,,! ,,tra9+ ,,( ,a ,,public ,,speak]    
,,by ,,gr5ville ,,kleis]   ,=m]ly       
,in/ructor 9 ,public ,speak+ at ,yale   
,div9ity    ,s*ool1 ,yale ,univ]sity4   
,au?or ( ,h[ to ,speak       9 ,public1 
,great ,spee*es & ,h[ to ,make          
,!m1 ,complete ,guide to ,public        
,speak+1             ,h[ to ,build      
,m5tal ,p[]1           ,talks on ,talk+1
 etc41 etc4   ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s  
logo  ,,funk  ,,wagnalls ,,company      
,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london  #aibj        
,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by  ,,gr5ville    
,,kleis]  ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates (    
,am]ica  ,publi%$1 ,febru>y1 #aibj      
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,copyright ,conv5tion ( ! ,pan-,am]ican 
,republics & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,augu/    
#aa1 #aiaj     ,,preface   ,! p[] (     
eloqu5ce to move & p]suade m5 is        
univ]sally recogniz$4 ,to-day ! public  
speak] plays a vital "p 9 ! solution ( e
 great "q & problem4 ,oratory1 9 ! true 
s5se1 is n a lo/ art1 b a pot5t means ( 
imp>t+ in=mation1 in/ruction1 &         

p]suasion4  ,eloqu5ce is /ill !         
appropriate organ ( ! highe/ p]sonal    
en]gy4 ,z "o has well said1 ,! orator is
 n compell$ to wait ?r\gh long & we>y   
ye>s to reap ! rew>d ( 8 labors4 ,8     
triumphs are in/antane\s4  ,& aga91 ,to 
/& up be=e a va/ assembly compos$ ( m5 (
 ! mo/ v>i\s call+s1 views1 passions1 & 
prejudices1 & mold !m at w2 to play ^u  
_! he>ts & m9ds z a ma/] ^u ! keys ( a  
piano2 to conv9ce _! und]/&+s by !      
logic1 & to ?rill _! feel+s by ! art ( !
 orator2 to see e eye wat*+ 8 face1 & e 
e> int5t on ! words t drop f 8 lips2 to 
see indiff]5ce *ang$ to brea?less       
int]e/1 & av]sion to raptur\s en?usiasm2
 to he> ?und]s ( applause at ! close ( e
 p]iod2 to see ! :ole assembly animat$  
by ! feel+s :i* 9 him are burn+ &       
/ruggl+ = utt]ance2 & to ?9k t all ?is  
is ! creation ( ! mom5t1 & has sprung   
in/antane\sly f 8 fi]y bra9 & !         
inspiration imp>t$ to x by !            
circum/ances ( ! h\r2--?is1 p]haps1 is !
 greate/ triumph ( :i* ! human m9d is   

capable1 & t 9 :i* its div9ity is mo/   
signally reveal$4  ,! aims & purposes ( 
speak+ to-day h radically *ang$ f =m]   
times4 ,delib]ative bodies1 compos$ (   
busy m51 meet n[ to discuss & dispose ( 
grave & weighty bus9ess4 ,!re is little 
necessity nor scope = eloqu5ce4 ,"t is  
too valuable to p]mit ( prolong$ speak+4
 ,m5 are tacitly expect$ to get to !    
po9t1 & to be reasonably brief 9 :at !y 
h to say4  ,"u ^! circum/ances c]ta9    
extravagant types ( old-"t oratory w\ld 
be ineffectual to-day4 ,! /5torian &    
dramatic tones1 ) h& ins]t$ 9 ! brea/ ( 
! coat1 ) exagg]at$ facial expression1 &
 /udi$ po/ure1 w\ld make a speak] to-day
 an object ( ridicule4  ,?is applies    
equally to spee* 9 ! law c\rt1 pulpit1  
on ! lecture plat=m1 & 9 o!r dep>tm5ts (
 public address4 ,! implicit dem&       
ev]y:]e is t ! speak] %\ld say :at he   
has to say naturally1 simply1 &         
concisely4  ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t  
he mu/ conf9e himself to pla9 /atem5t ( 
fact1 ) no manife/ation ( feel+ or      

e>ne/ness4 ,m5 are /ill influ5c$ &      
p]suad$ by impassion$ spee*4 ,!re is    
no?+ incompatible betwe5 deep feel+ &   
cle>-cut spee*4 ,a man hav+ pr(\nd      
convictions ^u any subject ( importance 
w always speak on x ) f]vor & s9c]ity4  
,! widespread int]e/ 9 ! subject (      
public speak+ has sugge/$ ?is adaptation
 ( ,qu9tilian's celebrat$ "w on !       
education ( ! orator4 ,?is "w has long  
be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ valuable        
treatises ev] writt5 on oratory1 b 9 its
 orig9al =m x is pond]\s & inaccessible 
to ! av]age read]4 ,9 ! pres5t abridg$ &
 mod]niz$ =m x may be read & /udi$ )    
b5efit by e>ne/ /ud5ts ( ! art ( public 
speak+4  ,a brief acc\nt ( ,qu9tilian   
says3 ,qu9tilianus1 ,m4 ,fabius1 0 born 
at ,calagurris1 9 ,spa91 ,a4 ,d4 #dj4   
,he complet$ 8 education at ,rome1 &    
began to practise at ! b> ab\t #fh4 ,b  
he 0 *iefly di/+ui%$ z a tea*] (        
eloqu5ce1 be>+ away ! palm 9 8 dep>tm5t 
f all 8 rivals1 & associat+ 8 "n1 ev5 to
 a prov]b1 ) preem95ce 9 ! art4 ,by     

,domitian he 0 inve/$ ) ! insignia &    
title ( consul1 & is1 moreov]1 celebrat$
 z ! fir/ public in/ructor :o1 9 virtue 
( ! end[m5t by ,vespasian1 receiv$ a    
regul> sal>y f ! imp]ial ex*equ]4 ,he is
 suppos$ to h di$ ab\t #aah4 ,! great "w
 ( ,qu9tilian is a complete sy/em (     
rhetoric1 9 twelve books1 entitl$ ,de   
,in/itutione ,oratoria ,libre ,,xii1 or 
sometimes ,in/itutiones ,oratoriae1     
d$icat$ to 8 fri5d ,m>cellus ,victorius1
 himself a celebrat$ orator1 & a        
favorite at ,c\rt4 ,?is production be>s 
?r\gh\t ! impress ( a cle>1 s\nd        
judgm5t1 ke5 discrim9ation1 & pure ta/e1
 improv$ by ext5sive read+1 deep        
reflection1 & long practise4  ,! text   
us$ = ?is cond5sation is f ! v]sion (   
,j4 ,patsall1 ,a4,m41 ,london1 #aggd1   
accord+ to ! ,p>is edition by ,pr(essor 
,roll94 ,_m p>ts ( ! orig9al "w h be5   
re-writt5 or abridg$1 :ile sev]al *apt]s
 h be5 entirely omitt$4                 
,,gr5ville ,,kleis]4 ,new ,york ,city1  
,augu/1 #aiai4     ,,cont5ts            

,,page ,,rhetoric ,,& ,,eloqu5ce        
#ae  ,,! ,,exordium ,,or ,,introduction 
#dc  ,,! ,,n>ration                     
#fg  ,,division ,,& ,,argum5t           
#he  ,,! ,,p]oration                    
#ii  ,,passion ,,& ,,p]suasion          
#aai  ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,words            
#acc  ,,elegance ,,& ,,grace            
#ade  ,,composition ,,& ,,/yle          
#agc  ,,copi\sness ,,( ,,words          
#aig  ,,k ,,& ,,self-,,confid5ce        
#bbi  ,,conclusion                      
#bdg     ,,rhetoric ,,& ,,eloqu5ce      
,,:at ,,rhetoric ,,is  ,rhetoric has be5
 commonly def9$ z ,! p[] ( p]suad+4 ,?is
 op9ion orig9at$ ) ,isocrates1 if ! "w  
ascrib$ to him be really 82 n t he      
int5d$ to di%onor 8 pr(ession1 ?o he    
gives u a g5]\s idea ( rhetoric by call+
 x ! workman%ip ( p]suasion4 ,we f9d    
almo/ ! same ?+ 9 ! ,gorgias ( ,plato1 b
 ?is is ! op9ion ( t rhetorician1 & n ( 
,plato4 ,cic]o has writt5 9 _m places t 
! duty ( an orator is to speak 9 a mann]
 prop] to p]suade2 & 9 8 books (        

rhetoric1 ( :i* und\bt$ly he does n     
approve himself1 he makes ! end (       
eloqu5ce to consi/ 9 p]suasion4  ,b does
 n money likewise p]suade8 ,is n cr$it1 
! au?ority ( ! speak]1 ! dignity ( a    
respectable p]son1 att5d$ ) ! same      
effect8 ,ev5 )\t speak+ a ^w1 !         
remembrance ( pa/ s]vices1 ! appe>ance (
 di/ress1 a beautiful aspect1 make deep 
impressions on m9ds & are decisive 9 _! 
favor4  ,did ,antonius1 plead+ ! cause (
 ,m4 ,aquilius1 tru/ to ! =ce ( 8       
reasons :5 he abruptly tore op5 8 g>m5t 
& expos$ to view ! honorable w\nds he   
receiv$ fight+ = 8 c\ntry8 ,?is act ( 8 
=c$ /reams ( te>s f ! eyes ( ! ,roman p1
 :o1 n able to resi/ s mov+ a spectacle1
 acquitt$ ! crim9al4 ,s]gius ,galba     
escap$ ! sev]ity ( ! laws by appe>+ 9   
c\rt ) 8 own little *ildr51 & ! son (   
,gallus ,sulpitius1 9 8 arms4 ,! sight (
 s _m wret*$ objects melt$ ! judges into
 compassion4 ,?is we f9d equally atte/$ 
by "s ( our hi/orians & by a spee* (    
,cato4 ,:at %all ,i say ( ! example (   

,phryne1 ^: beauty 0 ( m s]vice 9 h]    
cause ?an all ! eloqu5ce ( ,hyp]ides2 = 
?o 8 plead+ 0 admirable 9 h] def5se1 yet
 p]ceiv+ x to be )\t effect1 by sudd5ly 
lay+ op5 h] tunic he disclos$ ! nak$    
beauty ( h] bosom1 & made ! judges      
s5sible t %e _h z _m *>ms = !m z = o!rs4
 ,n[1 if all ^! in/ances p]suade1       
p]suasion1 !n1 c n be ! end ( rhetoric4 
,"s1 !re=e1 h seem$ to !mselves r m     
exact :o1 9 ! ma9 ( ! same way ( ?9k+1  
def9e rhetoric z ! ,p[] ( p]suad+ by    
speak+4 ,x is to ?is t ,gorgias1 9 !    
book above cit$1 is at la/ r$uc$ by     
,socrates4 ,!odectes does n mu* diff] f 
!m1 if ! "w ascrib$ to him be 81 or     
,ari/otle's4 ,9 ?is book ! end (        
rhetoric is suppos$ to be ,! lead+ ( m5 
:]ev] "o pleases by ! faculty ( speak+4 
,b ?is def9ition is n suffici5tly       
compreh5sive4 ,_m o!rs besides ! orator 
p]suade by _! words & lead m9ds 9 :atev]
 direction !y please4  ,"s1 !re=e1 z    
,ari/otle1 sett+ aside ! consid]ation ( 
! end1 h def9$ rhetoric to be ,! p[] (  

inv5t+ :atev] is p]suasive 9 a disc\rse4
 ,?is def9ition is equally z faulty z t 
j m5tion$1 & is likewise defective 9    
ano!r respect1 z includ+ only inv5tion1 
:i*1 sep>ate f elocution1 c n con/itute 
a spee*4  ,x appe>s f ,plato's ,gorgias 
t he 0 f> f reg>d+ rhetoric z an art (  
ill t5d5cy1 b t1 r x is1 or ought to be1
 if we 7 to conceive an adequate idea ( 
x insep>able f virtue4 ,?is he expla9s m
 cle>ly 9 8 ,pha$rus1 :]e he says t ,!  
art c nev] be p]fect )\t an exact k &   
/rict obs]vance ( ju/ice4 ,i jo9 him 9  
?is op9ion1 & if ^! 7 n 8 real s5tim5ts1
 w\ld he h writt5 an apology = ,socrates
 & ! eulogium ( ^? brave citiz5s :o lo/ 
_! lives 9 ! def5se ( _! c\ntry8 ,?is is
 c]ta9ly act+ ! "p ( an orator1 & if 9  
any respect he attacks ! pr(ession1 x is
 on acc\nt ( ^? :o make ill use (       
eloqu5ce4 ,socrates1 animat$ ) ! same   
_s1 ?\ght x unwor?y ( him to pron\nce ! 
spee* ,lysias _h compos$ = 8 def5se1 x  
be+ ! cu/om ( ! orators ( ^? times to   
write spee*es = arraign$ crim9als1 :i* !

 latt] pron\nc$ 9 _! own def5se2 ?us    
elud+ ! law t prohibit$ plead+ = ano!r4 
,plato1 likewise1 9 8 ,pha$rus1 condemns
 ! ma/]s t sep>at$ rhetoric f ju/ice1 & 
pref]r$ probabilities to tru?4  ,su* are
 ! def9itions ( rhetoric :i* h be5      
pr9cipally set =?4 ,to g ?r\gh all ( !m 
is n my purpose1 nor d ,i ?9k x         
possible1 z mo/ writ]s on arts h %[n a  
p]v]se dislike = def9+ ?+s z o!rs d or 9
 ! same t]ms z ^? :o wrote be=e !m4 ,i  
am f> f be+ influ5c$ by a l _s (        
ambition1 & f> f flatt]+ myself ) !     
glory ( inv5tion1 & ,i %all re/ cont5t )
 t :i* seems mo/ rational1 t rhetoric is
 prop]ly def9$ z ,! sci5ce ( speak+     
well4 ,hav+ f\nd :at is be/1 x is       
useless to seek fur!r4  ,accept+ ?is    
def9ition1 !re=e1 x w be no difficult   
matt] to asc]ta9 its end1 = if x be ,!  
sci5ce ( speak+ well1 !n to speak well w
 be ! end x proposes to itself4   ,,!   
,,use ,,( ,,rhetoric  ,! next "q is on !
 utility ( rhetoric1 & f ?is po9t ( view
 "s direct ! bitt]e/ invectives aga9/ x1

 & :at is v unbecom+1 ex]t ! =ce (      
eloqu5ce aga9/ eloqu5ce1 say+ t by x !  
wick$ are fre$ f puni%m5t1 & ! innoc5t  
oppre/ by its artifices2 t x p]v]ts good
 c\nsel1 & en=ces bad2 t x fom5ts       
tr\bles & s$itions 9 ,/ates2 t x arms   
nations aga9/ ea* o!r1 & makes !m       
irreconcilable enemies2 & t its p[] is  
nev] m manife/ ?an :5 error & lies      
triumph ov] tru?4  ,comic poets reproa* 
,socrates ) tea*+ h[ to make a bad cause
 good1 & ,plato repres5ts ,lysias &     
,gorgias boa/+ ! same ?+4 ,to ^! may be 
add$ sev]al examples ( ,greeks &        
,romans1 & a long li/ ( orators ^:      
eloqu5ce 0 n only ! ru9 ( private       
p]sons1 b ev5 de/ructive to :ole cities 
& republics2 & = ?is reason x 0 t       
eloqu5ce 0 bani%$ f ,sp>ta & s re/rict$ 
at ,a!ns t ! orator 0 n all[$ to make   
appeal to ! passions4  ,grant+ all ?is z
 s\nd argum5t1 we mu/ draw ?is necess>y 
inf]5ce1 t nei!r g5]als ( armies1 nor   
magi/rates1 nor m$ic9e1 nor philosophy1 
w be ( any use4 ,flam9ius1 an imprud5t  

g5]al1 lo/ "o ( our armies4 ,! ,grac*i  
,saturn9us1 & ,glaucia1 to raise        
!mselves to dignity1 put ,rome into an  
upro>4 ,physicians (t5 adm9i/] poisons1 
& among philosoph]s "s h be5 f\nd guilty
 ( ! mo/ enorm\s crimes4 ,let u n eat ( 
! meats ) :i* our tables are spread1 =  
meats frequ5tly h caus$ disease4 ,let u 
nev] g into h\ses2 !y may fall & cru% u 
to dea?4 ,let n our soldi]s be arm$ )   
swords2 a robb] may use ! same weapon   
aga9/ u4 ,9 %ort1 :o does n "k t ! mo/  
necess>y ?+s 9 life1 z air1 fire1 wat]1 
nay1 ev5 ! cele/ial bodies1 are         
sometimes v injuri\s to our well-be+8   
,b h[ _m examples c be quot$ 9 our      
favor8 ,did n ,appius ! ,bl9d1 by ! =ce 
( 8 eloqu5ce dissuade ! ,s5ate f mak+ a 
%ameful peace ) ,pyrrhus8 ,did n        
,cic]o's div9e eloqu5ce appe> m popul>  
?an ! ,agr>ian law he attack$8 ,did x n 
disconc]t ! audaci\s measures (         
,catal9e8 ,& did n he1 ev5 9 8 civil    
capacity1 obta9 by x honors t are       
conf]r$ on only ! mo/ illu/ri\s         

conqu]ors8 ,is x n ! orator :o /r5g!ns !
 soldi]'s droop+ c\rage1 :o animates him
 amid/ ! greate/ dang]s1 & inspires him 
to *oose a glori\s dea? r ?an a life (  
infamy8  ,! example ( ! ,romans1 among  
:om eloqu5ce always has be5 held 9 !    
greate/ v5]ation1 %all h a high] place 9
 my reg>d ?an t ( ! ,sp>tans & ,a!nians4
 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! f\nd]s (     
cities c\ld h made a unit$ p ( a        
vagabond multitude )\t ! *>ms (         
p]suasive words1 nor t law-giv]s1 )\t   
extraord9>y tal5t = speak+1 c\ld h =c$  
m5 to b5d _! necks to ! yoke ( ! laws4  
,ev5 ! precepts ( moral life1 ?o engrav$
 on our he>ts by ! f+] ( nature1 are m  
efficaci\s to inspire our he>ts ) love =
 !m :5 _! beauty is display$ by !       
ornam5ts ( eloqu5t spee*4 ,?o ! arms (  
eloqu5ce may h>m & b5efit equally1 we   
mu/ n1 !re=e1 look on t z bad :i* may be
 put to a good use4 ,d\bts ( ?is k9d may
 well be ent]ta9$ by su* z make ! =ce   
p]suasion ! end ( eloqu5ce1 b we :o     
con/itute x ,! sci5ce ( speak+ well1    

resolv$ to ackn[l$ge none b ! good man  
an orator1 mu/ naturally judge t its    
advantage is v consid]able4  ,c]ta9ly1 !
 graci\s ,au?or ( all be+s & ,mak] ( !  
_w1 has di/+ui%$ u f ! animals 9 no     
respect m ?an by ! gift ( spee*4 ,!y    
surpass u 9 bulk1 9 /r5g?1 9 ! support+ 
( toil1 9 spe$1 & /& less 9 ne$ (       
outside help4 ,guid$ by nature only1 !y 
le>n soon] to walk1 to seek = _! food1 &
 to swim ov] riv]s4 ,!y h on _! bodies  
suffici5t cov]+ to gu>d !m aga9/ cold2  
all ( !m h _! natural weapons ( def5se2 
_! food lies1 9 a mann]1 on all sides ( 
!m2 & we1 indig5t be+s6 to :at anxieties
 are we put 9 secur+ ^! ?+s8 ,b ,god1 a 
b5efic5t p>5t1 gave u reason = our      
portion1 a gift :i* makes u p>tak]s ( a 
life ( immortality4 ,b ?is reason w\ld  
be ( little use to u1 & we w\ld be      
greatly p]plex$ to make x kn[n1 unless  
we c\ld express by words our ?\ghts4    
,?is is :at animals lack1 m ?an ?\ght & 
und]/&+1 ( :i* x c n be said !y are     
entirely de/itute4 ,= to make !mselves  

secure & commodi\s lodges1 to int]weave 
_! ne/s ) su* art1 to re> _! "y ) su*   
c>e1 to tea* !m to %ift = !mselves :5   
gr[n up1 to ho>d provisions = ! w9t]1 to
 produce su* inimitable works z wax &   
honey1 are in/ances p]haps ( a glimm]+ (
 reason2 b because de/itute ( spee*1 all
 ! extraord9>y ?+s !y d c n di/+ui% !m f
 ! brute "p ( creation4 ,let u consid]  
dumb p]sons3 h[ does ! heav5ly s\l1 :i* 
takes =m 9 _! bodies1 op]ate 9 !m8 ,we  
p]ceive1 inde$1 t its help is b weak1 & 
its action b languid4   ,,! ,,value ,,( 
,,! ,,gift ,,( ,,spee*  ,if1 !n1 !      
b5efic5t ,creator ( ! _w has n imp>t$ to
 u a great] bless+ ?an ! gift ( spee*1  
:at c we e/eem m des]v+ ( our labor &   
improvem5t1 & :at object is m wor?y (   
our ambition ?an t ( rais+ ourselves    
above o!r m5 by ! same means by :i* !y  
raise !mselves above bea/s1 s mu* ! m z 
no labor is att5d$ ) a m abundant h>ve/ 
( glory8 ,to be conv9c$ ( ?is we ne$    
only consid] by :at degrees eloqu5ce has
 be5 br\ght to ! p]fection 9 :i* we n[  

see x1 & h[ f> x might /ill be p]fect$4 
,=1 n to m5tion ! advantage & pleasure a
 good man reaps f def5d+ 8 fri5ds1      
gov]n+ ! ,s5ate by 8 c\nsels1 see+      
himself ! oracle ( ! p1 & ma/] ( armies1
 :at c be m noble ?an by ! faculty (    
speak+ & ?9k+1 :i* is common to all m51 
to erect = himself su* a /&>d ( praise &
 glory z to seem to ! m9ds ( m5 n s mu* 
to disc\rse & speak1 b1 l ,p]icles1 to  
make 8 words ?und] & lightn+4   ,,!     
,,art ,,( ,,speak+  ,!re w\ld be no end 
7 ,i to expatiate to ! limit ( my       
incl9ation on ! subject ( ! gift ( spee*
 & its utility4 ,i %all pass1 !re=e1 to 
! foll[+ "q1 ,:e!r rhetoric be an art8  
,^? :o wrote rules = eloqu5ce d\bt$ s   
little its be+ s1 t !y prefixt no o!r   
title to _! books ?an ,! art ( speak+4  
,cic]o says t :at we call rhetoric is   
only an artificial eloqu5ce4 ,if ?is 7  
an op9ion peculi> to orators1 x might be
 ?\ght t !y int5d$ x z a m>k ( dignity  
atta*$ to _! /udies1 b mo/ philosoph]s1 
/oics z well z p]ipatetics1 concur 9 ?is

 op9ion4 ,i mu/ confess ,i _h "s d\bt   
ab\t discuss+ ?is matt]1 le/ ,i might   
seem diffid5t ( its tru?2 = :o c be s   
devoid ( s5se & k z to f9d art 9        
ar*itecture1 9 weav+1 9 pott]y1 & imag9e
 t rhetoric1 ! excell5ce ( :i* we h     
already %[n1 c\ld arrive at its pres5t  
/ate ( gr&eur & p]fection )\t !         
direction ( art8 ,i am p]suad$ t ^? ( ! 
contr>y op9ion 7 s m = ! sake ( ex]cis+ 
_! wit on ! s+ul>ity ( ! subject ?an f  
any real conviction4   ,,is ,,eloqu5ce  
,a ,,gift ,,( ,,nature8  ,"s ma9ta9 t   
rhetoric is a gift ( nature1 yet admit t
 x may be help$ by ex]cise4 ,antonius1 9
 ,cic]o's books ( ! ,orator1 calls x a  
sort ( obs]vation & n an art4 ,b ?is    
op9ion is n !re ass]t$ z tru?1 b only to
 keep up ! "* ( ,antonius1 :o 0 a       
connoisseur at conceal+ art4 ,lysias    
seems to be ( ! same op9ion1 :i* he     
def5ds by say+ t ! mo/ simple & ignorant
 p possess a k9d ( rhetoric :5 !y speak 
= !mselves4 ,!y f9d some?+ l an         
exordium1 !y make a n>ration1 !y prove1 

refute1 & _! pray]s & entreaties h ! =ce
 ( a p]oration4 ,lysias & 8 adh]5ts     
proce$ aft]w>d to va9 subtleties4 ,t :i*
 is ! effect ( art1 say !y1 c\ld n h    
exi/$ be=e art4 ,9 all times m5 h kn[n  
h[ to speak = !mselves & aga9/ o!rs1 b  
ma/]s ( rhetoric h be5 only ( a late    
date1 fir/ kn[n ab\t ! "t ( ,tisias &   
,corax2 !re=e oratorical spee* 0 prior  
to art1 consequ5tly x c\ld n be ! result
 ( art1 & !re=e1 rhetoric is n an art4  
,we %all n endeavor to enquire into ! "t
 :5 rhetoric began to be taught1 b ?is  
we may say1 t x is c]ta9 ,hom] makes    
m5tion n only ( ,pho5ix1 :o 0 a ma/]1   
skill$ 9 bo? speak+ & fight+1 b also (  
_m o!r orators4 ,we may obs]ve likewise 
f ,hom]1 t all ! p>ts ( a disc\rse are  
f\nd 9 ! spee* ( ! ?ree capta9s deput$  
to ,a*illes1 t sev]al "y m5 dispute = ! 
prize ( eloqu5ce1 & t among o!r ornam5ts
 ( sculpture on ! buckl] ( ,a*illes1    
,vulcan did n =get law-causes & !       
plead]s ( !m4  ,x w be suffici5t1 h[ev]1
 to answ] t ,ev]y?+ p]fect$ by art has  

its s\rce 9 nature4 ,if x 7 n s1 we %\ld
 exclude m$ic9e f ! catalog ( arts1 !   
discov]y ( :i* 0 ow+ to obs]vations made
 on ?+s conducive or h>mful to public   
heal?1 & 9 ! op9ion ( "s x is :olly     
gr\nd$ on exp]im5ts4 ,be=e x 0 r$uc$ to 
an art1 t5ts & b&ages 7 appli$ to w\nds1
 re/ & ab/95ce cur$ fev]2 n t ! reason (
 all ?is 0 !n kn[n1 b ! nature ( !      
ailm5t indicat$ su* curative me?ods &   
=c$ m5 to ?is regim54 ,9 l mann]        
ar*itecture c n be an art1 ! fir/ m5    
hav+ built _! cottages )\t its          
direction4 ,music mu/ und]go ! same     
*>ge1 z e nation has its own            
peculi>ities 9 danc+ & s++4 ,n[1 if by  
rhetoric be meant any k9d ( spee*1 ,i   
mu/ own x prior to art2 b if n ev]yone  
:o speaks is an orator1 & if 9 !        
primitive ages ( ! _w m5 did n speak    
orator-l1 ! orator1 consequ5tly1 mu/ h  
be5 made s by art1 & !re=e c\ld n exi/  
be=e x4   ,,rhetoric ,,&                
,,misrepres5tation  ,! next objection is
 n "o s mu* 9 reality z x is a m]e      

