,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #cae ,,new ,,york1 ,,janu>y #ad1 #ahhb4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xiii41 ,no4 #cae4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,wat*man's ,detect]4 #ejbc ,integrat+ ,app>atus4 #ejbc ,a ,canal ,boat ,propell$ by ,air4 #ejbc ,head ,l9+s ( ,pass5g] ,c>s4 #ejbc ,improv$ ,mort> ,mix]4 #b figures4 #ejbc ,practical ,notes on ,plumb+4 ,by ,j4,p4 ,,davies4 ,figs4 #cg to #ec4 ,t9n+ iron pipes1 copp] or brass "w1 bits1 etc4--,_s bru%4--,sold]+ iron to lead4--,dummies = pipe b5d+4--,b5ds & set-(fs4--,b5d+ ) wat]4 --,s& b5d+4--,b5d+ ) balls or bobb9s4--,?ree-ball or lead driv+ ball & d\ble ball b5d+4--,b5d+ ) w9dlass & brass ball4--,hydraulic or cup lea!r & ball b5d+4--,b5d+ by splitt+1 or split made b5ds4 --,pull+ up b5ds4--,set-(fs4--,bad b5ds4--,bad falls 9 b5ds4--,b5ds made into traps or ret>d]s4--,b5ds made ) ! sn>l+ dummy4 #ejbd ,! ,gross5ha9 ,%uttle ,driv]4 #a figure4 #ejbe ,,ii4 ,,electricity1 ,,magnetism1 ,,etc4--,! ,electro-,magnetic ,app>atus ( ,dr4 ,pac9otti4 #h figures4 ,! ,pac9otti electro-magnetic ma*9e ( #ahfj4--,! ,elias electro-motor ( #ahdb4 #ejae ,! ,elias ,electro-,motor4 #ejaf ,bj]knes's ,exp]im5ts4 #g figures4 #ejaf ,! ,arc ,electric ,light4 ,by ,,leo ,,daft4 #ejah ,h$ges' ,electric ,lamps4 #d figures4 #ejai ,electric ,railway ,app>atus at ! ,p>is ,electrical ,exhibition4 #ag figures4 ,l>tigue's swit* controll]1 elevation & sections4--,position ( commutators dur+ ! maneuv]4--,p$al = s5d+ w>n+ to railway cross+1 ) elevation & end & plan views4--,electric ,al>m4--,l>tigue's bell[s p$al1 ) plan & sections4--,brunot's ,controll]4--,guggemos' correspond5ce app>atus4--,annunciator app>atus4--,l>tigue's controll] = wat] tanks4--,vrit controll] = wat] tanks4 #ejai ,! ,telephonic ,halls ( ! ,electrical ,exhibition4 #a figure4 #ejbb ,! ,action ( ,cold on ! ,voltaic ,arc4 #ejbb ,,iii4 ,,te*nology ,,& ,,*emi/ry4--,indu/rial ,art = ,wom54 #ejbf ,photography ^u ,canvas4 #a figure4 #ejbf ,detection ( ,/>* ,sug> ,sirup ,mix$ ) ,sug> ,h\se ,molasses4 #ejbf ,false ,v]milion4 #ejbf ,! ,position ( ,manganese 9 ,mod]n ,indu/ry4--,by ,m4,v4 ,,de%aeys4 ,f]ro-manganese4--,cupro-manganese4-- ,manganese bronzes4--,metallic manganese4--,manganese ,g]man silv]4--,phosphorus bronze4 #ejbg ,! ,economical ,wa%+ ( ,coal ,gas & ,smoke4--,m4 ,*evalet's me?od4 #ejbg ,det]m9ation ( ,nitrog5 9 ,hair1 ,wool1 ,dri$ ,blood1 ,fle% ,meal1 & ,lea!r ,scraps4 ,by ,dr4 ,c4 ,,krau*4 #ejbh ,te/+ ,:ite ,beeswax = ,c]es9e & ,p>aff9e4 ,by ,a4 ,,peltz4 #ejbh ,! ,prev5tion ( ,alcoholic ,f]m5tation by ,fungi4 ,by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,,rei*>d4 #ejbh ,new ,reaction ( ,glyc]9e4 #ejbh ,lycopod9e4 #ejbh ,con*9am9e4 #ejbh ,*9ol9e4 #ejbh ,prep>ation ( ,coni9e4 #ejbh ,/rontianite4 #ejbh ,,iv4 ,,miscellane\s4--,h\sehold & ,o!r ,recipes4 ,*ri/mas plum pudd+4--,plum pudd+ sauce4-- ,national plum pudd+ & sauce4--,egg nog4--,egg flip4--,roa/ ,turkey4--,woodcock & ,snipe4--,canvas-back duck4--,pheasants4--,wild ducks4--,wild f[l sauce4--,br[n fricassee ( rabbits4--,orange pudd+4 --,v5ison pa/ry4--,*ri/mas r$ r\nd4--,plum porridge4--,sug>$ pe>s4--,table be]4--,m9ce meat4 --,pumpk9 pie4--,br&y pun*4--,boeuf a la mode4-- ,pun* jelly4--,orange salad4--,cranb]ry jelly4--,plum cake4--,black cake4--,potatoes4 #ejbi ,! ,bayeux ,tape/ry ,comet4 #ejcj ,syn!tic ,exp]im5ts on ! ,artificial ,reproduction ( ,meteorites4 #ejcj ,v4 ,,hygi5e ,,& ,,m$ic9e4--,p>angi2 a newly describ$ disease4 #ejbi ,a ,ca/or ,oil ,sub/itute4 #ejbi ,lack ( ,sun ,light4 #ejcj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,app>atus ,,( ,,dr4 ,,pac9otti4 ,9 admir+ ! rec5t developm5ts ( electric sci5ce z evid5c$ by ! numb] ( important inv5tions :i* h dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s be5 giv5 to ! _w1 especially 9 ^? bran*es ( appli$ sci5ce :i* deal m p>ticul>ly ) ! g5]ation ( electricity & ! production ( ! electric light1 !re is (t5 too great a t5d5cy to =get1 or1 at lea/1 to pass ov] 9 comp>ative sil5ce ! claims :i* ! great pione] work]s & discov]]s und\bt$ly h to a l>ge %>e ( ! m]it ( ?is sci5tific developm5t4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\sly impossible 9 any?+ approa*+ a retrospect ( ! sci5ce ( magneto-electric induction or its application to illum9ation to pass slightly ov] ! names ( ,o]/$1 ( ,ampre1 ( ,davy1 & ( ,f>aday1 b1 9 o!r respects1 _! "w is too (t5 lo/ sight ( 9 ! spl5did mod]n developm5ts ( _! discov]ies4 ,aga91 !re is ano!r gr\p ( discov]]-inv5tors :o occupy an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! ab/ract discov]]s above nam$ & ! inv5tors & adapt]s ( /ill m rec5t times4 ,to ?is gr\p belong ! names ( ,pixii & ,saxton1 ,holmes & ,nollet1 ,wilde1 ,v>ley1 ,siem5s1 ,:eat/one1 & ,pac9otti1 :o 0 ! fir/ to discov] a means ( con/ruct+ a ma*9e capable ( giv+ a cont9u\s curr5t always 9 ! same direction1 & :i* has s9ce prov$ itself to be ! type ( ne>ly all ! direct curr5t electric ma*9es ( ! pres5t day1 & especially ^? su* z ! ,gramme & ,bru% & ,de ,m]it5s ma*9es1 9 :i* ! rotat+ armature is ( annul> =m2 & :5 x is consid]$ :at a l>ge numb] ( ! well kn[n electric g5]ators are f\nd$ ^u ?is discov]y1 x mu/ be a matt] ( g5]al gratification t ! rec5t ,int]national ,jury ( ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( ,electricity aw>d$ to ,dr4 ,antonio ,pac9otti "o ( _! highe/ aw>ds4 ,! orig9al ma*9e design$ by ,dr4 ,pac9otti 9 ! ye> #ahfj1 & :i* we illu/rate on ! pres5t page1 =m$ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ exhibits 9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 & conf]r$ ^u ! ,italian ,section a v di/9ctive feature1 & we _c b ?9k t :ile all 7 int]e/$ 9 exam9+ x1 !re mu/ h be5 _m :o c\ld n help be+ impress$ ) ! fact t x took some?+ away f ! orig9ality ( design 9 sev]al ( ! ma*9es exhibit$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! build+4 ,?is v int]e/+ ma*9e 0 fir/ illu/rat$ & describ$ by its inv5tor 9 ! ,nuovo ,cim5to 9 ! ye> #ahfd1 "u ! title ,a ,description ( a ,small ,electro-,magnetic ,ma*9e1 & to ?is description we are indebt$ = ! in=mation & diagrams conta9$ 9 ?is notice1 b ! p]spective view is tak5 f ! in/rum5t itself 9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition4 ,9 ?is v int]e/+ hi/orical communication ! au?or comm5ces by describ+ a new =m ( electro-magnet1 consi/+ ( an iron r+ ar\nd :i* is w\nd 7z 9 ! ,gramme ma*9e7 a s+le helix ( insulat$ copp] wire completely cov]+ ! r+1 & ! two ends ( ! annul> helix be+ sold]$ toge!r1 an annul> magnet is produc$1 envelop$ 9 an insulat$ helix =m+ a clos$ circuit1 ! convolutions ( :i* are all 9 ! same direction4 ,if 9 su* a sy/em any two po9ts ( ! coil situat$ at opposite ends ( ! same diamet] ( ! r+ be connect$ respectively ) ! two poles ( a voltaic batt]y1 ! electric curr5t hav+ two c\rses op5 to x1 w divide into two portions trav]s+ ! coil ar\nd ea* half ( ! r+ f "o po9t ( contact to ! o!r1 & ! direction ( ! curr5t1 9 ea* portion w be su* z to magnetize ! iron core1 s t its magnetic poles w be situat$ at ! po9ts :]e ! curr5t ent]s & leaves ! helix1 & a /raight l9e jo9+ ^! po9ts may be look$ ^u z ! magnetic axis ( ! sy/em4 ,f ?is con/ruction x is cle> t1 by v>y+ ! position ( ! po9ts ( contact ( ! batt]y wires & ! coil1 ! position ( ! magnetic axis w be *ang$ accord+ly1 & c be made to take up any diametrical position ) respect to ! r+1 ( :i* ! two halves 7sep>at$ by ! diamet] jo9+ ! po9ts ( contact ( ! batt]y wires ) ! coil7 may be reg>d$ z made up ( two semicircul> horse%oe electro-magnets hav+ _! simil> poles jo9$4 ,to ?is =m ( in/rum5t ! "n ,transv]sal electro magnet 7,eletro calamita transv]sale7 0 giv5 by its inv5tor1 to :om is und\bt$ly due ! m]it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to con/ruct an electro-magnet ! position ( ^: poles c\ld be v>i$ at w by means ( a circul> commutator4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pac9otti ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,ma*9e4--,,made ,,9 #ahfj4 ,by apply+ ! pr9ciple to an electro-magnetic eng9e1 ,dr4 ,pac9otti produc$ ! ma*9e :i* we illu/rate on ! pres5t page4 ,! armature consi/s ( a turn$ r+ ( iron1 hav+ ar\nd its circumf]5ce sixte5 tee? ( equal size & at equal angul> di/ance ap>t1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 =m+ betwe5 !m z _m spaces or not*es1 :i* are fill$ up by coil+ )9 !m helices ( insulat$ copp] wire1 r r r1 9 a simil> mann] to t adopt$ 9 w9d+ ! ,bru% armature1 & betwe5 !m are fix$ z _m wood5 w$ges1 m m1 by :i* ! helices are firmly held 9 _! place4 ,all ! coils are w\nd r\nd ! r+ 9 ! same direction1 & ! t]m9at+ end ( ea* coil is connect$ to ! comm5c+ end ( ! next or succe$+ helix1 & ! junctions s made are atta*$ to conduct+ wires :i* are ga!r$ toge!r close to ! v]tical %aft on :i* ! armature r+ is fix$1 pass+ ?r\gh holes at equal di/ances ap>t 9 a wood5 coll> fix$ to ! same %aft1 & be+ atta*$ at _! l[] extremities to ! metallic contact pieces ( ! commutator1 c1 %[n at ! l[] "p ( ,fig4 #c1 :i* is an elevation ( ! ma*9e1 :ile ,fig4 #d is a plan ( ! same app>atus4 ,! commutator consi/s ( a small boxwood cyl9d]1 c>ry+ ar\nd its cyl9drical surface two r[s ( eight holes1 "o above ! o!r1 9 :i* are fitt$ sixte5 contact pieces ( brass :i* slightly project above ! surface ( ! wood1 ! positions ( ^? 9 ! upp] circle alt]nat+ or break+ jo9t ) ^? 9 ! l[]1 & ea* contact piece is 9 metallic connection ) its correspond+ conduct+ wire1 &1 !re=e1 ) ! junction ( two ( ! helices on ! armature4 ,aga9/ ! edge ( ! commutator are press$ by means ( adju/able lev]s two small brass contact roll]s1 k k1 :i* are respectively connect$ ) ! positive & negative poles ( ! voltaic batt]y 7ei!r ?r\gh or indep5d5t ( ! coils ( a fix$ electro-magnet1 to :i* we %all pres5tly ref]71 & ! magnetic axis ( ! r+ w lie 9 ! same plane z ! l9e jo9+ ! po9ts ( contact ( ! batt]y & rotat+ helix1 ?is axis rema9+ ne>ly fix$ not)/&+ ! rotation ( ! iron r+ 9 :i* ! magnetism is induc$4 ,9 ! app>atus figur$ 9 ,figs4 #c & #d1 ! armature rotates betwe5 ! two v]tical limbs1 ,a ,b1 ( a fix$ electro-magnet furni%$ ) ext5d$ pole pieces1 ,a ,a1 ,b ,b 7,fig4 #d71 ea* ( :i* embraces ab\t six ( ! armature coils4 ,! fix$ electro-magnet is con/ruct$ ( two v]tical iron cyl9drical b>s1 ,a & ,b1 unit$ at _! l[] extremities by a horizontal iron b>1 ,f ,f1 ! "o be+ rigidly & p]man5tly atta*$ to x1 :ile ! o!r is fa/5$ to x by a screw1 ,g1 pass+ ?r\gh a slot s t ! di/ance ( ! pole pieces f "o ano!r & f ! armature r+ is capable ( adju/m5t4 ,! connections ( ! ma*9e1 :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 are made z foll[s3 ,! positive curr5t1 ent]+ by ! atta*m5t screw1 h1 passes by a wire to ! "r h& commutator screw1 l1 to ! "r-h& roll]1 k1 ?r\gh ! commutator to ! r+1 ar\nd :i* x trav]ses to ! left-h& roll]1 k1 & screw1 l1 to ! magnet coil1 ,a1 & !nce ?r\gh ! coil ( ! magnet1 ,b1 to ! t]m9al screw1 h1 on ! "r h& ( ! figure4 ,?is me?od ( c\pl+ up is ( v great hi/orical int]e/1 = x is ! fir/ in/ance on record ( ! magnet coils & armature ( a ma*9e be+ includ$ 9 "o circuit1 giv+ to x ! pr9ciple ( con/ruction ( a dynamo-electric ma*9e1 & ant$at+ 9 publication1 by two ye>s1 ! int]e/+ ma*9es ( ,siem5s1 ,:eat/one1 & ,v>ley1 & prec$+ !m 9 con/ruction by a /ill long] p]iod4 ,) ?is app>atus ,dr4 ,pac9otti made ! foll[+ int]e/+ exp]im5ts ) ! object ( det]m9+ ! am\nt ( me*anical "w produc$ by ! ma*9e 7:5 work$ z an electro-magnetic eng9e71 & ! correspond+ consumption ( ! elem5ts ( ! batt]y3 ,atta*$ to ! sp9dle ( ! ma*9e 0 a small pulley1 ,q ,q 7,fig4 #c71 = ! purpose ( driv+1 by means ( a cord1 ano!r pulley on a horizontal sp9dle c>ry+ a drum on :i* 0 w\nd a cord c>ry+ a weight1 & on ! same sp9dle 0 also a brake & brake-:eel1 ! lev] ( :i* 0 load$ s z j to prev5t ! weight sett+ into motion ! :ole sy/em1 consi/+ ( ! two ma*9es1 :5 no curr5t 0 fl[+4 ,9 ?is condition1 :5 ! ma*9e 0 set 9 motion by connect+ ! batt]y1 ! me*anical "w exp5d$ 9 ov]com+ ! friction ( ! brake 0 equal to t requir$ to raise ! weight2 &1 9 ord] to obta9 ! total "w done1 all t 0 necess>y 0 to multiply ! weight lift$ by ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* x 0 rais$4 ,! consumption ( ! batt]y 0 e/imat$ at ! same "t by int]pos+ 9 ! circuit a sulphate ( copp] voltamet]1 ( :i* ! copp] plate 0 weigh$ be=e & aft] ! exp]im5t4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results obta9$ by ,dr4 ,pac9otti 9 exp]im5t+ aft] ! mann] j describ$4 ,) ! curr5t f a batt]y ( f\r small ,buns5 elem5ts1 ! ma*9e rais$ a weight ( #c4bhab kilos to a height ( #h4ff m4 7all[+ = friction71 s t ! me*anical "w 0 repres5t$ by #bh4de m4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5t ! positive plate ( ! voltamet] lo/ 9 weight #j4bbd gramme1 ! negative ga9+ #j4bce gramme1 giv+ an av]age ( *emical "w p]=m$ 9 ! voltamet] ( #j4bbi gramme1 & multiply+ ?is figure by ! ratio betwe5 ! equival5t ( z9c to t ( copp]1 & by ! numb] ( ! elem5ts ( ! batt]y1 ! weight ( z9c consum$ 9 ! batt]y 0 comput$ at #j4iea gramme1 s t to produce "o kilogrammet] ( me*anical "w #cc milligrammes ( z9c w\ld be consum$ 9 ! batt]y4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 made ) five elem5ts1 ! consumption ( z9c 0 f\nd to be #cf milligrammes = e kilogrammet] ( me*anical "w p]=m$4 ,9 record+ ^! exp]im5ts1 ,dr4 ,pac9otti po9ts out t al?\gh ^! results d n %[ any special advantage 9 8 ma*9e ov] ^? ( o!r con/ruction1 /ill !y are v enc\rag+1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! app>atus ) :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made 7 full ( defects ( workman%ip1 ! commutator1 be+ ecc5tric to ! axis1 caus+ ! contacts betwe5 x & ! roll]s to be v imp]fect & unequal4 ,9 8 communication to ! ,nuovo ,cim5to1 ,dr4 ,pac9otti /ates t ! reasons :i* induc$ him to con/ruct ! app>atus on ! pr9ciple :i* we h j describ$1 73 7#a7 ,t accord+ to ?is sy/em ! electric curr5t is cont9u\sly trav]s+ ! coils ( ! armature1 & ! ma*9e is kept 9 motion n by a s]ies ( int]mitt5t impulses succe$+ "o ano!r ) great] or less rapidity1 b by a con/antly act+ =ce produc+ a m uni=m effect4 7#b7 ,! annul> =m ( ! revolv+ armature contributes 7toge!r ) ! prec$+ me?od ( cont9u\s magnetization7 to give regul>ity to its motion & at ! same "t r$uces ! loss ( motive p[]1 ?r\gh me*anical %ocks & friction1 to a m9imum4 7#c7 ,9 ! annul> sy/em no attempt is made sudd5ly to magnetize & demagnetize ! iron core ( ! rotat+ armature1 z su* *anges ( magnetization w\ld be ret>d$ by ! sett+ up ( extra curr5ts1 & also by ! p]man5t residual magnetism :i* _c be entirely elim9at$ f ! iron2 & ) ?is annul> con/ruction su* *>ges are n requir$1 all t is necess>y be+ t ea* portion ( ! iron ( ! r+ %\ld pass1 9 its rotation1 ?r\gh ! v>i\s degrees ( magnetization 9 succession1 be+ subject$ !reby to ! influ5ce ( ! electro-dynamic =ces by :i* its motion is produc$4 7#d7 ,! pol> ext5sion pieces ( ! fix$ electro-magnet1 by embrac+ a suffici5tly l>ge numb] ( ! iron project+ pieces on ! armature r+1 cont9ue to ex]cise an influ5ce ^u !m almo/ up to ! po9t at :i* _! magnetization ceases :5 pass+ ! neutral axis4 7#e7 ,by ! me?od ( con/ruction adopt$1 sp>ks1 :ile be+ increas$ 9 numb]1 are dim9i%$ 9 int5sity1 !re be+ no p[]ful extra curr5ts produc$ at ! break+ ( ! circuit1 & ,dr4 ,pac9otti po9ts out t :5 ! ma*9e is 9 rotation a cont9u\s curr5t is induc$ 9 ! circuit :i* is oppos$ to t ( ! batt]y2 & ?is leads to :at1 look$ at by ! light ( ! pres5t /ate ( electric sci5ce1 is by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ,dr4 ,pac9otti's pap]1 publi%$1 z x 01 m ?an sev5te5 ye>s ago4 ,9 ! "p to :i* we ref]1 ,dr4 ,pac9otti /ates t x occurr$ to him t ! value ( ! app>atus w\ld be greatly increas$ if x c\ld be alt]$ f an electro-magnetic to a magneto-electric ma*9e1 s z to produce a cont9u\s curr5t4 ,?us1 if ! electro-magnet1 ,a ,b 7,figs4 #c & #d71 be replac$ by a p]man5t magnet1 & ! annul> armature 7 made to revolve1 ! app>atus w\ld become a magneto-electric g5]ator1 :i* w\ld produce a cont9u\s induc$ curr5t always 9 ! same direction1 & 9 analyz+ ! action ( su* a ma*9e ,dr4 ,pac9otti obs]ves t1 z ! position ( ! magnetic field is fix$1 & ! iron armature ) its coils rotates )9 x1 ! action may be reg>d$ z ! same z if ! iron r+ 7 made up ( two fix$ semicircul> horse%oe magnets ) _! simil> poles jo9$1 & ! coils 7 loose ^u x & 7 caus$ to rotate ov] x1 & ?is mode ( express+ ! ph5om5on 0 exactly :at we adopt$ :5 describ+ ! ,gramme ma*9e1 )\t hav+ at t "t se5 :at ,dr4 ,pac9otti _h writt5 fifte5 ye>s be=e4 ,9 explanation ( ! physical ph5om5a involv$ 9 ! induction ( ! electric curr5ts 9 ! armature :5 ! ma*9e is 9 action z a g5]ator1 ,dr4 ,pac9otti makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3 ,let u trace ! action ( "o ( ! coils 9 ! v>i\s positions t x c assume 9 "o complete revolution2 />t+ f ! position m>k$ ,n1 ,fig4 #b1 & mov+ t[>d ,s1 an electric curr5t w be develop$ 9 x 9 "o direction :ile mov+ ?r\gh ! portion ( ! circle1 ,n a1 & aft] pass+ ! po9t1 a1 & :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! arc1 a ,s1 ! induc$ curr5t w be 9 ! opposite direction1 :i* direction w be ma9ta9$ until ! po9t1 b1 is rea*$1 aft] :i* ! curr5ts w be 9 ! same direction z betwe5 ,n & a2 & z all ! coils are connect$ toge!r1 all ! curr5ts 9 a giv5 direction w unite & give ! comb9$ curr5t a direction indicat$ by ! arr[s 9 ,fig4 #b1 & 9 ord] to collect x 7s z to transmit x into ! ext]nal circuit71 ! mo/ em95t position = ! collectors w be at po9ts on ! commutator at opposite ends ( a diamet] :i* is p]p5dicul> to ! magnetic axis ( ! magnetic field4 ,) ref]5ce to ,fig4 #b1 we imag9e ei!r t ! two arr[s to ! "r ( ! figure are incorrectly plac$ by ! engrav]1 or t ,dr4 ,pac9otti int5d$ ?is diagram to express ! direction ( ! curr5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole circuit1 z if x />t$ f a1 & aft] trav]s+ ! ext]nal circuit ent]$ aga9 at b1 ?us complet+ ! :ole cycle made up ( ! ext]nal & int]nal circuits4 ,dr4 ,pac9otti calls att5tion to ! fact t ! direction ( ! curr5t g5]at$ by ! ma*9e is rev]s$ by a rev]sal ( ! direction ( rotation1 z well z by a %ift+ ( ! position ( ! collectors f "o side to ! o!r ( _! neutral po9t1 & concludes 8 mo/ int]e/+ communication by describ+ exp]im5ts made ) x 9 ord] to conv]t x into a magneto-electric ma*9e4 ,i br\ght1 he says1 ne> to ! coil$ armature ! opposite poles ( two p]man5t magnets1 & ,i also excit$ by ! curr5t f a batt]y ! fix$ electro-magnets 7see ,figs4 #c & #d71 & by me*anical means ,i rotat$ ! annul> armature on its axis4 ,by bo? me?ods ,i obta9$ an induc$ electric curr5t1 :i* 0 cont9u\s & always 9 ! same direction1 & :i*1 z 0 indicat$ by a galvanomet]1 prov$ to be ( consid]able int5sity1 al?\gh x _h trav]s$ ! sulphate ( copp] voltamet] :i* 0 includ$ 9 ! circuit4 ,dr4 ,pac9otti goes on to %[ t !re w\ld be an obvi\s advantage 9 con/ruct+ electric g5]at+ ma*9es ^u ?is pr9ciple1 = by su* a sy/em electric curr5ts c be produc$ :i* are cont9u\s & 9 "o direction )\t ! necessity ( ! inconv5i5t & m or less ineffici5t me*anical arrangem5ts = commutat+ ! curr5ts & sort+ !m1 s z to collect & comb9e ^? 9 "o direction1 sep>at+ !m f ^? :i* are 9 ! opposite2 & he also po9ts our ! rev]sibility ( ! app>atus1 %[+ t z an electro-magnetic eng9e x is capable ( conv]t+ a curr5t ( electricity into me*anical motion capable ( p]=m+ "w1 :ile z a magneto-electric ma*9e x is made to trans=m me*anical en]gy into an electric curr5t1 :i* 9 o!r app>atus1 =m+ "p ( its ext]nal circuit1 is capable ( p]=m+ electric1 *emical1 or me*anical "w4 ,all ^! /atem5ts are matt]s ( ev]yday famili>ity at ! pres5t day1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y are records ( exp]im5ts made tw5ty ye>s ago1 & z su* !y entitle _! au?or to a v di/+ui%$ place among ! pione]s ( electric sci5ce1 & x is some:at rem>kable t !y did n lead him /raight to ! discov]y ( ! action & reaction pr9ciple ( dynamo-electric magnetic induction to :i* he approa*$ s closely1 & x is also a curi\s fact t s sugge/ive & rem>kable a pap] %\ld h be5 writt5 & publi%$ z f> back z #ahfd1 & t x %\ld n h produc$ soon] ?an x did a revolution 9 electric sci5ce4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,elias ,,electromotor4 ,we lately publi%$ a %ort description ( a v int]e/+ app>atus :i* may be consid]$ 9 "s s5se z a prototype ( ! ,gramme ma*9e1 al?\gh x has v consid]able1 inde$ radical diff]5ces1 & :i*1 moreov]1 0 con/ruct$ = a diff]5t purpose1 ! ,elias ma*9e be+1 9 fact1 an electromotor1 :ile ! ,gramme ma*9e is1 x is almo/ unnecess>y to say1 an electric g5]ator4 ,?is app>5t resemblance makes x1 h[ev]1 necess>y to describe ! ,elias ma*9e1 & to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! ,gramme4 ,its v e>ly date 7#ahdb71 moreov]1 gives x an exceptional int]e/4 ,! figures on ! previ\s page convey an exact idea ( ! model t 0 exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,electrical ,exhibition1 & :i* 0 contribut$ by ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique ( ,delft 9 ! ,dut* ,section4 ,?is model is almo/ id5tical ) t illu/rat$ & describ$ 9 a pamphlet accompany+ ! exhibit4 ,! p]spective illu/rations %[ ! ma*9e v cle>ly1 & ! section expla9s ! con/ruction /ill fur!r4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( an ext]ior r+ made ( iron1 ab\t #ad 94 9 diamet] & #a4e 9 wide4 ,x is divid$ into six equal sections by six small blocks :i* project f ! inn] face ( ! r+1 & :i* act z s _m magnetic poles4 ,on ea* ( ! sections betwe5 ! blocks is roll$ a coil1 ( "o ?ickness only1 ( copp] wire ab\t #j4jd 94 9 diamet]1 inclos$ 9 an insulat+ cas+ ( gutta p]*a1 giv+ to ! conductor ?us protect$ a total ?ickness ( #j4bj 942 ?is wire is coil$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,x =ms tw5ty-n9e turns 9 ea* section1 & ! direction ( w9d+ *anges at ea* passage 9 front ( a pole piece4 ,! ends ( ! wire co9cid+ ) ! horizontal diamet] ( ! r+ are /ripp$ ( ! gutta p]*a1 & are connect$ to copp] wires :i* are twi/$ toge!r & ar\nd two copp] rods1 :i* are plac$ v]tically1 _! l[] ends ent]+ two small cavities made 9 ! base ( ! app>atus4 ,! circuit is ?us cont9u\s ) two ends at opposite po9ts ( ! same diamet]4 ,! r+ is ab\t #a4a 94 ?ick1 & is fix$1 z %[n1 to two wood5 columns1 ,b ,b1 by two blocks ( copp]1 a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,elias ,,electromotor4--,,made ,,9 #ahdb4 ,x w be se5 f ! mode ( coil+ ! wire on ?is r+1 t if a batt]y be connect$ by means ( ! copp] rods1 ! curr5t w create six consecutive poles on ! v>i\s project+ blocks4 ,! inn] r+1 ,e1 is ab\t #aa 94 9 outside diamet]1 & is also provid$ ) a s]ies ( six project+ pieces :i* pass be=e ^? on ! ext]ior r+ ) v little cle>ance4 ,betwe5 ^! projections ! space betwe5 ! inn] face ( ! out]1 & ! out] face ( ! inn] r+1 is #j4dj 94 ,! latt] is movable1 & is support$ by ?ree wood5 arms1 ,f1 fix$ to a boss1 ,g1 :i* is trav]s$ by a sp9dle support$ 9 be>+s by ! columns1 ,a & ,c4 ,a coil is roll$ ar\nd ! r+ 9 exactly ! same way z t on ! out] r+1 ! wire be+ ( ! same size1 & ! insulation ( ! same ?ickness4 ,! ends ( ! wire are also b>$ at po9ts ( ! diamet] opposite ea* o!r1 & ! coil connect$ 9 pairs s z to =m a cont9u\s circuit4 ,at ! two po9ts ( junction !y are connect$ ) a hexagonal commutator plac$ on ! c5tral sp9dle1 "o end correspond+ to ! sides #a1 #c1 & #e1 & ! o!r to ! sides #b1 #d1 & #f4 ,two copp] rods1 ,j1 fix$ on ! base to two plates ( copp] furni%$ ) b9d+ screws1 are wid5$ & flatt5$ at _! upp] ends to re/ aga9/ opposite p>allel sides ( ! hexagon4 ,x w be se5 t if ! batt]y is put 9 circuit by means ( ! b9d+ screws1 ! curr5t 9 ! int]ior r+ w det]m9e six consecutive poles1 ! names ( :i* w *ange z ! commutator plates come into contact successively ) ! sides ( ! hexagon4 ,consequ5tly1 if at fir/ ! pole-pieces opposite ea* o!r are magnetiz$ ) ! same pol>ity1 a repulsion betwe5 !m w be set up :i* w set ! inn] r+ 9 motion1 & ! effect w be increas$ on acc\nt ( ! attraction ( ! next pole ( ! out] r+4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! pole piece ?us attract$ comes into ! field ( ! pole ( opposite pol>ity1 ! action ( ! commutator w *ange its magnetization1 :ile t ( ! pole-piece on ! fix$ r+ always rema9s ! same2 ! same ph5om5on ( repulsion w be produc$1 & ! inn] r+ w cont9ue its movem5t 9 ! same direction1 & s on4 ,to ! attractive & repulsive action ( ! magnetic poles has to be add$ ! reciprocal action ( ! coils ar\nd ! two r+s1 ! action ( :i* is simil>4 ,f ?is brief explanation ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,elias ma*9e & ! ,gramme w be und]/ood4 ,! ,dut* physici/ did n contemplate ! production ( a curr5t2 he utiliz$ two di/9ct s\rces ( electricity to set ! inn] r+ 9 motion1 & did n imag9e t x 0 possible1 by suppress+ "o ( ! induc+ curr5ts & putt+ ! r+ 9 rapid rotation1 to obta9 a cont9u\s curr5t4 ,moreov]1 if ev] ?is app>5t resemblance _h be5 real1 ! m]it ( ! ,gramme inv5tion w\ld n h be5 affect$ by x4 ,x has happ5$ v _m times t inv5tors liv+ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & /rang]s to "o ano!r1 h be5 inspir$ ) ! same idea1 & h foll[$ x by simil> me?ods1 ei!r simultane\sly or at diff]5t p]iods1 )\t ! application hav+ l$ to ! same results4 ,x does n suffice ev5 = ! se$ to be ! same2 x mu/ h fall5 9 good gr\nd1 & be cultivat$ ) c>e2 "h x sc>cely g]m9ates1 !re x produces a vigor\s plant & abundant fruit4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bj]knes',s ,,exp]im5ts4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 too mu* tru/ %\ld n be plac$ 9 words4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x frequ5tly happ5s t _! s5se is n well def9$1 or t !y are n und]/ood exactly 9 ! same way by ev]ybody1 & ?is leads to sad misund]/&+s4 ,b ev5 9 case !y are precise1 & are receiv$ ev]y:]e "u a s+le acceptation1 !re /ill rema9s "o dang]1 & t is t ( pass+ f ! ^w to ! idea1 & ( be+ l$ to believe t1 because !re is a ^w1 !re is a real ?