,libr>y ,edition ,,! ,,complete ,,works ,,( ,,john ,,rusk9 ,,/ones ,,( ,,v5ice ,,volume ,,iii ,,giotto ,,lectures ,,on ,,ar*itecture ,,h>b\rs ,,( ,,engl& ,a ,,joy ,,=ev] ,,national ,,libr>y ,,association ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,! ,,complete ,,works ,,( ,,john ,,rusk9 ,,volume ,x ,,giotto ,,& ,,8 ,,works ,,lectures ,,on ,,ar*itecture ,,! ,,h>bors ,,( ,,engl& ,,political ,,economy ,,( ,,art 7,a ,,joy ,,=ev]7 ,,giotto ,,& ,,8 ,,works ,,9 ,,padua ,,be+ ,,an ,,explanatory ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,s]ies ,,( ,,woodcuts ,,execut$ ,,= ,,! ,,arundel ,,society ,,aft] ,,! ,,frescos ,,9 ,,! ,,ar5a ,,*apel ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,! foll[+ notice ( ,giotto has n be5 drawn up ) any idea ( attempt+ a hi/ory ( 8 life4 ,t hi/ory c\ld only be writt5 aft] a c>eful se>* ?r\gh ! libr>ies ( ,italy = all docum5ts relat+ to ! ye>s dur+ :i* he work$4 ,i h no "t = su* se>*1 or ev5 = ! exam9ation ( well-kn[n & publi%$ mat]ials2 & h !re=e m]ely collect$1 f ! s\rces ne>e/ at h&1 su* in=mation z appe>$ absolutely necess>y to r5d] ! s]ies ( ,plates n[ publi%$ by ! ,arundel ,society intelligible & int]e/+ to ^? among its ,memb]s :o h n devot$ mu* "t to ! exam9ation ( m$ival works4 ,i h prefix$ a few rem>ks on ! relation ( ! art ( ,giotto to =m] & subsequ5t ef=ts2 :i* ,i hope may be useful 9 prev5t+ ! g5]al read] f ei!r look+ = :at ! pa9t] nev] int5d$ to give1 or miss+ ! po9ts to :i* 8 endeav\rs 7 really direct$4 ,j4,r4 ,,giotto ,,& ,,8 ,,works ,,9 ,,padua4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,enrico ,scrovegno1 a noble ,paduan1 pur*as$1 9 8 native city1 ! rema9s ( ! ,roman ,amphi!atre or ,ar5a f ! family ( ! ,delesman9i1 to :om ^? rema9s _h be5 grant$ by ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,iii4 ( ,g]many 9 #ajij4 ,= ! p[] ( mak+ ?is pur*ase1 ,scrovegno 0 9 all probability indebt$ to 8 fa!r1 ,reg9ald1 :o1 = 8 av>ice1 is plac$ by ,dante 9 ! sev5? circle ( ! ,inf]no1 & reg>d$ app>5tly z ! *ief ( ! usur]s !re1 s9ce he is ! only "o :o addresses ,dante4#a ,! son1 hav+ possess$ himself ( ! ,roman ru91 or ( ! site :i* x _h occupi$1 built himself a =tifi$ palace ^u ! gr\nd1 & a *apel d$icat$ to ! ,annunciate ,virg94 ,footnote #a3 ,not+ ! visages ( "s :o lay ,b5ea? ! pelt+ ( t dolor\s fire1 ,"o ( !m all ,i knew n2 b p]ceiv$ ,t p5d5t f 8 neck ea* bore a p\*1 ,) col\rs & ) emblems v>i\s m>k$1 ,on :i* x seem$ z if _! eye did fe$4 ,& :5 among/ !m look+ r\nd ,i came1 ,a yell[ purse ,i saw1 ) azure wr\ght1 ,t wore a lion's c\nt5ance & port4 ,!n1 /ill my sight pursu+ its c>e]1 ,ano!r ,i beheld1 ?an blood m r$1 ,a goose display ( :it] w+ ?an curd4 ,& "o :o bore a fat & azure sw9e ,pictur$ on 8 :ite scrip1 address$ me ?us3 ,:at do/ ?\ 9 ?is deep8 ,g n[ & "k1 ,s9ce yet ?\ live/1 t my neighb\r "h1 ,vitaliano1 on my left %all sit4 ,a ,paduan ) ^! ,flor5t9es am ,i4 ,(ttimes !y ?und] 9 m9e e>s1 exclaim+1 ,oh6 ha/e t noble knight1 he :o ! p\* ,) ! ?ree goats w br+4 ,?is said1 he wri!d ,! m\?1 & loll$ ! tongue out1 l an ox ,t licks 8 no/rils4 ,canto xvii4 ,?is passage ( ,c>y's ,dante is n q s cle> z t translator's "w usually is4 ,"o ( !m all ,i knew n is an awkw>d p]iphrasis = ,i knew none ( !m4 ,dante's indignant expression ( ! effect ( av>ice 9 )]+ away di/9ctions ( "*1 & ! prophecy ( ,scrovegno1 t 8 neighbor ,vitaliano1 !n liv+1 %\ld soon be ) him1 to sit on 8 left h&1 is r5d]$ a little obscure by ! transposition ( ! ^w "h4 ,c>y has also be5 afraid ( ! excessive homel9ess ( ,dante's imag]y2 :it] w+ ?an curd be+ 9 ! orig9al :it] ?an butt]4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! purse to ! neck1 z a badge ( %ame1 9 ! ,inf]no1 is f\nd be=e ,dante's "t2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! w9d[s ( ,b\rges ca!dral 7see ,plate iii4 ( ,,mm4 ,m>t9 & ,cahi]'s beautiful "w74 ,& ! build+ ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel by ! son1 z a k9d ( atonem5t = ! av>ice ( ! fa!r1 is v *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod1 9 :i* ! use ( money = ! build+ ( *ur*es 0 consid]$ j z m]itori\s z its unju/ accumulation 0 crim9al4 ,i h se51 9 a ,,ms4 ,*ur*-s]vice ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 an illum9ation repres5t+ ,*ur*-,consecration1 illu/rat+ ! words1 ,fundata e/ domus ,dom9i supra v]ticem montium1 surr\nd$ = ! purpose ( contra/1 by a grotesque1 consi/+ ( a picture ( a mis]'s dea?-b$1 a demon draw+ 8 s\l out ( 8 m\?1 :ile 8 att5dants are se>*+ 9 8 *e/s = 8 treasures4 ,?is *apel1 built 9 or ab\t ! ye> #acjc1b appe>s to h be5 int5d$ to replace "o :i* _h long exi/$ on ! spot2 & 9 :i*1 f ! ye> #abgh1 an annual fe/ival _h be5 held on ,lady-day1 9 :i* ! ,annunciation 0 repres5t$ 9 ! mann] ( our ,engli% my/]ies 7& "u ! same title3 una sacra rappres5tazione di quel mi/]o71 ) dialogue1 & music bo? vocal & in/rum5tal4 ,scrovegno's pur*ase ( ! gr\nd c\ld n be all[$ to int]f]e ) ! national cu/om2 b he is report$ by "s writ]s to h rebuilt ! *apel ) great] co/l9ess1 9 ord]1 z f> z possible1 to efface ! memory ( 8 fa!r's unhappy life4 ,b ,f$]ici1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,cavali]i ,god5ti1 supposes t ,scrovegno 0 a memb] ( t body1 & 0 assi/$ by !m 9 decorat+ ! new edifice4 ,! ord] ( ,cavali]i ,god5ti 0 in/itut$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 to def5d ! exi/5ce1 z ,selvatico /ates x1 b m accurately ! dignity1 ( ! ,virg91 aga9/ ! v>i\s h]etics by :om x 0 beg9n+ to be assail$4 ,h] knights 7 fir/ call$ ,cavali]s ( ,/4 ,m>y2 b soon increas$ 9 p[] & ri*es to su* a degree1 t1 f _! g5]al habits ( life1 !y receiv$ ! nickname ( ! ,m]ry ,bro!rs4 ,f$]ici gives =cible reasons = 8 op9ion t ! ,ar5a ,*apel 0 employ$ 9 ! c]emonies ( _! ord]2 & ,"l ,l9dsay obs]ves1 t ! fulness ) :i* ! hi/ory ( ! ,virg9 is rec\nt$ on its walls1 adds to ! plausibility ( 8 supposition4 ,footnote #b3 ,= ^! hi/orical details ,i am *iefly indebt$ to ! v c>eful treatise ( ,selvatico1 ,sulla ,cappell9a degli ,scrovegni nell',ar5a di ,padova4 ,padua1 #ahcf4 ,enrico ,scrovegno 01 h[ev]1 t[>ds ! close ( 8 life1 driv5 into exile1 & di$ at ,v5ice 9 #acbj4 ,b he 0 buri$ 9 ! *apel he _h built2 & has "o small monum5t 9 ! sacri/y1 z ! f\nd] ( ! build+1 9 :i* he is repres5t$ "u a ,go?ic ni*e1 /&+1 ) 8 h&s clasp$ & 8 eyes rais$2 :ile beh9d ! alt> is 8 tomb1 on :i*1 z usual at ! p]iod1 is a recumb5t /atue ( him4 ,! *apel itself may n unw>rantably be consid]$ z "o ( ! fir/ ef=ts ( ,pop]y 9 resi/ance ( ! ,re=mation3 = ! ,re=mation1 ?\gh n victori\s till ! sixte5?1 began 9 reality 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 & ! remon/rances ( su* bi%ops z our own ,gros/e/e1 ! m>tyrdoms ( ! ,albig5ses 9 ! ,dom9ican crusades1 & ! murmurs ( ^? h]etics aga9/ ^: asp]sions ( ! maje/y ( ! ,virg9 ?is *ivalr\s ord] ( ! ,cavali]i ,god5ti 0 in/itut$1 7 z truly ! signs ( ! approa* ( a new era 9 religion1 z ! oppon5t "w ( ,giotto on ! walls ( ! ,ar5a 0 a sign ( ! approa* ( a new era 9 art4 ,! *apel hav+ be5 f\nd$1 z /at$ above1 9 #acjc1 ,giotto appe>s to h be5 summon$ to decorate its int]ior walls ab\t ! ye> #acjf1--summon$1 z be+ at t "t ! ackn[l$g$ ma/] ( pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,by :at /eps he _h ris5 to ?is unque/ion$ em95ce x is difficult to trace2 = ! records ( 8 life1 /rictly exam9$1 & fre$ f ! v]biage & conjecture ( arti/ical hi/ory1 ne>ly r$uce !mselves to a li/ ( ! cities ( ,italy :]e he pa9t$1 & to a few anecdotes1 ( little mean+ 9 !mselves1 & d\bly po9tless 9 ! fact ( mo/ ( !m be+ inh]itances ( ! :ole race ( pa9t]s1 & relat$ successively ( all 9 ^: biographies ! public h deign$ to take an int]e/4 ,!re is ev5 "q z to ! date ( 8 bir?2 ,vas>i /at+ him to h be5 born 9 #abgf1 :ile ,bald9ucci1 on ! int]nal evid5ce d]iv$ f ,vas>i's own n>rative1 ?r[s ! date back t5 ye>s4#c ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ,vas>i is mo/ probably accurate 9 8 fir/ ma9 /atem5t2 & t 8 errors1 always num]\s1 are 9 ! subsequ5t & m9or p>ticul>s4 ,x is at lea/ und\bt$ tru? t ,giotto 0 born1 & pass$ ! ye>s ( *ildhood1 at ,vespignano1 ab\t f\rte5 miles nor? ( ,flor5ce1 on ! road to ,bologna4 ,few travell]s c =get ! peculi> l&scape ( t di/rict ( ! ,ap5n9e4 ,z !y asc5d ! hill :i* rises f ,flor5ce to ! l[e/ break 9 ! ridge ( ,fiesole1 !y pass cont9ually b5ea? ! walls ( villas bright 9 p]fect luxury1 & beside cypress-h$ges1 enclos+ fair t]rac$ g>d5s1 :]e ! masses ( ole&] & magnolia1 motionless z leaves 9 a picture1 inlay alt]nately ^u ! blue sky _! bran*+ lightness ( pale rose-col\r1 & deep gre5 bread? ( %ade1 /udd$ ) balls ( budd+ silv]1 & %[+ at int]vals ?r\gh _! framework ( ri* leaf & rubi$ fl[]1 ! f>-away b5ds ( ! ,arno b5ea? its slopes ( olive1 & ! purple peaks ( ! ,c>r>a m\nta9s1 toss+ !mselves aga9/ ! we/]n di/ance1 :]e ! /reaks ( motionless cl\d burn above ! ,pisan sea4 ,! travell] passes ! ,fiesolan ridge1 & all is *ang$4 ,! c\ntry is on a sudd5 lonely4 ,"h & !re inde$ are se5 ! scatt]$ h\ses ( a f>m gr\p$ gracefully ^u ! hill-sides1--"h & !re a fragm5t ( t[] ^u a di/ant rock2 b nei!r g>d5s1 nor fl[]s1 nor glitt]+ palace-walls1 only a grey ext5t ( m\nta9-gr\nd1 tuft$ irregul>ly ) ilex & olive3 a sc5e n sublime1 = its =ms are subdu$ & l[2 n desolate1 = its valleys are full ( s[n fields & t5d$ pa/ures2 n ri* nor lovely1 b sunburnt & sorr[ful2 becom+ wild] e in/ant z ! road w9ds into its recesses1 asc5d+ /ill1 until ! high] woods1 n[ p>tly oak & p>tly p9e1 droop+ back f ! c5tral cre/ ( ! ,ap5n9e1 leave a pa/oral wild]ness ( sca!d rock & arid grass1 )]$ away "h by fro/1 & !re by /range lamb5t tongues ( e>?-f$ fire4#d ,giotto pass$ ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life1 a %eph]d-boy1 among ^! hills2 0 f\nd by ,cimabue ne> 8 native village1 draw+ "o ( 8 %eep ^u a smoo? /one2 0 yield$ up by 8 fa!r1 a simple p]son1 a lab\r] ( ! e>?1 to ! gu>dian%ip ( ! pa9t]1 :o1 by 8 own "w1 _h already made ! /reets ( ,flor5ce r+ ) joy2 att5d$ him to ,flor5ce1 & became 8 disciple4 ,footnote #c3 ,"l ,l9dsay1 ,*ri/ian ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aff4 ,footnote #d3 ,at ,pietra ,mala4 ,! flames rise two or ?ree feet above ! /ony gr\nd out ( :i* !y spr+1 :ite & fi]ce en\gh to be visible 9 ! int5se rays ev5 ( ! morn+ sun4 ,we may fancy ! glance ( ! boy1 :5 he & ,cimabue /ood side by side on ! ridge ( ,fiesole1 & = ! fir/ "t he saw ! fl[]+ ?ickets ( ! ,val d',arno2 & deep b5ea?1 ! innum]able t[]s ( ! ,city ( ! ,lily1 ! dep?s ( 8 own he>t yet hid+ ! faire/ ( !m all4 ,ano!r t5 ye>s pass$ ov] him1 & he 0 *os5 f among ! pa9t]s ( ,italy to decorate ! ,vatican4 ,! acc\nt giv5 u by ,vas>i ( ! mode ( 8 competition on ?is occasion1 is "o ( ! few anecdotes ( him :i* seem to be au!ntic 7especially z hav+ giv5 rise to an ,italian prov]b71 & x has also great po9t & value4 ,i translate ,vas>i's words lit]ally4 ,?is "w 78 pa9t+s 9 ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa7 acquir$ = him1 bo? 9 ! city & ext]nally1 s mu* fame1 t ! ,pope1 ,b5$ict ,,ix41 s5t a c]ta9 "o ( 8 c\rti]s into ,tuscany1 to see :at sort ( a man ,giotto 01 & :at 0 ! quality ( 8 works1 he 7! pope7 int5d+ to h "s pa9t+s execut$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s2 :i* c\rti]1 com+ to see ,giotto1 & he>+ t !re 7 o!r ma/]s 9 ,flor5ce :o excell$ 9 pa9t+ & 9 mosaic1 spoke1 9 ,si5a1 to _m ma/]s2 !n1 hav+ receiv$ draw+s f !m1 he came to ,flor5ce2 & hav+ gone "o morn+ into ,giotto's %op z he 0 at "w1 expla9$ ! pope's m9d to him1 & 9 :at way he wi%$ to avail himself ( 8 p[]s1 & f9ally reque/$ f him a little piece ( draw+ to s5d to 8 ,hol9ess4 ,giotto1 :o 0 mo/ c\rte\s1 took a leaf 7( vellum871 & ^u ?is1 ) a bru% dipp$ 9 r$1 fix+ 8 arm to 8 side1 to make x z ! limb ( a pair ( compasses1 & turn+ 8 h&1 made a circle s p]fect 9 measure & outl9e1 t x 0 a wond] to see3 :i* hav+ done1 he said to ! c\rti]1 ) a smile1 ',!re is ! draw+4' ,he1 ?9k+ himself mock$1 said1 ',%all ,i h no o!r draw+ ?an ?is8' ',?is is en\gh1 & too mu*1' answ]$ ,giotto2 's5d x ) ! o!rs3 y w see if x w be und]/ood4' ,! ambassador1 see+ t he c\ld n get any ?+ else1 took 8 leave ) small satisfaction1 d\bt+ :e!r he _h n be5 made a je/ (4 ,h[ev]1 :5 he s5t to ! pope ! o!r draw+s1 & ! names ( ^? :o _h made !m1 he s5t also t ( ,giotto1 relat+ ! way 9 :i* he _h held himself 9 draw+ 8 circle1 )\t mov+ 8 arm1 & )\t compasses4 ,:5ce ! pope1 & _m intellig5t c\rti]s1 knew h[ mu* ,giotto ov]pass$ 9 excell5ce all ! o!r pa9t]s ( 8 "t4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! ?+ becom+ kn[n1 ! prov]b arose f x3 ',?\ art r\nd] ?an ! ,o ( ,giotto2' :i* x is /ill 9 cu/om to say to m5 ( ! gross] clay2 = ! prov]b is pretty1 n only on acc\nt ( ! accid5t ( its orig91 b because x has a d\ble mean+1 'r\nd' be+ tak5 9 ,tuscany to express n only circul> =m1 b sl[ness & grossness ( wit4 ,su* is ! acc\nt ( ,vas>i1 :i*1 at ! fir/ read+1 might be gravely call$ into "q1 see+ t ! pa9t+s at ,pisa1 to :i* he ascribes ! sudd5 ext5t ( ,giotto's reputation1 h be5 prov$ to be ! "w ( ,francesco da ,volt]ra2#e & s9ce1 moreov]1 ,vas>i has ev5 mi/ak5 ! "n ( ! pope1 & writt5 ,boniface ,,ix4 = ,boniface ,,viii4 ,b ! /ory itself mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be true2 &1 rightly und]/ood1 x is s+ul>ly int]e/+4 ,i say1 rightly und]/ood2 = ,"l ,l9dsay supposes ! circle to h be5 me*anically drawn by turn+ ! %eet ( vellum "u ! h&1 z n[ con/antly done = ! sake ( spe$ at s*ools4 ,b nei!r d ,vas>i's words be> ?is con/ruction1 nor w\ld ! draw+ s made h borne ! slighte/ te/imony to ,giotto's p[]4 ,vas>i says di/9ctly1 & turn+ 8 h& 7or1 z ,i %\ld r read x1 ) a sweep ( 8 h&7 n turn+ ! vellum2 nei!r w\ld a circle produc$ 9 s me*anical a mann] h borne di/9ct witness to any ?+ except ! draughtsman's me*anical +5uity2 & ,giotto _h too mu* common s5se1 & too mu* c\rtesy1 to s5d ! pope a draw+ :i* did n really conta9 ! evid5ce he requir$4 ,"l ,l9dsay has be5 misl$ also by 8 own c>eless translation ( p5nello t9to di rosso 7a bru% dipp$ 9 r$17 by ! ^w crayon4 ,x is easy to draw ! me*anical circle ) a crayon1 b by no means easy ) a bru%4 ,i h n ! slighte/ d\bt t ,giotto drew ! circle z a pa9t] naturally w\ld draw x2 t is to say1 t he set ! vellum upright on ! wall or panel be=e him1 & !n /eady+ 8 arm firmly aga9/ 8 side1 drew ! circul> l9e ) "o sweep+ b firm revolution ( 8 h&1 hold+ ! bru% long4 ,su* a feat z ?is is completely possible to a well-discipl9$ pa9t]'s h&1 b utt]ly impossible to any o!r2 & ! circle s drawn1 0 ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ,giotto c\ld give ( 8 decision ( eye & p]fectness ( practice4 ,footnote #e3 ,at lea/ ,"l ,l9dsay seems to consid] ! evid5ce collect$ by ,fr/] on ?is subject conclusive4 ,*ri/ian ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afh4 ,/ill1 ev5 :5 ?us und]/ood1 !re is mu* 9 ! anecdote v curi\s4 ,"h is a pa9t] reque/$ by ! head ( ! ,*ur* to execute c]ta9 religi\s pa9t+s1 & ! only qualification = ! task ( :i* he deigns to demon/rate 8 possession is executive skill4 ,no?+ is said1 & no?+ appe>s to be ?\ght1 ( expression1 or inv5tion1 or devotional s5tim5t4 ,no?+ is requir$ b firmness ( h&4 ,& "h arises ! important "q3 ,did ,giotto "k t ?is 0 all t 0 look$ = by 8 religi\s patrons8 & is !re occult satire 9 ! example ( 8 art :i* he s5ds !m8--or does ! f\nd] ( sacr$ pa9t+ mean to tell u t he holds 8 own p[] to consi/ m]ely 9 firmness ( h&1 secur$ by long practice8 ,i _c satisfy myself on ?is po9t3 b yet x seems to me t we may safely ga!r two conclusions f ! words ( ! ma/]1 ,x is en\gh1 & m ?an en\gh4 ,! fir/1 t ,giotto _h inde$ a pr(\nd feel+ ( ! value ( precision 9 all art2 & t we may use ! full =ce ( 8 au?ority to press ! tru?1 ( :i* x is s difficult to p]suade ! ha/y workm5 ( mod]n times1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong lies )9 ! bread? ( a l9e2 & t ! mo/ p]fect p[] & g5ius are %[n by ! accuracy :i* disda9s error1 & ! fai?fulness :i* fe>s x4 ,& ! second conclusion is1 t :atev] ,giotto's imag9ative p[]s might be1 he 0 pr\d to be a good workman1 & will+ to be consid]$ by o!rs only z su*4 ,!re might lurk1 z has be5 sugge/$1 "s satire 9 ! message to ! pope1 & "s consci\sness 9 8 own m9d ( faculties high] ?an ^? ( draughtsman%ip4 ,i _c tell h[ f> ^! hidd5 feel+s exi/$2 b ! m ,i see ( liv+ arti/s1 & le>n ( dep>t$ ones1 ! m ,i am conv9c$ t ! highe/ /r5g? ( g5ius is g5]ally m>k$ by /range unconsci\sness ( its own modes ( op]ation1 & (t5 by no small scorn ( ! be/ results ( its ex]tion4 ,! inf]ior m9d int5tly wat*es its own processes1 & de>ly values its own produce2 ! ma/]-m9d is int5t on o!r ?