cavil2 t ,art nev] ass5ts to false      
op9ions1 because x c n be con/itut$ z   
su* )\t precepts1 :i* are always true2 b
 rhetoric ass5ts to :at is false1 !re=e 
x is n an art4 ,i admit t sometimes     
rhetoric says false ?+s in/ead ( true1 b
 x does n foll[ t x ass5ts to :at is    
false4 ,!re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5   
ass5t+ to a falsehood1 & mak+ o!rs ass5t
 to x4 ,s x is t a g5]al ( an army (t5  
has rec\rse to /ratagems4 ,:5 ,hannibal 
p]ceiv$ himself to be block$ up by      
,fabius1 he ord]$ faggots ( bru%-wood to
 be fa/5$ ab\t ! horns ( "s ox51 & fire 
be+ set to ! faggots1 _h ! cattle driv5 
up ! m\nta9s 9 ! night1 9 ord] to make !
 enemy believe he 0 ab\t to decamp4 ,b  
?is 0 only a false al>m1 = he himself v 
well knew :at 8 s*eme 04 ,:5 ,!opompus !
 ,sp>tan1 by *ang+ clo!s ) 8 wife1 made 
8 escape out ( prison1 ! deception 0 n  
impos$ ^u himself1 b ^u 8 gu>ds4 ,?us1  
:5 an orator speaks falsehood in/ead (  
tru?1 he kn[s :at he is ab\t2 he does n 
yield to x himself1 8 int5tion be+ to   

deceive o!rs4 ,:5 ,cic]o boa/$ t he ?rew
 d>kness on ! m9ds ( ! judges1 9 ! cause
 ( ,clu5tius1 c\ld x be said t he       
himself 0 unacqua9t$ ) all ! intricacies
 ( 8 me?od ( confus+ _! und]/&+ ( !     
facts8 ,or %all a pa9t] :o s disposes 8 
objects t "s seem to project f ! canvas1
 o!rs to s9k 91 be suppos$ n to "k t !y 
are all drawn on a pla9 surface8   ,,!  
,,object ,,( ,a ,,spee*  ,x is aga9     
object$ t ,e art proposes to itself an  
end2 b rhetoric has no end1 or does n   
put into execution ! end x proposes to  
itself4 ,?is is false1 z is %[n f :at   
already has be5 said conc]n+ ! end (    
rhetoric & 9 :at x consi/s4 ,! orator w 
nev] fail to obta9 ?is end1 = he always 
w speak well4 ,?is objection1 !re=e1 c  
affect only ^? :o make p]suasion ! end (
 rhetoric2 b our orator1 & our def9ition
 ( art1 are n re/rict$ to ev5ts4 ,an    
orator1 inde$1 /rives to ga9 8 cause2 b 
suppose he loses x1 z long z he has     
plead$ well he fulfils ! injunctions ( 8
 art4 ,a pilot desires to come safe into

 port1 b if a /orm sweeps away 8 %ip1 is
 he1 on t acc\nt1 a less exp]i5c$ pilot8
 ,8 keep+ con/antly to ! helm is        
suffici5t pro( t he 0 n neglect+ 8 duty4
 ,a physician tries to cure a sick      
p]son1 b if 8 rem$ies are h9d]$ 9 _!    
op]ation by ei!r ! viol5ce ( ! disease1 
! intemp]ance ( ! pati5t1 or "s un=ese5 
accid5t1 he is n to be blam$1 because he
 has satisfi$ all ! directions ( 8 art4 
,s x is ) ! orator1 ^: end is to speak  
well2 = x is 9 ! act1 & n 9 ! effect1 t 
art consi/s1 z ,i %all soon make cle>4  
,!re=e1 x is false to say t ,art kn[s :5
 x has obta9$ its end1 b rhetoric kn[s  
no?+ ( ! matt]1 z if an orator c\ld be  
ignorant ( 8 speak+ well & to ! purpose4
  ,b x is said1 fur!r1 t rhetoric1      
contr>y to ! cu/om ( all o!r arts1      
adopts vice1 because x c\nt5ances       
falsehood & moves ! passions4 ,nei!r (  
^! are bad practises1 & consequ5tly n   
vici\s1 :5 gr\nd$ on sub/antial reasons4
 ,to disguise tru? is sometimes all[able
 ev5 9 ! sage1 & if a judge c n be      

br\ght to d ju/ice except by means ( !  
passions1 ! orator mu/ necess>ily h     
rec\rse to !m4 ,v (t5 ! judges appo9t$  
to decide are ignorant1 & !re is        
necessity = *ang+ _! wrongly conceiv$   
op9ions1 to keep !m f error4 ,%\ld !re  
be a b5*1 a tribunal1 an assembly ( wise
 & le>n$ judges ^: he>ts are            
inaccessible to hatr$1 envy1 hope1 fe>1 
prejudice1 & ! impositions ( false      
witnesses1 !re w\ld be little occasion =
 ! ex]tions ( eloqu5ce & all t might    
seem requisite w\ld be only to amuse !  
e> ) ! h>mony ( cad5ce4 ,b if ! orator  
has to deal ) light1 incon/ant1         
prejudic$1 & corrupt judges1 & if _m    
emb>rassm5ts mu/ be remov$ 9 ord] to ?r[
 light ^u tru?1 !n artful /ratagem mu/  
fight ! battle1 & set all its eng9es to 
"w1 = he :o is beat5 out ( ! /raight    
road c n get into x aga9 except by ano!r
 turnab\t4   ,,eloqu5ce ,,acquir$ ,,by  
,,/udy ,,& ,,practise  ,^! are !        
pr9cipal objections :i* h be5 made aga9/
 rhetoric4 ,!re are o!rs ( less mom5t b 

d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,t rhetoric is an 
art is ?us briefly demon/rat$4 ,if art1 
z ,clean!s ?9ks1 is a p[] :i* prep>es a 
way & e/abli%es an ord]1 c x be d\bt$ t 
we mu/ keep to a c]ta9 way & a c]ta9    
ord] = speak+ well8 ,& if1 accord+ to ! 
mo/ g5]ally accept$ op9ion1 we ought to 
call art1 ev]y?+ :i* by a comb9ation (  
agree+ & co-ex]cis$ pr9ciples conducts  
to a useful end1 h we n already %[n t   
no?+ ( all ?is is lack+ 9 rhetoric8 ,has
 x n1 likewise1 ! two con/itu5t p>ts (  
o!r arts1 !ory & practise8 ,aga91 if    
dialect be an art1 z x is grant$1 = !   
same reason2 s is rhetoric an art1 !    
*ief diff]5ce ly+ n s mu* 9 ! g5us z 9 !
 species4 ,b we mu/ n =get ?is          
obs]vation1 t art mu/ be :]e a ?+ is    
done accord+ to rule1 & n at r&om2 & art
 mu/ be :]e he :o has le>n$ succe$s     
bett] ?an he :o has n le>n$4 ,b 9 matt] 
( eloqu5ce n only w ! ignorant p]son be 
surpass$ by ! le>n$1 b also ! le>n$ by !
 m le>n$2 o!rwise we %\ld n h s _m rules
 nor s _m excell5t ma/]s4 ,?is ought to 

be ackn[l$g$ by all1 b m especially by u
 :o d n sep>ate eloqu5ce f ! man (      
integrity4     ,,! ,,exordium ,,or      
,,introduction   ,! exordium1 or        
introduction1 is t "p ( ! disc\rse :i*  
is pron\nc$ be=e ! subject is ent]$ ^u4 
,z musicians make a prelude = obta9+    
sil5ce & att5tion be=e !y play _!       
selections1 s orators1 be=e !y beg9 _!  
cause1 h specifi$ by ! same application 
t :i* !y say by way ( preface = secur+ =
 !mselves a k9dly feel+ 9 ! li/5]s4     
,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,introduction  ,!
 reason = an exordium is to dispose !   
auditors to be favorable to u 9 ! o!r   
p>ts ( ! disc\rse4 ,?is1 z mo/ au?ors   
agree1 is accompli%$ by mak+ !m fri5dly1
 att5tive1 & receptive1 ?o due reg>d    
%\ld be paid to ^! ?ree p>ticul>s       
?r\gh\t ! :ole ( a spee*4  ,sometimes ! 
exordium is applicable to ! plead] ( !  
cause1 :o1 ?o he ought to speak v little
 ( himself1 & always mode/ly1 w f9d x ( 
va/ consequ5ce to create a good op9ion (
 himself & to make himself ?\ght to be  

an hone/ man4 ,s x is he w be reg>d$ n s
 mu* z a zeal\s advocate1 z a fai?ful & 
irreproa*able witness4 ,8 motives =     
plead+ mu/1 !re=e1 appe> to proce$ n f  
tie ( k9dr$1 or fri5d%ip1 b pr9cipally f
 a desire to promote ! public good1 if  
su* motive c be urg$1 or any o!r        
important consid]ation4 ,?is conduct w  
befit pla9tiffs 9 a mu* great] degree1 t
 !y may seem to h br\ght _! action = j &
 weighty reasons1 or 7 ev5 compell$ to d
 x f necessity4  ,z no?+ else gives s   
great a sanction to ! au?ority ( !      
speak] z to be free f all suspicion (   
av>ice1 hatr$1 & ambition1 s1 also1 !re 
is a sort ( tacit recomm5dation (       
ourselves if we pr(ess our weak /ate &  
inability = cont5d+ ) ! sup]ior g5ius & 
tal5ts ( ! advocate ( ! o!r side4 ,we   
are naturally dispos$ to favor ! weak & 
oppre/1 & a consci5ti\s judge he>s an   
orator will+ly :om he presumes n to be  
capable ( mak+ him sw]ve f 8 fixt       
purpose ( do+ ju/ice4 ,h5ce ! c>e ( !   
anci5ts = conceal+ _! tal5ts4   ,,ideas 

,,to ,,avoid ,,& ,,to ,,include  ,all   
contemptu\s1 spiteful1 haughty1         
calumniat+ expressions mu/ be avoid$ & n
 s mu* z ev5 ins9uat$ to ! defamation ( 
any p>ticul> p]son or rank1 mu* less    
aga9/ ^? to :om an affront w\ld ali5ate 
! m9ds ( ! judges4 ,to be s imprud5t z  
to attack judges !mselves1 n op5ly1 b 9 
any indirect mann]1 w\ld be mo/ unwise4 
,! advocate = ! o!r side may likewise   
furni% suffici5t matt] = an exordium4   
,sometimes honorable m5tion may be made 
( him1 z :5 we pret5d to be 9 dread ( 8 
int]e/ & eloqu5ce 9 ord] to make !m     
suspect$ by ! judges1 & sometimes by    
ca/+ odium on him1 al?o ?is mu/ be done 
v seldom4 ,i r ?9k1 f ! au?ority ( ! be/
 au?ors1 t :atev] affects ! orator1     
affects also ! cause he patronizes1 z x 
is natural = a judge to give m cr$it to 
^? :om he m will+ly he>s4  ,we %all     
procure ! favor ( ! judge n s mu* by    
prais+ him1 :i* ought to be done )      
mod]ation1 & is common to bo? sides1 b r
 by mak+ 8 praise fitt+1 & connect+ x ) 

! int]e/ ( our cause4 ,?us1 9 speak+ = a
 p]son ( consequ5ce1 we may lay "s /ress
 on ! judge's own dignity2 = "o ( mean  
condition1 on 8 ju/ice2 = ! unhappy1 on 
8 m]cy2 = ! injur$1 on 8 sev]ity4       
,,/udy+ ,,y\r ,,he>]s  ,x also w\ld n be
 amiss to become acqua9t$1 if possible1 
) 8 "*4 ,=1 accord+ z 8 temp] is1 h>% or
 mild1 pleasant or grave1 sev]e or easy1
 ! cause %\ld be made to incl9e t[>d !  
side :i* corresponds ) 8 disposition1 or
 to admit "s mitigation or s(t5+ :]e x  
runs c\nt] to x4  ,x may happ5          
sometimes1 too1 t ! judge is our enemy1 
or ! oppon5t's fri5d4 ,?is is a         
circum/ance requir+ ! circumspection (  
bo? p>ties1 yet ,i ?9k ! favor$ advocate
 %\ld behave ) great caution1 = a judge 
( a bias$ disposition w sometimes *oose 
to pass s5t5ce aga9/ 8 fri5ds1 or 9     
favor ( ^? to :om he be>s enmity1 t he  
may n appe> to act ) inju/ice4   ,,ar\s+
 ,,emotions  ,judges h also _! private  
op9ions & prejudices1 :i* we mu/ ei!r   
/r5g!n or weak51 accord+ z we see       

necess>y4 ,fe>1 too1 sometimes mu/ be   
remov$1 z ,cic]o1 9 8 def5se ( ,milo1   
endeavors to assure ! judges t ,pompey's
 army1 drawn up ab\t ! ,=um1 is = _!    
protection2 & sometimes !re w be an     
occasion to intimidate !m1 z ! same     
orator does 9 "o ( 8 plead+s aga9/      
,v]res4  ,!re are two ways ( proce$+ 9  
?is la/ case1 ! fir/ plausible1 &       
frequ5tly us$1 z :5 x is h9t$ to !m t ! 
,roman p might ent]ta9 an ill op9ion (  
!m1 or t !re might be an appeal f _!    
judgm5t2 ! o!r desp]ate1 & n s mu* us$1 
z :5 ?reat5$ ) prosecution !mselves if  
!y suff] !mselves to be corrupt$4 ,?is  
is a haz>d\s po9t1 & is conduct$ ) m    
safety to ! orator :5 9 a l>ge assembly 
:]e corrupt judges are re/ra9$ by fe>1 &
 ! upright h ! majority4 ,b ,i w\ld nev]
 c\nsel ?is be=e a s+le judge1 unless e 
o!r res\rce 0 want+4 ,if necessity      
requires x1 ,i c n say t x is ! bus9ess 
( ! art ( oratory to give directions 9 !
 matt]1 any m ?an to lodge an appeal1 ?o
 t1 too1 is (t5 ( s]vice1 or to cite !  

judge 9 ju/ice be=e he passes s5t5ce1 = 
to ?reat51 d5\nce1 or indict may be done
 by any "o else z well z ! orator4  ,if 
! cause itself %\ld furni% suffici5t    
reason = ga9+ ! good w ( ! judge1 out ( 
?is :atev] is mo/ speci\s & favorable   
may be ins]t$ 9 ! exordium4 ,x w be     
unnecess>y to enum]ate all ! favorable  
circum/ances 9 causes1 !y be+ easily    
kn[n f ! /ate ( facts2 besides1 no exact
 enum]ation c take place on acc\nt ( !  
great div]sity ( law-suits4 ,x is !     
cause itself1 !re=e1 t mu/ tea* u to f9d
 & improve ^! circum/ances2 &1 9 l      
mann]1 ) a circum/ance t may make aga9/ 
u ! cause w in=m u h[ x may ei!r be made
 entirely void1 or at lea/ invalidat$4  
,f ! cause compassion also sometimes    
arises1 :e!r we h already suff]$ or are 
likely to suff] any?+ griev\s4 ,= ,i am 
n ( ! op9ion ( ^? :o to di/+ui% !       
exordium f ! p]oration1 w h ! "o to     
speak ( :at is pa/ & ! o!r ( :at is to  
come4 ,!y are suffici5tly di/+ui%$ )\t  
?is discrim9ation4 ,9 ! exordium !      

orator ought to be m res]v$1 & ought    
only to ?r[ out "s h9ts ( ! s5tim5ts (  
compassion he designs to excite 9 ! m9ds
 ( ! judges2 :]eas 9 ! p]oration he may 
p\r out all ! passions1 introduce p]sons
 speak+1 & make ! dead to come =?1 z x  
71 out ( _! graves1 & recomm5d to !     
judges ! c>e ( _! de>e/ pl$ges4 ,all ^! 
p>ticul>s are seldom execut$ 9 !        
exordium4 ,b ! mann] j po9t$ out1 x w be
 v prop] to obs]ve 9 x1 & to we> d[n all
 impressions to ! contr>y made by !     
opposite side1 t z our situation w be   
deplorable if we %\ld be defeat$ 9 our  
expectations1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! behavior
 ( our oppon5t w\ld be insol5t &        
haughty4   ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,!            
,,introduction  ,besides p]sons &       
causes1 ! exordium likewise is sometimes
 tak5 f _! adjuncts1 t is1 f ?+s relat+ 
to ! cause & p]sons4 ,to p]sons are     
applicable n only ! pl$ges above        
m5tion$1 b aff9ities1 fri5d%ips1        
sometimes cities & :ole c\ntries are    
also likely to suff] by ! p]son's       

mis=tunes4  ,!ophra/us adds ano!r k9d ( 
exordium1 tak5 f ! plead+ ( ! orator :o 
speaks fir/4 ,su* seems to be t (       
,demo/h5es = ,ctesiphon1 9 :i* he       
reque/s ! judges to please p]mit him to 
reply z he ?9ks suitable r ?an to foll[ 
! rules prescrib$ by ! accus]4  ,z !    
confid5ce obs]vable 9 "s orators may    
easily pass = arrogance1 !re are c]ta9  
ways ( behavior :i*1 ?o common1 w       
please1 & !re=e ought n to be neglect$1 
to prev5t _! be+ us$ by ! oppos+ side3  
^! are wi%+1 w>d+ (f suspicion1         
supplicat+1 & mak+ a %[ ( tr\ble &      
anxiety4  ,! judge's att5tion is secur$ 
by induc+ him to believe t ! matt] "u   
debate is new1 important1 extraord9>y1  
or ( a he9\s nature1 or t x equally     
int]e/s him & ! public4 ,!n 8 m9d is to 
be r\s$ & agitat$ by hope1 fe>1         
remon/rance1 entreaty1 & ev5 by flatt]y1
 if x is ?\ght t w be ( any use4 ,ano!r 
way ( procur+ att5tion may be to promise
 t we %all take up b little ( _! "t1 z  
we %all conf9e ourselves to ! subject4  

,f :at has be5 said1 x appe>s t diff]5t 
causes require to be gov]n$ by diff]5t  
rules2 & five k9ds ( causes are g5]ally 
specifi$1 :i* are said to be1 ei!r      
hone/1 base1 d\btful1 extraord9>y1 or   
obscure4 ,"s add %ameful1 z a six? k9d1 
:i* o!rs include 9 base or extraord9>y4 
,by extraord9>y is und]/ood t :i* is    
contr>y to ! op9ion ( m54 ,9 a d\btful  
cause ! judge %\ld be made favorable2 9 
an obscure1 docile2 9 a base1 att5tive4 
,an hone/ cause is suffici5t ( itself to
 procure favor4 ,extraord9>y & base     
causes lack rem$ies4   ,,two ,,types ,,(
 ,,introductions  ,"s1 !re=e1 specify   
two k9ds ( exordiums1 "o a beg9n+1 ! o!r
 an ins9uation4 ,9 ! fir/ ! judges are  
reque/$ op5ly to give _! good w &       
att5tion2 b z ?is c n take place 9 !    
base k9d ( cause1 ! ins9uation mu/ /eal 
9 ^u _! m9ds1 especially :5 ! cause does
 n seem to appe> ) a suffici5tly hone/  
aspect1 ei!r because ! ?+ itself is     
wick$1 or is a measure n approv$ by !   
public4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( causes ( 

unseemly appe>ance1 z :5 g5]al odium is 
incurr$ by oppos+ a patriot2 & a l      
ho/ility ensues f act+ aga9/ a fa!r1 a  
wret*$ old man1 ! bl9d1 or ! orphan4    
,?is may be a g5]al rule = ! purpose1   
,to t\* b slightly on ! ?+s t "w aga9/  
u1 & to insi/ *iefly on ^? :i* are = our
 advantage4 ,if ! cause c n be s well   
ma9ta9$1 let u h rec\rse to ! goodness (
 ! p]son1 & if ! p]son is n condemnable1
 let u gr\nd our support on ! cause4 ,if
 no?+ occurs to help u out1 let u see   
:at may hurt ! oppon5t4 ,=1 s9ce to     
obta9 m favor is a ?+ to be wi%$1 s !   
next /ep to x is to incur less hatr$4   
,9 ?+s t c n be d5i$1 we mu/ endeavor to
 %[ t !y are greatly %ort ( :at !y are  
report$ to be1 or t !y h be5 done ) a   
diff]5t int5tion1 or t !y d n 9 any wise
 belong to ! pres5t "q1 or t rep5tance w
 make suffici5t am5ds = !m1 or t !y h   
already receiv$ a proportionate         
puni%m5t4 ,h]e91 !re=e1 x w be bett] & m
 suitable = an advocate to act ?an = !  
p]son himself2 because :5 plead+ = ano!r

 he c praise )\t ! imputation (         
arrogance1 & sometimes c ev5 reprove )  
advantage4  ,ins9uation seems to be n   
less necess>y :5 ! oppon5t's action has 
pre-posse/ ! m9ds ( ! judges1 or :5 !y h
 be5 fatigu$ by ! t$i\sness ( ! plead+4 
,! fir/ may be got ! bett] ( by promis+ 
sub/antial pro(s on our side1 & by      
refut+ ^? ( ! oppon5t4 ,! second1 by    
giv+ hopes ( be+ brief1 & by hav+       
rec\rse to ! means prescrib$ = mak+ !   
judge att5tive4 ,9 ! latt] case1 too1 "s
 seasonable pleasantry1 or any?+ witty  
to fre%5 ! m9d w h a good effect4 ,x w n
 be amiss1 likewise1 to remove any seem+
 ob/ruction4 ,z ,cic]o says ( himself1  
he is n unaw>e t "s w f9d x /range t he1
 :o = s _m ye>s _h def5d$ su* a numb] ( 
p1 & _h giv5 no (f5se to anyone1 %\ld   
und]take to accuse ,v]res4 ,aft]w>d he  
%[s t if1 on ! "o h&1 he accuses ,v]res1
 /ill1 on ! o!r1 he def5ds ! allies ( ! 
,roman p4   ,,h[ ,,to ,,select ,,! ,,"r 
,,beg9n+  ,! orator %\ld consid] :at !  
subject is ^u :i* he is to speak1 be=e  

:om1 = :om1 aga9/ :om1 at :at "t1 9 :at 
place1 "u :at conditions1 :at ! public  
?9k ( x1 :at ! judges may ?9k ( x be=e  
!y he> him1 & :at he himself has to     
desire1 & :at to appreh5d4 ,:oev] makes 
^! reflections w "k :]e he %\ld         
naturally beg94 ,b n[ orators call      
exordium any?+ ) :i* !y beg91 & consid] 
x ( advantage to make ! beg9n+ ) "s     
brilliant ?\ght4 ,und\bt$ly _m ?+s are  
tak5 into ! exordium :i* are drawn f o!r
 p>ts ( ! cause or at lea/ are common to
 !m1 b no?+ 9 ei!r respect is bett] said
 ?an t :i* c n be said s well else:]e4  
,,! ,,value ,,( ,,naturalness  ,!re are 
_m v engag+ ?+s 9 an exordium :i* is    
fram$ f ! oppon5t's plead+1 & ?is is    
because x does n seem to favor ( !      
closet1 b is produc$ on ! spot & comes f
 ! v ?+4 ,by its easy1 natural turn1 x  
enhances ! reputation ( g5ius4 ,its air 
( simplicity1 ! judge n be+ on 8 gu>d   
aga9/ x1 begets belief1 & ?o ! disc\rse 
9 all o!r p>ts be elaborate & writt5 )  
great accuracy1 x w = ! mo/ "p seem an  

extempore oration1 ! exordium evid5tly  
appe>+ to h no?+ prem$itat$4  ,b no?+   
else w s well suit an exordium z mode/y 
9 ! c\nt5ance1 voice1 ?\ghts1 &         
composition1 s t ev5 9 an               
uncontrov]tible k9d ( cause1 too great  
confid5ce ought n to display itself4    
,security is always odi\s 9 a plead]1 & 
a judge :o is s5sible ( 8 au?ority      
tacitly dem&s respect4  ,an orator mu/  
likewise be exce$+ly c>eful to keep     
himself f be+ suspect$1 p>ticul>ly 9 t  
reg>d2 !re=e1 n ! lea/ %[ ( /udy %\ld be
 made1 because all 8 art w seem ex]t$   
aga9/ ! judge1 & n to %[ ?is is !       
greate/ p]fection ( art4 ,?is rule has  
be5 recomm5d$ by all au?ors1 & und\bt$ly
 ) good reason1 b sometimes is alt]$ by 
circum/ances1 because 9 c]ta9 causes !  
judges !mselves require /udi$ disc\rses1
 & fancy !mselves ?\ght mean ( unless   
accuracy appe>s 9 ?\ght & expression4 ,x
 is ( no significance to in/ruct !m2 !y 
mu/ be pleas$4 ,x is inde$ difficult to 
f9d a m$ium 9 ?is respect1 b ! orator   

may s temp] 8 mann] z to speak )        
ju/ness1 & n ) too great a %[ ( art4    
,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,simplicity ,,(          
,,expression  ,ano!r rule inculcat$ by !
 anci5ts is n to admit into ! exordium  
any /range ^w1 too bold a metaphor1 an  
obsolete expression1 or a poetical turn4
 ,z yet we are n favorably receiv$ by ! 
auditors1 _! att5tion is n entirely     
held1 b :5 once !y conceive an e/eem &  
are w>mly incl9$ t[>d u1 !n is ! "t to  
haz>d ?is lib]ty1 especially :5 we ent] 
^u p>ts ! natural f]tility ( :i* does n 
all[ ! lib]ty ( expression to be notic$ 
amid/ ! lu/] spread ab\t x4  ,! /yle ( !
 exordium ought n to be l t ( ! argum5t 
prop] & ! n>ration1 nei!r ought x to be 
f9ely spun out1 or h>moniz$ into        
p]iodical cad5ces1 b1 r1 x %\ld be      
simple & natural1 promis+ nei!r too mu* 
by words nor c\nt5ance4 ,a mode/ action1
 also1 devoid ( ! lea/ suspicion (      
o/5tation1 w bett] ins9uate itself into 
! m9d ( ! auditor4 ,b ^! ought to be    
regulat$ accord+ to ! s5tim5ts we w\ld h

