,,confession ,,& ,,absolution4  ,,by    
,,"r ,,rev4 ,,monsignor ,,capel1 ,d4 ,d4
   ,dome/ic ,prelate ( ,8 ,hol9ess1 ,leo
 ,,xiii1 happily reign+1         ,memb] 
( ! ,congregation ( ! ,segnatura1       
,prie/ ( ! ,ar*diocese ( ,we/m9/]4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,he ha? plac$ 9 u ! ,m9i/ry (           
,reconciliation4--#b ,cor4 v1 #ah4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,philadelphia3 ,,cunn+ham  ,,son1 #hag 
,,ar* ,,/reet4  ,,new ,,york3 ,d4  ,j4  
,,sadli]  ,,co41 #ca ,,b>clay ,,/reet4  
#ahhd4  ,copyright1  ,,pet] ,f4         
,,cunn+ham  ,,son1  #ahhd4              
,,confession ,,& ,,absolution4   ,9 !   
s]ies ( tw5ty-f\r conf]5ces deliv]$ 9 ! 
,ca!dral at ,philadelphia1 dur+ ?is     
,l5t1 0 "o on ,god's ,conditions =      
,p>don+ ,s94 ,at ! reque/ ( _m1 x is n[ 
publi%$1 b "u ! title ( ,confession &   
,absolution4 ,!re h be5 made su*        
modifications & additions z are         
necessitat$ by publication1 & su* o!rs z
 w cov] aspects ( ! "q treat$ by me     

else:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,! extracts 
f ! ,fa!rs :i* appe> 9 ! foll[+ pages   
are tak5 f ! accurate & judici\s        
collection kn[n z ,fai? ( ,ca?olics1 a  
"w 9 ?ree volumes1 well wor?y ! att5tion
 & /udy ( ^? :o1 n hav+ a libr>y ( !    
,fa!rs1 or n conv]sant ) ! classical    
languages1 are nev]!less anxi\s to "k ! 
evid5ce ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s conc]n+
 ! doctr9es & practices ( ! ,ca?olic    
,*ur*4                                  
,t4 ,j4 ,,capel4       ,,philadelphia3  
,fea/ ( ,our ,lady's ,sorr[s1 #ahhd4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,to ?is ,,second ,,edition !re h be5    
add$ c]ta9 /atem5ts & passages1 to meet 
sundry que/ions address$ to ! ,au?or on 
! subject ( ,confession & ,absolution4  
,fea/ ( ! ,patronage ( ,/4 ,joseph1     
#ahhd4     ,,confession ,,&             
,,absolution4       ,,text3 ,god ha?    
reconcil$ u to ,himself by ,*ri/1 & ha? 
giv5 to u ! m9i/ry ( reconciliation4 ,= 
,god inde$      0 9 ,*ri/1 reconcil+ !  
_w to ,himself1 & ,he ha?      plac$ 9 u

 ! ^w ( reconciliation2 we are !re=e    
ambassadors = ,*ri/4--#b ,,cor4 v1 #ah4 
,no m important "q c be submitt$ =      
consid]ation to ^? :o believe 9 !       
exi/5ce ( ,god1 9 man's responsibility  
to 8 ,creator1 & 9 div9e revelation1 ?an
 :at are ,god's conditions = p>don+ s9  
committ$ aft] baptism4 ,= h[ev] mu* m5  
may d\bt1 d5y1 or dispute ab\t religion1
 !y c nev] impugn ! fact t !y are       
individually s9n]s4 ,if we say we h no  
s91 we deceive ourselves1 & ! tru? is n 
9 u2#a 9 _m ?+s we all (f5d2#b ev5 ! j  
man %all (f5d sev5 times4#c  ,good s5se1
 z well z fai?1 tells u t hav+ will+ly  
committ$ or cons5t$ to any ?\ght1 ^w1 or
 de$ prohibit$ by ,god1 or hav+ kn[+ly &
 wilfully omitt$ any duty impos$ by !   
div9e law1 !n h we revolt$ aga9/ our    
,god4 ,& %\ld ?is be done ) full k &    
delib]ation 9 a matt] deem$ grave by !  
,lawgiv]1 or grave 9 its own nature1 or 
r5d]$ s by circum/ances1 !n has !re be5 
a griev\s transgression ( our duty to   
,god4  ,! mom5t we s act1 are we & our  

crime abom9able 9 ! sight ( ! ,all      
,holy4 ,?\ hate/ all ! work]s (         
iniquity2#d & to ! ,"l ! wick$ & 8      
wick$ness are hateful alike4#e ,our s9  
in/antly m]its et]nal puni%m5t3 ,if ! j 
man turns himself away f 8 ju/ice1 & d  
iniquity accord+ to all ! abom9ations   
:i* ! wick$ man use? to "w1 %all he     
live8 ,all 8 ju/ices :i* he _h done %all
 n be rememb]$4#f ,b ! fe>ful1 &        
unbeliev+1 & ! abom9able1 & murd]]s1 &  
:oremong]s1 & sorc]]s1 & idolat]s1 & all
 li>s1 !y %all h _! portion 9 ! pool    
burn+ ) fire & brim/one1 :i* is ! second
 dea?4#g ,f9ally1 by our griev\s s9 d we
 de/roy habitual or ju/ify+ grace1 !    
sup]natural life ( ! s\l1 r5d]+ x       
incapable ( do+ aught t w h ev]la/+     
rew>d4 ,:5 concupisc5ce ha? conceiv$1 x 
br+e? =? s92 b s91 :5 x is complet$1    
begette? dea?4#h ,well1 !re=e1 are we   
told3 ,flee f s9s z f ! face ( a s]p5t2 
= if ?\ come/ ne> !m1 !y w take hold (  
!e2 ! tee? !re( are ! tee? ( a lion1    
kill+ ! s\ls ( m54#i  ,deadly s9        

accord+ly puts u at enmity ) ,god1 &    
deprives u ( all claim on ,8 ju/ice4 ,^!
 are days :5 m5 talk mu* ( _! own       
rights4 ,little d !y ?9k to ass]t &     
uphold ! rights ( ! ,k+ ( ,k+s1 ! ,"l ( 
,lords4 ,& s x escapes !m t hav+ violat$
 _! obligations to _! ,creator1 _!      
,r$eem]1 _! ,sanctifi]1 by griev\s s91  
!y h no claim = p>don on ! gr\nd (      
ju/ice2 !y c only appeal suppliantly to 
! inf9ite m]cy & goodness ( ,god1 t _!  
iniquities may be blott$ out1 t !y may  
be re/or$ to ! position :5ce !y h fall51
 & t !y may rega9 ! habitual grace      
necess>y = keep+ ! solemn obligations ( 
baptism4 ,?is be+ ! case1 ! ,almighty c 
& does impose ,8 conditions = reconcil+ 
! s9n] & = re/or+ ! prodigal *ild to !  
lo/ son%ip4 ,x is n = s9ful man to      
dictate :at su* t]ms %all be4 ,x is = an
 outrag$ ,god to enact1 = ! transgressor
 to comply ) ! comm&4  ,( ^! conditions1
 "o fl[s f ! inf9ite hol9ess ( ,8 own   
nature1 namely3 contrition or rep5tance4
 ,! o!r1 :i* is judicial absolution f   

s91 imply+ previ\s confession ( x1 is   
impos$ by ! reveal$ law ( ,god1 & is    
!re=e a div9e comm& oblig+ all--popes & 
bi%ops1 prie/s & p4 ,let u deal ) ^!    
sep>ately4  ,,footnotes3  #a ,john i1   
#h4  #b ,james iii1 #b4  #c ,prov4 xxiv1
 #af4  #d ,ps4 v1 #f4  #e ,wisd4 xiv1   
#i4  #f ,eze*4 xviii1 #bd4  #g ,rev4    
xxi1 #h4  #h ,james i1 #ae4  #i ,ecclus4
 xxi1 #b4     ,i4   ,! necessity (      
rep5tance z ! ess5tial condition = !    
s9n] obta9+ ,god's =giv5ess is pla9ly   
taught bo? 9 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian        
disp5sations4  ,prophets & p5it5ts      
?r\gh\t ! ,old ,te/am5t be> evid5ce to  
?is tru?4 ,! words ( ! ,psalms ( ,david1
 ! exhortations ( ,j]emias & ,isaias to 
! p ( ,god to be conv]t$1 h become      
h\sehold words 9 our books ( piety1     
excit+ ! s\l 9 s9 to arise & g to ! ,god
 ( m]cy4  ,! ,new ,disp5sation 0 u%]$ 9 
by ! ,=]unn] ( ,*ri/ prea*+ ! ,gospel ( 
,rep5tance3 ,d p5ance1 = ! k+dom ( ,god 
is at h&4 ,our ,"l ann\nces ,8 own      
mission to be to call s9n]s to          

rep5tance3 ,unless y all d p5ance1 y    
%all all likewise p]i%4 ,he s5t ,8      
,apo/les t p5ance & remission ( s9 %\ld 
be prea*$ 9 ,8 "n among all nations4 ,&1
 :ile on e>?1 ,jesus s5t !m1 two & two1 
to prea* t m5 %\ld d p5ance4  ,&1 aft] !
 asc5sion ( ! ,savi\r :om ,god ha?      
exalt$ ) ,8 "r h& to give p5it5ce to    
,israel1 & remission ( s9s1#aj !        
,apo/les proclaim$ ! same tru?4 ,pet]'s 
v fir/ s]mon is3 ,d p5ance & be baptiz$1
 e "o ( y4#aa ,he1 on ! occasion ( !    
cure ( ! lame man1 prea*es3 ,be p5it5t &
 be conv]t$1 t y\r s9s may be blott$    
out4#ab ,! same ,apo/le writes3 ,! ,"l  
be>e? pati5tly = y\r sake1 n will+ t any
 %\ld p]i%1 b t all %\ld return to      
p5ance4#ac ,/4 ,paul1 9 l mann]4 ,god   
comm&e? all m51 ev]y:]e1 to d p5ance4#ad
 ,& aga93 ,! b5ignity ( ,god leade? !e  
to p5ance4#ae  ,?is contrition or       
rep5tance does n mean a m]e cessation f 
wrong do+1 & />t+ anew 9 ! way (        
goodness1 dr[n+ 9 ! pa/ ! evil done4 ,on
 ! contr>y1 z by s9 we turn$ our backs  

on ,god to g into a f>-(f c\ntry1 to    
sp5d !re our sub/ance1 s by contrition  
mu/ we turn ma91 retrace our /eps1 &    
j\rney to t ,fa!r & home :5ce we dep>t$4
 ,h5ce is ! process nam$ conv]sion to   
,god1 j z s9 is def9$ to be an av]sion f
 ,god4 ,moses1 express+ ?is ?\ght1 says3
 ,:5 ?\ %alt be t\*$ ) ! rep5tance ( ?y 
he>t1 & return to ,him1 ! ,"l ?y ,god w 
h m]cy on !e4#af ,& /ill m explicitly   
does ! prophet ,joel decl>e3 ,be conv]t$
 to ,me ) all y\r he>t1 9 fa/+1 & 9     
weep+1 & 9 m\rn+2 & r5d y\r he>ts1 & n  
y\r g>m5ts1 & turn to ! ,"l y\r ,god3 = 
,he is graci\s & m]ciful1 pati5t & ri* 9
 m]cy4#ag ,aga91 ! inspir$ ,^w says3    
,ca/ away f y all y\r transgressions1 by
 :i* y h transgress$1 & make to         
y\rselves a new he>t & a new _s2 & :y w 
y die1 ,o h\se ( ,israel8#ah  ,! ,"l    
,god1 :om we h outrag$ by s91 kn[s no   
pa/4 ,i am :o am1 is ,8 "n4 ,9 ,8 holy  
sight1 we :o h s9n$1 & our              
transgressions1 are ev] abom9able1      
unless we make to ourselves a new he>t &

