,,! ,,complete ,,works ,,( ,,fri$ri* ,,nietzs*e ,fir/ ,complete & ,au?oris$ ,engli% translation 9 ,eighte5 ,volumes ,,edit$ ,,by ,,dr ,,osc> ,,levy ,illu/ration3 ,nietzs*e4 ,,volume ,,eight 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ird ,,edition ,,we ,,philologi/s ,,translat$ ,,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,k5n$y 99 99 99 99 99 ,t4 ,n4 ,,f\lis #ac #ae ,,fr$]ick ,,/reet ,,ed9burgh ,,& ,,london #aiaa ,,cont5ts ,,translator',s ,,preface ,,to ,,we ,,philologi/s #aje ,,we ,,philologi/s #aji ,,we ,,philologi/s ,,autumn #ahgd 7,,publi%$ ,,po/hum\sly7 ,,translat$ ,,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,k5n$y ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,qu9tess5ce ,,( ,,nietzs*e1 ,,religions ,,& ,,philosophies ,,( ,,! ,,ea/1 ,c4 ,! mussel is crook$ inside & r\gh outside x is only :5 we he> its deep note aft] bl[+ into x t we c beg9 to e/eem x at its true value4--7,ind4 ,spru*e1 ed ,bo?l+k1 #a #cce7 ,an ugly-look+-w9d in/rum5t b we mu/ fir/ bl[ into x4 ,,translator',s ,,introduction ,! subject ( education 0 "o to :i* ,nietzs*e1 especially dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,basel1 paid consid]able att5tion1 & 8 insight into x 0 v mu* deep] ?an t (1 say1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] or ev5 ,johann ,fri$ri* ,h]b>t1 ! latt] ( :om has 9 late ye>s ex]cis$ consid]able influ5ce 9 s*ola/ic circles4 ,nietzs*e cle>ly saw t ! philologi/s 7us+ ! ^w *iefly 9 ref]5ce to ! tea*]s ( ! classics 9 ,g]man colleges & univ]sities7 7 absolutely unfitt$ = _! high task1 s9ce !y 7 "o & all incapable ( ent]+ into ! _s ( antiquity4 ,al?\gh at ! fir/ read+1 !re=e1 ?is book may seem to be r fragm5t>y1 !re are two ma9 l9es ( ?\ght runn+ ?r\gh x3 an incisive criticism ( ,g]man pr(essors1 & a numb] ( con/ructive ideas z to :at classical culture really %\ld be4 ,^! scatt]$ aphorisms1 inde$1 are significant z %[+ h[ f> ,nietzs*e _h travell$ along ! road ov] :i* humanity _h be5 travell+ f remote ages1 & h[ greatly he 0 imbu$ ) ! pagan _s :i* he recognis$ 9 ,goe! & valu$ 9 ,burckh>dt4 ,ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod ( 8 life ,nietzs*e 0 conv9c$ t ,*ri/ianity 0 ! real dang] to culture2 & n m]ely mod]n ,*ri/ianity1 b also ! ,alex&rian culture1 ! la/ gasp ( ,greek antiquity1 :i* _h help$ to br+ ,*ri/ianity ab\t4 ,:51 9 ! lat] aphorisms ( ,we ,philologi/s1 ,nietzs*e appe>s to be ?r[+ ov] ! ,greeks1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t he does n ref] to ! ,greeks ( ! era ( ,hom] or s*ylus1 or ev5 ( ,ari/otle1 b to ! mu* lat] ,greeks ( ! era ( ,long9us4 ,classical antiquity1 h[ev]1 0 convey$ to ! public ?r\gh univ]sity pr(essors & _! intellectual (fspr+1 & ^! pr(essors1 influ5c$ 7q unconsci\sly1 ( c\rse7 by religi\s & lib]al pr9ciples1 pres5t$ to _! s*ol>s a k9d ( emasculat$ antiquity4 ,x 0 only on ^! conditions t ! ,/ate all[$ ! pagan tea*+ to be propagat$ 9 ! s*ools2 & if1 :]e classical s*ol>s 7 conc]n$1 x 0 m tol]ant ?an ! ,*ur* _h be51 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,*ur* _h already done all ! r\gh "w ( emasculat+ its enemies1 & _h h&$ d[n to ! ,/ate a body ( v innocu\s & h>mless inve/igators4 ,a totally errone\s conception ( :at con/itut$ classical culture 0 ?us br\ght ab\t4 ,:]e any di/9ction 0 actually made1 = example1 lat] ,greek ?\ght 0 enorm\sly ov]-rat$1 & e>ly ,greek ?\ght equally und]valu$4 ,aphorism #dd1 toge!r ) ! fir/ half-doz5 or s 9 ! book1 may be tak5 z typical specim5s ( ,nietzs*e's prote/ aga9/ ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,x mu/ be add$1 un=tunately1 t ,nietzs*e's obs]vations 9 ?is book apply z mu* to ,engl& z to ,g]many4 ,classical tea*]s "h may n be rat$ s high z !y are 9 ,g]many1 b _! influ5ce w\ld appe> to be equally p[]ful1 & _! !ories ( education & ( classical antiquity equally *aotic4 ,9 ,engl& z 9 ,g]many !y are !ologians 9 disguise4 ,! dang] ( mod]n values to true culture may be readily ga!r$ f a p]usal ( aphorisms t foll[3 &1 if ^! aphorisms enable ev5 "o s*ol> 9 a hundr$ to ent] m ?or\ghly into ! _s ( a great pa/ !y w n h be5 p5n$ 9 va94 ,j4 ,m4 ,,k5n$y4 ,,london1 ,july #aiaa4 ,i ,to :at a great ext5t m5 are rul$ by pure haz>d1 & h[ little reason itself ent]s into ! "q1 is suffici5tly %[n by obs]v+ h[ few p h any real capacity = _! pr(essions & call+s1 & h[ _m squ>e pegs !re are 9 r\nd holes3 happy & well *os5 in/ances are q exceptional1 l happy m>riages1 & ev5 ^! latt] are n br\ght ab\t by reason4 ,a man *ooses 8 call+ be=e he is fitt$ to ex]cise 8 faculty ( *oice4 ,he does n "k ! numb] ( diff]5t call+s & pr(essions t exi/2 he does n "k himself2 & !n he wa/es 8 ye>s ( activity 9 ?is call+1 applies all 8 m9d to x1 & becomes exp]i5c$ & practical4 ,:51 aft]w>ds1 8 und]/&+ has become fully develop$1 x is g5]ally too late to />t some?+ new2 = wisdom on e>? has almo/ always _h some?+ ( ! weakness ( old age & lack ( vig\r ab\t x4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! task is to make good1 & to set to rights z well z possible1 t :i* 0 bungl$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,_m w come to recognise t ! latt] "p ( _! life %[s a purpose or design :i* has sprung f a prim>y discord3 x is h>d to live ?r\gh x4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 h[ev]1 ! av]age man has become accu/om$ to x--!n he may make a mi/ake 9 reg>d to ! life he has liv$1 & praise 8 own /upidity3 b5e navigavi cum naufragium feci 4 he may ev5 compose a song ( ?anksgiv+ to ,provid5ce4 #b ,on inquir+ into ! orig9 ( ! philologi/ ,i f9d3 #a4 ,a "y man _c h ! slighte/ conception ( :at ! ,greeks & ,romans 74 #b4 ,he does n "k :e!r he is fitt$ to inve/igate into !m2 #c4 ,&1 9 p>ticul>1 he does n "k to :at ext5t1 9 view ( ! k he may actually possess1 he is fitt$ to be a tea*]4 ,:at !n enables him to decide is n ! k ( himself or 8 sci5ce2 b 7a7 ,imitation4 7b7 ,! conv5i5ce ( c>ry+ on ! k9d ( "w :i* he _h begun at s*ool4 7c7 ,8 int5tion ( e>n+ a liv+4 ,9 %ort1 n9ety-n9e philologi/s out ( a hundr$ %\ld n be philologi/s at all4 #c ,! m /rict religions require t m5 %all look ^u _! activity simply z "o means ( c>ry+ out a metaphysical s*eme3 an un=tunate *oice ( call+ may !n be expla9$ z a te/ ( ! individual4 ,religions keep _! eyes fix$ only ^u ! salvation ( ! individual 4 :e!r he is a slave or a free man1 a m]*ant or a s*ol>1 8 aim 9 life has no?+ to d ) 8 call+1 s t a wrong *oice is n su* a v great piece ( unhapp9ess4 ,let ?is s]ve z a crumb ( com=t = philologi/s 9 g5]al2 b true philologi/s /& 9 ne$ ( a bett] und]/&+3 :at w result f a sci5ce :i* is gone 9 = by n9ety-n9e su* p8 ,! ?or\ghly unfitt$ majority draw up ! rules ( ! sci5ce 9 accordance ) _! own capacities & incl9ations2 & 9 ?is way !y tyrannise ov] ! hundr$?1 ! only capable "o among !m4 ,if !y h ! tra9+ ( o!rs 9 _! h&s !y w tra9 !m consci\sly or unconsci\sly aft] _! own image 4 :at !n becomes ( ! classicism ( ! ,greeks & ,romans8 ,! po9ts to be prov$ are-- 7a7 ,! disp>ity betwe5 philologi/s & ! anci5ts4 7b7 ,! inability ( ! philologi/ to tra9 8 pupils1 ev5 ) ! help ( ! anci5ts4 7c7 ,! falsify+ ( ! sci5ce by ! 7incapacity ( !7 majority1 ! wrong requirem5ts held 9 view2 ! r5unciation ( ! real aim ( ?is sci5ce4 #d ,all ?is affects ! s\rces ( our pres5t philology3 a sceptical & melan*oly attitude4 ,b h[ o!rwise are philologi/s to be produc$8 ,! imitation ( antiquity3 is n ?is a pr9ciple :i* has be5 refut$ by ?is "t8 ,! flight f actuality to ! anci5ts3 does n ?is t5d to falsify our conception ( antiquity8 #e ,we are /ill beh9dh& 9 "o type ( contemplation3 to und]/& h[ ! greate/ productions ( ! intellect h a dreadful & evil backgr\nd 4 ! sceptical type ( contemplation4 ,greek antiquity is n[ inve/igat$ z ! mo/ beautiful example ( life4 ,z man assumes a sceptical & melan*oly attitude t[>ds 8 life's call+1 s we mu/ sceptically exam9e ! highe/ life's call+ ( a nation3 9 ord] t we may und]/& :at life is4 #f ,my words ( consolation apply p>ticul>ly to ! s+le tyrannis$ individual out ( a hundr$3 su* exceptional ones %\ld simply treat all ! un5light5$ majorities z _! subord9ates2 & !y %\ld 9 ! same way take advantage ( ! prejudice1 :i* is /ill widespread1 9 fav\r ( classical in/ruction--!y ne$ _m help]s4 ,b !y mu/ h a cle> p]ception ( :at _! actual goal is4 #g ,philology z ! sci5ce ( antiquity does n1 ( c\rse1 endure = ev]2 its elem5ts are n inexhau/ible4 ,:at _c be exhau/$1 h[ev]1 is ! ev]-new adaptation ( "o's age to antiquity2 ! comp>ison ( ! two4 ,if we make x our task to und]/& our own age bett] by means ( antiquity1 !n our task w be an ev]la/+ "o4--,?is is ! ant9omy ( philology3 p h always endeav\r$ to und]/& antiquity by means ( ! pres5t--& %all ! pres5t n[ be und]/ood by means ( antiquity8 ,bett]3 p h expla9$ antiquity to !mselves out ( _! own exp]i5ces2 & f ! am\nt ( antiquity ?us acquir$ !y h assess$ ! value ( _! exp]i5ces4 ,exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 is c]ta9ly an ess5tial pr]equisite = a philologi/--t is1 ! philologi/ mu/ fir/ ( all be a man2 = !n only c he be productive z a philologi/4 ,x foll[s f ?is t old m5 are well suit$ to be philologi/s if !y 7 n su* dur+ t portion ( _! life :i* 0 ri*e/ 9 exp]i5ces4 ,x mu/ be insi/$1 h[ev]1 t x is only ?r\gh a k ( ! pres5t t "o c acquire an incl9ation = ! /udy ( classical antiquity4 ,:]e inde$ %\ld ! impulse come f if n f ?is incl9ation8 ,:5 we obs]ve h[ few philologi/s !re actually are1 except ^? t h tak5 up philology z a means ( livelihood1 we c easily decide = ourselves :at is ! matt] ) ?is impulse = antiquity3 x h>dly exi/s at all1 = !re are no dis9t]e/$ philologi/s4 ,our task !n is to secure = philology ! univ]sally educative results :i* x %\ld br+ ab\t4 ,! means3 ! limitation ( ! numb] ( ^? engag$ 9 ! philological pr(ession 7d\btful :e!r "y m5 %\ld be made acqua9t$ ) philology at all74 ,criticism ( ! philologi/4 ,! value ( antiquity3 x s9ks ) y3 h[ deeply y mu/ h sunk1 s9ce its value is n[ s little6 #h ,x is a great advantage = ! true philologi/ t a great deal ( prelim9>y "w has be5 done 9 8 sci5ce1 s t he may take possession ( ?is inh]itance if he is /rong en\gh = x--,i ref] to ! valuation ( ! entire ,hell5ic mode ( ?9k+4 ,s long z philologi/s work$ simply at details1 a misund]/&+ ( ! ,greeks 0 ! consequ5ce4 ,! /ages ( ?is und]valuation are ! sophi/s ( ! second c5tury1 ! philologi/-poets ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ! philologi/ z ! tea*] ( ! high] classes ( society 7,goe!1 ,s*ill]74 ,valu+ is ! mo/ difficult ( all4 ,9 :at respect is "o mo/ fitt$ = ?is valu+8 --,n1 at all ev5ts1 :5 "o is tra9$ = philology z "o is n[4 ,x %\ld be asc]ta9$ to :at ext5t our pres5t means make ?is la/ object impossible4 --,?us ! philologi/ himself is n ! aim ( philology4 #i ,mo/ m5 %[ cle>ly en\gh t !y d n reg>d !mselves z individuals3 _! lives indicate ?is4 ,! ,*ri/ian comm& t ev]yone %all /eadfa/ly keep 8 eyes fix$ ^u 8 salvation1 & 8 alone1 has z its c\nt]p>t ! g5]al life ( mank9d1 :]e e man lives m]ely z a po9t among o!r po9ts--liv+ n only z ! result ( e>li] g5]ations1 b liv+ also only ) an eye to ! future4 ,!re are only ?ree =ms ( exi/5ce 9 :i* a man rema9s an individual z a philosoph]1 z a ,savi\r1 & z an arti/4 ,b j let u consid] h[ a sci5tific man bungles 8 life3 :at has ! tea*+ ( ,greek p>ticles to d ) ! s5se ( life8--,?us we c also obs]ve h[ innum]able m5 m]ely live1 z x 71 a prep>ation = a man1 ! philologi/1 = example1 z a prep>ation = ! philosoph]1 :o 9 8 turn kn[s h[ to utilise 8 ant-l "w to pron\nce "s op9ion ^u ! value ( life4 ,:5 su* ant-l "w is n c>ri$ out "u any special direction ! great] "p ( x is simply nons5se1 & q sup]flu\s4 #aj ,besides ! l>ge numb] ( unqualifi$ philologi/s !re is1 on ! o!r h&1 a numb] ( :at may be call$ born philologi/s1 :o f "s reason or o!r are prev5t$ f becom+ su*4 ,! greate/ ob/acle1 h[ev]1 :i* /&s 9 ! way ( ^! born philologi/s is ! bad repres5tation ( philology by ! unqualifi$ philologi/s4 ,leop>di is ! mod]n ideal ( a philologi/3 ,! ,g]man philologi/s c d no?+4 7,z a pro( ( ?is ,voss %\ld be /udi$67 #aa ,let x be consid]$ h[ diff]5tly a sci5ce is propagat$ f ! way 9 :i* any special tal5t 9 a family is transmitt$4 ,! bodily transmission ( an individual sci5ce is some?