,,lat9 ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,by ,,b5jam9 ,l4 ,d',,ooge1 ,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,mi*igan ,/ate ,normal ,college ,g9n & ,company ,bo/on ,new ,york ,*icago ,london ,copyright1 #aiji1 #aiaa by ,b5jam9 ,l4 ,d',ooge ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall ,all ,rights ,res]v$ #jac4d ,! ,a!num ,press ,g9n & ,company ,proprietors ,bo/on ,u4,s4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,lesson ,page ,preface ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5t--,by way ( ,introduction #a-d ,,"p ,i4 ,,! ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,lat9 ,,alphabet1 ,,s\nds ,,( ,,! ,,lett]s1 ,,syllables1 ,,quantity1 ,,acc5t1 ,,h[ ,,to ,,read ,,lat9 #e-aa ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,words ,,& ,,=ms ,i-,,vi4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples--,subject & ,pr$icate1 ,inflection1 ,numb]1 ,nom9ative ,subject1 ,possessive ,g5itive1 ,agreem5t ( ,v]b1 ,direct ,object1 ,indirect ,object1 etc4--,,dialogue #ab-bd ,,vii-,,viii4 ,,fir/ ,,or -,,decl5sion--,g5d]1 ,agreem5t ( ,adjectives1 ,^w ,ord] #be-cj ,,ix-,x4 ,,second ,,or ,o-,,decl5sion--,,g5]al ,,rules ,,= ,,decl5sion--,pr$icate ,n\n1 ,apposition--,,dialogue #ca-ce ,,xi4 ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,decl5sions #cf-cg ,,xii4 ,,n\ns ,,9 -ius ,,& -ium--,,g]m,,nia #ch-ci ,,xiii4 ,,second ,,decl5sion 7,cont9u$7--,n\ns 9 -er & -ir--,,italia--,,dialogue #ci-da ,,xiv4 ,,possessive ,,adjective ,,pron\ns #db-dc ,,xv4 ,,ablative ,,d5ot+ ,,)--,cause1 ,means1 ,accompanim5t1 ,mann]--,,! ,,romans ,,prep>e ,,= ,,w> #dd-df ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,n9e ,,irregul> ,,adjectives #df-dg ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,demon/rative is1 ea1 id--,,dialogue #dh-ej ,,xviii4 ,,conjugation--,pres5t1 ,imp]fect1 & ,future ( sum-- ,,dialogue #ea-ec ,,xix4 ,,pres5t ,,active ,,indicative ,,( am ,,& mone #ed-ef ,,xx4 ,,imp]fect ,,active ,,indicative ,,( am ,,& mone-- ,mean+ ( ! ,imp]fect--,,niobe ,,& ,,h] ,,*ildr5 #ef-eg ,,xxi4 ,,future ,,active ,,indicative ,,( am ,,& mone-- ,,niobe ,,& ,,h] ,,*ildr5 7,conclud$7 #eh-ei ,,xxii4 ,,review ,,( ,,v]bs--,! ,dative ) ,adjectives-- ,,cornelia ,,& ,,h] ,,jewels #ei-fa ,,xxiii4 ,,pres5t ,,active ,,indicative ,,( reg ,,& audi-- ,,cornelia ,,& ,,h] ,,jewels 7,conclud$7 #fa-fc ,,xxiv4 ,,imp]fect ,,active ,,indicative ,,( reg ,,& audi-- ,! ,dative ) ,special ,intransitive ,v]bs #fc-fe ,,xxv4 ,,future ,,active ,,indicative ,,( reg ,,& audi #fe-ff ,,xxvi4 ,,v]bs ,,9 -i--,pres5t1 ,imp]fect1 & ,future ,active ,indicative ( capi--,! ,imp]ative #ff-fh ,,xxvii4 ,,passive ,,voice--,pres5t1 ,imp]fect1 & ,future ,indicative ( am & mone--,,p]seus ,,& ,,&rom$a #fh-ga ,,xxviii4 ,,pres5t1 ,,imp]fect1 ,,& ,,future ,,indicative ,,passive ,,( reg ,,& audi--,,p]seus ,,& ,,&rom$a 7,cont9u$7 #gb-gc ,,xxix4 ,,pres5t1 ,,imp]fect1 ,,& ,,future ,,indicative ,,passive ,,( -i ,,v]bs--,,pres5t ,,passive ,,inf9itive ,,& ,,imp]ative #gc-ge ,,xxx4 ,,synopses ,,9 ,,! ,,f\r ,,conjugations--,,! ,,ablative ,,d5ot+ ,,f--,place f ,:i*1 ,sep>ation1 ,p]sonal ,ag5t #ge-gh ,,xxxi4 ,,p]fect1 ,,plup]fect1 ,,& ,,future ,,p]fect ,,( sum-- ,,dialogue #gi-ha ,,xxxii4 ,,p]fect ,,active ,,indicative ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,regul> ,,conjugations--,mean+s ( ! ,p]fect--,,p]seus ,,& ,,&rom$a 7,cont9u$7 #ha-hc ,,xxxiii4 ,,plup]fect ,,& ,,future ,,p]fect ,,active ,,indicative-- ,,p]fect ,,active ,,inf9itive #hd-he ,,xxxiv4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,active ,,voice--,,p]seus ,,& ,,&rom$a 7,conclud$7 #hf-hg ,,xxxv4 ,,passive ,,p]fects ,,( ,,! ,,indicative--,,p]fect ,,passive ,,& ,,future ,,active ,,inf9itive #hh-ij ,,xxxvi4 ,,review ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts--,prepositions1 ,yes-or-,no ,que/ions #ij-ic ,,xxxvii4 ,,conjugation ,,( possum--,! ,inf9itive us$ z 9 ,engli%--,accusative ,subject ( an ,inf9itive-- ,,! ,,fai?less ,,t>peia #ic-if ,,xxxviii4 ,,! ,,relative ,,pron\n ,,& ,,! ,,int]rogative ,,pron\n-- ,agreem5t ( ! ,relative--,,! ,,fai?less ,,t>peia 7,conclud$7 #ig-aja ,,xxxix-,,xli4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion--,consonant ,/ems #aja-ajf ,,xlii4 ,,review ,,lesson--,,t]ror ,,cimbricus #ajg ,,xliii4 ,,?ird ,,decl5sion--,i-,/ems #ajh-aaj ,,xliv4 ,,irregul> ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion-- ,,g5d] ,,9 ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion--,,! ,,fir/ ,,bridge ,,ov] ,,! ,,rh9e #aaa-aab ,,xlv4 ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion--,,! ,,romans ,,invade ,,! ,,enemy',s ,,c\ntry #aac-aae ,,xlvi4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,or ,u-,,decl5sion #aaf-aag ,,xlvii4 ,,expressions ,,( ,,place--,place to ,:i*1 ,place f ,:i*1 ,place at or 9 ,:i*1 ! ,locative-- ,decl5sion ( domus--,d,,dalus ,,& ,,ic>us #aag-aba ,,xlviii4 ,,! ,,fif? ,,or -,,decl5sion--,ablative ( ,"t --,d,,dalus ,,& ,,ic>us 7,cont9u$7 #aba-abc ,,xlix4 ,,pron\ns--,p]sonal & ,reflexive ,pron\ns--,d,,dalus ,,& ,,ic>us 7,conclud$7 #abc-abf ,l4 ,,! ,,int5sive ,,pron\n ipse ,,& ,,! ,,demon/rative dem--,,h[ ,,horatius ,,held ,,! ,,bridge #abf-abg ,,li4 ,,! ,,demon/ratives hic1 i/e1 ille--,a ,,g]man ,,*iefta9 ,,addresses ,,8 ,,foll[]s--,,h[ ,,horatius ,,held ,,! ,,bridge 7,cont9u$7 #abh-acj ,,lii4 ,,! ,,indef9ite ,,pron\ns--,,h[ ,,horatius ,,held ,,! ,,bridge 7,conclud$7 #acj-acb ,,liii4 ,,regul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives #acc-ace ,,liv4 ,,irregul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives--,ablative ) ,comp>atives #ace-acf ,,lv4 ,,irregul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives 7,cont9u$7-- ,decl5sion ( pls #acg-ach ,,lvi4 ,,irregul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives 7,conclud$7-- ,ablative ( ! ,measure ( ,diff]5ce #ach-aci ,,lvii4 ,,=mation ,,& ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adv]bs #adj-adb ,,lviii4 ,,num]als--,p>titive ,g5itive #adb-add ,,lix4 ,,num]als 7,cont9u$7--,accusative ( ,ext5t-- ,c,,s> ,,9 ,,gaul #add-adf ,,lx4 ,,depon5t ,,v]bs--,prepositions ) ! ,accusative #adf-adg ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,con/ructions ,,lxi4 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,mood--,inflection ( ! ,pres5t-- ,indicative & ,subjunctive ,comp>$ #adh-aeb ,,lxii4 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,( ,,purpose #aeb-aec ,,lxiii4 ,,inflection ,,( ,,! ,,imp]fect ,,subjunctive--,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses #aec-aee ,,lxiv4 ,,inflection ,,( ,,! ,,p]fect ,,& ,,plup]fect ,,subjunctive--,sub/antive ,clauses ( ,purpose #aef-aei ,,lxv4 ,,subjunctive ,,( possum--,v]bs ( ,fe>+ #afj-afa ,,lxvi4 ,,! ,,p>ticiples--,t5ses & ,decl5sion #afa-afd ,,lxvii4 ,,! ,,irregul> ,,v]bs vol1 nl1 ml-- ,ablative ,absolute #afd-aff ,,lxviii4 ,,! ,,irregul> ,,v]b f--,subjunctive ( ,result #afg-afh ,,lxix4 ,,subjunctive ,,( ,,*>act]i/ic--,pr$icate ,accusative #afi-aga ,,lxx4 ,,con/ructions ,,) cum--,ablative ( ,specification #aga-agc ,,lxxi4 ,,vocabul>y ,,review--,g]und & ,g]undive-- ,pr$icate ,g5itive #agc-agg ,,lxxii4 ,,! ,,irregul> ,,v]b e--,indirect ,/atem5ts #agg-ahj ,,lxxiii4 ,,vocabul>y ,,review--,,! ,,irregul> ,,v]b f]-- ,dative ) ,comp\nds #aha-ahc ,,lxxiv4 ,,vocabul>y ,,review--,subjunctive 9 ,indirect ,que/ions #ahc-ahe ,,lxxv4 ,,vocabul>y ,,review--,dative ( ,purpose or ,end = ,:i* #ahe-ahf ,,lxxvi4 ,,vocabul>y ,,review--,g5itive & ,ablative ( ,quality or ,description #ahf-ahh ,,lxxvii4 ,,review ,,( ,,agreem5t--,review ( ! ,g5itive1 ,dative1 & ,accusative #ahi-aij ,,lxxviii4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,ablative #aia-aib ,,lxxix4 ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,syntax ,,( ,,v]bs #aib-aic ,,read+ ,,matt] ,,introductory ,,sugge/ions #aid-aie ,,! ,,labors ,,( ,,h]cules #aif-bjc ,p4 ,,cornelius ,,l5tulus3 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,boy #bjd-bae ,,app5dixes ,,& ,,vocabul>ies ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,tables ,,( ,,decl5sions1 ,,conjugations1 ,,num]als1 ,,etc4 #bbf-bfj ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,,rules ,,( ,,syntax #bfa-bfd ,,app5dix ,,iii4 ,,reviews #bfe-bhb ,,special ,,vocabul>ies #bhc-bih ,,lat9-,,engli% ,,vocabul>y #bii-cca ,,engli%-,,lat9 ,,vocabul>y #ccb-cdc ,,index #cdd-cdh ,display ,problems ,,preface ,to make ! c\rse prep>atory to ,cs> at ! same "t sy/ematic1 ?or\gh1 cle>1 & int]e/+ is ! purpose ( ?is s]ies ( lessons4 ,! fir/ pages are devot$ to a brief discussion ( ! ,lat9 language1 its hi/ory1 & its educational value4 ,! body ( ! book1 consi/+ ( sev5ty-n9e lessons1 is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,"p ,i is devot$ to pronunciation1 quantity1 acc5t1 & k9dr$ introductory ess5tials4 ,"p ,,ii c>ries ! "w ?r\gh ! fir/ sixty lessons1 & is devot$ to ! /udy ( =ms & vocabul>y1 toge!r ) "s elem5t>y con/ructions1 a k ( :i* is necess>y = ! translation ( ! ex]cises & read+ matt]4 ,! fir/ few lessons h be5 made unusually simple1 to meet ! wants ( pupils n well gr\nd$ 9 ,engli% gramm>4 ,"p ,,iii conta9s n9ete5 lessons1 & is conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! /udy ( syntax & ( subjunctive & irregul> v]b =ms4 ,! la/ ?ree ( ^! lessons con/itute a review ( all ! con/ructions pres5t$ 9 ! book4 ,!re is abundant easy read+ matt]2 &1 9 ord] to secure prop] conc5tration ( ef=t ^u syntax & translation1 no new vocabul>ies are introduc$1 b ! vocabul>ies 9 ,"p ,,ii are review$4 ,x is hop$ t ! foll[+ features w comm5d !mselves to tea*]s3 ,! =ms are pres5t$ 9 _! natural sequ5ce1 & are giv51 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! body ( ! book z well z 9 a grammatical app5dix4 ,! "w on ! v]b is int5sive 9 "*1 "w 9 o!r directions be+ r$uc$ to a m9imum :ile ?is is go+ on4 ,! =ms ( ! subjunctive are /udi$ 9 correlation ) ! subjunctive con/ructions4 ,! vocabul>y has be5 select$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 us+ ,lodge's 8,diction>y ( ,second>y ,lat90 & ,br[ne's 8,lat9 ,^w ,li/0 z a basis4 ,!re are ab\t six hundr$ words1 exclusive ( prop] names1 9 ! special vocabul>ies1 & ^! are among ! simple/ & commone/ words 9 ! language4 ,m ?an n9ety-five p] c5t ( ^? *os5 are ,cs>ian1 & ( ^! m ?an n9ety p] c5t are us$ 9 ,cs> five or m times4 ,! few words n ,cs>ian are ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,cic]o1 ,v]gil1 & o!r au?ors z to ju/ify _! appe>ance "h4 ,b tea*]s desir+ to conf9e ^w /udy to ,cs> c easily d s1 z ! ,cs>ian words are pr9t$ 9 ! vocabul>ies 9 di/9ctive type4 ,concrete n\ns h be5 pref]r$ to ab/ract1 root words to comp\nds & d]ivatives1 ev5 :5 ! latt] 7 ( m frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,cs>4 ,to assi/ ! memory1 relat$ ,engli% words are add$ 9 ea* special vocabul>y4 ,to insure m c>eful prep>ation1 ! special vocabul>ies h be5 remov$ f _! respective lessons & plac$ by !mselves4 ,! g5]al vocabul>y conta9s ab\t twelve hundr$ words1 & ( ^! above eighty-five p] c5t are f\nd 9 ,cs>4 ,! syntax has be5 limit$ to ^? ess5tials :i* rec5t inve/igations1 su* z ^? ( ,dr4 ,lee ,byrne & 8 collaborators1 h %[n to belong prop]ly to ! "w ( ! fir/ ye>4 ,! con/ructions are pres5t$1 z f> z possible1 f ! /&po9t ( ,engli%1 ! ,engli% usage be+ giv5 fir/ & ! ,lat9 comp>$ or contra/$ ) x4 ,special att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! con/ructions ( p>ticiples1 ! g]und & g]undive1 & ! inf9itive 9 indirect /atem5ts4 ,con/ructions hav+ a logical connection are n sep>at$ b are treat$ toge!r4 ,ex]cises = translation occur ?r\gh\t1 ^? = translation into ,lat9 be+1 z a rule1 only half z long z ^? = translation into ,engli%4 ,9 ,"p ,,iii a few ( ! common] idioms 9 ,cs> are introduc$ & ! s5t5ces are drawn ma9ly f t au?or4 ,f fir/ to la/ a consi/5t ef=t is made to in/ill a prop] reg>d = ,lat9 ^w ord]1 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( :i* are laid d[n e>ly 9 ! c\rse4 ,selections = read+ are unusually abundant & are introduc$ f ! e>lie/ possible mom5t4 ,^! increase 9 numb] & l5g? z ! book progresses1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 are made an integral "p ( ! lessons in/ead ( be+ mass$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,?is arrangem5t insures a m con/ant & ?or\gh drill 9 =ms & vocabul>y1 promotes read+ p[]1 & af=ds a brea?+ spell betwe5 succe$+ subjects4 ,! mat]ial is drawn f hi/orical & my?ological s\rces1 & ! vocabul>y employ$ includes b few words n already le>n$4 ,! book closes ) a cont9u$ /ory :i* rec\nts ! *ief incid5ts 9 ! life ( a ,roman boy4 ,! la/ *apt]s record 8 exp]i5ces 9 ,cs>'s army1 & conta9 mu* in=mation t w facilitate ! int]pretation ( ! ,comm5t>ies4 ,! e>ly emphasis plac$ on ^w ord] & s5t5ce /ructure1 ! simplicity ( ! syntax1 & ! famili>ity ( ! vocabul>y1 make ! read+ selections especially useful = "w 9 sight translation4 ,reviews are call$ = at frequ5t int]vals1 & to facilitate ?is bran* ( ! "w an ,app5dix ( ,reviews has be5 prep>$1 cov]+ bo? ! vocabul>y & ! gramm>4 ,! illu/rations are num]\s1 & w1 x is hop$1 d mu* to /imulate int]e/ 9 ! anci5t _w & to create true & la/+ impressions ( ,roman life & times4 ,a consi/5t ef=t has be5 made to use simple language & cle> explanation ?r\gh\t4 ,z an aid to tea*]s us+ ?is book a 8,tea*]'s ,manual0 has be5 prep>$1 :i* conta9s1 9 addition to g5]al sugge/ions1 notes on ea* lesson4 ,! au?or wi%es to express 8 gratitude to ! num]\s tea*]s :o te/$ ! advance pages 9 _! classes1 &1 z a result ( _! exp]i5ce1 h giv5 mu* valuable aid by criticism & sugge/ion4 ,p>ticul> ackn[l$gm5ts are due to ,miss ,a4 ,susan ,jones ( ! ,c5tral ,high ,s*ool1 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan2 to ,miss ,cl>a ,allison ( ! ,high ,s*ool at ,ha/+s1 ,mi*igan2 & to ,miss ,hel5 ,b4 ,muir & ,mr4 ,orl& ,o4 ,norris1 tea*]s ( ,lat9 9 ?is in/itution4 ,,b5jam9 ,l4 ,d',,ooge ,,mi*igan ,,/ate ,,normal ,,college ,,lat9 ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5t--,,by ,,way ,,( ,,introduction ,:at is ,lat98 ,if y w look at ! map ( ,italy on ! opposite page1 y w f9d ne> ! middle ( ! p59sula & fac+ ! we/ coa/ a di/rict call$ ,latium1#a & ,rome its capital4 ,! ,lat9 language1 mean+ ! language ( ,latium1 0 spok5 by ! anci5t ,romans & o!r inhabitants ( ,latium1 & ,lat9 0 ! "n appli$ to x aft] ! armies ( ,rome _h c>ri$ ! k ( h] language f> beyond its orig9al b\nd>ies4 ,z ! ,engli% ( to-day is n q ! same z t spok5 two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 s ,lat9 0 n always ! same at all times1 b *ang$ m or less 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies4 ,! sort ( ,lat9 y are go+ to le>n 0 9 use ab\t two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,& t p]iod has be5 select$ because ! language 0 !n at its be/ & ! greate/ works ( ,roman lit]ature 7 be+ produc$4 ,?is p]iod1 because ( its supreme excell5ce1 is call$ ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,roman lett]s4 ,footnote #a3 ,pron\nce ,l%-m4 ,! ,spread ( ,lat94 ,= "s c5turies aft] ,rome 0 f\nd$1 ! ,romans 7 a feeble & insignificant p1 _! t]ritory 0 limit$ to ,latium1 & _! exi/5ce con/antly ?reat5$ by w>like neighbors4 ,b aft] ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ,rome's p[] grew rapidly4 ,%e conqu]$ all ,italy1 !n rea*$ out = ! l&s across ! sea & beyond ! ,alps1 & f9ally rul$ ov] ! :ole anci5t _w4 ,! empire ?us e/abli%$ la/$ = m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,! importance ( ,lat9 increas$ ) ! gr[? ( ,roman p[]1 & :at _h be5 a dialect spok5 by a s+le tribe became ! univ]sal language4 ,gradually ! language *ang$ some:at1 develop+ diff]5tly 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 ,italy x has become ,italian1 9 ,spa9 ,spani%1 & 9 ,france ,fr5*4 ,all ^! nations1 !re=e1 are speak+ a mod]niz$ =m ( ,lat94 ,! ,romans & ! ,greeks4 ,9 _! c>e] ( conque/ ! ,romans came into conflict ) ! ,greeks4 ,! ,greeks 7 inf]ior to ! ,romans 9 milit>y p[]1 b f> sup]ior to !m 9 culture4 ,!y excell$ 9 art1 lit]ature1 music1 sci5ce1 & philosophy4 ,( all ^! pursuits ! ,romans 7 ignorant until contact ) ,greece reveal$ to !m ! value ( education & fill$ !m ) ! ?ir/ = k4 ,& s x came ab\t t :ile ,rome conqu]$ ,greece by =ce ( arms1 ,greece conqu]$ ,rome by =ce ( h] intellectual sup]iority & became h] s*oolma/]4 ,x 0 soon ! e/abli%$ cu/om = "y ,romans to g to ,a!ns & to o!r c5t]s ( ,greek le>n+ to f9i% _! tra9+1 & ! k ( ! ,greek language among ! educat$ classes became univ]sal4 ,at ! same "t _m cultur$ ,greeks--poets1 arti/s1 orators1 & philosoph]s--flock$ to ,rome1 op5$ s*ools1 & taught _! arts4 ,inde$1 ! prem95ce ( ,greek culture became s great t ,rome almo/ lo/ h] ambition to be orig9al1 & h] writ]s vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 _! ef=ts to reproduce 9 ,lat9 :at 0 *oice/ 9 ,greek lit]ature4 ,z a consequ5ce ( all ?is1 ! civilization & national life ( ,rome became l>gely ,grecian1 & to ,greece %e ow$ h] lit]ature & h] art4 ,rome & ! ,mod]n ,_w4 ,aft] conqu]+ ! _w1 ,rome impress$ h] language1 laws1 cu/oms ( liv+1 & modes ( ?9k+ ^u ! subject nations1 & !y became ,roman2 & ! _w has rema9$ l>gely ,roman ev] s9ce4 ,lat9 cont9u$ to live1 & ! k ( ,lat9 0 ! only light ( le>n+ t burn$ /eadily ?r\gh ! d>k ages t foll[$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,lat9 0 ! common language ( s*ol>s & rema9$ s ev5 d[n to ! days ( ,%akespe>e4 ,ev5 yet x is m ne>ly ?an any o!r tongue ! univ]sal language ( ! le>n$4 ,! life ( to-day is mu* ne>] ! life ( anci5t ,rome ?an ! lapse ( c5turies w\ld lead "o to suppose4 ,y & ,i are ,romans /ill 9 _m ways1 & if ,cs> & ,cic]o %\ld appe> among u1 we %\ld n f9d !m1 except = dress & language1 mu* unlike m5 ( to-day4 ,lat9 & ,engli%4 ,d y "k t m ?an half ( ! words 9 ! ,engli% diction>y are ,lat91 & t y are speak+ m or less ,lat9 e day8 ,h[ has ?is come ab\t8 ,9 ! ye> #ajff ,william ! ,conqu]or invad$ ,engl& ) an army ( ,normans4 ,! ,normans spoke ,fr5*--:i*1 y rememb]1 is desc5d$ f ,lat9--& spread _! language to a consid]able ext5t ov] ,engl&1 & s ,norman-,fr5* play$ an important "p 9 ! =mation ( ,engli% & =ms a l>ge proportion ( our vocabul>y4 ,fur!rmore1 great numb]s ( almo/ pure ,lat9 words h be5 br\ght into ,engli% ?r\gh ! writ+s ( s*ol>s1 & e new sci5tific discov]y is m>k$ by ! addition ( new t]ms ( ,lat9 d]ivation4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! simpl] & common] words ( our "m tongue are ,anglo-,saxon1 & ,anglo-,saxon =ms ! /aple ( our colloquial language1 yet 9 ! realms ( lit]ature1 & especially 9 poetry1 words ( ,lat9 d]ivation are v abundant4 ,also 9 ! le>n$ pr(essions1 z 9 law1 m$ic9e1 & eng9e]+1 a k ( ,lat9 is necess>y = ! successful int]pretation ( te*nical & sci5tific t]ms4 ,:y /udy ,lat98 ,! =ego+ p>agraphs make x cle> :y ,lat9 =ms s important a "p ( mod]n education4 ,we h se5 t our civilization re/s ^u t ( ,greece & ,rome1 & t we mu/ look to ! pa/ if we w\ld und]/& ! pres5t4 ,x is obvi\s1 too1 t ! k ( ,lat9 n only leads to a m exact & effective use ( our own language1 b t x is ( vital importance & ( great practical value to any "o prep>+ = a lit]>y or pr(essional c>e]4 ,to ?is x may be add$ t ! /udy ( ,lat9 ?r[s a flood ( light ^u ! /ructure ( language 9 g5]al & lays an excell5t f\ndation = all grammatical /udy4 ,f9ally1 x has be5 abundantly prov$ t !re is no m effective means ( /r5g!n+ ! m9d ?an by ! e>ne/ pursuit ( ?is bran* ( le>n+4 ,review ,que/ions4 ,:5ce does ,lat9 get its "n8 ,:]e is ,latium8 ,:]e is ,rome8 ,0 ,lat9 always ! same8 ,:at sort ( ,lat9 are we to /udy8 ,describe ! gr[? ( ,rome's p[] & ! spread ( ,lat94 ,:at c y say ( ! orig9 ( ,italian1 ,fr5*1 & ,spani%8 ,h[ did ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans comp>e8 ,h[ did ,greece influ5ce ,rome8 ,h[ did ,rome influ5ce ! _w8 ,9 :at s5se are we ,romans /ill8 ,:at did ,lat9 h to d ) ! =mation ( ,engli%8 ,:at proportion ( ,engli% words are ( ,lat9 orig91 & :at k9d ( words are !y8 ,:y %\ld we /udy ,lat98 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,pronunciation ,,( ,,lat9 ,,! ,,alphabet #a4 ,! ,lat9 alphabet conta9s ! same lett]s z ! ,engli% except t x has no w & no j4 #b4 ,! v[els1 z 9 ,engli%1 are a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 y4 ,! o!r lett]s are consonants4 #c4 ,i is us$ bo? z a v[el & z a consonant4 ,be=e a v[el 9 ! same syllable x has ! value ( a consonant & is call$ ,i consonant4 ,?us 9 ,i-li-u ! fir/ i is a consonant1 ! second a v[el4 ,,s\nds ,,( ,,! ,,lett]s#a ,footnote #a3 ,n4,b4 ,! s\nds ( ! lett]s are be/ le>n$ by he>+ !m correctly pron\nc$4 ,! matt] 9 ?is section is1 !re=e1 int5d$ = ref]5ce r ?an = assignm5t z a lesson4 ,z a fir/ /ep x is sugge/$ t ! tea*] pron\nce ! examples 9 class1 ! pupils foll[+4 #d4 ,lat9 0 n pron\nc$ l ,engli%4 ,! ,romans at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era pron\nc$ _! language sub/antially z describ$ bel[4 #e4 ,! v[els h ! foll[+ s\nds3 ,,v[els#b ,,lat9 ,,examples z 9 fa!r hc1 /s l ! fir/ a 9 aha1 nev] z 9 hat -mt1 c-ns z 9 !y t-l1 m-t z 9 met t-nt1 mr-cs z 9 ma*9e sr-t1 pr-t z 9 bit s-ts1 b-b z 9 holy ,r-m1 -rs z 9 :olly1 nev] z 9 hot m-d1 b-ns z 9 rude1 or z oo 9 boot -mr1 t-br z 9 full1 or z oo 9 foot t1 t-ts ,,note4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t !re is a decid$ diff]5ce 9 s\nd1 except 9 ! case ( a1 betwe5 ! long & ! %ort v[els4 ,x is n m]ely a matt] ( quantity b also ( quality4 ,footnote #b3 ,long v[els are m>k$ 1 %ort ones 4 #f4 ,9 diph?ongs 7two-v[el s\nds7 bo? v[els are he>d 9 a s+le syllable4 ,,diph?ongs ,,lat9 ,,examples ae z ai 9 aisle tae-dae au z ou 9 out gau-dt ei z ei 9 eight de9-d eu z oo 7a %ort e foll[$ by a %ort u 9 "o syllable7 seu oe l oi 9 toil foe-ds ui l oo 7a %ort u foll[$ by a %ort i 9 "o syllable4 ,cf4 ,engli% we7 cui1 huic ,,note4 ,give all ! v[els & diph?ongs _! prop] s\nds & d n slur ov] !m 9 unacc5t$ syllables1 z is done 9 ,engli%4 #g4 ,consonants are pron\nc$ z 9 ,engli%1 except t ,,consonants ,,lat9 ,,examples c is always l c 9 cat1 nev] z 9 c5t c-d1 c-bs1 c-n g is always l g 9 get1 nev] z 9 gem g-m1 gg-n i consonant is always l y 9 yes im1 i-cs n be=e c1 qu1 or g is l ng 9 s+ 7comp>e ! s\nd ( n 9 an*or7 n-c-r 7ang-ko-ra7 qu1 gu1 & sometimes su be=e a v[el h ! s\nd ( qw1 gw1 & sw4 ,"h u has ! value ( consonant v & is n c\nt$ a v[el n-qut1 qu1 ln-gu1 sn-gus1 su-d- s is l s 9 sea1 nev] z 9 ease r-s1 s t is always l t 9 native1 nev] z 9 nation r-t-1 n-t- v is l w 9 w9e1 nev] z 9 v9e v-nm1 vr x has ! value ( two consonants 7cs or gs7 & is l x 9 extract1 n z 9 exact x-tr1 x-c-ts bs is l ps & bt l pt rbs1 b-t-n- *1 ph1 & ? are l c1 p1 t pl-*r1 ,phoe-b1 ?--trm a4 ,9 comb9ations ( consonants give ea* its di/9ct s\nd4 ,d\bl$ consonants %\ld be pron\nc$ ) a slight pause betwe5 ! two s\nds4 ,?us pron\nce tt z 9 rat-trap1 n z 9 rattle2 pp z 9 hop-pole1 n z 9 upp]4 ,examples1 mt-t1 pp-s1 bl-lm4 ,,syllables #h4 ,a ,lat9 ^w has z _m syllables z x has v[els & diph?ongs4 ,?us aes-t-t has ?ree syllables1 au-d-n-ds has f\r4 a4 ,two v[els ) a consonant betwe5 !m nev] make "o syllable1 z is s (t5 ! case 9 ,engli%4 ,comp>e ,engli% inside ) ,lat9 n-s-d4 #i4 ,words are divid$ into syllables z foll[s3 #a4 ,a s+le consonant betwe5 two v[els goes ) ! second4 ,?us -m-b-ls1 m-m-r-1 n-t-r-1 -b/1 p-r-gt4#c ,footnote #c3 ,9 writ+ & pr9t+ x is cu/om>y to divide ! p>ts ( a comp\nd1 z int]-e1 ab-e/1 sub-ctus1 p]-git1 contr>y to ! correct phonetic rule4 #b4 ,comb9ations ( two or m consonants3 a4 ,a consonant foll[$ by l or r goes ) ! l or r4 ,?us p-bl-cs1 -gr4 ,,exception4 ,prepositional comp\nds ( ?is nature1 z also ll & rr1 foll[ rule b4 ,?us b-l-1 b-rm-p1 l-l1 fr-rm4 b4 ,9 all o!r comb9ations ( consonants ! fir/ consonant goes ) ! prec$+ v[el4#d ,?us mg-ns1 -gs-ts1 vc-t-r-1 hs-ps1 n-ns1 s-bc-ts4 ,footnote #d3 ,! comb9ation nct is divid$ nc-t1 z fnc-ts1 snc-ts4 #c4 ,! la/ syllable ( a ^w is call$ ! ul-ti-ma2 ! "o next to ! la/1 ! pe-nult2 ! "o be=e ! p5ult1 ! an-te-pe-nult4 #aj4 ,,ex]cise ,divide ! words 9 ! foll[+ passage into syllables & pron\nce !m1 plac+ ! acc5t z indicat$3 ,vd d frmcm1 pgr1 t cnsdr vs is t dsc spntm3 quae cm nn hbt dcm nc praecptrm nc prncpm1 prt n ae/t cbm sb t cngrgt n mss qud cmdt4 ,g to ! ant1 ?\ slugg>d2 consid] h] ways1 & be wise3 :i*1 hav+ no guide1 ov]se]1 or rul]1 provide? h] meat 9 ! summ] & ga!re? h] food 9 ! h>ve/4 ,,quantity #aa4 ,! quantity ( a v[el or a syllable is ! "t x takes to pron\nce x4 ,correct pronunciation & acc5t dep5d ^u ! prop] obs]vance ( quantity4 #ab4 ,quantity ( ,v[els4 ,v[els are ei!r long 77 or %ort 774 ,9 ?is book ! long v[els are m>k$4 ,unm>k$ v[els are to be consid]$ %ort4 #a4 ,a v[el is %ort be=e ano!r v[el or h2 z p--ta1 tr-h4 #b4 ,a v[el is %ort be=e nt & nd1 be=e f9al m or t1 &1 except 9 words ( "o syllable1 be=e f9al l or r4 ,?us a-mnt1 a-mn-dus1 a-m-bm1 a-m-bt1 a-ni-ml1 a-mr4 #c4 ,a v[el is long be=e nf1 ns1 nx1 & nct4 ,?us n-fe-r1 re-gns1 sn-x1 snc-tus4 #d4 ,diph?ongs are always long1 & are n m>k$4 #ac4 ,quantity ( ,syllables4 ,syllables are ei!r long or %ort1 & _! quantity mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f t ( v[els4 #a4 ,a syllable is %ort1 a4 ,if x ends 9 a %ort v[el2 z -m1 p-gr4 ,,note4 ,9 f9al syllables ! %ort v[el may be foll[$ by a f9al consonant4 ,?us ! ^w m-m-r-m conta9s f\r %ort syllables4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree a %ort v[el ends ! syllable1 9 ! la/ ! %ort v[el is foll[$ by a f9al consonant4 #b4 ,a syllable is long1 a4 ,if x conta9s a long v[el or a diph?ong1 z c-r1 poe-nae1 aes-t-te4 b4 ,if x ends 9 a consonant :i* is foll[$ by ano!r consonant1 z cor-pus1 mag-nus4 ,,note4 ,! v[el 9 a long syllable may be ei!r long or %ort1 & %\ld be pron\nc$ accord+ly4 ,?us 9 t]-ra1 9-t]1 ! fir/ syllable is long1 b ! v[el 9 ea* case is %ort & %\ld be giv5 ! %ort s\nd4 ,9 words l saxum ! fir/ syllable is long because x has ! value ( two consonants 7cs or gs74 #c4 ,9 det]m9+ quantity h is n c\nt$ a consonant4 ,,note4 ,give ab\t twice z mu* "t to ! long syllables z to ! %ort ones4 ,x takes ab\t z long to pron\nce a %ort v[el plus a consonant z x does to pron\nce a long v[el or a diph?ong1 & s ^! quantities are consid]$ equally long4 ,= example1 x takes ab\t z long to say cr-r z x does c-r1 & s ea* ( ^! fir/ syllables is long4 ,comp>e ml-lis & m-lis1 -ms-s & -mi-s4 ,,acc5t #ad4 ,words ( two syllables are acc5t$ on ! fir/1 z mn-sa1 ,cae-s>4 #ae4 ,words ( m ?an two syllables are acc5t$ on ! p5ult if ! p5ult is long4 ,if ! p5ult is %ort1 acc5t ! antep5ult4 ,?us mo-n-mus1 re-gi-tur1 a-gri-co-la1 a-man-dus4 ,,note4 ,obs]ve t ! position ( ! acc5t is det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! syllable & n by ! l5g? ( ! v[el 9 ! syllable4 7,cf4 #ac4b1 ,note47 #af4 ,c]ta9 little words call$ enclitics#e :i* h no sep>ate exi/5ce1 are add$ to & pron\nc$ ) a prec$+ ^w4 ,! mo/ common are -que1 &2 -ve1 or2 & -ne1 ! "q sign4 ,! syllable be=e an enclitic takes ! acc5t1 reg>dless ( its quantity4 ,?us populusque1 deaque1 rgnave1 auditne4 ,footnote #e3 ,enclitic means lean+ back1 & t is1 z y see1 j :at ^! little words d4 ,!y _c /& alone & s !y lean back = support ^u ! prec$+ ^w4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,read ,,lat9 #ag4 ,to read ,lat9 well is n s difficult1 if y beg9 "r4 ,correct habits ( read+ %\ld be =m$ n[4 ,notice ! quantities c>efully1 especially ! quantity ( ! p5ult1 to insure y\r gett+ ! acc5t on ! "r syllable4 7,cf4 #ae47 ,give e v[el its prop] s\nd & e syllable its prop] l5g?4 ,!n be> 9 m9d t we %\ld read ,lat9 z we read ,engli%1 9 phrases r ?an 9 sep>ate words4 ,gr\p toge!r words t are closely connect$ 9 ?\ght4 ,no good read] halts at ! end ( ea* ^w4 #ah4 ,read ! /anzas ( ! foll[+ poem by ,longfell[1 "o at a "t1 fir/ ! ,engli% & !n ! ,lat9 v]sion4 ,! syllables inclos$ 9 p>5!ses are to be slurr$ or omitt$ to secure smoo?ness ( met]4 ,,excelsior ,,high]6 #f ,! %ades ( night 7 fall+ fa/1 ,z ?r\gh an ,alp9e village pass$ ,a y\?1 :o bore1 'mid sn[ & ice1 ,a bann] ) ! /range device1 ,excelsior6 ,cadbant noctis umbrae1 dum ,ibat p] vcum ,alpicum ,gel nivequ7e7 adolscns1 ,vxillum cum sign f]ns1 ,excelsior6 ,8 br[ 0 sad2 8 eye b5ea?1 ,fla%$ l a fal*ion f its %ea?1 ,& l a silv] cl>ion rung ,! acc5ts ( t unkn[n tongue1 ,excelsior6 ,frns tr/is1 micat oculus ,velut vgn gladius2 ,sonantque simils tubae ,acc5ts l+u7ae7 incognitae1 ,excelsior6 ,9 happy homes he saw ! light ,( h\sehold fires gleam w>m & bright2 ,above1 ! spectral glaci]s %one1 ,& f 8 lips escap$ a groan1 ,excelsior6 ,9 domibus videt clrs ,focrum lcs calids2 ,relucet glacis cris1 ,et rumpit gemits labrs1 ,excelsior6 8,try n ! ,pass60 ! old man said2 8,d>k l[]s ! tempe/ ov]head1 ,! ro>+ torr5t is deep & wide60 ,& l\d t cl>ion voice repli$1 ,excelsior6 ,dcit s5ex1 8,n trnses6 ,supr nigrscit tempe/s2 ,ltus et altus e/ torrns40 ,clra vnit vx respondns1 ,excelsior6 ,at break ( day1 z heav5w>d ,! pi\s monks ( ,sa9t ,b]n>d ,utt]$ ! (t-repeat$ pray]1 ,a voice cri$ ?r\gh ! />tl$ air1 ,excelsior6 ,iam lcscbat1 et frtrs ,snct ,b]n>d vigils rbant precs solits1 ,cum vx clmvit p] aurs1 ,excelsior6 ,a travel]1 by ! fai?ful h\nd1 ,half-buri$ 9 ! sn[ 0 f\nd1 ,/ill grasp+ 9 8 h& ( ice ,t bann] ) ! /range device1 ,excelsior6 ,smi-sepultus vitor ,c7e7 fd rep]tur1 ,comprndns pugn gelid ,illud vxillum cum sign1 ,excelsior6 ,!re 9 ! twilight cold & gray1 ,lifeless1 b beautiful1 he lay1 ,& f ! sky1 s]5e & f>1 ,a voice fell1 l a fall+ />1 ,excelsior6 ,iacet corpus exanimum ,s$ lce frgid pul*rum2 ,et cael procul exins ,cadit vx1 ut ,/ella cadns1 ,excelsior6 ,footnote #f3 ,translation by ,c4 ,w4 ,good*ild 9 ,praeco ,lat9us1 ,octob]1 #ahih4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,words ,,& ,,=ms ,,lesson ,i ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples #ai4 ,subject & ,pr$icate4 #a4 ,lat91 l ,engli%1 expresses ?\ghts by means ( s5t5ces4 ,a s5t5ce is a comb9ation ( words t expresses a ?\ght1 & 9 its simple/ =m is ! /atem5t ( a s+le fact4 ,?us1 ,galba is a f>m] ,galba e/ agricola ,! sailor fights ,nauta pugnat ,9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces !re are two p>ts3 ,,subject ,,pr$icate ,galba is a f>m] ,galba ,! sailor fights ,nauta pugnat #b4 ,! subject is t p]son1 place1 or ?+ ab\t :i* some?+ is said1 & is !re=e a n\n or "s ^w :i* c s]ve ! same purpose4 a4 ,pron\ns1 z _! "n implies 7pro1 8in/ead (10 & n\n71 (t5 take ! place ( n\ns1 usually to save repeat+ ! same n\n1 z1 ,galba is a f>m]2 he is a /urdy fell[4 #c4 ,! pr$icate is t :i* is said ab\t ! subject1 & consi/s ( a v]b ) or )\t modifi]s4 a4 ,a v]b is a ^w :i* ass]ts some?+ 7usually an act7 conc]n+ a p]son1 place1 or ?+4 #bj4 ,! ,object4 ,9 ! two s5t5ces1 ,! boy hit ! ball & ,! ball hit ! boy1 ! same words are us$1 b ! mean+ is diff]5t1 & dep5ds ^u ! ord] ( ! words4 ,! do] ( ! act1 t ab\t :i* some?+ is said1 is1 z we h se5 above1 ! subject4 ,t to :i* some?+ is done is ! direct object ( ! v]b4 ,! boy hit ! ball is !re=e analyz$ z foll[s3 ,,subject ,,pr$icate _/----------- ,! boy hit ! ball 7v]b7 7direct object7 a4 ,a v]b ^: action passes ov] to ! object directly1 z 9 ! s5t5ce above1 is call$ a transitive v]b4 ,a v]b :i* does n admit ( a direct object is call$ intransitive1 z1 ,i walk1 he comes4 #ba4 ,! ,copula4 ,! v]b to be 9 its diff]5t =ms--are1 is1 01 etc4--does n tell u any?+ ab\t ! subject2 nei!r does x gov]n an object4 ,x simply connects ! subject ) ! ^w or words 9 ! pr$icate t possess a di/9ct mean+4 ,h5ce x is call$ ! copula1 t is1 ! jo9] or l9k4 #bb4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces pron\nce ! ,lat9 & "n ! n\ns1 v]bs1 subjects1 objects1 pr$icates1 copulas3 #a4 ,am]ica e/ patria mea ,am]ica is fa!rl& my #b4 ,agricola fliam amat 7,!7 f>m] 787 daught] loves #c4 ,flia e/ ,ilia 7,87 daught] is ,julia #d4 ,ilia et agricola sunt 9 nsul ,julia & 7!7 f>m] are on 7!7 isl& #e4 ,ilia aquam portat ,julia wat] c>ries #f4 ,rosam 9 coms habet 7,a7 rose 9 7h]7 hair 7%e7 has #g4 ,ilia e/ puella pul*ra ,julia is 7a7 girl pretty #h4 ,dom9a fliam pul*ram habet 7,!7 lady 7a7 daught] beautiful has a4 ,! s5t5ces above %[ t ,lat9 does n express "s words :i* are necess>y 9 ,engli%4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,lat9 has no article ! or a2 ?us agricola may mean ! f>m]1 a f>m]1 or simply f>m]4 ,!n1 too1 ! p]sonal pron\ns1 ,i1 y1 he1 %e1 etc41 & ! possessive pron\ns1 my1 y\r1 81 h]1 etc41 are n express$ if ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce is cle> )\t !m4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples 7,cont9u$7 #bc4 ,inflection4 ,words may *ange _! =ms to indicate "s *ange 9 s5se or use1 z1 is1 are2 01 72 :o1 ^:1 :om2 f>m]1 f>m]'s2 woman1 wom54 ,?is is call$ inflection4 ,! inflection ( a n\n1 adjective1 or pron\n is call$ its decl5sion1 t ( a v]b its conjugation4 #bd4 ,numb]4 ,lat91 l ,engli%1 has two numb]s1 s+ul> & plural4 ,9 ,engli% we usually =m ! plural by add+ -s or -es to ! s+ul>4 ,s ,lat9 *anges ! s+ul> to ! plural by *ang+ ! end+ ( ! ^w4 ,comp>e ,naut-a pugnat ,! sailor fights ,naut-ae pugnant ,! sailors fight #be4 ,,rule4 ,n\ns t end 9 -a 9 ! s+ul> end 9 -ae 9 ! plural4 #bf4 ,le>n ! foll[+ n\ns s t y c give ! ,engli% = ! ,lat9 or ! ,lat9 = ! ,engli%4 ,write ! plural ( ea*4 agricola1 f>m] 7agriculture7#a aqua1 wat] 7aqu>ium7 causa1 cause1 reason dm9a1 lady ( ! h\se1 mi/ress 7dom9ate7 filia1 daught] 7filial7 =tna1 =tune fuga1 flight 7fugitive7 iniria1 wrong1 injury lna1 moon 7lun>7 nauta1 sailor 7nautical7 puella1 girl silva1 =e/ 7silvan7 t]ra1 l& 7t]race7 ,footnote #a3 ,! words 9 p>5!ses are ,engli% words relat$ to ! ,lat94 ,:5 ! words are practically id5tical1 z causa1 cause1 no comp>ison is ne$$4 #bg4 ,comp>e aga9 ! s5t5ces ,nauta pugna-t ,! sailor fights ,nautae pugna-nt ,! sailors fight ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! v]b pugna-t is 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 9 ! second s5t5ce pugna-nt is 9 ! ?ird p]son plural4 #bh4 ,,rule4 ,agreem5t ( ,v]b4 ,a f9ite v]b mu/ always be 9 ! same p]son & numb] z its subject4 #bi4 ,,rule4 ,9 ! conjugation ( ! ,lat9 v]b ! ?ird p]son s+ul> active ends 9 -t1 ! ?ird p]son plural 9 -nt4 ,! end+s :i* %[ ! p]son & numb] ( ! v]b are call$ p]sonal end+s4 #cj4 ,le>n ! foll[+ v]bs & write ! plural ( ea*4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns he1 %e1 x1 etc41 :i* are necess>y 9 ! inflection ( ! ,engli% v]b1 are n ne$$ 9 ! ,lat91 because ! p]sonal end+s take _! place4 ,( c\rse1 if ! v]b's subject is express$ we d n translate ! p]sonal end+ by a pron\n2 ?us nauta pugnat is translat$ ! sailor fights1 n ! sailor he fights4 ama-t he 7%e1 x7 loves1 is lov+1 does love 7amity1 amiable7 labra-t 8 8 8 labors1 is labor+1 does labor nntia-t#b 8 8 8 ann\nces1 is ann\nc+1 does ann\nce porta-t 8 8 8 c>ries1 is c>ry+1 does c>ry 7port]7 pugna-t 8 8 8 fights1 is fight+1 does fight 7pugnaci\s7 ,footnote #b3 ,! u 9 nnti is long by exception4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 #ca4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,! daught] loves1 ! daught]s love4 #b4 ,! sailor is c>ry+1 ! sailors c>ry4 #c4 ,! f>m] does labor1 ! f>m]s labor4 #d4 ,! girl is ann\nc+1 ! girls d ann\nce4 #e4 ,! ladies are c>ry+1 ! lady c>ries4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,nauta pugnat1 nautae pugnant4 #b4 ,puella amat1 puellae amant4 #c4 ,agricola portat1 agricolae portant4 #d4 ,flia labrat1 fliae labrant4 #e4 ,nauta nntiat1 nautae nntiant4 #f4 ,dom9ae amant1 dom9a amat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dom9a ,,lesson ,,iii ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples 7,cont9u$7 #cb4 ,decl5sion ( ,n\ns4 ,we le>n$ above 7#ai1 #bj7 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! subject & object1 & t 9 ,engli% !y may be di/+ui%$ by ! ord] ( ! words4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! ord] is su* t we are left 9 d\bt4 ,= example1 ! s5t5ce ,! lady h] daught] loves might mean ei!r t ! lady loves h] daught]1 or t ! daught] loves ! lady4 #a4 ,if ! s5t5ce 7 9 ,lat91 no d\bt c\ld arise1 because ! subject & ! object are di/+ui%$1 n by ! ord] ( ! words1 b by ! end+s ( ! words !mselves4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,dom9a fliam amat ,fliam dom9a amat ,amat fliam dom9a ,dom9a amat fliam ,! lady loves h] daught] ,flia dom9am amat ,dom9am flia amat ,amat dom9am flia ,flia amat dom9am ,! daught] loves ! lady a4 ,obs]ve t 9 ea* case ! subject ( ! s5t5ce ends 9 -a & ! object 9 -am4 ,! =m ( ! n\n %[s h[ x is us$ 9 ! s5t5ce1 & ! ord] ( ! words has no effect on ! ess5tial mean+4 #b4 ,z /at$ above 7#bc71 ?is *ange ( end+ is call$ decl5sion1 & ea* diff]5t end+ produces :at is call$ a case4 ,:5 we decl9e a n\n1 we give all its diff]5t cases1 or *anges ( end+s4 ,9 ,engli% we h ?ree cases1--nom9ative1 possessive1 & objective2 b1 9 n\ns1 ! nom9ative & objective h ! same =m1 & only ! possessive case %[s a *ange ( end+1 by add+ 's or ! apo/rophe4 ,! int]rogative pron\n1 h[ev]1 has ! full] decl5sion1 :o8 ^:8 :om8 #cc4 ,! foll[+ table %[s a comp>ison betwe5 ,engli% & ,lat9 decl5sion =ms1 & %\ld be ?or\ghly memoriz$3 ,,engli% ,,cases ,,lat9 ,,cases ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,decl5sion ,"n ( case ,decl5sion ( ,"n ( case ( :o8 & use dom9a & use & translation ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,:o8 ,nom9ative-- dm9-a ,nom9ative-- ,s case ( ! ! lady case ( ! ,i subject subject ,n ,g ,^:8 ,possessive-- dom9-ae ,g5itive-- ,u case ( ! ! lady's case ( ! ,l possessor ( ! lady possessor ,a ,r ,:om8 ,objective-- dom9-am ,accusative-- case ( ! ! lady case ( ! object direct object ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,:o8 ,nom9ative-- dom9-ae ,nom9ative-- case ( ! ! ladies case ( ! ,p subject subject ,l ,u ,^:8 ,possessive-- dom9-rum ,g5itive-- ,r case ( ! ! ladies' case ( ! ,a possessor ( ! ladies possessor ,l ,:om8 ,objective-- dom9-s ,accusative-- case ( ! ! ladies case ( ! object direct object ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,:5 ! nom9ative s+ul> ( a n\n ends 9 -a1 obs]ve t a4 ,! nom9ative plural ends 9 -ae4 b4 ,! g5itive s+ul> ends 9 -ae & ! g5itive plural 9 -rum4 c4 ,! accusative s+ul> ends 9 -am & ! accusative plural 9 -s4 d4 ,! g5itive s+ul> & ! nom9ative plural h ! same end+4 #cd4 ,,ex]cise ,pron\nce ! foll[+ words & give _! g5]al mean+4 ,!n give ! numb] & case1 & ! use ( ea* =m4 ,:]e ! same =m /&s = m ?an "o case1 give all ! possible cases & uses4 #a4 ,silva1 silvs1 silvam4 #b4 ,fugam1 fugae1 fuga4 #c4 ,t]rrum1 t]rae1 t]rs4 #d4 ,aqus1 causam1 lns4 #e4 ,fliae1 =tnae1 lnae4 #f4 ,iniris1 agricolrum1 aqurum4 #g4 ,inirirum1 agricolae1 puells4 #h4 ,nautam1 agricols1 nauts4 #i4 ,agricolam1 puellam1 silvrum4 ,,lesson ,,iv ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples 7,cont9u$7 ,special ,vocabul>y ,see ,transcrib]'s ,note at beg9n+ ( text4 ,,n\ns dea1 goddess 7deity7 ,dina1 ,diana f]a1 a wild bea/ 7fi]ce7 ,ltna1 ,latona sagitta1 arr[ ,,v]bs e/1 he 7%e1 x7 is2 sunt1 !y are necat1 he 7%e1 x7 kills1 is kill+1 does kill ,,conjunction,a et1 & ,,pron\ns quis1 int]rog4 pron\n1 nom4 s+41 :o8 cuius 7pron\nc$ cooiyoos1 two syllables71 int]rog4 pron\n1 g54 s+41 ^:8 ,footnote ,a3 ,a conjunction is a ^w :i* connects words1 p>ts ( s5t5ces1 or s5t5ces4 #ce4 ,we le>n$ f ! table 7#cc7 t ! ,lat9 nom9ative1 g5itive1 & accusative correspond1 9 g5]al1 to ! nom9ative1 possessive1 & objective 9 ,engli%1 & t !y are us$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is w be made ev5 cle>] by ! foll[+ s5t5ce3 ,flia agricolae nautam amat1 ! f>m]'s daught] 7or ! daught] ( ! f>m]7 loves ! sailor ,:at is ! subject8 ! direct object8 ,:at case is us$ = ! subject8 = ! direct object8 ,:at ^w d5otes ! possessor8 ,9 :at case is x8 #cf4 ,,rule4 ,nom9ative ,subject4 ,! subject ( a f9ite v]b is 9 ! ,nom9ative & answ]s ! "q ,:o8 or ,:at8 #cg4 ,,rule4 ,accusative ,object4 ,! direct object ( a transitive v]b is 9 ! ,accusative & answ]s ! "q ,:om8 or ,:at8 #ch4 ,,rule4 ,g5itive ( ! ,possessor4 ,! ^w d5ot+ ! own] or possessor ( some?+ is 9 ! ,g5itive & answ]s ! "q ,^:8 ,illu/ration3 ,,diana ,,sagittas ,,portat ,,et ,,f]as ,,necat #ci4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhc4 ,i4 #a4 ,dina e/ dea4 #b4 ,ltna e/ dea4 #c4 ,dina et ,ltna sunt deae4 #d4 ,dina e/ dea lnae4 #e4 ,dina e/ flia ,ltnae4 #f4 ,ltna ,dinam amat4 #g4 ,dina e/ dea silvrum4 #h4 ,dina silvam amat4 #i4 ,dina sagitts portat4 #aj4 ,dina f]s silvae necat4 #aa4 ,f]ae t]rrum pugnant4 ,= ! ord] ( words imitate ! ,lat9 above4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! daught] ( ,latona does love ! =e/s4 #b4 ,latona's daught] c>ries arr[s4 #c4 ,! f>m]s' daught]s d labor4 #d4 ,! f>m]'s daught] loves ! wat]s ( ! =e/4 #e4 ,! sailor is ann\nc+ ! girls' flight4 #f4 ,! girls ann\nce ! sailors' wrongs4 #g4 ,! f>m]'s daught] labors4 #h4 ,diana's arr[s are kill+ ! wild bea/s ( ! l&4 #dj4 ,,conv]sation ,translate ! que/ions & answ] !m 9 ,lat94 ,! answ]s may be f\nd 9 ! ex]cises prec$+4 #a4 ,quis e/ ,dina8 #b4 ,cuius flia e/ ,dina8 #c4 ,quis ,dinam amat8 #d4 ,quis silvam amat8 #e4 ,quis sagitts portat8 #f4 ,cuius fliae labrant8 ,,lesson ,v ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples 7,cont9u$7 ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns corna1 wrea?1 g>l&1 cr[n fbula1 /ory 7fable7 pecnia1 money 7pecuni>y7 pugna1 battle 7pugnaci\s7 victria1 victory ,,v]bs dat1 he 7%e1 x7 gives nrrat1 he 7%e1 x7 tells 7n>rate7 ,,conjunction,a quia or quod1 because cui 7pron\nc$ cooi1 "o syllable71 int]rog4 pron\n1 dat4 s+41 to :om8 = :om8 ,footnote ,a3 ,a conjunction is a ^w :i* connects words1 p>ts ( s5t5ces1 or s5t5ces4 #da4 ,! ,dative ,case4 ,9 addition to ! relation%ips betwe5 words express$ by ! nom9ative1 g5itive 7possessive71 & accusative 7objective7 cases1 !re are o!r relation%ips1 to express :i* 9 ,engli% we use su* words z f1 )1 by1 to1 =1 91 at4#a ,footnote #a3 ,words l to1 =1 by1 f1 91 etc41 :i* def9e ! relation%ip betwe5 words1 are call$ prepositions4 ,lat91 too1 makes frequ5t use ( su* prepositions2 b (t5 x expresses ^! relations )\t !m by means ( case =ms :i* ,engli% does n possess4 ,"o ( ! cases f\nd 9 ! ,lat9 decl5sion & lack+ 9 ,engli% is call$ ! dative4 #db4 ,:5 ! nom9ative s+ul> ends 9 -a1 ! dative s+ul> ends 9 -ae & ! dative plural 9 -s4 ,,note4 ,obs]ve t ! g5itive s+ul>1 ! dative s+ul>1 & ! nom9ative plural all h ! same end+1 -ae2 b ! uses ( ! ?ree cases are entirely diff]5t4 ,! g5]al mean+ ( ! s5t5ce usually makes cle> :i* case is int5d$4 a4 ,=m ! dative s+ul> & plural ( ! foll[+ n\ns3 fuga1 causa1 =tna1 t]ra1 aqua1 puella1 agricola1 nauta1 dom9a4 #dc4 ,! ,dative ,relation4 ,! dative case is us$ to express ! relations convey$ 9 ,engli% by ! prepositions to1 t[>ds1 =4 ,^! prepositions are (t5 us$ 9 ,engli% 9 expressions ( motion1 su* z ,%e w5t to t[n1 ,he ran t[>ds ! horse1 ,columbus sail$ = ,am]ica4 ,9 su* cases ! dative is n us$ 9 ,lat91 z motion ?r\gh space is =eign to ! dative relation4 ,b ! dative is us$ to d5ote t to or t[>ds :i* a b5efit1 injury1 purpose1 feel+1 or quality is direct$1 or t = :i* some?+ s]ves or exi/s4 a4 ,:at dative relations d y discov] 9 ! foll[+8 ,! tea*] gave a prize to ,john because he repli$ s promptly to all h] que/ions--a good example = ! re/ ( u4 ,x is a pleasure to u to he> him recite4 ,lat9 is easy = him1 b x is v h>d = me4 ,"s are fitt$ = "o ?+ & o!rs = ano!r4 #dd4 ,! ,indirect ,object4 ,exam9e ! s5t5ce ,nauta fugam nntiat1 ! sailor ann\nces ! flight ,"h ! v]b1 nntiat1 gov]ns ! direct object1 fugam1 9 ! accusative case4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we wi% to m5tion ! p]sons to :om ! sailor ann\nces ! flight1 z1 ,! sailor ann\nces ! flight to ! f>m]s1 ! v]b w h two objects3 #a4 ,its direct object1 flight 7fugam7 #b4 ,its indirect object1 f>m]s ,accord+ to ! prec$+ section1 to ! f>m]s is a relation cov]$ by ! dative case1 & we are prep>$ = ! foll[+ rule3 #de4 ,,rule4 ,dative ,indirect ,object4 ,! indirect object ( a v]b is 9 ! ,dative4 a4 ,! indirect object usually /&s be=e ! direct object4 #df4 ,we may n[ complete ! translation ( ! s5t5ce ,! sailor ann\nces ! flight to ! f>m]s1 & we h ,nauta agricols fugam nntiat #dg4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhc4 ,po9t out ! direct & indirect objects & ! g5itive ( ! possessor4 ,i4 #a4 ,quis nauts pecniam dat8 #b4 ,fliae agricolae nauts pecniam dant4 #c4 ,quis =tnam pugnae nntiat8 #d4 ,galba agricols =tunam pugnae nntiat4 #e4 ,cui dom9a fbulam nrrat8 #f4 ,fliae agricolae dom9a fbulam nrrat4 #g4 ,quis ,dinae cornam dat8 #h4 ,puella ,dinae cornam dat quia ,dinam amat4 #i4 ,dea lnae sagitts portat et f]s silvrum necat4 #aj4 ,cuius victriam ,galba nntiat8 #aa4 ,nautae victriam ,galba nntiat4 ,imitate ! ^w ord] ( ! prec$+ ex]cise4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,to :om d ! girls give a wrea?8 #b4 ,! girls give a wrea? to ,julia1 because ,julia loves wrea?s4 #c4 ,! sailors tell ! ladies#b a /ory1 because ! ladies love /ories4 #d4 ,! f>m] gives 8 7#bb4;a7 daught] wat]4 #e4 ,galba ann\nces ! cause ( ! battle to ! sailor4 #f4 ,! goddess ( ! moon loves ! wat]s ( ! =e/4 #g4 ,^: wrea? is ,latona c>ry+8 ,diana's4 ,footnote #b3 ,obs]ve t 9 ,engli% ! indirect object (t5 /&s )\t a preposition to to m>k x1 especially :5 x prec$es ! direct object4 ,,lesson ,,vi ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples 7,cont9u$7 ,special ,vocabul>y ,,adjectives bona1 good grta1 pleas+ magna1 l>ge1 great mala1 bad1 wick$ p>va1 small1 little pul*ra1 beautiful1 pretty sla1 alone ,,n\ns ancilla1 maids]vant ,ilia1 ,julia ,,adv]bs,a cr1 :y nn1 n ,,pron\ns mea1 my2 tua1 ?y1 y\r 7possesives7 quid1 int]rog4 pron\n1 nom4 & acc4 s+41 :at8 -ne1 ! "q sign1 an enclitic 7#af7 add$ to ! fir/ ^w1 :i*1 9 a "q1 is usually ! v]b1 z amat1 he loves1 b amatne8 does he love8 e/1 he is2 e/ne8 is he8 ,( c\rse -ne is n us$ :5 ! s5t5ce conta9s quis1 cr1 or "s o!r int]rogative ^w4 ,footnote ,a3 ,an adv]b is a ^w us$ to modify a v]b1 an adjective1 or ano!r adv]b2 z1 ,%e s+s sweetly2 %e is v tal5t$2 %e began to s+ v e>ly4 #dh4 ,! ,ablative ,case4 ,ano!r case1 lack+ 9 ,engli% b f\nd 9 ! full] ,lat9 decl5sion1 is ! abla-tive4 #di4 ,:5 ! nom9ative s+ul> ends 9 -a1 ! ablative s+ul> ends 9 - & ! ablative plural 9 -s4 a4 ,obs]ve t ! f9al - ( ! nom9ative is %ort1 :ile ! f9al - ( ! ablative is long1 z1 ,nom4 fli ,abl4 fli b4 ,obs]ve t ! ablative plural is l ! dative plural4 c4 ,=m ! ablative s+ul> & plural ( ! foll[+ n\ns3 fuga1 causa1 =tna1 t]ra1 aqua1 puella1 agricola1 nauta1 dom9a4 #ej4 ,! ,ablative ,relation4 ,! ablative case is us$ to express ! relations convey$ 9 ,engli% by ! prepositions f1 )1 by1 at1 94 ,x d5otes #a4 ,t f :i* some?+ is sep>at$1 f :i* x />ts1 or ( :i* x is depriv$--g5]ally translat$ by f4 #b4 ,t ) :i* some?+ is associat$ or by means ( :i* x is done--translat$ by ) or by4 #c4 ,! place :]e or ! "t :5 some?+ happ5s--translat$ by 9 or at4 a4 ,:at ablative relations d y discov] 9 ! foll[+8 ,9 our class !re are tw5ty boys & girls4 ,daily at eight o'clock !y come f home ) _! books1 & :ile !y are at s*ool !y read ) ease ! books writt5 by ! ,romans4 ,by pati5ce & p]sev]ance all ?+s 9 ?is _w c be ov]come4 #ea4 ,prepositions4 ,:ile1 z /at$ above 7#da71 _m relations express$ 9 ,engli% by prepositions are 9 ,lat9 express$ by case =ms1 /ill prepositions are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 b only ) ! accusative or ablative4 #eb4 ,,rule4 ,object ( a ,preposition4 ,a n\n gov]n$ by a preposition mu/ be 9 ! ,accusative or ,ablative case4 #ec4 ,prepositions d5ot+ ! ablative relations f1 )1 91 on1 are naturally foll[$ by ! ablative case4 ,among ^! are #a or ab1 f1 away f d1 f1 d[n f #a or ex1 f1 out f1 out ( cum1 ) 91 91 on ,footnote #a3 & are us$ only be=e words beg9n+ ) a consonant2 ab & ex are us$ be=e ei!r v[els or consonants4 #a4 ,translate into ,lat91 us+ prepositions4 ,9 ! wat]1 on ! l&1 d[n f ! =e/1 ) ! =tune1 out ( ! =e/s1 f ! victory1 out ( ! wat]s1 ) ! sailors1 d[n f ! moon4 #ed4 ,adjectives4 ,exam9e ! s5t5ce ,puella p>va bonam deam amat1 ! little girl loves ! good goddess ,9 ?is s5t5ce p>va 7little7 & bonam 7good7 are n n\ns1 b are descriptive words express+ quality4 ,su* words are call$ adjectives1#b & !y are said to belong to ! n\n :i* !y describe4 ,footnote #b3 ,pick out ! adjectives 9 ! foll[+3 8,:5 ,i 0 a little boy1 ,i rememb] t "o cold w9t]'s morn+ ,i 0 acco/$ by a smil+ man ) an ax on 8 %\ld]4 #8,my pretty boy1' said he1 #8has y\r fa!r a gr9d/one8' #8,yes1 sir1' said ,i4 #8,y are a f9e little fell[1' said he4 #8,w y let me gr9d my ax on x8'0 ,y c tell by its end+ to :i* n\n an adjective belongs4 ,! end+ ( p>va %[s t x belongs to puella1 & ! end+ ( bonam t x belongs to deam4 ,words t belong toge!r are said to agree1 & ! belong+-toge!r is call$ agreem5t4 ,obs]ve t ! adjective & its n\n agree 9 numb] & case4 #ee4 ,exam9e ! s5t5ces ,puella e/ p>va1 ! girl is little ,puella p>va bonam deam amat1 ! little girl loves ! good goddess ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! adjective p>va is sep>at$ f its n\n by ! v]b & /&s 9 ! pr$icate4 ,x is !re=e call$ a pr$icate adjective4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce ! adjectives p>va & bonam are closely atta*$ to ! n\ns puella & deam respectively1 & are call$ attributive adjectives4 a4 ,pick out ! attributive & ! pr$icate adjectives 9 ! foll[+3 ,d y ?9k ,lat9 is h>d8 ,h>d /udies make /rong bra9s4 ,lazy /ud5ts dislike h>d /udies4 ,we are n lazy4 #ef4 ,,dialogue ,,julia ,,& ,,galba ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhc4 ,i4 ,quis1 ,galba1 e/ ,dina8 ,g4 ,dina1 ,ilia1 e/ pul*ra dea lnae et silvrum4 ,i4 ,cuius flia1 ,galba1 e/ ,dina8 ,g4 ,ltnae flia1 ,ilia1 e/ ,dina4 ,i4 ,quid ,dina portat8 ,g4 ,sagitts ,dina portat4 ,i4 ,cr ,dina sagitts portat8 ,g4 ,dina sagitts portat1 ,ilia1 quod mals f]s silvae magnae necat4 ,i4 ,amatne ,ltna fliam8 ,g4 ,amat1 et flia ,ltnam amat4 ,i4 ,quid flia tua p>va portat8 ,g4 ,corns pul*rs flia mea p>va portat4 ,i4 ,cui flia tua corns pul*rs dat8 ,g4 ,dinae corns dat4 ,i4 ,quis e/ cum fli tu8 ,e/ne sla8 ,g4 ,sla nn e/2 flia mea p>va e/ cum ancill me4 a4 ,:5 a p]son is call$ or address$1 ! case us$ is call$ ! vocative 7,lat9 vocre1 8to call074 ,9 =m ! vocative is regul>ly l ! nom9ative4 ,9 ,engli% ! "n ( ! p]son address$ usually /&s fir/ 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! ,lat9 vocative r>ely /&s fir/4 ,po9t out five examples ( ! vocative 9 ?is dialogue4 b4 ,obs]ve t que/ions answ]$ by yes or no 9 ,engli% are answ]$ 9 ,lat9 by repeat+ ! v]b4 ,?us1 if y wi%$ to answ] 9 ,lat9 ! "q ,is ! sailor fight+8 ,pugnatne nauta8 y w\ld say ,pugnat1 he is fight+1 or ,nn pugnat1 he is n fight+4 ,,lesson ,,vii ,,! ,,fir/ ,,or -,,decl5sion ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns casa1 -ae1 f41 cottage cna1 -ae1 f41 d9n] gallna1 -ae1 f41 h51 *ick5 nsula1 ae1 f41 isl& 7p5-insula7 ,,adv]bs de-9de1 !n1 9 ! next place ubi1 :]e ,,preposition ad1 to1 ) acc4 to express motion t[>d ,,pron\n quem1 int]rog4 pron\n1 acc4 s+41 :om8 ,,v]bs habitat1 he 7%e1 x7 lives1 is liv+1 does live 7inhabit7 laudat1 he 7%e1 x7 praises1 is prais+1 does praise 7laud7 p>at1 he 7%e1 x7 prep>es1 is prep>+1 does prep>e vocat1 he 7%e1 x7 calls1 is call+1 does call2 invites1 is invit+1 does invite 7vocation7 #eg4 ,9 ! prec$+ lessons we h n[ gone ov] all ! cases1 s+ul> & plural1 ( n\ns ^: nom9ative s+ul> ends 9 -a4 ,all ,lat9 n\ns ^: nom9ative s+ul> ends 9 -a belong to ! ,fir/ ,decl5sion4 ,x is also call$ ! -,decl5sion because ( ! prom95t "p :i* ! v[el a plays 9 ! =mation ( ! cases4 ,we h also le>n$ :at relations are express$ by ea* case4 ,^! results are summ>iz$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,case ,,n\n ,,translation ,,use ,,& ,,g5]al ,,mean+ ,,( ,,ea* ,,case ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,s+ul> ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,nom4 dm9-a ! lady ,! subject ,g54 dom9-ae ( ! lady1 ,! possessor or ! lady's ( some?+ ,dat4 dom9-ae to or = ,express+ ! relation ! lady to or =1 especially ! indirect object ,acc4 dom9-am ! lady ,! direct object ,abl4 dom9- f1 )1 by1 ,sep>ation 7f71 91 ! lady association or means 7)1 by71 place :]e or "t :5 791 at7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,plural ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,nom4 dom9-ae ! ladies ,g54 dom9-rum ( ! ladies1 or ! ladies' ,dat4 dom9-s to or = ,! same z ! ladies ! s+ul> ,acc4 dom9-s ! ladies ,abl4 dom9-s f1 )1 by1 91 ! ladies ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #eh4 ,! ,base4 ,t "p ( a ^w :i* rema9s un*ang$ 9 inflection & to :i* ! t]m9ations are add$ is call$ ! base4 ,?us1 9 ! decl5sion above1 dom9- is ! base & -a is ! t]m9ation ( ! nom9ative s+ul>4 #ei4 ,write ! decl5sion ( ! foll[+ n\ns1 sep>at+ ! base f ! t]m9ation by a hyph54 ,also give !m orally4 pugna1 t]ra1 lna1 ancilla1 corna1 nsula1 silva #fj4 ,g5d]4 ,9 ,engli%1 names ( liv+ be+s are ei!r mascul9e or fem99e1 & names ( ?+s )\t life are neut]4 ,?is is call$ natural g5d]4 ,yet 9 ,engli% !re are "s names ( ?+s to :i* we ref] z if !y 7 fem99e2 z1 8,h y se5 my ya*t8 ,%e is a beauty40 ,& !re are "s names ( liv+ be+s to :i* we ref] z if !y 7 neut]2 z1 8,is ! baby "h8 ,no1 ! nurse has tak5 x home40 ,"s words1 !n1 h a g5d] q ap>t f sex or real g5d]1 & ?is is call$ grammatical g5d]4 ,lat91 l ,engli%1 has ?ree g5d]s4 ,names ( males are usually mascul9e & ( females fem99e1 b names ( ?+s h grammatical g5d] & may be ei!r mascul9e1 fem99e1 or neut]4 ,?us we h 9 ,lat9 ! ?ree words1 lapis1 a /one2 rps1 a cliff2 & saxum1 a rock4 ,lapis is mascul9e1 rps fem99e1 & saxum neut]4 ,! g5d] c usually be det]m9$ by ! end+ ( ! ^w1 & mu/ always be le>n$1 = )\t kn[+ ! g5d] x is impossible to write correct ,lat94 #fa4 ,g5d] ( ,fir/-,decl5sion ,n\ns4 ,n\ns ( ! fir/ decl5sion are fem99e unless !y d5ote males4 ,?us silva is fem99e1 b nauta1 sailor1 & agricola1 f>m]1 are mascul9e4 #fb4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhd4 ,i4 #a4 ,agricola cum fli 9 cas habitat4 #b4 ,bona flia agricolae cnam p>at4 #c4 ,cna e/ grta agricolae#a et agricola bonam fliam laudat4 #d4 ,de9de flia agricolae gallns ad cnam vocat4 #e4 ,gallnae fliam agricolae amant4 #f4 ,malae fliae bons cns nn p>ant4 #g4 ,flia agricolae e/ grta dom9ae4 #h4 ,dom9a 9 nsul magn habitat4 #i4 ,dom9a bonae puellae p>vae pecniam dat4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:]e does ! f>m] live8 #b4 ,! f>m] lives 9 ! small cottage4 #c4 ,:o lives ) ! f>m]8 #d4 7,87 little daught] lives ) ! f>m]4 #e4 7,87 daught] is gett+ 7p>at7 a good d9n] = ! f>m]4 #f4 ,! f>m] praises ! good d9n]4 #g4 ,! daught]'s good d9n] is pleas+ to ! f>m]4 ,footnote #a3 ,note t ! relation express$ by ! dative case cov]s t to :i* a feel+ is direct$4 7,cf4 #dc47 ,illu/ration ,:at ,lat9 words are sugge/$ by ?is picture8 #fc4 ,,conv]sation ,answ] ! que/ions 9 ,lat94 #a4 ,quis cum agricol 9 cas habitat8 #b4 ,quid bona flia agricolae p>at8 #c4 ,quem agricola laudat8 #d4 ,vocatne flia agricolae gallns ad cnam8 #e4 ,cuius flia e/ grta dom9ae8 #f4 ,cui dom9a pecniam dat8 ,,lesson ,,viii ,,fir/ ,,decl5sion 7,cont9u$7 ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns ,italia1 -ae1 f41 ,italy ,sicilia1 -ae1 f41 ,sicily tuba1 -ae1 f41 trumpet 7tube7 via1 -ae1 f41 way1 road1 /reet 7viaduct7 ,,adjectives alta1 high1 deep 7altitude7 clra1 cle>1 bright2 fam\s lta1 wide 7latitude7 longa1 long 7longitude7 nova1 new 7novelty7 #fd4 ,we h = "s "t n[ be5 us+ adjectives & n\ns toge!r & y h notic$ an agreem5t betwe5 !m 9 case & 9 numb] 7#ed74 ,!y agree also 9 g5d]4 ,9 ! phrase silva magna1 we h a fem99e adjective 9 -a agree+ ) a fem99e n\n 9 -a4 #fe4 ,,rule4 ,agreem5t ( ,adjectives4 ,adjectives agree ) _! n\ns 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & case4 #ff4 ,fem99e adjectives 9 -a are decl9$ l fem99e n\ns 9 -a1 & y %\ld le>n to decl9e !m toge!r z foll[s3 ,,n\n ,,adjective dom9a 7base dom9-71 bona 7base bon-71 f41 lady good ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 dm9a bona -a ,g54 dom9ae bonae -ae ,dat4 dom9ae bonae -ae ,acc4 dom9am bonam -am ,abl4 dom9 bon - ,,plural ,nom4 dom9ae bonae -ae ,g54 dom9rum bonrum -rum ,dat4 dom9s bons -s ,acc4 dom9s bons -s ,abl4 dom9s bons -s a4 ,9 ! same way decl9e toge!r puella mala1 ! bad girl2 ancilla p>va1 ! little maid2 =tna magna1 great =tune4 #fg4 ,! words dea1 goddess1 & flia1 daught]1 take ! end+ -bus in/ead ( -s 9 ! dative & ablative plural4 ,note ! dative & ablative plural 9 ! foll[+ decl5sion3 dea bona 7bases de- bon-7 ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,nom4 dea bona deae bonae ,g54 deae bonae derum bonrum ,dat4 deae bonae debus bons ,acc4 deam bonam des bons ,abl4 de bon deabus bons a4 ,9 ! same way decl9e toge!r fla p>va4 #fh4 ,lat9 ,^w ,ord]4 ,! ord] ( words 9 ,engli% & 9 ,lat9 s5t5ces is n ! same4 ,9 ,engli% we arrange words 9 a fairly fix$ ord]4 ,?us1 9 ! s5t5ce ,my daught] is gett+ d9n] = ! f>m]s1 we _c alt] ! ord] ( ! words )\t spoil+ ! s5t5ce4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 ?r[ emphasis on diff]5t words by speak+ !m ) m =ce4 ,try ! effect ( read+ ! s5t5ce by putt+ special =ce on my1 daught]1 d9n]1 f>m]s4 ,9 ,lat91 :]e ! (fice ( ! ^w 9 ! s5t5ce is %[n by its end+ 7cf4 #cb4a71 & n by its position1 ! ord] ( words is m free1 & position is us$ to secure ! same effect t 9 ,engli% is secur$ by emphasis ( voice4 ,to a limit$ ext5t we c alt] ! ord] ( words 9 ,engli%1 too1 = ! same purpose4 ,comp>e ! s5t5ces ,i saw a game ( football at ,*icago la/ ,novemb] 7normal ord]7 ,la/ ,novemb] ,i saw a game ( football at ,*icago ,at ,*icago1 la/ ,novemb]1 ,i saw a game ( football #a4 ,9 a ,lat9 s5t5ce ! mo/ emphatic place is ! fir/2 next 9 importance is ! la/2 ! weake/ po9t is ! middle4 ,g5]ally ! subject is ! mo/ important ^w1 & is plac$ fir/2 usually ! v]b is ! next 9 importance1 & is plac$ la/4 ,! o!r words ( ! s5t5ce /& betwe5 ^! two 9 ! ord] ( _! importance4 ,h5ce ! normal ord] ( words--t is1 :]e no unusual emphasis is express$--is z foll[s3 subject--modifi]s ( ! subject--indirect object-- direct object--adv]b--v]b ,*anges f ! normal ord] are frequ5t1 & are due to ! desire = ?r[+ emphasis ^u "s ^w or phrase4 ,notice ! ord] ( ! ,lat9 words :5 y are translat+1 & imitate x :5 y are turn+ ,engli% into ,lat94 #b4 ,possessive pron\ns & modify+ g5itives normally /& aft] _! n\ns4 ,:5 plac$ be=e _! n\ns !y are emphatic1 z flia mea1 my daught]2 mea flia1 my daught]2 casa ,galbae1 ,galba's cottage2 ,galbae casa1 ,galba's cottage4 ,notice ! v>iety ( emphasis produc$ by writ+ ! foll[+ s5t5ce 9 diff]5t ways3 ,flia mea agricols cnam p>at 7normal ord]7 ,mea flia agricols p>at cnam 7mea & cnam emphatic7 ,agricols flia mea cnam p>at 7agricols emphatic7 #c4 ,an adjective plac$ be=e its n\n is m emphatic ?an :5 x foll[s4 ,:5 great emphasis is desir$1 ! adjective is sep>at$ f its n\n by o!r words4 ,flia mea casam p>vam nn amat 7p>vam n emphatic7 ,flia mea p>vam casam nn amat 7p>vam m emphatic7 ,p>vam flia mea casam nn amat 7p>vam v emphatic7 #d4 ,int]rogative words usually /& fir/1 ! same z 9 ,engli%4 #e4 ,! copula 7z e/1 sunt7 is ( s little importance t x frequ5tly does n /& la/1 b may be plac$ :]ev] x s\nds well4 #fi4 ,,ex]cise ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhd4 ,note ! ord] ( ! words 9 ^! s5t5ces & pick out ^? t are emphatic4 #a4 ,longae nn sunt tuae viae4 #b4 ,suntne tubae novae 9 me cas8 ,nn sunt4 #c4 ,quis lt 9 silv habitat8 ,dina1 lnae clrae pul*ra dea1 lt 9 silv habitat4 #d4 ,nautae alts et lts amant aqus4 #e4 ,quid ancilla tua portat8 ,ancilla mea tubam novam portat4 #f4 ,ubi sunt ,lesbia et ,ilia8 ,9 tu casa e/ ,lesbia et ,ilia e/ 9 me4 #g4 ,e/ne ,italia lta t]ra8 ,longa e/ ,italia1 nn lta4 #h4 ,cui ,galba agricola fbulam novam nrrat8 ,flibus dom9ae clrae fbulam novam nrrat4 #i4 ,clra e/ nsula ,sicilia4 #aj4 ,quem laudat ,ltna8 ,ltna laudat fliam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fir/ ,review ( ,vocabul>y & ,gramm>1 #ejb-eje 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,ix ,,! ,,second ,,or ,o-,,decl5sion ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns bellum1 -1 n41 w> 7re-bel7 cn/antia1 -ae1 f41 firmness1 con/ancy1 /ead9ess dom9us1 -1 m41 ma/]1 "l 7dom9ate7 equus1 -1 m41 horse 7equ9e7 frm5tum1 -1 n41 gra9 lgtus1 -1 m41 lieut5ant1 ambassador 7legate7 ,mrcus1 -1 m41 ,m>cus1 ,m>k mrus1 -1 m41 wall 7mural7 oppidnus1 -1 m41 t[nsman oppidum1 -1 n41 t[n plum1 -1 n41 spe> 7pile driv]7 s]vus1 -1 m41 slave1 s]vant ,sextus1 -1 m41 ,sextus ,,v]bs crat1 he 7%e1 x7 c>es =1 ) acc4 prop]at1 he 7%e1 x7 ha/5s #gj4 ,lat9 n\ns are divid$ into five decl5sions4 ,! decl5sion to :i* a n\n belongs is %[n by ! end+ ( ! g5itive s+ul>4 ,?is %\ld always be le>n$ along ) ! nom9ative & ! g5d]4 #ga4 ,! nom9ative s+ul> ( n\ns ( ! ,second or ,o-,decl5sion ends 9 -u1 -er1 -ir1 or -um4 ,! g5itive s+ul> ends 9 -4 #gb4 ,g5d]4 ,n\ns 9 -um are neut]4 ,! o!rs are regul>ly mascul9e4 #gc4 ,decl5sion ( n\ns 9 -u & -um4 ,mascul9es 9 -u & neut]s 9 -um are decl9$ z foll[s3 dom9us 7base dom9-71 plum 7base pl-71 m41 ma/] n41 spe> ,,t]m9ations ,,t]m9ations ,,s+ul> ,nom4 dm9us#a -u plum -um ,g54 dom9 - pl - ,dat4 dom9 - pl - ,acc4 dom9um -um plum -um ,abl4 dom9 - pl - ,voc4 dom9e -e plum -um ,,plural ,nom4 dom9 - pla -a ,g54 dom9rum -rum plrum -rum ,dat4 dom9s -s pls -s ,acc4 dom9s -s pla -a ,abl4 dom9s -s pls -s ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e ! decl5sion ( dom9a & ( dom9us4 a4 ,obs]ve t ! mascul9es & ! neut]s h ! same t]m9ations except+ 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> & ! nom9ative & accusative plural4 b4 ,! vocative s+ul> ( words ( ! second decl5sion 9 -u ends 9 -1 z dom9e1 ,o ma/]2 s]ve1 ,o slave4 ,?is is ! mo/ important exception to ! rule 9 #ef4;a4 #gd4 ,write side by side ! decl5sion ( dom9a1 dom9us1 & plum4 ,a comp>ison ( ! =ms w lead to ! foll[+ rules1 :i* are ( great importance because !y apply to all five decl5sions3 a4 ,! vocative1 ) a s+le exception 7see #gc4;b71 is l ! nom9ative4 ,t is1 ! vocative s+ul> is l ! nom9ative s+ul>1 & ! vocative plural is l ! nom9ative plural4 b4 ,! nom9ative1 accusative1 & vocative ( neut] n\ns are alike1 & 9 ! plural end 9 -a4 c4 ,! accusative s+ul> ( mascul9es & fem99es ends 9 -m & ! accusative plural 9 -s4 d4 ,! dative & ablative plural are always alike4 e4 ,f9al -i & -o are always long2 f9al -a is %ort1 except 9 ! ablative s+ul> ( ! fir/ decl5sion4 #ge4 ,obs]ve ! s5t5ces ,lesbia e/ bona1 ,lesbia is good ,lesbia e/ ancilla1 ,lesbia is a maids]vant ,we h le>n$ 7#ee7 t bona1 :5 us$1 z "h1 9 ! pr$icate to describe ! subject1 is call$ a pr$icate adjective4 ,simil>ly a n\n1 z ancilla1 us$ 9 ! pr$icate to def9e ! subject is call$ a pr$icate n\n4 #gf4 ,,rule4 ,pr$icate ,n\n4 ,a pr$icate n\n agrees 9 case ) ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pila #gg4 ,,dialogue ,,galba ,,& ,,m>cus ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhe4 ,g4 ,quis1 ,mrce1 e/ lgtus cum pl et tub8 ,m4 ,lgtus1 ,galba1 e/ ,sextus4 ,g4 ,ubi ,sextus habitat8#b ,m4 ,9 oppid ,sextus cum flibus habitat4 ,g4 ,amantne oppidn ,sextum8 ,m4 ,amant oppidn ,sextum et laudant1 quod magn cum cn/anti pugnat4 ,g4 ,ubi1 ,mrce1 e/ ancilla tua8 ,cr nn cnam p>at8 ,m4 ,ancilla mea1 ,galba1 equ lgt aquam et frm5tum dat4 ,g4 ,cr nn s]vus ,sext equum dom9 crat8 ,m4 ,sextus et s]vus ad mrum oppid prop]ant4 ,oppidn bellum p>ant4#c ,footnote #b3 habitat is "h translat$ does live4 ,note ! ?ree possible translations ( ! ,lat9 pres5t t5se3 habitat he lives he is liv+ he does live ,always *oose ! translation :i* makes ! be/ s5se4 ,footnote #c3 ,obs]ve t ! v]b p> means n only to prep>e b also to prep>e =1 & gov]ns ! accusative case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,legatus ,,cum ,,pilo ,,et ,,tuba #gh4 ,,conv]sation ,translate ! que/ions & answ] !m 9 ,lat94 #a4 ,ubi fliae ,sext habitant8 #b4 ,quem oppidn amant et laudant8 #c4 ,quid ancilla equ lgt dat8 #d4 ,cuius equum ancilla crat8 #e4 ,quis ad mrum cum ,sext prop]at8 #f4 ,quid oppidn p>ant8 ,,lesson ,x ,,second ,,decl5sion 7,cont9u$7 ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns amcus1 -1 m41 fri5d 7amicable7 ,g]mnia1 -ae1 f41 ,g]many patria1 -ae1 f41 fa!rl& populus1 -1 m41 p ,rhnus1 -1 m41 ! ,rh9e vcus1 -1 m41 village #gi4 ,we h be5 freely us+ fem99e adjectives1 l bona1 9 agreem5t ) fem99e n\ns ( ! fir/ decl5sion & decl9$ l !m4 ,mascul9e adjectives ( ?is class are decl9$ l dom9us1 & neut]s l plum4 ,! adjective & n\n1 mascul9e & neut]1 are !re=e decl9$ z foll[s3 ,,mascul9e ,,n\n ,,& ,,adjective ,,neut] ,,n\n ,,& ,,adjective dom9us bonus1 ! good ma/] plum bonum1 ! good spe> ,,bases dom9- bon- ,,bases pl- bon- ,,t]m9ations ,,t]m9ations ,,s+ul> ,nom4 dm9us bonus -u plum bonum -um ,g54 dom9 bon - pl bon - ,dat4 dom9 bon - pl bon - ,acc4 dom9um bonum -um plum bonum -um ,abl4 dom9 bon - pl bon - ,voc4 dom9e bone -e plum bonum -um ,,plural ,nom4 dom9 bon - la bona -a ,g54 dom9rum bonrum -rum lrum bonrum -rum ,dat4 dom9s bons -is ls bons -s ,acc4 dom9s bons -s la bona -a ,abl4 dom9s bons -s ls bons -s ,decl9e toge!r bellum longum1 equus p>vus1 s]vus malus1 mrus altus1 frm5tum novum4 #hj4 ,obs]ve ! s5t5ces ,lesbia ancilla e/ bona1 ,lesbia1 ! maids]vant1 is good ,flia ,lesbiae ancillae e/ bona1 ! daught] ( ,lesbia1 ! maids]vant1 is good ,s]vus ,lesbiam ancillam amat1 ! slave loves ,lesbia1 ! maids]vant ,9 ^! s5t5ces ancilla1 ancillae1 & ancillam d5ote ! class ( p]sons to :i* ,lesbia belongs & expla9 :o %e is4 ,n\ns s relat$ t ! second is only ano!r "n = ! fir/ & expla9s x are said to be 9 apposition1 & are always 9 ! same case4 #ha4 ,,rule4 ,apposition4 ,an appositive agrees 9 case ) ! n\n :i* x expla9s4 #hb4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhe4 ,i4 #a4 ,patria s]v bon1 vcus s]vrum bonrum1 bone popule4 #b4 ,populus oppid magn1 9 oppid magn1 9 oppids magns4 #c4 ,cum pls longs1 ad pla longa1 ad mrs lts4 #d4 ,lgte male1 amc legt mal1 cna grta dom9 bon4 #e4 ,frm5tum equrum p>vrum1 dom9e bone1 ad lgts clrs4 #f4 ,rhnus e/ 9 ,g]mni1 patri me4 #g4 ,sextus lgtus plum longum portat4 #h4 ,oppidn bon ,sext lgt clr pecniam dant4 #i4 ,mal s]v equum bonum ,mrc dom9 necant4 #aj4 ,galba agricola et ,ilia flia bona labrant4 #aa4 ,mrcus nauta 9 nsul ,sicili habitat4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,wick$ slave1 :o is y\r fri5d8 ,:y does he n praise ,galba1 y\r ma/]8 #b4 ,my fri5d is f 7ex7 a village ( ,g]many1 my fa!rl&4 #c4 ,my fri5d does n love ! p ( ,italy4 #d4 ,:o is c>+ =#a ! good horse ( ,galba1 ! f>m]8 #e4 ,m>k1 :]e is ,lesbia1 ! maids]vant8 #f4 ,%e is ha/5+#a to ! little cottage#b ( ,julia1 ! f>m]'s daught]4 ,footnote #a3 ,see footnote #a1 p4 #cc4 ,rememb] t crat is transitive & gov]ns a direct object4 ,footnote #b3 ,n ! dative4 7,cf4 #dc47 ,,lesson ,,xi ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,decl5sions ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns arma1 armrum1 n41 plur41 arms1 especially def5sive weapons fma1 -ae1 f41 rumor2 reputation1 fame galea1 -ae1 f41 helmet pra$a1 -ae1 f41 booty1 spoils 7pr$atory7 tlum1 -1 n41 weapon ( (f5se1 spe> ,,adjectives drus1 -a1 -um1 h>d1 r\gh2 unfeel+1 cruel2 sev]e1 toilsome 7durable7 ,rmnus1 -a1 -um1 ,roman4 ,z a n\n1 ,rmnus1 -1 m41 a ,roman #hc4 ,adjectives ( ! fir/ & second decl5sions are decl9$ 9 ! ?ree g5d]s z foll[s3 ,,mascul9e ,,fem99e ,,neut] ,,s+ul> ,nom4 bonus bona bonum ,g54 bon bonae bon ,dat4 bon bonae bon ,acc4 bonum bonam bonum ,abl4 bon bon bon ,voc4 bone bona bonum ,,plural ,nom4 bon bonae bona ,g54 bonrum bonrum bonrum ,dat4 bons bons bons ,acc4 bons bons bona ,abl4 bons bons bons a4 ,write ! decl5sion & give x orally across ! page1 ?us giv+ ! ?ree g5d]s = ea* case4 b4 ,decl9e grtus1 -a1 -um2 malus1 -a1 -um2 altus1 -a1 -um2 p>vus1 -a1 -um4 #hd4 ,?us f> ! adjectives h _h ! same t]m9ations z ! n\ns4 ,h[ev]1 ! agreem5t betwe5 ! adjective & its n\n does n mean t !y mu/ h ! same t]m9ation4 ,if ! adjective & ! n\n belong to diff]5t decl5sions1 ! t]m9ations w1 9 _m cases1 n be ! same4 ,= example1 nauta1 sailor1 is mascul9e & belongs to ! fir/ decl5sion4 ,! mascul9e =m ( ! adjective bonus is ( ! second decl5sion4 ,consequ5tly1 a good sailor is nauta bonus4 ,s1 ! wick$ f>m] is agricola malus4 ,le>n ! foll[+ decl5sions3 #he4 nauta bonus 7bases naut- bon-71 m41 ! good sailor ,,s+ul> ,nom4 nauta bonus ,g54 nautae bon ,dat4 nautae bon ,acc4 nautam bonum ,abl4 naut bon ,voc4 nauta bone ,,plural ,nom4 nautae bon ,g54 nautrum bonrum ,dat4 nauts bons ,acc4 nauts bons ,abl4 nauts bons ,voc4 nautae bon #hf4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhe4 ,i4 #a4 ,e/#a 9 vc nauta bonus4 #b4 ,sextus e/ amcus nautae bon4 #c4 ,sextus nautae bon galeam dat4 #d4 ,populus ,rmnus nautam bonum laudat4 #e4 ,sextus cum naut bon pra$am portat4 #f4 ,ubi1 nauta bone1 sunt arma et tla lgt ,rmn8 #g4 ,nautae bon ad bellum prop]ant4 #h4 ,fma nautrum bonrum e/ clra4 #i4 ,pugnae sunt grtae nauts bons4 #aj4 ,oppidn nauts bons crant4 #aa4 ,cr1 nautae bon1 mal agricolae ad ,rhnum prop]ant8 #ab4 ,mal agricolae cum bons nauts pugnant4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! wick$ f>m] is ha/5+ to ! village ) 787 booty4 #b4 ,! reputation ( ! wick$ f>m] is n good4 #c4 ,:y does ,galba's daught] give arms & weapons to ! wick$ f>m]8 #d4 ,lesbia invites ! good sailor to d9n]4 #e4 ,:y is ,lesbia ) ! good sailor ha/5+ f ! cottage8 #f4 ,sextus1 :]e is my helmet8 #g4 ,! good sailors are ha/5+ to ! toilsome battle4 #h4 ,! horses ( ! wick$ f>m]s are small4 #i4 ,! ,roman p give money to ! good sailors4 #aj4 ,fri5ds c>e = ! good sailors4 #aa4 ,^: fri5ds are fight+ ) ! wick$ f>m]s8 ,footnote #a3 ,e/1 beg9n+ a decl>ative s5t5ce1 !re is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,galeae ,,lesson ,,xii ,,n\ns ,,9 -,,ius ,,& -,,ium ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns flius1 fl1 m41 son 7filial7 fluvius1 fluv1 m41 riv] 7flu5t7 gladius1 glad1 m41 sword 7gladiator7 praesidium1 praesid1 n41 g>rison1 gu>d1 protection proelium1 proel1 n41 battle ,,adjectives fnitimus1 -a1 -um1 bord]+ ^u1 neighbor+1 ne> to4 ,z a n\n1 fnitim1 -rum1 m41 plur41 neighbors ,g]mnus1 -a1 -um1 ,g]man4 ,z a n\n1 ,g]mnus1 -1 m41 a ,g]man multus1 -a1 -um1 mu*2 plur41 _m ,,adv]b saepe1 (t5 #hg4 ,n\ns ( ! second decl5sion 9 -ius & -ium end 9 - 9 ! g5itive s+ul>1 n 9 -i1 & ! acc5t re/s on ! p5ult2 z1 fl f flius 7son71 praesid f praesidium 7g>rison74 #hh4 ,prop] names ( p]sons 9 -ius1 & flius1 end 9 - 9 ! vocative s+ul>1 n 9 -1 & ! acc5t re/s on ! p5ult2 z1 ,v]gil1 ,o ,v]gil2 fl1 ,o son4 a4 ,obs]ve t 9 ^! words ! vocative & ! g5itive are alike4 #hi4 praesidium 7base praesidi-71 flius 7base fli-71 n41 g>rison m41 son ,,s+ul> ,nom4 praesidium flius ,g54 praesid fl ,dat4 praesidi fli ,acc4 praesidium flium ,abl4 praesidi fli ,voc4 praesidium fl ,! plural is regul>4 ,note t ! -i- ( ! base is lo/ only 9 ! g5itive s+ul>1 & 9 ! vocative ( words l flius4 ,decl9e toge!r praesidium p>vum2 flius bonus2 fluvius longus1 ! long riv]2 proelium clrum1 ! fam\s battle4 #ij4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhe4 ,i4 #a4 ,frm5tum bonae t]rae1 glad mal1 bell long4 #b4 ,cn/antia magna1 praesidia magna1 clre ,v]gil4 #c4 ,male s]ve1 clrum oppidum1 male fl1 fli mal1 fl mal4 #d4 ,fluv long1 fluvi long1 fluvirum longrum1 fma praesid magn4 #e4 ,cum gladis p>vs1 cum debus clrs1 ad nauts clrs4 #f4 ,multrum proelirum1 pra$ae magnae1 ad proelia dra4 ,,g]m,,nia ,,ii4 ,g]mnia1 patria ,g]mnrum1 e/ clra t]ra4 ,9 ,g]mni sunt fluvi mult4 ,rhnus magnus et ltus fluvius ,g]mniae e/4 ,9 silvs lts ,g]mniae sunt f]ae multae4 ,multi ,g]mni 9 oppids magnis et 9 vcs p>vs habitant et mult sunt agricolae bon4 ,bella ,g]mnrum sunt magna et clra4 ,populus ,g]mniae bellum et proelia amat et saepe cum f9itims pugnat4 ,fluvius ,rhnus e/ fnitimus oppids#a mults et clrs4 ,footnote #a3 ,dative ) fnitimus4 7,see #dc47 ,,lesson ,,xiii ,,second ,,decl5sion 7,cont9u$7 ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns ag]1 agr1 m41 field 7acre7 cpia1 -ae1 f41 pl5ty1 abundance 7copi\s72 plur41 troops1 =ces ,cornlius1 ,cornl1 m41 ,cornelius lrca1 -ae1 f41 coat ( mail1 corselet praemium1 praem1 n41 rew>d1 prize 7premium7 pu]1 pu]1 m41 boy 7pu]ile7 ,rma1 -ae1 f41 ,rome sctum1 -1 n41 %ield 7escut*eon7 vir1 vir1 m41 man1 h]o 7virile7 ,,adjectives leginrius1 -a1 -um1,a legion>y1 belong+ to ! legion4 ,z a n\n1 leginri1 -rum1 m41 plur41 legion>y soldi]s lb]1 lb]a1 lb]um1 free 7lib]ty7 ,z a n\n4 lb]1 -rum1 m41 plur41 *ildr5 7lit4 ! freeborn7 pul*]1 pul*ra1 pul*rum1 pretty1 beautiful ,,preposition apud1 among1 ) acc4 ,,conjunction s$1 b ,footnote ,a3 ,! g5itive s+ul> mascul9e ( adjectives 9 -ius ends 9 -i & ! vocative 9 -ie2 n 9 -1 z 9 n\ns4 #ia4 ,decl5sion ( ,n\ns 9 -er & -ir4 ,9 e>ly ,lat9 all ! mascul9e n\ns ( ! second decl5sion end$ 9 -os4 ,?is -os lat] became -u 9 words l s]vus1 & 0 dropp$ entirely 9 words ) bases end+ 9 -r1 l pu]1 boy2 ag]1 field2 & vir1 man4 ,^! words are !re=e decl9$ z foll[s3 #ib4 pu]1 m41 boy ag]1 m41 field vir1 m41 man ,,base pu]- ,,base agr- ,,base vir- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 pu] ag] vir ---- ,g54 pu] agr vir - ,dat4 pu] agr vir - ,acc4 pu]um agrum virum -um ,abl4 pu] agr vir - ,,plural ,nom4 pu] agr vir - ,g54 pu]rum agrrum virrum -rum ,dat4 pu]s agrs virs -s ,acc4 pu]s agrs virs -s ,abl4 pu]s agrs virs -s a4 ,! vocative case ( ^! words is l ! nom9ative1 foll[+ ! g5]al rule 7#gd4;a74 b4 ,! decl5sion diff]s f t ( s]vus only 9 ! nom9ative & vocative s+ul>4 c4 ,note t 9 pu] ! e rema9s all ! way ?r\gh1 :ile 9 ag] x is pres5t only 9 ! nom9ative4 ,9 pu] ! e belongs to ! base1 b 9 ag] 7base agr-7 x does n1 & 0 ins]t$ 9 ! nom9ative to make x easi] to pron\nce4 ,mo/ words 9 -er are decl9$ l ag]4 ,! g5itive %[s :e!r y are to foll[ pu] or ag]4 #ic4 ,mascul9e adjectives 9 -er ( ! second decl5sion are decl9$ l n\ns 9 -er4 ,a few ( !m are decl9$ l pu]1 b mo/ ( !m l ag]4 ,! fem99e & neut] nom9atives %[ :i* =m to foll[1 ?us1 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 lb] lb]a lb]um 7free7 is l pu] pul*] pul*ra pul*rum 7pretty7 is l ag] ,= ! full decl5sion 9 ! ?ree g5d]s1 see #dfi4;b4 c4 #id4 ,decl9e toge!r ! words vir lb]1 t]ra lb]a1 frm5tum lb]um1 pu] pul*]1 puella pul*ra1 oppidum pul*rum #ie4 ,,italia#a ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhf4 ,magna e/ ,italiae fma1 patriae ,rmnrum1 et clra e/ ,rma1 dom9a orbis t]rrum4#b ,tib]im1#c fluvium ,rmnum1 quis nn laudat et pul*rs fluvi fnitims agrs8 ,alts mrs1 longa et dra bella1 clrs victris quis nn laudat8 ,pul*ra e/ t]ra ,italia4 ,agr bon agricols praemia dant magna1 et equ agricolrum cpiam frm5t ad oppida et vcs portant4 ,9 agrs popul ,rmn labrant mult s]v4 ,viae ,italiae sunt longae et ltae4 ,fnitima ,italiae e/ nsula ,sicilia4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ?is selection note especially ! emphasis z %[n by ! ord] ( ! words4 ,footnote #b3 orbis t]rrum1 ( ! _w4 ,footnote #c3 ,tib]im1 ! ,tib]1 accusative case4 #if4 ,,dialogue ,,m>cus ,,& ,,cornelius ,c4 ,ubi e/1 ,mrce1 flius tuus8 ,e/ne 9 pul*r t]r ,itali8 ,m4 ,nn e/1 ,cornl1 9 ,itali4 ,ad fluvium ,rhnum prop]at cum cpis ,rmns quia e/#d fma ,nov bell cum ,g]mns4 ,lb] ,g]mniae populus ,rmns ,nn amat4 ,c4 ,e/ne flius tuus copirum ,rmnrum lgtus8 ,m4 ,lgtus nn e/1 s$ e/ apud leginris4 ,c4 ,quae#e arma portat#f8 ,m4 ,sctum magnum et lrcam dram et galeam pul*ram portat4 ,c4 ,quae tla portat8 ,m4 ,gladium et plum longum portat4 ,c4 ,amatne lgtus flium tuum8 ,m4 ,amat1 et saepe fli me praemia pul*ra et pra$am multam dat4 ,c4 ,ubi e/ t]ra ,g]mnrum8 ,m4 ,t]ra ,g]mnrum1 ,cornl e/ fnitima ,rhn1 fluvi magn et alt4 ,footnote #d3 e/1 be=e its subject1 !re is2 s sunt1 !re are4 ,footnote #e3 ,quae1 :at k9d (1 an int]rogative adjective pron\n4 ,footnote #f3 ,:at are ! ?ree possible translations ( ! pres5t t5se8 ,illu/ration3 ,,legion>ius ,,lesson ,,xiv ,,! ,,possessive ,,adjective ,,pron\ns ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns auxilium1 auxil1 n41 help1 aid 7auxili>y7 ca/rum1 -1 n41 =t 7ca/le72 plur41 camp 7lit4 =ts7 cibus1 -1 m41 food cnsilium1 cnsil1 n41 plan 7c\nsel7 dlig5tia1 -ae1 f44 dilig5ce1 indu/ry magi/]1 magi/r1 m41 ma/]1 tea*],a ,,adjectives aeg]1 aegra1 aegrum1 sick crb]1 crbra1 crbrum1 frequ5t mis]1 mis]a1 mis]um1 wret*$1 un=tunate 7mis]7 ,footnote ,a3 ,obs]ve t dom9us1 z di/+ui%$ f magi/]1 means ma/] 9 ! s5se ( own]4 #ig4 ,obs]ve ! s5t5ces ,?is is my %ield ,?is %ield is m9e ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce my is a possessive adjective2 9 ! second m9e is a possessive pron\n1 = x takes ! place ( a n\n1 ?is %ield is m9e be+ equival5t to ?is %ield is my %ield4 ,simil>ly1 9 ,lat9 ! possessives are sometimes adjectives & sometimes pron\ns4 #ih4 ,! possessives my1 m9e1 y\r1 y\rs1 etc4 are decl9$ l adjectives ( ! fir/ & second decl5sions4 ,,s+ul> #a/ ,p]s4 meus1 mea1 meum my1 m9e #b;d ,p]s4 tuus1 tua1 tuum y\r1 y\rs #c;d ,p]s4 suus1 sua1 suum 8 7own71 h] 7own71 its 7own7 ,,plural #a/ ,p]s4 no/]1 no/ra1 no/rum our1 ours #b;d ,p]s4 ve/]1 ve/ra1 ve/rum y\r1 y\rs #c;d ,p]s4 suus1 sua1 suum _! 