,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #aagh ,,new ,,york1 ,,june #be1 #ahih4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xlv41 ,no4 #aagh4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,ar*,,ology4--,tombs ( ! ,fir/ ,egyptian ,dyna/y--,by ,,ludwig ,,bor*>dt #ahgfg ,,ii4 ,,an?ropology4--,! ,mile/ones ( ,human ,progress #ahgff ,,iii4 ,,biography4--,! ,que5 ,reg5t & ,alfonzo ,,xiii4--#a illu/ration #ahgee ,,iv4 ,,botany ,,& ,,horticulture4--,rose ,psy*e--#a illu/ration #ahgfh ,v4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4--,! ,lock ( ! ,dortmund-,ems ,canal at ,h5ri*5burg4--#a illu/ration #ahggf ,,vi4 ,,electricity4--,! ,developm5t ( ! ,c5tral ,/ation--,by ,,samuel ,,insull #ahggd ,,vii4 ,,m>9e ,,eng9e]+4--,/e]+ ,ge> ( ,nor? ,g]man ,lloyd ,/eam]s ,cobl5tz1 ,ma9z & ,tri]4--#b illu/rations #ahggg ,,viii4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,sleep & ! ,!ories ( its ,cause #ahgfh ,,ix4 ,,miscellane\s3 ,eng9e]+ ,notes4 #ahgga ,electrical ,notes4 #ahgga ,select$ ,=mul4 #ahgga ,x4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory--,wild & ,dome/ic ,%eep 9 ! ,b]l9 ,zoological ,g>d54--#h illu/rations #ahggb ,,xi4 ,,pat5ts4--,pat5ts4--,by ,,james ,w4 ,,see #ahggc ,,xii4 ,,photography4--,amateur ,*ronophotographic ,app>atus4--#b illu/rations #ahgfi ,,xiii4 ,,/eam ,,eng9e]+4--,comb9$ ,/eam ,pump+ & ,motive ,p[] ,eng9e4--#a illu/ration #ahggh ,,xiv4 ,,te*nology4--,! ,reclaim+ ( ,old ,rubb]4--,by ,,haw?orne ,,hill #ahgfi ,,xv4 ,,w>f>e4--,! ,am]ican ,regul>4--,by ! ,engli% correspond5t ( ! ,london ,times on bo>d ! ,unit$ ,/ates transport ,gussie4 #ahggf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,que5 ,,reg5t ,,& ,,alfonzo ,,xiii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,que5 ,,reg5t ,,& ,,h] ,,son1 ,,k+ ,,alfonso ,,xiii4 ,,( ,,spa94 ,9 ! pres5t w> betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,spa91 ! ,que5 ,reg5t is an impressive figure1 & x is entirely ow+ to h] *>m & =titude t ! pres5t dyna/y ( ,spa9 is ma9ta9$4 ,s9ce 8 e>lie/ y\? %e has con/antly made ef=ts to fit h] son to we> ! cr[n4 ,! ,que5 ,reg5t came f ! great hi/oric h\se ( ,hapsburg1 :i* has done mu* to %ape ! de/9ies ( ! _w4 ,all ! =titude t has di/+ui%$ its memb]s is repres5t$ 9 ?is lady1 :o is ! wid[ ( ,alfonzo ,,xii4 & ! "m ( ! pres5t k+4 ,h] fa!r 0 ! late ,ar*duke ,k>l ,f]d9& & %e is ! c\s9 ( ,emp]or ,franz ,joseph4 ,%e has _h a sad hi/ory4 ,h] husb& di$ be=e ! "y k+ 0 born1 & f ! h\r ( 8 bir? %e has wat*$ & c>$ = ! boy4 ,%e is ! lead] 9 all good works 9 ,spa91 & h] sympa?y = ! di/ress$ is prov]bial4 ,%e gives freely f h] private purse :]ev] !re is ne$1 :e!r x be = ! relief ( mis]y or1 z rec5tly1 :5 ! /ate is 9 p]il4 ,! "y k+ has be5 c>efully educat$4 ,by a curi\s fate1 8 bir? depos$ f ! ?rone 8 si/] ,m>ia de las ,m]c$es1 :o z a little girl 0 que5 = a few mon?s4 ,! boy has be5 br\ght up "u ! influ5ce ( family life & has a w>m affection = 8 "m & si/]s4 ,he has nev] _h ! full delights ( *ildhood1 = he has be5 educat$ 9 t false1 punctili\s & ?or\ghly artificial atmosph]e ( ! c\rt ( ,spa91 9 :i* e c>e has be5 tak5 to fit him = 8 royal position4 ,8 heal? is f> f robu/1 ?\gh ! milit>y education he has receiv$ has done mu* to /r5g!n 8 con/itution4 ,he has be5 taught to int]e/ himself especially 9 ! naval & milit>y affairs1 & ! /udy ( ! models ( %ips & milit>y discipl9e has be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal occupations ( 8 *ildhood4 ,x is ! e>ne/ wi% ( ,spa9 t he %\ld prove wor?y ( 8 "m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,mile/ones ,,( ,,human ,,progress4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a lecture deliv]$ by ,pr(4 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton at ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia4 ,! subject p]ta9s directly to ! advancem5t ( ! race4 ,inde$1 x is to ! measure ( ?is advancem5t ,i %all ask y\r att5tion4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! advancem5t4 ,!re are "s p :o believ$ & believe t man began 9 a /ate ( high developm5t & has s9ce !n deg5]at$ into 8 pres5t condition4 ,! belief 9 "s p]iod ( ,arcadian simplicity & human p]fection is /ill to be f\nd 9 "s remote nooks & crannies ( ! le>n$ _w2 b ^? m9ds :o h be5 tra9$ 9 ar*ological /udies & 9 e?nographic obs]vations "k well t :5 we g back to ! mo/ anci5t deposits1 9 :i* we f9d any sign ( man at all on ! globe1 we f9d also ! pro(s t man !n liv$ 9 ! rude/ possible condition ( savag]y4 ,he has1 little by little1 ?r\gh long c5turies & mill5niums ( pa9ful /ruggle1 surviv$ 9 made 8 weapons & 8 mo/ effective tools = ! "t be+ w\ld be a good crit]ion to g by1 because ^! weapons & tools enabl$ him to conqu] n only ! wild bea/s ar\nd him & 8 fell[ man also1 b nature z well4 ,^! mat]ials are ?ree 9 numb]4 ,!y p>ticul>ly apply to ,european ar*ology1 b1 9 a g5]al way1 to ! ar*ology ( all cont95ts4 ,! "o is /one1 :i* gave man mat]ial = ! be/ cutt+ edge :i* he c\ld make = v _m mill5niums ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,aft] t1 = a comp>atively %ort p]iod1 he avail$ himself ( bronze--( ! mixture ( copp] & t9 call$ bronze--an admixture giv+ a consid]able degree ( h>dness & !re=e all[+ poli% & edge mak+4 ,! bronze age 0 n long any:]e4 ,x 0 succe$$ by t metal :i*1 beyond all o!rs1 has be5 ( signal utility to man--iron4 ,we live 9 ! iron age1 & x is f iron 9 "s ( its =ms & products t all our be/ weapons & mat]ials = implem5ts1 etc41 are d]iv$4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ! ages ( /one1 ( bronze & ( iron4 ,^! are ! measures1 f an arti/ic s\rce1 ( ! advancem5t ( human culture2 & !y c]ta9ly be> a di/9ct relation to all man's o!r conditions at ! "t4 ,a tribe :i* _h nev] progress$ beyond ! /one age--:i* _h no bett] mat]ial = its weapons & implem5ts ?an /one--c\ld nev] proce$ beyond a v limit$ po9t ( civilization4 ,bronze or any metal :i* c be m\ld$1 hamm]$ & %>p5$ ( c\rse gives a nation va/ sup]iority ov] "o :i* uses /one only2 & ! value ( iron & /eel = ! same purposes ,i ne$ n dwell ^u4 ,to be sure1 we h "h sev]al measures2 & x w\ld seem m desirable1 if we c\ld1 to obta9 "o s+le measure--"o s+le mat]ial or object ( :i* we c\ld say t ! tribe t uses or does n use t to an equal degree is c]ta9ly l[] or1 9 ! o!r respects1 high] ?an ano!r2 b ,i believe t !re has be5 no s+le mat]ial :i* has be5 sugge/$ z ( suffici5t use & value 9 ?is direction to s]ve z a crit]ion2 b1 yes6 ,i rememb] !re 0 "o &1 on ! :ole1 n a bad "o4 ,x 0 sugge/$ by ,b>on ,liebig1 ! celebrat$ *emi/1 :o said3 ,if y wi% a s+le mat]ial by :i* to judge ( ! am\nt ( culture t any nation1 or1 = t matt]1 any individual1 possesses1 comp>$ to ano!r "o1 f9d out h[ mu* soap !y use4 ,no?+1 he said1 m ?an p]sonal cleanl9ess & g5]al cleanl9ess diff]5tiates ! cultur$ man f ! savage2 & z = t purpose he probably _h 9 view a soap1 he recogniz$ t z ! "o crit]ion4 ,x is n amiss1 b op51 also1 to s]i\s objections2 because !re are tribes :o live 9 su* conditions t !y c get nei!r wat] nor soap2 & ! ,arabs1 di/9ctly clean1 are n by any means at ! highe/ p9nacle ( civilization4 ,! ,g]mans1 !re=e1 z a rule1 h s\ght "s o!r means ?an all ^? above m5tion$4 ,almo/ all ! ,g]man writ]s on e?nography divide ! p & nations ( ! _w into two great classes--! "o !y call ! wild peoples1 ! o!r ! cultur$ peoples--! ,natur-,voelk] & ! ,kultur-,voelk]4 ,! di/9ction :i* !y draw betwe5 ^! two great classes is l>gely psy*ological4 ,man1 !y say1 9 ! condition ( ! wild p--( ! ,natur-,voelk]--is subject to nature2 !re=e1 !y call !m nature p4 ,! ,kultur-,voelk]1 on ! o!r h&1 h emancipat$ !mselves1 9 great measure1 f ! control ( nature4 ,fur!rmore1 ! man 9 ! condition ( ! wild p is 9 a condition ( practically unconsci\s life3 he has n yet arriv$ at self-consci\sness--he does n "k & recognize 8 individuality--! ,ego--das i*2 t is a discov]y :i* comes ) ! ,kultur-,voelk]--) ! cultur$ p2 & j 9 proportion z an individual 7or a nation7 a*ieves a completely cle> idea ( 8 own self-exi/5ce1 8 self-consci\sness1 8 individuality1 to t ext5t he is emancipat$ f ! m]e control ( nature ar\nd him & rises 9 ! scale ( culture4 ,aga91 to make ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two /ill m app>5t1 x is ! conflict betwe5 ! in/9ctive desires & ! human he>t & s\l & ! intellig5t desires--^? desires :i* we h by in/9ct1 :i* we h by h]$ity & :i* h be5 inculcat$ into u :olly by our surr\nd+s1 :i* we dr9k 9 & accept )\t any int]nal discussion ( !m3 ^? are in/9ctive 9 "*4 ,we g ab\t our bus9ess1 we transact ! daily affairs ( life1 we accept our religion & politics1 n f any int]nal conviction ( our own or positive exam9ation1 b f our surr\nd+s4 ,to t ext5t p are act+ in/9ctively2 &1 z su*1 !y are on a l[] /age ( culture ?an ^? :o arrive at su* results = !mselves ?r\gh intellig5t p]sonal ef=t4 ,?is is a real di/9ction also1 al?\gh some:at m subtle1 p]haps1 ?an ! ones previ\sly giv54 ,!re=e1 ! diff]5tiation made by ! ,g]man e?nograph]s betwe5 wild p & ! cultur$ peoples is1 9 ! ma91 "r2 b x does n admit ( any %>p l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,we _c draw a fix$ l9e & say1 ,on ?is side are ! cultur$ p & on t ! wild1 because !re are _m tribes & nations :o are ab\t t l9e1 9 "s respects on "o side ( x1 9 o!rs on ! o!r2 b 9 a broad1 g5]al way ?is di/9ction 7:i* is n[ univ]sally adopt$ by ! ,g]man writ]s7 is "o we %\ld keep 9 our m9ds z be+ bas$ ^u c>eful /udies & real di/9ctions4 ,usually ! writ]s 9 ! ,engli% tongue pref] a diff]5t basis ?an any ( ^! :i* ,i h m5tion$2 !y pref] ! basis z to :5ce is d]iv$ ! food supply ( a nation1 or a tribe2 & on ! s\rce ( t food supply !y divide nations & tribes into ! m or less cultur$4 ,9 e>lie/ times 7& among ! rude/ tribes to-day7 ! food supply is furni%$ entirely by natural means2 !re is little or no agriculture kn[n to speak (2 !re is no?+ 9 ! way ( pres]v+ dome/ic animals = food2 hunt+ ! wild bea/s ( ! =e/s & fi%+ 9 ! /reams are ! two s\rces4 ,!re=e1 we call t la/ condition ! hunt+ & fi%+ /age ( human developm5t4 ,y w obs]ve t :5 t prevails !re c be no congregation ( m5 into l>ge bodies4 ,su* a ?+ z a city w\ld be unkn[n4 ,! food supply is em95tly prec>i\s4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! season & ^u a ?\s& matt]s n "u ! control ( man 9 any way4 ,moreov]1 inasmu* z ! supply at ! be/ is unc]ta91 x all[s b a v limit$ population 9 a di/rict2 nor does x p]mit any p]man5t or /able inhabitations4 ,! t[ns1 su* z !y are1 mu/ be movable2 !y mu/ g to "o "p ( ! c\ntry 9 ! summ] & ano!r 9 ! w9t]2 !y mu/ foll[ ! game & ! fruits2 & 9 t condition1 !re=e1 ( un/able life x is n possible = a nation or a tribe to ga9 any great advance4 ,y obs]ve1 !re=e1 t :5 ! food supply is drawn f ?is s\rce x does entail a g5]al depravity ( culture ev]y:]e4 ,above t w\ld come ! food supply :i* is obta9$ f o!r s\rces4 ,!re is "o :i* is n univ]sal b /ill widely ext5d$1 & t is ! pa/oral life4 ,!re are _m tribes 7z1 = in/ance1 9 s\!rn ,africa & 9 ,india & ?r\gh\t ! /eppes ( ,t>t>y & else:]e7 :o live on _! h]ds & drive _! h]ds f "o pa/ure to ano!r 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ =age4 ,?is nomadic & pa/oral life ext5d$ v widely ov] ! old _w 9 anci5t times1 b exi/$ n[h]e 9 ! new _w1 = ! simple reason t !y _h no dome/icat$ animals4 ,our own remote ance/ors--bo? ! ,aryans & ! ,semites--all ! e>ly ance/ors ( ! :ite race s f> z kn[n1 7 pa/oral or nomadic2 & ! ,aryans ( c5tral ,europe rema9$ s until aft] ! fall ( ,rome1 :51 = ! fir/ "t1 !y became practically s$5t>y4 ,?is nomadic & pa/oral life is a v great advance ov] ! m]e hunt+ & fi%+ /age4 ,x requires consid]able c>e & att5tion to dome/icate ! wild animals 9 any suffici5t quantity to =m a reliable s\rce ( food4 ,moreov]1 ! att5tion :i* x 0 necess>y to give to ! re>+ & tra9+ & ! look+ aft] dome/ic animals 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 humaniz+4 ,:5 a man f\nd t x 0 necess>y to be c>eful ab\t 8 animals1 he w\ld also be c>eful ab\t 8 neighbors4 ,we w\ld say t ! same s5se :i* enabl$ him1 or direct$ him1 to look aft] ! welf>e ( ! h]d w\ld ju/ify &1 9 fact1 impel him to look aft] t ( man also2 s t ! nomadic & pa/oral life1 al?\gh n /able nor favorable to ! developm5t ( cities1 nor ! great ext5sion ( comm]ce1 0 nev]!less a decid$ advance ov] ! rud] hunt+ & fi%+ /age4 ,s f> z we "k1 nei!r ,aryan nor ,semite ev] dep5d$ ^u a hunt+ & fi%+ /age4 ,!y d\btless did1 b n 9 ! "t ( any hi/ory t we "k4 ,! ,b$\9s1 etc41 w&]+ tribes to-day1 &1 among ! ,semitic1 ! ,tu>egs ( ! ,sah>a1 are a purely nomadic or pa/oral race2 yet are v mu* above ! negroes ( ! s\?1 :o dep5d ^u hunt+ & fi%+4 ,above x1 h[ev]1 & a v great improvem5t ^u x1 is ! agricultural /age1 :]e ! ma9 s\rce ( ! food supply is ! h>ve/s4 ,y obs]ve1 at once1 t t means a s$5t>y life4 ,:5 a man s[s corn1 he mu/ wait !reab\t & t5d x & till x & f9ally reap x & /ore x & ?ra% x & !n pres]ve ! gra9 & build gran>ies = x2 & x involves1 9 fact1 ! rema9+ 9 "o place all ! :ole ye>2 & !n ! regul>ity ( t life l$ v di/9ctly to mak+ m5 regul>1 g5]ally1 9 _! habits4 ,!y want$ to def5d _! homes--def5d ^! gra9 fields ( !irs1 or />vation w\ld result2 !re=e1 !y built t[]s & /rong-wall$ cities2 & !y took great c>e 9 ! selection ( ! be/ m5 among !m to d ! fight+1 :ile o!rs look$ aft] ! crop4 ,we f9d t agriculture began at a v1 v e>ly p]iod 9 bo? cont95ts4 ,9 our own cont95t we _c tell :5 agriculture 0 fir/ 9 use--! ma9 crop be+ ! maize1 or ,indian corn4 ,x 0 rais$ by ! m advanc$ tribes f ! extreme nor?1 :]e its pr(itable culture invit$1 to ! extreme s\?1 f ab\t ! nor!rn l9e ( ,wiscons9 9 ,nor? ,am]ica to ! latitude ( s\!rn ,*ile 9 ,s\?--ext5d+1 !re=e1 ov] "s sev5 to eight ?\s& miles ( l9e> di/ance4 ,9 ! old _w 7go+ back to ! "t ( ! lake dwell]s7 we "k !y _h b>ley1 rye & a species ( millet2 & lat] on !y 7 introduc$ to oats & :eat & a v>iety ( o!rs4 ,rice 0 ( ! v e>lie/ ( our c]eals1 9 ! extreme ea/ ( ! old _w4 ,:]ev] we f9d a v anci5t civilization we also f9d t x is intimately connect$ ) "s important c]eal1 & x has be5 said t all y h to d is to /udy botany--! hi/ory ( botany--& y w f9d ! hi/ory ( human culture2 & mu* !re is t c\ld be said = t4 ,f\r?1 & f9ally1 ^? :o divide human culture accord+ to ! food supply consid] t ! highe/ /age is rea*$ ?r\gh comm]ce4 ,comm]ce br+s to all ! great c5t]s ( human life ! food ess5tial to _! su/5ance4 ,x w\ld be absolutely impossible--obvi\sly s--to h a city l ,philadelphia 9 exi/5ce = a mon? )\t con/ant & ceaseless comm]ce br\ght "h ! food = its inhabitants4 ,x is q likely t1 7 ,philadelphia %ut (f at once f all connection ) ! _w1 )9 t5 days !re w\ld be an absolute fam9e "h--s closely d we dep5d ^u our comm]cial supplies = our subsi/5ce4 ,^! supplies are n drawn f any "o locality2 7 we to draw a radius ( five hundr$ miles ar\nd our great city ( a million inhabitants1 we %\ld /ill f9d t ! great] "p ( our food supply comes f a wid] di/ance f u ?an t2 & !re is no "o ( u t w g to 8 table ?is ev5+ b w see ^u t table food products drawn f e qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,?us x is t comm]ce enables man to rea* an indef9ite degree ( consolidation2 & x is ?r\gh consolidation--?r\gh ! m & m intimate relation%ip1 & ! clos] & clos] juxtaposition ( man--t 8 real b5efit & progress may be d]iv$4 ,^!1 !re=e1 are ! f\r /ages ( culture1 z dep5d+ ^u food supply3 ! hunt+ & fi%+ /age1 ! nomadic or pa/oral1 ! agricultural & ! comm]cial4 ,^! h be5 g5]ally adopt$ by ,engli% writ]s1 & !y are s adopt$ to-day2 & y w probably f9d !m 9 _m ( ! text books4 ,! ,am]ican writ]s h1 9 _m in/ances1 foll[$ ! pr9ciples laid d[n & def9$ mo/ cle>ly by ,mr4 ,lewis ,h4 ,morgan1 a di/+ui%$ e?nologi/ ( ! la/ g5]ation4 ,he divides 7or accept$ ! division & l>gely def9$ x7 ! progress ( man into a s]ies ( /ages3 beg9n+ at ! l[e/ po9t ) savag]y2 !n b>b>ism1 semi-civilization1 civilization1 & fif?1 enlight5m5t4 ,i may briefly ref] to :at he w\ld include 9 ^! & ! ma9 crit]ia :i* he gives = ea* ( !m4 ,he w\ld place ! savage condition z be+ t ( ! l[e/ tribes kn[n to u4 ,!y h little or no agriculture2 _! comm]ce is v in*oate & rude3 !y h no k ( ! metals z su*2 _! be/ weapon is ! b[ & arr[1 or ! ?r[+ /ick2 & _! be/ tool is ! /one hat*et & ! /one spade4 ,?is is v mu* l ! l[e/ condition ( ! wild p to :om ,i ref]r$4 ,above t he w\ld place ! condition ( b>b>ism4 ,9 ! /age ( develop$ b>b>ism he w\ld place su* inv5tions z1 = in/ance1 pott]y1 ! art ( weav+ 7:i* is a v primitive art7 & ! tam+ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( dome/ic animals1 "s = food1 "s = amusem5t & hunt+1 & also ! beg9n+s ( ! developm5t ( agriculture4 ,a type ( su* a nation ( b>b>ism w\ld be ! ,indians :o us$ to live "h--! ,algonkian--! ,delaw>e ,indians4 ,:5 ! fir/ ,europeans came to ! %ores ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv] !y did n f9d absolutely rude savages4 ,! ,delaw>e ,indians _h mod]ately /ation>y villages surr\nd$ by pickets1 ! h\ses be+ built ( /rong timb]2 !y _h l>ge fields ( maize1 pumpk9s1 squa%es & beans1 :i* !y cultivat$ dilig5tly dur+ ! summ] & /or$ ! food = _! w9t]'s supply4 ,!y dep5d$ l>gely1 to be sure1 ^u hunt+ & fi%+ also2 b along ) t !y _h ^! simple arts3 ,f ! ru%es :i* grew bel[ ,philadelphia1 9 a place call$ ! ,neck1 !y us$ to weave mats = protect+ ! floors & also = build+ ! sides ( _! summ] h\ses & = sleep+ ^u4 ,!y _h a me?od ( tann+ & dress+ bucksk9 & us+ x = ! purposes ( clo?+4 ,!y 7 by no means nak$ savages2 !y 7 clo!d1 & tol]ably well clo!d2 !y c\ld make pott]y1 & ! pott]y 0 decorat$ sometimes ) int]e/+ designs1 ( :i* we h specim5s 9 our cab9ets4 ,!re=e1 we f9d among ! old ,delaw>e ,indians :o =m]ly liv$ on ! site ( ,philadelphia a fair specim5 ( a nation 9 a b>b>\s /age1 decid$ly sup]ior to ! ,au/ralian natives ( to-day or ! ,indians ( ! ,t]ra del ,fuego or ! nor!rn "p ( ,briti% ,am]ica1 :o are 9 ! /ate ( complete savag]y4 ,above t is ! p]iod ( semi-civilization1 a /age m>k$ by ! discov]y ( ! me?od ( build+ /one walls4 ,no ,algonkian or ,iroquois ,indian ev] built a /one wall 9 8 life2 !re is no record ( any & no signs ( any ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi2 !re 0 nev] a /one wall built by a native tribe t really am\nt$ to any?+ m ?an a /one pile2 b we d f9d t 9 ! s\?we/1 among ! cliff dwell]s1 & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! /one wall 0 n only kn[n1 b x 0 con/ruct$ ) a great deal ( durability & skill4 ,also1 "s k ( metals 0 f\nd among mo/ ( ! semi-civiliz$ p4 ,! ,mexicans & ! ,p]uvians 7 9 a /ate ( semi-civilization :5 !y 7 discov]$ by ! :ites ! fir/ "t4 ,!y1 built _m ext5sive temples & h\ses1 erect$ frequ5tly ^u pyramids1 ! pyramids !mselves be+ support$ by /one walls4 ,!y knew ! dress+ ( /one2 !y 7 di/9ctly agricultural & dep5d$ m on t ?an any?+ else = _! food supply4 ,!y _h develop$ a sy/em ( mnemonic records :i*1 9 ! ,yucatan culture1 might be call$ picture writ+1 b 0 n phonetic writ+ 9 our true s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! also knew some?+ ab\t weigh+ & measur+4 ,!y _h def9ite laws1 laws :i* 7 c>ri$ out by prop]ly appo9t$ individuals4 ,_! t[ns & cities w\ld (t5 numb] ?\s&s ( inhabitants2 !y _h roads connect+ !m1 :i* roads 7 kept 9 good condition2 !y _h a regul> army made up ( m5 select$ & tra9$ = t purpose4 ,9 all ^! respects we see nations :o 7 semi-civiliz$1 b !y 7 n yet civiliz$4 ,we c\ld call a nation civiliz$ t _h a di/9ct sy/em ( phonetic writ+ & us$ x2 b n all nations hav+ ?is are civiliz$4 ,x is only :5 x is us$ freely & = purposes ( bus9ess t we c call !m civiliz$4 ,! wild ,tu>egs ( ! ,sah>a h a sy/em ( phonetic writ+ us$ by a few ( !m--! wom5 be+ ! lit]ati ( ^? tribes 7! m5 n kn[+ h[ to read or write72 b civilization means m ?an ?is2 x means ! use ( iron weapons & tools2 x means also ! adoption ( a def9ite curr5cy :i* is e/abli%$ on a fix$ basis & recogniz$ ?r\gh\t ! community2 x means ! e/abli%m5t ( comm]cial l9es--a progress di/9ct above t :i* is ! m]e b>t] ( ! l[] conditions ( savag]y & b>b>ism4 ,9 all ^! respects we see t civilization means a type ab\t su* z we enjoy at pres5t4 ,x is su* z has exi/$ 9 ,europe s9ce ! ,r5aissance2 because dur+ ! middle ages we c\ld only say t ,europe 0 9 a semi-civiliz$ condition4 ,!y knew some?+ ab\t writ+2 b at a "t :5 ,dean1 ! writ] ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,engl&1 said t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,engl& !re 7 n half a doz5 m5 :o c\ld read :at he _h writt51 y c see t writ+ 0 a v unimportant "p ( ! culture ( t nation2 s x c only be :5 writ+ becomes a common possession ( ! majority t we c call x an elem5t ( civilization4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t we ourselves h rea*$ ! type ( ! highe/ culture4 ,we leave some?+ = our desc5dants to d4 ,we d n wi% to relieve !m ( ! privilege ( be+ bett] ?an ourselves2 & we %all leave !m1 probably1 pl5ty ( room2 because x is suppos$ t ! /age ( enlight5m5t :i* is ! highe/ /age ( culture--:i* we =esee1 b d n see--t t r applies to ! future ?an to ourselves4 ,t p]iod w come :5 mank9d has fre$ itself v mu* m ?an n[ f ! bonds ( nature & ! environm5t ( society4 ,x w come :5 ! ideas ( our equality are mu* m p]fect ?an !y are n[2 :5 t equality ext5ds to ! equality ( wom5 ) m5 be=e ! law & 9 all rights2 :5 x comes to ! equality ( all m5 ( all ca/es be=e ! law & ! equal opportunity ( all m5 to obta9 t :i* is be/ 9 ! life ( all4 ,we are v f> f t yet4 ,x w come also :5 ! idea ( int]national legislation is su* t x w n be necess>y1 9 ord] to cure great evils1 t we %\ld h rec\rse to weapons ( any mat]ial :atsoev]2 t "t is n yet come2 & s we h mu* t is left = our desc5dants to "w out 9 ?is direction4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe> t all ^! v>i\s crit]ia :i* ,i h nam$ are some:at unsatisfactory4 ,!y d n1 x appe>s to me1 q t\* ! "q at issue4 ,!y are 9 a measure ext]nal measures altoge!r--ev5 t some:at psy*ological "o :i* ,i quot$ f ! ,g]man au?orities4 ,7 ,i to propose a crit]ion1 or a s]ies ( crit]ia1 ( culture :i* c\ld be appli$ to all nations1 x w\ld be t :i* might z well & easily be appli$ to ea* individual2 & :5 we come to apply x 9 t mann] x is mu* m easy to und]/& its be>+4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 def9+ :at he means by culture1 says3 ,x means ! k ( "o ?