+ v r>e4 ,d ! sons ( philologi/s easily become philologi/s8 ,dubito4 ,?us !re is no su* accumulation ( philological capacity z !re 01 let u say1 9 ,bee?ov5's family ( musical capacity4 ,mo/ philologi/s beg9 f ! beg9n+1 & ev5 !n !y le>n f books1 & n ?r\gh travels1 c4 ,!y get "s tra9+1 ( c\rse4 #ab ,mo/ m5 are obvi\sly 9 ! _w accid5tally2 no necessity ( a high] k9d is se5 9 !m4 ,!y "w at ?is & t1 _! tal5ts are av]age4 ,h[ /range6 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y live %[s t !y ?9k v little ( !mselves3 !y m]ely e/eem !mselves 9 s f> z !y wa/e _! en]gy on trifles 7:e!r ^! be mean or frivol\s desires1 or ! tra%y conc]ns ( _! ev]yday call+74 ,9 ! s-call$ life's call+1 :i* ev]yone mu/ *oose1 we may p]ceive a t\*+ mode/y on ! "p ( mank9d4 ,!y practically admit 9 *oos+ ?us4 ,we are call$ ^u to s]ve & to be ( advantage to our equals--! same rem>k applies to our neighb\r & to 8 neighb\r1 s ev]yone s]ves somebody else2 no "o is c>ry+ out ! duties ( 8 call+ = 8 own sake1 b always = ! sake ( o!rs & ?us we are l geese :i* support "o ano!r by ! "o lean+ aga9/ ! o!r4 ,:5 ! aim ( ea* "o ( u is c5tr$ 9 ano!r1 !n we h all no object 9 exi/+2 & ?is 'exi/+ = o!rs' is ! mo/ comical ( com$ies4 #ac ,vanity is ! involunt>y incl9ation to set "o's self up = an individual :ile n really be+ "o2 t is to say1 try+ to appe> indep5d5t :5 "o is dep5d5t4 ,! case ( wisdom is ! exact contr>y3 x appe>s to be dep5d5t :ile 9 reality x is indep5d5t4 #ad ,! ,hades ( ,hom]--,f :at type ( exi/5ce is x really copi$8 ,i ?9k x is ! description ( ! philologi/3 x is bett] to be a day-lab\r] ?an to h su* an anmic recollection ( ! pa/4--#a #ae ,! attitude ( ! philologi/ t[>ds antiquity is apologetic1 or else dictat$ by ! view t :at our own age values c likewise be f\nd 9 antiquity4 ,! "r attitude to take up1 h[ev]1 is ! rev]se "o1 viz41 to />t ) an insight into our mod]n topsyturv9ess1 & to look back f antiquity to x--& _m ?+s ab\t antiquity :i* h hi!rto displeas$ u w !n be se5 to h be5 mo/ pr(\nd necessities4 ,we mu/ make x cle> to ourselves t we are act+ 9 an absurd mann] :5 we try to def5d or to beautify antiquity3 :o are we6 #af ,we are "u a false impression :5 we say t !re is always "s ca/e :i* gov]ns a nation's culture1 & t !re=e savants are necess>y2 = savants only possess k conc]n+ culture 7& ev5 ?is only 9 exceptional cases74 ,among le>n$ m5 !mselves !re might be a few1 c]ta9ly n a ca/e1 b ev5 ^! w\ld inde$ be r>e4 #ag ,"o v great value ( antiquity consi/s 9 ! fact t its writ+s are ! only ones :i* mod]n m5 /ill read c>efully4 ,ov]/ra9+ ( ! memory--v common among philologi/s1 toge!r ) a poor developm5t ( ! judgm5t4 #ah ,busy+ ourselves ) ! culture-epo*s ( ! pa/3 is ?is gratitude8 ,we %\ld look backw>ds 9 ord] to expla9 to ourselves ! pres5t conditions ( culture3 we d n become too laudatory 9 reg>d to our own circum/ances1 b p]haps we %\ld d s 9 ord] t we may n be too sev]e on ourselves4 #ai ,he :o has no s5se = ! symbolical has none = antiquity3 let p$antic philologi/s be> ?is 9 m9d4 #bj ,my aim is to br+ ab\t a /ate ( complete enmity betwe5 our pres5t culture & antiquity4 ,:oev] wi%es to s]ve ! =m] mu/ hate ! latt]4 #ba ,c>eful m$itation ^u ! pa/ leads to ! impression t we are a multiplication ( _m pa/s s h[ c we be a f9al aim8 ,b :y n8 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 h[ev]1 we d n wi% to be ?is4 ,we take up our positions aga9 9 ! ranks1 "w 9 our own little corn]1 & hope t :at we d may be ( "s small pr(it to our successors4 ,b t is exactly ! case ( ! cask ( ! ,dan & ?is is useless1 we mu/ aga9 set ab\t do+ ev]y?+ = ourselves1 & only = ourselves--measur+ sci5ce by ourselves1 = example ) ! "q ,:at is sci5ce to u8 n 4 :at are we to sci5ce8 ,p really make life too easy = !mselves :5 !y look ^u !mselves f su* a simple hi/orical po9t ( view1 & make humble s]vants ( !mselves4 ,y\r own salvation above ev]y?+--t is :at y %\ld say2 & !re are no in/itutions :i* y %\ld prize m highly ?an y\r own s\l4--,n[1 h[ev]1 man le>ns to "k himself3 he f9ds himself mis]able1 despises himself1 & is pleas$ to f9d some?+ wor?y ( respect outside himself4 ,!re=e he gets rid ( himself1 s to speak1 makes himself subs]vi5t to a cause1 does 8 duty /rictly1 & atones = 8 exi/5ce4 ,he kn[s t he does n "w = himself alone2 he wi%es to help ^? :o are d>+ en\gh to exi/ on acc\nt ( !mselves1 l ,socrates4 ,! majority ( m5 are z x 7 susp5d$ 9 ! air l toy balloons2 e brea? ( w9d moves !m4--,z a consequ5ce ! savant mu/ be su* out ( self-k1 t is to say1 out ( contempt = himself--9 o!r words he mu/ recognise himself to be m]ely ! s]vant ( "s high] be+ :o comes aft] him4 ,o!rwise he is simply a %eep4 #bb ,x is ! duty ( ! free man to live = 8 own sake1 & n = o!rs4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t ! ,greeks look$ ^u h&icrafts z unseemly4 ,z a complete entity ,greek antiquity has n yet be5 fully valu$ ,i am conv9c$ t if x _h n be5 surr\nd$ by its traditional glorification1 ! m5 ( ! pres5t day w\ld %r9k f x horror /rick54 ,?is glorification1 !n1 is spuri\s2 gold-pap]4 #bc ,! false en?usiasm = antiquity 9 :i* _m philologi/s live4 ,:5 antiquity sudd5ly comes ^u u 9 our y\?1 x appe>s to u to be compos$ ( innum]able trivialities2 9 p>ticul> we believe ourselves to be above its e?ics4 ,& ,hom] & ,walt] ,scott--:o c>ries (f ! palm8 ,let u be hone/6 ,if ?is en?usiasm 7 really felt1 p c\ld sc>cely seek _! life's call+ 9 x4 ,i mean t :at we c obta9 f ! ,greeks only beg9s to dawn ^u u 9 lat] ye>s3 only aft] we h und]gone _m exp]i5ces1 & ?\ght a great deal4 #bd ,p 9 g5]al ?9k t philology is at an end--:ile ,i believe t x has n yet begun4 ,! greate/ ev5ts 9 philology are ! appe>ance ( ,goe!1 ,s*op5hau]1 & ,wagn]2 /&+ on _! %\ld]s we look f> into ! di/ance4 ,! fif? & six? c5turies h /ill to be discov]$4 #be ,:]e d we see ! effect ( antiquity8 ,n 9 language1 n 9 ! imitation ( some?+ or o!r1 & n 9 p]v]sity & wayw>dness1 to :i* uses ! ,fr5* h turn$ x4 ,our museums are gradually becom+ fill$ up3 ,i always exp]i5ce a s5sation ( disgu/ :5 ,i see nak$ /atues 9 ! ,greek /yle 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is ?\ghtless phili/9ism :i* w\ld fa9 dev\r ev]y?+4 ,,plans ,,& ,,?\ghts ,,relat+ ,,to ,a ,,"w ,,on ,,philology 7#ahge7 #bf ,( all sci5ces philology at pres5t is ! mo/ fav\r$ its progress hav+ be5 fur!r$ = c5turies by ! greate/ numb] ( s*ol>s 9 e nation :o h _h *>ge ( ! noble/ pupils4 ,philology has ?us _h "o ( ! be/ ( all opportunities to be propagat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & to make itself respect$4 ,h[ has x acquir$ ?is p[]8 ,calculations ( ! diff]5t prejudices 9 its fav\r4 ,h[ !n if ^! 7 to be frankly recognis$ z prejudices8 ,w\ld n philology be sup]flu\s if we reckon$ up ! int]e/s ( a position 9 life or ! e>n+ ( a livelihood8 ,:at if ! tru? 7 told ab\t antiquity1 & its qualifications = tra9+ p to live 9 ! pres5t8 ,9 ord] t ! que/ions set =? above may be answ]$ let u consid] ! tra9+ ( ! philologi/1 8 g5esis3 he no long] comes into be+ :]e ^! int]e/s are lack+4 ,if ! _w 9 g5]al came to "k :at an unseasonable ?+ = u antiquity really is1 philologi/s w\ld no long] be call$ 9 z ! educators ( our y\?4 ,effect ( antiquity on ! non-philologi/ likewise no?+4 ,if !y %[$ !mselves to be imp]ative & contradictory1 oh1 ) :at hatr$ w\ld !y be pursu$6 ,b !y always humble !mselves4 ,philology n[ d]ives its p[] only f ! union betwe5 ! philologi/s :o w n1 or _c1 und]/& antiquity & public op9ion1 :i* is misl$ by prejudices 9 reg>d to x4 ,! real ,greeks1 & _! wat]+ d[n ?r\gh ! philologi/s4 ,! future comm&+ philologi/ sceptical 9 reg>d to our entire culture1 & !re=e also ! de/roy] ( philology z a pr(ession4 ,,! ,,pref]5ce ,,= ,,antiquity #bg ,if a man approves ( ! inve/igation ( ! pa/ he w also approve & ev5 praise ! fact--& w above all easily und]/& x--t !re are s*ol>s :o are exclusively occupi$ ) ! inve/igation ( ,greek & ,roman antiquity3 b t ^! s*ol>s are at ! same "t ! tea*]s ( ! *ildr5 ( ! nobility & g5try is n equally easy ( compreh5sion--"h lies a problem4 ,:y philologi/s precisely8 ,?is is n altoge!r su* a matt] ( c\rse z ! case ( a pr(essor ( m$ic9e1 :o is also a practical physician & surgeon4 ,=1 if ! cases 7 id5tical1 preoccupation ) ,greek & ,roman antiquity w\ld be id5tical ) ! sci5ce ( education4 ,9 %ort1 ! relation%ip betwe5 !ory & practice 9 ! philologi/ _c be s quickly conceiv$4 ,:5ce comes 8 pret5sion to be a tea*] 9 ! high] s5se1 n only ( all sci5tific m51 b m especially ( all cultur$ m58 ,?is educational p[] mu/ be tak5 by ! philologi/ f antiquity2 & 9 su* a case p w ask ) a/oni%m5t3 h[ does x come t we atta* su* value to a f>-(f pa/ t we c only become cultur$ m5 ) ! aid ( its k8 ,^! que/ions1 h[ev]1 are n ask$ z a rule3 ,! sway ( philology ov] our means ( in/ruction rema9s practically unque/ion$2 & antiquity has ! importance assign$ to x4 ,to ?is ext5t ! position ( ! philologi/ is m fav\rable ?an t ( any o!r foll[] ( sci5ce4 ,true1 he has n at 8 disposal t great mass ( m5 :o /& 9 ne$ ( him--! doctor1 = example1 has f> m ?an ! philologi/4 ,b he c influ5ce pick$ m51 or y\?s1 to be m accurate1 at a "t :5 all _! m5tal faculties are beg9n+ to blossom =?--p :o c af=d to devote bo? "t & money to _! high] developm5t4 ,9 all ^? places :]e ,european culture has f\nd its way1 p h accept$ second>y s*ools bas$ ^u a f\ndation ( ,lat9 & ,greek z ! fir/ & highe/ means ( in/ruction4 ,9 ?is way philology has f\nd its be/ opportunity ( transmitt+ itself1 & comm&+ respect3 no o!r sci5ce has be5 s well fav\r$4 ,z a g5]al rule all ^? :o h pass$ ?r\gh su* in/itutions h aft]w>ds borne te/imony to ! excell5ce ( _! organisation & curriculum1 & su* p are1 ( c\rse1 unconsci\s witnesses 9 fav\r ( philology4 ,if any :o h n pass$ ?r\gh ^! in/itutions %\ld happ5 to utt] a ^w 9 disp>agem5t ( ?is education1 an unanim\s & yet calm repudiation ( ! /atem5t at once foll[s1 z if classical education 7 a k9d ( wit*craft1 bless+ its foll[]s1 & demon/rat+ itself to !m by ?is bless+4 ,!re is no attempt at polemics ,we h be5 ?r\gh x all4 ,we "k x has done u good4 ,n[ !re are s _m ?+s to :i* m5 h become s accu/om$ t !y look ^u !m z q appropriate & suitable1 = habit int]mixes all ?+s ) sweetness2 & m5 z a rule judge ! value ( a ?+ 9 accordance ) _! own desires4 ,! desire = classical antiquity z x is n[ felt %\ld be te/$1 &1 z x 71 tak5 to pieces & analys$ ) a view to see+ h[ mu* ( ?is desire is due to habit1 & h[ mu* to m]e love ( adv5ture--,i ref] to t inw>d & active desire1 new & /range1 :i* gives rise to a productive conviction f day to day1 ! desire = a high] goal1 & also ! means !reto z ! result ( :i* p advance /ep by /ep f "o unfamili> ?