,,essays ,,9 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,agriculture4 ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,?omas ,,g>nett1 ,,( ,,l[ ,,moor1 ,,cli!roe4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! ,,*iswick ,,press4 #ahhc4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,facts ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,salmon4 ,introductory ,obs]vations ,! ,salmon ent]s & asc5ds ,riv]s = o!r purposes besides ,propagation ,sugge/ions = an alt]ation 9 ! ,laws reg>d+ ,salmon ,artificial ,bre$+ ( ,fi% ,artificial ,propagation ( ,fi% ,rem>ks on a ,propos$ ,bill = ! bett] ,pres]vation ( ,salmon ,,lett]s ,,on ,,agricultural ,,subjects4 ,on ! ,cultivation ( ,:eat on ! same ,l& 9 ,successive ,ye>s ,! ,cultivation ( ,:eat ,on ! ,gravell+ ( ,clay ,soils ,cotton ,,pap]s ,,on ,,natural ,,hi/ory4 ,wr5s' ,ne/s ,! ,long-tail$ ,titm\se ,id5tity ( ! ,gre5 ) ! ,wood ,s&pip] ,! ,/oat ,! ,m>% ,titm\se ,creep] ,wr5s' ,ne/s ,al>m-note ( "o ,bird und]/ood by o!r ,species ( ,birds ,dates ( ! appe>ance ( "s ,spr+ ,birds 9 #ahcb1 at ,cli!roe ,! ,rook ,s]viceable to ,man4--,prejudice aga9/ x ,s&pip]s ,on ,birds ,dress+ _! ,fea!rs ) ,oil f a ,gl& ,mock+ p[]s ( ! ,s$ge-w>bl] ,! ,wat] ,ouzel ,scolopax1 ,sab9es1 ,sab9e's ,snipe ,fi% & o!r ,riv] ,ph5om5a ,lampreys ,on ! ,spawn+ ( ! ,m9n[ ,eels ,on ! ,possibility ( ,introduc+ ,salmon into ,new ,zeal& & ,au/ralia ,on ! ,=mation ( ,ice at ! bottom ( ,riv]s ,on ! ,production ( ,ice at ! bottoms ( ,riv]s ,gossam] 99 99 99 99 99 ,,facts ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,salmon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,facts ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,salmon4 ,9 ! foll[+ obs]vations ,i int5d to (f] "s rem>ks on ! v>i\s migratory fi% ( ! g5us ,salmo2 & !n "s facts & op9ions :i* t5d to %[ ! importance ( "s *ange 9 ! laws :i* are n[ 9 =ce reg>d+ !m4 ,we h fir/ ! ,salmon2 :i*1 9 ! ,ribble1 v>ies 9 weight f five to ?irty p\nds4 ,we nev] see ! fi% "h be=e ,may1 & !n v r>ely2 a few come 9 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/ if !re are high floods 9 ! riv]1 & ab\t ! latt] end ( ,septemb] !y become tol]ably abundant2 z ! fi%]ies ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] h !n ceas$ = ! season1 & ! ,salmon run v freely up ! riv] f t "t to ! middle or end ( ,decemb]4 ,!y beg9 to spawn at ! latt] end ( ,octob]1 b ! great] "p ( ^? t spawn "h d s 9 ,decemb]4 ,i believe ne>] ! s\rce ( ! riv] !y are e>li]1 b _m fi% are se5 on ! spawn+ b$s 9 ,janu>y2 & ,i h ev5 se5 a pair s late z ,m>*2 b ?is la/ is ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,"s ( ! male ,kipp] 7,kelts7 come d[n 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 b ! great] "p ( ! females rema9 9 ! riv] until ,april1 & !y are occasionally se5 h]d+ ) %oals ( ,smolts 9 ,may4 ,9 ?is /ate !y w take a worm v readily1 & are1 _m ( !m1 caught ) ! fly 9 ! deeps2 b !y are unfit to eat1 ! fle% be+ :ite1 loose1 & insipid2 al?\gh !y h lo/ ! r$ d+y appe>ance :i* !y _h :5 ab\t to spawn1 & are almo/ z bright z ! fre% fi%1 _! l>ge heads & lank bodies r5d] x suffici5tly easy to di/+ui% !m f fi% :i* are only asc5d+ ! riv]1 ev5 if ! latt] 7 pl5tiful at ?is season2 b ?is is un=tunately n ! case4 ,secondly1 we h ! ,mort4 ,i am n sure :e!r ?is fi% is :at is call$ ! ,grilse 9 ,scotl&1 or :e!r x is ! ,sea ,tr\t ( t c\ntry2 x is a h&some fi%1 weigh+ f "o & a half to ?ree p\nds4 ,we fir/ see ,morts 9 ,june2 f t "t to ! end ( ,septemb] !y are pl5tiful 9 fav\rable seasons 9 ! ,hodd]1 a tribut>y /ream ( ! ,ribble1 al?\gh !y are nev] v num]\s 9 ! ,ribble above ! m\? ( t /ream4 ,x is ! op9ion ( ! fi%]m5 "h t ?is is a di/9ct species2 my own op9ion is1 t x is a "y ,salmon1 & yet1 if ,i 7 call$ ^u to give reasons = ?9k+ s1 ,i c\ld n (f] any v conclusive ones3 ! be/ ,i h is1 t !re is no p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! fry :5 go+ d[n to sea4 ,x may be said1 ,h[ d y "k t "o ( ! ?ree or f\r v>ieties ( ,smolts :i* y describe fur!r on1 is n ! fry ( ! ,mort8 ,to ?is objection1 if made1 ,i say t ^! v>ieties exi/ 9 ! ,:>fe1 :]e1 ow+ ei!r to natural or artificial causes1 !re is nev] ei!r a ,mort or a ,sprod 7,:itl+87 se54 ,?irdly1 we h ! ,sprod1 :i* is1 ,i believe1 synonym\s ) ! ,:itl+1 ,:it+1 or ,birl+ ( ,scotl&4 ,x is a beautiful fi% ( six or eight ounces 9 weight1 & has m ! appe>ance ( ! ,salmon ?an ! ,mort2 x seldom asc5ds ! riv] be=e ,july1 &1 l ! ,mort1 is f> m abundant 9 ! ,hodd] ?an 9 ! ,ribble2 ?is fi% sometimes rises pretty freely at ! fly1 & :5 x does s1 makes a v h&some addition to ! angl]'s basket1 b at o!r times x is difficult to hook1 because ( its %yness4 ,x disappe>s 9 a great measure ab\t ,septemb]4 ,f\r?ly1 we h ! ,p9k1 or ,p>1 :i* is f\nd ( two or ?ree sizes 9 ! ,ribble2 ! l>ge/ are all males1 & 9 ,octob] ! milt 9 !m is l>ge2 !y are small fi%es1 rang+ 9 weight f ab\t "o to ?ree ounces ea*1 & x is well rem>k$ by ! au?or ( t delightful book ,wild ,sports ( ! ,we/1 !y h v mu* ! appe>ance ( ,hybrids betwe5 ! ,salmon & ! ,tr\t2 !y rise v freely at ! fly & maggot1 f ,july to ,octob]1 & af=d good sport to ! angl] :o is satisfi$ ) cat*+ small fi%4 ,i tru/ ,i %all be able 9 ! foll[+ pages to give "s in=mation respect+ ?is fi% :i* w assi/ 9 dispell+ ! my/]y 9 :i* its natural hi/ory has be5 envelop$4 ,i w n[ m5tion a few ( ! op9ions respect+ ! v>i\s species ( ! ,salmon1 & also my own1 :5 !y are at v>iance ) ! g5]ally receiv$ ones1 & give ! facts & reason+s :i* h induc$ me to =m ^? op9ions1 & ,i %all be v glad1 if ,i am 9 error on any ( ^! po9ts1 if "s "o ( my read]s1 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! subject ?an ,i am1 w take ! tr\ble to set me "r4 ,x seems to be ! op9ion ( _m1 inde$ ( mo/ p]sons1 t ! ,salmon spawns f ,novemb] to ,febru>y1 t ! "y fry1 or ,smolts1 g d[n to ! sea 9 ! ,april or ,may foll[+2 my own op9ion is t !y /ay 9 ! riv] mu* long]4 ,! ,grilse is by _m believ$ to be a di/9ct species1 :il/ o!rs /\tly ma9ta9 t x is a "y ,salmon4 ,! te/imony ( ! witnesses f ! ,sev]n1 ! ,wye1 ! ,lee1 ne> ,cork1 & ! ,ness 7see ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,select ,committees ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahbd & #ahbe71 w\ld lead "o to suppose t ! fi% 7 9 be/ season f ,novemb] to ,m>*1 :il/ ! evid5ce ( ! witnesses f o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom goes to prove t ?is is ! v wor/ p]iod = cat*+ !m4 ,"o ma9ta9s t ea* riv] has its own v>iety ( fi%1 :i* c be di/+ui%$ f ! fi% ( any o!r riv]2 ano!r cont5ds t !re is no su* diff]5ce2 a ?ird /ates t /ake nets are exce$+ly injuri\s to ! bre$ ( ! fi%2 & a f\r? atte/s t /ake nets only cat* ! fi% :5 !y are 9 ! be/ season1 t nei!r ,kelt nor fry are tak5 9 !m1 & t if !y 7 prohibit$ x w\ld only be pres]v+ ! fi% = ! grampuses & seals2--9 %ort1 ! evid5ce reg>d+ bo? _! habits1 & ! be/ mode ( cat*+ !m1 hav+ 9 view ! pres]vation & increase ( ! bre$1 is s completely contradictory z to leave a d\bt 9 ! m9d ( e "o :o reads x1 & has no o!r means ( =m+ an op9ion4 ,i w endeav\r to %[ 9 "s in/ances :i* ( ! te/imonies is correct1 & x w be = my read]s to judge h[ f> ,i succe$1 & ,i hope !y w be s oblig+ z to correct any error into :i* ,i may fall4 ,fir/4--,x is my op9ion t ! fry ( ,salmon are mu* old] :5 !y leave ! riv] ?an seems to be g5]ally suppos$1 & t ! gr[? ( ?is fi% is by no means s rapid z x is consid]$ to be by ^? :o h writt5 ^u ! subject4 ,= sev]al ye>s previ\s to #ahaf ! ,salmon 7 unable to asc5d into ! upp] p>ts ( ! riv] ,:>fe1 be+ prev5t$ ei!r by ! high weirs 9 ! l[] p>ts1 or by "s o!r cause1 & ( c\rse !re 7 no ,smolts or ,p>2 b 9 t ye> ei!r ! incessant ra9s ( t summ] or rum\rs ( ! =mation ( an association = ! protection ( fi%1 or "s o!r unkn[n cause1 enabl$ "s ,salmon to asc5d ! riv]1 ?irty or =ty miles1 & to spawn !re4 ,9 ! next spr+1 #ahag1 !re 7 no ,smolts1 b ab\t ,septemb] !y began to rise at ! v small flies :i* ! angl]s use 9 t riv]--!y 7 !n a little l>g] ?an ,m9n[s4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahah !re 7 blue ,smolts1 or :at are g5]ally kn[n z ,salmon fry1 :i* w5t d[n to ! sea 9 ! ,may ( t ye>2 b ^! 7 only "p ( ! brood1 ! females only1 ! males rema9+ all t summ]1 be+ at ! p]iod :5 ! females w5t d[n v mu* small] ?an !y1 & :at 0 call$ at ! ,:>fe ,grey ,smolt & ,p9ks1 or ,p> else:]e4 ,i h %[n t !re 7 two migrations f ! spawn ( #ahaf2 b ?is 0 n all--!re /ill rema9$ a few ,smolts ?r\gh ! summ] ( #ahai1 :i* by t "t 7 f f\r to six ounces 9 weight1 & :i* are kn[n by ! angl]s !re z ,brambl+ ,smolts4 ,! blue m>ks on _! sides are v di/9ct1 & ! fi% is a p]fect ,smolt1 except t x is consid]ably l>g]4 ,x is q diff]5t f ! ,:itl+1 or ,sprod1 :i* is n kn[n 9 ! ,:>fe1 at lea/ n 9 ! upp] p>ts ( t riv]1 :il/ ! ,brambl+ is nev] se5 9 ! ,ribble4 #a ,! ,brambl+ is a beautiful fi%1 & x rises v freely bo? at ! ,may fly & ! artificial fly ?r\gh ! summ]2 x is occasionally caught by angl]s ) ! worm on ! ,salmon spawn+ b$s 9 ! autumn1 ) ! milt p]fectly develop$1 & 9 a fluid /ate4 ,al?\gh ?is fi% is n f\nd 9 ! ,ribble1 s f> z my obs]vations & inquiries h gone1 ,i believe t x is f\nd 9 ! ,twe$1 & p]haps also 9 o!r riv]s runn+ into ! ,g]man ,ocean2 = a lett] address$ to ,mr4 ,k5n$y1 :o 0 *airman ( ! select committee appo9t$ to inve/igate ?is subject1 by a ,mr4 ,george ,h\y1 /ates t ! ,smolts are sometimes f\nd !re t5 in*es long1 :i* he attributes to _! n be+ able to get d[n at ! prop] p]iod = want ( a flood 9 ! riv]4 ,b ,i "k t 9 ! ,ribble ,smolts w g d[n to ! sea )\t !re be+ a flood at all1 if t does n come )9 t5 days or a =tnight ( ! "t at :i* !y usually desc5d to ! sea4 ,i also "k t ,brambl+ are f\nd 9 ! ,:>fe1 9 ye>s :]e !re has be5 no defici5cy 9 t respect2 yet :y !y %\ld be common 9 t riv]1 :5 !y are nev] met ) 9 ! ,ribble1 :i* has t5 times z _m ,salmon & ,smolts 9 x1 ,i am unable to compreh5d4 ,x is my op9ion t ! ova ( ! ,salmon are n hat*$ be=e ,m>* or ,april4 ,two angl]s1 :o 7 9 ,april wad+ 9 ! riv] ,:>fe1 came ^u a spawn+ b$1 :i* !y _h ! curiosity to exam9e2 !y f\nd a numb] ( ova1 9 :i* !y c\ld see ! "y fry already alive1 & "o ( !m took ^! eggs home ) him4 ,by regul>ly & frequ5tly supply+ !m ) fre% wat]1 he succe$$ 9 hat*+ !m1 & kept "s ( ! "y fi%es alive = "s "t2 b !y di$ 9 consequ5ce ( neglect1 & 7 ev5 !n v dim9utive4 ,! op9ion g5]ally receiv$ 9 ,scotl& seems to be1 if ,i may judge f ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 t ! ,smolts g d[n to ! sea 9 ! spr+ aft] !y are spawn$1 & t !y return 9 ! summ] & autumn ( ! same ye> z ,grilse4 ,:5 !y return1 & :at size !y are on _! fir/ visit1 ,i h hi!rto be5 unable to asc]ta92 b ,i ?9k ,i h succe$$ 9 prov+ t !y d n g to ! sea s soon z is g5]ally believ$1 nor d any ( ! witnesses give _! reasons = ?9k+ t !y d4 ,i %\ld v mu* l to le>n :at evid5ce !y h to (f] 9 behalf ( ?is op9ion4 ,i rememb] see+ an article 9 ! ,scotsman1 p]haps ab\t twelve mon?s ago1 9 :i* x 0 /at$ t ,dr4 ,knox _h made "s important discov]ies 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,salmon & ,h]r+1 bo? 9 _! food & propagation1 &1 if ,i recollect aright1 x /at$ t he _h asc]ta9$ t ! eggs rema9$ sev]al mon?s 9 ! gravel1 & t !n1 9 a few days or weeks aft]1 !y 7i4e4 ! fi% hat*$ f !m7 7 s mu* gr[n z to g d[n to ! sea2 b none ( ! data :i* enabl$ him to arrive at ?is conclusion 7 giv51 & s9ce !n ,i h he>d no?+ ab\t ! matt]4 ,z x is s long s9ce ,i read ?is article1 ,i may h quot$ x incorrectly1 b ,i believe its sub/ance 0 :at ,i h /at$4 ,! only conclusive evid5ce ,i c f9d ab\t ! hat*+ ( ,salmon fry is t ( ,mr4 ,george ,hog>? 7second ,p>l4 ,report1 p4 #ib71 & 8 acc\nt agrees ) my own3 he /ates t he took ,salmon spawn f ! spawn+ b$s1 & by keep+ x freely suppli$ ) fre% wat]1 he succe$$ 9 hat*+ "s ( ! eggs2 he gives draw+s ( ! appe>ance ( ! fry 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t /ages1 f ! egg to ! age ( eight days 7see ,app5dix to second ,p>l4 ,report71 t ! "y fry1 by keep+ !m well suppli$ ) fre% wat]1 7 v lively & vigor\s = ?ree weeks1 b t !y aft] ?is "t appe>$ to gr[ languid & uneasy1 & z !y w\ld eat no?+ !y di$ :5 "o in* long4 ,un=tunately he does n /ate at :at "t ( ! ye> !y 7 hat*$1 b if ?is 7 9 ,m>* or ,april1 :i* ,i see no reason to d\bt1 x is suffici5t to prove t !y w\ld n rea* ! size t ,smolts are :5 !y leave ! riv] = ! sea2 = suppos+ !m to be hat*$ ! la/ week 9 ,m>*1 & t !y liv$ a mon?1 ?is w\ld br+ u to ! "t :5 !y are ab\t to migrate1 at :i* "t !y av]age m ?an six in*es long2 _m ( !m are eight in*es1 & at ?is p]iod !y are fond ( fe$+ ^u worms1 flies1 maggots1 & caddis worms1 z is kn[n to e s*oolboy liv+ on ! banks ( a riv] frequ5t$ by ,salmon4 ,x is also my op9ion t nei!r ,salmon nor ,tr\t spawn e ye>1 #b = ,salmon asc5d ! riv] z e>ly z ,janu>y1 9 ! highe/ condition1 ) roe 9 !m no bigg] ?an mu/>d se$3 ^! c\ld n h spawn$ t season1 z ! ,kelts1 p>ticul>ly ! females1 d n return to ! sea until ,m>* or ,april1 #c & at t "t !y are 9 v bad condition1 & d n appe> to h a p>ticle ( spawn 9 !m2 & 9 ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,mack5zie 7see ,p>l4 ,rep41 p4 #ba71 we h an acc\nt ( a ,grilse ,kelt :i* 0 caught & m>k$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahbc1 & 0 aga9 caught z a ,salmon on its return to ! riv] 9 ,m>*1 #ahbd4 ,9 ?is case ! fi% _h evid5tly requir$ a resid5ce ( twelve mon?s 9 ! sea be=e x 0 9 a condition to visit ! riv] a second "t1 & 9 ! ,:>fe x is ! con/ant practice ( ! angl] to cat* ,tr\t ?r\gh ! w9t] ) v m9ute roe 9 !m1 & 9 high condition ) ! worm & ,salmon roe1 & also ) night l9es4 ,9 fact1 "o ( ! fi%]m5 has frequ5tly rem>k$ to me t he occasionally caught di%es ( ,tr\t ) ! fly 9 ,janu>y1 & 9 f9] condition1 ?an he has f\nd !m 9 ,april1 :i* he acc\nt$ = by say+ t ! spawn$ fi% 7,kelts7 ( t season _h n begun to rise freely at ! fly at ! =m] p]iod1 b !y _h at ! latt]1 s t 8 panni] conta9$ z _m ,kelts z fre% fi%4 ,ano!r reason has j occurr$ to me3 x is1 t 9 ,janu>y ! spawn$ fi% w /ill be 9 ! small brooks 9 :i* !y are s fond ( bre$+1 & ( c\rse ! bulk ( ! fi% rema9+ 9 ! riv] at t "t w\ld be fi% 9 good season4 ,z x is "s ye>s s9ce ,i acquir$ ?is in=mation1 or at lea/ a "p ( x1 ,i felt afraid ( giv+ x incorrectly2 & ,i !re=e address$ a lett] to a fri5d liv+ on ! banks ( ! ,:>fe1 reque/+ him to s5d me all ! in=mation 9 8 possession on ?is subject1 t d]iv$ f 8 own obs]vations1 z well z t collect$ f o!rs4 ,he has s9ce ! above 0 writt5 s5t me ! foll[+ reply3--,i h se5 ,rob9son 7"o ( ! be/ angl]s & fly mak]s betwe5 ,cornwall & ,cai?ness71 & h _h "s conv]sation ) him on ! subject ( ,salmon1 c4 ,he is ( op9ion t ! spawn ( ! ,salmon rema9s five mon?s 9 ! gravel be=e hat*+2 he exam9$ ! spawn 9 ,april1 & f\nd ! "y fry alive 9 ! eggs1 & ,+ham1 ano!r angl]1 took "s home & kept "o ( ! ,smolts two or ?ree mon?s4 ,i h subsequ5tly se5 ,+ham1 & he has giv5 me ! same acc\nt4 ,all ! fi%]m5 "h are ( op9ion t ! female ,smolts rema9 "o ye>1 & ! males two ye>s1 be=e !y g d[n to ! sea4 ,! ,brambl+s are suppos$ to be ,smolts :i* rema9 a ye> long] ?an ! usual "t2 !y are few 9 numb]1 & are g5]ally tak5 ) ! ,may fly4 ,i h no d\bt t ! above op9ions are correct1 = we h n[ ?ree di/9ct sizes ( ,smolts 9 ! riv] exclusive ( ,brambl+s1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* are ne>ly f\r ounces 9 weight1 & are all males1 z !y conta9 milt 9 ,octob] & ,novemb]4 ,! next are ! females ( ! pres5t ye>3 ,i h _h "o s9ce ! receipt ( y\r lett]1 :i* weigh$ half an ounce & measur$ five in*es 9 l5g?2 ?is 0 a real blue ,smolt2 ! ?ird are ! males ( ! same age1 & are mu* small]2 ^! are occasionally tak5 ) ! worm1 & w rise at ! fly all ! next summ]4 ,we 7 = sev]al ye>s1 b ,i d n "k ! dates1 entirely )\t ,salmon1 & ( c\rse )\t ,smolts2 & we inv>iably f\nd t ! ,smolts made _! appe>ance ! ye> aft] ! ,salmon1 b 7 v small till ! second ye>1 :5 we _h :at we call blue ,smolts1 :i* disappe>$ 9 ,may or ,june2 & :at y call$ ,p9ks1 :i* rema9$ till ! foll[+ ye>2 & ,brambl+ ,smolts1 :i* rema9$ ano!r ye>4 ,! fi%]m5 "h are also ( op9ion t nei!r ,salmon nor ,tr\t spawn e ye>4 ,rob9son says t "o day lately 7! lett] is dat$ ,decemb] #ac?7 he caught sev5 ,tr\ts1 six ( :i* 7 9 good season2 & he br\ght me two ! o!r day1 "o ( :i* conta9$ roe1 & ! o!r 0 9 excell5t condition4 ,my fri5d /ates1 9 a subsequ5t communication1 t "o ( ! fi%]m5 _h told him t he _h caught ! male ,smolt 7,p>7 m abundantly on ! ,salmon spawn+ b$s ?an else:]e1 & my fri5d adds t ! op9ion !re is1 t if a female ,salmon gets up to ! spawn+ b$s1 & if no male accompanies h]1 yet h] eggs are fecundat$ by ! male ,smolts2 & !y allege1 9 support ( ?is op9ion1 t a female got up "o season & spawn$1 & ?\gh no male 0 se5 ne> h] h] eggs 7 prolific4 ,i m5tion ?is1 al?\gh ,i appreh5d x is evid5ce :i* ! unbeliev] w consid] inadmissible1 = ?\gh no male 0 se51 /ill !re may h be5 "o1 or admitt+ t "o did spawn1 )\t be+ accompani$ by a male1 yet ano!r1 :i* contriv$ to br+ h] mate along ) h]1 may h spawn$ 9 ! same place ! same season2 yet1 not)/&+ its liability to ^! objections1 ,i h no d\bt myself t if a female 7 to come alone h] eggs w\ld be impregnat$ by ! ,p>4 ,x is an excell5t maxim1 t ,nature makes no useless provisions2 yet1 if we admit t ,p> are "y ,salmon1 = :at purpose is ! milt if n to impregnate ,salmon roe8 & if we d5y ?is to be ! fact1 we mu/ endeav\r to %[ t !re are female ,p>1 b 9 all my exam9ations1 ,i h nev] be5 able to meet ) "o t conta9$ roe4 ,t ! ,grilse are ,salmon is prov$ ,i ?9k suffici5tly by ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,/eph5s /ates 7see ,rep41 p4 #eb7 t he has kn[n ,grilse kept 9 a salt-wat] pond until !y became ,salmon1 & t fry t _h be5 m>k$ came back t ye> z ,grilse1 & ! ye> aft] z ,salmon2 & ,mr4 ,george ,hog>? /ates t he has (t5 se5 a ,salmon & a ,grilse work+ toge!r on ! spawn+ b$s1 z two ,salmon1 or two ,grilse2 & ,mr4 ,mack5zie /ates 7page #ba7 t he1 9 ,m>*1 #ahbc1 m>k$ a ,grilse ,kelt ) brass wire1 & caught x aga9 9 ,m>*1 #ahbd1 a ,salmon ( sev5 p\nds weight4 ,! te/imony ( ! witnesses f ! ,ness1 ! ,sev]n1 ! ,lee1 & "s o!r riv]s1 is too positive & too well support$ to admit ( any d\bt z to ! excell5t condition ( _m ( ! fi% asc5d+ ^? riv]s 9 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 & ,janu>y--a p]iod :5 !y are out ( season1 & full ( spawn g5]ally1 & ev5 :5 _m fi% are caught 9 ^? riv]s 9 ! same unseasonable condition4 ,! fact t !re are _m fi% 9 f9e season 9 ^? mon?s may be1 ,i ?9k1 acc\nt$ =1 if we admit t ,salmon spawn e o!r ye>1 :i* ,i h ,i ?9k %[n to be v probable2 b :at x is t induces ^? fi% to asc5d riv]s s _m mon?s be=e ! spawn+ season1 ,i _c expla94 ,probably !re may be "s quality 9 ! wat]s ( ^! riv]s1 all ! ye>1 :i* is cong5ial to ! habits ( ! fi%1 :ile ! same quality may only be f\nd dur+ "p ( ! ye> 9 o!rs2 x is c]ta9 t ! quality ( ! wat]s 9 riv]s g5]ally v>ies v mu* ) ! season3 ?us ! wat] ( ! ,ribble1 aft] a flood 9 summ]1 is always ( a d>k br[n col\r1 be+ s col\r$ by ! peat moss ov] :i* x passes1 :ile 9 w9t] no su* t+e c be obs]v$2 & !re may be o!r diff]5ces ) :i* we are unacqua9t$2 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is is ! true reason or n1 x c]ta9ly _c be t ! fi% :i* spawn 9 ,octob] are impell$ by _! desire to propagate _! species to asc5d ! riv] ! ,janu>y be=e2 & if ?is long resid5ce 9 fre% wat] 7 necess>y = ! prop] developm5t ( ! ova 9 "o riv]1 we might suppose x w\ld be necess>y 9 all2 yet ?is is n ! case1 z ! r$ fi% :i* asc5d ! riv] 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb] h at t "t ! spawn 9 !m ne>ly ready = exclusion4 ,on "o po9t1 ab\t :i* !re is great diff]5ce ( op9ion1 viz4 :e!r ! fi% :i* are br$ 9 ! riv] g5]ally resort to x aga91 & :e!r ea* riv] has its own v>iety ( fi%1 ,i am n a compet5t judge1 z ,i am acqua9t$ ) too few riv]s to pret5d to decide4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 j rem>k t ! ,hodd]1 ?\gh x is a mu* small] riv] ?an ! ,ribble1 is always mu* bett] /ock$ ) ,salmon1 ,morts1 ,sprods1 ,smolts1 & ,p> ?an is ! latt] riv]1 :i* ,i attribute to ! fact t m fi% spawn 9 ! riv] ,hodd]1 :i* runs = _m miles ?r\gh ! ,=e/ ( ,b[l& 7! prop]ty ( ! ,duke ( ,buccleu*7 & o!r l>ge e/ates1 & ! fi% are mu* bett] protect$ !re ?an 9 ! ,ribble1 :]e1 ) "o or two exceptions1 ! prop]ties are v mu* divid$1 & few p ?9k x wor? _! :ile to tr\ble !mselves on ! subject4 ,dr4 ,flem+1 9 8 lett] to ,mr4 ,k5n$y 7,app5dix to ! fir/ ,rep41 #ahbe71 seems to d\bt t ,salmon ent] riv]s = any o!r purpose ?an ( propagation1 b le/ ,i %\ld misrepres5t 8 op9ions1 ,i w quote :at he has said on ! subject3--,9 ! evid5ce tak5 be=e ! ,select ,committee dur+ ! la/ season ( ,p>liam5t1 & appe>+ 9 ! report1 !re are sev]al /atem5ts ( a some:at impos+ k9d1 :i*1 z !y appe> to me to be errone\s & apt to mislead1 ,i %all "h take ! lib]ty ( oppos+4 ,he !n enum]ates sev]al op9ions express$ be=e ! ,select ,committee1 "o ( :i* is1 t ,salmon ent] & leave riv]s = o!r purposes ?an ^? connect$ ) spawn+ 7see ! evid5ce ( ,messrs4 ,little1 ,halliday1 & ,john/one74 ,fir/1 ,t !y ent] riv]s to rid !mselves ( sea lice 7,monoculus pisc9us72 secondly1 ,t !y =sake riv]s to save !mselves f be+ exhau/$ by resid5ce 9 fre% wat]1 & f hav+ _! gills dev\r$ by a maggot 7,l]naea salmonea74 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,salmon contradicts ?is hypo!sis4 ,ano!r ( ^! errors is1 t x is ass]t$ 7,rep41 #ahbd1 p4 #ade71 ,t ,salmon always return to ! same riv]2 ?is is n probable1 :5 we consid] ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$ dur+ _! resid5ce 9 ! sea4 ,on ! fir/ ( ^! op9ions1 ,i am n a compet5t judge2 b ,i ?9k t ! fact t ,salmon ent] riv]s n9e or t5 mon?s be=e !y are ready to spawn1 is ( itself suffici5t to %[ t !re are o!r reasons = _! ent]+ riv]s ?an ^? connect$ ) propagation4 ,) respect to ! second1 ,i believe t aft] ,salmon h once ent]$ riv]s1 at lea/ :5 !y h asc5d$ into ! upp] p>ts ( !m1 !y nev] (f] to desc5d aga9 until !y h spawn$4 ,on ! ?ird op9ion ,i w\ld rem>k1 t al?\gh ,i d n ?9k t ,salmon always come to ! same riv] 9 :i* !y 7 br$1 yet ,i ?9k !y w d s if !y c2 & ,i ?9k t ! fact :i* ,i h m5tion$ ( ! ,hodd]1 a small] & a tribut>y /ream to ! ,ribble1 conta9+ _m m ,salmon1 z well z m ,morts & ,sprods1 c\nt5ances ?is supposition1 = :y %\ld ! l>g] numb] ( fi% asc5d ! small] riv] except = su* a reason8 ,i am ( op9ion t ,salmon d n gr[ s fa/ 9 ! sea z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,x is "h g5]ally believ$ t ! ,smolts1 :i* g d[n 9 ! spr+1 come up aga9 9 ! ,augu/ or ,septemb] foll[+1 five or six p\nds 9 weight2 & ,george ,little1 ,esq41 9 8 evid5ce /ates t z 8 op9ion1 b he does n give any o!r reason = x ?an ?is3 ,t ! ,grilse t asc5d ! riv] 9 ,june weigh "o & a half or two p\nds1 & t ^? :i* come 9 ,septemb] weigh five or six p\nds1 --b oppos$ to ?is supposition is ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,mack5zie1 be=e ref]r$ to 7second ,p>l4 ,report1 p4 #ba71 :o /ates t he caught 9 ,m>* a ,grilse ,kelt :i* weigh$ ?ree & a half p\nds1 t he m>k$ x ) a brass wire1 & let x g1 & t 9 ! ,m>* foll[+ he caught x aga9 a ,salmon ( sev5 p\nds weight4 ,n[ a fi% :i* weigh$ ?ree & a half p\nds z a ,kelt1 w\ld weigh five p\nds or six p\nds :5 9 high condition ! summ] be=e1 & if ?is 7 s1 :i* ,i believe all p]sons :o are acqua9t$ ) ,salmon w admit1 ! fi% w\ld h ga9$ only "o p\nd or two p\nds 9 fifte5 or eighte5 mon?s4 ,besides1 if ,salmon grew z fa/ z is /at$ & believ$ by _m p]sons1 ! bre$s ( diff]5t ye>s w\ld v>y v mu* 9 weight1 :]eas x is kn[n to ev]ybody t we h !m ( all sizes1 f five p\nds to =ty p\nds2 & x is contr>y to analogy to suppose t a fi% :i* is two or ?ree ye>s 9 arriv+ at ! weight ( z _m ounces1 %\ld 9 two or ?ree mon?s acquire z _m p\nds4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two or ?ree ?+s ab\t :i* all p]sons agree 9 op9ion--"o ( ^! is3 t ! bre$ ( ,salmon is decreas+ e ye>1 & t ! great cause ( ?is decrease is ! want ( protection1 & a consequ5t de/ruction 9 ! spawn+ season4 ,! compla9t on ?is head is univ]sal f nor? to s\?2 f ! ,%annon to ! ,twe$1 ! cry is--,protect ! bre$+ fi%1 or we %all v soon h none to protect4 ,& yet1 al?\gh ! de/ruction ( ! spawn+ fi%1 & ! de/ruction ( ! fry 9 ! ,spr+1 are ! *ief reasons = ?is al>m+ fall+ (f1 no "o seems able to devise a rem$y2 no "o seems incl9$ to make ! necess>y sacrifices = s desirable an object1 & )\t ^! sacrifices x w\ld be absurd to expect ! fi% to become pl5tiful2 & in/ead ( furni%+ an abundant supply ( *eap & :olesome food to all classes1 :i* !y c]ta9ly w\ld d if ! fi%]ies 7 prop]ly regulat$1 !y w ei!r become :olly ext9ct1 or s r>e z to be f\nd only at ! tables ( ! weal?y4 ,james ,gillies1 9 8 evid5ce1 /ates t 8 bro!r _h 9 "o night kill$ 9 ! ,twe$ f\r hundr$ ,salmon at "o l&+-place 9 close "t2 & all ! reports are full ( /atem5ts %[+ h[ unceas+ & univ]sal is ! p]secution ! ,salmon und]go1 n only :5 9 season1 b at all times1 & mo/ ( all :5 e "o %\ld d 8 utmo/ to pres]ve !m--,i mean :5 !y are spawn+4 ,9 ?is neighb\rhood ! prop]ties g5]ally are s mu* divid$1 & s few good fi% are all[$ to asc5d ! riv]1 t no "o has any int]e/ 9 protect+ !m 9 close "t1 & ! consequ5ce is1 z might be expect$1 t all sorts ( contrivances = tak+ !m are resort$ to3 !y are spe>$ & nett$ 9 ! /reams by day & night2 !y are caught ) ! fly1 !y are tak5 ) swit* hooks 7l>ge hooks fix$ to ! ends ( /aves71 or ) a triple hook fix$ to ! end ( a runn+ l9e & a salmon rod2 if ! riv] becomes l[1 p>ties ( idle fell[s g up ea* side ( x 9 se>* ( !m1 & by /on+ ! deeps1 or dragg+ a horse's skull1 or l>ge bone ( any k9d ?r\gh !m1 !y compel ! fi% to side1 & !re !y fall an easy prey1 9 mo/ cases :]e ! pool is ( small ext5t4 ,9 a riv] s small z ! ,ribble1 x w be readily believ$ t n _m fi% c deposit _! spawn 9 safety1 :5 practices ( ?is k9d are foll[$ almo/ op5ly1 & :5 no "o feels a suffici5t int]e/ 9 ! matt] to put a /op to !m4 ,a s+le p>ty ( poa*]s kill$ f\r hundr$ ,salmon 9 "o spawn+ season ne> ! s\rce ( ! riv]2 ! roe ( :i*1 :5 pott$1 !y sold = ,l#bj4 ,ne$ we be surpris$1 !n1 if ! bre$ decreases8 ,! only wond] is t !y h n be5 ext]m9at$ long ago4 ,i may p]haps be all[$ to say :at1 9 my op9ion1 w\ld rem$y ?is al>m+ de/ruction1 p>ticul>ly z no "o hi!rto seems to h devis$ an effici5t prev5tive4 ,i believe t 9 #ahbf !re 0 an ,act ( ,p>liam5t pass$ :i* ei!r repeal$ or modifi$ "s ( ! old laws on ! subject1 & ,i h also und]/ood t ! good effects ( ?is new law are already p]ceptible 9 ,scotl&1 to :i* x is exclusively appli$4 ,!re 0 a bill introduc$ into ,p>liam5t 9 #ahbe :i* 0 int5d$ to apply to ! :ole k+dom2 b "s ( ! clauses 7 s v objectionable1 t if !y _h be5 c>ri$ !y c\ld n possibly h be5 en=c$ )\t /opp+ & ru9+ ! manufactories :i* 7 c>ri$ on by wat]-p[]1 & ! bill 0 consequ5tly ab&on$4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to give ! proprietors on ! upp] "p ( ! riv] su* an int]e/ 9 ! fi%]ies z w make !m anxi\s ab\t ! pres]vation ( ! fi% 9 ! spawn+ season2 & to accompli% s desirable an object no "o ought to fi% or keep a net /ret*$ across a riv] = m ?an twelve h\rs ea* day1 or f sunrise to sunset2 & e mill-own] ought to be compell$ to facilitate ! passage ( ! fi% ov] 8 weir by e means consi/5t ) ! prop] supply ( wat] to 8 :eels4 ,at pres5t ! fi%]ies at ! m\?s & l[] p>ts ( riv]s s completely prev5t ! access ( ! fi% to ! upp] p>ts1 t unless !re happ5 to be high floods1 :i* prev5t ! fi%]m5 bel[ f keep+ _! nets 91 ! upp] proprietors comp>atively seldom see any until ! season is at an end4 ,! evid5ce be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ?is po9t is exce$+ly amus+4 ,"o p]son ?9ks ! upp] proprietors h no "r to expect any fi%1 z !y h nev] paid any consid]ation = !m :5 !y b\ght _! e/ates2 ano!r /ates t he pays ,l#g1jjj a ye> to ! ,duke ( ,gordon1 & t if he is compell$ to obs]ve a weekly 7n a daily7 close "t1 he w lose t proportion ( 8 r5t2 ano!r obs]ves ! weekly close "t1 & op5s a passage = ! fi%1 b places a crocodile1 pa9t$ 9 v gl>+ col\rs1 9 ! gap to fright5 !m back aga92 ano!r says he obs]ves ! weekly close "t 9 8 cruive fi%+1 b no "o is all[$ to inspect ! cruives2 ano!r s5ds m5 to break d[n ! /ake nets 9 ! e/u>y1 :i* rea* f high to l[ wat]-m>k1 & at ! same "t /ret*es a net completely across ! riv] f ,m>* to ,augu/1 s t a fi% _c pass )\t 8 p]mission4 ,no wond] t fi% are sc>ce 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! riv]1 :5 su* samples ( dis9t]e/$ness are manife/$ by ! proprietors ( ! fi%]ies bel[4 ,no wond] t ! upp] proprietors %\ld be c>eless ab\t ! protection ( fi% f :i* !y are n all[$ to d]ive any b5efit4 ,no wond] t !y %\ld connive at1 & ev5 enc\rage1 ! %ameful de/ruction ( fi% 9 close "t1 s9ce t is ! only "t !y are all[$ to h any4 ,let ! fi%]m5 bel[ make x wor? ! :ile ( ! upp] proprietors to protect ! fi%1 & !y w receive t protection2 b x is too mu* to expect f human nature t ^! proprietors w take all ! odium & tr\ble ( pres]v+ !m :5 o!rs reap all ! b5efit4 ,!re ought to be cons]vators employ$1 to see t ! fi%]ies are prop]ly regulat$1 & ^! %\ld be paid by an assessm5t on all ! proprietors 9 proportion to ! value ( _! fi%]ies4 ,i %\ld also recomm5d an ext5sion & uni=mity ( close "t 9 all ! riv]s 9 ! k+dom1 = al?\gh x is an und\bt$ fact t "s clean fi% are caught 9 ! riv] e>ly 9 ! season1 yet !y are comp>atively few 9 numb]1 & _! capture involves t ( a f> great] numb] ( spawn+ & ,kelt fi%1 :i* are n only ( no value = ! table1 b ! de/ruction ( :i* is 9 effect ! de/ruction ( millions ( fi% :i* w\ld proce$ f !m4 ,9 ! fir/ ,p>l4 ,rep41 p4 #aa1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,jamieson says1 t 9 ! riv] ,twe$1 f ,janu>y #aj? to ,febru>y #a/1 he caught "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o fi%1 only "o ( :i* _h spawn$2 f ,febru>y #a/ to ,m>* #a/ he took =ty-f\r fi%1 tw5ty-five ( :i* _h n spawn$ --fifte5 7 ,kelts & f\r 7 clean fi%2 f ,m>* #a/ to ,m>* #aj? he took sev5te5 fi%1 sev5 ( :i* _h n spawn$ 7f\r ( !m on ! #aj?7--six 7 ,kelts & "o clean fi%4 ,n[ ! close "t v>ies 9 almo/ e riv]1 & "s h no close "t at all2 ?us 9 ! ,ribble ! close "t beg9s on ,septemb] #ae? & ends on ,decemb] #ca/1 & 9 ! ,hodd] !re is no legal close "t2 b !re is no practical diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 ?is respect1 e "o ?9k+ himself entitl$ to kill all ! fi% he c1 at all times ( ! ye>1 9 bo? ( !m4 ,! obs]vance ( ! weekly close "t1 t is1 op5+ a passage = ! fi% f sunset on ,saturday night to sunrise on ,monday morn+1 is a m]e f>ce1 ev5 if x c\ld n be evad$1 z x almo/ inv>iably is1 = x is well kn[n to e "o conv]sant ) ! habits ( ,salmon1 t !y only asc5d ! riv]s :5 !re are fre%es 7floods7 9 !m1 & 9 summ] ! gr\nd is g5]ally s dry1 & vegetation absorbs s mu* moi/ure1 & ! evaporation is s great1 t x n only requires twice z mu* ra9 to produce a flood 9 ! riv] !n z x does 9 w9t]1 b :5 ! ra9 does come its effects are only visible 9 ! riv] = a %ort "t4 ,i h kn[n a /rong fre% 9 ! ,ribble 9 ! morn+1 & ! riv] l[ aga9 9 ! aft]noon ( ! same day4 ,a fre% com+ at ! beg9n+ ( a week1 w\ld disappe> long be=e ! close ( x1 unless ! ra9y wea!r cont9u$2 & ?us ! /rict obs]vance ( ! weekly close "t w\ld be ( little s]vice to ! upp] proprietors unless ! fre% came at ! "r end ( ! week4 ,! ,smolts & ! ,p> ought to be protect$ z /rictly z ! ,salmon2 & !re ought to be a p5alty atta*$ to ! kill+ ( !m1 or hav+ !m 9 possession1 & cons]vators ( riv]s ought to h ! p[] ( inspect+ all mills & manufactories driv5 by ^? riv]s1 to asc]ta9 t !y h no contrivances = tak+ ! fry on _! way to ! sea1 z x appe>s t 9 "s riv]s !y are tak5 9 l>ge quantities4 ,!re ought also to be a p5alty atta*$ to ! kill+ ( ,kelt fi%1 :i* 9 t /ate are n only ta/eless & insipid1 b actually un:olesome2 yet !y are pursu$ & de/roy$ ) z mu* avidity z ! fre% fi%1 & a v small numb] ( ! few t spawn 9 safety ev] return to ! sea4 ,a p5alty ought also to be inflict$ = sell+1 buy+1 us+1 or hav+ 9 possession ,salmon roe1 ei!r 9 a fre% or salt$ /ate1 z its excell5ce z a bait = ,tr\t & ,eels1 & ! consequ5t high price at :i* x sells1 are suffici5t temptations to poa*]s to kill ! ,salmon 9 ! spawn+ season ev5 if !y c\ld n sell or use any o!r "p4 ,yet de/ructive z ?is practice is1 !re is an ext5sive trade 9 ?is article-- a fi%+-tackle mak] 9 ,liv]pool hav+ told a fri5d ( m9e t he sold #cjj lbs4 9 a season1 :i*1 suppos+ e egg to hat*1 w\ld produce p]haps five times z _m ,salmon z are caught 9 "o ye> ?r\gh\t ! :ole k+dom4 #d ,9 conclud+ ?is imp]fect sket*1 ,i may rem>k t ,i h omitt$ _m ?+s conc]n+ ! natural hi/ory & habits ( ! ,salmon1 fe>+ to trespass too mu* on ! pati5ce ( my read]s2 b ,i h wi%$1 9 addition to communicat+ "s facts 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ?is fi%1 :i* ,i believe are n g5]ally kn[n1 to call ! att5tion ( ! public to ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,salmon fi%]ies 9 ,engl&4 ,_m ( ! prec$+ obs]vations are f\nd$ on ! evid5ce ( p]sons connect$ ) ! fi%]ies 9 ,scotl&1 & are p]haps no long] applicable to t "p ( ! k+dom1 s9ce !re has be5 an alt]ation 9 ! laws2 :e!r ?is is ! case or n1 ,i h no pres5t means ( asc]ta9+4 ,i %all be glad if any "o hav+ a k ( ! subject w say :at b5efit1 if any1 has be5 d]iv$ f ! alt]ation2 h[ev]1 x is suffici5t = my pres5t purpose to %[ :at is ! /ate ( ?+s :5 !re are no laws on ! subject1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 :5 !re is no att5tion paid to !m2 a /ate ( ?+s :i*1 in/ead ( promot+ an abundant supply ( ^! excell5t fi%1 & r5d]+ ! ,salmon fi%]ies nationally important1 t5ds by ! habitual disreg>d ( ! laws by "o p>ty1 ! selfi%ness ( ano!r1 & ! neglect ( a ?ird1 to r5d] ^! fi%]ies ( little & decreas+ value2 :]eas if ! l[] proprietors w\ld all[ a tol]able supply ( ,salmon to come up ! riv] :5 !y 7 wor? tak+1 & ! upp] ones w\ld pres]ve !m dur+ close "t1 !re w\ld be pl5ty = ea* & = all4 ,i am aw>e x w be difficult to legislate ^u ?is subject )\t injury to :at is ( inf9itely great] importance--,i mean ! manufactories ( ! c\ntry4 ,! absurd & impracticable clauses :i* 7 conta9$ 9 ! bill = ! protection ( ! fi%]ies1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ,p>liam5t 9 #ahbe1 %[ ?is2 yet not)/&+ ?is difficulty1 ,i ?9k x is possible to protect ! fi% )\t int]f]+ ) ! int]e/ ( ! mill-own]s1 & to make su* laws on ! subject z w be effectual1 )\t call+ =? a s+le objection f any unprejudic$ p]son4 ,i %all be glad if :at ,i h said on ?is subject %\ld induce any g5tleman to turn 8 att5tion to x4 ,!re mu/ be _m ^: opportunities ( obs]vation w enable !m to det]m9e :atev] is d\btful 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,salmon tribe2 ^: exp]i5ce w tea* !m ! defects & absurdities ( ! pres5t laws on ! fi%]ies2 & ^: influ5ce w1 if !y c be induc$ to ex]t x1 mat]ially contribute to _! am5dm5t4 ,,cli!roe1 ,janu>y1 #ahcd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,salmon ,,ent]s ,,& ,,asc5ds ,,riv]s ,,= ,,o!r ,,purposes ,,besides ,,propagation4 #e ,9 addition to ! objections :i* ,i h (f]$ to ! seem+ d\bt ( ,dr4 ,flem+1 :e!r ,salmon ent] riv]s = any o!r purpose besides propagation1 ! foll[+ h come to m9d2 & ?\gh !y d n apply to ! ,salmon1 !y confirm me 9 ! op9ion t !re are reasons1 ( :i* we "k no?+1 = fi% asc5d+ riv]s1 :i* are n at all connect$ ) propagation4 ,"o is ! habit ( :at is "h call$ /ream+4 ,9 ! w9t] ! fi% n engag$ 9 spawn+ 7,i speak ( ,tr\t1 ,grayl+1 ,*ub1 ,dace1 c47 leave ! /reams & g into deep wat]2 ei!r because ! wat] is w>m] !re1 or because !y !re f9d m food2 & x is well kn[n to fly-fi%]s t !y d n cat* _m fi% 9 ! /reams if !y beg9 e>ly1 say 9 ,febru>y4 ,x is prov]bial "h t fi% beg9 to /ream :5 ! great grey1 or :at is call$ 9 o!r di/ricts ! devil or dule crook1 & 9 ,m>* br[n or br[n drake1 comes ^u ! wat]2 & ,i h se5 ,tr\t by scores leap+ at a weir 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 :e!r 9 se>* ( food or an in/9ct implant$ 9 !m to keep all p>ts equally /ock$ ) !m1 ,i d n "k2 b x has c]ta9ly no?+ to d ) _! spawn+4 ,is x presumptu\s to suppose t ,god 9 ,8 provid5ce has implant$ ?is in/9ct 9 ,salmon = our good1 t we might h a supply ( excell5t food1 :i* )\t ?is w\ld be 9 a great measure unatta9able8 ,:e!r ?is is ! true cause1 & ! only "o1 ,i am unable to det]m9e2 b ?is is ! effect produc$1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r reasons x is1 9 my op9ion1 "o t ought to be admitt$4 ,ano!r reason :y fi% asc5d riv]s is _! impati5ce ( heat4 ,i speak n[ m p>ticul>ly ( ,grayl+2 if ! wea!r is v hot at ! end ( ,may or ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 ! ,grayl+ 9 ! ,:>fe 7!y are almo/ unkn[n 9 ?is "p ( ! ,ribble7 asc5d ! mill /reams by hundr$s1 & g up ! :eel races z f> z !y c get1 & /ay !re until ! /oppage ( ! :eels 7_m a duck+ h ,i _h 9 pursuit ( !m71 :5 !y are oblig$ to beat a retreat1 & ?is (t5 proves a disa/r\s "o to _m ( !m4 ,! asc5t ( "y ,eels by millions1 & ! asc5t ( ! ,fl\nd]1 are nei!r ( !m connect$ ) ! propagation ( _! k9d1 & ?\gh ,i _c say = :at purposes !y d asc5d1 ,i am1 ,i ?9k1 ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+ ass]tions :i* seem to h no?+ to support !m b ! positive mann] 9 :i* !y are made4 ,! ,salmon ,p> is nei!r a ,hybrid nor a di/9ct species ( ! g5us ,salmo1 b a /ate ( ! common ,salmon4 ,! au?or ( ,wild ,sports ( ! ,we/ says ( ! ,p>1 z ,i h not$ previ\sly1 ,t x has v mu* ! appe>ance ( a ,hybrid betwe5 ! ,salmon & ! ,tr\t1 & 79 a note7 t ! natural hi/ory ( ?is fi% is d\btful4 ,"s conjecture t x is a ,hybrid betwe5 ! ,salmon & ,tr\t1 because x is only f\nd 9 riv]s :i* are frequ5t$ by ,salmon4 ,o!rs ?9k x a cross bre$ betwe5 ! sea ,tr\t & riv] ,tr\t1 & !n he speaks ( ?is hybrid\s dim9utive1 z if he ?