7own71 !irs ,,note4 ,meus has ! irregul> vocative s+ul> mascul9e m1 z m fl1 ,o my son4 a4 ,! possessives agree ) ! "n ( ! ?+ possess$ 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & case4 ,comp>e ! ,engli% & ,lat9 9 ,sextus is call+ 8 boy ,sextus suum pu]um vocat ,julia is call+ h] boy ,ilia ,obs]ve t suum agrees ) pu]um1 & is unaffect$ by ! g5d] ( ,sextus or ,julia4 b4 ,:5 y\r1 y\rs1 ref]s to "o p]son1 use tuus2 :5 to m ?an "o1 ve/]2 z1 ,lesbia1 y\r wrea?s are pretty ,cornae tuae1 ,lesbia1 sunt pul*rae ,girls1 y\r wrea?s are pretty ,cornae ve/rae1 puellae1 sunt pul*rae c4 ,suus is a reflexive possessive1 t is1 x usually /&s 9 ! pr$icate & regul>ly ref]s back to ! subject4 ,?us1 ,vir sus s]vs vocat means ,! man calls 8 7own7 slaves4 ,"h 8 7sus7 ref]s to man 7vir71 & c\ld n ref] to any "o else4 d4 ,possessives are us$ mu* less frequ5tly ?an 9 ,engli%1 be+ omitt$ :5ev] ! mean+ is cle> )\t !m4 7,cf4 #bb4;a47 ,?is is especially true ( suus1 -a1 -um1 :i*1 :5 ins]t$1 is m or less emphatic1 l our 8 own1 h] own1 etc4 #ii4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhf4 ,i4 #a4 ,mrcus amc ,sext cnsilium suum nntiat #b4 ,e/ cpia frm5t 9 agrs no/rs4 #c4 ,amc me bonam cnam ancillae ve/rae laudant #d4 ,tua lrca1 m fl1 e/ dra4 #e4 ,scta no/ra et tla1 m amce1 9 ca/rls ,rmns sunt4 #f4 ,suntne vir patriae tuae lb]8 ,sunt4 #g4 ,ubi1 ,cornl1 e/ tua galea pul*ra8 #h4 ,mea galea1 ,sexte1 e/ 9 cas me4 #i4 ,plum longum e/ tuum1 s$ gladius e/ meus4 #aj4 ,ilia gallns sus pul*rs amat et gallnae dom9am suam amant4 #aa4 ,no/ra ca/ra sunt ve/ra4 #ab4 ,e/ cpia pra$ae 9 ca/rs ve/rs4 #ac4 ,amc tu mis]s et aegrs cibum et pecniam saepe dant4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,our tea*] praises ,m>k's indu/ry4 #b4 ,my son ,sextus is c>ry+ 8 booty to ! ,roman camp4#a #c4 ,y\r good girls are giv+ aid to ! sick & wret*$4#b #d4 ,!re are #c frequ5t battles 9 our villages4 #e4 ,my son1 :]e is ! lieut5ant's food8 #f4 ,! camp is m9e1 b ! weapons are y\rs4 ,footnote #a3 ,n ! dative4 ,:y8 ,footnote #b3 ,"h ! adjectives sick & wret*$ are us$ l n\ns4 ,footnote #c3 ,:]e %\ld sunt /&8 ,cf4 ,i4 #b above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,agricola ,,arat ,,lesson ,,xv ,,! ,,ablative ,,d5ot+ ,,) ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns c>rus1 -1 m41 c>t1 wagon inopia1 -ae1 f41 want1 lack2 ! opposite ( cpia /udium1 /ud1 n41 zeal1 eag]ness 7/udy7 ,,adjectives armtus1 -a1 -um1 arm$ nfrmus1 -a1 -um1 week1 feeble 7infirm7 validus1 -a1 -um1 /rong1 /urdy ,,v]b mtrat1 he 7%e1 x7 ha/5s4 ,cf4 prop]at ,,adv]b iam1 already1 n[ -que1 conjunction1 &2 an enclitic 7cf4 #af7 & always add$ to ! second ( two words to be connect$1 z arma tlaque1 arms & weapons4 #ajj4 ,( ! v>i\s relations d5ot$ by ! ablative case 7#ej7 !re is none m important ?an t express$ 9 ,engli% by ! preposition )4 ,?is little ^w is n s simple z x looks4 ,x does n always convey ! same mean+1 nor is x always to be translat$ by cum4 ,?is w become cle> f ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 a4 ,m>k is feeble ) 7= or because (7 want ( food b4 ,diana kills ! bea/s ) 7or by7 h] arr[s c4 ,julia is ) ,sextus d4 ,! m5 fight ) great /ead9ess a4 ,9 s5t5ce a1 ) want 7( food7 gives ! cause ( ,m>k's feebl5ess4 ,?is idea is express$ 9 ,lat9 by ! ablative )\t a preposition1 & ! con/ruction is call$ ! ablative ( cause3 ,mrcus e/ nfrmus inopi cib b4 ,9 s5t5ce b1 ) 7or by7 h] arr[s tells by means ( :at ,diana kills ! bea/s4 ,?is idea is express$ 9 ,lat9 by ! ablative )\t a preposition1 & ! con/ruction is call$ ! ablative ( means3 ,dina sagitts sus f]s necat c4 ,9 s5t5ce c we are told t ,julia is n alone1 b 9 company ) ,sextus4 ,?is idea is express$ 9 ,lat9 by ! ablative ) ! preposition cum1 & ! con/ruction is call$ ! ablative ( accompanim5t3 ,ilia e/ cum ,sext d4 ,9 s5t5ce d we are told h[ ! m5 fight4 ,! idea is "o ( mann]4 ,?is is express$ 9 ,lat9 by ! ablative ) cum1 unless !re is a modify+ adjective pres5t1 9 :i* case cum may be omitt$4 ,?is con/ruction is call$ ! ablative ( mann]3 ,vir 7cum7 cn/anti magn pugnant #aja4 ,y are n[ able to =m f\r important rules = ! ablative d5ot+ )3 #ajb4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ,cause4 ,cause is d5ot$ by ! ablative )\t a preposition4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,because ( :at8 #ajc4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ,means4 ,means is d5ot$ by ! ablative )\t a preposition4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,by means ( :at8 ,) :at8 ,n4,b4 ,cum mu/ nev] be us$ ) ! ablative express+ cause or means4 #ajd4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ,accompanim5t4 ,accompanim5t is d5ot$ by ! ablative ) cum4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,) :om8 #aje4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ,mann]4 ,! ablative ) cum is us$ to d5ote ! mann] ( an action4 ,cum may be omitt$1 if an adjective is us$ ) ! ablative4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,h[8 ,9 :at mann]8 #ajf4 ,:at uses ( ! ablative d y discov] 9 ! foll[+ passage1 & :at "q does ea* answ]8 ,! soldi]s m>*$ to ! =t ) great spe$ & broke d[n ! gate ) bl[s ( _! muskets4 ,! inhabitants1 t]rifi$ by ! d91 attempt$ to cross ! riv] ) _! wives & *ildr51 b ! /ream 0 swoll5 ) 7or by7 ! ra94 ,because ( ?is _m 7 swept away by ! wat]s & only a few1 almo/ ov]come ) fatigue1 ) great difficulty succe$$ 9 ga9+ ! f>!r %ore4 #ajg4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhf4 ,i4 ,! ,romans prep>e = ,w>4 ,rmn1 clrus ,italiae populus1 bellum p>ant4 ,ex agrs sus1 vics1 oppidsque magn /udi vir valid ad arma prop]ant4 ,iam lgat cum legin>is ex ,itali ad ,rhnum1 fluvium ,g]mniae altum et ltum1 prop]ant1 et s]v equs et c>rs cibum frm5tumque ad ca/ra ,rmna portant4 ,inopi bonrum tlrum nfirm sunt ,g]mn1 s$ ,rmn armti gales1 lrcs1 scts1 gladis1 plsque sunt valid4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! /urdy f>m]s ( ,italy labor 9 ! fields ) great dilig5ce4 #b4 ,sextus1 ! lieut5ant1 & 787 son ,m>k are fight+ ) ! ,g]mans4 #c4 ,! ,roman legion>ies are arm$ ) long spe>s4 #d4 ,:]e is ,lesbia1 y\r maid1 ,sextus8 ,lesbia is ) my fri5ds 9 ,galba's cottage4 #e4 ,_m are sick because ( bad wat] & = lack ( food4 #f4 ,! ,g]mans1 ) 7_!7 sons & daught]s1 are ha/5+ ) horses & wagons4 ,,lesson ,,xvi ,,! ,,n9e ,,irregul> ,,adjectives #ajh4 ,!re are n9e irregul> adjectives ( ! fir/ & second decl5sions :i* h a peculi> t]m9ation 9 ! g5itive & dative s+ul> ( all g5d]s3 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,g54 -u -u -u ,dat4 - - - ,o!rwise !y are decl9$ l bonus1 -a1 -um4 ,le>n ! li/ & ! mean+ ( ea*3 alius1 alia1 aliud1 o!r1 ano!r 7( sev]al7 alt]1 alt]a1 alt]um1 ! "o1 ! o!r 7( two7 nus1 -a1 -um1 "o1 alone2 79 ! plural7 only llus1 -a1 -um1 any nllus1 -a1 -um1 none1 no slus1 -a1 -um1 alone ttus1 -a1 -um1 all1 :ole1 entire ut]1 utra1 utrum1 :i*8 7( two7 neut]1 neutra1 neutrum1 nei!r 7( two7 #aji4 ,,p>adigms ,,s+ul> ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 nllus nlla nllum ,g54 nllu nllu nllu ,dat4 nll nll nll ,acc4 nllum nllam nllum ,abl4 nll nll nll ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 alius alia aliud ,g54 alu alu alu ,dat4 ali ali ali ,acc4 alium aliam aliud ,abl4 ali ali ali ,,! ,,plural ,,is ,,regul> a4 ,note ! peculi> neut] s+ul> end+ 9 -d ( alius4 ,! g5itive alu is r>e4 ,in/ead ( x use alt]u1 ! g5itive ( alt]4 b4 ,^! peculi> case end+s are f\nd also 9 ! decl5sion ( pron\ns 7see #aad74 ,= ?is reason ^! adjectives are sometimes call$ ! pronom9al adjectives4 #aaj4 ,le>n ! foll[+ idioms3 alt]1 -era1 -erum 444 alt]1 -era1 -erum1 ! "o 444 ! o!r 7( two7 alius1 -a1 -ud 444 alius1 -a1 -ud1 "o 444 ano!r 7( any numb]7 ali1 -ae1 -a 444 ali1 -ae1 -a1 "s 444 o!rs ,,examples #a4 ,alt]um oppidum e/ magnum1 alt]um p>vum1 ! "o t[n is l>ge1 ! o!r small 7( two t[ns74 #b4 ,aliud oppidum e/ validum1 aliud nfrmum1 "o t[n is /rong1 ano!r weak 7( t[ns 9 g5]al74 #c4 ,ali gladis1 ali scta portant1 "s c>ry swords1 o!rs %ields4 #aaa4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,9 utr cas e/ ,ilia8 ,ilia e/ 9 neutr cas4 #b4 ,nll mal pu] praemium dat magi/]4 #c4 ,alt] pu] e/ nauta1 alt] agricola4 #d4 ,ali vir aquam1 ali t]ram amant4 #e4 ,galba nus 7or slus7 cum /udi labrat4 #f4 ,e/ne llus c>rus 9 agr me8 #g4 ,lesbia e/ ancilla alt]u dom91 ,tullia alt]u4 #h4 ,lesbia sla cnam p>at4 #i4 ,cna nllu alt]u ancillae e/ bona4 #aj4 ,lesbia nll ali vir cnam dat4 ,,note4 ,! pronom9al adjectives1 z y obs]ve1 regul>ly /& be=e & n aft] _! n\ns4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! m5 ( all ,g]many are prep>+ = w>4 #b4 ,"s t[ns are great & o!rs are small4 #c4 ,"o boy likes *ick5s1 ano!r horses4 #d4 ,already ! booty ( "o t[n is 9 our =t4 #e4 ,our :ole village is suff]+ = 7i4e4 weak because (7 lack ( food4 #f4 ,! p are already ha/5+ to ! o!r t[n4 #g4 ,among ! ,romans 7!re7 is no lack ( gra94 ,,lesson ,,xvii ,,! ,,demon/rative ,,is1 ,,ea1 ,,id ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns agr cultra1 -ae1 f41 agriculture ,gallia1 -ae1 f41 ,gaul domicilum1 domcil1 n41 dwell+ place 7domicile71 abode ,gallus1 -i1 m41 a ,gaul lacrima1 -ae1 f41 te> fm9a1 -ae1 f41 woman 7female7 num]us1 -1 m41 numb] 7num]al7 ,,adjective mtrus1 -a1 -um1 ripe1 mature ,,adv]b qu1 :i!r ,,v]bs arat1 he 7%e1 x7 pl[s 7arable7 dsd]at1 he 7%e1 x7 misses1 longs = 7desire71 ) acc4 ,,conjunction an1 or1 introduc+ ! second half ( a d\ble "q1 z ,is he a ,roman or a ,gaul1 ,e/ne ,romanus an ,gallus8 #aab4 ,a demon/rative is a ^w t po9ts out an object def9itely1 z ?is1 t1 ^!1 ^?4 ,sometimes ^! words are pron\ns1 z1 ,d y he> ^!8 & sometimes adjectives1 z1 ,d y he> ^! m58 ,9 ! =m] case !y are call$ demon/rative pron\ns1 9 ! latt] demon/rative adjectives4 #aac4 ,demon/ratives are simil>ly us$ 9 ,lat9 bo? z pron\ns & z adjectives4 ,! "o us$ mo/ is is1 mascul9e2 ea1 fem99e2 id1 neut] ,,s+ul>3 ?is1 t2 ,,plural3 ^!1 ^? #aad4 ,is is decl9$ z foll[s4 ,comp>e its decl5sion ) t ( alius1 #aji4 ,,base e- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 is ea id e eae ea 7or i7 ,g54 eius eius eius erum erum erum ,dat4 e e e es es es 7or is is is7 ,acc4 eum eam id es es ea ,abl4 e e e es es es 7or is is is7 ,note t ! base e- *anges to i- 9 a few cases4 ,! g5itive s+ul> eius is pron\nc$ ehyus4 ,9 ! plural ! =ms ) two i's are pref]r$ & ! two i's are pron\nc$ z "o4 ,h5ce1 pron\nce i z & is z s4 #aae4 ,besides be+ us$ z demon/rative pron\ns & adjectives ! ,lat9 demon/ratives are regul>ly us$ = ! p]sonal pron\n he1 %e1 x4 ,z a p]sonal pron\n1 !n1 is w\ld h ! foll[+ mean+s3 ,,s+ul> ,nom4 is1 he2 ea1 %e2 id1 x ,g54 eius1 ( him or 82 eius1 ( h]1 h]1 or h]s2 eius1 ( x or its ,dat4 e1 to or = him2 e1 to or = h]2 e1 to or = x ,acc4 eum1 him2 eam1 h]2 id1 x ,abl4 e1 )1 f1 etc41 him2 e1 )1 f1 etc41 h]2 e1 )1 f1 etc41 x ,,plural ,nom4 e or i1 eae1 ea1 !y ,g54 erum1 erum1 erum1 ( !m1 _! ,dat4 es or is1 es or is1 es or is1 to or = !m ,acc4 es1 es1 ea1 !m ,abl4 es or is1 es or is1 es or is1 )1 f1 etc41 !m #aaf4 ,comp>ison betwe5 suus & is4 ,we le>n$ above 7#ih4;c7 t suus is a reflexive possessive4 ,:5 81 h] 7poss471 its1 _!1 d n ref] to ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 we express 81 h]1 its by eius1 ! g5itive s+ul> ( is1 ea1 id2 & _! by ! g5itive plural1 us+ erum to ref] to a mascul9e or neut] antec$5t n\n & erum to ref] to a fem99e "o4 ,,examples ,galba calls 8 7own7 son1 ,galba suum flium vocat ,galba calls 8 son 7n 8 own1 b ano!r's71 ,galba eius flium vocat ,julia calls h] 7own7 *ildr51 ,ilia sus lb]s vocat ,julia calls h] *ildr5 7n h] own1 b ano!r's71 ,ilia eius lb]s vocat ,! m5 praise _! 7own7 boys1 vir sus pu]s laudant ,! m5 praise _! boys 7n _! own1 b o!rs'71 vir erum pu]s laudant #aag4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhg4 #a4 ,he praises h]1 him1 x1 !m4 #b4 ,?is c>t1 t report1 ^! tea*]s1 ^? wom51 t abode1 ^! abodes4 #c4 ,t /rong g>rison1 among ^? weak & sick wom51 t want ( firmness1 ^? frequ5t plans4 #d4 ,! o!r woman is call+ h] *ick5s 7h] own74 #e4 ,ano!r woman is call+ h] *ick5s 7n h] own74 #f4 ,! ,gaul praises 8 arms 78 own74 #g4 ,! ,gaul praises 8 arms 7n 8 own74 #h4 ,?is f>m] (t5 pl[s _! fields4 #i4 ,^? wret*$ slaves long = _! ma/] 7_! own74 #aj4 ,^? wret*$ slaves long = _! ma/] 7n _! own74 #aa4 ,free m5 love _! own fa!rl&4 #ab4 ,!y love its villages & t[ns4 #aah4 ,,dialogue#a ,,cornelius ,,& ,,m>cus ,m4 ,quis e/ vir1 ,cornl1 cum pu] p>v8 ,e/ne ,rmnus et lb]8 ,c4 ,rmnus nn e/1 ,mrce4 ,is vir e/ s]vus et eius domicilium e/ 9 silvs ,galliae4 ,m4 ,e/ne pu] flius eius s]v an alt]u8 ,c4 ,neutru flius e/ pu]4 ,is e/ flius lgt ,sext4 ,m4 ,qu pu] cum e s]v prop]at8 ,c4 ,is cum s]v prop]at ad lts ,sext agrs4#b ,ttum frm5tum e/ iam mtrum et magnus s]vrum num]us 9 ,italiae#c agrs labrat4 ,m4 ,agricola5e sunt ,gall et patriae suae agrs arant8 ,c4 ,nn agricolae sunt4 ,bellum amant ,gall1 nn agr cultram4 ,apud es vir pugnant et fm9ae auxili lb]rum agrs arant p>antque cibum4 ,m4 ,magi/] no/] pu]s puellsque grts ,gallrum fbuls saepe nrrat et laudat es saepe4 ,c4 ,mala e/ =tna erum et saepe mis] s]v mults cum lacrims patriam suam dsd]ant4 ,footnote #a3 ,!re are a numb] ( dep>tures f ! normal ord] 9 ?is dialogue4 ,f9d !m1 & give ! reason4 ,footnote #b3 ,:5 a n\n is modifi$ by bo? a g5itive & an adjective1 a favorite ord] ( words is adjective1 g5itive1 n\n4 ,footnote #c3 ,a modify+ g5itive (t5 /&s betwe5 a preposition & its object4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,review1 ,lessons ,,ix-,,xvii1 #ejf-eji 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,xviii ,,conjugation ,,! ,,pres5t1 ,,imp]fect1 ,,& ,,future ,,t5ses ,,( ,,sum ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns ldus1 -1 m41s*ool socius1 soc1 m41 companion1 ally 7social7 ,,adjectives rtus1 -a1 -um1 angry1 furi\s 7irate7 laetus1 -a1 -um1 happy1 glad 7social7 ,,adv]bs hodi1 to-day ibi1 !re1 9 t place mox1 pres5tly1 soon1 ( ! imm$iate future nunc1 n[1 ! pres5t mom5t np]1 lately1 rec5tly1 ( ! imm$iate pa/ #aai4 ,! inflection ( a v]b is call$ its conjugation 7cf4 #bc74 ,9 ,engli% ! v]b has b few *anges 9 =m1 ! diff]5t mean+s be+ express$ by ! use ( p]sonal pron\ns & auxili>ies1 z1 ,i am c>ri$1 we h c>ri$1 !y %all h c>ri$1 etc4 ,9 ,lat91 on ! o!r h&1 in/ead ( us+ p]sonal pron\ns & auxili>y v]bs1 ! =m *anges ) ! mean+4 ,9 ?is way ! ,romans express$ diff]5ces 9 t5se1 mood1 voice1 p]son1 & numb]4 #abj4 ,! ,t5ses4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( a v]b ref]r+ to diff]5t times are call$ its t5ses4 ,! *ief di/9ctions ( "t are pres5t1 pa/1 & future3 #a4 ,! pres5t1 t is1 :at is happ5+ n[1 or :at usually happ5s1 is express$ by ,,! ,,pres5t ,,t5se #b4 ,! pa/1 t is1 :at 0 happ5+1 us$ to happ51 happ5$1 has happ5$1 or _h happ5$1 is express$ by ,,! ,,imp]fect1 ,,p]fect1 ,,& ,,plup]fect ,,t5ses #c4 ,! future1 t is1 :at is go+ to happ51 is express$ by ,,! ,,future ,,& ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5ses #aba4 ,! ,moods4 ,v]bs h inflection ( mood to indicate ! mann] 9 :i* !y express action4 ,! moods ( ! ,lat9 v]b are ! indicative1 subjunctive1 imp]ative1 & inf9itive4 a4 ,a v]b is 9 ! indicative mood :5 x makes a /atem5t or asks a "q ab\t some?+ assum$ z a fact4 ,all ! v]bs we h us$ ?us f> are 9 ! pres5t indicative4 #abb4 ,! ,p]sons4 ,!re are ?ree p]sons1 z 9 ,engli%4 ,! fir/ p]son is ! p]son speak+ 7,i s+72 ! second p]son ! p]son spok5 to 7y s+72 ! ?ird p]son ! p]son spok5 ( 7he s+s74 ,in/ead ( us+ p]sonal pron\ns = ! diff]5t p]sons 9 ! two numb]s1 s+ul> & plural1 ! ,lat9 v]b uses ! p]sonal end+s 7cf4 #bb a2 #bi74 ,we h already le>n$ t -t is ! end+ ( ! ?ird p]son s+ul> 9 ! active voice & -nt ( ! ?ird p]son plural4 ,! complete li/ ( p]sonal end+s ( ! active voice is z foll[s3 ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a/ ,p]s4 ,i -m or - we -mus #b;d ,p]s4 ?\ or y -s y -tis #c;d ,p]s4 he1 %e1 x -t !y -nt #abc4 ,mo/ v]bs =m _! moods & t5ses aft] a regul> plan & are call$ regul> v]bs4 ,v]bs t dep>t f ?is plan are call$ irregul>4 ,! v]b to be is irregul> 9 ,lat9 z 9 ,engli%4 ,! pres5t1 imp]fect1 & future t5ses ( ! indicative are inflect$ z foll[s3 ,,pres5t ,,indicative ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a/ ,p]s4 su-m1 ,i am su-mus1 we are #b;d ,p]s4 e-s1 y#a are es-tis1 y#a are #c;d ,p]s4 es-t1 he1 %e1 or x is su-nt1 !y are ,,imp]fect ,,indicative ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a/ ,p]s4 er-a-m1 ,i 0 er--mus1 we 7 #b;d ,p]s4 er--s1 y 7 er--tis1 y 7 #c;d ,p]s4 er-a-t1 he1 %e1 or x 0 er-a-nt1 !y 7 ,,future ,,indicative ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a/ ,p]s4 er-1 ,i %all be er-i-mus1 we %all be #b;d ,p]s4 er-i-s1 y w be er-i-tis1 y w be #c;d ,p]s4 er-i-t1 he w be er-u-nt1 !y w be a4 ,be c>eful ab\t v[el quantity & acc5t 9 ^! =ms1 & consult #ab4b2 #ad2 #ae4 ,footnote #a3 ,obs]ve t 9 ,engli% y are1 y 71 etc4 may be ei!r s+ul> or plural4 ,9 ,lat9 ! s+ul> & plural =ms are nev] ! same4 #abd4 ,,dialogue ,,! ,,boys ,,sextus ,,& ,,m>cus ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhg4 ,s4 ,ubi es1 ,mrce8 ,ubi e/ ,quntus8 ,ubi e/is1 amc8 ,m4 ,cum ,qunt1 ,sexte1 9 silv sum4 ,nn sl sumus2 sunt 9 silv mult ali pu]4 ,s4 ,nunc laetus es1 s$ np] nn laetus ers4 ,cr mis] ers8 ,m4 ,mis] eram quia amc me erant 9 ali vic et eram slus4 ,nunc sum apud socis mes4 ,nunc laet sumus et erimus4 ,s4 ,ertisne 9 ld hodi8 ,m4 ,hodi nn ermus 9 ld1 quod magi/] erat aeg]4 ,s4 ,eritisne mox 9 ld8 ,m4 ,amc me ibi erunt1 s$ ego 7,i7 nn er4 ,s4 ,cr nn ibi eris8 ,magi/]1 saepe irtus1 inopiam tuam /ud dlig5tiaeque nn laudat4 ,m4 ,np] aeg] eram et nunc nfrmus sum4 #abe4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,y are1 y 71 y w be1 7s+4 & plur474 #b4 ,i am1 ,i 01 ,i %all be4 #c4 ,he is1 he 01 he w be4 #d4 ,we are1 we 71 we %all be4 #e4 ,!y are1 !y 71 !y w be4 #f4 ,:y 7 y n 9 s*ool to-day8 ,i 0 sick4 #g4 ,lately he 0 a sailor1 n[ he is a f>m]1 soon he w be a tea*]4 #h4 ,to-day ,i am happy1 b lately ,i 0 wret*$4 #i4 ,! tea*]s 7 happy because ( ! boys' indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pu]i ,,romani ,,9 ,,ludo ,,lesson ,,xix ,,! ,,f\r ,,regul> ,,conjugations ,,pres5t ,,active ,,indicative ,,( ,,am ,,& ,,mone #abf4 ,!re are f\r conjugations ( ! regul> v]bs4 ,^! conjugations are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! f9al v[el ( ! pres5t conjugation-/em4#a ,?is v[el is call$ ! di/+ui%+ v[el1 & is be/ se5 9 ! pres5t inf9itive4 ,footnote #a3 ,! /em is ! body ( a ^w to :i* ! t]m9ations are atta*$4 ,x is (t5 id5tical ) ! base 7cf4 #eh74 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /em ends 9 a v[el1 ! latt] does n appe> 9 ! base1 b is v>i\sly comb9$ ) ! inflectional t]m9ations4 ,?is po9t is fur!r expla9$ 9 #bcj4 ,bel[ is giv5 ! pres5t inf9itive ( a v]b ( ea* conjugation1 ! pres5t /em1 & ! di/+ui%+ v[el4 ,,di/+ui%+ ,,conjugation ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,pres4 ,,/em ,,v[el ,i4 amre1 to love am- ,,ii4 monre1 to advise mon- ,,iii4 regre1 to rule reg- ,,iv4 audre1 to he> audi- a4 ,note t ! pres5t /em ( ea* conjugation is f\nd by dropp+ -re1 ! end+ ( ! pres5t inf9itive4 ,,note4 ,! pres5t inf9itive ( sum is esse1 & es- is ! pres5t /em4 #abg4 ,f ! pres5t /em are =m$ ! pres5t1 imp]fect1 & future t5ses4 #abh4 ,! inflection ( ! ,pres5t ,active ,indicative ( ! fir/ & ( ! second conjugation is z foll[s3 am1 amre 7love7 mone1 monre 7advise7 ,,pres4 ,,/em am- ,,pres4 ,,/em mon- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,p]sonal ,,end+s #a4 am1 ,i love mone1 ,i advise - #b4 ams1 y love mons1 y advise -s #c4 amat1 he 7%e1 x7 loves monet1 he 7%e1 x7 advises -t #a4 ammus1 we love monmus1 we advise -mus #b4 amtis1 y love montis1 y advise -tis #c4 amant1 !y love mon5t1 !y advise -nt #a4 ,! pres5t t5se is inflect$ by add+ ! p]sonal end+s to ! pres5t /em1 & its fir/ p]son uses -o & n -m4 ,! =m am is = am-1 ! two v[els - contract+ to 4 ,9 mone !re is no contraction4 ,ne>ly all regul> v]bs end+ 9 -eo belong to ! second conjugation4 #b4 ,note t ! long f9al v[el ( ! /em is %ort5$ be=e ano!r v[el 7mon- mon71 & be=e f9al -t 7amt1 mont7 & -nt 7amnt1 monnt74 ,comp>e #ab4b4 #abi4 ,l am & mone inflect ! pres5t active indicative ( ! foll[+ v]bs#b3 ,footnote #b3 ,! only new v]bs 9 ?is li/ are ! five ( ! second conjugation :i* are />r$4 ,le>n _! mean+s4 ,,indicative ,,pres5t ,,inf9itive ,,pres5t ar1 ,i pl[ arre1 to pl[ cr1 ,i c>e = crre1 to c>e = 99dle1 ,i de/roy dlre1 to de/roy dsd]1 ,i long = dsd]re1 to long = d1#c ,i give dare1 to give 99habe1 ,i h habre1 to h habit1 ,i live1 ,i dwell habitre1 to live1 to dwell 99iube1 ,i ord] iubre1 to ord] labr1 ,i labor labrre1 to labor laud1 ,i praise laudre1 to praise mtr1 ,i ha/5 mtrre1 to ha/5 99move1 ,i move movre1 to move nrr1 ,i tell nrrre1 to tell nec1 ,i kill necre1 to kill nnti1 ,i ann\nce nntire1 to ann\nce par1 ,i prep>e p>re1 to prep>e port1 ,i c>ry portre1 to c>ry prop]1 ,i ha/5 prop]re1 to ha/5 pugn1 ,i fight pugnre1 to fight 99vide1 ,i see vidre1 to see voc1 ,i call vocre1 to call ,footnote #c3 ,obs]ve t 9 d1 dre1 ! a is %ort1 & t ! pres5t /em is d- & n d-4 ,! only =ms ( d t h a long are ds 7pres4 indic471 d 7pres4 imv471 & dns 7pres4 "p474 #acj4 ,! ,translation ( ! ,pres5t4 ,9 ,engli% !re are ?ree ways ( express+ pres5t action4 ,we may say1 = example1 ,i live1 ,i am liv+1 or ,i d live4 ,9 ,lat9 ! "o expression habit cov]s all ?ree ( ^! expressions4 #aca4 ,,ex]cises ,give ! voice1 mood1 t5se1 p]son1 & numb] ( ea* =m4 ,i4 #a4 ,vocmus1 prop]tis1 iub5t4 #b4 ,movtis1 lauds1 vids4 #c4 ,dltis1 habtis1 dant4 #d4 ,mtrs1 dsd]at1 vidmus4 #e4 ,iubet1 mov5t1 necat4 #f4 ,nrrmus1 movs1 vid5t4 #g4 ,labrtis1 prop]ant1 ports1 p>ant4 #h4 ,dlet1 habtis1 iubmus1 ds4 ,n4,b4 ,obs]ve t ! p]sonal end+ is ( prime importance 9 translat+ a ,lat9 v]b =m4 ,give t y\r fir/ att5tion4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,we pl[1 we are pl[+1 we d pl[4 #b4 ,!y c>e =1 !y are c>+ =1 !y d c>e =4 #c4 ,y give1 y are hav+1 y d h 7s+474 #d4 ,we de/roy1 ,i d long =1 !y are liv+4 #e4 ,he calls1 !y see1 we are tell+4 #f4 ,we d fight1 we ord]1 he is mov+1 he prep>es4 #g4 ,!y are labor+1 we kill1 y ann\nce4 ,,lesson ,,xx ,,imp]fect ,,active ,,indicative ,,( ,,am ,,& ,,mone ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns frma1 -ae1 f41 =m1 beauty regna1 -ae1 f41 que5 7regal7 po5a1 -ae1 f41 puni%m5t1 p5alty sup]bia1 -ae1 f41 pride1 haught9ess pot5tia1 -ae1 f41 p[] 7pot5t7 tr/ta1 -ae1 f41 sadness1 sorr[ ,,adjectives septem1 indecl9able1 sev5 sup]bus1 -a1 -um1 pr\d1 haughty 7sup]b7 ,,conjunctions nn slum 444 s$ etiam1 n only 444 b also #acb4 ,t5se ,signs4 ,in/ead ( us+ auxili>y v]bs to express diff]5ces 9 t5se1 l 01 %all1 w1 etc41 ,lat9 adds to ! v]b /em c]ta9 elem5ts t h ! =ce ( auxili>y v]bs4 ,^! are call$ t5se signs4 #acc4 ,=mation & ,inflection ( ! ,imp]fect4 ,! t5se sign ( ! imp]fect is -b-1 :i* is add$ to ! pres5t /em4 ,! imp]fect consi/s1 !re=e1 ( ?ree p>ts3 ,,pres5t ,,/em ,,t5se ,,sign ,,p]sonal ,,end+ am- ba- m lov+ 0 ,i ,! inflection is z foll[s3 ,,conjugation ,i ,,conjugation ,,ii ,,p]sonal ,,s+ul> ,,end+s #a4 ambam1 ,i 0 lov+ monbam1 ,i 0 advis+ -m #b4 ambs1 y 7 lov+ monbs1 y 7 advis+ -s #c4 ambat1 he 0 lov+ monbat1 he 0 advis+ -t ,,plural #a4 ambmus1 we 7 lov+ monbmus1 we 7 advis+ -mus #b4 ambtis1 y 7 lov+ monbtis1 y 7 advis+ -tis #c4 ambant1 !y 7 lov+ monbant1 !y w]eadvis+ -nt a4 ,note t ! ( ! t5se sign -b- is %ort5$ be=e -nt1 & be=e m & t :5 f9al4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 ,9 a simil> mann] inflect ! v]bs giv5 9 #abi4 #acd4 ,mean+ ( ! ,imp]fect4 ,! ,lat9 imp]fect describes an act z go+ on or progress+ 9 pa/ "t1 l ! ,engli% pa/-progressive t5se 7z1 ,i 0 walk+74 ,x is ! regul> t5se us$ to describe a pa/ situation or condition ( affairs4 #ace4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,vidbmus1 dsd]bat1 mtrbs4 #b4 ,dabant1 vocbtis1 dlbmus4 #c4 ,pugnant1 laudbs1 movbtis4 #d4 ,iubbant1 prop]btis1 portbmus4 #e4 ,dabs1 nrrbant1 labrbtis4 #f4 ,vidbant1 movbs1 nntibmus4 #g4 ,necbat1 movbam1 habbat1 p>btis4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,y 7 hav+ 7s+4 & plur471 we 7 kill+1 !y 7 labor+4 #b4 ,he 0 mov+1 we 7 ord]+1 we 7 fight+4 #c4 ,we 7 tell+1 !y 7 see+1 he 0 call+4 #d4 ,!y 7 liv+1 ,i 0 long+ =1 we 7 de/roy+4 #e4 ,y 7 giv+1 y 7 mov+1 y 7 ann\nc+1 7s+4 & plur474 #f4 ,!y 7 c>+ =1 he 0 pl[+1 we 7 prais+4 #acf4 ,,ni,,obe ,,& ,,h] ,,*ildr5 ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhg4 ,niob1 rg9a ,?bnrum1 erat pul*ra fm9a s$ sup]ba4 ,erat sup]ba nn slum frm#a su m>tque pot5ti#a s$ etiam magn lb]rum num]4#a ,nam habbat#b septem flis et septem flis4 ,s$ ea sup]bia erat rgnae#c causa magnae tr/itiae et lb]s#c causa drae po5ae4 ,,note4 ,! words ,niob1 ,?bnrum1 & m>t w be f\nd 9 ! g5]al vocabul>y4 ,translate ! selection )\t look+ up any o!r words4 ,footnote #a3 ,ablative ( cause4 ,footnote #b3 ,translate _h2 x d5otes a pa/ situation4 7,see #acd47 ,footnote #c3 ,dative1 cf4 #dc4 ,,lesson ,,xxi ,,future ,,active ,,indicative ,,( ,,am ,,& ,,mone ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns sacrum1 -1 n41 sacrifice1 (f]+1 rite v]bum1 -1 n41 ^w 7v]b7 ,,v]bs s$e1 -re1 sit 7s$im5t7 vol1 -re1 fly 7volatile7 ,,adjectives int]fectus1 -a1 -um1 sla9 mole/us1 -a1 -um1 tr\blesome1 annoy+ 7mole/7 p]petuus1 -a1 -um1 p]petual1 cont9u\s ego1 p]sonal pron\n1 ,i 7egotism74 ,always emphatic 9 ! nom9ative4 #acg4 ,! t5se sign ( ! ,future ,indicative 9 ! fir/ & second conjugations is -bi-4 ,?is is jo9$ to ! pres5t /em ( ! v]b & foll[$ by ! p]sonal end+1 z foll[s3 ,,pres5t ,,/em ,,t5se ,,sign ,,p]sonal ,,end+ am- bi- s love w y #ach4 ,! ,future ,active ,indicative is inflect$ z foll[s4 ,,conjugation ,i ,,conjugation ,,ii ,,s+ul> #a4 amb1 ,i %all love monb1 ,i %all advise #b4 ambis1 y w love monbis1 y w advise #c4 ambit1 he w love monbit1 he w advise ,,plural #a4 ambimus1 we %all love monbimus1 we %all advise #b4 ambitis y w love monbitis1 y w advise #c4 ambunt1 !y w love monbunt1 !y w advise a4 ,! p]sonal end+s are z 9 ! pres5t4 ,! end+ -b 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> is contract$ f -bi-4 ,! -bi- appe>s z -bu- 9 ! ?ird p]son plural4 ,note t ! inflection is l t ( er1 ! future ( sum4 ,pay especial att5tion to ! acc5t4 ,9 a simil> mann] inflect ! v]bs giv5 9 #abi4 #aci4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,movbitis1 laudbis1 arb4 #b4 ,dlbitis1 vocbitis1 dabunt4 #c4 ,mtrbis1 dsd]bit1 vidbimus4 #d4 ,habbit1 movbunt1 necbit4 #e4 ,nrrbimus1 monbis1 vidbunt4 #f4 ,labrbitis1 crbunt1 dabis4 #g4 ,habitbimus1 prop]bitis1 iubbunt1 p>bit4 #h4 ,nntib1 portbimus1 iubb4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,we %all ann\nce1 we %all see1 ,i %all ha/54 #b4 ,i %all c>ry1 he w pl[1 !y w c>e =4 #c4 ,y w ann\nce1 y w move1 y w give1 7s+4 & plur474 #d4 ,we %all fight1 we %all de/roy1 ,i %all long =4 #e4 ,he w call1 !y w see1 y w tell 7plur474 #f4 ,!y w dwell1 we %all ord]1 he w praise4 #g4 ,!y w labor1 we %all kill1 y w h 7s+4 & plur471 he w de/roy4 #adj4 ,,ni,,obe ,,& ,,h] ,,*ildr5 7,conclud$7 ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhh4 ,apoll et ,dina erant lb] ,ltnae4 ,is ,?bn sacra crbra p>bant4#a ,oppidn ambant ,ltnam et lb]s eius4 ,id sup]bae rgnae erat mole/um4 8,cr10 inquit1 8,ltnae et lb]s sacra p>tis8 ,dus lb]s habet ,ltna2 quattuordecim habe ego4 ,ubi sunt mea sacra80 ,ltna is v]bs#b rta lb]s sus vocat4 ,ad eam volant ,apoll ,dinaque et sagitts#c sus mis]s lb]s rgnae sup]bae dl5t4 ,niob1 np] laeta1 nunc mis]a1 s$et apud lb]s int]fects et cum p]petus lacrims#d es dsd]at4 ,,note4 ,consult ! g5]al vocabul>y = ,apoll1 inquit1 dus1 & quattuordecim4 ,try to rememb] ! mean+ ( all ! o!r words4 ,footnote #a3 ,obs]ve ! =ce ( ! imp]fect "h1 us$ to prep>e1 7 9 ! habit ( prep>+2 s ambant d5otes a pa/ situation ( affairs4 7,see #acd47 ,footnote #b3 ,ablative ( cause4 ,footnote #c3 ,ablative ( means4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is may be ei!r mann] or accompanim5t4 ,x is (t5 impossible to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 means1 mann]1 & accompanim5t4 ,! ,romans !mselves drew no %>p di/9ction4 ,x 0 en\gh = !m if ! g5]al idea dem&$ ! ablative case4 ,,lesson ,,xxii ,,review ,,( ,,v]bs ,,! ,,dative ,,) ,,adjectives ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns disciplna1 -ae1 f41 tra9+1 culture1 discipl9e ,gius1 ,g1 m41 ,caius1 a ,roman fir/ "n rnm5tum1 -1 n41 ornam5t1 jewel ,tib]ius1 ,tiber1 m41 ,tib]ius1 a ,roman fir/ "n ,,v]b doce1 -re1 tea* 7doctr9e7 ,,adv]b maxim1 mo/ ( all1 especially ,,adjective antquus1 -qua1 -quum1 old1 anci5t 7antique7 #ada4 ,review ! pres5t1 imp]fect1 & future active indicative1 bo? orally & 9 writ+1 ( sum & ! v]bs 9 #abi4 #adb4 ,we le>n$ 9 #dc = :at sort ( expressions we may expect ! dative1 & 9 #dd t "o ( its commone/ uses is ) v]bs to express ! indirect object4 ,x is also v common ) adjectives to express ! object t[>d :i* ! quality d5ot$ by ! adjective is direct$4 ,we h already _h a numb] ( cases :]e grtus1 agreeable to1 0 s foll[$ by a dative2 & 9 ! la/ lesson we _h mole/us1 annoy+ to1 foll[$ by t case4 ,! usage may be m explicitly /at$ by ! foll[+ rule3 #adc4 ,,rule4 ,dative ) ,adjectives4 ,! dative is us$ ) adjectives to d5ote ! object t[>d :i* ! giv5 quality is direct$4 ,su* are1 especially1 ^? mean+ ne>1 also fit1 fri5dly1 pleas+1 l1 & _! opposites4 #add4 ,among su* adjectives memorize ! foll[+3 idneus1 -a1 -um1 fit1 suitable 7=7 amcus1 -a1 -um1 fri5dly 7to7 inimcus1 -a1 -um1 ho/ile 7to7 grtus1 -a1 -um1 pleas+ 7to71 agreeable 7to7 mole/us1 -a1 -um1 annoy+ 7to71 tr\blesome 7to7 fnitimus1 -a1 -um1 neighbor+ 7to7 proximus1 -a1 -um1 ne>e/1 next 7to7 #ade4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,rmn t]ram idneam agr cultrae hab5t4 #b4 ,gall cpis ,rmns inimc erant4 #c4 ,cui dea ,ltna amca non erat8 #d4 ,dea ,ltna sup]bae rgnae amca nn erat4 #e4 ,cibus no/]1 ,mrce1 erit armts virs grtus4 #f4 ,quid erat mole/um populs ,italiae8 #g4 ,bella longa cum ,galls erant mole/a populs ,italiae4 #h4 ,agr ,g]mnrum fluvi ,rhn fnitim erant4 #i4 ,rmn ad silvam oppid proximam ca/ra movbant4 #aj4 ,nn slum frma s$ etiam sup]bia rgnae erat magna4 #aa4 ,mox rgna pul*ra erit aegra tr/iti4 #ab4 ,cr erat ,niob1 rgna ,?bnrum1 laeta8 ,laeta erat ,niob mults flis et flibus4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! sacrifices ( ! p w be annoy+ to ! haughty que54 #b4 ,! sacrifices 7 pleas+ n only to ,latona b also to ,diana4 #c4 ,diana w de/roy ^? ho/ile to ,latona4 #d4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! haughty que5 0 pleas+ to ! goddess ,diana4 #e4 ,! ,romans w move _! =ces to a l>ge field#a suitable = a camp4 #f4 ,"s ( ! allies 7 fri5dly to ! ,romans1 o!rs to ! ,gauls4 ,footnote #a3 ,:y n ! dative8 #adf4 ,,cornelia ,,& ,,h] ,,jewels ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhh4 ,apud antqus dom9s1 ,cornlia1 fricn flia1 erat#b maxim clra4 ,fli eius erant ,tib]ius ,grac*us et ,gius ,grac*us4 ,i pu] cum ,cornli 9 oppid ,rm1 clr ,italiae oppid1 habitbant4 ,ibi es crbat ,cornlia et ibi magn cum /udi es docbat4 ,bona fm9a erat ,cornlia et bonam disciplnam maxim ambat4 ,,note4 ,c y translate ! p>agraph above8 ,!re are no new words4 ,footnote #b3 ,obs]ve t all ! imp]fects d5ote cont9u$ or progressive action1 or describe a /ate ( affairs4 7,cf4 #acd47 ,,lesson ,,xxiii ,,pres5t ,,active ,,indicative ,,( ,,reg ,,& ,,audi #adg4 ,z we le>n$ 9 #abf1 ! pres5t /em ( ! ?ird conjugation ends 9 -1 & ( ! f\r? 9 -4 ,! inflection ( ! ,pres5t ,indicative is z foll[s3 ,,conjugation ,,iii ,,conjugation ,,iv reg1 reg]e 7rule7 audi1 audre 7he>7 ,,pres4 ,,/em reg- ,,pres4 ,,/em aud- ,,s+ul> #a4 reg1 ,i rule audi1 ,i he> #b4 regis1 y rule auds1 y he> #c4 regit1 he 7%e1 x7 rules audit1 he 7%e1 x7 he>s ,,plural #a4 regimus1 we rule audmus1 we he> #b4 regitis1 y rule audtis1 y he> #c4 regunt1 !y rule audiunt1 !y he> #a4 ,! p]sonal end+s are ! same z be=e4 #b4 ,! f9al %ort -e- ( ! /em reg- comb9es ) ! - 9 ! fir/ p]son1 becomes -u- 9 ! ?ird p]son plural1 & becomes -- else:]e4 ,! inflection is l t ( er1 ! future ( sum4 #c4 ,9 audi ! p]sonal end+s are add$ regul>ly to ! /em aud-4 ,9 ! ?ird p]son plural -u- is ins]t$ betwe5 ! /em & ! p]sonal end+1 z audi-u-nt4 ,note t ! long v[el ( ! /em is %ort5$ be=e f9al -t j z 9 am & mone4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 ,note t -i- is always %ort 9 ! ?ird conjugation & long 9 ! f\r?1 except+ :]e long v[els are regul>ly %ort5$4 7,cf4 #ab4a1 #b47 #adh4 ,l reg & audi inflect ! pres5t active indicative ( ! foll[+ v]bs3 ,,indicative ,,pres5t ,,inf9itive ,,pres5t ag1 ,i drive ag]e1 to drive dc1 ,i say dc]e1 to say dc1 ,i lead dc]e1 to lead mitt1 ,i s5d mitt]e1 to s5d mni1 ,i =tify mnre1 to =tify rep]i1 ,i f9d rep]re1 to f9d v5i1 ,i come v5re1 to come #adi4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,quis agit8 ,cr v5it8 ,quem mittit8 ,quem dcis8 #b4 ,quid mittunt8 ,ad quem v5iunt8 ,cuius ca/ra mniunt8 #c4 ,quem agunt8 ,v5mus4 ,quid pu] rep]it8 #d4 ,quem mittimus8 ,cuius equum dcitis8 ,quid dcunt8 #e4 ,mnmus1 v5tis1 dcit4 #f4 ,agimus1 rep]tis1 mns4 #g4 ,rep]is1 ducitis1 dcis4 #h4 ,agitis1 audimus1 regimus4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:at d !y f9d8 ,:om d !y he>8 ,:y does he come8 #b4 ,^: camp are we =tify+8 ,to :om does he say8 ,:at are we say+8 #c4 ,i am driv+1 y are lead+1 !y are he>+4 #d4 ,y s5d1 he says1 y =tify 7s+4 & plur474 #e4 ,i am com+1 we f9d1 !y s5d4 #f4 ,!y lead1 y drive1 he does =tify4 #g4 ,y lead1 y f9d1 y rule1 7all plur474 #aej4 ,,cornelia ,,& ,,h] ,,jewels 7,conclud$7 ,proximum domicli ,cornliae erat pul*rae ,campnae domicilium4 ,campna erat sup]ba nn slum frm su s$ maxim rnm5ts sus4 ,ea#a laudbat semp]4 8,habsne t lla ornm5ta1 ,cornlia80 inquit4 8,ubi sunt tua rnm5ta80 ,de9de ,cornlia flis sus ,tib]ium et ,gium vocat4 8,pu] me10 inquit1 8sunt mea rnm5ta4 ,nam bon lb] sunt semp] bonae fm9ae rnm5ta maxim clra40 ,,note4 ,! only new words "h are ,campna1 semp]1 & t4 ,footnote #a3 ,ea1 accusative plural neut]4 ,illu/ration3 8,,pu]i ,,mei ,,sunt ,,mea ,,ornam5ta0 ,,lesson ,,xxiv ,,imp]fect ,,active ,,indicative ,,( ,,reg ,,& ,,audi ,,! ,,dative ,,) ,,special ,,intransitive ,,v]bs #aea4 ,,p>adigms ,,conjugation ,,iii ,,conjugation ,,iv ,,s+ul> #a4 regbam1 ,i 0 rul+ audibam1 ,i 0 he>+ #b4 regbs1 y 7 rid+ audibs1 y 7 he>+ #c4 regbat1 he 0 rul+ audibat1 he 0 he>+ ,,plural #a4 regbmus1 we 7 rul+ audibmus1 we 7 he>+ #b4 regbtis1 y 7 rul+ audibtis1 y 7 he>+ #c4 regbant1 !y 7 rul+ audibant1 !y 7 he>+ #a4 ,! t5se sign is -b-1 z 9 ! fir/ two conjugations4 #b4 ,obs]ve t ! f9al -- ( ! /em is l5g!n$ be=e ! t5se sign -b-4 ,?is makes ! imp]fect ( ! ?ird conjugation j l ! imp]fect ( ! second 7cf4 monbam & regbam74 #c4 ,9 ! f\r? conjugation -- is ins]t$ betwe5 ! /em & ! t5se sign -b- 7audi--ba-m74 #d4 ,9 a simil> mann] inflect ! v]bs giv5 9 #adh4 #aeb4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,agbat1 v5ibat1 mittbat1 dcbant4 #b4 ,agbant1 mittbant1 dcbas1 mnibant4 #c4 ,mittbmus1 dcbtis1 dcbant4 #d4 ,mnibmus1 v5ibtis1 dcbs4 #e4 ,mittbs1 v5ibmus1 rep]ibat4 #f4 ,rep]ibs1 v5ibs1 audibtis4 #g4 ,agbmus1 rep]ibtis1 mnibat4 #h4 ,agbtis1 dcbam1 mnibam4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,!y 7 lead+1 y 7 driv+ 7s+4 & plur471 he 0 =tify+4 #b4 ,!y 7 s5d+1 we 7 f9d+1 ,i 0 com+4 #c4 ,y 7 s5d+1 y 7 =tify+1 7s+4 & plur471 he 0 say+4 #d4 ,!y 7 he>+1 y 7 lead+ 7s+4 & plur471 ,i 0 driv+4 #e4 ,we 7 say+1 he 0 s5d+1 ,i 0 =tify+4 #f4 ,!y 7 com+1 he 0 he>+1 ,i 0 f9d+4 #g4 ,y 7 rul+ 7s+4 & plur471 we 7 com+1 !y 7 rul+4 #aec4 ,! ,dative ) ,special ,intransitive ,v]bs4 ,we le>n$ above 7#bj4;a7 t a v]b :i* does n admit ( a direct object is call$ an intransitive v]b4 ,_m su* v]bs1 h[ev]1 are ( su* mean+ t !y c gov]n an indirect object1 :i* w1 ( c\rse1 be 9 ! dative case 7#de74 ,le>n ! foll[+ li/ ( intransitive v]bs ) _! mean+s4 ,9 ea* case ! dative indirect object is ! p]son or ?+ to :i* a b5efit1 injury1 or feel+ is direct$4 7,cf4 #dc47 crd1 crd]e1 believe 7give belief to7 fave1 favre1 favor 7%[ favor to7 noce1 nocre1 injure 7d h>m to7 pre1 prre1 obey 7give ob$i5ce to7 p]sude1 p]sudre1 p]suade 7(f] p]suasion to7 resi/1 resi/]e1 resi/ 7(f] resi/ance to7 /ude1 /udre1 be eag] = 7give att5tion to7 #aed4 ,,rule4 ,dative ) ,intransitive ,v]bs4 ,! dative ( ! indirect object is us$ ) ! intransitive v]bs crd1 fave1 noce1 pre1 p]sude1 resi/1 /ude1 & o!rs ( l mean+4 #aee4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,crdisne v]bs socirum8 ,mult v]bs erum nn crdunt4 #b4 ,me fnitim cnsili tu nn favbunt1 quod bell /ud5t4 #c4 ,tib]ius et ,gius disciplnae drae nn resi/bant et ,cornliae prbant4 #d4 ,dea erat inimca septem flibus rgnae4 #e4 ,dra po5a et p]petua tr/itia rgnae nn p]sudbunt4 #f4 ,np] ea resi/bat et nunc resi/it pot5tiae ,ltnae4 #g4 ,mox sagittae volbunt et lb]s mis]s nocbunt4 ,,lesson ,,xxv ,,future ,,active ,,indicative ,,( ,,reg ,,& ,,audi #aef4 ,9 ! future t5se ( ! ?ird & f\r? conjugations we meet ) a new t5se sign4 ,in/ead ( us+ -bi-1 z 9 ! fir/ & second conjugations1 we use --#a 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> & -- 9 ! re/ ( ! t5se4 ,9 ! ?ird conjugation ! f9al -- ( ! /em is dropp$ be=e ?is t5se sign2 9 ! f\r? conjugation ! f9al -- ( ! /em is reta9$4#b ,footnote #a3 ,! -- is %ort5$ be=e -m f9al1 & -- be=e -t f9al & be=e -nt4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 ,footnote #b3 ,! -- is1 ( c\rse1 %ort5$1 be+ be=e ano!r v[el4 7,cf4 #ab4a47 #aeg4 ,,p>adigms ,,conjugation ,,iii ,,conjugation ,,iv ,,s+ul> #a4 regam1 ,i %all rule audiam1 ,i %all he> #b4 regs1 y w rule audis1 y w he> #c4 reget1 he w rule audiet1 he w he> ,,plural #a4 regmus1 we %all rule audimus1 we %all he> #b4 regtis1 y w rule auditis1 y w he> #c4 reg5t1 !y w rule audi5t1 !y w he> #a4 ,obs]ve t ! future ( ! ?ird conjugation is l ! pres5t ( ! second1 except+ 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul>4 #b4 ,9 ! same mann] inflect ! v]bs giv5 9 #adh4 #aeh4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,dcet1 dctis1 mnimus4 #b4 ,dc5t1 dctis1 mittmus4 #c4 ,mni5t1 v5i5t1 mitt5t1 ag5t4 #d4 ,dcet1 mitts1 v5iet1 aget4 #e4 ,mniet1 rep]itis1 agmus4 #f4 ,mittam1 v5imus1 reg5t4 #g4 ,auditis1 v5is1 rep]is4 #h4 ,rep]iet1 agam1 dcmus1 mittet4 #i4 ,vidbitis1 s$b1 vocbimus4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,i %all f9d1 he w he>1 !y w come4 #b4 ,i %all =tify1 he w s5d1 we %all say4 #c4 ,i %all drive1 y w lead1 !y w he>4 #d4 ,y w s5d1 y w =tify1 7s+4 & plur471 he w say4 #e4 ,i %all come1 we %all f9d1 !y w s5d4 #f4 ,:o#c w believe ! /ory8 ,i#d %all believe ! /ory4 #g4 ,^: fri5ds d y favor8 ,we favor our fri5ds4 #h4 ,:o w resi/ our weapons8 ,sextus w resi/ y\r weapons4 #i4 ,:o w p]suade him8 ,!y w p]suade him4 #aj4 ,:y 7 y injur+ my horse8 ,i 0 n injur+ y\r horse4 #aa4 ,:om does a good slave obey8 ,a good slave obeys 8 ma/]4 #ab4 ,our m5 7 eag] = ano!r battle4 ,footnote #c3 ,rememb] t quis1 :o1 is s+ul> 9 numb]4 ,footnote #d3 ,express by ego1 because x is emphatic4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi ,,v]bs ,,9 -,i ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,conjugation ,,! ,,imp]ative ,,mood #aei4 ,!re are a few common v]bs end+ 9 -i :i* d n belong to ! f\r? conjugation1 z y might inf]1 b to ! ?ird4 ,! fact t !y belong to ! ?ird conjugation is %[n by ! end+ ( ! inf9itive4 7,cf4 #abf47 ,comp>e audi1 audre 7he>71 f\r? conjugation capi1 cap]e 7take71 ?ird conjugation #afj4 ,! pres5t1 imp]fect1 & future active indicative ( capi are inflect$ z foll[s3 capi1 cap]e1 take ,,pres4 ,,/em cape- ,,pres5t ,,imp]fect ,,future ,,s+ul> #a4 capi capibam capiam #b4 capis capibs capis #c4 capit capibat capiet ,,plural #a4 capimus capibmus capimus #b4 capitis capibtis capitis #c4 capiunt capibant capi5t #a4 ,obs]ve t capi & ! o!r -i v]bs foll[ ! f\r? conjugation :]ev] 9 ! f\r? conjugation two v[els occur 9 succession4 7,cf4 capi1 audi2 capiunt1 audiunt2 & all ! imp]fect & future47 ,all o!r =ms are l ! ?ird conjugation4 7,cf4 capis1 regis2 capit1 regit2 etc47 #b4 ,l capi1 inflect faci1 fac]e1 make1 d fugi1 fug]e1 flee iaci1 iac]e1 hurl rapi1 rap]e1 seize #afa4 ,! ,imp]ative ,mood4 ,! imp]ative mood expresses a comm&2 z1 come6 s5d6 ,! pres5t t5se ( ! imp]ative is us$ only 9 ! second p]son1 s+ul> & plural4 ,! s+ul> 9 ! active voice is regul>ly ! same 9 =m z ! pres5t /em4 ,! plural is =m$ by add+ -te to ! s+ul>4 ,,conjugation ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,i4 am1 love ?\ amte1 love ye ,,ii4 mon1 advise ?\ monte1 advise ye ,,iii4 7a7 rege1 rule ?\ regite1 rule ye 7b7 cape1 take ?\ capite1 take ye ,,iv4 aud1 he> ?\ audte1 he> ye sum 7irregul>7 es1 be ?\ e/e1 be ye #a4 ,9 ! ?ird conjugation ! f9al -- ( ! /em becomes -- 9 ! plural4 #b4 ,! v]bs dc1 say2 dc1 lead2 & faci1 make1 h ! irregul> =ms dc1 dc1 & fac 9 ! s+ul>4 #c4 ,give ! pres5t active imp]ative1 s+ul> & plural1 ( v5i1 dc1 voc1 doce1 laud1 dc1 s$e1 ag1 faci1 mni1 mitt1 rapi4 #afb4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,fugi5t1 faciunt1 iacibat4 #b4 ,dl1 nntite1 fugiunt4 #c4 ,v5te1 dc1 facitis4 #d4 ,dcite1 iaciam1 fugibant4 #e4 ,fac1 iacibmus1 fugimus1 rapite4 #f4 ,s$te1 rep]1 docte4 #g4 ,fugimus1 iaci5t1 rapis4 #h4 ,rep]i5t1 rapibtis1 noc5t4 #i4 ,favte1 resi/1 prbitis4 #aj4 ,vol ad mults t]rs et d auxilium4 #aa4 ,ego tla mea capiam et mults f]s dlb4 #ab4 ,quis fbulae tuae crdet8 #ac4 ,e/e bon1 pu]1 et audte v]ba grta magi/r4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! goddess w seize h] arms & w hurl h] weapons4 #b4 ,) h] weapons %e w de/roy _m bea/s4 #c4 ,%e w give aid to ! weak4#a #d4 ,%e w fly to _m l&s & ! bea/s w flee4 #e4 ,romans1 tell#b ! fam\s /ory to y\r *ildr54 ,footnote #a3 ,plural4 ,an adjective us$ z a n\n4 7,cf4 #ii4;,,ii4#c47 ,footnote #b3 ,imp]ative4 ,! imp]ative g5]ally /&s fir/1 z 9 ,engli%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ird ,review1 ,lessons ,,xviii-,,xxvi1 #eaj-eab 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,xxvii ,,! ,,passive ,,voice ,,pres5t1 ,,imp]fect1 ,,& ,,future ,,indicative ,,( ,,am ,,& ,,mone ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns la1 -ae1 f41 w+ deus1 -1 m41 god 7deity7,a mon/rum1 -1 n41 om51 prodigy2 mon/] rculum1 -1 n41 oracle ,,v]b v/1 -re1 lay wa/e1 deva/ate ,,adjectives commtus1 -a1 -um1 mov$1 excit$ maximus1 -a1 -um1 greate/ 7maximum7 saevus1 -a1 -um1 fi]ce1 savage ,,adv]bs ita1 ?us1 9 ?is way1 z foll[s tum1 !n1 at t "t ,footnote ,a3 ,= ! decl5sion ( deus1 see #dfh #afc4 ,! ,voices4 ,?us f> ! v]b =ms h be5 9 ! active voice2 t is1 !y h repres5t$ ! subject z p]=m+ an action2 z1 ,! lion --- kill$ --- ! hunt] ,a v]b is said to be 9 ! passive voice :5 x repres5ts its subject z receiv+ an action2 z1 ,! lion --- 0 kill$ --- by ! hunt] ,note ! direction ( ! arr[s4 #afd4 ,passive ,p]sonal ,end+s4 ,9 ! passive voice we use a diff]5t set ( p]sonal end+s4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 -r1 ,i #a4 -mur1 we #b4 -ris1 -re1 y #b4 -m91 y #c4 -tur1 he1 %e1 x #c4 -ntur1 !y a4 ,obs]ve t ! lett] -r appe>s some:]e 9 all b "o ( ! end+s4 ,?is is sometimes call$ ! passive sign4 #afe4 ,,p>adigms am1 amre mono1 monre ,,pres4 ,,/em am- ,,pres4 ,,/em mon- ,,pres5t ,,indicative ,,p]sonal ,,end+s ,,s+ul> amor1 ,i am lov$ moneor1 ,i am advis$ -or#a amris or amre1 monris or monre4 -ris or -re y are lov$ y are advis$ amtur1 he is lov$ montur1 he is advis$ -tur ,,plural ammur1 we are lov$ monmur1 we are advis$ -mur amm91 y are lov$ monm91 y are advis$ -m9i amantur1 !y are lov$ mon5tur1 !y are advis$ -ntur ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! pres5t ! p]sonal end+ ( ! fir/ p]son s+ul> is -or4 ,,imp]fect ,,indicative 7,,t5se ,,sign -b-7 ,,s+ul> amb>1 monb>1 -r ,i 0 be+ lov$ ,i 0 be+ advis$ ambris or ambre1 monbris or monbre -ris or -re y 7 be+ lov$ y 7 be+ advis$ ambtur1 monbtur1 -tur he 0 be+ lov$ he 0 be+ advis$ ,,plural ambmur1 monbmur1 -mur we 7 be+ lov$ we 7 be+ advis$ ambm91 monbm91 -m9 y 7 be+ lov$ y 7 be+ advis$ ambantur1 monbantur1 -ntur !y 7 be+ lov$ !y 7 be+ advis$ ,,future 7,,t5se ,,sign -bi-7 ,,s+ul> ambor1 monbor1 -r ,i %all be lov$ ,i %all be advis$ amb]is1 or amb]e monb]is or monb]e1 -ris or -re y w be lov$ y w be advis$ ambitur1 monbitur1 -tur he w be lov$ he w be advis$ ,,plural ambimur1 monbimur1 -mur we %all be lov$ we %all be advis$ ambim91 monbim91 -m9 y w be lov$ y w be advis$ ambuntur1 monbuntur1 -ntur !y w be lov$ !y w be advis$ #a4 ,! t5se sign & ! p]sonal end+s are add$ z 9 ! active4 #b4 ,9 ! future ! t5se sign -bi- appe>s z -bo- 9 ! fir/ p]son1 -be- 9 ! second1 s+ul> numb]1 & z -bu- 9 ! ?ird p]son plural4 #c4 ,inflect laud1 nec1 port1 move1 dle1 iube1 9 ! pres5t1 imp]fect1 & future indicative1 active & passive4 #aff4 ,intransitive v]bs1 su* z mtr1 ,i ha/52 habit1 ,i dwell1 d n h a passive voice ) a p]sonal subject4 #afg4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,laudris or laudre1 lauds1 datur1 dat4 #b4 ,dabitur1 dabit1 vidm91 vidtis4 #c4 ,vocbat1 vocbtur1 dlbitis1 dlbim94 #d4 ,p>btur1 p>bat1 crs1 crris or crre4 #e4 ,portbantur1 portbant1 vidbimur1 vidbimus4 #f4 ,iubris or iubre1 iubs1 laudbris or laudbre1 laudbs4 #g4 ,movb]is or movb]e1 movbis1 dabantur1 dabant4 #h4 ,dl5tur1 dl5t1 p>bmur1 p>bmus4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,we prep>e1 we are prep>$1 ,i %all be call$1 ,i %all call1 y 7 c>ry+1 y 7 be+ c>ri$4 #b4 ,i see1 ,i am se51 x 0 be+ ann\nc$1 he 0 ann\nc+1 !y w ord]1 !y w be ord]$4 #c4 ,y w be kill$1 y w kill1 y move1 y are mov$1 we are prais+1 we are be+ prais$4 #d4 ,i am call$1 ,i call1 y w h1 y are c>$ =4 #e4 ,!y are se51 !y see1 we 7 tea*+1 we 7 be+ taught1 !y w move1 !y w be mov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p]seus ,,&rom$am ,,s]vat #afh4 ,,p],,seus ,,& ,,&rom,,eda ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhh4 ,p]seus flius erat ,iovis1#b maxim#c derum4 ,d e mults fabuls nrrant potae4 ,e fav5t de1 e magica arma et ls dant4 ,es tls armtus et ls frtus ad mults t]rs volbat et mn/ra saeva dlbat et mis]s nfrmsque auxilium dabat4 ,ae?iopia e/ t]ra fricae4 ,eam t]ram ,cpheus#d regbat4 ,e#e ,neptnus1 maximus aqurum deus1 erat rtus et mittit#f mn/rum saevum ad ,ae?iopiam4 ,ibi mn/rum nn slum lts pul*rsque ,ae?iopiae agrs nocbat s$ etiam domicilia agricolrum dlbat1 et mults virs1 fm9s1 lb]sque necbat4 ,populus ex agrs fugibat et oppida mrs valids mnibat4 ,tum ,cpheus magn tr/iti commtus ad ,iovis rculum prop]at et ita dcit3 8,amc me necantur2 agr me v/antur4 ,aud v]ba mea1 ,iuppit]4 ,d mis]s auxilium4 ,age mn/rum saevum ex patri40 ,footnote #b3 ,iovis1 ! g5itive ( ,iuppit]4 ,footnote #c3 ,us$ sub/antively1 ! greate/4 ,s bel[1 l4 #d1 mis]s & nfrms are us$ sub/antively4 ,footnote #d3 ,pron\nce 9 two syllables1 ,cepheus4 ,footnote #e3 ,e1 at him1 dative ) rtus4 ,footnote #f3 ,! pres5t is (t5 us$1 z 9 ,engli%1 9 speak+ ( a pa/ action1 9 ord] to make ! /ory m vivid & excit+4 ,,lesson ,,xxviii ,,pres5t1 ,,imp]fect1 ,,& ,,future ,,indicative ,,passive ,,( ,,reg ,,& ,,audi ,special ,vocabul>y ,,v]bs responde1 -re1 respond1 reply s]v1 -re1 save1 pres]ve ,,adjective crus1 -a1 -um1 de> 7*]i%7 ,,conjunction autem1 b1 moreov]1 n[4 ,usually /&s second1 nev] fir/ ,,n\n vta1 -ae1 f41 life 7vital7 #afi4 ,review ! pres5t1 imp]fect1 & future indicative active ( reg & audi1 & le>n ! passive ( ! same t5ses 7#dij1 #dia74 a4 ,obs]ve t ! t5se signs ( ! imp]fect & future are ! same z 9 ! active voice1 & t ! passive p]sonal end+s 7#afd7 are add$ in/ead ( ! active ones4 b4 ,note ! slight irregul>ity 9 ! second p]son s+ul> pres5t ( ! ?ird conjugation4 ,!re ! f9al -e- ( ! /em is n *ang$ to -i-1 z x is 9 ! active4 ,we !re=e h reg]is or reg]e1 n regiris1 regire4 c4 ,inflect ag1 dc1 dc1 mni1 rep]i1 9 ! pres5t1 imp]fect1 & future indicative1 active & passive4 #agj4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,agbat1 agbtur1 mittbat1 mittbtur1 dcbat4 #b4 ,agunt1 aguntur1 mittuntur1 mittunt1 mniunt4 #c4 ,mittor1 mitt>1 mittam1 dcre1 dc]e4 #d4 ,dcmur1 dcimus1 dcmus1 dcimur1 mnibam94 #e4 ,dcitur1 dcim91 rep]mur1 rep]i>1 agitur4 #f4 ,agbmus1 agbmur1 rep]ris1 rep]im94 #g4 ,mnm91 v5ibam1 dcb>1 dctur4 #h4 ,mittim91 mittitis1 mittris1 mitt]is1 agbm94 #i4 ,dcitur1 dcit1 mniuntur1 rep]i5t1 audi5tur4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,i 0 be+ driv51 ,i 0 driv+1 we 7 lead+1 we 7 be+ l$1 he says1 x is said4 #b4 ,i %all s5d1 ,i %all be s5t1 y w f9d1 y w be f\nd1 !y lead1 !y are l$4 #c4 ,i am f\nd1 we are l$1 !y are driv51 y 7 be+ l$ 7s+4 & plur474 #d4 ,we %all drive1 we %all be driv51 he leads1 he is be+ l$1 !y w come1 !y w be =tifi$4 #e4 ,!y 7 rul+1 !y 7 be+ rul$1 y w s5d1 y w be s5t1 y are s5t1 7s+4 & plur474 #f4 ,he 0 be+ l$1 he w come1 y are said 7s+4 & plur474 #aga4 ,,p]seus ,,& ,,&rom$a 7,cont9u$7 ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhh4 ,tum rculum ita respondet3 8,mala e/ =tna tua4 ,neptnus1 magnus aqurum deus1 t]rae ,ae?iopiae inimcus1 es po5s mittit4 ,s$ p> rt de sacrum idneum et mn/rum saevum ex patri tu agtur4 ,&rom$a flia tua e/ mn/r grta4 ,d eam mn/r4 ,s]v cram patriam et vtam popul tu40 ,&rom$a autem erat puella pul*ra4 ,eam ambat ,cpheus maxim4 ,,lesson ,,xxix ,,pres5t1 ,,imp]fect1 ,,& ,,future ,,indicative ,,passive ,,( -,i ,,v]bs ,,pres5t ,,passive ,,inf9itive ,,& ,,imp]ative ,special ,vocabul>y ,,v]b sup]1 -re1 conqu]1 ov]come 7insup]able7 ,,n\ns cra1 -ae1 f41 c>e1 tr\ble locus1 -1 m41 place1 spot 7location74 ,locus is neut] 9 ! plural & is decl9$ loca1 -rum1 etc4 p]culum1 -1 n41 dang]1 p]il ,,adv]bs semp]1 always tam51 yet1 nev]!less ,,prepositions d1 ) abl41 d[n f2 conc]n+ p]1 ) acc41 ?r\gh ,,conjunction si1 if #agb4 ,review ! active voice ( capi1 pres5t1 imp]fect1 & future1 & le>n ! passive ( ! same t5ses 7#dib74 a4 ,! pres5t =ms capior & capiuntur are l audior1 audiuntur1 & ! re/ ( ! t5se is l regor4 b4 ,9 l mann] inflect ! passive ( iaci & rapi4 #agc4 ,! ,inf9itive4 ,! inf9itive mood gives ! g5]al mean+ ( ! v]b )\t p]son or numb]2 z1 amre1 to love4 ,inf9itive means unlimit$4 ,! =ms ( ! o!r moods1 be+ limit$ by p]son & numb]1 are call$ ! f9ite1 or limit$1 v]b =ms4 #agd4 ,! =ms ( ! ,pres5t ,inf9itive1 active & passive1 are z foll[s3 ,,conj4 ,,pres4 ,,pres4 ,,inf9itive ,,pres4 ,,inf9itive ,,/em ,,active ,,passive ,i4 am- amre1 amr1 to love to be lov$ ,,ii4 mon- monre1 monr1 to advise to be advis$ ,,iii4 rege- reg]e1 reg1 to rule to be rul$ cape- cap]e cap1 to take to be tak5 ,,iv4 aud- audre1 audr1 to he> to be he>d #a4 ,obs]ve t to =m ! pres5t active inf9itive we add -re to ! pres5t /em4 a4 ,! pres5t inf9itive ( sum is esse4 ,!re is no passive4 #b4 ,obs]ve t ! pres5t passive inf9itive is =m$ f ! active by *ang+ f9al -e to -1 except 9 ! ?ird conjugation1 :i* *anges f9al -ere to -4 #c4 ,give ! active & passive pres5t inf9itives ( doce1 s$e1 vol1 cr1 mitt1 dc1 mni1 rep]i1 iaci1 rapi4 #age4 ,! =ms ( ! ,pres5t ,imp]ative1 active & passive1 are z foll[s3 ,,active#a ,,passive ,,conj4 ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,i4 am amte amre1 amm91 be ?\ lov$ be ye lov$ ,,ii4 mon monte monre1 monm91 be ?\ advis$ be ye advis$ ,,iii4 rege regite reg]e1 regim91 be ?\ rul$ be ye rul$ cape capite cap]e1 capim91 be ?\ tak5 be ye tak5 ,,iv4 aud audte audre1 audm91 be ?\ he>d be ye he>d #a4 ,obs]ve t ! second p]son s+ul> ( ! pres5t passive imp]ative is l ! pres5t active inf9itive1 & t bo? s+ul> & plural are l ! second p]son s+ul>#b & plural1 respectively1 ( ! pres5t passive indicative4 #b4 ,give ! pres5t imp]ative1 bo? active & passive1 ( ! v]bs 9 #agd4c4 ,footnote #a3 ,= ! sake ( comp>ison ! active is repeat$ f #afa4 ,footnote #b3 ,t is1 us+ ! p]sonal end+ -re4 ,a =m l amre may be ei!r indicative1 inf9itive1 or imp]ative4 #agf4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhi4 ,i4 #a4 ,tum ,p]seus ls ad t]rs mults volabit4 #b4 ,mn/rum saevum p] aqus prop]at et mox agrs no/rs v/bit4 #c4 ,s autem ,cpheus ad rculum prop]bit1 rculum ita respondbit4 #d4 ,quis tls ,p]se sup]bitur8 ,multa mn/ra tls eius sup]buntur4 #e4 ,cum crs magns et lacrims mults agricolae ex domicilis crs aguntur4 #f4 ,multa loca v/bantur et multa oppida dlbantur4 #g4 ,mn/rum e/ validum1 tam5 sup]bitur4 #h4 ,crdsne semp] v]bs rcul8 ,ego is non semp] crdam4 #i4 ,prbitne ,cpheus rcul8 ,v]ba rcul e p]sudbunt4 #aj4 ,si nn fugimus1 oppidum capitur et oppidn necbuntur4 #aa4 ,vocte pu]s et nrrte fbulam clram d mn/r saev4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,fly ?\1 to be c>$ =1 be ye s5t1 lead ?\4 #b4 ,to lead1 to be l$1 be ye seiz$1 =tify ?\4 #c4 ,to be hurl$1 to fly1 s5d ?\1 to be f\nd4 #d4 ,to be s5t1 be ye l$1 to hurl1 to be tak54 #e4 ,f9d ?\1 he> ye1 be ye rul$1 to be =tifi$4 ,,lesson ,,xxx ,,synopses ,,9 ,,! ,,f\r ,,conjugations ,,! ,,ablative ,,d5ot+ ,,f ,special ,vocabul>y ,,v]bs absum1 abesse1 irreg41 be away1 be abs5t1 be di/ant1 ) sep>ative abl4 adprop9qu1 -re1 draw ne>1 approa* 7prop9quity71 ) dative,a cont9e1 -re1 hold toge!r1 hem 91 keep 7conta97 discd1 -ere1 dep>t1 g away1 leave1 ) sep>ative abl4 ege1 -re1 lack1 ne$1 be )\t1 ) sep>ative abl4 int]fici1 -ere1 kill prohibe1 -re1 re/ra91 keep f 7prohibit7 vuln]1 -re1 w\nd 7vuln]able7 ,,n\ns prv9cia1 -ae1 f41 prov9ce vnum1 -1 n41 w9e ,,adjective dfessus1 -a1 -um1 we>y1 worn out ,,adv]b long1 f>1 by f>1 f> away ,footnote ,a3 ,?is v]b gov]ns ! dative because ! idea ( ne>ness to is /rong] ?an t ( motion to4 ,if ! latt] idea 7 ! /rong]1 ! ^w w\ld be us$ ) ad & ! accusative4 #agg4 ,y %\ld le>n to give rapidly synopses ( ! v]bs y h _h1 z foll[s3#a ,,conjugation ,i ,,conjugation ,,ii ,,indicative ,,active ,,passive ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 am amor mone moneor ,imp]f4 ambam amb> monbam monb> ,fut4 ambo ambor monbo monbor ,footnote #a3 ,synopses %\ld be giv5 n only 9 ! fir/ p]son1 b 9 o!r p]sons z well1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ?ird s+ul> & plural4 ,,conjugation ,i ,,conjugation ,,ii ,,imp]ative ,,active ,,passive ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 am amre mon monre ,,inf9itive ,pres4 amre amr monre monr ,,conjugation ,,iii ,,conjugation ,,iii 7-i v]bs7 ,,indicative ,,active ,,passive ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 reg regor capi capior ,imp]f4 regbam regb> capibam capib> ,fut4 regam reg> capiam capi> ,,imp]ative ,pres4 rege reg]e cape cap]e ,,inf9itive ,pres4 reg]e reg cap]e cap ,,conjugation ,,iv ,,indicative ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 audi audior ,imp]f4 audibam audib> ,fut4 audiam audi> ,,imp]ative ,pres4 aud audre ,,inf9itive ,pres4 audre audr #a4 ,give ! synopsis ( rapi1 mni1 rep]i1 doce1 vide1 dc1 ag1 laud1 port1 & v>y ! p]son & numb]4 #agh4 ,we le>n$ 9 #ej t "o ( ! ?ree relations cov]$ by ! ablative case is express$ 9 ,engli% by ! preposition f4 ,?is is sometimes call$ ! sep>ative ablative1 & x has a numb] ( special uses4 ,y h already gr[n famili> ) ! fir/ m5tion$ bel[4 #agi4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ! ,place ,f4 ,! place f :i* is express$ by ! ablative ) ! prepositions or ab1 d1 or ex4 ,agricolae ex agrs v5iunt1 ! f>m]s come f ! fields a4 or ab d5otes f ne> a place2 or ex1 out f x2 & d1 d[n f x4 ,?is may be repres5t$ graphically z foll[s3 or ab or ex _/ ,place _/ d ,v #ahj4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ,sep>ation4 ,words express+ sep>ation or deprivation require an ablative to complete _! mean+4 a4 ,if ! sep>ation is actual & lit]al ( "o mat]ial ?+ f ano!r1 ! preposition or ab1 or ex1 or d is g5]ally us$4 ,if no actual motion takes place ( "o ?+ f ano!r1 no preposition is necess>y4 7a7 ,p]seus t]ram mn/rs lb]at ,p]seus frees ! l& f mon/]s 7lit]al sep>ation--actual motion is express$7 7b7 ,p]seus t]ram tr/iti lb]at ,p]seus frees ! l& f sorr[ 7figurative sep>ation--no actual motion is express$7 #aha4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ! ,p]sonal ,ag5t4 ,! ^w express+ ! p]son f :om an action />ts1 :5 n ! subject1 is put 9 ! ablative ) ! preposition or ab4 a4 ,9 ?is con/ruction ! ,engli% translation ( 1 ab is by r ?an f4 ,?is ablative is regul>ly us$ ) passive v]bs to indicate ! p]son by :om ! act 0 p]=m$4 ,mn/rum ,p]se nectur1 ! mon/] is be+ sla9 by 7lit4 f7 ,p]seus b4 ,note t ! active =m ( ! above s5t5ce w\ld be ,p]seus mon/rum necat1 ,p]seus is slay+ ! mon/]4 ,9 ! passive ! object ( ! active v]b becomes ! subject1 & ! subject ( ! active v]b becomes ! ablative ( ! p]sonal ag5t1 ) or ab4 c4 ,di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 ! ablative ( means & ! ablative ( ! p]sonal ag5t4 ,bo? are (t5 translat$ into ,engli% by ! preposition by4 7,cf4 #ajj4 b47 ,means is a ?+2 ! ag5t or actor is a p]son4 ,! ablative ( means has no preposition4 ,! ablative ( ! p]sonal ag5t has or ab4 ,comp>e ,f]a sagitt nectur1 ! wild bea/ is kill$ by an arr[ ,f]a ,din nectur1 ! wild bea/ is kill$ by ,diana ,sagitt1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 is ! ablative ( means2 ,din1 9 ! second1 is ! ablative ( ! p]sonal ag5t4 #ahb4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhi4 ,i4 #a4 ,viri inopi cib dfess ab e loc discd5t4 #b4 ,g]mn ca/rs ,rmns adprop9qubant1 tam5 lgtus cpis proeli cont9bat4 #c4 ,multa ,gallrum oppida ab ,rmans capi5tur4 #d4 ,tum ,rmn ttum populum erum oppidrum gladis plsque int]fici5t4 #e4 ,oppidn ,rmns resi/5t1 s$ defess long proelo fugi5t4 #f4 ,mult ex ,galli fugibant et 9 ,g]mnrum vics habitbant4 #g4 ,mis] nautae vuln]antur ab inimcs#b saevs et cib eg5t4 #h4 ,discdite et date virs frm5tum et cpiam vn4 #i4 ,cpiae no/rae proeli cont9bantur ab ,sext lgat4 #aj4 ,id oppidum ab prv9ci ,rmn long ab]at4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! we>y sailors 7 approa*+ a place de> to ! goddess ,diana4 #b4 ,!y 7 )\t food & )\t w9e4 #c4 ,!n ,galba & sev5 o!r m5 are s5t to ! anci5t isl& by ,sextus4 #d4 ,already !y are n f> away f ! l&1 & !y see arm$ m5 on a high place4 #e4 ,!y are kept f ! l& by ! m5 ) spe>s & arr[s4 #f4 ,! m5 kept hurl+ _! weapons d[n f ! high place ) great eag]ness4 ,footnote #b3 inimcs1 "h us$ z a n\n4 ,see vocabul>y4 ,,lesson ,,xxxi ,,p]fect1 ,,plup]fect1 ,,& ,,future ,,p]fect ,,( ,,sum ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns aurum1 -1 n41 gold 7oriole7 mora1 -ae1 f41 delay nvigium1 nvig1 n41 boat1 %ip v5tus1 -1 m41 w9d 7v5tilate7 ,,v]b nvig1 -re1 sail 7navigate7 ,,adjectives att5tus1 -a1 -um1 att5tive1 c>eful dubius1 -a1 -um1 d\btful 7dubi\s7 p]fidus1 -a1 -um1 fai?less1 trea*]\s 7p]fidy7 ,,adv]b ante1 be=e1 previ\sly ,,preposition s9e1 ) abl41 )\t #ahc4 ,pr9cipal ,p>ts4 ,!re are c]ta9 p>ts ( ! v]b t are ( s mu* consequ5ce 9 t5se =mation t we call !m ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! ,lat9 v]b are ! pres5t1 ! pa/1 & ! pa/ p>ticiple2 z g1 w5t1 gone2 see1 saw1 se51 etc4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! ,lat9 v]b are ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ( ! pres5t indicative1 ! pres5t inf9itive1 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ( ! p]fect indicative1 & ! p]fect passive p>ticiple4 #ahd4 ,conjugation ,/ems4 ,f ! pr9cipal p>ts we get ?ree conjugation /ems1 f :i* are =m$ ! entire conjugation4 ,we h already le>n$ ab\t ! pres5t /em1 :i* is f\nd f ! pres5t inf9itive 7cf4 #abf4;a74 ,! o!r two /ems are ! p]fect /em & ! p>ticipial /em4 #ahe4 ,! ,p]fect ,/em4 ,! p]fect /em ( ! v]b is =m$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b may always be f\nd by dropp+ - f ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ( ! p]fect1 ! ?ird ( ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,f ! p]fect /em are =m$ ! foll[+ t5ses3 ,,! ,,p]fect ,,active ,,indicative ,,! ,,plup]fect ,,active ,,indicative 7,,engli% ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,! ,,future ,,p]fect ,,active ,,indicative ,all ^! t5ses express complet$ action 9 pres5t1 pa/1 or future "t respectively4 #ahf4 ,! ,end+s ( ! ,p]fect4 ,! p]fect active indicative is inflect$ by add+ ! end+s ( ! p]fect to ! p]fect /em4 ,^! end+s are diff]5t f ^? f\nd 9 any o!r t5se1 & are z foll[s3 ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 -1 ,i #a4 -imus1 we #b4 -i/1 y #b4 -i/is1 y #c4 -x1 he1 %e1 x #c4 -runt or -re1 !y #ahg4 ,inflection ( sum 9 ! p]fect1 plup]fect1 & future p]fect indicative3 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,indic4 ,,pr94 ,,p>ts sum esse fu ,,p]fect ,,/em fu- ,,p]fect ,,s+ul> ,,plural fu1 ,i h be51 ,i 0 fuimus1 we h be51 we 7 fuist1 fuistis1 y h be51 y 7 y h be51 y 7 fux1 he has be51 he 0 furunt or fure1 !y h be51 !y 7 ,,plup]fect 7,,t5se ,,sign -er-7 fueram1 ,i _h be5 fu]mus1 we _h be5 fuers1 y _h be5 fu]tis1 y _h be5 fuerat1 he _h be5 fuerant1 !y _h be5 ,,future ,,p]fect 7,,t5se ,,sign -eri-7 fuer1 ,i %all h be5 fuerimus1 we %all h be5 fueris1 y w h be5 fueritis1 y w h be5 fuerit1 he w h be5 fuer9t1 !y w h be5 #a4 ,note c>efully ! *ang+ acc5t 9 ! p]fect4 #b4 ,obs]ve t ! plup]fect may be =m$ by add+ eram1 ! imp]fect ( sum1 to ! p]fect /em4 ,! t5se sign is -er-4 #c4 ,obs]ve t ! future p]fect may be =m$ by add+ er1 ! future ( sum1 to ! p]fect /em4 ,b ! ?ird p]son plural ends 9 -er9t1 n 9 -erunt4 ,! t5se sign is -eri-4 #d4 ,all active p]fects1 plup]fects1 & future p]fects are =m$ on ! p]fect /em & inflect$ 9 ! same way4 #ahh4 ,,dialogue ,,! ,,boys ,,titus1 ,,m>cus1 ,,& ,,qu9tus ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bhi4 ,m4 ,ubi fui/is1 ,tite et ,qunte8 ,t4 ,ego 9 me ld fu et ,quntus 9 su ld fuit4 ,bon pu] fuimus4 ,fuitne ,sextus 9 vc hodi8 ,m4 ,fuit4 ,np] p] agrs proxims fluvi prop]bat4 ,ibi is et ,cornlius hab5t nvigium4 ,t4 ,nvigium dcis8 ,ali#a nrr eam fbulam6 ,m4 ,vr 7,yes1 truly71 pul*rum et novum nvigium6 ,q4 ,cuius pecni#b ,sextus et ,cornlius id nvigium p>ant8 ,quis is pecniam dat8 ,m4 ,amc ,cornl multum hab5t aurum et pu] pecni nn eget4 ,t4 ,qu pu] nvigbunt8 ,nvigbuntne long t]r8 ,m4 ,dubia sunt cnsilia erum4 ,s$ hodi1 crd1 s v5tus erit idneus1 ad maximam nsulam nvigbunt4 ,iam ante ibi furunt4 ,tum autem v5tus erat p]fidus et pu] magn 9 p]cul erant4 ,q4 ,aqua v5t commta e/ inimca nauts semp]1 et saepe p]fidus v5tus nvigia rapit1 agit1 dletque4 ,i pu]1 s nn fu]9t maxim att5t1 rt aqu et valid v5t sup]buntur et ita int]fici5tur4 ,footnote #a3 ,dative case4 7,cf4 #aji47 ,footnote #b3 ,ablative ( means4 #ahi4 ,,ex]cise #a4 ,:]e _h ! boys be5 be=e8 ,!y _h be5 9 s*ool4 #b4 ,:]e _h ,sextus be58 ,he _h be5 9 a field next to ! riv]4 #c4 ,:o has be5 ) ,sextus to-day8 ,cornelius has be5 ) him4 #d4 ,:o says s8 ,m>cus4 #e4 ,if ! w9d has be5 suitable1 ! boys h be5 9 ! boat4 #f4 ,soon we %all sail ) ! boys4 #g4 ,!re#c w be no dang]1 if we are 7%all h be57 c>eful4#d ,footnote #c3 ,! expletive !re is n express$1 b ! v]b w prec$e ! subject1 z 9 ,engli%4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is pr$icate adjective mu/ be nom9ative plural to agree ) we4 ,,lesson ,,xxxii ,,! ,,p]fect ,,active ,,indicative ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,regul> ,,conjugations ,special ,vocabul>y ,,n\ns animus1 -1 m41 m9d1 he>t2 _s1 feel+ 7animate7 brac*ium1 brac*1 n41 =e>m1 arm porta1 -ae1 f41 gate 7portal7 ,,adjectives adv]sus1 -a1 -um1 opposite2 adv]se1 contr>y plnus1 -a1 -um1 full 7pl5ty7 ,,preposition pr1 ) abl41 be=e2 9 behalf (2 in/ead ( ,,adv]b di1 = a long "t1 long #aij4 ,mean+s ( ! ,p]fect4 ,! p]fect t5se has two di/9ct mean+s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is equival5t to ! ,engli% pres5t p]fect1 or p]fect ) h1 & d5otes t ! action ( ! v]b is complete at ! "t ( speak+2 z1 ,i h f9i%$ my "w4 ,z ?is d5otes complet$ action at a def9ite "t1 x is call$ ! p]fect def9ite4 ,! p]fect is also us$ to d5ote an action t happ5$ sometime 9 ! pa/2 z1 ,i f9i%$ my "w4 ,z no def9ite "t is specifi$1 ?is is call$ ! p]fect indef9ite4 ,x corresponds to ! ord9>y use ( ! ,engli% pa/ t5se4 a4 ,note c>efully ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! foll[+ t5ses3 ,i 0 f9i%+ my "w 7imp]fect1 #acd7 us$ to f9i% ,i f9i%$ my "w 7p]fect indef9ite7 ,i h f9i%$ my "w 7p]fect def9ite7 ,:5 tell+ a /ory ! ,lat9 uses ! p]fect indef9ite to m>k ! diff]5t =w>d /eps ( ! n>rative1 & ! imp]fect to describe situations & circum/ances t att5d ^! /eps4 ,if ! foll[+ s5t5ces 7 ,lat91 :at t5ses w\ld be us$8 8,la/ week ,i w5t to ,bo/on4 ,i 0 try+ to f9d an old fri5d ( m9e1 b he 0 out ( ! city4 ,ye/]day ,i return$ home40 #aia4 ,inflection ( ! ,p]fect4 ,we le>n$ 9 #ahf t any p]fect is inflect$ by add+ ! end+s ( ! p]fect to ! p]fect /em4 ,! inflection 9 ! f\r regul> conjugations is !n z foll[s3 ,,conj4 ,i amv ,i h lov$1 ,i lov$ or did love ,,conj4 ,,ii monu ,i h advis$1 ,i advis$ or did advise ,,conj4 ,,iii rx ,i h rul$1 ,i rul$ or did rule cp ,i h tak51 ,i took or did take ,,conj4 ,,iv audv ,i h he>d1 ,i he>d or did he> ,,p]fect ,,/ems amv- monu- rx- cp- audv- ,,s+ul> #a4 amv monu rx cp audv #b4 amvist monuist rxist cpist audvist #c4 amvit monuit rxit cpit audvit ,,plural #a4 amvimus monuimus rximus cpimus audvimus #b4 amvistis monuistis rxistis cpistis audvistis #c4 amvrunt monurunt rxrunt cprunt audvrunt or or or or or amvre monure rxre cpre audvre #a4 ,! fir/ p]son ( ! p]fect is always giv5 z ! ?ird ( ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,f ?is we get ! p]fect /em4 ,?is %[s ! absolute necessity ( le>n+ ! pr9cipal p>ts ?or\ghly4 #b4 ,ne>ly all p]fects ( ! fir/ conjugation are =m$ by add+ -v to ! pres5t /em4 ,l amv inflect p>v1 vocv1 crv1 laudv4 #c4 ,note c>efully ! *ang+ acc5t 9 ! p]fect4 ,drill on x4 #aib4 ,le>n ! pr9cipal p>ts & inflect ! p]fects3 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,indic4 d dre d$ give dle dlre dlv de/roy habe habre habu h move movre mv move pre prre pru obey prohibe prohibre prohibu re/ra91 keep f vide vidre vd see dc dc]e dx say discd discd]e discess dep>t dc dc]e dx lead faci fac]e fc make1 d mitt mitt]e ms s5d mni mnre mnv =tify v5i v5re vn come #aic4 ,,p]seus ,,& ,,&rom$a 7,cont9u$7 ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bij4 ,cpheus1 adv]s =tn maxim commtus1 discessit et mults cum lacrims popul ,ae?iopiae v]ba rcul nrrvit4 ,fta ,&rom$ae1 puellae pul*rae1 tt popul dplrbantur1 tam5 nllum erat auxilium4 ,de9de ,cpheus cum pln tr/itiae anim cram suam fliam ex oppid port ad aquam dxit et brac*ia eius ad saxa dra revnxit4 ,tum amc puellae mis]ae long discessrunt et di mn/rum saevum exspectvrunt4 ,tum =te ,p]seus1 ls frtus1 sup] ,ae?iopiam volbat4 ,vdit populum1 ,&rom$am1 lacrims1 et1 magnop]e attonitus1 ad t]ram dsc5dit4 ,tum ,cpheus e tts crs nrrvit et ita dxit3 8,prb v]bs rcul1 et pr patri fliam meam dab2 s$ s id mn/rum int]ficis et ,&rom$am s]vbis1 tibi 7to y7 eam dab40 ,,lesson ,,xxxiii ,,plup]fect ,,& ,,future ,,p]fect ,,active ,,indicative ,,p]fect ,,active ,,inf9itive #aid4 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv am mone reg capi audi ,,p]fect ,,/ems amv- monu- rx- cp- audv- ,,plup]fect ,,indicative ,,active ,,t5se ,,sign -er- ,,s+ul> ,i _h lov$ ,i _h advis$ ,i _h rul$ ,i _h tak5 ,i _h he>d #a4 amv]am monueram rx]am cp]am audv]am #b4 amv]s monuers rx]s cp]s audv]s #c4 amv]at monuerat rx]at cp]at audv]at ,,plural #a4 amv]mus monu]mus rx]mus cp]mus audv]mus #b4 amv]tis monu]tis rx]tis cp]tis audv]tis #c4 amv]ant monuerant rx]ant cp]ant audv]ant ,,future ,,p]fect ,,indicative ,,active ,,t5se ,,sign -eri- ,,s+ul> ,i %all h ,i %all h ,i %all h ,i %all h ,i %all h lov$ advis$ rul$ tak5 he>d #a4 amv] monuer rx] cp] audv] #b4 amv]is monueris rx]is cp]is audv]is #c4 amv]it monuerit rx]it cp]it audv]it ,,plural #a4 amverimus monuerimus rxerimus cperimus audverimus #b4 amveritis monueritis rxeritis cperitis audveritis #c4 amv]9t monuer9t rx]9t cp]9t audv]9t #a4 ,obs]ve t ^! are all inflect$ alike & ! rules = =mation giv5 9 #ahg4b-d hold good "h4 #b4 ,9 l mann] inflect ! plup]fect & future p]fect indicative active ( d1 port1 dle1 move1 habe1 dc1 discd1 faci1 v5i1 mni4 #aie4 ,! ,p]fect ,active ,inf9itive4 ,! p]fect active inf9itive is =m$ by add+ -isse to ! p]fect /em4 ,,conj ,,p]fect ,,/em ,,p]fect ,,inf9itive ,i4 amv- amvisse1 to h lov$ ,,ii4 monu- monuisse1 to h advis$ ,,iii4 7a7 rx- rxisse1 to h rul$ 7b7 cp- cpisse1 to h tak5 ,,iv4 audv audvisse1 to h he>d sum fu- fuisse1 to h be5 #a4 ,9 l mann] give ! p]fect inf9itive active ( d1 port1 dle1 move1 habe1 dc1 discd1 faci1 v5i1 mni4 #aif4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,habui/1 mvrunt1 mis]ant4 #b4 ,vdit1 dx]is1 dxisse4 #c4 ,msi/is1 prurunt1 discess]mus4 #d4 ,mnvit1 d$]am1 ms]4 #e4 ,habu]imus1 dlv1 pruit1 fuisse4 #f4 ,d$]s1 mnv]itis1 vn]tis1 msisse4 #g4 ,vn]s1 fcisse1 d$]tis1 portv]is4 #h4 ,quem v]ba rcul mv]ant8 ,populum v]ba rcul mv]ant4 #i4 ,cui ,cpheus v]ba rcul nrrv]it8 ,p]se ,cpheus v]ba rcul nrrv]it4 #aj4 ,amc ab ,&rom$ discess]9t4 #aa4 ,mn/rum saevum domicilia multa dlv]at4 #ab4 ,ubi mn/rum vdi/is8 ,id 9 aqu vdimus4 #ac4 ,quid mn/rum faciet8 ,mn/rum ,&rom$am int]ficiet4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,!y h obey$1 we h de/roy$1 ,i %all h _h4 #b4 ,we %all h s5t1 ,i _h come1 !y h =tifi$4 #c4 ,i _h dep>t$1 he has obey$1 y h s5t 7s+4 & plur474 #d4 ,to h de/roy$1 to h se51 he w h giv51 !y h c>ri$4 #e4 ,he _h de/roy$1 he has mov$1 y h _h 7s+4 & plur474 #f4 ,i h giv51 y _h mov$ 7s+4 & plur471 we _h said4 #g4 ,y w h made 7s+4 & plur471 !y w h l$1 to h giv54 #h4 ,:o _h se5 ! mon/]8 ,&rom$a _h se5 x4 #i4 ,:y _h ! m5 dep>t$ f#a ! t[ns8 ,!y _h dep>t$ because ! mon/] _h come4 #aj4 ,did ,cepheus obey#b ! oracle#c8 ,he did4 ,footnote #a3 ex4 ,:at w\ld ab mean8 ,footnote #b3 ,did 444 obey1 p]fect t5se4 ,footnote #c3 ,:at case8 ,,lesson ,,xxxiv ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,active ,,voice ,special ,vocabul>y ,,adv]bs cel]it]1 quickly 7cel]ity7 dnique1 f9ally gravit]1 heavily1 sev]ely 7gravity7 subit1 sudd5ly ,,v]b report1 -re1 -v1 br+ back1 re/ore2 w91 ga9 7report7 #aig4 ,a review ( ! t5ses ( ! indicative active %[s ! foll[+ =mation3 ,,pres5t ,fir/ ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ,,t5ses ,,imp]fect ,pres5t /em -ba-m ,,( ,,! ,,future ,pres5t /em -b1 ,conj4 ,i & ,,ii ,,indicative -a-m1 ,conj4 ,,iii & ,,iv ,,p]fect ,?ird ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ,,plup]fect ,p]fect /em -era-m ,,future ,,p]fect ,p]fect /em -er #aih4 ,! synopsis ( ! active voice ( am1 z f> z we h le>n$ ! conjugation1 is z foll[s3 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts am1 amre1 amv ,,pres4 ,,/em am- ,pres4 am ,,indic4 ,imp]f4 ambam ,fut4 amb ,,pres4 ,,imv4 am ,,pres4 ,,inf94 amre ,,p]f4 ,,/em amv- ,p]f4 amv ,,indic4 ,plup]f4 amv]am ,fut4 p]f4 amv] ,,p]f4 ,,inf94 amvisse #a4 ,le>n to write 9 ! same =m & to give rapidly ! pr9cipal p>ts & synopsis ( p>1 d1 laud1 dle1 habe1 move1 pre1 vide1 dc1 discd1 dc1 mitt1 capi1 muni1 v5i4#a ,footnote #a3 ,le>n to give synopses rapidly1 & n only 9 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> b 9 any p]son ( ei!r numb]4 #aii4 ,le>n ! foll[+ pr9cipal p>ts3#b ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,indic4 ,,irregul> ,,v]bs sum esse fu be absum abesse fu be away d d>e d$ give ,,conjugation ,,ii cont9e cont9re cont9u hold 91 keep doce docre docu tea* ege egre egu ne$ fave favre fv favor iube iubre iuss ord] noce nocre nocu injure p]sude p]sudre p]sus p]suade responde respondre respond reply s$e s$re sd sit /ude /udre /udu be eag] ,,conjugation ,,iii ag ag]e g drive crd crd]e crdid believe fugi fug]e fg flee iaci iac]e ic hurl int]fici int]fic]e int]fc kill rapi rap]e rapu seize resist resist]e re/it resi/ ,,conjugation ,,iv reperi rep]re repp] f9d ,footnote #b3 ,^! are all v]bs t y h _h be=e1 & ! p]fect is ! only new =m to be le>n$4 #bjj4 ,,p]seus ,,& ,,&rom$a 7,conclud$7 ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bij4 ,read ! :ole /ory4 ,p]seus semp] proeli /udbat#c et respondit1#c 8,v]ba tua sunt maxim grta10 et laetus arma sua magica p>vit4#c ,subit mn/rum vidtur2 cel]it] p] aquam prop]at et ,&rom$ae adprop9quat4 ,eius amc long absunt et mis]a puella e/ sla4 ,p]seus autem s9e mor sup] aquam volvit4#c ,subit dsc5dit#c et dr gladi saevum mn/rum gravit] vuln]vit4#c ,di pugntur1#d di proelium e/ dubium4 ,dnique autem ,p]seus mn/rum int]fcit#c et victriam reportvit4#c ,tum ad saxum vnit#c et ,&rom$am lb]vit#c et eam ad ,cpheum dxit4#c ,is1 np] mis]1 nunc laetus1 ita dxit#c3 8,tu auxili1 m amce1 cra flia mea e/ lb]a2 tua e/ ,&rom$a40 ,di ,p]seus cum ,&rom$ ibi habitbat#c et magnop]e tt popul ambtur4#c ,footnote #c3 ,see if y c expla9 ! use ( ! p]fects & imp]fects 9 ?is passage4 ,footnote #d3 ,! v]b pugntur means1 lit]ally1 x is f\ght2 translate freely1 ! battle is f\ght1 or ! conte/ rages4 ,! v]b pugn 9 ,lat9 is intransitive1 & s does n h a p]sonal subject 9 ! passive4 ,a v]b ) an indet]m9ate subject1 designat$ 9 ,engli% by x1 is call$ imp]sonal4 ,,lesson ,,xxxv ,,! ,,passive ,,p]fects ,,( ,,! ,,indicative ,,! ,,p]fect ,,passive ,,& ,,future ,,active ,,inf9itive #bja4 ,! f\r? & la/ ( ! pr9cipal p>ts 7#ahc7 is ! p]fect passive p>ticiple4 ,f x we get ! p>ticipial /em on :i* are =m$ ! future active inf9itive & all ! passive p]fects4 #a4 ,le>n ! foll[+ pr9cipal p>ts1 :i* are = ! fir/ "t giv5 9 full3 ,,conj4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,inf94 ,,p]f4 ,,indic4 ,,p]f4 ,,pass4 ,,"p4 ,i4 am am-re amv- amt-u ,?is is ! model = all regul> v]bs ( ! fir/ conjugation4 ,,ii4 mone mon-re monu- monit-u ,,iii4 reg rege-re rx- rct-u capi cape-re cp- capt-u ,,iv4 audi aud-re audv- audt-u #b4 ,! base ( ! p>ticipial /em is f\nd by dropp+ -u f ! p]fect passive p>ticiple4 #bjb4 ,9 ,engli% ! p]fect1 pa/ p]fect1 & future p]fect t5ses ( ! indicative passive are made up ( =ms ( ! auxili>y v]b to be & ! pa/ p>ticiple2 z1 ,i h be5 lov$1 ,i _h be5 lov$1 ,i %all h be5 lov$4 ,v simil>ly1 9 ,lat91 ! p]fect1 plup]fect1 & future p]fect passive t5ses use respectively ! pres5t1 imp]fect1 & future ( sum z an auxili>y v]b ) ! p]fect passive p>ticiple1 z ,p]fect passive1 amtus sum1 ,i h be5 or 0 lov$ ,plup]fect passive1 amtus eram1 ,i _h be5 lov$ ,future p]fect passive1 amtus er1 ,i %all h be5 lov$ #a4 ,9 ! same way give ! synopsis ( ! correspond+ t5ses ( mone1 reg1 capi1 & audi1 & give ! ,engli% mean+s4 #bjc4 ,nature ( ! ,p>ticiple4 ,a p>ticiple is p>tly v]b & p>tly adjective4 ,z a v]b x possesses t5se & voice4 ,z an adjective x is decl9$ & agrees ) ! ^w x modifies 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & case4 #bjd4 ,! p]fect passive p>ticiple is decl9$ l bonus1 bona1 bonum1 & 9 ! comp\nd t5ses 7#bjb7 x agrees z a pr$icate adjective ) ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,,examples ,,9 ,,s+ul> ,vir laudtus e/1 ! man 0 prais$1 or has be5 prais$ ,puella laudta e/1 ! girl 0 prais$1 or has be5 prais$ ,cnsilium laudtum e/1 ! plan 0 prais$1 or has be5 prais$ ,,examples ,,9 ,,plural ,vir laudt sunt1 ! m5 7 prais$1 or h be5 prais$ ,puellae laudtae sunt1 ! girls 7 prais$1 or h be5 prais$ ,cnsilia laudta sunt1 ! plans 7 prais$1 or h be5 prais$ #a4 ,inflect ! p]fect1 plup]fect1 & future p]fect indicative passive ( am1 mone1 reg1 capi1 & audi 7#dhh-dib74 #bje4 ,! p]fect passive inf9itive is =m$ by add+ esse1 ! pres5t inf9itive ( sum1 to ! p]fect passive p>ticiple2 z1 amt-u 7-a1 -um7 esse1 to h be5 lov$2 monit-u 7-a1 -um7 esse1 to h be5 advis$4 #a4 ,=m ! p]fect passive inf9itive ( reg1 capi1 audi1 & give ! ,engli% mean+s4 #bjf4 ,! future active inf9itive is =m$ by add+ esse1 ! pres5t inf9itive ( sum1 to ! future active p>ticiple4 ,?is p>ticiple is made by add+ -rus1 -a1 -um to ! base ( ! p>ticipial /em4 ,?us ! future active inf9itive ( am is amat-rus 7-a1 -um7 esse1 to be ab\t to love4 a4 ,note t 9 =m+ ! ?ree t5ses ( ! active inf9itive we use all ?ree conjugation /ems3 ,pres5t1 amre 7pres5t /em71 to love ,p]fect1 amvisse 7p]fect /em71 to h lov$ ,future1 amtrus esse 7p>ticipial /em71 to be ab\t to love #a4 ,give ! ?ree t5ses ( ! active inf9itive ( laud1 mone1 reg1 capi1 audi1 ) ! ,engli% mean+s4 #bjg4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,fbula ,&rom$ae nrrta e/4 #b4 ,multae fbulae magi/r nrrtae sunt4 #c4 ,ag] ab agricol valid artus erat4 #d4 ,agr ab agricols valids art erant4 #e4 ,aurum s]v p]fid ad domicilium suum porttum erit4 #f4 ,no/ra arma lgt laudta sunt4 ,quis ve/ra arma laudvit8 #g4 ,ab ancill tu ad cnam voctae sumus4 #h4 ,&rom$a mn/r nn data e/1 quia mn/rum ,p]se nectum erat4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! prov9ces 7 laid wa/e1 ! field _h be5 laid wa/e1 ! t[ns w h be5 laid wa/e4 #b4 ,! oracles 7 he>d1 ! oracle 0 he>d1 ! oracles _h be5 he>d4 #c4 ,! oracle w h be5 he>d1 ! prov9ce _h be5 captur$1 ! boats h be5 captur$4 #d4 ,! fields 7 laid wa/e1 ! man 0 advis$1 ! girls w h be5 advis$4 #e4 ,! t[ns _h be5 rul$1 we %all h be5 captur$1 y w h be5 he>d4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi ,,review ,,( ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts ,,prepositions ,,yes-,,or-,,no ,,que/ions ,special ,vocabul>y dext]1 dextra1 dextrum1 "r 7dextr\s7 s9i/]1 s9i/ra1 s9i/rum1 left fr/r1 adv41 9 va9 7fru/rate7 g]1 g]]e1 gess1 ge/us1 be>1 c>ry on2 we>2 bellum g]]e1 to wage w> occup1 occupre1 occupv1 occuptus1 seize1 take possession ( 7occupy7 po/ul1 po/ulre1 po/ulv1 po/ultus1 dem& 7ex-po/ulate7 recs1 recsre1 recsv1 recstus1 refuse /1 /re1 /et1 /atus1 /& tempt1 temptre1 temptv1 tempttus1 try1 tempt1 te/2 attempt t5e1 t5re1 t5u1 ----1 keep1 hold 7t5aci\s7 ,! ^w ubi1 :i* we h us$ s mu* 9 ! s5se ( :]e 9 ask+ a "q1 has two o!r uses equally important3 #a4 ubi :51 z a relative conjunction d5ot+ "t2 z1 ,ubi mn/rum audvrunt1 fgrunt1 :5 !y he>d ! mon/]1 !y fl$ #b4 ubi :]e1 z a relative conjunction d5ot+ place2 z1 ,vide oppidum ubi ,galba habitat1 ,i see ! t[n :]e ,galba lives ubi is call$ a relative conjunction because x is equival5t to a relative pron\n4 ,:5 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce is equival5t to at ! "t at :i*2 & 9 ! second1 :]e is equival5t to ! place 9 :i*4 #bjh4 ,! foll[+ li/ %[s ! pr9cipal p>ts ( all ! v]bs y h _h except+ ^? us$ 9 ! p>adigms4 ,! p>ts y h _h be=e are giv5 = review1 & ! p]fect p>ticiple is ! only new =m = y to le>n4 ,sometimes "o or m ( ! pr9cipal p>ts are lack+1 :i* means t ! v]b has no =ms bas$ on t /em4 ,a few v]bs lack ! p]fect passive p>ticiple b h ! future active p>ticiple 9 -rus1 :i* appe>s 9 ! pr9cipal p>ts in/ead4 ,,irregul> ,,v]bs sum esse fu futrus be absum abesse fu futrus be away d#a d>e d$ datus give ,footnote #a3 d is be/ class$ ) ! irregul> v]bs because ( ! %ort a 9 ! pres5t & p>ticipial /ems4 ,,conjugation ,i port portre portv porttus c>ry ,s = all v]bs ( ?is conjugation ?us f> us$4 ,,conjugation ,,ii cont9e cont9re cont9u cont5tus hold 91 keep dle dlre dlv dltus de/roy doce docre docu doctus tea* ege egre egu ---- lack fave favre fv fautrus favor iube iubre iuss iussus ord] move movre mv mtus move noce nocre nocu nocitrus injure pre prre pru ---- obey p]sude p]sudre p]sus p]susus p]suade 7f7 prohibe prohibre prohibu prohibitus re/ra91 keep responde respondre respond respnsus reply s$e s$re sd -sessus sit /ude /udre /udu ---- be eag] vide vidre vd vsus see ,,conjugation ,,iii ag ag]e g ctus drive crd crd]e crdid crditus believe dc dc]e dx dictus say discd discd]e discess discessus dep>t dc dc]e dx ductus lead faci#b fac]e fc factus make fugi fug]e fg fugitrus flee iaci iac]e ic iactus hurl int]fici int]fic]e int]fc int]fectus kill mitt mitt]e ms missus s5d rapi rap]e rapu raptus seize resi/ resi/]e re/it ---- resi/ ,,conjugation ,,iv mni mnre mnv mntus =tify rep]i rep]re repp] rep]tus f9d v5i v5re vn v5tus come ,footnote #b3 faci has an irregul> passive :i* w be pres5t$ lat]4 #bji4 ,prepositions4 #a4 ,we le>n$ 9 #eb1 #ec t only ! accusative & ! ablative are us$ ) prepositions1 & t prepositions express+ ablative relations gov]n ! ablative case4 ,^? we h _h are "h summ>iz$4 ,! table foll[+ %\ld be le>n$4 or ab1 f1 by cum1 ) d1 d[n f1 conc]n+ or ex1 out f1 out ( pr1 be=e1 9 front (2 =1 9 behalf ( s9e1 )\t #b4 ,prepositions n express+ ablative relations mu/ gov]n ! accusative 7#eb74 ,( ^! we h _h ! foll[+3 ad1 to2 apud1 among2 p]1 ?r\gh ,!re are _m o!rs :i* y w meet z we proce$4 #c4 ,! preposition 9 :5 mean+ 9 or on gov]ns ! ablative2 :5 mean+ to1 into1 aga9/ 7relations =eign to ! ablative7 9 gov]ns ! accusative4 #baj4 ,yes-or-,no ,que/ions4 ,que/ions n introduc$ by "s int]rogative ^w l :o1 :y1 :51 etc41 b expect+ ! answ] yes or no1 may take "o ( ?ree =ms3 #a4 ,is he com+8 7,ask+ = in=mation4 ,imply+ no?+ z to ! answ] expect$47 #b4 ,is he n com+8 7,expect+ ! answ] yes47 #c4 ,he isnt com+1 is he8 7,expect+ ! answ] no47 ,^! ?ree =ms are r5d]$ 9 ,lat9 z foll[s3 #a4 ,v5itne8 is he com+8 #b4 ,nnne v5it8 is he n com+8 #c4 ,num v5it8 he isnt com+1 is he8 a4 -ne1 ! "q sign1 is usually add$ to ! v]b1 :i* !n /&s fir/4 b4 ,we le>n$ 9 #ef4;b t yes-or-no que/ions are usually answ]$ by repeat+ ! v]b1 ) or )\t a negative4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 ita1 vr1 c]t1 etc4 7s1 truly1 c]ta9ly1 etc47 may be us$ = yes1 & nn1 m9im1 etc4 = no if ! d5ial is emphatic1 z1 by no means1 n at all4 #baa4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bij4 ,i4 #a4 ,nnne habbat ,cornlia rnm5ta aur8 ,habbat4 #b4 ,num ,sextus lgtus sctum 9 dextr brac*i g]bat8 ,nn 9 dextr1 s$ s9i/r 9 brac*i ,sextus sctum g]bat4 #c4 ,fr/r bella multa ab ,galls ge/a erant4 #d4 ,ubi oppidum p]fid ,sext occuptum e/1 oppidn mis] gladi int]fect sunt4 #e4 ,id oppidum erat plnum frm5t4 #f4 ,nnne ,sextus ab oppidns frm5tum po/ulvit8 ,vr1 s$ i recsvrunt frm5tum d>e4 #g4 ,cr oppidum ab ,sext dltum e/8 ,quia frm5tum recstum e/4 #h4 ,ea victria nn dubia erat4 #i4 ,oppidn erant dfess et arms egbant4 #aj4 ,num fugam temptvrunt8 ,m9im4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:]e 0 ,julia /&+8 ,%e 0 /&+ :]e y _h ord]$4 #b4 ,0 ,julia we>+ any ornam5ts8 ,%e _h _m ornam5ts ( gold4 #c4 ,did %e n attempt flight :5 %e saw ! dang]8 ,%e did4 #d4 ,:o captur$ h]8 ,galba captur$ h] )\t delay & held h] by ! left arm4 #e4 ,%e didnt h ! lady's gold1 did %e8 ,no1 ! gold _h be5 tak5 by a fai?less maid & has be5 br\ght back4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f\r? ,review1 ,lessons ,,xxvii-,,xxxvi1 #eac-eaf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii ,,conjugation ,,( ,,possum ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,us$ ,,z ,,9 ,,engli% ,special ,vocabul>y neque or nec1 conj41 nei!r1 nor1 & 444 n2 neque 444 neque1 nei!r 444 nor ca/ellum1 -1 n41 r$\bt1 =t 7ca/le7 cotdi1 adv41 daily cess1 cessre1 cessv1 cesstus1 cease1 ) ! inf94 incipi1 incip]e1 incp1 inceptus1 beg9 7incipi5t71 ) ! inf94 oppugn1 oppugnre1 oppugnv1 oppugntus1 /orm1 assail pet1 pet]e1 petivi or peti1 pettus1 aim at1 assail1 /orm1 attack2 seek1 ask 7petition7 pn1 pn]e1 posu1 positus1 place1 put 7position72 ca/ra pn]e1 to pit* camp possum1 posse1 potu1 ----1 be able1 c 7pot5t71 ) ! inf94 vet1 vetre1 vetu1 vetitus1 =bid 7veto71 vi? ! inf942 opposite ( iube1 comm& v9c1 v9c]e1 vc1 victus1 conqu] 79-v9cible7 vv1 vv]e1 vx1 ----1 live1 be alive 7re-vive7 #bab4 ,le>n ! pr9cipal p>ts ( possum1 ,i am able1 ,i c1 & its inflection 9 ! indicative & inf9itive4 7,cf4 #die47 a4 ,possum1 ,i c1 is a comp\nd ( potis1 able1 & sum1 ,i am4 #bac4 ,! ,inf9itive ) ,subject ,accusative4 ,! inf9itive 7cf4 #agc7 is a v]bal n\n4 ,us$ z a n\n1 x has ! con/ructions ( a n\n4 ,z a v]b x c gov]n a case & be modifi$ by an adv]b4 ,! uses ( ! inf9itive are mu* ! same 9 ,lat9 z 9 ,engli%4 #a4 ,9 ,engli% c]ta9 v]bs ( wi%+1 comm&+1 =bidd+1 & ! l are us$ ) an object clause consi/+ ( a sub/antive 9 ! objective case & an inf9itive1 z1 he comm&$ ! m5 to flee4 ,su* object clauses are call$ inf9itive clauses1 & ! sub/antive is said to be ! subject ( ! inf9itive4 ,simil>ly 9 ,lat91 "s v]bs ( wi%+1 comm&+1 =bidd+1 & ! l are us$ ) an object clause consi/+ ( an inf9itive ) a subject 9 ! accusative case1 z1 ,is virs fug]e iussit1 he comm&$ ! m5 to flee4 #bad4 ,,rule4 ,subject ( ! ,inf9itive4 ,! subject ( ! inf9itive is 9 ! accusative4 #bae4 ,! ,complem5t>y ,inf9itive4 ,9 ,engli% a v]b is (t5 foll[$ by an inf9itive to complete its mean+1 z1 ! ,romans are able to conqu] ! ,gauls4 ,?is is call$ ! complem5t>y inf9itive1 z ! pr$icate is n complete )\t ! add$ inf9itive4 ,simil>ly 9 ,lat91 v]bs ( incomplete pr$ication are complet$ by ! inf9itive4 ,among su* v]bs are possum1 ,i am able1 ,i c2 prop]1 mtr1 ,i ha/52 tempt1 ,i attempt2 z ,rmn ,galls sup]re possunt1 ! ,romans are able to 7or c7 conqu] ! ,gauls ,bellum g]]e mtrant1 !y ha/5 to wage w> a4 ,a pr$icate adjective complet+ a complem5t>y inf9itive agrees 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & case ) ! subject ( ! ma9 v]b4 ,mal pu] esse bon nn possunt1 bad boys are n able to 7or _c7 be good4 ,obs]ve t bon agrees ) pu]4 #baf4 ,! ,inf9itive us$ z a ,n\n4 ,9 ,engli% ! inf9itive is (t5 us$ z a pure n\n1 z ! subject ( a s5t5ce1 or z a pr$icate nom9ative4 ,= example1 ,to conqu] 7 conqu]+7 is pleas+2 ,to see 7 see+7 is to believe 7 believ+74 ,! same use ( ! inf9itive is f\nd 9 ,lat91 especially ) e/1 z ,sup]re e/ grtum1 to conqu] is pleas+ ,vidre e/ crd]e1 to see is to believe a4 ,9 ! con/ruction above1 ! inf9itive (t5 has a subject1 :i* mu/ !n be 9 ! accusative case1 z ,galbam sup]re inimcs e/ grtum mults1 = ,galba to conqu] 8 enemies is pleas+ to _m b4 ,an inf9itive us$ z a n\n is neut] s+ul>4 ,?us1 9 ! s5t5ce sup]re e/ grtum1 ! pr$icate adjective grtum is 9 ! neut] nom9ative s+ul> to agree ) sup]re ! subject4 #bag4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bia4 ,i4 #a4 ,magi/] ld lb]s cum dlig5ti labrre iussit4 #b4 ,egre cib et v9 e/ virs mole/um4 #c4 ,vir armt veturunt ,galls ca/ra ibi pn]e4 #d4 ,e/ne lgtus 9 ca/ell an 9 mr8 ,is e/ pr port4 #e4 ,ubi no/r#a fug]e incprunt1 lgtus ab ve/rs#a captus e/4 #f4 ,gall ca/ellum ibi oppugnv]ant ubi praesidium erat nfrmum4 #g4 ,ali pugnre temptbant1 ali ports petbant4 #h4 ,fm9ae pr domicilis s$bant neque resi/]e valids ,galls pot]ant4 #i4 ,bellum e/ saevum1 nec nfrms nec mis]s favet4 #aj4 ,s$ vir arma po/ulbant et /udbant ,galls d mrs ag]e4 #aa4 ,id ca/ellum ab ,galls occupr ,rmns nn grtum erit4 #ab4 ,gall ubi ,rmns vict sunt1 esse lb]#b cessvrunt4 #ac4 ,di s9e aqu vv]e nn pote/is4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! girl began daily to c>ry wat] f ! riv] to ! gates4 #b4 ,! ,gauls _h pit*$ _! camp 9 a place suitable = a battle4 #c4 ,= a long "t !y tri$ 9 va9 to seize ! r$\bt4 #d4 ,nei!r did !y cease to hurl weapons aga9/#c ! walls4 #e4 ,b !y 7 n able to 7c\ld n7 take ! t[n4 ,footnote #a3 ,supply m54 no/ri1 ve/r1 & su are (t5 us$ z n\ns 9 ?is way4 ,footnote #b3 ,n *ildr54 ,! ,romans us$ lb] ei!r z an adjective1 mean+ free1 or z a n\n1 mean+ ! free1 !reby signify+ _! free-born *ildr54 ,! ^w 0 nev] appli$ to *ildr5 ( slaves4 ,footnote #c3 9 ) ! accusative4 #bah4 ,,! ,,fai?less ,,t>pe,,ia ,sabn lim cum ,rmns bellum g]bant et mults victris reportv]ant4 ,iam agrs proxims mrs v/bant1 iam oppid adprop9qubant4 ,rmn autem 9 ,capitlium fg]ant et long p]cul ab]ant4 ,mrs valids et saxs alts crdbant4 ,fr/r ,sabn tla iacibant1 fr/r ports drs petbant2 ca/ellum occupre nn pot]ant4 ,de9de novum cnsilium cprunt4#d ,t>pia erat puella ,rmna pul*ra et sup]ba4 ,cotdi aquam cpis ,rmns 9 ,capitlium portbat4 ,e#e nn nocbant ,sabn1 quod ea s9e arms erat neque ,sabn bellum cum fm9s lb]sque g]bant4 ,t>pia autem maxim ambat rnm5ta aur4 ,cotdi ,sabnrum rnm5ta vidbat et mox ea dsd]re incipibat4 ,e nus ex#f ,sabns dxit1 8,dc cpis ,sabns intr ports1 ,t>pia1 et maxima erunt praemia tua40 ,footnote #d3 cnsilium cap]e1 to make a plan4 ,:y is ! p]fect t5se us$ "h & ! imp]fect 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ces8 ,expla9 ! use ( t5ses 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,footnote #e3 ,dative ) nocbant4 7,cf4 #aed47 ,footnote #f3 ex1 out (1 i4e4 f ! nuumb] (2 be/ translat$ (4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t>peia ,,puella ,,p]fida ,,lesson ,,xxxviii ,,! ,,relative ,,pron\n ,,& ,,! ,,int]rogative ,,pron\n #bai4 ,s5t5ces are simple1 comp\nd1 or complex4 a4 ,a simple s5t5ce is a s5t5ce conta9+ b "o /atem5t1 t is1 "o subject & "o pr$icate3 ,! ,romans approa*$ ! t[n4 b4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce is a s5t5ce conta9+ two or m indep5d5t /atem5ts3 ,! ,romans approa*$ ! t[n & ! enemy fl$4 ,,note4 ,an indep5d5t /atem5t is "o t c /& alone2 x does n dep5d ^u ano!r /atem5t4 c4 ,a complex s5t5ce is a s5t5ce conta9+ "o indep5d5t /atem5t & "o or m dep5d5t /atem5ts3 ,:5 ! ,romans approa*$ ! t[n ! enemy fl$4 ,,note4 ,a dep5d5t or subord9ate /atem5t is "o t dep5ds on or qualifies ano!r /atem5t2 ?us ! enemy fl$ is indep5d5t1 & :5 ! ,romans approa*$ ! t[n is dep5d5t or subord9ate4 d4 ,! sep>ate /atem5ts 9 a comp\nd or complex s5t5ce are call$ clauses4 ,9 a complex s5t5ce ! indep5d5t /atem5t is call$ ! ma9 clause & ! dep5d5t /atem5t ! subord9ate clause4 #bbj4 ,exam9e ! complex s5t5ce ,! ,romans kill$ ! m5 :o 7 tak5 ,"h are two clauses3 a4 ,! ma9 clause1 ,! ,romans kill$ ! m5 b4 ,! subord9ate clause1 :o 7 tak5 ,! ^w :o is a pron\n1 = x takes ! place ( ! n\n m54 ,x also connects ! subord9ate clause :o 7 tak5 ) ! n\n m54 ,h5ce ! clause is an adjective clause4 ,a pron\n t connects an adjective clause ) a sub/antive is call$ a relative pron\n1 & ! sub/antive = :i* ! relative pron\n /&s is call$ its antec$5t4 ,! relative pron\ns 9 ,engli% are :o1 ^:1 :om1 :i*1 :at1 t4 #bba4 ,! relative pron\n 9 ,lat9 is qu1 quae1 quod1 & x is decl9$ z foll[s3 ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 qu quae quod qu quae quae ,g54 cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum ,dat4 cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus ,acc4 quem quam quod qus qus quae ,abl4 qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus #a4 ,review ! decl5sion ( is1 #aad1 & note ! simil>ity 9 ! end+s4 ,! =ms qu1 quae1 & quibus are ! only =ms %[+ new end+s4 ,,note4 ,! g5itive cuius & ! dative cui are pron\nc$ cooiyoos 7two syllables7 & cooi 7"o syllable74 #bbb4 ,! ,relative ,pron\n is translat$ z foll[s3#a ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 :o1 t :i*1 :at1 t ,g54 ( :om1 ^: ( :i*1 ( :at1 ^: ,dat4 to or = :om to or = :i*1 to or = :at ,acc4 :om1 t :i*1 :at1 t ,abl4 f1 etc41 :om f1 etc41 :i* or :at ,footnote #a3 ,?is table ( mean+s ne$ n be memoriz$4 ,x is ins]t$ = ref]5ce :5 translat+4 a4 ,we see f ! table above t qu1 :5 x ref]s to a p]son1 is translat$ by "s =m ( :o or by t2 & t :5 x ref]s to any?+ else x is translat$ by :i*1 :at1 or t4 #bbc4 ,note ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,! ,romans kill$ ! m5 :o 7 tak5 ,! ,romans kill$ ! woman :o 0 tak5 ,rmn int]fcrunt virs qu capt sunt ,rmn int]fcrunt fm9am quae capta e/ ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce :o 7qu7 ref]s to ! antec$5t m5 7virs71 & is mascul9e plural4 ,9 ! second1 :o 7quae7 ref]s to woman 7fm9am71 & fem99e s+ul>4 ,f ?is we le>n t ! relative mu/ agree ) its antec$5t 9 g5d] & numb]4 ,9 nei!r ( ! s5t5ces are ! antec$5ts & relatives 9 ! same case4 ,virs & fm9am are accusatives1 & qu & quae are nom9atives1 be+ ! subjects ( ! subord9ate clauses4 ,h5ce #bbd4 ,,rule4 ,agreem5t ( ! ,relative4 ,a relative pron\n mu/ agree ) its antec$5t 9 g5d] & numb]2 b its case is det]m9$ by ! way x is us$ 9 its own clause4 #bbe4 ,int]rogative ,pron\ns4 ,an int]rogative pron\n is a pron\n t asks a "q4 ,9 ,engli% ! int]rogatives are :o8 :i*8 :at8 ,9 ,lat9 !y are quis8 quid8 7pron\n7 & qu8 quae8 quod8 7adjective74 #bbf4 ,exam9e ! s5t5ces a4 ,:o is ! man8 ,quis e/ vir8 b4 ,:at man is lead+ !m8 ,qu vir es dcit8 ,9 a1 :o is an int]rogative pron\n4 ,9 b1 :at is an int]rogative adjective4 ,obs]ve t 9 ,lat9 quis1 quid is ! pron\n & qu1 quae1 quod is ! adjective4 #bbg4 #a4 ,! int]rogative adjective qu1 quae1 quod is decl9$ j l ! relative pron\n4 7,see #bba47 #b4 ,! int]rogative pron\n quis1 quid is decl9$ l qu1 quae1 quod 9 ! plural4 ,9 ! s+ul> x is decl9$ z foll[s3 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 quis1 :o8 quid1 :at8 :i*8 ,g54 cuius1 ^:8 cuius1 ^:8 ,dat4 cui1 to or = :om8 cui1 to or = :at or :i*8 ,acc4 quem1 :om8 quid1 :at8 :i*8 ,abl4 qu1 f1 etc41 :om8 qu1 f1 etc41 :i* or :at8 ,,note4 ,obs]ve t ! mascul9e & fem99e are alike & t all ! =ms are l ! correspond+ =ms ( ! relative1 except+ quis & quid4 #bbh4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,quis e/ aeg]8 ,s]vus quem am e/ aeg]4 #b4 ,cuius sctum habs8 ,sctum habe quod lgtus ad ca/ellum msit4 #c4 ,cui lgtus suum sctum dabit8 ,fli me sctum dabit4 #d4 ,ubi ,g]mn antqu vvbant8 ,9 t]r quae e/ proxima ,rhn ,g]mn vvbant4 #e4 ,quibuscum#a ,g]mn bellum g]bant8 ,cum ,rmns1 qui es sup]re /udbant1 ,g]mn bellum g]bant4 #f4 ,qu vir ca/ra pnunt8 ,i sunt vir qurum arms ,g]mn vict sunt4 #g4 ,quibus tls cpiae no/rae egurunt8 ,gladis et tels no/rae cpiae egurunt4 #h4 quibus porta s9i/ra t5btur8 socis porta s9i/ra t5btur4 #i4 ,quae prv9ciae ,rmns occuptae sunt8 ,multae prv9ciae ,rmns occuptae sunt4 #aj4 ,quibus virs de favbunt8 ,bons virs de favbunt4 ,footnote #a3 cum is add$ to ! ablative ( relative1 int]rogative1 & p]sonal pron\ns in/ead ( be+ plac$ be=e !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]mani ,,antiqui ,,ii4 #a4 ,:at victory w y ann\nce8 #b4 ,i w ann\nce to ! p ! victory :i* ! sailors h won4 #c4 ,! m5 :o 7 pit*+ camp 7 eag] = battle4 #d4 ,nev]!less !y 7 soon conqu]$ by ! troops :i* ,sextus _h s5t4 #e4 ,!y c\ld n resi/ our =ces1 b fl$ f t place )\t delay4 #bbi4 ,,! ,,fai?less ,,t>peia 7,conclud$7#b ,t>pia1 commta rnam5ts ,sabnrum pul*rs1 di resi/]e nn potuit et respondit3 8,date mihi#c rnm5ta quae 9 s9i/rs brac*s g]itis1 et cel]it] cpis ve/rs 9 ,capitlium dcam40 ,nec ,sabn recsvrunt1 s$ p] drs magnsque ca/ell ports prop]vrunt qu#a ,t>pia dxit et mox intr valids et alts mrs /bant4 ,tum s9e mor 9#b ,t>piam scta gravit] icrunt2 nam scta quoque 9 s9i/rs brac*is g]bant4 ,ita p]fida puella ,t>pia int]fecta e/2 ita ,sabn ,capitlium occupvrunt4 ,footnote #b3 ,expla9 ! use ( ! t5ses 9 ?is selection4 ,footnote #c3 to me4 ,footnote #a3 qu :i!r1 to ! place :]e4 ,"h quo is ! relative adv]b4 ,we h _h x us$ be=e z ! int]rogative adv]b1 :i!r8 to :at place8 ,footnote #b3 ^u4 ,,lesson ,,xxxix ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion ,,consonant ,,/ems ,special ,vocabul>y b>b>us1 -a1 -um1 /range1 =eign1 b>b>\s4 ,z a n\n1 b>b>1 -rum1 m41 plur41 savages1 b>b>ians dux1 ducis1 m41 lead] 7duke74 ,cf4 ! v]b dc eques1 equitis1 m41 horseman1 cavalryman 7eque/rian7 idex1 idicis1 m41 judge lapis1 lapidis1 m41 /one 7lapid>y7 mles1 mlitis1 m41 soldi] 7militia7 p$es1 p$itis1 m41 foot soldi] 7p$e/rian7 ps1 p$is1,a m41 foot 7p$al7 prnceps1 prncipis1 m41 *ief 7pr9cipal7 rx1 rgis1 m41 k+ 7regal7 summus1 -a1 -um1 highe/1 greate/ 7summit7 virts1 virttis1 f41 manl9ess1 c\rage 7virtue7 ,footnote ,a3 ,obs]ve t e is long 9 ! nom4 s+1 & %ort 9 ! o!r cases4 #bcj4 ,bases & ,/ems4 ,9 le>n+ ! fir/ & second decl5sions we saw t ! diff]5t cases 7 =m$ by add+ ! case t]m9ations to ! "p ( ! ^w t did n *ange1 :i* we call$ ! base4 ,if to ! base we add - 9 ! fir/ decl5sion1 & -o 9 ! second1 we get :at is call$ ! /em4 ,?us porta has ! base port- & ! /em port-2 s]vus has ! base s]v- & ! /em s]vo-4 ,^! /em v[els1 -- & -o-1 play s important a "p 9 ! =mation ( ! case t]m9ations t ^! decl5sions are nam$ f !m respectively ! - & ,o-,decl5sions4 #bca4 ,n\ns ( ! ,?ird ,decl5sion4 ,! ?ird decl5sion is call$ ! ,consonant or ,i-,decl5sion1 & its n\ns are classifi$ accord+ to ! way ! /em ends4 ,if ! la/ lett] ( ! /em is a consonant1 ! ^w is said to h a consonant /em2 if ! /em ends 9 -i-1 ! ^w is said to h an i-/em4 ,9 consonant /ems ! /em is ! same z ! base4 ,9 i-/ems ! /em is =m$ by add+ -i- to ! base4 ,! pres5ce ( ! i makes a diff]5ce 9 c]ta9 ( ! cases1 s ! di/9ction is a v important "o4 #bcb4 ,consonant /ems are divid$ into two classes3 ,i4 ,/ems t add -s to ! base to =m ! nom9ative s+ul>4 ,,ii4 ,/ems t add no t]m9ation 9 ! nom9ative s+ul>4 ,,class ,i #bcc4 ,/ems t add -s to ! base 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> are ei!r mascul9e or fem99e & are decl9$ z foll[s3 prnceps1 mles1 m41 lapis1 m41 *ief soldi] m41 /one ,,bases ,,or ,,/ems prncip- mlit- lapid- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,nom4 prnceps mles lapis -s ,g54 prncipis mlitis lapidis -is ,dat4 prncip mlit lapid - ,acc4 prncipem mlitem lapidem -em ,abl4 prncipe mlite lapide -e ,,plural ,nom4 prncips mlits lapids -s ,g54 prncipum mlitum lapidum -um ,dat4 prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus ,acc4 prncips mlits lapids -s ,abl4 prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus rx1 idex1 virts1 f41 m41 k+ m41judge manl9ess ,,bases ,,or ,,/ems rg- idic- virtt- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,nom4 rx idex virts -s ,g54 rgis idicis virttis -is ,dat4 rg idic virtt - ,acc4 rgem idicem virttem -em ,abl4 rge idice virtte -e ,,plural ,nom4 rgs idics virtts -s ,g54 rgum idicum virttum -um ,dat4 rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus ,acc4 rgs idics virtts -s ,abl4 rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus #a4 ,! base or /em is f\nd by dropp+ -is 9 ! g5itive s+ul>4 #b4 ,mo/ n\ns ( two syllables1 l prnceps 7prncip-71 mles 7mlit-71 idex 7idic-71 h i 9 ! base1 b e 9 ! nom9ative4 a4 lapis is an exception to ?is rule4 #c4 ,obs]ve ! consonant *anges ( ! base or /em 9 ! nom9ative3 a4 ,a f9al -t or -d is dropp$ be=e -s2 ?us mles = mlets1 lapis = lapids1 virts = virtts4 b4 ,a f9al -c or -g unites ) -s & =ms -x2 ?us idec s idex1 rg s rx4 #d4 ,review #gd & apply ! rules to ?is decl5sion4 ,9 l mann] decl9e dux1 ducis1 m41 lead]2 eques1 equitis1 m41 horseman2 p$es1 p$itis1 m41 foot soldi]2 ps1 p$is1 m41foot4 #bcd4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bia4 ,i4 #a4 ,neque p$its neque equits occupre ca/ellum ,rmnum pot]ant4 #b4 ,summ virtte mrs alts cotdi oppugnbant4 #c4 ,p$es mlitum lapidibus qu d mr iacibantur saepe vuln]bantur4 #d4 ,quod novum cnsilium dux cpit8 #e4 ,is p]fidam puellam pul*rs rnm5ts temptvit4 #f4 ,quid puella fcit8 #g4 ,puella commta aur mlits p] ports dxit4 #h4 ,tam5 praemia quae summ /udi petv]at nn reportvit4 #i4 ,apud ,rmns antqus ,t>pia nn e/ laudta4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:at %ip is t :i* ,i see8 ,t 7illud7 %ip is ! ,victory4 ,x is sail+ n[ ) a favorable w9d & w soon approa* ,italy4 #b4 ,! judges comm&$ ! savages to be seiz$ & to be kill$4 #c4 ,! *iefs ( ! savages sudd5ly began to flee1 b 7 quickly captur$ by ! horsem54 #d4 ,! k+ l$ ! foot soldi]s to ! wall f :i* ! t[nsm5 7 hurl+ /ones ) ! greate/ zeal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,navigium ,,lesson ,,xl ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion ,,consonant ,,/ems 7,cont9u$7 ,special ,vocabul>y ,caes>1 -aris1 m41 ,cs> captvus1 -1 m41 captive1 prison] cnsul1 -is1 m41 consul frt]1 frtris1 m41 bro!r 7frat]nity7 hom1 hom9is1 m41 man1 human be+ imp$m5tum1 -1 n41 h9drance 7imp$im5t72 plur4 imp$m5ta1 -rum1 baggage imp]tor1 imp]tris1 m41 comm&] 9 *ief1 g5]al 7emp]or7 legi1 leginis1 f41 legion mt]1 mtris1 f41 "m 7mat]nal7 rd1 rd9is1 m41 r[1 rank 7ord]7 pat]1 patris1 m41 fa!r 7pat]nal7 sals1 saltis1 f41 safety 7salut>y7 soror1 sorris1 f41 si/] 7sorority7 ,,class ,,ii #bce4 ,consonant /ems t add no t]m9ation 9 ! nom9ative are decl9$ 9 ! o!r cases exactly l ^? t add -s4 ,!y may be mascul9e1 fem99e1 or neut]4 #bcf4 ,,p>adigms ,,mascul9es ,,& ,,fem99es cnsul1 legi1 f41 rd1 pat]1 m41 m41 consul legion m41 r[ fa!r ,,bases ,,or ,,/ems cnsul- legin- rd9- patr- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,nom4 cnsul legi rd pat] -- ,g54 cnsulis leginis rd9is patris -is ,dat4 cnsul legin rd9 patr - ,acc4 cnsulem leginem rd9em patrem -em ,abl4 cnsule legine rd9e patre -e ,,plural ,nom4 cnsuls legins rd9s patrs -s ,g54 cnsulum leginum rd9um patrum -um ,dat4 cnsulibus leginibus rd9ibus patribus -ibus ,acc4 cnsuls legins rd9s patrs -s ,abl4 cnsulibus leginibus rd9ibus patribus -ibus #a4 ,) ! exception ( ! nom9ative1 ! t]m9ations are exactly ! same z 9 ,class ,i1 & ! base or /em is f\nd 9 ! same way4 #b4 ,mascul9es & fem99es ) bases or /ems 9 -9- & -n- drop -n- & end 9 - 9 ! nom9ative1 z legi 7base or /em legin-71 rd 7base or /em rd9-74 #c4 ,bases or /ems 9 -tr- h -t] 9 ! nom9ative1 z pat] 7base or /em patr-74 #d4 ,note h[ ! g5itive s+ul> gives ! clue to ! :ole decl5sion4 ,always le>n ?is ) ! nom9ative4 #bcg4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bia4 ,i4 #a4 ,audsne tubs1 ,mrce8 ,nn slum tubs audi s$ etiam rd9s militum et c>rs imp$m5trum plns vidre possum4 #b4,qus legins vidmus8 ,eae legins np] ex ,galli vnrunt4 #c4 ,quid ibi fcrunt8 ,/udbantne pugnre an s9e virtte erant8 #d4,multa proelia fcrunt#a et magns victris et mults captvs reportvrunt4 #e4,quis e/ imp]tor erum leginum8 ,caes>1 summus ,rmnrum imp]tor4 #f4,quis e/ eques qu pul*ram cornam g]it8 ,is eques e/ frt] meus4 ,e corna cnsule data e/ quia summ virtte pugnv]at et b>b>s patriam s]vv]at4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:o has se5 my fa!r to-day8 #b4 ,i saw him j n[ 7np]74 ,he 0 ha/5+ to y\r dwell+ ) y\r "m & si/]4 #c4 ,:5 m5 are f> f ! fa!rl& & lack food1 !y _c be re/ra9$#b f wrong#c4 #d4 ,! safety ( ! soldi]s is de> to ,cs>1 ! g5]al4 #e4 ,! *iefs 7 eag] to /orm a t[n full ( gra9 :i* 0 held by ! consul4 #f4 ,! k+ =bade ! baggage ( ! captives to be de/roy$4 ,footnote #a3 proelium fac]e to fight a battle4 ,footnote #b3 cont9e4 ,cf4 #ahj4 ,footnote #c3 ,abl4 iniri4 ,,lesson ,,xli ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion ,,consonant ,,/ems 7,conclud$7 ,special ,vocabul>y calamits1 calamittis1 f41 loss1 disa/]1 defeat 7calamity7 caput1 capitis1 n41 head 7capital7 flm51 flm9is1 n41 riv] 7flume7 labor1 labris1 m41 labor1 toil opus1 op]is1 n41 "w1 task rtor1 rtris1 m41 orator rpa1 -ae1 f41 bank 7( a /ream7 tempus1 temporis1 n41 "t 7temporal7 t]ror1 t]rris1 m41 t]ror1 fe> victor1 victris1 m41 victor accipi1 accip]e1 accp1 acceptus1 receive1 accept cnfirm1 cnfrmre1 cnfrmv1 cnfrmtus1 /r5g!n1 e/abli%1 enc\rage 7confirm7 #bch4 ,neut] consonant /ems add no t]m9ation 9 ! nom9ative & are decl9$ z foll[s3 flm51 tempus1 opus1 caput1 n41 riv] n41 "t n41 "w n41 head ,,bases ,,or ,,/ems flm9- tempor- op]- capit- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 flm5 tempus opus caput -- ,g54 flm9is temporis op]is capitis -is ,dat4 flm9 tempor op] capit - ,acc4 flm5 tempus opus caput -- ,abl4 flm9e tempore op]e capite -e ,,plural ,nom4 flm9a tempora op]a capita -a ,g54 flm9um temporum op]um capitum -um ,dat4 flm9ibus temporibus op]ibus capitibus -ibus ,acc4 flm9a tempora op]a capita -a ,abl4 flm9ibus temporibus op]ibus capitibus -ibus #a4 ,review #gd & apply ! rules to ?is decl5sion4 #b4 ,bases or /ems 9 -9- h -e- in/ead ( -i- 9 ! nom9ative1 z flm51 base or /em flm9-4 #c4 ,mo/ bases or /ems 9 -er- & -or- h -u 9 ! nom9ative1 z opus1 base or /em op]-2 tempus1 base or /em tempor-4 #bci4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bib4 ,i4 #a4 ,b>b> ubi ,rmam cprunt1 maxima rgum op]a dlvrunt4 #b4 ,rmn mults calamitts b>b>s accprunt4 #c4 ,ubi erat summus t]ror apud oppidns1 anim dubi erum ab rtre cl> cnfrmti sunt4 #d4 ,rma e/ 9 rps fim9is magn4 #e4 ,ubi ,caes> imp]tor mlits sus arma cap]e iussit1 i proeli cont9r nn poturunt4 #f4 ,ubi proelium factum e/1 imp]tor rep]r nn potuit4 #g4 ,imp]tor sagitt 9 capite vuln]tus erat et /re nn pot]at4 #h4 ,eum magn labre p$es ex proeli portvit4 #i4 ,is brac*is sus imp]trem t5uit et eum ex p]culs summs s]vvit4 #aj4 ,virtte su bonus mles ab imp]tre cornam accpit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! consul plac$ a cr[n on ! head ( ! victor4 #b4 ,be=e ! gates he 0 receiv$ by ! t[nsm54 #c4 ,a fam\s orator prais$ him & said1 8,by y\r labors y h sav$ ! fa!rl& f disa/]40 #d4 ,! words ( ! orator 7 pleas+ to ! victor4 #e4 ,to save ! fa!rl& 0 a great task4 ,illu/ration3 ,corona ,,lesson ,,xlii ,,review ,,lesson #bdj4 ,review ! p>adigms 9 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bch2 & decl9e all n\ns ( ! ?ird decl5sion 9 ?is selection4 ,,t]ror ,,cimbricus#a lim ,cimbr et ,teutons1 popul ,g]mniae1 cum fm9s lb]sque ,italiae adprop9quv]ant et cpis ,rmns maxim proeli vc]ant4 ,ubi fuga leginum nntita e/1 summus erat t]ror ttu ,rmae1 et ,rmn1 gravit] commt1 sacra crbra des facibant et saltem petbant4 ,tum ,mnlius rtor anims popul ita cnfrmvit3--8,magnam calamittem accpimus4 ,oppida no/ra ,cimbrs ,teutonibusque capiuntur1 agricolae int]ficiuntur1 agr v/antur1 cpiae b>b>rum ,rmae adprop9quant4 ,itaque1 nisi novs anims proelium novum facimus et ,g]mns ex patri no/r s9e mor agmus1 erit nlla sals fm9s no/rs lb]sque4 ,s]vte lb]s6 ,s]vte patriam6 ,ante sup]t sumus quia imp]trs no/r furunt nfrm4 ,nunc ,m>ius1 clrus imp]tor1 qu iam mults alis victris reportvit1 legins dcet et anims no/rs t]rre ,cimbric lb]re mtrbit40 ,m>ius tum 9 fric bellum g]bat4 ,s9e mor ex fric 9 ,italiam voctus e/4 ,cpis novs nn slum tt ,italiae s$ etiam prv9cis socirum imp]vit4#b ,discipln autem dr labribusque p]petus mlits ex]cuit4 ,tum cum p$itibus equitibusque1 qu iam proeli /udbant1 ad ,g]mnrum ca/ra cel]it] prop]vit4 ,di et crit] pugntum e/4#c ,dnique b>b> fgrunt et mult 9 fug ab equitibus sunt int]fect4 ,m>ius pat] patriae voctus e/4 ,footnote #a3 ,ab\t ! ye> #ajj ,b4,c4 ! ,romans 7 greatly al>m$ by an invasion ( b>b>ians f ! nor? kn[n z ,cimbri & ,teutons4 ,!y 7 travel+ ) wives & *ildr51 & _h an army ( #cjj1jjj fight+ m54 ,sev]al ,roman armies met defeat1 & ! city 0 9 a panic4 ,!n ! ,s5ate call$ ^u ,m>ius1 _! greate/ g5]al1 to save ! c\ntry4 ,fir/ he defeat$ ! ,teutons 9 ,gaul4 ,next1 return+ to ,italy1 he met ! ,cimbri4 ,a t]rible battle ensu$1 9 :i* ! ,cimbri 7 utt]ly de/roy$2 b ! t]ror ,cimbricus cont9u$ to haunt ! ,romans = _m a ye> !reaft]4 ,footnote #b3 ,he made a levy 7( troops7 ^u1 imp]vit ) ! acc4 & ! dat4 ,footnote #c3 ,cf4 #bjj4 ,,ii4 #b4 ,,lesson ,,xliii ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion ,i-,,/ems ,special ,vocabul>y animal1 animlis 7-ium,a71 n41 animal avis1 avis 7-ium71 f41 bird 7aviation7 ca$s1 ca$is 7-ium71 f41 slaught] calc>1 calcris 7-ium71 n41 spur cvis1 cvis 7-ium71 m4 & f41 citiz5 7civic7 clins1 cli5tis 7-ium71 m41 reta9]1 dep5d5t 7cli5t7 fnis1 fnis 7-ium71 m41 end1 limit 7f9al72 plur41 c\ntry1 t]ritory ho/is1 ho/is 7-ium71 m4 & f41 enemy 9 w> 7ho/ile74 ,di/+ui% f inimcus1 :i* means a p]sonal enemy ignis1 ignis 7-ium71 m41 fire 7ignite7 nsigne1 nsignis 7-ium71 n4 decoration1 badge 7ensign7 m>e1 m>is 7-ium,b71 n41 sea 7m>9e7 nvis1 nvis 7-ium71 f41 %ip 7naval72 nvis longa1 man-(-w> turris1 turris 7-ium71 f41 t[] 7turret7 urbs1 urbis 7-ium71 f41 city 7suburb74 ,an urbs is l>g] ?an an oppidum4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! g5itive plural end+ -ium is writt5 to m>k ! i-/ems4 ,footnote ,b3 ,! g5itive plural ( m>e is n 9 use4 #bda4 ,to decl9e a n\n ( ! ?ird decl5sion correctly we mu/ "k :e!r or n x is an i-/em4 ,n\ns ) i-/ems are #a4 ,mascul9es & fem99es3 a4 ,n\ns 9 -s & -s ) ! same numb] ( syllables 9 ! g5itive z 9 ! nom9ative4 ,?us ca$s1 ca$is1 is an i-/em1 b mles1 mlitis1 is a consonant /em4 b4 ,n\ns 9 -ns & -rs4 c4 ,n\ns ( "o syllable 9 -s or -x prec$$ by a consonant4 #b4 ,neut]s 9 -e1 -al1 & -ar4 #bdb4 ,! decl5sion ( i-/ems is ne>ly ! same z t ( consonant /ems4 ,note ! foll[+ diff]5ces3 a4 ,mascul9es & fem9ities h -ium 9 ! g5itive plural & -s or -s 9 ! accusative plural4 b4 ,neut]s h - 9 ! ablative s+ul>1 & an -i- 9 e =m ( ! plural4 #bdc4 ,mascul9e & ,fem99e ,i-,/ems4 ,mascul9e & fem99e i-/ems are decl9$ z foll[s3 ca$s1 f41 ho/is1 urbs1 f41 clins1 m41 slaught] m41 enemy city reta9] ,,/ems ca$i- ho/i- urbi- cli5ti- ,,bases ca$- ho/- urb- cli5t- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,nom4 ca$s ho/is urbs clins#a -s1 -is1 or -s ,g54 ca$is ho/is urbis cli5tis -is ,dat4 ca$ ho/ urb cli5t - ,acc4 ca$em ho/em urbem cli5tem -em 7-im7 ,abl4 ca$e ho/e urbe cli5te -e 7-7 ,,plural ,nom4 ca$s ho/s urbs cli5ts -s ,g54 ca$ium ho/ium urbium cli5tium -ium ,dat4 ca$ibus ho/ibus urbibus cli5tibus -ibus ,acc4 ca$s1 -s ho/s1 -s urbs1 -s cli5ts1 -s -s1 -s ,abl4 ca$ibus ho/ibus urbibus cli5tibus -ibus ,footnote #a3 ,obs]ve t ! v[el be=e -ns is long1 b t x is %ort5$ be=e -nt4 ,cf4 #ab4b1 #c4 #a4 avis1 cvis1 fnis1 ignis1 nvis h ! ablative s+ul> 9 - or -e4 #b4 turris has accusative turrim & ablative turr or turre4 #bdd4 ,neut] ,i-,/ems4 ,neut] i-/ems are decl9$ z foll[s3 nsigne1 n41 animal1 n41 calc>1 decoration animal n41 spur ,,/ems nsigni- animli- calcri- ,,bases nsign- animl- calcr- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 nsigne animal calc> -e or -- ,g54 nsignis animlis calcris -is ,dat4 nsign animl calcr - ,acc4 nsigne animal calc> -e or -- ,abl4 nsign animl calcr - ,,plural ,nom4 nsignia animlia calcria -ia ,g54 nsignium animlium calcrium -ium ,dat4 nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus ,acc4 nsignia animlia calcria -ia ,abl4 nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus #a4 ,review #gd & see h[ x applies to ?is decl5sion4 #b4 ,! f9al -i- ( ! /em is usually dropp$ 9 ! nom9ative4 ,if n dropp$1 x is *ang$ to -e4 #c4 ,a long v[el is %ort5$ be=e f9al -l or -r4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 #bde4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bib4 ,i4 #a4 ,quam urbem vidmus8 ,urbs quam vidtis e/ ,rma4 #b4 ,cvs ,rmn urbem suam turribus alts et mrs longs mnv]ant4 #c4 ,v5t nvs longs prohibbant fnibus ho/ium adprop9qure4 #d4 ,imp]tor a cli5tibus sus calcria aur et alia nsignia accpit4 #e4 ,mlits ,rmn cum ho/ibus bella saeva gessrunt et es ca$e magn sup]vrunt4 #f4 ,alia animlia t]ram1 alia m>e amant4 #g4 ,nvs longae quae auxilium ad imp]trem portbant ign ab ho/ibus dltae sunt4 #h4 ,9 e m> avis mults vdimus quae long t]r volv]ant4 #i4 ,nnne vdi/is nvs longs ho/ium et igns quibus urbs no/ra v/btur8 ,c]t1 s$ nec ca$em cvium nec fugam cli5tium vdimus4 #aj4 ,avs et alia animlia1 ubi ignem vdrunt1 saltem fug pet]e cel]it] incprunt4 #aa4 ,num4 idex 9 p$itum rd9ibus /bat8 ,m9im1 idex erat apud equits et equus eius nsigne pul*rum g]bat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,naves ,,longae ,,ii4 #a4 ,because ( ! lack ( gra9 ! animals ( ! village 7 n able to live4 #b4 ,:5 ! g5]al#b he>d ! rumor1 he quickly s5t a horseman to ! village4 #c4 ,! horseman _h a beautiful horse & wore spurs ( gold4 #d4 ,he said to ! citiz5s1 8,s5d y\r reta9]s ) horses & wagons to our camp1 & y w receive an abundance ( gra940 #e4 ,) happy he>ts !y ha/5$ to obey 8 words4#c ,footnote #b3 ,place fir/4 ,footnote #c3 ,n ! accusative4 ,:y8 ,,lesson ,,xliv ,,irregul> ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion ,,g5d] ,,9 ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion ,special ,vocabul>y arbor1 arboris1 f41 tree 7arbor7 collis1 collis 7-ium71 m41 hill dns1 d5tis 7-ium71 m41 too? 7d5ti/7 fns1 fontis 7-ium71 m44 f\nta91 spr+2 s\rce it]1 it9]is1 n41 m>*1 j\rney1 r\te 7it9]>y7 mnsis1 mnsis 7-ium71 m41 mon? mo5ia1 -ium1 n41 plur41 walls1 =tifications4 ,cf4 mrus mns1 montis 7-ium71 m41 m\nta92 summus mns1 top ( ! m\nta9 numquam1 adv41 nev] pns1 pontis1 m41 bridge 7pontoon7 sanguis1 sangu9is1 m41 blood 7sangu9>y7 summus1 -a1 -um1 highe/1 greate/ 7summit7 trns1 prep1 ) acc41 across 7transatlantic7 vs 7vs71 g54 plur4 virium1 f4 /r5g?1 =ce1 viol5ce 7vim7 #bdf4 ,,p>adigms ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! orig9al text gives v- & vr- z ! 8,bases0 ( vs1 & omits ! 8,/ems0 = bo? words4 ,! =ms h be5 regul>iz$ to agree ) ! inflectional table 9 ! ,app5dix4 vs1 f41 =ce it]1 n41 m>* ,,/ems v- & vri- it]- & it9]- ,,bases v- & vr- it]- & it9]- ,,s+ul> ,nom4 vs it] ,g54 vs 7r>e7 it9]is ,dat4 v 7r>e7 it9] ,acc4 vim it] ,abl4 v it9]e ,,plural ,nom4 vrs it9]a ,g54 vrium it9]um ,dat4 vribus it9]ibus ,acc4 vrs1 or -s it9]a ,abl4 vribus it9]ibus #bdg4 ,!re are no rules = g5d] 9 ! ?ird decl5sion t d n pres5t num]\s exceptions4#a ,! foll[+ rules1 h[ev]1 are ( great s]vice1 & %\ld be ?or\ghly ma/]$3 #a4 ,mascul9e are n\ns 9 -or1 -s1 -er1 -s 7g54 -itis74 a4 arbor1 tree1 is fem99e2 & it]1 m>*1 is neut]4 #b4 ,fem99e are n\ns 9 -1 -is1 -x1 & 9 -s prec$$ by a consonant or by any long v[el b 4 a4 ,mascul9e are collis 7hill71 lapis1 mnsis 7mon?71 rd1 ps1 & n\ns 9 -nis & -guis--z ignis1 sanguis 7blood7--& ! f\r monosyllables dns1 a too?2 mns1 a m\nta9 pns1 a bridge2 fns1 a f\nta9 #c4 ,neut]s are n\ns 9 -e1 -al1 -ar1 -n1 -ur1 -s1 & caput4 ,footnote #a3 ,review #fj4 ,words d5ot+ males are1 ( c\rse1 mascul9e1 & ^? d5ot+ females1 fem99e4 #bdh4 ,give ! g5d] ( ! foll[+ n\ns & ! rule by :i* x is det]m9$3 animal calamits flm5 lapis nvis avis caput ignis legi opus ca$s eques nsigne m>e sals calc> fnis labor mles urbs #bdi4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bib4 ,i4 ,! ,fir/ ,bridge ov] ! ,rh9e4 ,sals socirum erat semp] cra ,rmns4 lim ,gall1 amc ,rmnrum1 mults iniris ab ,g]mns qu trns flm5 ,rhnum vivbant accp]ant4 ,ubi lgt ab is ad ,caes>em imp]trem ,rmnum vnrunt et auxilium po/ulvrunt1 ,rmn magns it9]ibus ad ho/ium fns prop]vrunt4 ,mox ad rps magn flm9is vnrunt4 ,imp]tor /udbat cpis sus trns fluvium dc]e1 s$ nll vi#b pot]at4 ,nlls nvs habbat4 ,alta erat aqua4 ,imp]tor autem1 vir clrus1 numquam adv]s =tn commtus1 novum cnsilium cpit4 ,iussit sus#c 9#d lt flm9e fac]e pontem4 ,numquam ante pns 9 ,rhn vsus erat4 ,ho/s ubi pontem quem ,rmn fc]ant vdrunt1 summ t]rre commt1 s9e mor fugam p>re incprunt4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! enemy _h tak5 7possession (7 ! top ( ! m\nta94 #b4 ,!re 7 _m trees on ! opposite hills4 #c4 ,we pit*$ our camp ne> 7ad7 a beautiful spr+4 #d4 ,a m>* ?r\gh ! enemies' c\ntry is nev] )\t dang]4 #e4 ,! "t ( ! mon? 0 suitable = ! m>*4 #f4 ,! tee? ( ! mon/] 7 long4 #g4 ,:5 ! foot soldi]s#e saw ! blood ( ! captives1 !y began to assail ! =tifications ) ! greate/ viol5ce4#b ,footnote #b3 ,abl4 ( mann]4 ,footnote #c3 sus1 us$ z a n\n1 8 m54 ,footnote #d3 ,we say build a bridge ov]2 ! ,romans1 make a bridge on4 ,footnote #e3 ,place fir/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fif? ,review1 ,lessons ,,xxxvii-,,xliv1 #eag-ebj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,xlv ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion ,i-,,/ems ,special ,vocabul>y c]1 cris1 cre1 %>p1 ke51 eag] 7acrid7 brevis1 breve1 %ort1 brief difficilis1 difficile1 difficult facilis1 facile1 facile1 easy =tis1 =te1 brave 7=titude7 gravis1 grave1 heavy1 sev]e1 s]i\s 7grave7 omnis1 omne1 e1 all 7omnibus7 pr1 g54 p>is1 equal 7p>7 pauc1 -ae1 -a1 few1 only a few 7paucity7 secundus1 -a1 -um1 second2 favorable1 opposite ( adv]sus signum1 -1 n41 signal1 sign1 /&>d vlx1 g54 vlcis1 swift 7velocity7 conloc1 conlocre1 conlocv1 conloctus1 arrange1 /ation1 place 7collocation7 dmn/r1 dmn/rre1 dmn/rv1 dmn/rtus1 po9t out1 expla9 7demon/rate7 m&1 m&re1 m&v1 m&tus1 commit1 intru/ 7m&ate7 #bej4 ,adjectives are ei!r ( ! fir/ & second decl5sions 7l bonus1 aeg]1 or lb]71 or !y are ( ! ?ird decl5sion4 #bea4 ,ne>ly all adjectives ( ! ?ird decl5sion h i-/ems1 & !y are decl9$ almo/ l n\ns ) i-/ems4 #beb4 ,adjectives le>n$ ?us f> h _h a diff]5t =m 9 ! nom9ative = ea* g5d]1 z1 bonus1 m42 bona1 f42 bonum1 n4 ,su* an adjective is call$ an adjective ( ?ree end+s4 ,adjectives ( ! ?ird decl5sion are ( ! foll[+ classes3 ,i4 ,adjectives ( ?ree end+s-- a diff]5t =m 9 ! nom9ative = ea* g5d]4 ,,ii4 ,adjectives ( two end+s-- mascul9e & fem99e nom9ative alike1 ! neut] diff]5t4 ,,iii4 ,adjectives ( "o end+-- mascul9e1 fem99e1 & neut] nom9ative all alike4 #bec4 ,adjectives ( ! ?ird decl5sion 9 -er h ?ree end+s2 ^? 9 -is h two end+s2 ! o!rs h "o end+4 ,,class ,i #bed4 ,adjectives ( ,?ree ,end+s are decl9$ z foll[s3 c]1 cris1 cre1 ke51 eag] ,,/em cri- ,,base cr- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 c] cris cre crs crs cria ,g54 cris cris cris crium crium crium ,dat4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ,acc4 crem crem cre crs1 -s crs1 -s cria ,abl4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ,,class ,,ii #bee4 ,adjectives ( ,two ,end+s are decl9$ z foll[s3 omnis1 omne1 e1 all#a ,,/em omni- ,,base omn- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 omnis omne omns omnia ,g54 omnis omnis omnium omnium ,dat4 omn omn omnibus omnibus ,acc4 omnem omne omns1 -s omnia ,abl4 omn omn omnibus omnibus ,footnote #a3 omnis is usually translat$ e 9 ! s+ul> & all 9 ! plural4 ,,class ,,iii #bef4 ,adjectives ( ,"o ,end+ are decl9$ z foll[s3 pr1 equal ,,/em p>i- ,,base p>- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 pr pr p>s p>ia ,g54 p>is p>is p>ium p>ium ,dat4 p> p> p>ibus p>ibus ,acc4 p>em pr p>s1 -s p>ia ,abl4 p> p> p>ibus p>ibus #a4 ,all i-/em adjectives h - 9 ! ablative s+ul>4 #b4 ,obs]ve t ! sev]al cases ( adjectives ( "o end+ h ! same =m = all g5d]s except+ 9 ! accusative s+ul> & 9 ! nom9ative & accusative plural4 #c4 ,decl9e vir c]1 legi cris1 animal cre1 ag] omnis1 sctum omne1 proelium pr4 #beg4 ,!re are a few adjectives ( "o end+ t h consonant /ems4 ,!y are decl9$ exactly l n\ns ) consonant /ems4 #beh4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bic4 ,i4 ,! ,romans invade ! ,enemy's ,c\ntry4 lim p$its ,rmn cum equitibus vlcibus 9 ho/ium urbem it] facibant4 ,ubi nn long furunt1 rapurunt agricolam1 qu es viam brevem et facilem dmn/rvit4 ,iam ,rmn mo5ia alta1 turrs valids aliaque op]a urbis vidre pot]ant4 ,9 mo5ibus /bant mult prncips4 ,prncips ubi vdrunt ,rmns1 iussrunt cvs lapids aliaque tla d mrs iac]e4 ,tum mlits =ts cont9r proeli nn pot]ant et c] imp]tor signum tub d> iussit4 ,summ v omns mtrvrunt4 ,imp]tor ,sext lgt imp$m5ta omnia m&vit4 ,sextus imp$m5ta 9 summ colle conlocvit4 ,grave et cre erat proelium1 s$ ho/s nn p>s ,rmns erant4 ,ali int]fect1 ali capt sunt4 ,apud captvs erant mt] sororque rgis4 ,pauc ,rmnrum ab ho/ibus vuln]t sunt4 ,secundum proelium ,rmns erat grtum4 ,=tna =tibus semp] favet4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,"s mon?s are %ort1 o!rs are long4 #b4 ,to seize ! top ( ! m\nta9 0 difficult4 #c4 ,among ! hills ( ,italy are _m beautiful spr+s4 #d4 ,! soldi]s 7 sitt+ :]e ! baggage _h be5 plac$ because _! feet 7 we>y4 #e4 ,! city :i* ! soldi]s 7 eag] to /orm _h be5 =tifi$ by /rong walls & high t[]s4 #f4 ,did n ! k+ intru/ a heavy cr[n ( gold & all 8 money to a fai?less slave8 ,yes1 b ! slave _h nev] be=e be5 fai?less4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aquila ,,legionis ,,lesson ,,xlvi ,,! ,,f\r? ,,or ,u-,,decl5sion ,special ,vocabul>y adv5tus1 -s1 m41 approa*1 arrival 7adv5t7 ante1 prep1 ) acc41 be=e 7ante-date7 corn1 -s1 n41 horn1 w+ ( an army 7cornucopia72 dextr corn1 on ! "r w+2 s9i/r corn1 on ! left w+ equittus1 -s1 m41 cavalry ex]citus1 -s1 m41 army impetus1 -s1 m41 attack 7impetus72 impetum fac]e 91 ) acc41 to make an attack on lacus1 -s1 dat4 & abl4 plur4 lacubus1 m41 lake manus1 -s1 f41 h&2 b&1 =ce 7manual7 portus1 -s1 m41 h>bor 7port7 po/1 prep1 ) acc41 beh9d1 aft] 7po/-mortem7 crem1 cremre1 cremv1 cremtus1 burn 7cremate7 ex]ce1 ex]cre1 ex]cu1 ex]citus1 practice1 drill1 tra9 7ex]cise7 #bei4 ,n\ns ( ! f\r? decl5sion are ei!r mascul9e or neut]4 #bfj4 ,mascul9e n\ns end 9 -u1 neut]s 9 -4 ,! g5itive ends 9 -s4 a4 ,fem99e by exception are domus1 h\se2 manus1 h&2 & a few o!rs4 ,,p>adigms ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! 8,/ems0 are miss+ 9 ! pr9t$ book4 ,!y h be5 suppli$ f ! inflectional table 9 ! ,app5dix4 adv5tus1 corn1 m41 arrival n41 horn ,,/ems adv5tu- cornu- ,,bases adv5t- corn- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 adv5tus corn -u - ,g54 adv5ts corns -s -s ,dat4 adv5tu 77 corn -u 77 - ,acc4 adv5tum corn -um - ,abl4 adv5t corn - - ,,plural ,nom4 adv5ts cornua -s -ua ,g54 adv5tuum cornuum -uum -uum ,dat4 adv5tibus cornibus -ibus -ibus ,acc4 adv5ts cornua -s -ua ,abl4 adv5tibus cornibus -ibus -ibus #a4 ,obs]ve t ! base is f\nd1 z 9 o!r decl5sions1 by dropp+ ! end+ ( ! g5itive s+ul>4 #b4 lacus1 lake1 has ! end+ -ubus 9 ! dative & ablative plural2 portus1 h>bor1 has ei!r -ubus or -ibus4 #c4 corn is ! only neut] t is 9 common use4 #bfa4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bic4 ,i4 #a4 ,ante adv5tum ,caes>is vlcs ho/ium equits crem impetum 9 ca/ra fcrunt4 #b4 ,cont9re ex]citum proeli nn facile erat4 #c4 ,po/ adv5tum suum ,caes> iussit legins ex ca/rs dc4 #d4 ,pr ca/rs cum ho/ium equitt pugntum e/4 #e4 ,po/ tempus breve equittus trns flm5 fgit ubi ca/ra ho/ium posita erant4 #f4 ,tum victor imp]tor agrs v/vit et vcs ho/ium cremvit4 #g4 ,ca/ra autem nn oppugnvit quia mlits erant dfess et locus difficilis4 #h4 ,ho/s nn cessvrunt iac]e tla1 quae paucs nocurunt4 #i4 ,po/ adv]sum proelium pr9cips ,gallrum lgts ad ,caes>em mitt]e /udbant1 s$ popul p]sudre nn pot]ant4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,did y see ! man-(-w> on ! lake8 #b4 ,i did n see x 7fem47 on ! lake1 b ,i saw x 9 ! h>bor4 #c4 ,because ( ! /rong w9d ! sailor =bade 8 bro!r to sail4 #d4 ,cs> didnt make an attack on ! cavalry on ! "r w+1 did he8 #e4 ,no1 he made an attack on ! left w+4 #f4 ,:o taught y\r swift horse to obey8 #g4 ,i tra9$ my horse ) my 7own7 h&s1 nor 0 ! task difficult4 #h4 ,he is a beautiful animal & has great /r5g?4 ,,lesson ,,xlvii ,,expressions ,,( ,,place ,,! ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,domus ,special ,vocabul>y ,a?nae1 -rum1 f41 plur41 ,a!ns ,cor9?us1 -1 f41 ,cor9? domus1 -s1 locative dom1 f41 h\se1 home 7dome74 ,cf4 domicilium ,g5va1 -ae1 f41 ,g5eva ,pompii1 -rum1 m41 plur41 ,pompeii1 a city 9 ,campania4 ,see map propt]1 prep4 ) acc41 on acc\nt (1 because ( rs1 rris1 9 ! plur4 only nom4 & acc4 rra1 n41 c\ntry 7ru/ic7 t]gum1 t]g1 n41 back2 t]g1 beh9d1 9 ! re> vulnus1 vuln]is1 n41 w\nd 7vuln]able7 committ1 committ]e1 comms1 commissus1 intru/1 commit2 proelium committ]e1 jo9 battle convoc1 convocre1 convocv1 convoctus1 call toge!r1 summon 7convoke7 "t1 timre1 timu1 ----1 fe>2 be afraid 7timid7 v]t1 v]t]e1 v]t1 v]sus1 turn1 *ange 7conv]t72 t]ga v]t]e1 to turn ! backs1 h5ce to retreat #bfb4 ,we h become ?or\ghly famili> ) expressions l ! foll[+3 ,galba ad 7or 97 oppidum prop]at ,galba ab 7d or ex7 oppid prop]at ,galba 9 oppid habitat ,f ^! expressions we may d$uce ! foll[+ rules3 #bfc4 ,,rule4 ,accusative ( ! ,place to4 ,! place to :i* is express$ by ad or 9 ) ! accusative4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,:i!r8 #bfd4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ! ,place f4 ,! place f :i* is express$ by or ab1 d1 or ex1 ) ! sep>ative ablative4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,:5ce8 7,cf4 ,rule1 #agi47 #bfe4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ! ,place at or 94 ,! place at or 9 :i* is express$ by ! ablative ) 94 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,:]e8 a4 ,! ablative d5ot+ ! place :]e is call$ ! locative ablative 7cf4 locus1 place74 #bff4 ,exceptions4 ,names ( t[ns1 small isl&s1#a domus1 home1 rs1 c\ntry1 & a few o!r words 9 common use omit ! prepositions 9 expressions ( place1 z1 ,galba ,a?ns prop]at1 ,galba ha/5s to ,a!ns ,galba ,a?ns prop]at1 ,galba ha/5s f ,a!ns ,galba ,a?ns habitat1 ,galba lives at 7or 97 ,a!ns ,galba domum prop]at1 ,galba ha/5s home ,galba rs prop]at1 ,galba ha/5s to ! c\ntry ,galba dom prop]at1 ,galba ha/5s f home ,galba rre prop]at1 ,galba ha/5s f ! c\ntry ,galba rr 7less commonly rre7 habitat1 ,galba lives 9 ! c\ntry a4 ,names ( c\ntries1 l ,g]mnia1 ,italia1 etc41 d n come "u ^! exceptions4 ,) !m prepositions mu/ n be omitt$4 ,footnote #a3 ,small isl&s are class$ ) t[ns because !y g5]ally h b "o t[n1 & ! "n ( ! t[n is ! same z ! "n ( ! isl&4 #bfg4 ,! ,locative ,case4 ,we saw above t ! place-relation express$ by at or 9 is regul>ly cov]$ by ! locative ablative4 ,h[ev]1 ,lat9 orig9ally express$ ?is relation by a sep>ate =m kn[n z ! locative case4 ,?is case has be5 ev]y:]e m]g$ 9 ! ablative except+ 9 ! s+ul> numb] ( ! fir/ & second decl5sions4 ,! =m ( ! locative 9 ^! decl5sions is l ! g5itive s+ul>1 & its use is limit$ to names ( t[ns & small isl&s1 dom1 at home1 & a few o!r words4 #bfh4 ,,rule4 ,locative & ,locative ,ablative4 ,to express ! place 9 :i* ) names ( t[ns & small isl&s1 if !y are s+ul> & ( ! fir/ or second decl5sion1 use ! locative2 o!rwise use ! locative ablative )\t a preposition2 z1 ,galba ,rmae habitat1 ,galba lives at ,rome ,galba ,cor9? habitat1 ,galba lives at ,cor9? ,galba dom habitat1 ,galba lives at home ,"h ,rmae1 ,cor9?1 & dom are locatives1 be+ s+ul> & ( ! fir/ & second decl5sions respectively4 ,b 9 ,galba ,a?ns habitat1 ,galba lives at ,a!ns1 ,galba ,pompis habitat1 ,galba lives at ,pompeii ,a?ns & ,pompis are locative ablatives4 ,^! words c h no locative case1 z ! nom9atives ,a?nae & ,pompi are plural & !re is no plural locative case =m4 #bfi4 ,! ^w domus1 home1 h\se1 has =ms ( bo? ! second & ! f\r? decl5sion4 ,le>n its decl5sion 7#dfh74 #bgj4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bic4 ,i4 #a4 ,cor9? omnia nsignia aur ducibus victribus rapta erant4 #b4 ,caes> ,g5vam ex]citum magns it9]ibus dxit4 #c4 ,quem pontem ho/s cremv]ant8 ,pontem 9 ,rhn ho/s cremv]ant4 #d4 ,pompis mults ,rmnrum doms vidre pot]itis4 #e4 ,rm cnsul equ vlc rs prop]vit4 #f4 ,dom cnsulis hom9s mult s$bant4 #g4 ,imp]tor iuss]at lgtum ,a?ns cum mults nvibus longs nvigre4 #h4 ,ante mo5ia urbis sunt rd9s arborum altrum4 #i4 ,propt] arbors alts nec lacum nec portum rep]re potuimus4 #aj4 ,proelis crbrs ,caes> legins sus quae erant 9 ,galli ex]cbat4 #aa4 ,cotdi 9 loc idone ca/ra pnbat et mnibat4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,cs>1 ! fam\s g5]al1 :5 he _h dep>t$ f ,rome1 ha/5$ to ! ,roman prov9ce on a swift horse4#b #b4 ,he _h he>d a rumor conc]n+ ! allies at ,g5eva4 #c4 ,aft] 8 arrival ,cs> call$ ! soldi]s toge!r & comm&$ !m to jo9 battle4 #d4 ,! enemy ha/5$ to retreat1 "s because#c !y 7 afraid1 o!rs because#c ( w\nds4 #e4 ,rec5tly ,i 0 at ,a!ns & saw ! place :]e ! judges us$ to sit4#d #f4 ,m>cus & ,sextus are my bro!rs2 ! "o lives at ,rome1 ! o!r 9 ! c\ntry4 ,footnote #b3 ,lat9 says 8by a swift horse40 ,:at con/ruction8 ,footnote #c3 ,di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,engli% conjunction because 7quia or quod7 & ! preposition because ( 7propt]74 ,footnote #d3 us$ to sit1 express by ! imp]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,da$alus ,,et ,,ic>us #bga4 ,,da$,,alus ,,& ,,ic,,arus ,crta e/ nsula antqua quae aqu alt magn m>is pulstur4 ,ibi lim ,mns erat rx4 ,ad eum vnit ,da$alus qu ex ,graeci patri fugibat4 ,eum ,mns rx b5igns v]bs accpit et e domicilium 9 ,crt d$it4 #e,qu 9 loc ,da$alus s9e cr vvebat et rg multa et clra op]a facibat4 ,po/ tempus longum autem ,da$alus patriam cram dsd]re incpit4 ,domum prop]re /udbat1 s$ rg p]sudre nn potuit et m>e saevum fugam vetbat4 ,footnote #e3 ,& 9 ?is place2 qu does n "h introduce a subord9ate relative clause1 b e/abli%es ! connection ) ! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,su* a relative is call$ a connect+ relative1 & is translat$ by & & a demon/rative or p]sonal pron\n4 ,,lesson ,,xlviii ,,! ,,fif? ,,or -,,decl5sion ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,"t ,special ,vocabul>y acis1 -1 f41 l9e ( battle ae/s1 ae/tis1 f41 summ] annus1 -1 m41 ye> 7annual7 dis1 di1 m41 day 7di>y7 fids1 fide1 no plur41 f41 fai?1 tru/2 promise1 ^w2 protection2 9 fidem v5re1 to come "u ! protection fluctus1 -s1 m4 wave1 bill[ 7fluctuate7 hiems1 hiemis1 f41 w9t] hra1 -ae1 f41 h\r lx1 lcis1 f41 light 7lucid72 prma lux1 daybreak m]dis1 acc4 -em1 abl4 -1 no plur41 m41 midday 7m]idian7 nox1 noctis 7-ium71 f41 night 7nocturnal7 prmus1 -a1 -um1 fir/ 7prime7 rs1 re1 f41 ?+1 matt] 7real72 rs ge/ae1 de$s1 exploits 7lit4 ?+s p]=m$72 rs adv]sae1 adv]sity2 rs secundae1 prosp]ity sps1 spe1 f41 hope #bgb4 ,g5d]4 ,n\ns ( ! fif? decl5sion are fem99e except dis1 day1 & m]dis1 midday1 :i* are usually mascul9e4 #bgc4 ,,p>adigms ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! 8,/ems0 are miss+ 9 ! pr9t$ book4 ,!y h be5 suppli$ f ! inflectional table 9 ! ,app5dix4 dis1 rs1 f41 m41 day ?+ ,,/ems di- r- ,,bases di- r- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 dis rs -s ,g54 di re - ,dat4 di re - ,acc4 diem rem -em ,abl4 di r - ,,plural ,nom4 dis rs -s ,g54 dirum rrum -rum ,dat4 dibus rbus -bus ,acc4 dis rs -s ,abl4 dibus rbus -bus #a4 ,! v[el e :i* appe>s 9 e =m is regul>ly long4 ,x is %ort5$ 9 ! end+ -e aft] a consonant1 z 9 r-2 & be=e -m 9 ! accusative s+ul>1 z 9 di-em4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 #b4 ,only dis & rs are complete 9 ! plural4 ,mo/ o!r n\ns ( ?is decl5sion lack ! plural4 ,acis1 l9e ( battle1 & sps1 hope1 h ! nom9ative & accusative plural4 #bgd4 ,! ablative relation 7#ej7 :i* is express$ by ! prepositions at1 91 or on may ref] n only to place1 b also to "t1 z at noon1 9 summ]1 on ! fir/ day4 ,! ablative :i* is us$ to express ?is relation is call$ ! ablative ( "t4 #bge4 ,,rule4 ,! ,ablative ( ,"t4 ,! "t :5 or )9 :i* any?+ happ5s is express$ by ! ablative )\t a preposition4 a4 ,occasionally ! preposition 9 is f\nd4 ,comp>e ! ,engli% ,next day we />t$ & ,on ! next day we />t$4 #bgf4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bid4 ,i4 ,galba ! ,f>m]4 ,galba agricola rr vvit4 ,cotdi prm lce labrre incipit1 nec ante noctem 9 /udi su cessat4 ,m]di ,ilia flia eum ad cnam vocat4 ,nocte p$s dfesss domum v]tit4 ,ae/te fli agricolae auxilium patr dant4 ,hieme agricola es 9 ldum mittit4 ,ibi magi/] pu]is mults fbuls d rbus ge/s ,caes>is nrrat4 ,ae/te fli agricolae p]petus labribus ex]c5tur nec grave agr opus e/ is mole/um4 ,galba s9e ll cr vivit nec rs adv]ss timet4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,9 t mon? !re 7 _m battles 9 ,gaul4 #b4 ,! cavalry ( ! enemy made an attack ^u ,cs>'s l9e ( battle4 #c4 ,9 ! fir/ h\r ( ! night ! %ip 0 ov]come by ! bill[s4 #d4 ,on ! second day ! savages 7 eag] to come "u ,cs>'s protection4 #e4 ,! k+ _h jo9$ battle1 mov$ by ! hope ( victory4 #f4 ,t ye> a fire de/roy$ _m birds & o!r animals4 #g4 ,we saw blood on ! wild bea/'s tee?4 #bgg4 ,,da$,,alus ,,& ,,ic,,arus 7,cont9u$7 ,tum ,da$alus gravibus crs commtus fli su c> ita dixit3 8,animus meus1 c>e1 e/ plnus tr/itiae nec ocul lacrims eg5t4 ,discd]e ex ,crt1 ,a?ns prop]re1 maxim /ude2 s$ rx recsat audre v]ba mea et omnem r$its spem ripit4 ,s$ numquam rbus adv]ss v9c>4 ,t]ra et m>e sunt inimca1 s$ aliam fugae viam rep]iam40 ,tum 9 arts ignts animum dmittit et mrum capit cnsilium4 ,nam p5ns 9 rd9e pnit et vrs ls facit4 ,,lesson ,,xlix ,,pron\ns ,,classifi$ ,,p]sonal ,,& ,,reflexive ,,pron\ns ,special ,vocabul>y amcitia1 -ae1 f41 fri5d%ip 7amicable7 itaque1 conj41 & s1 !re=e1 accord+ly litt]a1 -ae1 f41 a lett] ( ! alphabet2 plur41 a lett]1 an epi/le metus1 mets1 m41 fe> nihil1 indecl9able1 n41 no?+ 7nihili/7 nntius1 nnt1 m41 mess5g]4 ,cf4 nnti px1 pcis1 f41 peace 7pacify7 rgnum1 -1 n41 reign1 sov]eignty1 k+dom supplicum1 supplic1 n41 puni%m5t2 supplicum sm]e d1 ) abl41 inflict puni%m5t on2 supplicum d>e1 suff] puni%m5t4 ,cf4 po5a place1 placre1 placu1 placitus1 be pleas+ to1 please1 ) dative4 ,cf4 #aed sm1 sm]e1 smps1 smptus1 take up1 assume su/9e1 su/9re1 su/9u1 su/5tus1 su/a9 #bgh4 ,we h ! same k9ds ( pron\ns 9 ,lat9 z 9 ,engli%4 ,!y are divid$ into ! foll[+ eight classes3 #a4 ,p]sonal pron\ns1 :i* %[ ! p]son speak+1 spok5 to1 or spok5 (2 z1 ego1 ,i2 t1 y2 is1 he4 7,cf4 #bgi4 etc47 #b4 ,possessive pron\ns1 :i* d5ote possession2 z1 meus1 tuus1 suus1 etc4 7,cf4 #ih47 #c4 ,reflexive pron\ns1 us$ 9 ! pr$icate to ref] back to ! subject2 z1 he saw himself4 7,cf4 #bha47 #d4 ,int5sive pron\ns1 us$ to emphasize a n\n or pron\n2 z1 ,i myself saw x4 7,cf4 #bhe47 #e4 ,demon/rative pron\ns1 :i* po9t out p]sons or ?+s2 z1 is1 ?is1 t4 7,cf4 #aab47 #f4 ,relative pron\ns1 :i* connect a subord9ate adjective clause ) an antec$5t2 z1 qu1 :o4 7,cf4 #bbj47 #g4 ,int]rogative pron\ns1 :i* ask a "q2 z1 quis1 :o8 7,cf4 #bbe47 #h4 ,indef9ite pron\ns1 :i* po9t out indef9itely2 z1 "s "o1 any "o1 "s1 c]ta9 ones1 etc4 7,cf4 #bif47 #bgi4 ,! demon/rative pron\n is1 ea1 id1 z we le>n$ 9 #aae1 is regul>ly us$ z ! p]sonal pron\n ( ! ?ird p]son 7he1 %e1 x1 !y1 etc474 #bhj4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns ( ! fir/ p]son are ego1 ,i2 ns1 we2 ( ! second p]son1 t1 ?\ or y2 vs1 ye or y4 ,!y are decl9$ z foll[s3 ,,s+ul> ,,fir/ ,,p]son ,,second ,,p]son ,nom4 ego1 ,i t1 y ,g54 me1 ( me tu1 ( y ,dat4 mihi1 to or = me tibi1 to or = y ,acc4 m1 me t1 y ,abl4 m1 )1 f1 etc41 me t1 )1 f1 etc41 y ,,plural ,nom4 ns1 we vs1 y ,g54 no/rum or no/r1 ( u ve/rum or ve/r1 ( y ,dat4 nbs1 to or = u vbs1 to or = y ,acc4 ns1 u vs1 y ,abl4 nbs1 )1 f1 vbs1 )1 f1 etc41 y etc41 u #a4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns are n us$ 9 ! nom9ative except+ = emphasis or contra/4 #bha4 ,! ,reflexive ,pron\ns4 #a4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns ego & t may be us$ 9 ! pr$icate z reflexives2 z1 vide m1 ,i see myself vidmus ns1 we see ourselves vids t1 y see y\rself vidtis vs1 y see y\rselves #b4 ,! reflexive pron\n ( ! ?ird p]son 7himself1 h]self1 itself1 !mselves7 has a special =m1 us$ only 9 ^! s5ses1 & decl9$ alike 9 ! s+ul> & plural4 ,,s+ul> ,,& ,,plural ,g54 su ,acc4 s ,dat4 sibi ,abl4 s ,,examples ,pu] s videt1 ! boy sees himself ,puella s videt1 ! girl sees h]self ,animal s videt1 ! animal sees itself ,i s vid5t1 !y see !mselves a4 ,! =m s is sometimes d\bl$1 ss1 = emphasis4 #c4 ,give ! ,lat9 = ,i tea* myself ,we tea* ourselves ,y tea* y\rself ,y tea* y\rselves ,he tea*es himself ,!y tea* !mselves #bhb4 ,! preposition cum1 :5 us$ ) ! ablative ( ego1 t1 or su1 is app5d$ to ! =m1 z1 mcum1 ) me2 tcum1 ) y2 nbscum1 ) u2 etc4 #bhc4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bid4 ,i4 #a4 ,mea mt] e/ cra mihi et tua mt] e/ cra tibi4 #b4 ,ve/rae litt]ae erant grtae nbis et no/rae litt]ae erant grtae vbs4 #c4 ,nntius rgis qu nbscum e/ nihil respondbit4 #d4 ,nnti pcem amcitiamque sibi et sus socis po/ulvrunt4 #e4 ,s t arma sms1 ego rgnum occupb4 #f4 ,ut] ve/rum e/ cvis ,rmnus8 ,neut] no/rum4 #g4 ,e tempore mult supplicium d$runt quia rgnum peti]ant4 #h4 ,sme supplicium1 ,caes>1 d ho/ibus patriae cribus4 #i4 ,prm lce ali met commt ss fugae m&vrunt2 ali autem magn virtte impetum ex]cits no/r su/9urunt4 #aj4 ,soror rgis1 ubi d adv]s proeli audvit1 ss ,pompis int]fcit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:om d y tea*8 ,i tea* myself4 #b4 ,! soldi] w\nd$ himself ) 8 sword4 #c4 ,! ma/] praises u1 b y he does n praise4 #d4 ,!re=e he w inflict puni%m5t on y1 b we %all n suff] puni%m5t4 #e4 ,:o w m>* 7i4e4 make a m>*7 ) me to ,rome8 #f4 ,i w m>* ) y to ! gates ( ! city4 #g4 ,:o w %[ u#a ! way8 ,! gods w %[ y#a ! way4 ,footnote #a3 ,n accusative4 ,,da$,,alus ,,& ,,ic,,arus 7,conclud$7 #bhd4 ,pu] c>us n#b /bat et mrum patris opus vidbat4 ,po/quam manus ultima#c ls imposita e/1 ,da$alus es temptvit et similis av 9 aurs volvit4 ,tum ls um]s fl adligvit et docuit eum volre et dxit1 8,t vet1 m fl1 adprop9qure aut sl aut m>4 ,s fluctibus adprop9quv]is1#d aqua ls tus nocbit1 et s sl adprop9quv]is1#d ignis es crembit40 ,tum pat] et filius it] difficile incipiunt4 ls mov5t et aurae ss committunt4 ,s$ /ultus pu] v]bs patris nn pret4 ,sl adprop9quat4 lae cremantur et c>us 9 m>e dcidit et vitam mittit4 ,da$alus autem s9e ll p]cul trns flucts ad nsulam ,siciliam volvit4 ,footnote #b3 ,adv]b1 see vocabul>y4 ,footnote #c3 manus ultima1 ! f9i%+ t\*4 ,:at lit]ally8 ,footnote #d3 ,future p]fect4 ,translate by ! pres5t4 ,,lesson ,l ,,! ,,int5sive ,,pron\n ,,ipse ,,& ,,! ,,demon/rative ,,dem ,special ,vocabul>y corpus1 corporis1 n41 body 7corporal7 dnsus1 -a1 -um1 d5se dem1 eadem1 idem1 demon/rative pron\n1 ! same 7id5tity7 ipse1 ipsa1 ipsum1 int5sive pron\n1 self2 ev51 v mrus1 -a1 -um1 wond]ful1 m>vel\s 7miracle7 lim1 adv41 =m]ly1 once ^u a "t p>s1 p>tis 7-ium71 f41 "p1 region1 direction quoque1 adv41 also4 ,/&s aft] ! ^w :i* x emphasizes sl1 slis1 m41 sun 7sol>7 vrus1 -a1 -um1 true1 real 7v]ity7 dbe1 dbre1 dbu1 dbitus1 owe1 ought 7debt7 ripi1 rip]e1 ripu1 reptus1 snat* f #bhe4 ,ipse means -self 7him-self1 h]-self1 etc47 or is translat$ by ev5 or v4 ,x is us$ to emphasize a n\n or pron\n1 express$ or und]/ood1 ) :i* x agrees l an adjective4 a4 ,ipse mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! reflexive su4 ,! latt] is always us$ z a pron\n1 :ile ipse is regul>ly adjective4 ,comp>e ,hom s videt1 ! man sees himself 7reflexive7 ,hom ipse p]culum videt1 ! man himself 7int5sive7 sees ! dang] ,hom ipsum p]culum videt1 ! man sees ! dang] itself 7int5sive7 #bhf4 ,except = ! "o =m ipse1 ! int5sive pron\n is decl9$ exactly l ! n9e irregul> adjectives 7cf4 #ajh1 #aji74 ,le>n ! decl5sion 7#dha74 #bhg4 ,! demon/rative dem1 mean+ ! same1 is a comp\nd ( is4 ,x is decl9$ z foll[s3 ,,s+ul> ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 dem eadem idem ,g54 eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem ,dat4 edem edem edem ,acc4 eundem eandem idem ,abl4 edem edem edem ,,plural ,nom4 idem eaedem eadem edem ,g54 erundem erundem erundem ,dat4 isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem ,acc4 esdem esdem eadem ,abl4 isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem a4 ,f =ms l eundem 7eum -dem71 erundem 7erum -dem71 we le>n ! rule t m be=e d is *ang$ to n4 b4 ,! =ms idem1 isdem are (t5 spell$ & pron\nc$ ) "o 4 #bhh4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bie4 ,i4 #a4 ,ego et t#a 9 edem urbe vvimus4 #b4 ,it] ipsum nn timmus s$ f]s saevs quae 9 silv dns esse dcuntur4 #c4 lim ns ips idem it] fcimus4 #d4 ,e tempore mults f]s vdimus4 #e4 ,s$ nbs nn nocurunt4 #f4 ,caes> ipse sctum d manibus mlitis ripuit et 9 ipsam aciem prop]vit4 #g4 ,itaque mlits summ virtte tla 9 ho/ium corpora icrunt4 #h4 ,rmn quoque gravia vuln]a accprunt4 #i4 ,dnique ho/s t]ga v]trunt et omms 9 "ps#b fgrunt4 #aj4 ,edem hr litt]ae ,rmam ab imp]tre ips missae sunt4 #aa4 ,edem mnse captv quoque 9 ,italiam miss sunt4 #ab4 ,s$ mult propt] vuln]a it] difficile trns monts fac]e recsbant et ,g5vae esse dcbantur4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,at ,pompeii !re is a wond]ful m\nta94 #b4 ,:5 ,i 0 9 t place1 ,i myself saw t m\nta94 #c4 ,on ! same day _m cities 7 de/roy$ by fire & /ones f t v m\nta94 #d4 ,y h n he>d ! true /ory ( t calamity1 h y8#c #e4 ,on t day ! v sun c\ld n give light to m54 #f4 ,y y\rself ought to tell 7to7 u t /ory4 ,footnote #a3 ,obs]ve t 9 ,lat9 we say ,i & y1 n y & ,i4 ,footnote #b3 ,n p>ts1 b directions4 ,footnote #c3 ,cf4 #baj4 #bhi4 ,,h[ ,,horatius ,,held ,,! ,,bridge#d ,t>qu9ius ,sup]bus1 septimus et ultimus rx ,rmnrum1 ubi 9 exsilium ab rts ,rmns iectus e/1 ,pors51 rge ,etrscrum1 auxilium petiit4 ,mox ,pors5a magns cum cpis ,rmam vnit1 et ipsa urbs summ 9 p]cul erat4 ,omnibus 9 p>tibus ex]citus ,rmnus victus erat4 ,iam rx montem ,iniculum#e occupv]at4 ,numquam ante ,rmn tant met t5bantur4 ,ex agrs 9 urbem prop]bant et summ /udi urbem ipsam mnibant4 ,footnote #d3 ,! /ory ( ,horatius has be5 made famili> by ,macaulay's well-kn[n poem 8,horatius0 9 8 ,lays ( ,anci5t ,rome4 ,read ! poem 9 connection ) ?is selection4 ,footnote #e3 ,! ,janiculum is a high hill across ! ,tib] f ,rome4 ,,lesson ,,li ,,! ,,demon/rative ,,pron\ns ,,hic1 ,,i/e1 ,,ille ,special ,vocabul>y hic1 haec1 hoc1 demon/rative pron\n1 ?is 7( m9e72 he1 %e1 x ille1 illa1 illud1 demon/rative pron\n t 7yond]72 he1 %e1 x invsus1 -a1 -um1 hateful1 dete/$1 ) dative ,cf4 #adc i/e1 i/a1 i/ud1 demon/rative pron\n1 t 7( y\rs72 he1 %e1 x lb]ts1 -tis1 f41 lib]ty modus1 -1 m41 measure2 mann]1 way1 mode nm51 nm9is1 n41 "n 7nom9ate7 oculus1 -1 m41 eye 7oculi/7 pr/9us1 -a1 -um1 =m]1 old-"t 7pri/9e7 pblicus1 -a1 -um1 public1 belong+ to ! /ate2 rs pblica1 re pblicae1 f41 ! commonweal?1 ! /ate1 ! republic ve/gium1 ve/g1 n41 footpr9t1 track2 trace1 ve/ige vx1 vcis1 f41 voice #bij4 ,we h already le>n$ ! decl5sion ( ! demon/rative pron\n is & its use4 7,cf4 ,lesson ,,xvii47 ,t pron\n ref]s to p]sons or ?