+ to ano!r1 l an ,alp9e climb]4 ,:at is ! f\ndation on :i* ! high value atta*$ to antiquity at ! pres5t "t is bas$1 to su* an ext5t inde$ t our :ole mod]n culture is f\nd$ on x8 ,:]e mu/ we look = ! orig9 ( ?is delight 9 antiquity1 & ! pref]5ce %[n = x8 ,i ?9k ,i h recognis$ 9 my exam9ation ( ! "q t all our philology--t is1 all its pres5t exi/5ce & p[]--is bas$ on ! same f\ndation z t on :i* our view ( antiquity z ! mo/ important ( all means ( tra9+ is bas$4 ,philology z a means ( in/ruction is ! cle> expression ( a pr$om9at+ conception reg>d+ ! value ( antiquity1 & ! be/ me?ods ( education4 ,two propositions are conta9$ 9 ?is /atem5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place all high] education mu/ be a hi/orical "o1 & secondly1 ,greek & ,roman hi/ory diff]s f all o!rs 9 t x is classical4 ,?us ! s*ol> :o kn[s ?is hi/ory becomes a tea*]4 ,we are n "h go+ into ! "q z to :e!r high] education ought to be hi/orical or n2 b we may exam9e ! second & ask3 9 h[ f> is x classic8 ,on ?is po9t !re are _m widespread prejudices4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is ! prejudice express$ 9 ! synonym\s concept1 ,! /udy ( ! humanities3 antiquity is classic because x is ! s*ool ( ! humane4 ,secondly3 ,antiquity is classic because x is enlight5$---- #bh ,x is ! task ( all education to *ange c]ta9 consci\s actions & habits into m or less unconsci\s ones2 & ! hi/ory ( mank9d is 9 ?is s5se its education4 ,! philologi/ n[ practises unconsci\sly a numb] ( su* occupations & habits4 ,x is my object to asc]ta9 h[ 8 p[]1 t is1 8 in/9ctive me?ods ( "w1 is ! result ( activities :i* 7 =m]ly consci\s1 b :i* he has gradually come to feel z su* no long]3 b t consci\sness consi/$ ( prejudices4 ,! pres5t p[] ( philologi/s is bas$ ^u ^! prejudices1 = example ! value atta*$ to ! ratio z 9 ! cases ( ,b5tley & ,h]mann4 ,prejudices are1 z ,li*t5b]g says1 ! art impulses ( m54 #bi ,x is difficult to ju/ify ! pref]5ce = antiquity s9ce x has aris5 f prejudices3 #a4 ,f ignorance ( all non-classical antiquity4 #b4 ,f a false idealisation ( humanit>ianism1 :il/ ,h9doos & ,*9ese are at all ev5ts m humane4 #c4 ,f ! pret5sions ( s*ool-tea*]s4 #d4 ,f ! traditional admiration :i* emanat$ f antiquity itself4 #e4 ,f opposition to ! ,*ri/ian *ur*2 or z a support = ?is *ur*4 #f4 ,f ! impression creat$ by ! c5tury-long "w ( ! philologi/s1 & ! nature ( ?is "w4 ,x mu/ be a gold m9e1 ?9ks ! spectator4 #g4 ,! acquirem5t ( k atta9$ z ! result ( ! /udy4 ,! prep>atory s*ool ( sci5ce4 ,9 %ort1 p>tly f ignorance1 wrong impressions1 & mislead+ conclusions2 & also f ! int]e/ :i* philologi/s h 9 rais+ _! sci5ce to a high level 9 ! e/imation ( laym54 ,also ! pref]5ce = antiquity on ! "p ( ! arti/s1 :o involunt>ily assume proportion & mod]ation to be ! prop]ty ( all antiquity4 ,purity ( =m4 ,au?ors likewise4 ,! pref]5ce = antiquity z an abbreviation ( ! hi/ory ( ! human race1 z if !re 7 an auto*?on\s creation "h by :i* all becom+ might be /udi$4 ,! fact actually is t ! f\ndations ( ?is pref]5ce are be+ remov$ "o by "o1 & if ?is is n rem>k$ by philologi/s !mselves1 x is c]ta9ly be+ rem>k$ z mu* z x c possibly be by p outside _! circle4 ,fir/ ( all hi/ory _h its effect1 & !n l+ui/ics br\ght ab\t ! greate/ div]sion among philologi/s !mselves1 & ev5 ! des]tion ( _m ( !m4 ,!y h /ill ! s*ools 9 _! h&s3 b = h[ long6 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* x has exi/$ up to ! pres5t philology is dy+ out2 ! gr\nd has be5 swept f "u its feet4 ,:e!r philologi/s may /ill hope to ma9ta9 _! /atus is d\btful2 9 any case !y are a dy+ race4 #cj ,! peculi>ly significant situation ( philologi/s3 a class ( p to :om we entru/ our y\?1 & :o h to inve/igate q a special antiquity4 ,! highe/ value is obvi\sly atta*$ to ?is antiquity4 ,b if ?is antiquity has be5 wrongly valu$1 !n ! :ole f\ndation ^u :i* ! high position ( ! philologi/ is bas$ sudd5ly collapses4 ,9 any case ?is antiquity has be5 v diff]5tly valu$1 & our appreciation ( ! philologi/s has con/antly be5 guid$ by x4 ,^! p h borr[$ _! p[] f ! /rong prejudices 9 fav\r ( antiquity1--?is mu/ be made cle>4 ,philologi/s n[ feel t :5 ^! prejudices are at la/ refut$1 & antiquity depict$ 9 its true col\rs1 ! fav\rable prejudices t[>ds !m w dim9i% consid]ably4 ,x is ?us to ! int]e/ ( _! pr(ession n to let a cle> impression ( antiquity come to light2 9 p>ticul> ! impression t antiquity 9 its highe/ s5se r5d]s "o out ( season8 i4e41 an enemy to "o's own "t4 ,x is also to ! int]e/ ( philologi/s z a class n to let _! call+ z tea*]s be reg>d$ f a high] /&po9t ?an t to :i* !y !mselves c correspond4 #ca ,x is to be hop$ t !re are a few p :o look ^u x z a problem :y philologi/s %\ld be ! tea*]s ( our noble/ y\?s4 ,p]haps ! case w n be always s--,x w\ld be mu* m natural p] se if our *ildr5 7 in/ruct$ 9 ! elem5ts ( geography1 natural sci5ce1 political economy1 & sociology1 if !y 7 gradually l$ to a consid]ation ( life itself1 & if f9ally1 b mu* lat]1 ! mo/ notewor?y ev5ts ( ! pa/ 7 br\ght to _! k4 ,a k ( antiquity %\ld be among ! la/ subjects :i* a /ud5t w\ld take up2 & w\ld n ?is position ( antiquity 9 ! curriculum ( a s*ool be m hon\rable = x ?an ! pres5t "o8--,antiquity is n[ us$ m]ely z a propdeutic = ?9k+1 speak+1 & writ+2 b !re 0 a "t :5 x 0 ! ess5ce ( e>?ly k1 & p at t "t wi%$ to acquire by means ( practical le>n+ :at !y n[ seek to acquire m]ely by means ( a detail$ plan ( /udy--a plan :i*1 correspond+ to ! m advanc$ k ( ! age1 has entirely *ang$4 ,?us ! inn] purpose ( philological tea*+ has be5 entirely alt]$2 x 0 at "o "t mat]ial tea*+1 a tea*+ t taught h[ to live1 b n[ x is m]ely =mal4#b #cb ,if x 7 ! task ( ! philologi/ to imp>t =mal education1 x w\ld be necess>y = him to tea* walk+1 danc+1 speak+1 s++1 act+1 or argu+ & ! s-call$ =mal tea*]s did imp>t _! in/ruction ?is way 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,b only ! tra9+ ( a sci5tific man is tak5 into acc\nt1 :i* results 9 =mal ?9k+ & writ+1 & h>dly any speak+ at all4 #cc ,if ! gymnasium is to tra9 "y m5 = sci5ce1 p n[ say !re c be no m prelim9>y prep>ation = any p>ticul> sci5ce1 s compreh5sive h all ! sci5ces become4 ,z a consequ5ce tea*]s h to tra9 _! /ud5ts g5]ally1 t is to say = all ! sci5ces--= sci5tificality 9 o!r words2 & = t classical /udies are necess>y6 ,:at a wond]ful jump6 a mo/ despair+ ju/ification6 ,:atev] is1 is "r1#c ev5 :5 x is cle>ly se5 t ! "r on :i* x has be5 bas$ has turn$ to wrong4 #cd ,x is accompli%m5ts :i* are expect$ f u aft] a /udy ( ! anci5ts3 =m]ly1 = example1 ! ability to write & speak4 ,b :at is expect$ n[6 ,?9k+ & d$uction 4 b ^! ?+s are n le>nt f ! anci5ts1 b at be/ ?r\gh ! anci5ts1 by means ( sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 all hi/orical d$uction is v limit$ & unsafe1 natural sci5ce %\ld be pref]r$4 #ce ,x is ! same ) ! simplicity ( antiquity z x is ) ! simplicity ( /yle3 x is ! highe/ ?+ :i* we recognise & mu/ imitate2 b x is also ! la/4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ! classic prose ( ! ,greeks is also a late result4 #cf ,:at a mock]y ( ! /udy ( ! humanities lies 9 ! fact t !y 7 also call$ belles lettres 7bellas litt]as76 #cg ,wolf's#d reasons :y ! ,egyptians1 ,hebrews1 ,p]sians1 & o!r ,ori5tal nations 7 n to be set on ! same plane ) ! ,greeks & ,romans3 ,! =m] h ei!r n rais$ !mselves1 or h rais$ !mselves only to a slight ext5t1 above t type ( culture :i* %\ld be call$ a m]e civilisation & b\rgeois acquirem5t1 z oppos$ to ! high] & true culture ( ! m9d4 ,he !n expla9s t ?is culture is spiritual & lit]>y3 ,9 a well-organis$ nation ?is may be begun e>li] ?an ord] & peacefulness 9 ! outw>d life ( ! p 7enlight5m5t74 ,he !n contra/s ! inhabitants ( ea/]nmo/ ,asia 7l su* individuals1 :o are n want+ 9 clean1 dec5t1 & com=table dwell+s1 clo?+1 & surr\nd+s2 b :o nev] feel ! necessity = a high] enlight5m5t7 ) ! ,greeks 79 ! case ( ! ,greeks1 ev5 among ! mo/ educat$ inhabitants ( ,attica1 ! contr>y (t5 happ5s to an a/oni%+ degree2 & ! p neglect z insignificant factors t :i* we1 ?anks to our love ( ord]1 are 9 ! habit ( look+ ^u z ! f\ndations ( m5tal culture itself74 #ch ,our t]m9ology already %[s h[ prone we are to judge ! anci5ts wrongly3 ! exagg]at$ s5se ( lit]ature1 = example1 or1 z ,wolf1 :5 speak+ ( ! inn] hi/ory ( anci5t erudition1 calls x1 ! hi/ory ( le>n$ enlight5m5t4 #ci ,accord+ to ,goe!1 ! anci5ts are ! despair ( ! emulator4 ,voltaire said4 ,if ! admir]s ( ,hom] 7 hone/1 !y w\ld ackn[l$ge ! bor$om :i* _! fav\rite (t5 causes !m4 #dj ,! position we h tak5 up t[>ds classical antiquity is at bottom ! pr(\nd cause ( ! /]ility ( mod]n culture2 = we h tak5 all ?is mod]n conception ( culture f ! ,hell5is$ ,romans4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% )9 ! doma9 ( antiquity itself3 :5 we come to appreciate its purely productive p]iod1 we condemn at ! same "t ! entire ,romano-,alex&rian culture4 ,b at ! same "t also we condemn our own attitude t[>ds antiquity1 & likewise our philology4 #da ,!re has be5 an age-long battle betwe5 ! ,g]mans & antiquity1 i4e41 a battle aga9/ ! old culture4 ,x is c]ta9 t precisely :at is be/ & deepe/ 9 ! ,g]man resi/s x4 ,! ma9 po9t1 h[ev]1 is t su* resi/ance is only ju/ifiable 9 ! case ( ! ,romanis$ culture2 = ?is culture1 ev5 at t "t1 0 a fall+-(f f some?+ m pr(\nd & noble4 ,x is ?is latt] t ! ,g]mans are wrong 9 resi/+4 #db ,ev]y?+ classic 0 ?or\ghly cultivat$ by ,*>les ! ,great1 :il/ he combat$ ev]y?+ hea!n ) ! sev]e/ possible measures ( co]cion4 ,anci5t my?ology 0 develop$1 b ,g]man my?ology 0 treat$ z a crime4 ,! feel+ und]ly+ all ?is1 9 my op9ion1 0 t ,*ri/ianity _h already ov]come ! old religion p no long] fe>$ x1 b avail$ !mselves ( ! culture t re/$ ^u x4 ,b ! old ,g]man gods 7 fe>$4 ,a great sup]ficiality 9 ! conception ( antiquity--little else ?an an appreciation ( its =mal accompli%m5ts & its k--mu/ !reby h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,we mu/ f9d out ! =ces t /ood 9 ! way ( increas+ our insight into antiquity4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! culture ( antiquity is utilis$ z an incitem5t t[>ds ! acceptance ( ,*ri/ianity x became1 z x 71 ! premium = conv]sion1 ! gilt ) :i* ! poison\s pill 0 coat$ be=e be+ swall[$4 ,secondly1 ! help ( anci5t culture 0 f\nd to be necess>y z a weapon = ! intellectual protection ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,ev5 ! ,re=mation c\ld n disp5se ) classical /udies = ?is purpose4 ,! ,r5aissance1 on ! o!r h&1 n[ beg9s1 ) a cle>] s5se ( classical /udies1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are likewise look$ ^u f an anti-,*ri/ian /&po9t3 ! ,r5aissance %[s an awak5+ ( hone/y 9 ! s\?1 l ! ,re=mation 9 ! nor?4 ,!y c\ld n b cla%2 = a s9c]e lean+ t[>ds antiquity r5d]s "o un*ri/ian4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ur* succe$$ 9 turn+ classical /udies into a h>mless direction 4 ! philologi/ 0 inv5t$1 repres5t+ a type ( le>n$ man :o 0 at ! same "t a prie/ or some?+ simil>4 ,ev5 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation p succe$$ 9 emasculat+ s*ol>%ip4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,wolf is notewor?y he fre$ 8 pr(ession f ! bonds ( !ology4 ,?is action ( 81 h[ev]1 0 n fully und]/ood2 = an aggressive1 active elem5t1 su* z 0 manife/$ by ! poet-philologi/s ( ! ,r5aissance1 0 n develop$4 ,! fre$om obta9$ b5efit$ sci5ce1 b n man4 #dc ,x is true t bo? humanism & rationalism h br\ght antiquity into ! field z an ally2 & x is !re=e q compreh5sible t ! oppon5ts ( humanism %\ld direct _! attacks aga9/ antiquity also4 ,antiquity1 h[ev]1 has be5 misund]/ood & falsifi$ by humanism x mu/ r be consid]$ z a te/imony aga9/ humanism1 aga9/ ! b5ign nature ( man1 c4 ,! oppon5ts ( humanism are wrong to combat antiquity z well2 = 9 antiquity !y h a /rong ally4 #dd ,x is s difficult to und]/& ! anci5ts4 ,we mu/ wait pati5tly until ! _s moves u4 ,! human elem5t :i* antiquity %[s u mu/ n be confus$ ) humanit>ianism4 ,?is contra/ mu/ be /rongly emphasis$3 philology suff]s by endeav\r+ to sub/itute ! humanit>ian1 "y m5 are br\ght =w>d z /ud5ts ( philology 9 ord] t !y may !reby become humanit>ians4 ,a good deal ( hi/ory1 9 my op9ion1 is q suffici5t = t purpose4 ,! brutal & self-consci\s man w be humbl$ :5 he sees ?+s & values *ang+ to su* an ext5t4 ,! human elem5t among ! ,greeks lies )9 a c]ta9 naivet1 ?r\gh :i* man himself is to be se5--/ate1 art1 society1 milit>y & civil law1 sexual relations1 education1 p>ty4 ,x is precisely ! human elem5t :i* may be se5 ev]y:]e & among all peoples1 b among ! ,greeks x is se5 9 a /ate ( nak$ness & inhumanity :i* _c be disp5s$ ) = purposes ( in/ruction4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! ,greeks h creat$ ! greate/ numb] ( individuals1 & ?us !y give u s mu* insight into m51--a ,greek cook is m ( a cook ?an any o!r4 #de ,i deplore a sy/em ( education :i* does n enable p to und]/& ,wagn]1 & z ! result ( :i* ,s*op5hau] s\nds h>% & discordant 9 our e>s 4 su* a sy/em ( education has miss$ its aim4 #df 7,,! ,,f9al ,,draft ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*apt]47 ,il faut dire la vrit et s'immol]--,,voltaire4 ,let u suppose t !re 7 fre] & m sup]ior spirits :o 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! education n[ 9 vogue1 & t !y summon$ x to _! tribunal1 :at w\ld ! def5dant say to !m8 ,9 all probability some?+ l ?is3 ,:e!r y h a "r to summon anyone "h or n1 ,i am at all ev5ts n ! prop] p]son to be call$4 ,x is my educators to :om y %\ld apply4 ,x is _! duty to def5d me1 & ,i h a "r to keep sil5t4 ,i am m]ely :at !y h made me4 ,^! educators w\ld n[ be haul$ be=e ! tribunal1 & among !m an entire pr(ession w\ld be obs]v$ ! philologi/s4 ,?is pr(ession consi/s 9 ! fir/ place ( ^? m5 :o make use ( _! k ( ,greek & ,roman antiquity to br+ up y\?s ( ?irte5 to tw5ty ye>s ( age1 & secondly ( ^? m5 ^: task x is to tra9 specially-gift$ pupils to act z future tea*]s--i4e41 z ! educators ( educators4 ,philologi/s ( ! fir/ type are tea*]s at ! public s*ools1 ^? ( ! second are pr(essors at ! univ]sities4 ,! fir/-nam$ philologi/s are entru/$ ) ! c>e ( c]ta9 specially-*os5 y\?s1 ^? :o1 e>ly 9 life1 %[ signs ( tal5t & a s5se ( :at is noble1 & ^: p>5ts are prep>$ to all[ pl5ty ( "t & money = _! education4 ,if o!r boys1 :o d n fulfil ^! ?ree conditions1 are pres5t$ to ! tea*]s1 ! tea*]s h ! "r to refuse !m4 ,^? =m+ ! second class1 ! univ]sity pr(essors1 receive ! "y m5 :o feel !mselves fitt$ = ! highe/ & mo/ responsible ( call+s1 t ( tea*]s & m\ld]s ( mank9d2 & ^! pr(essors1 too1 may refuse to h any?