 a new _s4 ,be conv]t$ to ,me1 & ,i w be
 conv]t$ to !e1 are ! words ( ,him :o   
ex]cises on u ,8 great m]cy4  ,holy     
,*ur*1 9 h] ,g5]al ,c\ncil assembl$ at  
,tr5t1 def9$ ?is contrition or rep5tance
 to be a sorr[ ( m9d1 & a dete/ation (  
s9 committ$1 toge!r ) a det]m9ation ( n 
s9n+ = ! future--animi dolor1 ac        
dete/atio de peccato commisso1 cum      
proposito non pecc&i de cat]o4#ai ,or1 z
 ! same ,c\ncil says3 ,p5it5ce 0 inde$  
at all times necess>y = all m5 :o _h    
defil$ !mselves ) any mortal s91 9 ord] 
to ! obta9+ grace & ju/ice1 99 99 99 t  
s1 _! p]v]s5ess be+ laid aside & am5d$1 
!y might1 ) hatr$ ( s9 & a pi\s grief ( 
m9d1 dete/ s great an (f5ce ( ,god4#bj  
,&1 z ! ,roman ,cate*ism expla9s1 ?is   
means no m]e feel+1 b a g5u9e act ( ! w4
 ,a "m may %[ m s5sible signs ( grief at
 ! loss ( h] only *ild ?an :5 sorr[+ =  
s91 yet ?is is n 9 ! lea/ inconsi/5t ) !
 mo/ p]fect contrition or rep5tance4    
,!re are times :5 ! int5se sorr[ = s9   
ar\ses ! :ole be+ ( man3 excit+ n only !

 high]1 b also ! l[] & s5sitive "p ( 8  
nature4 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal51 ,david1 & _m 
o!r great p5it5ts1 wept bitt] te>s (    
sorr[ = _! pa/ wrongs4 ,?is1 ?\gh a     
heav5ly favor1 is no necess>y "p (      
rep5tance4 ,inde$1 x is possible to weep
 & to h s5sible sorr[ )\t hav+ a        
contrite he>t4 ,! ?ree ess5tial elem5ts 
9 contrition are3 hatr$ ( pa/ s91 grief 
at hav+ s9n$1 & a det]m9$ purpose at all
 co/s to avoid1 9 ! future1 s9 & !      
occasions ( s94 ,^! emanate f ! w ( man1
 n f ! feel+s2 !y mu/ be /rong or int5se
 en\gh to make ! s9n] pref] to endure   
any evil1 or sacrifice any good1 r ?an  
aga9 (f5d ,god1 s inf9itely good 9      
,himself1 & s inf9itely good to man4    
,unhappily1 x is )9 our p[] to hate1 to 
grieve1 & to purpose am5dm5t v s9c]ely1 
& yet n h t sorr[ :i* fulfills ,god's   
condition = ! p>don ( s94 ,"s human     
motive--su* z loss ( heal? or weal?1    
injury to reputation & influ5ce1 !      
ignom9y & s]vitude ( wrong-do+--may lead
 a man to dete/ation ( ! pa/ & to a firm

 resolve to avoid wrong 9 ! future4     
,excell5t z may be su* a *ange ( m9d1   
yet x is n suffici5t to obta9 =giv5ess f
 on high4 ,x is bas$ entirely on !      
injury & loss accru+ to self4 ,god is   
exclud$ f ! :ole idea2 & yet x is aga9/ 
,him1 & aga9/ ,him alone1 t we h s9n$4  
,! only sorr[ acceptable to ,god is t   
:i* spr+s f a sup]natural motive1 ! s\l 
excit$ !reto by div9e grace4 ,9 ?is is  
our utt] helplessness %[n2 = :ile x is  
)9 our own p[] to d wrong1 we _c return 
to ! pa? ( duty & rep5t )\t ! help (    
,god4 ,x is by ! heav5ly gift ( grace   
op]at+ )91 & by ! co-op]ation ( ! s9n]1 
t ! he>t is made contrite4 ,!           
remembrance ( ,god's inf9ite love &     
p]fections1 accompani$ by e>ne/ pray] = 
m]cy1 may r\se ! s\l to hatr$ & grief = 
its s91 & ?us is g5]at$ t contrition    
p]fect ?r\gh *>ity = hav+ (f5d$ ,god s  
sov]eignly good1 :o is to be lov$ above 
all ?+s4 ,= ,8 own sake1 & reg>dless ( !
 p5al consequ5ces ( s91 ! s\l is t\*$ ) 
s9c]e compunction4 ,?is sorr[1 ) !      

implicit or explicit desire to h rec\rse
 to ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 reconciles ! 
s\l at once ) ,god1 & re/ores ! ju/ify+ 
or habitual grace lo/ by griev\s s94    
,!re is n[ no condemnation to ^? :o are 
9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 :o walls n accord+ to ! 
fle%1 b aft] ! _s4 ,= ! law ( ! _s (    
life iii ,*ri/ ,jesus ha? deliv]$ me f !
 law ( s9 & ( dea?4#ba ,! s\l ab\t to g 
be=e ,god's judgm5t-seat1 if x be 9     
deadly s91 & h n at h& ! means = obta9+ 
absolution1 is oblig$ to h ?is p]fect   
contrition1 or o!rwise ! s9 rema9s      
un=giv54  ,aga91 ! s\l1 contemplat+ 9 ! 
sight ( ,god ! turpitude ( s91 z made   
kn[n to u by revelation1 or ! t]ror (   
,god's judgm5t on ^? condemn$ to hell1  
or ! irrep>able loss ( ! sight ( ,god   
consequ5t on s91 may be excit$ by fe> ( 
,him :o ha? p[] to ca/ into ev]la/+     
prison4 ,! s\l1 awe-/rick5 by ! pa9ful  
sight ( its own guilt1 & by ! s5se ( !  
judgm5t ( ,god1 yet hop+ = p>don &      
resolv$ to s9 no m1 makes an initial act
 ( ! love ( ,god1 & appeals to ,8       

goodness = =giv5ess4 ,?\gh ! motive is  
less p]fect1 yet ,he :o desire? n ! dea?
 ( ! s9n]1 b t he be conv]t$ & live does
 9 ,8 exce$+ m]cy accept ?is z suffici5t
 = p>don1 if !re be add$ to x ! actual  
reception ( ! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance4 ,9   
o!r words1 9 ?is case1 unless ! s9n] %[s
 himself to ! au?oriz$ m9i/] (          
reconciliation & receives 8 absolution1 
!re is no p>don4  ,:e!r ?is sorr[ be ( !
 p]fect k9d1 aris+ purely f love ( ,god1
 or :e!r x be less p]fect1 caus$ by fe> 
( ,god3 9 ei!r case1 x is int]nal1 seat$
 9 ! m9d & he>t2 x is sup]natural 9 its 
motive1 & spr+s f grace2 x is univ]sal1 
ext5d+ to e deadly s9 committ$2 x is    
sov]eign1 displeas+ ! w m ?an any ill   
:i* c\ld happ54 ,! sorr[ :i* is accord+ 
to ,god worke? p5ance unto salvation :i*
 is la/+3 b ! sorr[ ( ! _w worke? dea?4 
,= behold ?is selfsame ?+ t y 7 made    
sorr[ful accord+ to ,god1 h[ great      
c>efulness do? x "w3 9 y2 yea def5ce1   
yea indignation1 yea fe>1 yea desire1   
yea zeal1 yea rev5ge4#bb ,?is1 !n1 is   

contrition3 ! fir/ & necess>y condition 
= ! p>don ( s94 ,x is begun & p]fect$ 9 
! s\l by ! impulse & by ! assi/ance ( ! 
,holy ,gho/4 ,! grace ( ,god1 obta9$    
?r\gh ! preci\s blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/1   
comm5ces & completes ! "w ( rep5tance4  
,god1 :o is ri* 9 m]cy1 ?r\gh ,8 exce$+ 
*>ity ) :i* ,he lov$ u1 ev5 :5 we 7 dead
 9 s9s1 ha? quick5$ z toge!r 9 ,*ri/1 by
 ^: grace y are sav$4#bc ,! blood (     
,jesus cleanse? u f all s94#bd ,we h    
r$emption ?r\gh ,8 blood1 ! remission ( 
s9s1 accord+ to ! ri*es ( ,8 grace4#be  
,,footnotes3  #aj ,acts v1 #ca4  #aa    
,acts ii1 #ch4  #ab ,acts iii1 #ai4  #ac
 ,pet] iii1 #i4  #ad ,acts xvii1 #cj4   
#ae ,rom4 ii1 #d4  #af ,deut4 xxx1 #a4  
#ag ,joel ii1 #ab4  #ah ,eze*4 xviii1   
#ca4  #ai ,con4 ,trid4 ,sess4 xiv1 cap4 
#d4  #bj ,sess4 xiv1 c4 #a4  #ba ,rom4  
viii1 #a1 #b4  #bb #b ,cor4 vi1 #aa4    
#bc ,eph4 ii1 #d4  #bd #a ,john i1 #g4  
#be ,eph4 i1 #g4     ,,ii4   ,x has     
pleas$ ,god1 z we le>n by ! ,*ri/ian    
revelation1 to in/itute a human &       

visible ,m9i/ry ( ,reconciliation =     
s9n]s4 ,/4 ,paul expresses ?is 9 !      
cle>e/ way1 writ+ to ! ,cor9?ians3 ,if1 
!n1 any be 9 ,*ri/1 a new creature3 old 
?+s are pass$ away3 behold1 all ?+s are 
made new4 ,b all ?+s are ( ,god1 :o ha? 
reconcil$ u to ,himself by ,*ri/1 & ha? 
giv5 to u ! m9i/ry ( reconciliation4 ,= 
,god inde$ 0 9 ,*ri/1 reconcil+ ! _w to 
,himself1 n imput+ to !m _! s9s2 & ,he  
ha? plac$ 9 u ! ^w ( reconciliation2 we 
are !re=e ambassadors = ,*ri/4 ,9 ?is   
passage does ! ,apo/le tea* ! tru?      
decl>$ else:]e3 ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s1 ! j
 = ! unju/1 t ,he might (f] u to ,god1  
be+ put to dea? inde$ 9 ! fle%4#bf ,h]e9
 is x taught v pla9ly t we are r$eem$ by
 ,jesus1 & t !re is no o!r "n "u heav5  
giv5 to m5 :]eby !y mu/ be sav$4 ,he    
alone paid ! price ( our r$emption2 by  
,8 preci\s blood alone are we r$eem$2 & 
?r\gh ,him alone is s9 =giv54  ,b1 9 !  
same passage1 ,/4 ,paul is equally      
explicit 9 decl>+3 ,he ha? giv5 to      
u--namely1 ! ,apo/les--! ,m9i/ry (      

,reconciliation--! ^w (                 
reconciliation4#bg ,9 ?is !re is no     
pret5sion t ! ,apo/les 7 ! reconcil]s by
 inh]5t "r2 !irs is an ag5cy (          
reconciliation1 & h5ce does ,/4 ,paul   
speak ( _! z ambassadors ( ,*ri/4 ,& 9  
virtue ( ?is does ! ,apo/le1 :5 ex]cis+ 
! (fice on ! ince/u\s ,cor9?ian1        
unhesitat+ly decl>e3 ,if ,i h =giv5     
any?+1 = y\r sakes h ,i done x 9 ! p]son
 ( ,*ri/4#bh ,:at is "h s positively    
claim$ & act$ on by ! ,apo/le 0 v       
def9itely in/itut$ by our ,"l1 z is     
rec\nt$ 9 ! ,gospels4  ,to ! ,apo/les & 
_! successors did ,jesus ,*ri/ imp>t !  
p[] to baptize all nations4 ,by baptism 
is man purifi$ f orig9al s9--f 8 own    
p]sonal or actual s9s1 if !re be any2   
!re is infus$ into him habitual or      
ju/ify+ grace1 accompani$ by fai?1 hope1
 *>ity1 z well z ! gifts ( ! ,holy      
,gho/2 & he is made ! adopt$ *ild (     
,god4 ,! effici5t cause ( su* spiritual 
reg5]ation is ,jesus ,*ri/2 & yet x is  
by a ,m9i/] ( ,reconciliation1 p\r+ wat]