+s ?an itself1 & c>es little = ! fruits ( a toil :i* x is apt to und]take r z a law ( life ?an a means ( immortality4 ,x w s+ at a fea/1 or ret\* an old play1 or pa9t a d>k wall1 = its daily bread1 anxi\s only to be hone/ 9 its fulfilm5t ( its pl$ges or its duty1 & c>eless t future ages w rank x among ! gods4 ,i ?9k x unnecess>y to repeat "h any o!r ( ! anecdotes commonly relat$ ( ,giotto1 z1 sep>ately tak51 !y are q valueless4 ,yet mu* may be ga!r$ f _! g5]al tone4 ,x is rem>kable t !y are1 almo/ )\t exception1 records ( good-hum\r$ je/s1 involv+ or illu/rat+ "s po9t ( practical good s5se2 & by comp>+ ?is g5]al col\r ( ! reputation ( ,giotto ) ! actual "* ( 8 designs1 !re _c rema9 ! smalle/ d\bt t 8 m9d 0 "o ( ! mo/ heal?y1 k9d1 & active1 t ev] in=m$ a human frame4 ,8 love ( beauty 0 entirely free f weakness2 8 love ( tru? unt+$ by sev]ity2 8 indu/ry con/ant1 )\t impati5ce2 8 workman%ip accurate1 )\t =malism2 8 temp] s]5e1 & yet playful2 8 imag9ation exhau/less1 )\t extravagance2 & 8 fai? firm1 )\t sup]/ition4 ,i d n "k1 9 ! annals ( art1 su* ano!r example ( happy1 practical1 un]r+1 & b5evol5t p[]4 ,i am c]ta9 t ?is is ! e/imate ( 8 "* :i* mu/ be arriv$ at by an att5tive /udy ( 8 works1 & ( ! few data :i* rema9 respect+ 8 life2 b ,i %all n "h endeav\r to give pro( ( its tru?1 because ,i believe ! subject has be5 exhau/ively treat$ by ,rumohr & ,fr/]1 ^: essays on ! works & "* ( ,giotto w d\btless be translat$ into ,engli%1 z ! int]e/ ( ! ,engli% public 9 m$ival art increases4 ,i %all !re=e "h only endeav\r briefly to sket* ! relation :i* ,giotto held to ! arti/s :o prec$$ & foll[$ him1 a relation /ill imp]fectly und]/ood2 & !n1 z briefly1 to indicate ! g5]al c\rse ( 8 lab\rs 9 ,italy1 z f> z may be necess>y = und]/&+ ! value ( ! s]ies 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel4 ,! art ( ,europe1 betwe5 ! fif? & ?irte5? c5turies1 divides itself ess5tially into great bran*es1 "o spr++ f1 ! o!r graft$ on1 ! old ,roman /ock4 ,! fir/ is ! ,roman art itself1 prolong$ 9 a languid & degrad$ condition1 & becom+ at la/ a m]e =mal sy/em1 c5t]$ at ! feet ( ,ea/]n empire1 & !nce g5]ally call$ ,byzant9e4 ,! o!r is ! b>b>\s & incipi5t art ( ! ,go?ic nations1 m or less col\r$ by ,roman or ,byzant9e influ5ce1 & gradually increas+ 9 life & p[]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ,byzant9e art1 al?\gh manife/+ itself only 9 p]petual repetitions1 becom+ e day m cold & =mal1 yet pres]v$ rem9isc5ces ( design orig9ally noble1 & traditions ( execution orig9ally p]fect4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ,go?ic art1 al?\gh becom+ e day m p[]ful1 pres5t$ ! mo/ ludicr\s exp]im5ts ( infantile imag9ation1 & ! mo/ rude ef=ts ( untaught manipulation4 ,h5ce1 if any sup]ior m9d arose 9 ,byzant9e art1 x _h be=e x models :i* sugge/$ or record$ a p]fection !y did n !mselves possess2 & ! sup]iority ( ! individual m9d w\ld probably be %[n 9 a m s9c]e & liv+ treatm5t ( ! subjects orda9$ = repetition by ! canons ( ! s*ools4 ,9 ! art ( ! ,go?1 ! *oice ( subject 0 unlimit$1 & ! /yle ( design s remote f all p]fection1 z n always ev5 to po9t out cle>ly ! direction 9 :i* advance c\ld be made4 ,! /ronge/ m9ds :i* appe> 9 t art are !re=e g5]ally manife/$ by r$undance ( imag9ation1 & sudd5 ref9em5t ( t\*1 :e!r ( p5cil or *isel1 toge!r ) unexpect$ />ts ( ef=t or fla%es ( k 9 accid5tal directions1 gradually =m+ v>i\s national /yles4 ,( ^! comp>atively indep5d5t bran*es ( art1 ! greate/ is1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! ,fr5* sculpture ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,no words c give any idea ( ! magnific5t r$undance ( its imag9ative p[]1 or ( ! p]petual beauty ( ev5 its smalle/ incid5tal designs4 ,b ?is v ri*ness ( sculptural inv5tion prev5t$ ! ,fr5* f cultivat+ _! p[]s ( pa9t+1 except 9 illum9ation 7( :i* art !y 7 ! ackn[l$g$ ma/]s71 & 9 glass-pa9t+4 ,_! exquisite gift ( frett+ _! /one-"w ) inexhau/ible weal? ( sculpture1 prev5t$ _! feel+ ! ne$ ( figure-design on col\r$ surfaces4 ,! /yle ( ar*itecture preval5t 9 ,italy at ! same p]iod1 pres5t$1 on ! contr>y1 l>ge blank surfaces1 :i* c\ld only be r5d]$ int]e/+ by cov]+ !m ) mosaic or pa9t+4 ,! ,italians 7 n at ! "t capable ( do+ ?is = !mselves1 & mosaici/s 7 br\ght f ,con/ant9ople1 :o cov]$ ! *ur*es ( ,italy ) a sublime monotony ( ,byzant9e traditions4 ,b ! ,go?ic blood 0 burn+ 9 ! ,italian ve9s2 & ! ,flor5t9es & ,pisans c\ld n re/ cont5t 9 ! =malism ( ! ,ea/]n spl5d\r4 ,! fir/ innovator 01 ,i believe1 ,giunta ( ,pisa1 ! second ,cimabue1 ! ?ird ,giotto2 ! la/ only be+ a man ( p[] en\gh to effect a complete revolution 9 ! arti/ic pr9ciples ( 8 "t4 ,he1 h[ev]1 began1 l 8 ma/] ,cimabue1 ) a p]fect respect = 8 ,byzant9e models2 & 8 pa9t+s = a long "t consi/$ only ( repetitions ( ! ,byzant9e subjects1 s(t5$ 9 treatm5t1 enri*$ 9 numb] ( figures1 & enliv5$ 9 ge/ure4 ,aft]w>ds he inv5t$ subjects ( 8 own4 ,! mann] & degree ( ! *anges :i* he at fir/ effect$ c\ld only be prop]ly und]/ood by actual comp>ison ( 8 designs ) ! ,byzant9e orig9als2#f b 9 default ( ! means ( su* a comp>ison1 x may be g5]ally /at$ t ! innovations ( ,giotto consi/$ 9 ! introduction1 ,a1 ( gay] or light] col\rs2 ,b1 ( broad] masses2 &1 ,c1 ( m c>eful imitation ( nature ?an exi/$ 9 ! works ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,footnote #f3 ,x might n1 ,i ?9k1 be a "w unwor?y ( ! ,arundel ,society1 to collect & engrave 9 outl9e ! complete s]ies ( ^! ,byzant9e orig9als ( ! subjects ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 9 ord] to facilitate ?is comp>ison4 ,! ,greek ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be amply suffici5t2 ! ,h>leian ,,ms4 numb]$ #ahaj alone furni%+ a consid]able numb] ( subjects1 & especially a ,dea? ( ! ,virg91 ) ! ,/4 ,john ?r[n into ! peculi> & viol5t ge/ure ( grief aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,giotto 9 ! ,entombm5t ( ! ,ar5a ,*apel4 ,a4 ,great] lightness ( col\r4 ,?is 0 p>tly 9 compliance ) a t5d5cy :i* 0 beg9n+ to manife/ itself ev5 be=e ,giotto's "t4 ,ov] ! :ole ( nor!rn ,europe1 ! col\r+ ( ! elev5? & e>ly twelf? c5turies _h be5 pale3 9 manuscripts1 pr9cipally compos$ ( pale r$1 gre51 & yell[1 blue be+ sp>+ly introduc$ 7e>li] /ill1 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies1 ! lett]s _h (t5 be5 col\r$ ) black & yell[ only74 ,!n1 9 ! close ( ! twelf? & ?r\gh\t ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! great sy/em ( p]fect col\r 0 9 use2 solemn & deep2 compos$ /rictly1 9 all its lead+ masses1 ( ! col\rs reveal$ by ,god f ,s9ai z ! noble/2--blue1 purple1 & sc>let1 ) gold 7o!r hues1 *iefly gre51 ) :ite & black1 be+ us$ 9 po9ts or small masses1 to relieve ! ma9 col\rs74 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! col\rs beg9 to gr[ pal]2 ab\t #accj ! /yle is already completely modifi$2 & at ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! col\r is q pale & delicate4 ,i h n c>efully exam9$ ! col\r+ ( e>ly ,byzant9e "w2 b x seems always to h be5 comp>atively d>k1 & 9 manuscripts is rem>kably s2 ,giotto's pal] col\r+1 !re=e1 ?\gh only "p ( ! great ,european sy/em1 0 r5d]$ notable by its /rong] contra/ ) ! ,byzant9e examples4 ,b4 ,great] bread? ( mass4 ,x _h be5 ! habit ( ! ,byzant9es to break up _! drap]ies by a l>ge numb] ( m9ute folds4 ,norman & ,romanesque sculpture %[$ mu* ( ! same "*4 ,giotto melt$ all ^! folds into broad masses ( col\r2 s t 8 compositions h sometimes almo/ a ,titianesque look 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,?is innovation 0 a heal?y "o1 & l$ to v noble results :5 foll[$ up by succe$+ arti/s3 b 9 _m ( ,giotto's compositions ! figures become ludicr\sly cumbr\s1 f ! exce$+ simplicity ( ! t]m9al l9es1 & massiv5ess ( unbrok5 =m4 ,! mann] 0 copi$ 9 illum9at$ manuscripts ) great disadvantage1 z x 0 unfav\rable to m9ute ornam5tation4 ,! ,fr5* nev] adopt$ x 9 ei!r bran* ( art1 nor did any o!r ,nor!rn s*ool2 m9ute & %>p folds ( ! robes rema9+ *>act]i/ic ( ,nor!rn 7m especially ( ,flemi% & ,g]man7 design d[n to ! late/ times1 giv+ a great sup]iority to ! ,fr5* & ,flemi% illum9at$ "w1 & caus+ a proportionate inf]iority 9 _! l>ge pictorial ef=ts4 ,ev5 ,rub5s & ,v&yke _c free !mselves f a c]ta9 meanness & m9ut5ess 9 disposition ( drap]y4 ,c4 ,close imitation ( nature4 ,9 ?is "o pr9ciple lay ,giotto's great /r5g?1 & ! entire secret ( ! revolution he effect$4 ,x 0 n by great] le>n+1 n by ! discov]y ( new !ories ( art1 n by great] ta/e1 nor by ideal pr9ciples ( selection1 t he became ! head ( ! progressive s*ools ( ,italy4 ,x 0 simply by be+ int]e/$ 9 :at 0 go+ on ar\nd him1 by sub/itut+ ! ge/ures ( liv+ m5 = conv5tional attitudes1 & portraits ( liv+ m5 = conv5tional faces1 & incid5ts ( e-day life = conv5tional circum/ances1 t he became great1 & ! ma/] ( ! great4 ,giotto 0 to 8 contempor>ies precisely :at ,millais is to 8 contempor>ies1--a d>+ naturali/1 9 defiance ( tradition1 idealism1 & =malism4 ,! ,giottesque movem5t 9 ! f\rte5?1 & ,pre-,raphaelite movem5t 9 ! n9ete5? c5turies1 are precisely simil> 9 be>+ & mean+3 bo? be+ ! prote/s ( vitality aga9/ mortality1 ( _s aga9/ lett]1 & ( tru? aga9/ tradition3 & bo?1 :i* is ! m s+ul>1 lit]ally l9ks 9 "o unbrok5 *a9 ( feel+2 = exactly z ,niccola ,pisano & ,giotto 7 help$ by ! classical sculptures discov]$ 9 _! "t1 ! ,pre-,raphaelites h be5 help$ by ! works ( ,niccola & ,giotto at ,pisa & ,flor5ce3 & ?us ! fi]y cross ( tru? has be5 deliv]$ f _s to _s1 ov] ! du/ ( int]v5+ g5]ations4 ,b :at1 x may be said by ! read]1 is ! use ( ! works ( ,giotto to u8 ,!y may inde$ h be5 wond]ful = _! "t1 & ( inf9ite use 9 t "t2 b s9ce1 aft] ,giotto1 came ,leon>do & ,correggio1 :at is ! use ( go+ back to ! rud] art1 & republi%+ x 9 ! ye> #ahed8 ,:y %\ld we fret ourselves to dig d[n to ! root ( ! tree1 :5 we may at once enjoy its fruit & foliage8 ,i answ]1 fir/1 t 9 all matt]s relat+ to human intellect1 x is a great ?+ to h hold ( ! root3 t at lea/ we ought to see x1 & ta/e x1 & h&le x2 = x (t5 happ5s t ! root is :olesome :5 ! leaves1 h[ev] fair1 are useless or poison\s4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t51 ! fir/ expression ( an idea is ! mo/ valuable3 ! idea may aft]w>d be poli%$ & s(t5$1 & made m attractive to ! g5]al eye2 b ! fir/ expression ( x has a fre%ness & brightness1 l ! fla% ( a native cry/al comp>$ to ! lu/re ( glass t has be5 melt$ & cut4 ,& 9 ! second place1 we ought to measure ! value ( art less by its executive ?an by its moral p[]4 ,giotto 0 n inde$ "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ pa9t]s1 b he 0 "o ( ! greate/ m51 :o ev] liv$4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ma/] ( 8 "t1 9 ar*itecture z well z 9 pa9t+2 he 0 ! fri5d ( ,dante1 & ! undisput$ int]pret] ( religi\s tru?1 by means ( pa9t+1 ov] ! :ole ( ,italy4 ,! works ( su* a man may n be ! be/ to set be=e *ildr5 9 ord] to tea* !m draw+2 b !y assur$ly %\ld be /udi$ ) ! greate/ c>e by all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,"o po9t m rema9s to be notic$ respect+ him4 ,z f> z ,i am aw>e1 he nev] pa9t$ pr(ane subjects4 ,all 8 important exi/+ works are exclusively devot$ to ! illu/ration ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is 0 n a result ( 8 own peculi> feel+ or det]m9ation2 x 0 a necessity ( ! p]iod4 ,giotto appe>s to h consid]$ himself simply z a workman1 at ! comm& ( any employ]1 = any k9d ( "w1 h[ev] humble4 ,9 ! sixty-?ird novel ( ,franco ,sac*etti we read t a /rang]1 sudd5ly ent]+ ,giotto's /udy1 ?rew d[n a %ield1 & dep>t$1 say+1 ',pa9t me my arms on t %ield4' ,giotto look+ aft] him1 exclaim$1 ',:o is he8 ,:at is he8 ,he says1 ,pa9t me my arms1 z if he 0 "o ( ! ,,b>di4 ,:at arms does he be>8'#g ,b at ! "t ( ,giotto's em95ce1 art 0 nev] employ$ on a great scale except 9 ! s]vice ( religion2 nor has x ev] be5 o!rwise employ$1 except 9 decl9+ p]iods4 ,i d n mean to draw any sev]e conclusion f ?is fact2 b x is a fact nev]!less1 :i* ought to be v di/9ctly /at$1 & v c>efully consid]$4 ,all progressive art hi!rto has be5 religi\s art2 & comm5cem5ts ( ! p]iods ( decl9e are accurately m>k$1 9 illum9ation1 by its employm5t on romances in/ead ( psalt]s2 & 9 pa9t+1 by its employm5t on my?ology or pr(ane hi/ory in/ead ( sacr$ hi/ory4 ,yet p]haps ,i %\ld r h said1 on hea!n my?ology in/ead ( ,*ri/ian my?ology2 = ?is latt] t]m--fir/ us$1 ,i believe1 by ,"l ,l9dsay--is m applicable to ! subjects ( ! e>ly pa9t]s ?an t ( sacr$ hi/ory4 ,( all ! virtues commonly f\nd 9 ! high] ord]s ( human m9d1 t ( a /]n & j respect = tru? seems to be ! r>e/2 s t :ile self-d5ial1 & c\rage1 & *>ity1 & religi\s zeal1 are display$ 9 _! utmo/ degrees by myriads ( sa9ts & h]oes1 x is only once 9 a c5tury t a man appe>s ^: ^w may be implicitly tru/$1 & :o1 9 ! relation ( a pla9 fact1 w n all[ 8 prejudices or 8 pleasure to tempt him to "s col\r+ or di/ortion ( x4 ,h5ce ! portions ( sacr$ hi/ory :i* h be5 ! con/ant subjects ( fond popul> contemplation h1 9 ! lapse ( ages1 be5 encumb]$ ) fictiti\s detail2 & _! v>i\s hi/orians seem to h consid]$ ! ex]cise ( _! imag9ation innoc5t1 & ev5 m]itori\s1 if !y c\ld increase ei!r ! vividness ( conception or ! s9c]ity ( belief 9 _! read]s4 ,a due consid]ation ( t well-kn[n weakness ( ! popul> m9d1 :i* r5d]s a /atem5t cr$ible 9 proportion to ! multitude ( local & circum/antial details :i* accompany x1 may lead u to look ) "s indulg5ce on ! errors1 h[ev] fatal 9 _! issue to ! cause !y 7 int5d$ to advance1 ( ^? weak tea*]s1 :o ?\ght ! acceptance ( _! g5]al /atem5ts ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e *eaply won by ! help ( "s simple 7& g5]ally absurd7 inv5tions ( detail respect+ ! life ( ! ,virg9 or ! ,apo/les4 ,footnote #g3 ,notes to ,rog]s' ,italy4 ,inde$1 ,i c h>dly imag9e ! ,bible to be ev] read ) true int]e/1 unless1 9 our read+1 we feel "s long+ = fur!r k ( ! m9ute incid5ts ( ! life ( ,*ri/1--= "s records ( ^? ?+s1 :i* if !y _h be5 writt5 e "o1 ! _w c\ld n h conta9$ ! books t %\ld be writt53 & !y :o h once felt ?is ?ir/ = fur!r tru?1 may surely bo? conceive & p>don ! e>ne/ que/ion+ ( simple disciples 7:o knew n1 z we d1 h[ mu* _h be5 inde$ reveal$71 & measure ) "s ju/ice ! /r5g? ( ! temptation :i* betray$ ^! tea*]s into add+ to ! ^w ( ,revelation4 ,toge!r ) ?is speci\s & subtle influ5ce1 we mu/ all[ = ! in/9ct ( imag9ation ex]t+ itself 9 ! ackn[l$g$ embelli%m5t ( belov$ tru?s4 ,if we reflect h[ mu*1 ev5 9 ?is age ( accurate k1 ! visions ( ,milton h become confus$ 9 ! m9ds ( _m p]sons ) scriptural facts1 we %all r be surpris$1 t 9 an age ( leg5ds s little %\ld be add$ to ! ,bible1 ?an t occasionally we %\ld be in=m$ ( important circum/ances 9 sacr$ hi/ory ) ! collat]al w>n+1 ,?is ,moses spake n (4#h ,footnote #h3 ,^! words are gravely add$ to "s s+ul> p>ticul>s respect+ ! life ( ,adam1 relat$ 9 a ,,ms4 ( ! sixte5? c5tury pres]v$ 9 ! ,h]ald's ,college4 ,m especially 9 ! doma9 ( pa9t+1 x is surpris+ to see h[ /rictly ! e>ly workm5 conf9$ !mselves to repres5tations ( ! same s]ies ( sc5es2 h[ little ( pictorial embelli%m5t !y usually add$2 & h[1 ev5 9 ! positions & ge/ures ( figures1 !y /rove to give ! idea r ( _! hav+ se5 ! fact1 ?an imag9$ a picturesque treatm5t ( x4 ,(t51 9 exam9+ e>ly art1 we mi/ake consci5ti\sness = s]vility1 & attribute to ! abs5ce ( inv5tion :at 0 inde$ ! result ( ! e>ne/ness ( fai?4 ,nor1 9 a m]ely arti/ical po9t ( view1 is x less important to note1 t ! greate/ advance 9 p[] 0 made :5 pa9t]s _h few subjects to treat4 ,! day has p]haps come :5 g5ius %\ld be %[n 9 ! discov]y ( p]petually v>i\s int]e/ amid/ ! incid5ts ( actual life2 & ! abs5ce ( inv5tive capacity is v assur$ly prov$ by ! n>r[ selection ( subjects :i* commonly appe> on ! walls ( our exhibitions4 ,b yet x is to be always rememb]$1 t m orig9ality may be %[n 9 giv+ int]e/ to a well-kn[n subject ?an 9 discov]+ a new "o2 t ! greate/ poets :om ! _w has se5 h be5 cont5t$ to ret\* & exalt ! creations ( _! pr$ecessors2 & t ! pa9t]s ( ! middle ages rea*$ _! utmo/ p[] by unwe>i$ly tread+ a n>r[ circle ( sacr$ subjects4 ,no?