 ! judges imbibe f u4  ,x mu/ be        
rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t n[h]e is less        
all[ance made ?an "h = fail+ 9 memory or
 appe>+ de/itute ( ! p[] ( articulat+ _m
 words toge!r4 ,an ill-pron\nc$ exordium
 may well be comp>$ to a visage full (  
sc>s1 & c]ta9ly he mu/ be a bad pilot :o
 puts 8 %ip 9 dang] ( s9k+1 z he is go+ 
out ( port4  ,9 reg>d to ! l5g? ( !     
exordium1 x ought to be proportionate to
 ! nature ( ! cause4 ,simple causes     
admit ( a %ort] exordium2 ! complex1    
d\btful1 & odi\s1 require a long]       
exordium4 ,"s writ]s h prescrib$ f\r    
po9ts z laws = all exordiums1--:i* is   
ridicul\s4 ,an immod]ate l5g? %\ld be   
equally avoid$1 le/ x appe>1 z "s       
mon/]s1 bigg] 9 ! head ?an 9 ! re/ ( !  
body1 & create disgu/ :]e x ought only  
to prep>e4   ,,ty+ ,,up ,,!             
,,introduction  ,z (t5 z we use an      
exordium1 :e!r we pass next to !        
n>ration1 or imm$iately to ! pro(s1 we  
ought always to pres]ve a connection    
betwe5 :at foll[s & :at goes be=e4 ,to  

proce$ f "o "p to ano!r1 by "s +5i\s    
?\ght :i* disguises ! transition1 & to  
seek applause f su* a /udi$ ex]tion (   
wit1 is q ( a piece ) ! cold & *ildi%   
affectation ( our declaim]s4 ,if a long 
& intricate n>ration mu/ foll[1 ! judge 
ought naturally to be prep>$ = x4 ,?is  
,cic]o (t5 does1 z 9 ?is passage3 ,i mu/
 proce$ pretty high to cle> up ?is matt]
 to y1 :i* ,i hope1 g5tlem51 y w n be   
displeas$ at1 because its orig9 be+ kn[n
 w make y ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) !         
p>ticul>s proce$+ f x4     ,,!          
,,n>ration   ,!re are causes s %ort z to
 require r to be propos$ ?an told4 ,x is
 sometimes ! case ) two cont5d+ sides1  
ei!r t !y h no exposition to make1 or t 
agree+ on ! fact1 !y conte/ only ! "r4  
,sometimes "o ( ! cont5d+ p>ties1 mo/   
commonly ! pla9tiff1 ne$ only propose ! 
matt]1 z mo/ to 8 advantage1 & !n x w be
 en\gh = him to say3 ,i ask = a c]ta9   
sum ( money due to me accord+ to        
agreem5t2 ,i ask = :at 0 bequea!d to me 
by w4 ,x is ! def5dant's bus9ess to %[ t

 he has no "r to su* a debt or legacy4  
,on o!r occasions x is en\gh1 & m       
advisable1 = ! pla9tiff to po9t out     
m]ely ! fact3 ,i say t ,horatius kill$ 8
 si/]4 ,?is simple proposition makes    
kn[n ! :ole crime1 b ! details & ! cause
 ( ! fact w suit bett] ! def5dant4 ,let 
x be suppos$1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! fact c n 
be d5i$ or excus$2 !n ! def5dant1 in/ead
 ( n>rat+1 w be/ abide by ! "q ( "r4 ,"s
 "o is accus$ ( sacrilege = /eal+ !     
money ( a private p]son out ( a temple4 
,! plead] ( ! cause _h bett] confess !  
fact ?an give an acc\nt ( x4 ,we d n d5y
 t ?is money 0 tak5 out ( ! temple4 ,x 0
 ! money ( a private p]son1 & n set ap>t
 = any religi\s use4 ,b ! pla9tiff      
calumniates u by an action = sacrilege4 
,x is1 !re=e1 y\r bus9ess1 g5tlem51 to  
decide :e!r x c prop]ly be specifi$ z   
sacrilege4   ,,! ,,two ,,k9ds ,,(       
,,n>ration  ,!re are two k9ds ( n>ration
 9 judicial matt]s1 ! "o = ! cause1 !   
o!r = ?+s belong+ to x4 ,i h n kill$ t  
man4 ,?is ne$s no n>ration4 ,i admit x  

does n2 b !re may be a n>ration1 & ev5  
some:at long1 conc]n+ ! probable causes 
( innoc5ce 9 ! accus$1 z 8 =m] integrity
 ( life1 ! oppon5t's motives = endang]+ 
! life ( a guiltless p]son1 & o!r       
circum/ances argu+ ! incr$ibility ( !   
accusation4 ,! accus] does n m]ely say1 
,y h committ$ t murd]1 b %[s reasons to 
ev9ce its cr$ibility2 z1 9 trag$ies1 :5 
,teuc] imputes ! dea? ( ,ajax to        
,ulysses1 he says t ,he 0 f\nd 9 a      
lonely place1 ne> ! dead body ( 8 enemy1
 ) 8 sword all bloody4 ,ulysses1 9      
answ]1 n only d5ies ! crime1 b prote/s  
!re 0 no enmity betwe5 him & ,ajax1 & t 
!y nev] cont5d$ b = glory4 ,!n he       
relates h[ he came into t solit>y place1
 h[ he f\nd ,ajax dead1 & t x 0 ,ajax's 
own sword he drew out ( 8 w\nd4 ,to ^!  
are subjo9$ pro(s1 b ! pro(s1 too1 are n
 )\t n>ration1 ! pla9tiff alleg+1 ,y 7 9
 ! place :]e y\r enemy 0 f\nd kill$4 ,i 
0 n1 says ! def5dant1 & he tells :]e he 
04   ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,conclusion  
,! end ( ! n>ration is r m = p]suad+ ?an

 in=m+4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! judges might n    
require in=mation1 yet1 if we consid] x 
advisable to draw !m ov] to our way (   
?9k+1 we may relate ! matt] ) c]ta9     
precautions1 z1 t ?o !y h k ( ! affair 9
 g5]al1 /ill w\ld x n be amiss if !y    
*ose to exam9e into e p>ticul> fact z x 
happ5$4 ,sometimes we may div]sify !    
exposition ) a v>iety ( figures & turns2
 z1 ,y rememb]2 ,p]haps x w\ld be       
unnecess>y to insi/ any long] on ?is    
po9t2 ,b :y %\ld ,i speak fur!r :5 y are
 s well acqua9t$ ) ! matt]4  ,a subject 
( frequ5t discussion is to "k :e!r !    
n>ration ought imm$iately to foll[ !    
exordium4 ,!y :o ?9k x %\ld1 seem to h  
"s reason on _! side1 = z ! design ( !  
exordium is to dispose ! judges to he> u
 ) all ! good w1 docility1 & att5tion1  
we wi%1 & z argum5ts c h no effect )\t  
previ\s k ( ! cause1 x foll[s naturally 
t !y %\ld h ?is k z soon z x c          
conv5i5tly be giv5 to !m4   ,,purposes  
,,( ,,! ,,n>ration  ,if ! n>ration be   
entirely = u1 we may cont5t ourselves ) 

^? ?ree p>ts1 :]eby ! judge is made ! m 
easily to und]/&1 rememb]1 & believe4 ,b
 let none ?9k ( f9d+ fault if ,i require
 ! n>ration :i* is entirely = u1 to be  
probable ?o true1 = _m ?+s are true b   
sc>cely cr$ible1 z1 on ! contr>y1 _m ?+s
 are false ?o frequ5tly probable4 ,we   
ought1 !re=e1 to be c>eful t ! judge    
%\ld believe z mu* :at we pret5d z !    
tru? we say1 by pres]v+ 9 bo? a         
probability to be cr$it$4  ,^? ?ree     
qualities ( ! n>ration belong 9 l mann] 
to all o!r p>ts ( ! disc\rse1 =         
obscurity mu/ be avoid$ ?r\gh\t1 & we   
mu/ ev]y:]e keep )9 c]ta9 b\nds1 & all t
 is said mu/ be probable2 b a /rict     
obs]vance ( ^! p>ticul>s ought to be    
kept m especially 9 t "p :]e9 ! judge   
receives 8 fir/ in=mation1 = if !re x   
%\ld happ5 t he ei!r does n und]/&1     
rememb]1 or believe1 our labor 9 all o!r
 p>ts w be to no purpose4   ,,!         
,,qualities ,,ne$$ ,,= ,,success  ,!    
n>ration w be cle> & intelligible if1   
fir/1 x be expre/ 9 prop] & significant 

words1 :i* h no?+ mean & l[1 no?+       
f>-fet*$1 & no?+ uncommon4 ,second1 if x
 di/+ui%es exactly ?+s1 p]sons1 times1  
places1 causes2 all ( :i* %\ld be       
accompani$ ) a suitable deliv]y1 t !    
judge may reta9 ! m easily :at is said4 
,?is is a quality neglect$ by mo/ ( our 
orators1 :o1 *>m$ by ! applause ( a     
rabble br\ght toge!r by *ance1 or ev5   
brib$ to applaud ) admiration e ^w &    
p]iod1 c nei!r endure ! att5tive sil5ce 
( a judici\s audi5ce1 nor seem to       
!mselves to be eloqu5t unless !y make   
ev]y?+ r+ ab\t !m ) tumultu\s clamor4   
,to expla9 simply ! fact1 appe>s to !m  
too l[1 & common1 & too mu* )9 ! rea* ( 
! illit]ate1 b ,i fancy t :at !y despise
 z easy is n s mu* because ( incl9ation 
z because ( inability to effect x4 ,= ! 
m exp]i5ce we h1 ! m we f9d t no?+ else 
is s difficult z to speak 9 su* a mann] 
t all :o h he>d u may ?9k !y c\ld acquit
 !mselves equally z well4 ,! reason = ! 
contr>y notion is t :at is s said is    
consid]$ z m]ely true & n z f9e &       

beautiful4 ,b w n ! orator express      
himself 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]1 :5 he     
seems to speak tru?8 ,n[1 inde$1 !      
n>ration is laid out z a *ampion-gr\nd =
 eloqu5ce to display itself 92 ! voice1 
! ge/ure1 ! ?\ghts1 ! expression1 are   
all work$ up to a pit* ( extravagance1 &
 :at is mon/r\s1 ! action is applaud$1 &
 yet ! cause is f> f be+ und]/ood4 ,b we
 %all =ego fur!r reflections on ?is     
misguid$ notion1 le/ we (f5d m by       
reprov+ faults1 ?an gratify by giv+     
advice4  ,! n>ration w h its due brevity
 if we beg9 by expla9+ ! affair f ! po9t
 :]e x is ( conc]n to ! judge2 next1 if 
we say no?+ =eign to ! cause2 & la/1 if 
we avoid all sup]fluities1 yet )\t      
curtail+ any?+ t may give insight into !
 cause or be to its advantage4 ,!re is a
 c]ta9 brevity ( p>ts1 h[ev]1 :i* makes 
a long :ole3 ,i came to ! h>bor1 ,i saw 
a %ip ready = sail+1 ,i ask$ ! price =  
pass5g]s1 ,i agre$ z to :at ,i %\ld     
give1 ,i w5t abo>d1 we weigh$ an*or1 we 
cle>$ ! coa/1 & sail$ on briskly4 ,none 

( ^! circum/ances c\ld be expre/ 9 few] 
words1 b x is suffici5t to say1 ,i sail$
 f ! port4 ,& z (t5 z ! end ( a ?+      
suffici5tly d5otes :at w5t be=e1 we may 
re/ satisfi$ ) x z facilitat+ ! und]/&+ 
( all o!r circum/ances4  ,b (t5 :5 /riv+
 to be %ort1 we become obscure1 a fault 
equally to be avoid$1 !re=e x is bett] t
 ! n>ration %\ld h a little too mu*1 ?an
 t x %\ld lack en\gh4 ,:at is r$undant1 
disgu/s2 :at is necess>y is cut d[n )   
dang]4 ,i w\ld n h ?is rule re/rict$ to 
:at is b>ely suffici5t = pron\nc+       
judgm5t on1 because ! n>ration may be   
concise1 yet n1 on t acc\nt1 be )\t     
ornam5t4 ,9 su* cases x w\ld appe> z    
com+ f an illit]ate p]son4 ,pleasure1   
inde$1 has a secret *>m2 & ! ?+s :i*    
please seem less t$i\s4 ,a pleasant &   
smoo? road1 ?o x be long]1 fatigues less
 ?an a rugg$ & disagreeable %ort cut4 ,i
 am n s fond ( concis5ess z n to make   
room = bright5+ a n>ration ) prop]      
embelli%m5ts4 ,if q homely & curtail$ on
 all sides1 x w be n s mu* a n>ration z 

a poor huddl+ up ( ?+s toge!r4   ,,gett+
 ,,y\r ,,/atem5ts ,,accept$  ,! be/ way 
to make ! n>ration probable is to fir/  
consult ) ourselves on :atev] is        
agreeable to nature1 t no?+ may be said 
contr>y to x2 next1 to f9d causes &     
reasons = facts1 n = all1 b = ^? belong+
 to ! "q2 & la/1 to h *>act]s answ]able 
to ! alleg$ facts :i* we w\ld h believ$2
 z1 if "o 7 guilty ( !ft1 we %\ld       
repres5t him z a mis]2 ( adult]y1 z     
addict$ to impure lu/s2 ( manslaught]1 z
 hot & ra%4 ,! contr>y takes place 9    
def5se1 & ! facts mu/ agree ) "t1 place1
 & ! l4  ,sometimes a cause may be      
prep>$ by a proposition1 & aft]w>d      
n>rat$4 ,all circum/ances are           
unfavorable to ?ree sons :o h conspir$  
aga9/ _! fa!r's life4 ,!y ca/ lots :o   
%all /rike ! bl[4 ,he on :om ! lot      
falls1 ent]s 8 fa!r's b$-*amb] at night1
 ) a poni>d1 b has n c\rage to put !    
design into execution4 ,! second & !    
?ird d ! same4 ,! fa!r wakes4 ,all      
confess _! wick$ purpose1 & by virtue ( 

a law made & provid$ = su* case1 !y are 
to be dis9h]it$4 ,b %\ld ! fa!r1 :o has 
already made a p>tition ( 8 e/ate 9 _!  
favor1 plead _! cause1 he may proce$    
?us3 ,*ildr5 are accus$ ( p>ricide1 ^:  
fa!r is /ill alive1 & !y are su$ 9      
consequ5ce ( a law t is n prop]ly       
applicable to _! case4 ,i ne$ n "h give 
an acc\nt ( a transaction t is =eign to 
! po9t ( law 9 "q4 ,b if y require a    
confession ( my guilt1 ,i h be5 a h>d   
fa!r to !m1 & r too mu* occupi$ 9 ho>d+ 
up ! income ( my e/ate1 :i* w\ld h be5  
bett] sp5t 9 necess>ies = !m4 ,aft]w>d  
he may say t !y did n =m ?is plan by    
!mselves1 t !y 7 in/igat$ to x by o!rs  
:o _h m indulg5t p>5ts1 t ! result      
cle>ly %[$ !y 7 n capable ( s unnatural 
an action1 t !re 0 no necessity = b9d+  
!mselves by oa? if 9 reality !y c\ld h  
_h su* an incl9ation1 nor ( ca/+ lots if
 ea* did n want to avoid ! p]petration (
 su* a crime4 ,all ^! circum/ances1 su* 
z !y are1 w be favorably receiv$1 s(t5$ 
9 "s measure by ! %ort def5se ( !       

previ\s propositions4   ,,! ,,ord] ,,(  
,,! ,,n>ration  ,i am n ( ! op9ion ( ^? 
:o ?9k t ! facts ought always to be     
relat$ 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y happ5$4 ,t
 mann] ( n>ration is be/ :i* is ( mo/   
advantage to ! cause1 & x may1 n        
improp]ly1 call 9 ! aid ( a div]sity (  
figures4 ,sometimes we may pret5d t a ?+
 has be5 ov]look$1 s t x may be bett]   
expre/ else:]e ?an x w\ld be 9 its own  
ord] & place2 assur+ ! judges at ! same 
"t t we %all resume ! prop] ord]1 b t ! 
cause 9 ?is way w be bett] und]/ood4    
,sometimes1 aft] expla9+ ! :ole affair1 
we may subjo9 ! antec$5t causes4 ,& ?us 
x is t ! art ( def5se1 n circumscrib$ by
 any "o inv>iable rule1 mu/ be adapt$ to
 ! nature & circum/ances ( ! cause4  ,x 
w n be amiss to intimate t no?+ enhances
 s mu* ! cr$ibility ( a n>ration z !    
au?ority ( him :o makes x1 & ?is        
au?ority x is our duty to acquire1 above
 all1 by an irreproa*able life1 & next1 
by ! mann] ( en=c+ x4 ,! m grave & s]i\s
 x is1 ! m weight x w h4 ,"h all        

suspicion ( cunn+ & artifice %\ld1      
!re=e1 be p>ticul>ly avoid$1 = ! judges1
 ev] di/ru/ful1 are "h pr9cipally on _! 
gu>d1 &1 likewise1 no?+ %\ld seem a pure
 fiction1 or ! "w ( /udy1 :i* all might 
r be believ$ to proce$ f ! cause ?an !  
orator4 ,b ?is we c n endure1 & we ?9k  
our art lo/ unless x is se52 :]eas x    
ceases to be art if x is se54           
,,division ,,& ,,argum5t   ,"s are ( !  
op9ion t division %\ld always be us$1 z 
by x ! cause w be m cle> & ! judge m    
att5tive & m easily taught :5 he kn[s ( 
:at we speak to him & ( :at we int5d    
aft]w>d to speak4 ,o!rs ?9k ?is is      
att5d$ ) dang] to ! orator1 ei!r by 8   
sometimes =gett+ :at he has promis$1 or 
by some?+ else occurr+ to ! judge or    
auditor1 :i* he did n ?9k ( 9 !         
division4 ,i c n well imag9e h[ ?is may 
happ51 unless ) "o :o is ei!r de/itute (
 s5se or ra% en\gh to plead )\t         
prep>ation4 ,9 any o!r respect1 no?+    
else c set a subject 9 s cle> a light z 
j division4 ,x is a means to :i* we are 

direct$ by ! guidance ( nature1 because 
keep+ 9 sight ! heads on :i* we propose 
to speak1 is ! greate/ help ! memory c  
h4   ,,! ,,mi/ake ,,( ,,too ,,_m        
,,divisions  ,b if division %\ld seem   
requisite1 ,i am n incl9$ to ass5t to ! 
notion ( ^? :o w\ld h x ext5d to m ?an  
?ree p>ts4 ,inde$1 :5 ! p>ts are too _m1
 !y escape ! judge's memory & di/ract 8 
att5tion2 b a cause is n scrupul\sly to 
be ti$ d[n to ?is numb]1 z x may require
 m4   ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,divisions   
,!re are reasons = n always us+         
division1 ! pr9cipal reason be+ t mo/   
?+s are bett] receiv$ :5 seem+ly (      
extempore inv5tion & n sugge/ive ( /udy1
 b aris+ 9 ! plead+ f ! nature ( ! ?+   
itself4 ,:5ce su* figures are n unpleas+
 z1 ,i _h almo/ =gott5 to say2 ,x escap$
 my memory to acqua9t y2 & ,y h giv5 me 
a good h9t4 ,= if ! pro(s %\ld be       
propos$ )\t some?+ ( a reputation ( ?is 
k9d1 !y w\ld lose1 9 ! sequel1 all !    
graces ( novelty4  ,! di/+ui%+ (        
que/ions1 & ! discuss+ ( !m1 %\ld be    

equally avoid$4 ,b ! li/5]s' passions   
ought to be excit$1 & _! att5tion div]t$
 f its =m] bias1 = x is ! orator's      
bus9ess n s mu* to in/ruct z to en=ce 8 
eloqu5ce by emotion1 to :i* no?+ c be m 
contr>y ?an m9ute & scrupul\sly exact   
division ( a disc\rse into p>ts4   ,,:5 
,,! ,,division ,,is ,,desirable  ,if _m 
?+s are to be avoid$ or refut$1 !       
division w be bo? useful & pleas+1 caus+
 ev]y?+ to appe> 9 ! ord] 9 :i* x is to 
be said4 ,b if we def5d a s+le crime by 
v>i\s ways1 division w be sup]flu\s1 z1 
,i %all make x cle> t ! p]son ,i def5d  
is n su* z to make x seem probable t he 
c\ld be guilty ( murd]2 x %all also be  
%[n t he _h no motives to induce him to 
d x2 & la/ly1 t he 0 across ! sea :5 ?is
 murd] took place4 ,:atev] is cit$ &    
argu$ be=e ! ?ird po9t mu/ seem q       
unnecess>y1 = ! judge is 9 ha/e to h y  
come to t :i* is ( mo/ consequ5ce1 & !  
pati5t1 w tacitly call ^u y to acquit   
y\rself ( y\r promise1 or1 if he has mu*
 bus9ess to dispat*1 or 8 dignity puts  

him above y\r trifl+1 or he is ( a      
peevi% humor1 he w oblige y to speak to 
! purpose1 & p]haps d s 9 disrespectful 
t]ms4   ,,pitfalls ,,9 ,,argum5t  ,_m   
d\bt ! desirability ( ?is k9d ( def5se3 
,if ,i _h kill$ him1 ,i %\ld h done     
well2 b ,i did n kill him4 ,:]e is !    
occasion1 say !y1 = ! fir/ proposition  
if ! second be true8 ,!y run c\nt] to   
ea* o!r1 & :oev] advances bo?1 w be     
cr$it$ 9 nei!r4 ,?is is p>tly true1 = if
 ! la/ proposition be unque/ionable1 x  
is ! only "o t %\ld be us$4 ,b if we are
 appreh5sive ( any?+ 9 ! /rong]1 we may 
use bo?4 ,on ^! occasions p]sons seem to
 be diff]5tly affect$2 "o w believe !   
fact1 & exculpate ! "r2 ano!r w condemn 
! "r1 & p]haps n cr$it ! fact4 ,s1 "o   
d>t may be en\gh = an un]r+ h& to hit ! 
m>k1 b *ance & _m d>ts mu/ effect ! same
 result = an unc]ta9 aim4 ,cic]o cle>s  
up ?is matt] 9 8 def5se ( ,milo4 ,he    
fir/ %[s ,clodius to be ! aggressor1 &  
!n1 by a sup]abundance ( "r1 adds t ?o  
he might n be ! aggressor1 x 0 brave &  

glori\s 9 ,milo to h deliv]$ ,rome ( s  
bad a citiz54  ,?o division may n always
 be necess>y1 yet :5 prop]ly us$ x gives
 great light & beauty to a disc\rse4    
,?is x effects n only by add+ m         
p]spicuity to :at is said1 b also by    
refre%+ ! m9ds ( ! he>]s by a view ( ea*
 "p circumscrib$ )9 its b\nds2 j s      
mile/ones ease 9 "s measure ! fatigue ( 
travel]s1 x be+ a pleasure to "k ! ext5t
 ( ! labor !y h und]gone1 & to "k :at   
rema9s enc\rages !m to p]sev]e1 z a ?+  
does n necess>ily seem long :5 !re is a 
c]ta9ty ( com+ to ! end4   ,,ess5tials  
,,( ,,good ,,argum5t  ,e division1      
!re=e1 :5 x may be employ$ to advantage1
 ought to be fir/ cle> & intelligible1 =
 :at is worse ?an be+ obscure 9 a ?+1 ! 
use ( :i* is to gu>d aga9/ obscurity 9  
o!r ?+s8 ,second1 x ought to be %ort1 & 
n encumb]$ ) any sup]flu\s ^w1 because  
we d n ent] ^u ! subject matt]1 b only  
po9t x out4  ,if pro(s be /rong & cog5t1
 !y %\ld be propos$ & insi/$ on         
sep>ately2 if weak1 x w be be/ to       

collect !m into a body4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 
be+ p]suasive by !mselves1 x w\ld be    
improp] to obscure !m by ! confusion (  
o!rs3 !y %\ld appe> 9 _! due light4 ,9 !
 second case1 be+ naturally weak1 !y    
%\ld be made to support ea* o!r4 ,if1   
!re=e1 !y are n greatly effective 9 po9t
 ( quality1 !y may be 9 t ( numb]1 all (
 !m hav+ a t5d5cy to prove ! same ?+2 z1
 if "o 7 accus$ ( kill+ ano!r = ! sake (
 inh]it+ 8 =tune3 ,y did expect an      
inh]itance1 & x 0 some?+ v consid]able2 
y 7 poor1 & y\r cr$itors tr\bl$ y m ?an 
ev]2 y also (f5d$ him :o _h appo9t$ y 8 
heir1 & y "k t he int5d$ to alt] 8 w4   
,^! pro(s tak5 sep>ately are ( little   
mom5t1 & common2 b collectively _! %ock 
is felt1 n z a peal ( ?und]1 b z a %[] (
 hail4  ,! judge's memory1 h[ev]1 is n  
always to be load$ ) ! argum5ts we may  
inv5t4 ,!y w create disgu/1 & beget     
di/ru/ 9 him1 z he c n ?9k su* argum5ts 
to be p[]ful en\gh :i* we ourselves d n 
?9k suffici5t4 ,b to g on argu+ & prov+1
 9 ! case ( self-evid5t ?+s1 w\ld be a  

piece ( folly n unlike t ( br++ a c&le  
to light u :5 ! sun is 9 its greate/    
spl5dor4  ,to ^! "s add pro(s :i* !y    
call moral1 drawn f ! mild] passions2 & 
! mo/ p[]ful1 9 ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1   
are su* z arise f ! p]son ( him :o      
speaks1 if he be a man ( real integrity4
 ,?is is a prim>y consid]ation2 & a     
second>y "o1 remote1 inde$1 yet foll[+1 
w be ! probable notion ent]ta9$ ( 8     
irreproa*able life4   ,,! ,,be/ ,,ord]  
,,( ,,! ,,argum5t  ,x has be5 a matt] ( 
debate1 also1 :e!r ! /ronge/ pro(s %\ld 
h place 9 ! beg9n+1 to make an imm$iate 
impression on ! he>]s1 or at ! end1 to  
make ! impression la/+ ) !m1 or to      
di/ribute !m1 p>tly 9 ! beg9n+ & p>tly  
at ! end1 plac+ ! weak] 9 ! middle1 or  
to beg9 ) ! weake/ & proce$ to !        
/ronge/4 ,= my "p ,i ?9k ?is %\ld dep5d 
on ! nature & exig5cies ( ! cause1 yet )
 ?is res]vation1 t ! disc\rse might n   
dw9dle f ! p[]ful into :at is nugatory &
 frivol\s4  ,let ! "y orator1 = ^:      
in/ruction ,i make ^! rem>ks1 accu/om   

himself z mu* z possible to copy nature 
& tru?4 ,z 9 s*ools he (t5 engages 9 %am
 battles1 9 imitation ( ! conte/s ( !   
b>1 let him ev5 !n h an eye to victory1 
& le>n to /rike home1 deal+ moral bl[s &
 putt+ himself on 8 def5se z if really 9
 e>ne/4 ,x is ! ma/]'s bus9ess to       
require ?is duty1 & to comm5d x accord+ 
z x is well execut$4 ,= if !y love      
praise to ! degree ( seek+ x 9 _!       
faults1 :i* does !m mu* h>m1 !y w desire
 x m passionately :5 !y "k x to be !    
rew>d ( real m]it4 ,! mis=tune n[ is t  
!y commonly pass ov] necess>y ?+s 9     
sil5ce1 consid]+ :at is = ! good ( !    
cause z ( little or no acc\nt if x be n 
conducive to ! embelli%m5t ( ! disc\rse4
     ,,! ,,p]oration   ,! p]oration1    
call$ by "s ! completion1 by o!rs !     
conclusion1 ( a disc\rse1 is ( two k9ds1
 & reg>ds ei!r ! matt]s discu/ 9 x or ! 
mov+ ( ! passions4  ,! repetition ( !   
matt] & ! collect+ x toge!r1 :i* is     
call$ by ! ,greeks recapitulation1 & by 
"s ( ! ,lat9s enum]ation1 s]ves =       

refre%+ ! judge's memory1 = plac+ ! :ole
 cause 9 "o direct po9t ( view1 & =     
en=c+ 9 a body _m pro(s :i*1 sep>ately1 
made less impression4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is
 repetition ought to be v %ort1 & !     
,greek t]m suffici5tly d5otes t we ought
 to run ov] only ! pr9cipal heads1 = if 
we are long 9 do+ x1 x w n be an        
enum]ation t we make1 b1 z x 71 a second
 disc\rse4 ,! po9ts :i* may seem to     
require ?is enum]ation1 h[ev]1 ought to 
be pron\nc$ ) "s emphasis1 & enliv5$ )  
opposite ?\ghts1 & div]sifi$ by figures1
 o!rwise no?+ w be m disagreeable ?an a 
m]e cursory repetition1 :i* w\ld seem to
 %[ di/ru/ ( ! judge's memory4   ,,rules
 ,,= ,,! ,,p]oration  ,?is seems to be !
 only k9d ( p]oration all[$ by mo/ ( !  
,a!nians & by almo/ all ! philosoph]s :o
 left any?+ writt5 on ! art ( oratory4  
,! ,a!nians1 ,i suppose1 7 ( t op9ion   
because x 0 cu/om>y at ,a!ns to sil5ce1 
by ! public cri]1 any orator :o %\ld    
attempt to move ! passions4 ,i am less  
surpriz$ at ?is op9ion among            

philosoph]s1 e p]turbation ( ! m9d be+  
consid]$ by !m z vici\s2 nor did x seem 
to !m compatible ) s\nd morality to     
div]t ! judge f tru?1 nor agreeable to !
 idea ( an hone/ man to h rec\rse to any
 s9i/] /ratagem4 ,yet mov+ ! passions w 
be ackn[l$g$ necess>y :5 tru? & ju/ice c
 n be o!rwise obta9$ & :5 public good is
 conc]n$ 9 ! decision4 ,all agree t     
recapitulation may also be employ$ to   
advantage 9 o!r p>ts ( ! plead+1 if !   
cause is complicat$ & requires _m       
argum5ts to def5d x1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x w
 admit ( no d\bt t _m causes are s %ort 
& simple z to h no occasion 9 any "p (  
!m = recapitulation4 ,! above rules = ! 
p]oration apply equally to ! accus] & to
 ! def5dant's advocate4  ,!y1 likewise1 
use ne>ly ! same passions1 b ! accus] m 
seldom & m sp>+ly1 & ! def5dant (t5] & )
 great] emotions2 = x is ! bus9ess ( !  
=m] to /ir up av]sion1 indignation1 &   
o!r simil> passions 9 ! m9ds ( ! judges1
 & ( ! latt] to b5d _! he>ts to         
compassion4 ,yet ! accus] is sometimes n