+ to d ) "y m5 :o are n adequately equipp$ or gift$ = ! task4 ,if1 !n1 ! educational sy/em ( a p]iod is condemn$1 a heavy c5sure on philologi/s is !reby impli$3 ei!r1 z ! consequ5ce ( _! wrong-head$ view1 !y insi/ on giv+ bad education 9 ! belief t x is good2 or !y d n wi% to give ?is bad education1 b are unable to c>ry ! day 9 fav\r ( education :i* !y recognise to be bett]4 ,9 o!r words1 _! fault is ei!r due to _! lack ( insight or to _! lack ( w4 ,9 answ] to ! fir/ *>ge !y w\ld say t !y knew no bett]1 & 9 answ] to ! second t !y c\ld d no bett]4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ^! philologi/s br+ up _! pupils *iefly ) ! aid ( ,greek & ,roman antiquity1 _! want ( insight 9 ! fir/ case may be attribut$ to ! fact t !y d n und]/& antiquity1 & aga9 to ! fact t !y br+ =w>d antiquity into ! pres5t age z if x 7 ! mo/ important ( all aids to in/ruction1 :ile antiquity1 g5]ally speak+1 does n assi/ 9 tra9+1 or at all ev5ts no long] does s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we reproa* our pr(essors ) _! lack ( w1 !y w\ld be q "r 9 attribut+ educational significance & p[] to antiquity2 b !y !mselves c\ld n be said to be ! prop] in/rum5ts by means ( :i* antiquity c\ld exhibit su* p[]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! pr(essors w\ld n be real tea*]s & w\ld be liv+ "u false col\rs1 b h[1 !n1 c\ld !y h rea*$ su* an irregul> position8 ,?r\gh a misund]/&+ ( !mselves & _! qualifications4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 t we may ascribe to philologi/s _! %>e 9 ?is bad educational sy/em ( ! pres5t "t1 we may sum up ! diff]5t factors ( _! innoc5ce & guilt 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ! philologi/1 if he wi%es = a v]dict ( acquittal1 mu/ und]/& ?ree ?+s antiquity1 ! pres5t "t1 & himself 8 fault lies 9 ! fact t he ei!r does n und]/& antiquity1 or ! pres5t "t1 or himself4 #dg ,x is n true to say t we c atta9 culture ?r\gh antiquity alone4 ,we may le>n some?+ f x1 c]ta9ly2 b n culture z ! ^w is n[ und]/ood4 ,our pres5t culture is bas$ on an emasculat$ & m5daci\s /udy ( antiquity4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ineffectual ?is /udy is1 j look at our philologi/s !y1 tra9$ ^u antiquity1 %\ld be ! mo/ cultur$ m54 ,are !y8 #dh ,orig9 ( ! philologi/4 ,:5 a great "w ( art is exhibit$ !re is always "s "o :o n only feels its influ5ce b wi%es to p]petuate x4 ,! same rem>k applies to a great /ate--to ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 t man produces4 ,philologi/s wi% to p]petuate ! influ5ce ( antiquity & !y c set ab\t x only z imitative arti/s4 ,:y n z m5 :o =m _! lives aft] antiquity8 #di ,! decl9e ( ! poet-s*ol>s is due 9 great "p to _! own corruption3 _! type is cont9ually aris+ aga92 ,goe! & ,leop>di1 = example1 belong to x4 ,beh9d !m plod ! philologi/-savants4 ,?is type has its orig9 9 ! sophi/icism ( ! second c5tury4 #ej ,ah1 x is a sad /ory1 ! /ory ( philology6 ,! disgu/+ erudition1 ! lazy1 inactive passivity1 ! timid submission4--,:o 0 ev] free8 #ea ,:5 we exam9e ! hi/ory ( philology x is borne 9 ^u u h[ few really tal5t$ m5 h tak5 "p 9 x4 ,among ! mo/ celebrat$ philologi/s are a few :o ru9$ _! intellect by acquir+ a smatt]+ ( _m subjects1 & among ! mo/ enlight5$ ( !m 7 sev]al :o c\ld use _! intellect only = *ildi% tasks4 ,x is a sad /ory no sci5ce1 ,i ?9k1 has ev] be5 s poor 9 tal5t$ foll[]s4 ,^? :om we might call ! intellectually crippl$ f\nd a suitable hobby 9 all ?is hair-splitt+4 #eb ,! tea*] ( read+ & writ+1 & ! revis]1 7 ! fir/ types ( ! philologi/4 #ec ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,wolf rem9ds u h[ appreh5sive & feeble 7 ! fir/ /eps tak5 by our ance/ors 9 m\ld+ s*ol>%ip--h[ ev5 ! ,lat9 classics1 = example1 _h to be smuggl$ into ! univ]sity m>ket "u all sorts ( pretexts1 z if !y _h be5 contrab& goods4 ,9 ! ,gott+5 ,lexicon ( #agcg1 ,j4 ,m4 ,gesn] tells u ( ! ,odes ( ,horace3 ut imprimis1 quid prodesse 9 sev]ioribus /udiis poss9t1 o/5dat4 #ed ,i 0 pleas$ to read ( ,b5tley non tam gr&e pretium em5datiunculis meis /atu]e soleo1 ut s+ul>em aliquam gratiam inde sp]em aut exigam4 ,newton 0 surpris$ t m5 l ,b5tley & ,h>e %\ld qu>rel ab\t a book ( anci5t com$ies1 s9ce !y 7 bo? !ological dignit>ies4 #ee ,horace 0 summon$ by ,b5tley z be=e a judgm5t seat1 ! au?ority ( :i* he w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to repudiate4 ,! admiration :i* a discrim9at+ man acquires z a philologi/ is 9 proportion to ! r>ity ( ! discrim9ation to be f\nd 9 philologi/s4 ,b5tley's treatm5t ( ,horace has some?+ ( ! s*oolma/] ab\t x ,x w\ld appe> at fir/ sight z if ,horace himself 7 n ! object ( discussion1 b r ! v>i\s scribes & comm5tators :o h h&$ d[n ! text3 9 reality1 h[ev]1 x is actually ,horace :o is be+ dealt )4 ,x is my firm conviction t to h writt5 a s+le l9e :i* is deem$ wor?y ( be+ comm5t$ ^u by s*ol>s ( a lat] "t1 f> outweighs ! m]its ( ! greate/ critic4 ,!re is a pr(\nd mode/y ab\t philologi/s4 ,! improv+ ( texts is an ent]ta9+ piece ( "w = s*ol>s1 x is a k9d ( riddle-solv+2 b x %\ld n be look$ ^u z a v important task4 ,x w\ld be an argum5t aga9/ antiquity if x %\ld speak less cle>ly to u because a million words /ood 9 ! way6 #ef ,a s*ool-tea*] said to ,b5tley1 ,sir1 ,i w make y\r gr&*ild z great a s*ol> z y are y\rself4 ,h[ c y d t1 repli$ ,b5tley1 :5 ,i h =gott5 m ?an y ev] knew8 #eg ,b5tley's clev] daught] ,joanna once lam5t$ to h] fa!r t he _h devot$ 8 "t & tal5ts to ! criticism ( ! works ( o!rs in/ead ( writ+ some?+ orig9al4 ,b5tley rema9$ sil5t = "s "t z if he 7 turn+ ! matt] ov] 9 8 m9d4 ,at la/ he said t h] rem>k 0 q "r2 he himself felt t he might h direct$ 8 gifts 9 "s o!r *annel4 ,e>li] 9 life1 nev]!less1 he _h done some?+ = ! glory ( ,god & ! improvem5t ( 8 fell[-m5 7ref]r+ to 8 ,confutation ( ,a!ism71 b aft]w>ds ! g5ius ( ! pagans _h attract$ him1 &1 despair+ ( atta9+ _! level 9 any o!r way1 he _h m\nt$ ^u _! %\ld]s s t he might ?us be able to look ov] _! heads4 #eh ,b5tley1 says ,wolf1 bo? z man ( lett]s & individual1 0 misund]/ood & p]secut$ dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 life1 or else prais$ malici\sly4 ,m>kl&1 t[>ds ! end ( 8 life--z 0 ! case ) s _m o!rs l him--became imbu$ ) a repugnance = all s*ol>ly reputation1 to su* an ext5t1 inde$1 t he p>tly tore up & p>tly burnt sev]al works :i* he _h long _h 9 h&4 ,wolf says3 ,! am\nt ( intellectual food t c be got f well-dige/$ s*ol>%ip is a v insignificant item4 ,9 ,w9ckelmann's y\? !re 7 no philological /udies ap>t f ! ord9>y bread-w9n+ bran*es ( ! sci5ce--p read & expla9$ ! anci5ts 9 ord] to prep>e !mselves = ! bett] int]pretation ( ! ,bible & ! ,corpus ,juris4 #ei ,9 ,wolf's e/imation1 a man has rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( hi/orical rese>* :5 he is able to take a wide & g5]al view ( ! :ole & ( ! pr(\ndly conceiv$ di/9ctions 9 ! developm5ts 9 art & ! diff]5t /yles ( art4 ,wolf ackn[l$ges1 h[ev]1 t ,w9ckelmann 0 lack+ 9 ! m common tal5t ( philological criticism1 or else he c\ld n use x prop]ly3 ,a r>e mixture ( a cool head & a m9ute & re/less solicitude = hundr$s ( ?+s :i*1 insignificant 9 !mselves1 7 comb9$ 9 8 case ) a fire t swall[$ up ^? little ?+s1 & ) a gift ( div9ation :i* is a vexation & an annoyance to ! un9itiat$4 #fj ,wolf draws our att5tion to ! fact t antiquity 0 acqua9t$ only ) !ories ( oratory & poetry :i* facilitat$ production1 ,greek3 te*nai & artes t =m$ real orators & poets1 :ile at ! pres5t day we %all soon h !ories ^u :i* x w\ld be z impossible to build up a spee* or a poem z x w\ld be to =m a ?und]/orm ^u a brontological treatise4 #fa ,wolf's judgm5t on ! amateurs ( philological k is notewor?y3 ,if !y f\nd !mselves provid$ by nature ) a m9d correspond+ to t ( ! anci5ts1 or if !y 7 capable ( adapt+ !mselves to o!r po9ts ( view & o!r circum/ances ( life1 !n1 ) ev5 a nodd+ acqua9tance ) ! be/ writ]s1 !y c]ta9ly acquir$ m f ^? vigor\s natures1 ^? spl5did examples ( ?9k+ & act+1 ?an mo/ ( ^? did :o dur+ _! :ole life m]ely (f]$ !mselves to !m z int]pret]s4 #fb ,says ,wolf aga9 ,9 ! end1 only ^? few ought to atta9 really complete k :o are born ) arti/ic tal5t & furni%$ ) s*ol>%ip1 & :o make use ( ! be/ opportunities ( secur+1 bo? !oretically & practically1 ! necess>y te*nical k ,true6 #fc ,in/ead ( =m+ our /ud5ts on ! ,lat9 models ,i recomm5d ! ,greek1 especially ,demo/h5es simplicity6 ,?is may be se5 by a ref]5ce to ,leop>di1 :o is p]haps ! greate/ /yli/ ( ! c5tury4 #fd ,classical education :at d p see 9 x8 ,some?+ t is useless beyond r5d]+ a p]iod ( milit>y s]vice unnecess>y & secur+ a degree6#e #fe ,:5 ,i obs]ve h[ all c\ntries are n[ promot+ ! advancem5t ( classical lit]ature ,i say to myself1 ,h[ h>mless x mu/ be6 & !n1 ,h[ useful x mu/ be6 ,x br+s ^! c\ntries ! reputation ( promot+ free culture4 ,9 ord] t ?is fre$om may be rightly e/imat$1 j look at ! philologi/s6 #ff ,classical education6 ,yea1 if !re 7 only z mu* paganism z ,goe! f\nd & glorifi$ 9 ,w9ckelmann1 ev5 t w\ld n be mu*4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t ! ly+ ,*ri/5dom ( our "t has tak5 hold ( x1 ! ?+ becomes ov]p[]+1 & ,i _c help express+ my disgu/ on ! po9t--,p firmly believe 9 wit*craft :]e ?is classical education is conc]n$4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 :o possess ! greate/ k ( antiquity %\ld likewise possess ! greate/ am\nt ( culture1 viz41 our philologi/s2 b :at is classical ab\t !m8 #fg ,classical philology is ! basis ( ! mo/ %all[ rationalism always hav+ be5 di%one/ly appli$1 x has gradually become q ineffective4 ,its effect is "o m illusion ( ! mod]n man4 ,philologi/s are no?+ b a guild ( sky-pilots :o are n kn[n z su* ?is is :y ! ,/ate takes an int]e/ 9 !m4 ,! utility ( classical education is completely us$ up1 :il/1 = example1 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity /ill %[s its p[]4 #fh ,philologi/s1 :5 discuss+ _! sci5ce1 nev] get d[n to ! root ( ! subject 4 !y nev] set =? philology itself z a problem4 ,bad consci5ce8 or m]ely ?\ghtlessness8 #fi ,we le>n no?+ f :at philologi/s say ab\t philology3 x is all m]e tittle-tattle--= example1 ,jahn's#f ,! ,mean+ & ,place ( ! ,/udy ( ,antiquity 9 ,g]many4 ,!re is no feel+ = :at %\ld be protect$ & def5d$3 ?us speak p :o h n ev5 ?\ght ( ! possibility t any "o c\ld attack !m4 #gj ,philologi/s are p :o exploit ! vaguely-felt dissatisfaction ( mod]n man1 & 8 desire = some?+ bett]1 9 ord] t !y may e>n _! bread & butt]4 ,i "k !m--,i myself am "o ( !m4 #ga ,our philologi/s /& 9 ! same relation to true educators z ! m$ic9e-m5 ( ! wild ,indians d to true physicians ,:at a/oni%m5t w be felt by a lat] age6 #gb ,:at !y lack is a real ta/e = ! /rong & p[]ful *>act]i/ics ( ! anci5ts4 ,!y turn into m]e panegyri/s1 & ?us become ridicul\s4 #gc ,!y h =gott5 h[ to address o!r m52 &1 z !y _c speak to ! old] p1 !y _c d s to ! "y4 #gd ,:5 we br+ ! ,greeks to ! k ( our "y /ud5ts1 we are treat+ ! latt] z if !y 7 well-in=m$ & matur$ m54 ,:at1 inde$1 is !re ab\t ! ,greeks & _! ways :i* is suitable = ! "y8 ,9 ! end we %all f9d t we c d no?+ = !m beyond giv+ !m isolat$ details4 ,are ^! obs]vations = "y p8 ,:at we actually d1 h[ev]1 is to introduce our "y s*ol>s to ! collective wisdom ( antiquity4 ,or d we n8 ,! read+ ( ! anci5ts is emphasis$ 9 ?is way4 ,my belief is t we are =c$ to conc]n ourselves ) antiquity at a wrong p]iod ( our lives4 ,at ! end ( ! tw5ties its mean+ beg9s to dawn on "o4 #ge ,!re is some?+ disrespectful ab\t ! way 9 :i* we make our "y /ud5ts kn[n to ! anci5ts3 :at is worse1 x is unp$agogical2 or :at c result f a m]e acqua9tance ) ?