+ is inde$ m notable 9 ! hi/ory ( art ?an ! exact balance ( its po9t ( excell5ce1 9 all ?+s1 midway betwe5 s]vitude & lic5se4 ,?us1 9 *oice & treatm5t ( subject x became p>alys$ among ! ,byzant9es1 by be+ m]cilessly conf9$ to a giv5 s]ies ( sc5es1 & to a giv5 mode ( repres5t+ !m4 ,giotto gave x p>tial lib]ty & incipi5t life2 by ! arti/s :o succe$$ him ! range ( its sc5]y 0 cont9ually ext5d$1 & ! sev]ity ( its /yle sl[ly s(t5$ to p]fection4 ,b ! range 0 /ill1 9 "s degree1 limit$ by ! necessity ( its cont9ual subord9ation to religi\s purposes2 & ! /yle1 ?\gh s(t5$1 0 /ill *a/e1 & ?\gh t5d]1 self-re/ra9$4 ,at la/ came ! p]iod ( lic5se3 ! arti/ *ose 8 subjects f ! l[e/ sc5es ( human life1 & let loose 8 passions 9 _! portraiture4 ,& ! k+dom ( art pass$ away4 ,z if to direct u to ! obs]vation ( ?is great law1 !re is a curi\s visible type ( x 9 ! progress ( ornam5tation 9 manuscripts1 correspond+ ) ! v>i\s *anges 9 ! high] bran* ( art4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! #ab? & e>ly #ac? c5turies1 ! ornam5tation1 ?\gh (t5 full ( high feel+ & fantasy1 is /]nly enclos$ )9 limit+ bord]-l9es2--at fir/1 sev]e squ>es1 oblongs1 or triangles4 ,z ! grace ( ! ornam5tation advances1 ^! bord]-l9es are s(t5$ & brok5 into v>i\s curves1 & ! inn] design beg9s "h & !re to ov]pass !m4 ,gradually ?is em]g5ce becomes m con/ant1 & ! l9es :i* ?us escape ?r[ !mselves into curvatures expressive ( ! mo/ exquisite concurr5ce ( fre$om ) self-re/ra9t4 ,at l5g? ! re/ra9t vani%es1 ! fre$om *anges consequ5tly into lic5se1 & ! page is cov]$ ) exub]ant1 irregul>1 & fooli% extravagances ( leafage & l9e4 ,x only rema9s to be notic$1 t ! circum/ances ( ! "t at :i* ,giotto appe>$ 7 peculi>ly fav\rable to ! developm5t ( g5ius2 ow+ p>tly to ! simplicity ( ! me?ods ( practice1 & p>tly to ! navet ) :i* art 0 commonly reg>d$4 ,giotto1 l all ! great pa9t]s ( ! p]iod1 0 m]ely a travell+ decorator ( walls1 at s mu* a day2 hav+ at ,flor5ce a bottega1 or work%op1 = ! production & sale ( small temp]a pictures4 ,!re 7 no su* ?+s z /udios 9 ^? days4 ,an arti/'s /udies 7 ov] by ! "t he 0 eighte52 aft] t he 0 a lavoratore1 lab\r]1 a man :o knew 8 bus9ess1 & produc$ c]ta9 works ( kn[n value = a kn[n price2 be+ tr\bl$ ) no philosophical ab/ractions1 %utt+ himself up 9 no wise = ! reception ( inspirations2 receiv+1 inde$1 a good _m1 z a matt] ( c\rse1--j z he receiv$ ! sunbeams :i* came 9 at 8 w9d[1 ! light :i* he work$ by2--9 ei!r case1 )\t m\?+ ab\t x1 or mu* conc]n+ himself z to ! nature ( x4 ,n tr\bl$ by critics ei!r2 satisfi$ t 8 "w 0 well done1 & t p w\ld f9d x out to be well done2 b n va9 ( x1 nor m pr(\ndly vex$ at its be+ f\nd fault )1 ?an a good saddl] w\ld be by "s "o's say+ 8 la/ saddle 0 uneasy 9 ! seat4 ,n1 on ! :ole1 mu* mole/$ by critics1 b g5]ally und]/ood by ! m5 ( s5se1 8 neighb\rs & fri5ds1 & p]mitt$ to h 8 own way ) ! walls he _h to pa9t1 z be+1 on ! :ole1 an au?ority ab\t walls2 receiv+ at ! same "t a good deal ( daily enc\ragem5t & com=t 9 ! simple admiration ( ! populace1 & 9 ! g5]al s5se ( hav+ done good1 & pa9t$ :at no man c\ld look ^u )\t be+ ! bett] = x4 ,?us he w5t1 a s]5e lab\r]1 ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,italy4 ,= ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( 8 life1 a %eph]d2 !n a /ud5t1 p]haps = five or six2 !n already 9 ,flor5ce1 sett+ himself to 8 life's task2 & call$ z a ma/] to ,rome :5 he 0 only tw5ty4 ,!re he pa9t$ ! pr9cipal *apel ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & work$ 9 mosaic also2 no h&icrafts1 t _h col\r or =m = _! objects1 seem+ unkn[n to him4 ,!n return+ to ,flor5ce1 he pa9t$ ,dante1 ab\t ! ye> #acjj1i ! #ce? ye> ( ,dante's life1 ! #bd? ( 8 own2 & design$ ! faade ( ! ,duomo1 on ! dea? ( its =m] ar*itect1 ,arnolfo4 ,"s six ye>s aft]w>ds he w5t to ,padua1 !re pa9t+ ! *apel :i* is ! subject ( our pres5t /udy1 & _m o!r *ur*es4 ,!nce s\? aga9 to ,assisi1 :]e he pa9t$ half ! walls & vaults ( ! great conv5t t /ret*es itself along ! slopes ( ! ,p]ugian hills1 & v>i\s o!r m9or works on 8 way !re & back to ,flor5ce4 ,/ay+ 9 8 native city b a little :ile1 he engag$ himself 9 o!r tasks at ,f]r>a1 ,v]ona1 & ,rav5na1 & at la/ at ,avignon1 :]e he became acqua9t$ ) ,petr>*--work+ !re = "s ?ree ye>s1 f #acbd to #acbg2aj & !n pass$ rapidly ?r\gh ,flor5ce & ,orvieto on 8 way to ,naples1 :]e he receiv$ ! k9de/ welcome f ! good k+ ,rob]t4 ,! k+1 ev] p>tial to m5 ( m9d & g5ius1 took especial delight 9 ,giotto's society1 & us$ frequ5tly to visit him :ile work+ 9 ! ,ca/ello dell',uovo1 tak+ pleasure 9 wat*+ 8 p5cil & li/5+ to 8 disc\rse2 '& ,giotto1' says ,vas>i1 ':o _h ev] 8 rep>tee & bon-mot ready1 held him !re1 fasc9at$ at once ) ! magic ( 8 p5cil & pleasantry ( 8 tongue4' ,we are n told ! l5g? ( 8 soj\rn at ,naples1 b x mu/ h be5 = a consid]able p]iod1 judg+ f ! quantity ( works he execut$ !re4 ,he _h c]ta9ly return$ to ,flor5ce 9 #accb4 ,!re he 0 imm$iately appo9t$ *ief ma/] ( ! works ( ! ,duomo1 !n 9 progress1 ) a ye>ly sal>y ( "o hundr$ gold flor9s1 & ! privilege ( citiz5%ip4 ,he design$ ! ,campanile1 9 a m p]fect =m ?an t :i* n[ exi/s2 = 8 int5d$ spire1 #aej feet 9 height1 nev] 0 erect$4 ,he1 h[ev]1 modell$ ! bas-reliefs = ! base ( ! build+1 & sculptur$ two ( !m ) 8 own h&4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds complet$1 ) ! exception ( ! spire1 accord+ to 8 design2 b he only saw its f\ndations laid1 & its fir/ m>ble /ory rise4 ,he di$ at ,flor5ce1 on ! #h? ( ,janu>y1 #accg1 full ( hon\r2 happy1 p]haps1 9 dep>t+ at ! z5i? ( 8 /r5g?1 :5 8 eye _h n become dim1 nor 8 natural =ce abat$4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! ca!dral1 at ! angle ne>e/ 8 campanile2 & ?us ! t[]1 :i* is ! *ief grace ( 8 native city1 may be reg>d$ z 8 own sepul*ral monum5t4 ,footnote #i3 ,"l ,l9dsay's evid5ce on ?is po9t 7,*ri/ian ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agd7 seems q conclusive4 ,x is impossible to ov]rate ! value ( ! "w ( ,giotto 9 ! ,b>gello1 bo? = its own intr9sic beauty1 & z be+ execut$ 9 ?is ye>1 :i* is n only t 9 :i* ! ,div9a ,comm$ia op5s1 b1 z ,i ?9k1 ! culm9at+ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art ( ! middle ages4 ,footnote #aj3 ,*ri/ian ,art1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdb4 ,i may ref] ! read] to ! close ( ,"l ,l9dsay's lett] on ,giotto1#aa f :i* ,i h drawn mo/ ( ! p>ticul>s above /at$1 = a v beautiful sket* ( 8 "* & 8 art4 ,( ! real rank ( t art1 9 ! ab/ract1 ,i d n feel myself capable ( judg+ accurately1 hav+ n se5 8 f9e/ works 7at ,assisi & ,naples71 nor c>efully /udi$ ev5 ^? at ,flor5ce4 ,b ,i may be p]mitt$ to po9t out "o or two peculi> *>act]i/ics 9 x :i* h always /ruck me =cibly4 ,footnote #aa3 ,*ri/ian ,art1 p4 #bfj4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,giotto nev] f9i%$ highly4 ,he 0 n1 inde$1 a loose or sket*y pa9t]1 b he 0 by no means a delicate "o4 ,8 l9es1 z ! /ory ( ! circle w\ld lead u to expect1 are always firm1 b !y are nev] f9e4 ,ev5 9 8 smalle/ temp]a pictures ! t\* is bold & some:at heavy3 9 8 fresco "w ! h&l+ is mu* broad] ?an t ( contempor>y pa9t]s1 correspond+ some:at to ! "* ( _m ( ! figures1 repres5t+ pla91 mascul9e k9d ( p1 & nev] rea*+ any ?+ l ! ideal ref9em5t ( ! conceptions ev5 ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli1 f> less ( ,angelico or ,francia4 ,= ?is reason1 ! "* ( 8 pa9t+ is bett] express$ by bold wood-engrav+s ?an 9 g5]al x is likely to be by any o!r means4 ,aga91 he 0 a v noble col\ri/2 & 9 8 peculi> feel+ = bread? ( hue resembl$ ,titian m ?an any o!r ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool4 ,t is to say1 _h he be5 born two c5turies lat]1 :5 ! art ( pa9t+ 0 fully kn[n1 ,i believe he w\ld h treat$ 8 subjects mu* m l ,titian ?an l ,raphael2 9 fact1 ! frescoes ( ,titian 9 ! *apel beside ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,antonio at ,padua1 are1 9 all te*nical qualities1 & 9 _m ( _! conceptions1 almo/ exactly :at ,i believe ,giotto w\ld h done1 _h he liv$ 9 ,titian's "t4 ,z x 01 he ( c\rse nev] atta9$ ei!r ri*ness or tru? ( col\r2 b 9 s]5e brilliancy he is n easily rivall$2 inv>iably mass+ 8 hues 9 l>ge fields1 limit+ !m firmly1 & !n fill+ !m ) subtle gradation4 ,he _h ! ,v5etian fondness = b>s & /ripes1 n unfrequ5tly ca/+ b>r$ col\rs obliquely across ! drap]ies ( an upright figure1 f side to side 7z v notably 9 ! dress ( "o ( ! musicians :o are play+ to ! danc+ ( ,h]odias' daught]1 9 "o ( 8 frescoes at ,santa ,croce72 & ?is pr$ilection 0 m+l$ ) ! truly m$ival love ( qu>t]+4#ab ,! figure ( ! ,madonna 9 ! small temp]a pictures 9 ! ,academy at ,flor5ce is always completely divid$ into two n>r[ segm5ts by h] d>k-blue robe4 ,footnote #ab3 ,i use ?is h]aldic ^w 9 an inaccurate s5se1 kn[+ no o!r t w express :at ,i mean1--! division ( ! picture into qua9t segm5ts ( alt]nat+ col\r1 m m>k$ ?an any ( ! figure outl9es4 ,& ?is is always to be rememb]$ 9 look+ at any engrav+s f ! works ( ,giotto2 = ! injury !y su/a9 9 be+ depriv$ ( _! col\r is f> great] ?an 9 ! case ( lat] design]s4 ,all works produc$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury agree 9 be+ m or less decorative2 !y 7 int5d$ 9 mo/ in/ances to be subs]vi5t to ar*itectural effect1 & 7 execut$ 9 ! mann] be/ calculat$ to produce a /rik+ impression :5 !y 7 se5 9 a mass4 ,! pa9t$ wall & ! pa9t$ w9d[ 7 "p & p>cel ( "o magnific5t :ole2 & x is z unju/ to ! "w ( ,giotto1 or ( any contempor>y arti/1 to take out a s+le feature f ! s]ies1 & repres5t x 9 black & :ite on a sep>ate page1 z x w\ld be to take out a comp>tm5t ( a noble col\r$ w9d[1 & engrave x 9 ! same mann]4 ,:at is at once ref9$ & effective1 if se5 at ! int5d$ di/ance 9 unison ) ! re/ ( ! "w1 becomes co>se & insipid :5 se5 isolat$ & ne>2 & ! m skilfully ! design is arrang$1 s z to give full value to ! col\rs :i* are introduc$ 9 x1 ! m blank & cold w x become :5 x is depriv$ ( !m4 ,9 our mod]n art we h inde$ lo/ sight ( "o great pr9ciple :i* regulat$ t ( ! middle ages1 namely1 t *i>oscuro & col\r are incompatible 9 _! highe/ degrees4 ,:]ev] *i>oscuro ent]s1 col\r mu/ lose "s ( its brilliancy4 ,!re is no %ade 9 a ra9b[1 nor 9 an opal1 nor 9 a piece ( "m-(-pe>l1 nor 9 a well-design$ pa9t$ w9d[2 only v>i\s hues ( p]fect col\r4 ,! be/ pictures1 by subdu+ _! col\r & conv5tionalis+ _! *i>oscuro1 reconcile bo? 9 _! dim9i%$ degrees2 b a p]fect light & %ade _c be giv5 )\t consid]able loss ( livel9ess 9 col\r4 ,h5ce ! suppos$ inf]iority ( ,t9toret to ,titian4 ,t9toret is1 9 reality1 ! great] col\ri/ ( ! two2 b he c\ld n be> to falsify 8 light & %ad[ en\gh to set (f 8 col\r4 ,titian ne>ly /rikes ! exact mean betwe5 ! pa9t$ glass ( ! #ac? c5tury & ,rembr&t2 :ile ,giotto closely approa*es ! sy/em ( pa9t$ glass1 & h5ce 8 compositions lose griev\sly by be+ translat$ into black & :ite4 ,b ev5 ?is *i>oscuro1 h[ev] subdu$1 is n )\t a peculi> *>m2 & ! accompany+ engrav+s possess a m>k$ sup]iority ov] all t h hi!rto be5 made f ! works ( ?is pa9t]1 9 r5d]+ ?is *i>oscuro1 z f> z possible1 toge!r ) ! effect ( ! local col\rs4 ,! true appreciation ( art has be5 ret>d$ = _m ye>s by ! habit ( tru/+ to outl9es z a suffici5t expression ( ! s5tim5t ( compositions2 :]eas 9 all truly great designs1 ( :atev] age1 x is nev] ! outl9e1 b ! disposition ( ! masses1 :e!r ( %ade or col\r1 on :i* ! real p[] ( ! "w dep5ds4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,plate ,,iii4 7,! ,angel appe>s to ,anna71 ! int]e/ ( ! composition dep5ds entirely ^u ! broad %ad[s :i* fill ! spaces ( ! *amb]1 & ( ! ext]nal passage 9 :i* ! att5dant is sitt+4 ,?is %ade expla9s ! :ole sc5e 9 a mom5t3 gives prom95ce to ! curta9 & cov]lid ( ! homely b$1 & ! rude *e/ & tre/les :i* =m ! poor furniture ( ! h\se2 & conducts ! eye easily & in/antly to ! ?ree figures1 :i*1 _h ! sc5e be5 express$ 9 outl9e only1 we %\ld h _h to trace out ) "s c>e & difficulty among ! pill>s ( ! loggia & folds ( ! curta9s4 ,s also ! relief ( ! faces 9 light aga9/ ! d>k sky is ( peculi> value 9 ! compositions ,no4 ,x4 & ,no4 ,,xii4 ,! draw+ ( ,giotto is1 ( c\rse1 exce$+ly faulty4 ,8 k ( ! human figure is defici5t2 & ?is1 ! necess>y drawback 9 all works ( ! p]iod1 occasions an extreme difficulty 9 r5d]+ !m fai?fully 9 an engrav+4 ,= :]ev] !re is good & legitimate draw+1 ! ord9>y education ( a mod]n draughtsman enables him to copy x ) tol]able accuracy2 b :5 once ! true =ms ( nature are dep>t$ f1 x is by no means easy to express exactly ! error1 & no m ?an ! error1 ( 8 orig9al4 ,9 mo/ cases mod]n copyi/s try to modify or hide ! weaknesses ( ! old art1--by :i* proc$ure !y v (t5 :olly lose its _s1 & only half r$eem its defects2 ! results be+1 ( c\rse1 at once false z repres5tations1 & intr9sically valueless4 ,& j z x requires great c\rage & skill 9 an int]pret] to speak out hone/ly all ! r\gh & rude words ( ! fir/ speak]1 & to translate delib]ately & resolutely1 9 ! face ( att5tive m51 ! expressions ( 8 weakness or impati5ce2 s x requires at once ! utmo/ c\rage & skill 9 a copyi/ to trace fai?fully ! failures ( an imp]fect ma/]1 9 ! front ( mod]n criticism1 & aga9/ ! inborn in/9cts ( 8 own h& & eye4 ,& let him d ! be/ he c1 he w /ill f9d t ! grace & life ( 8 orig9al are cont9ually fly+ (f l a vap\r1 :ile all ! faults he has s dilig5tly copi$ sit rigidly />+ him 9 ! face1--a t]rible caput mortuum4 ,x is v necess>y t ?is %\ld be well und]/ood by ! memb]s ( ! ,arundel ,society1 :5 !y he> _! engrav+s sev]ely criticis$4 ,x is easy to produce an agreeable engrav+ by graceful infidelities2 b ! entire endeav\r ( ! draughtsm5 employ$ by ?is society has be5 to obta9 accurately ! "* ( ! orig9al3 & he :o nev] proposes to himself to rise above ! "w he is copy+1 mu/ mo/ assur$ly (t5 fall b5ea? x4 ,su* fall is ! inh]5t & inevitable p5alty on all absolute copyism2 & :]ev] ! copy is made ) s9c]ity1 ! fall mu/ be endur$ ) pati5ce4 ,x w nev] be an utt] or a degrad+ fall2 t is res]v$ = ^? :o1 l vulg> translators1 wilfully quit ! h& ( _! ma/]1 & h no /r5g? ( _! own4 ,la/ly4 ,x is especially to be notic$ t ^! works ( ,giotto1 9 common ) all o!rs ( ! p]iod1 are indep5d5t ( all ! inf]ior s\rces ( pictorial int]e/4 ,!y nev] %[ ! slighte/ attempt at imitative realisation3 !y are simple sugge/ions ( ideas1 claim+ no reg>d except = ! inh]5t value ( ! ?\ghts4 ,!re is no fill+ ( ! l&scape ) v>iety ( sc5]y1 ar*itecture1 or incid5t1 z 9 ! works ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli or ,p]ug9o2 no weal? ( jewell]y & gold sp5t on ! dresses ( ! figures1 z 9 ! delicate lab\rs ( ,angelico or ,g5tile da ,fabriano4 ,! backgr\nd is nev] m ?an a few gloomy masses ( rock1 ) a tree or two1 & p]haps a f\nta92 ! ar*itecture is m]ely :at is necess>y to expla9 ! sc5e2 ! dresses are pa9t$ /]nly on ! h]oic pr9ciple ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds--t drap]y is to be drap]y1 & no?+ m1--!re is no silk1 nor velvet1 nor di/+ui%able mat]ial ( any k9d3 ! :ole p[] ( ! picture is re/$ on ! ?ree simple ess5tials ( pa9t+--pure ,col\r1 noble ,=m1 noble ,?\ght4 ,we mod]ns1 educat$ 9 reality f> m "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,dut* ma/]s ?an ! ,italian1 & taught to look = realisation 9 all ?+s1 h be5 9 ! habit ( ca/+ scorn on ^! e>ly ,italian works1 z if _! simplicity 7 ! result ( ignorance m]ely4 ,:5 we "k a little m ( art 9 g5]al1 we %all beg9 to suspect t a man ( ,giotto's p[] ( m9d did n altoge!r suppose 8 clu/]s ( =mal trees1 or dim9utive masses ( ar*itecture1 to be p]fect repres5tations ( ! woods ( ,judea1 or ( ! /reets ( ,j]usalem3 we %all beg9 to und]/& t !re is a symbolical art :i* addresses ! imag9ation1 z well z a reali/ art :i* sup]s$es x2 & t ! p[]s ( contemplation & conception :i* c\ld be satisfi$ or excit$ by ^! simple types ( natural ?