+ designat$ by ?is ^w4 ,let u take1 = example1 ! ^w electricity4 ,if we und]/& by ?is t]m ! common law :i* embraces a c]ta9 category ( ph5om5a1 x expresses a cle> & useful idea2 b z = its exi/5ce1 x is n p]mitt$ to believe a priori t !re is a di/9ct ag5t call$ electricity :i* is ! effici5t cause ( ! ph5om5a4 ,we ought nev]1 says ! old rule ( philosophy1 to admit entities )\t an absolute necessity4 ,! m>* ( sci5ce has always consi/$ 9 gradually elim9at+ ^! provisory conceptions & 9 r$uc+ ! numb] ( causes4 ,?is fact is visible )\t go+ back to ! ages ( ignorance1 :5 e new ph5om5on br\ght ) x ! conception ( a special be+ :i* caus$ x & direct$ x4 ,9 lat] ages !y _h spirits 9 :i* !re 0 ev]y?+3 volatile liquids1 gases1 & !oretical conceptions1 su* z phlogi/on4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 & at ! beg9n+ ( our own1 ideas be+ m rational1 ! notion ( ! fluid _h be5 admitt$1 a my/]i\s & /ill vague en\gh category 7b yet an already some:at def9ite "o7 9 :i* 7 rang$ ! unkn[n & ungraspable causes ( caloric1 lum9\s1 electric1 etc41 ph5om5a4 ,gradually1 ! fluid has vani%$1 & we are left 7or r1 we 7 a %ort "t ago7 at ! notion ( =ces--a precise & ma!matically graspable notion1 b yet an ess5tially my/]i\s "o4 ,we see ?is conception gradually disappe>+ to leave f9ally only ! elem5t>y ideas ( matt] & motion--ideas1 p]haps1 :i* are n mu* cle>] philosophically ?an ! o!rs1 p>ticul>ly t ( matt] tak5 p] se1 b :i*1 at lea/1 are necess>y1 s9ce all ! o!rs suppos$ !m4 ,among ^? notions t /udy & "t are r$uc+ to o!r & simpl] ones1 t ( electricity %\ld be admitt$2 = x pres5ts itself m & m z "o ( ! peculi> cases ( ! g5]al motion ( matt]4 ,x w be to ! et]nal honor ( ,fresnel = hav+ introduc$ into sci5ce & ma!matically con/itut$ ! !ory ( undulations 7already propos$ be=e him1 h[ev]71 ?us giv+ ! fir/ example ( ! notion ( motion sub/itut$ = t ( =ce4 ,s9ce ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy has tak5 ! em95t place 9 sci5ce t x n[ occupies1 & we h se5 a cont9ual trans=mation ( "o s]ies ( ph5om5a into ano!r1 ! m9d is at once direct$ to ! aspect ( a new fact t[>d an explanation ( ?is k9d4 ,/ill1 x is c]ta9 t ^! hypo!ses are difficult ( ju/ification2 = ^? motions t are at pres5t nam$ molecul>1 & t we _c help presum+ to be at ! base ( all actions1 are p] se ungraspable & c only be demon/rat$ by ! co9cid5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( results4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r means ( r5d]+ !m probable1 & t is by employ+ analogy4 ,if1 by vibrations :i* are directly asc]ta9able1 we c reproduce ! effects ( electricity1 !re w be good reason = admitt+ t ! latt] is no?+ else ?an a sy/em ( vibration diff]+ only1 p]haps1 9 special qualities1 su* z dim5sions1 direction1 rapidity1 etc4 ,su* is ! result t is atta9$ by ! v curi\s exp]im5ts t are due to ,mr4 ,bj]knes4 ,^! con/itute an ensemble ( v /rik+ results1 :i* are p]fectly concordant & exhibit v close analogies ) electrical effects1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,!y are bas$ on ! pres5ce ( bodies set 9 vibration 9 a liquid4 ,! vibrations produc$ by ,mr4 ,bj]knes are ( two k9ds--pulsations & oscillations4 ,! =m] ( ^! are obta9$ by ! aid ( small drums ) flexible ends1 z %[n to ! left 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,a small pump *amb] or cyl9d] is1 by means ( a tube1 put 9 communication ) "o ( ^! clos$ drums 9 :i* ! rapid motion ( a pi/on alt]nately sucks 9 & expels ! air4 ,! two flexible ends are successively ?ru/ outw>d & attract$ t[>d ! c5t]4 ,9 an app>atus ( ?is k9d ! two ends repulse & attract ! liquid at ! same "t4 ,_! motions are ( ! same phase2 if x 7 desir$ t "o %\ld repulse :ile ! o!r 0 attract+1 x w\ld be necess>y to place two drums back to back1 sep>at$ by a /iff p>tition1 & put !m 9 connection ) two di/9ct pump *amb]s ^: movem5ts 7 s arrang$ t "o %\ld be =c+ 9 :ile ! o!r 0 exhau/+4 ,a sy/em ( ?is nature is %[n to ! "r 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! vibrations are obta9$ by ! aid ( small metal sph]es fix$ 9 tubul> supports by movable lev]s to :i* are communicat$ ! motions ( compression & dilatation ( ! air 9 ! pump *amb]4 ,!y oscillate 9 a plane ^: direction may be v>i$ accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! sph]e1 z se5 9 ! two app>atus ( ?is k9d %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b w give an idea ( ! g5]al arrangem5t4 ,! two pi/ons ( ! air-pumps are connect$ to cranks t may be fix$ 9 su* a way z to regulate ! phases z may be desir$1 ei!r 9 co9cid5ce or opposition4 ,! entire affair is put 9 motion by a :eel & cord p]mitt+ ( rapid vibrations be+ obta9$4 ,! air is let into ! app>atus by rubb] tub+ )\t int]f]+ ) _! motions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,we may n[ ent] into ! details ( ! exp]im5ts3 ,! fir/ is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 a bas9 ( wat] !re is plac$ a small frame c>ry+ a drum fix$ on an axle & capable ( revolv+4 ,x also communicates ) "o ( ! air cyl9d]s4 ,! op]ator holds 9 8 h& a second drum :i* communicates ) ! o!r cyl9d]4 ,! pi/ons are adju/$ 9 su* a way t !y %all move p>allel ) ea* o!r2 !n ! ends ( ! drums inflate & collapse at ! same "t2 ! motions are ( ! same phase2 b if ! drums are br\ght ne> ea* o!r a v m>k$ attraction occurs1 ! revolv+ drum foll[s ! o!r4 ,if ! cranks are s adju/$ t ! pi/ons move 9 an opposite direction1 ! phases are discordant--!re is a repulsion1 & ! movable drum moves away f ! o!r4 ,! effect1 !n1 is analog\s to t ( two magnets1 ) ab\t ?is diff]5ce1 t "h x is ! l phases t attract & ! diff]5t phases t repel ea* o!r1 :ile 9 magnets l poles repel & unlike poles attract ea* o!r4 ,x is necess>y to rem>k t x is indiff]5t :i* face ( ! drum is pres5t$1 s9ce bo? possess ! same phase4 ,! drum behaves1 !n1 l an insulat$ pole ( a magnet1 or1 bett]1 l a magnet hav+ 9 its middle a succe$+ po9t4 ,9 ord] to h two poles a d\ble drum mu/ be employ$4 ,! exp]im5t !n becomes m complicat$2 = x is necess>y to h two pump *amb]s ) opposite phases = ?is drum alone1 & "o or two o!rs = ! revolv+ drum4 ,! effects1 z we %all see1 are m easily %[n ) ! vibrat+ sph]es4 ,?is =m has ! advantage t ! vibrat+ body exhibits ! two phases at ! same "t2 relatively to ! liquid1 "o ( its ends advances :ile ! o!r rec$es4 ,?us ) a vibrat+ sph]e pres5t$ to ! movable drum1 !re may be obta9$ repulsion or attraction1 accord+ z ! side :i* is approa*$ is concordant or discordant ) ! end ( ! drum t x faces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,) ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #c !re may be p]=m$ an int]e/+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,! two sph]es support$ by ! frame are set 9 simultane\s vibration1 & ! frame1 moreov]1 is free to revolve ab\t its axis4 ,! effect is analog\s to t :i* w\ld be produc$ by two %ort magnets c>ri$ by ! same revolv+ support2 on pres5t+ ! vibrat+ sph]e to ! extremities ! :ole affair is attract$ or repuls$1 accord+ to its phase & accord+ to ! po9t at :i* x is pres5t$2 on replac+ ! transv]se support by a s+le sph]e 7z indicat$ 9 ! figure by a dott$ l9e7 we obta9 ! analogue ( a %ort magnet c>ri$ on a pivot l a small compass ne$le4 ,?is sph]e foll[s ! pole ( a vibrat+ sph]e :i* is pres5t$ to x1 z ! pole ( a magnet w\ld d1 ) ?is diff]5ce always1 t 9 ! magnet1 l poles repel1 :ile 9 oscillat+ bodies l phases attract4 ,9 all ! prec$+ exp]im5ts ! bodies br\ght 9 pres5ce 7 bo? 9 motion & ! ph5om5a 7 analog\s to ^? ( p]man5t magnetism4 ,we may also reproduce ^? :i* result f magnetism by induction4 ,= ?is purpose we employ small balls ( diff]5t mat]ials susp5d$ f floats1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d 7a1 b1 c74 ,let u1 = example1 take ! body1 b1 :i* is a small metal sph]e1 & pres5t to x ei!r a drum :i* is caus$ to pulsate1 on an oscillat+ sph]e1 & x w be attract$1 ?us repres5t+ ! action ( a magnet ^u a bit ( s(t iron4 ,a curi\s exp]im5t may s]ve to indicate ! transition betwe5 ?is new s]ies & ! prec$+4 ,if we pres5t to ea* o!r two drums ( opposite phases1 b s arrang$ t "o ( !m vibrates fa/] ?an ! o!r1 we %all f9d1 on c>efully br++ !m toge!r1 t ! repulsion :i* manife/$ itself at fir/ is *ang+ to attraction4 ,on approa*+ ea* o!r ! drum hav+ ! quick] motion f9ally has ^u ! o!r1 ! same action z if ! latt] 7 immovable2 & ! effect is analog\s to t :i* takes place betwe5 a /rong & weak magnet pres5t$ by _! l poles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,by cont9u+ ^! exp]im5ts we arrive at a v important po9t4 ,in/ead ( ! body1 b 7,fig4 #d71 let u take c4 ,z ! figure %[s1 ?is is a sph]e light] ?an wat]1 kept 9 ! liquid by a weight4 ,if we pres5t to x ! vibrat+ body1 x w be repell$1 & we %all obta9 ! results kn[n by ! "n ( diamagnetism4 ,?is curi\s exp]im5t r5d]s evid5t ! influ5ce ( m$ia4 ,z well kn[n1 ,f>aday attribut$ su* effects to ! action ( ! air2 & he ?\ght t magnetic motions always result$ f a diff]5ce betwe5 ! attraction ex]t$ by ! magnet ^u ! body "u exp]im5t1 & ! attraction ex]t$ by ! air4 ,if ! body is m s5sitive ?an ! air1 !re is direct magnetism1 b if x is less s1 !re is diamagnetism4 ,wat] betwe5 ! bodies1 9 ! ,bj]knes exp]im5ts1 plays ! same role2 x is ?is :i*1 by its vibration1 transmits ! motions & det]m9es ! phases 9 ! susp5d$ body4 ,if ! body is heavi] ?an wat] its motion is less ?an t ( ! liquid1 &1 consequ5tly1 relatively to ! vibrat+ body1 x is ( l phase2 & if x is light]1 ! contr>y takes place1 & ! phases are 9 discordance4 ,^! effects may be v well v]ifi$ by ! aid ( ! little app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 & :i* c>ries two b>s1 "o ( !m light] & ! o!r heavi] ?an wat]4 ,on pres5t+ to !m ! vibrat+ body1 "o pres5ts its extremity & takes an axial direction1 :ile ! o!r arranges itself crosswise & takes ! equatorial direction4 ,^! exp]im5ts may be v>i$ 9 diff]5t ways t x is sc>cely necess>y to dwell ^u 9 ?is place1 z !y may be se5 at ! ,electrical ,exhibition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,v curi\s effects are also obta9$ ) ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,betwe5 ! two drums !re is introduc$ a body su/a9$ by a float su* z repres5t$ at a1 ,fig4 #d4 ,v>i\s results may1 !n1 be obta9$ accord+ to ! comb9ations adopt$4 ,let u suppose t ! phases are alike1 & t ! int]pos$ body is heavi] ?an wat]2 9 ?is case x is repell$ z f> z ! circumf]5ce ( ! drums1 at :i* po9t x /ops4 ,if ! phases are diff]5t1 ! influ5c$ body behaves 9 ! opposite mann] & /ops at ! c5t]4 ,if ! body is light] ?an wat] ! effects are naturally *ang$4 ,plac$ betwe5 two l phases1 x is attract$ )9 a c]ta9 radius & repell$ :5 x is plac$ fur!r (f2 if ! phases are unlike1 x is always repell$4 ,we may easily assure ourselves t ^! effects are analog\s to ^? :i* are produc$ on bodies plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( wide & p[]ful magnets4 ,x is useless to repeat t ! analogies are always inv]se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,mr4 ,bj]knes has c>ri$ ! exam9ation ( ^! ph5om5a /ill fur!r 9 /udy+ exp]im5tally ! actions t occur 9 ! dep?s ( ! liquid2 & = ?is purpose he has made use ( ! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,by ! side ( ! vibrat+ body !re is plac$ a light body m\nt$ on a v flexible spr+4 ,?is assumes ! motion ( t portion ( ! fluid 9 :i* x is imm]s$1 &1 by ! aid ( a small p5cil1 its direction is inscrib$ ^u a plate locat$ above x4 ,by plac+ ?is regi/]+ app>atus 9 diff]5t directions ! entire liquid may be explor$4 ,we f9d by ?is means figures t are p]fectly id5tical ) magnetic phantoms4 ,all ! circum/ances connect$ ) ^! c be reproduc$1 ! vibrat+ sph]e giv+ ! phantom ( a magnet ) its two poles4 ,we may ev5 exhibit ! mutual action ( two magnets4 ,! figures %[ ) rem>kable di/9ctness--mu* m di/9ct1 p]haps1 ?an ^? t are obta9$ by true magnets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ n be ?\ght t ^! s int]e/+ facts are ! result ( grop+ 9 ! d>k & ! outcome ( "s =tunate exp]im5t2 = !y h1 on ! contr>y1 be5 =ese5 & pr$et]m9$4 ,mr4 ,bj]knes is especially a ma!matician1 & x 0 a /udy1 ?r\gh calculation1 ( ! vibratory motion ( a body or sy/em ( bodies 9 a m$ium t l$ him to ! results t he aft]w>ds mat]ializ$4 ,aft] ! production1 by ,mr4 ,lejeune1 ( 8 solutions1 ,mr4 ,bj]knes 9 #ahfe ent]$ ^u a complete /udy ( ! subject1 & recogniz$ ! fact t ! result ( su* motions 0 ! production ( regul> me*anical actions4 ,he calculat$ ! directions ( ^!1 &1 along ab\t #ahge1 p]ceiv$ ! possibility ( reproduc+ ! effects ( p]man5t magnetism4 ,m rec5tly1 9 #ahgi1 he saw t magnetism by d]ivation might likewise be expla9$ by ^? hypo!ses1 & figur$ by actions ( ?is k9d4 ,x 0 n till !n t he p]=m$ ! exp]im5ts1 & submitt$ a body to ! results ( calculation4 ,! same process has l$ him to ! conclusion t ! action ( curr5ts might be repres5t$ 9 ! same mann]2 only1 in/ead ( bodies 9 vibration1 x w\ld require bodies 9 alt]nat+ rotation4 ,! effects are mu* m difficult to asc]ta91 s9ce x is necess>y to employ viscid liquids4 ,mean:ile1 ! exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$4 ,up to ! pres5t "t attractions & repulsions h n be5 %[n1 & ,i d n "k :e!r ,mr4 ,bj]knes has obta9$ !m4 ,b1 by ! process po9t$ out1 ! l9es ( action 7electric phantoms1 if ,i may s express myself7 h be5 trac$1 & !y are v curi\s4 ,by suppos+ ! curr5t p]p5dicul> to ! plate1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! pole ( a magnet1 ! influ5ces produc$ ar\nd x are v well se51 & ! figures are v /rik+1 especially 9 ! case ( two curr5ts4 ,mr4 ,bj]knes does n appe> z yet to h obta9$ f ^! exp]im5ts all t he expects f !m4 ,& yet1 su* z !y are1 !y h already l$ him to important conclusions4 ,?us1 calculation1 confirm$ by application1 has l$ him to r5\nce ! =mula propos$ by ,ampre & to adopt t ( ,regn>d z modifi$ by ,clausius4 ,is he "r8 ,?is is :at m prolong$ exp]im5tation w all[ to be se54 ,^! rese>*es1 h[ev]1 are beset ) difficulties ( a special nature1 & ! use ( viscid liquids is a subject = discussion4 ,mr4 ,bj]knes desir$ to employ !m = reproduc+ ! effects t he _h obta9$ f wat]1 b he f\nd t ! l9es ( =ce 7 no long] ! same1 & t ! ph5om5a 7 modifi$4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to hold z mu* z possible to liquids t are p]fect4 ,! exp]im5t] is at pres5t endeavor+ to use ^! liquids by employ+ cyl9d]s hav+ a flut$ surface2 b x is cle> t ?is1 too1 is n )\t its difficulties4 ,?is s]ies ( exp]im5ts (f]s a r>e example ( ! v]ification ( algebraic calculation by direct demon/ration4 ,9 g5]al1 we may employ geometry1 :i* gives a graphic repres5tation ( calculation & furni%es a valuable control4 ,sometimes we h practical application1 :i* is a v important v]ification 9 "s respects1 b only approximate 9 o!rs4 ,b x is r>e t we employ1 z ,mr4 ,bj]knes has done1 a mat]ial1 direct1 & imm$iate translation1 :i*1 :ile x br+s ! results into s+ul> prom95ce1 p]mits ( comp>+ !m ) kn[n facts & ( g5]aliz+ ! views ^u :i* !y are bas$4 ,hypo!ses z to ! nature ( electricity be+ z yet only tol]ably well e/abli%$1 we %\ld neglect no?+ t may contribute to give !m a solid basis4 ,assum+ t electricity is a vibratory motion 7& probably !re is no d\bt ab\t x71 yet ! fact is n s well e/abli%$ ) reg>d to x z x is to t ( light4 ,e pro( t comes to support ?is idea is welcome1 & especially s :5 x is n d]iv$ f a k9d ( accid5t1 b is furni%$ by a calculat$ & ma!matical comb9ation4 ,view$ f ?is d\ble /&po9t1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,bj]knes are v rem>kable1 &1 ,i may add1 !y are v curi\s to behold1 & ,i recomm5d all visitors to ! ,exhibition to exam9e !m4--,frank ,g]aldy1 9 ,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,arc ,,electric ,,light4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a rec5t address be=e ! ,new ,york ,electric ,light ,association4 ,,by ,,leo ,,daft4 ,i %all exp]i5ce "o difficulty 9 address+ y ?is ev5+1 :i* is1 t al?\gh ,i d n wi% to take up y\r "t ) purely elem5t>y matt]1 ,i wi% to make ! subject cle> to ^? :o may n be famili> ) its e>li] /ruggles4 ,if we beg9 at ! beg9n+ we h to g back to ! "t :5 ,f>aday made ! discov]y t light c\ld be produc$ by ! sep>ation ( two c>bon rods conduct+ a curr5t ( consid]able t5sion4 ,t is ! hi/orical po9t :5 electric light+ fir/ loom$ up z a giant possibility ( ! ne> future4 ,?is occurr$ ab\t ! ye> #ahdf4 ,9 "s exp]im5ts he f\nd t al?\gh ! circuit c\ld n be int]rupt$ by any consid]able int]val :5 metallic t]m9als 7 us$ )\t break+ ! curr5t1 :5 c>bon 0 sub/itut$ ! int]val c\ld be l>gely increas$1 & a light ( dazzl+ brilliancy appe>$ betwe5 ! po9ts4 ,?is rem>kable effect appe>s to be produc$ by ! r>efaction ( ! air1 due to ! great heat evolv$ by ! combu/ion ( ! c>bon1 & also to ! passage ( inc&esc5t p>ticles ( c>bon f pole to pole1 ?us r$uc+ ! resi/ance1 o!rwise too great = ! curr5t t5sion4 ,t 0 ! beg9n+ ( electric light+2 & p]haps x w be well to bridge ! long & comp>atively un9t]e/+ int]val :i* elaps$ betwe5 ?is discov]y & ! equally important "o :i* alone gave x comm]cial value--,i ref] to ! production ( suitable curr5ts by me*anical means4 ,t is to say1 ! sub/itution ( en]gy obta9$ f coal 9 ! =m ( /eam p[] r$uc$ ! co/ to a fraction ( :at x necess>ily 0 :5 ! galvanic elem5ts 7 us$4 ,"h is ! po9t2 ! co/ ( z9c today is some?+ ov] fifty times t ( coal1 :ile its en]gy z a vitaliz+ ag5t is only ab\t five times great]1 leav+ a v l>ge m>g9 9 favor ( ! black diamonds4 ,?is is n ! only advantage1 = ! result+ impulse 9 ! case ( me*anical production is mu* m uni=m 9 action1 & !re=e bett] suit$ to ! end 9 view1 :ile ! am\nt ( adju/m5t & att5tion requir$ is beyond comp>ison 9 favor ( ! latt] means4 ,! ma*9es adopt$ 7 ( ! magneto v>iety1 & _m +5i\s ma*9es ( ?is class 7 op]at$ ) m or less success1 be+1 h[ev]1 quickly ab&on$ ^u ! introduction ( ! dynamo-ma*9e1 :i* gave curr5ts ( mu* great] electromotive =ce f ! same am\nt ( mat]ial1 ! advantage be+ *iefly due to ! l>ge increase ( magnetic int5sity 9 ! field magnets4 ,at ?is p]iod lights ( enorm\s p[] 7 produc$ ) ease & by ! use ( co/ly lamps4 ,) complicat$ me*anism a new era 9 artificial illum9ation seem$ close at h&1 b a grave difficulty /ood 9 ! way--namely1 ! prop] di/ribution or subdivision ( ! light4 ,x 0 quickly f\nd t ! electric difficulty ( subdivid+ ! light1 add$ to ! great co/ ( ! lamps !n made1 0 an app>5tly insurm\ntable ob/acle to its g5]al adoption1 & ! electric light 0 gradually tak+ its place z a brilliant sci5tific toy1 :5 ! _w 0 />tl$ by ! introduction ( ! ,jablo*k(f c&le1 :i* may fairly claim to h giv5 a great] impetus to ! new light ?an any previ\s inv5tion1 a /imulus )\t :i* x is ev5 probable t electric light+ might h slumb]$ = ano!r decade4 ,! ,jablo*k(f c&le embodies a v beautiful philosophical pr9ciple1 & ?\gh its promises h n be5 fulfill$ 9 g5]al practice1 we mu/ n =get t we owe x mu* = ar\s+ sci5tific m5 f a dang]\s le?>gy4 ,up to ?is "t ! light _h always be5 produc$ by approximation ( c>bon rods ) _! axes 9 ! same plane2 b ! ,jablo*k(f c&le consi/$ ( l rods arrang$ p>allel to ea* o!r & ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ap>t1 ! int]v5+ space be+ fill$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 & ! int]val at ! top bridg$ by a conduct+ m$ium4 ,! object ( ! pla/]1 :i* is a fairly good insulat+ mat]ial at ord9>y temp]atures1 is to prev5t ! passage ( ! curr5t except at ! top1 :]e ! conduct+ mat]ial j ref]r$ to assi/$ ! =mation ( ! arc at t po9t1 & ! result+ int5se heat ma9ta9$ ! pla/] 9 a mod]ately conduct+ /ate until ! :ole c>bon 0 consum$4 ,"h1 !n1 0 lit]ally an electric c&le1 :i* c\ld be op]at$ )\t ! co/ly & un/eady lamps1 & =tunately its bir?place 0 ,p>is--!n ! c5t] ( philosophical rese>*2 f t p]iod ! future ( electric light+ 0 assur$4 ,:5 we reflect t ow+ to ! great] disruptive en]gy ( ! positive t]m9al1 ! c>bon s connect$ to an ord9>y dynamo ma*9e is consum$ v mu* fa/] ?an ! negative--sometimes 9 ! ratio ( #c to #a--;x w be cle> t "s o!r means ( consum+ ! ,jablo*k(f c&le _h to be us$1 s9ce ! arc w\ld cease to exi/ 9 a v %ort "t by reason ( ! unequal consumption ( ! c>bons1 & ! subsequ5t increase ( ! int]v5+ space beyond ! limit ( ! curr5t t5sion4 ,?is difficulty ,m4 ,gramme ov]came ) *>act]i/ic +5uity by add+ to ! ord9>y sy/em a di/ribut] capable ( deliv]+ plus & m9us curr5ts alt]nately1 ?us equaliz+ ! consumption1 besides be+ able to supply a l>ge numb] ( c&les on ! multiple circuit sy/em1 ea* circuit support+ f\r or five lamps4 ,?us x w be se5 t a result 0 atta9$ :i* at lea/ gave su* m5 z ,siem5s1 ,gramme1 & _! pe]s1 if su* !re be1 confid5ce 9 ! future & a c\rage :i* quickly plac$ ! new sci5ce safely beyond ! limits ( ! laboratory4 ,i w n occupy y\r "t by /at+ ! app>5t reasons :y ! ,jablo*k(f c&le has n fully su/a9$ its brilliant promise--x w1 p]haps1 be suffici5t to /ate t x is n[ sup]s$$ practically1 ?\gh x mu/ always occupy an honorable place 9 sci5tific annals4 ,let u n[ = a few mom5ts consid] :at ! electric light really accompli%$ at ab\t ?is p]iod1 ,i mean f an economical /&po9t4 ,x appe>s f "s data furni%$ by an eng9e] commission$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t t ! ma*9es 7 !n capable ( ma9ta9+ a light equal to f #bbj to #dej c&les1 measur$ by comp>ison ) ! ,c>cel burn]1 p] horse p[] absorb$--a v good %[+ consid]+ ! y\? ( ! discov]y1 b pres5t+ r a gloomy aspect :5 we consid] t accord+ to ,j\le's me*anical equival5t ( heat1 :i* is #ggb foot p\nds1 or ! p[] requir$ to raise "o p\nd ( wat] "o degree--& = lack ( any?