\ght "o ( ^! op9ions 0 correct4 ,t ! ,p> is n ! result ( a cross betwe5 a sea ,tr\t & a riv] ,tr\t1 is prov$ by ! fact t !re are no sea ,tr\ts 9 ! ,:>fe1 ! ,p> 7admitt+ x to be a di/9ct species1 :i* ,i d n71 ! ,salmon1 & common ,tr\t be+ ! only k9ds ( ,salmonidae :i* are f\nd 9 t riv]1 at lea/ :]e ,i am acqua9t$ ) x4 ,if ! ,p> be ! result ( a cross betwe5 ! ,salmon & ! ,tr\t1 :at becomes ( x 9 ! spr+1 & :]e are all ! ,p>1 :i* 7 s abundant 9 ,octob]1 gone to 9 ,april8 ,did !y migrate to ! sea1 ! %oals w\ld be met ) by somebody2 & did !y /ay 9 ! riv] !y w\ld be caught at "o "t or o!r4 ,h[ev]1 z x is well kn[n t nei!r ( ^! cases is ev] realiz$1 we mu/ suppose ano!r1 :i* ,i h already done 9 my =m] communication4 ,9 fact1 9 angl+ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 fi% are (t5 caught :i* w\ld puzzle ! mo/ exp]i5c$ fi%]man to det]m9e :e!r !y are ,p> or ,smolts1 especially aft] !y h be5 caught "s "t2 & 9 a l>ge numb] caught at t "t !re are all ! int]m$iate %ades ( appe>ance betwe5 ! p]fect ,p> & ! real blue ,smolt4 ,,cli!roe1 ,may #bi?1 #ahcd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cli!roe1 ,m>* #ah?1 #ahdf4 ,,to ,,mr4 ,,pak+ton 7,,"l ,,hampton74 ,,sir1--,?r\gh ! polite att5tion ( ,mr4 ,c>dwell ,i h be5 fav\r$ ) a copy ( y\r bill--,= ! bett] pres]vation ( ,salmon4 ,z ?is is a subject to :i* ,i h paid "s att5tion1 ,i tru/ x w n be deem$ imp]t95t if ,i (f] "s sugge/ions = y\r consid]ation ) reg>d to ! free gap4 ,x appe>s to me t x w be desirable to specify ! wid? & dep? ( ?is free gap1 or x may on ! "o h& deg5]ate into a m\se-hole1 or on ! o!r h& ! surveyor1 by ! provisions ( ! #ac? section ( ! ,act1 may insi/ on su* a gap be+ made t ! :ole ( ! wat] may be div]t$ ?r\gh x1 :i* 9 small riv]s1 :]e !re are anci5t & legal hecks or cruives = ! purpose ( tak+ ,salmon1 w de/roy ! value ( ! fi%]y4 ,!n1 ) reg>d to f5ce "t3--,9 ! #f? section ( ! ,act1 ,i presume y d n int5d t night fi%+ %all be all[$ at any season ( ! ye>2 b x appe>s to me t ! expressions 9 ! #f? section w\ld sc>cely prev5t ! own]s ( cruives f keep+ !m op51 z !y ne$ n g ne> !m betwe5 sunset & sunrise1 & !n !y w nei!r lay1 draw1 nor fi% ) any net1 device1 or eng9e4 ,w\ld x n be bett] to expressly insi/ ^u all cruive fi%]ies be+ positively clos$ f sunset to sunrise8 or1 :at w\ld be /ill bett]1 t ! cruive or heck %\ld h a free gap 9 x1 ( a specifi$ size1 :i* %\ld be kept con/antly op5 betwe5 sunset & sunrise4 ,z ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important sections ( ! ,act1 ,i may be p>don$ = call+ y\r p>ticul> att5tion to x2 = unless ?is section be vigor\sly en=c$1 x w be 9 va9 to legislate on ! subject2--= ! proprietors ne> ! s\rces ( riv]s 7:]e mo/ ( ! fi% spawn7 w nev] int]e/ !mselves ab\t ! pres]vation ( fi% :i* !y are n all[$ to see :5 9 season1 & :i* has hi!rto be5 ! case 9 ?is neighb\rhood at all ev5ts2 b if ! fi% are all[$ a free passage ev]y:]e1 & at all times1 betwe5 sunset & sunrise1 ! upp] proprietors w !n h "s inducem5t to take c>e ( ! fi% 9 ! spawn+ season4 ,until n[1 all ! good fi% h be5 tak5 9 ! fi%]ies ne> ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,!re is at pres5t a great trade c>ri$ on 9 ?is neighb\rhood 9 ,salmon roe1 z a bait = ,tr\t & ,eels1 & scores ( spawn+ ,salmon are n[ de/roy$ = little else ?an ! spawn !y conta94 ,_c ?is be prev5t$8 99 99 99 99 99 ,may #e?1 #ahdf4 ,h4 ,,george1 ,,esq4 ,,sir1--,i enclose a lett] ,i _h address$ to ,mr4 ,pak+ton on ! subject ( ! pres]vation ( ! bre$ ( ,salmon4 ,i _h writt5 to him because ,i p]ceiv$ t he _h introduc$ ! bill into ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 b s9ce t lett] 0 writt5 ,i h be5 fav\r$ ) y\r address ?r\gh ! polit5ess ( ,sir ,?omas ,w9n+ton1 to a fri5d ( m9e1 & z he reque/s t any sugge/ion ab\t weirs may be address$ to y1 ,i make no apology = enclos+ ! lett] ,i _h address$ to ,mr4 ,pak+ton ) "s fur!r sugge/ions1 :i* on look+ ov] my lett] ,i f9d ,i h omitt$ to notice4 ,9 "o ( ! clauses ( ! bill 7,i d n rememb] :i*1 & ,i h n ! bill at h& to ref] to7 y require t a grat+1 ! b>s ( :i* %all n be m ?an ?ree in*es di/ant f ea* o!r1 & :i* %all be plac$ at ! junction ( ! tail- goit ) ! riv]1 z well z 9 front ( ! :eel4 ,?is ,i presume is to prev5t any fi% be+ injur$ by ! :eels1 b ,i assure y t dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s 9 :i* ,i h _h ! managem5t ( ! works "h1 ,i nev] knew an in/ance ( a ,salmon be+ ei!r kill$ or hurt by ! :eels4 ,inde$1 ,i d n "k half-a-doz5 in/ances ( ,salmon ev] asc5d+ ! tail-goit to ! :eel1 & ,i mu/ h se5 _m in/ances if ?is 0 a common occurr5ce4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 happ51 & ! fi% may be occasionally injur$ :]e !re is mu* fall lo/1 & a /rong /ream runn+ f a :eel con/itut$ 9 ! old way ) op5 float bo>ds4 ,b ! objections to su* a plan on ! "p ( ! manufactur]s w be insup]able1 9 fact1 ! accumulation ( /icks & leaves 9 ! autumn1 & ice 9 ! w9t]1 w be s great at ! grat+ 9 ! tail-goit1 t ! :eels w be ?r[n into back wat] & ! works /opp$1 & all ?is loss & inconv5i5ce w be incurr$ because ( ! possibility ( a ,salmon be+ kill$ or hurt by ! :eel4 ,!re is n mu* probability ( ?is frequ5tly happ5+1 because1 z ,i said 9 my o!r lett]1 ,salmon seldom migrate except :]e !re are fre%es 9 ! riv]s1 & !n !re is s mu* wat] fl[+ d[n ! usual c\rse ( ! /ream1 t ! fi% h no inducem5t to leave x to seek = a passage else:]e4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 sugge/ t p[] be giv5 to cons]vators to g at all times up ! tail-goits & into ! :eelh\ses1 to see t !re are no illegal contrivances 9 !m = cat*+ ! ,salmon & ,smolts 9 _! migration1 z ,i h c]ta9ly he>d ( su* ?+s occurr+4 ,9 ,sir ,?omas ,w9n+ton's note to my fri5d1 he says we h difficulty en\gh 9 endeav\r+ to obta9 support = "o day's cle> c\rse2 two we c\ld n c>ry1 h[ev] desirable4 ,all[ me to sugge/1 t 9 endeav\r+ to c>ry s little y r\se up y\r oppon5ts1 :ile !re is n en\gh to /imulate ! zeal ( y\r fri5ds1 = x w be 9 va9 to look = ! zeal\s co- op]ation ( ! proprietors on ! upp] "p ( riv]s unless y give !m "s inducem5t4 ,?is "o day 9 ! week w n effect1 & besides ?is1 y make x illegal to cat* ,smolts1 ev5 ) ! rod1 :i* is de/roy+ "o ( ! greate/ amusem5ts ( ! angl]s1 & depriv+ !m ( ! mo/ delicate ( fi%1 & = no object3 because1 if ! provisions ( y\r bill are c>ri$ 7)\t ?is clause71 !re w be an abundant supply ( fi% = all purposes1 ev5 aft] ! angl]s h enjoy$ _! sport4 ,i d n see ! propriety & utility ( prohibit+ ! kill+ ( ,smolts1 because if !y liv$ !y w\ld become ,salmon1 any m ?an ,i see ! propriety ( prohibit+ ! eat+ ( eggs1 because if !y 7 hat*$ & liv$ long en\gh !y w\ld become b>n-door f[ls4 ,let ! legislature & ! e/u>y fi%]ies give ! upp] proprietors a fair %>e ( ,salmon :5 9 season1 & !y w be glad to see ! angl+ = ,smolts aboli%$2 b x is r too bad = ! e/u>y fi%]ies to cat* all ! good ,salmon1 & !n grudge to ! upp] proprietors ! angl+ = ,smolts4 ,9 conclusion1 all[ me to urge on y ! propriety ( endeav\r+ to obta9 su* a bill z w give ! proprietors ( l& on ! upp] p>ts ( riv]s a /rong inducem5t to support y1 & at ! same "t t x does ?is w n injure ! mill-own]s2 &1 ) ! modifications ,i h po9t$ out1 ,i ?9k ?is may be accompli%$4 ,i speak on ?is subject z a practical man1 hav+ "s k ( ! habits ( ,salmon1 & sup]9t5d+ a mill driv5 by wat]-p[] :i* employs ne>ly a ?\s& p2 s t if a bill l y\rs c\ld be work$ 9 a satisfactory mann] "h1 on s small a /ream z ! ,ribble1 x may any:]e 9 ! k+dom4 ,b if y make a t9k]+ job ( x1 & ask = too little1 y w r\se y\r oppon5ts & disc\rage y\r fri5ds4 ,by all means g = a free passage = ! fi% e night f sunset to sunrise 9 all cases :]e ?is does n int]f]e ) manufactories1 & !n !re w be "s inducem5t to support y4 ,i ref] y to "s pap]s :i* ,i wrote on ?is subject 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 ! ye> #ahcd1 & if y ?9k x wor? :ile to ask = fur!r in=mation on ! subject1 ,i %all be happy to give y any ,i may possess4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l[ ,,moor1 ,july #a/1 #ahdf4 ,to ! ,editor ( ,! ,times4 ,! attempt :i* is n[ mak+ to am5d ! laws relat+ to ! ,salmon fi%]ies1 appe>s to run su* a great risk ( failure1 f ! opposition ( int]e/$ p]sons1 t ,i ?9k a %ort sket* ( ! defects ( ! pres5t laws & _! effects on ! bre$ ( fi%1 & a comp>ison ( !m ) ! propos$ am5dm5t1 may be int]e/+ to "s ( y\r read]s1 & may1 p]haps1 induce "s influ5tial g5tlem5 to ?r[ _! influ5ce into ! "r scale1 9 ! approa*+ discussion on ?is subject4 ,! ,salmon fi%]ies 9 =m] times appe> to h suppli$ food = a l>ge portion ( ! p1 z !re are /ill traditions curr5t on ! banks ( v>i\s riv]s 9 ! nor?1 t ! ind5tures ( appr5tice%ip always /ipulat$ t ! appr5tice %\ld n be compell$ to eat ,salmon m frequ5tly ?an ?ree days a week1 & h[ev] exagg]at$ ?is /ory may appe> at ! pres5t day1 ,i hope to succe$ 9 %[+ t x is nei!r improbable t x has be5 s1 nor impossible t x may be s aga91--if good laws are made = _! protection1 & ^! laws are prop]ly en=c$4 ,at pres5t !re is no d\bt ! fi%]ies are rapidly decl9+1 & 9 "s riv]s :i* us$ to h a good _m ,salmon 9 !m1 & :i* us$ to sw>m ) ,smolts 7or fry7 9 ! spr+ )9 my remembrance1 !y are n[ r>ely se54 ,to %[ _! sc>city ,i may m5tion a circum/ance :i* occurr$ 9 ! ,:>fe1 :i* 0 =m]ly "o ( ! f9e/ riv]s 9 ,york%ire = ,salmon4 ,a few ye>s ago a pair ( ,salmon 7 se5 on a spawn+ b$ 9 ! ,:>fe1 ab\t =ty miles f its m\?4 ,?is became kn[n at ! angl]s' club1 & x 0 deem$ s important to pres]ve !m1 t ! club divid$ !mselves into ?ree or f\r wat*es1 & gu>d$ ! spawn+ b$ night & day1 :il/ ! fi% 7 spawn+1 & ?is spawn+ la/$ ab\t a week4 ,"h 9 ! ,ribble ! ,salmon fi%]ies are n q s ne> ext9ction 7?\gh !y are rapidly progress+ 9 t direction71 = al?\gh we are v seldom all[$ to see or cat* fi% 9 seasonable condition1 a good _m come up ! riv] to spawn1 ?\gh v few ( !m ev] d s1 & v few ( ^? t d ev] rea* ! sea aga94 ,! reason is obvi\s1 no "o "h has any int]e/ 9 pres]v+ ! spawn+ fi%1 & !y are op5ly kill$ by ! poa*]s1 :o nev] dream ( be+ prosecut$ = x4 ,i am cr$ibly in=m$ t 9 a /ream n five hundr$ y>ds f :]e ,i write1 sixty spawn+ fi% 7 kill$ la/ w9t]4 ,"s ye>s ago "o gang ( poa*]s kill$ ?ree hundr$ ,salmon on ! spawn+ b$s 9 "o season1 & sold pott$ ,salmon roe 7:i* is a mo/ de/ructive bait = ,tr\t7 to ! value ( ,l#bj4 ,9 ! ,lune ! proprietors ( ! fi%]ies ne> ,lanca/] s5t m5 to protect ! spawn+ fi% 9 ! /reams above2 b ^! m5 7 w>n$ (f by ! l&$ proprietors1 :o said1 ,if y cat* all ! good fi% y mu/ at lea/ all[ u to cat* ! bad ones4 ,9 ! ,twe$ & its tribut>ies x us$ to be q z bad 7:at ! new ,scot* law has done ,i d n "k71 b a poa*] :o gave evid5ce be=e ! ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahbe said t he _h assi/$ to take f\r hundr$ ,salmon at "o haul 9 close "t 9 ! ,twe$4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's vivid description ( burn+ ! wat]1 :i* occurs 9 ,guy ,mann]+1 %[s t he knew h[ to kill ,salmon 9 close "t4 ,9 fact1 8 acc\nt1 & t ( ,hogg 7! ,ettrick ,%eph]d71 %[ t bo? 7 regul> black fi%]s4 ,!re are v>i\s devices = kill+ ! fi% 9 close "t3 !y are spe>$1 nett$1 & hook$ on ! spawn+ b$s1 & :5 ! riv]s get l[1 gangs ( idle fell[s range up & d[n on ! banks1 /on+ & beat+ ! wat] by poles1 or1 :at is m effective /ill1 a l>ge bone1 or horse's skull1 & by fa/5+ a cord to x1 "o end ( :i* is pass$ to ea* side ( ! riv]1 !y draw ?is skull up & d[n 9 ! pools :]e !y "k !re are ,salmon1 & ! fi% are s fooli% & timid1 t !y ?ru/ _! heads "u any /one or cov] !y c f9d1 & are tak5 )\t tr\ble2 x be+ common en\gh 9 su* cases to slip a noose ov] ! tail1 !n tight5+ x1 & ! fi% is haul$ out imm$iately4 ,!n aga91 g5tlem5 :o want to h ! reputation ( be+ skilful angl]s1 employ _! game-keep]s to f9d ! ,kipp]s 7,scottice ,kelts7 or spawn$ fi% 9 ! pools1 :i* is a v easy matt] 9 l[ wat]1 & dropp+ a hook bait$ ) a lob worm be=e _! noses1 x is gre$ily tak51 & ! poor fi% 7:i* are unfit = food7 are caught4 ,x is !n trumpet$ =? to ! angl+ _w t ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 has _h spl5did sport--he has caught a doz5 ,salmon ) ! rod 9 a s+le day1 mean+ x to be und]/ood t ^! fi% h be5 caught ) ! fly4 ,i by no means uphold ^! practices1 nei!r d ,i ?9k !m v des]v+ ( c5sure 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! law1 = all ! good fi% are tak5 ne> ! m\?s ( ! riv]s4 ,?is leads me to consid] ! defects ( ! pres5t law1 :i* is by no means adapt$ to protect & increase ! bre$ ( ,salmon4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! close "t is too %ort4 ,x comm5ces 9 ! ,ribble nom9ally 7= 9 reality ! fi% are op5ly kill$ all ! ye> ?r\gh7 on ! #ae? ,septemb]1 & ends on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]2 :]eas x ought to ext5d to ! end ( ,april1 = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! fi% are spawn+ 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 & ,i h ev5 se5 a spawn+ fi% z late z ! #crd ( ,april4 ,9 ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahbe1 x 0 prov$ by a fi%]man f ! ,twe$1 t 9 ,m>* = "o clean fi% t 0 caught !re 7 t5 caught t 7 n s1 z !y 7 ei!r fi% t _h n spawn$1 or ,kelts1 t is1 fi% :i* h f9i%$ spawn+ b h n return$ to ! sea1 & are !n flabby1 un:olesome1 & unfit = food4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ^! ,kipp]s or ,kelts d n g to ! sea until ,april1 & n !n )\t !re is a fre% 9 ! riv]1 =1 l ! ,smolts1 !y seem dispos$ to rema9 9 ! riv]s until !y c avail !mselves ( ! assi/ance ( a flood1 to enable !m m easily to rea* ! sea4 ,ano!r defect 9 ! pres5t law is t x fails to secure a supply ( good fi% to ! upp] proprietors4 ,!re are no provisions 9 x 7or !y are n en=c$7 = giv+ ! fi% a free passage1 no prohibition ( nets1 traps1 or devices = /opp+ !m 9 _! progress up ! riv]s4 ,no daily or weekly close "t1 b ev]y:]e !re is s %ort-sight$ a selfi%ness1 t x is completely realiz+ ! fable ( ! man :o kill$ ! goose :i* laid ! gold5 egg4 ,! fi%]ies are decl9+ s rapidly1 t unless some?+ is done1 & done quickly1 ! bre$ ( ,salmon w be ext9ct 9 ! riv]s 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,aga91 !re is no p[] to appo9t or pay cons]vators1 & )\t _! assi/ance !re is no *ance ( pres]v+ ,salmon 9 ! spawn+ b$s4 ,game-keep]s are mo/ c]ta9ly n to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,9 po9t+ out ! defects ( ! pres5t laws ,i h1 9 fact1 giv5 an op9ion h[ !y %\ld be rem$i$4 ,i w\ld ext5d ! close "t f ! end ( ,septemb] to ! end ( ,april4 ,i w\ld e/abli% a daily close "t1 all[+ no net1 device1 or eng9e to be employ$ 9 tak+ ,salmon betwe5 sunset & sunrise above tideway 9 any riv]2 & bel[1 ,i w\ld only all[ nets to be set = twelve h\rs p] diem4 ,i w\ld appo9t cons]vators1 :om ,i w\ld pay by a tax on ! fi%]ies on ! :ole c\rse ( ! riv]1 :i* tax %\ld be det]m9$ by a valuation ( ! fi%]ies1 & paid accord+ly4 ,i w\ld f9e e "o :o sold1 us$1 or _h 9 8 possession any pott$ or prep>$ ,salmon roe = ! purpose ( angl+1 & ,i w\ld give cons]vators ! p[] ( exam9+ all mill goits & races1 = ! purpose ( see+ t no unfair practices 7 resort$ to = ! tak+ ( ,salmon or ,salmon fry2 & ,i w\ld give ! upp] proprietors ! p[] ( mak+ any alt]ations 9 mill weirs & dams :i* did n impair _! /ability or ! effici5cy ( ! wat] p[]4 ,if "s su* enactm5ts z ^! 7 made & prop]ly en=c$1 !re is no d\bt ,salmon w\ld sw>m 9 e riv]1 = _! fecundity is su*1 t a v few ,salmon spawn+ 9 a riv] "u fav\rable circum/ances /ock x abundantly ) ,smolts4 ,a l>ge ,salmon hav+ n less ?an #be1jjj eggs 9 x1 h[ soon1 ) a little =be>ance & c>e1 w\ld e riv] sw>m ) ?is delici\s fi%1 ev5 to su* a degree z to be a *eap food = ! poor6 ,b to obta9 su* results x mu/ be made ! int]e/ ( e p]son to protect !m4 ,9 read+ ov] ! evid5ce on ! ,salmon fi%]ies1 :i* 0 giv5 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahbe1 ,i 0 exce$+ly amus$ by ! reasons giv5 by ! t5ants ( "s ( ! fi%]ies 9 ,scotl& :y !re %\ld be no weekly close "t1 & ! %ifts & evasions practic$ by o!rs4 ,"o said he paid ,l#g1jjj a ye> r5t to ! ,duke ( ,gordon = 8 fi%]y1 & if "o day 9 ! week 7 all[$ = close "t he w\ld lose ,l#a1jjj a ye>4 ,ano!r said he kept ! close "t1 b he w\ld all[ nobody to g & see :e!r he kept ! free gap op5 or n4 ,ano!r prov$ t he kept op5 ! free passage1 b x 0 also prov$ t he _h a crocodile plac$ 9 ! gap1 pa9t$ ) v gl>+ col\rs1 9 ord] to fright5 back any fi% t attempt$ to pass4 ,ano!r s5t 8 boats to break d[n ! /ake nets :i* 7 set 9 ! e/u>y1 b ackn[l$g$ t he kept 8 own nets set across ! riv] day & night4 ,!re w\ld be no difficulty 9 /ock+ e suitable riv] 9 ! k+dom ) ,salmon1 ei!r by putt+ into !m a few pairs ( bre$+ fi%1 or by artificially fecundat+ ! eggs1 & plac+ !m 9 artificial spawn+ b$s4 ,x is a plan ,i h frequ5tly adopt$1 & sometimes successfully2 b 9 o!r exp]im5ts ,i h fail$1 f ! difficulty ( *oos+ a suitable locality 9 ! riv]4 ,if too rapid a /ream 0 *os51 ! eggs & gravel 7 all wa%$ away2 & if too calm & /ill a place 0 select$1 ! gravel 0 fill$ up ) s& & mud1 & ! eggs rott$ in/ead ( hat*+4 ,i am ev5 ( op9ion t :]e !re is already a bre$ ( ,salmon fry 9 a riv]1 x is n absolutely necess>y t any male ,salmon %\ld come up ! riv] 9 ! spawn+ season1 ! male ,p>1 or ,p5ks1 z we call !m 9 ! ,ribble1 be+ suffici5t to fecundate ! eggs4 ,if ?is is d\bt$1 ,i w\ld ask h[ x happ5s t 9 ! autumn !y h fluid milt 9 !m8 = z nature makes no unnecess>y provisions1 = :at purpose is ?is1 if n to provide = ! possibility ( a female ,salmon com+ alone8 ,^! ,p>s sw>m on ! ,salmon spawn+ b$s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,an ,,alt]ation ,,9 ,,! ,,laws ,,reg>d+ ,,salmon4 ,,cli!roe1 ,octob] #ab?1 #ahea4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 ,z ! amusem5t ( fly-fi%+ is "o :i* holds a fir/ place 9 ! op9ion ( e "o :o und]/&s x1 & z ! ,tr\t & ! ,salmon are ! only fi% :i* af=d g5u9e sport to ! angl]1 & z ,i believe t ! latt] 9 "s ( ! s\!rn c\nties is ne>ly ext9ct1 :il/ ! =m] is f> f be+ abundant1 ,i wi% to call ! att5tion ( su* ( y\r read]s z are possess$ by ! true piscatorial furor1 to ! facility ) :i* ^! fi% c be br$ artificially4 ,& z _m exp]im5ts h be5 made "u my direction1 & hav+ witness$ ! results1 ,i unhesitat+ly say t !re is little risk ( failure1 if due c>e be tak54 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,%aw & ,agassiz1 my own also includ$1 h prov$ t fi% c be br$ artificially4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,boccius ,i h n yet tri$1 al?\gh he proposes to arrive at ! same result 9 ano!r mann]1 & act+ 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ by !m1 ,tr\t & ,salmon h be5 br$ by ?\s&s dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,z ! season = mak+ ! exp]im5t w %ortly be "h1 ,i hope t ^? :o int5d to try ! plan w lose no "t 9 look+ aft] _! supply ( bre$+ fi%4 ,to beg9 ) ,tr\t3--,cat* z _m z y c conv5i5tly obta9 ^u ! spawn+ b$s1 #f & exam9e !m c>efully "o by "o1 to see t ! spawn & milt are 9 a fit /ate = exclusion2 & also to enable y to sep>ate ! males f ! females4 ,if !y are 9 a fit /ate to be op]at$ ^u 7:i* may be kn[n by ! facility ) :i* ! milt & ! roe run f !m on a slight pressure71 squeeze ! milt ( ! males into a little wat]1 & :5 y h obta9$ all ! milt y c get1 add s mu* wat] t ! mixture rema9s slightly opalesc5t--say ab\t equal 9 col\r to a tablespoonful ( milk mix$ 9 a qu>t ( wat]2 p\r ?is into a deep di% or b[l1 l>ge en\gh to hold ! l>ge/ ( y\r female ,tr\ts2 take "o ( ^! & put x into ! wat] s prep>$1 & g5tly squeeze ! roe f x :il/ ! v5t is imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 #g ,d ?is z quickly z possible1 & return ! fi% into fre% wat]1 & !n p\r (f ! wat] conta9+ ! impregnat$ roe1 ?r\gh a /ra9]1 c>efully pres]v+ x = ! rema9+ fi%1 & imm$iately return ! roe into fre% spr+ or brook wat]4 ,repeat ! op]ation = e female ,tr\t1 & y w !n h a quantity ( impregnat$ roe1 :i* if prop]ly manag$ w hat* ) great c]ta9ty4 ,h ready z _m boxes z y are able to /ock ) spawn 7?ree feet long1 two feet broad1 & six in*es deep74 ,fill !m to ! dep? ( two in*es ( riv] s&1 :i* ought to be previ\sly s well wa%$ t !re is n a p>ticle ( mud left 9 x1 & ^u t put two in*es ( riv] gravel1 also exce$+ly well wa%$1 ! pebbles v>y+ 9 size f a hazel nut to a pigeon or pullet's egg4 ,^! boxes mu/ be s plac$ t ! wat] f a spr+ w fl[ into ! fir/1 & f ! surface ( t into ! second1 & bel[ ! :ole ne/ ( boxes !re ought to be a small res]voir made--say ?ree y>ds by two & eighte5 in*es deep1 & well gravell$ at ! bottom4 ,all ^! matt]s hav+ be5 previ\sly arrang$1 & ! wat] fl[+ nicely ov] ! gravel1 spr9kle ! impregnat$ roe equally ov] ! surface ( ! gravel1 say a qu>t] ( a p9t to ea* box1 & x w roll d[n into ! int]/ices ( ! gravel & f9d a b$ 9 :i* x w rema9 snugly until ! spr+1 :51 ab\t ,m>*1 if all has be5 prop]ly manag$1 y w f9d1 on a c>eful exam9ation1 t ! "y ,tr\t are com+ to life by hundr$s4 ,i am v p>ticul> 9 recomm5d+ spr+ r ?an brook wat]1 = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 brooks are liable to be flood$1 & are sometimes s ov]*>g$ ) s& & mud t ! gravel 9 ! spawn+-boxes is completely *ok$ ) x & ! spawn is lo/1 z ,i "k to my great & frequ5t disappo9tm5ts4 ,at o!r times all is wa%$ away toge!r4 ,9 ! second place1 ! gravel ( brooks sw>ms ) wat]-lice 7%rimps7 & ! l>vae ( aquatic insects1 z well z bull-heads & loa*es1 all ( :i* prey ^u ! spawn ( ! ,tr\t & ,salmon4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 if y put y\r spawn+-boxes 9 a brook1 y w f9d x difficult to prev5t ! escape ( ! fry :5 hat*$1 & y are left 9 d\bt z to ! success ( y\r exp]im5t4 ,) spr+ wat] all ^! inconv5i5ces are avoid$4 ,b if y\r wat]c\rse %\ld conta9 wat]-lice or aquatic l>vae1 x is a v easy matt] to de/roy !m be=e putt+ 9 y\r boxes1 ) a little salt or quicklime4 ,x is also desirable to cov] y\r spawn+-boxes ) a wire grat+1 to exclude ! light1 & to protect !m 9 sev]e wea!r f ! *ance ( be+ froz54 ,:5 !y beg9 to hat*1 op5 a communication betwe5 ! boxes & ! little res]voir bel[1 & if ?is communicates ) a wat]c\rse 9 :i* aquatic plants are gr[+1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,! fry1 z soon z !y are /rong en\gh1 w make _! way into ?is dit*1 & w f9d abundance ( food among ! wat] plants2 !nce !y ought to be able to make _! way into ! brook1 riv]1 or lake :i* x is int5d$ to /ore ) !m4 ,all ducks1 wild & tame1 %\ld be driv5 f ?is dit*1 or few ( ! ,tr\t w be all[$ to f9d _! way to _! f9al place ( de/9ation4 ,^! rules1 ) "s modification1 are applicable to ! bre$+ ( ,salmon z well z ,tr\t2 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! mode ( plac+ ! female fi%1 :5 obta9+ ! roe1 & ! size ( ! gravel 9 :i* ! spawn is deposit$ 9 ! boxes4 ,! ,salmon is too l>ge a fi% to put into ! vessels 9 :i* ! dilut$ milt is plac$1 b ,i ?9k t %e %\ld be held by an assi/ant1 9 su* a mann] t ! tail & l[] "p ( ! body up to ! v5t are imm]s$ 9 ! wat] conta9+ ! milt4 ,& x is also v necess>y to hold h] firmly1 o!rwise a l>ge fi%1 9 ! /ruggles :i* x makes to get free1 is apt to upset ! vessel conta9+ ! milt1 & !n ! exp]im5t is at an end1 at lea/ = ! "t4 ,be+ held firmly by ! assi/ant1 z above /at$1 ! belly ( ! fi% mu/ be g5tly press$ by ! h&s to promote ! exclusion ( ! spawn1 :i* on exclusion mu/ be g5tly /irr$ 9 ! dilut$ milt1 to br+ e gra9 into contact ) x2 b ! roe ought n to rema9 9 contact ) ! milt a m9ute1 if x c soon] be got out1 z ,i h f\nd t if ! dilut$ milt be too /rong1 or if ! ova rema9 too long 9 contact ) x1 !y become opaque1 & nev] hat* at all1 app>5tly because !y are ov]-impregnat$4 ,9 ! ord9>y way 9 :i* ,salmon & ,tr\t are br$1 ! milt mu/ be l>gely dilut$ ) wat]1 & ! contact betwe5 ! milt & ova c only be mom5t>y1 = ! /reams 9 :i* ^! fi% spawn 7p>ticul>ly ! ,salmon7 are s rapid1 t ! milt on exclusion mu/ be c>ri$ away imm$iately4 ,!re is ano!r me?od1 :i* is pref]r$ by ,ramsbottom1 to ! "o ,i h be5 describ+1 & x is c]ta9ly less tr\blesome4 ,?is is to take ! ova f ! female fi% 9 ! fir/ place 7tak+ c>e to exclude ! air f x1 by imm]s+ ! fi% into wat] up to ! v5t71 & :5 all ! roe has be5 collect$ into a l>ge b[l or bas91 !n mix ! milt ) x1 ! same dilut$ 9 ! proportion :i* has be5 be=e describ$1 namely1 until ! wat] :i* cov]s ! roe becomes lightly opalesc5t4 ,i am q aw>e t !re is ano!r !ory :i* assumes t impregnation takes place twelve mon?s be=e ! exclusion ( ! ova4 #h ,b a v c>eful & long cont9u$ exam9ation ( ! spawn+ ( m9n[s & lampreys 7,i h nev] be5 able closely to exam9e ! spawn+ ( ,salmon71 conv9ces me t x is n a correct "o4 ,besides1 did any "o ev] succe$ 9 hat*+ ! ova ( a fi% :i* _h n be5 all[$ to come 9 contact ) milt aft] exclusion8 ,if !y h1 :51 :]e1 & h[ has ?is be5 accompli%$1 & :]e is x record$8 ,i "k t ,i c\ld nev] succe$1 al?\gh ,i h (t5 tri$ ! exp]im5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ! easie/ ?+ imag9able1 ) due c>e & a suitable situation1 to hat* ^? :i* h be5 prop]ly impregnat$ aft] exclusion4 ,b if1 to avoid argum5t1 ,i admit t ?is !ory is correct1 x w n at all int]f]e ) artificial bre$+ ( ,tr\t & ,salmon2 on ! contr>y1 x w mat]ially facilitate x4 ,x w only be necess>y to cat* female fi% ) ! ova ready = exclusion1 & place ^! ova 9 clean gravel 9 a box1 z be=e describ$1 b !re w be no occasion = males4 ,b suppos+ ,tr\t & ,salmon c be br$ 9 ?is mann]1 :i* ,i by no means believe1 !re w\ld be no means ( bre$+ hybrids1 :i* ,i consid] a f> m important a*ievem5t1 & to :i* ,i w n[ ref]4 ,ev] s9ce my att5tion 0 turn$ to ! artificial bre$+ ( fi%1 x has always appe>$ to me exce$+ly desirable & important to bre$ hybrids betwe5 ! ,tr\t & ! ,salmon4 ,! fry ( ! ,salmon1 :i*1 by-!-bye1 is p]haps ! mo/ delicately flav\r$ fi% t exi/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 al?\gh x lives & ?rives 9 fre% wat] = two or ?ree ye>s1 if kept 9 a locality :]e x _c escape to ! sea1 yet1 if kept long] ?an t "t1 p9es away & dies4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c\ld obta9 a hybrid fi%1 br$ betwe5 ! riv] ,tr\t & ! ,salmon1 we %\ld probably produce a fi% :i*1 be+ a mule1 w\ld be always 9 good condition2 be+ cross$ ) a riv] fi%1 x w\ld probably nev] require a visit to salt wat] to keep x 9 good heal?4 ,be+ cross$ ) a ,salmon1 x ought to get to a good size 9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod2 &1 if x w\ld rise at ! artificial fly1 or ! m9n[1 ought to af=d fir/-rate sport to ! angl]4 ,!re does n appe> to be a great] specific diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,tr\t & ! ,salmon ?an !re is betwe5 ! horse & ! ass1 betwe5 ! mall>d & ! musk duck1 or betwe5 a cabbage & a turnip4 ,b hi!rto1 9 all my exp]im5ts1 ,i h nev] succe$$ 9 produc+ a hybrid betwe5 ! ,tr\t & ! ,salmon4 #i ,yet ,i d n despair ( do+ s1 = !re 0 always a some?+ to compla9 (1 & to d\bt ab\t1 9 e "o ,i tri$1 & ,i /ill ?9k ,i %all succe$ by p]sev]ance4 ,ev5 if ,i %all succe$1 ! result may n prove q s fav\rable z ,i anticipate1 b may turn out z un=tunately z ! m>riage ( ! g5tleman 9 ! /ory1 :i* relates t1 be+ good- temp]$ b ugly himself1 he m>ri$ a h&some ill-temp]$ wife1 hop+ t 8 *ildr5 w\ld h 8 good-temp] & _! "m's good looks2 b :5 !y came1 !y 7 z ugly z ! fa!r & z ill-temp]$ z ! "m4 ,s x may prove ) ^! hybrids--!y may n always ?rive 9 fre% wat]2 !y may n gr[ to a good size2 !y may n rise at ! artificial fly2 !y may be wor?less = ! table4 ,nev]!less1 x is desirable if possible t ?is %\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,! prog5y ( a male ,salmon & a female ,tr\t may be mu* bett] or mu* worse fitt$ = a cont9ual resid5ce 9 fre% wat] ?an ! desc5dants ( a male ,tr\t & a female ,salmon2 b ?is c only be det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,dr4 ,l9dley says1 9 8 introduction to ! ,guide to ! ,or*>d1 t 9 ! cross f]tilization ( fruits1 ! se$l+s always p>take m ( ! "* ( ! male ?an ( ! female p>5t4 ,b ,i believe t 9 bre$+ mules x is f\nd m desirable t ! fa!r %\ld be an ass ?an a horse4 ,9 my p\ltry y>d ,i bre$ hybrids betwe5 ! musk duck & ! common duck1 & ,i f9d t ,i h a mu* bett] prog5y f ! musk drake & ! common duck ?an f ! common drake & ! musk duck4 ,9 ! latt] cross1 al?\gh ! males are f9e birds1 ! females are n l>g] ?an a widgeon1 & fly ab\t almo/ l wild ducks4 ,?is may n always be ! case1 b x has prov$ s ) me4 ,b to return to ! fi%4 ,if any g5tleman :o is int]e/$ 9 su* matt]s w d me ! hon\r to read ?is pap]1 & wi%es = fur!r in=mation on ! subject1 ,i %all be happy to give x1 s f> z ,i am able4 ,v sure ,i am t ! sportsman :o once fairly />ts z a fly-fi%]1 & is s =tunate z to hook a ,salmon or a l>ge ,tr\t1 w !nce=w>d despise or lightly e/eem corks & floats1 gr\nd-bait & trimm]s1 punts & ,p]* fi%+1 & w fairly wi% !m all ex*ang$ = a nice /ream well /ock$ ) ,tr\t--z a g5tleman lately said to me1 fly- fi%+ is a p]fect infatuation6 ,he 0 q "r4 ,! extreme avidity ) :i* x is foll[$ by ! ?or\ghly initiat$1 c only be expla9$ on t supposition2 to ! casual obs]v]1 !re does n appe> to be any /rong excitem5t 9 x4 ,b t is a great mi/ake4 ,let me get to ! bank ( a riv] well /ock$ ) ,tr\t 9 a good hum\r1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & ,i feel nei!r hung]1 ?ir/1 nor fatigue if ,i fi% until d>k )\t ta/+ ( any?+4 ,& ! excitem5t ( hook+ a t5 or twelve p\nd ,salmon is n mu* inf]ior to t produc$ by a long run aft] ! h\nds4 ,i _c conclude )\t call+ ! att5tion ( all int]e/$1 & :o are able to r5d] assi/ance 9 rem$y+ ! evil1 to ! great fall+ (f 9 ! quantity ( fi% !re is 9 all ! ,salmon riv]s 9 ,engl&4 ,) ^? 9 ,scotl& & ,irel& ,i am n acqua9t$1 b believe t matt]s are n 9 a mu* bett] /ate !re4 ,i believe t ! unsatisfactory /ate ( ! laws has a great deal to d ) ?is decl9e 9 ! value ( ! fi%]ies1 & ,i also believe t x is q possible s to alt] ! law z to v greatly improve !m1 & t )\t improp]ly int]f]+ ) :at is ( f> m importance--,i mean ! manufactories ( ! c\ntry4 ,z ! law /&s at pres5t ! proprietors ( ! upp] p>ts ( riv]s h n ! slighte/ int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation ( ! fi% 9 ! bre$+ season1 =1 z !y are seldom all[$ to see a fi% :5 x is fit = ! table1 :y %\ld !y look aft] ! poa*]s 9 close "t8 ,:y %\ld !y be put to mu* exp5se & tr\ble1 z well z ! risk ( ! lives ( _! game-keep]s1 m]ely to bre$ fi% = ! proprietors ( /ake nets & e/u>y fi%]ies1 :o don't sp5d a f>?+ 9 ! pres]vation ( ! fi% :5 bre$+1 & yet reap all ! b5efit8 ,i _h occasion1 "s ye>s ago1 to exam9e ! evid5ce on ?is subject giv5 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahbe1 & 0 exce$+ly amus$ at ! s*emes resort$ to to evade ! law1 mod]ate & ineffici5t z 0 ! law at t "t4 7,s9ce !n ! law has be5 alt]$ bo? 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&1 b ,i d n "k :at are ! provisions1 nor :at has be5 ! effect ( ! new law47 ,x requir$ t !re %\ld be a free passage = ! fi% 7,salmon7 ?r\gh all ! traps1 nets1 weirs1 & devices t 7 us$ to cat* or deta9 !m1 f sunset on ,saturday night to sunrise on ,monday morn+4 ,"o man said he paid ,l#g1jjj a ye> = 8 fi%]y1 & %\ld lose "o-sev5? ( 8 cat*4 ,ano!r said he all[$ a free passage on ,sundays1 b w\ld n p]mit anybody to g & exam9e = !mselves4 ,a ?ird prov$ t he all[$ ! fi% a free passage on ,sundays1 b 8 neighb\rs prov$ t he plac$ 9 ! gap a crocodile1 pa9t$ r$4 ,& a f\r? 0 convict$ ( break+ d[n ! /ake nets 9 ! e/u>y ( a riv]--at ! same "t he _h a net /ret*$ entirely across ! riv] above1 bo? day & night4 ,& s ) _m o!rs1 e "o /riv+ ) all 8 might to kill ! goose t laid ! gold5 eggs4 ,?is is n ! way to improve ! ,salmon fi%]ies4 ,to d ?is effectually ! upp] proprietors mu/ h a /rong int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation ( ! bre$+ ( fi%1 & 9 ord] to give !m ?is int]e/ !y ought to h an ample supply ( fi% :5 !y are 9 ! be/ condition2 b to give !m ?is supply ! law ought to be alt]$4 ,at pres5t ,i believe ! law does n require a free passage = ! fi% 7at lea/ 9 ,engli% riv]s7 except f ,saturday night to ,monday morn+2 9 _m ( !m ,i believe ?is is n insi/$ ^u2 :]eas ! law ought to prohibit fi%+ = or ob/ruct+ ! passage ( ! fi% e night f sunset to sunrise1 & ?is regulation ought to be rigor\sly en=c$4 ,?is w\ld give ! upp] proprietors a *ance ( hav+ good fi%1 & a correspond+ inducem5t to take c>e ( !m4 ,nobody w\ld be s mu* b5efit$ z ! own]s ( fi%]ies at ! m\?s ( riv]s2 !y w\ld be ! fir/ tak]s1 & w\ld /ill get ! lion's %>e ( all ! fi% t asc5d$ ! riv]4 ,if ?is regulation 7 en=c$1 ! exp5ses ( cons]vators might be defray$ by levy+ a small tax1 9 ! %ape ( a lic5ce = angl+1 :i* all true sportsm5 w\ld be glad to pay if x gave a reasonable prospect ( a well-/ock$ riv]4 ,n[ matt]s are gett+ worse e day1 & not)/&+ ! enorm\s fecundity ( ! ,salmon 7a l>ge "o produc+ #be1jjj ova 9 a season71 !y are n[ ext9ct 9 "s riv]s :]e !y us$ to be f\nd 9 my recollection1 & 9 o!rs :]e !y 7 once abundant !y are n[ v sc>ce4 ,no "o ne$ to wond] at ?is1 :5 he is told t gangs ( poa*]s are on ! look-out = !m all ?r\gh ! spawn+ season4 ,9 "o w9t]1 "s ye>s ago1 ,i am cr$ibly in=m$ t two hundr$ ,salmon 7 tak5 9 "o /ream )9 five hundr$ y>ds ( ! spot :]e ,i am n[ writ+4 ,x is nobody's bus9ess & nobody's int]e/ to prev5t ?is1 & !re=e x goes on op5ly night & day4 ,are !re no influ5tial g5tlem5 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons :o w take up ?is matt] & endeav\r to get an equitable & compreh5sive law pass$ = ! pres]vation & increase ( ! bre$ ( ,salmon8 ,x is a matt] ( ev5 national importance1 & if duly provid$ = & prop]ly att5d$ to1 ,i see no improbability 9 ! supposition t ,salmon w\ld aga9 be z abundant z !y 7 :5 ! appr5tices on ! banks ( ! ,ribble /ipulat$ t !y %\ld n be compell$ to eat ,salmon (t5] ?an ?ree days 9 ! week4 ,! apa?y ( c\ntry g5tlem5 9 ?is matt] is to me unacc\ntable4 ,i h "s reason to believe1 h[ev]1 t ,gov]nm5t h at all times be5 s f> f l5d+ _! influ5ce to ! promotion ( any attempts to am5d ^! laws1 t !y h ob/ruct$ r ?an assi/$ !m1 mo/ probably f an idea t ! pres]vation ( ! fi% w\ld int]f]e ) manufactories4 ,if ,i ?\ght t ?is w\ld be ! case1 ,i %\ld n say a ^w on ! subject2 b ,i am v f> f hold+ su* an op9ion4 ,s f> f ?is be+ ! case1 ,i ass]t )\t hesitation t weirs ne$ =m no ob/ruction to ! free passage ( fi%1 & t )\t impair+ ! effici5cy ( ! wat] p[]4 ,) ! poison\s & fil?y mixtures s5t by "s manufactories d[n ! riv]s1 ! case is f> diff]5t1 & :]e ?is is done ! case is hopeless4 ,salmon & ,tr\t w rapidly disappe> f su* riv]s1 nev] to be se5 !re aga91 s long z ^! noxi\s contam9ations are p]mitt$ to fl[ into !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,artificial ,,bre$+ ,,( ,,fi%4 ,,cli!roe1 ,decemb] #bf?1 #ahec4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,,sir1--,i h read ) "s int]e/ ! lett] ( y\r correspond5t1 ,salmo ,sal>1 on ! artificial bre$+ ( fi%2 & kn[+1 z ,i d1 ! great int]e/ :i* ! writ] feels 9 ! pres]vation & increase ( 8 namesakes1 ,i %all be mo/ happy if my humble ef=ts 9 ! same cause ?r[ any m light on ! same subject1 & 9 any degree contribute to ! same end4 ,b ,mr4 ,salmo ,sal> is q wrong 9 say+ t1 ) ! exceptions ( ! exp]im5ts made on ! banks ( ! ,hodd]1 by ,ramsbottom1 no ef=ts h be5 made to increase ! numb] ( ,salmon by provid+ artificial bre$+-places4 ,pass+ ov] my own num]\s exp]im5ts "h = ! la/ f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s 7:i* y1 ,sir1 are aw>e (1 ?\gh ! fi%+ _w is n71 ,i may ref] to ! ext5sive exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,fawkes1 ( ,f>nley1 9 #ahda & #ahdb1 & r5ew$ aga9 9 #ahdh & #ahdi2 & ! :ole ( :i* 7) ! exception ( a portion ( ^! 9 #ahdb7 7 successful4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,salmo ,sal> 7 n made until #ahea & #aheb1 & 7 int5d$ m]ely to te/ ! accuracy ( an assumption t ! impregnation ( ! ova takes place long prior to _! exclusion2 :i* exp]im5ts t]m9at$ 9 a complete failure4 ,salmo ,sal> says t ! quantity ( ,salmon fry 9 ! riv] is enorm\s2 & t he has caught five p\nds ( !m 9 a s+le pool 9 a s+le day4 ,i h kn[n ?ree times t quantity caught 9 ! same way4 ,b /ill ?is proves no?+ at all1 = x is well kn[n t almo/ all migratory animals1 h[ev] solit>y _! g5]al habits may be1 are greg>i\s at ! "t ( migration4 ,witness swall[s1 fieldf>es1 & ev5 woodcocks4 ,witness also ! cl\ds ( small ,eels asc5d+ ! riv]s 9 ,may & ,june2 & if we are to believe ! acc\nts ( travell]s1 ! enorm\s flocks ( antelopes 9 ,africa1 & ( bisons 9 ,am]ica1 are pro(s ( ! same g5]al law4 ,no d\bt ,salmo ,sal> w f9d1 z he says1 t ! ,samlets are exce$+ly abundant 9 "s ( ! pools1 :5 !y h flock$ toge!r = ! purpose ( migration2 b he may p]haps travel = miles ei!r up or d[n ! riv] be=e he w f9d any m4 ,x is notori\s t1 9 ! tribut>ies ( ! ,hodd]1 !y are wall$ 91 9 _m places1 = ! purpose ( deta9+ !m1 t unscrupul\s angl]s may get z _m ( !m z possible be=e !y g to ! sea4 ,salmo ,sal> is 9 error also :5 he says t ,ramsbottom deposit$ #dj1jjj 9 ! ponds ( ,galway1 ( :i* #bj1jjj are expect$ to be fruitful4 ,! fact is1 t he deposit$ #dj1jjj 9 ,decemb]1 #aheb1 ( :i* above #bj1jjj are n[ alive & 9 ! ponds1 v>y+ f f\r to five in*es long to two or ?ree1 not)/&+ t exp]im5t 0 made "u v unfav\rable circum/ances2 = !re 0 s mu* mud 9 ! /ream t suppli$ ! spawn+-boxes1 t :5 ,ramsbottom left ,galway he 0 afraid all ! ova w\ld be *ok$ by x4 ,salmo ,sal> seems to ?9k t almo/ all ! ova deposit$ naturally come to life1 & t v few ( ^? deposit$ artificially d s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is q contr>y to my exp]i5ce1 & ,i ?9k t if ,salmo ,sal> w li/5 to ! evid5ce he w *ange 8 op9ion4 ,x is well kn[n t ,salmon are v fond ( p>ticul> /reams1 _! in/9ct no d\bt in=m+ !m :i* are suitable to _! purpose2 & :5 "o pair ( fi% h f9i%$ spawn+1 ano!r pair w come & occupy ! same place4 ,n[1 :at takes place "u su* circum/ances8 ,! ova :i* 7 deposit$ by ! fir/ pair are root$ up by ! second1 & _! specific gravity is s ne> t ( ! wat]1 t !y roll d[n out ( ! loose gravel & are pick$ up by ! ,tr\ts1 ,p>1 & o!r fi% t are always ly+ 9 wait j bel[ = t purpose4 ,:5 ,ramsbottom 0 9 ,galway he caught a l>ge ,tr\t1 out ( ^: ?roat he squeez$ a ?\s& ova1 :i* 7 deposit$ 9 a spawn+-box1 _m ( :i* came to life not)/&+ ! pit !y _h escap$ f4 ,! extraord9>y avidity ) :i* ,tr\t take ,salmon roe z a bait is also a pro( 7if t 7 ne$$7 ( _! prey+ ^u x 9 ! spawn+ b$s4 ,yet1 9 addition to !m1 are all ! ,p>1 ,bullheads1 ,eels1 ,loa*es1 & aquatic l>vae :i* may be f\nd sw>m+ 9 e spawn+ b$ by any "o :o w look = !m4 ,9 addition to ^! enemies1 millions ( ! ova are de/roy$ by be+ wa%$ away by heavy floods1 & z _m m are de/roy$ by be+ *ok$ ) mud & s& 9 ! spawn+ b$s z well z by be+ left dry at l[ wat] ow+ to ! ,salmon spawn+ 9 places :i* frequ5tly become q dry 9 e>ly spr+4 ,no d\bt _m ( ! ,salmon fry :5 !y h rea*$ ! sea are de/roy$ by enemies !re1 ( :i* we "k no?+4 ,b /ill1 if #ejj1jjj are br$1 9 addition to all t are re>$ naturally1 x w repres5t a l>g] proportion ( ! :ole ?an ,salmo ,sal> seems to suppose2 o!rwise1 h[ is x t 9 riv]s :]e ,salmon are protect$1 or /ill m 9 unsettl$ c\ntries1 ! ,salmon are s num]\s8 ,! ,salmon 9 ! ,columbia riv]1 on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 are ca/ dead ^u ! %ores by myriads aft] ! spawn+ season1 & ^! are m]ely ! fi% dy+ f exhau/ion1 z a small portion always d "h4 ,h[ num]\s1 !n1 are ^? :i* asc5d ! riv] to spawn1 & g d[n aga9 to ! sea aft]w>ds6 ,no d\bt ! gr& object to be atta9$ is to make ,salmon abundant1 & ! mo/ important /ep t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ?is object w be to give an effici5t protection to ! spawn+ fi%1 & ! only way to d ?is effectually is to give ! upp] proprietors ( riv]s su* an int]e/ 9 ! ,salmon fi%]ies z w make !m wor? att5tion4 ,at pres5t ?is is f> f be+ ! case4 ,n[ ! upp] proprietors are m]ely consid]$ z s _m cluck+ h5s1 ^: bus9ess & ^: duty x is to hat* ,salmon = ! proprietors ( fi%]ies at ! m\?s ( riv]s1 :o d n 9 _m cases sp5d a f>?+ 9 _! protection :5 spawn+1 & :o griev\sly begrudge ! upp] proprietors e fi% t is able to pass _! nets & o!r eng9es ( de/ruction4 ,let ! upp] proprietors ( ,salmon riv]s be/ir !mselves s to am5d ! law z to give !m a *ance ( hav+ a supply ( ,salmon :5 !y are 9 season4 ,!y _c & w n h a m effici5t ally ?an ,salmo ,sal>4 ,salmo ,sal> is 9 my op9ion q "r :5 he says t ! fi% kept 9 ponds w n be q s well able to take c>e ( !mselves z fi% :i* h be5 br$ & liv$ all _! lives 9 ! riv]4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t ?is is necess>y = any long] p]iod ?an until ! "y fry get rid ( ! umbilical vessel2 aft] :i* !y are q able to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,be=e t "t !y are sc>cely able to move1 & ?\s&s ( !m fall a prey1 n only to ! o!r fi%1 b to ! l>vae ( aquatic insects :i* prey ^u !m v gre$ily4 ,z ,i happ5 to "k f my own obs]vations1 ! l>va ( ! /one fly 7,may fly ( ,lanca%ire7 & ^? ( all ! l>g] ephem]a 7drakes71 to say no?+ ( ! fre%-wat] %rimps1 sw>m 9 all ! spawn+ b$s1 & no d\bt de/roy myriads ( ! ova4 ,all ^! w\ld be sav$ by prop] precautions & well =m$ spawn+-boxes1 ) good supplies ( spr+ wat] to fe$ !m4 ,i ?9k ,salmo ,sal> has v greatly ov]-e/imat$ ! quantity ( ,salmon fry t g d[n to ! sea f ! riv]s4 ,he speaks ( !m go+ d[n by millions4 ,n[ we w take ! riv] ,hodd] z a riv] ) :i* bo? ,salmo ,sal> & myself are well acqua9t$1 & ,i w v5ture to say t1 s f> is ?is an ov]-e/imate1 t if he w\ld take ! hundr$? "p ( ! numb] he w\ld be mu* ne>] ! tru?4 ,! ,samlets :5 !y g to ! sea may be reckon$ to weigh eight to ! p\nd1 & two millions w\ld at t rate weigh "o hundr$ & t5 tons4 ,does ,salmo ,sal> ?9k t "o ton & a t5? ( ,smolts g d[n ! riv] ,hodd] to ! sea on an av]age ( ye>s8 ,i h m fav\rable means ( judg+ ( ! quantity t g d[n ! riv] ,ribble ?an ,i h ( ^? ( ! ,hodd]1 & ,i believe ,i %\ld v greatly exagg]ate _! numb]s if ,i e/imat$ !m at any su* weight z a f\r? ( t quantity4 ,aga91 ! ,hodd] & ! ,ribble are1 9 "s respects1 f> m fav\rable = spawn+ ?an _m o!r riv]s2 = p>tly ow+ to ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 & p>tly ow+ to ! rapidity ( _! /reams1 ! gravel is l>ge & v suitable = spawn+ 92 !re is also f> less mud & s& 9 !m1 & ! spawn+ b$s are mu* less liable to be *ok$ up ?an !y are 9 _m o!r riv]s4 ,no d\bt ! ,salmon w make ! be/ selection 9 _! p[]1 b !y c only select f su* places z !re are2 & if ^? are n suitable ! ova mu/ be 9 a great measure de/roy$4 ,s9ce ,ramsbottom return$ f ,scotl& he has visit$ ! riv] ,dee1 ab\t =ty miles f ,*e/]1 & !re he f\nd ! spawn+ b$s 7ridds z ,salmo ,sal> calls !m7 silt$ up ) mud & s&1 & ! ova buri$ 9 !m to ! dep? ( eighte5 in*es4 ,h[ or :5 7 ! newly hat*$ fi% 7suppos+1 :i* is v improbable1 t !y ev] did hat*7 to make _! escape f su* a heap ( fil?8 ,x w\ld be q impossible4 ,9 conclusion1 x seems desirable & q necess>y to say a few words z to ! priority ( discov]y ( ?is process ( fi% propagation4 ,! ,fr5* claim x2 ! ,iri% seem to claim x2 ! ,messrs4 ,a%wor? take great cr$it = x2 & n[ ,salmo ,sal> says he fir/ sugge/$ x4 ,all[ me1 z !re are s _m claimants 9 ! field1 to sugge/ "o or two m4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcb1 )\t kn[+ t su* a ?