 & say+ ! words ,i baptize !e 9 ! "n ( !
 ,fa!r1 etc41 etc41 t ! cleans+ is      
effect$4 ,x is pass+ /range t ^? :o     
believe 9 baptism z ! appo9t$ means1    
:]eby a m9i/] reconciles a s\l 9 orig9al
 s9 %\ld hesitate to admit ! m9i/]ial   
p[] ( =giv+ actual s94 ,! pr9ciple is ! 
same4 ,ne>ly fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,/4
 ,ambrose1 writ+ aga9/ ! ,novatians1    
said3 ,if x be n lawful = s9s to be     
=giv5 by man1 :y d y baptize8 ,=1       
assur$ly1 9 baptism !re is remission (  
all s9s4 ,:at matt]s x :e!r prie/s claim
 ?is "r z hav+ be5 giv5 !m by means (   
baptism or p5it5ce8 ,"o is ! my/]y 9    
bo?4 ,b ?\ saye/3 ',x is ! grace ( !    
my/]ies t op]ates 9 baptism4' ,& :at    
op]ates 9 p5it5ce6 ,is x n ! "n ( ,god8 
,:]e y *oose1 y claim = y\rselves !     
grace ( ,god3 :]e y *oose1 y            
repudiate4#bi  ,=1 9 l mann]1 9 !       
,sacram5t ( ,p5ance1 does ! ,m9i/] (    
,reconciliation say3 ,i absolve !e f ?y 
s9s1 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 etc41 etc4       
,!reupon ! words produce :at !y signify1

 if ! p5it5t is g5u9ely contrite4 ,b !  
,reconcil] is ,jesus ,*ri/1 :o uses     
prie/s z ,8 delegat$ ag5ts = effect+    
=giv5ess4 ,on ! day ( ! resurrection1   
,jesus ,*ri/ appe>$ to ! elev51 :om ,he 
_h made prie/s at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & said3
 ,peace be to y4 ,z ! ,fa!r ha? s5t "o1 
,i also s5d y4 ,:5 ,he _h said ?is1 ,he 
brea!d on !m1 & ,he said to !m3 receive 
ye ! ,holy ,gho/2 ^: s9s y %all =give1  
!y are =giv5 !m2 & ^: s9s y %all reta91 
!y are reta9$4#cj  ,! passage is        
exceptionally cle>1 & = fifte5 c5turies 
0 accept$ 9 its pla9 grammatical        
signification4 ,our ,"l1 :o is possess$ 
( all p[] 9 heav5 & on e>?1 makes ,8    
,apo/les work]s toge!r ) ,him 9 ! =giv+ 
( s94 ,!y d]ive ! p[] f ,him1 & receive 
x by ! inbrea?+ ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,x is no 
product ( _! le>n+1 or exp]i5ce1 or     
piety1 nor is x any "r inborn 9 !m2 b x 
is a div9e gift1 giv5 by ! r$eem] to ,8 
prie/s = ! sanctification ( s\ls4 ,by x 
are ,8 legitimate m9i/]s made           
co-op]ators 9 ! "w ( reconciliation4    

,already _h ! ,scribes ?\ght t ,jesus   
blasphem$ :5 ,he said to ! man sick ( ! 
palsy3 ,son1 be ( good he>t3 ?y s9 is   
=giv5 !e4 ,!y realiz$ n t ! ,almighty   
c\ld imp>t ! p[] ( p>don+ to ,8         
creatures4 ,to conv9ce !m t ! ,son (    
,man ha? p[] to =give s91 ,jesus p]=m$  
?is special miracle1 & heal$ ! man ( !  
palsy4 ,! multitude1 see+ ?is1 fe>$ &   
glorifi$ ,god1 :o _h giv5 su* p[] to    
m54#ca ,! p[] is ( ,god1 :o alone c     
=give s91 ?\gh ,he ex]cises x ?r\gh m5 z
 *annels ( ,8 grace4 ,! p[] ( work+     
miracles 9 l mann] belongs to ,god's    
omnipot5ce2 yet did ,he condesc5d to    
all[ ,8 ,apo/les & o!rs to %>e 9 x4 ,9  
?is !y 7 b ,8 delegates4  ,! passage1 9 
! next place1 expresses judicial p[]3 = 
! commission draws ! di/9ction betwe5   
remitt+ s9 & reta9+ s94 ,?is ex]cise (  
discretion>y p[] does n dep5d on !      
arbitr>y w ( ! ,apo/les1 b has to be    
decid$ accord+ to ! ,gospel law ( true  
rep5tance describ$ previ\sly4 ,!        
,apo/les are appo9t$ m9i/]ial judges ( !

 dispositions ( p5it5ts1 & ( ! s9s on   
:i* !y are to pron\nce s5t5ce (         
remission or ( ret5tion1 & _! s5t5ce is 
z efficaci\s z if x 7 pron\nc$ by ,*ri/ 
himself4  ,n[1 x is a prim>y condition (
 j judgm5t t ! judge %\ld n only be     
cognizant ( ! law :i* is to be adm9i/]$1
 b also ( ! cause submitt$ = judgm5t4   
,apply+ ?is to ! ex]cise ( ! judicial   
p[] ) :i* ! ,apo/les are inve/$1 two ?+s
 are ne$$3 ! fir/1 t !y %\ld "k ! law & 
! conditions on :i* s9 is to be reta9$  
or remitt$4 ,?is !y c only le>n ( ,god4 
,! second1 t !y %\ld "k ! s9 committ$1  
its nature & its circum/ances4 ,?is c   
only be le>n$ f ! s9n]2 = s9 is a       
delib]ate & volunt>y transgression (    
,god's law4 ,&1 !re=e1 z ,/4 ,?omas (   
,aqu9as has x1 ! pr9ciple ( s9 is ! w4  
,x is 9 ! recesses ( ! k & lib]ty :i* ! 
s\l has1 t ! guilt ( s9 is to be s\ght4 
,:o !n b ! individual (f5d] c "k ! s9s =
 :i* =giv5ess is ask$8 ,! disclosure c  
only come f ! wrong-do]4 ,cle>ly !n1    
confession1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 is !

 necess>y & prelim9>y condition = seek+ 
absolution f s94 ,:e!r ?is confession be
 made 9 public or 9 private is a m]e    
matt] ( conv5i5ce1 to be decid$ by ^? :o
 absolve4 ,! hone/ humble accusation (  
all deadly s9s con/itutes ! ess5tial "* 
( su* confession or av[al (             
transgressions4 ,if we confess our s9s1 
,he is fai?ful & j to =give u our s9s1 &
 to cleanse u f all iniquity4#cb  ,t    
int]ior & sup]natural contrition is to  
be foll[$ by ! judicial s5t5ce ( a      
duly-appo9t$ prie/1 to :om confession ( 
all deadly s9s has be5 previ\sly made1  
is ! unanim\s tea*+ ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s 
f ! e>lie/ date4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,p5ance z 
! ,sacram5t ( ,reconciliation1 at all   
times 9 ! ,*ur*1 is p]man5t evid5ce to !
 belief & practice ( e>ly ,*ri/ians4    
#a4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* giv5 9 !     
,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 we le>n t _m ( ^? :o
 believ$ at ,ephesus1 aft] ,/4 ,paul's  
prea*+1 came confess+ & decl>+ _! de$s4 
,& _m ( ^? :o _h foll[$ curi\s ?+s      
br\ght _! books toge!r1 & burnt !m be=e 

all4#cc ,"h is a cle> in/ance (         
contrition1 confession1 & det]m9ation ( 
purpose4  ,aga91 ! ince/u\s ,cor9?ian is
 judg$ by ,/4 ,paul1 & s5t5c$ 9 !       
/ronge/ language3 ,9 ! "n ( our ,"l     
,jesus ,*ri/1 y be+ ga!r$ toge!r1 & my  
_s1 ) ! p[] ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 to deliv]   
su* a "o to ,satan4#cd ,! (f5d] rep5t$1 
& le/ he %\ld be swall[$ up ) ov]mu*    
sorr[1 ! ,apo/le rev]s$ s5t5ce1 & =gave 
! wrong done1 9 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,a     
cle>] case ( reta9+ & remitt+ is        
unnecess>y4  ,^! in/ances are suffici5t 
to %[ t ! ,apo/les !mselves ex]cis$ !   
p[] ( ! keys 9 b9d+ & loos+4  #b4 ,among
 ! liv+ ,greek ,communions are to be    
f\nd desc5dants ( ^? sects :i* ei!r     
sep>at$ f or 7 ca/ (f by ! ,*ur*        
c5turies ago4 ,! ,photians date back to 
! t5? c5tury2 ! ,ne/orians1 !           
,jacobites1 ! ,abyss9ians1 ! ,copts1 to 
! fif? & six? c5turies4 ,diff]+ z ^! d 9
 "s po9ts ( doctr9e1 & p>t$ by ! bitt]e/
 antipa?ies1 yet on ! matt] ( absolution
 & confession !y h ! same tea*+ &       

practice4 ,x is no "q ( unburd5+ a      
tr\bl$ consci5ce = peace & c\nsel1 b    
confession is exact$ z a necess>y       
condition = obta9+ p>don4 ,9 #aegf1 !   
patri>* ,j]emias ( ,con/ant9ople s5t to 
! ,prote/ant !ologians ( ,tb+5 a        
decl>ation ( ! belief ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 x1
 among o!r doctr9es1 t ( ! absolute     
necessity ( detail$ confession to a     
prie/ is ass]t$4 ,^! sects !n are1 by _!
 practice & tea*+1 witnesses to ! tru?  
conc]n+ ! sacram5t ( reconciliation z   
taught by ,holy ,*ur* 9 our day4  #c4   
,e>ly h]esies contribute1 9 l mann]1 _! 
"p to ! mass ( irrefragable evid5ce 9   
support ( ! doctr9e4 ,z e>ly z ! second 
c5tury1 ,eusebius says ,a4 ,d4 #aga1 !  
,montani/s arose 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,among  
o!r ?+s1 ,montanus1 _! f\nd]1 taught t 7
 any to commit griev\s s9 aft] baptism1 
to d5y ,*ri/1 or h be5 /a9$ ) ! guilt ( 
impurity1 murd]1 or l crimes1 !y 7 to be
 = ev] cut (f f ! communion ( ! ,*ur*4  
,:ile admitt+ t p[] to =give s9 0 giv5  
by ,*ri/ to ! ,apo/les & _! successors1 