+s ei!r f> or ne>1 & makes no def9ite ref]5ce to place or "t4 ,if we wi% to po9t out an object def9itely 9 place or "t1 we mu/ use hic1 i/e1 or ille4 ,^! demon/ratives1 l is1 are us$ bo? z pron\ns & z adjectives1 & _! relation to ! speak] may be repres5t$ graphically ?us3 hic i/e ille ,,speak] ---------------------------------------- -- ?is1 he2 t1 he2 t1 he 7ne>72 7remote72 7m remote7 a4 ,9 dialogue hic ref]s to a p]son or ?+ ne> ! speak]2 i/e1 to a p]son or ?+ ne> ! p]son address$2 ille1 to a p]son or ?+ remote f bo?4 ,^! di/9ctions are illu/rat$ 9 ! model s5t5ces1 #bic1 :i* %\ld be c>efully /udi$ & imitat$4 #bia4 ,hic is decl9$ z foll[s3 ,,s+ul> ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 hic haec hoc ,g54 huius huius huius ,dat4 huic huic huic ,acc4 hunc hanc hoc ,abl4 hc hc hc ,,plural ,nom4 h hae haec ,g54 hrum hrum hrum ,dat4 hs hs hs ,acc4 hs hs haec ,abl4 hs hs hs a4 ,huius is pron\nc$ hooyoos1 & huic is pron\nc$ hooic 7"o syllable74 #bib4 ,! demon/rative pron\ns i/e1 i/a1 i/ud1 & ille1 illa1 illud1 except = ! nom9ative & accusative s+ul> neut] =ms i/ud & illud1 are decl9$ exactly l ipse1 ipsa1 ipsum4 7,see #dha47 #bic4 ,,model ,,s5t5ces ,is ?is horse 7( m9e7 /rong8 ,e/ne hic equus validus8 ,t horse 7( y\rs7 is /rong1 b t "o 7yond]7 is weak ,i/e equus e/ validus1 s$ ille e/ nfrmus ,are ^! 7m5 by me7 y\r fri5ds8 ,suntne h amc tu8 ,^? 7m5 by y7 are my fri5ds1 b ^? 7m5 yond]7 are enemies ,i/ sunt amc me1 s$ ill sunt inimc #bid4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bie4 ,i4 ,a ,g]man ,*iefta9 addresses 8 ,foll[]s4 ,ille =tis ,g]mnrum dux sus convocvit et hc mod anims erum cnfirmvit4 8,vs1 qu 9 hs fnibus vvitis1 9 hunc locum convocv#a quia mcum dbtis i/s agrs et i/s doms ab iniris ,rmnrum lib]re4 ,hoc nbs nn difficile erit1 quod ill ho/s hs silvs dnss1 f]s saevs qurum ve/gia vid5t1 monts alts tim5t4 ,s =ts erimus1 de ips nbs viam saltis dmon/rbunt4 ,ille sl1 i/ ocul calamtts no/rs vdrunt4#a ,itaque nm5 illu re pblicae ,rmnae nn slum nbis1 s$ etiam omnibus hom9ibus qu lb]ttem amant1 e/ invsum4 ,ad arma vs voc4 ,ex]cte i/am pr/9am virttem et v9ctis40 ,footnote #a3 ,! p]fect def9ite4 7,cf4 #aij47 ,,ii4 #a4 ,does t bird 7( y\rs7#b s+8 #b4 ,?is bird 7( m9e7#b s+s bo?#c 9 summ] & 9 w9t] & has a beautiful voice4 #c4 ,^? birds 7yond]7#b 9 ! c\ntry dont s+ 9 w9t]4 #d4 ,snat* a spe> f ! h&s ( t soldi] 7ne> y7#b & come home ) me4 #e4 ,) ^? v eyes 7( y\rs7#b y w see ! tracks ( ! hateful enemy :o burn$ my dwell+ & made an attack on my bro!r4 #f4 ,= 7propt]7 ^! de$s 7rs7 we ought to inflict puni%m5t on him )\t delay4 #g4 ,! enemies ( ! republic d n always suff] puni%m5t4 ,footnote #b3 ,engli% words 9 p>5!ses are n to be translat$4 ,!y are ins]t$ to %[ :at demon/ratives %\ld be us$4 7,cf4 #bij47 ,footnote #c3 bo? 444 &1 et 444 et4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horatius ,,pontem ,,def5dit #bie4 ,,h[ ,,horatius ,,held ,,! ,,bridge 7,cont9u$7 ,alt]a urbis p>s mrs1 alt]a flm9e satis mnr vidbtur4 ,s$ erat pns 9 flm9e qu ho/ibus it] pa5e d$it4 ,tum ,hortius ,cocles1 =tis vir1 magn vce dxit1 8,resc9dite pontem1 ,rmn6 ,brev tempore ,pors5a 9 urbem cpis sus trdcet40 ,iam ho/s 9 ponte erant1 s$ ,hortius cum dubus 7cf4 #dgi7 comitibus ad extrmam pontis p>tem prop]vit1 et hi sli aciem ho/ium su/9urunt4 ,tum vr cvs ,rmn pontem t]g resc9d]e incipiunt1 et ho/s fr/r ,hortium sup]re temptant4 ,,lesson ,,lii ,,! ,,indef9ite ,,pron\ns ,special ,vocabul>y incolumis1 -e1 unh>m$ n 444 quidem1 adv41 n ev54 ,! emphatic ^w /&s betwe5 n & quidem nisi1 conj41 unless1 if 444 n pa5e1 adv41 almo/ 7p5-insula7 satis1 adv41 en\gh1 suffici5tly 7satisfaction7 tantus1 -a1 -um1 s great vr1 adv41 truly1 inde$1 9 fact4 ,z a conj4 b1 h[ev]1 usually /&s second1 nev] fir/4 dcid1 dcid]e1 dcid1 ----1 fall d[n 7decidu\s7 dsili1 dsilre1 dsilu1 dsultus1 leap d[n1 dism\nt mane1 manre1 mns1 mnsrus1 rema9 trdc1 trdc]e1 trdx1 trductus1 lead across #bif4 ,! indef9ite pron\ns are us$ to ref] to "s p]son or "s ?+1 )\t indicat+ :i* p>ticul> "o is meant4 ,! pron\ns quis & qu1 :i* we h le>n$ 9 _! int]rogative & relative uses1 may also be indef9ite2 & ne>ly all ! o!r indef9ite pron\ns are comp\nds ( quis or qu & decl9$ almo/ l !m4 ,review ! decl5sion ( ^! words1 #bba1 #bbg4 #big4 ,le>n ! decl5sion & mean+ ( ! foll[+ indef9ites3 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 quis quid1 "s "o1 any "o 7sub/antive7 qu qua or quae quod1 "s1 any 7adjective71 #dhc aliquis aliquid1 "s "o1 any "o 7sub/antive71 #dhg aliqu aliqua aliquod1 "s1 any 7adjective71 #dhg qudam qua$am quoddam1 quiddam1 a c]ta91 a c]ta9 "o1 #dhe quisquam quicquam or quidquam 7no plural71 any "o 7at all7 7sub/antive71 #dhf quisque quidque1 ea* "o1 e "o 7sub/antive71 #dhd quisque quaeque quodque1 ea*1 e 7adjective71 #dhd ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ! orig9al text1 ! comb9$ =ms 7mascul9e_/fem99e7 7 pr9t$ 9 ! 8mascul9e0 column4 ,,note4 ,! mean+s ( ! neut]s1 some?+1 etc41 are easily inf]r$ f ! mascul9e & fem99e4 a4 ,9 ! mascul9e & neut] s+ul> ( ! indef9ites1 quis-=ms & quid-=ms are mo/ly us$ z sub/antives1 qu-=ms & quod-=ms z adjectives4 b4 ,! indef9ites quis & qu nev] /& fir/ 9 a clause1 & are r>e except+ aft] s1 nisi1 n1 num 7z1 s quis1 if any "o2 s quid1 if any?+2 nisi quis1 unless "s "o74 ,g5]ally aliquis & aliqu are us$ in/ead4 c4 ,! =ms qua & aliqua are bo? fem99e nom9ative s+ul> & neut] nom9ative plural ( ! indef9ite adjectives qu & aliqu respectively4 ,h[ d ^! diff] f ! correspond+ =ms ( ! relative qu8 d4 ,obs]ve t qudam 7qu -dam7 is decl9$ l qu1 except t 9 ! accusative s+ul> & g5itive plural m ( qu becomes n 7cf4 #bhg4;a73 qu5dam1 qu&am1 qurundam1 qurundam2 also t ! neut] has quiddam 7sub/antive7 & quoddam 7adjective7 9 ! nom9ative & accusative s+ul>4 ,qudam is ! lea/ indef9ite ( ! indef9ite pron\ns1 & implies t y c\ld "n ! p]son or ?+ ref]r$ to if y c>$ to d s4 e4 ,quisquam & quisque 7sub/antive7 are decl9$ l quis4 f4 ,quisquam1 any "o 7quicquam or quidquam1 any?+71 is always us$ sub/antively & *iefly 9 negative s5t5ces4 ,! correspond+ adjective any is llus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh74 #bih4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bie4 ,i4 #a4 ,aliquis d ponte 9 flm5 dcidit s$ s9e ll p]cul s]vtus e/4 #b4 ,e/ vr 9 vt cuiusque hom9is aliqua bona =tna4 #c4 ,n mlitum quidem#a quisquam 9 ca/rs mnsit4 #d4 ,s quem meae dom vids1 iub eum discd]e4 #e4 ,s quis pontem t5et1 n tantus quidem ex]citus cap]e urbem pote/4 #f4 ,urbs nn satis mnta erat et m]di rx qudam pa5e cpis sus trns pontem trdx]at4 #g4 ,dnique mles qudam armtus 9 flucts dsiluit et incolumis ad alt]am rpam oculs v]tit4 #h4 ,quisque ill =t mlit aliquid d>e dbet4 #i4 ,tanta vr virts ,rmns semp] placuit4 #aj4 lim ,cor9?us erat urbs satis magna et pa5e p> ,rmae ips2 nunc vr mo5ia dcidrunt et pauca ve/gia urbis illu rep]r possunt4 #aa4 ,quisque lb]ttem amat1 et aliquibus vr nm5 rgis e/ invsum4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,if y see a c]ta9 ,cornelius at ,cor9?1 s5d him to me4 #b4 ,almo/ all ! soldi]s :o fell d[n into ! waves 7 unh>m$4 #c4 ,n ev5 at ,pompeii did ,i see s great a fire4 #d4 ,i myself 0 eag] to tell some?+ to "s "o4 #e4 ,ea* "o 0 prais+ 8 own "w4 #f4 ,did y see "s "o 9 ! c\ntry8 ,i did n see any "o4 #g4 ,unless "s "o w rema9 on ! bridge ) ,horatius1 ! commonweal? w be 9 ! greate/ dang]4 ,footnote #a3 ,obs]ve t qudam & quidem are diff]5t words4 #bii4 ,,h[ ,,horatius ,,held ,,! ,,bridge 7,conclud$7 ,mox1 ubi p>va p>s pontis mnsit1 ,hortius iussit comits discd]e et slus mr cn/anti impetum illius ttius ex]cits su/9bat4 ,dnique magn fragre pns 9 flm5 dcdit4 ,tum vr ,hortius t]gum v]tit et armtus 9 aqus dsiluit4 ,9 eum ho/s multa tla icrunt2 incolumis autem p] flucts ad alt]am rpam trnvit4 ,e propt] tants rs ge/s populus ,rmnus nn slum alia magna praemia d$it s$ etiam /atuam ,horti 9 loc pblic posuit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,six? ,review1 ,lessons ,,xlv-,,lii1 #eba-ebc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,liii ,,regul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives ,special ,vocabul>y aquila1 -ae1 f41 eagle 7aquil9e7 audx1 g54 audcis1 adj41 bold1 audaci\s cel]1 cel]is1 cel]e1 swift1 quick 7cel]ity74 ,cf4 vlx explratr1 -ris1 m41 sc\t1 spy 7explor]7 +ns1 g54 +5tis1 adj41 huge1 va/ m$ius1 -a1 -um1 middle1 middle "p ( 7m$ium7 mns1 m5tis 7-ium71 f41 m9d 7m5tal74 ,cf4 animus opportnus1 -a1 -um1 opportune quam1 adv41 ?an4 ,) ! sup]lative quam gives ! =ce ( z possible1 z quam audcissim vir1 m5 z bold z possible rec5s1 g54 rec5tis1 adj41 rec5t tam1 adv41 s4 ,always ) an adjective or adv]b1 :ile ita is g5]ally us$ ) a v]b qua]1 qua]]e1 quaesv1 quaestus1 ask1 inquire1 seek 7"q74 ,cf4 pet #cjj4 ,! quality d5ot$ by an adjective may exi/ 9 ei!r a high] or a l[] degree1 & ?is is express$ by a =m ( inflection call$ comp>ison4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( ! quality is express$ by ! positive degree1 its pres5ce 9 a high] or l[] degree by ! comp>ative1 & 9 ! highe/ or l[e/ ( all by ! sup]lative4 ,9 ,engli% ! usual way ( comp>+ an adjective is by us+ ! suffix -er = ! comp>ative & -e/ = ! sup]lative2 z1 positive high1 comp>ative high]1 sup]lative highe/4 ,less frequ5tly we use ! adv]bs m & mo/2 z1 positive beautiful1 comp>ative m beautiful1 sup]lative mo/ beautiful4 ,9 ,lat91 z 9 ,engli%1 adjectives are comp>$ by add+ suffixes or by us+ adv]bs4 #cja4 ,adjectives are comp>$ by us+ suffixes z foll[s3 ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative clrus1 -a1 -um clrior1 clru clrissimus1 -a1 -um 7bright7 7bright]7 7brighte/7 7,,base clr-7 brevis1 breve brevior1 brevius brevissimus1 -a1 -um 7%ort7 7%ort]7 7%orte/7 7,,base brev-7 vlx vlcior1 vlcius vlcissimus1 -a1 -um 7swift7 7swift]7 7swifte/7 7,,base veloc-7 a4 ,! comp>ative is =m$ f ! base ( ! positive by add+ -ior masc4 & fem41 & -ius neut42 ! sup]lative by add+ -issimus1 -issima1 -issimum4 #cjb4 ,less frequ5tly adjectives are comp>$ by us+ ! adv]bs magis1 m2 maxim1 mo/2 z1 idneus1 suitable2 magis idneus1 m suitable2 maxim idneus1 mo/ suitable4 #cjc4 ,decl5sion ( ! ,comp>ative4 ,adjectives ( ! comp>ative degree are decl9$ z foll[s3 ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 clrior clru clrirs clrira ,g54 clriris clriris clrirum clrirum ,dat4 clrir clrir clriribus clriribus ,acc4 clrirem clrius clrirs clrira ,abl4 clrire clrire clriribus clriribus a4 ,obs]ve t ! end+s are ^? ( ! consonant /ems ( ! ?ird decl5sion4 b4 ,comp>e longus1 long2 =tis1 brave2 recns 7base1 rec5t-71 rec5t2 & decl9e ! comp>ative ( ea*4 #cjd4 ,adjectives 9 -er =m ! comp>ative regul>ly1 b ! sup]lative is =m$ by add+ -rimus1 -a1 -um to ! nom9ative mascul9e ( ! positive2 z1 ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative c]1 cris1 cre crior1 crius c]rimus1 -a1 -um 7,,base acr-7 pul*]1 pul*ra1 pul*rum pul*rior1 pul*rius pul*]rimus1 7,,base pul*r-7 -a1 -um lb]1 lb]a1 lb]um lb]ior1 lb]ius lb]rimus1 -a1 -um 7,,base lb]-7 a4 ,9 a simil> mann] comp>e mis]1 aeg]1 crb]4 #cje4 ,! comp>ative is (t5 translat$ by q1 too1 or some:at1 & ! sup]lative by v2 z1 altior1 q 7too1 some:at7 high2 altissimus1 v high4 #cjf4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bif4 ,i4 #a4 ,quid explrtrs qua]bant8 ,explrtrs tempus opportnissimum it9] qua]bant4 #b4 ,m$i 9 silv igns quam crb]rims fcimus1 quod f]s tam audcis numquam ante vd]mus4 #c4 ,antqus temporibus ,g]mn erant =tirs quam ,gall4 #d4 ,caes> erat clrior quam inimc#a qu eum necvrunt4 #e4 ,quisque sctum +ns et plum longius g]bat4 #f4 ,apud b>b>s ,g]mn erant audcissim et =tissim4 #g4 ,mns hom9um e/ cel]ior quam corpus4 #h4 ,vir aliqurum t]rrum sunt mis]rim4 #i4 ,corpora ,g]mnrum erant +5tira quam ,rmnrum4 #aj4 c]rim ,gallrum prncips s9e ll mor trns flm5 quoddam equs vlcissims trdxrunt4 #aa4 ,ae/te dis sunt longirs quam hieme4 #ab4 ,imp]tor qudam ab explrtribus d rec5t adv5t nvium longrum quaesvit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,( all birds ! eagle is ! swifte/4 #b4 ,c]ta9 animals are swift] ?an ! swifte/ horse4 #c4 ,! ,roman "n 0 mo/ hateful to ! enemies ( ! commonweal?4 #d4 ,! ,romans always inflict$ ! sev]e/#b puni%m5t on fai?less allies4 #e4 ,i 0 q ill1 & s ,i ha/5$ f ! city to ! c\ntry4 #f4 ,m>cus _h "s fri5ds de>] ?an ,cs>4#c #g4 ,did y n seek a m rec5t report conc]n+ ! battle8 #h4 ,n ev5 aft] a victory s opportune did he seek ! g5]al's fri5d%ip4 ,footnote #a3 ,:y is ?is ^w us$ in/ead ( ho/s8 ,footnote #b3 ,use ! sup]lative ( gravis4 ,footnote #c3 ,accusative4 ,9 a comp>ison ! n\n aft] quam is 9 ! same case z ! "o be=e x4 ,n4,b4 ,beg9n+ at ?is po9t1 ! selections = read+ w be f\nd ne> ! end ( ! volume4 7,see p4 #aig47 ,,lesson ,,liv ,,irregul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives ,,! ,,ablative ,,) ,,comp>atives ,,)\t ,,quam ,special ,vocabul>y alac]1 alacris1 alacre1 eag]1 spirit$1 excit$ 7alacrity7 cel]its1 -tis1 f41 spe$ 7cel]ity7 clmor1 clmris1 m41 %\t1 clamor lnis1 lne1 mild1 g5tle 7l5i5t7 muli]1 mulieris1 f41 woman multitd1 multitd9is1 f41 multitude nm1 dat4 nm91 acc4 nm9em 7g54 nllu1 abl4 nll1 f nllus71 no plur41 m4 & f41 no "o nbilis1 nbile1 well kn[n1 noble noct1 adv4 7an old abl471 by night 7nocturnal7 /atim1 adv41 imm$iately1 at once subit1 adv41 sudd5ly t>dus1 -a1 -um1 sl[ 7t>dy7 cupi1 cup]e1 cupv1 cuptus1 desire1 wi% 7cupidity7 #cjg4 ,! foll[+ six adjectives 9 -lis =m ! comp>ative regul>ly2 b ! sup]lative is =m$ by add+ -limus to ! base ( ! positive4 ,le>n ! mean+s & comp>ison4 ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative facilis1 -e1 easy facilior1 -ius facillimus1 -a1 -um difficilis1 -e1 h>d difficilior1 -ius difficillimus1 -a1 -um similis1 -e1 l similior1 -ius simillimus1 -a1 -um dissimilis1 -e1 unlike dissimilior1 -ius dissimillimus1 -a1 -um gracilis1 -e1 sl5d] gracilior1 -ius gracillimus1 -a1 -um humilis1 -e1 l[ humilior1 -ius humillimus1 -a1 -um #cjh4 ,f ! k ga9$ 9 ! prec$+ lesson we %\ld translate ! s5t5ce ,no?+ is bright] ?an ! sun ,nihil e/ clrius quam sl ,b ! ,romans1 especially 9 negative s5t5ces1 (t5 express$ ! comp>ison 9 ?is way1 ,nihil e/ clrius sle :i*1 lit]ally translat$1 is ,no?+ is bright] away f ! sun2 t is1 />t+ f ! sun z a /&>d1 no?+ is bright]4 ,?is relation is express$ by ! sep>ative ablative sle4 ,h5ce ! rule #cji4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ) ,comp>atives4 ,! comp>ative degree1 if quam is omitt$1 is foll[$ by ! sep>ative ablative4 #caj4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bif4 ,i4 #a4 ,nm mlits alacrirs ,rmns vdit4 #b4 ,/atim imp]tor iussit nntis quam cel]rims litt]s ,rmam portre4 #c4 ,multa flm9a sunt lnira ,rhn4 #d4 ,apud ,rmans quis erat clrior ,caes>e8 #e4 ,nihil pul*rius urbe ,rm vd4 #f4 ,subit multitd audacissima magn clamre proelium crius commsit4 #g4 ,num e/ equus tuus t>dus8 ,nn vr t>dus1 s$ cel]ior aquil4 #h4 ,ubi ,romae fu1 nm erat mihi amicior ,sext4 #i4 ,qua$am muli]s cibum mlitibus d>e cupvrunt4 #aj4 ,rx vetuit cvis ex urbe noct discd]e4 #aa4 ,ille pu] e/ gracilior hc muli]e4 #ab4 ,explrtor dus 7two7 vis1 alt]am facilem1 alt]am difficilirem1 dmn/rvit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:at city h y se5 m beautiful ?an ,rome8 #b4 ,! ,gauls 7 n m eag] ?an ! ,g]mans4 #c4 ,! eagle is n sl[] ?an ! horse4 #d4 ,! spirit$ woman did n fe> to make ! j\rney by night4 #e4 ,! m9d ( ! multitude 0 q g5tle & fri5dly4 #f4 ,b ! k+'s m9d 0 v diff]5t4 #g4 ,! k+ 0 n l 7simil> to7 8 noble fa!r4 #h4 ,^! hills are l[] ?an ! huge m\nta9s ( our t]ritory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arma ,,romana ,,lesson ,,lv ,,irregul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives 7,cont9u$7 ,special ,vocabul>y a$ificium1 a$ific1 n41 build+1 dwell+ 7edifice7 imp]ium1 imper1 n41 comm&1 *ief p[]2 empire mors1 mortis 7-ium71 f41 dea? 7mortal7 reliquus1 -a1 -um1 rema9+1 re/ (4 ,z a n\n1 m4 & n4 plur41 ! re/ 7relic7 scelus1 scel]is1 n41 crime s]vits1 -tis1 f41 slav]y 7s]vitude7 valls1 vallis 7-ium71 f41 valley abd1 abd]e1 abdid1 abditus1 hide cont5d1 cont5d]e1 cont5d1 cont5tus1 /ra91 /ruggle2 ha/5 7cont5d7 occd1 occd]e1 occd1 occsus1 cut d[n1 kill4 ,cf4 nec1 int]fici p]t]re1 p]t]rre1 p]t]ru1 p]t]ritus1 t]rify1 fright5 recipi1 recip]e1 recp1 receptus1 receive1 recov]2 s recip]e1 betake "o's self1 )draw1 retreat trd1 trd]e1 trdid1 trditus1 give ov]1 surr5d]1 deliv] 7traitor7 #caa4 ,"s adjectives 9 ,engli% h irregul> comp>ison1 z good1 bett]1 be/2 _m1 m1 mo/4 ,s ,lat9 comp>ison pres5ts "s irregul>ities4 ,among ! adjectives t are comp>$ irregul>ly are ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative bonus1 -a1 -um1 good melior1 melius optimus1 -a1 -um magnus1 -a1 -um1 great maior1 maius maximus1 -a1 -um malus1 -a1 -um1 bad peior1 peius pessimus1 -a1 -um multus1 -a1 -um1 mu* ----1 pls plrimus1 -a1 -um mult1 -ae1 -a1 _m plrs1 plra plrim1 -ae1 -a p>vus1 -a1 -um1 small m9or1 m9us m9imus1 -a1 -um #cab4 ,! foll[+ f\r adjectives h two sup]latives4 ,unusual =ms are plac$ 9 p>5!ses4 ext]us1 -a1 -um1 7ext]ior1 -ius1 extrmus1 -a1 -um outw>d out]7 7extimus1 -a1 -um7 out]mo/1 la/ nf]us1 -a1 -um1 nf]ior1 -ius1 nfimus1 -a1 -um l[ l[] mus1 -a1 -um l[e/ po/]us1 -a1 -um1 7po/]ior1 -ius1 po/rmus1 -a1 -um next lat]7 7po/umus1 -a1 -um7 la/ sup]us1 -a1 -um1 sup]ior1 -ius suprmus1 -a1 -um above high] summus1 -a1 -um highe/ #cac4 ,pls1 m 7plural m1 _m1 sev]al71 is decl9$ z foll[s3 ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 ---- pls plrs plra ,g54 ---- plris plrium plrium ,dat4 ---- ---- plribus plribus ,acc4 ---- pls plrs1 -s plra ,abl4 ---- plre plribus plribus a4 ,9 ! s+ul> pls is us$ only z a neut] sub/antive4 #cad4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bif4 ,i4 #a4 ,reliqu ho/s1 qu dextr corn proelium comms]ant1 d sup]ire loc fgrunt et ss 9 silvam maximam recprunt4 #b4 ,9 extrm p>te silvae ca/ra ho/ium posita erant4 #c4 ,plrim captv ab equitibus ad ,caes>em duct sunt4 #d4 ,caes> vr iussit es 9 s]vittem trd4 #e4 ,po/] di magna multitd muli]um ab ,rmns 9 valle m rep]ta e/4 #f4 ,hae muli]s maxim p]t]ritae adv5t ,caes>is ss occd]e /udbant4 #g4 ,eae quoque plrs fbuls d ex]cits ,rmn scel]ibus audv]ant4 #h4 ,fma illrum mlitum optima nn erat4 #i4 ,9 b>b>rum a$ificis maior cpia frm5t rep]ta e/4 #aj4 ,nm crbrs proelis cont5d]e s9e aliqu p]cul pote/4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! rema9+ wom5 fl$ f _! dwell+s & hid !mselves4 #b4 ,!y 7 t]rifi$ & did n wi% to be captur$ & giv5 ov] into slav]y4 #c4 ,no?+ c be worse ?an slav]y4 #d4 ,slav]y is worse ?an dea?4 #e4 ,9 ! ,roman empire a great _m 7 kill$ because !y refus$ to be slaves4 #f4 ,to surr5d] ! fa!rl& is ! wor/ crime4 ,,lesson ,,lvi ,,irregul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives 7,conclud$7 ,,ablative ,,( ,,! ,,measure ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,special ,vocabul>y aditus1 -s1 m41 approa*1 access2 entrance cvits1 cvittis1 f41 citiz5%ip2 body ( citiz5s1 /ate 7city7 int]1 prep1 ) acc41 betwe51 among 7int]/ate comm]ce7 nam1 conj41 = obses1 obsidis1 m4 & f41 ho/age paul1 adv4 7abl4 n4 ( paulus71 by a little1 some:at incol1 incol]e1 incolu1 ----1 transitive1 inhabit2 intransitive1 dwell4 ,cf4 habit1 vv rel9qu1 rel9qu]e1 relqu1 relictus1 leave1 ab&on 7rel9qui%7 /atu1 /atu]e1 /atu1 /attus1 fix1 decide 7/atute71 usually ) inf94 #cae4 ,! foll[+ adjectives are irregul> 9 ! =mation ( ! sup]lative & h no positive4 ,=ms r>ely us$ are 9 p>5!ses4 ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative cit]ior1 hi!r 7citimus1 hi!rmo/7 int]ior1 inn] 7intimus1 inmo/7 prior1 =m] prmus1 fir/ propior1 ne>] proximus1 next1 ne>e/ ult]ior1 fur!r ultimus1 fur!/ #caf4 ,9 ! s5t5ce ,galba is a head tall] ?an ,sextus1 ! phrase a head tall] expresses ! measure ( diff]5ce 9 height betwe5 ,galba & ,sextus4 ,! ,lat9 =m ( expression w\ld be ,galba is tall] ?an ,sextus by a head4 ,?is is cle>ly an ablative relation1 & ! con/ruction is call$ ! ablative ( ! measure ( diff]5ce4 ,,examples ,galba e/ altior capite quam ,sextus ,galba is a head tall] 7tall] by a head7 ?an ,sextus4 ,illud it] ad ,italiam e/ mult brevius ,t r\te to ,italy is mu* %ort] 7%ort] by mu*7 #cag4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ! ,measure ( ,diff]5ce4 ,) comp>atives & words imply+ comp>ison ! ablative is us$ to d5ote ! measure ( diff]5ce4 a4 ,especially common 9 ?is con/ruction are ! neut] ablatives e1 by ?is1 by t nihil1#a by no?+ hc1 by ?is paul1 by a little mult1 by mu* ,footnote #a3 nihil 0 orig9ally nihilum & decl9$ l plum4 ,!re is no plural4 #cah4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #big4 ,i4 #a4 ,b>b> proelium committ]e /aturunt e magis quod ,rmn nfrm esse vidbantur4 #b4 ,meum cnsilium e/ mult melius quam tuum quia mult facilius e/4 #c4 ,haec via e/ mult ltior quam illa4 #d4 ,b>b> erant nihil t>dirs quam ,rmn4 #e4 ,tuus equus e/ paul cel]ior quam meus4 #f4 ,i qu paul =tirs erant prohiburunt reliqus aditum rel9qu]e4 #g4 ,int] ills cvitts ,g]mnia mlits habet optims4 #h4 ,propior via quae p] hanc vallem dcit e/ int] portum et lacum4 #i4 ,s]v1 qu agrs cit]irs incolbant1 prirs dom9s rel9qu]e nn cupvrunt1 quod es ambant4 #aj4 ,ultimae ,g]mniae "ps numquam 9 fidem ,rmnrum vnrunt4 #aa4 ,nam trns ,rhnum aditus erat mult difficilior ex]citu ,rmn4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,ano!r way mu* m difficult 7m difficult by mu*7 0 left ?r\gh hi!r ,gaul4 #b4 ,9 anci5t times no /ate 0 /rong] ?an ! ,roman empire4 #c4 ,! /ates ( fur!r ,gaul did n wi% to give ho/ages to ,cs>4 #d4 ,slav]y is no bett] 7bett] by no?+7 ?an dea?4 #e4 ,! be/ citiz5s are n lov$ by ! wor/4 #f4 ,! active enemy imm$iately )drew into ! ne>e/ =e/1 = !y 7 t]rifi$ by ,cs>'s rec5t victories4 ,,lesson ,,lvii ,,=mation ,,& ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adv]bs ,special ,vocabul>y aequus1 -a1 -um1 ev51 level2 equal cohors1 cohortis 7-ium71 f41 cohort1 a t5? "p ( a legion1 ab\t #cfj m5 curr1 curr]e1 cucurr1 cursus1 run 7c\rse7 difficults1 -tis1 f41 difficulty fossa1 -ae1 f41 dit* 7fosse7 gns1 g5tis 7-ium71 f41 race1 tribe1 nation 7,g5tile7 negtium1 negt1 n41 bus9ess1 affair1 matt] 7negotiate7 regi1 -nis1 f41 region1 di/rict rmor1 rmris1 m41 rumor1 report4 ,cf4 fma simul atque1 conj41 z soon z suscipi1 suscip]e1 suscp1 susceptus1 und]take trah1 trah]e1 trx1 trctus1 drag1 draw 7ex-tract7 vale1 valre1 valu1 valitrus1 be /rong2 plrimum valre1 to be mo/ p[]ful1 h great influ5ce 7value74 ,cf4 validus #cai4 ,adv]bs are g5]ally d]iv$ f adjectives1 z 9 ,engli% 7e4g4 adj4 sweet1 adv4 sweetly74 ,l adjectives1 !y c be comp>$2 b !y h no decl5sion4 #cbj4 ,adv]bs d]iv$ f adjectives ( ! fir/ & second decl5sions are =m$ & comp>$ z foll[s3 ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative ,adj4 crus1 de> crior crissimus ,adv4 cr1 de>ly crius crissim ,adj4 pul*]1 beautiful pul*rior pul*]rimus ,adv4 pul*r1 beautifully pul*rius pul*]rim ,adj4 lb]1 free lb]ior lb]rimus ,adv4 lb]1 freely lb]ius lb]rim a4 ,! positive ( ! adv]b is =m$ by add+ - to ! base ( ! positive ( ! adjective4 ,! sup]lative ( ! adv]b is =m$ f ! sup]lative ( ! adjective 9 ! same way4 b4 ,! comp>ative ( any adv]b is ! neut] accusative s+ul> ( ! comp>ative ( ! adjective4 #cba4 ,adv]bs d]iv$ f adjectives ( ! ?ird decl5sion are =m$ l ^? describ$ above 9 ! comp>ative & sup]lative4 ,! positive is usually =m$ by add+ -it] to ! base ( adjectives ( ?ree end+s or ( two end+s1 & -t] to ! base ( ^? ( "o end+2#a z1 ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative ,adj4 =tis1 brave =tior =tissimus ,adv4 =tit]1 bravely =tius =tissim ,adj4 audx1 bold audcior audcissimus ,adv4 audct]1 boldly audcius audcissim ,footnote #a3 ,?is is a good work+ rule1 ?\gh !re are "s exceptions to x4 #cbb4 ,case ,=ms z ,adv]bs4 ,z we le>n$ above1 ! neut] accusative ( comp>atives is us$ adv]bially4 ,s 9 ! positive or sup]lative "s adjectives1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! usual =mation1 use ! accusative or ! ablative s+ul> neut] adv]bially2 z1 ,adj4 facilis1 easy prmus1 fir/ ,adv4 facile 7acc471 easily prmum 7acc471 fir/ prm 7abl471 at fir/ ,adj4 multus1 _m plrimus1 mo/ ,adv4 multum 7acc471 mu* plrimum 7acc471 mo/ mult 7abl471 by mu* #cbc4 ,le>n ! foll[+ irregul> comp>isons3 b5e1 well melius1 bett] optim1 be/ di1 long 7"t7 ditius1 long] ditissim1 longe/ magnop]e1 greatly magis1 m maxim1 mo/ p>um1 little m9us1 less m9im1 lea/ prope1 ne>ly1 ne> propius1 ne>] proxim1 ne>e/ saepe1 (t5 saepius1 (t5] saepissim1 (t5e/ #cbd4 ,=m adv]bs f ! foll[+ adjectives1 us+ ! regul> rules1 & comp>e !m3 laetus1 sup]bus1 mole/us1 amcus1 c]1 brevis1 gravis1 recns4 #cbe4 ,,rule4 ,adv]bs4 ,adv]bs modify v]bs1 adjectives1 & o!r adv]bs4 #cbf4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #big4 ,i4 #a4 ,nlla rs melius ge/a e/ quam proelium illud#b ubi ,m>ius mult m9re ex]cit mult mairs cpis ,g]mnrum 9 fugam d$it4 #b4 ,audct] 9 ,rmnrum cohorts ho/s impets fcrunt #c4 ,m>ius autem omns hs =tissim su/9uit4 #d4 ,b>b> nihil =tirs erant quam ,rmn4 #e4 ,prm b>b> esse sup]irs vidbantur1 tum ,rmn crius cont5drunt4 #f4 ,dnique1 ubi iam ditissim pa5e aequ proeli pugntum e/1 b>b> fugam petirunt4 #g4 ,qua$am ,g]mnrum g5ts1 simul atque rmrem illu calamittis audvrunt1 ss 9 ultims reginibus fnium surum abdidrunt4 #h4 ,rmn saepius quam ho/s vcrunt1 quod melira arma habbant4 #i4 ,int] omns g5ts ,rmn plrimum valbant4 #aj4 ,hae cohorts simul atque 9 aequirem reginem s recprunt1 ca/ra s9e ll difficultte posurunt4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,"s nations are easily ov]come by _! enemies4 #b4 ,g]many is mu* l>g] ?an ,gaul4 #c4 ,7 n ! ,romans ! mo/ p[]ful among ! tribes ( ,italy8 #d4 ,on acc\nt ( 787 w\nds ! soldi] dragg$ 8 body f ! dit* ) ! greate/ difficulty4 #e4 ,he 0 able nei!r to run nor to fight4 #f4 ,:o sav$ him8 ,a c]ta9 horseman boldly und]took ! matt]4 #g4 ,! rumors conc]n+ ! soldi]'s dea? 7 n true4 ,footnote #b3 ille /&+ aft] its n\n means t well-kn[n1 t fam\s4 ,,lesson ,,lviii ,,num]als ,,! ,,p>titive ,,g5itive ,special ,vocabul>y commetus1 -s1 m44 provisions ltitd1 -inis1 f41 wid? 7latitude7 longitd1 -inis1 f41 l5g? 7longitude7 magnitd1 -inis1 f41 size1 magnitude m]ctor1 m]ctris1 m41 trad]1 m]*ant mnti1 -nis1 f41 =tification 7munition7 spatium1 spat1 n41 room1 space1 di/ance2 "t cognsc1 cognsc]e1 cognv1 cognitus1 le>n2 9 ! p]fect t5ses1 "k 7re-cognize7 cg1 cg]e1 cog1 coctus1 collect2 compel 7cog5t7 df5d1 df5d]e1 df5d1 dfnsus1 def5d inc5d1 inc5d]e1 inc5d1 incnsus1 set fire to1 burn 7inc5di>y74 ,cf4 crem obt9e1 obt9re1 obt9u1 obt5tus1 possess1 occupy1 hold 7obta97 p]v5i1 p]v5re1 p]vn1 p]v5tus1 come ?r\gh1 arrive #cbg4 ,! ,lat9 num]al adjectives may be classifi$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,c>d9al ,num]als1 answ]+ ! "q h[ _m8 z1 nus1 "o2 duo1 two2 etc4 #b4 ,ord9al ,num]als1 d]iv$ 9 mo/ cases f ! c>d9als & answ]+ ! "q 9 :at ord]8 z1 prmus1 fir/2 secundus1 second2 etc4 #c4 ,di/ributive ,num]als1 answ]+ ! "q h[ _m at a "t8 z1 s+ul1 "o at a "t4 #cbh4 ,! ,c>d9al ,num]als4 ,! fir/ tw5ty ( ! c>d9als are z foll[s3 #a1 nus #f1 sex #aa1 ndecim #af1 sdecim #b1 duo #g1 septem #ab1 duodecim #ag1 sept5decim #c1 trs #h1 oct #ac1 tr$ecim #ah1 duodvg9t #d1 quattuor #i1 novem #ad1 quattuordecim #ai1 ndvg9t #e1 qunque #aj1 decem #ae1 qundecim #bj1 vg9t a4 ,le>n also c5tum #ajj1 duc5t #bjj1 mlle #ajjj4 #cbi4 ,decl5sion ( ! ,c>d9als4 ,( ! c>d9als only nus1 duo1 trs1 ! hundr$s above "o hundr$1 & mlle us$ z a n\n1 are decl9able4 a4 nus is "o ( ! n9e irregul> adjectives1 & is decl9$ l nllus 7cf4 #aji1 #dgj74 ,! plural ( nus is us$ to agree ) a plural n\n ( a s+ul> mean+1 z1 na ca/ra1 "o camp2 & ) o!r n\ns 9 ! s5se ( only1 z1 ,gall n1 only ! ,gauls4 b4 ,le>n ! decl5sion ( duo1 two2 trs1 ?ree2 & mlle1 a ?\s&4 7#dgi47 c4 ,! hundr$s above "o hundr$ are decl9$ l ! plural ( bonus2 z1 duc5t1 -ae1 -a duc5trum1 -rum1 -rum etc4 etc4 etc4 #ccj4 ,we h already become famili> ) s5t5ces l ! foll[+3 ,omnium avium aquila e/ vlcissima ,( all birds ! eagle is ! swifte/ ,hoc rculum erat omnium clrissimum ,?is oracle 0 ! mo/ fam\s ( all ,9 su* s5t5ces ! g5itive d5otes ! :ole1 & ! ^w x modifies d5otes a "p ( t :ole4 ,su* a g5itive1 d5ot+ ! :ole ( :i* a "p is tak51 is call$ a p>titive g5itive4 #cca4 ,,rule4 ,p>titive ,g5itive4 ,words d5ot+ a "p are (t5 us$ ) ! g5itive ( ! :ole1 kn[n z ! p>titive g5itive4 a4 ,words d5ot+ a "p are especially pron\ns1 num]als1 & o!r adjectives4 ,b c>d9al numb]s except+ mlle regul>ly take ! ablative ) ex or d in/ead ( ! p>titive g5itive4 b4 ,mlle1 a ?\s&1 9 ! s+ul> is usually an indecl9able adjective 7z1 mlle mlits1 a ?\s& soldi]s71 b 9 ! plural x is a decl9able n\n & takes ! p>titive g5itive 7z1 decem mlia mlitum1 t5 ?\s& soldi]s74 ,,examples3 ,=tissim hrum sunt ,g]mn ,! brave/ ( ^! are ! ,g]mans ,decem mlia ho/ium int]fecta sunt ,t5 ?\s& 7lit4 ?\s&s7 ( ! enemy 7 sla9 na ex captvs erat soror rgis ,"o ( ! captives 0 ! k+'s si/] #ccb4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #big4 ,i4 #a4 ,caes> maximam p>tem a$ificirum inc5dit4 #b4 ,magna p>s mntinis aqu flm9is dlta e/4 #c4 ,gall huius reginis qunque mlia hom9um cog]ant4 #d4 ,duo ex mes frtribus eundem rmrem audvrunt4 #e4 ,quis ,rmnrum erat cl>ior ,caes>e8 #f4 ,qunque cohorts ex ill legine ca/ra quam =tissim df5dbant4 #g4 ,hic locus ab]at aequ spati#a ab ca/rs ,caes>is et ca/rs ,g]mnrum4 #h4 ,caes> simul atque p]vnit1 pls commets ab socis po/ulvit4 #i4 ,nnne m]ctrs magnitd9em nsulae cognv]ant8 ,longitd9em s$ nn ltitd9em cognv]ant4 #aj4 ,pauc ho/ium obt9bant collem quem explrtrs no/r vdrunt4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,i h two bro!rs1 & "o ( !m lives at ,rome4 #b4 ,cs> /orm$ t v t[n ) ?ree legions4 #c4 ,9 "o h\r he de/roy$ a great "p ( ! =tification4 #d4 ,:5 ! enemy c\ld no long]#b def5d ! gates1 !y retreat$ to a hill :i* 0 n f> di/ant4#c #e4 ,!re ?ree ?\s& ( !m bravely resi/$ ! ,romans4#d ,footnote #a3 ,ablative ( ! measure ( diff]5ce4 ,footnote #b3 ,n longius4 ,:y8 ,footnote #c3 ,lat91 0 di/ant by a small space4 ,footnote #d3 ,n ! accusative4 ,,lesson ,,lix ,,num]als 7,cont9u$7 ,,! ,,accusative ,,( ,,ext5t ,special ,vocabul>y agm51 agm9is1 n41 l9e ( m>*1 column2 prmum agm51 ! van2 novissimum agm51 ! re> atque1 ac1 conj41 &2 atque is us$ be=e v[els & consonants1 ac be=e consonants only4 ,cf4 et & -que concilium1 concil1 n41 c\ncil1 assembly ,helvti1 -rum1 m41 ! ,helvetii1 a ,gallic tribe passus1 passs1 m41 a pace1 five ,roman feet2 mlle passuum1 a ?\s& 7(7 paces1 a ,roman mile qu d caus1 = ?is reason1 = :at reason vllum1 -1 n41 e>?-works1 ramp>t cad1 cad]e1 cecid1 csrus1 fall 7decad5ce7 dd1 dd]e1 ddid1 dditus1 surr5d]1 give up2 ) a reflexive pron\n1 surr5d] "o's self1 submit1 ) ! dative ( ! indirect object prem1 prem]e1 press1 pressus1 press h>d1 h>ass vex1 vexre1 vexv1 vextus1 annoy1 ravage 7vex7 #ccc4 ,le>n ! fir/ tw5ty ( ! ord9al num]als 7#dgh74 ,! ord9als are all decl9$ l bonus4 #ccd4 ,! di/ributive num]als are decl9$ l ! plural ( bonus4 ,! fir/ ?ree are s+ul1 -ae1 -a1 "o ea*1 "o by "o bn1 -ae1 -a1 two ea*1 two by two t]n1 -ae1 -a1 ?ree ea*1 ?ree by ?ree #cce4 ,we h le>n$ t1 besides its use z object1 ! accusative is us$ to express space relations n cov]$ by ! ablative4 ,we h _h su* expressions z p] plrims anns1 = a great _m ye>s2 p] ttum diem1 = a :ole day4 ,"h ! space relation is "o ( ext5t ( "t4 ,we c\ld also say p] decem p$s1 = t5 feet1 :]e ! space relation is "o ( ext5t ( space4 ,:ile ?is is correct ,lat91 ! usual =m is to use ! accusative ) no preposition1 z1 ,vir ttum diem cucurrit1 ! man ran = a :ole day ,caes> mrum decem p$s mvit1 ,cs> mov$ ! wall t5 feet #ccf4 ,,rule4 ,accusative ( ,ext5t4 ,duration ( "t & ext5t ( space are express$ by ! accusative4 a4 ,?is accusative answ]s ! que/ions h[ long8 h[ f>8 b4 ,di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 ! accusative ( "t h[ long & ! ablative ( "t :51 or )9 :i*4 ,select ! accusatives ( "t & space & ! ablatives ( "t 9 ! foll[+3 ,:5 did ! g5]al arrive8 ,he arriv$ at two o'clock4 ,h[ long _h he be5 m>*+8 ,= f\r days4 ,h[ f> did he m>*8 ,he m>*$ sixty-five miles4 ,:]e has he pit*$ 8 camp8 ,?ree miles f ! riv]1 & he w rema9 !re sev]al days4 ,! wall ar\nd ! camp is t5 feet high4 ,:5 did ! w> beg98 ,9 ! fir/ ye> aft] ! k+'s dea?4 #ccg4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bih4 ,i4 ,cs> 9 ,gaul4 ,caes> bellum 9 ,gallia septem anns gessit4 ,prm ann ,helvtis vcit1 et edem ann multae ,g]manrum g5ts e ss ddidrunt4 ,mults iam anns ,g]mn ,galls vexabant#a et ducs ,g]mn cpis sus trns ,rhnum saepe trdcbant4#a ,nn s+ul v5ibant1 s$ multa milia hom9um 9 ,galliam cont5dbant4 ,qu d caus prncips ,galliae concilium convocvrunt atque /aturunt legates ad ,caes>em mitt]e4 ,caes>1 simul atque hunc rmrem audvit1 cpis sus s9e mor cogit4 ,prim lce =tit] cum ,g]mans proelium commsit4 ,ttum diem crit] pugntum e/4 ,caes> ipse dextr corn acicm dxit4 ,magna p>s ex]cits ,g]mn cecidit4 ,po/ magnam ca$em pauc multa milia passuum ad flm5 fgrunt4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,cs> pit*$ camp two miles f ! riv]4 #b4 ,he =tifi$ ! camp ) a dit* fifte5 feet wide & a ramp>t n9e feet high4 #c4 ,! camp ( ! enemy 0 a great way (f 70 di/ant by a great space74 #d4 ,on ! next day he ha/5$ t5 miles 9 ?ree h\rs4 #e4 ,sudd5ly ! enemy ) all _! =ces made an attack ^u 79 ) acc47 ! re>4 #f4 ,= two h\rs ! ,romans 7 h>d press$ by ! b>b>ians4 #g4 ,9 ?ree h\rs ! b>b>ians 7 flee+4 ,footnote #a3 ,translate z if plup]fect4 ,,lesson ,,lx ,,depon5t ,,v]bs ,special ,vocabul>y aut1 conj41 or2 aut 444 aut1 ei!r 444 or caus1 abl4 ( causa1 = ! sake (1 because (4 ,always /&s aft] ! g54 :i* modifies x f]1 adv41 ne>ly1 almo/ opni1 -nis1 f41 op9ion1 supposition1 expectation rs frm5tria1 re frm5triae1 f4 7lit4 ! gra9 affair71 gra9 supply timor1 -ris1 m41 fe>4 ,cf4 "t undique1 adv41 f all sides cnor1 cnr1 cntus sum1 attempt1 try gr$ior1 gr$1 gressus sum1 move out1 disemb>k2 prgr$ior1 move =w>d1 advance 7egress1 progress7 moror1 morr1 mortus sum1 delay orior1 orir1 ortus sum1 arise1 spr+2 beg92 be born 7f7 7orig97 pr(icscor1 pr(icsc1 pr(ectus sum1 set out rev]tor1 rev]t1 rev]sus sum1 return 7rev]t74 ,! =ms ( ?is v]b are usually active1 & n depon5t1 9 ! p]fect sy/em4 ,p]f4 act41 rev]t sequor1 sequ1 sectus sum1 foll[ 7sequ5ce74 ,note ! foll[+ comp\nds ( sequor & ! =ce ( ! diff]5t prefixes3 cnsequor 7foll[ )71 ov]take2 nsequor 7foll[ aga9/71 pursue2 subsequor 7foll[ "u71 foll[ close aft] #cch4 ,a numb] ( v]bs are passive 9 =m b active 9 mean+2 z1 hortor1 ,i enc\rage2 v]eor1 ,i fe>4 ,su* v]bs are call$ depon5t because !y h laid aside 7d-pn]e1 to lay aside7 ! active =ms4 a4 ,besides hav+ all ! =ms ( ! passive1 depon5t v]bs h also ! future active inf9itive & a few o!r active =ms :i* w be not$ lat]4 7,sec#cge1 #djc4;b47 #cci4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( depon5ts are ( c\rse passive 9 =m1 z1 ,conj4 ,i hortor1 hortr1 horttus sum1 enc\rage ,conj4 ,,ii v]eor1 v]r1 v]itus sum1 fe> ,conj4 ,,iii 7a7 sequor1 sequ1 sectus sum1 foll[ 7b7 patior1 pat1 passus sum1 suff]1 all[ ,conj4 ,,iv p>tior1 "pr1 "ptus sum1 %>e1 divide ,le>n ! synopses ( ^! v]bs4 7,see #dic47 ,patior is conjugat$ l ! passive ( capi 7#dib74 #cdj4 ,,prepositions ,,) ,,! ,,accusative ,! prepositions ) ! accusative t occur mo/ frequ5tly are ante1 be=e apud1 among circum1 ar\nd contr1 aga9/1 contr>y to extr1 outside ( 91 into1 91 aga9/1 ^u int]1 betwe51 among intr1 )9 ob1 on acc\nt ( 7quam ob rem1 :]e=e1 !re=e7 p]1 ?r\gh1 by means ( po/1 aft]1 beh9d propt]1 on acc\nt (1 because ( trns1 across1 ov] a4 ,mo/ ( ^! y h _h be=e4 ,review ! old ones & le>n ! new ones4 ,review ! li/ ( prepositions gov]n+ ! ablative1 #bji4 #cda4 ,,ex]cises ,fir/ le>n ! special vocabul>y1 p4 #bih4 ,i4 #a4 ,trs ex lgts1 contr ,caes>is opninem1 it] fac]e p] ho/ium fns v]bantur4 #b4 ,quis es horttus e/8 ,imp]tor es horttus e/ et is p]sudre cntus e/1 s$ nn potuit4 #c4 ,quid lgts p]t]ruit8 ,aut timor ho/ium1 qu undique prembant1 aut longitd viae es p]t]ruit4 #d4 ,tam5 omns f] ,caes>em mult magis quam ho/s v]it sunt4 #e4 ,=tissimae g5ts ,galliae ex ,g]mns oribantur4 #f4 ,quam ob rem tam =ts erant8 ,quia nec vnum nec alia quae virttem dl5t ad s portr patibantur4 #g4 ,caes> ex m]ctribus d nsul ,britanni quaesvit1 s$ nihil cognsc]e potuit4 #h4 ,itaque ipse /atuit hanc t]ram pet]e1 et m$i f] ae/te cum mults nvibus longs pr(ectus e/4 #i4 ,magn cel]itte it] confcit et 9 opportnissim loc gressus e/4 #aj4 ,b>b> summs vribus eum ab nsul prohibre cnt sunt4 #aa4 ,ille autem b>b>s multa mlia passuum nsectus e/2 tam5 s9e equitt es cnsequ nn potuit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,contr>y to our expectation1 ! enemy fl$ & ! cavalry foll[$ close aft] !m4 #b4 ,f all p>ts ( ! multitude ! %\ts arose ( ^? :o 7 be+ w\nd$4 #c4 ,cs> did n all[ ! cavalry to pursue too f>4#a #d4 ,! cavalry set out at ! fir/ h\r & 0 return+#b to camp at ! f\r? h\r4 #e4 ,ar\nd ! ,roman camp 0 a ramp>t twelve feet high4 #f4 ,cs> w delay ?ree days because ( ! gra9 supply4 #g4 ,ne>ly all ! lieut5ants fe>$ ! enemy & attempt$ to delay ! m>*4 ,footnote #a3 ,comp>ative ( long4 ,footnote #b3 ,w ?is be a depon5t or an active =m8 99 99 99 99 99 ,sev5? ,review1 ,lessons ,,liii-,,lx1 #ebd-ebf 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration ,,"p ,,iii ,,con/ructions ,,introductory ,,note ,! prec$+ "p ( ?is book has be5 conc]n$ *iefly ) =ms & vocabul>y4 ,!re rema9 /ill to be le>n$ ! =ms ( ! ,subjunctive ,mood1 ! ,p>ticiples1 & ! ,g]und ( ! regul> v]b1 & ! conjugation ( ! common] irregul> v]bs4 ,^! w be tak5 up 9 connection ) ! /udy ( con/ructions1 :i* w be ! *ief subject ( our future "w4 ,! special vocabul>ies ( ! prec$+ lessons conta91 exclusive ( prop] names1 ab\t six hundr$ words4 ,z ^! are among ! commone/ words 9 ! language1 !y mu/ be ma/]$4 ,!y prop]ly =m ! basis ( ! /udy ( words1 & w be review$ & us$ ) b few additions 9 ! rema9+ lessons4 ,= practice 9 read+ & to illu/rate ! con/ructions pres5t$1 a cont9u$ /ory has be5 prep>$ & may be begun at ?is po9t 7see p4 #bjd74 ,x has be5 divid$ into *apt]s ( conv5i5t l5g? to accompany progress ?r\gh ! lessons1 b may be read ) equal pr(it aft] ! lessons are f9i%$4 ,! /ory gives an acc\nt ( ! life & adv5tures ( ,publius ,cornelius ,l5tulus1 a ,roman boy1 :o f\ght 9 ,cs>'s campaigns & %>$ 9 8 triumph4 ,! color$ plates illu/rat+ ! /ory are fai?ful repres5tations ( anci5t life & are des]v+ ( c>eful /udy4 ,,lesson ,,lxi ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,mood #cdb4 ,9 addition to ! indicative1 imp]ative1 & inf9itive moods1 :i* y h le>n$1 ,lat9 has a f\r? mood call$ ! subjunctive4 ,! t5ses ( ! subjunctive are ,,pres5t ,,imp]fect ,,active ,,& ,,passive ,,p]fect ,,plup]fect #cdc4 ,! t5ses ( ! subjunctive h ! same "t values z ! correspond+ t5ses ( ! indicative1 &1 9 addition1 ea* ( !m may ref] to future "t4 ,no mean+s ( ! t5ses w be giv5 9 ! p>adigms1 z ! translation v>ies ) ! con/ruction us$4 #cdd4 ,! pres5t subjunctive is inflect$ z foll[s3 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,active ,,voice ,,s+ul> #a4 amem moneam regam capiam audiam #b4 ams mones regs capis audis #c4 amet moneat regat capiat audiat ,,plural #a4 ammus monemus regmus capimus audimus #b4 amtis monetis regtis capitis auditis #c4 am5t moneant regant capiant audiant ,,passive ,,voice ,,s+ul> #a4 am] mone> reg> capi> audi> #b4 amris moneris regris capiris audiris 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 #c4 amtur monetur regtur capitur auditur ,,plural #a4 ammur monemur regmur capimur audimur #b4 amm9 monem9 regm9 capim9 audim9 #c4 am5tur moneantur regantur capiantur audiantur a4 ,! pres5t subjunctive is =m$ f ! pres5t /em4 b4 ,! mood sign ( ! pres5t subjunctive is -- 9 ! fir/ conjugation & -- 9 ! o!rs4 ,x is %ort5$ 9 ! usual places 7cf4 #ab71 & takes ! place ( ! f9al v[el ( ! /em 9 ! fir/ & ?ird conjugations1 b n 9 ! second & f\r?4 c4 ,! p]sonal end+s are ! same z 9 ! indicative4 d4 ,9 a simil> way inflect ! pres5t subjunctive ( cr1 iube1 sm1 iaci1 mni4 #cde4 ,! pres5t subjunctive ( ! irregul> v]b sum is inflect$ z foll[s3 #a4 sim #a4 smus ,,s+4 #b4 ss ,,plural #b4 stis #c4 sit #c4 s9t #cdf4 ,! ,indicative & ,subjunctive ,comp>$4 #a4 ,! two mo/ important ( ! f9ite moods are ! indicative & ! subjunctive4 ,! indicative deals ) facts ei!r real or assum$4 ,if1 !n1 we wi% to ass]t some?+ z a fact or to inquire aft] a fact1 we use ! indicative4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we wi% to express a desire or wi%1 a purpose1 a possibility1 an expectation1 or "s su* notion1 we mu/ use ! subjunctive4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! indicative & ! subjunctive ideas4 ,,indicative ,,ideas ,,subjunctive ,,ideas #a4 ,he is brave #a4 ,may he be brave ,=tis e/ ,=tis sit 7idea ( wi%+7 #b4 ,we set out at once #b4 ,let u set out at once ,/atim pr(icscimur ,/atim pr(icscmur 7idea ( will+7 #c4 ,y he> him e day #c4 ,y c he> him e day ,cotdi eum auds ,cotdi eum audis 7idea ( possibility7 #d4 ,he rema9$ until ! %ip #d4 ,he wait$ until ! %ip arriv$ %\ld arrive ,mnsit dum nvis p]vnit ,exspectvit dum nvis p]v5ret#a 7idea ( expectation7 #e4 ,cs> s5ds m5 :o f9d ! #e4 ,cs> s5ds m5 bridge :o are to f9d 7or to f9d7 ! bridge ,caes> mittit hom9s qu ,caes> hom9s mittit qu pontem rep]iunt pontem rep]iant 7idea ( purpose7 ,footnote #a3 p]v5ret1 imp]fect subjunctive4 ,,note4 ,f ! s5t5ces above we obs]ve t ! subjunctive may be us$ 9 ei!r indep5d5t or dep5d5t clauses2 b x is f> m common 9 ! latt] ?an 9 ! =m]4 #cdg4 ,,ex]cise ,:i* v]bs 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph w\ld be 9 ! indicative & :i* 9 ! subjunctive 9 a ,lat9 translation8 ,!re h be5 times 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry :5 y might be pr\d ( be+ an ,am]ican citiz54 ,d y rememb] ! day :5 ,dewey sail$ into ,manila ,bay to capture or de/roy ! enemy's fleet8 ,y might h se5 ! admiral /&+ on ! bridge calmly giv+ 8 ord]s4 ,he did n ev5 wait until ! m9es %\ld be remov$ f ! h>bor's m\?1 b sail$ 9 at once4 ,let u n despair ( our c\ntry :ile su* valor exi/s1 & may ! future add new glories to ! pa/4 ,,lesson ,,lxii ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,( ,,purpose #cdh4 ,obs]ve ! s5t5ce ,caes> hom9s mittit qu pontem rep]iant1 ,cs> s5ds m5 to f9d ! bridge ,! v]b rep]iant 9 ! dep5d5t clause is 9 ! subjunctive because x tells u :at ,cs> wants ! m5 to d2 9 o!r words1 x expresses 8 w & ! purpose 9 8 m9d4 ,su* a use ( ! subjunctive is call$ ! subjunctive ( purpose4 #cdi4 ,,rule4 ,subjunctive ( ,purpose4 ,! subjunctive is us$ 9 a dep5d5t clause to express ! purpose ( ! action 9 ! pr9cipal clause4 #cej4 ,a clause ( purpose is introduc$ z foll[s3 ,i4 ,if some?+ is want$1 by qu1 ! relative pron\n 7z above7 ut1 conj41 9 ord] t1 t qu 7abl4 ( qu1 by :i*71 9 ord] t1 t1 us$ :5 ! purpose clause conta9s a comp>ative4 ,! ablative qu expresses ! measure ( diff]5ce4 7,cf4 #cag47 ,,ii4 ,if some?+ is n want$1 by n1 conj41 9 ord] t n1 t n1 le/ #cea4 ,,examples #a4 ,caes> cpis cgit quibus ho/s nsequtur ,cs> collects troops ) :i* to pursue ! foe #b4 ,pcem petunt ut domum rev]tantur ,!y ask = peace 9 ord] t !y may return home #c4 ,pontem faciunt qu facilius oppidum capiant ,!y build a bridge t !y may take ! t[n m easily 7lit4 by :i* ! m easily7 #d4 ,fugiunt n vuln]5tur ,!y flee t !y may n 7or le/ !y7 be w\nd$ #ceb4 ,expression ( ,purpose 9 ,engli%4 ,9 ,engli%1 purpose clauses are sometimes introduc$ by t or 9 ord] t1 b mu* m frequ5tly purpose is express$ 9 ,engli% by ! inf9itive1 z ,we eat to live1 ,%e /oops to conqu]4 ,9 ,lat9 prose1 on ! o!r h&1 purpose is nev] express$ by ! inf9itive4 ,be on y\r gu>d & d n let ! ,engli% idiom betray y into ?is error4 #cec4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,v5iunt ut dcant1 mittant1 videant1 audiant1 dcantur1 mittantur1 videantur1 audiantur4 #b4 ,fugimus n capimur1 trdmur1 videmus1 necmur1 rapimur1 resi/mus4 #c4 ,mittit nntis qu dicant1 audiant1 v5iant1 nrr5t1 audiantur1 9 concili s$eant4 #d4 ,ca/ra mniunt ss df5dant1 impetum su/9eant1 qu facilius ho/s v9cant1 saltem petant4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! ,helvetii s5d ambassadors to seek#a peace4 #b4 ,!y are sett+ out at daybreak 9 ord] t !y may make a long] m>* be=e night4 #c4 ,!y w hide ! wom5 9 ! =e/ 7acc4 ) 97 t !y may n be captur$4 #d4 ,! ,gauls wage _m w>s to free#a _! fa!rl& f slav]y4 #e4 ,!y w resi/ ! ,romans#b bravely le/ !y be de/roy$4 ,footnote #a3 ,n inf9itive4 ,footnote #b3 ,n accusative4 ,,lesson ,,lxiii ,,inflection ,,( ,,! ,,imp]fect ,,subjunctive ,,! ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,t5ses #ced4 ,! imp]fect subjunctive may be =m$ by add+ ! p]sonal end+s to ! pres5t active inf9itive4 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,active #a4 amrem monrem reg]em cap]em audrem #b4 amrs monrs reg]s cap]s audrs #c4 amret monret reg]et cap]et audret #a4 amrmus monrmus reg]mus cap]mus audrmus #b4 amrtis monrtis reg]tis cap]tis audrtis #c4 amr5t monr5t reg]5t cap]5t audr5t ,,passive #a4 amr] monr] reg]] cap]] audr] #b4 amrris monrris reg]ris cap]ris audrris 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 #c4 amrtur monrtur reg]tur cap]tur audrtur #a4 amrmur monrmur reg]mur cap]mur audrmur #b4 amrm9 monrm9 reg]m9 cap]m9 audrm9 #c4 amr5tur monr5tur reg]5tur cap]5tur audr5tur a4 ,9 a simil> way inflect ! imp]fect subjunctive1 active & passive1 ( cr1 iube1 sm1 iaci1 mni4 #cee4 ,! imp]fect subjunctive ( ! irregul> v]b sum is inflect$ z foll[s3 #a4 essem #a4 essmus ,,s+4 #b4 esss ,,plural #b4 esstis #c4 esset #c4 ess5t #cef4 ,! ?ree great di/9ctions ( "t are pres5t1 pa/1 & future4 ,all t5ses ref]r+ to pres5t or future "t are call$ prim>y t5ses1 & ^? ref]r+ to pa/ "t are call$ second>y t5ses4 ,n[ x is a v common law ( language t 9 a complex s5t5ce ! t5se 9 ! dep5d5t clause %\ld be ( ! same k9d z ! t5se 9 ! pr9cipal clause4 ,9 ! s5t5ce ,he says t he is com+1 ! pr9cipal v]b1 says1 is pres5t1 t is1 is 9 a prim>y t5se2 & is com+1 9 ! dep5d5t clause1 is naturally also prim>y4 ,if ,i *ange he says to he said1--9 o!r words1 if ,i make ! pr9cipal v]b second>y 9 "*1--,i feel x natural to *ange ! v]b 9 ! dep5d5t clause also1 & ,i say1 ,he said t he 0 com+4 ,?is foll[+ ( a t5se by ano!r ( ! same k9d is call$ t5se sequ5ce1 f sequ1 8to foll[40 ,9 ,lat9 ! law ( t5se sequ5ce is obey$ ) consid]able regul>ity1 especially :5 an indicative 9 ! pr9cipal clause is foll[$ by a subjunctive 9 ! dep5d5t clause4 ,!n a prim>y t5se ( ! indicative is foll[$ by a prim>y t5se ( ! subjunctive1 & a second>y t5se ( ! indicative is foll[$ by a second>y t5se ( ! subjunctive4 ,le>n ! foll[+ table3 #ceg4 ,,table ,,= ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,t5ses ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,pr9cipal ,,v]b ,,dep5d5t ,,v]bs ,,9 ,,! ,,subjunctive ,p ,,9 ,,! ---------------------------------------- -- ,r ,,indicative ,incomplete or ,complet$ ,action ,i ,cont9u+ ,action ,m ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a ,pres5t ,r ,future ,pres5t ,p]fect ,t ,future p]fect ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s ,d ,e ,a ,imp]fect ,c ,r ,p]fect ,imp]fect ,plup]fect ,o ,y ,plup]fect ,n- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ceh4 ,,rule4 ,sequ5ce ( ,t5ses4 ,prim>y t5ses are foll[$ by prim>y t5ses & second>y by second>y4 #cei4 ,,examples ,i4 ,prim>y t5ses 9 pr9cipal & dep5d5t clauses3 ,mittit ,mittet hom9s ut agrs v/5t ,ms]it s5ds t !y may ,he w s5d m5 9 ord] to w h s5t to lay wa/e ! fields ,,ii4 ,second>y t5ses 9 pr9cipal & dep5d5t clauses3 ,mittbat ,msit hom9s ut agrs v/r5t ,ms]at 0 s5d+ t !y might ,he s5t or has s5t m5 9 ord] to _h s5t to lay wa/e ! fields #cfj4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,vn]ant ut dc]5t1 mitt]5t1 vidr5t1 audr5t1 dc]5tur1 mitt]5tur1 vidr5tur1 audir5tur #b4 ,fugibat n cap]tur1 trd]tur1 vidrtur1 necrtur1 rap]tur1 resi/]et4 #c4 ,misit nntis qu dc]5t1 audr5t1 v5r5t nrrr5t1 audr5tur1 9 concili s$r5t4 #d4 ,ca/ra mnvrunt ss df5d]5t1 impetum su/9r5t1 qu facilius ho/s v9c]5t1 saltem pet]5t4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,cs> enc\rag$ ! soldi]s 9 ord] t !y might fight m bravely4 #b4 ,! ,helvetii left _! homes to wage w>4 #c4 ,! sc\ts set out at once le/ !y %\ld be captur$ by ! ,g]mans4 #d4 ,cs> inflict$ puni%m5t on !m 9 ord] t ! o!rs might be m t]rifi$4 #e4 ,he s5t mess5g]s to ,rome to ann\nce ! victory4 ,,lesson ,,lxiv ,,! ,,p]fect ,,& ,,plup]fect ,,subjunctive ,,sub/antive ,,clauses ,,( ,,purpose #cfa4 ,! p]fect & ! plup]fect subjunctive active are inflect$ z foll[s3 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,p]fect ,,subjunctive ,,active ,,s+ul> #a4 amv]im monuerim rx]im cp]im audv]im #b4 amv]is monueris rx]is cp]is audv]is #c4 amv]it monuerit rx]it cp]it audv]it ,,plural #a4 amverimus monuerimus rxerimus cperimus audverimus #b4 amveritis monueritis rxeritis cperitis audveritis #c4 amv]9t monuer9t rx]9t cp]9t audv]9t ,,plup]fect ,,subjunctive ,,active ,,s+ul> #a4 amvissem monuissem rxissem cpissem audvissem #b4 amvisss monuisss rxisss cpisss audvisss #c4 amvisset monuisset rxisset cpisset audvisset ,,plural #a4 amvissmus monuissmus rxissmus cpissmus audvissmus #b4 amvisstis monuisstis rxisstis cpisstis audvisstis #c4 amviss5t monuiss5t rxiss5t cpiss5t audviss5t a4 ,obs]ve t ^! two t5ses1 l ! correspond+ ones 9 ! indicative1 are =m$ f ! p]fect /em4 b4 ,obs]ve t ! p]fect subjunctive active is l ! future p]fect indicative active1 except+ t ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ends 9 -m & n 9 -4 c4 ,obs]ve t ! plup]fect subjunctive active may be =m$ by add+ -issem1 -isss1 etc4 to ! p]fect /em4 d4 ,9 a simil> way inflect ! p]fect & plup]fect subjunctive active ( cr1 iube1 sm1 iaci1 mni4 #cfb4 ,! passive ( ! p]fect subjunctive is =m$ by comb9+ ! p]fect passive p>ticiple ) sim1 ! pres5t subjunctive ( sum4 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,p]fect ,,subjunctive ,,passive ,,s+ul> #a4 amtus sim monitus sim rctus sim captus sim audtus sim #b4 amtus ss monitus ss rctus ss captus ss audtus ss #c4 amtus sit monitus sit rctus sit captus sit audtus sit ,,plural #a4 amt smus monit s4 rct s4 capt s4 audt s4 #b4 amt stis monit s4 rct s4 capt s4 audt s4 #c4 amt s9t monit s9t rct s9t capt s9t audt s9t #cfc4 ,! passive ( ! plup]fect subjunctive is =m$ by comb9+ ! p]fect passive p>ticiple ) essem1 ! imp]fect subjunctive ( sum4 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,plup]fect ,,subjunctive ,,passive ,,s+ul> #a4 amtus essem monitus essem rctus essem captus e4 audtus e4 #b4 amtus esss monitus esss rctus esss captus e4 audtus e4 #c4 amtus esset monitus esset rctus esset captus e4 audtus e4 ,,plural #a4 amt essmus monit essmus rct essmus capt e4 audt e4 #b4 amt esstis monit esstis rct esstis capt e4 audt e4 #c4 amt ess5t monit ess5t rct ess5t capt e4 audt e4 a4 ,9 a simil> way inflect ! p]fect & plup]fect subjunctive passive ( cr1 iube1 sm1 iaci1 mni4 #cfd4 ,! p]fect & plup]fect subjunctive ( ! irregul> v]b sum are inflect$ z foll[s3 ,,p]fect ,,plup]fect fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissmus fueris fueritis fuisss fuisstis fuerit fuer9t fuisset fuiss5t #cfe4 ,a sub/antive clause is a clause us$ l a n\n1 z1 ,t ! m5 are afraid is cle> en\gh 7clause z subject7 ,he ord]$ !m to call on him 7clause z object7 ,we h already _h _m in/ances ( inf9itive clauses us$ 9 ?is way 7cf4 #bac71 & h not$ ! simil>ity betwe5 ,lat9 & ,engli% usage 9 ?is respect4 ,b ! ,lat9 (t5 uses ! subjunctive 9 sub/antive clauses1 & ?is m>ks an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two languages4 #cff4 ,,rule4 ,sub/antive ,clauses ( ,purpose4 ,a sub/antive clause ( purpose ) ! subjunctive is us$ z ! object ( v]bs ( comm&+1 urg+1 ask+1 p]suad+1 or advis+1 :]e 9 ,engli% we %\ld usually h ! inf9itive4 ,,examples #a4 ,! g5]al ord]$ ! soldi]s to run ,imp]tor mlitibus imp]vit ut curr]5t #b4 ,he urg$ !m to resi/ bravely ,horttus e/ ut =tit] resi/]5t #c4 ,he ask$ !m to give ! *ildr5 food ,petvit ut lb]s cibum d>5t #d4 ,he w p]suade u n to set out ,nbs p]sudbit n pr(icscmur #e4 ,he advises u to rema9 at home ,monet ut dom manemus a4 ,! object clauses foll[+ ^! v]bs all express ! purpose or w ( ! pr9cipal subject t some?+ be done or n done4 7,cf4 #cdh47 #cfg4 ,! foll[+ v]bs are us$ ) object clauses ( purpose4 ,le>n ! li/ & ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! new ones4 hortor1 urge imp]1 ord] 7) ! dative ( ! p]son ord]$ & a subjunctive clause ( ! ?+ ord]$ done7 mone1 advise pet1 qua]1 rog1 ask1 seek p]sude1 p]suade 7) ! same con/ruction z imp]7 po/ul1 dem&1 require sude1 advise 7cf4 p]sude7 ,n4,b4 ,rememb] t iube1 ord]1 takes ! inf9itive z 9 ,engli%4 7,cf4 #bac4a47 ,comp>e ! s5t5ces ,iube eum v5re1 ,i ord] him to come ,imp] e ut v5iat1 ,i give ord]s to him t he is to come ,we ord9>ily translate bo? ( ^! s5t5ces l ! fir/1 b ! diff]5ce 9 mean+ betwe5 iube & imp] 9 ! ,lat9 requires ! inf9itive 9 ! "o case & ! subjunctive 9 ! o!r4 #cfh4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,petit atque horttur ut ipse dcat4 #b4 ,caes> ,helvtis imp]vit n p] prv9ciam it] fac]5t4 #c4 ,caes> nn iussit ,helvtis p] prv9ciam it] fac]e4 #d4 ,ille cvibus p]susit ut d fnibus sus discd]5t4 #e4 ,caes> prncips monbit n proelium committant4 #f4 ,po/ulvit n cum ,helvtis aut cum erum socis bellum g]]5t4 #g4 ,ab is quaesv n pr(icsc]5tur4 #h4 ,is p]sudre nn potu ut dom manr5t4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:o ord]$ ,cs> to make ! m>*8 7,write ?is s5t5ce bo? ) imp] & ) iube47 #b4 ,! fai?less sc\ts p]suad$ him to set out at daybreak4 #c4 ,!y w ask him n to inflict puni%m5t4 #d4 ,he dem&$ t !y come to ! camp4 #e4 ,he advis$ !m to tell ev]y?+ 7omnia74 ,,note4 ,d n =get t ! ,engli% inf9itive express+ purpose mu/ be r5d]$ by a ,lat9 subjunctive4 ,review #ceb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,legio ,,it] ,,facit ,,lesson ,,lxv ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,( ,,possum ,,v]bs ,,( ,,fe>+ #cfi4 ,le>n ! subjunctive ( possum 7#die71 & note especially ! position ( ! acc5t4 #cgj4 ,subjunctive aft] ,v]bs ( ,fe>+4 ,we h le>n$ t :at we want done or n done is express$ 9 ,lat9 by a subjunctive clause ( purpose4 ,9 ?is class belong also clauses aft] v]bs ( fe>+1 = we fe> ei!r t some?+ w happ5 or t x w n1 & we ei!r want x to happ5 or we d n4 ,if we want a ?+ to happ5 & fe> t x w n1 ! purpose clause is introduc$ by ut4 ,if we d n want x to happ5 & fe> t x w1 n is us$4 ,ow+ to a diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli% & ,lat9 idiom we translate ut aft] a v]b ( fe>+ by t n1 & n by t or le/4 #cga4 ,,examples "t v5iat timb ut timu] vn]it ,i fe>1 %all fe>1 %all h fe>$1 t he w n come1 has n come timbam v5ret timu ut timu]am vnisset ,i 0 fe>+1 fe>$1 _h fe>$1 t he w\ld n come1 _h n come ,! same examples ) n in/ead ( ut w\ld be translat$ ,i fe> t or le/ he w come1 has come1 etc4 #cgb4 ,,rule4 ,subjunctive aft] ,v]bs ( ,fe>+4 ,v]bs ( fe>+ are foll[$ by a sub/antive clause ( purpose introduc$ by ut 7t n7 or n 7t or le/74 #cgc4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,caes> v]btur ut supplicium captvrum ,galls placret4 #b4 ,rmn ips magnop]e v]bantur n ,helvti it] p] prv9ciam fac]5t4 #c4 ,timbant ut satis re frm5triae mitt posset4 #d4 ,v]eor ut ho/ium impetum su/9re possim4 #e4 ,timuit n imp$m5ta ab ho/ibus capta ess5t4 #f4 ,caes> numquam timuit n legins v9c]5tur4 #g4 ,legins pugnre nn timurunt4#a ,,ii4 #a4 ,we fe> t !y are n com+4 #b4 ,we fe> le/ !y are com+4 #c4 ,we fe>$ t !y _h come4 #d4 ,we fe>$ t !y _h n come4 #e4 ,!y fe>$ greatly t ! camp c\ld n be def5d$4 #f4 ,almo/ all fe>$#a to leave ! camp4 ,footnote #a3 ,di/+ui% betwe5 :at "o is afraid to d 7complem5t>y inf9itive z "h7 & :at "o is afraid w take place or has tak5 place 7sub/antive clause ) ! subjunctive74 ,,lesson ,,lxvi ,,! ,,p>ticiples #cgd4 ,! ,lat9 v]b has ! foll[+ ,p>ticiples3#a ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,= reasons ( space1 ?is table is giv5 9 two =ms3 fir/ a r$uc$ v]sion )\t translation1 & !n ! complete text1 includ+ translations1 split into two elem5ts4 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,active ,,pres5t amns monns regns capins audins ,,future amtrus monitrus rctrus captrus audtrus ,,passive ,,p]fect amtus monitus rctus captus audtus ,,future#b am&us mon5dus reg5dus capi5dus audi5dus ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,active ,,pres5t amns monns lov+ advis+ ,,future amtrus monitrus ab\t to love ab\t to advise ,,passive ,,p]fect amtus monitus lov$1 hav+ advis$1 hav+ be5 advis$ be5 lov$ ,,future#b am&us mon5dus to be lov$ to be advis$ ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,active ,,pres5t regns capins audins rul+ tak+ he>+ ,,future rctrus captrus audtrus ab\t to rule ab\t to take ab\t to he> ,,passive ,,p]fect rctus captus audtus rul$1 hav+ tak51 hav+ he>d1 hav9h be5 rul$ be5 tak5 be5 he>d ,,future#b reg5dus capi5dus audi5dus to be rul$ to be tak5 to be he>d ,footnote #a3 ,review #bjc4 ,footnote #b3 ,! future passive p>ticiple is (t5 call$ ! g]undive4 a4 ,! pres5t active & future passive p>ticiples are =m$ f ! pres5t /em1 & ! future active & p]fect passive p>ticiples are =m$ f ! p>ticipial /em4 b4 ,! pres5t active p>ticiple is =m$ by add+ -ns to ! pres5t /em4 ,9 -i v]bs ( ! ?ird conjugation1 & 9 ! f\r? conjugation1 ! /em is modifi$ by ! addition ( --1 z capi--ns1 audi--ns4 ,x is decl9$ l an adjective ( "o end+ ( ! ?ird decl5sion4 7,cf4 #bef47 amns1 lov+ ,,base amant- ,,/em amanti- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 amns amns amants amantia ,g54 amantis amantis amantium amantium ,dat4 amant amant amantibus amantibus ,acc4 amantem amns amants amantia or -s ,abl4 amant amant amantibus amantibus or -e or -e 7#a7 ,:5 us$ z an adjective ! ablative s+ul> ends 9 -2 :5 us$ z a p>ticiple or z a sub/antive1 9 -e4 7#b7 ,9 a simil> way decl9e monns1 regns1 capins1 audins4 c4 ,! future active p>ticiple is =m$ by add+ -rus to ! base ( ! p>ticipial /em4 ,we h already met ?is =m comb9$ ) esse to produce ! future active inf9itive4 7,cf4 #bjf47 d4 ,= ! p]fect passive p>ticiple see #bja4 ,! future passive p>ticiple or g]undive is =m$ by add+ -ndus to ! pres5t /em4 e4 ,all p>ticiples 9 -u are decl9$ l bonus4 f4 ,p>ticiples agree ) n\ns or pron\ns l adjectives4 g4 ,give all ! p>ticiples ( ! foll[+ v]bs3 cr1 iube1 sm1 iaci1 mni4 #cge4 ,p>ticiples ( ,depon5t ,v]bs4 ,depon5t v]bs h ! p>ticiples ( ! active voice z well z ( ! passive2 consequ5tly e depon5t v]b has f\r p>ticiples1 z1 ,pres4 ,act4 hortns1 urg+ ,fut4 ,act4 horttrus1 ab\t to urge ,p]f4 ,pass4 79 =m7 horttus1 hav+ urg$ ,fut4 ,pass4 7,g]undive7 hort&us1 to be urg$ a4 ,obs]ve t ! p]fect p>ticiple ( depon5t v]bs is passive 9 =m b active 9 mean+4 ,no o!r v]bs h a p]fect active p>ticiple4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! future passive p>ticiple ( depon5t v]bs is passive 9 mean+ z 9 o!r v]bs4 b4 ,give ! p>ticiples ( cnor1 v]eor1 sequor1 patior1 p>tior4 #cgf4 ,t5ses ( ! ,p>ticiple4 ,! t5ses express "t z foll[s3 #a4 ,! pres5t active p>ticiple corresponds to ! ,engli% pres5t active p>ticiple 9 -+1 b c be us$ only ( an action occurr+ at ! same "t z ! action ( ! ma9 v]b2 z1 mlits nsequ5ts cprunt mults1 ! soldi]s1 :ile pursu+1 captur$ _m4 ,"h ! pursu+ & ! captur+ are go+ on toge!r4 #b4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple 7except+ ( depon5ts7 is regul>ly passive & corresponds to ! ,engli% pa/ p>ticiple ) or )\t ! auxili>y hav+ be52 z1 audtus1 he>d or hav+ be5 he>d4 #c4 ,! future active p>ticiple1 translat$ ab\t to1 etc41 d5otes "t aft] ! action ( ! ma9 v]b4 #cgg4 ,review #bjc1 #bjd1 &1 note ! foll[+ model s5t5ces3 #a4 ,mlits curr5ts erant dfess1 ! soldi]s :o 7 runn+ 7lit4 runn+7 7 we>y4 #b4 ,caes> pr(ectrus ,rmam nn exspectvit1 ,cs>1 :5 ab\t to set out 7lit4 ab\t to set out7 = ,rome1 did n wait4 #c4 ,oppidum captum vdimus1 we saw ! t[n :i* _h be5 captur$ 7lit4 captur$ t[n74 #d4 ,imp]tor trduum mortus pr(ectus e/1 ! g5]al1 s9ce 7:51 or aft]7 he _h delay$ 7lit4 ! g5]al1 hav+ delay$7 ?ree days1 set out4 #e4 ,mlits vct t]ga nn v]trunt1 ! soldi]s1 ?\gh !y 7 conqu]$ 7lit4 ! soldi]s conqu]$71 did n retreat4 ,9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces ! lit]al translation ( ! p>ticiple is giv5 9 p>5!ses4 ,we note1 h[ev]1 t its prop] translation usually requires a clause beg9n+ ) "s conjunction 7:51 s9ce1 aft]1 ?\gh1 etc471 or a relative clause4 ,consid]1 9 ea* case1 :at translation w be/ br+ out ! ?\ght1 & d n1 z a rule1 translate ! p>ticiple lit]ally4 #cgh4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,pu] timns n capitur fugit4 #b4 ,aquila r commta avs reliqus int]fic]e cnta erat4 #c4 ,mlits ab ho/ibus press tla iac]e nn poturunt4 #d4 ,caes> decimam leginem laudtrus ad prmum agm5 prgressus e/4 #e4 ,imp]tor horttus equits ut =tit] pugnr5t signum proeli d$it4 #f4 ,mlits ho/s oct milia passuum nsect mults cum captvs ad ca/ra rev]trunt4 #g4 ,sl orins mults int]fects vdit4 #h4 ,rmn cnsilium audx suspict b>b>is ss nn commsrunt4 #i4 ,nvis port gressa nll 9 p]cul erat4 ,,ii4#c #a4 ,! army 0 9 v great dang] :ile m>*+ ?r\gh ! enemy's c\ntry4 #b4 ,fright5$ by ! l5g? ( ! way1 !y long$ = home4 #c4 ,:5 ! sc\ts 7 ab\t to set out1 !y he>d ! %\ts ( victory4 #d4 ,:5 we _h delay$ _m days1 we set fire to ! build+s & dep>t$4 #e4 ,:ile liv+ at ,rome ,i he>d orators mu* bett] ?an ^!4 #f4 ,! soldi]s :o are fight+ across ! riv] are no brav] ?an we4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ?is ex]cise use p>ticiples = ! subord9ate clauses4 ,,lesson ,,lxvii ,,! ,,irregul> ,,v]bs ,,vol1 ,n,l1 ,m,l ,,! ,,ablative ,,) ,a ,,p>ticiple1 ,,or ,,ablative ,,absolute #cgi4 ,le>n ! pr9cipal p>ts & conjugation ( vol1 wi%2 nl 7ne vol71 be unwill+2 ml 7magis vol71 be m will+1 pref] 7#dig74 ,note ! irregul>ities 9 ! pres5t indicative1 subjunctive1 & inf9itive1 & 9 ! imp]fect subjunctive4 7,cf4 #ced47 a4 ,^! v]bs are usually foll[$ by ! inf9itive ) or )\t a subject accusative2 z1 volunt v5re1 !y wi% to come2 volunt amcs v5re1 !y wi% _! fri5ds to come4 ,! ,engli% usage is ! same4#a ,footnote #a3 ,sometimes ! subjunctive ( purpose is us$ aft] ^! v]bs4 7,see #cff47 ,conjugations giv5 9 #dig3 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts3 vol1 velle1 volu1 ----1 be will+1 w1 wi% nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ----1 be unwill+1 w n ml1 mlle1 mlu1 ----1 be m will+1 pref] ,,indicative ,,s+ul> ,pres4 vol nl ml vs nn vis mvs vult nn vult mvult ,,plural volumus nlumus mlumus vultis nn vultis mvultis volunt nlunt mlunt ,impf4 volbam nlbam mlbam ,fut4 volam1 vols1 etc4 nlam1 nls1 etc4 mlam1 mls1 etc4 ,p]f4 volu nlu mlu ,plup4 volu]am nlu]am mlu]am ,f4,p4 volu] nlu] mlu] ,,subjunctive ,,s+ul> ,pres4 velim nlim mlim vels nls mls velit nlit mlit ,,plural velmus nlmus mlmus veltis nltis mltis vel9t nl9t ml9t ,impf4 vellem nllem mllem ,p]f4 volu]im nlu]im mlu]im ,plup4 voluissem nluissem mluissem ,,imp]ative ,pres4 nl nlte ,fut4 nlt1 etc4 ,,inf9itive ,pres4 velle nlle mlle ,p]f4 voluisse nluisse mluisse ,,p>ticiple ,pres4 volns1 -entis nlns1 -entis ---- #chj4 ,obs]ve ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,magi/r laudante omns pu] dlig5t] labrant1 ) ! tea*] prais+1 or s9ce ! tea*] praises1 or ! tea*] prais+1 all ! boys labor dilig5tly4 #b4 ,caes>e dc5te nm prgr$ timet1 ) ,cs> lead+1 or :5 ,cs> leads1 or if ,cs> leads1 or ,cs> lead+1 no "o fe>s to advance4 #c4 ,hs rbus cognits mlits fgrunt1 :5 ?is 0 kn[n1 or s9ce ?is 0 kn[n1 or ^! ?+s hav+ be5 le>n$1 ! soldi]s fl$4 #d4 ,proeli commiss mult vuln]t sunt1 aft] ! battle _h begun1 or :5 ! battle _h begun1 or ! battle hav+ be5 jo9$1 _m 7 w\nd$4 a4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal ablative relations is express$ 9 ,engli% by ! preposition ) 7cf4 #ej74 ,9 ea* ( ! s5t5ces above we h a n\n & a p>ticiple 9 agreem5t 9 ! ablative1 & ! translation %[s t 9 ea* in/ance ! ablative expresses att5dant circum/ance4 ,= example1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ! circum/ance att5d+ or accompany+ ! dilig5t labor ( ! boys is ! praise ( ! tea*]4 ,?is is cle>ly a ) relation1 & ! ablative is ! case to use4 b4 ,we obs]ve1 fur!r1 t ! ablative & its p>ticiple are absolutely indep5d5t grammatically ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,if we 7 to express ! ?\ght 9 ,engli% 9 a simil> way1 we %\ld use ! nom9ative indep5d5t or absolute4 ,9 ,lat9 ! con/ruction is call$ ! ,ablative ,absolute1 or ! ,ablative ) a ,p>ticiple4 ,?is =m ( expression is exce$+ly common 9 ,lat91 b r r>e 9 ,engli%1 s we mu/ n1 z a rule1 employ ! ,engli% absolute con/ruction to translate ! ablative abolute4 ,! att5dant circum/ance may be "o ( "t 7:5 or aft]71 or "o ( cause 7s9ce71 or "o ( concession 7?\gh71 or "o ( condition 7if74 ,9 ea* case try to discov] ! precise relation1 & translate ! ablative & its p>ticiple by a clause :i* w be/ express ! ?\ght4 #cha4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ,absolute4 ,! ablative ( a n\n or pron\n ) a pres5t or p]fect p>ticiple 9 agreem5t is us$ to express att5dant circum/ance4 ,,note #a4 ,! v]b sum has no pres5t p>ticiple4 ,9 consequ5ce we (t5 f9d two n\ns or a n\n & an adjective 9 ! ablative absolute ) no p>ticiple express$2 z1 t duce1 y 7be+7 lead]1 ) y z lead]2 patre nfirm1 my fa!r 7be+7 weak4 ,,note #b4 ,be v c>eful n to put 9 ! ablative absolute a n\n & p>ticiple t =m ! subject or object ( a s5t5ce4 ,comp>e a4 ,! ,gauls1 hav+ be5 conqu]$ by ,cs>1 return$ home b4 ,! ,gauls hav+ be5 conqu]$ by ,cs>1 ! army return$ home ,9 a ! subject is ,! ,gauls hav+ be5 conqu]$ by ,cs>1 & we translate1 ,gall ,caes>e victi domum rev]trunt ,9 b ! subject is ! army4 ,! ,gauls hav+ be5 conqu]$ by ,cs> is nom9ative absolute 9 ,engli%1 :i* requires ! ablative absolute 9 ,lat91 & we translate1 ,galls ,caes>e victs ex]citus domum rev]tit ,,note #c4 ,! fact t only depon5t v]bs h a p]fect active p>ticiple 7cf4 #cge4;a7 (t5 compels a *ange ( voice :5 translat+ f "o language to ! o!r4 ,= example1 we c translate ,cs> hav+ enc\rag$ ! legions j z x /&s1 because hortor is a depon5t v]b4 ,b if we wi% to say ,cs> hav+ conqu]$ ! ,gauls1 we h to *ange ! voice ( ! p>ticiple to ! passive because v9c is n depon5t1 & say1 ! ,gauls hav+ be5 conqu]$ by ,cs> 7see translation above74 #chb4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,mvs1 nn vs1 vultis1 nlumus4 #b4 ,ut nlit1 ut vellmus1 ut mlit4 #c4 ,nl1 velle1 nluisse1 mlle4 #d4 ,vult1 mvultis1 ut nllet1 nlte4 #e4 ,sle ori5te1 avs cantre incprunt4 #f4 ,clmribus audts1 b>b> prgr$ recsbant4 #g4 ,caes>e legins hortt1 mlits paul =tius pugnvrunt4 #h4 ,hs rbus cognits1 ,helvti fnitims p]susrunt ut scum it] fac]5t4 #i4 ,labribus cnfects1 mlits ,caes>e qua]bant ut sibi praemia d>et4 #aj4 ,concili convoct1 prncips ita respondrunt4 #aa4 ,dux plrs dis 9 ,helvtirum fnibus morns mults vcs inc5dit4 #ab4 ,magnitd9e ,g]mnrum cognit1 qudam ex ,rmnis timbant4 #ac4 ,m]ctribus rogts1 ,caes> nihil pls rep]re potuit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,he 0 unwill+1 le/ !y pref]1 !y h wi%$4 #b4 ,y pref]1 t !y might be unwill+1 !y wi%4 #c4 ,we wi%1 !y _h pref]r$1 t he may pref]4 #d4 ,cs>1 :5 he he>d ! rumor 7! rumor hav+ be5 he>d71 comm&$ 7imp]re7 ! legions to advance m quickly4 #e4 ,s9ce ,cs> 0 lead]1 ! m5 7 will+ to make ! j\rney4 #f4 ,a few1 t]rifi$#b by ! reports :i* !y _h he>d1 pref]r$ to rema9 at home4 #g4 ,aft] ^! _h be5 left beh9d1 ! re/ ha/5$ z quickly z possible4 #h4 ,aft] ,cs> _h und]tak5 ! bus9ess 7,cs>1 ! bus9ess hav+ be5 und]tak571 he 0 unwill+ to delay long]4#c ,footnote #b3 ,w\ld ! ablative absolute be correct "h8 ,footnote #c3 ,n longius4 ,:y8 ,,lesson ,,lxviii ,,! ,,irregul> ,,v]b ,f ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,( ,,result #chc4 ,! v]b f1 be made1 happ51 s]ves z ! passive ( faci1 make1 9 ! pres5t sy/em4 ,! re/ ( ! v]b is =m$ regul>ly f faci4 ,le>n ! pr9cipal p>ts & conjugation 7#ejj74 ,obs]ve t ! i is long except be=e -er & 9 fit4 a4 ,! comp\nds ( facio ) prepositions usually =m ! passive regul>ly1 z1 ,active cnfici1 cnfic]e1 cnfc1 cnfectus ,passive cnficior1 cnfic1 cnfectus sum ,conjugation giv5 9 #ejj3 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts f1 fi]1 factus sum ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,imp]ative ,pres4 f ---- fam #b;d ,p]s4 f fte fs ---- fit funt ,impf4 fbam fi]em ,fut4 fam ---- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,p]f4 factus1 -a1 -um sum factus1 -a1 -um sim ,plup4 factus1 -a1 -um eram factus1 -a1 -um essem ,f4,p4 factus1 -a1 -um er ,,inf9itive ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 fi] ,p]f4 factus1 -a1 -um ,p]f4 factus1 -a1 -um esse ,g]4 faci5dus1 -a1 -um ,fut4 factum r #chd4 ,obs]ve ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,t]ror erat tantus ut omns fug]5t1 ! t]ror 0 s great t all fl$4 #b4 ,t]ror erat tantus ut nn facile mlits ss recip]5t1 ! t]ror 0 s great t ! soldi]s did n easily recov] !mselves4 #c4 ,t]ror fcit ut omns fug]5t1 t]ror caus$ all to flee 7lit4 made t all fl$74 a4 ,ea* ( ^! s5t5ces is complex1 conta9+ a pr9cipal clause & a subord9ate clause4 b4 ,! pr9cipal clause names a cause & ! subord9ate clause /ates ! consequ5ce or result ( ?is cause4 c4 ,! subord9ate clause has its v]b 9 ! subjunctive1 ?\gh x is translat$ l an indicative4 ,! con/ruction is call$ ! subjunctive ( consequ5ce or result1 & ! clause is call$ a consecutive or result clause4 d4 ,9 ! la/ example ! clause ( result is ! object ( ! v]b fcit4 e4 ,! conjunction introduc+ ! consecutive or result clause is ut s t2 negative1 ut nn s t n4 #che4 ,,rule4 ,subjunctive ( ,result4 ,consecutive clauses ( result are introduc$ by ut or ut nn & h ! v]b 9 ! subjunctive4 #chf4 ,,rule4 ,object clauses ( result ) ut or ut nn are f\nd aft] v]bs ( effect+ or br++ ab\t4 #chg4 ,purpose & ,result ,clauses ,comp>$4 ,!re is great simil>ity 9 ! expression ( purpose & ( result 9 ,lat94 ,if ! s5t5ce is affirmative1 bo? purpose & result clauses may be introduc$ by ut2 b if ! s5t5ce is negative1 ! purpose clause has n & ! result clause ut nn4 ,result clauses are (t5 prec$$ 9 ! ma9 clause by su* words z tam1 ita1 sic 7s71 & ^! s]ve to po9t !m out4 ,comp>e a4 ,tam gravit] vuln]tus e/ ut cap]tur ,he 0 s sev]ely w\nd$ t he 0 captur$ b4 ,gravit] vuln]tus e/ ut cap]tur ,he 0 sev]ely w\nd$ 9 ord] t he might be captur$ ,:i* s5t5ce conta9s a result clause1 & h[ is x po9t$ out8 #chh4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,fit1 fet1 ut fat1 fbmus4 #b4 ,f1 fs1 ut fi]5t1 fi]1 funt4 #c4 ,ftis1 ut fmus1 fs1 femus4 #d4 ,mlits erant tam t>d ut ante noctem 9 ca/ra nn p]v5r5t4 #e4 ,sl facit ut omnia s9t pul*ra4 #f4 ,eius mod p]cula erant ut nm pr(icsc vellet4 #g4 ,equits ho/ium cum equitt no/r 9 it9]e cont5drunt1 ita tam5#a ut no/r omnibus 9 p>tibus sup]irs ess5t4 #h4 ,virts mlitum no/rrum fcit ut ho/s n num quidem#b impetum su/9r5t4 #i4 ,hom9s erant tam audcs ut nll mod cont9r poss5t4 #aj4 ,spatium erat tam p>vum ut mlits tla iac]e nn facile poss5t4 #aa4 ,hc proeli fact b>b> ita p]t]rit sunt ut ab ultims g5tibus lgt ad ,caes>em mitt]5tur4 #ab4 ,hoc proelium factum e/ n lgt ad ,caes>em mitt]5tur4 ,footnote #a3 ita tam51 ) su* a result h[ev]4 ,footnote #b3 n 444 quidem1 n ev54 ,! emphatic ^w is plac$ betwe54 ,,ii4 #a4 ,x w happ51 !y 7 be+ made1 t x may happ54 #b4 ,x happ5s1 he w be made1 to happ54 #c4 ,!y are made1 we 7 be+ made1 le/ x happ54 #d4 ,! soldi]s are s brave t !y conqu]4 #e4 ,! soldi]s are brave 9 ord] t !y may conqu]4 #f4 ,! =tification 0 made s /rong t x c\ld n be tak54 #g4 ,! =tification 0 made /rong 9 ord] t x might n be tak54 #h4 ,aft] ! t[n 0 tak51#c ! t[nsm5 fe>$ t !y w\ld be made slaves4 #i4 ,:at /ate is s weak t x is unwill+ to def5d itself8 ,footnote #c3 ,ablative absolute4 ,,lesson ,,lxix ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,( ,,*>act]i/ic ,,or ,,description ,,! ,,pr$icate ,,accusative #chi4 ,ak9 to ! subjunctive ( consequ5ce or result is ! use ( ! subjunctive 9 clauses ( *>act]i/ic or description4 ,?is con/ruction is illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,quis e/ qu suam domum nn amet8 :o is !re :o does n love 8 own home8 #b4 ,erant qu hoc fac]e nll5t1 !re 7 7"s7 :o 7 unwill+ to d ?is4 #c4 ,t nn is es qu amcs trds1 y are n su* a "o z to1 or y are n ! man to1 betray y\r fri5ds4 #d4 ,nihil vide quod timeam1 ,i see no?+ to fe> 7no?+ ( su* z "* z to fe> x74 a4 ,ea* ( ^! examples conta9s a descriptive relative clause :i* tells :at k9d ( a p]son or ?+ ! antec$5t is4 ,to express ?is ?