 )\t te>s1 9 deplor+ ! di/ress ( ^? 9 ^:
 behalf he sues = satisfaction1 & !     
def5dant sometimes compla9s ) great     
vehem5ce ( ! p]secution rais$ aga9/ him 
by ! calumnies & conspiracy ( 8 enemies4
 ,x w\ld be be/1 !re=e1 to di/+ui% &    
discuss sep>ately ! diff]5t passions    
excit$ on ! p>ts ( ! pla9tiff &         
def5dant1 :i* are mo/ commonly1 z ,i h  
said1 v l :at takes place 9 ! exordium1 
b are treat$ 9 a fre] & full] mann] 9 ! 
p]oration4   ,,purposes ,,( ,,!         
,,p]oration  ,! favor ( ! judges t[>d u 
is m sp>+ly su$ = 9 ! beg9n+1 x be+ !n  
suffici5t to ga9 _! att5tion1 z ! :ole  
disc\rse rema9s 9 :i* to make fur!r     
impressions4 ,b 9 ! p]oration we mu/    
/rive to br+ ! judge into t disposition 
( ! m9d :i* x is necess>y = u t he %\ld 
reta9 :5 he comes to pass judgm5t4 ,!   
p]oration be+ f9i%$1 we c say no m1 nor 
c any?+ be res]v$ = ano!r place4 ,bo? ( 
! cont5d+ sides1 !re=e1 try to          
conciliate ! judge1 to make him         
unfavorable to ! oppon5t1 to r\se &     

occasionally allay 8 passions2 & bo? may
 f9d _! me?od ( proc$ure 9 ?is %ort     
rule1 :i* is1 to keep 9 view ! :ole     
/ress ( ! cause1 & f9d+ :at x conta9s t 
is favorable1 odi\s1 or deplorable1 9   
reality or 9 probability1 to say ^? ?+s 
:i* w\ld make ! greate/ impression on   
!mselves if !y sat z judges4  ,i h      
already m5tion$ 9 ! rules = ! exordium  
h[ ! accus] might conciliate ! judges4  
,yet "s ?+s1 :i* x 0 en\gh to po9t out  
!re1 %\ld be wr\ght to a fulness 9 !    
p]oration1 especially if ! plead+ be    
aga9/ "s "o univ]sally hat$1 & a common 
di/urb]1 & if ! condemnation ( ! culprit
 %\ld r$\nd z mu* to ! honor ( ! judges 
z 8 acquittal to _! %ame4 ,?us ,calvus  
spoke admirably aga9/ ,vat9ius3  ,y "k1 
good sirs1 t ,vat9ius is guilty1 & no "o
 is unaw>e t y "k x4 ,cic]o1 9 ! same   
way1 in=ms ! judges t if any?+ is       
capable ( ree/abli%+ ! reputation ( _!  
judgm5t1 x mu/ be ! condemnation (      
,v]res4 ,if x be prop] to intimidate !  
judges1 z ,cic]o likewise does1 aga9/   

,v]res1 ?is is done ) bett] effect 9 !  
p]oration ?an 9 ! exordium4 ,i h already
 expla9$ my s5tim5ts on ?is po9t4   ,,h[
 ,,to ,,ar\se ,,emotions  ,9 %ort1 :5 x 
is requisite to excite envy1 hatr$1 or  
indignation !re is great] scope = do+   
?is to advantage 9 ! p]oration ?an      
else:]e4 ,! int]e/ 9 ! accus$ may       
naturally excite ! judge's envy1 !      
infamy ( 8 crimes may draw ^u him 8     
hatr$1 ! little respect he %[s him may  
r\se 8 indignation4 ,if he is /ubborn1  
haughty1 presumptu\s1 let him be pa9t$ 9
 all ! gl>+ colors t aggravate su*      
vici\s temp]1 & ^! manife/$ n only f 8  
words & de$s1 b f face1 mann]1 & dress4 
,i rememb]1 on my fir/ com+ to ! b>1 a  
%rewd rem>k ( ! accus] ( ,cossutianus   
,capito4 ,he plead$ 9 ,greek be=e !     
,emp]or1 b ! mean+ ( 8 words 03 ,might x
 n be said t ?is man disda9s ev5 to     
respect ,caes>4  ,! accus] has rec\rse  
frequ5tly to ! ar\s+ ( compassion1 ei!r 
by sett+ =? ! di/re/ /ate ( him = :om he
 hopes to f9d r$ress1 or by describ+ !  

desolation & ru9 into :i* 8 *ildr5 &    
relations are likely !reby to be        
involv$4 ,he may1 too1 move ! judges by 
hold+ out to !m a prospect ( :at may    
happ5 h]eaft] if injuries & viol5ce     
rema9 unpuni%$1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* w be 
t ei!r 8 cli5t mu/ ab&on 8 dwell+ & !   
c>e ( 8 effects1 or mu/ resolve to      
endure pati5tly all ! inju/ice 8 enemy  
may try to d him4  ,! accus] m frequ5tly
 w endeavor to caution ! judge aga9/ !  
pity ) :i* ! def5dant int5ds to inspire 
him1 & he w /imulate him1 9 z great a   
degree z he c1 to judge accord+ to 8    
consci5ce4 ,"h1 too1 w be ! place to    
anticipate :atev] x is ?\ght ! oppon5t  
may d or say1 = x makes ! judges m      
circumspect reg>d+ ! sacr$ness ( _! oa?1
 & by x ! answ] to ! plead+ may lose !  
indulg5ce :i* x is expect$ to receive1  
toge!r ) ! *>m ( novelty 9 all !        
p>ticul>s :i* ! accus] has already cle>$
 up4 ,! judges1 besides1 may be in=m$ ( 
! answ] !y %\ld make to ^? :o might     
?reat5 to h _! s5t5ce rev]s$2 & ?is is  

ano!r k9d ( recapitulation4  ,! p]sons  
conc]n$ are v prop] objects = affect+ ! 
m9d ( ! judge1 = ! judge does n seem to 
himself to he> s mu* ! orator weep+ ov] 
o!rs' mis=tunes1 z he imag9es 8 e>s are 
smitt5 ) ! feel+s & voice ( ! di/re/4   
,ev5 _! dumb appe>ance might be a       
suffici5tly mov+ language to draw te>s1 
& z _! wret*$ness w\ld appe> 9 lively   
colors if !y 7 to speak x !mselves1 s   
proportionately x mu/ be ?\ght to h a   
p[]ful effect :5 expre/1 z x 71 f _! own
 m\?s4 ,j s1 9 !atrical repres5tations1 
! same voice1 & ! same emphatic         
pronunciation1 become v int]e/+ "u !    
masks us$ = p]sonat+ diff]5t *>act]s4 ,)
 a l view ,cic]o1 ?o he gives n ! voice 
( a suppliant to ,milo1 b1 on ! contr>y1
 comm5ds 8 un%ak5 con/ancy1 yet does he 
adapt to him words & compla9ts n unwor?y
 ( a man ( _s3 ,o my labors1 to no      
purpose und]tak56 ,deceiv+ hopes6       
,useless projects6  ,?is excit+ ( pity1 
h[ev]1 %\ld nev] be long1 x be+ said1 n 
)\t reason1 t no?+ dries up s soon z    

te>s4 ,if "t c mitigate ! pangs ( real  
grief1 ( c\rse ! c\nt]feit grief assum$ 
9 speak+ mu/ soon] vani%2 s t if we     
dally1 ! auditor f9d+ himself ov]*>g$ ) 
m\rnful ?\ghts1 tries to resume 8       
tranquility1 & ?us ridd+ himself ( !    
emotion t ov]p[]$ him1 soon returns to !
 ex]cise ( cool reason4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 
nev] all[ ?is k9d ( emotion to become   
languid1 b :5 we h w\nd up ! passions to
 _! greate/ height1 we mu/ in/antly drop
 ! subject1 & n expect t any "o w long  
bewail ano!r's mi%ap4 ,!re=e1 z 9 o!r   
p>ts1 ! disc\rse %\ld be well support$1 
& r rise1 s "h p>ticul>ly x %\ld gr[ to 
its full vigor1 because t :i* makes no  
addition to :at has already be5 said    
seems to dim9i% x1 & a passion soon     
evaporates t once beg9s to subside4     
,te>s are excit$ n only by words b by   
do+ c]ta9 ?+s1 :5ce x is n unusual to   
pres5t ! v p]sons :o are 9 dang] (      
condemnation1 9 a g>b suitable to _!    
di/ress1 toge!r ) _! *ildr5 & relations4
 ,accus]s1 too1 make x a cu/om to %[ a  

bloody sword1 fractur$ bones pick$ out (
 w\nds1 & g>m5ts dr5*$ 9 blood4         
,sometime1 likewise1 !y unb9d w\nds to  
%[ _! condition1 & /rip bodies nak$ to  
%[ ! /ripes !y h receiv$4 ,^! acts are  
commonly ( mighty efficacy1 z fully     
reveal+ ! reality ( ! occurr5ce4 ,?us x 
0 t ,caes>'s robe1 bloody all ov]1      
expos$ 9 ! ,=um1 drove ! p ( ,rome into 
an excess ( madness4 ,x 0 well kn[n t he
 0 assass9at$2 8 body also lay 9 /ate1  
until 8 fun]al %\ld take place2 yet t   
g>m5t1 /ill dripp+ ) blood1 =m$ s       
graphic a picture ( ! horrible murd] t x
 seem$ to !m to h be5 p]petrat$ t v     
in/ant4  ,x w n be amiss to h9t t !     
success ( ! p]oration dep5ds mu* on !   
mann] ( ! p>ties 9 con=m+ !mselves to ! 
emotions & action ( _! advocates4       
,/upidity1 ru/icity1 & a want (         
s5sibility & att5tion1 z x is said1 ?r[ 
cold wat] on a cause aga9/ :i* ! orator 
c n be too well provid$4 ,i h1 inde$1   
(t5 se5 !m act q contr>y to _!          
advocate's in/ructions4 ,n ! lea/ %[ (  

conc]n c\ld be obs]v$ 9 _! c\nt5ance4   
,!y laugh$ fooli%ly & )\t reason1 & made
 o!rs laugh by "s ridicul\s ge/iculation
 or grimace1 especially :5 ! heat ( a   
debate exhibit$ any?+ ak9 to !atrical   
action4  ,an orator ( sl5d] ability w   
acquit himself bett] if he all[s !      
judges by !mselves to feel ! compassion 
) :i* 8 subject may naturally inspire   
!m1 especially s9ce ! appe>ance1 &      
voice1 & /udi$ air ( ! advocate's       
c\nt5ance are (t5 ridicul$ by su* z are 
n affect$ by !m4 ,let ! orator make an  
exact e/imate ( 8 p[]s1 !re=e1 & be     
consci\s ( ! burd5 he und]takes4 ,"h !re
 is no middle /ate2 he mu/ ei!r make 8  
he>]s weep1 or expect to be laugh$ at4  
,x %\ld n be imag9$1 z "s h ?\ght1 t all
 excit+ ( ! passions1 all s5tim5tal     
emotions1 ought to be conf9$ to !       
exordium & p]oration4 ,9 !m !y are mo/  
frequ5t1 yet o!r p>ts admit !m likewise1
 b 9 a %ort] compass1 z _! greate/ /ress
 %\ld be res]v$ = ! end4 ,= "h1 if      
any:]e1 ! orator may be all[$ to op5 all

 ! /reams ( eloqu5ce4 ,if we h execut$  
all o!r p>ts to advantage1 "h we take   
possession ( ! m9ds ( ! judges1 & hav+  
escap$ all rocks1 may exp& all our sails
 = a favorable gale2 & z amplification  
makes a great "p ( ! p]oration1 we !n   
may raise & embelli% our /yle ) ! *oice/
 expressions & brighte/ ?\ghts4 ,&1     
inde$1 ! conclusion ( a spee* %\ld be>  
"s resemblance to t ( trag$y & com$y1   
:]e9 ! actor c\rts ! spectator's        
applause4 ,9 o!r p>ts ! passions may be 
t\*$ ^u1 z !y naturally rise out ( !    
subject1 & no horrible or sorr[ful ?+   
%\ld be set =? )\t accompany+ x ) a     
suitable s5tim5t4 ,:5 ! debate may be on
 ! quality ( a ?+1 x is prop]ly subjo9$ 
to ! pro(s ( ea* ?+ br\ght out4 ,:5 we  
plead a cause complicat$ ) a v>iety (   
circum/ances1 !n x w be necess>y to use 
_m p]orations1 z x 72 z ,cic]o does     
aga9/ ,v]res1 l5d+ 8 te>s occasionally  
to ,philodamus1 to ! ma/]s ( %ips1 to ! 
crucifi$ ,roman citiz5s1 & to _m o!rs4  
,,passion ,,& ,,p]suasion   ,x may well 

be imag9$ t no?+ else is s important 9 !
 :ole art ( oratory z ! prop] use ( !   
passions4 ,a sl5d] g5ius1 aid$ by le>n+ 
or exp]i5ce1 may be suffici5t to manage 
c]ta9 p>ts to "s advantage1 yet ,i ?9k  
!y are fit only = in/ruct+ ! judges1 & z
 ma/]s & models = ^? :o take no conc]n  
beyond pass+ = good speak]s4 ,b to      
possess ! secret ( =cibly c>ry+ away !  
judges1 ( mov+ !m1 z we please1 to a    
c]ta9 disposition ( m9d1 ( inflam+ !m ) 
ang]1 ( s(t5+ !m to pity1 s z to draw   
te>s f !m1 all ?is is r>e1 ?o by x !    
orator is made mo/ di/+ui%$ & by x      
eloqu5ce ga9s empire ov] he>ts4 ,! cause
 itself is naturally productive (       
argum5ts1 & ! bett] %>e g5]ally falls to
 ! lot ( ! m rightful side ( ! "q1 s t  
:i*ev] side w9s by d9t ( argum5t1 may   
?9k t s f> !y did n lack an advocate4 ,b
 :5 viol5ce is to be us$ to influ5ce !  
m9ds ( ! judges1 :5 !y are to be turn$ f
 coolly reflect+ on ! tru? t works aga9/
 u1 !n comes ! true ex]cise ( ! orator's
 p[]s2 & ?is is :at ! cont5d+ p>ties c n

 in=m u (1 nor is x conta9$ 9 ! /ate (  
_! cases4 ,pro(s1 x is true1 make !     
judges presume t our cause is ! bett]1 b
 passion makes !m wi% x to be su*1 & z  
!y wi% x1 !y are n f> f believ+ x to be 
s4 ,= z soon z !y beg9 to absorb f u our
 passions ( ang]1 favor1 hatr$1 or pity1
 !y make ! affair _! own4 ,z lov]s c n  
be compet5t judges ( beauty1 because    
love bl9ds !m1 s "h a judge att5tive to 
! tumultu\s work+ ( a passion1 loses    
sight ( ! way by :i* he %\ld proce$ to  
inquire aft] ! tru?4 ,! impetu\s torr5t 
sweeps him away1 & he is borne d[n 9 !  
curr5t4 ,! effect ( argum5ts & witnesses
 is n kn[n until judgm5t has be5 pass$1 
b ! judge :o has be5 affect$ by !       
orator1 /ill sitt+ & he>+1 decl>es 8    
real s5tim5ts4 ,has n he :o is se5 to   
melt into te>s1 already pron\nc$ s5t5ce8
 ,su*1 !n1 is ! p[] ( mov+ ! passions1  
to :i* ! orator ought to direct all 8   
ef=ts1 ?is be+ 8 pr9cipal "w & labor1   
s9ce )\t x all o!r res\rces are nak$1   
hungry1 weak1 & unpleas+4 ,! passions   

are ! v life & s\l ( p]suasion4         
,,qualities ,,ne$$ ,,9 ,,! ,,orator     
,:at we require 9 ! orator is1 9 g5]al1 
a "* ( goodness1 n only mild & pleas+1 b
 humane1 ins9uat+1 amiable1 & *>m+ to ! 
he>]2 & its greate/ p]fection w be if   
all1 z influ5c$ by x1 %all seem to fl[ f
 ! nature ( ?+s & p]sons1 t s ! morals (
 ! orator may %9e =? f 8 disc\rse & be  
kn[n 9 _! g5u9e colors4 ,?is "* (       
goodness %\ld inv>iably be ma9ta9$ by ^?
 :om a mutual tie ought to b9d 9 /rict  
union1 :5ev] x may happ5 t !y suff]     
any?+ f ea* o!r1 or p>don1 or make      
satisfaction1 or admoni%1 or reprim&1 b 
f> f betray+ any real ang] or hatr$4  ,a
 s5tim5t v p[]ful = excit+ hatr$ may    
arise :5 an act ( submission to our     
oppon5ts is und]/ood z a sil5t reproa* (
 _! insol5ce4 ,our will+ness to yield   
mu/ inde$ %[ !m to be insupportable &   
tr\blesome1 & x commonly happ5s t !y :o 
h desire = rail+1 & are too free & hot 9
 _! invectives1 d n imag9e t ! jeal\sy  
!y create is ( f> great] prejudice to !m

 ?an ! malice ( _! spee*4  ,all ?is     
presupposes t ! orator himself ought to 
be a good & humane man4 ,! virtues :i*  
he comm5ds1 if he possibly c1 9 8 cli5t1
 he %\ld possess1 or be suppos$ to      
possess1 himself4 ,9 ?is way w he be (  
s+ul> advantage to ! cause he und]takes1
 ! good op9ion he has creat$ ( himself  
be+ a prejudice 9 its favor4 ,= if :ile 
he speaks he appe>s to be a bad man1 he 
mu/ 9 consequ5ce plead ill1 because :at 
he says w be ?\ght repugnant to ju/ice4 
,! /yle & mann] suitable on ^! occasions
 ought1 !re=e1 to be sweet & ins9uat+1  
nev] hot & imp]i\s1 nev] haz>d$ 9 too   
elevat$ a /ra94 ,x w be suffici5t to    
speak 9 a prop]1 pleas+1 & probable way4
  ,! orator's bus9ess 9 reg>d to !      
passions %\ld be n only to pa9t atroci\s
 & lam5table ?+s z !y are1 b ev5 to make
 ^? seem griev\s :i* are consid]$       
tol]able1 z :5 we say t an injuri\s ^w  
is less p>donable ?an a bl[1 & t dea? is
 pref]able to di%onor4 ,= ! p[]s (      
eloqu5ce d n consi/ s mu* 9 =c+ ! judge 

into s5tim5ts :i* ! nature ( ! matt]    
itself may be suffici5t to inspire him  
)1 z !y d 9 produc+ & creat+1 z x 71 !  
same s5tim5ts :5 ! subject may seem n to
 admit !m4 ,?is is ! vehem5ce (         
oratorical ability :i* kn[s h[ to equal 
& ev5 to surpass ! enormity & indignity 
( ! facts x exposes1 a quality ( s+ul>  
consequ5ce to ! orator1 & "o 9 :i*      
,demo/h5es excell$ all o!rs4   ,,!      
,,secret ,,( ,,mov+ ,,! ,,passions  ,!  
great secret = mov+ ! passions is to be 
mov$ ourselves1 = ! imitation ( grief1  
ang]1 indignation1 w (t5 be ridicul\s if
 con=m+ to only our words & c\nt5ance1  
:ile our he>t at ! same "t is e/rang$ f 
!m4 ,:at o!r reason makes ! afflict$    
exclaim 9 s eloqu5t a mann] dur+ ! fir/ 
transports ( _! grief8 ,& h[1 o!rwise1 d
 ! mo/ ignorant speak eloqu5tly 9 ang]1 
unless x be f ?is =ce & ^! m5tal feel+s8
  ,9 su* passions1 !re=e1 :i* we w\ld   
repres5t z true copies ( real ones1 let 
u be ourselves l ^? :o unfeign$ly suff]1
 & let our spee* proce$ f su* a         

disposition ( m9d z t 9 :i* we w\ld h ! 
judge be4 ,w he grieve :o he>s me speak 
) an expressionless face & air (        
indiff]5ce8 ,w he be angry :5 ,i1 :o am 
to excite him to ang]1 rema9 cool &     
s$ate8 ,w he %$ te>s :5 ,i plead        
unconc]n$8 ,all ?is is attempt+         
impossibilities4 ,no?+ w>ms nor moi/5s b
 t :i* is endu$ ) ! quality ( heat or   
moi/ure1 nor does any?+ give to ano!r a 
color x has n itself4 ,! pr9cipal       
consid]ation1 !n1 mu/ be t we1          
ourselves1 reta9 ! impression ( :i* we  
w\ld h ! judges susceptible1 & be       
ourselves affect$ be=e we endeavor to   
affect o!rs4   ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,m5tal    
,,imag]y  ,b h[ %all we be affect$1 !   
emotions or passions be+ n at our comm&8
 ,?is may be done by :at we may call    
visions1 :]eby ! images ( ?+s abs5t are 
s repres5t$ to ! m9d t we seem to see !m
 ) our eyes & h !m pres5t be=e u4 ,:oev]
 c "w up 8 imag9ation to an intuitive   
view ( ?is k9d1 w be v successful 9 mov+
 ! passions4  ,if ,i deplore ! fate ( a 

man :o has be5 assass9at$1 may ,i n pa9t
 9 my m9d a lively picture ( all t      
probably happ5$ on ! occasion8 ,%all n !
 assass9 appe> to ru% =? sudd5ly f 8    
lurk+ place8 ,%all n ! o!r appe> seiz$ )
 horror8 ,%all he n cry out1 beg = 8    
life1 or fly to save x8 ,%all ,i n see !
 assass9 deal+ ! deadly bl[1 & !        
def5seless wret* fall+ dead at 8 feet8  
,%all ,i n picture vividly 9 my m9d !   
blood gu%+ f 8 w\nds1 8 gha/ly face1 8  
groans1 & ! la/ gasp he fet*es8  ,:5 !re
 is occasion = mov+ to compassion1 we   
%\ld believe &1 inde$1 be p]suad$ t !   
di/ress & mis=tunes ( :i* we speak h    
happ5$ to ourselves4 ,let u place       
ourselves 9 ! v position ( ^? = :om we  
feel sorr[ on acc\nt ( _! hav+ suff]$   
su* griev\s & unm]it$ treatm5t4 ,let u  
plead _! cause1 n z if x 7 ano!r's1 b   
tak+ to ourselves1 = a %ort "t1 _! :ole 
grief4 ,9 ?is way we %all speak z if !  
case 7 our own4 ,i h se5 com$ians :o1 :5
 !y h j appe>$ 9 a m\rnful "*1 (t5 make 
_! exit ) te>s 9 _! eyes4 ,if1 !n1 !    

expression giv5 to imag9>y passions c   
affect s p[]fully1 :at %\ld n orators d1
 ^: inn] feel+s ought to sympa?ize ) _! 
mann] ( speak+1 :i* c n happ5 unless !y 
are truly affect$ by ! dang] to :i* _!  
cli5ts are expos$4   ,,rules ,,=        
,,practise  ,9 ! declamatory ex]cises ( 
s*ools x w\ld be exp$i5t1 likewise1 to  
move ! passions & imag9e ! sc5e z a real
 "o 9 life1 & x is ! m important z !re !
 "p is p]=m$ r ( a plead] aga9/ "s      
p]son1 ?an an advocate = "s p]son4 ,we  
repres5t a p]son :o has lo/ 8 *ildr51 or
 has be5 %ipwreck$1 or is 9 dang] ( los+
 8 life1 b ( :at significance is x to   
p]sonate su* *>act]s1 unless we also    
assume _! real s5tim5ts4 ,?is nature1 & 
^! prop]ties ( ! passions1 ,i ?\ght x   
incumb5t on me n to conceal f ! read]1 =
 ,i1 myself1 su* z ,i am1 or h be5 7= ,i
 flatt] myself t ,i h acquir$ "s        
reputation at ! b>71 h (t5 be5 s affect$
 t n only te>s1 b ev5 pal5ess1 & grief1 
n unlike t :i* is real1 h betray$ my    
emotions4     ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,words    