,montanus wi%$ to re/rict t p[]1 exclud+
 f its doma9 idolatry1 impurity1 &      
homicide4  ,"s eighty ye>s lat]1 two    
s*isms 7 creat$3 ! "o 9 ,nor? ,africa1  
l$ by ! prie/ ,novatus1 aid$ by ! deacon
 ,felicissimus1 ! o!r by ! anti-pope    
,novatian1 9 ,rome4 ,bo? 7 prompt$ by ! 
"q ( receiv+ into ! communion ( ! ,*ur* 
^? :o _h laps$ into idolatry1 or _h d5i$
 ! fai? dur+ ! times ( p]secution4 ,!   
,african s*ism insi/$ on ! laxe/        
possible l9e ( action1 namely1 to       
receive indiscrim9ately )\t pro( (      
p5it5ce4 ,! s*ism 9 ,rome pursu$ ! mo/  
unyield+ rigorism4 ,:oev]1 said         
,novatian1 its lead]1 has (f]$ sacrifice
 to idols1 or /a9$ 8 s\l ) ! guilt ( s91
 c no long] rema9 )9 ! ,*ur*2 & if he be
 ( ^? :o h d5i$ ! fai?1 he c n aga9 ent]
 h] communion3 = h] memb]s consi/ only (
 pure & fai?ful s\ls4  ,^! cont5tions _h
 "o great advantage3 !y br\ght into     
prom95ce ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur* conc]n+ !    
=giv5ess ( s91 & occasion$ a m sci5tific
 & dogmatic /atem5t ( ! doctr9e conc]n+ 

! ,sacram5t ( ,p5ance4 ,9 ! controv]sy1 
figure ! names ( ,/4 ,cornelius1 ,pope1 
( ,/4 ,cyprian1 ( ,/4 ,a?anasius1 ( ,/4 
,pacian1 ( ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz51 (    
,t]tullian4 ,until ! s*ismatics 7 driv5 
to extremities1 x is pla9 bo? sides take
 x = grant$ t ! ,m9i/ry (               
,reconciliation 0 giv5 to ! ,*ur* by    
,jesus ,*ri/1 & t ! ex]cise ( ! m9i/ry  
consi/$ 9 pron\nc+ judicial s5t5ce (    
p>don on ^? :o _h %[n rep5tance & _h    
confess$ _! griev\s s9s4 ,religi\s /rife
 9 ?is case produces ! int]e/+ evid5ce  
t1 z e>ly z ! second & ?ird c5turies1   
,confession & ,absolution 7 held &      
practis$ z necess>y = ! p>don+ ( s9 "u !
 ,*ri/ian disp5sation4  #d4 ,!          
,p5it5tial ,canons ( ! fir/ ages ( !    
,*ur* are ano!r evid5ce to ! doctr9e (  
,absolution & ,confession4 ,! ,apo/olic 
,con/itutions1#ce & ,t]tullian1#cf give 
u a picture ( ! sev]e p5it5tial         
discipl9e to :i* s9n]s 7 subject$4 ,_m  
pa9ful circum/ances oblig$ ! ,*ur*      
modify & almo/ abrogate ^! public       

p5ances4  ,! acc\nts ( ! suppression    
giv5 by ! hi/orians1 ,socrates &        
,zozom51 af=d ample pro( ( confession   
made publicly1 ( ! reta9+ ( c]ta9 deadly
 crimes until a long "t _h be5 sp5t 9   
rigid p5it5tial ex]cises1 &1 la/ly1 ( ! 
absolution f9ally grant$ by bi%ops &    
prie/s4  ,^! au?ors1 z well z _m :o come
 aft] !m1 are cle> 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 
! public confession1 :i* is a matt] (   
discipl9e1 & confession ! necess>y      
condition = ! p>don ( s94 ,s9ce1 says   
,zozom51 ! ,greek ecclesia/ical hi/orian
 ( ! fif? c5tury1 x is absolutely       
necess>y to confess our s9s 9 ord] to   
receive ! p>don ( !m1 x 0 ?\ght too     
on]\s & too pa9ful to exact t ?is       
confession %\ld be made 9 public1 z 9 a 
!atre4  #e4 ,we may n[ turn to ! writ+s 
( ! ,fa!rs ( ! fir/ five c5turies4 ,x w 
be se5 t ?r\gh\t1 :5 treat+ ( ! =giv5ess
 ( s91 x is always assum$ t ! prie/s (  
,holy ,*ur* 7 end[$ ) ! p[] (           
absolution1 & ex]cis$ x on ^? :o _h s9n$
 aft] baptism4 ,! sacram5t ( p>don is   

con/antly ref]r$ to "u diff]5t names3   
p5ance1 confession1 absolution1         
exomologesis1 reconciliation1 ! second  
baptism1 ! labori\s baptism1 ! second   
plank aft] ! %ipwreck4 ,( ^!1           
exomologesis occurs v frequ5tly4 ,its   
mean+ v>ies3 at "o "t x signifies       
manife/ation ( s91 :e!r 9 private or 9  
public1 & at ano!r x expresses ! public 
p5ance & confession 9 vogue 9 ! fir/    
ages ( ! ,*ur*4  ,at ! end ( ! fir/     
c5tury1 ,/4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ! ?ird     
,pope aft] ,/4 ,pet]1 :o di$ 9 ! ye> "o 
hundr$1 & :om ,/4 ,paul1 9 8 ,epi/le to 
! ,philippians1 numb]s among 8          
fell[-labor]s ^: names are 9 ! book (   
life1 writes1 9 ! ,second ,epi/le       
ascrib$ to him & address$ to !          
,cor9?ians3 ,z long z we are 9 ?is _w1  
let u rep5t ) our :ole he>t ( ! evil    
de$s :i* we h done 9 ! fle%1 t we may be
 sav$ by ! ,"l :il/ we h "t = rep5tance4
 ,= aft] t we h gone =? f ?is _w1 we are
 no long] able to confess or rep5t      
!re4#cg  ,9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 

appe>$ ! ,tea*+ ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1   
caus+1 at ?is mom5t1 no small att5tion 9
 ! religi\s _w4 ,its date is v>i\sly    
/at$ f #abj to #afj ,a4 ,d4 ,to x does  
,/4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o liv$ into ! 
second decade ( ! ?ird c5tury1 make     
ref]5ce4 ,! text1 toge!r ) a            
translation1 is n[ publi%$4 ,!re9 7,*ap4
 ,,iv7 d we read3 ,?\ %alt by no means  
=sake ! ,"l's comm&m5ts1 b %alt gu>d :at
 ?\ ha/ receiv$1 nei!r add+ !reto nor   
tak+ !refrom4 ,9 ! ,*ur* ?\ %alt confess
 ?y transgressions1 & ?\ %alt n come    
=w>d = ?y pray] ) an evil consci5ce4 ,& 
aga9 7,*ap4 ,,xiv73 ,b on ! ,"l's ,day d
 ye assemble & break bread1 & give      
?anks1 aft] confess+ y\r transgressions1
 t y\r sacrifice may be pure4  ,9 !     
latt] "p ( ! second c5tury1 ! pupil ( ! 
great ,/4 ,polyc>p1 ,/4 ,ir5u1 ,bi%op ( 
,lyons1 born ab\t #abj ,a4 ,d41 & :o di$
 9 #bjb1 writ+ aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians &    
c]ta9 ,gno/ics l$ by ,m>cus1 /ates      
explicitly t _m ( ! wom5 :o _h be5 l$   
into h]esy & impurity1 & :o aft]w>ds    

return$ to ! ,*ur*1 confess$ ev5        
publicly1 & wept ov] _! defilem5t4 ,b   
o!rs1 a%am$ to d ?is1 & 9 "s mann]      
secretly despair+ )9 !mselves ( ! life (
 ,god1 apo/atiz$ entirely4#ch  ,! same  
writ]1 /yl$ ! ,light ( ! ,we/]n ,gauls1 
m5tions t ,cordon :o appe>$ be=e        
,m>cion1 he also "u ,hyg9us1 ! eigh?    
bi%op1 hav+ come into ! ,*ur* &         
confess+1 ?us complet$ 8 c>e]4  ,9 ! la/
 decade ( ! second c5tury1 & 9 ! fir/   
tw5ty ye>s ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ! fam$      
,t]tullian1 :o 0 born at ,c>?age ab\t ! 
ye> #afj1 & :o liv$ & labor$ 9 ,rome &  
,nor? ,africa1 end+ 8 life1 x is v>i\sly
 /at$1 f #bbj to #bdj1 wrote1 be=e jo9+ 
! ,montani/ sect3 ,if ?\ drawe/ back f  
confession 7exomologesis71 consid] 9 ?9e
 he>t t hell-fire :i* confession %all   
qu5* = !e2 & fir/ imag9e to ?yself !    
greatness ( ! puni%m5t1 t ?\ maye/ n    
d\bt conc]n+ ! adoption ( ! rem$y4 99 99
 99 ,:51 !re=e1 ?\ kn[e/ t aga9/        
hell-fire1 aft] t fir/ protection ( !   
baptism orda9$ by ! ,"l1 !re is yet 9   

confession 7exomologesis7 a second aid1 
:y do/ ?\ ab&on ?y salvation8 ,:y delay 
to ent] on t :i* ?\ kn[e/ w heal !e8    
,ev5 dumb & unreason+ creatures "k at ! 
season ! m$ic9es :i* are giv5 !m f ,god4
 99 99 99 ,%all ! s9n]1 kn[+ t          
confession has be5 in/itut$ by ! ,"l = 8
 re/oration1 pass ov] t :i* re/or$ ! k+ 
( ,babylon to 8 k+dom8 99 99 99 ,:y %\ld
 ,i say m ( ^! two planks1 ,i may call  
!m1 = sav+ m58#ci  ,9 ! middle ( ! ?ird 
c5tury1 ,orig51 pupil ( ,/4 ,clem5t (   
,alex&ria1 0 born 9 t t[n ab\t #ahd1    
labor$ !re = a "t1 & aft]w>ds at ,cs>ea 
9 ,pale/9e4 ,he di$ at ,tyre 9 #bec4    
,aga9 & aga9 does he make ref]5ce to    
confession ( s9 & its absolution by a   
prie/4 ,he> !re=e n[1 says he1 h[ _m are
 ! remissions ( s9 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! fir/
 is ?is by :i* we are baptiz$ unto !    
remission ( s9s4 99 99 99 ,!re is also  
yet a sev5?1 al?\gh h>d & labori\s3 !   
remission ( s9s ?r\gh p5it5ce :5 ! s9n] 
wa%e? 8 b$ ) te>s1 & 8 te>s become 8    
bread day & night1 & :5 he is n a%am$ to

 decl>e 8 s9 to ! prie/ ( ! ,"l1 & seek 
a rem$y4#dj ,& comm5t+ on ! words ( !   
,psalmi/--,because ,i decl>e my         
iniquity--,orig5 writes3 ,:]e=e see :at 
div9e ,scripture tea*es u1 t we mu/ n   
hide s9 )9 u4 99 99 99 ,b if a man      
become 8 own accus]1 :ile he accuses    
himself & confesses1 he at ! same "t    
ejects ! s91 & dige/s ! :ole cause ( !  
disease4 ,only look dilig5tly r\nd to   
:om !n oughte/ to confess ?y s94 ,prove 
fir/ ! physician1 99 99 99 t s 9 f9e !n 
maye/ d & foll[ :atev] he %all h said1  
:atev] c\nsel he %all h giv54#da ,aga9  
does ,orig5 write3 ,= if we h done ?is1 
& reveal$ our s9s n only to ,god1 b also
 to ^? :o are able to heal our w\nds &  
s9s1 our s9s w be blott$ out by ,him :o 
sai?3 ',behold1 ,i w blot out ?y        
iniquities z a cl\d1 & ?y s9s z a       
mi/4'#db  ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird       
c5tury1 fl\ri%$ ,/4 ,cyprian1 ,bi%op (  
,c>?age4 ,born 9 ,nor? ,africa1 he      
became a ,*ri/ian ab\t #bdj1 & 0 behead$
 9 #bch z an enemy ( ! gods1 & a s$uc] (