+ ?or\ghly & a k ( ! gr\ndwork ( all o!r bran*es ( human k4 ,he claim$ t we c only und]/& "o ?+ ?or\ghly2 b t we c\ld & ought to und]/& ! g5]al outl9e ( all o!r ?+s :i* are /udi$ by mank9d4 ,?is is some:at defective1 x appe>s1 because x bases culture entirely f an intellectual po9t ( view2 & if man 7 m]ely a walk+ intellectual ma*9e1 x w\ld be well en\gh2 b he is n2 = ! intellectual man is b a small portion ( 8 life4 ,we are engag$1 mo/ ( our "t1 9 some?+ :i* is v f> f purely intellectual action4 ,we are gov]n$ di/9ctly by our emotions & our feel+s--our s5tim5ts2 & culture mu/ t\* !m1 or x is vague & empty4 ,!re=e x is t ,i w\ld say t we %\ld ?9k ) ,goe!--to :om we mu/ (t5 recur = an insight into ! pr(\nde/ tr5ds ( human nature--mu/ recur to him2 & we f9d t he lays d[n ! pr9ciple ( culture 9 ! individual to be ,a g5]al sympa?y ) all ! highe/ ideas :i* h gov]n$ & are gov]n+ ! human m9d4 ,he said3 ,we %\ld keep ourselves fir/ 7ea* man & woman %\ld keep himself & h]self7 9 t\* ) ! highe/ elem5ts ( 8 & h] own nature4 ,he said1 ,x is n s difficult1 if we give b a little "t to x--provid$ we give t "t regul>ly4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 he says1 to cultivate our intellect by "s /udy1 e day & our s5se ( ! beautiful by look+ at some?+ :i* is beautiful2 & !re is mu* ar\nd u :i* co/s u no?+ to look at 7 we to obs]ve x--! cl\d1 ! sunlight1 ! tree1 ! fl[]1 a butt]fly--any?+ ( t k9d /udi$ = a few m9utes ea* day w\ld cont9ue to develop 9 man's m9d ! s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,we %\ld also appreciate c>efully our actions & gov]n !m & measure !m1 z to :e!r !y are j to o!rs--a matt] :i* a v few m9utes a day w probably enable u to d2 & s also he w\ld g fur!r & seek to f9d1 9 ! idea ( tru? itself1 z to :at we ought & ought n to believe--try+ to discov] "s "o te/ ( tru? :i* we c apply4 ,inde$1 we may !re=e =mulate & apply to nations at l>ge :at ,goe! has !re sugge/$2 & we %all f9d x c be arrang$ 9 :at ,i may call a p5tatonic scale ( culture4 ,y may be aw>e t all musical scales ( all savage & b>b>\s & primitive tribes are n 9 ! octave1 z ours1 b 9 five notes only2 !y all h "o musical scale only1 & t is a p5tatonic scale2 & x is p]haps because !y feel t _! own m9ds are bas$ ^u "s su* arrangem5t z t 7al?\gh t is an idea :i* ,i d n subscribe to1 b only sugge/72 b :5 we come to look ov] ! :ole cycle ( culture1 z we f9d x describ$ 9 ! hi/ories ( culture--9 ! hi/ories ( civilization--we f9d t !y are all ef=ts to develop "o or ! o!r1 or sev]al1 ( five prim>y ideas :i* are 9 ! m9d ( e human be+2 & :5 !y are develop$1 !n culture is p]fect1 ei!r 9 ! individual or 9 ! nation or ! race4 ,^! five primitive ideas1 innate 9 e human s\l1 are ! ideas ( ! useful1 ( ! beautiful1 ( ! j1 ( ! good & ( ! true1 & y w n f9d any savage 7provid$ he is n defici5t 9 ! ord9>y m5tal ability ( 8 tribe7 :o does n indicate an appreciation ( e "o ( ^! 9 8 own way4 ,x is ! idea ( ! useful :i* tea*es him 8 utilit>ian arts2 :i* tea*es him to build 8 h\se2 to *ip ! fl9t = 8 weapon2 to %>p5 ! /ick to dig ! place to drop ! se$2 & all ^? we call ! arts ( utility1 ! useful arts2 & yet y w n f9d a savage tribe to-day b :at goes some:at above ?is2 because among !m all !y make also an ef=t t ^! tools & weapons ( !irs %all h "s sign ab\t !m ( ! beautiful2 & y w f9d decoration--inde$1 ! pa9t$ savage is a "n we give to ! l[e/ ord] ( humanity2 yet ?is same pa9t is to make himself beautiful2 & s x is ?r\gh\t all 8 games & amusem5ts 9 life--y w f9d he is con/antly /riv+ at ! idea ( decoration--at ! idea ( beauty2 little by little he develops ?is1 until x becomes1 9 "s nations1 ! joy ( _! exi/5ce & ! lesson ( ! race1 z 9 ! anci5t ,greeks2 z 9 ! ,italians ( ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,^! are :at we call ! /hetic emotions1 bas$ ^u an innate s5se & love ( ! beautiful3 & we may also turn to ! l[e/ savage--we %all n f9d him defici5t 9 ju/ice2 on ! contr>y1 among ! rude/ ,au/ralians1 )\t %elt] or clo?+1 y w f9d t ! law ( ! tribe is well def9$ & also implacable2 & a man :o has s9n$ kn[s t he mu/ meet x or flee2 he kn[s t !re is no avail or rec\rse beyond ! tribal c\ncil1 & he kn[s :at !y w decide 9 8 p>ticul> case1 because he kn[s ! law & ! p5alty ( its infr+em5t4 ,& ?is rude notion ( ju/ice develops1 little by little1 into ! great edifice ( jurisprud5ce1 ! law ( nation & ! law ( nations4 ,?us we f9d t ! idea ( ! j1 & ( :at is "r f man to man1 is some?+ :i* is f\nd ev]y:]e2 & z t develops culture develops2 b ! m]e j alone does n satisfy ! human he>t2 ! man :o m]ely metes out to 8 fell[ t :i* ! tribal law1 or ! law ( ! l&1 requires ( him1 c]ta9ly is n up to ! ideal ( any man or woman 9 ?is assembly or 9 ?is city4 ,!re is some?+ beyond t1 & :at is t8 ,we f9d t x re/s 9 ! idea ( ! good--t :i* is (t5 br\ght =w>d 9 ! beautiful =ms ( religion1 :i* tells man t above ju/ice !re is some?+ great] & nobl] ?an m]e e?ics or morality--! m]e "r & wrong--! m]e giv+ :at is due4 ,x is n en\gh to d t2 !re mu/ be a giv+ ( m ?an is due2 because ! idea ( ! good transc5ds ! pres5t life--x passes into ! future life ( ! species2 & x is only ?r\gh go+ above :at is ne$$ to-day t we may end[ our po/]ity ) some?+ great] ?an we ourselves possess4 ,x is ! idea ( ! good1 !re=e1 :i* lifts t :i* is m]ely j into a high]--into1 ,i might say1 an immortal sph]e ( activity4 ,x has always _h an int5se attraction = noble s\ls1 :i* hi/ory %[s u2 & x is n to be suppos$ t t attraction w ev] dim9i%2 x w ev] increase1 al?\gh its =ms may *ange2 & f9ally1 along ) ?is bett]m5t ( ! emotions1 & ( ! s5se ( ju/ice--( "r & ( e?ics & ( /hetics--we f9d ! con/ant ef=t & desire ( all mank9d1 9 all /ages ( culture1 to f9d out :at is true1 z di/9ct f t :i* is n true4 ,y w n be mi/ak5 if y seek = ?is 9 ! s\l ( ! rude/ savage2 he1 too1 likes to "k ! tru?4 ,! me?ods by :i* he arrives at x1 or seeks to arrive at x1 are widely diff]5t f ^? :i* y h be5 taught4 ,nev]!less1 ! logical =ce ( 8 m9d2 ! me?ods ( ?\ght t he has2 ! laws t gov]n 8 intellig5ce1 are exactly ! same z y\rs3 & x is only ) y\r enlight5m5t y h ga9$ m & m acqua9tance ) ! me?ods4 ,y "k some?+ ab\t ! great discov]y :i* has advanc$ all mod]n sci5ce f its m$ival condition to t ( ! pres5t--( ! application ( ! inductive sy/em ( sci5ce & ?\ght2 & y "k t x is by con/ant & close ma!matical /udy ( analogy--( probability--t we exclude error little by little f our obs]vations--we improve m & m our in/rum5ts ( precision--we c\nt out ! errors ( our obs]vation2 & we are con/antly seek+ ^? laws :i* are n transi5t & ephem]al only1 b :i* are et]nal & immortal4 ,^u ^? laws1 f9ally1 mu/ re/ all our real1 c]ta9 k2 & x is ! endeavor ( ! an?ropologi/ to apply ^? laws to man & 8 developm5t2 & su*1 inde$1 is ! recogniz$ & highe/ mission ( t sci5ce4 ,we ?us f9d t ! idea ( tru? is at ! summit ( ?is scale :i* ,i h plac$ be=e y--n sep>at$ f x4 ,x int]prets e "o ( ! ideas & ju/ifies !m & qualifies !m & lifts !m up into _! highe/ usefulness4 ,*evali] ,buns51 9 describ+ :at he ?\ght w\ld be ! highe/ condition ( human enlight5m5t1 said1 ,x w be :5 ! good w be ! true & ! true w be ! good2 & he might h ext5d$ t fur!r & said1 :5 bo? ^? ideas 7 ! inspir+ motives ( all ^! five great ideas :i* ,i h /at$ are at ! basis ( ! culture ( e individual & are also at ! basis ( ! culture ( ! race & ( ! nation4 ,?is1 !re=e1 w s]ve z a sket* ( ! mile/ones ( human progress4 ,! way has be5 long & pa9ful2 ! results h be5 f> f satisfactory2 & yet !y h be5 enorm\s & wond]ful1 :5 we comp>e !m n[ ) :at our ance/ors 7 :5 hi/ory began4 ,we c conclude1 h[ev]1 f look+ back on ?is ?orny & upw>d pa?1 t x is /ill go+ to asc5d2 we d n "k x = c]ta92 progress may cease1 ?r\gh "s unkn[n law1 n[ & "h2 b if !re is any?+ t we c d]ive f ! lesson ( ! pa/--if we c project into ! future any ( ! facts :i* hi/ory %[s u are our own n[--x guides u =w>d to a firm belief t ! h]eaft] w h 9 its brea/ great] treasures = humanity1 great] glories = po/]ity1 ?an any t we "k or c und]/&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tombs ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,egyptian ,,dyna/y4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! ,indep5d5t4 ,by ,,ludwig ,,bor*>dt1 ,ph4,d41 ,director ( ! ,g]man ,s*ool 9 ,cairo4 ,= _m ye>s v>i\s ,european collections ( ,egyptian antiquities h conta9$ a c]ta9 s]ies ( objects :i* gave ar*ologi/s great difficulty4 ,!re 7 vases ( a peculi> =m & color1 gre5i% plates ( slate1 _m ( !m 9 curi\s animal =ms1 & o!r simil> ?+s4 ,x 0 kn[n1 positively1 t ^! objects _h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 b x 0 impossible to assign !m a place 9 ! kn[n p]iods ( ,egyptian art4 ,! puzzle 0 increas$ 9 difficulty by c]ta9 plates ( slate ) hunt+ & battle sc5es & o!r repres5tations 9 relief 9 a /yle s /range t _m inve/igators consid]$ !m products ( ! art ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! fir/ light 0 ?r[n on ! "q 9 ! w9t] ( #ahid-ie by ! excavations ( ,fl9d]s ,petrie 9 ,ballas & ,neggadeh1 two places on ! we/ bank ( ! ,nile1 a little bel[ anci5t ,!bes4 ,?is p]sev]+ ,engli% inve/igator discov]$ "h a v l>ge necropolis 9 :i* he exam9$ ab\t ?ree ?\s& graves4 ,!y all conta9$ ! same k9ds ( pott]y & ! same slate tablets m5tion$ above1 & _m o!r objects :i* did n seem to be ,egyptian4 ,x 0 pla9 t ! newly f\nd necropolis & ! puzzl+ objects already 9 ! museums belong$ to ! same p]iod4 ,petrie assum$ t !y repres5t$ ! art ( a =eign p--p]haps ! ,libyans--:o _h tempor>ily resid$ 9 ,egypt 9 ! "t betwe5 ! old & ! middle k+doms4 ,he gave ?is unkn[n p ! "n ,new ,race4 ,b 8 !ory met ) little approval1 lea/ ( all f ,g]man ,egyptologi/s2 & ev5 at t "t1 an op9ion 0 express$ t ?is unusual art belong$ be=e ! kn[n beg9n+ ( ,egyptian culture4 ,h[ev]1 9 spite ( mu* discussion1 ! "q c\ld n !n be decid$4 ,ab\t ! same "t ano!r riddle 0 pres5t$ to ,egyptologi/s by ! results ( ! excavations made 9 ,abydos by ! ,fr5* s*ol> ,aml9eau2 & ano!r hot discussion 0 rais$4 ,aml9eau _h excavat$ sev]al l>ge tombs & _h also f\nd objects :i* c\ld n be arrang$ 9 ! kn[n developm5t ( ,egyptian art4 ,! =tunate discov]] ascrib$ ^! to ! dyna/ies ( ! demigods1 :o1 accord+ to ,egyptian tradition1 reign$ be=e ! k+s2 b ( c\rse ?is idea met ) det]m9$ opposition1 & inde$ especially among 8 ,fr5* colleagues4 ,! tomb ( ,abydos (f]$1 h[ev]1 on quiet consid]ation1 m mat]ial = e/abli%+ its date ?an ^? ( ,ballas & ,neggadeh4 ,9 ,abydos a numb] ( inscriptions _h be5 f\nd :i*1 rude z !y 71 %[$ t ! p buri$ 9 ! tombs _h kn[n ! hi]oglyphic sy/em ( writ+4 ,! occurr5ce ( s-call$ ,horus names 9 ^! inscriptions 0 especially important4 ,= e old ,egyptian k+ _h a long li/ ( names & titles1 & among !m a "n surm\nt$ by ! picture ( a hawk 7i4e41 ,horus71 & call$ on t acc\nt ! ,horus "n4 ,z ! "n is1 at ! same "t1 writt5 on a sort ( /&>d1 x is also call$ ! ,bann] "n4 ,su* ,horus or ,bann] names occur1 !n1 on ! objects f\nd by ,aml9eau4 ,accid5tally1 "o ( ^! names occurs1 also1 on a /atue 9 ! ,grizeh ,museum :i*1 accord+ to its /yle1 is "o ( ! olde/ /atues :i* ! museum possesses4 ,?us x became evid5t t ! ,abydos objects 71 9 any case1 to be plac$ 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,! discussion /ood ?us :51 9 ! spr+ ( #ahig1 ! =tunate h& ( ,de ,morgan1 ! =m] ,directeur-gnral des ,s]vices des antiquits gypti5nes1 succe$$ by r5ew$ excavations 9 ,neggadeh 9 furni%+ ! connections betwe5 ! objects f\nd by ,petrie 9 ,ballas & ,neggadeh & ^? f\nd by ,aml9eau 9 ,abydos4 ,he discov]$1 n f> f ! necropolis1 excavat$ by ,petrie1 ! tomb ( a k+ :i*1 on ! "o h&1 conta9$ pott]y & tablets l ^? f\nd by ,petrie1 & on ! o!r1 objects entirely l ^? f\nd by ,aml9eau4 ,?us x 0 prov$ t bo? ,petrie's tombs & ^? ( ,aml9eau belong$ to ! same p]iod1 &1 inde$1 ! olde/ p]iod1 ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 be=e ! ?ird dyna/y4 ,!y 7 old] ?an ! mo/ anci5t objects :i* we _h ?\ght t we possess$4 ,b x 0 /ill impossible to date !m exactly4 ,at ?is po9t1 an epo*-mak+ discov]y ( ,dr4 ,se!1 privat-doc5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 plac$ ! :ole matt] at a s+le /roke on a comp>atively sure f\ndation4 ,he po9t$ out t ! inscriptions on a few unassum+ pot%]ds f ,abydos conta9$ n only ,bann] names ( old k+s1 b also _! ord9>y names4 ,^! names 7 n inclos$1 z lat]1 9 c>t\*es1 & ev5 conta9$ _m unusual spell+s2 b !y 7 /ill too cle> to be misund]/ood4 ,se! succe$$ 9 id5tify+ ! names ( ! fif?1 ! six? & ! sev5? k+s ( ! fir/ ,mane?onian dyna/y1 call$ by ! ,greek au?ors ,usaphais1 ,miebais & ,semempses4 ,?us x became extremely probable t all ^! newly discov]$ objects 7 f ! fir/ dyna/y1 b /ill n absolutely c]ta92 = ! ?ree names occurr$ only on fragm5ts ( vases1 & absolutely no?+ 0 kn[n ( h[ ^! fragm5ts 7 f\nd4 ,! pro( t !y belong$ to ! o!r objects 0 want+4 ,a v skeptical inve/igator might /ill h said t ! o!r objects 7 old]1 t ! pot%]ds _h only fall5 accid5tally into ru9$ tombs ( an old] p]iod2 or he might h said q ! contr>y1 t ! pot%]ds 7 old] ?an ! tombs4 ,at ?is po9t occurr$ ! possibility ( f9d+ a solution ( ! "q 9 ! objects f\nd 9 ! royal tomb ( ,neggadeh4 ,= ! report ( ! excavations at ,neggadeh 0 m exact ?an t ( ! excavations at ,abydos2 & ! :ole cont5ts ( ! tomb ( ,neggadeh _h be5 kept toge!r & pres]v$ 9 a sep>ate room 9 ! ,grizeh ,museum4 ,! possibility became a reality4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( ?is royal tomb 0 f\nd to be> ! ord9>y z well z ! ,horus "n ( ! k+--a fact :i* _h escap$ ! =tunate discov]]4 ,! object is a small ivory plate ) incis$ repres5tations ( fun]>y (f]+s be=e ! k+4 ,animals are be+ sacrific$ to him2 j>s full ( be] & o!r ?+s are be+ (f]$4 ,! figure ( ! k+1 9 front ( a hang+ mat1 is n pres]v$2 b ! upp] corn] /ill rema9s ) ! two names1 :i* 7 writt5 above ! figure4 ,fir/1 !re is ! same ,horus "n :i* occurs on all ! inscrib$ objects ( ?is tomb & :i* may be translat$ ,! ,w>rior4 ,beside ! ,horus "n 9 a sort ( c>t\*e is ! title ,"l ( ,vulture & ,s]p5t ,cr[n 7,"l ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt71 & b5ea? ! title ! sign :i* repres5ts a *eck]bo>d1 & has ! syllabic value ,mn4 ,!re c !re=e be no d\bt t ! k+ buri$ 9 ! royal tomb ( ,neggadeh1 ( :om we _h only kn[n ! ,horus "n ,! ,w>rior1 _h also ! "n ,mn4 ,n[1 !re is no o!r kn[n ,egyptian k+ :o c\ld be id5tifi$ ) ?is "n ,mn ?an ! fir/ k+ ( ! fir/ ,mane?onian dyna/y1 call$ ,m5es by ! ,greeks4 ,x is impossible "h to g into ! philological basis ( ! id5tification ( ,mn & ,m5es4 ,! f9al conclusion is ?is3 ,9 ,neggadeh1 we h be=e u ! tomb ( ! olde/ k+ ( :om ! ,egyptians _h pres]v$ any memory1 & :om !y consid]$ ! f\nd] ( ! ,egyptian mon>*y4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! importance ( ! que/ions involv$1 a %ort description ( ! tomb ( ,m5es & ( ! objects f\nd 9 x w c]ta9ly be ( int]e/4 ,! second "p ( ,de ,morgan's book1 ,re*]*e sur les orig9es de l',egypte1 :i* has j appe>$1 furni%es u ) ! facts conc]n+ ! tomb1 & ! objects f\nd 9 ! tomb ,i w describe f ! orig9als 9 ! ,gizeh ,museum4 ,! tomb consi/s ( a l>ge build+1 /&+ alone1 measur+ #ed ,x #bg m4 7ab\t #ajj ,x #ej ,egyptian ells71 & built ( burn$ brick4 ,! outside walls 7 ornam5t$1 z 0 usual 9 lat] ,egyptian build+s1 ) pila/]s compos$ ( gr\ps ( small] rectangul> pila/]s4 ,x is ! same motive s (t5 to be obs]v$ 9 ! %am doors 9 tombs ( ! old k+dom1 & is really ! mo/ natural facade ornam5tation = brick build+s1 z x may be made by simply sett+ e alt]nate column ( bricks =w>d or backw>d4 ,! walls 71 9 addition1 pla/]$4 ,back ( ! ?ick outside wall on ea* side lay a r[ ( n>r[ rectangul> rooms1 =m$ by divid+ a corridor by means ( cross walls4 ,inside ?is surr\nd+ r[ ( rooms 0 ! real tomb1 a build+ ) ?ick walls & five rooms 9 a r[4 ,! middle "o ( ^! rooms1 noticeably l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 is ! real burial *amb]4 ,^! five rooms 7 orig9ally connect$ by doors :i* 7 aft]w>d wall$ up4 ,z to ! ro(1 we c only make surmises1 z ! excavator has furni%$ u ) no mat]ial on ?is po9t4 ,! walls z !y n[ /& are at ! highe/ po9t ab\t f\r met]s high1 & ?us may =m only ! l[] "p ( ! build+4 ,:e!r ! ro( 0 an ar* ( /one or simply ( wood1 is unc]ta92 b x seems to me probable t x 0 ( wood4 ,= ! tomb conta9$ a lay] ( a%es 9 :i* all ! objects put 9 ! grave ) ! dead man 7 f\nd2 &1 assum+ t ! ro( 0 ( wood1 x is possible t ! ro( 0 set on fire at ! "t :5 ! tomb 0 robb$ & t ! a%es came f ?is fire4 ,! explanation :i* ! excavator gives ( ^! a%es1 t ! body & ! (f]+s 7 burn$ 9 ! clos$ grave1 h>dly des]ves consid]ation4 ,9 any case1 ! grave has be5 robb$ & de/roy$4 ,t is %[n by ! fact t _m pieces ( fun]al furniture1 :i* orig9ally c\ld only h be5 put 9 ! c5tral rooms1 7 f\nd p>tly brok5 9 ! outside rooms1 or on ! side t[>d ! fields1 ! side mo/ expos$ to ! attack ( grave robb]s4 ,! assumption t ! grave has be5 robb$ & int5tionally de/roy$ agrees entirely ) ! fact t all ! m valuable objects f\nd 9 ! grave 7 9 fragm5ts4 ,b1 fragm5t>y z !y are1 !y are suffici5t to give u a good idea ( ! art ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ! ,egyptian k+dom1 a p]iod :i* is n[ mo/ g5]ally e/imat$ to be five & a half mill5niums be=e ! pres5t day 7#cfjj ,b4,c47 ,! skill ) :i* ivory c>v+ 0 done 9 t e>ly "t is inde$ amaz+4 ,recl9+ lions1 hunt+ dogs & fi% are s skillfully reproduc$ t "o asks h[ _m c5turies ( developm5t mu/ h prec$$ be=e ! art ( c>v+ rea*$ ?is p]fection4 ,a numb] ( feet tak5 f ! legs ( small *airs & o!r simil> furniture1 & made 9 imitation ( bulls' legs1 %[ su* a fixity ( /yle & at ! same "t su* a fre$om ( execution1 t no ar*ologi/1 )\t ! report ( ! excavator1 w\ld d>e to proclaim !m ! olde/ dat$ works ( ,egyptian art4 ,b x 0 n only 9 c>v+ ivory1 :i* is easy to "w1 t ! ,egyptian arti/s %[$ _! skill4 ,!y also make b[ls & vases ( diorite & porphyry ) ! same success2 & ! =ms pres5t$ by ! small] ivory vases are also to be f\nd 9 vases made ( ^? refractory /ones4 ,fur!r1 ! vases made ( /one pres5t n m]ely su* =ms z might be made by turn+ or bor+1 b !re are also b[ls ) ribs :i* are z f9ely poli%$ z ! turn$ b[ls4 ,! h>de/ mat]ial us$ 9 ! objects already f\nd is rock cry/al1 ( :i* sev]al small flasks & b[ls & a little lion are compos$4 ,b ! lion1 x mu/ be confess$1 is r rudely work$4 ,a few small vases ( obsidian also occur--rem>kable 9 view ( ! fact t we d n "k ( any place 9 or ne> ,egypt :]e ?is /one may be f\nd4 ,besides ^! vessels ( h>d /one1 !re are1 ( c\rse1 a l>ge numb] made ( s(t] /one4 ,alaba/] vases occur 9 e conceivable =m4 ,cyl9drical pots1 ) wavy h&les or simple cordlike ornam5tation1 appe> to h be5 especially favor$4 ,! great be] j>s1 clos$ ) enorm\s /opp]s ( unbak$ clay1 7 made ( ord9>y bak$ clay4 ,( c\rse ! diff]5t /one & clay vessels1 :i*1 und\bt$ly1 orig9ally conta9$ (f]+s = ! dead1 =m ! bulk ( ! cont5ts ( ! grave4 ,! slate tablets = rubb+ cosmetics = pa9t+ ! body1 & ! fl9t weapons & knives ( all sorts1 foll[ 9 po9t ( numb]s4 ,rem>kably en\gh1 metal objects occur 9 ?is olde/ hi/orical p]iod alongside ! /one implem5ts1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 9 less numb]s4 ,sev]al objects made ( copp] & a sl5d] bead ( gold h be5 f\nd4 ,su*1 9 %ort1 is all t rema9s ( ! ?+s put 9 ! tomb ) ! k+4 ,b little z !re is1 x gives u an idea ( ! ri*ness & spl5dor ) :i* ^! old royal tombs 7 furni%$4 ,x might c]ta9ly be productive ( unusual emotions to "k t ! few human bones f\nd 9 ! tomb1 & n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,gizeh ,museum1 once belong$ to ! olde/ ,egyptian k+4 ,b z we "k almo/ no?+ ( him1 except "s unf\nd$ traditions1 ?is sort ( relic wor%ip des]ves v little respect4 ,! sci5tific value ( ! pro( t ,m5es 0 ! k+ buri$ 9 ! royal tomb ( ,neggadeh lies r 9 ! fact t we h n[ settl$ ! "q ( ! age ( t culture :i* 0 pres5t$ to u by ! excavations ( ,ballas1 ,neggadeh & ,abydos4 ,! products ( a :ole p]iod ( ,egyptian civilization :i* _h be5 misund]/ood1 & _h be5 us$ to support false hi/orical conclusions1 fall into _! true place2 & our k ( ! hi/ory ( ,egyptian culture is c>ri$ back n m]ely a few c5turies1 b to a p]iod pres5t+ *>act]i/ics diff]5t f ! olde/ previ\sly kn[n p]iod1 b conta9+ ! g]ms ( ! lat] developm5t4 ,cairo1 ,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rose ,,psy*e4 ,! hybrid ,polyan?a ,rose ,psy*e is a se$l+ f ! dw>f ,polyan?a ,rose ,gold5 ,fairy1 cross$ ) ! poll5 ( ! ,crimson ,rambl]4 ,its gr[? & habit1 ?