,:at n[ foll[s requires special labor & 
c>e1 ! purpose be+ to treat ( elocution1
 :i* 9 ! op9ion ( all orators is ! mo/  
difficult "p ( our "w1 = ,m4 ,antonius  
says t he has se5 _m good speak]s1 b    
none eloqu5t4 ,he ?9ks x good en\gh = a 
speak] to say :atev] is necess>y on a   
subject1 b only ! mo/ eloqu5t may       
discuss x ) grace & elegance4 ,if d[n to
 ! "t he liv$ 91 ?is p]fection 0 n      
discov]able 9 any orator1 & nei!r 9     
himself nor 9 ,l4 ,crassus1 x is c]ta9 t
 x 0 lack+ 9 !m & _! pr$ecessors only on
 acc\nt ( its extreme difficulty4 ,cic]o
 says t inv5tion & disposition %[ ! man 
( s5se1 b eloqu5ce ! orator4 ,he !re=e  
took p>ticul> pa9s ab\t ! rules = ?is   
"p1 & t he _h reason = s do+ ! v "n (   
eloqu5ce suffici5tly decl>es4 ,= to be  
eloqu5t is no?+ else ?an to be able to  
set =? all ! lively images y h conceiv$ 
9 y\r m9d1 & to convey !m to ! he>]s 9 !
 same ri* color+1 )\t :i* all !         
pr9ciples we h laid d[n are useless1 &  
are l a sword conceal$ & kept %ea!d 9   

its scabb>d4  ,?is1 !n1 is :at we are   
pr9cipally to le>n2 ?is is :at we c n   
atta9 )\t ! help ( art2 ?is ought to be 
! object ( our /udy1 our ex]cise1 our   
imitation2 ?is may be full employm5t =  
our :ole life2 by ?is1 "o orator excels 
ano!r2 & f ?is proce$s div]sity ( /yle4 
,,! ,,prop] ,,value ,,( ,,words  ,x %\ld
 n be inf]r$ f :at is said "h t all our 
c>e mu/ be ab\t words4 ,on ! contr>y1 to
 su* z w\ld abuse ?is concession ( m9e1 
,i decl>e positively my disapprobation (
 ^? p]sons :o1 neglect+ ?+s1 ! n]ves (  
causes1 consume !mselves 9 a frivol\s   
/udy ab\t words4 ,?is !y d = ! sake (   
elegance1 :i* inde$ is a f9e quality :5 
natural b n :5 affect$4 ,s\nd bodies1 ) 
a heal?y condition ( blood1 & /rong by  
ex]cise1 receive _! beauty f ! v ?+s f  
:i* !y receive _! /r5g?4 ,!y are        
fre%-color$1 active1 & supple1 nei!r too
 mu* nor too little 9 fle%4 ,pa9t &     
poli% !m ) fem99e cosmetics1 &          
admiration ceases2 ! v pa9s tak5 to make
 !m appe> m beautiful add to ! dislike  

we conceive = !m4 ,yet a magnific5t1 &  
suitable1 dress adds au?ority to man2 b 
an effem9ate dress1 ! g>b ( luxury &    
s(tness1 lays op5 ! corruption ( ! he>t 
)\t add+ to ! ornam5t ( ! body4 ,9 l    
mann]1 transluc5t & fla%y elocution     
weak5s ! ?+s x clo!s4 ,i w\ld1 !re=e1   
recomm5d c>e ab\t words1 b solicitude   
ab\t ?+s4  ,! *oice/ expressions are = !
 mo/ "p inh]5t 9 ?+s1 & are se5 9 _! own
 light1 b we se>* aft] !m z if always   
hid+ & /eal+ !mselves away f u4 ,?us we 
nev] ?9k t :at ought to be said is at   
h&2 we fet* x f af>1 & =ce our inv5tion4
 ,eloqu5ce requires a m manly temp]1 &  
if its :ole body be s\nd & vigor\s1 x is
 q reg>dless ( ! nicety ( p>+ ! nails & 
adju/+ ! hair4   ,,! ,,dang] ,,(        
,,v]biage  ,x (t5 happ5s1 too1 t an     
oration becomes worse by att5d+ to ^!   
niceties1 because simplicity1 ! language
 ( tru?1 is its greate/ ornam5t1 &      
affectation ! rev]se4 ,! expressions t  
%[ c>e1 & w\ld also appe> z newly =m$1  
f9e1 & eloqu5t1 lose ! graces at :i* !y 

aim1 & are f> f be+ /rik+ & well        
receiv$1 because !y obscure ! s5se by   
spread+ a sort ( %ad[ ab\t x1 or by be+ 
too cr[d$ !y *oke x up1 l ?ick-s[n gra9 
t mu/ run up too sp9dl+4 ,t :i* may be  
spok5 9 a pla91 direct mann] we express 
by p>aphrase2 & we use repetitions :]e  
to say a ?+ once is en\gh2 & :at is well
 signifi$ by "o ^w1 we load ) _m1 & mo/ 
?+s we *oose to signify r by            
circumlocution ?an by prop] & p]t95t    
t]ms4  ,a prop] ^w1 inde$1 n[ has no    
*>ms1 no?+ appe>+ to u f9e :i* might h  
be5 said by ano!r ^w4 ,we borr[         
metaphors f ! :ims & conceits ( ! mo/   
extravagant poets1 & we fancy ourselves 
exce$+ly witty1 :5 o!rs mu/ h a good    
deal ( wit to und]/& u4 ,cic]o is       
explicit 9 8 views 9 ?is respect4 ,!    
greate/ fault a spee* c h1 says he1 is  
:5 x dep>ts f ! common way ( disc\rse & 
! cu/om ( common s5se4 ,b ,cic]o w\ld   
pass = a h>% & b>b>\s au?or1 comp>$ to  
u1 :o make little ( :atev] nature       
dictates1 :o seek n ornam5ts1 b         

delicacies & ref9em5ts1 z if !re 7 any  
beauty 9 words )\t an agreem5t ) ?+s1 = 
if we 7 to labor ?r\gh\t our :ole life 9
 consult+ _! propriety1 cle>ness1       
ornam5t1 & due plac+1 we %\ld lose !    
:ole fruit ( our /udies4   ,,acquir+ ,a 
,,practical ,,vocabul>y  ,yet _m are se5
 to hesitate at s+le words1 ev5 :ile !y 
inv5t1 & reflect on & measure :at !y    
inv5t4 ,if ?is 7 done design$ly to use  
always ! be/1 ?is unhappy temp] w\ld    
/ill be dete/able1 z x mu/ *eck ! c\rse 
( speak+ & ext+ui% ! heat ( ?\ght by    
delay & diffid5ce4 ,= ! orator is       
wret*$1 &1 ,i may say1 poor1 :o c n     
pati5tly lose a ^w4 ,b he w lose none :o
 fir/ has /udi$ a good mann] ( speak+1 &
 by read+ well ! be/ au?ors has furni%$ 
himself ) a copi\s supply ( words & made
 himself exp]t 9 ! art ( plac+ !m4 ,mu* 
practise w s improve him aft]w>d t he   
always w h !m at h& & ready = use1 !    
?\ght fitt+ 9 naturally ) ! prop] mann] 
( expression4  ,b all ?is requires      
previ\s /udy1 an acquir$ faculty1 & a   

ri* fund ( words4 ,= solicitude 9 reg>d 
to inv5t+1 judg+1 & comp>+1 %\ld take   
place :5 we le>n1 & n :5 we speak4      
,o!rwise !y :o h n suffici5tly cultivat$
 _! tal5ts = speak+ w exp]i5ce ! fate ( 
^? :o h made no provision = ! future4 ,b
 if a prop] /ock ( words is already     
prep>$1 !y w att5d z 9 duty b\nd1 n s   
mu* 9 ! way ( answ]+ exig5cies z always 
to seem inh]5t 9 ! ?\ght & to foll[ z a 
%ad[ does a body4   ,,h[ ,,to ,,*oose   
,,! ,,"r ,,words  ,yet ?is c>e %\ld n   
exce$ its due b\nds1 = :5 words are     
au?oriz$ by use1 are significant1       
elegant1 & aptly plac$1 :at m ne$ we    
tr\ble ourselves ab\t8 ,b "s et]nally w 
f9d fault1 & almo/ scan e syllable1 :o1 
ev5 :5 !y h f\nd :at is be/1 seek aft]  
some?+ t is m anci5t1 remote1 &         
unexpect$1 n und]/&+ t ! ?\ght mu/ suff]
 9 a disc\rse1 & c h no?+ ( value1 :]e  
only ! words are comm5dable4 ,let u1    
!re=e1 pay p>ticul> reg>d to elocution1 
yet1 at ! same "t be conv9c$ t no?+ is  
to be done = ! sake ( words1 !y hav+ be5

 inv5t$ solely = ! sake ( ?+s4 ,! mo/   
prop] words always w be ^? :i* are be/  
expressive ( ! ideas 9 our m9d1 & :i*   
produce 9 ! ideas ( ! judges ! effect we
 desire4 ,su* und\bt$ly w make a spee*  
bo? admirable & pleas+1 b n s admirable 
z are prodigies1 nor pleas+ by a vici\s 
& unseemly pleasure1 b a pleasure       
reflect+ dignity ) praise4              
,,elegance ,,& ,,grace   ,! orator w    
recomm5d himself p>ticul>ly by !        
embelli%m5ts he adopts1 secur+ 9 o!r    
ways ! approbation ( ! le>n$1 & 9 ?is   
also ! favor ( popul> applause4  ,n s   
mu* ) /rong z ) %9+ armor did ,cic]o    
engage 9 ! cause ( ,cornelius4 ,8       
success 0 n due m]ely to in/ruct+ !     
judges1 & speak+ 9 a pure & cle> /yle4  
,^! qualities w\ld n h br\ght him !     
honor ( ! admiration & applause ( !     
,roman p4 ,x 0 ! sublimity1 magnific5ce1
 spl5dor1 & dignity ( 8 eloqu5ce t =c$ f
 !m signal demon/rations ( _! amazem5t4 
,nor w\ld su* unusual eulogies h be5    
giv5 him if 8 spee* _h conta9$ no?+     

extraord9>y1 no?+ b :at 0 common4 ,&1   
inde$1 ,i believe t ^? pres5t 7 n       
completely aw>e ( :at !y 7 do+1 & t :at 
!y did 0 nei!r spontane\s1 nor f an act 
( judgm5t1 b t fill$ ) a sort (         
en?usiasm1 & n consid]+ ! place !y 7 91 
!y bur/ =? ) unre/ra9$ excitem5t4   ,,! 
,,value ,,( ,,beauty ,,( ,,expression   
,^! ornam5ts ( spee*1 !re=e1 may be     
?\ght to contribute n a little to !     
success ( a cause1 = !y :o he> will+ly  
are m att5tive & m dispos$ to believe4  
,mo/ commonly x is pleasure t w9s !m    
ov]1 & sometimes !y are seiz$ & c>ri$   
away ) admiration4 ,a glitt]+ sword     
/rikes ! eyes ) "s t]ror1 & ?und] w\ld n
 s %ock u if its cra% only1 & n its     
lightn+1 0 dread$4 ,!re=e ,cic]o1 ) good
 reason1 says 9 "o ( 8 epi/les to       
,brutus3 ,! eloqu5ce :i* does n excite  
admiration1 ,i reg>d z no?+4 ,ari/otle1 
too1 w\ld h u endeavor to atta9 ?is     
p]fection4  ,b ?is embelli%m5t1 ,i mu/  
aga9 & aga9 repeat1 ought to be manly1  
noble1 & mode/2 nei!r incl9+ to         

effem9ate delicacy1 nor assum+ a color  
indebt$ to pa9t1 b gli/5+ ) heal? &     
spirits4  ,let none ( ^? :o build up _! 
reputation on a corrupt mann] (         
eloqu5ce1 say t ,i am an enemy to su* z 
speak ) elegance4 ,i d n d5y t x is a   
p]fection1 b ,i d n ascribe x to !m4    
,%all ,i ?9k a piece ( gr\nd bett] laid 
out & improv$1 9 :i* "o %all %[ me      
lilies & violets & pleas+ cascades1 ?an 
"o :]e !re is a full h>ve/ or v9es lad5 
) grapes8 ,%all ,i e/eem a b>r5         
planetree & %orn myrtles beyond !       
fruitful olive & ! elm c\rt+ ! embraces 
( ! v9e8 ,! ri* may pride !mselves on ^!
 pleasures ( ! eye1 b h[ little w\ld be 
_! value if !y _h no?+ else8  ,b %all no
 beauty1 no symmetry1 be obs]v$ 9 ! c>e 
( fruit trees8 ,und\bt$ly !re %\ld1 & ,i
 w\ld place !m 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & keep a 
due di/ance 9 plant+ !m4 ,:at is m      
beautiful ?an ! qu9cunx1 :i*1 :atev] way
 y look1 reta9s ! same direct position8 
,plant+ !m out s w also be ( s]vice to !
 gr[? ( ! trees1 by equally attract+ !  

juices ( ! e>?4 ,i %\ld lop (f ! aspir+ 
tops ( my olive2 x w spread m           
beautifully into a r\nd =m1 & w produce 
fruit on m bran*es4 ,a horse ) sl5d]    
flanks is consid]$ h&som] ?an "o n fram$
 9 t mann]1 & ! same quality also %[s t 
he excels 9 swiftness4 ,an a?lete ^:    
arms f ex]cise %[ a full spr+ & play ( !
 muscles1 is a beautiful sight1 & he1   
likewise1 is be/ fitt$ z a combatant4   
,?us ! true species is nev] )\t its     
utility1 z ev5 a meag] judgm5t easily   
may disc]n4   ,,develop+ ,,v>iety ,,(   
,,/yle  ,b x w be ( m importance to     
obs]ve t ?is dec5t attire ought to be   
v>i$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! subject4   
,to beg9 ) our fir/ division1 ! same    
/yle w n suit equally demon/rative1     
delib]ative1 & judicial causes4 ,! fir/1
 calculat$ = o/5tation1 aims at no?+ b !
 pleasure ( ! auditory4 ,x1 !re=e1      
displays all ! ri*es ( art1 & exposes to
 full view all ! pomp ( eloqu5ce2 n act+
 by /ratagem1 nor /riv+ = victory1 b    
mak+ praise & glory its sole & ultimate 

end4 ,:atev] may be pleas+ 9 ! ?\ght1   
beautiful 9 ! expression1 agreeable 9 ! 
turn1 magnific5t 9 ! metaphor1 elaborate
 9 ! composition1 ! orator w lay op5 =  
inspection &1 if x 7 possible1 = h&l+1 z
 a m]*ant exposes 8 w>es2 = "h ! success
 :olly reg>ds him & n ! cause4  ,b :5 ! 
s]i\s "p ( a trial is on h&1 & ! conte/ 
is truly 9 e>ne/1 c>e ( reputation ought
 to be ! orator's la/ conc]n4 ,= ?is    
reason1 :5 ev]y?+ 9 a way is at /ake1 no
 "o ought to be solicit\s ab\t words4 ,i
 d n say t no ornam5ts ought to h place 
9 !m1 b t !y %\ld be m mode/ & sev]e1   
less app>5t1 & above all suit$ to !     
subject4 ,= 9 delib]ations ! s5ate      
require some?+ m elevat$2 ! assemblies (
 ! p1 some?+ m spirit$2 & at ! b>1      
public & capital causes1 some?+ m       
accurate4 ,b a private delib]ation1 &   
causes ( trivial consequ5ce1 z ! /at+ ( 
acc\nts & ! l1 ne$ little beyond ! pla9 
& easy mann] ( common disc\rse4 ,w\ld x 
n be q %ameful to dem& 9 elaborate      
p]iods ! paym5t ( money l5t1 or appeal  

to ! emotions 9 speak+ ( ! repairs ( a  
gutt] or s9k8   ,,! ,,*oice ,,( ,,words 
,z ! ornam5t1 z well z p]spicuity1 (    
spee* consi/s ei!r 9 s+le words or 9 _m 
toge!r1 we %all consid] :at !y require  
sep>ately & :at 9 conjunction4 ,?o !re  
is good reason = say+ t p]spicuity is   
be/ suit$ by prop] words1 & ornam5t by  
metaphorical1 yet we %\ld always "k t an
 impropriety is nev] ornam5tal4 ,b z _m 
words v (t5 signify ! same ?+1 & !re=e  
are call$ synonym\s1 "s ( ^! mu/ be m   
sublime1 m bright1 m agreeable1 & sweet]
 & full] 9 pronunciation ?an o!rs4 ,z ! 
m cle>-s\nd+ lett]s communicate ! same  
quality to ! syllables !y compose1 s !  
words compos$ ( ^! syllables become m   
sonor\s1 & ! great] ! =ce or s\nd ( !   
syllables is1 ! m !y fill or *>m ! e>4  
,:at ! junction ( syllables makes1 !    
copulation ( words makes also1 a ^w     
s\nd+ well ) "o1 :i* s\nd badly ) ano!r4
  ,!re is a great div]sity 9 ! use (    
words4 ,h>% words be/ express ?+s ( an  
atroci\s nature4 ,9 g5]al1 ! be/ (      

simple words are believ$ to be su* z    
s\nd l\de/ 9 exclamation1 or sweete/ 9 a
 pleas+ /ra94 ,mode/ words w ev] be     
pref]r$ to ^? t mu/ (f5d a *a/e e>1 & no
 polite disc\rse ev] makes all[ance = a 
fil?y or sordid expression4 ,magnific5t1
 noble1 & sublime words are to be       
e/imat$ by _! congruity ) ! subject2 =  
:at is magnific5t 9 "o place1 swells    
into bomba/ 9 ano!r2 & :at is l[ 9 a gr&
 matt]1 may be prop] 9 a humble         
situation4 ,z 9 a spl5did /yle a l[ ^w  
mu/ be v mu* out ( place &1 z x 71 a    
blemi% to x1 s a sublime & pomp\s       
expression is unsuit$ to a subject t is 
pla9 & famili>1 & !re=e mu/ be reput$   
corrupt1 because x raises t :i* ought to
 f9d favor ?r\gh its native simplicity4 
,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,deliv]y  ,i %all pass 
n[ to ! con/ruction ( words1 obs]v+ t _!
 ornam5tal use may be consid]$ f two    
po9ts ( view2 fir/1 z x reg>ds !        
elocution we conceive 9 our m9ds2       
second1 ! mann] ( express+ x4 ,x is (   
p>ticul> consequ5ce t we %\ld be cle> z 

to :at ought to be amplifi$ or dim9i%$2 
:e!r we are to speak ) heat or          
mod]ation2 9 a florid or au/]e /yle2 9 a
 copi\s or concise mann]2 9 words (     
bitt] invective1 or 9 ^? %[+ placid &   
g5tle disposition2 ) magnific5ce or     
pla9ness2 gravity or polit5ess4 ,besides
 :i* x is equally important to "k :at   
metaphors1 :at figures1 :at ?\ghts1 :at 
mann]1 :at disposition1 are be/ suit$ = 
effect+ our purpose4   ,,faults ,,(     
,,expression ,,to ,,avoid  ,9 speak+ ( !
 ornam5ts ( a disc\rse1 x may n be amiss
 to t\* fir/ ^u qualities contr>y to !m1
 because ! pr9cipal p]fection consi/s 9 
be+ free f faults4 ,we1 !re=e1 mu/ n    
expect ornam5t t is n probable1 9 a     
disc\rse4 ,cic]o calls t k9d ( ornam5t  
probable :i* is n m nor less ?an x ought
 to be4 ,n t x %\ld n appe> neat &      
poli%$1 = ?is is a "p ( ornam5t1 b      
because too mu* 9 any?+ is always a     
fault4 ,he w\ld h au?ority & weight 9   
words1 & ?\ghts t are s5sible1 or       
con=mable to ! op9ions & mann]s ( m54   

,^! inviolably reta9$ & adh]$ to1 he    
makes ample all[ance = :atev] else may  
contribute to illu/rate a disc\rse4 ,&  
?us x is t metaphors1 sup]latives1      
epi!ts1 comp\nd1 & synonym\s words1 if  
!y seem to express ! action & fully     
repres5t ?+s1 seldom fail to please4    
,we %\ld avoid ! fault :i* makes a      
s5t5ce appe> n full en\gh1 on acc\nt (  
some?+ defective1 ?o ?is is r a vice (  
obscurity ?an want ( ornam5t 9 spee*4 ,b
 :5 x is done = "s p>ticul> reason1 !n x
 becomes a figure ( spee*4 ,we %\ld     
likewise be aw>e ( tautology1 :i* is a  
repetition ( ! same ^w or ?\ght1 or !   
use ( _m simil> words or ?\ghts4 ,?o ?is
 does n seem to h be5 mu* gu>d$ aga9/ by
 "s au?ors ( great note1 x is1 not)/&+1 
a fault1 & ,cic]o himself (t5 falls into
 x4  ,simil>ity ( expression is a /ill  
great] vice1 because ! m9d is we>i$ by  
lack ( ! graces ( v>iety1 & ! disc\rse  
be+ all ( "o color1 %[s a great         
defici5cy 9 ! art ( oratory4 ,x1        
besides1 creates loa?+1 & at l5g?       

becomes insupportable1 bo? to ! m9d &   
e>1 ?r\gh ! t$i\s repetition ( ! same   
cold ?\ghts1 figures1 & p]iods4  ,!re is
 ano!r fault1 t ( be+ ov]-nice1 :i* is  
caus$ by extreme anxiety to be exact1 b 
:i* is z f> di/ant f exactness z        
sup]/ition is f true religion4 ,9 %ort1 
e ^w t contributes nei!r to p]spicuity  
nor ornam5t1 may be call$ vici\s4  ,a   
p]v]se affectation is faulty 9 all      
respects4 ,all bomba/1 & flims9ess1 &   
/udi$ sweetness1 & r$undancies1 &       
f>-fet*$ ?\ghts1 & witticisms1 fall "u !
 same d5om9ation4 ,?us :atev] /ret*es   
beyond ! b\nds ( p]fection1 may be call$
 affectation1 & ?is happ5s z (t5 z !    
g5ius is lack+ 9 judgm5t1 & suff]s      
itself to be deceiv$ by an appe>ance (  
good4 ,x is ! wor/ ( vices 9 matt]s (   
eloqu5ce1 = ev5 :5 o!rs are avoid$1 ?is 
is s\ght aft]1 & its :ole trespass is   
aga9/ elocution4 ,!re are vices incid5t 
to ?+s1 :i* come f be+ devoid ( s5se1 or
 f be+ common1 or contr>y1 or           
unnecess>y1 & a corrupt /yle consi/s    

pr9cipally 9 impropriety ( words1 9 _!  
r$undancy1 9 _! obscure import1 9 a weak
 composition1 & 9 a pu]ile hunt+ aft]   
synonym\s or equivocal words4 ,b e      
p]v]se affectation is false 9 consequ5ce
 ( its idea1 ?o n ev]y?+ t is false is  
an affectation1 ! latt] say+ a ?+       
o!rwise ?an z nature w h x1 & ?an x     
ought to be1 & ?an is suffici5t4   ,,use
 ,,( ,,vivid ,,description  ,!re c n be 
a great] p]fection ?an to express ! ?+s 
we speak ( 9 su* lively colors z to make
 !m seem really to take place 9 our     
pres5ce4 ,our words are lack+ 9 full    
effect1 !y assume n t absolute empire !y
 ought to h1 :5 !y /rike only ! e>1 & :5
 ! judge :o is to take cognizance ( !   
matt] is n s5sible ( its be+            
emphatically expre/4  ,"o mann] (       
repres5tation consi/s 9 mak+ out ( an   
assemblage ( circum/ances ! image we    
endeavor to exhibit4 ,an example ( ?is  
we h 9 ,cic]o's description ( a riot\s  
banquet2 he be+ ! only "o :o c furni% u 
) examples ( all k9ds ( ornam5ts3 ,i    

seem$ to myself to see "s com+ 91 o!rs  
go+ out2 "s tott]+ ) drunk5ness1 o!rs   
yawn+ f ye/]day's c>\s+4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! 
0 ,gallius1 b$aub$ ) ess5ces1 & cr[n$ ) 
fl[]s4 ,! floor ( _! ap>tm5t 0 all 9 a  
muck ( dirt1 /ream+ ) w9e1 & /rew$ all  
ab\t ) *aplets ( fad$ fl[]s1 &          
fi%-bones4 ,:o c\ld h se5 m _h he be5   
pres5t8  ,9 ?is mann] pity gr[s ^u u f  
he>+ ( ! sack+ ( a t[n4 ,und\bt$ly he :o
 acqua9ts u ( su* an ev5t1 compreh5ds   
all ! incid5ts ( s great a calamity1 yet
 ?is cursory piece ( intellig5ce makes b
 a languid impression ^u ! m9d4 ,b if y 
ent] into descriptive pictures ( all t 0
 includ$ 9 "o ^w1 z x 71 flames w appe> 
spread+ ?r\gh h\ses & temples2 ! cra% ( 
fall+ h\ses w be he>d2 & "o confus$     
noise =m$ out ( all toge!r4 ,"s w be se5
 /riv+ to escape ! dang]1 b "k n :]e to 
direct _! flight2 o!rs embrac+ = ! la/  
"t _! p>5ts & relations2 "h ! dismal    
%rieks ( wom5 & pi]c+ cries ( *ildr5    
fill "o ) pity2 !re ! sighs & groans (  
old m51 lam5t+ _! unhappy fate = hav+   

liv$ s long z to be witnesses ( _!      
c\ntry's desolation4 ,a fur!r addition  
to ^! sc5es ( woe is ! plund] ( all ?+s1
 sacr$ z well z pr(ane2 ! avidity ( !   
soldi] pr[l+ aft] & c>ry+ away 8 prey2 !
 wret*$ citiz5s dragg$ away 9 *a9s be=e 
_! haughty conqu]ors2 mo!rs /ruggl+ to  
keep ) !m _! *ildr52 & slaught] /ill    
ex]cis+ its cruelties :]ev] !re is !    
lea/ expectation ( booty4 ,?o all ^!    
details are compreh5d$ 9 ! idea ( !     
sack+ ( a t[n1 yet x is say+ less to    
/ate m]ely t ! t[n 0 sack$ ?an to       
describe its de/ruction 9 ?is           
circum/antial mann]4  ,su* circum/ances 
may be made to appe> vivid if !y reta9 a
 lik5ess to tru?4 ,!y may n h happ5$ 9  
reality1 yet1 z !y are possible1 !      
descriptive evid5ce is n objectionable4 
,! same evid5ce w arise also f accid5ts1
 z 9 ! foll[+ examples3                 
444 me horror *ills1      ,%udd'r+1 &   
fe> congeals my curdl+ blood4           
,,trapp4                444 to _! bosoms
 press'd1      ,! fright$ mo!rs clasp'd 

_! cry+ babes4                          
,,trapp4   ,?is p]fection1 ! greate/1 9 
my op9ion1 a disc\rse c h1 is v easily  
acquir$ by only consid]+ & foll[+       
nature4 ,= eloqu5ce is a picture ( !    
happ5+s ( human life1 e "o apply+ to    
himself :at he he>s1 by mak+ ! case 9 "s
 measure 8 own1 & ! m9d receives v      
will+ly t ) :i* x has become famili>4   
,to ?r[ light1 also1 ^u ?+s1 similes h  
be5 inv5t$1 "s ( :i* by way ( pro( are  
ins]t$ among argum5ts1 & o!rs are       
calculat$ = express+ ! images ( ?+s1 !  
po9t we are "h expla9+4                 
444 ,!nce l wolves      ,pr[l+ 9 gloomy 
%ade1 :i* hung] bl9d      ,urges along1 
:ile _! =sak5 :elps      ,expect !m )   
dry jaws4                               
,,trapp4           444 ,!nce ) all 8    
body's =ce      ,fl+s himself headlong f
 ! /eepy height      ,d[n to ! ocean3 l 
! bird t flies      ,l[1 skimm+ o'er !  
surface1 ne> ! sea1      ,ar\nd ! %ores1
 ar\nd ! fi%y rocks4                    
,,trapp4   ,,h[ ,,to ,,employ ,,similes 