 ! p4 ,he repeat$ly ref]s to ! practice 
( confession & absolution4 ,! foll[+    
passage f 8 "w ,de ,lapsis w suffice to 
%[ 8 m9d3 ,god p]ceives ! ?+s t are     
hidd51 & consid]s ^? t are hidd5 &      
conceal$4 ,none c escape ! eye ( ,god3  
,he sees ! he>t & brea/ ( e p]son1 & ,he
 w judge n only our actions1 b also our 
words & ?\ghts4 ,he reg>ds ! m9ds ( all1
 & ! wi%es conceiv$ 9 ! hidd5 recesses (
 ! brea/4 ,9 f9e1 h[ mu* l(ti] 9 fai? & 
9 fe> 7( ,god7 sup]ior are !y :o1 ?\gh  
implicat$ 9 no crime ( sacrifice1 or (  
accept+ a c]tificate1 yet because !y h  
only _h ?\ght !re(1 ?is v ?+ sorr[+ly & 
hone/ly confess+ be=e ! prie/s ( ,god1  
make a confession 7exomologesis7 ( _!   
consci5ce1 expose ! bur!n ( ! s\l1 seek 
out a salut>y cure ev5 = light & little 
w\nds1 kn[+ t x is writt5 ',god w n be  
mock$4'  ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury1  
,lactantius1 :o is said to h be5 conv]t$
 ab\t ! ye> #bij1 & to h be5 put to dea?
 ab\t #cbf1 writes3 ,z e sect ( h]etics 
?9ks its foll[]s are above all o!r      

,*ri/ians1 & its own ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 x
 is to be kn[n t is ! true ,ca?olic     
,*ur* :]e9 is confession & p5it5ce :i*  
:olesomely heals ! w\nds & s9s to :i* ! 
weakness ( ! fle% is subject4#dc  ,9 !  
fir/ half ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ,eusebius1 ! 
well-kn[n ecclesia/ical hi/orian &      
,bi%op ( ,cs>ea1 9 ,pale/9e1 :o 0 born  
ab\t #bgj1 fl\ri%$ dur+ ! reigns (      
,con/ant9e & ,con/antius1 & di$ 9 #cdj1 
leaves on record t ! ,emp]or ,philip1 :o
 wi%$ to jo9 9 ! pray]s ( ! ,*ur*1 0 n  
p]mitt$ to d s until he made 8          
exomologesis 7confession71 & class$     
himself ) ^? :o 7 sep>at$ on acc\nt ( _!
 s9s4#dd  ,9 ! same c5tury1 ,/4 ,hili>y1
 ,bi%op ( ,poieti]s1 9 ,gaul1 :o di$ 9  
#cfh1 writes3 ,!re is ! mo/ p[]ful & mo/
 useful m$ic9e = ! diseases ( deadly    
vices 9 _! confession4 99 99 99         
,confession ( s9 is ?is1 t :at has be5  
done by !e ?\ confess to be a s91 ?r\gh 
?y conviction t x is s94#de  ,9 ! f\r?  
c5tury1 ,/4 ,a?anasius1 ,patri>* (      
,alex&ria1 born ab\t ! ye> #bif1 :o liv$

 till #cgc1 & ^: "n is id5tifi$ ) !     
,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 is equally      
explicit4 ,z man1 says he1 is illum9at$ 
) ! grace ( ! ,holy ,_s by ! prie/ t    
baptizes1 s also he :o confesses 9      
p5it5ce receives ?r\gh ! prie/1 by !    
grace ( ,*ri/1 ! remission ( s94  ,9 ?is
 same c5tury1 ,/4 ,pacian1 :o di$ ,bi%op
 ( ,b>celona ab\t #cgc1 & :o wrote on   
,baptism & ,p5ance1 ass]ts3 ',b y w say 
y =give s9 to ! p5it5t1 :]eas 9 baptism 
alone x is all[$ y to loose s94' ,n to  
me at all1 b to ,god only1 :o bo? 9     
baptism =gives ! guilt incurr$1 &       
rejects n ! te>s ( ! p5it5t4 ,b :at ,i  
d1 ,i d n by my own "r1 b by ! ,"l's4 99
 99 99 ,:]e=e1 :e!r we baptize1 :e!r we 
con/ra9 to p5it5ce1 or grant p>don to ! 
p5it5t1 ,*ri/ is our au?ority4 ,x is = y
 to see to x1 :e!r ,*ri/ ha? ?is p[]1   
:e!r ,*ri/ h done ?is4 ,baptism is !    
,sacram5t ( our ,"l's passion2 ! p>don (
 p5it5ts is ! m]it ( confession4#df  ,9 
! latt] half ( ?is same c5tury1 ,/4     
,ambrose1 born 9 ,gaul ab\t #cdj1 :o    

liv$ till #cig1 ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s    
,bi%op ( ,milan1 writes3 ,s9s are       
remitt$ by ! ^w ( ,god1 ( :i* ! ,levite 
is ! int]pret] & also ! executor2 !y are
 also remitt$ by ! (fice ( ! prie/ & !  
sacr$ m9i/ry4#dg  ,x seem$ impossible1  
says ?is writ] else:]e1 t wat] %\ld wa% 
away s94 ,!n ,naaman ! ,syrian believ$ n
 t 8 leprosy c\ld be cur$ by wat]2 b    
,god1 :o has giv5 s great a grace1 made 
! impossible to be possible4 ,9 ! same  
mann]1 x seem$ impossible = s9s to be   
=giv5 by p5it5ce4 ,*ri/ grant$ ?is to ,8
 ,apo/les1 :i* has be5 f ! ,apo/les     
transmitt$ to ! (fices ( ! prie/s4#dh   
,&1 9 simil> /ra91 does ,/4 ,john       
,*yso/om1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 :o 
0 born ab\t #cdd1 & di$ 9 #djg1 comm5t  
on ! words ,:atsoev] ye %all b9d on e>?1
 etc41 etc43  99 99 99 ?is bond t\*es ! 
v s\l itself1 & rea*es ev5 unto heav52 &
 :at ! prie/s %all d bel[1 ! same does  
,god ratify above1 & ! ,"l confirms !   
s5t5ce ( 8 s]vants4#di  ,! great ,/4    
,j]ome1 born 9 #cdb1 & aft] a life sp5t 

at ,alex&ria1 at ,rome z ,secret>y to   
,pope ,damasus1 9 ,syria1 & f9ally 9    
,be?lehem translat+ ! ,scripture1 di$ 9 
#dbj4 ,he writes3 ,9 ! same way1 !re=e1 
t !re 7among ! ,jews7 ! prie/s make !   
lep] clean or unclean1 s also "h 79 !   
,*ur*7 does ! bi%op or prie/ b9d & loose
 n ^? :o are innoc5t or guilty1 b1      
accord+ to 8 (fice1 aft] he>+ ! v>i\s   
k9ds ( s9s1 he kn[s :o is to be b\nd &  
:o loos$4#ej  ,& ,/4 ,augu/9e1 born     
#ced1 :o 0 conv]t$ by ! prea*+ ( ,/4    
,ambrose1 m5tion$ above1 :o 0 lat] made 
,bi%op ( ,hippo1 9 ,nor? ,africa1 & :o  
di$ 9 #dcj1 writes3 ,= ?is end are s9s  
signifi$ by ^! curta9s1 t !y may be     
express$ by confession1 & may1 by !     
grace :i* is giv5 to ! ,*ur*1 be        
aboli%$4#ea  ,?is same ,fa!r says3 ,let 
a man judge himself ( 8 own w1 :il/ he  
has x 9 8 p[]1 & re=m 8 mann]s1 le/1 :5 
he %all h x no long] 9 8 p[]1 he be     
judg$ by ! ,"l aga9/ 8 w2 & :5 he %all h
 pass$ ^u himself ! s5t5ce ( a mo/ sev]e
 rem$y1 b /ill a rem$y1 let him come to 

! prelates by :om ! keys are m9i/]$ to  
him 9 ! ,*ur*1 & z "o n[ beg9n+ to be a 
good son1 let him receive ! mann] 7or   
am\nt7 ( 8 satisfaction f ^? :o are set 
ov] ! sacram5ts4#eb  ,writ] aft] writ]  
cont9ues 9 ! same /ra91 9 ?is & ! foll[+
 c5tury4 ,! passages cit$ cle>ly        
indicate t confession & absolution are  
assum$ to be ! ord9>y *annel :]eby s9 is
 p>don$4 ,?r\gh\t !y1 z ! ,fa!rs ( !    
prec$+ c5turies1 make ! true disp5s] (  
=giv5ess1 ,god 9 g5]al1 or1 at o!r      
times1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 or aga91 ! ,holy   
,_s2 b !y are equally explicit 9 decl>+ 
! e>?ly visible organ :]eby ! p>don is  
ex]cis$ to be1 ! ,bi%op1 ! ,prie/1 !    
,m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,^! ,*ri/ian writ]s  
con/antly prove ! ,m9i/ry (             
,reconciliation by ref]5ce to ! passages
 conc]n+ loos+ & b9d+1 9 ! eighte5?     
*apt] ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 & =giv+ & reta9+ s91
 9 ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,/4 ,john4  ,!     
au?ors we h cit$1 & 9 ^: writ+s _m o!r  
passages are to be f\nd1 are            
repres5tatives dur+ ! fir/ five c5turies

 ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,nor? ,africa1 9 ,egypt1 9 
,asia ,m9or1 9 ,pale/9e1 9 ,greece1 9   
,italy1 9 ,gaul1 & 9 ,spa94 ,!y are     
unanim\s 9 uphold+ ! p[] ( absolution & 
! necessity ( confession4  #f4 ,b a mo/ 
unexpect$ witness is to be f\nd 9 "o ( !
 great ,prote/ant ,communions4 ,!       
,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 "u ! ,tudor dyna/y1  
?rew (f its allegiance 9 ?+s            
ecclesia/ical to ! ,holy ,see4 ,!       
sov]eigns ( ,engl& !n claim$ t spiritual
 au?ority h]et(ore ex]cis$ by ! ,pope4  
,h5ce=?1 ! ,*ur* 0 n 91 b ( ,engl&4 ,x  
became a ,/ate ,dep>tm5t1 ! ar*bi%ops & 
bi%ops receiv+ _! appo9tm5t1 c>e ( s\ls1
 & jurisdiction1 f ! k+1 j z ! judges1 !
 (fic]s ( ! army & navy1 are commission$
 to _! circuits1 _! regim5ts1 & _! %ips4
 ,! ,cr[n is n only ! f\nta9-head ( all 
spiritual gov]n+-p[]1 b ! ,cr[n1 aid$   
lat] by its ,c\ncil1 became ! f9al ,c\rt
 ( ,appeal 9 all disputes ab\t doctr9e4 
,! ,e/abli%$ ,communion1 9 its doctr9al 
code1 ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 :i* ea*   
cl]gyman decl>es he accepts ex animo1   

ass]ts t ,p5ance is n a sacram5t ( !    
,gospel4 ,& 9 ! ,book ( ,homilies1 :i* !
 said ,articles comm5d z conta9+ good & 
:olesome doctr9e1 d we read3 ,we ought  
to ackn[l$ge none o!r prie/ = deliv]ance
 f our s9s b ,jesus ,*ri/4 99 99 99 ,x  
is mo/ evid5t & pla9 t ?is auricul>     
confession ha? n ! w>rant ( ,god's ^w4  
99 99 99 ,i d n say b t1 if any d f9d   
!mselves tr\bl$ 9 consci5ce1 !y may     
repair to _! le>n$ curate or pa/or1 or  
to "s o!r godly le>n$ man1 & %[ ! tr\ble
 & d\bt ( _! consci5ce to !m1 t !y may  
receive at _! h& ! com=table salve (    
,god's ^w2 b x is aga9/ ! true ,*ri/ian 
lib]ty t any man %\ld be b\nd to !      
numb]+ ( 8 s9s1 z x ha? be5 us$ h]et(ore
 9 ! "t ( bl9dness & ignorance4#ec ,x is
 cle> t bo? ! ,articles & ! ,book (     
,homilies d5y ! p[] ( absolution & !    
necessity ( confession z ess5tial       
conditions1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 = ! 
=giv5ess ( s94  ,! ,book ( ,common      
,pray]--! ,liturgy ( ! ,anglican        
,communion--9 ! (fice = visit+ ! sick1  