\ght ! subjunctive is us$4 ,a relative clause t m]ely /ates a fact & does n describe ! antec$5t uses ! indicative4 ,comp>e ! s5t5ces ,cs> is ! man :o is lead+ u1 ,caes> e/ is qu ns dcit 7m]e /atem5t ( fact1 no description1 ) ! indicative7 ,cs> is ! man to lead u1 ,caes> e/ is qu ns dcat 7descriptive relative clause ) ! subjunctive7 b4 ,obs]ve t 9 ?is con/ruction a demon/rative pron\n & a relative1 z is qu1 are translat$ su* a "o z to1 ! man to4 c4 ,9 :i* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces w\ld y use ! indicative & 9 :i* ! subjunctive8 ,^! are n ! m5 :o did ?is ,^! are n ! m5 to d ?is #cij4 ,,rule4 ,subjunctive ( ,*>act]i/ic4 ,a relative clause ) ! subjunctive is (t5 us$ to describe an antec$5t4 ,?is is call$ ! subjunctive ( *>act]i/ic or description4 #cia4 ,obs]ve ! s5t5ces #a4 ,rmn ,caes>em cnsulem fcrunt1 ! ,romans made ,cs> consul4 #b4 ,caes> cnsul ,rmns factus e/1 ,cs> 0 made consul by ! ,romans4 a4 ,obs]ve 9 #a t ! transitive v]b fcrunt1 made1 has two objects3 7#a7 ! direct object1 ,caes>em2 7#b7 a second object1 cnsulem1 ref]r+ to ! same p]son z ! direct object & complet+ ! pr$icate4 ,! second accusative is call$ a ,pr$icate ,accusative4 b4 ,obs]ve 9 #b t :5 ! v]b is *ang$ to ! passive bo? ( ! accusatives become nom9atives1 ! direct object becom+ ! subject & ! pr$icate accusative ! pr$icate nom9ative4 #cib4 ,,rule4 ,two ,accusatives4 ,v]bs ( mak+1 *oos+1 call+1 %[+1 & ! l1 may take a pr$icate accusative along ) ! direct object4 ,) ! passive voice ! two accusatives become nom9atives4 #cic4 ,! v]bs commonly f\nd ) two accusatives are creo1 crere1 crev1 cretus1 *oose appell1 appellre1 appellv1 appelltus nm91 nm9re1 nm9v1 nm9tus call voc1 vocre1 vocv1 voctus faci1 fac]e1 fc1 factus1 make #cid4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,9 ,g]mniae silvis sunt#a multa g5]a f]rum quae reliqus 9 locs nn vsa s9t4 #b4 ,erant#a it9]a duo quibus ,helvti dom discd]e poss5t4 #c4 ,erat#a manus nlla1 nllum oppidum1 nllum praesidium quod s arms df5d]et4 #d4 ,tt frm5t rapt1 dom nihil erat qu mortem prohibre poss5t4 #e4 ,rmn ,galbam ducem crevrunt et summ cel]itte pr(ect sunt4 #f4 ,neque erat#a tantae multitd9is quisquam qu morr vellet4 #g4 ,g]mn nn i sunt qu adv5tum ,caes>is v]eantur4 #h4 ,cnsulibus occss erant qu#b vell5t cum rgem crere4 #i4 ,pce fact erat nm qu arma trd]e nllet4 #aj4 ,int] ,helvtis quis erat qu nbilior ill esset8 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! ,romans call$ ! city ,rome4 #b4 ,! city 0 call$ ,rome by ! ,romans4 #c4 ,! bett] citiz5s wi%$ to *oose him k+4 #d4 ,! brave soldi] 0 n ! man to run4 #e4 ,!re 0 no "o #cto call me fri5d4 #f4 ,^! are n ! m5 to#d betray _! fri5ds4 #g4 ,!re 7 7"s7 :o call$ him ! brave/ ( all4 ,footnote #a3 ,rememb] t :5 ! v]b sum prec$es its subject x is translat$ !re is1 !re are1 !re 71 etc4 ,footnote #b3 erant qu1 !re 7 7"s7 :o4 ,a :olly indef9ite antec$5t ( qu does n ne$ to be express$4 ,footnote #c3 ,a relative clause ( *>act]i/ic or description4 ,footnote #d3 ,see #chi4;b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,eigh? ,review1 ,lessons ,,lxi-,,lxix1 #ebg-ebh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,lxx ,,! ,,con/ructions ,,) ,,! ,,conjunction ,,cum ,,! ,,ablative ,,( ,,specification #cie4 ,! conjunction cum has ! foll[+ mean+s & con/ructions3 cum ,,temporal :51 foll[$ by ! indicative or ! subjunctive cum ,,causal s9ce1 foll[$ by ! subjunctive cum ,,concessive al?\gh1 foll[$ by ! subjunctive ,z y obs]ve1 ! mood aft] cum is sometimes indicative & sometimes subjunctive4 ,! reason = ?is w be made cle> by a /udy ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,caes>em vd tum cum 9 ,galli eram1 ,i saw ,cs> at ! "t :5 ,i 0 9 ,gaul4 #b4 ,caes> 9 es impetum fcit cum pcem pet]5t1 ,cs> made an attack ^u !m :5 !y 7 seek+ peace4 #c4 ,hoc erat difficile cum pauc s9e vuln]ibus ess5t1 ?is 0 difficult1 s9ce only a few 7 )\t w\nds4 #d4 ,cum prm rd9s fgiss5t1 tam5 reliqu =tit] cnsi/bant1 ?\gh ! front ranks _h fl$1 yet ! re/ bravely /ood _! gr\nd4 a4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple is "o already famili> to y 7cf4 #chi4;a74 ,:5 ! cum clause /ates a fact & simply fixes ! "t at :i* ! ma9 action took place1 ! indicative mood is us$4 ,s1 9 ! fir/ example1 cum 9 ,galli eram fixes ! "t :5 ,i saw ,cs>4 b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! cum clause describes ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ma9 act took place1 ! subjunctive mood is us$4 ,s1 9 ! second example1 ! pr9cipal clause /ates t ,cs> made an attack1 & ! cum clause describes ! circum/ances "u :i* ?is act occurr$4 ,! idea ( "t is also pres5t1 b x is subord9ate to ! idea ( description4 ,sometimes ! descriptive clause is "o ( cause & we translate cum by s9ce2 sometimes x d5otes concession & cum is translat$ al?\gh4 #cif4 ,,rule4 ,con/ructions ) ,cum4 ,! conjunction cum means :51 s9ce1 or al?\gh4 ,x is foll[$ by ! subjunctive unless x means :5 & its clause fixes ! "t at :i* ! ma9 action took place4 ,,note4 ,cum 9 clauses ( description ) ! subjunctive is mu* m common ?an its use ) ! indicative4 #cig4 ,note ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,oppidum erat p>vum magnitd9e s$ magnum multitd9e hom9um1 ! t[n 0 small 9 size b great 9 population4 #b4 ,hom erat corpore nfrmus s$ validus anim1 ! man 0 weak 9 body b /rong 9 c\rage4 a4 ,obs]ve t magnitd9e1 multitd9e1 corpore1 & anim tell 9 :at respect some?+ is true4 ,! relation is "o cov]$ by ! ablative case1 & ! con/ruction is call$ ! ablative ( specification4 #cih4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ,specification4 ,! ablative is us$ to d5ote 9 :at respect some?+ is true4 #cii4 ,,idioms aliquem c]tirem fac]e1 to in=m "s "o 7lit4 to make "s "o m c]ta97 c]tior fi]1 to be in=m$ 7lit4 to be made m c]ta97 it] d>e1 to give a "r ( way1 all[ to pass obsids int] s d>e1 to give ho/ages to ea* o!r #djj4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,helvti cum patrum no/rrum tempore dom prefect ess5t1 cnsulis ex]citum 9 fugam d$]ant4 #b4 ,cum ,caes> 9 ,galliam vnit1 ,helvti alis agrs petbant4 #c4 ,caes> cum 9 cit]ire ,gallia esset1 tam5 d ,helvtirum cnsilis c]tior fbat4 #d4 ,cum ,helvti bell clrissim ess5t1 ,caes> it] p] prv9ciam d>e recsvit4 #e4 ,lgtus cum haec audvisset1 ,caes>em c]tirem fecit4 #f4 ,cum pr9cips int] s obsids d>5t1 ,rmn bellum p>vrunt4 #g4 ,caes>1 cum id nntitum esset1 mtrat ab urbe pr(icsc4 #h4 ,n virtte quidem ,gall erant p>s ,g]mnis4 #i4 ,caes> neque corpore neque anim nfrmus erat4 #aj4 ,illud bellum tum incpit cum ,caes> fuit cnsul4 ,obs]ve 9 ea* case :at mood foll[s cum1 & try to give ! reasons = its use4 ,9 ! ?ird s5t5ce ! cum clause is concessive1 9 ! f\r? & six? causal4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,t battle 0 f\ght at ! "t :5 7tum cum7 ,i 0 at ,rome4 #b4 ,?\gh ! horsem5 7 few 9 numb]1 nev]!less !y did n retreat4 #c4 ,:5 ! camp _h be5 suffici5tly =tifi$1 ! enemy return$ home4 #d4 ,s9ce ! tribes are giv+ ho/ages to ea* o!r1 we %all in=m ,cs>4 #e4 ,! ,gauls & ! ,g]mans are v unlike 9 language & laws4 ,,lesson ,,lxxi ,,vocabul>y ,,review ,,! ,,g]und ,,& ,,g]undive ,,! ,,pr$icate ,,g5itive #dja4 ,review ! ^w li/s 9 #eaj1 #eaa4 #djb4 ,! ,g]und4 ,suppose we _h to translate ! s5t5ce ,by ov]com+ ! ,gauls ,cs> won great glory ,we c see t ov]com+ "h is a v]bal n\n correspond+ to ! ,engli% inf9itive 9 -+1 & t ! ?\ght calls = ! ablative ( means4 ,to translate ?is by ! ,lat9 inf9itive w\ld be impossible1 because ! inf9itive is indecl9able & !re=e has no ablative case =m4 ,lat91 h[ev]1 has ano!r v]bal n\n ( correspond+ mean+1 call$ ! g]und1 decl9$ z a neut] ( ! second decl5sion 9 ! g5itive1 dative1 accusative1 & ablative s+ul>1 & ?us supply+ ! cases t ! inf9itive lacks4#a ,h5ce1 to decl9e 9 ,lat9 ! v]bal n\n ov]com+1 we %\ld use ! inf9itive = ! nom9ative & ! g]und = ! o!r cases1 z foll[s3 ,nom4 sup]re1 ov]com+1 to ov]come ,,inf9itive ,g54 sup]&1 ( ov]com+ ,dat4 sup]&1 = ov]com+ ,acc4 sup]&um1 ov]com+ ,,g]und ,abl4 sup]&1 by ov]com+ ,l ! inf9itive1 ! g]und gov]ns ! same case z ! v]b f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,s ! s5t5ce giv5 above becomes 9 ,lat9 ,sup]& ,galls ,caes> magnam glriam reportvit ,footnote #a3 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! inf9itive is us$ z an accusative4 #djc4 ,! g]und#b is =m$ by add+ -nd1 -nd1 -ndum1 -nd1 to ! pres5t /em1 :i* is %ort5$ or o!rwise *ang$1 z %[n bel[3 ,,p>adigm ,,( ,,! ,,g]und ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,g54 am& mon5d reg5d capi5d audi5d ,dat4 am& mon5d reg5d capi5d audi5d ,acc4 am&um mon5dum reg5dum capi5dum audi5dum ,abl4 am& mon5d reg5d capi5d audi5d a4 ,give ! g]und ( cr1 dle1 sm1 iaci1 v5i4 b4 ,depon5t v]bs h ! g]und ( ! active voice 7see #dic74 ,give ! g]und ( cnor1 v]eor1 sequor1 patior1 p>tior4 ,footnote #b3 ,! g]und is ! neut] s+ul> ( ! future passive p>ticiple us$ z a n\n1 & has ! same =mation4 7,cf4 #cgd4;d47 #djd4 ,! ,g]undive4 ,! g]undive is ! "n giv5 to ! future passive p>ticiple 7#cgd4;d7 :5 ! p>ticiple approa*es ! mean+ ( a v]bal n\n & is translat$ l a g]und4 ,x is ! adjective correspond+ to ! g]und4 ,= example1 to translate ! plan ( wag+ w>1 we may use ! g]und ) its direct object & say cnsilium g]5d bellum2 or we may use ! g]undive & say cnsilium bell g]5d1 :i* means1 lit]ally1 ! plan ( ! w> to be wag$1 b :i* came to h ! same =ce z ! g]und ) its object1 & 0 ev5 pref]r$ to x4 #dje4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ p>allel uses ( ! g]und & g]undive3 ,,g]und ,,g]undive ,g54 ,sps faci5d pcem ,sps faci5dae pcis ,dat4 ,locus idneus pugn& ,locus idneus ca/rs pn5ds ,a place suitable = ,a place suitable = fight+ pit*+ camp ,acc4 ,msit equits ad nsequ5dum ,msit equits ad nsequ5ds ho/s ,he s5t horsem5 to pursue ,he s5t horsem5 to pursue ! enemy ,abl4 ,nrr& fbuls magi/] ,nrr&s fbuls magi/] pu]s placuit pu]s placuit ,! tea*] pleas$ ! ,! tea*] pleas$ ! boys by tell+ /ories boys by tell+ /ories a4 ,we obs]ve 7#a7 ,t ! g]und is a n\n & ! g]undive an adjective4 7#b7 ,t ! g]und1 be+ a n\n1 may /& alone or ) an object4 7#c7 ,t ! g]undive1 be+ an adjective1 is us$ only 9 agreem5t ) a n\n4 #djf4 ,,rule4 ,g]und & ,g]undive4 #a4 ,! ,g]und is a v]bal n\n & is us$ only 9 ! g5itive1 dative1 accusative1 & ablative s+ul>4 ,! con/ructions ( ^! cases are 9 g5]al ! same z ^? ( o!r n\ns4 #b4 ,! ,g]undive is a v]bal adjective & mu/ be us$ in/ead ( g]und object except+ 9 ! g5itive & 9 ! ablative )\t a preposition4 ,ev5 9 ^! in/ances ! g]undive con/ruction is m usual4 #djg4 ,,rule4 ,g]und or ,g]undive ( ,purpose4 ,! accusative ( ! g]und or g]undive ) ad1 or ! g5itive ) caus#c 7 = ! sake (71 is us$ to express purpose4 ,,g]und ,,g]undive ,ad audi5dum vnrunt or ,ad urbem vid5dam vnrunt or ,audi5d caus vnrunt ,urbis vid5dae caus vnrunt ,!y came to he> ,!y came to see ! city ,footnote #c3 caus always foll[s ! g5itive4 ,,note4 ,^! s5t5ces might1 ( c\rse1 be writt5 ) ! subjunctive ( purpose1--vnrunt ut audr5t2 vnrunt ut urbem vidr5t4 ,9 %ort expressions1 h[ev]1 ! g]und & g]undive ( purpose are r m common4 #djh4 ,we h le>n$ t ! ^w d5ot+ ! own] or possessor ( some?+ is 9 ! g5itive1 z1 equus ,galbae1 ,galba's horse4 ,if1 n[1 we wi% to express ! idea ! horse is ,galba's1 ,galba rema9s ! possessor1 & h5ce 9 ! g5itive z be=e1 b n[ /&s 9 ! pr$icate1 z1 equus e/ ,galbae4 ,h5ce ?is is call$ ! pr$icate g5itive4 #dji4 ,,rule4 ,pr$icate ,g5itive4 ,! possessive g5itive (t5 /&s 9 ! pr$icate1 especially aft] ! =ms ( sum1 & is !n call$ ! pr$icate g5itive4 #daj4 ,,idioms alcui negtium d>e1 to employ someone 7lit4 to give bus9ess to "s "o7 novs rbus /udre1 to be eag] = a revolution 7lit4 to be eag] = new ?+s7 re mlitris p]tissimus1 v skillful 9 ! art ( w> s suaque omnia1 !mselves & all _! possessions #daa4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,caes> cum 9 ,galli bellum g]]et1 militibus decimae leginis maxim fvit quia re mlitris p]tissim erant4 #b4 ,socis negtium d$it re frum5triae cr&ae4 #c4 ,lgti nn slum audi5d caus s$ etiam dic5d caus vnrunt4 #d4 ,imp]tor iussit explrtres locum idneum mn9d rep]re4 #e4 ,nup] hae g5ts novs rbus /udbant2 mox is p]sudb ut ,caes> s suaque omnia ddant4 #f4 ,iubre e/ regnae#d et prre e/ multitd9is4#d #g4 ,hc proeli fact qudam ex ho/ibus ad pcem pet5dam v5runt4 #h4 ,erant qu arma trd]e nll5t4 #i4 ,ho/s tam cel]it] prgress sunt ut spatium pla 9 ho/s iaci5d non d>tur4 #aj4 ,spatium neque arma capi5d#e neque auxil pet5d#e datum e/4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,^! ornam5ts #f;belong to ,cornelia4 #b4 ,m5 v skillful 9 ! art ( w> 7 s5t #gto capture ! t[n4 #c4 ,! sc\ts f\nd a hill suitable = =tify+ v ne> to ! riv]4 #d4 ,soon ! cavalry w come #hto seek supplies4 #e4 ,! m9d ( ! ,gauls is eag] = revolution & = und]tak+ w>s4 #f4 ,to lead ! l9e ( battle #i;belongs to ! g5]al4 #g4 #aj,:om %all we employ to look aft] ! gra9 supply8 ,footnote #d3 ,pr$icate g5itive4 ,footnote #e3 ,:i* ( ^! expressions is g]und & :i* g]undive8 ,footnote #f3 belong to are (4 ,footnote #g3 ,use ! g]undive ) ad4 ,footnote #h3 ,use ! g5itive ) caus4 ,:]e %\ld caus /&8 ,footnote #i3 ,comp>e ! fir/ s5t5ce4 ,footnote #aj3 ,comp>e ! second s5t5ce 9 ! ,lat9 above4 ,,lesson ,,lxxii ,,! ,,irregul> ,,v]b ,e ,,indirect ,,/atem5ts #dab4 ,le>n ! pr9cipal p>ts & ! conjugation ( e1 g 7#dii74 a4 ,notice t -1 ! root ( e1 is *ang$ to e- be=e a v[el1 except+ 9 ins1 ! nom9ative ( ! pres5t p>ticiple4 ,9 ! p]fect sy/em -v- is regul>ly dropp$4 ,conjugation giv5 9 #dii3 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts e1 re1 i 7v71 tum 7n4 p]f4 "p47 ,,pres4 ,,/em - ,,p]f4 ,,/em - or v- ,,"p4 ,,/em x- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,imp]ative ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,pres4 e mus eam #b;d ,p]s4 te s tis x eunt ,impf4 bam rem ,fut4 b ---- #b;d ,p]s4 t tte #c;d ,p]s4 t eunt ,p]f4 i 7v7 i]im 7v]im7 ,plup4 i]am 7v]am7 ssem 7vissem7 ,f4 ,p4 i] 7v]7 ,,inf9itive ,pres4 re ,p]f4 sse 7visse7 ,fut4 xrus1 -a1 -um esse ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 ins1 g54 euntis 7#dgb7 ,fut4 xrus1 -a1 -um ,g]4 eundum ,,g]und ,g54 eund ,dat4 eund ,acc4 eundum ,abl4 eund ,,sup9e ,acc4 itum ,abl4 x #dac4 ,le>n ! mean+ & pr9cipal p>ts ( ! foll[+ comp\nds ( e ) prepositions3 ade1 adre1 adi1 aditus1 g to1 visit1 ) ! accusative exe1 exre1 exi1 exitus1 g =?1 ) ex or d & ! ablative ( ! place f :i* 9e1 9re1 9i1 9itus1 beg91 ent] ^u1 ) ! accusative r$e1 r$re1 r$i1 r$itus1 return1 ) ad or 9 & ! accusative ( ! place to :i* trnse1 trnsre1 trnsi1 trnsitus1 cross1 ) ! accusative #dad4 ,indirect ,/atem5ts 9 ,engli%4 ,direct /atem5ts are ^? :i* ! speak] or writ] makes himself or :i* are quot$ 9 8 exact language4 ,indirect /atem5ts are ^? report$ 9 a diff]5t =m ( words f t us$ by ! speak] or writ]4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ direct & indirect /atem5ts3 #a4 ,! ,gauls are brave ,direct /atem5ts #b4 ,! ,gauls 7 brave #c4 ,! ,gauls w be brave ,indirect /atem5ts #a4 ,he says t ! ,gauls are brave aft] a v]b 9 #b4 ,he says t ! ,gauls 7 brave ! pres5t t5se #c4 ,he says t ! ,gauls w be brave ,indirect /atem5ts #a4 ,he said t ! ,gauls 7 brave aft] a v]b 9 #b4 ,he said t ! ,gauls _h be5 brave a pa/ t5se #c4 ,he said t ! ,gauls w\ld be brave ,we see t 9 ,engli% a4 ,! indirect /atem5t =ms a clause introduc$ by ! conjunction t4 b4 ,! v]b is f9ite 7cf4 #agc7 & its subject is 9 ! nom9ative4 c4 ,! t5ses ( ! v]bs orig9ally us$ are *ang$ aft] ! pa/ t5se1 ,he said4 #dae4 ,indirect ,/atem5ts 9 ,lat94 ,9 ,lat9 ! direct & indirect /atem5ts above w\ld be z foll[s3 ,,direct #a4 ,gall sunt =ts ,,/atem5ts #b4 ,gall erant =ts #c4 ,gall erunt =ts #a4 ,dcit or ,dxit ,galls esse =ts 7,he says or ,he said ! ,gauls to be brave7#a ,,indirect #b4 ,dcit or ,dxit ,galls fuisse =ts ,,/atem5ts 7,he says or ,he said ! ,gauls to h be5 brave7#a #c4 ,dcit or ,dxit ,galls futrs esse =ts 7,he says or ,he said ! ,gauls to be ab\t to be brave7#a ,footnote #a3 ,^! p>5!tical r5d]+s are n ins]t$ z translations1 b m]ely to %[ ! lit]al mean+ ( ! ,lat94 ,comp>+ ^! ,lat9 indirect /atem5ts ) ! ,engli% 9 ! prec$+ section1 we obs]ve ?ree m>k$ diff]5ces3 a4 ,!re is no conjunction correspond+ to t4 b4 ,! v]b is 9 ! inf9itive & its subject is 9 ! accusative4 c4 ,! t5ses ( ! inf9itive are n *ang$ aft] a pa/ t5se ( ! pr9cipal v]b4 #daf4 ,,rule4 ,indirect ,/atem5ts4 ,:5 a direct /atem5t becomes indirect1 ! pr9cipal v]b is *ang$ to ! inf9itive & its subject nom9ative becomes subject accusative ( ! inf9itive4 #dag4 ,t5ses ( ! ,inf9itive4 ,:5 ! s5t5ces 9 #dae 7 *ang$ f ! direct to ! indirect =m ( /atem5t1 sunt became esse1 erant became fuisse1 & erunt became futrs esse4 #dah4 ,,rule4 ,inf9itive ,t5ses 9 ,indirect ,/atem5ts4 ,a pres5t indicative ( a direct /atem5t becomes pres5t inf9itive ( ! indirect1 a pa/ indicative becomes p]fect inf9itive1 & a future indicative becomes future inf9itive4 ,,note4 ,:5 translat+ into ,lat9 an ,engli% indirect /atem5t1 fir/ decide :at t5se ( ! indicative w\ld h be5 us$ 9 ! direct =m4 ,t w %[ y :at t5se ( ! inf9itive to use 9 ! indirect4 #dai4 ,,rule4 ,v]bs foll[$ by ,indirect ,/atem5ts4 ,! accusative-)-inf9itive con/ruction 9 indirect /atem5ts is f\nd aft] v]bs ( say+1 tell+1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 & p]ceiv+4 #dbj4 ,v]bs regul>ly foll[$ by indirect /atem5ts are3 a4 ,v]bs ( say+ & tell+3 dc1 dc]e1 dx1 dictus1 say neg1 negre1 negv1 negtus1 d5y1 say n nnti1 nntire1 nntiv1 nntitus1 ann\nce responde1 respondre1 respond1 respnsus1 reply b4 ,v]bs ( kn[+3 cognsc1 cognsc]e1 cognv1 cognitus1 le>n1 79 ! p]f47 "k sci1 scre1 scv1 sctus1 "k c4 ,v]bs ( ?9k+3 arbitror1 arbitrr1 arbitrtus sum1 ?9k1 consid] ex/im1 ex/imre1 ex/imv1 ex/imtus1 ?9k1 believe idic1 idicre1 idicvi1 idictus1 judge1 decide put1 putre1 putv1 puttus1 reckon1 ?9k spr1 sprre1 sprvi1 sprtus1 hope d4 ,v]bs ( p]ceiv+3 audi1 audre1 audv1 audtus1 he> s5ti1 s5tre1 sns1 snsus1 feel1 p]ceive vide1 vidre1 vd1 vsus1 see intelleg1 intelleg]e1 intellx1 intellctus1 und]/&1 p]ceive ,le>n su* ( ^! v]bs z are new to y4 #dba4 ,,idioms po/rdi eius di1 on ! next day 7lit4 on ! next day ( t day7 init ae/te1 at ! beg9n+ ( summ] memori t5re1 to rememb] 7lit4 to hold by memory7 p] explrtrs cognsc]e1 to le>n ?r\gh sc\ts #dbb4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,x1 mus1 te1 re4 #b4 ,eunt1 iisse or sse1 bunt1 eunt4 #c4 ,eundi1 ut eant1 bitis1 s4 #d4 ,n r5t1 1 bant1 i]at4 #e4 ,caes> p] explortores cognvit ,galls flm5 trnssse4 #f4 ,rmn audvrunt ,helvtis init ae/te d fnibus sus exitrs esse4 #g4 ,legt respondrunt nm9em ante ,caes>em illam nsulam adsse4 #h4 ,prncips ,gallrum dcunt s nllum cnsilium contr ,caes>is imp]ium initrs esse4 #i4 ,arbitrmur pot5tiam rgnae esse mairem quam cvium4 #aj4 ,rmn negant se lb]ttem ,galls reptrs esse4 #aa4 ,hs rbus cognits snsimus lgts non vnisse ad pcem pet5dam4 #ab4 ,helvtii sciunt ,rmns prirs victris memori t5re4 #ac4 ,soci cum intelleg]5t mults vuln]r1 /aturunt 9 sus fns r$re4 #ad4 ,aliquis nntivit ,mrcum cnsulem cretum esse4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! boy is sl[4 ,he says t ! boy is1 01 7&7 w be sl[4 #b4 ,! horse is1 has be51 7&7 w be /rong4 ,he judg$ t ! horse 01 _h be51 7&7 w\ld be /rong4 #c4 ,we ?9k t ! army w g =? f ! camp at ! beg9n+ ( summ]4 #d4 ,! next day we le>n$ ?r\gh sc\ts t ! enemy's t[n 0 t5 miles (f4#b #e4 ,! k+ repli$ t ! ornam5ts belong$ to#c ! que54 ,footnote #b3 to be (f1 to be di/ant1 abesse4 ,footnote #c3 ,lat91 7 ( 7#dji74 ,illu/ration3 ,,tuba ,,lesson ,,lxxiii ,,vocabul>y ,,review ,,! ,,irregul> ,,v]b ,,f] ,,! ,,dative ,,) ,,comp\nds #dbc4 ,review ! ^w li/s 9 #eac1 #ead4 #dbd4 ,le>n ! pr9cipal p>ts & conjugation ( ! v]b f]1 be> 7#dih74 #a4 ,le>n ! pr9cipal p>ts & mean+s ( ! foll[+ comp\nds ( f]1 be>3 adf]1 adf]re1 attul1 adltus1 br+ to2 report cnf]1 cnf]re1 contul1 conltus1 br+ toge!r1 collect df]1 df]re1 dtul1 dltus1 br+ to2 report2 grant1 conf] nf]1 nf]re1 9tul1 inltus1 br+ 91 br+ aga9/ ref]1 ref]re1 rettul1 reltus1 be> back1 report ,conjugation giv5 9 #dih3 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts f]1 f]re1 tul1 ltus ,,pres4 ,,/em f]- ,,p]f4 ,,/em tul- ,,"p4 ,,/em lt- ,,indicative ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 f] f]imus f]or f]imur f]s f]ts f]ris1 -re f]imim f]t f]unt f]tur f]untur ,impf4 f]bam f]b> ,fut4 f]am1 f]s1 etc4 f]>1 f]ris1 etc4 ,p]f4 tul ltus1 -a1 -um sum ,plup4 tul]am ltus1 -a1 -um eram ,f4,p4 tul] ltus1 -a1 -um er ,,subjunctive ,pres4 f]am1 f]s1 etc4 f]>1 f]ris1 etc4 ,impf4 f]rem f]r] ,p]f4 tul]im ltus1 -a1 -um sim ,plup4 tulissem ltus1 -a1 -um essem ,,imp]ative ,pres4 #b;d ,p]s4 f] f]te f]re f]im9 ,fut4 #b;d ,p]s4 f]t f]tte f]tor #c;d ,p]s4 f]t f]unto f]tor f]untor ,,inf9itive ,pres4 f]re f]r ,p]f4 tulisse ltus1 -a1 -um esse ,fut4 ltrus1 -a1 -um esse ---- ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 f]ns1 -entis ,pres4 ---- ,fut4 ltrus1 -a1 -um ,g]4 f]5dus1 -a1 -um ,p]f4 ---- ,p]f4 ltus1 -a1 -um ,,g]und ,g54 f]5d ,dat4 f]5d ,acc4 f]5dum ,abl4 f]5d ,,sup9e 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 ltum ,abl4 lt #dbe4 ,! dative is ! case ( ! indirect object4 ,_m intransitive v]bs take an indirect object & are !re=e us$ ) ! dative 7cf4 #aec74 ,transitive v]bs take a direct object 9 ! accusative2 b sometimes !y h an indirect object or dative z well4 ,! :ole "q1 !n1 z to :e!r or n a v]b takes ! dative1 dep5ds ^u its capacity = gov]n+ an indirect object4 ,a numb] ( v]bs1 "s transitive & "s intransitive1 :i* 9 _! simple =m w\ld n take an indirect object1 :5 comp\nd$ ) c]ta9 prepositions1 h a mean+ :i* calls = an indirect object4 ,obs]ve ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,haec rs ex]citu magnam calamittem attulit1 ?is circum/ance br\ght great disa/] to ! army4 #b4 ,g]mn ,galls bellum nf]unt1 ! ,g]mans make w> ^u ! ,gauls4 #c4 ,hae cpiae proeli nn int]]ant1 ^! troops did n take "p 9 ! battle4 #d4 ,equits fugi5tibus ho/ibus occurrunt1 ! horsem5 meet ! flee+ enemy4 #e4 ,galba cpis flium praefcit1 ,galba put 8 son 9 comm& ( ! troops4 ,9 ea* s5t5ce !re is a dative1 & 9 ea* a v]b comb9$ ) a preposition4 ,9 no case w\ld ! simple v]b take ! dative4 #dbf4 ,,rule4 ,dative ) ,comp\nds4 ,"s v]bs comp\nd$ ) ad1 ante1 con1 d1 91 int]1 ob1 po/1 prae1 pr1 sub1 sup]1 admit ! dative ( ! indirect object4 ,transitive comp\nds may take bo? an accusative & a dative4 ,,note #a4 ,among su* v]bs are#a adf]1 adf]re1 attul1 adltus1 br+ to2 report adsum1 adesse1 adfu1 adfutrus1 assi/2 be pres5t df]1 df]re1 dtul1 dltus1 report2 grant1 conf] dsum1 deesse1 dfu1----1 be want+1 be lack+ nf]1 nf]re1 9tul1 inltus1 br+ aga9/1 br+ ^u int]sum1 int]esse1 int]fu1 int]futrus1 take "p 9 occurr1 occurr]e1 occurr1 occursus1 run aga9/1 meet praefici1 praefic]e1 praefc1 praefectus1 appo9t ov]1 place 9 comm& ( praesum1 praeesse1 praefu1 ----1 be ov]1 be 9 comm& ,footnote #a3 ,b ! accusative ) ad or 9 is us$ ) "s ( ^!1 :5 ! idea ( motion to or aga9/ is /rong4 #dbg4 ,,idioms gravit] or mole/ f]re1 to be annoy$ at1 to be indignant at1 foll[$ by ! accusative & inf9itive s cnf]re ad or 91 ) ! accusative1 to betake "o's self to alicui bellum nf]re1 to make w> ^u "s "o p$em ref]re1 to retreat 7lit4 to be> back ! foot7 #dbh4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,f]1 f]5t1 ut f]ant1 f]unt4 #b4 ,f]te1 ut f]r5t1 tulisse1 tul]ant4 #c4 ,tulimus1 f]ns1 ltus esse1 f]re4 #d4 ,cum nvigia insulae adprop9qur5t1 b>b> t]rre commt p$em ref]re cnt sunt4 #e4 ,gall mole/ f]bant ,rmns agrs va/re4 #f4 ,caes> socis imp]vit n fnitimis sus bellum nf]r5t4 #g4 ,explortrs1 qui ,caes> occurrrunt1 dxrunt ex]citum ho/ium vuln]ibus dfessum ss 9 alium locum contulisse4 #h4 ,ho/es scibant ,rmns frm5t egre et hanc rem ,caes> summum p]culum adltram esse4 #i4 ,imp$m5ts 9 num locum conltis1 aliqu mlitum flm5 quod nn long ab]at trnsirunt4 #aj4 ,hs rx horttus e/ ut rculum adr5t et rs audts ad s ref]r5t4 #aa4 ,quem imp]tor ill legin praefcit8 ,pblius ill legin prac]at4 #ab4 ,cum esset ,caes> 9 cit]ire ,galli1 crbr ad eum#b rmrs adf]bantur litt]sque quoque c]tior fbat ,galls obsids int] s d>e4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! ,gauls w make w> ^u ,cs>'s allies4 #b4 ,we he>d t ! ,gauls w\ld make w> ^u ,cs>'s allies4 #c4 ,publius did n take "p 9 t battle4 #d4 ,we h be5 in=m$ t ,publius did n take "p 9 t battle4 #e4 ,! man :o 0 9 comm& ( ! cavalry 0 w\nd$ & began to retreat4 #f4 ,cs> did n place y 9 comm& ( ! cohort to br+#c disa/] ^u ! army4 ,footnote #b3 ,obs]ve t :5 adf] d5otes motion to1 x is n foll[$ by ! dative2 cf4 footnote1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #c3 ,n ! inf9itive4 7,cf4 #ceb47 ,,lesson ,,lxxiv ,,vocabul>y ,,review ,,! ,,subjunctive ,,9 ,,indirect ,,que/ions #dbi4 ,review ! ^w li/s 9 #eag1 #eah4 #dcj4 ,:5 we report a /atem5t in/ead ( giv+ x directly1 we h an indirect /atem5t4 7,cf4 #dad47 ,s1 if we report a "q in/ead ( ask+ x directly1 we h an indirect "q4 ,,direct ,,"q ,,indirect ,,"q ,:o conqu]$ ! ,gauls8 ,he ask$ :o conqu]$ ! ,gauls a4 ,an indirect "q dep5ds1 usually z object1 ^u a v]b ( ask+ 7z pet1 po/ul1 qua]1 rog7 or ^u "s v]b or expression ( say+ or m5tal action4 7,cf4 #dbj47 #dca4 ,comp>e ! foll[+ direct & indirect que/ions3 ,,direct ,,indirect ,quis ,galls v9cit8 a4 ,rogat quis ,galls v9cat ,:o is conqu]+ ! ,he asks :o is conqu]+ ! ,gauls8 ,gauls b4 ,rogavit quis ,galls v9c]et ,he ask$ :o 0 conqu]+ ! ,gauls a4 ,rogat ubi sit ,rma ,ub e/ ,rma8 ,he asks :]e ,rome is ,:]e is ,rome8 b4 ,rogvit ubi esset ,rma ,he ask$ :]e ,rome 0 a4 ,rogat num ,caes> ,galls vc]it ,he asks :e!r ,cs> conqu]$ ,caes>ne ,galls vcit8 ! ,gauls ,did ,cs> conqu] ! b4 ,rogvit num ,caes> ,galls ,gauls8 vcisset ,he ask$ :e!r ,cs> _h conqu]$ ! ,gauls a4 ,! v]b 9 a direct "q is 9 ! indicative mood1 b ! mood is subjunctive 9 an indirect "q4 b4 ,! t5se ( ! subjunctive foll[s ! rules = t5se sequ5ce4 c4 ,indirect que/ions are introduc$ by ! same int]rogative words z introduce direct que/ions1 except+ tyes-or-no direct que/ions 7cf4 #baj7 on becom+ indirect are usually introduc$ by num1 :e!r4 #dcb4 ,,rule4 ,indirect ,que/ions4 ,9 an indirect "q ! v]b is 9 ! subjunctive & its t5se is det]m9$ by ! law = t5se sequ5ce4 #dcc4 ,,idioms d t]ti vigili1 ab\t ! ?ird wat* iniris alicui nf]re1 to inflict injuries ^u "s "o fac]e v]ba pr1 ) ! ablative1 to speak 9 behalf ( 9 reliquum tempus1 = ! future #dcd4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,rx rogvit quid lgt po/ulr5t et cr ad s vniss5t4 #b4 ,quaesvit quoque num nec rec5ts iniris nec dubiam ,rmnrum amcitiam memori t5r5t4 #c4 ,vidtisne quae oppida ho/s oppugnv]9t8 #d4 ,nnne sctis cr ,gall sub montem sse contul]9t8 #e4 ,audvimus qus inirias tibi ,g]mn intuliss5t4 #f4 ,d t]ti vigili imp]tor msit hom9s qu cognsc]5t quae esset ntra montis4 #g4 ,pr hs rtor v]ba fcit et rogvit cr cnsuls nvs ad plnem summ p]cul locum mitt]e vell5t4 #h4 ,lgts convocts dmn/rvit quid fi] vellet4 #i4 ,nntius ref]bat quid 9 ,gallrum concili d arms trd5ds dictum esset4 #aj4 ,mone n 9 reliquum tempus p$its et equits trns flm5 dcs4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,:at hill did !y seize8 ,i see :at hill !y seiz$4 #b4 ,:o has inflict$ ^! injuries ^u our dep5d5ts8 #c4 ,!y ask$ :o _h inflict$ ^? injuries ^u _! dep5d5ts4 #d4 ,:i!r did y g ab\t ! ?ird wat*8 ,y "k :i!r ,i w5t4 #e4 ,at :at "t did ! boys return home8 ,i w ask at :at "t ! boys return$ home4 ,,lesson ,,lxxv ,,vocabul>y ,,review ,,! ,,dative ,,( ,,purpose1 ,,or ,,end ,,= ,,:i* #dce4 ,review ! ^w li/s 9 #eba1 #ebb4 #dcf4 ,obs]ve ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 #a4 ,explrtrs locum ca/rs dlgrunt1 ! sc\ts *ose a place = a camp4 #b4 ,hoc erat magn imp$m5t ,galls1 ?is 0 7=7 a great h9drance to ! ,gauls4 #c4 ,dus legins praesidi ca/rs relquit1 he left two legions z 7lit4 =7 a gu>d to ! camp4 ,9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces we f9d a dative express+ ! purpose or end = :i* some?+ is int5d$ or = :i* x s]ves4 ,^! datives are ca/rs1 imp$m5t1 & praesidi4 ,9 ! second & ?ird s5t5ces we f9d a second dative express+ ! p]son or ?+ affect$ 7,galls & ca/rs74 ,z y notice1 ^! are true datives1 cov]+ ! relations ( = :i* & to :i*4 7,cf4 #dc47 #dcg4 ,,rule4 ,dative ( ,purpose or ,end4 ,! dative is us$ to d5ote ! purpose or end = :i*1 (t5 ) ano!r dative d5ot+ ! p]son or ?+ affect$4 #dch4 ,,idioms cnsilium omitt]e1 to give up a plan locum ca/rs dlig]e1 to *oose a place = a camp alicui magn su esse1 to be ( great advantage to "s "o 7lit4 = great advantage to "s "o7 #dci4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,rogvit cr illae cpiae relictae ess5t4 ,respondrunt ills cpis esse praesidi ca/rs4 #b4 ,caes> msit explrtrs ad locum dlig5dum ca/rs4 #c4 ,quisque ex/imvit ipsum nm5 ,caes>is magn t]rr b>b>s futrum esse4 #d4 ,prm lce dem ex]citus proelium cre commsit1 s$ gravia surum vuln]a magnae crae imp]tr erant4 #e4 ,rx respondit amcitiam popul ,rmn sibi rnm5t et praesidi dbre esse4 #f4 ,quis prae]at equittu quem auxili ,caes> soci ms]ant8 #g4 ,aliquibus rs secundae sunt summae calamitt et rs adv]sae sunt mr su4 #h4 ,galls magn ad pugnam erat imp$m5t quod equittus dextr corn prembat4 #i4 ,memoria pr/9ae virttis nn m9us quam metus ho/ium erat no/rs magn su4 #aj4 ,tam dnsa erat silva ut prgr$ nn poss5t4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,i advise y #ato give up ! plan #b( mak+ w> ^u ! brave ,gauls4 #b4 ,d y "k #c:]e ! cavalry has *os5 a place = a camp8 #c4 ,! fe> ( ! enemy w be ( great advantage to y4 #d4 ,cs> left ?ree cohorts z 7=7 a gu>d to ! baggage4 #e4 ,9 w9t] ! waves ( ! lake are s great #dt !y are 7=7 a great h9drance to %ips4 #f4 ,cs> inflict$ sev]e#e puni%m5t on ^? :o burn$ ! public build+s4 ,footnote #a3 ,subjunctive ( purpose4 7,cf4 #cff47 ,footnote #b3 ,express by ! g5itive ( ! g]undive4 ,footnote #c3 ,indirect "q4 ,footnote #d3 ,a clause ( result4 ,footnote #e3 gravis1 -e4 ,,lesson ,,lxxvi ,,vocabul>y ,,review ,,! ,,g5itive ,,& ,,ablative ,,( ,,quality ,,or ,,description #ddj4 ,review ! ^w li/s 9 #ebd1 #ebe4 #dda4 ,obs]ve ! ,engli% s5t5ces 7#a7 ,a man ( great c\rage1 or 7#b7 ,a man ) great c\rage 7#c7 ,a =e/ ( tall trees1 or 7#d7 ,a =e/ ) tall trees ,ea* ( ^! s5t5ces conta9s a phrase ( quality or description4 ,9 ! fir/ two a man is describ$2 9 ! la/ two a =e/4 ,! descriptive phrases are introduc$ by ! prepositions ( & )4 ,9 ,lat9 ! expression ( quality or description is v simil>4 ,! prepositions ( & ) sugge/ ! g5itive & ! ablative respectively1 & we translate ! s5t5ces above 7#a7 ,vir magnae virttis1 or 7#b7 ,vir magn virtte 7#c7 ,silva altrum arborum1 or 7#d7 ,silva alts arboribus ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,lat9 & ! ,engli%4 ,9 ,engli% we may say1 = example1 a man ( c\rage1 us+ ! descriptive phrase )\t an adjective modifi]4 ,9 ,lat91 h[ev]1 an adjective modifi] mu/ always be us$1 z above4 a4 ,lat9 makes a di/9ction betwe5 ! use ( ! two cases 9 t num]ical descriptions ( measure are 9 ! g5itive & descriptions ( physical *>act]i/ics are 9 ! ablative4 ,o!r descriptive phrases may be 9 ei!r case4 #ddb4 ,,examples #a4 ,fossa duodecim p$um1 a dit* ( twelve feet4 #b4 ,hom magns p$ibus et p>v capite1 a man ) big feet & a small head4 #c4 ,rx erat vir summ audci or rx erat vir summae audciae1 ! k+ 0 a man ( ! greate/ boldness4 #ddc4 ,,rule4 ,g5itive ( ,description4 ,num]ical descriptions ( measure are express$ by ! g5itive ) a modify+ adjective4 #ddd4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ( ,description4 ,descriptions ( physical *>act]i/ics are express$ by ! ablative ) a modify+ adjective4 #dde4 ,,rule4 ,g5itive or ,ablative ( ,description4 ,descriptions involv+ nei!r num]ical /atem5ts nor physical *>act]i/ics may be express$ by ei!r ! g5itive or ! ablative ) a modify+ adjective4 #ddf4 ,,idioms ,helvtis 9 anim e/1 ! ,helvetii int5d1 7lit4 x is 9 m9d to ! ,helvetians7 9 mtrimnium d>e1 to give 9 m>riage nihil posse1 to h no p[] fossam p]dc]e1 to con/ruct a dit* 7lit4 to lead a dit* ?r\gh7 #ddg4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,mlits fossam decem p$um p] erum fns p]dxrunt4 #b4 ,prnceps ,helvtirum1 vir summae audciae1 prncipibus g5tium fnitimrum sorrs 9 mtrimnium d$it4 #c4 ,erum amcitiam cnfrmre voluit qu facilius ,rmns bellum nf]ret4 #d4 ,g]man et ,gall nn erant eiusdem g5tis4 #e4 ,omns f] ,g]mn erant magns corporum vribus4#a #f4 ,gall qui oppidum =tit] df5dbant saxa +5tis magnitd9is d mr iacibant4 #g4 ,cum ,caes> ab explrtribus qua]]et qu illud oppidum incol]5t1 explrtrs respondrunt es esse hom9es summ virtte et magn cnsili4 #h4 ,mo5ia vg9t p$um s9i/r p>te1 et dextr p>te flm5 magnae altitd9is oppidum df5dbant4 #i4 ,cum ,caes> 9 ,galliam p]vnisset1 erat rmor ,helvtis 9 anim esse it] p] prv9ciam ,rmnam fac]e4 #aj4 ,caes>1 ut es ab fnibus ,rmnis prohibret1 mntinem #bmulta mlia passuum longam fcit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,cs> 0 a g5]al ( mu* wisdom & great boldness1 & v skillful 9 ! art ( w>4 #b4 ,! ,g]mans 7 ( great size1 & ?\ght t ! ,romans _h no p[]4 #c4 ,m5 ( ! highe/ c\rage 7 left 9 ! camp z 7=7 a gu>d to ! baggage4 #d4 ,! k+'s daught]1 :o 0 giv5 9 m>riage to ! *ief ( a neighbor+ /ate1 0 a woman ( v beautiful appe>ance4 #e4 ,! soldi]s w con/ruct a dit* ( n9e feet ar\nd ! camp4 #f4 ,a riv] ( great wid? 0 betwe5 u & ! enemy4 ,footnote #a3 ,f vs4 7,cf4 #dfh47 ,footnote #b3 ,g5itives & ablatives ( description are adjective phrases4 ,:5 we use an adv]bial phrase to tell h[ long or h[ high or h[ deep any?+ is1 we mu/ use ! accusative ( ext5t4 7,cf4 #ccf47 ,= example1 9 ! s5t5ce above multa mlia passuum is an adv]bial phrase 7accusative ( ext5t7 modify+ longam4 ,if we %\ld omit longam & say a =tification ( _m miles1 ! g5itive ( description 7an adjective phrase7 modify+ mntinem w\ld be us$1 z mntinem multrum mlium passuum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gladii ,,lesson ,,lxxvii ,,review ,,( ,,agreem5t1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,g5itive1 ,,dative1 ,,& ,,accusative #ddh4 ,!re are f\r agreem5ts3 #a4 ,t ( ! pr$icate n\n or ( ! appositive ) ! n\n to :i* x belongs 7#gf1 #ha74 #b4 ,t ( ! adjective1 adjective pron\n1 or p>ticiple ) its n\n 7#fe74 #c4 ,t ( a v]b ) its subject 7#bh74 #d4 ,t ( a relative pron\n ) its antec$5t 7#bbd74 #ddi4 ,! relation express$ by ! g5itive is1 9 g5]al1 d5ot$ 9 ,engli% by ! preposition (4 ,x is us$ to express a4 ,z attributive 7#ch74 #a4 ,possession b4 ,9 ! pr$icate 7#dji74 #b4 ,! :ole ( :i* a "p is tak5 7p>titive g5itive7 7#cca74 #c4 ,quality or description 7#ddc1 #dde74 #dej4 ,! relation express$ by ! dative is1 9 g5]al1 d5ot$ 9 ,engli% by ! prepositions to or = :5 !y d n imply motion ?r\gh space4 ,x is us$ to express a4 ,) intransitive v]bs & ) transitive v]bs 9 connection ) a direct object 9 ! accusative 7#de74 #a4 ,! indirect object b4 ,) special intransitive v]bs 7#aed74 c4 ,) v]bs comp\nd$ ) ad1 ante1 con1 d1 91 int]1 ob1 po/1 prae1 pr1 sub1 sup] 7#dbf74 #b4 ,! object to :i* ! quality ( an adjective is direct$ 7#adc74 #c4 ,! purpose1 or end = :i*1 (t5 ) a second dative d5ot+ ! p]son or ?+ affect$ 7#dcg74 #dea4 ,! accusative case corresponds1 9 g5]al1 to ! ,engli% objective4 ,x is us$ to express #a4 ,! direct object ( a transitive v]b 7#cg74 #b4 ,! pr$icate accusative toge!r ) ! direct object aft] v]bs ( mak+1 *oos+1 fall+1 %[+1 & ! l 7#cib74 #c4 ,! subject ( ! inf9itive 7#bad74 #d4 ,! object ( prepositions t d n gov]n ! ablative 7#cdj74 #e4 ,! duration ( "t & ! ext5t ( space 7#ccf74 #f4 ,! place to :i* 7#bfc1 #bff74 #deb4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,mlits qus vdimus dxrunt imp]ium bell esse ,caes>is imp]tris4 #b4 ,helvti /aturunt quam#a maximum num]um equrum et c>rrum cg]e4 #c4 ,ttu ,galliae ,helvti plrimum valurunt4 #d4 ,mults hrs crit] pugntum e/ neque quisquam pot]at vidre ho/em fugi5tem4 #e4 ,vir summae virttis ho/s decem mlia passuum nsect sunt4 #f4 ,caes> popul ,rmn p]susit ut s cnsulem creret4 #g4 ,victria ex]cits erat semp] imp]tr grtissima4 #h4 ,trduum it] fcrunt et ,g5vam1 9 oppidum#b ho/ium1 p]vnrunt4 #i4 ,caes> audvit ,g]mns bellum ,galls intulisse4 #aj4 ,magn su mlitibus ,caes>is erat quod priribus proelis ss ex]cu]ant4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,"o#c ( ! k+'s sons & _m ( 8 m5 7 captur$4 #b4 ,!re 0 no "o :o wi%$#d to appo9t h] que54 #c4 ,! gra9 supply 0 always a c>e 7= a c>e7 to ,cs>1 ! g5]al4 #d4 ,i ?9k t ! camp is t5 miles di/ant4 #e4 ,we m>*$ = ?ree h\rs ?r\gh a v d5se =e/4 #f4 ,! plan #e( mak+ w> ^u ! allies 0 n pleas+ to ! k+4 #g4 ,:5 he came to ! hill he =tifi$ x #f;by a twelve-foot wall4 ,footnote #a3 ,:at is ! =ce ( quam ) sup]latives8 ,footnote #b3 urbs or oppidum1 appositive to a "n ( a t[n1 takes a preposition4 ,footnote #c3 ,:at con/ruction is us$ ) num]als 9 pref]5ce to ! p>titive g5itive8 ,footnote #d3 ,:at mood8 7,cf4 #cij47 ,footnote #e3 ,use ! g]und or g]undive4 ,footnote #f3 ,lat91 by a wall ( twelve feet4 ,,lesson ,,lxxviii ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,ablative #dec4 ,! relations ( ! ablative are1 9 g5]al1 express$ 9 ,engli% by ! prepositions ) 7or by71 f 7or by71 & 9 7or at74 ,! con/ructions gr[+ out ( ^! mean+s are ,i4 ,ablative r5d]$ ) 7or by73 #a4 ,cause 7#ajb7 #b4 ,means 7#ajc7 #c4 ,accompanim5t 7#ajd7 #d4 ,mann] 7#aje7 #e4 ,measure ( diff]5ce 7#cag7 #f4 ,) a p>ticiple 7ablative absolute7 7#cha7 #g4 ,description or quality 7#ddd1 #dde7 #h4 ,specification 7#cih7 ,,ii4 ,ablative r5d]$ f 7or by73 #a4 ,place f :i* 7#agi1 #bfd7 #b4 ,ablative ( sep>ation 7#ahj7 #c4 ,p]sonal ag5t ) a passive v]b 7#aha7 #d4 ,comp>ison )\t quam 7#cji7 ,,iii4 ,ablative r5d]$ 9 7or at73 #a4 ,place at or 9 :i* 7#bfe1 #bff7 #b4 ,"t :5 or )9 :i* 7#bge7 #ded4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,gall locs sup]iribus occupts it9]e ex]citum prohibre cnantur4 #b4 ,omns oppidn ex oppid gress saltem fug pet]e incprunt4 #c4 ,caes> docet s mlitum vtam su salte habre mult crirem4 #d4 ,cum cel]ius omnium opnine p]vnisset1 ho/s ad eum obsids msrunt #e4 ,vcus 9 valle positus montibus altissims undique cont9tur4 #f4 ,plrimum int] ,galls haec gns et virtte et hom9um num] valbat4 #g4 ,secund vigili nll c]t rd9e neque imp]i ca/rs gress sunt4 #h4 ,dubus leginibus ,g5vae relicts1 proxim di cum reliqus domum pr(ectus e/4 #i4 ,erant it9]a duo quibus it9]ibus ,helvti dom exre poss5t4 #aj4 ,rx erat summ audci et magn apud populum pot5ti4 #aa4 ,gall timre s]vittis commt bellum p>bant4 #ab4 ,caes> monet lgts ut cont9eant milits1 n /udi pugn& aut sp pra$ae longius#a prgr$iantur4 #ac4 ,bellum c]rimum ,caes>e 9 ,galls ge/um e/4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,! lieut5ant aft] hav+ seiz$ ! m\nta9 re/ra9$ 8 7m57 f battle4 #b4 ,all ! ,gauls diff] f ea* o!r 9 laws4 #c4 ,?is tribe is mu* brav] ?an ! re/4 #d4 ,?is road is #bt5 miles %ort] ?an t4 #e4 ,9 summ] ,cs> c>ri$ on w> 9 ,gaul1 9 w9t] he return$ to ,italy4 #f4 ,at midnight ! g5]al set out f ! camp ) ?ree legions4 #g4 ,i fe> t y _c protect#c y\rself f ^! enemies4 #h4 #d;,aft] ?is battle 0 f9i%$ peace 0 made by all ! ,gauls4 ,footnote #a3 longius1 too f>4 7,cf4 #cje47 ,footnote #b3 ,lat91 by t5 ?\s&s ( paces4 ,footnote #c3 df5d]e4 ,footnote #d3 ,ablative absolute4 ,,lesson ,,lxxix ,,review ,,( ,,! ,,g]und ,,& ,,g]undive1 ,,! ,,inf9itive1 ,,& ,,! ,,subjunctive #dee4 ,! g]und is a v]bal n\n & is us$ only 9 ! g5itive1 dative1 accusative1 & ablative s+ul>4 ,! con/ructions ( ^! cases are 9 g5]al ! same z ^? ( o!r n\ns 7#djb1 #djf4a74 #def4 ,! g]undive is a v]bal adjective & mu/ be us$ in/ead ( g]und object1 except+ 9 ! g5itive & 9 ! ablative )\t a preposition4 ,ev5 9 ^! in/ances ! g]undive con/ruction is m usual 7#djf4b74 #deg4 ,! inf9itive is us$3 ,i4 ,z 9 ,engli%4 a4 ,z subject or pr$icate nom9ative 7#baf74 b4 ,to complete ! pr$icate ) v]bs ( incomplete pr$ication 7complem5t>y inf9itive7 7#bae74 c4 ,z object ) subject accusative aft] v]bs ( wi%+1 comm&+1 =bidd+1 & ! l 7#bac74 ,,ii4 ,9 ! pr9cipal s5t5ce ( an indirect /atem5t aft] v]bs ( say+ & m5tal action4 ,! subject is 9 ! accusative 7#daf1 #dah1 #dai74 #deh4 ,! subjunctive is us$3 #a4 ,to d5ote purpose 7#cdi1 #cff1 #cgb74 #b4 ,to d5ote consequ5ce or result 7#che1 #chf74 #c4 ,9 relative clauses ( *>act]i/ic or description 7#cij74 #d4 ,9 cum clauses ( "t1 cause1 & concession 7#cif74 #e4 ,9 indirect que/ions 7#dcb74 #dei4 ,,ex]cises ,i4 #a4 ,caes>1 cum p]vnisset1 milits hortbtur n cnsilium oppid capi5di omitt]5t4 #b4 ,rx1 ca/rs prope oppidum posits1 msit explrtrs qu cognsc]5t ubi ex]citus ,rmanus esset4 #c4 ,nmo rel9qubtur qu arma f]re posset4 #d4 ,nnti vdrunt +5tem armrum multitud9em d mr 9 fossani iactam esse4 #e4 ,dux sus trnsre flm5 iussit4 ,trnsre autem hoc flm5 erat difficillimum4 #f4 ,rmn cum hanc calamittem mole/ f]rant1 tam5 t]ga v]t]e recsvrunt4 #g4 ,hc rmre audt1 tantus t]ror omnium anims occupvit ut n =tissim quidem proelium committ]e vell5t4 #h4 ,erant qu putr5t tempus ann idneum nn esse it9] faci5d4 #i4 ,tam crit] ab utraque p>te pugnbtur ut multa mlia hom9um occd]5tur4 #aj4 ,quid tims8 ,"t n ,rmns 9 anim sit ttam ,galliam sup]re et nbs iniris inf]re4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,d y n see :o is /&+ on ! wall8 #b4 ,we he> t ! plan ( tak+ ! t[n has be5 giv5 up4 #c4 ,s9ce ! ,g]mans ?\ght t ! ,romans c\ld n cross ! ,rh9e1 ,cs> ord]$ a bridge to be made4 #d4 ,:5 ! bridge 0 f9i%$1 ! savages 7 s t]rifi$ t !y hid !mselves4 #e4 ,!y fe>$ t ,cs> w\ld pursue !m4 #f4 ,cs> #a;ask$ ! trad]s :at ! size ( ! isl& 04 #g4 ,! trad]s advis$ him n #bto cross ! sea4 #h4 ,he s5t sc\ts #cto *oose a place = a camp4 ,footnote #a3 qua]]e ab4 ,footnote #b3 ,n inf9itive4 ,footnote #c3 ,use ! g]undive ) ad4 ,,read+ ,,matt] ,,introductory ,,sugge/ions ,h[ to ,translate4 ,y h already _h consid]able practice 9 translat+ simple ,lat91 & h le>n$ t ! guide to ! mean+ lies 9 ! end+s ( ! words4 ,if ^! are neglect$1 no skill c make s5se ( ! ,lat94 ,if !y are c>efully not$ & accurately translat$1 n _m difficulties rema94 ,obs]ve ! foll[+ sugge/ions3 #a4 ,read ! ,lat9 s5t5ce ?r\gh to ! end1 not+ end+s ( n\ns1 adjectives1 v]bs1 etc4 #b4 ,read x aga9 & see if any ( ! words y "k are nom9atives or accusatives4 ,?is w (t5 give y :at may be call$ ! backbone ( ! s5t5ce2 t is1 subject1 v]b1 & object4 #c4 ,look up ! words y d n "k1 & det]m9e _! use 9 ! s5t5ce f _! end+s4 #d4 ,if y _c yet translate ! s5t5ce1 put d[n ! ,engli% mean+s ( all ! words 9 ! same ord] z ! ,lat9 words4 ,y w !n g5]ally see ?r\gh ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce4 #e4 ,be c>eful to a4 ,translate adjectives ) ! n\ns to :i* !y belong4 b4 ,translate toge!r prepositions & ! n\ns :i* !y gov]n4 c4 ,translate adv]bs ) ! words t !y modify4 d4 ,make s5se4 ,if y d n make s5se1 y h made a mi/ake4 ,"o mi/ake w spoil a :ole s5t5ce4 #f4 ,:5 ! s5t5ce is correctly translat$1 read ! ,lat9 ov] aga91 & try to und]/& x z ,lat91 )\t ?9k+ ( ! ,engli% translation4 ,! ,p>ts ( a ,s5t5ce4 ,y w n[ meet some:at long] s5t5ces ?an y h _h be=e4 ,to assi/ 9 translat+ !m1 rememb]1 fir/ ( all1 t e s5t5ce conveys a mean+ & ei!r tells u some?+1 asks a "q1 or gives a comm&4 ,e s5t5ce mu/ h a subject & a v]b1 & ! v]b may always h an adv]b1 &1 if transitive1 w h a direct object4 ,h[ev] long a s5t5ce is1 y w usually be able to recognize its subject1 v]b1 & object or pr$icate complem5t )\t any difficulty4 ,^! w give y ! lead+ ?\ght1 & !y mu/ nev] be lo/ sight ( :ile mak+ out ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 translat+ arises f ! fact t in/ead ( a s+le adjective1 adv]b1 or n\n1 we (t5 h a phrase or a clause tak+ ! place ( "o ( ^!2 = ,lat91 l ,engli%1 has adjective1 adv]bial1 & sub/antive clauses & phrases4 ,= example1 9 ! s5t5ce ,! idle boy does n /udy1 ! ^w idle is an adjective4 ,9 ,! boy wa/+ 8 "t does n /udy1 ! words wa/+ 8 "t =m an adjective phrase modify+ boy4 ,9 ! s5t5ce ,! boy :o wa/es 8 "t does n /udy1 ! words :o wa/es 8 "t =m an adjective clause modify+ boy1 & ! s5t5ce is complex4 ,^! s5t5ces w\ld %[ ! same /ructure 9 ,lat94 ,9 translat+1 x is important to keep ! p>ts ( a phrase & ! p>ts ( a clause toge!r & n let !m become confus$ ) ! pr9cipal s5t5ce4 ,to di/+ui% betwe5 ! subord9ate clauses & ! pr9cipal s5t5ce is ( ! fir/ importance1 & is n difficult if y rememb] t a clause regul>ly conta9s a ^w t m>ks x z a clause & t ?is ^w usually /&s fir/4 ,^! words jo9 clauses to ! words !y dep5d on1 & are call$ subord9ate conjunctions4 ,!y are n v num]\s1 & y w soon le>n to recognize !m4 ,9 ,lat9 !y are ! equival5ts = su* words z :51 :ile1 s9ce1 because1 if1 be=e1 aft]1 ?\gh1 9 ord] t1 t1 etc4 ,=m ! habit ( memoriz+ ! ,lat9 subord9ate conjunctions z y meet !m1 & ( not+ c>efully ! mood ( ! v]b 9 ! clauses :i* !y introduce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]cules ,,! ,,labors ,,( ,,h]cules ,h]cules1 a ,greek h]o celebrat$ = 8 great /r5g?1 0 pursu$ ?r\gh\t 8 life by ! hatr$ ( ,juno4 ,:ile yet an infant he /rangl$ "s s]p5ts s5t by ! goddess to de/roy him4 ,dur+ 8 boyhood & y\? he p]=m$ v>i\s m>vel\s feats ( /r5g?1 & on rea*+ manhood he succe$$ 9 deliv]+ ! ,!bans f ! oppression ( ! ,m9y4 ,9 a fit ( madness1 s5t ^u him by ,juno1 he slew 8 own *ildr52 &1 on consult+ ! ,delphic oracle z to h[ he %\ld cleanse himself f ?is crime1 he 0 ord]$ to submit himself = twelve ye>s to ,eury/heus1 k+ ( ,tiryns1 & to p]=m :atev] tasks 7 appo9t$ him4 ,h]cules obey$ ! oracle1 & dur+ ! twelve ye>s ( 8 s]vitude accompli%$ twelve extraord9>y feats kn[n z ! ,labors ( ,h]cules4 ,8 dea? 0 caus$1 un9t5tionally1 by 8 wife ,deianira4 ,h]cules _h %ot ) 8 poison$ arr[s a c5taur nam$ ,nessus1 :o _h insult$ ,deianira4 ,nessus1 be=e he di$1 gave "s ( 8 blood to ,deianira1 & told h] x w\ld act z a *>m to secure h] husb&'s love4 ,"s "t aft]1 ,deianira1 wi%+ to try ! *>m1 soak$ "o ( h] husb&'s g>m5ts 9 ! blood1 n kn[+ t x 0 poison$4 ,h]cules put on ! robe1 &1 aft] suff]+ t]rible torm5ts1 di$1 or 0 c>ri$ (f by 8 fa!r ,jupit]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]cules ,,et ,,s]p5tes ,,liii4#a ,,! ,,infant ,,h]cules ,,& ,,! ,,s]p5ts ,d#b grave supplicium smmit de mals1 s$ i qu lgibus#c derum pr5t1 etiam po/ mortem crantur4 ,illa vta ds#b erat grtissima quae hom9ibus mis]s tilissima fu]at4 ,omnium autem praemirum summum erat immortlits4 ,illud praemium ,h]cul datum e/4 ,h]culis pat] fuit ,iuppit]1 mt] ,alcmna1 et omnium hom9um validissimus fuisse dcitur4 ,s$ ,in1 rgna derum1 eum1 adhc nfantem1 int]fic]e /udbat2 nam e#a et#b ,h]culs et ,alcmna erant invs4 ,itaque msit dus s]p5ts1 utramque saevissimam1 quae m$i nocte domum#c ,alcmnae vnrunt4 ,ibi ,h]culs1 cum frtre su1 nn 9 lectul s$ 9 sct +5t dormibat4 ,iam audcs s]p5ts adprop9quv]ant1 iam sctum movbant4 ,tum frt]1 t]rre commtus1 magn vce mtrem vocvit1 s$ ,h]culs ipse1 =tior quam frt]1 /atim +5ts s]p5ts manibus sus rapuit et int]fcit4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is numb] ref]s to ! lesson aft] :i* ! selection may be read4 ,footnote #b3 ,d & ds are f deus4 ,cf4 #dfh4 ,footnote #c3 lgibus1 #eja4ad4 ,footnote #a3 e1 to h]1 ref]r+ to ,juno4 ,footnote #b3 et 444 et1 bo? 444 &4 ,footnote #c3 domum1 #eja4bj4 ,,liv4 ,,h]cules ,,conqu]s ,,! ,,m9y ,h]culs pu]#a corpus suum gravissims et difficillims labribus ex]cbat et hc mod vrs#b sus cnfirmvit4 ,iam adulscns ,?bs#c habitbat4 ,ibi ,cren qudam erat rx4 ,m9yae1 gns validissima1 erant fnitim ,?bns1 et1 quia lim ,?bns vc]ant1 quotanns lgts mittbant et vectgal po/ulbant4 ,h]culs autem cn/ituit cvs sus hc vectgl lb]re et dixit rg1 8,d mihi ex]citum tuum et ego hs sup]bs ho/s sup]b40 ,hanc condicinem rx nn recsvit1 et ,h]culs nntis 9 omns p>tis dmsit et cpis cogit4#d ,tum tempore opportnissim proelium cum ,m9ys commsit4 ,di pugntum e/1 s$ dnique ill impetum ,?bnrum su/9re nn poturunt et t]ga v]trunt fugamque cprunt4 ,footnote #a3 pu]1 f boyhood4 ,footnote #b3 virs1 f vs4 ,cf4 #dfh4 ,footnote #c3 ,?bs1 #eja4cf4a4 ,footnote #d3 cogit1 f cg4 ,,he ,,commits ,a ,,crime ,,& ,,goes ,,to ,,! ,,delphian ,,oracle ,,to ,,seek ,,expiation ,po/ hoc proelium ,cren rx1 tant victri laetus1 fliam suam ,h]cul 9 mtrimnium d$it4 ,?bs ,h]culs cum uxre su di vvbat et ab omnibus magnop]e ambtur2 s$ po/ mults anns subit #a;9 furrem incidit et ipse su man lb]s sus int]fcit4 ,po/ breve tempus #b;ad snittem r$uctus tantum scelus expire cupibat et cn/ituit ad rculum ,delphicum it] fac]e4 ,hoc autem rculum erat omnium clrissimum4 ,ibi s$bat fm9a qua$am quae ,p?ia appellbtur4 ,ea cnsilium dabat is qu ad rculum v5ibant4 ,footnote #a3 9 furrem incidit1 w5t mad4 ,footnote #b3 ad snittem r$uctus1 lit4 l$ back to sanity4 ,:at 9 good ,engli%8 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]cules ,,leonem ,,sup]at ,,lv4 ,,h]cules ,,becomes ,,subject ,,to ,,eury/heus#a ,,he ,,/rangles ,,! ,,neme,,an ,,lion ,itaque ,h]culs ,p?iae ttam rem dmon/rvit nec scelus suum abdidit4 ,ubi iam ,h]culs fnem fcit1 ,p?ia iussit eum ad urbem ,tryn?a#b discd]e et ibi rg ,eury/he ss committ]e4 ,quae#c ubi audvit1 ,h]culs ad illam urbem /atim cont5dit et ,eury/he s 9 s]vittem trdidit et dxit1 8,quid prmum1 rx1 m fac]e iubs80 ,eury/heus1 qu p]t]rbtur v et corpore +5t ,h]culis et eum occid#d /udbat1 ita respondit3 8,aud1 ,h]culs6 ,multa mira#e nrrantur d lene saevissim qu hc tempore 9 valle ,nemae omnia v/at4 ,iube t1 virrum omnium =tissimum1 ill mn/r hom9s lb]re40 ,haec v]ba ,h]cul maxim placurunt4 8,prop]bo10 inquit1 8et p>b imp]i#f tu40 ,tum 9 silvs 9 quibus le habitbat /atim it] fcit4 ,mox f]am vdit et plrs impets fcit2 fr/r tam51 quod neque sagitts neque ll ali tl mn/rum vuln]re potuit4 ,dnique ,h]culs saevum lenem sus +5tibus brac*is rapuit et faucs eius omnibus vribus compressit4 ,hc mod brev tempore eum int]fcit4 ,tum corpus lenis ad oppidum 9 um]s reportvit et pellem po/e pr#g ve/e g]bat4 ,omns autem qu eam reginem incolbant1 ubi fmam d morte lenis +5tis accprunt1 erant laetissim et ,h]culem laudbant v]bs amplissims4 ,footnote #a3 ,eu-rys!us 7pron\nc$ ,u-ris?s7 0 k+ ( ,tryns1 a ,grecian city1 ^: f\ndation goes back to prehi/oric times4 ,footnote #b3 ,tryn?a1 ! acc4 case ( ,tryns1 a ,greek n\n4 ,footnote #c3 ,quae1 obj4 ( audvit4 ,x is plac$ fir/ to make a close connection ) ! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,?is is call$ a connect+ relative4 ,footnote #d3 occd1 pres4 pass4 inf94 ,footnote #e3 mra1 m>vel\s ?+s1 ! adj4 be+ us$ z a n\n4 ,cf4 omnia1 9 ! next l9e4 ,footnote #f3 imp]i1 #eja4ad4 ,footnote #g3 pr1 =1 in/ead (4 ,,lvi4 ,,slay+ ,,! ,,l]ne,,an ,,hydra ,de9de ,h]culs ab ,eury/he iussus e/ ,hydram occd]e4 ,itaque cum amc ,iol#a cont5dit ad paldem ,l]naeam ubi ,hydra incolbat4 ,hoc autem mn/rum erat s]pns +ns quae novem capita habbat4 ,mox is mn/rum repp]it et summ#b cum p]cul collum eius s9i/r man rapuit et t5uit4 ,tum dextr man capita novem abscd]e incpit1 s$ fr/r labrbat1 quod quotins hoc fc]at totins alia nova capita vidbat4 ,quod#c ubi vdit1 /atuit capita ign cremre4 ,hc mod oct capita dlvit1 s$ extrmum caput vuln]r nn potuit1 quod erat immortle4 ,itaque illud sub +5t sax ,h]culs posuit et ita victriam reportvit4 ,footnote #a3 ,iol1 abl4 ( ,i-o-lu1 ! h]o's be/ fri5d4 ,footnote #b3 ,note ! emphatic position ( ?is adjective4 ,footnote #c3 ,quod ubi1 :5 he saw ?is1 ano!r in/ance ( ! connect+ relative4 ,cf4 p4 #aii1 l4 #c4 ,,lvii4 ,,! ,,arcadian ,,/ag ,,& ,,! ,,eryman?ian ,,bo> ,po/quam ,eury/he mors ,hydrae nuntiata e/1 summus t]ror animum eius occupavit4 ,itaque iussit ,h]culem cap]e et ad s reportre c]vum qu5dam2 nam m9im cupvit tantum virum 9 rgn su t5re4 ,hie autem c]vus dcbtur aurea cornua et p$s mult#a cel]irs v5t#b habre4 ,prmum ,h]culs ve/gia animlis petvit1 de9de1 ubi c]vum ipsum vdit1 omnibus vribus curr]e incpit4 ,p] plrims dis cont5dit nec noct cessvit4 ,dnique po/quam p] ttum annum cucurr]at--ita dcitur--c]vum iam dfessum cpit et ad ,eury/heum portvit4 ,tum vr iussus e/ ,h]culs aprum qu5dam cap]e qu ill tempore agrs ,eryman?is v/bat et hom9s illu loc magnop]e p]t]rbat4 ,h]culs laet negtium suscpit et 9 ,arcadiam cel]it] s recpit4 ,ibi mox aprum repp]it4 ,ille autem2 simul atque ,h]culem vdit1 /atim quam#c cel]rim fgit et met p]t]ritus 9 fossam altam ss abdidit4 ,h]culs tam5 summ cum difficultte eum extrxit1 nec ap] ll mod ss lb]re potuit1 et vvus ad ,eury/heum porttus e/4 ,footnote #a3 mult1 #eja4bg4 ,footnote #b3 v5t1 #eja4cd4 ,footnote #c3 quam4 ,:at is ! =ce ( quam ) a sup]lative8 ,,lviii4 ,,h]cules ,,cleans ,,! ,,auge,,an ,,/ables ,,& ,,kills ,,! ,,/ymphalian ,,birds ,de9de ,eury/heus ,h]cul hunc labrem mult gravirem imp]vit4 ,augs#a qudam1 qu ill tempore rgnum lidis#b obt9bat1 tria mlia b\m#c habbat4 ,h#d +5t /abul cont9bantur4 ,hoc /abulum1 quod p] trg9t anns nn prgtum erat1 ,h]culs intr spatium nu di prgre iussus e/4 llle negtium alacrit] suscpit1 et prmum labre gravissim maximam fossam fdit p] quam flm9is aquam d montibus ad mrum /abul dxit4 ,tum p>tem p>vam mr dlvit et aquam 9 /abulum immsit4 ,hc mod fnm op]is fcit n di facillim4 ,po/ paucs dis ,h]culs ad oppidum ,/ymphlum it] fcit2 nam ,eury/heus iuss]at eum avis ,/ymphlids occd]e4 ,hae avs r/ra f]rea habbant et hom9s mis]s dvorbant4 ,ille1 po/quam ad locum p]vnit1 lacum vdit 9 qu avs incolbant4 ,nll tam5 mod ,h]culs avibus adprop9qure potuit2 lacus enim nn ex aqu s$ lm cn/itit4#e ,dnique autem avs #f;d aliqu caus p]t]ritae 9 aurs volvrunt et magna p>s erum sagitts ,h]culis occsa e/4 ,footnote #a3 ,augs1 pron\nc$ 9 ,engli% ,aw-jz4 ,footnote #b3 lidis1 g54 case ( lis1 a di/rict ( ,greece4 ,footnote #c3 b\m1 g54 plur4 ( bs4 ,= con/ruction see #eja4aa4 ,footnote #d3 +5t /abul1 abl4 ( means1 b 9 our idiom we %\ld say 9 a huge /able4 ,footnote #e3 cn/itit1 f con/o4 ,footnote #f3 d aliqu caus p]t]ritae1 fright5$ = "s reason4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]cules ,,et ,,taurus ,,lix4 ,,h]cules ,,captures ,,! ,,cretan ,,bull ,,& ,,c>ries ,,him ,,liv+ ,,to ,,eury/heus ,tum ,eury/heus iussit ,h]culem portre vvum ex nsul ,crt taurum qu5dam saevissimum4 ,ille igitur nvem cnsc5dit--nam v5tus erat idneus--atque /atim solvit4 ,po/quam trduum nvigavit1 incolumis nsulae adprop9quvit4 ,de9de1 po/quam omnia p>ta sunt1 cont5dit ad eam reginem quam taurus vexbat4 ,mox taurum vdit ac s9e ll met cornua eius corripuit4 ,tum +5t labre mn/rum ad nvem trxit atque cum hc pra$ ex nsul discessit4 ,,! ,,fle%-,,eat+ ,,horses ,,( ,,diome,,des ,po/quam ex nsul ,crt domum p]vnit1 ,h]cules ab ,eury/he 9 ,?rciam missus e/4 ,ibi ,diomds qudam1 vir saevissimus1 rgnum obt9bat et omns fnibus sus prohibbat4 ,h]culs iussus erat equs ,diom$is rap]e et ad ,eury/heum dc]e4 ,h autem equ hom9s mis]rims dvorbant d quibus rx supplicium sm]e cupibat4 ,h]culs ubi p]vnit1 prmum equs rge po/ulvit1 s$ rx es dd]e recsvit4 ,de9de ille r commtus rgem occdit et corpus eius equs trdidit4 ,itaque is qu ante mults necv]at1 ipse edem supplici nectus e/4 ,et equ1 np] saevissima animlia1 po/quam dom9 su corpus dvorvrunt1 mnsut erant4 ,,lx4 ,,! ,,belt ,,( ,,hippol,,yte1 ,,que5 ,,( ,,! ,,amazons ,gns ,amzonum#a dcitur#b omnn ex muli]ibus fuisse4 ,hae cum virs proelium committ]e nn v]bantur4 ,hippolyt1 ,amzonum rgna1 balteum habuit pul*]rimum4 ,hunc balteum possidre flia ,eury/he vehem5t] cupibat4 ,itaque ,eury/heus iussit ,h]culem impetum 9 ,amzons fac]e4 ,ille mults cum cpis nvem cnsc5dt et paucis dibus 9 ,amzonum fns p]vnit1 ac balteum po/ulvit4 ,eum trd]e ipsa ,hipporyt quidem cupvit2 reliqus tam5 ,amazonibus#c p]sudre nn potuit4 ,po/rdi ,h]culs proelium commsit4 ,mults hrs utrimque quam =tissim pugntum e/ ,dnique tam5 muli]es t]ga v]trunt et fug saltem petirunt4 ,multae autem captae sunt1 9 qu num] erat ipsa ,hippolyt4 ,h]culs po/quam balteum accpit1 omnibus captvs lb]ttem d$it4 ,footnote #a3 ,a fabl$ tribe ( w>like wom5 liv+ 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,footnote #b3 omnn1 etc41 to h consi/$ entirely ( wom54 ,footnote #c3 ,amzonibus1 #eja4ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]cules ,,et ,,c]b]us ,,! ,,desc5t ,,to ,,hades ,,& ,,! ,,dog ,,c],,b]us ,iamque nus modo duodecim labribus rel9qubtur s$ int] omns hic erat difficillimus4 ,iussus e/ enim canem ,c]b]um#d ex ,orc 9 lcem trah]e4 ,ex ,orc autem nm ante rev]t]at4 ,praet]e ,c]b]us erat mn/rum maxim horribile et tria capita habbat4 ,h]culs po/quam imp]ia ,eury/he accpit1 /atim pr(ectus e/ et 9 ,orcum dsc5dit4 ,ibi vr nn s9e summ p]icul ,c]b]um manibus rapuit et +5t cum labre ex ,orc 9 lcem et adurbem ,eury/he trxit4 ,sic duodecim labors ill#e intr duodecim anns cnfect sunt4 ,dmum po/ longam vtam ,h]culs des receptus e/ et ,iuppit] fli su d$it immortlittem4 ,footnote #d3 ,! dog ,c]b]us gu>d$ ! gate ( ,orcus1 ! abode ( ! dead4 ,footnote #e3 ill1 ^? fam\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pu]i ,,romani ,p4 ,,cornelius ,,l5tulus3 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,boy#a ,,lxi4 ,,publius ,,is ,,born ,,ne> ,,pompe,,ii ,p4 ,cornlius ,l5tulus1#b adulscns ,rmnus1 amplissim famili#c ntus e/2 nam pat] eius1 ,mrcus1 erat dux p]tissimus1 cuius virtte#d et cnsili multae victriae reporttae erant2 atque mat] eius1 llia1 clrissims mairibus orta e/4 ,nn vr 9 urbe s$ rr#e ,pblius ntus e/1 et cum mtre habitbat 9 vll quae 9 m>is ltore et sub radcibus magn montis sita erat4 ,mns autem erat ,vesuvius et p>va urbs ,pompi oct mlia#f passuum#g ab]at4 ,9 ,itali antqu erant plrimae quidem villae et pul*rae1 s$ int] hs omns nlla erat pul*rior quam villa ,mrc ,iliaeque4 ,frns vllae mr a m>is fluctibus mnibtur4 ,h9c m>e et ltora et nsulae long ltque cnspic#h ac saepe nvs longae et on]riae pot]ant4 t]g et ab utrque lat]e agr f]cissim patbant4 ,undique erat magna v>irum flrum cpia et multa +5tium arborum g5]a quae ae/te#i umbram dfesss agricols grtissimam adf]bant4 ,praet]e erant#aj 9 agrs /abulsque multa animlium g5]a1 nn slum equ et bovs s$ etiam rrae avs4 ,etiam erat#aj magna piscna plna piscium2 nam ,rmn piscs dlig5t] colbant4 ,footnote #a3 ,?is /ory is fiction ) c]ta9 hi/orical facts 9 ,cs>'s c>e] z a sett+4 ,h[ev]1 ! ev5ts *ronicl$ might h happ5$1 & no d\bt did happ5 to _m a ,roman y\?4 ,footnote #b3 ,a ,roman _h ?ree names1 z1 ,pblius 7giv5 "n71 ,cornlius 7"n ( ! gns or clan71 ,l5tulus 7family "n74 ,footnote #c3 ,abl4 ( s\rce1 :i* is ak9 to ! abl4 ( sep>ation 7#eja4cb74 ,footnote #d3 virtte1 #eja4bd4 ,footnote #e3 rr1 #eja4cf4a4 ,footnote #f3 mlia1 #eja4ba4 ,footnote #g3 passuum1 #eja4aa4 ,footnote #h3 cnspic1 inf94 ) pot]ant1 #bae4 ,consult ! map ( ,italy = ! approximate location ( ! villa4 ,footnote #i3 ae/te1 #eja4ce4 ,footnote #aj3 ,h[ are ! =ms ( sum translat$ :5 !y prec$e ! subject8 ,illu/ration3 ,,casa ,,romana ,,lxii4 ,,8 ,,life ,,on ,,! ,,f>m ,huius vllae ,dvus1 s]vus ,mrc1 e/ vlicus#a et cum ,lesbi uxre omnia crat4 ,vlicus et uxor 9 cas humil1 m$is 9 agrs sit1 habitant4 prm lce sque ad vesp]um s#b gravibus labribus ex]c5t ut omn rs b5e g]ant4#c ,plrima enim sunt (ficia ,dv et ,lesbiae4 ,vlicus s]vs regit n t>d s9t#c2 mittit alis qu agrs ar5t1#c alis qu horts inrig5t1#c et op]a 9#d ttum diem impnit4 ,lesbia autem omnibus ve/m5ta p>at1 cibum coquit1 pnem facit4 ,nn long ab hrum cas et 9 summ colle situm surgbat domicilium ipsu dom9 dom9aeque amplissimum4 ,ibi plrs anns#e ,pblius cum mtre vtam flcem agbat2 nam pat] eius1 ,mrcus1 9 t]rs long9qus gravia re pblicae bella g]bat nec domum#f rev]t pot]at4 ,neque pu] quidem mole/um e/ rr#g vv]e4 ,eum multae rs dlectant4 ,magnop]e amat silvs1 agrs1 equs1 bovs1 gallns1 avs1 reliquaque animlia4 ,saepe plrs hrs#h ad m>e s$et qu#i melius flucts et nvs spectet4 ,nec omnn s9e comitibus erat1 quod ,ldia1 ,dv flia1 quae erat eiusdem aettis1 cum e adhc infante ldbat1 int] qus cum anns amcitia crscbat4 ,ldia nllum alium ducem dligbat et ,pblius ab puellae lat]e rr discdbat4 ,itaque sub clr ,italiae sle ,pblius et ,ldia1 amc fidlissim1 p] camps collsque cotdi vagbantur4 ,modo 9 silv fnitim ldebant ubi ,pblius sagitts#aj cel]ibus avis dicibat et ,ldia corns v>irum flrum coms sus rnbat2 modo aquam et cibum portbant ad ,dvum s]vsque dfesss qu agrs colbant3 modo 9 cas p>v aut hrs lacts 9 ld cnsmbant aut auxilium dabant ,lesbiae1 quae cibum vir et s]vs p>bat vel alis rs dome/ics agbat4 ,footnote #a3 ,! vlicus 0 a slave :o act$ z ov]se] ( a f>m4 ,he direct$ ! f>m+ op]ations & ! sale ( ! produce4 ,footnote #b3 se1 reflexive pron41 object ( ex]c5t4 ,footnote #c3 ,= ! con/ruction1 see #eja4dj4 ,footnote #d3 91 =4 ,footnote #e3 anns1 #eja4ba4 ,footnote #f3 domum1 #eja4bj4 ,footnote #g3 rr1 #eja4cf4a4 ,footnote #h3 hrs1 cf4 anns1 l9e #ag4 ,footnote #i3 qu 444 spectet1 #cdi1 #cej4 ,footnote #aj3 sagittis1 #eja4bd4 ,,lxiii4 ,,m>cus ,,l5tulus1 ,,! ,,fa!r ,,( ,,publius1 ,,is ,,%ipwreck$ ,,julia ,,receives ,a ,,lett] ,,f ,,him ,iam ,pblius#a decem anns habbat cum ,m4,cornlius ,l5tulus1 pat] eius1 qu qunque anns#b grave bellum 9 ,asi g]bat1 non s9e glri domum#c rev]tbtur4 ,namque multa secunda proelia fc]at1 maxims ho/ium cpis dlv]at1 mults urbs populo#d ,rmn inimcs cp]at4 ,primum nntius p]vnit qu ,l5tul#e missus erat#f ut pr(ectinem suam nntiret4 ,de9de plrs dis#g r$itum vir optim mt] fliusque exspectbant et anims#h sollicitis des immortls fr/r colbant4 ,tum dmum hs litt]s summo cum gaudi accprunt3 #i8,mrcus ,iliae suac saltem dcit4 ,s vals1 b5e e/2 ego vale4 ,ex ,graeci1 qu#aj praet] spem et opninem hodi p]vn1 hs litt]s ad t scrib4 ,namque nvis no/ra frcta e/2 ns autem--#aa;ds e/ gratia--incolumes sumus4 ,ex ,asiae#ab port nvem ln v5t solvimus4 ,po/quam#ac altum m>e t5uimus #adnec iam llae t]rae apprurunt1 caelum undique et undique flucts1 subit magna tempe/s coorta e/ et nvem vehem5tissim adflxit4 ,v5ts fluctibusque adflctt#ae nec slem disc]n]e nec cursum t5re pot]mus et omnia praes5tem mortem int5tbant4 ,trs dis#af et trs nocts#af s9e rms vlsque agimur4 ,qurt di#ag prmum t]ra vsa e/ et viol5t] 9 saxa1 quae nn long ltore ab]ant1 diect sumus4 ,tum vr maira p]cula timbmus2 s$ nauta qudam1 vir =tissimus1 ex nve 9 flucts rts dsiluit #ahut fnem ad ltus portret2 quam rem summ labre vix effcit4 ,ita omns s]vt sumus4 ,grtis igitur et honrem ,neptn dbmus1 qu deus ns p]cul ripuit4 ,nunc ,a?ns#ai sum1 qu cnfg ut mihi paucs hrs ad quitem d>em4#bj ,quam prmum autem aliam nvem condcam ut it] ad ,italiam reliquum cnficiam et domum#ba ad mes crs rev]t>4 ,salt no/rum ,pblium amcissim et valtd9em tuam cr dlig5t]4 #bb,kal5ds ,mrtis40 ,footnote #a3 0 t5 ye>s old4 ,footnote #b3 anns1 #eja4ba4 ,footnote #c3 domum1 #eja4bj4 ,footnote #d3 popul1 dat4 ) inimcs1 cf4 #eja4af4 ,footnote #e3 ,l5tul1 #eja4cc4 ,footnote #f3 ut 444 nntiret1 #eja4dj4 ,footnote #g3 dis1 cf4 anns1 #a4 #i4 ,footnote #h3 anims1 abl4 ( mann]4 ,d y see "o 9 l9e #ae8 ,footnote #i3 ,?is is ! usual =m = ! beg9n+ ( a ,lat9 lett]4 ,fir/ we h ! greet+1 & !n ! expression ,s vals1 etc4 ,! date ( ! lett] is usually giv5 at ! end1 & also ! place ( writ+1 if n previ\sly m5tion$ 9 ! lett]4 ,footnote #aj3 qu1 :]e4 ,footnote #aa3 ds e/ grtia1 ?ank ,god1 9 our idiom4 ,footnote #ab3 ,asia ref]s to ! ,roman prov9ce ( t "n 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,footnote #ac3 altum m>e t5uimus1 we 7 well out to sea4 ,footnote #ad3 nec iam1 & no long]4 ,footnote #ae3 adflctt1 p]f4 passive "p4 toss$ ab\t4 ,footnote #af3 ,:at con/ruction8 ,footnote #ag3 di1 #eja4ce4 ,footnote #ah3 ut 444 portret1 #eja4dj4 ,footnote #ai3 ,a?ns1 #eja4cf4a4 ,footnote #bj3 d>em1 cf4 portret1 l4 #f4 ,footnote #ba3 ,:y n ad domum8 ,footnote #bb3 ,kal5ds ,mrtis1 ! ,cal5ds or fir/ ( ,m>*2 abl4 ( "t1 giv+ ! date ( ! lett]4 ,,lxiv4 ,,l5tulus ,,rea*es ,,home ,,publius ,,visits ,,pompeii ,,) ,,8 ,,fa!r ,po/ paucs dis nvis ,m4 ,cornl ,l5tul portum ,msn#a petiit1 qu portus nn long ,pompis situs e/2 qu 9 port classis ,rmn pnbtur et ad pugns nvls rnbtur4 ,ibi nvs omnium g5]um cnspic pot]ant4 ,iamque incrdibil cel]itte nvis longa qu ,l5tulus vehbtur ltor adprop9quvit2 nam nn slum v5t s$ etiam rms impellbtur4 ,9 alt puppe /bat gub]ntor et nn procul aliqu mlits ,rmn cum arms spl5dids1 int] qus clrissimus erat ,l5tulus4 ,de9de s]v rms cont5d]e cessvrunt#b2 nautae vlum contrxrunt et ancors icrunt4 ,l5tulus /atim nv gressus e/ et#c ad villam suam prop]vit4 ,eum ,ilia1 ,pblius1 ttaque familia excprunt4 #d,qu complexs1 quanta gaudia furunt6 ,po/rdi eius di ,l5tulus fli su dxit1 8,v51 m ,pbl1 mcum4 ,pompis it] hodi faciam4 ,mt] tua sudet#e ut frcts et cibria emam4 ,namque plrs amcs ad cnam vocvimus et mults rbus#f egmus4 ,ea horttur ut quam prmum pr(icscmur40 8,lib5t]1 m pat]10 inquit ,pblius4 8,tcum esse mihi semp] e/ grtum2 nec ,pompis umquam vd4 ,s9e mor pr(icsc p>tus sum40 ,tum cel]it] currum cnsc5drunt et ad urbis mrs vect sunt4 ,/abin port#g urbem +ress sunt4 ,pblius /rts vis mrtur et saxa altira quae 9 m$i disposita erant et alts orbits qus rotae int] haec saxa fc]ant4 ,etiam /repitum mrtur1 multitd9em1 c>rs1 fonts1 doms1 tab]ns1 =um#h cum /atus1 templs1 reliqusque a$ificis pblics4 ,footnote #a3 ,mis5um _h an excell5t h>bor1 & "u ! emp]or ,augu/us became ! *ief naval /ation ( ! ,roman fleet4 ,see map ( ,italy4 ,footnote #b3 ,:y is ! inf9itive us$ ) cessvrunt8 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,plate ,i1 ,frontispiece4 ,footnote #d3 ,obs]ve t ^! words are exclamatory4 ,footnote #e3 ,:at con/ruction foll[s sude8 #eja4da4 ,footnote #f3 rbus1 #eja4cb4 ,footnote #g3 ,?is is ! abl4 ( ! way by :i* motion takes place1 sometimes call$ ! abl4 ( r\te4 ,! con/ruction comes "u ! g5]al head ( ! abl4 ( means4 ,= ! sc5e "h describ$1 see ,plate ,,ii1 p4 #ec1 & notice especially ! /epp+-/ones = cross+ ! /reet 7saxa quae 9 m$i disposita erant74 ,footnote #h3 ,! =um ( ,pompeii 0 surr\nd$ by temples1 public halls1 & m>kets ( v>i\s sorts4 ,locate ,pompeii on ! map4 ,,lxv4 ,a ,,day ,,at ,,pompeii ,apud =um curr dsc5drunt et ,l5tulus dxit1 8,hc sunt multa tab]nrum g5]a1 m ,pbl4 ,ecce1 trns viam e/ popna6 #a;,hoc g5us tab]nrum cibria vndit4 ,frcts quoque ante inuam /ant4 ,ibi cibria mea emam40 8,optim10 respondit ,pblius4 8,at ubi1 m pat]1 cr/ula em]e possumus8 ,namque mt] nbs imp]vit #but haec quoque p>rmus4 ,"t ut#c i/a popna vndat cr/ula40 8,b5e dcis10 inquit ,l5tulus4 8,at nnne vids illum fontem dextr ubi aqua p] lenis caput fluit8 ,9 ill ips loc e/ tab]na p/ris qu s9e dubi vndit cr/ula40 ,brev tempore#d omnia erant p>ta1 iamque #equnta hra erat4 ,de9de ,l5tulus et flius ad caupnam prop]vrunt1 quod fam#f et sit#g urgbantur4 ,ibi sub arboris umbr sdrunt et pu] imp]vrunt ut sibi#h cibum et vnum d>et4 ,huic imp]i#i pu] cel]it] pruit4 ,tum laet s#aj ex labre refcrunt4 ,po/ pr&ium prefect sunt ut alia urbis spectcula vidr5t4 ,ill tempore furunt ,pompis#aa multa templa1 duo !tra1 !rmae magnumque amphi!trum1 quae omnia po/ paucs anns flamms atque inc5dis ,vesuv et t]rae mt dlta sunt4 ,ante hanc calamittem autem hom9s #abnihil d monte v]it sunt4 ,9 amphi!tr quidem ,pblius morr cupvit ut spectcula gladitria vidret1 quae 9#ac illum ipsum diem prscrpta erant et iam #adr vr incp]ant4 ,s$ ,l5tulus dxit1 8,morr1 ,pbl1 #aev]eor ut possmus4 ,iam decima hra e/ et via e/ longa4 ,tempus sudet ut quam prmum domum rev]tmur40 ,itaque s]v imp]vit ut equs iung]et1 et slis occs#af ad vllam p]vnrunt4 ,footnote #a3 ,we say1 ?is k9d ( %op2 ,lat91 ?is k9d ( %ops4 ,footnote #b3 ut 444 p>rmus1 #eja4da4 ,footnote #c3 ,h[ is ut translat$ aft] a v]b ( fe>+8 ,h[ n8 ,cf4 #eja4db4 ,footnote #d3 tempore1 #eja4ce4 ,footnote #e3 qunta hra4 ,! ,romans numb]$ ! h\rs ( ! day consecutively f sunrise to sunset1 divid+ ! day1 :e!r long or %ort1 into twelve equal p>ts4 ,footnote #f3 fam %[s a slight irregul>ity 9 t ! abl4 end+ -e is long4 ,footnote #g3 sitis1 ?ir/1 has -im 9 ! acc4 s+41 - 9 ! abl4 s+41 & no plural4 ,footnote #h3 ,obs]ve t ! reflexive pron\n sibi does n "h ref] to ! subject ( ! subord9ate clause 9 :i* x /&s1 b to ! subject ( ! ma9 clause4 ,?is s-call$ indirect use ( ! reflexive is (t5 f\nd 9 object clauses ( purpose4 ,footnote #i3 ,:at case8 ,cf4 #eja4ad4 ,footnote #aj3 s1 cf4 p4 #bje1 l4 #g1 & note4 ,footnote #aa3 ,pompis1 #eja4cf4a4 ,footnote #ab3 nihil 444 v]it sunt1 _h no fe>s ( ! m\nta94 ,footnote #ac3 91 =4 ,footnote #ad3 r vr1 9 fact4 ,footnote #ae3 v]eor ut1 #eja4db4 ,footnote #af3 occs1 #eja4ce4 ,,lxvi4 ,,l5tulus ,,engages ,a ,,tutor ,,= ,,8 ,,son prms anns quidem ,ilia ipsa flium suum docu]at1 et ,pblius nn slum #apr et ,latn loqu pot]at s$ etiam commod legbat et scrbbat4 ,iam ,ennium#b alisque pots lg]at4 ,nunc vr ,pblius #c;duodecim anns habbat2 itaque e pat] bonum magi/rum1 #dvirum omn doctrn et virtte rntissimum1 p>vit1 #equ ,graeca1 msicam1 alisque arts docret4 #f,namque ills temporibus omns f] g5ts ,graec loqubantur4 ,cum ,pbli ali pu]1 ,l5tul amcrum fli1#g discbant4 ,nam saepe apud ,rmns ms erat #hnn 9 ldum flis mitt]e s$ dom p] magi/rum docre4 ,cotdi discipul cum magi/r 9 p]i/l#i ,mrc doms s$bant4 ,omns pu] bullam auream1 org9is hone/ae signum1 9 coll g]bant1 et omns tog praetext amict erant1 #ajquod nndum sdecim anns#aa nt sunt4 ,footnote #a3 pr 444 pot]at1 freely1 c\ld speak ,lat9 well4 ,:at is ! lit]al translation8 ,footnote #b3 ,ennium1 ! fa!r ( ,lat9 poetry4 ,footnote #c3 duodecim 444 habbat1 cf4 p4 #bjf1 l4 #h1 & note4 ,footnote #d3 virum1 etc41 a v well-educat$ & wor?y man4 ,obs]ve ! ,lat9 equival5t4 ,footnote #e3 qu 444 docret1 a relative clause ( purpose4 ,cf4 #cdi1 #cej4 ,footnote #f3 ,9 ,cs>'s "t ,greek 0 spok5 m widely 9 ! ,roman _w ?an any o!r language4 ,footnote #g3 fli1 9 apposition ) pu]4 ,footnote #h3 nn 444 mitt]e4 ,?is inf9itive clause is ! subject ( erat4 ,cf4 #baf4 ,! same con/ruction is repeat$ 9 ! next clause1 dom 444 docre4 ,! object ( docre is flis und]/ood4 ,footnote #i3 ,! p]i/yle 0 an op5 c\rt surr\nd$ by a colonnade4 ,footnote #aj3 ,at ! age ( sixte5 a boy laid aside ! bulla & ! toga praetexta & assum$ toga virlis or manly g[n4 ,footnote #aa3 anns1 #eja4ba4 ,! expression nndum sdecim anns nt sunt means lit]ally1 !y 7 born n yet sixte5 ye>s4 ,?is is ! usual expression = age4 ,:at is ! ,engli% equival5t8 ,illu/ration3 ,,tabula ,,et ,,/ilus ,,sc5e ,,9 ,,s*ool ,,an ,,ex]cise ,,9 ,,composition ,,discipul4 ,salv1 magi/]4 ,,magi/]4 ,vs quoque omns1 salvte4 #a,tabulsne portvi/is et /ils8 ,d4 ,portvimus4 ,m4 ,iam fbulam ,aesp#b discmus4 ,ego legam1 vs 9 tabuls scrbite4 ,et t1 ,pbl1 d mihi caps#c ,aesp volm54#d ,iam audte omns3 ,vulps et va4 ,vulps lim fam cocta vam dp5d5tem vdit4 ,ad vam salibat1 sm]e cnns4 ,fr/r di cnta1 t&em rta erat et salre cessns dxit3 8,illa va e/ ac]ba2 ac]bam vam #enihil moror40 ,omniane scrpsi/is1 pu]8 ,d4 ,omnia1 magi/]4 ,footnote #a3 ,tablets 7 ?9 bo>ds ( wood sme>$ ) wax4 ,! writ+ 0 done ) a /ylus1 a po9t$ in/rum5t l a p5cil1 made ( bone or metal1 ) a knob at ! o!r end4 ,! knob 0 us$ to smoo? ov] ! wax 9 mak+ erasures & corrections4 ,footnote #b3 ,aesp1 ! fam\s ,greek to :om are ascrib$ mo/ ( ! fables curr5t 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,footnote #c3 ,a cyl9drical box = hold+ books & pap]s1 %ap$ l a hatbox4 ,footnote #d3 ,anci5t books 7 writt5 on rolls made ( papyrus4 ,footnote #e3 nihil moror1 ,i c>e no?