---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,sixth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,rochester1 ,,new ,,york ,,september #a ,,and #b #aiae ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,sixth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,rochester1 ,,new ,,york ,,september #a ,,and #b1 #aiae ,,concord1 ,n4,h4 ,,the ,,rumford ,,press #aiaf ,,contents ,,page ,officers and ,committees of the ,association #d ,members of the ,association #e ,constitution of the ,association #aj ,by-laws of the ,association #aa ,proceedings of the ,meeting held at ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 ,september #a and #b1 #aiae #ac ,report of the ,secretary-,treasurer #ad ,the ,relation of ,forest ,conditions in ,new ,york to ,possibilities of ,nut ,growing1 ,dr4 ,hugh ,p4 ,baker1 ,new ,york #ag ,new ,tree ,crops and a ,new ,agriculture1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,pennsylvania #cj ,notes on the ,hazels1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york #cf ,an ,appeal to ,owners of ,hardy ,nut ,trees1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ea ,northern ,pecan ,trees1 and ,notes on the ,observation of ,propagated ,trees1 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,indiana #eh ,walnut ,observations in ,california1 ,l4 ,d4 ,batchelor1 ,california #fc ,pruning the ,persian ,walnut1 ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 ,pennsylvania #fi ,report on ,nut ,growing in ,canada1 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,toronto #ga ,appendix3 ,present at the ,sixth ,annual ,meeting #gc ,program for ,automobile ,trips ,september #a and #b1 #aiae #gd ,exhibits #ge ,resolutions #gf ,bibliography of the ,year #gg ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith ,university of ,pennsylvania ,vice-,president ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed ,indiana ,secretary and ,treasurer ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,georgetown1 ,connecticut ,,committees ,auditing ,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed ,executive ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,and ,,the ,,officers ,finance ,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,hybrids ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,r4 ,,smith1 ,c4 ,p4 ,,close ,membership ,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan1 ,c4 ,h4 ,,plump1 ,,leon ,d4 ,,batchelor1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,f4 ,n4 ,,fagan1 ,,thomas ,l4 ,,engleby1 ,w4 ,o4 ,,potter1 ,w4 ,o4 ,,ridgway1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,nomenclature ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,e4 ,r4 ,,lake1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,c,o,y ,press and ,publication ,,ralph ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,programme ,,the ,,president1 ,,the ,,secretary1 ,,the ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,american ,nut ,journal1 ex-officio2 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,w4 ,n4 ,,hutt ,promising ,seedlings ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,arizona ,c4 ,r4 ,biederman ,garces ,california ,prof4 ,leon ,d4 ,batchelor ,riverside ,canada ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan ,university of ,toronto ,connecticut ,charles ,h4 ,plump ,west ,redding ,delaware ,e4 ,r4 ,angst ,wilmington #ebg ,dupont ,bldg4 ,florida ,h4 ,harold ,hume ,glen ,saint ,mary ,georgia ,j4 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,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,arizona ,c4 ,r4 ,biederman1 ,garces ,,california ,batchelor1 ,leon ,d41 ,riverside ,dawson1 ,l4 ,h41 ,llano ,tucker1 ,t4 ,c41 ,manager ,california ,almond ,growers' ,exchange1 #caa ,california ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,,canada ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h41 ,university of ,toronto ,dufresne1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a41 #ahgb ,cartier ,st41 ,montreal ,,connecticut ,barnes1 ,john ,r41 ,yalesville ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 ,georgetown ,deming1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,c41 ,georgetown ,hungerford1 ,newman1 ,torrington1 ,r4 #b1 ,box #gf1 for circulars1 ,box #ajhb1 ,hartford1 for letters ,ives1 ,ernest ,m41 ,sterling ,orchards1 ,meriden ,lay1 ,charles ,downing1 ,wellesmere1 ,stratford ,miller1 ,mrs4 ,charles1 #cb ,hillside ,ave41 ,waterbury 99 ,morris1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t41 ,cos ,cob1 ,r4 #bh1 ,box #ie ,plump1 ,charles ,h41 ,west ,redding ,white1 ,gerrard1 ,north ,granby ,williams1 ,w4 ,w41 ,milldale ,,delaware ,angst1 ,e4 ,r41 #ebg ,du,pont ,building1 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,lord1 ,george ,frank1 care of ,du,pont ,powder ,company1 ,wilmington ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,close1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,p41 ,pomologist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,goddard1 ,r4 ,h41 ,farm ,management1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,lake1 ,prof4 ,e4 ,r41 ,pomologist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington 99 ,littlepage1 ,t4 ,p41 ,union ,trust ,building1 ,washington ,orr1 ,herbert ,r41 ,evans ,building1 ,washington ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,nut ,culturist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,,florida ,hume1 ,h4 ,harold1 ,glen ,saint ,mary ,simpson1 ,ray ,c41 ,monticello ,,georgia ,wight1 ,j4 ,b41 ,cairo ,,illinois ,dickey1 ,samuel1 #d ,chalmers ,place1 ,chicago ,fletcher1 ,joe1 ,zion ,city ,keely1 ,royal ,r4 #dgbj ,clarendon ,ave41 ,chicago ,poll1 ,carl ,j41 #ajji ,maple ,st41 ,danville ,potter1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,o41 ,marion ,riehl1 ,e4 ,a41 ,alton ,webster1 ,h4 ,g41 #dej ,belmont ,ave41 ,chicago ,,indiana ,burton1 ,joe ,a41 ,mitchel ,hutchings1 ,miss ,lida ,g41 #aah ,third ,st41 ,madison ,mc,coy1 ,r4 ,l41 ,lake ,reed1 ,m4 ,p41 ,vincennes ,reed1 ,w4 ,c41 ,vincennes ,schmidt1 ,hugh ,c41 ,evansville ,simpson1 ,h4 ,d41 ,vincennes ,white1 ,paul1 ,boonville ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,rockport ,,iowa ,williams1 ,wendall ,p41 ,danville ,,kansas ,winsborough1 ,durrett1 ,argentine1 ,r4 #b1 ,box #aah ,,kentucky ,matthews1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,w41 ,horticulturist1 ,state ,agricultural ,station1 ,lexington ,moseley1 ,a4 ,l41 ,bank of ,calhoun1 ,calhoun ,,maryland ,darby1 ,r4 ,u41 ,suite #hjd1 ,continental ,building1 ,baltimore ,hayden1 ,chas4 ,s41 #bjj ,e4 ,lexington ,st41 ,baltimore ,heapes1 ,j41 ,granville1 ,street ,henshaw1 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,c41 ,adamstown ,keenan1 ,john ,n41 ,brentwood ,king1 ,w4 ,j41 #bcb ,prince ,george ,st41 ,annapolis ,murray1 ,miss ,annie ,c41 ,cumberstone ,newcomer1 ,aaron1 ,smithburg1 ,r4 #a4 ,,massachusetts 99 ,bowditch1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,building1 ,boston ,gilbert1 ,ralph ,d41 #i ,ridgefield ,road1 ,winchester ,hoffman1 ,bernhard1 ,overbrook ,orchard1 ,stockbridge ,rich1 ,william ,p41 ,secretary ,state ,horticultural ,society1 #cjj ,massachusetts ,ave41 ,boston ,smith1 ,fred ,a41 #ci ,pine ,st41 ,danvers ,vaughan1 ,horace ,a41 ,peacehaven1 ,assonet ,white1 ,warren1 ,holliston ,,michigan ,copland1 ,alexander ,w41 ,strawberry ,hill ,farm1 ,birmingham ,jessup1 ,miss ,maud ,m41 #ddj ,thomas ,st41 ,grand ,rapids ,kellogg1 ,j4 ,h41 ,battle ,creek ,linton1 ,wm4 ,s41 ,pres4 ,board of ,trade1 ,saginaw ,staunton1 ,gray1 ,muskegon1 ,box #bcc ,,minnesota ,powers1 ,l4 ,l41 #ajah ,hudson ,ave41 ,st4 ,paul ,van ,duzee1 ,col4 ,c4 ,a41 ,st4 ,paul ,,missouri ,bauman1 ,x4 ,c41 ,ste4 ,genevieve ,buffam1 ,frank ,w41 ,commissioner of ,highways1 ,jefferson ,city ,johnson1 ,alfred ,e41 ,mc,baine1 ,r4 #a ,koontz1 ,e4 ,j41 ,richards ,stark1 ,p4 ,c41 ,louisiana 7,mo47 ,,new ,,jersey ,black1 ,walter ,c41 of ,jos4 ,h4 ,black1 ,son ,co41 ,hightstown ,de ,cou1 ,howard ,f41 ,truesdale ,farm1 ,merchantville ,dietrick1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,s41 #ab ,west ,washington ,ave41 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,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,felt1 ,henry ,w41 #bch ,william ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,foote1 ,avery ,l41 ,newark1 ,wayne ,co4 ,fullerton1 ,h4 ,b41 ,director ,long ,island ,railroad ,experiment ,station1 ,medford1 ,l4,i4 ,haywood1 ,albert1 ,flushing ,hickox1 ,ralph1 #chcb ,white ,plains ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,hicks1 ,henry1 ,westbury1 ,l4,i4 ,holden1 ,e4 ,b41 ,hilton 99 ,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #ae ,w4 #hast ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,jackson1 ,dr4 ,james ,h41 ,dansville ,keeler1 ,charles ,e41 ,chichester and ,briggs ,aves41 ,richmond ,hill ,morse1 ,geo4 ,a41 ,fruit ,acres1 ,williamson1 ,n4,y4 ,nelson1 ,dr4 ,james ,robert1 #bc ,main ,st41 ,kingston-on-,hudson ,olcott1 ,ralph ,t41 ,ellwanger ,barry ,building1 ,rochester ,palmer1 ,a4 ,c41 ,new ,york ,military ,academy1 ,cornwall-on-,hudson ,pomeroy1 ,a4 ,c41 ,lockport ,rice1 ,mrs4 ,lillian ,mc,kee1 ,adelano1 ,pawling ,stephen1 ,prof4 ,john ,w41 ,assistant ,professor of ,agriculture1 ,state ,college of ,forestry1 ,syracuse ,teele1 ,a4 ,w41 #cj ,broad ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,teter1 ,walter ,c1 #aj ,wall ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,thomson1 ,adelbert1 ,east ,avon ,tuckerman1 ,bayard1 #aah ,e4 #cgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,turner1 ,k4 ,m41 #bbj ,w4 #dbnd ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,ulman1 ,dr4 ,ira1 #bac ,w4 #adgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,wile1 ,m4 ,e41 #cg ,calumet ,st41 ,rochester ,williams1 ,dr4 ,charles ,mallory1 #dh ,e4 #dith ,st41 ,new ,york ,city 99 ,wissmann1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de ,r41 ,westchester1 ,new ,york ,city ,,north ,,carolina ,glover1 ,j4 ,wheeler1 ,morehead ,city ,heely1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,j41 ,andrews1 ,r4,f4,d4 ,hutt1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,h41 ,state ,horticulturist1 ,raleigh ,van ,lindley1 ,j41 ,j4 ,van ,lindley ,nursery ,company1 ,pomona ,,ohio ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 ,storrs ,harrison ,company1 ,painesville ,denny1 ,mark ,e41 ,middletown ,evans1 ,miss ,myrta ,l41 ,briallen ,farm1 ,oak ,hill1 ,jackson ,county ,miller1 ,h4 ,a41 ,gypsum ,weber1 ,harry ,r41 #fja ,gerke ,building1 ,cincinnati ,witte1 ,o4 ,f41 ,amherst1 ,r4 #b ,yunck1 ,e4 ,g41 #gaj ,central ,ave41 ,sandusky ,,pennsylvania ,ballou1 ,c4 ,f41 ,halifax ,corcoran1 ,chas4 ,a41 ,wind-,rush ,fruit ,farm1 ,new ,albany ,creasy1 ,wm4 ,t41 ,catawissa ,doan1 ,j4 ,l41 ,school of ,horticulture1 ,ambler ,druckemiller1 ,w4 ,c41 ,sunbury ,fagan1 ,prof4 ,f4 ,n41 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,state ,college ,grubbs1 ,h4 ,l41 ,fairview1 ,r4 #a ,hall1 ,robt4 ,w41 #acc ,church ,st41 ,bethlehem ,heffner1 ,h41 ,highland ,chestnut ,grove1 ,leeper ,hile1 ,anthony1 ,curwensville ,national ,bank1 ,curwensville ,hoopes1 ,wilmer ,w41 ,hoopes ,brothers and ,thomas ,company1 ,westchester ,howell1 ,lardner1 ,girard ,trust ,company1 ,philadelphia ,hutchinson1 ,mahlon1 ,ashwood ,farm1 ,devon1 ,chester ,county ,jenkins1 ,charles ,francis1 ,farm ,journal1 ,philadelphia 99 ,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,lancaster1 ,box #ebg ,leas1 ,f4 ,c41 #hhb ,drexel ,building1 ,philadelphia1 ,mountain ,brook ,orchard ,company1 ,salem1 ,va4 ,leeds1 ,sarah ,b41 ,westchester1 ,r4 #d ,middleton1 ,fenton ,h41 #aaah ,chestnut ,st41 ,philadelphia ,moss1 ,james1 ,johnsville1 ,bucks ,county ,murphy1 ,p4 ,j41 ,vice-,president ,l4 ,w4,r4,r4,r4 ,company1 ,scranton ,myers1 ,c4 ,n41 ,hanover ,o',neill1 ,wm4 ,c41 #acbh ,walnut ,st41 ,philadelphia ,pelton1 ,joseph ,l41 ,north ,girard1 ,r4 #a ,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,pennsylvania ,sq41 ,reading ,rush1 ,j4 ,g41 ,west ,willow ,ryan1 ,charles ,d41 ,spring ,mount1 ,montgomery ,county ,smedley1 ,sam'l ,l41 #ijb ,stephen ,girard ,building1 ,philadelphia ,smitten1 ,h4 ,w41 ,rochester ,mills1 ,r4 #b 99 ,sober1 ,col4 ,c4 ,k41 ,lewisburg ,spackman1 ,h4 ,b41 ,lukens ,iron ,company1 ,coatesville ,thomas1 ,joseph ,w41 ,jos4 ,w4 ,thomas ,sons1 ,king of ,prussia ,p4,o4 ,walter1 ,dr4 ,harry1 ,spring ,mount ,weaver1 ,wm4 ,s41 ,mc,cungie ,webster1 ,mrs4 ,edmund1 #acbd ,s4 ,broad ,st41 ,philadelphia ,wister1 ,john ,c41 ,wister ,st4 and ,clarkson ,ave41 ,germantown ,wright1 ,r4 ,p41 #bce ,w4 #fth ,st41 ,erie ,,texas ,trumbull1 ,r4 ,s41 ,agricultural ,agent1 ,el ,paso ,s4,w4 ,system1 ,morenci ,southern ,railroad ,company1 ,el ,paso ,,utah ,pendleton1 ,m4 ,a41 ,lehi ,smith1 ,joseph ,a41 ,providence 7,edgewood ,hall7 ,stayner1 ,horace1 #ahdd ,s4 ,state ,st41 ,salt ,lake ,city ,,virginia ,carver1 ,w4 ,n41 ,cismont1 ,albemarle ,county ,crockett1 ,e4 ,b41 ,monroe ,dodge1 ,geo4 ,p41 ,lovingston1 ,r4 #a ,engleby1 ,thos4 ,l41 #ajjb ,patterson ,ave41 ,roanoke ,lee1 ,lawrence ,r41 ,leesburg ,miller1 ,l4 ,o41 ,miller ,rhodes1 ,richmond ,parish1 ,john ,s41 ,eastham1 ,albemarle ,county ,shackford1 ,theodore ,b41 care of ,adams ,brothers-,paynes ,company1 ,lynchburg ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,roundhill ,,washington ,baldwin1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,e41 ,kettle ,falls ,,west ,,virginia ,hartzell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,shepherdstown 99 ,life members4 ,,constitution ,,article ,i ,name4 ,this society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association4 ,,article ,,ii ,object4 ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president and a secretary-treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and an executive committee of five persons1 of which the president1 two last retiring presidents1 vice-president and secretary-treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi ,meetings4 ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum4 ,ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum1 but must include a majority of the executive committee or two of the three elected officers4 ,,article ,,viii ,amendments4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,committees4 ,the association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on nomenclature1 on promising seedlings1 on hybrids1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees4 ,the fees shall be of two kinds1 annual and life4 ,the former shall be two dollars1 the latter twenty dollars4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,all annual memberships shall begin with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the association4 ,,article ,,iv ,amendments4 ,by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any annual meeting4 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,,sixth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,september #a ,,and #b1 #aiae ,,rochester1 ,,new ,,york ,the sixth annual convention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association was called to order in the convention hall of ,powers ,hotel1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 on ,wednesday1 ,september #a1 at #aj3ae ,a4,m41 the president1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 presiding1 and thirty-two people being assembled4 ,,the ,,president3 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1 ,members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 the meeting will please come to order4 ,with an organization of this sort1 the main purpose of the meeting is the dissemination of information1 but it is necessary that certain business shall be conducted to keep the organization going4 ,some business is dry2 usually the reports of our secretary-treasurer are not1 and the first order of business1 ,i think1 should be to hear from our secretary-treasurer4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i should be glad to have the floor for a moment1 ,mr4 ,president4 ,in the ,congressional ,library at ,washington ,city are many very beautiful and attractive inscriptions and quotations1 one of which has always appealed to me as a lawyer1 and ,i have repeated it many times3 ,of law there can be no less acknowledged than that her voice is the harmony of the world4 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i have noted very many times that the voice of the law is sometimes silent4 ,it speaks only through those in authority and there should always be some emblem of authority4 ,i therefore took the liberty1 ,mr4 ,president1 of having made for you a gavel from the wood of an ,indiana pecan tree1 where as a youth ,i lived and learned of this most delicious of all the nuts1 and ,i take pleasure in presenting it to you1 and if anyone doubts the hardiness or hardness of the ,indiana pecan1 ,i authorize you to demonstrate both4 ,i am presenting you duplicate gavels1 ,mr4 ,president1 one of which ,i desire to have you turn over to your successor in office as an official emblem of his authority1 to be used at future meetings2 the other ,i am presenting to you as a personal tribute for your most excellent work in behalf of northern nut culture4 ,this gavel ,i shall ask you to place among the trophies in your beautiful mountain home1 where the birds sing sweetly1 the sun shines brightly1 and the breezes murmur softly2 and where the days are made to rest and the nights are made to sleep4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 not being prepared for this1 and not being naturally eloquent1 ,i am unable to make a speech4 ,however1 as a part of the way out of the difficulty1 ,i accept this one officially with great pleasure1 and personally accept the other with deep gratitude1 and desire to express the appreciation of the meeting4 ,the pecan is calling the walnut meeting to order4 ,last year we went to see the pecan2 this year we come to see the walnut1 which1 has done more than any other nut in the ,east4 ,we will now listen to the report of our secretary-treasurer4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,secretary-,,treasurer ,balance on hand1 date of last report #g4bc ,receipts3 ,dues #cgi4cj ,advertisements #db4jj ,contributions #db4ej ,sale of report #bb4dj ,contributions for prizes #dj4jj ,miscellaneous #a4je ------- #ecd4dh ,expenses3 ,printing report #bcc4gf ,miscellaneous printing #ea4hj ,postage and stationery #da4ji ,stenographer #b4jj ,express1 freight1 carting #c4gd ,prizes #aj4jj ,check ,j4,r4,s4 expenses1 circulars #cg4cj ,bills receivable #aj4jj ,miscellaneous #d4ee ------- #cid4bd ------- ,balance on hand #adj4bd ,this is the best financial report that the treasurer has ever been able to transmit1 and this is chiefly due to the efforts of our president who1 during the year1 has sent out numerous notices of1 and articles about1 our ,association1 its purposes1 and the desirability of finding and propagating our best nut trees4 ,he also offered three prizes of #e each for a nut contest and did the work necessary to get publicity for this contest4 ,he sent letters to the members of the horticultural societies of ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,jersey1 ,virginia1 ,maryland1 and ,ohio which resulted in our getting #bd new members1 mostly from the state of ,pennsylvania4 ,twenty-five dollars of the cost of this circularizing the president paid out of his own pocket4 ,the rest was more than made up by the fees of new members4 ,the president also had printed an educational leaflet on nut growing for distribution by ,mr4 ,cobb with the nut trees which he sends to the schools and farmers of ,michigan4 ,with ,professor ,close he was on the finance committee which sent a circular letter to the members of the ,association for funds to help pay for the printing of the annual report1 and obtained advertisements for the report4 ,as stated in the treasurer's report contributions for this purpose amounted to #db4ej and advertisements brought in #db4jj4 ,prizes ,the ,association offered last year prizes of #e each for the best shagbark hickory nut1 black walnut and hazel nut sent in4 ,something over a hundred specimens were received and the prize for hickory nut was awarded to ,j4 ,k4 ,triplett of ,elkins1 ,w4 ,va4 ,the prize for black walnut was awarded to ,j4 ,g4 ,rush of ,west ,willow1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,rush returned his prize to be used for the purposes of the ,association4 ,no prize for hazels was awarded as only one or two insignificant specimens were sent in4 ,perhaps the stimulation of this contest accounts for our being able to offer such substantial prizes for this year4 ,in addition to the #hj worth of prizes already announced the secretary has received from a life member1 ,james ,h4 ,bowditch of ,boston1 a check for #be as a prize to be offered by the ,association for a hickory nut under such conditions as the ,association may decide4 ,a circular announcing these prizes has been sent out to agricultural and other papers to the number of #bjj1 the expenses of which have been borne by another member1 ,mr4 ,chas4 ,h4 ,plump of ,connecticut4 ,a committee on competitions should be appointed or the direction of them delegated to some already existent committee4 ,membership ,seventy-four members were added during the interval between this meeting and the last1 one less than in the previous year4 ,since its organization #bhg persons have joined the ,association4 ,we have at present #aec paid up members1 #ba more than last year4 ,there are a few members whose dues are unpaid who are active workers and will eventually pay1 probably4 ,four members have resigned1 though none in anger1 and we have lost one by death1 the late ,prof4 ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman4 ,annual ,dues ,some way should be found out of the difficulties arising from the dissatisfaction of members who join late in the year when they receive a notice for dues soon after having once paid4 ,it is desirable to take in members at all times during the year4 ,at the same time some method should be found to give the late comer something for his money4 ,shall membership continue to date from the calendar year8 ,or shall we make some change8 ,some societies date memberships from the opening of the annual meeting4 ,it would not be impossible to make memberships date from the beginning of the quarter year immediately following date of joining4 ,this would give every member a full year at least before he would again receive a notice for dues4 ,it would be quite inconvenient to date each membership from the day of