+ bett]1 we are oblig$ to accept t at ?is mom5t--! :ole =ce conta9$ 9 "o p\nd ( coal w\ld ma9ta9 a light equal to #ac1jjj c&les = "o h\r6 ,t is ! ultimate =ce1 & :at we are n[ able to accompli% is b a small fraction ( ?is am\nt4 ,un=tunately we are b common mortals1 & _c1 l ,mr4 ,keely1 lightly ?r[ (f ! trammels ( natural law2 we mu/1 !re=e1 endeavor to close ?is gap by pati5t /udy & exp]im5t4 ,! limit$ "t at my disposal1 & a ke5 consid]ation = y\r feel+s1 w n p]mit me to foll[ ! long s]ies ( /ruggles betwe5 m9d & matt] imm$iately foll[+ ,jablo*k(f's brilliant inv5tion2 suffice x to say1 t ! few ye>s j pass$ h yield$ beyond comp>ison ! mo/ m>vel\s results 9 ! sci5tific hi/ory ( ! _w1 & x w be sup]flu\s to rem9d y t a great "p ( ?is has und\bt$ly be5 due to ! rese>*es made 9 an ef=t to r$uce electric light+ to a comm]cial basis4 ,to say t ?is has be5 fully accompli%$ is b to repeat a well kn[n fact2 & 9 pro( ( ?is ,i quote a high sci5tific au?ority by /at+ t a result s high z #d1jjj c&les evolv$ = #dj1jjj foot-p\nds absorb$ has rec5tly be5 obta9$--an effici5cy six or sev5 times great] ?an ! record ( six ye>s ago4 ,9 accept+ ?is /atem5t we mu/ n lose sight ( ! extreme probability t su* effects 7 evolv$ "u conditions r>ely if ev] f\nd 9 common practice4 ,( c\rse1 ,i n[ ref] to ! arc sy/em4 ,! volume ( light s g5]at$ is incomp>ably great] ?an by any o!r kn[n me?od1 ?\gh 9 subdivision ! limit is soon] rea*$4 ,mr4 ,hawkeswor?--,let me ask y a "q1 please4 ,suppos+ t x requir$ a "o-horse p[] to produce an arc light (1 say1 #b1jjj c&les1 w\ld x be possible to produce t5 arc lights ( #bjj c&les ea*8 ,mr4 ,daft--,no1 sir2 ,i w tell y :y4 ,x w\ld1 if no o!r elem5t ?an ! simple resi/ance ( ! arcs oppos$ ! passage ( a curr5t2 !n a ma*9e t w\ld produce an in* arc 9 "o light1 if plac$ on a circuit ( sixte5 lamps w\ld give to ea* an arc "o-sixte5? ( an in* long naturally2 b ano!r difficulty "h pres5ts itself 9 ! %ape ( a resi/+ impulse ( consid]able electromotive =ce 9 ! opposite direction1 app>5tly caus$ by ! int5se pol>ity ( ! two t]m9als4 ,! resi/ance ( ! arc itself v>ies mu* accord+ to ! volume ( curr5t us$ be+ usually small ) a l>ge quantity ( curr5t1 & great] ) a curr5t ( t5sion2 b ?is oppos+ elem5t is always f\nd1 & appe>s to be ! only real ob/acle 9 ! way ( inf9ite subdivision4 ,almo/ e objection :i* human +5uity c\ld sugge/ has be5 urg$ aga9/ light+ by electricity1 b =tunately electricians h be5 able 9 mo/ cases ei!r to meet ! difficulty or prove x gr\ndless4 ,9 ?is connection ,i am l$ to speak ( ! common idea t electric light is injuri\s to ! eyes1 fir/1 because ( its un/eady "*1 & secondly1 by reason ( ! great excess ( ! m refrangible rays4 ,bo? objections und\bt$ly hold good :]e ! alleg$ causes exi/2 b we c n[ %[ y a light :i* is c]ta9ly z /eady z ! ord9>y gaslight--inde$ m /eady 9 an ap>tm5t :]e ev5 feeble curr5ts ( air circulate2 & ,i am sure y w readily ackn[l$ge t ! latt] objection is dispos$ ( :5 ,i assure y t our light pres5ts ! only example ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ ( an exact artificial reproduction ( ! sol> light1 z %[n by decomposition4 ,! two spectra1 plac$ side by side1 %[ 9 ! mo/ conclusive mann] ! id5tity 9 composition ( our light ) t ( ! sun4 ,! rem>kable coolness ( ! electric light1 z comp>$ ) its volume by gas1 is also due 9 a great measure to ! conspicu\s abs5ce ( t l>ge excess ( less refrangible1 or heat-radiat+ pr9ciple1 :i* di/+ui%es almo/ equally all o!r modes ( artificial illum9ation4 ,aft] ! =ego+ /atem5t x may seem a p>adox to claim t ! electric arc develops ! greate/ heat ) :i* we h yet _h to deal1 b ?is is s2 & ! heat has an int5sity q beyond ! rea* ( accurate measurem5t by any in/rum5t n[ kn[n--x has be5 v>i\sly e/imat$ any:]e betwe5 #e1jjj & #ej1jjj ,f4 ,x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to "k t ! mo/ refractory sub/ances quickly disappe> :5 br\ght "u its influ5ce--ev5 ! imp]ial diamond mu/ succumb 9 a %ort "t4 ,9 ord] to reconcile ?is fact ) its coolness z an illum9at+ ag5t1 we h to take into consid]ation ! extreme smallness ( ! po9t f :i* ! light radiates 9 ! electric arc4 ,a light hav+ ! p[] ( _m ?\s& c&les w expose b a fraction ( ! surface = heat radiation :i* is %[n by "o gas-jet1 &1 z ,i h endeavor$ to expla91 ^! rays conta9 v mu* less ( ! heat+ pr9ciple ?an ^? f gas or o!r artificial light4 ,! purity ( electric light has ano!r important aspect1 :i* c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$--namely1 ! facility ) :i* all ! mo/ delicate %ades ( color c be di/+ui%$4 ,i und]/& f p]sons bett] skill$ ?an myself 9 su* matt]s t ?is c be done almo/ z readily by electric z by day light1 & ,i h little d\bt t ! slight diff]5ce 9 ?is respect w entirely disappe> :5 p become some:at m famili> ) ! diff]5t conditions--! effect ( su* %ades view$ by electric light be+ m l t ) comp>atively feeble direct sunlight ?an ! subdu$ daylight usually prevail+ 9 /ores & w>eh\ses4 ,aga91 x has frequ5tly be5 urg$ t p]sons work+ by electric light h ?us induc$ inflammation ( ! eyes4 ,no d\bt ?is is s ) light conta9+ ! highly refrangible rays 9 excess2 b x is difficult to see h[ su* an effect c occur ) light compos$ z is ! light ) :i* ! eyes are con/ruct$ to op]ate 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,z y are aw>e1 !re are o!r me?ods ( obta9+ light by electric en]gy1 & 9 ord] to make a fair comp>ison ( "o :i* has lately attract$ a great deal ( att5tion & capital1 ,i w relate to y ! result ( obs]vations made dur+ a rec5t visit to ! (fice ( an em95t electrician4 ,! light 0 t kn[n z inc&esc5t--a filam5t ( c>bon rais$ to a light-emitt+ heat 9 vacuo4 ,! exclusion ( ! air is necess>y to prev5t ! o!rwise rapid de/ruction ( ! c>bon by comb9ation ) oxyg54 ,at ! "t ( my visit !re 7 #fb lamps 9 circuit4 ,accord+ to _! /atem5t ea* lamp 0 ( #af-;c&le p[]--,i accept _! /atem5t z correct2 ?is w give u an aggregate ( #iib c&les4 ,! g5]ator 0 vitaliz$ by an eng9e rat$ by ! att5dants 9 *>ge at #f-;horse p[]4 ,i f\nd t x 0 a #eg cyl9d]1 work+ ) v little expansion #dcj revolutions p] m9ute1 ) #ij p\nds ( live /eam1 9 a boil] n #ae feet f ! eng9e4 ,i h e reason to believe t ! /eam 0 deliv]$ at ! cyl9d] ) an almo/ inappreciable loss on #ij p\nds4 ,"u ^? conditions ,i ?9k x is p]fectly fair to assume 7y h ! data1 s t y c calculate x aft]w>ds7 t #gej1jjj foot p\nds 7 consum$ 9 produc+ ^? #fj lights1 aggregat+ #iib c&les4 ,9 ! k9d ( eng9e !y _h1 #gej1jjj foot p\nds requires a consumption ( ab\t #ajj p\nds ( coal p] h\r4 ,x 0 an ord9>y high spe$ eng9e4 ,t #gej1jjj foot p\nds1 ,i assume1 requir$ #ajj p\nds ( coal4 ,t is ! only weak po9t 9 my data2 ,i d n "k t to be true2 b ,i nev] saw an eng9e ( t =m yet capable ( deliv]+ #a-;horse p[] ) less consumption ?an f\r to five p\nds ( coal p] horse p[] p] h\r4 ,i want to be z fair z ,i c 9 ! matt]4 ,i wi% to comp>e ?is1 z !y h tak5 p>ticul> pa9s to comp>e x1 ) gas1 at ! pres5t co/ ( gas4 ,! hundr$ p\nds ( coal w produce #djj feet ( gas2 #djj feet ( gas w evolve ! effect ( #a1ejj c&les4 ,s y see ! position we are 94 ,9 consum+ t coal directly by de/ructive di/illation y c produce #a1ejj c&les light2 by conv]t+ x into p[]1 & !n aga9 into light by inc&esc5ce1 y produce #iib6 ,express+ ?is 9 o!r words1 we may say t 9 produc+ ! light f coal by ! inc&esc5t sy/em y lose "o-?ird ( ! p[] z comp>$ ) gas1 by actually conv]t+ ! coal into gas1 & deliv]+ x 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,^? are facts4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to me t ,i am too lib]al 9 my e/imate ( coal consum$--t ^? eng9es consume m ?an f\r or five p\nds p] horse p[] p] h\r2 b ,i pref] to give !m ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,mr4 ,ro?s*ild--,if ,i und]/ood y correctly1 ?is electric light co/s m ?an gas8 ,mr4 ,daft--,mu/ d by ?is sy/em4 ,y _c d bett]1 s f> z our philosophy goes4 ,b ?is :ole sy/em ( illum9ation1 z n[ practic$ is a f9ancial fallacy4 ,mr4 ,ro?s*ild--,t is :at ,pr(essor ,sawy] says4 ,mr4 ,daft--,! same am\nt ( en]gy conv]t$ into light by our arc sy/em w produce #cj1jjj c&les4 ,we are p]fectly will+ to demon/rate t at any "t4 ,i am free to admit t ! m9ute subdivision obta9$ by ! ,edisonian1 ,swan1 or ,fox sy/em--!y d n diff] mat]ially--is a great desid]atum2 b ?is _c bridge ! f9ancial gulf4 ,mr4 ,l5drum--,n[ please /ate :at we h accompli%$4 ,mr4 ,daft--,c]ta9ly2 & 9 s do+ ,i pref] to give our results z actually occurr+ 9 ev]yday "w2 & 9 ?is connection let me rem9d y t 9 no bran* ( physics are ! purely exp]im5tal effects s well calculat$ to deceive1 if n fairly condition$4 ,z we h se51 x is claim$ on excell5t au?ority t ! equival5t ( #d1jjj c&les appe>$ 9 an arc by exp5d+ #dj1jjj foot p\nds ( en]gy at ! g5]ator1 b ) ev]yday conditions x is at pres5t idle to expect su* effici5cy4 ,comm]cially we c give by our own sy/em #c1jjj c&les = #dj1jjj foot p\nds absorb$2 ?is may be done = an indef9ite l5g? ( "t & leave no?+ to be desir$ on ! score ( /ead9ess4 ,un=tunately !re is no unit ( photometric measurem5t g5]ally recogniz$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ea* electrician hav+ s f> adopt$ "o to suit 8 own conv5i5ce2 b 9 mak+ ! =ego+ /atem5t ,i wi% x to be und]/ood t our effici5cy w\ld appe> /ill great] if measur$ by "s ( ! me?ods n[ employ$4 ,= our own satisfaction we h endeavor$ to be at lea/ approximately accurate1 at ! same "t wi%+ to avoid ! affectation ( extreme precision1 su*1 = example1 z add+ tw5ty or ?irty c&les to measurem5ts ( s _m ?\s&s1 & we are satisfi$ t ! mo/ critical exp]t te/s w prove our claim to be )9 ! m>k4 ,! limit ( subdivision is only rea*$ :5 ! difficulty ( fur!r increas+ ! electromotive =ce ( ! ma*9es1 involv+ great c>e 9 insulation & a ho/ ( o!r tr\bles aris+1 s to speak1 at v high pressure1 is balanc$ by ! objections to work+ 9 multiple arc2 ?is appe>s to occur n[ at some?+ bel[ #dj lights1 b w 9 all probability be greatly ext5d$ )9 a %ort "t4 ,! ma*9es are s con/ruct$ t ! local curr5ts1 usually productive ( dang]\s heat+1 are turn$ to useful acc\nt1 s t ! po9t :]e radiation exce$s production is soon rea*$1 & provid$ ! ma*9es are n spe$$ beyond ! prop] limit1 !y may be run cont9u\sly )\t ! slighte/ indication ( lo/ vitality4 ,i ne$ sc>cely rem9d y t ?is is a mo/ important feature1 & by no means a common "o4 ,! lamps us$ 9 our sy/em ,i believe to be ! simple/ kn[n =m ( regulator2 inde$ x seems sc>cely possible t any?+ less complicat$ c\ld p]=m ! necess>y "w2 z a matt] ( fact we may confid5tly ass]t t x _c be made less liable to d]angem5t4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 plac$ on circuit by p]sons totally inexp]i5c$ 9 su* matt]s1 & /ill has yield$ results :i* we are q will+ to quote at any "t4 ,i w n n[ trespass on y\r pati5ce fur!r ?an w enable me to /ate t exp]im5ts n[ 9 h& indicate conclusively t dome/ic electric light+ ( ! imm$iate future w be accompli%$ 9 a mann] m beautiful & wondr\s ?an 0 ev] %ad[$ 9 an ,arabian ,night's dream4 ,i hesitate some:at to make ^! vague allusions1 s9ce s _m wild promises1 = :i* ,i am n responsible1 rema9 unfulfill$1 b ! "t is surely ne> at h& :5 a s+le t\* w illum9ate our homes ) a light :i* w comb9e all ! elem5ts ( beauty1 /ead9ess1 s(tness1 & absolute safety1 to a degree z yet undream$ (4 ,i d n ask y to accept ?is )\t "q1 b only to rememb] t )9 ! la/ decade wires h be5 taught to convey n only articulate s\nds1 b ! individual voices y "k amid/ a ?\s&1 & ev5 light & heat h ea* be5 made ! m$ium ( communicat+ our ?\ghts to di/ant places6 ,n ! lea/ rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ?is connection is ! intellectual condition ( ! p :o h welcom$ ^! m>vel\s a*ievem5ts & all[$ !m to ent] into _! ev]yday life1 ?us remov+ ! greate/ b>ri]s ( ! pa/ & pav+ ! way = t philosophical mill5nium inevitably await+ ^? :o may be =tunate en\gh to survive ! next decade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,success ,,( ,,! ,,elevat$ ,,railways1 ,,new ,,york4 ,! travel ov] ! elevat$ /eam /reet railways ( ,new ,york city = mon? ( ,octob]1 #ahha1 0 ! heavie/ yet record$1 aggregat+ #g1aba1ifa pass5g]s1 z aga9/ #e1hha1dgd1 = ! correspond+ mon? ( #ahhj1 an increase ( #a1bdj1dhg1 repres5t+ j ab\t ! entire population ( ! city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h$ges' ,,electric ,,lamps4 ,we illu/rate a v curi\s & int]e/+ =m ( electric regulator :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( ,electricity by ,mr4 ,kill+wor? ,h$ges1 ^: "n w be kn[n to our read]s z ! au?or ( a little book on ! electric light4 ,mr4 ,h$ges' lamp belongs to ! same category ( electric regulators z ! lamp ( ,m4 ,rapieff1 & to "o =m ( ,m4 ,reyni]'s lamp1 t is to say1 ! position ( ! ends ( ! c>bons1 & !re=e ( ! arc1 is det]m9$ n by clockwork or simil> controll+ me*anism1 b by ! locus ( ! geometrical int]section ( ! axes ( ! c>bon rods1 ! positions ( :i* axes be+ det]m9$ by simple me*anical means4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a & #b ,,h$ges' ,,electrical ,,lamp ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,electrical ,,exhibition4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #a1 ,a & ,b are two tr\ghs rectangul> 9 cross section atta*$ to ! supports 9 su* positions t _! axes are incl9$ to "o ano!r s z to =m ! lett] ,v1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,)9 ^! tr\ghs slide freely ! two c>bon p5cils1 :i* are ( circul> cross section1 meet+1 :5 no curr5t is pass+1 at ! l[] po9t1 ,e4 ,! c>bon-hold]1 ,b1 to ! "r ( ! figure1 is rigidly atta*$ to ! fram+ ( ! lamp1 b ! tr\gh1 ,a1 :i* c>ries ! negative c>bon1 is atta*$ to ! fram+ by a pivot %[n 9 ! figure1 & on ?is pivot ! c>bon hold] c rock1 its motion be+ controll$ by ! position ( ! armature ( an electro-magnet1 ,m1 ! coils ( :i* are includ$ 9 ! circuit ( ! app>atus4 ,by ?is means1 ! mom5t ! curr5t is e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! lamp1 ! armature is attract$1 & ! po9ts ( ! two c>bons are sep>at$1 ?us =m+ ! arc4 ,! positive c>bon1 ,b1 is held f slid+ & dropp+ ?r\gh ! tr\gh by ! g5tle pressure aga9/ x ( ! small] c>bon rod1 ,c1 :i* also slides 9 a tr\gh or tube fix$ 9 su* a position t ! po9t ( contact betwe5 ! two rods is suffici5tly ne> ! arc = ! small] rod to be sl[ly consum$ z ! o!r is burnt away2 ! latt] 9 t way is p]mitt$ to slide gradually d[n ! tr\gh z long z ! lamp is 9 action4 ,! negative c>bon-hold]1 ,a1 is provid$ ) a little adju/able plat9um /op1 ,e1 :i* by press+ aga9/ ! side ( ! conical end ( ! negative c>bon1 holds ! latt] 9 its place & prev5ts x slid+ d[n ! tr\gh except "u ! influ5ce ( ! sl[ combu/ion ( ! cone dur+ ! process ( produc+ ! arc4 ,! position ( ! /op ) respect to ! conical end is det]m9$ by a small adju/+ screw %[n 9 ! figure4 ,?is arrangem5t ( /op is id5tical 9 pr9ciple ) t adopt$ by ,messrs4 ,siem5s ,bro!rs 9 _! abutm5t pole lamp1 & is f\nd to "w v well 9 practice on ! negative electrodes1 b is inapplicable on ! positive c>bons on acc\nt ( ! high] temp]ature ( ! latt]1 :i* is liable to de/roy ! metallic /op by fusion1 & x is = ?is reason t ! positive c>bon 9 ,mr4 ,h$ges' lamp is controll$ by ! me?od we h already describ$4 ,= alt]nat+ curr5ts1 h[ev]1 ! abutm5t /op may be us$ on bo? electrodes4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 a good electrical contact betwe5 ! fix$ conduct+ portions ( ! lamp & ! slid+ c>bons1 ,mr4 ,h$ges fits to ea* c>bon-hold] a little contact piece1 ,f ,f1 h+$ to its respective tr\gh at its upp] end1 & c>ry+ at its l[] or free end a some:at heavy little block ( brass groov$ out to fit ! cyl9drical side ( ! c>bon1 aga9/ :i* x presses ) an ev5 pressure4 ,?is arrangem5t (f]s ano!r advantage1 namely1 t ! l5g? ( t portion ( ! c>bon rods :i* is convey+ ! curr5t is always ! same not)/&+ ! %ort5+ ( _! total l5g? by combu/ion2 ! resi/ance ( ! c>bon electrodes is1 !re=e1 ma9ta9$ con/ant1 &1 = ! reason t ! contact piece presses aga9/ ! rods v ne> _! l[] ends1 t resi/ance is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,9 ?is way v long c>bons1 su*1 = in/ance1 z w burn = t5 or sixte5 h\rs1 c be us$ )\t introduc+ any increase ( resi/ance into ! circuit4 ,! l5g? ( ! arc c be det]m9$ by ! adju/m5t ( ! screw1 ,g1 by :i* ! am\nt ( movem5t ( ! armature is limit$4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts a modifi$ =m ( ,mr4 ,h$ges' lamp design$ = in/allation :5 x is desirable to burn a numb] ( lamps 9 s]ies4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ! c>bons are sep>at$ by ! attractive influ5ce ( a sol5oid ^u an iron plung]1 to :i* is atta*$ 7by a non-magnetic connection7 ! armature ( an electro-magnet1 ! coils 7:i* are ( f9e wire7 =m+ a %unt circuit betwe5 ! two t]m9als ( ! lamp1 & s dispos$ ) respect to ! armature z to influ5ce x 9 an opposite direction to t ( ! sol5oid4 ,:5 ! circuit ( ! lamp is complet$ ) ! electric g5]ator ! c>bons are drawn ap>t by ! action ( ! sol5oid on ! plung]1 & ! di/ance to :i* !y are sep>at$ is det]m9$ by ! diff]5ce ( attractive =ce ex]cis$ ^u ! armature by ! sol5oid & ! magnet2 b z ! latt] =ms a %ort circuit to t ( ! arc1 x foll[s t %\ld ! resi/ance ( ! arc circuit increase ei!r ?r\gh ! arc becom+ too long or ?r\gh imp]fection 9 ! c>bons or contacts1 a great] p]c5tage ( curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh ! magnet coils1 & ! arc w be %ort5$1 !reby r$uc+ its resi/ance & regulat+ x to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c>bons1 t is to say1 ! l5g? ( ! arc1 is det]m9$ by ! position ( ! armature ( ! electro-magnet betwe5 its magnets & ! sol5oid1 :i* position is 9 its turn det]m9$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /r5g? ( curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! coil ( ! sol5oid & t ( ! magnet4 ,mr4 ,kill+wor? ,h$ges exhibits also a ?ird =m ( 8 lamp1 9 mo/ respects simil> to ! lamp figur$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 b 9 :i* ! ends ( ! two c>bons re/ aga9/ ! side ( a small cyl9d] ( fireclay or o!r refractory mat]ial1 :i* is m\nt$ on a horizontal axis & c be rotat$ !reon by a worm & worm-:eel actuat$ by an endless cord pass+ ov] a groov$ pulley4 ,9 ! lamp "o ( ! c>bon-hold]s is rigidly fix$ to ! fram+ ( ! app>atus1 & ! o!r is m\nt$ on a po9t s z to enable ! l5g? ( ! arc play+ ov] ! clay cyl9d] to be regulat$ by ! action ( an electro-magnet attract+ an armature 9 opposition to ! t5sion ( an adju/able spr+4 ,9 ! same exhibit w be f\nd specim5s ( ,mr4 ,h$ges' two-way swit*es1 :i* h be5 design$ to r$uce ! t5d5cy to sp>k+ & consequ5t de/ruction :i* s (t5 accompanies ! action ( swit*es ( ! ord9>y =m4 ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ?is swit*1 :i* we illu/rate 9 elevation 9 ,fig4 #c & 9 plan 9 ,fig4 #d1 lies fir/ 9 ! circul> =m ( contact-piece %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 & next 9 ! fact t ! space betwe5 ! two fix$ contact-pieces is fill$ up ) a block compos$ ( compress$ asbe/os1 ! surface ( :i* is flu% ) ! upp] surfaces ( ! two contact-pieces4 ,! circul> contact-piece atta*$ to ! swit* lev] c be turn$ r\nd s z to pres5t a fre% surface :5 t :i* has be5 9 use %[s indications ( be+ worn1 & a good firm contact ) ! fix$ contact-pieces is insur$ by ! pres5ce ( a spiral spr+ %[n 9 ! upp] figure1 & :i*1 ow+ to an error 9 engrav+1 appe>s m l a screw ?an a spr+4 ,9 ord] to prev5t bad connection ?r\gh du/ or o!r impurities collect+ )9 ! jo9t1 ! electrical connection betwe5 ! fulcrum ( ! swit* lev] & ! circul> contact-piece is made ?r\gh ! b5t spr+ %[n edgeways 9 ,fig4 #c4--;,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,railway ,,app>atus ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,electrical ,,exhibition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,l>tigue's ,swit* ,controll] ,fig4 #b--,transv]se ,section ,fig4 #c--,longitud9al ,section ,fig4 #d4--,position ( ! ,commutators dur+ ! ,manuev] ,fig4 #e4--,p$al = ,s5d+ ,w>n+ to ,railway ,cross+--,elevation4 ,fig4 #g4--;,end ,view4 ,fig4 #h4--;,electric ,al>m4 ,fig4 #ab4--;,guggemos's ,correspond5ce ,app>atus--,ext]nal ,view4 ,fig4 #ac4--;,int]ior ( ! ,same4 ,fig4 #ad4--;,annunciator ,app>atus4 ,fig4 #ae4--;,controll] = ,wat] ,tanks 7,l>tigue ,sy/em74 ,,railway ,,app>atus ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,electrical ,,exhibition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,p$al = ,s5d+ ,w>n+ to ,railway ,cross+--,plan ,view4 ,fig4 #i4--,l>tigue's ,bell[s ,p$al--,longitund9al ,section ,fig4 #aj4--;,g5]al ,plan4 ,fig4 #af4--;,controll] = ,wat] ,tanks 7,vrit ,sy/em74 ,,railway ,,app>atus ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,electrical ,,exhibition4 ,l>tigue's ,swit* ,controll]4--,! object ( ?is app>atus is to w>n ! swit* t5d] 9 case ! swit* does n entirely respond to ! movem5t ( ! maneuv]+ lev]4 ,! app>atus1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 consi/s ( ! foll[+ p>ts3 7#a47 ,a m]curial commutator1 ,o1 :i* is fix$ on a lev]1 ,b1 connect$ ) a piece1 ,a1 :i* is appli$ aga9/ ! ext]nal surface ( ! web ( ! ma9 rails1 opposite ! extremity ( ! swit* plates2 7#b47 ,a b>1 ,c1 :i* trav]ses ! web ( ! rail & projects on ! opposite side1 & :i* c>ries a nut1 ,d1 aga9/ :i* ! swit* plate abuts2 7#c47 ,an electrical al>m & a pile1 locat$ ne> ! swit* lev]4 ,z long z "o ( ! two plates ( ! swit* is appli$ aga9/ ! rail1 "o ( ! two commutators is incl9$ & no curr5t passes4 ,a space ( "o millimet] is suffici5t to br+ ! commutator to a horizontal position & to cause ! electric al>m to r+ cont9u\sly4 ,if ! app>atus gets out ( ord]1 x is kn[n at once2 = if ! al>m does n "w dur+ ! maneuv] ( ! swit*1 ! t5d] w be w>n$ t ! electric communications are int]rupt$1 & t he mu/ consequ5tly at once make kn[n ! position ( 8 swit* until ! necess>y repairs h be5 made4 ,p$als = ,transmitt+ ,signals to ,cross+s4--,on railways hav+ a d\ble track & do+ a l>ge am\nt ( bus9ess x becomes v necess>y to ann\nce to ! flagm5 at railway cross+s ! approa* ( tra9s1 s z to give !m "t to /op all cross+ ( ! tracks4 ,on railway l9es provid$ ) electro-semaphores !re may be us$ = ?is purpose ^? small app>atus t h be5 /yl$ semaphore repeat]s4 ,mr4 ,l>tigue has inv5t$ two automatic app>atus1 by means ( :i* ! tra9 itself signals its approa*4 #a4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 :i* is g5]ally plac$ at ab\t #f1jjj feet f ! po9t to be cov]$1 consi/s 7,figs4 #e1 #f1 #g1 & #h7 ( a v light p$al fix$ to ! inside ( ! rail1 & act+ ^u a m]curial commutator4 ,a spr+1 ,r1 c>ri$ ^u ! arm1 a1 ( a lev]1 ,a1 projects slightly above ! level ( ! rail1 :ile ! o!r arm1 b1 c>ries a commutator4 ,! spr+1 ,r1 on be+ depress$ tilts ! box conta9+ ! m]cury1 closes ! circuit1 & causes an al>m1 ,s1 locat$ at ! cross+1 to imm$iately r+4 ,9 ?is al>m 7,fig4 #h7 a piece1 ,p1 is disconnect$ by ! passage ( ! curr5t into ! electro-magnet1 ,e1 :i* attracts ! armature1 a1 &1 a p]man5t curr5t be+ set up1 ! app>atus op]ates l an ord9>y al>m1 until ! piece1 ,p1 is plac$ by h& 9 its fir/ position aga94 #b4 ,! second app>atus1 exhibit$ by ! ,railway ,company ( ! ,nor?1 & also ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,l>tigue1 be>s ! "n ( ! ,bell[s ,p$al4 ,x consi/s 7,figs4 #i & #aj7 ( a p$al1 prop]ly s call$1 ,p1 plac$ along ! rail1 "o ( its extremities =m+ a lev] & ! o!r be+ provid$ ) a c\nt]poise1 ,c4 ,:5 a tra9 passes ov] ! p$al1 ! arm1 ,b1 fix$ to its axle1 on fall+ closes ! circuit ( an ord9>y electrical al>m1 & at ! same "t ! bell[s1 ,s1 becomes rapidly fill$ ) air1 &1 aft] ! passage ( ! tra91 is empti$ aga9 v sl[ly "u ! action ( ! c\nt]poise4 ,! contact is ?us kept up = "s few m9utes4 ,?is app>atus works v satisfactorily1 b is cumb]some & relatively high-pric$4 ,! ,brunot ,controll] z a ,controll] ( ! ,passage ( ,tra9s4--,! ,brunot ,controll]1 :i* has be5 employ$ = sev]al ye>s on ! ,railway ( ! ,nor?1 is design$ to control ! regul>ity ( ! runn+ ( tra9s1 & to make automatically a contradictory v]ification ( ! figures on ! slips c>ri$ by ! conductors4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa we give a longitud9al section ( ! app>atus4 ,x consi/s ( a wood5 case conta9+ a clockwork movem5t1 ,h1 ^u ! axle ( :i* is m\nt$ a c>dbo>d disk1 ,c1 divid$ into h\rs & m9utes1 & regulat$ l a wat*1 t is to say1 mak+ "o complete revolution 9 twelve h\rs4 ,! metallic p5cil1 c1 :i* is capable ( displac+ itself on ! c>dbo>d 9 a horizontal direction opposite a groove on ! o!r side ( ! disk1 traces1 :5 pressure is br\ght to be> on x1 a spiral curve4 ,! transv]se travel ( ! p5cil is effect$ 9 n9ety-six h\rs4 ,! displacem5t ( ! p5cil is br\ght ab\t by means ( a cam4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! j>r+ ( ! tra9 