+s :i* a y\? _c consci\sly e/eem6 ,p]haps he mu/ le>n to believe & ?is is :y ,i object to x4 #gf ,!re are matt]s reg>d+ :i* antiquity in/ructs u1 & ab\t :i* ,i %\ld h>dly c>e to express myself publicly4 #gg ,all ! difficulties ( hi/orical /udy to be elucidat$ by great examples4 ,:y our "y /ud5ts are n suit$ to ! ,greeks4 ,! consequ5ces ( philology4 ,arrogant expectation4 ,culture-phili/9ism4 ,sup]ficiality4 ,too high an e/eem = read+ & writ+4 ,e/rangem5t f ! nation & its ne$s4 ,! philologi/s !mselves1 ! hi/orians1 philosoph]s1 & juri/s all end 9 smoke4 ,our "y /ud5ts %\ld be br\ght into contact ) real sci5ces4 ,likewise ) real art4 ,9 consequ5ce1 :5 !y grew old]1 a desire = real hi/ory w\ld be %[n4 #gh ,inhumanity3 ev5 9 ! ,antigone1 ev5 9 ,goe!'s ,iphig5ia4 ,! want ( rationalism 9 ! ,greeks4 ,"y p _c und]/& ! political affairs ( antiquity4 ,! poetic elem5t3 a bad expectation4 #gi ,d ! philologi/s "k ! pres5t "t8 ,_! judgm5ts on x z ,p]iclean1 _! mi/ak5 judgm5ts :5 !y speak ( ,freytag's#g g5ius z resembl+ t ( ,hom]1 & s on2 _! foll[+ 9 ! lead ( ! littrateurs1 _! ab&onm5t ( ! pagan s5se1 :i* 0 exactly ! classical elem5t t ,goe! discov]$ 9 ,w9ckelmann4 #hj ,! condition ( ! philologi/s may be se5 by _! indiff]5ce at ! appe>ance ( ,wagn]4 ,!y %\ld h le>nt ev5 m ?r\gh him ?an ?r\gh ,goe!1 & !y did n ev5 glance 9 8 direction4 ,t %[s t !y are n actuat$ by any /rong ne$1 or else !y w\ld h an in/9ct to tell !m :]e _! food 0 to be f\nd4 #ha ,wagn] prizes 8 art too highly to g & sit 9 a corn] ) x1 l ,s*umann4 ,he ei!r surr5d]s himself to ! public 7,ri5zi7 or he makes ! public surr5d] itself to him4 ,he educates x up to 8 music4 ,m9or arti/s1 too1 want _! public1 b !y try to get x by in>ti/ic means1 su* z ?r\gh ! ,press1 ,hanslick1#h c4 #hb ,wagn] p]fect$ ! inn] fancy ( man 4 lat] g5]ations w see a r5aissance 9 sculpture4 ,poetry mu/ prec$e ! pla/ic art4 #hc ,i obs]ve 9 philologi/s #a4 ,want ( respect = antiquity4 #b4 ,t5d]ness & fl[]y oratory2 ev5 an apologetic tone4 #c4 ,simplicity 9 _! hi/orical comm5ts4 #d4 ,self-conceit4 #e4 ,"u-e/imation ( ! tal5t$ philologi/s4 #hd ,philologi/s appe> to me to be a secret society :o wi% to tra9 our y\? by means ( ! culture ( antiquity ,i c\ld well und]/& ?is society & _! views be+ criticis$ f all sides4 ,a great deal w\ld dep5d ^u kn[+ :at ^! philologi/s und]/ood by ! t]m culture ( antiquity--,if ,i saw1 = example1 t !y 7 tra9+ _! pupils aga9/ ,g]man philosophy & ,g]man music1 ,i %\ld ei!r set ab\t combat+ !m or combat+ ! culture ( antiquity1 p]haps ! =m]1 by %[+ t ^! philologi/s _h n und]/ood ! culture ( antiquity4 ,n[ ,i obs]ve3 #a4 ,a great indecision 9 ! valuation ( ! culture ( antiquity on ! "p ( philologi/s4 #b4 ,some?+ v non-anci5t 9 !mselves2 some?+ non-free4 #c4 ,want ( cle>ness 9 reg>d to ! p>ticul> type ( anci5t culture !y mean4 #d4 ,want ( judgm5t 9 _! me?ods ( in/ruction1 e4g41 s*ol>%ip4 #e4 ,classical education is s]v$ out mix$ up ) ,*ri/ianity4 #he ,x is n[ no long] a matt] ( surprise to me t1 ) su* tea*]s1 ! education ( our "t %\ld be wor?less4 ,i c nev] avoid depict+ ?is want ( education 9 its true col\rs1 especially 9 reg>d to ^? ?+s :i* ought to be le>nt f antiquity if possible1 = example1 writ+1 speak+1 & s on4 #hf ,! transmission ( ! emotions is h]$it>y3 let t be recollect$ :5 we obs]ve ! effect ( ! ,greeks ^u philologi/s4 #hg ,ev5 9 ! be/ ( cases1 philologi/s seek = no m ?an m]e rationalism & ,alex&rian culture--n ,hell5ism4 #hh ,v little c be ga9$ by m]e dilig5ce1 if ! head is dull4 ,philologi/ aft] philologi/ has swoop$ d[n on ,hom] 9 ! mi/ak5 belief t some?+ ( him c be obta9$ by =ce4 ,antiquity speaks to u :5 x feels a desire to d s1 n :5 we d4 #hi ,! inh]it$ *>act]i/ic ( our pres5t-day philologi/s a c]ta9 /]ility ( insight has result$1 = !y promote ! sci5ce1 b n ! philologi/4 #ij ,! foll[+ is "o way ( c>ry+ on classical /udies1 & a frequ5t "o3 a man ?r[s himself ?\ghtlessly1 or is ?r[n1 into "s special bran* or o!r1 :5ce he looks to ! "r & left & sees a great deal t is good & new4 ,!n1 9 "s ungu>d$ mom5t1 he asks himself3 ,b :at ! devil has all ?is to d ) me8 ,9 ! meantime he has gr[n old & has become accu/om$ to x all2 & !re=e he cont9ues 9 8 rut--j z 9 ! case ( m>riage4 #ia ,9 connection ) ! tra9+ ( ! mod]n philologi/ ! influ5ce ( ! sci5ce ( l+ui/ics %\ld be m5tion$ & judg$2 a philologi/ %\ld r turn aside f x 4 ! "q ( ! e>ly beg9n+s ( ! ,greeks & ,romans %\ld be no?+ to him 4 h[ c !y spoil _! own subject 9 su* a way8 #ib ,a morbid passion (t5 makes its appe>ance f "t to "t 9 connection ) ! oppressive unc]ta9ty ( div9ation1 a passion = believ+ & feel+ sure at all co/s3 = example1 :5 deal+ ) ,ari/otle1 or 9 ! discov]y ( magic numb]s1 :i*1 9 ,la*mann's case1 is almo/ an illness4 #ic ,! consi/5cy :i* is priz$ 9 a savant is p$antry if appli$ to ! ,greeks4 #id 7,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,! ,,philologi/s47 ,,! ,,greeks4 ,,! ,,philologi/s are r5d] homage to beauty1 babbl]s & trifl]s1 develop ! body1 ugly-look+ creatures1 speak cle>ly1 /amm]]s1 are religi\s transfigur]s fil?y p$ants1 ( ev]yday occurr5ces1 are li/5]s & obs]v]s1 quibbl]s & sc>ecr[s1 h an aptitude = ! unfitt$ = ! symbolical1 symbolical1 are 9 full possession ( ard5t slaves ( ! ,/ate1 _! fre$om z m51 c look innoc5tly out ,*ri/ians 9 disguise1 into ! _w1 are ! pessimi/s ( phili/9es4 ?\ght4 #ie ,b]gk's ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature3 ,n a sp>k ( ,greek fire or ,greek s5se4 #if ,p really d comp>e our own age ) t ( ,p]icles1 & congratulate !mselves on ! reawak5+ ( ! feel+ ( patriotism3 ,i rememb] a p>ody on ! fun]al oration ( ,p]icles by ,g4 ,freytag1#i 9 :i* ?is prim & /rait-lac$ poet depict$ ! happ9ess n[ exp]i5c$ by sixty-ye>-old m54--,all pure & simple c>icature6 ,s ?is is ! result6 ,& sorr[ & irony & seclusion are all t rema9 = him :o has se5 m ( antiquity ?an ?is4 #ig ,if we *ange a s+le ^w ( ,"l ,bacon's we may say 4 infim>um ,grcorum virtutum apud philologos laus e/1 m$i>um admiratio1 suprem>um s5sus nullus4 #ih ,h[ c anyone glorify & v5]ate a :ole p6 ,x is ! individuals t c\nt1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! ,greeks4 #ii ,!re is a great deal ( c>icature ev5 ab\t ! ,greeks = example1 ! c>eful att5tion devot$ by ! ,cynics to _! own happ9ess4 #ajj ,! only ?+ t int]e/s me is ! relation%ip ( ! p consid]$ z a :ole to ! tra9+ ( ! s+le individuals & 9 ! case ( ! ,greeks !re are "s factors :i* are v fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! individual4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 arise f ! goodwill ( ! p1 b f ! /ruggle betwe5 ! evil in/9cts4 ,by means ( happy inv5tions & discov]ies1 we c tra9 ! individual diff]5tly & m highly ?an has yet be5 done by m]e *ance & accid5t4 ,!re are /ill hopes 4 ! bre$+ ( sup]ior m54 #aja ,! ,greeks are int]e/+ & q disproportionately important because !y _h su* a ho/ ( great individuals4 ,h[ 0 t possible8 ,?is po9t mu/ be /udi$4 #ajb ,! hi/ory ( ,greece has hi!rto always be5 writt5 optimi/ically4 #ajc ,select$ po9ts f antiquity3 ! p[]1 fire1 & sw+ ( ! feel+ ! anci5ts _h = music 7?r\gh ! fir/ ,py?ian ,ode71 purity 9 _! hi/orical s5se1 gratitude = ! bless+s ( culture1 ! fire & corn fea/s4 ,! ennoblem5t ( jeal\sy3 ! ,greeks ! mo/ jeal\s nation4 ,suicide1 hatr$ ( old age1 ( p5ury4 ,emp$ocles on sexual love4 #ajd ,nimble & heal?y bodies1 a cle> & deep s5se = ! obs]vation ( ev]yday matt]s1 manly fre$om1 belief 9 good racial desc5t & good upbr++1 w>like virtues1 jeal\sy 9 ! ,greek3 ari/eye91 delight 9 ! arts1 respect = leisure1 a s5se = free individuality1 = ! symbolical4 #aje ,! spiritual culture ( ,greece an ab]ration ( ! amaz+ political impulse t[>ds ,greek3 ari/eye94 ,! ,greek3 polis utt]ly oppos$ to new education2 culture nev]!less exi/$4 #ajf ,:5 ,i say t1 all ?+s consid]$1 ! ,greeks 7 m moral ?an mod]n m5 :at d ,i mean by t8 ,f :at we c p]ceive ( ! activities ( _! s\l1 x is cle> t !y _h no %ame1 !y _h no bad consci5ce4 ,!y 7 m s9c]e1 op5-he>t$1 & passionate1 z arti/s are2 !y exhibit$ a k9d ( *ild-l naivet4 ,x ?us came ab\t t ev5 9 all _! evil actions !y _h a da% ( purity ab\t !m1 some?+ approa*+ ! holy4 ,a rem>kable numb] ( individualities3 might !re n h be5 a high] morality 9 t8 ,:5 we recollect t "* develops sl[ly1 :at c x be t1 9 ! long run1 bre$s individuality8 ,p]haps vanity1 emulation8 ,possibly4 ,little incl9ation = conv5tional ?+s4 #ajg ,! ,greeks z ! g5iuses among ! nations4 ,_! *ildlike nature1 cr$ul\sness4 ,passionate4 ,q unconsci\sly !y liv$ 9 su* a way z to procreate g5ius4 ,enemies ( %yness & dulness4 ,pa94 ,injudici\s actions4 ,! nature ( _! intuitive insight into mis]y1 despite _! bright & g5ial temp]am5t4 ,pr(\ndness 9 _! appreh5sion & glorify+ ( ev]yday ?+s 7fire1 agriculture74 ,m5daci\s1 unhi/orical4 ,! significance ( ! ,greek3 polis 9 culture in/9ctively recognis$1 fav\rable z a c5tre & p]iph]y = great m5 7! facility ( survey+ a community1 & also ! possibility ( address+ x z a :ole74 ,individuality rais$ to ! highe/ p[] ?r\gh ! ,greek3 polis4 ,envy1 jeal\sy1 z among gift$ p4 #ajh ,! ,greeks 7 lack+ 9 sobriety & caution4 ,ov]-s5sibility1 abnormally active condition ( ! bra9 & ! n]ves2 impetuosity & f]v\r ( ! w4 #aji ,inv>iably to see ! g5]al 9 ! p>ticul> is ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( g5ius1 says ,s*op5hau]4 ,?9k ( ,p9d>1 c4--,greek3 ,sophrosynae1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 has its roots 9 ! cle>ness ) :i* ! ,greeks saw into !mselves & into ! _w at l>ge1 & !nce became consci\s ( !mselves4 ,! wide sep>ation ( w & intellect indicates ! g5ius1 & is se5 9 ! ,greeks4 ,! melan*oly associat$ ) g5ius is due to ! fact t ! w to live1 ! m cle>ly x is illum9at$ by ! contemplat+ intellect1 appreciates all ! m cle>ly ! mis]y ( its condition1 says ,s*op5hau]4 ,cf4 ! ,greeks4 #aaj ,! mod]ation ( ! ,greeks 9 _! s5sual luxury1 eat+1 & dr9k+1 & _! pleasure !re92 ! ,olympic plays & _! wor%ip 4 t %[s :at !y 74 ,9 ! case ( ! g5ius1 ! intellect w po9t out ! faults :i* are seldom abs5t 9 an in/rum5t t is put to a use = :i* x 0 n int5d$4 ,! w is (t5 left 9 ! lur* at an awkw>d mom5t3 h5ce g5ius1 :]e real life is conc]n$1 is m or less unpractical--its behavi\r (t5 rem9ds u ( madness4 #aaa ,we contra/ ! ,romans1 ) _! matt]-(-fact e>ne/ness1 ) ! g5ial ,greeks6 ,s*op5hau]3 ,! /]n1 practical1 e>ne/ mode ( life :i* ! ,romans call$ gravitas presupposes t ! intellect does n =sake ! s]vice ( ! w 9 ord] to roam f> (f among ?+s t h no connection ) ! w4 #aab ,x w\ld h be5 mu* bett] if ! ,greeks _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,p]sians in/ead ( by ! ,romans4 #aac ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! gift$ man :o is lack+ 9 g5ius are to be f\nd 9 ! av]age ,hell5e--all ! dang]\s *>act]i/ics ( su* a disposition & "*4 #aad ,g5ius makes tribut>ies ( all p>tly-tal5t$ p3 h5ce ! ,p]sians !mselves s5t _! ambassadors to ! ,greek oracles4 #aae ,! happie/ lot t c fall to ! g5ius is to ex*ange do+ & act+ = leisure2 & ?is 0 some?+ ! ,greeks knew h[ to value4 ,! bless+s ( lab\r6 ,nug>i 0 ! ,roman "n = all ! ex]tions & aspirations ( ! ,greeks4 ,no happy c\rse ( life is op5 to ! g5ius1 he /&s 9 contradiction to 8 age & mu/ p]=ce /ruggle ) x4 ,?us ! ,greeks 4 !y in/9ctively made ! utmo/ ex]tions to secure a safe refuge = !mselves 79 ! polis74 ,f9ally1 ev]y?+ w5t to pieces 9 politics4 ,!y 7 compell$ to take up a /& aga9/ _! enemies 4 ?is became ev] m & m difficult1 & at la/ impossible4 #aaf ,greek culture is bas$ on ! lord%ip ( a small class ov] f\r to n9e times _! numb] ( slaves4 ,judg$ by m]e numb]s1 ,greece 0 a c\ntry inhabit$ by b>b>ians4 ,h[ c ! anci5ts be ?\ght to be humane8 ,!re 0 a great contra/ betwe5 ! g5ius & ! breadw9n]1 ! half-bea/ ( burd54 ,! ,greeks believ$ 9 a racial di/9ction4 ,s*op5hau] wond]s :y ,nature did n take x into h] head to inv5t two entirely sep>ate species ( m54 ,! ,greeks be> ! same relation to ! b>b>ians z free-mov+ or w+$ animals d to ! b>nacles :i* cl+ tightly to ! rocks & mu/ await :at fate *ooses to s5d !m--,s*op5hau]'s simile4 #aag ,! ,greeks z ! only p ( g5ius 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,su* !y are ev5 :5 consid]$ z le>n]s2 = !y und]/& ?is be/ ( all1 & c d m ?an m]ely trim & adorn !mselves ) :at !y h borr[$1 z did ! ,romans4 ,! con/itution ( ! polis is a ,pho5ician inv5tion1 ev5 ?is has be5 imitat$ by ! ,hell5es4 ,= a long "t !y dabbl$ 9 ev]y?