,,& ,,metaphors  ,we mu/ be exce$+ly    
cauti\s 9 reg>d to similitudes1 t we d n
 use su* z are ei!r obscure or unkn[n4  
,= t :i* is assum$ = ! sake ( illu/rat+ 
ano!r ?+1 ought inde$ to be cle>] ?an t 
:i* x s illu/rates4  ,9 speak+ (        
argum5ts ,i m5tion$ a k9d ( similitude  
:i*1 z an ornam5t to a disc\rse1        
contributes to make x sublime1 florid1  
pleas+1 & admirable4 ,= ! m f>-fet*$ a  
similitude is1 ! m new & unexpect$ x w  
appe>4 ,"s may be ?\ght commonplace1 yet
 w avail mu* = en=c+ belief2 z1 ,z a    
piece ( gr\nd becomes bett] & m f]tile  
by cultivation1 s does ! m9d by good    
in/itutions4 ,z physicians prescribe !  
amputation ( a limb t manife/ly t5ds to 
mortification1 s w\ld x be necess>y to  
cut (f all bad citiz5s1 ?o ev5 alli$ to 
u 9 blood4 ,"h is some?+ m sublime3     
,rocks & solitudes e*o back ! melody1 & 
! fi]ce/ bea/s are (t5 made m g5tle1 be+
 a/oni%$ by ! h>mony ( music4 ,b ?is k9d
 ( similitude is (t5 abus$ by ! too     
great lib]ties our declaim]s give       

!mselves2 = !y use su* z are false1 & !y
 d n make a j application ( !m to !     
subjects to :i* !y w\ld comp>e !m4  ,9 e
 comp>ison ! similitude ei!r goes be=e1 
& ! ?+ foll[s2 or ! ?+ goes be=e1 & !   
similitude foll[s4 ,b ! similitude      
sometimes is free & sep>ate3 sometimes1 
:i* is be/1 x is connect$ ) ! ?+ ( :i* x
 is ! image1 ?is connection be+ made to 
aid & correspond mutually on bo? sides4 
,cic]o says 9 8 oration = ,mur5a3 ,!y :o
 h n a g5ius = play+ on ! lyre1 may     
become exp]t at play+ on ! flute 7a     
prov]bial say+ among ! ,greeks to       
specify ! man :o c n make himself ma/] (
 ! sup]ior sci5ces73 s among u !y :o c n
 become orators1 turn to ! /udy ( ! law4
 ,9 ano!r passage ( ! same oration1 !   
connect$ comp>ison is conceiv$ 9 a sort 
( poetical _s4 ,z /orms are (t5 rais$ by
 ! influ5ce ( "s con/ellation1 & (t5    
sudd5ly & f "s hidd5 cause :i* c n be   
acc\nt$ =1 s ! /ormy agitations we      
sometimes behold 9 ! assemblies ( ! p   
are (t5 occasion$ by a malign influ5ce  

easily discov]able by all2 & (t5 _!     
cause is s obscure z to seem m]ely !    
effect ( *ance4 ,!re are o!r similes1   
:i* are v %ort1 z ?is1 ,/roll+ & w&]+   
?r\gh =e/s l bea/s4 ,& t ( ,cic]o aga9/ 
,clodius1 ,f :i* judgm5t we h se5 him   
escape nak$1 l a man f 8 h\se on fire4  
,su* similes con/antly occur 9 common   
disc\rse4  ,( a simil> k9d is an ornam5t
 :i* n only repres5ts ?+s1 b does s 9 a 
lively & concise mann]4 ,und\bt$ly a    
concis5ess 9 :i* no?+ is lack+1 is      
des]v$ly prais$2 t :i* says precisely   
only :at is necess>y1 is less e/imable2 
b t :i* expresses mu* 9 a few words is (
 all ! mo/ beautiful4  ,eloqu5ce does n 
?9k x en\gh to %[ ( :at x speaks1 9 a   
cle> & evid5t mann]2 x uses1 besides1 a 
v>iety ( o!r exp$i5ts = embelli%+ a     
disc\rse4 ,?us x is t a simple &        
unaffect$ /yle is n )\t beauty1 b x is a
 beauty entirely pure & natural1 su* z  
is admir$ 9 wom54 ,beauty is also annex$
 to propriety & ju/ness ( expression1 & 
?is beauty is ! m elegant z x %[s b     

little c>e4 ,!re is an abundance t is   
ri*1 an abundance t smiles amid/ !      
gaiety ( fl[]s1 & !re is m ?an "o sort (
 p[]1 = :atev] is complete 9 its k9d c n
 be de/itute ( its prop] /r5g? &        
efficacy4     ,,composition ,,& ,,/yle  
,i well "k t !re are "s :o w n sanction 
any c>e 9 composition1 cont5d+ t our    
words z !y fl[ by *ance1 h[ev] unc\? !y 
may s\nd1 are n only m natural1 b       
likewise m manly4 ,if :at fir/ sprang f 
nature1 indebt$ 9 n[ise to c>e &        
indu/ry1 be only :at !y deem natural1 ,i
 admit t ! art ( oratory 9 ?is respect  
has no pret5sions to t quality4 ,= x is 
c]ta9 t ! fir/ m5 did n speak accord+ to
 ! exactness ( ! rules ( composition2   
nei!r 7 !y acqua9t$ ) ! art ( prep>+ by 
an exordium1 in=m+ by a n>ration1 prov+ 
by argum5ts1 & mov+ by passions4 ,!y 7  
defici5t 9 all ^! p>ticul>s1 & n 9      
composition only2 & if !y 7 n all[$ to  
make any alt]ations = ! bett]1 ( c\rse  
!y w\ld n h ex*ang$ _! cottages = h\ses1
 nor _! cov]+s ( sk9s = m dec5t app>el1 

nor ! m\nta9s & =e/s 9 :i* !y rang$ = ! 
abode ( cities 9 :i* !y enjoy ! com=ts (
 social int]c\rse4 ,&1 inde$1 :at art d 
we f9d coeval ) ! _w1 & :at is !re ( :i*
 ! value is n enhanc$ by improvem5t8 ,:y
 d we re/ra9 ! luxuriance ( our v9es8   
,:y d we dig ab\t !m8 ,:y d we grub up !
 bramble-bu%es 9 our fields8 ,yet ! e>? 
produces !m4 ,:y d we tame animals8 ,yet
 are !y born ) intractable dispositions4
 ,r let u say t t is v natural :i*      
nature p]mits u to meliorate 9 h]       
h&iwork4   ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,skilful      
,,composition  ,h[ c a jumble ( unc\?   
words be m manly ?an a mann] (          
expression :i* is well jo9$ & prop]ly   
plac$8 ,if "s au?ors weak5 ! subjects ( 
:i* !y treat1 by /ra9+ !m into c]ta9 s(t
 & lascivi\s measures1 we mu/ n on t    
acc\nt judge t ?is is ! fault (         
composition4 ,z ! curr5t ( riv]s is     
swift] & m impetu\s 9 a free & op5      
*annel ?an amid/ an ob/ruction ( rocks  
break+ & /ruggl+ aga9/ ! fl[ ( _! wat]s1
 an oration t is prop]ly connect$ fl[s )

 its :ole might1 & is f> pref]able to "o
 t is craggy & desultory by reason (    
frequ5t int]ruptions4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld x be
 ?\ght t /r5g? & beauty are             
incompatible1 :51 on ! contr>y1 no?+ has
 its j value )\t art1 & embelli%m5t     
always att5ds on x8 ,d n we obs]ve !    
javel9 :i* has be5 clev]ly :irl$ ab\t1  
d>t ?r\gh ! air ) ! be/ effect2 & 9     
manag+ a b[ & arr[1 is n ! beauty ( !   
attitude z mu* m graceful z ! aim is m  
un]r+8 ,9 feats ( arms1 & 9 all !       
ex]cises ( ! palae/ra1 is n 8 attitude  
be/ calculat$ = def5se or (f5se1 :o uses
 a c]ta9 art 9 all 8 motions1 & keeps to
 a c]ta9 position ( ! feet8             
,composition1 !re=e1 9 my op9ion1 is to 
?\ghts & words :at ! dext]\s managem5t (
 a b[ or /r+ may be = direct+ ! aim (   
missive weapons2 & ,i may say t ! mo/   
le>n$ are conv9c$ t x is greatly        
conducive n only to pleasure1 b also to 
mak+ a good impression on o!rs4 ,fir/1  
because x is sc>cely possible t any?+   
%\ld affect ! he>t1 :i* beg9s by grat+  

on ! e>4 ,secondly1 because we are      
naturally affect$ by h>mony1 o!rwise !  
s\nds ( musical in/rum5ts1 ?o !y express
 no words1 w\ld n excite 9 u s great a  
v>iety ( pleas+ emotions4 ,9 sacr$      
canticles1 "s airs are = elat+ ! he>t   
into raptures1 o!rs to re/ore ! m9d to  
its =m] tranquillity4 ,! s\nd ( a       
trumpet is n ! same :5 x is ! signal = a
 g5]al engagem5t1 & :5 on defeat x      
implores ! conqu]or's m]cy2 nei!r is x !
 same :5 an army m>*es up to give       
battle1 & :5 x is int5t on retreat+4 ,x 
0 a common practise ) ! ,py?agoric      
philosoph]s1 on aris+ 9 ! morn+1 to     
awake _! m9ds by an air on ! lyre1 9    
ord] to make !m m al]t = action2 & !y _h
 rec\rse to ! same musical ent]ta9m5t = 
dispos+ !m to sleep1 believ+ x to be a  
means = allay+ all tumultu\s ?\ghts :i* 
might 9 any way h ruffl$ !m 9 ! c\rse ( 
! day4  ,if1 !n1 s great a p[] lies 9   
musical /ra9s & modulations1 :at mu/ x  
be ) eloqu5ce1 ! music ( :i* is a speak+
 h>mony8 ,z mu*1 inde$1 z x is ess5tial 

= a ?\ght to be expre/ 9 suitable words1
 x is equally necess>y = ! same words to
 be dispos$ 9 prop] ord] by composition1
 t !y may fl[ & end h>moni\sly4 ,"s ?+s 
( little consequ5ce 9 _! import1 &      
requir+ b a mod]ate degree ( elocution1 
are comm5dable only by ?is p]fection2 & 
!re are o!rs :i* appe> expre/ ) s mu*   
=ce1 beauty1 & sweetness1 t if ! ord] 9 
:i* !y /& %\ld be *ang$ or di/urb$1 all 
=ce1 beauty1 & sweetness w\ld vani% f   
!m4   ,,! ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,good        
,,composition  ,!re are ?ree ?+s        
necess>y 9 e k9d ( composition1 & ^! are
 ord]1 correction1 & numb]4   #a4 ,ord] 
,we %all speak fir/ ( ord]1 :i* applies 
to words consid]$ sep>ately or jo9$     
toge!r4 ,9 reg>d to ! =m]1 c>e mu/ be   
tak5 t !re be no decrease by add+ a     
weak] ^w to a /rong]1 z accus+ "o (     
sacrilege1 & giv+ him aft]w>d ! "n (    
?ief2 or add+ ! "* ( wanton fell[ to t (
 a highwayman4 ,! s5se ought to increase
 & rise1 :i* ,cic]o obs]ves admirably   
:]e he says3 ,& ?\1 ) t voice1 ^? lungs1

 & t gladiator-l vigor ( ?y :ole body4  
,"h ea* succe$+ ?+ is /rong] ?an ! "o   
be=e2 b if he _h begun ) ! :ole body1 he
 c\ld n ) propriety h desc5d$ to ! voice
 & lungs4 ,!re is ano!r natural ord] 9  
say+ m5 & wom51 day & night1 ea/ & we/4 
,words 9 prose n be+ measur$1 z are !   
feet :i* compose v]se1 !y are1 !re=e1   
transf]r$ f place to place1 t !y may be 
jo9$ :]e !y be/ fit1 z 9 a build+ :]e ! 
irregul>ity1 h[ev] great1 ( r\gh /ones  
is bo? suitable & prop]4 ,! happie/     
composition language c h1 h[ev]1 is to  
keep to a natural ord]1 j connection1 & 
a regul>ly fl[+ cad5ce4  ,sometimes !re 
is some?+ v /rik+ ab\t a ^w4 ,plac$ 9 ! 
middle ( a s5t5ce1 x might pass         
unnotic$1 or be obscur$ by ! o!r words t
 lie ab\t x1 b :5 plac$ at ! end !      
auditor c n help not+ x & reta9+ x 9 8  
m9d4   #b4 ,connection  ,juncture       
foll[s1 :i* is equally requisite 9      
words1 articles1 memb]s1 & p]iods1 all  
^! hav+ _! beauty & faults1 9 consequ5ce
 ( _! mann] ( connection4 ,x may be a   

g5]al obs]vation t 9 ! plac+ (          
syllables1 _! s\nd w be h>%] z !y are   
pron\nc$ ) a l or diff]5t gap+ ( ! m\?4 
,?is1 h[ev]1 is n to be dread$ z a      
signal fault1 & ,i "k n :i* is worse "h1
 inatt5tion or too great c>e4 ,too      
scrupul\s fe> mu/ damp ! heat & ret>d ! 
impetuosity ( speak+1 :ile at ! same "t 
x prev5ts ! m9d f att5d+ to ?\ghts :i*  
are ( great] mom5t4 ,z1 !re=e1 x is     
c>elessness to yield to ^! faults1 s x  
is meanness to be too mu* afraid ( !m4  
#c4 ,numb]  ,numb]s are n[h]e s mu*     
lack+1 nor s rem>kable1 z at ! end (    
p]iods2 fir/1 because e s5se has its    
b\nds1 & takes up a natural space1 by   
:i* x is divid$ f ! beg9n+ ( :at foll[s3
 next1 because ! he>]s foll[+ ! fl[ (   
words1 & drawn1 z x 71 d[n ! curr5t ( ! 
oration1 are !n m compet5t judges1 :5 t 
impetuosity ceases & gives "t =         
reflection4 ,!re %\ld n1 !re=e1 be any?+
 h>% nor abrupt 9 t end+1 :i* seems     
calculat$ = ! respite & recreation ( !  
m9d & e>4 ,?is1 too1 is ! re/+-place ( !

 oration1 ?is ! auditor expects1 & "h   
bur/ =? all 8 effusions ( praise4   ,,! 
,,composition ,,( ,,p]iods  ,! beg9n+ ( 
p]iods dem&s z mu* c>e z ! clos+ ( !m1 =
 "h1 also1 ! auditor is att5tive4 ,b x  
is easi] to obs]ve numb]s 9 ! beg9n+ (  
p]iods1 z !y are n dep5d+ on1 nor       
connect$ )1 :at w5t be=e4 ,b ! end+ (   
p]iods1 h[ev] graceful x may be 9       
composition & numb]s1 w lose all its *>m
 if we proce$ to x by a h>% &           
precipitate beg9n+4  ,z to ! composition
 ( ! middle p>ts ( a p]iod1 c>e mu/ be  
tak5 n only ( _! connection ) ea* o!r1 b
 also t !y may n seem sl[1 nor long1    
nor1 :at is n[ a great vice1 jump & />t 
f be+ made up ( _m %ort syllables1 &    
produc+ ! same effect on ! e> z ! s\nds 
f a *ild's rattle4 ,= z ! ord]+ ( !     
beg9n+ & end+ is ( mu* importance1 z (t5
 z ! s5se beg9s or ends2 s 9 ! middle1  
too1 !re is a sort ( /ress :i* slightly 
insi/s2 z ! feet ( p runn+1 :i*1 ?o !y  
make no /op1 yet leave a track4 ,x is n 
only necess>y to beg9 & end well !      

sev]al memb]s & articles1 b ! int]m$iate
 space1 ?o cont9u$ )\t respiration1     
ought also to reta9 a sort (            
composition1 by reason ( ! ins5sible    
pauses t s]ve z s _m degrees =          
pronunciation4  ,cic]o gives _m names to
 ! p]iod1 call+ x a w9d+ ab\t1 a        
circuit1 a compreh5sion1 cont9uation1 & 
circumscription4 ,x is ( two k9ds2 ! "o 
simple :5 a s+le ?\ght is drawn out into
 a consid]able numb] ( words2 ! o!r     
comp\nd1 consi/+ ( memb]s & articles :i*
 include sev]al ?\ghts4  ,:]ev] ! orator
 has occasion to conduct himself        
sev]ely1 to press home1 to act boldly & 
resolutely1 he %\ld speak by memb]s &   
articles4 ,?is mann] has va/ p[] &      
efficacy 9 an oration4 ,! composition is
 to adapt itself to ! nature ( ?+s1     
!re=e1 ev5 r\gh ?+s be+ conceiv$ 9 r\gh 
s\nds & numb]s1 t ! he>] may be made to 
ent] into all ! passions ( ! speak]4 ,x 
w\ld be advisable1 = ! mo/ "p1 to make !
 n>ration 9 memb]s2 or if p]iods are    
us$1 !y ought to be m loose & less      

elaborate ?an else:]e4 ,b ,i except su* 
n>rations z are calculat$ m = ornam5t   
?an = giv+ in=mation4   ,,! ,,use ,,(   
,,p]iods  ,! p]iod is prop] = !         
exordiums ( great] causes1 :]e ! matt]  
requires solicitude1 comm5dation1 pity4 
,also 9 common places & 9 e sort (      
amplification2 b if y accuse1 x ought to
 be close & compact2 if y praise1 x %\ld
 be full1 r\nd1 & fl[+4 ,x is likewise (
 good s]vice 9 p]orations1 & may be us$ 
)\t re/riction :]ev] ! composition      
requires to be set (f 9 a some:at gr& & 
noble mann]1 & :5 ! judge n only has a  
?or\gh k ( ! matt] be=e him1 b is also  
captivat$ ) ! beauty ( ! disc\rse &1    
tru/+ to ! orator1 all[s himself to be  
l$ away by ! s5se ( pleasure4  ,hi/ory  
does n s mu* /& 9 ne$ ( a p]iodical fl[ 
( words1 z x likes to move ar\nd 9 a    
sort ( p]petual circle1 = all its memb]s
 are connect$ ) ea* o!r1 by its slipp+ &
 glid+ along f "o subject to ! next1 j z
 m51 /r5g!n+ _! pace1 hold & are held1  
by grasp+ ea* o!r by ! h&4 ,:atev]      

belongs to ! demon/rative k9d has fre] &
 m fl[+ numb]s4 ,! judicial &           
delib]ative1 be+ v>i$ 9 _! matt]1       
occasionally require a diff]5t =m (     
composition4   ,,fitt+ ,,expression ,,to
 ,,?\ght  ,:o d\bts t "s ?+s are to be  
expre/ 9 a g5tle way1 o!rs ) m heat1    
o!rs sublimely1 o!rs cont5ti\sly1 & o!rs
 gravely8 ,feet compos$ ( long syllables
 be/ suit grave1 sublime1 & ornam5tal   
subjects4 ,! grave w take up a long]    
space 9 ! pronunciation1 & ! sublime &  
ornam5tal w dem& a cle> & sonor\s       
expression4 ,feet ( %ort syllables are m
 agreeable 9 argum5ts1 division1        
raill]y1 & :atev] p>takes ( ! nature (  
ord9>y conv]sation4  ,! composition ( ! 
exordium w diff]1 !re=e1 z ! subject may
 require4 ,= ! m9d ( ! judge is n always
 ! same1 s t1 accord+ to ! "t &         
circum/ances1 we mu/ decl>e our m\rnful 
plight1 appe> mode/1 t>t1 grave1        
ins9uat+2 move to m]cy & exhort to      
dilig5ce4 ,z ! nature ( ^! is diff]5t1 s
 _! composition mu/ be conduct$ 9 a     

diff]5t way4  ,let x be 9 "s measure a  
g5]al obs]vation t ! composition ought  
to be model$ on ! mann] ( pronunciation4
 ,9 exordiums are we n mo/ commonly     
mode/1 except :5 9 a cause ( accusation 
we /rive to irritate ! m9ds ( ! judges8 
,are we n copi\s & explicit 9 n>ration2 
9 argum5ts animat$ & lively1 ev5 %[+    
animation 9 our actions2 9 common places
 & descriptions1 exub]ant & lavi% (     
ornam5ts2 & 9 p]orations1 = ! mo/ "p    
weigh$ d[n by di/ress8 ,( ! v>iety :i*  
ought to be 9 a disc\rse1 we may f9d    
ano!r p>allel in/ance 9 ! motions ( !   
body4 ,) all ( !m1 d n ! circum/ances   
regulate _! respective degrees ( sl[ness
 & cel]ity8 ,& = danc+ z well z s++1    
does n music use numb]s ( :i* ! beat+ ( 
! "t makes u s5sible8 ,z our voice &    
action are inde$ expressive ( our inn]  
feel+s 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! ?+s ( :i*
 we speak1 ne$ we1 !n1 be surpriz$ if a 
l con=mity ought to be f\nd 9 ! feet t  
ent] into ! composition ( a piece (     
eloqu5ce8 ,ought n sublime matt]s be    

made to walk 9 maje/ic solemnity1 ! mild
 to keep 9 a g5tle pace1 ! brisk &      
lively to b\nd ) rapidity1 & ! nice &   
delicate to fl[ smoo?ly8   ,,faults ,,9 
,,composition  ,if faults 9 composition 
be unavoidable1 ,i %\ld r give pref]5ce 
to t :i* is h>% & r\gh ?an to t :i* is  
n]veless & weak1 ! results ( an affect$ 
/yle t _m n[ /udy1 & :i* con/antly      
corrupts1 m & m1 by a wantonness 9      
numb]s m becom+ a dance ?an ! maje/y (  
eloqu5ce4 ,b ,i c n say t any           
composition is good1 h[ev] p]fect       
o!rwise1 :i* con/antly pres5ts ! same   
=m1 & cont9ually falls into ! same feet4
 ,a con/ant obs]v+ ( simil> measures &  
cad5ces1 is a k9d ( v]sification1 & all 
prose 9 :i* ?is fault is discov]able1 c 
h no all[ance made = x1 by reason ( its 
manife/ affectation 7! v suspicion ( :i*
 ought to be avoid$71 & its uni=mity1   
:i*1 ( c\rse1 mu/ fatigue & disgu/ !    
m9d4 ,?is vice may h "s engag+ *>ms at  
fir/ sight1 b ! great] its sweets are1 !
 %ort] w be _! cont9uance2 & ! orator   

once detect$ ( any anxi\s conc]n 9 ?is  
respect1 w in/antly lose all belief t   
has be5 plac$ 9 him1 & va9ly w he /rive 
to make on o!rs' m9ds ! impressions he  
expect$ to make2 = h[ is x to be expect$
 t a judge w believe a man1 or p]mit    
himself to feel grief or ang] on acc\nt 
( "o :om he obs]ves to h att5d$ to no?+ 
m ?an ! display ( su* trifles8 ,"s ( !  
connections ( smoo? composition ought1  
!re=e1 to be design$ly brok51 & x is no 
small labor to make !m appe> n labor$4  
,let u n be su* slaves to ! plac+ (     
words z to /udy transpositions long] ?an
 necess>y1 le/ :at we d 9 ord] to       
please1 may displease by be+ affect$4   
,nei!r let a fondness = mak+ !          
composition fl[ ) smoo?ness1 prevail on 
u to set aside a ^w o!rwise prop] &     
becom+2 z no ^w1 9 reality1 c prove     
disagreeable en\gh to be :olly exclud$1 
unless x be t 9 ! avoid+ ( su* words we 
consult m]e beauty ( expression r ?an ! 
good ( composition4  ,to conclude1      
composition ought to be graceful1       

agreeable1 v>i$4 ,its p>ts are ?ree3    
ord]1 connection1 numb]4 ,its art       
consi/s 9 add+1 retr5*+1 *ang+4 ,its    
qualities are accord+ to ! nature ( !   
?+s discu/4 ,! c>e 9 composition ought  
to be great1 b n to take ! place ( c>e 9
 ?9k+ & speak+4 ,:at des]ves to be      
p>ticul>ly att5d$ to is ! conceal+ ( !  
c>e ( composition1 t ! numb]s may seem  
to fl[ ( _! own accord1 & n ) ! lea/    
con/ra9t or affectation4                
,,copi\sness ,,( ,,words   ,eloqu5ce w  
nev] be solid & robu/1 unless x collects
 /r5g? & consi/5ce f mu* writ+ &        
compos+2 & )\t examples f read+1 t labor
 w g a/ray = lack ( a guide2 & ?o x be  
kn[n h[ ev]y?+ ought to be said1 yet !  
orator :o is n posse/ ( a tal5t =       
speak+1 always ready to ex]t himself on 
occasion1 w be l a man wat*+ ov] a hidd5
 treasure4  ,our orator1 :o we suppose  
is famili> ) ! way ( inv5t+ & dispos+   
?+s1 ( mak+ a *oice ( words1 & plac+ !m 
9 prop] ord]1 requires no?+ fur!r ?an ! 
k ( ! means :]eby 9 ! easie/ & be/ mann]

 he may execute :at he has le>n$4 ,x c  
n1 !n1 be d\bt$ t he mu/ acquire a c]ta9
 /ock ( weal? 9 ord] to h x ready = use 
:5 ne$$1 & ?is /ock ( weal? consi/s ( a 
pl5tiful supply ( ?+s & words4   ,,!    
,,"r ,,^w ,,9 ,,! ,,"r ,,place  ,?+s are
 peculi> to ea* cause1 or common to few2
 b a provision ( words mu/ be made      
indiscrim9ately = all subjects4 ,if ea* 
^w 7 precisely significant ( ea* ?+1 our
 p]plexity w\ld be less1 z !n words w\ld
 imm$iately pres5t !mselves ) ?+s1 b "s 
be+ m prop] ?an o!rs1 or m ornam5tal1 or
 m emphatic1 or m h>moni\s1 all ought n 
only to be kn[n b to be kept ready & 9  
sight1 z x 71 t :5 !y pres5t !mselves = 
! orator's selection1 he easily may make
 a *oice ( ! be/4  ,i "k t "s make a    
practise ( class+ toge!r all synonym\s  
words & committ+ !m to memory1 s t out (
 s _m at lea/ "o may m easily come to   
m9d2 & :5 !y h us$ a ^w1 & %ortly aft]  
ne$ x aga91 to avoid repetition !y take 
ano!r ( ! same significance4 ,?is is (  
little or no use1 = x is only a cr[d t  

is mu/]$ toge!r1 out ( :i* ! fir/ at h& 
is tak5 indiff]5tly1 :]eas ! copi\sness 
( language ( :i* ,i speak is to be !    
result ( acquisition ( judgm5t 9 ! use (
 words1 ) ! view ( atta9+ ! true        
expressive =ce ( eloqu5ce1 & n empty    
volubility ( spee*4 ,?is c be affect$   
only by he>+ & read+ ! be/ ?+s2 & x is  
only by giv+ x our att5tion t we %all "k
 n only ! appellations ( ?+s1 b :at is  
fitte/ = e place4   ,,! ,,value ,,(     
,,he>+ ,,speak]s  ,) "s eloqu5t         
compositions we may d]ive m pr(it by    
read+ !m1 b ) "s o!rs1 m by he>+ !m     
pron\nc$4 ,! speak] keeps awake all our 
s5ses1 & inspires u by ! fire t animates
 him4 ,we are /ruck1 n by ! image &     
ext]ior ( ?+s1 b by ! ?+s !mselves4 ,all
 is life & motion1 & ) solicitude = 8   
success1 we favorably receive all he    
says1 its appeal to u ly+ 9 ! *>m (     
novelty4 ,toge!r ) ! orator1 we f9d     
ourselves deeply int]e/$ 9 ! issue ( !  
trial & ! safety ( ! p>ties ^: def5se he
 has und]tak54 ,besides ^! we f9d t o!r 