9 motion1 a weight1 ,p1 susp5d$ f a flexible /rip1 l1 /rikes aga9/ ! p5cil1 c1 :i* traces a s]ies ( po9ts4 ,dur+ /oppages !re is1 ( c\rse1 an int]ruption 9 ! trac+ ( ! curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,brunot's ,controll]4 ,,railway ,,app>atus ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,electrical ,,exhibition4 ,up to ?is po9t no electricity is involv$--! app>atus is simply a controll] ( regul>ity4 ,mr4 ,brunot has conceiv$ ! idea ( utiliz+ 8 app>atus = controll+ ! passage ( tra9s at c]ta9 det]m9$ po9ts on ! l9e2 = example1 at ! top ( heavy grades4 ,= ?is purpose x has only be5 necess>y to add to ! app>atus t we h j describ$ an electro-magnet1 ,e1 connect$ electrically ) a fix$ contact locat$ on ! l9e4 ,:5 ! curr5t passes1 t is to say1 at ! mom5t ! circuit is clos$ by ! passage ( a tra91 ! armature1 ,a1 is attract$1 & ! p5cil m>ks a po9t on ! c>dbo>d disk4 ,?is modification ( ! app>atus has n z yet be5 practically appli$4 ,electrical ,correspond+ ,app>atus4--,! object ( ^! app>atus is to quickly transmit to a di/ance a c]ta9 numb] ( phrases t h be5 prep>$ 9 advance4 ,! ,company ( ! ,nor? employs two k9ds ( correspond5ce app>atus--! ,guggemos & ! annunciator app>atus4 #a4 ,! ,guggemos ,app>atus4--,?is app>atus s]ves at once z a manipulator & receiv]1 & consi/s ( an inn] movem5t surm\nt$ by a dial1 ov] ! face ( :i* moves an index h&4 ,ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! dial !re is arrang$ a s]ies ( circul> cases1 ,c1 conta9+ ! messages to be receiv$1 & simil> triangul> cases1 conta9+ ! messages to be =w>d$1 radiat+ f ! c5t] ( ! dial4 ,betwe5 ea* ( ^! !re is a button1 b4 ,fig4 #ac repres5ts ! int]ior ( an app>atus = tw5ty messages4 ,x consi/s ( a key-bo>d1 ,m1 an electro-magnet1 ,b1 a clock-"w movem5t1 ,q1 an escapem5t1 s1 & an int]rupt]1 ,f ,g4 ,:5 "o ( ! buttons1 b1 is press$1 "o ( ! lev]s ( ! key-bo>d arrangem5t t\*es ! disk1 ,m1 :i* is insulat$ f ! o!r portions ( ! key-bo>d1 & ! curr5t !n passes f ! t]m9al ,c to ,m1 & !re bifurcat+1 "o portion ( x goes to ! bobb9s ( ! app>atus & !nce to ! e>?1 :ile ! o!r goes to actuate ! correspond5ce app>atus4 ,! index-h&s ( ! two app>atus !reupon beg9 _! movem5t simultane\sly1 & only /op :5 ! pressure is remov$ f ! button & ! curr5t is consequ5tly int]rupt$4 ,h is a rat*et-:eel1 :i*1 l ! key-bo>d1 is insulat$ f ! re/ ( ! app>atus4 ,! button1 ,k1 locat$ ov] ea* ( ! dials1 s]ves to br+ ! index-ne$les back to _! position "u ! cross %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! key1 ,x1 s]ves = w9d+ up ! clock-"w movem5t4 ,! ,annunciator ,app>atus4--,?is app>atus1 :i* p]=ms ! same role z ! "o j describ$1 is simply an +5i\s modification ( ! annunciator us$ 9 hotels1 etc4 ,x consi/s ( a wood5 case1 conta9+ z _m buttons z !re are phrases to be ex*ang$4 ,ov] ea* button1 b1 !re is a circul> ap]ture1 beh9d :i* drops ! disk conta9+ ! phrase4 ,betwe5 ! buttons & ! ap]tures are rectangul> plates1 ,p1 9 :i* are inscrib$ ! answ]s giv5 by press+ on ! button ( ! receiv+ tablet--a pressure :i*1 at ! same "t1 removes ! correspond+ disk f ! ap]ture4 ,two disks locat$ at ! upp] "p c>ry ^! inscriptions3 ,error1 ,i repeat2 ,wait4 ,! tablets on exhibition h eight disks1 & c ?us be us$ = ex*ang+ six diff]5t phrases4 ,9 ! int]ior1 opposite ea* ap]ture1 !re is a ,hughes magnet1 betwe5 ! arms ( :i* !re oscillates a v]tical s(t-iron rod1 c>ry+ a disk4 ,! maneuv] is simple4 ,by press+ ^u a button !re is s5t into ! bobb9s ( ! magnet correspond+ to ?is button a curr5t :i* causes ! disk to appe> be=e "o ( ! ap]tures1 :ile at ! same "t an al>m beg9s to r+4 ,! same maneuv] p]=m$ by ! ag5t at ! receiv+-po/ has ! effect ( caus+ ! disk to disappe>4 ,! two contact spr+s 9 communication at ea* ap]ture ) ! al>m & ! l9e are connect$ by a /rip ( ebonite1 ,m1 aga9/ ! c5t] ( :i* presses ! button4 ,electrical ,controll]s = ,wat]-,tanks4--,! object ( ^! app>atus is to w>n ! p]son 9 *>ge ( a wat]-tank t ! latt] is full1 & t he mu/ /op ! eng9e-pump2 or1 t ! tank is empty1 & t he mu/ at once proce$ to fill x4 ,! ,company ( ! ,nor? has on exhibition two su* app>atus--"o ( !m ,l>tigue's1 & ! o!r ,vrit's4 #a4 ,! ,l>tigue ,controll] 7,fig4 #ae74--,?is app>atus consi/s ( a long lev]1 ,a1 :i* c>ries at "o ( its extremities a funnel1 ,e1 hav+ a v n>r[ orifice & :i* is plac$ "u ! ov]fl[ pipe ( ! tank4 ,! lev] is kept normally 9 a horizontal position by a c\nt]poise2 b1 z soon z ! ov]fl[ runs into ! funnel1 ! weight ( ! wat] tilts ! lev]1 & ! m]curial commutator1 ,f1 closes ! circuit ( a pile1 :i* actuates an al>m-bell locat$ ne> ! pump & eng9e4 ,! two /ops1 a & a'1 limit ! play ( ! lev]4 #b4 ,! ,vrit ,controll] 7,fig4 #af74--,?is app>atus consi/s ( a float1 ,f1 provid$ ) a cat*1 ,c1 calculat$ 9 su* a way z to act only :5 ! float has rea*$ a c]ta9 def9ite height4 ,at t mom5t x lifts ! extremity ( ! weight$ lev]1 ,e1 :i* 9 fall+ back acts ^u ! extremity1 a1 ( ano!r lev]1 ,n1 pivot$ at ! po9t1 ,o4 ,! piece1 ,p1 :i* is normally 9 contact ) ! magnet1 ,a1 be+ sudd5ly deta*$ by ?is movem5t ( ! lev]1 ,n1 ! induc$ curr5t :i* is !n produc$ causes ! display1 ne> ! pump1 ( a disk1 ,q1 ^u :i* is inscrib$ ! ^w ,full4 ,?is is a signal to /op pump+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,telephonic ,,halls ,,( ,,! ,,electrical ,,exhibition4 ,telephonic communication betwe5 ! ,op]a & ! ,exhibition ( ,electricity is obta9$ by means ( tw5ty conduct+ wires1 :i* are divid$ betwe5 two halls hung ) c>pets to dead5 ext]nal noises4 ,we repres5t 9 ! accompany+ engrav+ "o ( ^! halls1 & ! "o :i* is light$ by ! ,lane-,fox sy/em ( lamps4 ,z may be se51 !re are affix$ aga9/ ! hang+s1 all ar\nd ! room1 long mahogany bo>ds1 to :i* are fa/5$ ab\t tw5ty small tablets provid$ ) hooks1 f :i* are susp5d$ ! telephones4 ,! latt] are connect$ ) ! und]gr\nd conductors by ext5sible wires :i* project f ! wood5 wa9scot ( :i* we h j spok51 s t x is v easy = ! auditors to put ! telephones to _! e>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,telephonic ,,halls ,,at ,,! ,,electrical ,,exhibition4 ,z ! telephones are connect$ 9 s]ies ( eight ) ! same c\ple ( microphone transmitt]s1 & z ea* ( ^! transmitt+ c\ples occupies a diff]5t position on ! /age1 x results t ! effects are n ! same at diff]5t po9ts ( ea* hall4 ,^? telephones1 = example1 :i* correspond ) ! foot-lights ( ! !at] are m affect$ by ! s\nds ( ! l>ge in/num5ts ( ! or*e/ra ?an ^? :i* occupy ! middle ( ! foot-lights2 b1 z an (fset to ?is1 ! latt] are affect$ by ! voice ( ! prompt]4 ,9 ord] to equalize ! effects z mu* z possible1 ,mr4 ,ad] has arrang$ x s t ! two transmitt]s ( ea* s]ies %all be plac$ "u conditions t are diametrically opposite4 ,?us1 ! transmitt] at ! end ( ! foot-lights1 on ! left side1 corresponds ) ! transmitt] ( ! s]ies to ! "r1 ne>e/ to ! middle ( ! /age2 & ! arrangem5t is ! same1 b 9 an inv]se direction1 = ! transmitt] at ! end ( ! foot-lights to ! "r4 ,b ! s]ies :i* produces ! be/ effects is1 z may be readily compreh5d$1 t :i* corresponds ) ! transmitt]s occupy+ ! middle ( ! "r & left r[s4 ,^! consid]ations easily expla9 ! diff]5t op9ions express$ by c]ta9 auditors 9 relation to ! pr$om9ant s\nds t !y h he>d1 & :y x is t "s ( !m :o h li/5$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same hall h n _h ! same impressions4 ,naturally1 ! fault has bee5 laid to ! telephones2 b1 al?\gh ^! may v>y 9 quality1 x is m p>ticul>ly to ! arrangem5t ( ! transmitt]s on ! /age t are to be attribut$ ! diff]5ces t are not$4 ,z ! ,op]a does n give repres5tations e day1 ,mr4 ,ad] has _h ! idea ( occupy+ ! att5tion ( ! public on ,tuesday1 ,?ursday1 ,saturday1 & ,sunday ) ! telephonic effects ( fl\ri%es ( trumpets1 :i* imitate pretty well ! effects ( ,fr5* horns4 ,^! exp]im5ts h tak5 place 9 ! hall 9 :i* is in/all$ ! little !at]1 & we mu/ really say t 9 ! effects produc$ ,fr5* horns c\nt = no?+4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,cold ,,on ,,! ,,volt ,:5 ! voltaic arc plays betwe5 two metallic rheophores1 ( copp] = in/ance1 ea* =m$ ( a ,u-tube trav]s$ by a rapid curr5t ( cold wat]1 & plac$ horizontally opposite ea* o!r1 ! foll[+ facts are obs]v$3 ,! lum9\s p[] ( ! arc is consid]ably weak5$2 x is r$uc$ to a m]e lum9\s po9t ev5 :5 a curr5t ( #ej to #ge ,buns5 elem5ts ( ! l>ge patt]n is employ$4 ,! arc is v un/able & ! lea/ brea? is suffici5t to ext+ui% x4 ,if a leaf ( pap] is plac$ above ! arc at ! di/ance ( #j4jjd to #j4jje met] a black po9t is produc$ 9 a few mom5ts1 :i* spreads & becomes a p]=ation1 b ! pap] does n ignite4 ,! arc consi/s ( a lum9\s globule1 mov+ betwe5 ! two rheophores up & d[n & back aga94 ,! =m ( ?is globule1 z well z its extreme mobility1 causes x to resemble a drop ( wat] 9 a sph]oidal /ate4 ,if we approa* to ! voltaic arc ! s\? pole ( a magnet ! arc is attract$ to su* a degree t x leaves ! rheophores & is ext+ui%$4 ,! same facts are obs]v$ 9 an int5se =m on pres5t+ ! nor? pole ( a magnet to ! arc4 ,! quantity ( ozone seems great] ?an :5 ! arc is n refrig]at$4 ,x is to be not$ t not)/&+ ! refrig]ation ( ! rheophores ! flame ( ! arc is slightly gre51 prov+ t a portion ( ! copp] is burn+4 ,x becomes a "q :e!r ! arc w\ld be produc$ on tak+ z rheophores two tubes ( plat9um 9 :i* is caus$ to circulate1 e4g41 alcohol cool$ to -#cj4--;,d4 ,tommasi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wat*man',s ,,detect]4 ,we h]e) illu/rate an exce$+ly simple =m ( detect]1 to %[ if ! night wat*m5 p]=m _! visits regul>ly & punctually4 ,9 ! case1 ,c1 is a clockwork app>atus driv+ ! axle1 ,s1 at ! end ( :i* is a worm :i* ge>s into ! :eel ( ! drum1 ,d4 ,! rotation ( ,d1 ?us obta9$ unrolls a /rip ( pap] f ! o!r drum1 ,d4 ,?is pap] passes ov] ! poles ( z _m electro-magnets z !re are po9ts to be visit$1 & und]nea? ! armatures ( ^! electro-magnets4 ,ea* armature has a %>p po9t fix$ on its "u side1 & :5 a curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! coils causes ! attraction ( ! armature1 ?is po9t p]=ates ! pap]4 ,! places to be visit$ are connect$ electrically ) ! b9d+ screws %[n1 & ! wat*man has m]ely to press a button to make ! electric circuit complete4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 practice t pla9 pap] answ]s e purpose1 z ! clock giv+ an almo/ uni=m motion enables ! read]1 aft] hav+ se5 ! p]=at$ slips once or twice1 to det]m9e fairly well ! "t :i* elapses betwe5 ea* pressure ( ! button4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat*man',s ,,detect] 99 99 99 99 99 ,,integrat+ ,,app>atus4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,london ,physical ,society1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,v]non ,boys read a pap] on ,integrat+ ,app>atus4 ,aft] ref]r+ to 8 orig9al c>t ma*9e = integrat+1 describ$ at a =m] meet+ ( ! society1 he %[$ h[ he _h be5 l$ to con/ruct ! new ma*9e exhibit$1 9 :i* a cyl9d] is caus$ to reciprocate longitud9ally 9 contact ) a disk1 & give ! integral by its rotation4 ,integrators 7 ( ?ree k9ds3 7#a7 radius ma*9es2 7#b7 cos9e ma*9es2 7#c7 tang5t ma*9es4 ,slid+ friction & in]tia r5d] ! fir/ two k9ds unsuitable :]e !re are delicate =ces or rapid v>iation 9 ! function to be integrat$4 ,tang5t ma*9es dep5d on pure roll+1 & ! in]tia & friction are inappreciable4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 m practical ?an ! o!r sort4 ,x is to ?is class t ,mr4 ,boys' ma*9es belong4 ,! au?or !n describ$ a !oretical tang5t integrator dep5d+ on ! mutual roll+ ( two smoke r+s1 & %[$ h[ ! /e]+ ( a bicycle or :eelb>r[ c\ld be appli$ to integrate directly ) a cyl9d] ei!r ! quoti5t or product ( two functions4 ,if ! tang5t :eel is turn$ ?r\gh a "r angle at />t+1 ! ma*9e w integrate reciprocals1 or x c be made to integrate functions by an inv]se process4 ,if in/ead ( a cyl9d] "s o!r surface ( evolution is employ$ z an integrat+ surface1 !n special integrations c be effect$4 ,he %[$ a pol> planimet] 9 :i* ! integrat+ surface is a sph]e4 ,a special use ( ^! integrators is = f9d+ ! total "w done by a fluid pressure reciprocat+ eng9e4 ,! diff]5ce ( pressure on ! two sides ( ! pi/on det]m9es ! tang5t ( ! incl9ation ( ! tang5t :eel :i* runs on ! integrat+ cyl9d]2 :ile ! motion ( ! latt] is made to keep "t ) t ( ! pi/on4 ,9 ?is case ! numb] ( evolutions ( ! cyl9d] measures ! total am\nt ( "w done by ! eng9e4 ,! disk cyl9d] integrator may also be appli$ to f9d ! total am\nt ( "w transmitt$ by %aft+ or belt+ f "o "p ( a factory to ano!r4 ,an electric curr5t met] may be made by giv+ incl9ation to ! disk1 :i* is = ?is purpose made exce$+ly small & delicate1 by means ( a heavy magnetic ne$le deflect$ by ! curr5t4 ,?is1 l ,edison's1 is a direction met]2 b a met] 9 :i* no reg>d is paid to ! direction ( ! curr5t c be made by help ( an iron armature ( su* a %ape t ! =ce ) :i* x is attract$ to fill ! space betwe5 ! poles ( an electro-magnet is inv]sely z its displacem5t4 ,!n by resi/+ ?is motion by a spr+ or p5dulum ! movem5t is proportional to ! curr5t1 & a tang5t :eel actuat$ by ?is movem5t causes ! reciprocat+ cyl9d] on :i* x runs to integrate ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,mr4 ,boys exhibit$ two su* electric en]gy met]s1 t is1 ma*9es :i* integrate ! product ( ! curr5t /r5g? by ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 two po9ts ) respect to "t4 ,9 ^! ! ma9 curr5t is made to pass ?r\gh a pair ( conc5tric sol5oids1 & 9 ! annul> space betwe5 ^! is hung a sol5oid1 ! upp] half ( :i* is w\nd 9 ! opposite direction to ! l[] half4 ,by ! use ( :at ,mr4 ,boys calls induction traps ( iron1 ! magnetic =ce is conf9$ to a small portion ( ! susp5d$ sol5oid1 & by ?is means ! =ce is indep5d5t ( ! position4 ,! sol5oid is hung to "o end ( a beam1 & its motion is resi/$ by a p5dulum weight1 by :i* ! en]gy met]s may be regulat$ l clocks to give /&>d measure4 ,! beam c>ries ! tang5t :eels1 & ! rotation ( ! cyl9d] gives ! en]gy exp&$ 9 foot-p\nds or o!r measures4 ,! use ( an equal numb] ( turns 9 opposite directions on ! movable sol5oid causes ! in/rum5t to be un9flu5c$ by ext]nal magnetic =ces4 ,mr4 ,boys %[$ on ! scre5 an image ( an electric arc1 & by its side 0 a spot ( light1 ^: position indicat$ ! en]gy1 & %[$ e flick] ( ! light & fluctuation ( curr5t 9 ! arc4 ,he %[$ on ! scre5 t if ! poles are br\ght too ne> ! en]gy exp5d$ is less1 ?\gh ! curr5t is /rong]1 & t if ! poles are too f> ap>t1 ?\gh ! electromotive =ce is great] ! en]gy is less2 s t ! app>atus may be made to f9d ! di/ance at :i* ! greate/ en]gy1 & s ! greate/ heat & light1 may be produc$4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! pap]1 ,pr(4 ,w4,g4 ,adams & ,pr(4 ,g4,c4 ,fo/] c\ld n refra9 f express+ _! high admiration ( ! +5i\s & able mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,boys _h develop$ ! subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,canal ,,boat ,,propell$ ,,by ,,air4 ,a novelty 9 canal boats lies 9 ,*>les ,riv]1 ne> ! foot ( ,*e/nut /reet1 :i* is calculat$ to attract consid]able att5tion4 ,x is call$ a pneumatic canal boat & 0 built at ,wiscasset1 ,me41 z devis$ by ! own]1 ,mr4 ,r4,h4 ,tuck]1 ( ,bo/on1 :o claims to hold pat5ts = its design 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! specim5 %[n on ,*>les ,riv]1 :i* is design$ to be us$ on canals )\t injur+ ! banks1 is a simple /ructure1 measur+ sixty-two feet long & tw5ty wide4 ,x is ?ree feet 9 dep? & draws sev5te5 in*es ( wat]4 ,x is driv5 entirely by air1 ,root's bl[] ,no4 #d be+ us$1 ! latt] op]at$ by an eight-horse-p[] eng9e4 ,! air is =c$ d[n a c5tral %aft to ! bottom1 :]e x is deflect$1 &1 be+ conf9$ betwe5 keels1 passes backw>d & upw>d1 escap+ at ! /]n ?r\gh an orifice n9ete5 feet wide1 s z to =m a sort ( air w$ge betwe5 ! boat & ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! =ce ) :i* ! air /rikes ! wat] is :at propels x4 ,! boat has a spe$ ( f\r miles an h\r1 b requires a ?irty-five-horsep[] eng9e to develop its full capabilities4 ,! pat5tee claims a great advantage 9 do+ away ) ! heavy ma*9]y ( screws & side-:eels1 & believes t ! contrivance gives full results1 9 proportion to ! p[] employ$4 ,x is also contriv$ = back+ & /e]+ by air propulsion4 ,ow+ to ! slight di/urbance :i* x causes to ! wat]1 x is ?\ght to be v well adapt$ = "w on canals )\t injury to ! sides4--,bo/on ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,head ,,l9+s ,,( ,,pass5g] ,,c>s4 ,! v5e] ceil+s are consid]$ z mu* sup]ior to clo? z clo? 0 to ! ro(-ceil+4 ,!y are rem>kably *a/e1 & s solid & sub/antial t b little decoration is necess>y to produce a pleas+ effect4 ,! agreeable contra/ betwe5 ! natural gra9 ( ! wood & ! deep] %ade ( ! b&s & m\ld+s is all t is necess>y to h>monize ) ! o!r p>ts ( ! int]iors ( c]ta9 classes ( c>s--smok+ & d9+ c>s1 = example4 ,b 9 ! case ( p>lor & d9+-room c>s1 ! decorations ( ^! ceil+s %\ld be 9 keep+ ) ! /yle ( ! c>s1 by giv+ su* a "* to ! l9es1 curves1 & colors1 z w be sugge/ive ( *e]fulness & life4 ,:ile ^! head l9+s are des]v+ ( ! highe/ comm5dation z an important improvem5t ^u previ\s ones1 !y are /ill op5 to "s objections4 ,"o b>ri] to _! g5]al adoption is _! increas$ co/4 ,x is true t sup]ior quality implies high] prices1 b :5 ! prices exce$ s mu* ^? ( clo? l9+s1 x is difficult to induce road manag]s to increase exp5ses by introduc+ ! new l9+s1 :5 ! great object is to r$uce exp5ses4 ,ano!r objection to wood l9+s is _! liability to injury f heat & moi/ure1 a liability :i* results f ! way 9 :i* !y are put toge!r4 ,a heat$ ro( or a leak swells ! v5e]+1 & 9 _m cases takes x (f 9 /rips4 ,to obviate ^! objections1 ,i h1 dur+ ! pa/ eighte5 mon?s1 be5 exp]im5t+ ) "s mat]ials t w\ld be less affect$ by ^! causes1 & at ! same "t make a h&some ceil+4 ,ab\t a ye> ago ,i fitt$ up "o c> 9 ?is way1 & x has prov$ a success4 ,! mat]ial us$ is heavy t>-bo>d press$ into ! =m ( ! ro( & /r5g!n$ by burlaps4 ,x is !n gra9$ & decorat$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & :5 f9i%$ has ! same appe>ance z ! v5e]s1 w we> z well1 & c be f9i%$ at mu* less co/4--,d4,d4 ,rob]tson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,mort> ,,mix]4 ,! engrav+s h]e) illu/rate a new =m ( mix+ or pugg+ ma*9e = mak+ mort> or any o!r simil> mat]ial4 ,x has be5 design$ by ,mr4 ,r4,r4 ,gubb9s1 m especially = mix+ em]y ) agglut9at+ mat]ial = mak+ em]y :eels2 & a ma*9e is at "w on ?is mat]ial 9 ! manufactory ( ! ,/&>d ,em]y ,:eel ,company1 ,greek ,/reet1 ,soho4 ,! ma*9e is %[n 9 p]spective 9 ,fig4 #a ) ! side door ( ! mix+ box let d[n z x is :5 ! box is be+ empti$2 & 9 ,fig4 #b x is %[n 9 transv]se section4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ma*9e is ! employm5t ( disks fix$ at an angle ( ab\t #de deg4 on %afts revolv+ 9 a mix+ box1 to :i* a sl[ reciprocat+ movem5t ( %ort range is giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #a & #b--;,,improv$ ,,mort> ,,mix+ ,,ma*9e4 ,9 our illu/rations1 ,c is a knife-edge rail1 ^u :i* run groov$ :eels support+ ! pugg+ box4 ,to ! axle ( "o groov$ :eel a connect+ rod f crank arm1 ,f is atta*$ to effect ! to-&-fro motion ( ! mix+ box1 ,b4 ,g is ! door ( ! box1 ,b1 h+$ at ,h1 & secur$ by h+$ p9s c>ry+ fly nuts4 ,a cov] & hopp] & also a trap may be suppli$ to ! box1 ,b1 = cont9u\sly fe$+ & dis*>g+ ! mat]ial op]at$ ^u4 ,l1 ,l1 are ! pugg+ blades or discs on %afts1 ,m4 ,! %afts1 ,m1 pass ?r\gh a slot 9 ! box1 ,b1 & ! pack+ ( ^! %afts is effect$ by ! face plate slid+ & be>+ aga9/ ! face on ! /&>d ( ! ma*9e4 ,p is a guide piece on ! /&>d1 aga9/ :i* be>s & slides ! piece1 ,q1 bolt$ on to box1 ,b1 to support & guide ! box1 ,b1 9 its movem5t4 ,! =k$ ends ( a yoke engage ) ! coll>s1 ,s1 on ! %afts1 ,m1 ?is yoke be+ set by a screw s t ! %afts may be easily remov$4 ,! ma*9e is driv5 f ! pulleys & %aft1 ,t1 ?r\gh ge>+1 ,t#b & ,t#c1 & by ! ,ew>t's *a9 on ! :eel & p9ion1 ,v & ,u4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #caa1 page #difj4 ,,practical ,,notes ,,on ,,plumb+4#a ,footnote #a3 ,f ! ,london ,build+ ,news4 ,,by ,p4,j4 ,,davies1 ,h4,m4,a4,s4,p41 ,,etc4 ,,t9n+ ,,iron ,,pipes1 ,,copp] ,,or ,,brass-,,"w1 ,,bits1 ,,etc4 ,previ\sly1 ,i describ$ ! me?od ( t9n+ ! bit1 etc41 ) res92 b be=e ?is "w on jo9ts c be consid]$ complete1 ,i f9d x necess>y to speak ( t9n+ ! ends ( iron pipes1 etc41 :i* h )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s be5 mu* us$ 9 conjunction ) lead5 pipes4 ,?is is done z foll[s3 ,take "s spirits ( salts 7o!rwise kn[n z hydro*loric acid1 muriatic acid1 hydrog5 *loride1 ,h,cl71 9 a gallipot1 & put z mu* %eet-z9c 9 x z ! _s w dissolve2 y h !n obta9$ *loride ( z9c 7,zn,cl74 ,a little c>e is requir$ :5 mak+ ?is1 z ! acid is decompos$ & is spread ab\t by ! dis*>g$ hydrog51 & w ru/ any?+ made ( iron or /eel1 su* z tools1 etc4 ,x also readily absorbs ammoniacal gas1 s t1 9 fact1 sal ammoniac may also be dissolv$ 9 x1 or sal ammoniac dissolv$ 9 wat] w answ] ! purpose ( ! *loride ( z9c4 ,hav+ ! kill$ spirits1 z x is sometimes call$1 ready1 file ! end ( y\r iron or bit & plunge ?is "p into ! spirits1 !n t\* y\r dipp$ end ) "s f9e sold]1 & dip x aga9 & aga9 into ! spirits until y h a good t9n$ face ^u y\r iron1 etc42 next y require a _s-bru%4 ,,_s-,,bru%4 ,y c make ?is by cutt+ a few bri/les out ( a broom or bru%1 pu% !m into a %ort piece ( compo tube1 say #a_/d 941 & hamm] up ! end to hold ! bri/les2 next cut ! ends ( ! bri/les to ab\t #c_/h 94 long1 & ! bru% is ready = use4 ,,sold]+ ,,iron ,,to ,,lead4 ,suppose y want to make a jo9t r\nd a lead & iron pipe4 ,fir/ file ! end ( y\r iron pipe z f> up z y w\ld %ave x if x 7 lead1 & be sure to file x q bright & free f grease2 heat y\r sold]+-iron2 !n1 ) y\r _s-bru%1 pa9t ! prep>$ end ( y\r iron1 & ) y\r bit1 rub ov] ! pipe pl5ty ( sold]1 until ! pipe is prop]ly t9n$1 n =gett+ to use pl5ty ( spirits2 ?is done1 y c put y\r jo9t toge!r1 & wipe 9 ! usual mann]4 ,caution4--,d n put too mu* heat on y\r iron pipe1 ei!r :5 t9n+ or mak+ ! jo9t1 or ! sold] w n take or /&4 ,,dummies ,,= ,,pipe-,,b5d+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ch4 & #ch;,b4 ,figs4 #ch & #ch;,b4 ,?is tool ,i _h bett] describe be=e proce$+ to ! me?od ( b5d+4 ,to make x take a piece (1 say1 94 iron pipe1 #c ft4 long1 or ! l5g? requir$1 b5t a little at "o end1 z %[n at ,a ,b 9 ,fig4 #ch & ,fig4 #ch;,b4 ,t9 ! end ab\t #b 94 up1 make a hole ) a small plumb+-iron 9 "s s&1 & place ! t9n$ end ( ! iron pipe1 ,b1 into ?is hole2 fill ! hole up ) good hot lead1 & ! dummy1 aft] x has be5 rasp$ up a little1 is ready = use4 ,x w be f\nd h&y to h ?ree or f\r diff]5t l5g?s1 & b5t to diff]5t angles1 to suit y\r "w4 ,a /raight "o 7,fig4 #ch;,b47 made to screw into an iron socket or l5g? ( gas-pipe1 w be f\nd v h&y = gett+ d5ts out ( long l5g?s ( soil-pipe4 ,,b5ds ,,& ,,set-,,(fs4 ,be=e y beg9 b5d+ solid press$ pipes always put ! ?icke/ "p ( y\r pipe at ! back4 ,lead1 9 a good plumb]'s h&s1 may be twi/$ into e conceivable %ape2 b1 z 9 all o!r trades1 !re is a "r & a wrong way ( do+ ev]y?+1 & !re are _m diff]5t me?ods1 ea* hav+ a "r & wrong way1 :i* ,i %all describe4 ,i %all be pleas$ if my read]s w adopt ! /yle mo/ suitable = _! p>ticul> k9d ( "w2 ( c\rse ,i %all say :i* is ! be/ = ! class ( "w requir$4 ,= small pipes1 su* z f 94 to #a 94 /\t pipe1 y may pull !m r\nd )\t tr\ble or dang]2 b = l>g] sizes1 say1 f #a 94 to #b 941 "s little c>e is necess>y1 ev5 9 /\t pipes4 ,fig4 #cg illu/rates a badly made b5d1 & also %[s h[ x comes toge!r at ! ?roat1 ,x1 & back1 ,e2 ,l is ! enl>g$ section ( ,x ,e1 look+ at ! pipe endways4 ,! cause ( ?is contraction is pull+ ! b5d too quickly1 & too mu* at a "t1 )\t dress+ 9 ! sides at ,b ,b z foll[s3 ,aft] y h pull$ ! pipe r\nd until x j beg9s to flatt51 take a s(t dress]1 or a piece ( s(t wood1 & a hamm]1 & turn ! pipe on its side z at ,fig4 #cg2 !n /rike ! bulg$ "p ( ! pipe f ,x ,b t[>d ,e1 until x appe>s r\nd l section ,k4 ,n[ pull y\r pipe r\nd aga9 z be=e1 & keep work+ x until f9i%$4 ,if y f9d t x becomes small] at ! b5d1 take a long bolt & "w ! ?roat "p out until y h x z requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,b5d+ ,,) ,,wat] 7,,light ,,pipes74 ,fig4 #ci4 ,?is /yle ( b5d+ is mu* 9 use abroad1 b n mu* practic$ 9 ,london1 ?