+1 l joyful dilettanti4 ,aphrodite is likewise ,pho5ician4 ,nei!r d !y disav[ :at has come to !m ?r\gh immigration & does n orig9ally belong to _! own c\ntry4 #aah ,! happy & com=table con/itution ( ! politico-social position mu/ n be s\ght among ! ,greeks 4 t is a goal :i* dazzles ! eyes ( our dream]s ( ! future6 ,x 01 on ! contr>y1 dreadful2 = ?is is a matt] t mu/ be judg$ accord+ to ! foll[+ /&>d3 ! m _s1 ! m suff]+ 7z ! ,greeks !mselves prove74 ,:5ce x foll[s1 ! m /upidity1 ! m com=t4 ,! phili/9e ( culture is ! mo/ com=table creature ! sun has ev] %one ^u3 & he is d\btless also 9 possession ( ! correspond+ /upidity4 #aai ,! ,greek polis & ! ,greek3 ai5 ari/eye9 grew up out ( mutual enmity4 ,hell5ic & philan?ropic are contr>y adjectives1 al?\gh ! anci5ts flatt]$ !mselves suffici5tly4 ,hom] is1 9 ! _w ( ! ,hell5ic discord1 ! pan-,hell5ic ,greek4 ,! ,greek3 agon ( ! ,greeks is also manife/$ 9 ! ,symposium 9 ! %ape ( witty conv]sation4 #abj ,wanton1 mutual annihilation inevitable3 s long z a s+le polis wi%$ to exi/--its envy = ev]y?+ sup]ior to itself1 its cupidity1 ! disord] ( its cu/oms1 ! enslavem5t ( ! wom51 lack ( consci5ce 9 ! keep+ ( oa?s1 9 murd]1 & 9 cases ( viol5t dea?4 ,trem5d\s p[] ( self-control3 = example 9 a man l ,socrates1 :o 0 capable ( ev]y?+ evil4 #aba ,its noble s5se ( ord] & sy/ematic arrangem5t _h r5d]$ ! ,a!nian /ate immortal--,! t5 /rategi/s 9 ,a!ns6 ,fooli%6 ,too big a sacrifice on ! alt> ( jeal\sy4 #abb ,! recreations ( ! ,sp>tans consi/$ ( fea/+1 hunt+1 & mak+ w> _! e-day life 0 too h>d4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 _! /ate is m]ely a c>icature ( ! polls1 a corruption ( ,hellas4 ,! bre$+ ( ! complete ,sp>tan--b :at 0 !re great ab\t him t 8 bre$+ %\ld h requir$ su* a brutal /ate6 #abc ,! political defeat ( ,greece is ! greate/ failure ( culture2 = x has giv5 rise to ! atroci\s !ory t culture _c be pursu$ unless "o is at ! same "t arm$ to ! tee?4 ,! rise ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ! second greate/ failure3 brute =ce on ! "o h&1 & a dull intellect on ! o!r1 won a complete victory ov] ! ari/ocratic g5ius among ! nations4 ,to be a ,philhell5i/ n[ means to be a foe ( brute =ce & /upid intellects4 ,sp>ta 0 ! ru9 ( ,a!ns 9 s f> z %e compell$ ,a!ns to turn h] entire att5tion to politics & to act z a f$]al comb9ation4 #abd ,!re are doma9s ( ?\ght :]e ! ratio w only give rise to disord]1 & ! philologi/1 :o possesses no?+ m1 is lo/ ?r\gh x & is unable to see ! tru? e4g4 9 ! consid]ation ( ,greek my?ology4 ,a m]ely fanta/ic p]son1 ( c\rse1 has no claim ei!r "o mu/ possess ,greek imag9ation & also a c]ta9 am\nt ( ,greek piety4 ,ev5 ! poet does n require to be too consi/5t1 & consi/5cy is ! la/ ?+ ,greeks w\ld und]/&4 #abe ,almo/ all ! ,greek div9ities are accumulations ( div9ities 4 we f9d "o lay] ov] ano!r1 soon to be hidd5 & smoo!d d[n by yet a ?ird1 & s on4 ,x sc>cely seems to me to be possible to pick ^! v>i\s div9ities to pieces 9 a sci5tific mann]1 = no good me?od ( do+ s c be recomm5d$3 ev5 ! poor conclusion by analogy is 9 ?is in/ance a v good conclusion4 #abf ,at :at a di/ance mu/ "o be f ! ,greeks to ascribe to !m su* a /upidly n>r[ auto*?ony z does ,ottfri$ ,mull]6#aj ,h[ ,*ri/ian x is to assume1 ) ,welck]1#aa t ! ,greeks 7 orig9ally mono!i/ic6 ,h[ philologi/s torm5t !mselves by inve/igat+ ! "q :e!r ,hom] actually wrote1 )\t be+ able to grasp ! f> high] t5et t ,greek art long exhibit$ an inw>d enmity aga9/ writ+1 & did n wi% to be read at all4 #abg ,9 ! religi\s cultus an e>li] degree ( culture comes to light a remnant ( =m] times4 ,! ages t celebrate x are n ^? :i* inv5t x1 ! contr>y is (t5 ! case4 ,!re are _m contra/s to be f\nd "h4 ,! ,greek cultus takes u back to a pre-,hom]ic disposition & culture4 ,x is almo/ ! olde/ t we "k ( ! ,greeks--old] ?an _! my?ology1 :i* _! poets h consid]ably rem\ld$1 s f> z we "k x--,c ?is cult really be call$ ,greek8 ,i d\bt x3 !y are f9i%]s1 n inv5tors4 ,!y pres]ve by means ( ?is beautiful completion & adornm5t4 #abh ,x is exce$+ly d\btful :e!r we %\ld draw any conclusion 9 reg>d to nationality & relation%ip ) o!r nations f languages4 ,a victori\s language is no?+ b a frequ5t 7& n always regul>7 indication ( a successful campaign4 ,:]e c\ld !re h be5 auto*?on\s peoples6 ,x %[s a v hazy conception ( ?+s to talk ab\t ,greeks :o nev] liv$ 9 ,greece4 ,t :i* is really ,greek is mu* less ! result ( natural aptitude ?an ( adapt$ in/itutions1 & also ( an acquir$ language4 #abi ,to live on m\nta9s1 to travel a great deal1 & to move quickly f "o place to ano!r 4 9 ^! ways we c n[ beg9 to comp>e ourselves ) ! ,greek gods4 ,we "k ! pa/1 too1 & we almo/ "k ! future4 ,:at w\ld a ,greek say1 if only he c\ld see u6 #acj ,! gods make m5 /ill m evil2 ?is is ! nature ( man4 ,if we d n l a man1 we wi% t he may become worse ?an he is1 & !n we are glad4 ,?is =ms "p ( ! obscure philosophy ( hate--a philosophy :i* has nev] yet be5 writt51 because x is ev]y:]e ! pud5dum t e "o feels4 #aca ,! pan-,hell5ic ,hom] f9ds 8 delight 9 ! frivolity ( ! gods2 b x is a/\nd+ h[ he c also give !m dignity aga94 ,?is amaz+ ability to raise "o's self aga91 h[ev]1 is ,greek4 #acb ,:at1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( ! envy ( ! gods8 p did n believe 9 a calm1 quiet happ9ess1 b only 9 an exub]ant "o4 ,?is mu/ h caus$ "s displeasure to ! ,greeks2 = _! s\l 0 only too easily w\nd$3 x embitt]$ !m to see a happy man4 ,t is ,greek4 ,if a man ( di/+ui%$ tal5t appe>$1 ! flock ( envi\s p mu/ h become a/oni%+ly l>ge4 ,if any "o met ) a mis=tune1 !y w\ld say ( him3 ,ah6 no wond]6 he 0 too frivol\s & too well (f4 ,& e "o ( !m w\ld h behav$ exub]antly if he _h possess$ ! requisite tal5t1 & w\ld will+ly h play$ ! role ( ! god :o s5t ! unhapp9ess to m54 #acc ,! ,greek gods did n dem& any complete *anges ( "*1 & 71 g5]ally speak+1 by no means burd5some or importunate 4 x 0 ?us possible to take !m s]i\sly & to believe 9 !m4 ,at ! "t ( ,hom]1 inde$1 ! nature ( ! ,greek 0 =m$ flippancy ( images & imag9ation 0 necess>y to light5 ! weight ( its passionate disposition & to set x free4 #acd ,e religion has = its highe/ images an analogon 9 ! spiritual condition ( ^? :o pr(ess x4 ,! ,god ( ,mohamm$ 4 ! solit>9ess ( ! des]t1 ! di/ant ro> ( ! lion1 ! vision ( a =midable w>rior4 ,! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians 4 ev]y?+ t m5 & wom5 ?9k ( :5 !y he> ! ^w love4 ,! ,god ( ! ,greeks3 a beautiful app>ition 9 a dream4 #ace ,a great deal ( intellig5ce mu/ h gone to ! mak+ up ( a ,greek poly!ism 4 ! exp5diture ( intellig5ce is mu* less lavi% :5 p h only "o ,god4 #acf ,greek morality is n bas$ on religion1 b on ! polis4 ,!re 7 only prie/s ( ! individual gods2 n repres5tatives ( ! :ole religion 4 i4e41 no guild ( prie/s4 ,likewise no ,holy ,writ4 #acg ,! ligh!>t$ gods ?is is ! highe/ adornm5t :i* has ev] be5 be/[$ ^u ! _w--) ! feel+1 ,h[ difficult x is to live6 #ach ,if ! ,greeks let _! reason speak1 _! life seems to !m bitt] & t]rible4 ,!y are n deceiv$4 ,b !y play r\nd life ) lies3 ,simonides advises !m to treat life z !y w\ld a play2 e>ne/ness 0 only too well kn[n to !m 9 ! =m ( pa94 ,! mis]y ( m5 is a pleasure to ! gods :5 !y he> ! poets s++ ( x4 ,well did ! ,greeks "k t only ?r\gh art c\ld ev5 mis]y itself become a s\rce ( pleasure1 vide trago$iam4 #aci ,x is q untrue to say t ! ,greeks only took ?is life into _! consid]ation--!y suff]$ also f ?\ghts ( dea? & ,hell4 ,b no rep5tance or contrition4 #adj ,! inc>nate appe>ance ( gods1 z 9 ,sappho's invocation to ,aphrodite1 mu/ n be tak5 z poetic lic5ce !y are frequ5tly halluc9ations4 ,we conceive ( a great _m ?+s1 includ+ ! w to die1 too sup]ficially z rhetorical4 #ada ,! m>tyr is ,hell5ic3 ,prome!us1 ,h]cules4 ,! h]o-my? became pan-,hell5ic3 a poet mu/ h _h a h& 9 t6 #adb ,h[ reali/ic ! ,greeks 7 ev5 9 ! doma9 ( pure inv5tions6 ,!y poetis$ reality1 n ye>n+ to lift !mselves out ( x4 ,! rais+ ( ! pres5t into ! colossal & et]nal1 e4g41 by ,p9d>4 #adc ,:at condition d ! ,greeks premise z ! model ( _! life 9 ,hades8 ,anmic1 dreamlike1 weak 4 x is ! cont9u\s acc5tuation ( old age1 :5 ! memory gradually becomes weak] & weak]1 & ! body /ill m s4 ,! s5ility ( s5ility 4 ?is w\ld be our /ate ( life 9 ! eyes ( ! ,hell5es4 #add ,! naive "* ( ! ,greeks obs]v$ by ! ,egyptians4 #ade ,! truly sci5tific p1 ! lit]>y p1 7 ! ,egyptians & n ! ,greeks4 ,t :i* has ! appe>ance ( sci5ce among ! ,greeks1 orig9at$ among ! ,egyptians & lat] on return$ to !m to m+le aga9 ) ! old curr5t4 ,alex&rian culture is an amalgamation ( ,hell5ic & ,egyptian 4 & :5 our _w aga9 f\nds its culture ^u ! ,alex&rian culture1 !n4444#ab #adf ,! ,egyptians are f> m ( a lit]>y p ?an ! ,greeks4 ,i ma9ta9 ?is aga9/ ,wolf4 ,! fir/ gra9 9 ,eleusis1 ! fir/ v9e 9 ,!bes1 ! fir/ olive-tree & fig-tree4 ,! ,egyptians _h lo/ a great "p ( _! my?ology4 #adg ,! unma!matical undulation ( ! column 9 ,pae/um is analog\s to ! modification ( ! tempo3 animation 9 place ( a me*anical movem5t4 #adh ,! desire to f9d some?+ c]ta9 & fix$ 9 /hetic l$ to ! wor%ip ( ,ari/otle3 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t we may gradually come to see f 8 works t he und]/ood no?+ ab\t art1 & t x is m]ely ! intellectual conv]sations ( ! ,a!nians1 e*o+ 9 8 pages1 :i* we admire4 #adi ,9 ,socrates we h z x 7 ly+ op5 be=e u a specim5 ( ! consci\sness out ( :i*1 lat] on1 ! in/9cts ( ! !oretic man orig9at$3 t "o w\ld r die ?an gr[ old & weak 9 m9d4 #aej ,at ! twilight ( antiquity !re 7 /ill :olly un*ri/ian figures1 :i* 7 m beautiful1 h>moni\s1 & pure ?an ^? ( any ,*ri/ians3 e4g41 ,proclus4 ,8 my/icism & syncretism 7 ?+s t precisely ,*ri/ianity _c reproa* him )4 ,9 any case1 x w\ld be my desire to live toge!r ) su* p4 ,9 comp>ison ) !m ,*ri/ianity looks l "s crude brutalisation1 organis$ = ! b5efit ( ! mob & ! crim9al classes4 ,proclus1 :o solemnly invokes ! ris+ moon4 #aea ,) ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity a religion atta9$ ! ma/]y :i* correspond$ to a pre-,greek condition ( mank9d3 belief 9 wit*craft 9 connection ) all & ev]y?+1 bloody sacrifices1 sup]/iti\s fe> ( demoniacal puni%m5ts1 despair 9 "o's self1 ec/atic brood+ & halluc9ation1 man's self become ! ar5a ( good & evil spirits & _! /ruggles4 #aeb ,all bran*es ( hi/ory h exp]im5t$ ) antiquity critical consid]ation alone rema9s4 ,by ?is t]m ,i d n mean conjectural & lit]>y-hi/orical criticism4 #aec ,antiquity has be5 treat$ by all k9ds ( hi/orians & _! me?ods4 ,we h n[ _h en\gh exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 to turn ! hi/ory ( antiquity to acc\nt )\t be+ %ipwreck$ on antiquity itself4 #aed ,we c n[ look back ov] a fairly long p]iod ( human exi/5ce :at w ! humanity be l :i* is able to look back at u f an equally long di/ance8 :i* f9ds u ly+ intoxicat$ among ! dbris ( old culture6 :i* f9ds its only consolation 9 be+ good & 9 hold+ out ! help+ h&1 & turns away f all o!r consolations6--,does beauty1 too1 gr[ out ( ! anci5t culture8 ,i ?9k t our ugl9ess arises f our metaphysical remnants 4 our confus$ morals1 ! wor?lessness ( our m>riages1 & s on1 are ! cause4 ,! beautiful man1 ! heal?y1 mod]ate1 & ent]pris+ man1 m\lds ! objects ar\nd him into beautiful %apes aft] 8 own image4 #aee ,up to ! pres5t "t all hi/ory has be5 writt5 f ! /&po9t ( success1 &1 inde$1 ) ! assumption ( a c]ta9 reason 9 ?is success4 ,?is rem>k applies also to ,greek hi/ory3 s f> we d n possess any4 ,x is ! same all r\nd1 h[ev]3 :]e are ! hi/orians :o c survey ?+s & ev5ts )\t be+ humbugg$ by /upid !ories8 ,i "k ( only "o1 ,burckh>dt4 ,ev]y:]e ! wide/ possible optimism prevails 9 sci5ce4 ,! "q3 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! consequ5ce if s & s _h n happ5$8 is almo/ unanim\sly ?ru/ aside1 & yet x is ! c>d9al "q4 ,?us ev]y?+ becomes ironical4 ,let u only consid] our own lives4 ,if we exam9e hi/ory 9 accordance ) a preconceiv$ plan1 let ?is plan be s\ght 9 ! purposes ( a great man1 or p]haps 9 ^? ( a sex1 or ( a p>ty4 ,ev]y?+ else is a *aos4--,ev5 9 natural sci5ce we f9d ?is deification ( ! necess>y4 ,g]many has become ! bre$+-place ( ?is hi/orical optimism2 ,hegel is p]haps to blame = ?is4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is m responsible = ! fatal influ5ce ( ,g]man culture4 ,ev]y?