,church ,world ,movement4 ,the plan of federal union will have this result1 that after it shall have been in operation for a term of years1 the importance of divisive names and creeds and methods will pass more and more into the dim background of the past and acquire1 even in the particular denomination itself1 a merely historical value1 and the churches then will be ready for1 and will demand1 a more complete union2 so that what was the ',united ,churches of ,christ in ,america' can become the ',united ,church of ,christ in ,america1' and a real ecclesiastical power1 holding and administering ecclesiastical property and funds of such united church4 ,the promoters of organic union do not ignore the differences between creeds1 but they are trying to reduce them4 ,this union strikes at the very bed rock of ,divine ,revelation4 ,for1 the suppression of differences1 or their limitation to a certain doctrinal minimum1 implies a compromise1 and a compromise1 in matters of truth1 is unacceptable4 ,truth is eternal and therefore does not change4 ,if the ,westminister and ,augsburg ,confessions were true yesterday1 why should they not be also true to-day8 ,if the #ci ,articles were the rule of ,faith for the ,anglican ,church in the past1 why should they be to-day but definitions of theological opinions of the time of the ,reformation1 as ,anglican ,bishop ,farthing1 of ,montreal1 recently stated4--,you change 4 4 4 therefore you are not true1 we may say1 with ,bossuet1 to those ,churches4 ,in jure4--,this universal readiness to compromise should not astonish us when we know that the very fundamental principle of the ,reformation is private judgment in matters of ,faith4 ,the divine message of ,revelation is to be interpreted as each one sees best4 ,this principle makes1 de jure1 every ,protestant independent in his religious belief1 and opens the door to the most conflicting interpretations of the ,divine ,message4 ,the ,high ,church clergyman to-day1 writes ,a4 ,birrell1 is no theologian1 he is an opportunist4 ,dogma degenerates into religious emotionalism4 ,doctrine becomes nothing but a scheme of theological impressions4 ,to tolerate every doctrine is1 for a ,church1 to teach none4 ,doctrinal chaos1 such as we now see outside of the ,catholic ,church1 is the inevitable result of compromise4 ,winston ,churchill's famous novel1 ,inside of the ,cup1 is nothing but the diagnosis of this disintegration which ,protestant ,churches are now witnessing4 ,the history of ,protestantism is but the history of its changes of religious belief4 ,for between authority and impressionism in matters of ,revelation1 there is no alternative4 ,as ,christianity is not the product of the human mind1 but a ,revelation from ,god1 authority1--a divinely constituted infallible and living authority--is a necessity1 and the only possible bond of unity4 ,this disintegrating principle of private judgment in matters of ,divine ,revelation has been at work since the inception of ,protestantism4 ,by the very force of its dissolving power the primary elements of a supernatural religion have fast disappeared from the various creeds4 ,one by one the different ,churches have drifted away from their ,christian moorings and taken to the high seas of ,rationalism4 ,assailed by the storms of unbelief they are breaking on the rocks of religious indifference4 ,empty churches are the natural outcome of empty creeds4 ,the dominant tendencies are indeed increasingly identified with those currents of thought which are making way from the definiteness of the ancient ,faith1 toward ,unitarian vagueness4 ,if ,bishop ,kinsman1 ,anglican ,bishop of ,delaware1 a recent convert to the ,catholic ,faith1 gave this statement as one of the reasons for leaving the ,anglican ,creed1 with how much more truth could it not be made of the kaleidoscopic tenets of other denominations8 ,this process of dissolution of doctrinal grounds is bound to continue4 ,the fluid condition of the various churches testifies to the uncertainty of their actual position and forces them to seek the lowest doctrinal level4 ,their standard is determined by the minimum1 rather than by the maximum view tolerated1 since their official position must be gauged1 not by the most they allow1 but by the least they insist on4 7,f4 ,kinsman47 ,the remnants of ,christianity that were still to be found in their teachings are now looked upon as obsolete dogmas and1 as such1 obstacles to unity4 ,the very fundamental mysteries of the ,incarnation and the ,redemption are fast growing dim in the minds and hearts of men4#c ,the ,protestant ,churches will never come back to their former position4 ,in this ,church-union movement they are burning their bridges behind them4 ,the gospel of pure humanitarianism1 which is the absolute negation of a supernatural religion1 will eventually be the last result of this present unity4 ,destructive criticism1 to be profitable1 should be followed by constructive suggestions4 ,that they may be all one6 ,this ideal of the ,master1 this supreme wish of ,his last hours1 remains the ideal1 the wish of ,his ,church4 ,but its realization cannot be at the expense of truth4 ,cardinal ,gasparri outlined to the promoters of the ,world ,congress on ,faith and ,order the view and position of the ,catholic ,church in this most important issue4 ,the ,holy ,see has decided not to participate in the ,pan-,christian ,congress which it is proposed to hold shortly1 as the ,catholic ,church considering her dogmatic character1 cannot join on an equal footing with the other ,churches4 ,the feeling at the ,vatican is that all other ,christian denominations have seceded from the ,church of ,rome1 which descends directly from ,christ4 ,rome cannot go to them2 it is for them to return to her bosom4#d ,the ,pope is ready to receive the representatives of the dissenting churches with open arms1 since the ,roman ,church has always longed for the unification of all ,religious ,christians4 ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 was deeply interested in this question and wrote two famous encyclicals on the subject of the unification of the ,christian ,churches4 ,the divine ,founder of ,christendom did not leave to several ,churches the conservation and propagation of ,his doctrine4 ,he founded only one ,church and gave unity itself1 as the supreme test of its divinity4 ,therefore the ,church1 that has remained one through time and space1 and has conquered those two great enemies of unity1 bears the birth-mark of its divine origin4 ,the ,catholic ,church alone makes that specific claim4 ,history is there to substantiate it4 ,matthew ,arnold himself could not help acknowledging this universal fact4 ,catholicism is that form of ,christianity which is the oldest1 the largest1 and most popular4 ,it has been the great popular religion of ,christendom4 ,who has seen the poor in other churches as they are seen in ,catholic ,churches8 ,catholicism envelopes human life1 and ,catholics in general feel themselves to have drawn not only their religion from their ,church1 but they feel themselves to have drawn from her1 too1 their art1 poetry and culture4 ,and if there is a thing specially alien to religion1 it is division4 ,if there is a thing specially native to religion it is peace and union4 ,hence the original attraction towards unity in ,rome1 and hence the great charm when that unity is once attained4 ,the sharp contrast between the actual restlessness and uncertainty of the dissident ,churches1 and the calm assurance and self-possession of the ,catholic ,church1 is not that an abiding proof of the security of the ,catholic position8 ,father ,palmieri1 ,o4,s4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,d41 who has made the problem of ,christian ,unity a life-study1 made1 in a recent article1 these pertinent remarks3 ,the reunion of ,christianity in the ,catholic sense is not a ,babel-like confusion of different sects which oppose creed to creed1 which proclaim their absolute indifference in the doctrinal field1 which take the individual reason as a judge of ,christian revelation or ,christian discipline4 ,it would be an absurdity to suppose for a moment that ,catholicism or ,catholic ,theology would propose this hybrid confusion of concepts and human caprices under the name of unity4 ,for ,catholicism and ,catholic ,theology1 the reunion of ,christianity is the return of dissident ,churches and of the non-,catholic sects to ,christian unity1 to the one ,church of ,jesus ,christ1 which not only teaches this unity theoretically but also puts it into practice1 in its doctrine1 in its government1 in its dogmatic and moral teaching1 in its principles of authority4 ,by logical sequence the ,church of ,jesus is one4 ,this unity is not broken by political barriers1 by ethnic divisions1 by opposing national aspirations4 ,to tend therefore toward ,christian unity signifies to tend toward the only ,church of ,jesus ,christ1 and to effect this unity is the same as to adhere to it4 ,father ,palmieri concludes his study with these words3 ,an impartial study of many years' duration has fully convinced us that the union of the dissident churches can be brought about only under the leadership of the ,catholic ,church4 ,outside of ,rome there is a principle of dissolution which breaks up and disintegrates the most solid organisms and which will cause the breaking up even of the ,orthodox ,churches4 ,it is therefore in the supreme interest of ,christianity that the ,catholic ,church addresses its appeals for union to the dissident ,churches1 and it will never cease to exercise this1 its noble mission4 ,its efforts have been crowned with success several times1 and ,i am convinced that that day will come in which by means of prayer and action the aspiration of ,christ's ,vicar for union will be realized4 ,our non-,catholic reader may say that the position we take tends to strengthen that exclusiveness1 that narrowness1 that aloofness with which he has always charged the ,church of ,rome4 ,but we would ask our dissenting brethren1 can it be otherwise8 ,truth is indivisible and unchangeable4 ,were the unity of the ,church ,universal to exist only in the ,church of the future we would have to conclude that there was a time when the ,church of ,christ did not exist on earth4 ,this would be absurd and would destroy ,christianity in its very foundation4 ,the true ,church of ,christ has a right to claim the monopoly of ,christianity4 ,the ,church which1 through a so-called spirit of broad-mindedness1 accepts the conflicting claims of the various dissident bodies1 and is ready to merge its entity with other denominations1 immediately1 de facto1 invalidates its claim to be ,the ,church of ,christ4 ,for1 its position involves a contradiction and is in itself a self-condemnation4 ,yet1 the ,catholic ,church cannot feel indifferent toward this general and supreme effort of the various fragments of ,christendom towards unity4 ,confidently she waits for the hour when all will return to her as to the only centre and source of permanent unity4 ,yet1 we would say with the ,bishop of ,northampton1 ,if we may not compromise the very object of this remarkable movement towards unity by accepting the pressing invitations of our separated brethren to make common cause with them1 neither can we rest content to be mere spectators of their perplexities like those who watch from the shore the efforts of distressed seamen to make their port4 ,let us hope that ,divine ,providence1 always gentle and strong in its dealings with human liberty1 will hasten the day when there will be but ,one ,fold and ,one ,pastor4 ,in the meantime the efforts made to constitute unity of ,christianity outside of its true centre will prove as futile as ploughing the sands of the desert4 #a ,the withdrawal of the ,northern ,presbyterian and ,northern ,baptists and the failure of the financial drive have imperilled the existence of this ambitious project4 ,is it not a case of repeating with the ,psalmist3 ,unless the ,lord build the house1 they labour in vain that build it8--,ps4 #abf4 #b ,in the last ,lambeth ,conference--#aibj--the ,church of ,england has again reduced this minimum by implicitly recognizing the ,nonconformist ministry and abandoning its claim to reunion through the absorption of all sects in the ,anglican communion4 ,it has so shifted from its former position that it has openly expressed in the ,bishops' manifesto the desire to place itself on some no man's land where all the dissident ,churches may safely meet and unite4 #c ,canon ,e4 ,w4 ,barnes1 of ,westminster ,abbey1 in a sermon to the members of the ,british ,association1 at their meeting at ,cardiff1 ,aug4 #bi1 #aibj1 declared that1 to harmonize ,christian ,doctrine with modern science1 particularly with the theory of evolution1 he found it necessary to abandon the doctrine of the ,fall of ,man and arguments deduced from it by theologians1 from ,st4 ,paul onward4 #d ,father ,leslie ,walker1 ,s4,j41 in a recent work on ,the ,problem of ,reunion1 suggests we should enquire rather how we came to differ than what we differ about4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,them ,,also ,i ,,must ,,bring 7,jo4 ,x1 #af7 ,the ,apostolate to ,non-,catholics--,its ,obligation4 ,what have we done8 ,what can we do8 ,the spiritual influence of a ,christian is commensurate with his appreciation of responsibility4 ,the breadth and depth of vision give to this moral feeling its field of action4 ,the circle of our influence ceases with the limits of our spiritual outlook4 ,the boundless and clear visions of all the ,great ,apostles in the ,church of ,god give us the key to the generosity and artfulness of their zeal4 ,just as the narrowness of our views explains the restrictiveness of our charity and the limitations of its activities4 ,this is particularly noticeable in our dealings with the spiritual needs of those outside the ,fold4 ,the claims of our non-,catholic brethren to our charity do not seem to affect us1 because our spiritual outlook has not the proportions of that of the ,master4 ,with ,him we do not stand on those heights from which we could see beyond our own green pastures1 ,other sheep that are not of ,his ,fold and which we must also bring4 ,this explains how the claim--,oportet 4 4 4 ,we must bring--awakens in us no sense of responsibility and meets with no answer in the ordinary activities of our life4 ,every one seems more or less contented with the lines of denominational demarcation as he finds them around him in the community4 ,not to discuss religion1 not to busy oneself with the other man's belief1 to be very frequently rather reticent about our own1 is a policy generally accepted in the ,west4 ,this habit of evasiveness is not ,christian and often leads to the sacrifice of ,catholic principles4 ,far from us be the idea of advocating rash obtrusiveness1 of untimely aggressive and inconsiderate zeal4 ,but between this excess and that of a laissez faire policy there is a golden mean4 ,what is then wrong1 our method or our zeal8 ,a right understanding and a deep conviction of our duties in the matter under consideration are of the greatest value for the ,church in ,western ,canada4 ,may we preface our chapter by asking the reader to keep before his mind the illuminating distinction of ,st4 ,augustine between the ,body and ,soul of the ,church4 ,many souls outside of the visible ,body of the ,church are nevertheless within the beneficial influence of her invisible pale4 ,this is a commonplace of theology1 we all know1 but evidently1 very often forgotten4 ,are we in conscience bound to spread the true faith among our non-,catholic brethren8 ,most undoubtedly we are4 ,the examples and precepts of the ,master1 the canons of the ,church1 the love of ,god and our neighbour1 are among the pressing motives which should appeal to a true ,catholic and make him zealous within the sphere of his influence4 ,thy ,kingdom ,come6 ,that prayer of the ,lord1 which has become our morning and evening prayer1 is vain1 if in the ordinary course of life we do not try to extend the boundaries of that spiritual kingdom in the very souls of those with whom we come in daily contact4 ,is not the light of our life to shine out so that it may serve as a beacon to those outside the ,fold8 ,but nothing is more striking than the words of the ,good ,shepherd3 ,and other sheep ,i have that are not of this ,fold2 them also ,i must bring and they shall hear ,my voice 7,jo4 ,x41 #af74 ,who could explain the profound yearnings of the ,divine ,master's heart and the deep feeling of obligation that are summed up in these words3 ,them also ,i must bring4 ,the ,divine ,shepherd finds ,himself responsible for the sheep that are not of ,his own ,fold and ,his only ambition is to bring them in4 ,this recommendation of ,our ,lord1 ,his ,church understood when in her ,canon-law ,she makes it a duty for all bishops and priests to look upon the non-,catholics residing within the boundaries of their jurisdiction as recommended to them by the ,lord and placed in their charge4 7,canon #acej1 ,no4 #a47 ,the ,plenary ,council of ,quebec1 the authoritative voice of the ,church in ,canada1 is most emphatic in its recommendation of our separated brethren to the zeal of all ,catholics4 7,no4 #cca7 ,the obligation of conscience to come to the help of our non-,catholic neighbour is moreover founded on the precepts of ,christian charity4 ,if ,christ will condemn to ,hell those who did not give ,him to eat and to drink in the person of the needy1 what will ,he not say to those who neglect the spiritual works of mercy4 ,the activities of ,christian zeal1 to one who rightly understands the spirit of the gospel and the economy of the redemption1 have the same binding force as alms-giving1 and fulfill in the spiritual world the part charity has to play in the scheme of ,christian economics4 ,the obligation of alms-giving is complementary to the right of property4 ,for1 as ,st4 ,thomas says1 ,it is one thing to have a right to possess money and another to have a right to use money as one pleases4 7,,ii4 a1 ,,ii4 ae1 ,q4 ,,xxxii41 art4 #e1 ad #b47 ,this duty when conscientiously performed re-establishes that economic and social equilibrium which strict justice alone is not able to create4 ,for1 the inequitable distribution of wealth greatly depends on the inequality of power of production4 ,this inequality of natural gifts in man remains an unchangeable fact which faith alone in a ,divine ,providence can explain1 an ever renascent problem which ,christian charity only can solve4 ,this mystery of ,christian solidarity reveals itself also in the spiritual world4 ,we may say of each ,catholic what ,st4 ,ambrose said of the priesthood3 ,nemo ,catholicus sibi1--no one is a ,catholic for himself alone4 ,by a mysterious law of ,divine ,providence the conservation and propagation of the faith are1 after ,divine ,grace1 largely dependent on the influence of man on man4 ,we are all verily ,our brothers' keepers4 ,we are commissioned by ,christ not only to keep the faith but also to hand it down to others1 not only to keep its fire burning in our hearts but to spread it1 and to fan it into a conflagration4 ,the gift of faith implies the charitable obligation of weaving our belief into our every day life and1 through that life and its influence1 into the lives of others4 ,the plenitude of some make up for the penury of others4 ,if ,st4 ,john1 to urge the precept of alms-giving1 said3 ,he that hath the substance of this world and shall see his brother in need1 and shall shut up his bowels from him3 how doth the charity of ,god abide in him8 7,i4 ,jo4 ,,iii1 #ag71 with how much more truth cannot the condemnation of the ,beloved ,apostle be applied to one who1 rich in ,faith--that substance of things unseen1 makes no effort to help his brother who is deprived of it8 ,therefore charity1 through its spiritual works of mercy1 re-establishes the equilibrium in the spiritual realm and stands out as a vital factor in the economy of our religion4 ,to understand rightly this principle and to reduce it to action1 is to be a true and ardent apostle4 ,then1 and then only1 are we able to say in truth1 with the martyr1 ,st4 ,pacien1 ,christian is my name1 but ,catholic is my surname4 ,how pressing is this obligation to be an apostle1 to be truly ,catholic1 among our non-,catholic brethren8 ,why should we particularly turn the energies of our zeal to the conversion of non-,catholics8 ,what special claim have they to our prayers8 ,the supernatural element of ,faith1 often the fruit of a valid baptism1 which still lingers in the souls of many non-,catholics2 the fact that numbers of them1 because they are in good faith1 belong thereby to the ,soul of the ,church2 the rising tide of indifference and unbelief which is now burying under its water the last remnants of ,christianity to be found among the conflicting creeds3 these are the predominant motives which1 according to the principles of ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 should attract the preference of our zeal4 ,for the order of the charity1 says the ,holy ,doctor1#a depends on the relations of those we love1 to ,god and to ourselves1 and on the urgency of their spiritual needs4 ,by this doctrine1 among those outside of the ,church1 those professing ,christianity have the first claim to our apostleship4 ,therefore missions to non-,catholics1 caeteris paribus1 take precedence over foreign missions4 ,we all recognize the reality of this obligation and understand1 vaguely perhaps1 the burden of its responsibility4 ,we all indeed1 at times1 say with the ,divine ,master3 ,there are other sheep that are not of this ,fold2 them also ,i must bring4--,but1 what have we done to bring them8 ,outside of a few casual cases of conversion prompted often by marriage1 and of some spasmodic efforts during a mission1 are we not bound to admit that our policy in our relation with non-,catholics has been one of aloofness and waiting4 ,this attitude of aloofness may be traced to many causes4 ,the certainty of his faith gives to the ,catholic an assurance which he carries with him into his every day life4 ,a sense of superiority is its natural result4 ,it gives him that self-confidence in religious matters which our separated brethren are so prone to call ,roman ,pride4 ,there exists in the ,catholic soul that feeling we might name ,the timidity of faith4 ,this sensitiveness is but the instinct of preservation4 ,we have been impressed from our youth that faith is the greatest heirloom of our ,christian heritage4 ,to protect it against any influence that would endanger it1 is always considered a sacred duty4 ,this is particularly remarked among the masses1 whose chances of education finished with the grammar schools1 and in countries or localities where ,catholics are the minority4 ,the natural result of this attitude and feeling is an estrangement from those of another faith1 a bashful reluctance to meet them and to co-operate with them in social or civic matters1 an unconscious tendency to see motives that do not exist and1 at times1 to refrain from the most elementary acts of charity and courtesy4 ,it often happens that we manifest towards the heretic the feeling which should be exclusively reserved for heresy4 7,lord ,morley47 ,that this is precisely the frame of mind of the ordinary non-,catholic in his dealings with us1 is by no way an excuse for our own unkindness4 ,retaliation is not ,christ-like4 ,does not our aloofness confirm our separated brethren in their false ideas1 wrong impressions and bitter prejudices4 ,we must not forget that centuries of strife and untold antagonism of misunderstandings and ignorance1 stand as a granite wall between their souls and ours4 ,the teachings and influence of their home1 of their school1 and of their church lie in their minds1 strata upon strata1 as the silent and lasting mementoes of the great religious upheaval of the ,reformation4 ,only the influence of a genuine1 frank1 ,catholic life1 seen and felt in daily intercourse will gradually wear the barrier away4 ,it is a long and slow process1 we know1 but one worth trying4 ,like the ever returning tide it eats its way into the most solid rock of prejudice and bigotry4 ,that this aloofness carries with it for the unguarded soul and untrained mind a great protection1 is made evident by the too many examples of lukewarm ,catholics1 who by their continued association with those outside of the ,fold have lost the right appreciation of their faith and are open to compromise4 ,principles in their lives often yield to a policy of so called broadmindedness and alleged charity4 ,but those we have in mind1 are the leaders1 among the clergy and the laity4 ,they are grounded in their belief1 know its principles and should be prepared to throw off that aloofness which shades the light of their faith and prevents it from being seen by those who are bound to them1 in the everyday life1 by national1 social1 commercial1 and often by family ties4 ,this quasi universal attitude of aloofness has developed among us what we might call ,the policy of waiting4 ,the festive board of ,christ's faith is ready1 but the guests from another fold are wanting4 ,have we gone by the highways and byways and forced ourselves upon their attention by our pressing invitations 4 4 4 compelle intrare8 ,no1 we stand at the door of the ,banquet ,hall1 receiving politely and with joy1 it is true1 those who ask to come in2 and there1 for the most part1 ends our apostolate4 ,this naturally leads us to say frankly what we think could be done4 ,for we believe that our methods of apostolate call for revision1 need readjustment4 ,the way to become like ,st4 ,paul1 ,all things to all men1 that we may save them all1 7,i4 ,cor4 ,i41 #bb7 changes with the times4 ,in the great drama of life the stage-settings are ever shifting and the dramatis personae1 changing4 ,the success of the actor is to fit in as the play goes on4 ,this he does by adopting ways and methods most appropriate to his surroundings4 ,the problems we face are always the same1 but to be efficient our methods of handling them must evolve and adjust themselves to the temper of the age4 ,what should be then the characteristic features of our apostleship among non-,catholics8 ,the neglect of readjustment of our methods in dealing with our separated brethren is the avowed cause of the tremendous waste of energy and the explanation of meagre results4 ,an enormous amount of energy1 said ,father ,benson1--and he had the experience1--has been expended uselessly in the past1 assaulting positions that are no longer held1 and by lack of appreciation of present conditions4 ,in this age of loose thinking and of rapid dissemination of ideas1 aggressiveness1 supported by active propaganda1 characterizes every world-wide movement in government1 industry1 science and religion4 ,every doctrine1 every theory comes into the open and makes a strong bid for our hearing1 for our following4 ,why should not the true doctrine of ,christ assume this new shining armour of sane aggressiveness1 come more into the open1 and throw down the gauntlet to unbelief and indifference everywhere rampant and openly defiant8 ,for1 if conviction is the father of devotion1 if our belief in the mastery of ideas is genuine1 we cannot help but be aggressive4 ,needless to say we are not asking for vulgar aggressiveness1 we are not asking for cheap sneers and attacks on the ignorance and the illogical position of others4 ,by aggressiveness1 we mean coming out in defence of truth which it is our privilege and responsibility to possess4 ,never have times been more inviting for an aggressive ,catholicism4 ,the great war has been for ,protestantism the acid test4 ,the result is for the ,anglican and ,evangelical ,churches a complete failure1#b and1 as the soldiers said a wash-out4 ,they have lost their grip on the masses who are rapidly slipping into a religious chaos4 ,the universal disintegration of creeds1 strangely combined with a secret thirst for truth and unity now sweeps the ,english-speaking world4 ,are not these portentous events that manifest1 as ,the stirring of the waters1 the movement of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,our policy of aggressiveness1 if it be true and resolute1 will find expression in an intelligent1 active and persevering propaganda4 ,propaganda is the dissemination of ideas1 with the view of giving them a strong foothold in the mind4 ,the gradual development of the message it carries and the recurrence of its lessons at stated intervals are the principal factors of this great force4 ,to be efficient and successful our propaganda among our non-,catholic brethren will assume two distinct forms3 ,the open and the silent form4 ,the silent propaganda is the spreading of ,catholic ideas through the contact of our every day life with those who are not of our own ,faith4 ,willingly or unwillingly we are bound to leave an impression of our belief in the business and social circles into which our life is cast4 ,our silence and abstention alone often militate against the ,church4 ,let then the purity and spirituality of our lives1 the honesty of our commercial relations1 the sanctity of our home1 bear witness to the sacredness of our religion and to the seriousness of its teachings4 ,a true ,catholic life is in itself a living antithesis of the prevalent neo-pagan ideals1 and stands as the best proof of our ,faith's sincerity and of the depth of its conviction4 ,if life is the test of thought rather than thought the test of life1 wrote ,van ,dyke1 we should be able to get light on the real worth of a man's ideals by looking at the shape they would give to human existence if they were faithfully applied4 ,for1 as ,cromwell said1 ,the mind is the man4 ,the participation in civic1 social and national activities will afford the occasion of meeting our non-,catholic neighbours4 ,this personal and repeated contact1 particularly with the leaders of the community1 on occasions when the best brains can concentrate together without clash of principle1 is1 in our humble estimation1 of the greatest value4 ,the participation of the ,knights of ,columbus in war activities and reconstruction work is a striking illustration of this point4 ,nothing has more helped the ,church in the ,american ,republic1 in breaking down the barrier of anti-,catholic prejudice1 than the stand its ,catholic laity took during and after the ,great ,war4 ,have we not in ,western ,canada been rather remiss in our participation in public activities8 ,if we have not had our share in public life1 it has often been1 we must confess1 our own fault4 ,the strength of the silent propaganda lies in its persistency and consistency4 ,a silent continuous and intelligent activity1 and not a mere passivity1 on the part of ,catholics1 is what characterizes this tremendous force4 ,like the tide1 it creeps from pebble to pebble1 from rock to rock1 submerging every thing under its conquering waters4 ,the logic of ,catholic life lends its consistency to this silent force4 ,our life is indeed the best proof of our principles4 ,no one on the contrary does more harm to the ,church than a ,catholic whose life is not in harmony with his belief4 ,the non-,catholic points to his life1 with a sneer1 and says3 ,see1 he is no better than others6 ,this reasoning1 we know is false1 but for the unthinking masses1 very often conclusive4 ,this silent drive is the necessary background of the open propaganda of which we would now say a few words4 ,the sincerely aggressive ,catholicism of the laity cannot confine its activities to the home and narrow circle of friends1 no more than that of the clergy can find its limit in the pulpit and the confessional4 ,let us go into the open4 ,the sun of liberty is blazing bright for us all1 under the blue skies of ,canada4 ,to witness at times1 our cringing spirit1 our childlike timidity1 our cowardice1 one would think that we were still under the penal laws and legal disabilities known by our fathers and forefathers4 ,what is there to check our dash forward8 we would ask with ,father ,vaughan4 ,absolutely nothing1 but ourselves1 nothing but what we term prudence4 ,prudence6 thin veneer1 hardly able to conceal our apathy and unwarranted timidity4 ,has not the time come to throw off this false timidity and ,to go out into the highways and hedges and compel our separated brethren to come in1 that the ,master's house may be filled4 7,luke ,ch4 #ad74 ,long enough have we waited for them to come to us4 ,an intelligent ,methodist was recently asked the question3 ,what do you think is the greatest obstacle to the spread of the ,catholic ,faith8 ,and he answered3 ,ignorance1--because ,protestants do not understand what ,catholic teaching is1 and if your people have the courage of their convictions and claim that they know the truth1 why do they not come out like the ,socialists1 ,radicalists1 ,salvation ,army1 and other bodies who have come out1 and explain to the public what they believe and why4 ,did not ,cardinal ,newman in the conclusion of his lecture3 ,the ,position of ,catholics1 make similar statements8 ,protestantism1 he says1 is fierce because it does not know you2 ignorance is its strength2 error is its life4 ,therefore bring yourselves before it1 press yourselves upon it1 force yourselves into notice against its will4 4 4 4 ,oblige men to know you4 4 4 4 ,politicians and ,philosophers would be against you1 but not the people1 if it knew you4 ,yes1 we willingly endorse what the ,english ,dominican1 ,father ,hugh ,pope1 advocated in his article1 ,the ,modern ,apostolate1 in the ,august issue1 #aiai1 ,the ,ecclesiastical ,review1 and in several other ,english newspapers and magazines4 ,has not indeed the time come when we should revolutionize all our methods1 when we should apply to ,home ,missions something of the methods which now we have fancied pertained solely to the ,foreign ,missions4 ,some we know will criticize this forward policy as bold1 open to ridicule1 an innovation1 an undignified intrusion1 a ,billy-,sunday method1 etc4--,on analysis what does all this opposition come to1 but that we are afraid4 ,afraid6 our critics will exclaim1 of what8 ,i should like to know8 ,is not the answer3 ,yes1 afraid of what the people will say 7,father ,pope1 ,o4,p474 ,anchored in the past they will continue to spend their energies in giving what we would call spiritual delicacies to the few good souls around them1 while at their very doors crowds are dying of spiritual hunger for want of bread4 ,and in all tranquillity of conscience they will raise their eyes to ,heaven and thank the ,lord that they are not like them4 ,if indeed we wait until the non-,catholics come to our churches and to our rectories and ask to be received into the ,church1 we shall wait until ,doomsday4 ,after all1 what we here advocate1 is nothing new4 ,is it not the modern interpretation1 suited to our times1 of the ,omnia ,omnibus--,all things to all men1 of ,st4 ,paul8 ,along what definite lines should this aggressiveness be developed8 ,zeal1 we know1 is very ingenious in its ways and means1 and has in their use the freedom of the spirit of ,god4 ,yet1 there are certain methods1 certain activities1 which have proved successful and could be adopted to suit the circumstances of each community4 ,missions to non-,catholics and lectures in public halls1 if well and intelligently advertised1 will always draw an audience4 ,nothing appeals more to the mind of the inquirer than a lucid and simple exposition of the ,faith4 ,controversy beclouds the issue4 ,were there any particular doubt in mind1 the ,question-box affords an opportunity to elucidate it4 ,the distribution of literature will confirm the message of the spoken word and continue to carry on its work1 helping the seed to germinate in ,god's own time4 ,inquiry classes and information bureaus are of a great help to those who are reluctant yet to meet a priest1 or to be known as wavering in their faith4 ,the great error in connection with this matter is to expect immediate results from such work4 ,truth and ,divine ,grace work slowly4 ,to measure the success of a lecture or a mission to non-,catholics by the number of immediate converts is completely unfair and against reason4 ,the main and direct object of these lectures is to combat the three obstacles in the way of conversion1 indifference1 ignorance1 and prejudice1 and to prepare the soil for the ,great ,sower4 ,the important point we should not forget is that1 as in all propaganda1 the systematic follow-up work counts4 ,the persistency and recurrence of the message give it its strength and influence4 ,in all we have said and suggested it must not be supposed that we forget ,faith to be a gift of ,god 4 4 4 ,donum ,dei4 ,the salvation and sanctification of a soul are essentially a supernatural process4 ,we can no more trace the ways of ,god than we can forecast the ways of the wind4 ,therefore the greater our activities are1 the greater should be the supernatural force behind them4 ,prayer1 constant and fervent prayer1 for the conversion of our separated brethren should be ever on our lips and in our hearts4 ,yet1 strange thing6 ,we hardly ever hear of public prayers and masses said for this great work4 ,if our desires were more real1 should they not find expression here and there in some public form of prayer4 ,we should close this chapter with the instructive and inviting example that comes to us from our ,catholic brethren in ,protestant ,england4 ,a wonderful ,catholic campaign is now on through ,scotland and ,england4 ,various societies have grouped the active ,catholic laity into various units1 with the one great object in view1 to give back to ,england the faith she has been robbed of centuries ago4 ,the ,catholic ,truth ,society stands in the background as the heavy artillery that has been firing at long range at positions the enemies are gradually leaving4 ,for the last thirty years it has been breaking the way to victory4 ,the ,catholic ,evidence ,guild and ,social ,guild1 like the light cavalry are reconnoitering the lines and positions4 ,the ,motor ,chapel and ,the ,bexhill ,library--that ,catholic ,post-,library1 with its #af1jjj volumes--are what we call the flying corps of this great ,catholic army4 ,and while the various militant units are pushing forward their lines1 the members of ,our ,lady of ,ransom's ,league are praying on the mountain with up-lifted hands for the conversion of their ,country4 ,the ,catholics of the ,united ,states are following suit4 ,the ,paulist ,fathers with their missions to non-,catholics1 their press and ,catholic ,missionary ,union1 devoted to the conversion of ,america1 have undoubtedly done splendid work4 ,the ,catholic laity have also been most active under the auspices of the ,knights of ,columbus4 ,,mm4 ,goldstein and ,peter ,collins1 ,dr4 ,walsh and ,mrs4 ,avery are lecturing through the country and have met with great success4 ,this awakening of the missionary spirit is one of the most healthy signs of the ,catholicity of the ,church across the border4 ,it is with reason that the ,holy ,see looks to ,america for the future wants of the ,mission ,field4 ,these examples of an apostolic awakening that come to us from countries where religious conditions are very much the same as those that prevail in ,western ,canada1 are most illuminating4 ,they sound to us like the ,master's voice3 ,why stand idle all day 4 4 4 go you also into my vineyard4 #a ,since the principle of charity is ,god and the person who loves1 it must needs be that the affection of love increases in proportion to the nearness to one another of these principles4 ,for wherever we find a principle order depends on relation to that principle4 7,summa4 ,,ii1 ,,ii ,qu4 #bf art4 #g47 #b ,cfr4 ,army and ,religion4--,book written by ,protestant ,army ,chaplains4 ,it is a candid record of the failure of the ,churches1 ,anglican and ,evangelical1 at the front1 during the great war4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,pros ,,and ,,cons ,obstacles that impede4 4 4 4 ,circumstances that help the work of the ,church in ,western ,canada4 ,the opening of the ,north ,west ,territories to immigration1 and their creation into distinct ,provinces of the ,dominion stand as land marks of portentous meaning in the ,history of ,canada4 ,the settlement and development of these immense fertile prairies of the ,west were bound to react on the economic powers and political outlook of our ,country4 ,by the sheer weight of their economic value these new ,provinces have leaped into prominence and forced themselves upon the attention of the ,country at large4 ,the ,western issues are now so weighty that only the greatest prudence and wisest statesmanship will maintain the equilibrium between the conflicting forces of the ,east and the ,west of our broad ,dominion4 ,canada now stands at the parting of the ways in its home and foreign policy4 ,every true and patriotic ,canadian is proud of the progressiveness of these new ,provinces beyond our great ,lakes and anxious to see them bring their contributions to the ,commonwealth by sharing in the direction of its government4 ,their presence around the family table is not that of strangers or intruders1 but of young1 stalwart and rightly ambitious sons4 ,yet1 as ,religion is the necessary factor of true prosperity1 the religious outlook in these young ,provinces is what naturally appeals to the ,catholic mind4 ,what are then the prospects for the ,church in ,western ,canada8 ,a rapid survey of conditions will enable us to take our bearings and impress upon our minds the value of our co-operation at this juncture of our ,history4 ,the ,church in the ,west is in its making and we cannot over-emphasize the responsibility of every ,catholic in the matter4 ,the knowledge of existing conditions will be to us what the topography of the country under survey is to the engineer4 ,it helps to adjust the vision1 to give the sense of proportion and