\gh m delicate1 mu* resembles ! ,rambl]4 ,x is app>5tly q h>dy1 & is v free fl[]+1 b we fe> n p]petual4 ,! fl[]s are produc$ 9 clu/]s ( f fifte5 to tw5ty-five1 & are #b to #b in*es across :5 fully exp&$4 ,9 ! bud /age !y are v pretty & well =m$4 ,! color is :ite1 suffus$ ) salmon-rose & p9k1 ) a yell[ base to ! petals4 ,x is a real companion to ,crimson ,rambl]4--,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rose ,,hybrid ,,polyan?a ,,psy*e--,,color1 ,,pale ,,p9k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sleep ,,& ,,! ,,!ories ,,( ,,its ,,cause4 ,! !ory ( ! orig9 ( sleep :i* has ga9$ ! wide/ cr$5ce is ! "o t attributes x to anmia ( ! bra94 ,x has be5 %[n by ,mosso1 & _m o!rs1 t 9 m5 ) defects ( ! cranial wall ! volume ( ! bra9 decreases dur+ sleep4 ,at ! same "t1 ! volume ( any limb increases z ! p]iph]al p>ts ( ! body become turgid ) blood4 ,9 dogs1 ! bra9 has be5 expos$1 & ! cortex ( t organ has be5 obs]v$ to become anmic dur+ sleep4 ,x is a matt] ( ord9>y obs]vation t 9 infants1 dur+ sleep1 ! volume ( ! bra9 becomes less1 s9ce ! fontanelle is f\nd to s9k 94 ,x has be5 suppos$1 b )\t suffici5t evid5ce to ju/ify ! supposition1 t ?is anmia ( ! bra9 is ! cause & n ! sequ5ce ( sleep4 ,! idea beh9d ?is supposition has be5 t1 z ! day draws to an end1 ! circulatory me*anism becomes fatigu$1 ! vasomotor c5t] exhau/$1 ! tone ( ! blood vessels defici5t1 & ! en]gy ( ! he>t dim9i%$1 & ! circulation to ! c]ebral art]ies less5$4 ,by means ( a simple & accurate in/rum5t 7! ,hill-,b>n>d sphygmomet]71 ) :i* ! pressure 9 ! art]ies ( man c be easily reckon$1 x has be5 rec5tly det]m9$ t ! art]ial pressure falls j z greatly dur+ bodily re/ z dur+ sleep4 ,! ord9>y pressure ( ! blood 9 ! art]ies ( "y & heal?y m5 av]ages #aaj-abj mm4 ( m]cury4 ,9 sleep1 ! pressure may s9k to #ie-ajj mm42 b if ! pressure be tak5 ( ! same subject ly+ 9 b$1 & quietly engag$ on m5tal "w1 x w be f\nd to be no high]4 ,by m5tal /ra9 or muscul> ef=t1 ! pressure is1 h[ev]1 imm$iately rais$1 & may !n rea* #acj-adj mm4 ( m]cury4 ,x c be se5 f consid]+ ^! facts t ! fall ( pressure is concomitant ) re/1 r ?an ) sleep4 ,z1 moreov]1 x has be5 det]m9$ on /rong evid5ce t ! c]ebral vessels are n suppli$ ) vasomotor n]ves1 & t ! c]ebral circulation passively foll[s e *ange 9 ! art]ial pressure1 x becomes evid5t t sleep _c be occasion$ by any active *ange 9 ! c]ebral vessels4 ,?is conclusion is borne out by ! fact t to produce 9 ! dog a condition ( coma l to sleep1 x is necess>y to r$uce1 by a v great am\nt1 ! c]ebral circulation4 ,?us1 bo? c>otids & bo? v]tebral art]ies1 c be frequ5tly ti$ at "o & ! same "t )\t ei!r produc+ coma or any v m>k$ symptoms4 ,! circulation is1 9 su* a case1 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh o!r *annels1 su* z bran*es f ! sup]ior int]co/al art]ies :i* ent] ! ant]ior sp9al art]y4 ,:ile total anmia ( ! bra9 in/antane\sly aboli%es consci\sness1 p>tial anmia is f\nd to raise ! excitability ( ! cortex c]ebri4 ,by e/imation ( ! ex*ange ( gases 9 ! blood :i* ent]s & leaves ! bra91 x has be5 %[n t ! consumption ( oxyg5 & ! production ( c>bonic acid 9 t organ is n l>ge4 ,fur!r1 x may be not$ t ! condition ( an/hesia is n 9 all cases associat$ ) c]ebral anmia4 ,?us1 :ile dur+ *lor(orm an/hesia ! art]ial pressure m>k$ly falls1 su* is n ! case dur+ an/hesia produc$ by e!r or a mixture ( nitr\s oxide & oxyg54 ,! art]ial pressure ( man is n l[]$ by ! ord9>y fatigue ( daily life4 ,x is only 9 extreme /ates ( exhau/ion t ! pressure may be f\nd decreas$ :5 ! subject is 9 ! /&+ position4 ,! fall ( pressure :i* does occur dur+ re/ or sleep is ma9ly occasion$ by ! dim9i%$ rate ( ! he>t4 ,! increase 9 ! volume ( ! limbs is to be ascrib$ to ! cessation ( muscul> movem5t & to ! dim9ution 9 ! amplitude ( respiration4 ,! duty ( ! he>t is to deliv] ! blood to ! capill>ies4 ,f ! ve9s ! blood is1 = ! mo/ "p1 return$ to ! he>t by ! compressive action ( ! muscles1 ! con/ant *ange ( po/ure & by ! respiration act+ bo? z a =ce & suction pump4 ,all ( ^! factors are at _! maximum dur+ bodily activity & at _! m9imum dur+ re/4 ,on excit+ a sleep] by call+ 8 "n1 or 9 any way di/urb+ him1 ! limbs1 x has be5 record$1 decrease 9 volume :ile ! bra9 exp&s4 ,?is is s because ! respiration *anges 9 dep?1 ! he>t quick5s1 ! muscles alt] 9 tone1 z ! subject /irs 9 8 sleep 9 reflex response to ext]nal /imuli4 ,consid]+ all ^! facts1 we mu/ reg>d ! fall ( art]ial pressure1 ! depression ( ! fontanelle1 & ! turgesc5ce ( ! vessels ( ! limbs z ph5om5a concomitant ) bodily re/ & w>m?1 & we h no m "r to assign ! causation ( sleep to c]ebral anmia ?an to any o!r alt]ation 9 ! functions ( ! body1 su* z occur dur+ sleep4 ,we may well "h summ>ize ^! o!r *anges 9 function3 7#a7 ,! respiratory movem5t becomes %all[ & ?oracic 9 type4 7#b7 ,! volume ( ! air inspir$ p] m9ute is less5$ by "o-half to two-?irds4 7#c7 ,! output ( c>bonic acid is dim9i%$ by ! same am\nt4 7#d7 ,! bodily temp]ature falls4 7#e7 ,! acidity ( ! cortex ( ! bra9 disappe>s4 7#f7 ,reflex action p]si/s2 ! knee j]k is dim9i%$1 po9t+ to relaxation 9 tone ( ! muscles2 consci\sness is susp5d$4 ,analyz+ m closely ! conditions ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 x becomes evid5t t1 9 sleep1 consci\sness alone is 9 abeyance4 ,! n]ves & ! special s5ses cont9ue to transmit impulses & to produce reflex movem5ts4 ,if a blanket1 suffici5tly heavy to imp$e respiration1 be plac$ ^u ! face ( a sleep+ p]son1 we "k t x w be imm$iately pu%$ away4 ,m ?an ?is1 complicat$ movem5ts c be c>ri$ out2 ! po/ilion c sleep on horseback2 ! punkah-wallah may "w 8 punkah & at ! same "t enjoy a slumb]2 a we>y "m may sleep1 & yet automatically rock h] infant's cradle4 ,turn+ to ! hi/ories ( sleep walk]s1 we f9d x record$ t1 dur+ sleep1 !y p]=m su* feats z climb+ slant+ ro(s or walk+ across dang]\s n>r[ l$ges & bridges4 ,! writ] knew ( ! case ( a lad :o1 :5 lock$ 9 8 room at night to prev5t 8 w&]+ 9 8 sleep1 climb$ a p>tition eight to t5 feet 9 height :i* sep>at$ 8 sleep+ comp>tm5t f ! next1 & ?is )\t wak+4 ,! bra9 c c>ry out n only su* complicat$ acts z ^!1 b x has be5 f\nd to ma9ta9 dur+ sleep its normal inhibitory control ov] ! l[] reflex c5t]s 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,?us1 9 sleep+ dogs1 aft] ! sp9al cord has be5 divid$ 9 ! dorsal region1 reflexes c be m easily evok$ f ! lumb> ?an f ! c]vical cord1 because ! =m] is fre$ f ! inhibitory control ( ! bra94 ,! /r5g? ( /imulus necess>y to pass ! ?re%old ( consci\sness & to produce an awak5+ has be5 measur$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,x has be5 det]m9$ t x takes a l\d] & l\d] s\nd or a /rong] & /rong] electric %ock to ar\se a sleep] dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree h\rs ( slumb]2 aft] t p]iod1 ! sleep becomes light] & ! requir$ /imulus ne$ be mu* less4 ,! alt]native !ories :i* h be5 sugge/$ to acc\nt = ! onset ( sleep may be class$ z *emical & hi/ological4 ,9 relation to ! fir/1 x has be5 sugge/$ t if consci\sness be reg>d$ z dep5d5t ^u a c]ta9 rate ( atomic vibration1 x is possible t ?is rate dep5ds on a /ore ( intramolecul> oxyg51 :i*1 ow+ to fatigue1 may become exhau/$2 or x may be suppos$ t alkaloidal sub/ances may collect z fatigue products )9 ! bra91 & *oke ! activity ( t organ4 ,aga9/ ?is !ory may be submitt$ ! facts t monotony ( /imulus w produce sleep 9 an unfatigu$ p]son1 t ov]-fatigue1 ei!r m5tal or bodily1 w h9d] ! onset ( sleep1 t ! cessation ( ext]nal /imuli by itself produces sleep4 ,z an example ( ?is la/1 may be quot$ ! case record$ by ,/rumpel ( a pati5t :o 0 completely an/hetic save = "o eye & "o e>1 & :o fell asleep :5 ^! 7 clos$4 ,moreov]1 _m m5 possess ! p[]1 by an ef=t ( w1 ( )draw+ f objective or subjective /imuli1 & ( ?us induc+ sleep4 ,! hi/ological !ories ( sleep are f\nd$ on rec5t extraord9>y advances 9 ! k ( ! m9ute anatomy ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 a k f\nd$ on ! ,golgi & me?yl5e blue me?ods ( /a9+4 ,x is held possible t ! d5drites or bran*+ processes ( n]ve cells are contractile1 & t !y1 by pull+ !mselves ap>t1 break ! association pa?ways :i* are =m$ by ! int]lac+ or synapses ( ! d5drites 9 ! bra94 ,ramon y ,cajal1 on ! o!r h&1 believes t ! neuroglia cells are contractile1 & may exp& s z to int]pose _! bran*es z insulat+ mat]ial betwe5 ! synapses =m$ by ! d5drites ( ! n]ve cells4 ,! difficulty ( accept+ ^! !ories is t nobody c locate consci\sness to any p>ticul> gr\p ( n]ve cells4 ,moreov]1 ! anatomical evid5ce ( su* *anges tak+ place is at pres5t ( ! flimsie/ "*4 ,if ^! !ories be true1 :at1 x may be ask$1 is ! ag5cy t causes ! d5drites to contract or ! neuroglia cells to exp&8 ,is !re really a s\l sitt+ alo( 9 ! p9eal gl&1 z ,desc>tes held8 ,:5 a man l ,"l ,br\gham c at any mom5t %ut himself away f ! out] _w & fall asleep1 does 8 s\l break ! d5dritic contacts betwe5 cell & cell2 & :5 he awakes1 does x make contacts & swit* ! impulses evok$ by s5se /imuli on to "o or o!r tract ( ! axons1 or axis cyl9d] processes1 :i* =m ! association pa?ways8 ,su* a hypo!sis is no explanation2 x simply puts back ! :ole "q a /ep fur!r1 & leaves x wrapp$ 9 my/]y4 ,x _c be fatigue t produces ! hypo!tical int]ruptions ( ! d5dritic synapses & !n induces sleep1 = sleep c foll[ aft] fatigue ( a v limit$ k9d4 ,a man may sleep equally well aft] a day sp5t 9 sci5tific rese>* z aft] "o sp5t 9 m\nta9 climb+1 or aft] ano!r pass$ 9 idl+ by ! sea%ore4 ,he may sp5d a :ole day engag$ 9 ma!matical calculation or 9 pa9t+ a l&scape4 ,he fatigues--if we admit ! localization ( function to def9ite p>ts ( ! bra9--b "o set ( association tracts1 b "o gr\p ( cells1 & yet1 :5 he falls asleep1 consci\sness is n p>tially1 b totally susp5d$4 ,we mu/ admit t ! )drawal ( /imuli1 or _! monoton\s repetition1 are factors :i* d und\bt$ly /& out z prim>y causes ( sleep4 ,we may suppose1 if we l1 t consci\sness dep5ds ^u a c]ta9 rate ( vibration :i* takes place 9 ! bra9 /ructure4 ,?is vibration is ma9ta9$ by ! /imuli ( ! pres5t1 :i* awak5 memories ( =m] /imuli1 & are !mselves at ! same "t modifi$ by ^!4 ,by ea* impulse /ream+ into ! bra9 f ! s5se organs1 we c imag9e ! /ructure ( ! c]ebral cortex to be m or less p]man5tly alt]$4 ,! impulses ( ! pres5t1 z !y sweep ?r\gh ! association pa?ways1 ar\se memories ( ! pa/2 b 9 :at way ?is is br\ght ab\t is outside ! range ( explanation4 ,p]haps an impulse vibrat+ at a c]ta9 rate may ar\se cells or fibrils tun$ by pa/ /imuli to respond to ?is p>ticul> rate ( vibration4 ,?us may be evok$ a *a9 ( memories1 :ile by an impulse ( a diff]5t rate q ano!r set ( memories may be />t$4 ,tracts ( association are probably =m$ 9 def9ite l9es ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em1 z dur+ ! life ( a *ild repeat$ waves ( s5se impulses beat aga9/ & ov]come resi/ances1 & make smoo? pa?ways "h & !re ?r\gh ! bra9 /ructure4 ,?us may be produc$ gr[? ( axons 9 c]ta9 directions1 & synapses ( ?is cell ) t4 ,if ! same /imulus be (t5 repeat$1 ! synapses betwe5 gr\ps ( cells may become p]man5t4 ,a memory1 a def9ite l9e ( action :i* is manife/$ by a c]ta9 muscul> response1 may ?us become /ructurally fix$4 ,if ! /imulus be n repeat$1 ! synapses may be b tempor>y1 & ! memory fade z ! gr\p ( cells is occupi$ by a new memory ( "s m pot5t s5se /imulus4 ,_m association tracts & synapses are laid d[n 9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em :5 ! *ild is born4 ,^! are ! fruits ( inh]itance1 & by _! means1 we may suppose1 in/9ctive reflex actions are c>ri$ out4 ,s long z ! pres5t /imuli are controll$ by pa/ memories & are active 9 recall+ !m1 s long does consci\sness exi/1 & ! high] w be ! consci\sness1 ! great] ! numb] & ! m int5se ! "* ( ! memories ar\s$4 ,we may suppose t :5 all ext]nal /imuli are )drawn1 or ! bra9 soo!d by monotony ( g5tle repetition1 & :5 ! body is plac$ at re/1 & ! visc]a are normal & give rise to no di/urb+ s5sations1 consci\sness is !n susp5d$1 & natural sleep ensues4 ,ei!r local fatigue ( ! muscles1 or ( ! he>t1 or ennui1 or exhau/ion ( "s bra9 c5t] usually leads u to seek ^? conditions 9 :i* sleep comes4 ,! :ole organism may sleep = ! sake ( ! "p4 ,to avoid sleeplessness1 we seek monotony ( /imulus1 ei!r objective or subjective4 ,9 ! latt] case1 we dwell on "s monoton\s memory picture1 su* z %eep pass+ "o by "o ?r\gh a gap 9 ! h$ge4 ,to obta9 our object1 we dismiss pa9ful or excit+ ?\ghts1 keep ! visc]a 9 heal?1 s t !y may n =ce !mselves ^u our att5tion1 & r5d] ! s5se organs quiet by seek+ d>kness1 sil5ce & w>m?4--,l4,h41 9 ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,amateur ,,*ronophotographic ,,app>atus4 ,at ! "t t we describ$ ! ,dem5y *ronophotographic app>atus we rem>k$ t x _h ! advantage ( p]mitt+ ( ! projection ( v lum9\s images ( l>ge dim5sions2 b x is c]ta9 t ! cases are some:at limit$ 9 :i* !re is any ne$ ( us+ a scre5 #bd or #be feet squ>e1 &1 z a g5]al ?+1 "o #f or #aj feet squ>e suffices4 ,! manufactur] ( ! app>atus1 ,m4 ,gaumont1 has1 !re=e1 be5 l$ to con/ruct a small size 9 :i* ! b&s h ! dim5sions usually employ$ 9 ! ,fr5* & o!r app>atus1 ?us p]mitt+ ( ! use ( su* z are n[ f\nd 9 abundance 9 ! m>ket4 ,by r$uc+ ! size1 x has be5 possible fur!r to simplify ! con/ruction1 & at ! same "t to r$uce ! price1 ?us mak+ ( ! new =m a g5u9e amateur app>atus4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! ,dem5y pr9ciple consi/s especially 9 ! avoid+ ( traction ^u ! p]=at$ "p ( ! b&1 :i* is ! portion t always pres5ts ! mo/ fragility4 ,?is pr9ciple has naturally be5 pres]v$ 9 ! small model1 & a pres]vation ( ! b&s = a long "t is ?us assur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a--;,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,s5sitiz$ ,,b& ,,9 ,,two ,,magaz9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b--;,,arrangem5t ,,= ,,tak+ ,,views ,,) ,,special ,,ge>+ ,,= ,,! ,,w9d+ ,,( ,,! ,,b&4 ,! app>atus is rev]sible1 & may be us$ = mak+ negatives z well z = project+ positives4 ,9 its new =m x is easily transportable & is no m bulky ?an an ord9>y #e by #g in* app>atus4 ,no?+ is simpl] !n ?an to c>ry x on a j\rney1 if "o desires to make 8 own negative b&s4 ,s9ce ! s5sitiz$ film has to be protect$ aga9/ ! light dur+ its entire travel1 two magaz9es h be5 arrang$ 7,fig4 #a74 ,"o ( ^!1 ,a1 :i* is fix$ ^u ! top ( ! cam]a1 conta9s ! clean film1 :ile ! o!r1 ,b1 :i* is plac$ b5ea? ! objective1 receives ! /rip aft] x has be5 act$ ^u by ! light4 ,a tra9 ( too!d :eels1 ,c 7,fig4 #b71 actuates ! roll] ( ?is second magaz9e4 ,?is arrangem5t may1 moreov]1 be utiliz$ also :5 projections are made1 if "o does n desire ! b& to float 9 measure z x unw9ds beh9d ! objective4 ,z ! upp] magaz9e is entirely clos$ :5 x is plac$ ^u ! app>atus1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to prep>e = tak+ a negative1 to pull out a few in*es ( ! film1 pass ! latt] ov] ! guide roll] & fix ! extremity to ! w9d+ roll] 9 ! l[] magaz9e4 ,x is cle> t we c h any numb] ( magaz9es :atev] = c>ry+ ab\t1 all *>g$1 j z "o c>ries ! frames ( 8 ord9>y cam]a4 ,*ronophotography pres5ts no m difficulty ?an ord9>y photography z reg>ds ! tak+ ( negatives1 & ! amateur :o has n ! prop] facilities = develop+ & pr9t+ ! latt] c h ^! op]ations p]=m$ by a pr(essional4 ,animate projections are beg9n+ to be introduc$ into p>lors1 & "s day w entirely replace ! magic lant]n !re94 ,! excitem5t caus$ by ! cata/rophe at ! ,*>ity ,baz> is n[ calm$1 & x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! accid5t 0 n due to ! lamp ( ! projector1 b to a c>elessly h&l$ c ( e!r4 ,s ! ext5sion ( ?is sort ( spectacle1 mom5t>ily arre/$1 is tak+ a new impetus1 :i* w be fur!r aid$ by ! app>atus "u consid]ation1 = ! description ( :i* & ! illu/rations we are indebt$ to ,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,reclaim+ ,,( ,,old ,,rubb]4 ,by ,,haw?orne ,,hill4 ,! compla9t ( high prices ( ,india rubb] is z old z ! rubb] indu/ry1 "o result ( :i* has be5 an unceas+ ef=t to discov] a practical sub/itute4 ,nev] 0 ! secret ( ! transmutation ( metals s\ght m p]si/5tly by anci5t philosoph]s ?an ! secret ( an artificial rubb] has be5 by mod]n *emi/s1 b1 ?us f>1 ! "o se>* has be5 h>dly m successful ?an ! o!r4 ,"o discov]y has be5 made1 h[ev]1 by :i* our rubb] supplies h be5 s f> cons]v$ t1 = ! want ( x1 we might be oblig$ n[ to pay d\ble ! curr5t prices = new rubb]4 ,?is is ! reclaim+ ( rubb] f worn-out goods1 9 a condition fit = use aga9 9 almo/ e class ( products ( ! rubb] factory4 ,soon aft] ! vulcanization ( rubb] became fully e/abli%$1 attempts began to be made to devulcanize ! scrap & cutt+s ( rubb] :i* accumulat$ 9 ! factories4 ,s ext5sive 7 ^! accumulations t "o company are report$ to h built a road ) rubb] scrap ?r\gh a swamp adjac5t to _! factory1 :ile mo/ o!r manufactur]s 7 unable to f9d ev5 s pr(itable a use = _! wa/es4 ,z "t advanc$ !re came to be l>ge /ocks1 also1 ( worn-out rubb] goods1 su* z c> spr+s & ! l1 all ( :i* appeal$ to a practical m9d "h & !re z be+ ( possible value1 s9ce ! price ( new rubb] kept climb+ up all ! :ile4 ,no few] ?an n9ete5 pat5ts 7 grant$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = improvem5ts 9 devulcaniz+ ,india rubb]1 or re/or+ wa/e vulcaniz$ rubb]1 beg9n+ 9 #ahee1 or elev5 ye>s aft] ! date ( ,goodye>'s pat5t = ! vulcanization process4 ,9 t ye> ,francis ,bas*nagel obta9$ a pat5t = re/or+ vulcaniz$ rubb] to a s(t1 pla/ic1 workable /ate1 by treat+ x ) alcohol absolutus & c>bon bisulphuratum1 9 a clos$ vessel1 )\t ! application ( heat4 ,lat] he obta9$ a pat5t = accompli%+ ! same result by boil+ wa/e rubb] 9 wat]1 aft] x has be5 r$uc$ to a f9ely divid$ /ate2 & /ill lat]1 "o = treat+ ! wa/e to ! direct action ( /eam4 ,pat5ts 7 grant$ 9 #aheh to ,hiram ,l4 ,hall1 = ! treatm5t ( wa/e rubb] by boil+ 9 wat]2 also1 by subject+ x to /eam2 & aga91 by comb9+ v>i\s res9\s & o!r sub/ances ) x4 ,! two inv5tors nam$ assign$ _! pat5ts to ! ,bev]ly ,rubb] ,company1 ( ,bev]ly1 ,mass41 controll$ !n by ! proprietors ( ! ,new ,york ,belt+ & ,pack+ ,company1 & _! processes became ! basis ( an important bus9ess 9 rubb] clo?+4 ,! l[ co/ ( ! devulcaniz$ rubb]1 z comp>$ ) new rubb]1 alone gave !m a great advantage ov] o!r manufactur]s1 9 addition to :i* !y escap$ ! paym5t ( a lic5se to "w "u ! ,goodye> pat5ts4 ,_m army blankets1 made = ! gov]nm5t dur+ ! civil w>1 7 wat]pro($ ) ,hall's devulcaniz$ rubb]1 & f t p]iod little new rubb] has be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( heavy rubb] coats4 ,! o!r pat5ts 9 ?is class d n des]ve special m5tion4 ,x hav+ be5 e/abli%$ t rubb] is rubb]1 no matt] :]e f\nd1 manufactur]s gradually turn$ _! att5tion beyond ! scraps & cutt+s :i* rema9$ aft] mak+ up _! goods4 ,!re 0 beg9n+ to be a good dem& = gr\nd-up rubb] c> spr+s1 wr+] rolls1 tub+ & o!r rubb] goods free f fib]1 aft] x _h be5 s treat$ z to remove ! sulphur cont5ts & re/ore ! gum to a workable condition4 ,b ?is left out ( acc\nt rubb] footwe>1 belt+1 & hose1 n to m5tion ! lat] heavy production ( bicycle tires4 ,!re 7 only a few uses to :i* rubb] wa/e conta9+ fibr\s mat]ial c\ld be put :5 gr\nd up & devulcaniz$ )\t ! removal ( ! fib]4 ,x c\ld be put into a *eap grade ( /eam pack+ or mix$ 9 a p[d]$ =m ) new rubb] = ! heels ( rubb] boots & %oes4 ,!re 0 an e>ly pat5t = a process = comb9+ fibr\s mat]ials ) wa/e vulcaniz$ rubb]1 r5d]$ s(t & pla/ic4 ,b all ! o!r pat5ts :i* come )9 ! scope ( ?is article _h = _! object ! sep>ation ( fib]s f ! rubb]4 ,an important advance 0 m>k$ by ! ,hayw>d pat5t 7,no4 #dj1djg71 grant$ 9 #ahfh1 = boil+ wa/e rags ( fibr\s mat]ial & rubb] 9 an acid or alkali1 = ! purpose ( de/roy+ ! t5acity ( ! fib]s ( ! rags1 s t ! rubb] may be regr\nd4 ,b ?is process ext5d$ only to ! weak5+ ( ! fib]s1 & n _! complete de/ruction4 ,a lat] pat5t1 9 ! same ye>1 provid$ = expos+ ! gr\nd rubb] wa/e to ! direct action ( flames ( gas or inflammable liquids1 by :i* ! =eign matt]s w\ld be consum$ & ! rubb] r5d]$ pla/ic & cohesive1 b x is n on record t ?is process receiv$ any p>ticul> application4 ,! pr9cipal activity ( inv5tion 9 ! field ( reclaim+ rubb] dates f #ahgj1 s9ce :i* ye> #cg pat5ts h be5 grant$ = processes m or less di/9ctive f ^? :i* _h = _! object only ! devulcanization ( rubb]4 ,prior to t "t ! use ( rubb] reclaim$ f fibr\s wa/es _h be5 conf9$ practically to "o l>ge factory 9 ,bo/on & "o ne> ,new ,york4 ,"o conc]n1 = a :ile1 b\ght old rubb] %oes & s5t !m to wom5 9 ! c\ntry1 :om !y paid s mu* a p\nd = ! rubb] /ripp$ (f--a v exp5sive process4 ,!re 7 sev]al claimants = priority 9 ! matt] ( reclaim+ rubb] by ! processes :i* f9ally became /&>d1 & "s conflict+ int]e/s 7 br\ght toge!r "u ! head ( ! ,*emical ,rubb] ,company4 ,?is corporation controll$ ! lead+ pat5ts = ! acid process1 lic5s+ v>i\s p>ties to "w "u !m1 & br++ suits aga9/ conc]ns :o reclaim$ rubb] )\t _! lic5se4 ,9 #ahie ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts decid$ 9 favor ( ! def5dants1 practically r5d]+ ! pat5ts invalid1 on ! gr\nd t ! inv5tions claim$ "u !m _h be5 disclos$ by ! ,hall pat5ts ( #aheh & ! ,hayw>d pat5t ( #ahfc4 ,! two pat5ts ^u :i* ! suits = infr+em5t re/$ pr9cipally 7 ,no4 #bdi1igj1 grant$ to ,n4,c4 ,mit*ell1 9 #ahha1 & ,no4 #cjj1gbj1 grant$ to ! same1 9 #ahhd4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,rubb] ,reclaim+ ,company1 =m$ 9 #ahij by ! comb9ation ( five lead+ rubb] reclaim+ plants1 & work+ "u lic5se f ! company above nam$1 0 resolv$ into ! orig9al elem5ts4 ,!re 7 ab\t t "t five o!r rubb] reclaim+ plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 op]at+ ei!r ! acid or ! me*anical process1 besides n9e g5]al rubb] factories produc+ _! own reclaim$ rubb] by ! acid process4 ,:ile sev]al ( ! latt]--rubb] %oe conc]ns controll$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,rubb] ,company--h be5 consolidat$1 !re has be5 an increase 9 ! numb] ( rubb] manufactur]s reclaim+ _! own rubb]1 s9ce ! end ( ! pat5t litigation1 s t ! total numb] ( reclaim+ plants n[ probably is tw5ty4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 any process = reclaim+ rubb] is ! gr9d+ ( ! wa/e1 = :i* purpose sev]al ma*9es h be5 design$ specially1 an e>ly pat5t = dis9tegrat+ rubb] scrap by subject+ x to ! abrad+ action ( gr9d/ones hav+ fail$ to meet ) favor4 ,! mo/ usual *emical treatm5t is a ba? 9 a solution ( sulphuric acid 9 lead-l9$ tanks4 ,g5]ally heat is employ$ to ha/5 ! process1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( /eam1 9 :i* case ! tanks are tightly clos$4 ,! next /ep is ! wa%+ ( ! scrap1 to free x ( acid & dirt1 aft] :i* x is %eet$ by be+ run betwe5 iron roll]s & hung 9 dry+ rooms4 ,z soon z x has become dry x is ready = sale4 ,9 ! ext5d$ litigation