joining4 ,it would not be so bad if members paid promptly on receipt of notice4 ,or a rebate might be made for each month of the year elapsed before new members' dues were paid4 ,meetings ,no field meeting was held this year4 ,it has been suggested1 and would seem to be a favorable subject for discussion1 that it might be well to hold our annual meeting late in the year in some central location1 such as ,new ,york ,city1 ,philadelphia or ,washington1 for our business and formal program of papers and discussions1 and the study of the nuts sent in1 perhaps for judging any competition that might be held1 if the meeting were late enough for that2 and a summer meeting of informal nature at some place where nut trees with their crops growing could be studied4 ,nut ,journal ,our official organ1 the ,american ,nut ,journal1 has done its part well through the past year and is becoming1 as it should1 a very important element in the success of the purposes of this ,association4 ,most new and old members of the ,association have availed themselves during the year of the offer of membership and the ,journal for #b4ej4 ,in spite of the reduction of #be cents on each membership1 the receipts for dues have increased from #bgc to #cca4 ,i would suggest that the membership fee be still further reduced by #be cents1 when combined with subscription to the ,journal1 if the editor is willing to continue the present arrangement whereby the price of the ,journal is reduced to #ge cents when subscribed to with membership1 so that the two together will cost #b4be4 ,another year it may be possible to make a similar reduction4 ,the object toward which we ought to work is membership for #a1 and membership with the ,journal#b4 ,i should like to hear the opinions of the members as to the advisability of working to reduce our dues to #a annually4 ,how ,members ,may ,help ,at the risk of monotony ,i will repeat my concluding remarks of last year and ask that each member help increase the prosperity and usefulness of the ,association by enlisting new members1 by advertising his business in the annual report1 and by paying his dues promptly4 ,the secretary would much rather spend his time answering questions and imparting such information as lies in his power1 than to have to send repeated notices to members in arrears for dues4 ,the secretary will be happy at all times to learn of the plans and progress of the members4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,you have heard the report of the secretary4 ,there are two things to be done with it4 ,it is1 as you will notice1 first a report of the year's business and1 second1 it has certain suggestions for your consideration4 ,i think that as a business report we can discuss and move its adoption1 amendment or rejection4 ,after that we may take up the suggestions4 ,adoption moved1 seconded and carried4 ,he has brought before our consideration the amount of dues1 and the question of their payment4 ,i doubt the advisability of a lengthy discussion in this business meeting4 ,i think it better to refer it to the executive committee4 ,unless ,i hear further suggestions1 ,i will take that action4 ,the next piece of business is the matter of the report on the amendments to the constitution4 ,professor ,close and the secretary were appointed a committee for this matter1 and as ,professor ,close cannot be here1 we will hear from the secretary on the matter4 7,see amended constitution47 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,i am now glad to announce that we have covered the necessary business ground1 and now come to the real meat of the meeting4 ,we have with us this morning ,dr4 ,baker1 ,dean of the ,state ,college of ,forestry1 at ,syracuse1 who is going to address us on the subject of ,the ,relation of ,forestry ,conditions in ,new ,york to ,possibilities of ,nut ,growing4 ,,the ,,relation ,,of ,,forest ,,conditions ,,in ,,new ,,york ,,to ,,possibilities ,,of ,,nut ,,growing ,,dr4 ,,hugh ,p4 ,,baker1 ,,dean ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,york ,,state ,,college ,,of ,,forestry ,,at ,,syracuse ,,university ,the forester presumes to come before your organization because he is concerned with one of the greatest of the natural resources of this and other states of the ,union and not with the idea of bringing information as to details in nut culture4 ,possibly nut culture as a business is more closely related to agriculture than forestry4 ,forestry is not subordinate to agriculture in this country but co-ordinate with it4 ,together they will come as near solving the soil problems of the country as is possible for man to solve them4 ,the forester is interested and concerned with the wild nut trees wherever he has to do with the forests or forest lands of the country4 ,throughout the great hardwood sections of the ,east there are many native nut-bearing trees1 and in the proper utilization of the trees which make up the forests the forester is concerned not alone with the lumber which may come from these trees1 but he is concerned as well with the value of the by-products of the forest and the influence of the utilization of these by-products upon the forest4 ,in view of the forester's interest in all of the trees which make up our forests1 my purpose of addressing you today is to bring before you the question of the most effective use of the forest soils of this state4 ,i shall also attempt to make some suggestions to your organization in the matter of interesting the man on the street in nut growing4 ,this profession and the business of forestry have been passing through a period of general educational work in this country4 ,some of the lessons which we have learned through our efforts to interest the people in their forests may be of help to you in interesting the people both in the consumption and the production of nuts4 ,new ,york as a ,great ,forest ,state ,twenty-five years ago ,new ,york was one of the leading lumber-producing states of the ,union4 ,today some twenty other states produce more lumber than comes from the forests and woodlots of ,new ,york4 ,statistics given out recently by the ,united ,states ,census ,bureau and the ,conservation ,commission of ,new ,york show that1 out of the land acreage of over thirty-two millions in ,new ,york1 but twenty-two millions are included within farms4 ,this leaves something over eight millions of acres outside of farms and presumably non-agricultural4 ,the forests of the ,adirondacks and ,catskills and the woodlots of the rougher hill counties in the southern and southwestern part of the state come within this vast area of eight millions of acres4 ,without doubt with increasing population there will come some increase in the use of what are now non-agricultural lands for the practice of agriculture1 but with three hundred years of agricultural history back of us in this state it does not seem likely that there will be much change in the relation of non-agricultural to agricultural land during the next half-century4 ,out of the twenty-two millions of acres of farm lands in the state but fifteen millions are actually under cultivation1 leaving1 therefore1 from six to eight millions of acres within the farms of the state but lying idle4 ,that is1 we have a ,massachusetts enclosed within our farms which is non-productive as far as direct returns are concerned4 ,yet there is really no waste land in ,new ,york1 as every square foot of the state which is covered with any soil at all is capable of producing good forest trees4 ,it is this great area of idle land enclosed within our farms which seems to have unusual promise in the development of nut culture in the state4 ,there is a great deal of land now idle in the form of steep hillsides or ridges or rocky slopes upon which we may grow with comparative ease our walnuts1 butter-nuts1 hickories1 hazelnuts1 in the wild form at least4 ,the fact that the state is in really rather serious condition financially should be a strong reason for our association to urge upon the farmers of the state the planting of nut-bearing trees that the returns from the farms may be increased by annual sales of nuts which should in the aggregate in the next fifty years be a large sum of money4 ,it has been estimated that the total debt of the ,state of ,new ,york1 that is1 the state1 county and municipal debts1 are equal to #dg for every acre of land1 good and bad4 ,on top of this condition the legislature last year laid a direct tax of eighteen millions of dollars upon our people1 and there is every indication that it will be several years before it becomes unnecessary to lay a direct tax either larger or smaller than that put upon us last year4 ,there is ever-increasing competition among the farmers of the state as the standards in animal1 milk and fruit production are ever increasing4 ,in view of the amount of idle land and of our financial condition it seems to be an unusually opportune time for those interested in nut culture to bring before the farmers and other landowners of the state the idea of planting nut trees1 the products of which will add to the annual income from the land4 ,the ,state of ,new ,york is ,somewhat ,ignorant of the ,value of its ,forest ,lands ,when the ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,forestry at ,syracuse began its studies of forest conditions in ,new ,york in #aiaa it turned its attention immediately to the very large areas of farm woodlots and woodlands within farms4 ,there has been a good deal of general information current among our people regarding the forest conditions of the state1 but there is really very little accurate information except such little as the college has secured since #aiaa4 ,as a first step in the taking of stock of our forest resources and especially the amount of timber in our farm woodlots and what is coming from these woodlots in the way of annual return to their owners1 the ,state ,college of ,forestry in #aiab began1 in co-operation with the ,united ,states ,forest ,service1 a study of the wood-using industries of the state4 ,this study has resulted in a very comprehensive bulletin issued by the ,college of ,forestry upon the wood-using industries of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,from these studies it was determined for the first time that ,new ,york was spending annually over ninety-five millions of dollars for products of the forest4 ,unfortunately for the state1 we are sending over fifty millions of dollars of this vast amount out into other states to the south and to the west for timber which ,new ,york is capable of producing in amount1 at least1 in its forests and on its idle lands4 ,the report shows further that ,new ,york is producing very large quantities of pine and hemlock and the hardwoods1 and1 much to the surprise of those interested in forest conditions in the state1 it was shown that a large proportion of the hardwoods come from the woodlots in the farms of the state4 ,this would seem to indicate that there is a real opportunity for the growing of such hardwood timber as black walnut1 butternut1 and hickory1 not only on the idle lands of the state which are not covered with forest now1 but also in the woodlots of the farms4 ,that is1 it would not be a difficult matter to show the farmers through publications and possibly through public lectures that it would be very advantageous to them to favor nut-growing trees and to plant them where they are not now growing1 both because of the value of the nuts which they produce and of the value of their wood4 ,if the people of a great state like ,new ,york are more or less ignorant of the extent and value of their forest holdings1 how much more ignorant are they of the character and the value of a particular species which make up their forest lands4 ,how few people are able to go into the forest and say that this tree is a shagbark hickory or that that is a butternut or that that is a red pine1 and if this is the case1 as you will agree with me that it is1 is it not time that propagandist or general educational work be done that will bring forcibly to the attention of the wage-earners of the state that it is a financial necessity for the state to consider better use of its forest lands1 so that all of the soils of ,new ,york may share in the burden of the support of the commonwealth rather than a few of the soils which are now being given up to agricultural use8 ,the wage-earner should know also that nuts used as food are conducive to health and that possibly a more extensive use of nuts with less of meat will mean a considerable difference over a period of a year in the amount that is saved in the living expenses of an individual or a family4 ,it is often difficult for the forester to interest the average farmer in the planting of trees1 even though those trees may add to the beauty and value of the farm or the comfort of the home buildings1 but your organization will make a place for itself most decidedly if it will go to the farmer or to a group of farmers and show them that they can actually save money in the purchase of their needed lumber and wood of other kinds if they will cut their woodlots co-operatively and produce in the woodlots trees of greatest possible value and trees which will give such by-products as nuts as well as direct returns from the lumber4 ,just as soon as you can reach the pocket-book of the average wage-earner1 it makes little difference whether it is nuts or books or clothing1 they are going to be interested in a thing that will allow them to get more for the amount which they make from their day's labor4 ,the ,association ,may ,accomplish ,much by ,demonstrating the ,value of ,nut ,trees as ,trees and the ,value of ,their ,products as ,food ,many organizations in our ,eastern ,states are becoming interested in the beautification of communities and the tremendous development in the use of the automobile is interesting even more organizations in the beautification of rural highways4 ,it would not be a difficult thing for the ,nut ,growers ,association to interest civic associations or women's clubs in the planting not only of forest trees alone along rural highways but a certain number of nut trees4 ,we are literally in the age of the ,movie and if a man who walks or drives along our highways can see as he passes the growing nut trees and the bountiful harvest which they may be made to yield1 he is being convinced that not only elm and maple are of value along our highways1 but that the nut-producing trees may give equal satisfaction in beauty of form and comfort of shade and at the same time yield fruit of very definite value4 ,even though the fruit of the nut-bearing trees of our woodlands and highways may not give an annual return to the town or village or county it will bring immeasurable joy and possibly better health to the boys and girls of the future4 ,in many ways the children of this country are educating their parents and it is not an impossible idea to think of the parents of the future being converted by the influence of their children to the desirability if not the necessity of growing trees and nut trees1 the fruit of which will give pleasant healthfulness and at the same time aid in the saving of the daily wage and in the support of the commonwealth4 ,i wish to emphasize this idea of considering not alone the financial return from the trees and the forests of this state4 ,as the son of a lumberman and as a forester ,i am1 of course1 most vitally interested in the growing of trees as a business proposition1 but ,i feel that such an organization as yours1 especially1 should look at this matter not alone from actual financial returns1 but because of indirect benefits such as the making of outdoor people of us ,americans4 ,this can be done1 ,i believe1 to a very considerable extent by giving our people1 especially the boys and girls1 a purpose for getting out into the woodlot and the forests wherever they occur in the state4 ,the women of this state are interested vitally these days not only in their own welfare as possible citizens1 but in the improving of living conditions and opportunities of our people4 ,we should have more women interested in the work of this association and interested in seeing that the future value of nuts is appreciated by the wage-earners of the state1 both because of their healthfulness and because of the possibility of cheapening somewhat the cost of living4 ,i urge upon the organization a campaign of education1 a campaign which will reach through the women's clubs1 civic organizations1 schools and state associations in a way that will cause the people to demand more nuts for food and more nut trees as an absolutely indispensable part of the complete utilization of both the agricultural and forest soils of the state4 ,the agencies working for agriculture and forestry in a state like ,new ,york understand these problems1 but often it remains for an organization like yours to bring these forces into active play and to produce the results for which you are working4 ,before you can achieve lasting results and results commensurate with the time and effort which you are putting into the organization1 you must get hold of the man and the woman who spend the dollars for the living of our people4 ,the ,state ,college of ,forestry at ,syracuse ,experimenting with ,nut ,culture ,soon after the organization of the ,new ,york ,state ,forest ,experiment ,station south of ,syracuse the college took up the matter of growing nut trees and of improving the quality of nuts of native species4 ,on the ,new ,york ,state ,forest ,experiment ,station just south of ,syracuse1 where the college is growing a million forest trees a year1 there is a woodlot of thirty acres4 ,in this woodlot were a number of native nut trees and these have been set aside for the purpose of grafting and improving to see what can be done in helping out native nut trees of different ages and sizes4 ,in #aiac the college purchased a thousand acres of cut-over land two hours south of ,buffalo in ,cattaraugus ,county4 ,at the same time it purchased one hundred and thirteen acres lying along the main line of the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad at ,chittenango in ,madison ,county4 ,this past spring nut trees were ordered from nurseries in ,pennsylvania and planted in the heavy soils on the ,chittenango ,forest ,station and also on the ,state ,forest ,experiment ,station at ,syracuse4 ,at the ,salamanca station young nut trees are being staked so that they may be protected and cared for with a hope of developing them as nut-producing trees4 ,the college plans1 as a part of its work in the ,division of ,forest ,investigations1 to see what can be done in the way of grafting chestnut sprouts and in introducing nut-growing trees for the purpose of demonstrating that idle lands within farms may be used profitably for nut culture4 ,the college will be very glad1 indeed1 to learn of any native nut trees of unusual value anywhere in ,new ,york as it is anxious to get material for grafting to native stock already growing on its various forest stations4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,it was an exceedingly great pleasure to me to listen to that address by the ,dean of the ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,forestry4 ,i want to assure you that his address marks an epoch4 ,he tells us that the ,state of ,new ,york is going to experiment in nut growing1 give place1 time and money2 and this is what ,i have been long waiting for4 ,i shall defer my discussion until this evening1 when ,i use the screen and lantern4 ,i rejoice exceedingly that the ,state of ,new ,york is not alone in the march of progress2 the ,state of ,pennsylvania is also in line and comes next on the program4 ,professor ,fagan has been making a survey of ,pennsylvania with particular reference to ascertaining what it has in nut trees4 ,he will now give us a report4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,professor ,,fagan3 ,the ,president has caught me rather unprepared4 ,i did not expect to talk at this time4 ,i had our walnut survey tabulated in regard to county locations1 so that you could see the results of our work in the state this past summer4 ,this report is in my grip so ,i will talk only from memory4 ,the necessity for this work in ,pennsylvania has been increasing right along4 ,the ,state ,experiment ,station has been receiving letters nearly every week from parties wanting information in regard to the ,persian walnut4 ,the calls for information have been increasing more and more each year for the past three years4 ,our people ask questions about the right kind of soils for the nuts--what varieties are best suited for ,pennsylvania--how to topwork their standing black walnut--and1 in fact1 almost any question4 ,the ,experiment ,station does not have a nut plantation and it was thought best to study the growing ,persian walnut trees throughout the state4 ,a publicity campaign was started through the agricultural press and our daily and weekly newspapers4 ,in this way we have been able to learn the location of some #a1hjj to #b1jjj bearing trees in ,pennsylvania4 ,i tried to visit the trees this summer but time would not permit4 ,trees are reported in twenty-five different counties4 ,erie ,county reported1 likely1 the two largest plantings4 ,here we have two seedling groves1 at least one is a seedling grove4 ,the seedling grove is fourteen years old and contains #bej trees4 ,they are seedling ,pomeroy trees and this year show their first real crop of nuts4 ,since they are seedlings we naturally find all types and variations among the trees4 ,we see a difference in their foliage1 habit of growth1 shape and size of nuts4 ,the trees show no effects of ever having been winter-killed4 ,the trees have always been farmed so the owner1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,silkirk of ,north ,east1 ,pa41 has been able to receive returns from his land4 ,grapes and berries have been grown between the trees as intercrops4 ,the trees are planted on the corners of a #ej-;foot square and cover about fourteen acres4 ,in four different counties of the mountain section of the state1 bearing trees are to be found4 ,from these trees we hope to find something at least fairly good but above that something hardy4 ,some of these trees have been winter-killed to a more or less degree1 but so have the common peach trees in the same sections4 ,the southeastern part of the state reports the largest number of trees4 ,from ,harrisburg east and south the trees become more common4 ,in this section we find ,dauphin1 ,adams1 ,york1 ,lancaster1 ,chester1 ,philadelphia1 ,bucks1 ,lebanon1 ,lehigh and ,berks counties4 ,in these counties the ,persian walnut is not at all uncommon4 ,they are often called ,dutch nuts as well as ,english walnuts4 ,just north of the above section we find ,northampton ,county reporting a large number of trees1 and even in the ,wilkes-,barre and ,scranton section with a higher elevation the nut is growing and yielding good crops4 ,i asked nearly all walnut tree owners whether or not they thought the business could be developed1 and in most cases they believed it possible4 ,i have come to more or less of the conclusion from what ,i have been able to see1 that the business will not be developed in our so-called mountain land or upon the waste lands4 ,the better soil should be used for the walnut groves4 ,as time goes on we are going to find more and more groves of the nuts being planted in our state4 ,i came here to learn rather than to lecture4 ,if ,i can answer any question ,i will be glad to do so4 ,tonight ,i will gladly show you a few pictures with the lantern4 ,i might say that the ,experiment ,station plans to have a small grove in a few years2 with this and co-operative work we hope to be able to give to our growers and interested people some idea of the culture and care of the ,persian walnut in ,pennsylvania4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i don't like to speak so often here1 but it is in the spirit of setting a pace rather than of giving expression to my own views4 ,in the first place1 ,i would like to ask ,professor ,fagan if he has looked up the matter of the introduction of any of the oriental walnuts into ,pennsylvania4 ,according to the knowledge of the botanists1 all species of plants from the northeastern ,orient are better adapted to the eastern states of ,america than are any trees from the central or western portions of the ,old ,world4 ,pacific coast plants do well in ,england1 but not in ,new ,england as a rule4 ,next ,i would suggest1 apropos of the nature of the seedling orchard reported by the last speaker1 that no nut tree of any sort be sold under a varietal name for propagation1 excepting that it be accompanied by the statement that it is a seedling4 ,this is perfectly proper and fair to all parties4 ,going back to the remarks of ,professor ,baker1 a number of very interesting points arose4 ,one reason why the great waste lands of the state have not been covered with forests of nut trees is because we must leave something for the people who are to come #e1jjj years after us4 ,we must not accomplish everything in civilization this year4 ,be generous2 leave something for others to accomplish later4 ,nut trees grown in forest form say to themselves3 ,here are trees enough4 ,we shall store up cellulose4 ,therefore the trees store up cellulose1 make great trunks and timber1 and little fruit4 ,a nut tree on the other hand which is growing alone in a field says1 ,here are not trees enough4 ,i shall be fruitful1 and therefore it bears much fruit4 ,consequently1 nut trees to be grown as forest are out of the question as nut producers1 but may be very valuable for timber4 ,in regard to setting out trees along the highways1 that is a beautiful idea theoretically4 ,i happen to see one of my neighbors in ,connecticut here in the audience4 ,he remembers when ,i tried to be public-spirited and set out a number of fruit trees around the borders of my place1 in order that the passerby might have some fruit4 ,what happened was that not only the passerby wanted fruit1 but he wanted it early1 and he brought others from a distance who wanted fruit4 ,they broke down the trees1 and also entered my premises and carried off my private supply having been attracted by my roadside bait4 ,i wanted to beautify the highway for a mile and set out #c1jjj pine trees4 ,after they had grown to look pretty1 people came in automobiles and carried them off4 ,these people could not think of helping to set out roadside trees but when someone else had done it they came and lugged off the trees4 ,so long as we are in a semi-civilized state1 we cannot talk about beautifying our roads1 as does ,germany4 ,germany has set an example of efficiency for the entire world1 no matter what your opinion may be as to the present conflict4 ,at the present time she is perhaps believing that she is carrying on a utility crusade4 ,one of the ,german methods is to line the roadways with fruit-bearing trees1 including nut trees1 in such a way that the income pays the taxes for some villages4 ,but they are under government control4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,dr4 ,morris's suggestion is very good in regard to marking seedlings4 ,of course his office is in ,new ,york ,city1 though his farm is in ,connecticut and ,new ,york has a law which fills the bill4 ,a customer can get a complete history of the tree from his nurseryman4 ,if from a barren tree1 he must so state4 ,i think this state is about the only state that has such a law4 ,one other thing4 ,the first big battle fought between the ,germans and the ,belgians was on a highway along ten miles of which stood ,persian walnut trees1 and ,i have often wondered how much damage was done to the trees4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i will ask the secretary to read the motion ,dr4 ,morris incorporated in his talk4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,no ungrafted nut tree of any sort shall be sent out under a name for propagation purposes except with the statement that it is a seedling4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,that is a matter which ,i imagine will come before the executive committee1 and ,i would suggest that it be left in their hands and worked out by them4 ,with ,dr4 ,morris's consent ,i would refer this to that committee4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,just because a tree has been grafted1 why is all this necessary8 ,the nurseryman is bound to tell from what it is taken4 ,that is covered by the law4 ,he need not be even a buyer1 merely a prospective buyer4 ,what ,i want to bring out is this4 ,suppose a nurseryman here in this state sells a tree1--he must have a permit before he can do it2 he cannot send even a twig through the post office otherwise4 ,i don't see if a bud is taken from a tree and put on a black walnut tree that it necessarily makes the bud that grows on the black walnut tree any better than the parent4 ,,dean ,,baker3 ,i told you ,i wanted to raise a discussion on this subject4 ,i really am a dyed-in-the-wool optimist4 ,i am willing to sacrifice some nut trees to laboratory purposes for the benefit of our young men4 ,we want the individuals to profit by the education4 ,this should be an educational society4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i will ask the vice-president to take the chair4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,at the last meeting a committee was appointed to report on the ,persian walnut1 of which committee the president was the chairman1 and will make his report at this time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen3 ,i think you appreciate the chaos at the present moment in the status of investigation of the ,persian walnut4 ,when ,professor ,fagan reports that the number of trees in ,pennsylvania exceeds #b1jjj1 most of which he has not seen1 this chaos is evident4 ,the varieties propagated in the eastern ,united ,states are experiments4 ,i have done nothing that will compare with ,mr4 ,fagan's work1 but have found certain interesting facts4 ,first3 ,i found in ,maryland a ,persian walnut which does not come into leaf until ,june4 ,when the cherries are ripe1 it is just coming into leaf2 and it has borne regularly for fifteen years4 ,while going through the orchards at ,grenoble in ,france1 ,i asked a man ,what is the matter with that tree8 ,this was on ,june #ith4 ,there is nothing the matter1 he told me1 it is only coming into leaf4 ,i want to call your attention to possibilities of a hybrid of that tree and the ,maryland tree4 ,the ,persian walnuts of the ,grenoble tree were of good quality1 but low yield4 ,the ,maryland tree is a heavy yielder but of third quality4 ,in this matter of variety1 ,i want to emphasize ,dr4 ,morris's point of the great possibilities of the oriental walnut4 ,great results are likely to be attained from the introduction of these species into ,pennsylvania1 ,new ,york and elsewhere in this country4 ,second3 ,what is a good walnut8 ,they may be divided into three qualities3 #a4 ,positively sweet4 #b4 ,neutral4 #c4 ,those with a little bitterness in the skin of the kernel1 which develops as you masticate the kernel4 ,most of those which distinguish themselves for good yield here in the ,east are unfortunately of the third class4 ,i have taken samples of these to commercial dealers4 ,one of the largest walnut buyers in ,philadelphia classifies the ,grenobles as first class4 ,the ,california crop he classes second quality but pays more for it4 ,most of the ,california quality is second class4 ,eastern nuts are mostly third class4 ,i found one in ,new ,jersey which was almost first class4 ,first quality apples are not grown for the market4 ,they are consumed by the growers4 ,they know the market would not pay for them4 ,they sell mostly the second and third class apples4 ,the present market for nuts is like the apple market4 ,the nut dealer told me to send along nuts1 like several eastern samples1 and he would sell them1 even though they were third quality4 ,he has assured me that if he had the nuts he could sell them4 ,investigate every good nut tree you hear about4 ,very good results may come from this4 ,you don't know what you may learn by doing so4 ,if you will ask about it every time you hear of a good nut tree1 good will be accomplished4 ,we are going to keep on finding these trees for the next twenty-five years4 ,will you help the process along8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,in the smaller towns1 where the grocery men buy of the boys1 if they will ask them about the trees from which they get good nuts you will locate many good trees4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i understand in ,california they have been planting walnut trees for thirty to forty years but have never yet agreed on the matter of varieties4 ,one of the very practical questions before this association is the determination of the best varieties to set4 ,i would like to hear from some of the members on this question of varieties4 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,i would like to say a word about this matter4 ,we cannot be too severe on quality4 ,we might ask ourselves today what is the matter with the peach crop4 ,the physical changes and conditions are responsible not only for the peach crop1 but the nut crop as well4 ,the weather has unfortunate effects on certain varieties of the walnut4 ,so we must make allowance for weather conditions4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,excuse me for butting in so often4 ,i should like to ask ,mr4 ,rush a question4 ,i highly respect his judgment4 ,if he were planting a walnut orchard of #ejj trees in the latitude between ,philadelphia and ,washington1 ,i should like to know what varieties he would plant and in what proportion8 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,well1 that is a question that would require a little consideration4 ,now we have some very good varieties4 ,you have a very good variety known as the ,holden4 ,i would like to know more of it4 ,one ,i would choose would be the ,nebo1 and another originating on my place1 and called the ,rush1 is productive and good quality and a most excellent pollenizer4 ,we have another fine walnut in ,adams ,county1 introduced by ,john ,garretson1 from ,california4 ,then we have other types1 the ,lancaster1 and the ,alpine4 ,hall1 in ,erie ,county is noted for its good size1 not strictly a commercial nut4 ,something like the ,holden1 ,garretson and ,rush ,parisienne are my favorite varieties4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i think we are getting some really valuable information now4 ,we must plant the best varieties we have4 ,i think we might start with ,mr4 ,rush's list and have the varieties analyzed4 ,i think this will be of use when we are called upon to advise people4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,if ,i were going to make a choice of the varieties of walnuts1 ,i should name the ,franquette1 ,mayette and ,parisienne4 ,mr4 ,rush says that his ,rush variety is practically a ,parisienne4 ,the ,garretson walnuts seem to be of these varieties4 ,these have been producing good crops of nuts4 ,it is my opinion that at this time these are the most promising varieties for use in the ,east4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i wish to say that a tree of the ,mayette variety or one greatly resembling it has been living in ,pennsylvania for fifteen years and bearing crops4 ,there is little doubt that the ,mayette is the best walnut on the market4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,well1 is there anything really surprising1 when you consider the origin of these trees8 ,these varieties originally came from the ,grenoble district in ,france4 ,france lies north of the #db;d parallel4 ,this is the northern boundary of ,pennsylvania and runs through ,michigan4 ,but ,france has a maritime climate4 ,,the ,,president3 ,if ,i may act as geographer for a moment1 there are two things in connection with the foreign climate4 ,the maritime climate is cooler in summer and milder in winter4 ,over here fungus invasion does great harm but the climate there is detrimental to the fungi and keeps them in subjection4 ,i call attention again to that ,mayette in ,pennsylvania for sixteen years1 as a matter of fact1 not theory1 an achievement on which we can act with some certainty4 ,the hour for adjournment has come4 ,this afternoon at #a3cj we have been invited to visit nut trees in the neighborhood in automobiles kindly loaned for the occasion4 ,tonight at #h we meet here again4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i want to say a word in regard to ,mr4 ,baker's remarks4 ,the purpose of this association is chiefly educational1 but in order that we may be educational1 and in order that we may give the man in the street some definite information1 in response to his inquiries1 we ourselves must first investigate these matters1 such as the question of varieties4 ,this is a point that appeals to me particularly4 ,people ask me what nuts to plant1 and how to plant them4 ,we must advise them4 ,one thing that we may tell them is that it is advisable to plant about the grounds high priced1 grafted nut trees4 ,it is not advisable to plant high class1 grafted trees along fences or roads4 ,they will usually do badly or fail4 ,grafted trees require careful attention and proper treatment4 ,the proper thing to do along fences and roadsides is to graft the native nut trees already established there1 or to plant native nuts abundantly in order that later we may have established nut trees to graft4 ,adjournment at #ab3cj ,p4,m4 ,,wednesday ,,evening ,,session ,the evening session was called to order at #h3dj ,p4,m4 by ,president ,smith4 ,the total attendance of the evening was approximately one hundred4 ,the evening was devoted to two stereopticon lectures1 the first being slides by ,professor ,fagan1 illustrating the lecture of the afternoon on the ,nut ,survey of ,pennsylvania4 ,this was followed by an illustrated lecture by ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,president of the ,association4 ,,new ,,tree ,,crops ,,and ,a ,,new ,,agriculture ,,presidential ,,address ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,,university ,,of ,,pennsylvania ,we have all heard of the scientist who made a discovery and exclaimed1 ,thank ,god6 ,this can't be of any possible use to anybody6 ,this useless aspect of science in a world with so many possibilities of service does not appeal to me4 ,i hope that science and service and utility may go hand in hand4 ,the conservation of natural resources1 the creation of new ones is a topic which combines the qualities of science1 service and utility4 ,of all our resources the soil is the most vital4 ,most of the others have some possibility of substitution1 but for the soil there is no substitute4 ,the forest burned to destruction can rise again if the soil remains4 ,some examination will show that the most vital part of the whole conservation matter is the preservation of the soil1 and that soil conservation is #ii per cent the prevention of erosion4 ,soil robbery by unscientific agriculture can go to its most extreme lengths and reduce the soil to the depths of non-productivity2 but scientific agriculture can1 by the addition of humus and some fertilizer1 soon restore such soil to high fertility4 ,in these conditions of exhaustion the loss to fertility by soil leaching is small1 because of the non-soluble character of the earth particles4 ,thus experiments at ,cornell have shown that in the average foot of top soil from rather unproductive farms in a low state of production1 there was plant food sufficient for #f1jjj crops of corn4 ,we have all seen a single thunder shower remove from a hillside corn field the fertility adequate for the making of a hundred crops of corn4 ,american agriculture is peculiarly soil destructive4 ,three of our greatest money crops--corn1 cotton and tobacco--require that the earth shall1 throughout the summer1 be loose and even furrowed with the cultivator1 which prepares the ground for washing away1 and by its furrow starts the gully4 ,the second factor in this peculiarly destructive agriculture is the fact of our emphasis of rainfall in summer4 ,third in the list of factors of destruction is the rainfall unit1 the thunder shower1 which dumps water1 hundreds of tons per hour on every hillside acre4 ,a little examination of the facts and careful inclusion of the time element will show that the old-world saying1 ,after man the desert is quite as true in the ,united ,states as in ,europe and ,asia1 where it has been so fearfully proven in the seats of ancient empire4 ,this soil resource destruction from erosion leads to the destruction of other valuable resources4 ,we appear to be upon the eve of an epoch of waterway construction and experiment4 ,the greatest injury to waterways is channel filling by down-washed mud4 ,pittsburgh has been praised highly for the energetic action of her ,chamber of ,commerce and citizens in appropriating money for the careful survey of drainage basins above the river1 with the idea of obtaining knowledge preparatory to the building of reservoirs to check floods4 ,they have forty-three reservoir sites1 and the early construction of nineteen of these reservoirs is recommended4 ,a part of the reservoir plan1 however1 is that the land above it shall not be cultivated2 otherwise the erosion from the tilled fields will promptly fill up the reservoirs1 as the present condition of many eastern mill dams so emphatically attests4 ,the carrying out1 therefore1 of the ,pittsburgh reservoir plan necessitates the exodus of hundreds of thousands of farmers and the restriction of many farming communities to forest or a new type of agriculture4 ,we cannot spare all this land from tillage4 ,but fortunately1 there are other ways of using it4 ,land east of the #ajjth meridian may be divided into three classes3 ,first1 which in the absence of better estimate covers one third of the area1 is hopeless for agriculture because of hills and rocks4 ,this is mostly now in rather poor forests4 ,the second class1 also covering one third--by the same estimate--has been cleared for agriculture1 but is so hilly and eroded as to be in a low state of fertility and production4 ,the third class1 the remaining third of the land1 is suited to the plow and should be plowed and cultivated much more intensively than it now is4 ,for the first and second classes of land we need a new type of agriculture1 the crop-yielding trees4 ,our agriculture1 which depends so largely now upon those members of the grass family which we call grains1 is the result of accident1 not the result of science4 ,at the dawn of history man had practically all of these small grains1 which have probably resulted from the selection and seed saving of the primitive woman1 as the race came up from savagery into agriculture4 ,this primitive woman in selecting plants for her garden and little field1 did not pick out the best of nature1 or the most productive1 or the ultimately most promising2 she picked annuals because they gave the quickest return4 ,and man has left alone and practically unimproved for all these thousands of years nearly all the great engines of nature1 the crop-yielding trees1 such as the walnut1 hickory1 pecan1 acorn yielding oak1 chestnut1 beech1 pinenut1 hazel1 honey locust1 mesquite1 screw bean1 carob1 mulberry1 persimmon1 paw-paw1 etc41 because their slow growth has deterred us from any attempts at improving them4 ,we have depended upon and greatly improved the quick growing grains1 which spend most of their short life in putting up a frame work which promptly perishes2 whereas the tree endures like a manufacturing plant4 ,further than this1 most of the grains have a period of crisis1 during which they must receive water or the harvest is almost a failure4 ,thus corn must within a short period receive moisture1 or it is too late to produce even husks4 ,yet trees are the great engines of nature4 ,the mazzard cherry tree1 growing wild throughout the southeastern ,united ,states1 often yields twenty bushels of fruit4 ,fifty bushels and upwards are often obtained from the mature apple trees4 ,the walnut yields its bushels1 the persimmon breaks with fruit4 ,europe shows us an agriculture making considerable use of crop-yielding trees other than the ordinary fruits4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,cook1 of the ,department of ,agriculture1 is the authority for the statement that ,mediterranean agriculture began on the basis of tree crops1 and there are now about twenty-five such crops in the ,mediterranean basin4 ,the oak tree furnishes five1 cork bark1 an ink producing gall which enters into the manufacture of all our ink1 the ,valonia1 or tannin-yielding acorn1 which is an important export from the ,balkan states2 the truffle worth several million dollars to ,france2 and lastly the acorn4 ,in the ,balaeric ,isles1 ,i am informed1 certain acorns are more prized than chestnuts and the trees yielding them