,,latin ,,for ,,beginners ,,by ,,benjamin ,l4 ,d',,ooge1 ,ph4,d4 ,professor in the ,michigan ,state ,normal ,college ,ginn and ,company ,boston ,new ,york ,chicago ,london ,copyright1 #aiji1 #aiaa by ,benjamin ,l4 ,d',ooge ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall ,all ,rights ,reserved #jac4d ,the ,athenum ,press ,ginn and ,company ,proprietors ,boston ,u4,s4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contents ,lesson ,page ,preface ,,to ,,the ,,student--,by way of ,introduction #a-d ,,part ,i4 ,,the ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,latin ,,alphabet1 ,,sounds ,,of ,,the ,,letters1 ,,syllables1 ,,quantity1 ,,accent1 ,,how ,,to ,,read ,,latin #e-aa ,,part ,,ii4 ,,words ,,and ,,forms ,i-,,vi4 ,,first ,,principles--,subject and ,predicate1 ,inflection1 ,number1 ,nominative ,subject1 ,possessive ,genitive1 ,agreement of ,verb1 ,direct ,object1 ,indirect ,object1 etc4--,,dialogue #ab-bd ,,vii-,,viii4 ,,first ,,or -,,declension--,gender1 ,agreement of ,adjectives1 ,word ,order #be-cj ,,ix-,x4 ,,second ,,or ,o-,,declension--,,general ,,rules ,,for ,,declension--,predicate ,noun1 ,apposition--,,dialogue #ca-ce ,,xi4 ,,adjectives ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,declensions #cf-cg ,,xii4 ,,nouns ,,in -ius ,,and -ium--,,germ,,nia #ch-ci ,,xiii4 ,,second ,,declension 7,continued7--,nouns in -er and -ir--,,italia--,,dialogue #ci-da ,,xiv4 ,,possessive ,,adjective ,,pronouns #db-dc ,,xv4 ,,ablative ,,denoting ,,with--,cause1 ,means1 ,accompaniment1 ,manner--,,the ,,romans ,,prepare ,,for ,,war #dd-df ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,nine ,,irregular ,,adjectives #df-dg ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,demonstrative is1 ea1 id--,,dialogue #dh-ej ,,xviii4 ,,conjugation--,present1 ,imperfect1 and ,future of sum-- ,,dialogue #ea-ec ,,xix4 ,,present ,,active ,,indicative ,,of am ,,and mone #ed-ef ,,xx4 ,,imperfect ,,active ,,indicative ,,of am ,,and mone-- ,meaning of the ,imperfect--,,niobe ,,and ,,her ,,children #ef-eg ,,xxi4 ,,future ,,active ,,indicative ,,of am ,,and mone-- ,,niobe ,,and ,,her ,,children 7,concluded7 #eh-ei ,,xxii4 ,,review ,,of ,,verbs--,the ,dative with ,adjectives-- ,,cornelia ,,and ,,her ,,jewels #ei-fa ,,xxiii4 ,,present ,,active ,,indicative ,,of reg ,,and audi-- ,,cornelia ,,and ,,her ,,jewels 7,concluded7 #fa-fc ,,xxiv4 ,,imperfect ,,active ,,indicative ,,of reg ,,and audi-- ,the ,dative with ,special ,intransitive ,verbs #fc-fe ,,xxv4 ,,future ,,active ,,indicative ,,of reg ,,and audi #fe-ff ,,xxvi4 ,,verbs ,,in -i--,present1 ,imperfect1 and ,future ,active ,indicative of capi--,the ,imperative #ff-fh ,,xxvii4 ,,passive ,,voice--,present1 ,imperfect1 and ,future ,indicative of am and mone--,,perseus ,,and ,,andromeda #fh-ga ,,xxviii4 ,,present1 ,,imperfect1 ,,and ,,future ,,indicative ,,passive ,,of reg ,,and audi--,,perseus ,,and ,,andromeda 7,continued7 #gb-gc ,,xxix4 ,,present1 ,,imperfect1 ,,and ,,future ,,indicative ,,passive ,,of -i ,,verbs--,,present ,,passive ,,infinitive ,,and ,,imperative #gc-ge ,,xxx4 ,,synopses ,,in ,,the ,,four ,,conjugations--,,the ,,ablative ,,denoting ,,from--,place from ,which1 ,separation1 ,personal ,agent #ge-gh ,,xxxi4 ,,perfect1 ,,pluperfect1 ,,and ,,future ,,perfect ,,of sum-- ,,dialogue #gi-ha ,,xxxii4 ,,perfect ,,active ,,indicative ,,of ,,the ,,four ,,regular ,,conjugations--,meanings of the ,perfect--,,perseus ,,and ,,andromeda 7,continued7 #ha-hc ,,xxxiii4 ,,pluperfect ,,and ,,future ,,perfect ,,active ,,indicative-- ,,perfect ,,active ,,infinitive #hd-he ,,xxxiv4 ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,active ,,voice--,,perseus ,,and ,,andromeda 7,concluded7 #hf-hg ,,xxxv4 ,,passive ,,perfects ,,of ,,the ,,indicative--,,perfect ,,passive ,,and ,,future ,,active ,,infinitive #hh-ij ,,xxxvi4 ,,review ,,of ,,principal ,,parts--,prepositions1 ,yes-or-,no ,questions #ij-ic ,,xxxvii4 ,,conjugation ,,of possum--,the ,infinitive used as in ,english--,accusative ,subject of an ,infinitive-- ,,the ,,faithless ,,tarpeia #ic-if ,,xxxviii4 ,,the ,,relative ,,pronoun ,,and ,,the ,,interrogative ,,pronoun-- ,agreement of the ,relative--,,the ,,faithless ,,tarpeia 7,concluded7 #ig-aja ,,xxxix-,,xli4 ,,the ,,third ,,declension--,consonant ,stems #aja-ajf ,,xlii4 ,,review ,,lesson--,,terror ,,cimbricus #ajg ,,xliii4 ,,third ,,declension--,i-,stems #ajh-aaj ,,xliv4 ,,irregular ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,declension-- ,,gender ,,in ,,the ,,third ,,declension--,,the ,,first ,,bridge ,,over ,,the ,,rhine #aaa-aab ,,xlv4 ,,adjectives ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,declension--,,the ,,romans ,,invade ,,the ,,enemy',s ,,country #aac-aae ,,xlvi4 ,,the ,,fourth ,,or ,u-,,declension #aaf-aag ,,xlvii4 ,,expressions ,,of ,,place--,place to ,which1 ,place from ,which1 ,place at or in ,which1 the ,locative-- ,declension of domus--,d,,dalus ,,and ,,icarus #aag-aba ,,xlviii4 ,,the ,,fifth ,,or -,,declension--,ablative of ,time --,d,,dalus ,,and ,,icarus 7,continued7 #aba-abc ,,xlix4 ,,pronouns--,personal and ,reflexive ,pronouns--,d,,dalus ,,and ,,icarus 7,concluded7 #abc-abf ,l4 ,,the ,,intensive ,,pronoun ipse ,,and ,,the ,,demonstrative dem--,,how ,,horatius ,,held ,,the ,,bridge #abf-abg ,,li4 ,,the ,,demonstratives hic1 iste1 ille--,a ,,german ,,chieftain ,,addresses ,,his ,,followers--,,how ,,horatius ,,held ,,the ,,bridge 7,continued7 #abh-acj ,,lii4 ,,the ,,indefinite ,,pronouns--,,how ,,horatius ,,held ,,the ,,bridge 7,concluded7 #acj-acb ,,liii4 ,,regular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives #acc-ace ,,liv4 ,,irregular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives--,ablative with ,comparatives #ace-acf ,,lv4 ,,irregular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives 7,continued7-- ,declension of pls #acg-ach ,,lvi4 ,,irregular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives 7,concluded7-- ,ablative of the ,measure of ,difference #ach-aci ,,lvii4 ,,formation ,,and ,,comparison ,,of ,,adverbs #adj-adb ,,lviii4 ,,numerals--,partitive ,genitive #adb-add ,,lix4 ,,numerals 7,continued7--,accusative of ,extent-- ,c,,sar ,,in ,,gaul #add-adf ,,lx4 ,,deponent ,,verbs--,prepositions with the ,accusative #adf-adg ,,part ,,iii4 ,,constructions ,,lxi4 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,mood--,inflection of the ,present-- ,indicative and ,subjunctive ,compared #adh-aeb ,,lxii4 ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,of ,,purpose #aeb-aec ,,lxiii4 ,,inflection ,,of ,,the ,,imperfect ,,subjunctive--,sequence of ,tenses #aec-aee ,,lxiv4 ,,inflection ,,of ,,the ,,perfect ,,and ,,pluperfect ,,subjunctive--,substantive ,clauses of ,purpose #aef-aei ,,lxv4 ,,subjunctive ,,of possum--,verbs of ,fearing #afj-afa ,,lxvi4 ,,the ,,participles--,tenses and ,declension #afa-afd ,,lxvii4 ,,the ,,irregular ,,verbs vol1 nl1 ml-- ,ablative ,absolute #afd-aff ,,lxviii4 ,,the ,,irregular ,,verb f--,subjunctive of ,result #afg-afh ,,lxix4 ,,subjunctive ,,of ,,characteristic--,predicate ,accusative #afi-aga ,,lxx4 ,,constructions ,,with cum--,ablative of ,specification #aga-agc ,,lxxi4 ,,vocabulary ,,review--,gerund and ,gerundive-- ,predicate ,genitive #agc-agg ,,lxxii4 ,,the ,,irregular ,,verb e--,indirect ,statements #agg-ahj ,,lxxiii4 ,,vocabulary ,,review--,,the ,,irregular ,,verb fer-- ,dative with ,compounds #aha-ahc ,,lxxiv4 ,,vocabulary ,,review--,subjunctive in ,indirect ,questions #ahc-ahe ,,lxxv4 ,,vocabulary ,,review--,dative of ,purpose or ,end for ,which #ahe-ahf ,,lxxvi4 ,,vocabulary ,,review--,genitive and ,ablative of ,quality or ,description #ahf-ahh ,,lxxvii4 ,,review ,,of ,,agreement--,review of the ,genitive1 ,dative1 and ,accusative #ahi-aij ,,lxxviii4 ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,ablative #aia-aib ,,lxxix4 ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,syntax ,,of ,,verbs #aib-aic ,,reading ,,matter ,,introductory ,,suggestions #aid-aie ,,the ,,labors ,,of ,,hercules #aif-bjc ,p4 ,,cornelius ,,lentulus3 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,a ,,roman ,,boy #bjd-bae ,,appendixes ,,and ,,vocabularies ,,appendix ,i4 ,,tables ,,of ,,declensions1 ,,conjugations1 ,,numerals1 ,,etc4 #bbf-bfj ,,appendix ,,ii4 ,,rules ,,of ,,syntax #bfa-bfd ,,appendix ,,iii4 ,,reviews #bfe-bhb ,,special ,,vocabularies #bhc-bih ,,latin-,,english ,,vocabulary #bii-cca ,,english-,,latin ,,vocabulary #ccb-cdc ,,index #cdd-cdh ,display ,problems ,,preface ,to make the course preparatory to ,csar at the same time systematic1 thorough1 clear1 and interesting is the purpose of this series of lessons4 ,the first pages are devoted to a brief discussion of the ,latin language1 its history1 and its educational value4 ,the body of the book1 consisting of seventy-nine lessons1 is divided into three parts4 ,part ,i is devoted to pronunciation1 quantity1 accent1 and kindred introductory essentials4 ,part ,,ii carries the work through the first sixty lessons1 and is devoted to the study of forms and vocabulary1 together with some elementary constructions1 a knowledge of which is necessary for the translation of the exercises and reading matter4 ,the first few lessons have been made unusually simple1 to meet the wants of pupils not well grounded in ,english grammar4 ,part ,,iii contains nineteen lessons1 and is concerned primarily with the study of syntax and of subjunctive and irregular verb forms4 ,the last three of these lessons constitute a review of all the constructions presented in the book4 ,there is abundant easy reading matter2 and1 in order to secure proper concentration of effort upon syntax and translation1 no new vocabularies are introduced1 but the vocabularies in ,part ,,ii are reviewed4 ,it is hoped that the following features will commend themselves to teachers3 ,the forms are presented in their natural sequence1 and are given1 for the most part1 in the body of the book as well as in a grammatical appendix4 ,the work on the verb is intensive in character1 work in other directions being reduced to a minimum while this is going on4 ,the forms of the subjunctive are studied in correlation with the subjunctive constructions4 ,the vocabulary has been selected with the greatest care1 using ,lodge's 8,dictionary of ,secondary ,latin0 and ,browne's 8,latin ,word ,list0 as a basis4 ,there are about six hundred words1 exclusive of proper names1 in the special vocabularies1 and these are among the simplest and commonest words in the language4 ,more than ninety-five per cent of those chosen are ,csarian1 and of these more than ninety per cent are used in ,csar five or more times4 ,the few words not ,csarian are of such frequent occurrence in ,cicero1 ,vergil1 and other authors as to justify their appearance here4 ,but teachers desiring to confine word study to ,csar can easily do so1 as the ,csarian words are printed in the vocabularies in distinctive type4 ,concrete nouns have been preferred to abstract1 root words to compounds and derivatives1 even when the latter were of more frequent occurrence in ,csar4 ,to assist the memory1 related ,english words are added in each special vocabulary4 ,to insure more careful preparation1 the special vocabularies have been removed from their respective lessons and placed by themselves4 ,the general vocabulary contains about twelve hundred words1 and of these above eighty-five per cent are found in ,csar4 ,the syntax has been limited to those essentials which recent investigations1 such as those of ,dr4 ,lee ,byrne and his collaborators1 have shown to belong properly to the work of the first year4 ,the constructions are presented1 as far as possible1 from the standpoint of ,english1 the ,english usage being given first and the ,latin compared or contrasted with it4 ,special attention has been given to the constructions of participles1 the gerund and gerundive1 and the infinitive in indirect statements4 ,constructions having a logical connection are not separated but are treated together4 ,exercises for translation occur throughout1 those for translation into ,latin being1 as a rule1 only half as long as those for translation into ,english4 ,in ,part ,,iii a few of the commoner idioms in ,csar are introduced and the sentences are drawn mainly from that author4 ,from first to last a consistent effort is made to instill a proper regard for ,latin word order1 the first principles of which are laid down early in the course4 ,selections for reading are unusually abundant and are introduced from the earliest possible moment4 ,these increase in number and length as the book progresses1 and1 for the most part1 are made an integral part of the lessons instead of being massed at the end of the book4 ,this arrangement insures a more constant and thorough drill in forms and vocabulary1 promotes reading power1 and affords a breathing spell between succeeding subjects4 ,the material is drawn from historical and mythological sources1 and the vocabulary employed includes but few words not already learned4 ,the book closes with a continued story which recounts the chief incidents in the life of a ,roman boy4 ,the last chapters record his experiences in ,csar's army1 and contain much information that will facilitate the interpretation of the ,commentaries4 ,the early emphasis placed on word order and sentence structure1 the simplicity of the syntax1 and the familiarity of the vocabulary1 make the reading selections especially useful for work in sight translation4 ,reviews are called for at frequent intervals1 and to facilitate this branch of the work an ,appendix of ,reviews has been prepared1 covering both the vocabulary and the grammar4 ,the illustrations are numerous1 and will1 it is hoped1 do much to stimulate interest in the ancient world and to create true and lasting impressions of ,roman life and times4 ,a consistent effort has been made to use simple language and clear explanation throughout4 ,as an aid to teachers using this book a 8,teacher's ,manual0 has been prepared1 which contains1 in addition to general suggestions1 notes on each lesson4 ,the author wishes to express his gratitude to the numerous teachers who tested the advance pages in their classes1 and1 as a result of their experience1 have given much valuable aid by criticism and suggestion4 ,particular acknowledgments are due to ,miss ,a4 ,susan ,jones of the ,central ,high ,school1 ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan2 to ,miss ,clara ,allison of the ,high ,school at ,hastings1 ,michigan2 and to ,miss ,helen ,b4 ,muir and ,mr4 ,orland ,o4 ,norris1 teachers of ,latin in this institution4 ,,benjamin ,l4 ,d',,ooge ,,michigan ,,state ,,normal ,,college ,,latin ,,for ,,beginners ,,to ,,the ,,student--,,by ,,way ,,of ,,introduction ,what is ,latin8 ,if you will look at the map of ,italy on the opposite page1 you will find near the middle of the peninsula and facing the west coast a district called ,latium1#a and ,rome its capital4 ,the ,latin language1 meaning the language of ,latium1 was spoken by the ancient ,romans and other inhabitants of ,latium1 and ,latin was the name applied to it after the armies of ,rome had carried the knowledge of her language far beyond its original boundaries4 ,as the ,english of to-day is not quite the same as that spoken two or three hundred years ago1 so ,latin was not always the same at all times1 but changed more or less in the course of centuries4 ,the sort of ,latin you are going to learn was in use about two thousand years ago4 ,and that period has been selected because the language was then at its best and the greatest works of ,roman literature were being produced4 ,this period1 because of its supreme excellence1 is called the ,golden ,age of ,roman letters4 ,footnote #a3 ,pronounce ,lsh-m4 ,the ,spread of ,latin4 ,for some centuries after ,rome was founded1 the ,romans were a feeble and insignificant people1 their territory was limited to ,latium1 and their existence constantly threatened by warlike neighbors4 ,but after the third century before ,christ1 ,rome's power grew rapidly4 ,she conquered all ,italy1 then reached out for the lands across the sea and beyond the ,alps1 and finally ruled over the whole ancient world4 ,the empire thus established lasted for more than four hundred years4 ,the importance of ,latin increased with the growth of ,roman power1 and what had been a dialect spoken by a single tribe became the universal language4 ,gradually the language changed somewhat1 developing differently in different countries4 ,in ,italy it has become ,italian1 in ,spain ,spanish1 and in ,france ,french4 ,all these nations1 therefore1 are speaking a modernized form of ,latin4 ,the ,romans and the ,greeks4 ,in their career of conquest the ,romans came into conflict with the ,greeks4 ,the ,greeks were inferior to the ,romans in military power1 but far superior to them in culture4 ,they excelled in art1 literature1 music1 science1 and philosophy4 ,of all these pursuits the ,romans were ignorant until contact with ,greece revealed to them the value of education and filled them with the thirst for knowledge4 ,and so it came about that while ,rome conquered ,greece by force of arms1 ,greece conquered ,rome by force of her intellectual superiority and became her schoolmaster4 ,it was soon the established custom for young ,romans to go to ,athens and to other centers of ,greek learning to finish their training1 and the knowledge of the ,greek language among the educated classes became universal4 ,at the same time many cultured ,greeks--poets1 artists1 orators1 and philosophers--flocked to ,rome1 opened schools1 and taught their arts4 ,indeed1 the preminence of ,greek culture became so great that ,rome almost lost her ambition to be original1 and her writers vied with each other in their efforts to reproduce in ,latin what was choicest in ,greek literature4 ,as a consequence of all this1 the civilization and national life of ,rome became largely ,grecian1 and to ,greece she owed her literature and her art4 ,rome and the ,modern ,world4 ,after conquering the world1 ,rome impressed her language1 laws1 customs of living1 and modes of thinking upon the subject nations1 and they became ,roman2 and the world has remained largely ,roman ever since4 ,latin continued to live1 and the knowledge of ,latin was the only light of learning that burned steadily through the dark ages that followed the downfall of the ,roman ,empire4 ,latin was the common language of scholars and remained so even down to the days of ,shakespeare4 ,even yet it is more nearly than any other tongue the universal language of the learned4 ,the life of to-day is much nearer the life of ancient ,rome than the lapse of centuries would lead one to suppose4 ,you and ,i are ,romans still in many ways1 and if ,csar and ,cicero should appear among us1 we should not find them1 except for dress and language1 much unlike men of to-day4 ,latin and ,english4 ,do you know that more than half of the words in the ,english dictionary are ,latin1 and that you are speaking more or less ,latin every day8 ,how has this come about8 ,in the year #ajff ,william the ,conqueror invaded ,england with an army of ,normans4 ,the ,normans spoke ,french--which1 you remember1 is descended from ,latin--and spread their language to a considerable extent over ,england1 and so ,norman-,french played an important part in the formation of ,english and forms a large proportion of our vocabulary4 ,furthermore1 great numbers of almost pure ,latin words have been brought into ,english through the writings of scholars1 and every new scientific discovery is marked by the addition of new terms of ,latin derivation4 ,hence1 while the simpler and commoner words of our mother tongue are ,anglo-,saxon1 and ,anglo-,saxon forms the staple of our colloquial language1 yet in the realms of literature1 and especially in poetry1 words of ,latin derivation are very abundant4 ,also in the learned professions1 as in law1 medicine1 and engineering1 a knowledge of ,latin is necessary for the successful interpretation of technical and scientific terms4 ,why study ,latin8 ,the foregoing paragraphs make it clear why ,latin forms so important a part of modern education4 ,we have seen that our civilization rests upon that of ,greece and ,rome1 and that we must look to the past if we would understand the present4 ,it is obvious1 too1 that the knowledge of ,latin not only leads to a more exact and effective use of our own language1 but that it is of vital importance and of great practical value to any one preparing for a literary or professional career4 ,to this it may be added that the study of ,latin throws a flood of light upon the structure of language in general and lays an excellent foundation for all grammatical study4 ,finally1 it has been abundantly proved that there is no more effective means of strengthening the mind than by the earnest pursuit of this branch of learning4 ,review ,questions4 ,whence does ,latin get its name8 ,where is ,latium8 ,where is ,rome8 ,was ,latin always the same8 ,what sort of ,latin are we to study8 ,describe the growth of ,rome's power and the spread of ,latin4 ,what can you say of the origin of ,italian1 ,french1 and ,spanish8 ,how did the ancient ,greeks and ,romans compare8 ,how did ,greece influence ,rome8 ,how did ,rome influence the world8 ,in what sense are we ,romans still8 ,what did ,latin have to do with the formation of ,english8 ,what proportion of ,english words are of ,latin origin1 and what kind of words are they8 ,why should we study ,latin8 ,,part ,i ,,the ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,latin ,,the ,,alphabet #a4 ,the ,latin alphabet contains the same letters as the ,english except that it has no w and no j4 #b4 ,the vowels1 as in ,english1 are a1 e1 i1 o1 u1 y4 ,the other letters are consonants4 #c4 ,i is used both as a vowel and as a consonant4 ,before a vowel in the same syllable it has the value of a consonant and is called ,i consonant4 ,thus in ,i-li-us the first i is a consonant1 the second a vowel4 ,,sounds ,,of ,,the ,,letters#a ,footnote #a3 ,n4,b4 ,the sounds of the letters are best learned by hearing them correctly pronounced4 ,the matter in this section is1 therefore1 intended for reference rather than for assignment as a lesson4 ,as a first step it is suggested that the teacher pronounce the examples in class1 the pupils following4 #d4 ,latin was not pronounced like ,english4 ,the ,romans at the beginning of the ,christian era pronounced their language substantially as described below4 #e4 ,the vowels have the following sounds3 ,,vowels#b ,,latin ,,examples as in father hc1 sts like the first a in aha1 never as in hat -mt1 c-ns as in they t-l1 m-t as in met t-nt1 mr-cs as in machine sr-t1 pr-t as in bit s-ts1 b-b as in holy ,r-m1 -rs as in wholly1 never as in hot m-d1 b-ns as in rude1 or as oo in boot -mr1 t-br as in full1 or as oo in foot t1 t-ts ,,note4 ,it is to be observed that there is a decided difference in sound1 except in the case of a1 between the long and the short vowels4 ,it is not merely a matter of quantity but also of quality4 ,footnote #b3 ,long vowels are marked 1 short ones 4 #f4 ,in diphthongs 7two-vowel sounds7 both vowels are heard in a single syllable4 ,,diphthongs ,,latin ,,examples ae as ai in aisle tae-dae au as ou in out gau-dt ei as ei in eight dein-d eu as oo 7a short e followed by a short u in one syllable7 seu oe like oi in toil foe-ds ui like oo 7a short u followed by a short i in one syllable4 ,cf4 ,english we7 cui1 huic ,,note4 ,give all the vowels and diphthongs their proper sounds and do not slur over them in unaccented syllables1 as is done in ,english4 #g4 ,consonants are pronounced as in ,english1 except that ,,consonants ,,latin ,,examples c is always like c in cat1 never as in cent c-d1 c-bs1 c-n g is always like g in get1 never as in gem g-m1 gg-n i consonant is always like y in yes im1 i-cs n before c1 qu1 or g is like ng in sing 7compare the sound of n in anchor7 n-c-r 7ang-ko-ra7 qu1 gu1 and sometimes su before a vowel have the sound of qw1 gw1 and sw4 ,here u has the value of consonant v and is not counted a vowel n-qut1 qu1 ln-gu1 sn-gus1 su-d- s is like s in sea1 never as in ease r-s1 s t is always like t in native1 never as in nation r-t-1 n-t- v is like w in wine1 never as in vine v-nm1 vr x has the value of two consonants 7cs or gs7 and is like x in extract1 not as in exact x-tr1 x-c-ts bs is like ps and bt like pt rbs1 b-t-n- ch1 ph1 and th are like c1 p1 t pl-chr1 ,phoe-b1 th--trm a4 ,in combinations of consonants give each its distinct sound4 ,doubled consonants should be pronounced with a slight pause between the two sounds4 ,thus pronounce tt as in rat-trap1 not as in rattle2 pp as in hop-pole1 not as in upper4 ,examples1 mt-t1 pp-s1 bl-lm4 ,,syllables #h4 ,a ,latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs4 ,thus aes-t-t has three syllables1 au-d-n-ds has four4 a4 ,two vowels with a consonant between them never make one syllable1 as is so often the case in ,english4 ,compare ,english inside with ,latin n-s-d4 #i4 ,words are divided into syllables as follows3 #a4 ,a single consonant between two vowels goes with the second4 ,thus -m-b-ls1 m-m-r-1 n-t-r-1 -bst1 p-r-gt4#c ,footnote #c3 ,in writing and printing it is customary to divide the parts of a compound1 as inter-e1 ab-est1 sub-ctus1 per-git1 contrary to the correct phonetic rule4 #b4 ,combinations of two or more consonants3 a4 ,a consonant followed by l or r goes with the l or r4 ,thus p-bl-cs1 -gr4 ,,exception4 ,prepositional compounds of this nature1 as also ll and rr1 follow rule b4 ,thus b-l-1 b-rm-p1 l-l1 fr-rm4 b4 ,in all other combinations of consonants the first consonant goes with the preceding vowel4#d ,thus mg-ns1 -gs-ts1 vc-t-r-1 hs-ps1 n-ns1 s-bc-ts4 ,footnote #d3 ,the combination nct is divided nc-t1 as fnc-ts1 snc-ts4 #c4 ,the last syllable of a word is called the ul-ti-ma2 the one next to the last1 the pe-nult2 the one before the penult1 the an-te-pe-nult4 #aj4 ,,exercise ,divide the words in the following passage into syllables and pronounce them1 placing the accent as indicated3 ,vd d frmcm1 pgr1 t cnsdr vs is t dsc spntm3 quae cm nn hbt dcm nc praecptrm nc prncpm1 prt n aestt cbm sb t cngrgt n mss qud cmdt4 ,go to the ant1 thou sluggard2 consider her ways1 and be wise3 which1 having no guide1 overseer1 or ruler1 provideth her meat in the summer and gathereth her food in the harvest4 ,,quantity #aa4 ,the quantity of a vowel or a syllable is the time it takes to pronounce it4 ,correct pronunciation and accent depend upon the proper observance of quantity4 #ab4 ,quantity of ,vowels4 ,vowels are either long 77 or short 774 ,in this book the long vowels are marked4 ,unmarked vowels are to be considered short4 #a4 ,a vowel is short before another vowel or h2 as p--ta1 tr-h4 #b4 ,a vowel is short before nt and nd1 before final m or t1 and1 except in words of one syllable1 before final l or r4 ,thus a-mnt1 a-mn-dus1 a-m-bm1 a-m-bt1 a-ni-ml1 a-mr4 #c4 ,a vowel is long before nf1 ns1 nx1 and nct4 ,thus n-fe-r1 re-gns1 sn-x1 snc-tus4 #d4 ,diphthongs are always long1 and are not marked4 #ac4 ,quantity of ,syllables4 ,syllables are either long or short1 and their quantity must be carefully distinguished from that of vowels4 #a4 ,a syllable is short1 a4 ,if it ends in a short vowel2 as -m1 p-gr4 ,,note4 ,in final syllables the short vowel may be followed by a final consonant4 ,thus the word m-m-r-m contains four short syllables4 ,in the first three a short vowel ends the syllable1 in the last the short vowel is followed by a final consonant4 #b4 ,a syllable is long1 a4 ,if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong1 as c-r1 poe-nae1 aes-t-te4 b4 ,if it ends in a consonant which is followed by another consonant1 as cor-pus1 mag-nus4 ,,note4 ,the vowel in a long syllable may be either long or short1 and should be pronounced accordingly4 ,thus in ter-ra1 in-ter1 the first syllable is long1 but the vowel in each case is short and should be given the short sound4 ,in words like saxum the first syllable is long because x has the value of two consonants 7cs or gs74 #c4 ,in determining quantity h is not counted a consonant4 ,,note4 ,give about twice as much time to the long syllables as to the short ones4 ,it takes about as long to pronounce a short vowel plus a consonant as it does to pronounce a long vowel or a diphthong1 and so these quantities are considered equally long4 ,for example1 it takes about as long to say cr-r as it does c-r1 and so each of these first syllables is long4 ,compare ml-lis and m-lis1 -ms-s and -mi-s4 ,,accent #ad4 ,words of two syllables are accented on the first1 as mn-sa1 ,cae-sar4 #ae4 ,words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult if the penult is long4 ,if the penult is short1 accent the antepenult4 ,thus mo-n-mus1 re-gi-tur1 a-gri-co-la1 a-man-dus4 ,,note4 ,observe that the position of the accent is determined by the length of the syllable and not by the length of the vowel in the syllable4 7,cf4 #ac4b1 ,note47 #af4 ,certain little words called enclitics#e which have no separate existence1 are added to and pronounced with a preceding word4 ,the most common are -que1 and2 -ve1 or2 and -ne1 the question sign4 ,the syllable before an enclitic takes the accent1 regardless of its quantity4 ,thus populusque1 deaque1 rgnave1 auditne4 ,footnote #e3 ,enclitic means leaning back1 and that is1 as you see1 just what these little words do4 ,they cannot stand alone and so they lean back for support upon the preceding word4 ,,how ,,to ,,read ,,latin #ag4 ,to read ,latin well is not so difficult1 if you begin right4 ,correct habits of reading should be formed now4 ,notice the quantities carefully1 especially the quantity of the penult1 to insure your getting the accent on the right syllable4 7,cf4 #ae47 ,give every vowel its proper sound and every syllable its proper length4 ,then bear in mind that we should read ,latin as we read ,english1 in phrases rather than in separate words4 ,group together words that are closely connected in thought4 ,no good reader halts at the end of each word4 #ah4 ,read the stanzas of the following poem by ,longfellow1 one at a time1 first the ,english and then the ,latin version4 ,the syllables inclosed in parentheses are to be slurred or omitted to secure smoothness of meter4 ,,excelsior ,,higher6 #f ,the shades of night were falling fast1 ,as through an ,alpine village passed ,a youth1 who bore1 'mid snow and ice1 ,a banner with the strange device1 ,excelsior6 ,cadbant noctis umbrae1 dum ,ibat per vcum ,alpicum ,gel nivequ7e7 adolscns1 ,vxillum cum sign ferns1 ,excelsior6 ,his brow was sad2 his eye beneath1 ,flashed like a falchion from its sheath1 ,and like a silver clarion rung ,the accents of that unknown tongue1 ,excelsior6 ,frns trstis1 micat oculus ,velut vgn gladius2 ,sonantque simils tubae ,accents lingu7ae7 incognitae1 ,excelsior6 ,in happy homes he saw the light ,of household fires gleam warm and bright2 ,above1 the spectral glaciers shone1 ,and from his lips escaped a groan1 ,excelsior6 ,in domibus videt clrs ,focrum lcs calids2 ,relucet glacis cris1 ,et rumpit gemits labrs1 ,excelsior6 8,try not the ,pass60 the old man said2 8,dark lowers the tempest overhead1 ,the roaring torrent is deep and wide60 ,and loud that clarion voice replied1 ,excelsior6 ,dcit senex1 8,n trnses6 ,supr nigrscit tempests2 ,ltus et altus est torrns40 ,clra vnit vx respondns1 ,excelsior6 ,at break of day1 as heavenward ,the pious monks of ,saint ,bernard ,uttered the oft-repeated prayer1 ,a voice cried through the startled air1 ,excelsior6 ,iam lcscbat1 et frtrs ,snct ,bernard vigils rbant precs solits1 ,cum vx clmvit per aurs1 ,excelsior6 ,a traveler1 by the faithful hound1 ,half-buried in the snow was found1 ,still grasping in his hand of ice ,that banner with the strange device1 ,excelsior6 ,smi-sepultus vitor ,can7e7 fd repertur1 ,comprndns pugn gelid ,illud vxillum cum sign1 ,excelsior6 ,there in the twilight cold and gray1 ,lifeless1 but beautiful1 he lay1 ,and from the sky1 serene and far1 ,a voice fell1 like a falling star1 ,excelsior6 ,iacet corpus exanimum ,sed lce frgid pulchrum2 ,et cael procul exins ,cadit vx1 ut ,stella cadns1 ,excelsior6 ,footnote #f3 ,translation by ,c4 ,w4 ,goodchild in ,praeco ,latinus1 ,october1 #ahih4 ,,part ,,ii ,,words ,,and ,,forms ,,lesson ,i ,,first ,,principles #ai4 ,subject and ,predicate4 #a4 ,latin1 like ,english1 expresses thoughts by means of sentences4 ,a sentence is a combination of words that expresses a thought1 and in its simplest form is the statement of a single fact4 ,thus1 ,galba is a farmer ,galba est agricola ,the sailor fights ,nauta pugnat ,in each of these sentences there are two parts3 ,,subject ,,predicate ,galba is a farmer ,galba ,the sailor fights ,nauta pugnat #b4 ,the subject is that person1 place1 or thing about which something is said1 and is therefore a noun or some word which can serve the same purpose4 a4 ,pronouns1 as their name implies 7pro1 8instead of10 and noun71 often take the place of nouns1 usually to save repeating the same noun1 as1 ,galba is a farmer2 he is a sturdy fellow4 #c4 ,the predicate is that which is said about the subject1 and consists of a verb with or without modifiers4 a4 ,a verb is a word which asserts something 7usually an act7 concerning a person1 place1 or thing4 #bj4 ,the ,object4 ,in the two sentences1 ,the boy hit the ball and ,the ball hit the boy1 the same words are used1 but the meaning is different1 and depends upon the order of the words4 ,the doer of the act1 that about which something is said1 is1 as we have seen above1 the subject4 ,that to which something is done is the direct object of the verb4 ,the boy hit the ball is therefore analyzed as follows3 ,,subject ,,predicate _/----------- ,the boy hit the ball 7verb7 7direct object7 a4 ,a verb whose action passes over to the object directly1 as in the sentence above1 is called a transitive verb4 ,a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called intransitive1 as1 ,i walk1 he comes4 #ba4 ,the ,copula4 ,the verb to be in its different forms--are1 is1 was1 etc4--does not tell us anything about the subject2 neither does it govern an object4 ,it simply connects the subject with the word or words in the predicate that possess a distinct meaning4 ,hence it is called the copula1 that is1 the joiner or link4 #bb4 ,in the following sentences pronounce the ,latin and name the nouns1 verbs1 subjects1 objects1 predicates1 copulas3 #a4 ,america est patria mea ,america is fatherland my #b4 ,agricola fliam amat 7,the7 farmer 7his7 daughter loves #c4 ,flia est ,ilia 7,his7 daughter is ,julia #d4 ,ilia et agricola sunt in nsul ,julia and 7the7 farmer are on 7the7 island #e4 ,ilia aquam portat ,julia water carries #f4 ,rosam in coms habet 7,a7 rose in 7her7 hair 7she7 has #g4 ,ilia est puella pulchra ,julia is 7a7 girl pretty #h4 ,domina fliam pulchram habet 7,the7 lady 7a7 daughter beautiful has a4 ,the sentences above show that ,latin does not express some words which are necessary in ,english4 ,first of all1 ,latin has no article the or a2 thus agricola may mean the farmer1 a farmer1 or simply farmer4 ,then1 too1 the personal pronouns1 ,i1 you1 he1 she1 etc41 and the possessive pronouns1 my1 your1 his1 her1 etc41 are not expressed if the meaning of the sentence is clear without them4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,first ,,principles 7,continued7 #bc4 ,inflection4 ,words may change their forms to indicate some change in sense or use1 as1 is1 are2 was1 were2 who1 whose1 whom2 farmer1 farmer's2 woman1 women4 ,this is called inflection4 ,the inflection of a noun1 adjective1 or pronoun is called its declension1 that of a verb its conjugation4 #bd4 ,number4 ,latin1 like ,english1 has two numbers1 singular and plural4 ,in ,english we usually form the plural by adding -s or -es to the singular4 ,so ,latin changes the singular to the plural by changing the ending of the word4 ,compare ,naut-a pugnat ,the sailor fights ,naut-ae pugnant ,the sailors fight #be4 ,,rule4 ,nouns that end in -a in the singular end in -ae in the plural4 #bf4 ,learn the following nouns so that you can give the ,english for the ,latin or the ,latin for the ,english4 ,write the plural of each4 agricola1 farmer 7agriculture7#a aqua1 water 7aquarium7 causa1 cause1 reason domina1 lady of the house1 mistress 7dominate7 filia1 daughter 7filial7 fortna1 fortune fuga1 flight 7fugitive7 iniria1 wrong1 injury lna1 moon 7lunar7 nauta1 sailor 7nautical7 puella1 girl silva1 forest 7silvan7 terra1 land 7terrace7 ,footnote #a3 ,the words in parentheses are ,english words related to the ,latin4 ,when the words are practically identical1 as causa1 cause1 no comparison is needed4 #bg4 ,compare again the sentences ,nauta pugna-t ,the sailor fights ,nautae pugna-nt ,the sailors fight ,in the first sentence the verb pugna-t is in the third person singular1 in the second sentence pugna-nt is in the third person plural4 #bh4 ,,rule4 ,agreement of ,verb4 ,a finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject4 #bi4 ,,rule4 ,in the conjugation of the ,latin verb the third person singular active ends in -t1 the third person plural in -nt4 ,the endings which show the person and number of the verb are called personal endings4 #cj4 ,learn the following verbs and write the plural of each4 ,the personal pronouns he1 she1 it1 etc41 which are necessary in the inflection of the ,english verb1 are not needed in the ,latin1 because the personal endings take their place4 ,of course1 if the verb's subject is expressed we do not translate the personal ending by a pronoun2 thus nauta pugnat is translated the sailor fights1 not the sailor he fights4 ama-t he 7she1 it7 loves1 is loving1 does love 7amity1 amiable7 labra-t 8 8 8 labors1 is laboring1 does labor nntia-t#b 8 8 8 announces1 is announcing1 does announce porta-t 8 8 8 carries1 is carrying1 does carry 7porter7 pugna-t 8 8 8 fights1 is fighting1 does fight 7pugnacious7 ,footnote #b3 ,the u in nnti is long by exception4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 #ca4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,the daughter loves1 the daughters love4 #b4 ,the sailor is carrying1 the sailors carry4 #c4 ,the farmer does labor1 the farmers labor4 #d4 ,the girl is announcing1 the girls do announce4 #e4 ,the ladies are carrying1 the lady carries4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,nauta pugnat1 nautae pugnant4 #b4 ,puella amat1 puellae amant4 #c4 ,agricola portat1 agricolae portant4 #d4 ,flia labrat1 fliae labrant4 #e4 ,nauta nntiat1 nautae nntiant4 #f4 ,dominae amant1 domina amat4 ,illustration3 ,,domina ,,lesson ,,iii ,,first ,,principles 7,continued7 #cb4 ,declension of ,nouns4 ,we learned above 7#ai1 #bj7 the difference between the subject and object1 and that in ,english they may be distinguished by the order of the words4 ,sometimes1 however1 the order is such that we are left in doubt4 ,for example1 the sentence ,the lady her daughter loves might mean either that the lady loves her daughter1 or that the daughter loves the lady4 #a4 ,if the sentence were in ,latin1 no doubt could arise1 because the subject and the object are distinguished1 not by the order of the words1 but by the endings of the words themselves4 ,compare the following sentences3 ,domina fliam amat ,fliam domina amat ,amat fliam domina ,domina amat fliam ,the lady loves her daughter ,flia dominam amat ,dominam flia amat ,amat dominam flia ,flia amat dominam ,the daughter loves the lady a4 ,observe that in each case the subject of the sentence ends in -a and the object in -am4 ,the form of the noun shows how it is used in the sentence1 and the order of the words has no effect on the essential meaning4 #b4 ,as stated above 7#bc71 this change of ending is called declension1 and each different ending produces what is called a case4 ,when we decline a noun1 we give all its different cases1 or changes of endings4 ,in ,english we have three cases1--nominative1 possessive1 and objective2 but1 in nouns1 the nominative and objective have the same form1 and only the possessive case shows a change of ending1 by adding 's or the apostrophe4 ,the interrogative pronoun1 however1 has the fuller declension1 who8 whose8 whom8 #cc4 ,the following table shows a comparison between ,english and ,latin declension forms1 and should be thoroughly memorized3 ,,english ,,cases ,,latin ,,cases ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,declension ,name of case ,declension of ,name of case of who8 and use domina and use and translation ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,who8 ,nominative-- domin-a ,nominative-- ,s case of the the lady case of the ,i subject subject ,n ,g ,whose8 ,possessive-- domin-ae ,genitive-- ,u case of the the lady's case of the ,l possessor of the lady possessor ,a ,r ,whom8 ,objective-- domin-am ,accusative-- case of the the lady case of the object direct object ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,who8 ,nominative-- domin-ae ,nominative-- case of the the ladies case of the ,p subject subject ,l ,u ,whose8 ,possessive-- domin-rum ,genitive-- ,r case of the the ladies' case of the ,a possessor of the ladies possessor ,l ,whom8 ,objective-- domin-s ,accusative-- case of the the ladies case of the object direct object ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,when the nominative singular of a noun ends in -a1 observe that a4 ,the nominative plural ends in -ae4 b4 ,the genitive singular ends in -ae and the genitive plural in -rum4 c4 ,the accusative singular ends in -am and the accusative plural in -s4 d4 ,the genitive singular and the nominative plural have the same ending4 #cd4 ,,exercise ,pronounce the following words and give their general meaning4 ,then give the number and case1 and the use of each form4 ,where the same form stands for more than one case1 give all the possible cases and uses4 #a4 ,silva1 silvs1 silvam4 #b4 ,fugam1 fugae1 fuga4 #c4 ,terrrum1 terrae1 terrs4 #d4 ,aqus1 causam1 lns4 #e4 ,fliae1 fortnae1 lnae4 #f4 ,iniris1 agricolrum1 aqurum4 #g4 ,inirirum1 agricolae1 puells4 #h4 ,nautam1 agricols1 nauts4 #i4 ,agricolam1 puellam1 silvrum4 ,,lesson ,,iv ,,first ,,principles 7,continued7 ,special ,vocabulary ,see ,transcriber's ,note at beginning of text4 ,,nouns dea1 goddess 7deity7 ,dina1 ,diana fera1 a wild beast 7fierce7 ,ltna1 ,latona sagitta1 arrow ,,verbs est1 he 7she1 it7 is2 sunt1 they are necat1 he 7she1 it7 kills1 is killing1 does kill ,,conjunction,a et1 and ,,pronouns quis1 interrog4 pronoun1 nom4 sing41 who8 cuius 7pronounced cooiyoos1 two syllables71 interrog4 pronoun1 gen4 sing41 whose8 ,footnote ,a3 ,a conjunction is a word which connects words1 parts of sentences1 or sentences4 #ce4 ,we learned from the table 7#cc7 that the ,latin nominative1 genitive1 and accusative correspond1 in general1 to the nominative1 possessive1 and objective in ,english1 and that they are used in the same way4 ,this will be made even clearer by the following sentence3 ,flia agricolae nautam amat1 the farmer's daughter 7or the daughter of the farmer7 loves the sailor ,what is the subject8 the direct object8 ,what case is used for the subject8 for the direct object8 ,what word denotes the possessor8 ,in what case is it8 #cf4 ,,rule4 ,nominative ,subject4 ,the subject of a finite verb is in the ,nominative and answers the question ,who8 or ,what8 #cg4 ,,rule4 ,accusative ,object4 ,the direct object of a transitive verb is in the ,accusative and answers the question ,whom8 or ,what8 #ch4 ,,rule4 ,genitive of the ,possessor4 ,the word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the ,genitive and answers the question ,whose8 ,illustration3 ,,diana ,,sagittas ,,portat ,,et ,,feras ,,necat #ci4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhc4 ,i4 #a4 ,dina est dea4 #b4 ,ltna est dea4 #c4 ,dina et ,ltna sunt deae4 #d4 ,dina est dea lnae4 #e4 ,dina est flia ,ltnae4 #f4 ,ltna ,dinam amat4 #g4 ,dina est dea silvrum4 #h4 ,dina silvam amat4 #i4 ,dina sagitts portat4 #aj4 ,dina fers silvae necat4 #aa4 ,ferae terrrum pugnant4 ,for the order of words imitate the ,latin above4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the daughter of ,latona does love the forests4 #b4 ,latona's daughter carries arrows4 #c4 ,the farmers' daughters do labor4 #d4 ,the farmer's daughter loves the waters of the forest4 #e4 ,the sailor is announcing the girls' flight4 #f4 ,the girls announce the sailors' wrongs4 #g4 ,the farmer's daughter labors4 #h4 ,diana's arrows are killing the wild beasts of the land4 #dj4 ,,conversation ,translate the questions and answer them in ,latin4 ,the answers may be found in the exercises preceding4 #a4 ,quis est ,dina8 #b4 ,cuius flia est ,dina8 #c4 ,quis ,dinam amat8 #d4 ,quis silvam amat8 #e4 ,quis sagitts portat8 #f4 ,cuius fliae labrant8 ,,lesson ,v ,,first ,,principles 7,continued7 ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns corna1 wreath1 garland1 crown fbula1 story 7fable7 pecnia1 money 7pecuniary7 pugna1 battle 7pugnacious7 victria1 victory ,,verbs dat1 he 7she1 it7 gives nrrat1 he 7she1 it7 tells 7narrate7 ,,conjunction,a quia or quod1 because cui 7pronounced cooi1 one syllable71 interrog4 pronoun1 dat4 sing41 to whom8 for whom8 ,footnote ,a3 ,a conjunction is a word which connects words1 parts of sentences1 or sentences4 #da4 ,the ,dative ,case4 ,in addition to the relationships between words expressed by the nominative1 genitive 7possessive71 and accusative 7objective7 cases1 there are other relationships1 to express which in ,english we use such words as from1 with1 by1 to1 for1 in1 at4#a ,footnote #a3 ,words like to1 for1 by1 from1 in1 etc41 which define the relationship between words1 are called prepositions4 ,latin1 too1 makes frequent use of such prepositions2 but often it expresses these relations without them by means of case forms which ,english does not possess4 ,one of the cases found in the ,latin declension and lacking in ,english is called the dative4 #db4 ,when the nominative singular ends in -a1 the dative singular ends in -ae and the dative plural in -s4 ,,note4 ,observe that the genitive singular1 the dative singular1 and the nominative plural all have the same ending1 -ae2 but the uses of the three cases are entirely different4 ,the general meaning of the sentence usually makes clear which case is intended4 a4 ,form the dative singular and plural of the following nouns3 fuga1 causa1 fortna1 terra1 aqua1 puella1 agricola1 nauta1 domina4 #dc4 ,the ,dative ,relation4 ,the dative case is used to express the relations conveyed in ,english by the prepositions to1 towards1 for4 ,these prepositions are often used in ,english in expressions of motion1 such as ,she went to town1 ,he ran towards the horse1 ,columbus sailed for ,america4 ,in such cases the dative is not used in ,latin1 as motion through space is foreign to the dative relation4 ,but the dative is used to denote that to or towards which a benefit1 injury1 purpose1 feeling1 or quality is directed1 or that for which something serves or exists4 a4 ,what dative relations do you discover in the following8 ,the teacher gave a prize to ,john because he replied so promptly to all her questions--a good example for the rest of us4 ,it is a pleasure to us to hear him recite4 ,latin is easy for him1 but it is very hard for me4 ,some are fitted for one thing and others for another4 #dd4 ,the ,indirect ,object4 ,examine the sentence ,nauta fugam nntiat1 the sailor announces the flight ,here the verb1 nntiat1 governs the direct object1 fugam1 in the accusative case4 ,if1 however1 we wish to mention the persons to whom the sailor announces the flight1 as1 ,the sailor announces the flight to the farmers1 the verb will have two objects3 #a4 ,its direct object1 flight 7fugam7 #b4 ,its indirect object1 farmers ,according to the preceding section1 to the farmers is a relation covered by the dative case1 and we are prepared for the following rule3 #de4 ,,rule4 ,dative ,indirect ,object4 ,the indirect object of a verb is in the ,dative4 a4 ,the indirect object usually stands before the direct object4 #df4 ,we may now complete the translation of the sentence ,the sailor announces the flight to the farmers1 and we have ,nauta agricols fugam nntiat #dg4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhc4 ,point out the direct and indirect objects and the genitive of the possessor4 ,i4 #a4 ,quis nauts pecniam dat8 #b4 ,fliae agricolae nauts pecniam dant4 #c4 ,quis fortnam pugnae nntiat8 #d4 ,galba agricols fortunam pugnae nntiat4 #e4 ,cui domina fbulam nrrat8 #f4 ,fliae agricolae domina fbulam nrrat4 #g4 ,quis ,dinae cornam dat8 #h4 ,puella ,dinae cornam dat quia ,dinam amat4 #i4 ,dea lnae sagitts portat et fers silvrum necat4 #aj4 ,cuius victriam ,galba nntiat8 #aa4 ,nautae victriam ,galba nntiat4 ,imitate the word order of the preceding exercise4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,to whom do the girls give a wreath8 #b4 ,the girls give a wreath to ,julia1 because ,julia loves wreaths4 #c4 ,the sailors tell the ladies#b a story1 because the ladies love stories4 #d4 ,the farmer gives his 7#bb4;a7 daughter water4 #e4 ,galba announces the cause of the battle to the sailor4 #f4 ,the goddess of the moon loves the waters of the forest4 #g4 ,whose wreath is ,latona carrying8 ,diana's4 ,footnote #b3 ,observe that in ,english the indirect object often stands without a preposition to to mark it1 especially when it precedes the direct object4 ,,lesson ,,vi ,,first ,,principles 7,continued7 ,special ,vocabulary ,,adjectives bona1 good grta1 pleasing magna1 large1 great mala1 bad1 wicked parva1 small1 little pulchra1 beautiful1 pretty sla1 alone ,,nouns ancilla1 maidservant ,ilia1 ,julia ,,adverbs,a cr1 why nn1 not ,,pronouns mea1 my2 tua1 thy1 your 7possesives7 quid1 interrog4 pronoun1 nom4 and acc4 sing41 what8 -ne1 the question sign1 an enclitic 7#af7 added to the first word1 which1 in a question1 is usually the verb1 as amat1 he loves1 but amatne8 does he love8 est1 he is2 estne8 is he8 ,of course -ne is not used when the sentence contains quis1 cr1 or some other interrogative word4 ,footnote ,a3 ,an adverb is a word used to modify a verb1 an adjective1 or another adverb2 as1 ,she sings sweetly2 she is very talented2 she began to sing very early4 #dh4 ,the ,ablative ,case4 ,another case1 lacking in ,english but found in the fuller ,latin declension1 is the abla-tive4 #di4 ,when the nominative singular ends in -a1 the ablative singular ends in - and the ablative plural in -s4 a4 ,observe that the final - of the nominative is short1 while the final - of the ablative is long1 as1 ,nom4 fli ,abl4 fli b4 ,observe that the ablative plural is like the dative plural4 c4 ,form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns3 fuga1 causa1 fortna1 terra1 aqua1 puella1 agricola1 nauta1 domina4 #ej4 ,the ,ablative ,relation4 ,the ablative case is used to express the relations conveyed in ,english by the prepositions from1 with1 by1 at1 in4 ,it denotes #a4 ,that from which something is separated1 from which it starts1 or of which it is deprived--generally translated by from4 #b4 ,that with which something is associated or by means of which it is done--translated by with or by4 #c4 ,the place where or the time when something happens--translated by in or at4 a4 ,what ablative relations do you discover in the following8 ,in our class there are twenty boys and girls4 ,daily at eight o'clock they come from home with their books1 and while they are at school they read with ease the books written by the ,romans4 ,by patience and perseverance all things in this world can be overcome4 #ea4 ,prepositions4 ,while1 as stated above 7#da71 many relations expressed in ,english by prepositions are in ,latin expressed by case forms1 still prepositions are of frequent occurrence1 but only with the accusative or ablative4 #eb4 ,,rule4 ,object of a ,preposition4 ,a noun governed by a preposition must be in the ,accusative or ,ablative case4 #ec4 ,prepositions denoting the ablative relations from1 with1 in1 on1 are naturally followed by the ablative case4 ,among these are #a or ab1 from1 away from d1 from1 down from #a or ex1 from1 out from1 out of cum1 with in1 in1 on ,footnote #a3 and are used only before words beginning with a consonant2 ab and ex are used before either vowels or consonants4 #a4 ,translate into ,latin1 using prepositions4 ,in the water1 on the land1 down from the forest1 with the fortune1 out of the forests1 from the victory1 out of the waters1 with the sailors1 down from the moon4 #ed4 ,adjectives4 ,examine the sentence ,puella parva bonam deam amat1 the little girl loves the good goddess ,in this sentence parva 7little7 and bonam 7good7 are not nouns1 but are descriptive words expressing quality4 ,such words are called adjectives1#b and they are said to belong to the noun which they describe4 ,footnote #b3 ,pick out the adjectives in the following3 8,when ,i was a little boy1 ,i remember that one cold winter's morning ,i was accosted by a smiling man with an ax on his shoulder4 #8,my pretty boy1' said he1 #8has your father a grindstone8' #8,yes1 sir1' said ,i4 #8,you are a fine little fellow1' said he4 #8,will you let me grind my ax on it8'0 ,you can tell by its ending to which noun an adjective belongs4 ,the ending of parva shows that it belongs to puella1 and the ending of bonam that it belongs to deam4 ,words that belong together are said to agree1 and the belonging-together is called agreement4 ,observe that the adjective and its noun agree in number and case4 #ee4 ,examine the sentences ,puella est parva1 the girl is little ,puella parva bonam deam amat1 the little girl loves the good goddess ,in the first sentence the adjective parva is separated from its noun by the verb and stands in the predicate4 ,it is therefore called a predicate adjective4 ,in the second sentence the adjectives parva and bonam are closely attached to the nouns puella and deam respectively1 and are called attributive adjectives4 a4 ,pick out the attributive and the predicate adjectives in the following3 ,do you think ,latin is hard8 ,hard studies make strong brains4 ,lazy students dislike hard studies4 ,we are not lazy4 #ef4 ,,dialogue ,,julia ,,and ,,galba ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhc4 ,i4 ,quis1 ,galba1 est ,dina8 ,g4 ,dina1 ,ilia1 est pulchra dea lnae et silvrum4 ,i4 ,cuius flia1 ,galba1 est ,dina8 ,g4 ,ltnae flia1 ,ilia1 est ,dina4 ,i4 ,quid ,dina portat8 ,g4 ,sagitts ,dina portat4 ,i4 ,cr ,dina sagitts portat8 ,g4 ,dina sagitts portat1 ,ilia1 quod mals fers silvae magnae necat4 ,i4 ,amatne ,ltna fliam8 ,g4 ,amat1 et flia ,ltnam amat4 ,i4 ,quid flia tua parva portat8 ,g4 ,corns pulchrs flia mea parva portat4 ,i4 ,cui flia tua corns pulchrs dat8 ,g4 ,dinae corns dat4 ,i4 ,quis est cum fli tu8 ,estne sla8 ,g4 ,sla nn est2 flia mea parva est cum ancill me4 a4 ,when a person is called or addressed1 the case used is called the vocative 7,latin vocre1 8to call074 ,in form the vocative is regularly like the nominative4 ,in ,english the name of the person addressed usually stands first in the sentence4 ,the ,latin vocative rarely stands first4 ,point out five examples of the vocative in this dialogue4 b4 ,observe that questions answered by yes or no in ,english are answered in ,latin by repeating the verb4 ,thus1 if you wished to answer in ,latin the question ,is the sailor fighting8 ,pugnatne nauta8 you would say ,pugnat1 he is fighting1 or ,nn pugnat1 he is not fighting4 ,,lesson ,,vii ,,the ,,first ,,or -,,declension ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns casa1 -ae1 f41 cottage cna1 -ae1 f41 dinner gallna1 -ae1 f41 hen1 chicken nsula1 ae1 f41 island 7pen-insula7 ,,adverbs de-inde1 then1 in the next place ubi1 where ,,preposition ad1 to1 with acc4 to express motion toward ,,pronoun quem1 interrog4 pronoun1 acc4 sing41 whom8 ,,verbs habitat1 he 7she1 it7 lives1 is living1 does live 7inhabit7 laudat1 he 7she1 it7 praises1 is praising1 does praise 7laud7 parat1 he 7she1 it7 prepares1 is preparing1 does prepare vocat1 he 7she1 it7 calls1 is calling1 does call2 invites1 is inviting1 does invite 7vocation7 #eg4 ,in the preceding lessons we have now gone over all the cases1 singular and plural1 of nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a4 ,all ,latin nouns whose nominative singular ends in -a belong to the ,first ,declension4 ,it is also called the -,declension because of the prominent part which the vowel a plays in the formation of the cases4 ,we have also learned what relations are expressed by each case4 ,these results are summarized in the following table3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,case ,,noun ,,translation ,,use ,,and ,,general ,,meaning ,,of ,,each ,,case ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,singular ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,nom4 domin-a the lady ,the subject ,gen4 domin-ae of the lady1 ,the possessor or the lady's of something ,dat4 domin-ae to or for ,expressing the relation the lady to or for1 especially the indirect object ,acc4 domin-am the lady ,the direct object ,abl4 domin- from1 with1 by1 ,separation 7from71 in1 the lady association or means 7with1 by71 place where or time when 7in1 at7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,plural ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,nom4 domin-ae the ladies ,gen4 domin-rum of the ladies1 or the ladies' ,dat4 domin-s to or for ,the same as the ladies the singular ,acc4 domin-s the ladies ,abl4 domin-s from1 with1 by1 in1 the ladies ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #eh4 ,the ,base4 ,that part of a word which remains unchanged in inflection and to which the terminations are added is called the base4 ,thus1 in the declension above1 domin- is the base and -a is the termination of the nominative singular4 #ei4 ,write the declension of the following nouns1 separating the base from the termination by a hyphen4 ,also give them orally4 pugna1 terra1 lna1 ancilla1 corna1 nsula1 silva #fj4 ,gender4 ,in ,english1 names of living beings are either masculine or feminine1 and names of things without life are neuter4 ,this is called natural gender4 ,yet in ,english there are some names of things to which we refer as if they were feminine2 as1 8,have you seen my yacht8 ,she is a beauty40 ,and there are some names of living beings to which we refer as if they were neuter2 as1 8,is the baby here8 ,no1 the nurse has taken it home40 ,some words1 then1 have a gender quite apart from sex or real gender1 and this is called grammatical gender4 ,latin1 like ,english1 has three genders4 ,names of males are usually masculine and of females feminine1 but names of things have grammatical gender and may be either masculine1 feminine1 or neuter4 ,thus we have in ,latin the three words1 lapis1 a stone2 rps1 a cliff2 and saxum1 a rock4 ,lapis is masculine1 rps feminine1 and saxum neuter4 ,the gender can usually be determined by the ending of the word1 and must always be learned1 for without knowing the gender it is impossible to write correct ,latin4 #fa4 ,gender of ,first-,declension ,nouns4 ,nouns of the first declension are feminine unless they denote males4 ,thus silva is feminine1 but nauta1 sailor1 and agricola1 farmer1 are masculine4 #fb4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhd4 ,i4 #a4 ,agricola cum fli in cas habitat4 #b4 ,bona flia agricolae cnam parat4 #c4 ,cna est grta agricolae#a et agricola bonam fliam laudat4 #d4 ,deinde flia agricolae gallns ad cnam vocat4 #e4 ,gallnae fliam agricolae amant4 #f4 ,malae fliae bons cns nn parant4 #g4 ,flia agricolae est grta dominae4 #h4 ,domina in nsul magn habitat4 #i4 ,domina bonae puellae parvae pecniam dat4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,where does the farmer live8 #b4 ,the farmer lives in the small cottage4 #c4 ,who lives with the farmer8 #d4 7,his7 little daughter lives with the farmer4 #e4 7,his7 daughter is getting 7parat7 a good dinner for the farmer4 #f4 ,the farmer praises the good dinner4 #g4 ,the daughter's good dinner is pleasing to the farmer4 ,footnote #a3 ,note that the relation expressed by the dative case covers that to which a feeling is directed4 7,cf4 #dc47 ,illustration ,what ,latin words are suggested by this picture8 #fc4 ,,conversation ,answer the questions in ,latin4 #a4 ,quis cum agricol in cas habitat8 #b4 ,quid bona flia agricolae parat8 #c4 ,quem agricola laudat8 #d4 ,vocatne flia agricolae gallns ad cnam8 #e4 ,cuius flia est grta dominae8 #f4 ,cui domina pecniam dat8 ,,lesson ,,viii ,,first ,,declension 7,continued7 ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns ,italia1 -ae1 f41 ,italy ,sicilia1 -ae1 f41 ,sicily tuba1 -ae1 f41 trumpet 7tube7 via1 -ae1 f41 way1 road1 street 7viaduct7 ,,adjectives alta1 high1 deep 7altitude7 clra1 clear1 bright2 famous lta1 wide 7latitude7 longa1 long 7longitude7 nova1 new 7novelty7 #fd4 ,we have for some time now been using adjectives and nouns together and you have noticed an agreement between them in case and in number 7#ed74 ,they agree also in gender4 ,in the phrase silva magna1 we have a feminine adjective in -a agreeing with a feminine noun in -a4 #fe4 ,,rule4 ,agreement of ,adjectives4 ,adjectives agree with their nouns in gender1 number1 and case4 #ff4 ,feminine adjectives in -a are declined like feminine nouns in -a1 and you should learn to decline them together as follows3 ,,noun ,,adjective domina 7base domin-71 bona 7base bon-71 f41 lady good ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 domina bona -a ,gen4 dominae bonae -ae ,dat4 dominae bonae -ae ,acc4 dominam bonam -am ,abl4 domin bon - ,,plural ,nom4 dominae bonae -ae ,gen4 dominrum bonrum -rum ,dat4 domins bons -s ,acc4 domins bons -s ,abl4 domins bons -s a4 ,in the same way decline together puella mala1 the bad girl2 ancilla parva1 the little maid2 fortna magna1 great fortune4 #fg4 ,the words dea1 goddess1 and flia1 daughter1 take the ending -bus instead of -s in the dative and ablative plural4 ,note the dative and ablative plural in the following declension3 dea bona 7bases de- bon-7 ,,singular ,,plural ,nom4 dea bona deae bonae ,gen4 deae bonae derum bonrum ,dat4 deae bonae debus bons ,acc4 deam bonam des bons ,abl4 de bon deabus bons a4 ,in the same way decline together fla parva4 #fh4 ,latin ,word ,order4 ,the order of words in ,english and in ,latin sentences is not the same4 ,in ,english we arrange words in a fairly fixed order4 ,thus1 in the sentence ,my daughter is getting dinner for the farmers1 we cannot alter the order of the words without spoiling the sentence4 ,we can1 however1 throw emphasis on different words by speaking them with more force4 ,try the effect of reading the sentence by putting special force on my1 daughter1 dinner1 farmers4 ,in ,latin1 where the office of the word in the sentence is shown by its ending 7cf4 #cb4a71 and not by its position1 the order of words is more free1 and position is used to secure the same effect that in ,english is secured by emphasis of voice4 ,to a limited extent we can alter the order of words in ,english1 too1 for the same purpose4 ,compare the sentences ,i saw a game of football at ,chicago last ,november 7normal order7 ,last ,november ,i saw a game of football at ,chicago ,at ,chicago1 last ,november1 ,i saw a game of football #a4 ,in a ,latin sentence the most emphatic place is the first2 next in importance is the last2 the weakest point is the middle4 ,generally the subject is the most important word1 and is placed first2 usually the verb is the next in importance1 and is placed last4 ,the other words of the sentence stand between these two in the order of their importance4 ,hence the normal order of words--that is1 where no unusual emphasis is expressed--is as follows3 subject--modifiers of the subject--indirect object-- direct object--adverb--verb ,changes from the normal order are frequent1 and are due to the desire for throwing emphasis upon some word or phrase4 ,notice the order of the ,latin words when you are translating1 and imitate it when you are turning ,english into ,latin4 #b4 ,possessive pronouns and modifying genitives normally stand after their nouns4 ,when placed before their nouns they are emphatic1 as flia mea1 my daughter2 mea flia1 my daughter2 casa ,galbae1 ,galba's cottage2 ,galbae casa1 ,galba's cottage4 ,notice the variety of emphasis produced by writing the following sentence in different ways3 ,flia mea agricols cnam parat 7normal order7 ,mea flia agricols parat cnam 7mea and cnam emphatic7 ,agricols flia mea cnam parat 7agricols emphatic7 #c4 ,an adjective placed before its noun is more emphatic than when it follows4 ,when great emphasis is desired1 the adjective is separated from its noun by other words4 ,flia mea casam parvam nn amat 7parvam not emphatic7 ,flia mea