?+s affect u3 a f9e voice1 a graceful   
action correspond+ ) :at is said1 & a   
mann] ( pronunciation1 :i* p]haps is !  
mo/ p[]ful ornam5t ( eloqu5ce2 9 %ort1  
ev]y?+ conduct$ & manag$ 9 ! way t is   
mo/ fitt+4   ,,! ,,advantages ,,(       
,,read+  ,9 read+1 our judgm5t goes ^u  
sur] gr\nd1 because (t5 our good wi%es =
 ! speak]1 or ! applause be/[$ on him1  
surprizes u into approbation4 ,we are   
a%am$ to diff] 9 op9ion f o!rs1 & by a  
sort ( secret ba%fulness are kept f     
believ+ ourselves m intellig5t ?an !y   
are2 ?o inde$ we are aw>e1 at ! same "t1
 t ! ta/e ( ! great] numb] is vici\s1 & 
t sycophants1 ev5 p]sons hir$ to        
applaud1 praise ?+s :i* c n please u2 z1
 on ! o!r h&1 x also happ5s t a bad ta/e
 c h no reli% = ! be/ ?+s4 ,read+ is    
att5d$1 besides1 ) ! advantage ( be+    
free1 & n escap+ u by ! rapidity :i*    
accompanies action2 & we may g ov] !    
same ?+s (t51 %\ld we d\bt _! accuracy1 
or wi% to fix !m 9 our memories4        
,repeat+ & review+ w1 !re=e1 be highly  

necess>y2 = z meats are *ew$ be=e !y    
desc5d into ! /oma*1 9 ord] to          
facilitate _! dige/ion1 s read+ is      
fitte/ = be+ laid up 9 ! memory1 t x may
 be an object ( imitation :5 x is no    
long] 9 a crude /ate b has be5 s(t5$ &  
elaborat$ by long m$itation4   ,,h[ ,,to
 ,,read ,,mo/ ,,pr(itably  ,none1 h[ev]1
 b ! be/ au?ors1 & su* z we are lea/    
liable to be deceiv$ 91 dem& ?is c>e1   
:i* %\ld be dilig5t & ext5d$ ev5 almo/  
to ! po9t ( tak+ ! pa9s to transcribe   
!m4 ,nor ought judgm5t to be pass$ on ! 
:ole f exam9+ a "p1 b aft] ! book has   
be5 fully p]us$1 x %\ld h a second      
read+2 especially %\ld ?is be done ) an 
oration1 ! p]fections ( :i* are (t5     
design$ly kept conceal$4 ,! orator1     
inde$1 (t5 prep>es1 dissembles1 lies 9  
wait1 & says ?+s 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! plead+ 
:i* he avails himself ( 9 ! la/ "p4 ,!y 
may1 !re=e1 be less pleas+ 9 _! place1  
:ile we /ill rema9 ignorant ( ! purpose 
= _! be+ said4 ,= ?is reason1 aft] a due
 consid]ation ( p>ticul>s1 x w\ld n be  

amiss to re-read ! :ole4   ,,:at ,,to   
,,read  ,!ophra/us says t ! read+ (     
poetry is ( va/ s]vice to ! orator4 ,_m1
 & ) good reason1 are ( ! same op9ion1 z
 f ! poets may be d]iv$ sprightl9ess 9  
?\ght1 sublimity 9 expression1 =ce &    
v>iety 9 s5tim5t1 propriety & decorum 9 
"*1 toge!r ) t div]sion = *e]+ & fre%5+ 
m9ds :i* h be5 = any "t h>ass$ by !     
drudg]y ( ! b>4  ,let x be rememb]$1    
h[ev]1 t poets are n 9 all ?+s to be    
imitat$ by ! orator1 nei!r 9 ! lib]ty ( 
words1 nor lic5se ( figures4 ,! :ole ( t
 /udy is calculat$ = o/5tation4 ,its    
sole aim is pleasure1 & x inv>iably     
pursues x1 by fictions ( n only :at is  
false1 b ( "s ?+s t are incr$ible4 ,x is
 sure1 also1 ( meet+ ) p>tizans to      
esp\se its cause1 because1 s9ce x is    
b\nd d[n to a c]ta9 necessity ( feet x c
 n always use prop] words1 & be+ driv5  
out ( ! /raight road1 mu/ turn into     
byways ( speak+1 & be compell$ to *ange 
"s words1 & to l5g!n1 %ort51 transpose &
 divide !m4 ,z = orators1 !y mu/ /& _!  

gr\nd completely arm$ 9 ! ord] ( battle1
 & hav+ to fight = matt]s ( ! highe/    
consequ5ce1 mu/ ?9k ( no?+ b ga9+ !     
victory4  ,/ill w\ld ,i n h _! armor    
appe> squalid & cov]$ ) ru/1 b reta9 r a
 brightness t dismays1 su* z ( poli%$   
/eel1 /rik+ bo? ! m9d & eyes ) awe1 & n 
! spl5dor ( gold & silv]1 a weak        
safegu>d1 inde$1 & r dang]\s to ! be>]4 
,hi/ory1 likewise1 by its mild &        
grateful sap may af=d k9d nutrim5t to an
 oratorical composition4 ,yet ! orator  
%\ld s read hi/ory z to be conv9c$ t mo/
 ( its p]fections ought to be avoid$ by 
him4 ,x ne>ly bord]s ^u poetry1 & may be
 held z a poem1 unre/ra9$ by ! laws (   
v]se4 ,its object is to n>rate1 & n to  
prove1 & its :ole bus9ess nei!r int5ds  
action nor cont5tion1 b to transmit     
facts to po/]ity1 & enhance ! reputation
 ( its au?or4  ,9 ! read+ ( hi/ory !re  
is ano!r b5efit1 & inde$ ! greate/1 b "o
 n relative to ! pres5t subject4 ,?is   
proce$s f ! k ( ?+s & examples1 :i* !   
orator ought to be well v]s$ 91 s t n   

all 8 te/imonies may be f ! p>ties1 b _m
 ( !m may be tak5 f antiquity1 ) :i*1   
?r\gh hi/ory1 he w be well acqua9t$2 ^! 
te/imonies be+ ! m p[]ful1 z !y are     
exempt f suspicion ( prejudice &        
p>tiality4  ,i %all v5ture to say t !re 
are few :i* h /ood ! te/ ( "t1 t may n  
be read ) "s pr(it by ! judici\s4 ,cic]o
 himself confesses t he receiv$ great   
help f old au?ors1 :o 71 inde$1 v +5i\s 
b 7 defici5t 9 art4 ,be=e ,i speak ( !  
respective m]it ( au?ors1 ,i mu/ make1 9
 a few words1 "s g5]al reflections on ! 
div]sity ( ta/e 9 reg>d to matt]s (     
eloqu5ce4 ,"s ?9k t ! anci5ts des]ve to 
be read1 believ+ t !y alone h di/+ui%$  
!mselves by natural eloqu5ce & t /r5g? (
 language s becom+ m54 ,o!rs are        
captivat$ ) ! fl[]y pr(usion ( ! orators
 ( ! pres5t age1 ) _! delicate turns1 & 
) all ! bl&i%m5ts !y skilfully inv5t to 
*>m ! e>s ( an ignorant multitude4 ,"s  
*oose to foll[ ! pla9 & direct way (    
speak+4 ,o!rs take to be s\nd & truly   
,attic :atev] is close1 neat1 & dep>ts b

 little f ord9>y conv]sation4 ,"s are   
delight$ ) a m elevat$1 m impetu\s1 & m 
fi]y =ce ( g5ius4 ,o!rs1 & n a few1 l a 
smoo?1 elegant1 & polite mann]4 ,i %all 
speak ( ?is diff]5ce 9 ta/e m fully :5  
,i come to exam9e ! /yle :i* may seem   
mo/ prop] = ! orator4   ,,qualities ,,( 
,,classic ,,writ]s  ,hom]  ,we may beg9 
prop]ly ) ,hom]4  ,he x is :o gave bir? 
to1 & set ! example = all p>ts (        
eloqu5ce1 9 ! same way1 z he himself    
says1 z ! c\rse ( riv]s & spr+s (       
f\nta9s owe _! orig9 to ! ocean4 ,no "o1
 9 great subjects1 has excell$ him 9    
elevation2 nor 9 small subjects1 9      
propriety4 ,he is florid & close1 grave 
& agreeable1 admirable = 8 concise z    
well z = 8 copi\s mann]1 & is n only    
em95t = poetical1 b likewise oratorical1
 abilities4   ,a,eschylus  ,a,eschylus  
is ! "o :o gave bir? to trag$y4 ,he is  
sublime1 & grave1 & (t5 pomp\s to a     
fault4 ,b 8 plots are mo/ly ill-contriv$
 & z ill-conduct$4 ,= :i* reason !      
,a!nians p]mitt$ ! poets :o came aft]   

him to correct 8 pieces & fit !m = !    
/age1 & 9 ?is way _m ( ^! poets receiv$ 
! honor ( be+ cr[n$4   ,sophocles &     
,euripides  ,sophocles & ,euripides     
br\ght trag$y to great] p]fection2 b !  
diff]5ce 9 _! mann] has occasion$       
dispute among ! le>n$ z to _! relative  
poetic m]its4 ,= my "p1 ,i %all leave ! 
matt] undecid$1 z hav+ no?+ to d ) my   
pres5t purpose4 ,x mu/ be confe/1       
nev]!less1 t ! /udy ( ,eurip$es w be (  
mu* great] value to ^? :o are prep>+    
!mselves = ! b>2 = besides ! fact t 8   
/yle comes ne>] ! oratorical /yle1 he   
likewise ab\nds 9 f9e ?\ghts1 & 9       
philosophic maxims is almo/ on an       
equality ) philosoph]s1 & 9 8 dialog may
 be comp>$ ) ! be/ speak]s at ! b>4 ,he 
is wond]ful1 aga91 = 8 ma/]ly /rokes 9  
mov+ ! passions1 & m especially 9 excit+
 sympa?y4   ,?ucydides & ,h]odotus  ,!re
 h be5 _m fam\s writ]s ( hi/ory1 b all  
agree 9 giv+ ! pref]5ce to two1 ^:      
p]fections1 ?o diff]5t1 h receiv$ an    
almo/ equal degree ( praise4 ,?ucydides 

is close1 concise1 & ev] press+ on4     
,h]odotus is sweet1 natural1 & copi\s4  
,"o is rem>kable = 8 animat$ expression 
( ! m impetu\s passions1 ! o!r = g5tle  
p]suasion 9 ! mild]3 ! =m] succe$s 9    
h>angues & has m =ce2 ! o!r surpasses 9 
spee*es ( famili> int]c\rse1 & gives m  
pleasure4   ,demo/h5es  ,a num]\s b& (  
orators foll[s1 = ,a!ns produc$ t5 ( !m1
 contempor>y ) "o ano!r4 ,demo/h5es 0 by
 f> ! *ief ( !m1 & 9 a mann] held to be 
! only model = eloqu5ce2 s great is 8   
=ce2 s closely toge!r are all ?+s       
int]wov5 9 8 disc\rse1 & att5d$ ) a     
c]ta9 self-comm&2 s great is 8 accuracy1
 he nev] adopt+ any idle expression2 & s
 j 8 precision t no?+ lack+1 no?+       
r$undant1 c be f\nd 9 him4 ,a,eschines  
is m full1 m diffusive1 & appe>s ! m    
gr&1 z he has m bread?4 ,he has m fle%1 
b n s _m s9ews4   ,lysias & ,isocrates  
,lysias1 old] ?an ^!1 is subtle &       
elegant1 & if x is en\gh = ! orator to  
in/ruct1 none c\ld be f\nd m p]fect ?an 
he is4 ,!re is no?+ idle1 no?+ f>-fet*$ 

9 him2 yet is he m l a cle> brook ?an a 
great riv]4 ,isocrates1 9 a diff]5t k9d 
( eloqu5ce1 is f9e & poli%$1 & bett]    
adapt$ = engag+ 9 a mock ?an a real     
battle4 ,he 0 att5tive to all ! beauties
 ( disc\rse1 & _h 8 reasons = x1 hav+   
int5d$ 8 eloqu5ce = s*ools & n =        
cont5tions at ! b>4 ,8 inv5tion 0 easy1 
he 0 v fond ( graces & embelli%m5ts1 & s
 nice 0 he 9 8 composition t 8 extreme  
c>e is n )\t repreh5sion4   ,plato      
,among philosoph]s1 by :om ,cic]o       
confesses he has be5 furni%$ ) _m       
res\rceful aids to eloqu5ce1 :o d\bts t 
,plato is ! *ief1 :e!r we consid] !     
acut5ess ( 8 diss]tations1 or 8 div9e   
,hom]ical faculty ( elocution8 ,he so>s 
high above prose1 & ev5 common poetry1  
:i* is poetry only because compris$ 9 a 
c]ta9 numb] ( feet2 & he seems to me n s
 mu* end[$ ) ! wit ( a man1 z inspir$ by
 a sort ( ,delphic oracle4   ,x5ophon   
,:at %all ,i say ( ,x5ophon's unaffect$ 
agreeabl5ess1 s unatta9able by any      
imitation t ! ,graces !mselves seem to h

 compos$ 8 language8 ,! te/imony ( !    
anci5t com$y conc]n+ ,p]icles1 is v     
ju/ly applicable to him1 ,t ! ,goddess (
 ,p]suasion _h seat$ h]self on 8 lips4  
,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us  ,& :at %all ,i  
say ( ! elegance ( ! o!r disciples (    
,socrates8 ,:at ( ,ari/otle8 ,i am at a 
loss to "k :at mo/ to admire 9 him1 8   
va/ & pr(\nd erudition1 or ! great numb]
 ( 8 writ+s1 or 8 pleas+ /yle & mann]1  
or ! inv5tions & p5etration ( 8 wit1 or 
! v>iety ( 8 works4 ,& z to ,!ophra/us1 
8 elocution has some?+ s noble & s div9e
 t x may be said t f ^! qualities came 8
 "n4   ,v]gil  ,9 reg>d to our ,roman   
au?ors1 we c n m happily beg9 ?an )     
,v]gil1 :o ( all _! poets & ours 9 !    
epic /yle1 is )\t any d\bt ! "o :o comes
 ne>e/ to ,hom]4 ,?o oblig$ to give way 
to ,hom]'s heav5ly & immortal g5ius1 yet
 9 ,v]gil are to be f\nd a great]       
exactness & c>e1 x be+ incumb5t on him  
to take m pa9s2 s t :at we lose on !    
side ( em95ce ( qualities1 we p]haps ga9
 on t ( ju/ness & equability4   ,cic]o  

,i proce$ to our orators1 :o likewise   
may put ,roman eloqu5ce ^u a p> ) !     
,grecian4 ,cic]o ,i w\ld /r5u\sly oppose
 aga9/ any ( !m1 ?o consci\s ( ! qu>rel 
,i %\ld br+ ^u myself by comp>+ him )   
,demo/h5es 9 a "t s critical z ?is2     
especially z my subject does n oblige me
 to x1 nei!r is x ( any consequ5ce1 :5 x
 is my real op9ion t ,demo/h5es ought to
 be p>ticul>ly read1 or1 r1 committ$ to 
memory4  ,i mu/ say1 not)/&+1 t ,i judge
 !m to be alike 9 mo/ ( ! great         
qualities !y posse/2 alike 9 design1    
disposition1 mann] ( divid+1 ( prep>+   
m9ds1 ( prov+1 9 %ort 9 ev]y?+ belong+  
to inv5tion4 ,9 elocution !re is "s     
diff]5ce4 ,! "o is m compact1 ! o!r m   
copi\s2 ! "o closes 9 ) 8 oppon5t1 ! o!r
 all[s him m gr\nd to fight 92 ! "o is  
always subtle & ke5 9 argum5t1 ! o!r is 
p]haps less s1 b (t5 has m weight2 f !  
"o no?+ c be retr5*$1 nei!r c any?+ be  
add$ to ! o!r2 ! "o has m /udy1 ! o!r m 
nature4  ,/ill ought we to yield1 if =  
no o!r reason ?an because ,demo/h5es    

liv$ be=e ,cic]o1 & because ! ,roman    
orator1 h[ev] great1 is indebt$ = a l>ge
 "p ( 8 m]it to ! ,a!nian4 ,= x seems to
 me t ,cic]o1 hav+ b5t all 8 ?\ghts on !
 ,greeks1 t[>d =m+ himself on _! model1 
_h at l5g? made con/itu5ts ( 8 "* ! =ce 
( ,demo/h5es1 ! abundance ( ,plato1 & ! 
sweetness ( ,isocrates4 ,nor did he     
only1 by 8 application1 extract :at 0   
be/ 9 ^! great orig9als1 b by ! happy   
fruitfulness ( 8 immortal g5ius he      
himself produc$ ! great] "p1 or r all1 (
 ^! same p]fections4 ,& to make use ( an
 expression ( ,p9d>1 he does n collect !
 wat] f ra9s to rem$y a natural dryness1
 b fl[s cont9ually1 himself1 f a s\rce (
 liv+ wat]s1 & seems to h exi/$ by a    
peculi> gift ( ,provid5ce1 t 9 him      
eloqu5ce might make trial ( h] :ole     
/r5g? & h] mo/ p[]ful ex]tions4  ,= :o c
 in/ruct ) m exactness1 & move ) m      
vehem5ce8 ,:at orator ev] posse/ s      
pleas+ a mann] t ! v ?+s he =cibly wre/s
 f y1 y fancy y grant him2 & :5 by 8    
viol5ce he c>ries away ! judge1 yet does

 ! judge seem to himself to obey 8 own  
volition1 & n to be swept away by t (   
ano!r8 ,besides1 9 all he says !re is s 
mu* au?ority & weight t y are a%am$ to  
diff] f him 9 op9ion2 & x is n ! zeal ( 
an advocate y f9d 9 him1 b r ! fai? &   
s9c]ity ( a witness or judge4 ,& :at1 at
 ! same "t1 is m admirable1 all ^!      
qualities1 any "o ( :i* c\ld n be atta9$
 by ano!r )\t inf9ite pa9s1 seem to be 8
 naturally2 s t 8 disc\rses1 ! mo/ *>m+1
 ! mo/ h>moni\s1 :i* possibly c be he>d1
 reta91 not)/&+1 s great an air ( happy 
ease t !y seem to h co/ him no?+4  ,)   
good reason1 !re=e1 is he said by 8     
contempor>ies to reign at ! b>1 & he has
 s f> ga9$ ! good graces ( po/]ity t    
,cic]o is n[ less ! "n ( a man ?an ! "n 
( eloqu5ce itself4 ,let u !n keep him 9 
view1 let him be our model1 & let t     
orator ?9k he has made consid]able      
progress :o has once conceiv$ a love &  
ta/e = ,cic]o4   ,caes>  ,if ,caes> _h  
made ! b> 8 pr9cipal occupation1 no o!r 
( our orators c\ld bett] h disput$ !    

prize ( eloqu5ce ) ,cic]o4 ,s great is 8
 =ce1 s %>p 8 wit1 s active 8 fire1 t x 
pla9ly appe>s he spoke ) z mu* _s z he  
f\ght4 ,a wond]ful elegance & purity (  
language1 :i* he made 8 p>ticul> /udy1 7
 a fur!r embelli%m5t ( all ^! tal5ts =  
eloqu5ce4   ,philosoph]s  ,x rema9s only
 to speak ( ^? :o h writt5 on subjects (
 philosophy4 ,hi!rto we h _h b few ( ?is
 k9d4 ,cic]o1 z 9 all o!r respects1 s   
also 9 ?is1 0 a wor?y rival ( ,plato4   
,brutus has writt5 "s excell5t          
treatises1 ! m]it ( :i* is f> sup]ior to
 t ( 8 orations4 ,he supports admirably 
well ! weight ( 8 matt]1 & seems to feel
 :at he says4 ,cornelius ,celsus1 9 !   
mann] ( ! ,skeptics1 has writt5 a good  
_m tracts1 :i* are n )\t elegance &     
p]spicuity4 ,plancus1 among ! ,/oics1   
may be read ) pr(it1 = ! sake ( becom+  
acqua9t$ ) ! ?+s he discusses4 ,catius1 
an ,epicurean1 has "s levity 9 8 way1 b 
9 ! ma9 is n an unpleas+ au?or4   ,s5eca
  ,i h design$ly omitt$ speak+ hi!rto ( 
,s5eca1--:o 0 pr(ici5t 9 all k9ds (     

eloqu5ce1--on acc\nt ( ! false op9ion p 
ent]ta9$ t ,i n only condemn$ 8 writ+s1 
b also p]sonally hat$ him4 ,i drew ?is  
asp]sion ^u myself by my endeavor to br+
 ov] eloqu5ce to a m au/]e ta/e1 :i* _h 
be5 corrupt$ & en]vat$ by v _m s(tnesses
 & delicacies4 ,!n ,s5eca 0 almo/ ! only
 au?or "y p read ) pleasure4 ,i did n   
/rive to exclude him absolutely1 b c\ld 
n be> t he %\ld be pref]r$ to o!rs mu*  
bett]1 :om he took all possible pa9s to 
cry d[n1 because he 0 consci\s t he _h  
tak5 to a diff]5t mann] f _! way (      
writ+1 & he c\ld n o!rwise expect to    
please p :o _h a ta/e = ^! o!rs4 ,x 0   
,s5eca's lot1 h[ev]1 to be m lov$ ?an   
imitat$1 & 8 p>tizans run z wide f him z
 he himself _h fall5 f ! anci5ts4 ,yet x
 7 to be wi%$ t !y _h prov$ !mselves l1 
or _h come ne>1 him4 ,b !y 7 fond ( no?+
 9 him b 8 faults1 & e "o /rove to copy 
!m if he c\ld4 ,!n prid+ !mselves on    
speak+ l ,s5eca1 ( c\rse !y c\ld n avoid
 br++ him into disgrace4  ,8 p]fections1
 h[ev]1 7 _m & great4 ,8 wit 0 easy &   

fruitful1 8 erudition consid]able1 8 k  
ext5sive--9 :i* la/ po9t he sometimes 0 
l$ into mi/akes1 probably by ^? :om he  
_h *>g$ to make rese>*es = him4 ,!re is 
h>dly a bran* ( /udy on :i* he has n    
writt5 some?+2 = we h 8 orations1 8     
poems1 epi/les1 & dialogs4 ,9           
philosophic matt]s he 0 n s accurate1 b 
0 admirable = 8 invectives aga9/ vice4  
,he has _m bright ?\ghts1 & _m ?+s are  
well wor? read+ 9 him = improvem5t ( !  
moral "*2 b 8 elocution is1 = ! mo/ "p1 
corrupt1 & ! m dang]\s because its vices
 are ( a sweet & allur+ nature4 ,"o c\ld
 wi% he _h writt5 ) 8 own g5ius &       
ano!r's judgm5t4 ,= if he _h reject$ "s 
?+s1 if he _h less /udi\sly affect$ "s  
engag+ beauties1 if he _h n be5 ov]fond 
( all 8 productions1 if he _h n weak5$ !
 importance ( 8 matt] by frivol\s       
?\ghts1 he w\ld h be5 honor$ by !       
approbation ( ! le>n$ r ?an by ! love ( 
/ripl+s4  ,h[ev]1 su* z he is1 he may be
 read :5 ! ta/e is =m$ & /r5g!n$ by a m 
au/]e k9d ( eloqu5ce1 if = no o!r reason

 ?an because he c ex]cise judgm5t on bo?
 sides4 ,=1 z ,i h said1 _m ?+s 9 him   
are wor?y ( praise1 wor?y ev5 (         
admiration if a prop] *oice _h be5 made1
 :i* ,i wi% he _h made himself1 z inde$ 
t nature is des]v+ ( an incl9ation to   
embrace :at is bett]1 :i* has ability to
 effect any?+ to :i* x incl9es4     ,,k 
,,& ,,self-,,confid5ce   ,k ( ! civil   
law w1 likewise1 be necess>y = ! orator 
:om we h describ$1 & toge!r ) x k ( !   
cu/oms & religion ( ! commonweal? ( :i* 
he may take *>ge1 = h[ %all he be able  
to give c\nsel 9 public & private       
delib]ations if ignorant ( ! _m ?+s :i* 
happ5 toge!r p>ticul>ly to ! e/abli%m5t 
( ! ,/ate8 ,& mu/ he n falsely av]      
himself to be ! patron ( ! causes he    
und]takes1 if oblig$ to borr[ f ano!r   
:at is ( greate/ consequ5ce 9 ^! causes1
 9 "s measure l ^? :o repeat ! writ+s ( 
poets8 ,& h[ w he accompli% :at he has s
 und]tak5 if ! ?+s :i* he requires !    
judge to believe1 he %all speak on !    
fai? ( ano!r1 & if he1 ! reput$ help] ( 