+ =4 ,,lxvii4 ,,publius ,,goes ,,to ,,rome ,,to ,,f9i% ,,8 ,,education ,iamque ,pblius1 #aqundecim anns ntus1 #bprms litt]rum elem5ts cnfects1 ,rmam pet]e voluit ut s*ols grammaticrum et philosophrum frequ5tret4 ,et facillim patr#c su1 qui ipse philosophiae /udi t5btur1 p]susit4 ,itaque #domnibus rbus ad pr(ectinem comp>ts1 pat] fliusque equs animss vect#e ad magnam urbem pr(ect sunt4 ,es pr(icsc5ts ,ilia ttaque familia vts precibusque prsectae sunt4 ,tum p] loca#f plna et collis silvs ve/ts viam +ress sunt ad ,nlam1 quod oppidum es hospiti modic excpit4 ,nlae#g dus hrs mort sunt1 quod sl m]dinus rdbat4 ,tum rct vi#h circit] vg9t mlia#i passuum#i ,capuam1#i ad nsignem ,campniae urbem1 cont5drunt4 ,e#aj mult nocte dfess p]vnrunt4 #aa,po/rdi eius di1 somn et cib recret1 ,capu discessrunt et #acviam ,appiam +ress1 quae ,capuam tangit et sque ad urbem ,rmam dcit1 ante m]diem ,s9uessam p]vnrunt1 quod oppidum tangit m>e4 ,inde prm lce pr(icsc5ts ,=mis#ac prop]vrunt1 ubi ,cic]1 rtor cl>issimus1 qu =te apud vllam suam erat1 es b5ign excpit4 ,h9c #ad;it9]e vg9t qunque mlium passuum fact1 ,t>racnam1 oppidum 9 saxs altissims situm1 vdrunt4 ,iamque nn long ab]ant palds magnae1 quae multa mlia passuum undique pat5t4 ,p] es p$e/ris via e/ gravis et 9 nve vitrs vehuntur4 ,itaque #ae;equs relicts ,l5tulus et ,pblius nvem cnsc5drunt1 et1 n nocte 9 trnsit cnsmpt1 ,=um ,app vnrunt4 ,tum brev tempore ,arcia es excpit4 ,hoc oppidum1 9 colle situm1 ab urbe ,rom sdecim mlia passuum abe/4 ,inde dclivis via sque ad latum campum dcit ubi ,rma /at4 ,quem ad locum ubi ,pblius vnit et ,rmam adhc remtam1 maximam ttu orbis t]rrum urbem1 cnspxit1 summ admrtine et gaudi adfectus e/4 ,s9e mor dsc5drunt1 et1 m$i int]vll quam cel]rim sup]t1 urbem port ,capn +ress sunt4 ,footnote #a3 qundecim1 etc41 cf4 p4 #baj1 l4 #e1 & note4 ,footnote #b3 prms 444 cnfects1 abl4 abs4 ,cf4 #eja4bh4 ,footnote #c3 patr1 dat4 ) p]susit4 ,footnote #d3 omnibus 444 comp>ts1 cf4 note #b4 ,footnote #e3 vect1 p]f4 pass4 "p4 ( veh4 ,footnote #f3 ,:at is !re peculi> ab\t ! g5d] ( ?is ^w8 ,footnote #g3 ,nlae1 locative case1 #eja4cf4b4 ,footnote #h3 vi1 cf4 port1 p4 #bjh1 l4 #g1 & note4 ,footnote #i3 ,:at con/ruction8 ,footnote #aj3 ,e1 adv4 !re4 ,footnote #aa3 ,po/rdi eius di1 on ! next day4 ,footnote #ab3 viam ,appiam1 ! mo/ fam\s ( all ,roman roads1 ! great highway f ,rome to ,t>5tum & ,brundisium1 ) num]\s bran*es4 ,locate on ! map ! v>i\s t[ns t are m5tion$ 9 ! l9es t foll[4 ,footnote #ac3 ,=mis1 ,=mi1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful spots on ?is coa/1 & a favorite site = ! villas ( ri* ,romans4 ,footnote #ad3 it9]e 444 fact1 abl4 abs4 ,! g54 mlium modifies it9]e4 ,footnote #ae3 equs relicts4 ,:at con/ruction8 ,po9t out a simil> "o 9 ! next l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bulla ,,lxviii4 ,,publius ,,puts ,,on ,,! ,,toga ,,virilis ,pblius iam ttum annum ,rmae morbtur#a multaque urbis spectcula vd]at et mults sibi#b amcs p>v]at4 ,e#c omns favbant2 #d;d e omns b5e sprre pot]ant4 ,cotdi ,pblius s*olas philosophrum et grammaticrum tant /udi frequ5tbat #eut alis clrum exemplum praebret4 ,saepe erat cum patre 9 cri#f2 quae rs effcit #gut summs re pblicae virs et audret et vidret4 ,ubi #hsdecim anns natus e/1 bullam#i auream et togam praetextam mre ,rmn dposuit atque virlem togam smpsit4 ,virlis autem toga erat omnn alba1 s$ praetexta clvum purpureum 9 m>g9e habbat4 #aj;,dpn]e togam praetextam et sm]e togam virlem erat rs grtissima pu] ,rmn1 quod po/e vir et cvis ,rmnus habbtur4 #aa;,hs rbus ge/s ,l5tulus ad uxrem suam hs litt]s scrpsit3 #ab8,mrcus ,iliae suae saltem dcit4 ,s vals1 b5e e/2 ego vale4 ,accp tus litt]s4 ,hs nunc ,rm p] s]vum fidlissimum mitt ut d ,pbli no/r quam cel]rim scis4 ,nam hodi e togam virlem d$4 ,ante lucem surrx#ac et prmum bullam auream d coll eius remv4 ,hc ,l>ibus#ad cnsecrt et sacrs facts1 eum tog virl ve/v4 ,int]im plrs amc cum multitd9e optimrum cvium et hone/rum cli5tium p]vn]ant #aequ ,pblium dom 9 =um ddc]5t4 ,ibi 9 cvittem receptus e/ et nm51 ,pblius ,cornlius ,l5tulus1 apud cvs ,rmns ascrptum e/4 ,omns e amcissim furunt et magna#af de e pra$cunt4 ,sapi5tior enim aequlibus#ag e/ et magnum +5ium habet4 #ah;,cr ut vales40 ,footnote #a3 morbtur1 translate z if plup]fect4 ,footnote #b3 sibi1 = himself4 ,footnote #c3 ,e1 :y dat48 ,footnote #d3 d 444 pot]ant1 9 ,engli%1 all reg>d$ him z a v promis+ y\?2 b :at does ! ,lat9 say8 ,footnote #e3 ut444 praebret1 #eja4dc4 ,footnote #f3 cri1 a fam\s build+ ne> ! ,roman ,=um4 ,footnote #g3 ut 444 audret et vidret1 #eja4dd4 ,footnote #h3 sdecim1 etc41 cf4 p4 #baj1 l4 #e1 & note4 ,footnote #i3 bullam1 cf4 p4 #baj1 l4 #c1 & note #d4 ,footnote #aj3 ,^! inf9itive clauses are ! subject ( erat4 ,cf4 #baf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,hs rbus ge/s1 i4e4 ! assumption ( ! toga virilis & att5dant c]emonies4 ,footnote #ab3 ,comp>e ! beg9n+ ( ?is lett] ) ! "o on page #bjf4 ,footnote #ac3 surrx1 f surg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,l>es 7 ! spirits ( ! ance/ors1 & 7 wor%ip$ z h\sehold gods4 ,all t ! h\se conta9$ 0 confid$ to _! c>e1 & sacrifices 7 made to !m daily4 ,footnote #ae3 qu 444 ddc]5t1 #cej4 ,footnote #af3 magna1 great ?+s1 a neut] adj4 us$ z a n\n4 ,footnote #ag3 aequlibus1 #eja4cd4 ,footnote #ah3 ,cr ut vales1 take good c>e ( y\r heal?4 ,h[ does ! ,lat9 express ?is idea8 ,,lxix4 ,,publius ,,jo9s ,c,,s>',s ,,army ,,9 ,,gaul ,pblius iam adulscns po/quam togam virlem smpsit1 alis rbus /udre incpit et praes]tim s#a armrum s#b dlig5t] ex]cuit4 ,magis magisque amvit ills arts quae mlitrem animum dlectant4 ,iamque erant #cqu e cursum mlitrem pra$c]5t4 ,nec s9e caus1 quod c]t patris signe exemplum #d;ita multum trahbat4 #e,paucs ante anns ,c4 ,ilius ,caes>1 ducum ,rmnrum maximus1 cnsul cretus erat et hc tempore 9 ,galli bellum grave g]bat4 ,atque 9 ex]cit eius plrs adulsc5ts mlitbant1 apud qus erat amcus qudam ,pbl4 ,ille ,pblium crbrs litt]s vehem5t] hortbtur #fut it] 9 ,galliam fac]et4 ,neque ,pblius recsvit1 et1 mults amcs ad portam urbis prsequ5tibus1 ad ,caes>is ca/ra pr(ectus e/4 ,qurt di po/quam it] +ressus e/1 ad ,alps1 monts altissims1 p]vnit4 ,hs summ difficultte sup]ts1 t&em ,gallrum 9 fnibus erat4 ,prm autem v]itus e/ ut#g ca/rs ,rmns adprop9qure posset1 quod ,gall1 maxims cpis cocts1 ,rmns obsidbant et vis omns iam claus]ant4 ,hs rbus commtus ,pblius ve/em ,gallicam induit n ,galls cap]tur1 et ita p] ho/ium cpis incolumis ad ca/ra p]v5re potuit4 ,intr mntines acceptus1 ,caes>e b5ign exceptus e/4 ,imp]tor =tem adulsc5tem amplissims v]bs laudvit et eum #htribnum mltum crevit4 ,footnote #a3 ,abl4 ( means4 ,footnote #b3 s1 reflexive object ( ex]cuit4 ,footnote #c3 qu 444 pra$c]5t1 #eja4de4 ,footnote #d3 ita multum trahbat1 _h a great influ5ce 9 t direction4 ,footnote #e3 ,paucs ante anns1 a few ye>s be=e2 9 ,lat91 be=e by a few ye>s1 ante be+ an adv]b & anns abl4 ( degree ( diff]5ce4 ,footnote #f3 ut 444 fac]et1 #eja4da4 ,footnote #g3 ut1 h[ translat$ "h8 ,see #eja4db4 ,footnote #h3 ,! milit>y tribune 0 a commission$ (fic] ne>ly correspond+ to our rank ( colonel4 ,! tribunes 7 (t5 inexp]i5c$ m51 s ,cs> did n all[ !m mu* responsibility4 ,illu/ration3 ,,imp$im5ta ,,h[ ,,! ,,romans ,,m>*$ ,,& ,,camp$ ,ex]citus qu 9 ho/ium fnibus bellum g5it mults p]cus circumdatus e/4 #a,quae p]cula ut vtret1 ,rmni summam cram adhbre solbant4 ,adprop9quantes cpis ho/ium agm5 ita dispnbant #but imp]tor ipse cum plribus leginibus exp$ts#c prmum agm5 dc]et4 ,po/ es cpis imp$m5ta#d ttu ex]cits conlocbant4 #e,tum legins quae proxim cnscrptae erant ttum agm5 claudbant4 ,equits quoque 9 omns "ps dmittbantur qu loca explrr5t2 et c5turins praemittbantur ut locum ca/rs idneum dlig]5t4 ,locus habbatur idneus ca/rs #fqu facile df5d posset et prope aquam esset4 ,qu d caus ca/ra#g 9 colle ab utrque p>te ardu1 fronte lnit] dclv saepe pnbantur2 vel locus paldibus cnctus vel 9 flm9is rps situs dligbtur4 ,ad locum po/quam ex]citus p]vnit1 ali mlitum #h;9 arms erant1 ali ca/ra mnre incipibant4 ,nam #iqu ttirs ab ho/ibus mlits ess5t1 nve incaut et imp>t opprim]5tur1 ca/ra foss lt et vll alt mnibant4 ,9 ca/rs portae quattuor erant ut rupti mlitum omns 9 "ps fi] posset4 ,9 anguls ca/rrum erant turrs d quibus tla 9 ho/s conicibantur4 #aj,tlibus 9 ca/rs qulia dscrpsimus ,pblius ,caes>e exceptus e/4 ,footnote #a3 ,quae p]cula1 object ( vtr5t4 ,x is plac$ fir/ to make a prop] connection ) ! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,footnote #b3 ut 444 dc]et1 #eja4dc4 ,footnote #c3 exp$ts1 i4e4 )\t baggage & ready = action4 ,footnote #d3 imp$m5ta4 ,mu* ( ! baggage 0 c>ri$ 9 c>ts & on bea/s ( burd51 z is %[n above2 b1 besides ?is1 ea* soldi] 7unless exp$tus7 c>ri$ a heavy pack4 ,see also picture1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #e3 ,! newe/ legions 7 plac$ 9 ! re>1 because !y 7 ! lea/ reliable4 ,footnote #f3 qu 444 posset 444 esset1 #eja4de4 ,footnote #g3 ca/ra1 subject ( pnbantur4 ,footnote #h3 9 arms erant1 /ood "u arms4 ,footnote #i3 qu 444 ess5t4 ,:5 is qu us$ to introduce a purpose clause8 ,see #cej4;,i4 ,footnote #aj3 ,tlibus 9 ca/rs qulia1 9 su* a camp z4 ,x is important to rememb] ! correlatives tlis 444 qulis1 su* 444 z4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5turio ,,lxx4 ,,! ,,rival ,,c5turions ,ills 9 ca/rs erant duo c5turins1#a =tissim vir1 ,t4 ,pull et ,l4 ,vornus1 qurum neut] alt] virtte#b cd]e volbat4 ,int] es iam mults anns nfnsum c]tm5 g]btur4 ,tum dmum fnis contrv]siae hc mod#c factus e/4 ,di t]ti po/quam ,pblius p]vnit1 ho/s1 mairibus cpis cocts1 c]rimum impetum 9 ca/ra fcrunt4 ,tum ,pull1 #d;cum ,rmn t>dirs#e vidr5tur1 8,cr dubits10 inquit1 8,vorne8 ,quam commodirem occsinem exspects8 ,hic dis d virtte no/r idicbit40 ,haec#f cum dxisset1 extr mntins prcessit et 9 eam ho/ium p>tem quae cf]tissima #gvidbtur inrpit4 ,neque ,vornus quidem tum vll#h ss cont9et1 s$ ,pullnem subsequitur4 ,tum ,pull plum 9 ho/s immittit atque num ex multitd9e prcurr5tem tricit4 ,hunc p]cussum et exanimtum ho/s scts prtegunt et 9 ,pullnem omns tla coniciunt4 ,eius sctum trnsfgitur et tlum 9 balte dfgitur4 ,hic csus vgnam v]tit et dextram manum eius gladium dc]e cnantis#i mortur4 ,eum ita imp$tum ho/s circumsi/unt4 ,tum vro #aj;e labrant ,vornus1 cum sit inimcus1 tam5 auxilium dat4 ,ad hunc cnfe/im #aa ,pullne omnis multitd s conv]tit4 ,gladi comm9us pugnat ,vornus1 atque1 n int]fect1 reliqus paulum prpellit4 ,s$ n/ns cupidius#ab nflx1 #acp$e s fall5te1 concidit4 ,huic rrsus circumv5t auxilium dat ,pull1 atque amb incolums1 plribus int]fects1 summ cum laude intr mntins s recipiunt4 ,sic inimcrum alt] alt] auxilium d$it nec de erum virtte quisquam idicre potuit4 ,footnote #a3 ,a c5turion comm&$ a company ( ab\t sixty m54 ,he 0 a common soldi] :o _h be5 promot$ f ! ranks = 8 c\rage & fight+ qualities4 ,! c5turions 7 ! real lead]s ( ! m5 9 battle4 ,!re 7 sixty ( !m 9 a legion4 ,! c5turion 9 ! picture 7p4 #baf7 has 9 8 h& a /aff ) a crook at "o end1 ! symbol ( 8 au?ority4 ,footnote #b3 virtte1 #eja4cj4 ,footnote #c3 ,abl4 ( mann]4 ,footnote #d3 cum 444 vidr5tur1 #eja4df4 ,footnote #e3 t>dirs1 too sl[1 a n infrequ5t translation ( ! comp>ative degree4 ,footnote #f3 ,haec1 obj4 ( dxisset4 ,x is plac$ be=e cum to make a close connection ) ! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,:at is ! con/ruction ( dxisset8 ,footnote #g3 vidbatur1 inrpit4 ,:y is ! imp]fect us$ 9 "o case & ! p]fect 9 ! o!r8 ,cf4 #aij4 ,footnote #h3 vll1 abl4 ( means1 b 9 ,engli% we %\ld say )9 ! ramp>t4 ,cf4 +5t /abul1 p4 #bja1 l4 #ac1 & note4 ,footnote #i3 cnantis1 pres4 "p4 agree+ ) eius4 ,footnote #aj3 e labrant1 indir4 obj4 ( dat4 ,footnote #aa3 ,pullne1 f ,pullo1 abl4 ( sep>ation4 ,footnote #ab3 cupidius1 too eag]ly4 ,footnote #ac3 p$e s fall5te1 lit4 ! foot deceiv+ itself2 9 our idiom1 8 foot slipp+4 ,,lxxi4 ,,! ,,enemy ,,besieg+ ,,! ,,camp ,,are ,,repuls$ ,cum iam sex hrs pugnatum esset#a ac nn slum vrs s$ etiam tla ,rmns dfic]5t#a1 atque ho/s crius in/r5t1#a et vllum sc9d]e fossamque complre incpiss5t1#a ,caes>1 vir re mlitris p]tissimus1 sus imp]vit ut proelium paulisp] int]mitt]5t1#b et1 sign dat1 ex ca/rs rump]5t4#b #c,quod iuss sunt faciunt1 et subit ex omnibus ports rumpunt4 ,atque tam cel]it] mlits concurrrunt et tam prop9qu erant ho/s#d ut spatium pla conici5d#e nn d>tur4 ,itaque reiects pls #f;comm9us gladis pugntum e/4 ,di et audct] ho/s re/itrunt et 9 extrm sp saltis tantam virttem prae/itrunt ut dextr corn vehem5t] #gmultitd9e surum aciem ,rmanam prem]5t4 #h;,id imp]tor cum animadv]tisset1 ,pblium adulsc5tem cum equitt msit qu labrantibus#i auxilium d>et4 ,eius impetum su/9re nn poturunt ho/s#aj et omns t]ga v]trunt4 ,es 9 fugam dats ,pblius subsectus e/ sque ad flm5 ,rhnum1 quod ab e loc qunque mlia passuum ab]at4 ,ibi pauc saltem sibi repp]runt4 ,omnibus reliqus int]fects1 ,pblius et equits 9 ca/ra ss recprunt4 ,d hc calamitte fnitimae g5ts cum c]tirs factae ess5t1 ad ,caes>em lgts msrunt et s suaque omnia ddidrunt4 ,footnote #a3 pugntum esset1 dfic]5t1 n/r5t1 incpiss5t4 ,^! are all subjunctives ) cum4 ,cf4 #eja4df4 ,footnote #b3 int]mitt]5t1 rump]5t4 ,:at use ( ! subjunctive8 ,footnote #c3 ,quod1 etc41 !y d z ord]$4 ,! antec$5t ( quod is id und]/ood1 :i* w\ld be ! object ( faciunt4 ,footnote #d3 ut 444 d>tur4 ,is ?is a clause ( purpose or ( result8 ,footnote #e3 conici5d1 #djb4 ,footnote #f3 comm9us gladis pugntum e/1 a h&-to-h& conflict 0 wag$ ) swords4 ,footnote #g3 multitd9e surum1 by _! numb]s4 surum is us$ z a n\n4 ,:at is ! lit]al translation ( ?is expression8 ,footnote #h3 ,id imp]tor4 ,id is ! obj4 & imp]tor ! subj4 ( animadv]tisset4 ,footnote #i3 labrantibus4 ,?is p>ticiple agrees ) is und]/ood1 ! indir4 obj4 ( d>et2 qui 444 d>et is a purpose clause1 #eja4dj4 ,footnote #aj3 ho/s1 subj4 ( poturunt4 ,,lxxii4 ,,publius ,,goes ,,to ,,g]many ,,its ,,great ,,=e/s ,,& ,,/range ,,animals ,init ae/te ,caes> litt]s c]tior fbat et p] explrtrs cognscbat plrs cvitts ,galliae novs rbus /udre1#a et contr populum ,rmnum conirre#a obsidsque #b;int] s d>e1#a atque cum hs ,g]mns qusdam quoque ss coninctrs esse4#a ,hs litt]s nntisque commtus ,caes> cn/ituit quam cel]rim 9 ,galls pr(icsc1#c ut es inopnants opprim]et1 et ,labinum lgtum cum dubus leginibus p$itum et dubus mlibus equitum 9 ,g]mns mitt]e4#c #d;,itaque r frm5tri comp>t ca/ra mvit4 ,ab utrque#e rs b5e ge/a e/2 nam ,caes> tam cel]it] 9 ho/ium fns p]vnit ut spatium #f;cpis cg5d nn d>tur#d2 et ,labinus d ,g]mns tam grave supplicium smpsit ut nm ex e g5te 9 reliquum tempus ,galls auxilium d>e audret4#g ,hoc it] 9 ,g]mniam ,pblius quoque fcit et1 #h;cum ibi morrtur1 multa mrbilia vdit4 ,praes]tim vr +5tem silvam mrbtur1 quae tantae magnitd9is esse dcbtur #iut nm eam trnsre posset1 nec quisquam scret aut initium aut fnem4 ,qu d r plra cognv]at mlite qudam qu lim captus ,g]mns mults anns ibi incoluit4 ,ille#aj d silv dcns1 8nfntae magnitd9is e/ haec silva10 inquit2 8nee quisquam e/ #aa;huius ,g]mniae #abqu initium eius sciat aut ad fnem adi]it4 ,nscuntur illc multa tlia animlium g5]a qulia reliqus 9 locs nn inv5iuntur4 ,sunt bovs qu num#ac corn hab5t2 sunt etiam animlia quae appellantur alcs4 ,hae nlls crrum#ad articuls hab5t4 ,itaque1 s =te concidrunt1 ss rig]e nll mod possunt4 ,arbors hab5t pr#ae cublibus2 ad es s applicant atque ita reclntae quitem capiunt4 ,t]tium e/ g5us erum qu r appellantur4 ,h sunt paul m9rs elephants4#af ,magna vis erum e/ et magna vlcits4 ,neque hom9 neque f]ae p>cunt4#ag0 ,footnote #a3 ,obs]ve t all ^! inf9itives are 9 indirect /atem5ts aft] c]tior fbat1 he 0 in=m$1 & cognscbat1 he le>n$4 ,cf4 #eja4dh1 #di4 ,footnote #b3 int] s1 to ea* o!r4 ,footnote #c3 pr(icsc1 mitt]e4 ,^! inf9itives dep5d ^u cn/ituit4 ,footnote #d3 ,be=e beg9n+ a campaign1 food _h to be provid$4 ,e fifte5 days gra9 0 di/ribut$4 ,ea* soldi] receiv$ ab\t two pecks4 ,?is he c>ri$ 9 8 pack1 & ?is con/itut$ 8 food1 v>i$ occasionally by :at he c\ld f9d by =ag+4 ,footnote #e3 ,abl4 ( p]sonal ag5t1 #eja4cc4 ,footnote #f3 cpis cg5d1 #eja4cg4a4 ,footnote #g3 d>tur1 audret1 #eja4dc4 audret is n f audi4 ,footnote #h3 cum 444 morrtur1 #eja4df4 ,footnote #i3 ut 444 posset1 444 scret1 #eja4dc4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ille1 subj4 ( inquit4 ,footnote #aa3 huius ,g]mniae1 ( ?is "p ( ,g]many4 ,footnote #ab3 qu 444 scat 444 adi]it1 #eja4de4 ,footnote #ac3 num1 only "o4 ,footnote #ad3 crrum1 f crs4 ,footnote #ae3 pr1 =1 9 place (4 ,footnote #af3 elephants1 #eja4cd4 ,footnote #ag3 p>cunt4 ,:at case is us$ ) ?is v]b8 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9ea ,,lxxiii4 ,,! ,,/orm+ ,,( ,a ,,city ,pblius plrs dis 9 ,g]mni mortus#a 9 ,galliam r$iit1 et ad ,caes>is ca/ra s contulit4 ,ille quia mole/ f]bat ,galls#b eius reginis obsids d>e recsvisse et ex]citu frm5tum praebre nluisse1 cn/ituit es#c bellum nf]re4 ,agrs v/ts1 vcs incnss1 p]vnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et ntr et arte mntum erat4 ,c+btur mr vg9t qunque p$s#d alt4 lat]ibus dusitum1 pra]upt fa/gi ad plnitiem v]ggat2 qurt tantum#e lat]e aditus erat facilis4 ,hoc oppidum oppugnre1 #f;cum opus esset difficillimum1 tam5 cn/ituit ,caes>4 ,et ca/rs mnts ,pbli negtium d$it ut rs #g;ad oppugn&um necessris p>ret4 ,rmnrum autem oppugnti e/ haec4#h ,prmum turrs a$ificantur quibus mlits 9 summum mrum vd]e poss9t#i2 vneae#aj funt quibus tct mlits ad mrum succdant2 plute#aa p>antur po/ qus mlits torm5ta#ab adm9i/r5t2 sunt quoque ariets qu mrum et ports discutiant4 ,hs omnibus rbus comp>ts1 de9de #ac;agg] ab e p>te ubi aditus e/ facillimus ex/ruitur et cum vnes ad ipsum oppidum agitur4 ,tum turris 9 agg]e prmovtur2 arietibus qu sub vnes conloct erant mrus et portae discutiuntur2 balli/s1 catapults1 reliqusque torm5ts lapids et tla 9 oppidum coniciuntur4 ,po/rm cum iam turris et agg] altitd9em mr adaequant et ariets mo5ia p]frgrunt1#ad sign dat mlits inruunt et oppidum expugnant4 ,footnote #a3 mortus4 ,is ?is "p4 active or passive 9 mean+8 ,footnote #b3 ,galls1 subj4 acc4 ( ! inf9s4 recsvisse & nluisse4 ,! indirect /atem5t dep5ds ^u mole/ f]bat4 ,footnote #c3 es1 #eja4ae4 ,footnote #d3 p$s1 #eja4ba4 ,footnote #e3 tantum1 adv4 only4 ,footnote #f3 cum 444 esset1 a clause ( concession1 #eja4df4 ,footnote #g3 ad oppugn&um1 a g]und express+ purpose4 ,footnote #h3 haec1 z foll[s4 ,footnote #i3 poss9t1 subjv4 ( purpose4 ,?ree simil> con/ructions foll[4 ,footnote #aj3 vneae4 ,^! vneae 7 wood5 %$s1 op5 9 front & re>1 us$ to protect m5 :o 7 work+ to take a =tification4 ,!y 7 ab\t eight feet high1 ( l wid?1 & d\ble t l5g?1 cov]$ ) raw hides to protect !m f be+ set on fire1 & mov$ on :eels or roll]s4 ,footnote #aa3 plute1 l>ge scre5s or %ields ) small :eels atta*$ to !m4 ,^! 7 us$ to protect besieg]s :ile mov+ up to a city or :ile s]v+ ! eng9es ( w>4 ,footnote #ab3 torm5ta4 ,! eng9es ( w> 7 *iefly ! catapult = %oot+ great arr[s1 & ! balli/a1 = hurl+ l>ge /ones4 ,!y _h a range ( ab\t two ?\s& feet & 7 v effective4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! agg]1 or m\nd1 0 ( *ief importance 9 a siege4 ,x 0 begun j out ( rea* ( ! missiles ( ! enemy1 & !n gradually ext5d$ t[>ds ! po9t to be attack$4 ,at ! same "t its height gradually increas$ until on a level ) ! top ( ! wall1 or ev5 high]4 ,x 0 made ( e>? & timb]1 & _h cov]$ gall]ies runn+ ?r\gh x = ! use ( ! besieg]s4 ,ov] or beside ! agg] a t[] 0 mov$ up to ! wall1 (t5 ) a batt]+-ram 7aries7 9 ! l[e/ /ory4 7,see picture1 p4 #bba47 ,footnote #ad3 p]frgrunt1 f p]fr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,balli/a ,illu/ration3 ,,turres1 ,,arietes1 ,,v9ea ,,lxxiv4 ,,! ,,city ,,is ,,tak5 ,,! ,,captives ,,are ,,que/ion$ ,omnibus rbus necessris ad oppugn&um ,pbli comp>ts1 dlb]tur 9 concili quod cnsilium #aoppid expugn& ineant4#b ,tum nus#c ex c5turinibus1 vir re mlitris p]tissimus1 8,ego sude10 inquit1 8ut ab e p>te1 ubi aditus sit#e facillimus1 agg]em ex/rumus#d et turrim prmovemus#f atque ariete admt simul mrum discut]e cnmur4#e0 #f;,hoc cnsilium cum omnibus placret1 ,caes> concilium dmsit4 ,de9de mlits horttus ut prirs victris memori#g t5r5t1 iussit agg]em ex/ru1 turrim et arietem admovr4 ,neque oppidns#h cnsilium dfuit4 ,ali ignem et omne g5us tlrum d mr 9 turrim conicrunt1 ali +5tia saxa 9 vnes et arietem dvolvrunt4 ,di utrimque c]rim pugntum e/4 ,n vuln]t quidem p$em rettulrunt4 ,t&em1 #i;d t]ti vigili1 ,pblius1 quem ,caes> ill op]#aj praefc]at1 nntivit p>tem#aa mr ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse4 ,qu r audt ,caes> signum dat2 mlits inruunt et magn cum ca$e ho/ium oppidum capiunt4 ,po/rdi eius di1 hc oppid expugnt1 #ab;captvrum qu nbilissim sunt ad imp]trem ante praetrium#ac addcuntur4 ,ipse1 lrc aurt et paludm5t purpure nsignis1 captvs p] int]pretem 9 hunc modum int]rogat3#ad ,vs qu e/is#ae8 ,,int]pres4 ,rogat imp]tor qu stis4 ,,capt,v4 ,fli rgis sumus4 ,,int]pres4 ,dcunt s flis esse rgis4 ,,imp],,tor4 ,cr mihi tants iniris intuli/is8 ,,int]pres4 ,rogat cr sibi tants iniris intul]itis4 ,,capt,v4 ,iniris e nn intulimus s$ pr patri bellum gessimus4 ,semp] voluimus ,rmns esse amc1 s$ ,rmn s9e caus ns dom patrique expell]e cnt sunt4 ,,int]pres4 #af,negant s iniris tibi intulisse1 s$ pr patri bellum gessisse4 #ag,semp] s voluisse amcs ,rmns esse1 s$ ,rmns s9e caus s dom patrique expell]e cnts esse4 ,,imp],,tor4 #ah,manbitisne 9 reliquum tempus 9 fid1 hc rebelline condnt8 ,tum vr captv mults cum lacrims irvrunt s 9 fid mnsrs esse1 et ,caes> es incolums domum dmsit4 ,footnote #a3 oppid expugn&4 ,is ?is a g]und or a g]undive con/ruction8 ,cf4 #eja4cg4 ,footnote #b3 ineant4 #eja4ej4 ,footnote #c3 nus4 subj4 ( inquit4 ,footnote #d3 sit4 ,?is is a s-call$ subjunctive by attraction1 :i* means t ! clause beg9n+ ) ubi /&s 9 su* close connection ) ! subjv4 clause beg9n+ ) ut1 t its v]b is attract$ into ! same mood4 ,footnote #e3 ,all ^! v]bs are 9 ! same con/ruction4 ,footnote #f3 ,hoc cnsilium1 subj4 ( placret4 ,= ! ord] cf4 ,haec cum1 etc41 p4 #bae1 l4 #bb1 & note2 ,id imp]tor cum1 p4 #bag1 l4 #h4 ,footnote #g3 memori1 abl4 ( means4 ,footnote #h3 oppidns1 #eja4ae4 ,footnote #i3 ,betwe5 twelve & ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,! night 0 divid$ into f\r wat*es4 ,footnote #aj3 op]1 #eja4ae4 ,footnote #aa3 p>tem1 subj4 acc4 ( concidisse4 ,footnote #ab3 captvrum 444 sunt1 ! noble/ ( ! captives4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! g5]al's headqu>t]s4 ,footnote #ad3 ,/udy c>efully ^! direct que/ions1 indirect que/ions1 & indirect /atem5ts4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,plate ,,iii1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #af3 ,negant1 etc41 !y say t !y h n1 etc4 ,negant is equival5t to dcunt nn1 & ! negative modifies intulisse1 b n ! rema9d] ( ! indirect /atem5t4 ,footnote #ag3 ,semp]1 etc41 t !y h always1 etc4 ,footnote #ah3 ,manbitisne 9 fid1 w y rema9 loyal8 ,,lxxv4 ,,civil ,,w> ,,breaks ,,out ,,betwe5 ,c,,s> ,,& ,,pompey ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,ph>salia ,n cnfect#a quidem bell ,gallic1 #b;bellum cvle int] ,caes>em et ,pompium exortum e/4 ,nam ,pompius1 qu summum imp]ium petbat1 s5tu p]sus]at ut ,caes>em re pblicae ho/em#c idicret et ex]citum eius dmitt iubret4 ,quibus cognits rbus ,caes> ex]citum suum dmitt]e recsvit1 atque1 horttus mlits ut ducem totins victrem ab inimcrum iniris df5d]5t1 imp]vit ut s ,rmam sequ]5tur4 ,summ cum alacritte mlits prurunt1 et trnsit ,rubicne#d initium bell cvlis factum e/4 ,italiae urbs quidem omns f] #erbus ,caes>is favbant et eum b5ign excprunt4 ,qu r commtus ,pompius ante ,caes>is adv5tum ,rm excessit et ,brundisium#f p]vnit1 inde #gpaucs po/ dibus cum omnibus cpis ad prum m>e trnsiit4 ,eum ,caes> cum septem leginibus et qung5ts equitibus sectus e/1 et nsignis int] ,caes>is comittum erat ,pblius4 ,plribus leviribus proelis facts1 t&em cpiae adv]sae ad ,ph>slum#h 9 ,!ssali sitam ca/ra posurunt4 ,cum ,pompe ex]citus esset bis tantus quantus ,caes>is1 tam5 erant mult qu vet]ns legins quae ,galls et ,g]mns sup]v]ant vehem5t] timbant4 ,qus#i #aj;ante proelium commissum ,labinus#aa lgtus1 qu ab ,caes>e np] dfc]at1 ita adloctus e/3 8#ab,nlte ex/imre hunc esse ex]citum vet]nrum mlitum4 ,omnibus int]fu proelis#ac neque tem] incognitam rem prnnti4 ,p]exigua p>s illu ex]cits qu ,galls sup]vit adhc sup]e/4 ,magna p>s occsa e/1 mult domum discessrunt1 mult sunt relict 9 ,itali4 ,hae cpiae qus vidtis 9 #ad;cit]ire ,galli np] cnscrptae sunt40 ,haec#ae cum dxisset1 irvit s nisi victrem 9 ca/ra nn rev]srum esse4 #af;,hoc idem ,pompius et omns reliqu irvrunt1 et magn sp et laetiti1 scut c]tam ad victriam1 cpiae ca/rs exirunt4 ,item ,caes>1 anim#ag ad dmic&um p>tus1 ex]citum suum dxit et septem cohortibus #ahpraesidi ca/rs relicts cpis triplic aci n/rxit4 ,tum1 mlitibus /udi pugnae rd5tibus1 tub signum d$it4 ,mlits prcurrrunt et pls misss gladis /rnxrunt4 ,neque vr virts ho/ibus dfuit4 ,nam et tla missa su/9urunt et impetum gladirum excprunt et rd9s cns]vvrunt4 ,utrimque di et crit] pugntum e/ nec quisquam p$em rettulit4 ,tum equits ,pomp aciem ,caes>is circumre cnt sunt4 ,quod#ai ubi ,caes> animadv]tit1 t]tiam aciem1#bj quae ad id tempus quita fu]at1 prcurr]e iussit4 ,tum vr integrrum impetum#ba dfess ho/s su/9re nn poturunt et omns t]ga v]trunt4 ,s$ ,pompius d =tns sus dsprns s 9 ca/ra equ contulit1 inde mox cum paucs equitibus effgit4 ,footnote #a3 ,) n 444 quidem ! emphatic ^w /&s betwe5 ! two4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,civil ,w> 0 caus$ by ! jeal\sy & rivalry betwe5 ,cs> & ,pompey4 ,x result$ 9 ! defeat & subsequ5t dea? ( ,pompey & ! elevation ( ,cs> to ! lord%ip ( ! ,roman _w4 ,footnote #c3 ho/em1 pr$icate accusative1 #eja4bb4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,rubicon 0 a small /ream 9 nor!rn ,italy t m>k$ ! b\nd>y ( ,cs>'s prov9ce4 ,by cross+ x ) an arm$ =ce ,cs> decl>$ w> ^u ,pompey & ! exi/+ gov]nm5t4 ,cs> cross$ ! ,rubicon e>ly 9 ! ye> #di ,b4,c4 ,footnote #e3 rbus ,caes>is favbant1 favor$ ,cs>'s side4 ,9 :at case is rbus8 ,footnote #f3 ,brundisium1 a fam\s port 9 s\!rn ,italy :5ce %ips sail$ = ,greece & ! ,ea/4 ,see map4 ,footnote #g3 paucs po/ dibus1 a few days lat]2 lit]ally1 aft]gu>ds by a few days4 ,cf4 paucs ante anns1 p4 #bac1 l4 #ab1 & note4 ,footnote #h3 ,! battle ( ,ph>salia 0 f\ght on ,augu/ #i1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,9 importance x ranks z "o ( ! great battles ( ! _w4 ,footnote #i3 ,qus1 obj4 ( adloctus e/4 ,footnote #aj3 ante proelium commissum1 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! battle4 ,footnote #aa3 ,labinus1 ,cs>'s mo/ fai?ful & skillful lieut5ant 9 ! ,gallic ,w>4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>1 9 #di ,b4,c41 he des]t$ ,cs> & jo9$ ,pompey4 ,8 defection caus$ ! greate/ joy among ! ,pompeian p>ty2 b he disappo9t$ ! expectations ( 8 new fri5ds1 & nev] accompli%$ any?+ ( importance4 ,he f\ght aga9/ 8 old comm&] 9 sev]al battles & 0 sla9 at ! battle ( ,munda 9 ,spa91 #de ,b4,c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,nlte ex/imre1 dont ?9k4 ,footnote #ac3 proelis1 #eja4ae4 ,footnote #ad3 cit]ire ,galli4 ,?is "n is appli$ to ,cisalp9e ,gaul1 or ,gaul s\? ( ! ,alps4 ,footnote #ae3 ,haec1 obj4 ( dxisset4 ,footnote #af3 ,hoc idem1 obj4 ( irvrunt4 ,footnote #ag3 anim1 #eja4cj4 ,footnote #ah3 praesidi ca/rs1 #eja4ag4 ,footnote #ai3 ,quod1 obj4 ( animadv]tit4 ,footnote #bj3 aciem1 subj4 ( prcurr]e4 ,footnote #ba3 impetum1 obj4 ( su/9re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,signif] ,,lxxvi4 ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,caes> ,pompi amcsque eius sup]ts atque omnibus ho/ibus ubque victs1 ,caes> imp]tor ,rmam r$iit et #a;extr mo5ia urbis 9 camp ,mrti ca/ra posuit4 ,tum vr amplissims honribus adfectus e/4 ,dicttor cretus e/1 et e triumphus s5t e/ dcrtus4 #b,qu di de ,galls triumphum git1 tanta multitd hom9um 9 urbem undique cnflxit #cut omnia loca ess5t cnf]ta4 ,templa patbant1 rae fmbant1 columnae s]ts rntae erant4 #d;,cum vr pompa urbem intrret1 quantus hom9um fremitus ortus e/6 ,prmum p] portam +ress sunt s5tus et magi/rts4 ,sect sunt tbc9s1 signif]1 p$its laure cornt can5ts3 8,ecce ,caes> nunc triumphat1 qu subgit ,galliam10 et 8,mlle1 mlle1 mlle1 mlle ,galls trucdvimus40 ,mult pra$am captrum urbium portbant1 arma1 omnia bell n/rm5ta4 ,sect sunt equits1 animss atque spl5didissim rnts equs vect1 int] qus ,pblius adulscns =tissimus habbtur4 ,addcbantur taur1 ariets1 #equ ds immortlibus immolr5tur4 ,ita long agm9e prgr$ins ex]citus #fsacr vi p] =um 9 ,capitlium p]rxit4 ,imp]tor ipse cum urbem intrret1 undique laet clmre multitd9is salttus e/4 ,/bat 9 curr aure quem quattuor alb equ vehbant4 ,indtus #gtog pict1 alt] man habns et lauream t5bat1 alt] eburneum scptrum4 ,po/ eum s]vus 9 curr /ns auream cornam sup] caput eius t5bat4 ,ante currum mis]rim captv1 rgs prncipsque sup]trum g5tium1 catns vnct1 prgr$ibantur2 et vg9t quattuor lctrs#h laureats fascs f]5ts et signif] currum ,caes>is comitbantur4 ,concldit agm5 multitd captvrum1 qu1 9 s]vittem r$ct1#i dmiss vult1 vncts#aj brac*is1 sequuntur2 quibuscum v5iunt longissim rd9e mlits1 etiam h pra$am vel insignia mlitria f]5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lictores ,,cum ,,fascibus ,caes> cum ,capitlium asc5disset1 9 templ ,iov ,capitln sacra fcit4 ,simul#aa captivrum qu nbilissim erant1 abduct 9 c>c]em1#ab int]fect sunt4 ,sacrs facts ,caes> d ,capitli dsc5dit et 9 = mitibus sus honrs mlitrs d$it esque pecniam ex bell pra$ di/ribuit4 ,hs omnibus rbus cnfects1 ,pblius ,caes>em valre#ac iussit et quam cel]rim ad vllam cont5dit ut patrem mtremque saltret4 #ad;,d rbus ge/s ,p4 ,cornl ,l5tul hct5us4 ,footnote #a3 ,a victori\s g5]al ) 8 army 0 n all[$ to ent] ! city until ! day ( 8 triumph4 ,a triumph 0 ! greate/ ( all milit>y honors4 ,footnote #b3 ,qu di1 on ! day t1 abl4 ( "t4 ,footnote #c3 ut 444 ess5t1 #eja4dc4 ,footnote #d3 ,cum 444 intrret1 #eja4df4 ,footnote #e3 qu 444 immolr5tur1 #eja4dj4 ,footnote #f3 ,! ,sacr$ ,way 0 a not$ /reet runn+ along "o side ( ! ,=um to ! base ( ! ,capitol9e ,hill1 on ^: summit /ood ! magnific5t temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us4 ,?is r\te 0 always foll[$ by triumphal processions4 ,footnote #g3 ,! toga picta worn by a g5]al 9 8 triumph 0 a spl5did robe ( ,tyrian purple cov]$ ) gold5 />s4 ,see ,plate ,,iv1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #h3 ,! lictors 7 a gu>d ( honor t att5d$ ! high] magi/rates & made a way = !m ?r\gh ! /reets4 ,on _! %\ld]s !y c>ri$ ! fasces1 a bundle ( rods ) an ax 9 ! middle1 symboliz+ ! p[] ( ! law4 ,footnote #i3 dmiss vult1 ) d[nca/ c\nt5ance4 ,footnote #aj3 vncts1 f v9ci4 ,footnote #aa3 ,simul1 etc41 ,at ! same "t ^? ( ! captives :o 7 ! noble/4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! prison 0 a gloomy dungeon on ! l[] slopes ( ! ,capitol9e ,hill4 ,footnote #ac3 valre iussit1 bade f>ewell to4 ,footnote #ad3 ,?is s5t5ce m>ks ! end ( ! /ory4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,decl5sions1 ,,conjugations1 ,,num]als1 ,,etc4 ,,n\ns #dfj4 ,n\ns are inflect$ 9 five decl5sions1 di/+ui%$ by ! f9al lett] ( ! /em & by ! t]m9ation ( ! g5itive s+ul>4 ,,fir/ ,,decl5sion---/ems1 ,g54 ,s+4 -ae ,,second ,,decl5sion--,o-/ems1 ,g54 ,s+4 - ,,?ird ,,decl5sion--,consonant /ems & ,i-/ems1 ,g54 ,s+4 -is ,,f\r? ,,decl5sion--,u-/ems1 ,g54 ,s+4 -s ,,fif? ,,decl5sion---/ems1 ,g54 ,s+4 - #dfa4 ,,fir/ ,,decl5sion4 -,,/ems dom9a1 lady ,,/em dom9- ,,base dom9- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,t]m9ations ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 dom9a -a dom9ae -ae ,g54 dom9ae -ae dom9rum -rum ,dat4 dom9ae -ae dom9s -s ,acc4 dom9am -am dom9s -s ,abl4 dom9 - dom9s -s a4 ,dea & flia h ! t]m9ation -bus 9 ! dative & ablative plural4 #dfb4 ,,second ,,decl5sion4 ,o-,,/ems a4 ,,mascul9es ,,9 -u dom9us1 ma/] ,,/em dom9o- ,,base dom9- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,t]m9ations ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 dom9us -u dom9 - ,g54 dom9 - dom9rum -rum ,dat4 dom9 - dom9s -s ,acc4 dom9um -um dom9s -s ,abl4 dom9 - dom9s -s #a4 ,n\ns 9 -u ( ! second decl5sion h ! t]m9ation -e 9 ! vocative s+ul>1 z dom9e4 #b4 ,prop] names 9 -ius1 & filius1 end 9 - 9 ! vocative s+ul>1 & ! acc5t re/s on ! p5ult1 z ,v]gil1 fl4 b4 ,,neut]s ,,9 -um plum1 spe> ,,/em plo- ,,base pl- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,t]m9ations ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 plum -um pla -a ,g54 pl - plrum -rum ,dat4 pl - pls -s ,acc4 plum -um pla -a ,abl4 pl - pls -s #a4 ,mascul9es 9 -ius & neut]s 9 -ium end 9 - 9 ! g5itive s+ul>1 n 9 -i1 & ! acc5t re/s on ! p5ult4 c4 ,,mascul9es ,,9 -er ,,& -ir pu]1 boy ag]1 field vir1 man ,,/ems pu]o- agro- viro- ,,bases pu]- agr- vir- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 pu] ag] vir -- ,g54 pu] agr vir - ,dat4 pu] agr vir - ,acc4 pu]um agrum virum -um ,abl4 pu] agr vir - ,,plural ,nom4 pu] agr vir - ,g54 pu]rum agrrum virrum -rum ,dat4 pu]s agrs virs -s ,acc4 pu]s agrs virs -s ,abl4 pu]s agrs virs -s #dfc4 ,,?ird ,,decl5sion4 ,,classification ,i4 ,consonant ,/ems #a4 ,/ems t add -s to ! base to =m ! nom9ative s+ul>3 mascul9es & fem99es only4 #b4 ,/ems t add no t]m9ation 9 ! nom9itive s+ul>3 a4 mascul9es & fem99es2 b4 neut]s4 ,,ii4 ,i-,/ems4 ,mascul9es1 fem99es1 & neut]s4 #dfd4 ,i4 ,,consonant ,,/ems #a4 ,n\ns t add -s to ! base to =m ! nom9ative s+ul>3 mascul9es & fem99es only prnceps1 mles1 m41 lapis1 m41 m41 *ief soldi] /one ,,bases ,,or prncip- mlit- lapid- ,,/ems ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 prnceps mles lapis -s ,g54 prncipis mlitis lapidis -is ,dat4 prncip mlit lapid - ,acc4 prncipem mlitem lapidem -em ,abl4 prncipe mlite lapide -e ,,plural ,nom4 prncips mlits lapids -s ,g54 prncipum mlitum lapidum -um ,dat4 prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus ,acc4 prncips mlits lapids -s ,abl4 prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus rx1 m41 idex1 m41 virts1 f41 k+ judge virtue ,,bases ,,or rg- idic- virtt- ,,/ems ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 rx idex virts -s ,g54 rgis idicis virttis -is ,dat4 rg idic virtt - ,acc4 rgem idicem virttem -em ,abl4 rge idice virtte -e ,,plural ,nom4 rgs idics virtts -s ,g54 rgum idicum virttum -um ,dat4 rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus ,acc4 rgs idics virtts -es ,abl4 rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus ,,note4 ,= consonant *anges 9 ! nom9ative s+ul>1 cf4 #bcc4c4 #b4 ,n\ns t h no t]m9ation 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> a4 ,,mascul9es ,,& ,,fem99es cnsul1 m41 legi1 f41 rd1 pat]1 m41 consul legion m41 r[ fa!r ,,bases ,,or consul- legin- rd9- patr- ,,/ems ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 cnsul legi rd pat] -- ,g54 cnsulis leginis rd9is patris -is ,dat4 cnsul legin rd9 patr - ,acc4 cnsulem leginem rd9em patrem -em ,abl4 cnsule legine rd9e patre -e ,,plural ,nom4 cnsuls legins rd9s patrs -s ,g54 cnsulum leginum rd9um patrum -um ,dat4 cnsulibus leginibus rd9ibus patribus -ibus ,acc4 cnsuls legins rd9s patrs -s ,abl4 cnsulibus leginibus rd9ibus patribus -ibus ,,note4 ,= v[el & consonant *anges 9 ! nom9ative s+ul>1 cf4 #bcf4a-c4 b4 ,,neut]s flm51 tempus1 opus1 caput1 n41 riv] n41 "t n41 "w n41 head ,,bases ,,or flm9- tempor- op]- capit- ,,/ems ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 flm5 tempus opus caput -- ,g54 flm9is temporis op]is capitis -is ,dat4 flm9 tempor op] capit - ,acc4 flm5 tempus opus caput -- ,abl4 flm9e tempore op]e capite -e ,,plural ,nom4 flm9a tempora op]a capita -a ,g54 flm9um temporum op]um capitum -um ,dat4 flm9ibus temporibus op]ibus capitibus -ibus ,acc4 flm9a tempora op]a capita -a ,abl4 flm9ibus temporibus op]ibus capitibus -ibus ,,note4 ,= v[el & consonant *anges 9 ! nom9ative s+ul>1 cf4 #bch4b1 #c4 #dfe4 ,,ii4 ,i-,,/ems a4 ,,mascul9es ,,& ,,fem99es ca$s1 f41 ho/is1 urbs1 f41 clins1 m41 slaught] m41 enemy city reta9] ,,/ems ca$i- ho/i- urbi- cli5ti- ,,bases ca$- ho/- urb- cli5t- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 ca$s ho/is urbs clins -s1 -is1 or -s ,g54 ca$is ho/is urbis cli5tis -is ,dat4 ca$ ho/ urb cli5t - ,acc4 ca$em ho/em urbem cli5tem -em 7-im7 ,abl4 ca$e ho/e urbe cli5te -e 7-7 ,,plural ,nom4 ca$s ho/s urbs cli5ts -s ,g54 ca$ium ho/ium urbium cli5tium -ium ,dat4 ca$ibus ho/ibus urbibus cli5tibus -ibus ,acc4 ca$s1 -s ho/s1 -s urbs1 -s cli5ts1 -s -s1 -s ,abl4 ca$ibus ho/ibus urbibus cli5tibus -ibus #a4 ,avis1 cvis1 fnis1 ignis1 nvis1 h ! abl4 s+4 9 - or -e4 #b4 ,turris has accusative turrim & ablative turr or turre4 b4 ,,neut]s nsigne1 n41 animal1 n41 calc>1 decoration animal n41 spur ,,/ems nsigni- animli- calcri- ,,bases nsign- animl- calcr- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 nsigne animal calc> -e or -- ,g54 nsignis animlis calcris -is ,dat4 nsign animl calcr - ,acc4 nsigne animal calc> -e or -- ,abl4 nsign animl calcr - ,,plural ,nom4 nsignia animlia calcria -ia ,g54 nsignium animlium calcrium -ium ,dat4 nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus ,acc4 nsignia animlia calcria -ia ,abl4 nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus #dff4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,decl5sion4 ,u-,,/ems adv5tus1 m41 corn1 n41 horn arrival ,,/ems adv5tu- cornu- ,,bases adv5t- corn- ,,t]m9ations ,,s+ul> ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 adv5tus corn -u - ,g54 adv5ts corns -s -s ,dat4 adv5tu 77 corn -u 77 - ,acc4 adv5tum corn -um - ,abl4 adv5t corn - - ,,plural ,nom4 adv5ts cornua -s -ua ,g54 adv5tuum cornuum -uum -uum ,dat4 adv5tibus cornibus -ibus -ibus ,acc4 adv5ts cornua -s -ua ,abl4 adv5tibus cornibus -ibus -ibus #dfg4 ,,! ,,fif? ,,decl5sion4 -,,/ems dis1 m41 day rs1 f41 ?+ ,,/ems di- r- ,,bases di- r- ,,s+ul> ,,t]m9ations ,nom4 dis rs -s ,g54 di re - ,dat4 di re - ,acc4 diem rem -em ,abl4 di r - ,,plural ,nom4 dis rs -s ,g54 dirum rrum -rum ,dat4 dibus rbus -bus ,acc4 dis rs -s ,abl4 dibus rbus -bus #dfh4 ,,special ,,p>adigms deus1 domus1 f41 vs1 f41 it]1 m41 god h\se /r5g? n41 way ,,/ems deo- domu- v- & it]- & vri- it9]- ,,bases de- dom- v- & it]- & vr- it9]- ,,s+ul> ,nom4 deus domus vs it] ,g54 de doms vs 7r>e7 it9]is ,dat4 de domu1 - v 7r>e7 it9] ,acc4 deum domum vim it] ,abl4 de dom1 - v it9]e ,,plural ,nom4 de1 d doms vrs it9]a ,g54 derum1 deum domuum1 -rum vrium it9]um ,dat4 des1 ds domibus vribus it9]ibus ,acc4 des doms1 -s vrs1 -s it9]a ,abl4 des1 ds domibus vribus it9]ibus a4 ,! vocative s+ul> ( deus is l ! nom9ative4 b4 ,! locative ( domus is dom4 ,,adjectives #dfi4 ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,decl5sions4 ,o- ,,& -,,/ems a4 ,,adjectives ,,9 -u bonus1 good ,,/ems bono- m4 & n41 bona- f4 ,,base bon- ,,s+ul> ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 bonus bona bonum ,g54 bon bonae bon ,dat4 bon bonae bon ,acc4 bonum bonam bonum ,abl4 bon bon bon ,,plural ,nom4 bon bonae bona ,g54 bonrum bonrum bonrum ,dat4 bons bons bons ,acc4 bons bons bona ,abl4 bons bons bons b4 ,,adjectives ,,9 -er lb]1 free ,,/ems lb]o- m4 & n41 lb]- f4 ,,base lb]- ,,s+ul> ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 lb] lb]a lb]um ,g54 lb] lb]ae lb] ,dat4 lb] lb]ae lb] ,acc4 lb]um lb]am lb]um ,abl4 lb] lb] lb] ,,plural ,nom4 lb] lb]ae lb]a ,g54 lb]rum lb]rum lb]rum ,dat4 lb]s lb]s lb]s ,acc4 lb]s lb]s lb]a ,abl4 lb]s lb]s lb]s pul*]1 pretty ,,/ems pul*ro- m4 & n41 pul*r- f4 ,,base pul*r- ,,s+ul> ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 pul*] pul*ra pul*rum ,g54 pul*r pul*rae pul*r ,dat4 pul*r pul*rae pul*r ,acc4 pul*rum pul*ram pul*rum ,abl4 pul*r pul*r pul*r ,,plural ,nom4 pul*r pul*rae pul*ra ,g54 pul*rrum pul*rrum pul*rrum ,dat4 pul*rs pul*rs pul*rs ,acc4 pul*rs pul*rs pul*ra ,abl4 pul*rs pul*rs pul*rs #dgj4 ,,! ,,n9e ,,irregul> ,,adjectives alius1 ano!r ,,/ems alio- m4 & n41 ali- f4 ,,base ali- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 alius alia aliud ali aliae alia ,g54 alu alu alu alirum alirum alirum ,dat4 ali ali ali alis alis alis ,acc4 alium aliam aliud alis alis alia ,abl4 ali ali ali alis alis alis nus1 "o1 only ,,/ems no- m4 & n41 n- f4 ,,base n- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 nus na num n nae na ,g54 nu nu nu nrum nrum nrum ,dat4 n n n ns ns ns ,acc4 num nam num ns ns na ,abl4 n n n ns ns ns a4 ,= ! complete li/ see #ajh4 #dga4 ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,decl5sion4 ,i-,,/ems ,i4 ,,?ree ,,end+s c]1 cris1 cre1 ke51 eag] ,,/em cri- ,,base cr- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 c] cris cre crs crs cria ,g54 cris cris cris crium crium crium ,dat4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ,acc4 crem crem cre crs1 -s crs1 -s cria ,abl4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ,,ii4 ,,two ,,end+s omnis1 omne1 e1 all ,,/em omni- ,,base omn- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 omnis omne omns omnia ,g54 omnis omnis omnium omnium ,dat4 omn omn omnibus omnibus ,acc4 omnem omne omns1 -s omnia ,abl4 omn omn omnibus omnibus ,,iii4 ,,"o ,,end+ pr1 equal ,,/em p>i- ,,base p>- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 pr pr p>s p>ia ,g54 p>is p>is p>ium p>ium ,dat4 p> p> p>ibus p>ibus ,acc4 p>em pr p>s1 -s p>ia ,abl4 p> p> p>ibus p>ibus #a4 ,obs]ve t all i-/em adjectives h - 9 ! ablative s+ul>4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is s5t5ce appe>s to be a footnote1 b !re is no footnote tag on ! page4 #dgb4 ,,pres5t ,,active ,,p>ticiples amns1 lov+ ,,/em amanti- ,,base amant- ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 amns amns amants amantia ,g54 amantis amantis amantium amantium ,dat4 amant amant amantibus amantibus ,acc4 amantem amns amants1 -s amantia ,abl4 amante1 - amante1 - amantibus amantibus ins1 go+ ,,/em i5ti-1 eunti- ,,base i5t-1 eunt- ,nom4 ins ins eunts euntia ,g54 euntis euntis euntium euntium ,dat4 eunt eunt euntibus euntibus ,acc4 euntem ins eunts1 -s euntia ,abl4 eunte1 - eunte1 - euntibus euntibus #dgc4 ,,regul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative ,,masc4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 altus 7alto-7 altior altius altissimus -a -um lb] 7lb]o-7 lb]ior lb]ius lb]rimus -a -um pul*] 7pul*ro-7 pul*rior pul*rius pul*]rimus -a -um audx 7audci-7 audcior audcius audcissimus -a -um brevis 7brevi-7 brevior brevius brevissimus -a -um c] 7cri-7 crior crius c]rimus -a -um #dgd4 ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,comp>atives altior1 high] ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 altior altius altirs altira ,g54 altiris altiris altirum altirum ,dat4 altir altir altiribus altiribus ,acc4 altirem altius altirs altira ,abl4 altire altire altiribus altiribus pls1 m ,nom4 ---- pls plrs plra ,g54 ---- plris plrium plrium ,dat4 ---- ---- plribus plribus ,acc4 ---- pls plrs 7-s7 plra ,abl4 ---- plre plribus plribus #dge4 ,,irregul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative bonus1 -a1 -um1 melior1 melius1 optimus1 -a1 -um1 good bett] be/ malus1 -a1 -um1 peior1 peius1 pessimus1 -a1 -um1 bad worse wor/ magnus1 -a1 -um1 maior1 maius1 maximus1 -a1 -um1 great great] greate/ multus1 -a1 -um1 ----1 pls1 m plrimus1 -a1 -um1 mu* mo/ p>vus1 -a1 -um1 m9or1 m9us1 m9imus1 -a1 -um1 small small] smalle/ s5ex1 s5is1 s5ior maximus nt old iuv5is1 -e1 inior m9imus nt "y vetus1 vet]is1 vetu/ior1 -ius vet]rimus1 -a1 -um old facilis1 -e1 facilior1 -ius facillimus1 -a1 -um easy difficilis1 -e1 difficilior1 -ius difficillimus1 -a1 -um difficult similis1 -e1 similior1 -ius simillimus1 -a1 -um simil> dissimilis1 -e1 dissimilior1 -ius dissimillimus1 -a1 -um dissimil> humilis1 -e1 l[ humilior1 -ius humillimus1 -a1 -um gracilis1 -e1 gracilior1 -ius gracillimus1 -a1 -um sl5d] ext]us1 outw>d ext]ior1 extrmus1 extimus1 out]1 ext]ior out]mo/1 la/ nf]us1 bel[ nf]ior1 l[] nfimus1 mus1 l[e/ po/]us1 po/]ior1 lat] po/rmus1 po/umus1 foll[+ la/ sup]us1 above sup]ior1 suprmus1 summus1 high] highe/ cis1 citr1 cit]ior1 hi!r citimus1 hi!rmo/ on ?is side 91 intr1 int]ior1 inn] intimus1 inmo/ 91 )9 prae1 pr1 prior1 =m] prmus1 fir/ be=e prope1 ne> propior1 ne>] proximus1 next ultr1 beyond ult]ior1 fur!r ultimus1 fur!/ #dgf4 ,,regul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adv]bs ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative cr 7crus71 de>ly crius crissim mis] 7mis]71 wret*$ly mis]ius mis]rim crit] 7c]71 %>ply crius c]rim facile 7facilis71 easily facilius facillim #dgg4 ,,irregul> ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adv]bs ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative di1 long1 a long "t ditius ditissim b5e 7bonus71 well melius1 bett] optim1 be/ male 7malus71 ill peius1 worse pessim1 wor/ magnop]e1 greatly magis1 m maxim1 mo/ multum 7multus71 mu* pls1 m plrimum1 mo/ p>um1 little m9us1 less m9im1 lea/ saepe1 (t5 saepu saepissim #dgh4 ,,num]als ,! c>d9al num]als are indecl9able except+ nus1 duo1 trs1 ! hundr$s above "o hundr$1 & mlle us$ z a n\n4 ,! ord9als are decl9$ l bonus1 -a1 -um4 ,,c>d9als ,,ord9als 7,h[ _m7 7,9 :at ord]7 #a1 nus1 -a1 -um1 "o prmus1 -a1 -um fir/ #b1 duo1 duae1 duo two secundus 7or alt]7 second #c1 trs1 tria ?ree1 t]tius ?ird1 #d1 quattuor etc4 qurtus etc4 #e1 qunque quntus #f1 sex sextus #g1 septem septimus #h1 oct octvus #i1 novem nnus #aj1 decem decimus #aa1 ndecim ndecimus #ab1 duodecim duodecimus #ac1 tr$ecim 7decem 7et7 trs7 t]tius decimus #ad1 quattuordecim qurtus decimus #ae1 qundecim quntus decimus #af1 sdecim sextus decimus #ag1 sept5decim septimus decimus #ah1 duodvg9t 7octdecim7 duodvcnsimus #ai1 ndvg9t 7nov5decim7 ndvcnsimus #bj1 vg9t vcnsimus #ba1 vg9t nus or vcnsimus prmus or nus et vg9t1 etc4 nus et vcnsimus1 etc4 #cj1 trg9t trcnsimus #dj1 quadrg9t quadrgnsimus #ej1 qunqug9t qunqugnsimus #fj1 sexg9t sexgnsimus #gj1 septug9t septugnsimus #hj1 octg9t octgnsimus #ij1 nng9t nngnsimus #ajj1 c5tum c5tnsimus #aja1 c5tum 7et7 nus1 etc4 c5tnsimus 7et7 prmus1 etc4 #abj1 c5tum 7et7 vg9t c5tnsimus vcnsimus #aba1 c5tum 7et7 vg9t nus1 c5tnsimus 7et7 vcnsimus prmus1 etc4 etc4 #bjj1 duc5t1 -ae1 -a duc5tnsimus #cjj1 trec5t trec5tnsimus #djj1 quadr+5t quadr+5tnsimus #ejj1 qung5t qung5tnsimus #fjj1 sesc5t sesc5tnsimus #gjj1 sept+5t sept+5tnsimus #hjj1 oct+5t oct+5tnsimus #ijj1 nng5t nng5tnsimus #ajjj1 mlle mllnsimus #dgi4 ,decl5sion ( duo1 two1 trs1 ?ree1 & mlle1 a ?\s&4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,m4 ,,& ,f4 ,,neut4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,n4 duo duae duo trs tra mlle mlia ,g4 durum durum durum trium trium mlle mlium ,d4 dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus mlle mlibus ,a4 dus dus duo trs tria mlle mlia or duo dus duo or trs tria ,a4 dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus mlle mlibus ,,note4 ,mlle is us$ 9 ! plural z a n\n ) a modify+ g5itive1 & is occasionally s us$ 9 ! nom9ative & accusative s+ul>4 ,= ! decl5sion ( nus cf4 #dgj4 ,,pron\ns #dhj4 ,,p]sonal ego1 ,i t1 y su1 ( himself1 etc4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ego ns t vs ---- ---- ,g54 me no/rum1 -tr tu ve/rum1 -tr su su ,dat4 mihi nbs tibi vbs sibi sibi ,acc4 m ns t vs s1 ss s1 ss ,abl4 m nbs t vbs s1 ss s1 ss ,note t su is always reflexive4 #dha4 ,,demon/rative ,demon/ratives belong to ! fir/ & second decl5sions1 b h ! pronom9al end+s -u & - 9 ! g54 & dat4 s+4 ipse1 self ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsa ,g54 ipsu ipsu ipsu ipsrum ipsrum ipsrum ,dat4 ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss ,acc4 ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsa ,abl4 ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss hic1 ?is 7"h71 he ,nom4 hic haec hoc h hae haec ,g54 huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum ,dat4 huic huic huic hs hs hs ,acc4 hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec ,abl4 hc hc hc hs hs hs i/e1 ?is1 t 7( y\rs71 he ,nom4 i/e i/a i/ud i/ i/ae i/a ,g54 i/u i/u i/u i/rum i/rum i/rum ,dat4 i/ i/ i/ i/s i/s i/s ,acc4 i/um i/am i/ud i/s i/s i/a ,abl4 i/ i/ i/ i/s i/s i/s ille1 t 7yond]71 he ,nom4 ille illa illud ill illae illa ,g54 illu illu illu illrum illrum illrum ,dat4 ill ill ill ills ills ills ,acc4 illum illam illud ills ills illa ,abl4 ill ill ill ills ills ills is1 ?is1 t1 he ,nom4 is ea id i1 e eae ea ,g54 eius eius eius erum erum erum ,dat4 e e e is1 es is1 es is1 es ,acc4 eum eam id es es ea ,abl4 e e e is1 es is1 es is1 es dem1 ! same ,nom4 dem eadem idem idem eaedem eadem edem ,g54 eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundem ,dat4 edem edem edem isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem ,acc4 eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eadem ,abl4 edem edem edem isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem ,,note4 ,9 ! plural ( is & dem ! =ms ) two i's are pref]r$1 ! two i's be+ pron\nc$ z "o4 #dhb4 ,,relative qu1 :o1 :i*1 t ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 qu quae quod qu quae quae ,g54 cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum ,dat4 cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus ,acc4 quem quam quod qus qus quae ,abl4 qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus #dhc4 ,,int]rogative quis1 sub/antive1 :o1 :at ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 quis quid qui quae quae ,g54 cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum ,dat4 cui cui quibus quibus quibus ,acc4 quem quid qus qus quae ,abl4 qu qu quibus quibus quibus ,! int]rogative adjective qu1 quae1 quod1 is decl9$ l ! relative4 #dhd4 ,,indef9ites quis & qu1 z decl9$ above1#a are us$ also z indef9ites 7"s1 any74 ,! o!r indef9ites are comp\nds ( quis & qu4 quisque1 ea* ,,sub/antive ,,adjective ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque ,g54 cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque ,dat4 cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique ,acc4 quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque ,abl4 quque quque quque quque quque ,footnote #a3 qua is g5]ally us$ in/ead ( quae 9 ! fem99e nom9ative s+ul> & 9 ! neut] nom9ative & accusative plural4 #dhe4 qudam1 a c]ta9 "o1 a c]ta9 ,obs]ve t 9 ! neut] s+ul> ! adjective has quoddam & ! sub/antive quiddam4 ,,s+ul> ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 qudam qua$am quoddam1 quiddam 7sub/47 ,g54 cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam ,dat4 cuidam cuidam cuidam ,acc4 qu5dam qu&am quoddam1 quiddam 7sub/47 ,abl4 qudam qudam qudam ,,plural ,nom4 qudam qua$am qua$am ,g54 qurundam qurundam qurundam ,dat4 quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam ,acc4 qusdam qusdam qua$am ,abl4 quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam #dhf4 quisquam1 sub/antive1 any "o 7at all7 ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 quisquam quicquam 7quidquam7 ,g54 cuiusquam cuiusquam ,dat4 cuiquam cuiquam ,acc4 quemquam quicquam 7quidquam7 ,abl4 ququam ququam #dhg4 aliquis1 sub/antive1 "s "o4 aliqu1 adjective1 "s ,,s+ul> ,,sub/antive ,,adjective ,,masc4 ,,& ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 aliquis aliquid aliqu aliqua aliquod ,g54 alicuius alicuius alicuius alicuius alicuius ,dat4 alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui ,acc4 aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod ,abl4 aliqu aliqu aliqu aliqu aliqu ,,plural ,,= ,,bo? ,,sub/antive ,,& ,,adjective ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 aliqu aliquae aliqua ,g54 aliqurum aliqurum aliqurum ,dat4 aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus ,acc4 aliqus aliqus aliqua ,abl4 aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus a4 quis 7qu71 any "o1 any1 is ! lea/ def9ite 7#big4;b74 aliquis 7aliqu71 "s "o1 "s1 is m def9ite ?an quis4 quisquam1 any "o 7at all71 & its adjective llus1 any1 occur mo/ly ) a negative1 express$ or impli$1 & 9 clauses ( comp>ison4 ,,regul> ,,v]bs #dhh4 ,,fir/ ,,conjugation4 -,,v]bs4 ,,am ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts am1 amre1 amv1 amtus ,,pres4 ,,/em am- ,,p]f4 ,,/em amv- ,,"p4 ,,/em amt- ,,active ,,passive ,,indicative ,,pres5t ,i love1 am lov+1 ,i am lov$1 etc4 d love1 etc4 am ammus amor ammur ams amtis amris1 -re amm9 amat amant amtur amantur ,,imp]fect ,i lov$1 0 lov+1 ,i 0 lov$1 etc4 did love1 etc4 ambam ambmus amb> ambmur ambs ambtis ambris1 -re ambm9 ambat ambant ambtur ambantur ,,future ,i %all love1 etc4 ,i %all be lov$1 etc4 amb ambimus ambor ambimur ambis ambitis amb]is1 -re ambim9 ambit ambunt ambitur ambuntur ,,p]fect ,i h lov$1 lov$1 ,i h be5 707 lov$1 etc4 did love1 etc4 amvi amvimus amtus1 sum amt1 sumus amvi/ amvi/is -a1 -um es -ae1 -a e/is amvit amvrunt1 -re e/ sunt ,,plup]fect ,i _h lov$1 etc4 ,i _h be5 lov$1 etc4 amv]am amv]mus amtus1 eram amt1 ermus amv]s amv]tis -a1 -um ers -ae1 -a ertis amv]at amv]ant erat erant ,,future ,,p]fect ,i %all h lov$1 etc4 ,i %all h be5 lov$1 etc4 amv] amv]imus amtus1 er amt1 erimus amv]is amv]itis -a1 -um eris -ae1 -a eritis amv]it amv]9t erit erunt ,,subjunctive ,,pres5t amem ammus am] ammur ams amtis amris1 -re amm9 amet am5t amtur am5tur ,,imp]fect amrem amremus amr] amrmur amrs amrtis amrris1 -re amrm9 amret amr5t amrtur amr5tur ,,p]fect amv]im amv]imus amtus1 sim amt1 smus amv]is amv]itis -a1 -um ss -ae1 -a stis amv]it amv]9t sit s9t ,,plup]fect amvissem amvissmus amtus1 essem amt1 essmus amvisss amvisstis -a1 -um esss -ae1 -a esstis amvisset amviss5t esset ess5t ,,imp]ative ,,pres5t am1 love ?\ amre1 be ?\ lov$ amte1 love ye amm91 be ye lov$ ,,future amt1 ?\ %alt love amtor1 ?\ %alt be lov$ amt1 he %all love amtor1 he %all be lov$ amtte1 y %all love ---- amant1 !y %all love amantor1 !y %all be lov$ ,,inf9itive ,pres4 amre1 to love amr1 to be lov$ ,p]f4 amvisse1 amtus1 -a1 -um esse1 to h lov$ to h be5 lov$ ,fut4 amtrus1 -a1 -um amtum r1 to be ab\t to be lov$ esse1 to be ab\t to love ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 amns1 -antis1 ,pres4 ---- lov+ ,fut4 amtrus1 -a1 -um1 ,g]undive#a am&us1 -a1 -um1 to be ab\t to love lov$ ,p]f4 ---- ,p]f4 amtus1 -a1 -um1 hav+ be5 lov$1 lov$ ,,g]und ,nom4 ---- ,g54 am&1 ( lov+ ,dat4 am&1 = lov+ ,acc4 am&um1 lov+ ,abl4 am&1 by lov+ ,,sup9e 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 amtum1 to love ,abl4 amt1 to love1 9 ! lov+ ,footnote #a3 ,sometimes call$ ! future passive p>ticiple4 #dhi4 ,,second ,,conjugation4 -,,v]bs4 ,,mone ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts mone1 monre1 monu1 monitus ,,pres4 ,,/em mon- ,,p]f4 ,,/em monu- ,,"p4 ,,/em monit- ,,active ,,passive ,,indicative ,,pres5t ,i advise1 etc41 ,i am advis$1 etc4 mone monmus moneor monmur mons montis monris1 -re monm9 monet mon5t montur mon5tur ,,imp]fect ,i 0 advis+1 etc41 ,i 0 advis$1 etc4 monbam monbmus monb> monbmur monbs monbtis monbris1 -re monbm9 monbat monbant monbtur monbntur ,,future ,i %all advise1 etc41 ,i %all be advis$1 etc4 monb monbimus monbor monbimur monbis monbitis monb]is1 -re monbim9 monbit monbunt monbitur monbuntur ,,p]fect ,i h advis$1 ,i h be5 707 advis$1 etc4 ,i advis$1 etc4 monu monuimus sum sumus monui/ monui/is monitus1 es monit1 e/is monuit monurunt1 -re -a1 -um e/ -ae1 -a sunt ,,plup]fect ,i _h advis$1 etc41 ,i _h be5 advis$1 etc4 monu]am monu]mus eram ermus monu]s monu]tis monitus1 eras monit1 eratis monu]at monu]ant -a1 -um erat -ae1 -a erant ,,future ,,p]fect ,i %all h advis$1 ,i %all h be5 advis$1 etc4 etc4 monu] monu]imus er erimus monu]is monu]tis monitus1 eris monit1 eritis monu]it monu]nt -a1 -um erit -ae1 -a erunt ,,subjunctive ,,pres5t moneam monemus mone> monemur mones monetis moneris1 -re monem9 moneat moneant monetur moneantur ,,imp]fect monrem monrmus monr] monrmur monrs monrtis monrris1 -re monrm9 monret monr5t monrtur monr5tur ,,p]fect monu]im monu]imus sim smus monu]is monu]itis monitus1 ss monit1 stis monu]it monu]9t -a1 -um sit -ae1 -a s9t ,,plup]fect monuissem monuissmus essem essmus monuisss monuisstis monitus1 esss monit1 esstis monuisset monuiss5t -a1 -um esset -ae1 -a ess5t ,,imp]ative ,,pres5t mon1 advise ?\ monre1 be ?\ advis$ monte1 advise ye monm91 be ye advis$ ,,future mont1 ?\ %all montor1 ?\ %alt be advis$ advise mont1 he %all advise montor1 he %all be advis$ montte1 y %all advise ---- mon5t1 !y %all mon5tor1 !y %all be advis$ advise ,,inf9itive ,pres4 monre1 to advise monr1 to be advis$ ,p]f4 monuisse1 to h monitus1 -a1 -um esse1 advis$ to h be5 advis$ ,fut4 monitrus1 -a1 -um monitum r1 esse1 to be to be ab\t to be advis$ ab\t to advise ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 monns1 -entis1 ,pres4 ---- advis+ ,fut4 monitrus1 -a1 -um1 ,g]4 mon5dus1 -a1 -um1 ab\t to advise to be advis$ ,p]f4 ---- ,p]f4 monitus1 -a1 -um1 hav+ be5 advis$1 advis$ ,,g]und ,nom4 ---- ,g54 mon5d1 ( advis+ ,dat4 mon5d1 = advis+ ,acc4 mon5dum1 advis+ ,abl4 mon5d1 by advis+ ,,sup9e 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 monitum1 to advise ,abl4 monit1 to advise1 9 ! advis+ #dij4 ,,?ird ,,conjugation4 -,,v]bs4 ,,reg ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts reg1 reg]e1 rex1 rctus ,,pres4 ,,/em rege- ,,p]f4 ,,/em rx- ,,"p4 ,,/em rct- ,,active ,,passive ,,indicative ,,pres5t ,i rule1 etc4 ,i am rul$1 etc4 reg regimus regor regimur regis regitis reg]is1 -re regim9 regit regunt regitur reguntur ,,imp]fect ,i 0 rul+1 etc4 ,i 0 rul$1 etc4 regbam regbmus regb> regbmur regbs regbtis regbris1 -re regbm9 regbat regbant regbtur regbantur ,,future ,i %all rule1 etc4 ,i %all be rul$1 etc4 regam regmus reg> regmur regs regtis regris1 -re regm9 reget reg5t regtur reg5tur ,,p]fect ,i h rul$1 etc4 ,i h be5 rul$1 etc4 rx rximus sum sumus rxi/ rxi/is rctus1 es rct1 e/is rxit rxrunt1 -re -a1 -um e/ -ae1 -a sunt ,,plup]fect ,i _h rul$1 etc4 ,i _h be5 rul$1 etc4 rx]am rx]mus eram ermus rx]s rx]tis rctus1 eras rct1 ertis rx]at rx]ant -a1 -um erat -ae1 -a erant ,,future ,,p]fect ,i %all h rul$1 etc4 ,i %all h be5 rul$1 etc4 rx] rx]imus er erimus rx]is rx]itis rctus1 eris rct1 eritis rx]it rx]9t -a1 -um erit -ae1 -a erunt ,,subjunctive ,,pres5t regam regmus reg> regmur regs regtis regris1 -re regm9 regat regant regtur regantur ,,imp]fect reg]em reg]mus reg]] reg]mur reg]s reg]tis reg]ris1 -re reg]m9 reg]et reg]5t reg]tur reg]5tur ,,p]fect rx]im rx]imus sim smus rx]is rx]itis rctus1 ss rcti1 stis rx]it rx]9t -a1 -um sit -ae1 -a s9t ,,plup]fect rxissem rxissmus essem essmus rxisss rxisstis rctus1 esss rcti1 esstis rxisset rxiss5t -a1 -um esset -ae1 -a ess5t ,,imp]ative ,,pres5t rege1 rule ?\ reg]e1 be ?\ rul$ regite1 rule ye regim91 be ye rul$ ,,future regit1 ?\ %alt rule regitor1 ?\ %alt be rul$ regit he %all rule regitor1 he %all be rul$ regitte1 ye %all rule ---- regunt1 !y %all rule reguntor1 !y %all be rul$ ,,inf9itive ,pres4 reg]e1 to rule reg1 to be rul$ ,p]f4 rxisse1 to h rctus1 -a1 -um esse1 rul$ to h be5 rul$ ,fut4 rctrus1 -a1 -um rctum r1 esse1 to be to be ab\t to be rul$ ab\t to rule ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 regns1 -entis1 ,pres4 ---- rul+ ,fut4 rctrus1 -a1 -um1 ,g]4 reg5dus1 -a1 -um1 to be rul$ ab\t to rule ,p]f4 ---- ,p]f4 rctus1 -a1 -um1 hav+ be5 rul$1 rul$ ,,g]und ,nom4 ---- ,g54 reg5d1 ( rul+ ,dat4 reg5d1 = rul+ ,acc4 reg5dum1 rul+ ,abl4 reg5d1 by rul+ ,,sup9e 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 rctum1 to rule ,abl4 rct1 to rule1 9 ! rul+ #dia4 ,,f\r? ,,conjugation4 -,,v]bs4 ,,audi ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts audi1 audre1 audv1 audtus ,,pres4 ,,/em aud- ,,p]f4 ,,/em audv- ,,"p4 ,,/em audt- ,,active ,,passive ,,indicative ,,pres5t ,i he>1 etc4 ,i am he>d1 etc4 audi audmus audior audmur auds audtis audris1 -re audm9 audit audiunt audtur audiuntur ,,imp]fect ,i 0 he>+1 etc4 ,i 0 he>d1 etc4 audibam audibmus audib> audibmur audibs audibtis audibris1 -re audibm9 audibat audibant audibtur audibantur ,,future ,i %all he>1 etc4 ,i %all be he>d1 etc4 audiam audimus audi> audimur audis auditis audiris1 -re audim9 audiet audi5t auditur audi5tur ,,p]fect ,i h he>d1 etc4 ,i h be5 he>d1 etc4 audv audvimus sum sumus audvi/ audvi/is audtus1 es audt1 e/is audvit audvrunt1 -re -a1 -um e/ -ae1 -a sunt ,,plup]fect ,i _h he>d1 etc4 ,i _h be5 he>d1 etc4 audv]am audv]mus eram ermus audv]s audv]tis audtus1 eras audt1 ertis audv]at audv]ant -a1 -um erat -ae1 -a erant ,,future ,,p]fect ,i %all h he>d1 etc4 ,i %all h be5 he>d1 etc4 audv] audv]imus er erimus audv]is audv]itis audtus1 eris audt1 eritis audv]it audv]9t -a1 -um erit -ae1 -a erunt ,,subjunctive ,,pres5t audiam audimus audi> audimur audis auditis audiris1 -re audim9 audiat audiant auditur audiantur ,,imp]fect audrem audrmus audr] audrmur audrs audrtis audrris1 -re audrm9 audret audr5t audrtur audr5tur ,,p]fect audv]im audv]imus sim smus audv]is audv]itis audtus1 ss audti1 stis audv]it audv]9t -a1 -um sit -ae1 -a s9t ,,plup]fect audvissem audvissmus essem essmus audvisss audvisstis audtus1 esss audti1 esstis audvisset audviss5t -a1 -um esset -ae1 -a ess5t ,,imp]ative ,,pres5t ,,pres5t aud1 he> ?\ audre1 be ?\ he>d audte1 he> ye audm91 be ye he>d ,,future audt1 ?\ %alt he> audtor1 ?\ %alt be he>d audt he %all he> audtor1 he %all be he>d audtte1 ye %all he> ---- audunt1 !y %all he> audiuntor1 !y %all be he>d ,,inf9itive ,pres4 audre1 to he> audr1 to be he>d ,p]f4 audvisse1 audtus1 -a1 -um esse1 to h he>d to h be5 he>d ,fut4 audtrus1 -a1 -um audtum r1 esse1 to be to be ab\t to be he>d ab\t to he> ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 audins1 -entis1 ,pres4 ---- he>+ ,fut4 audtrus1 -a1 -um1 ,g]4 audi5dus1 -a1 -um1 to be he>d ab\t to he> ,p]f4 ---- ,p]f4 audtus1 -a1 -um1 hav+ be5 he>d1 he>d ,,g]und ,nom4 ---- ,g54 audi5d1 ( he>+ ,dat4 audi5d1 = he>+ ,acc4 audi5dum1 he>+ ,abl4 audi5d1 by he>+ ,,sup9e 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 audtum1 to he> ,abl4 audtu1 to he>1 9 ! he>+ #dib4 ,,?ird ,,conjugation4 ,,v]bs ,,9 -,i4 ,,capi ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts capi1 cap]e1 cp1 captus ,,pres4 ,,/em cape- ,,p]f4 ,,/em cp- ,,"p4 ,,/em capt- ,,active ,,passive ,,indicative ,,pres5t capi capimus capior capimur capis capitis cap]is1 -re capim9 capit capiunt capitur capiuntur ,,imp]fect capibam capiebamus capib> capibmur capibas capibtis capibaris1 -re capibm9 capibat capibant capibtur capiebantur ,,future capiam capimus capi> capimur capis capitis capiris1 -re capim9 capiet capi5t capitur capi5tur ,,p]fect cp1 cpi/1 cpit1 etc4 captus1 -a1 -um sum1 es1 e/1 etc4 ,,plup]fect cp]am1 cp]s1 cp]at1 captus1 -a1 -um eram1 ers1 erat1 etc4 etc4 ,,future ,,p]fect cp]1 cp]is1 cp]it1 captus1 -a1 -um er1 eris1 erit1 etc4 etc4 ,,subjunctive ,,pres5t capiam1 capis1 capiat1 capi>1 -iris1 -re1 -itur1 etc4 etc4 ,,imp]fect cap]em1 cap]s1 cap]et1 cap]]1 -erris1 -re1 -ertur1 etc4 etc4 ,,p]fect cp]im1 cp]is1 cp]it1 captus1 -a1 -um sim1 ss1 sit1 etc4 etc4 ,,plup]fect cpissem1 cpisss1 captus1 -a1 -um essem1 esss1 esset1 cpisset1 etc4 etc4 ,,imp]ative ,,pres5t #b;d ,p]s4 cape capite cap]e capim9 ,,future #b;d ,p]s4 capit capitte capitor ---- #crd ,p]s4 capit capiunt capitor capiuntor ,,inf9itive ,pres4 cap]e cap ,p]f4 cpisse captus1 -a1 -um esse ,fut4 captrus1 -a1 -um captum r esse ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 capins1 -i5tis ,pres4 ---- ,fut4 captrus1 -a1 -um ,g]4 capi5dus1 -a1 -um ,p]f4 ---- ,p]f4 captus1 -a1 -um ,,g]und ,g54 capi5d etc4 ,,sup9e 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 captum ,abl4 capt #dic4 ,,depon5t ,,v]bs ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,a/]isks 9 ?is section are f ! orig9al text 78m>k$ ) a />074 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts ,i4 hortor1 hortr1 horttus sum1 urge ,,ii4 v]eor1 v]r1 v]itus sum1 fe> ,,iii4 sequor1 sequ1 sectus sum1 foll[ ,,iv4 p>tior1 "pr1 "ptus sum1 %>e1 divide ,,note4 ,9 addition to ! passive conjugation1 depon5t v]bs use c]ta9 =ms f ! active4 ,^! are m>k$ ) a />4 ,depon5t -i v]bs ( ! ?ird conjugation are inflect$ l ! passive ( capi4 ,,indicative ,pres4 hortor v]eor sequor p>tior hortris1 -re v]ris1 -re sequ]is1 -re "pris1 -re horttur v]tur sequitur "ptur hortmur v]mur sequimur "pmur hortm9 v]m9 sequim9 "pm9 hortantur v]5tur sequuntur p>tiuntur ,impf4 hortb> v]b> sequb> p>tib> ,fut4 hortbor v]bor sequ> p>ti> ,p]f4 horttus sum v]itus sum sectus sum "ptus sum ,plup4 horttus eram v]itus eram sectus eram "ptus eram ,f4,p4 horttus er v]itus er sectus er "ptus er ,,subjunctive ,pres4 hort] v]e> sequ> p>ti> ,impf4 hortr] v]r] sequ]] "pr] ,p]f4 horttus sim v]itus sim sectus sim "ptus sim ,plup4 horttus essem v]itus essem sectus essem "ptus essem ,,imp]ative ,pres4 hortre v]re sequ]e "pre ,fut4 horttor v]tor sequitor "ptor ,,inf9itive ,pres4 hortr v]r sequ "pr ,p]f4 horttus esse v]itus esse sectus esse "ptus esse ,fut4 99horttrus 99v]itrus 99sectrus 99"ptrus esse esse esse esse ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 99hortns 99v]ns 99sequns 99p>tins ,fut4 99hortturus 99v]itrus 99sectrus 99"ptrus ,p]f4 horttus v]itus sectus "ptus ,g]4 hort&us v]5dus sequ5dus p>ti5dus ,,g]und 99hort&1 etc4 99v]5d1 etc4 99sequ5d1 etc4 99p>ti5d1 etc4 ,,sup9e 99horttus1 -t 99v]itum1 -t 99sectum1 -t 99"ptum1 -t ,,irregul> ,,v]bs #did4 sum1 am1 be ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts sum1 esse1 fu1 futrus ,,pres4 ,,/em es- ,,p]f4 ,,/em fu- ,,"p4 ,,/em fut- ,,indicative ,,pres5t ,,s+ul> ,,plural sum1 ,i am sumus1 we are es1 ?\ art e/is1 y are e/1 he 7%e1 x7 is sunt1 !y are ,,imp]fect eram1 ,i 0 ermus1 we 7 ers1 ?\ wa/ ertis1 y 7 erat1 he 0 erant1 !y 7 ,,future er1 ,i %all be erimus1 we %all be eris1 ?\ wilt be eritis1 y w be erit1 he w be erunt1 !y w be ,,p]fect fu1 ,i h be51 0 fuimus1 we h be51 7 fui/1 ?\ ha/ be51 wa/ fui/is1 y h be51 7 fuit1 he has be51 0 furunt1 fure1 !y h be51 7 ,,plup]fect fu]am1 ,i _h be5 fu]mus1 we _h be5 fu]s1 ?\ had/ be5 fu]tis1 y _h be5 fu]at1 he _h be5 fu]ant1 !y _h be5 ,,future ,,p]fect fu]1 ,i %all h be5 fu]imus1 we %all h be5 fu]is1 ?\ wilt h be5 fu]itis1 y w h be5 fu]it1 he w h be5 fu]9t1 !y w h be5 ,,subjunctive ,,pres5t ,,imp]fect ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,s+ul> ,,plural sim smus essem essmus ss stis esss esstis sit s9t esset ess5t ,,p]fect ,,plup]fect fu]im fu]imus fuissem fuissmus fu]is fu]itis fuisss fuisstis fu]it fu]9t fuisset fuiss5t ,,imp]ative ,,pres5t #b;d ,p]s4 ,s+4 es1 be ?\ #b;d ,p]s4 ,plur4 e/e1 be ye ,,future #b;d ,p]s4 ,s+4 e/1 ?\ %alt be #c;d ,p]s4 ,s+4 e/1 he %all be #b;d ,p]s4 ,plur4 e/te1 ye %all be #c;d ,p]s4 ,plur4 sunt1 !y %all be ,,inf9itive ,pres4 esse1 to be ,p]f4 fuisse1 to h be5 ,fut4 futrus1 -a1 -um esse or =e1 to be ab\t to be ,,p>ticiple futrus1 -a1 -um1 ab\t to be #die4 possum1 be able1 c ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts possum1 posse1 potu1 ---- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,pres4 possum possumus possim possmus potes potestis posss posstis pote/ possunt possit poss9t ,impf4 pot]am pot]mus possem possmus ,fut4 pot] pot]imus ---- ---- ,p]f4 potu potuimus potu]im potu]imus ,plup4 potu]am potu]mus potuissem potuissmus ,f4,p4 potu] potu]imus ---- ---- ,,inf9itive ,pres4 posse ,p]f4 potuisse ,,p>ticiple ,pres4 pot5s1 g54 -entis1 7adjective7 p[]ful #dif4 prsum1 b5efit ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts prsum1 prdesse1 prfu1 prfutrus ,,pres4 ,,/em prdes- ,,p]f4 ,,/em prfu- ,,"p4 ,,/em prfut- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,pres4 prsum prsumus prsim prsmus prdes prdestis prss prstis prde/ prsunt prsit prs9t ,impf4 prd]am prd]mus prdessem prodessmus ,fut4 prd] prd]imus ---- ---- ,p]f4 prfu prfuimus prfu]im prfu]imus ,plup4 prfu]am prfu]mus prfuissem prfuissmus ,f4,p4 prfu] prfu]imus ---- ---- ,,imp]ative ,pres4 #b;d ,p]s4 prdes1 prde/e ,fut4 #b;d ,p]s4 prde/1 prde/te ,,inf9itive ,pres4 prdesse ,p]f4 prfuisse ,fut4 prfutrus1 -a1 -um esse ,,future ,,p>ticiple prfutrus1 -a1 -um #dig4 vol1 nl1 ml ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts3 vol1 velle1 volu1 ----1 be will+1 w1 wi% nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ----1 be unwill+1 w n ml1 mlle1 mlu1 ----1 be m will+1 pref] ,nl & ml are comp\nds ( vol4 ,nl is = ne 7n7 vol1 & ml = m 7f magis1 m7 vol4 ,! second p]son vs is f a diff]5t root4 ,,indicative ,,s+ul> ,pres4 vol nl ml vs nn vis mvs vult nn vult mvult ,,plural volumus nlumus mlumus vultis nn vultis mvultis volunt nlunt mlunt ,impf4 volbam nlbam mlbam ,fut4 volam1 vols1 etc4 nlam1 nls1 etc4 mlam1 mls1 etc4 ,p]f4 volu nlu mlu ,plup4 volu]am nlu]am mlu]am ,f4,p4 volu] nlu] mlu] ,,subjunctive ,,s+ul> ,pres4 velim nlim mlim vels nls mls velit nlit mlit ,,plural velmus nlmus mlmus veltis nltis mltis vel9t nl9t ml9t ,impf4 vellem nllem mllem ,p]f4 volu]im nlu]im mlu]im ,plup4 voluissem nluissem mluissem ,,imp]ative ,pres4 nl nlte ,fut4 nlt1 etc4 ,,inf9itive ,pres4 velle nlle mlle ,p]f4 voluisse nluisse mluisse ,,p>ticiple ,pres4 volns1 -entis nlns1 -entis ---- #dih4 f]1 be>1 c>ry1 endure ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts f]1 f]re1 tul1 ltus ,,pres4 ,,/em f]- ,,p]f4 ,,/em tul- ,,"p4 ,,/em lt- ,,indicative ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 f] f]imus f]or f]imur f]s f]ts f]ris1 -re f]imim f]t f]unt f]tur f]untur ,impf4 f]bam f]b> ,fut4 f]am1 f]s1 etc4 f]>1 f]ris1 etc4 ,p]f4 tul ltus1 -a1 -um sum ,plup4 tul]am ltus1 -a1 -um eram ,f4,p4 tul] ltus1 -a1 -um er ,,subjunctive ,pres4 f]am1 f]s1 etc4 f]>1 f]ris1 etc4 ,impf4 f]rem f]r] ,p]f4 tul]im ltus1 -a1 -um sim ,plup4 tulissem ltus1 -a1 -um essem ,,imp]ative ,pres4 #b;d ,p]s4 f] f]te f]re f]im9 ,fut4 #b;d ,p]s4 f]t f]tte f]tor #c;d ,p]s4 f]t f]unto f]tor f]untor ,,inf9itive ,pres4 f]re f]r ,p]f4 tulisse ltus1 -a1 -um esse ,fut4 ltrus1 -a1 -um esse ---- ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 f]ns1 -entis ,pres4 ---- ,fut4 ltrus1 -a1 -um ,g]4 f]5dus1 -a1 -um ,p]f4 ---- ,p]f4 ltus1 -a1 -um ,,g]und ,g54 f]5d ,dat4 f]5d ,acc4 f]5dum ,abl4 f]5d ,,sup9e 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 ltum ,abl4 lt #dii4 e1 g ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts e1 re1 i 7v71 tum 7n4 p]f4 "p47 ,,pres4 ,,/em - ,,p]f4 ,,/em - or v- ,,"p4 ,,/em x- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,imp]ative ,,s+4 ,,plur4 ,pres4 e mus eam #b;d ,p]s4 te s tis x eunt ,impf4 bam rem ,fut4 b ---- #b;d ,p]s4 t tte #c;d ,p]s4 t eunt ,p]f4 i 7v7 i]im 7v]im7 ,plup4 i]am 7v]am7 ssem 7vissem7 ,f4 ,p4 i] 7v]7 ,,inf9itive ,pres4 re ,p]f4 sse 7visse7 ,fut4 xrus1 -a1 -um esse ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 ins1 g54 euntis 7#dgb7 ,fut4 xrus1 -a1 -um ,g]4 eundum ,,g]und ,g54 eund ,dat4 eund ,acc4 eundum ,abl4 eund ,,sup9e ,acc4 itum ,abl4 x a4 ,! v]b e is us$ imp]sonally 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul> ( ! passive1 z tur1 itum e/1 etc4 b4 ,9 ! p]fect sy/em ! =ms ) v are v r>e4 #ejj4 f1 passive ( faci2 be made1 become1 happ5 ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts f1 fi]1 factus sum ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,imp]ative ,pres4 f ---- fam #b;d ,p]s4 f fte fs ---- fit funt ,impf4 fbam fi]em ,fut4 fam ---- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,p]f4 factus1 -a1 -um sum factus1 -a1 -um sim ,plup4 factus1 -a1 -um eram factus1 -a1 -um essem ,f4,p4 factus1 -a1 -um er ,,inf9itive ,,p>ticiples ,pres4 fi] ,p]f4 factus1 -a1 -um ,p]f4 factus1 -a1 -um esse ,g]4 faci5dus1 -a1 -um ,fut4 factum r ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/ra ,,muro ,,fossaque ,,muniuntur ,,app5dix ,,ii #eja4 ,,rules ,,( ,,syntax ,,note4 ,! rules ( syntax are "h classifi$ & numb]$ consecutively4 ,! numb] ( ! text section 9 :i* ! rule appe>s is giv5 at ! end ( ea*4 ,nom9ative ,case #a4 ,! subject ( a f9ite v]b is 9 ! nom9ative & answ]s ! "q ,:o8 or ,:at8 #cf4 ,agreem5t #b4 ,a f9ite v]b mu/ always be 9 ! same p]son & numb] z its subject4 #bh4 #c4 ,a pr$icate n\n agrees 9 case ) ! subject ( ! v]b4 #gf4 #d4 ,an appositive agrees 9 case ) ! n\n :i* x expla9s4 #ha4 #e4 ,adjectives agree ) _! n\ns 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & case4 #fe4 #f4 ,a pr$icate adjective complet+ a complem5t>y inf9itive agrees 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & case ) ! subject ( ! ma9 v]b4 #bae4;a4 #g4 ,a relative pron\n mu/ agree ) its antec$5t 9 g5d] & numb]2 b its case is det]m9$ by ! way x is us$ 9 its own clause4 #bbd4 ,prepositions #h4 ,a n\n gov]n$ by a preposition mu/ be 9 ! accusative or ablative case4 #eb4 ,g5itive ,case #i4 ,! ^w d5ot+ ! own] or possessor ( some?+ is 9 ! g5itive & answ]s ! "q ,^:8 #ch4 #aj4 ,! possessive g5itive (t5 /&s 9 ! pr$icate1 especially aft] ! =ms ( sum1 & is !n call$ ! pr$icate g5itive4 #dji4 #aa4 ,words d5ot+ a "p are (t5 us$ ) ! g5itive ( ! :ole1 kn[n z ! p>titive g5itive4 #cca4 #ab4 ,num]ical descriptions ( measure are express$ by ! g5itive ) a modify+ adjective4 #ddc4 ,dative ,case #ac4 ,! indirect object ( a v]b is 9 ! dative4 #de4 #ad4 ,! dative ( ! indirect object is us$ ) ! intransitive v]bs crd1 fave1 noce1 pre1 p]sude1 resi/1 /ude1 & o!rs ( l mean+4 #aed4 #ae4 ,"s v]bs comp\nd$ ) ad1 ante1 con1 d1 91 int]1 ob1 po/1 prae1 pr1 sub1 sup]1 admit ! dative ( ! indirect object4 ,transitive comp\nds may take bo? an accusative & a dative4 #dbf4 #af4 ,! dative is us$ ) adjectives to d5ote ! object t[>d :i* ! giv5 quality is direct$4 ,su* are1 especially1 ^? mean+ ne>1 also fit1 fri5dly1 pleas+1 l1 & _! opposites4 #adc4 #ag4 ,! dative is us$ to d5ote ! purpose or end = :i*2 (t5 ) ano!r dative d5ot+ ! p]son or ?