+ _h ev] be5 done or ev5 ?\ght (1 ,i made "s exp]im5ts on ! spawn+ ( fi% & ! artificial impregnation ( _! ova1 :i* ,i communicat$ to ,l\don's ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 :i* !y appe>$4 ,aft] t came ! ,duke ( ,buccleu*'s game-keep]1 ,%aw1 ^: exp]im5ts 7 bo? satisfactory & conclusive4 ,?is 0 9 #ahcf or #ahch4 ,!n aft] my exp]im5ts at home1 ,i induc$ ,mr4 ,fawkes to take up ! matt] 9 #ahda1 & !y 7 resum$ 9 #ahdb1 & aga9 9 #ahdh & #ahdi1 bo? ) ,salmon & ,tr\t4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t ,ramsbottom came into ! field4 ,at ,mr4 ,fawkes's reque/ ,i in/ruct$ him 9 ! art1 & s5t him to ,f>nley1 :]e he 0 p]fectly successful2 & s9ce !n1 ,i believe he has _h m exp]i5ce & be5 m successful ?an any o!r propagator 9 ! k+dom4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is sy/em is v easily compreh5d$2 b success dep5ds on _m niceties ( manipulation1 & mu* exp]i5ce 9 judg+ :e!r ! fi%1 bo? male & female1 are 9 ! prop] condition = op]at+ ^u4 ,?is exp]i5ce is n ga9$ )\t mu* practice4 ,?is practice ,ramsbottom has 9 great p]fection4 ,!re is no d\bt ! artificial bre$+ ( fi% w be f\nd exce$+ly b5eficial1 if prop]ly c>ri$ out2 & ,i hope to see ! "t :5 ,salmo ,sal> may cat* half-a-doz5 ( 8 namesakes at ,:itewell1 any good day 9 ! season4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\rs v truly1 ,,?omas ,,g>nett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,artificial ,,bre$+ ,,( ,,fi%--7,,cont9u$74 ,,cli!roe1 #i? ,janu>y1 #ahed4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,,sir1--,z ,i believe t ,salmo ,sal> is q z desir\s ( increas+ ! bre$ ( ,salmon z myself1 ! controv]sy betwe5 u may be r$uc$ to v n>r[ limits4 ,he believes t ,tr\t eat v few ( ! ,salmon ova1 & !re=e _c d mu* h>m4 ,i w j m5tion a few facts :i* make me ?9k o!rwise4 ,:5 ,ramsbottom 0 9 ,galway he caught 9 "o night tw5ty-five ,tr\t on ! spawn+ gr\nd1 :i* _h on ! av]age n less ?an five hundr$ ova 9 ea* ( _! /oma*s2 f "o ( _! ?roats he squeez$ a ?\s&4 ,z ! net w\ld n take a fi% ( less ?an two p\nds1 h[ _m _h pass$ ?r\gh x8 ,:5 he 0 at ,kn[lm]e1 9 sweep+ ! riv] = spawn+ fi% he caught n9e ,p>1 two ,tr\ts1 & a ,sprod on ! spawn+ b$1 all ( :i* 7 gorg$ ) ,salmon spawn2 :5 he w5t into ! brooks !re he nev] f\nd a pair ( ,tr\t spawn+ )\t also f9d+ a numb] ( small] fi% beh9d1 "s ( :i* he caught1 & 9 all su* cases f\nd !m gorg$ ) roe up to ! ?roat2 ! male ,tr\t w\ld occasionally drive !m (f1 b z soon z he return$ to ! female !y 7 aga9 close 9 ! re>4 ,9 ! ,p]?%ire ,c\ri] ( ! #bbnd ,decemb] is ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,! m5 employ$ 9 tak+ ! bre$+ fi% secur$ a ,:itl+ on ,tuesday ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd1 & z !y obs]v$ ,salmon ova com+ out ( 8 m\? he 0 br\ght to ! (fice ( ,mr4 ,bui/ = exam9ation2 on be+ op5$1 upw>ds ( ?ree hundr$ impregnat$ ,salmon ova 7 tak5 f 8 /oma* q undige/$4 ,x may be1 !re=e1 fairly presum$1 t ?is y\ng/] _h tak5 ?is quantity = 8 breakfa/2 if he d9$ & breakfa/$ 9 ! same /yle ea* day dur+ ! bre$+ season1 x is difficult to e/imate ! exp5se ( 8 keep4 ,su* is ! am\nt ( loss ( impregnat$ roe 9 "o morn+ f "o trifl+ fi%2 :at mu/ x be ?r\gh\t ! season f ! v>i\s enemies x has to enc\nt]8 ,salmo ,sal> is faceti\s ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! roe by insects1 & says1 because an aquatic insect w dev\r a m9n['s egg1 :i* is n z l>ge z a p9's head1 we h no "r to inf] t x w dev\r t ( a ,salmon1 :i* is z l>ge z a pea2 x w\ld be j z reasonable to suppose t because a wasp fea/s ^u a *]ry1 or a /rawb]ry1 !re=e he w eat a turnip or a mangold wurtzel4 ,z he seems to h made a slip ( ! p5 9 nam+ ! two la/ fruits1 all[ me to supply :at ,i suppose he meant to say1 :i* ,i presume 0 t because a wasp eats a *]ry or a /rawb]ry1 we mu/ n !re=e inf] t he w ei!r eat a pe> or a plum2 if t is 8 mean+1 ,i ?9k ,i c und]/& x4 ,if he adh]es to 8 own v]sion1 ,i w\ld m]ely obs]ve t !re is no analogy 9 ! two cases4 ,b ! inf]5ce does n re/ ^u m]e supposition2 ! fre%wat] %rimps at ,kn[lm]e 7 se5 dev\r+ ! ova 9 ! spawn+-boxes4 ,we h se5 above t ,p> eat ova z well z ,tr\t4 ,let u suppose t ! millions ( ,smolts 7z ,p>7 h only "o meal ea* ( ,salmon roe1 & we w /9t !m to tw5ty ova apiece4 ,i fe> t v few ( ! five millions :i* ,salmo ,sal> says are deposit$ 9 ! ,hodd] w be left to gr[ into ,salmon4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ducks1 bo? wild & tame1 eat !m gre$ily4 ,:5 ,ramsbottom 0 9 ,galway he saw t ! tame ducks frequ5t$ ! spawn+ =d1 & ! sup]9t5d5t b\ght "o1 & f\nd its crop q full ( ,salmon roe4 ,if ?is _h be5 buri$ eighte5 in*es 9 ! gravel 7z ,salmo ,sal> sugge/s71 ! duck w\ld h _h "s difficulty 9 extract+ x2 b s f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 x is n usually "o-half t dep?1 al?\gh ?is v>ies 9 diff]5t riv]s4 ,!n1 if "o ,salmon is able to pl\gh up gravel :i* is cem5t$ toge!r by s& & long cont9uance 9 "o place1 :y %\ld n ano!r be able to d ! same :5 ! gravel is loose & easily remov$8 ,b !re is ano!r enemy :om ,salmo ,sal> has n m5tion$1 :o does m h>m ?an all ! re/3 t is ! poa*]1 & ,i fe> t _m ( ! ,salmon :i* ,salmo ,sal> saw spawn+ 9 ! ,hodd] & its tribut>ies h s9ce !n made a j\rney ov]l&4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i am cr$ibly in=m$ t 9 "o season a gang ( poa*]s took sev5ty ,salmon 9 ! ,hodd]4 ,is he sure !y h tak5 none ?is season8 ,salmo ,sal> seems to ?9k t "o pair ( ,salmon w n spawn on ! same gr\nd1 :i* has be5 previ\sly occupi$ by ano!r pair2 b he has only to wat* ! same ridd = a week or two to be conv9c$ he is mi/ak54 ,z to fi% refus+ to spawn on new gravel1 ,i may /ate t :5 ,mr4 ,fawkes 0 mak+ 8 exp]im5ts at ,f>nley he put "s new gravel into 8 brook1 & !re 7 sixte5 pairs ( ,tr\t spawn+ on x ! next morn+4 ,salmo ,sal> says t if he c h ^? simple *ecks :i* he enum]ates to ! pres5t practices1 he w re/ore abundance ( ,salmon to ! ,ribble2 !y are all v good 9 _! way1 b d n g q f> en\gh1 & !y w\ld d v little good )\t a f\r?1 namely1 protection f ! poa*] = ! fi% on ! spawn+ b$s4 ,until ?is c be giv5 m effici5tly ?an x is at pres5t1 all ! re/ w be unavail+2 & until ! upp] proprietors c h a great] int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation ( ,salmon ?an !y n[ h1 !y _c be expect$ to give !mselves mu* tr\ble on ! subject4 ,my read]s w\ld n be mu* edifi$ by /rong ass]tion & c\nt]-ass]tion ( :at ,tr\t d1 & :at !y _c d2 nor is x probable t :]e we diff] we %\ld conv9ce ea* o!r2 nei!r d ,i see any occasion = p]sonality1 :5 bo? p>ties are actuat$ by ! same motives--a desire to see ! ,salmon fi%]ies re/or$ to a /ate ( great prosp]ity4 ,i !re=e avoid notic+ "s ( ,salmo ,sal>'s rem>ks1 :i* seem to me a little t+$ ) ?is _s1 & hope we %all be able to act 9 conc]t = ! atta9m5t ( t desirable result4 ,salmo ,sal> w f9d t ! numb] ( ,smolts is n always det]m9$ by ! quantity ( ova deposit$3 if he w exam9e ! b$ ( ! ,hodd] ! next l[ wat]1 he w f9d _m ( ! ridds di/urb$ by ! ice floods ( ye/]day2 & if he d\bts ?is1 ,i %all be happy to exam9e !m along ) him1 if he w give me previ\s notice ( 8 int5tion4 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ,i h se5 ,ramsbottom1 :o tells me t ! /ream 9 ! ,tay1 :]e he caught ! :ole ( ! fi% f :i* he obta9$ #cjj1jjj to #djj1jjj ova1 0 on "o side ( x "o cont9u\s ridd1 & t ! fi% c\ld n avoid pl\gh+ up ! gravel :i* previ\s fi% _h spawn$ 91 & at ,ought]>d1 :]e #cjj pairs ( fi% spawn$ 9 ! same numb] ( y>ds1 x 0 ! same2 & !y f\nd ?\s&s ( ova buri$ s deep t !y 7 rott+ 9 great quantities4 ,) reg>d to :at ,salmo ,sal> says ab\t ! infrequ5cy ( a v]itable spawn+ b$ be+ wa%$ away by floods1 ,i ref] him to :at ,i h said previ\sly2 b ,ramsbottom tells me ! game- keep] at ,h>d5 7,hawor?7 w be able to give him suffici5t pro( t 9 ! ,langd5 ,brook ?is has occurr$1 z he f\nd ! ova on ! dry l& by ?\s&s1 :i* _h be5 left !re by ! flood4 ,:5 ,ramsbottom 0 at ,p]? he f\nd on "o ( ! =ds1 a space ( tw5ty y>ds long & f\rte5 y>ds wide1 fill$ ) ridds1 :i* 0 entirely left dry4 ,:at w\ld become ( all ! spawn deposit$ !re8 ,salmo ,sal> seems to ?9k nature is q suffici5t to take c>e ( h] own int]e/s )\t our int]f]5ce1 & t )\t "s c\nt]-act+ influ5ce to keep ! bre$ ( fi% 9 *eck1 ! riv] w\ld n hold all t w\ld be br$4 ,i q agree ) him 9 ?is1 provid$ nature _h fair play2 b %e has n1 & occasionally ne$s a little help3 else :y d we employ game- keep]s to trap cats1 foxes1 & weasels1 to %oot hawks1 c>rion cr[s1 & magpies1 & to bre$ pheasants1 z well z to prev5t poa*+8 ,if ^! precautions are unnecess>y1 :y g to su* exp5se8 & if !y are necess>y = h>es & birds1 may !y n be also = fi%8 ,i hope ,salmo ,sal> w inve/igate :at ,i said ab\t wall+ 9 ( ! ,smolts 9 ,langd5 ,brook4 ,i fancy he may h se5 ^! enclosures himself2 at all ev5ts1 ,i h1 & al?\gh ,i _c prove !y 7 erect$ = t purpose1 ,i d n d\bt ! accuracy ( my in=mation4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\rs v truly1 ,,?omas ,,g>nett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ lett] 0 s5t to me f ,*e/]3-- ,,*e/]1 #crd ,febru>y1 #ahed4 ,,sir1--,we are ab\t to make application to ,p>liam5t = a ,commission ( ,inquiry into ! /ate ( laws respect+ ! fi%]ies ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,& ,mr4 ,a%wor?1 ( ,poynton1 has be5 s good z to ref] me to y1 z able & will+ to furni% u ) in=mation on ! subject4 ,! annual meet+ ( ! riv] ,dee fi%]y association w be held on ! #bj? in/ant1 :5 ,i purpose to lay be=e !m ! draft ( a petition to ,p>liam5t = _! approval4 ,i am anxi\s 9 ! meantime to obta9 all ! in=mation possible relative to ! work+ ( ! pres5t laws1 _! defects1 & ! alt]ations to be propos$ 9 !m1 9 ord] t a cond5s$ /atem5t may be embodi$ 9 ! petition z ! gr\nd ( our application4 ,i %\ld be exce$+ly oblig$ = any rem>ks y\r exp]i5ce may sugge/1 & tru/ y w accept ! cause :i* dictates my writ+ z a suffici5t apology = tr\bl+ y on ! subject4 ,i h _h great pleasure 9 read+ y\r able replies to ,salmo ,sal>'s lett]s4 ,on ! appe>ance ( ! fir/1 ,i 0 /rongly prompt$ to reply to x myself1 b rejoic$ to f9d him 9 mu* bett] h&s4 ,i rema91 ,sir1 ,y\rs v truly1 ,,william ,,ayrton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cli!roe1 #d? ,febru>y1 #ahed4 ,,to ,,wm4 ,,ayrton1 ,,esq4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am fav\r$ ) y\r lett] ( ye/]day1 & %all be glad to give y any in=mation ,i may possess on ! habits ( ,salmon1 or ! requirem5ts ( any act ( ,p>liam5t necess>y = ! pres]vation & increase ( ?is valuable fi%4 ,be+ a mill- own]1 ,i h int]e/s :i* are suppos$ to cla% ) ^? ( fi% pres]v]s2 b ,i hope to be able to %[ t all mill- own]s are able to give a passage ov] _! weirs at all times :5 ! fi% are incl9$ to run2 t is1 :5 !re are fre%es 9 ! riv]4 ,i say ?is ! m confid5tly1 z ,i believe ! works "h are ! l>ge/ 9 ,engl& = ! p[] ( ! /ream !y /& ^u1 & ,i f9d x necess>y to employ #aej horse-p[] ( /eam4 ,yet ,i f9d f a c>eful regi/]1 :i* has be5 kept "h s9ce ! ye> #ahch1 t we are able1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! effici5cy ( ! wat] p[]1 to give ! fi% a passage ov] ! weir #aha days1 or "p ( days1 annually1 & ?is at times :5 alone !y are dispos$ to avail !mselves ( su* a passage--t is 9 floods4 ,! sugge/ions t occur to me f "t to "t ,i w n fail to s5d y4 ,at pres5t ! foll[+ seem to me to be ess5tial1 to give efficacy to any ,act ( ,p>liam5t fram$ = ! purpose ( pres]v+ & increas+ ! bre$ ( ,salmon1 = )\t "s su* provisions ! g5tlem5 on ! upp] p>ts ( riv]s w h no inducem5t to ex]t !mselves 9 ! matt]4 ,fir/4--,no nets or o!r eng9es1 except rod & l9e1 %\ld be us$ = tak+ fi% f six o'clock at night to six o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & all fi% %\ld be all[$ a free passage up ! /ream e night :5 ?is does n de/roy or impair ! efficacy ( ! wat] p[]4 ,second4--,no mill-own] nor 8 s]vants1 nor any o!r p]son1 %\ld be all[$ to take fi% at 8 weir1 or )9 fifty y>ds ( x4 ,?ird4--,cons]vators %\ld be all[$ to g into all :eel-races1 :eel-h\ses & tail-goits1 & also ^u all l&s on ! banks ( ,salmon riv]s1 z well z inspect all cruives1 weirs1 c41 )\t be+ deem$ guilty ( trespass4 ,f\r?4--,all weirs kept solely = fi%+ purposes1 cruives1 c41 %\ld be compell$ to give a free passage to ! fi% e night f six o'clock to six o'clock 9 ! morn+2 & any ob/ruction plac$ 9 ! gap calculat$ to h9d] or fright5 ! fi% back1 %\ld be deem$ brea*es ( ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t & liable to a p5alty4 ,fif?4--,all nets & o!r devices = cat*+ ,eels %\ld be prohibit$ 9 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june4 ,six?4--,close "t %\ld be alt]$ & ext5d$1 z well z made uni=m1 9 all riv]s4 ,sev5?4--,! sale & use ( ,salmon roe %\ld be prohibit$4 ,eigh?4--,ju/ices %\ld be enabl$ to assi/ ! passage ( fi% ov] weirs by any contrivance :i* did n impair _! /ability nor ! effici5cy ( ! wat] p[]4 ,n9?4--,all cruives %\ld be =m$ ( v]tical b>s1 & %\ld h ! int]v5+ spaces to measure n less ?an ?ree in*es4 ,t5?4--,no nets us$ 9 a ,salmon riv] %\ld measure 9 ! me% less ?an two in*es & a half f knot to knot4 ,elev5?4--,any p]son hav+ no "r ( fi%+ f\nd ) a net 9 8 possession or a ,salmon out ( season1 %\ld be guilty ( misdemean\r4 ,twelf?4--,a t5 %ill+s' lic5ce = angl+ = ,salmon4 ,! reasons = mo/ ( ^! sugge/ions w be obvi\s to y1 b !re are "s :i* may n be s2 ,i w !re=e give a %ort comm5t on su*4 ,?ird & f\r?4--,! cons]vators %all h ! "r to inspect all :eel-races1 cruives1 c41 to see !y are prop]ly regulat$1 & also to see t no contrivance is us$ to drive ! fi% back4 ,9 ! evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahbe1 x 0 prov$ t ! lessee ( a fi%]y 9 ,scotl& us$ to place a crocodile pa9t$ r$ 9 ! k+'s gap1 :i* ! law compell$ him to give f ,saturday night till ,monday morn+4 ,fif?4--,! prohibition to set ,eel nets 9 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june is to prev5t ! de/ruction ( ,smolts :5 go+ d[n to ! sea4 ,sev5?4--,salmon are de/roy$ "h :5 spawn+ *iefly = ! sake ( ! roe4 ,if a man 7 f9$ = sell+ x or hav+ x 9 8 possession1 ?is inducem5t w\ld be weak5$4 ,elev5?4--,!re is ! same reason = seiz+ ! net ( ! black fi%] t !re is = seiz+ ! sn>e ( ! poa*]1 & if ! latt] c be convict$ = hav+ h>es or sn>es 9 8 possession1 ,i d n see :y ! =m] %\ld n = hav+ nets & ,salmon4 ,a meet+ ( ! g5tlem5 int]e/$ 9 ! fi%]ies ( ! ,ribble & ! ,hodd] w be held on ,friday1 ! #ag? in/ant1 previ\s to :i* "t ,i %\ld be glad ( y\r criticism4 ,i am1 de> ,sir1 ,y\rs v truly1 ,,?omas ,,g>nett4 ,p4,s4--,x occurs to me s9ce clos+ my lett] t ,i h =gott5 "o important provision requir$ 9 any new ,act ( ,p>liam5t--namely1 protection to ! ,smolts 9 _! d[nw>d migration4 ,"h ! pools are swept ) small me%$ trammel nets ( all ! fi% t !y conta94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,artificial ,,propagation ,,( ,,fi%4 ,,cli!roe1 #bcrd ,april1 #ahfc4 ,to ! ,editors ( ! ,le$s ,m]cury4 ,,g5tlem51--,i am some:at at a loss to und]/& ! object ( ,mr4 ,horsfall's lett] on ?is subject :i* appe>s 9 ! ,m]cury ( to-day4 ,if he means t fi% hat*$ by ?is process are z mu* at ! m]cy ( _! natural enemies z !y are 9 _! natural spawn+ b$s ,i diff] f him entirely2 b if he means t !re is no good 9 bre$+ migratory fi% l ,salmon1 :5 ! ob/acles to _! return 9 ! %ape ( /ake nets1 impassable weirs1 & poison\s wat]s are s num]\s z !y are at pres5t 9 _m riv]s 7! ,:>fe & ! ,aire are examples ( bo?71 ,i entirely agree ) him4 ,let u consid] bo? suppositions1 = ! m ?is subject is v5tilat$ ! m likely is good to arise f ! discussion4 ,i ?9k ,mr4 ,horsfall is entirely wrong 9 ! fir/ supposition1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,by artificial propagation ! "y fi% escape all damage f floods1 & p>ticul>ly ice floods1 :i* scoop out all ! loose gravel f ! spawn+ b$s1 :i* are frequ5tly entirely c>ri$ away by ^! floods4 ,!y escape all dang] f dr\ght1 :i* 9 "s riv]s is almo/ z bad1 !re be+ n[ sev]al m\nds ( dry gravel 9 my l5g? ( ! ,ribble :i* 7 spawn+ gr\nds la/ ,decemb]4 ,!y escape be+ de/roy$ z ova by ,tr\t1 ,eels1 ,bullheads1 ,loa*es1 ! l>va ( aquatic insects1 ducks 7wild & tame71 wat] rats1 & wat] %rews4 ,! la/ are said to be de/ructive to ! spawn2 b ?is ,i d n v\* =1 z ^! two la/-m5tion$ animals h n come "u my own obs]vation z dev\r]s ( spawn4 ,) reg>d to ! #ejj ,salmon ova said to h be5 tak5 f ! /oma* ( a ,tr\t1 ,ramsbottom is ! au?ority = x1 only he says !re 7 ne>] #a1jjj ?an #ejj1 & he took !m f ! maw ( a l>ge lake ,tr\t at ,ought]>d1 :5 nett+ ! spawn+ ,salmon = 8 artificial propagation4 ,:5 ,ramsbottom 0 fi% bre$+ = ,mr4 ,peel ! ye> aft] he fir/ w5t to ,irel& = t purpose1 he w5t into ! brooks at night ) a light4 ,he nev] f\nd a pair ( spawn+ fi% )\t also f9d+ sev]al wait]s on ,provid5ce 9 ! %ape ( small ,tr\t1 :i* 7 pick+ up ! ova t desc5d$ ! /reams t[>ds !m4 ,sev]al ( ^! he caught1 & !y 7 p]fectly gorg$ ) spawn4 ,) reg>d to ! ducks1 ,ramsbottom is aga9 my au?ority4 ,he f\nd t a flock ( tame ducks frequ5t$ ! spawn+ b$s at ,ought]>d2 he b\ght "o = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r !y eat spawn or n1 & he f\nd its crop q full ( spawn4 ,) reg>d to ! aquatic l>vae ( insects1 ,mr4 ,horsfall may easily satisfy himself t !y de/roy spawn if he w turn "s into an artificial spawn+ b$4 ,"o ( my fri5ds fail$ to hat* 8 ,tr\t ova because he c\ld n keep out ! fre%-wat] %rimps4 ,mr4 ,horsfall seems to ?9k t nature w\ld be suffici5t to take c>e ( h] own int]e/s if man did n /ep 9 to aid h] endeav\rs2 b if he is a sportsman he no d\bt has a game- keep]1 :o n only pres]ves ! gr\nd f poa*]s1 b traps cats & weasels1 %oots hawks1 magpies & c>rion cr[s1 bre$s tame pheasants1 & g5]ally looks to ! well be+ ( ! game )\t tru/+ to ! ef=ts ( unassi/$ nature4 ,let u take ! second supposition1 t !re is no good 9 artificial propagation :5 ! fi% :i* are s5t to ! sea c nev] come back aga9 by reason ( insurm\ntable ob/acles4 ,if ,mr4 ,horsfall means ?is he is q "r2 !re is no good 9 ! upp] proprietors ( ,salmon riv]s becom+ brood h5s = ! own]s ( fi%]ies at ! m\?s ( riv]s or ! proprietors ( impassable weirs1 :o take all ! fi% :i* get to ! foot ( ^! weirs4 ,i q agree ) ,mr4 ,horsfall t x is 9 mo/ cases easy to build practicable fi% passes1 & at a slight exp5se1 if p 7 will+ to d s2 b ,i wi% to %[ t not)/&+ ! boa/$ effects ( ! ,act ( #ahfa1 ! upp] rip>ian proprietors h n a suffici5t inducem5t to build fi% passes1 & w n d s unless ! exp5se c be made v mod]ate inde$4 ,i w take ! riv] ,ribble to illu/rate my mean+4 ,z a g5]al rule we h no fre% run ,salmon until ,may1 & ! upp] proprietors are suppos$ to h a suffici5t %>e ( ! fi% t asc5d ! /ream if ! own]s ( ! fi%]ies 9 ! e/u>y & ! tidal "p ( ! riv] cease to net f six o'clock on ! ,saturday night to six o'clock on ! ,monday morn+4 ,t is a day & a half p] week4 ,! fi%+ = ,salmon 7except angl+7 ceases on ! #ca/ ( ,augu/1 & f ! #a/ ( ,may to ! #ca/ ( ,augu/ !re are #abc days4 ,call ! p]iod eighte5 weeks1 :i* gives u tw5ty-sev5 days dur+ :i* "t ! ,salmon h lib]ty to pass to ! upp] p>ts ( ! riv]4 ,b on ! av]age ( seasons1 ow+ to dr\ghts1 ! rapid absorption ( moi/ure by vegetation1 & ! great evaporation1 !re is no fre% wat] to enable ! fi% to asc5d dur+ two- ?irds ( t "t4 ,e "o :o kn[s any?+ ( ! habits ( ,salmon is aw>e t !y nev] asc5d ! riv]s f ! e/u>y unless !re is a fre% 9 ! riv]2 &1 z ,i said be=e1 on ! av]age ( seasons !re is no fre% = two-?irds ( ! "t f ,may to ,augu/4 ,?is r$uces ! tw5ty-sev5 days 7:i* are suppos$ to fe$ ! upp] proprietors ) ,salmon to repletion7 to n9e days1 & ^! n9e days are expect$ to /ock ! riv] & its tribut>ies = "o hundr$ miles4 ,x is true ,i h n tak5 into consid]ation ! privileges :i* ! upp] proprietors h ( angl+ to ! #a/ ( ,novemb]2 b besides ! fact t ! fi% are !n full ( spawn1 & ought n to be kill$ at all1 v few rise at ! fly1 & :5 !y are tak5 !y c nei!r be sold nor us$ by any "o :o kn[s :at a fre% ,salmon is4 ,x is a great] crime aga9/ public polity to kill a spawn+ ,salmon ?an x is to /eal a %eep2 =1 suppos+ x produces #aj1jjj ova1 & "o 9 a hundr$ returns z a ,salmon1 x returns f a place 7! sea7 :]e x has co/ no?+ 9 r5t1 taxes1 or sup]9t5d5ce1 &1 9 ! f9e/ condition imag9able1 x invites u to take x4 ,mr4 ,horsfall & ,i bo? wi% = ! same results 7riv]s sw>m+ ) fi%71 & al?\gh we may some:at diff] z to details1 ,i h no d\bt bo? w\ld be glad to see public att5tion direct$ to ^! matt]s r m ?an x is at pres5t4 ,if ,mr4 ,horsfall w d me ! hon\r to come & see me1 ,i w %[ him an effici5t fi%-pass :i* has be5 9 op]ation =ty ye>s4 ,x may sugge/ "s ideas to him1 & he may be able to sugge/ "s improvem5ts 9 x :i* ,i %\ld be glad to receive4 ,i am1 ,g5tlem51 ,y\r ob$i5t ,s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,g>nett4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l[ ,,moor1 #d? ,janu>y1 #ahfe4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,z ,i believe ,mr4 ,ed51 ! ,commission] ( ,salmon fi%]ies1 is visit+ v>i\s di/ricts connect$ ) ,salmon riv]s 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 ) a view ( expla9+ ! propos$ alt]ations & additions to ! bill ( #ahfa1 & z ,i ?9k f :at ,i h le>nt t ! propos$ alt]ations & additions w n be satisfactory to ! upp] proprietors ( ,salmon riv]s1 ,i wi% to call y\r att5tion to ! matt]1 t1 if he %\ld come into ?is di/rict1 ! g5tlem5 int]e/$ may be able to po9t out to him h[ f> ^! alt]ations are f meet+ _! wi%es4 ,suppos+ t ! new bill 7z publi%$ 9 ! ,field newspap]1 & expla9$ & comm5t$ on by ,mr4 ,ed57 is to be und]/ood z a gov]nm5t measure & "o 9 :i* !y w all[ ( no alt]ations1 ,i ma9ta9 t x is v objectionable bo? f :at x omits & :at x purposes to d4 ,to beg9 ) ! =m]1 or1 9 o!r words1 to take ! recomm5dations ( ! ,worce/] meet+ z ! gr\ndwork ( new legislation1 x does n t\* on sev]al ( !m2 !y 71 s f> z ,i rememb] 7= ,i h no memor&a to ref] to7 an ext5sion ( ! weekly & annual close "t--m9imum p5alties3 --a close "t = ,tr\t1 & a "r ( way on ! banks ( ,salmon riv]s = all wat]-bailiffs1 duly appo9t$1 )\t _! be+ deem$ guilty ( trespass2 & a tax on fi%]y nets & implem5ts1 = ! purpose ( defray+ ! exp5ses ( protection4 ,n[1 s f> z ,i und]/& ! bill z propos$1 ! only "o ( ^! recomm5dations includ$ 9 x is ! tax4 ,i am wrong 9 ?is--! taxation is n includ$ 9 ! bill1 b 0 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,ed5 at ! meet+ he att5d$ lately at ,*e/]4 ,! bill proposes t ! *oice ( cons]vators %all be ve/$ 9 ! magi/rates at qu>t] sessions1 & ! cons]vators %all h p[] to exp5d all ! funds rais$ by volunt>y subscriptions = c]ta9 purposes m5tion$ 9 ! act4 ,b ,mr4 ,ed5 sugge/$ at ,*e/] t if ^! funds 7 inadequate ! cons]vators %\ld h ! p[] ( supplem5t+ !m by a rate on ! own]s & lessees ( fi%]ies 9 proportion to _! ext5t4 ,n[ "o man may h an e/ate on ! banks ( a riv] ext5d+ = miles f :i* he d]ives little or no rev5ue2 :ile ano!r may h a fi%]y n ext5d+ m y>ds ?an ! o!r does miles1 b f :i* he d]ives a rev5ue ( z _m p\nds z ! o!r does p5ce4 ,if ,mr4 ,ed5's mean+ is l9eal ext5t1 ,i feel v sure x w n meet ) ! approval ( ! upp] rip>ian proprietors4 ,aga91 :y %\ld ! magi/rates 9 qu>t] sessions 7n9e-t5?s ( :om "k no?+ ( ,salmon or ,salmon riv]s7 *oose ! cons]vators8 ,:at1 = in/ance1 w\ld ! magi/rates meet+ at ,wakefield "k ( ! ,ribble or ! ,hodd]8 ,:at w\ld !y c>e ab\t ! matt]8 ,!y w\ld *oose ! m5 :o _h p[] to tax ! rip>ian proprietors & lessees2 b z !y w\ld n be tax$ !mselves1 !y w\ld look on ) great composure4 ,no2 if we are to be tax$1 let u tax ourselves1 & n leave x to ^? :o w h no int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 & :o may involve u 9 litigation & exp5se ov] :i* we %all h no control4 ,! recomm5dations ( ! ,worce/] committee des]v$ m consid]ation on ! "p ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,!y 7 sugge/$ by m5 ( great exp]i5ce1 &1 moreov]1 unless !y are adopt$ & legaliz$ by ,p>liam5t !re c be no p]man5t prosp]ity = ,salmon riv]s4 ,take ! ext5sion ( close "t z an in/ance4 ,x _c be "r t ! own]s or lessees ( e/u>y fi%]ies %all be all[$ to take n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! fi% :i* !y h nei!r br$ nor f$1 & ^: well-be+ & increase !y h done no?+ to promote2 :ile ! upp] proprietors1 on :om devolve all ! c>e1 tr\ble1 & exp5se1 are to re/ satisfi$ ) :at ! ?irty-six h\rs p] week c give !m4 ,:at did !y give ! upp] proprietors on ! ,ribble & ! ,hodd] la/ season8 ,little or no?+4 ,:5 ! bill ( #ahfa 0 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,i _h an opportunity ( sugge/+ 7indirectly7 to ! late ,sir ,george ,cornewall ,lewis ! propriety & desirabl5ess ( an ext5sion ( ! weekly close "t = ! b5efit ( ! upp] proprietors4 ,he repli$1 ,y might z well propose to re/rict ! %oot+ ( p>tridges to ?ree days a week z to re/rict ! nett+ ( ,salmon4 ,b ) all due def]5ce to s great an au?ority1 !re is no analogy betwe5 ! two cases4 ,if p>tridges _h all to migrate & return be=e !y c\ld be legally %ot1 & _h1 l ! ,salmon1 all to return by ! same road1 n9ety p] c5t4 ( !m be=e rea*+ ! di/rict :]e !y 7 re>$ w\ld become ! prey ( m5 :o _h nei!r br$ nor f$ !m4 ,i fancy sportsm5 w\ld want protection = !m2 & if !y 7 n able to obta9 x1 !y w\ld d :at is s]i\sly propos$ by _m p ) reg>d to ! ,salmon--!y w\ld d all !y c\ld to ext]m9ate !m1 r ?an cont9ue to act z brood h5s to hat* *ick5s = o!r m5's eat+4 ,!n take ! annual close "t & ! pret5d$ comp5sation x (f]s 9 ! two mon?s' rod-fi%+ 7,septemb] & ,octob]74 ,aft] ! nets h be5 )drawn1 :at is x wor?8 ,or1 :at is ! value ( black fi% full ( spawn8 ,!y _c be sold2 !y are n fit to eat2 ! spawn has ne>ly arriv$ at maturity1 & ! only value ! fi% has is 9 ! spawn1 :i* is pott$ & sold 9 _m in/ances by ! poa*] :o kills ! fi%4 ,he des]ves no o!r "n1 :atev] may be 8 rank or /ation4 ,aga91 9 ! #ba/ section1 regulat+ ! weekly close "t1 x is enact$ ,t any p]son act+ 9 contrav5tion ( ?is section %all =feit all ! fi% tak5 by him1 & any net or movable in/rum5t us$ by him 9 tak+ ! same1 &1 9 addition !reto1 %all incur a p5alty ( n exce$+ five p\nds1 & a fur!r p5alty ( n exce$+ "o p\nd = ea* fi%4 ,b 9 ! #ag? section1 :i* regulates ! annual close "t1 ?\gh !re is a p5alty = ! contrav5tion & =feiture ( ! ,salmon s tak51 !re is no =feiture ( nets & implem5ts4 ,y w no d\bt rememb] h[ ?is work$ :5 ! wat*]s took a net & boat1 ne> ,pre/on1 la/ season1 aft] ! sett+ 9 ( ! annual close "t4 ,h[ ! own] ( ! net & boat came to claim !m1 on ! pret5ce t ! net _h be5 /ol5 f ! bank1 :]e x _h be5 left to dry1 al?\gh 8 own m5 7 ! p>ties :o 7 s illegally us+ !m4 ,m9imum p5alties4--,i see no m5tion ( !m 9 ! new bill1 al?\gh x is notori\s t _m magi/rates h f9$ convict$ poa*]s 9 ! p5alty ( a f>?+ or a %ill+4 ,:at is ?is b an enc\ragem5t to d s aga98 ,close "t = ,tr\t4--,?is is greatly ne$$ 9 ,salmon riv]s1 z x is well kn[n t _m a poa*] pret5ds to be fi%+ = ,tr\t :5 he is look+ aft] ,salmon4 ,?is is d\bly ne$$ :5 ! ,salmon asc5d ! small tribut>ies to spawn4 ,! "r ( way = wat] bailiffs4--,!re is no clause or section 9 ! new bill giv+ ! "r ( way on ! banks ( ,salmon riv]s to duly au?oriz$ p]sons )\t _! be+ deem$ guilty ( trespass4 ,b !re is "o by :i* !y are p]mitt$ to exam9e weirs4 ,!re is on my "p no objection to ?is exam9ation1 b :y are mill[n]s /igmatiz$ by be+ subject$ to exceptional legislation8 ,are n ! gamekeep]s ( g5tlem5 :o h _m miles ( riv] subject to no surveillance on ! "p ( ! wat] bailiffs z likely to act illegally z ! s]vants ( ! mill[n]s8 ,let bo? be wat*$ ) equal c>e1 & ,i d n m9d h[ vigilant ! wat*+ may be2 b ,i d object to be+ made ! object ( special & exceptional legislation4 ,! tax ought to be ^u nets & rods & o!r implem5ts 9 proportion to _! value4 ,b if a tax is laid on ! ext5t ( ! fi%]y1 we may bid adieu to volunt>y subscriptions4 ,9 conclusion1 if ,mr4 ,ed5 comes into ?is di/rict1 ,i ?9k x ought to be di/9ctly intimat$ to him t no bill w\ld be satisfactory to ! upp] proprietors :i* did n give !m a great] int]e/ 9 ! increase & improvem5t ( riv]s4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( do+ ?is4 ,! me% ( ! ,salmon net might be enl>g$ f eight to twelve in*es r\nd4 ,?is w\ld all[ grilse to pass1 & fill ! riv] ) bre$+ fi%4 ,or1 secondly1 ! weekly close "t might be ext5d$ s z to include ,friday z well z ,saturday aft]noon & ,sunday4 ,or1 ?irdly1 ! annual close "t = net & rod fi%+ might comm5ce a mon? e>li] ?an at pres5t2 say net fi%+ to close on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 & rod fi%+ on ! #a/ ( ,octob]4 ,any ( ^! measures w\ld give ! upp] proprietors a mu* bett] supply ( fi% ?an !y n[ h4 ,!y all1 ,i ?9k1 des]ve consid]ation4 ,"o ?+ at lea/ is c]ta91 t unless ! upp] proprietors h a bett] %>e ( ! fi% ?an !y h at pres5t1 !y w soon cease to take an int]e/ 9 _! pres]vation4 ,to ,colonel ,j4 ,wilson ,patt51 ,m4,p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l[ ,,moor1 #aj? ,janu>y1 #ahfe4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,i %all be v glad if ,i c induce y to read my op9ions on ! ,salmon "q4 ,x is "o :i* ,i ?9k may become ( ev5 national importance1 if prop]ly manag$4 ,b ! sad t9k]+ x has hi!rto receiv$ 9 ! n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e ,acts ( ,p>liam5t :olly or p>tly devot$ to ! subject makes me almo/ hopeless ab\t future legislation4 ,yet x seems to me t ! only way to greatly increase ! bre$ ( ,salmon is s simple & obvi\s1 t its n hav+ be5 adopt$ long s9ce c only be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t all ! p>ties int]e/$ 9 ! matt] are l ! man 9 ! fable1 :o kill$ ! goose t laid ! gold5 eggs4 ,hi!rto ! law has nev] prop]ly recogniz$ ! claims ( ! upp] rip>ian proprietors4 ,^! m5 h all ! tr\ble & exp5se ( re>+ & protect+ ! "y fi%1 :il/ ! own]s ( e/u>y fi%]ies1 m5 :o nev] lift a h& nor sp5d a p5ny 9 tak+ c>e ( ! brood1 take above n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! gr[n ,salmon :5 9 season2 & ev5 !n ?9k !y are h>dly us$4 ,h[ c x be expect$ t ! upp] proprietors %\ld be v e>ne/ 9 _! protection ( fi% f :i* !y d]ive little or no b5efit1 m]ely act+ ! "p ( brood h5s & hat*+ ! *ick5s = ! b5efit ( o!r p8 ,9 ,june1 #agfi1 #c1chd ,salmon & ,salmon ,tr\t 7 tak5 at a s+le haul ( ! net 9 ! ,ribble1 ne> ,p5wor?am4 ,n[ ! sea is z wide1 &1 = any?+ we "k to ! contr>y1 z capable ( fe$+ !m z x 0 a hundr$ ye>s ago2 & ! riv]s are z capable ( bre$+ & re>+ !m n[ z !y 7 at t "t2 & !re=e ,i d n see :y1 if prop] /eps 7 tak51 !y %\ld n be z abundant n[ z !y 7 !n4 ,if we take a %eep or a bullock1 & to 8 fir/ co/ add ! r5t ( ! l& on :i* he has pa/ur$1 & some?+ = insurance & int]e/ on capital1 ! transaction is n a v pr(itable "o 9 ! long run4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! ,salmon1 we s5d a little fi% d[n to ! sea :i* is n wor? a p5ny1 & he rema9s !re1 pay+ nei!r r5t nor taxes1 nei!r gamekeep]s' nor bailiffs' wages1 co/+ no?+ to anyone1 until he returns to ! riv]1 wor? t5 or tw5ty %ill+s1 z ! case may be4 ,surely ?is is a bran* ( ! public weal? t des]ves s$ul\s cultivation4 ,i ?9k ) y t ! ,cald] c nev] become a ,salmon riv]1 s long z manufactories fl\ri% on its banks1 & x is n desirable t x ev] %\ld become s at _! exp5se2 b ev5 9 ! ,cald] 7& its tribut>ies7 a little c>e w\ld prev5t imm5se mis*ief4 ,"s p at ,*ur*1 a few ye>s ago1 v c>elessly pu%$ a quantity ( poison\s matt] into ! ,hyndburn brook1 & ! fir/ ?und]/orm t foll[$ c>ri$ x d[n ! ,cald] into ! ,ribble1 & poison$ all ! fi% betwe5 ,cald] foot & ,rib*e/]4 ,take ano!r in/ance ( c>elessness 9 ! ,ribble1 ! empty+ ( ! gas-hold] tank at ,settle1 :i* :5 turn$ into ! riv] kill$ ne>ly all ! fi% betwe5 t t[n & ,mitton4 ,sev]al o!r in/ances occur to me1 b ^! two are suffici5t to %[ ! great mis*ief occasion$ by avoidable neglect & c>elessness4 ,su* mis*ief %\ld n be p]petrat$ ) impunity4 ,! act ( #ahfa 0 v good z f> z x w5t1 not)/&+ "s ov]sights2 b x did n g f> en\gh4 ,x did n give to ! upp] rip>ian proprietors su* an int]e/ 9 ! fi% z !y are entitl$ to1 nor is ! int]e/ !y n[ h suffici5t to induce !m to ex]t !mselves 9 ! pres]vation & increase ( ! ,salmon z !y might & w\ld d if su* additional /imulus 7 giv5 to !m4 ,! law n[ is1 t no nets %all be us$ 9 ! tak+ ( ,salmon betwe5 twelve o'clock at noon on ,saturdays1 & six o'clock on ,monday morn+s4 ,t is1 =ty-two h\rs p] week4 ,b 9 ! ,ribble1 z a rule1 we nev] see seasonable ,salmon until ,may4 ,n[ f t "t to ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 is1 say sixte5 weeks1 & at =ty-two h\rs p] week 7! l5g? ( ! weekly close "t7 ?is gives tw5ty-eight days dur+ :i* "t ! fi% may pass up ! riv] )\t int]ruption2 b ?is is by no means ! true /ate ( ! case4 ,ev]yone conv]sant ) ! habits ( ,salmon kn[s t !y nev] asc5d riv]s except :5 !y are 9 a /ate ( flood2 & 9 av]age summ]s1 p>tly ow+ to dr\ghts1 & p>tly to ! rapid evaporation & absorption ( moi/ure by vegetation1 ^! tw5ty-eight days may fairly be r$uc$ by two-?irds1 to give ! true "t all[$ = ! asc5t ( ! fi%4 ,b say t5 days1 :i* are suppos$ to give an adequate supply ( fi% to a hundr$ miles ( riv]1--! ext5t ( ! ,ribble & its ,salmon-bre$+ tribut>ies4 ,is x surpris+ t ! upp] proprietors are n satisfi$ ) ?is /ate ( ?+s8 ,x w\ld be surpris+ if !y 7 cont5t ) su* a *eesep>+ all[ance4 ,:5 ! bill ( #ahfa 0 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ,i _h an opportunity 7indirectly7 ( sugge/+ to ! late ,sir ,george ,cornewall ,lewis ! propriety ( a consid]able ext5sion ( ! weekly close "t4 ,he repli$1 ,y might z well propose to %oot p>tridges only ?ree days a week1 z to re/rict ! nett+ ( ,salmon to only ?ree days4 ,) all due def]5ce to su* an au?ority1 !re is no analogy betwe5 ! two cases4 ,b if p>tridges _h all to migrate & return be=e !y c\ld be legally %ot1 & _h1 l ,salmon1 to come by "o road1 & if1 l !m1 n9ety p] c5t4 ( !m became ! prey ( m5 :o _h nei!r br$ nor f$ !m1 ,i fancy ! sportsman :o re>$ !m w\ld want "s re/rictions plac$ on _! be+ %ot by m5 :o _h n sp5t a f>?+ 9 bre$+ & protect+ !m1 b :o took ! lion's %>e 9 _! appropriation4 ,i saw ,"l ,d]by on ! subject la/ spr+4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 s little "t at 8 disposal t he c\ld only give me a few m9utes4 ,he said a good deal mu/ be all[$ = ve/$ int]e/s4 ,i said1 ,my ,"l1 ,i am a manufactur]4 ,:5 ! ,t5 ,h\rs ,bill 0 pass$1 manufactur]s 7 depriv$ ( "o-six? ( _! fix$ capital at a /roke1 & _h n a f>?+ all[$ = _! ve/$ int]e/s2 nay1 m1 t measure involv$ ! de/ruction ( ma*9]y :i* _h co/ millions4 ,all ?is 0 done on gr\nds ( public policy4 ,& is n ! ,salmon "q "o ( public policy8 ,if1 z ,i suppose1 ! measure ,i advocate produc$ a great increase 9 ! bre$ ( ,salmon1 ! e/u>y fi%]ies w\ld be ! fir/ to pr(it by x4 ,!y are ! fir/ on ! riv]4 ,inde$1 ! /ake nets 9 ! e/u>ies are tak+ fi% daily 9 times ( dr\ght1 :5 fi% w n asc5d ! riv] at all4 ,9 #ahei we _h n a fre% 9 ! riv] betwe5 ! #aj? ( ,april & ! #a/ ( ,augu/4 ,& la/ ye> we _h only a few days ( flood betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ,may & ! #ca/ ,augu/1 :5 close "t 7= nets7 comm5ces4 ,i h said above t only t5 days p] ye> are all[$ = ! supply ( fi% to ! upp] proprietors4 ,i may be told t !y h two mon?s 7,septemb] & ,octob]7 9 :i* !y are all[$ to angle = !m4 ,true1 b :at are !y wor?8 ,!y are n all[$ to be sold1 !y are n fit to eat1 ! fi% are black 7or r$71 ! milt & spawn ne>ly at maturity1 & ! only temptation !y (f] is to ! poa*] 7:o (t5 pots ! roe z a bait = ,tr\t72 & he is a poa*]1 :atev] 8 rank or /ation1 :o w kill an ,octob] fi% :5 full ( spawn4 ,la/ ye>1 at my sugge/ion1 a meet+ ( g5tlem5 int]e/$ 9 ,salmon fi%]ies 0 conv5$ at ,worce/]1 dur+ ! meet+ !re ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 & a numb] ( sugge/ions 7 made1 & resolutions 7 come to1 :i* 7 int5d$ to s]ve z a basis = ! desir$ alt]ations 9 ! ,salmon ,bill ( #ahfa4 ,i h no memor&a to :i* ,i c n[ ref]1 b ! mo/ important1 accord+ to my recollection1 7 ! foll[+3--,! ext5sion ( ! weekly close "t2 ! annual close "t to be ext5d$ to ,tr\t2 a "r to be giv5 to all cons]vators & wat]-bailiffs1 duly appo9t$1 to pass along ! banks ( ,salmon riv]s )\t be+ deem$ guilty ( trespass2 a tax on fi%+-nets1 rods1 & implem5ts1 to defray ! exp5ses ( protect+ ! riv]s f poa*]s4 ,! ,commission] ( ,salmon ,fi%]ies1 ,mr4 ,ed51 has be5 conv5+ meet+s ( g5tlem5 int]e/$ 9 ,salmon riv]s at ,*e/]1 ,conway1 ,york1 & v>i\s o!r places1 to expla9 ! provisions ( ! bill :i* ,gov]nm5t introduc$ at ! end ( la/ session & int5d to br+ =w>d aga94 ,i h n att5d$ any ( ^! meet+s1 b expect he w be at ,:alley or ,pre/on %ortly1 :5 we %all he> :at he has got to say4 ,! new bill1 z pr9t$ la/ ye>1 does n embody any ( ! sugge/ions ( ! ,worce/] meet+2 b z ,i le>n f private s\rces1 ,mr4 ,ed51 at ! v>i\s meet+s he has lately att5d$1 has ?r[n out v>i\s sugge/ions1 "s ( :i* are highly objectionable4 ,= in/ance1 he sugge/s t ! magi/rates 9 qu>t] sessions assembl$ %all h ! p[] to appo9t cons]vators1 & t ! cons]vators %all h ! p[] to exp5d all ! money rais$ by subscription 9 hav+ wat]-bailiffs to put up fi%- ladd]s1 comm5c+ actions at law 9 c]ta9 cases2 & if ! subscriptions are n adequate to defray all ^! exp5ses1 t !y 7! cons]vators7 %all h ! p[] to levy a rate 9 aid on ! rip>ian proprietors4 ,i _c see h[ ?is c be made to "w equitably4 ,if ! rate be laid on ! ext5t ( frontage to ! riv]1 "o man may h a great ext5t ( no value = fi%+ purposes1 ano!r may h only "o pool1 s conv5i5tly =m$ & plac$ = nett+ t he w be able to cat* t5 times z _m fi% z ! o!r4 ,!n h[ are ! fi%]ies 9 ! e/u>y & j above tideway to be valu$8 ,!y probably take n9ety p] c5t4 ( all ! seasonable fi%4 ,w !y be will+ to pay n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! rate8 ,aga91 ! college at ,/onyhur/ claims a "r ( sev]al fi%]y1 bo? 9 ! ,ribble & ! ,hodd]4 ,t is1 !y ex]cise a "r to fi% 9 bo? riv]s1 :]e !y h no l&1 & !y ex]cise ?is "r s freely t !y take m fi% ?an all ! o!r upp] proprietors add$ toge!r4 ,if1 !n1 ! tax is laid on ! ext5t ( frontage to ! riv]s1 ^! rev]5d g5tlem5 w\ld escape entirely1 s f> z ! "r ( sev]al fi%]y ext5ds1 & w\ld only pay ! rate on _! own ext5t ( frontage4 ,aga91 ! new bill does n embody ! sugge/ions ( ! ,worce/] meet+ z to ! "r ( way = ! wat]-bailiffs2 b accord+ to ,mr4 ,ed5's comm5t ^u x at ,*e/] & else:]e1 a /rict surveillance is to be kept on weirs1 to :i* ! wat]-bailiffs are to h free access4 ,p]sonally ,i h no objection to ?is1 provid$ ! wat]-bailiffs are all[$ free access to ! banks ( ! riv] else:]e2 b ,i h a /rong objection to be made ! subject ( (f5sive exceptional legislation4 ,are n gamekeep]s z likely to ne$ look+ aft] z mill-own]s8 ,aga91 ! bill does n t\* on m9imum p5alties4 ,?is x ought to d1 = 9 "s di/ricts 7,wales1 = in/ance7 !re is a /rong animus aga9/ all attempts at pres]v+ ! ,salmon1 & notori\s poa*]s1 duly convict$ ( (f5ces aga9/ ! act ( #ahfa1 9 "s in/ances h be5 f9$ a %ill+1 9 o!rs a f>?+4 ,to ,w4 ,h4 ,hornby1 ,esq41 ,m4,p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,a ,,propos$ ,,bill ,,= ,,! ,,bett] ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,salmon4 ,,cli!roe1 ,augu/ #bg?1 #ahfj4 ,,h5ry ,,george1 ,,esq4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am fav\r$ by ! receipt ( y\r lett] ( ! #be? in/41 & ! accompany+ draft ( a propos$ bill = ! bett] ,pres]vation ( ,salmon1 & proce$ at once to (f] su* rem>ks & sugge/ions z occur to me1 & %all be glad to le>n t !y meet ) y\r approval4 ,9 ! ?ird clause 7section7 y give an int]pretation ( ! names "u :i* y wi% to include all fi% ( ! ,salmon k9d4 ,does n ?is include common ,tr\t8 ,y specially include ,*> by "n4 ,w\ld x n be bett] to limit y\r int5tions to all migratory fi% ( ! ,salmon k9d1 to wit1 ,salmon1 ,grilse1 c4 c48 ,i ?9k also ! mean+ ( a fix$ net wants def9+ m rigor\sly4 ,z x n[ /&s x appe>s to me t x w\ld include any net :i* %\ld be fa/5$ on a root or /one :il/ x 0 be+ drawn ?r\gh a pool1 if ! m5 employ$ 9 do+ ?is 7 to let g ! cords :il/ !y loos$ ! net f ! ob/ruction4 ,f\r? clause4--,i q agree ) y on ! p]iod allott$ to annual close "t1 b ?9k !re ought to be a p5alty = buy+1 sell+1 or hav+ 9 possession ,salmon roe 7save & except = ! purpose ( artificial propagation74 ,sev5?4--,i d n agree ) y at all on ! subject ( ! weekly close "t1 :i* 9 my op9ion ought to be = "o-half ( e day1 except ,sunday1 & ! :ole ( t day4 ,:y %\ld ! own]s ( fi%]ies at ! m\?s ( riv]s1 :o are at nei!r tr\ble nor exp5se 9 bre$+ or pres]v+ ! spawn+ fi%1 h all ! b5efit d]ivable f _! increase8 ,:y %\ld ! upp] proprietors act ! "p ( brood h5s = ^!1 hat*+ & pres]v+ ! fi% = ! b5efit ( ^? :o take no tr\ble ab\t ^! ?