are grafted like apples1 and the porker is turned out to make his living picking up acorns where they fall1 and enriching his diet with a special kind of fig grown in the same way for his use4 ,we ,americans are too industrious2 we insist upon putting a pig in a pen and then waiting upon him4 ,the pistachio1 the walnut1 the filbert and the chestnut are all important tree crops in parts of the ,mediterranean countries and many ,american travelers have probably seen the chestnut orchards of ,france and ,italy1 which ,i have found by examination are able to make the rough and unplowable mountain-side1 bristling with rocks1 as valuable as the level black prairies of ,illinois4 ,the natural objection may be raised that the utilization of so much hilly land in fruit and nut-yielding trees will give such supplies of new food that people will refuse to use them4 ,the above objection is well founded2 but swine1 sheep and poultry eat what is given them4 ,i have an example of a farmer of ,louisiana1 who planted a hillside to mulberry trees4 ,the mulberries held the ground in place by their roots and dropped their black harvest to the ground through three months of summer1 and the hogs gathered them up and converted them into pork worth #ab an acre1 without any effort on the part of the owner4 ,the mulberry area in the ,united ,states is probably close to a million square miles4 ,over most of the region south of ,mason and ,dixon's ,line the persimmon is a hated tree weed2 yet it stands by the millions in fields and fence rows1 fairly bending down with a full crop of fruit every other year1 which is much sought after by the opossum and other wild animals1 and eaten when possible by the ,american porker from ,september1 the end of the mulberry season1 until ,march1 for the persimmon has a habit of dropping its fruit through the long winter period4 ,the oak whose acorns probably made the pig what he is1 is almost neglected in ,america2 yet for ages the ,indians of the ,pacific coast have made their bread from acorns of two species of oak1 one of which is now gathered by the farmers of ,california1 put into their barns and bought and sold as stock food4 ,the beechnut and the hickory nut are rich and much prized swine food4 ,legumes1 of which there are many species1 can be grown between nut-yielding trees to maintain the fertility of the soil through the nitrogen gathering nodules upon their roots4 ,as it often seems desirable to cultivate trees of this character where possible1 the tree crops agriculturist is above all others able to adjust his crop and the one device that permits the tillage of hilly land--terracing4 ,terraces interfere with machinery which is so increasingly essential in the cultivation and harvesting of the present crops4 ,but terracing interferes least of all with the tree crop agriculture1 because the trees can stand in the terrace rows and make a fortunate combination of the heavy yielding tree crops and the soil preservation through terracing4 ,we have an interesting example of tree crop productivity in ,hawaii1 where the agaroba was introduced from ,peru in the last century4 ,it has now spread until it covers considerable area with forests1 and information from the ,hawaiian ,experiment ,station is to the effect that it is now the mainstay of the dairy industry of the island4 ,the annual crop of four tons of big beans to the acre can be and is ground into a highly nutritious meal food selling at #be a ton1 an agriculture which1 for ease of operation and richness of return1 puts ,illinois to shame1 for1 in addition to the #ajj worth of animal food1 there is a ton of wood per acre every year4 ,the tree crop agriculture seems to hold the possibility of letting the worst third of our soil 7,class #a as mentioned above7 become as productive as the best land 7,class #c71 while 7,class #b7 the hill land can probably be doubled in productivity4 ,this is a goal well worthy of much endeavor on the part of the plant breeder4 ,tree crops offer equal possibilities for the arid land4 ,the grains with their period of crisis are an uncertain dependence on land of such uncertain rainfall as exists in the ,united ,states west of the #ajjth meridian4 ,this is attested by the fact that some of this land has been settled three times and abandoned twice to the wreckage of hundreds of thousands of private fortunes4 ,yet the tree with its far-reaching roots and ability to store energy can survive in much of this area where grains are so very uncertain4 ,the mesquite1 yet a tree weed over much of this area1 has one species which produces a nutritious seed that has been used for bread stuff by unknown generations of ,indians4 ,the screw bean1 a legume1 with a nutritious seed1 grows from ,el ,paso to the ,imperial ,valley2 while the broad leafed honey locust1 with a seed closely akin to that of the carob1 or ,st4 ,john's ,bread1 will also grow over wide areas in the arid southwest4 ,five varieties of the small but productive wild almond have been found by a ,government botanist growing upon the shores of ,pyramid ,lake2 while ,frank ,myer1 ,plant ,explorer of the ,department1 brings back from ,turkestan accounts of wild almonds producing good fruit on mountain slopes with a rainfall of #h inches a year4 ,these productive plants1 several of them legumes1 adjusted by nature to this region1 with allied species in other continents1 seem to hold before the plant breeder the possibilities of hundreds of thousands of square miles of ,western orchard ranges of high productivity1 rather than the present would-be grass-ranges of low and declining productivity4 ,i believe that the development of a tree crop agriculture offers one of the greatest possibilities in constructive conservation of natural resources4 ,individuals cannot be depended upon to do it4 ,the work is too slow4 ,a man might by decades of work create species that would be1 if fully utilized1 worth a hundred million dollars a year to a state like ,pennsylvania2 yet he would be unable to realize personal gain from the results1 provided he had secured them4 ,institutions must do it4 ,it is like the ,geological ,survey and the ,census ,bureau and ,agricultural ,experiment ,stations1 which depend upon appropriations4 ,the appropriations depend upon the realization of the importance of the work4 ,there are interesting examples of similar work already in operation1 of which the following might be mentioned3 ,the ,agricultural ,experiment ,station of ,arizona has started a twenty-four-year series of experiments in breeding the date palm4 ,in ,north ,dakota1 where the blizzards kill nearly all the ordinary fruits1 an experimenter has done much work in the breeding of hardy strains of apple1 cherry and other trees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,then followed a display of lantern slides showing scenes from ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,balaeric ,islands1 ,sicily1 ,corsica1 ,italy1 ,algeria1 ,tunis1 ,france and southern and central ,united ,states4 ,this collection of pictures revealed a surprising amount of tree crop agriculture already worked out but needing wider application4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the meeting adjourned without discussion of either lecture at #aj ,p4,m4 ,,thursday ,,morning ,,session ,the third session of the convention was called to order at #i3ej ,a4,m4 with the president1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 in the chair4 ,the opening attendance was twenty-eight persons4 ,,the ,,president3 ,owing to the fact that business needs to be predigested1 we have decided to postpone the amendments to the constitution until this evening's session4 ,we think it will take but a short time to discuss them4 ,resolutions1 informal discussion on seedlings1 the chestnut1 and similar topics will also be brought up at that time4 ,this morning's session1 therefore1 will be devoted to the intellectual1 rather than the business end4 ,i know of no subject in which there is greater possibility of securing knowledge than the question of nuts for the north4 ,a few years ago a friend of mine wrote me he had bought some land1 and was planting native walnuts in the fence corners to be topworked with ,english walnuts4 ,i wrote him1 recommending oranges instead1 telling him he would lose less money4 ,i was basing this advice upon my own bitter experience4 ,the accumulations of nut knowledge in the last few years and the trees now growing on my own place show how ridiculous was my position of a short time ago4 ,this morning ,i think we are likely to have somewhat similar surprises in a paper by ,dr4 ,morris4 ,he will give us information on the hazel nut1 giving his experience with the ,european varieties4 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,hazels ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,the hazels are descended from an ancient and honorable family4 ,impressions of leaves found in the ,upper ,cretaceous rocks of the ,yellowstone ,valley cannot be distinguished from those of the leaves of our two ,american hazel species of today4 ,the hazels belong to the ,cupuliferae or oak family4 ,our ,american species are only two in number1 although there are many varieties of the species4 ,the one which is most prized1 ,corylus americana1 is found over a wide range of territory and abundantly in many places between ,canada and the southern extremity of the ,appalachians1 and from the central ,mississippi valley to the ,atlantic coast4 ,this species bears nuts of excellent quality for the most part1 but of rather small size and thick shell1 excepting in individual plants4 ,the common ,american hazel1 while valuable for hybridizing purposes1 will probably never be cultivated to any great extent1 because of its habit of growth4 ,the characteristic life history in the ,eastern ,states is as follows3 ,a hazel plant bears a few nuts in its third year1 a fairly large crop in its fourth year1 a heavy crop in its fifth year1 a very few nuts in its sixth year and it dies at the seventh or eighth year of age4 ,meanwhile1 the plant has been sending out long stoloniferous roots which have surrounded the original plant with a chaplet of progeny1 each one of which follows the life course of the parent4 ,one hazel plant when left free to its own devices may increase in this way rapidly enough to drive cows out of a pasture lot4 ,i have trimmed off stoloniferous roots experimentally from a number of hazel plants1 for the purpose of throwing all of the strength into the original stocks1 hoping1 thereby1 to prolong their lives4 ,this1 however1 appears not to be effective1 as the stocks died at their appointed time4 ,like many other wild plants1 not yet subjected to processes of cultivation1 the common ,american hazel does not respond very readily to cultivation1 and too much attention on the part of the horticulturist leads it into confusion4 ,some years ago ,i expended about six weeks in making a study of fruiting hazels and examined many thousands of bushes in ,rhode ,island1 ,connecticut and eastern ,new ,york state1 including ,long ,island4 ,in the regions visited1 the native hazels are so abundant as to be considered a pest4 ,out of all the bushes examined1 ,i saved but three for purposes of propagation4 ,the best one of these for size1 quality and thinness of shell1 ,i have named the ,merribrooke1 and young plants of this variety will be sent to any member of the ,association who wishes to cultivate them4 ,bushes of this particular wild variety have had a reputation among the boys of the locality for more than a hundred years1 according to legends of the neighborhood4 ,i have recently budded specimens of this variety upon stocks of the ,byzantine hazel1 in the hope of prolonging the life of an individual plant beyond its normal seven or eight years4 ,the other ,american hazel1 variously known as the beaked hazel1 tailed hazel or horned hazel1 was named ,corylus cornuta by ,marshall 7,arbustrum ,americanum #cg1 #aghe74 ,consequently1 that is the name by which it should be known instead of the name ,corylus rostrata which was bestowed subsequently4 ,this hazel has a much more northern range than the common ,american hazel and ,i have seen it in ,labrador and in ,ontario nearly to ,hudson's ,bay4 ,on the ,pacific coast it is said to reach a height of thirty feet4 ,although spreading by stoloniferous roots like the common ,american hazel1 these roots are shorter1 and it does not extend rapidly enough to dominate the situation when growing in competition with the common hazel4 ,the nuts1 while very good1 and sometimes of large size with comparatively thin shell1 lack quality1 a very important element in any nut4 ,it is probable that this tailed hazel will be valuable for adding hardiness to hybrids with the ,european and ,asiatic hazels1 when the time comes for horticulturists of ,canada to make fortunes from their hazel orchards4 ,in ,europe and ,asia and in the northern parts of ,africa several species of hazels are extremely important commercially1 sometimes furnishing the chief source of income for large districts1 very much as wheat or corn make special crops over large areas in this country4 ,these foreign hazels have not been raised successfully in our country1 excepting very recently on the northwest coast4 ,the reason for failure depends almost wholly upon the presence of a blight1 ,cryptosporella anomala1 which belongs to our native hazels4 ,in the course of evolution1 host and parasite have come to be peers of each other1 and consequently this blight does not menace our native hazels very seriously4 ,introduced species1 with the exception1 perhaps1 of the ,byzantine hazel1 appear to carry a protoplasm which has not learned to resist the attacks of the blight4 ,all organic warfare is fundamentally enzymic in its nature1 and it is possible that through process of natural selection some of the foreign hazels would eventually become securely established in this country1 without aid from the nurseryman4 ,as a matter of fact1 the hazel blight is very easily managed4 ,not knowing this at first1 ,i allowed almost all of my exotic hazels to become destroyed1 and a number of nurserymen told me of having given up the problem as hopeless4 ,recently ,i have learned of the ease with which the disease may be controlled1 and now feel very comfortable in its presence4 ,the blight is of slow development and chooses the larger hazel stems for its battleground4 ,all that one notices at first is a depression of the bark extending in the long axis of a large branch4 ,if one observes more closely1 he will find spore-bearing pustules occurring as little round elevations upon the depressed part of the bark4 ,the blight proceeds slowly1 and ,i pass about for examination specimens from two hazel limbs4 ,in the smaller one the blight has been two years under way1 and in the larger one three years4 ,these patches of blight were allowed to grow experimentally4 ,meanwhile1 ,i trimmed out all other blight areas of the bark with my jack-knife4 ,this is very readily done4 ,if one will look over his hazel bushes once a year and simply whip out the few slices of bark carrying the blight1 it is done so easily and quickly that we now need to have no fear whatsoever for the future of hazel culture in this country4 ,if the members of the ,association will examine these ,cryptosporella specimens which are passed about1 and if they will dispose of the blight according to directions1 ,i feel that the hazel question involving a matter perhaps of millions of dollars worth of investment has been settled4 ,among the foreign hazels which will thrive in this country the ,byzantine hazel1 ,corylus colurna is by all means the most beautiful4 ,it makes a tree as large as the ordinary oaks1 and in ,hungary ,i have seen a trunk three feet in diameter at a short distance above the ground4 ,i have been told that a single tree of this species will sometimes bear about twenty bushels of nuts at a single crop4 ,this presumably refers to the nuts in their large involucral mass1--say four or five bushels of husked nuts4 ,the wood of these species is hard1 takes a high polish and is valuable4 ,the tree itself is strikingly beautiful as the members will observe this afternoon when examining the ,byzantine hazels which ,superintendent ,laney will show us in one of the ,rochester parks4 ,this species of hazel in some of the localities about the ,black ,sea is said to form almost the entire source of income over large districts4 ,the nuts are not large1 as a rule averaging about like those of our common ,american hazel in size1 quality and thinness of shell4 ,grafted or budded stocks may be made to bear large thin-shelled nuts4 ,i am using this hazel at present for grafting stock for choice foreign species and varieties of other kinds1 and for the ,american hazel1 although it may be that the ,american hazel will not respond well to so large and vigorous a stock in the long run4 ,nuts and nursery stock may be obtained through ,french nursery firms4 ,the reason why the ,byzantine hazel has not been planted widely in ,america as yet1 is because we have not advanced that far in civilization1--people have not happened to think about it4 ,we must leave something for the people who are to come five thousand years after us1 and not think of all good things at once4 ,the ,byzantine hazel appears to be quite free from the blight and this1 perhaps1 is due to its thick corky bark1 which is in itself an attractive feature4 ,in some individuals the corky bark stands out in ridges almost like that of the corky elm4 ,the beauty of the ,european and ,asiatic hazels1 in general1 makes them extremely desirable for ornamental purposes in parks and in dooryards4 ,one of the most attractive is the purple variety of ,corylus avellana4 ,in many parts of ,europe this is held to be desirable for its nuts1 but in ,connecticut it is prone to flower so early in the season that the elongated male catkins are caught by frost4 ,i have seen elongated catkins in a warm week at the end of ,february4 ,a very desirable variety of ,corylus avellana is one of which ,i now show specimens4 ,the section of the branch which ,i pass about carried four large nuts yesterday but ,i find that one of them has disappeared1 and it is probable that last night in the sleeping car a squirrel got in when the porter was looking the other way4 ,the specimen represents a seedling individual among a lot presented to me by ,prince ,colloredo ,mannsfeld of ,bohemia nine years ago4 ,this particular shrub is rather homely1 with small unattractive leaves and big bony branches1 but it bears heavily of large thin shelled hazels of the highest quality1 and the sort which are now bringing fifty cents per pound in the ,new ,york market as green hazels4 ,it blossoms very late in the spring4 ,i have not as yet given a name to this individual bush1 but as ,professor ,j4 ,russell ,smith caught my description of it and speaks of it as the bony-bush we will allow his nomenclature to stand if members of the ,association wish to call for any of the wood for grafting or budding purposes4 ,corylus avellana in its many varieties is the chief ,european hazel which gives us the cobnuts and filberts of the market1 and it is the one which will probably be most widely introduced into this country4 ,the name filbert is a corruption of full beard and is properly applied only to those nuts in which the husk extends beyond the nut4 ,the shrubs of this species commonly reach a height of about fifteen to eighteen feet1 with a spread of the same dimensions4 ,trimming by the horticulturist allows of the development of a larger bearing surface1 very much as it does with peach or apple trees4 ,in some parts of ,europe this species serves for hedge fences1 indicating the practical ideas belonging to an older civilization4 ,in this country we make hedge fences of worthless osage orange1 privet1 or honey locust which steal nourishment from the soil1 add little to the beauty of the landscape1 and give us no return whatsoever4 ,such a typical ,american way of doing things will be changed when we stop to think4 ,stopping to think is rather a painful process and gives us many jolts1 but it has its rewards4 ,when we replace our worthless hedge plants with hazels which yield heavy annual crops of valuable nuts we shall have made one step forward4 ,a fine hazel is the ,corylus pontica4 ,the shrub in itself has beauty1 and it bears nuts sometimes as large as those of the average shagbark hickory4 ,the kernel is of good quality1 but the shell is so thick that these nuts are chiefly attractive to squirrels and to men who are out of work4 ,i do not know the origin of the nut which is known in the market as the ,barcelona hazel1 but ,i imagine the plants bearing this nut are derived from the ,corylus pontica4 7,specimens of branches and nuts of various species and varieties of hazels are now passed about in the audience47 ,the nuts are beginning to ripen in this first week in ,september4 ,hazels do not come true to parent variety from seed1 and consequently valuable stock is propagated by budding1 by grafting or by layering4 ,personally1 ,i find that the hazel is rather easily budded1 although layering is the method for propagation of choice varieties most often employed in ,europe4 ,the hazels have comparatively few insect enemies1 but mine are sometimes attacked destructively by the elm beetle and by the larvae of two species of saw flies which are also found upon the elms4 ,it is a rather curious fact that the insects should recognize a similarity between the leaves of the hazels and of the elms1 which are somewhat alike in general appearance1 although the trees are of widely different descent4 ,it brings up an interesting question1 if the flying parents of the parasites from the elm are attracted by the appearance of the hazel leaves1 or if they are attracted by the odor or other characteristics4 ,occasionally the exotic hazels are attacked by various leaf blights but not to any troublesome extent so far as my experience goes1 up to the present time4 ,the chief predatory elements which we shall have to meet when raising hazels are squirrels1 white-footed mice and the neighbors' children4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed3 ,may ,i ask1 ,doctor1 what you bud the ,byzantine on8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i am budding other things on those for stocks4 ,i bud our ,american hazels and ,european hazels on the ,european and ,asiatic trees4 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,do you know anything of the quality of that