ov] ! acid process pat5ts1 ! po9ts at issue relat$ to ! /r5g? ( ! acid nam$ 9 ! v>i\s specifications & also to ! me?ods ( apply+ /eam4 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,f4 ,*&l]1 call$ z an exp]t 9 "o case1 te/ifi$ t ! effects ( acids1 su* z sulphuric or hydro*loric1 ^u rubb] & rubb] comp\nds1 "u v>y+ /r5g? & temp]ature1 _h be5 kn[n at a p]iod ant$at+ all ! pat5ts !n ! basis ( suits = infr+em5t2 also t _! effect ^u cotton & wool5 fabrics _h be5 equally well kn[n4 ,!y _h ! same effect ^u fib]s1 :e!r ! latt] 7 comb9$ ) rubb] or n1 b v /rong acids w\ld affect ! rubb] injuri\sly4 ,! l9e ( def5se 9 ?is case 0 t no inv5tion 0 requir$ 9 select+ ! /r5g? ( acid2 only ! common s5se ( ! manufactur]1 aid$ by 8 skill & exp]i5ce1 0 necess>y to br+ ab\t ! prop] results4 ,9 support ( ?is a factory sup]9t5d5t te/ifi$ t v>i$ /ocks requir$ skill & judgm5t 9 _! treatm5t & m or less v>iation z to ! /r5g? ( acid1 temp]ature1 etc4 ,z to ! use ( /eam1 ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,b4 ,cornwall1 ( ,pr9ceton ,college1 call$ z an exp]t 9 ano!r case1 te/ifi$ t1 hav+ put to a te/ ! specifications 9 all ! pat5ts involv$1 he _h f\nd x necess>y 9 no case to inject live /eam into ! mixtures ( acid & rubb] scrap 9 ord] to effect ! decomposition & removal ( ei!r wool5 or cotton fib]4 ,! use ( ! acids specifi$ 0 suffici5t = ?is1 & ! v>i\s high temp]atures call$ = 7 n ess5tial = ! de/ruction ( ! fib]s4 ,he neglect$ to m5tion1 h[ev]1 t ! /eam s]v$ an equally important purpose 9 devulcaniz+ ! rubb]4 ,x appe>$ t ! practice 9 diff]5t factories _h includ$ ! use ( sulphuric acid v>y+ f a #b p] c5t4 solution to ! full comm]cial /r5g? ( ! acid1 b "o ( ! def5dant companies bas$ _! case ^u _! use ( acid ( ! /r5g? ( #bh to #cj ,baum1 :]eas ! pat5t !y 7 *>g$ ) infr++ specifi$ a /r5g? ( #ff4 ,_! tanks 7 lead-l9$ & provid$ on ! int]ior ) /eam pipes runn+ d[n ! sides & along ! bottom1 ! sections at ! bottom be+ p]=at$ & ! /eam admitt$ at a pressure ( #ge to #hj p\nds4 ,! *emical treatm5t la/$ f #b to #d h\rs4 ,! sulphuric acid treatm5t1 h[ev]1 is conf9$ ma9ly to scrap conta9+ cotton fib]4 ,:]e wool5 fib]s occur1 :i* is mu* less frequ5tly1 _! dis9tegration is accompli%$ g5]ally by ! use ( cau/ic soda4 ,9 ! me*anical process ( reclaim+ rubb]1 ! rubb] is sep>at$ f ! fib]1 aft] ! :ole has be5 f9ely gr\nd1 by means ( an air bla/1 ! me?od be+ n unlike t practic$ by furri]s = sep>at+ hair & fur f bits ( pelt aft] sk9s h be5 f9ely divid$4 ,z ! p[d]$ wa/e comes f ! bl[]1 ! rubb] falls 9 a heap ne> ! ma*9e1 :ile ! p>ticles ( fib]1 be+ light]1 are c>ri$ f> en\gh away to make ! sep>ation complete4 ,devulcanization 9 ?is case is effect$ by exposure to live /eam at a high temp]ature4 ,no oil is us$ 9 ! process1 ! %eet+ ( ! product be+ facilitat$ by means ( hot friction roll]s4 ,! co/ ( reclaim+ rubb] by ! acid process is less ?an by me*anical means1 = :i* reason ! =m] is n[ mu* m g5]ally us$4 ,b "s manufactur]s are will+ to pay m p] p\nd = me*anically-reclaim$ rubb]1 ei!r 7#a7 because x c be comp\nd$ m heavily ?an ! acid product1 or 7#b7 because ( c]ta9 inh]5t disadvantages ( ! latt]4 ,x is ! te/imony ( ^! manufactur]s t ! action ( sulphuric acid ^u :it+ 7"o ( ! mo/ common adult]ants us$ 9 rubb] %oes7 is to turn x into sulphate ( lime--an +r$i5t :i* is f> f advantage\s 9 a rubb] comp\nd4 ,aga91 any acid :i* may rema9 9 ! reclaim$ rubb] is liable to rot ?9 textile fabrics ) :i* x may be comb9$ 9 manufacture4 ,f9ally1 rubb] recov]$ by ! *emical process1 x is claim$1 is h>d] ?an t obta9$ by any o!r2 s t x is usual to add1 dur+ vulcanization1 9 ord] to s(t5 ! product1 ! residuum obta9$ f petroleum manufactures1 or palm or o!r oils4 ,unvulcaniz$ rubb] clipp+s also h be5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful ( our rubb] factory sup]9t5d5ts1 :o =m]ly made ! reclaim$ rubb] us$ by 8 factory1 has /at$ t 8 practice 0 to subject ! mat]ial to an alkal9e ba? aft] ! acid treatm5t1 n only = ! bett] clean+ ( ! rubb]1 b to neutralize any acid :i* might rema94 ,consid]+ all ! po9ts involv$1 x 0 8 op9ion t1 :5 scrap rubb] is *eap1 ! me*anical process is ! m economical1 :ile1 if x is high pric$1 ! acid process has ! advantage4 ,s9ce ?is expression ( op9ion1 h[ev]1 prices ( rubb] scrap h rang$ con/antly at high] figures ?an be=e1 & !re is no indication t we %all h aga9 :at 0 kn[n =m]ly z *eap scrap4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! volume ( me*anical %oddy %\ld be plac$ by ! be/ e/imates at n above "o-six? ( ! total production ( reclaim$ rubb] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& ! acid product1 ) all its admitt$ %ortcom+s1 is /ill sup]ior to any ( ! s-call$ rubb] sub/itutes4 ,reclaim$ rubb] is n to be consid]$ z an adult]ant1 except 9 ! same s5se z fill+s1 l :it+1 li?>ge or b>ytes1 ! use ( :i* 9 rubb] comp\nds (t5 gives to ! product desirable qualities t are unobta9able by ! use ( pure gum4 ,x lacks "s ( ! qualities ( good native rubb]1 & yet x is rubb]1 & fills its prop] place z acceptably z any raw mat]ial ( manufacture4 ,rubb] %oes made ( new gum entirely w\ld be too ela/ic1 & = t reason w\ld draw ! feet1 besides be+ too co/ly = ! ord9>y trade4 ,! con/ruction ( a rubb] %oe1 by ! way1 is well adapt$ = ! use ( diff]5t comp\nds = ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,rubb] ent]s into tw5ty-six pieces ( a rubb] boot & n9e or m pieces ( a rubb] %oe4 ,consequ5tly1 z _m diff]5t comp\nds may be us$1 if desir$1 = ! output ( a s+le factory = rubb] footwe>4 ,! highe/ grades ( native rubb] may be us$ = wat]pro(+ ! upp]s ( a f9e ov]%oe1 :ile reclaim$ rubb]1 ( a *eap class ev51 may be good en\gh = ! heel1 :i* requires only to be wat]pro( & durable1 )\t too mu* weight1 & ) no ela/icity4 ,reclaim$ rubb] goes into _m classes ( goods ( high grade4 ,! result is t su* goods h be5 *eap5$ legitimately1 plac+ !m )9 ! rea* ( imm5se numb]s ( consum]s :o o!rwise w\ld be oblig$ to d )\t4 ,:ile ! ext5sive use ( reclaim$ rubb] is a matt] ( common k to all :o are famili> ) ! rubb] indu/ry1 !re are n[h]e available any /ati/ics ( ei!r ! absolute or comp>ative volume ( its consumption1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! (ficial returns ( imports into ,canada4 ,!re sep>ate acc\nts are kept ( crude ,india rubb] & ( recov]$ rubb] receiv$ 9 ea* ye>1 & z only a consum+ m>ket exi/s = ^! commodities 9 ! ,dom9ion1 ! figures giv5 bel[ may be tak5 to repres5t closely ! actual consumption by ! rubb] factories ( ,ont>io & ,quebec4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! heavy gr[? ( ! p]c5tage ( recov]$ rubb] %[n 9 ! table1 all ! figures repres5t+ p\nds3 ,fiscal ,crude ,recov]$ ,total ,ye>4 ,rubb]4 ,rubb]4 ,imports4 #ahhe-hf #gci1afi #ai1dii #geh1ffh #ahhf-hg #ghe1jdj #df1ejh #hca1edh #ahhg-hh #a1bbe1hic #hh1dga #a1cad1cfd #ahhh-hi #a1ffi1jad #bba1fgd #a1hij1fhh #ahhi-ij #a1bij1gff #adg1cgg #a1dch1adc #ahij-ia #a1fjb1fdd #h1bed #a1faj1hih #ahia-ib #b1ajj1ceh #ajf1jhj #b1bjf1dch #ahib-ic #b1aeb1hee #aie1bha #b1cdh1acf #ahic-id #b1jgg1gjc #ebi1ijj #b1fjg1fjc #ahid-ie #a1djb1hdd #faa1gde #b1jad1ehi #ahie-if #b1aee1egf #fdc1afi #b1gih1gde #ahif-ig #b1jad1icf #a1jfa1djb #c1jgf1cch ,p]c5tage1 #ahhe-hf #ig4e #b4e #ajj #ahif-ig #fe4e #cd4e #ajj ,if x 7 possible to exam9e ! books ( ! sev]al rubb] reclaim+ plants on ?is side ( ! bord]1 includ+ rubb] %oe & me*anical goods factories produc+ _! own reclaim$ rubb]1 ! p]c5tage ( ?is mat]ial us$1 9 comp>ison ) ! total rubb] consumption1 might be f\nd to be z great 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z 9 ,canada4 ,! rubb] manufacture 9 ! ,dom9ion1 9 its inception1 0 practically an (f%oot f ! indu/ry 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,our manufactur]s suppli$ ! ,canadian dem& = rubb] goods until1 "u ! /imulus ( heavy protective duties1 rubb] works 7 e/abli%$ beyond ! bord]1 s9ce :i* "t1 to quote a lead] 9 ! trade 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! me?ods ( ! ,dom9ion rubb] indu/ry h mirror$ ! be/ practice 9 our c\ntry4 ,h5ce x seems n unreasonable to conclude t if ! ,canadians are us+ s l>ge a p]c5tage ( reclaim$ rubb]1 !y are do+ no m nor less ?an ! old] & l>g] conc]ns "h4 ,! mo/ tru/wor?y au?orities place ! consumption ( new rubb] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ #ahig at n f> f #ce1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,assum+ t ! rate ( consumption ( reclaim$ rubb] 0 z great z 9 ,canada1 we h #ah1dce1jjj p\nds m1 or a total ( #ec1dcc1jjj p\nds4 ,b !re are produc]s ( reclaim$ rubb] :o insi/ t ! am\nt ( ?is mat]ial us$ 9 ?is c\ntry equals1 p\nd = p\nd1 ! consumption ( new rubb]4 ,! use ( reclaim$ rubb] 9 ,europe is increas+ gradually1 & especially 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! ,am]ican product is sold ext5sively 9 t c\ntry1 & "s native reclaim+ plants h be5 />t$4 ,! mo/ ext5sive galo% factory 9 ,russia1 :i* is said to be ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 is reclaim+ rubb] accord+ to ,am]ican me?ods4 ,b1 z a rule1 ! ,cont95tal rubb] manufactur]s make m use ( sub/itutes1 a class ( mat]ials :i* has n f\nd favor 9 ,am]ica4 ,^! rubb] sub/itutes belong *iefly to ! class ( oxidiz$ oils & may be class$ 9 ?ree divisions3 ,^? obta9$ 7#a7 by ! action ( oxyg5 or air on l9se$ oil2 7#b7 by act+ on rape oil ) *loride ( sulphur2 & 7#c7 by ! action ( sulphur on rape oil at a high temp]ature4 ,! fir/ class has little application to ! rubb] trade1 ?\gh its use is univ]sal 9 ! l9oleum indu/ry4 ,9 ,europe ! *emi/ holds a m important position 9 ! rubb] manufacture ?an "h1 "o result ( :i* has be5 *eap] comp\nds ( rubb] & ano!r ! satisfactory employm5t ( ! refractory ,african rubb]s long be=e !y 7 us$ ext5sively 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,h5ce ! co/ ( raw mat]ials 9 ! rubb] indu/ry has be51 on ! :ole1 *eap] abroad4 ,! ,europeans h _h an advantage1 too1 9 respect to *eap] labor1 :i* has (fset some:at our own advantage f ! use ( reclaim$ rubb] z a *eap mat]ial4 ,!re are num]\s grades ( reclaim$ rubb]1 due to diff]5ces 9 ! quality ( /ock us$1 & also to ! diff]5t degrees ( c>e us$ 9 its prep>ation1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( manufactur]s4 ,! decl>$ value ( reclaim$ rubb] export$ f ,new ,york dur+ ,july1 #ahig1 av]ag$ #ab4f c5ts p] p\nd1 :ile ! value ( exports = ,septemb] av]ag$ only #i4a c5ts4 ,! av]age value = ! eight mon?s end+ ,febru>y #bh1 #ahih1 0 #aj4jh c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! total decl>$ value ( su* exports = ! fiscal ye> #ahif-ig 0 #aai1ddj1 :i*1 at ! prices prevail+ s9ce1 w\ld repres5t consid]ably m ?an #a1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,"s ( ! mat]ial sold at home is kn[n to br+ less ?an any prices quot$ above4 ,me*anical /ock br+s ab\t two c5ts p] p\nd m ?an acid /ock ( correspond+ grade4 ,! collection ( old rubb] has acquir$ l>ge proportions z an adjunct to ! trade 9 junk or rags4 ,n long ago ! e/imat$ ye>ly collection ( rubb] %oes alone am\nt$ to #ah1jjj tons1 & s9ce t "t ! bus9ess 9 bicycle tire scrap has also become v l>ge4 ,dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s ! price ( old rubb] %oes has rang$ betwe5 #fj & #abj p] ton 9 c>load lots1 be+ at pres5t ab\t #ij p] ton4 ,"s #a1ejj tons ( rubb] scrap are import$ annually by ! reclaim+ companies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ,baltic ,sea !re are m wrecks ?an 9 any o!r place 9 ! _w4 ,! av]age ?r\gh\t ! ye> is "o ea* day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eng9e]+ ,,notes4 ,,! ,,au/rian gov]nm5t has ord]$ ?irty-sev5 eng9es arrang$ to burn k]os5e1 = use 9 ! ,arlb]g tunnel1 9 :i* lack ( prop] v5tilation at pres5t causes ! tunnel to rema9 fill$ ) smoke4--,uhl&'s ,wo*5s*rift4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ess5tials to mod]n milit>y ent]prise is ! e/abli%m5t ( a milit>y railway sy/em = w> purposes4 ,to be 9 a position to c>ry out effici5tly & spe$ily :at we may expect to be call$ ^u to d on ! outbreak ( s]i\s w>1 previ\s prep>ation 9 "t ( peace is an absolute requisite4 ,9 connection ) ,g5]al ,%]man's op]ations 9 ,georgia1 dur+ ! ,am]ican civil w>1 an army 0 suppli$ = six & a half mon?s ov] a l9e #dgc miles long4 ,! corps ( workm5 0 #aj1jjj /rong1 & on "o occasion replac$ #ce1jjj sleep]s & n9e miles ( rails 9 sev5 days4 ,! true def5se ( ! l9e 0 effect$ by ! eng9e]s always hav+ m5 & mat]ial ready4 ,9 spite ( ! l>ge & skill$ railway population on :i* ! army c\ld call1 & ( ! fact t practically ! nation 0 9 arms1 x 0 f\nd extremely difficult to keep ?is railway con/ruction corps toge!r until !y 7 plac$ "u a sev]e milit>y discipl9e4--,unit$ ,s]vice ,gazette4 ,a ,,hospital c> has be5 introduc$ on ! ,belgian railroads1 says ,! ,eng9e]4 ,x is design$ = use 9 ! ev5t ( a s]i\s railway accid5t1 & c be run to ! spot :]e ! w\nd$ may be pick$ up & c>ri$ to ! ne>e/ city = treatm5t1 in/ead ( be+ left to pass h\rs 9 "s wayside /ation :ile await+ surgical att5dance4 ,! int]ior ( ?is c> is divid$ into a ma9 comp>tm5t1 a corridor on "o side & two small rooms at ! end4 ,! l>ge/ comp>tm5t1 ! hospital prop]1 conta9s tw5ty-f\r isolat$ b$s on /eel tubes hung ^u p[]ful spr+s2 ea* b$ is provid$ ) a small movable table1 a cord s]v+ to hold all ! v>i\s small objects :i* may be ne$$1 & ea* pati5t lies 9 front ( two little w9d[s1 :i* may be clos$ or op5$ at w4 ,! corridor on ! outside ( ! hospital *amb] leads to ! l95 closet & ! doctor's ap>tm5t2 9 ! latt] is a l>ge cupbo>d1 ! upp] portion be+ us$ = drugs1 :ile ! l[] is divid$ into two sections1 "o s]v+ z a case = surgical in/rum5ts & ! o!r z a receptacle = ! doctor's fold+ b$4 ,,! ,,du/ collect$ f ! smoke ( "s ,liege furnaces1 burn+ coal rais$ f ! neighbor+ m9es1 produces1 :5 dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 a solution f :i* consid]able quantities ( ars5ic & sev]al o!r metallic salts may be precipitat$4 ,comm5t+ on ?is fact1 asc]ta9$ by ,m4,a4 ,joriss51 ,m4 ,francis ,maur asks :e!r ?is brea?+ ( ars5ic & o!r m9]als 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate may n acc\nt = ! s+ul> immunity f epidemics enjoy$ by c]ta9 indu/rial di/ricts1 su* z t ( ,sa9t ,eti5ne1 & hopes t "s m9e doctor w ?r[ additional light on ! subject4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 x may be sugge/$ t ! v5tilat+ effect ( ! num]\s *imneys 9 iron mak+ & o!r indu/rial c5t]s has its due %>e 9 con/antly driv+ (f ! vitiat$ air & replac+ x by fre% quantities ( pure air4 ,at any rate1 :5 pe/il5ce 0 rag+ 9 ! high & pleasant qu>t] ( ,clifton1 its inhabitants migrat$ to ! l[-ly+ & n ov]clean p>i% ( ,/4 ,philips1 ,bri/ol1 :]e ! air is black f ! smoke ( num]\s *imneys1 b :]e also ! mortality comp>$ v favorably ) t 9 ! fa%ionable qu>t]4 ,a ,,two-,,spe$ movable sidewalk1 ( ! ,blot1 ,guy5et & ,de ,mocomble type1 is to be us$ = convey+ visitors at ! ,p>is ,exposition1 says ,eng9e]+ ,news4 ,x diff]s f ^? ( ,*icago & ,b]l9 9 ! r$uction ( ! weight ( ! mov+ plat=m by spac+ ! driv+ :eels #abg4e feet ap>t & us+ electricity z a motive p[]4 ,! driv+ :eels are m\nt$ 9 ! b$ ( ! track & imp>t motion to a c5tral rail on ! "u side ( ! plat=m4 ,be>+ :eels1 spac$ ab\t #bj feet ap>t "u ?is rail1 also c>ry ! plat=m1 & ! c5tral rail supports "o-half ! total weight ( ! plat=m2 small side :eels c>ry ! o!r half on side tracks4 ,?is arrangem5t enables ! plat=m1 :i* is divid$ into sections & h+$1 to pass ar\nd q %>p curves4 ,! high spe$ plat=m1 #d feet #c in*es wide1 is suppos$ to move at ! rate ( #f miles p] h\r on a #ce-;in* gage track2 ! sl[ plat=m is #ca in*es wide1 moves at half spe$ & runs on a #ag-c_/d-;in* gage track4 ,! :ole /ructure w be elevat$ on gird]s c>ri$ by ca/ iron columns1 ) /ations ab\t #fef feet ap>t4 ,! high spe$ plat=m weighs #adf p\nds p] l9eal foot2 & ) pass5g]s1 ne>ly #djj p\nds p] foot4 ,! sl[ spe$ plat=m weighs ab\t half ?is4 ,! track w be ab\t #b miles long2 ! initial motive p[] is figur$ at #dgb ,h4,p4 & ! c>ry+ capacity at #ch1hhj p] h\r4 ,,! ,,s*lamm1 or mud1 ?r[n d[n f ! wat] ( coal wa%+ has hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z wor?less1 says ,! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 except t sometimes a portion ( ! coal p>ticles x conta9$ h be5 sep>at$ & made ( value by a wa%+ process2 b ,b]gassessor ,ha>mann1 ( ,fri$ri*/hal1 has inv5t$ a new me?od = treat+ x dry & divid+ x into two products1 "o ( :i*1 ) l[ a% cont5t1 is di/+ui%$ by its granul> nature1 :ile ! o!r conta9s a l>ge proportion ( a% & is ( ! f95ess ( fl\r4 ,! =m] ( ^! two products is1 on acc\nt ( its l[ a% cont5t1 useful = v>i\s purposes1 & ! latt] con/itutes a fuel q ready = use 9 coal du/ fir+4 ,! me?od is f\nd$ on ! circum/ances1 hi!rto lo/ sight (1 t ! incombu/ible con/itu5ts ( ! s*lamm *iefly consi/ ( clay :i* 0 =m]ly m or less dissolv$ 9 ! wa% wat]2 & on ! mud be+ dri$ & subject$ to a suitable me*anical process1 ! clay falls into f9e du/1 :ile ! coal p>ticles1 on ! contr>y1 reta9 _! granul> nature4 ,! me?od is c>ri$ out by dry+ ! mud & a subsequ5t f9e sift+1 :i* effects a break+ up ( ! lumps t occur 9 ! dri$ s*lamm1 & a sep>ation into ! two products above nam$4 ,! du/ t falls ?r\gh ! sieve has a high a% cont5t1 be+ 9 ! nature ( fl\r1 :ile :at rema9s beh9d is granul> & has a l[ a% cont5t4 ,x seems to u t ?is game is h>dly wor? ! c&le4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrical ,,notes4 ,,electricity ,,at ! ,p>is ,exposition4--,electricity w play a l>ge "p at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #aijj1 says ! ,revue ,te*nique4 ,no less ?an #ae1jjj h4p4 w be us$ = light+ & #e1jjj h4p4 = furni%+ electric p[] to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! gr\nds4 ,z f> z possible all ! ma*9]y exhibit$ w be %[n at "w & = ?is purpose electric conductors w be laid d[n to all po9ts on ! gr\nds4 ,! boil] plant w be locat$ at ! end ( ! ,*amp de ,m>s1 & w occupy two spaces ( #acj ,x #cij feet ea*1 "o be+ devot$ to ,fr5* boil]s & ! o!r to ^? ( =eign mak]s4 ,?is plant w be 9 itself a v int]e/+ exhibit4 ,x is propos$ to provide a capacity = evaporat+ n less ?an #ddj1jjj p\nds ( wat] p] h\r4 ,,an ,,int]e/+ little plant 9 :i* ! rise & fall ( ! tides is us$ z motive p[] = ! g5]ation ( electricity is describ$ 9 ,l',electrici54 ,ne> ,pl\mana*1 on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,france1 :]e ! tides h a daily range ( #ci feet1 a small fi% pond sep>at$ f ! sea by a dike is arrang$ ) gates s t at high tide ! wat] fl[s 9 & fills x1 ! gates clos+ automatically :5 ! tide rec$es4 ,! ma*9]y ( an old gri/ mill is us$ to op]ate a small dynamo1 :i* *>ges a /orage batt]y & furni%es light = ! fi% indu/ry !re4 ,ano!r :eel 9 ! same mill works an ice mak+ ma*9e1 ! :ole be+ "u ! *>ge ( "o man4 ,x is /at$ t ! total daily exp5se = g5]at+ ab\t #b1jjj horse p[] h\rs is only #b4 ,,peat ,,bogs z g5]ators ( electrical p[] are sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,frank 9 ,/ahl und ,eis54 ,he says t ! great peat bogs ( ,nor? ,g]many may be ?us utiliz$1 & figures t "o acre ( bog1 av]ag+ #aj feet 9 ?ickness1 conta9s ab\t #a1jjj tons ( dri$ peat1 or #cac1jjj tons p] squ>e mile2 & #dcj squ>e miles w\ld be equival5t 9 heat+ p[] to ! #hj1jjj1jjj to #he1jjj1jjj tons ( coal annually m9$ 9 ,g]many4 ,! bogs ( ! ,ems ,valley alone cov] #ac1jjj squ>e miles2 & ,dr4 ,frank proposes ! erection 9 t di/rict ( a #aj1jjj horse p[] electric /ation1 :i* w\ld ye>ly consume #bjj1jjj tons ( peat1 or ! product ( #bjj acres4 ,he w\ld use ! electrical en]gy on ! ,dortmund & ,em%av5 ,canal1 & = ! manufacture ( calcium c>bide4 ,,! ,,success att5d+ an application ( electric t[+ on ! ,burgundy ,canal 0 su* t two new applications ( electricity to canal haulage & also = b>ge propulsion 7 made la/ ye> 9 ! neighborhood ( ,dijon1 on ! same canal1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,m4 ,gaillot1 ,+nieur des ,ponts et ,*ausses4 ,9 ! me?od ( haulage1 says ,! ,london ,eng9e]1 ! receptor dynamo is m\nt$ on a tricycle1 to :i* ! "n ( electric horse has be5 giv51 & :i*1 runn+ on ! t[+ pa?1 takes its curr5t f an air l9e consi/+ ( two wires1 m\nt$ five met]s 7ne>ly #ag feet7 above ! surface4 ,?is horse1 :i* weighs two tons1 & is guid$ by a driv] m\nt$ ^u x ?r\gh ! front :eel1 proce$s on ! t[+ pa? l a traction eng9e2 & ! boats are connect$ ) x by a rope1 ) automatic dis5gag+ ge>1 9 case ! =ce ( ! /ream or a gu/ ( w9d %\ld drive a boat backw>d4 ,spe$s ( f #a1iij to #d1bdj met]s 7mean #c1cai y>ds7 7 obta9$ ) ! electric horse1 t[+ f ?ree to f\r boats1 s t x is m suitable ?an ! electric propell] = t[age 9 riv]s or v long rea*es2 b x requires a driv]1 :ile ! propell]1 ) :i* spe$s ( f #b1aej to #d1bdj met]s 7mean #c1djf y>ds7 p] h\r 7 obta9$1 is work$ by ! b>gee on bo>d 8 boat4 ,! t[+ pa? is n worn1 & !re is no occasion = a t[ rope1 :i* always causes difficulty :5 two boats cross "o ano!r4 ,m4 ,maillet & ,m4 ,duf\rny1 ,belgian ,+nieurs des ,ponts et ,*ausses1 :o wat*$ ! trials1 conclude t a practical solution ( ! "q dep5ds ^u ! co/ ( produc+ ! motive p[]2 b !y also consid] t horse haulage on canals w soon be sup]s$$ by me*anical traction1 bas$ on ! use ( an automotive tricycle1 work+ ) petroleum or "s o!r hydroc>bon1 & capable ( runn+ on ! t[ pa? )\t requir+ any fix$ plant4 ,,x ,,has long be5 kn[n t fea!rs & hair are electrical bodies1 b until rec5tly we h _h little in=mation ab\t _! electrical prop]ties or ! conditions 9 :i* ^! prop]ties are manife/$4 ,mo/ ( ^! ph5om5a 7 fir/ obs]v$ by ,exn]1 & 9 ! "w ( ,dr4 ,s*w>ze are f\nd collect$ a mass ( facts t _c fail to int]e/ ! physician & ! biologi/2 besides1 we f9d !re a description ( ,exn]'s app>atus :i* 0 us$ by ,s*w>ze 9 mo/ ( 8 exp]im5ts on electrical ph5om5a ( ?is k9d4 ,by ! side ( gold leaf electroscopes we see a fea!r electroscope1 :i* is