to suggest the easiest grades4 ,to know well an obstacle is often the best means to overcome it1 just as in modern warfare to locate the enemies' batteries is to silence them4 ,in our ,chapter1 ,the ,call of the ,west1 we have explained the obstacles with which ,catholics have to contend on the prairie and in small towns4 ,we pointed out those obstacles1 geographical 7distance and climate71 ethnical 7race and language71 religious 7absence of catholic traditions and surroundings71 and marked how they were as wide crevices through which vitality is being lost to the ,church in ,western ,canada4 ,it is our intention here to dwell only on difficulties of a general character1 inherent to the state of this new country and effecting the ,church in its corporate existence4 ,the materialistic spirit1 in all its forms1 characterizes the ,west4 ,the youth of our ,eastern ,provinces and foreigners from every shore flocked to this ,eldorado by the thousands and hundreds of thousands with the one particular aim in view1 to better their material condition4 ,their success has been so great that we may well say that the very atmosphere of the ,west is surcharged with commercialism4 ,the crop is the ever-recurring factor and eternal topic of ,western life4 ,no better picture reflects this attitude than that which is offered to the traveller as his train goes rolling on through the even prairie4 ,ever emerging on the horizon and dotting the landscape of the bald plain the grain elevator stands indeed as the most conspicuous land mark of our ,western towns4 ,the elevators are in our prairie landscapes what the church spires are in the ,quebec villages1 along the shores of the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,here and there they stand as symbols2 they interpret an ideal4 ,naturally a population so immersed in material pursuits and frequently1 not to say always1 separated by the very force of circumstances from the vitalizing contact of spiritual influence1 rapidly loses grasp of the supernatural and becomes refractory to the doctrines and practices of the ,church4 ,nothing is more adverse to the influence of ,christianity than material prosperity combined with the absolute ignorance of its divine teachings4 ,the wealthy and prosperous farmer out ,west is inclined to look down on the ,church and consider ,her out of date4 #a ,this materialistic atmosphere and the absence of catholic traditions and associations act also as a corrosive on the faith of ,catholics1 particularly of our young people4 ,like a strong acid it eats away the teachings of good ,christian parents and the impressions of a ,catholic home4 ,only those who have seen at close range these sad soul transformations can believe in their painful reality and explain their frequency4 ,the activities of non-,catholic bodies among the foreign element are another obstacle to the work of the ,church4 ,like the locusts of ,egypt a cloud of proselytizers have alighted on those parts of the ,provinces where the new ,canadian is in the making4 ,we have seen in another chapter 7,pro aris1 et focis--or1 the ,ruthenian ,problem7 how under the cover of ,canadianization1 the foreigner is being weaned away from the ,faith of his ,fathers and what menace this is for the ,church4 ,this systematic effort of the various denominations is being supported by the combined action of their clergy and laity in the ,east4 ,men and money are flowing into the ,west to ,christianize 7sic67 our ,catholic foreigners4 ,the final result of this proselytizing effort is not a permanent increased membership for these churches1 but rather indifference and irreligion among our foreign element4 ,facts and figures prove it4 ,and to re-establish these souls in the ,faith of their ,baptism is no easy task1 we all know4 ,it is far easier to tear down than to rebuild4 ,this united action of the different ,churches stands out in sharp contrast with the lack of co-operation among ,catholics throughout ,canada4 ,the absence of co-operation of the ,east with the ,west affects very seriously the welfare of the ,church in the new ,provinces4 ,we all willingly and gratefully acknowledge the contributions in men and money that have come from the ,east through the channels of the ,religious ,orders1 of the ,catholic ,church ,extension and from other sources4 ,but absorbed by parochial and diocesan interests the ,catholic ,church in ,eastern ,canada has not as yet fully realized the seriousness of our ,western problems4 ,with its co-operation only can the weight of the ,church as a whole be brought to bear in their solution4 ,this policy of unity of action is also most urgent for the ,catholics of the ,western ,provinces4 ,we are a minority in each ,province2 concerted action can alone press our legitimate claims and bring to us success in these activities which necessarily overlap the boundaries of dioceses and provinces1 as is the case with the ,catholic ,press and ,higher ,education4 ,diocesan isolation1 if we are not careful1 can become the weakness of our strength1 in these critical stages of rapid development4 ,yet1 there are no ,provinces in the ,dominion where the ,church faces so many identical problems under identical conditions as in the ,western ,provinces4 ,should not this alone suggest to our leaders a unity of plan and realize among our ,western ,catholics concerted action8 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,as there is a silver lining to the darkest cloud1 there is a bright side for the ,church in conditions out ,west4 ,the striking feature of the ,canadian ,west is the newness of the country4 ,youth is stamped everywhere clear and bold2 the dash and buoyancy of the people reflect it faithfully4 ,optimism is the predominant note in that land of immensities and great possibilities4 ,untrammelled by set traditions and cast-iron customs1 every one is there to start a new life4 ,the past does not seem to exist for the ,westerner2 the future is his sole concern4 ,this newness of the country and the optimistic mood which it creates can be called into the service of the ,church4 ,they form an atmosphere of tolerance which proves most helpful for the preaching of ,her doctrine and the maintenance of ,her institutions4 ,the youthfulness of the country has left its mark on the character of the ,westerner4 ,there is something of the vastness of the prairie in his mind4 ,he is generally broad1 and boasts of it most willingly4 ,this trait is very noticeable in his passion to revaluate theories1 to redefine notions brought from the ,east4 ,the great success with which he has met in various co-operative schemes has also developed in him a high sense of self-reliance4 ,the only danger is that he carries that same self-assurance into domains where he often over-reaches himself4 ,this fact is very noticeable in the various annual ,conventions4 ,unconsciously1 in matters beyond his grasp1 he is at the mercy of a few leaders4 ,resolutions are passed1 legislation is suggested1 without realization of their consequences4 ,the rapid disintegration of ,protestantism is another factor with which the ,church can count4 ,church union is in many places an accomplished fact4 ,this alone is a convincing proof of the want of grasp1 of definiteness that exists in religious matters4 ,we would refer our reader to the ,chapter ,ploughing the ,sands4 ,to what extent this rather negative disposition will hasten the spreading of the true ,faith1 is difficult to state4 ,will it1 as is evident in ,england1 promote a movement of return to the ,church or accentuate1 as in the ,united ,states1 indifference and unbelief1 the future alone can tell4 ,but1 is it not our duty in the meantime to make use of every tide and wind to bring the ship to port8 ,the tide1 as it is now running1 shall bring to the ,church many a shipwrecked soul4 ,this is our firm belief4 ,this rapid survey of ,western conditions in their relation with the ,church1 without being a searching examination1 outlines1 as it were1 the actual religious topography of our new ,provinces4 ,our sole ambition is to help to wipe away1 in our work1 useless curves1 make easier the grades and map out the straightest and most direct route to success4 ,with the knowledge of conditions1 less energy will be lost and more time will be gained4 ,time and energy are the necessary factors of true and permanent progress4 #a ,catholics to a certain extent will remain an alien body4 ,we differ from those around us in a profound fashion1 not in matters of direct doctrine1 for which the modern world has largely ceased to care1 but in the effects of that doctrine4 ,the ,catholic's whole conception of man and of the fundamentals of human life is a different thing from that held by those about us4--,h4 ,belloc4 ,,part ,,ii ,,educational ,,problems ,to-day's boy is to-morrow's man4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,why ,,separate8#a ,a ,moral ,reason--,a ,social ,reason--,a ,political ,reason--,a ,national ,reason--,a ,british ,reason--,a ,historical ,reason--,a ,religious ,reason--,for ,separate ,schools4 ,the ,west is without a doubt the classical land of the ,school problem in ,canada4 ,the ,prairie ,provinces will remember the struggles that have marked their birth in the ,dominion4 ,the words1 separate schools1 rang loud and angry over the cradle of these youngest partners in our ,confederation4 ,the conflict has not subsided with years4 ,although the rights of the minority1 at least in ,saskatchewan and ,alberta1 are partially recognized by law1 there are yet some who seem to have a mission to reopen the conflict by ever dragging the problem into the open arena of our political life4 ,under the specious pretext of national welfare they would foist upon the ,canadian ,public opinions and measures opposed to our existing system and to the broad spirit of liberty that inspires and maintains it4 ,but we all know that in this persistent and methodical opposition to our separate schools the fundamental issue is a religious one4 ,life1 after all1 is a spiritual value4 ,the school is the great loom on which the rising youth weaves its thread into the great and amazing tapestry of the nation4 ,who has the mastery of the school1 has in the making that mysterious tapestry of human life4 ,this problem is but an aspect of the eternal struggle between the ,christian and the ,pagan ideal4 ,the pagan ideal of civilization is the absorption of the individual by the ,state1 the confiscation of liberty by the political monopoly of the nation4 ,the ,christian ideal is the ,state at the service and for the protection of the individual and of the family4 ,to ,caesar what belongs to ,caesar2 to ,god what belongs to ,god4 ,before the ever recrudescent forces of neo-paganisim it is most useful1 we contend1 to reassert in plain1 terse language the principles1 the reasons that explain and justify our persistent attitude on the school problem4 ,they will be our answer to the question which is ever thrown at ,catholics in ,western ,canada3 ,why separate8 ,we have placed the discussion of this problem on the higher plain of the unchangeable and unchanging principles of truth and justice1 for1 we are firm believers in the pacific penetration of ideas and in their conquering power4 ,in truth alone1 the ,master stated1 is true and abiding liberty3 ,you will know truth1 and truth will make you free4 ,every true ,canadian readily grasps the transcendent importance of the problem under examination and should bring to its discussion open-mindedness and sincerity4 ,i4--,a ,moral ,reason ,it is the right and duty of the parent to educate his child4 ,this right is founded on nature4 ,the child is the offspring of the parents1 the continuation as it were of their own life4 ,they are therefore the natural educators of their children4 ,when they commit them to the care of others for instruction it is their right to have them educated as they wish4 ,as by the supreme and sacred right of conscience man is free to give to his life its moral direction1 so also does the same principle apply to the education of a child for whose conscience1 as for whose life1 the parent is responsible4 ,the moral right of the parent1 which is one with that of the child in that period of life1 is fundamental4 ,it constitutes the bed-rock on which rest all other rights in matters of education4 ,to deny that principle1 to deflect it from its proper meaning1 to recognize it only partially1 is to blast the very foundation of human nature4 ,no reason of common good1 of citizenship1 can overthrow this right2 on the contrary1 it presupposes it2 for1 the ,state can only interfere to protect and help this right4 ,it can never suppress it1 and only supplement it when the parents are deficient and fall short of this sacred duty they owe their offspring4 ,,ii4--,a ,social ,reason ,society is made up of various units1 lending to one another support by the mutual participation in the activities of life4 ,the family--the first in order of time and dignity--is beyond doubt the principal and central unit4 ,the other social factors presuppose it and exist for its protection4 ,is it not the source from which springs the very life of the individual and wherein society replenishes its forces8 ,the placing of the individual as the specific social unit of our modern democracy is a pernicious error4 ,this fallacy has destroyed ,society by upsetting the essential order of its units and has robbed the individual of his most elementary rights4 ,the substitution of the ,state for the family is most detrimental in any sphere of life4 ,in matters of education it is nothing short of a disaster4 ,the ,state ,school ,teacher is an anomaly4 ,it is the subversion of true social order for it constitutes an unwarranted interference of the ,state in a function preeminently social4 ,education is a social function and cannot be converted into a governmental charge without violence to it4 ,what ,treitsche said of the ,judiciary ,power in a country may well be applied to education4 ,we find the first and fundamental principle of jurisprudence to be that no one should be withdrawn from the jurisdiction of his natural judge4 ,the natural school of the child is the family2 the common school should be nothing but an extension of the home4 ,the mission of the school is to supplement the home and not to supplant it4 ,the child and the parent therefore are entitled to have the same atmosphere pervade both school and home4 ,everything that is relevant to education belongs to the family4 ,a policy that favours intrusion of an undue influence of the ,state in the school and destroys home authority and parental influence is unnatural and therefore anti-social4 ,the ,state is not the natural teacher of the child4 ,this fusion of the political and social orders--which in reality means the suppression of the latter to the profit of the former--is the fatal error of the day and producive ,transcriber's note3 productive8 of great evils4 ,an ,educational ,department is the open door through which any ,government may force its particular views on the growing generation4 ,the monopoly of ,state education is nothing else but the conscription of the minds1 an intellectual militarism1 which eventually leads to the absorption of the individual and the family and to greater disasters than war4 ,under the cover of citizenship it will legalize a country into servitude4 ,the school ambitions of ,prussia prepared the catastrophe the world has just witnessed4 ,always and everywhere the same cause will produce the same effects4 ,,iii4--,a ,political ,reason ,authority and liberty are the two poles on which revolves ,society4 ,the perfect equilibrium of these two contending forces1 one centripetal1 the other centrifugal1 make for its safety and welfare4 ,the encroachment of one upon the other displaces the social axis and throws a nation out of its natural orbit4 ,political ,society then oscillates between autocracy and anarchy4 ,the infringement of this supreme law of moral gravitation has strewn the paths of history with the ruins of kingdoms and empires4 ,the violation of a natural law bears always with itself its own punishment4 ,for1 society is not the conventional creation of man2 it is governed by laws that man does not make1 but1 which his reason and experience discover and to which he must submit4 ,this perfect equilibrium of authority and liberty is perfectly expressed in ,lincoln's famous definition3 ,a sane democracy is one of the people1 by the people and for the people4 ,the reason of this law of the political order is that liberty is previous to authority1 for authority only exists to protect liberty against tyranny and to safeguard it against its own excesses4 ,he is best governed who is least governed4 ,le,play1 the celebrated ,french economist1 made this just and pertinent remark3 ,the truly free nations are those who1 without compromising this prosperity1 extend the benefices of private life at the expense of public life4 7,rforme ,sociale ,,ii1 page #ib47 ,therefore the ideal ,state exists when all civil or social rights--which stand for the public enjoyment of all natural rights--are fully protected by political rights4 ,these political liberties moreover claim not only the negative protection or non-interference of authority1 but also its positive financial help4 ,for political liberty exists for the protection of civil liberty1 and not vice versa4 ,the collective forces of a society are for the benefit of the individual and not the individual for them4 ,a ,state is an institution for the protection of rights inherent to a free people4 ,the negation of this principle leads to the ,state paternalism which stands for the interference of ,state in matters which by right belong to the individual and the family4 ,never has ,state interference and ,state protection been more exaggerated than they are nowadays4 ,the passing and pressing emergencies of the great war have accentuated these tendencies4 ,the nations have kept the habit of being governed by orders-in-council1 by arbitrary censorship and dictatorial methods4 ,the ,executive has usurped the functions that rightly belong to the legislative assembly1 with a virtual dictatorship as the inevitable result4 ,the consequence of ,state ,paternalism is the death of individual liberty either through socialism or autocracy4 ,man becomes the chattel of a bureaucratic government4 ,of all civil liberties there is none more sacred1 more fundamental than that of education4 ,the freedom of education means the right of a parent to give to his offspring an education in harmony with his concept of life1 with the dictates of his conscience4 ,as education is nothing but a preparation for life1 its theory goes hand in hand with the theory of life4 ,to this liberty of the parent should correspond in society a political right4 ,to deprive a free citizen of this right is to penalize him and oblige him--as is the case in ,manitoba--to buy twice over a right of conscience4 ,this condition wherever it exists is a flagrant abuse of political authority and consequently a social disorder4 ,some may object to our argumentation and answer that in a modern democracy the majority rules1 and the majority in the ,west are against separate schools4 ,the political right of the majority cannot cancel a moral right of the minority4 ,it is a case here of repeating the statement of ,burke3 ,the tyranny of a democracy is the most dangerous of all tyrannies because it allows no appeal against itself4 ,this autocracy of numbers is often more dangerous and more brutal than that of a caste1 of a czar1 or of a king4 ,russia is giving us an illustration of this autocracy of number4 ,did not ,germany use the same argument to crush ,belgium and to try to dominate the ,world8 ,our sons have fought and died in this war against ,prussianism and yet some of our ,canadians--not worthy of the name--would willingly vote drastic measures of governmental repression which would make the ,kaiser smile and the ,czar ,nicholas turn in his grave4 ,the velvet glove may cover the mail-fist1 but the blow is the same4 ,others may claim that the ,state has a right to ,uniformity in the education of its citizens4 ,this is the pretension of those who now are advocating so strongly and so widely the federalization of our schools4 ,we will not discuss the value of this plea for uniformity4 ,it would open a very interesting pedagogical debate and we are inclined to believe that the anti-uniformists would carry away the honors4 ,we do not pretend that the ,state has no rights in matters of education4 ,but its interference should be consistent with the prior and more fundamental rights of the individual and the family and not become a usurpation or abrogation of them4 ,otherwise it would be the wrong way of doing the right thing4 ,,iv4--,a ,national ,reason ,the ,constitution of a country has as its specific object the maintenance of the perfect equilibrium between authority and liberty4 ,it is the charter of a people's liberties1 the shield of the individual against the possible tyranny of government1 the effective check upon the ambition of every government to extend the sphere of its delegated powers4 ,unlike the law1 its primary purpose is to restrain the ,government1 not the citizen4 4 4 4 7,p4 ,blakely1 ,s4,j47 ,america1 ,sept4 #ah1 #aibj4 ,the greatest liberty for the individual1 combined with the greatest good of the commonwealth1 has always been the ideal aimed at by the ,fathers of a democratic country4 ,to tamper with the ,constitution on vital issues1 to conceive it as an experiment1 to ignore its spirit1--that obvious intention of its framers--is always eventually fatal to the peace and welfare of the nation4 ,no one lays hands with impunity on that ,ark of the ,covenant4 ,the essential changes in the ,constitution of a country act as a time-fuse4 ,an explosion necessarily follows1 although it may take years and generations for a faulty legislation to disclose its real consequences4 ,this is particularly true in matters of education4 ,laws of the educational departments may change to become more efficient in their administration but should never touch the fundamental rights guaranteed by the ,constitution4 ,in ,canada the protection of the minority rights is a principle embodied in our ,constitution1 in the ,imperial ,statute of the ,british ,north ,america4 ,act4 ,even where the letter of the ,provincial ,law has established the public school1--as is the case in the ,maritime ,provinces--the spirit of the law is generally observed1 and by a compromise and tacit agreement the rights of the minority are to a great extent recognized4 ,in the ,west1 ,manitoba stands out in ,canadian ,history as the battlefield of educational rights4 ,although the ,british ,north ,america ,act1 #ahfg1--that intangible charter of ,canadian liberties--stipulates1 section #ic1 that in the carving out of new ,provinces in the vast domains of the ,north ,west ,territories the existing educational rights guaranteed to the minority should be respected1 yet1 the ,manitoba ,legislative ,assembly has broken away from the letter and spirit of the ,constitution and constituted a grievance which demands rectification4 ,the ,federal ,parliament partially recognized the principle of ,separate ,schools in the formation of the ,provinces of ,saskatchewan and of ,alberta1 by introducing1 in section #ag of the ,autonomy ,bills of #aije1 the section #ic of the ,b4,n4,a4 ,act1 and by reasserting the existing rights granted by the ,n4,w4,t4 ,school ,ordinances of #aija4 ,we say partially1 for it is not the right of collecting separate taxes and teaching ,religion during the last half hour of the school-day that constitutes a really ,catholic school4 ,the ,separate schools in ,saskatchewan and ,alberta stand on the solid granite of our ,constitution4 ,the highest tribunals of the land and the ,empire have implicitly recognized the principle of the minority-schools in many of their decisions4 ,moreover1 let us not forget it6 the separate school system in ,canada is protestant in its origin4 ,it was to protect the protestant minority of ,lower ,canada that this system1 ,catholic in ,ontario1 ,protestant in ,quebec1 was adopted on ,september #ahth1 #ahda4 ,in the ,west the minority school-law was also enacted to protect the protestant minority of the ,territories4 ,our ,non-,catholic opponents should not forget this origin of our separate schools4 ,what their fathers appreciated then for their children1 we appreciate now for ours4 ,the principle remains unchanged4 ,some may be surprised at our contention to make an argument in favour of separate schools out of the very point on which rests the scaffolding of those who oppose them4 ,they claim that the minority school principle is the greatest enemy of ,canadian ,unity4 ,what we need1 they say1 is to standardize our schools1 and bring all ,canadian children under one system4 ,no genuine ,canadianization is possible without this unity of education4 ,the advocates of these ideas are now at work promoting through the country the nationalization of schools4 ,the ,conference of ,winnipeg1 #aiai1 was the first tangible result of this movement4 ,a ,national ,bureau of ,education--a non-government institution1 at least for the time being2 a survey of school text-books throughout the ,provinces1 a study of matters affecting the status of the teaching profession--such are the duties that this ,national ,council of ,education has assumed at its first gathering4 ,this movement towards ,federal control of schools involves the denial and the eventual suppression of the minority-principle in our system of ,education4 ,this nationalization of ,education1 we claim1 is erroneous in its principle1 anti-constitutional in its operation1 and dangerous in its consequences4 ,uniformity in education1 as a source of efficiency1 is one of the fallacies of our materialistic age4 ,schools to be successful have not to be submitted to the same laws of a commercial or industrial combine4 ,ethnical and moral values do not follow the laws of the mart and the stock exchange4 ,if in our extensive ,dominion even a unity of tariff1 readily acceptable to the ,east and to the ,west1 is ,utopian1 how much more so would be the unity of the school system8 ,education1 to be effective1 must take the colour of the environments to meet the needs of the community4 ,the levelling process would be most detrimental1 for uniformity in education is the seed of decay4 ,and it is on the plea of making better ,canadians that the promoters of national schools are drifting from the very basic principle of our educational system1 from the law and spirit of our ,constitution4 ,our form of ,government1 as we all know1 is dual4 ,matters of education are relevant to the ,province4 ,the more the ,province will abdicate its claims1 and submit to the growing influence of the ,federal powers1 the greater will be the danger of losing the political equilibrium of ,confederation4 ,unstable equilibrium1 once disturbed1 is hardly ever re-established4 ,the centrifugal forces of the ,province protect our liberties against the possible excesses of the centripetal forces of the ,federal ,government4 ,any movement that tends to break the harmony of these forces is1 we claim1 anti-,canadian4 ,the ,premier of ,quebec speaking to the ,deputy ,ministers of ,education and ,superintendents of ,public ,instruction1 at an inter-provincial ,conference sounded this note of warning3 ,the absolute control by each ,province of its educational system is the keystone of our ,confederation2 and the whole structure of ,canada would crumble away if any attempt were made at suppressing that which holds its several parts together4 7,nov4 #d1 #aiba47 ,quebec is blamed for being the great obstacle to the realization of the dreams of our nationalizers4 ,quebec1 we maintain1 is the most sane ,province of the ,dominion1 and the greatest help to the maintenance of ,confederation4 ,this is now an admitted fact by every serious and broad minded ,canadian4 ,its conservatism acts1 we would say1 as the governor on the complicated machine of ,canadian political life4 ,it regulates its speed and keeps it within the limits of safety4 ,moreover1 we ask1 how could a system which would deny the principles and rights of over forty per cent4 of the population be rightly and justly named national8 ,no one has the right to assume the monopoly of nationalism4 ,the self-appointed or ,state-appointed nationalizer1 we would say with ,father ,millar1 ,s4,j41 ignorant of our real history or its true meaning1 is fast becoming a menace to the sanity of our laws and to the supreme wisdom of a traditional national policy4 #b ,and what will be the consequences of this levelling uniformity that crushes parental right and fuses the powers of ,provinces into a ,federal unit8 ,the ,prussian ideal is the answer4 ,we all know what that means and where it leads4 ,its principles are the solvents of what remains of ,christianity--unconscious to many1 it is true--in the political life of our country4 ,the armies that our boys fought on the fields of ,flanders were formed and trained in the national schools of ,germany4 ,v4--,a ,british ,reason ,the great misfortune of many who clamour against our separate schools is their total ignorance of our history and of the spirit that the liberty-loving ,fathers of the ,confederation have breathed into our laws4 ,to them national reasons may not appeal4 ,this is very often the case of the average ,westerner4 ,the ,west is in its making and has no past behind it4 ,this fact alone can explain how easy the ,western mind is open to influences opposed to the spirit of our ,canadian institutions4 ,it has no traditions1 and traditions are the hidden roots that plunge down into the soil of history1 into the hearts of past generations1 and give to a people1 its real national life4 ,therefore1 a ,british reason1 a reason founded on ,british traditions1 on the ,british way of doing things in the ,colonies1 may make a stronger appeal to our ,western mentality4 ,freedom and fair play for every citizen within the ,empire1 the recognition of racial and religious rights1 have been the strength and success of the ,british ,government in its ,colonial policy4 7,we underline colonial policy for1 we cannot say the same of ,england's policy with ,ireland--7 ,we would quote here what a well known ,western public man wrote some years ago when1 under the pen-name of ,daylight he discussed the ,separate ,school problem in the columns of ,the ,regina ,leader1 ,january #crd1 #aiaf4 ,in conclusion there are one or two general remarks ,i should like to make4 ,it has always appeared to me that there is among our ,english-speaking people of ,canada a section of the community that holds extreme views on all matters pertaining to nationality and religion4 ,this section holds and advocates the idea1 that there must be no compromise in dealing with matters pertaining to race and religion4 ,in a word1 they would set about at once to ,prussianize our complex population4 ,they forget1 or entirely ignore1 the fact that this is not the ,british plan4 ,if the ,british ,empire is the glorious ,empire it is to-day is it not because of the fact that long ago the ,british statesman and the ,british citizen have learned the lesson of tolerance8 ,to-day1 ,great ,britain with its forty-five millions of people rules over hundreds of millions of people of diverse nationalities and religious faiths1 and throughout the whole scheme of government and constitution runs the idea of reasonable and just tolerance and compromise4 ,were this not so the ,british ,empire would quickly fall to pieces4 ,why then should we not have more of this spirit in ,canada1 and particularly in ,western ,canada8 ,some people are mightily concerned about our foreign-born population4 ,they imagine that the process of assimilation can and should be accomplished in a day4 ,nothing is further from the truth4 ,the process is necessarily a slow one4 ,it is bound to take two or three1 and in some cases1 more generations4 ,in the meantime we should strive to make these people feel that they are welcome to our broad open plains and to our citizenship4 ,as to the final outcome no one need have any doubt4 ,the principle that has created the ,british ,empire is the only principle that will keep it on the map of the world4 ,this is history1 philosophy1 and common sense4 ,and when we see ,england recognizing the ,catholic elementary schools and subsidizing to a certain extent our secondary schools1 when ,scotland has just brought the ,catholic schools of several cities into its system1 is it not painful1 to say the least1 to hear our ultra-loyalists ever up in arms against our separate schools8 ,to them we feel like saying1 ,go back to ,england and ,scotland1 from whence you or your forefathers came and learn from the ,home ,country the lesson of tolerance1 of sane political government4 ,,vi4--,a ,historical ,reason ,in the discussion of many problems we are liable1 particularly in the ,west1 to limit our vision to conditions as they present themselves to the observer4 ,this is more noticeable in the educational field4 ,this frame of mind may be traced to various causes4 ,but there is one cause which1 we believe1 is more responsible than others4 ,unconsciously our age is evolutionist4 ,the intellectual movement of 'evolution1' said ,glenn ,frank1 was not the private plaything of biologists in sequestered laboratories1 but a force that altered men's conceptions in every field of affairs4 7,century1 ,sept41 #aibj47 ,the theory of evolution has such a grasp on the modern mind that its concepts of government1 of economics1 of education are looked upon as the last and improved effort of man in his eternal struggle to express an unknown and always receding ideal4 ,this has accustomed the mind to look upon the past but as a rudiment1 an outline1 a preparation of the future4 ,without entering into the discussion of the objective evidence of the theory of evolution we may say that as far as education is concerned its premises are false4 ,the human soul remains substantially the same and the process of its education has not varied very much with centuries4 ,those therefore who look upon our modern ,educational system as the apex1 the summing up of all past phases1 are greatly mistaken4 ,the lessons of past history1 writes ,dr4 ,walsh1 are extremely precious not only because they show us where others made mistakes but also because they show us the successes of the past4 ,the better we know these1 the deeper our admiration for them1 the better the outlook for ourselves and our accomplishment4 ,the ,state-school is an institution comparatively of very recent date and has no right to be heralded as the final expression of an educational system in a democracy4 ,the history of education shows a lineage of men who can be more than favorably compared with the sons of our common schools4 ,the mass of the people have indeed more instruction but1 at times1 we doubt if they are better educated4 ,results are the best judges of educational values4 ,history and experience prove that success in education depends more on the sense of responsibility in the parents and of duty in the children1 than on palatial school-houses and elaborate programme of studies4 ,this sense of duty and the feeling of responsibility are not a necessary consequence of state schools4 ,on the contrary they are more liable to be found in independent institutions4 ,for1 as we have seen1 when the ,state substitutes itself for the family1 the first consequence is the unchallenged yield of parental rights4 ,those who would make an excursion into history and compare our modern educational systems with those of the past will find illuminating points of comparison and instructive conclusions4 ,we would advise them to take ,dr4 ,walsh1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,litt4,d41 as guide4 ,his books3 ,education1 how ,old the ,new--,the ,thirteenth ,century--will prove most interesting reading4 ,already a reactionary policy is being enacted in several countries where for years the ,state-,school was the only one to share in the public treasury4 ,in ,holland1 the ,parliament of ,june1 #aibj1 by a vote of #gb against #c1 passed a new school-law which recognizes and subsidizes all separate primary1 high and normal schools4 ,in ,italy1 the ,minister of ,education1 ,benedetto ,croce1 in a speech on the reorganization of education1 stated publicly that the neutral school was theoretically absurd and practically impossible4 ,in ,spain1#c by a ,bill of ,may1 #aiai1 the ,state universities have passed out of the hands of the ,government4 ,france1 ,portugal1 ,argentine ,republic are fighting for the same freedom4 ,in ,poland's new charter of liberties1 granted by the ,treaty of ,versailles1 the rights of the minority in school matters are guaranteed4 ,our ,canadian representatives signed this document4 ,we were granting then to the new ,republic a sacred right which we still refuse to our own at home1 in the ,province of ,manitoba6 ,,vii4--,a ,religious ,reason ,the creation of the state-school1 necessarily undenominational in character1 has made the separate school an absolute necessity4 ,if religion has any meaning in life this reason of our separation should be most convincing4 ,in education one cannot separate the utilitarian side1--the fitting of the child for the struggle of life1--from its main purpose1--the development of moral character4 ,the moral aspect alone gives to human life its true character1 its real value4 ,as there is no morality without religion1 the system of education that would debar this essential feature falls short of its full meaning4 ,with this principle in view any fair-minded man will understand how true ,christian parents demand a school where their children will receive religious education4 ,they are in conscience bound to exact for their offspring such education1 and1 where the ,state refuses them their own money to support their separate schools they willingly penalize themselves to give them this benefit4 ,the child's eternal welfare is not to be sacrificed to a school system that has not even accomplished the purpose for which it was established4 ,for1 as we shall see1 a neutral school is a practical impossibility4 ,those who fail to understand the pressing force of this viewpoint have in our opinion lost the sense and sacredness of religion4 ,they are astonished at the bitterness that characterizes at times the conflict4 ,are not religious and racial issues so intimately united with the very conception of life that they hold to the most intimate fibres of the human heart8 ,for a ,catholic1 ,religion is life itself in its most sacred aspect4 ,but1 our opponents will argue1 in a country like ,canada1 where organized religion--to speak their language--is so denominational1 religion in school is an impossibility4 ,is it because other denominations cannot agree as to their religious tenets that we1 who count over one-third of the total population and who stand united in our faith1 are to surrender what we consider most essential in education and--lest we forget it--most protective to the best interests of our ,country8 ,what does the ,state give us to replace the separate school8 ,a neutral1 undenominational1 irreligious school4 ,this neutrality we claim1 is erroneous in theory and impossible in practice4 ,the theory of the neutral school is erroneous because it is against the teaching of sound psychology and true pedagogy4 ,the soul of the child cannot be1 as it were1 divided into watertight compartments so as to segregate religious influence from its daily training4 ,as ,cardinal ,o',connell stated1 ,we ,catholics believe that as character is by far the most important product of education1 the training of the will1 the moulding of the heart1 the grounding of the intellect in clear notions of right and wrong1 obligation and duty1 should not be left to haphazard or squeezed as an afterthought into an hour on ,sunday4 ,the moral and spiritual growth of the child ought normally to keep pace with his mental growth and the ,church is convinced that taking human nature as it is1 the result cannot be obtained effectively without including a judicious mixture of religious training with the daily routine of the school4 ,in fact a neutral school is an impossibility4 ,we will simply ask our readers a few questions and rely on their fairmindedness to formulate the answers4 ,can the teaching of history be neutral8 ,the ,catholic ,church and the ,reformation are historical facts3 how are they to be judged8 ,how are ethics to be treated1 without reference to ,god1 to ,jesus ,christ1 to an eternal sanction8 ,can a teacher divest himself of his mental attitude in the teaching of these subjects and answering the questions of the pupils8 ,were the teaching really neutral1 the very atmosphere of the school-room is what counts4 ,this atmosphere is indefinable and yet everywhere felt4 ,it is made of trifles1 but of trifles that count at that receptive age of childhood4 ,as a subtle perfume it impregnates the soul of the child with ideas and impressions which it will carry through life4 ,therefore the atmosphere of the class-room1 we claim1 should be as near as possible1 that of the home4 ,the parents have a right to see that it should be so4 ,is this possible in a neutral school8 ,its very negative character impregnates the class-rooms with an irreligious feeling which the impressionable mind of the child cannot but notice4 ,how is the child to grow up with the feeling of ,religion's importance in life if the ban is placed upon ,religion the moment he passes the threshold of the school-room8 ,what we most dread1 said ,bishop ,mc,quaid1 is not the direct teaching of the ,state-school1 it is the indirect teaching which is most insidious and most dangerous4 ,it is the moral atmosphere1 the tone of thought permeating these schools that give cause for alarm4 ,it is the indifferentism with