parvam casam nn amat 7parvam more emphatic7 ,parvam flia mea casam nn amat 7parvam very emphatic7 #d4 ,interrogative words usually stand first1 the same as in ,english4 #e4 ,the copula 7as est1 sunt7 is of so little importance that it frequently does not stand last1 but may be placed wherever it sounds well4 #fi4 ,,exercise ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhd4 ,note the order of the words in these sentences and pick out those that are emphatic4 #a4 ,longae nn sunt tuae viae4 #b4 ,suntne tubae novae in me cas8 ,nn sunt4 #c4 ,quis lt in silv habitat8 ,dina1 lnae clrae pulchra dea1 lt in silv habitat4 #d4 ,nautae alts et lts amant aqus4 #e4 ,quid ancilla tua portat8 ,ancilla mea tubam novam portat4 #f4 ,ubi sunt ,lesbia et ,ilia8 ,in tu casa est ,lesbia et ,ilia est in me4 #g4 ,estne ,italia lta terra8 ,longa est ,italia1 nn lta4 #h4 ,cui ,galba agricola fbulam novam nrrat8 ,flibus dominae clrae fbulam novam nrrat4 #i4 ,clra est nsula ,sicilia4 #aj4 ,quem laudat ,ltna8 ,ltna laudat fliam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,first ,review of ,vocabulary and ,grammar1 #ejb-eje 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,ix ,,the ,,second ,,or ,o-,,declension ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns bellum1 -1 n41 war 7re-bel7 cnstantia1 -ae1 f41 firmness1 constancy1 steadiness dominus1 -1 m41 master1 lord 7dominate7 equus1 -1 m41 horse 7equine7 frmentum1 -1 n41 grain lgtus1 -1 m41 lieutenant1 ambassador 7legate7 ,mrcus1 -1 m41 ,marcus1 ,mark mrus1 -1 m41 wall 7mural7 oppidnus1 -1 m41 townsman oppidum1 -1 n41 town plum1 -1 n41 spear 7pile driver7 servus1 -1 m41 slave1 servant ,sextus1 -1 m41 ,sextus ,,verbs crat1 he 7she1 it7 cares for1 with acc4 properat1 he 7she1 it7 hastens #gj4 ,latin nouns are divided into five declensions4 ,the declension to which a noun belongs is shown by the ending of the genitive singular4 ,this should always be learned along with the nominative and the gender4 #ga4 ,the nominative singular of nouns of the ,second or ,o-,declension ends in -us1 -er1 -ir1 or -um4 ,the genitive singular ends in -4 #gb4 ,gender4 ,nouns in -um are neuter4 ,the others are regularly masculine4 #gc4 ,declension of nouns in -us and -um4 ,masculines in -us and neuters in -um are declined as follows3 dominus 7base domin-71 plum 7base pl-71 m41 master n41 spear ,,terminations ,,terminations ,,singular ,nom4 dominus#a -us plum -um ,gen4 domin - pl - ,dat4 domin - pl - ,acc4 dominum -um plum -um ,abl4 domin - pl - ,voc4 domine -e plum -um ,,plural ,nom4 domin - pla -a ,gen4 dominrum -rum plrum -rum ,dat4 domins -s pls -s ,acc4 domins -s pla -a ,abl4 domins -s pls -s ,footnote #a3 ,compare the declension of domina and of dominus4 a4 ,observe that the masculines and the neuters have the same terminations excepting in the nominative singular and the nominative and accusative plural4 b4 ,the vocative singular of words of the second declension in -us ends in -1 as domine1 ,o master2 serve1 ,o slave4 ,this is the most important exception to the rule in #ef4;a4 #gd4 ,write side by side the declension of domina1 dominus1 and plum4 ,a comparison of the forms will lead to the following rules1 which are of great importance because they apply to all five declensions3 a4 ,the vocative1 with a single exception 7see #gc4;b71 is like the nominative4 ,that is1 the vocative singular is like the nominative singular1 and the vocative plural is like the nominative plural4 b4 ,the nominative1 accusative1 and vocative of neuter nouns are alike1 and in the plural end in -a4 c4 ,the accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in -m and the accusative plural in -s4 d4 ,the dative and ablative plural are always alike4 e4 ,final -i and -o are always long2 final -a is short1 except in the ablative singular of the first declension4 #ge4 ,observe the sentences ,lesbia est bona1 ,lesbia is good ,lesbia est ancilla1 ,lesbia is a maidservant ,we have learned 7#ee7 that bona1 when used1 as here1 in the predicate to describe the subject1 is called a predicate adjective4 ,similarly a noun1 as ancilla1 used in the predicate to define the subject is called a predicate noun4 #gf4 ,,rule4 ,predicate ,noun4 ,a predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb4 ,illustration3 ,,pila #gg4 ,,dialogue ,,galba ,,and ,,marcus ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhe4 ,g4 ,quis1 ,mrce1 est lgtus cum pl et tub8 ,m4 ,lgtus1 ,galba1 est ,sextus4 ,g4 ,ubi ,sextus habitat8#b ,m4 ,in oppid ,sextus cum flibus habitat4 ,g4 ,amantne oppidn ,sextum8 ,m4 ,amant oppidn ,sextum et laudant1 quod magn cum cnstanti pugnat4 ,g4 ,ubi1 ,mrce1 est ancilla tua8 ,cr nn cnam parat8 ,m4 ,ancilla mea1 ,galba1 equ lgt aquam et frmentum dat4 ,g4 ,cr nn servus ,sext equum domin crat8 ,m4 ,sextus et servus ad mrum oppid properant4 ,oppidn bellum parant4#c ,footnote #b3 habitat is here translated does live4 ,note the three possible translations of the ,latin present tense3 habitat he lives he is living he does live ,always choose the translation which makes the best sense4 ,footnote #c3 ,observe that the verb par means not only to prepare but also to prepare for1 and governs the accusative case4 ,illustration3 ,,legatus ,,cum ,,pilo ,,et ,,tuba #gh4 ,,conversation ,translate the questions and answer them in ,latin4 #a4 ,ubi fliae ,sext habitant8 #b4 ,quem oppidn amant et laudant8 #c4 ,quid ancilla equ lgt dat8 #d4 ,cuius equum ancilla crat8 #e4 ,quis ad mrum cum ,sext properat8 #f4 ,quid oppidn parant8 ,,lesson ,x ,,second ,,declension 7,continued7 ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns amcus1 -1 m41 friend 7amicable7 ,germnia1 -ae1 f41 ,germany patria1 -ae1 f41 fatherland populus1 -1 m41 people ,rhnus1 -1 m41 the ,rhine vcus1 -1 m41 village #gi4 ,we have been freely using feminine adjectives1 like bona1 in agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like them4 ,masculine adjectives of this class are declined like dominus1 and neuters like plum4 ,the adjective and noun1 masculine and neuter1 are therefore declined as follows3 ,,masculine ,,noun ,,and ,,adjective ,,neuter ,,noun ,,and ,,adjective dominus bonus1 the good master plum bonum1 the good spear ,,bases domin- bon- ,,bases pl- bon- ,,terminations ,,terminations ,,singular ,nom4 dominus bonus -us plum bonum -um ,gen4 domin bon - pl bon - ,dat4 domin bon - pl bon - ,acc4 dominum bonum -um plum bonum -um ,abl4 domin bon - pl bon - ,voc4 domine bone -e plum bonum -um ,,plural ,nom4 domin bon - la bona -a ,gen4 dominrum bonrum -rum lrum bonrum -rum ,dat4 domins bons -is ls bons -s ,acc4 domins bons -s la bona -a ,abl4 domins bons -s ls bons -s ,decline together bellum longum1 equus parvus1 servus malus1 mrus altus1 frmentum novum4 #hj4 ,observe the sentences ,lesbia ancilla est bona1 ,lesbia1 the maidservant1 is good ,flia ,lesbiae ancillae est bona1 the daughter of ,lesbia1 the maidservant1 is good ,servus ,lesbiam ancillam amat1 the slave loves ,lesbia1 the maidservant ,in these sentences ancilla1 ancillae1 and ancillam denote the class of persons to which ,lesbia belongs and explain who she is4 ,nouns so related that the second is only another name for the first and explains it are said to be in apposition1 and are always in the same case4 #ha4 ,,rule4 ,apposition4 ,an appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains4 #hb4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhe4 ,i4 #a4 ,patria serv bon1 vcus servrum bonrum1 bone popule4 #b4 ,populus oppid magn1 in oppid magn1 in oppids magns4 #c4 ,cum pls longs1 ad pla longa1 ad mrs lts4 #d4 ,lgte male1 amc legt mal1 cna grta domin bon4 #e4 ,frmentum equrum parvrum1 domine bone1 ad lgts clrs4 #f4 ,rhnus est in ,germni1 patri me4 #g4 ,sextus lgtus plum longum portat4 #h4 ,oppidn bon ,sext lgt clr pecniam dant4 #i4 ,mal serv equum bonum ,mrc domin necant4 #aj4 ,galba agricola et ,ilia flia bona labrant4 #aa4 ,mrcus nauta in nsul ,sicili habitat4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,wicked slave1 who is your friend8 ,why does he not praise ,galba1 your master8 #b4 ,my friend is from 7ex7 a village of ,germany1 my fatherland4 #c4 ,my friend does not love the people of ,italy4 #d4 ,who is caring for#a the good horse of ,galba1 the farmer8 #e4 ,mark1 where is ,lesbia1 the maidservant8 #f4 ,she is hastening#a to the little cottage#b of ,julia1 the farmer's daughter4 ,footnote #a3 ,see footnote #a1 p4 #cc4 ,remember that crat is transitive and governs a direct object4 ,footnote #b3 ,not the dative4 7,cf4 #dc47 ,,lesson ,,xi ,,adjectives ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,declensions ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns arma1 armrum1 n41 plur41 arms1 especially defensive weapons fma1 -ae1 f41 rumor2 reputation1 fame galea1 -ae1 f41 helmet praeda1 -ae1 f41 booty1 spoils 7predatory7 tlum1 -1 n41 weapon of offense1 spear ,,adjectives drus1 -a1 -um1 hard1 rough2 unfeeling1 cruel2 severe1 toilsome 7durable7 ,rmnus1 -a1 -um1 ,roman4 ,as a noun1 ,rmnus1 -1 m41 a ,roman #hc4 ,adjectives of the first and second declensions are declined in the three genders as follows3 ,,masculine ,,feminine ,,neuter ,,singular ,nom4 bonus bona bonum ,gen4 bon bonae bon ,dat4 bon bonae bon ,acc4 bonum bonam bonum ,abl4 bon bon bon ,voc4 bone bona bonum ,,plural ,nom4 bon bonae bona ,gen4 bonrum bonrum bonrum ,dat4 bons bons bons ,acc4 bons bons bona ,abl4 bons bons bons a4 ,write the declension and give it orally across the page1 thus giving the three genders for each case4 b4 ,decline grtus1 -a1 -um2 malus1 -a1 -um2 altus1 -a1 -um2 parvus1 -a1 -um4 #hd4 ,thus far the adjectives have had the same terminations as the nouns4 ,however1 the agreement between the adjective and its noun does not mean that they must have the same termination4 ,if the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions1 the terminations will1 in many cases1 not be the same4 ,for example1 nauta1 sailor1 is masculine and belongs to the first declension4 ,the masculine form of the adjective bonus is of the second declension4 ,consequently1 a good sailor is nauta bonus4 ,so1 the wicked farmer is agricola malus4 ,learn the following declensions3 #he4 nauta bonus 7bases naut- bon-71 m41 the good sailor ,,singular ,nom4 nauta bonus ,gen4 nautae bon ,dat4 nautae bon ,acc4 nautam bonum ,abl4 naut bon ,voc4 nauta bone ,,plural ,nom4 nautae bon ,gen4 nautrum bonrum ,dat4 nauts bons ,acc4 nauts bons ,abl4 nauts bons ,voc4 nautae bon #hf4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhe4 ,i4 #a4 ,est#a in vc nauta bonus4 #b4 ,sextus est amcus nautae bon4 #c4 ,sextus nautae bon galeam dat4 #d4 ,populus ,rmnus nautam bonum laudat4 #e4 ,sextus cum naut bon praedam portat4 #f4 ,ubi1 nauta bone1 sunt arma et tla lgt ,rmn8 #g4 ,nautae bon ad bellum properant4 #h4 ,fma nautrum bonrum est clra4 #i4 ,pugnae sunt grtae nauts bons4 #aj4 ,oppidn nauts bons crant4 #aa4 ,cr1 nautae bon1 mal agricolae ad ,rhnum properant8 #ab4 ,mal agricolae cum bons nauts pugnant4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the wicked farmer is hastening to the village with 7his7 booty4 #b4 ,the reputation of the wicked farmer is not good4 #c4 ,why does ,galba's daughter give arms and weapons to the wicked farmer8 #d4 ,lesbia invites the good sailor to dinner4 #e4 ,why is ,lesbia with the good sailor hastening from the cottage8 #f4 ,sextus1 where is my helmet8 #g4 ,the good sailors are hastening to the toilsome battle4 #h4 ,the horses of the wicked farmers are small4 #i4 ,the ,roman people give money to the good sailors4 #aj4 ,friends care for the good sailors4 #aa4 ,whose friends are fighting with the wicked farmers8 ,footnote #a3 ,est1 beginning a declarative sentence1 there is4 ,illustration3 ,,galeae ,,lesson ,,xii ,,nouns ,,in -,,ius ,,and -,,ium ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns flius1 fl1 m41 son 7filial7 fluvius1 fluv1 m41 river 7fluent7 gladius1 glad1 m41 sword 7gladiator7 praesidium1 praesid1 n41 garrison1 guard1 protection proelium1 proel1 n41 battle ,,adjectives fnitimus1 -a1 -um1 bordering upon1 neighboring1 near to4 ,as a noun1 fnitim1 -rum1 m41 plur41 neighbors ,germnus1 -a1 -um1 ,german4 ,as a noun1 ,germnus1 -1 m41 a ,german multus1 -a1 -um1 much2 plur41 many ,,adverb saepe1 often #hg4 ,nouns of the second declension in -ius and -ium end in - in the genitive singular1 not in -i1 and the accent rests on the penult2 as1 fl from flius 7son71 praesid from praesidium 7garrison74 #hh4 ,proper names of persons in -ius1 and flius1 end in - in the vocative singular1 not in -1 and the accent rests on the penult2 as1 ,vergil1 ,o ,vergil2 fl1 ,o son4 a4 ,observe that in these words the vocative and the genitive are alike4 #hi4 praesidium 7base praesidi-71 flius 7base fli-71 n41 garrison m41 son ,,singular ,nom4 praesidium flius ,gen4 praesid fl ,dat4 praesidi fli ,acc4 praesidium flium ,abl4 praesidi fli ,voc4 praesidium fl ,the plural is regular4 ,note that the -i- of the base is lost only in the genitive singular1 and in the vocative of words like flius4 ,decline together praesidium parvum2 flius bonus2 fluvius longus1 the long river2 proelium clrum1 the famous battle4 #ij4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhe4 ,i4 #a4 ,frmentum bonae terrae1 glad mal1 bell long4 #b4 ,cnstantia magna1 praesidia magna1 clre ,vergil4 #c4 ,male serve1 clrum oppidum1 male fl1 fli mal1 fl mal4 #d4 ,fluv long1 fluvi long1 fluvirum longrum1 fma praesid magn4 #e4 ,cum gladis parvs1 cum debus clrs1 ad nauts clrs4 #f4 ,multrum proelirum1 praedae magnae1 ad proelia dra4 ,,germ,,nia ,,ii4 ,germnia1 patria ,germnrum1 est clra terra4 ,in ,germni sunt fluvi mult4 ,rhnus magnus et ltus fluvius ,germniae est4 ,in silvs lts ,germniae sunt ferae multae4 ,multi ,germni in oppids magnis et in vcs parvs habitant et mult sunt agricolae bon4 ,bella ,germnrum sunt magna et clra4 ,populus ,germniae bellum et proelia amat et saepe cum finitims pugnat4 ,fluvius ,rhnus est fnitimus oppids#a mults et clrs4 ,footnote #a3 ,dative with fnitimus4 7,see #dc47 ,,lesson ,,xiii ,,second ,,declension 7,continued7 ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns ager1 agr1 m41 field 7acre7 cpia1 -ae1 f41 plenty1 abundance 7copious72 plur41 troops1 forces ,cornlius1 ,cornl1 m41 ,cornelius lrca1 -ae1 f41 coat of mail1 corselet praemium1 praem1 n41 reward1 prize 7premium7 puer1 puer1 m41 boy 7puerile7 ,rma1 -ae1 f41 ,rome sctum1 -1 n41 shield 7escutcheon7 vir1 vir1 m41 man1 hero 7virile7 ,,adjectives leginrius1 -a1 -um1,a legionary1 belonging to the legion4 ,as a noun1 leginri1 -rum1 m41 plur41 legionary soldiers lber1 lbera1 lberum1 free 7liberty7 ,as a noun4 lber1 -rum1 m41 plur41 children 7lit4 the freeborn7 pulcher1 pulchra1 pulchrum1 pretty1 beautiful ,,preposition apud1 among1 with acc4 ,,conjunction sed1 but ,footnote ,a3 ,the genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius ends in -i and the vocative in -ie2 not in -1 as in nouns4 #ia4 ,declension of ,nouns in -er and -ir4 ,in early ,latin all the masculine nouns of the second declension ended in -os4 ,this -os later became -us in words like servus1 and was dropped entirely in words with bases ending in -r1 like puer1 boy2 ager1 field2 and vir1 man4 ,these words are therefore declined as follows3 #ib4 puer1 m41 boy ager1 m41 field vir1 m41 man ,,base puer- ,,base agr- ,,base vir- ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 puer ager vir ---- ,gen4 puer agr vir - ,dat4 puer agr vir - ,acc4 puerum agrum virum -um ,abl4 puer agr vir - ,,plural ,nom4 puer agr vir - ,gen4 puerrum agrrum virrum -rum ,dat4 puers agrs virs -s ,acc4 puers agrs virs -s ,abl4 puers agrs virs -s a4 ,the vocative case of these words is like the nominative1 following the general rule 7#gd4;a74 b4 ,the declension differs from that of servus only in the nominative and vocative singular4 c4 ,note that in puer the e remains all the way through1 while in ager it is present only in the nominative4 ,in puer the e belongs to the base1 but in ager 7base agr-7 it does not1 and was inserted in the nominative to make it easier to pronounce4 ,most words in -er are declined like ager4 ,the genitive shows whether you are to follow puer or ager4 #ic4 ,masculine adjectives in -er of the second declension are declined like nouns in -er4 ,a few of them are declined like puer1 but most of them like ager4 ,the feminine and neuter nominatives show which form to follow1 thus1 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 lber lbera lberum 7free7 is like puer pulcher pulchra pulchrum 7pretty7 is like ager ,for the full declension in the three genders1 see #dfi4;b4 c4 #id4 ,decline together the words vir lber1 terra lbera1 frmentum lberum1 puer pulcher1 puella pulchra1 oppidum pulchrum #ie4 ,,italia#a ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhf4 ,magna est ,italiae fma1 patriae ,rmnrum1 et clra est ,rma1 domina orbis terrrum4#b ,tiberim1#c fluvium ,rmnum1 quis nn laudat et pulchrs fluvi fnitims agrs8 ,alts mrs1 longa et dra bella1 clrs victris quis nn laudat8 ,pulchra est terra ,italia4 ,agr bon agricols praemia dant magna1 et equ agricolrum cpiam frment ad oppida et vcs portant4 ,in agrs popul ,rmn labrant mult serv4 ,viae ,italiae sunt longae et ltae4 ,fnitima ,italiae est nsula ,sicilia4 ,footnote #a3 ,in this selection note especially the emphasis as shown by the order of the words4 ,footnote #b3 orbis terrrum1 of the world4 ,footnote #c3 ,tiberim1 the ,tiber1 accusative case4 #if4 ,,dialogue ,,marcus ,,and ,,cornelius ,c4 ,ubi est1 ,mrce1 flius tuus8 ,estne in pulchr terr ,itali8 ,m4 ,nn est1 ,cornl1 in ,itali4 ,ad fluvium ,rhnum properat cum cpis ,rmns quia est#d fma ,nov bell cum ,germns4 ,lber ,germniae populus ,rmns ,nn amat4 ,c4 ,estne flius tuus copirum ,rmnrum lgtus8 ,m4 ,lgtus nn est1 sed est apud leginris4 ,c4 ,quae#e arma portat#f8 ,m4 ,sctum magnum et lrcam dram et galeam pulchram portat4 ,c4 ,quae tla portat8 ,m4 ,gladium et plum longum portat4 ,c4 ,amatne lgtus flium tuum8 ,m4 ,amat1 et saepe fli me praemia pulchra et praedam multam dat4 ,c4 ,ubi est terra ,germnrum8 ,m4 ,terra ,germnrum1 ,cornl est fnitima ,rhn1 fluvi magn et alt4 ,footnote #d3 est1 before its subject1 there is2 so sunt1 there are4 ,footnote #e3 ,quae1 what kind of1 an interrogative adjective pronoun4 ,footnote #f3 ,what are the three possible translations of the present tense8 ,illustration3 ,,legionarius ,,lesson ,,xiv ,,the ,,possessive ,,adjective ,,pronouns ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns auxilium1 auxil1 n41 help1 aid 7auxiliary7 castrum1 -1 n41 fort 7castle72 plur41 camp 7lit4 forts7 cibus1 -1 m41 food cnsilium1 cnsil1 n41 plan 7counsel7 dligentia1 -ae1 f44 diligence1 industry magister1 magistr1 m41 master1 teacher,a ,,adjectives aeger1 aegra1 aegrum1 sick crber1 crbra1 crbrum1 frequent miser1 misera1 miserum1 wretched1 unfortunate 7miser7 ,footnote ,a3 ,observe that dominus1 as distinguished from magister1 means master in the sense of owner4 #ig4 ,observe the sentences ,this is my shield ,this shield is mine ,in the first sentence my is a possessive adjective2 in the second mine is a possessive pronoun1 for it takes the place of a noun1 this shield is mine being equivalent to this shield is my shield4 ,similarly1 in ,latin the possessives are sometimes adjectives and sometimes pronouns4 #ih4 ,the possessives my1 mine1 your1 yours1 etc4 are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions4 ,,singular #ast ,pers4 meus1 mea1 meum my1 mine #b;d ,pers4 tuus1 tua1 tuum your1 yours #c;d ,pers4 suus1 sua1 suum his 7own71 her 7own71 its 7own7 ,,plural #ast ,pers4 noster1 nostra1 nostrum our1 ours #b;d ,pers4 vester1 vestra1 vestrum your1 yours #c;d ,pers4 suus1 sua1 suum their 7own71 theirs ,,note4 ,meus has the irregular vocative singular masculine m1 as m fl1 ,o my son4 a4 ,the possessives agree with the name of the thing possessed in gender1 number1 and case4 ,compare the ,english and ,latin in ,sextus is calling his boy ,sextus suum puerum vocat ,julia is calling her boy ,ilia ,observe that suum agrees with puerum1 and is unaffected by the gender of ,sextus or ,julia4 b4 ,when your1 yours1 refers to one person1 use tuus2 when to more than one1 vester2 as1 ,lesbia1 your wreaths are pretty ,cornae tuae1 ,lesbia1 sunt pulchrae ,girls1 your wreaths are pretty ,cornae vestrae1 puellae1 sunt pulchrae c4 ,suus is a reflexive possessive1 that is1 it usually stands in the predicate and regularly refers back to the subject4 ,thus1 ,vir sus servs vocat means ,the man calls his 7own7 slaves4 ,here his 7sus7 refers to man 7vir71 and could not refer to any one else4 d4 ,possessives are used much less frequently than in ,english1 being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them4 7,cf4 #bb4;a47 ,this is especially true of suus1 -a1 -um1 which1 when inserted1 is more or less emphatic1 like our his own1 her own1 etc4 #ii4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhf4 ,i4 #a4 ,mrcus amc ,sext cnsilium suum nntiat #b4 ,est cpia frment in agrs nostrs4 #c4 ,amc me bonam cnam ancillae vestrae laudant #d4 ,tua lrca1 m fl1 est dra4 #e4 ,scta nostra et tla1 m amce1 in castrls ,rmns sunt4 #f4 ,suntne vir patriae tuae lber8 ,sunt4 #g4 ,ubi1 ,cornl1 est tua galea pulchra8 #h4 ,mea galea1 ,sexte1 est in cas me4 #i4 ,plum longum est tuum1 sed gladius est meus4 #aj4 ,ilia gallns sus pulchrs amat et gallnae dominam suam amant4 #aa4 ,nostra castra sunt vestra4 #ab4 ,est cpia praedae in castrs vestrs4 #ac4 ,amc tu misers et aegrs cibum et pecniam saepe dant4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,our teacher praises ,mark's industry4 #b4 ,my son ,sextus is carrying his booty to the ,roman camp4#a #c4 ,your good girls are giving aid to the sick and wretched4#b #d4 ,there are #c frequent battles in our villages4 #e4 ,my son1 where is the lieutenant's food8 #f4 ,the camp is mine1 but the weapons are yours4 ,footnote #a3 ,not the dative4 ,why8 ,footnote #b3 ,here the adjectives sick and wretched are used like nouns4 ,footnote #c3 ,where should sunt stand8 ,cf4 ,i4 #b above4 ,illustration3 ,,agricola ,,arat ,,lesson ,,xv ,,the ,,ablative ,,denoting ,,with ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns carrus1 -1 m41 cart1 wagon inopia1 -ae1 f41 want1 lack2 the opposite of cpia studium1 stud1 n41 zeal1 eagerness 7study7 ,,adjectives armtus1 -a1 -um1 armed nfrmus1 -a1 -um1 week1 feeble 7infirm7 validus1 -a1 -um1 strong1 sturdy ,,verb mtrat1 he 7she1 it7 hastens4 ,cf4 properat ,,adverb iam1 already1 now -que1 conjunction1 and2 an enclitic 7cf4 #af7 and always added to the second of two words to be connected1 as arma tlaque1 arms and weapons4 #ajj4 ,of the various relations denoted by the ablative case 7#ej7 there is none more important than that expressed in ,english by the preposition with4 ,this little word is not so simple as it looks4 ,it does not always convey the same meaning1 nor is it always to be translated by cum4 ,this will become clear from the following sentences3 a4 ,mark is feeble with 7for or because of7 want of food b4 ,diana kills the beasts with 7or by7 her arrows c4 ,julia is with ,sextus d4 ,the men fight with great steadiness a4 ,in sentence a1 with want 7of food7 gives the cause of ,mark's feebleness4 ,this idea is expressed in ,latin by the ablative without a preposition1 and the construction is called the ablative of cause3 ,mrcus est nfrmus inopi cib b4 ,in sentence b1 with 7or by7 her arrows tells by means of what ,diana kills the beasts4 ,this idea is expressed in ,latin by the ablative without a preposition1 and the construction is called the ablative of means3 ,dina sagitts sus fers necat c4 ,in sentence c we are told that ,julia is not alone1 but in company with ,sextus4 ,this idea is expressed in ,latin by the ablative with the preposition cum1 and the construction is called the ablative of accompaniment3 ,ilia est cum ,sext d4 ,in sentence d we are told how the men fight4 ,the idea is one of manner4 ,this is expressed in ,latin by the ablative with cum1 unless there is a modifying adjective present1 in which case cum may be omitted4 ,this construction is called the ablative of manner3 ,vir 7cum7 cnstanti magn pugnant #aja4 ,you are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting with3 #ajb4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of ,cause4 ,cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition4 ,this answers the question ,because of what8 #ajc4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of ,means4 ,means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition4 ,this answers the question ,by means of what8 ,with what8 ,n4,b4 ,cum must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or means4 #ajd4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of ,accompaniment4 ,accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cum4 ,this answers the question ,with whom8 #aje4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of ,manner4 ,the ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action4 ,cum may be omitted1 if an adjective is used with the ablative4 ,this answers the question ,how8 ,in what manner8 #ajf4 ,what uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage1 and what question does each answer8 ,the soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the gate with blows of their muskets4 ,the inhabitants1 terrified by the din1 attempted to cross the river with their wives and children1 but the stream was swollen with 7or by7 the rain4 ,because of this many were swept away by the waters and only a few1 almost overcome with fatigue1 with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore4 #ajg4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhf4 ,i4 ,the ,romans prepare for ,war4 ,rmn1 clrus ,italiae populus1 bellum parant4 ,ex agrs sus1 vics1 oppidsque magn studi vir valid ad arma properant4 ,iam lgat cum leginaris ex ,itali ad ,rhnum1 fluvium ,germniae altum et ltum1 properant1 et serv equs et carrs cibum frmentumque ad castra ,rmna portant4 ,inopi bonrum tlrum nfirm sunt ,germn1 sed ,rmn armti gales1 lrcs1 scts1 gladis1 plsque sunt valid4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the sturdy farmers of ,italy labor in the fields with great diligence4 #b4 ,sextus1 the lieutenant1 and 7his7 son ,mark are fighting with the ,germans4 #c4 ,the ,roman legionaries are armed with long spears4 #d4 ,where is ,lesbia1 your maid1 ,sextus8 ,lesbia is with my friends in ,galba's cottage4 #e4 ,many are sick because of bad water and for lack of food4 #f4 ,the ,germans1 with 7their7 sons and daughters1 are hastening with horses and wagons4 ,,lesson ,,xvi ,,the ,,nine ,,irregular ,,adjectives #ajh4 ,there are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of all genders3 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,gen4 -us -us -us ,dat4 - - - ,otherwise they are declined like bonus1 -a1 -um4 ,learn the list and the meaning of each3 alius1 alia1 aliud1 other1 another 7of several7 alter1 altera1 alterum1 the one1 the other 7of two7 nus1 -a1 -um1 one1 alone2 7in the plural7 only llus1 -a1 -um1 any nllus1 -a1 -um1 none1 no slus1 -a1 -um1 alone ttus1 -a1 -um1 all1 whole1 entire uter1 utra1 utrum1 which8 7of two7 neuter1 neutra1 neutrum1 neither 7of two7 #aji4 ,,paradigms ,,singular ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 nllus nlla nllum ,gen4 nllus nllus nllus ,dat4 nll nll nll ,acc4 nllum nllam nllum ,abl4 nll nll nll ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 alius alia aliud ,gen4 alus alus alus ,dat4 ali ali ali ,acc4 alium aliam aliud ,abl4 ali ali ali ,,the ,,plural ,,is ,,regular a4 ,note the peculiar neuter singular ending in -d of alius4 ,the genitive alus is rare4 ,instead of it use alterus1 the genitive of alter4 b4 ,these peculiar case endings are found also in the declension of pronouns 7see #aad74 ,for this reason these adjectives are sometimes called the pronominal adjectives4 #aaj4 ,learn the following idioms3 alter1 -era1 -erum 444 alter1 -era1 -erum1 the one 444 the other 7of two7 alius1 -a1 -ud 444 alius1 -a1 -ud1 one 444 another 7of any number7 ali1 -ae1 -a 444 ali1 -ae1 -a1 some 444 others ,,examples #a4 ,alterum oppidum est magnum1 alterum parvum1 the one town is large1 the other small 7of two towns74 #b4 ,aliud oppidum est validum1 aliud nfrmum1 one town is strong1 another weak 7of towns in general74 #c4 ,ali gladis1 ali scta portant1 some carry swords1 others shields4 #aaa4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,in utr cas est ,ilia8 ,ilia est in neutr cas4 #b4 ,nll mal puer praemium dat magister4 #c4 ,alter puer est nauta1 alter agricola4 #d4 ,ali vir aquam1 ali terram amant4 #e4 ,galba nus 7or slus7 cum studi labrat4 #f4 ,estne llus carrus in agr me8 #g4 ,lesbia est ancilla alterus domin1 ,tullia alterus4 #h4 ,lesbia sla cnam parat4 #i4 ,cna nllus alterus ancillae est bona4 #aj4 ,lesbia nll ali vir cnam dat4 ,,note4 ,the pronominal adjectives1 as you observe1 regularly stand before and not after their nouns4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the men of all ,germany are preparing for war4 #b4 ,some towns are great and others are small4 #c4 ,one boy likes chickens1 another horses4 #d4 ,already the booty of one town is in our fort4 #e4 ,our whole village is suffering for 7i4e4 weak because of7 lack of food4 #f4 ,the people are already hastening to the other town4 #g4 ,among the ,romans 7there7 is no lack of grain4 ,,lesson ,,xvii ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,is1 ,,ea1 ,,id ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns agr cultra1 -ae1 f41 agriculture ,gallia1 -ae1 f41 ,gaul domicilum1 domcil1 n41 dwelling place 7domicile71 abode ,gallus1 -i1 m41 a ,gaul lacrima1 -ae1 f41 tear fmina1 -ae1 f41 woman 7female7 numerus1 -1 m41 number 7numeral7 ,,adjective mtrus1 -a1 -um1 ripe1 mature ,,adverb qu1 whither ,,verbs arat1 he 7she1 it7 plows 7arable7 dsderat1 he 7she1 it7 misses1 longs for 7desire71 with acc4 ,,conjunction an1 or1 introducing the second half of a double question1 as ,is he a ,roman or a ,gaul1 ,estne ,romanus an ,gallus8 #aab4 ,a demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely1 as this1 that1 these1 those4 ,sometimes these words are pronouns1 as1 ,do you hear these8 and sometimes adjectives1 as1 ,do you hear these men8 ,in the former case they are called demonstrative pronouns1 in the latter demonstrative adjectives4 #aac4 ,demonstratives are similarly used in ,latin both as pronouns and as adjectives4 ,the one used most is is1 masculine2 ea1 feminine2 id1 neuter ,,singular3 this1 that2 ,,plural3 these1 those #aad4 ,is is declined as follows4 ,compare its declension with that of alius1 #aji4 ,,base e- ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 is ea id e eae ea 7or i7 ,gen4 eius eius eius erum erum erum ,dat4 e e e es es es 7or is is is7 ,acc4 eum eam id es es ea ,abl4 e e e es es es 7or is is is7 ,note that the base e- changes to i- in a few cases4 ,the genitive singular eius is pronounced ehyus4 ,in the plural the forms with two i's are preferred and the two i's are pronounced as one4 ,hence1 pronounce i as and is as s4 #aae4 ,besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the ,latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun he1 she1 it4 ,as a personal pronoun1 then1 is would have the following meanings3 ,,singular ,nom4 is1 he2 ea1 she2 id1 it ,gen4 eius1 of him or his2 eius1 of her1 her1 or hers2 eius1 of it or its ,dat4 e1 to or for him2 e1 to or for her2 e1 to or for it ,acc4 eum1 him2 eam1 her2 id1 it ,abl4 e1 with1 from1 etc41 him2 e1 with1 from1 etc41 her2 e1 with1 from1 etc41 it ,,plural ,nom4 e or i1 eae1 ea1 they ,gen4 erum1 erum1 erum1 of them1 their ,dat4 es or is1 es or is1 es or is1 to or for them ,acc4 es1 es1 ea1 them ,abl4 es or is1 es or is1 es or is1 with1 from1 etc41 them #aaf4 ,comparison between suus and is4 ,we learned above 7#ih4;c7 that suus is a reflexive possessive4 ,when his1 her 7poss471 its1 their1 do not refer to the subject of the sentence1 we express his1 her1 its by eius1 the genitive singular of is1 ea1 id2 and their by the genitive plural1 using erum to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and erum to refer to a feminine one4 ,,examples ,galba calls his 7own7 son1 ,galba suum flium vocat ,galba calls his son 7not his own1 but another's71 ,galba eius flium vocat ,julia calls her 7own7 children1 ,ilia sus lbers vocat ,julia calls her children 7not her own1 but another's71 ,ilia eius lbers vocat ,the men praise their 7own7 boys1 vir sus puers laudant ,the men praise their boys 7not their own1 but others'71 vir erum puers laudant #aag4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhg4 #a4 ,he praises her1 him1 it1 them4 #b4 ,this cart1 that report1 these teachers1 those women1 that abode1 these abodes4 #c4 ,that strong garrison1 among those weak and sick women1 that want of firmness1 those frequent plans4 #d4 ,the other woman is calling her chickens 7her own74 #e4 ,another woman is calling her chickens 7not her own74 #f4 ,the ,gaul praises his arms 7his own74 #g4 ,the ,gaul praises his arms 7not his own74 #h4 ,this farmer often plows their fields4 #i4 ,those wretched slaves long for their master 7their own74 #aj4 ,those wretched slaves long for their master 7not their own74 #aa4 ,free men love their own fatherland4 #ab4 ,they love its villages and towns4 #aah4 ,,dialogue#a ,,cornelius ,,and ,,marcus ,m4 ,quis est vir1 ,cornl1 cum puer parv8 ,estne ,rmnus et lber8 ,c4 ,rmnus nn est1 ,mrce4 ,is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in silvs ,galliae4 ,m4 ,estne puer flius eius serv an alterus8 ,c4 ,neutrus flius est puer4 ,is est flius lgt ,sext4 ,m4 ,qu puer cum e serv properat8 ,c4 ,is cum serv properat ad lts ,sext agrs4#b ,ttum frmentum est iam mtrum et magnus servrum numerus in ,italiae#c agrs labrat4 ,m4 ,agricolaene sunt ,gall et patriae suae agrs arant8 ,c4 ,nn agricolae sunt4 ,bellum amant ,gall1 nn agr cultram4 ,apud es vir pugnant et fminae auxili lberrum agrs arant parantque cibum4 ,m4 ,magister noster puers puellsque grts ,gallrum fbuls saepe nrrat et laudat es saepe4 ,c4 ,mala est fortna erum et saepe miser serv mults cum lacrims patriam suam dsderant4 ,footnote #a3 ,there are a number of departures from the normal order in this dialogue4 ,find them1 and give the reason4 ,footnote #b3 ,when a noun is modified by both a genitive and an adjective1 a favorite order of words is adjective1 genitive1 noun4 ,footnote #c3 ,a modifying genitive often stands between a preposition and its object4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second ,review1 ,lessons ,,ix-,,xvii1 #ejf-eji 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,xviii ,,conjugation ,,the ,,present1 ,,imperfect1 ,,and ,,future ,,tenses ,,of ,,sum ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns ldus1 -1 m41school socius1 soc1 m41 companion1 ally 7social7 ,,adjectives rtus1 -a1 -um1 angry1 furious 7irate7 laetus1 -a1 -um1 happy1 glad 7social7 ,,adverbs hodi1 to-day ibi1 there1 in that place mox1 presently1 soon1 of the immediate future nunc1 now1 the present moment nper1 lately1 recently1 of the immediate past #aai4 ,the inflection of a verb is called its conjugation 7cf4 #bc74 ,in ,english the verb has but few changes in form1 the different meanings being expressed by the use of personal pronouns and auxiliaries1 as1 ,i am carried1 we have carried1 they shall have carried1 etc4 ,in ,latin1 on the other hand1 instead of using personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs1 the form changes with the meaning4 ,in this way the ,romans expressed differences in tense1 mood1 voice1 person1 and number4 #abj4 ,the ,tenses4 ,the different forms of a verb referring to different times are called its tenses4 ,the chief distinctions of time are present1 past1 and future3 #a4 ,the present1 that is1 what is happening now1 or what usually happens1 is expressed by ,,the ,,present ,,tense #b4 ,the past1 that is1 what was happening1 used to happen1 happened1 has happened1 or had happened1 is expressed by ,,the ,,imperfect1 ,,perfect1 ,,and ,,pluperfect ,,tenses #c4 ,the future1 that is1 what is going to happen1 is expressed by ,,the ,,future ,,and ,,future ,,perfect ,,tenses #aba4 ,the ,moods4 ,verbs have inflection of mood to indicate the manner in which they express action4 ,the moods of the ,latin verb are the indicative1 subjunctive1 imperative1 and infinitive4 a4 ,a verb is in the indicative mood when it makes a statement or asks a question about something assumed as a fact4 ,all the verbs we have used thus far are in the present indicative4 #abb4 ,the ,persons4 ,there are three persons1 as in ,english4 ,the first person is the person speaking 7,i sing72 the second person the person spoken to 7you sing72 the third person the person spoken of 7he sings74 ,instead of using personal pronouns for the different persons in the two numbers1 singular and plural1 the ,latin verb uses the personal endings 7cf4 #bb a2 #bi74 ,we have already learned that -t is the ending of the third person singular in the active voice and -nt of the third person plural4 ,the complete list of personal endings of the active voice is as follows3 ,,singular ,,plural #ast ,pers4 ,i -m or - we -mus #b;d ,pers4 thou or you -s you -tis #c;d ,pers4 he1 she1 it -t they -nt #abc4 ,most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and are called regular verbs4 ,verbs that depart from this plan are called irregular4 ,the verb to be is irregular in ,latin as in ,english4 ,the present1 imperfect1 and future tenses of the indicative are inflected as follows3 ,,present ,,indicative ,,singular ,,plural #ast ,pers4 su-m1 ,i am su-mus1 we are #b;d ,pers4 e-s1 you#a are es-tis1 you#a are #c;d ,pers4 es-t1 he1 she1 or it is su-nt1 they are ,,imperfect ,,indicative ,,singular ,,plural #ast ,pers4 er-a-m1 ,i was er--mus1 we were #b;d ,pers4 er--s1 you were er--tis1 you were #c;d ,pers4 er-a-t1 he1 she1 or it was er-a-nt1 they were ,,future ,,indicative ,,singular ,,plural #ast ,pers4 er-1 ,i shall be er-i-mus1 we shall be #b;d ,pers4 er-i-s1 you will be er-i-tis1 you will be #c;d ,pers4 er-i-t1 he will be er-u-nt1 they will be a4 ,be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms1 and consult #ab4b2 #ad2 #ae4 ,footnote #a3 ,observe that in ,english you are1 you were1 etc4 may be either singular or plural4 ,in ,latin the singular and plural forms are never the same4 #abd4 ,,dialogue ,,the ,,boys ,,sextus ,,and ,,marcus ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhg4 ,s4 ,ubi es1 ,mrce8 ,ubi est ,quntus8 ,ubi estis1 amc8 ,m4 ,cum ,qunt1 ,sexte1 in silv sum4 ,nn sl sumus2 sunt in silv mult ali puer4 ,s4 ,nunc laetus es1 sed nper nn laetus ers4 ,cr miser ers8 ,m4 ,miser eram quia amc me erant in ali vic et eram slus4 ,nunc sum apud socis mes4 ,nunc laet sumus et erimus4 ,s4 ,ertisne in ldo hodi8 ,m4 ,hodi nn ermus in ld1 quod magister erat aeger4 ,s4 ,eritisne mox in ld8 ,m4 ,amc me ibi erunt1 sed ego 7,i7 nn er4 ,s4 ,cr nn ibi eris8 ,magister1 saepe irtus1 inopiam tuam stud dligentiaeque nn laudat4 ,m4 ,nper aeger eram et nunc nfrmus sum4 #abe4 ,,exercise #a4 ,you are1 you were1 you will be1 7sing4 and plur474 #b4 ,i am1 ,i was1 ,i shall be4 #c4 ,he is1 he was1 he will be4 #d4 ,we are1 we were1 we shall be4 #e4 ,they are1 they were1 they will be4 #f4 ,why were you not in school to-day8 ,i was sick4 #g4 ,lately he was a sailor1 now he is a farmer1 soon he will be a teacher4 #h4 ,to-day ,i am happy1 but lately ,i was wretched4 #i4 ,the teachers were happy because of the boys' industry4 ,illustration3 ,,pueri ,,romani ,,in ,,ludo ,,lesson ,,xix ,,the ,,four ,,regular ,,conjugations ,,present ,,active ,,indicative ,,of ,,am ,,and ,,mone #abf4 ,there are four conjugations of the regular verbs4 ,these conjugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present conjugation-stem4#a ,this vowel is called the distinguishing vowel1 and is best seen in the present infinitive4 ,footnote #a3 ,the stem is the body of a word to which the terminations are attached4 ,it is often identical with the base 7cf4 #eh74 ,if1 however1 the stem ends in a vowel1 the latter does not appear in the base1 but is variously combined with the inflectional terminations4 ,this point is further explained in #bcj4 ,below is given the present infinitive of a verb of each conjugation1 the present stem1 and the distinguishing vowel4 ,,distinguishing ,,conjugation ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,pres4 ,,stem ,,vowel ,i4 amre1 to love am- ,,ii4 monre1 to advise mon- ,,iii4 regre1 to rule reg- ,,iv4 audre1 to hear audi- a4 ,note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by dropping -re1 the ending of the present infinitive4 ,,note4 ,the present infinitive of sum is esse1 and es- is the present stem4 #abg4 ,from the present stem are formed the present1 imperfect1 and future tenses4 #abh4 ,the inflection of the ,present ,active ,indicative of the first and of the second conjugation is as follows3 am1 amre 7love7 mone1 monre 7advise7 ,,pres4 ,,stem am- ,,pres4 ,,stem mon- ,,singular ,,plural ,,personal ,,endings #a4 am1 ,i love mone1 ,i advise - #b4 ams1 you love mons1 you advise -s #c4 amat1 he 7she1 it7 loves monet1 he 7she1 it7 advises -t #a4 ammus1 we love monmus1 we advise -mus #b4 amtis1 you love montis1 you advise -tis #c4 amant1 they love monent1 they advise -nt #a4 ,the present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the present stem1 and its first person uses -o and not -m4 ,the form am is for am-1 the two vowels - contracting to 4 ,in mone there is no contraction4 ,nearly all regular verbs ending in -eo belong to the second conjugation4 #b4 ,note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before another vowel 7mon- mon71 and before final -t 7amt1 mont7 and -nt 7amnt1 monnt74 ,compare #ab4b4 #abi4 ,like am and mone inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs#b3 ,footnote #b3 ,the only new verbs in this list are the five of the second conjugation which are starred4 ,learn their meanings4 ,,indicative ,,present ,,infinitive ,,present ar1 ,i plow arre1 to plow cr1 ,i care for crre1 to care for 99dle1 ,i destroy dlre1 to destroy dsder1 ,i long for dsderre1 to long for d1#c ,i give dare1 to give 99habe1 ,i have habre1 to have habit1 ,i live1 ,i dwell habitre1 to live1 to dwell 99iube1 ,i order iubre1 to order labr1 ,i labor labrre1 to labor laud1 ,i praise laudre1 to praise mtr1 ,i hasten mtrre1 to hasten 99move1 ,i move movre1 to move nrr1 ,i tell nrrre1 to tell nec1 ,i kill necre1 to kill nnti1 ,i announce nntire1 to announce par1 ,i prepare parre1 to prepare port1 ,i carry portre1 to carry proper1 ,i hasten properre1 to hasten pugn1 ,i fight pugnre1 to fight 99vide1 ,i see vidre1 to see voc1 ,i call vocre1 to call ,footnote #c3 ,observe that in d1 dre1 the a is short1 and that the present stem is d- and not d-4 ,the only forms of d that have a long are ds 7pres4 indic471 d 7pres4 imv471 and dns 7pres4 part474 #acj4 ,the ,translation of the ,present4 ,in ,english there are three ways of expressing present action4 ,we may say1 for example1 ,i live1 ,i am living1 or ,i do live4 ,in ,latin the one expression habit covers all three of these expressions4 #aca4 ,,exercises ,give the voice1 mood1 tense1 person1 and number of each form4 ,i4 #a4 ,vocmus1 propertis1 iubent4 #b4 ,movtis1 lauds1 vids4 #c4 ,dltis1 habtis1 dant4 #d4 ,mtrs1 dsderat1 vidmus4 #e4 ,iubet1 movent1 necat4 #f4 ,nrrmus1 movs1 vident4 #g4 ,labrtis1 properant1 ports1 parant4 #h4 ,dlet1 habtis1 iubmus1 ds4 ,n4,b4 ,observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in translating a ,latin verb form4 ,give that your first attention4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,we plow1 we are plowing1 we do plow4 #b4 ,they care for1 they are caring for1 they do care for4 #c4 ,you give1 you are having1 you do have 7sing474 #d4 ,we destroy1 ,i do long for1 they are living4 #e4 ,he calls1 they see1 we are telling4 #f4 ,we do fight1 we order1 he is moving1 he prepares4 #g4 ,they are laboring1 we kill1 you announce4 ,,lesson ,,xx ,,imperfect ,,active ,,indicative ,,of ,,am ,,and ,,mone ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns frma1 -ae1 f41 form1 beauty regna1 -ae1 f41 queen 7regal7 poena1 -ae1 f41 punishment1 penalty superbia1 -ae1 f41 pride1 haughtiness potentia1 -ae1 f41 power 7potent7 trstta1 -ae1 f41 sadness1 sorrow ,,adjectives septem1 indeclinable1 seven superbus1 -a1 -um1 proud1 haughty 7superb7 ,,conjunctions nn slum 444 sed etiam1 not only 444 but also #acb4 ,tense ,signs4 ,instead of using auxiliary verbs to express differences in tense1 like was1 shall1 will1 etc41 ,latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs4 ,these are called tense signs4 #acc4 ,formation and ,inflection of the ,imperfect4 ,the tense sign of the imperfect is -b-1 which is added to the present stem4 ,the imperfect consists1 therefore1 of three parts3 ,,present ,,stem ,,tense ,,sign ,,personal ,,ending am- ba- m loving was ,i ,the inflection is as follows3 ,,conjugation ,i ,,conjugation ,,ii ,,personal ,,singular ,,endings #a4 ambam1 ,i was loving monbam1 ,i was advising -m #b4 ambs1 you were loving monbs1 you were advising -s #c4 ambat1 he was loving monbat1 he was advising -t ,,plural #a4 ambmus1 we were loving monbmus1 we were advising -mus #b4 ambtis1 you were loving monbtis1 you were advising -tis #c4 ambant1 they were loving monbant1 they wereadvising -nt a4 ,note that the of the tense sign -b- is shortened before -nt1 and before m and t when final4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 ,in a similar manner inflect the verbs given in #abi4 #acd4 ,meaning of the ,imperfect4 ,the ,latin imperfect describes an act as going on or progressing in past time1 like the ,english past-progressive tense 7as1 ,i was walking74 ,it is the regular tense used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs4 #ace4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,vidbmus1 dsderbat1 mtrbs4 #b4 ,dabant1 vocbtis1 dlbmus4 #c4 ,pugnant1 laudbs1 movbtis4 #d4 ,iubbant1 properbtis1 portbmus4 #e4 ,dabs1 nrrbant1 labrbtis4 #f4 ,vidbant1 movbs1 nntibmus4 #g4 ,necbat1 movbam1 habbat1 parbtis4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,you were having 7sing4 and plur471 we were killing1 they were laboring4 #b4 ,he was moving1 we were ordering1 we were fighting4 #c4 ,we were telling1 they were seeing1 he was calling4 #d4 ,they were living1 ,i was longing for1 we were destroying4 #e4 ,you were giving1 you were moving1 you were announcing1 7sing4 and plur474 #f4 ,they were caring for1 he was plowing1 we were praising4 #acf4 ,,ni,,obe ,,and ,,her ,,children ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhg4 ,niob1 rgina ,thbnrum1 erat pulchra fmina sed superba4 ,erat superba nn slum frm#a su martque potenti#a sed etiam magn lberrum numer4#a ,nam habbat#b septem flis et septem flis4 ,sed ea superbia erat rgnae#c causa magnae trstitiae et lbers#c causa drae poenae4 ,,note4 ,the words ,niob1 ,thbnrum1 and mart will be found in the general vocabulary4 ,translate the selection without looking up any other words4 ,footnote #a3 ,ablative of cause4 ,footnote #b3 ,translate had2 it denotes a past situation4 7,see #acd47 ,footnote #c3 ,dative1 cf4 #dc4 ,,lesson ,,xxi ,,future ,,active ,,indicative ,,of ,,am ,,and ,,mone ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns sacrum1 -1 n41 sacrifice1 offering1 rite verbum1 -1 n41 word 7verb7 ,,verbs sede1 -re1 sit 7sediment7 vol1 -re1 fly 7volatile7 ,,adjectives interfectus1 -a1 -um1 slain molestus1 -a1 -um1 troublesome1 annoying 7molest7 perpetuus1 -a1 -um1 perpetual1 continuous ego1 personal pronoun1 ,i 7egotism74 ,always emphatic in the nominative4 #acg4 ,the tense sign of the ,future ,indicative in the first and second conjugations is -bi-4 ,this is joined to the present stem of the verb and followed by the personal ending1 as follows3 ,,present ,,stem ,,tense ,,sign ,,personal ,,ending am- bi- s love will you #ach4 ,the ,future ,active ,indicative is inflected as follows4 ,,conjugation ,i ,,conjugation ,,ii ,,singular #a4 amb1 ,i shall love monb1 ,i shall advise #b4 ambis1 you will love monbis1 you will advise #c4 ambit1 he will love monbit1 he will advise ,,plural #a4 ambimus1 we shall love monbimus1 we shall advise #b4 ambitis you will love monbitis1 you will advise #c4 ambunt1 they will love monbunt1 they will advise a4 ,the personal endings are as in the present4 ,the ending -b in the first person singular is contracted from -bi-4 ,the -bi- appears as -bu- in the third person plural4 ,note that the inflection is like that of er1 the future of sum4 ,pay especial attention to the accent4 ,in a similar manner inflect the verbs given in #abi4 #aci4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,movbitis1 laudbis1 arb4 #b4 ,dlbitis1 vocbitis1 dabunt4 #c4 ,mtrbis1 dsderbit1 vidbimus4 #d4 ,habbit1 movbunt1 necbit4 #e4 ,nrrbimus1 monbis1 vidbunt4 #f4 ,labrbitis1 crbunt1 dabis4 #g4 ,habitbimus1 properbitis1 iubbunt1 parbit4 #h4 ,nntib1 portbimus1 iubb4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,we shall announce1 we shall see1 ,i shall hasten4 #b4 ,i shall carry1 he will plow1 they will care for4 #c4 ,you will announce1 you will move1 you will give1 7sing4 and plur474 #d4 ,we shall fight1 we shall destroy1 ,i shall long for4 #e4 ,he will call1 they will see1 you will tell 7plur474 #f4 ,they will dwell1 we shall order1 he will praise4 #g4 ,they will labor1 we shall kill1 you will have 7sing4 and plur471 he will destroy4 #adj4 ,,ni,,obe ,,and ,,her ,,children 7,concluded7 ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhh4 ,apoll et ,dina erant lber ,ltnae4 ,is ,thbn sacra crbra parbant4#a ,oppidn ambant ,ltnam et lbers eius4 ,id superbae rgnae erat molestum4 8,cr10 inquit1 8,ltnae et lbers sacra partis8 ,dus lbers habet ,ltna2 quattuordecim habe ego4 ,ubi sunt mea sacra80 ,ltna is verbs#b rta lbers sus vocat4 ,ad eam volant ,apoll ,dinaque et sagitts#c sus misers lbers rgnae superbae dlent4 ,niob1 nper laeta1 nunc misera1 sedet apud lbers interfects et cum perpetus lacrims#d es dsderat4 ,,note4 ,consult the general vocabulary for ,apoll1 inquit1 dus1 and quattuordecim4 ,try to remember the meaning of all the other words4 ,footnote #a3 ,observe the force of the imperfect here1 used to prepare1 were in the habit of preparing2 so ambant denotes a past situation of affairs4 7,see #acd47 ,footnote #b3 ,ablative of cause4 ,footnote #c3 ,ablative of means4 ,footnote #d3 ,this may be either manner or accompaniment4 ,it is often impossible to draw a sharp line between means1 manner1 and accompaniment4 ,the ,romans themselves drew no sharp distinction4 ,it was enough for them if the general idea demanded the ablative case4 ,,lesson ,,xxii ,,review ,,of ,,verbs ,,the ,,dative ,,with ,,adjectives ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns disciplna1 -ae1 f41 training1 culture1 discipline ,gius1 ,g1 m41 ,caius1 a ,roman first name rnmentum1 -1 n41 ornament1 jewel ,tiberius1 ,tiber1 m41 ,tiberius1 a ,roman first name ,,verb doce1 -re1 teach 7doctrine7 ,,adverb maxim1 most of all1 especially ,,adjective antquus1 -qua1 -quum1 old1 ancient 7antique7 #ada4 ,review the present1 imperfect1 and future active indicative1 both orally and in writing1 of sum and the verbs in #abi4 #adb4 ,we learned in #dc for what sort of expressions we may expect the dative1 and in #dd that one of its commonest uses is with verbs to express the indirect object4 ,it is also very common with adjectives to express the object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective is directed4 ,we have already had a number of cases where grtus1 agreeable to1 was so followed by a dative2 and in the last lesson we had molestus1 annoying to1 followed by that case4 ,the usage may be more explicitly stated by the following rule3 #adc4 ,,rule4 ,dative with ,adjectives4 ,the dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed4 ,such are1 especially1 those meaning near1 also fit1 friendly1 pleasing1 like1 and their opposites4 #add4 ,among such adjectives memorize the following3 idneus1 -a1 -um1 fit1 suitable 7for7 amcus1 -a1 -um1 friendly 7to7 inimcus1 -a1 -um1 hostile 7to7 grtus1 -a1 -um1 pleasing 7to71 agreeable 7to7 molestus1 -a1 -um1 annoying 7to71 troublesome 7to7 fnitimus1 -a1 -um1 neighboring 7to7 proximus1 -a1 -um1 nearest1 next 7to7 #ade4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,rmn terram idneam agr cultrae habent4 #b4 ,gall cpis ,rmns inimc erant4 #c4 ,cui dea ,ltna amca non erat8 #d4 ,dea ,ltna superbae rgnae amca nn erat4 #e4 ,cibus noster1 ,mrce1 erit armts virs grtus4 #f4 ,quid erat molestum populs ,italiae8 #g4 ,bella longa cum ,galls erant molesta populs ,italiae4 #h4 ,agr ,germnrum fluvi ,rhn fnitim erant4 #i4 ,rmn ad silvam oppid proximam castra movbant4 #aj4 ,nn slum frma sed etiam superbia rgnae erat magna4 #aa4 ,mox rgna pulchra erit aegra trstiti4 #ab4 ,cr erat ,niob1 rgna ,thbnrum1 laeta8 ,laeta erat ,niob mults flis et flibus4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty queen4 #b4 ,the sacrifices were pleasing not only to ,latona but also to ,diana4 #c4 ,diana will destroy those hostile to ,latona4 #d4 ,the punishment of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess ,diana4 #e4 ,the ,romans will move their forces to a large field#a suitable for a camp4 #f4 ,some of the allies were friendly to the ,romans1 others to the ,gauls4 ,footnote #a3 ,why not the dative8 #adf4 ,,cornelia ,,and ,,her ,,jewels ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhh4 ,apud antqus domins1 ,cornlia1 fricn flia1 erat#b maxim clra4 ,fli eius erant ,tiberius ,gracchus et ,gius ,gracchus4 ,i puer cum ,cornli in oppid ,rm1 clr ,italiae oppid1 habitbant4 ,ibi es crbat ,cornlia et ibi magn cum studi es docbat4 ,bona fmina erat ,cornlia et bonam disciplnam maxim ambat4 ,,note4 ,can you translate the paragraph above8 ,there are no new words4 ,footnote #b3 ,observe that all the imperfects denote continued or progressive action1 or describe a state of affairs4 7,cf4 #acd47 ,,lesson ,,xxiii ,,present ,,active ,,indicative ,,of ,,reg ,,and ,,audi #adg4 ,as we learned in #abf1 the present stem of the third conjugation ends in -1 and of the fourth in -4 ,the inflection of the ,present ,indicative is as follows3 ,,conjugation ,,iii ,,conjugation ,,iv reg1 regere 7rule7 audi1 audre 7hear7 ,,pres4 ,,stem reg- ,,pres4 ,,stem aud- ,,singular #a4 reg1 ,i rule audi1 ,i hear #b4 regis1 you rule auds1 you hear #c4 regit1 he 7she1 it7 rules audit1 he 7she1 it7 hears ,,plural #a4 regimus1 we rule audmus1 we hear #b4 regitis1 you rule audtis1 you hear #c4 regunt1 they rule audiunt1 they hear #a4 ,the personal endings are the same as before4 #b4 ,the final short -e- of the stem reg- combines with the - in the first person1 becomes -u- in the third person plural1 and becomes -- elsewhere4 ,the inflection is like that of er1 the future of sum4 #c4 ,in audi the personal endings are added regularly to the stem aud-4 ,in the third person plural -u- is inserted between the stem and the personal ending1 as audi-u-nt4 ,note that the long vowel of the stem is shortened before final -t just as in am and mone4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 ,note that -i- is always short in the third conjugation and long in the fourth1 excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened4 7,cf4 #ab4a1 #b47 #adh4 ,like reg and audi inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs3 ,,indicative ,,present ,,infinitive ,,present ag1 ,i drive agere1 to drive dc1 ,i say dcere1 to say dc1 ,i lead dcere1 to lead mitt1 ,i send mittere1 to send mni1 ,i fortify mnre1 to fortify reperi1 ,i find reperre1 to find veni1 ,i come venre1 to come #adi4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,quis agit8 ,cr venit8 ,quem mittit8 ,quem dcis8 #b4 ,quid mittunt8 ,ad quem veniunt8 ,cuius castra mniunt8 #c4 ,quem agunt8 ,venmus4 ,quid puer reperit8 #d4 ,quem mittimus8 ,cuius equum dcitis8 ,quid dcunt8 #e4 ,mnmus1 ventis1 dcit4 #f4 ,agimus1 repertis1 mns4 #g4 ,reperis1 ducitis1 dcis4 #h4 ,agitis1 audimus1 regimus4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,what do they find8 ,whom do they hear8 ,why does he come8 #b4 ,whose camp are we fortifying8 ,to whom does he say8 ,what are we saying8 #c4 ,i am driving1 you are leading1 they are hearing4 #d4 ,you send1 he says1 you fortify 7sing4 and plur474 #e4 ,i am coming1 we find1 they send4 #f4 ,they lead1 you drive1 he does fortify4 #g4 ,you lead1 you find1 you rule1 7all plur474 #aej4 ,,cornelia ,,and ,,her ,,jewels 7,concluded7 ,proximum domicli ,cornliae erat pulchrae ,campnae domicilium4 ,campna erat superba nn slum frm su sed maxim rnments sus4 ,ea#a laudbat semper4 8,habsne t lla ornmenta1 ,cornlia80 inquit4 8,ubi sunt tua rnmenta80 ,deinde ,cornlia flis sus ,tiberium et ,gium vocat4 8,puer me10 inquit1 8sunt mea rnmenta4 ,nam bon lber sunt semper bonae fminae rnmenta maxim clra40 ,,note4 ,the only new words here are ,campna1 semper1 and t4 ,footnote #a3 ,ea1 accusative plural neuter4 ,illustration3 8,,pueri ,,mei ,,sunt ,,mea ,,ornamenta0 ,,lesson ,,xxiv ,,imperfect ,,active ,,indicative ,,of ,,reg ,,and ,,audi ,,the ,,dative ,,with ,,special ,,intransitive ,,verbs #aea4 ,,paradigms ,,conjugation ,,iii ,,conjugation ,,iv ,,singular #a4 regbam1 ,i was ruling audibam1 ,i was hearing #b4 regbs1 you were riding audibs1 you were hearing #c4 regbat1 he was ruling audibat1 he was hearing ,,plural #a4 regbmus1 we were ruling audibmus1 we were hearing #b4 regbtis1 you were ruling audibtis1 you were hearing #c4 regbant1 they were ruling audibant1 they were hearing #a4 ,the tense sign is -b-1 as in the first two conjugations4 #b4 ,observe that the final -- of the stem is lengthened before the tense sign -b-4 ,this makes the imperfect of the third conjugation just like the imperfect of the second 7cf4 monbam and regbam74 #c4 ,in the fourth conjugation -- is inserted between the stem and the tense sign -b- 7audi--ba-m74 #d4 ,in a similar manner inflect the verbs given in #adh4 #aeb4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,agbat1 venibat1 mittbat1 dcbant4 #b4 ,agbant1 mittbant1 dcbas1 mnibant4 #c4 ,mittbmus1 dcbtis1 dcbant4 #d4 ,mnibmus1 venibtis1 dcbs4 #e4 ,mittbs1 venibmus1 reperibat4 #f4 ,reperibs1 venibs1 audibtis4 #g4 ,agbmus1 reperibtis1 mnibat4 #h4 ,agbtis1 dcbam1 mnibam4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,they were leading1 you were driving 7sing4 and plur471 he was fortifying4 #b4 ,they were sending1 we were finding1 ,i was coming4 #c4 ,you were sending1 you were fortifying1 7sing4 and plur471 he was saying4 #d4 ,they were hearing1 you were leading 7sing4 and plur471 ,i was driving4 #e4 ,we were saying1 he was sending1 ,i was fortifying4 #f4 ,they were coming1 he was hearing1 ,i was finding4 #g4 ,you were ruling 7sing4 and plur471 we were coming1 they were ruling4 #aec4 ,the ,dative with ,special ,intransitive ,verbs4 ,we learned above 7#bj4;a7 that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called an intransitive verb4 ,many such verbs1 however1 are of such meaning that they can govern an indirect object1 which will1 of course1 be in the dative case 7#de74 ,learn the following list of intransitive verbs with their meanings4 ,in each case the dative indirect object is the person or thing to which a benefit1 injury1 or feeling is directed4 7,cf4 #dc47 crd1 crdere1 believe 7give belief to7 fave1 favre1 favor 7show favor to7 noce1 nocre1 injure 7do harm to7 pre1 prre1 obey 7give obedience to7 persude1 persudre1 persuade 7offer persuasion to7 resist1 resistere1 resist 7offer resistance to7 stude1 studre1 be eager for 7give attention to7 #aed4 ,,rule4 ,dative with ,intransitive ,verbs4 ,the dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crd1 fave1 noce1 pre1 persude1 resist1 stude1 and others of like meaning4 #aee4 ,,exercise #a4 ,crdisne verbs socirum8 ,mult verbs erum nn crdunt4 #b4 ,me fnitim cnsili tu nn favbunt1 quod bell student4 #c4 ,tiberius et ,gius disciplnae drae nn resistbant et ,cornliae prbant4 #d4 ,dea erat inimca septem flibus rgnae4 #e4 ,dra poena et perpetua trstitia rgnae nn persudbunt4 #f4 ,nper ea resistbat et nunc resistit potentiae ,ltnae4 #g4 ,mox sagittae volbunt et lbers misers nocbunt4 ,,lesson ,,xxv ,,future ,,active ,,indicative ,,of ,,reg ,,and ,,audi #aef4 ,in the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet with a new tense sign4 ,instead of using -bi-1 as in the first and second conjugations1 we use --#a in the first person singular and -- in the rest of the tense4 ,in the third conjugation the final -- of the stem is dropped before this tense sign2 in the fourth conjugation the final -- of the stem is retained4#b ,footnote #a3 ,the -- is shortened before -m final1 and -- before -t final and before -nt4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 ,footnote #b3 ,the -- is1 of course1 shortened1 being before another vowel4 7,cf4 #ab4a47 #aeg4 ,,paradigms ,,conjugation ,,iii ,,conjugation ,,iv ,,singular #a4 regam1 ,i shall rule audiam1 ,i shall hear #b4 regs1 you will rule audis1 you will hear #c4 reget1 he will rule audiet1 he will hear ,,plural #a4 regmus1 we shall rule audimus1 we shall hear #b4 regtis1 you will rule auditis1 you will hear #c4 regent1 they will rule audient1 they will hear #a4 ,observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the present of the second1 excepting in the first person singular4 #b4 ,in the same manner inflect the verbs given in #adh4 #aeh4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,dcet1 dctis1 mnimus4 #b4 ,dcent1 dctis1 mittmus4 #c4 ,mnient1 venient1 mittent1 agent4 #d4 ,dcet1 mitts1 veniet1 aget4 #e4 ,mniet1 reperitis1 agmus4 #f4 ,mittam1 venimus1 regent4 #g4 ,auditis1 venis1 reperis4 #h4 ,reperiet1 agam1 dcmus1 mittet4 #i4 ,vidbitis1 sedb1 vocbimus4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,i shall find1 he will hear1 they will come4 #b4 ,i shall fortify1 he will send1 we shall say4 #c4 ,i shall drive1 you will lead1 they will hear4 #d4 ,you will send1 you will fortify1 7sing4 and plur471 he will say4 #e4 ,i shall come1 we shall find1 they will send4 #f4 ,who#c will believe the story8 ,i#d shall believe the story4 #g4 ,whose friends do you favor8 ,we favor our friends4 #h4 ,who will resist our weapons8 ,sextus will resist your weapons4 #i4 ,who will persuade him8 ,they will persuade him4 #aj4 ,why were you injuring my horse8 ,i was not injuring your horse4 #aa4 ,whom does a good slave obey8 ,a good slave obeys his master4 #ab4 ,our men were eager for another battle4 ,footnote #c3 ,remember that quis1 who1 is singular in number4 ,footnote #d3 ,express by ego1 because it is emphatic4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi ,,verbs ,,in -,i ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,conjugation ,,the ,,imperative ,,mood #aei4 ,there are a few common verbs ending in -i which do not belong to the fourth conjugation1 as you might infer1 but to the third4 ,the fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of the infinitive4 7,cf4 #abf47 ,compare audi1 audre 7hear71 fourth conjugation capi1 capere 7take71 third conjugation #afj4 ,the present1 imperfect1 and future active indicative of capi are inflected as follows3 capi1 capere1 take ,,pres4 ,,stem cape- ,,present ,,imperfect ,,future ,,singular #a4 capi capibam capiam #b4 capis capibs capis #c4 capit capibat capiet ,,plural #a4 capimus capibmus capimus #b4 capitis capibtis capitis #c4 capiunt capibant capient #a4 ,observe that capi and the other -i verbs follow the fourth conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation two vowels occur in succession4 7,cf4 capi1 audi2 capiunt1 audiunt2 and all the imperfect and future47 ,all other forms are like the third conjugation4 7,cf4 capis1 regis2 capit1 regit2 etc47 #b4 ,like capi1 inflect faci1 facere1 make1 do fugi1 fugere1 flee iaci1 iacere1 hurl rapi1 rapere1 seize #afa4 ,the ,imperative ,mood4 ,the imperative mood expresses a command2 as1 come6 send6 ,the present tense of the imperative is used only in the second person1 singular and plural4 ,the singular in the active voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem4 ,the plural is formed by adding -te to the singular4 ,,conjugation ,,singular ,,plural ,i4 am1 love thou amte1 love ye ,,ii4 mon1 advise thou monte1 advise ye ,,iii4 7a7 rege1 rule thou regite1 rule ye 7b7 cape1 take thou capite1 take ye ,,iv4 aud1 hear thou audte1 hear ye sum 7irregular7 es1 be thou este1 be ye #a4 ,in the third conjugation the final -- of the stem becomes -- in the plural4 #b4 ,the verbs dc1 say2 dc1 lead2 and faci1 make1 have the irregular forms dc1 dc1 and fac in the singular4 #c4 ,give the present active imperative1 singular and plural1 of veni1 dc1 voc1 doce1 laud1 dc1 sede1 ag1 faci1 mni1 mitt1 rapi4 #afb4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,fugient1 faciunt1 iacibat4 #b4 ,dl1 nntite1 fugiunt4 #c4 ,vente1 