8 cli5ts1 %all himself /& 9 ne$ ( ! help
 ( ano!r8   ,,?or\gh ,,in=mation        
,,indisp5sable  ,b we w suppose him n   
r$uc$ to ?is inconv5i5ce1 hav+ /udi$ 8  
cause suffici5tly at home1 & hav+       
?or\ghly in=m$ himself ( all t he has   
?\ght prop] to lay be=e ! judges3 yet   
:at %all become ( him :5 un=ese5        
que/ions arise1 :i* (t5 are sudd5ly />t$
 on ! back ( plead+s8 ,w he n ) great   
unseeml9ess look ab\t him8 ,w he n ask !
 l[] class ( advocates h[ he %all       
behave8 ,c he be accurate 9 compreh5d+ !
 ?+s !n :isp]$ to him1 :5 he is to speak
 on !m in/antly8 ,c he /rongly affirm1  
or speak +5u\sly = 8 cli5ts8 ,grant t he
 may 9 8 plead+s1 b :at %all be 8 fate 9
 alt]cation1 :5 he mu/ h 8 answ] ready &
 he has no "t = receiv+ in=mation8 ,&   
:at if a p]son le>n$ 9 ! law is n       
assi/+8 ,:at if "o :o kn[s little ( !   
matt] tells him some?+ t is wrong8 ,&   
?is is ! greate/ mis*ief 9 ignorance1 to
 believe su* a monitor intellig5t4  ,n[1
 z we suppose ! orator to be a          

p>ticul>ly le>n$ & hone/ man1 :5 he has 
made suffici5t /udy ( t :i* naturally is
 be/1 x w give him little tr\ble if a   
lawy] diss5ts f him 9 op9ion1 s9ce ev5  
!y are admitt$ to be ( diff]5t op9ions  
among !mselves4 ,b if he desires to "k  
_! s5tim5ts on any po9t ( law1 he ne$   
only read a little1 :i* is ! lea/       
labori\s "p ( /udy4 ,if _m m5 :o        
despair$ ( acquir+ ! necess>y tal5ts =  
speak+ 9 public1 h engag$ 9 ! /udy (    
law1 ) h[ mu* m ease w ! orator effect  
?is1 :i* may be le>n$ by ^? :o f _! own 
confession c\ld n be orators8  ,m4 ,cato
 0 z mu* di/+ui%$ by 8 great eloqu5ce z 
by 8 great le>n+ 9 ! law4 ,scaevola &   
,s]vius ,sulpitius1 bo? em95t lawy]s1 7 
also v eloqu5t4 ,cic]o n only 9 plead+  
nev] appe>$ at a loss 9 k ( ! law1 b    
also began to write "s tracts on x4 ,f  
all ^! examples x appe>s t an orator may
 n less att5d to ! tea*+ ?an ! le>n+ (  
x4   ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,! ,,speak]  ,i   
w\ld n h him :o is to speak rise        
unconc]n$1 %[ no *ange ( color1 & betray

 no s5se ( dang]1--if !y d n happ5      
naturally1 !y ought at lea/ to be       
pret5d$4 ,b ?is s5se %\ld proce$ f      
solicitude = p]=m+ well our duty1 n f a 
motive ( fe>2 & we may dec5tly betray   
emotion1 b n fa9t away4 ,! be/ rem$y1   
!re=e1 = ba%fulness1 is a mode/         
assurance1 & h[ev] weak ! =ehead may be1
 x ought to be lift$ up1 & well x may by
 consci\s m]it4   ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,good  
,,deliv]y  ,!re are natural aids1 z     
specifi$ be=e1 :i* are improv$ by c>e1 &
 ^! are ! voice1 lungs1 a good pres5ce1 
& graceful action1 :i* are advantages   
sometimes s consid]able z to beget a    
reputation = wit4 ,our age produc$      
orators m copi\s ?an ,tra*allus1 b :5 he
 spoke he seem$ to surpass !m all1 s    
great 0 ! advantage ( 8 /ature1 !       
sprightl9ess ( 8 glance1 ! maje/y ( 8   
aspect1 ! beauty ( 8 action1 & a voice1 
n z ,cic]o desires x %\ld be1 b almo/ l 
t ( trag$ians1 & surpass+ all !         
trag$ians ,i ev] he>d4 ,i well rememb] t
 :5 he once plead$ 9 ! ,julian ,hall    

be=e ! fir/ b5* ( judges1 & !re also1 z 
usual1 ! f\r classes ( judges 7 !n      
sitt+1 & ! :ole place rang ) noise1 he 0
 n only he>d di/9ctly f ! f\r b5*es1 b  
also 0 applaud$1 :i* 0 a disp>agem5t to 
^? :o spoke aft] him4 ,b ?is is !       
accumulation ( :at c be wi%$ =1 & a     
happ9ess h>d to be met )1 & z x c n fall
 to e "o's lot1 let ! orator /rive at   
lea/ to make himself he>d by ^? be=e :om
 he speaks4   ,,! ,,te/ ,,( ,,an        
,,oration  ,above all1 z happ5s to a    
great _m1 let n desire = tempor>y praise
 keep our orator f hav+ an eye to !     
int]e/ ( ! cause he has und]tak54 ,= z  
g5]als 9 wag+ w>s d n always m>* _!     
armies ov] pleasant pla9s1 b (t5 mu/    
climb rugg$ hills1 mu/ lay siege to =ts 
& ca/les rais$ on /eep rocks & m\nta9s1 
& =tifi$ bo? by nature & by art3 s an   
orator w be pleas$ ) an opportunity to  
make great excursions1 & :5 he engages  
on *ampion gr\nd1 he w display all 8    
=ces s z to make an exce$+ly f9e        
appe>ance2 b if "u ! necessity (        

unravel+ ! intricacies ( "s po9ts ( law1
 or plac+ tru? 9 a cle> light f amid/ ! 
obscurity ?r[n ar\nd x1 he w n !n       
o/5tati\sly ride ab\t1 nor w he use a   
%[] ( po9t$ s5t5ces1 z missive weapons2 
b he w c>ry on 8 op]ations by fru/rat+ 8
 enemy2 by m9es1 by ambuscade1 & by     
/ratagem3 all ( :i* are n mu* to be     
comm5d$ :ile !y are be+ us$1 b aft] !y h
 be5 practis$4 ,:5ce ^? m5 b5efit       
!mselves mo/1 :o seem lea/ desir\s (    
praise2 = :5 ! frivol\s p>ade ( eloqu5ce
 has ceas$ its bur/s ( ?und] among its  
own applaud]s1 ! m pot5t applause ( true
 tal5ts w appe> 9 g5u9e spl5dor2 !      
judges w n conceal ! impressions :i* h  
be5 made on !m2 ! s5se ( ! le>n$ w      
outweigh ! op9ion ( ignorance3 s true x 
is t x is ! w9d+ up ( ! disc\rse1 & !   
success att5d+ x1 t mu/ prove its true  
m]it4   ,,avoid+ ,,o/5tation  ,x 0      
cu/om>y ) ! anci5ts to hide _! eloqu5ce2
 & ,m4 ,antonius advises orators s to d1
 9 ord] t !y may be ! m believ$1 & t _! 
/ratagems may be less suspect$4 ,b !    

eloqu5ce ( ^? times c\ld well be        
conceal$1 n yet hav+ made an accession (
 s _m lum9>ies z to break out ?r\gh e   
int]v5+ ob/acle to ! transmission ( _!  
light4 ,b inde$ all art & design %\ld be
 kept conceal$1 z mo/ ?+s :5 once1      
discov]$ lose _! value4 ,9 :at ,i h     
hi!rto spok5 (1 eloqu5ce loves no?+ else
 s mu* z privacy4 ,a *oice ( words1     
weight ( ?\ght1 elegance ( figures1 ei!r
 d n exi/1 or !y appe>4 ,b because !y   
appe>1 !y are n !re=e to be display$ )  
o/5tation4 ,or if "o ( ! two is to be   
*os51 let ! cause r ?an ! advocate be   
prais$2 /ill ! issue w ju/ify him1 by 8 
hav+ plead$ excell5tly a v good cause4  
,x is c]ta9 t no "o else pleads s ill z 
he :o endeavors to please1 :ile 8 cause 
displeases2 because ! ?+s by :i* he     
pleases mu/ necess>ily be =eign to 8    
subject4  ,! orator ought n to be s     
p>ticul> & va9 z n to und]take ! plead+ 
( ! small] k9d ( causes1 z b5ea? him1 or
 z if a matt] ( less consequ5ce %\ld 9  
any respect less5 ! reputation he has   

acquir$4 ,duty inde$ is a j motive = 8  
und]tak+ !m1 & he %\ld wi% t 8 fri5ds 7 
nev] engag$ 9 any o!r k9d ( suits1 :i* 9
 ! ma9 are set (f ) suffici5t eloqu5ce  
:5 he has spok5 to ! purpose4   ,,d ,,n 
,,abuse ,,y\r ,,oppon5t  ,"s are v      
lib]al 9 abuse ( ! advocate ( ! oppos+  
p>ty1 b unless he has br\ght x ^u       
himself1 ,i ?9k x is act+ v ung5]\sly by
 him1 9 consid]ation ( ! common duties (
 ! pr(ession4 ,add to ?is t ^! sallies (
 passion are ( no advantage :atev] to   
him :o pleads1 ! oppon5t hav+1 9 8 turn1
 an equal "r to abuse2 & !y may ev5 be  
h>mful to ! cause1 because ! oppon5t1   
spurr$ on to become a real enemy1 mu/]s 
toge!r all ! =ces ( wit to conqu] if    
possible4 ,above all1 t mode/y is       
irrecov]ably lo/ :i* procures = ! orator
 s mu* au?ority & belief1 if once dep>t+
 f ! "* ( a good man1 he deg5]ates into 
a brawl] & b>k]1 con=m+ himself n to !  
disposition ( ! judge1 b to ! caprice & 
res5tm5t ( ! cli5t4  ,tak+ lib]ties (   
?is k9d frequ5tly leads ! orator to     

haz>d "s ra% expressions n less dang]\s 
to ! cause ?an to himself4 ,p]icles 0   
accu/om$ to wi%1 ) good reason1 t no ^w 
might ev] ent] 8 m9d :i* c\ld give      
umbrage to ! p4 ,b ! respect he _h = ! p
 ought 9 my op9ion to be _h = all1 :o   
may h x 9 _! p[] to d z mu* hurt2 = !   
words t seem$ /rong & bold :5 expre/1   
are call$ fooli% :5 !y h giv5 (f5se4    
,,?or\gh ,,prep>ation ,,ess5tial  ,z e  
orator is rem>kable = 8 mann]1 ! c>e (  
"o hav+ be5 imput$ to sl[ness1 & !      
facility ( ano!r to ra%ness1 x may n be 
amiss to po9t out "h a m$ium4 ,let him  
come = plead+ prep>$ ) all possible c>e1
 z x mu/ argue n only neglect1 b also a 
wick$ & trea*]\s disposition 9 him1 to  
plead worse ?an he c 9 ! cause he       
und]takes1 !re=e he %\ld n und]take m   
causes ?an he is well able to h&le4  ,he
 %\ld say ?+s1 /udi$ & writt51 9 z great
 a degree z ! subject c be>1 &1 z       
,demo/h5es says1 deeply engrav51 if x 7 
possible1 on 8 memory1 & z p]fect z may 
be4 ,?is may be done at ! fir/ plead+ ( 

a cause1 & :5 9 public judgm5ts a cause 
is adj\rn$ = "s "t be=e x comes to a    
rehe>s+4 ,b :5 a direct reply is to be  
made1 due prep>ations are impracticable2
 & ev5 !y :o are n s ready f9d :at !y h 
writt5 to be r a prejudice to !m if     
any?+ unexpect$ly is br\ght =w>d2 = x is
 ) reluctance t !y "p ) :at !y h prep>$1
 & keep+ x 9 m9d dur+ ! :ole plead+1 !y 
are =c$ to cont9ually wond] if any?+ c  
be tak5 f x to be includ$ 9 :at !y are  
oblig$ to speak extempore4 ,& ?o ?is may
 be done1 !re w /ill be a lack (        
connection1 & ! incoh]5ce w be          
discov]able f ! diff]5t color+ &        
inequality ( /yle4 ,?us !re is nei!r an 
un9t]rupt$ flu5cy 9 :at !y say          
extempore1 nor a connection betwe5 x &  
:at !y recite f memory1 = :i* reason "o 
mu/ be a h9drance to ! o!r1 = ! writt5  
matt] w always br+ to x ! att5tion ( !  
m9d1 & sc>cely ev] foll[ x4 ,!re=e 9 ^! 
actions1 z c\ntry-labor+ m5 say1 we mu/ 
/& firmly on our legs4 ,=1 z e cause    
consi/s ( prov+ & refut+1 :atev] reg>ds 

! fir/ may be writt51 & :atev] x is     
c]ta9 ! oppon5t w answ]1 z sometimes x  
is c]ta9 :at he w1 may be refut$ ) equal
 c>e & /udy4  ,kn[+ ! cause well is "o  
ess5tial po9t = be+ prep>$ 9 o!r        
respects1 & li/5+ att5tively to all !   
oppon5t /ates1 is ano!r4 ,/ill we may   
previ\sly ?9k ( _m p>ticul> incid5ts &  
prep>e ! m9d = all em]g5cies1 ?is be+ ( 
special advantage 9 speak+1 ! ?\ght be+ 
!reby ! m easily transmitt$ & transf]r$4
  ,b :5 9 answ]+ or o!rwise !re may be  
necessity = extempore speak+1 ! orator w
 nev] f9d himself at a loss &           
disconc]t$1 :o has be5 prep>$ by        
discipl9e1 & /udy1 & ex]cise1 ) ! p[]s (
 facility1 & :o1 z always "u arms &     
ready = engag+1 w no m lack a suffici5t 
fl[ ( spee* 9 ! plead+ ( causes ?an he  
does 9 conv]sation on daily & dome/ic   
occurr5ces2 nei!r w he ev]1 = lack (    
com+ duly prep>$1 decl9e burd5+ himself 
) a cause1 if he has "t to le>n ! /ate (
 x1 = ) any?+ else he always w be well  
acqua9t$4     ,,conclusion   ,! orator  

hav+ di/+ui%$ himself by ^! p]fections (
 eloqu5ce at ! b>1 9 c\nsels1 9 !       
assemblies ( ! p1 9 ! s5ate1 & 9 all !  
duties ( a good citiz51 ought to ?9k1   
likewise1 ( mak+ an end wor?y ( an hone/
 man & ! sanctity ( 8 m9i/ry3 n t dur+ !
 c\rse ( 8 life he ought to cease be+ ( 
s]vice to society1 or t1 end[$ ) su*    
integrity ( m9d & su* tal5t ( eloqu5ce1 
he c cont9ue too long 9 ! ex]cise ( s   
noble an employm5t2 b because x is fitt+
 t he %\ld gu>d aga9/ degrad+ 8 "*1 by  
do+ any?+ :i* may fall %ort ( :at he has
 already done4 ,! orator is indebt$ =   
:at he is1 n only to k1 :i* increases ) 
8 ye>s1 b to 8 voice1 lungs1 & /r5g? (  
body2 & :5 ! latt] are impair$ by ye>s1 
or debilitat$ by infirmities1 x is to be
 fe>$ t some?+ might be lack+ 9 ?is     
great man1 ei!r f 8 /opp+ %ort ?r\gh    
fatigue1 & out ( brea? at e ef=t1 or by 
n mak+ himself suffici5tly he>d1 or1    
la/ly1 by expect+1 & n f9d+1 him to be  
:at he =m]ly 04  ,:5 ! orator does s\nd 
a retreat1 no less ample fruits ( /udy w

 att5d on him4 ,he ei!r w write ! hi/ory
 ( 8 "t = ! in/ruction ( po/]ity1 or he 
w expla9 ! law to ^? :o came to ask 8   
advice1 or he w write a treatise on     
eloqu5ce1 or t wor?y m\? ( 8 w employ   
itself 9 inculcat+ ! f9e/ moral         
precepts4 ,z 0 cu/om>y ) ! anci5ts1     
well-dispos$ y\? w frequ5t 8 h\se1      
consult+ him z an oracle on ! true mann]
 ( speak+4 ,z ! p>5t ( eloqu5ce w he =m 
!m1 & z an old exp]i5c$ pilot w he give 
!m an acc\nt ( %ores1 & h>bors1 & :at   
are ! presages ( /orms1 & :at may be    
requir$ = work+ ! %ip 9 contr>y or      
favorable w9ds4 ,to all ?is w he be     
induc$ n only by a duty ( humanity      
common to mank9d1 b also by a c]ta9     
pleasure 9 x2 = no "o w\ld be glad to   
see an art go+ into decay1 9 :i* he     
himself excell$1 & :at is m laudable ?an
 to tea* o!rs t 9 :i* "o is p]fectly    
skill$8  ,= all ,i "k1 ! happie/ "t 9 an
 orator's life is :5 he has retir$ f !  
_w to devote himself to re/2 &1 remote f
 envy1 & remote f /rife1 he looks back  

on 8 reputation1 z f a h>bor ( safety2 &
 :ile /ill liv+ has a s5se ( t v5]ation 
:i* commonly awaits only ! dead2 ?us    
anticipat+ ! pleasure ( ! noble         
impression po/]ity w conceive ( him4 ,i 
am consci\s t to ! ext5t ( my poor      
ability1 :atev] ,i knew be=e1 & :atev]  
,i c\ld collect = ! s]vice ( ?is "w1 ,i 
h c&idly & +5u\sly made a communication 
(1 = ! in/ruction ( ^? :o might be will+
 to reap any advantage f x3 & x is en\gh
 = an hone/ man to h taught :at he kn[s4
  ,to be good m51 :i* is ! fir/ & mo/   
important ?+1 consi/s *iefly 9 ! w1 &   
:oev] has a s9c]e desire to be a man (  
integrity1 w easily le>n ! arts t tea*  
virtue2 & ^! arts are n involv$ 9 s _m  
p]plexities1 nei!r are !y ( su* great   
numb]1 z n to be le>n$ by a few ye>s'   
application4 ,! ord]+ ( an upright &    
happy life is atta9able by an easy &    
comp5di\s me?od1 :5 incl9ation is n     
lack+4 ,nature begot u ) ! be/          
dispositions1 & x is s easy to !        
well-incl9$ to le>n t :i* is good1 t we 

c n help be+ surpriz$1 on mak+ a due    
e/imate ( ?+s1 h[ !re c be s _m bad     
p]sons 9 ! _w4 ,=1 z wat] is naturally a
 prop] elem5t = fi%1 dry l& = quadrup$s1
 & air = birds1 s inde$ x ought to be m 
easy to live accord+ to ! prescript (   
nature ?an to infr+e h] laws4  ,z to !  
re/1 ?o we might measure our age1 n by !
 space ( m advanc$ ye>s1 b by ! "t (    
y\?1 we %\ld f9d t we _h q ye>s en\gh = 
le>n+1 all ?+s be+ made %ort] by ord]1  
me?od1 & ! mann] ( application4 ,to br+ 
! matt] home to our oratorical /udies1 (
 :at significance is ! cu/om :i* ,i see 
kept up by _m1 ( declaim+ s _m ye>s 9   
s*ools1 & ( exp5d+ s mu* labor on       
imag9>y subjects1 :5 9 a mod]ate "t !   
rules ( eloqu5ce may be le>n$1 &        
pursuant to _! directions1 a real image 
fram$ ( ! conte/s at ! b>8 ,by ?is ,i d 
n mean to h9t 9 ! lea/ t ex]cises =     
speak+ %\ld ev] be discont9u$1 b r t    
none %\ld gr[ old 9 any "o p>ticul>     
ex]cise = t purpose1 = we may require ! 
k ( _m sci5ces1 & le>n ! precepts (     

morality1 & ex]cise ourselves 9 su*     
causes z are agitat$ at ! b>1 ev5 :ile  
we cont9ue 9 ! /ate ( s*ol>s4 ,& inde$ !
 art ( oratory is su* z ne$ n require _m
 ye>s = le>n+ x4 ,ea* ( ! arts ,i h     
m5tion$ may be abridg$ into few books1  
!re be+ no occasion to consid] !m s     
m9utely & s mu* 9 detail4 ,practise     
rema9s1 :i* soon makes u well skill$ 9  
!m4 ,k ( ?+s is increas+ daily1 & yet   
books are n s _m2 x is necess>y to read 
9 ord] to acquire ?is k1 ( :i* ei!r     
examples z to ! ?+s !mselves may be met 
) 9 hi/ory1 or ! eloqu5t expression ( !m
 may be f\nd 9 orators4 ,x is also      
necess>y t we %\ld read ! op9ions (     
philosoph]s & lawy]s1 ) "s o!r ?+s      
des]v+ ( notice4   ,,tak+ ,,"t ,,=      
,,/udy  ,all ?is inde$ may be compass$1 
b we ourselves are ! cause ( our n hav+ 
"t en\gh4 ,h[ small a portion ( x d we  
allot to our /udies6 ,a good "p ( x is  
sp5t 9 frivol\s complim5ts & pay+ &     
return+ visits1 a good "p ( x is tak5 up
 9 ! tell+ ( idle /ories1 a good "p at !

 public spectacles1 & a good "p 9 !     
pleasures ( ! table4 ,add to ^! our     
great v>iety ( amusem5ts1 & t           
extravagant indulg5ce we be/[ ^u our    
bodies4 ,"o "t we mu/ g on a c\rse (    
travels1 ano!r "t we wi% recreation     
amid/ ! pleasures ( rural life1 & ano!r 
"t we are full ( pa9ful solicitude      
reg>d+ ! /ate ( our =tune1 calculat+ &  
balanc+ our loss & ga92 & toge!r ) ^!1  
h[ (t5 d we give ourselves up to !      
intoxication ( w9e1 & 9 :at a           
multiplicity ( voluptu\sness does our   
pr(ligate m9d suff] itself to be imm]s$8
 ,%\ld !re be an int]val = /udy amid/ ^!
 avocations1 c x be said to be prop]8 ,b
 7 we to devote all ?is idle or ill-sp5t
 "t to /udy1 %\ld we n f9d life long    
en\gh & "t m ?an en\gh = becom+ le>n$8  
,?is is evid5t by only comput+ ! "t ( ! 
day1 besides ! advantages ( ! night1 (  
:i* a good "p is m ?an suffici5t =      
sleep4 ,b we n[ prepo/]\sly compute n ! 
ye>s we h /udi$1 b ! ye>s we h liv$4 ,?o
 geometricians & gramm>ians1 & !        

pr(essors ( o!r arts1 sp5t all _! lives1
 h[ev] long1 9 treat+ & discuss+ _!     
respective arts1 does x !nce foll[ t we 
mu/ h z _m lives z !re are ?+s to be    
le>n$8 ,b !y did n ext5d ! le>n+ ( !m to
 old age1 be+ cont5t ) le>n+ !m only1 & 
!y sp5t s _m ye>s n s mu* 9 _! /udy z 9 
_! practise4  ,n[1 ?o "o %\ld despair ( 
rea*+ to ! height ( p]fection1 a        
gr\ndless hope ev5 9 a p]son ( g5ius1   
heal?1 tal5t1 & ) ma/]s to assi/ him2   
yet x is noble1 z ,cic]o says1 to h a   
place 9 ! second1 or ?ird1 rank4 ,he :o 
c n rival ! glory ( ,a*illes 9 milit>y  
exploits1 %all n !re=e h a mean op9ion (
 ! praise due to ,ajax1 or ,diom$es1 &  
he :o c n approa* ,hom]1 ne$ n despise !
 fame ( ,tyrteus4 ,if m5 7 to yield to !
 ?\ght ( imag9+ none capable ( exce$+   
su* em95t p]sons z w5t be=e !m1 !n !y   
ev5 :o are deem$ excell5t w\ld n h be5  
s4 ,v]gil w\ld n h excell$ ,lucretius & 
,mac]2 nor ,cic]o1 ,crassus &           
,hort5sius2 & no "o = ! future w\ld     
pret5d to any advantage ov] 8           

pr$ecessor4  ,?o ! hope ( surpass+ ^!   
great m5 be b fa9t1 yet x is an honor to
 foll[ !m4 ,h ,pollio & ,messala1 :o    
began to appe> at ! b> :5 ,cic]o 0      
already posse/ ( ! empire ( eloqu5ce1   
acquir$ little dignity 9 _! life-"t1 &  
left b a small degree ( glory = !       
remembrance ( po/]ity8 ,true x is t arts
 br\ght to p]fection w\ld des]ve v ill (
 human affairs if aft]w>d !y c\ld n at  
lea/ be kept to ! same /&>d4   ,,!      
,,rew>ds ,,( ,,eloqu5ce  ,add to ?is t a
 mod]ate %>e ( eloqu5ce is att5d$ ) no  
small advantage1 & if measur$ by !      
fruits ga!r$ f x1 w almo/ be on a p> ) t
 :i* is p]fect4 ,x w\ld be no difficult 
matt] to %[ f _m anci5t or mod]n        
examples t no o!r pr(ession acquires =  
m51 great] honors1 weal?1 fri5d%ip1     
pres5t & future glory1 7 x n degrad+ to 
! honor ( lett]s to div]t ! m9d f !     
contemplation ( ! mo/ noble object1 !   
/udy & possession ( :i* is su* a s\rce (
 cont5tm5t1 & fix x on ! less mom5t\s   
rew>ds x may h1 n unlike ^? :o say !y d 

n s mu* seek virtue z ! pleasure result+
 f x4  ,let u !re=e ) all ! zeal\s      
impulses ( our he>t endeavor to atta9 ! 
v maje/y ( eloqu5ce1 ?an :i* ! immortal 
gods h n imp>t$ any?+ bett] to mank9d1 &
 )\t :i* all w\ld be mute 9 nature1 &   
de/itute ( ! spl5dor ( a p]fect glory & 
future remembrance4 ,let u likewise     
always make cont9u$ progress t[>d       
p]fection1 & by s do+ we %all ei!r rea* 
! height1 or at lea/ %all see _m b5ea?  
u4  ,?is is all1 z f> z 9 me lies1 ,i   
c\ld contribute to ! promot+ & p]fect+ (
 ! art ( eloqu5ce2 ! k ( :i*1 if x does 
n prove ( any great advantage to /udi\s 
y\?1 w1 at lea/1 :at ,i m he>tily wi% =1
 give !m a m ard5t desire = do+ well4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,adv]tisem5ts         99       99      
99       99       99  ,h[ to ,read &    
,declaim  ,a ,,c\rse ,,( ,,in/ruction   
,,9 ,,read+ ,,& ,,declamation ,,hav+ ,,z
 ,,its ,,prime ,,object ,,!             
,,cultivation ,,( ,,ta/e ,,& ,,ref9em5t 
,by ,,gr5ville ,,kleis]  ,=m]ly         

,in/ructor 9 ,public ,speak+ at ,yale   
,div9ity ,s*ool2 ,au?or ( ,h[ to ,speak 
9 ,public1 etc4   ,?is em95tly practical
 book is divid$ into five p>ts3  ,,"p   
,,"o--,prep>atory ,c\rse3 ,tw5ty        
,lessons on ,naturalness1 ,di/9ctness1  
,vivacity1 ,confid5ce1 ,simplicity1     
,delib]at5ess1 & k9dr$ topics4  ,,"p    
,,two--,advance ,c\rse3 ,tw5ty ,lessons 
on ,?\ght ,values1 ,?\ght ,directions1  
,p]suasion1 ,p[]1 ,climax1 etc41 etc4   
,,"p ,,?ree--,articulation &            
,pronunciation4  ,,"p ,,f\r--,ge/ure &  
,facial ,expression4  ,,"p ,,five--,!   
mo/ up-to-date & popul> prose & poetic  
selections any:]e to be f\nd4  ,x is a  
book to beget intellig5t read+1 s z to  
develop 9 ! /ud5t m5tal al]tness1 poise1
 & self-confid5ce4  #abmo1 ,clo?4 #a4ej1
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to ,public ,speak+  ,by ,,gr5ville      
,,kleis]  ,fam\s ,au?or ( _m ,practical 

,books & ,c\rses   ,! only ext5sive1    
compreh5sive1 encyclop$ic "w ( its k9d  
ev] issu$4 ,h[ to speak1 develop        
vocabul>y1 write1 tra9 memory1 ge/ure1  
etc4 ,! be/ advice by ! _w's great      
au?orities ^u e phase ( ,public ,speak+4
        ,( ,great ,wor? to ! ,public    
,speak]       ,i consid] x a comp5dium (
 p>ticul>ly valuable in=mation to       
all m5 :o are call$ ^u to address public
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