\gh a spl5did me?od ( "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t1 practically speak+1 = su* "w1 wat] is incompressible1 b may be turn$ & twi/$ ab\t to any %ape1 provid$ x is inclos$ 9 a solid case--,fig4 #ci is t case4 ,! end1 ,a1 is /opp$1 & ! /opcock1 ,b1 sold]$ into ! o!r end4 ,n[ fill up ?is pipe q full ) w>m wat] & %ut ! cock1 take ! end1 ,a1 & pull r\nd ! pipe1 at ! same "t dress+ ! molecules ( lead f ! ?roat1 ,c1 t[>d ,d ,e1 :i* w fl[ if prop]ly work$4 ,y c hamm] away z mu* z y please1 b be quick ab\t x1 s t ! wat] does n cool d[n1 !reby contract+2 9 fact1 y %\ld op5 ! cock n[ & !n1 & re*>ge x to make sure ( ?is4 ,,s& ,,b5d+4 ,?is is a v old me?od ( b5d+ lead pipes1 & answ]s e purpose = long1 easy b5ds4 ,proce$ 9 ?is way3 ,! l5g? ( ! pipe to be #e ft41 fill & well ram ?is pipe solid ) s& #b ft4 up1 !n h ready a metal-pot ( v hot s& to fill ! pipe "o foot up1 next fill ! pipe up ) m cold s&1 ramm+ x z firmly z possible1 /op ! end & "w x r\nd z y did ! wat] b5d1 b d n /rike x too h>d 9 "o place1 or y w f9d x give way & require to be dummi$ out aga91 or if y _c get ! d5t out ) ! dummy s5d a ball ?r\gh 7see ,b5d+ ) ,balls74 ,,b5d+ ,,) ,,balls ,,or ,,bobb9s4 ,?is /yle ( "w is mu* practic$ on small pipes1 su* z #b 94 to #c 941 especially by ,london plumb]s4 ,me?od3 ,suppose y\r pipe to be #b 941 !n y require y\r ball or bobb9 ab\t #a_/af 94 less ?an ! pipe1 s t x w run ?r\gh ! pipe freely4 ,n[ pull ! pipe r\nd until x j beg9s to flatt51 z at ,fig4 #cg1 put ! ball into ! pipe1 & ) "s %ort pieces ( wood 7say1 #b 94 long by #a 94 diamet]7 =ce ! ball ?r\gh ! d5t$ "p ( ! pipe1 or y may use sev]al diff]5t-siz$ balls1 z at ,a ,b ,c1 ,fig4 #dj1 & ram !m ?r\gh ! pipe ) a %ort m&rel1 z at ,d ,m4 ,y w require to proce$ v c>efully ab\t ?is ramm+1 or o!rwise y w mo/ likely drive ! bobb9s ?r\gh ! back at ,l ,k ,j4 ,y mu/ also wat* ! ?roat "p1 ,g ,h ,i1 to keep x f k9k+ or buckl+-up2 dress ?is "p f ! ?roat t[>d ! back1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! surplus 9 ! ?roat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,?ree-,,ball ,,or ,,lead ,,driv+ ,,ball ,,& ,,d\ble-,,ball ,,b5d+4 ,fig4 #da %[s a me?od ( b5d+ ) ?ree balls1 "o ( lead be+ us$ z a driv] atta*$ to a piece ( tw9e4 ,?is is a c\ntry me?od1 & v good1 because ! two balls are kept con/antly to ! "w4 ,fir/1 put ! two balls j :]e y require ! b5d1 !n pull ! pipe slightly r\nd2 take ! lead5 ball & drop x on ! ball1 ,b1 !n turn ! pipe ! o!r end up & drop x on ,a1 & d s until y\r b5d is ! requir$ %ape4 ,y mu/ be c>eful n to let y\r lead5 ball t\* ! back ( ! pipe4 ,"s use a piece ( small] lead5 pipe run full ( lead = ! ball1 ,c1 & ,i d n ?9k x at all a bad me?od1 z y c get a mu* great] weight = giv+ ! desir$ bl[ to y\r boxwood balls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,b5d+ ,,) ,,w9dlass ,,& ,,brass ,,ball4 ,?is is an excell5t me?od ( b5d+ small pipes4 ,fig4 #db w almo/ describe itself4 ,a is a brass or gun metal ball hav+ a copp] or wire rope runn+ ?r\gh x1 & pull$ ?r\gh ! flatt5$ "p ( ! pipe z %[n4 ,x w be q z well to tack ! b5d d[n to ! b5*1 z at ,b1 :5 pull+ ! ball ?r\gh2 well dress ! lead f front to back to ?ick5 ! back4 ,i h se5 "s plumb]s put an extra ?ickness ( lead on ! back be=e beg9n+ to b5d4 ,notice3 ne>ly all solid press$ pipes are ?ick] on "o side ?an ! o!r 7z be=e rem>k$71 always place ! ?icke/ "p at ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,hydraulic ,,or ,,cup-,,lea!r ,,& ,,ball ,,b5d+4 ,fig #dc4 ,?is is my own me?od ( pipe-b5d+1 & is v useful :5 prop]ly h&l$ ) pl5ty ( =ce1 b requires great c>e & practice4 ,y mu/ h a union sweat$ on ! end1 ,a1 ,fig4 #dc1 & ! ball1 ,b1 to fit ! pipe4 ,! cup-lea!r1 ,e1 %\ld h a plate fix$ on ! front to press ! ball =w>d4 ,pull up ! pipe z y please1 & pump ! ball ?r\gh2 x w take all ! d5ts out1 & t too v quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,b5d+ ,,by ,,splitt+ ,,or ,,split-,,made ,,b5ds4 ,?is me?od ( b5d+ is mu* practic$ 9 ! prov9ces1 &1 = any?+ ,i "k to ! contr>y1 is "o ( ! be/ me?ods 9 use1 z by x y are likely to get a good sub/ance ( metal on ! back ( ! b5d :e!r ! plumb] be a good or a bad workman4 ,proce$ z foll[s3 ,cut ! pipe d[n ! c5t] to suit ! l5g? ( y\r b5d1 z %[n at ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,x w be q z well if y fir/ set out ?is b5d on ! b5*1 !n y may measure r\nd ! back1 z f ,c to ,l1 to obta9 ! di/ance ( ! cut1 :i* %\ld always be ?ree or f\r in*es long] ?an ! b5d4 ,y may also 9 ?is way obta9 ! correct l5g? = ! ?roat1 ,g ,h ,i2 "h y w see t y h a quantity ( lead to sp>e1 i4e41 f ,a to ,e1 all ( :i* has to be got rid ( 9 uncut b5ds--"s plumb]s %ift f front to back1 b h[ _m8 ,n "o 9 tw5ty4 ,aft] y h cut ! pipe1 op5 ! ?roat "p1 b5d out ! sides1 & pull ?is "p r\nd a little at a "t1 !n ) a dummy1 ,fig4 #ch1 "w ! int]nal "p ( ! ?roat outw>d to z ne>ly ! %ape z y c4 ,g c>efully to "w1 & d n attempt to "w up ! sides1 ,a ,d ,b1 until y\r ?roat is ne>ly to ! prop] %ape1 aft] :i* y may d s ) a small boxwood dress] or boss+-/ick 7,x is n necess>y to expla9 m9utely :at a boss] or dress+-/ick is1 z !y c be b\ght at almo/ any lead-m]*ants--! dress] is %[n at ,e1 ,fig4 #a2 ! boss+-/ick is some:at simil>1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t x has a r\nd$ face in/ead ( flat47 ,keep ! dummy up aga9/ ! sides :5 tru+ x4 ,if y h proce$$ prop]ly ) ?is ?roat "p1 y w n require to "w up ! sides or edges1 z 9 work+ ! ?roat back ! sides w come up by !mselves4 ,next take ! back1 pull x r\nd a little at a "t1 ! dummy be+ held inside1 ) y\r dress] "w ! two edges & sides sl[ly r\nd1 & ! back w foll[4 ,nev] /rike ! back f ! und]side ) ! dummy4 ,aft] y h made a doz5 or two y w be able to make !m z fa/ z y please1 b d n hurry !m at fir/1 z ! great] "p ( ?is "w is only to be le>n$ by pati5t application1 p]sev]ance1 & practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,aft] y h made ! b5d x w require to be sold]$1 b be=e y c d ?is y mu/ h ! jo9t q p]fect & ! edges true "o ) ! o!r4 ,a good b5d] w n require to t\* 8 edges at all1 b a novice w h to rasp & trim !m up s t !y come toge!r4 ,hav+ y\r edges true1 soil !m1 take a gauge-hook1 :i* may be describ$ z a %ave-hook ) a gauge atta*$1 & %ave x ab\t #a_/h 94 ea* side2 n[ sold] x to look l ! sold] ,a1 ,fig4 #de1 :i* is done z foll[s3 ,) "s f9e sold] tack ! jo9t at ,a ,d ,b1 ,fig4 #dd1 put on "s res91 & ) a well-heat$ copp]-bit drop "s sold] r\ghly on ! po9t f ,b to ,a1 !n draw ! bit ov] x aga9 to float ! sold]1 be+ especially c>eful n to let ! jo9t op5 :5 com+ (f at ,a4 ,"s plumb]s ?9k fit to beg9 "h1 b t is a matt] ( no importance4 ,d n =get t if y\r jo9t is n prop]ly prep>$1 t is to say1 true & ev51 x is sure to be a failure1 & w h a higgl$y-piggl$y appe>ance4 ,"s diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! be/ me?od ( mak+ ^! jo9ts3 "o workman w make a good jo9t by draw+ x :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ano!r "o w d x equally well by wip+ x4 ,draw+ w be fully expla9$ 9 a "p on pipe mak+4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be "h m5tion$ t x is a me?od ( mak+ ! jo9t by float+ ! sold] along ! jo9t ) ! ladle & plumb+-iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,x is n uncommon = plumb]s to make _! b5ds ) only "o jo9t on ! back4 ,,pull+ ,,up ,,b5ds4 ,9 ,london1 x is ! favorite plan to make b5ds )\t cutt+ !m4 ,fig4 #df4 ,x is done by tak+ a l5g? ( pipe1 &1 j :]e y require ! b5d1 lay x 7) ! seam at ! side7 ^u a pill[1 made by tightly fill+ a sack ) s&1 wood %av+s1 or sawdu/2 h "s %av+s ready to h& & a good la?1 also a %ort l5g? ( m&rel ab\t #c ft4 long & ab\t 94 small] ?an ! pipe1 & a dummy z %[n at ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #ef4 ,n[1 all be+ ready1 put a few burn+ %av+s into ! ?roat ( ! b5d1 j to get heat en\gh to make x fizz1 :i* y c judge by spitt+ on x4 ,:5 ?is heat is acquir$ )draw ! fire1 & let ! labor] quickly place ! end ( ! m&rel into ! pipe1 & pull ! pipe up :ile y place a sack or any?+ else conv5i5t across ! ?roat ( ! b5d1 !n pull ! pipe up a little1 j suffici5t to d5t x across ! ?roat4 ,n[1 ) a hot dummy1 dummy out ! d5t1 until x is r\nd l ! o!r "p ( ! pipe4 ,keep at ?is until y\r b5d is made1 occasionally turn+ ! pipe or its side & giv+ x a %>p bl[ on ! side ) ! s(t or hornbeam dress]2 ?is is :5 ! sides run out z 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,nev] /rike ! back "p ( ! b5d f inside ) ! dummy1 b "w ! lead f ! ?roat to ! back ) a view to ?ick5+ ! back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,set-,,(fs4 ,a set-(f is no?+ m ?an a d\ble b5d1 z %[n at ,fig4 #dg1 & made 9 mu* ! same mann]4 ,d is ! long end ( ! pipe4 ,always make ?is b5d fir/ & pull x up q squ>e1 z x w be f\nd to g a little back :5 pull+ up ! o!r b5d2 if y c make ! two toge!r s mu* ! bett]1 z y c !n "w ! /uff f ! ?roat ( "o b5d into ! back ( ! o!r4 ,! diff]5t %ap$ dummies are also "h %[n3 ,f a r\nd-nos$ dummy1 ,g a d\ble b5t dummy1 ,h a s+le b5t1 ,i /raight1 ,j h&-dummy1 ,,abn a long b5t dummy %[n at ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,bad ,,b5ds4 ,^! c always be detect$ by exam9+ !m 9 _! backs1 z at ,fig4 #dh2 take a small dress] & tap ! pipe a few times r\nd ,,abd to te/ = ! ?ickness4 ,/rike x h>d en\gh to j d5t x2 next /rike ! back "p ( ! pipe1 ,e1 ) ! same =ce1 & if x d5ts mu* m x is n an equally-made b5d4 ,i h se5 "s ( ^! mu*-prais$ ,london-made b5ds t c\ld be easily squeez$ toge!r by ! pressure ( ! ?umb & f+]4 ,n4,b4--,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to r$uce or enl>ge ! size ( ! bore at ! b5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,bad ,,falls ,,9 ,,b5ds4 ,! fall giv5 9 b5d+ lead pipes %\ld be consid]$ ( q z mu* importance z mak+ ! b5ds ( equal ?ickness especially = pipes1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,9 ?is ,fig4 y h a draw+ ( a bad b5d4 ,f ,a to ,b !re is no fall :atev]1 z also f ,b to ,c2 su* b5d+ is frequ5tly done & fix$ 9 & ab\t ,london1 :i* is n only m "w = ! plumb]1 b next to useless = soil-pipes4 ,fig4 #ej %[s h[ ?is b5d %\ld be made ) a good fall f ,a to ,j1 also f ,m to ,n2 ! me?od ( mak+ ^! b5ds requires no fur!r explanation4 ,r1 ,p1 & ,k are ! turnp9s = op5+ ! ends1 ! me?od ( :i* w be expla9$ 9 a future p>agraph on ,prep>+ = ,fix+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,b5ds ,,made ,,into ,,traps ,,or ,,ret>d]s4 ,x w sometimes be f\nd requisite to ret>d ! fl[ ( wat] :5 runn+ ?r\gh soil or o!r pipes1 or to direct x to ano!r c\rse1 or ev5 to =m a trap 9 ! l5g? ( pipe4 ,?is has be5 done 9 _m ways1 b ,figs4 #ea & #eb repres5t ! me?od t ,i1 aft] mature consid]ation1 ?9k mo/ pref]able4 ,!re is no?+ new ab\t ?is /yle ( b5d+1 z x has be5 long 9 vogue ) prov9cial plumb]s1 b m especially 9 ,k5t4 ,= _m ye>s x has _h a run z a s9k & slop closet-trap4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 ,la?am1 9 8 ,sanit>y ,eng9e]+1 says x 0 introduc$ & has be5 us$ = ! ,surrey & ,k5t sew]s f ab\t #ahdh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,i h also notic$ _m ( ^! traps 9 ! ,sanit>y ,exhibition at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 made by ,graham & ,flem+1 plumb]s1 :o des]ve a m$al = _! p]sev]ance & skill1 n only = ! excell5ce ( _! b5ds1 b also = "s o!r bran*es ( ! trade1 su* z jo9t-wip+1 etc41 :i* is unque/ionably ! be/ "w s5t into ?is ,exhibition--9 fact1 q equal to t :i* 0 %[n at ! ,exhibition ( #ahfb4 ,i %all treat fur!r ( ^! b5ds 9 an article on ,fix+1 9 a future "p4 ,,b5ds ,,made ,,) ,,! ,,sn>l+ ,,dummy4 ,?is is an ,am]ican me?od ( mak+ lead b5ds4 ,fig4 #ec %[s a dummy made ^u a b5t /eel rod1 fix$ into ! b5*4 ,! me?od ( work+ x is by fir/ pull+ up ! b5d1 & to get out ! d5ts1 /rike ! rod ( ! sn>l+ dummy1 z %[n at ,a1 & ! reaction gives a bl[ )9 ! b5d1 ?r[+ out ! b5d to any %ape requir$4 ,?is me?od ( work+ ! dummy is also tak5 advantage ( 9 work+ up emboss$ vases1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 7,to be cont9u$7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,gross5ha9 ,,%uttle-,,driv]4 ,! manufacture ( fabrics hav+ wo(s ( diff]5t colors requires ! use ( sev]al %uttles & boxes conta9+ ! diff]5t colors at ! extremity ( ! driv]'s travel1 9 :i* ^! boxes are adju/$ alt]nately ei!r by a rectil9e> motion1 or by a rot>y "o :5 ! boxes are arrang$ ^u a cyl9d]4 ,! controll+ me*anism ( ! %uttles by means ( draught & tie ma*9es con/itutes1 at pres5t1 ! mo/ p]fect app>atus ( ?is nature1 because !y all[ ( a *oice ( any %uttles :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gross5ha9 ,,%uttle-,,driv]4 ,! app>atus con/ruct$ by ! ,gross5ha9] ,web/uhl und ,mas*95 ,fabrik1 ( ,gross5ha91 & repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ cut1 is new z reg>ds its g5]al arrangem5t1 al?\gh 9 its details x m or less resembles ! analog\s ma*9es ( ,s*nh]r1 ,crompton1 & ,h>tmann4 ,! lift+ ( ! %uttles is effect$ by two sectors1 a#a1 a#b1 arrang$ on ! two sides ( ! loom1 & ! rot>y motion ( :i* acts ^u ! box1 c1 by means ( ! lev]1 b1 ! box be+ caus$ to desc5d aga9 by ! spr+1 d4 ,p>allel ) ! brea/ beam !re is m\nt$ an axle1 e1 & ^u "o ( ! extremities ( ?is is fix$ ! sector1 a#a1 :ile ! o!r extremity c>ries two fix$ disks1 f#a1 f#b1 two loose disks1 f#c1 f#d1 & ! sector1 a#b1 :i* is connect$ ) ! latt]4 ,! disks are kept 9 position by a brake1 g4 ,! pawls1 h#a & h#b1 are support$ on a lev]1 i1 on a level ) ! disks1 & are connect$ ) ! cam1 l1 by ! spr+1 k4 ,?is cam revolves ) ! axle ( ! loom & ?ru/s ! pawls aga9/ ! disk4 ,a draught & tie ma*9e controls ! action ( ! pawls on ! disks 9 su* a way t1 by ! revolution ( ! sectors1 a#a & a#b1 ! %uttle-boxes1 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 are br\ght at ! desir$ mom5t 9 ! way ( ! driv]4 ,! pawls1 h1 are connect$ by wires ) ! b5t lev]s1 m1 ( ! draught ma*9e1 :i* c>ry also ! pawls1 n4 ,! upp] position ( ! pawls1 h1 is limit$ by ! direct re/+ ( ! lev]s1 m1 on ! tappet1 o1 & ! l[] position by ! re/+ ( ! pawls1 n4 ,! plates1 p1 held by ! patt]n1 ,m1 are set 9 motion horizontally by means ( ! ecc5tric1 q1 ! crank1 r1 & ! b5t lev]1 s4 ,! rais$ plates abut aga9/ ! correspond+ lev]s1 m1 & ?us br+ ab\t ! desc5t ( ! pawls1 h1 :i* are susp5d$ f ^! lev]s4 ,?is position is ma9ta9$ by ! re/+ ( ! pawls1 n1 ^u ! tappet1 o1 until ! l[]+ ( ! correspond+ plate has set ! pawl1 n1 free4 ,! lev]1 m1 !n gives way to ! action ( ! spr+1 t1 & ! pawl1 h1 rises aga94 ,! rotation ( ! cyl9d] :i* supports ! design1 ,m1 is effect$ by ! motion ( ! b5t lev]1 s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,indu/rial ,,art ,,= ,,wom5--,,c>pet ,,design+4 ,a meet+ ( ladies 0 held 9 ?is city rec5tly to consid] ! possibilities ( indu/rial art 9 furni%+ occupation = wom54 ,mrs4 ,flor5ce ,e4 ,cory1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,woman's ,in/itute ( ,te*nical ,design1 :i* 0 rec5tly e/abli%$ 9 ?is city1 advanc$ ! proposition t :atev] c\ld be done by man 9 decorative art c\ld be done z well by wom51 & %e made an e>ne/ plea to h] own sex to fit !mselves by prop] tra9+ to engage 9 remun]ative indu/rial "w4 ,mrs4 ,cory enjoys ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ woman :o ev] attempt$ to make designs = c>pets 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,%e said t f\r ye>s ago1 :5 %e came to ?is city1 !re 0 no s*ool at :i* 0 taught any k9d ( design z appli$ to indu/rial purposes1 except at ,coop] ,union1 :]e design 0 taught !oretically b n practically4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> or two1 h[ev]1 9 _m bran*es ( indu/rial design wom5 h be5 press+ to ! front1 & la/ ye> eighte5 ladies 7 graduat$ f ! ,bo/on ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,mo/ ( ^! ladies are n[ work+ z design]s = v>i\s manufactur]s1 eight are 9 pr9t factories1 design+ = *9tz & calico1 two h become design]s = oil-clo?s1 "o is design+ = a c>pet company1 & "o = a *9a factory4 ,c>pet design+1 said ,mrs4 ,cory1 is especially fitt$ = wom5's "w4 ,x op5s a wide field to !m t is light1 pleasant1 & remun]ative4 ,! dem& = good c>pet designs f> exce$s ! supply1 & ,am]ican manufactures are s5d+ to ,europe1 p>ticul>ly ,engl& & ,france1 = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s' wor? ( designs ye>ly4 ,if ! same quality ( designs c\ld be made 9 ?is c\ntry ! manufactur]s w\ld gladly patronize home tal5t4 ,"o c>pet firm alone pays #ajj1jjj a ye> = its design+ dep>tm5t1 & ( ?is sum sev]al ?\s&s ( doll>s g to =eign m>kets4 ,m te*nical k is requir$ = c>pet design+ ?an = any o!r indu/rial design4 ,x is necess>y to h a fair k ( ! looms1 runn+s ( color1 & mann] ( weav+4 ,hi!rto ?is k has be5 v difficult1 if n impossible1 = wom5 to obta94 ,b n[ !re are a few places :]e compet5t in/ruction 9 ?is bran* ( indu/rial art is giv54 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( "w connect$ ) ?is bus9ess t may be done at home by ^? :o wi%1 & at v fair prices4 ,! price ( copy+ an +ra9 design is f #c to #f p] %eet4 ,! price = an orig9al design ( ! same size is f #aj to #bj4 ,= ,brussels or tape/ry sket*es1 :i* may be made at home1 provid$ !y are z good z ! av]age sket*1 ! arti/s receive f #ae to #cj4 ,= moquettes1 ,axm9/]s1 & ! high] grades ( c>pets "s arti/s are paid z high z #bjj4 ,! av]age price1 h[ev]1 is f #be to #ajj4 ,^! designs may all be made at home1 c>ri$ to ! manufactur]1 submitt$ to 8 judgm5t1 & if approv$1 w be pur*as$4 ,aft] ! pur*ase1 if ! manufactur] desires ! arti/ to put ! design ^u ! l9es & ! arti/ *ooses to d s1 ! "w may /ill be done at home1 & ! pay w range f #bj to #ge extra = ea* design s f9i%$4 ,! av]age l5g? ( "t = mak+ a design is1 = +ra9s1 two p] week2 ,brussels sket*1 ?ree p] week2 ,brussels on ! l9es1 "o 9 two weeks2 moquettes & ,axm9/]s1 "o 9 two or ?ree weeks1 dep5d+ ( c\rse ^u ! elaborat5ess & size ( ! patt]n4 ,:5 ! "w is done at ! design+-rooms1 & ! arti/ is requir$ to give 8 or h] "t f #i o'clock 9 ! morn+ until #e 9 ! aft]noon1 ! sal>ies run ab\t z foll[s3 ,= a good orig9al +ra9 design]1 f #b1jjj to #c1jjj p] ye>4 ,a good ,brussels & tape/ry design] f #a1ejj to #f1jjj p] ye>4 ,copyi/s & %ad]s1 f #c to #aj p] week4 ,mrs4 ,r4,a4 ,morse advocat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( s*ools ( indu/rial art1 9 :i* !re w\ld be special dep>tm5ts s t "y girls might be tra9$ to foll[ "s practical call+4 ,mrs4 ,dr4 ,fr5* said t unskill$ labor & incompet5t workm5 7 ! bane & disgrace ( ?is c\ntry1 & %e ?\ght t ! field ( indu/rial art 0 v invit+ to wom54 ,%e disp>ag$ ! cu/om ( decorat+ *9aw>e & little fancy articles1 & said t if ! "t ?us wa/$ by wom5 0 appli$ to ! /udy ( practical design+ ^? :o p]sev]$ 9 ! latt] bran* ( indu/rial art might e>n lib]al wages4 ,miss ,requa1 ( ! ,public ,s*ool ,dep>tm5t1 expla9$ t elem5t>y lessons 9 draw+ 7 taught 9 ! public s*ools4 ,mme4 ,ro*1 :o is ?or\ghly famili> ) indu/rial & high art 9 bo? ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 said t if ! ,am]ican p w\ld apply !mselves m c>efully to ! /udy ( design+ !y c\ld easily produce z good "w z came f abroad4 ,! beauties to be se5 9 ,am]ican nature alone surpass$ any?+ t %e _h ev] witness$ 9 ! old c\ntries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photography ,,^u ,,canvas4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ext5sive e/abli%m5ts = ! purpose is t ( ,messrs4 ,w9t]1 9 ,vi5na4 ,!y say to photograph]s 9 g5]al3 ,if y w s5d u a portrait1 ei!r negative or positive1 we w produce y an enl>gem5t on canvas work$ up 9 mono*rome4 ,! success ( _! und]tak+ lies 9 ! circum/ance t !y d n produce color$ "w--or1 at any rate1 x is exceptional on _! "p to d s--b devote _! ef=ts to ! production ( an arti/ic portrait 9 br[n or sepia4 ,9 ?is way !y c make full use ( ! d>k br[n photograph itself2 !re is less necessity = tamp]+ ) ! enl>g$ image1 & natural blemi%es 9 ! model itself maybe s(t5$ & modifi$1 )\t int]f]+ mu* ) ! true l9es ( face & features4 ,! monotone enl>gem5ts ( ,messrs4 ,w9t]1 aga91 exquisitely z mo/ ( !m are f9i%$1 d n appe> to provoke ! opposition ( ! pa9t]2 !y d n cross 8 pa?1 & h5ce he is m will+ to d !m ju/ice4 ,_m a w\ld-be pur*as] has be5 fright5$ out ( 8 int5tion to buy an enl>gem5t by ! scornful utt]ance ( an arti/ fri5d ab\t pa9t$ photographs1 & 9 ^! days ( *eap club portraits !re is c]ta9ly mu* risk ( good "w fall+ into disrepute4 ,b a well-f9i%$ portrait 9 monotone dis>ms ! pa9t]1 & he is will+ to conc$e t ! picture has m]it4 ,we _c use ,engli% canvas1 or '%irt+1' z y call x1 said "o ( our ho/s2 x seems to conta9 s mu* fatty matt]4 ,! ,g]man mat]ial1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld appe> to be fit = photography z soon z x _h be5 ?or\ghly work$ 9 hot wat] & r9s$4 ,"h1 9 ?is ap>tm5t1 pav$ ) r$ brick1 we see sev]al pieces ( canvas dry+4 ,x is a l>ge room1 v clean1 "h & !re a wa%+ tr\gh1 & 9 "o corn] two or ?ree l>ge horizontal ba?s4 ,! appe>ance is t ( a wa%-h\se1 except t all ! assi/ants are m51 & n wa%]wom52 !re is pl5ty ( wat] ev]y:]e1 & ! floor is well dra9$ to all[ ( its runn+ (f4 ,we are to be favor$ ) a sight ( ! :ole process1 & ?is is ! fir/ op]ation4 ,into "o ( ! horizontal ba?s1 measur+ ab\t #e by #d feet1 is put ! salt+ solution4 ,x is a ba? t c be rock$1 or incl9$ 9 any direction1 = its c5t] re/s ^u a ball-&-socket jo9t4 ,x is ( papi] m*1 ! inside cov]$ ) :ite enamel4 ,=m]ly1 only brom9e salts 7 employ$1 b n[ ! foll[+ =mula is adopt$3 ,bromide ( potassium4444444444444444444 #c p>ts4 ,iodide ( potassium44444444444444444444 #a "p4 ,bromide ( cadmium444444444444444444444 #a ,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444 #bdj p>ts4 ,f\r assi/ants are requir$ 9 ! op]ation1 & ! same numb] :5 x comes to s5sitiz+ & develop+1 all ( :i* processes are comm5c$ 9 ! same way4 ,! ba? is tilt$ s t ! liquid collects at "o end1 & ne> ?is end two assi/ants hold across ! ba? a /\t glass rod2 !n ! canvas is dipp$ into ! liquid1 & drawn out by two o!r assi/ants ov] ! glass rod4 ,9 ?is way ! canvas is ?or\ghly saturat$1 &1 at ! same "t1 dra9$ ( sup]flu\s liquid4 ,! canvas is hung up to dry2 b z sometime mu/ elapse be=e ?is p>ticul> piece w be ready = s5sitiz+1 we proce$ ) ano!r canvas :i* is fit & prop] = t process4 ,! room1 we %\ld h m5tion$1 is provid$ ) w9d[s ( yell[ glass2 b z !re is pl5ty ( light nev]!less1 ! fact h>dly /rikes "o on ent]+4 ,! s5sitiz+1 ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 is conduct$ ) a glass rod 9 ! same way z be=e1 ! solution be+ ?us comp\nd$3 ,nitrate ( silv]444444444444444444444444 #d p>ts4 ,citric acid444444444444444444444444444444 #a "p4 ,wat]4444444444444444444444444444444444 #adj p>ts4 ,aga9 ! canvas is dri$1 & !n comes its exposure4 ,?is is done 9 a room adjo9+4 ,we lift a curta9 & ent] a space t rem9ds "o ( ! und]gr\nd regions ( a !at]4 ,!re are curta9$ p>titions & wood5 /ructures on e h&2 d>k murky corn]s comb9$ ) brilliant illum9ation4 ,messrs4 ,w9t] use ! electric light = enl>g+1 a lamp ( ,siem5s' driv5 by a six-horse p[] eng9e4 ,! lamp is outside ! enl>g+ room1 & ?ree l>ge l5ses1 or cond5s]s1 on ?ree sides ( ! light1 p]mit ! mak+ ( ?ree enl>gem5ts at "o end at ! same "t4 7,see ,fig47 ,illu/ration ,! cond5s] collects ! rays1 & ^! %9e into a cam]a arrangem5t 9 :i* ! small negative is conta9$4 ,! enl>g$ image is !n project$1 magic lant]n fa%ion1 ^u ! scre51 to :i* is fa/5$ ! s5sitiz$ canvas4 ,! scre5 9 "q is ^u a tramway--!re are ?ree tramways & ?ree scre5s 9 all1 z %[n 9 our sket*--& = ?is reason x is easy to advance & retire ! canvas1 = ! purpose ( prop]ly focus+ x4 ,ev5 ) ! electric light n[ employ$1 x is necess>y to expose a consid]able "t to secure a vigor\s impression4 ,f t5 m9utes to half an h\r is ! usual p]iod1 det]m9$ by ! assi/ant1 ^: exp]i5c$ eye is ! only guide4 ,we %\ld e/imate ! di/ance ( ! cam]as f ! enl>g+ app>atus to be ab\t f\rte5 or fifte5 feet 9 ! in/ance we saw1 & :5 ! canvas 0 tak5 d[n1 a di/9ct outl9e ( ! image 0 visible on its surface4 ,by ! way1 we ought to m5tion t ! canvas is 9 a decid$ly limp /ate dur+ ^! op]ations4 ,x has j suffici5t /iffness to keep smoo? on ! scre51 & t is all2 ! treatm5t x has receiv$ appe>s to h imp>t$ no increase ( sub/ance to x4 ,aga9 x is br\ght into ! r$-brick wa%+ ap>tm5t1 & aga9 treat$ 9 "o ( ! :ite enamel$ ba?s z be=e4 ,?is "t x is ! develop] t is conta9$ 9 ! ba?1 & ! small limp tableclo?