nut8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it is the chief hazel in parts of northern ,turkey1 and of excellent quality4 ,hazels form a source of income for some localities like the wheat or corn in other parts of the world1 or the olive1 as ,dr4 ,smith told us last night4 ,,mr4 ,,holden3 ,do they get these trees from seedlings8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes1 so far as ,i know4 ,the nuts are called ,constantinople nuts4 ,a ,,member3 ,what kind is it that blooms in the fall8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i don't know any but the witch hazel which blooms in the fall2 has a small yellow flower1 but is not a true hazel4 ,catkins form upon all hazels in the fall1 but these do not really blossom until springtime4 ,a ,,member3 ,i would like to ask if the ,byzantine hazel is attacked by blight as are the others8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,no2 none of my trees have been attacked by blight at all as yet4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed3 ,what method of budding do you find most successful8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i have usually used the ring budding4 ,it is not very difficult4 ,,professor ,,hedrick3 ,are there any ,east ,asia hazels that thrive in this country8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,there are specimens in the park here at ,rochester that you will see this afternoon4 ,,professor ,,hedrick3 ,our experience with ,asiatic hazels is very satisfactory4 ,,mr4 ,,mcglennon3 ,a friend of mine here has some specimens that he would like to present4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,we will ask ,mr4 ,vollertsen to describe the specimens himself4 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,they are from a private place of ,g4 ,h4 ,perkins on ,east ,avenue4 ,they have never failed a year since #ahhf4 ,unfortunately we have no name for them1 except that this one was always called ,john ,jones4 ,it has certainly proved a good strong hardy variety4 ,then we have another one1 a long one1 which has never been named1 and ,i am not able to say exactly what it is4 ,last year they were exceptionally well filled4 ,this year there are not quite so many on them1 although a goodly number4 ,they have never failed a single year4 ,i have one little variety which was given me by ,dr4 ,mann1 on ,alexander ,street4 ,the limbs are practically hanging down with the nuts4 ,they are ready for market now1 falling out4 ,i have here some purple hazels which have always borne fruit and no other hazel in the vicinity is as good4 ,it has sometimes two crops in a year4 ,these are really beautiful specimens4 ,this little early variety should be passed round and have special attention4 ,i have given this variety no name1 but for over thirty-five years it has borne good fruit every year4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,if you are in doubt as to the name of a variety1 ,i think ,mr4 ,laney will find a way for getting you the name for almost every variety that is found in the markets4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,mc,glennon asks that the gentleman advise us how he has propagated them4 ,we went through ,mr4 ,mc,glennon's beautiful orchard yesterday4 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,we have been using an ordinary way of budding4 ,an ordinary seedling can be used to good advantage for grafting4 ,i have found in grafting in winter they do not seem to grow as well4 ,in our fall layering we naturally get a larger plant4 ,,the ,,president3 ,do we understand that these hazels that have borne for twenty-five years are ,european hazels8 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,yes2 ,european hazels4 ,i have had them under my care since #ahhf1 and never noticed any blight4 ,a ,,member3 ,can't you explain to us1 with one of your specimens1 your method of spring layering8 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,in layering them1 we practically don't cover them at all for the time being4 ,they are merely pinned down4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,do you cut the bark8 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,not on them4 ,after they have grown some we cover them up4 ,we find this a very successful way4 ,we get younger and smaller plants in the fall lay4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i should like to ask ,dr4 ,morris a question4 ,in this native hazel1 does it keep on spreading under ground8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,one single plant1 planted in a pasture lot and not interfered with will in a few years occupy practically that whole pasture lot4 ,in my part of the country this is true2 how is it with you1 ,dr4 ,deming8 ,a ,,member3 ,going back to the blight1 will this tackle any size limb8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it usually does not come until your hopes are at top notch1 and then it drops in on you4 ,it does not attack the smaller twigs at first1 but may finally extend to them4 ,a ,,member3 ,are any of your hybrids a success8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,there are none in bearing as yet4 ,byzantines are little1 if any1 larger than ,american hazel nuts1 excepting from selected trees4 ,pontines are much larger4 ,both plants make a remarkably vigorous growth4 ,,the ,,president3 ,do ,i understand that this ,merribrooke hazel1 put in the middle of an acre will fill the acre8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i believe this is true4 ,i don't think it is an exaggeration4 ,the wild hazel is a nuisance in ,connecticut4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i know they will cover a very large space1 but ,i cannot tell how they get there4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the point ,i am trying to get after is this1 not the exact extent of spread but the method of propagation4 ,can we get a sprout from a good tree1 and then have it go on sprouting indefinitely8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes1 that is true4 ,a ,,member3 ,in your experience are fungicides useful in handling the blight8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i have not used them4 ,i have talked with nurserymen who did1 and they say the blight got the best of them just the same4 ,they left the matter with employees1 who did not give proper attention4 ,this was perhaps because they did not know that a small jack-knife was better than a spraying outfit for the purpose4 ,a ,,member3 ,once on1 will it stay8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes1 until the blight area has circled the limb4 ,a ,,member3 ,what is the difference between the cobs and the filberts8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the cob nut is generally a round nut4 ,the filberts are longer nuts4 ,filbert is a corruption of full beard1 and refers to the involucre extending beyond the nut4 ,,dr4 ,,smith3 ,we may now proceed to the next number on the program1 if the hunger for hazel knowledge abates4 ,members of this association have topworked pecans1 hickories1 etc4 ,i followed the instructions of members of this association in my work and have had some success4 ,some workers report splendid success mixed with very great failures1 so we may be encouraged to the very top notch1 and the next spring we come back feeling very different4 ,last fall ,i was as large almost as a beer barrel with the gratification that followed the setting of #ajj ,english walnut buds4 ,i have adopted the motto ,blessed is he that rejoices early1 or he may not rejoice at all4 ,in ,march there were about ten or twelve alive4 ,in ,june about nine were alive1 and now these also have failed to grow4 ,last year ,i knew just how to bud walnuts4 ,this last ,fourth of ,july ,i was very humble4 ,for some reason or other we have not all the facts4 ,we can propagate splendidly one year1 and the next year we have a fall-down4 ,mr4 ,roper1 of one of the pioneer nurseries1 said he had #b1jjj fine live walnut buds last fall1 and had but #ejj this spring1 and not one of them grew4 ,while the technique seems to be simple1 there seems to be something lacking in our experience4 ,i will ask ,mr4 ,littlepage to give us his confessions first4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,the proposition of topworking is one of the schemes where art beats nature4 ,in the fight in ,congress over the oleomargarine bill some years ago1 one member who favored it1 said in support of his contention1 that nature always beat art2 and one of his opponents immediately referred him to a picture gallery near1 where pictures of the statesmen were exhibited1 as a proof that art sometimes beats nature4 ,in top working1 art improves upon nature4 ,the first thing to be considered is what is topworking1 and then the logical question1 why topworking4 ,possibly this should come first4 ,if an individual is dissatisfied with his friends and neighbors1 he must put up with them2 he cannot change them4 ,but if he is dissatisfied with a nut tree1 it is his own fault if he does not change it4 ,it can be top worked4 ,he does not care to top work maples or oaks4 ,we only top work to get something better than we have4 ,the trees1 of course1 that interest us specially in top working are the nut trees4 ,we have seedling pecans1 seedling walnuts1 seedling hickories1 and seedling chestnuts4 ,down at the mouth of ,green ,river in ,kentucky are nearly two hundred acres of wild pecan trees4 ,so far as we know there are only two trees in that orchard worthy of propagation4 ,of thousands of trees there we have propagated only two varieties4 ,these trees are now too large to top work1 but had it been possible #aej years ago to go in there and select the desirable nuts1 and topwork all the other trees with these1 there could have been a great orchard there now of the highest quality nuts4 ,topworking consists in cutting off the top of some undesirable seedling and replacing it with scions or buds from some desirable variety4 ,it is just the same as any other grafting or budding process4 ,almost any size tree can be topworked but1 of course1 the larger the tree the more difficult the operation4 ,a young tree1 from two to five inches in diameter1 can be sawed off four or five feet above the ground and topworked by grafting from two to four scions on it1 by the slip bark process4 ,if the tree is larger than five inches in diameter1 it is better to go up to the first branches1 saw off part of them and proceed just as if each branch were itself a small tree4 ,if the tree is a large tree1 with a number of branches or prongs1 it is best to work part of them one year and leave the remaining branches to maintain the root system4 ,it would probably kill a large tree to cut the whole top off at one time4 ,i have seen trees1 two feet in diameter1 successfully topworked4 ,it sometimes happens that the scions placed in the tree1 in the spring1 for some reason or other1 do not grow4 ,the tree then sends up nice green shoots that later in the season can be budded into just as if they were small seedlings4 ,the wild black walnut trees1 growing around the fields and hills1 can all be very easily topworked to the ,english walnut by the slip bark method4 ,the scions must be dormant and the tree starting into active growth4 ,the wild hickory1 wild pecan and wild black walnut trees1 offer the best field for profitable work along this line4 ,we have topworked a great many hickories to pecan1 but we do not expect permanent satisfactory results4 ,the experience of the pecan on the hickory is not very satisfactory4 ,the hickory is a dense1 hard wood1 that has a short growing season1 and matures its nuts early2 the pecan is of the coarser1 faster growing wood1 whose nuts grow until late in the fall4 ,this inconsistency of the growing habits of the two trees prevents the pecan top on the hickory from producing normal crops of nuts4 ,the pecan topworked to the pecan1 however1 is a perfect success and there is no reason why the wild hickories of all descriptions cannot be successfully and profitably topworked to the better varieties of the good shagbark hickories4 ,i believe that there are great opportunities in the state of ,new ,york for successful nut culture by utilizing the wild black walnut trees and the hickories4 ,i have seen hundreds of ,english walnut trees growing around ,rochester1 some of them bearing perfectly wonderful crops of walnuts4 ,i am surprised that the people in this section have not availed themselves more of the opportunities along this line4 ,if the farmers in this section would take up nut growing as a side proposition and set five or ten acres of nut trees on each farm1 they would soon find that these nut trees would be producing them more than all the balance of their farms4 ,we hear a great deal today about the back to the farm movement1 but my opinion is that for everyone who is going to the farm1 ten are leaving it1 and the reason for this is that the heavy operating expense of the annual crops1 such as corn1 wheat and potatoes1 etc41 lay such a heavy toll on the farmer that farming is not profitable4 ,the requirements of time1 labor and money in producing these crops are so great that it discourages many farmers4 ,i have made the statement to some of the farmers in my part of the country that they must produce alfalfa or go broke4 ,i believe that alfalfa and tree crops will be two of the greatest factors in the rehabilitation of the farm1 especially the nut trees1 for the reason that nut trees do not require the same high degree of care1 spraying1 pruning1 as do apple and peach trees1 nor are the products as perishable4 ,a crop of nuts can be harvested and stacked up in barrels1 and boxes1 in the smoke house1 the barn or in a flat car and go to the market tomorrow1 next week or next month4 ,recurring to the advantage of topworking1 however1 it meets the objection that is often raised by those who say they have not time to wait for the nut trees to grow4 ,of course1 this is a perfectly foolish statement2 they are going to wait anyhow2 it is simply a question as to whether they wait for something or nothing1 and trees grow into maturity in a surprisingly short time4 ,a few years ago1 when ,i was setting out an orchard of nut trees1 a neighbor of mine came over and looked very doubtfully with a trace of pity in his expression and said1 ,when do you expect all those trees that you are setting to bear8 ,i replied1 ,i am not sure1 but ,i do know that they will bear a long time before those trees that you are not setting4 ,topworking1 however1 gives quick results and enables one to take advantage of the long-established thrifty root systems of the wild black walnuts1 hickories and pecans growing in economic spots1 around the fences1 corners1 creeks and hillsides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,in all our grafting we cut the cleft2 we don't split it4 ,the slip bark method is better in some cases4 ,,mr4 ,,president3 ,what is the size limit for the slip bark method8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,anything less than two inches we would cut4 ,,the ,,president3 ,will ,mr4 ,jones tell us about budding with cold storage wood8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,the cold storage buds would take better1 but you would have more loss in their failing to grow4 ,in other words1 a much larger percentage of buds set with the current season's growth1 will grow in the following spring4 ,i would not recommend either method alone4 ,by grafting in the spring and then budding1 first with cold storage and later with the season buds1 you would have three chances4 ,,the ,,president3 ,have you budded any cold storage wood before this year8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,we have done more or less of it for six or eight years1 and it has been successful4 ,anyone with very little experience can use cold storage buds4 ,,the ,,president3 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 have you any additions that we ought to know8 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,jones' method and views in regard to cold storage buds agree with mine exactly4 ,last year ,i put in on ,july #cjth quite a number of ,english walnut buds that were held in cold storage4 ,in the fall we seemed to have almost perfect stands from these buds1 but they are still lying dormant4 ,buds of the season's growth put in about three or four weeks later gave better results1 although our success last year was very poor4 ,we seemed to have a fair stand on quite a number of varieties1 but this spring they refused to grow4 ,i lay much of this trouble to the extreme cold we had in ,november4 ,this killed many peach trees that were from six to eight years old1 and ,i think it injured many of the walnut buds4 ,i found the buds that started best were those nearest the ground1 where they were protected by a little grass4 ,in regard to the topworking of the ,english walnut1 several of you have seen my trees1 the three trees along the highway in a ditch where they catch the wash where they have made #ia_/b feet growth4 ,i am sorry to report that two of these trees are entirely gone1 killed by the cold spell1 and the other is about half alive1 but ,i was not in the least discouraged by that loss4 ,in ,september the rains commenced1 following the extreme drouth and started a second growth1 and the freeze caught them ,november #bb;d as full of sap then as they were in ,september1 when you were there4 ,other trees that ,i had topworked had made a moderate growth1 and were not injured in the least4 ,they made a good growth this season1 and should be quite fruitful next year4 ,the ,pomeroy trees in the bluegrass pasture had made only a moderate growth1 and went through the winter in good shape4 ,i had three trees of the ,rush1 probably twenty-five feet high4 ,they were injured a little1 some of the growth killing back a third of the way1 and one or two buds were killed entirely4 ,in regard to topworking pecans1 ,i have not done much of this1 but our success has been very good with what we have tried4 ,i find them much easier to work1 as far as the bud starting in the spring is concerned4 ,some varieties1 however1 do not start readily4 ,with the ,major1 ,green ,river1 and one or two other varieties1 we can use wood five1 six and eight years old1 and have it come out all right4 ,i find1 however1 that the current season's growth1 cut from two-year-old trees1 well developed1 will give you at least double the growth in the nursery the first year that older or dormant wood will4 ,,the ,,president3 ,some apple experience of mine is a close match to the killing that ,mr4 ,reed just reported4 ,the season of #aiab was a very dry one4 ,all ,september it rained frequently and heavily4 ,the trees waked up and grew with such speed that many of them made a sappy growth where they had been manured1 and a very cold spell early in the winter killed #ajj of them4 ,others across the road were uninjured4 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed3 ,in regard to grafting in the nursery1 this spring my experience has been somewhat varied4 ,in grafting we started about ,april #ajth2 the first grafting was almost an utter failure4 ,on ,may #ast it improved4 ,on ,may #ith we set #ijj and have #ge per cent growing today1 some higher than my head4 ,set with wood some of which would run three-fourths inches in diameter4 ,,lady ,,delegate3 ,my sister has on her place #bjj or #cjj black walnut seedlings4 ,what would you advise her to do with these8 ,they are in all ages and stages of growth1 from one to ten years4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,that is a very broad question to answer4 ,i should topwork them to the ,persian walnut4 ,i should topwork all of them on the chance that future developments would leave them the proper distance apart4 ,the walnut transplants very easily1 except that the larger the tree1 the more danger of loss4 ,trees of that size ought to be worked very nicely4 ,assume that this is your tree1 and that you have sawed off the top4 ,here is your scion from your desirable tree4 ,it is to be cut on one side only1 and there is considerable art in making that cut true4 ,then with the knife split down the bark on the stock a little way and shove the scion down between the wood and bark1 the cut side next to the wood of the stock 7demonstrating71 and cover with waxed cloth4 ,then apply grafting wax to the cut surface1 and cover all with a paper bag for two or three weeks4 ,there should not be more than two buds on a scion4 ,don't leave too many4 ,one bud is better than three1 but you may leave two buds4 ,this scion must be kept entirely dormant until used4 ,any time after the bark will slip readily is the proper time to graft1 and you will then get a high percentage of success4 ,keep your sap circulating to the top by putting two or three scions around the top of the stock4 ,this method of grafting is a very simple operation when you know a few little fundamental facts about it4 ,the kind of wax or cloth is not particularly important4 ,mr4 ,reed and ,mr4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,rush have had much experience in this work4 ,,mr4 ,,parish3 ,in doing this1 shall we put in a little air hole8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,no4 ,in from ten days to two weeks tear a little hole in the paper bag4 ,next time be careful1 for it may be full of wasps4 ,the purpose of that paper sack is to keep the water off the buds4 ,this is essential4 ,,mr4 ,,phillips3 ,i had about #cjj trees planted in #aiaa1 black walnuts4 ,in #aiac ,i budded them according to the ,oregon method4 ,i failed to make any of these grow4 ,in #aiac ,i cleft grafted and a great many of these started1 but they all failed to live4 ,i wonder wherein ,i failed4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,no one can tell why a particular scion does not live4 ,i had scions from a very fine hickory and ,i put them in cold storage4 ,the wood was in perfect condition4 ,i grafted perhaps #ajj of these scions as ,i have described4 ,i have four trees growing out of the #ajj grafted4 ,in handling the wood ,i got fungus on it probably4 ,that may be one reason why it failed4 ,there may be other reasons4 ,if the scions were not dormant that might explain it4 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed3 ,i think it is very important that walnut grafting wood should be cut before severe weather in the winter1 though ,i don't think it ever grows cold enough to hurt pecan wood4 ,you need not