+ affect$4 #dcg4 ,accusative ,case #ah4 ,! direct object ( a transitive v]b is 9 ! accusative & answ]s ! "q ,:om8 or ,:at8 #cg4 #ai4 ,! subject ( ! inf9itive is 9 ! accusative4 #bad4 #bj4 ,! place to :i* is express$ by ad or 9 ) ! accusative4 ,be=e names ( t[ns1 small isl&s1 domus1 & rs ! preposition is omitt$4 #bfc1 #bff4 #ba4 ,duration ( "t & ext5t ( space are express$ by ! accusative4 #ccf4 #bb4 ,v]bs ( mak+1 *oos+1 call+1 %[+1 & ! l1 may take a pr$icate accusative along ) ! direct object4 ,) ! passive voice ! two accusatives become nom9atives4 #cib4 ,ablative ,case #bc4 ,cause is d5ot$ by ! ablative )\t a preposition4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,because ( :at8 #ajb4 #bd4 ,means is d5ot$ by ! ablative )\t a preposition4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,by means ( :at8 or ,) :at8 #ajc4 #be4 ,accompanim5t is d5ot$ by ! ablative ) cum4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,) :om8 #ajd4 #bf4 ,! ablative ) cum is us$ to d5ote ! mann] ( an action4 ,cum may be omitt$1 if an adjective is us$ ) ! ablative4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,h[8 or ,9 :at mann]8 #aje4 #bg4 ,) comp>atives & words imply+ comp>ison ! ablative is us$ to d5ote ! measure ( diff]5ce4 #cag4 #bh4 ,! ablative ( a n\n or pron\n ) a pres5t or p]fect p>ticiple 9 agreem5t is us$ to express att5dant circum/ance4 ,?is is call$ ! ablative absolute4 #cha4 #bi4 #a4 ,descriptions ( physical *>act]i/ics are express$ by ! ablative ) a modify+ adjective4 #ddd4 #b4 ,descriptions involv+ nei!r num]ical /atem5ts nor physical *>act]i/ics may be express$ by ei!r ! g5itive or ! ablative ) a modify+ adjective4 #dde4 #cj4 ,! ablative is us$ to d5ote 9 :at respect some?+ is true4 #cih4 #ca4 ,! place f :i* is express$ by or ab1 d1 or ex ) ! sep>ative ablative4 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,:5ce8 ,be=e names ( t[ns1 small isl&s1 domus1 & rs ! preposition is omitt$4 #bfd1 #bff4 #cb4 ,words express+ sep>ation or deprivation require an ablative to complete _! mean+4 ,?is is call$ ! ablative ( sep>ation4 #ahj4 #cc4 ,! ^w express+ ! p]son f :om an action />ts1 :5 n ! subject1 is put 9 ! ablative ) ! preposition or ab4 ,?is is call$ ! ablative ( ! p]sonal ag5t4 #aha4 #cd4 ,! comp>ative degree1 if quam is omitt$1 is foll[$ by ! sep>ative ablative4 #cji4 #ce4 ,! "t :5 or )9 :i* any?+ happ5s is express$ by ! ablative )\t a preposition4 #bge4 #cf4 #a4 ,! place at or 9 :i* is express$ by ! ablative ) 94 ,?is answ]s ! "q ,:]e8 ,be=e names ( t[ns1 small isl&s1 & rs ! preposition is omitt$4 #bfe1 #bff4 #b4 ,names ( t[ns & small isl&s1 if s+ul> & ( ! fir/ or second decl5sion1 & ! ^w domus express ! place 9 :i* by ! locative4 #bfh4 ,g]und & ,g]undive #cg4 #a4 ,! g]und is a v]bal n\n & is us$ only 9 ! g5itive1 dative1 accusative1 & ablative s+ul>4 ,! con/ructions ( ^! cases are 9 g5]al ! same z ^? ( o!r n\ns4 #djf4a4 #b4 ,! g]undive is a v]bal adjective & mu/ be us$ in/ead ( g]und object1 except+ 9 ! g5itive & 9 ! ablative )\t a preposition4 ,ev5 9 ^! in/ances ! g]undive con/ruction is m usual4 #djf4b4 #ch4 ,! accusative ( ! g]und or g]undive ) ad1 or ! g5itive ) caus1 is us$ to express purpose4 #djg4 ,moods & ,t5ses ( ,v]bs #ci4 ,prim>y t5ses are foll[$ by prim>y t5ses1 & second>y by second>y4 #ceh4 #dj4 ,! subjunctive is us$ 9 a dep5d5t clause to express ! purpose ( ! action 9 ! pr9cipal clause4 #cdi4 #da4 ,a sub/antive clause ( purpose ) ! subjunctive is us$ z object ) v]bs ( comm&+1 urg+1 ask+1 p]suad+1 or advis+1 :]e 9 ,engli% we %\ld usually h ! inf9itive4 #cff4 #db4 ,v]bs ( fe>+ are foll[$ by a sub/antive clause ( purpose introduc$ by ut 7t n7 or n 7t or le/74 #cgb4 #dc4 ,consecutive clauses ( result are introduc$ by ut or ut nn1 & h ! v]b 9 ! subjunctive4 #che4 #dd4 ,object clauses ( result ) ut or ut nn are f\nd aft] v]bs ( effect+ or br++ ab\t4 #chf4 #de4 ,a relative clause ) ! subjunctive is (t5 us$ to describe an antec$5t4 ,?is is call$ ! subjunctive ( *>act]i/ic or description4 #cij4 #df4 ,! conjunction cum means :51 s9ce1 or al?\gh4 ,x is foll[$ by ! subjunctive unless x means :5 & its clause fixes ! "t at :i* ! ma9 action took place4 #cif4 #dg4 ,:5 a direct /atem5t becomes indirect1 ! pr9cipal v]b is *ang$ to ! inf9itive1 & its subject nom9ative becomes subject accusative ( ! inf9itive4 #daf4 #dh4 ,! accusative-)-inf9itive con/ruction 9 indirect /atem5ts is f\nd aft] v]bs ( say+1 tell+1 kn[+1 ?9k+1 & p]ceiv+4 #dai4 #di4 ,a pres5t indicative ( a direct /atem5t becomes pres5t inf9itive ( ! indirect1 a pa/ indicative becomes p]fect inf9itive1 & a future indicative becomes future inf9itive4 #dah4 #ej4 ,9 an indirect "q ! v]b is 9 ! subjunctive & its t5se is det]m9$ by ! law = t5se sequ5ce4 #dcb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dom9a ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,reviews#a ,footnote #a3 ,x is sugge/$ t ea* ( ^! reviews be assign$ = a writt5 te/4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ?is ,review section1 ! li/s ( ,engli% words = translation may n be 9 ! same ord] z 9 ! orig9al4 ,i4 ,,review ,,( ,,vocabul>y ,,& ,,gramm> ,,?r\gh ,,lesson ,,viii #ejb4 ,give ! ,engli% ( ! foll[+ words3#a ,,n\ns agricola gallna ancilla iniria aqua nsula casa lna causa nauta cna pecnia corna puella dea pugna dom9a sagitta fbula silva f]a t]ra flia tuba =tna via fuga victria ,,adjectives alta magna bona mala clra nova grta p>va lta pul*ra longa sla ,,v]bs amat necat dat nntiat e/ p>at habitat portat labrat pugnat laudat sunt nrrat vocat ,,prepositions or ab ad cum d or ex 9 ,,pron\ns mea tua quis cuius cui quem quid ,,adv]bs cr de9de nn ubi ,,conjunctions et quia quod ,,int]rogative ,,p>ticle -ne ,footnote #a3 ,prop] n\ns & prop] adjectives are n repeat$ 9 ! reviews4 ,words us$ 9 ,cass>'s 8,gallic ,w>0 are 9 heavy type4 #ejc4 ,give ! ,lat9 ( ! foll[+ words3#a ,und]l9e ! words y d n rememb]4 ,d n look up a s+le ^w till y h gone ?r\gh ! entire li/4 ,!n drill on ! words y h und]l9$4 flight wide /ory tells new money lives 7v]b7 calls away f ) :o y\r :y !n1 9 ! next place =e/ daught] wrea? to :om deep1 high =tune d9n] fam\s out f labors 7v]b7 my kills :]e n trumpet 9 lady1 mi/ress & :om sailor isl& f>m] goddess :at wild bea/ way praises 7v]b7 bad alone loves pleas+ pretty prep>es wat] are great to is because ann\nces arr[ injury1 wrong cottage battle 7n\n7 gives small girl fights 7v]b7 good maid c>ries d[n f *ick5 long victory cause l& ^: ,footnote #a3 ,! translations ( words us$ 9 ,cs> are 9 italics4 #ejd4 ,review ,que/ions4 ,h[ _m syllables has a ,lat9 ^w8 ,h[ are words divid$ into syllables8 ,:at is ! ultima8 ! p5ult8 ! antep5ult8 ,:5 is a syllable %ort8 ,:5 is a syllable long8 ,:at is ! law ( ,lat9 acc5t8 ,def9e ! subject ( a s5t5ce2 ! pr$icate2 ! object2 ! copula4 ,:at is inflection8 decl5sion8 conjugation8 ,:at is ! end+ ( ! v]b 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 & :at 9 ! plural8 ,:at does ! =m ( a n\n %[8 ,"n ! ,lat9 cases4 ,:at case is us$ = ! subject8 ! direct object8 ! possessor8 ,:at relation is express$ by ! dative case8 ,give ! rule = ! indirect object4 ,h[ are que/ions answ]$ 9 ,lat98 ,:at is a pr$icate adjective8 an attributive adjective8 ,:at is meant by agreem5t8 ,give ! rule = ! agreem5t ( ! adjective4 ,:at are ! ?ree relations express$ by ! ablative8 ,:at c y say ( ! position ( ! possessive pron\n8 ! modify+ g5itive8 ! adjective8 ,:at is ! base8 ,:at is grammatical g5d]8 ,:at is ! rule = g5d] 9 ! fir/ decl5sion8 ,:at are ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,lat9 ^w ord]8 #eje4 ,fill out ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! fir/ decl5sion3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,or -,,decl5sion #a4 ,end+ 9 ! nom9ative s+ul> #b4 ,rule = g5d] #c4 ,case t]m9ations a4 ,s+ul> b4 ,plural #d4 ,irregul> n\ns ,,ii4 ,,review ,,( ,,lessons ,,ix-,,xvii #ejf4 ,give ! ,engli% ( ! foll[+ words3 ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,decl5sion agr cultra galea cn/antia inopia cpia lacrima dlig5tia lrca fma patria fm9a pra$a ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,decl5sion ag] lb] amcus magi/] arma 7plural7 mrus auxilium num]us bellum oppidnus c>rus oppidum ca/rum plum cibus populus cnsilium praemium domicilium proelium dom9us pu] equus sctum flius s]vus fluvius /udium frm5tum tlum gladius vcus lgtus vir ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,decl5sions aeg]1 aegra1 aegrum alius1 alia1 aliud alt]1 alt]a1 alt]um armtus1 -a1 -um crb]1 crbra1 crbrum drus1 -a1 -um fnitimus1 -a1 -um nfrmus1 -a1 -um leginrius1 -a1 -um lb]1 lb]a1 lb]um mtrus1 -a1 -um meus1 -a1 -um mis]1 mis]a1 mis]um multus1 -a1 -um neut]1 neutra1 neutrum no/]1 no/ra1 no/rum nllus1 -a1 -um pul*]1 pul*ra1 pul*rum slus1 -a1 -um suus1 -a1 -um ttus1 -a1 -um tuus1 -a1 -um llus1 -a1 -um nus1 -a1 -um ut]1 utra1 utrum validus1 -a1 -um ve/]1 ve/ra1 ve/rum ,,v]bs arat crat dsd]at mtrat prop]at ,,demon/rative ,,pron\n is1 ea1 id ,,conjunctions an -que s$ ,,adv]bs iam qu saepe ,,preposition apud #ejg4 ,give ! ,lat9 ( ! foll[+ words3 sword %ield 7n\n7 corselet :ole man x y\r 7plural7 aid 7n\n7 ha/5 legion>y b weak among arms te> 7n\n7 ma/] 7( s*ool7 village fri5d /rong neighbor+ long = sick & 7enclitic7 lieut5ant (t5 field want 7n\n7 report1 rumor :i* 7( two7 abode c>e = boy or 79 a "q7 8 own :i!r alone wagon prize 7n\n7 t[nsman ma/] 7own]7 wret*$ c>efulness ripe pl5ty w> troops numb] plan 7n\n7 my p free 7adj47 beautiful *ildr5 no 7adj47 wall our gra9 battle weapon spe> "o food pl[ 7v]b7 /ead9ess ?is or t fa!rl& already t[n helmet =t riv] camp zeal nei!r 7( two7 any mu* he agriculture son o!r slave ! o!r 7( two7 y\r 7s+ul>7 h>d %e booty woman frequ5t horse arm$ #ejh4 ,review ,que/ions4 ,h[ _m decl5sions are !re8 ,:at ?ree ?+s mu/ be kn[n ab\t a n\n be=e x c be decl9$8 ,:at ?ree cases ( neut] n\ns are always alike1 & 9 :at d !y end 9 ! plural8 ,:at two plural cases are always alike8 ,:5 is ! vocative s+ul> n l ! nom9ative8 ,:at is a pr$icate n\n8 ,) :at does x agree8 ,:at is an appositive8 ,give ! rule = ! agreem5t ( an appositive4 ,h[ c we tell :e!r a n\n 9 -er is decl9$ l pu] or l ag]8 ,decl9e bonus1 lb]1 pul*]4 ,h[ c we tell :e!r an adjective 9 -er is decl9$ l lb] or l pul*]8 ,:y mu/ we say nauta bonus & n nauta bona8 ,"n ! ,lat9 possessive pron\ns4 ,h[ are !y decl9$8 ,) :at does ! possessive pron\n agree8 ,:5 d we use tuus & :5 ve/]8 ,:y is suus call$ a reflexive possessive8 ,:at is ! non-reflexive possessive ( ! ?ird p]son8 ,:5 are possessives omitt$8 ,:at f\r uses ( ! ablative case are cov]$ by ! relations express$ 9 ,engli% by )8 ,give an illu/ration 9 ,lat9 ( ! ablative ( mann]2 ( ! ablative ( cause2 ( ! ablative ( means2 ( ! ablative ( accompanim5t4 ,:at ablative regul>ly has cum8 ,:at ablative sometimes has cum8 ,:at uses ( ! ablative nev] h cum8 ,"n ! n9e pronom9al adjectives1 ) _! mean+s4 ,decl9e alius1 nllus4 ,decl9e is4 ,:at does is mean z a demon/rative adjective or pron\n8 ,:at o!r important use has x8 #eji4 ,fill out ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! second decl5sion3 ,,! ,,second ,,or ,o-,,decl5sion #a4 ,end+s 9 ! nom9ative #b4 ,rule = g5d] #c4 ,case t]m9ations ( n\ns 9 -u a4 ,s+ul> b4 ,plural a4 ,! vocative s+ul> ( n\ns 9 -u #d4 ,case t]m9ations ( n\ns 9 -um a4 ,s+ul> b4 ,plural #e4 ,peculi>ities ( n\ns 9 -er & -ir #f4 ,peculi>ities ( n\ns 9 -ius & -ium ,,iii4 ,,review ,,( ,,lessons ,,xviii-,,xxvi #eaj4 ,give ! ,engli% ( ! foll[+ words3 ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,decl5sion disciplna rgna frma sup]bia po5a tr/itia pot5tia ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,decl5sion ldus rnm5tum sacrum socius v]bum ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,decl5sions amcus rtus antquus laetus fnitimus mole/us grtus p]petuus idneus proximus inimcus septem int]fectus sup]bus ,,adv]bs hodi ibi maxim mox nunc np] ,,conjunctions etiam nn slum 444 s$ etiam ,,p]sonal ,,pron\n ego ,,v]bs ,,conj4 ,i vol1 -re ,,conj4 ,,ii dle1 -re noce1 -re doce1 -re pre1 -re fave1 -re p]sude1 -re habe1 -re s$e1 -re iube1 -re /ude1 -re mone1 -re vide1 -re move1 -re ,,conj4 ,,iii ag1 -ere fugi1 -ere capi1 -ere iaci1 -ere crd1 -ere mitt1 -ere dc1 -ere rapi1 -ere dc1 -ere reg1 -ere faci1 -ere resi/1 -ere ,,conj4 ,,iv audi1 -re mni1 -re rep]i1 -re v5i1 -re ,,irregul> ,,v]b sum1 esse #eaa4 ,give ! ,lat9 ( ! foll[+ words4 ,9 ! case ( v]bs always give ! fir/ =m & ! pres5t inf9itive4 anci5t p[] come make1 d resi/ injure see n[ be annoy+ fly lead ,i move pr\d soon ^w glad sadness puni%m5t f9d believe rule 7v]b7 advise be eag] = especially1 mo/ ( all n only444b also angry sev5 beauty ally1 companion say pride comm& 7v]b7 =tify !re s5d sla9 sit tra9+ also take s*ool h he> to-day hurl unfri5dly p]suade drive only favor 7v]b7 ne>e/ suitable sacr$ rite pleas+ que5 tea* flee neighbor+ obey de/roy lately fri5dly con/ant seize ornam5t #eab4 ,review ,que/ions4 ,:at is conjugation8 ,"n two important diff]5ces betwe5 conjugation 9 ,lat9 & 9 ,engli%4 ,:at is t5se8 ,:at is mood8 ,:at are ! ,lat9 moods8 ,:5 d we use ! indicative mood8 ,"n ! six t5ses ( ! indicative4 ,:at are p]sonal end+s8 ,"n ^? y h _h4 ,inflect sum 9 ! ?ree t5ses y h le>n$4 ,h[ _m regul> conjugations are !re8 ,h[ are !y di/+ui%$8 ,h[ is ! pres5t /em f\nd8 ,:at t5ses are =m$ f ! pres5t /em8 ,:at is ! t5se sign ( ! imp]fect8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! imp]fect8 ,:at is ! t5se sign ( ! future 9 ! fir/ two conjugations8 9 ! la/ two8 ,be=e :at lett]s is a f9al long v[el ( ! /em %ort5$8 ,:at are ! ?ree possible translations ( a pres5t1 z ( pugn8 ,inflect ar1 s$e1 mitt1 faci1 & v5i1 9 ! pres5t1 imp]fect1 & future active4 ,:at =ms ( -i v]bs ( ! ?ird conjugation are l audi8 :at l reg8 ,give ! rule = ! dative ) adjectives4 ,"n ! special intransitive v]bs t gov]n ! dative4 ,:at does ! imp]ative mood express8 ,h[ is ! pres5t active imp]ative =m$ 9 ! s+ul>8 9 ! plural8 ,:at ?ree v]bs h a %ort5$ pres5t active imp]ative8 ,give ! pres5t active imp]ative ( port1 dle1 ag1 faci1 mni4 ,,iv4 ,,review ,,( ,,lessons ,,xxvii-,,xxxvi #eac4 ,give ! ,engli% ( ! foll[+ words3 ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,decl5sion la cra mora porta prv9cia vta ,,n\ns ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,decl5sion animus nvigium aurum rculum brac*ium p]culum deus v5tus locus vnum mn/rum ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,decl5sions adv]sus dubius att5tus maximus crus p]fidus commtus plnus dfessus saevus dext] s9i/] ,,adv]bs ante ita cel]it] long dnique semp] di subit fr/r tam5 gravit] tum ,,conjunctions autem s ubi ,,prepositions d p] pr s9e ,,v]bs ,,conj4 ,i adprop9qu s]v nvig / occup sup] po/ul tempt recs v/ report vuln] ,,conj4 ,,ii cont9e ege prohibe responde t5e ,,conj4 ,,iii discd g] int]fici ,,irregul> ,,v]b absum #ead4 ,translate ! foll[+ words4 ,give ! g5itive & ! g5d] ( ! n\ns & ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! v]bs4 be away heavily w9d mon/] ?r\gh approa* if nev]!less savage place w\nd 7v]b7 be )\t1 lack w9e mov$ delay gold fai?less re/ra91 keep f "r )\t seize hold quickly sudd5ly be=e1 9 behalf ( de> battle always d[n f or conc]n+ god moreov] hold 91 keep greate/ af> oracle ?us1 s1 z foll[s dang] arm 7n\n7 lay wa/e :5 gate 9 va9 d\btful /& opposite1 adv]se br+ back1 w9 dem& be=e1 previ\sly f9ally dep>t1 g away att5tive prov9ce !n1 at t "t c>e1 tr\ble we>y kill ov]come1 conqu] reply 7v]b7 conqu] w+ boat1 %ip m9d1 he>t sail 7v]b7 left 7adj47 life be>1 c>ry on save try full = a long "t refuse #eae4 ,give ! pr9cipal p>ts & mean+ ( ! foll[+ v]bs3 sum fave d noce t5e dc iube pre ag dc mitt faci mni p]sude move s$e crd /ude rapi fugi rep]i v5i dle iaci resi/ vide audi absum mone ege capi g] doce / reg #eaf4 ,review ,que/ions4 ,:at are ! p]sonal end+s 9 ! passive voice8 ,:at is ! lett] -r sometimes call$8 ,:at are ! di/+ui%+ v[els ( ! f\r conjugations8 ,:at =ms con/itute ! pr9cipal p>ts8 ,:at are ! ?ree diff]5t conjugation /ems8 ,h[ may !y be f\nd8 ,:at are ! t5ses ( ! indicative8 ( ! inf9itive8 ,:at t5se ( ! imp]ative h y le>n$8 ,:at =ms are built on ! pres5t /em8 on ! p]fect /em8 on ! p>ticipial /em8 ,:at are ! end+s ( ! p]fect active indicative8 ,:at is ! t5se sign ( ! plup]fect active8 ( ! future p]fect active8 ,h[ is ! pres5t active inf9itive =m$8 ! pres5t passive inf9itive8 ,h[ is ! pres5t active imp]ative =m$8 ! pres5t passive imp]ative8 ,h[ is ! p]fect active inf9itive =m$8 ! p]fect passive inf9itive8 ,h[ is ! future active inf9itive =m$8 ,:at is a p>ticiple8 ,h[ are p>ticiples 9 -u decl9$8 ,give ! rule = ! agreem5t ( ! p>ticiple4 ,h[ are ! p]fect1 plup]fect1 & future p]fect passive indicative =m$8 ,conjugate ! v]b sum 9 all moods & t5ses z f> z y h le>n$ x 7#did74 ,:at is meant by ! sep>ative ablative8 ,h[ is ! place f :i* express$ 9 ,lat98 ,give ! rule = ! ablative ( sep>ation2 = ! ablative ( ! p]sonal ag5t4 ,h[ c we di/+ui% betwe5 ! ablative ( means & ! ablative ( ! p]sonal ag5t8 ,:at is ! p]fect def9ite8 ! p]fect indef9ite8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 mean+ betwe5 ! p]fect indef9ite & ! imp]fect8 ,:at two cases 9 ,lat9 may be gov]n$ by a preposition8 ,"n ! prepositions t gov]n ! ablative4 ,:at does ! preposition 9 mean :5 x gov]ns ! ablative8 ! accusative8 ,:at are ! ?ree int]rogatives us$ to introduce yes-&-no que/ions8 ,expla9 ! =ce ( ea*4 ,:at words are sometimes us$ = yes & no8 ,:at are ! diff]5t mean+s & uses ( ubi8 ,v4 ,,review ,,( ,,lessons ,,xxxvii-,,xliv #eag4 ,give ! ,engli% ( ! foll[+ words3 ,,n\ns ,,fir/ ,,decl5sion ,,second ,,decl5sion rpa b>b> captvus ca/ellum imp$m5tum ,,?ird ,,decl5sion animal hom rd arbor ho/s pat] avis ignis p$es ca$s imp]tor ps calamits nsigne pns calc> it] prnceps caput idex rx cvis labor sals clins lapis sanguis collis legi soror cnsul m>e tempus dns mt] t]ror dux mnsis turris eques mles urbs fnis mns victor flm5 nvis virts fns opus vs frt] rtor ,,adjectives ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,decl5sions b>b>us dext] s9i/] summus ,,prepositions 9 ) ! abl4 9 ) ! acc4 trns ,,adv]bs cotdi numquam ,,conjunctions nec1 neque nec444nec1 or neque444neque ,,v]bs ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,iii cess accipi oppugn pet confirm v9c vet incipi pon viv #eah4 ,translate ! foll[+ words4 ,give ! g5itive & ! g5d] ( ! n\ns & ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! v]bs3 =bid 9 rank1 r[ judge bro!r defeat1 disa/] =ce fire across tree savages foot soldi] horseman receive nev] g5]al m\nta9 highe/ manl9ess1 c\rage f\nta9 lead] orator put1 place nei!r444nor "t & n savage1 b>b>\s left si/] too? seek soldi] captive mon? h9drance1 baggage city captive victor h9drance1 baggage daily man-(-w> live 7v]b7 conqu] r$\bt1 =t consul sea "m t[] reta9] drill 7v]b7 citiz5 legion head t]ror safety into1 to assail1 /orm "r 7adj47 beg9 /one m>* blood decoration labor 7n\n7 bridge k+ bird spur cease *ief man slaught] riv] /r5g!n "w 7n\n7 foot & enemy %ip animal bank fa!r #eai4 ,review ,que/ions4 ,give ! conjugation ( possum4 ,:at is an inf9itive8 ,:at ?ree uses has ! ,lat9 inf9itive t are l ! ,engli%8 ,:at is ! case ( ! subject ( ! inf9itive8 ,:at is meant by a complem5t>y inf9itive8 ,9 ! s5t5ce ,! bad boy _c be happy1 :at is ! case ( happy8 ,give ! rule4 ,decl9e qu4 ,give ! rule = ! agreem5t ( ! relative4 ,:at are ! two uses ( ! int]rogative8 ,decl9e quis4 ,:at is ! base ( a n\n8 ,h[ is ! /em =m$ f ! base8 ,are ! /em & ! base ev] ! same8 ,h[ _m decl5sions ( n\ns are !re8 ,"n !m4 ,:at are ! two *ief divisions ( ! ?ird decl5sion8 ,h[ are ! consonant /ems classifi$8 ,expla9 ! =mation ( lapis f ! /em lapid-1 mles f mlit-1 rx f rg-4 ,:at n\ns h i-/ems8 ,:at peculi>ities ( =m d i-/ems h1--masc41 fem41 & neut48 ,"n ! five n\ns t h - & -e 9 ! abl4 ,decl9e turris4 ,give ! rules = g5d] 9 ! ?ird decl5sion4 ,decl9e mles1 lapis1 rx1 virts1 cnsul1 legi1 hom1 pat]1 flm51 opus1 tempus1 caput1 ca$s1 urbs1 ho/is1 m>e1 animal1 vs1 it]4 #ebj4 ,fill out ! foll[+ s*eme3 ,mascul9e ,,g5d] ,fem99e ,,end+s ,neut] ,,! ,,?ird ,i4 ,,consonant a4 ,masc4 & fem4 ,,decl5sion ,,/ems b4 ,neut]s ,,case ,,t]m9ations ,,ii4 ,i-,,/ems a4 ,masc4 & fem4 b4 ,neut]s ,,irregul> ,,n\ns ,,vi4 ,,review ,,( ,,lessons ,,xlv-,,lii #eba4 ,give ! ,engli% ( ! foll[+ words3 ,,n\ns ,,fir/ ,,decl5sion amcitia hra litt]a ,,second ,,decl5sion annus supplicium1 modus supplicium d>e nntius supplicium sm]e d oculus t]gum1 rgnum t]gum v]t]e signum ve/gium ,,?ird ,,decl5sion ae/s nox corpus p>s hiems px lb]ts rs lx1 sl prma lx vx nm5 vulnus ,,f\r? ,,decl5sion adv5tus impetus corn lacus domus manus equittus metus ex]citus portus fluctus ,,fif? ,,decl5sion acis rs1 dis rs ge/ae fids1 rs adv]sae 9 fidem v5re rs secundae rs pblica sps ,,indecl9able ,,n\n nihil ,,adjectives ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,decl5sions dnsus pr/9us invsus pblicus mrus secundus pauc tantus prmus vrus ,,?ird ,,decl5sion c]1 cris1 cre gravis1 grave brevis1 breve incolumis1 incolume difficilis1 difficile omnis1 omne faclis1 facile pr1 pr =tis1 =te vlx1 vlx ,,pron\ns ,,p]sonal ego ns su t vs ,,demon/rative hic dem ille i/e ,,int5sive ipse ,,indef9ite aliquis1 aliqu qudam quis1 qu quisquam quisque ,,adv]bs n444quidem quoque lim satis pa5e vr ,,conjunctions itaque nisi ,,prepositions ante po/ propt] ,,v]bs ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii conloc dbe convoc ex]ce crem mane dmn/r place m& su/9e ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv committ1 dsili committ]e proelium dcid ripi sm1 sm]e supplicium d trdc v]t #ebb4 ,translate ! foll[+ words4 ,give ! g5itive & ! g5d] ( ! n\ns & ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! v]bs4 if n1 unless adv]sity on acc\nt ( =m]1 old-"t public all1 e commonweal? any "o 7at all7 leap d[n1 dism\nt ?is 7( m9e7 unh>m$ heavy1 s]i\s lead across hateful1 dete/$ rema9 true call toge!r burn fri5d%ip snat* f footpr9t1 trace lett] ea* puni%m5t fe> 7n\n7 inflict puni%m5t on hope beh9d1 aft] !re=e suff] puni%m5t s great lib]ty equal sun 9 tru?1 inde$ su/a9 t 7yond]7 take up1 assume a c]ta9 h\r fall d[n reign1 realm owe1 ought mess5g] measure1 mode "p1 direction eye body "n h>bor wave1 bill[ fai?1 protection ?+1 matt] ( himself exploits also1 too republic suffici5tly prosp]ity y 7plur47 burn peace t 7( y\rs7 back be=e turn ! back1 retreat light night daybreak h&1 =ce w9t] lake attack day l9e ( battle commit1 intru/ army a few only drill1 tra9 %>p1 eag] jo9 battle we h\se1 home turn midday y 7s+47 wond]ful ,i brave signal almo/ summ] ! same cavalry "s1 any w\nd if any "o horn1 w+ self1 v c\ntry n ev5 second1 favorable easy =m]ly1 once d5se %ort po9t out1 expla9 voice difficult arrival fir/ come "u ! protection ( arrange1 /ation no?+ please swift ye> #ebc4 ,review ,que/ions4 ,by :at decl5sions are ,lat9 adjectives decl9$8 ,:at c y say ab\t ! /em ( adjectives ( ! ?ird decl5sion8 ,into :at classes are ^! adjectives divid$8 ,h[ c y tell to :i* ( ! classes an adjective belongs8 ,decl9e c]1 omnis1 pr4 ,:at are ! nom9ative end+s & g5d]s ( n\ns ( ! f\r? or u-decl5sion8 ,:at n\ns are fem99e by exception8 ,decl9e adv5tus1 lacus1 corn1 domus4 ,give ! rules = ! ord9>y expression ( ! place to :i*1 ! place f :i*1 ! place 9 :i*4 ,:at special rules apply to names ( t[ns1 small isl&s1 & rs8 ,:at is ! locative case8 ,:at words h a locative case8 ,:at is ! =m ( ! locative case8 ,translate ,galba lives at home1 ,galba lives at ,rome1 ,galba lives at ,pompeii4 ,:at is ! rule = g5d] 9 ! fif? or -decl5sion8 ,decl9e dis1 rs4 ,:5 is ! long %ort5$8 ,:at c y say ab\t ! plural ( ! fif? decl5sion8 ,decl9e tuba1 s]vus1 plum1 ag]1 pu]1 mles1 cnsul1 flm51 ca$s1 animal4 ,h[ is ! "t :5 express$8 ,"n ! classes ( pron\ns & def9e ea* class4 ,decl9e ego1 t1 is4 ,:at are ! reflexives ( ! fir/ & second p]sons8 ,:at is ! reflexive ( ! ?ird p]son8 ,decl9e x4 ,translate ,i see myself1 he sees himself1 he sees him4 ,decl9e ipse4 ,h[ is ipse us$8 ,decl9e dem4 ,decl9e hic1 i/e1 ille4 ,expla9 ! use ( ^! words4 ,"n & translate ! common] indef9ite pron\ns4 ,decl9e aliquis1 quisquam1 qudam1 quisque4 ,,vii4 ,,review ,,( ,,lessons ,,liii-,,lx #ebd4 ,give ! ,engli% ( ! foll[+ words3 ,,n\ns ,,fir/ ,,decl5sion aquila fossa ,,second ,,decl5sion a$ificium negtium captvus spatium concilium vllum imp]ium ,,?ird ,,decl5sion agm5 mors cel]its muli] cvits multitd clmor mnti cohors nm difficults obses explrtor opni gns regi ltitd rmor longitd scelus magnitd s]vits mns timor m]ctor valls mlle ,,f\r? ,,decl5sions aditus passus commetus ,,fif? ,,decl5sion rs frm5tria ,,adjectives ,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,decl5sions aequus pessimus bn plrimus duc5t po/]us duo prmus ext]us reliquus nf]us secundus maximus s+ul m$ius sup]us m9imus t>dus opportnus t]n optimus nus ,,?ird ,,decl5sion alac]1 alacris1 alacre audx1 audx cel]1 cel]is1 cel]e cit]ior1 cit]ius difficilis1 difficile dissimilis1 dissimile facilis1 facile gracilis1 gracile humilis1 humile +ns1 +ns int]ior1 int]ius lnis1 lne maior1 maius melior1 melius m9or1 m9us nbilis1 nbile peior1 peius ----1 pls prior1 prius recns1 recns similis1 simile trs1 tria ult]ior1 ult]ius ,,adv]bs crit] optim audct] p>um b5e paul facile plrimum f] prope =tit] propius magis proxim magnop]e quam maxim /atim melius tam m9im undique multum ,,conjunctions atque1 ac qu d caus aut quam ob rem aut 444 aut simul atque or et 444 et simul ac nam ,,prepositions circum contr int] ob trns ,,v]bs ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii cnor obt9e hortor p]t]re moror vale vex v]eor ,,conj4 ,,iii abd patior cad prem cognsc pr(icscor cnsequor prgr$ior cont5d qua] cupi recipi curr rel9qu dd rev]tor df5d sequor gr$ior /atu inc5d subsequor incol suscipi nsequor trd occd trah ,,conj4 ,,iv orior p]v5i #ebe4 ,translate ! foll[+ words4 ,give ! g5itive & ! g5d] ( ! n\ns & ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! v]bs3 on acc\nt ( wid? ne>ly sc\t ke5ly1 %>ply cohort ?\s& tribe1 nation two bus9ess opportune by a little rema9+ some:at above 7adj47 crime next difficult gra9 supply equal pace move =w>d1 advance %\t 7n\n7 fur!r f all sides multitude aga9/ woman ar\nd desire 7v]b7 ?ree give ov]1 surr5d] l9e ( m>* kill manor ov]take region ha/51 /rive =tification hide eagle "o almo/ fir/ boldly second1 favorable bravely two hundr$ across =m] betwe51 among inn] hi!r 7adj47 middle s l[ less outw>d m ?ree by ?ree mo/ provisions wor/ spe$ difficulty dit* ho/age :]e=e or !re=e dea? l5g? comm&1 p[] = ?is reason captive fe> 7n\n7 or return & inquire arrive set out attempt1 try move out1 disemb>k fe> 7v]b7 leave worse ab&on great]1 l>g] be /rong two by two receive1 recov] lea/ 7adv47 t]rify1 fright5 op9ion1 expectation dwell def5d /ate1 citiz5%ip approa*1 entrance valley trad] slav]y magnitude1 size greatly c\ncil1 assembly be/ ( all 7adv47 space1 room bett] 7adv47 ei!r 444 or well 7adv47 rise1 arise v mu* suff]1 all[ mu* press h>d unlike fall l 7adj47 surr5d] sl[ set fire to v greatly1 exce$+ly possess1 hold build+ delay 7v]b7 m9d 7n\n7 ne>e/ 7adv47 easily ne>] 7adv47 easy bett] 7adj47 rec5t well kn[n1 noble huge1 great ramp>t bold mild1 g5tle imm$iately swift z soon z eag] = l[ 7adj47 ?an sl5d] be/ 7adj47 "o by "o greate/ no "o foll[ close lea/ 7adv47 enc\rage little 7adv47 annoy1 ravage le>n1 "k hide drag foll[ und]take pursue run bo? 444 & fix1 decide #ebf4 ,review ,que/ions4 ,:at is meant by comp>ison8 ,9 :at two ways may adjectives be comp>$8 ,comp>e clrus1 brevis1 vlx1 & expla9 ! =mation ( ! comp>ative & ! sup]lative4 ,:at are ! adv]bs us$ 9 comp>ison8 ,comp>e brevis by adv]bs4 ,decl9e ! comp>ative ( vlx4 ,h[ are adjectives 9 -er comp>$8 ,comp>e c]1 pul*]1 lib]4 ,:at are possible translations = ! comp>ative & sup]lative8 ,"n ! six adjectives t =m ! sup]lative 9 -limus4 ,translate 9 two ways ,no?+ is bright] ?an ! sun4 ,give ! rule = ! ablative ) comp>atives4 ,comp>e bonus1 magnus1 malus1 multus1 p>vus1 ext]us1 nf]us1 po/]us1 sup]us4 ,decl9e pls4 ,comp>e cit]ior1 int]ior1 propior1 ult]ior4 ,translate ,t r\te to ,italy is mu* %ort]4 ,give ! rule = ! expression ( measure ( diff]5ce4 ,"n five words t are especially common 9 ?is con/ruction4 ,h[ are adv]bs usually =m$ f adjectives ( ! fir/ & second decl5sions8 f adjectives ( ! ?ird decl5sion8 ,comp>e ! adv]bs cr1 lb]1 =tit]1 audct]4 ,:at cases ( adjectives are sometimes us$ z adv]bs8 ,:at are ! adv]bs f facilis8 multus8 prmus8 plrimus8 bonus8 magnus8 p>vus8 ,comp>e prope1 saepe1 magnop]e4 ,h[ are num]als classifi$8 ,give ! fir/ tw5ty c>d9als4 ,decl9e nus1 duo1 trs1 mlle4 ,h[ are ! hundr$s decl9$8 ,:at is meant by ! p>titive g5itive8 ,give ! rule = ! p>titive g5itive4 ,:at sort ( words are commonly us$ ) ?is con/ruction8 ,:at con/ruction is us$ ) qudam & c>d9al numb]s except+ mlle8 ,give ! fir/ tw5ty ord9als4 ,h[ are !y decl9$8 ,h[ are ! di/ributives decl9$8 ,give ! rule = ! expression ( duration ( "t & ext5t ( space4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ablative ( "t & ! accusative ( "t8 ,:at is a depon5t v]b8 ,give ! synopsis ( "o4 ,:at =m always has a passive mean+8 ,conjugate am1 mone1 reg1 capi1 audi1 9 ! active & passive4 ,,viii4 ,,review ,,( ,,lessons ,,lxi-,,lxix #ebg4 ,review ! vocabul>ies ( ! fir/ sev5te5 lessons4 ,see #ejb1 #ejc1 #ejf1 #ejg4 #ebh4 ,review ,que/ions4 ,"n ! t5ses ( ! subjunctive4 ,:at "t is d5ot$ by ^! t5ses8 ,:at are ! mood signs ( ! pres5t subjunctive8 ,h[ may ! imp]fect subjunctive be =m$8 ,h[ d ! p]fect subjunctive & ! future p]fect indicative active diff] 9 =m8 ,h[ is ! plup]fect subjunctive active =m$8 ,inflect ! subjunctive active & passive ( cr1 dle1 v9c1 rapi1 mni4 ,inflect ! subjunctive t5ses ( sum2 ( possum4 ,:at are ! t5ses ( ! p>ticiples 9 ! active8 ,:at 9 ! passive8 ,give ! active & passive p>ticiples ( am1 mone1 reg1 capi1 audi4 ,decl9e regns4 ,:at p>ticiples d depon5t v]bs h8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 mean+ betwe5 ! p]fect p>ticiple ( a depon5t v]b & ( "o n depon5t8 ,give ! p>ticiples ( v]eor4 ,h[ %\ld p>ticiples usually be translat$8 ,conjugate vol1 nol1 ml1 f4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! indicative & subjunctive 9 _! fundam5tal ideas8 ,h[ is purpose usually express$ 9 ,engli%8 ,h[ is x express$ 9 ,lat98 ,by :at words is a ,lat9 purpose clause introduc$8 ,:5 %\ld qu be us$8 ,:at is meant by sequ5ce ( t5ses8 ,"n ! prim>y t5ses ( ! indicative & ( ! subjunctive2 ! second>y t5ses4 ,:at ,lat9 v]bs are regul>ly foll[$ by sub/antive clauses ( purpose8 ,:at con/ruction foll[s iube8 ,:at con/ruction foll[s v]bs ( fe>+8 ,h[ is consequ5ce or result express$ 9 ,lat98 ,h[ is a result clause introduc$8 ,:at words are (t5 f\nd 9 ! pr9cipal clause =e%ad[+ ! com+ ( a result clause8 ,h[ may negative purpose be di/+ui%$ f negative result8 ,:at is meant by ! subjunctive ( *>act]i/ic or description8 ,h[ are su* clauses introduc$8 ,expla9 ! ablative absolute4 ,:y is ! ablative absolute ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ,lat98 ,expla9 ! pr$icate accusative4 ,aft] :at v]bs are two accusatives commonly f\nd8 ,:at d ^! accusatives become :5 ! v]b is passive8 ,illu/ration3 ,,imp]ator ,,milites ,,hortatur ,,special ,,vocabul>ies ,! words 9 heavy type are us$ 9 ,cs>'s 8,gallic ,w>40 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,ea* *apt]'s ,special ,vocabul>y 0 includ$ ) its *apt] text 9 addition to its orig9al location "h4 ,details are giv5 9 ! ,transcrib]'s ,note at ! beg9n+ ( ! text4 ,9 ! pr9t$ book1 ! vocabul>ies = ,lesson ,,iv & ,lesson ,v appe>$ on ! same page2 ! ,footnote ab\t conjunctions 0 %>$ by ! two li/s4 ,,lesson ,,iv1 #ci ,,n\ns dea1 goddess 7deity7 ,dina1 ,diana f]a1 a wild bea/ 7fi]ce7 ,ltna1 ,latona sagitta1 arr[ ,,v]bs e/1 he 7%e1 x7 is2 sunt1 !y are necat1 he 7%e1 x7 kills1 is kill+1 does kill ,,conjunction,a et1 & ,,pron\ns quis1 int]rog4 pron\n1 nom4 s+41 :o8 cuius 7pron\nc$ cooiyoos1 two syllables71 int]rog4 pron\n1 g54 s+41 ^:8 ,footnote ,a3 ,a conjunction is a ^w :i* connects words1 p>ts ( s5t5ces1 or s5t5ces4 ,,lesson ,v1 #dg ,,n\ns corna1 wrea?1 g>l&1 cr[n fbula1 /ory 7fable7 pecnia1 money 7pecuni>y7 pugna1 battle 7pugnaci\s7 victria1 victory ,,v]bs dat1 he 7%e1 x7 gives nrrat1 he 7%e1 x7 tells 7n>rate7 ,,conjunction,a quia or quod1 because cui 7pron\nc$ cooi1 "o syllable71 int]rog4 pron\n1 dat4 s+41 to :om8 = :om8 ,footnote ,a3 ,a conjunction is a ^w :i* connects words1 p>ts ( s5t5ces1 or s5t5ces4 ,,lesson ,,vi1 #ef ,,adjectives bona1 good grta1 pleas+ magna1 l>ge1 great mala1 bad1 wick$ p>va1 small1 little pul*ra1 beautiful1 pretty sla1 alone ,,n\ns ancilla1 maids]vant ,ilia1 ,julia ,,adv]bs,a cr1 :y nn1 n ,,pron\ns mea1 my2 tua1 ?y1 y\r 7possesives7 quid1 int]rog4 pron\n1 nom4 & acc4 s+41 :at8 -ne1 ! "q sign1 an enclitic 7#af7 add$ to ! fir/ ^w1 :i*1 9 a "q1 is usually ! v]b1 z amat1 he loves1 b amatne8 does he love8 e/1 he is2 e/ne8 is he8 ,( c\rse -ne is n us$ :5 ! s5t5ce conta9s quis1 cr1 or "s o!r int]rogative ^w4 ,footnote ,a3 ,an adv]b is a ^w us$ to modify a v]b1 an adjective1 or ano!r adv]b2 z1 ,%e s+s sweetly2 %e is v tal5t$2 %e began to s+ v e>ly4 ,,lesson ,,vii1 #fb ,,n\ns casa1 -ae1 f41 cottage cna1 -ae1 f41 d9n] gallna1 -ae1 f41 h51 *ick5 nsula1 ae1 f41 isl& 7p5-insula7 ,,adv]bs de-9de1 !n1 9 ! next place ubi1 :]e ,,preposition ad1 to1 ) acc4 to express motion t[>d ,,pron\n quem1 int]rog4 pron\n1 acc4 s+41 :om8 ,,v]bs habitat1 he 7%e1 x7 lives1 is liv+1 does live 7inhabit7 laudat1 he 7%e1 x7 praises1 is prais+1 does praise 7laud7 p>at1 he 7%e1 x7 prep>es1 is prep>+1 does prep>e vocat1 he 7%e1 x7 calls1 is call+1 does call2 invites1 is invit+1 does invite 7vocation7 ,,lesson ,,viii1 #fi ,,n\ns ,italia1 -ae1 f41 ,italy ,sicilia1 -ae1 f41 ,sicily tuba1 -ae1 f41 trumpet 7tube7 via1 -ae1 f41 way1 road1 /reet 7viaduct7 ,,adjectives alta1 high1 deep 7altitude7 clra1 cle>1 bright2 fam\s lta1 wide 7latitude7 longa1 long 7longitude7 nova1 new 7novelty7 ,,lesson ,,ix1 #gg ,,n\ns bellum1 -1 n41 w> 7re-bel7 cn/antia1 -ae1 f41 firmness1 con/ancy1 /ead9ess dom9us1 -1 m41 ma/]1 "l 7dom9ate7 equus1 -1 m41 horse 7equ9e7 frm5tum1 -1 n41 gra9 lgtus1 -1 m41 lieut5ant1 ambassador 7legate7 ,mrcus1 -1 m41 ,m>cus1 ,m>k mrus1 -1 m41 wall 7mural7 oppidnus1 -1 m41 t[nsman oppidum1 -1 n41 t[n plum1 -1 n41 spe> 7pile driv]7 s]vus1 -1 m41 slave1 s]vant ,sextus1 -1 m41 ,sextus ,,v]bs crat1 he 7%e1 x7 c>es =1 ) acc4 prop]at1 he 7%e1 x7 ha/5s ,,lesson ,x1 #hb ,,n\ns amcus1 -1 m41 fri5d 7amicable7 ,g]mnia1 -ae1 f41 ,g]many patria1 -ae1 f41 fa!rl& populus1 -1 m41 p ,rhnus1 -1 m41 ! ,rh9e vcus1 -1 m41 village ,,lesson ,,xi1 #hf ,,n\ns arma1 armrum1 n41 plur41 arms1 especially def5sive weapons fma1 -ae1 f41 rumor2 reputation1 fame galea1 -ae1 f41 helmet pra$a1 -ae1 f41 booty1 spoils 7pr$atory7 tlum1 -1 n41 weapon ( (f5se1 spe> ,,adjectives drus1 -a1 -um1 h>d1 r\gh2 unfeel+1 cruel2 sev]e1 toilsome 7durable7 ,rmnus1 -a1 -um1 ,roman4 ,z a n\n1 ,rmnus1 -1 m41 a ,roman ,,lesson ,,xii1 #ij ,,n\ns flius1 fl1 m41 son 7filial7 fluvius1 fluv1 m41 riv] 7flu5t7 gladius1 glad1 m41 sword 7gladiator7 praesidium1 praesid1 n41 g>rison1 gu>d1 protection proelium1 proel1 n41 battle ,,adjectives fnitimus1 -a1 -um1 bord]+ ^u1 neighbor+1 ne> to4 ,z a n\n1 fnitim1 -rum1 m41 plur41 neighbors ,g]mnus1 -a1 -um1 ,g]man4 ,z a n\n1 ,g]mnus1 -1 m41 a ,g]man multus1 -a1 -um1 mu*2 plur41 _m ,,adv]b saepe1 (t5 ,,lesson ,,xiii1 #ie ,,n\ns ag]1 agr1 m41 field 7acre7 cpia1 -ae1 f41 pl5ty1 abundance 7copi\s72 plur41 troops1 =ces ,cornlius1 ,cornl1 m41 ,cornelius lrca1 -ae1 f41 coat ( mail1 corselet praemium1 praem1 n41 rew>d1 prize 7premium7 pu]1 pu]1 m41 boy 7pu]ile7 ,rma1 -ae1 f41 ,rome sctum1 -1 n41 %ield 7escut*eon7 vir1 vir1 m41 man1 h]o 7virile7 ,,adjectives leginrius1 -a1 -um1,a legion>y1 belong+ to ! legion4 ,z a n\n1 leginri1 -rum1 m41 plur41 legion>y soldi]s lb]1 lb]a1 lb]um1 free 7lib]ty7 ,z a n\n4 lb]1 -rum1 m41 plur41 *ildr5 7lit4 ! freeborn7 pul*]1 pul*ra1 pul*rum1 pretty1 beautiful ,,preposition apud1 among1 ) acc4 ,,conjunction s$1 b ,footnote ,a3 ,! g5itive s+ul> mascul9e ( adjectives 9 -ius ends 9 -i & ! vocative 9 -ie2 n 9 -1 z 9 n\ns4 ,,lesson ,,xiv1 #ii ,,n\ns auxilium1 auxil1 n41 help1 aid 7auxili>y7 ca/rum1 -1 n41 =t 7ca/le72 plur41 camp 7lit4 =ts7 cibus1 -1 m41 food cnsilium1 cnsil1 n41 plan 7c\nsel7 dlig5tia1 -ae1 f41 dilig5ce1 indu/ry magi/]1 magi/r1 m41 ma/]1 tea*],a ,,adjectives aeg]1 aegra1 aegrum1 sick crb]1 crbra1 crbrum1 frequ5t mis]1 mis]a1 mis]um1 wret*$1 un=tunate 7mis]7 ,footnote ,a3 ,obs]ve t dom9us1 z di/+ui%$ f magi/]1 means ma/] 9 ! s5se ( own]4 ,,lesson ,,xv1 #ajg ,,n\ns c>rus1 -1 m41 c>t1 wagon inopia1 -ae1 f41 want1 lack2 ! opposite ( cpia /udium1 /ud1 n41 zeal1 eag]ness 7/udy7 ,,adjectives armtus1 -a1 -um1 arm$ nfrmus1 -a1 -um1 week1 feeble 7infirm7 validus1 -a1 -um1 /rong1 /urdy ,,v]b mtrat1 he 7%e1 x7 ha/5s4 ,cf4 prop]at ,,adv]b iam1 already1 n[ -que1 conjunction1 &2 an enclitic 7cf4 #af7 & always add$ to ! second ( two words to be connect$1 z arma tlaque1 arms & weapons4 ,,lesson ,,xvii1 #aag ,,n\ns agr cultra1 -ae1 f41 agriculture ,gallia1 -ae1 f41 ,gaul domicilum1 domcil1 n41 dwell+ place 7domicile71 abode ,gallus1 -i1 m41 a ,gaul lacrima1 -ae1 f41 te> fm9a1 -ae1 f41 woman 7female7 num]us1 -1 m41 numb] 7num]al7 ,,adjective mtrus1 -a1 -um1 ripe1 mature ,,adv]b qu1 :i!r ,,v]bs arat1 he 7%e1 x7 pl[s 7arable7 dsd]at1 he 7%e1 x7 misses1 longs = 7desire71 ) acc4 ,,conjunction an1 or1 introduc+ ! second half ( a d\ble "q1 z ,is he a ,roman or a ,gaul1 ,e/ne ,romanus an ,gallus8 ,,lesson ,,xviii1 #abd ,,n\ns ldus1 -1 m41 s*ool socius1 soc1 m41 companion1 ally 7social7 ,,adjectives rtus1 -a1 -um1 angry1 furi\s 7irate7 laetus1 -a1 -um1 happy1 glad 7social7 ,,adv]bs hodi1 to-day ibi1 !re1 9 t place mox1 pres5tly1 soon1 ( ! imm$iate future nunc1 n[1 ! pres5t mom5t np]1 lately1 rec5tly1 ( ! imm$iate pa/ ,,lesson ,,xx1 #acf ,,n\ns frma1 -ae1 f41 =m1 beauty regna1 -ae1 f41 que5 7regal7 po5a1 -ae1 f41 puni%m5t1 p5alty sup]bia1 -ae1 f41 pride1 haught9ess pot5tia1 -ae1 f41 p[] 7pot5t7 tr/ta1 -ae1 f41 sadness1 sorr[ ,,adjectives septem1 indecl9able1 sev5 sup]bus1 -a1 -um1 pr\d1 haughty 7sup]b7 ,,conjunctions nn slum 444 s$ etiam1 n only 444 b also ,,lesson ,,xxi1 #adj ,,n\ns sacrum1 -1 n41 sacrifice1 (f]+1 rite v]bum1 -1 n41 ^w 7v]b7 ,,v]bs s$e1 -re1 sit 7s$im5t7 vol1 -re1 fly 7volatile7 ,,adjectives int]fectus1 -a1 -um1 sla9 mole/us1 -a1 -um1 tr\blesome1 annoy+ 7mole/7 p]petuus1 -a1 -um1 p]petual1 cont9u\s ego1 p]sonal pron\n1 ,i 7egotism74 ,always emphatic 9 ! nom9ative4 ,,lesson ,,xxii1 #adf ,,n\ns disciplna1 -ae1 f41 tra9+1 culture1 discipl9e ,gius1 ,g1 m41 ,caius1 a ,roman fir/ "n rnm5tum1 -1 n41 ornam5t1 jewel ,tib]ius1 ,tiber1 m41 ,tib]ius1 a ,roman fir/ "n ,,v]b doce1 -re1 tea* 7doctr9e7 ,,adv]b maxim1 mo/ ( all1 especially ,,adjective antquus1 -qua1 -quum1 old1 anci5t 7antique7 ,,lesson ,,xxvii1 #afh ,,n\ns la1 -ae1 f41 w+ deus1 -1 m41 god 7deity7,a mon/rum1 -1 n41 om51 prodigy2 mon/] rculum1 -1 n41 oracle ,,v]b v/1 -re1 lay wa/e1 deva/ate ,,adjectives commtus1 -a1 -um1 mov$1 excit$ maximus1 -a1 -um1 greate/ 7maximum7 saevus1 -a1 -um1 fi]ce1 savage ,,adv]bs ita1 ?us1 9 ?is way1 z foll[s tum1 !n1 at t "t ,footnote ,a3 ,= ! decl5sion ( deus1 see #dfh ,,lesson ,,xxviii1 #aga ,,v]bs responde1 -re1 respond1 reply s]v1 -re1 save1 pres]ve ,,adjective crus1 -a1 -um1 de> 7*]i%7 ,,conjunction autem1 b1 moreov]1 n[4 ,usually /&s second1 nev] fir/ ,,n\n vta1 -ae1 f41 life 7vital7 ,,lesson ,,xxix1 #agf ,,v]b sup]1 -re1 conqu]1 ov]come 7insup]able7 ,,n\ns cra1 -ae1 f41 c>e1 tr\ble locus1 -1 m41 place1 spot 7location74 ,locus is neut] 9 ! plural & is decl9$ loca1 -rum1 etc4 p]culum1 -1 n41 dang]1 p]il ,,adv]bs semp]1 always tam51 yet1 nev]!less ,,prepositions d1 ) abl41 d[n f42 conc]n+ p]1 ) acc41 ?r\gh ,,conjunction si1 if ,,lesson ,,xxx1 #ahb ,,v]bs absum1 abesse1 irreg41 be away1 be abs5t1 be di/ant1 ) sep>ative abl4 adprop9qu1 -re1 draw ne>1 approa* 7prop9quity71 ) dative,a cont9e1 -re1 hold toge!r1 hem 91 keep 7conta97 discd1 -ere1 dep>t1 g away1 leave1 ) sep>ative abl4 ege1 -re1 lack1 ne$1 be )\t1 ) sep>ative abl4 int]fici1 -ere1 kill prohibe1 -re1 re/ra91 keep f 7prohibit7 vuln]1 -re1 w\nd 7vuln]able7 ,,n\ns prv9cia1 -ae1 f41 prov9ce vnum1 -1 n41 w9e ,,adjective dfessus1 -a1 -um1 we>y1 worn out ,,adv]b long1 f>1 by f>1 f> away ,footnote ,a3 ,?is v]b gov]ns ! dative because ! idea ( ne>ness to is /rong] ?an t ( motion to4 ,if ! latt] idea 7 ! /rong]1 ! ^w w\ld be us$ ) ad & ! accusative4 ,,lesson ,,xxxi1 #ahh ,,n\ns aurum1 -1 n41 gold 7oriole7 mora1 -ae1 f41 delay nvigium1 nvig1 n41 boat1 %ip v5tus1 -1 m41 w9d 7v5tilate7 ,,v]b nvig1 -re1 sail 7navigate7 ,,adjectives att5tus1 -a1 -um1 att5tive1 c>eful dubius1 -a1 -um1 d\btful 7dubi\s7 p]fidus1 -a1 -um1 fai?less1 trea*]\s 7p]fidy7 ,,adv]b ante1 be=e1 previ\sly ,,preposition s9e1 ) abl41 )\t ,,lesson ,,xxxii1 #aic ,,n\ns animus1 -1 m41 m9d1 he>t2 _s1 feel+ 7animate7 brac*ium1 brac*1 n41 =e>m1 arm porta1 -ae1 f41 gate 7portal7 ,,adjectives adv]sus1 -a1 -um1 opposite2 adv]se1 contr>y plnus1 -a1 -um1 full 7pl5ty7 ,,preposition pr1 ) abl41 be=e2 9 behalf (2 in/ead ( ,,adv]b di1 = a long "t1 long ,,lesson ,,xxxiv1 #bjj ,,adv]bs cel]it]1 quickly 7cel]ity7 dnique1 f9ally gravit]1 heavily1 sev]ely 7gravity7 subit1 sudd5ly ,,v]b report1 -re1 -v1 br+ back1 re/ore2 w91 ga9 7report7 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi1 #baa dext]1 dextra1 dextrum1 "r 7dextr\s7 s9i/]1 s9i/ra1 s9i/rum1 left fr/r1 adv41 9 va9 7fru/rate7 g]1 g]]e1 gess1 ge/us1 be>1 c>ry on2 we>2 bellum g]]e1 to wage w> occup1 occupre1 occupv1 occuptus1 seize1 take possession ( 7occupy7 po/ul1 po/ulre1 po/ulv1 po/ultus1 dem& 7ex-po/ulate7 recs1 recsre1 recsv1 recstus1 refuse /1 /re1 /et1 /atus1 /& tempt1 temptre1 temptv1 tempttus1 try1 tempt1 te/2 attempt t5e1 t5re1 t5u1 ----1 keep1 hold 7t5aci\s7 ,! ^w ubi1 :i* we h us$ s mu* 9 ! s5se ( :]e 9 ask+ a "q1 has two o!r uses equally important3 #a4 ubi :51 z a relative conjunction d5ot+ "t2 z1 ,ubi mn/rum audvrunt1 fgrunt1 :5 !y he>d ! mon/]1 !y fl$ #b4 ubi :]e1 z a relative conjunction d5ot+ place2 z1 ,vide oppidum ubi ,galba habitat1 ,i see ! t[n :]e ,galba lives ubi is call$ a relative conjunction because x is equival5t to a relative pron\n4 ,:5 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce is equival5t to at ! "t at :i*2 & 9 ! second1 :]e is equival5t to ! place 9 :i*4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii1 #bag neque or nec1 conj41 nei!r1 nor1 & 444 n2 neque 444 neque1 nei!r 444 nor ca/ellum1 -1 n41 r$\bt1 =t 7ca/le7 cotdi1 adv41 daily cess1 cessre1 cessv1 cesstus1 cease1 ) ! inf94 incipi1 incip]e1 incp1 inceptus1 beg9 7incipi5t71 ) ! inf94 oppugn1 oppugnre1 oppugnv1 oppugntus1 /orm1 assail pet1 pet]e1 petivi or peti1 pettus1 aim at1 assail1 /orm1 attack2 seek1 ask 7petition7 pn1 pn]e1 posu1 positus1 place1 put 7position72 ca/ra pn]e1 to pit* camp possum1 posse1 potu1 ----1 be able1 c 7pot5t71 ) ! inf94 vet1 vetre1 vetu1 vetitus1 =bid 7veto71 vi? ! inf942 opposite ( iube1 comm& v9c1 v9c]e1 vc1 victus1 conqu] 79-v9cible7 vv1 vv]e1 vx1 ----1 live1 be alive 7re-vive7 ,,lesson ,,xxxix1 #bcd b>b>us1 -a1 -um1 /range1 =eign1 b>b>\s4 ,z a n\n1 b>b>1 -rum1 m41 plur41 savages1 b>b>ians dux1 ducis1 m41 lead] 7duke74 ,cf4 ! v]b dc eques1 equitis1 m41 horseman1 cavalryman 7eque/rian7 idex1 idicis1 m41 judge lapis1 lapidis1 m41 /one 7lapid>y7 mles1 mlitis1 m41 soldi] 7militia7 p$es1 p$itis1 m41 foot soldi] 7p$e/rian7 ps1 p$is1,a m41 foot 7p$al7 prnceps1 prncipis1 m41 *ief 7pr9cipal7 rx1 rgis1 m41 k+ 7regal7 summus1 -a1 -um1 highe/1 greate/ 7summit7 virts1 virttis1 f41 manl9ess1 c\rage 7virtue7 ,footnote ,a3 ,obs]ve t e is long 9 ! nom4 s+1 & %ort 9 ! o!r cases4 ,,lesson ,,xl1 #bcg ,caes>1 -aris1 m41 ,cs> captvus1 -1 m41 captive1 prison] cnsul1 -is1 m41 consul frt]1 frtris1 m41 bro!r 7frat]nity7 hom1 hom9is1 m41 man1 human be+ imp$m5tum1 -1 n41 h9drance 7imp$im5t72 plur4 imp$m5ta1 -rum1 baggage imp]tor1 imp]tris1 m41 comm&] 9 *ief1 g5]al 7emp]or7 legi1 leginis1 f41 legion mt]1 mtris1 f41 "m 7mat]nal7 rd1 rd9is1 m41 r[1 rank 7ord]7 pat]1 patris1 m41 fa!r 7pat]nal7 sals1 saltis1 f41 safety 7salut>y7 soror1 sorris1 f41 si/] 7sorority7 ,,lesson ,,xli1 #bci calamits1 calamittis1 f41 loss1 disa/]1 defeat 7calamity7 caput1 capitis1 n41 head 7capital7 flm51 flm9is1 n41 riv] 7flume7 labor1 labris1 m41 labor1 toil opus1 op]is1 n41 "w1 task rtor1 rtris1 m41 orator rpa1 -ae1 f41 bank 7( a /ream7 tempus1 temporis1 n41 "t 7temporal7 t]ror1 t]rris1 m41 t]ror1 fe> victor1 victris1 m41 victor accipi1 accip]e1 accp1 acceptus1 receive1 accept cnfirm1 cnfrmre1 cnfrmv1 cnfrmtus1 /r5g!n1 e/abli%1 enc\rage 7confirm7 ,,lesson ,,xliii1 #bde animal1 animlis 7-ium,a71 n41 animal avis1 avis 7-ium71 f41 bird 7aviation7 ca$s1 ca$is 7-ium71 f41 slaught] calc>1 calcris 7-ium71 n41 spur cvis1 cvis 7-ium71 m4 & f41 citiz5 7civic7 clins1 cli5tis 7-ium71 m41 reta9]1 dep5d5t 7cli5t7 fnis1 fnis 7-ium71 m41 end1 limit 7f9al72 plur41 c\ntry1 t]ritory ho/is1 ho/is 7-ium71 m4 & f41 enemy 9 w> 7ho/ile74 ,di/+ui% f inimcus1 :i* means a p]sonal enemy ignis1 ignis 7-ium71 m41 fire 7ignite7 nsigne1 nsignis 7-ium71 n4 decoration1 badge 7ensign7 m>e1 m>is 7-ium,b71 n41 sea 7m>9e7 nvis1 nvis 7-ium71 f41 %ip 7naval72 nvis longa1 man-(-w> turris1 turris 7-ium71 f41 t[] 7turret7 urbs1 urbis 7-ium71 f41 city 7suburb74 ,an urbs is l>g] ?an an oppidum4 ,footnote ,a3 ,! g5itive plural end+ -ium is writt5 to m>k ! i-/ems4 ,footnote ,b3 ,! g5itive plural ( m>e is n 9 use4 ,,lesson ,,xliv1 #bdi arbor1 arboris1 f41 tree 7arbor7 collis1 collis 7-ium71 m41 hill dns1 d5tis 7-ium71 m41 too? 7d5ti/7 fns1 fontis 7-ium71 m44 f\nta91 spr+2 s\rce it]1 it9]is1 n41 m>*1 j\rney1 r\te 7it9]>y7 mnsis1 mnsis 7-ium71 m41 mon? mo5ia1 -ium1 n41 plur41 walls1 =tifications4 ,cf4 mrus mns1 montis 7-ium71 m41 m\nta92 summus mns1 top ( ! m\nta9 numquam1 adv41 nev] pns1 pontis1 m41 bridge 7pontoon7 sanguis1 sangu9is1 m41 blood 7sangu9>y7 summus1 -a1 -um1 highe/1 greate/ 7summit7 trns1 prep1 ) acc41 across 7transatlantic7 vs 7vs71 g54 plur4 virium1 f4 /r5g?1 =ce1 viol5ce 7vim7 ,,lesson ,,xlv1 #beh c]1 cris1 cre1 %>p1 ke51 eag] 7acrid7 brevis1 breve1 %ort1 brief difficilis1 difficile1 difficult facilis1 facile1 facile1 easy =tis1 =te1 brave 7=titude7 gravis1 grave1 heavy1 sev]e1 s]i\s 7grave7 omnis1 omne1 e1 all 7omnibus7 pr1 g54 p>is1 equal 7p>7 pauc1 -ae1 -a1 few1 only a few 7paucity7 secundus1 -a1 -um1 second2 favorable1 opposite ( adv]sus signum1 -1 n41 signal1 sign1 /&>d vlx1 g54 vlcis1 swift 7velocity7 conloc1 conlocre1 conlocv1 conloctus1 arrange1 /ation1 place 7collocation7 dmn/r1 dmn/rre1 dmn/rv1 dmn/rtus1 po9t out1 expla9 7demon/rate7 m&1 m&re1 m&v1 m&tus1 commit1 intru/ 7m&ate7 ,,lesson ,,xlvi1 #bfa adv5tus1 -s1 m41 approa*1 arrival 7adv5t7 ante1 prep1 ) acc41 be=e 7ante-date7 corn1 -s1 n41 horn1 w+ ( an army 7cornucopia72 dextr corn1 on ! "r w+2 s9i/r corn1 on ! left w+ equittus1 -s1 m41 cavalry ex]citus1 -s1 m41 army impetus1 -s1 m41 attack 7impetus72 impetum fac]e 91 ) acc41 to make an attack on lacus1 -s1 dat4 & abl4 plur4 lacubus1 m41 lake manus1 -s1 f41 h&2 b&1 =ce 7manual7 portus1 -s1 m41 h>bor 7port7 po/1 prep1 ) acc41 beh9d1 aft] 7po/-mortem7 crem1 cremre1 cremv1 cremtus1 burn 7cremate7 ex]ce1 ex]cre1 ex]cu1 ex]citus1 practice1 drill1 tra9 7ex]cise7 ,,lesson ,,xlvii1 #bgj ,a?nae1 -rum1 f41 plur41 ,a!ns ,cor9?us1 -1 f41 ,cor9? domus1 -s1 locative dom1 f41 h\se1 home 7dome74 ,cf4 domicilium ,g5va1 -ae1 f41 ,g5eva ,pompii1 -rum1 m41 plur41 ,pompeii1 a city 9 ,campania4 ,see map propt]1 prep4 ) acc41 on acc\nt (1 because ( rs1 rris1 9 ! plur4 only nom4 & acc4 rra1 n41 c\ntry 7ru/ic7 t]gum1 t]g1 n41 back2 t]g1 beh9d1 9 ! re> vulnus1 vuln]is1 n41 w\nd 7vuln]able7 committ1 committ]e1 comms1 commissus1 intru/1 commit2 proelium committ]e1 jo9 battle convoc1 convocre1 convocv1 convoctus1 call toge!r1 summon 7convoke7 "t1 timre1 timu1 ----1 fe>2 be afraid 7timid7 v]t1 v]t]e1 v]t1 v]sus1 turn1 *ange 7conv]t72 t]ga v]t]e1 to turn ! backs1 h5ce to retreat ,,lesson ,,xlviii1 #bgf acis1 -1 f41 l9e ( battle ae/s1 ae/tis1 f41 summ] annus1 -1 m41 ye> 7annual7 dis1 di1 m41 day 7di>y7 fids1 fide1 no plur41 f41 fai?1 tru/2 promise1 ^w2 protection2 9 fidem v5re1 to come "u ! protection fluctus1 -s1 m4 wave1 bill[ 7fluctuate7 hiems1 hiemis1 f41 w9t] hra1 -ae1 f41 h\r lx1 lcis1 f41 light 7lucid72 prma lux1 daybreak m]dis1 acc4 -em1 abl4 -1 no plur41 m41 midday 7m]idian7 nox1 noctis 7-ium71 f41 night 7nocturnal7 prmus1 -a1 -um1 fir/ 7prime7 rs1 re1 f41 ?+1 matt] 7real72 rs ge/ae1 de$s1 exploits 7lit4 ?+s p]=m$72 rs adv]sae1 adv]sity2 rs secundae1 prosp]ity sps1 spe1 f41 hope ,,lesson ,,xlix1 #bhc amcitia1 -ae1 f41 fri5d%ip 7amicable7 itaque1 conj41 & s1 !re=e1 accord+ly litt]a1 -ae1 f41 a lett] ( ! alphabet2 plur41 a lett]1 an epi/le metus1 mets1 m41 fe> nihil1 indecl9able1 n41 no?+ 7nihili/7 nntius1 nnt1 m41 mess5g]4 ,cf4 nnti px1 pcis1 f41 peace 7pacify7 rgnum1 -1 n41 reign1 sov]eignty1 k+dom supplicum1 supplic1 n41 puni%m5t2 supplicum sm]e d1 ) abl41 inflict puni%m5t on2 supplicum d>e1 suff] puni%m5t4 ,cf4 po5a place1 placre1 placu1 placitus1 be pleas+ to1 please1 ) dative4 ,cf4 #aed sm1 sm]e1 smps1 smptus1 take up1 assume su/9e1 su/9re1 su/9u1 su/5tus1 su/a9 ,,lesson ,l1 #bhh corpus1 corporis1 n41 body 7corporal7 dnsus1 -a1 -um1 d5se dem1 eadem1 idem1 demon/rative pron\n1 ! same 7id5tity7 ipse1 ipsa1 ipsum1 int5sive pron\n1 self2 ev51 v mrus1 -a1 -um1 wond]ful1 m>vel\s 7miracle7 lim1 adv41 =m]ly1 once ^u a "t p>s1 p>tis 7-ium71 f41 "p1 region1 direction quoque1 adv41 also4 ,/&s aft] ! ^w :i* x emphasizes sl1 slis1 m41 sun 7sol>7 vrus1 -a1 -um1 true1 real 7v]ity7 dbe1 dbre1 dbu1 dbitus1 owe1 ought 7debt7 ripi1 rip]e1 ripu1 reptus1 snat* f ,,lesson ,,li1 #bid hic1 haec1 hoc1 demon/rative pron\n1 ?is 7( m9e72 he1 %e1 x ille1 illa1 illud1 demon/rative pron\n t 7yond]72 he1 %e1 x invsus1 -a1 -um1 hateful1 dete/$1 ) dative ,cf4 #adc i/e1 i/a1 i/ud1 demon/rative pron\n1 t 7( y\rs72 he1 %e1 x lb]ts1 -tis1 f41 lib]ty modus1 -1 m41 measure2 mann]1 way1 mode nm51 nm9is1 n41 "n 7nom9ate7 oculus1 -1 m41 eye 7oculi/7 pr/9us1 -a1 -um1 =m]1 old-"t 7pri/9e7 pblicus1 -a1 -um1 public1 belong+ to ! /ate2 rs pblica1 re pblicae1 f41 ! commonweal?1 ! /ate1 ! republic ve/gium1 ve/g1 n41 footpr9t1 track2 trace1 ve/ige vx1 vcis1 f41 voice ,,lesson ,,lii1 #bih incolumis1 -e1 unh>m$ n 444 quidem1 adv41 n ev54 ,! emphatic ^w /&s betwe5 n & quidem nisi1 conj41 unless1 if 444 n pa5e1 adv41 almo/ 7p5-insula7 satis1 adv41 en\gh1 suffici5tly 7satisfaction7 tantus1 -a1 -um1 s great vr1 adv41 truly1 inde$1 9 fact4 ,z a conj4 b1 h[ev]1 usually /&s second1 nev] fir/4 dcid1 dcid]e1 dcid1 ----1 fall d[n 7decidu\s7 dsili1 dsilre1 dsilu1 dsultus1 leap d[n1 dism\nt mane1 manre1 mns1 mnsrus1 rema9 trdc1 trdc]e1 trdx1 trductus1 lead across ,,lesson ,,liii1 #cjf aquila1 -ae1 f41 eagle 7aquil9e7 audx1 g54 audcis1 adj41 bold1 audaci\s cel]1 cel]is1 cel]e1 swift1 quick 7cel]ity74 ,cf4 vlx explratr1 -ris1 m41 sc\t1 spy 7explor]7 +ns1 g54 +5tis1 adj41 huge1 va/ m$ius1 -a1 -um1 middle1 middle "p ( 7m$ium7 mns1 m5tis 7-ium71 f41 m9d 7m5tal74 ,cf4 animus opportnus1 -a1 -um1 opportune quam1 adv41 ?an4 ,) ! sup]lative quam gives ! =ce ( z possible1 z quam audcissim vir1 m5 z bold z possible rec5s1 g54 rec5tis1 adj41 rec5t tam1 adv41 s4 ,always ) an adjective or adv]b1 :ile ita is g5]ally us$ ) a v]b qua]1 qua]]e1 quaesv1 quaestus1 ask1 inquire1 seek 7"q74 ,cf4 pet ,,lesson ,,liv1 #caj alac]1 alacris1 alacre1 eag]1 spirit$1 excit$ 7alacrity7 cel]its1 -tis1 f41 spe$ 7cel]ity7 clmor1 clmris1 m41 %\t1 clamor lnis1 lne1 mild1 g5tle 7l5i5t7 muli]1 mulieris1 f41 woman multitd1 multitd9is1 f41 multitude nm1 dat4 nm91 acc4 nm9em 7g54 nllu1 abl4 nll1 f nllus71 no plur41 m4 & f41 no "o nbilis1 nbile1 well kn[n1 noble noct1 adv4 7an old abl471 by night 7nocturnal7 /atim1 adv41 imm$iately1 at once subit1 adv41 sudd5ly t>dus1 -a1 -um1 sl[ 7t>dy7 cupi1 cup]e1 cupv1 cuptus1 desire1 wi% 7cupidity7 ,,lesson ,,lv1 #cad a$ificium1 a$ific1 n41 build+1 dwell+ 7edifice7 imp]ium1 imper1 n41 comm&1 *ief p[]2 empire mors1 mortis 7-ium71 f41 dea? 7mortal7 reliquus1 -a1 -um1 rema9+1 re/ (4 ,z a n\n1 m4 & n4 plur41 ! re/ 7relic7 scelus1 scel]is1 n41 crime s]vits1 -tis1 f41 slav]y 7s]vitude7 valls1 vallis 7-ium71 f41 valley abd1 abd]e1 abdid1 abditus1 hide cont5d1 cont5d]e1 cont5d1 cont5tus1 /ra91 /ruggle2 ha/5 7cont5d7 occd1 occd]e1 occd1 occsus1 cut d[n1 kill4 ,cf4 nec1 int]fici p]t]re1 p]t]rre1 p]t]ru1 p]t]ritus1 t]rify1 fright5 recipi1 recip]e1 recp1 receptus1 receive1 recov]2 s recip]e1 betake "o's self1 )draw1 retreat trd1 trd]e1 trdid1 trditus1 give ov]1 surr5d]1 deliv] 7traitor7 ,,lesson ,,lvi1 #cah aditus1 -s1 m41 approa*1 access2 entrance cvits1 cvittis1 f41 citiz5%ip2 body ( citiz5s1 /ate 7city7 int]1 prep1 ) acc41 betwe51 among 7int]/ate comm]ce7 nam1 conj41 = obses1 obsidis1 m4 & f41 ho/age paul1 adv4 7abl4 n4 ( paulus71 by a little1 some:at incol1 incol]e1 incolu1 ----1 transitive1 inhabit2 intransitive1 dwell4 ,cf4 habit1 vv rel9qu1 rel9qu]e1 relqu1 relictus1 leave1 ab&on 7rel9qui%7 /atu1 /atu]e1 /atu1 /attus1 fix1 decide 7/atute71 usually ) inf94 ,,lesson ,,lvii1 #cbf aequus1 -a1 -um1 ev51 level2 equal cohors1 cohortis 7-ium71 f41 cohort1 a t5? 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h\se ( aqua1 -ae1 f4 wat] aquila1 -ae1 f4 eagle ra1 -ae1 f4 alt> arbitror1 -r1 -tus sum1 ?9k1 suppose 7#dbj4;c74 ,cf4 ex/im1 put arbor1 -oris1 f4 tree 7#bdg4a4;a7 ,arcadia1 -ae1 f4 ,arcadia1 a di/rict 9 s\!rn ,greece rde1 -re1 rs1 rsrus1 be on fire1 blaze1 burn arduus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 /eep ,arcia1 -ae1 f4 ,aricia1 a t[n on ! ,appian ,way1 ne> ,rome aris1 -etis1 m4 batt]+-ram 7p4 #bba7 arma1 -rum1 n4 plur4 arms1 weapons4 ,cf4 tlum armtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 arm1 arm1 arm$1 equipp$ ar1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 pl[1 till ars1 artis1 f4 art1 skill articulus1 -1 m4 jo9t ascrb1 -ere1 -scrps1 -scrptus ad1 9 addition1 scrb1 write1 enroll1 enli/ sia1 -ae1 f4 ,asia1 i4e4 ,asia ,m9or at1 conj4 b4 ,cf4 autem1 s$ ,a?nae1 -rum1 f4 plur4 ,a!ns ,atls1 -antis1 m4 ,atlas1 a ,titan :o 0 said to hold up ! sky at-que1 ac1 conj4 &1 & also1 & :at is m4 atque may be us$ be=e ei!r v[els or consonants1 ac be=e consonants only att5tus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( att5d1 direct 7! m9d7 t[>d1 att5tive1 int5t on1 c>eful at-tonitus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ?und]/ruck1 a/\nd$ audcia1 -ae1 f4 audx1 bold1 boldness1 audacity audct]1 adv4 audx1 bold1 comp>$ audcius1 audcissim1 boldly audx1 -cis1 adj4 bold1 d>+ aude1 -re1 ausus sum1 d>e audi1 -re1 -v or -1 -tus1 he>1 li/5 to 7#dbj4;d1 #dia7 ,augs1 -ae1 m4 ,augez1 a k+ ^: /ables ,h]cules clean$ aura1 -ae1 f4 air1 breeze aurtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 aurum1 gold1 adorn$ ) gold aureus1 -a1 -um1 adj4aurum1 gold1 gold5 aurum1 -1 n4 gold aut1 conj4 or4 aut444aut1 ei!r444or autem1 conj41 usually second1 nev] fir/1 9 ! clause1 b1 moreov]1 h[ev]1 n[4 ,cf4 at1 s$ auxilium1 auxil1 n4 help1 aid1 assi/ance2 plur4 auxili>ies -v]t1 -ere1 -t1 -sus1 turn away1 turn aside avis1 -is1 f4 bird 7#bdc4a7 ,b balli/a1 -ae1 f4 balli/a1 an eng9e = hurl+ missiles 7p4 #bbj7 balteus1 -1 m4 belt1 sword belt b>b>us1 -1 m4 b>b>ian1 savage bellum1 -1 n4 w>4 bellum nf]re1 ) dat4 make w> ^u b5e1 adv4 = bon1 f bonus1 comp>$ melius1 optim1 well b5ign1 adv4 b5ignus1 k9d1 comp>$ b5ignius1 b5ignissim1 k9dly b5ignus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 good-natur$1 k9d1 (t5 us$ ) dat4 bn1 -ae1 -a1 di/ributive num]al adj4 two ea*1 two at a "t 7#ccd7 bis1 adv4 twice bonus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 comp>$ melior1 optimus1 good1 k9d 7#dfi4;a7 bs1 bovis 7g54 plur4 b\m or bovum1 dat4 & abl4 plur4 bbus or bbus71 m4 & f4 ox1 c[ brac*ium1 brac*1 n4 arm brevis1 -e1 adj4 %ort ,brundisium1 -1 n4 ,brundisium1 a seaport 9 s\!rn ,italy4 ,see map bulla1 -ae1 f4 bulla1 a locket made ( small concave plates ( gold fa/5$ by a spr+ 7p4 #bab7 ,c ,c4 abbreviation = ,gius1 ,eng4 ,caius cad1 -ere1 cecid1 csrus1 fall ca$s1 -is1 f4 ca$1 cut1 7a cutt+ d[n71 slaught]1 c>nage 7#dfe4;a7 caelum1 -1 n4 sky1 heav5s ,caes>1 -aris1 m4 ,cs>1 ! fam\s g5]al1 /atesman1 & writ] calamits1 -tis1 f4 loss1 calamity1 defeat1 disa/] calc>1 -ris1 n4 spur 7#dfe4;b7 ,campnia1 -ae1 f4 ,campania41 a di/rict ( c5tral ,italy4 ,see map ,campnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ( ,campania campus1 -1 m4 pla91 field1 esp4 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 along ! ,tib] j outside ! walls ( ,rome canis1 -is1 m4 & f4 dog c1 -ere1 cec91 ----1 s+ cant1 -re1 -vi1 -tus c1 s+1 s+ ,capnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ( ,cap5a1 esp4 ! ,porta ,capena1 ! gate at ,rome lead+ to ! ,appian ,way capi1 -ere1 cp1 captus1 take1 seize1 capture 7#dib7 ,capitlnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 belong+ to ! ,capitol1 ,capitol9e ,capitlium1 ,capitl1 n4 caput1 head1 ! ,capitol1 ! hill at ,rome on :i* /ood ! temple ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us & ! citadel capsa1 -ae1 f4 box = books captvus1 -1 m4 capi1 take1 captive ,capua1 -ae1 f4 ,capua1 a l>ge city ( ,campania4 ,see map caput1 -itis1 n4 head 7#dfd4b4;b7 c>c]1 -eris1 m4 prison1 jail c>rus1 -1 m4 c>t1 wagon crus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 de>2 preci\s casa1 -ae1 f4 hut1 cottage ca/ellum1 -1 n4 dim4 ( ca/rum1 =t1 r$\bt1 =t ca/rum1 -1 n4 =t4 ,usually 9 ! plural1 ca/ra1 -rum1 a milit>y camp4 ca/ra pn]e1 to pit* camp csus1 -u1 m4 cad1 fall1 *ance2 mis=tune1 loss catapulta1 -ae1 f4 catapult1 an eng9e = hurl+ /ones catna1 -ae1 f4 *a9 caupna1 -ae1 f4 inn causa1 -ae1 f4 cause1 reason1 qu d caus1 = ?is reason cd1 -ere1 cess1 cessrus1 give way1 retire cel]1 -eris1 -ere1 adj4 swift1 fleet cel]its1 -tis1 f4 cel]1 swift1 swiftness1 spe$ cel]it]1 adv4 cel]1 swift1 comp>$ cel]ius1 cel]rim1 swiftly cna1 -ae1 f4 d9n] c5tum1 indecl4 num]al adj4 hundr$ c5turi1 -nis1 m4 c5turion1 capta9 ,cpheus 7dissyl471 -e 7acc4 ,cphea71 m4 ,cepheus1 a k+ ( ,e?iopia & fa!r ( ,&rom$a ,c]b]us1 -1 m4 ,c]b]us1 ! fabl$ ?ree-head$ dog t gu>d$ ! entrance to ,hades c]tm51 -inis1 n4 c]t1 /ruggle1 /ruggle1 conte/1 rivalry c]t1 adv4 c]tus1 sure1 comp>$ c]tius1 c]tissim1 surely1 c]ta9ly c]tus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 fix$1 c]ta91 sure4 aliquem c]tirem fac]e 7to make "s "o m c]ta971 to in=m "s "o c]vus1 -1 m4 /ag1 de] cess1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 delay1 cease cibria1 -rum1 n4 plur4 food1 provisions cibus1 -1 m4food1 victuals ,cimbr1 -rum1 m4 plur4 ! 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( ,greece eques1 -itis1 m4 equus1 horse1 horseman1 cavalryman equittus1 -s1 m4 equit1 ride1 cavalry equus1 -1 m4 horse -rig1 -ere1 -rx1 -rctus 1 out1 reg1 make /raight1 raise up -ripi1 -ere1 -u1 -reptus 1 out (1 rapi1 seize1 seize1 rescue -rump1 -ere1 -rp1 -ruptus 1 =?1 rump1 break1 bur/ =? rupti1 -nis1 f4 sally ,eryman?ius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,eryman?ian1 ( ,eryman?us1 a di/rict 9 s\!rn ,greece et1 conj4 &1 also4 et 444 et1 bo? 444 &4 ,cf4 atque1 ac1 -que etiam1 adv4 7r>ely conj47 et1 also1 iam1 n[1 yet1 /ill2 also1 besides4 ,cf4 quoque4 nn slum 444 s$ etiam1 n only 444 b also ,etrsc1 -rum1 m4 ! ,etruscans1 ! p ( ,etruria4 ,see map ( ,italy ,eurpa1 -ae1 f4 ,europe ,eury/heus1 -1 m4 ,eurys!us1 a k+ ( ,tiryns1 a city 9 s\!rn ,greece -vd1 -ere1 -vs1 -vsus 1 out1 vd1 g1 g =?1 escape ex1 see exanimtus1 -a1 -um "p4 ( exanim1 put out ( brea? 7anima71 adj4 out ( brea?1 tir$2 lifeless ex-cipi1 -ere1 -cp1 -ceptus ex1 out1 capi1 take1 welcome1 receive exemplum1 -1 n4 example1 model ex-e1-re1-i1-xrus ex1 out1 e1 g1 g out1 g =? 7#dac7 ex-erce1 -re1 -u1 -itus ex1 out1 arce1 %ut1 7%ut out71 employ1 tra91 ex]cise1 use ex]citus1 -u1 m4 ex]ce1 tra91 army ex-/im1 -re1 -v1 -tus ex1 out1 ae/im1 reckon1 e/imate2 ?9k1 judge 7#dbj4;c74 ,cf4 arbitror1 put ex-orior1 -r1 -ortus sum1 dep4 v]b ex1 =?1 orior1 rise1 come =?1 rise exp$tus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 )\t baggage ex-pell1 -ere1 -pul1 -pulsus ex1 out1 pell1 drive1 drive out ex-pi1 -re1 -v1 -tus ex1 int5sive1 po1 atone =1 make am5ds =1 atone = explrtor1 -ris1 m4 explr1 inve/igate1 spy1 sc\t explr1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 exam9e1 explore ex-pugn1 -re1 -v1 -tus ex1 out1 pugn1 fight1 take by /orm1 capture exsilium1 exsil1 n4 exsul1 exile1 bani%m5t1 exile ex-spect1 -re1 -v1 -tus ex1 out1 spect1 look1 expect1 wait ex-/ru1 -ere1 -/rx1 -/rctus ex1 out1 /ru1 build1 build up1 erect ext]us1 -a1 -um1 adj41 comp>$ ext]ior1 extrmus or extimus1 outside1 out] 7#cab7 extr1 prep1 ) acc4 beyond1 outside ( ex-trah1 -ere1 -trx1 -trctus ex1 out1 trah1 drag1 drag out1 pull =? extrmus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 sup]l4 ( ext]us1 utmo/1 f>!/ 7#cab7 ,f fbula1 -ae1 f4 /ory1 tale1 fable facile1 adv4 facilis1 easy1 comp>$ facilius1 facillim1 easily 7#cbb7 facilis1 -e1 adj4 cf4 faci1 make1 easy1 )\t difficulty 7#cjg7 faci1 -ere1 fc1 factus 7imv4 fac71 make1 d2 cause1 br+ ab\t4 impetum fac]e 91 make an attack ^u4 proelium fac]e1 fight a battle4 it] fac]e1 make a m>* or j\rney4 aliquem c]tirem fac]e1 in=m "s "o4 fac]e v]ba pr1 speak 9 behalf (4 ,passive f1 fi]1 factus sum1 be done1 happ54 c]tior fi]1 be in=m$ fall1 -ere1 fefell1 falsus1 trip1 betray1 deceive fma1 -ae1 f4 report1 rumor2 r5[n1 fame1 reputation fams1 -is 7abl4 fam71 f4 hung] familia1 -ae1 f4 s]vants1 slaves2 h\sehold1 family fascs1 -ium 7plur4 ( fascis71 f4 fasces 7p4 #bbe7 fa/gium1 fa/g1 n4 top2 slope1 desc5t ftum1 -1 n4 fate1 de/9y faucs1 -ium1 f4 plur4 jaws1 ?roat fave1 -re1 fv1 fautrus1 be favorable to1 favor1 ) dat4 7#eja4ad7 flx1 -cis1 adj4 happy1 lucky fm9a1 -ae1 f4 woman4 ,cf4 muli] f]a1 -ae1 f4 f]us1 wild1 wild bea/ f]x1 -cis1 adj4 f]tile f]1 adv4 ab\t1 ne>ly1 almo/ f]1 f]re1 tul1 ltus1 be>4 gravit] or mole/ f]re1 be annoy$ 7#dih7 f]reus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 f]rum1 iron1 made ( iron fidlis1 -e1 adj4 fids1 tru/1 fai?ful1 true fids1 fide or fid1 tru/1 fai?2 promise1 ^w2 protection4 9 fidem v5re1 come "u ! protection4 9 fid manre1 rema9 loyal flia1 -ae 7dat4 & abl4 plur4 flibus71 f4 daught] 7#dfa4;a7 flius1 fl 7voc4 s+1 fl71 m4 son fnis1 -is1 m4 b\nd>y1 limit1 end2 9 plur4 t]ritory1 c\ntry 7#bdc4a7 fnitimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 fnis1 b\nd>y1 adjo9+1 neighbor+4 ,plur4 fnitim1 -rum1 m4 neighbors f1 fi]1 factus sum1 us$ z passive ( faci4 ,see faci 7#ejj7 flamma1 -ae1 f4 fire1 flame fls1 flris1 m4 fl[] fluctus1 -s1 m4 (4 flu1 fl[1 flood1 wave1 bill[ flm51 -inis1 n4 cf4 flu1 fl[1 riv] 7#dfd4b4;b7 flu1 -ere1 flx1 fluxus1 fl[ fluvius1 fluv1 m4 cf4 flu1 fl[1 riv] fodi1 -ere1 fd1 fossus1 dig fns1 fontis1 m4 f\nta9 7#bdg4b4;a7 frma1 -ae1 f4 =m1 %ape1 appe>ance2 beauty ,=miae1 -rum1 f4 ,=miae1 a t[n ( ,latium on ! ,appian ,way4 ,see map =te1 adv4 abl4 ( =s1 *ance1 by *ance =tis1 -e1 adj4 /rong2 fe>less1 brave =tit]1 adv4 =tis1 /rong1 comp>$ =tius1 =tissim1 /rongly2 bravely =tna1 -ae1 f4 =s1 *ance1 *ance1 fate1 =tune =um1 -1 n4 m>ket place1 esp4 ! ,=um ,rmnum1 :]e ! life ( ,rome c5t]$ ,=um ,app1 ,=um ( ,appius1 a t[n 9 ,latium on ! ,appian ,way fossa1 -ae1 f4 cf4 fodi1 dig1 dit* fragor1 -ris1 m4 cf4 frang1 break1 cra%1 noise frang1 -ere1 frg1 frctus1 break frt]1 -tris1 m4 bro!r fremitus1 -s1 m4 l\d noise frequ5t1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 att5d frtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 support$1 tru/+4 ,usually ) abl4 ( means frns1 frontis1 f4 front1 fronte1 9 front frctus1 -s1 m4 fruit frm5trius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 p]ta9+ to gra94 rs frm5tria1 gra9 supplies frm5tum1 -1 n4 gra9 fr/r1 adv4 9 va91 va9ly fuga1 -ae1 f4 cf4 fugi1 flee1 flight4 9 fugam d>e1 put to flight fugi1 -ere1 fg1 fugitrus1 flee1 run2 avoid1 %un fm1 -are1 ------1 ------1 smoke fnis1 -is1 m4 rope furor1 -ris1 m4 fur1 rage1 madness4 9 furrem incd]e1 g mad ,g ,gius1 ,g1 m4 ,gaius1 a ,roman "n1 abbreviat$ ,c41 ,engli% =m ,caius ,galba1 -ae1 m4 ,galba1 a ,roman "n galea1 -ae1 f4 helmet ,gallia1 -ae1 f4 ,gaul1 ! c\ntry compris+ :at is n[ ,holl&1 ,belgium1 ,switz]l&1 & ,france ,gallicus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,gallic gallna1 -ae1 f4 h51 *ick5 ,gallus1 -1 m4 a ,gaul gaudium1 gaud1 n4 joy ,g5va1 -ae1 f4 ,g5eva1 a city 9 ,switz]l& gns1 g5tis1 f4 cf4 gign1 beget1 race1 family2 p1 nation1 tribe g5us1 -eris1 n4 k9d1 v>iety ,g]mnia1 -ae1 f4 ,g]many ,g]mnus1 -1 m4 a ,g]man g]1 -ere1 gess1 ge/us1 c>ry1 we>2 wage4 bellum g]]e1 wage w>4 rs ge/ae1 exploits4 b5e g]]e1 c>ry on successfully gladitrius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 gladiatorial gladius1 glad1 m4 sword glria1 -ae1 f4 glory1 fame ,grac*us1 -1 m4 ,grac*us1 "n ( a fam\s ,roman family gracilis1 -e1 adj4 sl5d] 7#cjg7 ,graeca1 -rum1 n4 plur4 ,greek writ+s1 ,greek lit]ature ,graec1 adv4 9 ,greek ,graecia1 -ae1 f4 ,greece grammaticus1 -1 m4 gramm>ian grtia1 -ae1 f4 ?anks1 gratitude grtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 acceptable1 pleas+4 ,(t5 ) dat4 7#eja4af7 gravis1 -1 adj4 heavy2 disagreeable2 s]i\s1 dang]\s2 e>ne/1 weighty gravit]1 adv4 gravis1 heavy1 comp>$ gravius1 gravissim1 heavily2 greatly1 s]i\sly4 gravit] f]re1 be> ill1 take to he>t gub]ntor1 -ris1 m4 gub]n1 pilot1 pilot ,h habna1 -ae1 f4 halt]1 re94 habe1 -re1 -u1 -itus1 h1 hold2 reg>d1 consid]1 deem habit1 -re1 -v1 -tus cf4 habe1 h1 dwell1 abide1 inhabit4 ,cf4 incol1 vv hc-t5us1 adv4 ?us f> ,helvti1 -rum1 m4 ! ,helvetii1 a ,gallic tribe ,h]culs1 -is1 m4 ,h]cules1 son ( ,jupit] & ,alcm5a1 & god ( /r5g? ,hesp]ids1 -um1 f4 ! ,hesp]ides1 daught]s ( ,hesp]us1 :o kept ! g>d5 ( ! gold5 apples hic1 haec1 hoc1 demon/rative adj4 & pron4 ?is 7( m9e72 z p]s4 pron4 he1 %e1 x 7#dha7 hc1 adv4 "h hiems1 -emis1 f4 w9t] hnc1 adv4 hc1 "h1 f "h1 h5ce ,hippolyt1 -s1 f4 ,hippolyte1 que5 ( ! ,amazons ho-di1 adv4 modifi$ =m ( hc di1 on ?is day1 to-day hom1 -inis1 m4 & f4 7human be+71 man1 p]son hone/us1 -a1 -um1 adv4 honor1 honor1 respect$1 honorable honor1 -ris1 m4 honor hra1 -ae1 f4 h\r ,hortius1 ,hort1 m4 ,horatius1 a ,roman "n horribilis1 -e1 adj4 t]rible1 horrible hortor1 -ri1 -tus sum1 dep4 v]b1 urge1 incite1 exhort1 enc\rage 7#dic7 hortus1 -1 m4 g>d5 hospitium1 hospit1 n4 hospes1 ho/1 hospitality ho/is1 -is1 m4 & f4 enemy1 foe 7#dfe4;a7 humilis1 -e1 adj4 l[1 humble 7#cjg7 ,hydra1 -ae1 f4 ! ,hydra1 a my?ical wat] snake sla9 by ,h]cules ,i iaci1 -ere1 ic1 iactus1 ?r[1 hurl iam1 adv4 n[1 already4 nec iam1 & no long] ,iniculum1 -1 n4 ! ,janiculum1 "o ( ! hills ( ,rome inua1 -ae1 f4 door ibi1 adv4 !re1 9 t place c>us1 -1 m4 ,icarus1 ! son ( ,ddalus ictus1 -s1 m4 cf4 c1 /rike1 bl[ dem1 eadem1 idem1 demon/rative pron4 is dem1 same 7#dha7 idneus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 suitable1 fit igitur1 conj41 seldom ! fir/ ^w1 !re=e1 !n4 ,cf4 itaque ignis1 -is1 m4 fire 7#bdc4a2 #bdg4 #b4;a2 #dfe1 #a7 igntus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9-1 n1 7g7notus1 kn[n1 unkn[n1 /range ille1 illa1 illud1 demon/rative adj4 & pron4 t 7yond]72 z p]s4 pron4 he1 %e1 x 7#dha7 illc1 adv4 cf4 ille1 yond]1 !re im-mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus 91 aga9/1 mitt1 s5d1 s5d aga9/2 let 9 immol1 -re1 -v1 -tus 91 ^u1 mola1 meal1 spr9kle ) sacrificial meal2 (f]1 sacrifice im-mortlis1 -e1 adj4 9-1 n1 mortalis1 mortal1 immortal im-mortlits1 -tis1 f4 immortlis1 immortal1 immortality im-p>tus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9-1 n1 p>tus1 prep>$1 unprep>$ imp$m5tum1 -1 n4 imp$i1 h9d]1 h9drance2 9 plur4 baggage imp$tus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( imp$i1 h9d]1 h9d]$1 burd5$ im-pell1 -ere1 -pul1 -pulsus 91 aga9/1 pell1 /rike1 /rike aga9/2 impel1 drive1 propel imp]tor1 -ris1 m4 imp]1 comm&1 g5]al imp]ium1 imper1 n4 imp]1 comm&1 comm&1 ord]2 realm1 empire2 p[]1 au?ority imp]1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 comm&1 ord]4 ,usually ) dat4 & an object clause ( purpose 7#eja4da74 ,) acc4 object1 levy1 impose impetus1 -s1 m4 attack1 impetum fac]e 91 make an attack ^u im-pn1 -ere1 -posui1 -positus 91 ^u1 pn1 place1 place ^u2 impose1 assign 91 prep1 ) acc4 into1 to1 aga9/1 at1 ^u1 t[>ds2 ) abl4 91 on4 9 reliquum tempus1 = ! future 9-1 insep>able prefix4 ,) n\ns & adjectives (t5 ) a negative =ce1 l ,engli% un-1 9- 9-cautus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9-1 n1 cautus1 c>eful1 (f "o's gu>d inc5dium1 inc5d1 n4 flame1 fire4 ,cf4 ignis1 flamma 9-c5d1 -ere1 -d1 -cnsus1 set fire to1 burn 9-cid1 -ere1 -cid1 ----1 91 91 on1 cad1 fall1 fall 91 fall on2 happ54 9 furrem incid]e1 g mad 9-cipi1 -ere1 -cpi1 -ceptus 91 on1 capi1 take1 beg9 9-cognitus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9-1 n1 cognitus1 kn[n1 unkn[n 9-col1 -ere1 -u1 ----1 91 91 col1 dwell1 inhabit2 live incolumis1 -e1 adj4 s\nd1 safe1 un9jur$1 imh>m$ 9-crdibilis1 -e1 adj4 9-1 n1 crdibilis1 to be believ$1 incr$ible inde1 f t place1 !nce indu1 -ere1 -u1 -tus1 put on indtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( indu1 put on1 clo!d 9-e1 -re1 -i1 -itus 91 into1 e1 g1 g into2 ent] ^u1 beg91 ) acc4 7#dac7 n-fns1 -fantis1 adj4 9-1 n1 99fns1 speak+1 n speak+4 ,z a n\n1 m4 & f4 infant n-flx1 -cis1 adj4 9-1 n1 flx1 happy1 unhappy1 unlucky nfnsus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ho/ile n-f]1 nf]re1 9tul1 inltus 91 aga9/1 f]1 be>1 br+ aga9/ or ^u1 inflict1 ) acc4 & dat4 7#eja4ae74 bellum nf]re1 ) dat41 make w> ^u nf]us1 -a1 -um1 adj4 l[1 bel[ 7#cab74 n-fntus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9-1 n1 fntus1 b\nd$1 b\ndless1 endless n-frmus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9-1 n1 frmus1 /rong1 weak1 infirm +5ium1 +eni1 n4 tal5t1 ability +ns1 -entis1 adj4 va/1 huge1 enorm\s1 l>ge4 ,cf4 magnus 9-gr$ior1 -gr$1 -gressus sum 91 91 gradior1 walk1 advance1 ent] inimcus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9-1 n1 amcus1 fri5dly1 ho/ile4 ,z a n\n1 inimcus1 -1 m4 enemy1 foe4 ,cf4 ho/is initium1 init1 entrance1 beg9n+ initus1 -a1 -um1 "p4 ( ine4 init ae/te1 at ! beg9n+ ( summ] iniria1 -ae1 f4 91 aga9/1 is1 law1 inju/ice1 wrong1 injury4 alicui iniris nf]re1 inflict wrongs ^u "s "o inopia1 -ae1 f4 inops1 ne$y1 want1 ne$1 lack 9-opnns1 -antis1 adj4 9-1 n1 opnns1 ?9k+1 n expect+1 tak5 by surprise inquit1 said he1 said %e4 ,regul>ly ins]t$ 9 a direct quotation 9-rig1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 irrigate1 wat] 9-rump1 -ere1 -rp1 -ruptus 91 into1 rump1 break1 bur/ 91 break 9 9-ru1 -ere1 -ru1---- 91 91 ru1 ru%1 ru% 9 n-sequor1 -sequ1 -sectus sum1 dep4 v]b 91 on1 sequor1 foll[1 foll[ on1 pursue n-signe1 -is1 n4 badge1 decoration 7#dfe4;b7 nsignis1 -e1 adj4 rem>kable1 not$ n/ns1 -antis1 adj4 "p1 ( n/o1 be at h&1 pres5t1 imm$iate n-/1 -re1 -/it1 -/atrus 91 ^u1 /1 /&1 /& ^u2 be at h&2 pursue1 press on n/rm5tum1 -1 n4 in/rum5t n-/ru1 -ere1 -/rx1 -/rctus 91 on1 /ru1 build1 draw up nsula1 -ae1 f4 isl& integ]1 -gra1 -grum1 unt\*$1 :ole2 fre%1 new intelleg1 -ere1 -lx1 -lctus int]1 betwe51 leg1 *oose1 p]ceive1 und]/& 7#dbj4;d7 int5t1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 aim2 ?reat5 int]1 prep4 ) acc4 betwe51 among2 dur+1 :ile 7#cdj7 int]fectus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( int]-fici1 kill1 sla91 dead int]-fici1 -ere1 -fc1 -fectus int]1 betwe51 faci1 make1 put out ( ! way1 kill4 ,cf4 nec1 occd1 trucd int]im1 adv4 mean:ile int]ior1 -ius1 adj4 int]ior1 inn] 7#cae7 int]-mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus1 leave (f1 susp5d int]pres1 -etis1 m4 & f4 int]pret] int]-rog1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 "q int]-sum1 -esse1 -fu1 -futrus int]1 betwe51 sum1 be1 be pres5t1 take "p 91 ) dat4 7#eja4ae7 int]-vllum1 -1 n4 int]val1 di/ance intr1 adv4 & prep4 ) acc4 )91 9 intr1 -re1 -vi1 -tus1 g into1 ent] 9-v5i1 -re1 -vn1 -v5tus 91 ^u1 v5i1 come1 f9d invsus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( invide1 envy1 hat$1 dete/$ ,iolu1 -1 m4 ,i-o-lu1 a fri5d ( ,h]cules ipse1 -a1 -um1 int5sive pron4 t v1 ?is v2 self1 himself1 h]self1 itself1 7#dha7 ra1 -ae1 f4 wra?1 ang] rtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( rscor1 be angry1 ang]$1 enrag$ is1 ea1 id1 demon/rative adj4 & pron4 ?is1 t2 he1 %e1 x 7#dha7 i/e1 -a1 -ud1 demon/rative adj4 & pron4 t 7( y\rs71 he1 %e1 x 7#dha7 ita1 adv4 s1 ?us4 ,cf4 sc & tam ,italia1 -ae1 f4 ,italy ita-que1 conj4 & s1 !re=e item1 adv4 also it]1 it9]is1 n4 j\rney1 m>*1 r\te2 way1 passage 7#bdg4a4;a2 #dfh74 it] d>e1 give a "r ( way1 all[ to pass4 it] fac]e1 m>* 7see p4 #aei7 iube1 -re1 iuss1 iussus1 ord]1 comm&4 ,usually ) ! inf94 & subj4 acc4 7#bac7 idex1 -icis1 m4 & f4 judge 7#dfd4a7 idic1 -re1 -v1 -tus idex1 judge1 judge1 decide 7#dbj4;c7 ,ilia1 -ae1 ,julia1 a ,roman "n ,ilius1 ,il1 m4 ,julius1 a ,roman "n iung1 -re1 inx1 inctus1 jo92 yoke1 h>ness ,in1 -nis1 f4 ,juno1 ! que5 ( ! gods & wife ( ,jupit] ,iuppit]1 ,iovis1 m4 ,jupit]1 ! supreme god ir1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 swe>1 take an oa? iussus1 -a1 -um1 "p4 ( iube1 ord]$ ,l ,l41 abbreviation = ,lcius labefactus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( labefaci1 cause to %ake1 %ak51 weak5$1 ready to fall ,labinus1 -1 m4 ,la-bi-enus1 "o ( ,cs>'s lieut5ants labor1 -ris1 m4 labor1 toil labr1 -re1 -v1 -tus labor1 labor1 labor2 suff]1 be h>d press$ lacrima1 -ae1 f4 te> lacus1 -s 7dat4 & abl4 plur4 lacubus71 m4 lake laet1 adv4 laetus1 glad1 comp>$ laetius1 laetissim1 gladly laetitia1 -ae1 f4 laetus1 glad1 joy laetus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 glad1 joyful lapis1 -idis1 m4 /one 7#bdg4b4;a2 #dfd4a7 ,lr1 ,l>is1 m42 plur4 ,l>s1 -um 7r>ely -ium71 ! ,l>es or h\sehold1 gods lt1 adv4 ltus1 wide1 comp>$ ltius1 ltissim1 widely ,lat91 adv4 9 ,lat94 ,latn loqu1 to speak ,lat9 ltitd1 -inis1 f4 ltus1 wide1 wid? ,ltna1 -ae1 f4 ,latona1 "m ( ,apollo & ,diana latus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 wide ltus1 -eris1 n4 side1 flank4 ab utrque lat]e1 on ea* side laud1 -re1 -v1 -tus laus1 praise1 praise laurea1 -ae1 f4 laurel lauretus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 cr[n$ ) laurel laus1 laudis1 f4 praise lectulus1 -1 m4 c\*1 b$ lgtus1 -1 m4 ambassador2 lieut5ant legi1 -nis1 f4 cf4 leg1 ga!r1 7body ( soldi]s71 legion1 ab\t #cfjj m5 7#dfd4b4;a7 leginrius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 legion>y4 ,plur4 legin>i1 -rum1 m4 ! soldi]s ( ! legion leg1 -ere1 lg1 lctus1 read lnis1 -e1 adj4 g5tle1 smoo?1 mild lnit]1 adv4 lnis1 g5tle1 comp>$ lnius1 lnissim1 g5tly ,l5tulus1 -i1 m4 ,l5tulus1 a ,roman family "n le1 -nis1 m4 lion ,l]naeus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,l]nean1 ( ,l]na1 9 s\!rn ,greece ,lesbia1 -ae1 f4 ,lesbia1 a girl's "n levis1 -e1 adj4 light lx1 lgis1 f4 measure1 law lib5t]1 adv4 libns1 will+1 comp>$ lib5tius1 lib5tissim1 will+ly1 gladly lb]1 -era1 -erum1 adj4 free 7#dfi4;b7 lb]1 -rum1 m4 lb]1 free1 *ildr5 lb]1 -re1 -v1 -tus lb]1 free1 set free1 release1 lib]ate lb]ts1 -tis1 f4 lb]1 free1 fre$om1 lib]ty lctor1 -ris1 m4 lictor 7p4 #bbe7 lmus1 -1 m4 mud litt]a1 -ae1 f4 a lett] ( ! alphabet2 9 plur4 a lett]1 epi/le ltus1 -oris1 n4 sea%ore1 bea* locus1 -1 m4 7plur4 loc & loca1 m4 & n471 place1 spot long1 adv4 longus1 long1 comp4 longius1 longissim1 a long way (f2 by f> long9quus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 longus1 long1 di/ant1 remote longitd1 -inis1 f4 longus1 long1 l5g? longus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 long loquor1 loqui1 loctus sum1 dep4 v]b1 talk1 speak lrca1 -ae1 f4 lrum1 ?ong1 coat ( mail1 corselet ld1 -ere1 ls1 lsus1 play ldus1 -1 m4 play2 s*ool1 ! elem5t>y grades4 ,cf4 s*ola lna1 -ae1 f4 moon lx1 lcis1 f4 7no g54 plur471 light4 prma lx1 daybreak ,ldia1 -ae1 f4 ,lydia1 a girl's "n ,m ,m41 abbreviation = ,mrcus magicus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 magic magis1 adv4 9 comp4 degree magnus1 great1 m1 9 a high] degree 7#cbc7 magi/]1 -tr1 m4 ma/]1 comm&]2 tea*] magi/rtus1 -s1 m4 magi/]1 ma/]1 magi/racy2 magi/rate magnitd1 -inis1 f4 magnus1 great1 greatness1 size magnop]e1 adv4 abl4 ( magnum opus1 comp>$ magis1 maxim1 greatly1 exce$+ly 7#cbc7 magnus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 comp>$ maior1 maximus1 great1 l>ge2 /rong1 l\d 7#caa7 maior1 maius1 -ris1 adj41 comp4 ( magnus1 great]1 l>g] 7#caa7 mairs1 -um1 m4 plur4 ( maior1 ance/ors ml1 mlle1 mlu1 ---- magis1 m1 vol1 wi%1 wi% m1 pref] 7#dig7 malus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 comp>$ peior1 pessimus1 bad1 evil 7#caa7 m&1 -re1 -v1 -tus manus1 h&1 d1 put1 7put 9 h&71 intru/2 ord]1 comm& mane1 -re1 mns1 mnsrus1 /ay1 rema91 abide ,mnlius1 ,mnl1 m4 ,manlius1 a ,roman "n mnsutus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( mnsusc1 tame1 tam$ manus1 -s1 f4 h&2 =ce1 b& ,mrcus1 -1 m4 ,m>cus1 ,m>k1 a ,roman fir/ "n m>e1 -is1 n4 7no g54 plur471 sea4 m>e t5re1 be out to sea m>g1 -inis1 m4 edge1 bord] m>tus1 -1 m4 husb& ,m>ius1 ,m>1 m4 ,m>ius1 a ,roman "n1 esp4 ,c4 ,m>ius1 ! g5]al ,mrtius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ( ,m>s1 esp4 ! ,campus ,m>tius mt]1 -tris1 f4 "m mtrimnium1 mtrimn1 n4 m>riage4 9 mtrimnium dc]e1 m>ry mtr1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 ha/54 ,cf4 cont5d1 prop] mtrus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ripe1 mature maxim1 adv4 9 sup]l4 degree maximus1 greate/1 comp>$ magnop]e1 magis1 maxim1 especially1 v mu* 7#cbc7 maximus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 sup]l4 ( magnus1 greate/1 extreme 7#caa7 m$ius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 middle "p2 middle1 int]v5+ melior1 -ius1 -ris1 adj41 comp4 ( bonus1 bett] 7#caa7 melius1 adv4 9 comp4 degree1 comp>$ b5e1 melius1 optim1 bett] 7#cbc7 memoria1 -ae1 f4 memor1 m9dful1 memory4 memori t5re1 rememb] mns1 m5tis1 f4 m9d4 ,cf4 animus mnsis1 -is1 m4 mon? 7#bdg4b4 a7 m]ctor1 -ris1 m4 m]cor1 trade1 trad]1 m]*ant m]dinus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 m]dis1 noon1 ( midday m]dis1 ---- 7acc4 -em1 abl4 -71 m4 m$ius1 mid1 dis1 day1 noon metus1 -s1 m4 fe>1 dread meus1 -a1 -um1 possessive adj4 & pron4 my1 m9e 7#ih7 mles1 -itis1 m4 soldi] 7#dfd4a7 mlitris1 -e1 adj4 mles1 soldi]1 milit>y4 rs mlitris1 sci5ce ( w> mlit1 -re1 -v1 -tus mles1 soldi]1 s]ve z a soldi] mlle1 plur4 mlia1 -ium1 num]al adj4 & sub/4 ?