--= t is :at x looks l--aft] be+ drawn ov] ! glass rod1 is put back into ! ba?1 & ! develop+ solution rock$ to & fro ov] x4 ,! :it5ess ( ! ba? l9+ assi/s "o 9 =m+ a judgm5t ( ! image z x n[ gradually develops & gr[s /rong]4 ,"h is ! =mula ( ! develop]3 ,pyrogallic acid4444444444444444444444444 #aj p>ts4 ,citric acid44444444444444444444444444444 #de ,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444 #daj ,! develop]--:i*1 x w be not$1 is v acid--is w>m$ be=e x is us$1 say to a temp]ature ( #cj to #dj ,c42 nev]!less1 ! developm5t does n proce$ v quickly4 ,z we wat*$1 exactly eight m9utes elaps$ be=e ,mr4 ,w9t] cri$ out %>ply1 ,t w d4 ,imm$iately "o ( ! assi/ants seizes ! wet canvas1 crumples x up )\t m ado1 z if x 7 dirty l951 & takes x (f to a wood5 wa%+ tr\gh1 :]e x is knead$ & wa%$ 9 true wa%]woman fa%ion4 ,wat] 9 pl5ty is sluic$ ov] x1 & aft] m vigor\s manipulation /ill1 x is pass$ f tr\gh to tr\gh until deem$ suffici5tly free f soluble salts to tone4 ,! ton+--done 9 ! ord9>y way ) gold--removes any unpleasant r$ness ! picture possesses1 & !n foll[s ! fix+ op]ation 9 hyposulphite4 ,z canvas is m p]meable ?an pap]1 ^! two la/ processes are quickly got ?r\gh4 ,! f9al wa%+ ( ! canvas is v ?or\gh4 ,aga9 x is treat$ ) all ! vigor ) :i* a good laundry-maid attacks dirty l951 ! canvas1 9 ! end1 be+ consign$ to a regul> wa%+-ma*9e1 9 :i* x is sy/ematically work$ = "s "t4 ,:5 ! canvas picture at la/ is f9i%$1 x pres5ts a v r\gh appe>ance1 by reason ( ! t9y fib]s t /& erect all ov] ! surface4 ,to lay ^!1 & also to improve ! surface g5]ally1 ! canvas is wax$1 ! fabric is /ret*$1 & a semi-fluid mass rubb$ into x1 heat be+ us$ 9 ! process1 :i* n only gives brilliancy1 b seems also to imp>t transp>5cy to ! %ad[s ( ! picture4 ,! result is a pleasant f9i%1 )\t vulg> gl>e or glaze1 ! high lights rema9+ beautifully pure & :ite4 ,( c\rse1 ! price ( ^! canvas enl>gem5ts v>ies ) ! am\nt ( arti/ic "w subsequ5tly put ^u !m2 b ! usual *>ge made by ,messrs4 ,w9t] = a well-f9i%$ life-size portrait1 ?ree qu>t] l5g?1 is sixty flor9s1 or ab\t #e /]l+ z ! ex*ange n[ /&s4 ,besides work+ = photograph]s1 ,messrs4 ,w9t] are reproduc+ a l>ge numb] ( classic pa9t+s & c>toons by photography on canvas 9 ?is way 7"s ( !m almo/ absolutely unt\*$71 & ^!1 z may be suppos$1 are f9d+ a v l>ge sale among deal]s4 ,su* copies mu/ necess>ily be ( consid]able value to arti/s & collectors1 & altoge!r x w\ld seem t ,messrs4 ,w9t] h hit ^u a novel und]tak+1 :i* bids fair to make !m a h&some return = ! outlay 7l>ge z x und\bt$ly has be57 made ^u _! ,vi5na e/abli%m5t4--,photo4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,detection ,,( ,,/>* ,,sug> ,,sirup ,,mix$ ,,) ,,sug>-,,h\se ,,molasses4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a ,pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ,septemb] #b1 #ahha4 ,,by ,p4 ,,casamajor4 ,9 previ\s communications ,i h giv5 processes = detect+ ! adult]ation ( cane-sug> by />*-sug>4 ,! adult]ation ( sug>-h\se sirups by />* glucose is /ill m ext5sively practic$ ?an t ( sug>1 & a great portion ( sirups sold by retail]s 9 ?is m>ket is adult]at$ ) />* glucose4 ,?is =m ( adult]ation may be v easily detect$ by ! use ( /rong me?ylic alcohol1 9 :i* ! alcoholomet] ( ,tralles or ( ,gay ,lussac w indicate ab\t #ic4 ,a /raight sug>-h\se sirup :5 mix$ ) ?ree times its volume ( ?is /rong me?ylic alcohol w dissolve by /irr+1 giv+ a v slight turbidity1 :i* rema9s susp5d$2 :ile sirups conta9+ ! usual admixture ( />* sug> give a v turbid liquid1 :i* sep>ates1 :5 left at re/1 into two lay]s1 ! l[] be+ a ?ick visc\s deposit conta9+ ! glucose sirup4 ,consid]able quantities are sold ( a ?9 sirup1 ( ab\t #cb ,baum1 9 :i* ! proportion ( sug> to ! impurities is great] ?an 9 common sug>-h\se molasses4 ,:5 a sirup ( ?is k9d is /irr$ ) ?ree times its volume ( me?ylic alcohol1 a m>k$ turbidity & deposition w take place1 :i* consi/s ( pure sug>4 ,! cry/als are h>d & gritty4 ,!y adh]e to ! sides ( ! glass1 & are deposit$ on ! bottom4 ,!re is no resemblance betwe5 ?is precipitate & t due to />* sug> sirup4 ,x may n be useless to m5tion t if a /raight sug>-h\se sirup ( ab\t #dj ,b4 d5sity is /irr$ ) ?ree times its volume ( e?ylic alcohol ( ab\t #ic ! sirup w n dissolve4 ,h5ce e?ylic alcohol ( ?is /r5g? is n suitable = di/+ui%+ a sirup mix$ ) />* glucose f a /raight sug>-h\se sirup4 ,! pres5ce ( />* glucose 9 sug>-h\se molasses may be easily detect$ by ! optical sac*>omet] :5 ! sirup has ! usual d5sity ( ab\t #dj ,b41 & :5 />* sug> has be5 add$ 9 ! usual quantities4 ,= mak+ ! te/ ! usual weight %\ld be tak5 7#af4ce grammes = ,duboscq's sac*>omet]1 & #bf4jdh grammes = ,v5tzke's in/rum5t74 ,! direct te/ %\ld %[ a p]c5tage ( sug> n high] ?an ! numb] ( ,baum degrees indicat+ ! d5sity1 & x may be f #b to #c p] c5t4 l[]4 ,to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ ref] to ! composition ( cane-sug> molasses ( #dj ,b43 ,sug>44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444#cg4e ,insoluble impurities444444444444444444444444#cg4e ,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444 4444#be ,if ! direct te/ %\ld indicate #ee p] c5t4 ( sug>1 & if ! molasses 7 /raight1 ! composition w\ld be-- ,sug>44444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444#ee ,soluble impurities444444444444444444444444444444 #bj ,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444#be ,n[1 a product ( ?is composition w\ld n be a cle> sirup at #dj ,b41 b a mixture ( sirup & cry/als4 ,!re=e1 if ! product is a cle> sirup at #dj ,b41 & x te/s #ee p] c5t41 x _c be /raight4 ,! pres5ce ( />* glucose 9 sug>-h\se molasses may also be detect$ by ! copp] te/4 ,! possibility ( apply+ ?is te/1 z well z ^? already indicat$1 re/s on ! fact t />* glucose is always add$ 9 v l>ge quantities = ! purposes ( adult]ation4 ,a v small addition c\ld n be satisfactorily detect$4 ,! detection by ! copp] te/ re/s on ! obs]vation t v ne>ly "o-half ( ! soluble impurities 9 sug>-h\se molasses consi/s ( glucose 9 ! %ape ( inv]t$ sug>4 ,we h se5 above t = a molasses ( #dj ,b4 ! soluble impurities am\nt to ab\t #cg p] c5t4 ,we may1 !n1 lay d[n ! rule3 t ! p]c5tage ( glucose %[n by ! copp] te/ _c1 9 a /raight sug>-h\se molasses1 be mu* great] ?an "o-half ( ! numb] express+ ! d5sity 9 ,baum degrees4 ,! reason is obvi\s f :at has be5 said ( ! te/ by ! optical sac*>omet]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,false ,,v]milion4--,a curi\s case has be5 notic$ 9 ,g]many1 :]e a small c>go ( v]milion 0 pur*as$1 &1 ^u be+ analyz$1 turn$ out to be r$ oxide ( lead color$ by eos9e4 ,?is is an entirely novel sophi/ication4 ,! eos9e 0 sep>at$ f ! oxide ( lead by dige/+ ! product = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 v /rong alcohol4 ,a mu* %ort] "t is suffici5t to color ! _s en\gh to enable an exp]t *emi/ to detect ! pres5ce ( ?is spl5did organic color+ matt]4 ,ano!r k9d ( v]milion consi/s entirely ( p]oxide ( iron1 prep>$ especially to imitate ! brilliant & co/ly sulphide ( m]cury1 :i* x does v well1 & is l>gely us$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,am]ica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,manganese ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,indu/ry4 ,,by ,m4,v4 ,,de%ayes4 ,no body among ! metals & ! metalloids 7silicium1 titanium1 tung/51 *romium1 phosphorus1 etc47 has occupi$ a m prom95t position 9 mod]n metallurgy ?an manganese1 & x is *iefly due to its great aff9ity = oxyg54 ,:5 ?is sub/ance 0 discov]$1 m ?an a c5tury ago 7#aggd71 by ! celebrat$ ,sw$i% *emi/ & m9]alogi/1 ,gahn1 by treat+ ! black oxide ( manganese 9 ! crucible1 no "o w\ld h ?\ght t ! new elem5t1 s delicate by itself1 )\t any direct indu/rial use1 w\ld become1 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful & necess>y in/rum5ts = ! success ( ! ,bessem] process1 z well = its deoxidiz+ prop]ties z = ! qualities :i* x imp>ts to /eel1 increas+ its resi/ance1 its durability1 & its ela/icity1 z has be5 %[n else:]e4 ,)\t ent]+ into a complete hi/ory 7= x is beyond ! task :i* we h "h assum$71#a x w n be )\t int]e/ to recall h[1 :5 manganese 0 fir/ obta9$ 9 a pure /ate1 t x 0 suppos$ t x w\ld rema9 simply an object ( curiosity 9 ! laboratory2 b :5 its pres5ce 0 prov$ 9 spiegeleis5 & :5 x came to be consid]$ an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 ! be/ ,g]man & ,engli% works = cutl]y /eel 7:]e x is ?r[n into ! crucible z ! p]oxide71 !n we f9d t its qualities become bett] & bett] appreciat$2 & x is surpris+ t no te*nologi/ ev] devot$ 8 att5tion to ! production ( manganese alloys4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,eng9e]+1 ,may #bg1 #ahha ,x 0 n till aft] ! inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,p]cy1 ,tamm1 ,prieg]1 & ,bessem]1 :o employ$ crucibles = ! production ( ^! alloys1 t ,h5d]s5 receiv$ ! idea ( utiliz+ x 9 ! ,siem5s furnace4 ,s important a comp\nd c\ld n rema9 unemploy$4 ,! works at ,t]re ,noire produc$1 by ! ,m>t9 furnace1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 f]ro-manganese ( #gj to #hj p] c5t4 ,%ortly aft]w>d1 :5 competition 9 ! m>ket 0 e/abli%$1 ! works at ,c>niola & at ,c>9?ia1 "s ,engli% factories1 & m especially ! works at ,sa9t-,l\is1 ne> ,m>seilles1 ( ,t]re ,noire1 ( ,montluon1 etc41 successfully adopt$ ! manufacture ( f]ro-manganese ) ! bla/ furnace1 :i* is )\t d\bt ! me?od be/ adapt$ = ! r$uction ( metallic oxides1 z well 9 consid]ation ( ! reactions z f an economical po9t ( view4 ,be=e v long x 0 possible to produce1 by ! bla/ furnace1 alloys ( #dj1 #fj1 #hj1 & ev5 #hf p] c5t41 9 us+ ! hot air app>atus ( ,siem5s1 ,c[p]1 & ,witwell1 ) ! employm5t ( good coke1 & pr9cipally by calculat+ ! *>ges = ! fusion 9 su* a mann] z to obta9 an extra basic & refractory slag4 ,foll[+ 9 ! same pa?1 ! ,pho5ix ,co41 ( ,ruhrort1 s5t1 9 #ahhj1 to ! ,metallurgical ,exposition ( ,dusseldorf1 samples ( f]ro-manganese obta9$ 9 a bla/ furnace1 ) an extra basic slag 9 :i* ! silica 0 almo/ entirely replac$ by alum9a4 ,! works ( ,l',esp]ance1 at ,ob]haus51 exhibit$ simil> products1 q pure z to sulphur & phosphorus1 & !y _h a d\ble int]e/ at ! exhibition1 9 consid]ation ( ! agitation ov] ! ,?omas & ,gil*ri/ process 7see ! discussions :i* 7 rais$ at ! meet+ ( ! ,iron & ,/eel ,in/itute74 ,?is process un=tunately requires = its prompt success ! use ( a v l>ge quantity ( spiegel or ( f]ro-manganese1 9 ord] to suffici5tly c>burize & deoxidize ! burnt iron1 :i* is ! f9al product ( ! bl[+4 ,! production ( f]ro-manganese by ! bla/ furnace dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ conditions4 #a4 ,a high temp]ature4 #b4 ,on a prop] mixture ( ! iron ores & ! manganese4 #c4 ,on ! production ( slag ri* 9 bases4 ,^! diff]5t conditions may be obta9$ ) b slight v>iations at ! diff]5t works1 b ! condition ( a high temp]ature is "o ( ! mo/ important consid]ations1 n only = ! alloys ( manganese1 b equally z well = ! alloys ( iron1 manganese1 silicium1 ^? ( *romium1 ( tung/51 etc4 ,x is also necess>y to /udy ! effects produc$ ei!r 9 ! crucible or 9 ! bla/ furnace1 & to exam9e ! ores :i* = a long :ile h be5 reg>d$ z n r$ucible4 ,! works ( ,t]re ,noire especially made at ! same "t1 9 ! bla/ furnace1 f]ro-silicon ) manganese1 alloys :i* are daily becom+ m important = ! manufacture ( /eels temp]$ s(t & half s(t )\t bl[+4 ,^! alloys1 ri* 9 silicon1 pres5t ! peculi>ity ( be+ poor 9 c>bon1 ! am\nt ( ?is latt] elem5t v>y+ ) ! proportions ( manganese4 ,9 addition to ! alloys us$ 9 ! iron & /eel indu/ry1 we %all proce$ to relate ! rec5t progress obta9$ 9 ! metallurgy ( o!r mat]ials 7especially copp]7 by ! use ( cupro-manganese3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,mn4 ,c4 ,si4 ,s4 ,p4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,a #ah to #bj #b to #c #aj to #ab ,traces ,extra ,quality = s(t metals4 ,b #ae to #ah #c4jj #aj to #h sc>cely,ab\t ,m$ium ,quality ,c #ae to #aj #c4be #h to #f p]cep- #j4ajj4 ,d #e to #aj #c4ej #d to #f tible4 ,ord9>y = h>d metals4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,! fir/ alloys ( manganese & copp] 7 made 9 #ahdh1 by ,von ,g]sdorff2 soon aft] ,pr(4 ,s*rtt] ( ,vi5na made comp\nds conta9+ #ah or #bj p] c5t4 ( manganese by r$uc+ 9 a crucible ! oxides ( copp] & manganese mix$ ) wood *>coal & expos+ to a high heat4 ,^! alloys 7 q ductile1 v h>d1 v t5aci\s1 & capable ( receiv+ a beautiful poli%2 _! color v>ies f :ite to rose color1 accord+ to ! respective proportions ( ! two bodies2 !y are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! results :i* 7 obta9$ by add+ !m to c]ta9 metallic fusions4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ! f9+ ( copp] by oxidation !re is left 9 ! f9$ metal ! suboxide ( copp]1 :i* mu/ !n be remov$ by ! ref9+ process1 us+ c>bon to r$uce ! copp] to its metallic /ate4 ,m4 ,manhs1 tak+ advantage ( ! great] aff9ity ( manganese = oxyg51 f\nd t if ?is la/ elem5t 0 introduc$ into ! ba? ( copp] dur+ ! op]ation ( ref9+1 ! copp] suboxide w\ld be r$uc$ & ! copp] obta9$ 9 its metallic condition4 ,= ?is purpose dur+ ^! la/ ye>s real cupro-manganese has be5 prep>$1 occupy+ ! same position to copp] z ! spiegel or ! f]ro-manganese does t[>d ! manufacture ( /eel4 ,m4 ,manhs us$ ^! same alloys = ! fusion ( bronze & brass1 & recomm5d$ ! foll[+ proportions3 #c to #d kilog4 ( cupro-manganese = #ajj kilog4 ( bronze4 #j4bej to #a d4 d4 d4 brass4 #j4aej to #a4b d4 d4 d4 copp]4 ,9 e case ! alloy is introduc$ at ! mom5t ( p\r+1 z is ! case 9 ! ,bessem] or ,m>t9 process1 tak+ c>e to cov] ! fusion ) *>coal 9 ord] to prev5t ! contact ) air1 toge!r ) ! use ( "s k9d ( a flux to aid 9 ! scorification ( ! manganese4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,manhs a slight proportion ( manganese add$ to bronze appe>s to increase its resi/ance & its ductility1 z is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table1 provid$1 h[ev]1 t ^! diff]5t alloys h be5 subject$ to ! same op]ations f a physical po9t ( view2 t is1 p\r+1 roll+1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,weight ,cu4 ,sn4 ,mn4 ( ,elongation fracture ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ord9>y ,bronze #ij #aj #bj kil4 #d4jj ,bronze ) ,manganese1 ,a1 #ij #aj #j4e #bd #ae4jj ,d4 d4 ,b1 #ij #aj #a4j #bf #bj4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! ,:ite ,brass ,co41 ( ,london1 exhibit$ at ,p>is1 9 #ahgh1 manganese bronzes ( f\r grades ( durability1 de/9$ = diff]5t uses & correspond+ to ab\t #bj to #be kilos ( ! limit ( ela/icity1 & #cf to #cg kilos ( resi/ance to fracture2 ! numb] #j is equival5t aft] roll+ to a resi/ance to fracture ( #df4e kilos1 & #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( elongation4 ,su* results %[ beyond contradiction ! great int]e/ !re is 9 economically produc+ alloys ( copp]1 manganese1 t91 z9c1 etc4 ,9 addition1 !y may be add$ to metallic fusions1 = deoxidiz+ & also to communicate to ! comm]cial alloys 7su* z bronze1 brass1 etc47 ! greate/ degree ( resi/ance & t5acity4 ,:ile _m inve/igators h tri$ to =m alloys ( copp] & manganese by comb9+ !m 9 ! metallic /ate 7t is to say1 by ! simultane\s r$uction ( _! oxides71 ! ,h5sl] ,bros41 ( ,dill5burg1 h f\nd x be/ to fir/ prep>e ! metallic manganese & !n to alloy x 9 prop] proportions ) o!r metals4 ,_! me?od consi/$ ( r$uc+ ! pure pyrolusite 9 l>ge plumbago crucibles1 9 ! pres5ce ( c>bon & an extra basic flux2 ! op]ation 0 c>ri$ on 9 a /rong coke fire1 & at ! end ( ab\t six h\rs ! crude manganese is p\r$ out1 hav+ ! foll[+ composition3 ,manganese #ij to #ib ,c>bon #f to #f4e ,iron #j4e to #a4e ,silicon #j4e to #a4b ,by ref9+1 ! manganese c be br\ght up to #id to #ie p] c5t4 ( purity4 ,x is f ?is ca/+ ( pure manganese t is obta9$ ! sub/ance us$ z a base = ! alloys4 ,?is metal is :ite1 cry/all9e1 :5 expos$ to ! damp air sl[ly oxidizes1 & readily comb9es ) copp] to =m ! cupro-manganese ( ! v>iety hav+ ! composition-- ,copp] #gj ,manganese #cj ,ca/ 9 +ots or 9 pigs x becomes an article ( comm]ce :i* may be introduc$ 9 previ\sly det]m9$ proportions into bronze1 gun metal1 bell metal1 brass1 etc4 ,x may also be us$1 z we h already m5tion$1 = ! ref9+ ( copp] accord+ to ,manhs's process4 ,te/s made f ?is /&po9t at ! works ( ,mansfield h %[n t ! addition ( #j4de p] c5t4 ( cupro-manganese is suffici5t to give t5acity to ! copp]1 :i*1 ?us treat$1 w n conta9 m ?an #j4jje to #j4jbb ( oxyg51 ! excess pass+ (f ) ! manganese into ! scorias4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! addition ( cupro-manganese is recomm5d$1 :5 x is desirable to ca/ ?9 pieces ( ! metal1 su* z tubes1 caldrons1 kit*5 ut5sils1 :i* =m]ly c\ld only be obta9$ by beat+ & /amp+4 ,! t5acity obta9$ = tubes ( only ?ree c5timet]s 9 diamet] & #a4ge millimet]s 9 ?ickness is su* t !y are able to )/& a pressure ( #a1ajj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,! manganese bronze1 :i* we h previ\sly ref]r$ to1 & :i* is us$ by ! ,:ite ,brass ,company ( ,london1 is an alloy ( copp]1 ) f "o to t5 p] c5t4 ( manganese2 ! highe/ qualities ( resi/ance1 ductility1 t5acity1 & durability are obta9$ ) "o to f\r p] c5t4 ( manganese1 :ile ) twelve p] c5t4 ! metal becomes too weak = indu/rial uses4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,manganese ,weight ( bronze4 ,copp]4 ,manganese4 fracture 9 ,elongation4 kilos p] squ>e mm4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,a #if4jj #d4jj #ai4jj #ad4fj ,b #ie4jj #e4jj #bj4fb #aj4jj ,c #id4jj #f4jj #bj4hj #ad4fj ,d #ij4jj #aj4jj #af4ef #e4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! prec$+ table gives "s ( ! exp]im5tal results obta9$ ) ! te/+ ma*9e at ,fri$ri*-,wilhelm%tte on ! crude ca/ +ots2 ! resi/ance is increas$1 z ) copp]1 by roll+ or hamm]+4 ,! manganese ,g]man silv] consi/s ( ,copp]4444444444444444 #gj4jj ,manganese4444444444444 #ae4jj ,z9c444444444444444444 #ae4jj ,b z ?is alloy (t5 breaks 9 roll+1 ! pref]5ce is giv5 to ! foll[+ proportions3 ,copp]4444444444444444 #hj4jj ,manganese4444444444444 #ae4jj ,z9c444444444444444444 #e4jj ,?is results 9 a :ite1 ductile metal1 :i* is easily work$ & susceptible ( receiv+ a beautiful poli%1 l ! alloys ( nickel1 :i* x may 9 "t completely replace4 ,! bronzes ( manganese1 t91 & z9c 7 p]haps ! fir/ ^u :i* important inve/igations 7 made2 !y 7 obta9$ by add+ to an alloy ( copp]1 z9c1 & t9 7ord9>y bronze7 a def9ite quantity ( ! cupro-manganese ( ! type indicat$ above 7,cu #gj1 ,mn #cj74 ,by ?is means ! resi/ance is increas$ fully n9e p] c5t41 probably 9 ! same way z ! copp]1 t is1 by ! deoxidiz+ effect ( ! manganese1 z bo? ! copp] & ! t9 are always m or less oxidiz$ 9 ord9>y bronzes4 ,manganese comb9es ) t9 j ! same z x does ) copp]1 & ! proportion :i* is recomm5d$ z giv+ ! highe/ resi/ances is ?ree to six p] c5t4 ( cupro-manganese4 ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ ! use ( cupro-manganese1 ! t91 z 9 ord9>y bronzes1 has a t5d5cy to liquate 9 ^? portions ( ! m\ld :i* are ! hotte/1 & :i* become solid ! la/1 especially 9 ! case ( m\lds hav+ a great wid?4 ,f a s]ies ( exp]im5ts made at ,isabelle ,htte1 x has be5 f\nd t ! metal :i* has ! greate/ resi/+ qualities 0 obta9$ f ,copp]4444444444444444444444#he4jj ,manganese4444444444444444444 #f4jj ,z9c444444444444444444444444 #e4jj #e p] c5t4 ( cupro-manganese manganese #a4jj rema9+ 9 ! metal4 ,! be/ me?od ( proc$ure is fir/ to melt ! copp] 9 a crucible1 & !n to add ! t9 & ! z9c2 f9ally ! cupro-manganese is add$ j at ! mom5t ( p\r+1 z 9 ! ,manhs process2 !n ! reaction on ! oxides is v effective1 !re is a boil+ ) sc9tillation simil> to ! action produc$ 9 ! ,bessem] & ,m>t9 process :5 f]ro-manganese is add$ to ! ba? ( /eel4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results obta9$ f ?irte5 alloys obta9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,^! samples 7 tak5 direct f ! ca/+ & 7 te/$ ) ! ma*9e at ,fri$ri*-,wilhelms-htte1 & ) ! "o at ! %ops ( ! ,rh9e ,railroad4 ,_! resi/ance 0 consid]ably increas$1 z ) ! o!r alloys1 by roll+ or hamm]+4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,weight ,limit ( ( ,elong- ,nature ela/icityfracture ation1 ( ,cupro- 9 kilos 9 kilos p]- ,numb]sm\ld4,copp] ,t94 ,z9c4 manganesep] mm4 p] mm4c5tage ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a ,s& #he4jj #f4jj #e4jj #aa4cj #af4jj -- #b -- #he4jj #f4jj #e4jj #d4jj #ac4jj #af4aj #b4jj #c ,ca/4 #hg4jj #h4gj #d4cj #d4jj -- #ai4dj -- #d -- #he4jj #f4ij #e4jj #f4jj -- #ah4hj #f4jj #e -- #he4jj #f4jj #e4jj #f4jj -- #ai4ge #g4jj #f -- #he4jj #f4jj #e4jj #aj4jj -- #ag4ae #d4jj #g ,s& #hg4jj #e4bj #d4cc #c4dg -- #ai4gj #h4gj #h -- #hg4jj #e4bj #d4cc #c4dg -- #ai4gj #h4ij #i -- #he4jj #f4jj #e4jj #c4jj #af4hj #bb4jj -- #aj -- #gd4jjaj4jj #e4jj #c4cj #ac4hj #ah4gj -- 7#g4ff ,pb7 #aa -- #gh4gj #h4jj 7 #h ,pb7 #c4cj #ac4hj #bj4gj -- #ab -- #hb4jj #i4hj #d4ij #c4cj #ad4ge #ai4ge -- #ac -- #hf4bjaf4ej -- #c4cj #ad4cj #bd4gj -- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! results ( ! te/s ( ductility :i* are "h giv51 ) ref]5ce to ! cupro-manganese1 manganese bronze1 ! alloys ) z9c & t91 are tak5 f ,m4,c4 ,h5sl]'s v valuable communication to ! ,b]l9 ,society = ! ,advancem5t ( ! ,indu/rial ,arts4 ,^! v>i\s alloys1 z well z ! phosphorus bronze1 ( :i* we make no m5tion "h1 are at pres5t v l>gely us$ 9 ! manufacture ( te*nical ma*9es1 z well z = supports1 valves1 /uff+-boxes1 screws1 bolts1 etc41 :i* require ! prop]ties ( resi/ance & durability4 ,!y va/ly surpass 9 ^! qualities ! brass & l comp\nds :i* h be5 us$ hi!rto = ^! purposes4--,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 ,p>is1 xxxvi4 p4 #ahd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,economical ,,wa%+ ,,( ,,coal ,,gas ,,& ,,smoke4 ,9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,j\rnal des ,us9es ,gaz appe>s a note by ,m4 ,*evalet1 on ! *emical & physical purification ( gas1 :i* 0 "o ( ! pap]s submitt$ to ! ,socit ,te*nique de l',indu/rie du ,gaz en ,france at ! la/ ord9>y meet+4 ,?is communication is noticeable1 ap>t f ! au?or's conclusions1 = ! fact t ! processes describ$ 7 n design$ orig9ally = use 9 gas manufacture1 b 7 fir/ us$ to purify1 or r to remove ! ammonia :i* is to be f\nd 9 all factory *imneys1 & especially 9 c]ta9 manufactories ( bone-black1 & 9 _s di/ill]ies4 ,x is because ( ! success :i* att5d$ ,m4 ,*evalet's treatm5t ( factory smoke t he turn$ 8 att5tion to coal gas4 ,! communication 9 :i* ,m4 ,*evalet's me?od is describ$ deals fir/ ) *imney gases1 9 ord] to %[ ! difficulties ( ! fir/ class ( "w done by ! au?or's process4 ,l coal gas1 *imney gases conta9 9 susp5sion solid p>ticles1 su* z soot & a%es4 ,be=e wa%+ ^! gases 9 a ba? ( sulphuric acid1 9 ord] to reta9 ! ammonia1 !re 7 two problems to be solv$4 ,x 0 fir/ ( all necess>y to cool ! gases d[n to a po9t :i* %\ld n exce$ ! boil+-po9t ( ! acid employ$ 9 wa%+2 & !n to remove ! solid p>ticles :i* w\ld o!rwise f\l ! acid4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is me*anical purification x 0 impossible1 = two reasons1 to make use ( app>atus ( ! k9d us$ 9 gas works2 ! fir/ ob/acle 0 ! pres5ce ( solid p>ticles c>ri$ =w>d by ! gase\s curr5ts1 & ! o!r difficulty 0 ! volume ( gas to be dealt )4 ,9 ! example to :i* ! au?or's att5tion 0 direct$ he _h to purify #fjj cubic met]s ( *imney gas p] m9ute1 or #cf1jjj cubic met]s p] h\r1 :ile ! gas escap$ f ! flues at a temp]ature ( f #djj to #ejj ,c4 7#geb to #icb ,fahr471 & a l>ge quantity ( c9d]s _h frequ5tly to be remov$ f ! ma9 *imney flues4 ,aft] _m trials a simple appliance 0 con/ruct$ :i* successfully cool$ ! gases & fre$ !m f a%es4 ,?is consi/$ ( a v]tical scre51 ) b>s ?ree mm4 ap>t1 set 9 wat]4 ,?is scre5 divid$ ! gases into ?9 %eets be=e trav]s+ ! wat]1 & by ?us wa%+ & evaporat+ ! wat] ! gases 7 cool$1 & ?rew d[n ! soot & a%es1 & ^! impurities fell to ! bottom ( ! wat] ba?4 ,! gases aft] ?is process are dive/$ ( ! great] "p ( any t>ry impurities :i* !y may h possess$1 & are ready = ! f9al purification1 9 :i* ammonia is extract$4 ,?is is effect$ by means ( a s]ies ( %all[ trays1 cov]$ ) wat] or weak acid1 & pi]c$ ) a numb] ( f9e holes1 ?r\gh :i* ! gas is made to bubble4 ,! wa%+ app>atus is !re=e /rangely simil> 9 pr9ciple to t design$ by ,mr ,g4 ,livesey4 ,m4 ,*evalet /ates t ?is d\ble process is applicable to gas works z well z to ! purification ( smoke1 ) ! diff]5ce t = ! latt] purpose ! wa%+ trays are fill$ ) acid = ! ret5tion ( ammonia1 :ile 9 ! =m] application gas liquor or wat] is us$4 ,! arrangem5t is said to be a practical success4--,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,nitrog5 ,,9 ,,hair1 ,,wool1 ,,dri$ ,,blood1 ,,fle% ,,meal1 ,,& ,,lea!r ,,scraps4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,c4 ,,krau*4 ,diff]5ces obta9$ 9 ! e/imation ( nitrog5 9 ! above sub/ances are frequ5tly ! s\rce ( mu* annoyance4 ,! cause ( ^! discrepancies is *iefly due to ! lack ( uni=mity 9 ! mat]ial1 & f its n be+ 9 a suffici5tly f9e /ate dur+ ! combu/ion4 ,! hair :i* is f\nd 9 comm]ce = ! manufacture ( f]tiliz]s1 is g5]ally mix$ ) s& & du/4 ,wool du/ (t5 conta9s old buttons1 pieces ( wood1 %oe pegs1 & all sorts ( ?