fa/5$ to its support by means ( a silk5 ?read4 ,a fea!r wav$ ?r\gh ! air is positively electrifi$1 :ile ! air itself seems to be *>g$ ) negative electricity4444 ,two fea!rs rubb$ toge!r 9 ! natural position are s electrifi$ t _! l[] surface is negative & ! upp] positive4444 ,^! exp]im5ts & o!rs /ill h be5 utiliz$ to /udy ! vital relations ( animals & ! biological signification ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,mo/ fea!rs /ick toge!r & rema9 s ev5 aft] be+ dri$2 if !y !n are wav$ ?r\gh ! air1 ! b>bs ( ! fea!r sep>ate1 ow+ to diff]5ces ( electrification4 ,no bird ne$s to att5d to its plumage at ! end ( a long flight1 = :ile ! l>ge fea!rs are positively electrifi$ by friction aga9/ ! air1 ! :ite d[n has become negative1 & s !re is attraction betwe5 x & ! fea!rs4 ,ano!r consequ5ce ( ?is production ( electricity dur+ flight is t dur+ w9ds1 ev5 ! mo/ viol5t1 ! plumage does n become ruffl$1 b re/s tightly aga9/ ! bird's body1 = 9 ?is case ! w+ fea!rs1 :i* ov]lap1 rub aga9/ ea* o!r & become electrifi$ 9 contr>y s5ses4 ,if ! bird flies t[>d ! gr\nd1 flapp+ its w+s1 x compresses ! air bel[ !m1 &1 suppos+ t ! w+ fea!rs c b5d aside1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,exn] %[ t by ! friction ! upp] side ( "o fea!r & ! l[] side ( t :i* is j above are electrifi$ oppositely1 ! m p[]fully z ! rubb+ is great]1 :i* always causes !m to resume ! normal position4--,l',electrici54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,select$ ,,=mul4 ,,removal ,,( ,,ink ,,f ,,hectograph4--,x is recomm5d$ 9 ,sdd4 ,ap4 ,ztg4 to p\r crude hydro*loric acid ^u ! hectograph1 rub ) a wad ( cotton1 !n wa% (f by hold+ "u cold runn+ wat] & dry+ ) a clo?4 ,! hectograph may be us$ aga9 imm$iately4 ,,to ,,clean ,,wall ,,pap]4--,f\r ounces ( pumice /one 9 f9e p[d] are ?or\ghly mix$ ) #a qu>t ( fl\r & ! mass is knead$ ) wat] en\gh to =m a ?ick d\gh4 ,?is d\gh is =m$ into rolls ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet] & #f or #h in*es long2 ea* "o is sew$ up 9 a piece ( cotton clo? & !n boil$ 9 wat] = f #dj to #ej m9utes--long en\gh to r5d] ! d\gh firm4 ,aft] cool+ & all[+ ! rolls to /& = sev]al h\rs1 ! out] portion is peel$ (f & !y are !n ready = use1 ! pap] be+ rubb$ ) !m z 9 ! bread process4--,druggi/'s ,circul>4 ,,insulat+ ,,comp\nd4--,pr(4 ,fess5d5 recomm5ds = armature "w a comp\nd made by boil+ pure l9se$ oil at ab\t #bjj degrees ) #a_/b p] c5t4 ( borate ( manganese1 ! boil+ be+ cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs1 or until ! oil beg9s to ?ick54 ,an advantage ( ?is borat$ oil is t x always reta9s a slight /ick9ess1 & s gives a good jo9t :5 wrapp$ ar\nd wires1 etc4 ,_m sub/ances s us$ are n /icky & let moi/ure 9 ?r\gh ! jo9ts4 ,:]e a smoo? surface is requir$1 x is readily obta9$ by du/+ on a little talc4 ,x c also be giv5 a coat ( japan on ! outside4--,am]ican ,electrician4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,clean ,,diatoms4--,z a g5]al rule1 we may say t e specim5 ( diatomace\s e>? or rock ne$s a special treatm5t4 ,! foll[+1 h[ev]1 may s]ve z a basic treatm5t1 f :i* su* dep>ture may be tak5 9 ea* case z ! nature ( ! specim5 w\ld indicate3 ,boil ! mat]ial 9 hydro*loric acid1 9 a te/ tube1 f two to five m9utes4 ,let settle1 p\r (f ! hydro*loric acid1 sub/itute nitric acid 9 its place1 & boil aga9 = two or ?ree m9utes4 ,p\r into a beak] ( wat]1 /ir a mom5t ) a glass rod & let settle4 ,aft] ! mat]ial has fall5 to ! bottom1 decant ! liquid1 & fill ) fre% wat]4 ,repeat ! op]ation until ! wat] no long] %[s an acid reaction4 ,a portion ( ! deposit may n[ be exam9$1 & if n clean1 boil ! deposit ) t9cture ( soap & wat] 9 equal p>ts1 decant1 wa%1 fir/ ) wat]1 !n ) /rong] ammonia wat]1 & f9ally1 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is usually leaves ! fru/ules bright & %>p4--,national ,druggi/4 ,,r$ ,,indelible ,,ink4--,x is said t by proce$+ accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula1 an int5se purple r$ color may be produc$ on fabrics1 :i* is indelible 9 ! cu/om>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,no4 #a4 ,sodium c>bonate #c drs4 ,gum arabic #c ,wat] #ab ,no4 #b4 ,plat9ic *loride #a dr4 ,di/ill$ wat] #b oz4 ,no4 #c4 ,/ann\s *loride #a dr4 ,di/ill$ wat] #d ,moi/5 ! place to be writt5 ^u ) ,no4 #a & rub a w>m iron ov] x until dry2 !n write ) ,no4 #b1 &1 :5 dry1 moi/5 ) ,no4 #c4 ,an int5se & beautiful purple-r$ color is produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,! foll[+ simpl] & less exp5sive me?od ( obta9+ an indelible r$ m>k on l95 has be5 propos$ by ,wegl]3 ,dilute egg album5 ) an equal weight ( wat]1 rapidly /ir ) a glass rod until x foams1 & !n filt] ?r\gh l954 ,mix ! filtrate ) a suffici5t quantity ( f9ely levigat$ v]milion until a r ?ick liquid is obta9$4 ,write ) a quill1 or gold p51 & !n t\* ! rev]se side ( ! fabric ) a hot iron1 coagulat+ ! album54 ,x is claim$ t m>ks s made are affect$ by nei!r soaps1 acids nor alkalies4 ,?is ink1 or r pa9t1 is said to keep mod]ately well 9 securely /opp]$ bottles1 b we %\ld n rely on x z a /ock article4 ,a :ite pa9t = m>k+ d>k color$ articles might be made by sub/itut+ z9c :ite = ! r$ pigm5t 9 ! =ego+ =mula4--,druggi/'s ,circul>4 ,,br[n ,,or ,,black ,,discoloration ,,( ,,silv]$ ,,mirrors4--,g5]ally ^! spots are due to faulty manipulation1 too great dilution ( ! silv] solution1 or t\*+ ! plates ) ! f+]s aft] !y h be5 clean$4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y are due to *emical defects 9 ! glass itself4 ,9 ^! cases1 z a g5]al ?+1 ! discolorations occur only aft] sev]al days--a faultless mirror hav+ be5 made at fir/1 & ! br[n+ subsequ5tly develop+ sl[ly4 ,! writ] 0 a /ud5t 9 ! laboratory ( ,b>on ,liebig dur+ ! "t t di/+ui%$ *emi/ 0 c>ry+ out ! s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* result$ 9 devis+ a me?od ( mak+ silv] mirrors comm]cially4 ,"o ( ! greate/ tr\bles ) :i* he _h to cont5d 0 ?is br[n+--! cause = :i* 0 nev] fully cle>$ up by him4 ,"s ye>s ago1 ! writ]1 hav+ 9 8 possession two mirrors made by ,liebig1 & :i* _h gradually become br[n ?r\gh\t1 und]took an exam9ation ( ! deposit 7:i* _h be5 ?or\ghly protect$ f extrane\s influ5ces by a /rong film ( v>ni%71 & 0 surpris$ to f9d t x consi/$ ( a lay] ( silv] sulphide4 ,)\t go+ into detail1 ! s\rce ( ! *ange 0 lat] f\nd to lie )9 ! glass itself4 ,9 mak+ glass to be us$ = mirrors1 a consid]able portion ( sodium sulphate is us$1 & 9 anneal+1 ?is is p>tly r$uc$ to sodium sulphide1 :i* effloresces on ! surface ( ! glass4 ,?is effloresc5ce is1 ( c\rse1 remov$ on clean+ ! glass be=e silv]+2 b x is f\nd t1 9 _m in/ances1 on exposure ( ! mirror to ! light = "s "t1 a fur!r effloresc5ce occurs1 & x is ?is :i* produces ! discoloration 9 cases su* z we h cit$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! t5d5cy to subsequ5t effloresc5ce may be correct$ by boil+ ! plates1 int5d$ = silv]+1 = a c\ple ( m9utes1 9 a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( sodium c>bonate or bic>bonate4 ,we h no exp]i5ce ) ! process1 h[ev]4--,national ,druggi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wild ,,& ,,dome/ic ,,%eep ,,9 ,,! ,,b]l9 ,,zoological ,,g>d54 ,z a rule1 dome/ic animals are accord$ v little space 9 zoological g>d5s1 b1 al?\gh x is d\btless ! fir/ duty ( ^! popul> in/itutions to %[ visitors animals :i* live 9 a wild /ate 9 =eign l&s1 x is well1 :]e !re is suffici5t space & adequate means1 to ext5d ! limits ( ! collection s z to include natives ( our own woods & fields1 ?us enabl+ p ( a great city :o are unfamili> ) nature to =m an idea ( ! *anges wr\ght 9 animal life by ! influ5ce ( man1 = dome/ic animals are a great aid 9 ! /udy ( natural hi/ory4 ,! accompany+ engrav+s are reproductions ( in/antane\s photographs ( occupants ( ! new %eep & goat h\se--mo/ly =eign bre$s2 b !re are a few t belong to t ,s\? ,european-,asiatic gr\p :i* are look$ ^u z ! prog5itors ( ! dome/ic %eep3 ! m\flon1 ( ,s>d9ia & ,corsica 7,ovis ,musimon ,l471 :i* has a coat ( br[ni% r$1 fleck$ ) d>k] color2 & ! sl5d]1 long-legg$1 r$di%-gray %eep ( ,belo*i/an 7,ovis ,blan=di ,hume74 ,! fir/ glance at ^! creatures conv9ces "o t !y are wild1 n dome/ic %eep1 an impression :i* is caus$ *iefly by ! monoton\s color+ & ! dry1 %ort coat1 :i* be>s no resemblance to ! ?ick fleece ( ! tame %eep1 al?\gh ! eye is soon attract$ by o!r diff]5ces1 su* z ! %ape ( ! tail1 :i* is %ort & ?ick1 & ( ! horns1 :i* ext5d ov] ! back & !n turn inw>d1 s t :5 ! old ram is kept 9 captivity1 x is necess>y to cut (f ! po9ts ( ! horns to prev5t _! bor+ into ! fle% ( its neck4 ,horns ( ?is %ape =m a /rong contra/ to ^? ) snail-l w9d+s & po9ts /&+ away f ! body4 ,:5 look+ at "o ( ^! %eep f ! front1 x w be notic$ t ! left horn turns to ! "r & ! "r horn to ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s>d9ian ,,m\flon 7,,ovis ,,musimon ,l47 ,illu/ration3 ,,belo*i/an ,,%eep 7,,ovis ,,blan=di ,,hume74 ,=m] au?orities h be5 unwill+ to admit t ! dome/ic %eep h come f any species ( wild %eep ( ! pres5t "t4 ,!y hold t !y are ! desc5dants ( "o or m species ( wild %eep t are n[ ext9ct4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 m5 h ?\ght m deeply & freely on su* subjects1 & ,nehr+ & o!rs h trac$ ! mod]n tame %eep back to ! m\flon1 b n to him alone4 ,x is ?\ght t 9 ?is case1 z ) o!r dome/ic animals1 !re has be5 a mixture ( species1 & 9 ?is connection att5tion 0 direct$ to ! ,transcaspian arkal1 ! argalis ( ! int]ior ( ,asia & ! ,nor? ,african species4 ,dr4 ,heck1 director ( ! ,b]l9 ,zoological ,g>d51 ?9ks t ! horns ( ! tame ram1 :i* are turn$ outw>d1 ! po9ts be+ direct$ away f ! body1 con/itute "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s t ! blood ( ! argalis & its ext9ct ,european ance/ors--:i* are kn[n only by ! fossil rema9s--fl[s 9 ! ve9s ( all dome/ic %eep4 ,! o!r *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! dome/ic %eep--! wool & ! l5g? ( ! tail--v>y greatly4 ,! hea? %eep--! little1 cont5t$1 wea!r-h>d5$ graz+ %eep ( ! ,lneburg & o!r hea?s--belong to "o ( ! olde/ species1 & _! tails are z %ort & _! horns z d>k z ^? ( ! m\fflon4 ,a cross betwe5 ^! two bre$s is n di/+ui%able1 ev5 9 ! second g5]ation1 z has be5 %[n by ! int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 ! ,dsseldorf ,zoological ,g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,hea? ,,%eep4 ,! little1 black & r$-spott$ ,cam]oons %eep1 f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 h n a trace ( wool4 ,b :y %\ld !y h8 ,! negroes ne$ no clo?+1 &1 consequ5tly1 !y h n br$ %eep ) wool2 &1 besides1 su* an animal c\ld n live 9 ! tropics1 ev5 if ! black man 7 a mu* bett] /ock rais] & bre$] ?an he is4 ,! mane on ! neck1 & brea/ ( ! ,cam]oons ram rem9ds "o ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican %eep2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! m\flon & arkal rams h ?is ornam5t q cle>ly1 al?\gh n s /rongly def9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cam]oons ,,%eep4 ,! l>ge1 %ort-bodi$ & long-legg$ %eep f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( we/]n & nor!rn ,africa are a complete contra/ to ! %ort-legg$1 long-bodi$ little ,cam]oons %eep4 ,!re is a v valuable pair ( ! =m] 9 ! ,b]l9 ,zoological ,g>d5--! ,haussa %eep--:i* are v regul>ly m>k$1 ! front p>ts ( _! bodies be+ r$ & ! h9d p>ts :ite4 ,!y 7 br\ght f ! neighborhood ( ,say1 on ! middle ,nig]1 by ! ,togo ,h9t]l& exp$ition4 ,! ram has beautiful horns1 & ! ewe is di/+ui%$ by two /range1 tassel-l p5dants ( sk9 t hang f h] neck4 ,?is zoological g>d5 also possesses a f9e ram f ! int]ior ( ,tunis1 :i* is simil> 9 %ape to ! ,haussa ram1 b has %ort] horns & a heavi] mane4 ,its color is grayi% black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ram ,,f ,,tunis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,haussa ,,ram4 ,illu/ration3 ,,haussa ,,ewe4 ,dr4 ,heck consid]s ! long tail ( ! dome/ic %eep ! *ief imp$im5t to ! adoption ( ! !ory ( its desc5t f ! %ort-tail$ wild %eep4 ,& yet1 9 %eep1 ?is memb] is ( second>y importance1 = x v>ies greatly 9 =m4 ,! %ort-tail$ hea? %eep are j ! opposite ( ! fat-tail$ ,p]sian %eep1 :i* are repres5t$ 9 a fabul\s acc\nt z be+ oblig$ to draw _! broad tails1 t weigh$ #dj p\nds1 beh9d !m on :eels4 ,^! are ! %eep t supply ! ,a/rakan & ,p]sian lamb :i* is s mu* worn n[4 ,! fur is caus$ to lie 9 peculi> waves or tight r+s by sew+ ! newly born lamb 9 a tightly fitt+ cov]+ :i* keeps ! fur f be+ muss$4 ,9 ! ,b]l9 ,zoological ,g>d5 !re is a v f9e f\r-horn$1 fat-tail$ ram1 f ! /eppes on ! l[] ,volga4 ,f ?is region come also ! l>ge-bon$1 fat-rump$ %eep1 :i* h a l>ge mass ( fat on ea* side ( ! /unt$ tail4 ,9 ! illu/ration ?is peculi>ity does n %[ well1 on acc\nt ( ! ?ick w9t] wool4 ,_! color is r$1 ) dirty :ite4 ,:5 ,wissman & ,bumill] return$ f _! la/ exp$ition1 !y br\ght a f9e ram ( a diff]5t bre$ ( fat-rump$ %eep1 :i* are rais$ by ! ,kirghise1 on ! ,altai ,m\nta9s4 ,!y are small] ?an ^? f ! /eppes ( ! ,volga1 b h f9] wool1 & evid5tly belong to a f9] bre$4 ,z mutton tall[ is v useful1 & has be5 us$ ev5 f ! mo/ anci5t times by %eep rais]s 9 ! prep>ation ( food1 !y prize %eep ) ^! masses ( fat on ! tail & rump1 :i* 7 purposely develop$ to ! greate/ possible degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fat-,,tail$ ,,%eep 7,,f\r-,,horn$ ,,ram74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fat-,,rump$ ,,%eep4 ,! /e9bock & ! *amois1 :i* live 9 ! highe/ m\nta9s1 are /ill f\nd1 b o!r bre$s1 su* z ! argalis1 :i* inhabit$ ! foot hills & ! high table l&s1 h disappe>$1 z ,europe has become m ?ickly populat$4 ,we "k t !y =m]ly liv$ !re1 by ! fossil rema9s ( ! olde/ ,plioc5e 9 ,engl& 7,ovis ,sav9ii ,newton71 ( ! caves ( bones ne> ,/ramb]g 9 ,moravia 7,ovis argaloides ,nehr+71 & ( ! diluvial /rata ne> ,puy-de-,dme ,m\nta9 9 ! s\? ( ,france 7,ovis antiqua ,pomm]ol74 ,= ! above & ! accompany+ illu/rations we are indebt$ to ,daheim4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #aagb1 page #ahgef4 ,,pat5ts4#a ,footnote #a3 ,to be pres5t$ at ! ,niag>a ,falls meet+ 7,june1 #ahih7 ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 & =m+ "p ( ,vol4 six ( ! ,transactions4 ,by ,,james ,w4 ,,see1 ,hamilton1 ,ohio1 ,memb] ( ! ,society4 ,,employ]s' ,,rights4 ,an inv5tion1 to be pat5t$1 mu/ be appli$ = by ! actual inv5tor1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( acts con/itut+ a transf]1 ! pat5t1 & all legal own]%ip 9 x1 & all rights "u x1 g exclusively to ! inv5tor4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( express or impli$ contract1 a m]e employ] ( ! inv5tor has no rights "u ! pat5t4 ,only contracts or assignm5ts give to ! employ]1 or to anyone else1 a lic5se or a p>tial or entire own]%ip 9 ! pat5t4 ,! equity ( ?is may be appreciat$ by examples4 ,a j\rneyman c>p5t] inv5ts an improvem5t 9 *ronomet] escapem5ts & pat5ts x4 ,! man :o owns ! c>p5t] %op has no %ad[ ( claim on or "u ?is pat5t4 ,aga91 ! c>p5t] inv5ts & pat5ts an improvem5t 9 jack planes4 ,! %op own] has no rights 9 or "u ! pat5t4 ,aga91 ! c>p5t] inv5ts an improvem5t 9 w9d[ frames1 & ! %op own] has no rights4 ,he has no "r ev5 to make ! pat5t$ w9d[ frame )\t lic5se4 ,! %op own]1 9 m]ely employ+ ! c>p5t]1 acquires no rights to ! c>p5t]'s pat5t$ inv5tions4 ,b !re are cases 9 :i* an impli$ lic5se w\ld g to ! %op own]4 ,= in/ance1 if ! c>p5t] 0 employ$ on ! mutual und]/&+ t he 0 p>ticul>ly +5i\s 9 devis+ c>p5t] "w1 & capable ( improv+ ^u ! products ( ! %op2 & if 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w he devis$ a new & pat5table w9d[ frame1 & develop$ x 9 connection ) 8 employm5t & at ! exp5se ( 8 employ]2 & if ! new frames 7 made by ! employ] )\t prote/ f ! c>p5t]1 ! c>p5t] c\ld1 ( c\rse1 pat5t ! new frame1 b he c\ld n ou/ ! employ] 9 8 "r to cont9ue mak+ ! inv5tion1 = x w\ld be held t ! employ] _h acquir$ an impli$ lic5se4 ,if he c\ld n use x1 !n he w\ld n be gett+ ! v advantage = :i* he employ$ ?is p>ticul> c>p5t]1 & if he did get t "r1 he w\ld be gett+ all t he employ$ ! c>p5t] =1 & t "r w\ld n be at all less5$ by ! fact t ! c>p5t] _h a pat5t "u :i* he c\ld lic5se o!r p4 ,! pat5t does n con/itute ! "r to make or use or sell1 = su* "r is enjoy$ )\t a pat5t4 ,! pat5t con/itutes ! exclusive "r to make1 sell or use1 & ?is ! %op own] does n get unless he specially b>ga9s = x4 ,impli$ lic5ses /& on delicate gr\nd1 & :]e m5 employ p ( +5i\s tal5t1 ) ! und]/&+ t ! results ( su* tal5t develop$ dur+ ! employm5t %all inure to ! b5efit ( ! employ]1 !re is only "o safegu>d1 & t is to f\nd ! employm5t on a contract unmi/akably sett+ =? ! und]/&+4 ,,new ,,purpose4 ,if an inv5tion is old1 x is old reg>dless ( any new purpose to :i* x is put4 ,x is no inv5tion to put a ma*9e to a new use4 ,if an inv5tor contrives a m]itori\s ma*9e = ! production ( co9s or m$als1 8 inv5tion is lack+ 9 novelty if x %\ld appe> t su* a ma*9e _h be=e be5 design$ z a soap press1 & ?is fact is n alt]$ by any m]ely /ructural or =mal diff]5ce1 su* z diff]5ce 9 p[] or /r5g?1 due to ! diff]5ce 9 duty4 ,! inv5tion resides 9 ! ma*9e & n 9 ! use ( x4 ,if ! soap press is cov]$ by an exi/+ pat5t1 t pat5t is infr+$ by a ma*9e embody+ t inv5tion1 reg>dless ( :e!r ! infr++ ma*9e be us$ = press+ soap or silv]4 ,& x is no inv5tion to discov] "s new capacity 9 an old inv5tion4 ,an inv5tor is entitl$ to all ! capacities ( 8 inv5tion4 ,,comb9ation ,,claims4 ,_m p h an errone\s notion reg>d+ pat5t claims1 & consid] ! expression comb9ation z an elem5t ( weakness4 ,! fact is1 t all me*anical claims t are good = any?+ are comb9ation claims4 ,no claim = an individual me*anical elem5t has come "u my notice = _m ye>s & ,i d\bt if a new me*anical elem5t has be5 lately inv5t$4 ,all claims resolve !mselves into comb9ations1 :e!r s express$ or n4 ,comb9ation does n necess>ily imply sep>at5ess ( elem5ts4 ,! improv$ c>pet tack is aft] all b a peculi> comb9ation ( body & head & b>bs4 ,! errone\s public contempt = comb9ation claims is bas$ ^u ! legal maxim1 t if y break ! comb9ation y avoid ! claim & escape infr+em5t1 & ?is legal maxim %\ld be well und]/ood 9 =mulat+ ! claims4 ,if ! claim calls = five elem5ts & ! competitor c omit "o ( ! elem5ts1 he escapes infr+em5t4 ,!re=e1 ! claim is good only :5 x recites no elem5ts :i* are n ess5tial4 ,_m inv5tors labor "u ! delusion t a claim is /rong 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( its array ( elem5ts4 ,! exact opposite is ! tru?1 & t claim is ! /ronge/ :i* recites ! fewe/ numb] ( elem5ts4 ,x is ! duty ( ! inv5tor to analyze 8 inv5tion & "k :at is & :at is n ess5tial to its realization4 ,x is ! duty ( ! pat5t solicitor to sift out ! ess5tial f ! non-ess5tial1 & to draft claims cov]+ broad comb9ations involv+ only ess5tial elem5ts4 ,sometimes ! inv5tor w help him 9 ?is matt]1 b q z (t5 he w1 ?r\gh ignorance1 h9d] him & combat him4 ,! inv5tion hav+ be5 c>efully analyz$ & r$uc$ to its prime factors1 & ! claim hav+ be5 provid$ to comprise a comb9ation involv+ no elem5t :i* is n ess5tial to a realization ( ! inv5tion1 a new & m important "q arises4 ,! elem5ts h be5 recit$ 9 t]ms fitt$ to ! example ( ! inv5tion ?us f> develop$4 ,! comb9ation is broadly /at$1 b ! t]ms ( ! elem5ts are limit+4 ,_c "s +5i\s infr+] realize ! inv5tion by a simil> comb9ation escap+ ! lit]alism ( ! t]ms ( ! elem5ts8 ,x is at ?is /age t ! claim mu/ be c>efully /udi$4 ,! inv5tor1 or "s "o = him1 mu/ assume ! position ( a pirate1 & set 8 wits to "w to contrive an organization realiz+ ! inv5tion b escap+ ! t]ms ( ! propos$ claim4 ,:5 su* an escap+ device is s*em$ out1 !n ! defect 9 ! claim is develop$ & ! claim mu/ be r$rawn4 ,9 ?is way e possible escape mu/ be /udi$ s z to secure to ! inv5tor adequate protection = 8 inv5tion4 ,solicitors f9d x difficult to get inv5tors to d or consid] ?is matt] prop]ly1 inv5tors be+ too (t5 incl9$ to disp>age alt]native con/ructions1 ! matt] be+ l>gely "o ( s5tim5t f\nd$ on ! love ( (fspr+4 ,! wise inv5tor w recognize ! fact t ! pat5t :i* he proposes to get is ! de$ to valuable prop]ty2 t ! object ( ! de$ is n to p]mit him to ent] ^u ! prop]ty1 = he c d t )\t ! de$1 b t x is to keep /rang]s f ent]+ ^u ! prop]ty2 t he desires to enjoy 8 inv5tion )\t unau?oriz$ competition2 t :5 ! prop]ty beg9s to yield pr(it x w invite competition2 t competitors may make ma*9es worse ?an or z good z or bett] ?an 82 & t he c get adequate protection only 9 a claim :i* w\ld b> poor] z well z bett] ma*9es embody+ 8 inv5tion4 ,briefly1 !n1 all good claims = me*anism are comb9ation claims2 ! few] ! elem5ts recit$1 ! /rong] w ! claim be2 non-ess5tial elem5ts weak5 or de/roy ! claim2 ! claim %\ld n be consid]$ satisfactory s long z a way is se5 = ! escape ( ! +5i\s pirate4 ,,comb9ations ,,& ,,aggregations4 ,a giv5 association ( me*anical elem5ts may be entirely new1 b x does n foll[ t x =ms a pat5table association1 = n all new ?