worry about pecan wood1 but in the case of the walnut it should be cut before extreme cold weather and put in cold storage4 ,i cut some last year after the extreme cold snap in ,december and we threw it practically all away this spring4 ,it is useless4 ,you are throwing away your time to use it4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i don't think we had any wood that was not injured during the cold winter of #aiaa-ab4 ,out of about #b1fjj grafts set we had two grow4 ,,question3 ,what do you mean by cold storage8 ,,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed3 ,i have been storing all of our wood in ordinary apple cold storage plants4 ,pack it in damp moss or excelsior4 ,paper line your boxes well1 and nail them up1 and leave them there until you are ready to use them4 ,i have put wood in in ,november and taken it out in good shape in ,august4 ,pecan wood can be held the year round4 ,,the ,,president3 ,what can you tell us1 ,mr4 ,white1 that has not yet been covered8 ,,mr4 ,,paul ,,white3 ,about all ,i would care to say about topworking would be to ask a question4 ,they claim that the pecan topworked on the hickory1 only bears for a few years1 and then stops4 ,what would be the result in the case of the ,english and black walnuts8 ,might there not be some danger there8 ,,the ,,president3 ,i have made considerable investigation of this4 ,i have found several ,english walnuts topworked on black walnuts1 one done eighty years ago down in ,maryland4 ,the tree is reported to have borne twenty-five bushels of nuts4 ,i think there is good explanation for the pecan-hickory trouble4 ,a hickory grows for a short time in early summer and does not grow much1 but a pecan grows twice as much4 ,therefore the hickory roots cannot feed the pecan top enough to make both vegetation and fruit4 ,we are1 in this city1 in a very unusual place4 ,not only is it the center of a great wealth of seedling ,persian walnut trees1 but we have in the parks a great tree collection under ,superintendent ,laney4 ,this is a very fine and notable collection1 including ,american and foreign trees1 some of which we will see this afternoon4 ,adjournment at #ab3ab ,p4,m4 ,photographs of the convention were then taken on the steps of the ,city ,hall4 ,,thursday ,,evening ,,session4 ,convened at #h3bj ,p4,m41 ,dr4 ,smith presiding4 ,attendance about twenty4 ,a ,nominating ,committee was appointed1 consisting of ,messrs4 ,littlepage1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,webber1 and ,teter4 ,at this point was given the address by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed4 ,,an ,,appeal ,,to ,,owners ,,of ,,hardy ,,nut ,,trees ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,,nut ,,culturist1 ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,ever since the colonists first established themselves in the ,western ,hemisphere1 nut trees have been planted up and down the ,atlantic ,coast4 ,one of the species oftenest included in such planting was a walnut1 a native to ,persia which1 with ,romanism1 had spread across ,europe and the channel into ,england4 ,in the ,old ,world it had variously been known as ,jove's nut1 under the supposition that it had once been the food of the gods2 ,royal nut1 meaning ,king nut2 and by other common names which would be interesting to discuss but which are not pertinent in this connection4 ,in ,england it had been known merely as the walnut1 but in the ,new ,world1 in order to distinguish it from the walnut found here1 it was called the ,english walnut4 ,in the trade today it is commonly known by the ,old ,world name1 other walnuts being distinguished from it by prefixing their common names1 as ,eastern1 ,california1 ,mexican or ,japanese black walnut1 etc4 ,however1 being a native of ,persia1 it was long ago decided that the correct name of this nut should be ,persian walnut1 and not ,english walnut4 ,as such it has now been referred to in scientific publications for well towards a quarter of a century4 ,subsequent to this rather limited and scattered planting on the ,atlantic ,coast1 by perhaps three hundred years1 the ,persian walnut put in its appearance on the ,pacific ,coast4 ,according to ,bulletin ,no4 #bca by the ,university of ,california1 it is probable that occasional trees were planted in that state long before the discovery of gold in #ahdh4 ,following that date1 planting became much more general1 but usually with hardshell strains and always with seedling trees4 ,from these early trees the crops were never of great importance4 ,in #ahfg ,mr4 ,joseph ,sexton of ,santa ,barbara1 planted a sack of walnuts bought in the markets of ,san ,francisco1 which he had reason to believe had been grown in ,chili4 ,of the resulting trees some were very good1 others mediocre1 and some worthless4 ,later on1 nuts from the best of these trees were planted1 and second generation seedlings produced4 ,in this way the famous ,santa ,barbara ,papershell type of walnut was evolved4 ,with it developed an industry which among the tree products of southern ,california is now second only to that of the orange4 ,in #aiaj1 the census takers found that in the year preceding1 the crop of walnuts of southern ,california1 which1 by the way1 came almost entirely from four counties1 was valued at more than that of the total crop of all other nuts grown in the ,united ,states put together4 ,four years after ,mr4 ,sexton of southern ,california had planted this sack of walnuts from ,san ,francisco1 ,mr4 ,felix ,gillet of ,nevada ,city1 in northern ,california1 began the introduction of ,french walnuts both by seed and scions4 ,out of his efforts and those of others who subsequently joined him1 developed the walnut industry of northern ,california1 which now bids fair some day to equal that of the lower part of the state4 ,the famous ,french varieties of ,franquette and ,mayette were introduced by ,mr4 ,gillet1 and from seedlings of his growing evolved the ,concord1 the ,san ,jose1 and no doubt the ,chase varieties4#a ,a nut which probably has received equally as much1 if not more1 attention at the hands of experimental planters in this part of the country is the chestnut4 ,just when the introduction of foreign strains began1 history seems to have failed to make clear2 but according to ,powell#b general dissemination in the ,delaware section began with introductions by ,eleuthers ,irne du ,pont de ,nemours1 made at about #ahjc4 ,it is said that some of the original trees planted at that time near the present site of the du ,pont ,powder mills by ,mr4 du ,pont1 still survived when ,mr4 ,powell recorded their history in #ahih4 ,the spread of both ,european and ,japanese chestnuts and their general trial throughout the ,eastern ,states has been narrated at former meetings of this association4 ,the chestnut blight1 discovered on ,long ,island in #aijd1 after it had apparently gained several years' headway1 and which now seems fairly certain to have been introduced from ,japan1 has so monopolized the attention of orchardists1 foresters1 landscape gardeners and others interested in the chestnut that for the time being little is being done with it1 other than to study and discuss this disease4 ,what the final outcome will be no one can predict1 but it is not improbable that our pathologists will discover some practical means of control1 or that a natural enemy to the blight will appear4 ,nor is it unlikely that immune strains of chestnuts1 either native or foreign1 will replace our present groves and orchards1 in case other efforts fail4 ,another nut which has received a large degree of attention at the hands of the planters and upon which hopes have been built from time to time is the hazel1 or filbert4 ,here again1 history seems to have failed us1 for as yet the writer has been able to learn but little regarding the early introductions into this country4 ,in his ,nut ,culturist1 published in #ahif1 ,mr4 ,fuller 7,a4 ,s47 reasoned that at that time plants of the ,european hazels must have been grown in the gardens of this country for at least a hundred years4 ,writers on pomology make little reference to this nut1 but according to ,mr4 ,fuller1 nurserymen's catalogs listed hazel varieties all through the early part of the last century4 ,it was believed that the hazel promised much for the gardener and the general planter who wished for early returns4 ,the species seemed capable of readily adapting itself to cultivation1 and being a shrub rather than a tree1 it required little space4 ,it could be cultivated along with other garden products at little additional expense for labor4 ,being an early bearer it doubtless appealed strongly to the normal ,american demand for quick returns4 ,nevertheless1 this nut met with its mortal foe in the way of a native fungus which in a great many sections has proved entirely too much for the ,european species4 ,where once this species was well represented up and down the ,atlantic ,coast1 few of its representatives are now to be found4 ,some early attention in these ,eastern ,states has been paid to the almond1 another foreign species4 ,it is supposed that this nut is a native of the ,mediterranean basin4 ,just when it was first tried on the ,atlantic ,coast is not known1 but of the nuts thus far mentioned it has proved to be the least promising for the ,eastern section4 ,sometimes said to be as hardy as the peach1 it has been found to be the most exacting in its requirements of soil and climate of any important nut now grown in this country4 ,except with certain of the hardshell varieties1 no almonds are now known to be in any sense successful east of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,according to ,wickson 7,e4 ,j47 in his ,california ,fruits1 the almond is known to have been introduced into ,california previous to #ahec4 ,at that time efforts to build up an almond industry on the ,pacific ,coast began to assume a somewhat serious air4 ,after a half century of trials and more or less persistent effort by the ,california planters the culture of this nut has developed into the third most important nut industry in the ,united ,states4 ,as for the time being1 the growing of ,persian walnuts centered in southern ,california1 so did the growing of almonds in the ,sacramento ,valley of northern ,california4 ,during the whole of this period of early ,american nut growing history1 little attention in any part of the country was paid to the native nuts4 ,however1 in the southeastern part of the ,united ,states there existed a large portion of the country to which no choice species of nut trees were either indigenous or had been introduced4 ,necessity1 curious interest1 and1 more probably intelligent purpose1 prompted sea captains1 plying from ,west to ,east ,gulf ,coast ports1 ,easterners returning home from visits in the ,west1 ,westerners visiting in the ,east1 and no doubt nomadic bands of ,indians1 to carry pecans from the ,mississippi ,river and beyond1 to the coast of ,mississippi1 to ,alabama and the ,south ,atlantic ,states1 where they were planted as seed4 ,for fully a century the species gradually spread over the plains sections of the eastern ,gulf and ,south ,atlantic ,states4 ,in #ahdf1 according to ,taylor 7,william ,a47 in the ,yearbook 7,department of ,agriculture7 of #aijd1 a ,louisiana slave succeeded in grafting a number of pecan trees4 ,so far as can now be learned1 really intelligent interest in pecan culture began with that date1 although history records no further successful propagation of the species until about #ahhb when ,william ,nelson began to propagate this variety in his nursery near ,new ,orleans4 ,soon afterwards1 ,c4 ,e4 ,pabst of ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss41 and ,e4 ,e4 ,risien of ,san ,saba1 ,texas1 joined in the pioneer work4 ,the late ,col4 ,w4 ,r4 ,stuart of ,ocean ,springs soon took part by giving publicity to the early varieties4 ,gradually1 but steadily1 choice varieties developed1 were propagated and were disseminated4 ,orchard planting followed1 but did not assume great importance until since about #aije4 ,the orchards1 therefore1 were still too young at the time the last census was taken to have been in bearing to any extent4 ,however1 the crop of pecans from the native forests and from single trees left standing in the open space where the forests had been cleared is shown by the census reports to have been the second most valuable of ,american nut crops in #aiji4 ,in quantity1 the production of cultivated pecans is still slight in comparison with that of the wild product or with cultivated walnuts and almonds of the ,pacific ,coast4 ,just now1 however1 a great many of the orchards1 planted this century1 are beginning to bear and not improbably the production of cultivated pecans will soon eclipse that of the forest product1 and before long will overhaul the lead now held by the ,persian walnut4 ,thus1 briefly1 has been the separate history of the principal nuts of this country4 ,collectively1 the history of ,american nut culture has been as follows3 ,nuts from foreign countries which have been under cultivation for centuries have been more inviting than have the native and undeveloped species1 and so have received the major portion of attention in ,america4 ,then too1 human nature has shown itself in the greater interest taken by nut planters in foreign nuts instead of those near at hand4 ,it is in sections remote from their place of origin that many of the leading nuts have attained their greatest degree of perfection4 ,thus1 the average pecan of the ,atlantic ,coast is distinctly superior to that of the western ,gulf2 the ,persian walnut scarcely known in ,persia is best known in ,france and in southern ,california4 ,progress has been slow and not concerted4 ,seedling trees have been planted under the firm conviction that they would come true1 or because methods of propagation other than by seedage were not understood4 ,the ,persian walnut orchards of ,california from which today the bulk of the production is being realized1 are of seedling trees4 ,however1 the ,californians have learned their lesson and today are replacing their orchards with budded stock as rapidly as possible4 ,they have found that while the ,persian walnut1 which for centuries has been grown from seed1 will reproduce itself fairly true to type1 it does not repeat true to variety4 ,every tree1 no matter how carefully its parentage may have been guarded1 is unlike any other4 ,the seedlings differ in traits of vigor1 hardiness1 susceptibility to disease1 time of beginning to bear1 productiveness1 and longevity1 and the nuts vary in size1 form1 thickness of shell1 ease of cracking1 and in kernel characteristics4 ,the people of ,california have also found that in many ways1 ,persian walnut trees on their own roots are less desirable than are those budded or grafted on the roots of some black walnut4 ,the earliest pecan planters likewise set seedling trees1 partly because no others were available1 but more largely because of a supposition that such seedlings would come true4 ,later on1 planters chose grafted trees of large varieties1 irrespective of others' merits or demerits4 ,today1 the orchards of both seedling trees and illy-selected varieties are being topworked at great expense of time1 labor1 and money4 ,in the northern and eastern part of the ,united ,states1 the situation until very recently has been one of practical standstill4 ,efforts with foreign nuts have resulted in our being but little ahead of the starting point of a couple of centuries ago4 ,the great majority of the ,persian walnut1 chestnut1 and hazel trees which have been tried have failed us2 some have even brought fatal or near-fatal diseases to us4 ,at first thought1 we would feel compelled to abandon all further efforts with the foreign nuts2 but not all that have been tried are guilty of offence or failure4 ,here and there1 from ,new ,england to ,michigan and from ,maryland to ,missouri1 we are finding occasional nut trees either in groups or standing singly1 which because of their age1 vigor1 productiveness1 and quantity and quality of nuts1 appear to be fit foundation stock for the varieties so much needed in this part of the country4 ,a number of such are being propagated by the nurserymen and1 as the members here present know1 are being disseminated4 ,the present great need is for knowledge regarding the location of other such trees1 not only of the foreign species1 but of the natives as well4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association and the ,federal ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington together are seeking to find ,persian1 ,japanese1 or black walnut1 ,asiatic1 ,european or ,american chestnut1 ,european or ,american hazel1 and native butternut1 hickory1 pecan1 chinquapin and beech trees of more than ordinary merit4 ,upon the locating of1 and the propagation from such trees1 as new varieties1 apparently depends the future of nut growing east of the ,mississippi and north of the ,ohio and ,potomac ,rivers4 ,the appeal therefore is made to the owners of hardy nut trees that they drop a postal to the ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 stating that they desire a mailing box and frank for sending in a few specimens of the nuts which they believe to be of more than average merit4 ,the only expense necessary to incur will be in the price of the card1 and in the trouble of collecting and packing the nuts4 ,before mailing1 the package should be plainly marked with the name and address of the sender1 and a note should be inclosed giving information regarding the location1 ownership1 bearing habits1 etc41 of the tree from which the nuts were obtained4 ,if more convenient1 the nuts may be sent to this association1 which in any case will be apprised by the ,department of all new varieties of apparent merit which may be brought to light4 ,however1 no one should anticipate a great fortune as the result of any nut tree of which he may find himself the owner4 ,it is not possible for a variety to be of especial value1 no matter how promising the parent tree may appear to be1 until it has established proof of its adaptability and merit in other sections remote from that of its origin4 ,except in rare cases it has been only after a variety of any kind of fruit has become well known by many who have tested it and spoken for it that it has become popular or in great demand4 ,therefore1 all there will be in it for you1 if you chance to be the owner of a nut tree of merit will be the thanks of this ,association and posterity and the probability of having the variety named in your honor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i should like to drop a word about the ,american ,nut ,journal published here at ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,i would like to ask all the members of the ,association to make as much effort as they possibly can to get new subscribers to the ,journal4 ,i don't own any stock in it1 but ,i am talking purely in the interests of nut culture4 ,without a magazine nine tenths of our work would be entirely useless because it would be lost to the public4 ,one of the duties of the members should be the support of the organ which puts forth the information for which this organization stands4 ,,the ,,president3 ,methods of propagating pecans1 hickories and walnuts have been discovered and used1 at times1 for a century4 ,i know of a man who grafted them twenty years ago in ,new ,jersey1 but he left no records of his methods4 ,the ,journal helps us to keep these records4 ,this association has a great variety of contributors4 ,we have with us men who work on the exceedingly practical end of propagation4 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed is a combination of the student and the propagator4 ,,history1 ,,dimensions ,,and ,,crop ,,records ,,of ,,parent ,,northern ,,pecan ,,trees1 ,,and ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,observation ,,of ,,propagated ,,trees ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,,vincennes1 ,,indiana ,varieties ,in considering varieties of the northern pecan1 there are many points to be estimated1 such as size1 thinness of shell1 cracking quality1 quality of kernel1 growth of trees in nursery and bearing records4 ,the latter is perhaps most important4 ,what we want are trees that will give us a fair crop annually2 next would be the cracking qualities4 ,if they crack easily and come out of the shell with a large percentage of whole meats the size does not make so much difference1 for ultimately the value of a variety will be gauged largely by the number of pounds of whole meats a bushel1 or a given number of pounds1 will produce4 ,i would therefore place prolific bearing and cracking qualities as the two most important points to be considered in selecting a variety worthy of planting4 ,crop ,records ,in considering crop records of the different northern varieties2 we have no grafted or budded trees old enough as yet from which to make comparisons1 and in considering the crops of the original trees it is well to keep in mind that many of these trees are located in the native forest without cultivation1 without proper sunlight and with a poor chance for the full development of the tree2 also it is well to remember that scarcely two trees have the same surroundings and conditions1 and that it is not often that the owner is able to secure the entire crop from any one tree1 being located in the forest where a large part of the crop is carried off by others4 ,with these conditions it is often impossible to tell what a certain tree may yield1 except by comparison with former crops4 ,in giving you these yields ,i am giving my own knowledge so far as ,i can1 and then information and estimates from the most reliable sources at my command4 ,indiana ,this variety is perhaps the best known 7owing largely to its name71 and has not failed to produce at least a partial crop annually for the past fifteen years4 ,since it has been under close observation1 which has been about seven to eight years1 it has usually borne from #ajj to #cjj pounds4 ,often a large part of the crop has been stolen4 ,crop #aiab about #bjj pounds2 #aiac1 #bej pounds2 #aiad1 ,i am confident would have been #cjj pounds4 ,the owner secured #abe pounds2 balance carried off by others4 ,this year1 #aiae1 is almost a failure2 just a light sprinkling of nuts2 was full of blooms but owing to heavy cold rain1 failed to pollenize4 ,the tree is located in a cultivated field1 circumference of tree is #e feet1 height about #fj feet1 spread #ej to #fj feet4 ,busseron ,this is almost identical with ,indiana1 and the owner tells me has borne as many as seven bushels to twelve bushels at a single crop4 ,the tree being very tall1 the entire top was cut out of it a few years ago and it is just now commencing to bear again4 ,the lower limbs1 however1 of older wood that were left1 have borne annual crops4 ,in the nursery this variety has shown a tendency to very early bearing2 most one year trees1 spring #aiad1 set full of catkins1 and one tree produced #af well-developed nuts4 ,these1 however1 dropped during the extreme drouth of ,august4 ,the past spring most ,busseron trees in the nursery again set full of catkins and at the present time we have one tree1 coming two years old from bud1 bearing one nut that is full grown and looks as though it would mature during the next thirty days4 ,several other varieties have set full of catkins in the nursery row but have not developed any pistillate blossoms4 ,the ,busseron has furnished much propagating wood and at the present time there are1 perhaps1 more trees growing in the nurseries of this than of any other northern variety4 ,crop of #aiae promises to be fairly good4 ,niblack ,crop of #aiab1 #ajj pounds2 crop #aiac1 about #ej pounds2 crop #aiad1 #bbe pounds2 crop #aiae1 ,i would estimate at #ajj pounds4 ,this tree is very deceiving2 the top is rather open and the nuts are usually scattered all through4 ,the crop of #aiad was not considered heavy until after it was gathered4 ,the past spring this tree bloomed very full1 but owing to wet1 cold weather when in full bloom did not set well4 ,size of tree #ah to #bj inches in diameter2 #ej to #fj feet high with #dj feet spread1 and is located in a cultivated field4 ,posey ,crop of #aiad was #abe pounds saved2 this tree is about the same size as the ,niblack1 located in the edge of a cornfield near heavy timber1 being far from any house4 ,a large part of the crop is often stolen2 the crops of #aiaa and #aiab were not so heavy1 perhaps #ej to #ge pounds4 ,it usually bears a fair crop1 however1 but ,i do not consider it a heavy cropper like the ,indiana or ,niblack4 ,its large size and splendid cracking qualities1 however1 will make it a popular variety and it may prove to bear much better on budded trees under cultivation4 ,butterick ,this giant tree stands out in the open field1 measures #ad feet in circumference1 #ij feet spread and perhaps #ajj feet high1 and usually bears from #e to #g bushels4 ,the owner tells me he has owned this tree for forty-four years and that it has not missed more than two or three crops during that time and that the former owner told him he owned the tree for fifty years and that it was a good sized tree when he bought the farm and bearing regular crops4 ,major ,crop #aiab1 #afj pounds saved1 and from what information ,i can get this tree usually bears #ajj pounds or more2 tree about #c feet in diameter1 #abj feet high and #fj feet to first limb4 ,owing to its height and size it is very hard to get much of an estimate in regard to the crop it may carry until after it is gathered4 ,being located in the dense forest a large part of the crop is often carried off4 ,greenriver ,tree is located in the same grove with the ,major1 is about #c feet in diameter1 #ce feet to first limb1 crop #aiab reported #bfj pounds and has not missed a crop in twelve years4 ,have had no report for #aiae4 ,kentucky ,crop #aiab1 #da_/b bushels2 since that has borne good crops1 but do not know the exact amount1 but fair crop this year4 ,the owner says it has only missed two crops in twenty years4 ,warrick ,this tree bears very regularly1 but owing to the fact that it has been cut so severely for propagating wood has not made any heavy yields the past few years4 ,the old wood has heavy crop this season4 ,this practically covers the named list of varieties for the ,indiana pecan belt4 ,i might say1 however1 that most of the native trees are bearing a very good crop of pecans this season in our country4 ,observations on ,propagated ,trees ,the ,busseron has shown a stronger tendency to early bearing than any other variety4 ,the ,major and ,greenriver seem to be the best growers in the nursery1 with very heavy foliage4 ,the ,posey makes a very stocky tree but seems to be one of the most difficult to propagate4 ,southern ,varieties ,the summer of #aiad we had the ,stuart1 ,delmas and ,schley4 ,the first killing frost was a severe cold snap2 mercury dropped to #aj above zero1 ,november #bb;d4 ,foliage on these perfectly green as well as the nuts4 ,the ,stuart seemed to have about matured fruit although foliage was green4 ,husk on nuts had burst open ready to drop4 ,the fruit which looked to be ripe1 however1 when cracked1 the kernel looked plump1 but when cut open was found pithy and more like a piece of cork4 ,stuart tree bearing this season nuts at present1 ,september #ast1 only half grown1 while ,busseron alongside in nursery row is full size4 ,the northern varieties usually mature ready to gather ,october #ast2 the ,indianas in the jar on the table were gathered ,september #bhth last year4 ,high ,land versus ,low ,land4 ,pecans in ,high ,land ,there have been a number of articles written by men well posted claiming that the pecan will not bear or thrive except on the cultivated bottom lands of our valleys and streams4 ,the writer wishes to disprove this erroneous idea4 ,it is not borne out by facts4 ,on the farm of ,w4 ,j4 ,coan of ,bruceville1 ,knox ,county1 ,ind41 there are a number of pecans planted from ten to fifteen years ago4 ,part of these trees are on bottom land and part on high land4 ,this high land is heavy clay underlaid with considerable hardpan4 ,the writer visited these trees two weeks ago and has photographs showing four trees in a group that were planted fifteen years ago that have borne for the past six years1 each crop getting better4 ,at the present time ,i would judge they are bearing at least one bushel to the tree4 ,a single tree in the barnyard has not made the growth owing to the compact soil around it4 ,however1 it has borne quite heavily1 commenced bearing at nine years of age from seed4 ,the trees on the bottom land are not as large and have not borne half as many nuts as the ones planted on high land4 ,this is ,mr4 ,coan's report and he says that were he planting again he would plant entirely on high ground4 ,the trees shown in these photographs are located on perhaps the highest elevation in ,knox ,county1 ,ind4 ,there are a number of other trees near the writer's home planted on high land #aej feet above the river1 back from three to six miles1 that are large trees1 measuring #ah to #bd inches in diameter and bearing regular crops4 ,heavy clay land seems to push a stronger and more vigorous growth than does the more loamy1 darker soil4 ,i submit here a number of photographs taken ,august #aj of pecan trees in the nursery row1 budded one year ago1 showing a growth of from #d to #f feet1 many of them #e to #g feet and some #h feet high and still growing rapidly4 ,these were budded on four-year-old pecans4 ,propagation ,we have tried all known methods of propagating the pecan with varied results2 one of the methods you do not want to try is the ,edwards method4 ,while it may be a success in ,texas1 where it originated1 it is a miserable failure in the ,north4 ,grafting above ground is done after the sap is well up1 and gives fair results4 ,however1 best results have been obtained by the patch bud method on seedlings three to four years old4 ,good strong seedlings1 well-ripened buds cut from the scion orchard or from trees two years old in the nursery have given best results--in some cases1 as high as #he per cent stand the past season4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,mr4 ,rush had a ,stuart bearing last year in south-eastern ,pennsylvania4 ,the nuts were not very large but they matured fairly well4 ,i am more encouraged than ever that the ,indiana variety will be safe for use in ,pennsylvania4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,i think that if the ,stuart bloomed as early as the others it would be all right1 but it is about two weeks later4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i don't believe in the ,stuart very much3 ,i have better pecans myself1 hardy in the north4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i wish to corroborate ,mr4 ,reed's point about the success of the pecan on high land4 ,one man is1 ,i believe1 responsible for that widely circulated statement that the pecan will grow only on alluvial land4 ,i have travelled a thousand miles in investigating that fact1 and found it a fallacy4 ,some of the biggest pecan trees ,i have ever seen were growing at #ijj feet elevation down in ,georgia4 ,this was on clay hills4 ,i have seen the same thing in ,raleigh4 ,that alluvial soil business is a hoax4 ,this ends the intellectual side of our program4 ,business meeting4 ,meeting adjourned sine die at #aj ,p4 ,m4 ,,walnut ,,observations ,,in ,,california#c ,l4 ,d4 ,,batchelor1 ,,university ,,of ,,california1 ,,citrus ,,experiment ,,station1 ,,riverside1 ,,california4 ,the walnut industry of ,california is just entering a transition period from the planting of seedling groves to the established plantings of grafted trees4 ,just as other seedling fruit trees1 such as the orange1 apple1 peach1 almond1 etc41 have been eliminated1 so too1 the seedling walnut groves of ,california seem doomed to be replaced by clonal varieties4 ,in many ways this industry is as much in its infancy as the apple industry of ,new ,york was sixty-five years ago1 when varieties first began to be propagated in a commercial way by grafting and budding4 ,this readjustment in the walnut industry is well started1 and1 although it is likely to be gradual in its evolution1 and wisely so1 the change seems nevertheless certain4 ,there are but a very few seedling trees for sale at the present time by the progressive nurseries1 and1 in fact1 only a very few such trees have been set out in groves during the past four or five years4 ,the demand for grafted trees has been brought about largely by the wide range of variation in walnut seedlings as regards their productivity1 commercial value of the nuts1 season of harvest and ability of the trees to resist the walnut blight4 ,in view of the very recent propagation of the walnut by grafting1 which has extended over only about ten to twelve years1 it is reasonable to expect that the majority of the varieties thus propagated so early in the development of the industry are only partially suited to the needs of the walnut grower4 ,the nuts from many of these grafted varieties fall considerably short of the commercial standard for high-grade walnuts4 ,some of the heaviest-bearing sorts1 such as the ,chase1 ,prolific and ,el ,monte1 produce nuts that cannot be sold in the very best grade of the commercial product4 ,on the other hand1 the ,placentia1 which produces one of the most nearly ideal commercial nuts1 is not a heavy-producing variety1 especially in the northern walnut sections1 and is quite as susceptible to walnut blight as the average seedling tree4 ,again1 the ,eureka variety1 which seems to successfully avoid the walnut blight during many seasons by its lateness in coming into bloom1 is a very moderately yielding variety in the southern sections4 ,the above examples are only a few of many that might be cited to show the short-comings of most of the varieties of walnuts now being propagated4 ,the wide range of climatic and soil conditions makes the eventual propagation of quite a large number of varieties inevitable4 ,while the coast regions are bathed in fog nearly every morning during the growing season1 the inland valleys experience an extremely dry climate with high maximum temperatures4 ,walnuts are being grown at the present time on soil types varying from the extremes of sand to heavy clay loams4 ,many of the future varieties must be especially adapted to some one of these particular environments if they are to stand the test of time4 ,many of the present seedling groves are of uncertain origin and represent greatly varying values4 ,no doubt some of these groves are the progeny of especially selected trees known to have considerable merit4 ,on the other hand1 it is very apparent that many of them are the result of a great demand for seedling trees when the industry was in its infancy twenty or thirty years ago4 ,at that time without doubt1 great quantities of walnuts were planted without due regard for their parentage4 ,again1 there is a wide range of variability among the individual trees of any grove1 as variations in type of tree1 blooming season1 character of foliage1 resistance to disease1 productivity and character of the nuts4 ,type of ,tree ,the tree types vary from the upright1 sturdy individual to the more or less spreading1 weeping types which droop nearly to the ground under the burden of the crop4 ,the upright1 vigorous growing type is well exemplified in the ,eureka4 ,on the other hand1 such varieties as the ,prolific have a spreading1 bushy habit and an almost semi-dwarfness characterizes their growth4 ,blooming ,season ,it is not unusual to find the blooming season in an ordinary seedling grove extending over a period of from a month to six weeks4 ,a few individual trees leaf out and blossom with the first signs of spring4 ,then the great majority of the trees in the grove come out in full leaf4 ,but there are frequently trees still leafless after the nuts on the early individuals are of the size of a marble4 ,this variation in the blooming season has considerable economic importance in relation to the harvesting and marketing of the nuts as well as the avoidance of diseases and frost which may be more prevalent during certain periods in the spring4 ,foliage ,characteristics ,the character of the foliage varies from the broad-leaved types1 whose foliage somewhat resembles that of the horse-chestnut1 to the narrow-leaved varieties whose leaves have a tendency to curl up like the foliage of the ,winesap apple4 ,the broad-leaved types are much more densely foliated and this factor has considerable bearing on the problems of sun-scald on the twigs and trunks of the tree and the exposure of the nuts to this injury4 ,for this reason1 the densely foliated varieties may prove best adapted to the inland valleys1 where the difficulties of sun-scald are most prevalent4 ,the more sparsely foliated types often appear to have less blight on the nuts and leaves because of their exposure to the sunshine4 ,disease ,resistance ,probably one of the most important limiting factors in walnut production in ,california1 and especially in the older walnut sections1 is the bacterial disease commonly known as walnut blight4 ,the inroads of this disease have caused a very heavy dropping of the nuts during many seasons of the past1 and although a great deal of time and scientific effort has been devoted to the control of the trouble1 there is no satisfactory known means for the prevention of walnut blight at the present time4 ,it is a well-known fact that in the vegetable kingdom closely related species suffer in different degrees from the attacks of the same parasite4 ,this difference in resistance is often as marked among different varieties of the same species as between the species themselves4 ,the absence of blight is not necessarily an indication of immunity4 ,there is a great deal of difference in the amount of blight prevalent at the present season in the different walnut growing sections4 ,again1 the immunity from blight of a particular tree for one season may be followed by more or less prevalency of blight on the same tree the next season4 ,the degree of resistance must be tested out through a number of years before any variety can be pronounced resistant to this disease4 ,the observations must also be carried out in different localities as certain varieties seem to behave differently on different soils and when growing under different climatic conditions4 ,some varieties seem to avoid the blight the majority of the seasons but really have little or no resistant qualities when the seasonal conditions and the growth of the plant happen to coincide with the most favorable time for the spread of the disease4 ,an example of this is seen in the ,eureka variety the present season4 ,while this variety has maintained a reputation during a majority of seasons for freedom from blight1 during the present year the ,eureka is badly diseased in certain sections of ,orange ,county4 ,this may1 perhaps1 be explained by the prevalence of damp1 cloudy weather for about a week or ten days during the first of ,may when this variety was in full bloom4 ,in one grove under observation the trees were thought to have lost at least #ej per cent of their blossoms soon after blooming4 ,at the present time on these same trees1 #cb per cent of the nuts are afflicted with more or less blight4 ,to be sure1 some of these will likely mature1 but the appearance of blight on nearly one third of the crop shows that this variety has very little resistant power against walnut blight4 ,its freedom from disease in the past has no doubt been due largely to its dormancy during the most favorable weather conditions for the spread of blight4 ,the field for the selection of blight resistant varieties must necessarily be in the badly blighted sections4 ,a tree with only #aj per cent blighted nuts in an orchard having an average of #gj per cent to #hj per cent may really be more resistant to blight than a variety which appears to be positively free from the disease when growing among trees which are only #ae per cent to #bj per cent blighted4 ,in making observations and selections1 therefore1 it is quite as important to know the amount of blight on the surrounding trees and the grove1 as a whole1 as it is to know the prevalence of blight on the selected individual4 ,the extreme variation of different seedling trees in their susceptibility to this disease is well illustrated in some of the following observations which were made the present year4 ,the percentages which follow the varieties named were determined by counting at least #ajj nuts on a tree just before the blighted nuts began to drop4 ,in a seedling grove in the ,whittier district about #cjj trees were examined and #ajj nuts counted on each tree4 ,the individual trees varied from #b per cent to #he per cent blighted nuts1 while the grove as a whole averaged #be per cent4 ,there were at least a dozen or fifteen trees in this grove which were blighted less than #aj per cent1 although some of the nearby trees were blighted as high as #fj per cent or #gj per cent4 ,another seedling grove in ,orange ,county which was counted in the same way1 averaged #dg per cent blighted nuts during the second week in ,june4 ,in making this determination #aje trees were examined4 ,in this same grove1 there were1 however1 at least three trees which averaged less than #f per cent blighted nuts4 ,it is interesting to know that the ,placentia variety1 growing within a stone's throw of the aforementioned seedling grove and under identical cultural conditions1 was blighted to the extent of #ga4i per cent on the same date4 ,observations of the ,prolific 7,ware's7 in the vicinity of the above mentioned grove1 showed less than #a per cent blighted nuts on the trees and practically none of the nuts have dropped to the ground at the present time1 yet in the past this variety has not had a reputation for disease immunity4 ,the original ,chase tree was observed during this time and showed a percentage of #cg per cent blighted nuts4 ,these examples are given neither in support of any particular variety nor to discredit others1 but are noted merely to call attention to the wide variation1 and this variation is a great source of encouragement in our endeavors to produce a disease resistant variety4 ,of course blight immunity is not the only factor to be considered in selecting a variety of walnut4 ,a profitable yield of good commercial nuts is the real test of the superiority of any variety4 ,a very heavy yielding tree with a small amount of blight may prove more profitable than a light yielding variety that is totally immune to this disease4 ,the production of a medium grade nut which would grade only as a seedling ,no #a1 might prove more profitable if the tree is at least partially blight immune than the production of such a high grade nut as the ,placentia with its susceptibility to blight4 ,these things must be considered and weighed carefully by the growers who are planting walnuts in the blight sections4 ,the various areas where walnut blight is not a factor might profitably sacrifice heavy production to superior quality4 ,from our present knowledge it is very apparent that the disease resistance of individual trees varies considerably from year to year and under different soil and climatic conditions4 ,the thorough testing of resistant varieties will require considerable time4 ,nut ,characteristics ,the character of the nuts is as variable as the trees themselves1 not only in the exterior appearance1 but in the character of the meats as well4 ,the ideal commercial nut should be of medium size1 about one and one-eighth to one and one-half inches in diameter1 of regular oval form somewhat elongated1 with smooth surface1 and light brown color1 and uniform for these characters4 ,the cracking quality of the nuts is quite as important as their exterior appearance4 ,the nuts should be well sealed so they will not crack open in shipping4 ,the shells should be thin but strong1 so the nut may be easily opened and the whole meat taken out intact4 ,the pellicle surrounding the kernel should be light tan colored or silvery brown with a glossy waxed appearance attractive to look upon4 ,the meat should be smooth1 and plump1 averaging #ej per cent or more of the total weight of the nut1 and with a mild1 pleasant flavor1 free from any astringency4 ,the shells vary all the way from extremely rough and unattractive specimens to the smooth commercial type1 as the ,placentia1 while the color of the meats varies from dark brown to nearly white1 and so on through the other characteristics mentioned4 ,in the selection of varieties the walnut breeder is exceptionally favored by the occurrence of large areas of seedling trees4 ,according to the #aiaj census there were in the neighborhood of one and a quarter million seedling trees growing in ,california4 ,with this almost unlimited material for selective use1 it seems indeed reasonable that many varieties will be selected in the future which are better adapted to the demands of