+s1 7 inf9itely m maje/ic ?an ^? :i* are s dep5d5t on ! complet5ess ( :at is pres5t$ to !m z to be p>alys$ by an error 9 p]spective1 or /ifl$ by ! abs5ce ( atmosph]e4 ,nor is ! heal?y simplicity ( ! p]iod less m>k$ 9 ! selection ?an 9 ! treatm5t ( subjects4 ,x has 9 ^! days become necess>y = ! pa9t] :o desires popul>ity to accumulate on 8 canvas :atev] is />tl+ 9 aspect or emotion1 & to dra91 ev5 to exhau/ion1 ! vulg> s\rces ( ! pa!tic4 ,mod]n s5tim5t1 at once fev]i% & feeble1 rema9s unawak5$ except by ! viol5ces ( gaiety or gloom2 & ! eye refuses to pause1 except :5 x is tempt$ by ! luxury ( beauty1 or fasc9at$ by ! excitem5t ( t]ror4 ,x ought n1 !re=e1 to be )\t a respectful admiration t we f9d ! ma/]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury dwell+ on mom5ts ( ! mo/ subdu$ & t5d] feel+1 & leav+ ! spectator to trace ! "u-curr5ts ( ?\ght :i* l9k !m ) future ev5ts ( mighti] int]e/1 & fill ) a prophetic p[] & my/]y sc5es 9 !mselves s simple z ! meet+ ( a ma/] ) 8 h]dsm5 among ! hills1 or ! return ( a betro!d virg9 to h] h\se4 ,illu/ration ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be rememb]$ t ?is quietness 9 "* ( subject 0 mu* m possible to an e>ly pa9t]1 ow+ to ! connection 9 :i* 8 works 7 to be se54 ,a mod]n picture1 isolat$ & portable1 mu/ re/ all its claims to att5tion on its own actual subject3 b ! pictures ( ! e>ly ma/]s 7 ne>ly always p>ts ( a consecutive & /able s]ies1 9 :i* _m 7 subdu$1 l ! connect+ passages ( a prolong$ poem1 9 ord] to enhance ! value or mean+ ( o!rs4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! subjects 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel is 9 ?is respect peculi>ly skilful2 & to t arrangem5t we mu/ n[ direct our att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,ar5a ,,*apel1 ,,padua1 ,,look+ ,,ea/w>d4 ,x 0 be=e notic$ t ! *apel 0 built betwe5 #acjj & #acjf4 ,! ar*itecture ( ,italy 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury is always pure1 & (t5 sev]e2 b ?is *apel is rem>kable1 ev5 among ! sev]e/ =ms1 = ! abs5ce ( decoration4 ,its plan1 se5 9 ! m>g9al figure on p4 #bf1 is a pure oblong1 ) a n>r[ advanc$ tribune1 t]m9at+ 9 a trilat]al apse4 ,selvatico quotes f ! ,g]man writ] ,/ieglitz "s curi\s obs]vations on ! app>5t d]ivation ( its proportions1 9 common ) ^? ( o!r build+s ( ! "t1 f ! numb] ( sides ( its apse4 ,)\t ent]+ into ^! p>ticul>s1 x may be not$ t ! apse is j "o-half ! wid? ( ! body ( ! *apel1 & t ! l5g? f ! extremity ( ! tribune to ! we/ end is j sev5 times ! wid? ( ! apse4 ,! :ole ( ! body ( ! *apel 0 pa9t$ by ,giotto2 ! walls & ro( be+ entirely cov]$ ei!r ) 8 figure-designs1 or ) v>i\s subord9ate decorations connect+ & enclos+ !m4 ,! woodcut on p4 #bg repres5ts ! arrangem5t ( ! frescoes on ! sides1 extremities1 & ro( ( ! *apel4 ,! spectator is suppos$ to be look+ f ! we/]n entrance t[>ds ! tribune1 hav+ on 8 "r ! s\? side1 :i* is pi]c$ by six tall w9d[s1 & on :i* ! frescoes are !re=e r$uc$ 9 numb]4 ,! nor? side is pi]c$ by no w9d[s1 & on x !re=e ! frescoes are cont9u\s1 light$ f ! s\? w9d[s4 ,! sev]al spaces numb]$ #a to #ch are occupi$ by a cont9u\s s]ies ( subjects1 repres5t+ ! life ( ! ,virg9 & ( ,*ri/2 ! n>r[ panels bel[1 m>k$ a1 b1 c1 c41 are fill$ by figures ( ! c>d9al virtues & _! oppon5t vices3 on ! lunette above ! tribune is pa9t$ a ,*ri/ 9 glory1 & at ! we/]n extremity ! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,?us ! walls ( ! *apel are cov]$ ) a cont9u\s m$itative poem on ! my/]y ( ! ,inc>nation1 ! acts ( ,r$emption1 ! vices & virtues ( mank9d z proce$+ f _! scorn or acceptance ( t ,r$emption1 & _! f9al judgm5t4 ,! fir/ twelve pictures ( ! s]ies are exclusively devot$ to ! apocryphal hi/ory ( ! bir? & life ( ! ,virg94 ,?is ! ,prote/ant spectator w obs]ve1 p]haps1 ) little fav\r1 m especially z only two comp>tm5ts are giv5 to ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/1 betwe5 8 ,baptism & ,entry into ,j]usalem4 ,due weight is1 h[ev]1 to be all[$ to ,"l ,l9dsay's rem>k1 t ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! ,virg9 0 ( peculi> importance 9 ?is *apel1 z especially d$icat$ to h] s]vice2 & ,i ?9k also t ,giotto desir$ to unite ! s]ies ( compositions 9 "o cont9u\s action1 feel+ t to h enl>g$ on ! sep>ate miracles ( ,*ri/'s m9i/ry w\ld h int]rupt$ ! onw>d c\rse ( ?\ght4 ,z x is1 ! m9d is l$ f ! fir/ humiliation ( ,joa*im to ! ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/ 9 "o unbrok5 & progressive *a9 ( sc5es2 ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/ be+ completely typifi$ by 8 fir/ & la/ conspicu\s miracle3 :ile ! v unimportance ( "s ( ! subjects1 z = in/ance t ( ! ,wat*+ ! ,rods1 is useful 9 direct+ ! spectator r to pursue ! c\rse ( ! n>rative1 ?an to pause 9 satisfi$ m$itation ^u any s+le incid5t4 ,& x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ,giotto _h also a peculi> pleasure 9 dwell+ on ! circum/ances ( ! %eph]d life ( ! fa!r ( ! ,virg91 ow+ to its resemblance to t ( 8 own e>ly ye>s4 ,! incid5ts repres5t$ 9 ^! fir/ twelve pa9t+s are record$ 9 ! two apocryphal gospels kn[n z ! ,protevangelion & ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>y4#ac ,b on comp>+ ! /atem5ts 9 ^! writ+s 7:i*1 by ! by1 are 9 n[ise consi/5t ) ea* o!r7 ) ! pa9t+s 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 x appe>$ to me t ,giotto mu/ occasionally h foll[$ "s m detail$ traditions ?an are furni%$ by ei!r ( !m2 see+ t ( "o or two subjects ! apocryphal gospels gave no di/9ct or suffici5t explanation4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( "s o!r rese>*es1 ,i met ) a manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,h>l4 #cega17 conta9+ a complete ,hi/ory ( ! mo/ ,holy ,family1 writt5 9 ,nor!rn ,italian ( ab\t ! middle ( ! #ad? c5tury2 & appe>+ to be "o ( ! =ms ( ! leg5d :i* ,giotto has occasionally foll[$ 9 pref]5ce to ! /atem5ts ( ! ,protevangelion4 ,i h !re=e1 9 illu/ration ( ! pa9t+s1 giv51 :5 x seem$ useful1 "s portions ( ?is manuscript2 & ^!1 ) "o or two v]ses ( ! commonly receiv$ acc\nts1 w be f\nd g5]ally en\gh to int]pret suffici5tly ! mean+ ( ! pa9t]4 ,footnote #ac3 ,x has always appe>$ /range to me1 t ecclesia/ical hi/ory %\ld possess no m au!ntic records ( ! life ( ! ,virg91 be=e ! p]iod at :i* ! n>rative ( ,/4 ,luke comm5ces1 ?an ^! apocryphal gospels1 :i* are z wret*$ 9 /yle z untru/wor?y 9 matt]2 & are evid5tly no?+ m ?an a collection1 9 rude imitation ( ! /yle ( ! ,evangeli/s1 ( su* float+ traditions z became curr5t among ! weak ,*ri/ians ( ! e>li] ages1 :5 _! inquiries respect+ ! hi/ory ( ,m>y 7 met by ! obscurity "u :i* ! ,div9e w _h veil$ h] humble p]son & "*4 ,!re mu/ always be some?+ pa9ful1 to ^? :o are famili> ) ! ,scriptures1 9 read+ ^! feeble & fooli% mock]ies ( ! mann] ( ! inspir$ writ]s2 b x w be prop]1 nev]!less1 to give ! exact words 9 :i* ! sc5es repres5t$ by ,giotto 7 record$ to him4 ,! foll[+ complete li/ ( ! subjects w at once enable ! read] to ref] any ( !m to its place 9 ! s]ies1 & on ! walls ( ! build+2 & ,i h only n[ to rem9d him 9 conclusion1 t )9 ^? walls ! greate/ pa9t] & greate/ poet ( m$ival ,italy held happy companion%ip dur+ ! "t :5 ! frescoes 7 execut$4 ,x is n difficult1 says ! writ] already s (t5 quot$1 ,"l ,l9dsay1 gaz+ on ^! sil5t b eloqu5t walls1 to repeople !m ) ! gr\p once1 z we "k1 five hundr$ ye>s ago1 assembl$ )9 !m3 ,giotto int5t ^u 8 "w1 8 wife ,ciuta admir+ 8 progress2 & ,dante1 ) ab/ract$ eye1 alt]nately conv]s+ ) 8 fri5d1 & wat*+ ! gambols ( ! *ildr5 play+ on ! grass be=e ! door4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s]ies ,,( ,,subjects4 #a4 ,! ,rejection ( ,joa*im's ,(f]+4 #b4 ,joa*im retires to ! ,%eepfold4 #c4 ,! ,angel appe>s to ,anna4 #d4 ,! ,sacrifice ( ,joa*im4 #e4 ,! ,vision ( ,joa*im4 #f4 ,! ,meet+ at ! ,gold5 ,gate4 #g4 ,! ,bir? ( ! ,virg94 #h4 ,! ,pres5tation ( ! ,virg94 #i4 ,! ,rods are br\ght to ! ,high ,prie/4 #aj4 ,! ,wat*+ ( ! ,rods4 #aa4 ,! ,betro?al ( ! ,virg94 #ab4 ,! ,virg9 returns to h] ,h\se4 #ac4 ,! ,angel ,gabriel4 #ad4 ,! ,virg9 ,annunciate4 #ae4 ,! ,salutation4 #af4 ,! ,angel ,appe>+ to ! ,%eph]ds4 #ag4 ,! ,wise ,m5's ,(f]+4 #ah4 ,! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple4 #ai4 ,! ,flight into ,egypt4 #bj4 ,! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts4 #ba4 ,! ,"y ,*ri/ 9 ! ,temple4 #bb4 ,! ,baptism ( ,*ri/4 #bc4 ,! ,m>riage 9 ,cana4 #bd4 ,! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us4 #be4 ,! ,entry into ,j]usalem4 #bf4 ,! ,expulsion f ! ,temple4 #bg4 ,! ,hir+ ( ,judas4 #bh4 ,! ,la/ ,supp]4 #bi4 ,! ,wa%+ ( ! ,feet4 #cj4 ,! ,kiss ( ,judas4 #ca4 ,*ri/ be=e ,caiaphas4 #cb4 ,! ,sc\rg+ ( ,*ri/4 #cc4 ,*ri/ be>+ 8 ,cross4 #cd4 ,! ,crucifixion4 #ce4 ,! ,entombm5t4 #cf4 ,! ,resurrection4 #cg4 ,! ,asc5sion4 #ch4 ,! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 ,,! ,,rejection ,,( ,,joa*im',s ,,(f]+4 ,at t "t1 !re 0 a man ( p]fect hol9ess1 nam$ ,joa*im1 ( ! tribe ( ,juda1 & ( ! city ( ,j]usalem4 ,& ?is ,joa*im _h 9 contempt ! ri*es & hon\rs ( ! _w2 & = great] despite to !m1 he kept 8 flocks1 ) 8 %eph]ds4 444 ,& he1 be+ s holy & j1 divid$ ! fruits :i* he receiv$ f 8 flocks into ?ree p>ts3 a ?ird "p--wool1 & lambs1 & su* l--he gave to ,god1 t is to say1 to ^? :o s]v$ ,god1 & :o m9i/]$ 9 ! temple ( ,god2 ano!r ?ird "p he gave to wid[s1 orphans1 & pilgrims2 ! rema9+ ?ird he kept = himself & 8 family4 ,& he p]sev]+ 9 ?is1 ,god s multipli$ & increas$ 8 goods t !re 0 no man l him 9 ! l& ( ,israel4444 ,& hav+ come to ! age ( tw5ty ye>s1 he took to wife ,anna1 ! daught] ( ,ysaya1 ( 8 own tribe1 & ( ! l9eage ( ,david4 ,?is preci\s ,/4 ,anna _h always p]sev]$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,god ) great wisdom & s9c]ity2 444 & hav+ receiv$ ,joa*im = h] husb&1 0 subject to him1 & gave him hon\r & rev]5ce1 liv+ 9 ! fe> ( ,god4 ,& ,joa*im hav+ liv$ ) 8 wife ,anna = tw5ty ye>s1 yet hav+ no *ild1 & !re be+ a great solemnity 9 ,j]usalem1 all ! m5 ( ! city w5t to (f] 9 ! temple ( ,god1 :i* ,solomon _h built2 & ,joa*im ent]+ ! temple ) 7inc5se87 & o!r gifts to (f] on ! alt>1 & ,joa*im hav+ made 8 (f]+1 ! m9i/] ( ! temple1 ^: "n 0 ,issa*>1 ?rew ,joa*im's (f]+ f (f ! alt>1 & drove ,joa*im out ( ! temple1 say+1 ',?\1 ,joa*im1 art n wor?y to ent] into ! temple1 see+ t ,god has n add$ 8 bless+ to y1 z 9 y\r life y h _h no se$4' ,?us ,joa*im receiv$ a great insult 9 ! sight ( all ! p2 & he be+ all a%am$1 return$ to 8 h\se1 weep+ & lam5t+ mo/ bitt]ly4 7,,ms4 ,h>l47 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>y diff]s f ?is ,,ms4 9 its /atem5t ( ! respective cities ( ,joa*im & ,anna1 say+ t ! family ( ! ,virg9's fa!r 0 ( ,galilee & ( ! city ( ,naz>e?1 ! family ( h] "m 0 ( ,be?lehem4 ,x is less int]e/+ 9 details2 b gives a bett]1 or at lea/ m graceful1 acc\nt ( ,joa*im's repulse1 say+ t ,issa*> despis$ ,joa*im & 8 (f]+s1 & ask$ him :y he1 :o _h no *ildr51 w\ld presume to appe> among ^? :o _h3 add+1 t 8 (f]+s c\ld nev] be acceptable to ,god1 s9ce he _h be5 judg$ by ,him unwor?y to h *ildr52 ! ,scripture hav+ said1 ,curs$ is e "o :o %all n beget a male 9 ,israel4 ,giotto seems to h foll[$ ?is latt] acc\nt1 z ! figure ( ! high prie/ is f> f be+ ei!r ignoble or ung5tle4 ,! temple is repres5t$ by ! two mo/ important portions ( a ,byzant9e *ur*2 namely1 ! ciborium :i* cov]$ ! alt>1 & ! pulpit or read+ desk2 ) ! l[ scre5 9 front ( ! alt> enclos+ ! "p ( ! *ur* call$ ! cancellum4 ,"l ,l9dsay speaks ( ! prie/ )9 ?is enclosure z confess+ a "y man :o kneels at 8 feet4 ,x seems to me1 r1 t he is meant to be accept+ ! (f]+ ( ano!r wor%ipp]1 s z to m>k ! rejection ( ,joa*im m di/9ctly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,,joa*im ,,retires ,,to ,,! ,,%eepfold4 ,!n ,joa*im1 9 ! foll[+ night1 resolv$ to sep>ate himself f companion%ip2 to g to ! des]t places among ! m\nta9s1 ) 8 flocks2 & to inhabit ^? m\nta9s1 9 ord] n to he> su* insults4 ,& imm$iately ,joa*im rose f 8 b$1 & call$ ab\t him all 8 s]vants & %eph]ds1 & caus$ to be ga!r$ toge!r all 8 flocks1 & goats1 & horses1 & ox51 & :at o!r bea/s he _h1 & w5t ) !m & ) ! %eph]ds into ! hills2 & ,anna 8 wife rema9$ at home disconsolate1 & m\rn+ = h] husb&1 :o _h dep>t$ f h] 9 su* sorr[4 7,,ms4 ,h>l47 ,b ^u inquiry1 he f\nd t all ! righte\s _h rais$ up se$ 9 ,israel4 ,!n he call$ to m9d ! patri>* ,abraham1--h[ t ,god 9 ! end ( 8 life _h giv5 him 8 son ,isaac3 ^u :i* he 0 exce$+ly di/ress$1 & w\ld n be se5 by 8 wife2 b retir$ into ! wild]ness & fix$ 8 t5t !re1 & fa/$ =ty days & =ty nights1 say+ to himself1 ',i w n g d[n to eat or dr9k till ! ,"l my ,god %all look d[n ^u me2 b pray] %all be my meat & dr9k4' 7,protevangelion1 *ap4 i47 ,giotto seems "h also to h foll[$ ! ord9>y tradition1 z he has repres5t$ ,joa*im retir+ unatt5d$1--b met by two ( 8 %eph]ds1 :o are speak+ to ea* o!r1 unc]ta9 :at to d or h[ to receive _! ma/]4 ,! dog ha/5s to meet him ) joy4 ,! figure ( ,joa*im is s+ul>ly beautiful 9 its p5siv5ess & sl[ motion2 & ! ignobl5ess ( ! h]dsm5's figures is curi\sly m>k$ 9 opposition to ! dignity ( _! ma/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,angel ,,appe>s ,,to ,,anna4 ,aft]w>ds ! angel appe>$ to ,anna 8 wife1 say+1 ',fe> n1 nei!r ?9k t :i* y see is a _s4 ,= ,i am t angel :o ha? (f]$ up y\r pray]s & alms be=e ,god1 & am n[ s5t to tell y t a daught] w be born unto y4444 ,arise1 !re=e1 & g up to ,j]usalem2 & :5 y %all come to t :i* is call$ ! ,gold5 ,gate 7because x is gilt ) gold71 z a sign ( :at ,i h told y1 y %all meet y\r husb&1 = ^: safety y h be5 s mu* conc]n$4' 7,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>y1 *ap4 iii4 #a-g47 ,! acc\nts 9 ! ,protevangelion & 9 ! ,h>leian ,,ms4 are mu* exp&$3 relat+ h[ ,anna fe>$ h] husb& 0 dead1 he hav+ be5 abs5t f h] five mon?s2 & h[ ,judi?1 h] maid1 taunt$ h] ) h] *ildlessness2 & h[1 go+ !n into h] g>d51 %e saw a sp>r['s ne/1 full ( "y1 ^u a laurel-tree1 & m\rn+ )9 h]self1 said1 ,i am n comp>able to ! v bea/s ( ! e>?1 = ev5 !y are fruitful be=e !e1 ,o ,"l4444 ,i am n comp>able to ! v e>?1 = ! e>? produces its fruits to praise !e4 ,!n ! angel ( ! ,"l /ood by h]1 c4 ,bo? ! ,protevangelion & ,h>leian ,,ms4 agree 9 plac+ ! vision 9 ! g>d52 ! latt] add+1 t %e fl$ into h] *amb] 9 great fe>1 & fell ^u h] b$1 & lay z 9 a trance all t day & all t night1 b did n tell ! vision to h] maid1 because ( h] bitt] answ]+4 ,giotto has deviat$ f bo? acc\nts 9 mak+ ! vision appe> to ,anna 9 h] *amb]1 :ile ! maid1 evid5tly be+ consid]$ an important p]sonage1 is at "w 9 ! passage4 ,ap>t f all ref]5ce to ! leg5ds1 !re is some?+ peculi>ly beautiful 9 ! simplicity ( ,giotto's conception1 & 9 ! way 9 :i* he has %[n ! angel ent]+ at ! w9d[1 )\t ! lea/ endeav\r to impress our imag9ation by d>kness1 or light1 or cl\ds1 or any o!r accessory2 z ?\gh believ+ t angels might appe> any :]e1 & any day1 & to all m51 z a matt] ( c\rse1 if we w\ld ask !m1 or 7 fit company = !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,sacrifice ,,( ,,joa*im4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is sacrifice is only giv5 cle>ly 9 ! ,h>leian ,,ms42 b ev5 ?is diff]s f ,giotto's s]ies 9 ! ord] ( ! visions1 z ! subject ( ! next plate is record$ fir/ 9 ?is ,,ms41 "u ! curi\s head+1 ,disse ,sancto ,!(ilo como l'angelo de ,dio ap]se a ,joa*im lo qual li anuntia la nativita della v]g5e ,m>ia2 :ile ! record ( ?is vision & sacrifice is head$1 ,como l'angelo de ,dio ap>se an*ora a ,joa*im4 ,x !n proce$s ?us3 ,at ?is v mom5t ( ! day 7:5 ! angel appe>$ to ,anna71 !re appe>$ a mo/ beautiful y\? 7unno belitissimo zov5e7 among ! m\nta9s !re1 :]e ,joa*im 01 & said to ,joa*im1 ',:]e=e do/ ?\ n return to ?y wife8' ,& ,joa*im answ]$1 ',^! tw5ty ye>s ,god has giv5 me no fruit ( h]1 :]e=e ,i 0 *as$ f ! temple ) inf9ite %ame4444 ,&1 z long z ,i live1 ,i w give alms ( my flocks to wid[s & pilgrims4'444 ,& ^! words be+ f9i%$1 ! y\? answ]$1 ',i am ! angel ( ,god :o appe>$ to !e ! o!r "t = a sign2 & appe>$ to ?y wife ,anna1 :o always abides 9 pray]1 weep+ day & night2 & ,i h consol$ h]2 :]e=e ,i comm& !e to obs]ve ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 & 8 w1 :i* ,i tell y truly1 t ( !e %all be born a daught]1 & t ?