+s are pat5table4 ,if ! new association is a comb9ation1 x is pat5table1 b if x is a m]e aggregation1 x is unpat5table4 ,an association may be new & /ill all ( its sep>ate elem5ts may be old1 ! act ( inv5tion ly+ 9 ! fact t ! elem5ts h be5 s associat$ ) relation to ea* o!r z to br+ ab\t an improv$ result1 or an improv$ means = an old result4 ,all new ma*9es are1 aft] all1 compos$ ( old elem5ts4 ,! law presupposes t ! elem5ts are old1 & t ! inv5tion resides 9 ! peculi> association ( !m4 ,if we take a giv5 me*anical elem5t1 recogniz$ z hav+ _h a c]ta9 capacity1 & if we !n simil>ly take "s o!r me*anical elem5t & employ x only = its previ\sly recogniz$ capacity1 & if we !n add ! ?ird elem5t = its recogniz$ capacity1 we h 9 ! end only an association ( ?ree elem5ts ea* p]=m+ its well recogniz$ individual (fice1 & ! entire association p]=m+ only ! sum ( ! recogniz$ individual elem5ts4 ,su* an association is a m]e aggregation1 a m]e add+ toge!r ( elem5ts1 )\t mak+ ! sum ( ! results any great] 9 ! association ?an x 0 9 ! individual elem5ts4 ,x is simply add+ two to "o & gett+ ?ree z a result4 ,an aggregation is unpat5table4 ,z an illu/ration1 a heavy m>ble /atue ( ,jupit] is f\nd 9 ! p>lor & difficult to move4 ,ord9>y ca/]s are put "u its p$e/al & x becomes easi] to move4 ,mod]n anti-friction two-:eel$ ca/]s are sub/itut$ = ! common] ca/]s1 & ! /atue becomes /ill easi] to move4 ,ca/]s 7 nev] be=e associat$ ) a /atue ( ,jupit]4 ,"h is a new association1 b x is a m]e aggregation4 ,! /atue ( ,jupit] has be5 unmodifi$ by ! pres5ce ( ! ca/]s1 & ! ca/]s p]=m precisely ! same "u ! /atue ( ,jupit] t !y did "u ! b$/ead4 ,!re is no comb9$ result1 & !re is no pat5table comb9ation4 ,b if an inv5tor takes a giv5 me*anical elem5t = ! purpose ( its well recogniz$ capacity1 & !n associates ) x ano!r me*anical elem5t = its recogniz$ capacity1 b s associates ! two elem5ts t "o has a modify+ effect ^u ! capacity ( ! o!r elem5t1 !n ! association w be capable ( a result great] ?an ! sum ( ! results = ! individual elem5ts4 ,?is excessive result is n due to ! individual elem5ts1 b to ! comb9ation ( !m4 ,"o has be5 add$ to "o & a sum great] ?an two has be5 secur$4 ,! modification ( result may be due m]ely to ! br++ ( ! two elem5ts toge!r1 s t !y may mutually act ^u ea* o!r1 or x may be due to ! mann] or means by :i* !y are jo9$4 ,9 a pat5table comb9ation ! sep>ate elem5ts mutually act ^u ea* o!r to effect a modification ( _! previ\s individual results1 & secure a conjo9t result great] ?an ! sum ( ! individual results4 ,! elem5ts ( a comb9ation ne$ n act simultane\sly2 !y may act successively1 or "s may act )\t motion4 ,z an illu/ration1 assume an old wat* 9 :i* !re 0 a /em = sett+ ! h&s1 & assume ano!r old wat* ) a /em = w9d+ ! spr+4 ,if an inv5tor %\ld make a wat*1 & provide x ) ! two /ems1 he w\ld h only an aggregation4 ,b if he employ$ b "o /em1 & s locat$ x t x c\ld be us$ at w = sett+ ! h&s or = w9d+ ! spr+1 !n he w\ld h produc$ a comb9ation4 ,! p>ticul> in/ance j giv5 is n a case ( ! same numb] ( elem5ts1 produc+ a result 9 excess ( ! individual results ( ! sep>ate elem5ts1 b is r a case ( a less] numb] ( elem5ts1 produc+ a comb9ation result equal to ! sum ( ! previ\s results ( a great] numb] ( elem5ts4 ,a bett] example w\ld p]haps be a new wat* ) its two old /ems s relat$ t ei!r c\ld be us$ = sett+ ! h&s or = w9d+ ! spr+4 ,,g5]a ,,& ,,species4 ,an inv5tor1 be+ ! fir/ to produce a giv5 organization1 & desir+ to pat5t x1 may see at once a pat5table v>iation on ! device4 ,9 o!r words1 he makes two ma*9es pat5tably diff]5t1 b bo? embody+ 8 ma9 inv5tion4 ,he drafts 8 broad pat5t claim to cov] bo? ma*9es4 ,9 8 pat5t he mu/ illu/rate 8 inv5tion1 & he accord+ly %[s 9 ! draw+s ! pref]r$ ma*9e4 ,! two ma*9es repres5t two species ( 8 g5]ic inv5tion1 & = illu/ration he selects ! pref]able species4 ,he drafts 8 g5]ic claim to cov] bo? species1 & he foll[s ?is ) a specific claim relat+ to ! select$ species4 ,! "q might be ask$1 ,if ! broad g5]ic claim cov]s ! select$ & all o!r species1 :y bo!r ) ! specific claim1 :y n re/ on ! g5]ic claim8 ,! answ] is t x might 9 ! future develop t ! g5us 0 old1 & t ! g5]ic claim 0 invalid1 :ile ! specific claim w\ld /ill be good4 ,! infr+] ( ! specific claim may ?us be held not)/&+ ! g5]ic claim becomes void4 ,b ! inv5tor _c claim 8 second species 9 8 pat5t4 ,he c claim ! g5us1 & he c claim "o species "u t g5us1 b all o!r species mu/ be cov]$ 9 sep>ate pat5ts4 ,x is ev5 unwise to illu/rate alt]native species 9 a pat5t =1 9 case1 ( litigation1 "s "o ( ! alt]native species might prove to be old4 ,?is w\ld h ! effect1 ( c\rse1 to de/roy ! g5]ic claim1 b x might possibly h ! effect ( damag+ ! specific claim if x %\ld appe> t ! specific claim 0 aft] all m]ely = a modification z di/+ui%$ f a di/9ct species4 ,7 x n = ! dang] ( broad g5]ic claims be+ r5d]$ void by discov]$ anticipations1 !re w\ld be no ne$ = claim+ species1 b 9 view ( su* possibility x is important to claim "o species 9 ! g5]ic pat5t1 & to protect alt]native species by o!r pat5ts4 ,,comb9ation ,,& ,,sub-,,comb9ation4 ,a giv5 ma*9e capable ( a giv5 ultimate result hav+ be5 inv5t$1 a claim may be drawn to cov] ! comb9ation ( elem5ts compris$ 9 ! ma*9e4 ,su* claim w cov] ! ma*9e z a :ole4 ,b1 ! fact be+ recogniz$ t _m ma*9es are1 aft] all1 compos$ ( a s]ies ( sub-ma*9es1 & t ^! sub-ma*9es1 9 turn1 are compos$ ( c]ta9 comb9ations ( elem5ts1 & t )9 ^! sub-ma*9es !re are /ill m9or comb9ations ( elem5ts capable ( produc+ useful me*anical results1 & t ! sub-ma*9es1 or "s ( ! subord9ate comb9ations ( elem5ts )9 ! sub-ma*9es1 might be capable ( utilization 9 o!r situations ?an t compreh5d$ by ! ma9 ma*9e1 x becomes important t ! inv5tor be protect$ reg>d+ ! sub-ma*9es & ! m9or useful comb9ations4 ,claims may be drawn = ! comb9ation con/itut+ ! ma9 ma*9e1 o!r claims may be drawn = ! comb9ations con/itut+ ! op]ative sub-ma*9es1 & claims may be drawn cov]+ ! m9or useful comb9ations ( elem5ts f\nd )9 ! sub-ma*9es4 ,ea* claim$ comb9ation mu/ be op]ative4 ,b second>y claims _c be made = sub-ma*9es or sub-comb9ations :i* are = divisional matt] or matt] :i* %\ld be made ! subject ( sep>ate pat5ts4 ,,me*anical ,,equival5ts4 ,:]e an inv5tor produces a new me*anical device = ! production ( a c]ta9 result1 he c (t5 see 9 advance t v>i\s modifications ( x c be made to br+ ab\t ! same result1 & ev5 if he does n see x he may 9 ! future f9d competitors gett+ at ! result by a diff]5t con/ruction4 ,he analyzes ! compet+ /ructure1 & det]m9es t x is ! same ?+ only diff]5t1 & wond]s :at ! legal doctr9e ( me*anical equival5ts means1 & asks if he is n entitl$ to ! b5efits ( t doctr9e1 s t 8 pat5t may dom9ate ! compet+ ma*9e4 ,an inv5tor may or may n be entitl$ to invoke ! doctr9e ( me*anical equival5ts1 & ! doctr9e may or may n cause 8 pat5t to cov] a giv5 fanci$ infr+em5t4 ,if an inv5tor is a pione] 9 a c]ta9 field1 & is ! fir/ to produce an organization ( me*anism by means ( :i* a giv5 result is produc$1 he is entitl$ to a claim ^: bread? ( language is comm5surate ) ! improvem5t he has wr\ght 9 ! art4 ,he _c claim functions or p]=mance1 b mu/ limit 8 claim to me*anism1 9 o!r words1 to ! comb9ation ( elem5ts :i* produces ! new result4 ,8 claim recites ^? elem5ts by "n4 ,if ! new result _c be produc$ by any o!r comb9ation ( elem5ts1 !n1 ( c\rse1 no "q w arise reg>d+ infr+em5t4 ,b x may be t a competitor contrives a device hav+ "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! comb9ation z call$ = by ! claim1 ! rema9+ elem5ts be+ omitt$ & sub/itutes provid$4 ,! compet+ device w ?us n respond to ! language ( ! claim4 ,b ! c\rts w deal lib]ally ) ! claim ( ! m]itori\s pione] inv5tor1 & w apply to x ! doctr9e ( me*anical equival5ts1 & w hold ! claim to be infr+$ by a comb9ation conta9+ all ( ! elem5ts recit$ 9 ! claim1 or conta9+ "s ( !m1 & me*anical equival5ts = ! re/ ( !m4 ,7 x n = ?is lib]al doctr9e1 ! pione] inv5tor c\ld ga!r little fruit f 8 pat5t1 = ! pat5t c\ld be avoid$1 p]haps1 by ! m]e sub/itution ( a w$ge = ! screw or lev] call$ = by ! claim4 ,! c\rt1 hav+ asc]ta9$ f ! prior art t ! inv5tor is entitl$ to invoke ! doctr9e ( equival5ts1 w proce$ to asc]ta9 if ! sub/itut$ elem5ts are real equival5ts4 ,a giv5 omitt$ elem5t w be consid]$ 9 connection ) its sub/itute elem5t1 & if ! sub/itute elem5t is f\nd to be an elem5t act+ 9 sub/antially ! same mann] = ! production ( sub/antially ! same individual result1 & if x be f\nd t ! prior art has recogniz$ ! equival5cy ( ! two individual elem5ts1 !n ! c\rt w say t ! sub/itut$ elem5t is a me*anical equival5t ( ! omitt$ elem5t1 & t ! two comb9ations are sub/antially ! same4 ,?is reason+ mu/ be appli$ to ea* ( ! omitt$ elem5ts = :i* sub/itutes h be5 furni%$4 ,9 ?is way ju/ice c be done to ! pione] inv5tor4 ,b ! c\rts1 9 ex]cis+ lib]ality1 _c d viol5ce to ! language ( ! claim4 ,! infr+] w n escape by m]ely sub/itut+ equival5ts = recit$ elem5ts1 b he w escape if he omits a recit$ elem5t & supplies no sub/itute1 = ! c\rts w n read out ( a claim an elem5t :i* ! pat5tee has delib]ately put into ! claim1 & a comb9ation ( a less numb] ( elem5ts ?an t recit$ 9 ! claim is n ! comb9ation call$ = by ! claim4 ,x is seldom t ! exemplify+ device ( ! pione] inv5tor is a p]fect "o4 ,lat] developm5ts & improvem5ts by ! orig9al pat5tee1 or by o!rs1 mu/ be dep5d$ on to br+ ab\t p]fection ( /ructure4 ,^? :o improve ! /ructure are z mu* entitl$ to pat5ts ^u _! specific improvem5ts 9 ! device z 0 ! orig9al inv5tor entitl$ to 8 pat5t = ! fundam5tal device4 ,^! improv]s are second>y inv5tors1 & are n entitl$ to invoke ! doctr9e ( me*anical equival5ts4 ,! second>y inv5tor did n br+ ab\t a new result1 b 8 pat5t 0 = new means = produc+ ! old result4 ,8 pat5t is = ?is improvem5t 9 means1 & 8 claim w be closely scrut9iz$ 9 c\rt1 & he w be held to x1 subject only to =mal v>iations 9 /ructure4 ,! ju/ice ( ?us re/rict+ ! claim ( ! second>y inv5tor mu/ be obvi\s1 9 view ( ! fact t if ! doctr9e ( me*anical equival5ts 7 appli$ to 8 claim1 !n ! fundam5tal device on :i* he improv$ w\ld probably infr+e ^u x1 :i* w\ld be an absurdity4 ,x is ?us se5 t ! pione] inv5tor may h a claim s broad 9 its t]ms t its t]ms _c be escap$2 t he may invoke ! doctr9e ( equival5ts & h 8 claim dom9ate /ructures n directly respond+ to ! t]ms ( ! claim2 t ! second>y inv5tor1 :o improves only ! means1 is limit$ to ! recit$ means & _c invoke ! doctr9e ( equival5ts4 ,b )9 ?is g5]al view1 sight is n to be lo/ ( ! fact t second>y inv5tors may be pione]s )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,!y are n ! fir/ to produce ! broad ultimate result1 b !y may be pione]s 9 radically improv+ int]ior or sub-results1 & !y may ?us reasonably ask = ! application ( ! doctr9e ( equival5ts to _! claims )9 prop] limits4 ,! matt] (t5 becomes q complicat$1 = x is sometimes difficult to det]m9e z to :at is ! result 9 a giv5 ma*9e1 = _m ma*9es consi/1 aft] all1 ( a comb9ation ( subord9ate ma*9es4 ,?us ! mod]n gra9-h>ve/+ ma*9e embodies a ma*9e = mov+ to ! place ( attack1 a ma*9e = cutt+ ! gra91 a ma*9e = support+ ! gra9 at ! in/ant ( cutt+1 a ma*9e = receiv+ ! cut gra91 a ma*9e = convey+ ! cut gra9 to a b9d]y1 a ma*9e = measur+ ! cut gra9 into gavels1 a ma*9e = compress+ ! gavel1 a ma*9e = apply+ ! b&1 a ma*9e = ty+ ! b&1 a ma*9e = dis*>g+ ! bundle1 a ma*9e to receive ! bundles & c>ry !m to a place ( deposit1 & a ma*9e to deposit ! accumulat$ bundles4 ,! ma*9e w\ld be useful ) "o or m ( ^! sub-ma*9es omitt$1 & ea* ma*9e may be capable ( p]=m+ its own individual results alone or 9 o!r associations4 ,pione]%ip ( inv5tion might apply to ! ma9 ma*9e1 or to ! sub-ma*9es1 or ev5 to ! sub-organization )9 ! sub-ma*9es4 7,to be cont9u$47 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #aagb1 page #ahgfd4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,c5tral ,,/ation4 ,by ,,samuel ,,insull4#a ,footnote #a3 ,be=e ! ,electrical ,eng9e]+ ,dep>tm5t ( ,purdue ,univ]sity1 ,lafayette1 ,ind41 ,may #ag1 #ahih4 ,! success ( ! l[-t5sion sy/em 0 foll[$ by ! introduction ( ! alt]nat+ sy/em1 us+ high pot5tial prim>ies ) ! conv]t]s at ea* h\se1 r$uc+1 z a rule1 f #a1jjj d[n to ei!r #ej or #ajj volts4 ,i am n famili> ) ! e>ly alt]nat+ "w1 & _h n at my disposal suffici5t "t 9 prep>+ my notes to g at any l5g? into an inve/igation ( ?is bran* ( ! subject2 nor d ,i ?9k t any p>ticul> advantage c\ld h be5 s]v$ by my do+ s1 z x has become g5]ally recogniz$ t ! e>ly alt]nat+ "w ) a h\se-to-h\se conv]t] sy/em1 :ile x und\bt$ly help$ c5tral /ation developm5t at ! "t1 prov$ v uneconomical 9 op]ation & exp5sive 9 inve/m5t1 :5 ! co/ ( conv]t]s is add$ to ! co/ ( di/ribution4 ,! l>ge alt]nat+ /ations 9 ?is c\ntry h s cle>ly demon/rat$ ?is t _! responsible manag]s h1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 done ev]y?+ possible1 by ! adoption ( block conv]t]s & ?ree-wire second>y circuits1 to br+ _! sy/em z close z !y c\ld 9 practice to ! l[-t5sion direct-curr5t di/ribution sy/em4 ,i d n want to be und]/ood z und]valu+ ! position ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t 9 c5tral /ation "w4 ,x has its place1 b to my m9d its position is a false "o :5 x is us$ = h\se-to-h\se di/ribution ) conv]t]s = ea* cu/om]4 ,! success ( ! olde/ /ations 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! demon/ration ( ! possibilities ( cov]+ areas ( sev]al miles 9 ext5t by ! use ( ! ?ree wire sy/em1 result$ 9 mu* capital go+ into ! bus9ess4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ /ations ( a really mod]n type in/all$ on ei!r side ( ! ,atlantic 0 built by ! ,b]l9 ,electricity ,works4 ,! eng9e]s ( t /ation1 :ile recogniz+ ! high value ( ! di/ribut+ sy/em1 w5t back to ,edison's orig9al s*eme ( a compact direct-connect$ /eam & electric g5]ator1 b ) dynamos ( ! multipol> type design$ & built by ,siem5s ,halske1 ( ,b]l91 ! eng9es be+ ( v]tical m>9e type4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! project+ 9 ,new ,york ( ! pres5t ,duane ,/reet /ation1 employ+ boil]s ( #bjj p\nds pressure1 triple & quadruple expansion eng9es ( ! m>9e type1 & direct-connect$ multipol> dynamos4 ,almo/ imm$iately !reaft]1 ! /ation 9 ,atlantic ,av5ue1 ,bo/on1 some:at on ! same g5]al design s f> z cont5ts is conc]n$1 0 erect$4 ,9 #ahia a small /ation1 b on ! same l9es1 0 project$ = ,san ,francisco1 & 9 #ahib ! pres5t ,h>rison ,/reet /ation ( ! ,*icago ,edison company 0 design$1 &1 b5efit+ by ! exp]i5ce ( ,b]l91 ,new ,york & ,bo/on1 ?is /ation produces electric curr5t = light+ purposes probably *eap] ?an any /ation ( a simil> size any:]e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is n necess>y = me to g into detail 9 explanation ( ! mod]n c5tral /ation4 ,y are all d\btless q famili> ) ! g5]al design1 b if y w exam9e ! detail draw+s ( ! ,h>rison ,/reet /ation1 :i* ,i h br\ght ) me1 y w f9d t e ef=t has be5 made to provide = ! economical production ( /eam1 l[ co/ ( op]at+1 good facilities = repairs & consequ5tly l[ co/1 & = p]man5cy ( s]vice4 ,y h b to g into any ( ! mod]n c5tral /ations 9 midw9t]1 to see !m turn+ out any:]e f #aj1jjj to #hj1jjj amp]es ) a m9imum ( labor1 to appreciate ! fact t c5tral /ation bus9ess is ( a p]man5t & lucrative "*4 ,to g back to ! "q ( alt]nat+ curr5ts1 ! "w done 9 connection ) ! two-phase & ?ree-phase curr5ts & ! p]fection ( ! rot>y trans=m] has result$ 9 introduc+ into c5tral /ation practice a fur!r means ( economiz+ ! co/ ( production--by conc5tration ( p[]4 ,accord+ to pres5t exp]i5ce1 x is 7except 9 "s extraord9>y cases7 uneconomical to di/ribute direct l[-t5sion curr5t ov] m ?an a radius ( a mile & a half f ! g5]at+ po9t4 ,! possibility ( transmitt+ x at a v high voltage1 & consequ5tly l[ inve/m5t 9 conductors1 has result$ 9 ! adoption ( a s*eme1 9 _m ( ! l>ge cities1 ( alt]nat+ transmission comb9$ ) l[ t5sion di/ribution4 ,! limit to :i* ?is alt]nat+ transmission c be economically c>ri$ has n yet be5 def9itely settl$1 b x is q possible ev5 n[ to transmit economically f ! c5t] ( any ( our l>ge cities to ! di/ant suburbs1 by means ( high pot5tial alt]nat+ curr5ts1 di/ribut+ ! curr5t f ! subc5t] di/ribution by means ei!r ( ! alt]nat+ curr5t itself & l>ge trans=m]s = a block or di/rict or else1 if ! t]ritory is ?ickly settl$1 by means ( a sy/em ( l[-t5sion ma9s & fe$]s1 ! direct curr5t = ?is purpose be+ obta9$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( rot>y trans=m]s4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( produc+ ! alt]nat+ curr5t = transmission purposes4 ,9 "s cases ! g5]ators are !mselves w\nd = high pot5tial2 9 o!rs !y are w\nd = #hj volts1 & /ep-up trans=m]s are us$1 c>ry+ ! curr5t up to :atev] pressure is desir$1 f #a1jjj to #aj1jjj volts4 ,9 o!r cases dynamos are us$ hav+ collector r+s = alt]nat+ curr5t on "o side & a commutator = direct curr5t on ! o!r side ( ! armature1 ?us enabl+ y1 :5 ! peak 9 two di/ricts ( a city comes at two diff]5t times1 to take c>e ( ?is peak by means ( ! same orig9al g5]at+ unit1 furni%+ direct l[-t5sion curr5t to ! po9ts ne> ! c5tral /ation & alt]nat+ curr5t to ! di/ant po9ts4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e a small am\nt ( alt]nat+ curr5t is requir$ on ! transmission l9e1 x has ev5 be5 f\nd economical to take direct curr5t f a l>ge unit1 *ange x by means ( a rot>y trans=m] into alt]nat+ curr5t1 /ep up f #hj to1 say1 #b1jjj volts1 g to ! di/ant po9t1 & /ep d[n aga9 to #hj volts alt]nat+1 & !n conv]t aga9 by means ( a rot>y trans=m] into l[-pot5tial direct curr5t4 ,! introduction ( alt]nat+ curr5t = transmission purposes 9 l>ge cities is probably be/ exemplifi$ 9 ! /ation rec5tly erect$ 9 ,brooklyn1 :]e alt]nat+ curr5t is produc$ & c>ri$ to di/ant po9ts1 & !n us$ to op]ate s]ies arc-light ma*9es run by syn*ron\s motors1 ! l[-t5sion direct-curr5t network be+ f$ by rot>y trans=m]s1 & alt]nat+ circuits arrang$ ) block conv]t]s1 & ev5 9 "s cases sep>ate conv]t]s = ea* individual cu/om] 9 ! scatt]$ di/ricts4 ,x w\ld be v int]e/+ to g at l5g? into ! details ( co/ 9 ?is1 ! late/ developm5t ( c5tral /ation transmission1 b "t w n p]mit2 nor h ,i ! "t at my disposal to g at l5g? into ! c5tral /ation bus9ess z develop$ by ! electric /reet railways n[ s univ]sally 9 use1 or ano!r phase ( ! bus9ess z exemplifi$ by ! l>ge transmission plants1 ! two greate/ examples ( :i*1 9 ?is c\ntry1 are probably ^? at ,niag>a ,falls1 ,n4,y41 & ,la*9e ,rapids1 ne> ,montreal4 ,s f> z /reet railways & p[] transmission are conc]n$1 ,i w\ld draw y\r att5tion to ! fact t ! same und]ly+ pr9ciple ( multiple-arc ma9s & fe$]s orig9ally conceiv$ by ,mr4 ,edison is z mu* a necessity 9 _! op]ation z x is 9 ! electric light+ sy/ems1 :e!r ^? sy/ems be op]at$ on ! old two-wire plan1 ! ?ree-wire plan or by means ( alt]nat+ curr5ts4 ,pass+ f a review ( c5tral /ation plants & di/ribution sy/em naturally br+ u to ! op]at+ co/ & ! factors gov]n+ pr(it & loss ( ! ent]prise4 ,9 consid]+ ?is bran* ( ! subject1 ,i w conf9e my rem>ks to ! bus9ess z op]at$ 9 ,*icago by ! company ) :i* ,i am connect$4 ,our actual maximum la/ w9t] came on ,decemb] #bj1 our load be+ approximately #ab1jjj horse p[]4 ,a comp>ison ( ! figures ( maximum capacity & maximum load ( la/ w9t] %[s t we _h a m>g9 9 capacity ov] output ( ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ,! load curves %[n ?is ev5+ repres5t ! maximum output ( la/ w9t] 7,decemb] #bj71 an av]age summ] load la/ ye> 7,june #d71 & an av]age spr+ load ( ?is ye> 7,may #b74 ,= our purposes we w assume ! maximum capacity ( ! plant & ! maximum load ( ! sy/em to be id5tical4 ,! maximum load la/ w9t] occurr$1 z ,i h /at$1 on ,decemb] #bj1 ab\t #d3cj o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 & la/$ less ?an half an h\r4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! p]iod ( maximum load only la/s = f two to ?ree mon?s1 & t ! inve/m5t necess>y to take c>e ( t maximum load1 has to be c>ri$ ! :ole ye>4 ,x %\ld n be assum$ f ?is /atem5t t ! :ole plant z an e>n+ factor is 9 use #be p] c5t4 ( ! ye>4 ,! fact is t1 dur+ ! p]iod ( maximum load1 ! total plant is 9 op]ation only ab\t #ajj h\rs out ( ! #h1gfj h\rs ( ! ye>2 s t y are compell$1 9 ord] to get int]e/ on y\r inve/m5t1 to e>n ! int]e/ = ! :ole ( ! ye> 9 ab\t #a p] c5t4 ( t p]iod1 on ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( y\r plant4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ br+ home to y a realization ( ! fact t by f> ! mo/ s]i\s problem ( c5tral /ation managem5t1 & by f> ! greate/ item ( co/ ( y\r product1 is int]e/ on ! inve/m5t4 ,x may be t ! use ( /orage batt]ies 9 connection ) l>ge in/allations w modify ?is int]e/ *>ge1 b ev5 all[+ ! highe/ effici5cy & ! l[e/ co/ ( ma9t5ance ev] claim$ = a /orage batt]y in/allation1 ! fact ( high int]e/ co/ mu/ cont9ue to be ! mo/ important factor 9 calculat+ pr(it & loss4 ,?is br+s home to u ! fact t 9 8 ef=ts to %[ ! greate/ possible effici5cy ( 8 plant & di/ribution sy/em1 x is q possible t ! /ation manag] may sp5d s mu* capital z to eat up _m times ov] 9 int]e/ *>ge ! sav+ t he makes 9 direct op]at+ exp5ses4 ,x is a common mi/ake = ! s-call$ exp]t to demon/rate to y t he has design$ = y a plant ( ! highe/ possible effici5cy1 & at ! same "t = him to lose sight ( ! fact t he has saddl$ y ) ! highe/ possible am\nt ( int]e/ on acc\nt ( excessive inve/m5t4 ,op]at+ co/ & int]e/ co/ %\ld nev] be sep>at$4 ,"o is z mu* a "p ( ! co/ ( y\r curr5t z ! o!r4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly illu/rat$ 9 connection ) ! use ( /orage batt]ies4 ,^? oppos$ to _! use w po9t out to y t ( ! en]gy go+ into ! /orage batt]y only #gj p] c5t4 is available = use on y\r di/ribution sy/em4 ,t /atem5t 9 itself is correct2 b 9 figur+ ! co/ ( en]gy = a class ( bus9ess = :i* ! /orage batt]y is p>ticul>ly adapt$1 ! maximum load1 t portion ( y\r op]at+ co/ affect$ by ! #cj p] c5t4 loss ( en]gy 9 ! batt]y1 =ms "u #d p] c5t4 ( y\r total co/1 & x mu/ be self-evid5t1 9 t case at lea/1 t ! #cj p] c5t4 loss 9 ! /orage batt]y is h>dly an appreciable factor 9 figur+ ! op]at+ co/ ( y\r product4 ,s f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta91 x w\ld appe> to be economical to use /orage batt]ies 9 connection ) c5tral /ation sy/ems ! peak ( ^: load does n exce$ f two to two & "o-half h\rs4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ! important be>+ :i* int]e/ has on co/1 ,i h prep>$ graphical repres5tations ( ! co/ ( curr5t1 includ+ int]e/1 "u conditions ( v>y+ load factors4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is *>t ,i h assum$ an av]age co/ ( curr5t1 s f> z op]at+ & repairs & r5ewals & g5]al exp5se are conc]n$1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( a ye>1 al?