+ t has be5 kept d[n by success gradually re>s itself up3 hi/ory z ! scorn ( ! conqu]or2 a s]vile s5tim5t & a kneel+ d[n be=e ! actual fact--a s5se = ! ,/ate1 !y n[ call x1 z if t _h /ill to be propagat$6 ,he :o does n und]/& h[ brutal & un9tellig5t hi/ory is w nev] und]/& ! /imulus to make x intellig5t4 ,j ?9k h[ r>e x is to f9d a man ) z great an intellig5t k ( 8 own life z ,goe! _h 4 :at am\nt ( rationality c we expect to f9d aris+ out ( ^! o!r veil$ & bl9d exi/5ces z !y "w *aotically ) & 9 opposition to ea* o!r8 ,& x is especially naive :5 ,hellwald1 ! au?or ( a hi/ory ( culture1 w>ns u away f all ideals1 simply because hi/ory has kill$ !m (f "o aft] ! o!r4 #aef ,to br+ to light )\t res]ve ! /upidity & ! want ( reason 9 human ?+s t is ! aim ( our bre?r5 & colleagues4 ,p w !n h to di/+ui% :at is ess5tial 9 !m1 :at is incorrigible1 & :at is /ill susceptible ( fur!r improvem5t4 ,b ,provid5ce mu/ be kept out ( ! "q1 = x is a conception t enables p to take ?+s too easily4 ,i wi% to brea! ! brea? ( ?is purpose into sci5ce4 ,let u advance our k ( mank9d6 ,! good & rational 9 man is accid5tal or app>5t1 or ! contr>y ( some?+ v irrational4 ,!re w come a "t :5 tra9+ w be ! only ?\ght4 #aeg ,surr5d] to necessity is exactly :at ,i d n tea*--= "o mu/ fir/ "k ?is necessity to be necess>y4 ,!re may p]haps be _m necessities2 b 9 g5]al ?is incl9ation is simply a b$ ( idl5ess4 #aeh ,to "k hi/ory n[ means to recognise h[ all ^? :o believ$ 9 a ,provid5ce took ?+s too easily4 ,!re is no su* ?+4 ,if human affairs are se5 to g =w>d 9 a loose & disord]$ way1 d n ?9k t a god has any purpose 9 view by lett+ !m d s or t he is neglect+ !m4 ,we c n[ see 9 a g5]al way t ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity on e>? has be5 "o ( ! mo/ dreadful *apt]s 9 hi/ory1 & t a /op mu/ be put to x4 ,true1 ! influ5ce ( antiquity has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,*ri/ianity ev5 9 our own "t1 &1 z x dim9i%es1 s w our k ( antiquity dim9i% also to an ev5 great] ext5t4 ,n[ is ! be/ "t to recognise x3 we are no long] prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity1 b we /ill und]/& x1 & also ! antiquity t =ms "p ( x1 s f> z ?is antiquity /&s 9 l9e ) ,*ri/ianity4 #aei ,philosophic heads mu/ occupy !mselves "o day ) ! collective acc\nt ( antiquity & make up its balance-%eet4 ,if we h ?is1 antiquity w be ov]come4 ,all ! %ortcom+s :i* n[ vex u h _! roots 9 antiquity1 s t we _c cont9ue to treat ?is acc\nt ) ! mildness :i* has be5 cu/om>y up to ! pres5t4 ,! atroci\s crime ( mank9d :i* r5d]$ ,*ri/ianity possible1 z x actually became possible1 is ! guilt ( antiquity4 ,) ,*ri/ianity antiquity w also be cle>$ away4--,at ! pres5t "t x is n s v f> beh9d u1 & x is c]ta9ly n possible to d ju/ice to x4 ,x has be5 avail$ ( 9 ! mo/ dreadful fa%ion = purposes ( repression1 & has act$ z a support = religi\s oppression by disguis+ itself z culture4 ,x 0 common to he> ! say+1 ,antiquity has be5 conqu]$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is 0 a hi/orical fact1 & x 0 ?us ?\ght t no h>m c\ld come ( any deal+s ) antiquity4 ,yes1 x is s plausible to say t we f9d ,*ri/ian e?ics deep] ?an ,socrates6 ,plato 0 easi] to compete )6 ,we are at ! pres5t "t1 s to speak1 m]ely *ew+ ! cud ( ! v battle :i* 0 f\ght 9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era--) ! exception ( ! fact t n[1 in/ead ( ! cle>ly p]ceptible antiquity :i* !n exi/$1 we h m]ely its pale gho/2 &1 inde$1 ev5 ,*ri/ianity itself has become r gho/like4 ,x is a battle f\ght aft] ! decisive battle1 a po/-vibration4 ,9 ! end1 all ! =ces ( :i* antiquity consi/$ h reappe>$ 9 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! crude/ possible =m3 x is no?+ new1 only quantitatively extraord9>y4 #afj ,:at sev]s u = ev] f ! culture ( antiquity is ! fact t its f\ndations h become too %aky = u4 ,a criticism ( ! ,greeks is at ! same "t a criticism ( ,*ri/ianity2 = ! bases ( ! _s ( belief1 ! religi\s cult1 & wit*craft1 are ! same 9 bo?--,!re are _m rudim5t>y /ages /ill rema9+1 b !y are by ?is "t almo/ ready to collapse4 ,?is w\ld be a task 4 to *>act]ise ,greek antiquity z irretrievably lo/1 & ) x ,*ri/ianity also & ! f\ndations ^u :i*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 our society & politics h be5 bas$4 #afa ,*ri/ianity has conqu]$ antiquity--yes2 t is easily said4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is itself a piece ( antiquity1 9 ! second place1 x has pres]v$ antiquity1 9 ! ?ird place1 x has nev] be5 9 combat ) ! pure ages ( antiquity4 ,or r3 9 ord] t ,*ri/ianity itself might rema91 x _h to let itself be ov]come by ! _s ( antiquity--= example1 ! idea ( empire1 ! community1 & s =?4 ,we are suff]+ f ! uncommon want ( cle>ness & uncleanl9ess ( human ?+s2 f ! +5i\s m5dacity :i* ,*ri/ianity has br\ght among m54 #afb ,x is almo/ laughable to see h[ ne>ly all ! sci5ces & arts ( mod]n times gr[ f ! scatt]$ se$s :i* h be5 waft$ t[>ds u f antiquity1 & h[ ,*ri/ianity seems to u "h to be m]ely ! evil *ill ( a long night1 a night dur+ :i* "o is almo/ incl9$ to believe t all is ov] ) reason & hone/y among m54 ,! battle wag$ aga9/ ! natural man has giv5 rise to ! unnatural man4 #afc ,) ! dissolution ( ,*ri/ianity a great "p ( antiquity has become incompreh5sible to u1 = in/ance1 ! entire religi\s basis ( life4 ,on ?is acc\nt an imitation ( antiquity is a false t5d5cy 4 ! betray]s or ! betray$ are ! philologi/s :o /ill ?9k ( su* a ?+4 ,we live 9 a p]iod :5 _m diff]5t conceptions ( life are to be f\nd3 h5ce ! pres5t age is in/ructive to an unusual degree2 & h5ce also ! reason :y x is s ill1 s9ce x suff]s f ! evils ( all its t5d5cies at once4 ,! man ( ! future 4 ! ,european man4 #afd ,! ,g]man ,re=mation wid5$ ! gap betwe5 u & antiquity3 0 x necess>y = x to d s8 ,x once aga9 introduc$ ! old contra/ ( ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity2 & x 0 at ! same "t a prote/ aga9/ ! decorative culture ( ! ,r5aissance--x 0 a victory ga9$ ov] ! same culture z _h =m]ly be5 conqu]$ by e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 reg>d to worldly ?+s1 ,*ri/ianity pres]v$ ! gross] views ( ! anci5ts4 ,all ! nobl] elem5ts 9 m>riage1 slav]y1 & ! ,/ate are un*ri/ian4 ,x requir$ ! di/ort+ *>act]i/ics ( worldl9ess to prove itself4 #afe ,! connection betwe5 humanism & religi\s rationalism 0 emphasis$ z a ,saxonian trait by ,ko*ly3 ! type ( ?is philologi/ is ,gottfri$ ,h]mann4#ac #aff ,i und]/& religions z n>cotics3 b :5 !y are giv5 to su* nations z ! ,g]mans1 ,i ?9k !y are simply rank poison4 #afg ,all religions are1 9 ! end1 bas$ ^u c]ta9 physical assumptions1 :i* are already 9 exi/5ce & adapt ! religions to _! ne$s 4 = example1 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ! contra/ betwe5 body & s\l1 ! unlimit$ importance ( ! e>? z ! _w1 ! m>vell\s occurr5ces 9 nature4 ,if once ! opposite views ga9 ! ma/]y--= in/ance1 a /rict law ( nature1 ! helplessness & sup]flu\sness ( all gods1 ! /rict conception ( ! s\l z a bodily process--all is ov]4 ,b all ,greek culture is bas$ ^u su* views4 #afh ,:5 we look f ! "* & culture ( ! ,ca?olic ,middle ,ages back to ! ,greeks1 we see !m respl5d5t inde$ 9 ! rays ( high] humanity2 =1 if we h any?+ to reproa* ^! ,greeks )1 we mu/ reproa* ! ,middle ,ages ) x also to a mu* great] ext5t4 ,! wor%ip ( ! anci5ts at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance 0 !re=e q hone/ & prop]4 ,we h c>ri$ matt]s fur!r 9 "o p>ticul> po9t1 precisely 9 connection ) t dawn+ ray ( light4 ,we h out/ripp$ ! ,greeks 9 ! cl>ify+ ( ! _w by our /udies ( nature & m54 ,our k is mu* great]1 & our judgm5ts are m mod]ate & j4 ,9 addition to ?is1 a m g5tle _s has become widespread1 ?anks to ! p]iod ( illum9ation :i* has weak5$ mank9d--b ?is weakness1 :5 turn$ into morality1 leads to good results & hon\rs u4 ,man has n[ a great deal ( fre$om3 x is 8 own fault if he does n make m use ( x ?an he does2 ! fanaticism ( op9ions has become mu* mild]4 ,f9ally1 t we w\ld mu* r live 9 ! pres5t age ?an 9 any o!r is due to sci5ce1 & c]ta9ly no o!r race 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d has _h su* a wide *oice ( noble enjoym5ts z ours--ev5 if our race has n ! palate & /oma* to exp]i5ce a great deal ( joy4 ,b "o c live com=tably amid all ?is fre$om only :5 "o m]ely und]/&s x & does n wi% to p>ticipate 9 x--t is ! mod]n crux4 ,! p>ticipants appe> to be less attractive ?an ev] h[ /upid !y mu/ be6 ,?us ! dang] arises t k may av5ge itself on u1 j z ignorance av5g$ itself on u dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is all ov] ) ^? religions :i* place _! tru/ 9 gods1 ,provid5ces1 rational ord]s ( ! univ]se1 miracles1 & sacram5ts1 z is also ! case ) c]ta9 types ( holy lives1 su* z ascetics2 = we only too easily conclude t su* p are ! effects ( sickness & an ab]rant bra94 ,!re is no d\bt t ! contra/ betwe5 a pure1 incorporeal s\l & a body has be5 almo/ set aside4 ,:o n[ believes 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l6 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) bless$ness or damnation1 :i* 0 bas$ ^u c]ta9 errone\s physiological assumptions1 falls to ! gr\nd z soon z ^! assumptions are recognis$ to be errors4 ,our sci5tific assumptions admit j z mu* ( an int]pretation & utilisation 9 fav\r ( a besott+ phili/9ism--yea1 9 fav\r ( be/iality--z also 9 fav\r ( bless$ness & s\l-inspiration4 ,z comp>$ ) all previ\s ages1 we are n[ /&+ on a new f\ndation1 s t some?+ may /ill be expect$ f ! human race4 ,z reg>ds culture1 we h hi!rto be5 acqua9t$ ) only "o complete =m ( x1 i4e41 ! city-culture ( ! ,greeks1 bas$ z x 0 on _! my?ical & social f\ndations2 & "o incomplete =m1 ! ,roman1 :i* act$ z an adornm5t ( life1 d]iv$ f ! ,greek4 ,n[ all ^! bases1 ! my?ical & ! politico-social1 h *ang$2 our alleg$ culture has no /ability1 because x has be5 erect$ ^u insecure conditions & op9ions :i* are ev5 n[ almo/ ready to collapse4--,:5 we ?or\ghly grasp ,greek culture1 !n1 we see t x is all ov] ) x4 ,! philologi/ is ?us a great sceptic 9 ! pres5t conditions ( our culture & tra9+ t is 8 mission4 ,happy is he if1 l ,wagn] & ,s*op5hau]1 he has a dim pres5tim5t ( ^? auspici\s p[]s amid :i* a new culture is /irr+4 #afi ,^? :o say3 ,b antiquity nev]!less rema9s z a subject ( consid]ation = pure sci5ce1 ev5 ?\gh all its educational purposes may be dis[n$1 mu/ be answ]$ by ! words1 ,:at is pure sci5ce "h6 ,actions & *>act]i/ics mu/ be judg$2 & ^? :o judge !m mu/ /& above !m3 s y mu/ fir/ devote y\r att5tion to ov]com+ antiquity4 ,if y d n d t1 y\r sci5ce is n pure1 b impure & limit$ 4 z may n[ be p]ceiv$4 #agj ,to ov]come ,greek antiquity ?r\gh our own de$s3 ?is w\ld be ! "r task4 ,b be=e we c d ?is we mu/ fir/ "k x6--,!re is a ?or\ghness :i* is m]ely an excuse = inaction4 ,let x be recollect$ h[ mu* ,goe! knew ( antiquity3 c]ta9ly n s mu* z a philologi/1 & yet suffici5t to cont5d ) x 9 su* a way z to br+ ab\t fruitful results4 ,"o %\ld n ev5 "k m ab\t a ?+ ?an "o c\ld create4 ,moreov]1 ! only "t :5 we c actually recognise some?+ is :5 we endeav\r to make x4 ,let p b attempt to live aft] ! mann] ( antiquity1 & !y w at once come hundr$s ( miles ne>] to antiquity ?an !y c d ) all _! erudition4--,our philologi/s nev] %[ t !y /rive to emulate antiquity 9 any way1 & ?us _! antiquity rema9s )\t any effect on ! s*ools4 ,! /udy ( ! _s ( emulation 7,r5aissance1 ,goe!71 & ! /udy ( despair4 ,! non-popul> elem5t 9 ! new culture ( ! ,r5aissance3 a frightful fact6 #aga ,! wor%ip ( classical antiquity1 z x 0 to be se5 9 ,italy1 may be int]pret$ z ! only e>ne/1 dis9t]e/$1 & fecund wor%ip :i* has yet fall5 to ! lot ( antiquity4 ,x is a spl5did example ( ,don ,quixotism2 & philology at be/ is su* ,don ,quixotism4 ,already at ! "t ( ! ,alex&rian savants1 z ) all ! sophi/s ( ! fir/ & second c5turies1 ! ,attici/s1 c41 ! s*ol>s are imitat+ some?+ purely & simply *im]ical & pursu+ a _w t nev] exi/$4 ,! same trait is se5 ?r\gh\t antiquity ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,hom]ic h]oes 7 copi$1 & all ! int]c\rse held ) ! my?s1 %[ traces ( x4 ,gradually all ,greek antiquity has become an object ( ,don ,quixotism4 ,x is impossible to und]/& our mod]n _w if we d n take into acc\nt ! enorm\s influ5ce ( ! purely fanta/ic4 ,?is is n[ confront$ by ! pr9ciple !re c be no imitation4 ,imitation1 h[ev]1 is m]ely an arti/ic ph5om5on1 i4e41 x is bas$ on appe>ance 4 we c accept mann]s1 ?\ghts1 & s on ?r\gh imitation2 b imitation c create no?+4 ,true1 ! creator c borr[ f all sides & n\ri% himself 9 t way4 ,& x is only z creators t we %all be able to take any?