\ %alt (f] h] to ! temple ( ,god1 & ! ,holy ,_s %all re/ ^u h]1 & h] bless$ness %all be above ! bless$ness ( all virg9s1 & h] hol9ess s great t human nature w n be able to compreh5d x4'444#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,?is passage 9 ! old ,italian ( ! ,,ms4 may int]e/ "s read]s3 ,e complice que/e p>ole lo zov5e respoxe1 dign&o1 ,io son l'angelo de ,dio1 lo quale si te ap>se l'altra fiada1 9 segno1 e ap>se a toa muli] ,anna *e sempre /a 9 oration plauz&o di e note1 e si lo consolada2 unde io te com&o *e tu debie obs]v>e li com&im5ti de ,dio1 ela s\a volunta *e io te dico v]am5te1 *e de la toa som5za ins]a una fiola1 e que/a (frila al templo de ,dio1 e lo ,spirito santo repos]a 9 ley1 ela soa beatitud9e s]a sov]a tute le altre v]z5e1 ela s\a santita s]a si gr&e *e natura humana non la pora compr5d]e4 ,!n ,joa*im fell ^u ! e>?1 say+1 ',my "l1 ,i pray !e to pray ,god = me1 & to ent] into ?is my tab]nacle1 & bless me1 ?y s]vant4' ,! angel answ]$1 ',we are all ! s]vants ( ,god3 & "k t my eat+ w\ld be invisible1 & my dr9k+ c\ld n be se5 by all ! m5 9 ! _w2 b ( all t ?\ w\lde/ give to me1 d ?\ make sacrifice to ,god4' ,!n ,joa*im took a lamb )\t spot or blemi% 4442 & :5 he _h made sacrifice ( x1 ! angel ( ! ,"l disappe>$ & asc5d$ into heav52 & ,joa*im fell ^u ! e>? 9 great fe>1 & lay f ! six? h\r until ! ev5+4 ,?is is evid5tly no?+ m ?an a v vapid imitation ( ! scriptural n>rative ( ! appe>ances ( angels to ,abraham & ,manoah4 ,b ,giotto has put life into x2 & ,i am aw>e ( no o!r composition 9 :i* s mu* int]e/ & awe has be5 giv5 to ! lit]al burnt sacrifice4 ,9 all o!r repres5tations ( su* (f]+s :i* ,i rememb]1 ! int]e/ is conc5trat$ 9 ! slay+ ( ! victim4 ,b ,giotto has fa/5$ on ! burn+ ( x2 %[+ ! :ite skeleton left on ! alt>1 & ! fire /ill hurtl+ up r\nd x1 typical ( ! ,div9e wra?1 :i* is z a consum+ fire2 & ?us r5d]+ ! sacrifice a m cle> & fe>ful type n m]ely ( ! outw>d w\nds & dea? ( ,*ri/1 b ( 8 s\l-suff]+4 ,all my bones are out ( jo9t3 my he>t is l wax2 x is melt$ 9 ! mid/ ( my b[els4#ae ,footnote #ae3 7,note by a fri5d73--,to me ! mo/ /rik+ "p ( x is1 t ! skeleton is entire 7'a bone ( him %all n be brok5'71 & t ! head /&s up /ill look+ to ! skies3 is x too fanciful to see a mean+ 9 ?is8 ,! h& ( ! ,deity is se5 9 ! heav5s--! sign ( ! ,div9e ,pres5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v4 ,,! ,,angel 7,,raphael7 ,,appe>s ,,to ,,joa*im4 ,n[ ,joa*im be+ 9 ?is pa91 ! ,"l ,god1 ,fa!r ( m]cy1 :o ab&ons n 8 s]vants1 nor ev] fails to console !m 9 _! di/resses1 if !y pray = 8 grace & pity1 _h compassion on ,joa*im1 & he>d 8 pray]1 & s5t ! angel ,raphael f heav5 to e>? to console him1 & ann\nce to him ! nativity ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,!re=e ! angel ,raphael appe>$ to ,joa*im1 & com=t$ him ) mu* peace1 & =etold to him ! bir? ( ! ,virg9 9 t glory & gladness1 say+1 ',god save y1 ,o fri5d ( ,god1 ,o ,joa*im6 ! ,"l has s5t me to decl>e to y an ev]la/+ joy1 & a hope t %all h no end4'444 ,& hav+ f9i%$ ^! words1 ! angel ( ! ,"l disappe>$ f him1 & asc5d$ into ! heav54 7,,ms4 ,h>l47 ,! passage :i* ,i h omitt$ is m]ely "o ( ! ord9>y ,romani/ acc\nts ( ! immaculate conception ( ! ,virg91 put into ! =m ( prophecy4 ,!re are no suffici5t details ( ?is "p ( ! leg5d ei!r 9 ! ,protevangelion or ,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>y2 b x is q cle> t ,giotto foll[$ x1 & t he has endeav\r$ to m>k a di/9ction 9 "* betwe5 ! angels ,gabriel & ,raphael#af 9 ! two subjects1--! =m ( ,raphael melt+ back into ! heav51 & be+ di/9ctly recognis$ z angelic1 :ile ,gabriel appe>s inve/$ ) p]fect humanity4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! %eph]ds1 :o ( c\rse are n suppos$ to see ! =m ( ! ,angel 78 manife/ation be+ only grant$ to ,joa*im dur+ 8 sleep71 are yet evid5tly "u ! influ5ce ( a c]ta9 degree ( awe & expectation1 z be+ consci\s ( "s pres5ce o!r ?an !y c p]ceive1 :ile ! animals are unconsci\s altoge!r4 ,footnote #af3 ,! ,,ms4 makes ! angel ,raphael ! only mess5g]4 ,giotto cle>ly adopts ! figure ( ,gabriel f ! ,protevangelion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,meet+ ,,at ,,! ,,gold5 ,,gate4 ,& ,joa*im w5t d[n ) ! %eph]ds1 & ,anna /ood by ! gate1 & saw ,joa*im com+ ) ! %eph]ds4 ,& %e ran1 & hang+ ab\t 8 neck1 said1 ',n[ ,i "k t ! ,"l ha? greatly bless$ me4' 7,protevangelion1 iv4 #h1 #i47 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,giotto's compositions1 & des]v$ly s1 be+ full ( ! mo/ solemn grace & t5d]ness4 ,! face ( ,/4 ,anna1 half se51 is mo/ t\*+ 9 its dep? ( expression2 & x is v int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ,giotto has enhanc$ its sweetness1 by giv+ a h>d] & gross] "* ?an is usual ) him to ! heads ( ! o!r two pr9cipal female figures 7n b t ?is ca/ ( feature is f\nd frequ5tly 9 ! figures ( some:at e>li] art71 & by ! r\gh & wea!r-beat5 c\nt5ance ( ! ent]+ %eph]d4 ,9 l mann]1 ! fall+ l9es ( ! drap]ies owe a great "p ( _! value to ! abrupt & ugly oblongs ( ! horizontal masonry :i* adjo9s !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,virg94 ,& ,joa*im said1 ',n[ ,i "k t ! ,"l is propiti\s to me1 & ha? tak5 away all my s9s4' ,& he w5t d[n f ! temple ( ! ,"l ju/ifi$1 & w5t to 8 own h\se4 ,& :5 n9e mon?s 7 fulfill$ to ,anna1 %e br\ght =?1 & said to ! midwife1 ',:at h ,i br\ght =?8' ,& %e told h]1 a girl4 ,!n ,anna said1 ',! ,"l ha? ?is day magnifi$ my s\l4' ,& %e laid h] 9 ! b$4 7,protevangelion1 v4 #d-h47 ,! composition is v *>act]i/ic ( ,giotto 9 two respects3 fir/1 9 its natural homel9ess & simplicity 79 old] designs ( ! same subject ! little ,madonna is repres5t$ z born ) a gold5 cr[n on h] head72 & secondly1 9 ! smallness ( ! brea/ & head ( ! sitt+ figure on ! "r1--a fault ( proportion (t5 obs]vable 9 ,giotto's figures ( *ildr5 or "y girls4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 also1 9 ?is s]ies1 we h "h two successive p]iods ( ! sc5e repres5t$ simultane\sly1 ! babe be+ pa9t$ twice4 ,?is practice 0 frequ5t among ! e>ly pa9t]s1 & mu/ necess>ily become s :]ev] pa9t+ und]takes ! task ( l5g!n$ n>rative4 ,mu* absurd discussion has tak5 place respect+ its propriety2 ! :ole "q be+ simply :e!r ! human m9d c or _c pass f ! contemplation ( "o ev5t to t ( ano!r1 )\t repos+ itself on an int]m$iate gilt frame4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,virg94 ,& :5 ?ree ye>s 7 expir$1 & ! "t ( h] wean+ complete1 !y br\ght ! ,virg9 to ! temple ( ! ,"l ) (f]+s4 ,& !re 7 ab\t ! temple1 accord+ to ! fifte5 ,psalms ( ,degrees1 fifte5 /airs to asc5d4 ,! p>5ts ( ! bless$ ,virg9 & infant ,m>y put h] ^u "o ( ^! /airs2 b :ile !y 7 putt+ (f _! clo!s 9 :i* !y _h travell$1 9 ! meantime1 ! ,virg9 ( ! ,"l 9 su* a mann] w5t up all ! /airs1 "o aft] ano!r1 )\t ! help ( any "o to lead h] or lift h]1 t any "o w\ld h judg$ f h5ce t %e 0 ( p]fect age4 7,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>y1 iv4 #a-f47 ,!re seems no?+ v miracul\s 9 a *ild's walk+ up /airs at ?ree ye>s old2 b ?is incid5t is a fav\rite "o among ! ,roman-,ca?olic pa9t]s ( e p]iod3 g5]ally1 h[ev]1 repres5t+ ! *ild z old] ?an 9 ! leg5d1 & dwell+ r on ! solemn feel+ ) :i* %e pres5ts h]self to ! high-prie/1 ?an on ! m]e fact ( h] be+ able to walk alone4 ,giotto has cle>ly reg>d$ ! incid5t entirely 9 ?is light2 = ,/4 ,anna t\*es ! *ild's arm z if to support h]2 s t ! s-call$ miracul\s walk+ is n ev5 h9t$ at4 ,"l ,l9dsay p>ticul>ly notices t ! ,virg9 is a dw>f woman in/ead ( a *ild2 ! del9eation ( *ildhood 0 "o ( ! late/ triumphs ( art4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ^? late/ triumphs1 h[ev]1 ! same fault 0 committ$ 9 ano!r way2 & a boy ( eight or t5 0 commonly repres5t$--ev5 by ,raffaelle himself--z a dw>f ,h]cules1 ) all ! gladiatorial muscles already visible 9 /unt$ rotundity4 ,giotto probably felt he _h n p[] en\gh to give dignity to a *ild ( ?ree ye>s old1 & int5d$ ! womanly =m to be r typical ( ! ,virg9's advanc$ m9d1 ?an an actual repres5tation ( h] p]son4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,rods ,,are ,,br\ght ,,to ,,! ,,high-,,prie/4 ,!n he 7! high-prie/7 appo9t$ t all ! m5 ( ! h\se & family ( ,david :o 7 m>riageable1 & n m>ri$1 %\ld br+ _! sev]al rods to ! alt>4 ,& out ( :atsoev] p]son's rod1 aft] x 0 br\ght1 a fl[] %\ld bud =?1 & on ! top ( x ! ,_s ( ! ,"l %\ld sit 9 ! appe>ance ( a dove1 he %\ld be ! man to :om ! ,virg9 %\ld be giv51 & be betro!d to h]4 7,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>y1 v4 #af1 #ag47 ,!re has orig9ally be5 v little int]e/ 9 ?is composition2 & ! injuries :i* x has suff]$ h r5d]$ x impossible = ! draughtsman to di/+ui% ! true folds ( ! drap]ies amid/ ! defac$ & worn col\rs ( ! fresco1 s t ! "* ( ! c5tral figure is lo/4 ,! only po9ts requir+ notice are1 fir/1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,/4 ,joseph holds 8 rod1 depress+ & half-conceal+ x1#ag :ile ! o!r suitors pres5t !irs boldly2 & secondly1 ! graceful ?\gh monoton\s gr\p+ ( ! heads ( ! cr[d beh9d him4 ,?is mode ( r5d]+ ! pres5ce ( a l>ge multitude1 %[+ only ! cr[ns ( ! heads 9 complicat$ p]spective1 0 long practis$ 9 mosaics & illum9ations be=e ! "t ( ,giotto1 & always possesses a c]ta9 degree ( sublimity 9 its p[] ( sugge/+ p]fect unity ( feel+ & movem5t among ! cr[d4 ,footnote #ag3 ,9 ! next *apt]1 x is said t ,joseph drew back 8 rod :5 e "o else pres5t$ 84 99 99 99 99 99 ,x4 ,,! ,,wat*+ ,,( ,,! ,,rods ,,at ,,! ,,alt>4 ,aft] ! high-prie/ _h receiv$ _! rods1 he w5t into ! temple to pray4 ,& :5 he _h f9i%$ 8 pray]1 he took ! rods & w5t =? & di/ribut$ !m2 & !re 0 no miracle att5d$ !m4 ,! la/ rod 0 tak5 by ,joseph2 &1 behold1 a dove proce$$ out ( ! rod1 & flew ^u ! head ( ,joseph4 7,protevangelion1 viii4 #i-aa47 ,?is is among ! lea/ graceful designs ( ! s]ies2 ?\gh ! clums9ess 9 ! cont\rs ( ! lead+ figures is inde$ a fault :i* (t5 occurs 9 ! pa9t]'s be/ works1 b x is "h unr$eem$ by ! re/ ( ! composition4 ,! gr\p ( ! suitors1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ z wait+ at ! outside ( ! temple1 is v beautiful 9 its e>ne/ness1 m especially 9 ! passionate expression ( ! figure 9 front4 ,x is difficult to look long at ! picture )\t feel+ a degree ( anxiety1 & /rong sympa?y ) ! sil5t wat*+ ( ! suitors2 & ?is is a sign ( no small p[] 9 ! "w4 ,! head ( ,joseph is se5 f> back on ! extreme left2 ?us indicat+ by its position 8 humility1 & desire to )draw f ! trial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,betro?al ,,( ,,! ,,virg94 ,!re is no di/9ct notice ( ?is ev5t 9 ! apocryphal ,gospel3 ! traditional repres5tation ( x is ne>ly always m or less simil>4 ,"l ,l9dsay's acc\nt ( ! composition be=e u is z foll[s3 ,! high-prie/1 /&+ 9 front ( ! alt>1 jo9s _! h&s2 beh9d ! ,virg9 /& h] bridesmaids2 beh9d ,/4 ,joseph ! unsuccessful suitors1 "o ( :om /eps =w>d to /rike him1 & ano!r breaks 8 rod on 8 knee4 ,joseph be>s 8 own rod1 on ! fl[] ( :i* ! ,holy ,_s re/s 9 ! semblance ( a dove4 ,! developm5t ( ?is subject by ,p]ug9o 7= ,raffaelle's picture 9 ! ,br]a is little m ?an a modifi$ copy ( ,p]ug9o's1 n[ at ,ca517 is well kn[n2 b not)/&+ all its beauty1 !re is n1 ,i ?9k1 any ?+ 9 ! action ( ! disappo9t$ suitors s p]fectly true or t\*+ z t ( ! y\? break+ 8 rod 9 ?is composition ( ,giotto's2 nor is !re among any ( ! figures ! expression ( solemn e>ne/ness & int5tness on ! ev5t :i* is m>k$ among ! att5dants "h1 & 9 ! c\nt5ances ( ! (ficiat+ prie/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,m>y ,,returns ,,to ,,h] ,,h\se4 ,accord+ly1 ! usual c]emonies ( betro?+ be+ ov]1 he 7,joseph7 return$ to 8 own city ( ,be?lehem to set 8 h\se 9 ord]1 & to make ! ne$ful provisions = ! m>riage4 ,b ! ,virg9 ( ! ,"l1 ,m>y1 ) sev5 o!r virg9s ( ! same age1 :o _h be5 wean$ at ! same "t1 & :o _h be5 appo9t$ to att5d h] by ! prie/1 return$ to h] p>5ts' h\se 9 ,galilee4 7,gospel ( ,/4 ,m>y1 vi4 #f1 #g47 ,( all ! compositions 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel ,i ?9k ?is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! noble "t 9 :i* x 0 done4 ,x is n s notable z exhibit+ ! m9d ( ,giotto1 :i* is p]haps m fully se5 9 subjects repres5t+ v>i$ emotion1 z 9 ! simplicity & repose :i* 7 peculi> to ! compositions ( ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury4 ,9 ord] to judge ( x fairly1 x ought fir/ to be comp>$ ) any classical composition--) a portion1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,elg9 frieze1--:i* w\ld in/antly make manife/ 9 x a /range s]i\sness & dignity & sl[ness ( motion1 result+ *iefly f ! excessive simplicity ( all its t]m9al l9es4 ,obs]ve1 = in/ance1 ! pure wave f ! back ( ! ,virg9's head to ! gr\nd2 & aga91 ! delicate swell+ l9e along h] %\ld] & left arm1 oppos$ to ! ne>ly unbrok5 fall ( ! drap]y ( ! figure 9 front4 ,x %\ld !n be comp>$ ) an ,egyptian or ,n9evite s]ies ( figures1 :i*1 by contra/1 w\ld br+ out its p]fect sweetness & grace1 z well z its v>iety ( expression3 f9ally1 x %\ld be comp>$ ) any composition subsequ5t to ! "t ( ,raffaelle1 9 ord] to feel its noble fre$om f pictorial artifice & attitude4 ,^! ?ree comp>isons _c be made c>efully )\t a s5se ( pr(\nd rev]5ce = ! national _s#ah :i* c\ld produce a design s maje/ic1 & yet rema9 cont5t ) "o s simple4 ,footnote #ah3 ,national1 because ,giotto's works are prop]ly to be look$ on z ! fruit ( _! own age1 & ! food ( t :i* foll[$4 ,! small loggia ( ! ,virg9's h\se is noticeable1 z be+ diff]5t f ! ar*itecture introduc$ 9 ! o!r pictures1 & m accurately repres5t+ ! ,italian ,go?ic ( ! dwell+-h\se ( ! p]iod4 ,! ar*es ( ! w9d[s h no capitals2 b ?is omission is ei!r to save "t1 or to prev5t ! backgr\nd f becom+ too conspicu\s4 ,all ! real build+s design$ by ,giotto h ! capital completely develop$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,annunciation4--,,! ,,angel ,,gabriel4 ,?is figure is plac$ on "o side ( ! ar* at ! ea/ end ( ! body ( ! *apel2 ! correspond+ figure ( ! ,virg9 be+ set on ! o!r side4 ,x 0 a con/ant practice ( ! m$ival arti/s ?us to divide ?is subject2 :i*1 inde$1 0 s (t5 pa9t$1 t ! mean+ ( ! sep>at$ figures ( ! ,angel & ,m>y 0 z well und]/ood z :5 !y 7 se5 9 juxtaposition4 ,inde$1 on ! two sides ( ?is ar* !y w\ld h>dly be consid]$ z sep>at$1 s9ce v frequ5tly !y 7 set to answ] to ea* o!r f ! opposite extremities ( a l>ge space ( ar*itecture4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,z1 = in/ance1 on ! two opposite angles ( ! faade ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,rheims4 ,! figure ( ! ,angel is notable *iefly = its s]5ity1 z oppos$ to ! lat] conceptions ( ! sc5e1 9 :i* he sails into ! *amb] ^u ! w+1 l a /oop+ falcon4 ,! build+ above is m develop$ ?an 9 any o!r ( ! ,ar5a pa9t+s2 b x mu/ always rema9 a matt] ( "q1 :y s exquisite a design] ( ar*itecture z ,giotto %\ld introduce =ms s h>% & meagre into 8 backgr\nds4 ,possibly he felt t ! v faults ( ! ar*itecture enhanc$ ! grace & increas$ ! importance ( ! figures2 at lea/1 ! proce$+ seems to me inexplicable on any o!r !ory4#bj ,footnote #bj3 7,note by a fri5d37 ,i suppose y w n admit z an explanation1 t he _h n yet turn$ 8 m9d to ar*itectural composition1 ! ,campanile be+ "s ?irty ye>s lat]8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,annunciation4--,,! ,,virg9 ,,m>y4 ,vas>i1 9 8 notice ( "o ( ,giotto's ,annunciations1 praises him = hav+ ju/ly r5d]$ ! fe> ( ! ,virg9 at ! address ( ! ,angel4 ,if he ev] treat$ ! subject 9 su* a mann]1 he dep>t$ f all ! traditions ( 8 "t2 = ,i am aw>e ( no pa9t+ ( ?is sc5e1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ?irte5? & foll[+ c5turies1 :i* does n repres5t ! ,virg9 z p]fectly tranquil1 receiv+ ! message ( ! ,angel 9 solemn ?