does urge ! confession ( ! sick p]son1 &
 gives ! =m ( absolution to be us$ by ! 
m9i/]4 ,x also bids ! m9i/] to exhort ^?
 approa*+ communion1 :o _c quiet _!     
consci5ce1 to seek absolution1 toge!r ) 
gho/ly c\nsel & advice4 ,9 ! ,book (    
,common ,pray] us$ by ! ,episcopalians 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^! directions conc]n+ 
confession & absolution are omitt$4  ,! 
result ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,articles 0 !      
complete de/ruction1 9 ! m9d ( ! p (    
,engl&1 dur+ ?ree c5turies1 ( ! ne$ (   
confession & absolution4 ,&1 until "s   
fifty ye>s ago1 x 0 unkn[n = ,anglicans 
to g to confession4 ,!y liv$ & di$ )\t !
 fa9te/ conception t su* an ord9ance 0  
div9ely in/itut$1 or t x 0 necess>y or  
ev5 advisable4 ,a *ange came1 & c]ta9 ( 
! cl]gy ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,communion began  
to tea* ! necessity ( confession4 ,?is  
produc$ op5 revolt 9 _! camp2 ! matt]   
became s s]i\s t ! ,convocation sitt+ 9 
#ahgc gave x consid]ation1 & ! ,bi%op ( 
,salisbury boldly said3 ,habitual       
confession is unholy1 illegal1 & full ( 

mis*ief4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,li*field1 9       
indignation1 decl>$3 ,i w\ld r resign my
 (fice ?an hold x1 if x 0 suppos$ t ,i 0
 giv+ "y m5 ! "r to practice habitual   
confession4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury   
said3 ,i am ready to revoke ! lic5se (  
any curate *>g$ ) he>+ confessions4 ,& !
 ,bi%op ( ,ely decl>$3 ,9 no o!r        
communion w\ld x be possible = a man to 
set himself up z ! g5]al confessor ( a  
di/rict1 )\t any o!r au?ority ?an 8 own4
  ,! assembl$ bi%ops1 :o ( c\rse        
repres5t$ ! liv+ tea*+ body ( !         
,e/abli%m5t1 publi%$ a =mal docum5t1    
:]e9 !y decl>e3 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 9 !  
,tw5ty-fif? ,article1 affirms t p5ance  
is n to be c\nt$ = a sacram5t ( !       
,gospel1 &1 z judg$ by h] =mul>ies1 kn[s
 no su* words z ,sacram5tal ,confession4
 ,& 9 ?is same decl>ation1 comm5t+ on ! 
two in/ances :]e9 ! ,book ( ,common     
,pray] recomm5ds seek+ ! aid ( a        
cl]gyman1 is x said3 ,?us special       
provision1 h[ev]1 does n au?orize !     
m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* to require1 ( any :o   

may resort to !m to op5 _! grief1 a     
p>ticul> or detail$ enum]ation ( _! s9s2
 or to require private confession       
previ\s to receiv+ ! holy communion2 or 
to enjo91 or ev5 enc\rage1 any practice 
( habitual confession to a prie/2 or to 
tea* t su* practice ( habitual          
confession1 or ! be+ subject to :at has 
be5 t]m$ ! direction ( a prie/1 is a    
condition ( atta9+ to ! highe/ spiritual
 life4 ,by f> ! great] majority ( !     
cl]gy & laity endorse1 he>t & s\l1 ?is  
decl>ation4  ,not)/&+ ^! cle> utt]ances 
9 ,convocation1 "y curates & vic>s took 
to !mselves au?ority1 & began to he>    
confession & pron\nce absolution4 ,^!   
g5tlem5 _h nev] be5 prep>$ = ! "w3 9 _! 
c\rse ( ecclesia/ical /udies ! he>+ (   
confessions & ! absolv+ f s9 7 nev]     
contemplat$2 !y _h to obta9 _! k f !    
manuals 9 use among ,ca?olic prie/s4 ,_!
 bi%ops nei!r w\ld nor c\ld give !m     
au?ority2 & s ^! cl]gym5 became an      
au?ority to !mselves1 & decl>$ !y _h p[]
 to =give s91 m]ely because !y 7 orda9$ 

prie/s4 ,su* a pret5sion c\ld n be made 
by any prie/ or bi%op ( ! ,ca?olic      
,*ur*1 h[ev] valid may be 8 ord]s4 ,to !
 sacram5tal p[] ( ord]s mu/ be add$     
juridical au?ority to absolve4 ,?is1 9 !
 div9e economy1 z w be %[n lat]1 is !   
means :]eby ! ex]cise ( su* a p[] c be  
duly controll$4  ,su* 0 ! movem5t 9     
,engl&4 ,i f9d x transport$ to ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4 ,& ,i am told by honorable      
tru/wor?y p t 9 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1     
,baltimore1 ,philadelphia1 & o!r cities1
 !re are ,episcopalian cl]gym5 :o insi/ 
t _! p5it5ts %all confess at regul>     
int]vals4#ed ,t su* a fact is possible1 
or t p]sons %\ld be f\nd ready to submit
 !mselves to su* a self-ass]t$ m9i/ry1  
is simply incr$ible 9 face ( ! cle>     
decl>ation ( ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 !  
(ficial comm5t>y ( ! ,book ( ,homilies  
cit$ above1 ! =mal condemnation ( !     
,engli% bi%ops1 & ! int5tional omission 
( ! only two passages ref]r+ to         
confession f ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]   
us$ 9 ,am]ica4  ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is 

! m inexplicable1 inasmu* z by !        
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce !re c\ld be no
 jurisdiction d]iv$ f ! ,cr[n ( ,engl&4 
,&1 consequ5tly1 ! ,episcopal ,*ur*1 =m$
 z x 0 aft] ! ,indep5d5ce1 c\ld n1 f !  
nature ( ! case1 receive jurisdiction f 
)\t4 ,x =m$ itself into a corporation1 &
 its only au?ority 0 g5]at$ by itself4  
,b t ( confess+ & absolv+ f s9 c\ld n h 
be5 s creat$3 no m ?an x c\ld h be5 done
 by ! ,episcopal ,me?odi/1 !            
,presbyt]ian1 ! ,quak]1 or any o!r      
religions corporation4 ,x is n          
unreasonable 9 a matt] s grave1 affect+ 
! et]nal salvation ( m51 to ask ( ^!    
g5tlem51 call+ !mselves ,rev]5d ,fa!r   
,confessors1 by :at au?ority d !y ^!    
?+s1 & :o gave !m ?is au?ority4         
,assur$ly1 _! bi%ops decl>e !y d n1 &   
_c4 ,excell5t & beyond reproa* z are ^! 
cl]gym51 well-in/ruct$ z !y may be 9 !  
casui/ry ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic moral1     
!ological1 & ascetical works1 _!        
absolutions are null & void1 & ( no m   
avail ?an if pron\nc$ by m]e laym54 ,!  

joy & peace produc$ 9 ! s\ls ( _m :o    
submit to ^! m9i/rations1 arise n f !   
g5u95ess ( ! ord9ance4 ,god 9 ,8        
goodness rew>ds ! hone/ int5tions1 !    
good dispositions1 & fai? ( ^? :o       
receive !m4 ,! same manife/ations (     
grace are f\nd among ,me?odi/s &        
,presbyt]ians2 ,episcopalians w\ld be ! 
fir/ to d5y ! reality & tru? (          
,sacram5ts 9 ^! bodies4  ,b1 x may be   
ask$1 h[ has su* a *ange be5 wr\ght 9 ! 
m9ds ( ,episcopalians on bo? sides ( !  
,atlantic8 ,! ,ox=d movem5t ( "s        
=ty-five ye>s ago turn$ m5's m9ds to !  
e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*3 &1 f9d+          
confession & absolution !n to be !      
ord9>y & necess>y conditions =          
reconciliation ) ,god1 ! practice 0     
introduc$1 b )\t see+ ! important tru?  
t1 besides valid ord9ation1 !re is ne$$ 
jurisdiction f ! ,*ur*1 s z to make     
absolution ( avail4  ,?is new s*ool (   
religions op9ion among ,anglican &      
,prote/ant ,episcopalians contributes   
its %>e ( te/imony to uphold :at ! ,*ur*

 ( ,god has always taught1 namely1 t ov]
 & above hav+ a g5u9e sup]natural sorr[ 
= s91 !re is ord9>ily requir$ on ! "p ( 
! s9n] confession ( s91 foll[$ by !     
judicial absolution ( ,god's m9i/]1     
approv$ & commission$ by ! ,*ur*1 :o    
alone possesses ! p[] ( ! keys to remit 
or reta9 s91 & :o has !re=e ! sole "r to
 approve & au?orize confessors4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,! con/ant practice ( ! ,roman ,*ur*2 ! 
belief & practice ( ! e>lie/ s*ismatics2
 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,p5it5tial ,canons2 !    
/atem5ts ( ! ,fa!rs1 repres5tatives (   
all ,*ri/ian l&s 9 ! fir/ five c5turies1
 :5 ,lat9s & ,greeks 7 9 ! ,undivid$    
,*ur*2 ! discov]y made by ,high ,*ur*m5 
9 our day3 r5d]1 sep>ately &            
cumulatively1 evid5ce to ! belief 9     
,confession & ,absolution :i* no        
reasonable man c or ought to reject4 ,x 
is pla9 t _h s pa9ful a task z !        
confess+ ( s9 to man n be5 ( ,apo/olic  
orig91 assur$ly its introduction to !   
,*ri/ian ,*ur* w\ld h caus$ ! bitt]e/   

/ruggle1 & ! date ( su* a movem5t w\ld h
 be5 indelibly impress$ on ! page (     
hi/ory4 ,b no su* /rife is record$4     
,well1 !re=e1 did ! ,*ur*1 assembl$ 9   
,g5]al ,c\ncil at ,tr5t1 hav+ fir/      
taught & def9$ ! nature ( contrition or 
rep5tance1 sum up ! "q ( confession3 ,x 
is c]ta9 t1 9 ! ,*ur*1 no?+ else is     
requir$ ( p5it5ts b t1 aft] ea* has     
exam9$ himself dilig5tly1 & se>*$ all ! 
folds & recesses ( 8 consci5ce1 he      
confess ^? s9s by :i* he %all rememb] t 
he has mortally (f5d$ 8 ,"l & ,god2 :il/
 ! o!r s9s1 :i* d n occur to him aft]   
dilig5t ?\ght1 are und]/ood to be       
includ$1 z a :ole1 9 t same confession2 
= :i* s9s we confid5tly say ) ! prophet3
 ',f my secret s9s cleanse me1 ,o ,"l4' 
,n[1 ! difficulty ( a confession l ?is1 
& ! %ame ( mak+ kn[n "o's s9s1 might    
inde$ seem a griev\s ?+1 7 x n alleviat$
 by ! s _m & s great advantages &       
consolations :i* are mo/ assur$ly be/[$ 
by absolution ^u all :o wor?ily approa* 
to ?is sacram5t4 ,= ! re/1 z to ! mann] 