+s !mselves8 ,twelf?4--,i d n agree ) y z to ! size ( ! me%3 ,i d n ?9k t a me% ( twelve in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 or ?ree in*es f knot to knot1 at all too l>ge2 x w\ld p]mit fi% bel[ six p\nds to escape1 & ?is be+ done1 !re w\ld "u any circum/ances be a fair supply ( bre$+ fi%4 ,fifte5?4--,i ?9k y\r lei/] requires a m rigor\s def9ition4 ,a man 9 ?is neighb\rhood is reput$ to h kill$ a good _m ,salmon ) a hay or a dung =k4 ,are ei!r ( ^! lei/]s8 ,y\r sixte5? section is utt]ly impracticable4 ,h[ c\ld su* hecks or grates be prev5t$ f *ok+ ) leaves 9 ! autumn & ice 9 ! w9t]1 ?us /opp+ ! :eels8 ,y might z well require a f>m] to h$ge out ! game4 ,impose a p5alty1 if y l1 ^u any mill[n] :o may kill ,salmon 9 8 mill lead2 & z y give y\r cons]vators p[] to inspect ev]y:]e1 y w readily detect su* practices4 ,b x w nev] d to close ! mills by pretexts t ! fi% may be tak5 or kill$ !re4 ,tw5ty-fir/4--,i d n und]/& ! mean+ ( ?is4 ,b tak5 9 its ord9>y s5se1 x seems to me to be v unju/4 ,_m p]sons h traps 9 _! weirs = ! purpose ( tak+ ,salmon to :i* !y plead a prescriptive "r4 ,d y mean to d away ) ^!8 ,y may succe$ 9 ?is1 b :y %\ld n a man be all[$ to fi% 9 ! riv] above ! weir :]e !re are no ob/ructions to ! passage ( ! fi%8 ,& :y %\ld n a man be all[$ to fi% ) a rod & l9e bel[ ! weir1 & z ne> to x z he *ooses8 ,i ?9k weirs might be safely divid$ into two classes3 ^? us$ = manufactur+ purposes & ^? = fi%]y purposes2 t a man %\ld be all[$ to say 9 :i* class 8 weir %\ld be includ$4 ,if = manufactur+ purposes he %\ld n be all[$ to cat* ,salmon 7except ) rod & l9e7 )9 a c]ta9 di/ance bel[ ! weir4 ,if he *oose to class 8 weir z "o = fi%]y purposes1 he %\ld !n be compell$ to give a free passage to ! fi% = twelve h\rs e day2 b he %\ld be compell$ to make 8 election z to ! class 9 :i* he w\ld include 8 weir4 ,tw5ty-fif?4--,x w\ld nev] d to all[ ! commission]s to make bye-laws4 ,suppose ! case ( a mill[n] :o got into a dispute ) !m3 he might be utt]ly ru9$ by _! bye-laws2 !y might make bye-laws :i* depriv$ him ( 8 wat]-p[]1 "u a pretext t !y 7 tak+ m effici5t c>e ( ! ,salmon4 ,?irty-fir/4--,i ?9k ! lic5ce to angle %\ld be compulsory1 & n at ! discretion ( ! commission]4 ,t x %\ld be 9 ! nature ( a game lic5ce1 qualify+ & enabl+ ! hold] to angle 9 any riv] ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 provid$ he _h ! cons5t ( ! own] ( ! fi%]y :]e he 0 angl+4 7,additional obs]vations74 ,twelf?4--,y say t no d\ble net %all be us$4 ,d y mean to prohibit ! trammel1 :i* is usually a treble & n a d\ble net8 ,y also prohibit "o net beh9d ano!r1 b y d n specify ! di/ance outside ( :i* a second net w\ld be lawful4 ,if nei!r a s]ies ( ,scot* nets nor a s+le trammel is to be us$1 by :at sort ( net d y propose to cat* ! ,salmon8 ,n9ete5?4--,y say ! sluices :i* admit wat] to :eels or factories %all be kept clos$ f six o'clock on ,saturday night to six o'clock on ,monday morn+4 ,h[1 !n1 are ! repairs ( %aft+ & ma*9]y to be made8 ,^! are g5]ally done :5 ! workpeople h gone home on ,saturdays4 ,besides1 :at is y\r object8 ,if ! riv] is l[1 ! ,salmon w n be runn+ up ! /ream1 & if x be 9 flood !re w always be an abundant supply runn+ ov] ! weir 9 addition to t :i* w\ld be requir$ to turn ! :eel4 ,y add t ! wat] may be all[$ to fl[ freely ?r\gh ! wa/e-gate1 provid$ ! op5+ ( su* a wa/e-gate %all n deprive ! mill ( ! necess>y supply ( wat]4 ,eighte5?4--,9 ?is clause y say t 9 weirs already con/ruct$ x %all be lawful = ! commission]1 on ! application ( any two or m p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! fi%]ies ( su* riv]1 & at ! prop] co/s & *>ges ( ! p]sons mak+ su* application--pro( hav+ be5 fir/ giv51 c4--to cause a survey to be made ( su* dam or weir by a compet5t eng9e]1 & to direct su* alt]ations to be made !re9 z %all1 9 ! op9ion ( ! commission]1 be necess>y & desirable1 c4 ,9 ?is clause1 :i* s f> z x goes is v desirable1 y h omitt$ a proviso )\t :i* x c\ld nev] pass into a law4 ,y h =gott5 to provide = ! legal "r ( ! mill[n]1 :i* w\ld1 or might1 be tak5 away by ! alt]ation made 9 ! weir unless !re 7 "s provision 9 ! act :i* prev5t$ ?is be+ done4 ,at pres5t !re is no su* proviso 9 y\r act4 ,"h ,i h (f]$ = ye>s to all[ ! upp] proprietors to make any alt]ation !y lik$ 9 ! weir1 provid$ su* alt]ations did n affect ! mill+ p[]1 ! /ability ( ! weir1 or my legal title to ! weir z exi/+ at pres5t4 ,& my legal advis] tells me t any alt]ation made 9 ! weir )\t a gu>antee f ! upp] proprietors w\ld v probably deprive me ( my pres5t title4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,agricultural ,,subjects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,:eat ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,l& ,,9 ,,successive ,,ye>s4 ,to ,! ,editor ( ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,,cli!roe1 ,octob] #e?1 #ahdc4 ,,sir1--,i ,,promis$ to s5d y "s details ( my attempt to gr[ :eat on ! same soil ye> aft] ye>4 ,^! ,i n[ =w>d1 & hope !y may prove int]e/+4 ,i 0 l$ into ^! exp]im5ts by read+ ,liebig's book on ! ,*emi/ry ( ,agriculture2 =1 assum+ 8 !ory to be true1 x appe>$ to me to be q possible to gr[ :eat on ! same l& ye> aft] ye>2 z1 accord+ to t !ory1 ! c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 :i* con/itute ! great bulk ( all c]eal crops 7bo? gra9 & /raw71 are suppli$ 9 abundance f ! soil & atmosph]e 7or p]haps1 to speak m correctly1 f ! latt]71 & we h only to supply ^? inorganic sub/ances1 :i*1 h[ev] num]\s1 =m b a small "p ( ! :ole weight ( ! crop4 ,) ! view ( te/+ ?is !ory1 & hop+ t ,i might be able to f9d out :at 7 ! elem5ts :i* built up & cem5t$ ! c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog5 toge!r--or1 9 o!r words1 :i* con/itut$ f]tility--,i begun1 9 ! autumn ( #ahda1 to exp]im5t on a field :i* _h be5 exhau/$ by a succession ( crops1 & :i* _h j be5 cle>$ ( "o ( oats4 ,i *ose an exhau/$ field 9 pref]5ce to any o!r1 z ! only "o 9 :i* ,i c\ld te/ ! tru? ( ! !ory4 ,x 0 v f\l1 be+ full ( c\* grass & we$s ( all k9ds4 ,x 0 pl\gh$ up & ha/ily pick$ ov]1 = ! season 0 s unfav\rable = clean+ ! l& 7f ! great quantity ( ra9 t fell7 t ,i 0 almo/ induc$ to ab&on ! exp]im5t4 ,previ\sly to s[+ ! se$1 "o-f\r? ( ! field 0 manur$ ) a compo/ ( night-soil & coal-a%es1 at ! rate ( =ty tons to ! cu/om>y acre 7#ghdj y>ds72 ! rema9+ ?ree-f\r?s hav+ ! se$ put 9 )\t any manure :atev]4 ,! w9t] 0 v unfav\rable = ! plants 9 our cold wet soil1 & 9 ! unmanur$ "p ( ! field _m ( !m p]i%$1 & ^? t surviv$ made v little progress1 f hav+ no /imulus at ! roots4 ,?9k+ x desirable to apply my exp]im5tal manures 9 moi/ wea!r1 ,i wait$ until ! #f? ,may1 :5 ,i treat$ t "p ( ! field :i* _h n be5 manur$ 7?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole7 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,i appli$ guano to "o-f\r?1 at ! rate ( two hundr$weight to ! /atute acre1 & ! same weight ( nitrate ( soda ov] ano!r f\r?1 leav+ "o-f\r? entirely )\t manure4 ,! :eat manur$ ) ! guano & nitrate ( soda grew vigor\sly1 & ! e>s1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! "p manur$ ) guano1 7 ! f9e/ ,i _h ev] se51 b :5 x came to rip5 x %rivell$ 9 ! e>1 & ! sample 0 v indiff]5t2 ! soil be+ evid5tly defici5t 9 "s prop]ty necess>y = p]fect+ ! gra94 ,! crop also suff]$ mu* f ! depr$ations ( ! birds4 ,! portion manur$ ) night-soil produc$ to ! /atute acre #cb bu%els ( #fj lbs4 ea*4 ,guano #bg ,nitrate ( ,soda #bg ,unmanur$ "p #ai #b_/c ,i give ^! details to %[ t ! l& 0 9 an exhau/$ /ate previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t ,i am n[ ab\t to detail4 ,aft] ! crop ( #ahdb 0 reap$1 ! l& 0 imm$iately pl\gh$ up1 & ! season be+ v fav\rable1 x 0 tol]ably well clean$1 & ! se$ 0 s[n 7)\t any manure7 ab\t ! fir/ week 9 ,octob]4 ,aft] ! :eat came up1 x 0 manur$ ) a du/+ ( "o hundr$weight ( guano1 ov] ! entire field 7ab\t "o acre1 ?ree roods71 to keep ! plants alive ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+1 be+ divid$ into ?ree portions1 x 0 manur$ ) ! same numb] ( exp]im5tal manures1 :i* 7 furni%$ to me by ,mr4 ,bly?1 ( ,*ur*1 ne> ,accr+ton1 :o also analyz$ ! soil & subsoil = me4 ,^! manures 7 appli$ ab\t ! #aj? ( ,april1 & ! exp]im5t 0 /ill fur!r v>i$ by cov]+ a portion ( ea* division ) guano a =tnight aft]w>ds1 at ! rate ( two hundr$weight to ! acre1 b all ! manure appli$ to ! crop1 includ+ ! hundr$weight ( guano put on 9 ! autumn1 did n exce$ #f #a_/b hundr$weight4 ,! crop1 :i* 0 a v ?9 "o 9 ! spr+1 improv$ s mu* by ! application ( ^! manures1 t :5 x came into e>1 x 0 all[$ by all :o saw x to be ! be/ 9 ! neighb\rhood2 b ! heavy ra9s ( ,july caus$ x to lodge 9 ! be/ "p ( ! field1 & !re x 0 attack$ by ru/1 & ! sample 0 v indiff]5t4 ,9 addition to ?is drawback1 !re be+ v little :eat gr[n 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! t[n1 & ?is be+ mu* e>li] ?an any ( ! o!r fields1 0 attack$ by ! birds z soon z ! gra9 0 =m$ 9 ! e>4 ,not)/&+ all ! ef=ts made to prev5t !m1 !y cont9u$ fe$+ ^u x until x 0 cut2 & x is a v mod]ate e/imate ( ! damage1 to say t !y de/roy$ "o- f\r? ( ! crop ?r\gh\t ! field4 ,t "p ( ! field cov]$ ) manure 7,no4 #a7 be+ ! e>lie/1 suff]$ mo/4 ,!re 7 pat*es ( sev]al squ>e y>ds :]e !re did n appe> to be a s+le gra9 left2 & :]ev] ! birds took a gra9 f ! middle ( ! e>1 :5 9 ! milky /ate1 ! gra9s on ea* side ( x appe>$ to gr[ no m1 b %rivell$ up 9 ! e>4 ,i h little d\bt t 9 ?is portion ( ! field "o-?ird ( ! crop 0 de/roy$4 ,all ?is seems to r$uce ! exp]im5t to little m ?an guess-"w2 & x w1 probably1 be v difficult to p]suade ^? :o did n see ! field :5 x 0 cut1 to cr$it ?is report ( ! deva/ation made by ! birds2 ev5 :5 !y are told t ,cli!roe is a t[n ( #g1jjj inhabitants1 & probably z _m sp>r[s1 & t app>5tly !y 7 all assembl$ to fe$ 9 ?is field2 & !y became s accu/om$ to ! good liv+ !y f\nd !re1 t ev5 :5 our neighb\rs' :eat 0 fit to eat1 !y cont9u$ to fav\r ?is field ) _! visits 9 pref]5ce to go+ else:]e4 ,i e/imate ! damage on ,no4 #a at "o-?ird1 ,no4 #b at "o-f\r?1 ,no4 #c at "o-fif?2 ?is 0 lat] ?an ! o!rs1 & suff]$ m f ru/ ?an birds4 ,! foll[+ are ! results3--,f #c1jfj y>ds manur$ ) ,no4 #a1 !re 7 obta9$ #a1jdb lbs4 ( :eat1 or #bg #a_/b bu%els ( #fj lbs4 ea* to ! /atute acre2 if we add "o-half to ?is1 z we assume t "o-?ird 0 de/roy$ by ! birds1 x w give #da #a_/d bu%els to ! /atute acre4 ,! weight ( /raw f ?is portion 0 #ahh /ones #e lbs41 #ad lbs4 to ! /one4 ,f #b1hef y>ds manur$ ) ,no4 #b1 #ifb lbs4 ( :eat 7 obta9$1 & #aee /ones #i lbs4 ( /raw2 ?is is equal to #bg #a_/d bu%els p] acre1 or ) "o-?ird add$1 = e/imat$ damage1 x is equal to #cf bu%els p] /atute acre4 ,f #bfaj y>ds manur$ ) ,no4 #c1 !re 7 #a1jfg lbs4 ( :eat1 & #baa /ones #g lbs4 ( /raw1 or #cc bu%els to ! /atute acre1 to :i* if we add "o-f\r?1 accord+ to ! e/imate ( damage1 x w be equal to #da #a_/d bu%els p] acre4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is portion yield$ a f> great] weight ( /raw p] acre ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 & f ! sort ( manure appli$1 x 0 expect$ t ?is w\ld be ! case4 ,no4 #a yield$ /raw at ! rate ( #big #c_/d /ones p] acre4 #b #bdf #c_/d #c #cib #a_/c ,_m p may feel incl9$ to say1 t all ^! app>5t data are m]e guesses1 & t a crop may be made into any?+ "o likes1 if !y assume s mu* = damages2 b1 =tunately1 x is n all guess-"w4 ,i h /at$ previ\sly t ,i cov]$ a "p ( ea* division ) guano a =tnight aft] ! application ( ! manures 9 ,april1 int5d+ to see :at advantage 0 obta9$ by ! use ( x2 b1 ow+ to ! depr$ations ( ! birds1 ! portions ( ! fir/ & second divisions manur$ ) guano 7 n kept sep>ate f ^? :i* 7 left )\t guano2 b ! ?ird be+ lat]1 &1 !re=e1 n s mu* injur$ by !m1 gave me an opportunity ( asc]ta9+ ! effect4 ,i measur$ (f a l& :i* _h be5 s manur$1 & reap$ & ?ra%$ x out sep>ately4 ,f ?is l& ( #ajj y>ds long & #aj feet wide 7#c1jjj squ>e feet71 !re 0 obta9$ #bbj lbs4 ( :eat1 or #ec bu%els ( #fj lbs4 p] /atute acre2 & ?is 0 f> f be+ ! be/ portion ( ! field4 ,i don't mean t x 0 n ! be/ portion ( ! crop1 b ,i mean t ! soil 0 n s good !re z x 0 9 o!r p>ts ( ! field2 z ,i h be=e /at$1 9 ! be/ "p ( ! field ! crop 0 spoil$ by be+ lodg$ by ! ra91 & subsequ5tly attack$ by ru/4 ,i communicate ?is to y1 9 ! hope t ! publication ( x 9 y\r pap] maybe ! means ( /imulat+ o!rs to try ! same exp]im5ts4 ,x is n too late yet to try = ! next ye>'s crop1 & ,i h no d\bt t ,mr4 ,bly? w be happy to supply bo? mat]ial & in=mation to any :o may require !m f him4 ,x is ! duty ( ev]yone to promote ! advancem5t ( agriculture2 & ?is is my contribution t[>ds x4 ,i h n yet done1 = ,i h s[n ! same field ) :eat aga91 & hope1 ) a fav\rable season1 to reap a /ill m abundant crop next ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! same4 ,,cli!roe1 ,octob] #ab?1 #ahdd4 ,,sir1--,la/ ,octob] y publi%$ an acc\nt ( an attempt ( m9e to gr[ :eat on ! same l& ye> aft] ye>2 &1 z ,i h repeat$ ! exp]im5t ?is ye>1 ,i %all be oblig$ if y w be k9d en\gh to ins]t ! acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,gu>dian1 z ! subject appe>s to me to be an important "o2 &1 z _m p]sons :o may read ?is lett] may ei!r n h se5 ! =m]1 or may h =gott5 x1 ,i tru/ t a %ort summ>y ( ! =m] exp]im5ts may n be out ( place4 ,^! exp]im5ts took place 9 ! autumn ( #ahda1 aft] ! field _h be5 cle>$ ( a crop ( oats1 :i* 0 a v bad "o2 ! l& be+ n only naturally poor1 b f\l & exhau/$ by long cropp+4 ,z ! season 0 v wet1 x 0 indiff]5tly clean$1 & "o-f\r? ( x manur$ ) a compo/ ( night-soil & a%es1 & !n ! field 0 s[$ ) :eat4 ,two ( ! rema9+ ?ree-f\r?s 7 manur$ on ! #f? ( ,may1 #ahdb 7! spr+ be+ a v dry "o1 no ra9 came until t day71 "o ) guano1 ! o!r ) nitrate ( soda1 ea* at ! rate ( two hundr$weight to ! /atute acre1 & ! rema9+ f\r? 0 left unmanur$4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! results at h>ve/3--,t manur$ ) night-soil & a%es produc$ #cb bu%els ( #fj lbs4 p] acre2 guano1 #bg bu%els2 nitrate ( soda1 #bg bu%els2 unmanur$1 #ai #b_/c bu%els4 ,:5 ! field _h be5 cle>$ ( ! crop1 x 0 imm$iately pl\gh$ up1 &1 z ! season 0 fav\rable1 ! l& 0 well clean$ & s[$ ) :eat 9 ,octob]1 #ahdb1 )\t any manure except #a cwt4 ( guano1 :i* 0 scatt]$ ov] x :5 ! :eat 0 com+ up4 ,! field 0 divid$ into ?ree portions1 & 9 ,april1 #ahdc1 0 manur$ z foll[s3--,no4 #a1 ) #ij lbs4 ( sulphate ( magnesia1 & #b cwt4 nitrate ( soda to ! /atute acre2 ,no4 #b1 ) a comp\nd f a manufactur] ( *emical manures2 ,no4 #c1 ) #fj lbs4 ( silicate ( soda & #b cwt4 ( nitrate ( soda to ! acre2 &1 ) ! view ( /ill fur!r v>y+ ! exp]im5t1 a "p ( ea* portion 0 s[$ ) guano a =tnight aft] ! application ( ! *emical manures4 ,! crop promis$ to be a v good "o1 b x 0 mu* plund]$ by ! birds1 & z ! summ] 0 wet1 x suff]$ also mu* f ru/4 ,all[+ = ! de/ruction occasion$ by ! birds1 ! crop 0 e/imat$ at3 #da #a_/d bu%els 9 pat* ,no4 #a1 #cf ,no4 #b1 #da #a_/d ,no4 #c1 & 9 t "p ( ,no4 #c :i* 0 also cov]$ ) guano1 x rea*$ by actual weight 7n by e/imate71 #ec bu%els ( #fj lbs4 to ! acre4 ,^? pat*es 9 ,nos4 #a & #b :i* _h guano put on !m1 suff]$ s mu* f ! depr$ations ( ! birds1 t no acc\nt 0 tak5 ( !m sep>ately4 ,! crop 0 cle>$ (f ! l&1 :i* 0 clean$1 & aga9 s[$ ) :eat on #crd ,octob]1 #ahdc4 ,x 0 drill$ 9 r[s sev5 in*es ap>t1 & at ! rate ( #b #a_/b bu%els to ! acre4 ,x is to ! results ( ?is crop t ,i n[ wi% to call y\r att5tion4 ,be=e s[+1 ! l& 0 subsoil$ to ! dep? ( f #ad to #af in*es2 except a /rip ( ab\t #aj feet 9 wid?1 d[n ! middle ( ! field1 :i* 0 left unt\*$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :at 7 ! advantages d]iv$ f subsoil+4 ,if ! advantage 0 m]ely t ( ?or\gh dra9+ 7= ! field _h n be5 ?or\ghly dra9$ previ\s to ! subsoil+71 x 0 ?\ght probable t ?is /rip ( #aj feet wide w\ld be dra9$ by ! subsoil+ on ea* side ( x2 b if1 9 addition to ?is1 ! :eat plant d]iv$ m n\ri%m5t by /rik+ its root deep] into ! soil1 :]e t 0 loos5$ by ! subsoil pl\gh1 ! crop ought to be bett] 9 ! subsoil$ ?an 9 ! unsubsoil$ "p4 ,! field runs ov] ! ridge ( a hill1 & ^u t ridge ! soil is s poor & ?91 t x 0 deem$ exp$i5t to give x a slight dress+ ( coal-a%es & night-soil1 f an idea t ! plant w\ld sc>cely survive ! w9t] unless "s /imulus 7 appli$ !re2 b ! a%es conta9$ little manure1 & 7 only appli$ to ! wor/ "p ( ! field1 cov]+ ab\t "o-?ird ( its surface4 ,! :eat 0 ,spald+'s ,prolific2 x came up ev5ly & well all ov] ! field4 ,x 0 h&-s[$ ) lime e>ly 9 ,febru>y to ! ext5t ( ab\t #bd cwt4 ( dry lime on ! acre4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! value ( lime1 & ! prop] quantity1 ,i _h ! field uni=mly cov]$ ) x1 except "o l&1 :i* 0 left entirely )\t1 & ! headl&s1 :i* _h "o ?ree1 ! o!r six times z mu* lime put ^u !m z any o!r "p4 ,! field 0 also dress$ ) a *emical manure ( ! foll[+ +r$i5ts on ! #af? ,m>*1 co/+3-- ,l4 s4 d4 #a #a_/d cwt4 nitrate ( soda #j #ag #f #a impure sulphate ( magnesia #j #e #j #c_/d silicate ( soda #j #aa #c #c_/d common salt #j #b #j #a #a_/d gypsum #j #b #j ,mix+ & apply+ x1 say #j #b #c ,total = /atute acre ,l#b #j #j ,speculat+ on ! probability ( a dry summ]1 ,i gave x an extra quantity ( manure1 & ,i ?9k :]e guano is us$ aft]w>ds1 z x is by me1 ! nitrate ( soda might be disp5s$ )1 :i* w\ld br+ ! co/ to ,l#a #bs4 #f;d4 p] acre4 ,i %\ld pref] guano to nitrate ( soda1 because ( ! phosphates conta9$ 9 ! =m]4 ,at ! di/ance we are f ! sea 7ab\t ?irty miles7 x w\ld seldom be necess>y to apply common salt1 z ! gales ( w9t] g5]ally br+ z mu* z is ne$$2 b la/ w9t] we _h no high w9ds1 & ,i ?\ght t :]e salt 0 appli$ ) o!r *emical manures1 ! :eat 0 m luxuriant ?an :]e !re 0 none2 b ow+ to a misund]/&+ ( ! in/ructions to t effect1 ! produce 0 n kept sep>ate4 ,:5 ! *emical manure 0 appli$1 "o l& 0 left )\t1 = ! purpose ( comp>ison4 ,guano 0 s[$ on ! l& on ! #bi? ,m>*1 at ! rate ( some?+ less ?an #b cwt4 to ! /atute acre1 "o side ( ! field be+ cov]$ ) ,p]uvian1 ! o!r ) ,african1 & ! l& on :i* no *emical manure _h be5 s[$ 0 half ( x cov]$ ) guano1 & ! o!r half left )\t any?+ except lime2 b z x 0 ?\ght desirable to asc]ta9 ! value ( ! *emical manure )\t guano1 half ( ?is pat* 0 s[$ ) ! *emical manure 9 ,april1 aft] ! long dr\ght ( ! la/ spr+ _h set 94 ,a small pat* 0 left )\t manure1 to %[ ! natural condition ( ! field1 & to s]ve z a comp>ison ) ! manur$ "p alongside x1 & also ) ! condition ( ! field :5 ! exp]im5t comm5c$1 #ahda-b1 :5 ! unmanur$ portion yield$ only #ai #b_/c bu%els to ! acre4 ,?is "p ( ! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 0 fru/rat$ by ! c>elessness ( ! m5 :o ?ra%$ out ! :eat4 ,! crop 0 a v good "o ?r\gh\t ! field1 b 0 evid5tly %ort] & ?9n] :]e !re 0 no lime1 & also :]e guano 0 appli$ alone4 ,x 0 be/ on ! headl&s :]e m lime _h be5 appli$4 ,! wea!r 0 extremely fav\rable until ! :eat 0 go+ out ( bloom1 b x !n *ang$1 & ! crop 0 beat5 d[n by ! ra91 9 "s places s ?or\ghly t x nev] rose aga92 & f t "t to ! day x 0 reap$ 7#ba/ ,augu/71 !re 7 n m ?an six f9e w>m days4 ,?is cold & ung5ial wea!r w\ld1 no d\bt1 mat]ially affect bo? ! quantity & quality ( ! crop1--! sample only be+ j fair4 ,on ?ra%+ out ! crop1 ,i f9d ! result to be z foll[s3--,:]e ! guano & *emical manure 7 appli$1 b no lime1 ! yield 0 #di #a_/e bu%els ( #fj lbs4 p] /atute acre2 :]e ! l& 0 left unsubsoil$1 x 0 #eb #a_/b bu%els2 :5 guano alone 0 appli$1 x 0 #db #a_/c bu%els2 :]e ! *emical manure alone 0 appli$1 x 0 #dc #a_/b bu%els2 :]e ! ,african guano 0 appli$1 x 0 #de bu%els2 :]e ! ,p]uvian 0 appli$1 x 0 #eb #b_/c bu%els2 on ! headl&s1 :]e ?ree times ! quantity ( lime 7or #c #a_/b tons p] acre7 0 appli$1 x 0 ne>ly #fb bu%els2 & :]e six times ! quantity ( lime 7or #g tons to ! acre71 x 0 #di #b_/c bu%els4 ,i give ?is la/ result z x 0 asc]ta9$1 b d n consid] x conclusive1 = ! :eat plant on ?is headl& look$ q z well z ! o!r1 until x w5t out ( bloom1 :5 f "s unkn[n cause x 0 p>tially blight$2 an irregul> pat* f a foot to a y>d 9 wid? & ext5d+ almo/ f end to end ( ! headl& becom+ br[n & p>*$1 z if affect$ by lightn+ or "s atmosph]ic visitation4 ,) ! view ( mak+ ^! results a little cle>] to ! eye1 ,i subjo9 ! foll[+ tabul> /atem5t ( ! produce p] acre 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! field3-- ,bu%els ( #fj lbs4 p] /atute acre4 ,guano alone #db #a_/c ,*emical manure alone #dc #a_/b ,guano & *emical manure1 ) #bd cwt4 lime to ! acre1 b l& unsubsoil$ #eb #b_/c ,guano & *emical manure1 b no lime #di #a_/e ,african guano & lime #de ,p]uvian #eb #b_/c & #c times z mu* lime #fb & #f #di #b_/c ,av]age crop ?r\gh\t ! field #ej ,x may be z well to obs]ve1 t ! total exp5se ( manure1 & ( its application to t portion ( ! field :i* produc$ sixty-two bu%els p] acre 7includ+ ! guano & ! additional quantity ( lime us$71 0 at ! rate ( #has4 p] /atute acre4 ,d$uct+ ! co/ ( ! nitrate ( soda1 ! utility ( :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 ,i am incl9$ to d\bt1 x w\ld h be5 #fcs4 #f;d4 ,i consid] ^! to be v fav\rable results1 & z (f]+ /rong inducem5ts to cont9ue ! exp]im5t4 ,i h accord+ly _h ! l& pl\gh$ up & clean$2 & x 0 aga9 s[$ ) :eat on ! #i? in/4 ,hav+ detail$ ! g5]al results ( ! exp]im5t1 ,i beg to (f] ! foll[+ rem>ks ^u "s po9ts 9 x1 :i* seem to me to require a little elucidation4 ,i consid] ! success ( ?is exp]im5t to be 9 a great measure ow+ to ! use ( soluble silica & magnesia2 because1 al?\gh !re is an abundance ( silica 9 ! soil1 my fir/ crop %[$ v mis]able results1 ! gra9 be+ ill-f$ & poor1 & ! /raw s(t & discol\r$1 al?\gh ! ye> #ahdb 01 9 ?is di/rict1 v fav\rable = :eat1 ! mon? ( ,augu/ be+ s+ul>ly f9e & w>m2 b :5 ,i comb9$ ! nitrate ( soda ) sulphate ( magnesia1 z 9 exp]im5t ,no4 #a 9 #ahdc1 b /ill m s :5 ,i comb9$ x ) ! silicate ( soda1 z 9 ,no4 #c ( t ye>1 ! /raw became z /rong1 firm1 & bright z ne$ be desir$2 & ?is ye> :5 bo? ^! salts are comb9$ ) nitrate ( soda1 common salt1 & gypsum1 ,i h n only good & bright /raw1 b also an abundant crop ( :eat4 ,) respect to ! lime us$1 x may be z well to /ate t ! field _h n be5 lim$ = _m ye>s1 & al?\gh 9 a lime/one di/rict1 %[$ a defici5cy ( lime on analysis4 ,! soil is a /rong loam1 on a brick clay subsoil1 9 :i* !re is little or no lime1 al?\gh ! /ony clays1 :i* =m ! subsoil 9 a great "p ( ! di/rict1 ab\nd 9 x1 conta9+ f tw5ty to ?irty p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,i _h always believ$ t lime 0 us$ 9 great excess 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 & _h1 9 fact1 an idea t its good qualities 7 ov]rat$1 inasmu* z x does n ent] into ! composition ( ! plant1 except 9 v m9ute proportion2 b la/ w9t] ,i saw a pap] 7by ,mr4 ,briggs ( ,ov]ton7 on ! possibility ( gr[+ :eat on ! same l& ye> aft] ye>1 9 :i* ! utility ( lime 9 prev5t+ ru/ 0 incid5tally t\*$ ^u4 ,i also saw ,liebig's lett]s expla9+ ! action ( quicklime 9 lib]at+ pota% f ! clay2 & !n ,i consid]$ x v important to asc]ta9 ! prop] quantity to be appli$4 ,! quantity requir$ to decompose ! phosphate ( iron 0 n great1 & assum+ ,liebig's !ory ( its action 9 lib]at+ ! pota% to be true1 x seem$ to me t an excess ( lime w\ld p]man5tly impov]i% ! l&2 =1 suppos+ t ! crop requir$ #ajj lbs4 ( pota%1 & z mu* lime 0 appli$ z lib]at$ #ejj lbs41 :at became ( ! #djj lbs4 :i* did n ent] into ! composition ( ! plant8 0 n a l>ge portion ( ?is #djj lbs4 wa%$ d[n ! dra9s by ! ra91 & s lo/ = ev]8 ,p]haps ! abs5ce ( lime 9 ?is field acc\nts = its b5eficial action 9 ! exp]im5t j detail$2 b if my supposition is correct1 t any excess ( pota% :i* may be lib]at$ f ! clay by ! use ( quicklime 7t is1 any m ?an may be requir$ to p]fect ! crop71 is wa%$ d[n ! dra9s1 & ?us ! l& is p]man5tly impov]i%$ by ! excessive use ( lime1 x behoves l&$ proprietors to asc]ta9 :at is requir$1 & !y %\ld take c>e to apply no m ?an is necess>y4 ,?is caution is mo/ p>ticul>ly ne$$ 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 :]e lime is *eap1 & :]e ! op9ion is preval5t t ! m !re is appli$ ! bett] x is = ! l&1 & :]e x is common to apply t5 or twelve tons to ! acre4 ,i h /at$ above t *emical manure 0 appli$ to a small portion ( ! field aft] ! sett+-9 ( ! dr\ght 9 ,april4 ,! action ( ?is manure %[$ t a good ?+ may be v injuri\s if appli$ at an improp] "t2 =1 al?\gh x produc$ a /imulat+ effect on ! plant imm$iately aft] its application1 !re 0 too little moi/ure 9 ! l& to dissolve x ?or\ghly1 & ?us enable ! plants to appropriate x1 until ! ra9 came1 ab\t ! end ( ,june1 :5 ! :eat _h be5 9 fl[] "s "t2 b ! /imulus 0 !n s great t all ! plants ?rew up fre% /alks 7f ! roots71 :i* 7 9 fl[] :5 ! :eat 0 cut1 & x 0 !n f\nd t !y _h n only impov]i%$ ! plants1 b _h prev5t$ ! gra9 f rip5+4 ,?is 0 ! case n only 9 ! exp]im5tal field1 b 9 sev]al o!rs also1 :]e ! *emical manure 0 s[$ aft] ! sett+-9 ( ! dr\ght4 ,:5 ! field 0 s[$ ) guano1 x 0 ?\ght desirable to cov] "o "p ( x ) ! ,african1 & ! o!r ) ,p]uvian1 = ! sake ( comp>ison2 b z ! ,african did n appe> to produce ! same /imulat+ effect z ! o!r1 fifty p] c5t4 m 0 appli$1 t ! co/ might be equal 7! ,p]uvian co/ #ajs41 ! ,african #gs4 p] cwt472 b z ! latt] application ( ! ,african 0 made :5 ! :eat 0 j %oot+ into e>1 ! same objection applies to ! exp]im5t :i* does to ! *emical manure appli$ aft] ! dr\ght _h set 9--viz41 t !re 0 n suffici5t moi/ure 9 ! soil to dissolve x ?or\ghly until ! plant 0 too f> advanc$ to b5efit by x2 & !re=e its failure w\ld be no pro( ( ! value ( ! ,african z comp>$ ) ! ,p]uvian1 :i* 0 ! object ( ! exp]im5t4 ,x is true1 no bad effects foll[$ ! application simil> to ^? produc$ by ! misapplication ( ! *emical manure 9 dry wea!r1 yet if soluble salts l ! latt] did n f9d suffici5t moi/ure 9 ! gr\nd :5 appli$ 9 ,april1 !re is reason to suppose t ! =m] w\ld n d s :5 appli$ 9 ,may4 ,i regret ! failure ( ! exp]im5t )\t any manure1 z ,i ?9k ! result w\ld h %[n satisfactorily t ! l& is s f> f be+ impov]i%$ by ?is sy/em ( cropp+1 t x is improv+ e ye>4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ?is is %[n by ! produce ( ! l& manur$ ) guano alone4 ,9 ! fir/ ye>'s exp]im5t ! produce f guano alone 0 #bg bu%els p] acre1 & bo? /raw & :eat 7 v indiff]5t 9 quality4 ,?is ye> ! produce f guano alone is #db #a_/c bu%els2 & al?\gh nei!r /raw nor :eat are s good z ^u ! adjo9+ l&s1 !y are bo? v mu* bett] ?an !y 7 9 #ahdb4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! result f ! unsubsoil$ portion is v good1 & if no?+ m 7 said ab\t x1 p w\ld be l$ to conclude t !re 0 no advantage 9 subsoil+4 ,b ?is1 9 my op9ion1 w\ld be a great mi/ake2 = to say no?+ ( ! advantage :i* ! unsubsoil$ portion w\ld d]ive f ! dra9age :i* x receiv$ f ! subsoil+ on ea* side ( x1 ,i f\nd1 :5 ! field 0 pl\gh$ up ?is autumn1 t :il/ ! unsubsoil$ portion 0 /iff & heavy1 ! subsoil$ "p 0 comp>atively friable & loose1 l a g>d51 & w1 ,i expect1 %[ its sup]iority 9 ! succe$+ crops4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 9 read+ ^! exp]im5ts1 t we h "h "o ( ! mo/ unfav\rable climates 9 ! k+dom = gr[+ :eat1 f ! excessive quantity ( ra9 t falls1 ?ree times m ra9 fall+ annually 9 ! nor? ( ,lanca%ire ?an at ,york1 & ?is1 no d\bt1 is v prejudicial to ! success ( su* a s]ies ( exp]im5ts z ,i h be5 detail+4 ,x has be5 object$ to ^! exp]im5ts1 t all[+ all to h be5 done :i* is "h detail$1 x leads to no important conclusion2 = al?\gh x may be practicable to gr[ :eat e ye>1 9 a small field l ! "o exp]im5t$ on1 x is n s on a l>ge scale4 ,b ! objectors %\ld rememb] t !re is n ! se$ ( a s+le we$ s[$ ) ! manure2 & !re=e if ! l& is ?or\ghly clean$1 & kept s1 by hoe+ ! crop 9 ! spr+1 x w require v little lab\r to fit x = ano!r4 ,b ,i %all be bett] able to speak on ?is head next h>ve/1 hav+ s[$ :eat on an oat /ubble ) once pl\gh+4 ,x is said !re are no we$s 9 ,*9ese husb&ry1 & if !y c eradicate !m completely1 s may we1 if we adopt ! same me?ods & foll[ !m up z p]sev]+ly4 ,aga91 admitt+ t x is n practicable to gr[ :eat on ! same l& ye> aft] ye> on a l>ge scale1 yet if we c d\ble ! crop 9 ^? ye>s 9 :i* we d gr[ x1 by ! application ( *emical manures 7& ! same manures are applicable to all c]eal crops71 w n t be a conclusion wor? arriv+ at8 ,t x is possible to d s1 is1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly %[n by ! results ,i h obta9$4 ,:at1 !n1 may we expect :5 ^! exp]im5ts are inf9itely multipli$ & v>i$1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( skilful & exp]i5c$ m51 :o w devote _! :ole "t & att5tion to ! subject8 ,w rais+ ! av]age produce f tw5ty-five to fifty bu%els p] acre be ! utmo/ limit to :i* improvem5t c be c>ri$8 ,i believe n4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld urge on all own]s & occupi]s ( l&1 ! importance ( devot+ at lea/ a small field to agricultural exp]im5ts1 z ,i ?9k !re c be no d\bt t1 if ^! are c>efully & sy/ematically made & foll[$ up by agriculturi/s g5]ally1 we %all be s f> f ne$+ an importation ( corn 9 av]age ye>s t we %all h a l>ge surplus to sp>e = our neighb\rs4 ,,note4--,9 ! use ( silicates ( soda & pota% "o precaution is v necess>y--viz41 t y really h a soluble silicate1 & n a m]e me*anical mixture ( gr\nd fl9t & soda3 ?is is a v diff]5t ?+1 & "o1 if x be n c>efully gu>d$ aga9/1 :i* w lead to no?+ b disappo9tm5t4 ,aga91 ! silicate may be prop]ly made 9 ! fir/ place1 b 9 a long exposure to ! atmosph]e ! soda attracts c>bonic acid1 & ! soda is lib]at$1 & ?is has defeat$ my expectations m ?an once4 ,aga91 ?\gh ,i consid] x desirable to def] ! application ( x until vegetation has fairly />t$ 9 ! spr+1 yet1 9 "o in/ance1 ,i delay$ ! application ( x s long1 t !re 0 n moi/ure to dissolve x until ! end ( ,june1 & !n ! :eat began to %oot afre% f ! roots & ! crop 0 s]i\sly injur$ by x3 b ?is 0 9 an exce$+ly dry spr+1 & might n happ5 aga9 = _m ye>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! same4 ,,l[ ,,moor1 #ah? ,decemb]1 #ahde4 ,,sir1--,i promis$ to communicate to y ! results ( my attempt to gr[ :eat on ! same l& ye> aft] ye>1 ?is be+ ! f\r? crop ( :eat 7! fif? :ite crop7 gr[n 9 successive ye>s on ! same soil1 & ?\gh ,i consid] ! crop an indiff]5t "o1 ,i don't ?9k ! failure ought 9 any degree to be attribut$ to ! ov]-cropp+1 b to ! wetness & coldness ( ! season1 z well z o!r unt[>d circum/ances h]eaft] to be m5tion$4 ,9 a =m] lett] ( m9e ( ! #ab? ,octob]1 #ahdd--:i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,gu>dian a few days aft]--,i gave an acc\nt ( ! crop ( #ahdd1 :i* 0 a v good "o1 be+ fifty bu%els to ! acre ?r\gh\t ! field1 & z mu* z fifty-two bu%els 9 ! be/ "p ( x4 ,?is ,i consid]$ s satisfactory t ,i _h ! field aga9 pl\gh$ up & s[$ ) :eat on ! #i? ,octob]1 #ahdd1 & x is to ! results ( ?is crop t ,i wi% to call y\r att5tion4 ,z rem>k$ 9 my =m] lett]1 ! field 0 subsoil pl\gh$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahdc1 & ?is subsoil+ 0 c>ri$ to su* a dep? t mo/ ( ! dra9s 9 ! field 7 m or less injur$ by x2 & al?\gh ?is did no injury to ! crop ( #ahdd1 ow+ to ! v dry season1 yet :5 ! ra9 came 9 ! w9t] ( #ahdd1 ! want ( dra9age 0 f\nd to be v prejudicial1 & 9 ! wet places l>ge pat*es ( ! "y :eat w5t (f altoge!r1 & !re 0 a great defici5cy ( roots 9 _m p>ts ( ! field2 ! long cont9uance ( fro/ & aft] t ! ung5ial wea!r :i* cont9u$ s long 9 ! spr+ 7( #ahde7 7 also unfav\rable1 yet ) all ^! drawbacks ! appe>ance ( ! plant aft] ! gr[+ wea!r did come1 0 v promis+1 & _m ( my fri5ds pr$ict$ t ,i %\ld h z good a crop z 9 #ahdd4 ,on ! #bd? ,m>* ,i appli$ *emical manure ( ! same k9d z ,i _h done 9 #ahdd1 at ! rate ( ab\t #c #a_/d cwt4 to ! acre 7co/+ #bcs4 #f;d471 & a =tnight aft] ,i _h x s[$ ) #b cwt4 ( guano to ! acre4 ,:5 ! w>m wea!r came1 ^! manur+s seem$ to help x wond]fully1 & x 01 z ,i h be=e /at$1 a v promis+ crop2 b ! cold1 ung5ial wea!r we _h ?r\gh a great "p ( ! summ]1 & ! cont9u$ ra9 we _h :il/ ! :eat 0 9 fl[]1 de/roy$ all ! =m] promise3 & ! manur+ ) guano1 s f> f be+ b5eficial1 0 v injuri\s--s mu* s1 t ,i believe e %ill+'s-wor? ( x appli$ to my :eat ?is ye>1 made ! crop a %ill+ worse ?an if no?+ _h be5 appli$2 & all ammoniacal manures _h ! same effect4 ,x may be ask$ h[ ,i "k x 0 ! guano1 & n ! *emical manure4 ,9 answ] to ?is inquiry1 if made1 ,i may obs]ve1 t ,i suppli$ two ( my neighb\rs ) ! *emical manure1 & !y appli$ x )\t guano on v poor l&1 & !y bo? ass]t !y _h nev] su* good crops ( :eat be=e2 b ev]y:]e 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 ! only good samples ( :eat t ,i saw or he>d ( 7 gr[n on exhau/$ soil4 ,?is appe>s to me to be a /rong pro( t *emi/ry has a great deal to le>n be=e x c adapt its measures to all v>ieties ( seasons1 p>ticul>ly z x _c "k be=eh& h[ ! season may turn out4 ,if fur!r pro( be requir$ ( ! injuri\s effect ^u gra9 crops ( ammoniacal manures 9 g5]al1 & ( guano 9 p>ticul>1 ,i may m5tion t 9 ano!r field ( :eat1 s[$ on ! #ba/ ,decemb]1 & :i* did n come up until ! fro/ broke1 9 ,m>* 7! previ\s crop hav+ be5 ,sw$es71 ! blade 0 s yell[ & ! plant altoge!r s small & sickly 9 appe>ance1 t ,i _h x manur$ ) a wat]-c>t f a cesspool 9 ,april4 ,?is appe>$ to produce a wond]ful improvem5t imm$iately1 z ! plant assum$ a deep gre5 & grew v fa/1 b :5 x ought to h %ot1 ! heads seem$ to /ick 9 ! sockets1 ! blade & /raw became mildew$ & made no progress 9 rip5+4 ,x 0 n fit to cut = ?ree weeks aft] ! exp]im5tal field1 al?\gh x 0 an e>ly :ite :eat1 & ! result 0 a mis]able crop--f> worse ?an ! exp]im5tal field4 ,! in/ance ( injury f ! use ( guano1 ,i _h f a neighb\r1 :o told me he _h s[$ a pat* ( oats ) x1 & t !y nev] rip5$ at all1 & t he 0 compell$ to cut !m gre5 z fodd] = 8 cattle4 ,i _h a /rik+ pro( ?is season ( ! mu* l[] temp]ature requir$ by oats ?an :eat1 :5 /rongly /imulat$ by manur+4 ,i _h ga!r$ an e> ( :eat & a panicle ( oats ! previ\s season1 :i* seem$ to me to be sup]ior v>ieties2 & t !y might h e *ance1 ,i dibbl$ !m alongside ea* o!r 9 my g>d51 & det]m9$ to manure !m ) e k9d ( manure ,i c\ld procure1 z ,i _h an idea t x 0 n easy to ov]-manure gra9 crops1 if all ! elem5ts ent]+ into ! composition ( ! plant 7 appli$ 9 due proportion to ea* o!r1 & ,i also wi%$ to asc]ta9 :e!r :eat & oats w\ld ?rive equally well ) ! same sort ( manur+4 ,i accord+ly lim$ ! l& soon aft] ! :eat came up1 & 9 ,m>* ,i appli$ silicate ( soda1 sulphate ( magnesia1 gypsum1 common salt1 & nitrate ( soda4 ,a =tnight aft] ?is ,i appli$ guano1 !n bones dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 !n wooll5 rags dissolv$ 9 pota% 7! two latt] 9 weak solution72 & ! consequ5ce 01 t ,i don't ?9k !re 0 a s+le gra9 9 ! :ole p>cel--at lea/ ,i c\ld n f9d "o--! /raw 0 no great l5g?1 & ! blade mu* discolor$ ) mildew1 :il/ ! oats 7 sev5 feet high1 & ) /raws ?r\gh :i* ,i c\ld bl[ a pea1 & l>ge panicles1 al?\gh ! oat 0 n p>ticul>ly well-f$4 ,! inf]5ce ,i h drawn f ^! exp]im5ts is1 t z f> z is practicable ! manur+ %\ld be adapt$ to ! temp]ature1 b z ?is is obvi\sly impossible 9 a climate l ours1 ! only way is to r "u ?an ov] manure1 & to apply no ammoniacal manure to ! :eat crop1 or at all ev5ts v little2 = al?\gh guano 0 b5eficial to :eat :5 us$ 9 conjunction ) silicates1 c4 c4 9 #ahdd1 yet ! injury x did 9 #ahde may v fairly be set aga9/ t b5efit4 ,i %\ld feel oblig$ if any ( y\r read]s :o may h tri$ ! exp]im5t ( manur+ gra9 crops ) guano1 ! la/ season 7#ahde7 w\ld publi% ! result z comp>$ ) a simil> crop )\t su* manur+4 ,i feel conv9c$ t su* result w\ld be aga9/ ! use ( guano = :eat 9 #ahde4 ,i am ! m confirm$ 9 ! op9ion t ammoniacal manures are unfav\rable = :eat1 by a s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle on ! ,geo-,agriculture ( ,middlesex1 9 :i* ! writ] /ates t l& 9 t c\nty :i* 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t produc$ su* good :eat t x 0 res]v$ = h] especial use1 w n[ sc>cely gr[ :eat at all1 & :5 t gra9 is s[$ ^u x1 ! /raw is always mildew$1 & ! sample v poor2 & ?is is attribut$--& no d\bt ju/ly s--to ! ext5sive use ( ,london manure4 ,my crop 0 only #cb bu%els to ! acre ( #fj lbs4 to ! bu%el2 la/ ye> ! crop1 z ,i h said be=e1 0 #ej bu%els ( ! same weight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! same4 ,,cli!roe1 #g? ,m>*1 #ahdh4 ,on cont9u+ my attempts to gr[ :eat on ! same l& ye> aft] ye>1 ,i obs]v$ t ! crop ( #ahde 0 v s]i\sly injur$ by ! defici5t dra9age--! old dra9s hav+ be5 de/roy$ by ! subsoil pl\gh4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y to replace !m3 !y 7 accord+ly put 9 f\r feet deep4 ,?is occupi$ s mu* "t t ! season = s[+ :eat _h gone by1 & ! gr\nd 0 cropp$ ) potatoes1 :i* 7 got up 9 ,septemb]1 & ! :eat might h be5 got 9 e>ly 9 ,octob]4 ,b see+ 9 y\r pap] t s[+ too e>ly 0 n advisable1 & also be+ c>ri$ away by ! argum5ts ( ! ?9-se$]s1 ,i def]r$ s[+ until ! middle ( ,novemb]1 & !n put 9 little se$2 & ! w9t] prov+ v unfav\rable1 :5 ! :eat 0 com+ up1 !re 0 n half plant en\gh 9 ! spr+1 & ,i hesitat$ :e!r to pl\gh up ! gr\nd or drill 9 b>ley4 ,i det]m9$ to d ! latt]1 :i* 0 done on ! #ah? ,april1 & :eat & b>ley grew up toge!r1 & :5 cut & ?re%$1 prov$ to be equal to #dh bu%els to ! acre4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l[ ,,moor1 #ca/ ,decemb]1 #ahdd4 ,,h5ry ,,briggs1 ,,esq4 ,i duly receiv$ y\r oblig+ lett] 9 reply to my pamphlet on ! gr[? ( :eat ye> aft] ye> on ! same l&1 & n[ (f] my rejo9d] to y\r rem>ks4 ,y seem to consid] ! exp5se is too great "u ! sy/em pursu$ by me2 & t x 0 m ?an 0 requir$ by ! crop1 is prov$ 9 my op9ion by ! fact t ! f]tility ( ! l& is v mu* augm5t$ s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t 9 #ahda3 z my fir/ crop ) guano alone produc$ only #bg bu%els p] acre1 :il/ ?is ye> f guano alone ! produce 0 #db bu%els4 ,b /ill ,i ?9k t y\r all[ance ( manure is f> too little1 & n exactly :at ,i %\ld apply1 & ,i %all frankly /ate my objections & op9ions1 9 ! hope t !y may elicit a reply f y1 z x w be f discussion & ! exp]im5ts in/itut$ to te/ ! v>i\s !ories prop\nd$1 t agriculture w be mo/ mat]ially b5efit$4 ,y /ate t ,liebig's pres5t !ory is1 t plants obta9 ! necess>y oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog5 f ! ra9 & atmosph]e1 & t ! plants m]ely require ! supply ( inorganic con/itu5ts1 & t y are incl9$ to agree ) him4 ,my copy ( 8 "w on ! ,*emi/ry ( ,agriculture is 8 fir/ edition2 & ,i don't "k h[ f> he has s9ce modifi$ or alt]$ ! op9ions !re9 express$1 :i* are 9 "s degree at v>iance ) ea* o!r4 ,he /ates t x may be receiv$ z an axiom 9 agricultural *emi/ry t ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e is nev] assimilat$ by plants1 except 9 ! =m ( ammonia or nitric acid4 ,he c]ta9ly /ates t plants & animals d]ive _! nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e2 b :y1 if ?is be true1 does he atta* s mu* importance to ! excrem5ts 7p>ticul>ly ur9e71 ( m5 & animals be+ husb&$ ) s mu* c>e8 & he /ates t = e p\nd ( ur9e wa/$1 a p\nd ( :eat is ?r[n away4 ,b ev5 if he said x 0 utt]ly wor?less1 e practical f>m] :o has tri$ x kn[s h[ exce$+ly valuable x is4 ,x may be said !re are o!r +r$i5ts 9 ur9e besides ammonia1 & ^! are :at make x valuable2 & 9 reply to ?is ,i w\ld ask :at is x t makes ! ammoniacal liquor f gasworks s valuable8 ,!re are no phosphates or alkalies !re1 & yet :at a p[]ful /imulant x is4 ,aga91 ,liebig /ates t ! c>bon is d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e2 b to say no?