regard to all religious belief we most of all fear4 ,this is the dominant heresy that1 imbibed in youth1 can scarcely ever be eradicated4 ,it is one that already has in our large towns and cities decimated ,protestant ,churches4 ,even the provision of optional religious instruction at the dying hour of the class-day cannot redeem the neutral school4 ,in fact the ,survey of ,school conditions in ,saskatchewan conducted by ,dr4 ,foght1 in #aiah1 revealed there a state of things which in our mind is an eye-opener in the matter under examination4 ,out of over #d1jjj schools not more than #bab reported as availing themselves of the law on religious instruction4 ,we leave to the reader to draw the conclusion these recent statistics suggest4 ,to conclude this already too lengthy argument1 facts are vindicating in every country the saneness of the ,catholic view-point on religious instruction and atmosphere in the school4 ,the alarming increase of religious indifference1 the rising tide of anarchy1 the universal feeling of unrest1 have prompted the unequivocal admissions of leaders of thought as to the moral failure of the neutral school4 ,mr4 ,william ,jennings ,bryan1 in an address before the constitutional convention of ,nebraska1 a few years ago1 brought this striking indictment against the ,state educational system of the ,united ,states4 ,the greatest menace to the public school system of to-day is1 in my judgment1 its ,godlessness4 ,we have allowed the moral influence to be crowded out4 ,when ,i say moral1 ,i mean morality based upon religion4 ,we cannot build a system of morality on any other than a religious basis4 ,we have gone too far in allowing religion to be eliminated from our schools4 ,i would not have religion taught by public school teachers1 but all sects and creeds should have equal opportunity to furnish at their own expense to students whose parents desire it1 such instruction not to interfere with the hours of school4 ,our people will be better citizens and stronger for their work if along with the trained mind there is also an awakened moral sense4 ,in a recent report of the ,interchurch ,movement1 based on a survey of ,american ,education1 prevailing conditions that now threaten the safety of ,state and ,church are openly imputed to the neglect of religious training of childhood and youth in the schools4 ,this deficiency in religious education on the part of the ,evangelical sects is called by the authors of the report ,protestantism's weakest spot4 ,emphatic endorsement is given to the denominational school and full credit is not denied to the emphasis placed upon religious teaching in schools by the ,catholic ,church4 ,it would be absolute madness1 said ,cardinal ,bourne1 at an ,educational meeting in ,edinburgh1 on the part of any civil authority at the present day to spurn and reject the educational assistance and educational power the ,catholic ,church was willing and ready to place at their disposal4 ,in our own country1 the urgent necessity of introducing religion in our public school is now for every serious-minded ,canadian an agonizing problem4 ,how many attempts have been made to solve it8 ,was it not the principal topic discussed at the ,educational ,conference of ,winnipeg 7#aiai78 ,the neutral school1 we conclude1 has been weighed and found wanting4 ,the hand-writing is on the wall of every country where the experiment has been made and tells the same tale4 ,facts and principles give reason to our ,separate ,schools4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,why ,separate ,schools8--,because it is our right and our duty to have them4--,this is our simple and straightforward answer to the ever renascent objection of those who are not of our opinion4 ,that right rests on the solid rock of ,justice1 of ,history and of ,religion2 that duty we owe to our children1 to ourselves1 to our ,church1 and to our country4 #a ,this chapter formed a series of articles in the ,north ,west ,review of ,winnipeg4 ,the following editorial comment accompanied our concluding article4 ,this week we publish the last of the series of articles by ,father ,daly1 ,c4,,ss4,r41 dealing with the separate school question4 ,we consider his contribution on this ever topical and historic problem one of the best reasoned and for the average man the most concise and useful yet published4 ,it might well be issued in pamphlet form and kept for reference in every ,catholic home in ,western ,canada1 because the subject is one likely to be controversial for an indefinite period4 ,sometimes one finds ,catholics who are not as well acquainted with the fact as they should be that the question of ,catholic education can never be compromised4 ,a solid and reasoned knowledge of this fact is in some respects as essential as if it were an article of faith1 especially in ,western ,canada1 which1 as ,father ,daly points out1 is the classic land of the school problem4 ,doubtless attempts will be made in the future to bring elementary education through the pretext of ,canadianization1 under the invisible head of this country4 ,or as in the ,united ,states segregated attempts may be made to abolish parochial schools altogether4 ,where there are so many probabilities and so much at stake it might be well for the average ,catholic to be in a position to give a good account of himself by showing a thorough understanding of the question4 ,if the present civilization succeeds1 it will do so by adopting the methods of some1 if not all1 of our big corporations of to-day1 and thus make of nations1 huge ,trust socialisms where the individual will hunger no more for freedom because of his having never tasted it4 ,the one great desideratum to this end is the absolute control of education--an end that will never be reached so long as the ,catholic ,church continues to save ,christian civilization through its religious schools4 ,would that our fellow citizens of other faiths knew the ruin that they court by relinquishing to a material power control over the minds and hearts of their children4 ,in every country the public school is bringing young minds under the spell of worldliness4 ,the result is selfishness1 jingoism1 narrow nationalism--an unthinking1 a gullible generation to become the easy prey of exploiters and the docile slaves of commerce4 ,no man who has drunk into his heart and mind in youth the truths of religious education can readily become the willing dupe of a materialistic state4 ,commerce to-day is the ,god of nations4 ,it makes wars1 compels peace and tramples upon morality and justice4 ,surely then ,catholics should study in a particular way the only safeguard left them against such a fate--the sound philosophy of a religious education4 #b ,america1 ,aug4 #ba1 #aibj4 #c ,cfr4 ,article by ,father ,vaughan1 ,s4,j41 on this subject--,america1 ,feb4 #ba1 #aibj4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,a ,,window ,,in ,,the ,,west#a ,a ,crusade for ,better ,schools in ,saskatchewan--,its ,lessons3 an ,invitation and a ,warning4 ,a ,window in the ,west6--,this was the suggestive title given to a course of pedagogical studies instituted in a ,folk ,high-,school of ,denmark4 ,the object of this course was to promote the study of these ,english and ,american educational ideals which ,denmark may assimilate with profit4 ,they looked to the ,west for light6 ,may we be allowed also to open here1 in this ,educational ,conference4 4 4 4 ,a ,window in the ,west4 ,through that window will come to you the bright vision of the educational activities of our ,western ,provinces1 and1 with that vision1 ,i hope1 the sunny and breezy atmosphere of new and progressive ideas4 ,i will limit my present remarks to a brief sketch of what was known in ,saskatchewan as the ,better ,school ,movement4 ,this educational movement has an interesting history and carries with it a very profitable lesson4 ,as the object of this ,conference is to forward the cause of education in this part of our great ,dominion1 we thought it would be both interesting and instructive to hear that history and learn that lesson that comes to us from beyond the ,great ,lakes4 ,the ,west1 we know too well1 has many things yet to learn from the ,east2 but good old ,mother ,east should at times forget what has been--and consider more what is to be4 ,in many points her growing western daughters can give her helpful suggestions4 ,moreover this exchange of ideas in an immense ,dominion like ours is1 we claim1 absolutely necessary to keep the mental equilibrium between ,east and ,west4 ,there are let us not forget it1 many other problems beside the tariff problem which are widening the breach1 deepening the chasm between these two sections of our ,country4 ,true patriotism demands co-operation1 and not antagonism1 between these two main sectors of that immense firing line1 which is flung between the ,atlantic and the ,pacific4 #a4 ,history4--,the history of the ,better ,school ,movement in ,saskatchewan is not very old1 but1 like the vegetation on the western prairies had a rapid and healthy growth4 ,it crowded into a few years a whole epoch of the educational life of the ,province4 ,on ,june #bb1 #aiae1 the ,hon4 ,w4 ,scott1 then ,premier and ,minister of ,education1 made his epochal speech which launched the idea of a reform movement4 ,the object of this movement was the re-adjustment of the school system1 of its curriculum and administration1 to conditions existing throughout the ,province4 ,the people of ,saskatchewan were invited to constitute themselves a grand committee of the whole on education1 to study facts and to suggest means4 ,this invitation of the keen-sighted ,premier was accepted by the people without any distinction of race1 creed or language4 ,the leader of the ,opposition indorsed the idea and pledged the support of his party4 ,this non-partisan movement crystallized itself in the ,saskatchewan ,public ,education ,league which was formed at the general meeting of delegates from all over the ,province1 held in ,regina1 in ,sept41 #aiaf4 ,the league became a forum for the expression of public opinion4 ,the newspapers of the ,province gave wide publicity to the new movement and threw open their columns to a public discussion4 ,teachers' associations1 inspectors' conventions1 church synods1 grain growers' meetings1 labour unions1 medical councils1 trustees' conventions particularly1 made school improvements a fruitful topic at all their meetings of the year4 ,educational problems and reforms were in the air3 never have we better understood the educational value of a publicity campaign2 never have we seen it crowned with such a success4 ,the climax of this campaign was a public holiday1 ,june #cjth1 #aiaf2 meetings were held in all the school districts of the ,province1 speeches were made1 resolutions passed4 ,public opinion had been moulded and was ready for a ,survey and ,legislation4 ,by order in ,council1 ,june #gth1 #aiag1 ,premier ,martin1 successor to ,hon4 ,w4 ,scott1 whom ill-health had forced to retire--made definite provision for an educational ,survey4 ,this survey is in no sense of the word an investigation2 for investigations are necessarily based on assumption of some sort of misfeasance or malfeasance4 ,it is instead a sympathetic inquiry into the schools of the people as the schools actually exist4 ,suggestions for enlargement and re-direction are made throughout4 ,these are the very terms of ,dr4 ,foght's report to the ,government4 ,this specialist in rural school practice1 of the ,bureau of ,education1 ,washington1 was engaged in this survey from ,august to ,november1 #aiag4 ,his report was dated ,jan4 #bj1 #aiah4 ,at the session of that year it was submitted to ,parliament and served as the basis of new legislation4 ,its reading will prove most interesting to friends of education1 and most suggestive in the outlining of new policies of administration and in the remodelling of the curriculum4 ,,ii4 ,lesson4--,this ,saskatchewan ,crusade for better schools carries with it a pointed lesson4 ,in our humble estimation and from our view-point this lesson is a call for action2 at the same time it sounds a warning4 #a4 ,an ,invitation4--,there is nothing1 we believe1 nothing more inviting than the readiness of our ,western ,provinces in dealing with problems4 ,here we have a beautiful example of that boldness of western youth1 so confident in its resources1 so optimistic in its views4 ,like the ,west1 let us diagnose our educational problems2 a survey of prevailing conditions will show facts and figures4 ,let us see and admit the truth2 camouflage is a poor policy in matters of such importance4 ,this diagnosis will naturally suggest remedies4 ,although there are certain standards in education1 which are as stable as human nature itself1 nevertheless1 we must not forget that the human mind is a living thing--ever re-adjusting itself to environments that various factors have created4 ,this readjustment of our methods in teaching and of our policies in administration1 we know1 is a very delicate process4 ,but it has to be done and done rightly if education is not to be a misnomer4 ,this re-adjustment will demand the co-operation of the educational expert and the masses4 ,the expert has his ear to the ground1 his hand on the pulse to grasp the trend of human thought4 ,he walks ahead to blaze the way4 ,to find or1 at least1 to train specialists to direct the forward march is the easiest part of the problem4 ,the greatest difficulty in all great movements is to overcome the profound and widespread indifference of the masses4 ,yet through this co-operation of the people will come the only valuable and permanent reforms4 ,without it our experts will court failure4 ,two initial tasks impose themselves if we wish to enlist in this great educational movement the sympathies of the people3 #a4 ,to arouse interest in local communities4 #b4 ,to organize individual and group action4 ,a wide publicity campaign 7in the papers1 by means of lectures1 distribution of literature1 in season and out of season7 is the only means of arousing the people from their apathy4 ,it takes time to see the ideas of leaders and experts filter down into the lower strata of society4 ,yet we should always have faith in the mastery of ideas1 in the ultimate triumph of truth and right4 ,the organization of units for a concerted action is a work of time and patience4 ,like the incoming tide it creeps in4 ,this will suppose1 to be efficient1 a recognized leader and an established and well thought-out plan4 ,this should be the definite result of this conference4 #b4 ,warning4--,but all is not gold in the ,el ,dorado of the ,west4 ,many schemes and laws have its lustre2 but they have the brassy sound of the neo-pagan state-monopoly ideal4 ,this thought of the supremacy of ,state in matters of education permeates ,dr4 ,foght's report from cover to cover4 ,in general1 legislation is looked upon in our new ,provinces as the universal panacea for all evils4 ,the ,west is the land of experimental legislation4 ,in this we should not imitate our younger sisters4 ,let us beware of fads6 ,let us never forget that legislation1 to be just and beneficial1 should but help the individual and the family in the forwarding of their true interest and in the protection of their inalienable rights4 ,this extent of ,state ,monopoly is noticeable in two of the most important recommendations of ,dr4 ,foght's report4 ,they are the enlargement of school districts1 so that the limits of the district will coincide with those of the municipality1 and the consolidation of rural schools4 ,reasons of better administration and great efficiency1 no doubt1 militate in favour of this change4 ,particularly ,consolidation is on a working basis in many ,provinces4 ,but the great danger we see in this change is the placing of primary schools further away from the influence of the parents4 ,the school ceases1 to a great extent1 to be the extension of the home4 ,the control of the parents is less direct4 ,the doors are wide open to ,state interference4 ,these are the lessons we may take from the ,better ,school ,movement in ,saskatchewan4 ,let us accept the invitation and heed the warning4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,one parting word4--,let the people of ,nova ,scotia be up and doing6 ,the ,west is draining the ,east to its advantage4 ,your sons and daughters are doing the thinking for those new ,provinces and creating another ,dominion beyond our ,lakes4 ,if conditions are not changed1 the ,provinces down by the sea will lose their influence and cease to play their part around the family table of our vast ,dominion4 ,light comes from the ,east--our ,maritime people will proudly claim4 ,yes6 4 4 4 and it travels westward6 4 4 4 answers the ,westerner4 #a ,this chapter is the substance of a lecture given in ,antigonish1 ,n4,s41 at the ,educational ,conference1 ,aug4 #aa1 #aiai4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,unicuique ,,suum#a ,principle on which should be ,based the ,division of ,company-,taxes between ,public and ,separate ,schools4 ,when a point of law is ever before the courts it is an evident sign that the legislation governing that issue has been either defective in its basic principle or deficient in its proper application4 ,such has been the case of the ,company-,school-taxes in the ,provinces of ,saskatchewan and ,alberta4 ,every court in the land has had to deal with this problem1 and if legislation is not changed and placed upon a more just and solid basis1 it will ever be a source of trouble for the community4 ,before dealing with the merit of this school question1 we beg to state that the time for co-operation in educational matters has come4 ,the day of wrangling and narrow conceptions has passed1 we hope4 ,if there is a sacred liberty ever protected by the ,british flag it is surely that of education4--,the recognition and protection of ethical and religious ideals are the most potent factors of the ,british ,empire4 ,he is a true lover of ,british ideals who places himself upon that higher level to judge the rights of minorities and the duties of majorities4 ,if our ,province of ,saskatchewan has not known the sterile struggles of a sister ,province it is because this principle has been respected and protected by our legislation4 ,in suggesting a remedy to our laws governing ,company-school-taxes1 ,i appeal to that broad and fair minded spirit which seems to characterize our banner ,province of the ,west4 ,the solution we propose would give more satisfaction to the interested parties and relieve the problem of its acrimony4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the ,provinces of ,saskatchewan and ,alberta the separate schools are an integral part of the public primary educational system4 ,they are not parochial nor private schools1 but public separate schools4 ,their existence is not a favour conceded to the ,protestant or ,catholic minority1 but rather1 the acknowledgement of a natural and constitutional right4 ,therefore the separate schools come under the common law4 ,with the purely public schools1 our separate public schools share equal obligations and equal rights4 ,the same official inspection1 the same qualifications for teachers1 the same curriculum of studies1 the same school text-books are required in both cases by the ,department of ,education4 ,equal right to public money is recognized in the indiscriminate distribution of ,government-grants4 ,so both schools stand side by side with equal duties and equal rights4 ,if this point of law had been kept in view no painful issue would ever be raised2 co-operation1 and not antagonism1 would be the aim of the community at large in the great and sublime work of education4 ,hard and bitter things have been said in the press1 on the platform and even in the pulpit3 but they do not change a right4 ,might itself cannot stamp out ,,right4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,public service is the principle of taxation4 ,in return for the benefit which a business corporation derives from dealings with the public1 distributive justice demands that part of the profits made1 return to the community under the form of taxes4 ,this feature of a business corporation makes it1 ,i would say1 soulless4 ,one goes into business not to make a profession of faith1 but to make money4 ,he deals with every one indifferently4 ,the dollar of a ,christian or of a heathen has the same value as the dollar of a ,jew4 ,were a company to discriminate with the public on lines of creed the public would be justified in retaliating4 ,public utility1 in matters of ,company-taxes1 is the basic principle of assessment2 it should also be the reason of their equitable distribution4 ,as the money of the public goes to ,companies1 irrespective of creed1 so also should the taxes of these ,companies come back to the community1 irrespective of creed4 ,as ,companies are assessed in school matters for the benefit of the children of the community1 the proceeds of the assessment should be therefore divided--not according to the faith of the shareholders of the company1 but according to the number of children in each school district4 ,and as the majority rules1 the school district in the majority should strike the rate of taxation for both districts4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,the division of ,company-taxes according to the faith of the shareholders is neither just1 nor practical4 ,it is not just for the reason we have brought forward4 ,the principle involved in the present law is just when the individual is concerned1 especially when the individual is the father of a family4 ,as such1 one has a right to support the school which his conscience obliges him to support4 ,this natural right1 our present law recognizes4 ,but in the case of a company the principle of public utility and not the test of faith should be invoked1 we believe4 ,this present law governing ,company-taxes is not practical4 ,the onus is on the ,separate ,school-,board to enlist each year the sympathies of the companies4 ,before how many ,boards of ,directors is the matter brought up8 ,the local manager is the one who deals with the problem1 and he often is a stranger to the laws of the ,province1 with no sympathy for separate schools4 ,facts1 stubborn facts1 are there to prove our contention4 ,in no city of the ,province of ,saskatchewan is the ,separate ,school ,board getting its part of ,company-taxes4 ,this is one of the reasons why our rate is often so high when compared with the ,public ,school rate1 and why our ,boards are crippled in their finances4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,this simple reasoning should appeal to every fair-minded man4 ,this change of legislation we advocate in the matter of ,company-taxes1 is not a favour we beg--but the mere recognition of a principle of distributive justice we ask4 ,,note4 #a4 ,the argument as presented herein is still stronger when applied to ,companies of public utilities such as tramways1 express companies1 etc41 for their nature and profits depend absolutely on the public4 ,,note4 #b4 ,,school ,,law ,,of ,,quebec ,,province ,,in ,,the ,,matter4 ,no4 #bhib4 ,when immovable property of such corporations and companies is within a territory1 placed under the administration of two corporations of school commissioners of different religious beliefs1 established in virtue of ,article #beij1 the corporation which comprises the greatest number of rate-payers entered on the valuation roll1 shall be bound to levy the taxes affecting such property and to divide the same proportionately to the number of children from five to sixteen years of age residing in each municipality4--#fb ,v4 c4 #bh1 s4 #cii4 #a ,this memoir was presented to the ,premier of ,saskatchewan at a time when this problem was widely discussed in the ,press4 ,as the legislation1 then enacted1 did not bring a satisfactory solution we thought that the argument as presented would be of service for a future date4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,dream ,,or ,,reality#a ,higher ,education in ,western ,canada--,duty of the ,hour--,university ,training ,condition of ,genuine ,leadership--,for ,catholics ,higher ,education means ,higher ,catholic ,education--,the ,concerted ,action of all ,catholics in ,western ,canada can make a ,western ,catholic ,university a ,reality4 ,never has the world manifested a keener and more general interest in higher education4 ,the facilities which ,governments offer to place within the reach of the mass of the people2 the benefits of university education2 the enormous sums left by wealthy individuals for the endowment of chairs and the foundation of scholarships2 the eagerness with which these offers are grasped by men of all classes2 the extraordinary success of the ,overseas ,university in the ,american ,army1 which had a student body of #aj1jjj--these are1 without doubt1 manifest signs of public opinion on the matter of higher education4 ,the world-struggle1 we all feel1 has shifted to another battlefield1 and the future in every realm of human activity rests on the mastery of ideas4 ,in that intellectual conflict1 the primary school rooms are the trenches on the first line of defence2 the college and university lecture halls stand out as the strategic heights from which the heavy artillery of ideas smashes the way to victory4 ,hold the college and university heights to-day1 and the hinterland of industry1 commerce1 science1 art and politics will be yours to-morrow4 ,catholics throughout our ,dominion begin to realize that higher education is the price of leadership4 ,of the many points of contact between the ,church and the modern world1 education is the point where ,catholicism has most to gain by energetic thought and action1 and most to lose by an atmosphere of indifference4 ,we are waking up from our deep lethargy and beginning to understand that we shall not have our share in the shaping of the destinies of our own ,country until our leaders1 particularly among the laity1 impose themselves upon the nation by their number and their value4 ,the magnificent campaign of the ,antigonish ,casket in favour of higher education and the exchange of views this point at issue brought from various correspondents1 the successful drive in favour of ,loyola ,college of ,montreal1 the growing influence of the ,catholic student bodies in the various universities1 the creation of ,laval1 in ,montreal1 as a distinct unit from ,quebec2 the tremendous success this newly born organization met with in its drive for #e1jjj1jjj2 all these facts indicate concentration of forces in the direction of higher education4 ,the national ,catholic conscience is awakened into action4 ,one of the most pressing needs of the ,church at the present time1 is to have a well-connected body of university-trained ,catholics4 ,this statement of ,father ,plater1 ,s4,j41 is true also for ,canada and more particularly for ,western ,canada4 ,and indeed1 this pressing need of higher education has come home of late to our western ,catholics as is evidenced by the great efforts made to establish colleges in the various ,provinces4 ,as this move is of the greatest importance for the welfare of the ,church in that promising part of our country1 we thought to be of some service to the ,western ,church in drawing the attention of ,catholics to this important issue and bringing to a focus certain indefinite1 hazy views on the subject4 ,higher ,education--,duty of the ,hour for ,western ,catholics4 ,when a reflective man of middle life walks along the embowered paths of ,oxford and ,cambridge or through their quadrangles whose walls have echoed to the footsteps of so many brainy men of ,england1 he realizes what these institutions have been and still are to ,great ,britain and the ,empire4 ,from the lecture halls of these seats of learning have gone1 generation after generation1 the men who framed and directed the course of studies of other universities1 the legislators and statesmen that have shaped the destinies of the ,british ,empire4 ,there is not a feature or a point in the national character which has made ,england great among the nations of the world1 that is not strongly developed and plainly traceable in our universities4 ,for eight hundred or a thousand years they have been intimately associated with everything that has concerned the highest interest of the country4 7,w4 ,e4 ,gladstone47 ,this example of the power of ,oxford and ,cambridge is so typical that one immediately grasps its meaning and appreciates its full value4 ,on that immense background of the ,empire they stand out indeed in bold relief as the embodiment of higher education1 as the great portals that open on the highway of true leadership4 ,is not the affiliation1 that subtle intellectual bond which units our universities of ,canada to those two great seats of learning1 a permanent and living proof of this fact8 ,a university is the vital centre of a nation's life4 ,around it1 by a gradual process of elimination and a natural force of gravitation1 centre the master minds2 from it1 as from a fountain-head1 flow with true leadership in every branch of human society1 progress1 wealth and prosperity4 ,on the force of this centripetal and centrifugal movement of a university depends its value in the community4 ,the increase in number and efficiency of universities1 said ,bishop ,spalding1 is the healthy proof of the vitality and energy of a nation4 ,in the educational system of a country the university stands out as the apex1 the culminating and crowning point of its intellectual life4 ,for1 as the college course develops the studious and acquisitive powers of the mind1 the university course has in view its creative and formative powers4 ,glorious to most are the days of life in a great school1 says ,morley1 but it is at college that aspiring talents enter into their own inheritance4 ,it is the function of education in the highest sense1 to teach man that there are latent in him possibilities beyond what he has dreamed of1 and to develop in him capacities of which without contact with the highest learning1 he had never become aware4 7,haldane47 ,we may well call the university the brains of a nation4 ,it equips the student with standards and tests of objective truth4 4 4 4 ,it makes him dig down to the bed-rock on which truth in its various manifestations rests4 4 4 4 ,universities are indeed the nurseries of the higher life1 the living sources from which knowledge and culture flow in abundant streams4 ,they do the thinking for the teeming masses who have neither the leisure nor the opportunity to think for themselves and who live on that mental atmosphere we call public opinion4 ,from the heights of our universities1 ideas and principles gradually filter down into the lower strata of the nation4 ,the novel1 the ,sunday supplement1 the stage1 the cinema screen--these post-graduate courses of the working man--are popularizing to-day the theories and ideals that were yesterday honoured in our secular institutions of higher education4 ,it may take time1 perhaps centuries1 for this process of intellectual filtration2 but ideas1 like the stream1 are bound to follow the incline of the water-shed4 ,if the change that takes place in the mind and conscience of the individual is a slow and subtle process1 what should we not expect when there is question of a nation8 ,yes1 the process is slow but it is sure4 ,the permeation of evolutionism into every domain of human thought is a recent and most striking illustration of it4 ,this fact stands out conspicuously on the pages of history4 ,lord ,acton's view of history1 said ,shane ,leslie1 was that ideas1 not men or events1 made the differences between one era and the next4 ,the mind is always the storm centre of revolutions1 the breeding ground of the most conflicting theories4 ,the great storms that sweep over humanity always gather on the high summits of religion and philosophy1 blackening the mental horizon2 sooner or later1 they break out on the lower plains of the economic social and political world1 spreading everywhere revolution and destruction4 ,the blasphemous ,proudhon gave utterance to a great truth when he wrote3 ,it is surprising how at the bottom of every political problem we always find some theology involved4 ,we lay stress upon this aspect of universities1 for1 in our mind1 from a catholic view-point1 it is of the greatest importance in the discussion of the present issue4 ,the university is not only the focus of the intellectual life of a country2 by its research work1 by its applied science it becomes also the very fountain head of all national progress and prosperity4 ,the natural resources lie dormant1 the soil--that perennial source of wealth1 is stagnant1 the export-trade of manufactured goods and agricultural products is at its lowest ebb1 until touched by the magic wand of the university expert4 ,it is he who discovers1 develops and shows how to make use of with profit1 the hidden wealth of the land4 ,the research bureaus instituted by the ,government of ,canada and the ,united ,states1 co-operating with the various universities1 are now considered as the most important factors of national prosperity4 ,the ,reclamation ,service of the ,u4,s4 by irrigation1 drainage and the pulling of stumps will reclaim nearly #cjj million acres for colonization4 ,to bring the economic value of a university nearer home to us1 who does not know the beneficial influences of ,saskatoon ,university on the agricultural pursuits of ,saskatchewan8 ,this relation of the university and the material prosperity of a country is so marked that the ,mosely ,educational ,commission sent by ,england to the ,united ,states1 most strongly emphasized that living connection and necessary correlation between the universities and the industrial and manufacturing prosperity of the ,united ,states4 ,a university is therefore not a mere luxury1 but rather a necessary asset in a nation's life4 ,the development of the true spirit of the ,university among a people is a good measure of the development of its soul1 and consequently of its civilization 7,haldane74 ,no country1 we will conclude with ,catholic in the ,antigonish ,casket1 ever attained to any degree of political influence1 nor have any people ever risen from a lower to a higher level of intellectual and social culture1 without the light and inspiration that flow from a genuine university4 ,this vision was before the eyes of ,cecil ,rhodes who founded scholarships throughout the ,british ,empire4 ,these scholarships glean every year in the wide fields of the ,empire the brightest minds and throw them as a beautiful sheaf at the foot of the great ,english ,alma ,mater1 ,oxford4 ,millions and millions have been left for the same purpose to the ,american ,universities4 ,the university may well then be called the ,alma ,mater--the nursing mother1 of the leaders of a nation4 ,from its halls emerge those who have that power of command which is born of penetrating insight4 ,such a power generally carries in its train the gift of organization1 and organization is one of the foundations of national strength4 7,lord ,haldane47 ,the belief that the self-made men were the real successful men is a thing of the past4 ,a careful investigation has proved that ninety per cent of the men who stood at the head of large financial1 political1 philanthropic1 economic1 industrial and commercial institutions of the world were graduates of universities4#b ,the self-made man as a leader is the exception and has necessarily his limitations which he is the first to feel and acknowledge4 ,munsterberg in his book ,the ,americans has a page which is very much to the point4 ,the most important factor of the aristocratic differentiation of ,america is higher ,education and culture and this becomes more important every day4 ,the social importance ascribed to a college graduate is all the time growing4 ,it was kept back for a long time by unfortunate prejudices4 ,because other than intellectual forces had made the nation strong1 and everywhere in the foreground of public activity there were vigorous and influential men who had not continued their education beyond the public grammar school1 so the masses instinctively believed that insight1 real energy and enterprise were better developed in the school of life than in the world of books4 ,the college student was thought a weakling1 in a way1 who might have fine theories1 but who would never help to solve the great national problems--a sort of academic mug-wump1 but not a leader4 ,the banking house1 factory1 farm1 the mine1 law office and the political position were thought better places for the young 7,american7 man than the college lecture halls4 4 4 4 ,this has profoundly changed now1 and changes more1 with every year4 4 4 4 ,the change has taken place in regard to what is expected of the college student2 distrust has vanished and people realize that the intellectual discipline which he has had until his twenty-second year in the artificial and ideal world is after all the best training1 less by its subject-matter than by its methods1 is the best possible preparation for practical activity4 4 4 4 ,the leading positions are almost entirely in the hands of men of academic training and the mistrust of the theorizing college spirit has given place to a situation in which university presidents and professors have much to say on all practical questions of public life1 and the college graduates are the real supporters of every movement toward reform and civilization4 7,munsterberg--,the ,americans #fjj-fjb47 ,the true leaders in society are like the snow-capped heights of a mountain range3 they are the first that the new light of a breaking dawn1 of a coming period1 is wont to strike with its rays1 to be then reflected on the silent and sleeping valleys4 ,the men who hold to-day the pen or draughting pencil in the university are the men who will handle the levers of the world's intricate machinery4 ,there they grapple with the various problems of the scientifical1 economic and political world and their views1 later on1 will gradually influence the whole mental attitude of the masses1 who1 in their daily life1 are confronted with these same problems4 ,this leadership of thought and action is no more the privilege of a few2 in our democratic country every one can aspire to it4 ,the days when primary education was for the masses1 secondary or college education for the middle classes and university training for the quality1 have passed away and gradually the benefits of higher education are being extended to all4 ,the equality of opportunity1 not that of wealth and position1 is the test of true democracy4 ,this condition has created the aristocracy of brains and character before which the aristocracy of wealth1 of blood and lineage fade into insignificance4 ,the predominance of the vocational feature over the cultural in the scope of our modern universities1 the vast extension work #c carried on in the various fields1 the multiplicity of free scholarships open to the competition of the brainy and ambitious boy1 are other proofs of this democratic trait of our modern higher education4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,since higher education is the stepping stone to leadership1 the question most vital to ,catholics in this particular and most momentous period of our history is3 ,what share have we in the college and university life of the country8 ,the progress of the ,church in any country is attributable to the indwelling ,spirit which guides the ,church4--,next1 to the piety1 zeal and education of its priesthood1--and lastly1 though in no mean degree1 to the devotion1 activity and education of the laity4 ,where these three features combine1 then the ,church is writing the brightest pages of ,her history4 7,archbishop ,glennon47 ,i will not repeat here what ,catholic in the ,antigonish ,casket1 and ,henry ,somerville in his pamphlet1 ,higher education and ,catholic ,leadership in ,canada--have been writing on for the past year or so4 ,with them we conclude that outside of the ,province of ,quebec1 the ,catholics of the ,dominion have not the influence they should wield4 ,naturally there are many reasons to explain this fact4 ,but we will say with the ,editor of the ,north ,west ,review1 facts cannot be ignored with impunity1 the sooner they are admitted and faced with courage the more readily shall difficulties be overcome4 ,and the necessity for an awakening to the demand for higher education is very real4 ,in the firing line of the world's gigantic struggle we shall never hold the strategic points to which our number gives us a right in our ,canadian ,democracy1 unless our leaders are strong in number1 and in power4 ,catholic leadership will give us the occasion to present1 explain and promote our solution to various problems confronting the world4 ,during this period of universal upheaval and momentous crisis1 when all the ingredients1 we would say of the social and economic fabric are in a state of flux1--like bronze in fusion1--,catholic leaders should be to the front to supply the casts of ,christian civilization4 ,if in the public press1 the legislative assemblies1 the labor meetings1 public gatherings1 where mind meets mind1 ideal clashes with ideal1 knowledge with knowledge1 where facts are being examined and weighed1 where ideas are thrown into the melting pot of public debate1 if then and there1 there is no one to stand for ,catholic views in the various matters under discussion1 can we be astonished that we are absolutely ignored1 and our views not considered8 ,we believe that an attitude of merely destructive criticism1 of aloofness1 scepticism1 pessimism1 is a deplorable mistake4 ,it is not by standing aloof from the movements of our day1 but by going fearlessly into them with the message of truth entrusted to our charge1 shall we best fulfil our high mission towards our fellow countrymen4 ,we must seize these