\gh ( c\rse ^! items are m or less atte/$ by ! "* ( ! load factor4 ,= ! purpose ( figur+ int]e/1 ,i h select$ sev5 diff]5t classes ( bus9ess commonly tak5 by electric light & p[] companies 9 any l>ge city4 ,take1 = in/ance1 an (fice build+4 ,x has a load factor ( ab\t #c4g p] c5t41 t is1 ! av]age load = ! :ole ye> is #c4g p] c5t4 ( ! maximum dem& on y = curr5t at any "o "t dur+ t p]iod2 or1 to put x 9 ano!r way1 ?is load factor ( #c4g p] c5t4 w\ld %[ t y\r inve/m5t is 9 use ! equival5t ( a little ov] #cbc h\rs a ye> on ?is class ( bus9ess4 ,?is is by no means an extreme case4 ,y c f9d 9 almo/ e l>ge city cu/om]s ^: load factors are n ne>ly z favorable to ! op]at+ company1 _! use ( y\r inve/m5t be+ z l[ z ! equival5t ( #ge or #ajj h\rs a ye>4 ,take ano!r class ( bus9ess1 t ( ! hab]da%]1 or small fancy goods /ore4 ,z a rule ^! /ores are comp>atively small1 ) facilities = gett+ a l>ge am\nt ( natural light & little use = artificial light4 ,! load factor z %[n by ! *>t is ab\t #g p] c5t41 ! use ( y\r inve/m5t be+ n q twice z long z t ( ! (fice build+4 ,day saloons %[ an av]age ( #af p] c5t4 load factor2 cafeti]s & small lun* c\nt]s ab\t #bj p] c5t41 :ile ! l>ge dry goods /ores1 9 :i* !re is comp>atively little light1 h a load factor ( #be p] c5t4 & use y\r inve/m5t sev5 times z long p] ye> z ! (fice build+4 ,p[] bus9ess naturally %[s a /ill bett] load factor1 say #ce p] c5t41 & ! all-night re/aurant has a load factor ( #dh p] c5t4 ,y w see f ?is t ! great desid]atum ( ! c5tral /ation sy/em is1 f ! inve/ors' po9t ( view1 ! necessity ( gett+ cu/om]s = y\r product ^: bus9ess is ( su* a "* z to call = a l[ maximum & long av]age use4 ,?is "q ( load factor is by all means ! mo/ important "o 9 c5tral /ation economy4 ,if y\r maximum is v high & y\r av]age consumption v l[1 heavy int]e/ *>ges w necess>ily foll[4 ,! ne>] y c br+ y\r av]age to y\r maximum load1 ! clos] y approximate to ! mo/ economical conditions ( production1 & ! l[] y c af=d to sell y\r curr5t4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! summ] & w9t] curves ( ! ,*icago ,edison company4 ,! curve ( ,decemb] #bj1 #ahig1 %[s a load factor ( ab\t #dh p] c5t42 ! curve ( ,may #b1 #ahih1 %[s a load factor ( ne>ly #fj p] c5t4 ,n[1 if we 7 able 9 ,*icago to get bus9ess ( su* a "* z w\ld give u a curve ( ! same *>act]i/ics 9 ,decemb] z ! curve we get 9 ,may2 or1 9 o!r words1 if we c\ld improve our load factor1 our int]e/ co/ w\ld be r$uc$1 an effect w\ld be produc$ ^u ! o!r items go+ to make up ! co/ ( curr5t1 & we probably c\ld make m money out ( our cu/om]s at a l[] price p] unit ?an we get f !m n[4 ,_m s*emes are employ$ = improv+ ! load factor1 or1 9 o!r words1 to enc\rage a long use ( c5tral /ation product4 ,"s companies adopt a plan ( all[+ c]ta9 /at$ disc\nts1 provid$ ! income p] mon? ( ea* lamp connect$ exce$s a giv5 sum4 ,! objection to ?is is t x limits ! numb] ( lamps connect$4 ,o!r companies h :at is kn[n z ! two-rate s*eme1 *>g+ "o rate = electricity us$ dur+ c]ta9 h\rs ( ! day & a l[] rate = electricity us$ dur+ ! balance ( ! day1 us+ a met] ) two dials = ?is purpose4 ,o!r companies use an in/rum5t :i* regi/]s ! maximum dem& = ! mon?1 & ! excess ov] ! equival5t ( a c]ta9 specifi$ numb] ( h\rs mon?ly 9 use ( ! maximum dem& is sold at greatly r$uc$ price4 ,! la/ s*eme w\ld seem p>ticul>ly equitable1 z x results 9 :at is practically an automatic scale ( disc\nts bas$ on ! av]age load factor ( ! cu/om]s4 ,x does n seem to be j t a man :o only uses y\r inve/m5t say #ajj h\rs a ye> %\ld be able to buy y\r product at precisely ! same price z ! man :o uses y\r inve/m5t say #c1jjj h\rs a ye>1 :5 ! am\nt ( money inve/$ to take c>e ( ei!r cu/om] is precisely ! same4 ,surely ! cu/om] :o uses ! product on an av]age #cj times long] ?an ! cu/om] us+ x = only #ajj h\rs is entitl$ to a mu* l[] unit rate1 9 view ( ! fact t ! exp5se = int]e/ to ! company is 9 "o case b a fraction p] unit ( output ( :at x is 9 ! o!r4 ,?is fact is illu/rat$ by ! int]e/ columns on ! graphic *>t already ref]r$ to4 ,suppos+ t ! c5tral /ation manag] desir$ to sell 8 product at co/1 t is1 an am\nt suffici5t to cov] 8 op]at+1 repairs & r5ewals1 g5]al exp5se1 & int]e/ & depreciation1 he w\ld h to obta9 f ! cu/om] hav+ ! poore/ load factor1 z %[n on ! load *>t1 ov] f\r times z mu* p] unit ( electricity z x w\ld be necess>y = him to collect f ! cu/om] hav+ ! l>ge/ load factor4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( go+ to a bank to borr[ money & expect to pay precisely ! same total int]e/ :e!r he requir$ ! money = "o mon? or = twelve2 & = ! same reason x seems an absurdity to sell electricity to ! cu/om] :o uses x b a comp>atively few h\rs a ye> at ! same price at :i* y w\ld sell x to ! cu/om] us+ x t5 h\rs a day & ?ree hundr$ days a ye>1 :5 x is rememb]$ t int]e/ is ! l>ge/ factor 9 co/1 & ! total am\nt ( int]e/ is ! same ) ! cu/om] us+ x b a few h\rs a ye> z x is ) ! cu/om] us+ x practically all ! ye> ar\nd4 ,i h dwelt ?us at l5g? on ! "q ( int]e/ co/ 9 op]at+ a c5tral /ation sy/em1 n alone = ! purpose ( po9t+ out to y its importance 9 connection ) an electrical di/ribution sy/em1 b also to impress ^u y its importance z a factor 9 co/2 9 fact1 ! mo/ important factor 9 co/ 9 any public s]vice bus9ess :i* y may ent] aft] leav+ ?is in/itution4 ,mo/ ( ! bus9esses pres5t+ ! greate/ possibilities f ! po9t ( view ( an eng9e]+ c>e] are ^? requir+ v l>ge inve/m5t & hav+ a comp>atively small turnov] or ye>ly income4 ,( necessity1 9 all ent]prises ( ?is "*1 ! ma9 factor ( co/ is int]e/1 & if y int5d foll[+ eng9e]+ z a pr(ession1 my advice to y w\ld be to le>n fir/ ! value ( money1 or1 to put x ano!r way1 to le>n ! co/ ( money4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "q ( int]e/ & its effect ^u co/1 ,i w\ld draw y\r att5tion to ! fact t :ile int]e/ is by f> ! mo/ important factor ( co/1 x is a con/antly r$uc+ am\nt p] unit ( maximum output 9 practically e c5tral /ation sy/em4 ,:5 a sy/em is fir/ in/all$1 x is ! rule to make l>ge en\gh inve/m5t 9 real e/ate & build+s to take c>e ( _m times ! output obta9$ 9 ! fir/ ye> or s ( op]ation4 ,z a rule1 ! g5]at+ plant f ! boil]s to ! swit*bo>d is design$ ) only suffici5t surplus to la/ a ye> or s4 ,9 ! case ( ! di/ribut+ sy/em ! same c\rse is foll[$ z 9 ! case ( real e/ate & build+s1 ) a view to m9imiz+ ! ultimate inve/m5t4 ,ma9s are laid along ea* block fac+1 fe$]s are put 9 hav+ a capacity f> beyond ! necessity ( ! mom5t2 consequ5tly int]e/ co/ is v high :5 a plant fir/ />ts1 except1 z ,i h /at$1 9 ! case ( ! ma*9]y =m+ ! g5]at+ plant itself4 ,z ! bus9ess increases f1 ye> to ye>1 ! item ( int]e/ p] unit ( maximum output consequ5tly w con/antly decrease1 ow+ to ! fact t ea* additional unit ( output foll[+ an increase ( connect$ load increases ! divisor by :i* ! total int]e/ is divid$4 ,! result is f ye> to ye> ! int]e/ co/ ( ea* additional unit ( maximum output is a con/antly r$uc+ am\nt1 & consequ5tly ! av]age int]e/ co/ ( ea* unit ( maximum output %\ld1 9 a well regulat$ plant1 gr[ less f ye> to ye> until ! m9imum int]e/ co/ p] unit is rea*$4 ,?is m9imum int]e/ co/ is rea*$ :5 ! capacity ( ! :ole sy/em & ! total units ( output at maximum load are id5tical1 al?\gh ( c\rse x w always be necess>y to h a c]ta9 m>g9 ( capacity ov] possible output1 z a factor ( safety4 ,?is same rule1 al?\gh to a less ext5t1 applies to ! op]at+ & g5]al exp5se co/1 t is1 ! co/ o!r ?an int]e/4 ,to p>ticul>ize1 ! manag]'s sal>y & o!r adm9i/rative exp5ses d n increase 9 proportion to maximum output ( /ation2 !re=e1 ! co/ ( adm9i/ration p] unit ( output1 if ! bus9ess is 9 a heal?y condition1 mu/ be f ye> to ye> r$uc$4 ,!re are a great _m o!r exp5ses t are n directly 9 proportion to output1 & ^! foll[ ! same rule4 ,9 a well-run plant ! p]c5tage ( op]at+ exp5ses to gross receipts w /& ev5 ye> aft] ye>1 :ile ! income p] unit ( output w be con/antly r$uc$4 ,?is is an excell5t evid5ce ( ! fact t ! co/ p] unit ( output is con/antly be+ r$uc$1 z1 if x 7 n1 ! p]c5tage ( exp5ses to gross receipts w\ld be increas$ 9 direct proportion to ! r$uction 9 price4 ,moreov]1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t !re are _m difficulties 9 ! way ( univ]sal use ( electric en]gy f a c5tral /ation sy/em4 ,x is ! r>e exception to f9d a h\se n pip$ = gas & wat]4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt] x is almo/ inv>iably ! rule t own]s are compell$ to pipe = wat]1 "u ! sanit>y code ( ! municipality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a l>ge resid5tial di/rict1 x is ! exception to f9d a h\se wir$ = electric light2 consequ5tly ! output ( curr5t p] foot ( conductor is at ! pres5t "t v l[ z comp>$ ) ! output ( gas p] foot ( gas pipe 9 any ( ! l>ge cities4 ,! exp5se ( wir+ 7:i* mu/ ( necessity be borne by ! h\sehold]7 is l>ge1 & x is (t5 a b>ri] to ! adoption ( electric illum9ation1 b z ! rule to wire h\ses becomes m g5]al1 ! output p] foot ( ma9 w con/antly increase1 & !re=e ! int]e/ p] unit ( output p] foot ( ma9 w con/antly decrease4 ,?is same rule w apply 9 ! case ( exp5ses ( tak+ c>e ( & repair+ ! di/ribution sy/em1 al?\gh to n s great an ext5t4 ,if y w take into acc\nt ^! v>i\s factors con/antly op]at+ t[>d a r$uction ( op]at+ & g5]al exp5se co/1 & int]e/ co/1 ! conclusion mu/ necess>ily be =c$ ^u y t ! price at :i* curr5t c be sold at a pr(it to-day is 9 no s5se a measure ( ! income p] unit :i* x w be necess>y = c5tral /ation manag]s to obta9 9 ! future4 ,9 #ahha-hb x 0 difficult to make bo? ends meet ) an income ( #be c5ts p] kil[att h\r1 to-day !re are _m /ations %[+ a sub/antial return on _! inve/m5t ^: av]age income does n exce$ #g c5ts p] kil[att h\r1 %[+ #gj p] c5t4 r$uction 9 price 9 less ?an two decades4 ,h[ f> ?is con/ant r$uction 9 co/1 foll[$ by a con/ant r$uction 9 sell+ price1 w g1 x is difficult to det]m9e2 b if s mu* has be5 accompli%$ dur+ ! fir/ #bj ye>s ( ! exi/5ce ( ! indu/ry1 is x too mu* to pr$ict t 9 a f> less "t ?an ! succe$+ #bj ye>s electric curr5t = all purposes w be )9 ! rea* ( ! smalle/ h\sehold] & ! poore/ citiz58 ,b few indu/ries c p>allel ! record already obta9$4 ,if y w trace ! hi/ory ( ! introduction ( gas z an illum9ant1 y w f9d t x took a mu* long] "t to e/abli% x on a comm]cial basis ?an x has tak5 to e/abli% mo/ firmly ! electric light+ indu/ry4 ,all ! great improvem5ts 9 gas1 ! introduction ( wat] gas1 ! economiz+ 9 consumption by ! use ( ! ,welsba* burn]1 h all be5 made )9 ! "t ( ^? be=e me1 & yet1 not)/&+ t :5 ^! gas improvem5ts />t$1 ! electric light+ bus9ess 0 h>dly conceiv$1 & c]ta9ly _h n advanc$ to a po9t :]e y c\ld claim t x _h pass$ ! exp]im5tal /age--not)/&+ ?is1 ! co/ ( electrical en]gy has decreas$ s rapidly t to-day !re are _m l>ge c5tral /ation plants mak+ h&some returns on _! inve/m5ts at a f> l[] av]age income p] unit ( light ?an ! income obta9$ by ! gas company 9 ! same community4 ,9 mak+ my calculations :i* h l$ me to ?is conclusion1 ,i h assum$ t #aj1jjj watts are equal to #a1jjj feet ( gas4 ,?is comp>ison holds good1 provid$ an inc&esc5t lamp ( high economy is us$ z aga9/ ! ord9>y gas burn]4 ,to make a comp>ison betwe5 electric illum9ation & inc&esc5t gas burn]s1 su* z ! ,welsba* burn]1 y mu/ figure on ! use ( an arc lamp 9 ! electric circuit in/ead ( an inc&esc5t lamp1 :i* is c]ta9ly fair :5 x is rememb]$ t inc&esc5t gas burn]s are1 z a rule1 us$ 9 places :]e arc lamps %\ld be us$ if electric illum9ation is employ$4 ,) su* brilliant results obta9$ 9 ! pa/1 ! prospects ( ! c5tral /ation indu/ry are c]ta9ly mo/ dazzl+4 ,:ile ! gr[? ( ! bus9ess has be5 ph5om5al1 m especially s9ce #ahij1 ,i ?9k x c be cons]vatively /at$ t we h sc>cely ent]$ ^u ! ?re%old ( ! developm5t :i* may be expect$ 9 ! future4 ,9 v few cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c y f9d t electric illum9ation exce$s m ?an #bj p] c5t4 ( ! total artificial illum9ation = :i* ! citiz5s pay4 ,if ?is be ! /ate ( affairs 9 connection ) ! use ( electricity = illum9at+ purposes1 & if y w be> 9 m9d ! _m o!r purposes to :i* electricity c be adapt$ ?r\gh\t a city & suppli$ to cu/om]s 9 small quantities1 y may get "s fa9t conception ( ! possible consumption ( electrical en]gy 9 ! n f> di/ant future4 ,me?ods ( produc+ x may *ange1 b ^! me?ods _c possibly g into use unless _! adoption is ju/ifi$ by sav+ 9 ! co/ ( production--a sav+ :i* mu/ be suffici5t to %[ a pr(it above ! int]e/ & depreciation on ! new plant employ$4 ,x is )9 ! realms ( possibility t ! pres5t =m ( g5]at+ /ation may be entirely disp5s$ )4 ,x has already be5 demon/rat$ exp]im5tally t electrical en]gy may be produc$ direct f ! coal itself )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! boil]1 eng9e & dynamo ma*9e4 ,:e!r ?is c be done comm]cially rema9s to be prov$4 ,:atev] *anges may take place 9 g5]at+ me?ods1 ,i %\ld1 7 ,i n engag$ 9 a bus9ess :i* af=ds s _m rem>kable surprises1 be incl9$ to "q ! possibility ( any fur!r mat]ial *ange 9 ! di/ribut+ sy/em4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! translat+ devices1 su* z lamps1 may add enorm\sly to ! capacity ( ! di/ribut+ sy/em p] unit ( light2 b x does seem to me t ! sy/em itself1 z orig9ally conceiv$1 is to a l>ge ext5t a p]man5cy4 ,%\ld any great improvem5ts take place 9 ! m$ium employ$ = turn+ electrical en]gy into light1 ! possible effect on co/1 & consequ5tly sell+ price1 w\ld be enorm\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,proposal ( ,gov4 ,black1 :i* has n[ become law1 to depute to ,cornell ! c>e ( a consid]able tract ( =e/ l&1 & ! duty ( demon/rat+ to ,am]icans ! !ory1 me?ods & pr(its ( sci5tific =e/ry1 has a curi\s appropriat5ess mu* comm5t$ on at ! univ]sity1 s9ce two-?irds ( ! weal? ( ,cornell has be5 d]iv$ f ! location & skillful managem5t ( =e/ l&s1 ! net receipts f ?is s\rce be+ to date #d1aab1jjj4 ,9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s managem5t ! univ]sity has ?rice sold ! timb] on "s pieces ( l& :i* x /ill holds1 & receiv$ a l>g] price at ! ?ird sale ?an at ! fir/4 ,! conduct ( ?is l& bus9ess is s sy/ematiz$ t ! treasur] ( ! univ]sity kn[s to a dot ! am\nt ( p9e1 hemlock1 bir*1 maple1 basswood & oak timb]1 ev5 to ! numb] ( pot5tial railroad ties1 telegraph poles & f5ce po/s on ea* f\r? "p ( a qu>t] section own$ by ,cornell4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,cornell is ri* 9 exp]i5ce = ! bus9ess side ( a =e/ry exp]im5t su* z ,gov4 ,black proposes4 ,! univ]sity =e/ l&s f :i* its end[m5t has be5 realiz$ are 9 ,wiscons94 99 99 99 99 99 ,books may be call$ heavy :5 ! qualify+ t]m is n appli$ to _! writ]s1 b to ! pap] mak]s4 ,x is falsifications 9 ! pap] t give x weight4 ,sulphate ( b>yta1 ! well kn[n adult]ate ( :ite lead1 does ! "w4 ,a correspond5t1 writ+ to ,! ,london ,saturday ,review1 gives ! weight ( c]ta9 books z3 ,miss ,k+sley's ,travels 9 ,africa4 #c p\nds #e ounces2 ,trag$y ( ! ,cs>s1 #c p\nds2 ,mahan's ,nelson 7#a vol471 #b p\nds #aj ounces2 ,t5nyson 7#a vol471 #b p\nds #f ounces2 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,j[ett 7#a vol471 #b p\nds #a ounce4 ,to h&le ^! dumb-bell books1 ,! ,saturday ,review advises t read]s take lessons 9 a?letics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,lock ,,( ,,! ,,dortmund-,,ems ,,canal ,,at ,,h5ri*5burg4 ,! ,dortmund-,ems ,canal1 de/9$ to connect ! he>t ( ,g]man indu/ry ) ! sea1 0 =mally d$icat$ on ,april #a1 & p>tially op5$ to comm]ce4 ,aft] its completion1 ,g]man coal w be transport$ to ! h>bors ( ! ,ems at ! same co/ z ! ,engli% coal :i* has hi!rto =c$ back ! treasures ( our soil2 our black diamonds w !n be sold 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w1 & ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,canal w enable ! we/]n "p ( ! empire to ex*ange its coal & iron = ! gra9 & wood ( ! ,ea/4 ,_m difficulties 7 enc\nt]$ 9 cutt+ ! canal1 ow+ p>tly to ! va/ network ( railroads 9 ! coal region ( ,we/phalia1 b *iefly due to ! insuffici5cy ( moi/ure 9 ! highl&s1 ! latt] n conta9+ en\gh wat] to supply ! _m necess>y sluices1 at :i* x c\ld be easily =ese5 consid]able traffic w\ld occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,lock ,,( ,,! ,,dortmund-,,ems ,,canal ,,at ,,h5ri*5burg4 ,= ! mod]n eng9e] !re are1 h[ev]1 no insurm\ntable ob/acles4 ,in/ead ( a l9e ( ord9>y locks1 a s+le /ructure 0 erect$ suffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! entire region4 ,?is lock is situat$ at ,h5ri*5burg1 ne> ,dortmund1 & our illu/ration pictures x ) its lock-*amb] half rais$4 ,! lock1 :i* s]ves to ov]come a diff]5ce 9 level ( fifty-n9e feet1 raises vessels ( #a1jjj tons capacity ) a velocity ( #j4c to #j4g foot p] second1 & has be5 con/ruct$ aft] a new & a/oni%+ly simple sy/em4 ,! lock *amb]1 design$ = ! reception ( ! v>i\s vessels1 is #bbi4fj feet 9 l5g? & #bh4hfd feet 9 bread? & normally conta9s #h4b feet ( wat]4 ,"u ! sluice 9 a l9e ) ! long axis are five wells fill$ ) wat] 9 :i* cyl9drical floats are plac$1 connect$ to ! bottom ( ! *amb] by means ( iron trellis-"w4 ,! floats are plac$ s deeply t1 9 _! highe/ position1 _! upp] edges are always subm]g$2 !y are1 moreov]1 ( su* size t by means ( _! upw>d impulsion ! *amb] is held 9 equilibrium4 ,irrespective ( ! small diff]5ces ( pressure :i* arise f ! v>y+ imm]sion ( ! framework1 ! lock w 9 all positions be 9 equilibrium4 ,s9ce a vessel :i* ent]s ! lock displaces a volume ( wat] ^: weight is equal to ! weight ( ! vessel1 a con/ant equilibrium w always be ma9ta9$ & only a m9imum =ce requir$ to raise or l[] ! *amb]4 ,9 ord] to move ! lock-*amb] up & d[n & to su/a9 x con/antly 9 a horizontal position1 nuts h be5 fix$ to /rong crossbeams1 ?r\gh :i* p[]ful screw-rods "w4 ,^! rods are held 9 place by a massive framework ( iron & are turn$ to ! left or to ! "r by means ( a small /eam eng9e1 plac$ at "o side ( ! lock1 :i* eng9e1 by means ( a longitud9al %aft1 drives two cross %afts to :i* bevel :eels are atta*$4 ,by ?is means ! *amb] is l[]$ & rais$4 ,! screw rods are s p[]ful t !y su/a9 ! entire weight ( ! lock *amb]1 & ! pit* ( ! ?read is su* t spontane\s slid+ or slipp+ is impossible1 ! *amb] be+1 !re=e1 kept con/antly 9 ! desir$ position4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! holl[ space 9 ! screw rods is heat$ by /eam dur+ w9t]1 ?us prev5t+ ! =mation ( ice 9 ! ma*9]y4 ,dur+ ! eighties1 locks = %ips ( #djj tons capacity 7 erect$ 9 ,engl& & ,france1 at ,&]ton1 ,les ,font9ettes & ,la ,l\vire4 ,! lock at ,h5ri*5burg1 h[ev]1 exce$s all its pr$ecessors1 n only 9 size1 b also 9 security4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! /ructure is a wor?y memorial ( ! en]gy & g5ius ( ,g]man eng9e]s4--,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pap] hang+ by ma*9e is ! late/ a*ievem5t1 accord+ to a ,g]man contempor>y1 says ,! ,eng9e]4 ,! arrangem5t us$ = ?is purpose is provid$ ) a rod ^u :i* ! roll ( pap] is plac$4 ,a pa/e receptacle ) a bru%+ arrangem5t is atta*$ 9 su* a mann] t ! pa/e is appli$ automatically on ! back ( ! pap]4 ,! end ( ! wall pap] is fix$ at ! bottom ( ! wall & ! implem5t rises on ! wall & only ne$s to be set by "o workman4 ,:ile ! wall pap] unrolls &1 provid$ ) pa/e1 is held aga9/ ! wall1 an ela/ic roll] foll[s on ! outside1 :i* presses x firmly to ! wall4 ,:5 ! wall pap] has rea*$ ! top1 ! workman pulls a cord1 :]eby x is cut (f f ! rema9d] on ! roll4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,regul>4 ,,by ,,! ,,engli% ,,correspond5t ,,( ,,! ,,london ,,times ,,on ,,bo>d ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,transport ,,gussie4 ,! regul> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 _m respects ! lea/ equipp$ foot soldi] ( my acqua9tance4 ,?is 0 my reflection z ,i ov]haul$ ! kit ( a private ?is morn+ on bo>d ! ,gussie4 ,!re 0 n a s+le bru% 9 8 knapsack4 ,i c\nt$ ?ree 9 t ( a ,spani% foot soldi] only a few weeks ago4 ,! ,am]ican knapsack is m]ely a canvas bag cut to ! outw>d proportions ( ! ,european knapsack1 b 9 practical features be>+ aff9ity ) ! rck5sack ( ! ,tyrolean *amois hunt]s1 or pack-sack ( ! backwoodsm5 ( ,canada & ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s4 ,?is knapsack ( ! ,am]ican is n int5d$ to be c>ri$ on any ext5d$ m>*es1 al?\gh ! total weight he is ev] call$ ^u to c>ry1 includ+ ev]y?+1 is only #ej p\nds1 a good #ab p\nds less ?an :at is c>ri$ by ! private ( ,g]many4 ,! m5 ( ?is regim5t1 9 heavy m>*+ ord]1 c>ry an ov]coat ) a cape1 a blanket1 ! half ( a %elt] t5t1 & "o wood5 t5t pole 9 two sections4 ,! rifle c\ld be us$ z a t5t pole--s say m5 ,i talk ) on ! subject4 ,on ?is exp$ition ov]coats are a sup]fluity1 & x is absurd t troops %\ld be s5t to ! tropics 9 summ] we>+ exactly ! same uni=m !y w\ld be us+ ?r\gh\t ! w9t] on ! fronti]s ( ,canada4 ,?is w> w1 no d\bt1 produce a *ange aft] ,engli% models4 ,at pres5t ! situation "h is prev5t$ f be+ pa9ful because no m>*+ has yet be5 attempt$1 & ! comm&+ (fic]s p]mit ! mo/ g5]\s con/ruction 9 ! def9ition ( :at is a suitable uni=m4 ,on ! trip ( ?is %ip to ,cuba1 no (fic] or man has ev] worn a tunic except+ at gu>d m\nt+ inspection4 ,! #ej m5 :o w5t a%ore ne> ,cabaz on ,may #ab & pit*$ into "s #ejj ,spani>ds left _! coats beh9d & f\ght 9 _! blue flannel %irts4 ,( ! (fic]s1 "s wore a sword1 "s did n1 ?\gh all c>ri$ a revolv]4 ,no ord]s 7 issu$ on ! subject--x 0 left to individual ta/e1 ,i h exp]i5c$ hott] days at ,g]man maneuv]s ?an on ! coa/ ( ,cuba dur+ ! days we happ5$ to be !re1 yet ,i h nev] notic$ any disposition 9 ! army ( ,william ,,ii4 to relax ! sev]ity ( s]vice ev5 tempor>ily4 ,my ,g]man fri5ds s9c]ely believe t ! black /ock & ! hot tunic are :at has made ,prussia a /rong nation1 & to di/urb t sup]/ition w\ld be a ?ankless task4 ,9 ! way ( clo?