+s4 ,! fle% f]tiliz]s are compos$ ( light p>ticles ( fle% mix$ ) ! heavi] bone du/4 ,ev5 aft] tak+ all possible precautions to f9ely comm9ute ^! sub/ances by me*anical means1 /ill only imp]fect results are obta9$1 = ! impurities1 t is to say1 ! s&1 c nev] be s intimately mix$ ) ! light] p>ticles t a sample ( #j4e to #j4h gramme1 su* z is us$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( nitrog51 w correspond to ! correct av]age cont5ts4 ,9 sub/ances su* z dri$ blood1 pulv]ization is v t$i\s4 ,a v good me?od ( ov]com+ ^! difficulties1 & ( obta9+ f ! mo/ mix$ sub/ances a p]fectly homog5e\s mass1 is t recomm5d$ by ,gr&eau#a ( decompos+ ) sulphuric acid--a me?od :i* z yet does n seem to be g5]ally kn[n4 ,f a l>ge quantity ( ! sub/ance to be exam9$1 ! co>se /ones1 etc41 are remov$ by pick+ or sift+1 & ! prep>$ sub/ance1 or 9 cases :]e ! impurities _c be sep>at$1 ! orig9al sub/ance1 is treat$ ) sulphuric acid2 aft] x is decompos$1 ! acid is neutraliz$ ) calcium c>bonate1 & ! nitrog5 is det]m9$ 9 ?is mass4 ,footnote #a3 ,h&book d4 ,agrict4 ,*em4 ,analy/41 p4 #ah4 ,9 ord] to op]ate rapidly1 x is be/ to use z little sulphuric acid z possible4 ,if too mu* sulphuric acid is us$1 necess>ily a l>ge am\nt ( calcium c>bonate is ess5tial to get x into prop] condition = pulv]iz+4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 becomes v l[1 & a slight error w become correspond+ly high4 #bj c4c4 ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & #aj c4c4 are suffici5t = #cj to #dj grammes ( mat]ial4 ,aft] ! sub/ance & liquid h be5 ?or\ghly /irr$ 9 a porcela9 di%1 !y are w>m$ on a wat] ba? & cont9ually /irr$ until ! mass =ms a homog5e\s liquid4 ,! sirupy liquid ?us obta9$ is !n mix$ ) #hj to #ajj grammes ( pulv]iz$ calcium c>bonate 7calcsp>71 dri$ = fifte5 m9utes at #dj to #fj ,c41 & aft] /&+ = "o to two h\rs ! di% & its cont5ts are weigh$4 ,f ! total weight ! weight ( ! di% is subtract$1 :i* gives ! weight ( ! calcium sulphate & ! calcium c>bonate1 & ! kn[n weight ( ! wool du/1 etc4 ,?is mat]ial is !n intimately gr\nd1 & #b to #c grammes ( x are tak5 = ! det]m9ation ( ! nitrog51 :i* is !n calculat$ = ! orig9al sub/ance4 ,al?\gh ! giv5 quantities ( wat] & sulphuric acid h>dly appe> suffici5t = su* a l>ge quantity ( hair or wool1 /ill 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes to a qu>t] ( an h\r1 aft] cont9ual /irr+1 !re is obta9$ a liquid :i*1 aft] ! addition ( ! calcium c>bonate1 is readily conv]t$ into a pulv]iz$ mass4 ,frequ5tly a small] quantity ( sulphuric acid w suffice1 especially if ! mat]ial is moi/4 ,! *ief m]it ( ?is process is t 9 a %ort "t a l>ge quantity ( mat]ial1 hav+ a uni=m "*1 is obta9$4 ,its use is1 !re=e1 recomm5d$ = g5]al employm5t4 ,:5 ! co>s] /ones1 etc41 are weigh$1 & ! purifi$ portion decompos$1 absolutely correct results are obta9$1 & 9 ?is way ! awkw>d discrepancies f diff]5t analy/s may be avoid$4--,*emik] ,zeitung1 v4 #g1 p4 #gjc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,te/+ ,,:ite ,,beeswax ,,= ,,c]es9e ,,& ,,p>aff9s4 ,,by ,a4 ,,peltz4 ,! me?od :i* is "h recomm5d$ orig9at$ ) ,dr4 ,m4 ,bu*n]1 & consi/s 9 prep>+ a conc5trat$ solution ( alcoholic cau/ic pota%--"o "p cau/ic pota% to ?ree ( #ij p] c5t4 alcohol--& !n boil+ "o to two grammes ( ! suspect$ wax 9 a small flask ) ! above solution4 ,! liquid is p\r$ into a glass cyl9d] to prev5t solidification ( ! cont5ts1 & x is !n plac$ = ab\t "o half h\r 9 boil+ wat]4 ,) pure wax ! solution rema9s cle> :ite2 :5 c]es9e & p>aff9e are pres5t1 !y w float on ! surface ( ! alkali solution z an oily lay]1 & on cool+ !y w appe> light] 9 color ?an ! saponifi$ mass1 & ?us !y may be quantitatively e/imat$4 ,! au?or likewise gives a sup]ficial me?od = ! det]m9ation ( ! purity ( beeswax4 ,x dep5ds on ! =mation ( wax cry/als :5 ! fus$ wax solidifies4 ,^! cry/als =m on ! surface on cool+1 & are /ill visible aft] solidification :5 exam9+ ! surface f ! side4 ,! te/ succe$s be/ :5 ! liquid wax is p\r$ into a %all[ t9 m\ld ,aft] cool+ ano!r peculi> prop]ty ( ! wax becomes app>5t4 ,:ile ! beeswax fills a small] volume1 t is1 sep>ates f ! sides ( ! m\ld1 ! ,japanese wax1 )\t sep>at+ f ! sides1 becomes cov]$ ) cracks on cool+ :i* h a dep? correspond+ to ! ?ickness ( ! wax4--,neu/e ,erf9dung5 und ,erfahrung51 viii41 p4 #dcj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,alcoholic ,,f]m5tation ,,by ,,fungi4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,e4 ,,rei*>d4 ,! manag] ( a well direct$ brew]y1 :i* 0 built accord+ to ! late/ improvem5ts & provid$ ) ice-cool+ arrangem5ts1 f\nd t ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( lag] be] did n advance ) prop] regul>ity4 ,! be] did n cl>ify well1 x rema9$ turbid & _h a t5d5cy to assume a disagreeable odor & ta/e4 ,microscopic exam9ation ( ! yea/1 h[ev]1 %[$ ! same to be bottom yea/4 ,aft] "s "t its action app>5tly dim9i%$1 or r1 ! f]m5tation1 :i* began well1 ceas$1 & at ! same "t a :ite foam =m$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! vat4 ,! manag] obs]v+ ?is1 aga9 submitt$ x to microscopic exam9ation4 ,! in/rum5t reveal$ a numb] ( mu* small] =ms ( fungi1 simil> to ^? ( "y yea/1 & "s :i* 7 excessively l>ge1 a v>iety nev] f\nd 9 bottom yea/4 ,fully appreciat+ ! microscopic exam9ation1 & aw>e ( ! dang] :i* ! spread ( ! fungi c\ld cause1 ! manag] resort$ to all kn[n means to ret>d its p]nici\s influ5ce4 ,fre% yea/ 0 employ$1 & ! f]m5t+ vats ?r\ghly clean$1 bo? inside & out1 b ! ph5om5a reappe>$1 %[+ t ! transmission took place ?r\gh ! air4 ,a microscopic exam9ation ( a gelat9\s coat+ on ! wall ( ! f]m5t+ room fur!r expla9$ ! matt]4 ,beg9n+ at ! door ( ! ice cell>1 ! walls 7 cov]$ ) a gelat9\s mass1 :i*1 ev5 :5 plac$ b5ea? ! microscope1 %[$ no def9ite organic /ructure2 h[ev] x conta9$ num]\s ?reads ( fungi4 ,not)/&+ ! precautions :i* 7 tak5 = cleanl9ess1 ^! g]ms travel$ f ! ceil+ ?r\gh ! air into ! f]m5t+ liquid & !re produc$ a *ange1 :i* w\ld ultimately h caus$ ! de/ruction ( all ! be]4 ,= a ?ird "t & by altoge!r diff]5t means1 x 0 demon/rat$ t ! air 0 ! be>] ( ^! g]ms4 ,! :ole atmosph]e 0 infect$1 & a simple *ange ( air 0 by no mann] ( means suffici5t1 z has already be5 %[n4 ,9 addition1 ^! obs]vations ?r[ consid]able light on ! means by :i* contagi\s diseases are spread1 = (t5 a room1 a h\se1 or ! entire neighborhood appe>s to be infect$4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ h[1 9 times ( plague1 l>ge fires 7 resort$ z to a me?od ( purify+ ! air4 ,) ! inf9ite di/ribution ( g]ms1 & z !y are always pres5t 9 all places :]e any organic portions ( vegetable or animal matt] are und]go+ decomposition1 x becomes1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 exce$+ly difficult1 & at times ev5 impossible1 to trace ! direct effect ( ^! m9ute g]ms4 ,! organism is expos$ to ! de/ructive action ( ! mo/ m9ute creation2 sev]al *anges 9 ?is case give to !m ! direct effect ( ! act+ g]ms4 ,! inve/igation ( ! *emi/ does n ext5d beyond ! *emical *anges2 nev]!less ^! ph5om5a are directly expla9$ by ! microscope1 )\t :i*1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! discov]y ( ! cause w\ld h rema9$ unkn[n4--,ar*4 d] ,ph>m41 #bad1 #aeh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,reaction ,,( ,,glyc]9e4 ,if two drops ( ph5ic acid are dilut$ ) ?ree ?\s& to five ?\s& p>ts ( wat]1 a di/9ct blue color is produc$ by "o drop ( solution ( p]*loride ( iron4 ,! addition ( six or eight drops ( glyc]9e entirely removes ! color1 & if any glyc]9e 0 pres5t 9 ! liquid ! reaction does n take place at all4 ,by ?is te/ ! pres5ce ( #a p] c5t4 ( glyc]9e c be detect$4 ,x may be appli$ to ! analysis ( w9es1 be]s1 etc41 b :5 !re is mu* sug>1 extractive or color+ matt]1 ! te/ c only be appli$ aft] evaporat+1 dissolv+ ! residue 9 alcohol & e!r1 evaporat+ aga91 & !n r$issolv+ 9 wat]4 ,alkal9e solutions mu/ be fir/ acidulat$4--,ph>m4 ,zeit4 fr ,russ4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lycopod9e4 ,:ile ! phan]ogams or fl[]+ plants annually contribute to ! li/ ( newly discov]$ alkaloids1 ) ! exception ( musc>9e & amanit9e1 no alkaloid has z yet be5 def9itely recogniz$ among ! cryptogams4 ,k>l ,bdek]1 ( ,gtt+51 has op5$ ! road 9 ?is direction1 & gives 9 a pap] s5t to ,liebig's ,annal5 d] ,*emie1 ,augu/ #ae1 #ahha1 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( an alkaloid1 :i*1 f ! "n ( ! plant 9 :i* x occurs1 he calls lycopod9e4 ,! plant yield+ ! alkaloid1 ,lycopodium complanatum1 belongs to ! gr\p ( angiosp]m\s cryptogams4 ,x is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( nor? & middle ,europe1 & conta9s ! l>ge/ proportion ( alum9um ( any kn[n plant4 ,its bitt] ta/e l$ ! au?or to suspect an alkaloid 9 x4 ,to prep>e ! alkaloid ! dri$ plant is *opp$ up & twice exhau/$ ) boil+ alcohol ( #ij p] c5t4 ,! residue is squeez$ out :ile hot1 & ! extract1 aft] be+ all[$ to settle a:ile1 is decant$ (f1 & evaporat$ to a viscid consi/5cy ov] a wat] ba?4 ,?is is !n repeat$ly knead$ up ) fre% quantities ( lukew>m wat] until ! wa%+s cease to ta/e bitt]1 & to give a r$di% br[n coloration :5 treat$ ) a /rong aque\s solution ( iod9e4 ,! sev]al wa%+s are collect$ & precipitat$ ) basic lead acetate1 ! precipitate filt]$ (f1 & ! lead 9 ! filtrate remov$ by sulphuret$ hydrog54 ,! filtrate f ! lead sulphide is evaporat$ d[n ov] a wat] ba?1 !n made /rongly alkal9e ) a solution ( cau/ic soda1 & repeat$ly %ak5 up ) fre% quantities ( e!r s long z ! wa%+s ta/e bitt] & give a precipitate ) iod9e wat]4 ,aft] di/ill+ (f ! e!r1 ! residue is treat$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid1 ! neutral or slightly acid solution filt]$ (f f res9\s p>ticles1 sl[ly evaporat$ to cry/allization1 & ! cry/als purifi$ by repeat$ recry/allization4 ,to prep>e ! pure base a v conc5trat$ solution ( ?is pure hydro*lorate is treat$ ) an excess ( a v conc5trat$ solution ( cau/ic soda1 & pieces ( cau/ic pota% are add$1 :]eupon ! free alkaloid sep>ates out at fir/ z a colorless res9\s /r+y mass1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ^u /&+1 turns cry/all9e1 =m+ monocl9ic cry/als simil> to t>t>ic acid or glycocol4 ,! cry/als are rapidly wa%$ ) wat]1 & dri$ betwe5 s(t blott+ pap]4 ,?us prep>$1 lycopod9e has a composition :i* may be repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#cb;,h#eb,n#b,o#c4 ,x melts at #aad to #aae ,c4 )\t loss ( weight4 ,x is tol]able soluble 9 wat] & 9 e!r1 & v soluble inde$ 9 alcohol1 *lor(orm1 b5zol1 or amyl alcohol4 ,lycopod9e has a v pure bitt] ta/e4 ,! au?or has =m$ sev]al salts ( ! base1 all ( a cry/all9e nature1 & conta9+ wat] ( cry/allization4 ,! hydro*lorate gives up a "p ( its wat] ( cry/allization at ! ord9>y temp]ature "u a desiccator ov] sulphuric acid1 & ! :ole ( x ^u heat+4--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,con*9am9e4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,o4 ,hesse1 :5 prep>+ *9am9e f ! r5ew$ b>k ( ,c9*ona succirubra1 f\nd 9 ! "m liquid a new alkaloid1 :i* he !n briefly designat$ z con*9am9e4 ,he has lately giv5 8 att5tion to ! sep>ation & prep>ation ( ?is alkaloid1 & gives 9 ,liebig's ,annal5 d] ,*emie1 ,augu/ #ca1 #ahha1 ! foll[+ description ( x3 ,prep>ation4--,! alcoholic "m lye f *9am9e is evaporat$ d[n & protract$ly exhau/$ ) boil+ ligro9e1 :]eby con*9am9e & a small quantity ( c]ta9 amorph\s bases are dissolv$ out4 ,^u cool+ ! great] "p ( ! amorph\s bases precipitates out4 ,! ligro9e solution is !n fir/ treat$ ) dilute acetic acid1 & !n ) a dilute solution ( cau/ic soda1 :]eupon a l>ge quantity ( a res9\s precipitate is =m$4 ,?is is knead$ up ) lukew>m wat] to remove adh]5t soda1 & !n dissolv$ 9 hot alcohol4 ,! alcoholic solution is saturat$ ) nitric acid1 :i* has be5 previ\sly dilut$ ) half its volume ( wat]1 & ! :ole set aside = a few days to cry/allize4 ,! cry/als ( con*9am9e nitrate are purifi$ by recry/allization f boil+ wat]4 ,on dissolv+ ^! pure cry/als ( ! nitrate 9 hot alcohol ( #fj p] c5t41 & add+ ammonia1 absolute pure con*9am9e sep>ates out on cool+4 ,composition4--,con*9am9e may be repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#ai;,h#bd,n#b,o#b1 )\t wat] ( cry/allization4 ,prop]ties4--,con*9am9e is easily soluble 9 hot alcohol ( #fj p] c5t41 & 9 e!r & ligro9e1 f :i* solutions x cry/allizes 9 quadrilat]al %9+ prisms4 ,x is extremely soluble 9 *lor(orm1 b almo/ insoluble 9 wat]4 ,x melts at #aba ,c41 =m+ cry/all9e />s on cool+4 ,salts4--,! salts ( con*9am9e1 l ! base itself1 h mu* 9 common ) *9am9e1 b are1 z a rule1 m easily cry/allizable4 ,!y are prep>$ by neutraliz+ an alcoholic solution ( ! base ) ! acid 9 "q4--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*9ol9e4 ,! valuable prop]ties ( :i* *9ol9e has be5 f\nd to be possess$ h l$ to its admission z a !rapeutic ag5t1 & ! discov]] ( ^! prop]ties1 ,jul4 ,dona?1 ( ,baja1 9 ,hung>y1 9 a pap] s5t to ! ,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,septemb] #ab1 #ahha1 gives ! foll[+ fur!r details z to ?is int]e/+ sub/ance4 ,antiseptic ,prop]ties4--,*9ol9e appe>s to be an excell5t antiseptic4 ,! au?or f\nd t #ajj grammes ( a ,bu*olze's solution = ! propagation ( bact]ia1 *>g$ ) #j4bj g4 ( *9ol9e hydro*lorate1 _h rema9$ p]fectly cle> & free f bact]ia aft] /&+ =ty-six days expos$ to ! air1 :ile a simil> solution1 plac$ "u ! same conditions1 )\t *9ol9e1 _h turn$ muddy & conta9$ bact]ia aft] only twelve days' /&+4 ,antizymotic ,prop]ties4--,*9ol9e1 ev5 9 ! proportion ( #e p] c5t41 does n prev5t alcoholic f]m5tation1 :ile 9 z small a quantity z #j4bj p] c5t4 x does n prev5t lactic acid f]m5tation4 ,physiological ,effects4--,! au?or gave a heal?y man dur+ sev]al days v>i\s doses ( *9ol9e t>trate1 :i* 9 no way affect$ ! individual op]at$ on1 nor 0 any trace ( *9ol9e f\nd 9 8 ur9e4 ,! au?or1 !re=e1 consid]s t ! base is oxidiz$ by ! blood to c>bopyrid9ic acid1 :i* is a /ill m p[]ful antiseptic ?an *9ol9e itself4 ,*9ol9e tak5 int]nally w\ld1 !re=e1 be a useful & safe ag5t 9 cases ( int]nal putrid fungoid or o!r gr[?4 ,*emical ,reactions4--,*9ol9e yields v *>act]i/ic reactions ) a numb] ( *emical reag5ts1 = a description ( :i* we ref] to ! orig9al pap]4--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,coni9e4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,s*orm1 ( ,vi5na1 ! au?or ( ?is pap]1 aft] rem>k+ t 9 spite ( ! increase ( ! consumption ( coni9e1 ! me?ods hi!rto 9 vogue = prep>+ x yield$ an article :i* d>k5$ on exposure to ! air1 & ! salts ( :i* cry/alliz$ b badly1 gives ! foll[+ me?od = prep>+ pure coni9e & its salts3 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,crude ,,coni9e4 ,a4--#ajj kilogrammes ( hemlock se$ are moi/5$ ) hot wat]1 & aft] swell+ up are treat$ ) #d kilogrammes ( sodium c>bonate previ\sly dissolv$ 9 ! requisite quantity ( wat] 7cau/ic alkalies _c be us$74 ,! swoll5 se$ is work$ up uni=mly ) %ovels1 & !n plac$ 9 an app>atus ( #djj kilogrammes capacity1 simil> to t us$ 9 ! di/illation ( e!real oils1 & *>g$ ) /eam "u a pressure ( ?ree atmosph]es4 ,coni9e di/ills ov] ) ! /eam1 ! great] "p sep>at+ out 9 ! receiv] z an oily /ratum1 :ile a "p rema9s dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,! rip] ! se$s1 ! great] is ! p]c5tage yield ( oily coni9e1 & ! soon] is ! di/illation end$4 ,! di/illate is neutraliz$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & ! :ole evaporat$ to a weak sirupy consi/5ce4 ,:5 cool1 ?is sirup yields successive crops ( sal-ammoniac cry/als1 :i* latt] are remov$ by %ak+ up ! mass ) twice its volume ( /rong alcohol1 & filt]+4 ,?is filtrate is fre$ f alcohol by evaporation ov] a wat] ba?1 ! approximate quantity ( a solution ( cau/ic soda !n add$1 & ! :ole %ak5 up ) e!r4 ,! e!real solution is !n cool$ d[n to a l[ temp]ature1 :]eby x is sep>at$ f conhydr9e1 :i*1 be+ some:at difficultly soluble 9 e!r1 cry/allizes out4 ,b4--,! bruis$ hemlock se$ is treat$ 9 a vacuum extractor ) wat] acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 & ! extract evaporat$ 9 vacuo to a sirupy consi/5ce4 ,! sirup is treat$ ) magnesia1 & ! coni9e dissolv$ out by %ak+ up ) e!r4 ,! ,b me?od yields a less p]c5tage ( coni9e ?an ,a1 b ( a bett] quality4 ,,rectification ,,( ,,! ,,crude ,,coni9e4 ,! solution ( crude coni9e 9 e!r obta9$ by ei!r ( ! above processes is evaporat$ ov] a wat] ba? to remove ! e!r1 mix$ ) dry potassium c>bonate1 & !n submitt$ to fractional di/illation f an air ba?4 ,! portion di/ill+ ov] at #afh ,c4 to #afi ,c4 is pure coni9e1 & repres5ts #fj p] c5t4 ( ! crude coni9e4 ,coni9e ?us prep>$ is a colorless oily liquid1 volatile at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & has a specific gravity ( #j4hhf4 ,at a temp]ature ( #be;,c x absorbs wat]1 :i* x gives up aga9 ^u heat+4 ,x is soluble 9 #ij p>ts ( wat]4 ,x is n alt]$ by light4 ,! au?or has =m$ a numb] ( salts f coni9e ?us prep>$1 & f9ds !m all cry/allizable & unaffect$ by light4--,b]i*te d] deuts*5 *emis*5 ,gesells*aft4--,*em4 & ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/rontianite4 ,s9ce x has be5 %[n by ,pr(essor ,s*eibl]1 ( ,b]l91 t /rontium is ! mo/ p[]ful m$ium ( extraction 9 sug> ref9+1 ow+ to its capacity ( comb9+ ) ?ree p>ts ( sac*>ate1 ! idea sugge/s itself t ! same m$ium might be successfully employ$ 9 ! arts1 & =m a mo/ int]e/+ subject ( exp]im5t = ! *emi/4 ,hi!rto native /rontianite1 t is1 ! #ij to #ie p] c5t4 pure c>bonate ( /rontium 7n ! cele/9e :i* frequ5tly is mi/ak5 by ! t]m /rontianite71 has n be5 work$ sy/ematically 9 m9es1 b :at us$ to be br\ght to ! m>ket 0 an inf]ior /one collect$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,g]many1 *iefly 9 ,we/phalia1 :]e x is f\nd on ! surface ( ! fields4 ,little also has be5 collect$ 9 ?is mann]1 & necess>ily ! quality 0 subject to ! greate/ fluctuations4 ,by ,dr4 ,s*eibl]'s important discov]y1 a new era has begun 9 ! matt] ( /rontianite4 ,deposits ( consid]able importance h be5 op5$ 9 ! ,we/phalian di/ricts at a v great dep?1 & ! supply ( sev]al #aj1jjj tons p] annum seems to be secur$1 :]eas only a %ort "t ago x 0 n ?\ght possible t m ?an a few hundr$ tons c\ld 9 all be provid$4--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p>angi--,a ,,newly ,,describ$ ,,disease4 ,a peculi> contagi\s disease1 call$ framboesia1 or ! yaws1 has long be5 kn[n to exi/ 9 ,africa1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,x is *ronic 9 "*1 & is di/+ui%$ by ! developm5t ( raspb]ry-l tumors ( granulation tissue on diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,a disease ( a some:at simil>1 b sev]] type1 has = _m ye>s prevail$ 9 ,ceylon4 ,ev5 less 0 kn[n ( ?is affection ?an ( its suppos$ cong5]1 until a rec5t c>eful report ^u ! subject by ,mr4 ,w4,r4 ,k9sey1 pr9cipal civil m$ical (fic] ( ,ceylon4 ,! disease 9 "q is call$ p>angi1 & is def9$ by ,mr4 ,k9sey 7,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal7 z a specific disease1 produc$ by su* causes z lead to debilitation ( ! sy/em2 propagat$ by contagion1 g5]ally ?r\gh an abrasion or sore1 b sometimes by simple contact ) a s\nd surface2 m>k$ by an ill-def9$ p]iod ( incubation1 foll[$ by c]ta9 premonitory symptoms ref]able to ! g5]al sy/em1 !n by ! evolution ( successive crops ( a *>act]i/ic eruption1 :i* pass on 9 weakly subjects into unheal?y & spread+ ulc]s ^: cicatrices are v prone to contraction2 runn+ a def9ite c\rse2 attack+ all ages1 & am5able to appropriate treatm5t4 ,! disease seems to develop especially 9 places :]e ! wat] supply1 :i* 9 ,ceylon is kept 9 tanks1 is insuffici5t or poor4 ,! bad food1 dirty habits1 & g5]ally unhygi5ic mode ( life ( ! p1 help on ! action ( ! disease4 ,p>angi1 :5 once develop$1 spreads g5]ally by contagion f ! dis*>ges ( ! eruptions & ulc]s4 ,! natural secretions d n convey ! poison4 ,! disease may be inh]it$ also4 ,9 ! cl9ical hi/ory ( ! disease !re are1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,k9sey1 f\r /ages4 ,! fir/ is t ( incubation4 ,x la/s f two weeks to two mon?s4 ,a sore w be f\nd some:]e ^u ! body at ?is "t1 g5]ally ov] "s bony prom95ce4 ,! second is ! /age ( invasion1 & is *>act]iz$ by ! developm5t ( slight fev]1 malaise1 dull pa9s 9 ! jo9ts4 ,z ?is /age comes on ! initial sore heals4 ,?is second /age la/s only f two to sev5 days1 & ends ) an eruption :i* u%]s 9 ! ?ird /age4 ,! eruption appe>s 9 successive crops1 ! fir/ (t5 %[+ itself on ! face1 ! next on ! body1 & ! la/ on ! extremities4 ,?is eruptive /age ( ! disease cont9ues = sev]al weeks or mon?s1 & x ends ei!r 9 convalesc5ce or ! onset ( a tra9 ( sequel1 :i* may prolong ! disease = ye>s4 ,p>angi may attack any "o1 ?\gh ! poorly f$ & h\s$ are m susceptible4 ,"o attack seems to conf] immunity f ano!r4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! sequel ( ! disease are mo/ pa9ful1 yet dea? does n (t5 directly result f !m1 nor is p>angi itself a fatal disease4 ,p]sons :o h _h p>angi & pass$ safely ?r\gh x1 are n left 9 impair$ heal? at all1 b (t5 live to an old age4 ,! simil>ity ( ! disease1 9 its cl9ical hi/ory1 to syphilis1 is /rik+4 ,mr4 ,k9sey1 h[ev]1 consid]s x1 z we h /at$1 alli$ to1 if n id5tical ) framboesia4--,m$ical ,record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,ca/or ,,oil ,,sub/itute4 ,s f> back z #ahdi1 ,mr4 ,alex&] ,ure inve/igat$ ! purgative prop]ties ( ! oil ( &a4 ,! specim5 ) :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 tri$ _h n be5 fre%ly prep>$1 & _h inde$ be5 long reg>d$ z a curiosity4 ,twelve ounces 7 alone available1 & x 0 a yell[i% oil1 q bright1 ab\t ! consi/5ce ( oleum oliv1 devoid ( smell1 & free f ! viscid qualities ( ca/or oil4 ,!re 0 a small supply ( &a fruits diff]+ a good deal 9 appe>ance "o f ! o!r1 b we are n aw>e :e!r ^! 7 utiliz$ & ! oil express$2 z f> z our recollection s]ves1 ! subject 0 ab&on$4 ,x 0 kn[n t ! natives ( ,brazil us$ ! se$s z an effici5t purgative 9 doses ( f "o to ?ree1 & x 0 9 contemplation to introduce ?is rem$y into ,engl&1 ?\gh x 0 by no means c]ta9 t "u di/9ctly diff]5t climatic influ5ces equally b5eficial results might be expect$4 ,mr4 ,ure det]m9$1 by actual exp]im5t1 to asc]ta9 ! value ( ! oil 9 8 own hospital practice4 ,he f\nd t small doses 7 bett] ?an l>g] ones1 & 9 sev]al report$ cases x appe>$ t tw5ty drops adm9i/]$ on sug> prov$ successful4 ,oil ( &a-au1 or assu1 !re=e1 w\ld /& mid-way betwe5 ol4 ric9i & ol4 crotonis4 ,^! rese>*es seem to h be5 limit$ to ! orig9al sample1 al?