( confess+ secretly to a prie/ alone1   
al?\gh ,*ri/ has n =bidd5 t a p]son may1
 9 puni%m5t ( 8 s9s1 & = 8 own          
humiliation1 z well = an example to o!rs
 = ! edification ( ! ,*ur* t has be5    
sc&aliz$1 confess 8 s9s publicly1       
nev]!less1 ?is is n comm&$ by a div9e   
precept2 nei!r w\ld x be v prud5t to    
enjo91 by any human law1 t s9s1         
especially su* z are secret1 %\ld be    
made kn[n by a public confession4       
,:]e=e1 :]eas ! secret sacram5tal       
confession1 :i* 0 9 use f ! beg9n+ 9    
,holy ,*ur*1 & is /ill also 9 use1 has  
always be5 comm5d$ by ! mo/ holy ,fa!rs 
) a great & unanim\s cons5t1 ! va9      
calumny ( ^? is manife/ly refut$ :o are 
n a%am$ to tea* t confession is ali5 f !
 div9e comm& & is a human inv5tion4#ee  
,,footnotes3  #bf #a ,pet4 iii4 #ah4    
#bg #b ,cor4 v4 #ah4  #bh #b ,cor4 ii4  
#aj  #bi ,de ,po5t4 c4 viii4  #cj ,john 
xx1 #ba4  #ca ,matt4 ix1 #b4  #cb #a    
,john i1 #i4  #cc ,acts xix1 #ah4  #cd  
#a ,cor4 v1 & #b ,cor4 ii4  #ce ,ap4    

,con4 ii1 #af4  #cf ,de ,po5t4 c4 #i4   
#cg ,ep4 ii1 ad ,cor4 n4 #h4  #ch ,adv4 
,hres4 l4 i4 cxiii1 n4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g4  
#ci ,de ,pnit4 n4 #h-ab4  #dj ,hom4 9   
,levit4 n4 #d4  #da ,9 ,ps4 xxxvii1 n4  
#f4  #db ,hom4 xvii 9 ,lucam4  #dc      
,div94 ,in/4 l4 iv1 c4 #cj4  #dd ,hi/4  
,ecc4 ,bk4 vi1 c4 #cd4  #de ,tract4 9   
,ps4 cxxxviii4  #df ,ep4 iii1 n4 #g-i4  
#dg ,de ,ca9 et ,abel1 l4 #b1 c4 #d4    
#dh ,de ,pnit4 cii1 n4 #ab4  #di ,vol4  
,i1 ,lib4 iii1 n4 #e1 de ,sac]d4  #ej   
,com4 9 ,matt4 c4 xviii4  #ea ,9 ,exod4 
n4 cviii4  #eb ,s]m4 cccli1 n4 #i4  #ec 
,homily on ,rep5tance1 "p ii4  #ed ,:ile
 ?is ,second ,edition is pass+ ?r\gh !  
press1 ! foll[+ /atem5t is report$ by ! 
,new ,york ,h]ald1 ,may #e?1 to h be5   
made ! preci\s ,sunday1 by ! new pa/or (
 ,/4 ,ignatius' ,episcopal ,*ur*1 ,new  
,york3 ,& ( ! confessional1 we believe t
 auricul> confession is a "p ( ! prea*+ 
( ,god's m9i/]s4 ,i %\ld be unfai?ful to
 my tru/ if ,i held back f proclaim+1 by
 my words & by my practice1 t confession

 is necess>y to salvation1 & t ,god's   
m9i/]s h ! poor] to =give s9s4  #ee     
,con4 ,tr5t1 ,sess4 xiv1 cap4 #e4       
,,iii4   ,s f>1 ! doctr9e conc]n+ ,god's
 conditions = reconcil+ ! s9n] has be5  
limit$ to ! int]ior sup]natural         
rep5tance1 toge!r ) absolution &        
confession4 ,! o!r                      
elem5t--satisfaction--:i* is n ( !      
ess5ce ( contrition1 b p]fects x1 has n 
be5 treat$1 simply because 9 ano!r      
conf]5ce x is int5d$ to deal ) ?is "q 9 
connection ) ! works ( p5ance & !       
doctr9e ( indulg5ces4  ,be=e clos+ ! "q 
n[ "u consid]ation1 x is "r t c]ta9     
objections1 urg$ (t5times 9 good fai?1  
sometimes 9 ignorance1 sometimes 9      
malice1 %\ld be duly met4  #a4 ,x is1 z 
0 said else:]e1 by no inh]5t p[] t !    
,apo/les & _! successors are able to    
remit s94 ,god1 & ,god alone1 c d s1    
?\gh ,he c delegate ?is to o!rs4 ,?is   
,he has done4 ,b to secure s transc5d5t 
an au?ority f abuse1 two elem5ts are    
necess>y be=e x c be ex]cis$4  ,fir/1 f 

,god1 & ?r\gh ! appo9t$ sacram5t1 mu/   
man be con/itut$ a prie/--t is1 an (f]] 
( sacrifice4 ,?is comes direct f ,god1 &
 is call$ ! p[] ( ,ord]1 & is obta9$ by 
ord9ation4 ,?is 0 giv5 to ! ,apo/les at 
! ,la/ ,supp]1 :5 our ,"l said3 ,d ?is 9
 commemoration ( me4 ,aft] ,8           
resurrection1 !re 0 giv5 ! p[] or       
capability to =give s91 by ! words      
,receive ye ! ,holy ,gho/3 ^: s9s y %all
 =give1 !y are =giv52 & ^: s9s y %all   
reta91 !y are reta9$4  ,! second elem5t 
comes also f ,god1 b indirectly1 z x    
rea*es ! individual m9i/] ?r\gh ! ,*ur*4
 ,x is ! au?ority or commission ( !     
,*ur* to a prie/ or bi%op to ex]cise !  
p[] ( p>don+ :i* he has receiv$ ( ,god4 
,?is is call$ jurisdiction4 ,x is       
includ$ 9 ! words said to ,pet]3 ,to !e 
w ,i give ! keys ( ! k+dom ( heav52     
:atsoev] ?\ %alt b9d on e>? %all be b\nd
 also 9 heav51 & :atsoev] !n %alt loose 
on e>? %all be loos$ also 9 heav54#ef ,(
 ! :i*1 ,t]tullian1 writ+ m ?an sixte5  
c5turies ago1 says3 ,= if !n ?9ke/ heav5

 is /ill clos$1 rememb] ! ,"l left "h ! 
keys !re( to ,pet]1 & ?r\gh him to !    
,*ur*4#eg ,_m a man has all ! innate &  
acquir$ tal5t to be an excell5t judge1 a
 pr(ici5t ambassador1 an effici5t naval 
or milit>y (fic]2 b ov] & above         
capability1 !re is ne$$ commission or   
appo9tm5t by compet5t au?ority4 ,s1 9 l 
mann]1 bi%ops & prie/s possess ! p[] to 
p>don1 b jurisdiction is ne$$ to say on 
:om & :]e ?is p[] is to be ex]cis$4     
,m]ely because a man is orda9$ validly1 
?is does n give him ! p[] to absolve2   
)\t jurisdiction1 8 absolution has no m 
value ?an w\ld t ( a layman4  ,x w be   
evid5t t z jurisdiction comes f ,god b  
?r\gh ! ,*ur*1 %e c control ^? :o are to
 ex]cise ! p[] ( p>don+ s94 ,h5ce1 %e   
insi/s t h] prie/s %all c>efully /udy ! 
moral law1 j z a lawy] does civil law4  
,%e exacts t ^? :o he> confessions %all1
 by exam9ation1 prove _! compet5cy 9 !  
way ( k4 ,%e tra9s f boyhood h] ,levites
 to ! sacr$ "w !y h to d1 & %e p]mits   
only ^? to be admitt$ to ! ,m9i/ry (    

,reconciliation ^: piety1 pa/ conduct1 &
 judgm5t comm5d !m = confessions4 ,to ^?
 s approv$ %e gives jurisdiction--or1 z 
x is te*nically call$1                  
faculties--specify+ :]e & on :om su* p[]
 may be ex]cis$4 ,?is jurisdiction is   
always grant$ = a limit$ p]iod ( "t1    
dur+ :i* x may be )drawn if deem$       
advisable by ! grantor4  ,?us1 !n1 is e 
c>e tak5 9 ! selection & 9 ! prep>ation 
( prie/s = ! "w ( he>+ confessions &    
absolv+ f s94 ,ev5 aft] !y are duly     
appo9t$1 ! re/riction ( ! p[] to "t1    
places1 p]sons1 & causes1 toge!r ) !    
v>i$ te/s ( compet5cy af=d$ by !        
conf]5ces on cases ( consci5ce & o!r    
!ological k1 held at frequ5t & regul>   
int]vals 9 ea* diocese1 "u ! direction (
 ! bi%op1 con/itute a solid control ov] 
^? ex]cis+ ! ,m9i/ry ( ,reconciliation4 
,!n ! prie/'s own belief & consci5ce1 z 
well z ! obligation to confess 8 s9s &  
seek absolution = !m1 add to ! fai?ful  
ex]cise ( 8 duties z confessor4  ,beyond
 ^! human precautions & consid]ations1 !

 v fact t ,god in/itut$ ! ,tribunal (   
,p5ance z ! usual *annel = p>don+ s91   
obliges u to realize t ,he himself w\ld 
protect ! adm9i/ration ( ! sacram5t4 ,= 
?is sacr$ "w1 ,8 prie/s1 dur+ _m ye>s1  
are tra9$ to a life ( piety1 pray]1 &   
mortification4 ,! spiritual education ( 
_! own s\ls1 by m$itation & exam9ation (
 consci5ce1 fits !m to "k ! work+s ( !  
s\ls ( o!rs4 ,be=e und]tak+ ! /udy (    
pa9fully di/ress+ treatises on c]ta9    
p>ts ( ! moral law1 ! ,levite /r5g!ns 8 
s\l by pray]1 ent]s !reon simply = !    
glory ( ,god & ! good ( s\ls1 & is aid$ 
by exp]i5c$ discreet pr(essors4  ,m$ical
 m5 & lawy]s are n tra9$ & select$ = _! 
pr(ession z are prie/s1 nor are !y aid$ 
9 _! duties by special div9e protection4
 ,yet1 rely+ on !m z g5tlem5 & on _!    
pr(essional honor1 cli5ts1 )\t fe> or   
suspicion1 entru/ to ^!1 !mselves & _!  
affairs4  ,:y !n n conc$e to prie/s at  
lea/ ?is same measure ( honorability8   
,!y1 l doctors & lawy]s1 mu/ = _! "w be 
!oretically cognizant ( ! crimes1       

iniquities1 & weaknesses ( mank9d4 ,b   
!y1 no m ?an doctors or lawy]s1 speak ( 
^! ?+s1 unless ! p5it5t has be5 guilty (
 & confesses "s su* (f5ce4 ,on !        
contr>y1 ^? :o ent] ! ,m9i/ry are taught
 to be mo/ prud5t & discreet 9 putt+    
que/ions2 nev] to ask m ?an :at may be  
necess>y4 ,! rule is to err on ! side ( 
too little4 ,nay1 r ?an sugge/ or make  
kn[n t :i* a p5it5t may be ignorant (1 !
 m9i/] mu/ consult m :at is = ! good ( !
 s\l ?an = ! integrity ( ! ,confession4 
#b4 ,aga91 let x be rememb]$ t x is n z 
9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 :]e ! plea ( n guilty
 is set up1 & all has !n to be worm$ out
 by exam9ation 9 ! mo/ detail$ mann]4 ,=
 ! p5it5t ent]s ! confessional z        
self-accus]1 /ates ! (f5ce1 toge!r ) !  
numb] ( times x has happ5$1 & any       
circum/ances :i* may alt] or aggravate !
 de$4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 9 ,confession1   
none ( ! nause\s details & descriptions 
( crime :i* may be he>d 9 our c\rts &   
read 9 our newspap]s4  ,! rem>kable     
te/imony ( a ,prote/ant                 

g5tleman--,doctor ,=bes--may "h be ( mu*
 value4 ,9 8 memor&ums1 made 9 ,irel& 9 
! autumn ( #aheb1 he says3 ,at any rate1
 ! result ( my inquiries is t--:e!r "r  
or wrong 9 a !ological or rational po9t 
( view--?is in/rum5t ( ,confession is1  
among ! ,iri% ( ! humbl] classes1 a     
direct pres]vative aga9/ c]ta9 =ms (    
immorality at lea/4#eh ,among o!r *>ges 
pref]r$ aga9/ ,confession 9 ,irel& &    
else:]e1 is ! facility x af=ds =        
corrupt+ ! female m9d1 & ( its actually 
lead+ to su* corruption4 99 99 99 ,s f> 
f su* corruption result+ f !            
,confessional1 x is ! g5]al belief 9    
,irel&--a belief express$ to me by _m   
tru/wor?y m5 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & by
 ,prote/ants z well z by ,ca?olics--t ! 
s+ul> purity ( female life among ! l[]  
classes !re is1 9 a consid]able degree1 
dep5d5t on ?is v circum/ance4#ei ,) a   
view ( te/+1 z f> z 0 practicable1 !    
tru? ( ! !ory respect+ ! influ5ce (     
,confession on ?is bran* ( morals1 ,i h 
obta9$1 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy ( ! ,poor ,law  