dc1 facitis4 #d4 ,dcite1 iaciam1 fugibant4 #e4 ,fac1 iacibmus1 fugimus1 rapite4 #f4 ,sedte1 reper1 docte4 #g4 ,fugimus1 iacient1 rapis4 #h4 ,reperient1 rapibtis1 nocent4 #i4 ,favte1 resist1 prbitis4 #aj4 ,vol ad mults terrs et d auxilium4 #aa4 ,ego tla mea capiam et mults fers dlb4 #ab4 ,quis fbulae tuae crdet8 #ac4 ,este bon1 puer1 et audte verba grta magistr4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons4 #b4 ,with her weapons she will destroy many beasts4 #c4 ,she will give aid to the weak4#a #d4 ,she will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee4 #e4 ,romans1 tell#b the famous story to your children4 ,footnote #a3 ,plural4 ,an adjective used as a noun4 7,cf4 #ii4;,,ii4#c47 ,footnote #b3 ,imperative4 ,the imperative generally stands first1 as in ,english4 99 99 99 99 99 ,third ,review1 ,lessons ,,xviii-,,xxvi1 #eaj-eab 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,xxvii ,,the ,,passive ,,voice ,,present1 ,,imperfect1 ,,and ,,future ,,indicative ,,of ,,am ,,and ,,mone ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns la1 -ae1 f41 wing deus1 -1 m41 god 7deity7,a monstrum1 -1 n41 omen1 prodigy2 monster rculum1 -1 n41 oracle ,,verb vst1 -re1 lay waste1 devastate ,,adjectives commtus1 -a1 -um1 moved1 excited maximus1 -a1 -um1 greatest 7maximum7 saevus1 -a1 -um1 fierce1 savage ,,adverbs ita1 thus1 in this way1 as follows tum1 then1 at that time ,footnote ,a3 ,for the declension of deus1 see #dfh #afc4 ,the ,voices4 ,thus far the verb forms have been in the active voice2 that is1 they have represented the subject as performing an action2 as1 ,the lion --- killed --- the hunter ,a verb is said to be in the passive voice when it represents its subject as receiving an action2 as1 ,the lion --- was killed --- by the hunter ,note the direction of the arrows4 #afd4 ,passive ,personal ,endings4 ,in the passive voice we use a different set of personal endings4 ,they are as follows3 ,,singular ,,plural #a4 -r1 ,i #a4 -mur1 we #b4 -ris1 -re1 you #b4 -min1 you #c4 -tur1 he1 she1 it #c4 -ntur1 they a4 ,observe that the letter -r appears somewhere in all but one of the endings4 ,this is sometimes called the passive sign4 #afe4 ,,paradigms am1 amre mono1 monre ,,pres4 ,,stem am- ,,pres4 ,,stem mon- ,,present ,,indicative ,,personal ,,endings ,,singular amor1 ,i am loved moneor1 ,i am advised -or#a amris or amre1 monris or monre4 -ris or -re you are loved you are advised amtur1 he is loved montur1 he is advised -tur ,,plural ammur1 we are loved monmur1 we are advised -mur ammin1 you are loved monmin1 you are advised -mini amantur1 they are loved monentur1 they are advised -ntur ,footnote #a3 ,in the present the personal ending of the first person singular is -or4 ,,imperfect ,,indicative 7,,tense ,,sign -b-7 ,,singular ambar1 monbar1 -r ,i was being loved ,i was being advised ambris or ambre1 monbris or monbre -ris or -re you were being loved you were being advised ambtur1 monbtur1 -tur he was being loved he was being advised ,,plural ambmur1 monbmur1 -mur we were being loved we were being advised ambmin1 monbmin1 -min you were being loved you were being advised ambantur1 monbantur1 -ntur they were being loved they were being advised ,,future 7,,tense ,,sign -bi-7 ,,singular ambor1 monbor1 -r ,i shall be loved ,i shall be advised amberis1 or ambere monberis or monbere1 -ris or -re you will be loved you will be advised ambitur1 monbitur1 -tur he will be loved he will be advised ,,plural ambimur1 monbimur1 -mur we shall be loved we shall be advised ambimin1 monbimin1 -min you will be loved you will be advised ambuntur1 monbuntur1 -ntur they will be loved they will be advised #a4 ,the tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active4 #b4 ,in the future the tense sign -bi- appears as -bo- in the first person1 -be- in the second1 singular number1 and as -bu- in the third person plural4 #c4 ,inflect laud1 nec1 port1 move1 dle1 iube1 in the present1 imperfect1 and future indicative1 active and passive4 #aff4 ,intransitive verbs1 such as mtr1 ,i hasten2 habit1 ,i dwell1 do not have a passive voice with a personal subject4 #afg4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,laudris or laudre1 lauds1 datur1 dat4 #b4 ,dabitur1 dabit1 vidmin1 vidtis4 #c4 ,vocbat1 vocbtur1 dlbitis1 dlbimin4 #d4 ,parbtur1 parbat1 crs1 crris or crre4 #e4 ,portbantur1 portbant1 vidbimur1 vidbimus4 #f4 ,iubris or iubre1 iubs1 laudbris or laudbre1 laudbs4 #g4 ,movberis or movbere1 movbis1 dabantur1 dabant4 #h4 ,dlentur1 dlent1 parbmur1 parbmus4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,we prepare1 we are prepared1 ,i shall be called1 ,i shall call1 you were carrying1 you were being carried4 #b4 ,i see1 ,i am seen1 it was being announced1 he was announcing1 they will order1 they will be ordered4 #c4 ,you will be killed1 you will kill1 you move1 you are moved1 we are praising1 we are being praised4 #d4 ,i am called1 ,i call1 you will have1 you are cared for4 #e4 ,they are seen1 they see1 we were teaching1 we were being taught1 they will move1 they will be moved4 ,illustration3 ,,perseus ,,andromedam ,,servat #afh4 ,,per,,seus ,,and ,,androm,,eda ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhh4 ,perseus flius erat ,iovis1#b maxim#c derum4 ,d e mults fabuls nrrant potae4 ,e favent de1 e magica arma et ls dant4 ,es tls armtus et ls frtus ad mults terrs volbat et mnstra saeva dlbat et misers nfrmsque auxilium dabat4 ,aethiopia est terra fricae4 ,eam terram ,cpheus#d regbat4 ,e#e ,neptnus1 maximus aqurum deus1 erat rtus et mittit#f mnstrum saevum ad ,aethiopiam4 ,ibi mnstrum nn slum lts pulchrsque ,aethiopiae agrs nocbat sed etiam domicilia agricolrum dlbat1 et mults virs1 fmins1 lbersque necbat4 ,populus ex agrs fugibat et oppida mrs valids mnibat4 ,tum ,cpheus magn trstiti commtus ad ,iovis rculum properat et ita dcit3 8,amc me necantur2 agr me vstantur4 ,aud verba mea1 ,iuppiter4 ,d misers auxilium4 ,age mnstrum saevum ex patri40 ,footnote #b3 ,iovis1 the genitive of ,iuppiter4 ,footnote #c3 ,used substantively1 the greatest4 ,so below1 l4 #d1 misers and nfrms are used substantively4 ,footnote #d3 ,pronounce in two syllables1 ,cepheus4 ,footnote #e3 ,e1 at him1 dative with rtus4 ,footnote #f3 ,the present is often used1 as in ,english1 in speaking of a past action1 in order to make the story more vivid and exciting4 ,,lesson ,,xxviii ,,present1 ,,imperfect1 ,,and ,,future ,,indicative ,,passive ,,of ,,reg ,,and ,,audi ,special ,vocabulary ,,verbs responde1 -re1 respond1 reply serv1 -re1 save1 preserve ,,adjective crus1 -a1 -um1 dear 7cherish7 ,,conjunction autem1 but1 moreover1 now4 ,usually stands second1 never first ,,noun vta1 -ae1 f41 life 7vital7 #afi4 ,review the present1 imperfect1 and future indicative active of reg and audi1 and learn the passive of the same tenses 7#dij1 #dia74 a4 ,observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are the same as in the active voice1 and that the passive personal endings 7#afd7 are added instead of the active ones4 b4 ,note the slight irregularity in the second person singular present of the third conjugation4 ,there the final -e- of the stem is not changed to -i-1 as it is in the active4 ,we therefore have regeris or regere1 not regiris1 regire4 c4 ,inflect ag1 dc1 dc1 mni1 reperi1 in the present1 imperfect1 and future indicative1 active and passive4 #agj4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,agbat1 agbtur1 mittbat1 mittbtur1 dcbat4 #b4 ,agunt1 aguntur1 mittuntur1 mittunt1 mniunt4 #c4 ,mittor1 mittar1 mittam1 dcre1 dcere4 #d4 ,dcmur1 dcimus1 dcmus1 dcimur1 mnibamin4 #e4 ,dcitur1 dcimin1 repermur1 reperiar1 agitur4 #f4 ,agbmus1 agbmur1 reperris1 reperimin4 #g4 ,mnmin1 venibam1 dcbar1 dctur4 #h4 ,mittimin1 mittitis1 mittris1 mitteris1 agbmin4 #i4 ,dcitur1 dcit1 mniuntur1 reperient1 audientur4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,i was being driven1 ,i was driving1 we were leading1 we were being led1 he says1 it is said4 #b4 ,i shall send1 ,i shall be sent1 you will find1 you will be found1 they lead1 they are led4 #c4 ,i am found1 we are led1 they are driven1 you were being led 7sing4 and plur474 #d4 ,we shall drive1 we shall be driven1 he leads1 he is being led1 they will come1 they will be fortified4 #e4 ,they were ruling1 they were being ruled1 you will send1 you will be sent1 you are sent1 7sing4 and plur474 #f4 ,he was being led1 he will come1 you are said 7sing4 and plur474 #aga4 ,,perseus ,,and ,,andromeda 7,continued7 ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhh4 ,tum rculum ita respondet3 8,mala est fortna tua4 ,neptnus1 magnus aqurum deus1 terrae ,aethiopiae inimcus1 es poens mittit4 ,sed par rt de sacrum idneum et mnstrum saevum ex patri tu agtur4 ,andromeda flia tua est mnstr grta4 ,d eam mnstr4 ,serv cram patriam et vtam popul tu40 ,andromeda autem erat puella pulchra4 ,eam ambat ,cpheus maxim4 ,,lesson ,,xxix ,,present1 ,,imperfect1 ,,and ,,future ,,indicative ,,passive ,,of -,i ,,verbs ,,present ,,passive ,,infinitive ,,and ,,imperative ,special ,vocabulary ,,verb super1 -re1 conquer1 overcome 7insuperable7 ,,nouns cra1 -ae1 f41 care1 trouble locus1 -1 m41 place1 spot 7location74 ,locus is neuter in the plural and is declined loca1 -rum1 etc4 perculum1 -1 n41 danger1 peril ,,adverbs semper1 always tamen1 yet1 nevertheless ,,prepositions d1 with abl41 down from2 concerning per1 with acc41 through ,,conjunction si1 if #agb4 ,review the active voice of capi1 present1 imperfect1 and future1 and learn the passive of the same tenses 7#dib74 a4 ,the present forms capior and capiuntur are like audior1 audiuntur1 and the rest of the tense is like regor4 b4 ,in like manner inflect the passive of iaci and rapi4 #agc4 ,the ,infinitive4 ,the infinitive mood gives the general meaning of the verb without person or number2 as1 amre1 to love4 ,infinitive means unlimited4 ,the forms of the other moods1 being limited by person and number1 are called the finite1 or limited1 verb forms4 #agd4 ,the forms of the ,present ,infinitive1 active and passive1 are as follows3 ,,conj4 ,,pres4 ,,pres4 ,,infinitive ,,pres4 ,,infinitive ,,stem ,,active ,,passive ,i4 am- amre1 amr1 to love to be loved ,,ii4 mon- monre1 monr1 to advise to be advised ,,iii4 rege- regere1 reg1 to rule to be ruled cape- capere cap1 to take to be taken ,,iv4 aud- audre1 audr1 to hear to be heard #a4 ,observe that to form the present active infinitive we add -re to the present stem4 a4 ,the present infinitive of sum is esse4 ,there is no passive4 #b4 ,observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the active by changing final -e to -1 except in the third conjugation1 which changes final -ere to -4 #c4 ,give the active and passive present infinitives of doce1 sede1 vol1 cr1 mitt1 dc1 mni1 reperi1 iaci1 rapi4 #age4 ,the forms of the ,present ,imperative1 active and passive1 are as follows3 ,,active#a ,,passive ,,conj4 ,,singular ,,plural ,,singular ,,plural ,i4 am amte amre1 ammin1 be thou loved be ye loved ,,ii4 mon monte monre1 monmin1 be thou advised be ye advised ,,iii4 rege regite regere1 regimin1 be thou ruled be ye ruled cape capite capere1 capimin1 be thou taken be ye taken ,,iv4 aud audte audre1 audmin1 be thou heard be ye heard #a4 ,observe that the second person singular of the present passive imperative is like the present active infinitive1 and that both singular and plural are like the second person singular#b and plural1 respectively1 of the present passive indicative4 #b4 ,give the present imperative1 both active and passive1 of the verbs in #agd4c4 ,footnote #a3 ,for the sake of comparison the active is repeated from #afa4 ,footnote #b3 ,that is1 using the personal ending -re4 ,a form like amre may be either indicative1 infinitive1 or imperative4 #agf4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhi4 ,i4 #a4 ,tum ,perseus ls ad terrs mults volabit4 #b4 ,mnstrum saevum per aqus properat et mox agrs nostrs vstbit4 #c4 ,s autem ,cpheus ad rculum properbit1 rculum ita respondbit4 #d4 ,quis tls ,perse superbitur8 ,multa mnstra tls eius superbuntur4 #e4 ,cum crs magns et lacrims mults agricolae ex domicilis crs aguntur4 #f4 ,multa loca vstbantur et multa oppida dlbantur4 #g4 ,mnstrum est validum1 tamen superbitur4 #h4 ,crdsne semper verbs rcul8 ,ego is non semper crdam4 #i4 ,prbitne ,cpheus rcul8 ,verba rcul e persudbunt4 #aj4 ,si nn fugimus1 oppidum capitur et oppidn necbuntur4 #aa4 ,vocte puers et nrrte fbulam clram d mnstr saev4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,fly thou1 to be cared for1 be ye sent1 lead thou4 #b4 ,to lead1 to be led1 be ye seized1 fortify thou4 #c4 ,to be hurled1 to fly1 send thou1 to be found4 #d4 ,to be sent1 be ye led1 to hurl1 to be taken4 #e4 ,find thou1 hear ye1 be ye ruled1 to be fortified4 ,,lesson ,,xxx ,,synopses ,,in ,,the ,,four ,,conjugations ,,the ,,ablative ,,denoting ,,from ,special ,vocabulary ,,verbs absum1 abesse1 irreg41 be away1 be absent1 be distant1 with separative abl4 adpropinqu1 -re1 draw near1 approach 7propinquity71 with dative,a contine1 -re1 hold together1 hem in1 keep 7contain7 discd1 -ere1 depart1 go away1 leave1 with separative abl4 ege1 -re1 lack1 need1 be without1 with separative abl4 interfici1 -ere1 kill prohibe1 -re1 restrain1 keep from 7prohibit7 vulner1 -re1 wound 7vulnerable7 ,,nouns prvincia1 -ae1 f41 province vnum1 -1 n41 wine ,,adjective dfessus1 -a1 -um1 weary1 worn out ,,adverb long1 far1 by far1 far away ,footnote ,a3 ,this verb governs the dative because the idea of nearness to is stronger than that of motion to4 ,if the latter idea were the stronger1 the word would be used with ad and the accusative4 #agg4 ,you should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had1 as follows3#a ,,conjugation ,i ,,conjugation ,,ii ,,indicative ,,active ,,passive ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 am amor mone moneor ,imperf4 ambam ambar monbam monbar ,fut4 ambo ambor monbo monbor ,footnote #a3 ,synopses should be given not only in the first person1 but in other persons as well1 particularly in the third singular and plural4 ,,conjugation ,i ,,conjugation ,,ii ,,imperative ,,active ,,passive ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 am amre mon monre ,,infinitive ,pres4 amre amr monre monr ,,conjugation ,,iii ,,conjugation ,,iii 7-i verbs7 ,,indicative ,,active ,,passive ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 reg regor capi capior ,imperf4 regbam regbar capibam capibar ,fut4 regam regar capiam capiar ,,imperative ,pres4 rege regere cape capere ,,infinitive ,pres4 regere reg capere cap ,,conjugation ,,iv ,,indicative ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 audi audior ,imperf4 audibam audibar ,fut4 audiam audiar ,,imperative ,pres4 aud audre ,,infinitive ,pres4 audre audr #a4 ,give the synopsis of rapi1 mni1 reperi1 doce1 vide1 dc1 ag1 laud1 port1 and vary the person and number4 #agh4 ,we learned in #ej that one of the three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in ,english by the preposition from4 ,this is sometimes called the separative ablative1 and it has a number of special uses4 ,you have already grown familiar with the first mentioned below4 #agi4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of the ,place ,from4 ,the place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions or ab1 d1 or ex4 ,agricolae ex agrs veniunt1 the farmers come from the fields a4 or ab denotes from near a place2 or ex1 out from it2 and d1 down from it4 ,this may be represented graphically as follows3 or ab or ex _/ ,place _/ d ,v #ahj4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of ,separation4 ,words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning4 a4 ,if the separation is actual and literal of one material thing from another1 the preposition or ab1 or ex1 or d is generally used4 ,if no actual motion takes place of one thing from another1 no preposition is necessary4 7a7 ,perseus terram mnstrs lberat ,perseus frees the land from monsters 7literal separation--actual motion is expressed7 7b7 ,perseus terram trstiti lberat ,perseus frees the land from sorrow 7figurative separation--no actual motion is expressed7 #aha4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of the ,personal ,agent4 ,the word expressing the person from whom an action starts1 when not the subject1 is put in the ablative with the preposition or ab4 a4 ,in this construction the ,english translation of 1 ab is by rather than from4 ,this ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the person by whom the act was performed4 ,mnstrum ,perse nectur1 the monster is being slain by 7lit4 from7 ,perseus b4 ,note that the active form of the above sentence would be ,perseus monstrum necat1 ,perseus is slaying the monster4 ,in the passive the object of the active verb becomes the subject1 and the subject of the active verb becomes the ablative of the personal agent1 with or ab4 c4 ,distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent4 ,both are often translated into ,english by the preposition by4 7,cf4 #ajj4 b47 ,means is a thing2 the agent or actor is a person4 ,the ablative of means has no preposition4 ,the ablative of the personal agent has or ab4 ,compare ,fera sagitt nectur1 the wild beast is killed by an arrow ,fera ,din nectur1 the wild beast is killed by ,diana ,sagitt1 in the first sentence1 is the ablative of means2 ,din1 in the second1 is the ablative of the personal agent4 #ahb4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhi4 ,i4 #a4 ,viri inopi cib dfess ab e loc discdent4 #b4 ,germn castrs ,rmns adpropinqubant1 tamen lgtus cpis proeli continbat4 #c4 ,multa ,gallrum oppida ab ,rmans capientur4 #d4 ,tum ,rmn ttum populum erum oppidrum gladis plsque interficient4 #e4 ,oppidn ,rmns resistent1 sed defess long proelo fugient4 #f4 ,mult ex ,galli fugibant et in ,germnrum vics habitbant4 #g4 ,miser nautae vulnerantur ab inimcs#b saevs et cib egent4 #h4 ,discdite et date virs frmentum et cpiam vn4 #i4 ,cpiae nostrae proeli continbantur ab ,sext lgat4 #aj4 ,id oppidum ab prvinci ,rmn long aberat4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess ,diana4 #b4 ,they were without food and without wine4 #c4 ,then ,galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by ,sextus4 #d4 ,already they are not far away from the land1 and they see armed men on a high place4 #e4 ,they are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows4 #f4 ,the men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with great eagerness4 ,footnote #b3 inimcs1 here used as a noun4 ,see vocabulary4 ,,lesson ,,xxxi ,,perfect1 ,,pluperfect1 ,,and ,,future ,,perfect ,,of ,,sum ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns aurum1 -1 n41 gold 7oriole7 mora1 -ae1 f41 delay nvigium1 nvig1 n41 boat1 ship ventus1 -1 m41 wind 7ventilate7 ,,verb nvig1 -re1 sail 7navigate7 ,,adjectives attentus1 -a1 -um1 attentive1 careful dubius1 -a1 -um1 doubtful 7dubious7 perfidus1 -a1 -um1 faithless1 treacherous 7perfidy7 ,,adverb ante1 before1 previously ,,preposition sine1 with abl41 without #ahc4 ,principal ,parts4 ,there are certain parts of the verb that are of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the principal parts4 ,the principal parts of the ,latin verb are the present1 the past1 and the past participle2 as go1 went1 gone2 see1 saw1 seen1 etc4 ,the principal parts of the ,latin verb are the first person singular of the present indicative1 the present infinitive1 the first person singular of the perfect indicative1 and the perfect passive participle4 #ahd4 ,conjugation ,stems4 ,from the principal parts we get three conjugation stems1 from which are formed the entire conjugation4 ,we have already learned about the present stem1 which is found from the present infinitive 7cf4 #abf4;a74 ,the other two stems are the perfect stem and the participial stem4 #ahe4 ,the ,perfect ,stem4 ,the perfect stem of the verb is formed in various ways1 but may always be found by dropping - from the first person singular of the perfect1 the third of the principal parts4 ,from the perfect stem are formed the following tenses3 ,,the ,,perfect ,,active ,,indicative ,,the ,,pluperfect ,,active ,,indicative 7,,english ,,past ,,perfect7 ,,the ,,future ,,perfect ,,active ,,indicative ,all these tenses express completed action in present1 past1 or future time respectively4 #ahf4 ,the ,endings of the ,perfect4 ,the perfect active indicative is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem4 ,these endings are different from those found in any other tense1 and are as follows3 ,,singular ,,plural #a4 -1 ,i #a4 -imus1 we #b4 -ist1 you #b4 -istis1 you #c4 -it1 he1 she1 it #c4 -runt or -re1 they #ahg4 ,inflection of sum in the perfect1 pluperfect1 and future perfect indicative3 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,indic4 ,,prin4 ,,parts sum esse fu ,,perfect ,,stem fu- ,,perfect ,,singular ,,plural fu1 ,i have been1 ,i was fuimus1 we have been1 we were fuist1 fuistis1 you have been1 you were you have been1 you were fuit1 he has been1 he was furunt or fure1 they have been1 they were ,,pluperfect 7,,tense ,,sign -er-7 fueram1 ,i had been fuermus1 we had been fuers1 you had been fuertis1 you had been fuerat1 he had been fuerant1 they had been ,,future ,,perfect 7,,tense ,,sign -eri-7 fuer1 ,i shall have been fuerimus1 we shall have been fueris1 you will have been fueritis1 you will have been fuerit1 he will have been fuerint1 they will have been #a4 ,note carefully the changing accent in the perfect4 #b4 ,observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding eram1 the imperfect of sum1 to the perfect stem4 ,the tense sign is -er-4 #c4 ,observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding er1 the future of sum1 to the perfect stem4 ,but the third person plural ends in -erint1 not in -erunt4 ,the tense sign is -eri-4 #d4 ,all active perfects1 pluperfects1 and future perfects are formed on the perfect stem and inflected in the same way4 #ahh4 ,,dialogue ,,the ,,boys ,,titus1 ,,marcus1 ,,and ,,quintus ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bhi4 ,m4 ,ubi fuistis1 ,tite et ,qunte8 ,t4 ,ego in me ld fu et ,quntus in su ld fuit4 ,bon puer fuimus4 ,fuitne ,sextus in vc hodi8 ,m4 ,fuit4 ,nper per agrs proxims fluvi properbat4 ,ibi is et ,cornlius habent nvigium4 ,t4 ,nvigium dcis8 ,ali#a nrr eam fbulam6 ,m4 ,vr 7,yes1 truly71 pulchrum et novum nvigium6 ,q4 ,cuius pecni#b ,sextus et ,cornlius id nvigium parant8 ,quis is pecniam dat8 ,m4 ,amc ,cornl multum habent aurum et puer pecni nn eget4 ,t4 ,qu puer nvigbunt8 ,nvigbuntne long terr8 ,m4 ,dubia sunt cnsilia erum4 ,sed hodi1 crd1 s ventus erit idneus1 ad maximam nsulam nvigbunt4 ,iam ante ibi furunt4 ,tum autem ventus erat perfidus et puer magn in percul erant4 ,q4 ,aqua vent commta est inimca nauts semper1 et saepe perfidus ventus nvigia rapit1 agit1 dletque4 ,i puer1 s nn fuerint maxim attent1 rt aqu et valid vent superbuntur et ita interficientur4 ,footnote #a3 ,dative case4 7,cf4 #aji47 ,footnote #b3 ,ablative of means4 #ahi4 ,,exercise #a4 ,where had the boys been before8 ,they had been in school4 #b4 ,where had ,sextus been8 ,he had been in a field next to the river4 #c4 ,who has been with ,sextus to-day8 ,cornelius has been with him4 #d4 ,who says so8 ,marcus4 #e4 ,if the wind has been suitable1 the boys have been in the boat4 #f4 ,soon we shall sail with the boys4 #g4 ,there#c will be no danger1 if we are 7shall have been7 careful4#d ,footnote #c3 ,the expletive there is not expressed1 but the verb will precede the subject1 as in ,english4 ,footnote #d3 ,this predicate adjective must be nominative plural to agree with we4 ,,lesson ,,xxxii ,,the ,,perfect ,,active ,,indicative ,,of ,,the ,,four ,,regular ,,conjugations ,special ,vocabulary ,,nouns animus1 -1 m41 mind1 heart2 spirit1 feeling 7animate7 bracchium1 bracch1 n41 forearm1 arm porta1 -ae1 f41 gate 7portal7 ,,adjectives adversus1 -a1 -um1 opposite2 adverse1 contrary plnus1 -a1 -um1 full 7plenty7 ,,preposition pr1 with abl41 before2 in behalf of2 instead of ,,adverb di1 for a long time1 long #aij4 ,meanings of the ,perfect4 ,the perfect tense has two distinct meanings4 ,the first of these is equivalent to the ,english present perfect1 or perfect with have1 and denotes that the action of the verb is complete at the time of speaking2 as1 ,i have finished my work4 ,as this denotes completed action at a definite time1 it is called the perfect definite4 ,the perfect is also used to denote an action that happened sometime in the past2 as1 ,i finished my work4 ,as no definite time is specified1 this is called the perfect indefinite4 ,it corresponds to the ordinary use of the ,english past tense4 a4 ,note carefully the difference between the following tenses3 ,i was finishing my work 7imperfect1 #acd7 used to finish ,i finished my work 7perfect indefinite7 ,i have finished my work 7perfect definite7 ,when telling a story the ,latin uses the perfect indefinite to mark the different forward steps of the narrative1 and the imperfect to describe situations and circumstances that attend these steps4 ,if the following sentences were ,latin1 what tenses would be used8 8,last week ,i went to ,boston4 ,i was trying to find an old friend of mine1 but he was out of the city4 ,yesterday ,i returned home40 #aia4 ,inflection of the ,perfect4 ,we learned in #ahf that any perfect is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem4 ,the inflection in the four regular conjugations is then as follows3 ,,conj4 ,i amv ,i have loved1 ,i loved or did love ,,conj4 ,,ii monu ,i have advised1 ,i advised or did advise ,,conj4 ,,iii rx ,i have ruled1 ,i ruled or did rule cp ,i have taken1 ,i took or did take ,,conj4 ,,iv audv ,i have heard1 ,i heard or did hear ,,perfect ,,stems amv- monu- rx- cp- audv- ,,singular #a4 amv monu rx cp audv #b4 amvist monuist rxist cpist audvist #c4 amvit monuit rxit cpit audvit ,,plural #a4 amvimus monuimus rximus cpimus audvimus #b4 amvistis monuistis rxistis cpistis audvistis #c4 amvrunt monurunt rxrunt cprunt audvrunt or or or or or amvre monure rxre cpre audvre #a4 ,the first person of the perfect is always given as the third of the principal parts4 ,from this we get the perfect stem4 ,this shows the absolute necessity of learning the principal parts thoroughly4 #b4 ,nearly all perfects of the first conjugation are formed by adding -v to the present stem4 ,like amv inflect parv1 vocv1 crv1 laudv4 #c4 ,note carefully the changing accent in the perfect4 ,drill on it4 #aib4 ,learn the principal parts and inflect the perfects3 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,indic4 d dre ded give dle dlre dlv destroy habe habre habu have move movre mv move pre prre pru obey prohibe prohibre prohibu restrain1 keep from vide vidre vd see dc dcere dx say discd discdere discess depart dc dcere dx lead faci facere fc make1 do mitt mittere ms send mni mnre mnv fortify veni venre vn come #aic4 ,,perseus ,,and ,,andromeda 7,continued7 ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bij4 ,cpheus1 advers fortn maxim commtus1 discessit et mults cum lacrims popul ,aethiopiae verba rcul nrrvit4 ,fta ,andromedae1 puellae pulchrae1 tt popul dplrbantur1 tamen nllum erat auxilium4 ,deinde ,cpheus cum pln trstitiae anim cram suam fliam ex oppid port ad aquam dxit et bracchia eius ad saxa dra revnxit4 ,tum amc puellae miserae long discessrunt et di mnstrum saevum exspectvrunt4 ,tum forte ,perseus1 ls frtus1 super ,aethiopiam volbat4 ,vdit populum1 ,andromedam1 lacrims1 et1 magnopere attonitus1 ad terram dscendit4 ,tum ,cpheus e tts crs nrrvit et ita dxit3 8,prb verbs rcul1 et pr patri fliam meam dab2 sed s id mnstrum interficis et ,andromedam servbis1 tibi 7to you7 eam dab40 ,,lesson ,,xxxiii ,,pluperfect ,,and ,,future ,,perfect ,,active ,,indicative ,,perfect ,,active ,,infinitive #aid4 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv am mone reg capi audi ,,perfect ,,stems amv- monu- rx- cp- audv- ,,pluperfect ,,indicative ,,active ,,tense ,,sign -er- ,,singular ,i had loved ,i had advised ,i had ruled ,i had taken ,i had heard #a4 amveram monueram rxeram cperam audveram #b4 amvers monuers rxers cpers audvers #c4 amverat monuerat rxerat cperat audverat ,,plural #a4 amvermus monuermus rxermus cpermus audvermus #b4 amvertis monuertis rxertis cpertis audvertis #c4 amverant monuerant rxerant cperant audverant ,,future ,,perfect ,,indicative ,,active ,,tense ,,sign -eri- ,,singular ,i shall have ,i shall have ,i shall have ,i shall have ,i shall have loved advised ruled taken heard #a4 amver monuer rxer cper audver #b4 amveris monueris rxeris cperis audveris #c4 amverit monuerit rxerit cperit audverit ,,plural #a4 amverimus monuerimus rxerimus cperimus audverimus #b4 amveritis monueritis rxeritis cperitis audveritis #c4 amverint monuerint rxerint cperint audverint #a4 ,observe that these are all inflected alike and the rules for formation given in #ahg4b-d hold good here4 #b4 ,in like manner inflect the pluperfect and future perfect indicative active of d1 port1 dle1 move1 habe1 dc1 discd1 faci1 veni1 mni4 #aie4 ,the ,perfect ,active ,infinitive4 ,the perfect active infinitive is formed by adding -isse to the perfect stem4 ,,conj ,,perfect ,,stem ,,perfect ,,infinitive ,i4 amv- amvisse1 to have loved ,,ii4 monu- monuisse1 to have advised ,,iii4 7a7 rx- rxisse1 to have ruled 7b7 cp- cpisse1 to have taken ,,iv4 audv audvisse1 to have heard sum fu- fuisse1 to have been #a4 ,in like manner give the perfect infinitive active of d1 port1 dle1 move1 habe1 dc1 discd1 faci1 veni1 mni4 #aif4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,habuist1 mvrunt1 miserant4 #b4 ,vdit1 dxeris1 dxisse4 #c4 ,msistis1 prurunt1 discessermus4 #d4 ,mnvit1 dederam1 mser4 #e4 ,habuerimus1 dlv1 pruit1 fuisse4 #f4 ,deders1 mnveritis1 vnertis1 msisse4 #g4 ,vners1 fcisse1 dedertis1 portveris4 #h4 ,quem verba rcul mverant8 ,populum verba rcul mverant4 #i4 ,cui ,cpheus verba rcul nrrverit8 ,perse ,cpheus verba rcul nrrverit4 #aj4 ,amc ab ,andromed discesserint4 #aa4 ,mnstrum saevum domicilia multa dlverat4 #ab4 ,ubi mnstrum vdistis8 ,id in aqu vdimus4 #ac4 ,quid mnstrum faciet8 ,mnstrum ,andromedam interficiet4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,they have obeyed1 we have destroyed1 ,i shall have had4 #b4 ,we shall have sent1 ,i had come1 they have fortified4 #c4 ,i had departed1 he has obeyed1 you have sent 7sing4 and plur474 #d4 ,to have destroyed1 to have seen1 he will have given1 they have carried4 #e4 ,he had destroyed1 he has moved1 you have had 7sing4 and plur474 #f4 ,i have given1 you had moved 7sing4 and plur471 we had said4 #g4 ,you will have made 7sing4 and plur471 they will have led1 to have given4 #h4 ,who had seen the monster8 ,andromeda had seen it4 #i4 ,why had the men departed from#a the towns8 ,they had departed because the monster had come4 #aj4 ,did ,cepheus obey#b the oracle#c8 ,he did4 ,footnote #a3 ex4 ,what would ab mean8 ,footnote #b3 ,did 444 obey1 perfect tense4 ,footnote #c3 ,what case8 ,,lesson ,,xxxiv ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,active ,,voice ,special ,vocabulary ,,adverbs celeriter1 quickly 7celerity7 dnique1 finally graviter1 heavily1 severely 7gravity7 subit1 suddenly ,,verb report1 -re1 -v1 bring back1 restore2 win1 gain 7report7 #aig4 ,a review of the tenses of the indicative active shows the following formation3 ,,present ,first of the principal parts ,,tenses ,,imperfect ,present stem -ba-m ,,of ,,the ,,future ,present stem -b1 ,conj4 ,i and ,,ii ,,indicative -a-m1 ,conj4 ,,iii and ,,iv ,,perfect ,third of the principal parts ,,pluperfect ,perfect stem -era-m ,,future ,,perfect ,perfect stem -er #aih4 ,the synopsis of the active voice of am1 as far as we have learned the conjugation1 is as follows3 ,,principal ,,parts am1 amre1 amv ,,pres4 ,,stem am- ,pres4 am ,,indic4 ,imperf4 ambam ,fut4 amb ,,pres4 ,,imv4 am ,,pres4 ,,infin4 amre ,,perf4 ,,stem amv- ,perf4 amv ,,indic4 ,pluperf4 amveram ,fut4 perf4 amver ,,perf4 ,,infin4 amvisse #a4 ,learn to write in the same form and to give rapidly the principal parts and synopsis of par1 d1 laud1 dle1 habe1 move1 pre1 vide1 dc1 discd1 dc1 mitt1 capi1 muni1 veni4#a ,footnote #a3 ,learn to give synopses rapidly1 and not only in the first person singular but in any person of either number4 #aii4 ,learn the following principal parts3#b ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,indic4 ,,irregular ,,verbs sum esse fu be absum abesse fu be away d dare ded give ,,conjugation ,,ii contine continre continu hold in1 keep doce docre docu teach ege egre egu need fave favre fv favor iube iubre iuss order noce nocre nocu injure persude persudre persus persuade responde respondre respond reply sede sedre sd sit stude studre studu be eager ,,conjugation ,,iii ag agere g drive crd crdere crdid believe fugi fugere fg flee iaci iacere ic hurl interfici interficere interfc kill rapi rapere rapu seize resist resistere restit resist ,,conjugation ,,iv reperi reperre repper find ,footnote #b3 ,these are all verbs that you have had before1 and the perfect is the only new form to be learned4 #bjj4 ,,perseus ,,and ,,andromeda 7,concluded7 ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bij4 ,read the whole story4 ,perseus semper proeli studbat#c et respondit1#c 8,verba tua sunt maxim grta10 et laetus arma sua magica parvit4#c ,subit mnstrum vidtur2 celeriter per aquam properat et ,andromedae adpropinquat4 ,eius amc long absunt et misera puella est sla4 ,perseus autem sine mor super aquam volvit4#c ,subit dscendit#c et dr gladi saevum mnstrum graviter vulnervit4#c ,di pugntur1#d di proelium est dubium4 ,dnique autem ,perseus mnstrum interfcit#c et victriam reportvit4#c ,tum ad saxum vnit#c et ,andromedam lbervit#c et eam ad ,cpheum dxit4#c ,is1 nper miser1 nunc laetus1 ita dxit#c3 8,tu auxili1 m amce1 cra flia mea est lbera2 tua est ,andromeda40 ,di ,perseus cum ,andromed ibi habitbat#c et magnopere tt popul ambtur4#c ,footnote #c3 ,see if you can explain the use of the perfects and imperfects in this passage4 ,footnote #d3 ,the verb pugntur means1 literally1 it is fought2 translate freely1 the battle is fought1 or the contest rages4 ,the verb pugn in ,latin is intransitive1 and so does not have a personal subject in the passive4 ,a verb with an indeterminate subject1 designated in ,english by it1 is called impersonal4 ,,lesson ,,xxxv ,,the ,,passive ,,perfects ,,of ,,the ,,indicative ,,the ,,perfect ,,passive ,,and ,,future ,,active ,,infinitive #bja4 ,the fourth and last of the principal parts 7#ahc7 is the perfect passive participle4 ,from it we get the participial stem on which are formed the future active infinitive and all the passive perfects4 #a4 ,learn the following principal parts1 which are for the first time given in full3 ,,conj4 ,,pres4 ,,indic4 ,,pres4 ,,infin4 ,,perf4 ,,indic4 ,,perf4 ,,pass4 ,,part4 ,i4 am am-re amv- amt-us ,this is the model for all regular verbs of the first conjugation4 ,,ii4 mone mon-re monu- monit-us ,,iii4 reg rege-re rx- rct-us capi cape-re cp- capt-us ,,iv4 audi aud-re audv- audt-us #b4 ,the base of the participial stem is found by dropping -us from the perfect passive participle4 #bjb4 ,in ,english the perfect1 past perfect1 and future perfect tenses of the indicative passive are made up of forms of the auxiliary verb to be and the past participle2 as1 ,i have been loved1 ,i had been loved1 ,i shall have been loved4 ,very similarly1 in ,latin1 the perfect1 pluperfect1 and future perfect passive tenses use respectively the present1 imperfect1 and future of sum as an auxiliary verb with the perfect passive participle1 as ,perfect passive1 amtus sum1 ,i have been or was loved ,pluperfect passive1 amtus eram1 ,i had been loved ,future perfect passive1 amtus er1 ,i shall have been loved #a4 ,in the same way give the synopsis of the corresponding tenses of mone1 reg1 capi1 and audi1 and give the ,english meanings4 #bjc4 ,nature of the ,participle4 ,a participle is partly verb and partly adjective4 ,as a verb it possesses tense and voice4 ,as an adjective it is declined and agrees with the word it modifies in gender1 number1 and case4 #bjd4 ,the perfect passive participle is declined like bonus1 bona1 bonum1 and in the compound tenses 7#bjb7 it agrees as a predicate adjective with the subject of the verb4 ,,examples ,,in ,,singular ,vir laudtus est1 the man was praised1 or has been praised ,puella laudta est1 the girl was praised1 or has been praised ,cnsilium laudtum est1 the plan was praised1 or has been praised ,,examples ,,in ,,plural ,vir laudt sunt1 the men were praised1 or have been praised ,puellae laudtae sunt1 the girls were praised1 or have been praised ,cnsilia laudta sunt1 the plans were praised1 or have been praised #a4 ,inflect the perfect1 pluperfect1 and future perfect indicative passive of am1 mone1 reg1 capi1 and audi 7#dhh-dib74 #bje4 ,the perfect passive infinitive is formed by adding esse1 the present infinitive of sum1 to the perfect passive participle2 as1 amt-us 7-a1 -um7 esse1 to have been loved2 monit-us 7-a1 -um7 esse1 to have been advised4 #a4 ,form the perfect passive infinitive of reg1 capi1 audi1 and give the ,english meanings4 #bjf4 ,the future active infinitive is formed by adding esse1 the present infinitive of sum1 to the future active participle4 ,this participle is made by adding -rus1 -a1 -um to the base of the participial stem4 ,thus the future active infinitive of am is amat-rus 7-a1 -um7 esse1 to be about to love4 a4 ,note that in forming the three tenses of the active infinitive we use all three conjugation stems3 ,present1 amre 7present stem71 to love ,perfect1 amvisse 7perfect stem71 to have loved ,future1 amtrus esse 7participial stem71 to be about to love #a4 ,give the three tenses of the active infinitive of laud1 mone1 reg1 capi1 audi1 with the ,english meanings4 #bjg4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,fbula ,andromedae nrrta est4 #b4 ,multae fbulae magistr nrrtae sunt4 #c4 ,ager ab agricol valid artus erat4 #d4 ,agr ab agricols valids art erant4 #e4 ,aurum serv perfid ad domicilium suum porttum erit4 #f4 ,nostra arma lgt laudta sunt4 ,quis vestra arma laudvit8 #g4 ,ab ancill tu ad cnam voctae sumus4 #h4 ,andromeda mnstr nn data est1 quia mnstrum ,perse nectum erat4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the provinces were laid waste1 the field had been laid waste1 the towns will have been laid waste4 #b4 ,the oracles were heard1 the oracle was heard1 the oracles had been heard4 #c4 ,the oracle will have been heard1 the province had been captured1 the boats have been captured4 #d4 ,the fields were laid waste1 the man was advised1 the girls will have been advised4 #e4 ,the towns had been ruled1 we shall have been captured1 you will have been heard4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi ,,review ,,of ,,principal ,,parts ,,prepositions ,,yes-,,or-,,no ,,questions ,special ,vocabulary dexter1 dextra1 dextrum1 right 7dextrous7 sinister1 sinistra1 sinistrum1 left frstr1 adv41 in vain 7frustrate7 ger1 gerere1 gess1 gestus1 bear1 carry on2 wear2 bellum gerere1 to wage war occup1 occupre1 occupv1 occuptus1 seize1 take possession of 7occupy7 postul1 postulre1 postulv1 postultus1 demand 7ex-postulate7 recs1 recsre1 recsv1 recstus1 refuse st1 stre1 stet1 status1 stand tempt1 temptre1 temptv1 tempttus1 try1 tempt1 test2 attempt tene1 tenre1 tenu1 ----1 keep1 hold 7tenacious7 ,the word ubi1 which we have used so much in the sense of where in asking a question1 has two other uses equally important3 #a4 ubi when1 as a relative conjunction denoting time2 as1 ,ubi mnstrum audvrunt1 fgrunt1 when they heard the monster1 they fled #b4 ubi where1 as a relative conjunction denoting place2 as1 ,vide oppidum ubi ,galba habitat1 ,i see the town where ,galba lives ubi is called a relative conjunction because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun4 ,when in the first sentence is equivalent to at the time at which2 and in the second1 where is equivalent to the place in which4 #bjh4 ,the following list shows the principal parts of all the verbs you have had excepting those used in the paradigms4 ,the parts you have had before are given for review1 and the perfect participle is the only new form for you to learn4 ,sometimes one or more of the principal parts are lacking1 which means that the verb has no forms based on that stem4 ,a few verbs lack the perfect passive participle but have the future active participle in -rus1 which appears in the principal parts instead4 ,,irregular ,,verbs sum esse fu futrus be absum abesse fu futrus be away d#a dare ded datus give ,footnote #a3 d is best classed with the irregular verbs because of the short a in the present and participial stems4 ,,conjugation ,i port portre portv porttus carry ,so for all verbs of this conjugation thus far used4 ,,conjugation ,,ii contine continre continu contentus hold in1 keep dle dlre dlv dltus destroy doce docre docu doctus teach ege egre egu ---- lack fave favre fv fautrus favor iube iubre iuss iussus order move movre mv mtus move noce nocre nocu nocitrus injure pre prre pru ---- obey persude persudre persus persusus persuade 7from7 prohibe prohibre prohibu prohibitus restrain1 keep responde respondre respond respnsus reply sede sedre sd -sessus sit stude studre studu ---- be eager vide vidre vd vsus see ,,conjugation ,,iii ag agere g ctus drive crd crdere crdid crditus believe dc dcere dx dictus say discd discdere discess discessus depart dc dcere dx ductus lead faci#b facere fc factus make fugi fugere fg fugitrus flee iaci iacere ic iactus hurl interfici interficere interfc interfectus kill mitt mittere ms missus send rapi rapere rapu raptus seize resist resistere restit ---- resist ,,conjugation ,,iv mni mnre mnv mntus fortify reperi reperre repper repertus find veni venre vn ventus come ,footnote #b3 faci has an irregular passive which will be presented later4 #bji4 ,prepositions4 #a4 ,we learned in #eb1 #ec that only the accusative and the ablative are used with prepositions1 and that prepositions expressing ablative relations govern the ablative case4 ,those we have had are here summarized4 ,the table following should be learned4 or ab1 from1 by cum1 with d1 down from1 concerning or ex1 out from1 out of pr1 before1 in front of2 for1 in behalf of sine1 without #b4 ,prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the accusative 7#eb74 ,of these we have had the following3 ad1 to2 apud1 among2 per1 through ,there are many others which you will meet as we proceed4 #c4 ,the preposition in when meaning in or on governs the ablative2 when meaning to1 into1 against 7relations foreign to the ablative7 in governs the accusative4 #baj4 ,yes-or-,no ,questions4 ,questions not introduced by some interrogative word like who1 why1 when1 etc41 but expecting the answer yes or no1 may take one of three forms3 #a4 ,is he coming8 7,asking for information4 ,implying nothing as to the answer expected47 #b4 ,is he not coming8 7,expecting the answer yes47 #c4 ,he isnt coming1 is he8 7,expecting the answer no47 ,these three forms are rendered in ,latin as follows3 #a4 ,venitne8 is he coming8 #b4 ,nnne venit8 is he not coming8 #c4 ,num venit8 he isnt coming1 is he8 a4 -ne1 the question sign1 is usually added to the verb1 which then stands first4 b4 ,we learned in #ef4;b that yes-or-no questions are usually answered by repeating the verb1 with or without a negative4 ,instead of this1 ita1 vr1 cert1 etc4 7so1 truly1 certainly1 etc47 may be used for yes1 and nn1 minim1 etc4 for no if the denial is emphatic1 as1 by no means1 not at all4 #baa4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bij4 ,i4 #a4 ,nnne habbat ,cornlia rnmenta aur8 ,habbat4 #b4 ,num ,sextus lgtus sctum in dextr bracchi gerbat8 ,nn in dextr1 sed sinistr in bracchi ,sextus sctum gerbat4 #c4 ,frstr bella multa ab ,galls gesta erant4 #d4 ,ubi oppidum perfid ,sext occuptum est1 oppidn miser gladi interfect sunt4 #e4 ,id oppidum erat plnum frment4 #f4 ,nnne ,sextus ab oppidns frmentum postulvit8 ,vr1 sed i recsvrunt frmentum dare4 #g4 ,cr oppidum ab ,sext dltum est8 ,quia frmentum recstum est4 #h4 ,ea victria nn dubia erat4 #i4 ,oppidn erant dfess et arms egbant4 #aj4 ,num fugam temptvrunt8 ,minim4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,where was ,julia standing8 ,she was standing where you had ordered4 #b4 ,was ,julia wearing any ornaments8 ,she had many ornaments of gold4 #c4 ,did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger8 ,she did4 #d4 ,who captured her8 ,galba captured her without delay and held her by the left arm4 #e4 ,she didnt have the lady's gold1 did she8 ,no1 the gold had been taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fourth ,review1 ,lessons ,,xxvii-,,xxxvi1 #eac-eaf 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii ,,conjugation ,,of ,,possum ,,the ,,infinitive ,,used ,,as ,,in ,,english ,special ,vocabulary neque or nec1 conj41 neither1 nor1 and 444 not2 neque 444 neque1 neither 444 nor castellum1 -1 n41 redoubt1 fort 7castle7 cotdi1 adv41 daily cess1 cessre1 cessv1 cesstus1 cease1 with the infin4 incipi1 incipere1 incp1 inceptus1 begin 7incipient71 with the infin4 oppugn1 oppugnre1 oppugnv1 oppugntus1 storm1 assail pet1 petere1 petivi or peti1 pettus1 aim at1 assail1 storm1 attack2 seek1 ask 7petition7 pn1 pnere1 posu1 positus1 place1 put 7position72 castra pnere1 to pitch camp possum1 posse1 potu1 ----1 be able1 can 7potent71 with the infin4 vet1 vetre1 vetu1 vetitus1 forbid 7veto71 vith the infin42 opposite of iube1 command vinc1 vincere1 vc1 victus1 conquer 7in-vincible7 vv1 vvere1 vx1 ----1 live1 be alive 7re-vive7 #bab4 ,learn the principal parts of possum1 ,i am able1 ,i can1 and its inflection in the indicative and infinitive4 7,cf4 #die47 a4 ,possum1 ,i can1 is a compound of potis1 able1 and sum1 ,i am4 #bac4 ,the ,infinitive with ,subject ,accusative4 ,the infinitive 7cf4 #agc7 is a verbal noun4 ,used as a noun1 it has the constructions of a noun4 ,as a verb it can govern a case and be modified by an adverb4 ,the uses of the infinitive are much the same in ,latin as in ,english4 #a4 ,in ,english certain verbs of wishing1 commanding1 forbidding1 and the like are used with an object clause consisting of a substantive in the objective case and an infinitive1 as1 he commanded the men to flee4 ,such object clauses are called infinitive clauses1 and the substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive4 ,similarly in ,latin1 some verbs of wishing1 commanding1 forbidding1 and the like are used with an object clause consisting of an infinitive with a subject in the accusative case1 as1 ,is virs fugere iussit1 he commanded the men to flee4 #bad4 ,,rule4 ,subject of the ,infinitive4 ,the subject of the infinitive is in the accusative4 #bae4 ,the ,complementary ,infinitive4 ,in ,english a verb is often followed by an infinitive to complete its meaning1 as1 the ,romans are able to conquer the ,gauls4 ,this is called the complementary infinitive1 as the predicate is not complete without the added infinitive4 ,similarly in ,latin1 verbs of incomplete predication are completed by the infinitive4 ,among such verbs are possum1 ,i am able1 ,i can2 proper1 mtr1 ,i hasten2 tempt1 ,i attempt2 as ,rmn ,galls superre possunt1 the ,romans are able to 7or can7 conquer the ,gauls ,bellum gerere mtrant1 they hasten to wage war a4 ,a predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender1 number1 and case with the subject of the main verb4 ,mal puer esse bon nn possunt1 bad boys are not able to 7or cannot7 be good4 ,observe that bon agrees with puer4 #baf4 ,the ,infinitive used as a ,noun4 ,in ,english the infinitive is often used as a pure noun1 as the subject of a sentence1 or as a predicate nominative4 ,for example1 ,to conquer 7 conquering7 is pleasing2 ,to see 7 seeing7 is to believe 7 believing74 ,the same use of the infinitive is found in ,latin1 especially with est1 as ,superre est grtum1 to conquer is pleasing ,vidre est crdere1 to see is to believe a4 ,in the construction above1 the infinitive often has a subject1 which must then be in the accusative case1 as ,galbam superre inimcs est grtum mults1 for ,galba to conquer his enemies is pleasing to many b4 ,an infinitive used as a noun is neuter singular4 ,thus1 in the sentence superre est grtum1 the predicate adjective grtum is in the neuter nominative singular to agree with superre the subject4 #bag4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bia4 ,i4 #a4 ,magister ld lbers cum dligenti labrre iussit4 #b4 ,egre cib et vin est virs molestum4 #c4 ,vir armt veturunt ,galls castra ibi pnere4 #d4 ,estne lgtus in castell an in mr8 ,is est pr port4 #e4 ,ubi nostr#a fugere incprunt1 lgtus ab vestrs#a captus est4 #f4 ,gall castellum ibi oppugnverant ubi praesidium erat nfrmum4 #g4 ,ali pugnre temptbant1 ali ports petbant4 #h4 ,fminae pr domicilis sedbant neque resistere valids ,galls poterant4 #i4 ,bellum est saevum1 nec nfrms nec misers favet4 #aj4 ,sed vir arma postulbant et studbant ,galls d mrs agere4 #aa4 ,id castellum ab ,galls occupr ,rmns nn grtum erit4 #ab4 ,gall ubi ,rmns vict sunt1 esse lber#b cessvrunt4 #ac4 ,di sine aqu vvere nn potestis4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the girl began daily to carry water from the river to the gates4 #b4 ,the ,gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for a battle4 #c4 ,for a long time they tried in vain to seize the redoubt4 #d4 ,neither did they cease to hurl weapons against#c the walls4 #e4 ,but they were not able to 7could not7 take the town4 ,footnote #a3 ,supply men4 nostri1 vestr1 and su are often used as nouns in this way4 ,footnote #b3 ,not children4 ,the ,romans used lber either as an adjective1 meaning free1 or as a noun1 meaning the free1 thereby signifying their free-born children4 ,the word was never applied to children of slaves4 ,footnote #c3 in with the accusative4 #bah4 ,,the ,,faithless ,,tarpe,,ia ,sabn lim cum ,rmns bellum gerbant et mults victris reportverant4 ,iam agrs proxims mrs vstbant1 iam oppid adpropinqubant4 ,rmn autem in ,capitlium fgerant et long percul aberant4 ,mrs valids et saxs alts crdbant4 ,frstr ,sabn tla iacibant1 frstr ports drs petbant2 castellum occupre nn poterant4 ,deinde novum cnsilium cprunt4#d ,tarpia erat puella ,rmna pulchra et superba4 ,cotdi aquam cpis ,rmns in ,capitlium portbat4 ,e#e nn nocbant ,sabn1 quod ea sine arms erat neque ,sabn bellum cum fmins lbersque gerbant4 ,tarpia autem maxim ambat rnmenta aur4 ,cotdi ,sabnrum rnmenta vidbat et mox ea dsderre incipibat4 ,e nus ex#f ,sabns dxit1 8,dc cpis ,sabns intr ports1 ,tarpia1 et maxima erunt praemia tua40 ,footnote #d3 cnsilium capere1 to make a plan4 ,why is the perfect tense used here and the imperfect in the preceding sentences8 ,explain the use of tenses in the next paragraph4 ,footnote #e3 ,dative with nocbant4 7,cf4 #aed47 ,footnote #f3 ex1 out of1 i4e4 from the nuumber of2 best translated of4 ,illustration3 ,,tarpeia ,,puella ,,perfida ,,lesson ,,xxxviii ,,the ,,relative ,,pronoun ,,and ,,the ,,interrogative ,,pronoun #bai4 ,sentences are simple1 compound1 or complex4 a4 ,a simple sentence is a sentence containing but one statement1 that is1 one subject and one predicate3 ,the ,romans approached the town4 b4 ,a compound sentence is a sentence containing two or more independent statements3 ,the ,romans approached the town and the enemy fled4 ,,note4 ,an independent statement is one that can stand alone2 it does not depend upon another statement4 c4 ,a complex sentence is a sentence containing one independent statement and one or more dependent statements3 ,when the ,romans approached the town the enemy fled4 ,,note4 ,a dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on or qualifies another statement2 thus the enemy fled is independent1 and when the ,romans approached the town is dependent or subordinate4 d4 ,the separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are called clauses4 ,in a complex sentence the independent statement is called the main clause and the dependent statement the subordinate clause4 #bbj4 ,examine the complex sentence ,the ,romans killed the men who were taken ,here are two clauses3 a4 ,the main clause1 ,the ,romans killed the men b4 ,the subordinate clause1 who were taken ,the word who is a pronoun1 for it takes the place of the noun men4 ,it also connects the subordinate clause who were taken with the noun men4 ,hence the clause is an adjective clause4 ,a pronoun that connects an adjective clause with a substantive is called a relative pronoun1 and the substantive for which the relative pronoun stands is called its antecedent4 ,the relative pronouns in ,english are who1 whose1 whom1 which1 what1 that4 #bba4 ,the relative pronoun in ,latin is qu1 quae1 quod1 and it is declined as follows3 ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 qu quae quod qu quae quae ,gen4 cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum ,dat4 cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus ,acc4 quem quam quod qus qus quae ,abl4 qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus #a4 ,review the declension of is1 #aad1 and note the similarity in the endings4 ,the forms qu1 quae1 and quibus are the only forms showing new endings4 ,,note4 ,the genitive cuius and the dative cui are pronounced cooiyoos 7two syllables7 and cooi 7one syllable74 #bbb4 ,the ,relative ,pronoun is translated as follows3#a ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 who1 that which1 what1 that ,gen4 of whom1 whose of which1 of what1 whose ,dat4 to or for whom to or for which1 to or for what ,acc4 whom1 that which1 what1 that ,abl4 from1 etc41 whom from1 etc41 which or what ,footnote #a3 ,this table of meanings need not be memorized4 ,it is inserted for reference when translating4 a4 ,we see from the table above that qu1 when it refers to a person1 is translated by some form of who or by that2 and that when it refers to anything else it is translated by which1 what1 or that4 #bbc4 ,note the following sentences3 ,the ,romans killed the men who were taken ,the ,romans killed the woman who was taken ,rmn interfcrunt virs qu capt sunt ,rmn interfcrunt fminam quae capta est ,in the first sentence who 7qu7 refers to the antecedent men 7virs71 and is masculine plural4 ,in the second1 who 7quae7 refers to woman 7fminam71 and feminine singular4 ,from this we learn that the relative must agree with its antecedent in gender and number4 ,in neither of the sentences are the antecedents and relatives in the same case4 ,virs and fminam are accusatives1 and qu and quae are nominatives1 being the subjects of the subordinate clauses4 ,hence #bbd4 ,,rule4 ,agreement of the ,relative4 ,a relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number2 but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause4 #bbe4 ,interrogative ,pronouns4 ,an interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question4 ,in ,english the interrogatives are who8 which8 what8 ,in ,latin they are quis8 quid8 7pronoun7 and qu8 quae8 quod8 7adjective74 #bbf4 ,examine the sentences a4 ,who is the man8 ,quis est vir8 b4 ,what man is leading them8 ,qu vir es dcit8 ,in a1 who is an interrogative pronoun4 ,in b1 what is an interrogative adjective4 ,observe that in ,latin quis1 quid is the pronoun and qu1 quae1 quod is the adjective4 #bbg4 #a4 ,the interrogative adjective qu1 quae1 quod is declined just like the relative pronoun4 7,see #bba47 #b4 ,the interrogative pronoun quis1 quid is declined like qu1 quae1 quod in the plural4 ,in the singular it is declined as follows3 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 quis1 who8 quid1 what8 which8 ,gen4 cuius1 whose8 cuius1 whose8 ,dat4 cui1 to or for whom8 cui1 to or for what or which8 ,acc4 quem1 whom8 quid1 what8 which8 ,abl4 qu1 from1 etc41 whom8 qu1 from1 etc41 which or what8 ,,note4 ,observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative1 excepting quis and quid4 #bbh4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,quis est aeger8 ,servus quem am est aeger4 #b4 ,cuius sctum habs8 ,sctum habe quod lgtus ad castellum msit4 #c4 ,cui lgtus suum sctum dabit8 ,fli me sctum dabit4 #d4 ,ubi ,germn antqu vvbant8 ,in terr quae est proxima ,rhn ,germn vvbant4 #e4 ,quibuscum#a ,germn bellum gerbant8 ,cum ,rmns1 qui es superre studbant1 ,germn bellum gerbant4 #f4 ,qu vir castra pnunt8 ,i sunt vir qurum arms ,germn vict sunt4 #g4 ,quibus tls cpiae nostrae egurunt8 ,gladis et tels nostrae cpiae egurunt4 #h4 quibus porta sinistra tenbtur8 socis porta sinistra tenbtur4 #i4 ,quae prvinciae ,rmns occuptae sunt8 ,multae prvinciae ,rmns occuptae sunt4 #aj4 ,quibus virs de favbunt8 ,bons virs de favbunt4 ,footnote #a3 cum is added to the ablative of relative1 interrogative1 and personal pronouns instead of being placed before them4 ,illustration3 ,,germani ,,antiqui ,,ii4 #a4 ,what victory will you announce8 #b4 ,i will announce to the people the victory which the sailors have won4 #c4 ,the men who were pitching camp were eager for battle4 #d4 ,nevertheless they were soon conquered by the troops which ,sextus had sent4 #e4 ,they could not resist our forces1 but fled from that place without delay4 #bbi4 ,,the ,,faithless ,,tarpeia 7,concluded7#b ,tarpia1 commta rnaments ,sabnrum pulchrs1 di resistere nn potuit et respondit3 8,date mihi#c rnmenta quae in sinistrs bracchs geritis1 et celeriter cpis vestrs in ,capitlium dcam40 ,nec ,sabn recsvrunt1 sed per drs magnsque castell ports propervrunt qu#a ,tarpia dxit et mox intr valids et alts mrs stbant4 ,tum sine mor in#b ,tarpiam scta graviter icrunt2 nam scta quoque in sinistrs bracchis gerbant4 ,ita perfida puella ,tarpia interfecta est2 ita ,sabn ,capitlium occupvrunt4 ,footnote #b3 ,explain the use of the tenses in this selection4 ,footnote #c3 to me4 ,footnote #a3 qu whither1 to the place where4 ,here quo is the relative adverb4 ,we have had it used before as the interrogative adverb1 whither8 to what place8 ,footnote #b3 upon4 ,,lesson ,,xxxix ,,the ,,third ,,declension ,,consonant ,,stems ,special ,vocabulary barbarus1 -a1 -um1 strange1 foreign1 barbarous4 ,as a noun1 barbar1 -rum1 m41 plur41 savages1 barbarians dux1 ducis1 m41 leader 7duke74 ,cf4 the verb dc eques1 equitis1 m41 horseman1 cavalryman 7equestrian7 idex1 idicis1 m41 judge lapis1 lapidis1 m41 stone 7lapidary7 mles1 mlitis1 m41 soldier 7militia7 pedes1 peditis1 m41 foot soldier 7pedestrian7 ps1 pedis1,a m41 foot 7pedal7 prnceps1 prncipis1 m41 chief 7principal7 rx1 rgis1 m41 king 7regal7 summus1 -a1 -um1 highest1 greatest 7summit7 virts1 virttis1 f41 manliness1 courage 7virtue7 ,footnote ,a3 ,observe that e is long in the nom4 sing1 and short in the other cases4 #bcj4 ,bases and ,stems4 ,in learning the first and second declensions we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case terminations to the part of the word that did not change1 which we called the base4 ,if to the base we add - in the first declension1 and -o in the second1 we get what is called the stem4 ,thus porta has the base port- and the stem port-2 servus has the base serv- and the stem servo-4 ,these stem vowels1 -- and -o-1 play so important a part in the formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from them respectively the - and ,o-,declensions4 #bca4 ,nouns of the ,third ,declension4 ,the third declension is called the ,consonant or ,i-,declension1 and its nouns are classified according to the way the stem ends4 ,if the last letter of the stem is a consonant1 the word is said to have a consonant stem2 if the stem ends in -i-1 the word is said to have an i-stem4 ,in consonant stems the stem is the same as the base4 ,in i-stems the stem is formed by adding -i- to the base4 ,the presence of the i makes a difference in certain of the cases1 so the distinction is a very important one4 #bcb4 ,consonant stems are divided into two classes3 ,i4 ,stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular4 ,,ii4 ,stems that add no termination in the nominative singular4 ,,class ,i #bcc4 ,stems that add -s to the base in the nominative singular are either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows3 prnceps1 mles1 m41 lapis1 m41 chief soldier m41 stone ,,bases ,,or ,,stems prncip- mlit- lapid- ,,singular ,,terminations ,m4 ,,and ,f4 ,nom4 prnceps mles lapis -s ,gen4 prncipis mlitis lapidis -is ,dat4 prncip mlit lapid - ,acc4 prncipem mlitem lapidem -em ,abl4 prncipe mlite lapide -e ,,plural ,nom4 prncips mlits lapids -s ,gen4 prncipum mlitum lapidum -um ,dat4 prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus ,acc4 prncips mlits lapids -s ,abl4 prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus rx1 idex1 virts1 f41 m41 king m41judge manliness ,,bases ,,or ,,stems rg- idic- virtt- ,,singular ,,terminations ,m4 ,,and ,f4 ,nom4 rx idex virts -s ,gen4 rgis idicis virttis -is ,dat4 rg idic virtt - ,acc4 rgem idicem virttem -em ,abl4 rge idice virtte -e ,,plural ,nom4 rgs idics virtts -s ,gen4 rgum idicum virttum -um ,dat4 rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus ,acc4 rgs idics virtts -s ,abl4 rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus #a4 ,the base or stem is found by dropping -is in the genitive singular4 #b4 ,most nouns of two syllables1 like prnceps 7prncip-71 mles 7mlit-71 idex 7idic-71 have i in the base1 but e in the nominative4 a4 lapis is an exception to this rule4 #c4 ,observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the nominative3 a4 ,a final -t or -d is dropped before -s2 thus mles for mlets1 lapis for lapids1 virts for virtts4 b4 ,a final -c or -g unites with -s and forms -x2 thus idec s idex1 rg s rx4 #d4 ,review #gd and apply the rules to this declension4 ,in like manner decline dux1 ducis1 m41 leader2 eques1 equitis1 m41 horseman2 pedes1 peditis1 m41 foot soldier2 ps1 pedis1 m41foot4 #bcd4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bia4 ,i4 #a4 ,neque pedits neque equits occupre castellum ,rmnum poterant4 #b4 ,summ virtte mrs alts cotdi oppugnbant4 #c4 ,pedes mlitum lapidibus qu d mr iacibantur saepe vulnerbantur4 #d4 ,quod novum cnsilium dux cpit8 #e4 ,is perfidam puellam pulchrs rnments temptvit4 #f4 ,quid puella fcit8 #g4 ,puella commta aur mlits per ports dxit4 #h4 ,tamen praemia quae summ studi petverat nn reportvit4 #i4 ,apud ,rmns antqus ,tarpia nn est laudta4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,what ship is that which ,i see8 ,that 7illud7 ship is the ,victory4 ,it is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon approach ,italy4 #b4 ,the judges commanded the savages to be seized and to be killed4 #c4 ,the chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee1 but were quickly captured by the horsemen4 #d4 ,the king led the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest zeal4 ,illustration3 ,,navigium ,,lesson ,,xl ,,the ,,third ,,declension ,,consonant ,,stems 7,continued7 ,special ,vocabulary ,caesar1 -aris1 m41 ,csar captvus1 -1 m41 captive1 prisoner cnsul1 -is1 m41 consul frter1 frtris1 m41 brother 7fraternity7 hom1 hominis1 m41 man1 human being impedmentum1 -1 n41 hindrance 7impediment72 plur4 impedmenta1 -rum1 baggage impertor1 impertris1 m41 commander in chief1 general 7emperor7 legi1 leginis1 f41 legion mter1 mtris1 f41 mother 7maternal7 rd1 rdinis1 m41 row1 rank 7order7 pater1 patris1 m41 father 7paternal7 sals1 saltis1 f41 safety 7salutary7 soror1 sorris1 f41 sister 7sorority7 ,,class ,,ii #bce4 ,consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined in the other cases exactly like those that add -s4 ,they may be masculine1 feminine1 or neuter4 #bcf4 ,,paradigms ,,masculines ,,and ,,feminines cnsul1 legi1 f41 rd1 pater1 m41 m41 consul legion m41 row father ,,bases ,,or ,,stems cnsul- legin- rdin- patr- ,,singular ,,terminations ,m4 ,,and ,f4 ,nom4 cnsul legi rd pater -- ,gen4 cnsulis leginis rdinis patris -is ,dat4 cnsul legin rdin patr - ,acc4 cnsulem leginem rdinem patrem -em ,abl4 cnsule legine rdine patre -e ,,plural ,nom4 cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s ,gen4 cnsulum leginum rdinum patrum -um ,dat4 cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus ,acc4 cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s ,abl4 cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus #a4 ,with the exception of the nominative1 the terminations are exactly the same as in ,class ,i1 and the base or stem is found in the same way4 #b4 ,masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -n- drop -n- and end in - in the nominative1 as legi 7base or stem legin-71 rd 7base or stem rdin-74 #c4 ,bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative1 as pater 7base or stem patr-74 #d4 ,note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole declension4 ,always learn this with the nominative4 #bcg4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bia4 ,i4 #a4 ,audsne tubs1 ,mrce8 ,nn slum tubs audi sed etiam rdins militum et carrs impedmentrum