\gh ! results obta9$ w\ld appe> to ju/ify a m ext5d$ trial4 ,m4 ,mello-,oliveira4 ( ,rio ,janeiro1 has endeavor$ to br+ ! rem$y into notice "u ! "n ( ,huile d',&a-,assu1 & possibly may n h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! attempt to introduce x into ,engli% practice4 ,he describes ! &a z a f9e tree 7,johanesia pr9ceps1 ,euphorbiace71 ) num]\s bran*es & p]si/5t leaves1 gr[+ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,brazil1 & kn[n "u ! "n ( coco purgatif4 ,! fruit is quadrangul>1 bilocul>1 ) two k]nels1 :i* on analysis yield an active pr9ciple = :i* ! "n ,johanese9e is propos$4 ,?is is a sub/ance sp>+ly soluble 9 wat] & alcohol1 & insoluble 9 *lor(orm1 b5z9e1 e!r1 & bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,evid5ce d]iv$ f exp]im5ts ) ! sulphate ( ?is pr9ciple did n give uni=m results3 "o op9ion be+ t1 contr>y to ! view ( _m ,brazilian physicians1 ?is salt _h no toxic effect on ei!r m5 or animals4 ,local m$ical te/imony1 h[ev]1 0 entirely 9 favor ( ! oil4 ,dr4 ,torrs1 pr(essor at ,rio ,janeiro1 us+ a dose ( two teaspoonfuls1 _h be5 successful4 ,dr4 ,taz5da _h obta9$ excell5t results1 & ,dr4 ,ca/ro1 ) a some:at l>g] dose 7#c ijss471 0 ev5 en?usia/ic 9 its praise4 ,x might1 !re=e1 be desirable at a "t :5 new rem$ies are s mu* 9 vogue1 n to ab&on altoge!r a ,brazilian m$icam5t ! value ( :i* is confirm$ bo? by popul> native use & by pr(essional treatm5t4 ,m4 ,mello-,oliveira comes to ! conclusion t oleum &a assu 7or au7 may be employ$ :]ev] ca/or oil is indicat$1 & ) ^! di/9ct advantages3 fir/1 t its dose is consid]ably less2 secondly1 t x is free f disagreeable odor & pung5t ta/e2 & ?irdly1 be+ suffici5tly fluid1 x is n adh]5t to ! m\? s z to r5d] x nause\s to ! pati5t4 ,9 ?is %ort ab/ract ! spell+ ( ! ,fr5* orig9al has be5 reta9$4 ,z ?is !rapeutic ag5t claim$ att5tion ?irty ye>s ago1 & has aga9 be5 deem$ wor?y ( notice 9 sci5tific j\rnals1 "s ( our ent]pris+ ph>maci/s might be incl9$ to add x to ! li/ ( _! comm]cial v5tures4--,*emi/ & ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h\sehold ,,& ,,o!r ,,recipes4 ,mr4 ,jas4 ,w4 ,p>k9son gives 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,confection]'s ,j\rnal ! foll[+ useful recipes3 ,,*ri/mas ,,plum ,,pudd+4 ,/one a p\nd ( bloom rais9s2 wa% & clean a p\nd ( ,zante currants2 m9ce f9ely a p\nd ( beef suet2 mix ) ?is1 9 a l>ge pan1 a p\nd ( /ale bread crumbs & half a p\nd ( sift$ fl\r4 ,beat toge!r 9 ano!r pan six eggs1 & mix ) !m half a p9t ( milk4 ,p\r ?is ov] ! suet & fl\r1 & /ir & beat ! :ole well toge!r2 !n add ! rais9s1 currants1 & a season+ ( gr\nd c9namon1 grat$ nutmeg1 p[d]$ g+]1 & a little gr\nd cloves1 a teaspoonful ( salt1 "o p\nd ( sug>1 & a glass ( ,jamaica rum4 ,?is pudd+ may n[ be boil$ 9 a fl\r$ clo? or 9 an ornam5tal m\ld ti$ up 9 a clo?4 ,9 ei!r way x requires long & con/ant boil+1 six h\rs at lea/ = "o su* z ! above4 ,e pudd+ 9 a clo? %\ld be boil$ briskly1 till f9i%$1 9 pl5ty ( wat]1 9 a l>ge pot1 s z to all[ x to move ab\t freely4 ,to take ! boil$ pudd+ out ( ! clo? )\t break+ x1 dip x into cold wat] = a m9ute or two1 !n place x 9 a r\nd bottom$ bas9 t w j hold x1 untie ! clo? & lay b>e ! pudd+ d[n to ! edge ( ! bas92 !n place ^u x1 upside d[n1 ! di% on :i* x is to be s]v$1 & inv]t ! :ole s t ! pudd+ may re/ on ! di%2 la/ly1 lift (f ! bas9 & remove ! clo?4 ,! use ( ! cold wat] is to *ill & solidify ! surface1 s t x may "p f ! clo? smoo?ly4 ,plum pudd+ may also be bak$ 9 a m\ld or pan1 :i* mu/ be well butt]$ inside be=e p\r+ ! pudd+ into x4 ,two h\rs' boil+ suffices4 ,,plum-,,pudd+ ,,sauce4 ,put into a saucepan two ounces ( be/ butt] & a tablespoonful ( fl\r2 mix ^! well toge!r ) a wood5 spoon1 & /ir 9 half a p9t ( cold wat] & a little salt & pepp]4 ,set ?is on ! fire & /ir con/antly till ne>ly boil+2 !n add half a tumbl] ( ,madeira w9e1 br&y1 or ,jamaica rum1 f9e sug> to ! ta/e1 & a little gr\nd c9namon or grat$ nutmeg4 ,make ! sauce v hot1 & s]ve ov] ea* portion ( ! pudd+4 ,,national ,,plum ,,pudd+4 ,an excell5t plum pudd+ is made z foll[s3 ,half a p\nd ( fl\r1 half a p\nd ( grat$ bread crumbs1 a p\nd ( ,zante currants1 wa%$ & pick$2 a p\nd ( rais9s1 /on$2 an ounce ( mix$ spices1 su* z c9namon1 mace1 cloves1 & nutmeg2 an ounce ( butt]1 two ounces ( blan*$ almonds1 cut small2 six ounces ( pres]v$ citron & pres]v$ orange peel1 cut into small pieces2 f\r eggs1 a little salt1 f\r ounces ( f9e sug>1 & half a p9t ( br&y4 ,mix all ^! well toge!r1 add+ suffici5t milk to br+ ! mixture to a prop] consi/5cy4 ,boil 9 a fl\r$ clo? or m\ld = eight h\rs4 ,,! ,,sauce ,,= ,,! ,,above4 ,into a gill ( melt$ butt] put an ounce ( p[d]$ sug>1 a little grat$ nutmeg1 two w9e glasses ( ,madeira w9e & "o ( ,curacoa4 ,/ir all well toge!r1 make v hot1 & p\r x ov] ! pudd+4 ,,egg-,,nog1 ,,or ,,auld ,,man',s ,,milk4 ,sep>ate ! :ites & yolks ( a doz5 fre% eggs4 ,put ! yolks into a bas9 & beat !m to a smoo? cream ) half a p\nd ( f9ely pulv]iz$ sug>4 ,into ?is /ir half a p9t ( br&y1 & ! same quantity ( ,jamaica rum2 mix all well toge!r & add ?ree qu>ts ( milk or cream1 half a nutmeg 7grat$71 & /ir toge!r4 ,beat ! :ites ( ! eggs to a /iff fro?2 /ir lightly into !m two or ?ree ounces ( ! f9e/ sug> p[d]1 add ?is to ! mixture1 & du/ p[d]$ c9namon ov] ! top4 ,,egg ,,flip4 ,beat up 9 a b[l half a doz5 fre% eggs2 add half a p\nd ( pulv]iz$ sug>2 /ir well toge!r1 & p\r 9 "o qu>t or m ( boil+ wat]1 ab\t half a p9t at a "t1 mix+ well z y p\r x 92 :5 all is 91 add two tumbl]s ( be/ br&y & "o ( ,jamaica rum4 ,,roa/ ,,turkey4 ,! turkey is )\t d\bt ! mo/ savory & f9e/ flavor$ ( all our dome/ic f[ls1 & is ju/ly held 9 ! highe/ e/imation by ! good liv]s 9 all c\ntries :]e x is kn[n4 ,s+e1 draw1 & truss ! turkey 9 ! same mann] z o!r f[ls2 !n fill ) a /uff+ made ( bread crumbs1 butt]1 sweet h]bs rubb$ f9e1 moi/5$ ) eggs & season$ ) pepp]1 salt1 & grat$ nutmeg4 ,sausage meat or a =c$ meat1 made ( boil$ *ick5 meat1 boil$ ham grat$ f9e1 *opp$ oy/]s1 roa/$ or boil$ *e/nuts rubb$ f9e1 /ew$ mu%rooms1 or la/ b n ! lea/ 9 e/imation1 a doz5 f9e truffles cut into pieces & saut$ 9 ! be/ ( butt]1 & add$ "p to ! /uff+ & "p to ! sauce :i* is made f ! dripp+s 7made into a good br[n gravy by ! addition ( a capful ( cold wat] ?ick5$ ) a little fl\r1 ) ! giblets boil$ & *opp$ f9e 9 x74 ,a turkey ( t5 p\nds w require two & a half h\rs' roa/+ & frequ5t ba/+4 ,currant jelly1 cranb]ry jelly1 or cranb]ry sauce %\ld always be on ! table ) roa/ turkey4 ,,woodcocks ,,& ,,snipe4 ,"s epicures say t ! woodcock %\ld nev] be drawn1 b t !y %\ld be fa/5$ to a small bird spit1 & %\ld be put to roa/ be=e a cle> fire2 a slice ( toa/1 put 9 a pan bel[ ea* bird1 9 ord] to cat* ! trail2 ba/e !m ) melt$ butt]2 lay ! toa/ on a hot di%1 & ! birds on ! toa/4 ,!y require f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes to roa/4 ,snipe are dress$ 9 ! same mann]1 b require less "t to cook4 ,my pet plan to cook woodcock is to draw ! bird & split x d[n ! back1 & !n to broil x1 ba/+ x ) butt]2 *op up ! inte/9es1 season !m ) pepp] & salt1 & saute !m on a fry+ pan ) butt]2 lay ! birds on toa/ ^u a hot di% & p\r ! saute ov] !m4 ,,canvas-,,back ,,ducks4 ,select "y fat ducks2 pick !m nicely1 s+e1 & draw !m c>efully )\t wa%+ !m s z to pres]ve ! blood & consequ5tly ! full flavor ( ! bird2 !n truss x & place x on ! spit be=e a brisk fire1 or 9 a pan 9 a hot ov5 = at lea/ fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes2 !n s]ve x hot ) its own gravy1 :i* is =m$ by its own blood & juices1 on a hot di%4 ,x may also be a little less cook$1 & !n c>v$ & plac$ on a *af+ di% ) r$ currant jelly1 port w9e1 & a little butt]4 ,,pheasants4 ,a pheasant %\ld h a cle>1 /eady fire1 b n a fi]ce "o4 ,! pheasant1 be+ a r dry bird1 requires to be l>d$1 or put a piece ( beef or a rump /eak into ! inside ( x be=e roa/+4 ,,wild ,,ducks4 ,9 ord] to s]ve ^! birds 9 _! mo/ succul5t /ate & f9e/ flavor1 let !m hang 9 _! fea!rs = a few days aft] be+ %ot2 !n pluck1 clean1 & draw1 & roa/ !m 9 a quick ov5 or be=e a brisk fire2 dr$ge & ba/e !m well1 & all[ !m tw5ty m9utes to roa/2 s]ve !m ) gravy sauce & r$ currant jelly1 or ) a gravy sauce to :i* a *opp$ %allot & ! juice ( an orange has be5 add$4 ,,wild ,,f[l ,,sauce4 ,! foll[+ exquisite sauce is applicable to all wild f[l3 ,take "o saltspoon ( salt1 half to two-?irds salt spoon ( ,cay5ne1 "o dess]t spoon lemon juice1 "o dess]t spoon p[d]$ sug>1 two dess]t spoons ,h>vey sauce1 ?ree dess]t spoons port w9e1 well mix$ & heat$2 score ! bird & p\r ! sauce ov] x4 ,,br[n ,,fricassee ,,( ,,rabbits4 ,cut a c\ple ( rabbits into jo9ts1 fry ^! 9 a little fre% butt] till !y are ( a light br[n color2 !n put !m into a /ewpan1 ) a p9t ( wat]1 two tablespoonfuls ( lemon juice1 ! same ( mu%room cat*up1 "o ( ,worce/] sauce1 & a c\ple ( burnt onions1 a little ,cay5ne & salt2 /ew ov] a sl[ fire till p]fectly done2 !n take out ! meat1 /ra9 ! gravy1 & ?ick5 x ) a little fl\r if necess>y2 make x q hot1 & p\r x ov] ! rabbits4 ,,orange ,,pudd+4 ,beat up ! yolks ( eight eggs1 grate ! yell[ r9ds f two oranges1 add ^! to a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( f9ely p[d]$ sug>1 ! same weight ( fre% butt]1 ?ree teaspoonfuls ( orange-fl[] wat]1 two glasses ( %]ry w9e1 two or ?ree /ale ,naples biscuits or lady f+]s1 & a teacupful ( cream4 ,l9e a di% ) puff pa/e1 p\r 9 ! +r$i5ts1 & bake = half an h\r 9 a good ov54 ,,v5ison ,,pa/ry4 ,a neck or brea/ ( v5ison is r5d]$ v savory by treat+ x z foll[s3 ,take (f ! sk9 & cut ! meat (f ! bones into pieces ( ab\t an in* squ>e2 put ^!1 ) ! bones1 into a /ewpan1 cov] !m ) veal or mutton bro?1 add two ?irds ( a teaspoon ( p[d]$ mace1 half a doz5 allspice1 ?ree %allots *opp$ f9e1 a teaspoonful ( salt1 a saltspoon ( ,cay5ne1 & a tumbl] ( port w9e2 /ew ov] a sl[ fire until ! meat is half done1 !n take x out & let ! gravy rema9 on ! fire t5 or fifte5 m9utes long]4 ,l9e a good siz$ di% ) pa/ry1 arrange y\r meat on x1 p\r ! gravy ^u x ?r\gh a sieve1 add+ ! juice ( a lemon2 put on ! top cru/1 & bake = a c\ple ( h\rs 9 a sl[ ov54 ,,*ri/mas ,,r$ ,,r\nd4 ,rub well into a r\nd ( beef a half p\nd ( saltpet]1 f9ely p[d]$4 ,next day mix half an ounce ( cloves1 half an ounce ( black pepp]1 ! same quantity ( gr\nd allspice1 ) half a p\nd ( salt2 wa% & rub ! beef 9 ! br9e = a =tnight1 add+ e o!r day a tablespoonful ( salt4 ,at ! expiration ( ! =tnight1 wipe ! beef q free f ! br9e1 & /uff e int]/ice t y c f9d ) equal portions ( *opp$ p>sley1 & mix$ sweet h]bs 9 p[d]1 season$ ) gr\nd allspice1 mace1 salt1 & ,cay5ne4 ,d n be sp>+ ( ?is mixture4 ,put ! r\nd into a deep e>!n pan1 fill x ) /rong ale1 & bake x 9 a v sl[ ov5 = eight h\rs1 turn+ x 9 ! liquor e two h\rs1 & add+ m ale if necess>y4 ,?is is an excell5t prep>ation to assi/ 9 ! keep+ ( ! ,*ri/mas season4 ,,plum ,,porridge ,,= ,,*ri/mas ,,fe/ivities4 ,make a good /rong bro? f f\r p\nds ( veal & an equal quantity ( %9 ( beef4 ,/ra9 & skim (f ! fat :5 cold4 ,wa% & /one ?ree p\nds & a half ( rais9s2 wa% & well dry ! same weight ( be/ ,zante currants2 take out ! /ones f two & a half p\nds ( ,fr5* prunes2 grate up ! crumbs ( two small loaves ( :eat bread2 squeeze ! juice ( eight oranges & f\r lemons2 put ^!1 ) a teaspoonful ( p[d]$ c9namon1 a grat$ nutmeg1 half a doz5 cloves1 & five p\nds ( sug> into y\r bro?2 /ir well toge!r1 & !n p\r 9 ?ree qu>ts ( %]ry4 ,set ! vessel conta9+ ! mixture on a sl[ fire4 ,:5 ! +r$i5ts are s(t add six bottles ( hock2 /ir ! porridge well1 & z soon z x boils x is fit = use4 ,,sug>$ ,,pe>s4 ,half a doz5 ( ^? f9e pe>s call$ ! ,b>tlett w make a small di% wor?y ! att5tion ( any good ,*ri/ian :o has a sweet too? 9 8 head4 ,p>e ! fruit1 cut out ! cores1 squeeze lemon juice ov] !m1 :i* w prev5t _! discoloration4 ,boil !m g5tly 9 en\gh sirup to cov] !m till !y become t5d]4 ,s]ve !m cold1 ) ,naples biscuit r\nd ! di%4 ,,table ,,be]4 ,table be] ( a sup]ior quality may be brew$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]1 a process well wor? ! att5tion ( ! g5tleman1 ! me*anic1 & ! f>m]1 :]eby ! be] is altoge!r prev5t$ f work+ out ( ! cask1 & ! f]m5tation conduct$ )\t any app>5t admission ( ! ext]nal air4 ,i h made ! scale = "o b>rel1 9 ord] to make x m g5]ally useful to ! community at l>ge2 h[ev] ! same proportions w answ] = a great] or less quantity1 only proportion+ ! mat]ials & ut5sils4 ,take "o peck ( good malt1 gr\nd1 "o p\nd ( hops1 put !m 9 tw5ty gallons ( wat]1 & boil !m = half an h\r2 !n run !m into a hair-clo? bag or sieve1 s z to keep back ! hops & malt f ! wort1 :i* :5 cool$ d[n to sixty-five degrees by ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]1 add to x two gallons ( molasses1 ) "o p9t1 or a little less1 ( good yea/4 ,mix ^! ) y\r wort1 & put ! :ole into a clean b>rel1 & fill x up ) cold wat] to )9 six in*es ( ! bung hole 7?is space is requisite to leave room = f]m5tation71 bung d[n tight4 ,if brew$ = family use1 w\ld recomm5d putt+ 9 ! cock at ! same "t1 z x w prev5t ! necessity ( di/urb+ ! cask aft]w>d4 ,9 "o =tnight ?is be] may be drawn & w be f\nd to improve to ! la/4 ,,m9ce ,,meat4 ,?is inevitable ,*ri/mas luxury is va/ly improv$ by be+ mix$ "s days be=e x is requir$ = use2 ?is gives ! v>i\s +r$i5ts "t to amalgamate & bl5d4 ,peel1 core1 & *op f9e a p\nd ( pipp9 apples1 wa% & clean a p\nd ( ,zante currants1 /one "o p\nd ( bloom rais9s1 cut into small pieces a p\nd ( citron1 remove ! sk9 & gri/le f a p\nd & a half ( cold roa/ or boil$ beef1 & c>efully pick a p\nd ( beef suet2 *op ^! well toge!r4 ,cut into small bits ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( mix$ c&i$ orange & lemon peel2 mix all ^! +r$i5ts well toge!r 9 a l>ge e>!n pan4 ,grate "o nutmeg1 half an ounce ( p[d]$ g+]1 qu>t] ( an ounce ( gr\nd cloves1 qu>t] ( an ounce ( gr\nd allspice & cori&] se$ mix$1 & half an ounce ( salt4 ,grate ! yell[ r9d ( ?ree lemons1 & squeeze ! juice ov] two p\nds ( f9e sug>4 ,put ! grat$ yell[ r9d & all ! o!r +r$i5ts 9 a pan2 mix well toge!r1 & ov] all p\r "o p9t ( br&y1 "o p9t ( %]ry1 & "o p9t ( h>d cid]2 /ir well toge!r1 cov] ! pan closely1 & :5 ab\t to use ! m9ce meat1 take x f ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,,pumpk9 ,,pie4 ,:at moi/5s ! lip1 & :at bright5s ! eye8 ,:at calls back ! pa/ l ! ri* pumpk9 pie8 ,/ew ab\t two p\nds ( pumpk9s1 !n add to x ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd ( sug>1 & ! same quantity ( butt]1 well work$ toge!r2 /ir ^! into ! pumpk9 & add a teaspoonful ( p[d]$ mace & grat$ nutmeg1 & a little gr\nd c9namon2 !n add a gill ( br&y1 beat !m well toge!r1 & /ir 9 ! yolks ( eight well-beat5 eggs4 ,l9e ! pie plates ) puff pa/e1 fill !m ) ! pumpk9 mixture1 grate a little nutmeg ov] ! top1 & bake4 ,,br&y ,,pun*4 ,take ?ree doz5 lemons1 *ip (f ! yell[ r9ds1 tak+ c>e t none ( ! :ite und]ly+ pi? is tak51 z t w\ld make ! pun* bitt]1 :]eas ! yell[ portion ( ! r9ds is t 9 :i* ! flavor resides & 9 :i* ! cells are plac$ conta9+ ! ess5tial oil4 ,put ?is yell[ r9d into a pun* b[l1 add to x two p\nds ( lump sug>2 /ir ! sug> & peel toge!r ) a wood5 spoon or spatula = ne>ly half an h\r1 !reby extract+ a great] quantity ( ! ess5tial oil4 ,n[ add boil+ wat]1 & /ir until ! sug> is completely dissolv$4 ,squeeze & /ra9 ! juice f ! lemons & add x to ! mixture2 /ir toge!r & ta/e x2 add m acid or m sug>1 z requir$1 & take c>e n to r5d] x too wat]y4 ,ri* ( ! fruit & pl5ty ( sweetness1 is ! maxim4 ,n[ measure ! %]bet1 & to e ?ree qu>ts add a p9t ( cognac br&y & a p9t ( old ,jamaica rum1 ! _s be+ well /irr$ z p\r$ 94 ,?is pun* may be bottl$ & kept 9 a cool cell>2 x w be f\nd to improve ) age4 ,,boeuf ,a ,,la ,,mode 7,,family ,,/yle74 ,! rump is ! mo/ applicable = ?is savory di%4 ,take six or eight p\nds ( x1 & cut x into bits ( a qu>t] ( a p\nd ea*2 *op a c\ple ( onions v f9e2 grate "o or two c>rots2 put ^! into a l>ge /ewpan ) a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( fre% butt]1 or fre% & well cl>ifi$ beef dripp+s2 :ile ?is is w>m+1 cov] ! pieces ( beef ) fl\r2 put !m into ! pan & /ir !m = t5 m9utes1 add+ a little m fl\r by sl[ degrees1 & tak+ great c>e t ! meat does n burn4 ,p\r 91 a little at a "t1 a gallon ( boil+ wat]2 !n add a c\ple ( dra*ms ( gr\nd allspice1 "o ( black pepp]1 a c\ple ( bay leaves1 a p9* ea* ( gr\nd cloves & mace4 ,let all ?is /ew on a sl[ fire1 & v g5tly1 = ?ree h\rs & a qu>t]2 asc]ta9 ) a =k if ! meat be t5d]2 if s1 y may s]ve x 9 a ture5 or deep di%4 ,a well-dress$ salad is ! prop] accompanim5t ( boeuf la mode4 ,,pun* ,,jelly4 ,make a b[l ( pun* accord+ to ! directions = br&y pun*1 only a little /rong]4 ,to e p9t ( pun* add an ounce ( gelat9e dissolv$ 9 half a p9t ( wat]2 p\r ?is into ! pun* :ile q hot1 & !n fill y\r m\lds1 tak+ c>e n to di/urb x until ! jelly is completely set4 ,?is prep>ation is a v agreeable refre%m5t1 b %\ld be us$ 9 mod]ation4 ,! /r5g? ( ! pun* is s artfully conceal$ by its admixture ) ! gelat9e t _m p]sons1 p>ticul>ly ( ! s(t] sex1 h be5 tempt$ to p>take s pl5tifully ( x z to r5d] !m some:at unfit = waltz+ or quadrill+ aft] supp]4 ,,orange ,,salad4 ,?is some:at inappropriately-nam$ di% is made by remov+ ! r9d & cutt+ ! fruit 9 slices crosswise & add+ equal quantities ( br&y & ,madeira1 9 proportion to ! quantity ( fruit ?us dress$1 /rew+ a lib]al all[ance ( f9ely-p[d]$ sug> ov] all4 ,,cranb]ry ,,jelly4 ,put two qu>ts ( cranb]ries into a l>ge e>!n pipk91 & cov] !m ) wat]2 place !m on a mod]ate fire1 & boil !m until !y are r$uc$ to a s(t pulp2 !n /ra9 & press !m ?r\gh a hair sieve into an e>!n or /one w>e pan1 & = ea* p9t ( liquid pulp all[ "o p\nd ( pulv]iz$ sug>2 mix ! pulp & sug> toge!r 9 a bright copp] bas9 & boil1 /irr+ con/antly = t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 or until ! mixture beg9s to coagulate ^u ! spatula2 !n remove x f ! fire & fill y\r m\lds2 let !m /& 9 a cool place to set4 ,:5 want$ = use1 turn x out ( ! m\ld 9 ! same mann] z o!r jellies4 ,,jove',s ,,nect>4 ,= ?ree gallons1 peel ! yell[ r9d f "o & a half doz5 fre% lemons1 v ?91 & /eep ! peel+s = =ty-eight h\rs 9 a gallon ( br&y2 !n add ! juice ( ! lemons1 ) five qu>ts ( wat]1 ?ree p\nds ( loaf sug>1 & two nutmegs grat$2 /ir x till ! sug> is completely dissolv$1 !n p\r 9 ?ree qu>ts ( new milk1 boil+ hot1 & let x /& two h\rs1 aft] :i* run x ?r\gh a jelly bag till x is f9e4 ,?is is fit = imm$iate use1 b may be kept = ye>s 9 bottles1 & w be improv$ by age4 ,,plum1 ,,or ,,black ,,cake4 ,= ?is ,*ri/mas luxury take "o p\nd ( butt] & "o p\nd ( pulv]iz$ sug>2 beat !m toge!r to a cream1 /ir 9 "o doz5 eggs beat5 to a fro?1 beat well toge!r1 & add "o p\nd ( sift$ fl\r2 cont9ue ! beat+ = t5 m9utes1 !n add & /ir 9 ?ree p\nds ( /on$ rais9s1 ?ree p\nds ( ,zante currants1 wa%$1 clean$1 & dri$1 a p\nd & a half ( citron slic$ & cut into small pieces1 ?ree grat$ nutmegs1 qu>t] ( an ounce ( p[d]$ mace1 half an ounce ( p[d]$ c9namon1 & half a teaspoonful ( gr\nd cloves2 mix all well toge!r2 bake 9 a well-butt]$ pan 9 a sl[ ov5 = f\r h\rs & a half4 ,,black ,,cake 7,,p>k9son',s ,,own74 ,if y h lips1 prep>e to smack !m n[4 --,%akspe>e1 slightly alt]$4 ,take "o & a half p\nds ( ! be/ butt]1 & ! same weight ( pulv]iz$ sug>2 beat !m toge!r to a cream2 /ir into ?is two doz5 eggs1 beat5 to a fro?2 add "o gill ( old ,jamaica rum2 !n add "o & a half p\nds ( sift$ fl\r4 ,/ir & beat all well toge!r1 & add two p\nds ( f9e/ bloom rais9s1 /on$2 two p\nds ( ,zante currants1 wa%$1 clean$1 & dri$2 "o p\nd ( pres]v$ citron1 slic$ ?9ly & cut into small pieces2 "o p\nd ( pres]v$ ,fr5* *]ries1 9 halves2 "o p\nd ( gre5 gages1 & "o p\nd ( pres]v$ apricots1 /on$ & cut into small pieces2 half a p\nd ( pres]v$ orange & lemon peel1 mix$1 & cut into small pieces2 ?ree grat$ nutmegs1 half an ounce ( gr\nd mace1 half an ounce ( p[d]$ c9namon1 & a qu>t] ounce ( gr\nd cloves4 ,mix all ! +r$i5ts well toge!r1 & bake 9 a well-butt]$ m\ld or pan1 9 a sl[ ov51 = five & a half h\rs4 ,?is cake is va/ly improv$ by age4 ,^? int5d$ = ! ,*ri/mas fe/ivities %\ld be made at or ab\t ! fir/ ( ,octob]2 !n put ! cake into a r\nd t9 box1 half an in* l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! cake2 !n p\r ov] x a bottle ( ! be/ br&y mix$ ) half a p9t ( pure lemon1 raspb]ry1 /rawb]ry1 or simple sirup1 & "o or m bottles ( *ampagne4 ,n[ put on ! lid ( ! box1 & h x c>efully sold]$ on1 s z to make all p]fectly air-tight4 ,put x away 9 y\r /ore-room1 & let /& till ,*ri/mas1 only rev]s+ ! box occasionally1 9 ord] t ! liquors may p]meate ! cake ?or\ghly4 ,?is h]oic treatm5t causes ! +r$i5ts to amalgamate1 & ! flavors to h>monize & bl5d m freely2 & :51 on ,*ri/mas day1 y br+ out ?is h]mit1 aft] do+ a ?ree mon?s' p5ance 9 a d>k cell1 x w come out ri*1 succul5t1 & unctu\s2 y w n only h a luxury1 fit to set be=e a k+1 or be=e ! ,empress ( ,india1 b fit to cr[n a fea/ ( ! v gods !mselves1 on high ,olympus' top4 ,,potatoes 7,,p>k9son ,,/yle74 ,take two or ?ree f9e :ite potatoes1 raw2 peel & *op !m up v1 v f9e4 ,!n *op up j z f9e ! brea/ ( a good-siz$ boil$ f[l2 !y %\ld be *opp$ z f9e z unboil$ rice2 mix ! meat & ! potatoes toge!r1 & du/ a v little fl\r ov] !m & a p9* or two ( salt4 ,n[ put an ounce or s ( ! be/ butt] into a fry+ pan1 & :5 x is hot1 put 9 ! mixture1 & /ir con/antly ) a wood5 spatula until !y are fri$ to a nice gold5 color1 !n imm$iately s]ve on a hot plate4 ,cold boil$ ham grat$ f9e1 or boil$ beef tongue *opp$ v f9e1 may be us$ in/ead ( *ick51 omitt+ ! salt4 ,a doz5 or two ( prime oy/]s1 p>boil$1 dra9$1 & *opp$ f9e1 mix$ ) ! potatoes prep>$ z above1 & fri$1 makes a mo/ delici\s lun* or supp] di%4 ,try any ( ! above /yles1 & say no1 if y c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,bayeux ,,tape/ry ,,comet4 ,pr(essor ,h9d1 ( ! ,briti% ,nautical ,almanac ,(fice1 rec5tly s5t an int]e/+ lett] to ! ,london ,times on ! comet depict$ 9 t fam\s piece ( embroid]y kn[n z ! ,bayeux ,tape/ry4 ,probably no "o ( ! great comets record$ 9 hi/ory has occasion$ a m pr(\nd impression ^u mank9d 9 ! sup]/iti\s ages ?an ! celebrat$ body :i* appe>$ 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> #ajff1 & 0 reg>d$ z ! precursor ( ! invasion ( ,engl& by ,william ! ,norman4 ,z ,p+re1 ! em95t cometograph]1 rem>ks1 x =ms ! subject ( an inf9ite numb] ( relations 9 ! ,european *ronicles4 ,! comet 0 fir/ se5 9 ,*9a on ,april #b1 #ajff4 ,x appe>$ 9 ,engl& ab\t ,ea/] ,sunday1 ,april #af1 & disappe>$ ab\t ,june #h4 ,pr(essor ,h9d f9ds 9 anci5t ,briti% & ,*9ese records abundant gr\nds = believ+ t ?is visitant 0 only an e>li] appe>ance ( ,halley's great comet1 & he traces back ! appe>ances ( ?is comet at its sev]al p]ihelion passages to ,b4,c4 #ab4 ,! la/ appe>ance ( ,halley's comet 0 9 #ahce1 & accord+ to ,pontec\lant's calculations1 its next p]ihelion passage w take place ,may #bd1 #aiaj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lack ,,( ,,sun ,,light4 ,"s int]e/+ in=mation z to ! way 9 :i* ! human sy/em is affect$ "u ! peculi> conditions ( "w 9 m9es has be5 furni%$ by ,m4 ,fabre1 f exp]i5ces connect$ ) ! coal m9es ( ,france4 ,he f9ds t ! deprivation ( sol> light causes a dim9ution 9 ! pigm5t ( ! sk91 & abs5ce ( sunburn+1 b !re is no globul> anmia--t is1 dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( globules 9 ! blood4 ,int]nal maladies seem to be m r>e4 ,:ile !re is no ess5tial anmia 9 ! m9]s1 ! blood globules are (t5 f\nd small] & pal] ?an 9 normal conditions ( life1 ?is be+ due to respiration ( noxi\s gases1 especially :]e v5tilation is difficult4 ,! m5 :o brea! too mu* ! gases lib]at$ on explosion ( p[d] or dynamite suff] m ?an o!r m9]s f affections ( ! l>ynx1 ! bron*ia1 & ! /oma*4 ,v5tilation sometimes works injury by its cool+ effect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,syn!tic ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,artificial ,,reproduction ,,( ,,meteorites4 ,by means ( igne\s fusion ! au?ors h succe$$ 9 reproduc+ two types ( cry/all9e associations1 :i*1 9 _! m9]alogical composition & ! pr9cipal features ( _! /ructure1 are analog\s1 if n id5tical ) c]ta9 oligosid]ic meteorites4 ,! only notable diff]5ce results f ! habitual brec*oid /ate ( ! meteorites1 :i* contra/s ) /ate ( quiet solidification ( ! artificial comp\nds4--,f4 ,f\qu & ,mi*el ,lvy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,t]ms ( ,subscription1 #e a ,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cg ,,p>k ,,r[1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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