+ ( ! argum5t :i* might be d$uc$ f ! advantage :i* is d]iv$ by plants f hav+ _! soil loos5$ ab\t _! roots1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,dumas & ,b\ss+ault prove t a tree :i* 0 cut (f bel[ ! bran*es expir$ a l>ge quantity ( c>bonic acid4 ,x may be ask$ h[ ,i "k ?is 0 n precipitat$ by ! ra94 ,i don't "k2 b if ! plant w\ld assimilate ?is1 :y %\ld x n assimilate t :i* arises f ! decomposition ( ! c>bonace\s matt] 9 ! soil8 ,my idea is t x does bo?1 & t c>bon 9 ! soil does good if x (f]s an abundant supply ( c>bonic acid to ! plant :5 x is 9 a condition to appropriate x4 ,y\r all[ance ( lime appe>s to me to be f> too small1 = if any reliance c be plac$ on my exp]im5ts1 lime c be pr(itably us$ to f> great] ext5t ?an y seem to imag9e4 ,&1 aga91 y seem to ?9k t :]e !re is pl5ty ( silex 9 ! soil1 ! plant w be able to obta9 z mu* z x requires4 ,i ?9k t x is q necess>y t ! silex %\ld be 9 a soluble /ate1 z ,i ?9k t x is n only desirable t all ! elem5ts necess>y to f]tility %\ld be 9 ! soil1 b t !y %\ld be 9 su* a =m t !y c be assimilat$ by ! plant4 ,"s ( our comp\nds = produc+ f]tility may p]haps be z absurd z x w\ld be to give muriatic acid to a man tr\bl$ ) indige/ion1 because free muriatic acid is f\nd 9 ! /oma* ( a heal?y p]son4 ,let me recomm5d y to try bo? silex & magnesia 9 a soluble /ate1 & ,i ?9k y w be satisfi$ ) ! b5efit d]iv$ f _! use4 ,recurr+ aga9 to ! quantity ( manure necess>y to gr[ ?irty-six bu%els ( :eat1 ,i w\ld ask1 :y limit y\rself to s small a crop8 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( y\r manur+ a field1 & my manur+ x1 is m ?an made up by ! increase ( f\rte5 bu%els ( :eat & ! correspond+ increase ( /raw1 ev5 if ! l& did n improve e ye> by ! application2 & z ! se$1 r5t1 lab\r1 & liabilities ( ! l& are ! same :e!r y gr[ a small crop or a l>ge "o1 :y n h x z l>ge z possible8 ,aga91 if ,i appli$ f> m manure ?an 0 necess>y1 ,i ought to h _h ! crop equally good ?r\gh\t ! field2 b on ! ridge ( ! hill1 :]e ! soil 0 ?9 & poor1 nei!r /raw nor :eat 7 s good z !y 7 :]e x 0 deep] & ri*]4 ,my own op9ion is1 t ! plant is nev] able to extract f ! soil all ! manure1 & !re=e x ought to be br\ght up to a good /&>d be=e good crops c be expect$4 ,i am n satisfi$ ) any analogy t ,i c ?9k (1 b ! be/ t occurs to me is t ( a clo? 9 a dye- copp]4 ,y c nev] get x to absorb ei!r all or half ! col\r+ matt]1 & if y don't use f> m ?an is tak5 up by ! clo?1 y w nev] obta9 ! desir$ results4 ,besides1 9 *emical comb9ations x is desirable to use f> m ?an ! *emical equival5ts1 or ! exp]im5ts don't succe$4 ,i p]ceive t y int5d to use guano next ye>1 & t y int5d to use x along ) ! se$4 ,i tru/ x w n be s[$ 9 contact ) ei!r ! se$ or ! quicklime1 :i* y propos$ to use 9 "s ( y\r l&4 ,! be/ "t ,i h f\nd = apply+ guano is 9 wet wea!r1 j :5 vegetation is mak+ a />t 9 ! spr+--say ! la/ week 9 ,m>*1 or ! fir/ week 9 ,april--z ,i fe> a l>ge "p ( ! soluble portion ( x w\ld be wa%$ away by ! ra9s ( w9t]4 ,x is true we h _h none ?is w9t]1 b :5 %all we h su* ano!r8 ,did y ev] use wooll5 rags z manure8 ,!y ought to be excell5t1 z !y are almo/ all album51 & are1 ,i fancy1 to be _h at a v mod]ate price1 n f> f y4 ,c y in=m me :at x is t causes ! l& to be clov]-sick8 ,if x is ! ab/raction ( some?+ f ! soil1 :at is t some?+8 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy said t a dress+ ( gypsum w\ld prev5t x2 b clov] does n succe$ "h 7ev5 :5 dress$ ) gypsum71 if s[$ e f\r ye>s4 ,"o reason :y ,i ?9k s small a quantity ( manure w n succe$1 is bas$ on ! !ory ( excrem5titi\s secretion4 ,dec&olle prov$ t ?is secretion took place1 b he did n succe$ 9 prov+ t x poison$ ! l& = a simil> crop4 ,i c only reason f analogy1 & x does n foll[ t an analogy drawn f animal life w hold good :5 appli$ to plants2 b if we 7 to fe$ an animal ) pure glut5 & pure />*1 ) ! prop] quantity ( phosphates1 c41 are we to suppose x w\ld h no excrem5ts8 ,let ?is be appli$ to plants3 are we to suppose t ! plant assimilates all t is absorb$ by its roots & leaves8 ,:5 t :i* is absorb$ is :at w\ld ent] into ! composition ( ! plant1 is x n m rational to suppose t ! inorganic & gase\s con/itu5ts only comb9e 9 fix$ proportions1 & t al?\gh ! plant may absorb a mu* l>g] proportion ( "o ?an is requir$1 ! surplus is dis*>g$ excrem5titi\sly1 & p]haps may be unfitt$ = ent]+ into ! plant until x has und]gone a decomposition8 ,9 conclusion1 ,i tru/ y w p>don my frankness 9 s boldly canvass+ y\r op9ions2 b x is 9 ?is collision ( op9ion t ! tru? w be elicit$1 & if ,i judge y aright1 x is t y wi% to discov] :e!r x h>monizes ) y\r preconceiv$ notions or n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,l[ ,,moor1 #a/ ,may1 #ahde4 ,,h5ry ,,briggs1 ,,esq4 ,i duly receiv$ y\r pamphlet on ! use ( lime1 = :i* ,i am mu* oblig$1 & am delight$ to p]ceive t y confirm ! idea 7express$ 9 my pamphlet on ! gr[? ( :eat e ye> on ! same l&7 t ! excessive use ( lime is ultimately injuri\s to ! f]tility ( ! soil to :i* x is appli$4 ,?is1 com+ f a g5tleman ( y\r reputation & exp]i5ce1 w1 ,i hope1 induce someone capable ( p]=m+ ! exp]im5t to endeav\r to asc]ta9 ) precision h[ mu* lime x is desirable to apply to an acre to give ! be/ results1 & ) ! lea/ wa/e1 assum+ t ! l& conta9$ little or none previ\s to ! exp]im5t2 & x w\ld also be desirable to asc]ta9 :e!r x is bett]1 9 an economical po9t ( view1 to apply a small quantity e ye>1 or a l>g] quantity e ?ird or f\r?4 ,my own op9ion is 9 fav\r ( ! =m] me?od1 except t x is difficult to get x pl\gh$ 91 p>ticul>ly 9 wet wea!r1 imm$iately aft] spread+ 7:i* is ess5tial :]e y gr[ :eat on ! same l& e ye>7 )\t injur+ ! feet ( ! horses4 ,y speak ( t5 days or a =tnight be+ necess>y to neutralize cau/ic lime1 b our horses _h _! feet injur$ by x six weeks aft] x _h be5 spread on ! l&1 la/ ye>1 al?\gh ! wea!r _h be5 wet almo/ ! :ole ( ! "t1 say f ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y to ! middle ( ,m>*4 ,y appe> to ?9k t lime w replace silica 9 ! :eat plant4 ,^: au?ority h y = ?is8 ,x w be v important to e/abli% ?is supposition1 b ,i fe> x is too good news to be true4 ,on ref]r+ to y\r lett]1 ,i f9d y don't say :at ,i suppos$ y did1 b t ! lime lib]ates ! soluble silicates1 pota%1 c4 ,?is may be1 & c]ta9ly ! b5eficial effects ( lime 9 gr[+ :eat are n to be expla9$ by any o!r hypo!sis ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,i am ?is ye> try+ "s exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 7if ,i c7 ! cause ( clov]- sickness1 & ,i hope to be 9 a position to say :e!r y\r supposition t lime1 gypsum1 c4 w prev5t x1 is correct4 ,my exp]im5ts s f> are oppos$ to ?is !ory1 b x is n v safe or philosophical to draw conclusions f "o or two exp]im5ts only4 ,i d\bt ! possibility ( mak+ silicate ( soda by m]ely mix+ lime1 s&1 & salt toge!r1 z my *emical fri5ds tell me ?is _c be accompli%$ unless ! silex & ! alkali are fus$ toge!r4 ,if a soluble silicate ( soda c be made 9 ! way y m5tion1 x w be a great sav+ ( exp5se4 ,has x be5 tri$8 ,y h no d\bt se5 a report ( ! enorm\s crop ( :eat gr[n 9 a field 9 ,norfolk la/ ye> 7#ij bu%els to ! acre71 & t ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society h det]m9$ to h ! soil analyz$ by ,dr4 ,playfair4 ,?is is v desirable1 b z ,dr4 ,playfair is m ( a lectur+ ?an an analyz+ *emi/1 ,i ?9k x is v necess>y t 8 analysis %\ld be *eck$ by ano!r1 made by ! mo/ em95t *emi/ t ,europe c produce1 = #ij bu%els is s unhe>d-( a crop1 t no exp5se %\ld be sp>$ :i* w\ld enable u to asc]ta9 :at ! soil conta9$ to enable x to produce su* a crop1 :i* is ! m rem>kable z ! field seems to h be5 a good _m ye>s "u ! pl\gh4 ,z y\r ,wakefield ,f>m]s' ,club has _m weal?y memb]s 9 x1 all[ me to h9t ! desirabl5ess ( y\r und]tak+ ?is analysis1 :i*1 if prop]ly p]=m$1 w be wor? a ?\s& times m ?an its co/4 ,:5 y are aw>e t ev5 ,davy miss$ #af p] c5t4 ( alum9a 9 "o ( 8 analyses & t ! *emi/s ( ! pres5t day don't seem to h detect$ ! pota% :i* exi/s s abundantly 9 potato-tops1 y w1 ,i ?9k1 agree h[ exce$+ly important x is t su* analysis %\ld be *eck$ by o!rs1 made )\t any communication betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,y speak ( an orig9al lett] ( ,liebig's appe>+ 9 ! ,f>m]'s ,j\rnal4 ,on :at subject is x8 z ,i h no means ( ref]r+ to ! p]iodical 9 "q4 ,does x ?r[ any light ^u ! new manure = :i* he is said to be tak+ out a pat5t8 ,y speak ( humus & humic acid4 ,:at d y und]/& by humus8 z1 accord+ to ,liebig1 humus sometimes means "o ?+ & sometimes ano!r1 & he appe>s to treat x v mu* z mod]n *emi/s treat phlogi/on1 z some?+ :i* !y don't compreh5d1 b :i* !y ne$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( vegetation4 ,if y are a believ] 9 humus1 :at is x compos$ (1 & h[ does x act 9 =w>d+ vegetation8 ,i suppose y w reply1 ,by comb9+ ) oxyg5 & =m+ humic acid4 ,b w\ld n ! !ory ( ! decomposition ( c>bon d q z well8 ,i don't p]ceive ! injuri\s effects ( quicklime ^u grass l& :i* y anticipate 9 y\r pap]1 b ! contr>y1 & ! m cau/ic x is ! m b5eficial is its action1 s f> z ,i c judge f my own exp]im5ts2 & x is my practice 9 lim+ grass l& to spread x z soon z ,i c get x into ! /ate ( fl\r4 ,i %all be glad to he> ! result ( y\r electrical exp]im5t--at pres5t ,i am r sceptical on ! subject4 ,p4,s4--,am ,i to suppose t y h ab&on$ ! idea ( manur+ an acre ( :eat = ?irte5 %ill+s8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,:eat4 ,octob] #a/1 #aheb4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,! increas+ quantity ( agricultural produce consum$ 9 ?is c\ntry makes x desirable t ! cultivation ( ! l& %\ld be c>ri$ to ! highe/ po9t consi/5t ) pr(it2 & ! increas+ sc>city ( agricultural lab\r]s w %ortly r5d] x difficult = ! f>m]s 9 "s di/ricts to ga!r 9 _! crops4 ,x !re=e becomes increas+ly desirable t e me*anical contrivance :i* w facilitate _! do+ s %\ld be made z p]fect z possible2 & also t ! crops !mselves %\ld be s cultivat$ z to make ^! me*anical aids to "w to ! greate/ advantage4 ,b x has be5 a difficult matt] 7at lea/ 9 ! wet climate ( ,lanca%ire7 to asc]ta9 h[ f> x is prud5t to manure = :eat1 = 9 unfav\rable seasons ! plant runs s mu* to /raw t x is liable to lodge1 & become mildew$2 9 :i* cases ! manure is n only wa/$1 b becomes positively injuri\s1 z appe>s to be ! case 9 ! ,s\? ( ,engl& ?is ye>1 & z 0 also ! case 9 ! ,nor? 9 #ahde1 :5 e %ill+ exp5d$ 9 manur+ ! :eat crops ( t ye> made ! crop at lea/ a %ill+ worse ?an if no manure _h be5 appli$4 ,b if we c\ld f9d a :eat s %ort 9 ! /raw t x w\ld be> heavy manur+ )\t be+ lodg$1 :eat-gr[+ w\ld be a f> less haz>d\s occupation ?an x is at pres5t1 & we might confid5tly calculate on a f> great] production ?an we c n[4 ,! foll[+ appe> to me to be "s ( ! advantages ( gr[+ a %ort-/raw$ :eat3-- #a/4 ,x w be> highly manur+ )\t lodg+1 & ) mu* less liability to mildew1 ?an a long-/raw$ :eat4 #bnd4 ,! proportion ( gra9 to /raw is great] 9 %ort ?an 9 long-/raw$ :eat4 #crd4 ,z x v r>ely lodges1 x w be f> bett] suit$ to ! reap+-ma*9e ?an a long-/raw$ :eat2 & no d\bt o!r advantages w occur to ! m9ds ( exp]i5c$ agriculturi/s4 ,:5 mak+ ^! ass]tions ,i ought to /ate t my exp]i5ce ( :eat-gr[+ does n ext5d beyond ! c\nties ( ,york & ,lanca/]1 b f :at ,i c le>n ( ! agriculture ( m s\!rly di/ricts1 ,i fancy ^! op9ions ( m9e w be f\nd correct ev5 !re4 ,i may be ask$ to prove my ass]tion1 & ,i w endeav\r to d s4 ,i h be5 exp]im5t+ on ! gr[? ( :eat = ! la/ t5 or elev5 ye>s--p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to ! practicability ( do+ ?is on ! same l& ye> aft] ye>2 & t ,i might d x 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]1 ,i h v>i$ my se$-:eat & my manure v frequ5tly3 b ,i v soon discov]$ t ! advantages ( abundance ( manure & high cultivation did n insure good crops ( :eat1 inasmu* z 9 our moi/ climate1 we _h n "o summ] 9 five t 0 fav\rable1 & consequ5tly ! crop 0 g5]ally lodg$1 & ! /raw mildew$4 ,i f\nd t ! "t ( s[+1 & also ( apply+ ! manure1 7 matt]s ( great importance1 & x occurr$ to me t ! rem$y w\ld be--a /raw s %ort1 t x w\ld n lodge :5 highly manur$4 ,i consequ5tly address$ a qu]y to ! ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1 ask+ :at 0 ! %orte/-/raw$ v>iety ( :eat kn[n1 & 0 told t ,pip]'s ,?ickset 0 s2 ,i !re=e got "s ( ?is sort f ,mr4 ,pip]1 :i* ,i h cultivat$ s9ce #ahdg4 ,x is a co>se r$ :eat1 b ! quality has improv$ ) me e ye>1 & ?is season be+ ! ?ird successive crop on ! same l&1 ,i h ne>ly eight qu>t]s to ! /atute acre f ?is v>iety4 #b4 ,! proportion ( :eat 9 ,pip]'s ,?ickset is #ch p] c5t4 ( ! gross weight ( ! crop2 9 ! ,hopet[n :eat 7,i speak ( my own crops only71 #cd p] c5t4 #c4 ,n hav+ se5 a reap+-ma*9e1 x may seem absurd 9 me to say t %ort-/raw$ :eat is bett] adapt$ to x ?an long- /raw$2 b e report ( ! work+ ( ^! ma*9es goes to %[ t1 s f>1 !y are n well adapt$ to ! cutt+ ( laid corn2 !re=e a v>iety t always /&s upright w be mu* bett] suit$ to ! work+ ( !m4 ,i h be5 try+ = ! la/ six ye>s to obta9 7by cross- bre$+7 a :eat ( good quality1 & ) a /raw %ort] ?an ,pip]'s1 b hi!rto ) indiff]5t success2 b1 ?anks to ! k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,br[nells1 ( ,liv]pool1 :o furni%$ me ) _m samples ( ,*ilian :eat ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 ,i h n[ got v>ieties mu* %ort] 9 ! /raw ?an ,pip]'s1 & "s :i* appe> to be ( mu* bett] quality1 b ^! w require to be te/$ = a ye> or two be=e ,i c speak decisively ab\t !m4 ,! ,*ilian v>ieties are v difficult to acclimatize4 ,! orig9al samples 7 beautiful :ite :eats1 v mu* resembl+ ! ,au/ralian1 b :5 gr[n 9 ,lanca%ire !y resemble rye m ?an :eat1 & ?ree ye>s' s[+ has n mu* improv$ !m4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 enabl$ me to obta9 crosses :i* seem bett] adapt$ to ! soil & climate1 & s %ort 9 ! /raw t ! highe/ manur+ produces no t5d5cy to lodge4 ,if we c\ld obta9 a v>iety ( :eat ( good quality1 :i*1 in/ead ( two tons ( /raw & "o ( :eat to ! acre1 produc$ a ton & a half ( ea*1 x might be pr(itably cultivat$1 & ! diff]5ces 9 ! *emical composition ( gra9 & /raw are n s v great z to make me despair ( ?is be+ done "s "t or o!r4 ,x may be ask$1 ,:]e c a %ort-/raw$ :eat ( good quality be procur$8 ,to ?is ,i am afraid ! reply w be1 ,n[h]e at pres5t4 ,b c none ( our exp]t manipulators1 :o rejoice exce$+ly :5 !y cross-bre$ a g]anium or a fu*sia1 turn _! att5tion to ! cross-bre$+ ( :eat8 ,_c ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society (f] a premium = a %ort-/raw$ :eat ( good quality8 ,d none ( ! great agriculturi/s !mselves see h[ desirable su* a :eat w\ld be = ! agriculture ( ?is c\ntry8 ,app>5tly n2 = ) ! exception ( ,mr4 ,raynbird1 ( ,hamp%ire1 ,i am n aw>e ( "o sci5tific op]ator :o is endeav\r+ to produce su* a :eat4 ,my own attempts at cross-bre$+ are su* z may be tri$ by anyone :o has suffici5t p]sev]ance1 & 7) "o or two exceptions1 ( d\btful success7 h be5 conf9$ to s[+ ! diff]5t v>ieties ,i wi%$ to cross 9 contigu\s drills1 & !n s[+ ! produce ( ^!4 ,at ! second h>ve/ ,i c>efully select su* e>s z diff] f bo? v>ieties1 & at ! same "t seem by _! quality ( gra9 & ! %ortness ( _! /raw to be ! be/ suit$ to my wi%es4 ,x has be51 no d\bt1 to ! accid5tal contact ( di/9ct v>ieties t we owe ! num]\s k9ds n[ kn[n to agriculturi/s1 & :i* diff] f ea* o!r 9 col\r1 quality1 yield1 & comp>ative value 9 ! v>i\s di/ricts 9 :i* !y are gr[n4 ,fully s5sible ( my inability to d ju/ice to ?is important subject1 ,i yet hope 7if y d me ! hon\r to publi% my lett]7 t my rem>ks may induce sci5tific m5 to consid] x2 = x appe>s unacc\ntable to me t hi!rto !y seem to h ?\ght x unwor?y ( _! att5tion4 ,p4,s4--,!re is /ill "t to try ! exp]im5t dur+ ! pres5t season4 ,if any g5tleman wi%es to try ! %ort-/raw$ ,*ilian :eat1 ,i %all be glad to give him a sample ( x = ! purpose ( cross-bre$+4 ,samples 7 s5t to ,mr4 ,h4 ,briggs1 ,mr4 ,raynbird1 & ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 ,/ockport4 99 99 99 99 99 ,janu>y #bg?1 #ahdh4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,agricultural ,gazette4 ,y invite p]sons :o h gr[n good crops ( gra9 or turnips to =w>d y ! p>ticul>s4 ,i !re=e enclose y an acc\nt ( an attempt :i* ,i made to gr[ :eat on ! same l& ye> aft] ye>1 t acc\nt rea*+ to ! f\r? :ite crop 9 #ahdd4 ,z ,i /ill cont9ue ! exp]im5t1 ,i %all be 9 a position to cont9ue ! acc\nt up to ! pres5t "t 7z ,i am n[ ?re%+ out ! la/ ye>'s crop71 & w s5d x to y if y ?9k x wor?y ( ins]tion 9 ! ,agricultural ,gazette4 ,if ! acc\nt ,i n[ s5d is n wor? ins]t+1 please to s5d x to y\r correspond5t ,a4 ,w41 :o d\bt$ :e!r !re 7 au!nticat$ in/ances ( l& produc+ eighty1 sev5ty1 or ev5 fifty bu%els to ! acre4 ,i attribute my success 9 gr[+ :eat to ! use ( silicate ( soda1 & yet1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 until n[ ,i h be5 unable to induce anyone else to try x4 ,?is season1 h[ev]1 sev]al p]sons h appli$ to me to procure x = !m4 ,among !m is ! tal5t$ editor ( ! ,liv]pool ,times1 ^: f>m at ,b>ton ,moss %[s :at good managem5t w accompli% on v unpromis+ soils4 ,if1 z ,i hope w be ! case1 ! silicate ( soda %\ld supply to peat its greate/ defici5cy1 no "o w m readily discov] x ?an ,mr4 ,ba9es4 ,9 ! use ( silicates ( soda & pota%1 "o precaution is v necess>y1 namely1 t y really h a soluble silicate1 n a m]e me*anical mixture ( gr\nd fl9t & alkali4 ,?is is a v diff]5t ?+1 & "o :i*1 if x be n c>efully gu>d$ aga9/1 w lead to no?+ b disappo9tm5t4 ,aga91 ! silicate ( soda may be prop]ly made1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b 9 a long exposure to ! atmosph]e1 ! soda attracts c>bonic acid1 & is lib]at$ f ! silex1 & ?is has disappo9t$ my expectation m ?an once4 ,aga91 ?\gh ,i consid] x desirable to def] ! application ( soluble silicates until vegetation has made a fair />t 9 ! spr+1 yet 9 "o in/ance ,i delay$ ! application ( x s long t !re 0 n moi/ure to dissolve x until ! end ( ,june1 & !n ! plant began to s5d up suck]s f ! roots1 & ! crop 0 s]i\sly injur$ by x2 b ?is 0 9 an exce$+ly dry spr+1 & may n happ5 aga9 = _m ye>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cli!roe1 ,m>* #g?1 #ahdh4 ,9 cont9u+ my attempts to gr[ :eat on ! same l& ye> aft] ye>1 ,i obs]v$ t ! crop ( #ahde 0 v s]i\sly injur$ by ! defici5t dra9age--! old dra9s hav+ be5 de/roy$ by ! subsoil pl\gh4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y to replace !m2 !y 7 accord+ly put 9 f\r feet deep4 ,?is took up s mu* "t1 t ! season = s[+ :eat _h gone by1 & ! gr\nd 0 cropp$ ) potatoes1 :i* 7 dug up 9 ,septemb]1 & ! :eat might h be5 got 9 e>ly 9 ,octob]2 b see+ 9 y\r pap] t s[+ too e>ly 0 n advisable1 & also be+ c>ri$ away by ! argum5ts ( ! ?9-se$]s1 ,i def]r$ s[+ until ! middle ( ,novemb]1 & also put 9 little se$1 & ! wea!r prov+ v unfav\rable :5 ! :eat 0 com+ up1 !re 0 n half plant en\gh 9 ! spr+1 & ,i hesitat$ :e!r to pl\gh up ! gr\nd or to drill 9 b>ley4 ,i det]m9$ to d ! latt]4 ,x 0 put 9 on ! #ah? ,april1 & :eat & b>ley grew up toge!r1 & :5 cut & ?re%$1 x yield$ #dh bu%els to ! acre4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,gravell+ ,,( ,,clay ,,soils4 ,!re is an old /ory ( a man1 :o1 hav+ a v /ony field1 det]m9$ to exp]im5t on ! value ( ^! /ones 9 ! gr[? ( 8 crops4 ,) ?is view he divid$ 8 field into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,f ,no4 #a he ga!r$ all ! /ones1 :i* he spread ^u ,no4 #c1 leav+ ,no4 #b 9 its orig9al condition4 ,he !n s[$ b>ley ov] ! :ole field1 & c>efully not$ ! results4 ,! /ory ends by say+ t ,no4 #a bore a mis]ably poor crop1 ,no4 #b a tol]able "o1 & ,no4 #c a spl5did "o4 ,i quote ?is /ory z a text on :i* ,i wi% to speak z to ! advantage ( gravell+ heavy clay soils4 ,"s weeks s9ce ,i sp5t a few days at ! village ( ,miln?orpe1 9 ,we/morel&1 & dur+ "o day ) ,mr4 ,hutton1 ! celebrat$ bone-sett]1 ,i rem>k$ t ! l& 0 v /ony1 be+ cov]$ ) /ones 7n pebbles7 hav+ v mu* ! appe>ance ( road metal4 ,he repli$1 t ^! /ones 7 ess5tial to ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & said t "s ye>s be=e !re 0 a great dem& = su* mat]ial 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,pre/on1 & ! high prices /imulat$ ! f>m]s to ga!r ^! /ones f _! l&1 & s5d !m to ,pre/on2 b ! consequ5ces 7 s injuri\s to ! gr[? ( _! crops1 t !y 7 compell$--at lea/ ^? :o _h ! means ( do+ s--to lead /ones aga9 ^u _! l& be=e _! crops w\ld gr[ aga9 ) ! vig\r :i* !y _h be=e ! /ones 7 ab/ract$4 ,?is br\ght to m9d :at _h occurr$ 9 my own f>m practice4 ,a *ur* 0 built 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & ! /ones = x 7 hewn on ! corn] ( a field :i* 0 aft]w>ds s[n ) :eat1 & ,i rem>k$ t ! /raw 0 mu* bright]1 ! rip5+ 0 =w>d$ t5 days1 & ! sample 0 mu* bett] :]e ! /ones _h be5 hewn ?an else:]e 9 ! field4 7,! /ones ( :i* ! *ur* 0 built 7 ( ord9>y s&/one1 probably mill/one grit47 ,borr[+ f ?is h9t1 ,i _h ! field cov]$ ) ab\t #djj c>tloads ( alluvial gravel 7f ! b$ ( ! riv]7 to ! acre1 & ! l& 0 !n pl\gh$ two furr[s deep1 "o pl\gh foll[+ ! o!r4 ,previ\s to ?is gravell+1 ! l& 0 a /iff1 obdurate clay ne>ly to ! surface4 ,! subsequ5t effect 0 ! d\bl+1 or m probably trebl+ ! value ( ! l&1 :i* has n[ become a nice friable soil4 ,i 0 mu* amus$ ) ! criticisms ( "s ( ! neighb\r+ f>m]s 7m5 ( ! old s*ool71 "o ( :om rem>k$ t he _h se5 l& till$ 7manur$7 9 v>i\s ways be=e my "t1 b until n[ he _h nev] se5 a field till$ ) cobble-/ones4 ,i said1 ,:at is y\r objection to x1 ,john8 ,:y1 ye see1 x makes ?' l& s poor4 ,i repli$1 ,mak+ any?+ or anybody poor1 means robb+ !m ( some?+4 ,if y _h tw5ty %ill+s 9 y\r pocket1 & ,i fill$ x up ) ^! cobble-/ones1 h[ mu* poor] w\ld y be8 ,( :at h ,i robb$ ?is field by putt+ gravel into x8 ,:y1 ( no?+2 b x looks s que]4 ,i said1 ,john1 did y nev] he> ( a man ga!r+ ! /ones (f 8 field1 & !n hav+ to lead !m back aga98 ,yes1 ,i h2 b !n !y 7 natural to ! soil4 ,i said1 ,:at does manur+ l& mean1 b putt+ some?+ into x ( :i* x is defici5t8 ,y don't till a muck-midd54 ,if 9 /ony l& /ones are ess5tial = ! vigor\s gr[? ( ! crop1 is x n exce$+ly probable t !y w be /ill m b5eficial on /iff l& :i* has no /ones 9 x8 ,?is is a doctr9e ,i tri$ _m ye>s s9ce to inculcate ^u our fri5d ,me*i1 & "s ( 8 l& 7,i speak ( its condition tw5ty ye>s s9ce7 ne$$ su* a gravell+ z mu* z any l& ,i ev] saw4 ,:e!r he adopt$ my sugge/ion1 or 8 l& rema9s 9 ! same condition n[ z !n1 ,i don't "k2 b if x does1 ,i w\ld j sugge/ to him & to all l&$ proprietors :o own /iff clay l&s1 if !y are ne> to gravel-pits1 to try a small portion by gravell+ x freely1 & let u he> ! results4 ,decemb] #bnd1 #ahga4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cotton4 ,june #a/1 #ahdb4 ,j4 ,,k9d]mann1 ,,esq4 ,i h = "s "t int5d$ to call y\r att5tion to ! importance ( attempt+ to gr[ f9e cotton 9 ,p]u1 b my inability to d ju/ice to ! subject1 bo? f my be+ practically unacqua9t$ ) any mode ( gr[+ cotton & my g5]al want ( in=mation1 has hi!rto prev5t$ me2 b z ,i made y a promise to t effect ye/]day1 ,i h endeav\r$ to put a few sugge/ions on pap]1 & hope t if !y be c>efully act$ ^u1 "s b5efit may be d]iv$ f ! exp]im5ts4 ,we h be5 7z y are aw>e7 consum]s ( ,p]uvian cotton to "s ext5t = ! la/ six or eight mon?s1 & f ! obs]vations ,i h made on x dur+ t "t1 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t x possesses _m excell5ces3 x is long en\gh 7almo/ too long71 v s\nd 9 /aple1 & :]e well manag$ ( a v good col\r4 ,its defects are co>s5ess & h>%ness ( /aple1 & if ^! c\ld be remov$ ,i don't see :at is to prev5t its rivall+ ! ,egyptian & ,sea ,isl&s cotton1 any consid]able approximation to :i* w\ld v mat]ially enhance its value1 see+ t ! highe/ quotation = ,sea ,isl&1 0 la/ week #cj;d4 p] lb4 7#bs4 #f;d471 :il/ ! highe/ = ,p]uvian 0 no m ?an #f #a_/b d4 ,) ! view ( improv+ ! quality ( ! cotton 9 ,p]u1 ,i w\ld /rongly recomm5d y to s5d se$s ( v>i\s k9ds1 pack$ 9 air-tight boxes1 p>ticul>ly ,sea ,isl& & ,egyptian1 :i* "s ( ! cotton-brok]s w\ld easily procure f ! sp9n]s us+ ^! descriptions1 &1 judg+ f :at ,i he> ( ! climate ( bo? c\ntries1 ,i %\ld ?9k ! ,egyptian w\ld g to a v simil> atmosph]e & mode ( cultivation to t ( ! c\ntry :]e x _h be5 rais$1 :i* w\ld probably r5d] x m easy to acclimatize1 &1 ( c\rse1 make x m likely to succe$ ?an a sort ( cotton :i* _h be5 gr[n "u dissimil> circum/ances ( soil1 climate1 & mode ( cultivation4 ,^! se$s :5 s[n1 ought 7) ! exceptions h]eaft] to be m5tion$7 to be plant$ at su* a di/ance f all o!r cottons z to r5d] x v unlikely = ! w9d or insects to c>ry ! poll5 f ! fl[]s ( "o k9d to ^? ( ano!r2 = )\t ?is precaution1 su* is ! t5d5cy 9 _m g5]a ( plants to hybridize 7& ,i believe1 f :at ,i h he>d1 !re is ?is t5d5cy 9 ! diff]5t v>ieties ( cotton7 or cross- bre$ ) ea* o!r1 t1 h[ev] good ! quality 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 !y w\ld all rev]t to ! old v>iety 9 a ye> or two 9 consequ5ce ( ! great prepond]ance ( t v>iety ov] any newly-introduc$ ones4 ,s mu* are ! gr[]s ( turnip-se$ = sale 9 ,engl& aw>e ( ! importance ( att5d+ to ?is1 t ! greate/ precautions are tak5 to remove all cruci=m plants f ! vic9ity ( ! field :il/ _! turnips are 9 fl[]1 z !re is su* a t5d5cy 9 !m all to hybridize t ! quality ( ! se$ is (t5 injur$ by ! wild mu/>d 7,s9apis arv5sis7 spr++ up 9 ! same or ! adjo9+ fields2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 by c>efully select+ ! be/ bulbs = se$1 & by judici\sly cross+ "o v>iety ) ano!r1 new sorts are obta9$1 comb9+ ! excell5ces ( bo?4 ,?is leads me to obs]ve1 t probably se$ ( =eign v>ieties ( cotton may n ?rive well 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & ,i w\ld !re=e /rongly recomm5d ! g5tlem5 :o may make ! exp]im5t c>efully to select se$ f ! plants on _! e/ates :i* !y see are gr[+ ! be/ & f9e/ cotton1 & s[ !m 9 contact ) a few se$s ( ea* ( ! sorts y may s5d out1 c>efully remov+ !m 9 e in/ance z f> z may be practicable f ! vic9ity ( all o!r cotton2 & !n aga9 s[+ ! se$s :i* are obta9$ f ! plants ?us rais$ 9 contiguity to ea* o!r1 & c>efully exam9+ ! cotton gr[n ^u ea* ( !m1 x is m ?an probable !y w f9d t "s ( ! plants w be v>ieties p>tak+ ( ! "* ( bo? ! p>5t k9ds1 & by select+ ! be/ ( ^! & s[+ !m only 7/ill ap>t f all o!r cotton71 !re is little d\bt t mu* b5efit w be d]iv$ by ! p]sev]+ & skilful cultivator4 ,i h he>d x /at$ t ! orig9 ( ,sea ,isl& cotton is to be trac$ to some?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,an obs]v+ & exp]im5tal plant]1 by c>efully exam9+ 8 cotton1 & by s[+ 8 se$ only f ^? plants t produc$ ! f9e/ & longe/ /aple1 at la/ arriv$ at ! excell5t quality :i* is n[ kn[n by t "n4 ,look1 aga91 at :at has be5 done 9 ,egypt by ! introduction ( bett] v>ieties ( cotton4 ,!re ^! improv$ v>ieties h by no means _h a fair *ance ( %[+ :at !y are capable ( becom+1 inasmu* z ! wret*$ cultivator has n ! slighte/ inducem5t to improve _! quality--he gets no m p] p\nd = ! f9e/ & cleane/ cotton ?an he does = ! co>se/ & dirtie/1 & !re=e x is n v likely to improve "u 8 c>e4 ,b ) all ?is neglect & want ( managem5t1 we c see by :at x is1 :at x w\ld mo/ probably become 9 ! h&s ( an ent]pris+ & intellig5t man :o knew t e improvem5t he made 9 its quality w\ld be to 8 own advantage4 ,assum+ t y\r ,p]uvian fri5ds c\ld s f> improve ! quality ( _! cotton z to d\ble its value 9 ?is m>ket 7& ,i don't ?9k myself too sangu9e 9 expect+ m ?an ?is71 ) v little extra lab\r ne>ly all ! additional price w\ld be pr(it4 ,b suppos+ ev5 t cross-bre$+1 or hybridiz+1 z ! horticulturi/s call x1 does n frequ5tly occur naturally 9 cotton1 x is well kn[n t x is v easy to effect x artificially by prematurely unfold+ ! petals & ) f9e scissors cutt+ away all ! /am5s be=e impregnation takes place4 ,?is requires to be c>efully done1 s z n to injure ! petals1 & !y w !n close aga9 ( !mselves1 & :5 !y exp& naturally1 !n impregnate ! /igma ( ! fl[] ) ! poll5 ( ! k9d y want to cross )4 ,we owe _m ( our f9e/ v>ieties ( fruits to ?is practice4 ,! late ,mr4 ,payne ,knight 0 v successful 9 rais+ new v>ieties ( _m sorts ( fruit 9 ?is way1 & x appe>s to me f ! exp]im5ts ,i h made t ! m frequ5tly ?is cross- bre$+ takes place1 ! m easy 7)9 c]ta9 limits7 is x to ext5d x until cultivation has s completely *ang$ ! "* ( ! plant t x be>s v little resemblance to its orig9al /ock4 ,!re is no?+ gr[+ wild l our cabbages1 turnips1 & caulifl[]s2 nor ev5 l our c>rots1 cel]y1 & asp>agus4 ,:]e are ! orig9als ( our :eat1 b>ley1 rye1 beans1 & peas8 ,_m ( ^! appe> to be s completely trans=m$ by cultivation t we don't "k :]e to look = ! p>5t /ocks f :i* !y orig9at$4 ,b ,i am =gett+ cotton altoge!r1 yet beg to ref] to ! prec$+ p>agraph to %[ h[ mu* is ow+ to c>eful cultivation1 & tru/ t x may n be )\t its use if my lett] induces y\r fri5ds to make ! exp]im5ts "h sugge/$1 ev5 ?\gh _! fir/ attempts are unsuccessful4 ,?is lett] 0 translat$ into ,spani% & circulat$ 9 ,p]u1 b ) :at success ,i d n "k4 ,x 0 also publi%$ 9 ! ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1 & l$ to a reply f ,dr4 ,royle1 :i* occasion$ ! foll[+ lett]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,augu/ #ad?1 #ahde4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle4 ,i am v glad t my lett] & y\r rem>ks on ! improvem5t ( cotton 9 ,india h attract$ ! att5tion ( s able a correspond5t z ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 7,dr4 ,royle71 :o appe>s to be conv]sant ) a good deal ( :at has be5 attempt$ !re4 ,no d\bt !re are1 z he /ates1 great div]sities ( soil & climate 9 s ext5sive a c\ntry z ,india2 & if s1 al?\gh !re may be "s :i* are n adapt$ to ! gr[? ( ei!r ! ,gossypium ,b>bad5se or ! ,gossypium ,p]uvianum1 !re mu/ be bo? soil & climate suit$ to !m 9 v>i\s localities 9 t c\ntry4 ,my *ief reason = suspect+ t ! injury arises f ! new k9ds hybridiz+ ) ! indig5\s cotton1 is1 t v good cotton has be5 gr[n f bo? v>ieties 9 ! fir/ g5]ation1 b :5 ! se$ f ?is fir/ crop is s[n aga91 ! quality always det]iorates 7at lea/ all ! g5tlem5 say s ) :om ,i h conv]s$ on ?is subject74 ,i h a sample ( ,indian-gr[n cotton ( excell5t quality f ,p]nambuco se$1 wor? twice z mu* z ! be/ ,surat cotton ,i ev] saw2 b ,i _c le>n t any?+ des]v+ ! "n ( aught b a sample 0 ev] obta9$4 ,we he> ( no increase 9 ! quantity ( ?is improv$ v>iety2 x does n--l cotton 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--g on f t5 bags to t5 ?\s&1 9 eight or t5 ye>s2 on ! contr>y1 s f> z ,i c le>n1 x dw9dles away to no?+4 ,! ,t9nivelly cotton br\ght =w>d z an example by y\r correspond5t is no exception to ?is--x is no m l ,b\rbon cotton1 ?an ,b[$ cotton is l ,sea ,isl&--at lea/ none t ,i ev] saw4 ,b\rbon is a long1 silky-/apl$ cotton1 :il/ ,t9nivelly has ! %ortness & inequality ( fibre common to mo/ ( ! cotton ( ,india4 ,x is g5]ally mu* clean] ?an ! cotton gr[n on ! we/]n side ( ,india1 b ?is arises f ! great] c>e 9 pick+ x4 ,an intellig5t fri5d ( m9e1 n[ 9 ,india1 says t ! pod ( cotton is ov]hung by a br[n leaf 7bractea871 & if ! cotton is ga!r$ e>ly 9 ! morn+1 :il/ ! dew is on ! plant1 ?is leaf is t\gh & does n break1 & ! cotton is ga!r$ clean2 b if x is pick$ aft] ! dew has evaporat$1 ?is leaf is brittle1 & gets mix$ ) ! cotton 9 ! pick+4 ,b he says t no p]suasion c induce ! ryots to keep t :i* is pick$ 9 ! morn+ f t :i* is ga!r$ 9 ! heat ( ! day4 ,he also sugge/s t ! cotton %\ld be irrigat$ dur+ its gr[?1 & alleges z a motive = do+ ?is1 t 9 ,egypt & ,p]u no good cotton c be gr[n )\t resort+ to x4 ,b ! cases are n exactly p>allel1 inasmu* z no ra9 falls 9 ei!r ( ^! c\ntries1 :il/ ra9 is mo/ abundant 9 ,india1 eighty or n9ety in*es ( ra9 sometimes fall+ at ,bombay 9 ?ree mon?s dur+ ! monsoon4 ,ano!r intellig5t g5tleman ) :om ,i h conv]s$ on ?is subject s9ce my =m] lett] 0 writt51 & :o has resid$ at ,bombay _m ye>s1 :]e he has paid mu* att5tion to ?is subject1 tells me t ! g5tleman entru/$ by ! ,ea/ ,india ,company ) ! managem5t ( "o ( ! exp]im5tal cotton e/ates1 assures him he has gr[n excell5t ,orleans cotton1 & t ! ryots 7 s satisfi$ ) its sup]iority ov] ! indig5\s k9d t #a1bjj begahs 7say #cjj acres7 7 plant$ ) x4 ,b ?is 0 two ye>s ago1 & z ! di/urbances took place 9 ?is v neighb\rhood1 he fe>s ^! plantations h p]i%$1 z he he>d no m ( ! matt]1 & _h omitt$ to inquire ( ! g5tleman entru/$ ) ! managem5t4 ,i res]v$ ?is until ,i saw ! second lett] f y\r correspond5t ,g4 ,f4 ,r41 :i* ,i h n[ read1 z well z an article on ! same subject 9 ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian1 9 :i* x is /at$ t #bj1jjj acres are n[ "u cultivation1 plant$ ) ?is improv$ cotton4 ,i fe> ?is is too good news to be true4 ,my in=mant is a g5tleman :o 0 9 correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,m]c]1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ^! cotton e/ates1 or "s ( !m1 & ,i h aga9 que/ion$ him4 ,he says t ! crop :i* w\ld be ga!r$ 9 ,m>* la/1 w\ld am\nt to :at ,i h /at$ 7#a1bjj begahs71 accord+ to ,mr4 ,m]c]'s lett] to him1 b he says x is n[ twelve mon?s s9ce he he>d f ,mr4 ,m]c]1 z he left ,bombay = ,engl& %ortly aft]4 ,8 fe> 0 t none ( ?is cotton w\ld be ga!r$1 z ! di/urbances :i* took place 9 ,c5tral ,india1 & :i* requir$ s long a "t to quell !m1 7 9 ?is v di/rict4 ,if y\r correspond5t ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 has got samples ( ?is improv$ cotton1 ( ! second or ?ird g5]ation1 he w\ld conf] a great obligation ^u me by s5d+ me a small sample ( x by po/4 ,b ?is is w&]+ f :at ,i int5d$ to say1 :i* 0 mo/ he>tily to ?ank y\r correspond5t = 8 second communication1 :i* goes f> to prove ! tru? ( :at ,i _h previ\sly suppos$1 t ! cotton ( ,india is capable ( great improvem5t by be+ judici\sly cross$ ) suitable =eign v>ieties4 ,y\r correspond5t ?9ks if ! old v>ieties det]iorate ! new :5 gr[+ 9 proximity to ea* o!r1 ! new ought1 = ! same reason1 to improve ! old2 & no d\bt !y w1 b to a mu* small] ext5t4 ,x is said t a man leap+ up into ! air attracts ! e>? 7proportionately7 z mu* z ! e>? attracts him1 & x may be s ) ! old & new cotton4 ,:at ,i mean to say is1 t al?\gh "s ( ! old sort ( cotton might be hybridiz$ by ! new1 ! improv$ v>iety w\ld be 9 s small a quantity t a ?\s& to "o ! cultivator w\ld nev] obs]ve x2 & su* is ! av]sion or indiff]5ce to any?+ new among ! natives ( ,india1 t if an improv$ plant 7 obs]v$1 x is aga9 a ?\s& to "o he w\ld take no pa9s to pres]ve x2 & if he did1 x is aga9 p]haps a ?\s& to "o t x w\ld be entirely spoilt 9 ! next g5]ation by be+ plant$ among ! indig5\s sorts4 ,i tru/ y\r correspond5t w cont9ue to fav\r u ) 8 communications :5ev] he has any fre% in=mation on ! subject1 :i*1 ! m x is consid]$ ! m important x seems to be4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pap]s ,,on ,,natural ,,hi/ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wr5s' ,,ne/s4 ,,! ,editor ( ,l\don's ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & "o ( 8 contributors1 ,mr4 ,j5n+s1 7 ( op9ion t ! common ,wr5 nev] l9$ its ne/ ) fea!rs4 ,! foll[+ contribution 0 s5t to ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 & l$ to "s discussion aft]w>ds3-- ,april #ag?1 #ahbi4 ,mr4 ,j5n+s & y\rself1 9 opposition to ,montagu1 are ( op9ion t ! ,wr5 nev] l9es its ne/ ) fea!rs2 l ! knights ( ! gold-&-silv] %ield1 bo? sides are "r4 ,x is true1 _m ,wr5s' ne/s may be f\nd 9 :i* !re are no fea!rs2 b did y ev] f9d ei!r eggs or "y ones 9 !m8 ,z f> z my obs]vations g1 ! ne/ 9 :i* ! ,wr5 lays its eggs is pr(usely l9$ ) fea!rs2 b dur+ ! p]iod ( incubation1 ! male--app>5tly f a desire to be do+ some?+--con/ructs sev]al ne/s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! fir/1 none ( :i* are l9$2 & :il/ ! fir/ ne/ is s artfully conceal$ z to be f\nd ) difficulty1 ! la/ is v (t5 se54 ,! ,wr5 does n appe> to be v c>eful 9 ! selection ( a site = ^! cock-ne/s1 z !y are call$ 9 ,york%ire by ! s*oolboys4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 !m 9 ! twigs ( a ?ick ?orn h$ge1 "u banks1 9 hay/acks1 9 ivy bu%es1 9 old /umps1 9 ! loopholes ( build+s1 & 9 "o in/ance 9 an old bonnet1 :i* 0 plac$ among "s peas to fright5 away ! blackcaps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,augu/ #ae?1 #ahca4 ,,to ,,pr(essor ,,r5nie4 ,9 y\r edition ( ,montagu's ,orni?ological ,diction>y1 j publi%$1 y say--speak+ ( ! ,wr5--,an anonym\s correspond5t ( ,l\don's ',magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1' c4 c42 & y rem>k1 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ^! suppos$ 'cock- ne/s' be+ no?+ m ?an unf9i%$ /ructures ( pair$ birds2 o!rwise1 ! /ory w\ld require ! support ( v /rong evid5ce to r5d] x cr$ible4 ,z ,i am ! anonym\s correspond5t allud$ to1 ,i =w>d y a few obs]vations ( facts t5d+1 z ,i ?9k1 to confirm my view ( ! "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ^! ne/s are f> too abundant = ! birds1 :i* are n pl5tiful--at lea/1 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,aga91 x is at lea/ five to "o t any ,wr5's ne/ :i* is f\nd dur+ ! summ] )\t a l9+ ( hair or fea!rs is ev] complet$1 or has any eggs 9 x4 ,?is ,i h v]ifi$ 9 a hundr$ in/ances1 :51 hav+ f\nd ,wr5s' ne/s1 ,i h visit$ !m aga9 at int]vals1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :e!r my op9ion ( cock-ne/s 0 correct4 ,f>!r1 9 a small wood adjo9+ my g>d51 :]e ,i 0 c]ta9 !re 0 only "o pair ( ,wr5s1 ,i f\nd at lea/ half-a-doz5 ne/s1 n "o ( :i* 0 ei!r l9$ ) fea!rs or ev] _h eggs 9 x2 al?\gh ,i discov]$ !y 7 n all des]t$1 z ,i f\nd an old bird roo/+ 9 "o ( !m4 ,i 0 induc$ to be m p>ticul> 9 my rem>ks 9 consequ5ce ( my see+ ,mr4 ,j5n+s's rem>ks 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory2 & ,i se>*$1 z ,i suppos$1 e bank1 bu%1 & /ump 9 ! wood two or ?ree times be=e ,i c\ld f9d ! bre$+-ne/1 :i* ,i at la/ discov]$ 9 ! twigs ( a will[ on ! bank ( ! riv]1 9 ! c5tre ( a bun* ( tangl$ grass1 cotton wa/e1 & /raws :i* _h be5 left !re by ! floods1 & :i* ! bird _h app>5tly excavat$ & 9 x =m$ its ne/1 :i* 0 pr(usely l9$ ) rooks' fea!rs4 ,! fe> ( be+ ?\ght t$i\s prev5ts my giv+ o!r facts :i* t5d1 z ,i ?9k1 to prove ! correctness ( my op9ion2 h[ev]1 ,i w j add t all ! p]sons ) :om ,i h conv]s$ :o take an int]e/ 9 su* pursuits1 agree ) me 9 op9ion 9 ?is matt]4 ,! ne/ ,i h j spok5 ( 0 also a /rong pro( t ,wr5s1 al?\gh !y may n always adapt _! mat]ials to ! locality !y h *os5 = a ne/1 frequ5tly d s2 & if ?is is n ) ! int5tion ( conceal+ x1 b m]ely because ! mat]ials are at h&1 x s]ves ! purpose ( concealm5t also1 & v effectually4 ,! "o ,i am speak+ ( 0 s exactly l ! o!r lumps ( rubbi% :i* _h be5 left by ! floods 9 ! same bu%1 t ,i did n discov] t x 0 a ,wr5's ne/ until ,i _h pull$ x out ( ! twigs2 & if a ,wr5 builds its ne/ 9 a hay/ack--:i* x frequ5tly does--! front ( ! ne/ is almo/ inv>iably compos$ ( ! hay f ! /ack1 :i* prev5ts its be+ se5 mu* m effectually ?an if ! moss ( :i* ! body ( ! ne/ is compos$ 7 visible on ! outside4 ,! fact t ! long-tail$ tits occasionally associate to ! numb] ( six or sev51 & h a ne/ 9 common1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! same page ( ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory z ! ,wr5s' ne/s1 ,i c\ld prove by ! te/imony ( tw5ty p :o saw ! ne/ & "y !re spok5 (4 ,i %\ld be glad to le>n :e!r ! same ?+ has be5 notic$ by o!r p4 ,among ! few r>e birds :i* x has be5 my good =tune to procure is a ,woodpeck]1 :i* ,i kill$ ?is summ]1 & :i* is n m5tion$ 9 y\r edition ( ,montagu1 al?\gh spok5 ( by ,bewick z a dubi\s species1 "u ! "n ( ! ,middle ,spott$ ,woodpeck]4 ,a pair ( ^! birds _h built _! ne/1 or r hat*$ _! "y 7= !re 0 no ne/71 9 a hole 9 a decay$ a% tree ab\t tw5ty feet f ! gr\nd4 ,!re 7 two "y ones1 :i* ,i secur$1 z well z "o ( ! old ones1 & !y are all 9 ! possession ( a pr(essional fri5d ( m9e1 :o is a collector ( orni?ological specim5s4 ,! old "o measures #i #a_/b in*es long1 & weigh$ #df #a_/b dwts4 an h\r aft] x 0 kill$4 ,! =ehead is a dirty buff1 ! :ole cr[n ( ! head a bright crimson2 ! irides a d>k lead col\r1 & x has a :ite r+ r\nd its neck4 ,9 o!r respects x corresponds ) y\r description ( ! ,picus major4 ,! sex 0 n asc]ta9$4 ,! "y ones h also ! bright crimson head1 & diff] v mat]ially f ! old "o4 ,! ,*evy ,l9net1 z ! less] ,r$pole is call$1 is f\nd "h ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & is at no "t a sc>ce bird ) u4 ,x frequ5tly builds its ne/ 9 ! ald] & will[ bu%es1 on ! banks ( ! brooks or riv]s4 ,x is a late bre$]1 ! ne/s be+ (t5 met ) conta9+ eggs or "y 9 ,july4 ,9 ! w9t] x fe$s ^u ! se$s ( ! ald] or ! cones ( ! l>*1 hang+ susp5d$ f ! twigs l ! titm\se4 ,we h also ! ,gray ,wagtail 7,motacilla sulphurea7 ) u ! :ole ye>1 b x is r a r>e bird at all times & 9 all localities ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 7#ahec3--;,x is m pl5tiful n[ ?an x 0 9 #ahca47 ,i v /rongly suspect ,selby is mi/ak5 :5 he says1 t previ\s to its dep>ture 9 ,septemb]1 x assembles 9 small flocks or families1 :i* haunt ! mead[s or b>e pa/ures4 ,?is does n agree ) my obs]vations ( ?is bird1 al?