opportunities in the spirit of high confidence and dauntless zeal which befits those who have the ,truth1 know they have the ,truth1 and are assured that the ,truth is great and shall prevail4 7,universe--,june #ac1 #aiai47 ,never has a greater opportunity challenged the ,church and her leaders than at this great turning of the tide in the history of the world4 ,canada itself is on the threshold of the most eventful and decisive period of her national life4 ,the war has brought our country into the broad stream of internationalism 4 4 4 and a new national consciousness is being born and is sweeping over the land4 ,in the future1 as in the past1 our ,dominion will remain divided by race and creed4 ,but let us not forget that the various religious and ethnical groups will have only the influence that gives true leadership4 ,the value and the measure of higher education among ,catholics will therefore give the value and the measure of their participation in the remodelling of their great country4 ,if such is the case of ,catholics throughout ,canada1 what would we not say of ,catholics in our ,western ,provinces4 ,in this reconstruction of our ,dominion the prairie ,provinces are without doubt to play a preponderant part4 ,one has only to open his eyes to see the trend of our national policies1 and immediately grasp the growing importance of our ,western ,provinces4 ,the ,west is gradually passing from the pioneer conditions and becoming conscious of its importance4 ,with the beautiful qualities and unlimited resources of youth1 it has also its dangerous shortcomings4 ,daring1 venturous1 over confident1 the western mind is easily and frequently hasty and radical in its conclusions4 ,intoxicated with wealth and success1 inspired and aroused by the great possibilities of his new home1 the ,westerner is ever tempted to experiment in legislation1 make extreme views prevail and believe the newest is always the best4 ,he will boast of broadmindedness1 of love of freedom and at the same time will1 under the deceiving tyranny of number1 suppress the most sacred rights4 ,nowhere we claim in our ,dominion1 is ,catholic leadership and therefore higher education1 more needed at the present hour than in the ,west4 ,our ,catholics there need indeed higher education1 for1 at this hour particularly1 the nation's business is our business2 they cannot remain an isolated factor in presence of the tremendous issues that stare the world and our country in the face4 ,but if we wish to make our influence as ,catholics felt1 let our leadership come from ,higher ,catholic ,education as from its fountain head4 ,higher ,catholic ,education for ,catholics in ,western ,canada4 ,there is a decided distinction between higher education for ,catholics and higher ,catholic education4 ,this leads us to place before the reader the principles upon which rests the catholic ideal in matters of higher education and to suggest means of its speedy realization in ,western ,canada4 ,a friendly exchange of ideas on this most important and very interesting topic will be profitable to all at this juncture1 and help1 we hope1 to clear up hazy notions and cloudy conceptions which some may entertain on the subject4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,in matters of ,catholic education1 the most weighty argument is that of the authority of the ,church4 ,her views and practices1 particularly on questions of education1 should be the views and practices of every good ,catholic4 ,in the ,new ,canon-,law1 in the ,councils and ,letters of the ,popes1 is to be found the only authoritative direction in this momentous problem4 ,the ,church is most emphatic and most precise in its pronouncements on the matter of higher education4 ,the ,canon #acgi1 paragraph #b1 of the new ,canon-,law1 is very explicit on the subject4 ,if the public universities are not imbued with ,catholic doctrine and surrounded with a ,catholic atmosphere1 it is most desirable to found in that country or region a ,catholic ,university4 ,the ,plenary ,councils of ,baltimore and of ,quebec 7,tit1 ,,vi-,c1 ,,vii7 command in the most pressing manner the ,catholic youth to frequent only ,catholic universities4 ,when circumstances necessitate attendance at non-,catholic universities1 safeguards are exacted to minimize the danger4 ,these recent dispositions of the ,church's legislation reflect the stand the ,church has always taken on this ground of higher education4 ,is ,she not ,mater universitatum8 ,modern civilization owes its universities to the ,catholic ,church1 as the very stones of ,cambridge and ,oxford still proclaim 4 4 4 lapides clamabunt6 ,and in these days of religious indifference1 after heroic efforts and great sacrifices1 in spite of the allurement of our wealthy state and independent institutions1 the ,church counts in every country seats of higher learning1 where her children may receive the benefit of university training without danger for their conscience or their faith4 ,this stand of the ,church in primary1 secondary and higher education is the logical conclusion of her doctrine4 ,the theory of life1 said ,father ,little1 ,s4,j41 and the theory of education go hand in hand4 ,as the ,church has a definite teaching on life1 its value and its purpose1 ,she has necessarily fundamental principles upon which education must rest if it wishes to be in harmony with ,christian life and ,catholic belief4 ,in her eyes education1 in all its degrees1 must be primarily and profoundly religious4 ,if indeed1 the ,catholic ,faith which makes such tremendous and such confident statements about ,god and ,his ways with men1 is true1 then obviously it takes the central place in human knowledge1 and all other knowledge groups itself round and is coloured by ,faith4 ,therefore1 the principle1 every ,catholic boy and girl in a ,catholic college or university should be to us as sacred as is every ,catholic child in a ,catholic school4 ,one is the consequence of the other2 both are the practical conclusions of our faith4 ,this close connection between theories of education and the attitude towards problem of life is evident in history4 ,the ,pope1 ,benedict ,,xv1 in his recent letter to the ,american ,hierarchy 7,march1 #aiai71 writes3 ,the future of the ,church and ,state absolutely depends on the condition and organization of the schools2 there will be no other ,christians than those whom you will have formed by instruction and education4 4 4 4 ,we have followed with joy1 he adds1 the marvellous progress of the ,catholic ,university at ,washington1 progress so closely united to the highest hopes of your churches4 ,we have no doubt that henceforth you will continue even more actively1 to support an institution of such great usefulness and promise as is the ,university4 ,the ,most ,reverend ,dr4 ,o',dwyer1 ,bishop of ,limerick1 in #aijd1 vindicated for the ,irish people not the privilege1 but the right to a ,catholic ,university4 ,for us ,catholics1 he wrote1 the ,gospel as taught by our ,holy ,church1 is our philosophy of life and we hold that any attempt to educate a youth in what we call secularism is a retrogression to a lower level than that of pre-,christian culture4 ,for this reason we have withstood every attempt to force secularism on this country and we shall resist it to the last4 ,we have equally withstood mixed education1 which1 false as it is in itself and pernicious1 is in this country a specious pretext for ,protestant educational ascendancy4 7,university education in ,ireland47 ,if such is the case with ,catholic ,ireland1 what should we not conclude as regards our ,western ,provinces8 ,here1 more than anywhere else in ,canada1 does the ,church need staunch1 genuine1 ,catholic leadership4 ,in it the future of ,catholicity beyond the ,great ,lakes is involved4 ,reason and experience prove that the training which makes for genuine ,catholic influence is plainly out of question unless it be received in a college and university whose atmosphere1 teachings1 aspirations and ideals are thoroughly ,catholic4 ,the recent foundations of a ,catholic ,university in ,milan and in ,nimeguen1 ,holland1 justify this claim4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,conditions existing in our modern neutral universities vindicate our stand and strengthen our position4 ,the tendency in these universities is1 without doubt1 towards infidelity or to say the least1 towards diluted ,christianity4--,the transformation from the old denominational education to the new undenominational education was in point of fact due to an antitheological--and even in some of its manifestations--anti-religious movement4 ,if it included a sense of the justice of equal treatment for all creeds and a sense of the liberty necessary for science1 it also included some of the anti-,christian spirit of ,continental liberalism4 ,the undenominational movement was the practical expression of the liberal and scientific movement4 7,life of ,newman--,l #cjf47 ,a few years ago there appeared in the ,cosmopolitan ,review1 under the glaring title ,blasting at the ,rock of ,ages1 an article which startled the intellectual world4 ,it was a crude and biting exposure of the intellectual license and unhealthy moral atmosphere of the great ,american universities4 ,to follow the author of this powerful indictment in the proof of his facts and statements would be beyond the scope of this paper4 ,only we would advise some of our near-sighted ,catholics who through that snobbishness which money often gives them1 have a sort of worship for non-,catholic universities1 to read this indictment4 ,in giving them a glance of the inside of the cup it may change their opinion4 ,dr4 ,james ,henry ,leuba1 professor of psychology at the ,bryn ,mawr ,college1 ,pennsylvania1 gave out to the public the answers he received from sociologists1 biologists1 psychologists and teachers of universities and other institutions in the ,united ,states1 as regards their belief in the existence of ,god4 ,more than fifty per cent4 admitted that they had no belief whatever in the existence of ,god2 forty per cent4 denied the immortality of the soul4 ,the great majority1 said ,dr4 ,leuba1 were university teachers and none could compare with them in influence over the rising generation4 7,cfr4 ,archeological ,report #aiag--published by ,ontario ,government47 ,when subversive theories based on an absolute materialistic conception of life1 and from which ,god1 ,divine ,providence1 ,christ1 ,christianity are systematically excluded and ridiculed as myths of by-gone days2 when1 we say1 such theories are rampant in the halls of our modern universities1 should we be astonished to see outright infidelity1 political socialism1 religious anarchy1 stalk the length and breadth of the land8 ,impurity1 obscenity1 moral corruption in many forms1 with the ever consequent cynicism and pessimism1 forerunners of moral decadence1 destruction of the original1 creative1 shaping1 joyous1 confident energies of society1 come daily more boldly to the front of the stage and defy criticism or mock at the archaic sanctions of yesterday4 ,one does not need to peruse the great modern historians of ,roman morals to foresee the results of such an educational debauch1 when allowed time enough and the working of its own1 unholy but intimate and inexorable logic4 7,mgr4 ,shahan--at the ,catholic ,educational ,convention1 ,u4,s41 #aiai47 ,sow the wind1 you will reap the whirlwind4 ,should not such atmosphere of infidelity or diluted ,christianity in non-,catholic universities be for ,catholic students a source of danger to the vigour and even to the integrity of their faith1 to their constancy1 in the full and faithful observance of their practical religious duties8 ,familiarity with error1 at the age of youth principally1 breeds contempt of truth and jeopardizes faith4 ,the suppression of truth in its various forms1 the concealment of religious profession and observance1 necessarily lead to religious indifference4 ,how many sad examples could we not give to back this statement8 ,this danger which ,catholic youth meets with in the very atmosphere of our neutral universities is still greater when we consider the method of teaching now in honour in these schools of higher learning4 ,the tutorial method1 still in vogue at ,oxford1 has given place to the professorial4 ,the systematic lecture has replaced the exposition of texts4 ,the professor1 with his frame of mind1 his views on facts and ideas1 is the living book from which our youth read their daily lesson4 ,his personality dominates the mind of the pupil4 ,we all know what fascination the science1 reputation and eloquence of a professor have on the unarmed and impressionable minds of youth4 ,the ,magister dixit is very often the supreme law1 the last criterion of truth4 ,president ,garfield's ideal of a college1 ,mark ,hopkins on the other end of the log1 recognizes the educative value of the contact with a master-mind4 ,authority and reason militate in favor of higher ,catholic education for ,catholics in ,western ,canada1 this is the logical conclusion of our statements4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,yes1 nice theories1 some may say2 but we are facing facts4 ,how are we to contend with these well equipped1 richly endowed1 neutral institutions of higher education8 ,where shall we find the resources to pay efficient teachers1 to establish the various faculties that go to form a university worthy of its name8 ,have we not a state-university marvellously well equipped and for which our ,provinces are yearly spending fabulous sums8 ,why not take advantage of our own money that goes in taxes for the support of these institutions8 ,to argue along these lines is to concede to our enemies our position on the ,separate ,school question4 ,all these objections have been met with in other countries and other provinces1 and the answer to them was the creation of ,catholic colleges and universities4 ,the great fallacy of the age1 and particularly in this part of the country1 is ,state ,monopoly in educational matters4 ,this is looked upon as the great triumph of modern democracy and the palladium of liberty4 ,the monopoly over the human mind by this monopoly of education is the most dangerous of all state-monopolies4 ,it is the resurrection of the pagan ideal1 the magnification of the state to the detriment and absorption of the individual and the family4 ,germany has given us an example of where the standardization of thought and outlook by the ,state education leads to4 ,the ,prussian ideal1 in its last analysis1 is nothing else but the pagan ideal4 ,but no country in the ,british ,empire has pushed the policy of monopolisation of education so far as our ,western ,provinces4 ,under the specious plea of efficiency and absurd reason of uniformity1 they will not even grant charters to independent institutions of higher learning4 ,this policy surely does not reflect true statesmanship and makes ,british liberty a misnomer on the lips of many of our ultra-loyal ,westerners4 ,we would ask our ,western ,governments to take lessons in this matter from ,england4 ,when some few years ago the question of converting the university colleges into ,universities was before the ,english public there was much talk of the danger of ,lilliputian universities and of low standards of teaching and examination4 ,but this question was brought to trial by the ,state before a high tribunal and a firm decision was given in favour of the principle4 ,a special committee of the ,privy ,council conducted a semi-judicial enquiry and gave sentence on ,febr41 #aijc4 ,the result of this decision was that the colleges of ,liverpool1 ,manchester1 ,leeds1 ,sheffield1 ,birmingham1 ,bristol1 ,durham1 blossomed out into teaching universities4 ,this is the real ,british way of doing things4 ,the ,united ,states#d have granted university charters to the various ,catholic institutions of higher learning which dot that land of ,liberty from coast to coast4 ,and let us not forget1--facts and figures will bear us out1--the independent universities in the ,united ,states1 in ,england and in ,belgium1 only to mention some1 have been in many ,faculties more efficient and more successful than the state institutions4 ,the remarkable record of ,st4 ,louis ,university1 a ,jesuit institution1 is illustrative of this point4 ,a comparison of the respective medical and dental records of this institution with perhaps two of the greatest professional schools of the ,united ,states1 ,john ,hopkins and ,harvard1 gives proof of higher efficiency to ,st4 ,louis ,university4 ,the official bulletins of the ,medical ,dental ,associations give the statistics4 ,the right of ,catholics to their own schools--primary1 secondary1 university1 is a birthright we must always fight for4 ,it is the elementary right of a civilized people to educate her sons as she sees fit4 ,in the battle for this right the best strategy is to offer the accomplished fact of a college and a university which by their efficiency1 their intellectual and moral value1 impose themselves upon the community and win their way to acceptance4 ,let us blaze the trail and to-morrow1 it will be the great highway of ,catholic education for the coming generation in ,western ,canada4 ,but instead of this policy of isolation which in school matters is the ordinary policy of the ,church1 some ,catholics1 in view of circumstances1 rather advocate that of permeation4 ,the presence of ,catholics in ,state ,universities will1 they claim1 create a better atmosphere1 abate or soften prejudice1 beget a better feeling among the future leaders of the community4 ,in ,england1 it is true1 ,catholics are allowed to attend ,oxford and ,cambridge2 in ,germany1 they attend ,state ,universities4 ,the ,catholics of ,australia have since #aiaf also a ,college in conjunction with the ,melbourne ,state ,university4 ,student societies have been formed1 ,catholic halls opened1 courses of apologetics are given to help the ,catholic youth in the steady daily pressure working against them in a non-,catholic university1 and to influence religious thought in those centres of higher learning4 ,has this modus vivendi brought about by various circumstances which it would be too long to analyze here1 produced the desired results8 ,in ,germany it has not created a ,catholic atmosphere in one single university4 ,have not1 on the contrary1 the ,german universities been the hot-beds of ,modernism and many a young cleric has come from their halls inoculated with this virus4 ,as for ,oxford and ,cambridge1 we all know the controversy which divided the ,catholics for so many years4 ,as ,catholics have been allowed to follow the courses there for only a few decades1 we are not yet1 we believe1 in a position to judge of the influence of these universities on the ,catholic body of ,england as a whole4 ,time only will tell4 ,but one thing is certain1 no comparison can be established between our state universities and these colleges4 ,although in the halls of ,oxford1 ,christianity is often attuned to the outlook and temper of the age as the book ,foundations 7a statement of ,christian belief in terms of modern thought1 by seven ,oxford men7 sadly reveals it1 nevertheless1 there is not to be found in the ,english ,colleges that atmosphere which the absence of religion has created in our state universities4 ,the presence of various denominational colleges on the grounds of our ,provincial ,universities only gives them a tint of ,christianity4 ,the teaching of history and philosophy will tell the tale4 ,it must be remembered that an ,oxford scheme was never ,newman's ideal4 ,it was a concession to necessities of the hour4 ,his ideal scheme1 alike for education of the young and for the necessary intellectual defence of ,christianity1 had consistently been the erection of a large ,catholic ,university like ,louvain4 ,this he had tried to set up in ,ireland4 ,in such an institution1 research and discussion of the questions of the day would be combined as in the middle ages with a ,catholic atmosphere1 the personal ascendancy of able ,christian professors and directly religious influence for the young men4 7,life of ,newman7--by ,ward4 ,were there question only of postgraduate work1 of some special course in agriculture1 domestic science1 there would be no difficulty1 we believe1 to see ,catholic students take advantage of the marvellous facilities our state universities offer4 ,the matter1 the short term of these courses or the advanced age of the pupil would be in themselves sufficient guarantee4 ,but what we strongly object to is the ,arts ,course1 and particularly undergraduate work1 even were the contentious subjects1 such as philosophy and history1 be given by ,catholic teachers to ,catholic students separately4 ,the ,arts ,course1 we must remember1 is the real dominating factor in higher education4 ,for we maintain with ,cardinal ,newman that a ,university is a place of teaching universal knowledge and that its object is primarily intellectual4 ,it has in view the diffusion and extension of knowledge1 rather than its advancement1 which is reserved to ,academies4 ,it is the ,arts ,course of a ,university1 particularly its ,philosophy1 that gives this general knowledge and enlargement of the mind4 ,its influence is most telling in the various ,faculties where students specialize for their future career4 ,for ,philosophy plays such a large part in human life1 the movement of opinions and the direction of minds4 ,the ,catholic student in those most plastic years1 in that critical period of receptivity1 wherein ideas are analyzed and synthesized for life time1 cannot help but imbibe ideas and doctrines opposed to his belief4 ,the elite alone1 we believe1 can resist in the long run the influence of that indefinable quality called atmosphere1 and maintain among so many cross-currents1 the right course4 ,the ordinary and inexperienced mind will be1 if not contaminated1 at least weakened and this alone is disastrous in a leader4 ,many changes1 many transformations1 we know1 take place in the mind of youth as it emerges from collegiate visions into the rough path of real life4 ,as ,morley wrote1 ,we know after the event1 the tremendous changes of thought 4 4 4 of conception of life1 that coming years and new historic forces were waiting to unfold before the undergraduate when he had once floated out beyond the college bar4 ,yet1 the solid teachings of ,catholic ,philosophy will remain to him as the charter and compass when his ship has taken to the high sea4 ,this is the principal reason why we vindicate the right to our own higher education4 ,to push the argument further1 we would ask why should we be obliged to pay taxes to have doctrines opposed to our conscience propounded from the professorial chairs of our ,state ,university8 ,the granting of a ,charter by the ,state is but the minimum of our rights4 ,dream or ,reality8 ,a ,catholic ,university for ,western ,canada6 ,is this but the dream of a far off future or can it be a reality within a few years8--,there is the problem which now faces the ,catholic ,church of our ,western ,provinces and upon which1 in our estimation1 rests the influence the ,church is to have in the formation of the new and most promising part of our ,dominion beyond the ,great ,lakes4 ,a high conception of the duty of the present hour and the whole-hearted co-operation of every ,catholic unit in the ,west1 will without doubt bring its happy solution and make our dream a reality4 ,to act on ideal principles with little or no attempt to forecast accurately what is practicable would be to court failure4 ,we are gradually passing the mile-stone of pioneer life in the ,west1 and the ,church is slowly but surely being organized and entering into full possession of her normal life4 ,the duties which ,catholic solidarity imposes upon us as regards the ,church and the community at large are growing apace with the status of the ,church in these new ,provinces4 ,among these duties none1 we believe1 are more important than that we owe to the cause of ,catholic education4 ,naturally1 the burden of the responsibility falls here upon parents whose bounden duty it is to see that the school1 college1 university1 be1 as much as possible but the extension of their ,catholic home4 ,the rising generation in the ,west has a right to the benefits of a higher education2 to this right corresponds in the community a duty imposed upon its members by ,catholic solidarity4 ,for in the growing youth we see the ,country and the ,church1 with whose future welfare it is necessarily united4 ,a true ,catholic must have his vision of what the ,church ought to be in his ,country and must work to make that vision come true4 ,through a ,catholic ,university1 and through it only1 will the ,church give its full contribution to the national life of ,western ,canada by creating as we said1 ,catholic leadership4 ,we have as ,catholics1 ideas to give to the nation1 to its up-building1 and to its prosperity4 ,the sun of ,canadian liberty is shining for our doctrines as it does for other ideals4 ,and1 strange to say1 the most subversive theories seem to take the greatest and most frequent advantage of this freedom4 ,we have no apology to make for our ideas4 ,they stand on their own merit and have been vindicated by the acid-test of time4 ,to bring our message to the country1 to spread its beneficial influence is the mission of our ,catholic leaders4 ,only a large number of truly educated ,catholic men are able to make their influence felt on the life and thought of a country4 ,this identification of a ,catholic university with our ,western ,provinces will be an asset to our public life and beneficial to the people at large1 notwithstanding their aloofness and unreasoned opposition to our principles and methods4 ,the evils of the times are the direct result of the secularization of education4 ,catholic higher education is the only antidote and remedy to this evil4 ,its principles are a vigorous protest against materialistic philosophy4 ,we believe in the mastery of ideas and in the final victory of truth4 ,the ,church also for her own benefit needs true ,catholic leaders4 ,leaders in a ,catholic ,community1 who are not thoroughly ,catholic in their training1 who have false notions1 warped views1 biassed conceptions of vital questions1 are most detrimental to the cause of ,catholicity4 ,distorted and confused ideas1 in religious matters particularly1 always lead to a compromise4 ,after school days they fail to find their ,catholic faith correlated with the problems and experiences which never troubled them before1 and which now1 lack of higher education will not allow them to solve and to face4 ,have we not indeed in ,western ,canada to guard ourselves against latitudinarianism in our ,catholic life8 ,material prosperity1 success in business or in farming1 associations with men and women who have practically no belief whatever1 erroneous conceptions of broadmindedness in religious matters1 absence of traditions1 lack of ,catholic education1 all these causes and many others have created especially in our cities1 where such a large floating population is to be found1 and in our country places where there is no resident priest1 a compromising ,catholicism1 apologetic ,catholics4 ,how many ,catholics in the ,west are always ready to cringe in presence of those who are not of our belief and to apologize for their faith4 ,to react against this abiding danger we need all through the country well instructed and thoroughly educated ,catholic leaders who will be in our world of agnosticism and irreligion1 the protagonists and apologists of ,catholicism4 ,the fearless proclamation of the truth combined with a good moral public life is in itself a tremendous power4 ,indeed1 we need in all the avenues of life men whose university training will give them influence in public life4 ,but let it never be forgotten those captains of industry1 those brilliant and successful professional men1 those progressive farmers--valuable as they all may be--must count more as leaders of ,catholic thought than as money-makers4 ,if not1 they will be found wanting when the ,church needs them the most4 ,we emphasize this point1 for in the plea for higher education very often our attention seems to be more on the successful business man than on the ,catholic thinker4 ,love of ,church and country will therefore inspire us with a high sense of duty in relation to the establishment of a seat of higher education in this promising part of our great ,dominion4 ,and this duty1 let us not forget it1 is urgent4 ,every decade means a new generation that should have passed from the halls of our university to the commanding heights of the country's leadership4 ,our hesitancy means a further postponement of the triumph of the ,catholic ,cause4 ,this high conception of an urgent duty gives the vision4 ,from the clearness1 breadth and depth of that vision will spring the conquering spirit of co-operation4 ,co-operation to be efficient and persevering demands a united plan of action and an authoritative leadership4 ,the ,catholic population of ,western ,canada is yet very limited4 ,we cannot afford to scatter our forces and multiply our institutions4 ,one university for all ,western ,canada would be sufficient to meet the present requirements4 ,the multiplication of inefficient universities is a calamity for genuine higher education4 ,this has been the contention of ,catholic in a recent series of brilliant articles in the ,casket4 ,the policy would therefore be for all to agree on one college as the non-,catholics have done in the different ,western ,provinces4 ,this naturally requires the sacrifice of parochialism and provincialism4 ,but if the ,methodists1 ,presbyterians and ,baptists have each agreed on the establishment of one educational centre for their students1 surely the ,catholics can also sacrifice local interests to the welfare of the cause4 ,how many efforts our bigoted provincialism has neutralized in the past6 ,authoritative leadership only can unite our efforts on this unity of plan of action4 ,nothing in this matter can be done without the direction and support of the ,hierarchy of the ,west4 ,the division among ,bishops was1 according to ,newman1 one of the main causes that made the ,dublin ,catholic ,university scheme a failure4 ,naturally this problem of higher education is one that overflows diocesan boundaries and remains common to all4 ,boundaries of jurisdiction1 as wrote so advisedly1 ,archbishop ,mc,neil1 of ,toronto1 are conveniences and means to an end4 ,beyond the responsibilities of each separate diocese there are other responsibilities which affect the ,church of ,canada as a whole4 ,let one man with vision1 judgment1 energy1 and action1 make the creation of the ,catholic ,university in the ,west the work and ambition of his life1 let him have the sincere approbation and efficient co-operation of all the ,hierarchy 4 4 4 that man1 we claim1 will rally the ,catholic forces around him and will give to the ,west and its rising generation the blessing so much needed of ,catholic university training4 ,newman was fond of repeating that it is only individuals who do great things4 ,and what will1 this ,catholic university mean to ,catholic life in ,western ,canada8 ,well established upon the highest academic level by its success in the competitive field of learning1 it will stand out as the embodiment of ,catholic intellectual life and the centre of ,catholic activities4 ,it will be the counter-ideal to the ideal of agnosticism and materialism so fostered and so prevalent in our neutral universities4 ,just as the cathedrals are the expression of the ,catholic faith in ,christ's abiding presence in the ,sacrament of ,his love1 so is a ,catholic university the embodiment and accomplishment of the ,church's ideal in education4 ,by its extension work1 summer courses1 circulating libraries1 correspondence courses1 lectures1 etc41 the university would unite our activities1 eliminate waste of energy and direct our combined efforts4 ,cardinal ,newman believed that a ,catholic university was essential for thorough health and efficiency in the ,catholic body at large4 ,to realize all that a ,catholic university would mean one has only to know what ,washington stands for in the life of the ,church in the ,united ,states4 ,in his beautiful letter to the ,american ,hierarchy1 ,benedict ,,xv said of it3 ,the ,university1 we trust1 will be the attractive centre about which will gather all who love the teachings of ,catholicism4 ,what is the ,conclusion8 ,we may summarize our argumentation in favour of our contention in the following statements3 #a4--,,the ,,interests ,,of ,,church ,,and ,,country1 ,,particularly ,,in ,,the ,,west1 ,,demand ,,catholic ,,leadership2 #b4--,,no ,,genuine ,,leadership ,,without ,,university ,,training2 #c4--;,,for ,,catholics ,,higher ,,education ,,means ,,higher ,,catholic ,,education4 ,now1 ,patient reader1 allow us to conclude these already too lengthy pages1 by this pointed question3 ,is a ,catholic university for ,western ,canada within the possibilities of the near future8 ,our answer will be simple1 direct1 conclusive1 and1 we hope1 convincing4 ,if all ,catholics in the ,western ,provinces1 under the direction and with the continued support of the ,hierarchy1 unite in one sublime and persistent effort1 we have the utmost confidence in its immediate realization4 ,some ,catholics1 we know1 will distrust its expediency1 despair of its success or even feel an obligation to oppose it4 ,difficulties1 most undoubtedly1 we will have numerous and great4 ,with time1 patience1 perseverance and self-sacrifice we will overcome them4 ,nothing succeeds like success4 ,the establishment of a work of that kind is the work of years and even of centuries4 ,there must be some day a start1 a foundation to build on4 ,the policy of nihilism leads nowhere4 ,the frequentation of our ,state universities would indefinitely postpone all efforts for the ,catholic ideal1 and be a surrender of the whole situation4 ,but let us not be carried away with the modern fallacy of materialistic grandeur4 ,spacious and beautiful buildings1 nice grounds and attractive surroundings are not to be despised when the finances are good4 ,but all these things are secondary2 they do not give the intrinsic value to a university1 they are not the pulse of the machine4 ,the great business of a university is to teach2 the highest academic level should be its worthy ambition4 ,the teachers are the real makers of a seat of higher learning1 they pitch high or low the standard of learning4 ,this great work will demand from every ,catholic a continued effort of loyal and generous support4 ,the ,canon-law1 the ,councils1 the exhortations of the ,pope insists on this support of ,catholic universities4 ,particularly those who are blessed with the goods of this world and to whom ,providence has been generous1 should remember that their wealth has a fiduciary character2 a character that entails duties towards the ,catholic community at large1 none less obligatory because they are rooted in the virtue of charity1 instead of the virtue of justice4 ,but experience tells us that our ,catholic institutions are founded and supported more by the widow's mite than by the millionaires' donations4 ,the support will come from the ,catholic communities of ,western ,canada2 it will indeed come with most gratifying results if the appeal is lofty in its motive and proposal1 concerted and systematic in its action4 ,we are not to go to the ,catholics of the ,west with an appeal in one hand and an apology in the other4 ,a straightforward1 self-respecting presentation of our cause will bring a no less straightforward and self-respecting response4 ,to make this appeal an unqualified success there must be also concerted action4 ,intensive efforts alone bring results4 ,this means the canvass of the ,west for this single purpose1 at a stated time4 ,but any canvass of this kind1 to be effective1 must be prepared by an educational campaign4 ,give the ,catholics1 we maintain1 the vision of their duty1 sound the call 4 4 4 and they will respond4 ,for indifference1 profound and widespread1--fruit of ignorance more than of ill-will1--would be the greatest obstacle to overcome4 ,arousing interest will be the initial task4 ,in ,australia1 ,archbishop ,mannix organized a campaign1 in co-operation with his suffragan bishops1 for the purpose of the ,catholic ,college of ,melbourne and from ,june to ,december1 #aiaf1 half a million of dollars was collected4 ,the ,catholics of ,western ,canada are just as ready1 we claim1 to furnish such annual payment as would be wanted3 if only they are properly called upon4 ,but this proper calling involves first a systematic and periodical recommendation of its claims by the clergy and influential laymen4 ,system will avoid a conflict of claims for other great causes equally worthy of our generous support4 ,the war has in this matter taught us at home a great lesson4 ,there were appeals for the ,patriotic ,fund1 the ,red ,cross1 the ,belgium ,relief1 the ,french ,aid1 etc41 etc4 ,they all came to us in rotation4 ,no apology was made1 every one felt in duty and honor bound1 and the money was always there with an extraordinary readiness4 ,organization is the first element of success4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,who will be the promoters of this great work8 ,naturally the ,hierarchy of the ,west will be its inspiring and moving spirit4 ,but1 should not the ,knights of ,columbus1 that body-guard of ,catholic laity1 be called to the honour of seeing it through4 ,this great undertaking would be a most appropriate background for all the activities of our valiant ,knights in ,western ,canada4 ,a society1 ,catholic in principle and membership1 must1 to last1 and be an asset to the ,church1 have a definite programme of action in harmony with its aim and constitution4 ,if it keeps its energies pent up behind the walls of the council-chambers and only finds them an outlet in social functions and friendly gatherings1 it will soon go to seed or die of dry rot4 ,when on the contrary an organization1 such as the ,knights of ,columbus1 throws the full weight of its energies in the forwarding of a great cause1 the possibilities of its influence are limitless4 ,the war activities of the ,knights and their splendid results for the ,church and the nation are a tangible proof of it4 ,could there be a work more in harmony with the aims of the great ,catholic organization than that of higher education4 ,at the national convention of #aiab1 held at ,colorado ,springs1 the committee on ,catholic ,higher ,education ends its report by saying3 ,in the newer impetus that will come to ,catholic education as the result of better understanding 7its necessity and value71 the ,knights of ,columbus must make themselves an important factor4 ,we owe it to ourselves and to that special loyalty to both ,church and ,state which we pride to claim as the special note of the order4 ,it is often asked what are the ,knights of ,columbus doing that they should be so proud of their organization1 and the best possible answer would be for all of us to be able to point to benefits that were conferred by ,knights individually and in bodies upon our ,catholic education4 ,there can be no mistake about the benefit to be conferred on ,church and ,state by progress in ,catholic education4 ,the active and persevering co-operation of the ,knights in the forwarding of the great cause of a ,catholic ,university for ,western ,canada1 would be their contribution to the great period of reconstruction which the world is now facing4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,on one of those beautiful mellow autumn evenings1 of which the ,prairie alone has the secret1 the traveller1 as his train steams into one of our ,western ,cities1 will behold a stately cupola tipped with a golden cross4--,what is that new building1 yonder on the outskirts of the city8 will he inquire4 ,the answer will be3 ,that is the ,catholic ,university of ,western ,canada4 #a ,this chapter appeared as a series of articles1 in the ,north ,west ,review of ,winnipeg1--under the signature of ,miles ,christi4 #b ,less than one per cent4 of ,american men are college graduates ,yet this one per cent4 of college graduates has furnished3 #ee of our ,presidents1 #cf of our ,members of ,congress1 #dg of the ,speakers of the ,house1 #ed of our ,vice-,presidents1 #fb of our ,secretaries of ,state1 #ej of the ,secretaries of the ,treasury1 #fg of the ,attorney ,generals1 #fi of the ,justices of the ,supreme ,court4--,dr4 ,jones1 of the ,university of ,missouri4 #c ,lord ,haldane addressing the ,co-operative ,educational ,association 7,may1 #aibj7 made this statement3 ,the universities of ,england must be made able1 as national institutions1 with a larger range of activity than at present1 to undertake extra-mural work on a scale so great that it will be of general application throughout the land1 and they must be put in a position to be fitted to bring this about4 #d ,speaking of ,publicly and privately supported institutions of learning in the ,u4,s41 ,dr4 ,cappen1 assistant commissioner of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education stated that there are #ic of the former in the ,u4,s4 and #dgg of the latter4 ,about #fb per cent4 of the college students in the country attend voluntarily supported colleges1 and the private schools have about #fh per cent4 of the educational funds of the country at their disposal4 ,this includes of course such very wealthy endowed institutions as ,harvard1 ,princeton1 ,yale1 ,cornell and ,stanford4 ,,part ,,iii ,,social ,,problems ,the political and economic struggles of society are in the last analysis religious struggles2 their sole solution1 the teaching of ,jesus ,christ4--7,john ,stuart ,mill47 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,beyond ,,berlin#a ,after-,war ,problems from