\ght & g5tle humility1 b )\t a %ad[ ( fe>4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ! pa9t]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies to *ange angelic maje/y into reckless impetuosity1 & maid5 m$itation into panic dread4 ,! face ( ! ,virg9 is slightly disappo9t+4 ,giotto nev] rea*$ a v high /&>d ( beauty 9 feature2 dep5d+ mu* on di/ant effect 9 all 8 works1 & !re=e m on g5]al arrangem5t ( col\r & s9c]ity ( ge/ure1 ?an on ref9em5t ( draw+ 9 ! c\nt5ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xv4 ,,! ,,salutation4 ,?is picture1 plac$ b5ea? ! figure ( ! ,virg9 ,annunciate at ! ea/ end ( ! *apel1 & necess>ily small1 7z w be se5 by ! plan71 9 consequ5ce ( ! space occupi$ by ! ar* :i* x flanks1 beg9s ! second or l[] s]ies ( frescoes2 be+1 at ! same "t1 ! fir/ ( ! great *a9 ( m famili> subjects1 9 :i* we h ! p[] ( comp>+ ! conceptions ( ,giotto n only ) ! designs ( e>li] ages1 b ) ! ef=ts :i* subsequ5t ma/]s h made to exalt or v>y ! ideas ( ! pr9cipal sc5es 9 ! life ( ! ,virg9 & ( ,*ri/4 ,! two pa9t+s ( ! ,angel ,gabriel & ! ,virg9 ,annunciate h>dly provoke su* a comp>ison1 be+ almo/ /atue-l 9 ! calm subjection ( all dramatic int]e/ to ! symmetrical dignity & beauty ( ! two figures1 lead+1 z !y d1 ! :ole sy/em ( ! decoration ( ! *apel2 b ?is ( ! ,salutation is treat$ ) no su* ref]5ce to ! ar*itecture1 & at once *all5ges comp>ison ) ! works ( lat] ma/]s4 ,nor is ! *all5ge feebly ma9ta9$4 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+1 t1 among all ! r5d]+s ( ?is sc5e :i* n[ exi/1 ,i rememb] none :i* gives ! pure dep? & pla9 facts ( x s p]fectly z ?is ( ,giotto's4 ,( maje/ic wom5 b[+ !mselves to beautiful & meek girls1 bo? we>+ gorge\s robes1 9 ! mid/ ( lovely sc5]y1 or at ! doors ( ,palladian palaces1 we h en\gh2 b ,i d n "k any picture :i* seems to me to give s tru?ful an idea ( ! action ) :i* ,elizabe? & ,m>y mu/ actually h met1--:i* gives s exactly ! way 9 :i* ,elizabe? w\ld /ret* h] arms1 & /oop & gaze into ,m>y's face1 & ! way 9 :i* ,m>y's h& w\ld slip b5ea? ,elizabe?'s arms1 & raise h] up to kiss h]4 ,i "k n any ,elizabe? s full ( int5se love1 & joy1 & humbl5ess2 h>dly any ,madonna 9 :i* t5d]ness & dignity are s quietly bl5d$4 ,%e n less humble1 & yet accept+ ! rev]5ce ( ,elizabe? z h] appo9t$ portion1 say+1 9 h] simplicity & tru?1 ,he t is mighty ha? magnifi$ me1 & holy is ,8 "n4 ,! long] t ?is gr\p is look$ ^u1 ! m x w be felt t ,giotto has done well to )draw f x ne>ly all accessories ( l&scape & adornm5t1 & to tru/ x to ! p[] ( its own deep expression4 ,we may gaze ^u ! two sil5t figures until _! sil5ce seems to be brok51 & ! words ( ! "q & reply s\nd 9 our e>s1 l[ z if f f> away3 ,:5ce is ?is to me1 t ! ,"m ( my ,"l %\ld come to me8 ,my s\l do? magnify ! ,"l1 & my _s ha? rejoic$ 9 ,god my ,savi\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,nativity4 ,i am n sure :e!r ,i %all d well or k9dly 9 tell+ ! read] any?+ ab\t ?is beautiful design4 ,p]haps ! less he kn[s ab\t e>ly art or e>ly traditions1 ! m deeply he w feel its purity & tru?2 = !re is sc>cely an incid5t "h1 or any?+ 9 ! mann] ( repres5t+ ! incid5ts1 :i* is n m5tion$ or ju/ifi$ 9 ,scripture4 ,! bold1 hilly backgr\nd rem9ds u t ,be?lehem 0 9 ! hill-c\ntry ( ,judah4 ,b x may seem to h two purposes besides ?is lit]al "o3 ! fir/1 t x increases ! idea ( exposure & lonel9ess 9 ! bir? ( ,*ri/2 ! second t ! masses ( ! great hills1 ) ! angels float+ r\nd !m 9 ! horizontal cl\ds1 may 9 "s sort repres5t to our ?\ghts ! p[] & space ( t heav5 & e>? ^: ,"l is be+ laid 9 ! mang]-cradle4 ,!re is an exquisite tru? & sweetness 9 ! way ! ,virg9 turns ^u ! c\*1 9 ord] h]self to assi/ 9 lay+ ! ,*ild d[n4 ,giotto is 9 ?is exactly fai?ful to ! scriptural words3 ,%e wrapp$ ! ,*ild 9 swaddl+-clo!s1 & laid ,him 9 a mang]4 ,joseph sits b5ea? 9 m$itation2 above1 ! angels1 all exult+1 &1 z x 71 confus$ ) joy1 flutt] & circle 9 ! air l birds1--?ree look+ up to ! ,fa!r's ?rone ) praise & ?ankfulness1 "o /oop+ to adore ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 "o fly+ to tell ! %eph]ds4 ,!re is some?+ to me peculi>ly affect+ 9 ?is disord] ( !irs2 ev5 angels1 z x 71 break+ _! ranks ) wond]1 & n kn[+ h[ to utt] _! gladness & passion ( praise4 ,!re is noticeable "h1 z 9 all works ( ?is e>ly "t1 a c]ta9 confid5ce 9 ! way 9 :i* ! angels tru/ to _! w+s1 v *>act]i/ic ( a p]iod ( bold & simple conception4 ,mod]n sci5ce has taught u t a w+ _c be anatomically jo9$ to a %\ld]2 & 9 proportion z pa9t]s approa* m & m to ! sci5tific1 z di/+ui%$ f ! contemplative /ate ( m9d1 !y put ! w+s ( _! angels on m timidly1 & dwell ) great] emphasis ^u ! human =m1 & ) less ^u ! w+s1 until ^! la/ become a species ( decorative app5dage1--a m]e sign ( an angel4 ,b 9 ,giotto's "t an angel 0 a complete creature1 z mu* believ$ 9 z a bird2 & ! way 9 :i* x w\ld or might ca/ itself into ! air1 & lean hi!r & ?i!r ^u its plumes1 0 z naturally appreh5d$ z ! mann] ( flight ( a *\gh or a />l+4 ,h5ce ,dante's simple & mo/ exquisite synonym = angel1 ,bird ( ,god2 & h5ce also a v>iety & picturesqu5ess 9 ! expression ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly hi]>*ies by ! e>li] pa9t]s1 ill replac$ by ! p[]s ( =e%ort5+1 & ?r[+ nak$ limbs into fanta/ic positions1 :i* appe> 9 ! *]ubic gr\ps ( lat] times4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out ! frank association ( ! two ev5ts1--! ,nativity1 & appe>ance ( ! ,angel to ! ,%eph]ds4 ,!y are con/antly ?us jo9$2 b ,i d n rememb] any o!r example 9 :i* !y are jo9$ s boldly4 ,usually ! %eph]ds are se5 9 ! di/ance1 or are introduc$ 9 "s ornam5tal bord]1 or o!r inf]ior place4 ,! view ( pa9t+ z a mode ( sugge/+ relative or consecutive ?\ghts1 r ?an a realisation ( any "o sc5e1 is seldom s fe>lessly ass]t$1 ev5 by ,giotto1 z "h1 9 plac+ ! flocks ( ! %eph]ds at ! foot ( ! ,virg9's b$4 ,?is b$1 x w be notic$1 is on a %elf ( rock4 ,?is is 9 compliance ) ! idea f\nd$ on ! ,protevangelion & ! apocryphal book kn[n z ! ,gospel ( ,infancy1 t our ,savi\r 0 born 9 a cave1 associat$ ) ! scriptural /atem5t t ,he 0 laid 9 a mang]1 ( :i* ! apocryphal gospels d n speak4 ,! va9 endeav\r to exalt ! awe ( ! mom5t ( ! ,savi\r's bir? has turn$1 9 ^! gospels1 ! ou?\se ( ! inn into a species ( subt]ranean *apel1 full ( inc5se & c&les4 ,x 0 aft] sunset1 :5 ! old woman 7! midwife71 & ,joseph ) h]1 rea*$ ! cave2 & !y bo? w5t into x4 ,& behold1 x 0 all fill$ ) light1 great] ?an ! light ( lamps & c&les1 & great] ?an ! light ( ! sun itself4 7,infancy1 i4 #i47 ,!n a bright cl\d ov]%ad[$ ! cave1 & ! midwife said3 ,?is day my s\l is magnifi$4 7,protevangelion1 xiv4 #aj47 ,! ?irte5? *apt] ( ! ,protevangelion is1 h[ev]1 a little m skilful 9 ?is attempt at exaltation4 ,& leav+ h] & 8 sons 9 ! cave1 ,joseph w5t =? to seek a ,hebrew midwife 9 ! village ( ,be?lehem4 ,b z ,i 0 go+1 said ,joseph1 ,i look$ up into ! air1 & ,i saw ! cl\ds a/oni%$1 & ! f[ls ( ! air /opp+ 9 ! mid/ ( _! flight4 ,& ,i look$ d[n t[>ds ! e>? & saw a table spread1 & work+-p sitt+ ar\nd x2 b _! h&s 7 on ! table1 & !y did n move to eat4 ,b all _! faces 7 fix$ upw>ds4 7,protevangelion1 xiii4 #a-g47 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be absurd to endeav\r to in/itute any comp>ison betwe5 ! v>i\s pictures ( ?is subject1 innum]able z !y are2 b ,i mu/ at lea/ deprecate ,"l ,l9dsay's *>act]is+ ?is design ( ,giotto's m]ely z ! ,byzant9e composition4 ,x conta9s1 inde$1 no?+ m ?an ! mat]ials ( ! ,byzant9e composition2 b ,i "k no ,byzant9e ,nativity :i* at all resembles x 9 ! grace & life ( its action4 ,&1 = full a c5tury aft] ,giotto's "t1 9 nor!rn ,europe1 ! ,nativity 0 repres5t$ 9 a f> m conv5tional mann] ?an ?is2 usually only ! heads ( ! ox & ass are se51 & !y are arrang+1 or hold+ ) _! m\?s1 ! drap]y ( ! c\* ( ! ,*ild2 :o is n be+ laid 9 x by ! ,virg91 b rais$ ^u a k9d ( tablet high above h] 9 ! c5tre ( ! gr\p4 ,all ^! e>ly designs1 )\t exception1 h[ev]1 agree 9 express+ a c]ta9 degree ( languor 9 ! figure ( ! ,virg91 & 9 mak+ h] recumb5t on ! b$4 ,x is n till ! fifte5? c5tury t %e is repres5t$ z exempt f suff]+1 & imm$iately kneel+ 9 adoration be=e ! ,*ild4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,wise ,,m5',s ,,(f]+4 ,?is is a subject :i* has be5 s great a fav\rite ) ! pa9t]s ( lat] p]iods1 & on :i* s mu* ri* incid5tal inv5tion has be5 lavi%$1 t ,giotto's r5d]+ ( x _c b be felt to be b>r54 ,x is1 9 fact1 p]haps ! lea/ p[]ful ( all ! s]ies2 & its effect is fur!r m>r$ by :at ,"l ,l9dsay has p>tly not$1 ! appe>ance--p]haps accid5tal1 b if s1 exce$+ly unskilful--( matronly corpul5ce 9 ! figure ( ! ,madonna4 ,! un=tunate failure 9 ! repres5tation ( ! legs & *e/s ( ! camels1 & ! awkw>dness ( ! attempt to r5d] ! action ( kneel+ 9 ! =emo/ k+1 put ! :ole composition into ! class--n 9 itself an un9t]e/+ "o--( ! slips or %ortcom+s ( great ma/]s4 ,"o incid5t 9 x only is wor? obs]v+4 ,9 o!r compositions ( ?is "t1 & 9 _m lat] ones1 ! k+s are g5]ally pres5t+ _! (f]+s !mselves1 & ! ,*ild takes !m 9 ,8 h&1 or smiles at !m4 ,! pa9t]s :o ?\ght ?is an undignifi$ conception left ! pres5ts 9 ! h&s ( ! att5dants ( ! ,magi4 ,b ,giotto consid]s h[ pres5ts w\ld be receiv$ by an actual k+2 & z :at has be5 (f]$ to a mon>* is deliv]$ to ! c>e ( 8 att5dants1 ,giotto puts a wait+ angel to receive ! gifts1 z n wor?y to be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,infant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,pres5tation ,,9 ,,! ,,temple4 ,?is design is "o ( ^? :i* are peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,giotto z ! head ( ! ,naturali/i4#ba ,no pa9t] be=e 8 "t w\ld h d>$ to repres5t ! ,*ild ,jesus z desir+ to quit ! arms ( ,simeon1 or ! ,virg9 z 9 "s sort int]f]+ ) ! prophet's e>ne/ contemplation ( ! ,*ild by /ret*+ h] arms to receive ,him4 ,! idea is evid5tly a false "o1 q unwor?y ( ! high] pa9t]s ( ! religi\s s*ool2 & x is a matt] ( peculi> int]e/ to see :at mu/ h be5 ! /r5g? ( ,giotto's love ( pla9 facts1 :i* c\ld =ce him to /oop s l[ 9 ! conception ( ?is mo/ t\*+ sc5e4 ,! ,*ild does n1 x w be obs]v$1 m]ely /ret* its arm to ! ,madonna1 b is ev5 /ruggl+ to escape1 viol5tly rais+ ! left foot4 ,b !re is ano!r incid5t 9 ! composition1 witness+ z notably to ,giotto's p[]ful grasp ( all ! facts ( 8 subject z ?is does to 8 some:at h>d & pla9 mann] ( grasp+ !m2--,i mean ! angel approa*+ ,simeon1 z if ) a message4 ,! peculi> int]e/ ( ! ,pres5tation is = ! mo/ "p inadequately repres5t$ 9 pa9t+1 because x is impossible to imply ! fact ( ,simeon's hav+ wait$ s long 9 ! hope ( behold+ 8 ,"l1 or to in=m ! spectator ( ! feel+ 9 :i* he utt]s ! song ( hope fulfill$4 ,giotto has1 x seems to me1 done all t he c\ld to make u rememb] ?is peculi> mean+ ( ! sc5e2 = ,i ?9k ,i _c be deceiv$ 9 int]pret+ ! fly+ angel1 ) its bran* ( palm or lily1 to be ! ,angel ( ,dea?1 s5t 9 visible fulfilm5t ( ! ?ankful words ( ,simeon3 ,"l1 n[ lette/ ,?\ ,?y s]vant dep>t 9 peace4 ,! figure ( ,anna is poor & un9t]e/+2 t ( ! att5dant1 on ! extreme left1 v beautiful1 bo? 9 its drap]y & 9 ! sev]e & elevat$ "* ( ! features & head-dress4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see acc\nt ( 8 pr9ciples above1 p4 #ac1 head ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xix4 ,,! ,,flight ,,into ,,egypt4 ,giotto aga9 %[s1 9 8 treatm5t ( ?is subject1 a ju/] und]/&+ ( ! probable facts ?an mo/ o!r pa9t]s4 ,x becomes ! almo/ univ]sal habit ( lat] arti/s to reg>d ! flight z bo? sudd5 & secret1 und]tak5 by ,joseph & ,m>y1 unatt5d$1 9 ! dawn ( ! morn+1 or by night1 s soon z ,joseph _h awak$ f sleep4 7,matt4 ii4 #ad47 ,)\t a cont9u\s miracle1 :i* x is unnecess>y 9 ?is case to suppose1 su* a lonely j\rney w\ld h be5 ne>ly impracticable4 ,nor 0 in/ant flight necess>y2 = ,h]od's ord] = ! massacre c\ld n be issu$ until he _h be5 conv9c$1 by ! protract$ abs5ce ( ! ,wise ,m51 t he 0 mock$ ( !m4 ,9 all probability ! exact nature & ext5t ( ! dang] 0 reveal$ to ,joseph2 & he w\ld make ! necess>y prep>ations = 8 j\rney ) su* spe$ z he c\ld1 & dep>t by night inde$1 b n 9 ! in/ant ( awak5+ f 8 dream4 ,! ord9>y impression seems to h be5 receiv$ f ! words ( ! ,gospel ( ,infancy3 ,g into ,egypt z soon z ! cock cr[s4 ,& ! int]e/ ( ! flight is r5d]$ m ?rill+1 9 late compositions1 by ! introduction ( arm$ pursu]s4 ,giotto has giv5 a f> m quiet1 delib]ate1 & probable "* to ! :ole sc5e1 :ile he has fully m>k$ ! fact ( div9e protection & comm& 9 ! figure ( ! guid+ angel4 ,nor is ! picture less int]e/+ 9 its m>k$ expression ( ! night4 ,! figures are all di/9ctly se51 & !re is no broad di/ribution ( ! gloom2 b ! vigor\s blackness ( ! dress ( ! att5dant :o holds ! bridle1 & ! scatt]$ glitt] ( ! lights on ! ,madonna's robe1 are en\gh to produce ! requir$ effect on ! m9d4 ,! figure ( ! ,virg9 is s+ul>ly dignifi$3 ! broad & sev]e curves trac$ by ! hem & deepe/ folds ( h] dress mat]ially conduc+ to ! nobl5ess ( ! gr\p4 ,! ,*ild is p>tly su/a9$ by a b& fa/5$ r\nd ! ,madonna's neck4 ,! qua9t & delicate patt]n on ?is b&1 toge!r ) t ( ! embroid]$ edges ( ! dress1 is ( great value 9 oppos+ & mak+ m manife/ ! sev]e & grave outl9es ( ! :ole figure1 ^: impressiv5ess is also p>tly increas$ by ! rise ( ! m\nta9 j above x1 l a t5t4 ,a vulg> compos] w\ld h mov$ ?is peak to ! "r or left1 & lo/ its p[]4 ,?is m\nta9 backgr\nd is also ( great use 9 deep5+ ! s5se ( gloom & dang] on ! des]t road4 ,! trees repres5t$ z gr[+ on ! heights h probably be5 r5d]$ indi/9ct by "t4 ,9 e>ly manuscripts su* portions are inv>iably ^? :i* suff] mo/2 ! gre5 7on :i* ! leaves 7 once drawn ) d>k col\rs7 m\ld]+ away1 & ! l9es ( draw+ ) x4 ,b ev5 9 :at is "h left !re is noticeable m c>eful /udy ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! trees ) ?ick spread+ foliage1 ! gr\p ( two ) light bran*es & few leaves1 & ! tree /ripp$ & dead at ! bottom ( ! rav9e1 ?an an hi/orical pa9t] w\ld n[ ?9k x consi/5t ) 8 dignity to be/[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xx4 ,,massacre ,,( ,,! ,,innoc5ts4 ,( all ! s]ies1 ?is composition is ! "o :i* exhibits mo/ ( ,giotto's weaknesses4 ,all e>ly "w is apt to fail 9 ! r5d]+ ( viol5t action3 b ,giotto is1 9 ?is in/ance1 inf]ior n only to 8 successors1 b to ! feeble/ ( ! m9iature-pa9t]s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 :ile 8 imp]fect draw+ is se5 at its wor/ 9 ! nude figures ( ! *ildr54 ,x is1 9 fact1 almo/ impossible to und]/& h[ any ,italian1 famili> ) ! eag] ge/iculations ( ! l[] ord]s ( 8 c\ntrywom5 on ! smalle/ po9ts ( dispute ) ea* o!r1 %\ld h be5 incapable ( giv+ m adequate expression ( true action & passion to ! gr\p ( mo!rs2 &1 if ,i 7 n afraid ( be+ accus$ ( special plead+1 ,i might insi/ at "s l5g? on a dim fai? ( my own1 t ,giotto ?\ght ! actual agony & /riv+s ( ! probable sc5e unfit = pictorial treatm5t1 or = common contemplation2 & t he *ose r to give motionless types & p]sonifications ( ! soldi]s & wom51 ?an to use 8 /r5g? & reali/ic faculty 9 br++ be=e ! vulg> eye ! unseemly /ruggle or unspeakable pa94 ,! =mal arrangem5t ( ! heap ( corpses 9 ! c5tre ( ! gr\p2 ! cr[d$ /&+ ( ! mo!rs1 z 9 a *oir ( sorr[2 ! actual pres5ce ( ,h]od1 to :om "s ( !m appe> to be appeal+1--all seem to me to m>k ?is int5tion2 & to make ! composition only a symbol or %ad[ ( ! great de$ ( massacre1 n a realisation ( its visible cont9uance at any mom5t4 ,i w n press ?is conjecture2 b w only add1 t if x be s1 ,i ?9k ,giotto 0 p]fectly "r2 & t a picture ?us conceiv$ might h be5 deeply impressive1 _h x be5 m successfully execut$2 & a calm]1 m cont9u\s1 com=tless grief express$ 9 ! c\nt5ances ( ! wom54 ,f> bett] ?us1 ?an ) ! horrible analysis ( agony1 & detail ( despair1 ) :i* ?is same sc5e1 "o :i* ought nev] to h be5 made ! subject ( pa9t+ at all1 has be5 gloat$ ov] by arti/s ( m degrad$ times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,"y ,,*ri/ ,,9 ,,! ,,temple4 ,?is composition has suff]$ s griev\sly by "t1 t ev5 ! portions ( x :i* rema9 are se5 to ! greate/ disadvantage4 ,little m ?an v>i\s conditions ( sc> & /a9 c be n[ trac$1 :]e 7 once ! drap]ies ( ! figures 9 ! %ade1 & ! susp5d$ g>l& & ar*es on ! "r h& ( ! spectator2 & 9 endeav\r+ n to repres5t m ?an !re is au?ority =1 ! draughtsman & engrav] h necess>ily produc$ a less satisfactory plate ?an mo/ o!rs ( ! s]ies4 ,b ,giotto has also himself fall5 consid]ably bel[ 8 usual /&>d4 ,! faces appe> to be cold & h>d2 & ! attitudes are z little graceful z expressive ei!r ( att5tion or surprise4 ,! ,madonna's action1 /ret*+ h] arms to embrace h] ,son1 is pretty2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! picture has no value2 & ?is is ! m rem>kable1 z !re 7 few] prec$5ts ( treatm5t 9 ?is case ?an 9 any ( ! o!rs2 & x might h be5 anticipat$ t ,giotto w\ld h put himself to "s pa9s :5 ! field ( ?