plns vidre possum4 #b4,qus legins vidmus8 ,eae legins nper ex ,galli vnrunt4 #c4 ,quid ibi fcrunt8 ,studbantne pugnre an sine virtte erant8 #d4,multa proelia fcrunt#a et magns victris et mults captvs reportvrunt4 #e4,quis est impertor erum leginum8 ,caesar1 summus ,rmnrum impertor4 #f4,quis est eques qu pulchram cornam gerit8 ,is eques est frter meus4 ,e corna cnsule data est quia summ virtte pugnverat et barbars patriam servverat4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,who has seen my father to-day8 #b4 ,i saw him just now 7nper74 ,he was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister4 #c4 ,when men are far from the fatherland and lack food1 they cannot be restrained#b from wrong#c4 #d4 ,the safety of the soldiers is dear to ,csar1 the general4 #e4 ,the chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul4 #f4 ,the king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed4 ,footnote #a3 proelium facere to fight a battle4 ,footnote #b3 contine4 ,cf4 #ahj4 ,footnote #c3 ,abl4 iniri4 ,,lesson ,,xli ,,the ,,third ,,declension ,,consonant ,,stems 7,concluded7 ,special ,vocabulary calamits1 calamittis1 f41 loss1 disaster1 defeat 7calamity7 caput1 capitis1 n41 head 7capital7 flmen1 flminis1 n41 river 7flume7 labor1 labris1 m41 labor1 toil opus1 operis1 n41 work1 task rtor1 rtris1 m41 orator rpa1 -ae1 f41 bank 7of a stream7 tempus1 temporis1 n41 time 7temporal7 terror1 terrris1 m41 terror1 fear victor1 victris1 m41 victor accipi1 accipere1 accp1 acceptus1 receive1 accept cnfirm1 cnfrmre1 cnfrmv1 cnfrmtus1 strengthen1 establish1 encourage 7confirm7 #bch4 ,neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are declined as follows3 flmen1 tempus1 opus1 caput1 n41 river n41 time n41 work n41 head ,,bases ,,or ,,stems flmin- tempor- oper- capit- ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 flmen tempus opus caput -- ,gen4 flminis temporis operis capitis -is ,dat4 flmin tempor oper capit - ,acc4 flmen tempus opus caput -- ,abl4 flmine tempore opere capite -e ,,plural ,nom4 flmina tempora opera capita -a ,gen4 flminum temporum operum capitum -um ,dat4 flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus ,acc4 flmina tempora opera capita -a ,abl4 flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus #a4 ,review #gd and apply the rules to this declension4 #b4 ,bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative1 as flmen1 base or stem flmin-4 #c4 ,most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative1 as opus1 base or stem oper-2 tempus1 base or stem tempor-4 #bci4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bib4 ,i4 #a4 ,barbar ubi ,rmam cprunt1 maxima rgum opera dlvrunt4 #b4 ,rmn mults calamitts barbars accprunt4 #c4 ,ubi erat summus terror apud oppidns1 anim dubi erum ab rtre clar cnfrmti sunt4 #d4 ,rma est in rps fiminis magn4 #e4 ,ubi ,caesar impertor mlits sus arma capere iussit1 i proeli continr nn poturunt4 #f4 ,ubi proelium factum est1 impertor reperr nn potuit4 #g4 ,impertor sagitt in capite vulnertus erat et stre nn poterat4 #h4 ,eum magn labre pedes ex proeli portvit4 #i4 ,is bracchis sus impertrem tenuit et eum ex perculs summs servvit4 #aj4 ,virtte su bonus mles ab impertre cornam accpit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the consul placed a crown on the head of the victor4 #b4 ,before the gates he was received by the townsmen4 #c4 ,a famous orator praised him and said1 8,by your labors you have saved the fatherland from disaster40 #d4 ,the words of the orator were pleasing to the victor4 #e4 ,to save the fatherland was a great task4 ,illustration3 ,corona ,,lesson ,,xlii ,,review ,,lesson #bdj4 ,review the paradigms in #bcc1 #bcf1 #bch2 and decline all nouns of the third declension in this selection4 ,,terror ,,cimbricus#a lim ,cimbr et ,teutons1 popul ,germniae1 cum fmins lbersque ,italiae adpropinquverant et cpis ,rmns maxim proeli vcerant4 ,ubi fuga leginum nntita est1 summus erat terror ttus ,rmae1 et ,rmn1 graviter commt1 sacra crbra des facibant et saltem petbant4 ,tum ,mnlius rtor anims popul ita cnfrmvit3--8,magnam calamittem accpimus4 ,oppida nostra ,cimbrs ,teutonibusque capiuntur1 agricolae interficiuntur1 agr vstantur1 cpiae barbarrum ,rmae adpropinquant4 ,itaque1 nisi novs anims proelium novum facimus et ,germns ex patri nostr sine mor agmus1 erit nlla sals fmins nostrs lbersque4 ,servte lbers6 ,servte patriam6 ,ante supert sumus quia impertrs nostr furunt nfrm4 ,nunc ,marius1 clrus impertor1 qu iam mults alis victris reportvit1 legins dcet et anims nostrs terrre ,cimbric lberre mtrbit40 ,marius tum in fric bellum gerbat4 ,sine mor ex fric in ,italiam voctus est4 ,cpis novs nn slum tt ,italiae sed etiam prvincis socirum impervit4#b ,discipln autem dr labribusque perpetus mlits exercuit4 ,tum cum peditibus equitibusque1 qu iam proeli studbant1 ad ,germnrum castra celeriter propervit4 ,di et criter pugntum est4#c ,dnique barbar fgrunt et mult in fug ab equitibus sunt interfect4 ,marius pater patriae voctus est4 ,footnote #a3 ,about the year #ajj ,b4,c4 the ,romans were greatly alarmed by an invasion of barbarians from the north known as ,cimbri and ,teutons4 ,they were traveling with wives and children1 and had an army of #cjj1jjj fighting men4 ,several ,roman armies met defeat1 and the city was in a panic4 ,then the ,senate called upon ,marius1 their greatest general1 to save the country4 ,first he defeated the ,teutons in ,gaul4 ,next1 returning to ,italy1 he met the ,cimbri4 ,a terrible battle ensued1 in which the ,cimbri were utterly destroyed2 but the terror ,cimbricus continued to haunt the ,romans for many a year thereafter4 ,footnote #b3 ,he made a levy 7of troops7 upon1 impervit with the acc4 and the dat4 ,footnote #c3 ,cf4 #bjj4 ,,ii4 #b4 ,,lesson ,,xliii ,,the ,,third ,,declension ,i-,,stems ,special ,vocabulary animal1 animlis 7-ium,a71 n41 animal avis1 avis 7-ium71 f41 bird 7aviation7 caeds1 caedis 7-ium71 f41 slaughter calcar1 calcris 7-ium71 n41 spur cvis1 cvis 7-ium71 m4 and f41 citizen 7civic7 clins1 clientis 7-ium71 m41 retainer1 dependent 7client7 fnis1 fnis 7-ium71 m41 end1 limit 7final72 plur41 country1 territory hostis1 hostis 7-ium71 m4 and f41 enemy in war 7hostile74 ,distinguish from inimcus1 which means a personal enemy ignis1 ignis 7-ium71 m41 fire 7ignite7 nsigne1 nsignis 7-ium71 n4 decoration1 badge 7ensign7 mare1 maris 7-ium,b71 n41 sea 7marine7 nvis1 nvis 7-ium71 f41 ship 7naval72 nvis longa1 man-of-war turris1 turris 7-ium71 f41 tower 7turret7 urbs1 urbis 7-ium71 f41 city 7suburb74 ,an urbs is larger than an oppidum4 ,footnote ,a3 ,the genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the i-stems4 ,footnote ,b3 ,the genitive plural of mare is not in use4 #bda4 ,to decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know whether or not it is an i-stem4 ,nouns with i-stems are #a4 ,masculines and feminines3 a4 ,nouns in -s and -s with the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative4 ,thus caeds1 caedis1 is an i-stem1 but mles1 mlitis1 is a consonant stem4 b4 ,nouns in -ns and -rs4 c4 ,nouns of one syllable in -s or -x preceded by a consonant4 #b4 ,neuters in -e1 -al1 and -ar4 #bdb4 ,the declension of i-stems is nearly the same as that of consonant stems4 ,note the following differences3 a4 ,masculines and feminities have -ium in the genitive plural and -s or -s in the accusative plural4 b4 ,neuters have - in the ablative singular1 and an -i- in every form of the plural4 #bdc4 ,masculine and ,feminine ,i-,stems4 ,masculine and feminine i-stems are declined as follows3 caeds1 f41 hostis1 urbs1 f41 clins1 m41 slaughter m41 enemy city retainer ,,stems caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti- ,,bases caed- host- urb- client- ,,singular ,,terminations ,m4 ,,and ,f4 ,nom4 caeds hostis urbs clins#a -s1 -is1 or -s ,gen4 caedis hostis urbis clientis -is ,dat4 caed host urb client - ,acc4 caedem hostem urbem clientem -em 7-im7 ,abl4 caede hoste urbe cliente -e 7-7 ,,plural ,nom4 caeds hosts urbs clients -s ,gen4 caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium ,dat4 caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus ,acc4 caeds1 -s hosts1 -s urbs1 -s clients1 -s -s1 -s ,abl4 caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus ,footnote #a3 ,observe that the vowel before -ns is long1 but that it is shortened before -nt4 ,cf4 #ab4b1 #c4 #a4 avis1 cvis1 fnis1 ignis1 nvis have the ablative singular in - or -e4 #b4 turris has accusative turrim and ablative turr or turre4 #bdd4 ,neuter ,i-,stems4 ,neuter i-stems are declined as follows3 nsigne1 n41 animal1 n41 calcar1 decoration animal n41 spur ,,stems nsigni- animli- calcri- ,,bases nsign- animl- calcr- ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 nsigne animal calcar -e or -- ,gen4 nsignis animlis calcris -is ,dat4 nsign animl calcr - ,acc4 nsigne animal calcar -e or -- ,abl4 nsign animl calcr - ,,plural ,nom4 nsignia animlia calcria -ia ,gen4 nsignium animlium calcrium -ium ,dat4 nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus ,acc4 nsignia animlia calcria -ia ,abl4 nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus #a4 ,review #gd and see how it applies to this declension4 #b4 ,the final -i- of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative4 ,if not dropped1 it is changed to -e4 #c4 ,a long vowel is shortened before final -l or -r4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 #bde4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bib4 ,i4 #a4 ,quam urbem vidmus8 ,urbs quam vidtis est ,rma4 #b4 ,cvs ,rmn urbem suam turribus alts et mrs longs mnverant4 #c4 ,vent nvs longs prohibbant fnibus hostium adpropinqure4 #d4 ,impertor a clientibus sus calcria aur et alia nsignia accpit4 #e4 ,mlits ,rmn cum hostibus bella saeva gessrunt et es caede magn supervrunt4 #f4 ,alia animlia terram1 alia mare amant4 #g4 ,nvs longae quae auxilium ad impertrem portbant ign ab hostibus dltae sunt4 #h4 ,in e mar avis mults vdimus quae long terr volverant4 #i4 ,nnne vdistis nvs longs hostium et igns quibus urbs nostra vstbtur8 ,cert1 sed nec caedem cvium nec fugam clientium vdimus4 #aj4 ,avs et alia animlia1 ubi ignem vdrunt1 saltem fug petere celeriter incprunt4 #aa4 ,num4 idex in peditum rdinibus stbat8 ,minim1 idex erat apud equits et equus eius nsigne pulchrum gerbat4 ,illustration3 ,,naves ,,longae ,,ii4 #a4 ,because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were not able to live4 #b4 ,when the general#b heard the rumor1 he quickly sent a horseman to the village4 #c4 ,the horseman had a beautiful horse and wore spurs of gold4 #d4 ,he said to the citizens1 8,send your retainers with horses and wagons to our camp1 and you will receive an abundance of grain40 #e4 ,with happy hearts they hastened to obey his words4#c ,footnote #b3 ,place first4 ,footnote #c3 ,not the accusative4 ,why8 ,,lesson ,,xliv ,,irregular ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,declension ,,gender ,,in ,,the ,,third ,,declension ,special ,vocabulary arbor1 arboris1 f41 tree 7arbor7 collis1 collis 7-ium71 m41 hill dns1 dentis 7-ium71 m41 tooth 7dentist7 fns1 fontis 7-ium71 m44 fountain1 spring2 source iter1 itineris1 n41 march1 journey1 route 7itinerary7 mnsis1 mnsis 7-ium71 m41 month moenia1 -ium1 n41 plur41 walls1 fortifications4 ,cf4 mrus mns1 montis 7-ium71 m41 mountain2 summus mns1 top of the mountain numquam1 adv41 never pns1 pontis1 m41 bridge 7pontoon7 sanguis1 sanguinis1 m41 blood 7sanguinary7 summus1 -a1 -um1 highest1 greatest 7summit7 trns1 prep1 with acc41 across 7transatlantic7 vs 7vs71 gen4 plur4 virium1 f4 strength1 force1 violence 7vim7 #bdf4 ,,paradigms ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the original text gives v- and vr- as the 8,bases0 of vs1 and omits the 8,stems0 for both words4 ,the forms have been regularized to agree with the inflectional table in the ,appendix4 vs1 f41 force iter1 n41 march ,,stems v- and vri- iter- and itiner- ,,bases v- and vr- iter- and itiner- ,,singular ,nom4 vs iter ,gen4 vs 7rare7 itineris ,dat4 v 7rare7 itiner ,acc4 vim iter ,abl4 v itinere ,,plural ,nom4 vrs itinera ,gen4 vrium itinerum ,dat4 vribus itineribus ,acc4 vrs1 or -s itinera ,abl4 vribus itineribus #bdg4 ,there are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not present numerous exceptions4#a ,the following rules1 however1 are of great service1 and should be thoroughly mastered3 #a4 ,masculine are nouns in -or1 -s1 -er1 -s 7gen4 -itis74 a4 arbor1 tree1 is feminine2 and iter1 march1 is neuter4 #b4 ,feminine are nouns in -1 -is1 -x1 and in -s preceded by a consonant or by any long vowel but 4 a4 ,masculine are collis 7hill71 lapis1 mnsis 7month71 rd1 ps1 and nouns in -nis and -guis--as ignis1 sanguis 7blood7--and the four monosyllables dns1 a tooth2 mns1 a mountain pns1 a bridge2 fns1 a fountain #c4 ,neuters are nouns in -e1 -al1 -ar1 -n1 -ur1 -s1 and caput4 ,footnote #a3 ,review #fj4 ,words denoting males are1 of course1 masculine1 and those denoting females1 feminine4 #bdh4 ,give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it is determined3 animal calamits flmen lapis nvis avis caput ignis legi opus caeds eques nsigne mare sals calcar fnis labor mles urbs #bdi4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bib4 ,i4 ,the ,first ,bridge over the ,rhine4 ,sals socirum erat semper cra ,rmns4 lim ,gall1 amc ,rmnrum1 mults iniris ab ,germns qu trns flmen ,rhnum vivbant accperant4 ,ubi lgt ab is ad ,caesarem impertrem ,rmnum vnrunt et auxilium postulvrunt1 ,rmn magns itineribus ad hostium fns propervrunt4 ,mox ad rps magn flminis vnrunt4 ,impertor studbat cpis sus trns fluvium dcere1 sed nll vi#b poterat4 ,nlls nvs habbat4 ,alta erat aqua4 ,impertor autem1 vir clrus1 numquam advers fortn commtus1 novum cnsilium cpit4 ,iussit sus#c in#d lt flmine facere pontem4 ,numquam ante pns in ,rhn vsus erat4 ,hosts ubi pontem quem ,rmn fcerant vdrunt1 summ terrre commt1 sine mor fugam parre incprunt4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the enemy had taken 7possession of7 the top of the mountain4 #b4 ,there were many trees on the opposite hills4 #c4 ,we pitched our camp near 7ad7 a beautiful spring4 #d4 ,a march through the enemies' country is never without danger4 #e4 ,the time of the month was suitable for the march4 #f4 ,the teeth of the monster were long4 #g4 ,when the foot soldiers#e saw the blood of the captives1 they began to assail the fortifications with the greatest violence4#b ,footnote #b3 ,abl4 of manner4 ,footnote #c3 sus1 used as a noun1 his men4 ,footnote #d3 ,we say build a bridge over2 the ,romans1 make a bridge on4 ,footnote #e3 ,place first4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fifth ,review1 ,lessons ,,xxxvii-,,xliv1 #eag-ebj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,xlv ,,adjectives ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,declension ,i-,,stems ,special ,vocabulary cer1 cris1 cre1 sharp1 keen1 eager 7acrid7 brevis1 breve1 short1 brief difficilis1 difficile1 difficult facilis1 facile1 facile1 easy fortis1 forte1 brave 7fortitude7 gravis1 grave1 heavy1 severe1 serious 7grave7 omnis1 omne1 every1 all 7omnibus7 pr1 gen4 paris1 equal 7par7 pauc1 -ae1 -a1 few1 only a few 7paucity7 secundus1 -a1 -um1 second2 favorable1 opposite of adversus signum1 -1 n41 signal1 sign1 standard vlx1 gen4 vlcis1 swift 7velocity7 conloc1 conlocre1 conlocv1 conloctus1 arrange1 station1 place 7collocation7 dmnstr1 dmnstrre1 dmnstrv1 dmnstrtus1 point out1 explain 7demonstrate7 mand1 mandre1 mandv1 mandtus1 commit1 intrust 7mandate7 #bej4 ,adjectives are either of the first and second declensions 7like bonus1 aeger1 or lber71 or they are of the third declension4 #bea4 ,nearly all adjectives of the third declension have i-stems1 and they are declined almost like nouns with i-stems4 #beb4 ,adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative for each gender1 as1 bonus1 m42 bona1 f42 bonum1 n4 ,such an adjective is called an adjective of three endings4 ,adjectives of the third declension are of the following classes3 ,i4 ,adjectives of three endings-- a different form in the nominative for each gender4 ,,ii4 ,adjectives of two endings-- masculine and feminine nominative alike1 the neuter different4 ,,iii4 ,adjectives of one ending-- masculine1 feminine1 and neuter nominative all alike4 #bec4 ,adjectives of the third declension in -er have three endings2 those in -is have two endings2 the others have one ending4 ,,class ,i #bed4 ,adjectives of ,three ,endings are declined as follows3 cer1 cris1 cre1 keen1 eager ,,stem cri- ,,base cr- ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 cer cris cre crs crs cria ,gen4 cris cris cris crium crium crium ,dat4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ,acc4 crem crem cre crs1 -s crs1 -s cria ,abl4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ,,class ,,ii #bee4 ,adjectives of ,two ,endings are declined as follows3 omnis1 omne1 every1 all#a ,,stem omni- ,,base omn- ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 omnis omne omns omnia ,gen4 omnis omnis omnium omnium ,dat4 omn omn omnibus omnibus ,acc4 omnem omne omns1 -s omnia ,abl4 omn omn omnibus omnibus ,footnote #a3 omnis is usually translated every in the singular and all in the plural4 ,,class ,,iii #bef4 ,adjectives of ,one ,ending are declined as follows3 pr1 equal ,,stem pari- ,,base par- ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 pr pr pars paria ,gen4 paris paris parium parium ,dat4 par par paribus paribus ,acc4 parem pr pars1 -s paria ,abl4 par par paribus paribus #a4 ,all i-stem adjectives have - in the ablative singular4 #b4 ,observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural4 #c4 ,decline vir cer1 legi cris1 animal cre1 ager omnis1 sctum omne1 proelium pr4 #beg4 ,there are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant stems4 ,they are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems4 #beh4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bic4 ,i4 ,the ,romans invade the ,enemy's ,country4 lim pedits ,rmn cum equitibus vlcibus in hostium urbem iter facibant4 ,ubi nn long furunt1 rapurunt agricolam1 qu es viam brevem et facilem dmnstrvit4 ,iam ,rmn moenia alta1 turrs valids aliaque opera urbis vidre poterant4 ,in moenibus stbant mult prncips4 ,prncips ubi vdrunt ,rmns1 iussrunt cvs lapids aliaque tla d mrs iacere4 ,tum mlits forts continr proeli nn poterant et cer impertor signum tub dar iussit4 ,summ v omns mtrvrunt4 ,impertor ,sext lgt impedmenta omnia mandvit4 ,sextus impedmenta in summ colle conlocvit4 ,grave et cre erat proelium1 sed hosts nn pars ,rmns erant4 ,ali interfect1 ali capt sunt4 ,apud captvs erant mter sororque rgis4 ,pauc ,rmnrum ab hostibus vulnert sunt4 ,secundum proelium ,rmns erat grtum4 ,fortna fortibus semper favet4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,some months are short1 others are long4 #b4 ,to seize the top of the mountain was difficult4 #c4 ,among the hills of ,italy are many beautiful springs4 #d4 ,the soldiers were sitting where the baggage had been placed because their feet were weary4 #e4 ,the city which the soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high towers4 #f4 ,did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his money to a faithless slave8 ,yes1 but the slave had never before been faithless4 ,illustration3 ,,aquila ,,legionis ,,lesson ,,xlvi ,,the ,,fourth ,,or ,u-,,declension ,special ,vocabulary adventus1 -s1 m41 approach1 arrival 7advent7 ante1 prep1 with acc41 before 7ante-date7 corn1 -s1 n41 horn1 wing of an army 7cornucopia72 dextr corn1 on the right wing2 sinistr corn1 on the left wing equittus1 -s1 m41 cavalry exercitus1 -s1 m41 army impetus1 -s1 m41 attack 7impetus72 impetum facere in1 with acc41 to make an attack on lacus1 -s1 dat4 and abl4 plur4 lacubus1 m41 lake manus1 -s1 f41 hand2 band1 force 7manual7 portus1 -s1 m41 harbor 7port7 post1 prep1 with acc41 behind1 after 7post-mortem7 crem1 cremre1 cremv1 cremtus1 burn 7cremate7 exerce1 exercre1 exercu1 exercitus1 practice1 drill1 train 7exercise7 #bei4 ,nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter4 #bfj4 ,masculine nouns end in -us1 neuters in -4 ,the genitive ends in -s4 a4 ,feminine by exception are domus1 house2 manus1 hand2 and a few others4 ,,paradigms ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the 8,stems0 are missing in the printed book4 ,they have been supplied from the inflectional table in the ,appendix4 adventus1 corn1 m41 arrival n41 horn ,,stems adventu- cornu- ,,bases advent- corn- ,,singular ,,terminations ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 adventus corn -us - ,gen4 advents corns -s -s ,dat4 adventu 77 corn -u 77 - ,acc4 adventum corn -um - ,abl4 advent corn - - ,,plural ,nom4 advents cornua -s -ua ,gen4 adventuum cornuum -uum -uum ,dat4 adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus ,acc4 advents cornua -s -ua ,abl4 adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus #a4 ,observe that the base is found1 as in other declensions1 by dropping the ending of the genitive singular4 #b4 lacus1 lake1 has the ending -ubus in the dative and ablative plural2 portus1 harbor1 has either -ubus or -ibus4 #c4 corn is the only neuter that is in common use4 #bfa4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bic4 ,i4 #a4 ,ante adventum ,caesaris vlcs hostium equits crem impetum in castra fcrunt4 #b4 ,continre exercitum proeli nn facile erat4 #c4 ,post adventum suum ,caesar iussit legins ex castrs dc4 #d4 ,pr castrs cum hostium equitt pugntum est4 #e4 ,post tempus breve equittus trns flmen fgit ubi castra hostium posita erant4 #f4 ,tum victor impertor agrs vstvit et vcs hostium cremvit4 #g4 ,castra autem nn oppugnvit quia mlits erant dfess et locus difficilis4 #h4 ,hosts nn cessvrunt iacere tla1 quae paucs nocurunt4 #i4 ,post adversum proelium princips ,gallrum lgts ad ,caesarem mittere studbant1 sed popul persudre nn poterant4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,did you see the man-of-war on the lake8 #b4 ,i did not see it 7fem47 on the lake1 but ,i saw it in the harbor4 #c4 ,because of the strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail4 #d4 ,csar didnt make an attack on the cavalry on the right wing1 did he8 #e4 ,no1 he made an attack on the left wing4 #f4 ,who taught your swift horse to obey8 #g4 ,i trained my horse with my 7own7 hands1 nor was the task difficult4 #h4 ,he is a beautiful animal and has great strength4 ,,lesson ,,xlvii ,,expressions ,,of ,,place ,,the ,,declension ,,of ,,domus ,special ,vocabulary ,athnae1 -rum1 f41 plur41 ,athens ,corinthus1 -1 f41 ,corinth domus1 -s1 locative dom1 f41 house1 home 7dome74 ,cf4 domicilium ,genva1 -ae1 f41 ,geneva ,pompii1 -rum1 m41 plur41 ,pompeii1 a city in ,campania4 ,see map propter1 prep4 with acc41 on account of1 because of rs1 rris1 in the plur4 only nom4 and acc4 rra1 n41 country 7rustic7 tergum1 terg1 n41 back2 terg1 behind1 in the rear vulnus1 vulneris1 n41 wound 7vulnerable7 committ1 committere1 comms1 commissus1 intrust1 commit2 proelium committere1 join battle convoc1 convocre1 convocv1 convoctus1 call together1 summon 7convoke7 time1 timre1 timu1 ----1 fear2 be afraid 7timid7 vert1 vertere1 vert1 versus1 turn1 change 7convert72 terga vertere1 to turn the backs1 hence to retreat #bfb4 ,we have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the following3 ,galba ad 7or in7 oppidum properat ,galba ab 7d or ex7 oppid properat ,galba in oppid habitat ,from these expressions we may deduce the following rules3 #bfc4 ,,rule4 ,accusative of the ,place to4 ,the place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative4 ,this answers the question ,whither8 #bfd4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of the ,place from4 ,the place from which is expressed by or ab1 d1 or ex1 with the separative ablative4 ,this answers the question ,whence8 7,cf4 ,rule1 #agi47 #bfe4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of the ,place at or in4 ,the place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in4 ,this answers the question ,where8 a4 ,the ablative denoting the place where is called the locative ablative 7cf4 locus1 place74 #bff4 ,exceptions4 ,names of towns1 small islands1#a domus1 home1 rs1 country1 and a few other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions of place1 as1 ,galba ,athns properat1 ,galba hastens to ,athens ,galba ,athns properat1 ,galba hastens from ,athens ,galba ,athns habitat1 ,galba lives at 7or in7 ,athens ,galba domum properat1 ,galba hastens home ,galba rs properat1 ,galba hastens to the country ,galba dom properat1 ,galba hastens from home ,galba rre properat1 ,galba hastens from the country ,galba rr 7less commonly rre7 habitat1 ,galba lives in the country a4 ,names of countries1 like ,germnia1 ,italia1 etc41 do not come under these exceptions4 ,with them prepositions must not be omitted4 ,footnote #a3 ,small islands are classed with towns because they generally have but one town1 and the name of the town is the same as the name of the island4 #bfg4 ,the ,locative ,case4 ,we saw above that the place-relation expressed by at or in is regularly covered by the locative ablative4 ,however1 ,latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form known as the locative case4 ,this case has been everywhere merged in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second declensions4 ,the form of the locative in these declensions is like the genitive singular1 and its use is limited to names of towns and small islands1 dom1 at home1 and a few other words4 #bfh4 ,,rule4 ,locative and ,locative ,ablative4 ,to express the place in which with names of towns and small islands1 if they are singular and of the first or second declension1 use the locative2 otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition2 as1 ,galba ,rmae habitat1 ,galba lives at ,rome ,galba ,corinth habitat1 ,galba lives at ,corinth ,galba dom habitat1 ,galba lives at home ,here ,rmae1 ,corinth1 and dom are locatives1 being singular and of the first and second declensions respectively4 ,but in ,galba ,athns habitat1 ,galba lives at ,athens1 ,galba ,pompis habitat1 ,galba lives at ,pompeii ,athns and ,pompis are locative ablatives4 ,these words can have no locative case1 as the nominatives ,athnae and ,pompi are plural and there is no plural locative case form4 #bfi4 ,the word domus1 home1 house1 has forms of both the second and the fourth declension4 ,learn its declension 7#dfh74 #bgj4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bic4 ,i4 #a4 ,corinth omnia nsignia aur ducibus victribus rapta erant4 #b4 ,caesar ,genvam exercitum magns itineribus dxit4 #c4 ,quem pontem hosts cremverant8 ,pontem in ,rhn hosts cremverant4 #d4 ,pompis mults ,rmnrum doms vidre poteritis4 #e4 ,rm cnsul equ vlc rs propervit4 #f4 ,dom cnsulis homins mult sedbant4 #g4 ,impertor iusserat lgtum ,athns cum mults nvibus longs nvigre4 #h4 ,ante moenia urbis sunt rdins arborum altrum4 #i4 ,propter arbors alts nec lacum nec portum reperre potuimus4 #aj4 ,proelis crbrs ,caesar legins sus quae erant in ,galli exercbat4 #aa4 ,cotdi in loc idone castra pnbat et mnibat4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,csar1 the famous general1 when he had departed from ,rome1 hastened to the ,roman province on a swift horse4#b #b4 ,he had heard a rumor concerning the allies at ,geneva4 #c4 ,after his arrival ,csar called the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle4 #d4 ,the enemy hastened to retreat1 some because#c they were afraid1 others because#c of wounds4 #e4 ,recently ,i was at ,athens and saw the place where the judges used to sit4#d #f4 ,marcus and ,sextus are my brothers2 the one lives at ,rome1 the other in the country4 ,footnote #b3 ,latin says 8by a swift horse40 ,what construction8 ,footnote #c3 ,distinguish between the ,english conjunction because 7quia or quod7 and the preposition because of 7propter74 ,footnote #d3 used to sit1 express by the imperfect4 ,illustration3 ,,daedalus ,,et ,,icarus #bga4 ,,daed,,alus ,,and ,,ic,,arus ,crta est nsula antqua quae aqu alt magn maris pulstur4 ,ibi lim ,mns erat rx4 ,ad eum vnit ,daedalus qu ex ,graeci patri fugibat4 ,eum ,mns rx benigns verbs accpit et e domicilium in ,crt dedit4 #e,qu in loc ,daedalus sine cr vvebat et rg multa et clra opera facibat4 ,post tempus longum autem ,daedalus patriam cram dsderre incpit4 ,domum properre studbat1 sed rg persudre nn potuit et mare saevum fugam vetbat4 ,footnote #e3 ,and in this place2 qu does not here introduce a subordinate relative clause1 but establishes the connection with the preceding sentence4 ,such a relative is called a connecting relative1 and is translated by and and a demonstrative or personal pronoun4 ,,lesson ,,xlviii ,,the ,,fifth ,,or -,,declension ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,time ,special ,vocabulary acis1 -1 f41 line of battle aests1 aesttis1 f41 summer annus1 -1 m41 year 7annual7 dis1 di1 m41 day 7diary7 fids1 fide1 no plur41 f41 faith1 trust2 promise1 word2 protection2 in fidem venre1 to come under the protection fluctus1 -s1 m4 wave1 billow 7fluctuate7 hiems1 hiemis1 f41 winter hra1 -ae1 f41 hour lx1 lcis1 f41 light 7lucid72 prma lux1 daybreak merdis1 acc4 -em1 abl4 -1 no plur41 m41 midday 7meridian7 nox1 noctis 7-ium71 f41 night 7nocturnal7 prmus1 -a1 -um1 first 7prime7 rs1 re1 f41 thing1 matter 7real72 rs gestae1 deeds1 exploits 7lit4 things performed72 rs adversae1 adversity2 rs secundae1 prosperity sps1 spe1 f41 hope #bgb4 ,gender4 ,nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except dis1 day1 and merdis1 midday1 which are usually masculine4 #bgc4 ,,paradigms ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the 8,stems0 are missing in the printed book4 ,they have been supplied from the inflectional table in the ,appendix4 dis1 rs1 f41 m41 day thing ,,stems di- r- ,,bases di- r- ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 dis rs -s ,gen4 di re - ,dat4 di re - ,acc4 diem rem -em ,abl4 di r - ,,plural ,nom4 dis rs -s ,gen4 dirum rrum -rum ,dat4 dibus rbus -bus ,acc4 dis rs -s ,abl4 dibus rbus -bus #a4 ,the vowel e which appears in every form is regularly long4 ,it is shortened in the ending -e after a consonant1 as in r-2 and before -m in the accusative singular1 as in di-em4 7,cf4 #ab4b47 #b4 ,only dis and rs are complete in the plural4 ,most other nouns of this declension lack the plural4 ,acis1 line of battle1 and sps1 hope1 have the nominative and accusative plural4 #bgd4 ,the ablative relation 7#ej7 which is expressed by the prepositions at1 in1 or on may refer not only to place1 but also to time1 as at noon1 in summer1 on the first day4 ,the ablative which is used to express this relation is called the ablative of time4 #bge4 ,,rule4 ,the ,ablative of ,time4 ,the time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition4 a4 ,occasionally the preposition in is found4 ,compare the ,english ,next day we started and ,on the next day we started4 #bgf4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bid4 ,i4 ,galba the ,farmer4 ,galba agricola rr vvit4 ,cotdi prm lce labrre incipit1 nec ante noctem in studi su cessat4 ,merdi ,ilia flia eum ad cnam vocat4 ,nocte peds dfesss domum vertit4 ,aestte fli agricolae auxilium patr dant4 ,hieme agricola es in ldum mittit4 ,ibi magister pueris mults fbuls d rbus gests ,caesaris nrrat4 ,aestte fli agricolae perpetus labribus exercentur nec grave agr opus est is molestum4 ,galba sine ll cr vivit nec rs adverss timet4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,in that month there were many battles in ,gaul4 #b4 ,the cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon ,csar's line of battle4 #c4 ,in the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows4 #d4 ,on the second day the savages were eager to come under ,csar's protection4 #e4 ,the king had joined battle1 moved by the hope of victory4 #f4 ,that year a fire destroyed many birds and other animals4 #g4 ,we saw blood on the wild beast's teeth4 #bgg4 ,,daed,,alus ,,and ,,ic,,arus 7,continued7 ,tum ,daedalus gravibus crs commtus fli su car ita dixit3 8,animus meus1 care1 est plnus trstitiae nec ocul lacrims egent4 ,discdere ex ,crt1 ,athns properre1 maxim stude2 sed rx recsat audre verba mea et omnem redits spem ripit4 ,sed numquam rbus adverss vincar4 ,terra et mare sunt inimca1 sed aliam fugae viam reperiam40 ,tum in arts ignts animum dmittit et mrum capit cnsilium4 ,nam penns in rdine pnit et vrs ls facit4 ,,lesson ,,xlix ,,pronouns ,,classified ,,personal ,,and ,,reflexive ,,pronouns ,special ,vocabulary amcitia1 -ae1 f41 friendship 7amicable7 itaque1 conj41 and so1 therefore1 accordingly littera1 -ae1 f41 a letter of the alphabet2 plur41 a letter1 an epistle metus1 mets1 m41 fear nihil1 indeclinable1 n41 nothing 7nihilist7 nntius1 nnt1 m41 messenger4 ,cf4 nnti px1 pcis1 f41 peace 7pacify7 rgnum1 -1 n41 reign1 sovereignty1 kingdom supplicum1 supplic1 n41 punishment2 supplicum smere d1 with abl41 inflict punishment on2 supplicum dare1 suffer punishment4 ,cf4 poena place1 placre1 placu1 placitus1 be pleasing to1 please1 with dative4 ,cf4 #aed sm1 smere1 smps1 smptus1 take up1 assume sustine1 sustinre1 sustinu1 sustentus1 sustain #bgh4 ,we have the same kinds of pronouns in ,latin as in ,english4 ,they are divided into the following eight classes3 #a4 ,personal pronouns1 which show the person speaking1 spoken to1 or spoken of2 as1 ego1 ,i2 t1 you2 is1 he4 7,cf4 #bgi4 etc47 #b4 ,possessive pronouns1 which denote possession2 as1 meus1 tuus1 suus1 etc4 7,cf4 #ih47 #c4 ,reflexive pronouns1 used in the predicate to refer back to the subject2 as1 he saw himself4 7,cf4 #bha47 #d4 ,intensive pronouns1 used to emphasize a noun or pronoun2 as1 ,i myself saw it4 7,cf4 #bhe47 #e4 ,demonstrative pronouns1 which point out persons or things2 as1 is1 this1 that4 7,cf4 #aab47 #f4 ,relative pronouns1 which connect a subordinate adjective clause with an antecedent2 as1 qu1 who4 7,cf4 #bbj47 #g4 ,interrogative pronouns1 which ask a question2 as1 quis1 who8 7,cf4 #bbe47 #h4 ,indefinite pronouns1 which point out indefinitely2 as1 some one1 any one1 some1 certain ones1 etc4 7,cf4 #bif47 #bgi4 ,the demonstrative pronoun is1 ea1 id1 as we learned in #aae1 is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person 7he1 she1 it1 they1 etc474 #bhj4 ,the personal pronouns of the first person are ego1 ,i2 ns1 we2 of the second person1 t1 thou or you2 vs1 ye or you4 ,they are declined as follows3 ,,singular ,,first ,,person ,,second ,,person ,nom4 ego1 ,i t1 you ,gen4 me1 of me tu1 of you ,dat4 mihi1 to or for me tibi1 to or for you ,acc4 m1 me t1 you ,abl4 m1 with1 from1 etc41 me t1 with1 from1 etc41 you ,,plural ,nom4 ns1 we vs1 you ,gen4 nostrum or nostr1 of us vestrum or vestr1 of you ,dat4 nbs1 to or for us vbs1 to or for you ,acc4 ns1 us vs1 you ,abl4 nbs1 with1 from1 vbs1 with1 from1 etc41 you etc41 us #a4 ,the personal pronouns are not used in the nominative excepting for emphasis or contrast4 #bha4 ,the ,reflexive ,pronouns4 #a4 ,the personal pronouns ego and t may be used in the predicate as reflexives2 as1 vide m1 ,i see myself vidmus ns1 we see ourselves vids t1 you see yourself vidtis vs1 you see yourselves #b4 ,the reflexive pronoun of the third person 7himself1 herself1 itself1 themselves7 has a special form1 used only in these senses1 and declined alike in the singular and plural4 ,,singular ,,and ,,plural ,gen4 su ,acc4 s ,dat4 sibi ,abl4 s ,,examples ,puer s videt1 the boy sees himself ,puella s videt1 the girl sees herself ,animal s videt1 the animal sees itself ,i s vident1 they see themselves a4 ,the form s is sometimes doubled1 ss1 for emphasis4 #c4 ,give the ,latin for ,i teach myself ,we teach ourselves ,you teach yourself ,you teach yourselves ,he teaches himself ,they teach themselves #bhb4 ,the preposition cum1 when used with the ablative of ego1 t1 or su1 is appended to the form1 as1 mcum1 with me2 tcum1 with you2 nbscum1 with us2 etc4 #bhc4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bid4 ,i4 #a4 ,mea mter est cra mihi et tua mter est cra tibi4 #b4 ,vestrae litterae erant grtae nbis et nostrae litterae erant grtae vbs4 #c4 ,nntius rgis qu nbscum est nihil respondbit4 #d4 ,nnti pcem amcitiamque sibi et sus socis postulvrunt4 #e4 ,s t arma sms1 ego rgnum occupb4 #f4 ,uter vestrum est cvis ,rmnus8 ,neuter nostrum4 #g4 ,e tempore mult supplicium dedrunt quia rgnum petierant4 #h4 ,sme supplicium1 ,caesar1 d hostibus patriae cribus4 #i4 ,prm lce ali met commt ss fugae mandvrunt2 ali autem magn virtte impetum exercits nostr sustinurunt4 #aj4 ,soror rgis1 ubi d advers proeli audvit1 ss ,pompis interfcit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,whom do you teach8 ,i teach myself4 #b4 ,the soldier wounded himself with his sword4 #c4 ,the master praises us1 but you he does not praise4 #d4 ,therefore he will inflict punishment on you1 but we shall not suffer punishment4 #e4 ,who will march 7i4e4 make a march7 with me to ,rome8 #f4 ,i will march with you to the gates of the city4 #g4 ,who will show us#a the way8 ,the gods will show you#a the way4 ,footnote #a3 ,not accusative4 ,,daed,,alus ,,and ,,ic,,arus 7,concluded7 #bhd4 ,puer carus n#b stbat et mrum patris opus vidbat4 ,postquam manus ultima#c ls imposita est1 ,daedalus es temptvit et similis av in aurs volvit4 ,tum ls umers fl adligvit et docuit eum volre et dxit1 8,t vet1 m fl1 adpropinqure aut sl aut mar4 ,s fluctibus adpropinquveris1#d aqua ls tus nocbit1 et s sl adpropinquveris1#d ignis es crembit40 ,tum pater et filius iter difficile incipiunt4 ls movent et aurae ss committunt4 ,sed stultus puer verbs patris nn pret4 ,sl adpropinquat4 lae cremantur et carus in mare dcidit et vitam mittit4 ,daedalus autem sine ll percul trns flucts ad nsulam ,siciliam volvit4 ,footnote #b3 ,adverb1 see vocabulary4 ,footnote #c3 manus ultima1 the finishing touch4 ,what literally8 ,footnote #d3 ,future perfect4 ,translate by the present4 ,,lesson ,l ,,the ,,intensive ,,pronoun ,,ipse ,,and ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,dem ,special ,vocabulary corpus1 corporis1 n41 body 7corporal7 dnsus1 -a1 -um1 dense dem1 eadem1 idem1 demonstrative pronoun1 the same 7identity7 ipse1 ipsa1 ipsum1 intensive pronoun1 self2 even1 very mrus1 -a1 -um1 wonderful1 marvelous 7miracle7 lim1 adv41 formerly1 once upon a time pars1 partis 7-ium71 f41 part1 region1 direction quoque1 adv41 also4 ,stands after the word which it emphasizes sl1 slis1 m41 sun 7solar7 vrus1 -a1 -um1 true1 real 7verity7 dbe1 dbre1 dbu1 dbitus1 owe1 ought 7debt7 ripi1 ripere1 ripu1 reptus1 snatch from #bhe4 ,ipse means -self 7him-self1 her-self1 etc47 or is translated by even or very4 ,it is used to emphasize a noun or pronoun1 expressed or understood1 with which it agrees like an adjective4 a4 ,ipse must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive su4 ,the latter is always used as a pronoun1 while ipse is regularly adjective4 ,compare ,hom s videt1 the man sees himself 7reflexive7 ,hom ipse perculum videt1 the man himself 7intensive7 sees the danger ,hom ipsum perculum videt1 the man sees the danger itself 7intensive7 #bhf4 ,except for the one form ipse1 the intensive pronoun is declined exactly like the nine irregular adjectives 7cf4 #ajh1 #aji74 ,learn the declension 7#dha74 #bhg4 ,the demonstrative dem1 meaning the same1 is a compound of is4 ,it is declined as follows3 ,,singular ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 dem eadem idem ,gen4 eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem ,dat4 edem edem edem ,acc4 eundem eandem idem ,abl4 edem edem edem ,,plural ,nom4 idem eaedem eadem edem ,gen4 erundem erundem erundem ,dat4 isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem ,acc4 esdem esdem eadem ,abl4 isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem a4 ,from forms like eundem 7eum -dem71 erundem 7erum -dem71 we learn the rule that m before d is changed to n4 b4 ,the forms idem1 isdem are often spelled and pronounced with one 4 #bhh4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bie4 ,i4 #a4 ,ego et t#a in edem urbe vvimus4 #b4 ,iter ipsum nn timmus sed fers saevs quae in silv dns esse dcuntur4 #c4 lim ns ips idem iter fcimus4 #d4 ,e tempore mults fers vdimus4 #e4 ,sed nbs nn nocurunt4 #f4 ,caesar ipse sctum d manibus mlitis ripuit et in ipsam aciem propervit4 #g4 ,itaque mlits summ virtte tla in hostium corpora icrunt4 #h4 ,rmn quoque gravia vulnera accprunt4 #i4 ,dnique hosts terga vertrunt et omms in parts#b fgrunt4 #aj4 ,edem hr litterae ,rmam ab impertre ips missae sunt4 #aa4 ,edem mnse captv quoque in ,italiam miss sunt4 #ab4 ,sed mult propter vulnera iter difficile trns monts facere recsbant et ,genvae esse dcbantur4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,at ,pompeii there is a wonderful mountain4 #b4 ,when ,i was in that place1 ,i myself saw that mountain4 #c4 ,on the same day many cities were destroyed by fire and stones from that very mountain4 #d4 ,you have not heard the true story of that calamity1 have you8#c #e4 ,on that day the very sun could not give light to men4 #f4 ,you yourself ought to tell 7to7 us that story4 ,footnote #a3 ,observe that in ,latin we say ,i and you1 not you and ,i4 ,footnote #b3 ,not parts1 but directions4 ,footnote #c3 ,cf4 #baj4 #bhi4 ,,how ,,horatius ,,held ,,the ,,bridge#d ,tarquinius ,superbus1 septimus et ultimus rx ,rmnrum1 ubi in exsilium ab rts ,rmns iectus est1 ,porsen1 rge ,etrscrum1 auxilium petiit4 ,mox ,porsena magns cum cpis ,rmam vnit1 et ipsa urbs summ in percul erat4 ,omnibus in partibus exercitus ,rmnus victus erat4 ,iam rx montem ,iniculum#e occupverat4 ,numquam ante ,rmn tant met tenbantur4 ,ex agrs in urbem properbant et summ studi urbem ipsam mnibant4 ,footnote #d3 ,the story of ,horatius has been made familiar by ,macaulay's well-known poem 8,horatius0 in his ,lays of ,ancient ,rome4 ,read the poem in connection with this selection4 ,footnote #e3 ,the ,janiculum is a high hill across the ,tiber from ,rome4 ,,lesson ,,li ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,pronouns ,,hic1 ,,iste1 ,,ille ,special ,vocabulary hic1 haec1 hoc1 demonstrative pronoun1 this 7of mine72 he1 she1 it ille1 illa1 illud1 demonstrative pronoun that 7yonder72 he1 she1 it invsus1 -a1 -um1 hateful1 detested1 with dative ,cf4 #adc iste1 ista1 istud1 demonstrative pronoun1 that 7of yours72 he1 she1 it lberts1 -tis1 f41 liberty modus1 -1 m41 measure2 manner1 way1 mode nmen1 nminis1 n41 name 7nominate7 oculus1 -1 m41 eye 7oculist7 prstinus1 -a1 -um1 former1 old-time 7pristine7 pblicus1 -a1 -um1 public1 belonging to the state2 rs pblica1 re pblicae1 f41 the commonwealth1 the state1 the republic vestgium1 vestg1 n41 footprint1 track2 trace1 vestige vx1 vcis1 f41 voice #bij4 ,we have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun is and its use4 7,cf4 ,lesson ,,xvii47 ,that pronoun refers to persons or things either far or near1 and makes no definite reference to place or time4 ,if we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time1 we must use hic1 iste1 or ille4 ,these demonstratives1 like is1 are used both as pronouns and as adjectives1 and their relation to the speaker may be represented graphically thus3 hic iste ille ,,speaker ---------------------------------------- -- this1 he2 that1 he2 that1 he 7near72 7remote72 7more remote7 a4 ,in dialogue hic refers to a person or thing near the speaker2 iste1 to a person or thing near the person addressed2 ille1 to a person or thing remote from both4 ,these distinctions are illustrated in the model sentences1 #bic1 which should be carefully studied and imitated4 #bia4 ,hic is declined as follows3 ,,singular ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 hic haec hoc ,gen4 huius huius huius ,dat4 huic huic huic ,acc4 hunc hanc hoc ,abl4 hc hc hc ,,plural ,nom4 h hae haec ,gen4 hrum hrum hrum ,dat4 hs hs hs ,acc4 hs hs haec ,abl4 hs hs hs a4 ,huius is pronounced hooyoos1 and huic is pronounced hooic 7one syllable74 #bib4 ,the demonstrative pronouns iste1 ista1 istud1 and ille1 illa1 illud1 except for the nominative and accusative singular neuter forms istud and illud1 are declined exactly like ipse1 ipsa1 ipsum4 7,see #dha47 #bic4 ,,model ,,sentences ,is this horse 7of mine7 strong8 ,estne hic equus validus8 ,that horse 7of yours7 is strong1 but that one 7yonder7 is weak ,iste equus est validus1 sed ille est nfrmus ,are these 7men by me7 your friends8 ,suntne h amc tu8 ,those 7men by you7 are my friends1 but those 7men yonder7 are enemies ,ist sunt amc me1 sed ill sunt inimc #bid4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bie4 ,i4 ,a ,german ,chieftain addresses his ,followers4 ,ille fortis ,germnrum dux sus convocvit et hc mod anims erum cnfirmvit4 8,vs1 qu in hs fnibus vvitis1 in hunc locum convocv#a quia mcum dbtis ists agrs et ists doms ab iniris ,rmnrum liberre4 ,hoc nbs nn difficile erit1 quod ill hosts hs silvs dnss1 fers saevs qurum vestgia vident1 monts alts timent4 ,s forts erimus1 de ips nbs viam saltis dmonstrbunt4 ,ille sl1 ist ocul calamtts nostrs vdrunt4#a ,itaque nmen illus re pblicae ,rmnae nn slum nbis1 sed etiam omnibus hominibus qu lberttem amant1 est invsum4 ,ad arma vs voc4 ,exercte istam prstinam virttem et vinctis40 ,footnote #a3 ,the perfect definite4 7,cf4 #aij47 ,,ii4 #a4 ,does that bird 7of yours7#b sing8 #b4 ,this bird 7of mine7#b sings both#c in summer and in winter and has a beautiful voice4 #c4 ,those birds 7yonder7#b in the country dont sing in winter4 #d4 ,snatch a spear from the hands of that soldier 7near you7#b and come home with me4 #e4 ,with those very eyes 7of yours7#b you will see the tracks of the hateful enemy who burned my dwelling and made an attack on my brother4 #f4 ,for 7propter7 these deeds 7rs7 we ought to inflict punishment on him without delay4 #g4 ,the enemies of the republic do not always suffer punishment4 ,footnote #b3 ,english words in parentheses are not to be translated4 ,they are inserted to show what demonstratives should be used4 7,cf4 #bij47 ,footnote #c3 both 444 and1 et 444 et4 ,illustration3 ,,horatius ,,pontem ,,defendit #bie4 ,,how ,,horatius ,,held ,,the ,,bridge 7,continued7 ,altera urbis pars mrs1 altera flmine satis mnr vidbtur4 ,sed erat pns in flmine qu hostibus iter paene dedit4 ,tum ,hortius ,cocles1 fortis vir1 magn vce dxit1 8,rescindite pontem1 ,rmn6 ,brev tempore ,porsena in urbem cpis sus trdcet40 ,iam hosts in ponte erant1 sed ,hortius cum dubus 7cf4 #dgi7 comitibus ad extrmam pontis partem propervit1 et hi sli aciem hostium sustinurunt4 ,tum vr cvs ,rmn pontem terg rescindere incipiunt1 et hosts frstr ,hortium superre temptant4 ,,lesson ,,lii ,,the ,,indefinite ,,pronouns ,special ,vocabulary incolumis1 -e1 unharmed n 444 quidem1 adv41 not even4 ,the emphatic word stands between n and quidem nisi1 conj41 unless1 if 444 not paene1 adv41 almost 7pen-insula7 satis1 adv41 enough1 sufficiently 7satisfaction7 tantus1 -a1 -um1 so great vr1 adv41 truly1 indeed1 in fact4 ,as a conj4 but1 however1 usually stands second1 never first4 dcid1 dcidere1 dcid1 ----1 fall down 7deciduous7 dsili1 dsilre1 dsilu1 dsultus1 leap down1 dismount mane1 manre1 mns1 mnsrus1 remain trdc1 trdcere1 trdx1 trductus1 lead across #bif4 ,the indefinite pronouns are used to refer to some person or some thing1 without indicating which particular one is meant4 ,the pronouns quis and qu1 which we have learned in their interrogative and relative uses1 may also be indefinite2 and nearly all the other indefinite pronouns are compounds of quis or qu and declined almost like them4 ,review the declension of these words1 #bba1 #bbg4 #big4 ,learn the declension and meaning of the following indefinites3 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 quis quid1 some one1 any one 7substantive7 qu qua or quae quod1 some1 any 7adjective71 #dhc aliquis aliquid1 some one1 any one 7substantive71 #dhg aliqu aliqua aliquod1 some1 any 7adjective71 #dhg qudam quaedam quoddam1 quiddam1 a certain1 a certain one1 #dhe quisquam quicquam or quidquam 7no plural71 any one 7at all7 7substantive71 #dhf quisque quidque1 each one1 every one 7substantive71 #dhd quisque quaeque quodque1 each1 every 7adjective71 #dhd ,transcriber's ,note3 ,in the original text1 the combined forms 7masculine_/feminine7 were printed in the 8masculine0 column4 ,,note4 ,the meanings of the neuters1 something1 etc41 are easily inferred from the masculine and feminine4 a4 ,in the masculine and neuter singular of the indefinites1 quis-forms and quid-forms are mostly used as substantives1 qu-forms and quod-forms as adjectives4 b4 ,the indefinites quis and qu never stand first in a clause1 and are rare excepting after s1 nisi1 n1 num 7as1 s quis1 if any one2 s quid1 if anything2 nisi quis1 unless some one74 ,generally aliquis and aliqu are used instead4 c4 ,the forms qua and aliqua are both feminine nominative singular and neuter nominative plural of the indefinite adjectives qu and aliqu respectively4 ,how do these differ from the corresponding forms of the relative qu8 d4 ,observe that qudam 7qu -dam7 is declined like qu1 except that in the accusative singular and genitive plural m of qu becomes n 7cf4 #bhg4;a73 quendam1 quandam1 qurundam1 qurundam2 also that the neuter has quiddam 7substantive7 and quoddam 7adjective7 in the nominative and accusative singular4 ,qudam is the least indefinite of the indefinite pronouns1 and implies that you could name the person or thing referred to if you cared to do so4 e4 ,quisquam and quisque 7substantive7 are declined like quis4 f4 ,quisquam1 any one 7quicquam or quidquam1 anything71 is always used substantively and chiefly in negative sentences4 ,the corresponding adjective any is llus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh74 #bih4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bie4 ,i4 #a4 ,aliquis d ponte in flmen dcidit sed sine ll percul servtus est4 #b4 ,est vr in vt cuiusque hominis aliqua bona fortna4 #c4 ,n mlitum quidem#a quisquam in castrs mnsit4 #d4 ,s quem meae dom vids1 iub eum discdere4 #e4 ,s quis pontem tenet1 n tantus quidem exercitus capere urbem potest4 #f4 ,urbs nn satis mnta erat et merdi rx qudam paene cpis sus trns pontem trdxerat4 #g4 ,dnique mles qudam armtus in flucts dsiluit et incolumis ad alteram rpam oculs vertit4 #h4 ,quisque ill fort mlit aliquid dare dbet4 #i4 ,tanta vr virts ,rmns semper placuit4 #aj4 lim ,corinthus erat urbs satis magna et paene par ,rmae ips2 nunc vr moenia dcidrunt et pauca vestgia urbis illus reperr possunt4 #aa4 ,quisque lberttem amat1 et aliquibus vr nmen rgis est invsum4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,if you see a certain ,cornelius at ,corinth1 send him to me4 #b4 ,almost all the soldiers who fell down into the waves were unharmed4 #c4 ,not even at ,pompeii did ,i see so great a fire4 #d4 ,i myself was eager to tell something to some one4 #e4 ,each one was praising his own work4 #f4 ,did you see some one in the country8 ,i did not see any one4 #g4 ,unless some one will remain on the bridge with ,horatius1 the commonwealth will be in the greatest danger4 ,footnote #a3 ,observe that qudam and quidem are different words4 #bii4 ,,how ,,horatius ,,held ,,the ,,bridge 7,concluded7 ,mox1 ubi parva pars pontis mnsit1 ,hortius iussit comits discdere et slus mr cnstanti impetum illius ttius exercits sustinbat4 ,dnique magn fragre pns in flmen dcdit4 ,tum vr ,hortius tergum vertit et armtus in aqus dsiluit4 ,in eum hosts multa tla icrunt2 incolumis autem per flucts ad alteram rpam trnvit4 ,e propter tants rs gests populus ,rmnus nn slum alia magna praemia dedit sed etiam statuam ,horti in loc pblic posuit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sixth ,review1 ,lessons ,,xlv-,,lii1 #eba-ebc 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,liii ,,regular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives ,special ,vocabulary aquila1 -ae1 f41 eagle 7aquiline7 audx1 gen4 audcis1 adj41 bold1 audacious celer1 celeris1 celere1 swift1 quick 7celerity74 ,cf4 vlx explratr1 -ris1 m41 scout1 spy 7explorer7 ingns1 gen4 ingentis1 adj41 huge1 vast medius1 -a1 -um1 middle1 middle part of 7medium7 mns1 mentis 7-ium71 f41 mind 7mental74 ,cf4 animus opportnus1 -a1 -um1 opportune quam1 adv41 than4 ,with the superlative quam gives the force of as possible1 as quam audcissim vir1 men as bold as possible recens1 gen4 recentis1 adj41 recent tam1 adv41 so4 ,always with an adjective or adverb1 while ita is generally used with a verb quaer1 quaerere1 quaesv1 quaestus1 ask1 inquire1 seek 7question74 ,cf4 pet #cjj4 ,the quality denoted by an adjective may exist in either a higher or a lower degree1 and this is expressed by a form of inflection called comparison4 ,the mere presence of the quality is expressed by the positive degree1 its presence in a higher or lower degree by the comparative1 and in the highest or lowest of all by the superlative4 ,in ,english the usual way of comparing an adjective is by using the suffix -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative2 as1 positive high1 comparative higher1 superlative highest4 ,less frequently we use the adverbs more and most2 as1 positive beautiful1 comparative more beautiful1 superlative most beautiful4 ,in ,latin1 as in ,english1 adjectives are compared by adding suffixes or by using adverbs4 #cja4 ,adjectives are compared by using suffixes as follows3 ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative clrus1 -a1 -um clrior1 clrus clrissimus1 -a1 -um 7bright7 7brighter7 7brightest7 7,,base clr-7 brevis1 breve brevior1 brevius brevissimus1 -a1 -um 7short7 7shorter7 7shortest7 7,,base brev-7 vlx vlcior1 vlcius vlcissimus1 -a1 -um 7swift7 7swifter7 7swiftest7 7,,base veloc-7 a4 ,the comparative is formed from the base of the positive by adding -ior masc4 and fem41 and -ius neut42 the superlative by adding -issimus1 -issima1 -issimum4 #cjb4 ,less frequently adjectives are compared by using the adverbs magis1 more2 maxim1 most2 as1 idneus1 suitable2 magis idneus1 more suitable2 maxim idneus1 most suitable4 #cjc4 ,declension of the ,comparative4 ,adjectives of the comparative degree are declined as follows3 ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 clrior clrus clrirs clrira ,gen4 clriris clriris clrirum clrirum ,dat4 clrir clrir clriribus clriribus ,acc4 clrirem clrius clrirs clrira ,abl4 clrire clrire clriribus clriribus a4 ,observe that the endings are those of the consonant stems of the third declension4 b4 ,compare longus1 long2 fortis1 brave2 recns 7base1 recent-71 recent2 and decline the comparative of each4 #cjd4 ,adjectives in -er form the comparative regularly1 but the superlative is formed by adding -rimus1 -a1 -um to the nominative masculine of the positive2 as1 ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative cer1 cris1 cre crior1 crius cerrimus1 -a1 -um 7,,base acr-7 pulcher1 pulchra1 pulchrum pulchrior1 pulchrius pulcherrimus1 7,,base pulchr-7 -a1 -um lber1 lbera1 lberum lberior1 lberius lberrimus1 -a1 -um 7,,base lber-7 a4 ,in a similar manner compare miser1 aeger1 crber4 #cje4 ,the comparative is often translated by quite1 too1 or somewhat1 and the superlative by very2 as1 altior1 quite 7too1 somewhat7 high2 altissimus1 very high4 #cjf4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bif4 ,i4 #a4 ,quid explrtrs quaerbant8 ,explrtrs tempus opportnissimum itiner quaerbant4 #b4 ,medi in silv igns quam crberrims fcimus1 quod fers tam audcis numquam ante vdermus4 #c4 ,antqus temporibus ,germn erant fortirs quam ,gall4 #d4 ,caesar erat clrior quam inimc#a qu eum necvrunt4 #e4 ,quisque sctum ingns et plum longius gerbat4 #f4 ,apud barbars ,germn erant audcissim et fortissim4 #g4 ,mns hominum est celerior quam corpus4 #h4 ,vir aliqurum terrrum sunt miserrim4 #i4 ,corpora ,germnrum erant ingentira quam ,rmnrum4 #aj4 cerrim ,gallrum prncips sine ll mor trns flmen quoddam equs vlcissims trdxrunt4 #aa4 ,aestte dis sunt longirs quam hieme4 #ab4 ,impertor qudam ab explrtribus d recent advent nvium longrum quaesvit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,of all birds the eagle is the swiftest4 #b4 ,certain animals are swifter than the swiftest horse4 #c4 ,the ,roman name was most hateful to the enemies of the commonwealth4 #d4 ,the ,romans always inflicted the severest#b punishment on faithless allies4 #e4 ,i was quite ill1 and so ,i hastened from the city to the country4 #f4 ,marcus had some friends dearer than ,csar4#c #g4 ,did you not seek a more recent report concerning the battle8 #h4 ,not even after a victory so opportune did he seek the general's friendship4 ,footnote #a3 ,why is this word used instead of hosts8 ,footnote #b3 ,use the superlative of gravis4 ,footnote #c3 ,accusative4 ,in a comparison the noun after quam is in the same case as the one before it4 ,n4,b4 ,beginning at this point1 the selections for reading will be found near the end of the volume4 7,see p4 #aig47 ,,lesson ,,liv ,,irregular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives ,,the ,,ablative ,,with ,,comparatives ,,without ,,quam ,special ,vocabulary alacer1 alacris1 alacre1 eager1 spirited1 excited 7alacrity7 celerits1 -tis1 f41 speed 7celerity7 clmor1 clmris1 m41 shout1 clamor lnis1 lne1 mild1 gentle 7lenient7 mulier1 mulieris1 f41 woman multitd1 multitdinis1 f41 multitude nm1 dat4 nmin1 acc4 nminem 7gen4 nllus1 abl4 nll1 from nllus71 no plur41 m4 and f41 no one nbilis1 nbile1 well known1 noble noct1 adv4 7an old abl471 by night 7nocturnal7 statim1 adv41 immediately1 at once subit1 adv41 suddenly tardus1 -a1 -um1 slow 7tardy7 cupi1 cupere1 cupv1 cuptus1 desire1 wish 7cupidity7 #cjg4 ,the following six adjectives in -lis form the comparative regularly2 but the superlative is formed by adding -limus to the base of the positive4 ,learn the meanings and comparison4 ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative facilis1 -e1 easy facilior1 -ius facillimus1 -a1 -um difficilis1 -e1 hard difficilior1 -ius difficillimus1 -a1 -um similis1 -e1 like similior1 -ius simillimus1 -a1 -um dissimilis1 -e1 unlike dissimilior1 -ius dissimillimus1 -a1 -um gracilis1 -e1 slender gracilior1 -ius gracillimus1 -a1 -um humilis1 -e1 low humilior1 -ius humillimus1 -a1 -um #cjh4 ,from the knowledge gained in the preceding lesson we should translate the sentence ,nothing is brighter than the sun ,nihil est clrius quam sl ,but the ,romans1 especially in negative sentences1 often expressed the comparison in this way1 ,nihil est clrius sle which1 literally translated1 is ,nothing is brighter away from the sun2 that is1 starting from the sun as a standard1 nothing is brighter4 ,this relation is expressed by the separative ablative sle4 ,hence the rule #cji4 ,,rule4 ,ablative with ,comparatives4 ,the comparative degree1 if quam is omitted1 is followed by the separative ablative4 #caj4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bif4 ,i4 #a4 ,nm mlits alacrirs ,rmns vdit4 #b4 ,statim impertor iussit nntis quam celerrims litters ,rmam portre4 #c4 ,multa flmina sunt lnira ,rhn4 #d4 ,apud ,rmans quis erat clrior ,caesare8 #e4 ,nihil pulchrius urbe ,rm vd4 #f4 ,subit multitdo audacissima magn clamre proelium crius commsit4 #g4 ,num est equus tuus tardus8 ,nn vr tardus1 sed celerior aquil4 #h4 ,ubi ,romae fu1 nm erat mihi amicior ,sext4 #i4 ,quaedam muliers cibum mlitibus dare cupvrunt4 #aj4 ,rx vetuit cvis ex urbe noct discdere4 #aa4 ,ille puer est gracilior hc muliere4 #ab4 ,explrtor dus 7two7 vis1 alteram facilem1 alteram difficilirem1 dmnstrvit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,what city have you seen more beautiful than ,rome8 #b4 ,the ,gauls were not more eager than the ,germans4 #c4 ,the eagle is not slower than the horse4 #d4 ,the spirited woman did not fear to make the journey by night4 #e4 ,the mind of the multitude was quite gentle and friendly4 #f4 ,but the king's mind was very different4 #g4 ,the king was not like 7similar to7 his noble father4 #h4 ,these hills are lower than the huge mountains of our territory4 ,illustration3 ,,arma ,,romana ,,lesson ,,lv ,,irregular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives 7,continued7 ,special ,vocabulary aedificium1 aedific1 n41 building1 dwelling 7edifice7 imperium1 imper1 n41 command1 chief power2 empire mors1 mortis 7-ium71 f41 death 7mortal7 reliquus1 -a1 -um1 remaining1 rest of4 ,as a noun1 m4 and n4 plur41 the rest 7relic7 scelus1 sceleris1 n41 crime servits1 -tis1 f41 slavery 7servitude7 valls1 vallis 7-ium71 f41 valley abd1 abdere1 abdid1 abditus1 hide contend1 contendere1 contend1 contentus1 strain1 struggle2 hasten 7contend7 occd1 occdere1 occd1 occsus1 cut down1 kill4 ,cf4 nec1 interfici perterre1 perterrre1 perterru1 perterritus1 terrify1 frighten recipi1 recipere1 recp1 receptus1 receive1 recover2 s recipere1 betake one's self1 withdraw1 retreat trd1 trdere1 trdid1 trditus1 give over1 surrender1 deliver 7traitor7 #caa4 ,some adjectives in ,english have irregular comparison1 as good1 better1 best2 many1 more1 most4 ,so ,latin comparison presents some irregularities4 ,among the adjectives that are compared irregularly are ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative bonus1 -a1 -um1 good melior1 melius optimus1 -a1 -um magnus1 -a1 -um1 great maior1 maius maximus1 -a1 -um malus1 -a1 -um1 bad peior1 peius pessimus1 -a1 -um multus1 -a1 -um1 much ----1 pls plrimus1 -a1 -um mult1 -ae1 -a1 many plrs1 plra plrim1 -ae1 -a parvus1 -a1 -um1 small minor1 minus minimus1 -a1 -um #cab4 ,the following four adjectives have two superlatives4 ,unusual forms are placed in parentheses4 exterus1 -a1 -um1 7exterior1 -ius1 extrmus1 -a1 -um outward outer7 7extimus1 -a1 -um7 outermost1 last nferus1 -a1 -um1 nferior1 -ius1 nfimus1 -a1 -um low lower mus1 -a1 -um lowest posterus1 -a1 -um1 7posterior1 -ius1 postrmus1 -a1 -um next later7 7postumus1 -a1 -um7 last superus1 -a1 -um1 superior1 -ius suprmus1 -a1 -um above higher summus1 -a1 -um highest #cac4 ,pls1 more 7plural more1 many1 several71 is declined as follows3 ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 ---- pls plrs plra ,gen4 ---- plris plrium plrium ,dat4 ---- ---- plribus plribus ,acc4 ---- pls plrs1 -s plra ,abl4 ---- plre plribus plribus a4 ,in the singular pls is used only as a neuter substantive4 #cad4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bif4 ,i4 #a4 ,reliqu hosts1 qu dextr corn proelium commserant1 d superire loc fgrunt et ss in silvam maximam recprunt4 #b4 ,in extrm parte silvae castra hostium posita erant4 #c4 ,plrim captv ab equitibus ad ,caesarem duct sunt4 #d4 ,caesar vr iussit es in servittem trd4 #e4 ,poster di magna multitd mulierum ab ,rmns in valle m reperta est4 #f4 ,hae muliers maxim perterritae advent ,caesaris ss occdere studbant4 #g4 ,eae quoque plrs fbuls d exercits ,rmn sceleribus audverant4 #h4 ,fma illrum mlitum optima nn erat4 #i4 ,in barbarrum aedificis maior cpia frment reperta est4 #aj4 ,nm crbrs proelis contendere sine aliqu percul potest4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the remaining women fled from their dwellings and hid themselves4 #b4 ,they were terrified and did not wish to be captured and given over into slavery4 #c4 ,nothing can be worse than slavery4 #d4 ,slavery is worse than death4 #e4 ,in the ,roman empire a great many were killed because they refused to be slaves4 #f4 ,to surrender the fatherland is the worst crime4 ,,lesson ,,lvi ,,irregular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives 7,concluded7 ,,ablative ,,of ,,the ,,measure ,,of ,,difference ,special ,vocabulary aditus1 -s1 m41 approach1 access2 entrance cvits1 cvittis1 f41 citizenship2 body of citizens1 state 7city7 inter1 prep1 with acc41 between1 among 7interstate commerce7 nam1 conj41 for obses1 obsidis1 m4 and f41 hostage paul1 adv4 7abl4 n4 of paulus71 by a little1 somewhat incol1 incolere1 incolu1 ----1 transitive1 inhabit2 intransitive1 dwell4 ,cf4 habit1 vv relinqu1 relinquere1 relqu1 relictus1 leave1 abandon 7relinquish7 statu1 statuere1 statu1 stattus1 fix1 decide 7statute71 usually with infin4 #cae4 ,the following adjectives are irregular in the formation of the superlative and have no positive4 ,forms rarely used are in parentheses4 ,,comparative ,,superlative citerior1 hither 7citimus1 hithermost7 interior1 inner 7intimus1 inmost7 prior1 former prmus1 first propior1 nearer proximus1 next1 nearest ulterior1 further ultimus1 furthest #caf4 ,in the sentence ,galba is a head taller than ,sextus1 the phrase a head taller expresses the measure of difference in height between ,galba and ,sextus4 ,the ,latin form of expression would be ,galba is taller than ,sextus by a head4 ,this is clearly an ablative relation1 and the construction is called the ablative of the measure of difference4 ,,examples ,galba est altior capite quam ,sextus ,galba is a head taller 7taller by a head7 than ,sextus4 ,illud iter ad ,italiam est mult brevius ,that route to ,italy is much shorter 7shorter by much7 #cag4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of the ,measure of ,difference4 ,with comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference4 a4 ,especially common in this construction are the neuter ablatives e1 by this1 by that nihil1#a by nothing hc1 by this paul1 by a little mult1 by much ,footnote #a3 nihil was originally nihilum and declined like plum4 ,there is no plural4 #cah4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #big4 ,i4 #a4 ,barbar proelium committere staturunt e magis quod ,rmn nfrm esse vidbantur4 #b4 ,meum cnsilium est mult melius quam tuum quia mult facilius est4 #c4 ,haec via est mult ltior quam illa4 #d4 ,barbar erant nihil tardirs quam ,rmn4 #e4 ,tuus equus est paul celerior quam meus4 #f4 ,i qu paul fortirs erant prohiburunt reliqus aditum relinquere4 #g4 ,inter ills cvitts ,germnia mlits habet optims4 #h4 ,propior via quae per hanc vallem dcit est inter portum et lacum4 #i4 ,serv1 qu agrs citerirs incolbant1 prirs domins relinquere nn cupvrunt1 quod es ambant4 #aj4 ,ultimae ,germniae parts numquam in fidem ,rmnrum vnrunt4 #aa4 ,nam trns ,rhnum aditus erat mult difficilior exercitu ,rmn4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,another way much more difficult 7more difficult by much7 was left through hither ,gaul4 #b4 ,in ancient times no state was stronger than the ,roman empire4 #c4 ,the states of further ,gaul did not wish to give hostages to ,csar4 #d4 ,slavery is no better 7better by nothing7 than death4 #e4 ,the best citizens are not loved by the worst4 #f4 ,the active enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest forest1 for they were terrified by ,csar's recent victories4 ,,lesson ,,lvii ,,formation ,,and ,,comparison ,,of ,,adverbs ,special ,vocabulary aequus1 -a1 -um1 even1 level2 equal cohors1 cohortis 7-ium71 f41 cohort1 a tenth part of a legion1 about #cfj men curr1 currere1 cucurr1 cursus1 run 7course7 difficults1 -tis1 f41 difficulty fossa1 -ae1 f41 ditch 7fosse7 gns1 gentis 7-ium71 f41 race1 tribe1 nation 7,gentile7 negtium1 negt1 n41 business1 affair1 matter 7negotiate7 regi1 -nis1 f41 region1 district rmor1 rmris1 m41 rumor1 report4 ,cf4 fma simul atque1 conj41 as soon as suscipi1 suscipere1 suscp1 susceptus1 undertake trah1 trahere1 trx1 trctus1 drag1 draw 7ex-tract7 vale1 valre1 valu1 valitrus1 be strong2 plrimum valre1 to be most powerful1 have great influence 7value74 ,cf4 validus #cai4 ,adverbs are generally derived from adjectives1 as in ,english 7e4g4 adj4 sweet1 adv4 sweetly74 ,like adjectives1 they can be compared2 but they have no declension4 #cbj4 ,adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second declensions are formed and compared as follows3 ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative ,adj4 crus1 dear crior crissimus ,adv4 cr1 dearly crius crissim ,adj4 pulcher1 beautiful pulchrior pulcherrimus ,adv4 pulchr1 beautifully pulchrius pulcherrim ,adj4 lber1 free lberior lberrimus ,adv4 lber1 freely lberius lberrim a4 ,the positive of the adverb is formed by adding - to the base of the positive of the adjective4 ,the superlative of the adverb is formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way4 b4 ,the comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative singular of the comparative of the adjective4 #cba4 ,adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are formed like those described above in the comparative and superlative4 ,the positive is usually formed by adding -iter to the base of adjectives of three endings or of two endings1 and -ter to the base of those of one ending2#a as1 ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative ,adj4 fortis1 brave fortior fortissimus ,adv4 fortiter1 bravely fortius fortissim ,adj4 audx1 bold audcior audcissimus ,adv4 audcter1 boldly audcius audcissim ,footnote #a3 ,this is a good working rule1 though there are some exceptions to it4 #cbb4 ,case ,forms as ,adverbs4 ,as we learned above1 the neuter accusative of comparatives is used adverbially4 ,so in the positive or superlative some adjectives1 instead of following the usual formation1 use the accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially2 as1 ,adj4 facilis1 easy prmus1 first ,adv4 facile 7acc471 easily prmum 7acc471 first prm 7abl471 at first ,adj4 multus1 many plrimus1 most ,adv4 multum 7acc471 much plrimum 7acc471 most mult 7abl471 by much #cbc4 ,learn the following irregular comparisons3 bene1 well melius1 better optim1 best di1 long 7time7 ditius1 longer ditissim1 longest magnopere1 greatly magis1 more maxim1 most parum1 little minus1 less minim1 least prope1 nearly1 near propius1 nearer proxim1 nearest saepe1 often saepius1 oftener saepissim1 oftenest #cbd4 ,form adverbs from the following adjectives1 using the regular rules1 and compare them3 laetus1 superbus1 molestus1 amcus1 cer1 brevis1 gravis1 recns4 #cbe4 ,,rule4 ,adverbs4 ,adverbs modify verbs1 adjectives1 and other adverbs4 #cbf4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #big4 ,i4 #a4 ,nlla rs melius gesta est quam proelium illud#b ubi ,marius mult minre exercit mult mairs cpis ,germnrum in fugam dedit4 #b4 ,audcter in ,rmnrum cohorts hosts impets fcrunt #c4 ,marius autem omns hs fortissim sustinuit4 #d4 ,barbar nihil fortirs erant quam ,rmn4 #e4 ,prm barbar esse superirs vidbantur1 tum ,rmn crius contendrunt4 #f4 ,dnique1 ubi iam ditissim paene aequ proeli pugntum est1 barbar fugam petirunt4 #g4 ,quaedam ,germnrum gents1 simul atque rmrem illus calamittis audvrunt1 ss in ultims reginibus fnium surum abdidrunt4 #h4 ,rmn saepius quam hosts vcrunt1 quod melira arma habbant4 #i4 ,inter omns gents ,rmn plrimum valbant4 #aj4 ,hae cohorts simul atque in aequirem reginem s recprunt1 castra sine ll difficultte posurunt4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,some nations are easily overcome by their enemies4 #b4 ,germany is much larger than ,gaul4 #c4 ,were not the ,romans the most powerful among the tribes of ,italy8 #d4 ,on account of 7his7 wounds the soldier dragged his body from the ditch with the greatest difficulty4 #e4 ,he was able neither to run nor to fight4 #f4 ,who saved him8 ,a certain horseman boldly undertook the matter4 #g4 ,the rumors concerning the soldier's death were not true4 ,footnote #b3 ille standing after its noun means that well-known1 that famous4 ,,lesson ,,lviii ,,numerals ,,the ,,partitive ,,genitive ,special ,vocabulary commetus1 -s1 m44 provisions ltitd1 -inis1 f41 width 7latitude7 longitd1 -inis1 f41 length 7longitude7 magnitd1 -inis1 f41 size1 magnitude merctor1 merctris1 m41 trader1 merchant mnti1 -nis1 f41 fortification 7munition7 spatium1 spat1 n41 room1 space1 distance2 time cognsc1 cognscere1 cognv1 cognitus1 learn2 in the perfect tenses1 know 7re-cognize7 cg1 cgere1 cog1 coctus1 collect2 compel 7cogent7 dfend1 dfendere1 dfend1 dfnsus1 defend incend1 incendere1 incend1 incnsus1 set fire to1 burn 7incendiary74 ,cf4 crem obtine1 obtinre1 obtinu1 obtentus1 possess1 occupy1 hold 7obtain7 perveni1 pervenre1 pervn1 perventus1 come through1 arrive #cbg4 ,the ,latin numeral adjectives may be classified as follows3 #a4 ,cardinal ,numerals1 answering the question how many8 as1 nus1 one2 duo1 two2 etc4 #b4 ,ordinal ,numerals1 derived in most cases from the cardinals and answering the question in what order8 as1 prmus1 first2 secundus1 second2 etc4 #c4 ,distributive ,numerals1 answering the question how many at a time8 as1 singul1 one at a time4 #cbh4 ,the ,cardinal ,numerals4 ,the first twenty of the cardinals are as follows3 #a1 nus #f1 sex #aa1 ndecim #af1 sdecim #b1 duo #g1 septem #ab1 duodecim #ag1 septendecim #c1 trs #h1 oct #ac1 tredecim #ah1 duodvgint #d1 quattuor #i1 novem #ad1 quattuordecim #ai1 ndvgint #e1 qunque #aj1 decem #ae1 qundecim #bj1 vgint a4 ,learn also centum #ajj1 ducent #bjj1 mlle #ajjj4 #cbi4 ,declension of the ,cardinals4 ,of the cardinals only nus1 duo1 trs1 the hundreds above one hundred1 and mlle used as a noun1 are declinable4 a4 nus is one of the nine irregular adjectives1 and is declined like nllus 7cf4 #aji1 #dgj74 ,the plural of nus is used to agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning1 as1 na castra1 one camp2 and with other nouns in the sense of only1 as1 ,gall n1 only the ,gauls4 b4 ,learn the declension of duo1 two2 trs1 three2 and mlle1 a thousand4 7#dgi47 c4 ,the hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of bonus2 as1 ducent1 -ae1 -a ducentrum1 -rum1 -rum etc4 etc4 etc4 #ccj4 ,we have already become familiar with sentences like the following3 ,omnium avium aquila est vlcissima ,of all birds the eagle is the swiftest ,hoc rculum erat omnium clrissimum ,this oracle was the most famous of all ,in such sentences the genitive denotes the whole1 and the word it modifies denotes a part of that whole4 ,such a genitive1 denoting the whole of which a part is taken1 is called a partitive genitive4 #cca4 ,,rule4 ,partitive ,genitive4 ,words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole1 known as the partitive genitive4 a4 ,words denoting a part are especially pronouns1 numerals1 and other adjectives4 ,but cardinal numbers excepting mlle regularly take the ablative with ex or d instead of the partitive genitive4 b4 ,mlle1 a thousand1 in the singular is usually an indeclinable adjective 7as1 mlle mlits1 a thousand soldiers71 but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the partitive genitive 7as1 decem mlia mlitum1 ten thousand soldiers74 ,,examples3 ,fortissim hrum sunt ,germn ,the bravest of these are the ,germans ,decem mlia hostium interfecta sunt ,ten thousand 7lit4 thousands7 of the enemy were slain na ex captvs erat soror rgis ,one of the captives was the king's sister #ccb4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #big4 ,i4 #a4 ,caesar maximam partem aedificirum incendit4 #b4 ,magna pars mntinis aqu flminis dlta est4 #c4 ,gall huius reginis qunque mlia hominum cogerant4 #d4 ,duo ex mes frtribus eundem rmrem audvrunt4 #e4 ,quis ,rmnrum erat clarior ,caesare8 #f4 ,qunque cohorts ex ill legine castra quam fortissim dfendbant4 #g4 ,hic locus aberat aequ spati#a ab castrs ,caesaris et castrs ,germnrum4 #h4 ,caesar simul atque pervnit1 pls commets ab socis postulvit4 #i4 ,nnne merctrs magnitdinem nsulae cognverant8 ,longitdinem sed nn ltitdinem cognverant4 #aj4 ,pauc hostium obtinbant collem quem explrtrs nostr vdrunt4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,i have two brothers1 and one of them lives at ,rome4 #b4 ,csar stormed that very town with three legions4 #c4 ,in one hour he destroyed a great part of the fortification4 #d4 ,when the enemy could no longer#b defend the gates1 they retreated to a hill which was not far distant4#c #e4 ,there three thousand of them bravely resisted the ,romans4#d ,footnote #a3 ,ablative of the measure of difference4 ,footnote #b3 ,not longius4 ,why8 ,footnote #c3 ,latin1 was distant by a small space4 ,footnote #d3 ,not the accusative4 ,,lesson ,,lix ,,numerals 7,continued7 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,extent ,special ,vocabulary agmen1 agminis1 n41 line of march1 column2 prmum agmen1 the van2 novissimum agmen1 the rear atque1 ac1 conj41 and2 atque is used before vowels and consonants1 ac before consonants only4 ,cf4 et and -que concilium1 concil1 n41 council1 assembly ,helvti1 -rum1 m41 the ,helvetii1 a ,gallic tribe passus1 passs1 m41 a pace1 five ,roman feet2 mlle passuum1 a thousand 7of7 paces1 a ,roman mile qu d caus1 for this reason1 for what reason vllum1 -1 n41 earth-works1 rampart cad1 cadere1 cecid1 csrus1 fall 7decadence7 dd1 ddere1 ddid1 dditus1 surrender1 give up2 with a reflexive pronoun1 surrender one's self1 submit1 with the dative of the indirect object prem1 premere1 press1 pressus1 press hard1 harass vex1 vexre1 vexv1 vextus1 annoy1 ravage 7vex7 #ccc4 ,learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals 7#dgh74 ,the ordinals are all declined like bonus4 #ccd4 ,the distributive numerals are declined like the plural of bonus4 ,the first three are singul1 -ae1 -a1 one each1 one by one bn1 -ae1 -a1 two each1 two by two tern1 -ae1 -a1 three each1 three by three #cce4 ,we have learned that1 besides its use as object1 the accusative is used to express space relations not covered by the ablative4 ,we have had such expressions as per plrims anns1 for a great many years2 per ttum diem1 for a whole day4 ,here the space relation is one of extent of time4 ,we could also say per decem peds1 for ten feet1 where the space relation is one of extent of space4 ,while this is correct ,latin1 the usual form is to use the accusative with no preposition1 as1 ,vir ttum diem cucurrit1 the man ran for a whole day ,caesar mrum decem peds mvit1 ,csar moved the wall ten feet #ccf4 ,,rule4 ,accusative of ,extent4 ,duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative4 a4 ,this accusative answers the questions how long8 how far8 b4 ,distinguish carefully between the accusative of time how long and the ablative of time when1 or within which4 ,select the accusatives of time and space and the ablatives of time in the following3 ,when did the general arrive8 ,he arrived at two o'clock4 ,how long had he been marching8 ,for four days4 ,how far did he march8 ,he marched sixty-five miles4 ,where has he pitched his camp8 ,three miles from the river1 and he will remain there several days4 ,the wall around the camp is ten feet high4 ,when did the war begin8 ,in the first year after the king's death4 #ccg4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bih4 ,i4 ,csar in ,gaul4 ,caesar bellum in ,gallia septem anns gessit4 ,prm ann ,helvtis vcit1 et edem ann multae ,germanrum gents e ss ddidrunt4 ,mults iam anns ,germn ,galls vexabant#a et ducs ,germn cpis sus trns ,rhnum saepe trdcbant4#a ,nn singul venibant1 sed multa milia hominum in ,galliam contendbant4 ,qu d caus prncips ,galliae concilium convocvrunt atque staturunt legates ad ,caesarem mittere4 ,caesar1 simul atque hunc rmrem audvit1 cpis sus sine mor cogit4 ,prim lce fortiter cum ,germans proelium commsit4 ,ttum diem criter pugntum est4 ,caesar ipse dextr corn acicm dxit4 ,magna pars exercits ,germn cecidit4 ,post magnam caedem pauc multa milia passuum ad flmen fgrunt4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,csar pitched camp two miles from the river4 #b4 ,he fortified the camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high4 #c4 ,the camp of the enemy was a great way off 7was distant by a great space74 #d4 ,on the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours4 #e4 ,suddenly the enemy with all their forces made an attack upon 7in with acc47 the rear4 #f4 ,for two hours the ,romans were hard pressed by the barbarians4 #g4 ,in three hours the barbarians were fleeing4 ,footnote #a3 ,translate as if pluperfect4 ,,lesson ,,lx ,,deponent ,,verbs ,special ,vocabulary aut1 conj41 or2 aut 444 aut1 either 444 or caus1 abl4 of causa1 for the sake of1 because of4 ,always stands after the gen4 which modifies it fer1 adv41 nearly1 almost opni1 -nis1 f41 opinion1 supposition1 expectation rs frmentria1 re frmentriae1 f4 7lit4 the grain affair71 grain supply timor1 -ris1 m41 fear4 ,cf4 time undique1 adv41 from all sides cnor1 cnr1 cntus sum1 attempt1 try gredior1 gred1 gressus sum1 move out1 disembark2 prgredior1 move forward1 advance 7egress1 progress7 moror1 morr1 mortus sum1 delay orior1 orir1 ortus sum1 arise1 spring2 begin2 be born 7from7 7origin7 proficscor1 proficsc1 profectus sum1 set out revertor1 revert1 reversus sum1 return 7revert74 ,the forms of this verb are usually active1 and not deponent1 in the perfect system4 ,perf4 act41 revert sequor1 sequ1 sectus sum1 follow 7sequence74 ,note the following compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes3 cnsequor 7follow with71 overtake2 nsequor 7follow against71 pursue2 subsequor 7follow under71 follow close after #cch4 ,a number of verbs are passive in form but active in meaning2 as1 hortor1 ,i encourage2 vereor1 ,i fear4 ,such verbs are called deponent because they have laid aside 7d-pnere1 to lay aside7 the active forms4 a4 ,besides having all the forms of the passive1 deponent verbs have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms which will be noted later4 7,sec#cge1 #djc4;b47 #cci4 ,the principal parts of deponents are of course passive in form1 as1 ,conj4 ,i hortor1 hortr1 horttus sum1 encourage ,conj4 ,,ii vereor1 verr1 veritus sum1 fear ,conj4 ,,iii 7a7 sequor1 sequ1 sectus sum1 follow 7b7 patior1 pat1 passus sum1 suffer1 allow ,conj4 ,,iv partior1 partr1 parttus sum1 share1 divide ,learn the synopses of these verbs4 7,see #dic47 ,patior is conjugated like the passive of capi 7#dib74 #cdj4 ,,prepositions ,,with ,,the ,,accusative ,the prepositions with the accusative that occur most frequently are ante1 before apud1 among circum1 around contr1 against1 contrary to extr1 outside of in1 into1 in1 against1 upon inter1 between1 among intr1 within ob1 on account of 7quam ob rem1 wherefore1 therefore7 per1 through1 by means of post1 after1 behind propter1 on account of1 because of trns1 across1 over a4 ,most of these you have had before4 ,review the old ones and learn the new ones4 ,review the list of prepositions governing the ablative1 #bji4 #cda4 ,,exercises ,first learn the special vocabulary1 p4 #bih4 ,i4 #a4 ,trs ex lgts1 contr ,caesaris opninem1 iter facere per hostium fns verbantur4 #b4 ,quis es horttus est8 ,impertor es horttus est et is persudre cntus est1 sed nn potuit4 #c4 ,quid lgts perterruit8 ,aut timor hostium1 qu undique prembant1 aut longitd viae es perterruit4 #d4 ,tamen omns fer ,caesarem mult magis quam hosts verit sunt4 #e4 ,fortissimae gents ,galliae ex ,germns oribantur4 #f4 ,quam ob rem tam forts erant8 ,quia nec vnum nec alia quae virttem dlent ad s portr patibantur4 #g4 ,caesar ex merctribus d nsul ,britanni quaesvit1 sed nihil cognscere potuit4 #h4 ,itaque ipse statuit hanc terram petere1 et medi fer aestte cum mults nvibus longs profectus est4 #i4 ,magn celeritte iter confcit et in opportnissim loc gressus est4 #aj4 ,barbar summs vribus eum ab nsul prohibre cnt sunt4 #aa4 ,ille autem barbars multa mlia passuum nsectus est2 tamen sine equitt es cnsequ nn potuit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,contrary to our expectation1 the enemy fled and the cavalry followed close after them4 #b4 ,from all parts of the multitude the shouts arose of those who were being wounded4 #c4 ,csar did not allow the cavalry to pursue too far4#a #d4 ,the cavalry set out at the first hour and was returning#b to camp at the fourth hour4 #e4 ,around the ,roman camp was a rampart twelve feet high4 #f4 ,csar will delay three days because of the grain supply4 #g4 ,nearly all the lieutenants feared the enemy and attempted to delay the march4 ,footnote #a3 ,comparative of long4 ,footnote #b3 ,will this be a deponent or an active form8 99 99 99 99 99 ,seventh ,review1 ,lessons ,,liii-,,lx1 #ebd-ebf 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration ,,part ,,iii ,,constructions ,,introductory ,,note ,the preceding part of this book has been concerned chiefly with forms and vocabulary4 ,there remain still to be learned the forms of the ,subjunctive ,mood1 the ,participles1 and the ,gerund of the regular verb1 and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs4 ,these will be taken up in connection with the study of constructions1 which will be the chief subject of our future work4 ,the special vocabularies of the preceding lessons contain1 exclusive of proper names1 about six hundred words4 ,as these are among the commonest words in the language1 they must be mastered4 ,they properly form the basis of the study of words1 and will be reviewed and used with but few additions in the remaining lessons4 ,for practice in reading and to illustrate the constructions presented1 a continued story has been prepared and may be begun at this point 7see p4 #bjd74 ,it has been divided into chapters of convenient length to accompany progress through the lessons1 but may be read with equal profit after the lessons are finished4 ,the story gives an account of the life and adventures of ,publius ,cornelius ,lentulus1 a ,roman boy1 who fought in ,csar's campaigns and shared in his triumph4 ,the colored plates illustrating the story are faithful representations of ancient life and are deserving of careful study4 ,,lesson ,,lxi ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,mood #cdb4 ,in addition to the indicative1 imperative1 and infinitive moods1 which you have learned1 ,latin has a fourth mood called the subjunctive4 ,the tenses of the subjunctive are ,,present ,,imperfect ,,active ,,and ,,passive ,,perfect ,,pluperfect #cdc4 ,the tenses of the subjunctive have the same time values as the corresponding tenses of the indicative1 and1 in addition1 each of them may refer to future time4 ,no meanings of the tenses will be given in the paradigms1 as the translation varies with the construction used4 #cdd4 ,the present subjunctive is inflected as follows3 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,active ,,voice ,,singular #a4 amem moneam regam capiam audiam #b4 ams mones regs capis audis #c4 amet moneat regat capiat audiat ,,plural #a4 ammus monemus regmus capimus audimus #b4 amtis monetis regtis capitis auditis #c4 ament moneant regant capiant audiant ,,passive ,,voice ,,singular #a4 amer monear regar capiar audiar #b4 amris moneris regris capiris audiris 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 #c4 amtur monetur regtur capitur auditur ,,plural #a4 ammur monemur regmur capimur audimur #b4 ammin monemin regmin capimin audimin #c4 amentur moneantur regantur capiantur audiantur a4 ,the present subjunctive is formed from the present stem4 b4 ,the mood sign of the present subjunctive is -- in the first conjugation and -- in the others4 ,it is shortened in the usual places 7cf4 #ab71 and takes the place of the final vowel of the stem in the first and third conjugations1 but not in the second and fourth4 c4 ,the personal endings are the same as in the indicative4 d4 ,in a similar way inflect the present subjunctive of cr1 iube1 sm1 iaci1 mni4 #cde4 ,the present subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected as follows3 #a4 sim #a4 smus ,,sing4 #b4 ss ,,plural #b4 stis #c4 sit #c4 sint #cdf4 ,the ,indicative and ,subjunctive ,compared4 #a4 ,the two most important of the finite moods are the indicative and the subjunctive4 ,the indicative deals with facts either real or assumed4 ,if1 then1 we wish to assert something as a fact or to inquire after a fact1 we use the indicative4 #b4 ,on the other hand1 if we wish to express a desire or wish1 a purpose1 a possibility1 an expectation1 or some such notion1 we must use the subjunctive4 ,the following sentences illustrate the difference between the indicative and the subjunctive ideas4 ,,indicative ,,ideas ,,subjunctive ,,ideas #a4 ,he is brave #a4 ,may he be brave ,fortis est ,fortis sit 7idea of wishing7 #b4 ,we set out at once #b4 ,let us set out at once ,statim proficscimur ,statim proficscmur 7idea of willing7 #c4 ,you hear him every day #c4 ,you can hear him every day ,cotdi eum auds ,cotdi eum audis 7idea of possibility7 #d4 ,he remained until the ship #d4 ,he waited until the ship arrived should arrive ,mnsit dum nvis pervnit ,exspectvit dum nvis pervenret#a 7idea of expectation7 #e4 ,csar sends men who find the #e4 ,csar sends men bridge who are to find 7or to find7 the bridge ,caesar mittit homins qu ,caesar homins mittit qu pontem reperiunt pontem reperiant 7idea of purpose7 ,footnote #a3 pervenret1 imperfect subjunctive4 ,,note4 ,from the sentences above we observe that the subjunctive may be used in either independent or dependent clauses2 but it is far more common in the latter than in the former4 #cdg4 ,,exercise ,which verbs in the following paragraph would be in the indicative and which in the subjunctive in a ,latin translation8 ,there have been times in the history of our country when you might be proud of being an ,american citizen4 ,do you remember the day when ,dewey sailed into ,manila ,bay to capture or destroy the enemy's fleet8 ,you might have seen the admiral standing on the bridge calmly giving his orders4 ,he did not even wait until the mines should be removed from the harbor's mouth1 but sailed in at once4 ,let us not despair of our country while such valor exists1 and may the future add new glories to the past4 ,,lesson ,,lxii ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,of ,,purpose #cdh4 ,observe the sentence ,caesar homins mittit qu pontem reperiant1 ,csar sends men to find the bridge ,the verb reperiant in the dependent clause is in the subjunctive because it tells us what ,csar wants the men to do2 in other words1 it expresses his will and the purpose in his mind4 ,such a use of the subjunctive is called the subjunctive of purpose4 #cdi4 ,,rule4 ,subjunctive of ,purpose4 ,the subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause4 #cej4 ,a clause of purpose is introduced as follows3 ,i4 ,if something is wanted1 by qu1 the relative pronoun 7as above7 ut1 conj41 in order that1 that qu 7abl4 of qu1 by which71 in order that1 that1 used when the purpose clause contains a comparative4 ,the ablative qu expresses the measure of difference4 7,cf4 #cag47 ,,ii4 ,if something is not wanted1 by n1 conj41 in order that not1 that not1 lest #cea4 ,,examples #a4 ,caesar cpis cgit quibus hosts nsequtur ,csar collects troops with which to pursue the foe #b4 ,pcem petunt ut domum revertantur ,they ask for peace in order that they may return home #c4 ,pontem faciunt qu facilius oppidum capiant ,they build a bridge that they may take the town more easily 7lit4 by which the more easily7 #d4 ,fugiunt n vulnerentur ,they flee that they may not 7or lest they7 be wounded #ceb4 ,expression of ,purpose in ,english4 ,in ,english1 purpose clauses are sometimes introduced by that or in order that1 but much more frequently purpose is expressed in ,english by the infinitive1 as ,we eat to live1 ,she stoops to conquer4 ,in ,latin prose1 on the other hand1 purpose is never expressed by the infinitive4 ,be on your guard and do not let the ,english idiom betray you into this error4 #cec4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,veniunt ut dcant1 mittant1 videant1 audiant1 dcantur1 mittantur1 videantur1 audiantur4 #b4 ,fugimus n capimur1 trdmur1 videmus1 necmur1 rapimur1 resistmus4 #c4 ,mittit nntis qu dicant1 audiant1 veniant1 nrrent1 audiantur1 in concili sedeant4 #d4 ,castra mniunt ss dfendant1 impetum sustineant1 qu facilius hosts vincant1 saltem petant4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the ,helvetii send ambassadors to seek#a peace4 #b4 ,they are setting out at daybreak in order that they may make a longer march before night4 #c4 ,they will hide the women in the forest 7acc4 with in7 that they may not be captured4 #d4 ,the ,gauls wage many wars to free#a their fatherland from slavery4 #e4 ,they will resist the ,romans#b bravely lest they be destroyed4 ,footnote #a3 ,not infinitive4 ,footnote #b3 ,not accusative4 ,,lesson ,,lxiii ,,inflection ,,of ,,the ,,imperfect ,,subjunctive ,,the ,,sequence ,,of ,,tenses #ced4 ,the imperfect subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal endings to the present active infinitive4 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,active #a4 amrem monrem regerem caperem audrem #b4 amrs monrs regers capers audrs #c4 amret monret regeret caperet audret #a4 amrmus monrmus regermus capermus audrmus #b4 amrtis monrtis regertis capertis audrtis #c4 amrent monrent regerent caperent audrent ,,passive #a4 amrer monrer regerer caperer audrer #b4 amrris monrris regerris caperris audrris 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 7-re7 #c4 amrtur monrtur regertur capertur audrtur #a4 amrmur monrmur regermur capermur audrmur #b4 amrmin monrmin regermin capermin audrmin #c4 amrentur monrentur regerentur caperentur audrentur a4 ,in a similar way inflect the imperfect subjunctive1 active and passive1 of cr1 iube1 sm1 iaci1 mni4 #cee4 ,the imperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum is inflected as follows3 #a4 essem #a4 essmus ,,sing4 #b4 esss ,,plural #b4 esstis #c4 esset #c4 essent #cef4 ,the three great distinctions of time are present1 past1 and future4 ,all tenses referring to present or future time are called primary tenses1 and those referring to past time are called secondary tenses4 ,now it is a very common law of language that in a complex sentence the tense in the dependent clause should be of the same kind as the tense in the principal clause4 ,in the sentence ,he says that he is coming1 the principal verb1 says1 is present1 that is1 is in a primary tense2 and is coming1 in the dependent clause1 is naturally also primary4 ,if ,i change he says to he said1--in other words1 if ,i make the principal verb secondary in character1--,i feel it natural to change the verb in the dependent clause also1 and ,i say1 ,he said that he was coming4 ,this following of a tense by another of the same kind is called tense sequence1 from sequ1 8to follow40 ,in ,latin the law of tense sequence is obeyed with considerable regularity1 especially when an indicative in the principal clause is followed by a subjunctive in the dependent clause4 ,then a primary tense of the indicative is followed by a primary tense of the subjunctive1 and a secondary tense of the indicative is followed by a secondary tense of the subjunctive4 ,learn the following table3 #ceg4 ,,table ,,for ,,sequence ,,of ,,tenses ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,principal ,,verb ,,dependent ,,verbs ,,in ,,the ,,subjunctive ,p ,,in ,,the ---------------------------------------- -- ,r ,,indicative ,incomplete or ,completed ,action ,i ,continuing ,action ,m ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,a ,present ,r ,future ,present ,perfect ,t ,future perfect ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,s ,d ,e ,a ,imperfect ,c ,r ,perfect ,imperfect ,pluperfect ,o ,y ,pluperfect ,n- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ceh4 ,,rule4 ,sequence of ,tenses4 ,primary tenses are followed by primary tenses and secondary by secondary4 #cei4 ,,examples ,i4 ,primary tenses in principal and dependent clauses3 ,mittit ,mittet homins ut agrs vstent ,mserit sends that they may ,he will send men in order to will have sent to lay waste the fields ,,ii4 ,secondary tenses in principal and dependent clauses3 ,mittbat ,msit homins ut agrs vstrent ,mserat was sending that they might ,he sent or has sent men in order to had sent to lay waste the fields #cfj4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,vnerant ut dcerent1 mitterent1 vidrent1 audrent1 dcerentur1 mitterentur1 vidrentur1 audirentur #b4 ,fugibat n capertur1 trdertur1 vidrtur1 necrtur1 rapertur1 resisteret4 #c4 ,misit nntis qu dcerent1 audrent1 venrent nrrrent1 audrentur1 in concili sedrent4 #d4 ,castra mnvrunt ss dfenderent1 impetum sustinrent1 qu facilius hosts vincerent1 saltem peterent4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,csar encouraged the soldiers in order that they might fight more bravely4 #b4 ,the ,helvetii left their homes to wage war4 #c4 ,the scouts set out at once lest they should be captured by the ,germans4 #d4 ,csar inflicted punishment on them in order that the others might be more terrified4 #e4 ,he sent messengers to ,rome to announce the victory4 ,,lesson ,,lxiv ,,the ,,perfect ,,and ,,pluperfect ,,subjunctive ,,substantive ,,clauses ,,of ,,purpose #cfa4 ,the perfect and the pluperfect subjunctive active are inflected as follows3 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,perfect ,,subjunctive ,,active ,,singular #a4 amverim monuerim rxerim cperim audverim #b4 amveris monueris rxeris cperis audveris #c4 amverit monuerit rxerit cperit audverit ,,plural #a4 amverimus monuerimus rxerimus cperimus audverimus #b4 amveritis monueritis rxeritis cperitis audveritis #c4 amverint monuerint rxerint cperint audverint ,,pluperfect ,,subjunctive ,,active ,,singular #a4 amvissem monuissem rxissem cpissem audvissem #b4 amvisss monuisss rxisss cpisss audvisss #c4 amvisset monuisset rxisset cpisset audvisset ,,plural #a4 amvissmus monuissmus rxissmus cpissmus audvissmus #b4 amvisstis monuisstis rxisstis cpisstis audvisstis #c4 amvissent monuissent rxissent cpissent audvissent a4 ,observe that these two tenses1 like the corresponding ones in the indicative1 are formed from the perfect stem4 b4 ,observe that the perfect subjunctive active is like the future perfect indicative active1 excepting that the first person singular ends in -m and not in -4 c4 ,observe that the pluperfect subjunctive active may be formed by adding -issem1 -isss1 etc4 to the perfect stem4 d4 ,in a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive active of cr1 iube1 sm1 iaci1 mni4 #cfb4 ,the passive of the perfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with sim1 the present subjunctive of sum4 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,perfect ,,subjunctive ,,passive ,,singular #a4 amtus sim monitus sim rctus sim captus sim audtus sim #b4 amtus ss monitus ss rctus ss captus ss audtus ss #c4 amtus sit monitus sit rctus sit captus sit audtus sit ,,plural #a4 amt smus monit s4 rct s4 capt s4 audt s4 #b4 amt stis monit s4 rct s4 capt s4 audt s4 #c4 amt sint monit sint rct sint capt sint audt sint #cfc4 ,the passive of the pluperfect subjunctive is formed by combining the perfect passive participle with essem1 the imperfect subjunctive of sum4 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,pluperfect ,,subjunctive ,,passive ,,singular #a4 amtus essem monitus essem rctus essem captus e4 audtus e4 #b4 amtus esss monitus esss rctus esss captus e4 audtus e4 #c4 amtus esset monitus esset rctus esset captus e4 audtus e4 ,,plural #a4 amt essmus monit essmus rct essmus capt e4 audt e4 #b4 amt esstis monit esstis rct esstis capt e4 audt e4 #c4 amt essent monit essent rct essent capt e4 audt e4 a4 ,in a similar way inflect the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive passive of cr1 iube1 sm1 iaci1 mni4 #cfd4 ,the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the irregular verb sum are inflected as follows3 ,,perfect ,,pluperfect fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissmus fueris fueritis fuisss fuisstis fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent #cfe4 ,a substantive clause is a clause used like a noun1 as1 ,that the men are afraid is clear enough 7clause as subject7 ,he ordered them to call on him 7clause as object7 ,we have already had many instances of infinitive clauses used in this way 7cf4 #bac71 and have noted the similarity between ,latin and ,english usage in this respect4 ,but the ,latin often uses the subjunctive in substantive clauses1 and this marks an important difference between the two languages4 #cff4 ,,rule4 ,substantive ,clauses of ,purpose4 ,a substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as the object of verbs of commanding1 urging1 asking1 persuading1 or advising1 where in ,english we should usually have the infinitive4 ,,examples #a4 ,the general ordered the soldiers to run ,impertor mlitibus impervit ut currerent #b4 ,he urged them to resist bravely ,horttus est ut fortiter resisterent #c4 ,he asked them to give the children food ,petvit ut lbers cibum darent #d4 ,he will persuade us not to set out ,nbs persudbit n proficscmur #e4 ,he advises us to remain at home ,monet ut dom manemus a4 ,the object clauses following these verbs all express the purpose or will of the principal subject that something be done or not done4 7,cf4 #cdh47 #cfg4 ,the following verbs are used with object clauses of purpose4 ,learn the list and the principal parts of the new ones4 hortor1 urge imper1 order 7with the dative of the person ordered and a subjunctive clause of the thing ordered done7 mone1 advise pet1 quaer1 rog1 ask1 seek persude1 persuade 7with the same construction as imper7 postul1 demand1 require sude1 advise 7cf4 persude7 ,n4,b4 ,remember that iube1 order1 takes the infinitive as in ,english4 7,cf4 #bac4a47 ,compare the sentences ,iube eum venre1 ,i order him to come ,imper e ut veniat1 ,i give orders to him that he is to come ,we ordinarily translate both of these sentences like the first1 but the difference in meaning between iube and imper in the ,latin requires the infinitive in the one case and the subjunctive in the other4 #cfh4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,petit atque horttur ut ipse dcat4 #b4 ,caesar ,helvtis impervit n per prvinciam iter facerent4 #c4 ,caesar nn iussit ,helvtis per prvinciam iter facere4 #d4 ,ille cvibus persusit ut d fnibus sus discderent4 #e4 ,caesar prncips monbit n proelium committant4 #f4 ,postulvit n cum ,helvtis aut cum erum socis bellum gererent4 #g4 ,ab is quaesv n proficscerentur4 #h4 ,is persudre nn potu ut dom manrent4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,who ordered ,csar to make the march8 7,write this sentence both with imper and with iube47 #b4 ,the faithless scouts persuaded him to set out at daybreak4 #c4 ,they will ask him not to inflict punishment4 #d4 ,he demanded that they come to the camp4 #e4 ,he advised them to tell everything 7omnia74 ,,note4 ,do not forget that the ,english infinitive expressing purpose must be rendered by a ,latin subjunctive4 ,review #ceb4 ,illustration3 ,,legio ,,iter ,,facit ,,lesson ,,lxv ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,of ,,possum ,,verbs ,,of ,,fearing #cfi4 ,learn the subjunctive of possum 7#die71 and note especially the position of the accent4 #cgj4 ,subjunctive after ,verbs of ,fearing4 ,we have learned that what we want done or not done is expressed in ,latin by a subjunctive clause of purpose4 ,in this class belong also clauses after verbs of fearing1 for we fear either that something will happen or that it will not1 and we either want it to happen or we do not4 ,if we want a thing to happen and fear that it will not1 the purpose clause is introduced by ut4 ,if we do not want it to happen and fear that it will1 n is used4 ,owing to a difference between the ,english and ,latin idiom we translate ut after a verb of fearing by that not1 and n by that or lest4 #cga4 ,,examples time veniat timb ut timuer vnerit ,i fear1 shall fear1 shall have feared1 that he will not come1 has not come timbam venret timu ut timueram vnisset ,i was fearing1 feared1 had feared1 that he would not come1 had not come ,the same examples with n instead of ut would be translated ,i fear that or lest he will come1 has come1 etc4 #cgb4 ,,rule4 ,subjunctive after ,verbs of ,fearing4 ,verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut 7that not7 or n 7that or lest74 #cgc4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,caesar verbtur ut supplicium captvrum ,galls placret4 #b4 ,rmn ips magnopere verbantur n ,helvti iter per prvinciam facerent4 #c4 ,timbant ut satis re frmentriae mitt posset4 #d4 ,vereor ut hostium impetum sustinre possim4 #e4 ,timuit n impedmenta ab hostibus capta essent4 #f4 ,caesar numquam timuit n legins vincerentur4 #g4 ,legins pugnre nn timurunt4#a ,,ii4 #a4 ,we fear that they are not coming4 #b4 ,we fear lest they are coming4 #c4 ,we feared that they had come4 #d4 ,we feared that they had not come4 #e4 ,they feared greatly that the camp could not be defended4 #f4 ,almost all feared#a to leave the camp4 ,footnote #a3 ,distinguish between what one is afraid to do 7complementary infinitive as here7 and what one is afraid will take place or has taken place 7substantive clause with the subjunctive74 ,,lesson ,,lxvi ,,the ,,participles #cgd4 ,the ,latin verb has the following ,participles3#a ,transcriber's ,note3 ,for reasons of space1 this table is given in two forms3 first a reduced version without translation1 and then the complete text1 including translations1 split into two elements4 ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,active ,,present amns monns regns capins audins ,,future amtrus monitrus rctrus captrus audtrus ,,passive ,,perfect amtus monitus rctus captus audtus ,,future#b amandus monendus regendus capiendus audiendus ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,active ,,present amns monns loving advising ,,future amtrus monitrus about to love about to advise ,,passive ,,perfect amtus monitus loved1 having advised1 having been advised been loved ,,future#b amandus monendus to be loved to be advised ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,,active ,,present regns capins audins ruling taking hearing ,,future rctrus captrus audtrus about to rule about to take about to hear ,,passive ,,perfect rctus captus audtus ruled1 having taken1 having heard1 havinh been ruled been taken been heard ,,future#b regendus capiendus audiendus to be ruled to be taken to be heard ,footnote #a3 ,review #bjc4 ,footnote #b3 ,the future passive participle is often called the gerundive4 a4 ,the present active and future passive participles are formed from the present stem1 and the future active and perfect passive participles are formed from the participial stem4 b4 ,the present active participle is formed by adding -ns to the present stem4 ,in -i verbs of the third conjugation1 and in the fourth conjugation1 the stem is modified by the addition of --1 as capi--ns1 audi--ns4 ,it is declined like an adjective of one ending of the third declension4 7,cf4 #bef47 amns1 loving ,,base amant- ,,stem amanti- ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 amns amns amants amantia ,gen4 amantis amantis amantium amantium ,dat4 amant amant amantibus amantibus ,acc4 amantem amns amants amantia or -s ,abl4 amant amant amantibus amantibus or -e or -e 7#a7 ,when used as an adjective the ablative singular ends in -2 when used as a participle or as a substantive1 in -e4 7#b7 ,in a similar way decline monns1 regns1 capins1 audins4 c4 ,the future active participle is formed by adding -rus to the base of the participial stem4 ,we have already met this form combined with esse to produce the future active infinitive4 7,cf4 #bjf47 d4 ,for the perfect passive participle see #bja4 ,the future passive participle or gerundive is formed by adding -ndus to the present stem4 e4 ,all participles in -us are declined like bonus4 f4 ,participles agree with nouns or pronouns like adjectives4 g4 ,give all the participles of the following verbs3 cr1 iube1 sm1 iaci1 mni4 #cge4 ,participles of ,deponent ,verbs4 ,deponent verbs have the participles of the active voice as well as of the passive2 consequently every deponent verb has four participles1 as1 ,pres4 ,act4 hortns1 urging ,fut4 ,act4 horttrus1 about to urge ,perf4 ,pass4 7in form7 horttus1 having urged ,fut4 ,pass4 7,gerundive7 hortandus1 to be urged a4 ,observe that the perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in form but active in meaning4 ,no other verbs have a perfect active participle4 ,on the other hand1 the future passive participle of deponent verbs is passive in meaning as in other verbs4 b4 ,give the participles of cnor1 vereor1 sequor1 patior1 partior4 #cgf4 ,tenses of the ,participle4 ,the tenses express time as follows3 #a4 ,the present active participle corresponds to the ,english present active participle in -ing1 but can be used only of an action occurring at the same time as the action of the main verb2 as1 mlits nsequents cprunt mults1 the soldiers1 while pursuing1 captured many4 ,here the pursuing and the capturing are going on together4 #b4 ,the perfect participle 7excepting of deponents7 is regularly passive and corresponds to the ,english past participle with or without the auxiliary having been2 as1 audtus1 heard or having been heard4 #c4 ,the future active participle1 translated about to1 etc41 denotes time after the action of the main verb4 #cgg4 ,review #bjc1 #bjd1 and1 note the following model sentences3 #a4 ,mlits currents erant dfess1 the soldiers who were running 7lit4 running7 were weary4 #b4 ,caesar profectrus ,rmam nn exspectvit1 ,csar1 when about to set out 7lit4 about to set out7 for ,rome1 did not wait4 #c4 ,oppidum captum vdimus1 we saw the town which had been captured 7lit4 captured town74 #d4 ,impertor trduum mortus profectus est1 the general1 since 7when1 or after7 he had delayed 7lit4 the general1 having delayed7 three days1 set out4 #e4 ,mlits vct terga nn vertrunt1 the soldiers1 though they were conquered 7lit4 the soldiers conquered71 did not retreat4 ,in each of these sentences the literal translation of the participle is given in parentheses4 ,we note1 however1 that its proper translation usually requires a clause beginning with some conjunction 7when1 since1 after1 though1 etc471 or a relative clause4 ,consider1 in each case1 what translation will best bring out the thought1 and do not1 as a rule1 translate the participle literally4 #cgh4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,puer timns n capitur fugit4 #b4 ,aquila r commta avs reliqus interficere cnta erat4 #c4 ,mlits ab hostibus press tla iacere nn poturunt4 #d4 ,caesar decimam leginem laudtrus ad prmum agmen prgressus est4 #e4 ,impertor horttus equits ut fortiter pugnrent signum proeli dedit4 #f4 ,mlits hosts oct milia passuum nsect mults cum captvs ad castra revertrunt4 #g4 ,sl orins mults interfects vdit4 #h4 ,rmn cnsilium audx suspict barbaris ss nn commsrunt4 #i4 ,nvis port gressa nll in percul erat4 ,,ii4#c #a4 ,the army was in very great danger while marching through the enemy's country4 #b4 ,frightened by the length of the way1 they longed for home4 #c4 ,when the scouts were about to set out1 they heard the shouts of victory4 #d4 ,when we had delayed many days1 we set fire to the buildings and departed4 #e4 ,while living at ,rome ,i heard orators much better than these4 #f4 ,the soldiers who are fighting across the river are no braver than we4 ,footnote #c3 ,in this exercise use participles for the subordinate clauses4 ,,lesson ,,lxvii ,,the ,,irregular ,,verbs ,,vol1 ,n,l1 ,m,l ,,the ,,ablative ,,with ,a ,,participle1 ,,or ,,ablative ,,absolute #cgi4 ,learn the principal parts and conjugation of vol1 wish2 nl 7ne vol71 be unwilling2 ml 7magis vol71 be more willing1 prefer 7#dig74 ,note the irregularities in the present indicative1 subjunctive1 and infinitive1 and in the imperfect subjunctive4 7,cf4 #ced47 a4 ,these verbs are usually followed by the infinitive with or without a subject accusative2 as1 volunt venre1 they wish to come2 volunt amcs venre1 they wish their friends to come4 ,the ,english usage is the same4#a ,footnote #a3 ,sometimes the subjunctive of purpose is used after these verbs4 7,see #cff47 ,conjugations given in #dig3 ,,principal ,,parts3 vol1 velle1 volu1 ----1 be willing1 will1 wish nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ----1 be unwilling1 will not ml1 mlle1 mlu1 ----1 be more willing1 prefer ,,indicative ,,singular ,pres4 vol nl ml vs nn vis mvs vult nn vult mvult ,,plural volumus nlumus mlumus vultis nn vultis mvultis volunt nlunt mlunt ,impf4 volbam nlbam mlbam ,fut4 volam1 vols1 etc4 nlam1 nls1 etc4 mlam1 mls1 etc4 ,perf4 volu nlu mlu ,plup4 volueram nlueram mlueram ,f4,p4 voluer nluer mluer ,,subjunctive ,,singular ,pres4 velim nlim mlim vels nls mls velit nlit mlit ,,plural velmus nlmus mlmus veltis nltis mltis velint nlint mlint ,impf4 vellem nllem mllem ,perf4 voluerim nluerim mluerim ,plup4 voluissem nluissem mluissem ,,imperative ,pres4 nl nlte ,fut4 nlt1 etc4 ,,infinitive ,pres4 velle nlle mlle ,perf4 voluisse nluisse mluisse ,,participle ,pres4 volns1 -entis nlns1 -entis ---- #chj4 ,observe the following sentences3 #a4 ,magistr laudante omns puer dligenter labrant1 with the teacher praising1 or since the teacher praises1 or the teacher praising1 all the boys labor diligently4 #b4 ,caesare dcente nm prgred timet1 with ,csar leading1 or when ,csar leads1 or if ,csar leads1 or ,csar leading1 no one fears to advance4 #c4 ,hs rbus cognits mlits fgrunt1 when this was known1 or since this was known1 or these things having been learned1 the soldiers fled4 #d4 ,proeli commiss mult vulnert sunt1 after the battle had begun1 or when the battle had begun1 or the battle having been joined1 many were wounded4 a4 ,one of the fundamental ablative relations is expressed in ,english by the preposition with 7cf4 #ej74 ,in each of the sentences above we have a noun and a participle in agreement in the ablative1 and the translation shows that in each instance the ablative expresses attendant circumstance4 ,for example1 in the first sentence the circumstance attending or accompanying the diligent labor of the boys is the praise of the teacher4 ,this is clearly a with relation1 and the ablative is the case to use4 b4 ,we observe1 further1 that the ablative and its participle are absolutely independent grammatically of the rest of the sentence4 ,if we were to express the thought in ,english in a similar way1 we should use the nominative independent or absolute4 ,in ,latin the construction is called the ,ablative ,absolute1 or the ,ablative with a ,participle4 ,this form of expression is exceedingly common in ,latin1 but rather rare in ,english1 so we must not1 as a rule1 employ the ,english absolute construction to translate the ablative abolute4 ,the attendant circumstance may be one of time 7when or after71 or one of cause 7since71 or one of concession 7though71 or one of condition 7if74 ,in each case try to discover the precise relation1 and translate the ablative and its participle by a clause which will best express the thought4 #cha4 ,,rule4 ,ablative ,absolute4 ,the ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance4 ,,note #a4 ,the verb sum has no present participle4 ,in consequence we often find two nouns or a noun and an adjective in the ablative absolute with no participle expressed2 as1 t duce1 you 7being7 leader1 with you as leader2 patre nfirm1 my father 7being7 weak4 ,,note #b4 ,be very careful not to put in the ablative absolute a noun and participle that form the subject or object of a sentence4 ,compare a4 ,the ,gauls1 having been conquered by ,csar1 returned home b4 ,the ,gauls having been conquered by ,csar1 the army returned home ,in a the subject is ,the ,gauls having been conquered by ,csar1 and we translate1 ,gall ,caesare victi domum revertrunt ,in b the subject is the army4 ,the ,gauls having been conquered by ,csar is nominative absolute in ,english1 which requires the ablative absolute in ,latin1 and we translate1 ,galls ,caesare victs exercitus domum revertit ,,note #c4 ,the fact that only deponent verbs have a perfect active participle 7cf4 #cge4;a7 often compels a change of voice when translating from one language to the other4 ,for example1 we can translate ,csar having encouraged the legions just as it stands1 because hortor is a deponent verb4 ,but if we wish to say ,csar having conquered the ,gauls1 we have to change the voice of the participle to the passive because vinc is not deponent1 and say1 the ,gauls having been conquered by ,csar 7see translation above74 #chb4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,mvs1 nn vs1 vultis1 nlumus4 #b4 ,ut nlit1 ut vellmus1 ut mlit4 #c4 ,nl1 velle1 nluisse1 mlle4 #d4 ,vult1 mvultis1 ut nllet1 nlte4 #e4 ,sle oriente1 avs cantre incprunt4 #f4 ,clmribus audts1 barbar prgred recsbant4 #g4 ,caesare legins hortt1 mlits paul fortius pugnvrunt4 #h4 ,hs rbus cognits1 ,helvti fnitims persusrunt ut scum iter facerent4 #i4 ,labribus cnfects1 mlits ,caesare quaerbant ut sibi praemia daret4 #aj4 ,concili convoct1 prncips ita respondrunt4 #aa4 ,dux plrs dis in ,helvtirum fnibus morns mults vcs incendit4 #ab4 ,magnitdine ,germnrum cognit1 qudam ex ,rmnis timbant4 #ac4 ,merctribus rogts1 ,caesar nihil pls reperre potuit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,he was unwilling1 lest they prefer1 they have wished4 #b4 ,you prefer1 that they might be unwilling1 they wish4 #c4 ,we wish1 they had preferred1 that he may prefer4 #d4 ,csar1 when he heard the rumor 7the rumor having been heard71 commanded 7imperre7 the legions to advance more quickly4 #e4 ,since ,csar was leader1 the men were willing to make the journey4 #f4 ,a few1 terrified#b by the reports which they had heard1 preferred to remain at home4 #g4 ,after these had been left behind1 the rest hastened as quickly as possible4 #h4 ,after ,csar had undertaken the business 7,csar1 the business having been undertaken71 he was unwilling to delay longer4#c ,footnote #b3 ,would the ablative absolute be correct here8 ,footnote #c3 ,not longius4 ,why8 ,,lesson ,,lxviii ,,the ,,irregular ,,verb ,f ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,of ,,result #chc4 ,the verb f1 be made1 happen1 serves as the passive of faci1 make1 in the present system4 ,the rest of the verb is formed regularly from faci4 ,learn the principal parts and conjugation 7#ejj74 ,observe that the i is long except before -er and in fit4 a4 ,the compounds of facio with prepositions usually form the passive regularly1 as1 ,active cnfici1 cnficere1 cnfc1 cnfectus ,passive cnficior1 cnfic1 cnfectus sum ,conjugation given in #ejj3 ,,principal ,,parts f1 fier1 factus sum ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,imperative ,pres4 f ---- fam #b;d ,pers4 f fte fs ---- fit funt ,impf4 fbam fierem ,fut4 fam ---- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,perf4 factus1 -a1 -um sum factus1 -a1 -um sim ,plup4 factus1 -a1 -um eram factus1 -a1 -um essem ,f4,p4 factus1 -a1 -um er ,,infinitive ,,participles ,pres4 fier ,perf4 factus1 -a1 -um ,perf4 factus1 -a1 -um esse ,ger4 faciendus1 -a1 -um ,fut4 factum r #chd4 ,observe the following sentences3 #a4 ,terror erat tantus ut omns fugerent1 the terror was so great that all fled4 #b4 ,terror erat tantus ut nn facile mlits ss reciperent1 the terror was so great that the soldiers did not easily recover themselves4 #c4 ,terror fcit ut omns fugerent1 terror caused all to flee 7lit4 made that all fled74 a4 ,each of these sentences is complex1 containing a principal clause and a subordinate clause4 b4 ,the principal clause names a cause and the subordinate clause states the consequence or result of this cause4 c4 ,the subordinate clause has its verb in the subjunctive1 though it is translated like an indicative4 ,the construction is called the subjunctive of consequence or result1 and the clause is called a consecutive or result clause4 d4 ,in the last example the clause of result is the object of the verb fcit4 e4 ,the conjunction introducing the consecutive or result clause is ut so that2 negative1 ut nn so that not4 #che4 ,,rule4 ,subjunctive of ,result4 ,consecutive clauses of result are introduced by ut or ut nn and have the verb in the subjunctive4 #chf4 ,,rule4 ,object clauses of result with ut or ut nn are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about4 #chg4 ,purpose and ,result ,clauses ,compared4 ,there is great similarity in the expression of purpose and of result in ,latin4 ,if the sentence is affirmative1 both purpose and result clauses may be introduced by ut2 but if the sentence is negative1 the purpose clause has n and the result clause ut nn4 ,result clauses are often preceded in the main clause by such words as tam1 ita1 sic 7so71 and these serve to point them out4 ,compare a4 ,tam graviter vulnertus est ut capertur ,he was so severely wounded that he was captured b4 ,graviter vulnertus est ut capertur ,he was severely wounded in order that he might be captured ,which sentence contains a result clause1 and how is it pointed out8 #chh4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,fit1 fet1 ut fat1 fbmus4 #b4 ,f1 fs1 ut fierent1 fier1 funt4 #c4 ,ftis1 ut fmus1 fs1 femus4 #d4 ,mlits erant tam tard ut ante noctem in castra nn pervenrent4 #e4 ,sl facit ut omnia sint pulchra4 #f4 ,eius mod percula erant ut nm proficsc vellet4 #g4 ,equits hostium cum equitt nostr in itinere contendrunt1 ita tamen#a ut nostr omnibus in partibus superirs essent4 #h4 ,virts mlitum nostrrum fcit ut hosts n num quidem#b impetum sustinrent4 #i4 ,homins erant tam audcs ut nll mod continr possent4 #aj4 ,spatium erat tam parvum ut mlits tla iacere nn facile possent4 #aa4 ,hc proeli fact barbar ita perterrit sunt ut ab ultims gentibus lgt ad ,caesarem mitterentur4 #ab4 ,hoc proelium factum est n lgt ad ,caesarem mitterentur4 ,footnote #a3 ita tamen1 with such a result however4 ,footnote #b3 n 444 quidem1 not even4 ,the emphatic word is placed between4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,it will happen1 they were being made1 that it may happen4 #b4 ,it happens1 he will be made1 to happen4 #c4 ,they are made1 we were being made1 lest it happen4 #d4 ,the soldiers are so brave that they conquer4 #e4 ,the soldiers are brave in order that they may conquer4 #f4 ,the fortification was made so strong that it could not be taken4 #g4 ,the fortification was made strong in order that it might not be taken4 #h4 ,after the town was taken1#c the townsmen feared that they would be made slaves4 #i4 ,what state is so weak that it is unwilling to defend itself8 ,footnote #c3 ,ablative absolute4 ,,lesson ,,lxix ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,of ,,characteristic ,,or ,,description ,,the ,,predicate ,,accusative #chi4 ,akin to the subjunctive of consequence or result is the use of the subjunctive in clauses of characteristic or description4 ,this construction is illustrated in the following sentences3 #a4 ,quis est qu suam domum nn amet8 who is there who does not love his own home8 #b4 ,erant qu hoc facere nllent1 there were 7some7 who were unwilling to do this4 #c4 ,t nn is es qu amcs trds1 you are not such a one as to1 or you are not the man to1 betray your friends4 #d4 ,nihil vide quod timeam1 ,i see nothing to fear 7nothing of such as character as to fear it74 a4 ,each of these examples contains a descriptive relative clause which tells what kind of a person or thing the antecedent is4 ,to express this thought the subjunctive is used4 ,a relative clause that merely states a fact and does not describe the antecedent uses the indicative4 ,compare the sentences ,csar is the man who is leading us1 ,caesar est is qu ns dcit 7mere statement of fact1 no description1 with the indicative7 ,csar is the man to lead us1 ,caesar est is qu ns dcat 7descriptive relative clause with the subjunctive7 b4 ,observe that in this construction a demonstrative pronoun and a relative1 as is qu1 are translated such a one as to1 the man to4 c4 ,in which of the following sentences would you use the indicative and in which the subjunctive8 ,these are not the men who did this ,these are not the men to do this #cij4 ,,rule4 ,subjunctive of ,characteristic4 ,a relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent4 ,this is called the subjunctive of characteristic or description4 #cia4 ,observe the sentences #a4 ,rmn ,caesarem cnsulem fcrunt1 the ,romans made ,csar consul4 #b4 ,caesar cnsul ,rmns factus est1 ,csar was made consul by the ,romans4 a4 ,observe in #a that the transitive verb fcrunt1 made1 has two objects3 7#a7 the direct object1 ,caesarem2 7#b7 a second object1 cnsulem1 referring to the same person as the direct object and completing the predicate4 ,the second accusative is called a ,predicate ,accusative4 b4 ,observe in #b that when the verb is changed to the passive both of the accusatives become nominatives1 the direct object becoming the subject and the predicate accusative the predicate nominative4 #cib4 ,,rule4 ,two ,accusatives4 ,verbs of making1 choosing1 calling1 showing1 and the like1 may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object4 ,with the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives4 #cic4 ,the verbs commonly found with two accusatives are creo1 crere1 crev1 cretus1 choose appell1 appellre1 appellv1 appelltus nmin1 nminre1 nminv1 nmintus call voc1 vocre1 vocv1 voctus faci1 facere1 fc1 factus1 make #cid4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,in ,germniae silvis sunt#a multa genera ferrum quae reliqus in locs nn vsa sint4 #b4 ,erant#a itinera duo quibus ,helvti dom discdere possent4 #c4 ,erat#a manus nlla1 nllum oppidum1 nllum praesidium quod s arms dfenderet4 #d4 ,tt frment rapt1 dom nihil erat qu mortem prohibre possent4 #e4 ,rmn ,galbam ducem crevrunt et summ celeritte profect sunt4 #f4 ,neque erat#a tantae multitdinis quisquam qu morr vellet4 #g4 ,germn nn i sunt qu adventum ,caesaris vereantur4 #h4 ,cnsulibus occss erant qu#b vellent cum rgem crere4 #i4 ,pce fact erat nm qu arma trdere nllet4 #aj4 ,inter ,helvtis quis erat qu nbilior ill esset8 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the ,romans called the city ,rome4 #b4 ,the city was called ,rome by the ,romans4 #c4 ,the better citizens wished to choose him king4 #d4 ,the brave soldier was not the man to run4 #e4 ,there was no one #cto call me friend4 #f4 ,these are not the men to#d betray their friends4 #g4 ,there were 7some7 who called him the bravest of all4 ,footnote #a3 ,remember that when the verb sum precedes its subject it is translated there is1 there are1 there were1 etc4 ,footnote #b3 erant qu1 there were 7some7 who4 ,a wholly indefinite antecedent of qu does not need to be expressed4 ,footnote #c3 ,a relative clause of characteristic or description4 ,footnote #d3 ,see #chi4;b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,eighth ,review1 ,lessons ,,lxi-,,lxix1 #ebg-ebh 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,,lxx ,,the ,,constructions ,,with ,,the ,,conjunction ,,cum ,,the ,,ablative ,,of ,,specification #cie4 ,the conjunction cum has the following meanings and constructions3 cum ,,temporal when1 followed by the indicative or the subjunctive cum ,,causal since1 followed by the subjunctive cum ,,concessive although1 followed by the subjunctive ,as you observe1 the mood after cum is sometimes indicative and sometimes subjunctive4 ,the reason for this will be made clear by a study of the following sentences3 #a4 ,caesarem vd tum cum in ,galli eram1 ,i saw ,csar at the time when ,i was in ,gaul4 #b4 ,caesar in es impetum fcit cum pcem peterent1 ,csar made an attack upon them when they were seeking peace4 #c4 ,hoc erat difficile cum pauc sine vulneribus essent1 this was difficult1 since only a few were without wounds4 #d4 ,cum prm rdins fgissent1 tamen reliqu fortiter cnsistbant1 though the front ranks had fled1 yet the rest bravely stood their ground4 a4 ,the underlying principle is one already familiar to you 7cf4 #chi4;a74 ,when the cum clause states a fact and simply fixes the time at which the main action took place1 the indicative mood is used4 ,so1 in the first example1 cum in ,galli eram fixes the time when ,i saw ,csar4 b4 ,on the other hand1 when the cum clause describes the circumstances under which the main act took place1 the subjunctive mood is used4 ,so1 in the second example1 the principal clause states that ,csar made an attack1 and the cum clause describes the circumstances under which this act occurred4 ,the idea of time is also present1 but it is subordinate to the idea of description4 ,sometimes the descriptive clause is one of cause and we translate cum by since2 sometimes it denotes concession and cum is translated although4 #cif4 ,,rule4 ,constructions with ,cum4 ,the conjunction cum means when1 since1 or although4 ,it is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place4 ,,note4 ,cum in clauses of description with the subjunctive is much more common than its use with the indicative4 #cig4 ,note the following sentences3 #a4 ,oppidum erat parvum magnitdine sed magnum multitdine hominum1 the town was small in size but great in population4 #b4 ,hom erat corpore nfrmus sed validus anim1 the man was weak in body but strong in courage4 a4 ,observe that magnitdine1 multitdine1 corpore1 and anim tell in what respect something is true4 ,the relation is one covered by the ablative case1 and the construction is called the ablative of specification4 #cih4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of ,specification4 ,the ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true4 #cii4 ,,idioms aliquem certirem facere1 to inform some one 7lit4 to make some one more certain7 certior fier1 to be informed 7lit4 to be made more certain7 iter dare1 to give a right of way1 allow to pass obsids inter s dare1 to give hostages to each other #djj4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,helvti cum patrum nostrrum tempore dom prefect essent1 cnsulis exercitum in fugam dederant4 #b4 ,cum ,caesar in ,galliam vnit1 ,helvti alis agrs petbant4 #c4 ,caesar cum in citerire ,gallia esset1 tamen d ,helvtirum cnsilis certior fbat4 #d4 ,cum ,helvti bell clrissim essent1 ,caesar iter per prvinciam dare recsvit4 #e4 ,lgtus cum haec audvisset1 ,caesarem certirem fecit4 #f4 ,cum princips inter s obsids darent1 ,rmn bellum parvrunt4 #g4 ,caesar1 cum id nntitum esset1 mtrat ab urbe proficsc4 #h4 ,n virtte quidem ,gall erant pars ,germnis4 #i4 ,caesar neque corpore neque anim nfrmus erat4 #aj4 ,illud bellum tum incpit