\gh q true :5 appli$ to ! ,spr+ ,wagtail 7,motacilla flava72 on ! contr>y1 ! ,grey ,wagtail is solit>y ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 except 9 ! bre$+ season1 & nev] frequ5ts ! mead[s1 b is f\nd 9 ! b$s ( ! riv]s1 brooks1 or dit*es1 :]e its %rill note (t5 betrays x to eyes :i* w\ld o!rwise nev] see x4 ,?is bird may be easily di/+ui%$ f ! ,spr+ ,wagtail by its note :5 fly+--yet1 not)/&+ ! diff]5ce is v app>5t to a p]son :o he>s !m bo?1 x is n s easily describ$4 ,9 attempt+ to d s1 !re=e1 ,i hope ,i %all be excus$ if ,i don't make ! diff]5ce s app>5t 9 ! description z x is 9 reality4 ,! latt] "p ( ! note ( ! ,grey ,wagtail :5 fly+ is high] 9 ! musical scale ?an ! =m] "p1 & is v /accato1 ?us3 ,,b> ,,( ,,music g5]ally be+ utt]$ z ! bird makes a spr+ 9 ! air1 #aj :il/ ! latt] "p ( ! note ( ! summ]-bird is l[] 9 ! scale ?an ! =m] "p1 :i* is m prolong$ ?an 9 ! note ( ! ,grey ,wagtail1 & is slurr$ into ! latt] "p1 some?+ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,,b> ,,( ,,music ,( c\rse ,i don't mean x to be und]/ood t ^! notes are ei!r ( ! same pit*1 or t !y be> ! same relation to ea* o!r t ! notes ( ! bird d1 b z a rude attempt at illu/rat+ :at ,i c\ld n expla9 9 any o!r way4 ,a s+ul> habit :i* ,i h notic$ 9 sev]al individuals ( ?is species 7,m4 sulphurea7 has amus$ me exce$+ly4 ,!y 7 9 ! habit ( look+ at _! own images 9 ! w9d[s & attack+ !m1 utt]+ _! peculi> cry1 & peck+ & flutt]+ aga9/ ! glass z e>ne/ly z if ! object !y saw 0 a real rival in/ead ( an imag9>y "o 7a fri5d :o obs]v$ x1 insi/$ t1 ,n>cissus-l1 x 0 9 an ec/asy ( self-admiration74 ,:at is m rem>kable1 two ( ^! in/ances occurr$ 9 ! autumn1 :5 "o w\ld n suppose ! same motives = animosity to exi/ t w\ld probably actuate !m 9 ! spr+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! in/ances 0 :5 ,i 0 a boy1 & 0 repeat$ daily = sev]al weeks1 bo? aga9/ ! w9d[s ( my fa!r's h\se & ^? ( our neighb\r1 :o1 be+ r sup]/iti\s1 0 al>m$ ab\t x1 & came to consult my "m on ! subject4 ,%e said !re 0 a bird :i* h] bro!r told h] 0 a b>ley-bird 7,motacilla flava71 :i* 0 cont9ually fly+ aga9/ h] w9d[s1 & z birds 7 n 9 ! habit ( do+ s g5]ally1 %e ?\ght some?+ s]i\s 0 port5d$ by x4 ,my "m com=t$ h] z well z %e c\ld1 & ,i und]took to rid h] ( ! annoyance1 :i* ,i did by sett+ a horsehair- noose on "o ( ! w9d[-l$ges :i* x frequ5t$4 ,i soon caught x1 & by pluck+ out ! "u-tail cov]ts1 ) :i* ,i want$ to dress yell[ duns1 ,i effectually cur$ x ( ! prop5sity--:e!r1 ,n>cissus-l1 x 0 9 an ec/asy ( self- admiration1 or l ! cock :i* attack$ its own image 9 ! boot 7:i* ,mr4 ,rob]t ,w>r5's poet & pa9t] h immortaliz$71 x w\ld admit ( no rival4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 & ,i ?9k ) great probability1 t ! bird 0 m]ely attempt+ to cat* ! flies :i* x saw on ! inside ( ! panes ( glass2 b c]ta9ly x 0 n s sil5t ab\t x z ^! birds g5]ally are :5 !y are fe$+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,long-,,tail$ ,,titm\se4 ,to ! ,editor ( ,l\don's ,magaz9e4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 my bro!r & myself 7 seek]s ( birds' ne/s1 we f\nd "o ( ! ,long-tail$ ,titm\se 7,p>us caudatus71 ab\t two miles f home1 conta9+ "y ones half- fl$g$4 ,be+ anxi\s to re> !m1 we hit ^u ! plan ( cat*+ ! old ones1 & giv+ !m ! tr\ble in/ead ( ourselves4 ,we accord+ly set lime-twigs ne> ! ne/1 & caught six old ones out ( ! sev5 ( :i* ! colony consi/$1 & br\ght !m away 9 triumph2 b ! old ones w\ld n eat 9 conf9em5t1 & all di$ b "o1 :i* we all[$ to escape1 9 ! hope t x w\ld come back & re> ! "y ones4 ,?is x did1 & by ! mo/ unwe>i$ ex]tion re>$ ! :ole brood1 sometimes fe$+ !m t5 times 9 a m9ute4 ,nev] hav+ se5 ?is social habit /at$ 9 any orni?ological "w to :i* ,i h access1 ,i am n aw>e t x is g5]ally kn[n to naturali/s2 b x is "r to /ate t ,i h only f\nd "o ne/ ( ! species s9ce1 & ?is my avocations w\ld n p]mit me to exam9e4 ,i am !re=e n aw>e :e!r ! fact ,i h /at$ 0 an exception to ! g5]al habit ( ! bird1 or :e!r su* is inv>iably ! case4 ,"s ( y\r correspond5ts w1 no d\bt1 be able to give an answ] to ?is inquiry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,id5tity ,,( ,,! ,,gre5 ,,) ,,! ,,wood-,,s&pip]4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! "q :e!r ! ,gre5 & ! ,wood-,s&pip] are ! same species seems f ,r5nie's edition ( ,montagu's ,orni?ological ,diction>y to be undecid$2 b z a specim5 has j come "u my notice :i* appe>s to me to cle> up ?is difficulty1 ,i %all (f] no apology = s5d+ a description ( x4 ,! l5g? f ! bill to ! tail is #aj in*es1 to ! end ( ! toes1 #aa #c_/d in*es2 bread?1 #ag in*es2 ?igh-jo9t to ! toe1 #e #a_/b in*es4 ,! bill measures #a #e_/h in*es f ! corn] ( ! m\?1 & is v sl5d]2 ! upp] m&ible1 :i* is black & slightly curv$ at ! po9t1 is a little long] ?an ! l[] "o1 :i* is a d>k gre5 at ! base & black at ! po9t2 a d>k /reak ext5ds f ! base ( ! upp] m&ible to ! corn] ( ! eye1 & above x is a pat* ( dirty :ite int]mix$ ) m9ute dusky spots2 a small circle ( dirty :ite surr\nds ! eyes2 ! *9 is :ite2 ! *eeks1 ?roat1 & =ep>t ( ! neck :ite1 spott$ ) dusky1 ) :i* col\r a few lam9ae ( ea* fea!r are m>k$ _! :ole l5g?4 ,! brea/ has a dappl$ /ripe ( ! same col\r z ! ?roat runn+ d[n ! middle ( x2 ) ?is exception x is :ite1 z are also ! belly1 v5t1 & "u tail-cov]ts4 ,! cr[n ( ! head & h9d] "p ( ! neck are a d+y br[n1 :i* on ! neck has a %ade ( a% col\r2 ! b5d ( ! w+ & less] w+-cov]ts are a br[ni% black2 ! :ole upp] surface ( ! plumage is ( a glossy br[ni%-gre51 :i* is spott$ on ! middle w+-cov]ts ) m9ute :ite spots1 t *ange to a d+y yell[ on ! back1 scapul>s1 & t]tials1 ! la/ ( :i* h twelve spots on ! out] m>g9 ( ! fea!rs1 & six on ! inn] "o2 ! t]tials are v long1 ! longe/ ( !m rea*+ to )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( ! extreme top ( ! w+1 :i* rea*es to ! end ( ! tail2 ! quill fea!rs are :olly black1 z are also ! second>ies2 ! upp] "p ( ! rump is black1 & ea* fea!r is slightly tipp$ ) :ite1 :i* =ms small wavy l9es on t "p ( ! plumage2 ! l[] "p ( ! rump & upp] tail-cov]ts are pure :ite2 ! tail1 :i* is ev5 at ! end1 consi/s ( twelve fea!rs1 :i* are b>r$ ) black & :ite alt]nately4 ,at ! end ( ,bewick's description ( ! ,gre5 ,s&pip] !re is a v exact repres5tation ( a cov]t fea!r ( ! tail1 & an inn]-w+ cov]t1 :i* w give a bett] idea ( _! appe>ance ?an a page ( lett]press4 ,! legs are d>k gre51 ! out] toe connect$ ) ! middle "o by a membrane z f> z ! fir/ jo9t2 toes v sl5d]1 middle "o #a #a_/d in* long2 weight1 #b #c_/d oz4 ,kill$ on ! #ag? ,septemb]1 #ahca1 ne> ,/onyhur/4 ,i h be5 ?us m9ute 9 my description f a wi% to cle> up ! d\bt t appe>s to exi/ z to ! id5tity ( ^! two birds4 ,! "o ,i h n[ be=e me is1 und\bt$ly1 ! ,gre5 ,s&pip] ( ,bewick1 b x corresponds 9 s _m p>ticul>s ) ! ,wood ,s&pip] ( ,montagu1 & appe>s to comb9e s _m ( ! peculi>ities ( bo? )\t exactly agree+ ) ei!r1 t ,i ?9k x proves _! id5tity satisfactorily4 ,! glossy gre5 ( ! upp] plumage & ! b>r+ ( ! "u w+- cov]ts & ! tail id5tify ?is bird ) ! ,gre5 ,s&pip]2 :il/ on ! o!r side ! yell[i% spots on ! scapul>s & t]tials1 ! black rump1 ! l5g? ( ! leg1 & ! web betwe5 ! out] & middle toes are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,wood ,s&pip] ( ,montagu4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/oat4 ,i4 ,m4 79 ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory7 says t ! ,/oat is m timid ?an ! weasel1 & t x does n *ange its col\r z 9 ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ! _w4 ,i "k n :y he calls x timid1 ev5 relatively1 z ,i ?9k x is ! mo/ fe>less wild animal we h 9 ! k+dom1 9 pro( ( :i* ,i w m5tion an incid5t ,i witness$ myself4 ,i "o day saw a ,/oat c>ry+ (f a l>ge rat x _h kill$1 & ,i imm$iately pursu$ x1 b x /uck s t5aci\sly to its prey 7al?\gh x 0 s encumb]$ ) its load z to be sc>cely able to run at all7 t ,i 0 close ^u x be=e x w\ld ab&on x2 h[ev]1 x !n took refuge 9 a wall t happ5$ to be close by4 ,i took up ! rat1 & ! ,/oat put its head out ( ! wall1 spitt+ & *att]+ ) e appe>ance ( ! mo/ lively indignation aga9/ me = hav+ s unju/ly robb$ x ( a lawful prize4 ,i amus$ myself ) wat*+ x = "s "t1 & !n be+ desir\s ( see+ h[ f> its evid5t desire to recapture its booty w\ld ov]come its fe> ( me1 ,i held ! rat j be=e ! hole 9 :i* x 01 :5 aft] sev]al attempts1 9 :i* its discretion got ! bett] ( its val\r1 x at l5g? screw$ up its c\rage to ! /ick+-place1 came boldly out ( ! wall1 & dragg$ x out ( my h& into ! hole4 ,i "k n 9 :at c\nty ,i4 ,m4 lives1 nor d ,i "k :e!r he means to include any "p ( ,engl& 9 ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ! _w1 b ,i d "k t ! ,/oat is :ite 9 ! w9t] 9 ,york%ire1 z ,i h caught & /ill m frequ5tly se5 specim5s ( ?is col\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,m>% ,,titm\se4 ,i h be5 mu* int]e/$ ?is spr+ at witness+ 9 two or ?ree in/ances ! t5acity ) :i* ! ,m>% ,titm\se sits on its ne/4 ,be+ 9 a wood ne> my own h\se1 ,i p]ceiv$ a pair ( ^! birds 9 "o ( ! trees1 & hav+ se5 !m 9 ! same place sev]al times be=e1 & be+ desir\s ( f9d+ ! ne/1 ,i sat d[n to wat* _! motions4 ,aft] exam9+ me on all sides ) mu* *att]+ & _m ge/iculations1 indicative ( dislike & suspicion1 ! female flew to ! root ( a tree1 ?ree or f\r y>ds (f1 & disappe>$1 z %e _h gone to ! opposite side ( ! tree to t on :i* ,i sat2 & z !re 7 sev]al holes ab\t ! root ,i 0 at a loss to "k 9 :i* ! ne/ 0 built1 & began to /rike ! root ) a /ick1 expect+ h] to fly out1 b no?+ appe>$4 ,i !n exam9$ ! holes "o by "o1 & :il/ do+ s he>d h] hiss+ & puff+ f )91 9 su* a way t if ,i _h n kn[n %e 0 !re ,i %\ld h ?\ght x 0 a snake r ?an a bird4 ,h[ev]1 z %e w\ld n come out1 & ! hole 0 s small t ,i c\ld n get my h& 91 ,i 0 oblig$ to raise ! siege until next morn+1 :5 ,i return$ arm$ ) a hamm] & *isel ) :i* to /orm h] citadel4 ,z ! wood 0 s\nd1 ! hole small1 & ! ne/ six or eight in*es )9 ! tree1 ,i 0 five or t5 m9utes be=e ,i c\ld get to x1 dur+ :i* ,i gave h] repeat$ opportunities ( escap+ if %e *ose2 b %e /ill sat on h] ne/1 puff+ & peck+ at ! /ick t ,i ?ru/ 9 9 ord] to drive h] (f4 ,%e at la/ crept to ! fur!r edge ( ! ne/1 :i* ,i !n took out1 z ,i want$ x = "o ( my fri5ds :o is a collector ( eggs1 b on attempt+ to bl[ "o ,i f\nd !y _h be5 sat ^u too long1 & ,i !n felt desir\s ( see+ :e!r ! old bird w\ld hat* !m aft] hav+ h] ne/ torn f "u h]1 & ,i turn$ back to ! tree :5ce ,i _h tak5 !m1 & f\nd h] /ill sitt+ 9 ! hole :]e ,i _h left h]4 ,i regret to add t ! humane "p ( my exp]im5t did n succe$1 = al?\gh %e rema9$ aft] ,i _h return$ ! ne/ to its place1 %e left x imm$iately aft]1 & did n return to x aga94 ,ano!r in/ance :i* ,i witness$ 0 9 a ne/ conta9+ "y ones4 ,?is 0 also at ! root ( a tree1 b ! situation did n appe> to be s well *os5 z is usually ! case ) ! ,titm\se tribe2 = 9 ?is in/ance ! hole w5t q ?r\gh ! tree1 & on "o side 0 l>ge en\gh to admit ! h&4 ,z ! "y ones 7 expos$ to ! wea!r1 & 7 also liable to be se5 by anyone go+ along ! adjo9+ footpa?1 ,i attempt$ to rem$y ?is defect by cov]+ ! l>g] hole ) a sod1 :i* to a casual obs]v] w\ld appe> to h gr[n !re4 ,on tak+ ! sod (f "o day1 to see h[ ! ne/l+s 7 go+ on1 ,i p]ceiv$ t a clod ( e>? _h fall5 f ! sod ^u !m1 & ,i took a /ick & hook$ x out1 le/ x %\ld smo!r !m4 ,:il/ ,i 0 do+ ?is ,i p]ceiv$ ! old "o sat on ! fur!r side ( ! ne/1 s /ill & quiet t until ,i p]ceiv$ h] eye ,i fanci$ %e 0 dead2 & %e also endur$ sev]al pok+s ) ! /ick be=e %e w\ld move1 al?\gh ! hole on ! opposite side ( ! tree enabl$ h] to escape :5ev] %e ?\ght prop]4 ,p]haps ,mr4 ,r5nie1 9 8 next edition ( ,montagu's ,diction>y1 w give u a new "n = ?is bird1 z ! "o x has at pres5t is no m applicable to ?is species ?an x is to ! ,p>us ca]uleus1 or ! ,p>us major1 & n half s mu* s z x w\ld be to ! ,p>us bi>nicus2 & he has *ang$ good names into bad ones ) f> less reason1 witness ,corvus frugilegus into ,corvus pr$atorius4 ,! =m] "n is /rictly applicable to t species1 & to t alone2 & s useful a bird does n des]ve ! "n ( a ?ief4 ,! ,*aff9* 7:i* receiv$ its "n ( ,coelebs f ,l9naeus on acc\nt ( ! males alone rema9+ 9 ,sw$5 9 ! w9t]1 :i* fact is corroborat$ by ,:ite1 :o f\nd sc>cely any b females 9 ,hamp%ire dur+ t season7 has _h its "n *ang$ by ,mr4 ,r5nie into ,spiza4 ,! old "n is *>act]i/ic ( a rem>kable fact 9 ! habits ( ?is bird2 :y ! new "o is m appropriate 7nei!r und]/&+ ,greek1 nor hav+ read ,ari/otle71 ,i _c say4 ,w ,mr4 ,r5nie condesc5d to enlight5 me8 ,once = all--if we are to h a new nom5clature1 let a committee ( able naturali/s decide ^u x1 or let u submit to ! au?ority ( a ma/] 7= in/ance ,l9naeus or ,temm9ck71 b don't let e bookmak] :o publi%es a "w on ,natural ,hi/ory1 reject+ names long e/abli%$ & univ]sally receiv$1 give new ones 9 su* a way z s]ves only to %[ 8 own presumption & to confuse :at x ought to be 8 bus9ess to elucidate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,creep]4 ,! ,nu?at* does n occur 9 ?is1 & ,i d\bt if 9 any "p ( ,lanca%ire1 b ! ,creep] is v common1 & is a bird ) ! habits & peculi> call ( :i* ,i h be5 acqua9t$ f my *ildhood4 ,mr4 ,bree1 :o comb9es ) accurate & ext5sive in=mation1 an amiable & pleasant mann] ( communicat+ x1 has n1 ,i p]ceive1 witness$ ! ,creep]s associat+ ) ! ,titmice 9 w9t]1 at :i* ,i am r surpris$1 & ?9k if !y are num]\s 9 8 neighb\rhood1 he w h]eaft] n fail to p]ceive !m among ! small flocks ( ,titmice :i* associate ?r\gh ! w9t]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wr5s' ,,ne/s4 ,9 ,mr4 ,r5nie's edition ( ,montagu's ,diction>y1 & also 9 8 ,ar*itecture ( ,birds1 aft] copy+ :at ,i h said on ! subject ( ,wr5s' ne/s be+ l9$ ) fea!rs1 he says3-- ,!re c be no d\bt1 ,i appreh5d1 ( ^! suppos$ cock-ne/s be+ no?+ m ?an ! unf9i%$ /ructures ( pair$ birds2 o!rwise ! /ory w\ld require ! support ( /rong evid5ce to r5d] x cr$ible4 ,mr4 ,r5nie aft]w>ds goes on to say t 9 two in/ances he _h se5 ne/s :i* _h ab\t half-a-doz5 fea!rs int]wov5 into ! l9+s ) hair2 & ,mr4 ,j5n+s1 if ,i recollect aright1 z ,i h n ! "w to ref] to at pres5t1 says t ,wr5s don't l9e _! ne/s ) any?+ b moss1 & he ?9ks ,montagu is 9 error :5 he says !y are l9$ ) fea!rs4 ,along ) ?is ,i s5d y ?ree or f\r ,wr5s' ne/s1 :i* y w p]ceive h abundance ( fea!rs 9 ! inside2 & al?\gh ! ,wr5 w occasionally use c[s' hair along ) ! fea!rs1 yet ,i am p]suad$ f ! localities 9 :i* ,i h met ) !m1 t c[s' hair has be5 us$ because fea!rs 7 n to be f\nd2 b :5 ! ne/s are 9 ! vic9ity ( a rook]y1 a f>m-y>d1 or any o!r locality :]e fea!rs are abundant1 ! ,wr5s w use !m exclusively4 ,:at ! /rong evid5ce mu/ be :i* w conv9ce ,mr4 ,r5nie ab\t cock-ne/s1 ,i don't "k2 b ,i "k ( a doz5 ( ^! ne/s at ! pres5t mom5t1 sev]al ( :i* h rema9$ 9 ! /ate 9 :i* !y 7 left 9 ! middle ( ,april4 ,o!r ne/s f\nd ab\t ! same "t h n[ "y ones 9 !m4 ,i d\bt n ^! ne/s are occasionally us$ = bre$+ 93 = in/ance1 if ! fir/ ne/ ( a ,wr5 be tak51 or if x bre$ a second "t1 x w occasionally take possession ( a cock-ne/2 z ,i h sometimes f\nd t aft] rema9+ 9 ! same unf9i%$ /ate = sev]al weeks1 !y h aft]w>ds be5 fitt$ up ) a l9+1 & br$ 94 ,mr4 ,r5nie ass]ts t ,montagu is wrong :5 he says t ! ,wr5 always adapts its mat]ials to its locality4 ,al?\gh x c]ta9ly is n always ! case1 yet s v g5]ally is x s1 t ,i ?9k x is n surpris+ t ,montagu made ?is ass]tion4 ,?us1 if a ,wr5 build 9 a hay/ack1 ! front ( ! ne/ is g5]ally compos$ ( ! hay f ! /ack2 if x be built 9 a bu% by ! side ( a riv]1 & 7:i* is frequ5tly ! case7 bel[ flood m>k1 x is g5]ally cov]$ on ! outside ) ! rubbi% :i* has be5 left !re by ! flood2 & if x build 9 a mossy /ump1 ! front ( ! ne/ is compos$ ( ! d>k- col\r$ moss :i* gr[s !re4 7,may #bb1 #ahcb47 ,along ) my la/ lett]1 ,i s5t "s ,wr5s' ne/s l9$ ) fea!rs1 & ,i c\ld easily h increas$ !m to a doz5 ( ! same sort1 only ,i did n wi% to deprive s _m ( my little fav\rites ( _! eggs & "y4 ,e day conv9ces me m decid$ly1 t ,i am "r bo? ) reg>d to ! l9+ ( ! ,wr5s' ne/s1 & z to ! cock-ne/s also4 ,! ne/s ,i s5t y w prove ! =m]1 & ,i "k ( at lea/ tw5ty in/ances ( ! latt]1 9 ne/s :i* ,i h kn[n ( all ?r\gh ! spr+1 f ,april to ! pres5t "t1 :i* h rema9$ 9 ! same unf9i%$ /ate1 al?\gh !y are n =sak51 z ,i h f\nd ! birds 9 !m1 9 sev]al in/ances1 :5 ,i h exam9$ !m4 ,i f\nd "o ( ^! ne/s on ! #aj? ( ,april1 "u a bank on ! side ( ! riv]2 & ,i exam9$ x repeat$ly ?r\gh ,april & ,may1 & always f\nd x 9 ! same /ate1 al?\gh !re 0 always a pair ( ,wr5s ab\t1 & ,i c\ld f9d no o!r ne/2 yet ,i am sure !re 0 ano!r1 = 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is mon? 7,june7 !re 7 "s "y ,wr5s1 :i* _h evid5tly only j come out ( ! ne/2 & !re 7 only two or ?ree bu%es grew !reab\ts1 s t x is n probable !y _h come f any o!r qu>t]1 b ! bu%es 7 fill$ ) dead leaves1 & o!r rubbi% br\ght d[n by ! flood4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ,i he>d !m1 ,i look$ out = ano!r ne/1 z ,i believe 7not)/&+ :at ,montagu says1 t !re are few birds1 if any1 t w\ld produce a second lot ( eggs if ! fir/ 7 unmole/$7 t mo/ ( ! small birds :i* are e>ly bre$]s build a second "t ! same ye>1 ev5 :5 !y succe$ 9 re>+ ! fir/ brood4 ,i h _h pro( ( ?is 7if any?+ c be consid]$ pro(1 except m>k+ ! birds71 9 ! ,?ro/le1 ! ,blackbird1 ! ,wr51 ! ,r$brea/1 & ! ,h$ge ,sp>r[1 ^: second ne/s may be f\nd contigu\s to ! fir/2 & 9 po9t ( "t1 ?is always happ5s j :5 ! fir/ brood h left ! ne/4 ,! cock-bird1 too1 :o _h be5 sil5t :il/ 8 "y 7 unfl$g$1 beg9s to s+ aga91 & ?r[+ (f ! anxi\s & c>e-beset mann]s ( a p>5t1 aga9 assumes t ( a bridegroom4 ,b to return to ,wr5s' ne/s4 ,i f\nd "o )9 t5 y>ds ( ! "o ,i _h kn[n ( s9ce ! #aj? ( ,april1 l9$1 & ready = an egg4 ,z ,i 0 anxi\s to prove :at ,i _h s long believ$1 ,i pull$ out ?is ne/1 ?9k+ t ! old bird 0 ready = lay+ a second lot ( eggs2 & t :5 ,i _h de/roy$ ?is1 z %e _h no o!r ne/ ready1 %e w\ld probably take up ) ! cock-ne/4 ,z x 0 half a mile f my h\se1 ,i did n visit x aga9 until ! #af? ( ,june1 & 0 !n delight$ to f9d ! old bird sitt+ on six or sev5 eggs 9 ! cock-ne/1 :i* _h rema9$ s long unoccupi$4 ,i believe t 9 ?is in/ance !re is v little l9+ 7fur1 fea!rs1 c47 9 ! ne/1 al?\gh ,i %\ld be sorry to exam9e x m9utely until ! "y h left x2 b ,i consid] x an exception to ! g5]al rule1 inasmu* z ,i believe ! bird 0 ready to lay :5 ,i pull$ out ! o!r ne/4 ,z %e w\ld h to f9d ano!r ) z little delay z possible1 %e w\ld n h "t to embelli% ! inside 9 ! same mann] z %e probably w\ld h done if %e _h _h m "t4 ,on exam9+ ano!r ,wr5s' ne/ a few ev5+s ago1 ,i f\nd ! "y ones _h fl[n1 & z !re 0 a cock-ne/ 9 "s wrack left by ! riv] 9 a bu% a few y>ds (f1 ,i gave x a %ake to see if ! old ones _h tak5 possession ( x = ano!r brood2 & ,i 0 surpris$ to see "o1 & !n a second "y "o come fly+ out1 & a ?ird putt+ out its head to reconnoitre4 ,:e!r ! :ole brood 0 !re ,i don't "k1 z ,i did n di/urb !m fur!r4 ,z ,i _h exam9$ ?is ne/ only t5 days be=e1 :5 x _h n an egg 9 x1 ,i 0 at fir/ at a loss to acc\nt = ^! "y ones2 b ,i h n[ no d\bt !y 7 ! "y f ! adjo9+ ne/1 :i* _h tak5 up _! qu>t]s = ! night 9 ! new h\se4 ,b h[ _h !y le>nt ! way8 ,"y birds g5]ally roo/ :]e night f9ds !m1 & if ,i _h f\nd only "o1 ,i %\ld n h be5 surpris$1 b to f9d at lea/ ?ree1 probably six or sev51 9 a ne/ :]e ,i am c]ta9 !y 7 n br$1 0 some?+ new to me4 ,i w5t sev]al times 9 ! ev5+ aft] ?is1 b nev] f\nd !m2 ,i suppose ! fright ,i gave !m det]r$ !m f lodg+ !re aga94 ,! editor ( ,l\don's ,magaz9e1 9 a p>agraph app5d$ to ?is article1 says3 ,we h exam9$ ! ,wr5s' ne/s s5t2 _! /aple mat]ials are moss1 fea!rs1 & hair4 ,into ! moss on ! ext]ior ( ! ne/ are wov5 a m or less p]fect b feeble frond or two1 & sep>ate p9nae z well ( ,aspidium ,filix-,mas1 & leaves ( apple1 elm1 & oak trees4 ,int]iorly c[s' hair is n sc>ce1 & is p>tly inwov5 ) ! moss & laces x toge!r1 & p>tly m+l$ ) ! fea!rs2 a horse- hair or two are also obs]vable4 ,! fea!rs 9 ea* ne/1 app>5tly ^? ( dome/ic f[ls1 are num]\s en\gh to fill ! holl[ ( ! h& :5 ! f+]s are s fold$ ov] z n to mu* compress ! fea!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,al>m-,,note ,,( ,,"o ,,bird ,,und]/ood ,,by ,,o!r ,,species ,,( ,,birds4 ,9 ,montagu's ,orni?ological ,diction>y1 "u ! article ,song ( ,birds1 !re is ! foll[+ rem>k3 ,reg>d+ ! note ( al>m :i* birds utt] on ! approa* ( _! natural enemies1 :e!r a ,hawk1 an ,owl1 or a ,cat1 we consid] x to be a g5]al language p]fectly und]/ood by all small birds1 ?\gh ea* species has a note peculi> to itself4 ,i 0 la/ ,april v mu* pleas$ at witness+ an illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ?is op9ion4 ,i f\nd a ne/ ( "y ,?ro/les at ! root ( a hazel1 & al?\gh !y c\ld sc>cely fly1 yet z !y 7 ne> a footpa?1 & ! next day 0 ,sunday1 :5 _m idle & mis*iev\s lads w\ld be rambl+ ab\t1 ,i ?\ght !y w\ld be saf] out ( _! ne/ ?an 9 x2 & z ,i knew t :5 s f> fl$g$1 if !y 7 once di/urb$ !y w\ld n cont9ue 9 ! ne/1 ,i took "o f ! ne/ & made x cry out1 & !n put x back aga92 b 9 "o m9ute1 n only x b its ?ree companions _h disappe>$ 9 ! long dry grass :i* 0 r\nd ab\t4 ,on he>+ ! cry ( _! "y "o1 ! p>5t bird set up su* %rieks ( al>m z br\ght all ! birds 9 ! wood to see :at 0 ! matt]4 ,i notic$ ! ,blackbird1 ! ,*aff9*1 ! ,titl>k1 ! ,rob91 ! ,oxeye 7great] ,titm\se71 ! ,blue & ,m>% ,titm\se1 & ! ,wr5 all utt]+ _! cries ( al>m & appreh5sion2 ev5 ! gold5-cre/$ ,wr51 :i* usually seems to c>e = no?+1 0 z =w>d & p]sev]+ z any ( !m 9 express+ its fe>s on ?is occasion2 inde$1 ! only bird :i* seem$ indiff]5t to all ^! manife/ations ( al>m 0 ! ,creep]1 :i* cont9u$ its anxi\s & incessant se>* = food1 z x flitt$ f "o tree to ano!r1 exam9+ !m f root to bran* )\t ev] seem+ to und]/& or to c>e = :at seem$ to h s mu* fright5$ ! o!rs4 7,june #cj?1 #ahcb47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dates ,,( ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,( ,,"s ,,spr+ ,,birds ,,9 #ahcb1 ,,at ,,cli!roe4 ,"y ,rooks he>d1 #e? ,april2 ,h\se ,m>t9 se51 #ad?2 ,s&pip]1 #ad?2 ,will[ ,wr51 ,spr+ ,wagtail1 & ,r$/>t1 #ag?2 ,:eate>1 #ai? 7?is is g5]ally ! fir/ spr+ bird se572 ,s& ,m>t9 & ,swall[1 #bbnd2 ,cuckoo he>d1 #bf?2 ,wood ,wr51 ,blackcap1 & ,:9*at1 #bh?2 ,mock+-bird & ,:ite?roat1 #d? ,may2 ,swift1 #g?2 ,flycat*]1 #aa?2 & ,fieldf>es 7 n se5 until ! #bnd ( ,may1 :i* is lat] ?an ,i ev] obs]v$ !m be=e4 7,9 ! p>i% ( ,allesby1 ne> ,cov5try1 ,fieldf>es 7 obs]v$ z late z ! #ad? ( ,may47 ,no d\bt _m ( ^! birds 7 9 ! neighb\rhood e>li] ?an ! dates ,i h atta*$ to !m1 b !y are ! p]iods at :i* ,i saw or he>d !m4 ,! /udy ( ,natural ,hi/ory is p]haps z little foll[$ 9 ?is neighb\rhood z 9 any "p ( ! k+dom1 not)/&+ ! facilities :i* are (f]$4 ,our flora is beautiful1 v>i$1 & possesses _m r>e plants1 yet ,i only "k ( two h]b>ia2 ! birds are abundant1 yet !re is b "o collector ( !m2 & z = insects1 al?\gh ,i frequ5tly take :at ,i consid] r>e species1 yet ,i _c f9d an entomologi/ 9 ! :ole di/rict1 or ,i w\ld s5d !m to him4 ,9 conclusion1 all[ me to say1 t ! leisure h\rs a some:at busy life has enabl$ me to sp5d 9 ^! pursuits1 h be5 "s ( ! happie/ ( my exi/5ce1 & h awak5$ & *]i%$ su* an admiration ( nature & su* a love = ! c\ntry & its sc5es1 z ,i ?9k c nev] be appreciat$ by ! inhabitants ( l>ge t[ns1 & :i* ,i _c describe s well z 9 ! words ( "o ( my fri5ds 9 a beautiful apo/rophe to ,engl&1 :5 leav+ x--nev] to return3 #aa-- ,to !e ,^: fields fir/ f$ my *ildi% fantasy1 ,^: m\nta9s 7 my boyhood's wild delight1 ,^: rocks1 & woods1 & torr5ts 7 to me ,! food ( my s\l's y\?ful appetite2 ,7 music to my e>--a bless+ to my sight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,rook ,,s]viceable ,,to ,,man4--,,prejudice ,,aga9/ ,,x4 ,a /rong prejudice is felt by _m p]sons aga9/ ,rooks1 on acc\nt ( _! de/roy+ gra9 & potatoes1 & s f> is ?is prejudice c>ri$1 t ,i "k p]sons :o (f] a rew>d = e ,rook t is kill$ on _! l&2 yet s mi/ak5 d ,i deem !m z to consid] t no liv+ creature is s s]viceable to ! f>m] z ! ,rook1 except 8 own live /ock4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( my native place is a rook]y belong+ to ,william ,vavas\r ,esq41 ( ,we/on 9 ,:>fdale1 9 :i* x is e/imat$ !re are #aj1jjj ,rooks1 t #a lb4 ( food a week is a v mod]ate all[ance = ea* bird1 & t n9e-t5?s ( su* food consi/s ( worms1 insects1 & _! l>vae3 = al?\gh !y d consid]able damage to ! crops = a few weeks 9 se$-"t & h>ve/1 p>ticul>ly 9 backw>d seasons1 yet a v l>ge proportion ( _! food1 ev5 at ^! times1 consi/s ( insects & worms1 :i* 7if we except a few acorns1 walnuts1 & potatoes 9 autumn7 at all o!r times =m ! :ole ( _! subsi/5ce4 ,"h1 !n1 if my data be correct1 !re is ! enorm\s quantity ( #dfh1jjj lbs41 or #bji tons ( worms1 insects1 & _! l>vae de/roy$ by ! birds ( a s+le rook]y1 & to ev]yone :o kn[s h[ v de/ructive to vegetation are ! l>vae ( ! tribes ( insects 7z well z worms7 f$ ^u by ,rooks1 "s slight idea may be =m$ ( ! deva/ation :i* ,rooks are ! means ( prev5t+4 ,i h und]/ood t 9 ,suffolk & 9 "s ( ! s\!rn c\nties1 ! l>vae ( ! cock*af] are s exce$+ly abundant t ! crops ( corn are almo/ de/roy$ by !m1 & t _! ravages d n cease ev5 :5 !y h become p]fect insects4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 propos$ to put a /op to _! ravages1 b ,i h little d\bt t _! abundance is to be attribut$ to ! sc>city ( ,rooks1 z ,i h some:]e se5 an acc\nt t ^! birds are n num]\s 9 ^? c\nties 7,i h nev] be5 !re71 ei!r f ! trees be+ fell$ 9 :i* !y ne/$1 or f _! hav+ be5 de/roy$ by ! prejudic$ f>m]4 ,i am ! m incl9$ to be ( ?is op9ion1 because we h _m ,rooks 9 ?is neighb\rhood :]e ! cock*af] is n kn[n z a de/ructive insect1 & ,i "k t insects ( t class & _! l>vae are ! mo/ fav\rite food ( ! ,rook1 :i* may be se5 9 ! twilight cat*+ bo? cock*af]s & ! l>ge blackbeetles :i* are fly+ at t "t 9 ! ev5+4 ,i w m5tion ano!r in/ance ( ! utility ( ! ,rook :i* occurr$ 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,_m ye>s ago a flight ( locu/s visit$ ,crav51 & !y 7 s num]\s z to create consid]able al>m among ! f>m]s ( ! di/rict4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 soon reliev$ f _! anxiety1 = ! ,rooks flock$ 9 f all qu>t]s by ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s1 & dev\r$ ! locu/s s gre$ily t !y 7 all de/roy$ 9 a %ort "t4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! acc\nt giv51 & ,i h he>d x repeat$ly m5tion$ z ! reason :y ! late ,"l ,ribblesdale 0 s p>tial to ,rooks4 ,b ,i h no means ( asc]ta9+ h[ f> ?is is true4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 ! newspap]s a ye> or two back t !re 0 su* an enorm\s quantity ( cat]pill>s ^u ,skiddaw1 t !y dev\r$ all ! vegetation on ! m\nta91 & p 7 appreh5sive !y w\ld attack ! crops 9 ! enclos$ l&s2 b ! ,rooks 7:i* are fond ( high gr\nd 9 ! summ]7 hav+ discov]$ !m1 put a /op to _! ravages 9 a v %ort "t4 7,june #cj?1 #ahcb47 ,^! rem>ks are confirm$ by a writ] 9 ! ,essex ,h]ald & by ,mr4 ,wat]ton4 ,! =m] says3--,an ext5sive exp]im5t appe>s to h be5 made 9 "s ( ! agricultural di/ricts on ! ,cont95t1 ! result ( :i* has be5 ! op9ion t f>m]s d wrong 9 de/roy+ ,rooks1 ,jays1 ,sp>r[s1 &1 inde$1 birds 9 g5]al on _! f>ms1 p>ticul>ly :]e !re are or*>ds4 ,t birds d mis*ief occasionally among ripe corn !re c be no d\bt2 b ! h>m !y d 9 autumn is amply comp5sat$ by ! good !y d 9 spr+ by ! havoc !y make among ! insect tribes4 ,! quantity ( grubs de/roy$ by ,rooks & ( cat]pill>s & grubs by ! v>i\s small birds1 mu/ be annually imm5se4 ,o!r tribes ( birds :i* fe$ on ! w+--z ,swifts1 ,swall[s1 & ,m>t9s--de/roy millions ( w+$ insects :i* w\ld o!rwise infe/ ! air & become insupportably tr\blesome4 ,ev5 ! ,titm\se & ! ,bullf9*1 usually suppos$ to be s mis*iev\s 9 g>d5s1 h actually be5 prov$ only to de/roy ^? buds :i* conta9 a de/ructive insect4 ,orni?ologi/s h ( late det]m9$ ^! facts to be true1 & p>i% (fic]s w\ld d well to consid] !m be=e !y wa/e ! public money 9 pay+ rew>ds to idle boys & girls = ! heads ( dead birds1 :i* only enc\rages *ildr5 & o!r idle p]sons 9 ! mis*iev\s employm5t ( f[l+ in/ead ( m9d+ _! "w or _! s*ool+4 ,b to return to ! exp]im5t allud$ to4 ,on "s v l>ge f>ms 9 ,devon%ire ! proprietors det]m9$ a few summ]s ago to try ! result ( (f]+ a great rew>d = ! heads ( ,rooks1 b ! issue prov$ de/ructive to ! f>ms1 = ne>ly ! :ole ( ! crops fail$ = ?ree succe$+ ye>s1 & !y h s9ce be5 =c$ to import ,rooks & o!r birds :]e) to re-/ock _! f>ms4 ,( late ye>s ! ext5sive de/ruction ( ! foliage & "y fruit 9 or*>ds by a species ( cat]pill> has excit$ ! att5tion ( ! naturali/1 & x has be5 f\nd to h aris5 f ! habit ( de/roy+ ^? small birds ab\t or*>ds :i* if left unmole/$ w\ld h de/roy$ or kept d[n ^? rapaci\s insects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,s&pip]s4 ,s&pip]s bre$ ab\t ,cli!roe4 ,i ?is ye> 7#ahcb7 />t$ an old "o f h] ne/ at ! root ( a ,weym\? p9e4 ,%e scream$ out1 & roll$ ab\t 9 su* a mann]1 & seem$ s completely disabl$1 t1 al?\gh p]fectly aw>e t h] int5tion 0 to allure me f h] ne/1 ,i c\ld n resi/ my incl9ation to pursue h]1 & 9 consequ5ce ,i _h great difficulty 9 f9d+ ! ne/ aga94 ,x 0 built ( a few dri$ leaves ( ! ,weym\? p9e1 & conta9$ ?ree "y ones j hat*$1 & an egg ?r\gh :i* ! bill ( a "y "o 0 mak+ its way4 ,yet1 "y z !y 71 on my tak+ out ! egg to exam9e x1 ! little ?+s1 :i* c\ld n h be5 out ( ! %ell m ?an an h\r or two1 set (f out ( ! ne/ ) z mu* cel]ity z if !y _h be5 runn+ ab\t a =tnight4 ,z ,i ?\ght ! old "o w\ld ab&on ! egg if ! "y ones left ! ne/1 ,i caught !m aga9 & cov]+ !m up ) my h& = "s "t1 !y settl$ d[n aga94 ,next day all f\r _h disappe>$4 ,montagu says3 ,x is probable _m ( ! ,s&pip]s are capable ( swimm+ if by accid5t !y wade out ( _! dep?4 ,hav+ %ot & w+$ "o ( ?is species z x 0 fly+ across a piece ( wat]1 x fell1 & float$ t[>ds ! side1 & z we rea*$ to take x up1 ! bird in/antly div$1 & we nev] saw x rise aga9 to ! surface2 possibly x got entangl$ 9 ! we$s & 0 dr[n$4 ,i quote ?is rem>k because ! same ?+ has happ5$ to myself4 ,i w+$ a ,s&pip]1 & on go+ to take x up1 x flutt]$ into ! wat] & div$1 b nev] rose aga9 to ! surface t ,i c\ld p]ceive1 al?\gh ,i wat*$ long & att5tively = x4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! bird c\ld n h be5 entangl$ by ! we$s1 inasmu* z ! bottom ( ! riv] 0 cov]$ ) gravel & n a we$ 0 gr[+ !re4 ,:e!r ! ,s&pip] laid hold ( ! gravel at ! bottom ) its feet1 or h[ x manag$1 ,i _c tell1 nor h ,i ev] be5 able to acc\nt = x4 7,june #cj?1 #ahcb47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,birds ,,dress+ ,,_! ,,fea!rs ,,) ,,oil ,,f ,a ,,gl&4 ,mr4 ,wat]ton d\bts 7,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1 vol4 v4 p4 #dac7 if ! small nipple on ! rump ( birds is an oil-gl&1 or t birds ev] oil _! fea!rs ) matt] obta9$ f x2 & he asks if any naturali/ w say t he has ev] witness$ ?is process1 & if s h[ x is t ! bird contrives to take ?is oil 9 its bill & h[ x manages to oil its head & neck8 ,i w !re=e /ate :at ,i ?9k ,i h witness$1 & tru/ to ,mr4 ,wat]ton's =be>ance if ,i am 9 error2 yet ,i _c help suspect+ t ,mr4 ,wat]ton's qu]ies are 7l ^? ( ,*>les ! ,second to ! ,royal ,society7 m = ! purpose ( laugh+ at our ignorance ?an f any wi% he has to obta9 in=mation1 = ,i c sc>cely suppose t s acute an obs]v] c h fail$ to p]ceive ev]y?+ p]ceptible on ! po9t at issue4 ,i h j wat*$ a ,muscovy ,duck g ?r\gh ! op]ation ( pre5+ & dress+ its fea!rs1 & x c]ta9ly appe>s obvi\s en\gh to me t ?is bird uses ! gl& on ! rump = ! purpose = :i* birds are g5]ally suppos$ to use x4 ,! bird erect$ ! fea!rs on ! rump s z to exhibit ! gl& v di/9ctly1 & !n1 aft] press+ x ) ! bill1 rubb$ ! "u m&ible & *9 d[n to ! ?roat ^u x1 & !n1 aft] draw+ "s ( ! fea!rs ?r\gh ! bill1 rubb$ ! l[] m&ible & *9 ^u ! back & scapul>s1 app>5tly to apply ! oil :i* adh]$ to !m1 & !n1 turn+ its head back1 x rubb$ ! cr[n & sides ( ! head & neck ^u ^? p>ts :i* x _h previ\sly rubb$ ) ! *9 & "u m&ible4 ,by ?is rubb+ ( ! head & neck x is easy to p]ceive h[ birds c oil ^! p>ts if x be all[$ t birds oil !mselves at all4 ,i _c see h[ we c expla9 ?is action ( birds 9 relation to any o!r object4 ,x c]ta9ly does n seem calculat$ to expel or di/urb any v]m9 lodg$ !re1 & ,i rem>k$ t x nev] occurr$ except :5 ! bird _h be5 apply+ its bill to ! gl& z above m5tion$4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,wat]ton1 & anyone :o d\bts ?is oil+1 may readily judge = !mselves4 ,let !m take a common duck1 & %ut x up = two or ?ree days1 s t x c h no access to wat] except = dr9k+1 & at ! end ( t "t let !m turn x out1 & all[ x to g to a brook or pond2 x w give itself a ?or\gh ablution--duck+1 div+1 & spla%+ ) its w+s--& on com+ out1 w beg9 to dress & arrange its fea!rs1 v frequ5tly apply+ its bill to ! gl& on its rump4 ,if ?is application is n = ! purpose ( procur+ a supply ( oil1 p]haps ,mr4 ,wat]ton w h ! goodness to in=m u :at x is =1 & :at end ?is gl& answ]s 9 ! economy ( ! fea!r$ tribes if n t :i* has hi!rto be5 suppos$4 7,june #cj1 #ahcb47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mock+ ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,s$ge-,,w>bl]4 ,9 ! article ,s$ge ,bird1 9 ,montagu's ,diction>y ( ,orni?ology 7,r5nie's edition1 p4 #dee71 ! writ] says3 ,x has a v>iety ( notes1 :i* p>take ( ^? ( ! ,skyl>k & ! ,swall[1 z well z ! *att] ( ! ,h\se-,sp>r[4 ,accord+ to my obs]vation1 x has a mu* great] v>iety ?an ?is4 ,i h he>d x imitate 9 succession 7int]mix$ ) its own note1 *ur1 *ur71 ! ,swall[1 ! ,h\se-,m>t91 ! ,gre5f9*1 ! ,*aff9*1 ! ,less]-,r$pole1 ! ,h\se-,sp>r[1 ! ,r$/>t1 ! ,will[-,wr51 ! ,:9*at1 ! ,pi$-,wagtail1 & ! ,spr+- ,wagtail2 yet its imitations are *iefly conf9$ to ! notes ( al>m 7! frett+-notes z !y are call$ "h7 ( ^? birds1 & s exactly does x imitate !m 9 tone & modulation1 t if x 7 to conf9e itself to "o 7no matt] :i*71 & n int]l>d ! wail+s ( ! little ,r$pole & ! %rieks ( ! ,m>t9 ) ! curses ( ! ,h\se-,sp>r[1 ! tw9k1 tw9k ( ! ,*aff9*1 & its own c>e-=-naught *att]s1 ! mo/ practic$ e> w\ld n detect ! diff]5ce4 ,aft] be+ sil5t = a:ile1 x (t5 beg9s ) ! *ue1 *ue ( ! ,h\se-,sp>r[1 s exactly imitat$ 9 e respect t 7 x n = :at foll[s1 no "o w\ld suppose x to be any o!r bird4 ,x is call$ a ,mock+-,bird "h1 & x well des]ves ! "n1 = x is a real sc(f] at ! sorr[s ( o!r birds1 :i* x laughs to scorn & turns into ridicule by p>ody+ !m s exactly4 ,i nev] he>d x attempt to imitate any ( ! ,l>ks or ,?ru%es1 al?\gh ,i h li/5$ to x = h\rs4 ,?is bird 0 v pl5tifully met ) 9 ,:>fdale t5 ye>s ago1 & is also f\nd 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 b ,i am n aw>e t anybody 9 ei!r ( ^! di/ricts ev] attempt$ to keep "o 9 conf9em5t1 al?\gh f _! p[]s ( imitation1 ,i ?9k ! exp]im5t well wor? try+2 probably ! idea t x w\ld be difficult to supply !m ) prop] food has prev5t$ ! exp]im5t be+ made4 7,may #bnd1 #ahcb47 ,i am surpris$ t no o!r writ] on ,natural ,hi/ory has notic$ ! wond]ful imitative p[] ( ?is bird4 ,s f> is ! above notice f ov]/at+ ?is bird's p[]s ( imitation1 t ,i h sc>cely enum]at$ half ! notes :i* x hits (f ) su* wond]ful exactness4 ,9 li/5+ to "o ! o!r day = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ,i he>d x give ?ree notes ( ! ,swall[1 two ( ! ,m>t91 & two ( ! ,spr+-,wagtail2 & 9 addition1 notes ( ! ,h\se- ,sp>r[1 ,:9*at1 ,/>l+1 ,*aff9*1 ,:ite?roat1 ,gre5f9*1 ,little ,r$pole1 & ,:9-,l9net1 besides ! notes ( half-a-doz5 birds :i* ,i did n "k2 at lea/1 a reason+ f analogy w\ld induce me to ?9k !m imitations1 & ,i h no "r to suppose !y 7 n because ,i did n happ5 to recognize !m4 ,i am n /rictly correct :5 ,i say t x only imitates ! al>m-notes 7call$ "h frett+-notes7 ( o!r birds1 = al?\gh ?is is g5]ally ! case1 x is n inv>iably s4 ,= in/ance1 9 addition to ! al>m-note ( ! ,swall[1 *izzic1 *izzic1 x also _h ! :it1 :it1 :i* ! ,swall[ uses :5 fly+ ab\t1 & ! *att] ( self-satisfaction 7n ! song7 :i* "o (t5 he>s 9 a b>n :5 two ,swall[s are arrang+ _! plan ( op]ations 9 ! spr+4 ,aga91 9 addition to ! %riek ( ! ,m>t91 !re 0 ! note :i* x utt]s :5 on ! w+ 9 pursuit ( its food4 ,!re 0 also ! *irrup ( ! ,gre5f9*1 & ! :ee1 :ee1 :ee :i* is ! climax ( ! ,l9net's song1 by :i* x is s irresi/ible z a call-bird1 & :i* appe>s to br+ d[n ! flock 9 spite ( !mselves4 ,al?\gh ! ,s$ge-,bird imitat$ all ,i h m5tion$1 x made mu* m frequ5t use ( ! notes ( "s ?an ( o!rs--! ,sp>r[1 ! ,:9*at1 ! ,swall[1 & ! ,/>l+ appe>$ to be its *ief fav\rites1 :il/ x only t\*$ once or twice on ! notes ( ! ,gre5f9* & ! ,l9net4 ,x _h be5 v sp>+ also 9 its use ( ! ,*aff9*'s note1 until "o 9 ! neighb\rhood _h begun to tw9k1 tw9k1 tw9k2 !n ! ,mock+-,bird took x up1 & tw9k$ away = fifty times toge!r4 ,next morn+ ! ,l9net's note 0 mu* m frequ5t 9 reque/1 & x also made m use ( notes ) :i* ,i 0 n acqua9t$4 ,on nei!r day did x t\* ^u ! notes ( ! ,r$/>t1 or ,pi$-,wagtail1 bo? ( :i* ,i _h he>d frequ5tly us$ by ! ,mock+-,bird be=e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i _h n previ\sly obs]v$ ! notes ( ! ,/>l+ & ,:9-,l9net1 & !re=e1 al?\gh ,i h said t ,i h nev] he>d x make use ( ! notes ( any ( ! ,l>ks or ! ,?ru%es1 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to say t ?is nev] happ5s4 ,x is1 p]haps1 difficult to say :e!r x has a note :i* is n an imitation ( "s o!r bird1 b !re is "o :i* x always makes use ( :5 any p]son approa*es its ne/ 7int]mix$1 h[ev]1 ) ! notes ( ! ,swall[1 ,:9*at1 & ,:ite?roat74 ,?is is some?+ l *ur-r-r1 *ur-r-r1 prolong+ ! s\nd ( ! r v consid]ably1 & 9 a /yle :i* w\ld be q an acquisition to ! ,nor?umbrians if !y c\ld atta9 x4 7,may #bi?1 #ahcd47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wat] ,,ouzel4 ,! ,wat] ,ouzel s+s v frequ5tly1 & z mu* 9 w9t] z at any "t4 ,p]*$ on a /one or a piece ( ice1 x *irps away at a fam\s rate1 b its song consi/s almo/ entirely ( its note zeet1 zeet1 :i* x ha%es up 9 all sorts ( ways1 l5g!n+ & %ort5+--n[ a crot*et1 !n a semiquav]1 ris+ an octave or s1 & !n desc5d+ aga94 ,x makes z mu* ( x z c be made1 b ) all its ef=ts its song is a v s-s affair1 all its syllables beg9n+ ) z1 & almo/ end+ ) x too4 ,yet1 al?\gh x is n mu* ( a song/]1 x is almo/ a sacr$ bird ) me1 9 consequ5ce ( ! associations connect$ ) x4 ,a pair _h built = =ty ye>s1 accord+ to tradition1 9 a :eel-race ne> to :]e ,i 0 born1 & _h nev] be5 mole/$ by anybody until a g5tleman 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :o 0 a great orni?ologi/1 employ$ 8 gamekeep] to %oot ?is pair4 ,i ?9k ! natives ( ,calcutta 7 n m indignant :5 an unlucky ,engli%man got "o ( _! sacr$ bulls into 8 comp\nd & bait$ him1 ?an 0 our little community at :at we consid]$ s great an outrage4 ,! gamekeep] n>r[ly escap$ be+ /on$ by myself & "s m lads1 any "o ( :om w\ld h %ot fifty ,blackbirds or ,fieldf>es )\t any misgiv+s4 ,?is bird v mu* resembles ! ,wr5 9 its habits & motions1 its nods & curtsies1 & cocks its tail 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,its ne/ is also simil> 9 =m to t ( ! ,wr54 ,"s p]sons seem to ?9k t x is impossible = ! ,wat] ,ouzel to walk at ! bottom ( ! wat]1 ow+ to its body be+ ( less specific gravity4 ,i w n argue ! po9t ) !m1 b disbeliev+ my own eyes1 ,i w endeav\r to submit ) a good grace2 o!rwise ,i %\ld h said t ,i h repeat$ly se5 x do+ s1 f a situation :]e ,i _h an excell5t opportunity ( obs]v+ x1 ! w9d[ ( a build+ directly ov] ! place :]e x 0 fe$+4 ,x walk$ into ! wat] & began to turn ov] ! pebbles ) its bill1 root+ almo/ l a pig1 & x seem$ to h no difficulty :atev] 9 keep+ at ! bottom at all dep?s :]e ,i c\ld see x2 & ,i h frequ5tly obs]v$ x :5 ! wat] j cov]$ x1 & its head appe>$ above ! wat] e "t x lift$ x up1 :i* x did incessantly1 turn+ ov] a pebble or two1 !n lift+ its head1 & aga9 dipp+ x bel[ to seize ! creep]s 7aquatic l>vae7 x _h di/urb$ f _! hid+-places4 ,besides1 its spe$ 0 too sl[ = div+4 ,e aquatic bird ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ moves mu* fa/] :5 div+ ?an :5 x is swimm+ or walk+1 & its c\rse is g5]ally 9 a /raight l9e1 or ne>ly s2 b ! ,wat] ,ouzel1 :5 fe$+1 turns to ! "r or left1 or back aga9 to :]e x />t$1 /ops & goes on aga91 j z x does :5 out ( ! wat]4 ,yet :5 x wi%$1 x seem$ to h ! p[] ( alt]+ its own gravity1 z aft] wad+ ab\t two1 or p]haps five m9utes1 :]e x c\ld j get its head out1 x w\ld sudd5ly rise to ! surface & beg9 to swim1 :i* x does q z well z ! ,wat]-h54 ,! awkw>d1 tumbl+1 %uffl+ wriggle :i* x appe>s to h1 is occasion$ by ! incessant motion ( its head z x turns ov] ! gravel 9 se>* ( creep]s1 :i* appe> to me to =m ! bulk ( its food4 ,sir ,george ,mack5zie seems to ?9k t ^! birds de/roy salmon spawn1 & ?is op9ion is preval5t 9 ,scotl&4 ,if x is correct1 x w\ld g f> t[>ds putt+ an end to my p>tiality = !m2 b ,i r ?9k t !y are unju/ly accus$1 & believe !y are cat*+ creep]s :5 !y are suppos$ to be eat+ spawn4 ,if ?is is ! fact 7& x is well wor? asc]ta9+7 !y are r5d]+ an ess5tial s]vice to ! fi%]ies in/ead ( injur+ !m1 because ^! creep]s 7! l>vae ( ! /one-fly1 bank-fly1 & all ! drakes7 are exce$+ly de/ructive to spawn+-b$s1 & z ! ,wat] ,ouzel fe$s on !m at all o!r times1 & z !y are m abundant 9 ! w9t] ?an at any o!r season1 ,i ?9k ?is is ! m probable supposition4 ,( c\rse1 if ,sir ,george ,mack5zie has %ot ! bird1 & speaks f 8 own k1 aft] dissect+ x1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! fact t x de/roys spawn2 b if he m]ely supposes s because ! ,wat] ,ouzel fe$s 9 ! same /reams :]e ! salmon are spawn+1 x is v probable he is mi/ak51 = ! reasons be=e m5tion$4 7,may #bi?1 #ahcd74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,scolopax1 ,,sab9es1 ,,sab9e',s-,,snipe4 ,"s ye>s ago ,i kill$ :at ,i am n[ p]suad$ 0 a ,sab9e's- ,snipe1 b un=tunately x 0 n pres]v$1 = hang+ x up 9 ! l>d] ) ! o!r birds ,i _h kill$1 ,i f\nd to my great mortification t ! cook _h /ripp$ x ( e fea!r be=e ,i 0 aw>e1 & be=e ,i _h not$ d[n ! m>k+s ( ! plumage4 ,! dry wea!r ( ,augu/1 #ahbj1 _h driv5 a flock ( ! ,gold5 ,plov] f ! moors to ! banks ( ! riv] ,:>fe1 & on ! #ad? ( t mon? ,i _h be5 out ) my gun1 endeav\r+ to %oot "s ( !m4 ,on my return ,i sprung ?is ,snipe f a pond ne> home1 & kill$ x4 ,:5 ,i pick$ x up1 ,i 0 a/oni%$ to f9d a ,snipe ) ! plumage ( a ,woodcock1 & %[$ x to a fri5d ( m9e1 :o is a good practical orni?ologi/1 b he 0 z mu* puzzl$ z myself to give x a "n2 s n be+ able to f9d a description ( x 9 any books to :i* we _h access1 we jump$ to ! conclusion t x 0 a hybrid betwe5 ! ,snipe & ! ,woodcock1 & call$ x a ba/>d ,woodcock4 ,accord+ to ! recollection ,i h ( x1 x 0 z l>ge z ! solit>y ,snipe1 & ! bill 0 a little long]2 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! plumage on ! w+s & back resembl$ a d>k- col\r$ ,woodcock2 b "u ! w+s ! f9e blue inn] cov]ts exactly resembl$ ^? ( ! ,snipe4 ,9 ^? days ,i _h no idea ( ! value atta*$ to r>e birds1 nor did ,i "k any?