+ f ! ,greeks4 ,b 9 :at respect c philologi/s be said to be creators6 ,!re mu/ be a few dirty jobs1 su* z knack]s' m51 & also text-revis]s3 are ! philologi/s to c>ry out tasks ( ?is nature8 #agb ,:at1 !n1 is antiquity n[1 9 ! face ( mod]n art1 sci5ce1 & philosophy8 ,x is no long] ! treasure-*amb] ( all k2 = 9 natural & hi/orical sci5ce we h advanc$ greatly beyond x4 ,oppression by ! *ur* has be5 /opp$4 ,a pure k ( antiquity is n[ possible1 b p]haps also a m ineffective & weak] k4--,?is is "r en\gh1 if effect is kn[n only z effect on ! masses2 b = ! bre$+ ( high] m9ds antiquity is m p[]ful ?an ev]4 ,goe! z a ,g]man poet-philologi/2 ,wagn] z a /ill high] /age3 8 cle> glance = ! only wor?y position ( art4 ,no anci5t "w has ev] _h s p[]ful an effect z ! ,ore/es _h on ,wagn]4 ,! objective1 emasculat$ philologi/1 :o is b a phili/9e ( culture & a work] 9 pure sci5ce1 is1 h[ev]1 a sad spectacle4 #agc ,betwe5 our highe/ art & philosophy & t :i* is recognis$ to be truly ! olde/ antiquity1 !re is no contradiction3 !y support & h>monise ) "o ano!r4 ,x is 9 ?is t ,i place my hopes4 #agd ,! ma9 /&po9ts f :i* to consid] ! importance ( antiquity3 #a4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t x = "y p1 = x exhibits man ) an entire fre$om f %ame4 #b4 ,x is n = direct imitation1 b x tea*es by :i* means art has hi!rto be5 p]fect$ 9 ! highe/ degree4 #c4 ,x is accessible only to a few1 & !re %\ld be a police des moeurs1 9 *>ge ( x--z !re %\ld be also 9 *>ge ( bad piani/s :o play ,bee?ov54 #d4 ,^! few apply ?is antiquity to ! judgm5t ( our own "t1 z critics ( x2 & !y judge antiquity by _! own ideals & are ?us critics ( antiquity4 #e4 ,! contract betwe5 ! ,hell5ic & ! ,roman %\ld be /udi$1 & also ! contra/ betwe5 ! e>ly ,hell5ic & ! late ,hell5ic4--,explanation ( ! diff]5t types ( culture4 #age ,! advancem5t ( sci5ce at ! exp5se ( man is "o ( ! mo/ p]nici\s ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,! /unt$ man is a retrogression 9 ! human race3 he ?r[s a %ad[ ov] all succe$+ g5]ations ,! t5d5cies & natural purpose ( ! individual sci5ce become deg5]ate1 & sci5ce itself is f9ally %ipwreck$3 x has made progress1 b has ei!r no effect at all on life or else an immoral "o4 #agf ,m5 n to be us$ l ?+s6 ,f ! =m] v incomplete philology & k ( antiquity !re fl[$ out a /ream ( fre$om1 :ile our own highly develop$ k produces slaves & s]ves ! idol ( ! ,/ate4 #agg ,!re w p]haps come a "t :5 sci5tific "w w be c>ri$ on by wom51 :ile ! m5 w h to create1 us+ ! ^w 9 a spiritual s5se3 /ates1 laws1 works ( art1 c4 ,p %\ld /udy typical antiquity j z !y d typical m53 i4e41 imitat+ :at !y und]/& ( x1 &1 :5 ! patt]n seems to lie f> 9 ! di/ance1 consid]+ ways & means & prelim9>y prep>ations1 & devis+ /epp+-/ones4 #agh ,! :ole feature ( /udy lies 9 ?is3 t we %\ld /udy only :at we feel we %\ld l to imitate2 :at we gladly take up & h ! desire to multiply4 ,:at is really want$ is a progressive canon ( ! ideal model1 suit$ to boys1 y\?s1 & m54 #agi ,goe! grasp$ antiquity 9 ! "r way inv>iably ) an emulative s\l4 ,b :o else did s8 ,"o sees no?+ ( a well-?\ght-out p$agogics ( ?is nature3 :o kn[s t !re is a c]ta9 k ( antiquity :i* _c be imp>t$ to y\?s6 ,! pu]ile "* ( philology3 devis$ by tea*]s = pupils4 #ahj ,! ev] m & m common =m ( ! ideal3 fir/ m51 !n in/itutions1 f9ally t5d5cies1 purposes1 or ! want ( !m4 ,! highe/ =m3 ! conque/ ( ! ideal by a backw>d movem5t f t5d5cies to in/itutions1 & f in/itutions to m54 #aha ,i w set d[n 9 writ+ :at ,i no long] believe--& also :at ,i d believe4 ,man /&s 9 ! mid/ ( ! great :irlpool ( =ces1 & imag9es t ?is :irlpool is rational & has a rational aim 9 view3 error6 ,! only rationality t we "k is ! small reason ( man3 he mu/ ex]t x to ! utmo/1 & x inv>iably leaves him 9 ! lur* if he tries to place himself 9 ! h&s ( ,provid5ce4 ,our only happ9ess lies 9 reason2 all ! rema9d] ( ! _w is dre>y4 ,! highe/ reason1 h[ev]1 is se5 by me 9 ! "w ( ! arti/1 & he c feel x to be su*3 !re may be some?+ :i*1 :5 x c be consci\sly br\ght =w>d1 may af=d an ev5 great] feel+ ( reason & happ9ess3 = example1 ! c\rse ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! bre$+ & education ( a man4 ,happ9ess lies 9 rapidity ( feel+ & ?9k+3 ev]y?+ else is sl[1 gradual1 & /upid4 ,! man :o c\ld feel ! progress ( a ray ( light w\ld be greatly enraptur$1 = x is v rapid4 ,?9k+ ( "o's self af=ds little happ9ess4 ,b :5 we d exp]i5ce happ9ess !re9 ! reason is t we are n ?9k+ ( ourselves1 b ( our ideal4 ,?is lies f> (f2 & only ! rapid man atta9s x & rejoices4 ,an amalgamation ( a great c5tre ( m5 = ! bre$+ ( bett] m5 is ! task ( ! future4 ,! individual mu/ become famili>is$ ) claims t1 :5 he says ,yea to 8 own w1 he also says ,yea to ! w ( t c5tre--= example1 9 ref]5ce to a *oice1 z among wom5 = m>riage1 & likewise z to ! mann] 9 :i* 8 *ild %all be br\ght up4 ,until n[ no s+le individuality1 or only ! v r>e/1 h be5 free3 !y 7 influ5c$ by ^! conceptions1 b likewise by ! bad & contradictory organisation ( ! individual purposes4 #ahb ,education is 9 ! fir/ place in/ruction 9 :at is necess>y1 & !n 9 :at is *ang+ & incon/ant4 ,! y\? is introduc$ to nature1 & ! sway ( laws is ev]y:]e po9t$ out to him2 foll[$ by an explanation ( ! laws ( ord9>y society4 ,ev5 at ?is e>ly /age ! "q w arise3 0 x absolutely necess>y t ?is %\ld h be5 s8 ,he gradually comes to ne$ hi/ory to asc]ta9 h[ ^! ?+s h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,he le>ns at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 t !y may be *ang$ into some?+ else4 ,:at is ! ext5t ( man's p[] ov] ?+s8 ,?is is ! "q 9 connection ) all education4 ,to %[ h[ ?+s may become o!r ?an :at !y are we may1 = example1 po9t to ! ,greeks4 ,we ne$ ! ,romans to %[ h[ ?+s became :at !y 74 #ahc ,if1 !n1 ! ,romans _h spurn$ ! ,greek culture1 !y w\ld p]haps h gone to pieces completely4 ,:5 c\ld ?is culture h once aga9 aris58 ,*ri/ianity & ,romans & b>b>ians3 ?is w\ld h be5 an onslaught3 x w\ld h entirely wip$ out culture4 ,we see ! dang] amid :i* g5ius lives4 ,cic]o 0 "o ( ! greate/ b5efactors ( humanity1 ev5 9 8 own "t4 ,!re is no ,provid5ce = g5ius2 x is only = ! ord9>y run ( p & _! wants t su* a ?+ exi/s3 !y f9d _! satisfaction1 & lat] on _! ju/ification4 #ahd ,!sis3 ! dea? ( anci5t culture inevitable4 ,greek culture mu/ be di/+ui%$ z ! ar*etype2 & x mu/ be %[n h[ all culture re/s ^u %aky conceptions4 ,! dang]\s mean+ ( art3 z ! protectress & galvanisation ( dead & dy+ conceptions2 hi/ory1 9 s f> z x wi%es to re/ore to u feel+s :i* we h ov]come4 ,to feel hi/orically or j t[>ds :at is already pa/1 is only possible :5 we h ris5 above x4 ,b ! dang] 9 ! adoption ( ! feel+s necess>y = ?is is v great 4 let ! dead bury _! dead1 s t we ourselves may n come "u ! influ5ce ( ! smell ( ! corpses4 ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,culture4 #a4 ,! signification ( ! /udies ( antiquity hi!rto pursu$3 obscure2 m5daci\s4 #b4 ,z soon z !y recognise ! goal !y condemn !mselves to dea? = _! goal is to describe anci5t culture itself z "o to be demoli%$4 #c4 ,! collection ( all ! conceptions out ( :i* ,hell5ic culture has gr[n up4 ,criticism ( religion1 art1 society1 /ate1 morals4 #d4 ,*ri/ianity is likewise d5i$4 #e4 ,art & hi/ory--dang]\s4 #f4 ,! replac+ ( ! /udy ( antiquity :i* has become sup]flu\s = ! tra9+ ( our y\?4 ,?us ! task ( ! sci5ce ( hi/ory is complet$ & x itself has become sup]flu\s1 if ! entire inw>d cont9u\s circle ( pa/ ef=ts has be5 condemn$4 ,its place mu/ be tak5 by ! sci5ce ( ! future4 #ahe ,signs & miracles are n believ$2 only a ,provid5ce /&s 9 ne$ ( su* ?+s4 ,!re is no help to be f\nd ei!r 9 pray] or asceticism or 9 vision4 ,if all ^! ?+s con/itute religion1 !n !re is no m religion = me4 ,my religion1 if ,i c /ill apply ?is "n to some?+1 lies 9 ! "w ( bre$+ g5ius 4 f su* tra9+ ev]y?+ is to be hop$4 ,all consolation comes f art4 ,education is love = ! (fspr+2 an excess ( love ov] & beyond our self-love4 ,religion is love beyond ourselves4 ,! "w ( art is ! model ( su* a love beyond ourselves1 & a p]fect model at t4 #ahf ,! /upidity ( ! w is ,s*op5hau]'s greate/ ?\ght1 if ?\ghts be judg$ f ! /&po9t ( p[]4 ,we c see 9 ,h>tmann h[ he juggl$ away ?is ?\ght4 ,nobody w ev] call some?+ /upid--,god4 #ahg ,?is1 !n1 is ! new feature ( all ! future progress ( ! _w m5 mu/ nev] aga9 be rul$ ov] by religi\s conceptions4 ,w !y be any worse8 ,x is n my exp]i5ce t !y behave well & morally "u ! yoke ( religion2 ,i am n on ! side ( ,demopheles#ad ,! fe> ( a beyond1 & !n aga9 ! fe> ( div9e puni%m5ts w h>dly h made m5 bett]4 #ahh ,:]e some?+ great makes its appe>ance & la/s = a relatively long "t1 we may premise a c>eful bre$+1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,greeks4 ,h[ did s _m m5 become free among !m8 ,educate educators6 ,b ! fir/ educators mu/ educate !mselves6 ,& x is = ^! t ,i write4 #ahi ,! d5ial ( life is no long] an easy matt]3 a man may become a h]mit or a monk--& :at is !reby d5i$6 ,?is conception has n[ become deep] 4 x is above all a disc]n+ d5ial1 a d5ial bas$ ^u ! w to be j2 n an indiscrim9ate & :olesale d5ial4 #aij ,! se] mu/ be affectionate1 o!rwise m5 w h no confid5ce 9 him ,cass&ra4 #aia ,! man :o to-day wi%es to be good & sa9tly has a m difficult task ?an =m]ly 4 9 ord] to be good1 he mu/ n be s unju/ to k z e>li] sa9ts 74 ,he w\ld h to be a k-sa9t3 a man :o w\ld l9k love ) k1 & :o w\ld h no?+ to d ) gods or demigods or ,provid5ce1 z ! ,indian sa9ts likewise _h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,he %\ld also be heal?y1 & %\ld keep himself s1 o!rwise he w\ld necess>ily become di/ru/ful ( himself4 ,& p]haps he w\ld n be> ! slighte/ resemblance to ! ascetic sa9t1 b w\ld be mu* m l a man ( ! _w4 #aib ,! bett] ! /ate is organis$1 ! dull] w humanity be4 ,to make ! individual uncom=table is my task6 ,! great pleasure exp]i5c$ by ! man :o lib]ates himself by fight+4 ,spiritual heights h _h _! age 9 hi/ory2 inh]it$ en]gy belongs to !m4 ,9 ! ideal /ate all w\ld be ov] ) !m4 #aic ,! highe/ judgm5t on life only aris+ f ! highe/ en]gy ( life4 ,! m9d mu/ be remov$ z f> z possible f exhau/ion4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! _w-hi/ory judgm5t w be ! mo/ accurate2 = x 0 !re t ! greate/ g5iuses exi/$4 ,! bre$+ ( ! g5ius z ! only man :o c truly value & d5y life4 ,save y\r g5ius6 %all be %\t$ unto ! p3 set him free6 ,d all y c to un%ackle him4 ,! feeble & poor 9 _s mu/ n be all[$ to judge life4 #aid ,i dream ( a comb9ation ( m5 :o %all make no concessions1 :o %all %[ no consid]ation1 & :o %all be will+ to be call$ de/roy]s3 !y apply ! /&>d ( _! criticism to ev]y?+ & sacrifice !mselves to tru?4 ,! bad & ! false %all be br\ght to light6 ,we w n build prematurely3 we d n "k1 inde$1 :e!r we %all ev] be able to build1 or if x w\ld n be bett] n to build at all4 ,!re are lazy pessimi/s & resign$ ones 9 ?is _w--& x is to _! numb] t we refuse to belong6 ,,footnotes3 #a ,no d\bt a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,odyssey1 ,bk4 ix--,,tr4 #b ,=mal education is t :i* t5ds to develop ! critical & logical faculties1 z oppos$ to mat]ial education1 :i* is int5d$ to deal ) ! acquisition ( k & its valuation1 e4g41 hi/ory1 ma!matics1 c4 ,mat]ial education1 ( c\rse1 has no?+ to d ) mat]ialism--,,tr4 #c ,! ref]5ce is n to ,pope1 b to ,hegel4--,,tr4 #d ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,wolf 7#agei-ahbd71 ! well-kn[n classical s*ol>1 n[ *iefly rememb]$ by 8 ,prolegom5a ad ,hom]um4--,,tr4 #e ,/ud5ts :o pass c]ta9 exam9ations ne$ only s]ve "o ye> 9 ! ,g]man ,army in/ead ( ! usual two or ?ree--,,tr4 #f ,otto ,jahn 7#ahac-fi71 :o is probably be/ rememb]$ 9 philological circles by 8 edition ( ,juv5al4--,,tr4 #g ,gu/av ,freytag at "o "t a fam\s ,g]man noveli/--,,tr4 #h ,a well-kn[n anti-,wagn]ian musical critic ( ,vi5na4--,,tr4 #i ,see note on p #adi4--,,tr4 #aj ,k>l ,ottfri$ ,mull] 7#agig-ahdj71 classical ar*ologi/1 :o devot$ special att5tion to ,greece--,,tr4 #aa ,fri$ri* ,gottlieb ,welck] 7#aghd-ahfh71 not$ = 8 ultra-pr(\nd comm5ts on ,greek poetry--,,tr4 #ab ,we %all once aga9 be %ipwreck$4 ,! omission is 9 ! orig9al--,,tr4 #ac ,johann ,gottfri$ ,jakob ,h]mann 7#aggb-ahdh71 not$ = 8 works on metre & ,greek gramm>4--,,tr4 #ad ,a type 9 ,s*op5hau]'s ,essay ,on ,religion4 ,see ,p>]ga & ,p>alipom5a--,,tr4 ,,f9is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ at ,,! ,,d>i5 ,,press1 ,ed9burgh