cum ,caesar fuit cnsul4 ,observe in each case what mood follows cum1 and try to give the reasons for its use4 ,in the third sentence the cum clause is concessive1 in the fourth and sixth causal4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,that battle was fought at the time when 7tum cum7 ,i was at ,rome4 #b4 ,though the horsemen were few in number1 nevertheless they did not retreat4 #c4 ,when the camp had been sufficiently fortified1 the enemy returned home4 #d4 ,since the tribes are giving hostages to each other1 we shall inform ,csar4 #e4 ,the ,gauls and the ,germans are very unlike in language and laws4 ,,lesson ,,lxxi ,,vocabulary ,,review ,,the ,,gerund ,,and ,,gerundive ,,the ,,predicate ,,genitive #dja4 ,review the word lists in #eaj1 #eaa4 #djb4 ,the ,gerund4 ,suppose we had to translate the sentence ,by overcoming the ,gauls ,csar won great glory ,we can see that overcoming here is a verbal noun corresponding to the ,english infinitive in -ing1 and that the thought calls for the ablative of means4 ,to translate this by the ,latin infinitive would be impossible1 because the infinitive is indeclinable and therefore has no ablative case form4 ,latin1 however1 has another verbal noun of corresponding meaning1 called the gerund1 declined as a neuter of the second declension in the genitive1 dative1 accusative1 and ablative singular1 and thus supplying the cases that the infinitive lacks4#a ,hence1 to decline in ,latin the verbal noun overcoming1 we should use the infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the other cases1 as follows3 ,nom4 superre1 overcoming1 to overcome ,,infinitive ,gen4 superand1 of overcoming ,dat4 superand1 for overcoming ,acc4 superandum1 overcoming ,,gerund ,abl4 superand1 by overcoming ,like the infinitive1 the gerund governs the same case as the verb from which it is derived4 ,so the sentence given above becomes in ,latin ,superand ,galls ,caesar magnam glriam reportvit ,footnote #a3 ,sometimes1 however1 the infinitive is used as an accusative4 #djc4 ,the gerund#b is formed by adding -nd1 -nd1 -ndum1 -nd1 to the present stem1 which is shortened or otherwise changed1 as shown below3 ,,paradigm ,,of ,,the ,,gerund ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv ,gen4 amand monend regend capiend audiend ,dat4 amand monend regend capiend audiend ,acc4 amandum monendum regendum capiendum audiendum ,abl4 amand monend regend capiend audiend a4 ,give the gerund of cr1 dle1 sm1 iaci1 veni4 b4 ,deponent verbs have the gerund of the active voice 7see #dic74 ,give the gerund of cnor1 vereor1 sequor1 patior1 partior4 ,footnote #b3 ,the gerund is the neuter singular of the future passive participle used as a noun1 and has the same formation4 7,cf4 #cgd4;d47 #djd4 ,the ,gerundive4 ,the gerundive is the name given to the future passive participle 7#cgd4;d7 when the participle approaches the meaning of a verbal noun and is translated like a gerund4 ,it is the adjective corresponding to the gerund4 ,for example1 to translate the plan of waging war1 we may use the gerund with its direct object and say cnsilium gerend bellum2 or we may use the gerundive and say cnsilium bell gerend1 which means1 literally1 the plan of the war to be waged1 but which came to have the same force as the gerund with its object1 and was even preferred to it4 #dje4 ,compare the following parallel uses of the gerund and gerundive3 ,,gerund ,,gerundive ,gen4 ,sps faciend pcem ,sps faciendae pcis ,dat4 ,locus idneus pugnand ,locus idneus castrs pnends ,a place suitable for ,a place suitable for fighting pitching camp ,acc4 ,msit equits ad nsequendum ,msit equits ad nsequends hosts ,he sent horsemen to pursue ,he sent horsemen to pursue the enemy ,abl4 ,nrrand fbuls magister ,nrrands fbuls magister puers placuit puers placuit ,the teacher pleased the ,the teacher pleased the boys by telling stories boys by telling stories a4 ,we observe 7#a7 ,that the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective4 7#b7 ,that the gerund1 being a noun1 may stand alone or with an object4 7#c7 ,that the gerundive1 being an adjective1 is used only in agreement with a noun4 #djf4 ,,rule4 ,gerund and ,gerundive4 #a4 ,the ,gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive1 dative1 accusative1 and ablative singular4 ,the constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns4 #b4 ,the ,gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition4 ,even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual4 #djg4 ,,rule4 ,gerund or ,gerundive of ,purpose4 ,the accusative of the gerund or gerundive with ad1 or the genitive with caus#c 7 for the sake of71 is used to express purpose4 ,,gerund ,,gerundive ,ad audiendum vnrunt or ,ad urbem videndam vnrunt or ,audiend caus vnrunt ,urbis videndae caus vnrunt ,they came to hear ,they came to see the city ,footnote #c3 caus always follows the genitive4 ,,note4 ,these sentences might1 of course1 be written with the subjunctive of purpose1--vnrunt ut audrent2 vnrunt ut urbem vidrent4 ,in short expressions1 however1 the gerund and gerundive of purpose are rather more common4 #djh4 ,we have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive1 as1 equus ,galbae1 ,galba's horse4 ,if1 now1 we wish to express the idea the horse is ,galba's1 ,galba remains the possessor1 and hence in the genitive as before1 but now stands in the predicate1 as1 equus est ,galbae4 ,hence this is called the predicate genitive4 #dji4 ,,rule4 ,predicate ,genitive4 ,the possessive genitive often stands in the predicate1 especially after the forms of sum1 and is then called the predicate genitive4 #daj4 ,,idioms alcui negtium dare1 to employ someone 7lit4 to give business to some one7 novs rbus studre1 to be eager for a revolution 7lit4 to be eager for new things7 re mlitris pertissimus1 very skillful in the art of war s suaque omnia1 themselves and all their possessions #daa4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,caesar cum in ,galli bellum gereret1 militibus decimae leginis maxim fvit quia re mlitris pertissim erant4 #b4 ,socis negtium dedit re frumentriae crandae4 #c4 ,lgti nn slum audiend caus sed etiam dicend caus vnrunt4 #d4 ,impertor iussit explrtres locum idneum mnind reperre4 #e4 ,nuper hae gents novs rbus studbant2 mox is persudb ut ,caesar s suaque omnia ddant4 #f4 ,iubre est regnae#d et prre est multitdinis4#d #g4 ,hc proeli fact qudam ex hostibus ad pcem petendam venrunt4 #h4 ,erant qu arma trdere nllent4 #i4 ,hosts tam celeriter prgress sunt ut spatium pla in hosts iaciend non dartur4 #aj4 ,spatium neque arma capiend#e neque auxil petend#e datum est4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,these ornaments #f;belong to ,cornelia4 #b4 ,men very skillful in the art of war were sent #gto capture the town4 #c4 ,the scouts found a hill suitable for fortifying very near to the river4 #d4 ,soon the cavalry will come #hto seek supplies4 #e4 ,the mind of the ,gauls is eager for revolution and for undertaking wars4 #f4 ,to lead the line of battle #i;belongs to the general4 #g4 #aj,whom shall we employ to look after the grain supply8 ,footnote #d3 ,predicate genitive4 ,footnote #e3 ,which of these expressions is gerund and which gerundive8 ,footnote #f3 belong to are of4 ,footnote #g3 ,use the gerundive with ad4 ,footnote #h3 ,use the genitive with caus4 ,where should caus stand8 ,footnote #i3 ,compare the first sentence4 ,footnote #aj3 ,compare the second sentence in the ,latin above4 ,,lesson ,,lxxii ,,the ,,irregular ,,verb ,e ,,indirect ,,statements #dab4 ,learn the principal parts and the conjugation of e1 go 7#dii74 a4 ,notice that -1 the root of e1 is changed to e- before a vowel1 excepting in ins1 the nominative of the present participle4 ,in the perfect system -v- is regularly dropped4 ,conjugation given in #dii3 ,,principal ,,parts e1 re1 i 7v71 tum 7n4 perf4 part47 ,,pres4 ,,stem - ,,perf4 ,,stem - or v- ,,part4 ,,stem it- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,imperative ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,pres4 e mus eam #b;d ,pers4 te s tis it eunt ,impf4 bam rem ,fut4 b ---- #b;d ,pers4 t tte #c;d ,pers4 t eunt ,perf4 i 7v7 ierim 7verim7 ,plup4 ieram 7veram7 ssem 7vissem7 ,f4 ,p4 ier 7ver7 ,,infinitive ,pres4 re ,perf4 sse 7visse7 ,fut4 itrus1 -a1 -um esse ,,participles ,pres4 ins1 gen4 euntis 7#dgb7 ,fut4 itrus1 -a1 -um ,ger4 eundum ,,gerund ,gen4 eund ,dat4 eund ,acc4 eundum ,abl4 eund ,,supine ,acc4 itum ,abl4 it #dac4 ,learn the meaning and principal parts of the following compounds of e with prepositions3 ade1 adre1 adi1 aditus1 go to1 visit1 with the accusative exe1 exre1 exi1 exitus1 go forth1 with ex or d and the ablative of the place from which ine1 inre1 ini1 initus1 begin1 enter upon1 with the accusative rede1 redre1 redi1 reditus1 return1 with ad or in and the accusative of the place to which trnse1 trnsre1 trnsi1 trnsitus1 cross1 with the accusative #dad4 ,indirect ,statements in ,english4 ,direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language4 ,indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer4 ,compare the following direct and indirect statements3 #a4 ,the ,gauls are brave ,direct statements #b4 ,the ,gauls were brave #c4 ,the ,gauls will be brave ,indirect statements #a4 ,he says that the ,gauls are brave after a verb in #b4 ,he says that the ,gauls were brave the present tense #c4 ,he says that the ,gauls will be brave ,indirect statements #a4 ,he said that the ,gauls were brave after a verb in #b4 ,he said that the ,gauls had been brave a past tense #c4 ,he said that the ,gauls would be brave ,we see that in ,english a4 ,the indirect statement forms a clause introduced by the conjunction that4 b4 ,the verb is finite 7cf4 #agc7 and its subject is in the nominative4 c4 ,the tenses of the verbs originally used are changed after the past tense1 ,he said4 #dae4 ,indirect ,statements in ,latin4 ,in ,latin the direct and indirect statements above would be as follows3 ,,direct #a4 ,gall sunt forts ,,statements #b4 ,gall erant forts #c4 ,gall erunt forts #a4 ,dcit or ,dxit ,galls esse forts 7,he says or ,he said the ,gauls to be brave7#a ,,indirect #b4 ,dcit or ,dxit ,galls fuisse forts ,,statements 7,he says or ,he said the ,gauls to have been brave7#a #c4 ,dcit or ,dxit ,galls futrs esse forts 7,he says or ,he said the ,gauls to be about to be brave7#a ,footnote #a3 ,these parenthetical renderings are not inserted as translations1 but merely to show the literal meaning of the ,latin4 ,comparing these ,latin indirect statements with the ,english in the preceding section1 we observe three marked differences3 a4 ,there is no conjunction corresponding to that4 b4 ,the verb is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative4 c4 ,the tenses of the infinitive are not changed after a past tense of the principal verb4 #daf4 ,,rule4 ,indirect ,statements4 ,when a direct statement becomes indirect1 the principal verb is changed to the infinitive and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive4 #dag4 ,tenses of the ,infinitive4 ,when the sentences in #dae were changed from the direct to the indirect form of statement1 sunt became esse1 erant became fuisse1 and erunt became futrs esse4 #dah4 ,,rule4 ,infinitive ,tenses in ,indirect ,statements4 ,a present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect1 a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive1 and a future indicative becomes future infinitive4 ,,note4 ,when translating into ,latin an ,english indirect statement1 first decide what tense of the indicative would have been used in the direct form4 ,that will show you what tense of the infinitive to use in the indirect4 #dai4 ,,rule4 ,verbs followed by ,indirect ,statements4 ,the accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying1 telling1 knowing1 thinking1 and perceiving4 #dbj4 ,verbs regularly followed by indirect statements are3 a4 ,verbs of saying and telling3 dc1 dcere1 dx1 dictus1 say neg1 negre1 negv1 negtus1 deny1 say not nnti1 nntire1 nntiv1 nntitus1 announce responde1 respondre1 respond1 respnsus1 reply b4 ,verbs of knowing3 cognsc1 cognscere1 cognv1 cognitus1 learn1 7in the perf47 know sci1 scre1 scv1 sctus1 know c4 ,verbs of thinking3 arbitror1 arbitrr1 arbitrtus sum1 think1 consider exstim1 exstimre1 exstimv1 exstimtus1 think1 believe idic1 idicre1 idicvi1 idictus1 judge1 decide put1 putre1 putv1 puttus1 reckon1 think spr1 sprre1 sprvi1 sprtus1 hope d4 ,verbs of perceiving3 audi1 audre1 audv1 audtus1 hear senti1 sentre1 sns1 snsus1 feel1 perceive vide1 vidre1 vd1 vsus1 see intelleg1 intellegere1 intellx1 intellctus1 understand1 perceive ,learn such of these verbs as are new to you4 #dba4 ,,idioms postrdi eius di1 on the next day 7lit4 on the next day of that day7 init aestte1 at the beginning of summer memori tenre1 to remember 7lit4 to hold by memory7 per explrtrs cognscere1 to learn through scouts #dbb4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,it1 mus1 te1 re4 #b4 ,eunt1 iisse or sse1 bunt1 eunt4 #c4 ,eundi1 ut eant1 bitis1 s4 #d4 ,n rent1 1 bant1 ierat4 #e4 ,caesar per explortores cognvit ,galls flmen trnssse4 #f4 ,rmn audvrunt ,helvtis init aestte d fnibus sus exitrs esse4 #g4 ,legt respondrunt nminem ante ,caesarem illam nsulam adsse4 #h4 ,prncips ,gallrum dcunt s nllum cnsilium contr ,caesaris imperium initrs esse4 #i4 ,arbitrmur potentiam rgnae esse mairem quam cvium4 #aj4 ,rmn negant se lberttem ,galls reptrs esse4 #aa4 ,hs rbus cognits snsimus lgts non vnisse ad pcem petendam4 #ab4 ,helvtii sciunt ,rmns prirs victris memori tenre4 #ac4 ,soci cum intellegerent mults vulnerr1 staturunt in sus fns redre4 #ad4 ,aliquis nntivit ,mrcum cnsulem cretum esse4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the boy is slow4 ,he says that the boy is1 was1 7and7 will be slow4 #b4 ,the horse is1 has been1 7and7 will be strong4 ,he judged that the horse was1 had been1 7and7 would be strong4 #c4 ,we think that the army will go forth from the camp at the beginning of summer4 #d4 ,the next day we learned through scouts that the enemy's town was ten miles off4#b #e4 ,the king replied that the ornaments belonged to#c the queen4 ,footnote #b3 to be off1 to be distant1 abesse4 ,footnote #c3 ,latin1 were of 7#dji74 ,illustration3 ,,tuba ,,lesson ,,lxxiii ,,vocabulary ,,review ,,the ,,irregular ,,verb ,,fer ,,the ,,dative ,,with ,,compounds #dbc4 ,review the word lists in #eac1 #ead4 #dbd4 ,learn the principal parts and conjugation of the verb fer1 bear 7#dih74 #a4 ,learn the principal parts and meanings of the following compounds of fer1 bear3 adfer1 adferre1 attul1 adltus1 bring to2 report cnfer1 cnferre1 contul1 conltus1 bring together1 collect dfer1 dferre1 dtul1 dltus1 bring to2 report2 grant1 confer nfer1 nferre1 intul1 inltus1 bring in1 bring against refer1 referre1 rettul1 reltus1 bear back1 report ,conjugation given in #dih3 ,,principal ,,parts fer1 ferre1 tul1 ltus ,,pres4 ,,stem fer- ,,perf4 ,,stem tul- ,,part4 ,,stem lt- ,,indicative ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 fer ferimus feror ferimur fers ferts ferris1 -re ferimim fert ferunt fertur feruntur ,impf4 ferbam ferbar ,fut4 feram1 fers1 etc4 ferar1 ferris1 etc4 ,perf4 tul ltus1 -a1 -um sum ,plup4 tuleram ltus1 -a1 -um eram ,f4,p4 tuler ltus1 -a1 -um er ,,subjunctive ,pres4 feram1 fers1 etc4 ferar1 ferris1 etc4 ,impf4 ferrem ferrer ,perf4 tulerim ltus1 -a1 -um sim ,plup4 tulissem ltus1 -a1 -um essem ,,imperative ,pres4 #b;d ,pers4 fer ferte ferre ferimin ,fut4 #b;d ,pers4 fert fertte fertor #c;d ,pers4 fert ferunto fertor feruntor ,,infinitive ,pres4 ferre ferr ,perf4 tulisse ltus1 -a1 -um esse ,fut4 ltrus1 -a1 -um esse ---- ,,participles ,pres4 ferns1 -entis ,pres4 ---- ,fut4 ltrus1 -a1 -um ,ger4 ferendus1 -a1 -um ,perf4 ---- ,perf4 ltus1 -a1 -um ,,gerund ,gen4 ferend ,dat4 ferend ,acc4 ferendum ,abl4 ferend ,,supine 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 ltum ,abl4 lt #dbe4 ,the dative is the case of the indirect object4 ,many intransitive verbs take an indirect object and are therefore used with the dative 7cf4 #aec74 ,transitive verbs take a direct object in the accusative2 but sometimes they have an indirect object or dative as well4 ,the whole question1 then1 as to whether or not a verb takes the dative1 depends upon its capacity for governing an indirect object4 ,a number of verbs1 some transitive and some intransitive1 which in their simple form would not take an indirect object1 when compounded with certain prepositions1 have a meaning which calls for an indirect object4 ,observe the following sentences3 #a4 ,haec rs exercitu magnam calamittem attulit1 this circumstance brought great disaster to the army4 #b4 ,germn ,galls bellum nferunt1 the ,germans make war upon the ,gauls4 #c4 ,hae cpiae proeli nn intererant1 these troops did not take part in the battle4 #d4 ,equits fugientibus hostibus occurrunt1 the horsemen meet the fleeing enemy4 #e4 ,galba cpis flium praefcit1 ,galba put his son in command of the troops4 ,in each sentence there is a dative1 and in each a verb combined with a preposition4 ,in no case would the simple verb take the dative4 #dbf4 ,,rule4 ,dative with ,compounds4 ,some verbs compounded with ad1 ante1 con1 d1 in1 inter1 ob1 post1 prae1 pr1 sub1 super1 admit the dative of the indirect object4 ,transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative4 ,,note #a4 ,among such verbs are#a adfer1 adferre1 attul1 adltus1 bring to2 report adsum1 adesse1 adfu1 adfutrus1 assist2 be present dfer1 dferre1 dtul1 dltus1 report2 grant1 confer dsum1 deesse1 dfu1----1 be wanting1 be lacking nfer1 nferre1 intul1 inltus1 bring against1 bring upon intersum1 interesse1 interfu1 interfutrus1 take part in occurr1 occurrere1 occurr1 occursus1 run against1 meet praefici1 praeficere1 praefc1 praefectus1 appoint over1 place in command of praesum1 praeesse1 praefu1 ----1 be over1 be in command ,footnote #a3 ,but the accusative with ad or in is used with some of these1 when the idea of motion to or against is strong4 #dbg4 ,,idioms graviter or molest ferre1 to be annoyed at1 to be indignant at1 followed by the accusative and infinitive s cnferre ad or in1 with the accusative1 to betake one's self to alicui bellum nferre1 to make war upon some one pedem referre1 to retreat 7lit4 to bear back the foot7 #dbh4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,fer1 ferent1 ut ferant1 ferunt4 #b4 ,ferte1 ut ferrent1 tulisse1 tulerant4 #c4 ,tulimus1 ferns1 ltus esse1 ferre4 #d4 ,cum nvigia insulae adpropinqurent1 barbar terrre commt pedem referre cnt sunt4 #e4 ,gall molest ferbant ,rmns agrs vastre4 #f4 ,caesar socis impervit n fnitimis sus bellum nferrent4 #g4 ,explortrs1 qui ,caesar occurrrunt1 dxrunt exercitum hostium vulneribus dfessum ss in alium locum contulisse4 #h4 ,hostes scibant ,rmns frment egre et hanc rem ,caesar summum perculum adltram esse4 #i4 ,impedments in num locum conltis1 aliqu mlitum flmen quod nn long aberat trnsirunt4 #aj4 ,hs rx horttus est ut rculum adrent et rs audts ad s referrent4 #aa4 ,quem impertor ill legin praefcit8 ,pblius ill legin pracerat4 #ab4 ,cum esset ,caesar in citerire ,galli1 crbr ad eum#b rmrs adferbantur littersque quoque certior fbat ,galls obsids inter s dare4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the ,gauls will make war upon ,csar's allies4 #b4 ,we heard that the ,gauls would make war upon ,csar's allies4 #c4 ,publius did not take part in that battle4 #d4 ,we have been informed that ,publius did not take part in that battle4 #e4 ,the man who was in command of the cavalry was wounded and began to retreat4 #f4 ,csar did not place you in command of the cohort to bring#c disaster upon the army4 ,footnote #b3 ,observe that when adfer denotes motion to1 it is not followed by the dative2 cf4 footnote1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #c3 ,not the infinitive4 7,cf4 #ceb47 ,,lesson ,,lxxiv ,,vocabulary ,,review ,,the ,,subjunctive ,,in ,,indirect ,,questions #dbi4 ,review the word lists in #eag1 #eah4 #dcj4 ,when we report a statement instead of giving it directly1 we have an indirect statement4 7,cf4 #dad47 ,so1 if we report a question instead of asking it directly1 we have an indirect question4 ,,direct ,,question ,,indirect ,,question ,who conquered the ,gauls8 ,he asked who conquered the ,gauls a4 ,an indirect question depends1 usually as object1 upon a verb of asking 7as pet1 postul1 quaer1 rog7 or upon some verb or expression of saying or mental action4 7,cf4 #dbj47 #dca4 ,compare the following direct and indirect questions3 ,,direct ,,indirect ,quis ,galls vincit8 a4 ,rogat quis ,galls vincat ,who is conquering the ,he asks who is conquering the ,gauls8 ,gauls b4 ,rogavit quis ,galls vinceret ,he asked who was conquering the ,gauls a4 ,rogat ubi sit ,rma ,ub est ,rma8 ,he asks where ,rome is ,where is ,rome8 b4 ,rogvit ubi esset ,rma ,he asked where ,rome was a4 ,rogat num ,caesar ,galls vcerit ,he asks whether ,csar conquered ,caesarne ,galls vcit8 the ,gauls ,did ,csar conquer the b4 ,rogvit num ,caesar ,galls ,gauls8 vcisset ,he asked whether ,csar had conquered the ,gauls a4 ,the verb in a direct question is in the indicative mood1 but the mood is subjunctive in an indirect question4 b4 ,the tense of the subjunctive follows the rules for tense sequence4 c4 ,indirect questions are introduced by the same interrogative words as introduce direct questions1 excepting thatyes-or-no direct questions 7cf4 #baj7 on becoming indirect are usually introduced by num1 whether4 #dcb4 ,,rule4 ,indirect ,questions4 ,in an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence4 #dcc4 ,,idioms d terti vigili1 about the third watch iniris alicui nferre1 to inflict injuries upon some one facere verba pr1 with the ablative1 to speak in behalf of in reliquum tempus1 for the future #dcd4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,rx rogvit quid lgt postulrent et cr ad s vnissent4 #b4 ,quaesvit quoque num nec recents iniris nec dubiam ,rmnrum amcitiam memori tenrent4 #c4 ,vidtisne quae oppida hosts oppugnverint8 #d4 ,nnne sctis cr ,gall sub montem sse contulerint8 #e4 ,audvimus qus inirias tibi ,germn intulissent4 #f4 ,d terti vigili impertor msit homins qu cognscerent quae esset ntra montis4 #g4 ,pr hs rtor verba fcit et rogvit cr cnsuls nvs ad plnem summ percul locum mittere vellent4 #h4 ,lgts convocts dmnstrvit quid fier vellet4 #i4 ,nntius referbat quid in ,gallrum concili d arms trdends dictum esset4 #aj4 ,mone n in reliquum tempus pedits et equits trns flmen dcs4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,what hill did they seize8 ,i see what hill they seized4 #b4 ,who has inflicted these injuries upon our dependents8 #c4 ,they asked who had inflicted those injuries upon their dependents4 #d4 ,whither did you go about the third watch8 ,you know whither ,i went4 #e4 ,at what time did the boys return home8 ,i will ask at what time the boys returned home4 ,,lesson ,,lxxv ,,vocabulary ,,review ,,the ,,dative ,,of ,,purpose1 ,,or ,,end ,,for ,,which #dce4 ,review the word lists in #eba1 #ebb4 #dcf4 ,observe the following sentences3 #a4 ,explrtrs locum castrs dlgrunt1 the scouts chose a place for a camp4 #b4 ,hoc erat magn impedment ,galls1 this was 7for7 a great hindrance to the ,gauls4 #c4 ,dus legins praesidi castrs relquit1 he left two legions as 7lit4 for7 a guard to the camp4 ,in each of these sentences we find a dative expressing the purpose or end for which something is intended or for which it serves4 ,these datives are castrs1 impedment1 and praesidi4 ,in the second and third sentences we find a second dative expressing the person or thing affected 7,galls and castrs74 ,as you notice1 these are true datives1 covering the relations of for which and to which4 7,cf4 #dc47 #dcg4 ,,rule4 ,dative of ,purpose or ,end4 ,the dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which1 often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected4 #dch4 ,,idioms cnsilium omittere1 to give up a plan locum castrs dligere1 to choose a place for a camp alicui magn su esse1 to be of great advantage to some one 7lit4 for great advantage to some one7 #dci4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,rogvit cr illae cpiae relictae essent4 ,respondrunt ills cpis esse praesidi castrs4 #b4 ,caesar msit explrtrs ad locum dligendum castrs4 #c4 ,quisque exstimvit ipsum nmen ,caesaris magn terrr barbars futrum esse4 #d4 ,prm lce dem exercitus proelium cre commsit1 sed gravia surum vulnera magnae crae impertr erant4 #e4 ,rx respondit amcitiam popul ,rmn sibi rnment et praesidi dbre esse4 #f4 ,quis praeerat equittu quem auxili ,caesar soci mserant8 #g4 ,aliquibus rs secundae sunt summae calamitt et rs adversae sunt mr su4 #h4 ,galls magn ad pugnam erat impedment quod equittus dextr corn prembat4 #i4 ,memoria prstinae virttis nn minus quam metus hostium erat nostrs magn su4 #aj4 ,tam dnsa erat silva ut prgred nn possent4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,i advise you #ato give up the plan #bof making war upon the brave ,gauls4 #b4 ,do you know #cwhere the cavalry has chosen a place for a camp8 #c4 ,the fear of the enemy will be of great advantage to you4 #d4 ,csar left three cohorts as 7for7 a guard to the baggage4 #e4 ,in winter the waves of the lake are so great #dthat they are 7for7 a great hindrance to ships4 #f4 ,csar inflicted severe#e punishment on those who burned the public buildings4 ,footnote #a3 ,subjunctive of purpose4 7,cf4 #cff47 ,footnote #b3 ,express by the genitive of the gerundive4 ,footnote #c3 ,indirect question4 ,footnote #d3 ,a clause of result4 ,footnote #e3 gravis1 -e4 ,,lesson ,,lxxvi ,,vocabulary ,,review ,,the ,,genitive ,,and ,,ablative ,,of ,,quality ,,or ,,description #ddj4 ,review the word lists in #ebd1 #ebe4 #dda4 ,observe the ,english sentences 7#a7 ,a man of great courage1 or 7#b7 ,a man with great courage 7#c7 ,a forest of tall trees1 or 7#d7 ,a forest with tall trees ,each of these sentences contains a phrase of quality or description4 ,in the first two a man is described2 in the last two a forest4 ,the descriptive phrases are introduced by the prepositions of and with4 ,in ,latin the expression of quality or description is very similar4 ,the prepositions of and with suggest the genitive and the ablative respectively1 and we translate the sentences above 7#a7 ,vir magnae virttis1 or 7#b7 ,vir magn virtte 7#c7 ,silva altrum arborum1 or 7#d7 ,silva alts arboribus ,there is1 however1 one important difference between the ,latin and the ,english4 ,in ,english we may say1 for example1 a man of courage1 using the descriptive phrase without an adjective modifier4 ,in ,latin1 however1 an adjective modifier must always be used1 as above4 a4 ,latin makes a distinction between the use of the two cases in that numerical descriptions of measure are in the genitive and descriptions of physical characteristics are in the ablative4 ,other descriptive phrases may be in either case4 #ddb4 ,,examples #a4 ,fossa duodecim pedum1 a ditch of twelve feet4 #b4 ,hom magns pedibus et parv capite1 a man with big feet and a small head4 #c4 ,rx erat vir summ audci or rx erat vir summae audciae1 the king was a man of the greatest boldness4 #ddc4 ,,rule4 ,genitive of ,description4 ,numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective4 #ddd4 ,,rule4 ,ablative of ,description4 ,descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective4 #dde4 ,,rule4 ,genitive or ,ablative of ,description4 ,descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective4 #ddf4 ,,idioms ,helvtis in anim est1 the ,helvetii intend1 7lit4 it is in mind to the ,helvetians7 in mtrimnium dare1 to give in marriage nihil posse1 to have no power fossam perdcere1 to construct a ditch 7lit4 to lead a ditch through7 #ddg4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,mlits fossam decem pedum per erum fns perdxrunt4 #b4 ,prnceps ,helvtirum1 vir summae audciae1 prncipibus gentium fnitimrum sorrs in mtrimnium dedit4 #c4 ,erum amcitiam cnfrmre voluit qu facilius ,rmns bellum nferret4 #d4 ,german et ,gall nn erant eiusdem gentis4 #e4 ,omns fer ,germn erant magns corporum vribus4#a #f4 ,gall qui oppidum fortiter dfendbant saxa ingentis magnitdinis d mr iacibant4 #g4 ,cum ,caesar ab explrtribus quaereret qu illud oppidum incolerent1 explrtrs respondrunt es esse homines summ virtte et magn cnsili4 #h4 ,moenia vgint pedum sinistr parte1 et dextr parte flmen magnae altitdinis oppidum dfendbant4 #i4 ,cum ,caesar in ,galliam pervnisset1 erat rmor ,helvtis in anim esse iter per prvinciam ,rmnam facere4 #aj4 ,caesar1 ut es ab fnibus ,rmnis prohibret1 mntinem #bmulta mlia passuum longam fcit4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,csar was a general of much wisdom and great boldness1 and very skillful in the art of war4 #b4 ,the ,germans were of great size1 and thought that the ,romans had no power4 #c4 ,men of the highest courage were left in the camp as 7for7 a guard to the baggage4 #d4 ,the king's daughter1 who was given in marriage to the chief of a neighboring state1 was a woman of very beautiful appearance4 #e4 ,the soldiers will construct a ditch of nine feet around the camp4 #f4 ,a river of great width was between us and the enemy4 ,footnote #a3 ,from vs4 7,cf4 #dfh47 ,footnote #b3 ,genitives and ablatives of description are adjective phrases4 ,when we use an adverbial phrase to tell how long or how high or how deep anything is1 we must use the accusative of extent4 7,cf4 #ccf47 ,for example1 in the sentence above multa mlia passuum is an adverbial phrase 7accusative of extent7 modifying longam4 ,if we should omit longam and say a fortification of many miles1 the genitive of description 7an adjective phrase7 modifying mntinem would be used1 as mntinem multrum mlium passuum4 ,illustration3 ,,gladii ,,lesson ,,lxxvii ,,review ,,of ,,agreement1 ,,and ,,of ,,the ,,genitive1 ,,dative1 ,,and ,,accusative #ddh4 ,there are four agreements3 #a4 ,that of the predicate noun or of the appositive with the noun to which it belongs 7#gf1 #ha74 #b4 ,that of the adjective1 adjective pronoun1 or participle with its noun 7#fe74 #c4 ,that of a verb with its subject 7#bh74 #d4 ,that of a relative pronoun with its antecedent 7#bbd74 #ddi4 ,the relation expressed by the genitive is1 in general1 denoted in ,english by the preposition of4 ,it is used to express a4 ,as attributive 7#ch74 #a4 ,possession b4 ,in the predicate 7#dji74 #b4 ,the whole of which a part is taken 7partitive genitive7 7#cca74 #c4 ,quality or description 7#ddc1 #dde74 #dej4 ,the relation expressed by the dative is1 in general1 denoted in ,english by the prepositions to or for when they do not imply motion through space4 ,it is used to express a4 ,with intransitive verbs and with transitive verbs in connection with a direct object in the accusative 7#de74 #a4 ,the indirect object b4 ,with special intransitive verbs 7#aed74 c4 ,with verbs compounded with ad1 ante1 con1 d1 in1 inter1 ob1 post1 prae1 pr1 sub1 super 7#dbf74 #b4 ,the object to which the quality of an adjective is directed 7#adc74 #c4 ,the purpose1 or end for which1 often with a second dative denoting the person or thing affected 7#dcg74 #dea4 ,the accusative case corresponds1 in general1 to the ,english objective4 ,it is used to express #a4 ,the direct object of a transitive verb 7#cg74 #b4 ,the predicate accusative together with the direct object after verbs of making1 choosing1 falling1 showing1 and the like 7#cib74 #c4 ,the subject of the infinitive 7#bad74 #d4 ,the object of prepositions that do not govern the ablative 7#cdj74 #e4 ,the duration of time and the extent of space 7#ccf74 #f4 ,the place to which 7#bfc1 #bff74 #deb4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,mlits qus vdimus dxrunt imperium bell esse ,caesaris impertris4 #b4 ,helvti staturunt quam#a maximum numerum equrum et carrrum cgere4 #c4 ,ttus ,galliae ,helvti plrimum valurunt4 #d4 ,mults hrs criter pugntum est neque quisquam poterat vidre hostem fugientem4 #e4 ,vir summae virttis hosts decem mlia passuum nsect sunt4 #f4 ,caesar popul ,rmn persusit ut s cnsulem creret4 #g4 ,victria exercits erat semper impertr grtissima4 #h4 ,trduum iter fcrunt et ,genvam1 in oppidum#b hostium1 pervnrunt4 #i4 ,caesar audvit ,germns bellum ,galls intulisse4 #aj4 ,magn su mlitibus ,caesaris erat quod priribus proelis ss exercuerant4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,one#c of the king's sons and many of his men were captured4 #b4 ,there was no one who wished#d to appoint her queen4 #c4 ,the grain supply was always a care 7for a care7 to ,csar1 the general4 #d4 ,i think that the camp is ten miles distant4 #e4 ,we marched for three hours through a very dense forest4 #f4 ,the plan #eof making war upon the allies was not pleasing to the king4 #g4 ,when he came to the hill he fortified it #f;by a twelve-foot wall4 ,footnote #a3 ,what is the force of quam with superlatives8 ,footnote #b3 urbs or oppidum1 appositive to a name of a town1 takes a preposition4 ,footnote #c3 ,what construction is used with numerals in preference to the partitive genitive8 ,footnote #d3 ,what mood8 7,cf4 #cij47 ,footnote #e3 ,use the gerund or gerundive4 ,footnote #f3 ,latin1 by a wall of twelve feet4 ,,lesson ,,lxxviii ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,ablative #dec4 ,the relations of the ablative are1 in general1 expressed in ,english by the prepositions with 7or by71 from 7or by71 and in 7or at74 ,the constructions growing out of these meanings are ,i4 ,ablative rendered with 7or by73 #a4 ,cause 7#ajb7 #b4 ,means 7#ajc7 #c4 ,accompaniment 7#ajd7 #d4 ,manner 7#aje7 #e4 ,measure of difference 7#cag7 #f4 ,with a participle 7ablative absolute7 7#cha7 #g4 ,description or quality 7#ddd1 #dde7 #h4 ,specification 7#cih7 ,,ii4 ,ablative rendered from 7or by73 #a4 ,place from which 7#agi1 #bfd7 #b4 ,ablative of separation 7#ahj7 #c4 ,personal agent with a passive verb 7#aha7 #d4 ,comparison without quam 7#cji7 ,,iii4 ,ablative rendered in 7or at73 #a4 ,place at or in which 7#bfe1 #bff7 #b4 ,time when or within which 7#bge7 #ded4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,gall locs superiribus occupts itinere exercitum prohibre cnantur4 #b4 ,omns oppidn ex oppid gress saltem fug petere incprunt4 #c4 ,caesar docet s mlitum vtam su salte habre mult crirem4 #d4 ,cum celerius omnium opnine pervnisset1 hosts ad eum obsids msrunt #e4 ,vcus in valle positus montibus altissims undique contintur4 #f4 ,plrimum inter ,galls haec gns et virtte et hominum numer valbat4 #g4 ,secund vigili nll cert rdine neque imperi castrs gress sunt4 #h4 ,dubus leginibus ,genvae relicts1 proxim di cum reliqus domum profectus est4 #i4 ,erant itinera duo quibus itineribus ,helvti dom exre possent4 #aj4 ,rx erat summ audci et magn apud populum potenti4 #aa4 ,gall timre servittis commt bellum parbant4 #ab4 ,caesar monet lgts ut contineant milits1 n studi pugnand aut sp praedae longius#a prgrediantur4 #ac4 ,bellum cerrimum ,caesare in ,galls gestum est4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,the lieutenant after having seized the mountain restrained his 7men7 from battle4 #b4 ,all the ,gauls differ from each other in laws4 #c4 ,this tribe is much braver than the rest4 #d4 ,this road is #bten miles shorter than that4 #e4 ,in summer ,csar carried on war in ,gaul1 in winter he returned to ,italy4 #f4 ,at midnight the general set out from the camp with three legions4 #g4 ,i fear that you cannot protect#c yourself from these enemies4 #h4 #d;,after this battle was finished peace was made by all the ,gauls4 ,footnote #a3 longius1 too far4 7,cf4 #cje47 ,footnote #b3 ,latin1 by ten thousands of paces4 ,footnote #c3 dfendere4 ,footnote #d3 ,ablative absolute4 ,,lesson ,,lxxix ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,gerund ,,and ,,gerundive1 ,,the ,,infinitive1 ,,and ,,the ,,subjunctive #dee4 ,the gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive1 dative1 accusative1 and ablative singular4 ,the constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns 7#djb1 #djf4a74 #def4 ,the gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund object1 excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition4 ,even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual 7#djf4b74 #deg4 ,the infinitive is used3 ,i4 ,as in ,english4 a4 ,as subject or predicate nominative 7#baf74 b4 ,to complete the predicate with verbs of incomplete predication 7complementary infinitive7 7#bae74 c4 ,as object with subject accusative after verbs of wishing1 commanding1 forbidding1 and the like 7#bac74 ,,ii4 ,in the principal sentence of an indirect statement after verbs of saying and mental action4 ,the subject is in the accusative 7#daf1 #dah1 #dai74 #deh4 ,the subjunctive is used3 #a4 ,to denote purpose 7#cdi1 #cff1 #cgb74 #b4 ,to denote consequence or result 7#che1 #chf74 #c4 ,in relative clauses of characteristic or description 7#cij74 #d4 ,in cum clauses of time1 cause1 and concession 7#cif74 #e4 ,in indirect questions 7#dcb74 #dei4 ,,exercises ,i4 #a4 ,caesar1 cum pervnisset1 milits hortbtur n cnsilium oppid capiendi omitterent4 #b4 ,rx1 castrs prope oppidum posits1 msit explrtrs qu cognscerent ubi exercitus ,rmanus esset4 #c4 ,nmo relinqubtur qu arma ferre posset4 #d4 ,nnti vdrunt ingentem armrum multitudinem d mr in fossani iactam esse4 #e4 ,dux sus trnsre flmen iussit4 ,trnsre autem hoc flmen erat difficillimum4 #f4 ,rmn cum hanc calamittem molest ferrant1 tamen terga vertere recsvrunt4 #g4 ,hc rmre audt1 tantus terror omnium anims occupvit ut n fortissim quidem proelium committere vellent4 #h4 ,erant qu putrent tempus ann idneum nn esse itiner faciend4 #i4 ,tam criter ab utraque parte pugnbtur ut multa mlia hominum occderentur4 #aj4 ,quid tims8 ,time n ,rmns in anim sit ttam ,galliam superre et nbs iniris inferre4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,do you not see who is standing on the wall8 #b4 ,we hear that the plan of taking the town has been given up4 #c4 ,since the ,germans thought that the ,romans could not cross the ,rhine1 ,csar ordered a bridge to be made4 #d4 ,when the bridge was finished1 the savages were so terrified that they hid themselves4 #e4 ,they feared that ,csar would pursue them4 #f4 ,csar #a;asked the traders what the size of the island was4 #g4 ,the traders advised him not #bto cross the sea4 #h4 ,he sent scouts #cto choose a place for a camp4 ,footnote #a3 quaerere ab4 ,footnote #b3 ,not infinitive4 ,footnote #c3 ,use the gerundive with ad4 ,,reading ,,matter ,,introductory ,,suggestions ,how to ,translate4 ,you have already had considerable practice in translating simple ,latin1 and have learned that the guide to the meaning lies in the endings of the words4 ,if these are neglected1 no skill can make sense of the ,latin4 ,if they are carefully noted and accurately translated1 not many difficulties remain4 ,observe the following suggestions3 #a4 ,read the ,latin sentence through to the end1 noting endings of nouns1 adjectives1 verbs1 etc4 #b4 ,read it again and see if any of the words you know are nominatives or accusatives4 ,this will often give you what may be called the backbone of the sentence2 that is1 subject1 verb1 and object4 #c4 ,look up the words you do not know1 and determine their use in the sentence from their endings4 #d4 ,if you cannot yet translate the sentence1 put down the ,english meanings of all the words in the same order as the ,latin words4 ,you will then generally see through the meaning of the sentence4 #e4 ,be careful to a4 ,translate adjectives with the nouns to which they belong4 b4 ,translate together prepositions and the nouns which they govern4 c4 ,translate adverbs with the words that they modify4 d4 ,make sense4 ,if you do not make sense1 you have made a mistake4 ,one mistake will spoil a whole sentence4 #f4 ,when the sentence is correctly translated1 read the ,latin over again1 and try to understand it as ,latin1 without thinking of the ,english translation4 ,the ,parts of a ,sentence4 ,you will now meet somewhat longer sentences than you have had before4 ,to assist in translating them1 remember1 first of all1 that every sentence conveys a meaning and either tells us something1 asks a question1 or gives a command4 ,every sentence must have a subject and a verb1 and the verb may always have an adverb1 and1 if transitive1 will have a direct object4 ,however long a sentence is1 you will usually be able to recognize its subject1 verb1 and object or predicate complement without any difficulty4 ,these will give you the leading thought1 and they must never be lost sight of while making out the rest of the sentence4 ,the chief difficulty in translating arises from the fact that instead of a single adjective1 adverb1 or noun1 we often have a phrase or a clause taking the place of one of these2 for ,latin1 like ,english1 has adjective1 adverbial1 and substantive clauses and phrases4 ,for example1 in the sentence ,the idle boy does not study1 the word idle is an adjective4 ,in ,the boy wasting his time does not study1 the words wasting his time form an adjective phrase modifying boy4 ,in the sentence ,the boy who wastes his time does not study1 the words who wastes his time form an adjective clause modifying boy1 and the sentence is complex4 ,these sentences would show the same structure in ,latin4 ,in translating1 it is important to keep the parts of a phrase and the parts of a clause together and not let them become confused with the principal sentence4 ,to distinguish between the subordinate clauses and the principal sentence is of the first importance1 and is not difficult if you remember that a clause regularly contains a word that marks it as a clause and that this word usually stands first4 ,these words join clauses to the words they depend on1 and are called subordinate conjunctions4 ,they are not very numerous1 and you will soon learn to recognize them4 ,in ,latin they are the equivalents for such words as when1 while1 since1 because1 if1 before1 after1 though1 in order that1 that1 etc4 ,form the habit of memorizing the ,latin subordinate conjunctions as you meet them1 and of noting carefully the mood of the verb in the clauses which they introduce4 ,illustration3 ,,hercules ,,the ,,labors ,,of ,,hercules ,hercules1 a ,greek hero celebrated for his great strength1 was pursued throughout his life by the hatred of ,juno4 ,while yet an infant he strangled some serpents sent by the goddess to destroy him4 ,during his boyhood and youth he performed various marvelous feats of strength1 and on reaching manhood he succeeded in delivering the ,thebans from the oppression of the ,miny4 ,in a fit of madness1 sent upon him by ,juno1 he slew his own children2 and1 on consulting the ,delphic oracle as to how he should cleanse himself from this crime1 he was ordered to submit himself for twelve years to ,eurystheus1 king of ,tiryns1 and to perform whatever tasks were appointed him4 ,hercules obeyed the oracle1 and during the twelve years of his servitude accomplished twelve extraordinary feats known as the ,labors of ,hercules4 ,his death was caused1 unintentionally1 by his wife ,deianira4 ,hercules had shot with his poisoned arrows a centaur named ,nessus1 who had insulted ,deianira4 ,nessus1 before he died1 gave some of his blood to ,deianira1 and told her it would act as a charm to secure her husband's love4 ,some time after1 ,deianira1 wishing to try the charm1 soaked one of her husband's garments in the blood1 not knowing that it was poisoned4 ,hercules put on the robe1 and1 after suffering terrible torments1 died1 or was carried off by his father ,jupiter4 ,illustration3 ,,hercules ,,et ,,serpentes ,,liii4#a ,,the ,,infant ,,hercules ,,and ,,the ,,serpents ,d#b grave supplicium smmit de mals1 sed i qu lgibus#c derum prent1 etiam post mortem crantur4 ,illa vta ds#b erat grtissima quae hominibus misers tilissima fuerat4 ,omnium autem praemirum summum erat immortlits4 ,illud praemium ,hercul datum est4 ,herculis pater fuit ,iuppiter1 mter ,alcmna1 et omnium hominum validissimus fuisse dcitur4 ,sed ,in1 rgna derum1 eum1 adhc nfantem1 interficere studbat2 nam e#a et#b ,herculs et ,alcmna erant invs4 ,itaque msit dus serpents1 utramque saevissimam1 quae medi nocte domum#c ,alcmnae vnrunt4 ,ibi ,herculs1 cum frtre su1 nn in lectul sed in sct ingent dormibat4 ,iam audcs serpents adpropinquverant1 iam sctum movbant4 ,tum frter1 terrre commtus1 magn vce mtrem vocvit1 sed ,herculs ipse1 fortior quam frter1 statim ingents serpents manibus sus rapuit et interfcit4 ,footnote #a3 ,this number refers to the lesson after which the selection may be read4 ,footnote #b3 ,d and ds are from deus4 ,cf4 #dfh4 ,footnote #c3 lgibus1 #eja4ad4 ,footnote #a3 e1 to her1 referring to ,juno4 ,footnote #b3 et 444 et1 both 444 and4 ,footnote #c3 domum1 #eja4bj4 ,,liv4 ,,hercules ,,conquers ,,the ,,miny ,herculs puer#a corpus suum gravissims et difficillims labribus exercbat et hc mod vrs#b sus cnfirmvit4 ,iam adulscns ,thbs#c habitbat4 ,ibi ,cren qudam erat rx4 ,minyae1 gns validissima1 erant fnitim ,thbns1 et1 quia lim ,thbns vcerant1 quotanns lgts mittbant et vectgal postulbant4 ,herculs autem cnstituit cvs sus hc vectgl lberre et dixit rg1 8,d mihi exercitum tuum et ego hs superbs hosts superb40 ,hanc condicinem rx nn recsvit1 et ,herculs nntis in omns partis dmsit et cpis cogit4#d ,tum tempore opportnissim proelium cum ,minys commsit4 ,di pugntum est1 sed dnique ill impetum ,thbnrum sustinre nn poturunt et terga vertrunt fugamque cprunt4 ,footnote #a3 puer1 from boyhood4 ,footnote #b3 virs1 from vs4 ,cf4 #dfh4 ,footnote #c3 ,thbs1 #eja4cf4a4 ,footnote #d3 cogit1 from cg4 ,,he ,,commits ,a ,,crime ,,and ,,goes ,,to ,,the ,,delphian ,,oracle ,,to ,,seek ,,expiation ,post hoc proelium ,cren rx1 tant victri laetus1 fliam suam ,hercul in mtrimnium dedit4 ,thbs ,herculs cum uxre su di vvbat et ab omnibus magnopere ambtur2 sed post mults anns subit #a;in furrem incidit et ipse su man lbers sus interfcit4 ,post breve tempus #b;ad snittem reductus tantum scelus expire cupibat et cnstituit ad rculum ,delphicum iter facere4 ,hoc autem rculum erat omnium clrissimum4 ,ibi sedbat fmina quaedam quae ,pthia appellbtur4 ,ea cnsilium dabat is qu ad rculum venibant4 ,footnote #a3 in furrem incidit1 went mad4 ,footnote #b3 ad snittem reductus1 lit4 led back to sanity4 ,what in good ,english8 ,illustration3 ,,hercules ,,leonem ,,superat ,,lv4 ,,hercules ,,becomes ,,subject ,,to ,,eurystheus#a ,,he ,,strangles ,,the ,,neme,,an ,,lion ,itaque ,herculs ,pthiae ttam rem dmonstrvit nec scelus suum abdidit4 ,ubi iam ,herculs fnem fcit1 ,pthia iussit eum ad urbem ,tryntha#b discdere et ibi rg ,eurysthe ss committere4 ,quae#c ubi audvit1 ,herculs ad illam urbem statim contendit et ,eurysthe s in servittem trdidit et dxit1 8,quid prmum1 rx1 m facere iubs80 ,eurystheus1 qu perterrbtur v et corpore ingent ,herculis et eum occid#d studbat1 ita respondit3 8,aud1 ,herculs6 ,multa mira#e nrrantur d lene saevissim qu hc tempore in valle ,nemae omnia vstat4 ,iube t1 virrum omnium fortissimum1 ill mnstr homins lberre40 ,haec verba ,hercul maxim placurunt4 8,properbo10 inquit1 8et parb imperi#f tu40 ,tum in silvs in quibus le habitbat statim iter fcit4 ,mox feram vdit et plrs impets fcit2 frstr tamen1 quod neque sagitts neque ll ali tl mnstrum vulnerre potuit4 ,dnique ,herculs saevum lenem sus ingentibus bracchis rapuit et faucs eius omnibus vribus compressit4 ,hc mod brev tempore eum interfcit4 ,tum corpus lenis ad oppidum in umers reportvit et pellem poste pr#g veste gerbat4 ,omns autem qu eam reginem incolbant1 ubi fmam d morte lenis ingentis accprunt1 erant laetissim et ,herculem laudbant verbs amplissims4 ,footnote #a3 ,eu-rystheus 7pronounced ,u-risths7 was king of ,tryns1 a ,grecian city1 whose foundation goes back to prehistoric times4 ,footnote #b3 ,tryntha1 the acc4 case of ,tryns1 a ,greek noun4 ,footnote #c3 ,quae1 obj4 of audvit4 ,it is placed first to make a close connection with the preceding sentence4 ,this is called a connecting relative4 ,footnote #d3 occd1 pres4 pass4 infin4 ,footnote #e3 mra1 marvelous things1 the adj4 being used as a noun4 ,cf4 omnia1 in the next line4 ,footnote #f3 imperi1 #eja4ad4 ,footnote #g3 pr1 for1 instead of4 ,,lvi4 ,,slaying ,,the ,,lerne,,an ,,hydra ,deinde ,herculs ab ,eurysthe iussus est ,hydram occdere4 ,itaque cum amc ,iol#a contendit ad paldem ,lernaeam ubi ,hydra incolbat4 ,hoc autem mnstrum erat serpns ingns quae novem capita habbat4 ,mox is mnstrum repperit et summ#b cum percul collum eius sinistr man rapuit et tenuit4 ,tum dextr man capita novem abscdere incpit1 sed frstr labrbat1 quod quotins hoc fcerat totins alia nova capita vidbat4 ,quod#c ubi vdit1 statuit capita ign cremre4 ,hc mod oct capita dlvit1 sed extrmum caput vulnerr nn potuit1 quod erat immortle4 ,itaque illud sub ingent sax ,herculs posuit et ita victriam reportvit4 ,footnote #a3 ,iol1 abl4 of ,i-o-lus1 the hero's best friend4 ,footnote #b3 ,note the emphatic position of this adjective4 ,footnote #c3 ,quod ubi1 when he saw this1 another instance of the connecting relative4 ,cf4 p4 #aii1 l4 #c4 ,,lvii4 ,,the ,,arcadian ,,stag ,,and ,,the ,,erymanthian ,,boar ,postquam ,eurysthe mors ,hydrae nuntiata est1 summus terror animum eius occupavit4 ,itaque iussit ,herculem capere et ad s reportre cervum quendam2 nam minim cupvit tantum virum in rgn su tenre4 ,hie autem cervus dcbtur aurea cornua et peds mult#a celerirs vent#b habre4 ,prmum ,herculs vestgia animlis petvit1 deinde1 ubi cervum ipsum vdit1 omnibus vribus currere incpit4 ,per plrims dis contendit nec noct cessvit4 ,dnique postquam per ttum annum cucurrerat--ita dcitur--cervum iam dfessum cpit et ad ,eurystheum portvit4 ,tum vr iussus est ,herculs aprum quendam capere qu ill tempore agrs ,erymanthis vstbat et homins illus loc magnopere perterrbat4 ,herculs laet negtium suscpit et in ,arcadiam celeriter s recpit4 ,ibi mox aprum repperit4 ,ille autem2 simul atque ,herculem vdit1 statim quam#c celerrim fgit et met perterritus in fossam altam ss abdidit4 ,herculs tamen summ cum difficultte eum extrxit1 nec aper ll mod ss lberre potuit1 et vvus ad ,eurystheum porttus est4 ,footnote #a3 mult1 #eja4bg4 ,footnote #b3 vent1 #eja4cd4 ,footnote #c3 quam4 ,what is the force of quam with a superlative8 ,,lviii4 ,,hercules ,,cleans ,,the ,,auge,,an ,,stables ,,and ,,kills ,,the ,,stymphalian ,,birds ,deinde ,eurystheus ,hercul hunc labrem mult gravirem impervit4 ,augs#a qudam1 qu ill tempore rgnum lidis#b obtinbat1 tria mlia boum#c habbat4 ,h#d ingent stabul continbantur4 ,hoc stabulum1 quod per trgint anns nn prgtum erat1 ,herculs intr spatium nus di prgre iussus est4 llle negtium alacriter suscpit1 et prmum labre gravissim maximam fossam fdit per quam flminis aquam d montibus ad mrum stabul dxit4 ,tum partem parvam mr dlvit et aquam in stabulum immsit4 ,hc mod fnm operis fcit n di facillim4 ,post paucs dis ,herculs ad oppidum ,stymphlum iter fcit2 nam ,eurystheus iusserat eum avis ,stymphlids occdere4 ,hae avs rstra ferrea habbant et homins misers dvorbant4 ,ille1 postquam ad locum pervnit1 lacum vdit in qu avs incolbant4 ,nll tamen mod ,herculs avibus adpropinqure potuit2 lacus enim nn ex aqu sed lm cnstitit4#e ,dnique autem avs #f;d aliqu caus perterritae in aurs volvrunt et magna pars erum sagitts ,herculis occsa est4 ,footnote #a3 ,augs1 pronounced in ,english ,aw-jas4 ,footnote #b3 lidis1 gen4 case of lis1 a district of ,greece4 ,footnote #c3 boum1 gen4 plur4 of bs4 ,for construction see #eja4aa4 ,footnote #d3 ingent stabul1 abl4 of means1 but in our idiom we should say in a huge stable4 ,footnote #e3 cnstitit1 from consto4 ,footnote #f3 d aliqu caus perterritae1 frightened for some reason4 ,illustration3 ,,hercules ,,et ,,taurus ,,lix4 ,,hercules ,,captures ,,the ,,cretan ,,bull ,,and ,,carries ,,him ,,living ,,to ,,eurystheus ,tum ,eurystheus iussit ,herculem portre vvum ex nsul ,crt taurum quendam saevissimum4 ,ille igitur nvem cnscendit--nam ventus erat idneus--atque statim solvit4 ,postquam trduum nvigavit1 incolumis nsulae adpropinquvit4 ,deinde1 postquam omnia parta sunt1 contendit ad eam reginem quam taurus vexbat4 ,mox taurum vdit ac sine ll met cornua eius corripuit4 ,tum ingent labre mnstrum ad nvem trxit atque cum hc praed ex nsul discessit4 ,,the ,,flesh-,,eating ,,horses ,,of ,,diome,,des ,postquam ex nsul ,crt domum pervnit1 ,hercules ab ,eurysthe in ,thrciam missus est4 ,ibi ,diomds qudam1 vir saevissimus1 rgnum obtinbat et omns fnibus sus prohibbat4 ,herculs iussus erat equs ,diomedis rapere et ad ,eurystheum dcere4 ,h autem equ homins miserrims dvorbant d quibus rx supplicium smere cupibat4 ,herculs ubi pervnit1 prmum equs rge postulvit1 sed rx es ddere recsvit4 ,deinde ille r commtus rgem occdit et corpus eius equs trdidit4 ,itaque is qu ante mults necverat1 ipse edem supplici nectus est4 ,et equ1 nper saevissima animlia1 postquam domin su corpus dvorvrunt1 mnsut erant4 ,,lx4 ,,the ,,belt ,,of ,,hippol,,yte1 ,,queen ,,of ,,the ,,amazons ,gns ,amzonum#a dcitur#b omnn ex mulieribus fuisse4 ,hae cum virs proelium committere nn verbantur4 ,hippolyt1 ,amzonum rgna1 balteum habuit pulcherrimum4 ,hunc balteum possidre flia ,eurysthe vehementer cupibat4 ,itaque ,eurystheus iussit ,herculem impetum in ,amzons facere4 ,ille mults cum cpis nvem cnscendt et paucis dibus in ,amzonum fns pervnit1 ac balteum postulvit4 ,eum trdere ipsa ,hipporyt quidem cupvit2 reliqus tamen ,amazonibus#c persudre nn potuit4 ,postrdi ,herculs proelium commsit4 ,mults hrs utrimque quam fortissim pugntum est ,dnique tamen mulieres terga vertrunt et fug saltem petirunt4 ,multae autem captae sunt1 in qu numer erat ipsa ,hippolyt4 ,herculs postquam balteum accpit1 omnibus captvs lberttem dedit4 ,footnote #a3 ,a fabled tribe of warlike women living in ,asia ,minor4 ,footnote #b3 omnn1 etc41 to have consisted entirely of women4 ,footnote #c3 ,amzonibus1 #eja4ad4 ,illustration3 ,,hercules ,,et ,,cerberus ,,the ,,descent ,,to ,,hades ,,and ,,the ,,dog ,,cer,,berus ,iamque nus modo duodecim labribus relinqubtur sed inter omns hic erat difficillimus4 ,iussus est enim canem ,cerberum#d ex ,orc in lcem trahere4 ,ex ,orc autem nm ante reverterat4 ,praetere ,cerberus erat mnstrum maxim horribile et tria capita habbat4 ,herculs postquam imperia ,eurysthe accpit1 statim profectus est et in ,orcum dscendit4 ,ibi vr nn sine summ pericul ,cerberum manibus rapuit et ingent cum labre ex ,orc in lcem et adurbem ,eurysthe trxit4 ,sic duodecim labors ill#e intr duodecim anns cnfect sunt4 ,dmum post longam vtam ,herculs des receptus est et ,iuppiter fli su dedit immortlittem4 ,footnote #d3 ,the dog ,cerberus guarded the gate of ,orcus1 the abode of the dead4 ,footnote #e3 ill1 those famous4 ,illustration3 ,,pueri ,,romani ,p4 ,,cornelius ,,lentulus3 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,a ,,roman ,,boy#a ,,lxi4 ,,publius ,,is ,,born ,,near ,,pompe,,ii ,p4 ,cornlius ,lentulus1#b adulscns ,rmnus1 amplissim famili#c ntus est2 nam pater eius1 ,mrcus1 erat dux pertissimus1 cuius virtte#d et cnsili multae victriae reporttae erant2 atque mater eius1 llia1 clrissims mairibus orta est4 ,nn vr in urbe sed rr#e ,pblius ntus est1 et cum mtre habitbat in vll quae in maris ltore et sub radcibus magn montis sita erat4 ,mns autem erat ,vesuvius et parva urbs ,pompi oct mlia#f passuum#g aberat4 ,in ,itali antqu erant plrimae quidem villae et pulchrae1 sed inter hs omns nlla erat pulchrior quam villa ,mrc ,iliaeque4 ,frns vllae mr a maris fluctibus mnibtur4 ,hinc mare et ltora et nsulae long ltque cnspic#h ac saepe nvs longae et onerriae poterant4 terg et ab utrque latere agr fercissim patbant4 ,undique erat magna varirum flrum cpia et multa ingentium arborum genera quae aestte#i umbram dfesss agricols grtissimam adferbant4 ,praetere erant#aj in agrs stabulsque multa animlium genera1 nn slum equ et bovs sed etiam rrae avs4 ,etiam erat#aj magna piscna plna piscium2 nam ,rmn piscs dligenter colbant4 ,footnote #a3 ,this story is fiction with certain historical facts in ,csar's career as a setting4 ,however1 the events chronicled might have happened1 and no doubt did happen to many a ,roman youth4 ,footnote #b3 ,a ,roman had three names1 as1 ,pblius 7given name71 ,cornlius 7name of the gns or clan71 ,lentulus 7family name74 ,footnote #c3 ,abl4 of source1 which is akin to the abl4 of separation 7#eja4cb74 ,footnote #d3 virtte1 #eja4bd4 ,footnote #e3 rr1 #eja4cf4a4 ,footnote #f3 mlia1 #eja4ba4 ,footnote #g3 passuum1 #eja4aa4 ,footnote #h3 cnspic1 infin4 with poterant1 #bae4 ,consult the map of ,italy for the approximate location of the villa4 ,footnote #i3 aestte1 #eja4ce4 ,footnote #aj3 ,how are the forms of sum translated when they precede the subject8 ,illustration3 ,,casa ,,romana ,,lxii4 ,,his ,,life ,,on ,,the ,,farm ,huius vllae ,dvus1 servus ,mrc1 est vlicus#a et cum ,lesbi uxre omnia crat4 ,vlicus et uxor in cas humil1 medis in agrs sit1 habitant4 prm lce sque ad vesperum s#b gravibus labribus exercent ut omn rs bene gerant4#c ,plrima enim sunt officia ,dv et ,lesbiae4 ,vlicus servs regit n tard sint#c2 mittit alis qu agrs arent1#c alis qu horts inrigent1#c et opera in#d ttum diem impnit4 ,lesbia autem omnibus vestmenta parat1 cibum coquit1 pnem facit4 ,nn long ab hrum cas et in summ colle situm surgbat domicilium ipsus domin dominaeque amplissimum4 ,ibi plrs anns#e ,pblius cum mtre vtam flcem agbat2 nam pater eius1 ,mrcus1 in terrs longinqus gravia re pblicae bella gerbat nec domum#f revert poterat4 ,neque puer quidem molestum est rr#g vvere4 ,eum multae rs dlectant4 ,magnopere amat silvs1 agrs1 equs1 bovs1 gallns1 avs1 reliquaque animlia4 ,saepe plrs hrs#h ad mare sedet qu#i melius flucts et nvs spectet4 ,nec omnn sine comitibus erat1 quod ,ldia1 ,dv flia1 quae erat eiusdem aettis1 cum e adhc infante ldbat1 inter qus cum anns amcitia crscbat4 ,ldia nllum alium ducem dligbat et ,pblius ab puellae latere rr discdbat4 ,itaque sub clr ,italiae sle ,pblius et ,ldia1 amc fidlissim1 per camps collsque cotdi vagbantur4 ,modo in silv fnitim ldebant ubi ,pblius sagitts#aj celeribus avis dicibat et ,ldia corns varirum flrum coms sus rnbat2 modo aquam et cibum portbant ad ,dvum servsque dfesss qu agrs colbant3 modo in cas parv aut hrs lacts in ld cnsmbant aut auxilium dabant ,lesbiae1 quae cibum vir et servs parbat vel alis rs domestics agbat4 ,footnote #a3 ,the vlicus was a slave who acted as overseer of a farm4 ,he directed the farming operations and the sale of the produce4 ,footnote #b3 se1 reflexive pron41 object of exercent4 ,footnote #c3 ,for the construction1 see #eja4dj4 ,footnote #d3 in1 for4 ,footnote #e3 anns1 #eja4ba4 ,footnote #f3 domum1 #eja4bj4 ,footnote #g3 rr1 #eja4cf4a4 ,footnote #h3 hrs1 cf4 anns1 line #ag4 ,footnote #i3 qu 444 spectet1 #cdi1 #cej4 ,footnote #aj3 sagittis1 #eja4bd4 ,,lxiii4 ,,marcus ,,lentulus1 ,,the ,,father ,,of ,,publius1 ,,is ,,shipwrecked ,,julia ,,receives ,a ,,letter ,,from ,,him ,iam ,pblius#a decem anns habbat cum ,m4,cornlius ,lentulus1 pater eius1 qu qunque anns#b grave bellum in ,asi gerbat1 non sine glri domum#c revertbtur4 ,namque multa secunda proelia fcerat1 maxims hostium cpis dlverat1 mults urbs populo#d ,rmn inimcs cperat4 ,primum nntius pervnit qu ,lentul#e missus erat#f ut profectinem suam nntiret4 ,deinde plrs dis#g reditum vir optim mter fliusque exspectbant et anims#h sollicitis des immortls frstr colbant4 ,tum dmum hs litters summo cum gaudi accprunt3 #i8,mrcus ,iliae suac saltem dcit4 ,s vals1 bene est2 ego vale4 ,ex ,graeci1 qu#aj praeter spem et opninem hodi pervn1 hs litters ad t scrib4 ,namque nvis nostra frcta est2 ns autem--#aa;ds est gratia--incolumes sumus4 ,ex ,asiae#ab port nvem ln vent solvimus4 ,postquam#ac altum mare tenuimus #adnec iam llae terrae apprurunt1 caelum undique et undique flucts1 subit magna tempests coorta est et nvem vehementissim adflxit4 ,vents fluctibusque adflctt#ae nec slem discernere nec cursum tenre potermus et omnia praesentem mortem intentbant4 ,trs dis#af et trs nocts#af sine rms vlsque agimur4 ,qurt di#ag prmum terra vsa est et violenter in saxa1 quae nn long ltore aberant1 diect sumus4 ,tum vr maira percula timbmus2 sed nauta qudam1 vir fortissimus1 ex nve in flucts rts dsiluit #ahut fnem ad ltus portret2 quam rem summ labre vix effcit4 ,ita omns servt sumus4 ,grtis igitur et honrem ,neptn dbmus1 qu deus ns percul ripuit4 ,nunc ,athns#ai sum1 qu cnfg ut mihi paucs hrs ad quitem darem4#bj ,quam prmum autem aliam nvem condcam ut iter ad ,italiam reliquum cnficiam et domum#ba ad mes crs revertar4 ,salt nostrum ,pblium amcissim et valtdinem tuam cr dligenter4 #bb,kalends ,mrtis40 ,footnote #a3 was ten years old4 ,footnote #b3 anns1 #eja4ba4 ,footnote #c3 domum1 #eja4bj4 ,footnote #d3 popul1 dat4 with inimcs1 cf4 #eja4af4 ,footnote #e3 ,lentul1 #eja4cc4 ,footnote #f3 ut 444 nntiret1 #eja4dj4 ,footnote #g3 dis1 cf4 anns1 #a4 #i4 ,footnote #h3 anims1 abl4 of manner4 ,do you see one in line #ae8 ,footnote #i3 ,this is the usual form for the beginning of a ,latin letter4 ,first we have the greeting1 and then the expression ,s vals1 etc4 ,the date of the letter is usually given at the end1 and also the place of writing1 if not previously mentioned in the letter4 ,footnote #aj3 qu1 where4 ,footnote #aa3 ds est grtia1 thank ,god1 in our idiom4 ,footnote #ab3 ,asia refers to the ,roman province of that name in ,asia ,minor4 ,footnote #ac3 altum mare tenuimus1 we were well out to sea4 ,footnote #ad3 nec iam1 and no longer4 ,footnote #ae3 adflctt1 perf4 passive part4 tossed about4 ,footnote #af3 ,what construction8 ,footnote #ag3 di1 #eja4ce4 ,footnote #ah3 ut 444 portret1 #eja4dj4 ,footnote #ai3 ,athns1 #eja4cf4a4 ,footnote #bj3 darem1 cf4 portret1 l4 #f4 ,footnote #ba3 ,why not ad domum8 ,footnote #bb3 ,kalends ,mrtis1 the ,calends or first of ,march2 abl4 of time1 giving the date of the letter4 ,,lxiv4 ,,lentulus ,,reaches ,,home ,,publius ,,visits ,,pompeii ,,with ,,his ,,father ,post paucs dis nvis ,m4 ,cornl ,lentul portum ,msn#a petiit1 qu portus nn long ,pompis situs est2 qu in port classis ,rmn pnbtur et ad pugns nvls rnbtur4 ,ibi nvs omnium generum cnspic poterant4 ,iamque incrdibil celeritte nvis longa qu ,lentulus vehbtur ltor adpropinquvit2 nam nn slum vent sed etiam rms impellbtur4 ,in alt puppe stbat guberntor et nn procul aliqu mlits ,rmn cum arms splendids1 inter qus clrissimus erat ,lentulus4 ,deinde serv rms contendere cessvrunt#b2 nautae vlum contrxrunt et ancors icrunt4 ,lentulus statim nv gressus est et#c ad villam suam propervit4 ,eum ,ilia1 ,pblius1 ttaque familia excprunt4 #d,qu complexs1 quanta gaudia furunt6 ,postrdi eius di ,lentulus fli su dxit1 8,ven1 m ,pbl1 mcum4 ,pompis iter hodi faciam4 ,mter tua sudet#e ut frcts et cibria emam4 ,namque plrs amcs ad cnam vocvimus et mults rbus#f egmus4 ,ea horttur ut quam prmum proficscmur40 8,libenter1 m pater10 inquit ,pblius4 8,tcum esse mihi semper est grtum2 nec ,pompis umquam vd4 ,sine mor proficsc partus sum40 ,tum celeriter currum cnscendrunt et ad urbis mrs vect sunt4 ,stabin port#g urbem ingress sunt4 ,pblius strts vis mrtur et saxa altira quae in medi disposita erant et alts orbits qus rotae inter haec saxa fcerant4 ,etiam strepitum mrtur1 multitdinem1 carrs1 fonts1 doms1 taberns1 forum#h cum status1 templs1 reliqusque aedificis pblics4 ,footnote #a3 ,misenum had an excellent harbor1 and under the emperor ,augustus became the chief naval station of the ,roman fleet4 ,see map of ,italy4 ,footnote #b3 ,why is the infinitive used with cessvrunt8 ,footnote #c3 ,see ,plate ,i1 ,frontispiece4 ,footnote #d3 ,observe that these words are exclamatory4 ,footnote #e3 ,what construction follows sude8 #eja4da4 ,footnote #f3 rbus1 #eja4cb4 ,footnote #g3 ,this is the abl4 of the way by which motion takes place1 sometimes called the abl4 of route4 ,the construction comes under the general head of the abl4 of means4 ,for the scene here described1 see ,plate ,,ii1 p4 #ec1 and notice especially the stepping-stones for crossing the street 7saxa quae in medi disposita erant74 ,footnote #h3 ,the forum of ,pompeii was surrounded by temples1 public halls1 and markets of various sorts4 ,locate ,pompeii on the map4 ,,lxv4 ,a ,,day ,,at ,,pompeii ,apud forum curr dscendrunt et ,lentulus dxit1 8,hc sunt multa tabernrum genera1 m ,pbl4 ,ecce1 trns viam est popna6 #a;,hoc genus tabernrum cibria vndit4 ,frcts quoque ante inuam stant4 ,ibi cibria mea emam40 8,optim10 respondit ,pblius4 8,at ubi1 m pater1 crstula emere possumus8 ,namque mter nbs impervit #but haec quoque parrmus4 ,time ut#c ista popna vndat crstula40 8,bene dcis10 inquit ,lentulus4 8,at nnne vids illum fontem dextr ubi aqua per lenis caput fluit8 ,in ill ips loc est taberna pstris qu sine dubi vndit crstula40 ,brev tempore#d omnia erant parta1 iamque #equnta hra erat4 ,deinde ,lentulus et flius ad caupnam propervrunt1 quod fam#f et sit#g urgbantur4 ,ibi sub arboris umbr sdrunt et puer impervrunt ut sibi#h cibum et vnum daret4 ,huic imperi#i puer celeriter pruit4 ,tum laet s#aj ex labre refcrunt4 ,post prandium prefect sunt ut alia urbis spectcula vidrent4 ,ill tempore furunt ,pompis#aa multa templa1 duo thetra1 thermae magnumque amphithetrum1 quae omnia post paucs anns flamms atque incendis ,vesuv et terrae mt dlta sunt4 ,ante hanc calamittem autem homins #abnihil d monte verit sunt4 ,in amphithetr quidem ,pblius morr cupvit ut spectcula gladitria vidret1 quae in#ac illum ipsum diem prscrpta erant et iam #adr vr incperant4 ,sed ,lentulus dxit1 8,morr1 ,pbl1 #aevereor ut possmus4 ,iam decima hra est et via est longa4 ,tempus sudet ut quam prmum domum revertmur40 ,itaque serv impervit ut equs iungeret1 et slis occs#af ad vllam pervnrunt4 ,footnote #a3 ,we say1 this kind of shop2 ,latin1 this kind of shops4 ,footnote #b3 ut 444 parrmus1 #eja4da4 ,footnote #c3 ,how is ut translated after a verb of fearing8 ,how n8 ,cf4 #eja4db4 ,footnote #d3 tempore1 #eja4ce4 ,footnote #e3 qunta hra4 ,the ,romans numbered the hours of the day consecutively from sunrise to sunset1 dividing the day1 whether long or short1 into twelve equal parts4 ,footnote #f3 fam shows a slight irregularity in that the abl4 ending -e is long4 ,footnote #g3 sitis1 thirst1 has -im in the acc4 sing41 - in the abl4 sing41 and no plural4 ,footnote #h3 ,observe that the reflexive pronoun sibi does not here refer to the subject of the subordinate clause in which it stands1 but to the subject of the main clause4 ,this so-called indirect use of the reflexive is often found in object clauses of purpose4 ,footnote #i3 ,what case8 ,cf4 #eja4ad4 ,footnote #aj3 s1 cf4 p4 #bje1 l4 #g1 and note4 ,footnote #aa3 ,pompis1 #eja4cf4a4 ,footnote #ab3 nihil 444 verit sunt1 had no fears of the mountain4 ,footnote #ac3 in1 for4 ,footnote #ad3 r vr1 in fact4 ,footnote #ae3 vereor ut1 #eja4db4 ,footnote #af3 occs1 #eja4ce4 ,,lxvi4 ,,lentulus ,,engages ,a ,,tutor ,,for ,,his ,,son prms anns quidem ,ilia ipsa flium suum docuerat1 et ,pblius nn slum #apr et ,latn loqu poterat sed etiam commod legbat et scrbbat4 ,iam ,ennium#b alisque pots lgerat4 ,nunc vr ,pblius #c;duodecim anns habbat2 itaque e pater bonum magistrum1 #dvirum omn doctrn et virtte rntissimum1 parvit1 #equ ,graeca1 msicam1 alisque arts docret4 #f,namque ills temporibus omns fer gents ,graec loqubantur4 ,cum ,pbli ali puer1 ,lentul amcrum fli1#g discbant4 ,nam saepe apud ,rmns ms erat #hnn in ldum flis mittere sed dom per magistrum docre4 ,cotdi discipul cum magistr in peristl#i ,mrc doms sedbant4 ,omns puer bullam auream1 orginis honestae signum1 in coll gerbant1 et omns tog praetext amict erant1 #ajquod nndum sdecim anns#aa nt sunt4 ,footnote #a3 pr 444 poterat1 freely1 could speak ,latin well4 ,what is the literal translation8 ,footnote #b3 ,ennium1 the father of ,latin poetry4 ,footnote #c3 duodecim 444 habbat1 cf4 p4 #bjf1 l4 #h1 and note4 ,footnote #d3 virum1 etc41 a very well-educated and worthy man4 ,observe the ,latin equivalent4 ,footnote #e3 qu 444 docret1 a relative clause of purpose4 ,cf4 #cdi1 #cej4 ,footnote #f3 ,in ,csar's time ,greek was spoken more widely in the ,roman world than any other language4 ,footnote #g3 fli1 in apposition with puer4 ,footnote #h3 nn 444 mittere4 ,this infinitive clause is the subject of erat4 ,cf4 #baf4 ,the same construction is repeated in the next clause1 dom 444 docre4 ,the object of docre is flis understood4 ,footnote #i3 ,the peristyle was an open court surrounded by a colonnade4 ,footnote #aj3 ,at the age of sixteen a boy laid aside the bulla and the toga praetexta and assumed toga virlis or manly gown4 ,footnote #aa3 anns1 #eja4ba4 ,the expression nndum sdecim anns nt sunt means literally1 they were born not yet sixteen years4 ,this is the usual expression for age4 ,what is the ,english equivalent8 ,illustration3 ,,tabula ,,et ,,stilus ,,scene ,,in ,,school ,,an ,,exercise ,,in ,,composition ,,discipul4 ,salv1 magister4 ,,magister4 ,vs quoque omns1 salvte4 #a,tabulsne portvistis et stils8 ,d4 ,portvimus4 ,m4 ,iam fbulam ,aesp#b discmus4 ,ego legam1 vs in tabuls scrbite4 ,et t1 ,pbl1 d mihi caps#c ,aesp volmen4#d ,iam audte omns3 ,vulps et va4 ,vulps lim fam cocta vam dpendentem vdit4 ,ad vam salibat1 smere cnns4 ,frstr di cnta1 tandem rta erat et salre cessns dxit3 8,illa va est acerba2 acerbam vam #enihil moror40 ,omniane scrpsistis1 puer8 ,d4 ,omnia1 magister4 ,footnote #a3 ,tablets were thin boards of wood smeared with wax4 ,the writing was done with a stylus1 a pointed instrument like a pencil1 made of bone or metal1 with a knob at the other end4 ,the knob was used to smooth over the wax in making erasures and corrections4 ,footnote #b3 ,aesp1 the famous ,greek to whom are ascribed most of the fables current in the ancient world4 ,footnote #c3 ,a cylindrical box for holding books and papers1 shaped like a hatbox4 ,footnote #d3 ,ancient books were written on rolls made of papyrus4 ,footnote #e3 nihil moror1 ,i care nothing for4 ,,lxvii4 ,,publius ,,goes ,,to ,,rome ,,to ,,finish ,,his ,,education ,iamque ,pblius1 #aqundecim anns ntus1 #bprms litterrum elements cnfects1 ,rmam petere voluit ut schols grammaticrum et philosophrum frequentret4 ,et facillim patr#c su1 qui ipse philosophiae studi tenbtur1 persusit4 ,itaque #domnibus rbus ad profectinem comparts1 pater fliusque equs animss vect#e ad magnam urbem profect sunt4 ,es proficscents ,ilia ttaque familia vts precibusque prsectae sunt4 ,tum per loca#f plna et collis silvs vestts viam ingress sunt ad ,nlam1 quod oppidum es hospiti modic excpit4 ,nlae#g dus hrs mort sunt1 quod sl merdinus rdbat4 ,tum rct vi#h circiter vgint mlia#i passuum#i ,capuam1#i ad nsignem ,campniae urbem1 contendrunt4 ,e#aj mult nocte dfess pervnrunt4 #aa,postrdi eius di1 somn et cib recret1 ,capu discessrunt et #acviam ,appiam ingress1 quae ,capuam tangit et sque ad urbem ,rmam dcit1 ante merdiem ,sinuessam pervnrunt1 quod oppidum tangit mare4 ,inde prm lce proficscents ,formis#ac propervrunt1 ubi ,cicer1 rtor clarissimus1 qu forte apud vllam suam erat1 es benign excpit4 ,hinc #ad;itinere vgint qunque mlium passuum fact1 ,tarracnam1 oppidum in saxs altissims situm1 vdrunt4 ,iamque nn long aberant palds magnae1 quae multa mlia passuum undique patent4 ,per es pedestris via est gravis et in nve vitrs vehuntur4 ,itaque #ae;equs relicts ,lentulus et ,pblius nvem cnscendrunt1 et1 n nocte in trnsit cnsmpt1 ,forum ,app vnrunt4 ,tum brev tempore ,arcia es excpit4 ,hoc oppidum1 in colle situm1 ab urbe ,rom sdecim mlia passuum abest4 ,inde dclivis via sque ad latum campum dcit ubi ,rma stat4 ,quem ad locum ubi ,pblius vnit et ,rmam adhc remtam1 maximam ttus orbis terrrum urbem1 cnspxit1 summ admrtine et gaudi adfectus est4 ,sine mor dscendrunt1 et1 medi intervll quam celerrim supert1 urbem port ,capn ingress sunt4 ,footnote #a3 qundecim1 etc41 cf4 p4 #baj1 l4 #e1 and note4 ,footnote #b3 prms 444 cnfects1 abl4 abs4 ,cf4 #eja4bh4 ,footnote #c3 patr1 dat4 with persusit4 ,footnote #d3 omnibus 444 comparts1 cf4 note #b4 ,footnote #e3 vect1 perf4 pass4 part4 of veh4 ,footnote #f3 ,what is there peculiar about the gender of this word8 ,footnote #g3 ,nlae1 locative case1 #eja4cf4b4 ,footnote #h3 vi1 cf4 port1 p4 #bjh1 l4 #g1 and note4 ,footnote #i3 ,what construction8 ,footnote #aj3 ,e1 adv4 there4 ,footnote #aa3 ,postrdi eius di1 on the next day4 ,footnote #ab3 viam ,appiam1 the most famous of all ,roman roads1 the great highway from ,rome to ,tarentum and ,brundisium1 with numerous branches4 ,locate on the map the various towns that are mentioned in the lines that follow4 ,footnote #ac3 ,formis1 ,formi1 one of the most beautiful spots on this coast1 and a favorite site for the villas of rich ,romans4 ,footnote #ad3 itinere 444 fact1 abl4 abs4 ,the gen4 mlium modifies itinere4 ,footnote #ae3 equs relicts4 ,what construction8 ,point out a similar one in the next line4 ,illustration3 ,,bulla ,,lxviii4 ,,publius ,,puts ,,on ,,the ,,toga ,,virilis ,pblius iam ttum annum ,rmae morbtur#a multaque urbis spectcula vderat et mults sibi#b amcs parverat4 ,e#c omns favbant2 #d;d e omns bene sprre poterant4 ,cotdi ,pblius scholas philosophrum et grammaticrum tant studi frequentbat #eut alis clrum exemplum praebret4 ,saepe erat cum patre in cri#f2 quae rs effcit #gut summs re pblicae virs et audret et vidret4 ,ubi #hsdecim anns natus est1 bullam#i auream et togam praetextam mre ,rmn dposuit atque virlem togam smpsit4 ,virlis autem toga erat omnn alba1 sed praetexta clvum purpureum in margine habbat4 #aj;,dpnere togam praetextam et smere togam virlem erat rs grtissima puer ,rmn1 quod poste vir et cvis ,rmnus habbtur4 #aa;,hs rbus gests ,lentulus ad uxrem suam hs litters scrpsit3 #ab8,mrcus ,iliae suae saltem dcit4 ,s vals1 bene est2 ego vale4 ,accp tus litters4 ,hs nunc ,rm per servum fidlissimum mitt ut d ,pbli nostr quam celerrim scis4 ,nam hodi e togam virlem ded4 ,ante lucem surrx#ac et prmum bullam auream d coll eius remv4 ,hc ,laribus#ad cnsecrt et sacrs facts1 eum tog virl vestv4 ,interim plrs amc cum multitdine optimrum cvium et honestrum clientium pervnerant #aequ ,pblium dom in forum ddcerent4 ,ibi in cvittem receptus est et nmen1 ,pblius ,cornlius ,lentulus1 apud cvs ,rmns ascrptum est4 ,omns e amcissim furunt et magna#af de e praedcunt4 ,sapientior enim aequlibus#ag est et magnum ingenium habet4 #ah;,cr ut vales40 ,footnote #a3 morbtur1 translate as if pluperfect4 ,footnote #b3 sibi1 for himself4 ,footnote #c3 ,e1 why dat48 ,footnote #d3 d 444 poterant1 in ,english1 all regarded him as a very promising youth2 but what does the ,latin say8 ,footnote #e3 ut444 praebret1 #eja4dc4 ,footnote #f3 cri1 a famous building near the ,roman ,forum4 ,footnote #g3 ut 444 audret et vidret1 #eja4dd4 ,footnote #h3 sdecim1 etc41 cf4 p4 #baj1 l4 #e1 and note4 ,footnote #i3 bullam1 cf4 p4 #baj1 l4 #c1 and note #d4 ,footnote #aj3 ,these infinitive clauses are the subject of erat4 ,cf4 #baf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,hs rbus gests1 i4e4 the assumption of the toga virilis and attendant ceremonies4 ,footnote #ab3 ,compare the beginning of this letter with the one on page #bjf4 ,footnote #ac3 surrx1 from surg4 ,footnote #ad3 ,the ,lares were the spirits of the ancestors1 and were worshiped as household gods4 ,all that the house contained was confided to their care1 and sacrifices were made to them daily4 ,footnote #ae3 qu 444 ddcerent1 #cej4 ,footnote #af3 magna1 great things1 a neuter adj4 used as a noun4 ,footnote #ag3 aequlibus1 #eja4cd4 ,footnote #ah3 ,cr ut vales1 take good care of your health4 ,how does the ,latin express this idea8 ,,lxix4 ,,publius ,,joins ,c,,sar',s ,,army ,,in ,,gaul ,pblius iam adulscns postquam togam virlem smpsit1 alis rbus studre incpit et praesertim s#a armrum s#b dligenter exercuit4 ,magis magisque amvit ills arts quae mlitrem animum dlectant4 ,iamque erant #cqu e cursum mlitrem praedcerent4 ,nec sine caus1 quod cert patris signe exemplum #d;ita multum trahbat4 #e,paucs ante anns ,c4 ,ilius ,caesar1 ducum ,rmnrum maximus1 cnsul cretus erat et hc tempore in ,galli bellum grave gerbat4 ,atque in exercit eius plrs adulscents mlitbant1 apud qus erat amcus qudam ,pbl4 ,ille ,pblium crbrs litters vehementer hortbtur #fut iter in ,galliam faceret4 ,neque ,pblius recsvit1 et1 mults amcs ad portam urbis prsequentibus1 ad ,caesaris castra profectus est4 ,qurt di postquam iter ingressus est1 ad ,alps1 monts altissims1 pervnit4 ,hs summ difficultte superts1 tandem ,gallrum in fnibus erat4 ,prm autem veritus est ut#g castrs ,rmns adpropinqure posset1 quod ,gall1 maxims cpis cocts1 ,rmns obsidbant et vis omns iam clauserant4 ,hs rbus commtus ,pblius vestem ,gallicam induit n ,galls capertur1 et ita per hostium cpis incolumis ad castra pervenre potuit4 ,intr mntines acceptus1 ,caesare benign exceptus est4 ,impertor fortem adulscentem amplissims verbs laudvit et eum #htribnum mltum crevit4 ,footnote #a3 ,abl4 of means4 ,footnote #b3 s1 reflexive object of exercuit4 ,footnote #c3 qu 444 praedcerent1 #eja4de4 ,footnote #d3 ita multum trahbat1 had a great influence in that direction4 ,footnote #e3 ,paucs ante anns1 a few years before2 in ,latin1 before by a few years1 ante being an adverb and anns abl4 of degree of difference4 ,footnote #f3 ut 444 faceret1 #eja4da4 ,footnote #g3 ut1 how translated here8 ,see #eja4db4 ,footnote #h3 ,the military tribune was a commissioned officer nearly corresponding to our rank of colonel4 ,the tribunes were often inexperienced men1 so ,csar did not allow them much responsibility4 ,illustration3 ,,impedimenta ,,how ,,the ,,romans ,,marched ,,and ,,camped ,exercitus qu in hostium fnibus bellum genit mults percus circumdatus est4 #a,quae percula ut vtret1 ,rmni summam cram adhbre solbant4 ,adpropinquantes cpis hostium agmen ita dispnbant #but impertor ipse cum plribus leginibus expedts#c prmum agmen dceret4 ,post es cpis impedmenta#d ttus exercits conlocbant4 #e,tum legins quae proxim cnscrptae erant ttum agmen claudbant4 ,equits quoque in omns parts dmittbantur qu loca explrrent2 et centurins praemittbantur ut locum castrs idneum dligerent4 ,locus habbatur idneus castrs #fqu facile dfend posset et prope aquam esset4 ,qu d caus castra#g in colle ab utrque parte ardu1 fronte lniter dclv saepe pnbantur2 vel locus paldibus cnctus vel in flminis rps situs dligbtur4 ,ad locum postquam exercitus pervnit1 ali mlitum #h;in arms erant1 ali castra mnre incipibant4 ,nam #iqu ttirs ab hostibus mlits essent1 nve incaut et impart opprimerentur1 castra foss lt et vll alt mnibant4 ,in castrs portae quattuor erant ut rupti mlitum omns in parts fier posset4 ,in anguls castrrum erant turrs d quibus tla in hosts conicibantur4 #aj,tlibus in castrs qulia dscrpsimus ,pblius ,caesare exceptus est4 ,footnote #a3 ,quae percula1 object of vtrent4 ,it is placed first to make a proper connection with the preceding sentence4 ,footnote #b3 ut 444 dceret1 #eja4dc4 ,footnote #c3 expedts1 i4e4 without baggage and ready for action4 ,footnote #d3 impedmenta4 ,much of the baggage was carried in carts and on beasts of burden1 as is shown above2 but1 besides this1 each soldier 7unless expedtus7 carried a heavy pack4 ,see also picture1 p4 #aei4 ,footnote #e3 ,the newest legions were placed in the rear1 because they were the least reliable4 ,footnote #f3 qu 444 posset 444 esset1 #eja4de4 ,footnote #g3 castra1 subject of pnbantur4 ,footnote #h3 in arms erant1 stood under arms4 ,footnote #i3 qu 444 essent4 ,when is qu used to introduce a purpose clause8 ,see #cej4;,i4 ,footnote #aj3 ,tlibus in castrs qulia1 in such a camp as4 ,it is important to remember the correlatives tlis 444 qulis1 such 444 as4 ,illustration3 ,,centurio ,,lxx4 ,,the ,,rival ,,centurions ,ills in castrs erant duo centurins1#a fortissim vir1 ,t4 ,pull et ,l4 ,vornus1 qurum neuter alter virtte#b cdere volbat4 ,inter es iam mults anns nfnsum certmen gerbtur4 ,tum dmum fnis contrversiae hc mod#c factus est4 ,di terti postquam ,pblius pervnit1 hosts1 mairibus cpis cocts1 cerrimum impetum in castra fcrunt4 ,tum ,pull1 #d;cum ,rmn tardirs#e vidrentur1 8,cr dubits10 inquit1 8,vorne8 ,quam commodirem occsinem exspects8 ,hic dis d virtte nostr idicbit40 ,haec#f cum dxisset1 extr mntins prcessit et in eam hostium partem quae cfertissima #gvidbtur inrpit4 ,neque ,vornus quidem tum vll#h ss continet1 sed ,pullnem subsequitur4 ,tum ,pull plum in hosts immittit atque num ex multitdine prcurrentem tricit4 ,hunc percussum et exanimtum hosts scts prtegunt et in ,pullnem omns tla coniciunt4 ,eius sctum trnsfgitur et tlum in balte dfgitur4 ,hic csus vgnam vertit et dextram manum eius gladium dcere cnantis#i mortur4 ,eum ita impedtum hosts circumsistunt4 ,tum vro #aj;e labrant ,vornus1 cum sit inimcus1 tamen auxilium dat4 ,ad hunc cnfestim #aa ,pullne omnis multitd s convertit4 ,gladi comminus pugnat ,vornus1 atque1 n interfect1 reliqus paulum prpellit4 ,sed nstns cupidius#ab nflx1 #acpede s fallente1 concidit4 ,huic rrsus circumvent auxilium dat ,pull1 atque amb incolums1 plribus interfects1 summ cum laude intr mntins s recipiunt4 ,sic inimcrum alter alter auxilium dedit nec de erum virtte quisquam idicre potuit4 ,footnote #a3 ,a centurion commanded a company of about sixty men4 ,he was a common soldier who had been promoted from the ranks for his courage and fighting qualities4 ,the centurions were the real leaders of the men in battle4 ,there were sixty of them in a legion4 ,the centurion in the picture 7p4 #baf7 has in his hand a staff with a crook at one end1 the symbol of his authority4 ,footnote #b3 virtte1 #eja4cj4 ,footnote #c3 ,abl4 of manner4 ,footnote #d3 cum 444 vidrentur1 #eja4df4 ,footnote #e3 tardirs1 too slow1 a not infrequent translation of the comparative degree4 ,footnote #f3 ,haec1 obj4 of dxisset4 ,it is placed before cum to make a close connection with the preceding sentence4 ,what is the construction of dxisset8 ,footnote #g3 vidbatur1 inrpit4 ,why is the imperfect used in one case and the perfect in the other8 ,cf4 #aij4 ,footnote #h3 vll1 abl4 of means1 but in ,english we should say within the rampart4 ,cf4 ingent stabul1 p4 #bja1 l4 #ac1 and note4 ,footnote #i3 cnantis1 pres4 part4 agreeing with eius4 ,footnote #aj3 e labrant1 indir4 obj4 of dat4 ,footnote #aa3 ,pullne1 from ,pullo1 abl4 of separation4 ,footnote #ab3 cupidius1 too eagerly4 ,footnote #ac3 pede s fallente1 lit4 the foot deceiving itself2 in our idiom1 his foot slipping4 ,,lxxi4 ,,the ,,enemy ,,besieging ,,the ,,camp ,,are ,,repulsed ,cum iam sex hrs pugnatum esset#a ac nn slum vrs sed etiam tla ,rmns dficerent#a1 atque hosts crius instrent1#a et vllum scindere fossamque complre incpissent1#a ,caesar1 vir re mlitris pertissimus1 sus impervit ut proelium paulisper intermitterent1#b et1 sign dat1 ex castrs rumperent4#b #c,quod iuss sunt faciunt1 et subit ex omnibus ports rumpunt4 ,atque tam celeriter mlits concurrrunt et tam propinqu erant hosts#d ut spatium pla coniciend#e nn dartur4 ,itaque reiects pls #f;comminus gladis pugntum est4 ,di et audcter hosts restitrunt et in extrm sp saltis tantam virttem praestitrunt ut dextr corn vehementer #gmultitdine surum aciem ,rmanam premerent4 #h;,id impertor cum animadvertisset1 ,pblium adulscentem cum equitt msit qu labrantibus#i auxilium daret4 ,eius impetum sustinre nn poturunt hosts#aj et omns terga vertrunt4 ,es in fugam dats ,pblius subsectus est sque ad flmen ,rhnum1 quod ab e loc qunque mlia passuum aberat4 ,ibi pauc saltem sibi repperrunt4 ,omnibus reliqus interfects1 ,pblius et equits in castra ss recprunt4 ,d hc calamitte fnitimae gents cum certirs factae essent1 ad ,caesarem lgts msrunt et s suaque omnia ddidrunt4 ,footnote #a3 pugntum esset1 dficerent1 nstrent1 incpissent4 ,these are all subjunctives with cum4 ,cf4 #eja4df4 ,footnote #b3 intermitterent1 rumperent4 ,what use of the subjunctive8 ,footnote #c3 ,quod1 etc41 they do as ordered4 ,the antecedent of quod is id understood1 which would be the object of faciunt4 ,footnote #d3 ut 444 dartur4 ,is this a clause of purpose or of result8 ,footnote #e3 coniciend1 #djb4 ,footnote #f3 comminus gladis pugntum est1 a hand-to-hand conflict was waged with swords4 ,footnote #g3 multitdine surum1 by their numbers4 surum is used as a noun4 ,what is the literal translation of this expression8 ,footnote #h3 ,id impertor4 ,id is the obj4 and impertor the subj4 of animadvertisset4 ,footnote #i3 labrantibus4 ,this participle agrees with is understood1 the indir4 obj4 of daret2 qui 444 daret is a purpose clause1 #eja4dj4 ,footnote #aj3 hosts1 subj4 of poturunt4 ,,lxxii4 ,,publius ,,goes ,,to ,,germany ,,its ,,great ,,forests ,,and ,,strange ,,animals ,init aestte ,caesar litters certior fbat et per explrtrs cognscbat plrs cvitts ,galliae novs rbus studre1#a et contr populum ,rmnum conirre#a obsidsque #b;inter s dare1#a atque cum hs ,germns qusdam quoque ss coninctrs esse4#a ,hs litters nntisque commtus ,caesar cnstituit quam celerrim in ,galls proficsc1#c ut es inopnants opprimeret1 et ,labinum lgtum cum dubus leginibus peditum et dubus mlibus equitum in ,germns mittere4#c #d;,itaque r frmentri compart castra mvit4 ,ab utrque#e rs bene gesta est2 nam ,caesar tam celeriter in hostium fns pervnit ut spatium #f;cpis cgend nn dartur#d2 et ,labinus d ,germns tam grave supplicium smpsit ut nm ex e gente in reliquum tempus ,galls auxilium dare audret4#g ,hoc iter in ,germniam ,pblius quoque fcit et1 #h;cum ibi morrtur1 multa mrbilia vdit4 ,praesertim vr ingentem silvam mrbtur1 quae tantae magnitdinis esse dcbtur #iut nm eam trnsre posset1 nec quisquam scret aut initium aut fnem4 ,qu d r plra cognverat mlite qudam qu lim captus ,germns mults anns ibi incoluit4 ,ille#aj d silv dcns1 8nfntae magnitdinis est haec silva10 inquit2 8nee quisquam est #aa;huius ,germniae #abqu initium eius sciat aut ad fnem adierit4 ,nscuntur illc multa tlia animlium genera qulia reliqus in locs nn inveniuntur4 ,sunt bovs qu num#ac corn habent2 sunt etiam animlia quae appellantur alcs4 ,hae nlls crrum#ad articuls habent4 ,itaque1 s forte concidrunt1 ss rigere nll mod possunt4 ,arbors habent pr#ae cublibus2 ad es s applicant atque ita reclntae quitem capiunt4 ,tertium est genus erum qu r appellantur4 ,h sunt paul minrs elephants4#af ,magna vis erum est et magna vlcits4 ,neque homin neque ferae parcunt4#ag0 ,footnote #a3 ,observe that all these infinitives are in indirect statements after certior fbat1 he was informed1 and cognscbat1 he learned4 ,cf4 #eja4dh1 #di4 ,footnote #b3 inter s1 to each other4 ,footnote #c3 proficsc1 mittere4 ,these infinitives depend upon cnstituit4 ,footnote #d3 ,before beginning a campaign1 food had to be provided4 ,every fifteen days grain was distributed4 ,each soldier received about two pecks4 ,this he carried in his pack1 and this constituted his food1 varied occasionally by what he could find by foraging4 ,footnote #e3 ,abl4 of personal agent1 #eja4cc4 ,footnote #f3 cpis cgend1 #eja4cg4a4 ,footnote #g3 dartur1 audret1 #eja4dc4 audret is not from audi4 ,footnote #h3 cum 444 morrtur1 #eja4df4 ,footnote #i3 ut 444 posset1 444 scret1 #eja4dc4 ,footnote #aj3 ,ille1 subj4 of inquit4 ,footnote #aa3 huius ,germniae1 of this part of ,germany4 ,footnote #ab3 qu 444 scat 444 adierit1 #eja4de4 ,footnote #ac3 num1 only one4 ,footnote #ad3 crrum1 from crs4 ,footnote #ae3 pr1 for1 in place of4 ,footnote #af3 elephants1 #eja4cd4 ,footnote #ag3 parcunt4 ,what case is used with this verb8 ,illustration3 ,,vinea ,,lxxiii4 ,,the ,,storming ,,of ,a ,,city ,pblius plrs dis in ,germni mortus#a in ,galliam rediit1 et ad ,caesaris castra s contulit4 ,ille quia molest ferbat ,galls#b eius reginis obsids dare recsvisse et exercitu frmentum praebre nluisse1 cnstituit es#c bellum nferre4 ,agrs vstts1 vcs incnss1 pervnit ad oppidum validissimum quod et ntr et arte mntum erat4 ,cingbtur mr vgint qunque peds#d alt4 lateribus dusitum1 praerupt fastgi ad plnitiem verggat2 qurt tantum#e latere aditus erat facilis4 ,hoc oppidum oppugnre1 #f;cum opus esset difficillimum1 tamen cnstituit ,caesar4 ,et castrs mnts ,pbli negtium dedit ut rs #g;ad oppugnandum necessris parret4 ,rmnrum autem oppugnti est haec4#h ,prmum turrs aedificantur quibus mlits in summum mrum vdere possint#i2 vneae#aj funt quibus tct mlits ad mrum succdant2 plute#aa parantur post qus mlits tormenta#ab administrent2 sunt quoque ariets qu mrum et ports discutiant4 ,hs omnibus rbus comparts1 deinde #ac;agger ab e parte ubi aditus est facillimus exstruitur et cum vnes ad ipsum oppidum agitur4 ,tum turris in aggere prmovtur2 arietibus qu sub vnes conloct erant mrus et portae discutiuntur2 ballists1 catapults1 reliqusque torments lapids et tla in oppidum coniciuntur4 ,postrm cum iam turris et agger altitdinem mr adaequant et ariets moenia perfrgrunt1#ad sign dat mlits inruunt et oppidum expugnant4 ,footnote #a3 mortus4 ,is this part4 active or passive in meaning8 ,footnote #b3 ,galls1 subj4 acc4 of the infins4 recsvisse and nluisse4 ,the indirect statement depends upon molest ferbat4 ,footnote #c3 es1 #eja4ae4 ,footnote #d3 peds1 #eja4ba4 ,footnote #e3 tantum1 adv4 only4 ,footnote #f3 cum 444 esset1 a clause of concession1 #eja4df4 ,footnote #g3 ad oppugnandum1 a gerund expressing purpose4 ,footnote #h3 haec1 as follows4 ,footnote #i3 possint1 subjv4 of purpose4 ,three similar constructions follow4 ,footnote #aj3 vneae4 ,these vneae were wooden sheds1 open in front and rear1 used to protect men who were working to take a fortification4 ,they were about eight feet high1 of like width1 and double that length1 covered with raw hides to protect them from being set on fire1 and moved on wheels or rollers4 ,footnote #aa3 plute1 large screens or shields with small wheels attached to them4 ,these were used to protect besiegers while moving up to a city or while serving the engines of war4 ,footnote #ab3 tormenta4 ,the engines of war were chiefly the catapult for shooting great arrows1 and the ballista1 for hurling large stones4 ,they had a range of about two thousand feet and were very effective4 ,footnote #ac3 ,the agger1 or mound1 was of chief importance in a siege4 ,it was begun just out of reach of the missiles of the enemy1 and then gradually extended towards the point to be attacked4 ,at the same time its height gradually increased until on a level with the top of the wall1 or even higher4 ,it was made of earth and timber1 and had covered galleries running through it for the use of the besiegers4 ,over or beside the agger a tower was moved up to the wall1 often with a battering-ram 7aries7 in the lowest story4 7,see picture1 p4 #bba47 ,footnote #ad3 perfrgrunt1 from perfring4 ,illustration3 ,,ballista ,illustration3 ,,turres1 ,,arietes1 ,,vinea ,,lxxiv4 ,,the ,,city ,,is ,,taken ,,the ,,captives ,,are ,,questioned ,omnibus rbus necessris ad oppugnandum ,pbli comparts1 dlbertur in concili quod cnsilium #aoppid expugnand ineant4#b ,tum nus#c ex centurinibus1 vir re mlitris pertissimus1 8,ego sude10 inquit1 8ut ab e parte1 ubi aditus sit#e facillimus1 aggerem exstrumus#d et turrim prmovemus#f atque ariete admt simul mrum discutere cnmur4#e0 #f;,hoc cnsilium cum omnibus placret1 ,caesar concilium dmsit4 ,deinde mlits horttus ut prirs victris memori#g tenrent1 iussit aggerem exstru1 turrim et arietem admovr4 ,neque oppidns#h cnsilium dfuit4 ,ali ignem et omne genus tlrum d mr in turrim conicrunt1 ali ingentia saxa in vnes et arietem dvolvrunt4 ,di utrimque cerrim pugntum est4 ,n vulnert quidem pedem rettulrunt4 ,tandem1 #i;d terti vigili1 ,pblius1 quem ,caesar ill oper#aj praefcerat1 nntivit partem#aa mr ictibus arietis labefactam concidisse4 ,qu r audt ,caesar signum dat2 mlits inruunt et magn cum caede hostium oppidum capiunt4 ,postrdi eius di1 hc oppid expugnt1 #ab;captvrum qu nbilissim sunt ad impertrem ante praetrium#ac addcuntur4 ,ipse1 lrc aurt et paludment purpure nsignis1 captvs per interpretem in hunc modum interrogat3#ad ,vs qu estis#ae8 ,,interpres4 ,rogat impertor qu stis4 ,,capt,v4 ,fli rgis sumus4 ,,interpres4 ,dcunt s flis esse rgis4 ,,imper,,tor4 ,cr mihi tants iniris intulistis8 ,,interpres4 ,rogat cr sibi tants iniris intuleritis4 ,,capt,v4 ,iniris e nn intulimus sed pr patri bellum gessimus4 ,semper voluimus ,rmns esse amc1 sed ,rmn sine caus ns dom patrique expellere cnt sunt4 ,,interpres4 #af,negant s iniris tibi intulisse1 sed pr patri bellum gessisse4 #ag,semper s voluisse amcs ,rmns esse1 sed ,rmns sine caus s dom patrique expellere cnts esse4 ,,imper,,tor4 #ah,manbitisne in reliquum tempus in fid1 hc rebelline condnt8 ,tum vr captv mults cum lacrims irvrunt s in fid mnsrs esse1 et ,caesar es incolums domum dmsit4 ,footnote #a3 oppid expugnand4 ,is this a gerund or a gerundive construction8 ,cf4 #eja4cg4 ,footnote #b3 ineant4 #eja4ej4 ,footnote #c3 nus4 subj4 of inquit4 ,footnote #d3 sit4 ,this is a so-called subjunctive by attraction1 which means that the clause beginning with ubi stands in such close connection with the subjv4 clause beginning with ut1 that its verb is attracted into the same mood4 ,footnote #e3 ,all these verbs are in the same construction4 ,footnote #f3 ,hoc cnsilium1 subj4 of placret4 ,for the order cf4 ,haec cum1 etc41 p4 #bae1 l4 #bb1 and note2 ,id impertor cum1 p4 #bag1 l4 #h4 ,footnote #g3 memori1 abl4 of means4 ,footnote #h3 oppidns1 #eja4ae4 ,footnote #i3 ,between twelve and three o'clock in the morning4 ,the night was divided into four watches4 ,footnote #aj3 oper1 #eja4ae4 ,footnote #aa3 partem1 subj4 acc4 of concidisse4 ,footnote #ab3 captvrum 444 sunt1 the noblest of the captives4 ,footnote #ac3 ,the general's headquarters4 ,footnote #ad3 ,study carefully these direct questions1 indirect questions1 and indirect statements4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,plate ,,iii1 p4 #adh4 ,footnote #af3 ,negant1 etc41 they say that they have not1 etc4 ,negant is equivalent to dcunt nn1 and the negative modifies intulisse1 but not the remainder of the indirect statement4 ,footnote #ag3 ,semper1 etc41 that they have always1 etc4 ,footnote #ah3 ,manbitisne in fid1 will you remain loyal8 ,,lxxv4 ,,civil ,,war ,,breaks ,,out ,,between ,c,,sar ,,and ,,pompey ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,pharsalia ,n cnfect#a quidem bell ,gallic1 #b;bellum cvle inter ,caesarem et ,pompium exortum est4 ,nam ,pompius1 qu summum imperium petbat1 sentu persuserat ut ,caesarem re pblicae hostem#c idicret et exercitum eius dmitt iubret4 ,quibus cognits rbus ,caesar exercitum suum dmittere recsvit1 atque1 horttus mlits ut ducem totins victrem ab inimcrum iniris dfenderent1 impervit ut s ,rmam sequerentur4 ,summ cum alacritte mlits prurunt1 et trnsit ,rubicne#d initium bell cvlis factum est4 ,italiae urbs quidem omns fer #erbus ,caesaris favbant et eum benign excprunt4 ,qu r commtus ,pompius ante ,caesaris adventum ,rm excessit et ,brundisium#f pervnit1 inde #gpaucs post dibus cum omnibus cpis ad prum mare trnsiit4 ,eum ,caesar cum septem leginibus et qungents equitibus sectus est1 et nsignis inter ,caesaris comittum erat ,pblius4 ,plribus leviribus proelis facts1 tandem cpiae adversae ad ,pharslum#h in ,thessali sitam castra posurunt4 ,cum ,pompe exercitus esset bis tantus quantus ,caesaris1 tamen erant mult qu veterns legins quae ,galls et ,germns superverant vehementer timbant4 ,qus#i #aj;ante proelium commissum ,labinus#aa lgtus1 qu ab ,caesare nper dfcerat1 ita adloctus est3 8#ab,nlte exstimre hunc esse exercitum veternrum mlitum4 ,omnibus interfu proelis#ac neque temer incognitam rem prnnti4 ,perexigua pars illus exercits qu ,galls supervit adhc superest4 ,magna pars occsa est1 mult domum discessrunt1 mult sunt relict in ,itali4 ,hae cpiae qus vidtis in #ad;citerire ,galli nper cnscrptae sunt40 ,haec#ae cum dxisset1 irvit s nisi victrem in castra nn reversrum esse4 #af;,hoc idem ,pompius et omns reliqu irvrunt1 et magn sp et laetiti1 scut certam ad victriam1 cpiae castrs exirunt4 ,item ,caesar1 anim#ag ad dmicandum partus1 exercitum suum dxit et septem cohortibus #ahpraesidi castrs relicts cpis triplic aci nstrxit4 ,tum1 mlitibus studi pugnae rdentibus1 tub signum dedit4 ,mlits prcurrrunt et pls misss gladis strnxrunt4 ,neque vr virts hostibus dfuit4 ,nam et tla missa sustinurunt et impetum gladirum excprunt et rdins cnservvrunt4 ,utrimque di et criter pugntum est nec quisquam pedem rettulit4 ,tum equits ,pomp aciem ,caesaris circumre cnt sunt4 ,quod#ai ubi ,caesar animadvertit1 tertiam aciem1#bj quae ad id tempus quita fuerat1 prcurrere iussit4 ,tum vr integrrum impetum#ba dfess hosts sustinre nn poturunt et omns terga vertrunt4 ,sed ,pompius d fortns sus dsprns s in castra equ contulit1 inde mox cum paucs equitibus effgit4 ,footnote #a3 ,with n 444 quidem the emphatic word stands between the two4 ,footnote #b3 ,the ,civil ,war was caused by the jealousy and rivalry between ,csar and ,pompey4 ,it resulted in the defeat and subsequent death of ,pompey and the elevation of ,csar to the lordship of the ,roman world4 ,footnote #c3 hostem1 predicate accusative1 #eja4bb4 ,footnote #d3 ,the ,rubicon was a small stream in northern ,italy that marked the boundary of ,csar's province4 ,by crossing it with an armed force ,csar declared war upon ,pompey and the existing government4 ,csar crossed the ,rubicon early in the year #di ,b4,c4 ,footnote #e3 rbus ,caesaris favbant1 favored ,csar's side4 ,in what case is rbus8 ,footnote #f3 ,brundisium1 a famous port in southern ,italy whence ships sailed for ,greece and the ,east4 ,see map4 ,footnote #g3 paucs post dibus1 a few days later2 literally1 afterguards by a few days4 ,cf4 paucs ante anns1 p4 #bac1 l4 #ab1 and note4 ,footnote #h3 ,the battle of ,pharsalia was fought on ,august #i1 #dh ,b4,c4 ,in importance it ranks as one of the great battles of the world4 ,footnote #i3 ,qus1 obj4 of adloctus est4 ,footnote #aj3 ante proelium commissum1 before the beginning of the battle4 ,footnote #aa3 ,labinus1 ,csar's most faithful and skillful lieutenant in the ,gallic ,war4 ,on the outbreak of the ,civil ,war1 in #di ,b4,c41 he deserted ,csar and joined ,pompey4 ,his defection caused the greatest joy among the ,pompeian party2 but he disappointed the expectations of his new friends1 and never accomplished anything of importance4 ,he fought against his old commander in several battles and was slain at the battle of ,munda in ,spain1 #de ,b4,c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,nlte exstimre1 dont think4 ,footnote #ac3 proelis1 #eja4ae4 ,footnote #ad3 citerire ,galli4 ,this name is applied to ,cisalpine ,gaul1 or ,gaul south of the ,alps4 ,footnote #ae3 ,haec1 obj4 of dxisset4 ,footnote #af3 ,hoc idem1 obj4 of irvrunt4 ,footnote #ag3 anim1 #eja4cj4 ,footnote #ah3 praesidi castrs1 #eja4ag4 ,footnote #ai3 ,quod1 obj4 of animadvertit4 ,footnote #bj3 aciem1 subj4 of prcurrere4 ,footnote #ba3 impetum1 obj4 of sustinre4 ,illustration3 ,,signifer ,,lxxvi4 ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,caesar ,pompi amcsque eius superts atque omnibus hostibus ubque victs1 ,caesar impertor ,rmam rediit et #a;extr moenia urbis in camp ,mrti castra posuit4 ,tum vr amplissims honribus adfectus est4 ,dicttor cretus est1 et e triumphus sent est dcrtus4 #b,qu di de ,galls triumphum git1 tanta multitd hominum in urbem undique cnflxit #cut omnia loca essent cnferta4 ,templa patbant1 rae fmbant1 columnae serts rntae erant4 #d;,cum vr pompa urbem intrret1 quantus hominum fremitus ortus est6 ,prmum per portam ingress sunt sentus et magistrts4 ,sect sunt tbcins1 signifer1 pedits laure cornt canents3 8,ecce ,caesar nunc triumphat1 qu subgit ,galliam10 et 8,mlle1 mlle1 mlle1 mlle ,galls trucdvimus40 ,mult praedam captrum urbium portbant1 arma1 omnia bell nstrmenta4 ,sect sunt equits1 animss atque splendidissim rnts equs vect1 inter qus ,pblius adulscns fortissimus habbtur4 ,addcbantur taur1 ariets1 #equ ds immortlibus immolrentur4 ,ita long agmine prgredins exercitus #fsacr vi per forum in ,capitlium perrxit4 ,impertor ipse cum urbem intrret1 undique laet clmre multitdinis salttus est4 ,stbat in curr aure quem quattuor alb equ vehbant4 ,indtus #gtog pict1 alter man habns et lauream tenbat1 alter eburneum scptrum4 ,post eum servus in curr stns auream cornam super caput eius tenbat4 ,ante currum miserrim captv1 rgs prncipsque supertrum gentium1 catns vnct1 prgredibantur2 et vgint quattuor lctrs#h laureats fascs ferents et signifer currum ,caesaris comitbantur4 ,concldit agmen multitd captvrum1 qu1 in servittem redct1#i dmiss vult1 vncts#aj bracchis1 sequuntur2 quibuscum veniunt longissim rdine mlits1 etiam h praedam vel insignia mlitria ferents4 ,illustration3 ,,lictores ,,cum ,,fascibus ,caesar cum ,capitlium ascendisset1 in templ ,iov ,capitln sacra fcit4 ,simul#aa captivrum qu nbilissim erant1 abduct in carcerem1#ab interfect sunt4 ,sacrs facts ,caesar d ,capitli dscendit et in for mitibus sus honrs mlitrs dedit esque pecniam ex bell praed distribuit4 ,hs omnibus rbus cnfects1 ,pblius ,caesarem valre#ac iussit et quam celerrim ad vllam contendit ut patrem mtremque saltret4 #ad;,d rbus gests ,p4 ,cornl ,lentul hctenus4 ,footnote #a3 ,a victorious general with his army was not allowed to enter the city until the day of his triumph4 ,a triumph was the greatest of all military honors4 ,footnote #b3 ,qu di1 on the day that1 abl4 of time4 ,footnote #c3 ut 444 essent1 #eja4dc4 ,footnote #d3 ,cum 444 intrret1 #eja4df4 ,footnote #e3 qu 444 immolrentur1 #eja4dj4 ,footnote #f3 ,the ,sacred ,way was a noted street running along one side of the ,forum to the base of the ,capitoline ,hill1 on whose summit stood the magnificent temple of ,jupiter ,capitolinus4 ,this route was always followed by triumphal processions4 ,footnote #g3 ,the toga picta worn by a general in his triumph was a splendid robe of ,tyrian purple covered with golden stars4 ,see ,plate ,,iv1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #h3 ,the lictors were a guard of honor that attended the higher magistrates and made a way for them through the streets4 ,on their shoulders they carried the fasces1 a bundle of rods with an ax in the middle1 symbolizing the power of the law4 ,footnote #i3 dmiss vult1 with downcast countenance4 ,footnote #aj3 vncts1 from vinci4 ,footnote #aa3 ,simul1 etc41 ,at the same time those of the captives who were the noblest4 ,footnote #ab3 ,the prison was a gloomy dungeon on the lower slopes of the ,capitoline ,hill4 ,footnote #ac3 valre iussit1 bade farewell to4 ,footnote #ad3 ,this sentence marks the end of the story4 ,,appendix ,i ,,declensions1 ,,conjugations1 ,,numerals1 ,,etc4 ,,nouns #dfj4 ,nouns are inflected in five declensions1 distinguished by the final letter of the stem and by the termination of the genitive singular4 ,,first ,,declension---stems1 ,gen4 ,sing4 -ae ,,second ,,declension--,o-stems1 ,gen4 ,sing4 - ,,third ,,declension--,consonant stems and ,i-stems1 ,gen4 ,sing4 -is ,,fourth ,,declension--,u-stems1 ,gen4 ,sing4 -s ,,fifth ,,declension---stems1 ,gen4 ,sing4 - #dfa4 ,,first ,,declension4 -,,stems domina1 lady ,,stem domin- ,,base domin- ,,singular ,,plural ,,terminations ,,terminations ,nom4 domina -a dominae -ae ,gen4 dominae -ae dominrum -rum ,dat4 dominae -ae domins -s ,acc4 dominam -am domins -s ,abl4 domin - domins -s a4 ,dea and flia have the termination -bus in the dative and ablative plural4 #dfb4 ,,second ,,declension4 ,o-,,stems a4 ,,masculines ,,in -us dominus1 master ,,stem domino- ,,base domin- ,,singular ,,plural ,,terminations ,,terminations ,nom4 dominus -us domin - ,gen4 domin - dominrum -rum ,dat4 domin - domins -s ,acc4 dominum -um domins -s ,abl4 domin - domins -s #a4 ,nouns in -us of the second declension have the termination -e in the vocative singular1 as domine4 #b4 ,proper names in -ius1 and filius1 end in - in the vocative singular1 and the accent rests on the penult1 as ,vergil1 fl4 b4 ,,neuters ,,in -um plum1 spear ,,stem plo- ,,base pl- ,,singular ,,plural ,,terminations ,,terminations ,nom4 plum -um pla -a ,gen4 pl - plrum -rum ,dat4 pl - pls -s ,acc4 plum -um pla -a ,abl4 pl - pls -s #a4 ,masculines in -ius and neuters in -ium end in - in the genitive singular1 not in -i1 and the accent rests on the penult4 c4 ,,masculines ,,in -er ,,and -ir puer1 boy ager1 field vir1 man ,,stems puero- agro- viro- ,,bases puer- agr- vir- ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 puer ager vir -- ,gen4 puer agr vir - ,dat4 puer agr vir - ,acc4 puerum agrum virum -um ,abl4 puer agr vir - ,,plural ,nom4 puer agr vir - ,gen4 puerrum agrrum virrum -rum ,dat4 puers agrs virs -s ,acc4 puers agrs virs -s ,abl4 puers agrs virs -s #dfc4 ,,third ,,declension4 ,,classification ,i4 ,consonant ,stems #a4 ,stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular3 masculines and feminines only4 #b4 ,stems that add no termination in the nominitive singular3 a4 masculines and feminines2 b4 neuters4 ,,ii4 ,i-,stems4 ,masculines1 feminines1 and neuters4 #dfd4 ,i4 ,,consonant ,,stems #a4 ,nouns that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular3 masculines and feminines only prnceps1 mles1 m41 lapis1 m41 m41 chief soldier stone ,,bases ,,or prncip- mlit- lapid- ,,stems ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 prnceps mles lapis -s ,gen4 prncipis mlitis lapidis -is ,dat4 prncip mlit lapid - ,acc4 prncipem mlitem lapidem -em ,abl4 prncipe mlite lapide -e ,,plural ,nom4 prncips mlits lapids -s ,gen4 prncipum mlitum lapidum -um ,dat4 prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus ,acc4 prncips mlits lapids -s ,abl4 prncipibus mlitibus lapidibus -ibus rx1 m41 idex1 m41 virts1 f41 king judge virtue ,,bases ,,or rg- idic- virtt- ,,stems ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 rx idex virts -s ,gen4 rgis idicis virttis -is ,dat4 rg idic virtt - ,acc4 rgem idicem virttem -em ,abl4 rge idice virtte -e ,,plural ,nom4 rgs idics virtts -s ,gen4 rgum idicum virttum -um ,dat4 rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus ,acc4 rgs idics virtts -es ,abl4 rgibus idicibus virttibus -ibus ,,note4 ,for consonant changes in the nominative singular1 cf4 #bcc4c4 #b4 ,nouns that have no termination in the nominative singular a4 ,,masculines ,,and ,,feminines cnsul1 m41 legi1 f41 rd1 pater1 m41 consul legion m41 row father ,,bases ,,or consul- legin- rdin- patr- ,,stems ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 cnsul legi rd pater -- ,gen4 cnsulis leginis rdinis patris -is ,dat4 cnsul legin rdin patr - ,acc4 cnsulem leginem rdinem patrem -em ,abl4 cnsule legine rdine patre -e ,,plural ,nom4 cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s ,gen4 cnsulum leginum rdinum patrum -um ,dat4 cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus ,acc4 cnsuls legins rdins patrs -s ,abl4 cnsulibus leginibus rdinibus patribus -ibus ,,note4 ,for vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular1 cf4 #bcf4a-c4 b4 ,,neuters flmen1 tempus1 opus1 caput1 n41 river n41 time n41 work n41 head ,,bases ,,or flmin- tempor- oper- capit- ,,stems ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 flmen tempus opus caput -- ,gen4 flminis temporis operis capitis -is ,dat4 flmin tempor oper capit - ,acc4 flmen tempus opus caput -- ,abl4 flmine tempore opere capite -e ,,plural ,nom4 flmina tempora opera capita -a ,gen4 flminum temporum operum capitum -um ,dat4 flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus ,acc4 flmina tempora opera capita -a ,abl4 flminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus ,,note4 ,for vowel and consonant changes in the nominative singular1 cf4 #bch4b1 #c4 #dfe4 ,,ii4 ,i-,,stems a4 ,,masculines ,,and ,,feminines caeds1 f41 hostis1 urbs1 f41 clins1 m41 slaughter m41 enemy city retainer ,,stems caedi- hosti- urbi- clienti- ,,bases caed- host- urb- client- ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 caeds hostis urbs clins -s1 -is1 or -s ,gen4 caedis hostis urbis clientis -is ,dat4 caed host urb client - ,acc4 caedem hostem urbem clientem -em 7-im7 ,abl4 caede hoste urbe cliente -e 7-7 ,,plural ,nom4 caeds hosts urbs clients -s ,gen4 caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium ,dat4 caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus ,acc4 caeds1 -s hosts1 -s urbs1 -s clients1 -s -s1 -s ,abl4 caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus #a4 ,avis1 cvis1 fnis1 ignis1 nvis1 have the abl4 sing4 in - or -e4 #b4 ,turris has accusative turrim and ablative turr or turre4 b4 ,,neuters nsigne1 n41 animal1 n41 calcar1 decoration animal n41 spur ,,stems nsigni- animli- calcri- ,,bases nsign- animl- calcr- ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 nsigne animal calcar -e or -- ,gen4 nsignis animlis calcris -is ,dat4 nsign animl calcr - ,acc4 nsigne animal calcar -e or -- ,abl4 nsign animl calcr - ,,plural ,nom4 nsignia animlia calcria -ia ,gen4 nsignium animlium calcrium -ium ,dat4 nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus ,acc4 nsignia animlia calcria -ia ,abl4 nsignibus animlibus calcribus -ibus #dff4 ,,the ,,fourth ,,declension4 ,u-,,stems adventus1 m41 corn1 n41 horn arrival ,,stems adventu- cornu- ,,bases advent- corn- ,,terminations ,,singular ,,masc4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 adventus corn -us - ,gen4 advents corns -s -s ,dat4 adventu 77 corn -u 77 - ,acc4 adventum corn -um - ,abl4 advent corn - - ,,plural ,nom4 advents cornua -s -ua ,gen4 adventuum cornuum -uum -uum ,dat4 adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus ,acc4 advents cornua -s -ua ,abl4 adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus #dfg4 ,,the ,,fifth ,,declension4 -,,stems dis1 m41 day rs1 f41 thing ,,stems di- r- ,,bases di- r- ,,singular ,,terminations ,nom4 dis rs -s ,gen4 di re - ,dat4 di re - ,acc4 diem rem -em ,abl4 di r - ,,plural ,nom4 dis rs -s ,gen4 dirum rrum -rum ,dat4 dibus rbus -bus ,acc4 dis rs -s ,abl4 dibus rbus -bus #dfh4 ,,special ,,paradigms deus1 domus1 f41 vs1 f41 iter1 m41 god house strength n41 way ,,stems deo- domu- v- and iter- and vri- itiner- ,,bases de- dom- v- and iter- and vr- itiner- ,,singular ,nom4 deus domus vs iter ,gen4 de doms vs 7rare7 itineris ,dat4 de domu1 - v 7rare7 itiner ,acc4 deum domum vim iter ,abl4 de dom1 - v itinere ,,plural ,nom4 de1 d doms vrs itinera ,gen4 derum1 deum domuum1 -rum vrium itinerum ,dat4 des1 ds domibus vribus itineribus ,acc4 des doms1 -s vrs1 -s itinera ,abl4 des1 ds domibus vribus itineribus a4 ,the vocative singular of deus is like the nominative4 b4 ,the locative of domus is dom4 ,,adjectives #dfi4 ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,declensions4 ,o- ,,and -,,stems a4 ,,adjectives ,,in -us bonus1 good ,,stems bono- m4 and n41 bona- f4 ,,base bon- ,,singular ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 bonus bona bonum ,gen4 bon bonae bon ,dat4 bon bonae bon ,acc4 bonum bonam bonum ,abl4 bon bon bon ,,plural ,nom4 bon bonae bona ,gen4 bonrum bonrum bonrum ,dat4 bons bons bons ,acc4 bons bons bona ,abl4 bons bons bons b4 ,,adjectives ,,in -er lber1 free ,,stems lbero- m4 and n41 lber- f4 ,,base lber- ,,singular ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 lber lbera lberum ,gen4 lber lberae lber ,dat4 lber lberae lber ,acc4 lberum lberam lberum ,abl4 lber lber lber ,,plural ,nom4 lber lberae lbera ,gen4 lberrum lberrum lberrum ,dat4 lbers lbers lbers ,acc4 lbers lbers lbera ,abl4 lbers lbers lbers pulcher1 pretty ,,stems pulchro- m4 and n41 pulchr- f4 ,,base pulchr- ,,singular ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 pulcher pulchra pulchrum ,gen4 pulchr pulchrae pulchr ,dat4 pulchr pulchrae pulchr ,acc4 pulchrum pulchram pulchrum ,abl4 pulchr pulchr pulchr ,,plural ,nom4 pulchr pulchrae pulchra ,gen4 pulchrrum pulchrrum pulchrrum ,dat4 pulchrs pulchrs pulchrs ,acc4 pulchrs pulchrs pulchra ,abl4 pulchrs pulchrs pulchrs #dgj4 ,,the ,,nine ,,irregular ,,adjectives alius1 another ,,stems alio- m4 and n41 ali- f4 ,,base ali- ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 alius alia aliud ali aliae alia ,gen4 alus alus alus alirum alirum alirum ,dat4 ali ali ali alis alis alis ,acc4 alium aliam aliud alis alis alia ,abl4 ali ali ali alis alis alis nus1 one1 only ,,stems no- m4 and n41 n- f4 ,,base n- ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 nus na num n nae na ,gen4 nus nus nus nrum nrum nrum ,dat4 n n n ns ns ns ,acc4 num nam num ns ns na ,abl4 n n n ns ns ns a4 ,for the complete list see #ajh4 #dga4 ,,adjectives ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,declension4 ,i-,,stems ,i4 ,,three ,,endings cer1 cris1 cre1 keen1 eager ,,stem cri- ,,base cr- ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 cer cris cre crs crs cria ,gen4 cris cris cris crium crium crium ,dat4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ,acc4 crem crem cre crs1 -s crs1 -s cria ,abl4 cr cr cr cribus cribus cribus ,,ii4 ,,two ,,endings omnis1 omne1 every1 all ,,stem omni- ,,base omn- ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 omnis omne omns omnia ,gen4 omnis omnis omnium omnium ,dat4 omn omn omnibus omnibus ,acc4 omnem omne omns1 -s omnia ,abl4 omn omn omnibus omnibus ,,iii4 ,,one ,,ending pr1 equal ,,stem pari- ,,base par- ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 pr pr pars paria ,gen4 paris paris parium parium ,dat4 par par paribus paribus ,acc4 parem pr pars1 -s paria ,abl4 par par paribus paribus #a4 ,observe that all i-stem adjectives have - in the ablative singular4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this sentence appears to be a footnote1 but there is no footnote tag on the page4 #dgb4 ,,present ,,active ,,participles amns1 loving ,,stem amanti- ,,base amant- ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 amns amns amants amantia ,gen4 amantis amantis amantium amantium ,dat4 amant amant amantibus amantibus ,acc4 amantem amns amants1 -s amantia ,abl4 amante1 - amante1 - amantibus amantibus ins1 going ,,stem ienti-1 eunti- ,,base ient-1 eunt- ,nom4 ins ins eunts euntia ,gen4 euntis euntis euntium euntium ,dat4 eunt eunt euntibus euntibus ,acc4 euntem ins eunts1 -s euntia ,abl4 eunte1 - eunte1 - euntibus euntibus #dgc4 ,,regular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative ,,masc4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 altus 7alto-7 altior altius altissimus -a -um lber 7lbero-7 lberior lberius lberrimus -a -um pulcher 7pulchro-7 pulchrior pulchrius pulcherrimus -a -um audx 7audci-7 audcior audcius audcissimus -a -um brevis 7brevi-7 brevior brevius brevissimus -a -um cer 7cri-7 crior crius cerrimus -a -um #dgd4 ,,declension ,,of ,,comparatives altior1 higher ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 altior altius altirs altira ,gen4 altiris altiris altirum altirum ,dat4 altir altir altiribus altiribus ,acc4 altirem altius altirs altira ,abl4 altire altire altiribus altiribus pls1 more ,nom4 ---- pls plrs plra ,gen4 ---- plris plrium plrium ,dat4 ---- ---- plribus plribus ,acc4 ---- pls plrs 7-s7 plra ,abl4 ---- plre plribus plribus #dge4 ,,irregular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative bonus1 -a1 -um1 melior1 melius1 optimus1 -a1 -um1 good better best malus1 -a1 -um1 peior1 peius1 pessimus1 -a1 -um1 bad worse worst magnus1 -a1 -um1 maior1 maius1 maximus1 -a1 -um1 great greater greatest multus1 -a1 -um1 ----1 pls1 more plrimus1 -a1 -um1 much most parvus1 -a1 -um1 minor1 minus1 minimus1 -a1 -um1 small smaller smallest senex1 senis1 senior maximus nt old iuvenis1 -e1 inior minimus nt young vetus1 veteris1 vetustior1 -ius veterrimus1 -a1 -um old facilis1 -e1 facilior1 -ius facillimus1 -a1 -um easy difficilis1 -e1 difficilior1 -ius difficillimus1 -a1 -um difficult similis1 -e1 similior1 -ius simillimus1 -a1 -um similar dissimilis1 -e1 dissimilior1 -ius dissimillimus1 -a1 -um dissimilar humilis1 -e1 low humilior1 -ius humillimus1 -a1 -um gracilis1 -e1 gracilior1 -ius gracillimus1 -a1 -um slender exterus1 outward exterior1 extrmus1 extimus1 outer1 exterior outermost1 last nferus1 below nferior1 lower nfimus1 mus1 lowest posterus1 posterior1 later postrmus1 postumus1 following last superus1 above superior1 suprmus1 summus1 higher highest cis1 citr1 citerior1 hither citimus1 hithermost on this side in1 intr1 interior1 inner intimus1 inmost in1 within prae1 pr1 prior1 former prmus1 first before prope1 near propior1 nearer proximus1 next ultr1 beyond ulterior1 further ultimus1 furthest #dgf4 ,,regular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adverbs ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative cr 7crus71 dearly crius crissim miser 7miser71 wretchedly miserius miserrim criter 7cer71 sharply crius cerrim facile 7facilis71 easily facilius facillim #dgg4 ,,irregular ,,comparison ,,of ,,adverbs ,,positive ,,comparative ,,superlative di1 long1 a long time ditius ditissim bene 7bonus71 well melius1 better optim1 best male 7malus71 ill peius1 worse pessim1 worst magnopere1 greatly magis1 more maxim1 most multum 7multus71 much pls1 more plrimum1 most parum1 little minus1 less minim1 least saepe1 often saepus saepissim #dgh4 ,,numerals ,the cardinal numerals are indeclinable excepting nus1 duo1 trs1 the hundreds above one hundred1 and mlle used as a noun4 ,the ordinals are declined like bonus1 -a1 -um4 ,,cardinals ,,ordinals 7,how many7 7,in what order7 #a1 nus1 -a1 -um1 one prmus1 -a1 -um first #b1 duo1 duae1 duo two secundus 7or alter7 second #c1 trs1 tria three1 tertius third1 #d1 quattuor etc4 qurtus etc4 #e1 qunque quntus #f1 sex sextus #g1 septem septimus #h1 oct octvus #i1 novem nnus #aj1 decem decimus #aa1 ndecim ndecimus #ab1 duodecim duodecimus #ac1 tredecim 7decem 7et7 trs7 tertius decimus #ad1 quattuordecim qurtus decimus #ae1 qundecim quntus decimus #af1 sdecim sextus decimus #ag1 septendecim septimus decimus #ah1 duodvgint 7octdecim7 duodvcnsimus #ai1 ndvgint 7novendecim7 ndvcnsimus #bj1 vgint vcnsimus #ba1 vgint nus or vcnsimus prmus or nus et vgint1 etc4 nus et vcnsimus1 etc4 #cj1 trgint trcnsimus #dj1 quadrgint quadrgnsimus #ej1 qunqugint qunqugnsimus #fj1 sexgint sexgnsimus #gj1 septugint septugnsimus #hj1 octgint octgnsimus #ij1 nngint nngnsimus #ajj1 centum centnsimus #aja1 centum 7et7 nus1 etc4 centnsimus 7et7 prmus1 etc4 #abj1 centum 7et7 vgint centnsimus vcnsimus #aba1 centum 7et7 vgint nus1 centnsimus 7et7 vcnsimus prmus1 etc4 etc4 #bjj1 ducent1 -ae1 -a ducentnsimus #cjj1 trecent trecentnsimus #djj1 quadringent quadringentnsimus #ejj1 qungent qungentnsimus #fjj1 sescent sescentnsimus #gjj1 septingent septingentnsimus #hjj1 octingent octingentnsimus #ijj1 nngent nngentnsimus #ajjj1 mlle mllnsimus #dgi4 ,declension of duo1 two1 trs1 three1 and mlle1 a thousand4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,m4 ,,and ,f4 ,,neut4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,n4 duo duae duo trs tra mlle mlia ,g4 durum durum durum trium trium mlle mlium ,d4 dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus mlle mlibus ,a4 dus dus duo trs tria mlle mlia or duo dus duo or trs tria ,a4 dubus dubus dubus tribus tribus mlle mlibus ,,note4 ,mlle is used in the plural as a noun with a modifying genitive1 and is occasionally so used in the nominative and accusative singular4 ,for the declension of nus cf4 #dgj4 ,,pronouns #dhj4 ,,personal ego1 ,i t1 you su1 of himself1 etc4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,nom4 ego ns t vs ---- ---- ,gen4 me nostrum1 -tr tu vestrum1 -tr su su ,dat4 mihi nbs tibi vbs sibi sibi ,acc4 m ns t vs s1 ss s1 ss ,abl4 m nbs t vbs s1 ss s1 ss ,note that su is always reflexive4 #dha4 ,,demonstrative ,demonstratives belong to the first and second declensions1 but have the pronominal endings -us and - in the gen4 and dat4 sing4 ipse1 self ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 ipse ipsa ipsum ips ipsae ipsa ,gen4 ipsus ipsus ipsus ipsrum ipsrum ipsrum ,dat4 ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss ,acc4 ipsum ipsam ipsum ipss ipss ipsa ,abl4 ips ips ips ipss ipss ipss hic1 this 7here71 he ,nom4 hic haec hoc h hae haec ,gen4 huius huius huius hrum hrum hrum ,dat4 huic huic huic hs hs hs ,acc4 hunc hanc hoc hs hs haec ,abl4 hc hc hc hs hs hs iste1 this1 that 7of yours71 he ,nom4 iste ista istud ist istae ista ,gen4 istus istus istus istrum istrum istrum ,dat4 ist ist ist ists ists ists ,acc4 istum istam istud ists ists ista ,abl4 ist ist ist ists ists ists ille1 that 7yonder71 he ,nom4 ille illa illud ill illae illa ,gen4 illus illus illus illrum illrum illrum ,dat4 ill ill ill ills ills ills ,acc4 illum illam illud ills ills illa ,abl4 ill ill ill ills ills ills is1 this1 that1 he ,nom4 is ea id i1 e eae ea ,gen4 eius eius eius erum erum erum ,dat4 e e e is1 es is1 es is1 es ,acc4 eum eam id es es ea ,abl4 e e e is1 es is1 es is1 es dem1 the same ,nom4 dem eadem idem idem eaedem eadem edem ,gen4 eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem erundem erundem erundem ,dat4 edem edem edem isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem ,acc4 eundem eandem idem esdem esdem eadem ,abl4 edem edem edem isdem isdem isdem esdem esdem esdem ,,note4 ,in the plural of is and dem the forms with two i's are preferred1 the two i's being pronounced as one4 #dhb4 ,,relative qu1 who1 which1 that ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 qu quae quod qu quae quae ,gen4 cuius cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum ,dat4 cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus ,acc4 quem quam quod qus qus quae ,abl4 qu qu qu quibus quibus quibus #dhc4 ,,interrogative quis1 substantive1 who1 what ,,singular ,,plural ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 quis quid qui quae quae ,gen4 cuius cuius qurum qurum qurum ,dat4 cui cui quibus quibus quibus ,acc4 quem quid qus qus quae ,abl4 qu qu quibus quibus quibus ,the interrogative adjective qu1 quae1 quod1 is declined like the relative4 #dhd4 ,,indefinites quis and qu1 as declined above1#a are used also as indefinites 7some1 any74 ,the other indefinites are compounds of quis and qu4 quisque1 each ,,substantive ,,adjective ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 quisque quidque quisque quaeque quodque ,gen4 cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque ,dat4 cuique cuique cuique cuique cuique ,acc4 quemque quidque quemque quamque quodque ,abl4 quque quque quque quque quque ,footnote #a3 qua is generally used instead of quae in the feminine nominative singular and in the neuter nominative and accusative plural4 #dhe4 qudam1 a certain one1 a certain ,observe that in the neuter singular the adjective has quoddam and the substantive quiddam4 ,,singular ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 qudam quaedam quoddam1 quiddam 7subst47 ,gen4 cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam ,dat4 cuidam cuidam cuidam ,acc4 quendam quandam quoddam1 quiddam 7subst47 ,abl4 qudam qudam qudam ,,plural ,nom4 qudam quaedam quaedam ,gen4 qurundam qurundam qurundam ,dat4 quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam ,acc4 qusdam qusdam quaedam ,abl4 quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam #dhf4 quisquam1 substantive1 any one 7at all7 ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 quisquam quicquam 7quidquam7 ,gen4 cuiusquam cuiusquam ,dat4 cuiquam cuiquam ,acc4 quemquam quicquam 7quidquam7 ,abl4 ququam ququam #dhg4 aliquis1 substantive1 some one4 aliqu1 adjective1 some ,,singular ,,substantive ,,adjective ,,masc4 ,,and ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 aliquis aliquid aliqu aliqua aliquod ,gen4 alicuius alicuius alicuius alicuius alicuius ,dat4 alicui alicui alicui alicui alicui ,acc4 aliquem aliquid aliquem aliquam aliquod ,abl4 aliqu aliqu aliqu aliqu aliqu ,,plural ,,for ,,both ,,substantive ,,and ,,adjective ,,masc4 ,,fem4 ,,neut4 ,nom4 aliqu aliquae aliqua ,gen4 aliqurum aliqurum aliqurum ,dat4 aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus ,acc4 aliqus aliqus aliqua ,abl4 aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus a4 quis 7qu71 any one1 any1 is the least definite 7#big4;b74 aliquis 7aliqu71 some one1 some1 is more definite than quis4 quisquam1 any one 7at all71 and its adjective llus1 any1 occur mostly with a negative1 expressed or implied1 and in clauses of comparison4 ,,regular ,,verbs #dhh4 ,,first ,,conjugation4 -,,verbs4 ,,am ,,principal ,,parts am1 amre1 amv1 amtus ,,pres4 ,,stem am- ,,perf4 ,,stem amv- ,,part4 ,,stem amt- ,,active ,,passive ,,indicative ,,present ,i love1 am loving1 ,i am loved1 etc4 do love1 etc4 am ammus amor ammur ams amtis amris1 -re ammin amat amant amtur amantur ,,imperfect ,i loved1 was loving1 ,i was loved1 etc4 did love1 etc4 ambam ambmus ambar ambmur ambs ambtis ambris1 -re ambmin ambat ambant ambtur ambantur ,,future ,i shall love1 etc4 ,i shall be loved1 etc4 amb ambimus ambor ambimur ambis ambitis amberis1 -re ambimin ambit ambunt ambitur ambuntur ,,perfect ,i have loved1 loved1 ,i have been 7was7 loved1 etc4 did love1 etc4 amvi amvimus amtus1 sum amt1 sumus amvist amvistis -a1 -um es -ae1 -a estis amvit amvrunt1 -re est sunt ,,pluperfect ,i had loved1 etc4 ,i had been loved1 etc4 amveram amvermus amtus1 eram amt1 ermus amvers amvertis -a1 -um ers -ae1 -a ertis amverat amverant erat erant ,,future ,,perfect ,i shall have loved1 etc4 ,i shall have been loved1 etc4 amver amverimus amtus1 er amt1 erimus amveris amveritis -a1 -um eris -ae1 -a eritis amverit amverint erit erunt ,,subjunctive ,,present amem ammus amer ammur ams amtis amris1 -re ammin amet ament amtur amentur ,,imperfect amrem amremus amrer amrmur amrs amrtis amrris1 -re amrmin amret amrent amrtur amrentur ,,perfect amverim amverimus amtus1 sim amt1 smus amveris amveritis -a1 -um ss -ae1 -a stis amverit amverint sit sint ,,pluperfect amvissem amvissmus amtus1 essem amt1 essmus amvisss amvisstis -a1 -um esss -ae1 -a esstis amvisset amvissent esset essent ,,imperative ,,present am1 love thou amre1 be thou loved amte1 love ye ammin1 be ye loved ,,future amt1 thou shalt love amtor1 thou shalt be loved amt1 he shall love amtor1 he shall be loved amtte1 you shall love ---- amant1 they shall love amantor1 they shall be loved ,,infinitive ,pres4 amre1 to love amr1 to be loved ,perf4 amvisse1 amtus1 -a1 -um esse1 to have loved to have been loved ,fut4 amtrus1 -a1 -um amtum r1 to be about to be loved esse1 to be about to love ,,participles ,pres4 amns1 -antis1 ,pres4 ---- loving ,fut4 amtrus1 -a1 -um1 ,gerundive#a amandus1 -a1 -um1 to be about to love loved ,perf4 ---- ,perf4 amtus1 -a1 -um1 having been loved1 loved ,,gerund ,nom4 ---- ,gen4 amand1 of loving ,dat4 amand1 for loving ,acc4 amandum1 loving ,abl4 amand1 by loving ,,supine 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 amtum1 to love ,abl4 amt1 to love1 in the loving ,footnote #a3 ,sometimes called the future passive participle4 #dhi4 ,,second ,,conjugation4 -,,verbs4 ,,mone ,,principal ,,parts mone1 monre1 monu1 monitus ,,pres4 ,,stem mon- ,,perf4 ,,stem monu- ,,part4 ,,stem monit- ,,active ,,passive ,,indicative ,,present ,i advise1 etc41 ,i am advised1 etc4 mone monmus moneor monmur mons montis monris1 -re monmin monet monent montur monentur ,,imperfect ,i was advising1 etc41 ,i was advised1 etc4 monbam monbmus monbar monbmur monbs monbtis monbris1 -re monbmin monbat monbant monbtur monbntur ,,future ,i shall advise1 etc41 ,i shall be advised1 etc4 monb monbimus monbor monbimur monbis monbitis monberis1 -re monbimin monbit monbunt monbitur monbuntur ,,perfect ,i have advised1 ,i have been 7was7 advised1 etc4 ,i advised1 etc4 monu monuimus sum sumus monuist monuistis monitus1 es monit1 estis monuit monurunt1 -re -a1 -um est -ae1 -a sunt ,,pluperfect ,i had advised1 etc41 ,i had been advised1 etc4 monueram monuermus eram ermus monuers monuertis monitus1 eras monit1 eratis monuerat monuerant -a1 -um erat -ae1 -a erant ,,future ,,perfect ,i shall have advised1 ,i shall have been advised1 etc4 etc4 monuer monuerimus er erimus monueris monuertis monitus1 eris monit1 eritis monuerit monuernt -a1 -um erit -ae1 -a erunt ,,subjunctive ,,present moneam monemus monear monemur mones monetis moneris1 -re monemin moneat moneant monetur moneantur ,,imperfect monrem monrmus monrer monrmur monrs monrtis monrris1 -re monrmin monret monrent monrtur monrentur ,,perfect monuerim monuerimus sim smus monueris monueritis monitus1 ss monit1 stis monuerit monuerint -a1 -um sit -ae1 -a sint ,,pluperfect monuissem monuissmus essem essmus monuisss monuisstis monitus1 esss monit1 esstis monuisset monuissent -a1 -um esset -ae1 -a essent ,,imperative ,,present mon1 advise thou monre1 be thou advised monte1 advise ye monmin1 be ye advised ,,future mont1 thou shall montor1 thou shalt be advised advise mont1 he shall advise montor1 he shall be advised montte1 you shall advise ---- monent1 they shall monentor1 they shall be advised advise ,,infinitive ,pres4 monre1 to advise monr1 to be advised ,perf4 monuisse1 to have monitus1 -a1 -um esse1 advised to have been advised ,fut4 monitrus1 -a1 -um monitum r1 esse1 to be to be about to be advised about to advise ,,participles ,pres4 monns1 -entis1 ,pres4 ---- advising ,fut4 monitrus1 -a1 -um1 ,ger4 monendus1 -a1 -um1 about to advise to be advised ,perf4 ---- ,perf4 monitus1 -a1 -um1 having been advised1 advised ,,gerund ,nom4 ---- ,gen4 monend1 of advising ,dat4 monend1 for advising ,acc4 monendum1 advising ,abl4 monend1 by advising ,,supine 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 monitum1 to advise ,abl4 monit1 to advise1 in the advising #dij4 ,,third ,,conjugation4 -,,verbs4 ,,reg ,,principal ,,parts reg1 regere1 rex1 rctus ,,pres4 ,,stem rege- ,,perf4 ,,stem rx- ,,part4 ,,stem rct- ,,active ,,passive ,,indicative ,,present ,i rule1 etc4 ,i am ruled1 etc4 reg regimus regor regimur regis regitis regeris1 -re regimin regit regunt regitur reguntur ,,imperfect ,i was ruling1 etc4 ,i was ruled1 etc4 regbam regbmus regbar regbmur regbs regbtis regbris1 -re regbmin regbat regbant regbtur regbantur ,,future ,i shall rule1 etc4 ,i shall be ruled1 etc4 regam regmus regar regmur regs regtis regris1 -re regmin reget regent regtur regentur ,,perfect ,i have ruled1 etc4 ,i have been ruled1 etc4 rx rximus sum sumus rxist rxistis rctus1 es rct1 estis rxit rxrunt1 -re -a1 -um est -ae1 -a sunt ,,pluperfect ,i had ruled1 etc4 ,i had been ruled1 etc4 rxeram rxermus