+ ( ! art ( pres]v+ birds1 or ( bird-pres]v]s1 & no d\bt "s ( ^! g5tlem5 w pron\nce me a great ,go? :5 ,i tell !m t :at ,i regrett$ mo/1 :5 ,i f\nd t ! bird 0 pluck$1 0 ! loss ( ! w+s1 ! fea!rs ( :i* ,i want$ to dress artificial flies )4 ,?ree days aft] ,i _h kill$ ?is1 ,i saw ano!r 9 a dit* adjo9+ ,sir ,h5ry ,ibbetson's p>k1 at ,d5ton1 b be+ 9 8 pres]ve ,i _h no opportunity ( procur+ x4 ,i _h nev] se5 "o s9ce1 & until ,i _h se5 ! six? edition ( ,bewick's ,birds1 ,i 0 unable to make out its "n1 ab\t :i* ,i may /ill be mi/ak54 7,may #bi?1 #ahcd47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fi% ,,& ,,o!r ,,riv] ,,ph5om5a4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,briti% ,naturali/ says1 t fi% don't fe$1 & !re=e we may conclude !y don't disc]n 9 sunny wea!r4 ,if ! au?or _h ev] be5 a ,may-fly-fi%] he w\ld h kn[n t bright wea!r & cle> wat] 7 ess5tially necess>y to 8 success4 ,?is fly is "o ( ! be/ baits ,i "k = l>ge ,tr\t1 & is mu* us$ by ! angl]s 9 "s ( ! riv]s 9 ,york%ire 7p]haps 9 o!r c\nties also71 :]e two me?ods ( fi%+ x are practis$4 ,! "o is bobb+1 :i* ) "o sort ( bait or ano!r is univ]sal1 & !re=e ne$s no description4 ,h[ev]1 x is always practis$ 9 bright wea!r4 ,9 ! o!r me?od 7:i* ,i believe is peculi> to ! ,nor? ( ,engl&7 ! ,may-fly 7/one-fly7 is fi%$ ) a long l9e 9 rapid /reams1 9 ! same way z ! artificial fly1 except t x is fi%$ up ! /ream2 t is1 ! angl] ?r[s 8 l9e into ! /ream above :]e he /&s1 & all[s x to float d[n opposite to him1 :5 he makes ano!r ?r[2 by ?is means he always keeps 8 l9e slack1 & ! ,may-fly floats on ! surface1 :i* is ess5tial to 8 success4 ,i m5tion ^! two me?ods ( angl+ because bo? are practis$ 9 bright wea!r1 & !re=e prove t fi% bo? disc]n & fe$ 9 su* days4 ,i believe ! fact is1 t at su* times !y frequ5tly see too well = ! angl]1 & are consequ5tly aw>e t 8 artificial flies are n :at !y seem to be4 ,fi%es1 p>ticul>ly ,p> & ,grayl+1 may be se5 ris+ by doz5s at ! small flies 7midges7 :i* ab\nd 9 sunny wea!r1 yet ! angl] is unable to hook a s+le fi%4 ,fir/-rate angl]s are well aw>e ( ?is1 & ab&on _! l>g] flies z ! summ] advances1 use small] hooks1 dress _! flies mu* f9]1 & sub/itute horsehair = ! fi%+- gut1 :5 !y c procure x ( good quality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lampreys4 ,lampreys ab\nd 9 ! ,ribble4 ,"s ( !m1 ( ! l>ge species 7,petromyzon m>9us71 weigh ?ree & f\r p\nds ea*1 #ab b ow+ to a prejudice aga9/ !m 7,i suppose on acc\nt ( _! ugl9ess7 !y are seldom eat54 ,i w illu/rate ?is prejudice by giv+ ! rem>k ( a ke5 fi%]man to myself1 on my say+ t ,i %\ld eat a l>ge "o ,i _h j caught4 ,well1 said he1 if y c manage to eat su* a ?+ z t1 y w\ld n /ick at dev\r+ a *ild 9 ! small-pox4 ,?is1 if n an elegant1 0 at lea/ a =cible expression ( 8 op9ion on ! subject1 & ?is dislike ( !m is almo/ univ]sal 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 7,jan4 #ag? #ahcb47 ,an ,old ,angl]1 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 hav+ que/ion$ ! ass]tion ( ,sir ,ev]>d ,home t ! ,lamprey 0 h]maphrodite--9 fact1 t all 7 spawn]s & emitt$ eggs-- ! foll[+ 0 address$ to ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory3-- ,:5 ,i _h ! pleasure ( writ+ to y be=e1 ,i _h ei!r ov]look$ or =gott5 ! qu]ies ( ,an ,old ,angl] respect+ ! ,lamprey4 ,h[ev]1 y\r rem>ks h induc$ me to pay a little m att5tion to ! subject4 ,i c n[ confirm 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/ conclusive mann] ! supposition ( ,an ,old ,angl] t ! sexes are z di/9ct 9 ! ,lamprey z !y are 9 ! ,cod or ,h]r+4 ,h[ s di/+ui%$ an anatomi/ z ,sir ,ev]>d ,home fell into su* a mi/ake1 x is n = me to say2 b ,i am z c]ta9 t ! sexes are di/9ct 9 ! ,lamprey z t !y are s 9 any o!r animal1 & ,i w n[ give my reasons = mak+ ?is positive ass]tion4 ,on ! #h? ( ,may1 *anc+ to cross a small /ream1 ,i saw a numb] ( ,lampreys 9 ! act ( spawn+1 & rememb]+ ! qu]ies ( y\r correspond5t1 ,i /ood to wat* _! motions4 ,aft] obs]v+ !m = "s "t1 ,i obs]v$ "o twi/ its tail r\nd ano!r 9 su* a mann]1 & !y bo? /irr$ up ! s& & small gravel f ! bottom 9 su* a way1 z conv9c$ me x 0 a conjunction ( ! sexes4 ,h[ev]1 !re 7 s _m ( !m toge!r1 & !y kept s cont9ually mov+ ab\t1 t ,i c\ld n s+le out ! two individuals1 & ?us asc]ta9 :e!r !y 7 male & female2 b ,i felt s desir\s ( be+ able to set ?is "q at re/1 t ,i w5t aga9 next morn+1 & 0 =tunate en\gh to f9d only two1 a male & a female4 ,i !n witness$ sev]al sexual conjunctions1 dur+ :i* ! s& & small gravel 0 /irr$ up by !m1 & ea* ( :i* 0 foll[$ by ! ejection ( a jet ( eggs f ! female4 ,i !n caught !m bo?1 & dissect$ !m4 ,! sexual organ 9 ! male 0 project$ above a qu>t] ( an in*1 & ! body fill$ ) milt2 ! female1 al?\gh %e seem$ to h %$ a consid]able quantity ( h] spawn1 _h /ill a tol]able /ock rema9+4 ,i frequ5tly aft]w>ds witness$ ! same ?+1 & always f\nd ! same diff]5ce ( sexes2 9 fact1 !re 0 g5]ally no difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ! male f ! female1 )\t tak+ !m out ( ! wat]3 ! latt] might be readily kn[n by ! enl>gem5t ( h] body1 & ! =m] by a /ill m inconte/able tok54 ,i h be5 induc$ to describe ?is m m9utely ?an ,i o!rwise %\ld h done1 9 consequ5ce ( ! my/]y 9 :i* ! propagation ( fi% has be5 wrapp$ hi!rto2 & ,i am n aw>e t :at ,i h describ$ has be5 witness$ by anyone be=e--at lea/ ,i don't "k t x has be5 record$4 ,i caught half-a-doz5 ,lampreys1 f\r males & two females1 & pres]v$ !m 9 spirits1 & ^! ,i n[ =w>d to y4 ,i am unable to give ! same in=mation conc]n+ ! l>ge ,lamprey1 hav+ nev] se5 x 9 ! act ( spawn+2 b ,i h repeat$ly caught bo? milt]s & spawn]s ( species ) ! milt & roe z di/9ctly visible 9 !m z x is 9 ! ,salmon or any o!r fi%4 ,i am ( op9ion t ! ,p4 m>9us & ! ,p4 fluviatilis are di/9ct species1 = ! foll[+ reasons3--#a/4 ,because ! latt] /ays ) u ! :ole ye>1 :ile ! =m] only asc5ds ! riv]s to spawn1 & !n returns to ! sea imm$iately4 #bnd4 ,because fi% t are 9 ! habit ( desc5d+ to ! sea1 nev] 7unless ! small ,lamprey be an exception to ! g5]al rule7 arrive at maturity #ac until !y h visit$ x2 &1 #crdly1 because !re are no int]m$iate sizes 7at lea/ 9 ! ,ribble7 betwe5 ! "o :i*1 al?\gh only six or sev5 in*es long1 & an ounce 9 weight1 is yet capable ( propagation1 & ! "o ( a p\nd4 ,n hav+ "o ( ! l>g] k9d to ref] to1 ,i am unable to po9t out any specific diff]5ce ( =m4 7,may #bnd1 #ahcb47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,spawn+ ,,( ,,! ,,m9n[4 ,z ,i _h be5 s =tunate 9 obs]v+ ! ,lampreys1 ,i felt desir\s ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! same ?+ c\ld be se5 9 o!r fi% 7z 9 ,natural ,hi/ory x is n always safe to reason f analogy71 & z !re 0 a l>ge %oal ( ,m9n[s spawn+ ne> ! place :]e ,i _h se5 ! ,lampreys1 ,i det]m9$ to wat* _! motions4 ,!y happ5$ to h *os5 a v conv5i5t place = be+ obs]v$1 be+ betwe5 two l>ge /ones 9 ! riv]1 :i* lay ab\t ?ree feet f ea* o!r2 s t by cauti\sly approa*+ !m f beh9d "o ( ! /ones1 ,i got close to )\t di/urb+ !m1 b aft] wat*+ !m c>efully & repeat$ly )9 ! di/ance ( two feet1 ,i c only speak d\btfully ( _! op]ations1 = !y 7 s num]\s1 & _! motions 7 s incessant2 & :5 a female 0 ab\t to %$ h] spawn1 ! males 7:i* 7 t5 times m num]\s ?an ! females7 cr[d$ r\nd h] 9 su* a mann] z to r5d] x v difficult1 if n impossible1 to speak ) c]ta9ty on ! subject4 ,i w /ate :at /eps ,i took to satisfy myself1 & p]haps ! hi/ory ( my failure may be ( use to future obs]v]s4 ,x occurr$ to me f :at ,i obs]v$1 t x 0 probable ! males _h ! p[] ( absorb+ ! eggs aft] _! exclusion by ! female1 & impregnat+ !m )9 _! own bodies2 & ,i caught a doz5 males at diff]5t times1 :5 !y 7 att5d+ on females1 & op5$ !m1 b ,i c\ld discov] no?+ l an egg4 ,i !n caught a female1 & scatt]$ ! spawn 7:i* 0 expell$ by ! slighte/ pressure7 9 a place frequ5t$ by a numb] ( males1 b !y took no notice ( x :atev]4 ,i aft] ?is caught a female :5 %e 0 surr\nd$ by a numb] ( males1 & app>5tly 9 ! act ( %$d+ h] spawn1 & exam9$ :e!r ! spawn :i* ,i press$ f h] body 0 impregnat$2 b x appe>$ p]fectly homog5e\s1 & s delicate 9 its texture t x bur/ ) ! slighte/ t\*1 :il/ 9 t :i* ,i pick$ up f among ! gravel :]e x 0 scatt]$ abundantly1 ! impregnation 0 visible ) ! assi/ance ( a microscope1 & x 0 s mu* t\gh] 9 its cov]+ z to be> roll+ ab\t 9 my h& )\t injury4 ,i !n tri$ to impregnate ! eggs me*anically1 & appli$ a drop ( ! sp]matic fluid to ! egg at ! mom5t ( exclusion1 & x c]ta9ly seem$1 9 "o in/ance1 bo? to increase ! size & to alt] ! col\r ( ! ova x 0 appli$ to2 b ,i 0 n able to produce ! same effect s decid$ly 9 any ( my subsequ5t attempts4 ,my obs]vations1 :i* 7 (t5 repeat$1 induce me to believe t ! egg is impregnat$ at ! mom5t ( exclusion1 & t two males h 7almo/ inv>iably7 access to ! female at ! same "t2 = ,i frequ5tly rem>k$1 t :5 a female came among a numb] ( males1 !y imm$iately pursu$ h]3 if %e 0 n ready = %$d+ h] spawn1 %e made a precipitate retreat2 b if %e 01 %e came boldly 9 among !m1 & 0 imm$iately press$ closely by a male on ea* side1 :o :5 !y _h be5 9 t situation a %ort "t1 7 sup]s$$ by o!r two1 :o w$g$ !mselves 9 betwe5 !m & ! female1 :o appe>$ to treat all h] lov]s ) ! same k9dness4 ,"o difficulty is1 t ! sp]matic fluid mixes v readily ) wat]2 & ,i _c imag9e h[ its virtue is pres]v$1 #ad if 7z ,i suppose mu/ be ! case7 ! egg is impregnat$ aft] exclusion2 b ,i also ?9k x probable t ! v5tral f9s ( ! female s]ve to conduct ?is fluid to ! place :]e x is ne$$1 & ! *emical aff9ity betwe5 x & ! egg may be suffici5t = impregnation4 ,p4,s4 ,july #bg?4 ,i tri$ to hat* "s ( ! eggs ,i _h endeav\r$ to fecundate4 ,! attempt 0 unsuccessful4 ,i plac$ ! eggs1 :i* ,i _h put into "s clean-wa%$ gravel1 9 a %all[ vessel 7op5 at ! top1 & ) holes drill$ ?r\gh ! sides7 9 a small /ream ( wat]1 b ,i f\nd to my great mortification on look+ = !m a day or two aft] t !re 0 n "o left1 b t 9 _! /ead 7 _m aquatic insects1 :i* _h no d\bt fea/$ on !m z long z !y la/$1 & aft] ?is ,i 0 n able to meet ) ano!r %oal ( ,m9n[s 9 ! act ( spawn+4 ,! head ( ! ,m9n[ 9 ! spawn+ season is spott$ ov] ) small :ite knobs1 app>5tly osse\s 9 _! /ructure1 :i* make _! appe>ance imm$iately be=e ! fi% beg9s to spawn1 & :i* disappe> aga9 z %ortly aft]1 & ,i ?9k !y are int5d$ z a protection to ! head ( ! fi% dur+ ! spawn+2 z ,i rem>k$ t !y g5]ally ?ru/ _! heads 9 betwe5 two pebbles1 & _h _! tails /ick+ up almo/ p]p5dicul>ly4 ,yet ?is 0 n always ! case1 z !y sometimes ran ne>ly out ( ! wat]1 & x 0 9 ?is situation t ,i obs]v$ :at ,i h be=e m5tion$1 z ,i f\nd x impossible to discov] any?+ t 0 done by ^? 9 deep] wat]2 = :5 a female w5t into su* a situation1 !re 0 su* a cr[d ( males ru%$ to ! place t ,i lo/ sight ( h] 9 a mom5t4 ,i 0 a/oni%$ to f9d h[ quickly ! eggs 7 hat*$4 ,i discov]$ a l>ge %oal spawn+ on ! #aa? ( ,may2 on ! #ab? !y 7 dim9i%$ to "o-t5? ( ! numb]1 & on ! #ad? 7! #ac? be+ ,sunday7 !re 0 n "o left4 ,z ,i _h by no means satisfi$ myself on ! subject1 ,i felt disappo9t$ t !y _h s soon f9i%$ _! op]ations1 & ,i took up a h&ful ( ! gravel :]e !y _h be5 spawn+1 & exam9$ x ) ! microscope1 to see :e!r ,i c\ld discov] any ova1 & h[ !y 7 go+ on1 :5 to my great surprise ,i f\nd !m already hat*+ & "s ( !m already exclud$ f ! egg4 ,"o ( !m1 :i* ,i took on ! po9t ( a knife1 swam briskly away1 & ano!r 0 ! means ( po9t+ out an enemy to me :i* ,i _h n previ\sly suspect$1 & t ,i _h always hi!rto believ$ to be ! prey ( & n ! prey] ^u fi%4 ,! poor ,m9n[ _h someh[ got fa/ to ! po9t ( ! knife1 & 9 its /ruggles to free itself x attract$ ! att5tion ( a creep]--! l>va ( "o ( ! aquatic flies call$ drakes 7,ephem]ae7--:i* p\nc$ ^u x z fi]cely z ! wat] /aphyl9us does on ! luckless tadpole1 b1 =tunately = ! ,m9n[1 ei!r ! glitt]+ ( ! knife-blade or ! motion ( my h&1 sc>$ x away aga9 )\t its prey4 ,! "y ,m9n[s 9 ?is /ate 7 q transp>5t1 except ! eyes1 :i* 7 disproportionately l>ge2 & !y seem$ to be p]fectly aw>e t !y ow$ _! safety to concealm5t1 z ^? t ,i saw imm$iately buri$ !mselves 9 ! gravel :5 !y 7 set at lib]ty4 7,july #bg?1 #ahcb47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eels4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle4 ,my att5tion has be5 call$ to a p>agraph 9 a ,worce/] pap] giv+ an acc\nt ( a 7s-call$7 discov]y by ,mr4 ,boccius1 t ,eels are propagat$ by spawn1 l o!r fi%1 & t !y are n br\ght =? alive1 z _h hi!rto be5 suppos$4 ,?is may be true1 b be=e ,i c give an unqualifi$ belief to ! ass]tion1 ,i %\ld l to h a few que/ions answ]$ by ,mr4 ,boccius4 ,:o saw ! fi% f :i* ^? ?\s&s ( eggs 7 extract$ at ! "t ?is dissection 0 made8 ,are ! p>ties :o saw ^! eggs q c]ta9 t ! fi% 0 an ,eel & n a ,lamprey8 ,:o saw ! eggs f :i* ,mr4 ,boccius produc$ liv+ ,eels8 ,:o beside ,mr4 ,boccius ev] saw ,eel-fry 9 a pond :i* _h no communication ) a riv]8 ,w ,mr4 ,allees & ,mr4 ,re$ 7! g5tlem5 to :om ! spawn 0 exhibit$7 say :e!r ! ov>y :i* 0 %[n to !m 0 pretty mu* ( ! same =m z t ( ! ,lamprey8 & if n1 9 :at respect did x diff]8 ,i am induc$ to ask ^! que/ions1 bo? because by inf]5ce !y %[ my own op9ions on ! subject1 & because ,i am l$ on und\bt$ au?ority to believe t ,mr4 ,boccius is incl9$ to claim at lea/ all t belongs to him2 & also because ,i h my d\bts ab\t ! sci5tific atta9m5ts ( ,mr4 ,boccius 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,fi%es4 ,x is difficult to prove a negative4 ,my nev] hav+ se5 ! /range ?+s above m5tion$ c]ta9ly does n prove t o!r p ) bett] eyes & m discrim9ation h likewise fail$ to d s2 b ,i c't help d\bt+1 & ,i publi% my d\bts 9 ! hope t ! subject may be fur!r inquir$ into4 ,a true naturali/ ought only to wi% = ! tru?1 )\t ref]5ce to 8 own preconceiv$ notions2 b s f> z my exam9ations h gone1 ,i h fail$ altoge!r to detect spawn 9 ! fr+es :i* ,i h fanci$ 7 ! ov>ia ( ! fi%1 or else:]e1 & ,i don't believe t ,eels are br$ 9 fre% wat] at all4 ,i see ! fry asc5d+ f ! sea 9 ,may & ,june by ?\s&s & millions1 b ,i nev] met ) "o ( ^! 9 a pond hav+ no communication ) a riv]4 ,i h little d\bt t ,i %all be pron\nc$ 9 error t\*+ ?is matt]1 except p]haps by ^? :o "k h[ p]sev]+ly ^! little ,eels make _! way up e /ream1 dit*1 & driblet ( wat] into :i* !y c ga9 access4 ,!y p5etrate into ! wat]-pipes & pumps2 !y climb up ! p]p5dicul> faces ( ! rocks & weirs :i* ob/ruct ! c\rse ( ! riv]s1 ev5 :5 !y are only moi/--adh]+ to ! moss & /ones l snails4 ,! d[nw>d migration ( ,eels is obs]v$ "h f ,july to ! middle ( ,septemb]1 b 9 ! ,man*e/] m>ket ,i f9d !m up to ?is "t 7! end ( ,novemb]71 & am in=m$ t !y are caught at ! foot ( ,w9d]m]e 9 _! d[nw>d migration4 ,w\ld a dissection ( ! ,cong] at v>i\s seasons ?r[ any light on ! propagation ( ,eels8 ,"o w\ld ?9k t 9 su* l>ge fi% ! ov>ia w\ld be mu* m easily di/+ui%$ ?an 9 small] specim5s4 7,novemb]1 #ahej47 ,! above elicit$ ! foll[+ reply3-- ,t4 ,g4 d5ies ! possibility ( ,eels bre$+ 9 fre% wat]4 ,we h a pond "h cov]+ ?ree or f\r acres :i* sw>ms ) ,eels ( all sizes4 ,i h caught !m f ! size ( my little f+] up to ! weight ( five p\nds4 ,! supply ( wat] is f no?+ else ?an l& spr+s--!re be+ no communication betwe5 ! pond & any riv]4 ,:5 mu* ra9 occurs ,i am oblig$ to put up a sluice-bo>d1 9 ord] to prev5t ! banks f ov]fl[+4 ,i h tak5 f "o to two hundr$weight at a "t f a box :i* ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh at ! bottom ( ! sluice-bo>d4 ,! l>ge quantity t has be5 tak5 out ( ?is pond leaves no d\bt t !y bre$ !re to a great ext5t1 b :e!r !y are propagat$ by spawn or br\ght =? alive ,i am unable to say4--,g4 ,h41 ,f9$on ,hall4 ,reply to ! =ego+4 ,y\r correspond5t ,g4 ,h4 says ,t4 ,g4 d5ies ! possibility ( ,eels bre$+ 9 fre% wat]4 ,?is is r too /rong4 ,i don't d5y ! possibility ( ,eels be+ br$ 9 fre% wat]1 ,i only d5y ! probability4 ,! expression ,i us$ 0 t ,i did n believe !y 7 br$ 9 fre% wat] at all1 & ,i di/9ctly /at$ t my n hav+ se5 ^! ?+s 7,eel spawn1 c471 did n prove t o!r p _h n done s4 ,b to ! "q4 ,g4 ,h4 says t he has caught !m ( all sizes1 f ! ?ickness ( 8 little f+] to five p\nds weight4 ,no d\bt he may h done s1 b did he cat* !m ( ! ?ickness ( a cr['s quill1 & ?ree in*es long8 because t is ! size at :i* !y usually asc5d riv]s4 ,he says 8 pond does n communicate ) any riv]4 ,is !re no escape ( wat] f x8 ,i mean1 is ! evaporation f its surface equal to ! supply ( wat]8 ,if n1 :]e does ! surplus g to8 ,does x n directly or indirectly fl[ into a riv] or ! sea8 ,i am ! m incl9$ to ?9k t ?is is ! case1 because ,g4 ,h4 says he caught a hundr$weight at a "t f a box :i* ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh at ! bottom ( ! sluice-bo>d4 ,?is is exce$+ly l :at is done "h & else:]e f ,july to ! end ( ,novemb]1 :5 ! ,eels are on _! d[nw>d migration4 ,w ,g4 ,h4 be k9d en\gh to say :e!r he does n cat* 8 ab\t ! same "t8 w he also say :e!r ! ,eels he cat*es are n ,silv] ,eels8 & w he also /ate :e!r he does n cat* !m pr9cipally aft] heavy ra9s h increas$ ! fl[ ( wat] out ( ! pond8 ,if he answ]s ^! que/ions 9 ! affirmative1 ,i %all /ill ?9k ,i am "r1 & reque/ him to keep a %>p look-out aft] ra9s 9 ,may & ,june1 :5 ,i ?9k he w\ld probably see ! grigs pass+ ?r\gh 8 box into ! pond4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no escape ( wat] f ! pond at any "t1 ,i mu/ admit t ,i am wrong1 b at pres5t ,i don't "k h[ to reconcile ! imp\nd+ ! wat] s completely ) :at he says ab\t ! fl[ ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! box at ! bottom ( ! sill4 ,:]e does ! wat] fl[ to1 & = :at is ?is sill8 ,g4 ,h4 repli$ z foll[s4 ,t4 ,g4 asks if ,i h caught ,eels ( ! size ( a cr['s quill4 ,i h caught !m ( ! size ( a tobacco-pipe1 & f ?ree to f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,our surplus wat] fl[s indirectly into ! riv] ,n5e f our sluice4 ,x supplies "s /ews :]e we h be5 9 ! habit ( keep+ res]ve fi%1 & pass+ ov] sev]al wat]falls1 x ent]s into a dit* :i* is ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile long1 & !n rea*es ! riv] ,i h j nam$4 ,! greate/ take ( ,eels ,i h _h 0 on ! #bcrd ( ,decemb]1 b ! "t ( ! ye> is ( little consequ5ce ) u1 provid$ ! wat] is ?ick & muddy & ! wea!r r w>m1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 only occurs dur+ v heavy ra9s4 ,if ,i 7 to draw all ! wat] out ( ! pond :5 9 a cle> /ate1 ,i %\ld n cat* a fi%4 ,! v>iety is ! ,silv] ,eel4 ,our pond is upw>ds ( fifty miles f ! sea2 !re=e h[ is x t ^? little ,eels _h got no l>g] dur+ _! long j\rney1 int]rupt$ z x is by num]\s & almo/ insurm\ntable ob/acles1 be=e !y c\ld rea* ! little dit*1 ?ree- qu>t]s ( a mile long1 t w\ld conduct !m to our pond8 ,&1 la/ ( all1 aft] ?is long & t$i\s j\rney1 )9 a hundr$ y>ds ( _! de/9ation !y w\ld h to climb f\r wat]falls & a p]p5dicul> sluice-bo>d4 ,x appe>s to me !y %\ld h gr[n mu* l>g] ?an a common tobacco-pipe & long] ?an ?ree or f\r in*es 9 t "t1 b ,i w leave ?is po9t = ,t4 ,g4 to expla94--,g4 ,h41 ,f9$on ,hall4 ,reply to ! =ego+4 ,_m ?anks to ,g4 ,h4 = 8 second lett] on ?is subject4 ,x appe>s to me t we ?9k v mu* alike ab\t ,eels4 ,he says 8 pond is fifty miles f ! sea2 !re=e1 h[ is x t ^! little ,eels get no l>g] 9 _! long & t$i\s j\rney8 int]rupt$ z x is by num]\s & almo/ insurm\ntable ob/acles1 be=e !y c\ld rea* ! little dit*1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile long1 :i* w\ld conduct !m to our pond8 & la/ ( all1 aft] ?is long & t$i\s j\rney1 )9 a hundr$ y>ds ( _! de/9ation1 !y w\ld h to climb f\r wat]falls & a p]p5dicul> sluice-bo>d4 ,x appe>s to me !y %\ld h gr[n mu* l>g] ?an a common tobacco-pipe dur+ t "t2 b ,i w leave t po9t to ,t4 ,g4 to expla94 ,?is is s fairly put1 t ,i w tell :at ,i h se51 hop+ t ?is w be a suffici5t explanation4 ,9 ,june1 #ahej1 ,i *anc$ to g d[n to ! bank ( ! ,ribble1 & !re ,i saw a column ( small ,eels /eadily mak+ _! way up ! /ream4 ,i %\ld suppose !re might be fifty 9 e l9eal y>d1 = !y kept pretty close to ! bank1 app>5tly because !y met ) less resi/ance f ! /ream1 & )\t pret5d+ to accuracy ,i suppos$ !y travell$ at ! rate ( a mile an h\r4 ,?is 0 ab\t five o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 & ,i w5t to look = !m ab\t n9e 9 ! ev5+--!y 7 /ill go+ 9 "o unbrok5 column4 ,h[ long !y _h be5 go+ :5 ,i fir/ saw !m1 & h[ long !y cont9u$ to g aft] my second visit1 ,i don't "k1 b _m ?\s&s--p]haps millions--mu/ h pass$ t day4 ,at ?is rate 7( a mile an h\r7 !y w\ld h requir$ little m ?an two days to rea* ,g4 ,h4's pond1 fifty miles f ! sea2 b he says !y _h to pass ov] ?ree or f\r wat]falls & a p]p5dicul> sluice-bo>d4 ,if ^! wat]falls & ! sluice-bo>d 7 cov]$ ) moss1 !y w\ld climb !m z readily z a cat does a ladd]4 ,i h se5 !m 9 sw>ms at a p]p5dicul> weir "h1 w9d+ _! way ?r\gh ! damp moss ) :i* ! /ones are cov]$2 b ?is 0 n all3 :]e !re 0 no moss1 ! little ?+s seem$ to h ! p[] ( adh]+ to ! p]p5dicul> face ( ! /ones1 l s _m snails4 ,i mu/ n omit to rem>k1 t al?\gh !y seem$ to *oose ! m>g9 ( ! /ream = ! sake ( easi] travell+1 yet !y took c>e to keep 9 ! /ream1 z ,i _h a nice opportunity ( obs]v+4 ,at ! po9t :]e ,i fir/ saw !m1 ! tail goit ( a wat]- :eel _h its junction ) ! riv]1 b be+ ,sunday !re 0 no curr5t !re--n a s+le ,eel took its c\rse up ! goit1 al?\gh ! wat] 0 deep] !re ?an :]e !y w5t4 ,! wat] be+ l[ & p]fectly cle>1 ,i c\ld trace _! c\rse bo? above & bel[ ! place :]e ,i /ood )\t any difficulty4 ,if we all[$ t !y travell$ a mile 9 ! h\r1 & t ! ob/ructions ( ! wat]falls & sluice-bo>d took z long to get ov] z all ! re/ ( ! j\rney1 !y w\ld be able to rea* ,g4 ,h4's pond 9 f\r days f ! sea2 & f :at ,i h se5 ( _! ability to surm\nt su* ob/ructions1 ,i am q conv9c$ t !y w\ld travel t di/ance 9 ! "t4 ,b say !y 7 a week--!y w\ld n gr[ mu* 9 t "t1 p>ticul>ly if !y _h be5 travell+ )\t food ! :ole ( ! di/ance1 & t !y mu/ h done s1 is prov$ to my m9d by _! keep+ 9 column2 = if !y _h disp]s$ to seek = food1 by :at contrivance 7 !y m>%all$ into l9e aga91 to enable !m to proce$8 ,n[ ! place ,i saw !m is =ty miles f ! sea1 al?\gh n t di/ance f salt- wat]4 ,t4 says x is no pro( t ,eels are br$ 9 fre% wat] because !y may be f\nd 9 ponds hav+ no connection ) a riv]--! pro( requir$ is ab ovo4 ,if we wait = ?is pro( ,i fe> we w h to wait = "s "t1 = ,i fancy t no "o b ,mr4 ,boccius ev] saw ! ova ( ,eels1 & he w n condesc5d to enlight5 u on ! subject4 ,at ! same "t ,i admit t f9d+ !m !re is no pro( t !y 7 br$ !re1 inasmu* z ,i h myself /ock$ su* ponds = my fri5ds1 & :at ,i h done may be done by o!rs4 ,t4 says fur!r !re is also room = inquiry into ano!r curi\s subject--d ,eels return to fre% wat] aft] hav+ gone to ! sea = spawn+8 ,9 reply to ?is1 ,i c only say1 t no trace ( su* a migration is ev] se5 "h1 & ,i ?9k if x exi/$ at all1 ,i %\ld h obs]v$ x1 = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,! ,ribble "h supplies a l>ge mill1 ! wat]-:eels ( :i* are #aej horse-p[]2 !re=e1 :5 !y are at "w 9 ! daytime1 ! :ole =ce ( ! riv] is (t5 pass+ ?r\gh ! mill-lead 7goit7 & ! b$ ( ! riv] betwe5 ! weir1 & ! tail goit 9 su* times is left dry1 except 9 a few pools4 ,if !re 0 a %oal ( ,eels betwe5 ^! two po9ts x w\ld h be5 se5 at "o "t or ano!r1 & ?is has nev] happ5$1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,x may be said t !y migrate s+ly1 b !y don't d s 9 _! fir/ migration1 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 x is n ! habit ( any animal to d s4 ,h]r+s1 ,pil*>ds1 ,smelts1 ,fl\nd]s1 ,/urgeon1 ,bisons1 ,antelopes1 ,woodcocks1 ,swall[s1 ,fieldf>es1 ,locu/s1 & ev5 ,butt]flies congregate toge!r previ\s to migration4 ,,note4--,! la/ p>agraph requires "s modification1 z ,i h s9ce prov$ t ,eels migrate s+ly :5 go+ to ! sea1 z ,i h _h occasion to "k 9 a hundr$ cases :5 wat*+ my ,eel- trap1 :]e e ,eel may be se5 z x desc5ds into ! trap4 ,on ! same subject4 ,i ,j]emiah ,g>nett1 bro!r ( ! writ]1 & editor ( ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian1 hav+ notic$ ! communications on ?is subject :i* h rec5tly appe>$ 9 y\r columns1 am desir\s ( m5tion+ a fact :i* appe>s to me to ?r[ "s light ^u ! localities 9 :i* ,eels are br$1 ?\gh x leaves ! "q ( ! mode ( g5]ation precisely :]e x /ood be=e4 ,l y\r correspond5t ,t4 ,g41 ,i h _m times se5 columns ( small ,eels asc5d+ ! ,ribble & o!r riv]s 9 ! mon?s ( ,may & ,june1 at consid]able di/ances f ! sea1 b only on "o occasion h ,i se5 !m "u circum/ances :i* evid5tly br\ght !m ne> ! place ( _! nativity4 ,i happ5$ to be att5d+ ! ,lanca/] ,spr+ ,assizes 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* 9 ! ye> #ahbf1 & le>n+ t !re 0 a rem>kably high tide 9 ! e/u>y ( ! ,lune1 ,i walk$ d[n to ! riv]side ab\t ! "t ( high wat]1 & f\nd t ! tide _h cov]$ ! grass 9 _m places2 & z x began to ebb1 ,i obs]v$ some?+ mov+ 9 e small holl[ :i* _h be5 ov]fl[$1 & 9 :i* a little wat] _h be5 left beh9d4 ,on exam9ation ,i f\nd t ! mov+ bodies 7 exce$+ly dim9utive ,eels1 r less1 to ! be/ ( my recollection1 ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 & almo/ transp>5t1 b exhibit+ 9 e respect ! true =m ( ! mature ,eel4 ,!y _h evid5tly foll[$ ! wat] to its extreme v]ge1 :]e x c\ld n h be5 m ?an an in* deep1 & t !y mu/ h be5 v num]\s 0 cle> f ! l>ge numb]s :i* 7 left beh9d & _h p]i%$--= t !y did p]i% ,i f\nd on ! foll[+ day1 :5 !y 7 ly+ dead on ! grass by hundr$s4 ,"s ( y\r correspond5ts :o reside 9 localities fav\rable = mak+ obs]vations on ?is subject may be induc$ to pay att5tion to x2 ! exact appe>ance may be asc]ta9$1 ) probably o!r facts calculat$ to ?r[ light on ! obscure "q ( _! g5]ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,,introduc+ ,,salmon ,,into ,,new ,,zeal& ,,& ,,au/ralia4 ,octob]1 #ahei4 ,! coloni/s ( ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 & ,new ,zeal& appe> to wi% = ! introduction ( ,salmon & ,tr\t into ! riv]s ( ^! colonies1 & "o ( !m1 ,tasmania1 is said to h (f]$ ! rew>d ( ,l#ejj = ! fir/ pair ( live ,salmon :i* rea*es t colony4 ,if ?is is true x is a lib]al (f]1 & "o t is likely to induce v>i\s p]sons1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france1 to make ! attempt4 ,i %\ld be sorry to say any?+ to *eck s laudable an endeav\r1 b ,i greatly fe> t ,van ,diem5's ,l& 7to say no?+ ( ! ,au/ralian colonies7 is too ne> ! tropics to (f] a reasonable *ance ( success4 ,i ?9k x is practicable to take ^! fi% !re 7or at lea/ f]tiliz$ ova71 b ,i don't ?9k !y w\ld live & ?rive 9 ! riv]s ( t colony4 ,nev] hav+ be5 !re1 ,i c1 ( c\rse1 only reason f ,european exp]i5ce1 b ! be/ inquiries ,i c make lead me to suppose t !re are no ,salmon 9 ,france 7s\? ( ,brittany71 ,spa91 or any ( ! c\ntries wa%$ by ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea2 & 9 ,am]ica 7al?\gh ,i confess ,i am n s well in=m$ on t c\ntry7 ,i h nev] he>d ( ,salmon be+ se5 to ! s\? ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,suppos+ ?is to be s1 ,i ?9k t we may fairly inf] t if ,salmon are n f\nd s\? ( a c]ta9 latitude 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 x mu/ be t ! climate ( ^! s\!rn c\ntries is n cong5ial to ! habits ( ?is fi%4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ! ,tr\t lives & ?rives mu* fur!r s\? ?an ! ,salmon2 = in/ance1 x is f\nd 9 ! ,pyr5ees & 9 ! lakes ( ,nor!rn ,italy 7,lady ,m4 ,w4 ,montagu74 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,turkey1 & probably ,albania also 7,sp5c]72 & !re=e ,i ?9k x is q probable t x might live 9 ,tasmania--t is1 if ! /reams are nev] dri$ up & ! riv]s r$uc$ to a numb] ( wat]-holes1 :i* appe>s to be ! case 9 ,au/ralia4 ,%\ld ?is be ! case 9 ,tasmania also1 ,i d\bt :e!r ev5 ,tr\t w\ld ?rive1 = "h 9 ,lanca%ire ,i h kn[n ! ,tr\t to die 9 great numb]s f ! heat1 :51 ow+ to ! wat]-:eels ( ! mill div]t+ ! riv] f its usual *annel1 !re 0 no /ream1 b m]ely a s]ies ( deta*$ pools or wat]-holes2 & ! ,grayl+ seem to be m incommod$ by heat ?an ! ,tr\t1 & x 0 "o ( ! div]sions ( my boyhood to wait until ! :eels ( my fa!r's mill 7 /opp$ 9 ! hot wea!r1 & !n g up ! cov]$ :eel-races 9 se>* ( ! ,grayl+ t _h gone !re to get out ( ! sun%9e4 ,i us$ to cat* !m !re 9 great numb]s4 ,h[ev]1 ?is has no?+ to d ) ! matt]1 except to sugge/ t al?\gh ,grayl+ are v desirable fi% to introduce into ! colonies1 ,i fe> !y w\ld be too impati5t ( heat to ?rive !re4 ,b my object 9 address+ y is to ask :e!r x is true t ! legislature ( ,tasmania has (f]$ ! prize ( ,l#ejj = ! fir/ pair ( live ,salmon tak5 !re8 ,secondly1 :e!r !y (f] a prize = ! introduction ( ,salmon fry2 & if s1 :at is ! am\nt (f]$8 ,?irdly1 :e!r !y (f] a prize = ! introduction ( f]tiliz$ ova ( ,salmon or ,tr\t1 & :at is ! am\nt8 ,i ask ^! que/ions because ,i happ5 to "k a good deal on su* matt]s1 & ,i h be5 appli$ to ?is day by ,james ,bir*1 ! head wat]-bailiff ( our riv] 7,ribble71 to obta9 "s in=mation = him on ! subject1 z he seems s]i\sly b5t on mak+ ! exp]im5t1 provid$ ! rew>d be an adequate "o2 =1 to be successful1 x w\ld involve ! necessity ( 8 mak+ ! voyage himself1 & x w\ld be a cruel ?+ to induce him to d s1 & 9 ! end to f9d t he 0 entitl$ to no rew>d4 ,i'll say ?is = him1 t if he tries he w succe$1 if success be possible2 b 8 pecuni>y res\rces are too limit$ = him to und]take su* a risk4 ,i h reason to believe t he has be5 appli$ to by ,ramsbottom to g to ,tasmania1 b ?is he decl9es to d "u ,ramsbottom's auspices4 ,z he 7,r47 pr(esses to be 9 communication ) ! au?orities ( ,tasmania 7or at all ev5ts ) influ5tial p]sons !re7 let him make ! fir/ attempt1 & if he succe$1 !re w be no necessity to apply to me on ! subject2 b if he %\ld fail--z ,i ?9k he w--:y1 !n ! p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! matt] may1 if !y wi% to try aga91 let me "k _! wi%es & ! am\nt ( remun]ation !y mean to give4 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly sugge/ t bo? ,salmon & ,salmon ,tr\t 7z well z ! common ,tr\t7 %\ld be includ$ 9 _! li/ ( desid]ata1 & al?\gh = reasons previ\sly giv5 ,i h no great hopes ( success ) ! two =m]1 ,i ?9k x q probable t ! common ,tr\t w\ld succe$ bett]4 ,( c\rse ,i "k no?+ ( ! fi% already 9 ! riv]s ( ,tasmania2 = aught ,i "k !re may be fi% 9 all ^? riv]s q z voraci\s & de/ructive z ! ,pike are "h4 ,if ?is is ! case1 ! *ances ( success w\ld be mat]ially less5$1 z ,tr\t & ,salmon fry are r>e 9 all riv]s /ock$ ) ,pike4 ,h[ev]1 ^? :o are mak+ ! attempt ought to "k :at !y are ab\t1 & w1 no d\bt1 h consid]$ su* ob/acles1 if !re are any su* 9 ! way4 ,w y1 !re=e1 be k9d en\gh to answ] ! que/ions ,i h ask$ above1 at y\r e>lie/ conv5i5ce1 & if y\r replies (f] any inducem5t to ,bir* to make ! attempt1 ,i h no d\bt t he w be q ready to d s4 ,= v>i\s reasons he c only />t f "h 9 ! autumn or w9t]1 & he %\ld1 if he rea*es ,tasmania ) ei!r live fi% or f]tiliz$ ova1 h someone to r5d] him prompt & cordial assi/ance to enable him to deposit ! fi% or ova1 or fi% & ova1 9 suitable places = spawn+ & hat*+2 & !re=e if ?is lett] be repli$ to1 ! answ] ought to say to :om ,bir* %\ld apply on 8 arrival 9 ,tasmania4 ,x may be ask$1 :o is ! man :o obtrudes 8 op9ions on ! colony unask$1 & :at c be 8 motives8 ,z ,i am n aw>e t ,i "k a s+le p]son 9 ,tasmania1 ,i _c ref] to anyone !re2 b ,i happ5 to "k "o or two g5tlem5 9 ,melb\rne1 & if y w take ! tr\ble to ref] !re to ,messrs4 ,w4 & ,b4 ,hick1 or to ,w4 ,bailey1 ! corn m]*ant1 !y w be able to satisfy all inquiries4 ,if x be ask$ :at ,i "k ( ! habits ( fi%1 & ,salmon 9 p>ticul>1 ,i beg to ref] ! inquir]s to ,l\don's ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory = #ahcd 7if !re is a copy ( t "w 9 ! colony71 & !y w !re f9d two pap]s 7sign$ ,t4,g41 ,cli!roe7 :i* w %[ t ,i !n knew all t has s9ce be5 prov$ by ! elaborate exp]im5ts made at ,p]? by ,ramsbottom1 & moreov] ,i taught ,ramsbottom himself ! art ( propagat+ fi% artificially4 ,i want no comp5sation3 ! hon\r ( be+ ! fir/ man :o succe$$ 9 introduc+ ^! valuable fi% into ! colonies w\ld be a suffici5t rew>d to me4 ,b ) ,bir* ! case is diff]5t3 he is a work+ man1 & ,l#ejj w\ld be a =tune to him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he c\ld n af=d to come to ,hob>t ,t[n f ,engl& at 8 own exp5se1 z he has n ! means4 ,w\ld ! colony1 if o!r attempts fail$1 be will+ to pay ,bir*'s passage out & home if he fail$ also1 & w\ld he receive ! ,l#ejj if he succe$$8 ,by success ,i mean t he w\ld ei!r br+ live fi% or ova t w\ld hat* into live fi%4 ,ei!r ( ^! objects be+ accompli%$1 he ought1 9 my op9ion1 to receive ! rew>d2 = al?\gh he w\ld attempt bo?1 he w\ld probably fail 9 ! =m]4 ,%\ld he attempt ?is "u my advice1 ,i %\ld n only s5d ,salmon & ,salmon ,tr\t & _! ova1 b ! common br[n ,tr\t & its ova also1 = ! reason previ\sly giv5 9 ?is lett]2 & al?\gh ,i am by no means sangu9e ( success1 on acc\nt ( ! temp]ature1 ! exp]im5t is too important to be ab&on$ = a m]e !oretical objection :i* may be errone\s4 ,i ?9k ,new ,zeal& (f]s f> great] *ances ( success4 ,x is n only fur!r remov$ f ! tropics1 b1 if ,i am rightly in=m$1 ! /reams are m abundant & con/ant ?an ^? ( ,au/ralia & ,tasmania--9 fact1 ,i believe x is z well wat]$ z ?is c\ntry2 & if ! au?orities !re are z mu* alive to ! importance ( introduc+ ^! fi% into _! riv]s1 ,i w\ld und]take to d ?is ) mu* great] confid5ce ( ultimate success ?an ,i %\ld h if ,i und]took to introduce !m into ,tasmania or ! si/] colonies4 ,"s "t s9ce 7x may be eighte5 mon?s or two ye>s ago7 !re 0 a v intellig5t correspond5t ( ! ,field newspap]1 ^: nom de plume 0 ! ,maori "o1 ,wet>iki no te wai ,h]ekeke1 or a simil> "o2 & ,i hav+ writt5 some?+ 9 ! ,field on ?is subject1 ! ,new ,zeal&] ask$ = my address1 :i*1 = "s private reason ( 8 own1 ! ,editor decl9$ to give until s long a "t _h elaps$ t ,wet>iki ,h]ekeke _h return$ to ! colony--?is ,i le>nt f an indirect s\rce-- o!rwise ,i %\ld h tri$ to induce him to und]take ! exp]im5t ( introduc+ all ! v>i\s species ( ! g5us ,salmo :i* are to be f\nd 9 our riv]s4 ,if ! coloni/s ( ,new ,zeal& wi% to make ! attempt1 ,i %all be mo/ happy to r5d] !m all ! assi/ance 9 my p[]1 & ,i "k no "o s qualifi$ z ,bir* to und]take ! managem5t ( su* an exp]im5t2 = he is exce$+ly intellig5t1 has a p]fect k ( ! habits ( bo? ,tr\t & ,salmon1 & ?or\ghly und]/&s ! fe$+ ( fi%1 bo? 9 _! natural haunts & artificially1 & w\ld consequ5tly be able to select suitable localities = conduct+ su* an exp]im5t to a successful issue4 ,,note4--,no reply 0 giv5 to ?is by ! au?orities ( ,tasmania1 b a simil> communication1 address$ to ! ,gov]nor ( ,new ,zeal&1 elicit$ a v polite reply f 8 secret>y1 9 :i* he said t !re 7 no funds available = su* a purpose1 b t ! subject w\ld be br\ght be=e ! legislature on _! assembl+1 & w\ld no d\bt meet ) _! fav\rable consid]ation2 b ! ,maori tr\bles broke out imm$iately aft]1 & ,i he>d no m ab\t x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cli!roe1 ,octob] #ad?1 #ahei4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,field4 ,9 ! ,field ( "s weeks s9ce1 x 0 /at$ t ! coloni/s ( ,tasmania 7 (f]+ a l>ge rew>d = ! introduction ( live ,salmon1 ,salmon fry1 or ! f]tiliz$ ova ( ,salmon4 ,w y h ! k9dness to say :at 0 ! am\nt (f]$8 :o 7 ! p>ties :o made !mselves responsible = ! paym5t8 & :at "t did !y give )9 :i* !y w\ld pay = a successful attempt8 ,i am ! m anxi\s to h ?is in=mation1 because ,i h be5 appli$ to = advice by an exce$+ly likely p]son1 z ! rew>d 7,l#ejj7 :i* he und]/ood to be (f]$ is to him s tempt+ a sum1 t he w\ld ne$ v little enc\ragem5t to und]take ! managem5t ( ! exp]im5t2 & f :at ,i "k ( him ,i w v5ture to ass]t t he w succe$1 if success be practicable4 ,b be=e ,i speak confid5tly ( success1 ,i w\ld l a little m in=mation1 & w ?ank any ( y\r read]s :o are able to d s1 to give me replies to ! foll[+ que/ions3-- ,are !re any ,salmon 9 ! riv]s ( ,spa91 or 9 ,france1 s\? ( ! ,loire1 or ev5 9 t riv]8 ,if n1 :y n8 ,are !re any ,salmon 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 any riv] 7n a tribut>y ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce71 s\? ( t riv]8 ,if !re are1 :at riv]s 9 ! ,/ates conta9 ,salmon4 ,d any ( ! riv]s on ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica bel[ ! latitude ( #dj degrees ,n4 conta9 ,salmon8 ,d any ( ! riv]s ( ,*9a 7n ,*9ese ,t>t>y7 conta9 ,salmon8 ,if ,i am "r 9 suppos+ t ! riv]s ,i h po9t$ out h no ,salmon 9 !m1 is x n exce$+ly probable t ! high temp]ature ( ^! s\!rn c\ntries is unsuit$ to ! habits & uncong5ial to ! heal? ( ^! fi%8 ,or h[ is x :5 !y are on ! same seabo>d fur!r nor?1 !y don't asc5d ^! riv]s1 unless !re are "s su* objections to _! do+ s8 ,& if ^! objections really exi/1 !n d !y n equally exi/ 9 ! riv]s ( ,au/ralia & ,tasmania8 ,b !re may be o!r objections equally fatal3 !re may be fi% 9 _! riv]s z voraci\s & de/ructive z our ,pike2 !re may be ,%>ks & o!r fi% 9 _! seas & e/u>ies1 :i* w\ld snap up e ,salmon t ent]$ !m4 ,!re may be ,seals1 ,porpoises1 ,albatrosses1 ,man-(-,w> birds1 & ,cormorants1 z well z fifty o!r nameless enemies1 all comb9+ _! ef=ts to defeat s desirable a consummation2 &1 aft] all1 !re may be no "o will+ to make himself responsible = a repaym5t ( ! necess>y exp5ses1 = corporations & public bodies are prov]bially untru/wor?y4 ,yet1 not)/&+ all ^! d\bts ( success1 ,i ?9k ! exp]im5t ought to be made2 = its success w\ld conf] s great a boon on ! colony 9 :i* x 0 made1 t !y 7! coloni/s7 ought to incur consid]able risk & outlay = ! *ance ( success1 h[ev] small4 ,i don't ?9k !re w be mu* difficulty 9 c>ry+ f]tiliz$ ova !re1 b :5 hat*$ ,i fe> !y w\ld n ?rive4 ,i ?9k ,new ,zeal& (f]s f> bett] *ances ( success3 x is fur!r f ! tropics1 x ab\nds 9 suitable riv]s1 ! climate & temp]ature are m l ,engl&1 & ,i believe ! riv]s nev] deg5]ate into m]e wat]-holes1 z !y seem to d 9 ,au/ralia2 & ,i ?9k ! resid5ts ( t colony ought to make a vigor\s attempt to introduce ,salmon1 ,salmon ,tr\t1 & ! common br[n ,tr\t into _! riv]s imm$iately2 & ,i %\ld be delight$ to r5d] all ! assi/ance 9 my p[] to accompli% s desirable an object4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,ice ,,at ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,riv]s4 ,an*or ,fro/s4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 endeav\r+ to expla9 ! causes :y wat] freezes at ! bottom 9 rapid /reams1 says ?is unusual ph5om5on may be rationally acc\nt$ = by anyone :o has att5d$ to x2 t ! /reams 9 :i* an*or fro/s occur g5]ally are ^? :i* conta9 wat] ( diff]5t temp]atures--viz41 surface-dra9age & l& spr+s & ma9 spr+s1 ! fir/ be+ always cold] ?an ! latt]1 9 w9t] ^! nev] be+ less ?an #dj degrees1 ev5 9 sev]e fro/s4 ,^! cold] globules be+ fir/ froz51 float on ! surface ( ! wat] individually1 be+ prev5t$ f coalesc+ by ! int]m$iate ma9-spr+-wat]1 & :]e ! wat] passes 9 a %all[ /ream ov] ! pebbles ! cry/als are int]cept$ by ! int]/ices ( ! /ones1 & !n become heap$ toge!r 9 ?ick b$s4 ,! fact ( ! cry/als ( ice 7:i* are specifically light] ?an ! wat]7 s9k+ bel[ ! surface1 is a circum/ance requir+ explanation4 ,!y d n s9k f _! specific gravity1 b 9 ! commotion ( ! curr5t !y are occasionally subm]g$1 & :ile s are /opp$ by any ob/ruction1 :5 !y comm5ce & compose ! aggregation4 ,?9k+ ?is 0 an errone\s view ( ! matt]1 ,i repli$ z foll[s3-- ,j4 ,m41 9 8 rem>ks on an*or fro/s1 appe>s to me to h fall5 into sev]al errors 9 endeav\r+ to acc\nt = !m 7!y are call$ bottom fro/s 9 ,york%ire72 =1 admitt+ t ma9 spr+s are ( ! temp]ature /at$ 7#dj degrees7 :5 !y issue f ! e>?1 ,i am by no means prep>$ to believe t !y keep t temp]ature long1 or t ! wat] issu+ f !m does n m+le intimately & imm$iately ) ! wat] ( ! riv] into :i* x fl[s2 especially 9 ! situations :]e an*or fro/s are mo/ common1 :i* are r\gh & rapid /reams4 ,f ,j4 ,m4's /atem5t x w\ld appe> t globules ( wat] ( diff]5t temp]atures mix toge!r )\t ! "o imp>t+ its excess ( caloric to ! o!r1 :i* is contr>y to ! exp]i5ce ( ev]yone2 x is true1 t 9 /ill places !re w be diff]5t temp]atures 9 ! same body ( wat]1 b x is n ow+ to ! ma9 spr+s ( :i* ,j4 ,m4 speaks1 b to ! peculi> way 9 :i* wat] is affect$ by cold4 ,x is well kn[n t wat] increases 9 d5sity d[n to #dj degrees1 bel[ :i* temp]ature x beg9s to exp&1 & ?is expansion cont9ues until x rea*es ! freez+-po9t1 s t 9 sev]e fro/s !re w be /rata ( diff]5t temp]atures f #cb degrees to #dj degrees4 ,aga91 he says t ! cry/als ( ice are int]cept$ by ! int]/ices ( ! /ones1 & !n become heap$ toge!r 9 ?ick b$s2 b if my obs]vations are correct1 ^! depositions beg9 fir/ r\nd ! l>ge /ones1 :i* are n likely to /op small spiculae any m ?an are ! wat]-gates ( mills1 :]e1 he says1 ! accumulations also take place4 ,an*or fro/s are mo/ common 9 ! rapid /reams occurr+ bel[ deeps 9 riv]s1 & ,i h se5 a weir on ! riv] ,:>fe :i* _h a wall ( ice f\r feet high =m$ ^u x 9 a s+le night by a %>p nor? w9d4 ,9 my op9ion a suffici5t explanation ( ?is freez+ at ! bottom ( riv]s is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t wat] :5 kept /ill may be cool$ d[n bel[ ! freez+- po9t )\t be+ congeal$2 b if ! vessel 9 :i* x is kept be %ak51 a portion ( x w be conv]t$ into a por\s1 spongy ice1 & ! temp]ature imm$iately rises to #cb degrees4 ,9 ! deeps ( riv]s ! same cool+ bel[ ! freez+-po9t takes place )\t congelation1 b z soon z ?is wat] rea*es ! /ream bel[1 ! agitation imm$iately conv]ts a portion ( x into ice1 :i* collects r\nd ! l>ge /ones at ! bottom 9 ! same way t cry/allization comm5ces 9 a solution ( salt or sug> ar\nd a piece ( ?read or o!r sub/ance :i* may be susp5d$ 9 x4 ,if a sev]e fro/ is foll[$ by a bright day1 ?