a ,catholic ,view-,point--,reconstruction1 the ,duty of the ,hour4 ,the heavy clouds of war and the bloody mist of battles are lifting2 once more the sun of peace bursts forth triumphant over a sad and weary world4 ,the storm has wasted its fury4 ,the landscape is washed clear and bright1 the atmosphere is glowing and transparent2 destruction and ruins everywhere stand out in sharp and ghastly relief4 ,on the distant horizon1 beyond the ,rhine1 the dark clouds drag their tattered shreds2 the angry lightning still flashes and thunder yet rumbles yonder--on ,german and ,russian soil4 ,the war is over4 ,the muddy trench1 the deadly shrapnel1 the perfidious gas1 the roaring cannon1 the forced marches on the slimy roads of ,flanders1 the heroic dashes and agonizing retreats of struggling armies1 the lurking submarines1 the treacherous1 owlish zeppelins1 the long-protracted vigil on the deep--all these grim realities of four1 long1 endless years have melted away in the blaze of a glorious victory4 ,now the ,german ,armada rides at anchor1 prisoner1 in ,british waters1 the armies of the ,allies bivouac on the banks of the ,rhine1 and our ,canadian boys1 flushed with victory1 come marching home4 ,the day of the ,german surrender1 ,clemenceau1 ,premier of ,france1 made this significant statement3 ,great have been the problems of the war1 but greater will be the problems of peace4 ,nations1 indeed1 now face one of the most momentous periods of history4 ,the world has struck its tents and is once more on the march4 ,never1 we believe1 have such tremendous responsibilities weighed upon a passing generation4 ,the future will be greatly imperilled if at this critical juncture great questions are fought out between ignorant desire for change and ignorant opposition to change4 ,the handwriting is on the wall1 and our economic and social life1 foreign to ,christian morality1 has been found wanting4 ,will a new and better social order rise from the ashes of this world-conflagration8 ,there is the searching problem which presses itself upon the mind of every thinking man4 ,on every side1 writes ,father ,plater1 ,s4,j41 there is talk of reconstruction1 economic1 political1 social1 educational4 ,government departments are hard at work gathering information1 elaborating schemes4 ,numerous organized bodies1 such as the ,labor party1 are putting forward their programmes4 ,conferences and lectures on reconstruction are multiplied and literature on the subject pours from the press4 ,great ideas1 said ,wilson1 at last have captured the hearts of the common people and directed into positive channels and constructive programmes the very energies which otherwise may have spent themselves in the acts of retributive destruction4 ,reconstruction6 ,this is now the world's watch-word4 ,it sums up the various problems with which nations will have to grapple in every realm of human activity4 ,it speaks of conditions that are no more and suggests new outlines of the social order4 ,our present and pressing duty then is to weigh the anchor1 to swing out into the middle stream and take our course on the permanent principles of ,catholic ,truth4 ,these principles stand on the shores of ,history as the great revolving lights that sweep the high seas in the darkness of night4 ,canada1 after having bravely and generously solved the problems of war1 is now also facing the greater problems of peace4 ,this period of reconstruction1 more than that of the war1 will test our national fibre4 ,the strain will be greater for the conflict is being lifted to a higher plane1 that of ideas4 ,but nowhere in ,canada will this vast work of readjustment be more tangible than in our ,great ,west4 ,the youth of that part of the country1 and the dominating factors of the national problem will1 we believe1 make the ,west the classical land of reconstruction4 ,a gradual evolution will bring our ,eastern ,provinces to readjust themselves to the changing conditions of political and economic life4 ,the ,west1 on the contrary1 has in such matters the beautiful qualities1 the unlimited resources of youth1 but also its dangerous shortcomings4 ,daring1 venturous1 over-confident in democracy1 the ,western mind is frequently most hasty and radical in its conclusions4 ,it has not been matured by time1 that great teacher of patience and moderation2 experience has not1 as yet1 tempered that feverish and progressive youthfulness1 so prone to speedy and often drastic legislation4 ,the heat of fever is often mistaken for the glow of health4 ,and as legislation is in the minds of the ,western people the panacea of all evils in society1 will not the common tendency be to carry on the work of reconstruction by parliament bills and orders-in-council8 ,is there not here a great danger8 ,the danger of premature commitment is much greater than that of more cautious policy1 proving a stumbling block in the way of future progress4 ,moreover1 the most vital factors of reconstruction in ,canada will affect more particularly the ,prairie ,provinces4 ,the back-to-the-land movement1 demobilization1 settlement of returned soldiers on the farm1 intensive immigration policy1 extensive agricultural production are indeed ,western problems4 ,the choice of the ,hon4 ,j4 ,a4 ,calder of ,saskatchewan1 as chairman of the ,reconstruction ,committee in the ,federal ,cabinet2 the prominent part given to him and to the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,meighen of ,manitoba1 in the formation and discussion of plans at the recent meeting of the ,premiers of the ,provinces2 these are in themselves striking illustrations of our contention in the matter4 ,although the ,west will1 in the period of reconstruction command the attention of the country at large1 there are1 nevertheless1 problems1 particularly those affecting our social and economic life1 which will weigh heavily on our ,eastern ,provinces4 ,so reconstruction will be a nation-wide work4 ,the ,duty of ,catholics ,what is1 therefore1 the duty of ,catholics1 at the present hour8 ,are we to fold our arms and let others rebuild the very framework of society according to plans which our faith1 reason1 and history disapprove of1 and very often condemn8 ,our ideas in the matter may not prevail1 but how would we be justified in deploring the consequences of a legislation which we did not even try1 by our influence1 to suppress or modify8 ,to abstain as ,catholics from this great work of reconstruction is profoundly un-,catholic4 ,it is the act of a traitor to the ,church and country4 ,as ,burke so gloriously said3 he was aware that the age is not all we wish1 but he was sure that the only means to check its degeneracy was heartily to concur in whatever is best in our time4 ,the ,church depends upon her children to spread the beneficial influence of her social doctrines4 ,the great work of the ,catholics1 after the war1 will be1 said ,father ,mc,nabb1 ,o4,p41 to bring the vision of the ,bride of ,christ1 the ,catholic ,church1 before the millions of our countrymen4 ,these countrymen of ours are blind and often bigoted1 adds ,henry ,somerville4 ,there are ,catholics who make this blindness and consequent bigotry an excuse for their own narrowness and selfishness1 for their neglect to share in the nation's work1 for their refusal to co-operate in patriotic1 civic and social undertakings as if they were none of our business4 ,the nation's business is our business4 ,if we serve the nation efficiently1 we serve the ,church4 ,we take then the best means to open the eyes of our fellow-countrymen to the fact that ,catholicism is not uncivic4 ,if we make ourselves valued1 anti-,catholic prejudice will be dispelled4 ,cardinal ,bourne in his letter on ,social ,reform speaks very pointedly of the duty of every ,catholic in this matter4 ,his pronouncement and that of the ,american ,hierarchy are the most notable declarations from ,catholic sources on ,social ,re-construction4 ,it is admitted on all hands1 says the ,english ,primate1 that a new order of things1 new social conditions between the different sections in which ,society is divided will arise as a consequence of the destruction of the formerly existing conditions4 ,the very foundations of political and social life1 of our economic system1 of morals1 of religion are being sharply scrutinized1 and this1 not only by a few writers and speakers1 but by a very large number of people in every class of life1 especially among the workers4 ,the nation's business is our business4 ,the true love of country demands from ,catholics at this critical stage of our history to throw all their energies into the various social activities4 ,society throughout the world is shaken in its very foundations4 ,this universal unrest in the political1 social and economic spheres is a decided mark of the birth-throes of a new social order4 ,therefore1 we will conclude with ,cardinal ,gibbons2 ,the ,church cannot remain an isolated factor in the nation4 ,the ,catholic ,church possesses spiritual and moral resources which are at the command of the nation in every crisis4 ,the reform or remodelling of the social fabric1 if it is to be effective and abiding1 must ultimately rest on the definite and unchanging principles of morality4 ,these principles constitute the moral law1 as physical principles are the basis of the physical law4 ,ernest ,fayle1 in a very instructive article on ,reconstruction1 in the ,october number of the ,london ,quarterly ,review1 makes a statement very pertinent to this matter2 ,the economic1 political and social factors in human life are so inextricably entangled that if we accept quality of life and not mere power or wealth as the touchstone of national success we dare not1 even in the consideration of economic or political questions1 lose sight of the moral issues4 ,the ,catholic ,church has always been the teacher and guardian of that natural moral law which stands as the foundation and buttress of the social edifice4 ,her plans of ,reconstruction rest on the eternal principles of equity which ,god has engraved on the human conscience and which the teachings of ,christ have sanctioned and perfected4 ,in the light of ,catholic doctrine moral laws are definite and unchanging1 for they are the deliberate expression of the necessary and fundamental relations upon which rests human nature4 ,they are the living1 free expression of man's place in creation4 ,the most elaborate schemes and powerful organizations are soulless without these basic principles of morality and have but an ephemeral existence4 ,is it not1 therefore1 a great act of patriotism to try to throw into the scales of the nation's destinies the mighty weight of indestructible and tried principles8 ,a growing respect is to be found for the soundness1 the wisdom and the justice of ,catholic social principles1 even in circles where our beliefs have not yet found acceptance4 ,true statesmen have always recognized the influence of the ,catholic ,church's doctrine in social matters1 although they may not believe in the truth of her teachings4 ,they always looked upon her principles of social life as the ballast that steadies the ship on heaving seas4 ,to make the ,church a spiritual ally1 to recognize her moral power and her far-reaching influence has always been considered good diplomacy and clear-sighted statesmanship4 ,catholic's ,patriotism in ,public ,life ,reconstruction is the great work of the hour2 co-operation is a duty every ,catholic owes to ,church and country4 ,what definite and concrete form of co-operation will that responsibility assume8 ,there is the problem4 ,our first duty1 in the matter1 lies1 we believe1 in a greater participation in public life4 ,too long have we stood aloof from movements that aim at the social welfare of the community4 ,a false timidity and an erroneous conception of our responsibilities have estranged us1 to a great extent1 from the various activities of national life4 ,this isolation has been most prejudicial to our ,catholic laity1 for it has fostered in their ranks disinterestedness and often apathy4 ,with regard to the necessity of ,catholics to obtain positions on public bodies1 ,cardinal ,bourne stated that very often ,catholics were urged to take part in public affairs1 by becoming elected to public bodies in order that they might safeguard ,catholic principles4 ,that was a great good--a very laudable object--but it was not the highest object4 ,the great object was that out of the fulness of their ,faith they might give to their fellow-countrymen the principles that flowed from that ,faith1 so that little by little there might be built up in the consciousness of the nation that belief in and use of those sound principles of the ,catholic ,faith which contained the only solution of the difficulties with which they were faced4 ,too long have ,catholics lived in isolation1 allowing others to think and act for them4 ,it is indeed1 high time that they felt the pulse of life that beats in the real statesman1 as distinct from mere politician4 ,duty demands that ,catholics add their power of intellect and will to the similar power of other citizens anxious to help the commonwealth4 ,we are not aliens in this land1 not aliens by birth or principle4 ,as to the latter1 ,i may say with all truth1 that no one has given clearer expression to the basic principles of democracy than the ,catholic theologians1 ,suarez and ,bellarmine4 #b ,this attitude of aloofness1 during the coming period of reconstruction especially1 would be profoundly un-,catholic4 ,our active participation in public life will give us occasion to dispel prejudice1 to offset subversive doctrines1 to advocate in spite of failures and bigotry the principles of ,christian sociology4 ,we are firm believers in the prevailing strength of ideas4 ,they are indestructible2 they rule sooner or later4 ,they may take time to crystalize into convictions1 but the force of mental gravitation must ultimately prevail4 ,and after all1 ,reconstruction1 as ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,walsh stated1 is more a question of remaking the map of man's mind than that of remodelling the map of ,europe4 ,the ,catholics of ,england give us1 in this matter as in many others1 a beautiful example to follow4 ,during the war they formed a ,british ,catholic ,information ,society1 having at its service the ,catholic ,war ,news ,office4 ,the result of their aggressive policy is the public recognition of the value of the ,catholic ,church by the ,english people in the national work of ,reconstruction4 ,we would here refer the reader to ,father ,plater's letter on ,catholics and ,reconstruction for further details in this interesting matter4 ,like our ,catholic brothers of ,england1 let us also take our place boldly in the broad daylight of public life4 ,we have ideas to give to the ,nation1 let us give them4 ,canadian liberty1 without doubt1 exists for our doctrines as it does for the subversive theories of ,state-,socialism4 ,we have no apology to make for our ideas4 ,they stand on their own merits and have been vindicated by the great acid test of time4 ,yes1 we possess the great curative and creative forces for social ,reconstruction2 ,we have only to call them into play4 ,the ,catholic ,solution ,in season and out of season1 in the press and on the platform1 in private gatherings and public meetings1 through every medium of social control1 let the people hear the ,catholic solution of the problems now facing the nations of the world4 ,we have a message to deliver4 ,that message1 if it comes to the people shining like a steel blade1 sounding like the blare of a trumpet1 if it wells up from a fiery heart and drops from burning lips--that message will be heard4 ,in this period of strain and suffering the public mind is keyed to its highest pitch1 ready to snap at any moment4 ,strong feeling has generated in many minds intellectual hysteria4 ,in war time1 says ,e4 ,h4 ,griggs1 there is a curious paradox of widening radicalism of thought1 with constantly decreasing freedom of action and expression4 ,when the discrepancy becomes too great1 you have the explosion1--a revolution4 ,therefore in this time of intellectual ferment1 the continued affirmation of truth1 and the persistent statement of principles are in themselves a highly valuable service1 which we are bound to give to the world4 ,the thought of the human mind1 like rays of sun-light1 focused on one point1 acquires the burning power of conviction4 ,participation in public life develops conviction2 conviction repeatedly asserts itself2 continued assertion creates opinion2 and public opinion is without doubt one of the most universal powers at work in the world4 ,in every sphere of life you can feel the constant pressure of this tremendous influence4 ,it may well be named the current of public opinion4 ,draining to its profit the latent and loitering powers of the individual thinker1 silently1 irresistibly it moves on2 checked1 it becomes an angry whirlpool of confused and gyrating waters2 harnessed to the wheels of national life1 it will transform its energies into light1 heat and power4 ,the creation and the spreading of ,catholic opinion in social matters should be in our mind1 the ultimate goal of our activities1 for it is the greatest asset we can contribute to the vast work of ,reconstruction4 ,as ,lord ,morley said1 great economic and social forces flow with tidal sweep over communities half conscious of that which is befalling them4 ,wise statesmen are those who foresee what time is bringing and try to shape institutions and to mould men's thought and purpose in accordance with the change that is silently surrounding them4 ,time1 you readily understand1 will not allow us to dwell upon the various problems which ,reconstruction will bring before the country4 ,our aim1 now1 is rather to awaken the sense of responsibility1 stir the sleeping conscience into watchfulness1 and give to our ,catholic men and women the stimulating thought of co-operation4 ,our country is being re-created in its political1 social and economic life2 to be a living factor in that re-creation is the duty of the hour4 ,before bringing these remarks of a rather general character to a close allow us to mark for your attention the leading problems4 ,they will be as landmarks planted to guide you on the way4 ,in the international order1 the problem of resetting nations on a new basis by a just and durable peace now faces the world4 ,racial and language problems command our attention in the national order4 ,in the political world ideas are to be readjusted as to the nature1 powers and obligations of the ,state4 ,of late1 the monopoly of the ,state has been asserting itself so strongly that one is led to believe the old pagan principle of the supremacy of the ,state will once more reign supreme4 ,when nations have ceased to give to ,god what belongs to ,god1 they give to ,caesar alone what belongs to ,caesar and what belongs to ,god4 ,the social order will witness demobilization and immigration4 ,who cannot grasp the importance of these great problems with their various and intricate issues8 ,the greatest transformations are1 perhaps1 reserved for the economic order2 capital and labor1 efficient and greater production of industry and agriculture1 the living wage1 and uplifting of the workman's status1 etc4 ,in the educational order the battle will be greater1 for there is a great tendency to centralize1 to federalize education1 under the plea of national schools4 ,the religious order will see tremendous efforts for union among the various non-,catholic denominations2 social service will be their center of unity1 the common field of action4 ,various and important1 as you see1 are the problems that confront us in the realms of human activity4 ,now1 bear in mind1 the ,catholic doctrine has a solution for each problem and it is your duty to give it4 ,knights of ,columbus1 as you helped the ,church to solve the problems of the war1 so will you also help to solve the greater problems of peace4 ,if you wish to be the body-guard of the ,church1 your mission is to lend your noble and generous efforts to your spiritual leaders in this great work of reconstruction4 ,for1 of this reconstructive period and its great opportunities for militant and active ,catholics1 we may say what ,carlysle said of the period that followed the ,french ,revolution2 ,joy was it1 in that age1 to be living--and to be young1 was very heaven4 ,the task indeed is enormous1 but the incentive most inspiring4 ,we are bound to meet with the fluctuations and uncertainties of the human mind1 particularly in such times of readjustment and intellectual unrest4 ,let us then never forget that since the coming of ,christ and the establishment of ,his ,church on earth the principles of ,his teaching are for all nations4 ,the sun of truth has its meridian in ,rome1 on the rock of ,peter4 ,there it stands at its zenith1 in the permanent blaze of a perennial mid-day2 there it sets the time for the ,catholic world amid the ever-changing and conflicting problems of human history4 ,stat ,crux dum volvitur orbis4 #a ,a speech delivered in the ,assembly ,hall of the ,knights of ,columbus1 ,st4 ,john1 ,n4,b41 ,december #bb1 #aiah4 ,the ,catholic ,mind of ,new ,york reproduced it in one of its issues4 #b ,r4 ,h4 ,tierney1 ,s4,j41 ,editor of ,america1 at the ,catholic ,federation meeting1 ,brooklyn1 ,september #ae1 #aiah4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,whom ,,do ,,men ,,say ,,that ,,the ,,son ,,of ,,man ,,is8 7,,math4 ,,xvi4-#ac47--,,public ,,opinion ,,and ,,the ,,catholic ,,church ,what is ,public ,opinion--,its ,power--,how is it ,formed--,public ,opinion and the ,catholic ,church--,our ,duties to ,public ,opinion4 ,numerous and strong are the influences at play in human life4 ,acting and reacting on the free will of man they are ever at work moulding his character and shaping his destiny4 ,like the waves of an incoming tide they are beating the shores of our heart2 their triumph is to carry away our liberty on their receding waters4 ,surrounding influences for good or for evil are indeed1 to a great extent1 the determining factors of our moral life4 ,day by day they write our history and with it the history of the world2 for1 the life of every man is but a line on the great page of his nation's history and the history of a nation1 but a chapter in that of humanity4 ,of all the influences underlying human activities in the moral1 social1 economic1 and political world1 one of the most universal and most effective is beyond doubt1 nowadays1 ,public ,opinion4 ,we may well name it the current of ,public ,opinion4 ,in every sphere of life one can indeed feel the constant pressure of its tremendous power4 ,like the waters of a mill-race constantly and irresistibly the stream of ,public ,opinion sweeps on4 ,it is very difficult to determine exactly where lies its strength2 it is nowhere and everywhere4 ,unconscious of its swollen powers it spends its energies for the welfare of the community1 or1 unfortunately too often1 loses itself in an angry torrent of destruction4 ,you thwart its onward march3 it will bury your barrier under its laughing waters or 4 4 4 sweep it away4 ,you ride with it3 it will gladly carry you4 ,you check it3 its troubled waves will rise angry around you and engulf you4 ,such is the current of ,public ,opinion4 ,to direct this great power1 to harness its tremendous forces1 to convert them into light1 heat1 and energy and set the wheels of moral1 social1 and political life running with greater smoothness1 rapidity1 and strength1 should be the noble effort and the great task of every serious-minded man4 ,by no idle whim or sheer literary piquancy have we coupled ,public ,opinion and the ,catholic ,church4 ,the inevitable relations that exist between ,public ,opinion and the various predominating factors of a nation should necessarily interest every true ,canadian4 ,among these factors the ,catholic ,church stands pre-eminent4 ,her beneficial influences and her ready solutions to the various social and moral problems that confront the world1 cannot1 even to the most prejudiced1 be passed unnoticed4 ,so no matter what our spiritual allegiance may be1 the relation of ,public ,opinion to the ,catholic ,church should be of the greatest interest to any one who has at heart the common welfare4 ,in ,western ,canada particularly1 where ,public ,opinion has such a sway1 this subject1 we presume1 must be of service both to those of the ,catholic ,faith and to those of a different persuasion4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,what is ,public ,opinion--,its ,power--,how is it ,formed8 #a4 ,what is ,public ,opinion8 ,ideas rule the world1 but various are the effects ideas have on the minds of men4 ,on some minds they exercise only a passing influence2 they are then what we call ,impressions2 variable as lights and shadows over a summer lake they come and go4 ,impressions are indeed only on the surface of the mind1 like foot-prints on the sand washed away by the next tide4 ,when ideas take a stronger footing in our intelligence and are accepted with a certain confidence1 on their face-value or on the authority of some leader1 they become ,opinions4 ,loosely entertained and readily exchanged1 opinions are the ordinary mental pabulum of the masses4 ,few minds see their ideas crystallized into ,convictions4 ,convictions are permanent1 unchangeable ideas3 based on facts and supported by satisfactory evidence1 they rest on the bed-rock of truth4 ,few minds indeed1 particularly on the larger and fundamental issues1 can claim the right to convictions4 ,for1 convictions demand a breadth of vision and grasp of detail which are given but to few souls4 ,these minds1 few in number1 are the minds of leaders4 ,their noble duty and great responsibility is to ,awaken1 ,stimulate1 and ,organize the thinking of the people4 ,their thoughts1 their ideas1 are on the unchartered sea of truth as the tossing buoy or lighted beacon from which the unthinking masses take their course4 ,rather than go to the pains of thinking for themselves the crowds leave this task to a few and content themselves with ready-made opinions1 as these float by with the tide of the hour4 ,few make up their minds2 they are made up for them4 ,the common opinion which reflects the mind of the great majority1 embodies the prevailing idea1 the universal sentiment1 and directs the common action is called4 4 4 ,public ,opinion4 #b4 ,power of ,public ,opinion4 ,you readily see1 by its very nature1 the tremendous power of ,public ,opinion4 ,it is the reason why1 the basis of appreciation1 the norm of conduct of the great mass of the people4 ,as we stated before1 ,public ,opinion is like the stream that drains to its profit the loitering energies of the individual mind1 and makes them tributaries that swell its volume and compress its course4 ,who can analyze the powers of this ,organized ,thinking of the people in a democracy8 ,who can measure the force of these sweeping currents1 of these tidal waves of ,public ,opinion8 ,in fact1 ,public ,opinion may be considered in our modern societies as the greatest driving power4 ,for1 ,public ,opinion is the vision of the unthinking multitude1 and vision is the first and foremost of constructive or destructive forces4 ,it lights the way and invites action accordingly4 ,marvellous indeed is the sweep of the tide of ,public ,opinion in various realms of human activities4 ,its ebb and flow--although frequently beyond analysis1 are felt on every shore4 ,in the world of finance1--and this is the lowest in the scale of real values1--is not that fragile but mighty factor we call credit based on ,public ,opinion8 ,for1 credit is but the general opinion of the community on the possibilities of the industry or undertaking in which its capital is involved1 and on the honesty and ability of the management4 ,what has weakened the moral fibre of our modern society so much that at times one wonders if we are living in the ,christian era8 ,if the home is now so often desecrated by theories of free love and trial marriages1 if the cradles are empty1 if the very sense of shame is a thing of the past1 if the most elementary principles of morality are questioned1 is it not because the public conscience is being warped1 chloroformed1 deadened by a frenzied propaganda of a corrupted ,public ,opinion8 ,has not the politician and the legislator the ear to the wind1 the eye on the running tides and cross currents of thought1 to know and sound ,public ,opinion8 ,like the skilful and watchful pilot1 he counts with the set of the tide and catches it at its crest4 ,he knows the exact height of the rising tide that will float him and his cargo over the bar 4 4 4 of a coming election--4 ,this tide of public feeling has carried some to the high seas of success but left many stranded on the desert shores4 ,many public men indeed have set out on its angry waters to brave its fury 4 4 4 and have never returned4 ,in our times of ,democracy when the competitive principle has replaced the hereditary1 not the kings1 princes and nobles1 but bankers1 merchants1 railroad magnates1 capitalists1 politicians1 editors1 educators1 writers and artists occupy the high seats1 hold the baton and beat the time for the great social orchestra4 7,ross-,social ,psychology47 ,power and influence1 said ,morley1 no longer reside in the ,crown but in the strong1 subtle forces called ,public ,opinion3 and that ,public ,opinion is apt to involve fatal contentment with simple answers to complex questions4 ,in the great international life of nations ,public ,opinion also holds the reins4 ,this power manifests itself particularly at the great turning points of ,history1 such as we are now witnessing4 ,there is always then resistance between conflicting forces2 and resistance1 we know1 strengthens the current4 ,what power was at work for the last fifty years and marshalled1 on that fatal ,august day of #aiad1 the formidable army that swept over ,belgium1 ,france and ,russia8 ,public ,opinion created by the military caste in ,germany6 ,what secret and growing force made of the ,allies' contemptible army of yesterday the crushing victorious army of to-day8--,the invincible power of ,public ,opinion6--,it leaped from the very depths of the wounded heart and outraged conscience of nations1 and created in a few months that unconquerable army of inexhaustible reserves upon which the ,allies relied until their final triumph4 ,it fired the morale of our armies and smashed the way to victory4 ,for those who could not go to the battle-field1 it kept the homefires burning and fringed with the silver lining of radiant hope the dark clouds that hung over our horizon for four long1 dragging1 weary years4 #c4 ,how ,public ,opinion is ,formed4 ,you may ask how are the thoughts of the multitude so marshalled as to make the unit of ,public ,opinion4 ,as we already remarked1 the thinking power of the ordinary man does not go far1 wide1 nor deep4 ,his facility of absorbing ideas is far greater than his power of valuating them4 ,he generally accepts as real value any thing that bears the stamp of current opinion4 ,his belief in the value and weight of number is without recall2 his absolute trust in what ,bryce calls the fatalism of multitude is beyond appeal4 ,he lives and thrives on the surrounding mental atmosphere4 ,how is this atmosphere created8 ,by the continued1 persevering repetition of the same ideas2 by the vesting of these same ideas in the attractive garb of self-interest1 passion1 fancy and vogue4 ,on this process1 we all know by experience1 is based the ever youthful power of ,advertisement 4 4 4 and of ,fashion4 ,advertisement6 ,modern business is built to a great extent on the mysterious allurement1 the attractive invitation and innocent camouflage of the advertisement that you find sparkling everywhere1 on the flashy poster1 in the show-window1 in the magazine1 in the daily paper4 ,without willingness to admit our weakness1 we fall victims to this wizard that we despised yesterday and court to-day1 and line up at the counter 4 4 4 for a ,special ,sale1 an ,astonishing ,bargain4 ,we are so thoroughly accustomed to the exploits of the advertiser that we take them as a matter of course1 rarely pausing to appreciate the art1 or at least1 the artfulness with which we have been lured into the acceptance of his ideas4 ,fashion6 ,who can analyze this power so great1 so universal8 ,who can explain the psychology of this fact8 ,every spring and fall of the year ,dame ,fashion has an opening-ball--,paris plays the tune1 ,new ,york wields the baton1 the ladies of the world 4 4 4 keep time 4 4 4 and the gentlemen pay the piper4 ,we mention these facts of every day life to illustrate the permeating and driving force of an idea1 when constantly kept before the mind4 ,and what advertisement and fashion are in the commercial and social life1 ,propaganda and ,publicity are in the world of thought4 ,the policy of propaganda is to enlist the active co-operation of every vehicle of thought for the furtherance of an idea and to keep that idea ever before the public4 ,one readily sees the tremendous responsibilities1 and understands the flagrant abuses of those called to create and direct ,public ,opinion4 ,the supremacy of ideas1 it was stated1 gives the greatest places of opportunity to those who awaken1 stimulate and organize the thinking of the people and especially the thinking of a people in a democracy4 ,the teacher's desk1 the preacher's pulpit1 the orator's platform1 the writer and editor's sanctum--these are the places of true leadership1 the thrones of real power4 ,this analysis of ,public ,opinion1 of its power1 of its formation will now make us better understand its relations with the ,catholic ,church4 ,public ,opinion and the ,catholic ,church4 ,nowadays the relation of ,public ,opinion to the ,catholic ,church is1 generally speaking1 one of suspicion1 frequently of silent contempt and very often of open hostility4 ,this statement of fact may appear to many too sweeping2 its broadness may trouble the peaceful faith of others4 ,yet1 history and every day experience prove the truth of our assertion4 ,we go further and claim that for the ,church this condition will1 and must exist4 ,the ,church1 like ,christ1 her ,founder and ,master1 is to be a ,sign of ,contradiction4 ,her very name ,catholic is a perennial witness to her sublime and admirable ,catholicity1 and thereby an abiding proof of her ,divinity4 ,a ,church that modifies her tenets and adjusts her moral standards to accommodate herself to the conveniences and fancies of the world is not1 and cannot be the ,church of ,christ4 ,now1 as in the times of the ,apostles1 the ,church ,is a ,sect that is everywhere spoken against--,if ye were of the world8 said the ,saviour1 the world would love his own2 but ye are not of this world1 therefore the world hateth you4 ,yes1 suspicion1 contempt and hostility are the hall-marks of historic ,christianity1 for they are the realization of ,christ's promises to ,his ,church1 the fulfilment of ,his prophesies4 ,this fact for a ,christian who has eyes to see1 and ears to hear1 is particularly noticeable when periodically a tidal wave of bigotry or open persecution strikes the ,catholic ,church1 lashes itself into fury1 washes the ,rock of ,peter with ugly foam 4 4 4 and dies away1 ashamed of its own powerlessness and unfairness4 ,viewing this relation of ,public ,opinion to the ,catholic ,church--not as an evidence of that spiritual conflict1 often unconscious but ever real--but as a fact1 a historic reality1 some may ask the proof of our rather bold statement4 ,even those who are not of our ,faith1 and yet always wish to be fair and broad in their dealings with the ,catholic ,church1 may question it4 ,the proof is very simple to give4 ,public ,opinion is against the ,catholic ,church1 because the powers that create and maintain ,public ,opinion are against the ,catholic ,church4 ,facts here speak for themselves4 ,the ,press--the ,novel--the ,periodical ,literature--the ,cinema--the ,stage--the ,public ,school--the ,academy and ,university ,halls--the ,legislative ,assemblies 4 4 4 are without doubt the high voltage-wires that receive1 carry and distribute the current of ,public ,opinion4 ,or rather1 like the wireless stations they gather those invisible and imponderable waves of thought and feeling that are ever flashing through the intellectual and moral atmosphere of nations1 and translate their message to the masses4 ,between these powers and ,public ,opinion there is a continuous action and reaction4 ,they are at the same time the moulders and mirrors of ,public ,opinion4 ,they are its masters1 but with the condition of being first its servants4 ,of all these creative forces none is greater and more universal than the ,press4 ,if ,public ,opinion is the king and master of the modern world1 the ,press is assuredly his faithful and most active ,prime ,minister4 ,this chief executive has extended the kingdom of his master to the very confines of the civilized world4 ,nothing has contributed more to the rule of ,public ,opinion than the ,press4 ,with it ideas and opinions run through the public mind as rapidly as the dispatches that carry them4 ,mental touch is no longer bound up with physical proximity4 ,with the telegraph to collect and transmit the expressions and signs of the ruling mood1 and the fast mail to hurry to the eager clutch of waiting thousands the still damp sheets of the morning daily1 remote people are brought as it were into one another's presence4 7,ross-,social ,psychology47 ,the ordinary man now sees the world through his newspaper4 ,he absorbs facts and principles with the shades and variations the daily paper gives them4 ,reports of events and announcements of policies are colored to suit the aims and opinions of the editors and proprietors4 ,windy platitudes--at least for those who know facts and have studied principles--become gospel truth for the unthinking mass4 ,public ,opinion is thus conscripted by an irresponsible power4 ,this irresponsibility of the ,press is without doubt the greatest menace of the day4 ,for1 the opinions1--we mean to say--the propelling forces of the silent millions are at its mercy4 4 4 4 ,and these silent millions make and unmake the world4 ,this great power of the ,press is inimical to the ,catholic ,church4 ,by press1 you will readily understand1 we do not mean any particular paper1 or a certain group of papers1 but rather that formidable ensemble of tremendous financial backing1 of world-wide information-services1 of chains of papers that encircle the globe1 of these various agencies that tap the telegraphic wires of every country and keep the cables hot4 ,the ,hearst papers alone reach simultaneously four or five million readers daily4 ,from ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco one man is leading the minds of these millions to conclusions that he wants them to arrive at--,what ,hearst is for the ,united ,states1 ,lord ,northcliffe is for ,england4 ,this great press is against the ,catholic ,church4 ,the total suppression of truths and of facts2 the conspiracy of silence--often more dangerous than an open attack2 the coloring of news with shades of thought suited to a definite purpose2 the partial admission of truth and the maimed relation of facts2 the bold assertion of deliberate falsehoods2 the deceptive headlines--and the people live on headlines2 the insinuating title which is often in flagrant contradiction to the dispatch it underlines3--these are a few of its various strategies of attack4 ,the ,pope and the ,war1 ,quebec and the ,war1 ,the ,guelph ,novitiate ,incident1 are recent instances of what we refer to4 ,some may object that the ,catholics are of a rather susceptible nature and always expect privileges--,no1 we only want the privileges of truth1 we mean fair play1 equality1 and justice4 ,what we say of the ,press can also be said of periodical literature and modern fiction4 ,the very nature of periodical literature1 says ,cardinal ,newman1 broken into small wholes and demanded punctually to an hour involves the habit of extempore philosophy 4 4 4 and that philosophy1 we know is not ,christian philosophy4 ,the writers can give no better guarantee for the philosophical truth of their principles than their popularity at the moment and their happy conformity in ethical character to the age which admires them4 ,any one who has kept in touch with the stream of modern fiction is well aware to what extent its waters are polluted and have contaminated the mind and heart of our present generation4 ,when the world has been slaking its literary thirst at sources such as ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 ,galsworthy1 ,ibanez--only to mention a few--should we be astonished that public opinion is drifting to paganism8 ,if theories of ,free ,love and ,divorce are rampant in our society1 the responsibility to a great extent lies with our modern novel4 ,the novels that are written and read1 indicate the mind and morals of a people4 ,what could we not write of the ,moving-,picture and the ,stage8 ,suffice it to state with ,rev4 ,r4 ,a4 ,knox--then an anglican minister1 and now a catholic priest3 ,when a nation has lost its hold of first truths and its love for clear issues1 which has had its morality sapped by sentiment1 thinks of ,christian marriage in the light of the problem-play 4 4 4 the moral fibre of that nation is gone4 ,for1 the vision of life and the interpretation of its pleasures and sorrows1 that come from the glare of the foot-lights1 or the dimness of the ,movie-,screen1 are surely not that given by the ,catholic ,church4 ,over the screen of the movies and the proscenium of the stage could we not very often write what the author of the play ,enjoy ,life1 ,max ,hermann ,neisse1 said lately to a ,berlin sensation-seeking audience that was underlying with frantic applause the unsavory remarks and filthy inuendos of the closing act3 ,pardon me1 ,i did not write this act4--,you dictated it to me4 ,in pandering to the morbid curiosity and lustful passions of a pleasure-mad world1 the stage1 the moving-picture1 the novel1 the illustrated weekly are leading ,public ,opinion to depths before unknown4 ,the abyss calls to the abyss4 ,ways of living always follow ways of thinking4 ,should we then be astonished that crime-wave after crime-wave is sweeping the shores of every country4 ,existing conditions in our universities1 public academies and schools are not of a nature to conciliate ,public ,opinion with the ,catholic ,church4 ,we know perfectly well that in our seats of higher-learning the ,church is looked upon as an effete ,institution1 as something of the past that has kept a certain air of respectability4 ,her teachings and her history are there viewed in the light of the evolution theory4 ,who has not read1 a few years ago1 that terrible indictment against the antichristian education of the ,american ,universities1 as it appeared in a celebrated article1 under the title3 ,blasting at the ,rock of ,ages8 ,in our legislative assemblies1 here and abroad1 do we not find the educational problem the burning problem for ,church and ,state8 ,over the head of the child swords clash1 for the child of to-day is the man of to-morrow4 ,the stand the ,catholic ,church takes on the educational problem--from which ,she never deviates--has always stirred ,public ,opinion against her in political and social circles4 ,we have only to mention separate schools to awaken the memories of a long and bitter struggle4 ,the same inimical relations dominate the ,international ,order4 ,rome and its world-wide moral influence have been deliberately ostracized in the recent and unhappy attempt to form a ,league of ,nations4 ,so the tide of ,public ,opinion sweeps upon tide4 ,everywhere its heavy waves break into a foamy froth on the ,rock of ,peter4 ,we conclude3 ,public ,opinion is against the ,catholic ,church4 ,our ,duties to ,public ,opinion4 ,the antagonism against the ,catholic ,church is an overt fact4 ,what are the causes8 ,a distorted vision1 born of misrepresentation of facts and misrepresentation of doctrine and practice2 the blind prejudice against which our refutation of facts and explanation of principles are of little avail3 these are the two main causes to which can be traced this universal opposition4 ,and indeed no one will tax us with exaggeration were we to repeat here what ,tertullian wrote in his ,defence of the ,church1 a hundred years after ,st4 ,john's death3 ,they think the ,catholics to be the cause of every public calamity1 of every national ill4 ,have we not in our own country1 organizations that live and thrive only on enmity to the ,church of ,rome8 ,they cannot meet without passing resolutions of condemnation of the ,church1 of the ,pope1 of separate schools1 etc4 ,we all know how often ,public ,opinion1 in our country1 has been inflamed by prejudiced appeals to racial and religious feelings4 ,racial antagonism itself is only a cover for anti-,catholic fanaticism4 ,let us1 by clear and sound thinking1 by definite and bold expression enlighten ,public ,opinion4 ,to-day ,public ,opinion is shifting as the winds1 swinging like a boat with the ebb and flow of the tide4 ,these are days of loose thought1 wild words1 catchy phrases1 especially in social and religious matters4 ,words and phrases are passed off as ideas1 and fragments of an idea as the whole idea4 ,let ideas always be clear-cut1 with a sharp1 definite relief4 ,hazy notions are of no constructive value1 and always full of danger1 particularly in times of intellectual ferment1 such as we are now going through4 ,they are on the great sea of ,truth as the smoke-screens1 behind which lurk the destroyers of error4 ,cardinal ,newman concludes one of his letters on ,the ,position of ,catholics--which bears on the subject of ,catholics making themselves known3 ,protestantism is fierce because it does not know you2 ignorance is its strength2 error is its life2 therefore bring yourselves before it1 press yourselves upon it1 force yourselves into notice against its will4 ,oblige men to know you4 ,politicians and philosophers would be against you1 but not the people1 if they knew you4 ,create ,public ,opinion by individual and concerted action1 that is our next duty4 ,truth spreads1 not like the devastating torrent1 but like the tide4 ,from individual to individual as from pebble to pebble it slowly creeps in and spreads the silent power of its rising waters4 ,no one ever talks freely about anything without contributing something1 let it be ever so little1 to the unseen forces which carry the race on to its final destiny4 ,even if he does not make a positive impression he counteracts or modifies some other impression1 or sets in motion some train of ideas in some one else1 which helps to change the face of the world4 ,godkin ,problems of ,modern ,democracy4 #bba-bbd4 ,by the continued repetition of truth and the persevering refutation of falsehood we will help to create around us1 in our limited sphere of action1 a sane ,public ,opinion4 ,but it is above all by the radiance of our moral life that truth1 particularly religious truth1 will spread4 ,religion1 as we know1 is of the moral order2 its dogmas1 precepts and sacraments reach out into that domain4 ,paul ,bourget1 the celebrated ,french writer sums up one of his most striking novels in this phrase3 ,at ,forty-three which he calls the noon hour of life--man must live what he believes or he will eventually believe as he lives4 ,to live up to our principles is always the best proof of our belief in them4 ,concerted action will extend the benefits of this individual action to the creation of ,public ,opinion in the ,community1 in ,society at large4 ,as all great powers1 ,public ,opinion is courted2 this courtship is ,propaganda4 ,truth requires propaganda as life needs transmission4 ,an efficient propaganda takes myriad forms but its purpose is always the same1 i4e41 give to others our ideas and through them organize the public mind4 ,distribution of literature1 lectures1 the press1 the novel1 the cinema1 bureaus of information1 active participation in public life are vital factors of an efficiently organized propaganda4 ,the recent ,northcliffe propaganda1 followed by the ,hearst propaganda are typical illustrations of how the public mind of a ,country was swayed from a pro-,british to an ,anti-,english attitude4 ,the ,direction of ,public ,opinion is the ultimate triumph of propaganda4 ,this is obtained when our principles pass into the warp and woof of the social textures which are always in the making on the great loom of our nation's life4 ,ideas have their full value when they are extended to social and political issues4 ,it is only then that they influence a nation as such4 ,for our lives are knitted with the lives of others1 and their action and reaction upon them form our public life4 ,in the formation and guidance of the public opinion which ultimately determines public action1 ,catholics bear responsibility and must take their part4 7,cardinal ,bourne1 at the ,catholic ,congress of ,england1 #aibj47 ,as ,catholics we have a contribution to make to the great upbuilding of our ,country4 ,there is in every problem an ethical side1 an unchanging and unchangeable principle1 the bedrock on which it rests4 ,this principle1 the ,catholic doctrine possesses2 we know it1 we are sure of it4 ,why not then have that aggressiveness of militant ,catholics who take advantage of every opportunity1 without being obtrusive8 ,are we not too apologetic in our ,public life8 ,we would not suggest in the least to be discourteously aggressive1 although at times we are tempted to do so and seem justified in our retaliation4 ,but there is no reason why we should apologize for our principles1 for the solutions we have to offer4 ,the sun of ,canadian liberty shines also for us and for what we stand2 we have our place under the shade of the ,maple ,leaf4 ,may we add a word for our non-,catholic friends4 ,they also have duties towards ,public ,opinion in its relation with the ,catholic ,church4 ,receptiveness of mind is1 in our estimation1 the first and most important duty of the non-,catholic4 ,open-mindedness was named by ,confucius mental hospitality4 ,it opens the door to truth by allowing ourselves to be convinced by the strength of argument and the weight of evidence4 ,this state of receptivity permits the mind to correct its distorted vision1 and to see facts and principles as they really are4 ,freedom of mind enables those who possess it to see things in their true proportions4 ,fair-mindedness will overcome prejudice1 the great obstacle in matters of ,religion4 ,prejudice is made of a coarse and impenetrable fibre1 of a close woven texture2 it is the product of numerous and various influences4 ,the ordinary causes of this pre-judgment or mental torsion are an habitual intellectual outlook resulting from education and surrounding influences1 and a mental laziness which fails to question its own attitude and to pursue principles to their logical conclusions1 and problems to their solution4 ,this explains how reluctantly the mind1 in religious matters particularly1 will accept views contrary to those with which it has been familiar since early youth and which time and surroundings have but strengthened4 ,a straight-forward appeal to fairmindedness is alone able to break down this barrier4 ,duties are in proportion to the responsibilities they entail4 ,public ,opinion1 as we have seen1 is a tremendous power but it is the power of a high explosive which misdirected and ill-used will spread disaster4 ,leadership is the spark that ignites the charge1 is responsible for its driving force4 ,in the days of real intellectual leadership the mastery of ideas prevailed and ,public ,opinion was considered as the triumph of an idea4 ,but in our days of so called democratic equality the centre of gravity of this power has shifted from the leader to the multitude4 ,de ,tocqueville in his book ,democracy in ,america #a has a remarkable page1 illustrating this point4 ,the nearer the people1 he writes1 are drawn to a common level of an equal and similar condition the less prone each man becomes to place implicit faith in a certain man or certain classes of men4 ,but his readiness to believe the multitude increases and opinion is more than ever the mistress of the world4 ,not only is common opinion the only guide which private judgment retains among democratic people1 but amongst such a people it possesses a power infinitely beyond what it has elsewhere4 ,at periods of equality men have no faith in one another by reason of their common resemblance2 but this very resemblance gives them almost unbounded confidence in the judgment of the public2 for it would not seem probable1 as they are all endowed with equal means of judging1 but that the greater truth should go with the greater number4 ,the public has therefore among a democratic people a singular power which aristocratic nations cannot conceive of2 for it does not persuade to certain opinions1 but it impresses them and infuses them in the intellect by a sort of enormous pressure of the minds of all upon the reason of each4 ,to this prestige of vast numbers ,bryce has given a name4 ,out of the mingled feelings that the multitude will prevail and that the multitude1 because it will prevail1 must be right1 there grows a self-distrust1 a despondency1 a disposition to fall into line1 to acquiesce in the dominant opinion1 to submit thought as well as action to the encompassing powers of numbers4 ,this tendency to acquiescence and submission1 this sense of insignificance of individual effort1 this belief that the affairs of men are swayed by large forces whose movements may be studied but cannot be turned1 ,i have ventured to call it ,the ,fatalism of the ,multitude4 ,it is often confounded with the tyranny of the majority1 but is at the bottom different though1 of course1 its existence makes tyranny by the majority easier and more complete4 4 4 4 ,in the fatalism of the multitude there is neither legal nor moral compulsion2 there is merely a loss of resisting power1 a diminished sense of personal responsibility of the duty to battle for one's own opinion1 such as has been bred in some people1 by the belief of an over mastering fate4 #b ,one can readily grasp the dangers of ,public ,opinion at the mercy of blatant agitators and unscrupulous leaders4 ,they have no idea to promote1 but only a feeling to exploit4 ,they flatter ,public ,opinion to gain it4 ,they appear to consult it when in reality they are creating and directing it4 ,they catch the restless and undirecting currents of popular feeling when they are seeking an outlet and swing them slowly at first but with a growing impetus in the channels of their own interest or of the party they represent4 ,the people are deluded into thinking that they are their own leaders and masters4 ,the feeling of unrest that now prevails is due to this abuse of ,public ,opinion4 ,like children the leaders of nations have been playing with this wire of high voltage4 ,should we be surprised to see the world suffer deadly shocks from whence it should receive light and power8 ,we are now at one of the most momentous periods of history4 ,never have clear thinking1 earnest expression and concerted action been more needed than now4 ,the world is ringing with wild words and dying from loose thinking4 ,the persistent statement of principles and the union of all true conservative forces are absolutely necessary1 if we wish to bring the nation safe through this agonizing period and make the world safe for democracy1 as ,president ,wilson said4 ,therefore we claim that it is for the greatest benefit of the community at large to have ,public ,opinion enlightened as to the value of the ,church as a reconstructive factor4 ,great have been the ,problems of ,war6 ,but1 with ,clemenceau1 we also are realizing--and some countries1 with bitter deception and depressing sorrow1 ,that greater still are the ,problems of ,peace4 #a ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,chap4 ,,ii4 #b ,bryce--,the ,american ,commonwealth1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,chap4 #hd4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,truth ,,shall ,,make ,,you ,,free#a 7,jo4 ,,viii1 #cb7 ,facts--,principles--,policy of the ,catholic ,truth ,society--,its value for the ,church in ,western ,canada4 ,truth and liberty1 error and license are inseparable partners4 ,the measure of truth gives the measure of true liberty1 just as the degree of error tells the degree of bondage4 ,this is a logical necessity1 a natural consequence4 ,the ,master emphasized it when ,he said3 ,and you shall know the ,truth and the ,truth shall make you free4 ,these pregnant words of ,christ are the charter of ,christian civilisation and mark the passing of expediency as the supreme rule of human liberty4 ,this explicit confidence in the abiding power of ,truth and in its necessary relation with our moral and religious life has prompted the creation of the ,catholic ,truth ,society and inspired its policy4 ,never was any ,society more useful nor so well adapted to the conditions of present times4 ,the world nowadays is fast drifting from its ,christian moorings and taking to the high seas of modern paganism4 ,the outlook on human life is as in the days of ,greece and ,rome4 ,the old cry3 panem et circeuses6--is to be found on the lips of our multitudes and reflects the aspirations of their life4 ,in the social realm1 ,state-monopoly is fast absorbing the individual and the family1 and is heralded as the supreme ideal of human society4 ,a speedy and complete return to ,christian principles will alone re-establish the world on its proper axis4 ,christian ,truth shall again make the world free and save it from the bondage of neo-paganism4 ,for1 history and experience prove that there is nothing more tyrannical than that bondage--let it be the bondage of ,czardom or ,bolshevism--which comes to man under the cover and name of liberty4 ,in the present universal unrest1 so widely and so emphatically voiced throughout the world1 the mission of the ,catholic ,truth ,society appears as most providential4 ,the spreading of ,catholic ,truth will help the world to reconquer its liberties and1 with them1 true civilization4 ,to state facts1 discuss principles and advocate policies1 in connection with the ,catholic ,truth ,society of ,canada1 particularly in the ,west1 is the object of this chapter4 ,facts4 ,the ,catholic ,truth ,society was born in ,england2 ,november #eth1 #ahhd1 was its birthday2 ,mr4 ,britten1#b its honored and devoted parent4 ,the activities of the ,anglican ,church inspired this great ,catholic layman to counteract the influence of its propaganda4 ,tract for tract1 pamphlet for pamphlet1 lecture for lecture1 advertisement for advertisement was the plan of campaign of our new militant leader4 ,to marshal all the tremendous forces of the printed word for the service and defence of ,mother ,church was his noble ambition4 ,he had implicit faith in the everlasting vitality which lies concealed in the divine seed of the ,word of ,god4 ,he knew that by spreading it broadcast1 it would necessarily fall on prepared and expectant soil1 germinate and produce a hundred fold4 ,with the approbation of the ,hierarchy and the generous support of a few intelligent associates1 the ,society issued devotional1 controversial1 historical and dogmatic pamphlets4 ,small in form1 compact in doctrine1 living in expression1 these messengers of ,truth winged their way through the world4 ,little by little the ,society's influence has spread everywhere and proved beyond doubt to be a great factor of ,catholic apostolate in our time4 ,for twenty-one years 7#ahhh-aiji7 the annual meeting of the ,catholic ,truth ,society was the outstanding event of ,catholic life in ,england4 ,it became the field on which ,catholic forces--clergy and laity--met yearly to exchange ideas1 formulate plans1 co-ordinate purpose and concentrate activity4 ,this gathering gave rise to the ,national ,catholic ,congress--which now stands out as the annual review1 the mass-manoeuvre1 of the ,church militant in ,england4 ,these meetings have made of a handful of ,catholics1 many but neo-converts of yesterday1 the aggressive body we all admire1 and from which we1 in ,canada1 have many things to learn4 ,the ,editor of the ,universe in his issue of ,sept4 #bb1 #aiai1 on the occasion of the ,c4,t4,s4 ,conference in ,nottingham1 paid a beautiful tribute to the ,society4 ,this summing up of its activities is in itself an inspiration and incentive4 ,we are reminded by this ,conference of the debt and duty we owe to the society under whose auspices it meets4 ,the debt is all-pervading4 ,how many ,catholics in this country are there1 teachers or taught1 who have not profited directly and personally by the labour and enterprise1 freely given1 of the comparatively few who1 since that memorable day of its foundation1 ,november #e1 #ahhd1 have maintained1 written for1 and contributed to the expenses of the ,catholic ,truth ,society8 ,it has provided the apologist with an armoury and the teacher with material2 it has saved the scholarly many an hour of troublesome research2 it has given the unlearned instruction suited to their needs2 it has given the masses of our people the popular ,catholic literature they want2 it has been a veritable sleuth-hound on the track of traducers of the ,church2 it has explained and commended her cause to even greater numbers outside her pale who were simply ill-informed2 it has helped more souls than anyone will ever be able to count1 into the ,fold4 ,moreover1 it has been the fruitful parent of progeny 7not always filially grateful7 which extends to-day to the uttermost parts of the earth4 ,and always it has maintained a standard--which1 in fact1 it created amongst us--of material high quality1 of intellectual respectability and of religious solidity1 the more worthy of grateful appreciation because not everywhere fully appreciated4 ,nor can we forget that the ,society is in a real sense the work of one man1 though never has it been that very different thing1 a one-man work4 ,no one layman 7and very few ecclesiastics7 has done a larger definite and objective work for the ,catholic ,church in our time than ,mr4 ,britten4 ,such a record should shame the faint-hearts among us who seem to think that no corporate efforts are of any use in the world now rushing on to its own destruction4 ,that it should shame those who take no interest at all in the progress of their religion1 would be too much to hope4 ,the mustard seed has become now a great tree2 branches have been detached from the main trunk and transplanted in the various parts of the world4 ,ireland1 ,australia1#c ,india1#d ,america1 ,canada1 each now has its own ,catholic ,truth ,society4 ,in #ahhg1 six years after the foundation of the parent ,society in ,england1 ,canada had a first branch in ,toronto4 ,halifax1#e ,montreal1 ,winnipeg1 ,regina1 ,saskatoon1 ,vancouver soon followed suit4 ,silent and powerful as the incoming tide1 the ,society in ,canada is working its way into every diocese and parish of the land4 ,the ,society is now incorporated by act of ,federal ,parliament1 with ,head-,office in ,toronto1 #fg ,bond ,st4 ,its noble and just ambition is to weld into one great efficient organization the various other branches that are in operation here and there throughout the ,dominion4 ,organization means efficiency1 strength and success4 ,the time has come for the ,catholic ,truth ,society in ,canada1 to create its own literature1 to issue its own pamphlets dealing with the needs and problems of our own ,country4 ,we have been importing from other countries and have lived until now on their mental activity4 ,but this move demands unity of purpose and concentration of effort4 ,moreover1 should not this ,dominion-wide organization serve marvellously to rally our dispersed and disunited forces8 ,there is indeed a sad need of unity in our ranks to-day4 ,principles4 ,the assured possession of truth and the pressing obligation for ,catholics to spread it3 these are the two main principles upon which is founded and exists the ,catholic ,truth ,society4 ,as ,catholics1 we are absolutely sure that we have the ,truth2 as ,catholics worthy of the name1 we feel in conscience bound to give it to others4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 like ,christ1 stands at the cross-roads of humanity and cries out to the passing generations as they come tramping down the avenues of time3 ,ego sum ,veritas1 ,via et ,vita--,i am the ,truth1 the ,way1 the ,life4 ,her kingdom is that very same ,kingdom of ,truth of which the ,master spoke to ,pilate when the latter had asked ,him so insolently3 ,what is ,truth8 ,faith gives to everyone of ,her children the right to all the wealth of that ,kingdom4 ,the self-assurance of the ,catholic mind in matters of ,religion is a noted and universal fact which implies necessarily the tranquil possession of ,truth4 ,this certainly is not a blind adherence dictated by fear or fatalism as some would lead the unwary to believe2 but rather1 as ,st4 ,paul states1 the reasonable subjugation of the mind 4 4 4 ,rationabile absequium4 ,the universal unrest and chaotic condition of ,christendom outside of the ,catholic ,church are in sharp contrast with the unity and tranquillity of the ,catholic mind4 ,this is not the place to prove for our own pleasure and benefit the security of our position4 ,christian ,apologetics have vindicated it4 ,this security of the ,catholic mind extends beyond the sacred domain of ,religion4 ,catholic philosophy has been justly named the scientific justification of common sense4 ,its principles do not rest on the capricious fancies of the versatile human mind1 as is the case with the philosophy of the dreamer of ,koenigsberg4 ,we only mention here ,kant1 for his influence has in our days been tremendous and far reaching4 ,in ,catholic philosophy the mind indeed reflects the objective order of things and from that order evolves universal laws4 ,this basic truth of our mental attitude is still more evident when considered in the moral order4 ,for1 when ,god becomes but a pure abstraction1 and the moral law solely dependent on the human will1 one readily sees where such philosophy may lead4 ,this ego-centric philosophy is responsible for the frame of mind which gifted the world with ,german ,kultur4 ,nietzche taught ,germany how to think1 and ,germany had set out to teach the world the lessons she had received4 ,as some author remarked1 ,kant and ,nietzche are responsible for the firing of the ,krupp guns4 ,thus the war has shown the fallacies of anti-,catholic philosophy4 ,from these serene heights of ,philosophy1 ,catholic ,truth flows into the political1 social and economic fields of human life4 ,our principles on ,authority and ,liberty1 on ,capital and ,labor1 on ,family and ,state1 on ,marriage and ,education are as solid as the rock1 and are recognized as such1 even by leaders who have a different religious persuasion4 ,yes1 religious1 philosophical1 social1 political1 economic truth we do possess4 ,but of what use to the world1 to the laborer1 to the patriot1 to the inquirer1 is this truth and the solutions to problems it offers1 if they are not known8 ,if we have the light we cannot hide it under the bushel4 ,we must place it where it can be seen1 where its beneficial rays can light up the way for those who are sitting in darkness1 in the shadow of death4 ,no ,catholic is a ,catholic for himself only4 ,christian ,charity imposes upon us the duty to help our brother4 ,the spreading of ,catholic ,truth is one of the great works of ,mercy and is as binding as alms-giving for the relief of temporal want4 ,the love of ,god and of our neighbour is the foundation of this obligation4 ,this consciousness of ,christian solidarity whereby the rich come to the rescue of the poor1 the learned help the ignorant1 is the driving force behind the ,catholic ,truth ,society4 ,with the vision of the ,truth and the conscientious impulse to spread it1 the ,society is bound to grow in a genuine ,catholic soil4 ,we say it frankly1 there is something wanting in a parish where the ,catholic ,truth ,society meets with no response1 creates no interest4 ,the sense of real ,catholicism and the consciousness of the duties it implies are conspicuous by their absence4 ,there1 ,christianity does not run deep enough4 ,this also stands true where the ,catholic ,church ,extension or other organization of its kind1 has no hold4 ,the same principle is at stake2 in both cases deficiency reveals a negative1 rather than a militant ,christianity4 ,policy4 ,the world nowadays1 like ,pilate1 asks the ,church3 ,what is ,truth8 ,but like ,pilate also1 proud of its power1 its wealth1 and success1 it will not wait for the answer4 ,yet the ,church's mission is to give to the world that truth after which humanity thirsts4 ,her mode of dispensation will vary from age to age4 ,new times1 new duties4 ,her policy is often suggested by the change of front in the line of the enemy4 ,as the printed word is now the great vehicle of propaganda1 the great message of ,catholic ,truth will be given more by print than by speech4 ,this new apostleship has opened the doors to ,catholic lay activity4 ,the ,catholic ,truth ,society is one of its many forms and should1 to be faithful to its origin1 remain a specifically ,catholic laymen's movement4 ,the policy of the ,catholic ,truth ,society is very broad and embraces a great variety of activities which all tend to the propagation and defense of ,catholic ,truth4 ,pamphlets4--,the printing and diffusion of pamphlets are characteristic features of the ,society4 ,these winged booklets have come to be most fruitful transmitters of ,catholic ,truth4 ,silent ,messengers of truth1 they steal their way into homes and circles where the priest1 and even at times the catholic layman cannot penetrate4 ,eloquent ,preachers1 their voice is heard to the extremities of the earth4 ,perpetual ,missionaries1 they continue the work when the apostle has passed to another field4 ,they keep the light of faith burning bright in many a lonely homesteader's cabin on the ,prairies of our ,great ,west4 ,how often have we not seen farmers coming into the ,regina ,cathedral to fill their pockets with pamphlets from the book-rack before they returned to their farms often situated at thirty or forty miles from a ,church6 ,silent ,controversionalists1 they give ,catholic information and drive the argument home without offence to the pride of the reader1 for1 the personal element of the controversy is eliminated4 ,their unobtrusiveness is what the inquirer appreciates in matters of religious research particularly4 ,the ,circulation of ,catholic ,papers and their remailing to those who live far from large centres and are out of touch with the ,church are other forms of the ,apostolate of the ,catholic ,truth ,society4 ,by these means ,catholic printed matter is capital1 bearing compound interest and more4 ,free distribution of leaflets2 the ,mass register in the hotels and public places2 the information bureau2 the bill-board2 information about ,catholic ,faith given by a ,correspondence ,guild2 circulating libraries2 reading and study circles2 reference library2 the introduction of ,catholic literature into ,public ,libraries by creating the demand for it1 4 4 4 these are some of the means through which the ,society pursues its policy4 ,to every wind1 we may say1 it sows the good seed of truth4 ,to fully understand the principles and forward with energy and perseverance the policy of the ,catholic ,truth ,society1 demands an enthusiastic love of the ,church and an abiding confidence in the conquering power of ,truth and in its ultimate triumph4 ,only a zealous and aggressive ,catholic can grasp this vision and walk in its light4 ,but the example of the enemy's activities alone should be sufficient to give us that zeal and aggressiveness4 ,the ,dominion is flooded with the literature of the ,methodist ,social ,service1 of the ,bible ,society1 of the ,christian ,science1 of the ,rationalistic ,press ,association4 ,their activities should act on our apathetic ,catholics as the gust of wind that scatters the ashes and fans the smouldering embers to a flame4 ,generous are the hopes founded on the future of the ,catholic ,truth ,society of ,canada4 ,with its far-flung line1 from coast to coast1 great are the services it can render to the ,church4 ,but there is no field with greater possibilities for this apostolate of the printed word than our ,western ,provinces4 ,there the pastors are yet few and the flock very scattered4 ,the little pamphlet1 the ,catholic paper will keep the watch around the lonely settler's faith until the living contact with the ,church's authority and sacraments be renewed4 ,and in the great battle against religious indifference and profound materialism which are rapidly spreading over our ,west1 the ,catholic ,truth ,society will make us realize the saving power of ,christianity4 4 4 4 ,and you shall see ,truth and ,truth shall make you free4 #a ,this ,chapter was published in pamphlet form by the ,catholic ,truth ,society of ,canada4 #b ,cardinal ,vaughan and ,lady ,herbert are the real ,founders of the ,c4,t4,s4 ,but ,mr4 ,britten carried out the idea4--,it was to be essentially a lay-movement4 #c ,australian ,catholic ,truth ,society4--,at the annual meeting of the ,australian ,catholic ,truth ,society the report stated that during the year #aiai #aeb1cji pamphlets had been put into circulation1 while the total number published since the foundation of the ,society was #a1hcg1idg4 ,the executive had decided to publish in future #cf penny pamphlets each year1 instead of #bd1 and trusted that their enterprise would be rewarded with a substantial increase in the number of subscribers4 #d ,the headquarters of the ,c4,t4,s4 of ,india are in ,trichinopoly4 ,they have already their own publications4 #e ,although the ,halifax branch of the ,c4,t4,s4 does not form a unit of the ,c4,t4,s4 of ,canada yet it is one of the most active branches in our ,country4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,a ,,suggestion#a ,importance of the ,catholic ,press--,requisites for its ,success in the ,west4 ,nowadays the ,press is assuredly the greatest factor of the public mind4 ,for1 if public opinion is ,king and ,master of the modern world1 the ,press is his ,prime ,minister4 ,between these two great forces there is a continuous action and reaction2 the ,press is at the same time the moulder and mirror of public opinion4 ,we all know how the world has turned this mighty weapon against the ,catholic ,church4 ,to create an anti-,catholic opinion1 to surround the ,church--its authority1 its practices--with an atmosphere of prejudice and antagonism has always been the aim of the non-,catholic press4 ,of late this campaign has become so universal and so violent that were ,st4 ,paul to live among us1 he would become a journalist1 said ,archbishop ,ireland4 ,repeatedly the ,pontiffs of ,rome have urged the faithful to contribute to the support of the ,catholic ,press4 ,in vain you will build churches1 said ,pius ,x1 give missions1 found schools2 all your works1 all your efforts will be destroyed if you are not able to wield the defensive and offensive weapon of a loyal and sincere ,catholic ,press4 ,the ,catholics of ,western ,canada should have these words of the beloved ,pontiff continually before their minds4 ,there is no place in ,canada where this vital factor1 the ,catholic ,press1 is of such an absolute necessity4 ,in our sparsely settled ,provinces the ,catholic paper is the greatest help of the priest4 ,it prepares1 keeps1 and perfects his work and very often is the only silent messenger of the ,church's teachings on the lonely prairie4 ,isolation from all ,catholic life1 from its teachings1 its authority1 its sacraments1 has created through ,western ,canada a tremendous leakage in the ,church4 ,this leakage can be stopped to a certain extent by the active service of a good ,press4 ,the ,catholic paper1 indeed1 reacts as an antitoxin against the virus of unbelief and indifferentism which a non-,catholic atmosphere is bound to spread4 ,in its columns we find the answers to the misrepresentations and slanders which bigotry is ever throwing at the ,church4 ,but above all it is through the medium of the ,catholic paper that the lonely ,western settler enters into what we would call the larger life of the ,church4 ,we are too prone to think of and judge the ,church by what we see of ,her in our own nearest surroundings4 ,we lose sight of ,her ,catholicity and forget that greater life which is ever pulsating throughout the world4 ,the reading of the ,catholic paper breaks down the narrow walls of parochialism1 provincialism and nationalism1 and introduces its readers into the more serene and more spacious regions of ,catholic life4 ,this is1 in our opinion1 the greatest benefit one can derive from the assiduous and intelligent reading of a good1 active1 ,catholic paper4 ,australia and ,new ,zealand have understood the imperative necessity1 the paramount importance of a ,catholic ,press4 ,the ,freeman's ,journal1 ,the ,southern ,cross1 ,the ,catholic ,press1 ,the ,new ,zealand ,tablet1 are widely circulated weekly papers that keep ,catholic life so intense in those distant colonies4 ,what the ,catholics of ,australia have done1 why can we not1 in ,western ,canada1 do likewise8 ,one cannot1 indeed1 over-estimate the value of a ,catholic paper1 especially in a sparsely settled country where the ,church has yet but missions1 where the visits of the priest and the teachings of the ,gospel are intermittent1 where the ,catholics are lost among people of different faith and often of hostile feeling4 ,but1 if we wish our ,catholic ,press to fulfil its noble mission1 it must be received as an expected and welcomed friend1 and not1 as often is the case1 as an intruder1 a sickly visitor who imposes himself more or less on our faith and generous nature4 ,what then are the conditions of genuine success for a ,catholic paper8 ,vigour in policy1 extensiveness in circulation3 these are the two essential conditions of success4 ,the ,catholic paper in a community must be a live-wire of high voltage1 carrying light1 heat1 and power1 and not a mere telegraphic-cable repeating what others have already said1 or serving as a safety valve for the overflow of local gossip4 ,the news and issues of general interest should be so combined with local topics as to awaken and keep the attention of the reader4 ,circulation is also fundamental in journalism as well as in the human system4 ,it carries life into the whole organism and is the warrant of success4 ,the moment circulation becomes stagnant and loses hold of the people1 the paper is but a ghost4 ,poor circulation is what gives to so many ,catholic papers such languid existence4 ,how can we create these conditions of success for the ,catholic ,press in ,western ,canada1 where its need is so deeply felt8 ,there is the crux of the present situation4 ,our scattered and comparatively small population1 even in our cities1 the extreme difficulty of securing and keeping managers and editors suited for this work1 the indifference and spirit of commercialism which characterize ,western ,canada3 all these factors tend to render precarious the life of a ,catholic paper4 ,and still the crying need is there2 how are we to meet it8 ,this leads us to make a suggestion which would help to solve the problem of the ,catholic ,press in the ,west4 ,the beautiful work of the ,catholic ,press in ,france has prompted it4 ,the society of ,la ,bonne ,presse issues a weekly paper1 ,la ,croix4 ,this paper has different issues for the different parts of ,france4 ,at the central office1 in ,paris1 exists a well organized boiler-plate service for general ,catholic news and opinions4 ,these boiler-plates are shipped to all the sub-stations1 where1 during the week are composed the pages of local news1 editorials1 advertisements1 etc4 ,this is the most economical and most efficient modern method of publishing several papers or different issues of the one paper4 ,our circulation in ,western ,canada would not perhaps yet warrant such an organization4 ,but working along the same lines1 could we not have one paper1 with different issues for the different ,prairie ,provinces8 ,this would necessitate a chief editor for the editorials of general character1 common to all--and a sub-editor in each ,province who could also act as manager in his section of the country4 ,to write editorials adapted to the ever-changing needs of his ,province1 answer those who attack the ,church in our local papers1 guide our ,catholics in the various issues which are discussed in the ,province1 and control the correspondence for the different news centres1 would be the duties of this sub-editor4 ,one central printing plant would be sufficient4 ,being a weekly paper1 the printing and mailing do not matter much1 provided the plant were not too far from the extreme points of circulation4 ,with the exception of the composition of the specific pages of each issue1 according to ,provinces1 the general overhead expenses of printing and remailing would be the same1 and yet we would have a local ,catholic paper4 ,this plan of unification would allow us1 without heavy expenses1 to answer efficiently the local needs of each diocese and each ,province4 ,we have the ,northwest ,review4 ,it possesses a splendid equipment and could easily duplicate its actual out-put4 ,why could we not take that paper1 and have a ,manitoba1 a ,saskatchewan1 and an ,alberta edition8 ,the plant is there1 and why could not all ,catholics take full advantage of it1 at a price with which no local or provincial ,catholic paper could compete1 at least in the present circumstances4 ,it would require a subeditor-manager in each ,province to direct the provincial policy of his specific edition and manage its circulation in every ,catholic community4 ,this plan would be workable until the time when success would warrant in each ,province a local printing plant1 having at its service a boiler plate supply from the main office4 ,the possibilities and opportunities for the ,catholic ,press have never been greater than they are now4 ,never and nowhere has its need been more commanding than it is now in ,western ,canada4 ,in this period of social reconstruction1 efficient organization and combination of all energies are necessary4 ,organization implies leadership1 and able leadership needs the support of publicity to create sane opinions1 to spread and defend them4 #a ,this ,chapter was published as an article in the ,north ,west ,review1 ,winnipeg1 ,june #ast1 #aiah1 under the following caption--,timely ,suggestions on needs of ,catholic ,press in ,west--,constructive attempt to solve problem which has engaged attention for many years4 ,the following editorial remarks accompanied its publication4 ,we are indebted to ,rev4 ,father ,daly1 ,c4,,ss4,r41 of ,regina1 for a thoughtful contribution on the needs of the ,catholic ,press in ,western ,canada4 ,this subject is by no means new4 ,most people have had a fling at it one time or another1 and those have been most insistent as a rule who have known least about it4 ,the article under consideration1 however1 which may be found upon another page1 besides pointing out the difficulties which must be encountered and overcome1 outlines a constructive policy which should engage the earnest attention of the ,catholic public4 ,a scheme of development is there in broad outline and it is with particular pleasure that we call our readers' attention to it4 ,we would ask them to study it--particularly those who have had some practical experience in newspaper work--and to give us the benefit of their thought and experience4 ,a special