\ght 0 comp>atively new4 ,! subject ( ,*ri/ tea*+ 9 ! ,temple r>ely occurs 9 manuscripts2 b all ! o!rs 7 p]petually repeat$ 9 ! s]vice-books ( ! p]iod4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,baptism ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,?is is a m int]e/+ "w ?an ! la/2 b x is also gravely & /rangely defici5t 9 p[] ( ent]+ into ! subject2 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is common ) ne>ly all ef=ts t h hi!rto be5 made at its repres5tation4 ,i h nev] se5 a picture ( ! ,baptism1 by any pa9t] :atev]1 :i* 0 n bel[ ! av]age p[] ( ! pa9t]2 & 9 ?is conception ( ,giotto's1 ! humility ( ,/4 ,john is entirely unexpress$1 & ! ge/ure ( ,*ri/ has h>dly any mean+3 x nei!r is 9 h>mony ) ! words1 ,suff] x to be s n[1 :i* mu/ h be5 utt]$ be=e ! mom5t ( actual baptism1 nor does x 9 ! slighte/ degree indicate ! s5se 9 ! ,r$eem] ( n[ ent]+ ^u ! great "w ( ,8 m9i/ry4 ,9 ! e>li] repres5tations ( ! subject1 ! humility ( ,/4 ,john is nev] lo/ sight (2 !re w be se51 = in/ance1 an ef=t at express+ x by ! slightly /oop+ attitude & b5t knee1 ev5 9 ! v rude design giv5 9 outl9e on ! opposite page4 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to set be=e ! read] 9 ?is outl9e "o example ( ! sort ( traditional repres5tations :i* 7 curr5t ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom be=e ,giotto arose4 ,?is in/ance is tak5 f a l>ge *oir-book1 probably ( ,fr5*1 c]ta9ly ( ,nor!rn execution1 t[>ds ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2#bb & x is a v fair av]age example ( ! mann] ( design 9 ! illum9at$ "w ( ! p]iod4 ,! introduction ( ! scroll1 ) ! leg5d1 ,?is is ,my belov$ ,son1 is bo? m true to ! scriptural words1 ,lo1 a voice f heav51 & m rev]5t1 ?an ,giotto's introduction ( ! visible figure1 z a type ( ! ,fir/ ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! boldness ) :i* ?is type is introduc$ increases precisely z ! religi\s s5tim5t ( art decreases2 9 ! fifte5? c5tury x becomes utt]ly revolt+4 ,footnote #bb3 ,! exact date1 #abij1 is giv5 9 ! title-page ( ! volume4 ,i h giv5 ?is woodcut = ano!r reason also3 to expla9 m cle>ly ! mode 9 :i* ,giotto d$uc$ ! /range =m :i* he has giv5 to ! /ream ( ! ,jordan4 ,9 ! e>li] ,nor!rn works x is m]ely a gre5 wave1 ris+ to ! ,savi\r's wai/1 z se5 9 ! woodcut4 ,giotto1 = ! sake ( gett+ /&+-gr\nd = 8 figures1 gives %ores to ?is wave1 reta9+ its swell+ =m 9 ! c5tre1--a v pa9ful & unsuccessful attempt at reconcil+ typical draw+ ) laws ( p]spective4 ,or p]haps x is less to be reg>d$ z an ef=t at progress1 ?an z an awkw>d comb9ation ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n types ( ! ,jordan4 ,9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! types !re is matt] ( "s int]e/4 ,"l ,l9dsay1 :o m]ely *>act]ises ?is "w ( ,giotto's z ! ,byzant9e composition1 ?us describes ! usual ,byzant9e mann] ( repres5t+ ! ,baptism3 ,! ,savi\r /&s imm]s$ to ! middle 9 ,jordan 7fl[+ betwe5 two deep & rocky banks71 on "o ( :i* /&s ,/4 ,john1 p\r+ ! wat] on ,8 head1 & on ! o!r two angels hold ,8 robes4 ,! ,holy ,_s desc5ds ^u ,him z a dove1 9 a /ream ( light1 f ,god ! ,fa!r1 usually repres5t$ by a h& f ,heav54 ,two ( ,john's disciples /& beh9d him z spectators4 ,frequ5tly ! riv]-god ( ,jordan recl9es ) 8 o>s 9 ! corn]4444 ,9 ! ,bapti/]y at ,rav5na1 ! rope is support$1 n by an angel1 b by ! riv]-deity ,jordann 7,iordanes871 :o holds 9 8 left h& a re$ z 8 sceptre4 ,n[ 9 ?is mode ( repres5t+ riv]s !re is some?+ m ?an ! m]e ,pagan tradition l+]+ ?r\gh ! wrecks ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,a riv]1 9 ! ,ea/ & ,s\?1 is necess>ily recognis$ m di/9ctly z a b5efic5t p[] ?an 9 ! ,we/ & ,nor?4 ,! n>r[e/ & feeble/ /ream is felt to h an influ5ce on ! life ( mank9d2 & is c\nt$ among ! possessions1 or hon\r$ among ! deities1 ( ! p :o dwell beside x4 ,h5ce ! importance giv51 9 ! ,byzant9e compositions1 to ! "n & specialty ( ! ,jordan /ream4 ,9 ! ,nor? su* peculi> def9it5ess & importance c nev] be atta*$ to ! "n ( any s+le f\nta94 ,wat]1 9 its v>i\s =ms ( /reamlet1 ra91 or riv]1 is felt z an univ]sal gift ( heav51 n z an inh]itance ( a p>ticul> spot ( e>?4 ,h5ce1 ) ! ,go?ic arti/s g5]ally1 ! p]sonality ( ! ,jordan is lo/ 9 ! gre5 & nameless wave2 & ! simple rite ( ! ,baptism is dwelt ^u1 )\t endeav\r+1 z ,giotto has done1 to draw ! att5tion to ! rocky %ores ( ,be?ab>a & non1 or to ! fact t !re 0 mu* wat] !re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,m>riage ,,9 ,,cana4 ,x is /range t ! sweet significance ( ?is fir/ ( ! miracles %\ld h be5 lo/ sight ( by ne>ly all arti/s aft] ,giotto2 & t no ef=t 0 made by !m to conceive ! circum/ances ( x 9 simplicity4 ,! pov]ty ( ! family 9 :i* ! m>riage took place1--prov$ suffici5tly by ! fact t a c>p5t]'s wife n only 0 ask$ z a *ief gue/1 b ev5 _h au?ority ov] ! s]vants1--is %[n fur!r to h be5 di/ressful1 or at lea/ emb>rass$1 pov]ty by _! want ( w9e on su* an occasion4 ,x 0 n c]ta9ly to rem$y an accid5t ( c>eless provision1 b to supply a ne$ sorr[fully betray+ ! n>r[ circum/ances ( ,8 ho/s1 t our ,"l wr\ght ! beg9n+ ( miracles4 ,_m my/ic mean+s h be5 s\ght 9 ! act1 :i*1 ?\gh !re is no ne$ to d5y1 !re is little evid5ce to c]tify3 b we may joyfully accept1 z its fir/ indisputable mean+1 t ( simple k9dness2 ! w9e be+ provid$ "h1 :5 ne$$1 z ! bread & fi% 7 aft]w>ds = ! hungry multitudes4 ,! :ole value ( ! miracle1 9 its s]viceable t5d]ness1 is at once effac$ :5 ! m>riage is suppos$1 z by ,v]onese & o!r arti/s ( lat] times1 to h tak5 place at ! h\se ( a ri* man4 ,= ! re/1 ,giotto suffici5tly implies1 by ! lift$ h& ( ! ,madonna1 & ! action ( ! f+]s ( ! bridegroom1 z if !y held sacram5tal bread1 t !re lay a deep] mean+ "u ! miracle = ^? :o c\ld accept x4 ,h[ all miracle is accept$ by common humanity1 he has also %[n 9 ! figure ( ! rul] ( ! fea/1 dr9k+4 ,?is unreg>d+ =getfulness ( pres5t spiritual p[] is simil>ly m>k$ by ,v]onese1 by plac+ ! figure ( a fool ) 8 bauble imm$iately und]nea? t ( ,*ri/1 & by mak+ a cat play ) h] %ad[ 9 "o ( ! w9e-vases4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 9 exam9+ all pictures ( ?is subject1 t ! miracle 0 n made manife/ to all ! gue/s2--to none inde$1 seem+ly1 except ,*ri/'s own disciples3 ! rul] ( ! fea/1 & probably mo/ ( ^? pres5t 7except ! s]vants :o drew ! wat]71 knew or obs]v$ no?+ ( :at 0 pass+1 & m]ely ?\ght ! good w9e _h be5 kept until n[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,rais+ ,,( ,,laz>us4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! int]m$iate position :i* ,giotto occupies betwe5 ! ,byzant9e & ,naturali/ s*ools1 two relations ( treatm5t are to be g5]ally not$ 9 8 "w4 ,z comp>$ ) ! ,byzant9es1 he is a reali/1 ^: p[] consi/s 9 ! introduction ( liv+ "* & v>i\s incid5ts1 modify+ ! =m]ly receiv$ ,byzant9e symbols4 ,s f> z he has to d ?is1 he is a reali/ ( ! pure/ k9d1 endeavor+ always to conceive ev5ts precisely z !y 7 likely to h happ5$2 n to idealise !m into =ms artfully impressive to ! spectator4 ,b 9 s f> z he 0 compell$ to reta91 or did n wi% to reject1 ! figurative "* ( ! ,byzant9e symbols1 he /&s oppos$ to succe$+ reali/s1 9 ! quantity ( mean+ :i* probably lies hidd5 9 any composition1 z well z 9 ! simplicity ) :i* he w probably treat x1 9 ord] to en=ce or guide to ?is mean+3 ! figures be+ (t5 lett]s ( a hi]oglyphic1 :i* he w n multiply1 le/ he %\ld lose 9 =ce ( sugge/ion :at he ga9$ 9 dramatic int]e/4 ,none ( ! compositions display m cle>ly ?is typical & reflective "* ?an t ( ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,lat] design]s dwell on vulg> conditions ( wond] or horror1 su* z !y c\ld conceive likely to att5d ! resuscitation ( a corpse2 b ) ,giotto ! physical reanimation is ! type ( a spiritual "o1 &1 ?\gh %[n to be miracul\s1 is yet 9 all its deep] aspects unp]turb$1 & calm 9 awfulness4 ,x is also visibly gradual4 ,8 face 0 b\nd ab\t ) a napk94 ,! ne>e/ ,apo/le has )drawn ! cov]+ f ! face1 & looks = ! comm& :i* %all re/ore x f wa/$ corruption1 & seal$ bl9dness1 to liv+ p[] & light4 ,nor is x1 ,i believe1 )\t mean+1 t ! two ,apo/les1 if inde$ !y are int5d$ = ,apo/les1 :o /& at ,laz>us' side1 we> a diff]5t dress f ^? :o foll[ ,*ri/4 ,i suppose !m to be int5d$ = images ( ! ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% ,*ur*es 9 _! m9i/ration to ! dead s\l3 ! "o remov+ its bonds1 b look+ to ,*ri/ = ! ^w & p[] ( life2 ! o!r inactive & helpless--! veil ^u its face--9 dread2 :ile ! pr9cipal figure fulfils ! ord] x receives 9 fe>less simplicity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,entry ,,into ,,j]usalem4 ,?is design suff]s mu* f loss ( col\r 9 translation4 ,its decorative effect dep5ds on ! deep blue gr\nd1 reliev+ ! delicate foliage & ! local col\rs ( dresses & ar*itecture4 ,x is also "o ( ^? :i* are mo/ directly oppos$ to mod]n feel+3 ! sympa?y ( ! spectator ) ! passion ( ! cr[d be+ some:at rudely *eck$ by ! grotesque action ( two ( ! =emo/ figures4 ,we ought1 h[ev]1 r to envy ! deep s]i\sness :i* c\ld n be mov$ f dwell+ on ! real p[] ( ! sc5e by any ungracefulness or famili>ity ( circum/ance4 ,among m5 ^: m9ds are rightly ton$1 no?+ is ludicr\s3 x mu/1 if an act1 be ei!r "r or wrong1 noble or base2 if a ?+ se51 x mu/ ei!r be ugly or beautiful3 & :at is ei!r wrong or de=m$ is n1 among noble p]sons1 9 anywise subject = laught]2 b1 9 ! precise degree ( its wrongness or de=mity1 a subject ( horror4 ,all p]ception ( :at1 9 ! mod]n ,european m9d1 falls "u ! g5]al head ( ! ludicr\s1 is ei!r *ildi% or pr(ane2 (t5 heal?y1 z indicative ( vigor\s animal life1 b always degrad$ 9 its relation to manly conditions ( ?\ght4 ,x has a second>y use 9 its p[] ( detect+ vulg> impo/ure2 b x only obta9s ?is p[] by d5y+ ! highe/ tru?s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,expulsion ,,f ,,! ,,temple4 ,m prop]ly1 ! ,expulsion f ! out] ,c\rt ( ! ,temple 7,c\rt ( ,g5tiles71 z ,giotto has indicat$ by plac+ ! por* ( ! ,temple itself 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,! design %[s1 z cle>ly z t ( ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 ,giotto's want ( p[]1 & p>tly ( desire1 to repres5t rapid or =ceful action4 ,! rais+ ( ! "r h&1 n hold+ any sc\rge1 resembles ! action aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,oreagna1 & f9ally by ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 8 ,la/ ,judgm5t3 & my belief is1 t ,giotto consid]$ ?is act ( ,*ri/'s z p>tly typical ( ! f9al judgm5t1 ! ,ph>isees be+ plac$ on ! left h&1 & ! disciples on ! "r4 ,f ! fad$ rema9s ( ! fresco1 ! draughtsman c\ld n det]m9e :at animals are int5d$ by ^? on ! left h&4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s incid5t 7s f> z ,i "k1 f\nd only 9 ?is design ( ! ,expulsion1 no subsequ5t pa9t] repeat+ x71 is ! %elt]+ ( ! two *ildr51 "o ( !m c>ry+ a dove1 "u ! arm & cloak ( two disciples4 ,_m mean+s might easily be sugge/$ 9 ?is2 b ,i see no evid5ce = ! adoption ( any di/9ct "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,hir+ ,,( ,,judas4 ,! only po9t ( mat]ial int]e/ pres5t$ by ?is design is ! decrepit & di/ort$ %ad[ ( ! demon1 respect+ :i* x may be well to rem9d ! read] t all ! great ,italian ?9k]s concurr$ 9 assum+ decrepitude or disease1 z well z ugl9ess1 to be a *>act]i/ic ( all natures ( evil4 ,:atev] ! ext5t ( ! p[] grant$ to evil spirits1 x 0 always abom9able & contemptible2 no elem5t ( beauty or h]oism 0 ev] all[$ to rema91 h[ev] obscur$1 9 ! aspect ( a fall5 angel4 ,also1 ! demoniacal nature 0 %[n 9 acts ( betrayal1 torture1 or wanton ho/ility2 nev] 9 valiancy or p]sev]ance ( conte/4 ,i recollect no m$ival demon :o %[s z mu* insult+1 resi/+1 or cont5d+ p[] z ,bunyan's ,apollyon4 ,!y c only *eat1 und]m9e1 & mock2 nev] ov]?r[4 ,judas1 z we %\ld naturally anticipate1 has n 9 ?is sc5e ! nimbus ( an ,apo/le2 yet we %all f9d x re/or$ to him 9 ! next design4 ,we %all discov] ! reason ( ?is only by a c>eful consid]ation ( ! mean+ ( t fresco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,supp]4 ,i h n exam9$ ! orig9al fresco ) c>e en\gh to be able to say :e!r ! un9t]e/+ quietness ( its design is r$eem$ by m ?an ord9>y att5tion to expression2 x is "o ( ! lea/ attractive subjects 9 ! ,ar5a ,*apel1 & always sure to be pass$ ov] 9 any g5]al obs]vation ( ! s]ies3 nev]!less1 h[ev] unfav\rably x may at fir/ contra/ ) ! designs ( lat] ma/]s1 & especially ) ,leon>do's1 ! read] %\ld n fail to obs]ve t ,giotto's aim1 _h x be5 successful1 0 ! high] ( ! two1 z giv+ tru] r5d]+ ( ! probable fact4 ,!re is no di/9ct evid5ce1 9 ! sacr$ text1 ( ! annunciation ( com+ trea*]y hav+ produc$ among ! disciples ! viol5t surprise & agitation repres5t$ by ,leon>do4 ,naturally1 !y w\ld n at fir/ und]/& :at 0 meant4 ,!y knew no?+ di/9ctly ( ! ma*9ations ( ! prie/s2 & s little ( ! "* or purposes ( ,judas1 t ev5 aft] he _h receiv$ ! sop :i* 0 to po9t him out to ! o!rs z false2--& aft] !y _h he>d ! injunction1 ,t ?\ doe/1 d quickly1--! o!r disciples _h /ill no conception ( ! significance1 ei!r ( ! say+1 or ! act3 !y ?\ght t ,*ri/ meant he 0 to buy some?+ = ! fea/4 ,nay1 ,judas himself1 s f> f />t+1 z a convict$ traitor1 & !reby betray+ himself1 z 9 ,leon>do's picture1 _h n1 :5 ,*ri/'s fir/ words 7 utt]$1 any imm$iately active int5tion =m$4 ,! devil _h n ent]$ into him until he receiv$ ! sop4 ,! passage 9 ,/4 ,john's acc\nt is a curi\s "o1 & little notic$2 b x m>ks v di/9ctly ! p>alys$ /ate ( ! man's m9d4 ,he _h talk$ ) ! prie/s1 cov5ant$ ) !m1 & ev5 s\ght opportunity to br+ ,jesus into _! h&s2 b :ile su* opportunity 0 want+1 ! act _h nev] pres5t$ itself fully to him = adoption or rejection4 ,he _h toy$ ) x1 dream$ ov] x1 hesitat$1 & procra/9at$ ov] x1 z a /upid & c[>dly p]son w\ld1 su* z traitors are apt to be4 ,b ! way ( retreat 0 yet op52 ! conque/ ( ! temp] n complete4 ,only aft] receiv+ ! sop ! idea f9ally pres5t$ itself cle>ly1 & 0 accept$1 ,to-night1 :ile ,he is 9 ! g>d51 ,i c d x2 & ,i w4 ,& ,giotto has indicat$ ?is di/9ctly by giv+ ,judas /ill ! ,apo/le's nimbus1 bo? 9 ?is subject & 9 t ( ! ,wa%+ ( ! ,feet2 :ile x is tak5 away 9 ! previ\s subject ( ! ,hir+1 & ! foll[+ "o ( ! ,seizure3 ?us x fluctuates1 expires1 & reillum9es itself1 until 8 fall is consummat$4 ,?is be+ ! g5]al /ate ( ! ,apo/les' k1 ! words1 ,"o ( y %all betray me1 w\ld excite no feel+ 9 _! m9ds correspond5t to t ) :i* we n[ read ! prophetic s5t5ce4 ,:at ?is giv+ up ( _! ,ma/] meant became a "q ( bitt] & self-se>*+ ?\ght ) !m1--gradually ( int5se sorr[ & que/ion+4 ,b _h !y und]/ood x 9 ! s5se we n[ und]/& x1 !y w\ld nev] h ea* ask$1 ,"l1 is x ,i8 ,pet] believ$ himself incapable ev5 ( d5y+ ,*ri/2 & ( giv+ him up to dea? = money1 e "o ( 8 true disciples knew !mselves incapable2 ! ?\ght nev] occurr$ to !m4 ,9 sl[ly-increas+ wond] & sorr[ 7,greek3 rxanto lupei/hai1 ,m>k xiv4 #ai71 n kn[+ :at 0 meant1 !y ask$ "o by "o1 ) pauses betwe51 ,is x ,i8 & ano!r1 ,is x ,i8 & ?is s quietly & timidly t ! "o :o 0 ly+ on ,*ri/'s brea/ nev] /irr$ f 8 place2 & ,pet]1 afraid to speak1 sign$ to him to ask :o x 04 ,"o fur!r circum/ance1 %[+ t ?is 0 ! real /ate ( _! m9ds1 we %all f9d ,giotto take cognisance ( 9 ! next fresco4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,wa%+ ,,( ,,! ,,feet4 ,9 ?is design1 x w be obs]v$1 !re are /ill ! twelve disciples1 & ! nimbus is yet giv5 to ,judas 7?