+ ! ,am]ican private c>ries a complete *ange ( "u-draw]s1 "u-%irt1 socks1 lac$ boots & uni=m tr\s]s4 ,my p>ticul> private 0 c>ry+ a d\ble all[ance ( socks1 h&k]*iefs1 & und]we>4 ,he _h a too?bru% & comb4 ,t is ! heavy m>*+ ord] knapsack4 ,= light m>*+1 :i* is ! usual mann]1 ! man beg9s by spread+ on ! gr\nd 8 half-t5t1 :i* is ab\t ! size ( a travel+ rug4 ,on ?is he spreads 8 blanket1 rolls x up tightly into a long n>r[ sausage1 hav+ fir/ di/ribut$ along its l5g? a pair ( socks1 a *ange ( und]we>1 & ! two /icks ( 8 "o t5t pole4 ,!n he br+s ! ends ( ?is canvas roll toge!r1 n closely1 z 9 ! ,g]man army1 b m l ! ends ( a horse-%oe1 held by a rope :i* at ! same "t /ops ! ends ( ! roll tightly4 ,:5 ?is horse %oe is slung ov] ! man's %\ld]1 x does n press uncom=tably ^u 8 *e/4 ,! total weight is di/ribut$ 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann] = m>*+4 ,! pack+ ( ! man's ?+s is /rictly accord+ to regulation1 except+ only ! s+le pocket 9 8 knapsack1 :]e he may c>ry :at he *ooses1 z he *ooses4 ,8 light canvas hav]sack is mu* l ! ,engli% "o1 & 8 r\nd1 r flat wat] flask is cov]$ ) canvas4 ,x is made ( t91 & ! "o ,i inspect$ 0 ru/y inside4 ,x w\ld be bett] if ( alum9um4 ,9 ! hav]sack is a pannik9 ) a h+$ h&le t may be us$ z a saucepan4 ,ov] ?is fits a t9 plate1 & :5 ! two are cov]+ "o ano!r ! h&le ( ! pannik9 fits ov] bo? by way ( h&le4 ,x is an excell5t arrangem5t1 b %\ld be ( alum9um in/ead ( a metal liable to ru/4 ,! mo/ valuable "p ( ?is hav]sack is a big t9 cup t c be us$ = a great v>iety ( purposes1 includ+ cook+ c(fee4 ,x is hung loose at ! /rap ( ! hav]sack4 ,( c\rse ea* man has knife1 =k & spoon1 ea* 9 a lea!r case4 ,! c>tridge belt conta9s #ajj r\nds1 :i* are di/ribut$ all ! way ar\nd ! wai/1 !re be+ a d\ble r[ ( !m4 ,! belt is rem>kably light1 be+ wov5 all 9 "o op]ation4 ,x is ( cotton & p>tly "s mat]ial :i* prev5ts %r9k+ or loos5+4 ,! belts h /ood admirably ! te/ put ^u !m = ! la/ six days1 :5 x has ra9$ e day1 on top ( ! ord9>y heavy moi/ure usual at sea 9 ! tropics4 ,! te/ is ! m int]e/+ f _! hav+ be5 previ\sly 9 a v dry c\ntry4 ,(fic]s & m5 alike unite 9 praise ( ?is c>tridge belt4 ,! p>ticul> private :om ,i 0 inspect+ said he n[ c>ri$ #ajj z easily z he =m]ly c>ri$ #ej4 ,?is belt re/s loosely on ! hips1 )\t any /raps ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,x is em95tly bus9esslike 9 appe>ance4 ,! hat is ! gray felt ( ,s\? ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & e o!r "p ( ! _w :]e com=t & co/ are consult$4 ,no boots are black$ on exp$itions ( ?is k9d4 ,! m5 :o =m 9 l9e = gu>d duty h _! tunics well bru%$1 b t may be due to extrane\s assi/ance4 ,= fight+ purposes1 !n1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates private has no?+ to keep clean except+ 8 rifle & bayonet4 ,he c>ries no contrivances = poli%+ buttons1 boots1 or ! doz5 ( bits ( acc\t]m5t deem$ ess5tial to a good soldi] 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,spa91 = in/ance1 ! private1 ?\gh he may h no?+ 9 8 hav]sack1 w1 nev]!less1 c>ry a clumsy outfit ( tools = mak+ 8 uni=m look impos+4 ,n[1 z to discipl9e 9 ! ,am]ican army ,i _c speak at pres5t1 = ! w> is yet too "y4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be wor? not+ t 9 ?is p>ticul> regim5t1 :ile mo/ complete lib]ty 0 all[$ ! m5 all ! twelve days ( ! rail j\rney f ,san ,francisco to ,tampa1 n a s+le case ( drunk5ness or any o!r brea* ( discipl9e 0 report$4 ,among ! #aje m5 on ?is boat !re has n 9 ! pa/ sev5 days be5 a s+le case ( sickness ( any k9d or any occasion = puni%+4 ,! fir+ discipl9e dur+ ! ?ree times we h be5 "u fire has be5 excell5t2 ! ob$i5ce ( soldi]s to _! (fic]s has be5 z prompt & intellig5t z any?+ ,i h se5 9 ,europe2 & z to coolness "u fire & accuracy ( aim1 :at ,i h se5 is mo/ satisfactory4 ,! m5 evid5tly reg>d _! (fic]s z soldi]s ( equal c\rage & sup]ior te*nical k4 ,to ! ,yankee private ,we/ ,po9t] means :at to ! soldi] ( ,prussia is convey$ by noble rank4 ,9 my intimate int]c\rse ) (fic]s & m5 abo>d ?is %ip ,i _c recall an in/ance ( an (fic] address+ a private o!rwise ?an is usual :5 a g5tleman issues an ord]4 ,i h nev] he>d an (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] curse a man4 ,dur+ ! engagem5t ( ,cabaz ! ord]s 7 issu$ z quietly z at any o!r "t1 & ! m5 w5t ab\t _! "w z /eadily z bluejackets on a man-o'-w>4 ,all ?is ,i note1 because ?is is ! fir/ occasion t ,unit$ ,/ates troops h be5 9 action s9ce ! civil w>1 & because ,i h m ?an once he>d ,european (fic]s "q ! possibility ( mak+ an army out ( elem5ts diff]5t f ^? to :i* !y 7 accu/om$4 ,i h he>d ,g]mans insi/ t unless ! (fic] appe>s 9 uni=m he _c comm& ! respect ( 8 m54 ,on ?is %ip x w\ld be frequ5tly difficult to tell (fic]s f m5 :5 ! tunic is laid aside & %\ld] /raps are n se54 ,!re are numb]less po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 ,tommy ,atk9s & ! ,yankee private2 & ! ,s&hur/ man has no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! ,we/ ,po9t]4 ,b to d ?is we mu/ g a little b5ea? ! surface & see ?+s1 n on ! p>ade gr\nd1 b 9 actual w>4 ,= dress occasions ! ,am]ican uni=m is f> & away ! uglie/ & mo/ useless ( all ! uni=ms ,i "k4 ,! helmets & cock$ hats are ( ! patt]n affect$ by !atrical manag]s1 ! decorations tawdry1 ! swords absurd1 ! :ole appe>ance indicative ( a ta/e unmilit>y & in>ti/ic4 ,! p>ade uni=m has be5 design$ by a lot ( unsoldi]ly politicians & tailors ab\t ,wa%+ton4 ,_! notion ( milit>y glory is confus$ ) memories ( ,/4 ,patrick's ,day processions & ,masonic in/allations4 ,!y h made ! pati5t ,unit$ ,/ates army a victim ( _! vulg> designs1 & to-day at e ,european army maneuv] "o c pick out ! ,am]ican milit>y atta*e by m]ely po9t+ to ! mo/ unsoldi]ly uni=m on ! field4 ,on ! battlefield1 h[ev]1 !re are no political tailors1 & ! ,wa%+ton dress regulations are ru?lessly disreg>d$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/e]+ ,,ge> ,,( ,,nor? ,,g]man ,,lloyd ,,/eam]s ,,cobl5tz1 ,,ma9z1 ,,& ,,tri]4 ,! /e]+ ge> illu/rat$ bel[1 :i* has be5 fitt$ to a numb] ( vessels 9 ?is c\ntry z well z on ! ?ree ,nor? ,g]man ,lloyd /eam]s above nam$1 is design$1 prim>ily1 to effect ! di/ribution ( ! lev]age m 9 proportion to ! resi/ance ( ! rudd] ?an exi/s 9 ord9>y ge>s4 ,! latt]1 z a rule1 ex]t a uni=m & decreas+1 in/ead ( an increas+1 pur*ase on ! rudd]1 9 mov+ x f midge> to h>d ov]4 ,?is important object is atta9$ 9 ! ge> "u notice *iefly ?r\gh ! arrangem5t ( ! quadrant & ! spr+ buff]s1 :i* =m an ess5tial "p ( x1 & ( ! till] cros%ead4 ,! quadrant--:i*1 z may be ga!r$ f our illu/ration1 has its ma9 body =m$ ( wr\ght /eel1 flang$ & rivet$1 mak+ an exceptionally /rong design--works on its own c5t]4 ,x travels ?r\gh #ea degrees 9 mov+ ! till] cros%ead ?r\gh #dj degrees1 & 9 do+ s increases ! lev]age ov] ! rudd] to an ext5t :i* is equival5t to a ga9 ( #fj p] c5t4 ^u midge> position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,ge> ,,h>d ,,ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,ge> ,,amid%ips4 ,,croom ,,ar?ur',s ,,/e]+ ,,ge>4 ,be+ c>ri$ on its own c5t]1 & n1 z is usual1 on ! rudd] /ock1 & ) its rim support$ on roll]s1 ! quadrant does n impose ^u ! rudd] p9tles any ( its own weight1 ?us dim9i%+ ! we> on ^! p>ts4 ,?is arrangem5t also keeps ! quadrant always 9 good ge> ) its p9ion1 !reby all[+ ! tee? ( bo? to be /r5g!n$ by %r\d+1 & r5d]+ !m exempt f ! effects ( s9k+ & slogg] ( ! rudd] /ock z ! p9tles we>4 ,! rack & p9ions are ( ca/ /eel1 z is also ! till] cros%ead4 ,! spr+ buff]s1 :i*1 z has be5 said1 =m an ess5tial "p ( ! quadrant1 are fitt$ ) /eel roll]s at ! po9t ( contact ) ! cros%ead1 !reby r$uc+ ! friction to a m9imum4 ,! spr+s1 by _! compression1 absorb any %ock com+ on ! rudd]1 & greatly r$uce ! vibration :5 /ruck by a sea4 ,!y are made adju/able1 & c be ei!r /eel or rubb]4 ,our illu/rations %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! ge> z work$ by h& at ! rudd] head1 b ( c\rse ge>s are made hav+ a /eam /e]+ eng9e z ! major portion ( ! arrangem5t--! two cyl9d]s be+ plac$ directly ov] ! quadrant--?us secur+ ! well kn[n advantages atta*+ to a direct rudd] head /e]+ eng9e z comp>$ ) ! eng9e situat$ amid%ip1 ) all ! friction ( p>ts1 liability to breakage1 etc41 !reby entail$4 ,:e!r ) eng9e amid%ip or directly ov] ! rudd]head1 ample provision is made = putt+ ! h& p[] into ge> by means ( a friction clut* )9 ! /&>d ^u :i* ! h& :eels are m\nt$4 ,! clut* is ( l>ge diamet] & l9$ ) h>d wood1 p[] & ready facility be+ provid$ by ! h& lev]--se5 at ! top ( /&>d--& ! screw :i* x op]ates1 = %ift+ to 9 & out ( ge>4 ,! pat5tees & mak]s ( ?is type ( ge> are ,messrs4 ,croom ,ar?ur1 ,victoria ,dock1 ,lei?1 :o1 9 addition to fitt+ x to ! ?ree ,nor? ,g]man ,lloyd /eam]s nam$ 9 ! title--:i* are ea* ( #c1bjj tons1 hav+ an #h-;in* rudd]-/ock--h appli$ x to ! ,hamburg & ,au/ralian l9] ,meiss5 ( #e1bjj tons & #aj-;in* rudd] /ock1 & to ! /eam] ,c>isbrook ( #a1gbd tons1 own$ 9 ,lei?4 ,on ! latt] vessel1 :i* 0 ! fir/ fitt$ ) x1 ! ge> has be5 work+ = ov] two ye>s1 giv+1 we are told1 entire satisfaction to ! own]s1 :o say ! spr+ buff]s und\bt$ly r$uce ! vibration :5 ! rudd] is /ruck by a sea1 & ! arrangem5t ( quadrant & till] appe>s to give increase ( p[]4 ,( ! in/allation ( ?is ge> on bo>d ! ?ree ,nor? ,g]man ,lloyd vessels1 ! ag5ts ( t company say3 ,x has be5 work+ to our entire satisfaction4 ,?is sy/em1 on ! :ole1 proves to h answ]$ its purpose4 ,consid]+ ! advantages claim$ = ! ge>1 ?is is satisfactory te/imony4 ,we are indebt$ to ,! ,london ,eng9e] = ! cuts & description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,comb9$ ,,/eam ,,pump+ ,,& ,,motive ,,p[] ,,eng9e4 ,we give h]e) an illu/ration ( a compact eng9e1 design$ by ,messrs4 ,m]rywea!r ,sons1 ( ,london1 p>ticul>ly = m9+ "w1 & already suppli$ to ! ,burma ruby m9es1 ! ,salamanca t9 m9es1 & sev]al m9+ companies 9 ,brazil & o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is an arrangem5t ( ! ,valiant /eam pump+ eng9e ) a fly:eel arrang$ to take a belt1 & is s con/ruct$ t ! pump c be readily ?r[n out ( ge> & ! eng9e us$ to drive light ma*9]y4 ,! small] size weighs only #g cwt41 includ+ boil]1 eng9e & pump complete1 & c be run on its own :eels1 or ^! c be deta*$ & ! ma*9e c>ri$ by eight or t5 m5 on %\ld] poles pass$ ?r\gh r+s fitt$ on top ( ! boil]4 ,?us x c be easily transport$ up c\ntry1 & has = ?is reason be5 f\nd mo/ useful = prospect+4 ,= alluvial m9+ x w ?r[ a p[]ful jet at #ajj lb4 to #abj lb4 pressure1 or by means ( a belt w drive an exp]im5tal qu>tz cru%] or /amp mill4 ,! p[] develop$ is six horses1 & ! boil] w burn wood or o!r inf]ior fuel :5 coal is n obta9able4 ,! pump w deliv] #ajj gallons p] m9ute1 on a %ort l5g? ( hose or pip+1 & w =ce wat] ?r\gh ?ree or f\r miles ( pip+ on ! level1 or1 on a %ort l5g?1 #ce gallons p] m9ute aga9/ a head ( #baj feet4 ,! pump is made entirely ( gun metal1 ) rubb] valves1 & has l>ge suction & deliv]y bran*es4 ,air vessels are fitt$1 & ! motion "w is simple & /rong4 ,! boil] is ,m]rywea!r's wat] tube type1 & raises /eam rapidly1 :ile ! fitt+s include fe$ pump1 injector1 safety valve1 /eam bla/ & an arrangem5t = fe$+ ! boil] f ! ma9 pump 9 case ( necessity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m]rywea!r',s ,,pump+ ,,eng9e4 ,we are indebt$ to ,! ,london ,eng9e] = ! engrav+ & description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s romances & exagg]ations ( :i* ! ,pit* ,lake1 at ,tr9idad1 has be5 ! subject1 are correct$ by ,mr4 ,alb]t ,cronise1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ,its area1 height & di/ance f ! sea h be5 ov]e/imat$1 & a volcanic action has be5 ascrib$ to x :i* does n really exi/4 ,x is "o mile f ! l&+ place1 is #ach feet above ! sea level1 is irregul>1 approximately r\nd1 & has an area ( #aji acres4 ,its surface is a few feet high] ?an ! gr\nd imm$iately ar\nd x1 hav+ be5 lift$ up by ! pressure f bel[4 ,! mat]ial ( ! lake is solid to a dep? ( sev]al feet1 except 9 a few spots 9 ! c5t]1 :]e x rema9s s(t1 b usually n hot or boil+4 ,b z ! condition ( ! s(te/ "p v>ies1 x may be t x boils sometimes4 ,! surface ( ! lake is m>k$ by fissures two or ?ree feet wide & slightly depress$ spots1 all ( :i* are fill$ ) ra9wat]4 ,9 go+ ab\t "o has to pick 8 way among ! l>g] puddles & jump _m ( ! small] connect+ /reams4 ,ea* ( ! hundr$s ( irregul> portions sep>at$ by ?is network ( fissures is said to h a sl[ revolv+ motion ^u a horizontal axis at "r angles to a l9e f ! c5t] ( ! lake1 ! surface mov+ t[>d ! circumf]5ce4 ,?is motion is suppos$ to be caus$ by ! great daily *ange 9 temp]ature1 (t5 am\nt+ to #hj1 & an unequal upw>d motion ( ! mass bel[1 increas+ t[>d ! c5t] ( ! lake4 ,a few pat*es ( %all[ e>? ly+ on ! pit*1 & cov]$ ) bu%es & small trees1 are scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! lake4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle ann\nces t ,mr4 ,fetis(f1 an amateur horticulturi/ at ,voronezh1 ,russia1 has a*iev$ :at 0 believ$ to be impossible1 ! production ( jet black roses4 ,no details ( ! process h be5 receiv$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rec5t ,books4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electro-,,metallurgy4 ,electric ,smelt+ & ,ref9+3 ,! ,extraction & ,treatm5t ( ,metals by means ( ! ,electric ,curr5t4 ,be+ ! second edition ( ,elektro-,metallurgie by ,dr4 ,w4 ,bor*]s4 ,translat$1 ) additions1 by ,walt] ,g4 ,mc,millan4 ,) #c plates & num]\s illu/rations 9 ! text4 #hvo1 clo?4 #daf pages4 ,london & ,new ,york1 #ahig #f4ej ,,electro-,,te*nical ,,s]ies4 ,by ,edw9 ,j4 ,h\/on1 ,ph4,d41 & ,a4,e4 ,k5nelly1 ,d4,sc4 ,t5 volumes3 ,alt]nat+ ,electric ,curr5ts1 ,electric ,heat+1 ,electro-,magnetism1 ,electricity 9 ,electro-,!rapeutics1 ,electric ,arc ,light+1 ,electric ,inc&esc5t ,light+1 ,electric ,motors1 ,electric ,/reet ,railways1 ,electric ,telephony1 ,electric ,telegraphy4 ,ea* #a4jj ,,eng9e]s4 ,! ,practical ,managem5t ( ,eng9es & ,boil]s1 includ+ ,boil] ,sett+1 ,pumps1 ,injectors1 ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat]s1 ,/eam ,eng9e ,economy1 ,cond5s]s1 ,indicators1 ,slide ,valves1 ,safety ,valves1 ,gov]nors1 ,/eam ,gages1 ,incru/ation & ,corrosion1 etc4 ,a ,practical ,guide = ,eng9e]s & ,firem5 & ,/eam ,us]s g5]ally4 ,by ,william ,b4 ,le ,van4 #abmo1 clo?4 #bfg pages4 #di illu/rations4 #ahig #b4jj ,,exp]im5tal ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,george ,m4 ,hopk9s4 ,?is book treats on ! v>i\s topics ( ,physics 9 a popul> & practical way4 ,x describes ! app>atus 9 detail1 & expla9s ! exp]im5ts 9 full1 s t tea*]s1 /ud5ts & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ,physics may readily make ! app>atus )\t exp5se & p]=m ! exp]im5ts )\t difficulty4 ,! aim ( ! writ] has be5 to r5d] physical exp]im5tation s simple & attractive z to induce bo? old & "y to engage 9 x = pleasure & pr(it4 ,a few simple ari?metical problems comprise all ( ! ma?amatics ( ! book4 ,_m new exp]im5ts are "h describ$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,x is ! mo/ ?or\ghly illu/rat$ "w ov] publi%$ on ,exp]im5tal ,physics4 #hdj pages4 ,ov] #gij illu/rations4 ,sev5te5? edition4 ,revis$ & enl>g$4 #hvo1 clo? #d4jj ,,explosives4 ,lectures on ,explosives4 ,a c\rse ( ,lectures prep>$ especially z a ,manual & ,guide 9 ! ,laboratory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,artill]y ,s*ool4 ,by ,will\ghby ,walke1 ,fir/ ,lieut4 ,fif? ,unit$ ,/ates ,artill]y4 ,second edition4 ,revis$ & enl>g$4 #hvo1 clo?4 #dce pages4 ,new ,york1 #ahig #d4jj ,,fe$s ,,& ,,fe$+4 ,a ,h&book = ! ,/ud5t & ,/ockman4 ,by ,w4,a4 ,h5ry4 #hvo1 clo?4 #feg pages4 #ahih #b4jj 99 99 99 99 99 ,our l>ge ,catalogue ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,sci5tific & ,te*nical ,books1 embrac+ m ?an ,fifty diff]5t subjects1 & conta9+ #aaf pages1 w be mail$1 free1 to any address 9 ! _w4 ,any ( ! =ego+ ,books mail$1 on receipt ( price1 to any address4 ,remit by ,draft1 ,po/al ,note1 ,*eck1 or ,money ,ord]1 to ord] ( ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,complete ,,electrical ,,libr>y ,,by ,,pr(4 ,t4 ,o',,conor ,,sloane1 ,compris+ five books1 z foll[s3 ,ari?metic ( ,electricity1 #ach pages #a4jj ,electric ,toy ,mak+1 #adj pages #a4jj ,h[ to ,become a ,successful ,electrician1 #ahi pp4 #a4jj ,/&>d ,electrical ,diction>y1 #fhb pages #c4jj ,electricity ,simplifi$1 #aeh pages #a4jj --,! above five books by ,pr(4 ,sloane may be pur*as$ s+ly at ! publi%$ prices1 or ! set complete1 put up 9 a neat fold+ box1 w be furni%$ to ,sci5tific ,am]ican read]s at ! special r$uc$ price ( ,,five ,,doll>s4 ,y save #b by ord]+ ! complete set4 ,,five ,,volumes1 #a1cjj ,,pages1 ,,& ,,ov] #dej ,,illu/rations4 --,s5d = full table ( cont5ts ( ea* ( ! books4 --,our complete book catalogue ( #aaf pages1 conta9+ ref]5ce to works ( a sci5tific & te*nical "*1 w be s5t free to any address on application4 ,we _c p]mit ! receipt ( ,sloane's ,electrical ,libr>y to pass by )\t complim5t+ y ^u ! same4 ,x is a mo/ admirable "w4 ,%\ld be 9 ! h&s ( all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 electricity4 ,,phillips1 ,,ormonde ,,co41 ,eng9e]s4 ,melb\rne1 ,victoria4 ,i 0 highly pleas$ ) ! copy ( ,sloane's ,electrical ,libr>y1 :i* arriv$ 9 good condition4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable works ,i possess 9 my libr>y4 ,! use ( ! ,ro5tg5 ,rays 9 my pr(ession has /imulat$ my desire = electrical k greatly1 & ,i consid] ,sloane's ,electrical ,diction>y a fir/-class book ( ref]5ce4 ,i %all be pleas$ to recomm5d x to my colleagues 9 se>* ( su* a "w4 ,y\rs truly1 ,p4,j4 ,,cl5d9n91 ,m4,d41 ,hon4 ,m$ical ,electrician to ! ,melb\rne ,hospital4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,j ,,publi%$4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & mu* ,enl>g$4 ,gas1 ,gasol9e & ,oil ,eng9es ,by ,,g>dn] ,d4 ,,hiscox1 ,m4,e4 ,! only ,am]ican ,book on ! ,subject4 ,?is is a book design$ = ! g5]al in=mation ( e "o int]e/$ 9 ?is new & popul> motive p[]1 & its adaptation to ! increas+ dem& = a *eap & easily manag$ motor requir+ no lic5s$ eng9e]4 ,! book treats ( ! !ory & practice ( ,gas1 ,gasol9e & ,oil ,eng9es1 z design$ & manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x also conta9s *apt]s on ,horseless ,vehicles1 ,electric ,light+1 ,m>9e ,propulsion1 etc4 ,second ,edition4 ,illu/rat$ by #bgj engrav+s4 ,revis$ & enl>g$4 ,,l>ge ,,octavo4 #cfe ,,pages4 ,,price #b4ej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts4 ,*apt] ,i4--,introductory1 ,hi/orical4 ,*apt] ,,ii4--,!ory ( ! ,gas & ,gasol9e ,eng9e4 ,*apt] ,,iii4--,utilization ( ,heat & ,effici5cy 9 ,gas ,eng9es4 ,*apt] ,,iv4--,heat ,effici5cies4 ,*apt] ,v4--,ret>d$ ,combu/ion & ,wall ,cool+4 ,*apt] ,,vi4--,causes ( ,loss & ,ineffici5cy 9 ,explosive ,motors4 ,*apt] ,,vii4--,economy ( ! ,gas ,eng9e = ,electric ,light+4 ,*apt] ,,viii4--,! ,mat]ial ( ,p[] 9 ,explosive ,eng9es1 ,gas1 ,petroleum ,products & ,acetyl5e ,gas4 ,*apt] ,,ix4--,c>buret]s & ,vapor ,gas = ,explosive ,motors4 ,*apt] ,x4--,cyl9d] ,capacity ( ,gas & ,gasol9e ,eng9es1 ,muffl]s on ,gas ,eng9es4 ,*apt] ,,xi--,gov]nors & ,valve ,ge>4 ,*apt] ,,xii4--,ignit]s & ,explod]s1 ,hot1 ,tube & ,electric4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4--,cyl9d] ,lubrication4 ,*apt] ,,xiv--,on ! ,managem5t ( ,explosive ,motors4 ,*apt] ,,xv4--,! ,measurem5t ( ,p[] by ,prony ,brakes1 ,dynamomet]s & ,indicators1 ,! ,measurem5t ( ,spe$1 ,! ,indicator & its ,"w1 ,vibrations ( ,build+s & ,floors by ! ,runn+ ( ,explosive ,motors4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4--,explosive ,eng9e ,te/+4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4--,v>i\s ,types ( ,gas & ,oil ,eng9es1 ,m>9e & ,vehicle ,motors4--,*apt] ,,xviii4--,v>i\s ,types ( ,gas & ,oil ,eng9es4 ,m>9e & ,vehicle ,motors--,cont9u$4 ,*apt] ,,xix--,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5ts on ,gas1 ,gasol9e & ,oil ,eng9es & _! ,adjuncts--#ahge to #ahig inclusive--,li/ ( ! ,manufactur]s ( ,gas1 ,gasol9e & ,oil ,eng9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) _! addresses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,few ,,extracts ,,( ,,notices ,,f ,,! ,,press4 ,x is a v compreh5sive & ?or\ghly up-to-date "w4--,am]ican ,ma*9i/4 ,! subjects treat$ 9 ?is book are timely & int]e/+1 z !re is no d\bt z to ! increas+ use ( ,gas1 ,gasol9e & ,oil ,eng9es1 p>ticul>ly = small p[]s4 ,x gives su* g5]al in=mation on ! con/ruction1 op]ation & c>e ( ^! eng9es t %\ld prove valuable to any "o 9 ne$ ( su* motors1 z well z ^? already hav+ !m 9 use4--,ma*9]y4 ,:at an eng9e] says3 ,i beg to ackn[l$ge receipt ( y\r book on ,gas1 ,gasol9e & ,oil ,eng9es1 by ,hiscox1 by regi/]$ mail4 ,i am highly pleas$ ) ! book4 ,x is ! be/ on ,oil ,eng9es ,i h ev] se51 is n intricate 9 ! calculations1 & ! illu/rations are excell5t4 ,y\rs truly1 ,s4 ,,dalrymple1 ,*ief-eng9e] ,s4,s4 ,talune4 ,melb\rne1 ,victoria4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,(fice1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,special ,,naval ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #aafe1 conta9s a hi/orical review ( ! mod]n ,unit$ ,/ates navy1 ! classification ( ! v>i\s =ms ( w> vessels & ne>ly "o hundr$ illu/rations1 includ+ details ( con/ruction ( su* vessels n f\nd 9 any o!r publication4 ,a map ( ,cuba pr9t$ 9 five colors accompanies x4 ,price1 #be c5ts4 ,s+le copies s5t by mail 9 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada & ,mexico4 ,=eign c\ntries1 #h c5ts extra4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 #ahig ,supplem5t ,catalogue ,ready6 ,! publi%]s ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ann\nce t an entirely new #dh page ,,supplem5t ,catalogue is n[ ready = di/ribution1 & w be s5t free to all on application4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,^? 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