invitation is extended to our staff of faithful correspondents and contributors who have stuck to their posts through fair weather and foul at considerable expense and inconvenience to themselves4 ,they are in a position to realize in a very special manner the difficulties of the situation and their suggestions should prove invaluable4 ,if everyone interested would expend a fraction of the energy wasted in destructive criticism in working out a scheme of practical operation along constructive lines much good would result therefrom4 ,suggestions need not necessarily be for publication4 ,any communication marked not for publication shall be1 needless to state1 regarded as private and confidential4 ,but let all help4 ,an old newspaper maxim is to the effect that the printer's devil has ideas that the editor or business manager would pay good money for4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,new ,,canadian ,immigration6--,are ,we ready for ,it8 ,demobilization is over4 ,canada has settled down to the work of ,reconstruction4 ,already the eyes of every serious minded ,canadian scan the horizon1 wondering if these transatlantic liners now bound for our ports carry in their dark hulls hosts of new settlers4 ,immigration is the topic of the hour4 ,confronted as we are by a fabulous national debt1 ,,greater ,,production is the only solution4 ,this intense and extensive development of agriculture and industry necessarily involves immigration4--,immigration is therefore an economic necessity4 ,war-wearied nations of ,europe are just waking up to the realities of conditions4 ,the dark cloud has lifted only to show everywhere silent industries and desolate fields4 ,thousands and hundreds of thousands are turning their eyes to the ,new ,world--as to the ,land of ,opportunity4 ,they need ,canada to break away from a gloomy past1 just as ,canada needs them to build a bright and prosperous future4 ,opinions may vary as to the time when immigration will be once more at its height1 but all seem to agree on the certainty of the fact4#a ,probably the ,british ,isles will open the march in the onward rush to ,canada2 ,continental ,europe will follow in their wake4 ,already the various philanthropic and religious organizations are preparing to welcome the new-comer to our ,shores4 ,misdirected and unsupervised immigration has been for the ,church in the past a great source of leakage4 ,here and there noble and zealous efforts have been made to prevent these losses2 but they were local and spasmodic4 ,it was only a few years previous to the outbreak of the war that a ,catholic ,immigration ,society for the ,dominion was formed4 ,the ,reverend ,abbe ,casgrain was its ,founder and ,director4 ,homes and agencies were opened in every large city4 ,let us hope that this ,dominion-wide organization will once more soon become a reality4 ,a priest in full charge of its organization and responsible for its efficiency is1 we believe1 the main condition of success4 ,and indeed immigration is in ,canada one of those problems that over-lap the boundaries of dioceses and provinces and call for the co-operation and co-ordination of all forces4 ,a leader1 with the sanction and backing of the ,hierarchy1 will be the binding link between the various helping factors and will prevent immigration becoming nobody's business just because it is everybody's business4 ,this method of an organized and responsible unity will alone straighten out our line of defence from ,halifax to ,vancouver1 and pinch out the various salients of enemy forces that are always and everywhere at work4 ,but who will carry out this leader's policy1 once thought out and approved of8 ,as our ,catholic ,immigration ,society is about to reorganize its forces to meet new conditions1 may we be allowed to offer a suggestion8 ,the ,knights of ,columbus have just finished the great work of their ,army ,huts4 ,during the war and particularly during the demobilization1 they had trained secretaries1 hotels1 recreation rooms1 for the welfare of our soldiers4 ,this work has placed them in the field of ,social ,service and given them a standing in the community at large4 ,now why could not that organization be maintained and serve the purpose of ,catholic ,immigration8 ,the ,knights of ,columbus are indeed ready for the task4 ,their chain of huts from coast to coast link together our main centres2 their trained secretaries who have enlisted the sympathetic co-operation of devoted ladies2 the very nature of the ,order1 ,dominion-wide in its organization and spreading beyond the boundaries of any particular ,province1 everything seems now to invite them to turn their efforts to the great ,cause of ,immigration4 ,during the war they worked side-by-side with the ,red ,triangle 7,y4,m4,c4,a47 and the ,red ,shield 7,s4,a474 ,as these organizations are now intensely taking up what they call ,canadianization work in its various aspects1 is it befitting1 would you think1 for our ,knights to drop out of the field8 ,should they not1 on the contrary1 prepare to carry on--as their brother ,knights are doing across the border8 ,the example they are giving there to the ,catholic laity is simply wonderful4 ,it is an object lesson that has awakened the tremendous energies that lie dormant in the ranks of the ,catholic laymen and only want the spark of leadership to ignite them4 ,and indeed no work should appeal more to the ,knights1 for it places them in their true sphere of action4 ,it opens up long vistas of ,social religious work1 by giving them the consciousness of the religious solidarity and the feeling of their social and national responsibilities4 ,with that vision1 under that impulse1 they walk from their ,council ,chambers into the very life of the ,church and of the ,nation4 ,they assume in all reality their office of a ,loyal ,body-guard4 ,for1 in this matter1 our contention is that where the ,knights of ,columbus' ,order is not wedded to some definite programme of action1 in harmony with its aim and constitution1 it ceases to be an asset and will soon go to seed1 or die of dry rot4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following would be a summary of activities to be undertaken in connection with ,immigration work4 ,this is merely an outline that may help in drawing up a more exhaustive plan of action4 #a4 ,permanent ,secretaries4--,in our estimation1 a permanent1 trained and well-paid secretary is the condition of genuine success4 ,the time has passed to have to depend on voluntary and untrained service4 ,times have changed and methods also4 ,the permanency of a secretary gives to our work stability and promise of intense life4 ,this has been the secret of the success of other organizations that we could afford to imitate4 ,moreover this secretaryship can become the mother-cell of various activities which eventually will branch off--i4e41 ,welfare ,bureau1 ,information ,bureau1 etc41 etc4 ,this therefore should be our first preoccupation1 for on it depend the life and prosperity of our ,immigration ,work4 #b4 ,ladies' ,auxiliary4--,local ,women's organization can be called upon to bring their sympathetic support to the carrying out of this work of ,catholic ,immigration4 ,generous and devoted women are always to be found to whom this work will appeal4 ,their natural sympathy and their great faith make them always the ,real ,workers4 ,the very same ladies who helped so wonderfully in our patriotic work could continue to place their kindness and devotedness at the ,service of this great ,catholic ,cause4 ,we only need1 we are sure1 to call on them1 and organize their various forces4 ,why should not ,the ,catholic ,women's ,league have its branch from coast to coast and take up everything of interest to the ,catholic ,womanhood of ,canada1 and thereby1 to the ,church also8 ,this would have a great bearing on various issues and offer a great medium for organized opinion and co-ordinated action4 ,has not the time come when our women forces have to organize and unite into one great ,canadian ,catholic ,body8 #c4 ,literature1 ,publicity4--,we are living in an age when literature and publicity are the great vehicles of public opinion4 ,we need1 to carry on the work successfully1 plenty of good literature and efficient1 sane publicity4 ,the hour has come to walk right out in the open and nail our sign to the post at every cross-way4 ,our ,catholic ,immigrants are entitled to this service which will offset the influences of dangerous agencies that meet them too often as they set foot on our shores4 ,a new map of ,western ,canada with designations of ,churches and ,missions1 with resident or non-resident priests is needed4 ,the map published before the war would have to be revised1 for the growth of the ,church has been wonderful--in certain dioceses particularly4 ,attractive booklets giving useful information and warning the incoming immigrants against the specific dangers he is liable to meet with2 folders and cards with addresses of the nearest ,catholic churches and rectories1 with 'phone number of the ,catholic ,bureau1 should be ready on hand4 ,a list of the various offices of the ,society and of other ,catholic ,social ,centres should also be now prepared4 ,this1 we may remark1 is very important and demands careful study and experience4 ,a short snappy leaflet very often goes further than a diluted booklet4 ,what others have done or are doing in this line will be of great help4 ,before the war the ,catholic ,immigration ,society of ,canada had such literature4 ,the ,catholic ,truth ,society of ,canada could co-operate in this matter4 ,to reach the ,catholic immigrant and emigrant is very often a problem of publicity4 ,posters on the docks1 in the railroad stations and other prominent places1 cards1 notices on the bulletin-boards of the steamers and hotels1 distribution of leaflets on boats and trains1 copies of current activities in the newspapers1 advertising in our papers and papers abroad1 listing of the ,catholic ,bureau with other similar work in the city1 are some of the means to keep our work before the public4 ,let us not be afraid to place our name where it can be seen4 ,we cannot afford to hide our light under the bushel4 ,let it burn bright1 to attract and guide our ,catholic brother as he comes to our shores and goes through our country4 #d4 ,co-operation4--,co-operation of all our bureaus with our ,catholic ,societies of ,emigration of ,england1 ,ireland1 etc41 with ,canadian ,government bureaus1 ,federal and ,provincial and various other benevolent organizations in ,canada1 as ,traveller's ,aid1 etc41 will be a marked and appreciated aid to our work4 ,and when others will see us at ,our ,father's work1 they will refer our own to us4 ,this is the ordinary experience of all engaged in ,social ,service activities4 ,the ,catholic ,emigration ,society of ,england has been recently formed and is preparing for the exodus that will follow the inauguration of the ,government schemes for assisting ex-,service men4 ,this ,society will work on national lines with international co-operation4 ,the ,universe of ,sept4 #bf1 #aiai1 gives us an account of the first meeting4 ,the movement is endorsed by the ,hierarchy and representatives of ,catholic life in the ,british ,isles1 ,canada1 ,australia and ,south-,africa4 #e4 ,finance4--,naturally this work will demand funds4 ,catholic ,charity will come to our rescue as this is certainly a work of preservation which should appeal to any zealous ,catholic4 ,and what others have been able to do1 why could we not find means to do8 ,but in this work the ,canadian ,government will give a helping hand4 ,the authorities in ,ottawa will be the first to appreciate what we will do for our new ,canadians4 ,in a recent memoir submitted to the ,premiers of our various ,provinces the social welfare of the immigrants was one of the topics to which particular attention was given4 ,we can see that the ,government will be ready to subsidize social work in ,immigration1 provided there is no over-lapping4 ,there will be subsidies for our work1 if we are organized and ask for them4 ,when looking over the amounts distributed to various ,immigrations ,societies1 we see1 for instance1 in #aiac-aiad the ,salvation ,army receiving a subsidy of over #bb1jjj1 while all the ,catholic ,immigration ,societies received only about #f1jjj4 ,we conclude that it is simply because we did not ask for our ,pound of ,flesh4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,should not1 therefore1 the work of ,catholic ,immigration with all its wonderful possibilities for the welfare of ,church and ,country1 appeal to our ,canadian ,knights of ,columbus8 ,many and many a settler has been lost to the ,church--he1 his children and future generations--because perhaps no one was there to receive him on his arrival in his new ,country1 to help him to settle where there was a church1 a priest1 and a ,catholic school4 ,no one needs more the help of his ,catholic brother than the immigrant1 who has just broken away with a past made up of customs1 friendships1 racial feelings1 of all that is dear to man's heart1 and faces an enigmatic future4 ,the long procession which we have seen in the years of intense immigration1 winding its way through our cities and losing itself on the plains of the ,west1 is about to start again4 ,shall we be there to welcome and direct it8 ,knights of ,columbus1 what is your answer8 #a #bjj1jjj are expected to come to ,canada in #aiba from the ,british ,isles alone4 ,hon4 ,j4 ,h4 ,calder1 ,minister of ,immigration1 made this statement4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,ut ,,sint ,,unum ,a ,catholic ,congress of the ,western ,provinces1 the ,ultimate ,solution of ,their ,problems--,what is a ,congress8--,its ,utility--,its ,necessity--,a ,tentative ,programme4 ,to know a problem1 to probe its nature1 and to analyze its various factors frequently lead to an easy and happy solution4 ,but as ,church problems are mostly of a complex nature and cover a wide range1 they necessarily depend for their solution on the co-operation of the various component units4 ,this explains why we would now appeal to the ,church of the ,west as a whole1 for the solving of the problems dealt with in this book4 ,of their nature they out-distance the boundaries of parish and diocese1 for they affect the ,church as a whole4 ,without wishing to disparage the value of parochial and diocesan activities1 we claim that the issues we have placed before our readers are not confined within the imaginary lines of the parochial unit or the boundaries of jurisdiction4 ,they will not be met with rightly and successfully1 if the ,church as a unit does not agree on a uniform plan of action4 ,for1 to prevent a deplorable waste of potential powers1 of misdirected energies and of overlapping work1 to forward the great cause of the ,church and realize its ,catholic aspirations1 to present a united front to common dangers1 the union and co-operation of all the parishes and all the dioceses are an absolute necessity4 ,never has the ,church in ,canada felt so keenly the necessity of this union and co-operation4 ,an acute sense of uneasiness has spread1 far and broad1 apathy and lethargy4 ,instinctively eyes turn to the heights from whence they have a right to expect direction and help4 ,the necessity of some ,,inter-,,diocesan ,,organization1 along the lines of the ,national ,catholic ,welfare ,council of the ,united ,states1 is the outspoken conviction of many and the unexpressed desire of all4 ,we are weak in our divided strength4 ,the criticism of both clergy and laity in this matter is widespread and very often justifiable4 ,we could willingly endorse what ,cardinal ,newman wrote to a friend3 ,instead of aiming at being a world-wide power1 we are shrinking into ourselves1 narrowing the lines of communion1 trembling at freedom of thought1 and using the language of dismay and despair at the prospect before us1 instead of the high spirit of the warrior going out conquering and to conquer4--7,life1 by ,ward ,,ii1 p4 #abg47 ,ut sint unum6 ,that they may be one6 ,this is the supreme solution of the weighty problems now facing the ,church at this crucial period of readjustment and reconstruction4 ,a general ,congress would crystallize1 we believe1 our desires for unity into a concrete fact4 ,it would help to group the various thoughts and workable schemes around a definite plan and stimulate activities in view of its realization4 ,some may find it rather presumptuous on our part to formulate such a proposal4 ,our sincerity and loyalty to the great ,cause in view is our only excuse4 ,what is a ,catholic ,congress8 ,a ,catholic ,congress--be it provincial1 regional1 national or simply diocesan--is the meeting of ,catholic clergy and laity under the guidance of the ,hierarchy1 for the study of various problems1 the development and coordination of energies1 the unification and concentration of purpose4 ,the members of the ,congress are delegates from the various parishes1 from social1 mutual and diocesan organizations4 ,it is of absolute necessity that the laity be well represented1 for the ,congress is the great school of social action1 the great medium of educating the ,catholic body and developing the sense of ,catholic social responsibility4 ,the guidance of our ,fathers in ,christ1 the ,hierarchy1 ensures to the ,congress its value1 its authority--,posuit ,episcopos regere ,ecclesiam ,dei4 ,the object of the meeting is to give to ,catholic life1 by the perfect organization and coordination of all its moral1 social and religious activities1 its maximum of efficiency4 ,this necessitates the study of the problems of the day in their relation with ,catholic principles4 ,therefore the ,congress is a readjustment of our vision to the everchanging conditions of society2 desuete methods are dropped and methods more in harmony with the necessities of the times are examined1 approved of and adopted4 ,it affords an opportunity to discuss public questions1 to educate and crystallize public opinion on the ,catholic view-point of pending problems4 ,this readjustment is1 in our estimation1 one of the greatest benefits of a ,congress1 for without it there is waste of energies and danger of compromise on the part of the most zealous4 ,the development and co-ordination of energies will be the natural sequel of this general exchange of ideas1 of this universal consultation of the ,catholic body4 ,when we shall have counted our resources we shall then easily marshal existing forces1 create new battalions for the defence and peaceful promotion of ,catholic doctrine1 liberties1 and influence4 ,to give unity of purpose to the various ,catholic organizations1 to direct the loyal active co-operation of every unit towards the greatest welfare of the ,church1 in one word1 to create ,catholic solidarity1 is the ultimate aim and supreme triumph of a ,catholic ,congress4 ,this congress therefore1 stands for the mobilization of the ,catholic army for manoeuvres1 and does not mean a mere pageant1 a complacent exhibition of our numbers1 the platonic rehearsal of our past glories and great achievements4 ,we are here to do a work1 and not to make a show1 should we say with ,cardinal ,manning4 ,the ,golden ,rule that presides over1 and directs this exchange of thoughts1 this study of problems1 this marshalling of our forces1 has always been3 ,in necessariis unitas1 in dubiis1 libertas1 in omnibus charitas--,unity in essentials2 liberty in non-essentials2 charity in all things4 ,there is no reason whatever why a ,congress should be ever aggressive4 ,destructive criticism leads nowhere4 ,but there is every reason why a ,congress should be perpetually active and destructively constructive4 ,should ,we have a ,catholic ,congress of the ,western ,provinces8 ,the utility and necessity of a ,catholic ,congress will be an adequate answer to this question-- ,utility of ,catholic ,congresses4 ,benedict ,,xv in his letter to the ,american ,hierarchy1 ,march1 #aiai1 underlines very strongly the utility of these ,catholic ,meetings1 ,we learn1 says the ,holy ,father1 that you have unanimously resolved that a yearly meeting of all the ,bishops shall be held at an appointed place in order to adapt means most suitable of promoting the interest and welfare of the ,catholic ,church and that you appointed from among the ,bishops two commissions1 one of which to deal with social questions1 while the other will study educational problems1 and both will report to their ,episcopal brethren4 ,this is truly a worthy resolve and with the utmost satisfaction ,we bestow upon it our approval4 ,it is indeed wonderful how greatly the progress of ,catholicism is favored by those frequent assemblies of the ,bishops1 which our ,predecessors have more than once approved4 ,when the knowledge and the experience of each are communicated to all the ,bishops1 it will be easily seen what errors are secretly spreading and how they can be extirpated2 what threatens to weaken discipline among clergy and people and how best the remedy can be applied2 what movements if any1 either local or nation wide1 are afoot for the control or judicious restraint of which the wise direction of the ,bishop may be most helpful4 ,it is not enough however1 to cast out evil2 good work must at once take its place and so these men are incited by mutual example4 ,once admitted that the harvest depends upon the method and the means1 it follows easily1 that the assembled ,bishops returning to their respective dioceses1 will rival one another in reproducing those works1 which they have seen elsewhere in operation to the distinct advantage of the ,faithful4 ,great indeed are the advantages that accrue to the ,church1 in its social influence particularly1 from a ,congress4 ,and indeed1 since on ,catholic principles alone depend the solution of the social problem1 the welfare of ,church and ,state alike requires that ,catholics in every condition of life should co-operate in the application of those principles4 ,the influence of the ,church in these matters depends not only on her official teaching1 but greatly on the social activities of ,her children4 ,these activities translate into tangible facts ,her doctrines on justice and charity1 and thus spread the beneficial influence of ,her teachings4 ,the specific end of the ,congress is to develop1 co-ordinate1 and direct these social activities of ,catholics and bring their influence to bear upon the community at large4 ,instaurare omnia in ,christo 4 4 4 is the programme of such gatherings4 ,the ,congress 7#a7 establishes a ,catholic platform and rallies our forces around it1 by creating a social solidarity1 7#b7 enables our existing institutions and societies to extend their activities by the co-ordination of efforts2 7#c7 facilitates the creation of new organizations to meet specific needs4 ,we cannot1 writes ,father ,plater1 ,s4,j41 stand aloof from secular movements1 neither may we wholly surrender ourselves to them4 ,we must by common study bring them to the test of ,catholic principles and we must by common action bend them to the great issues of which the world is losing sight4 ,moreover1 once the ,catholic laity has been lured into taking active part in social work1 once it feels that it is no more a dead unit but a living factor1 the ,congress becomes a necessity1 for it then serves as the mental background that throws its work in relief and keeps the fires of enthusiasm burning4 ,necessity of a ,catholic ,congress at the ,present ,time4 ,the absolute absence of unity and cohesion in our various social activities2 the momentous period of reconstruction with its far-reaching consequences in our national1 political1 social and economic life2 the examples given to us by other ,catholic countries and by our own enemies2 these three and potent reasons urge1 in our estimation1 the calling of a ,congress to get our bearings and to discuss ways and means of action4 ,the deplorable lack of unity in the ,church of ,canada is obvious and can be traced to many causes4 ,racial and language conflicts particularly1 have divided our forces1 absorbed our activities1 narrowed our views and made us forget the ,catholic view-point of greater problems4 ,but times and ideas are changing4 ,never1 we believe has the feeling of our divisions and dissensions been so acute2 never has the demand for united action been so imperative as now4 ,the distressing times through which the world is passing have forced upon us issues which will require the united strength of ,catholic forces4 ,united action1 so much desired and so desperately needed1 requires a uniform plan and an authoritative leadership4 ,a ,congress will give us these two elements of a much desired unity4 ,too long1 we believe1 have ,catholic social activities been directed along purely parochial and diocesan lines4 ,the isolated action of parishes1 especially in our cities1 is no longer able to grapple with and solve our modern complex problems4 ,parochialism is conducive to the enjoyment of the ,church's beneficial influences1 but often leads us to forget our responsibilities to the ,church ,universal4 ,parochialism is the clog on the wheel of united ,catholic ,action in ,canada4 7,canadian ,freeman1 ,nov4 #ac1 #aiai47 ,and even on a broader field have we not seen conflicting directions and abstinence of necessary interference1 precisely because the issues were seen in different quarters from different angles4 ,so1 a united plan of action which is so absolutely necessary for efficient work cannot be obtained without consultation and exchange of ideas4 ,this unity of plan will bring the ,catholic consciousness to a focus4 ,it will create an intelligent interest in ,catholic social work1 and lead to the gradual formation of various specific social organizations4 ,when luminous rays are brought to a focus their light and heat are most intense4 ,the best concerted plans1 the greatest enthusiasm to execute them1 will be of no avail without leadership4 ,for the secret of the success and usefulness of an organization is to be found in the ability1 character and ideals of its leader4 ,never perhaps in ,canada1 has the absence of authoritative leadership1 especially among the ,catholic laity1 been felt so keenly as at the present trying period4 ,let us hear an authoritative writer on the matter3 ,when the great buzz and stir of rebuilding comes and the interchange and counterchange of ideas begin1 the newly awakened folk will begin to enquire what the ,church has to say and to suggest on every ethical and religious problem that comes up in the course of planning and discussion4 ,but they will wish to know1 not in the terms in which great minds of the past have formulated ,catholic teaching1 but in the speech and with the illustrations of contemporary life4 ,what we need is ,catholic intellectual leadership to interpret in a way they can understand1 the deep ethical truths of ,catholic ethics1 dogmas1 which are a guide to the reconstructive activities of all time4 ,without changing a jot of the unchangeable truth1 new series of interpretations can be given to ,catholic dogma1 morals1 ethics1 with explanations that will catch the ear of the intelligent non-,catholic1 give him in his own idiom the solid gist of ,catholic ,doctrine and appeal to him with the simple eloquence that ,truth always has1 when presented in the proper way4 7,father ,garesche1 ,s4,j41 ,america1 ,dec4 #bh47 ,for1 as the ,editor of the ,universe said1 commenting on the death of ,sir ,mark ,sykes1 ,the secret of ideal ,catholic leadership lies in a passionate desire for the ,catholic good inseparable from the common good1 combined with a complete aloofness from any sectional interest4 ,now1 we may ask1 what has given to ,catholic ,france1 ,catholic ,belgium1 ,catholic ,england1 these eminent leaders who in public and social life1 are by their fearless courage and ceaseless action1 the very personification of ,catholicism8 ,it is without doubt their ,catholic ,congresses4 ,there1 the contact with the great problems of the day gave them the vision of things before unseen1 made them emerge from the common mass1 and marked them as leaders4 ,there1 they learned to think just1 broad and deep4 ,the great ,congresses of ,catholic ,germany brought ,windthorst to the foreground and made him the leader of the greatest ,catholic organization4 ,what the ,congresses have done for ,catholic ,germany1 ,belgium1 ,france and ,england1 they will also do for ,canada4 ,they will give us true leaders1 men of clear vision1 of indomitable and fearless will1 of patient and persevering action4 ,for mistaken leadership is still a greater calamity than the absence of it4 ,the ,plenary ,council of ,quebec urges the ,catholics of ,canada to meet in ,congress3 ,qui quidem in talium caetuum frequentia liberius poterunt et validius sui nominis professionem sustinere1 hostiles impetus propulsare4 ,in the mind of the great ,pope ,leo ,,xiii1 whose words are here quoted1 a ,congress is the most powerful offensive and defensive weapon4 ,quebec ,plenary ,council--,no4 #dda1 d4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,we may then conclude with a ,french writer3 ,a ,congress is a sacrament of unity4 ,it will visualize to the modern pagan for whom unity of doctrine means nothing1 the tremendous powers1 the living influences that flow from that same unity on the world4 ,and for the ,catholics at large it will now answer to a widespread1 deep-seated longing for a more effective national ,catholic unity of action4 ,yes1 at all times1 a ,congress is a necessity for united action2 but in the troubled periods we now face1 after the war1 it becomes a factor of supreme interest and of the most vital importance4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,reconstruction is the world's watch-word as nations rise from the ruins a long protracted and universal war has accumulated around them4 ,the period of reconstruction1 more than that of the war1 will test our national fibre4 ,the problems we face are in extent1 in character1 in complexity greater than at any other period of history4 ,the strain will be greater1 for the conflict is being lifted to a higher plane1 that of ideas4 ,and ideas are the supreme realities1 the dynamic forces that rule the world1 the fulcrum that shifts the axis of the world's civilization4 ,in these momentous times1 the isolation of ,catholics would be a calamity2 their participation1 a blessing1 for ,church and country4 ,to stand aloof from the solution of the problems that stare us in the face and insistently demand attention and solution1 to confine our efforts solely to parochial institutions and not enter into the broader field of public life is for ,catholics1 at this hour1 nothing short of a calamity4 ,the consequences of this abstention will be to limit our action to mere protestation and often useless defence1 when our principles are assailed and our positions in danger1 when a leakage1 through the social activities of others1 is but too manifest4 ,let us on the contrary1 turn the energies we lose in mere defence to constructive work1 and our positions will be safer1 and our principles better appreciated4 ,our liberties are best defended when ,catholics throw themselves into the stream of public life4 ,and does not ,catholic doctrine stand essentially for constructive forces in the social1 political and economic life of a country8 ,we possess the foundation1 the plans1 the material of all true and lasting social reconstruction4 ,the ,gospel and the natural law form the rock-bottom foundation2 the definite and unchanging principles of morality are its structural lines2 justice is as the steel girders and charity the fast-binding cement4 ,at the present day1 wrote ,professor ,g4 ,toniolo1 the eminent ,catholic ,italian economist1 the great ,encyclicals of ,leo ,,xiii1 which1 sustained by the common light of the ,evangelical teachings of ,christian philosophy and ,revelation1 have illuminated all the phases of social1 civil and political knowledge in harmonious1 logical connections4 ,at the present day we possess a unified complex of sociological teachings1 brought together in a system1 which rests against the supernatural1 which measures up to the problems of our age1 which1 absorbing everything1 takes unto itself all that is true in modern science and is proven by experience1 and thus is prepared to oppose successfully a positivistic1 materialistic and anti-,christian sociology4 ,yes1 we possess the true solution of modern problems and 4 4 4 what are we doing to give it to the world1 to the community in which we live8 ,why1 the very fabric of social order is questioned1 our working men are absorbing everywhere the most subversive doctrines2 the relations between capital and labor are strained to a breaking-point2 our industrial system is controlled by economic theories divorced from ethics1 whereby the worker is a mere producer2 the ,state-monopoly is gradually spreading its influences as huge tentacles1 around our most sacred liberties2 the equilibrium between liberty and authority--these two poles of ,christian civilization--is being displaced2 4 4 4 and what are the activities of the ,catholic body1 as a whole1 in ,canada1 to stem the rising tide8 ,a sermon1 now and then1 on ,socialism or on the rights and duties of labour1 will not solve the problems and extinguish the volcano upon which we are peacefully living4 ,in our cities1 the housing problem1 which involves to a great extent1 the moral life of the masses1 is acute2 the white slave traffic has established its haunts and commercialized vice2 the moving picture-show has become everywhere the most popular educational factor3 at its school the young generation1 eyes riveted on the flickering screen1 is drinking in the alluring lessons of free love1 divorce and every anti-,christian doctrine2 our ports will soon see a new tide of immigration invade our shores2 the non-catholic denominations are crumbling away under the very weight of their destructive and disintegrating principle of private judgment2 we are surrounded with pagans to whom the supernatural religion of ,christianity is but a name or a memory2 from our great ,west comes the urgent cry for help1 for men and money2 the ,church ,extension1 as the watchman in the night is crying out to our uninterested ,catholics--the day is coming1 the night is coming--meaning that the faint streak on the eastern horizon may be the last rays of a dying day or the first blush of a new dawn2 4 4 4 and what are we doing8 ,here and there1 a spasmodic effort1 a generous outburst of zeal--the work of some society1 parish or diocese4 ,while1 what we need now is the combined effort of all the ,catholics4 ,this will only be obtained through a ,congress4 ,what we need is organized opinion4 ,the modern world is very sensitive to organized opinion4--,let us get together6 ,we only need leaders to see our opinion become articulate and authoritative and make its weight felt in public life4 ,never has a ,congress been more necessary than now4 ,without it1 ,catholics will not take part in reconstruction1 for a ,congress alone can unite us and give us the guarantee that our energies will not be frittered away by overlapping and friction4 ,there is a great moral tide now running in the world1 said ,president ,wilson in his toast to the ,king of ,england 4 4 4 and that tide is the great opportunity for ,catholic social principles to take the high sea of public life4 ,let us therefore1 like the skilful mariner1 count with this set of the tide and catch it at its crest4 ,there is a tide in the affairs of nations like that of men1 which when taken at the flood leads on to glory4 ,if we do not direct the ideas that are awork in the seething mind of the world1 they will spend their energies in retributive destruction1 wrote the ,philosopher ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,the thrilling opportunities of the time1 we will say with ,father ,garesche1 ,s4,j41 should stir us to the depths of our souls' capacity with enthusiasm1 energy and sacrifice4 4 4 4 ,our realization of the needs and chances of the ,church and the world1 should stir us to the utmost of personal effort4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,exempla ,trahunt4--,the great benefits that have ensued from a general consultation or meeting of the body ,catholic in various countries form the best standing proof of their value4 ,in ,england the annual conference of the ,catholic ,truth ,society and other federated ,societies1 is the leading event of ,catholic life4 ,it has developed among the ,english ,catholic laity1 a militant1 virile ,catholicism1 most remarkable for its aggressive policy and wonderful for its array of social organizations1 as one may readily learn from the ,hand-book of ,catholic ,charitable and ,social work published by the ,c4 ,t4 ,society of ,london4 ,who does not know the wonderful results of the yearly ,catholic ,congresses of ,germany before the war8 ,we would refer the reader to the wonderful book of ,father ,plater1 ,s4,j41 ,catholic ,social ,work in ,germany4 ,to the same source may be traced the great social activities of ,catholics in ,france and ,belgium4 ,in #aiai the ,catholics of ,holland met at ,utrecht1 and in a national general convention1 discussed the ,catholic view-point of burning questions--political1 social and spiritual4 ,the results of their united efforts are already tangible4 ,legislation favourable to ,catholic ,schools has been enacted2 a ,catholic ,university is being founded2 the ,catholic press is a power2 sane social legislation has been adopted4 ,an example that may strike home better1 is one that comes from our brethren in the ,united ,states4 ,federation has already accomplished wonders among our ,american ,catholics and is welding into one great unit the various societies of the ,church in that immense country4 ,this federation is only in its infancy and already its action has created a mental attitude which makes united action1 in various spheres1 a reality4 ,the annual meetings of the ,catholic ,education ,association1 of the ,catholic ,hospitals1 of ,catholic ,charities1 of ,catholic ,press make good our statement4 ,these gatherings have broadened the outlook and sympathies of the ,american ,catholics in general1 and created the vision1 the sterling ,catholicism1 the fearless energy and the fervent enthusiasm that characterize leaders4 ,has not the general meeting of the ,american ,catholic ,hierarchy opened a new era for the ,church in the ,united ,states8 ,five ,boards have been formed3 ,education1 ,social ,work1 ,press and ,literature1 ,lay ,societies1 ,home and ,foreign ,missions4 ,through these channels the ,american ,episcopacy will know the doings1 the needs and the possibilities of the ,church as a whole1 and be able at any time1 to throw1 on a given point1 on a new issue1 the full weight of united forces4 ,the ,welfare ,council begins its second year of life and activity4 ,it has already1 in a remarkable and effective way1 shown the wonderful wealth of ,catholic activity1 and ,catholic ,service throughout the country2 it has unified our ,catholic organizations1 leaving to all their autonomy2 it has made ,catholic faith a greater factor in ,american life2 and under its leaders it will1 without doubt1 be a further source of strength1 of help and co-operation to the entire ,catholic body of the ,country4 ,it is the ,catholic body expressing itself with one voice and one heart in the work and in the interests common to us all as ,catholics4--,the ,n4,c4,w4,c4 ,bulletin1 ,oct41 #aibj4 ,fas est ab hoste doceri4 4 4 4 ,powerful is the example of a brother1 but often1 stronger and more pungent is the example that comes from an enemy4 ,there are times indeed1 when shame and honour are stronger than love4 ,this brings us to speak of the tremendous activities of our separated brethren4 ,never have their efforts in view of organizing their social service departments been so persistent and so manifest1 particularly in the mission field4 ,doctrinal lines are being lowered and various denominations absorbed gradually into a ,church-union scheme from coast to coast4 ,a social service programme is the only binding element which is giving to them a fictitious unity4 ,fabulous sums are placed at the disposal of these bodies for home and foreign mission work4 ,the ,methodist ,conference of ,canada 7#aiah--;,hamilton7 has pledged itself to levy #h1jjj1jjj in the next four years for mission work4 ,in our own country1 in our ,western ,provinces1 the field secretaries are most active among our ,catholic foreigners4 ,on the landing stage of our docks they are found to welcome the immigrants to our shores4 ,and what could we not say of their press activities6 ,this movement for co-operation has1 since the end of the war1 taken tremendous proportions4 ,here is a fact which speaks volumes4 4 4 4 ,the fight between ,protestants and ,catholics1 said a ,german ,protestant minister1 will forthwith subside in the domain of dogma1 but it will rise in the domain of social problems4 ,no doubt truth in the social order will prevail as it has prevailed in the field of religious dogma4 ,but we have to change our strategy1 study new tactics1 and in our plan of campaign turn from the defensive to the offensive4 ,never should the ,catholics of ,canada present a more united front4 ,to sneer and snap our fingers at the energies and organizing powers of others is often but a poor excuse for our own inertia4 ,it is certainly no argument4 ,fas est ab hoste doceri4 ,the lesson has often a sting1 but it is a lesson4 4 4 4 ,we need organization6 4 4 4 ,the ,congress is the great medium of organization4 ,what are we going to do8 ,changing a little the wording of one of ,cicero's famous sentences1 in his orations against ,catiline1 the arch-enemy of ,rome1 we shall say3 ,the enemy is at our doors6 4 4 4 and we are not even deliberating6 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,before giving a suggestive programme for