the industry than some of those now being propagated4 ,by means of hybridizing methods it is also hoped that some of the desirable unit characters of the varieties now in cultivation may be recombined into more nearly ideal varieties for future generations4 ,the fact that walnut breeding is necessarily a long-termed1 expensive problem has made it rather unattractive to the practical breeders4 ,such work will depend largely upon public or specially endowed institutions for its support4 ,,pruning ,,the ,,persian ,,walnut ,j4 ,g4 ,,rush1 ,,west ,,willow1 ,,pa4 ,pruning is as old as horticulture itself1 but the ,persian walnut has escaped this treatment thus far4 ,practical experience1 however1 in growing these trees for fruiting1 shows the great importance of systematic pruning4 ,it is a common occurrence to see a young tree with straggling and irregular growths4 ,very frequently we see that growth takes place on part of the tree only1 leaving the other part undeveloped1 which would throw the tree very much out of balance in course of time4 ,pruning should begin early in the life of the young tree and as soon as it leaves the nursery the pruning shears should be in evidence4 ,there are two important objects in view in proper and systematic pruning4 ,first is form1 with a well balanced head4 ,second1 to increase productiveness by having more lateral branches properly distributed all over the tree4 ,as a matter of course productiveness will follow4 ,it is a singular fact that a misfortune can sometimes develop into a blessing4 ,last year1 #aiad1 was an unfortunate one in that an early and late drouth caused poor bud development1 and1 of course1 they were not in a condition to withstand our usual winter weather4 ,in the spring of #aiae1 as soon as bud development took place1 ,i commenced to prune4 ,i cut off all weak branches to a strong bud and sometimes went over the trees a second time in order to insure that the work should be well done4 ,these trees referred to are mostly three years old and at that age the pruning should be done very systematically4 ,it is a mistake to have a tree three or four years old in bearing4 ,you will have branches from #b to #d feet long without any laterals1 quite differently from other fruits1 as the apple1 peach1 pear1 etc4 ,if these long branches are allowed to remain you will find that the terminal buds will develop nuts and weigh down the branch4 ,but with proper management the life and productiveness of the tree can be improved by pruning4 ,a branch #c or #d feet long should be cut back one half4 ,of course great care must be taken where the cut is made1 for the future welfare of the tree4 ,i have a very fine five-year-old ,hall variety on my side lawn that shows the neglect of proper pruning at the right time4 ,the branches are entirely too long and drooping4 ,in order to overcome this defect ,i will have to cut back to two-year-old wood and force the dormant buds for the future tree4 ,there is another great advantage in the proper method of pruning the young ,persian1 that is1 that the finest kind of bud wood becomes available4 ,you will please remember that in pruning the walnut we are not pruning for color as with other fruits4 ,the tree should be as round headed as a ,norway maple1 and if some of the limbs should show indications of weakness by crowding then cut them out for the benefit of others close by4 ,,report ,,on ,,nut ,,growing ,,in ,,canada ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan1 ,,toronto ,not being able to meet with you this ,september1 as ,i have to go down to the ,state of ,mississippi1 ,i send this paper to your president whose paper on the ,garden of ,eden we all read in the ,country ,gentlemen of ,july #g1 and so much admired4 ,progress has not been made on my place sufficient to warrant my inviting you to ,toronto next convention1 but ,i will say that the year after next ,i will certainly have something worth seeing4 ,but ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg of ,battle ,creek1 ,mich41 extends an invitation to you to hold the next convention at the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium where nuts and nut preparations are used exclusively in the place of meat and fish and fowl4 ,here at ,battle ,creek on ,dr4 ,kellogg's private grounds and on the ,sanitarium grounds may be seen ,colonel ,sober's ,paragon chestnuts1 ,mr4 ,pomeroy's ,english walnuts and ,mr4 ,reed's grafted pecans1 as well as some grafted persimmons of named varieties4 ,in my statement in the ,american ,nut ,journal last ,may or ,june ,i mentioned that all the grafted persimmons sent from ,washington were winter-killed4 ,i find on returning in ,august that the ,early ,golden is very much alive4 ,twelve other varieties have been planted to see what this winter will do to them4 ,the persimmon is exceedingly interesting to us northern nut growers because where it will succeed the pecan will also1 without a doubt4 ,now ,i also find that my statement in the same paper that the grafted pecans sent by ,mr4 ,reed were winter-killed was an error1 as only certain trees failed to grow above the graft4 ,those that are growing are the ,major1 ,busseron and ,indiana1 the ,busseron showing most decidedly better than the ,indiana1 both here and at ,toronto4 ,all pecans lived1 both here and at ,toronto1 if ,i include those that sprung up below the graft4 ,out of thirteen varieties that ,i experimented with at ,toronto1 ,major1 ,posey and ,niblack were the only ones that lived well above the graft and showed no winter-killing4 ,others were more or less winter-killed4 ,kentucky1 ,mantura1 ,appomattox1 ,luce and ,greenriver showed no desire to live in the north4 ,mr4 ,pomeroy's ,english walnuts showed a most distinct dislike for ,toronto1 but all forty-eight are doing well here and are being cared for4 ,colonel ,sober's ,paragon chestnuts showed the most determined attempt to not grow the ,paragon part of the tree1 and an equally determined mind to grow good and strong below the ,paragon part--may this part yield good trees6 ,i have three or four ,paragons left out of #ace trees4 ,pecans grew as many as four feet both here and at ,toronto this summer4 ,of the new trees sent from ,washington two specimens of ,castanea ,crenata 7from the north ,island of ,japan71 six specimens of ,castanea ,mollissima 7almost blight proof1 from north ,china7 all are thriving4 ,juglans regia sinensis lived to the tip through the winter and budded out strong from the top1 as did ,j4 cordiformis--may it always be so4 ,re ,dr4 ,deming's question as to the farthermost northern pecans ,i said ,charles ,city1 ,iowa4 ,now these forty trees were planted twenty years ago and are all alive and yield crops1 but the nuts are small as they are seedlings4 ,write ,mr4 ,charles ,d4 ,patten re how his trees are doing and their history4 ,he has been asking ,mr4 ,reed for scions of better trees4 ,i have five types of soil to grow my trees in1 stiff clay1 rich gravel1 quicksand and humus1 light sand and silt or bottom land1 well drained4 ,i have no sour1 undrained spot on my fifteen acres4 ,,appendix ,,present ,,at ,,the ,,sixth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,henry ,t4 ,brown1 ,rochester ,mrs4 ,mc,lean1 ,rochester ,rev4 ,a4 ,c4 ,crapsey1 ,rochester ,prof4 ,fairchild1 ,university ,rochester ,chas4 ,e4 ,bunnell1 ,rochester ,s4 ,w4 ,taylor1 ,stamford1 ,conn4 ,herbert ,e4 ,ingram1 #dcb #dth ,ave41 ,new ,york ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,jackson1 ,dansville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,martha ,rush1 ,new ,providence1 ,lancaster ,co41 ,pa4 ,edna ,mylin1 ,willow ,st41 ,pa4 ,paul ,white1 ,boonville1 ,ind4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 ,west ,willow1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,john ,s4 ,parish1 ,eastham1 ,va4 ,thos4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,georgetown1 ,conn4 ,ralph ,t4 ,olcott1 ,rochester ,dr4 ,robt4 ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york ,city ,dean ,baker1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,e4 ,r4 ,angst1 ,wilmington1 ,del4 ,h4 ,l4 ,grubbs1 ,fairview1 ,pa4 ,m4 ,e4 ,wile1 ,rochester ,harry ,r4 ,weber1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio ,frank ,a4 ,bailey1 ,rochester ,e4 ,e4 ,streeter1 ,rochester ,c4 ,k4 ,sober1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,vincennes1 ,ind4 ,m4 ,p4 ,reed1 ,vincennes1 ,ind4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,pa4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,carl ,j4 ,poll1 ,danville1 ,ill4 ,walter ,c4 ,teter1 ,new ,york ,city ,jas4 ,s4 ,mc,glennon1 ,rochester ,conrad ,vollertsen1 ,rochester ,h4 ,l4 ,reynolds1 ,canandaigua1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prof4 and ,mrs4 ,f4 ,n4 ,fagan1 ,state ,college1 ,pa4 ,jas4 ,rissew1 ,macedon1 ,n4 ,y4 ,j4 ,c4 ,south1 ,rochester ,r4 ,l4 ,fitzgerald1 ,rochester ,h4 ,m4 ,brown1 ,fairport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nellie ,doty ,butts1 ,barnards1 ,n4 ,y4 ,h4 ,goodall1 ,spencerport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,john ,rick1 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,a4 ,h4 ,reider1 ,reading1 ,pa4 ,adelbert ,thompson1 ,east ,avon1 ,n4,y4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,pomeroy1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,daniel ,pomeroy1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,howard ,pomeroy1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,c4 ,laney1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,john ,dunbar1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,e4 ,b4 ,holden1 ,hilton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,b4 ,s4 ,abrams1 ,charlotte1 ,n4 ,y4 ,henry ,hohener1 ,rochester1 ,n4,y4 ,dr4 ,charles ,forbes1 ,brick ,church ,institute1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,program ,,for ,,automobile ,,trips ,,september #a,,st ,,and #b;,d1 #aiae ,the program below is intended as a guide only4 ,it may be necessary on account of conditions to vary this4 ,it is therefore highly important that all automobiles follow one another along the lines later designated in this sheet4 ,on the afternoons of ,september #ast and #b;d1 we propose to drive in automobiles to the various trees of interest in the immediate neighborhood of ,rochester4 ,the limit of the trip on ,september #ast will be ,hilton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the present plan is to visit the trees in the following order3 #a--bcj ,saratoga ,avenue1 ,persian ,walnut seedling2 #b--,kramer1 ,emerson ,street and ,lake ,avenue1 ,persian ,walnut 7,this is the parent tree of the ,thompson ,grove seedlings at ,east ,avon1 ,n4 ,y472 #c--,riverside ,cemetery1 ,hybrid ,hickory ,laneyii 7tree named after ,mr4 ,calvin ,c4 ,laney1 ,superintendent of ,parks1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 by ,dr4 ,sargeant of the ,arnold ,arboretum72 #d--,westgate farm1 ,stone ,road1 ,persian ,walnut seedlings and filberts 7nuts for the seedling trees and filbert bushes imported from ,england72 #e--,w4 ,h4 ,anderson and ,wm4 ,twitchill1 ,ridge ,road1 seedling ,walnut 7of these one tree #aje years old72 #f--;,hilton1 ,n4 ,y41 ,holden trees1 from which the ,holden ,walnuts originated2 #g--,mc,glennon ,nursery1 ,denise ,road1 filbert plantings1 two years old2 #h--;,clifford ,avenue1 between ,st4 ,paul ,street and ,clinton ,avenue ,north1 seedling ,walnuts2 #i--,spiegel ,park1 seedling ,walnuts2 #aj--;,culver ,road and ,parsells ,avenue1 ,hybrid ,walnut and ,butternuts4 7,end of trip ,september #ast1 #aiae7 ,september #b;d1 #aiae #a--;,gregory ,street1 ,mc,glennon ,nursery1 filberts2 #b--;,highland ,park1 ,hazel2 #c--,west ,brighton1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,j4 ,miller1 seedling ,walnuts2 #d--;,golah1 ,n4 ,y41 ,king ,nut ,hickory2 #e--,seedling ,walnut grove1 ,adelbert ,thompson1 ,east ,avon1 ,n4 ,y4 ,all automobiles intended to convey members of the ,association will have a sign ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,all cars will follow a pilot car1 which will be plainly marked4 ,there will be one relief car1 which will be plainly marked1 and will carry no passengers except in emergency4 ,in the event of any break-down in an automobile1 the emergency car will immediately pick up the passengers of the one delayed1 and transfer its sign to the delayed car4 ,the delayed car1 after repairs1 will act as a relief car in its place4 ,the start of both trips will be made from ,powers ,hotel at #a3de ,p4 ,m4 ,all members are requested to be on hand promptly1 as the several stops will consume considerable time4 ,unless delay in starting is provided against1 the trip may be prolonged beyond a comfortable limit4 ,local ,committee ,ralph ,t4 ,olcott ,supt4 ,c4 ,c4 ,laney1 ,park ,dept4 ,asst4 ,supt4 ,john ,dunbar1 ,park ,dept4 ,m4 ,e4 ,wile ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ellwanger ,james ,s4 ,mc,glennon ,w4 ,robert ,bruce ,john ,hall1 ,secy4 ,w4,n4,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,,exhibits ,corylus cornuta ,beaked ,hazel ,branch ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,corylus avellana ,european ,hazel ,stem showing blight ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,corylus colurna ,byzantine ,hazel ,branch ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,corylus avellana ,purple ,variety ,branch ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,corylus pontica ,pontine ,hazel ,branch ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,corylus avellana ,var4 ,barcelona ,branch ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,corylus americana ,var4 ,rush ,branch ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,long ,hazel ,joseph ,risseu ,walworth1 ,n4,y4 ,round ,hazel ,joseph ,risseu1 ,walworth1 ,n4,y4 ,hicoria ovata ,var4 ,taylor ,nuts ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,hicoria ovata ,var4 ,le,fevre ,nuts ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,hicoria ovata ,plate ,nuts ,miss ,ruth ,n4 ,reeves ,newark1 ,n4,y4 ,juglans regia ,var4 ,alpine ,miss ,ruth ,n4 ,reeves1 ,newark1 ,n4,y4 ,juglans regia ,var4 ,nebo ,miss ,ruth ,n4 ,reeves1 ,newark1 ,n4,y4 ,rush ,miss ,ruth ,n4 ,reeves1 ,newark1 ,n4,y4 ,hall ,miss ,ruth ,n4 ,reeves1 ,newark4 ,n4,y4 ,juglans hybrid supposed ,j4 regia ,miss ,ruth ,n4 ,reeves1 ,x cinerea ,newark1 ,n4,y4 ,juglans regia ,var4 ,holden spec4 ,e4 ,b4 ,holden1 ,hilton1 ,n4,y4 ,juglans cathayensis ,foliage ,park ,board1 ,rochester ,juglans rupestris #b clusters1 #d nuts ,park ,board1 each and foliage ,rochester ,juglans sieboldiana cluster #g nuts and ,park ,board1 foliage ,rochester ,pteryocarya stenoptera ,false ,walnut ,foliage ,park ,board1 ,rochester ,castanea sativa ,var4 ,paragon ,branch with one very ,j4 ,s4 ,parish1 large bur ,eastham1 ,va4 ,castanea pumila ,common chinquapin ,branch with cluster of nuts ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,castanea pumila ,southwestern ,branch with nuts chinquapin ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,panel with general collection of pecans1 hickory nuts and walnuts1 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,vincennes1 ,ind4 ,juglans nigra ,var4 ,rush ,nuts ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,juglans regia ,branch ,mrs4 ,b4 ,s4 ,abrams1 ,latta ,farm1 ,charlotte1 ,n4,y4 ,,resolutions ,,passed ,,by ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,in ,,session ,,at ,,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 ,,september #a ,,and #b1 #aiae ,no chestnut stock should go out unless it is thoroughly sterilized by some satisfactory method and tagged by proper authority to show that fact4 ,states that are still clear of the blight are advised that effective quarantine is desirable to delay1 for a time at least1 the spread of the blight4 ,four infestations of chestnut blight have been found in ,indiana in ,july and ,august1 #aiae4 ,this fact1 and the continued spread of this fatal fungus1 are some of the reasons for this recommendation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nut trees may and do sometimes come fairly true to type but they do not come true to variety4 ,consequently our association does not approve of the sale of seedling trees under variety names2 and this association further recommends to all journals that they take no advertisements for nut trees if such trees are not sold under conditions that clearly comply with the provisions of this resolution4 ,,bibliography ,,of ,,the ,,year4 ,the ,chestnut ,bark ,disease on ,freshly ,fallen ,nuts4 ,j4 ,franklin ,collins4 ,reprinted from ,phytopathology1 ,vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #d1 ,august1 #aiac4 ,with ,one ,figure in the ,text4 ,melaxuma of the ,walnut1 ,juglans regia4 7,a ,preliminary ,report47 ,howard ,s4 ,fawcett4 ,bulletin ,no4 #bfa1 ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,berkeley1 ,california1 ,november1 #aiae4 ,the ,pecan ,business4 ,from ,planting the ,nuts to ,gathering the ,nuts4 ,catalogue of ,b4 ,w4 ,stone1 nurseryman1 ,thomasville1 ,georgia1 containing cuts and information about pecan growing in the ,south4 ,proceedings of the ,fourteenth ,annual ,convention of the ,national ,nut ,growers ,association1 held at ,albany1 ,georgia1 ,october #bg-bi1 #aiae4 ,report of the ,proceedings at the ,sixth ,annual ,meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association at ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 ,september #a and #b1 #aiae4 7,in press47 ,walnut ,aphides in ,california4 ,w4 ,m4 ,davidson4 7,professional ,paper47 ,bulletin of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture ,no4 #ajj1 ,august #ca1 #aiad4 ,the ,possibilities of ,nut ,growing in the ,east4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming4 ,women's ,national ,agricultural and ,horticultural ,association ,quarterly1 ,august1 #aiae4 ,the ,walnut ,book and ,horticultural ,digest1 ,a ,monthly ,publication ,devoted to the ,production1 ,distribution and ,consumption of the ,walnut4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #a1 ,november1 #aiae4 ,the ,walnut ,book ,publishing ,co41 ,orenco1 ,oregon4 ,one dollar a year4 ,official ,organ of the ,western ,walnut ,association4 ,nut ,trees for the ,country's ,waste ,places4 ,gilbert ,e4 ,bailey1 ,ph4,d4 ,university of ,southern ,california4 ,american ,fruits1 ,july1 #aiae1 p4 #h4 ,the ,inside of a ,graft4 ,f4 ,a4 ,waugh1 ,the ,country ,gentleman1 ,february #bj1 #aiae1 p4 #cbh4 ,progress of ,nut ,culture in the ,east4 ,possibilities of a ,coming ,industry4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming4 ,the ,rural ,new-,yorker1 ,march #f1 #aiae1 p4 #cbg4 ,illustrations of methods of budding and grafting nut trees4 ,air and ,wind ,dissemination of ,ascospores of the ,chestnut-,blight ,fungus4 ,f4 ,d4 ,heald1 ,m4 ,w4 ,gardner1 and ,r4 ,a4 ,studhalter4 ,reprint from ,journal of ,agricultural ,research1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,march #be1 #aiae4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #f4 ,grafting and ,budding the ,walnut4 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake4 ,weekly ,news ,letter to ,crop ,correspondents1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #g1 #aiae4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #ce4 ,numerous cuts4 ,neglected ,northern ,pecans4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,country ,gentleman1 ,january #i1 #aiae4 ,riehl ,fun for ,nuts4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,country ,gentleman1 ,october #i1 #aiae4 ,a ,georgia ,tree ,farmer4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,country ,gentleman1 ,december #d1 #aiae4 ,shade ,trees that ,bear ,nuts4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,country ,gentleman1 ,january #g1 #aiaf4 ,grafting ,nut ,trees4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,country ,gentleman1 ,january #bh1 #aiaf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes #a ,bulletin ,no4 #bca by ,prof4 ,ralph ,e4 ,smith of the ,university of ,california1 is authority for this history of walnut introduction into that state4 #b ,g4 ,harold ,powell1 ,bull4 ,,xlii1 ,delaware ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 #ahih4 #c ,paper ,no4 #ba1 ,citrus ,experiment ,station1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,university of ,california1 ,riverside1 ,california4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no1 we would not think of planting a tree without using dynamite4-- ,extract from a letter received from ,edwards ,patterson1 ,milledgeville1 ,ga41 who are amongst ,georgia's best known pecan growers4 ,illustration3 ,pecan nut ,edwards ,patterson's pecans1 actual size1 sent to us as fair average samples of nuts grown on unblasted and blasted trees4 ,the pecan at the top was grown on a tree in unblasted soil1--at the bottom is the pecan grown where the soil was blasted4 ,illustration3 ,pecan nut ,blasting with ,,red ,,cross ,,explosives shatters the compact soil1 extends the feeding area of roots and increases the water-holding capacity of the ground4 ,tree-planting in blasted ground is life insurance for all kinds of fruit and nut trees4 ,plant your pecans in blasted ground1 and stop first-year losses4 ,write for ,,handbook ,,of ,,explosives telling about tree-planting and other ways of using ,,red ,,cross ,,explosives4 ,e4 ,i4 du ,,pont de ,,nemours ,,co4 ,,wilmington1 ,,del4 99 99 99 99 99 ,vincennes ,nurseries ,,propagators ,,of ,the ,pecan ,the ,persian ,walnut ,the ,hickory ,the ,chestnut ,the ,almond ,the ,hazelnut ,and the ,persimmon ,,send ,,for ,,our ,,special ,,nut ,,catalogue ,we offer also a general line of ,nursery ,stock ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,proprietor ,,vincennes ,,indiana 99 99 99 99 99 ,plant ,my ,hardy ,pennsylvania ,grown1 ,budded and ,grafted ,,english ,,walnut ,,and ,,pecan ,,trees ,,if ,,you ,,want ,,to ,,start ,,right 99 99 99 99 99 ,you can't afford to experiment with trees of doubtful hardiness1 neither do you want seedlings or inferior varieties ,my #aiae-af ,catalogue is yours for the asking 99 99 99 99 99 ,address ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,the ,nut ,tree ,specialist ,,lancaster ,,pennsylvania 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chester ,,valley ,,nurseries ,,established #ahec ,choice ,fruit and ,ornamental ,trees1 ,cherry ,trees on ,mazzard ,roots1 ,hardy ,evergreens1 ,flowering ,shrubs1 ,hedge ,plants1 etc4 ,originators of the ,,thomas ,,black ,,walnut ,,jos4 ,w4 ,,thomas ,,sons1 ,king of ,prussia ,p4 ,o41 ,montgomery ,co41 ,pa4