\s& 7#dgi7 m9im1 adv4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ p>um1 m9us1 m9im1 lea/1 v little2 by no means 7#cbc7 m9imus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ p>vus1 m9or1 m9imus1 lea/1 smalle/ 7#caa7 m9or1 m9us1 -ris1 adj4 9 comp4 degree1 comp>$ p>vus1 m9or1 m9imus1 small]1 less 7#caa7 ,mns1 -is1 m4 ,m9os1 a k+ ( ,crete m9us1 adv4 9 comp4 degree1 comp>$ p>um1 m9us1 m9im1 less 7#cbc7 ,m9yae1 -rum1 m4 ! ,m9yae1 a p ( ,greece mrbilis1 -e1 adj4 mror1 wond] at1 wond]ful1 m>vel\s mror1 -r1 -tus sum1 dep4 v]b mrus1 wond]ful1 wond]1 m>vel1 admire mrus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 wond]ful ,msnum1 -1 ,misenum1 a promontory & h>bor on ! coa/ ( ,campania4 ,see map mis]1 -era1 -erum1 adj4 wret*$1 unhappy1 mis]able missus1 -a1 -um1 "p4 ( mitt1 s5t mitt1 -ere1 ms1 missus1 s5d modicus1 -a1 -um modus1 measure1 mode/1 ord9>y modo1 adv4 abl4 ( modus1 measure1 ) %ort5$ o1 only1 m]ely1 j n[4 modo 444 modo1 n[ 444 n[1 sometimes 444 sometimes modus1 -1 m4 measure2 mann]1 way2 k9d mo5ia1 -ium1 n4 plur4 cf4 mni1 =tify1 walls1 ramp>ts mole/1 adv4 mole/us1 tr\blesome1 comp>$ mole/ius1 mole/issim1 annoy+ly4 mole/ f]re1 to be annoy$ mole/us1 -a1 -um1 tr\blesome1 annoy+1 unpleasant 7#eja4af7 mone1 -re1 -u1 -itus1 rem9d1 advise1 w>n 7#dhi7 mns1 montis1 m4 m\nta9 7#bdg4b4 a7 mn/rum1 -1 n4 mon/] mora1 -ae1 f4 delay moror1 -r1 -tus sum1 dep4 v]b mora1 delay1 delay1 l+]2 imp$e mors1 mortis1 f4 cf4 morior1 die1 dea? ms1 mris1 m4 cu/om1 habit mtus1 -s1 m4 cf4 move1 move1 motion1 movem5t4 t]rae mtus1 e>?quake move1 -re1 mv1 mtus1 move mox1 adv4 soon1 pres5tly muli]1 -eris1 f4 woman multitd1 -inis1 f4 multus1 mu*1 multitude multum 7mult71 adv4 multus1 mu*1 comp>$ pls1 plrimum1 mu* 7#dgg7 multus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 comp>$ pls1 plrimus1 mu*2 plur4 _m 7#caa7 mni1 -re1 -v or -i1 -tus1 =tify1 def5d mnti1 -nis1 f4 mni1 =tify1 def5se1 =tification mrus1 -1 m4 wall4 ,cf4 mo5ia msica1 -ae1 f4 music ,n nam1 conj4 =4 ,cf4 enim nam-que1 conj41 a /r5g!n$ nam1 introduc+ a reason or explanation1 =1 & 9 fact2 see+ t nrr1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 tell1 relate nscor1 nsc1 ntus sum1 dep4 v]b1 be born1 spr+ f ntra1 -ae1 f4 nature ntus1 "p4 ( nscor nauta1 -ae1 m4 = nvita1 f nvis1 %ip1 sailor nvlis1 -e1 adj4 nvis1 %ip1 naval nvigium1 nvig1 n4 %ip1 boat nvig1 -re1 -v1 -tus nvis1 %ip1 ag1 drive1 sail1 cruise nvis1 -is 7abl4 - or -e71 f4 %ip 7#bdc4a74 nvem cnsc5d]e1 emb>k1 g on bo>d4 nvem solv]e1 set sail4 nvis longa1 man-(-w> n1 conj4 & adv4 9 ord] t n1 t 7) v]bs ( fe>+71 le/2 n4 n 444 quidem1 n ev5 -ne1 int]rog4 adv41 enclitic 7see #af1 #baj74 ,cf4 nnne & num nec or neque1 conj4 n1 n1 que1 &1 & n1 nor4 nec 444 nec or neque 444 neque1 nei!r 444 nor necessrius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ne$ful1 necess>y nec1 -re1 -v1 -tus cf4 nex1 dea?1 kill4 ,cf4 int]fici1 occd1 trucd neg1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 d5y1 say n 7#dbj4;a7 negtium1 negt1 n4 nec1 n1 tium1 ease1 bus9ess1 affair1 matt]4 alicui negtium d>e1 to employ "s "o ,nemaeus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,nemean1 ( ,nemea1 9 s\!rn ,greece nm1 dat4 nm9 7g54 nllu1 abl4 nll1 suppli$ f nllus71 m4 & f4 n1 n1 hom1 man1 7n a man71 no "o1 nobody ,neptnus1 -1 m4 ,neptune1 god ( ! sea1 bro!r ( ,jupit] neque1 see nec neut]1 -tra1 -trum 7g54 -tru1 dat4 -tr71 adj4 nei!r 7( two7 7#ajh7 n-ve1 conj4 adv4 & n1 & t n1 & le/ nihil1 n4 indecl4 n1 n1 hlum1 a :it1 no?+4 nihil posse1 to h no p[] nihilum1 -1 n41 see nihil ,niob1 -s1 f4 ,niobe1 ! que5 ( ,!bes ^: *ildr5 7 de/roy$ by ,apollo & ,diana nisi1 conj4 n1 n1 s1 if1 if n1 unless1 except nbilis1 -e1 adj4 well kn[n2 noble noce1 -re1 -u1 -xrus cf4 nec1 kill1 hurt1 injure1 ) dat4 7#eja4ad7 noct1 abl4 us$ z adv4 cf4 nox1 night1 at night1 by night ,nla1 -ae1 f4 ,nola1 a t[n 9 c5tral ,campania4 ,see map nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ---- ne1 n1 vol1 wi%1 n to wi%1 be unwill+ 7#dig7 nm51 -inis1 n4 cf4 nsc1 "k1 7means ( kn[+71 "n nm91 -re1 -v1 -tus nm51 "n1 "n1 call4 ,cf4 appell1 voc nn1 adv4 n1 n1 num1 "o1 n4 nn slum 444 s$ etiam1 n only 444 b also nn-dum1 adv4 n yet nn-ne1 int]rog4 adv4 sugge/+ an affirmative answ]1 n8 7#baj74 ,cf4 -ne & num ns1 p]s4 pron4 we 7see ego7 7#dhj7 no/]1 -tra1 -trum1 possessive adj4 & pron4 our1 ours4 ,plur4 no/r1 -rum1 m4 our m5 7#ih7 novem1 indecl4 num]al adj4 n9e novus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 new4 novae rs1 a revolution nox1 noctis1 f4 night1 mult nocte1 late at night nllus1 -a1 -um 7g54 -u1 dat4 -7 adj4 n1 n1 llus1 any1 n any1 none1 no 7#ajh7 num1 int]rog4 adv4 sugge/+ a negative answ] 7#baj74 ,cf4 -ne & nnne4 ,9 indir4 que/ions1 :e!r num]us1 -1 m4 numb] numquam1 adv4 n1 n1 umquam1 ev]1 nev] nunc1 adv4 n[4 ,cf4 iam nnti1 -re1 -v1 -tus nntius1 mess5g]1 report1 ann\nce 7#dbj4;a7 nntius1 nnt1 m4 mess5g] np]1 adv4 rec5tly1 lately1 j n[ nympha1 -ae1 f4 nymph ,o ob1 prep4 ) acc4 on acc\nt (4 ,9 comp\nds x (t5 means 9 front (1 aga9/1 or x is int5sive4 quam ob rem1 = ?is reason 7#cdj7 obses1 -idis1 m4 & f4 ho/age ob-side1-re1-sd1 -sessus ob1 aga9/1 s$e1 sit1 besiege obt9e1 -re1 -u1 -t5tus ob1 aga9/1 t5e1 hold1 possess1 occupy1 hold occsi1 -nis1 f4 favorable opportunity1 favorable mom5t occsus1 -s1 m4 go+ d[n1 sett+ occd1 -ere1 -cd1 -csus ob1 d[n1 ca$1 /rike1 /rike d[n2 cut d[n1 kill4 ,cf4 int]fici1 nec occup1 -re1 -v1 -tus ob1 completely1 capi1 take1 seize1 take possession (1 occupy4 ,cf4 rapio oc-curr1 -ere1 -curr1 -cursus ob1 aga9/ curr1 run1 run t[>ds2 meet1 ) dat4 7#dbf7 ceanus1 -1 m4 ! ocean oct1 indecl4 num]al adj4 eight oculus1 -1 m4 eye (ficium1 (fic1 n4 duty lim1 adv4 =m]ly1 once ^u a "t m51 -inis1 n4 sign1 tok51 om5 -mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus ob1 ov]1 pa/1 mitt1 s5d1 let g1 omit4 consilium omitt]e1 give up a plan omnn1 adv4 omnis1 all1 altoge!r1 :olly1 entirely omnis1 -e1 adj4 all1 e4 ,cf4 ttus on]ria1 -ae1 f4 onus1 load1 ) nvis express$ or und]/ood1 m]*ant vessel1 transport onus1 -eris1 n4 load1 burd5 opni1 -nis1 f4 opnor1 suppose1 op9ion1 supposition1 expectation oppidnus1 -1 m4 oppidum1 t[n1 t[nsman oppidum1 -1 n4 t[n1 /ronghold opportnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 suitable1 opportune1 favorable op-prim1 -ere1 -press1 -pressus ob1 aga9/1 prem1 press1 7press aga9/71 cru%2 surprise oppugnti1 -nis1 f4 /orm+1 assault oppugn1 -re1 -v1 -tus ob1 aga9/1 pugn fight1 fight aga9/1 assault1 /orm1 assail optim1 adv4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ b5e1 melius1 optim1 v well1 be/ ( all 7#cbc7 optimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ bonus1 melior1 optimus1 be/1 mo/ excell5t 7#caa7 opus1 -eris1 n4 "w1 labor1 task 7#dfd4b4;b7 rculum1 -1 n4 r1 speak1 oracle rtor1 -ris1 m4 r1 speak1 orator orbis1 -is1 m4 r+1 circle4 orbis t]rrum1 ! e>?1 _w orbita1 -ae1 f4 orbis1 :eel1 rut ,orcus1 -1 m4 ,orcus1 ! l[] _w rd1 -inis1 m4 r[1 ord]1 rank 7#bdg4b4;a7 org1 -inis1 f4 orior1 rise1 s\rce1 orig9 orior1 -r1 ortus sum1 dep4 v]b1 arise1 rise1 beg92 spr+1 be born rnm5tum1 -1 n4 rn1 fit out1 ornam5t1 jewel rntus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( rn1 fit out fitt$ out2 adorn$ rn1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 fit out1 adorn ,p ,p41 abbreviation = ,pblius pa5e1 adv4 ne>ly1 almo/ paldm5tum1 -1 n4 milit>y cloak pals1 -dis1 f4 swamp1 m>% pnis1 -is1 m4 bread pr1 p>is1 adj4 equal 7#dga4 ,,iii7 p>tus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( p>1 prep>e1 prep>$1 ready p>c1 -ere1 pep]c 7p>s71 p>srus1 sp>e1 ) dat4 7#eja4ad7 pre1 -re1 -u1 ----1 obey1 ) dat4 7#eja4ad7 p>1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 prep>e =1 prep>e2 provide1 procure p>s1 p>tis1 f4 "p1 %>e2 side1 direction p>um1 adv41 comp>$ m9us1 m9im1 too little1 n en\gh 7#cbc7 p>vus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 comp>$ m9or1 m9imus1 small1 little 7#caa7 passus1 -s1 m4 /ep1 pace4 mlle passuum1 ?\s& paces1 mile 7#cca4;b7 pate1 -re1 patu1 ----1 lie op51 be op52 /ret*1 ext5d pat]1 -tris1 m4 fa!r 7#dfd4b4;a7 patior1 -1 passus sum1 dep4 v]b1 be>1 suff]1 all[1 p]mit patria1 -ae1 f4 cf4 pat]1 fa!r1 fa!rl&1 7"o's7 c\ntry paucus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7g5]ally plur471 few1 only a few paulisp]1 adv4 = a little :ile paul1 adv4 by a little1 little paulum adv4 a little1 some:at px1 pcis1 f4 7no g54 plur471 peace pecnia1 -ae1 f4 pecus1 cattle1 money p$es1 -itis1 m4 ps1 foot1 foot soldi] p$e/]1 -tris1 -tre1 adj4 ps1 foot1 on foot2 by l& peior1 peius1 -ris1 adj4 9 comp4 degree1 comp>$ malus1 peior1 pessimus1 worse 7#caa7 pellis1 -is1 f4 sk91 hide p5na1 -ae1 f4 fea!r p]1 prep4 ) acc4 ?r\gh1 by means (1 on acc\nt (4 ,9 composition x (t5 has ! =ce ( ?or\ghly1 completely1 v 7#cdj7 p]cussus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( p]cuti1 /rike ?r\gh1 pi]c$ p]-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus p]1 ?r\gh1 dc1 lead1 lead ?r\gh4 fossam p]dc]e1 to con/ruct a dit* p]-exiguus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 p]1 v1 exiguus1 small1 v small1 v %ort p]fidus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 fai?less1 trea*]\s1 false p]-fr+1 -ere1 -frg1 -frctus p]1 ?r\gh1 frang1 break1 %att] p]g1 -ere1 p]rx1 p]rctus p]1 ?r\gh1 reg1 conduct1 g on1 proce$1 ha/5 p]culum1 -1 n4 trial1 te/2 dang] p]i/lum1 -1 n4 p]i/yle1 an op5 c\rt ) columns ar\nd x p]tus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 skillful p]petuus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 p]petual ,p]seus1 -e1 ,p]seus1 a ,greek h]o1 son ( ,jupit] & ,dana p]sna1 -ae1 f4 "p1 "*1 p]son p]-sude1 -re1 -sus1 -susus p]1 ?or\ghly1 sude1 p]suade1 p]suade1 advise1 ) dat4 7#eja4ad71 (t5 ) an object clause ( purpose 7#eja4da7 p]-t]re1 -re1 -u1 -itus p]1 ?or\ghly1 t]re1 fright51 ?or\ghly t]rify1 al>m p]-v5i1 -re1 -vn1 -v5tus p]1 ?r\gh1 v5i1 come1 arrive1 rea*1 come to ps1 p$is1 m4 foot4 p$em ref]re1 retreat 7#bdg4b4;a7 pessimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ malus1 peior1 pessimus1 wor/ 7#caa7 pet1 -ere1 -v or -i1 -tus1 /rive =1 seek1 beg1 ask2 make =1 travel to4 ,cf4 po/ul1 qua]1 rog ,ph>slus1 -1 f4 ,ph>salus or ,ph>salia1 a t[n 9 ,!ssaly1 ne> :i* ,cass> defeat$ ,pompey1 #dh ,b4,c4 philosophia1 -ae1 f4 philosophy philosophus1 -1 m4 philosoph] pictus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( p+1 pa9t1 color$1 v>iegat$ plum1 -1 n4 spe>1 javel9 7#dfb4;b7 piscna1 -ae1 f4 piscis1 fi%1 fi% pond piscis1 -is1 m4 fi% p/or1 -ris1 m4 bak] place4 -re1 -u1 -itus1 please1 be pleas+1 ) dat4 7#eja4ad7 plnitis1 -1 f4 plnus1 level1 pla9 plnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 level1 flat plnus1 -a1 -um1 full plrimum1 adv4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ multum1 pls1 plrimum1 v mu*4 plrimum valre1 be mo/ influ5tial 7#cbb7 plrimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ multus1 pls1 plrimus1 mo/1 v _m 7#caa7 pls1 plris1 adj4 9 comp4 degree1 comp>$ multus1 pls1 plrimus2 s+4 n4 z sub/antive1 m2 plur4 m1 sev]al 7#caa7 pluteus1 -1 m4 %ield1 p>apet po5a1 -ae1 f4 puni%m5t1 p5alty pota1 -ae1 m4 poet pompa1 -ae1 f4 procession ,pompi1 -rum1 m4 ,pompeii1 a city ( ,campania4 ,see map ,pompius1 ,pomp1 m4 ,pompey1 a ,roman "n pmum1 -1 n4 apple pn1 -ere1 posu1 positus1 put1 place4 ca/ra pn]e1 pit* camp pns1 pontis1 m4 bridge 7#bdg4b4;a7 popna1 -ae1 f4 re/aurant populus1 -1 m4 p ,pors5a1 -ae1 m4 ,pors5a1 k+ ( ,etruria1 a di/rict ( ,italy4 ,see map porta1 -ae1 f4 gate1 door port1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 be>1 c>ry portus1 -s1 m4 cf4 porta1 gate1 h>bor posside1 -re1 -sd1 -sessus1 h1 own1 possess possum1 posse1 potu1 ----1 irreg4 v]b potis1 able1 sum1 ,i am1 be able1 c 7#die74 nihil posse1 h no p[] po/1 prep1 ) acc4 aft]1 beh9d 7#cdj7 po/e1 adv4 po/1 aft]1 e1 ?is1 aft]w>ds 7po/]us71 -a1 -um1 adj41 comp>$ po/]ior1 po/rmus or po/umus1 foll[+1 next 7#cab7 po/quam1 conj4 aft]1 z soon z po/rm1 adv4 abl4 ( po/rmus1 la/1 at la/1 f9ally4 ,cf4 dmum1 dnique 7#cbb7 po/rdi1 adv4 po/]1 next1 di1 day1 on ! next day po/ul1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 ask1 dem&1 require4 ,cf4 pet1 qua]1 rog pot5tia1 -ae1 f4 potns1 able1 might1 p[]1 =ce prae-be1 -re1 -u1 -itus prae1 =?1 habe1 hold1 (f]1 give pra$a1 -ae1 f4 booty1 spoil1 plund] prae-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -dictus prae1 be=e1 dc1 tell1 =etell1 pr$ict prae-fici1 -ere1 -fc1 -fectus prae1 be=e1 faci1 make1 place 9 comm&1 ) acc4 & dat4 7#eja4ae7 prae-mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus prae1 =w>d1 mitt1 s5d1 s5d =w>d praemium1 praem1 n4 rew>d1 prize pra]uptus1 -a1 -um "p4 ( prae-rump1 break (f1 brok5 (f1 /eep praesns1 -entis1 adj4 pres5t1 imm$iate praes]tim1 adv4 especially1 *iefly praesidium1 praesidi1 n4 gu>d1 g>rison1 protection prae-/1 -re1 -/it1 -/itus prae1 be=e1 /o1 /&1 7/& be=e71 excel1 surpass1 ) dat4 7#eja4ae72 %[1 exhibit prae-sum1 -esse1 -fu1 -futrus prae1 be=e1 sum1 be1 be ov]1 be 9 comm& (1 ) dat4 7#eja4ae7 praet]1 prep1 ) acc4 beyond1 contr>y to 7#cdj7 praet]e1 adv4 praet]1 besides1 e1 ?is1 9 addition1 besides1 moreov] praetextus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 bord]$1 edg$ praetrium1 praetr1 n4 prtorium pr&ium1 pr&1 n4 lun*eon prem1 -ere1 press1 pressus1 press h>d1 compress2 cr[d1 drive1 h>ass 7prex1 precis71 f4 pray] prm1 adv4 prmus1 fir/1 at fir/1 9 ! beg9n+ 7#cbb7 prmum1 adv4 prmus1 fir/1 fir/4 quam primum1 z soon z possible prmus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ prior1 prmus1 fir/ 7#cae7 prnceps1 -cipis1 m4 prmus1 fir/1 capi1 take1 7tak+ ! fir/ place71 *ief1 lead] 7#dfd4a7 prior1 prius1 -ris1 adj4 9 comp4 degree1 sup]l41 prmus1 =m] 7#cae7 pr/9us1 -a1 -um1 adj4 =m]1 previ\s pr1 prep1 ) abl4 be=e2 =1 = ! sake (1 9 behalf (2 in/ead (1 z 7#bji74 ,9 composition1 =?1 =w>d pr-cd1 -ere1 -cuss1 -cessrus pr1 =w>d1 cd1 g1 g =w>d1 proce$ procul1 adv4 f>1 af> (f pr-curr1 -ere1 -curr 7-cucurr71 -cur-sus pr1 =w>d1 curr1 run1 run =w>d proelium1 proeli1 n4 battle1 combat4 proelium committ]e1 jo9 battle4 proelium fac]e1 fight a battle pr(ecti1 -nis1 f4 dep>ture pr(icscor1 -1 -fectus sum1 dep4 v]b1 set out1 m>*4 ,cf4 gr$ior1 exe pr-gr$ior1 -1 -gressus sum1 dep4 v]b pr1 =?1 gradior1 g1 g =?1 proce$1 advance4 ,cf4 p]g1 prcd prgressus1 see prgr$ior prohibe1 -re1 -u1 -itus pr1 =?1 away f1 habe1 hold1 keep away f1 h9d]1 prev5t pr-move1 -re1 -mv1 -mtus pr1 =w>d1 move1 move1 move =w>d1 advance pr-nnti1 -re1 -v1 -tus pr1 =?1 nnti1 ann\nce1 proclaim1 decl>e prope1 adv41 comp>$ propius1 proxi-m1 ne>ly4 ,prep1 ) acc4 ne> pr-pell1 -ere1 -pul1 -pulsus pr1 =?1 pell1 drive1 drive =?2 move1 impel prop]1 -re1 -v1 -tus prop]us1 quick1 g quickly1 ha/54 ,cf4 cont5d1 matur prop9quus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 prope1 ne>1 ne>1 neighbor+ propior1 -ius1 -ris1 adj4 9 comp4 degree1 sup]l41 proximus1 ne>] 7#cae7 propius1 adv4 9 comp4 degree1 comp>$ prope1 propius1 proxim1 ne>] 7#cbc7 propt]1 prep4 ) acc4 on acc\nt (1 because ( 7#cdj7 pr-scrb1 -ere1 -scrps1 -scriptus pr1 =?1 scrib1 write1 proclaim1 publi%4 ,cf4 prnnti pr-sequor1 -sequ1 -sectus sum1 dep4 v]b pr1 =?1 sequor1 foll[1 escort1 att5d pr-sum1 prdesse1 prfu1 prfutrus pr1 =1 sum1 be1 be useful1 b5efit1 ) dat4 7#dif2 #eja4ae7 pr-teg1 -ere1 -txi1 -tctus pr1 9 front1 teg1 cov]1 cov] 9 front1 protect prv9cia1 -ae1 f4 t]ritory1 prov9ce proxim1 adv4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ prope1 propius1 proxim1 ne>e/1 next2 la/1 mo/ rec5tly 7#cbc7 proximus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ propior1 proximus1 ne>e/1 next 7#cae7 pblicus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 populus1p1 ( ! p1 public1 res pblica1 ! commonweal? puella1 -ae1 f4 dim9utive ( pu]1 boy1 girl1 maid5 pu]1 -eri1 m4 boy2 slave 7#dfb4;c7 pugna1 -ae1 f -fight1 battle4 ,cf4 proelium pugn1 -re1 -v1 -tus pugna1 battle1 fight4 ,cf4 cont5d1 dmic pul*]1 -*ra1 -*rum1 adj4 beautiful1 pretty 7#dfi4;b2 #cjd7 ,pull1 -nis1 m4 ,pullo1 a c5turion puls1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 /rike1 beat puppis1 -is 7acc4 -im1 abl4 -71 f4 /]n ( a %ip1 deck pr1 adv4 prus1 pure1 comp4 prius1 purely prg1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 cleanse1 clean purpureus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 purple1 d>k r$ put1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 reckon1 ?9k 7#dbj1;c74 ,cf4 arbitror1 ex/im ,p?ia1 -ae1 f4 ,py?ia1 ! inspir$ prie/ess ( ,apollo at ,delphi ,q qu d caus1 = ?is reason1 :]e=e qu r1 !re=e1 = ?is reason qua]1 -ere1 -sv1 -stus1 seek1 ask1 inquire4 ,cf4 pet1 po/ul1 rog qulis1 -e1 int]rog4 pronom4 adj4 ( :at sort1 :at k9d (4 talis 444 qualis1 su* 444 z quam1 adv4 h[2 aft] a comp>ative1 ?an2 ) a sup]lative1 translat$ z444z possible1 quam prmum1 z soon z possible quantus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 quam1 h[1 h[ great1 h[ mu*1 tantus 444 quantus1 z great z qurtus1 -a1 -um1 num]al adj4 quattuor1 f\r1 f\r? quattuor1 indecl4 num]al adj4 f\r quattuor-decim1 indecl4 num]al adj4 f\rte5 -que1 conj41 enclitic1 & 7#af74 ,cf4 ac1 atque1 et qu1 quae1 quod1 rel4 pron4 & adj4 :o1 :i*1 :at1 t 7#dhb7 quia1 conj4 because4 ,cf4 quod qudam1 qua$am1 quiddam 7quoddam71 indef4 pron4 & adj4 a c]ta9 "o1 a c]ta91 a 7#dhe74 quidem1 adv4 to be sure1 c]ta9ly1 inde$1 n 444 quidem1 n ev5 quis1 -tis1 f4 re/1 repose quitus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 quiet1 re/ful qundecim1 indecl4 num]al adj4 fifte5 qung5t1 -ae1 -a1 num]al adj4 five hundr$ qunque1 indecl4 num]al adj4 five quntus1 -a1 -um1 num]al adj4 fif? quis 7qu71 quae1 quid 7quod71 int]rog4 pron4 & adj4 :o8 :at8 :i*8 7#dhc74 quis 7qu71 qua 7quae71 quid 7quod71 indef4 pron4 & adj41 us$ aft] s1 nisi1 n1 num1 any "o1 any?+1 "s "o1 some?+1 any1 "s 7#dhd74 quisquam1 quicquam or quidquam 7no fem4 or plur471 indef4 pron4 any "o 7at all71 any?+ 7at all7 7#dhf74 quisque1 quaeque1 quidque 7quodque71 indef4 pron4 & adj4 ea*1 ea* "o1 e 7#dhd74 qu1 int]rog4 & rel4 adv4 :i!r1 :]e qu1 conj4 9 ord] to1 t1 ) comp4 degree 7#cej74 quod1 conj4 because1 9 t4 ,cf4 quia quoque1 conj41 foll[+ an emphatic ^w1 also1 too4 ,cf4 etiam quot-anns1 adv4 quot1 h[ _m annus1 ye>1 e ye>1 ye>ly quotins1 int]rog4 & rel4 adv4 h[ (t58 z (t5 z ,r rdx1 -cis1 f4 root2 foot rapi1 -ere1 -u1 -tus1 seize1 snat* rr1 adv4 rrus1 r>e1 r>ely rrus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 r>e re- or r$-1 an insep>able prefix1 aga91 back1 anew1 9 return rebelli1 -nis1 f4 r5ewal ( w>1 rebellion recns1 -entis1 adj4 rec5t re-cipi1 -ere1 -cp1 -ceptus re-1 back1 capi1 take1 take back1 receive4 s recip]e1 )draw1 retreat re-clntus1 -a1 -um1 "p4 ( recln1 lean+ back re-cretus1 -a1 -um1 "p4 ( recre1 refre%$ rctus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( reg1 keep /raight1 /raight1 direct re-cs1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 refuse r$-ctus1 -a1 -um1 "p4 ( r$ig1 r$uc$1 subdu$ r$-e1 -re1 -i1 -itus r$-1 back1 e1 g1 g back1 return 7#dac74 ,cf4 rev]t r$itus1 -s1 m4 cf4 r$e1 return1 return1 go+ back re-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus re-1 back1 dc1 lead1 lead back re-f]1 -f]re1 rettul1 -ltus re-1 back1 f]1 be>1 be> back2 report4 p$em ref]re1 )draw1 retreat re-fici1 -ere1 -fc1 -fectus re-1 aga91 faci1 make1 make aga91 repair4 s refic]e1 refre% "o's self rgna1 -ae1 f4 rx1 k+1 que5 regi1 -nis1 f4 region1 di/rict rgnum1 -1 n4 sov]eignty2 k+dom reg1 -ere1 rx1 rctus cf4 rx1 k+1 gov]n1 rule 7#dij7 re-ici1 -ere1 -ic1 -iectus re-1 back1 iaci1 hurl1 hurl back2 ?r[ away re-l9qu1 -ere1 -lqu1 -lictus re-1 beh9d1 l9qu1 leave1 leave beh9d1 leave1 ab&on reliquus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 cf4 rel9qu1 leave1 left ov]1 rema9+4 ,z a n\n1 plur4 ! re/ remtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( re-move1 remove1 remote1 di/ant re-move1 -re1 -mv1 -motus re-1 back1 move1 move1 remove rmus1 -1 m4 o> re-p]i1 -re1 repp]1 rep]tus1 f9d re-port1 -re1 -v1 -tus re-1 back1 port1 c>ry1 c>ry back1 br+ back1 w91 ga9 rs1 re1 f4 ?+1 bus9ess1 matt]1 de$1 ev5t1 circum/ance 7#dfg74 quam ob rem1 = ?is reason4 rs adv]sae1 adv]sity4 rs frm5tria1 gra9 supplies4 rs ge/ae1 exploits4 rs militris1 sci5ce ( w>4 rs pblica1 ! commonweal?4 rs secundae1 prosp]ity re-sc9d1 -ere1 -scid1 -scissus re-1 back1 sc9d1 cut1 cut (f1 cut d[n re-si/1 -ere1 -/it1 ---- re-1 back1 si/1 cause to /&1 oppose1 resi/1 ) dat4 7#eja4ad7 re-sponde1 -re1 -spond1 -spnsus re-1 9 return1 sponde1 promise1 answ]1 reply 7#dbj4;a7 re-v]t1 -ere1 -1 ----1 or dep4 v]b re-v]tor1 -1 -sus sum re-1 back1 v]t1 turn1 turn back1 return4 ,usually active 9 ! p]f4 sy/em re-v9ci1 -re1 -vnx1 -vnctus re-1 back1 v9ci1 b9d1 fa/5 rx1 rgis1 m4 cf4 reg1 rule1 k+ ,rhnus1 -1 m4 ! ,rh9e1 a riv] ( ,g]many rpa1 -ae1 f4 bank rog1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 ask4 ,cf4 pet1 po/ul1 qua] ,rma1 -ae1 f4 ,rome4 ,see map ,rmnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,rma1 ,rome1 ,roman1 foll[s its n\n4 ,z a n\n1 m4 & f4 a ,roman rosa1 -ae1 f4 rose r/rum1 -1 n4 beak ( a %ip4 ,9 plur41 ! ro/ra1 ! speak]'s /& 9 ! ,roman ,=um rota1 -ae1 f4 :eel ,rubic1 -nis1 m4 ! ,rubicon1 a riv] 9 nor!rn ,italy4 ,see map rmor1 -ris1 m4 report1 rumor rrsus1 adv4 = rev]sus1 turn$ back1 aga91 9 turn rs1 rris 7locative abl4 rr1 no g541 dat41 or abl4 plur471 n4 ! c\ntry 7#eja4cf4a74 ,cf4 ag]1 patria1 t]ra ,s ,sabnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,sab9e4 ,z a n\n1 m4 & f4 a ,sab9e4 ,! ,sab9es 7 an anci5t p ( c5tral ,italy4 ,see map sacrum1 -1 n4 sac]1 consecrat$1 some?+ consecrat$1 sacrifice2 usually 9 plur41 religi\s rites saepe1 adv41 comp>$ saepius1 saepissim1 (t51 frequ5tly saevus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 cruel1 savage sagitta1 -ae1 f4 arr[ sali1 -re1 -u1 saltus1 jump sals1 -tis1 f4 safety2 heal?4 saltem dc]e1 s5d greet+s salt1 -re1 -v1 -tus sals1 heal?1 greet1 salute salv1 imv4 ( salve1 hail1 greet+s sanguis1 -inis1 m4 blood 7#bdg4b4;a snits1 -tis1 f4 snus1 s\nd1 heal?1 sanity sapins1 -entis1 adj4 "p4 ( sapi1 be wise1 wise1 s5sible satis1 adv4 & indecl4 n\n1 en\gh1 suffici5t1 suffici5tly saxum1 -1 n4 rock1 /one scelus1 -eris1 n4 crime1 s9 scptrum1 -1 n4 scept] s*ola1 -ae1 f4 s*ool1 ! high] grades4 ,cf4 ldus sci5tia1 -ae1 f4 scins1 kn[+1 skill1 k1 sci5ce sc9d1 -ere1 scid1 scissus1 cut1 te> sci1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 "k 7#dbj4;b74 ,cf4 cognsc scrb1 -ere1 scrps1 scrptus1 write sctum1 -1 n4 %ield1 buckl] s1 see su scum s cum secundus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 sequor1 foll[1 foll[+1 next1 second2 favorable1 successful4 rs secundae1 prosp]ity s$1 conj4 b1 on ! contr>y4 nn slum 444 s$ etiam1 n only 444 b also sdecim1 indecl4 num]al adj4 sixte5 s$e1 -re1 sd1 sessus1 sit semp]1 adv4 always1 =ev] s5tus1 -s1 m4 cf4 s5ex1 old1 c\ncil ( eld]s1 s5ate s5ti1 -re1 sns1 snsus1 feel1 "k1 p]ceive 7#dbj4;d74 ,cf4 intelleg1 vide septem1 indecl4 num]al adj4 sev5 septimus1 -a1 -um1 num]al adj4 sev5? sequor1 -1 sectus sum1 dep4 v]b1 foll[ 7#dic7 s]pns1 -entis1 f4 s]p1 crawl1 s]p5t1 snake s]tae1 -rum1 f4 plur4 wrea?s1 g>l&s s]vits1 -tis1 f4 s]vus1 slave1 slav]y1 s]vitude s]v1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 save1 rescue1 keep s]vus1 -1 m4 slave ss1 emphatic = s sex1 indecl4 num]al adj4 six ,sextus1 -1 m4 ,sextus1 a ,roman fir/ "n s1 conj4 if sc1 adv4 ?us1 9 ?is way4 ,cf4 ita1 tam ,sicilia1 -ae1 f4 ,sicily4 ,see map sc-ut1 j z1 z if signif]1 -er1 m4 signum1 /&>d1 f]1 be>1 /&>d be>] 7p4 #bbd7 signum1 -1 n4 ensign1 /&>d2 signal silva1 -ae1 f4 wood1 =e/ similis1 -e1 adj41 comp>$ similior1 simillimus1 l1 simil> 7#cjg7 simul1 adv4 at ! same "t simul ac or simul atque1 conj4 z soon z s9e1 prep4 ) abl4 )\t 7#bji7 s+ul1 -ae1 -a1 di/ributive num]al adj4 "o at a "t1 s+le 7#ccd7 s9i/]1 -tra1 -trum1 adj4 left ,s9uessa1 -ae1 f4 ,s9uessa1 a t[n 9 ,campania4 ,see map sitis1 -is 7acc4 -im1 abl4 -1 no plur471 f4 ?ir/ situs1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( s91 set1 situat$1 plac$1 ly+ socius1 soc1 m4 comrade1 ally sl1 slis 7no g54 plur471 m4 sun sole1 -re1 solitus sum1 semi-dep4 v]b1 be wont1 be accu/om$ sollicitus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 di/urb$1 anxi\s slum1 adv4 slus1 alone1 alone1 only4 nn slum 444 s$ etiam1 n only 444 b also slus1 -a1 -um 7g54 -u1 dat4 -71 adj4 alone1 only 7#ajh7 solv1 -ere1 solv1 soltus1 loos51 unb9d4 nvem solv]e1 set sail somnus1 -1 m4 sleep soror1 -ris1 f4 si/] spatium1 spat1 n4 space1 di/ance2 "t2 opportunity spectculum1 -1 n4 spect1 look at1 %[1 spectacle spect1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 look at1 witness spr1 -re1 -v1 -tus sps1 hope1 hope1 expect 7#dbj4;c7 sps1 spe1 f4 hope 7#bgc4b7 spl5did1 adv4 spl5didus1 comp>$ spl5didius1 spl5didissim1 spl5didly1 h&somely spl5didus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 brilliant1 gorge\s1 spl5did ,/abinus1 -a1 -um1 ,/abian /abulum1 -1 n4 cf4 /1 /&1 /&+ place1 /able1 /all /atim1 adv4 cf4 /1 /&1 on ! spot1 at once1 in/antly /atua1 -ae1 f4 si/1 place1 set1 /atue /atu1 -ere1 -u1 -tus /atus1 /ation1 decide1 det]m9e /ilus1 -1 m4 iron p5cil1 /yle 7p4 #baj7 /1 -re1 /et1 /atus1 /& /rtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( /]n1 spread1 pav$ 7( /reets7 /repitus1 -s1 m4 /rep1 make a noise1 noise1 d9 /r+1 -ere1 /rnx1 /rictus1 b9d tight2 draw1 un%ea! /ude1 -re1 -u1 ----1 give att5tion to1 be eag]1 ) dat4 7#eja4ad7 /udium1 /ud1 n4 cf4 /ude1 be eag] =1 eag]ness1 desire1 zeal1 devotion /ultus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 fooli%1 /upid ,/ymphlis1 -idis1 adj4 f4 ,/ymphalian1 ( ,/ymphalus1 a lake 9 s\!rn ,greece ,/ymphlus1 -1 m4 ,/ymphalus1 a di/rict ( s\!rn ,greece ) a t[n1 m\nta91 & lake1 all ( ! same "n sude1 -re1 -s1 -sus1 advise1 recomm5d1 ) subjv4 ( purpose 7#eja4da7 sub1 prep1 ) acc4 & abl4 "u1 bel[1 up to2 at or to ! foot ( sub-ig1 -ere1 -g1 -ctus sub1 "u1 ag1 drive1 subdue1 r$uce subit1 adv4 subitus1 sudd51 sudd5ly sub-sequor1 -1 -sectus sum1 dep4 v]b sub1 bel[1 sequor1 foll[1 foll[ close aft]1 foll[ up suc-cd1 -ere1 -cess1 -cessus sub1 bel[1 cd1 g1 foll[1 succe$ su1 reflexive pron4 ( himself 7h]self1 itself1 !mselves7 7#dhj74 scum s cum4 ss1 emphatic =m ( s sum1 esse1 fu1 futrus1 irreg4 v]b1 be2 exi/ 7#did7 summus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9 sup]l4 degree1 comp>$ sup]us1 sup]ior1 suprmus or summus 7#cab71 supreme1 highe/2 be/1 greate/4 9 summ colle1 on ! top ( ! hill sm1 -ere1 smps1 smptus1 take up2 assume1 put on4 sm]e supplicium d1 inflict puni%m5t on sup]1 prep4 ) acc4 & abl4 ov]1 above sup]bia1 -ae1 f4 sup]bus1 pr\d1 pride1 arrogance sup]bus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 pr\d1 haughty sup]ior1 comp4 ( sup]us sup]1 -re1 -v1 -tus sup]us1 above1 g ov]2 subdue1 ov]come2 surpass1 excel sup]-sum1 -esse1 -fu1 ----1 be ov]1 survive1 ) dat4 7#eja4ae7 sup]us1 -a1 -um1 adj41 comp>$ sup]ior1 suprmus or summus1 above1 upp] 7#cab7 supplicium1 supplic1 n4 supplex1 kneel+ 9 entreaty1 puni%m5t1 torture4 supplicium sm]e d1 inflict puni%m5t on4 supplicium d>e1 suff] puni%m5t surg1 -ere1 surrx1 ---- sub1 f bel[1 reg1 /raight51 rise sus-cipi1 -ere1 -cp1 -ceptus sub1 "u1 capi1 take1 und]take1 assume1 beg9 suspicor1 -r1 -tus sum1 dep4 v]b1 suspect1 surmise1 suppose sus-t9e1 -re1 -t9u1 -t5tus sub1 "u1 t5e1 hold1 hold up1 be>1 su/a91 )/& suus1 -a1 -um1 reflexive possessive adj4 & pron41 81 h]1 h]s1 its1 _!1 !irs 7#ih7 ,t ,t41 abbreviation ( ,titus tab]na1 -ae1 f4 %op1 /all tabula1 -ae1 f4 tablet = writ+ tlis1 -e1 adj4 su*4 tlis 444 qulis1 su* 444 z tam1 adv4 s1 su*4 ,cf4 ita1 sc tam51 adv4 yet1 h[ev]1 nev]!less t&em1 adv4 at l5g?1 f9ally tang1 -ere1 tetig1 tctus1 t\* tantum1 adv4 tantus1 only tantus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 s great1 su*4 tantus 444 quantus1 z l>ge z t>dus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 sl[1 late2 lazy ,t>pia1 -ae1 f4 ,t>peia 7pron\nc$ ,t>-pya71 ! maid5 :o op5$ ! citadel to ! ,sab9es ,t>qu9ius1 ,t>quin1 ,t>qu91 a ,roman k+4 ,) ! surname ,sup]bus1 ,t>qu9 ! ,pr\d ,t>racna1 -ae1 f4 ,t>racina1 a t[n 9 ,latium4 ,see map taurus1 -1 m4 bull tctus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( teg1 cov]1 cov]$1 protect$ tlum1 -1 n4 weapon tem]1 adv4 ra%ly1 he$lessly tempe/s1 -tis1 f4 tempus1 "t /orm1 tempe/ templum1 -1 n4 temple1 %r9e tempto1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 try1 te/2 make trial (1 attempt tempus1 -oris1 n4 "t 7#dfd4b4;b74 9 reliquum tempus1 = ! future t5e1 -re1 t5u1 ----1 hold1 keep t]gum1 -1 n4 back1 t]g1 on ! re>1 t]gum v]t]e1 retreat1 flee t]n1 -ae1 -a1 di/ributive num]al adj4 ?ree ea*1 by ?rees 7#ccd7 t]ra1 -ae1 f4 e>?1 gr\nd1 l&4 orbis t]rrum1 ! :ole _w t]ror1 -ris1 m4 cf4 t]re1 fright51 dread1 al>m1 t]ror t]tius1 -a1 -um1 num]al adj4 ?ird ,teutons1 -um1 m4 ! ,teutons !trum1 -1 n4 !at] ,?bae1 -rum1 f4 ,!bes1 a city ( ,greece ,?bn1 -rum1 m4 ,!bans1 ! p ( ,!bes !rmae1 -rum1 f4 plur4 ba?s ,!ssalia1 -ae1 f4 ,!ssaly1 a di/rict ( nor!rn ,greece ,?rcia1 -ae1 f4 ,?race1 a di/rict nor? ( ,greece ,tib]ius1 ,tiber1 m4 ,tib]ius1 a ,roman fir/ "n tbc51 -nis1 m4 cf4 tbia1 pipe1 pip]1 flute play] "t1 -re1 -u1 ----1 fe>1 be afraid (4 ,cf4 v]eor timor1 -ris1 m4 cf4 "t1 fe>1 fe>1 dread1 al>m4 ,cf4 metus ,tryns1 ,tryn?is1 f4 ,tiryns1 an anci5t t[n 9 s\!rn ,greece1 :]e ,h]cules s]v$ ,eury/heus toga1 -ae1 f4 cf4 teg1 cov]1 toga torm5tum1 -1 n4 eng9e ( w> totins1 adv4 s (t51 s _m times ttus1 -a1 -um1 7g54 -u1 dat4 -71 adj4 all1 ! :ole1 entire 7#ajh7 tr-d1 -ere1 -did1 -ditus trns1 across1 d1 deliv]1 give up1 h& ov]1 surr5d]1 betray tr-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus trns1 across1 dc1 lead1 lead across trah1 -ere1 trx1 trctus1 draw1 pull1 drag4 multum trah]e1 protract1 prolong mu* tr-ici1 -ere1 -ic1 -iectus trns1 across1 iaci1 hurl1 ?r[ across2 transfix tr-n1 -re1 -v1 -tus trns1 across1 n1 swim1 swim across trns1 prep4 ) acc4 across1 ov] 7#cdj7 trns-e1 -re1 -i1 -itus trns1 across1 e1 g1 g across1 cross 7#dac7 trns-fg1 -ere1 -fx1 -fxus trns1 ?r\gh1 fg1 drive1 transfix trnsitus1 ---- 7acc4 -um1 abl4 -71 m4 cf4 trnse1 cross ov]1 passage across trs1 tria1 num]al adj4 ?ree 7#dgi7 trduum1 trdu1 n4 trs1 ?ree1 dis1 days1 ?ree days' "t1 ?ree days trg9t1 indecl4 num]al adj4 ?irty triplex1 -icis1 adj4 ?reefold1 triple tr/is1 -e1 adj4 sad2 sev]e1 t]rible tr/itia1 -ae1 f4 tr/is1 sad1 sadness1 sorr[ triumph1 -re1 -v1 -tus triumphus1 triumph1 celebrate a triumph triumphus1 -1 m4 triumphal procession1 triumph4 triumphum ag]e1 celebrate a triumph trucd1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 cut to pieces1 slaught]4 ,cf4 int]fici1 nec1 occd t1 tu 7plur4 vs71 p]s4 pron4 ?\1 y 7#dhj7 tuba1 -ae1 f4 trumpet ,tullia1 -ae1 f4 ,tullia1 a ,roman "n tum1 adv4 !n1 at t "t turris1 -is1 f4 t[] 7#dfe4b7 ttus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 safe tuus1 -a1 -um1 possessive adj4 & pron4 y\r1 y\rs 7#ih7 ,u ubi1 rel4 & int]rog4 adv4 :]e1 :5 llus1 -a1 -um 7g54 -u1 dat4 -71 adj4 any 7#ajh7 ult]ior1 -ius1 -ris1 adj4 9 comp4 degree1 sup]l4 ultimus1 f>!r1 m remote 7#cae7 ultimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 9 sup]l4 degree 7see ult]ior71 f>!/ 7#cae7 umbra1 -ae1 f4 %ade um]us1 -1 m4 %\ld] umquam1 adv4 ev]1 at any "t n1 adv4 nus1 "o1 9 ! same place1 at ! same "t ndecimus1 -a1 -um1 num]al adj4 nus1 "o1 decimus1 t5?1 elev5? undique1 adv4 f e qu>t]1 on all sides1 ev]y:]e nus1 -a1 -um 7g54 -u1 dat4 -71 num]al adj4 "o2 alone 7#ajh7 urbs1 -is1 f4 city 7#dfe4;a7 urge1 -re1 urs1 ----1 press ^u1 cr[d1 hem 9 rus1 -1 m4 wild ox1 urus sque1 adv4 all ! way1 ev5 sus1 -s1 m4 use1 advantage ut1 conj4 ) ! subjv4 t1 9 ord] t1 t n 7) v]bs ( fe>+71 s t1 to 7#cej4a7 ut]1 -tra1 -trum 7g54 -u1 dat4 -71 int]rog4 pron4 :i* ( two8 :i*8 7#ajh7 ut]que1 utraque1 utrumque1 indef4 pron4 ea* ( two1 ea*1 bo?4 ab utrque p>te1 on bo? sides tilis1 -e1 adj4 tor1 use1 useful utrimque1 adv4 ut]que1 ea* ( two1 on ea* side1 on ei!r h& va1 -ae1 f4 grape1 bun* ( grapes uxor1 -ris1 f4 wife ,v vgna1 -ae1 %ea?1 scabb>d vagor1 -r1 -tus sum1 dep4 v]b1 w&] vale1 -re1 -u1 -xrus1 be p[]ful1 be well2 9 ! imp]ative z a greet+1 f>ewell4 plrimum valre1 h ! mo/ p[] valtd1 -inis1 f4 vale1 be well1 heal? validus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 cf4 vale1 be /rong1 /rong1 able1 well valls1 -is1 f4 valley vllum1 -1 n4 ramp>t1 e>?works v>ius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 bright-color$ v/1 -re1 -v1 -tus v/us1 empty1 7make empty71 deva/ate1 lay wa/e vectgal1 -lis1 n4 tax1 tribute vehem5t]1 adv4 vehemns1 eag]1 comp>$ vehem5tius1 vehem5tissim1 eag]ly1 vehem5tly veh1 -ere1 vex1 vectus1 convey1 c>ry4 ,9 ! passive (t5 9 ! s5se ( ride1 sail vel1 conj4 or4 vel 444 vel1 ei!r 444 or4 ,cf4 aut vlcits1 -tis1 f4 vlx1 swift1 swiftness vlx1 -cis1 adj4 swift1 fleet vlum1 -1 n4 sail vnd1 -ere1 vndid1 vnditus1 sell v5i1 -re1 vn1 v5tus1 come1 g v5tus1 -1 m4 w9d v]bum1 -1 n4 ^w4 v]ba fac]e pr1 speak 9 behalf ( v]eor1 -r1 -itus sum1 dep4 v]b1 fe>2 rev]5ce1 respect 7#dic74 ,cf4 "t ,v]gilius1 ,v]gil1 m4 ,v]gil1 ! poet v]g1 -ere1 ----1 ----1 turn1 lie vr1 adv4 vrus1 true1 9 tru?1 surely2 conj4 b1 h[ev]4 tum vr1 !n y may be sure1 introduc+ ! climax ( a /ory v]t1 -ere1 -t1 -sus1 turn1 *ange4 t]gum v]t]e1 retreat1 flee vrus1 -a1 -um1 true1 actual vesp]1 -er1 m4 ev5+ ve/]1 -tra1 -trum1 possessive adj4 & pron4 y\r1 y\rs 7#ih7 ve/gium1 ve/g1 n4 cf4 ve/g1 track1 foot/ep1 track1 trace ve/m5tum1 -1 n4 ve/is1 clo?+1 g>m5t ve/i1 -re1 -v1 -tus ve/is1 clo?+1 clo!1 dress ve/is1 -is1 f4 clo?+1 attire1 g>m5t1 robe ve/tus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 "p4 ( ve/i1 clo!1 clo!d ,vesuvius1 ,vesuvi1 m4 ,vesuvius1 ! volcano ne> ,pompeii4 ,see map vet]nus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 old1 vet]an vet1 -re1 -u1 -itus1 =bid1 prohibit vex1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 tr\ble1 annoy via1 -ae1 f4 way1 road1 /reet2 way1 mann]4 ,cf4 it] vitor1 -ris1 m4 via1 travel] victor1 -ris1 m4 v9c1 conqu]1 conqu]or1 victor4 ,9 apposition1 ) adj4 =ce victori\s victria1 -ae1 f4 victor1 victor1 victory vcus1 -1 m4 village vide1 -re1 vd1 vsus1 see1 p]ceive4 ,pass4 be se52 seem 7#dbj4;d7 vigilia1-ae1 f4 vigil awake1 wat*4 d t]tia vigilia1 ab\t ! ?ird wat* vg9t1 indecl4 num]al adj4 tw5ty vlicus1 -1 m4 vlla1 f>m1 /ew>d1 ov]se] ( a f>m vlla1 -ae1 f4 f>m1 villa v9ci1 -re1 vnx1 vnctus1 b9d1 tie1fett] v9c1 -ere1 vc1 victus1 conqu]1 defeat1 ov]come4 ,cf4 subig1 sup] vnea1 -ae1 f4 %$ 7p4 #bai7 vnum1 -1 n4 w9e viol5t]1 adv4 viol5tus1 viol5t1 comp>$ viol5tius1 viol5tissim1 viol5tly1 furi\sly vir1 vir1 m4 man1 husb&2 h]o 7#dfb4;c7 virlis1 -e1 adj4 vir1 man1 manly virts1 -tis1 f4 vir1 man1 manl9ess2 c\rage1 valor2 virtue 7#dfd4a7 vs1 7vs71 f4 /r5g?1 p[]1 might1 viol5ce 7#dfh7 vta1 -ae1 f4 cf4 vv1 live1 life1 vtam ag]e1 sp5d or pass life vto1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 %un1 avoid vv1 -ere1 vx1 ----1 live4 ,cf4 habit1 incol vvus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 cf4 vv1 live1 alive1 liv+ vix1 adv4 sc>cely1 h>dly voc1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 call1 summon1 invite4 ,cf4 appell1 nm9 vol1 -re1 -v1 -trus1 fly vol1 velle1 volu1 ----1 irreg4 v]b1 w1 be will+2 wi% 7#dig74 ,cf4 cupio volm51 -inis1 n4 roll1 book ,vornus1 -1 m4 ,vorenus1 a c5turion vs1 p]s4 pron42 y 7see t7 7#dhj7 vtum1 -1 n4 neut4 "p4 ( vove1 v[1 v[1 pl$ge1 pray] vx1 vcis1 f4 cf4 voc1 call1 voice1 cry2 ^w vuln]1 -re1 -v1 -tus vulnus1 w\nd1 w\nd1 hurt vulnus1 -eris1 n4 w\nd1 injury vulps1 -s1 f4 fox ,illu/ration3 ,,eques ,,romanus ,,engli%-,,lat9 ,,vocabul>y ,?is vocabul>y conta9s only ! words us$ 9 ! ,engli%-,lat9 ex]cises4 ,= details n giv5 "h1 ref]5ce may be made to ! ,lat9-,engli% vocabul>y4 ,! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 aft] v]bs indicate ! conjugation4 ,a a1 an1 commonly n translat$ able 7be71 possum1 posse1 potu1 ----7#die7 abode1 domicilium1 domicil1 n4 ab\t 7adv471 circit] ab\t 7prep471 d1 ) abl4 ab\t to1 express$ by fut4 act4 "p4 abundance1 cpia1 -ae1 f4 across1 trns1 ) acc4 active1 c]1 cris1 cre advance1 prgr$ior1 #c advantage1 sus1 -s1 m4 advise1 mone1 #b aft] 7conj471 po/quam2 (t5 express$ by ! p]f4"p4 aft] 7prep471 po/1 ) acc4 aga9/1 91 contr1 ) acc4 aid1 auxilium1 auxil1 n4 all1 omnis1 -e2 ttus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 all[1 patior1 #c ally1 socius1 soc1 m4 almo/1 pa5e2 f] alone1 nus1 -a1 -um2 slus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 already1 iam also1 quoque always1 semp] ambassador1 lgtus1 -1 m4 among1 apud1 ) acc4 anci5t1 antquus1 -a1 -um &1 et2 atque 7ac72 -que & s1 itaque ,&rom$a1 ,&rom$a1 -ae1 f4 angry1 rtus1 -a1 um animal1 animal1 -lis1 n4 ann\nce1 nnti1 #a annoy+1 mole/us1 -a1 -um ano!r1 alius1 -a1 -ud 7#aji7 any1 llus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 any "o1 any?+1 quisquam1 quicquam or quidquam 7#dhf7 appe>ance1 frma1 -ae1 f4 appo9t1 cre1 #a approa*1 adprop9qu1 #a1 ) dat4 are1 us$ z auxili>y1 n translat$2 z a copula1 sum 7#did7 arise1 orior1 #d arm1 brac*ium1 brac*1 n4 arm$1 armtus1 -a1 -um arms1 arma1 -rum1 n4 plur4 army1 ex]citus1 -s1 m4 ar\nd1 circum1 ) acc4 arrival1 adv5tus1 -u1 m4 arr[1 sagitta1 -ae1 f4 art ( w>1 rs mlitris z possible1 express$ by quam & sup]l44 ask1 pet1 #c2 qua]1 #c2 rog1 #a assail1 oppugn1 #a at1 91 ) acc4 or abl42 ) names ( t[ns1 locative case or abl4 )\t a preposition 7#bfh72 "t :51 abl4 at once1 /atim at ! beg9n+ ( summ]1 init ae/te ,a!ns1 ,a?nae1 -rum1 f4 attack1 impetus1 -u1 m4 attempt1 cnor1 #a2 tempt1 #a away f1 or ab1 ) abl4 ,b bad1 malus1 -a1 -um baggage1 imp$m5ta1 -rum1 n4 plur4 bank1 rpa1 -ae1 f4 b>b>ians1 b>b>1 -rum1 m4 plur4 battle1 proelium1 proel1 n42 pugna1 -ae4 f4 be1 sum 7#did7 be abs5t1 be f>1 absum 7#did7 be afraid1 "t1 #b2 v]eor1 #b be away1 absum 7#did7 be 9 comm& (1 praesum1 ) dat4 7#did1 #dbf7 be in=m$1 c]tior f be (f1 be di/ant1 absum 7#did7 be )\t1 ege1 ) abl4 7#ahj7 bea/ 7wild71 f]a1 -ae1 f4 beautiful1 pul*]1 -*ra1 -*rum because1 quia2 quod because (1 propt]1 ) acc42 or abl4 ( cause be=e1 h]et(ore 7adv471 ante be=e 7prep471 ante1 ) acc42 pr1 ) abl4 beg91 incipi1 #c believe1 crd1 #c1 ) dat4 7#aec7 belong to1 pr$icate g5itive 7#dji7 be/1 optimus1 sup]l4 ( bonus betray1 trd1 #c bett]1 melior1 comp4 ( bonus betwe51 int]1 ) acc4 bill[1 fluctus1 -u1 m4 bird1 avis1 -is1 f4 7#bdc4a7 blood1 sanguis1 -inis1 m4 body1 corpus1 -oris4 n4 bold1 audx1 -cis2 =tis1 -e boldly1 audct]2 =tit] boldness1 audcia1 -ae1 f4 booty1 pra$a1 -ae1 f4 bo?1 ea* 7( two71 ut]que1 utraque1 utrumque bo? 444 &1 et 444 et boy1 pu]1 -er1 m4 brave1 =tis1 -e bravely1 =tit] bridge1 pns1 pontis1 m4 bright1 clrus1 -a1 -um br+ back1 report1 #a br+ ^u1 nf]1 -f]re1 -tul1 -ltus1 ) acc4 & dat4 7#dbf7 bro!r1 frt]1 -tris1 m4 build+1 a$ificium1 a$ific4 n4 burn1 crem1 #a2 inc5d1 #c bus9ess1 negtium1 negt1 n4 b1 h[ev]1 autem1 s$ by1 1 ab1 ) abl42 d5ot+ means1 abl4 alone2 sometimes impli$ 9 a p>ticiple by night1 noct ,c ,cs>1 ,caes>1 -aris1 m4 calamity1 calamits1 -tis1 f4 call1 voc1 #a2 appell1 #a2 nm91 #a call toge!r1 convoc1 #a camp1 ca/ra1 -rum1 n4 plur4 c1 c\ld1 possum1 posse1 potu1 ---- 7#die7 capture1 capi1 #c2 occup1 #a c>e1 cra1 -ae1 f4 c>e =1 cr1 #a c>eful1 att5tus1 -a1 -um c>efulness1 dlig5tia1 -ae1 f4 c>ry1 f]1 f]re1 tul1 ltus 7#dih72 port1 #a c>ry on1 g]1 #c c>t1 c>rus1 -1 m4 cause1 causa1 -ae1 f4 cavalry1 equittus1 -s1 m4 cease1 cess1 #a ,cepheus1 ,cpheus1 -1 m4 c]ta9 7a71 qudam1 qua$am1 quoddam 7quiddam7 7#dhe7 *ick51 gallna1 -ae1 f4 *ief1 prnceps1 -cipis1 m4 *ildr51 lb]1 -rum1 m4plur4 *oose1 dlig1 #c *oose1 elect1 cre1 #a citiz51 cvis1 -is1 m4 & f4 7#bdc4a7 city1 urbs1 urbis1 f4 cle>1 clrus1 -a1 -um cohort1 cohors1 -rtis1 f4 come1 v5i1 #d comm&1 imp]1 #a1 ) dat4 7#de72 iube1 #b2 praesum1 ) dat4 7#dbf7 commit1 committ1 #c commonweal?1 rs pblica1 re pblicae conc]n+1 d1 ) abl4 conqu]1 sup]1 #a2 v9c1 #c con/ruct 7a dit*71 p]dc1 #c consul1 cnsul1 -ulis1 m4 contr>y to1 contr1 ) acc4 ,cor9?1 ,cor9?us1 -1 f4 ,cornelia1 ,cornlia1 -ae1 f4 ,cornelius1 ,cornlius1 ,cornli1 m4 corselet1 lrca1 -ae1 f4 cottage1 casa1 -ae1 f4 c\ntry1 z di/+ui%$ f ! city1 rs1 rris1 n42 z t]ritory1 fns1 -ium1 m41 plur4 ( fnis c\rage1 virts1 -tis1 f4 crime1 scelus1 -eris1 n4 cross1 trnse1 #d 7#dii7 cr[n1 corna1 -ae1 f4 ,d daily1 cotdi dang]1 p]culum1 -1 n4 daught]1 flia1 -ae1 f4 7#fg7 day1 dis1 -1 m4 daybreak1 prma lx de>1 crus1 -a1 -um dea?1 mors1 mortis1 f4 de$1 rs1 re1 f4 deep1 altus1 -a1 -um defeat1 calamits1 -tis1 f4 def5d1 df5d1 #c delay 7n\n71 mora1 -ae1 f4 delay 7v]b71 moror1 #a dem&1 po/ul1 #a d5se1 dnsus1 -a1 -um dep>t1 discd1 #c2 exe1 #d2 pr(icscor1 #c dep5d5t1 clins1 -entis1 m4 design1 cnsilium1 consil n4 desire1 cupi1 #c de/roy1 dle1 #b ,diana1 ,dina1 -ae1 f4 diff]1 diff]1 diff]re1 di/ul1 dltus 7#dih7 diff]5t1 dissimilis1 -e difficult1 difficilis1 -e difficulty1 difficults1 -tis1 f4 dilig5ce1 dlig5tia1 -ae1 f4 d9n]1 cna1 -ae1 f4 disa/]1 calamits1 -tis1 f4 di/ant 7be71 absum1 -esse1 fu1 futrus 7#did7 dit*1 fossa1 -ae1 f4 d1 ag1 #c2 faci1 #c2 :5 us$ z auxili>y1 n translat$ d[n f1 d1 ) abl4 drag1 trah1 #c drive1 ag1 #c dwell1 habit1 #a2 incol1 #c2 vv1 #c dwell+1 a$ificium1 a$ific1 n4 ,e ea*1 quisque1 quaeque1 quidque 7quodque7 7#dhd7 ea* ( two1 ut]que1 utraque1 utrumque ea* o!r1 int] ) acc4 ( a reflexive eag]1 c]1 cris1 cre2 alac]1 alacris1 alacre eag] 7be71 /ude1 #b eag]ness1 /udium1 /ud1 n4 eagle1 aquila1 -ae1 f4 easily1 facile easy1 facilis1 -e ei!r 444 or1 aut 444 aut empire1 imp]ium1 imper1 n4 employ1 negtium d enc\rage1 hortor1 #a enemy1 ho/is1 -is1 m4 & f42 inimcus1 -1 m4 en\gh1 satis entire1 ttus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 expectation1 opni1 -nis1 f4 eye1 oculus1 -1 m4 ,f fai?less1 p]fidus1 -a1 -um fam\s1 clrus1 -a1 -um f>1 long f>m]1 agricola1 -ae1 m4 f>!r1 ult]ior1 -ius fa!r1 pat]1 patris1 m4 fa!rl&1 patria1 -ae1 f4 favor1 fave1 #b favorable1 idneus1 -a1-um2 secundus1 -a1 -um fe>1 metus1 -s1 m42 timor1 -ris1 m4 fe>1 be afraid1 "t1 #b few1 pauc1 -ae1 -a field1 ag]1 agr1 m4 fifte51 qundecim fight1 cont5d1 #c2 pugn1 #a f9d1 rep]i1 #d f9i%1 cnfici1 #c fire1 ignis1 -is1 m4 7#bdc4a7 firmness1 cn/antia1 -ae1 f4 fir/1 prmus1 -a1 -um flee1 fugi1 #c flight1 fuga1 -ae1 f4 fly1 vol1 #a foe1 see enemy foll[ close aft]1 subsequor1 #c food1 cibus1 -1 m4 foot1 ps1 p$is1 m4 foot-soldi]1 p$es1 -itis1 m4 = 7conj471 enim1 nam = 7prep471 sign ( dat42 d1 pr1 ) abl42 to express purpose1 ad1 ) g]undive2 impli$ 9 acc4 ( "t & ( ext5t ( space = a long "t1 di =bid1 vet1 #a =ces1 cpiae1 -rum1 f41 plur4 ( cpia =e/1 silva1 -ae1 f4 =t1 ca/ellum1 -1 n42 ca/rum1 -1 n4 =tification1 mniti1 -nis1 f4 =tify1 mni1 #d =tune1 =tna1 -ae1 f4 f\r?1 qurtus1 -a1 -um free1 lb]1 -era1 -erum free1 lib]ate1 lb]1 #a frequ5t1 crb]1 -bra1 -brum fri5d1 amcus1 -1 m4 fri5dly 7adj471 amcus1 -a1 -um fri5dly 7adv471 amc fri5d%ip1 amcitia1 -ae1 f4 fright51 p]t]re1 #b f1 or ab1 d1 1 ex1 ) abl4 ,(t5 express$ by ! sep>ative ablative )\t a prep4 f ea* o!r1 int]1 ) acc4 ( a reflexive pron4 full1 plnus1 -a1 -um ,g ,galba1 ,galba1 -ae1 m4 g>l&1 corna1 -ae1 f4 g>rison1 praesidium1 praesid1 n4 gate1 porta1 -ae1 f4 ,gaul1 ,gallia1 -ae1 f4 ,gaul 7a71 ,gallus1 -1 m4 g5]al1 imp]tor1 -ris1 m4 ,g5eva1 ,g5va1 -ae1 f4 g5tle1 lnis1 -e ,g]man1 ,g]mnus1 -a1 -um ,g]mans 7!71 ,g]mn1 -rum1 m4 plur4 ,g]many1 ,g]mnia1 -ae1 f4 get 7d9n]71 p>1 #a girl1 puella1 -ae1 f4 give1 d1 d>e1 d$1 datus give ov]1 surr5d]1 dd1 #c2 trd1 #c give up1 omitt1 #c g1 e1 #d 7#dii7 g =?1 prgr$ior1 #c god1 deus1 -1 m4 7#dfh7 goddess1 dea1 -ae1 f4 7#fg7 gold1 aurum1 -1 n4 good1 bonus1 -a1 -um gra91 frm5tum1 -1 n4 gra9 supply1 rs frm5tria great1 +ns1 -entis2 magnus1 -a1 -um greate/1 maximus1 -a1 -um2 summus1 -a1 -um gu>d1 praesidium1 praesid1 n4 ,h h&1 manus1 -s1 f4 happy1 laetus1 -a1 -um h>bor1 portus1 -s1 m4 ha/51 cont5d1 #c2 mtr1 #a2 prop]1 #a hateful1 invsus1 -a1 -um haughty1 sup]bus1 -a1 -um h1 habe1 #b h no p[]1 nihil possum he1 is2 hic2 i/e2 ille2 or n express$ head1 caput1 -itis1 n4 he>1 audi he>t1 animus1 -1 m4 heavy1 gravis1 -e ,helvetii 7!71 ,helvti1 -rum1 m4 plur4 hem 91 cont9e1 #b h51 gallna1 -ae1 f4 h]1 eius2 huius2 i/u2 illu2 reflexive1 suus1 -a1 -um 7#aaf7 hide1 abd1 #c high1 altus1 -a1 -um highe/1 summus1 -a1 -um hill1 collis1 -is1 m4 himself1 su4 ,see self h9drance1 imp$m5tum1 -1 n4 81 eius2 huius2 i/u2 illu2 reflexive1 suus1 -a1 -um 7#aaf7 hi!r1 cit]ior1 -ius 7#cae7 hold1 t5e1 #b home1 domus1 -s1 f4 7#dfh74 at home1 dom 7#bfg7 hope 7n\n71 sps1 spe1 f4 hope 7v]b71 spr1 #a horse1 equus1 -1 m4 horseman1 eques1 -itis1 m4 ho/age1 obses1 -idis1 m4 & f4 ho/ile1 inimcus1 -a1 -um h\r1 hra1 -ae1 f4 h\se1 domicilium1 domicil1 n42 domus1 -s1 f4 7#dfh7 hurl1 iaci1 #c ,i ,i1 ego 7#bhj72 or n express$ if1 s4 if n1 nisi ill1 aeg]1 -gra1 -grum imm$iately1 /atim 9 7( place71 91 ) abl42 7( "t or ( specification7 abl4 )\t prep4 9 ord] t1 ut1 ) subjv42 9 ord] t n1 le/1 n1 ) subjv4 9 va91 fr/r indu/ry1 dlig5tia1 -ae1 f4 inflict injuries ^u1 iniris nf] ) dat4 7#dbf7 inflict puni%m5t on1 supplicium sm de in=m "s "o1 aliquem c]tirem faci injure1 noce1 #b1 ) dat4 7#aec7 injury1 iniria1 -ae1 f4 into1 91 ) acc4 intru/1 committ1 #c2 m&1 #a invite1 voc1 #a is1 us$ z auxili>y1 n translat$2 z a copula1 sum 7#did7 isl&1 nsula1 -ae1 f4 x1 is2 hie2 i/e2 ille2 or n express$ ,italy1 ,italia1 -ae1 f4 its1 eius2 huius2 i/u2 illu2 reflexive1 suus1 -a1 -um 7#aaf7 itself1 su4 ,see self ,j jo9 battle1 proelium committ j\rney1 it]1 it9]is1 n4 7#dfh7 judge 7n\n71 idex1 -icis1 m4 judge 7v]b71 idic1 #a ,julia1 ,ilia1 -ae1 f4 j n[1 np] ,k keep1 cont9e1 #b2 prohibeo1 #b2 t5e1 #b keep on do+ some?+1 express$ by ! impf4 indic4 kill1 int]fici1 #c2 nec1 #a2 occd1 #c k+1 rx1 rgis1 m4 k+dom1 rgnum1 -1 n4 "k1 cognsc1 #c1 9 p]f42 sci1 #d ,l labor 7n\n71 labor1 -ris1 m4 labor 7v]b71 labr1 #a lack 7n\n71 inopia1 -ae1 f4 lack 7v]b71 ege1 #b1 ) abl4 7#ahj7 lady1 dom9a1 -ae1 f4 lake1 lacus1 -s1 m4 7#bfj4b7 l&1 t]ra1 -ae1 f4 language1 l+ua1 -ae1 f4 l>ge1 +ns1 -entis2 magnus1 -a1 -um l>g]1 maior1 maius lately1 np] ,latona1 ,ltna1 -ae1 f4 law1 lx1 lgis1 f4 lay wa/e1 v/1 #a lead1 dco1 #c lead]1 dux1 ducis1 m4 & f4 le>n1 "k1 cognsc1 #c leave1 dep>t f1 discd1 #c leave beh9d1 ab&on1 rel9qu1 #c left1 s9i/]1 -tra1 -trum legion1 legi1 -nis1 f4 legion>ies1 leginri1 -rum1 m4 plur4 l5g?1 longitd1 -inis1 f4 le/1 n1 ) subjv4 lett] 7( ! alphabet71 litt]a1 -ae1 f2 7an epi/le7 litt]ae1 -rum1 f4 plur4 lieut5ant1 lgtus1 -1 m4 light1 lx1 lcis1 f4 l 7adj471 similis1 -e l1 love1 am1 #a l9e ( battle1 acis1 aci1 f4 little1 p>vus1 -a1 -um live1 habit1 #a2 incol1 #c2 vv1 #c long1 longus1 -a1 -um long1 = a long "t1 di long =1 dsd]1 #a look aft]1 cr1 #a love1 am1 #a ,m maid1 maid s]vant1 ancilla1 -ae1f4 make1 faci1 #c make w> ^u1 bellum nf] ) dat4 7#dbf7 man1 hom1 -inis1 m4 & f42 vir1 vir1 m4 man-(-w>1 nvis longa _m1 mult1 -ae1 -a1 plur4 ( multus m>*1 it]1 it9]is1 n4 7#dfh7 ,m>k1 ,mrcus1 -1 m4 m>riage1 mtrimnium1 mtrimn1 n4 ma/]1 dom9us1 -1 m42 mag/]1 -tr1 m4 matt]1 negtium1 negt1 n42 rs1 re1 f4 means1 by means (1 ! abl4 mess5g]1 nntius1 nnt1 m4 midnight1 m$ia nox mile1 mlle passuum 7#cca4;b7 miles1 mlia passuum m9d1 animus1 -1 m42 mns1 m5tis1 f4 m9e1 meus1 -a1 -um mi/ress1 dom9a1 -ae1 f4 money1 pecnia1 -ae1 f4 mon/]1 mn/rum1 -1 n4 mon?1 mnsis1 -is1 m4 moon1 lna1 -ae1 f4 m 7adj471 pls1 plris 7#cac72 or a comp>ative4 ,adv]b1 magis mo/ 7adj471 plrimus1 -a1 -um2 sup]l4 degree4 ,adv]b1 maxim2 plrimum "m1 mt]1 mtris1 f4 m\nta91 mns1 montis1 m4 move1 move1 #b mov$1 commtus1 -a1 -um mu* 7by71 mult multitude1 multitd1 -inis4 f4 my1 meus1 -a1 -um myself1 m1 reflexive4 ,see self ,n "n1 nm51 -inis1 n4 nation1 gns1 g5tis1 f4 ne>1 prop9quus1 -a1 -um ne>e/1 proximus1 -a1 -um ne>ly1 f] neighbor1 fnitimus1 -1 94 neighbor+1 finitimus1 -a1 -um nei!r1 neque or nec2 nei!r 444 nor1 neque 7nec7 444 neque 7nec7 nev]1 numquam nev]!less1 tam5 new1 novus1 -a1 -um next day1 po/rdi eius di next to1 proximus1 -a1 -um night1 nox1 noctis1 f4 n9e1 novem no1 m9im2 or repeat v]b ) a negative 7#baj7 no1 none1 nllus1 -a1 -um 7#aji7 no "o1 nm1 nllu nor1 neque or nec n1 nn n ev51 n 444 quidem n only 444 b also1 nn slum 444 s$ etiam no?+1 nihil or nihilum1 -1 n4 n[1 nunc numb]1 num]us1 -1 m4 ,o obey1 pre1 #b1 ) dat4 7#aec7 (1 sign ( g542 d1 ) abl42 out (1 or ex1 ) abl4 (t51 saepe on 7( place71 91 ) abl42 7( "t7 abl4 )\t prep4 on acc\nt (1 propt]1 ) acc42 or abl4 ( cause4 on all sides1 undique once 7^u a "t71 lim "o1 nus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 "o 444 ano!r1 alius 444 alius 7#aaj7 only 7adv471 slum2 tantum opportune1 opportunus1 -a1 -um opposite1 adv]sus1 -a1 -um oracle1 rculum1 -1 n4 orator1 rtor1 -ris1 m4 ord]1 imp]1 #a2 iube1 #b ornam5t1 rnm5tum1 -1 n4 o!r1 alius1 -a1 -ud 7#aji7 o!rs 7!71 reliqu1 -rum1 m4 plur4 ought1 dbe1 #b our1 no/]1 -tra1 -trum ourselves1 ns1 z reflexive object4 ,see self ov]come1 sup]1 #a2 v9c1 #c own 781 h]1 its1 _!71 suus1 -a1 -um ,p "p1 p>s1 p>tis1 f4 peace1 px1 pcis1 f4 p1 populus1 -1 m4 ,p]seus1 ,p]seus1 -1 m4 p]suade1 p]sude1 #b1 ) dat4 7#aec7 pit* camp1 ca/ra pn place 7n\n71 locus1 -1 m4 place1 arrange1 conloc1 #a place1 put1 pn1 #c place 9 comm&1 praefici1 #c1 ) acc4 & dat4 7#dbf7 plan 7a71 cnsilium1 cnsil1 n4 please1 place1 #b1 ) dat4 7#aed7 pleas+1 grtus1 -a1 -um pl[1 ar1 #a ,pompeii1 ,pompi1 -rum1 m4 plur4 possible 7z71 express$ by quam & sup]l4 p[]ful 7be71 vale1 #b praise1 laud1 #a pref]1 ml1 mlle1 mlu1 ---- 7#dig7 prep>e =1 p>1 #a1 ) acc4 press h>d1 prem1 #c protection1 fids1 fide1 f4 prov9ce1 prv9cia1 -ae1 f4 public1 pblicus1 -a1 -um ,publius1 ,pblius1 ,pbl1 m4 puni%m5t1 po5a1 -ae1 f42 supplicium1 supplic1 n4 purpose1 = ! purpose (1 ut1 qu1 or qu1 ) subjv42 ad1 ) g]und or g]undive2 caus1 foll[+ ! g5itive ( a g]und or g]undive pursue1 nsequor1 #c ,q que51 rgna1 -ae1 f4 quickly1 cel]it] q1 express$ by ! comp4 degree ,r ramp>t1 vllum1 -1 n4 re>1 novissimum agm5 reason1 causa1 -ae1 f4 receive1 accipi1 #c2 excipi1 #c rec5t1 recns1 -entis rec5tly1 np] r$\bt1 ca/ellum1 -1 n4 refuse1 recs1 #a rema91 mane1 #b rema9+1 reliquus1 -a1 -um reply1 responde1 #b report 7n\n71 fama1 -ae1 f42 rmor1 -ris1 m4 report 7v]b71 adf]2 df]2 ref] 7#dih7 republic1 rs pblica require1 po/ul1 #a resi/1 resi/1 #c1 ) dat4 7#aed7 re/ 7!71 reliqu1 -rum1 m4 plur4 re/ra91 cont9e1 #b reta9]1 clins1 -entis1 m4 retreat1 p$em ref]2 t]ga v]t return1 r$e1 #d2 rev]tor1 #c revolution1 rs novae ,rh9e1 ,rhnus1 -1 m4 "r1 dext]1 -tra1 -trum riv]1 flm51 -inis1 n42 fluvius1 fluv1 m4 road1 via1 -ae1 f4 ,roman1 ,rmnus1 -a1 -um ,rome1 ,rma1 -ae1 f4 r[1 rd1 -inis1 m4 rule1 reg1 #c rumor1 fma1 -ae1 f42 rmor1 -ris1 m4 run1 curr1 #c ,s sacrifice1 sacrum1 -1 n4 safety1 sals1 -tis1 f4 sail1 nvig1 #a sailor1 nauta1 -ae1 m4 sake1 = ! sake (1 caus1 foll[+ a g54 same1 dem1 eadem1 idem 7#bhg7 savages1 b>b>1 -rum1 m4 plur4 save1 s]v1 #a say1 dc1 #c s*ool1 ldus1 -1 m42 s*ola1 -ae1 f4 sc\t1 explrtor1 -ris1 m4 sea1 m>e1 -is1 n4 second1 secundus1 -a1 -um see1 vide1 #b seek1 pet1 #c seem1 videor1 #b1 passive ( vide seize1 occup1 #a2 rapi1 #c self1 ipse1 -a1 -um 7#bhf72 su 7#bha7 s5d1 mitt1 #c set fire to1 inc5d1 #c set out1 pr(icscor1 #c sev51 septem ,sextus1 ,sextus1 -1 m4 %e1 ea2 haec2 i/a2 illa 7#aae72 or n express$ %ip1 nvis1 -is1 f4 7#bdc4a7 %ort1 brevis1 -e %\t1 clmor1 -ris1 m4 %[1 dmn/r1 #a ,sicily1 ,sicilia1 -ae1 f4 sick1 aeg]1 -gra1 -grum side1 latus1 -eris1 n4 siege1 obsidi1 -nis1 f4 s9ce1 cum1 ) subjv4 7#cif72 ! abl4 abs4 7#cha7 s+1 c1 #c2 cant1 #a si/]1 soror1 -ris1 f4 sit1 s$e1 #b size1 magnitd1 -inis1 f4 skillful1 p]tus1 -a1 -um slave1 s]vus1 -1 m4 slav]y1 s]vitis1 -tis1 f4 sl[1 t>dus1 -a1 -um small1 p>vus1 -a1 -um snat*1 rapi1 #c s1 ita2 sc2 tam s great1 tantus1 -a1 -um s t1 ut2 s t n1 ut nn soldi]1 mles1 -itis1 m4 "s1 (t5 n express$2 quis 7qu71 qua 7quae71 quid 7quod72 aliqu1 aliqua1 aliquod "s "o1 quis2 aliquis 7#dhg7 "s 444 o!rs1 ali 444 ali 7#aaj7 some?+1 quid2 aliquid 7#dhg7 son1 flius1 fl1 m4 soon1 mox space1 spatium1 spat1 n4 spe>1 plum1 -1 n4 spirit$1 c]1 cris1 cre2 alac]1 alacris1 alacre spr+1 fns1 fontis1 m4 spur1 calc>1 -ris1 n4 /&1 /1 #a /ate1 cvits1 -tis1 f4 /ation1 conloc1 #a /ead9ess1 cn/antia1 -ae1 f4 /one1 lapis1 -idis1 m4 /orm1 oppugn1 #a /ory1 fbula1 -ae1 f4 /reet1 via1 -ae1 f4 /r5g?1 vs1 7vs71 f4 /rong1 =tis1 -e2 validus1 -a1 -um /urdy1 validus1 -a1 -um su*1 tlis1 -e sudd5ly1 subit suff] puni%m5t1 supplicium d suffici5tly1 satis suitable1 idneus1 -a1 -um summ]1 ae/s1 -tis1 f4 sun1 sl1 slis1 m4 supplies1 commetus1 -s1 m4 surr5d]1 trd1 #c suspect1 suspicor1 #a swift1 cel]1 -eris1 -ere2 vlx1 -cis sword1 gladius1 glad1 m4 ,t take1 capture1 capi1 #c take "p 91 int]sum1 -esse1 -fu1 -futrus1 ) dat4 7#dbf7 take possession (1 occup1 #a tall1 altus1 -a1 -um task1 opus1 op]is1 n4 tea*1 doce1 #b tea*]1 magi/]1 -tr1 m4 te> 7n\n71 lacrima1 -ae1 f4 tell1 dc1 #c2 nrr1 #a t51 decem t]rifi$1 p]t]ritus1 -a1 -um t]rify1 p]t]re1 #b ?an1 quam t 7conj4 aft] v]bs ( say+ & ! l71 n express$ t 7pron471 is2 i/e2 ille t1 9 ord] t1 9 purpose clauses1 ut2 aft] v]bs ( fe>+1 n 7#cdi1 #cff1 #cgb7 t n1 le/1 9 purpose clauses1 n2 aft] v]bs ( fe>+1 ut 7#cdi1 #cff1 #cgb7 !1 n express$ _!1 g54 plur4 ( is2 reflexive1 suus1 -a1 -um 7#aaf7 _! own1 suus1 -a1 -um 7#aaf7 !n1 at t "t1 tum !n1 9 ! next place1 de9de1 tum !re1 z expletive1 n express$ !re1 9 t place1 ibi !re=e1 itaque !y1 i2 h2 i/2 ill2 or n express$ ?9k1 arbitror1 #a2 ex/im1 #a2 put1 #a ?ird1 t]tius1 -a1 -um ?is1 hic1 haec1 hoc2 is1 ea1 id ?\gh1 cum4 ) subjv4 7#cif7 ?\s&1 mlle 7#dgi7 ?ree1 trs1 tria 7#dgi7 ?r\gh1 p]1 ) acc4 ?y1 tuus1 -a1 -um "t1 tempus1 -oris1 n4 to1 sign ( dat42 ad1 91 ) acc42 express+ purpose1 ut1 qu1 ) subjv42 ad1 ) g]und or g]undive to ea* o!r1 int]1 ) acc4 ( a reflexive pron4 to-day1 hodi too?1 dns1 d5tis1 m4 top (1 summus1 -a1 -um t[]1 turris1 -is1 f4 7#bdc4b7 t[n1 oppidum1 -1 n4 t[nsman1 oppidnus1 -1 m4 trace1 ve/gium1 ve/g1 n4 trad]1 m]ctor1 -ris1 m4 tra91 ex]ce1 #b tree1 arbor1 -oris1 f4 tribe1 gns1 g5tis1 f4 troops1 cpiae1 -rum1 f4 plur4 true1 vrus1 -a1 -um trumpet1 tuba1 -ae1 f4 try1 cnor1 #a2 tempt1 #a twelve1 duodecim two1 duo1 duae1 duo 7#dgi7 ,u "u1 sub1 ) acc4 or abl4 und]take1 suscipi1 #c unh>m$1 incolumis1 -e unless1 nisi unlike1 dissimilis1 -e unwill+ 7be71 nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ---- 7#dig7 up to1 sub1 ) acc4 u1 ns1 acc4 plur4 ( ego ,v v1 sup]l4 degree2 maxim2 ipse1 -a1 -um 7#bhe7 victor1 victor1 -ris1 m4 victory1 victria1 -ae1 f4 village1 vcus1 -1 m4 viol5ce1 vs1 7vs71 f4 viol5tly1 vehem5t] voice1 vx1 vcis1 f4 ,w wage1 g]1 #c wagon1 c>rus4 -1 m4 wall1 mrus1 -1 m4 want1 inopia1 -ae1 f4 w>1 bellum1 -1 n4 wat*1 vigilia1 -ae1 f4 wat]1 aqua1 -ae1 f4 wave1 fluctus1 -s1 m4 way1 it]1 it9]is1 n4 7#dfh72 via1 -ae1 f4 way1 mann]1 modus1 -1 m4 we1 ns1 plur4 ( ego2 or n express$ weak1 nfrmus1 -a1 -um weapons1 arma1 -rum1 n4 plur42 tla1 -rum1 n4 plur4 we>1 g]1 #c we>y1 dfessus1 -a1 -um :at1 quis 7qu71 quae1 quid 7quod7 7#dhc7 :51 ubi2 cum 7#cif72 (t5 express$ by a p>ticiple :]e1 ubi :i*1 qu1 quae1 quod 7#dhb72 :i* ( two1 ut]1 utra1 utrum 7#ajh7 :ile1 express$ by a p>ticiple :i!r1 qu :o 7rel471 qu1 quae 7#dhb72 7int]rog47 quis 7#dhc7 :ole1 ttus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 ^:1 cuius2 qurum1 qurum1 qurum1 g54 ( qu1 quae1 quod1 rel42 or ( quis1 quid1 int]rog4 :y1 cr wick$1 malus1 -a1 -um wide1 ltus1 -a1 -um wid?1 ltitd1 -inis1 f4 wild bea/1 f]a1 -ae1 f4 will+ 7be71 vol1 velle1 volu1 ---- 7#dig7 w9 7a victory71 report1 #a w9d1 v5tus1 -1 m4 w9e1 vnum1 -1 n4 w+1 corn1 -s1 n4 w9t]1 hiems1 -emis1 f4 wisdom1 cnsilium1 consil1 n4 wi%1 cupi1 #c2 vol1 velle1 volu1 ---- 7#dig72 wi% n1 nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ---- 7#dig7 )1 cum1 ) abl42 sometimes abl4 alone )draw1 s recip]e )\t1 s9e1 ) abl4 woman1 fm9a1 -ae1 f42 muli]1 -eris1 f4 wond]ful1 mrus1 -a1 -um ^w1 v]bum1 -1 n4 "w1 labor1 -ris1 m42 opus1 -eris1 n4 worse1 peior1 peius1 comp4 ( malus wor/1 pessimus1 -a1 -um1 sup]l4 ( malus w\nd 7n\n71 vulnus1 -eris1 n4 w\nd 7v]b71 vuln]1 #a wrea?1 corna1 -ae1 f4 wret*$1 mis]1 -era1 -erum wrong1 iniria1 -ae1 f4 ,y ye>1 annus1 -1 m4 yes1 c]t2 ita2 vr2 or1 m usually1 repeat ! v]b 7#baj7 yond] 7t71 ille1 -a1 -ud y1 s+4 t2 plur4 vs 7#dhj72 or n express$ y\r1 s+4 tuus1 -a1 -um2 plur4 ve/]1 -tra1 -trum 7#ih4;b7 ,z zeal1 /udium1 /ud1 n4 ,,index ,! numb]s 9 all cases ref] to sections4 -decl5sion ( n\ns1 #eg1 #dfa -v]bs1 conjugation (1 #dhh ablative case1 #dh1 #ej absolute1 #cha aft] a comp>ative1 #cji ( accompanim5t1 #ajd ( ag5t1 #aha ( cause1 #ajb ( description1 #ddd1 #dde ( mann]1 #aje ( means or in/rum5t1 #ajc ( measure ( diff]5ce1 #cag ( place f :i*1 #agi ( place :]e1 #bfe ( sep>ation1 #ahj ( specification1 #cih ( "t1 #bge acc5t1 #ad-af accompanim5t abl4 (1 #ajd accusative case1 #cc z subject ( ! inf9itive1 #bad object1 #cg ( duration & ext5t1 #ccf ( place to :i*1 #bfc1 #bff pr$icate1 #cib ) prepositions1 #cdj adjectives1 #ed1 #ee agreem5t1 #fe comp>ison regul>1 #cja by adv]bs1 #cjb irregul>1 #cjg1 #caa1 #cab1 #cae decl5sion ( comp>atives1 #cjc ( fir/ & second decl5sions1 #hc1 #ic1 #dfi ( ?ird decl5sion1 #bej-beg1 #dga ) ! dative1 #adc adv]bs1 #cai comp>ison1 #cbj1 #cbc =mation regul>1 #cbj1 #cba irregul>1 #cbb1 #cbc ag5t express$ by ! abl4 ) or ab1 #aha agreem5t ( adjectives1 #fe1 #bae4;a ( appositives1 #ha ( pr$icate n\ns1 #gf ( relative pron\ns1 #bbd ( v]bs1 #bh aliquis1 #dhg alius1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #dgj alphabet1 #a-c alt]1 #ajh1 #aaj antep5ult1 #i4c2 acc5t (1 #ae apposition1 #hj1 #ha article n us$ 9 ,lat91 #bb4;a base1 #eh c>d9al num]als1 #cbg-cbi1 #dgh case1 #cb4b causal clauses ) cum1 #cie1 #cif cause1 express$ by ! abl41 #ajb *>act]i/ic subjv4 (1 #chi1 #cij comp>ative decl5sion (1 #cjc comp>ison abl4 (1 #cji degrees (1 #cjj ( adjectives1 #cjj-cae irregul>1 #caa-cae1 #dgc1 #dge ( adv]bs regul>1 #cbj-dgf irregul>1 #cbc1 #dgg positive want+1 #cae six adjectives 9 -lis1 #cjg complem5t>y inf9itive1 #bae comp\nd v]bs ) ! dative1 #dbe1 #dbf concessive clauses ) cum1 #cie1 #cif conjugation /ems1 #ahd conjugations ! f\r regul>1 #abf1 #dhh-dia irregul>1 #did-ejj consonants1 #b copula1 #ba cum conjunction1 #cie cum preposition1 #bji dative case1 #dc ( indirect object1 #dd1 #de ( purpose1 or end = :i*1 #dcg ) adjectives1 #adc ) comp\nd v]bs1 #dbf ) special v]bs1 #aec dea decl5sion (1 #fg decl5sion1 #bc1 #cb degree ( diff]5ce express$ by ! abl41 #cag demon/rative adjectives & pron\ns1 #aab-aae1 #bij-bib1 #dha depon5t v]bs1 #cch1 #cci1 #dic descriptive ablative & g5itive1 #dda-dde descriptive relative clause ) ! subjv41 #chi1 #cij deus decl5sion (1 #dfh diff]5ce1 measure (1 #caf1 #cag diph?ongs1 #f direct /atem5ts1 #dad di/ributive num]als1 #cbg4c1 #ccd dom locative1 #bfg domus decl5sion (1 #dfh duo decl5sion (1 #dgi duration ( "t1 express$ by ! acc41 #ccf -decl5sion ( n\ns1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #dfg -v]bs1 conjugation (1 #dhi -v]bs1 conjugation (1 #dij ego decl5sion (1 #bhj1 #dhj enclitics1 #af e conjugation (1 #dii ext5t ( space express$ by ! acc41 #ccf fe>+ subjv4 aft] v]bs (1 #cgj-cgb f] conjugation (1 #dih fif? or -decl5sion1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #dfg flia decl5sion (1 #fg flius decl5sion (1 #hg-hi f9ite v]b def9$1 #agc f conjugation (1 #ejj fir/ conjugation1 #dhh fir/ or -decl5sion1 #eg1 #dfa f\r? conjugation1 #dia f\r? or u-decl5sion1 #bei1 #bfj1 #dff f h[ express$1 #agh-aha future p>ticiple =mation (1 #cgd4;c future p]fect =mation ( active1 #ahg4c passive1 #bjb future t5se =mation (1 #acg1 #aef g5d] 9 ,engli% & 9 ,lat91 #fj 9 ! fir/ decl5sion1 #fa 9 ! second decl5sion1 #gb 9 ! ?ird decl5sion1 #bdg 9 ! f\r? decl5sion1 #bfj 9 ! fif? decl5sion1 #bgb g5]al obs]vations on decl5sion1 #gd g5itive case ,engli% equival5ts (1 #cc ( description1 #ddc1 #dde ( n\ns 9 -ius & -ium1 #hg p>titive1 #cca possessive1 #ch1 #dji g]und a v]bal n\n1 #djb1 #djc g]undive a v]bal adjective1 #djd ) ad to express purpose1 #djg hic decl5sion & use (1 #bij1 #bia h[ to read ,lat91 #ag i consonant1 #c i-/ems ( n\ns1 #bca1 #bda-bdd -v]bs conjugation (1 #dia dem decl5sion (1 #bhg1 #dha ins decl5sion (1 #dgb ille decl5sion & use (1 #bij-bic1 #dha imp]ative =mation (1 #afa1 #age irregul>1 #afa4b 9 comm&s1 #afa imp]fect indicative1 =mation & use (1 #acc1 #acd1 #afe4a imp]fect subjunctive1 #ced indef9ite pron\ns & adjectives1 #bif1 #big1 #dhd-dhg indep5d5t clauses1 #bai indirect object1 #dd1 #de indirect que/ions1 #dcj-dcb indirect /atem5ts1 #dad-dai inf9itive z object1 #bac z subject1 #baf complem5t>y1 #bae def9ition (1 #agc does n express purpose1 #ceb =mation (1 #abf1 #agd1 #bje1 #bjf 9 indirect /atem5ts1 #dae-daj us$ z 9 ,engli%1 #bac-baf inflection def9$1 #bc in/rum5t abl4 (1 #ajj4;b1 #ajc int5sive pron\n ipse1 decl5sion & use (1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #dha int]rogative pron\ns & adjectives1 #bbe-bbg1 #dhc intransitive v]bs1 def9$1 #bj4;a ) ! dative1 #aec i-v]bs ( ! ?ird conj41 #dib ipse decl5sion & use (1 #bhe1 #dha irregul> adjectives1 #ajh irregul> comp>ison ( adjectives1 #cjg #caa1 #cab ( adv]bs1 #cbc irregul> n\ns1 #fg1 #bdf1 #dfh irregul> v]bs1 #did-ejj is decl5sion & use (1 #aac-aaf i/e decl5sion & use (1 #bij1 #bib1 #dha it] decl5sion (1 #dfh ,lat9 ^w ord]1 #fh locative case1 #bfg magis & maxim comp>ison by1 #cjb ml conjugation (1 #d4ig mann] abl4 (1 #aje means abl4 (1 #ajc measure ( diff]5ce abl4 (1 #caf1 #cag mlle1 decl5sion (1 #dgi con/ruction )1 #cca4;a1b moods1 def9$1 #aba -ne1 enclitic 9 que/ions1 #baj n1 conj41 t n1 le/ ) negative clauses ( purpose1 #cej4;,,ii ) v]bs ( fe>+1 #cgj n9e irregul> adjectives1 #ajh-aaj nl conjugation (1 #dig nom9ative case1 #ce1 #cf nnne 9 que/ions1 #baj ns decl5sion (1 #bhj1 #dhj n\ns1 #ai4 #b fir/ decl5sion1 #eg1 #dfa second decl5sion1 #ga-gd1hg-ib1dfb ?ird decl5sion1 #bcj-bdg1 #dfc-dfe f\r? decl5sion1 #bei1 #bfj1 #dff fif? decl5sion1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #dfg num1 9 que/ions1 #baj numb]1 #bd num]als1 #cbg-ccd1 #dgh1 #dgi o-decl5sion ( n\ns1 #ga-gd1 #hg-ib1 #dfb object1 #bj direct1 #cg indirect1 #dd1 #de ord] ( words1 #fh ord9al num]als1 #cbg4 #b1 #dgh p>ticipial /em1 #bja4b p>ticiples1 def9$1 #bjc agreem5t (1 #bjd =mation1 ( pres5t1 #cgd4;b ( p]fect1 #bja ( future1 #cgd4;c1d ( depon5t v]bs1 #cge t5ses (1 #cgf translat$ by a clause1 #cgg p>titive g5itive1 #ccj1 #cca passive voice def9$1 #afc =mation (1 #afd1 #bjb p5ult1 #i4c acc5t (1 #ae p]fect indicative =mation1 9 ! active1 #ahe1 #ahf 9 ! passive1 #bjb mean+ (1 #aij def9ite1 #aij indef9ite1 #aij di/+ui%$ f ! imp]fect1 #aij p]fect inf9itive active1 #aie passive1 #bje p]fect passive p>ticiple1 #bja p]fect /em1 #ahe p]fect subjunctive active1 #cfa passive1 #cfb p]son1 #abb p]sonal end+s active1 #abb passive1 #afd p]sonal pron\ns1 #bhj1 #dhj place :]e1 :i!r1 :5ce1 #bfc-bfe names ( t[ns & domus & rs1 #bff-bfh plup]fect indicative active1 #ahg4b passive1 #bjb plup]fect subjunctive active1 #cfa passive1 #cfc pls decl5sion (1 #cac possessive pron\ns1 #ig1 #ih possum conjugation (1 #die pr$icate def9$1 #ai pr$icate adjective def9$1 #ee pr$icate n\n1 #ge1 #gf prepositions ) ! abl41 #bji ) ! acc41 #cdj pres5t indicative1 #abh1 #acj1 #adg pres5t /em1 #abf4;a pres5t subjunctive1 #cdd prim>y t5ses1 #cef pr9cipal p>ts1 #ahc pron\ns classification (1 #bgh def9$1 #ai4b4;a demon/rative1 #dha indef9ite1 #big1 #dhd-dhg int5sive1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #dha int]rogative1 #dhc p]sonal1 #dhj possessive1 #ig1 #ih reflexive1 #bha relative1 #bbj1 #bba pronunciation1 #d-g prsum conjugation (1 #dif purpose dative (1 #dcf1 #dcg express$ by ! g]und or g]undive ) ad1 #djg n express$ by ! inf9itive1 #ceb subjunctive (1 #cdh-cej1 #cfe-cfg quality g54 or abl4 (1 #dda-dde quam ) a comp>ative1 #cjh quantity1 #aa-ac que/ions direct1 #baj indirect1 #dcj-dcb qu decl5sion & use (1 #bbj1bba1 #dhb qudam decl5sion (1 #dhe quis decl5sion & use (1 #bbe-bbg1 #dhc quisquam decl5sion (1 #dhf quisque decl5sion (1 #dhd reflexive pron\ns1 #bha relative clauses ( *>act]i/ic or description1 #chi1 #cij relative clauses ( purpose1 #cdh1 #cdi relative pron\ns1 #bbj1 #bba result clauses1 #chd-chg reviews1 #ejb-ebh rs con/ructions (1 #bff s di/+ui%$ f ipse1 #bhe4;a second conjugation1 #dhi second or o-decl5sion1 #ga-ic1 #dfb s5t5ces simple1 complex1 comp\nd1 #bai sep>ation abl4 (1 #ahj sep>ative ablative1 #agh-aha sequ5ce ( t5ses1 #cef-ceh space ext5t (1 express$ by ! acc41 #ccf specification abl4 (1 #cih /ems ( n\ns1 #bcj ( v]bs1 #ahd subject def9$1 #ai4b ( ! inf9itive1 #bac1 #bad subjunctive =mation ( ! pres5t1 #cdd ( ! imp]fect1 #ced ( ! p]fect1 #cfa1 #cfb ( ! plup]fect1 #cfa4;c1 #cfc subjunctive con/ructions *>act]i/ic or description1 #chi1 #cij indirect que/ions1 #dcj-dcb purpose1 #cdi1 #cff1 #cgb result1 #che1 #chf "t1 cause1 or concession1 ) cum1 #cie1 #cif subjunctive ideas1 #cdf subjunctive t5ses1 #cdb1 #cdc subord9ate clauses1 #bai su decl5sion (1 #bha1 #dhj sum conjugation (1 #did suus use (1 #ih4;c1 #aaf syllables1 #h division (1 #i quantity (1 #ac syntax rules (1 #eja temporal clauses ) cum1 #cie1 #cif t5se def9$1 #abj t5se signs imp]fect1 #acc future1 #acg1 #aef plup]fect active1 #ahg4b future p]fect active1 #ahg4c t5ses prim>y & second>y1 #cef sequ5ce (1 #ceg1 #ceh ?ird conjugation1 #dij1 #dib ?ird decl5sion ( n\ns classes1 #bca1 #dfc consonant /ems1 #bcb-bch1 #dfd g5d]1 #bdg i-/ems1 #bda-bdd1 #dfe irregul> n\ns1 #bdf "t abl4 (1 #bge "t acc4 (1 #ccf t[ns rules = names (1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh transitive v]b1 #bj4;a trs decl5sion (1 #dgi t decl5sion (1 #bhj1 #dhj tuus comp>$ ) ve/]1 #ih4 b u-decl5sion ( n\ns1 #bei1 #bfj1 #dff ultima1 #i4 #c v]bs agreem5t (1 #bh conjugation (1 #abf1 #dhh-dia depon5t1 #cch1 #cci1 #dic irregul>1 #did-ejj p]sonal end+s (1 #abb1 #afd pr9cipal p>ts (1 #ahc ve/] comp>$ ) tuus1 #ih4;b vs decl5sion (1 #dfh vocabul>ies ,engli%-,lat91 pp4 #ccb-cdc ,lat9-,engli%1 pp4 #bii-cca special1 pp4 #bhc-bih vocative case1 #ef4;a ( n\ns 9 -u ( ! second decl5sion1 #gc4;b ( prop] n\ns 9 -ius & ( flius1 #hh voice def9$1 #afc vol conjugation (1 #dig vs decl5sion (1 #bhj1 #dhj v[els s\nds (1 #e1 #f quantity (1 #ab ,,display ,,problems ,! illu/ration 9 section #gg ) int]lock$ text may n display prop]ly on all br[s]s4 ,picture by ,itself ,two grammatical diagrams 7 giv5 z images4 ,!y are %[n "h 9 pla9-text =mat4 ,prepositions1 section #agi3 or ab or ex _/ ,place _/ d ,v ,demon/rative pron\ns1 section #bij3 hic i/e ille ,,speak] ---------------------------------------- ?is1 he2 t1 he2 t1 he 7ne>72 7remote72 7m remote7