\s&s ( ^! deta*$ pieces ( spongy ice may be se5 ris+ f ! /ones :i* h s]v$ z nuclei = !m2 :i* proves t ! det5tion ( !m is n m]ely me*anical1 b t precipitation 7if ,i may be all[$ to call x s7 takes place 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! /one s]v+ z a nucleus1 & t ?is adhesion is de/roy$ by ! action ( ! sun's rays4 ,i h nev] se5 any attempt to expla9 ! ph5om5on ( bottom- fro/s be=e ?is ( ,j4 ,m4's1 & ,i am n philosoph] en\gh to speak positively on ! subject2 b ! above is ! way 9 :i* ,i h always endeav\r$ to acc\nt = x4 ,p]haps "s ( y\r sci5tific read]s may be able to give mu* bett] reasons = x ?an h be5 (f]$ ei!r by ,j4 ,m4 or myself4 7,janu>y #ag?1 #ahcb47 ,ano!r writ] 7,j4 ,c>r1 ( ,alnwick17 says t an*or fro/s are m]ely long & sev]e ones :]e long masses ( ice are froz5 to ! /ones at ! bottom ( rapid /reams1 & ?is is simply ow+ to ^! /ones acquir+ a degree ( cold f> bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 & ! wat] 9 contact ) !m freez+ & spread+ into l>ge %eets ( ice1 :i* are sometimes torn up & c>ry away ! gravel adh]+ to ! "u surface4 ,?9k+ t ?is 0 an error1 ,i aga9 wrote to ! ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory z bel[3-- ,i p]ceive t o!rs beside myself h endeav\r$ to acc\nt = an*or fro/s4 ,mr4 ,c>r says !y nev] occur except 9 long & sev]e fro/s1 & t ! adhesion ( ! ice to ! /ones at ! bottom is ow+ to _! acquir+ a degree ( cold f> bel[ ! freez+-po9t4 ,he is 9 error :5 he says !y nev] occur except 9 long-cont9u$ fro/s1 z ! walls ( ice :i* are sometimes rais$ on ! cr[ns ( weirs are inv>iably 7s f> z my obs]vations h ext5d$7 deposit$ !re be=e ! wat] 9 ! res]voir above is froz5 ov]1 :i* proves t ! fro/ has n be5 ( long cont9uance1 al?\gh x may h be5 sev]e4 ,z to :at he says ab\t ! /ones acquir+ a degree ( cold f> bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 & imp>t+ t coldness to ! wat]1 ,i w\ld j ask h[ x is t a /one at ! bottom ( a riv] acquires ?is excess ( cold1 & if x is n m probable t ! /ones imp>t w>m? to ! surr\nd+ wat]8 ,i c easily conceive h[ ! /ones may1 by ! action ( ! sun's rays ^u !m1 w>m ! surr\nd+ wat]2 b ,i d n see h[ !y c imp>t cold1 or1 9 o!r words1 h[ _! temp]ature c be r$uc$ bel[ t ( ! wat] by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,/ones c]ta9ly imp>t w>m? to ! wat] !y are 91 9 bright wea!r1 z ! rays ( ! sun d n give mu* w>m? 9 pass+ ?r\gh any transp>5t m$ium2 b on com+ 9 contact ) any opaque bodies1 ! heat is absorb$ or reflect$ z ! case may be1 & 9 ?is way transp>5t m$ia su* z air & wat] acquire a w>m? by contact :i* !y w\ld n o!rwise possess4 ,?us1 if an an*or fro/ is foll[$ by a bright day1 ! rays ( ! sun imp>t s mu* w>m? to ! /ones at ! bottom ( ! riv] z is suffici5t to lib]ate ! ice f !m1 & on su* days ?\s&s ( pieces ( ice may be se5 ris+ f ! bottom & float+ d[n ! /reams4 ,s9ce my =m] obs]vations 7 writt5 ,i h _h ! satisfaction ( f9d+ my views on ! subject confirm$ by a v em95t *emi/1 #ae & if ! discussions 9 y\r ,magaz9e 7 to be settl$ by au?ority1 & n by argum5t 7:i* ,i tru/ w nev] be ! case71 he is "o to :om _m w\ld be incl9$ to appeal1 & to :om few w\ld refuse to submit4 7,may #bnd1 #ahcb47 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,agricultural ,gazette4 ,9 a lead+ article ( ! #aj? ( ,janu>y1 #aheb1 aft] an acc\nt ( ! effects produc$ on wat] by radiation & ! protection af=d$ to plants by ! ice ) :i* ponds are cov]$ 9 w9t]1 y g on to say t !re are "s circum/ances "u :i* wat]-plants suff] greatly1 & f a s+ul> cause1 b "o :i* :5 look$ into is suffici5tly simple & intelligible4 ,z y d n appe> to h hit ^u ! true reason1 all[ me to quote a little fur!r1 & !n give my reason = ?is s+ul> effect4 ,y say t on a v f9e b /ill night1 wat] is cool$ less rapidly ?an ! e>?3 "u su* circum/ances ! bottom ( ! pond cools m rapidly ?an ! surface1 ! plants become cold]--9 fact1 "s degrees bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 c4 c4 ,i submit t su* reasons are inadmissible1 = !re w\ld be an imm$iate upw>d curr5t1 :i*1 z wat] is su* an excell5t conductor ( heat1 w\ld imm$iately equalize ! temp]ature ( all ! wat] above #dj degrees ,fahr5heit1 & /ratifi$ 7if ,i may use ! expression7 above ! wat] ( ?is temp]ature !re w\ld be ano!r lay] ( wat] ( equal b gradually decreas+ temp]ature until x fell bel[ #cb degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! explanation ,i (f] is ?is4 ,x is well kn[n t if wat] is kept p]fectly /ill x may be cool$ d[n consid]ably1 or at lea/ "s degrees bel[ #cb degrees1 )\t freez+2 b ! mom5t x is %ak5 a portion ( x is conv]t$ into a spongy1 por\s ice1 & ! temp]ature rises to #cb degrees4 ,:at may be ! case 9 ! riv]s ( ! ,s\? ( ,engl& ,i d n "k1 b 9 ! rapid /reams ( ! ,nor? ?is process may be se5 on a v ext5sive scale 9 sev]e fro/s4 ,! wat] 9 ! /ill pools 7be=e !y are froz5 ov]7 is cool$ d[n to bel[ #cb degrees1 & s soon z ?is cool$ wat] rea*es ! next /ream1 precipitation 7if ,i may s call x7 takes place1 & ! spongy ice lays hold ( e project+ pebble1 :i* s]ves z a nucleus 9 ! same way z ?reads & bits ( /ick s]ve 9 ! cry/allization ( salts4 ,aft] a sev]e fro/1 :5 foll[$ by bright sun%9e ! next morn+1 ,i h se5 ?\s&s ( ^! bits ( spongy ice ris+ f ! /ones to :i* !y _h be5 atta*$ to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,i h se5 aft] long- cont9u$ fro/ ! c\rse ( a /ream completely alt]$ by ?is bottom-ice 7z x is call$ "h71 & ,i h also se5 a weir ) a wall ( ice on x ?ree feet high 7rais$ 9 a s+le night7 by ! same cause4 ,n[ apply ?is to ! bottom-ice 9 ponds 7:i* h[ev] ,i mu/ confess ,i nev] saw74 ,! night be+ calm1 ! wat] gets cool bel[ #cb degrees1 b !n a breeze spr++ up ! wat] becomes agitat$1 precipitation takes place1 & ! plants s]v+ z nuclei become imm$iately clo!d ) ?is spongy ice1 & ! sun %9+ next morn+ imp>ts s mu* w>m? to ! plants t ! ice ?aws :i* is 9 contact ) !m1 & rises to ! surface4 ,( c\rse if ! sun does n %9e next morn+1 & ! fro/ cont9ues1 ! plants may be clo!d ) ice = a long "t4 ,to ! =ego+ ! ,editor ( ! ,agricultural ,gazette repli$ z foll[s3-- ,we _c admit ! s\ndness ( our correspond5t's explanation ( ! =mation ( bottom-ice or gr\nd gore4 ,we are well acqua9t$ ) ! /atem5ts ( ,arago & o!r writ]s z to ! cause ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on1 & aft] a c>eful consid]ation ( ! subject believe t x is due to radiation & n to any o!r cause4 ,bottom-ice has be5 obs]v$ 9 ponds on p]fectly /ill nights :5 !re 0 no breeze to agitate ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! wat]s 9 ! pools betwe5 ! rapids ( riv]s c h>dly ev] be /ill en\gh = ! wat] to fall bel[ ! freez+- po9t & yet rema9 fluid2 ! temp]ature ( wat] 9 su* situations is n bel[ #cc degrees4 ,! foll[+ 0 my rejo9d]3-- ,y say at ! end ( rem>ks ab\t bottom-ice t y _c admit ! s\ndness ( my explanation1 & t y are well aw>e ( :at is said by ,arago & o!rs on ?is curi\s ph5om5on1 & t bottom-ice has be5 obs]v$ 9 ponds :5 !re 0 no breeze1 & t ! wat] 9 pools betwe5 ! rapids ( weirs c h>dly ev] be /ill en\gh to fall bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 & yet rema9 fluid4 ,i 0 n aw>e be=e see+ y\r rem>ks t ei!r ,arago or any o!r philosoph] _h ev] writt5 ab\t bottom-ice1 & ev5 n[ ,i d n "k :at are _! op9ions on ! subject1 & if ! discussions 9 y\r pap] are to be settl$ by au?ority & n by argum5t1 ,i c only make my b[ & )draw2 b if x meets y\r views to all[ y\r correspond5ts to /ate _! op9ions temp]ately1 & support !m by su* argum5ts z occur to !m1 ,i d n yet feel incl9$ to give up my notions ab\t bottom-ice4 ,w y all[ me to ask :e!r y ev] p]sonally saw ice at ! bottom ( a pond :5 !re 0 none on ! surface8 & if s1 "u :at circum/ances8 ,i h he>d ( su* an occurr5ce1 b nev] witness$ x1 & feel incl9$ to d\bt ! fact unless y w v\* = x2 = x appe>s to me t ! mom5t ! wat] at ! bottom falls bel[ #dj degrees x w beg9 to rise to ! surface1 & x is s excell5t a conductor t x w in/antly equalize ! temp]ature ( ! mud at ! bottom ) t ( its own temp]ature4 ,i am nei!r *emi/ nor meteorologi/1 & !re=e ,i am n able to say mu* ab\t radiation2 b my idea ( x is1 t its effects 9 wat] w\ld be mu* great] 9 /ill pools ?an 9 rapid /reams1 & t1 !re=e1 if radiation 0 ! cause ( bottom-ice1 !re ought to be m ( x 9 ! pools ?an 9 ! rapid /reams4 ,b ! contr>y is ! fact1 = aft] a sev]e night's fro/1 ,i c frequ5tly f9d ! /reams fill$ ) ?is bottom-ice1 :5 none c be obs]v$ 9 ! pools4 ,aga91 c ! fact ( ! weir :i* _h a wall ( ?is bottom- ice ?ree feet high 9 a s+le night1 be acc\nt$ = by radiation8 ,x appe>s to me to be v easily acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t ! wat] 9 ! deep above 0 s quietly cool$ d[n z to reta9 its fluidity until ! %ak+ x got on fl[+ ov] ! weir sudd5ly produc$ congelation4 ,i ?9k t radiation w\ld n g on at ! cr[n ( ! weir alone4 ,:y d y ?9k t ! wat] 9 pools is nev] /ill en\gh to all[ x to get bel[ #cb degrees )\t freez+ on /ill cle> nights8 ,9 long deep pools1 :]e ! body ( ! wat] is p]haps a hundr$ times z great z ! curr5t fl[+ into x1 ! motion is s extremely sl[ t ,i _c = a mom5t d\bt t x gets bel[ #cb degrees )\t congelation1 b :5 x arrives at a rapid1 ?is ice is imm$iately =m$4 ,! ,editor clos$ ! discussion at ?is po9t by say+ t ! subject 0 n ( suffici5t agricultural importance to be cont9u$ fur!r4 ,! foll[+ is my bro!r ,ri*>d ,g>nett's #af acc\nt ( 8 obs]vations on bottom-fro/s4 7,! pap] 0 writt5 9 #ahah1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,ice ,,at ,,! ,,bottoms ,,( ,,riv]s4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! production ( ice at ! bottoms ( riv]s has be5 repeat$ly notic$1 b ,i am n aw>e t any satisfactory solution ( ! cause has hi!rto be5 giv54 ,9 ,ni*olson's ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry1 sev]al diff]5t hypo!ses are enum]at$1 :i* ,i %all n /op n[ to exam9e1 s9ce x may be safely ass]t$ t !y nei!r accord ) ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( *emi/ry1 nor ) ! facts = :i* !y endeav\r to acc\nt4 ,! mo/ rec5t !ory ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is t ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,knight1 :o 9 a pap] lately publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 seems to consid] ! p>ticles ( ice z orig9ally =m$ at ! surface1 & aft]w>ds absorb$ by ! eddies ( /reams to ! bottom4 ,he /ates1 9 support ( ?is idea1 t he did n obs]ve any simil> ph5om5on 9 /ill wat]4 ,i %all adv]t to ?is hypo!sis 9 ! sequel1 & at pres5t x may suffice to rem>k ( x & all o!rs :i* ,i h hi!rto se51 t suppos+ any ( !m to be correct1 ! same effects ought regul>ly to be produc$ :5ev] ! atmosph]e is at a simil> temp]ature1 or 9 o!r words1 t :5ev] ! fro/ is s int5se z mat]ially to affect ! wat] ( a riv]1 we may !n expect to f9d ice at ! bottom4 ,n[ ?is is c]ta9ly n ! case1 s9ce ! appe>ance we are treat+ ( nev] occurs b "u peculi> atmosph]ical circum/ances1 & riv]s are frequ5tly froz5 ov]1 & rema9 s = a l5g? ( "t )\t a p>ticle ( ice be+ visible at ! bottom ( _! /reams4 ,i d n n[ pr(ess to h develop$ ?is my/]y1 b m]ely int5d to /ate ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ph5om5on takes place1 z well z a few p>ticul>s connect$ ) x1 :i* are p]haps n g5]ally kn[n1 & :i* may h]eaft] be s]viceable z data = inve/igat+ ! cause4 ,x is well kn[n to meteorologi/s t a sev]e fro/ 9 w9t] does n always comm5ce 9 a uni=m mann]4 ,sometimes x beg9s ) a g5tle w9d f ! ,e4 or ,n4,e41 & is at fir/ comp>atively mild 9 its op]ations1 b aft]w>ds gradually increases 9 int5sity4 ,fro/s ( ?is k9d are g5]ally m la/+ ?an o!rs1 & dur+ su*1 ,i h n obs]v$ t any ice is g5]at$ at ! bottoms ( /reams2 ?\gh ! deep & /ill p>ts ( riv]s are (t5 froz5 ov] to a consid]able ext5t4 ,at o!r times1 dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! viol5t s\?-we/]ly gales :i* are s preval5t 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 ! w9d frequ5tly %ifts on a sudd5 f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,w41 commonly ab\t an h\r be=e sunset1 & bl[s ) great impetuosity 9 ! latt] direction1 att5d$ ) a sev]e fro/1 & sometimes ) a heavy fall ( sn[4 ,! effects ( ?is fro/1 9 places expos$ to ! w9d1 are extremely rapid1 s z to r5d] ! gr\nd imp5etrably h>d 9 ab\t a c\ple ( h\rs f its comm5cem5t4 ,situations t are n s mu* expos$ seem comp>atively little affect$--at lea/1 ,i h repeat$ly obs]v$ t a small %elt]$ pond 9 a field 0 ne>ly free f ice1 :ile ! curr5t ( a l>ge & rapid riv] at no great di/ance 0 ne>ly *ok$ up by x4 ,i believe t ! ph5om5on "u consid]ation seldom occurs except dur+ su* fro/s z ^!1 & ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal circum/ances connect$ ) x :i* ,i am able to /ate f my own obs]vation4 ,x may "h be premis$ t ice ( ?is description is seldom se5 adh]+ to any?+ beside rock1 /one1 or gravel1 & t x is m abundantly produc$ 9 proportion to ! great] magnitude & numb] ( ! /ones compos+ ! b$ ( ! riv]1 comb9$ 7z w be fur!r notic$7 ) ! velocity ( ! curr5t4 ,i h be5 in=m$ by a fri5d t he has occasionally se5 x atta*$ to solid wood5 piles at a consid]able dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 b ,i nev] saw or he>d ( any on e>?1 mud1 or clay4 ,x is n easy to asc]ta9 ! precise "t at :i* ! process beg9s to take place4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 almo/ inv>iably to comm5ce dur+ ! fir/ night ( ! fro/1 & probably )9 a few h\rs aft] sunset4 ,on ! ensu+ morn+ ! fir/ ?+ :i* /rikes an obs]v] is an imm5se quantity ( deta*$ plates ( ice float+ d[n ! /ream4 ,mr4 ,knight naturally en\gh suppos$ ^! to h be5 =m$ at ! surface by ! influ5ce ( ! freez+ atmosph]e1 & aft]w>ds absorb$ by ! curr5t2 b ,i ?9k t a m9ute inspection w\ld h l$ him to =m a diff]5t conclusion-- viz41 t !y are fir/ =m$ 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & aft]w>ds rise to ! surface4 ,x is true t none are to be se5 9 situations :]e !re is no s5sible curr5t1 & t !y ab\nd mo/ 9 r\gh & rapid places2 b on closely exam9+ any /ream ( mod]ate velocity1 yet smoo?1 equable1 & free f all appe>ance ( eddy or rippl+1 a great numb] ( ^! plates ( ice w be f\nd adh]+ to ! rock1 /one1 or gravel at ! bottom4 ,if !y are wat*$ ) att5tion1 !y w be obs]v$ to rapidly increase 9 bulk1 till at la/1 on acc\nt ( _! inf]ior specific gravity1 aid$1 p]haps1 by ! action ( ! curr5t1 !y deta* !mselves f ! sub/ances to :i* !y fir/ adh]$1 & rise to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! =m ( ^! pieces ( ice is v irregul>1 dep5d+ 9 a great measure on ! size & %ape ( ! /ones or o!r sub/ances to :i* !y 7 orig9ally atta*$4 ,mo/ ( !m seem to be ( an oblong or circul> figure2 !y are g5]ally convex on ! upp] surface1 & h a numb] ( lam9ae & spiculae %oot+ f !m 9 v>i\s directions1 especially f _! circumf]5ce4 ,sometimes :5 ^? float+ pieces or plates meet ) any ob/ruction 9 ! *annel ( ! riv]1 !y accumulate 9 su* quantities z to cov] ! surface ( ! wat]1 & become froz5 toge!r 9 "o l>ge %eet1 b ?is k9d ( ice may be always readily di/+ui%$ f t produc$ 9 ! usual way by ! action ( ! cold air on ! surface1 :i* is smoo?1 transp>5t1 & ( an uni=m texture2 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ^! conglom]at$ fields or %eets is opaque1 unev51 full ( asp]ities1 & ! =m ( ea* sep>ate plate compos+ x may be di/9ctly trac$4 ,9 ?is situation1 !y g5]ally assume ! %ape ( irregul> polygons1 ) angles some:at r\nd$2 a =m app>5tly caus$ by ! lat]al pressure ( ! contigu\s pieces4 ,on ! riv] ,:>fe1 ne> ,otley1 9 ! ,we/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 is a weir or milldam :]e ?is ph5om5on is sometimes manife/$ 9 a /rik+ mann]4 ,?is /ructure is ( hewn /one1 =m+ a plane incl9$ at an angle ( f #ce degrees to #ej degrees1 front+ ! nor? & ext5d+ f we/ to ea/1 to ! l5g? ( #bej or #cjj y>ds4 ,:5 "o ( ! above-m5tion$ fro/s occurs1 ! /one :i* composes ! weir soon becomes incru/$ ) ice1 :i* increases s rapidly 9 ?ickness z 9 a %ort "t to imp$e ! c\rse ( ! /ream1 :i* falls ov] x 9 a tol]ably uni=m %eet1 & ) consid]able velocity2 at ! same "t1 ! w9d bl[+ /rongly f ! nor?-we/1 contributes to repel ! wat] & freeze su* z adh]es to ! cre/ ( ! weir :5 its surface comes ne>ly 9 contact ) ! air4 ,! consequ5ce is t 9 a %ort "t ! curr5t is entirely ob/ruct$1 & ! sup]9cumb5t wat] =c$ to a high] level4 ,b z ! above-m5tion$ causes cont9ue to act1 ! ice is also elevat$ by a p]petual aggregation ( p>ticles1 till by a s]ies ( simil> op]ations an icy m\nd or b>ri] is =m$1 s high z to =ce ! wat] ov] ! opposite bank1 & ?us produce an app>5t inundation4 ,b 9 a %ort "t ! accumulat$ weight ( a great _m ?\s& cubic feet ( wat] presses s /rongly aga9/ ! b>ri] z to bur/ a passage ?r\gh "s weak "p1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] escapes & subsides to its =m] level1 leav+ ! s+ul> appe>ance ( a wall or ramp>t ( ice ?ree or f\r feet high1 & ab\t two feet 9 ?ickness1 along ! greate/ "p ( ! upp] edge ( ! weir4 ,! ice compos+ ?is b>ri] :]e x adh]es to ! /one1 is ( solid consi/5cy1 b ! upp] "p consi/s ( a multitude ( ?9 lam9ae or lay]s re/+ ^u ea* o!r 9 a confus$ mann]1 & at diff]5t degrees ( incl9ation1 _! int]/ices be+ occupi$ by innum]able icy spiculae1 div]g+ & cross+ ea* o!r 9 all directions4 ,! :ole mass mu* resembles ! :ite & por\s ice :i* may be se5 at ! edge ( a pond or small rill :]e ! wat] has subsid$ dur+ a fro/4 ,x may be fur!r obs]v$ t a fro/ ( ?is k9d is v limit$ 9 its duration1 seldom la/+ m ?an ?irty-six or =ty h\rs4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! second day aft] its comm5cem5t1 a visible relaxation takes place 9 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,usually be=e noon1 ! w9d on a sudd5 %ifts to ! s\?-we/1 & a rapid ?aw comes on1 frequ5tly att5d$ ) ra94 ,:at appe>s some:at rem>kable is1 t dur+ sev]al h\rs aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?aw1 ! production ( ice at ! bottom ( riv]s seems to g on )\t abatem5t1 & ^u exam9+ a rapid /ream1 ! /ones ov] :i* x fl[s w be f\nd at ?is p]iod completely incru/$ ) ! above description ( icy plates4 ,x seems evid5t f ?is t ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :i* has be5 r$uc$ bel[ ! freez+ temp]ature1 is n = "s "t affect$ by ! *ange ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is may be 9 "s measure illu/rat$ by ! well-kn[n fact1 t ra9 :i* falls ^u a rock or /one wall1 is frequ5tly conv]t$ into ice1 ?\gh ! air & ! gr\nd are evid5tly 9 a /ate ( ?aw4 ,be=e ! foll[+ morn+1 ! ice ( :i* we h be5 speak+ g5]ally disappe>s1 be+ c>ri$ away by ! curr5t or dissolv$ by ! ?aw4 ,! la/ "t t ,i rem>k$ ?is ph5om5on1 0 9 a /ream ( ! riv] ,aire1 ne> ,brad=d1 9 ,york%ire1 on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahad4 ,?is in/ance did n precisely accord ) :at ,i h /at$ to be ! usual circum/ances ( ! case1 z ! fro/ !n _h exi/$ sev]al days )\t any previ\s appe>ance ( ?is k9d2 b !re 7 sev]al indications ( approa*+ *ange ( temp]ature1 & ! day foll[+ !re 0 a p>tial ?aw att5d$ ) ra91 ! w9d hav+ ve]$ f nor?-we/ to s\?-we/4 ,?is ?aw1 h[ev]1 did n cont9ue long1 & 0 succe$$ by a fro/ :i* surpass$ all )9 my recollection 9 sev]ity & duration4 ,yet dur+ ! :ole ( ! p]iod1 ?\gh ! !rmomet] (t5 /ood bel[ #ah degrees ,fahr5heit1 & ! e/u>y ( ! ,tees sev]al miles bel[ ,/ockton1 :]e ! spr+-tides rise f twelve to eighte5 feet1 0 = two mon?s froz5 ov]1 s z to all[ ! passage ( a load$ waggon1 ,i c\ld nev] p]ceive a p>ticle ( ice adh]+ to ! rock or gravel1 9 ! b$ ( ! small & rapid riv] ,lev5 9 ,clevel&1 :]e ,i !n resid$4 ,?is circum/ance seems decisively to prove t ! ph5om5on does n m]ely dep5d on an int5sity ( cold4 ,i confess ,i am unable to frame any hypo!ses respect+ ! above-m5tion$ facts :i* w\ld n be liable to num]\s & =midable objections4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ! =mation ( ! ice seems to be a rapid dim9ution ( ! temp]ature 9 ! /one or gravel 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 connect$ ) ! sudd5 *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 b x does n seem v easy to expla9 ! precise nature ( ?is connection4 ,we may easily conceive t by a sudd5 *ange f a /ate ( ?aw to an int5se fro/ att5d$ by a /rong w9d1 ! :ole body ( wat] 9 a riv] may become quickly cool$1 & consequ5tly dim9i% ! temp]ature ( ! /one or gravel ov] :i* x fl[s2 b to suppose t wat] :i* is n itself at freez+- po9t is capable ( r$uc+ ! sub/ances 9 contact ) x by means ( a cont9ual application ( successive p>ticles s f> b5ea? t temp]ature z 9 process ( "t to conv]t ! contigu\s wat] to ice1 seems n to accord v well ) ! usually receiv$ !ory ( ! equilibrium ( caloric4 ,h[ev]1 ! fact t ! quantity ( ice ?us produc$ is always great] 9 proportion to ! sup]ior velocity ( ! /ream1 little or none be+ f\nd :]e !re is no s5sible curr5t1 seems 9 "s degree to c\nt5ance ! above idea4 ,i _c le>n t any exp]im5ts h ev] be5 in/itut$ on ?is subject1 ?\gh x seems t !y might easily be made by a p]son conv5i5tly situat$ & possess$ ( ! necess>y in/rum5ts4 ,a c>eful exam9ation by prop]ly contriv$ !rmomet]s ( ! relative temp]atures ( ! air1 ! wat]1 & ! b$ ( ! riv] & ( ! *anges und]gone by !m dur+ ! above process1 w\ld probably g a great way t[>ds solv+ ! problem4 ,i "k no "o bett] qualifi$ = ?is und]tak+ ?an ,mr4 ,knight1 if he %\ld at any future "t h leisure & opportunity to direct t[>ds x ! same acut5ess ( obs]vation & accuracy ( inve/igation :i* h enabl$ him to make su* important discov]ies 9 ! economy ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & if ! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on %\ld ev] lead to results ( any importance to ! cause ( sci5ce1 ,i %all feel suffici5tly satisfi$ if x be deem$ t ,i h be5 ( any s]vice 9 po9t+ out ! way4 ,,ri*>d ,,g>nett4 ,,blackburn1 ,may #af?1 #ahah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gossam]4 ,,cli!roe1 ,octob] #bj?1 #ahei4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,field4 ,a ,"y ,inquir] asks :at is ! cause ( t appe>ance s (t5 met ) 9 ! autumn1 resembl+ spid]-webs4 ,he says1 if x be ! production ( t insect1 h[ d y acc\nt = _! hang+ app>5tly unsusp5d$ 9 ! air1 z x is se5 fifty or sixty feet high1 )\t a tree or any o!r object ne> to :i* x c\ld be atta*$8 ,i suppose y h n "t to give to su* que/ions m9utely1 z y\r reply w\ld lead "o to inf] t ,gossam] proce$$ f spid]s 9 g5]al2 & if x be meant t all true spid]s sp91 x is no d\bt correct2 b ! ,gossam] :i* ,a ,"y ,inquir] asks ab\t is ! production ( a small black spid] ab\t ! size ( a flea1 :i* 0 a true a]onaut long be=e ,montgolfi] or ,lun>di1 & if ,a ,"y ,inquir] has access to ei!r ! ,l9nean ,transactions or ! fir/ s]ies ( ,l\don's ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 he w f9d p>ticul>s 9 ! latt]1 %[+ t a viol5t controv]sy rag$ ?r\gh ! ?ree fir/ volumes betwe5 ,mr4 ,blackwall & ,dr4 ,murray on ! "q :e!r ! asc5t ( ?is spid] 7,a4 ,a,eronautica7 0 electric1 or :e!r x m]ely travell$ 9 ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,b if ,a ,"y ,inquir] w\ld des]ve 8 "n1 let him beg9 ) ^! spid]s & obs]ve = himself2 he w f9d ! inquiry highly int]e/+4 ,he has no d\bt frequ5tly se5 a small black spid] creep+ on 8 hat or clo!s 7if he lives 9 ! c\ntry ?is mu/ h occurr$ to him _m times72 ?is is ! a]onautic spid]4 ,let him take ?is ^u 8 h&1 & if he be 9 ! h\se let him c>ry x to ! op5 door or w9d[1 & all[ x to creep up to ! tip ( 8 f+]1 :i* he mu/ !n hold 9 a horizontal position4 ,:5 ! spid] f9ds x c proce$ no fur!r by creep+1 x g5]ally drops a few in*es1 :]e x rema9s susp5d$ = a %ort "t1 app>5tly q /ill1 b if v closely obs]v$ ano!r ?read 7,gossam]7 may be se5 proce$+ f its v5t1 & :5 ?is has rea*$ ! l5g? :i* ! spid]'s in/9ct tells x is suffici5t = ! purpose1 x cuts (f ! connection till !n exi/+ betwe5 x & ! ?read by :i* x has hi!rto be5 susp5d$ f ! f+]1 & floats away into space4 ,v (t5 x rises almo/ v]tically1 sometimes its c\rse is ne>ly horizontal1 & sometimes x is oblique4 ,i _c say1 z ,mr4 ,murray does1 t ,i h se5 ! spid] g aga9/ ! w9d1 nei!r c ,i confirm ,mr4 ,blackwall's ass]tions t he always goes "r be=e ! w9d1 = ,i h se5 him g app>5tly across ! curr5t1 s f> z ,i c\ld judge ( ! direction ( ! w9d at ! "t4 ,if ,a ,"y ,inquir] makes ! exp]im5t ,i h sugge/$1 let him n be disc\rag$ if ! fir/ he tries does n g (f at all1 z ,i h sometimes f\nd ?is to be ! case1 :i* ,i acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t possibly ! supply ( mat]ials might be exhau/$ at ! "t4 ,i d n rememb] t ,i ev] saw "o ( ^! a]onautic spid]s prey+ ^u any insect1 yet x mu/ be = "s su* purpose t !y asc5d to great altitudes1 sometimes 9 c\ntless numb]s1 & ! way !y come d[n aga9 is q z curi\s z ! mann] 9 :i* !y asc5d4 ,_m ye>s s9ce1 z ,i 0 walk+ ov] ! hills 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,blackburn1 on a bright1 /ill morn+ 9 ,septemb]1 ?\s&s ( small locks ( :at look$ l cotton wool 7 sl[ly desc5d+ to ! gr\nd f v>i\s altitudes-- "s z high z ,i c\ld see--& t5s ( ?\s&s ( simil> locks 7 ly+ on ! gr\nd on bo? sides ( ! pa? by :i* ,i 0 travell+2 & on exam9ation ,i f\nd t all ^! locks 7 ,gossam]1 "s ) ! spid] /ill ) !m1 b g5]ally des]t$4 ,! spid]s :5 !y want$ to come d[n1 f9d+ !re 0 no desc5d+ curr5t ( air1 or p]haps1 z ,mr4 ,murray says1 no electricity1 det]m9$ to desc5d 9 p>a*utes2 !y !re=e _h drawn up _! cables h& ov] h& 7z !y may (t5 be se5 to d :5 !y wi% to asc5d _! own l9es7 until !y accumulat$ a mass heavy en\gh to fall by its own weight1 & c>ry !m along ) x4 ,i h se5 ,gossam] 9 ?is =m at o!r times be=e & s9ce1 b 9 ! lik5ess ( a sn[-%[] ,i nev] saw x except on t occasion1 &1 if ,i recollect aright1 ! same enorm\s %[] ( ,gossam] 0 obs]v$ to ext5d z f> z ,liv]pool4 ,:at induc$ ^! millions ( spid]s to g up at ! same "t1 ( c\rse ,i d n "k1 & c only suppose t !y w5t up to fe$2 b1 z ,i h said previ\sly1 ,i nev] saw "o ( ?is species prey+ ^u any?+4 ,! idea t !y g al(t to kill ! ,furia ,inf]nalis is too fanciful to des]ve cr$it4 ,:o kn[s :e!r ! ,furia ,inf]nalis is any?+ else ?an a murd]\s ,mrs4 ,h>ris--at all ev5ts1 :o has se5 "o1 & :at 0 x l8 ,i suppose !y are true sportsm51 & disda9+ to take _! fi% 9 nets1 !y1 l ?or\gh bro!rs ( ! angle1 fi% only ) f9e gut4 ,gilb]t ,:ite notic$ "o ( ^! %[]s ( ,gossam]1 & z 8 acc\nt is v int]e/+1 ,i quote x4 ,he says t on ! #ba/ ( ,septemb]1 #agda1 int5t ^u field div]sions1 he rose be=e daybreak1 b on go+ out he f\nd ! :ole face ( ! c\ntry cov]$ ) a ?ick coat ( cobweb dr5*$ ) dew1 z if two or ?ree sett+-nets _h be5 drawn "o ov] ! o!r4 ,:5 8 dogs attempt$ to hunt1 _! eyes 7 bl9d$ & hoodw9k$1 s mu* t !y 7 oblig$ to lie d[n & scrape !mselves4 ,?is appe>ance 0 foll[$ by a mo/ lovely day4 ,ab\t #i ,a4,m4 a %[] ( ^! webs 7=m$ n ( s+le ?reads1 b ( p]fect flakes1 "s ne> an in* broad & five or six long7 0 obs]v$ fall+ f v elevat$ regions1 :i* cont9u$ )\t int]ruption dur+ ! :ole ( ! day1 & !y fell ) a velocity :i* %[$ !y 7 consid]ably heavi] ?an ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! mo/ elevat$ /ation 9 ! c\ntry :]e ?is 0 obs]v$ 0 asc5d$1 ! webs 7 /ill to be se5 desc5d+ f above1 & tw9kl+ l />s 9 ! sun1 s z to draw ! att5tion ( ! mo/ incuri\s4 ,! flakes ( ! web on ?is occasion hung s ?ick ^u ! h$ges & trees1 t basketsful might h be5 collect$4 ,no "o d\bts 7he obs]ves7 b t ^! webs are ! production ( small spid]s4 ,^! a]ial spid]s are ( two sizes1 al?\gh ( ! same col\r & g5]al appe>ance2 !y are probably male & female4 ,at all ev5ts !y d n v>y 9 size m ?an o!r species ( spid]s :5 ! sexes diff]4 ,has x be5 obs]v$ by naturali/s t spid]s eat _! own webs8 ,a l>ge "o t ,i us$ to fe$ :5 ,i 0 a lad ) wasps1 humble bees1 & fle%-flies1 us$ to d s occasionally4 ,^! insects 7 s /rong t !y (t5 ru9$ ! web 9 _! ef=ts to escape1 & ! spid]1 q aw>e ( ! r\gh cu/om]s x _h to deal )1 w\ld (t5 coil a cable ( _m folds r\nd !m be=e v5tur+ to seize !m ) its m&ibles4 ,x w\ld1 if ! web 0 ru9$ by ! /ruggles ( ! insect1 delib]ately gorge x1 :i* ,i acc\nt$ = by suppos+ t unless x did s x w\ld n be able to secrete a suffici5t supply ( mat]ial to enable x to sp9 ano!r4 ,! leap+ spid]s are ano!r curi\s species1 :i* con/ruct no webs1 al?\gh !y sp9 ?reads4 ,?is spid] may be se5 frequ5tly on ! walls ( h\ses1 & if c>efully wat*$ x w be se5 to range up & d[n 9 que/ ( small gnats & o!r insects2 :5 x obs]ves "o x creeps to )9 ab\t two in*es ( x1 & back+ slightly1 x appe>s to hesitate = a mom5t1 & !n spr+s ^u ! fly1 b always be=e do+ s x fixes a ?read to ! spot f :5ce x spr+s1 s t if ! fly happ5s to be too /rong = x1 & is able to deta* itself f ! wall1 !y bo? rema9 susp5d$ f ! ?read :i* has be5 previ\sly fix$ by ! spid]4 ,?is ,i h se5 m ?an once4 ,!y sometimes v5ture on l>g] game ?an ! small gnats4 ,"o ,i 0 wat*+ "o day came ^u "o ( ! l>ge ,ephem]a 7! ,br[ndrake71 an insect t5 times z l>ge z ! spid]1 b aft] _m po9ts 7= ! sett+ ( ! spid] be=e x spr+s is v simil> 9 mann] to t ( a ?or\ghbr$ po9t] #ag71 9 :i* x kept v>y+ its position1 app>5tly to ga9 "s advantage1 x gave up ! attempt1 discretion prov+ ! bett] "p ( val\r4 ,:5 botaniz+ on ,erris ,begh 79 ,connem>a71 ?is summ]1 ,i pass$ ?r\gh _m spid]-l9es s /rong z to (f] a v s5sible resi/ance be=e break+4 ,i don't rememb] to h ev] be=e met ) !m s /rong & t5aci\s1 & ! mak]s ( optical in/rum5ts might !re h f\nd abundance ( ?reads :i* ,i am told are valuable z cross-wires = transit- in/rum5ts & !odolites4 ,i did n meet ) any ( ! spid]s t _h ?r[n out ^! l9es1 b judg+ ( !m by _! works ,i suppose !y mu/ h be5 l>ge ones4 ,"o ( y\r correspond5ts 0 inquir+ a few weeks s9ce h[ x 0 t a spid] c\ld ?r[ out a long l9e betwe5 two trees or build+s at a consid]able di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,?is seems to me to be v easily expla9$1 if we reason f ! analogy ( ! fly+ spid]4 ,! spid] seems to ?r[ out a l9e1 tru/+ x w cat* some:]e or o!r1 & x is able to asc]ta9 x has done s by pull+ at x1 & :5 x f9ds t x is firmly fix$ x />ts (f to travel ^u x1 z ,i h occasionally notic$4 ,ev]yone has notic$ h[ c>efully ! spid] c>ries h] cocoon ( eggs atta*$ to ! v5t1 & h[ disconsolate %e appe>s to be :5 depriv$ ( !m2 b ,i don't ?9k x is s g5]ally kn[n t "s ( ! spid]s c>ry _! "y on _! backs = "s "t aft] !y are hat*$4 ,i rememb] see+ an in/ance ( ?is "o day :5 on ! ,moors1 gr\se-%oot+4 ,i saw :at seem$ to be a v curi\s insect travell+ on ! l+ 7hea!r71 & on /oop+ d[n to exam9e x ,i f\nd x 0 a l>ge spid]1 ^u ! back ( :i* 79 fact1 all ov] x7 7 clu/]$ "s doz5s ( "y ones1 ab\t ! size ( p9s' heads2 %e also seem$ to gu>d !m ) great c>e1 & seem$ mu* afraid ( los+ !m4 ,,f9is4 ,,notes4 #a ,!re is a fi% some:at resembl+ ! ,brambl+ 9 ! ,dunsop1 a tribut>y ( ! ,hodd]1 :]e x is kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,bull ,p5k4 #b ,my op9ion t nei!r ,tr\t nor ,salmon spawn e ye> is ,i ?9k /rongly corroborat$ by ! fact1 t previ\s to ! ,act ( #ahfa ! ,london fi% m>ket 0 suppli$ ) ,salmon ( ! l>ge/ size1 & ( ! be/ quality1 9 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]4 ,:5 ^! fi% 7 exam9$1 x 0 f\nd t ! ov>ies 7 b small1 & ! individual ova 7 n l>g] ?an mu/>d se$4 ,^! fi% c\ld n h spawn$ t season1 nor w\ld !y h done s if left alive1 if ! gr[? ( ! ova 9 ! ov>ies is uni=m--,i mean if ! gr[? ( ! ova is z great 9 "o mon? z ano!r--because 9 ,may & ,june ! ova 9 a female ,salmon is f\r times z l>ge z ^! 7 9 ,novemb]4 ,aga91 :5 ! gas tank at ,settle 0 empti$ into ! ,ribble1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahfa1 all ! fi% s f> z 0 kn[n 7 kill$ betwe5 t place & ,mitton1 ,salmon z well z ,p> & ,tr\t4 ,suppos+ t ,salmon spawn e ye>1 & t ! ,smolts come up ! riv]1 z ,grilse 9 ! summ] ( ! same ye> 9 :i* !y h gone to ! sea 9 ! spr+1 !re ought to h be5 a great sc>city ( bo? ,grilse & ,salmon 9 ! ,ribble 9 ! ye> #ahfb1 b s f> 0 ?is f be+ ! case1 t bo? ,grilse & ,salmon 7 m abundant t season ?an !y _h be5 = "s ye>s previ\sly1 b !re 0 a sc>city ( bo? 9 #ahfc4 ,aga91 :5 ! ,smolts 7 turn$ out ( ! bre$+ ponds at ,dohulla1 ,galway1 ! exp]im5t 0 look$ ^u z a failure because no ,grilse return$ ! same season1 n "o hav+ %[$ itself1 b _m came ! summ] aft]1 prov+ pretty conclusively t 9 "s riv]s1 at all ev5ts1 ! ,smolt requires a ye>'s resid5ce 9 ! sea be=e x returns z ,grilse4 #c ,9 ! evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,george ,hog>?1 x is /at$ t he saw upw>ds ( n9ety ,kelt fi% 9 ! mill lead at ,gr&holme1 on ! ,don1 ,may #f?4 #d ,salmon are said to produce #ah1jjj or #bj1jjj eggs ea*1 & ,i h no d\bt t a l>ge ,salmon w produce m1 z "o ,i exam9$ a ye> or two ago1 ( ab\t t5 p\nds weight1 _h a roe :i* weigh$ two p\nds n9e ounces1 & ! sk9 9 :i* ! eggs 7 envelop$ 7!y 7 n 9 ! loose /ate 9 :i* !y are f\nd j be=e exclusion7 weigh$ ?ree ounces1 aft] all ! eggs 7 wa%$ f x2 s t !re 7 ?irty-eight ounces ( eggs4 ,i weigh$ fifty ( !m1 & f\nd !y weigh$ sixty-five gra9s4 ,at t rate1 ?irty-eight ounces w\ld give #ab1ghh1 & #cjj lbs4 #a1fae1jjj2 b z !y w\ld be mu* light] :5 dri$ & pott$ ?an :5 tak5 f ! belly ( ! fi%1 we may safely e/imate t ! #cjj lbs4 w\ld conta9 #b1jjj1jjj1 a prodigi\s numb] to pass ?r\gh ! h&s ( "o tackle mak] 9 a season4 #e ,f ,l\don's ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 #f ,i h frequ5tly f\nd1 :5 cat*+ ,tr\t = ?is purpose1 t ! milt & roe 7 n ready = exclusion2 :5 ?is 0 ! case1 ,i put !m into a wire cage1 :i* ,i sunk 9 ! wat]1 exam9+ ! fi% e week1 until ,i f\nd !y 7 9 a fit /ate = ! exp]im5t4 #g ,i fancy t if ! ova come 9 contact ) ! air on exclusion1 !y are n s readily impregnat$ z if !y are always cov]$ ) ! wat]1 & !re=e ,i h laid "s /ress on ! desirabl5ess ( keep+ ! air exclud$ f ! ova z mu* z possible4 #h ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o fact :i* mu/ lead a casual obs]v] to suppose t ! ova are impregnat$ twelve mon?s be=e exclusion4 ,x is ?is3 ! male ,p> 7,salmon fry7 are at ?is season1 ,octob]1 full ( milt1 almo/ ready = exclusion2 :il/1 9 ! female1 ! ova are s small t !y require a microscope to see !m individually1 & ! :ole ov>y is m]ely l a ?read1 lead+ to ! conclusion t ei!r ! milt ( ! male is n requir$ = ! female ,p>1 or ! ova are impregnat$ twelve mon?s be=e exclusion4 ,! fact is1 t ! milt ( ! ,p> is us$ to impregnate ! ova ( ! ,salmon on ! spawn+ b$s4 #i ,:5 ,i comm5c$ ?is pap] ,i _h no d\bt t hybrids _h be5 produc$ betwe5 ! ,sprod 7sea ,tr\t7 & ! common ,tr\t2 s9ce !n1 hav+ se5 ! fry said to be s produc$1 & on mak+ "s fur!r inquiries1 ,i f9d !re is "s d\bt :e!r ! female 0 a ,sprod1 or m]ely a :ite ,tr\t1 & !re=e ,i _c confid5tly ass]t 7z "s "t ago ,i believ$ ,i c\ld7 t hybrid fi% _h already be5 produc$4 ,z "s ( my read]s may n "k :at a ,sprod is1 x may be necess>y to expla94 ,9 ! ,ribble we h a fi% asc5d+ f ! sea 9 ,july & ,augu/1 weigh+ f six to t5 ounces1 :i*1 9 appe>ance at lea/1 is a m9iature ,salmon4 ,i believe ! same fi% is call$ a ,:itl+ 9 ,scotl&4 ,besides ?is1 we h a simil> b l>g] fi%1 :i* beg9s to come a little e>li]1 & :i* weighs f "o to ?ree p\nds2 ?is1 9 ! ,ribble1 is call$ a ,mort 79 ,scotl& a sea ,tr\t74 ,bo? ^! fi% 7if !y are two species7 af=d spl5did sport to ! angl]1 :o mu/ nev] consid] !m beat5 until he has !m 9 ! l&+-net4 ,!y are also delicate eat+4 ,note on cross-bre$+ ( ,fi%4 ,s9ce ! above pap] 0 publi%$1 ! bre$+ ( ,hybrids has be5 successfully accompli%$4 ,i h _h fi% s5t f two diff]5t g5tlem5 liv+ on ! banks ( ! res]voirs belong+ to ! ,liv]pool ,wat]works2 ^! 7 beautiful fi% 7?ree 9 numb]71 m l ! sea ,tr\t ?an ! ,salmon1 & ! l>ge/ ( !m weigh+ two p\nds4 ,i _h put !m into ! brooks runn+ into ! res]voirs ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,i also le>n f a fri5d t a beautiful specim5 ( ! ombre ,*evali] 7,fr5* ,*>7 0 tak5 out ( ! ,riv+ton res]voir4 ,ab\t a ?\s& _h be5 put !re by me two ye>s be=e4 #aj ,p]sons conv]sant ) ! habits ( birds w readily compreh5d me2 = ! sake ( ^? :o d n1 ,i w j obs]ve t ! flight ( all ! ,wagtails is v peculi>1 be+ a succession ( great leaps 9 ! air 7if ,i may be all[$ ! expression71 :i* =m a s]ies ( curves1 ! bird ris+ consid]ably at ! comm5cem5t ( ea* ef=t1 & s9k+ aga9 at ! close4 #aa ,! intrepid & un=tunate travell] ,joseph ,rit*ie1 :o accompani$ ,capta9 ,lyon's exp$ition to ,fezzan1 & di$ !re 9 #ahai4 ,mr4 ,rit*ie 0 a native ( ,otley1 & an intimate fri5d ( ,mr4 ,g>nett & 8 bro!rs4 ,! beautiful poem f :i* ! quotation is tak5 is pr9t$ 9 ,al>ic ,watts's ,poetical ,album4 #ab #ahec4--;,i regret t 9 #ahec1 & = "s ye>s previ\s1 we h n se5 "o4 ,i fe> !y are ext9ct4 ,! small] k9d are /ill num]\s4 #ac ,! male ,p> is an exception to ?is rule4 #ad ,x appe>s to be a beautiful provision ( ,nature t mixture ) wat] %\ld increase ! sph]e ( its action4 ,spallanzani f\nd by actual exp]im5t t ?ree gra9s ( ! se$ ( a male frog might be dilut$ ) a p9t ( wat] )\t de/roy+ its /imulat+ p[]4 ,see ,diss]tations1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adb1 *ap4 #c1 ,ed4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/ory4 #ae ,mr4 ,?omson1 ( ,primrose4 #af ,assi/ant ,keep] ( ,pr9t$ ,books 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,au?or ( ,philological ,essays1 c4 #ag ,! toad1 :5 go+ to take a bee1 po9ts = a second or two z beautifully z ! be/-tra9$ po9t] be=e x /rikes ) its tongue4