\gh1 z x 71 sett+1 8 face n be+ se574 ,consid]+ ! deep int]e/ & importance ( e circum/ance ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,i _c und]/& h[ prea*]s & comm5tators pass by ! difficulty ( cle>ly und]/&+ ! p]iods indicat$ 9 ,/4 ,john's acc\nt ( x4 ,x seems t ,*ri/ mu/ h ris5 :ile !y 7 /ill eat+1 mu/ h wa%$ _! feet z !y sate or recl9$ at ! table1 j z ! ,magdal5 _h wa%$ ,8 own feet 9 ! ,ph>isee's h\se2 t1 ?is done1 ,he return$ to ! table1 & ! disciples cont9u+ to eat1 pres5tly gave ! sop to ,judas4 ,= ,/4 ,john says1 t he hav+ receiv$ ! sop1 w5t imm$iately out2 yet t ,*ri/ _h wa%$ 8 feet is c]ta91 f ! words1 ,ye are clean1 b n all4 ,:atev] view ! read] may1 on delib]ation1 *oose to accept1 ,giotto's is cle>1 namely1 t ?\gh n cleans$ by ! baptism1 ,judas 0 yet capable ( be+ cleans$4 ,! devil _h n ent]$ into him at ! "t ( ! wa%+ ( ! feet1 & he reta9s ! sign ( an ,apo/le4 ,! composition is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! s]ies1 especially ow+ to ! submissive grace ( ! two /&+ figures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,kiss ,,( ,,judas4 ,= ! fir/ "t we h ,giotto's idea ( ! face ( ! traitor cle>ly %[n4 ,x is n1 ,i ?9k1 traceable ?r\gh any ( ! previ\s s]ies2 & x has (t5 surpris$ me to obs]ve h[ impossible x 0 9 ! works ( almo/ any ( ! sacr$ pa9t]s to det]m9e by ! m]e ca/ ( feature :i* 0 meant = ! false ,apo/le4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,giotto's !ory ( physiognomy1 & toge!r ) x 8 idea ( ! "* ( ,judas1 are p]ceivable en\gh4 ,x is evid5t t he looks ^u ,judas ma9ly z a s5sual dull>d1 & f\l-bra9$ fool2 a man 9 no respect exalt$ 9 bad em95ce ( trea*]y above ! mass ( common traitors1 b m]ely a di/9ct type ( ! et]nal trea*]y to good1 9 vulg> m51 :i* /oops b5ea?1 & opposes 9 its appo9t$ measure1 ! life & ef=ts ( all noble p]sons1 _! natural enemies 9 ?is _w2 z ! slime lies "u a cle> /ream runn+ ?r\gh an e>?y mead[4 ,our c>eless & ?\ghtless ,engli% use ( ! ^w into :i* ! ,greek ,diabolos has be5 %ort5$1 bl9ds u 9 g5]al to ! mean+ ( ,deviltry1 :i*1 9 its ess5ce1 is no?+ else ?an sl&]1 or traitorhood2--! accus+ & giv+ up ( good4 ,9 p>ticul> x has bl9d$ u to ! mean+ ( ,*ri/'s words1 ,h n ,i *os5 y twelve1 & "o ( y is a traitor & accus]8 & l$ u to ?9k t ! "o ( y is a devil indicat$ "s great] ?an human wick$ness 9 ,judas2 :]eas ! practical mean+ ( ! entire fact ( ,judas' m9i/ry & fall is1 t out ( any twelve m5 *os5 = ! =w>d+ ( any purpose1--or1 mu* m1 out ( any twelve m5 we meet1--"o1 probably1 is or w be a ,judas4 ,! mod]n ,g]man r5d]+s ( all ! sc5es ( ,*ri/'s life 9 :i* ! traitor is conspicu\s are v curi\s 9 _! vulg> misund]/&+ ( ! hi/ory1 & _! consequ5t endeav\rs to repres5t ,judas z m diabolic ?an selfi%1 trea*]\s1 & /upid m5 are 9 all _! g5]ations4 ,!y pa9t him usually project$ aga9/ /rong effects ( light1 9 lurid *i>oscuro2--enl>g+ ! :ites ( 8 eyes1 & mak+ him fr[n1 gr91 & gna% 8 tee? on all occasions1 s z to appe> among ! o!r ,apo/les inv>iably 9 ! aspect ( a ,gorgon4 ,h[ mu* m deeply ,giotto has fa?om$ ! fact1 ,i believe all m5 w admit :o h suffici5t purity & abhorr5ce ( falsehood to recognise x 9 its daily pres5ce1 & :o "k h[ ! devil's /ronge/ "w is done = him by m5 :o are too be/ial to und]/& :at !y betray4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxxi4 ,,*ri/ ,,be=e ,,caiaphas4 ,little is to be obs]v$ 9 ?is design ( any di/9ctive m]it2 x is only a some:at complet] v]sion ( ! ord9>y repres5tation giv5 9 illum9at$ missals & o!r conv5tual "w1 sugge/+1 z if !y _h happ5$ at ! same mom5t1 ! answ]1 ,if ,i h spok5 evil1 be> witness ( ! evil1 & ! accusation ( blasphemy :i* causes ! high-prie/ to r5d 8 clo!s4 ,app>5tly di/ru/ful ( 8 p[] ( obta9+ int]e/ ( a high] k9d1 ,giotto has treat$ ! enri*m5ts m c>efully ?an usual1 d[n ev5 to ! /eps ( ! high-prie/'s seat4 ,! tor* & b>r$ %utt]s conspicu\sly indicate its be+ n[ dead ( night4 ,t ! tor* is d>k] ?an ! *amb]1 if n an error 9 ! draw+1 is probably ! consequ5ce ( a d>k5+ alt]ation 9 ! yell[ col\rs us$ = ! flame4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,sc\rg+ ,,( ,,*ri/4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,giotto's rational & human view ( all subjects admitt+ su* aspect1 t he has insi/$ "h *iefly on ! dejection & humiliation ( ,*ri/1 mak+ no attempt to sugge/ to ! spectator any o!r div9ity ?an t ( pati5ce made p]fect ?r\gh suff]+4 ,angelico's conception ( ! same subject is high] & m my/ical4 ,he takes ! mom5t :5 ,*ri/ is bl9dfold$1 & exagg]ates almo/ into mon/rosity ! vil5ess ( feature & bitt]ness ( sne] 9 ! que/ion]s1 ,prophesy unto u1 :o is he t smote !e2 b ! be>+ ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ is entirely calm & unmov$2 & 8 eyes1 op51 are se5 ?r\gh ! b9d+ veil1 indicat+ ! ceaseless omnisci5ce4 ,?is my/ical r5d]+ is1 aga91 reject$ by ! lat] reali/ic pa9t]s2 b :ile ! e>li] design]s1 ) ,giotto at _! head1 dwelt *iefly on ! humiliation & ! mock]y1 lat] pa9t]s dwelt on ! physical pa94 ,9 ,titian's great picture ( ?is subject 9 ! ,l\vre1 "o ( ! execution]s is ?ru/+ ! ?orn-cr[n d[n ^u ! br[ ) 8 rod1 & ! action ( ,*ri/ is t ( a p]son suff]+ extreme physical agony4 ,no repres5tations ( ! sc5e exi/1 to my k1 9 :i* ! mock]y is ei!r su/a9$ ) indiff]5ce1 or rebuk$ by any /]n or appeal+ expression ( feature2 yet "o ( ^! two =ms ( endurance w\ld appe>1 to a mod]n habit ( ?\ght1 ! mo/ natural & probable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxxiii4 ,,*ri/ ,,be>+ ,,8 ,,cross4 ,?is design is "o ( great nobl5ess & solemnity 9 ! isolation ( ! pr9cipal figure1 & removal ( all motives ( int]e/ dep5d+ on accessories1 or m]ely tempor>y incid5ts4 ,ev5 ! ,virg9 & h] att5dant wom5 are kept 9 ! backgr\nd2 all appeal = sympa?y ?r\gh physical suff]+ is disda9$4 ,*ri/ is n repres5t$ z borne d[n by ! weight ( ! ,cross1 nor z urg$ =w>d by ! impati5ce ( ! execution]s4 ,! ?+ to be %[n1--! unspeakable my/]y1--is ! simple fact1 ! ,be>+ ( ! ,cross by ! ,r$eem]4 ,x w\ld be va9 to comp>e ! respective m]its or value ( a design ?us treat$1 & ( "o l ,v]onese's ( ?is same subject1 9 :i* e ess5tial accessory & probable incid5t is completely conceiv$4 ,! ab/ract & symbolical sugge/ion w always appeal to "o ord] ( m9ds1 ! dramatic complet5ess to ano!r4 ,unque/ionably1 ! la/ is ! great] a*ievem5t ( intellect1 b ! mann] & habit ( ?\ght are p]haps l(ti] 9 ,giotto4 ,v]onese leads u to p]ceive ! reality ( ! act1 & ,giotto to und]/& its int5tion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,crucifixion4 ,! treatm5t ( ?is subject 01 9 ,giotto's "t1 s rigidly fix$ by tradition t x 0 out ( 8 p[] to display any ( 8 own special modes ( ?\ght2 &1 z 9 ! ,be>+ ( ! ,cross1 s "h1 b yet m di/9ctly1 ! tempor>y circum/ances are little reg>d$1 ! significance ( ! ev5t be+ alone c>$ =4 ,b ev5 long aft] ?is "t1 9 all ! pictures ( ! ,crucifixion by ! great ma/]s1 ) ! s+le exception p]haps ( t by ,t9toret 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,cassano at ,v5ice1 !re is a t5d5cy to treat ! pa9t+ z a symmetrical image1 or collective symbol ( sacr$ my/]ies1 r ?an z a dramatic repres5tation4 ,ev5 9 ,t9toret's great ,crucifixion 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,/4 ,ro*1 ! gr\p ( fa9t+ wom5 =ms a k9d ( p$e/al = ! ,cross4 ,! fly+ angels 9 ! composition be=e u are ?us also treat$ ) a re/ra9t h>dly pass+ ! limits ( decorative symbolism4 ,! fad+ away ( _! figures into flame-l cl\d may p]haps be f\nd$ on ! v]se1 ,he make? ,8 angels spirits2 ,8 m9i/]s a flame ( fire 7?\gh errone\sly1 ! "r read+ ( t v]se be+1 ,he make? ! w9ds ,8 mess5g]s1 & ! flam+ fire ,8 s]vant72 b x seems to me to give a great] s5se ( possible tru? ?an ! entire figures1 tread+ ! cl\ds ) nak$ feet1 ( ,p]ug9o & 8 successors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,entombm5t4 ,i d n consid] t 9 fulfill+ ! task ( int]pret] intru/$ to me1 ) respect to ?is s]ies ( engrav+s1 ,i may 9 g5]al p]mit myself to unite ) x ! duty ( a critic4 ,b 9 ! execution ( a labori\s s]ies ( engrav+s1 "s mu/ ( c\rse be bett]1 "s worse2 & x w\ld be unju/1 no less to ! read] ?an to ,giotto1 if ,i all[$ ?is plate to pass )\t "s admission ( its inadequacy4 ,x may possibly h be5 treat$ ) a little less c>e ?an ! re/1 9 ! k t ! f9i%$ plate1 already 9 ! possession ( ! memb]s ( ! ,arundel ,society1 sup]s$$ any ef=t ) inf]ior means2 be t z x may1 ! t5d]ness ( ,giotto's composition is1 9 ! engrav+ be=e u1 lo/ to an unusual degree4 ,x may be g5]ally obs]v$ t ! passionat5ess ( ! sorr[ bo? ( ! ,virg9 & disciples1 is repres5t$ by ,giotto & all great foll[+ design]s z rea*+ its crisis at ! ,entombm5t1 n at ! ,crucifixion4 ,! expectation t1 aft] exp]i5c+ e =m ( human suff]+1 ,*ri/ w\ld yet come d[n f ! cross1 or 9 "s o!r visible & imm$iate mann] a*ieve = ,himself ! victory1 might be conceiv$ to h support$ 9 a measure ! m9ds ( ^? among ,8 disciples :o wat*$ by ,8 cross4 ,b :5 ! agony 0 clos$ by actual dea?1 & ! full /ra9 0 put ^u _! fai?1 by _! lay+ 9 ! sepul*re1 wrapp$ 9 ,8 grave-clo!s1 ,him 9 :om !y tru/$1 t x _h be5 ,he :i* %\ld h r$eem$ ,israel1 _! sorr[ became sudd5ly hopeless2 a gulf ( horror op5$1 almo/ at unaw>es1 "u _! feet2 & 9 ! poignancy ( h] a/oni$ despair1 x 0 no m>vel t ! agony ( ! ,madonna 9 ! ,piet became subord9ately associat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ) t ( _! ,"l ,himself2--a type ( consummate human suff]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,resurrection4 ,q "o ( ! lovelie/ designs ( ! s]ies4 ,x 0 a fav\rite subject ) ,giotto2 meet+1 9 all its conditions1 8 love ( :at 0 mo/ my/]i\s1 yet mo/ com=t+ & full ( hope1 9 ! doctr9es ( 8 religion4 ,8 joy 9 ! fact ( ! ,resurrection1 8 s5se ( its function1 z ! key & primal tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 f> too deep to all[ him to dwell on any ( its m9or circum/ances1 z lat] design]s did1 repres5t+ ! mom5t ( bur/+ ! tomb1 & ! suppos$ t]ror ( its gu>ds4 ,) ,giotto ! lead+ ?\ght is n ( physical reanimation1 nor ( ! mom5t>ily ex]t$ p[] ( break+ ! b>s ( ! grave2 b ! consummation ( ,*ri/'s "w 9 ! fir/ manife/+ to human eyes1 & ! eyes ( "o :o _h lov$ ,him & believ$ 9 ,him1 ,8 p[] to take aga9 ! life ,he _h laid d[n4 ,?is fir/ appe>ance to h] out ( :om ,he _h ca/ sev5 devils is inde$ ! v c5tral fact ( ! ,resurrection4 ,! keep]s _h n se5 ,*ri/2 !y _h se5 only ! angel desc5d+1 ^: c\nt5ance 0 l lightn+3 = fe> ( him !y became z dead2 yet ?is fe>1 ?\gh great en\gh to cause !m to swoon1 0 s f> conqu]$ at ! return ( morn+1 t !y 7 ready to take money-paym5t = giv+ a false report ( ! circum/ances4 ,! ,magdal51 !re=e1 is ! fir/ witness ( ! ,resurrection2 to ! love1 = ^: sake mu* _h be5 =giv51 ?is gift is also fir/ giv52 & z ! fir/ witness ( ! tru?1 s %e is ! fir/ mess5g] ( ! ,gospel4 ,to ! ,apo/les x 0 grant$ to proclaim ! ,resurrection to all nations2 b ! ,magdal5 0 bidd5 to proclaim x to ! ,apo/les4 ,9 ! *apel ( ! ,b>gello1 ,giotto has r5d]$ ?is sc5e ) yet m passionate sympa?y4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 its significance is m ?\ghtfully indicat$ ?r\gh all ! accessories1 d[n ev5 to ! )]$ trees above ! sepul*re1 :ile ^? ( ! g>d5 bur/ into leaf4 ,?is c\ld h>dly escape notice :5 ! b>r5 b\ghs 7 comp>$ by ! spectator ) ! ri* foliage ( ! neighb\r+ designs1 ?\gh1 9 ! deta*$ plate1 x might easily be lo/ sight (4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,asc5sion4 ,giotto cont9ues to ex]t all 8 /r5g? on ^! clos+ subjects4 ,none ( ! ,byzant9e or e>li] ,italian pa9t]s v5tur$ to introduce ! entire figure ( ,*ri/ 9 ?is sc5e3 !y %[$ ! feet only1 conceal+ ! body2 accord+ to ! text1 a cl\d receiv$ ,him out ( _! sight4 ,?is composition1 graceful z x is d>+1 conveys ! idea ( asc5d+ motion m =cibly ?an any t ,i rememb] by o!r ?an ,v5etian pa9t]s4 ,mu* ( its p[] dep5ds on ! cont9uity ( l9e obta9$ by ! half-float+ figures ( ! two w>n+ angels4 ,i _c und]/& :y ?is subject 0 s seldom treat$ by religi\s pa9t]s3 = ! h>mony ( ,*ri/ian cre$ dep5ds z mu* ^u x z on ! ,resurrection itself2 :ile ! circum/ances ( ! ,asc5sion1 9 _! brightness1 promise1 miracul\sness1 & direct appeal to all ! assembl$ ,apo/les1 seem m fitt$ to attract ! joyful contemplation ( all :o receiv$ ! fai?4 ,h[ morbid1 & h[ deeply to be m\rn$1 0 ! temp] ( ! ,*ur* :i* c\ld n be satisfi$ )\t p]petual repres5tation ( ! tortures ( ,*ri/2 b r>ely dwelt on ,8 triumph6 ,h[ m ?an /range ! concessions to ?is feebl5ess by its greate/ tea*]s2 su* z t ( ,titian1 :o1 ?\gh he pa9ts ! ,assumption ( ! ,madonna r ?an a ,piet1 pa9ts ! ,sc\rg+ & ! ,entombm5t ( ,*ri/1 ) 8 be/ p[]1--b nev] ! ,asc5sion6 99 99 99 99 99 ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,desc5t ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,_s4 ,?is la/ subject ( ! s]ies1 ! quiete/ & lea/ int]e/+ 9 treatm5t1 yet illu/rates sadly1 & =cibly1 ! vital diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n art4 ,! wor/ *>act]s ( mod]n "w result f its con/ant appeal to our desire ( *ange1 & pa!tic excitem5t2 :ile ! be/ features ( ! eld] art appeal$ to love ( contemplation4 ,x w\ld appe> to be ! object ( ! true/ arti/s to give p]man5ce to images su* z we %\ld always desire to behold1 & might behold )\t agitation2 :ile ! inf]ior bran*es ( design are conc]n$ ) ! acut] passions :i* dep5d on ! turn ( a n>rative1 or ! c\rse ( an emotion4 ,:]e x is possible to unite ^! two s\rces ( pleasure1 &1 z 9 ! ,assumption ( ,titian1 an action ( absorb+ int]e/ is unit$ ) p]fect & p]petual elem5ts ( beauty1 ! highe/ po9t ( conception w\ld appe> to h be5 t\*$3 b 9 ! degree 9 :i* ! int]e/ ( action sup]s$es beauty ( =m & col\r1 ! art is l[]$2 & :]e real de=mity ent]s1 9 any o!r degree ?an z a mom5t>y %ad[ or oppos+ =ce1 ! art is illegitimate4 ,su* art c exi/ only by accid5t1 :5 a nation has =gott5 or betray$ ! et]nal purposes ( its g5ius1 & gives bir? to pa9t]s :om x _c tea*1 & to tea*]s :om x w n he>4 ,! be/ tal5ts ( all our ,engli% pa9t]s h be5 sp5t ei!r 9 endeav\rs to f9d room = ! expression ( feel+s :i* no ma/] guid$ to a wor?y end1 or to obta9 ! att5tion ( a public ^: m9d 0 dead to natural beauty1 by %>pness ( satire1 or v>iety ( dramatic circum/ance4 ,! "w to :i* ,engl& is n[ devot+ h]self )draws h] eyes f beauty1 z h] he>t f re/2 nor d ,i conceive any revival ( great art to be possible among u :ile ! nation cont9ues 9 its pres5t temp]4 ,z long z x c be> to see mis]y & squalor 9 its /reets1 x c nei!r inv5t nor accept human beauty 9 its pictures2 & s long z 9 passion ( rivalry1 or ?ir/ ( ga91 x cru%es ! roots ( happ9ess1 & =sakes ! ways ( peace1 ! great s\ls :om x may *ance to produce w all pass away f x helpless1 9 error1 9 wra?1 or 9 sil5ce4 ,amiable vision>ies may retire into ! delight ( devotional ab/raction1 /rong m5 ( ! _w may yet hope to d s]vice by _! rebuke or _! satire2 b = ! cle> sight ( ,love !re w be no horizon1 = its quiet words no answ]2 nor any place = ! art :i* alone is fai?fully ,religi\s1 because x is ,lovely & ,true4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! s]ies ( engrav+s ?us complet$1 :ile !y pres5t no *>act]s on :i* ! memb]s ( ! ,arundel ,society c ju/ifiably pride !mselves1 h1 nev]!less1 a real & effective value1 if consid]$ z a s]ies ( maps ( ! ,ar5a frescoes4 ,few arti/s ( em95ce pass ?r\gh ,padua )\t mak+ /udies ( deta*$ portions ( ! decoration ( ?is ,*apel1 :ile no arti/ has "t to complete draw+s ( ! :ole4 ,su* fragm5t>y /udies might n[ at any "t be engrav$ ) advantage1 _! place 9 ! s]ies be+ at once det]m9able by ref]5ce to ! woodcuts2 :ile qualities ( expression c\ld (t5 be obta9$ 9 engrav+s ( s+le figures1 :i* are sure to be lo/ 9 an entire subject4 ,! mo/ ref9$ "* is occasionally dep5d5t on a few happy & light t\*es1 :i*1 9 a s+le head1 are effective1 b are too feeble to be> due "p 9 an entire composition1 :ile1 9 ! endeav\r to re9=ce !m1 _! vitality is lo/4 ,i believe ! memb]s ( ! ,arundel ,society w p]ceive1 ev5tually1 t no copies ( works ( great art are wor?ily repres5tative ( !m b su* z are made freely1 & = _! own purposes1 by great pa9t]s3 ! be/ results obta9able by me*anical ef=t w only be *>ts or plans ( pictures1 n mirrors ( !m4 ,su* *>ts x is well to comm& 9 z great numb] z possible1 & ) all atta9able complet5ess2 b ! ,society _c be consid]$ z hav+ ent]$ on its true functions until x has obta9$ ! he>ty co-op]ation ( ,european arti/s1 & by ! increase ( its memb]s1 ! fur!r p[] ( repres5t+ ! subtle /udies ( ma/]ly pa9t]s by ! aid ( exquisite engrav+4