,commission]s1 a return ( ! numb] (     
legitimate & illegitimate *ildr5 9 !    
"w-h\ses ( ea* ( ! f\r prov9ces 9       
,irel&1 on a p>ticul> day1 viz3 ! #bg? (
 ,novemb]1 #aheb4 99 99 99 ,x is curi\s 
to m>k h[ /rik+ly ! results !re convey$ 
correspond ) ! confessional !ory3 !     
proportion ( illegitimate *ildr5 co9cid+
 almo/ exactly ) ! relative proportions 
( ! two religions 9 ea* prov9ce2 be+    
l>ge :]e ! ,prote/ant elem5t is l>ge1 & 
small :]e x is small4#fj  ,good s5se    
ought to make objectors rememb] t prie/s
 h mo!rs & si/]s & relations :om !y     
love2 & prie/s w\ld be ! fir/ to prev5t 
^! belov$ ones f ! demoraliz+ influ5ces 
:i* enemies ignorantly attribute to !   
confessional4  #c4 ,once m let x be     
rememb]$ t ! ,tribunal ( ,p5ance is = ! 
accusation & absolution ( s94 ,"n1 nor  
abode1 nor =tune1 nor dome/ic conc]ns1 h
 any place !re4 ,! prie/ is ! spiritual 
physician1 & x is ! disease :i* is      
submitt$ to him2 all else is =eign to 8 
(fice1 nor has he ! "r to ask ( o!r     

matt]s4 ,nay1 m3 a sacram5tal secret    
surr\nds 8 "w2 ?is involves obligations 
great] ?an any natural or promis$       
secrecy4 ,in=mation obta9$ 9 ,confession
 ! prie/ c nev] use1 be x 9 8 own       
int]e/1 or 9 t ( a family1 or ( ! ,/ate1
 or ( ! ,pope1 or ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re=e1 to 
imag9e ! ,tribunal ( ,p5ance to be an   
eng9e = obta9+ & us+ in=mation 9 dome/ic
 conc]ns & family secrets1 is to be     
sorely ignorant ( ! nature ( confession 
& ( ! obligations ( a confessor4  #d4   
,objectors ( ano!r k9d urge t confession
 induces p]sons to s9 m readily1 or at  
lea/ x transf]s ! keep+ ( consci5ce to !
 prie/4  ,see+ t all :i* is dem&$ by    
,prote/ants = rep5tance mu/ be 9 ! m9d (
 ! ,ca?olic be=e he c be absolv$1 x is  
cle> ! objection comes ill f !m1 & c h  
no f\ndation4 ,( c\rse1 = ^? :o believe 
t ,ca?olics obta9 p>don by paym5t (     
money1 ! objection w\ld h weight4 ,b x c
 h>dly be imag9$ t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1  
among an intellig5t p l ,am]icans1 !re  
are to be f\nd p]sons :o believe t      

,ca?olics are s b]eft ( reason z to     
imag9e t s9 c be =giv5 by ! giv+ ( silv]
 & gold4  ,e ,ca?olic kn[s t to speak   
falsely 9 ,confession w\ld be to lie to 
! ,holy ,gho/1 z did ,ananias &         
,saphira2 t to confess z ,judas did1 )\t
 sorr[1 w\ld n only br+ no p>don1 b1 on 
! contr>y1 w\ld add ! s9 ( sacrilege to 
8 s\l4 ,! ,ca?olic kn[s t )\t a firm    
efficaci\s det]m9ation ( purpose to     
avoid s9 & its occasions1 & to satisfy =
 injuries done1 !re c be no =giv5ess (  
s94  ,n[h]e is ! s\l ( man m prone to   
self-deception ?an 9 ! matt] ( true     
rep5tance4 ,temptation may cease1 & ) x 
comes cessation ( wrong-do+4 ,?is1 "u   
self-deception1 may be easily con/ru$   
into conv]sion4 ,self-int]e/ & passion  
may s bl9d a man t he may imag9e himself
 truly rep5tant1 not)/&+ t he has n     
p>don$ injuries1 or reconcil$ himself to
 enemies1 or re/or$ ill-gott5 goods1 or 
retract$ calumny1 or comp5sat$ = wrongs 
inflict$1 or is n dispos$ to avoid      
occasions ( s91 & ! l4  ,! confessor has

 to int]v5e1 rem9d ! p5it5t ( ^! duties1
 & secure t !y %all be done1 be=e he c  
absolve f s94 ,in/ead ( becom+ ! keep] (
 ! s9n]'s consci5ce1 ! confessor is b   
its in/ructor3 duty & responsibility    
rema9 9 all _! ext5t to ! p5it5t4 ,& !  
p5it5t has to te/ ! g5u95ess ( 8        
contrition by unmi/akable obligations to
 be compli$ )1 if =giv5ess ( s9 is to be
 obta9$4  ,all ?is1 in/ead ( enc\rag+ ! 
s9n]1 z oppon5ts h x1 to return & wall[ 
9 ! mire ( iniquity1 does1 on ! contr>y1
 make him gird up 8 lo9s1 & walk ) a    
firm b cauti\s /ep = ! future4 ,& ?is   
ap>t f ! fact t "o ( ! sup]natural      
effects ( ?is sacram5t ( p5ance is !    
be/[al ( actual m$ic9al graces1 :]eby ! 
s\l is /r5g!n$ aga9/ relaps+1 & = :i*   
reason regul> & frequ5t confession is s 
e>ne/ly enc\rag$4  #e4 ,to h a wise     
prud5t spiritual advis]1 to h an        
exp]i5c$ physician ( ! s\l1 to h a      
m]ciful b /rict judge ( moral duty3 is  
to h ! greate/ spiritual support on e>?1
 ev5 ap>t f ! sup]add$ sacram5tal "* (  

su* a m9i/]4 ,x is ?is bless$ gift :i* !
 ,ca?olic has 9 8 legitimately-approv$ &
 au?oriz$ confessor4  ,prejudice or     
ignorance c alone con/rue su* an        
ine/imable treasure1 :i* br+s peace (   
consci5ce & heav5ly consolation1 into   
mak+ ! prie/ ! keep] ( a man's          
consci5ce1 & ! de/roy] ( man's spiritual
 lib]ty & ( 8 responsibility to 8       
,creator4  ,h[ diff]5t are ! op9ions (  
?\ghtful m51 conc]n+ ?is ,tribunal (    
,p5ance1 w be se5 f ! foll[+3 ,"o is a  
,fr5*man1 :o1 unhappily1 apo/atiz$ f !  
,ca?olic ,*ur*2 ! second is a di/+ui%$  
,g]man philosoph]1 :o liv$ & di$ a      
,prote/ant2 ! ?ird is "o ( ! pr(\nde/   
?9k]s ( our day1 :o1 born 9 ! ,episcopal
 ,*ur* 9 ,engl&1 s]v$ h] "s =ty ye>s1 & 
!n left h] to ent] ! ,ca?olic1          
,apo/olic1 & ,roman ,*ur*4  ,! fir/ (   
^!--,voltaire--?us writes3  ,! enemies (
 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 :o h assail$ ! salut>y 
in/itution ( confession1 appe> to h     
remov$ ! /ronge/ re/ra9t :i* c be put ^u
 secret crimes4 ,! sages ( antiquity    

!mselves felt ! importance ( x4#fa  ,!  
second--,leibnitz--9 8 ,sy/em ( ,!ology 
says3  ,! in/itution ( sacram5tal       
confession is assur$ly wor?y ( ! div9e  
wisdom1 &1 ( all ! doctr9es ( religion1 
x is ! mo/ admirable & ! mo/ beautiful4 
,x 0 admir$ by ! ,*9ese & ! inhabitants 
( ,japan4 ,! necessity ( confess+ s9 is 
suffici5t to pres]ve f x ^? :o /ill     
pres]ve _! mode/y2 & yet1 if any fail1  
confession consoles & re/ores !m4 ,i    
look on a grave & prud5t confessor z a  
great in/rum5t ( ,god = ! salvation (   
s\ls4 ,8 c\nsels regulate ! s5tim5ts1   
reprove vices1 remove occasions ( s91   
cause ! re/itution ( ill-acquir$        
prop]ty1 & ! rep>ation ( wrongs2 cle> up
 d\bts1 console "u afflictions--9 f9e1  
cure or relieve all ! evils ( ! s\l2 & z
 no?+ 9 ! _w is m preci\s ?an a fai?ful 
fri5d1 :at is ! value ( t fri5d :5 he is
 b\nd by 8 functions & fitt$ by 8 k to  
devote to y all 8 c>e1 "u ! seal ( ! mo/
 inviolable secrecy8  ,! ?ird--,c>d9al  
,newman--says1 9 ,anglican              

,difficulties3  ,if !re is a heav5ly    
idea 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*--look+ at x     
simply z an idea--surely1 next aft] !   
,bless$ ,sacram5t1 confession is su*4 ,&
 su* is x ev] f\nd1 9 fact2 ! v act (   
kneel+1 ! l[ & contrite voice1 ! sign ( 
! cross--hang+1 s to say1 ov] ! head b[$
 l[--& ! words ( peace & bless+4 ,oh1   
:at a soo?+ *>m is !re :i* ! _w c nei!r 
give nor take away6 ,oh1 :at pi]c+      
he>t-subdu+ tranquility1 provok+ te>s ( 
joy1 is p\r$ almo/ sub/antially &       
physically ^u ! s\l--! oil ( gladness1 z
 ,scripture calls x--:5 ! p5it5t at l5g?
 rises1 8 ,god reconcil$ to him1 8 s9s  
roll$ away = ev]6 ,?is is confession z x
 is 9 fact1 z ^? be> witness to x :o "k 
x by exp]i5ce4#fb  ,,footnotes3  #ef    
,matt4 xvi1 #ai1 & xviii1 #ah4  #eg     
,scorpiace1 n4 x4  #eh ,vol4 ii1 p4 #ha4
  #ei ,vol4 ii1 p4 #hc4  #fj ,vol4 ii1  
p4 #bae4  #fa ,annales de l',empire1    
vol4 i1 p4 #da4  #fb ,c>d4 ,newman1     
,ang4 ,diff4 p4 #cea4