a ,congress may we answer some objections4 ,the need for co-operation and co-ordination is indeed admitted on all hands2 it is its feasibility that is doubted by so many good ,catholics4 ,it is admitted to be an ideal2 the question that is raised is whether the difficulties are not too great to be surmounted otherwise than by a very slow and lengthy process of evolution4 ,that such a gradual evolution would be in accordance with both nature and history we should be the first to admit4 ,but1 after all1 there is such a thing as retarding or assisting the process of evolution4 ,the valuable maxim that 'things are what they are and their consequences will be what they will be1' is after all but half the truth4 ,no ,catholic believes that we are carried helpless along a stream of circumstances4 ,he believes that man is man1 a free being whose free action can within limits mould circumstance2 and he believes that ,god is ,god1 the one free ,being ,who can and does overrule circumstance1 and ,who1 when and where ,he pleases1 gives efficacy to the endeavour of ,his free creatures to do the same4 7,universe1 ,aug4 #aeth1 #aiai47 ,some may say that by coming together we shall awaken susceptibilities1 our motives will be suspected 4 4 4 and the final result will be more prejudice1 more bigotry4 4 4 4 ,there is no reason why a ,congress should be of an unfriendly aggressiveness4 ,we have ideas to advocate1 they stand on their own merit4 ,they are in our belief1 the only key of salvation2 let us then get together and bring them by organization and team work1 into the domain of realities4 ,moreover1 our enemies are not so very particular in dealing with us and with our principles4 ,the best policy is to meet in the open1 as our ,catholics are doing in ,england and stand on the value of our doctrine and our works--,ex fructibus cognescetis illos4 ,what about the autonomy of parish and diocesan units8 ,are they not supreme8 ,will not what we advocate interfere with these organizations8 ,will it not destroy the work of our parochial societies1 etc41 etc48 ,organization which would attempt to meddle with local autonomy would not only defeat its purpose1 but would be chiselling its own epitaph4 4 4 4 ,the parish and diocesan units are and must ever remain supreme1 each in its own sphere4 ,we could never get a better working basis2 more genuine ,christian charity and self sacrifice could not be met with outside of our acting brotherhoods and charitable organizations4 4 4 4 ,but1 what we need more is co-operation between these various units in view of solving the complex social problems1 especially in our cities4 ,this suppresses neglect and over-lapping1 gives efficiency with the least waste of energies4 ,blend organization and co-ordination with the greatest amount of local autonomy and individual initiative3 this is the sole aim a ,congress has in view4 ,there1 and there alone1 lies the solution of our problems4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,tentative ,programme of ,congress4 ,i--,preparation4 ,the remote preparation for such a great and important undertaking1 would consist in what we would term an educational campaign4 ,the initial difficulty1 the greatest obstacle would be to overcome the general apathy1 the want of interest1 vis inertiae4 ,this could be done by the ,catholic press1 lectures1 sermons1 etc4 ,it may take time to wake up our people from their slumber1 but the faith is there with its latent energies1 and we can count on them4 ,the forces are there2 they only need an occasion to call them into play4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,the immediate preparation would consist in the appointment of a small but strong organizing committee4 ,agitation without organization is useless4 ,on the choice and activities of this committee depends the entire success of the congress4 ,the various activities of this committee would be3 #a4 ,decide on ,name4--,congress1 4 4 4 ,conference1 4 4 4 ,catholic ,social ,service ,meeting1 etc4 4 4 4 ,this seems of no importance2 but1 in fact1 it often goes a long way in interesting the public and warding off prejudice4 #b4 ,decide on ,place4--,winnipeg--,regina--,edmonton-- ,calgary--,saskatoon--,vancouver4 #c4 ,decide on ,delegates4--,mode of selection1--clerical1--lay4 ,it is very essential that a meeting of that kind should be thoroughly popular and representative4 #d4 ,decide on ,speakers1 ,language4--7,one or several sections47 #e4 ,decide on ,programme4--,this is really the essential work of the organizing committee4 ,in drawing the agenda1 emphasis is to be laid upon problems of immediate necessity3 ,defence and construction2 defence against the enemies' activities2 strong constructive policy with a wide scope for all energies3 these are the two poles on which revolve a good programme4 ,racial--,language--,political issues are to be absolutely barred from the programme4 #f4 ,decide on ,committees4--,their number and matters to be trusted to them4 #g4 ,sub-committees can be appointed for publicity1 information1 reception 7ceremonies71 invitations1 billeting4 #h4 ,appointment of ,permanent ,secretary4 4 4 4 ,n4,b4--,in a work of this nature it is the quiet1 silent1 well-thought-out preparatory work that counts4 ,the distribution of the work 7papers--speakers--leaders7 is the secret of genuine success4 ,therefore1 to make a ,congress a success1 we need3 #a4 ,clearly defined programme4--7,what do we want to do87 #b4 ,compact and efficient organization4--7,how is it going to be done87 #c4 ,competent and reliable leaders4--7,who is going to do it87 ,foresight1 energy1 decision--should mark out the leaders2 ,foresight will give the vision4 ,energy will give the will4 ,decision will push to action4 ,,ii--,suggestive ,programme4 #a4 ,committee on ,education3 #a4 ,our ,primary ,schools4--,their legal status--their efficiency8 ,our teaching staff8 ,bureau for ,catholic teachers4 #b4 ,higher ,education4--,catholic ,colleges3 their standing--,catholic ,university--,affiliation to ,state ,universities8 #c4 ,sunday ,school4--,teaching of ,catechism--in our separate schools--in sparsely settled countries8 ,lay ,cathechists8 #b4 ,committee on ,catholic ,missions4 #a4 ,home ,missions4--,church ,extension4--,what co-operation are we giving8 ,needs of the ,west3 ,men and money4 #b4 ,foreign ,missions4--,propagation of ,faith4--,holy ,childhood4 #c4 ,what are we doing for non-,catholics8 #d4 ,the ,missions 7parochial74 #e4 ,priestly and religious vocations4 #c4 ,committee on ,press and ,catholic ,literature4 #a4 ,catholic ,newspapers4--7,their policy4--,their circulation47 ,vigour in policy and extensiveness in circulation3 two essential conditions for success4 #b4 ,work and establishment of ,catholic ,truth ,society4 #c4 ,catholic circulating libraries for cities1 countries4 7,example of same1 under care of ,saskatchewan ,government47 #d4 ,committee on ,public ,morality4 #a4 ,divorce--,race-suicide4 #b4 ,theatres--,moving pictures4--7,more severe censorship47 #c4 ,eugenics8 #d4 ,venereal diseases8 #e4 ,committee on ,social ,action4 #a4 ,immigration--,reception and direction of ,catholic ,immigrants at ports of ,st4 ,john and ,halifax and intermediate points4 ,care of foreigners 7leakage74 #b4 ,colonization8 #c4 ,young ,men's ,association--on ,y4,m4,c4,a4 lines4 ,young ,girls' ,association--on ,y4,w4,c4,a4 lines--,girls' homes4 #f4 ,committee on ,public ,charities4 ,children's ,aid--,orphanages--,free ,kindergartens--,day-nurseries--,juvenil e ,courts--,preventive and curative work4 #g4 ,committee on ,labour ,problem4 ,labour ,unions--,living wage--,child labour--,care of girl-workers1 etc4 ,n4,b4--,the great point to elucidate in these matters is3 ,must we1 and how far can we1 co-operate with non-,catholic bodies8 ,this is a very important point1 far reaching in its consequences4 #h4 ,committee on ,resolutions4 ,the resolutions are to embody the fruit of the collective experience and deliberations of the ,congress4 ,they will remain then as the profession of ,catholic conviction and go far to create public opinion on the questions of the day4 7,fr4 ,plater47 ,and indeed1 public discussion awakens new thoughts1 gives various views of a topic1 suggests practical conclusions1 expedient measures4 ,it is the crystallizing process of all the activities of the ,congress4 ,,iii--,after the ,congress4 ,the good results of a ,congress are made permanent by the establishment of3 #a4 ,a permanent ,committee of ,clergy and laity--who meet occasionally to stimulate or check activities of the body at large4 #b4 ,a ,vigilance ,committee3 7a7 ,on legislation4--,to watch and initiate legislation--for different ,provinces4 7b7 ,on press4 7c7 ,on social work4 #c4 ,bureau4--,clearing house--where expert knowledge and effective presentation are to be found4 ,to this bureau should be attached a priest who would specialize in social work4 ,he could be helped by an efficient secretary4 ,his would be the energy that would carry to the various organizations life and power4 ,the ,volksverein in ,catholic ,germany was a model in this line of work4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,praesentia tangens 4 4 4 futura prospiciens is a motto which translates well the lofty ideal ,catholics should have before their eyes at this turning point of history4 ,although we stand amid the ruins accumulated during four long years of war and are confronted by distressing after-war problems in every order of human activity1 still we raise our heads in hope and look beyond the crude realities of the present to a brighter day breaking on the horizon of time1 a day tinted with the rising sun of ,christian doctrine4 4 4 4 ,instaurare omnia in ,christo 4 4 4 to re-establish all things in ,christ1 is the only reconstruction that will last4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,ultima ,,verba ,the ,canadian ,west offers to one who has never gone beyond the ,great ,lakes but a misty vision of boundless prairies that stretch over three immense ,provinces and lose themselves in the foothills of the snow-capped ,rockies4 ,conflicting are the impressions that assail the traveller's mind1 various the feelings that crowd around his heart when leaving behind him the ,east1 he faces1 for the first time1 the great lone land of the ,west4 ,from the immensities of the fertile prairie comes to him an invigorating air of optimism which fires him with enthusiasm and confidence in the possibilities of the country and gives him the assurance of its future4 ,from the vast horizon that melts away into the distant blue skies he seems to hear the footsteps of ,freedom treading towards him4 ,this mysterious attractiveness of the boundless desert that the plough has just turned into restful and fertile meadows has at all times a peculiar fascination4 ,but it is at harvest season that our glorious ,west it at its best4 ,then under the deep blue firmament1 in the glorious sunlight and exhilarating atmosphere of the rolling prairie one can hear1 as it were1 the song of the land4 ,with the hum of the binder1 it comes to him froth the long rows of golden sheaves1 it rises from the fields where yet waves the ripening harvest4 ,nature indeed is then most beautiful in the ,west4 ,but for the ,christian soul to whom ,faith is the evidence of things unseen and the substances of things we hope for1 the visible harvest leads to the thought of that spiritual harvest to which the ,master so often points in the ,gospel4 ,under all the feverish activities which characterize our ,western communities lie deep in the consciences of men those unseen realities1 those spiritual values and eternal issues which constitute the religious world4 ,in the mysterious furrows of the human heart is ripening the harvest of eternity4 ,the ,church of ,god ever stands as ,christ by the mysterious well of ,jacob1 at the intersection of the highways of ,history4 ,now1 as in the days of the ,saviour1 winter has set in2 a cold blast of indifference and unbelief sweeps over the land4 ,yet with the ,master's vision and boundless confidence1 the ,church1 pointing to the ,western plains1 repeats to us all the divine challenge4 ,do not you say there are yet four months and then the harvest cometh8 ,behold ,i say to you lift up your eyes and see the countries for they are white already to the harvest4 7,jo4 iv1 #ce47 ,before parting with you1 kind reader1 may we make ours this pressing invitation of the ,master4 ,yes1 the immense ,west is white already to the harvest4 ,there stand as immense fields of ripening wheat1 the ,catholic youth of ,eastern ,canada1 the sturdy and thrifty ,catholic settlers of the ,british ,isles and continental ,europe4 ,there the rising generation of ,catholic children1 like the tender green blades of the future harvest1 is springing into manhood4 ,staring us in the face1 their eyes in our eyes1 the children of foreign parentage wonder what account we will make of their faith1 what protection we will offer it4 ,they are the new ,canadians1 the nation of to-morrow4 ,to focus the ,catholic mind of the nation on the great problems which the ,west with its scattered population has forced upon our attention1 has been the object we have consistently pursued through the pages of this book4 ,for it is a fact of every day experience that problems are only solved by those who know them1 who understand their full meaning1 and grasp their vital importance4 ,our sole endeavour has been to point out the controlling forces1 the spiritual issues that lurk behind these problems4 ,in debatable matters we always have tried to find that higher level which lies undisturbed by the cross-currents of opinions4 ,naturally there are conclusions we draw or forms of action we propose which may not find favour with everyone4 ,there are so many angles of vision from which moral problems can be viewed4 ,but we will say with ,cardinal ,newman nothing would be done at all if a man waited until he could do it so well that no one could find fault with it4 ,were we1 in our insistency on certain topics and suggestions1 accused of undue repetition1 the importance of the subject and our eager desire of immediate action would be our only excuse and defence4 ,the ,western spiritual harvest is indeed great and now ready for the reapers4 ,never in our mind has a period in the history of the ,church in ,canada been more fraught with greater problems than the present one which the sudden increase of the ,west has created4 ,the vastness of their proportion and their far-reaching consequences involve to a great extent the future of the ,church in these new ,provinces and1 consequently1 in the ,dominion at large4 ,moreover this immense harvest is now white and calls for the reapers4 ,to-morrow will be too late1 for1 there comes a critical stage in the maturing harvest1 when the labours of past months and the most bright prospects melt away in an hour4 ,if therefore action is not immediate1 irreparable1 we contend1 will be the loss to the ,church in the ,west4 ,only by a prompt and united action will the stern and burning realities of the present be converted into the bright visions that our ,faith has a right to expect4 ,the harvesters are few4 ,but were the ,church at this critical hour able to count on all the spiritual forces that lie dormant in the souls of her children in ,canada1 the history of the future in the ,west would be different from that of the past4 ,as in times of emergency1 the conscription of ,catholic forces is the supreme duty of the hour4 ,it is the duty of our leaders to affect by a definite policy the indeterminate masses1 just as it is the duty of each individual of the masses to shoulder his share of responsibility by an active co-operation4 ,without a definite workable policy of united action1 and the awakened consciousness of the ,catholic masses at large1 throughout the ,dominion1 the ,catholic problems in ,western ,canada will not be solved4 ,the ,church in ,canada1 we maintain1 stands at one of those critical periods when the sweeping current of events give a decided bend to the course of ,history4 ,the hour is serious1 for never was the future so greatly involved in the present as it is now4 ,all depends1 to a very large extent1 on how1 within the next decade or so1 the ,catholics will consolidate their forces and extend their energies to meet the religious issues of the ,west4 ,were we to fail at this momentous period1 our inactivity and want of co-operation will be charged against us1 and in the eyes of the ,church we shall be marked as felons and traitors to her great cause4 ,the chapter of our times in the history of the ,church would then be fittingly headed with this accusing caption3 ,what should have been6 ,for1 we are the makers of ,history2 we prepare its verdicts4 ,one last word before parting with you1 gentle reader4 ,if you have followed us through the various problems to which we have given our attention in this book you will have remarked that there is one idea which permeates1 we would say1 every page of it4 ,it is the key-note of our work4 ,this idea is that of responsibility1 which a genuine and active ,catholicism necessarily implies4 ,this thought of ,catholic solidarity has inspired our humble effort2 in it we place the hopes of the future4 ,there lies in one word the burden of our message4 ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,west ,,is ,,in ,,our ,,hands--,,its ,,future ,,will ,,be ,,what ,,we ,,shall ,,make ,,it--,,that ,,future1 ,,what ,,shall ,,it ,,be8--,,the ,,divine ,,master1 ,,his ,,church1 ,,and ,,catholic ,,posterity1 ,,await ,,our ,,answer4 ,,appendix ,we thought it would be a benefit to our ,canadian reader to republish here three thought-compelling and illuminating articles that appeared1 the first in the ,new ,york ,times1 the second in the ,century ,magazine and the third in the ,detroit ,news4 ,as they deal with a similar problem that confronts ,canada also1 they will corroborate views we have expressed here and there in our book4 ,let the reader substitute ,canadianization for ,americanization and he will find that the statements made can be well applied to existing conditions in our own ,country4 ,i4 ,,americanization ,by ,l4 ,p4 ,edwards in ,n4,y4 ,times4 ,the ,united ,states is suffering from one of its periodic attacks of ,know ,nothingism4 ,it is seriously maintained in the public prints that our recent ,eastern ,european1 and particularly our ,russian1 immigration contains enormous numbers of murderers1 thieves1 counterfeiters1 dynamiters1 arsonists and other criminals of the most atrocious character4 ,it is alleged that the lives and property of all of us are in imminent danger from these incredibly numerous blackguards1 and that the only salvation lies in what is called the ,americanization of the foreigner4 ,now1 it is known to every respectable sociologist in ,america that our recent ,eastern ,european immigrants1 including the ,russians1 are just as peaceable and law-abiding people as native ,americans or native ,american ancestry4 ,this is a fact about which there is not the slightest doubt in the mind of any competently informed person4 ,it has been repeatedly established by careful studies made by the ,united ,states ,bureau of the ,census2 by various ,state boards and by highly qualified private foundations4 ,furthermore1 the most honest1 thrifty1 industrious1 upright1 ,god-fearing and conservative portion of our foreign population is precisely that portion which has clung most stubbornly to its native ways of life and has been least influenced by ,american customs4 ,our immigrants upon changing their foreign languages1 customs1 beliefs and ideals upon becoming ,americanized1 deteriorate profoundly in moral character2 deteriorate to a degree that shows itself in the criminal statistics4 ,it is very fortunate for the moral welfare of millions of our foreign population that the present furore for ,americanization is destined to fail in its object4 ,its failure is in its own nature4 ,the fundamental social virtues1 honesty1 industry1 thrift1 truthfulness and the rest1 are the same for all societies on the same general level of development4 ,they are not promoted by the custom of saluting any particular flag nor advanced by the ability to read any particular ,constitution4 ,the very complete and profound change of character implied by the phrase3 ,the ,americanization of the ,foreigner can be wisely and safely accomplished only if spread out over at least three generations1 while four or five would be better4 ,every year less than three generations1 that the progress is hastened1 means moral and spiritual breakdown for thousands--means domestic tragedy and congested criminal calendars4 ,there is only one foreigner who is really a menace to ,american society4 ,he is the foreigner who is in rapid process of ,americanization4 ,the danger point is the foreign-born child and the ,american-born child of foreign parents4 ,the danger from these classes is real and serious1 perhaps the most serious presented in the whole range of immigration questions4 ,here again we have very reliable statistics which leave no room for reasonable doubt4 ,america needs protection1 needs it urgently1 against the foreigner of the second generation1 particularly against the youthful foreigner who goes through our ,public school system4 ,the father who stubbornly refuses to learn ,english or to adopt ,american ways is commonly a man of admirable moral character4 ,the son1 often quite as ,american as young men of our old stock1 is equally commonly a youth of vicious and unprincipled character4 ,public opinion in this matter is grievously at fault4 ,there is danger to ,american institutions1 and that danger is real1 but it is just the opposite of what is popularly feared4 ,the danger lies precisely in the process of ,americanization itself1 particularly in the endeavor to hasten that process4 ,if1 as is commonly maintained1 the present need in ,america is peace and safety1 security and conservatism1 then the ,americanization of the foreigner should be slowed down in every way possible4 ,no encouragement should at this time be offered to the foreigner to abandon his native language or religion or to change his ethical or cultural standards4 ,on the other hand1 every possible assistance should be given to ,roman and ,greek ,catholic priests1 ,orthodox rabbis and other such leaders in maintaining and strengthening the traditional loyalties of their various groups4 ,our ,mohammedans--no negligible element in recent immigration--should be encouraged to build mosques1 to read the ,koran and to obey the various other requirements of their faith4 ,our public libraries should provide themselves more liberally with books in foreign languages4 ,foreign language lectures and speakers of all sorts should be much encouraged4 ,by such means and only by such means can the spirit of unrest and disquiet be stilled and the spirit of conservatism and contentment with the status quo be developed among our foreign population4 ,it is a most curious popular misconception that peace and quietness and respect for law and order can be developed in the foreigner by suddenly and violently disturbing his mental life4 ,changing a man's language1 upsetting his moral and social conventions1 altering his inherited traditions of conduct1 unsettling his ancestral faith--these are the very best means possible for making him a disbeliever in all established institutions1 including those of the ,united ,states4 ,yet this is precisely what ,americanization aims to do with the best intentions4 ,let us take a specific illustration4 ,it may perhaps be theoretically desirable to bring our new immigrant to a realization of the crudity and superstition of his ,eastern ,orthodox faith1 and to be a lively recognition of the superiority of ,american ,protestantism4 ,practically1 it can be seldom done and the reason is simple4 ,when a person has been brought to realize the faults1 imperfections1 and limitations of a traditional system of belief in religion1 government or what not1 he inevitably applies his new critical attitude towards whatever system of belief is offered to him as a substitute for the one he has been encouraged to cast aside4 ,most commonly the alternative system1 being human1 has serious faults1 imperfections and limitations of its own1 which are easily enough discoverable4 ,the net result of very much conscientious missionary work in ,america is that the foreigner ceases to believe his traditional faith1 refuses allegiance to any ,american substitute and becomes an infidel agnostic or atheist4 ,the same thing is just as common in the realms of social1 ethical and political faith as in that of religious belief4 ,respect for ,government and law is not a natural instinct4 ,it is an artificial attitude slowly built up in the individual by all sorts of direct and indirect social pressure4 ,the breakdown of old habits of thought in any one of the great departments of social activity very rapidly affects the other phases of conduct4 ,the whole moral life of the individual tends to become unsettled4 ,nothing is held firmly except the selfish determination to obtain material wealth4 ,ideas and ideals which stand in the way of this are cast aside4 ,the ,americanized foreigner possesses all the native ,americans' ruthless greed without possessing his social1 ethical1 religious1 or political idealism4 ,no man can learn a language perfectly who learns it deliberately1 and social ideals are harder to learn than language4 ,they can never be learned naturally and completely except when they are learned so gradually and imperceptibly that the process is unrecognized and largely unconscious4 ,this can never be possible in the case of the foreign born1 and is only very partially attainable in the case of the children foreign born4 ,its complete realization is possible only in the case of children born and reared in an entirely ,american environment4 ,that is to say it cannot be accomplished before the third generation at the earliest1 and often not then4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,fad ,,of ,,americanization ,by ,glenn ,frank in the ,century ,magazine1 ,june1 #aibj4 ,we are a nation of confirmed uplifters4 ,we are never happy except when we are reforming something or saving somebody4 ,it doesn't matter greatly whom we are saving or what we are reforming2 the game is the thing4 ,this uplift urge expresses itself in the movement mania1 the endemic home of which is ,united ,states4 ,the ,american cannot live by bread alone2 he must have committees1 clubs1 constitutions1 by-laws1 platforms1 and resolutions4 ,these things1 the machinery of uplift are his meat and wine4 ,the ,american society women takes to social service and the ,american business man to public work as a bird takes to the air or a hound to the trail4 ,it is in the blood4 ,just now the most popular social sport is ,americanization4 ,it is in many ways an ideal movement4 ,it fully satisfies the passion of the comfortable classes for uplift1 and is a ,godsend to the candidate who wants something to grow fervent about in lieu of a frank facing of fundamental issues of politics and industry4 ,above all1 ,americanization work gives one the righteous feeling of a defender of the faith4 ,the epidemic faddist character of much ,americanization work was pointedly stated in a recent article by ,simon ,j4 ,lubin and ,christina ,krysto in ,the ,survey4 ,they said3 ,every social organization1 every religious society1 every large industry1 every woman's club has been busy for months mapping out its own particular program4 ,the study of ,americanization has been used to stimulate interest in organizations which were dying a natural death2 ,americanization has been used as a pretext for sudden improvements in industrial management when the attitude of labor has made sudden improvements imperative2 ,americanization has been used to give employment to social workers out of jobs4 ,this article further points out the inevitability of innumerable perversions of ,americanization in such an orgy of organization4 ,the article says on this point3 ,every political party has its hangers-on who1 consciously or unconsciously1 discredit the fine principles of that party by their erroneous expounding of these4 ,every new phase in industrial progress has its profiteers--men who capitalize the advanced ideas of their field for their own interest1 regardless of the harm which they bring to the whole by their methods4 ,every scientific discovery has its charlatans who mix enough of the truth with their lies to undermine the whole truth when their lies become known4 ,every religion has its false messiahs1 and many a man has been made an unbeliever because he has followed these too easily and been disappointed too grievously4 ,it should be said that the profiteers1 charlatans1 and false messiahs of ,americanization are not1 in the main1 men and women of bad intentions so much as they are men and women of half-ideas of fractional and incomplete conceptions of ,americanization4 ,the title of false messiahs fits them better than either profiteers or charlatans1 for false messiahs are usually profoundly sincere1 although profoundly misguided4 ,no straight-thinking person disputes the need of a fundamentally sound program of ,americanization1 a vast collective effort toward the stimulation and spread of sane principles of national life among all sorts and conditions of men and women who make up our population4 ,but anything and everything that goes by the name of ,americanization is not necessarily an effective move in that direction4 ,there is slowly growing up a body of incisive criticism dealing with the current epidemic of ,americanization work that is sweeping the country on the wings of clever catch-words and generous emotions4 ,it may be of interest and value to attempt an analysis and statement of the main points of that body of criticism4 ,here are a few plainly valid criticisms4 ,first1 it is psychologically bad to approach ,americanization work through a super-organized and much-trumpeted movement1 because such a policy warns the foreigner in advance that a crowd of superior persons have set out to improve him4 ,that is generally resented4 ,the fact is that hardly a thing has been proposed as desirable in an ,americanization program that is not the duty or function of some existing institution of our country1 the church1 the school1 the industry1 the press4 ,education1 hygiene1 and a decent inter-class courtesy are necessary features of any sound ,americanization program1 but they can be more effectively applied by calling them what they are and promoting them in normal ways than by branding them ,americanization and cursing them with the blight of paternalistic uplift4 ,but it is probably useless to quarrel with a long established national habit4 ,it is a habit of ours to create a new organization for every new task4 ,not only does that practice have the drawbacks just mentioned1 but it robs our established institutions of the habit of doing creative work1 leaves our established institutions as homes of the routine and the regular4 ,there is a fundamental difference between ,england and the ,united ,states in this matter4 ,in ,england the few men who have caught an idea or envisioned a need1 do not1 as a regular practice1 create a new propagandist organization instanter1 but in most cases set quietly to work to get the machinery of established institutions going on the task4 ,an increasing number of clear-minded folk are becoming convinced that ,americanization would proceed much faster and more soundly through the increase efficiency of the existing machinery of school and church and press and industry1 without any fanfare of trumpets1 than through any propagandist drive for uplifting the foreigner4 ,second1 it is a fallacy to suppose that ,americanization is a process needed by the foreigners only4 ,much ,americanization work proceeds upon the assumption that what is needed is to make the foreigner like us4 ,the fact is that ,americanization is sorely needed by many of us1 ,americanization does not mean merely getting an immigrant ready for his citizenship-papers4 ,it means the continuous fostering of the ,american spirit of liberty1 justice1 and equality of opportunity in every man and woman and institution and policy4 ,americanization should be looked upon as the inspiring goal of both native born and foreign born1 not as a missionary enterprise among the foreign born alone4 ,to single out the foreign born as the exclusive objects of an ,americanization effort is organized tactlessness4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the foreign born feel that they are being invited to join with the native born in a vast collective effort to build a better nation in which liberty1 justice1 and equality of opportunity shall increasingly prevail1 they will go out of their way to acquire the ,english language1 a knowledge of our institutions and ways1 and all the instruments necessary to the task of collaborating with us in the improvement of the republic4 ,third1 serious danger lies in the over-simplification of the problem of ,americanization by propagandist organizations4 ,we are in constant danger from too simple analysis of problems and too simple as the epigrams that grow up about it4 ,panaceas usually touch only a part of a problem4 ,it is interesting to watch various types of minds approach the problems of ,americanization in committee discussion4 ,here are a few simple solutions that the writer has heard from time to time3 ,teach the foreigner to stick to the job and produce4 ,we need to teach the foreigner that ,americanism means patriotic production for the relief of the world's present peace-time plight1 just as it meant patriotic production for the necessities of war-time4 ,a great drive for industrial patriotism is the supreme need4 ,teach the foreigner to respect our forms of government4 ,make the foreigner understand that we have settled the question of government forms and that criticism is disloyalty4 ,we must discourage the practice of biting the hand that feeds4 ,teach the foreigner the ,english language4 ,there is no room in this country for more than one language4 ,alien intrigue could be killed if we turned the ,united ,states into a country of one language4 ,make every foreigner take out citizenship-papers within a specified time or deport him4 ,now1 it is inevitable that when ,americanization is made a popular drive by a vast propagandist organization that the army of men and women of one idea1 apostles of simplicist solutions1 will flock into the ranks of the propagandists4 ,even when the official program of the organization is well rounded1 the army of simple-solutionists will do irreparable damage in their work as servants of the movement4 ,the problem cannot be dismissed by preaching to the foreigner that he should stick to the job and produce4 ,the problem of maximum production has a thousand ramifications that run throughout the whole industrial problem4 ,the preaching of industrial patriotism is a waste of breath unless it goes hand in hand with a far-reaching liberal program of industrial justice and efficiency4 ,the industrial program is more important than the industrial preaching4 ,put the program into effect and the preaching of loyalty to the job may be unnecessary4 ,far from being ,americanism1 it is fundamentally anti-,american to urge an uncritical deification of any form of government4 ,americanism involves an invitation to continuous constructive criticism in behalf of a bettering of our machinery of government4 ,it is no solution of the foreign-born problem to preach loyalty to the status quo4 ,we shall get further by saying to the foreigner1 ,we are engaged in a great democratic experiment on this continent4 ,we have settled a few principles in our minds4 ,we believe in popular rule through political action1 but as to details we are on a search for improvement4 ,we ask you to learn our language and our institutions and then give us the benefit of your best thought on ways and means for the improvement of our machinery for democratic government4 ,the bars are down for the frankest criticism from men and women who have the democratic patience to trust their proposals to peaceful procedure4 ,learning the ,english language is only a means to an end4 ,it is too frequently made an end in itself4 ,there is no more virtue in talking ,english than in talking ,hottentot4 ,we shall not get far by the mere exaltation of a language4 ,the only lasting results we shall achieve will be through the making of participation in this national democratic experiment of ours so attractive to the foreigner that he will burn with the desire to master our tongue1 that he may better play his part and appreciate his privilege4 ,a man can plot the downfall of the republic in ,english as easily as in an alien tongue4 ,nor is there magic in the legal assumption of citizenship4 ,it is the man behind the papers that counts4 ,if anything1 we have made citizenship too easy a privilege in the past4 ,now1 all this is said not to suggest that there is no room or need for special consideration of the ,americanization problem by groups of public minded citizens4 ,it is not intended to suggest that ,americanization may not properly be made the subject of considerable propaganda4 ,this comment has indulged in rather severe and unqualified strictures upon the ,americanization drive in the hope of capturing attention for three manifest dangers that may prove the undoing of the real ,americanization work that cries aloud for administration4 ,these three dangers are2 first1 the danger of making the ,americanization movement so plainly a conventional uplift movement that the foreigner will resent what he might1 with a more tactful approach1 request2 second1 the danger that1 by thinking of ,americanization as something needed by the foreigner alone1 we shall miss the opportunity of making ,americanization a vast national effort of self-education in the nature and application of the principles of liberty justice1 and equality of opportunity that1 theoretically at least1 comprise the ,american idea2 and third1 the danger that the propagandist's passion for simple solutions will further postpone the day of a broad and well-balanced program of national development4 ,we do not want ,americanism to degenerate into a mere protective coloration for politicians who want to hide their reaction and their lack of ideas4 ,,iii4 ,,americanization ,,work ,,must ,,proceed ,,slowly ,by ,rev4 ,d4 ,p4 ,tighe1 ,detroit ,news1 ,aug4 #bc1 #aiai4 ,there are two methods of ,americanizing the immigrant1 says ,fr4 ,d4 ,p4 ,tighe in the ,august number of the ,catholic ,light4 ,one of them is revolutionary1 the other evolutionary4 ,to ,americanize means to take the immigrant and remake him4 ,teaching him to write and speak the language of the country is a mere detail of the process4 ,one cannot be awake to the industrial and social needs of the country without co-operating in every movement calculated to discourage the diversity of language1 and to give to the foreigner every facility for the quick and easy mastery of ,english4 ,but ,americanization is a different proposition4 ,trotzky1 when he lived in ,east ,new ,york1 could speak and write ,english fluently1 but he was not an ,american4 ,he had neither understanding of1 nor sympathy with ,american institutions2 and1 so1 instead of setting himself to remedy the abuses in our industrial and political life as a good ,american citizen would remedy them he became an anarchist and envisioned to himself a millennium of destruction that involved the good as well as the evil4 ,americanization is more than a mere matter of language4 ,it involves stripping the immigrant of much of what he has inherited from the centuries4 ,he is the finished product of those centuries4 ,his speech1 his manner1 his dress1 his ideas along social and political and industrial lines have been fashioned upon the distaff of time4 ,he lands upon ,american soil and at once there is a strangeness in the atmosphere that awes him1 it is a new world in truth and the newness of it repels him and drives him back upon himself4 ,the faintest link between the new world and the old is a ,godsend to him4 ,it gives him courage1 it robs him of that feeling of aloneness4 ,it tells him that after all1 maybe he is wanted4 ,in other words it creates an atmosphere of sympathy and understanding4 ,now any educator can tell you that this very atmosphere of sympathy is of the very essence of the class room1 it's a condition of education1 and ,americanization is an education in nationalism4 ,and here is where the revolutionary idea of ,americanization falls down4 ,are you going to prove to the immigrant in one lesson that he is all wrong8 ,are you going to undo with a single jerk what it has taken centuries to do8 ,are you going to take this man and by a sort of patronizing coercion1 yank him out himself and leave him1 high and dry--nowhere8 ,or are you going to give him a reasonable time to learn the things of the new world1 time to be influenced by the new environment8 ,it took centuries to make him just what he is4 ,can't you spare him one generation to shed the crust of those centuries8 ,can't you be satisfied with making him the solid groundwork of the citizenship of his children8 ,do we favor ,americanization8 ,by revolution1 no2 by evolution1 yes4 ,the lasting kind of ,americanization comes1 not through a quick jerk1 but through a long pull4 ,first make the immigrant feel at home4 ,let him get his feet on the ground4 ,let him get rid of his suspicions and his distrust and his shyness by finding out the links that bind the new order with the old1 the things that make for the broader kind of brotherhood4 ,don't rush him2 lay emphasis upon the things that are common2 from them he'll learn confidence1 and confidence is a great big step in the transforming of an ,european immigrant into an ,american citizen4