eram ermus rxers rxertis rctus1 eras rct1 ertis rxerat rxerant -a1 -um erat -ae1 -a erant ,,future ,,perfect ,i shall have ruled1 etc4 ,i shall have been ruled1 etc4 rxer rxerimus er erimus rxeris rxeritis rctus1 eris rct1 eritis rxerit rxerint -a1 -um erit -ae1 -a erunt ,,subjunctive ,,present regam regmus regar regmur regs regtis regris1 -re regmin regat regant regtur regantur ,,imperfect regerem regermus regerer regermur regers regertis regerris1 -re regermin regeret regerent regertur regerentur ,,perfect rxerim rxerimus sim smus rxeris rxeritis rctus1 ss rcti1 stis rxerit rxerint -a1 -um sit -ae1 -a sint ,,pluperfect rxissem rxissmus essem essmus rxisss rxisstis rctus1 esss rcti1 esstis rxisset rxissent -a1 -um esset -ae1 -a essent ,,imperative ,,present rege1 rule thou regere1 be thou ruled regite1 rule ye regimin1 be ye ruled ,,future regit1 thou shalt rule regitor1 thou shalt be ruled regit he shall rule regitor1 he shall be ruled regitte1 ye shall rule ---- regunt1 they shall rule reguntor1 they shall be ruled ,,infinitive ,pres4 regere1 to rule reg1 to be ruled ,perf4 rxisse1 to have rctus1 -a1 -um esse1 ruled to have been ruled ,fut4 rctrus1 -a1 -um rctum r1 esse1 to be to be about to be ruled about to rule ,,participles ,pres4 regns1 -entis1 ,pres4 ---- ruling ,fut4 rctrus1 -a1 -um1 ,ger4 regendus1 -a1 -um1 to be ruled about to rule ,perf4 ---- ,perf4 rctus1 -a1 -um1 having been ruled1 ruled ,,gerund ,nom4 ---- ,gen4 regend1 of ruling ,dat4 regend1 for ruling ,acc4 regendum1 ruling ,abl4 regend1 by ruling ,,supine 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 rctum1 to rule ,abl4 rct1 to rule1 in the ruling #dia4 ,,fourth ,,conjugation4 -,,verbs4 ,,audi ,,principal ,,parts audi1 audre1 audv1 audtus ,,pres4 ,,stem aud- ,,perf4 ,,stem audv- ,,part4 ,,stem audt- ,,active ,,passive ,,indicative ,,present ,i hear1 etc4 ,i am heard1 etc4 audi audmus audior audmur auds audtis audris1 -re audmin audit audiunt audtur audiuntur ,,imperfect ,i was hearing1 etc4 ,i was heard1 etc4 audibam audibmus audibar audibmur audibs audibtis audibris1 -re audibmin audibat audibant audibtur audibantur ,,future ,i shall hear1 etc4 ,i shall be heard1 etc4 audiam audimus audiar audimur audis auditis audiris1 -re audimin audiet audient auditur audientur ,,perfect ,i have heard1 etc4 ,i have been heard1 etc4 audv audvimus sum sumus audvist audvistis audtus1 es audt1 estis audvit audvrunt1 -re -a1 -um est -ae1 -a sunt ,,pluperfect ,i had heard1 etc4 ,i had been heard1 etc4 audveram audvermus eram ermus audvers audvertis audtus1 eras audt1 ertis audverat audverant -a1 -um erat -ae1 -a erant ,,future ,,perfect ,i shall have heard1 etc4 ,i shall have been heard1 etc4 audver audverimus er erimus audveris audveritis audtus1 eris audt1 eritis audverit audverint -a1 -um erit -ae1 -a erunt ,,subjunctive ,,present audiam audimus audiar audimur audis auditis audiris1 -re audimin audiat audiant auditur audiantur ,,imperfect audrem audrmus audrer audrmur audrs audrtis audrris1 -re audrmin audret audrent audrtur audrentur ,,perfect audverim audverimus sim smus audveris audveritis audtus1 ss audti1 stis audverit audverint -a1 -um sit -ae1 -a sint ,,pluperfect audvissem audvissmus essem essmus audvisss audvisstis audtus1 esss audti1 esstis audvisset audvissent -a1 -um esset -ae1 -a essent ,,imperative ,,present ,,present aud1 hear thou audre1 be thou heard audte1 hear ye audmin1 be ye heard ,,future audt1 thou shalt hear audtor1 thou shalt be heard audt he shall hear audtor1 he shall be heard audtte1 ye shall hear ---- audunt1 they shall hear audiuntor1 they shall be heard ,,infinitive ,pres4 audre1 to hear audr1 to be heard ,perf4 audvisse1 audtus1 -a1 -um esse1 to have heard to have been heard ,fut4 audtrus1 -a1 -um audtum r1 esse1 to be to be about to be heard about to hear ,,participles ,pres4 audins1 -entis1 ,pres4 ---- hearing ,fut4 audtrus1 -a1 -um1 ,ger4 audiendus1 -a1 -um1 to be heard about to hear ,perf4 ---- ,perf4 audtus1 -a1 -um1 having been heard1 heard ,,gerund ,nom4 ---- ,gen4 audiend1 of hearing ,dat4 audiend1 for hearing ,acc4 audiendum1 hearing ,abl4 audiend1 by hearing ,,supine 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 audtum1 to hear ,abl4 audtu1 to hear1 in the hearing #dib4 ,,third ,,conjugation4 ,,verbs ,,in -,i4 ,,capi ,,principal ,,parts capi1 capere1 cp1 captus ,,pres4 ,,stem cape- ,,perf4 ,,stem cp- ,,part4 ,,stem capt- ,,active ,,passive ,,indicative ,,present capi capimus capior capimur capis capitis caperis1 -re capimin capit capiunt capitur capiuntur ,,imperfect capibam capiebamus capibar capibmur capibas capibtis capibaris1 -re capibmin capibat capibant capibtur capiebantur ,,future capiam capimus capiar capimur capis capitis capiris1 -re capimin capiet capient capitur capientur ,,perfect cp1 cpist1 cpit1 etc4 captus1 -a1 -um sum1 es1 est1 etc4 ,,pluperfect cperam1 cpers1 cperat1 captus1 -a1 -um eram1 ers1 erat1 etc4 etc4 ,,future ,,perfect cper1 cperis1 cperit1 captus1 -a1 -um er1 eris1 erit1 etc4 etc4 ,,subjunctive ,,present capiam1 capis1 capiat1 capiar1 -iris1 -re1 -itur1 etc4 etc4 ,,imperfect caperem1 capers1 caperet1 caperer1 -erris1 -re1 -ertur1 etc4 etc4 ,,perfect cperim1 cperis1 cperit1 captus1 -a1 -um sim1 ss1 sit1 etc4 etc4 ,,pluperfect cpissem1 cpisss1 captus1 -a1 -um essem1 esss1 esset1 cpisset1 etc4 etc4 ,,imperative ,,present #b;d ,pers4 cape capite capere capimin ,,future #b;d ,pers4 capit capitte capitor ---- #crd ,pers4 capit capiunt capitor capiuntor ,,infinitive ,pres4 capere cap ,perf4 cpisse captus1 -a1 -um esse ,fut4 captrus1 -a1 -um captum r esse ,,participles ,pres4 capins1 -ientis ,pres4 ---- ,fut4 captrus1 -a1 -um ,ger4 capiendus1 -a1 -um ,perf4 ---- ,perf4 captus1 -a1 -um ,,gerund ,gen4 capiend etc4 ,,supine 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 captum ,abl4 capt #dic4 ,,deponent ,,verbs ,transcriber's ,note3 ,asterisks in this section are from the original text 78marked with a star074 ,,principal ,,parts ,i4 hortor1 hortr1 horttus sum1 urge ,,ii4 vereor1 verr1 veritus sum1 fear ,,iii4 sequor1 sequ1 sectus sum1 follow ,,iv4 partior1 partr1 parttus sum1 share1 divide ,,note4 ,in addition to the passive conjugation1 deponent verbs use certain forms from the active4 ,these are marked with a star4 ,deponent -i verbs of the third conjugation are inflected like the passive of capi4 ,,indicative ,pres4 hortor vereor sequor partior hortris1 -re verris1 -re sequeris1 -re partris1 -re horttur vertur sequitur parttur hortmur vermur sequimur partmur hortmin vermin sequimin partmin hortantur verentur sequuntur partiuntur ,impf4 hortbar verbar sequbar partibar ,fut4 hortbor verbor sequar partiar ,perf4 horttus sum veritus sum sectus sum parttus sum ,plup4 horttus eram veritus eram sectus eram parttus eram ,f4,p4 horttus er veritus er sectus er parttus er ,,subjunctive ,pres4 horter verear sequar partiar ,impf4 hortrer verrer sequerer partrer ,perf4 horttus sim veritus sim sectus sim parttus sim ,plup4 horttus essem veritus essem sectus essem parttus essem ,,imperative ,pres4 hortre verre sequere partre ,fut4 horttor vertor sequitor parttor ,,infinitive ,pres4 hortr verr sequ partr ,perf4 horttus esse veritus esse sectus esse parttus esse ,fut4 99horttrus 99veritrus 99sectrus 99parttrus esse esse esse esse ,,participles ,pres4 99hortns 99verns 99sequns 99partins ,fut4 99hortturus 99veritrus 99sectrus 99parttrus ,perf4 horttus veritus sectus parttus ,ger4 hortandus verendus sequendus partiendus ,,gerund 99hortand1 etc4 99verend1 etc4 99sequend1 etc4 99partiend1 etc4 ,,supine 99horttus1 -t 99veritum1 -t 99sectum1 -t 99parttum1 -t ,,irregular ,,verbs #did4 sum1 am1 be ,,principal ,,parts sum1 esse1 fu1 futrus ,,pres4 ,,stem es- ,,perf4 ,,stem fu- ,,part4 ,,stem fut- ,,indicative ,,present ,,singular ,,plural sum1 ,i am sumus1 we are es1 thou art estis1 you are est1 he 7she1 it7 is sunt1 they are ,,imperfect eram1 ,i was ermus1 we were ers1 thou wast ertis1 you were erat1 he was erant1 they were ,,future er1 ,i shall be erimus1 we shall be eris1 thou wilt be eritis1 you will be erit1 he will be erunt1 they will be ,,perfect fu1 ,i have been1 was fuimus1 we have been1 were fuist1 thou hast been1 wast fuistis1 you have been1 were fuit1 he has been1 was furunt1 fure1 they have been1 were ,,pluperfect fueram1 ,i had been fuermus1 we had been fuers1 thou hadst been fuertis1 you had been fuerat1 he had been fuerant1 they had been ,,future ,,perfect fuer1 ,i shall have been fuerimus1 we shall have been fueris1 thou wilt have been fueritis1 you will have been fuerit1 he will have been fuerint1 they will have been ,,subjunctive ,,present ,,imperfect ,,singular ,,plural ,,singular ,,plural sim smus essem essmus ss stis esss esstis sit sint esset essent ,,perfect ,,pluperfect fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissmus fueris fueritis fuisss fuisstis fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent ,,imperative ,,present #b;d ,pers4 ,sing4 es1 be thou #b;d ,pers4 ,plur4 este1 be ye ,,future #b;d ,pers4 ,sing4 est1 thou shalt be #c;d ,pers4 ,sing4 est1 he shall be #b;d ,pers4 ,plur4 estte1 ye shall be #c;d ,pers4 ,plur4 sunt1 they shall be ,,infinitive ,pres4 esse1 to be ,perf4 fuisse1 to have been ,fut4 futrus1 -a1 -um esse or fore1 to be about to be ,,participle futrus1 -a1 -um1 about to be #die4 possum1 be able1 can ,,principal ,,parts possum1 posse1 potu1 ---- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,singular ,,plural ,,singular ,,plural ,pres4 possum possumus possim possmus potes potestis posss posstis potest possunt possit possint ,impf4 poteram potermus possem possmus ,fut4 poter poterimus ---- ---- ,perf4 potu potuimus potuerim potuerimus ,plup4 potueram potuermus potuissem potuissmus ,f4,p4 potuer potuerimus ---- ---- ,,infinitive ,pres4 posse ,perf4 potuisse ,,participle ,pres4 potens1 gen4 -entis1 7adjective7 powerful #dif4 prsum1 benefit ,,principal ,,parts prsum1 prdesse1 prfu1 prfutrus ,,pres4 ,,stem prdes- ,,perf4 ,,stem prfu- ,,part4 ,,stem prfut- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,singular ,,plural ,,singular ,,plural ,pres4 prsum prsumus prsim prsmus prdes prdestis prss prstis prdest prsunt prsit prsint ,impf4 prderam prdermus prdessem prodessmus ,fut4 prder prderimus ---- ---- ,perf4 prfu prfuimus prfuerim prfuerimus ,plup4 prfueram prfuermus prfuissem prfuissmus ,f4,p4 prfuer prfuerimus ---- ---- ,,imperative ,pres4 #b;d ,pers4 prdes1 prdeste ,fut4 #b;d ,pers4 prdest1 prdestte ,,infinitive ,pres4 prdesse ,perf4 prfuisse ,fut4 prfutrus1 -a1 -um esse ,,future ,,participle prfutrus1 -a1 -um #dig4 vol1 nl1 ml ,,principal ,,parts3 vol1 velle1 volu1 ----1 be willing1 will1 wish nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ----1 be unwilling1 will not ml1 mlle1 mlu1 ----1 be more willing1 prefer ,nl and ml are compounds of vol4 ,nl is for ne 7not7 vol1 and ml for m 7from magis1 more7 vol4 ,the second person vs is from a different root4 ,,indicative ,,singular ,pres4 vol nl ml vs nn vis mvs vult nn vult mvult ,,plural volumus nlumus mlumus vultis nn vultis mvultis volunt nlunt mlunt ,impf4 volbam nlbam mlbam ,fut4 volam1 vols1 etc4 nlam1 nls1 etc4 mlam1 mls1 etc4 ,perf4 volu nlu mlu ,plup4 volueram nlueram mlueram ,f4,p4 voluer nluer mluer ,,subjunctive ,,singular ,pres4 velim nlim mlim vels nls mls velit nlit mlit ,,plural velmus nlmus mlmus veltis nltis mltis velint nlint mlint ,impf4 vellem nllem mllem ,perf4 voluerim nluerim mluerim ,plup4 voluissem nluissem mluissem ,,imperative ,pres4 nl nlte ,fut4 nlt1 etc4 ,,infinitive ,pres4 velle nlle mlle ,perf4 voluisse nluisse mluisse ,,participle ,pres4 volns1 -entis nlns1 -entis ---- #dih4 fer1 bear1 carry1 endure ,,principal ,,parts fer1 ferre1 tul1 ltus ,,pres4 ,,stem fer- ,,perf4 ,,stem tul- ,,part4 ,,stem lt- ,,indicative ,,active ,,passive ,pres4 fer ferimus feror ferimur fers ferts ferris1 -re ferimim fert ferunt fertur feruntur ,impf4 ferbam ferbar ,fut4 feram1 fers1 etc4 ferar1 ferris1 etc4 ,perf4 tul ltus1 -a1 -um sum ,plup4 tuleram ltus1 -a1 -um eram ,f4,p4 tuler ltus1 -a1 -um er ,,subjunctive ,pres4 feram1 fers1 etc4 ferar1 ferris1 etc4 ,impf4 ferrem ferrer ,perf4 tulerim ltus1 -a1 -um sim ,plup4 tulissem ltus1 -a1 -um essem ,,imperative ,pres4 #b;d ,pers4 fer ferte ferre ferimin ,fut4 #b;d ,pers4 fert fertte fertor #c;d ,pers4 fert ferunto fertor feruntor ,,infinitive ,pres4 ferre ferr ,perf4 tulisse ltus1 -a1 -um esse ,fut4 ltrus1 -a1 -um esse ---- ,,participles ,pres4 ferns1 -entis ,pres4 ---- ,fut4 ltrus1 -a1 -um ,ger4 ferendus1 -a1 -um ,perf4 ---- ,perf4 ltus1 -a1 -um ,,gerund ,gen4 ferend ,dat4 ferend ,acc4 ferendum ,abl4 ferend ,,supine 7,active ,voice7 ,acc4 ltum ,abl4 lt #dii4 e1 go ,,principal ,,parts e1 re1 i 7v71 tum 7n4 perf4 part47 ,,pres4 ,,stem - ,,perf4 ,,stem - or v- ,,part4 ,,stem it- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,imperative ,,sing4 ,,plur4 ,pres4 e mus eam #b;d ,pers4 te s tis it eunt ,impf4 bam rem ,fut4 b ---- #b;d ,pers4 t tte #c;d ,pers4 t eunt ,perf4 i 7v7 ierim 7verim7 ,plup4 ieram 7veram7 ssem 7vissem7 ,f4 ,p4 ier 7ver7 ,,infinitive ,pres4 re ,perf4 sse 7visse7 ,fut4 itrus1 -a1 -um esse ,,participles ,pres4 ins1 gen4 euntis 7#dgb7 ,fut4 itrus1 -a1 -um ,ger4 eundum ,,gerund ,gen4 eund ,dat4 eund ,acc4 eundum ,abl4 eund ,,supine ,acc4 itum ,abl4 it a4 ,the verb e is used impersonally in the third person singular of the passive1 as tur1 itum est1 etc4 b4 ,in the perfect system the forms with v are very rare4 #ejj4 f1 passive of faci2 be made1 become1 happen ,,principal ,,parts f1 fier1 factus sum ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,,imperative ,pres4 f ---- fam #b;d ,pers4 f fte fs ---- fit funt ,impf4 fbam fierem ,fut4 fam ---- ,,indicative ,,subjunctive ,perf4 factus1 -a1 -um sum factus1 -a1 -um sim ,plup4 factus1 -a1 -um eram factus1 -a1 -um essem ,f4,p4 factus1 -a1 -um er ,,infinitive ,,participles ,pres4 fier ,perf4 factus1 -a1 -um ,perf4 factus1 -a1 -um esse ,ger4 faciendus1 -a1 -um ,fut4 factum r ,illustration3 ,,castra ,,muro ,,fossaque ,,muniuntur ,,appendix ,,ii #eja4 ,,rules ,,of ,,syntax ,,note4 ,the rules of syntax are here classified and numbered consecutively4 ,the number of the text section in which the rule appears is given at the end of each4 ,nominative ,case #a4 ,the subject of a finite verb is in the nominative and answers the question ,who8 or ,what8 #cf4 ,agreement #b4 ,a finite verb must always be in the same person and number as its subject4 #bh4 #c4 ,a predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb4 #gf4 #d4 ,an appositive agrees in case with the noun which it explains4 #ha4 #e4 ,adjectives agree with their nouns in gender1 number1 and case4 #fe4 #f4 ,a predicate adjective completing a complementary infinitive agrees in gender1 number1 and case with the subject of the main verb4 #bae4;a4 #g4 ,a relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number2 but its case is determined by the way it is used in its own clause4 #bbd4 ,prepositions #h4 ,a noun governed by a preposition must be in the accusative or ablative case4 #eb4 ,genitive ,case #i4 ,the word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive and answers the question ,whose8 #ch4 #aj4 ,the possessive genitive often stands in the predicate1 especially after the forms of sum1 and is then called the predicate genitive4 #dji4 #aa4 ,words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole1 known as the partitive genitive4 #cca4 #ab4 ,numerical descriptions of measure are expressed by the genitive with a modifying adjective4 #ddc4 ,dative ,case #ac4 ,the indirect object of a verb is in the dative4 #de4 #ad4 ,the dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs crd1 fave1 noce1 pre1 persude1 resist1 stude1 and others of like meaning4 #aed4 #ae4 ,some verbs compounded with ad1 ante1 con1 d1 in1 inter1 ob1 post1 prae1 pr1 sub1 super1 admit the dative of the indirect object4 ,transitive compounds may take both an accusative and a dative4 #dbf4 #af4 ,the dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed4 ,such are1 especially1 those meaning near1 also fit1 friendly1 pleasing1 like1 and their opposites4 #adc4 #ag4 ,the dative is used to denote the purpose or end for which2 often with another dative denoting the person or thing affected4 #dcg4 ,accusative ,case #ah4 ,the direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusative and answers the question ,whom8 or ,what8 #cg4 #ai4 ,the subject of the infinitive is in the accusative4 #bad4 #bj4 ,the place to which is expressed by ad or in with the accusative4 ,before names of towns1 small islands1 domus1 and rs the preposition is omitted4 #bfc1 #bff4 #ba4 ,duration of time and extent of space are expressed by the accusative4 #ccf4 #bb4 ,verbs of making1 choosing1 calling1 showing1 and the like1 may take a predicate accusative along with the direct object4 ,with the passive voice the two accusatives become nominatives4 #cib4 ,ablative ,case #bc4 ,cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition4 ,this answers the question ,because of what8 #ajb4 #bd4 ,means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition4 ,this answers the question ,by means of what8 or ,with what8 #ajc4 #be4 ,accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with cum4 ,this answers the question ,with whom8 #ajd4 #bf4 ,the ablative with cum is used to denote the manner of an action4 ,cum may be omitted1 if an adjective is used with the ablative4 ,this answers the question ,how8 or ,in what manner8 #aje4 #bg4 ,with comparatives and words implying comparison the ablative is used to denote the measure of difference4 #cag4 #bh4 ,the ablative of a noun or pronoun with a present or perfect participle in agreement is used to express attendant circumstance4 ,this is called the ablative absolute4 #cha4 #bi4 #a4 ,descriptions of physical characteristics are expressed by the ablative with a modifying adjective4 #ddd4 #b4 ,descriptions involving neither numerical statements nor physical characteristics may be expressed by either the genitive or the ablative with a modifying adjective4 #dde4 #cj4 ,the ablative is used to denote in what respect something is true4 #cih4 #ca4 ,the place from which is expressed by or ab1 d1 or ex with the separative ablative4 ,this answers the question ,whence8 ,before names of towns1 small islands1 domus1 and rs the preposition is omitted4 #bfd1 #bff4 #cb4 ,words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning4 ,this is called the ablative of separation4 #ahj4 #cc4 ,the word expressing the person from whom an action starts1 when not the subject1 is put in the ablative with the preposition or ab4 ,this is called the ablative of the personal agent4 #aha4 #cd4 ,the comparative degree1 if quam is omitted1 is followed by the separative ablative4 #cji4 #ce4 ,the time when or within which anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition4 #bge4 #cf4 #a4 ,the place at or in which is expressed by the ablative with in4 ,this answers the question ,where8 ,before names of towns1 small islands1 and rs the preposition is omitted4 #bfe1 #bff4 #b4 ,names of towns and small islands1 if singular and of the first or second declension1 and the word domus express the place in which by the locative4 #bfh4 ,gerund and ,gerundive #cg4 #a4 ,the gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive1 dative1 accusative1 and ablative singular4 ,the constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns4 #djf4a4 #b4 ,the gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund object1 excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition4 ,even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual4 #djf4b4 #ch4 ,the accusative of the gerund or gerundive with ad1 or the genitive with caus1 is used to express purpose4 #djg4 ,moods and ,tenses of ,verbs #ci4 ,primary tenses are followed by primary tenses1 and secondary by secondary4 #ceh4 #dj4 ,the subjunctive is used in a dependent clause to express the purpose of the action in the principal clause4 #cdi4 #da4 ,a substantive clause of purpose with the subjunctive is used as object with verbs of commanding1 urging1 asking1 persuading1 or advising1 where in ,english we should usually have the infinitive4 #cff4 #db4 ,verbs of fearing are followed by a substantive clause of purpose introduced by ut 7that not7 or n 7that or lest74 #cgb4 #dc4 ,consecutive clauses of result are introduced by ut or ut nn1 and have the verb in the subjunctive4 #che4 #dd4 ,object clauses of result with ut or ut nn are found after verbs of effecting or bringing about4 #chf4 #de4 ,a relative clause with the subjunctive is often used to describe an antecedent4 ,this is called the subjunctive of characteristic or description4 #cij4 #df4 ,the conjunction cum means when1 since1 or although4 ,it is followed by the subjunctive unless it means when and its clause fixes the time at which the main action took place4 #cif4 #dg4 ,when a direct statement becomes indirect1 the principal verb is changed to the infinitive1 and its subject nominative becomes subject accusative of the infinitive4 #daf4 #dh4 ,the accusative-with-infinitive construction in indirect statements is found after verbs of saying1 telling1 knowing1 thinking1 and perceiving4 #dai4 #di4 ,a present indicative of a direct statement becomes present infinitive of the indirect1 a past indicative becomes perfect infinitive1 and a future indicative becomes future infinitive4 #dah4 #ej4 ,in an indirect question the verb is in the subjunctive and its tense is determined by the law for tense sequence4 #dcb4 ,illustration3 ,,domina ,,appendix ,,iii ,,reviews#a ,footnote #a3 ,it is suggested that each of these reviews be assigned for a written test4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,in this ,review section1 the lists of ,english words for translation may not be in the same order as in the original4 ,i4 ,,review ,,of ,,vocabulary ,,and ,,grammar ,,through ,,lesson ,,viii #ejb4 ,give the ,english of the following words3#a ,,nouns agricola gallna ancilla iniria aqua nsula casa lna causa nauta cna pecnia corna puella dea pugna domina sagitta fbula silva fera terra flia tuba fortna via fuga victria ,,adjectives alta magna bona mala clra nova grta parva lta pulchra longa sla ,,verbs amat necat dat nntiat est parat habitat portat labrat pugnat laudat sunt nrrat vocat ,,prepositions or ab ad cum d or ex in ,,pronouns mea tua quis cuius cui quem quid ,,adverbs cr deinde nn ubi ,,conjunctions et quia quod ,,interrogative ,,particle -ne ,footnote #a3 ,proper nouns and proper adjectives are not repeated in the reviews4 ,words used in ,cassar's 8,gallic ,war0 are in heavy type4 #ejc4 ,give the ,latin of the following words3#a ,underline the words you do not remember4 ,do not look up a single word till you have gone through the entire list4 ,then drill on the words you have underlined4 flight wide story tells new money lives 7verb7 calls away from with who your why then1 in the next place forest daughter wreath to whom deep1 high fortune dinner famous out from labors 7verb7 my kills where not trumpet in lady1 mistress and whom sailor island farmer goddess what wild beast way praises 7verb7 bad alone loves pleasing pretty prepares water are great to is because announces arrow injury1 wrong cottage battle 7noun7 gives small girl fights 7verb7 good maid carries down from chicken long victory cause land whose ,footnote #a3 ,the translations of words used in ,csar are in italics4 #ejd4 ,review ,questions4 ,how many syllables has a ,latin word8 ,how are words divided into syllables8 ,what is the ultima8 the penult8 the antepenult8 ,when is a syllable short8 ,when is a syllable long8 ,what is the law of ,latin accent8 ,define the subject of a sentence2 the predicate2 the object2 the copula4 ,what is inflection8 declension8 conjugation8 ,what is the ending of the verb in the third person singular1 and what in the plural8 ,what does the form of a noun show8 ,name the ,latin cases4 ,what case is used for the subject8 the direct object8 the possessor8 ,what relation is expressed by the dative case8 ,give the rule for the indirect object4 ,how are questions answered in ,latin8 ,what is a predicate adjective8 an attributive adjective8 ,what is meant by agreement8 ,give the rule for the agreement of the adjective4 ,what are the three relations expressed by the ablative8 ,what can you say of the position of the possessive pronoun8 the modifying genitive8 the adjective8 ,what is the base8 ,what is grammatical gender8 ,what is the rule for gender in the first declension8 ,what are the general principles of ,latin word order8 #eje4 ,fill out the following summary of the first declension3 ,,the ,,first ,,or -,,declension #a4 ,ending in the nominative singular #b4 ,rule for gender #c4 ,case terminations a4 ,singular b4 ,plural #d4 ,irregular nouns ,,ii4 ,,review ,,of ,,lessons ,,ix-,,xvii #ejf4 ,give the ,english of the following words3 ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,declension agr cultra galea cnstantia inopia cpia lacrima dligentia lrca fma patria fmina praeda ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,declension ager lber amcus magister arma 7plural7 mrus auxilium numerus bellum oppidnus carrus oppidum castrum plum cibus populus cnsilium praemium domicilium proelium dominus puer equus sctum flius servus fluvius studium frmentum tlum gladius vcus lgtus vir ,,adjectives ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,declensions aeger1 aegra1 aegrum alius1 alia1 aliud alter1 altera1 alterum armtus1 -a1 -um crber1 crbra1 crbrum drus1 -a1 -um fnitimus1 -a1 -um nfrmus1 -a1 -um leginrius1 -a1 -um lber1 lbera1 lberum mtrus1 -a1 -um meus1 -a1 -um miser1 misera1 miserum multus1 -a1 -um neuter1 neutra1 neutrum noster1 nostra1 nostrum nllus1 -a1 -um pulcher1 pulchra1 pulchrum slus1 -a1 -um suus1 -a1 -um ttus1 -a1 -um tuus1 -a1 -um llus1 -a1 -um nus1 -a1 -um uter1 utra1 utrum validus1 -a1 -um vester1 vestra1 vestrum ,,verbs arat crat dsderat mtrat properat ,,demonstrative ,,pronoun is1 ea1 id ,,conjunctions an -que sed ,,adverbs iam qu saepe ,,preposition apud #ejg4 ,give the ,latin of the following words3 sword shield 7noun7 corselet whole man it your 7plural7 aid 7noun7 hasten legionary but weak among arms tear 7noun7 master 7of school7 village friend strong neighboring long for sick and 7enclitic7 lieutenant often field want 7noun7 report1 rumor which 7of two7 abode care for boy or 7in a question7 his own whither alone wagon prize 7noun7 townsman master 7owner7 wretched carefulness ripe plenty war troops number plan 7noun7 my people free 7adj47 beautiful children no 7adj47 wall our grain battle weapon spear one food plow 7verb7 steadiness this or that fatherland already town helmet fort river camp zeal neither 7of two7 any much he agriculture son other slave the other 7of two7 your 7singular7 hard she booty woman frequent horse armed #ejh4 ,review ,questions4 ,how many declensions are there8 ,what three things must be known about a noun before it can be declined8 ,what three cases of neuter nouns are always alike1 and in what do they end in the plural8 ,what two plural cases are always alike8 ,when is the vocative singular not like the nominative8 ,what is a predicate noun8 ,with what does it agree8 ,what is an appositive8 ,give the rule for the agreement of an appositive4 ,how can we tell whether a noun in -er is declined like puer or like ager8 ,decline bonus1 lber1 pulcher4 ,how can we tell whether an adjective in -er is declined like lber or like pulcher8 ,why must we say nauta bonus and not nauta bona8 ,name the ,latin possessive pronouns4 ,how are they declined8 ,with what does the possessive pronoun agree8 ,when do we use tuus and when vester8 ,why is suus called a reflexive possessive8 ,what is the non-reflexive possessive of the third person8 ,when are possessives omitted8 ,what four uses of the ablative case are covered by the relations expressed in ,english by with8 ,give an illustration in ,latin of the ablative of manner2 of the ablative of cause2 of the ablative of means2 of the ablative of accompaniment4 ,what ablative regularly has cum8 ,what ablative sometimes has cum8 ,what uses of the ablative never have cum8 ,name the nine pronominal adjectives1 with their meanings4 ,decline alius1 nllus4 ,decline is4 ,what does is mean as a demonstrative adjective or pronoun8 ,what other important use has it8 #eji4 ,fill out the following summary of the second declension3 ,,the ,,second ,,or ,o-,,declension #a4 ,endings in the nominative #b4 ,rule for gender #c4 ,case terminations of nouns in -us a4 ,singular b4 ,plural a4 ,the vocative singular of nouns in -us #d4 ,case terminations of nouns in -um a4 ,singular b4 ,plural #e4 ,peculiarities of nouns in -er and -ir #f4 ,peculiarities of nouns in -ius and -ium ,,iii4 ,,review ,,of ,,lessons ,,xviii-,,xxvi #eaj4 ,give the ,english of the following words3 ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,declension disciplna rgna frma superbia poena trstitia potentia ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,declension ldus rnmentum sacrum socius verbum ,,adjectives ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,declensions amcus rtus antquus laetus fnitimus molestus grtus perpetuus idneus proximus inimcus septem interfectus superbus ,,adverbs hodi ibi maxim mox nunc nper ,,conjunctions etiam nn slum 444 sed etiam ,,personal ,,pronoun ego ,,verbs ,,conj4 ,i vol1 -re ,,conj4 ,,ii dle1 -re noce1 -re doce1 -re pre1 -re fave1 -re persude1 -re habe1 -re sede1 -re iube1 -re stude1 -re mone1 -re vide1 -re move1 -re ,,conj4 ,,iii ag1 -ere fugi1 -ere capi1 -ere iaci1 -ere crd1 -ere mitt1 -ere dc1 -ere rapi1 -ere dc1 -ere reg1 -ere faci1 -ere resist1 -ere ,,conj4 ,,iv audi1 -re mni1 -re reperi1 -re veni1 -re ,,irregular ,,verb sum1 esse #eaa4 ,give the ,latin of the following words4 ,in the case of verbs always give the first form and the present infinitive4 ancient power come make1 do resist injure see now be annoying fly lead ,i move proud soon word glad sadness punishment find believe rule 7verb7 advise be eager for especially1 most of all not only444but also angry seven beauty ally1 companion say pride command 7verb7 fortify there send slain sit training also take school have hear to-day hurl unfriendly persuade drive only favor 7verb7 nearest suitable sacred rite pleasing queen teach flee neighboring obey destroy lately friendly constant seize ornament #eab4 ,review ,questions4 ,what is conjugation8 ,name two important differences between conjugation in ,latin and in ,english4 ,what is tense8 ,what is mood8 ,what are the ,latin moods8 ,when do we use the indicative mood8 ,name the six tenses of the indicative4 ,what are personal endings8 ,name those you have had4 ,inflect sum in the three tenses you have learned4 ,how many regular conjugations are there8 ,how are they distinguished8 ,how is the present stem found8 ,what tenses are formed from the present stem8 ,what is the tense sign of the imperfect8 ,what is the meaning of the imperfect8 ,what is the tense sign of the future in the first two conjugations8 in the last two8 ,before what letters is a final long vowel of the stem shortened8 ,what are the three possible translations of a present1 as of pugn8 ,inflect ar1 sede1 mitt1 faci1 and veni1 in the present1 imperfect1 and future active4 ,what forms of -i verbs of the third conjugation are like audi8 what like reg8 ,give the rule for the dative with adjectives4 ,name the special intransitive verbs that govern the dative4 ,what does the imperative mood express8 ,how is the present active imperative formed in the singular8 in the plural8 ,what three verbs have a shortened present active imperative8 ,give the present active imperative of port1 dle1 ag1 faci1 mni4 ,,iv4 ,,review ,,of ,,lessons ,,xxvii-,,xxxvi #eac4 ,give the ,english of the following words3 ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,declension la cra mora porta prvincia vta ,,nouns ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,declension animus nvigium aurum rculum bracchium perculum deus ventus locus vnum mnstrum ,,adjectives ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,declensions adversus dubius attentus maximus crus perfidus commtus plnus dfessus saevus dexter sinister ,,adverbs ante ita celeriter long dnique semper di subit frstr tamen graviter tum ,,conjunctions autem s ubi ,,prepositions d per pr sine ,,verbs ,,conj4 ,i adpropinqu serv nvig st occup super postul tempt recs vst report vulner ,,conj4 ,,ii contine ege prohibe responde tene ,,conj4 ,,iii discd ger interfici ,,irregular ,,verb absum #ead4 ,translate the following words4 ,give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs4 be away heavily wind monster through approach if nevertheless savage place wound 7verb7 be without1 lack wine moved delay gold faithless restrain1 keep from right without seize hold quickly suddenly before1 in behalf of dear battle always down from or concerning god moreover hold in1 keep greatest afar oracle thus1 so1 as follows danger arm 7noun7 lay waste when gate in vain doubtful stand opposite1 adverse bring back1 win demand before1 previously finally depart1 go away attentive province then1 at that time care1 trouble weary kill overcome1 conquer reply 7verb7 conquer wing boat1 ship mind1 heart sail 7verb7 left 7adj47 life bear1 carry on save try full for a long time refuse #eae4 ,give the principal parts and meaning of the following verbs3 sum fave d noce tene dc iube pre ag dc mitt faci mni persude move sede crd stude rapi fugi reperi veni dle iaci resist vide audi absum mone ege capi ger doce st reg #eaf4 ,review ,questions4 ,what are the personal endings in the passive voice8 ,what is the letter -r sometimes called8 ,what are the distinguishing vowels of the four conjugations8 ,what forms constitute the principal parts8 ,what are the three different conjugation stems8 ,how may they be found8 ,what are the tenses of the indicative8 of the infinitive8 ,what tense of the imperative have you learned8 ,what forms are built on the present stem8 on the perfect stem8 on the participial stem8 ,what are the endings of the perfect active indicative8 ,what is the tense sign of the pluperfect active8 of the future perfect active8 ,how is the present active infinitive formed8 the present passive infinitive8 ,how is the present active imperative formed8 the present passive imperative8 ,how is the perfect active infinitive formed8 the perfect passive infinitive8 ,how is the future active infinitive formed8 ,what is a participle8 ,how are participles in -us declined8 ,give the rule for the agreement of the participle4 ,how are the perfect1 pluperfect1 and future perfect passive indicative formed8 ,conjugate the verb sum in all moods and tenses as far as you have learned it 7#did74 ,what is meant by the separative ablative8 ,how is the place from which expressed in ,latin8 ,give the rule for the ablative of separation2 for the ablative of the personal agent4 ,how can we distinguish between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent8 ,what is the perfect definite8 the perfect indefinite8 ,what is the difference in meaning between the perfect indefinite and the imperfect8 ,what two cases in ,latin may be governed by a preposition8 ,name the prepositions that govern the ablative4 ,what does the preposition in mean when it governs the ablative8 the accusative8 ,what are the three interrogatives used to introduce yes-and-no questions8 ,explain the force of each4 ,what words are sometimes used for yes and no8 ,what are the different meanings and uses of ubi8 ,v4 ,,review ,,of ,,lessons ,,xxxvii-,,xliv #eag4 ,give the ,english of the following words3 ,,nouns ,,first ,,declension ,,second ,,declension rpa barbar captvus castellum impedmentum ,,third ,,declension animal hom rd arbor hosts pater avis ignis pedes caeds impertor ps calamits nsigne pns calcar iter prnceps caput idex rx cvis labor sals clins lapis sanguis collis legi soror cnsul mare tempus dns mter terror dux mnsis turris eques mles urbs fnis mns victor flmen nvis virts fns opus vs frter rtor ,,adjectives ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,declensions barbarus dexter sinister summus ,,prepositions in with the abl4 in with the acc4 trns ,,adverbs cotdi numquam ,,conjunctions nec1 neque nec444nec1 or neque444neque ,,verbs ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,iii cess accipi oppugn pet confirm vinc vet incipi pon viv #eah4 ,translate the following words4 ,give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs3 forbid in rank1 row judge brother defeat1 disaster force fire across tree savages foot soldier horseman receive never general mountain highest manliness1 courage fountain leader orator put1 place neither444nor time and not savage1 barbarous left sister tooth seek soldier captive month hindrance1 baggage city captive victor hindrance1 baggage daily man-of-war live 7verb7 conquer redoubt1 fort consul sea mother tower retainer drill 7verb7 citizen legion head terror safety into1 to assail1 storm right 7adj47 begin stone march blood decoration labor 7noun7 bridge king bird spur cease chief man slaughter river strengthen work 7noun7 foot and enemy ship animal bank father #eai4 ,review ,questions4 ,give the conjugation of possum4 ,what is an infinitive8 ,what three uses has the ,latin infinitive that are like the ,english8 ,what is the case of the subject of the infinitive8 ,what is meant by a complementary infinitive8 ,in the sentence ,the bad boy cannot be happy1 what is the case of happy8 ,give the rule4 ,decline qu4 ,give the rule for the agreement of the relative4 ,what are the two uses of the interrogative8 ,decline quis4 ,what is the base of a noun8 ,how is the stem formed from the base8 ,are the stem and the base ever the same8 ,how many declensions of nouns are there8 ,name them4 ,what are the two chief divisions of the third declension8 ,how are the consonant stems classified8 ,explain the formation of lapis from the stem lapid-1 mles from mlit-1 rx from rg-4 ,what nouns have i-stems8 ,what peculiarities of form do i-stems have1--masc41 fem41 and neut48 ,name the five nouns that have - and -e in the abl4 ,decline turris4 ,give the rules for gender in the third declension4 ,decline mles1 lapis1 rx1 virts1 cnsul1 legi1 hom1 pater1 flmen1 opus1 tempus1 caput1 caeds1 urbs1 hostis1 mare1 animal1 vs1 iter4 #ebj4 ,fill out the following scheme3 ,masculine ,,gender ,feminine ,,endings ,neuter ,,the ,,third ,i4 ,,consonant a4 ,masc4 and fem4 ,,declension ,,stems b4 ,neuters ,,case ,,terminations ,,ii4 ,i-,,stems a4 ,masc4 and fem4 b4 ,neuters ,,irregular ,,nouns ,,vi4 ,,review ,,of ,,lessons ,,xlv-,,lii #eba4 ,give the ,english of the following words3 ,,nouns ,,first ,,declension amcitia hra littera ,,second ,,declension annus supplicium1 modus supplicium dare nntius supplicium smere d oculus tergum1 rgnum tergum vertere signum vestgium ,,third ,,declension aests nox corpus pars hiems px lberts rs lx1 sl prma lx vx nmen vulnus ,,fourth ,,declension adventus impetus corn lacus domus manus equittus metus exercitus portus fluctus ,,fifth ,,declension acis rs1 dis rs gestae fids1 rs adversae in fidem venre rs secundae rs pblica sps ,,indeclinable ,,noun nihil ,,adjectives ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,declensions dnsus prstinus invsus pblicus mrus secundus pauc tantus prmus vrus ,,third ,,declension cer1 cris1 cre gravis1 grave brevis1 breve incolumis1 incolume difficilis1 difficile omnis1 omne faclis1 facile pr1 pr fortis1 forte vlx1 vlx ,,pronouns ,,personal ego ns su t vs ,,demonstrative hic dem ille iste ,,intensive ipse ,,indefinite aliquis1 aliqu qudam quis1 qu quisquam quisque ,,adverbs n444quidem quoque lim satis paene vr ,,conjunctions itaque nisi ,,prepositions ante post propter ,,verbs ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii conloc dbe convoc exerce crem mane dmnstr place mand sustine ,,conj4 ,,iii ,,conj4 ,,iv committ1 dsili committere proelium dcid ripi sm1 smere supplicium d trdc vert #ebb4 ,translate the following words4 ,give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs4 if not1 unless adversity on account of former1 old-time public all1 every commonwealth any one 7at all7 leap down1 dismount this 7of mine7 unharmed heavy1 serious lead across hateful1 detested remain true call together burn friendship snatch from footprint1 trace letter each punishment fear 7noun7 inflict punishment on hope behind1 after therefore suffer punishment so great liberty equal sun in truth1 indeed sustain that 7yonder7 take up1 assume a certain hour fall down reign1 realm owe1 ought messenger measure1 mode part1 direction eye body name harbor wave1 billow faith1 protection thing1 matter of himself exploits also1 too republic sufficiently prosperity you 7plur47 burn peace that 7of yours7 back before turn the back1 retreat light night daybreak hand1 force winter lake attack day line of battle commit1 intrust army a few only drill1 train sharp1 eager join battle we house1 home turn midday you 7sing47 wonderful ,i brave signal almost summer the same cavalry some1 any wound if any one horn1 wing self1 very country not even second1 favorable easy formerly1 once dense short point out1 explain voice difficult arrival first come under the protection of arrange1 station nothing please swift year #ebc4 ,review ,questions4 ,by what declensions are ,latin adjectives declined8 ,what can you say about the stem of adjectives of the third declension8 ,into what classes are these adjectives divided8 ,how can you tell to which of the classes an adjective belongs8 ,decline cer1 omnis1 pr4 ,what are the nominative endings and genders of nouns of the fourth or u-declension8 ,what nouns are feminine by exception8 ,decline adventus1 lacus1 corn1 domus4 ,give the rules for the ordinary expression of the place to which1 the place from which1 the place in which4 ,what special rules apply to names of towns1 small islands1 and rs8 ,what is the locative case8 ,what words have a locative case8 ,what is the form of the locative case8 ,translate ,galba lives at home1 ,galba lives at ,rome1 ,galba lives at ,pompeii4 ,what is the rule for gender in the fifth or -declension8 ,decline dis1 rs4 ,when is the long shortened8 ,what can you say about the plural of the fifth declension8 ,decline tuba1 servus1 plum1 ager1 puer1 mles1 cnsul1 flmen1 caeds1 animal4 ,how is the time when expressed8 ,name the classes of pronouns and define each class4 ,decline ego1 t1 is4 ,what are the reflexives of the first and second persons8 ,what is the reflexive of the third person8 ,decline it4 ,translate ,i see myself1 he sees himself1 he sees him4 ,decline ipse4 ,how is ipse used8 ,decline dem4 ,decline hic1 iste1 ille4 ,explain the use of these words4 ,name and translate the commoner indefinite pronouns4 ,decline aliquis1 quisquam1 qudam1 quisque4 ,,vii4 ,,review ,,of ,,lessons ,,liii-,,lx #ebd4 ,give the ,english of the following words3 ,,nouns ,,first ,,declension aquila fossa ,,second ,,declension aedificium negtium captvus spatium concilium vllum imperium ,,third ,,declension agmen mors celerits mulier cvits multitd clmor mnti cohors nm difficults obses explrtor opni gns regi ltitd rmor longitd scelus magnitd servits mns timor merctor valls mlle ,,fourth ,,declensions aditus passus commetus ,,fifth ,,declension rs frmentria ,,adjectives ,,first ,,and ,,second ,,declensions aequus pessimus bn plrimus ducent posterus duo prmus exterus reliquus nferus secundus maximus singul medius superus minimus tardus opportnus tern optimus nus ,,third ,,declension alacer1 alacris1 alacre audx1 audx celer1 celeris1 celere citerior1 citerius difficilis1 difficile dissimilis1 dissimile facilis1 facile gracilis1 gracile humilis1 humile ingns1 ingns interior1 interius lnis1 lne maior1 maius melior1 melius minor1 minus nbilis1 nbile peior1 peius ----1 pls prior1 prius recns1 recns similis1 simile trs1 tria ulterior1 ulterius ,,adverbs criter optim audcter parum bene paul facile plrimum fer prope fortiter propius magis proxim magnopere quam maxim statim melius tam minim undique multum ,,conjunctions atque1 ac qu d caus aut quam ob rem aut 444 aut simul atque or et 444 et simul ac nam ,,prepositions circum contr inter ob trns ,,verbs ,,conj4 ,i ,,conj4 ,,ii cnor obtine hortor perterre moror vale vex vereor ,,conj4 ,,iii abd patior cad prem cognsc proficscor cnsequor prgredior contend quaer cupi recipi curr relinqu dd revertor dfend sequor gredior statu incend subsequor incol suscipi nsequor trd occd trah ,,conj4 ,,iv orior perveni #ebe4 ,translate the following words4 ,give the genitive and the gender of the nouns and the principal parts of the verbs3 on account of width nearly scout keenly1 sharply cohort thousand tribe1 nation two business opportune by a little remaining somewhat above 7adj47 crime next difficult grain supply equal pace move forward1 advance shout 7noun7 further from all sides multitude against woman around desire 7verb7 three give over1 surrender line of march kill manor overtake region hasten1 strive fortification hide eagle one almost first boldly second1 favorable bravely two hundred across former between1 among inner hither 7adj47 middle so low less outward more three by three most provisions worst speed difficulty ditch hostage wherefore or therefore death length command1 power for this reason captive fear 7noun7 or return and inquire arrive set out attempt1 try move out1 disembark fear 7verb7 leave worse abandon greater1 larger be strong two by two receive1 recover least 7adv47 terrify1 frighten opinion1 expectation dwell defend state1 citizenship approach1 entrance valley trader slavery magnitude1 size greatly council1 assembly best of all 7adv47 space1 room better 7adv47 either 444 or well 7adv47 rise1 arise very much suffer1 allow much press hard unlike fall like 7adj47 surrender slow set fire to very greatly1 exceedingly possess1 hold building delay 7verb7 mind 7noun7 nearest 7adv47 easily nearer 7adv47 easy better 7adj47 recent well known1 noble huge1 great rampart bold mild1 gentle immediately swift as soon as eager for low 7adj47 than slender best 7adj47 one by one greatest no one follow close least 7adv47 encourage little 7adv47 annoy1 ravage learn1 know hide drag follow undertake pursue run both 444 and fix1 decide #ebf4 ,review ,questions4 ,what is meant by comparison8 ,in what two ways may adjectives be compared8 ,compare clrus1 brevis1 vlx1 and explain the formation of the comparative and the superlative4 ,what are the adverbs used in comparison8 ,compare brevis by adverbs4 ,decline the comparative of vlx4 ,how are adjectives in -er compared8 ,compare cer1 pulcher1 liber4 ,what are possible translations for the comparative and superlative8 ,name the six adjectives that form the superlative in -limus4 ,translate in two ways ,nothing is brighter than the sun4 ,give the rule for the ablative with comparatives4 ,compare bonus1 magnus1 malus1 multus1 parvus1 exterus1 nferus1 posterus1 superus4 ,decline pls4 ,compare citerior1 interior1 propior1 ulterior4 ,translate ,that route to ,italy is much shorter4 ,give the rule for the expression of measure of difference4 ,name five words that are especially common in this construction4 ,how are adverbs usually formed from adjectives of the first and second declensions8 from adjectives of the third declension8 ,compare the adverbs cr1 lber1 fortiter1 audcter4 ,what cases of adjectives are sometimes used as adverbs8 ,what are the adverbs from facilis8 multus8 prmus8 plrimus8 bonus8 magnus8 parvus8 ,compare prope1 saepe1 magnopere4 ,how are numerals classified8 ,give the first twenty cardinals4 ,decline nus1 duo1 trs1 mlle4 ,how are the hundreds declined8 ,what is meant by the partitive genitive8 ,give the rule for the partitive genitive4 ,what sort of words are commonly used with this construction8 ,what construction is used with qudam and cardinal numbers excepting mlle8 ,give the first twenty ordinals4 ,how are they declined8 ,how are the distributives declined8 ,give the rule for the expression of duration of time and extent of space4 ,what is the difference between the ablative of time and the accusative of time8 ,what is a deponent verb8 ,give the synopsis of one4 ,what form always has a passive meaning8 ,conjugate am1 mone1 reg1 capi1 audi1 in the active and passive4 ,,viii4 ,,review ,,of ,,lessons ,,lxi-,,lxix #ebg4 ,review the vocabularies of the first seventeen lessons4 ,see #ejb1 #ejc1 #ejf1 #ejg4 #ebh4 ,review ,questions4 ,name the tenses of the subjunctive4 ,what time is denoted by these tenses8 ,what are the mood signs of the present subjunctive8 ,how may the imperfect subjunctive be formed8 ,how do the perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative active differ in form8 ,how is the pluperfect subjunctive active formed8 ,inflect the subjunctive active and passive of cr1 dle1 vinc1 rapi1 mni4 ,inflect the subjunctive tenses of sum2 of possum4 ,what are the tenses of the participles in the active8 ,what in the passive8 ,give the active and passive participles of am1 mone1 reg1 capi1 audi4 ,decline regns4 ,what participles do deponent verbs have8 ,what is the difference in meaning between the perfect participle of a deponent verb and of one not deponent8 ,give the participles of vereor4 ,how should participles usually be translated8 ,conjugate vol1 nol1 ml1 f4 ,what is the difference between the indicative and subjunctive in their fundamental ideas8 ,how is purpose usually expressed in ,english8 ,how is it expressed in ,latin8 ,by what words is a ,latin purpose clause introduced8 ,when should qu be used8 ,what is meant by sequence of tenses8 ,name the primary tenses of the indicative and of the subjunctive2 the secondary tenses4 ,what ,latin verbs are regularly followed by substantive clauses of purpose8 ,what construction follows iube8 ,what construction follows verbs of fearing8 ,how is consequence or result expressed in ,latin8 ,how is a result clause introduced8 ,what words are often found in the principal clause foreshadowing the coming of a result clause8 ,how may negative purpose be distinguished from negative result8 ,what is meant by the subjunctive of characteristic or description8 ,how are such clauses introduced8 ,explain the ablative absolute4 ,why is the ablative absolute of such frequent occurrence in ,latin8 ,explain the predicate accusative4 ,after what verbs are two accusatives commonly found8 ,what do these accusatives become when the verb is passive8 ,illustration3 ,,imperator ,,milites ,,hortatur ,,special ,,vocabularies ,the words in heavy type are used in ,csar's 8,gallic ,war40 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,each chapter's ,special ,vocabulary was included with its chapter text in addition to its original location here4 ,details are given in the ,transcriber's ,note at the beginning of the text4 ,in the printed book1 the vocabularies for ,lesson ,,iv and ,lesson ,v appeared on the same page2 the ,footnote about conjunctions was shared by the two lists4 ,,lesson ,,iv1 #ci ,,nouns dea1 goddess 7deity7 ,dina1 ,diana fera1 a wild beast 7fierce7 ,ltna1 ,latona sagitta1 arrow ,,verbs est1 he 7she1 it7 is2 sunt1 they are necat1 he 7she1 it7 kills1 is killing1 does kill ,,conjunction,a et1 and ,,pronouns quis1 interrog4 pronoun1 nom4 sing41 who8 cuius 7pronounced cooiyoos1 two syllables71 interrog4 pronoun1 gen4 sing41 whose8 ,footnote ,a3 ,a conjunction is a word which connects words1 parts of sentences1 or sentences4 ,,lesson ,v1 #dg ,,nouns corna1 wreath1 garland1 crown fbula1 story 7fable7 pecnia1 money 7pecuniary7 pugna1 battle 7pugnacious7 victria1 victory ,,verbs dat1 he 7she1 it7 gives nrrat1 he 7she1 it7 tells 7narrate7 ,,conjunction,a quia or quod1 because cui 7pronounced cooi1 one syllable71 interrog4 pronoun1 dat4 sing41 to whom8 for whom8 ,footnote ,a3 ,a conjunction is a word which connects words1 parts of sentences1 or sentences4 ,,lesson ,,vi1 #ef ,,adjectives bona1 good grta1 pleasing magna1 large1 great mala1 bad1 wicked parva1 small1 little pulchra1 beautiful1 pretty sla1 alone ,,nouns ancilla1 maidservant ,ilia1 ,julia ,,adverbs,a cr1 why nn1 not ,,pronouns mea1 my2 tua1 thy1 your 7possesives7 quid1 interrog4 pronoun1 nom4 and acc4 sing41 what8 -ne1 the question sign1 an enclitic 7#af7 added to the first word1 which1 in a question1 is usually the verb1 as amat1 he loves1 but amatne8 does he love8 est1 he is2 estne8 is he8 ,of course -ne is not used when the sentence contains quis1 cr1 or some other interrogative word4 ,footnote ,a3 ,an adverb is a word used to modify a verb1 an adjective1 or another adverb2 as1 ,she sings sweetly2 she is very talented2 she began to sing very early4 ,,lesson ,,vii1 #fb ,,nouns casa1 -ae1 f41 cottage cna1 -ae1 f41 dinner gallna1 -ae1 f41 hen1 chicken nsula1 ae1 f41 island 7pen-insula7 ,,adverbs de-inde1 then1 in the next place ubi1 where ,,preposition ad1 to1 with acc4 to express motion toward ,,pronoun quem1 interrog4 pronoun1 acc4 sing41 whom8 ,,verbs habitat1 he 7she1 it7 lives1 is living1 does live 7inhabit7 laudat1 he 7she1 it7 praises1 is praising1 does praise 7laud7 parat1 he 7she1 it7 prepares1 is preparing1 does prepare vocat1 he 7she1 it7 calls1 is calling1 does call2 invites1 is inviting1 does invite 7vocation7 ,,lesson ,,viii1 #fi ,,nouns ,italia1 -ae1 f41 ,italy ,sicilia1 -ae1 f41 ,sicily tuba1 -ae1 f41 trumpet 7tube7 via1 -ae1 f41 way1 road1 street 7viaduct7 ,,adjectives alta1 high1 deep 7altitude7 clra1 clear1 bright2 famous lta1 wide 7latitude7 longa1 long 7longitude7 nova1 new 7novelty7 ,,lesson ,,ix1 #gg ,,nouns bellum1 -1 n41 war 7re-bel7 cnstantia1 -ae1 f41 firmness1 constancy1 steadiness dominus1 -1 m41 master1 lord 7dominate7 equus1 -1 m41 horse 7equine7 frmentum1 -1 n41 grain lgtus1 -1 m41 lieutenant1 ambassador 7legate7 ,mrcus1 -1 m41 ,marcus1 ,mark mrus1 -1 m41 wall 7mural7 oppidnus1 -1 m41 townsman oppidum1 -1 n41 town plum1 -1 n41 spear 7pile driver7 servus1 -1 m41 slave1 servant ,sextus1 -1 m41 ,sextus ,,verbs crat1 he 7she1 it7 cares for1 with acc4 properat1 he 7she1 it7 hastens ,,lesson ,x1 #hb ,,nouns amcus1 -1 m41 friend 7amicable7 ,germnia1 -ae1 f41 ,germany patria1 -ae1 f41 fatherland populus1 -1 m41 people ,rhnus1 -1 m41 the ,rhine vcus1 -1 m41 village ,,lesson ,,xi1 #hf ,,nouns arma1 armrum1 n41 plur41 arms1 especially defensive weapons fma1 -ae1 f41 rumor2 reputation1 fame galea1 -ae1 f41 helmet praeda1 -ae1 f41 booty1 spoils 7predatory7 tlum1 -1 n41 weapon of offense1 spear ,,adjectives drus1 -a1 -um1 hard1 rough2 unfeeling1 cruel2 severe1 toilsome 7durable7 ,rmnus1 -a1 -um1 ,roman4 ,as a noun1 ,rmnus1 -1 m41 a ,roman ,,lesson ,,xii1 #ij ,,nouns flius1 fl1 m41 son 7filial7 fluvius1 fluv1 m41 river 7fluent7 gladius1 glad1 m41 sword 7gladiator7 praesidium1 praesid1 n41 garrison1 guard1 protection proelium1 proel1 n41 battle ,,adjectives fnitimus1 -a1 -um1 bordering upon1 neighboring1 near to4 ,as a noun1 fnitim1 -rum1 m41 plur41 neighbors ,germnus1 -a1 -um1 ,german4 ,as a noun1 ,germnus1 -1 m41 a ,german multus1 -a1 -um1 much2 plur41 many ,,adverb saepe1 often ,,lesson ,,xiii1 #ie ,,nouns ager1 agr1 m41 field 7acre7 cpia1 -ae1 f41 plenty1 abundance 7copious72 plur41 troops1 forces ,cornlius1 ,cornl1 m41 ,cornelius lrca1 -ae1 f41 coat of mail1 corselet praemium1 praem1 n41 reward1 prize 7premium7 puer1 puer1 m41 boy 7puerile7 ,rma1 -ae1 f41 ,rome sctum1 -1 n41 shield 7escutcheon7 vir1 vir1 m41 man1 hero 7virile7 ,,adjectives leginrius1 -a1 -um1,a legionary1 belonging to the legion4 ,as a noun1 leginri1 -rum1 m41 plur41 legionary soldiers lber1 lbera1 lberum1 free 7liberty7 ,as a noun4 lber1 -rum1 m41 plur41 children 7lit4 the freeborn7 pulcher1 pulchra1 pulchrum1 pretty1 beautiful ,,preposition apud1 among1 with acc4 ,,conjunction sed1 but ,footnote ,a3 ,the genitive singular masculine of adjectives in -ius ends in -i and the vocative in -ie2 not in -1 as in nouns4 ,,lesson ,,xiv1 #ii ,,nouns auxilium1 auxil1 n41 help1 aid 7auxiliary7 castrum1 -1 n41 fort 7castle72 plur41 camp 7lit4 forts7 cibus1 -1 m41 food cnsilium1 cnsil1 n41 plan 7counsel7 dligentia1 -ae1 f41 diligence1 industry magister1 magistr1 m41 master1 teacher,a ,,adjectives aeger1 aegra1 aegrum1 sick crber1 crbra1 crbrum1 frequent miser1 misera1 miserum1 wretched1 unfortunate 7miser7 ,footnote ,a3 ,observe that dominus1 as distinguished from magister1 means master in the sense of owner4 ,,lesson ,,xv1 #ajg ,,nouns carrus1 -1 m41 cart1 wagon inopia1 -ae1 f41 want1 lack2 the opposite of cpia studium1 stud1 n41 zeal1 eagerness 7study7 ,,adjectives armtus1 -a1 -um1 armed nfrmus1 -a1 -um1 week1 feeble 7infirm7 validus1 -a1 -um1 strong1 sturdy ,,verb mtrat1 he 7she1 it7 hastens4 ,cf4 properat ,,adverb iam1 already1 now -que1 conjunction1 and2 an enclitic 7cf4 #af7 and always added to the second of two words to be connected1 as arma tlaque1 arms and weapons4 ,,lesson ,,xvii1 #aag ,,nouns agr cultra1 -ae1 f41 agriculture ,gallia1 -ae1 f41 ,gaul domicilum1 domcil1 n41 dwelling place 7domicile71 abode ,gallus1 -i1 m41 a ,gaul lacrima1 -ae1 f41 tear fmina1 -ae1 f41 woman 7female7 numerus1 -1 m41 number 7numeral7 ,,adjective mtrus1 -a1 -um1 ripe1 mature ,,adverb qu1 whither ,,verbs arat1 he 7she1 it7 plows 7arable7 dsderat1 he 7she1 it7 misses1 longs for 7desire71 with acc4 ,,conjunction an1 or1 introducing the second half of a double question1 as ,is he a ,roman or a ,gaul1 ,estne ,romanus an ,gallus8 ,,lesson ,,xviii1 #abd ,,nouns ldus1 -1 m41 school socius1 soc1 m41 companion1 ally 7social7 ,,adjectives rtus1 -a1 -um1 angry1 furious 7irate7 laetus1 -a1 -um1 happy1 glad 7social7 ,,adverbs hodi1 to-day ibi1 there1 in that place mox1 presently1 soon1 of the immediate future nunc1 now1 the present moment nper1 lately1 recently1 of the immediate past ,,lesson ,,xx1 #acf ,,nouns frma1 -ae1 f41 form1 beauty regna1 -ae1 f41 queen 7regal7 poena1 -ae1 f41 punishment1 penalty superbia1 -ae1 f41 pride1 haughtiness potentia1 -ae1 f41 power 7potent7 trstta1 -ae1 f41 sadness1 sorrow ,,adjectives septem1 indeclinable1 seven superbus1 -a1 -um1 proud1 haughty 7superb7 ,,conjunctions nn slum 444 sed etiam1 not only 444 but also ,,lesson ,,xxi1 #adj ,,nouns sacrum1 -1 n41 sacrifice1 offering1 rite verbum1 -1 n41 word 7verb7 ,,verbs sede1 -re1 sit 7sediment7 vol1 -re1 fly 7volatile7 ,,adjectives interfectus1 -a1 -um1 slain molestus1 -a1 -um1 troublesome1 annoying 7molest7 perpetuus1 -a1 -um1 perpetual1 continuous ego1 personal pronoun1 ,i 7egotism74 ,always emphatic in the nominative4 ,,lesson ,,xxii1 #adf ,,nouns disciplna1 -ae1 f41 training1 culture1 discipline ,gius1 ,g1 m41 ,caius1 a ,roman first name rnmentum1 -1 n41 ornament1 jewel ,tiberius1 ,tiber1 m41 ,tiberius1 a ,roman first name ,,verb doce1 -re1 teach 7doctrine7 ,,adverb maxim1 most of all1 especially ,,adjective antquus1 -qua1 -quum1 old1 ancient 7antique7 ,,lesson ,,xxvii1 #afh ,,nouns la1 -ae1 f41 wing deus1 -1 m41 god 7deity7,a monstrum1 -1 n41 omen1 prodigy2 monster rculum1 -1 n41 oracle ,,verb vst1 -re1 lay waste1 devastate ,,adjectives commtus1 -a1 -um1 moved1 excited maximus1 -a1 -um1 greatest 7maximum7 saevus1 -a1 -um1 fierce1 savage ,,adverbs ita1 thus1 in this way1 as follows tum1 then1 at that time ,footnote ,a3 ,for the declension of deus1 see #dfh ,,lesson ,,xxviii1 #aga ,,verbs responde1 -re1 respond1 reply serv1 -re1 save1 preserve ,,adjective crus1 -a1 -um1 dear 7cherish7 ,,conjunction autem1 but1 moreover1 now4 ,usually stands second1 never first ,,noun vta1 -ae1 f41 life 7vital7 ,,lesson ,,xxix1 #agf ,,verb super1 -re1 conquer1 overcome 7insuperable7 ,,nouns cra1 -ae1 f41 care1 trouble locus1 -1 m41 place1 spot 7location74 ,locus is neuter in the plural and is declined loca1 -rum1 etc4 perculum1 -1 n41 danger1 peril ,,adverbs semper1 always tamen1 yet1 nevertheless ,,prepositions d1 with abl41 down from42 concerning per1 with acc41 through ,,conjunction si1 if ,,lesson ,,xxx1 #ahb ,,verbs absum1 abesse1 irreg41 be away1 be absent1 be distant1 with separative abl4 adpropinqu1 -re1 draw near1 approach 7propinquity71 with dative,a contine1 -re1 hold together1 hem in1 keep 7contain7 discd1 -ere1 depart1 go away1 leave1 with separative abl4 ege1 -re1 lack1 need1 be without1 with separative abl4 interfici1 -ere1 kill prohibe1 -re1 restrain1 keep from 7prohibit7 vulner1 -re1 wound 7vulnerable7 ,,nouns prvincia1 -ae1 f41 province vnum1 -1 n41 wine ,,adjective dfessus1 -a1 -um1 weary1 worn out ,,adverb long1 far1 by far1 far away ,footnote ,a3 ,this verb governs the dative because the idea of nearness to is stronger than that of motion to4 ,if the latter idea were the stronger1 the word would be used with ad and the accusative4 ,,lesson ,,xxxi1 #ahh ,,nouns aurum1 -1 n41 gold 7oriole7 mora1 -ae1 f41 delay nvigium1 nvig1 n41 boat1 ship ventus1 -1 m41 wind 7ventilate7 ,,verb nvig1 -re1 sail 7navigate7 ,,adjectives attentus1 -a1 -um1 attentive1 careful dubius1 -a1 -um1 doubtful 7dubious7 perfidus1 -a1 -um1 faithless1 treacherous 7perfidy7 ,,adverb ante1 before1 previously ,,preposition sine1 with abl41 without ,,lesson ,,xxxii1 #aic ,,nouns animus1 -1 m41 mind1 heart2 spirit1 feeling 7animate7 bracchium1 bracch1 n41 forearm1 arm porta1 -ae1 f41 gate 7portal7 ,,adjectives adversus1 -a1 -um1 opposite2 adverse1 contrary plnus1 -a1 -um1 full 7plenty7 ,,preposition pr1 with abl41 before2 in behalf of2 instead of ,,adverb di1 for a long time1 long ,,lesson ,,xxxiv1 #bjj ,,adverbs celeriter1 quickly 7celerity7 dnique1 finally graviter1 heavily1 severely 7gravity7 subit1 suddenly ,,verb report1 -re1 -v1 bring back1 restore2 win1 gain 7report7 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi1 #baa dexter1 dextra1 dextrum1 right 7dextrous7 sinister1 sinistra1 sinistrum1 left frstr1 adv41 in vain 7frustrate7 ger1 gerere1 gess1 gestus1 bear1 carry on2 wear2 bellum gerere1 to wage war occup1 occupre1 occupv1 occuptus1 seize1 take possession of 7occupy7 postul1 postulre1 postulv1 postultus1 demand 7ex-postulate7 recs1 recsre1 recsv1 recstus1 refuse st1 stre1 stet1 status1 stand tempt1 temptre1 temptv1 tempttus1 try1 tempt1 test2 attempt tene1 tenre1 tenu1 ----1 keep1 hold 7tenacious7 ,the word ubi1 which we have used so much in the sense of where in asking a question1 has two other uses equally important3 #a4 ubi when1 as a relative conjunction denoting time2 as1 ,ubi mnstrum audvrunt1 fgrunt1 when they heard the monster1 they fled #b4 ubi where1 as a relative conjunction denoting place2 as1 ,vide oppidum ubi ,galba habitat1 ,i see the town where ,galba lives ubi is called a relative conjunction because it is equivalent to a relative pronoun4 ,when in the first sentence is equivalent to at the time at which2 and in the second1 where is equivalent to the place in which4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii1 #bag neque or nec1 conj41 neither1 nor1 and 444 not2 neque 444 neque1 neither 444 nor castellum1 -1 n41 redoubt1 fort 7castle7 cotdi1 adv41 daily cess1 cessre1 cessv1 cesstus1 cease1 with the infin4 incipi1 incipere1 incp1 inceptus1 begin 7incipient71 with the infin4 oppugn1 oppugnre1 oppugnv1 oppugntus1 storm1 assail pet1 petere1 petivi or peti1 pettus1 aim at1 assail1 storm1 attack2 seek1 ask 7petition7 pn1 pnere1 posu1 positus1 place1 put 7position72 castra pnere1 to pitch camp possum1 posse1 potu1 ----1 be able1 can 7potent71 with the infin4 vet1 vetre1 vetu1 vetitus1 forbid 7veto71 vith the infin42 opposite of iube1 command vinc1 vincere1 vc1 victus1 conquer 7in-vincible7 vv1 vvere1 vx1 ----1 live1 be alive 7re-vive7 ,,lesson ,,xxxix1 #bcd barbarus1 -a1 -um1 strange1 foreign1 barbarous4 ,as a noun1 barbar1 -rum1 m41 plur41 savages1 barbarians dux1 ducis1 m41 leader 7duke74 ,cf4 the verb dc eques1 equitis1 m41 horseman1 cavalryman 7equestrian7 idex1 idicis1 m41 judge lapis1 lapidis1 m41 stone 7lapidary7 mles1 mlitis1 m41 soldier 7militia7 pedes1 peditis1 m41 foot soldier 7pedestrian7 ps1 pedis1,a m41 foot 7pedal7 prnceps1 prncipis1 m41 chief 7principal7 rx1 rgis1 m41 king 7regal7 summus1 -a1 -um1 highest1 greatest 7summit7 virts1 virttis1 f41 manliness1 courage 7virtue7 ,footnote ,a3 ,observe that e is long in the nom4 sing1 and short in the other cases4 ,,lesson ,,xl1 #bcg ,caesar1 -aris1 m41 ,csar captvus1 -1 m41 captive1 prisoner cnsul1 -is1 m41 consul frter1 frtris1 m41 brother 7fraternity7 hom1 hominis1 m41 man1 human being impedmentum1 -1 n41 hindrance 7impediment72 plur4 impedmenta1 -rum1 baggage impertor1 impertris1 m41 commander in chief1 general 7emperor7 legi1 leginis1 f41 legion mter1 mtris1 f41 mother 7maternal7 rd1 rdinis1 m41 row1 rank 7order7 pater1 patris1 m41 father 7paternal7 sals1 saltis1 f41 safety 7salutary7 soror1 sorris1 f41 sister 7sorority7 ,,lesson ,,xli1 #bci calamits1 calamittis1 f41 loss1 disaster1 defeat 7calamity7 caput1 capitis1 n41 head 7capital7 flmen1 flminis1 n41 river 7flume7 labor1 labris1 m41 labor1 toil opus1 operis1 n41 work1 task rtor1 rtris1 m41 orator rpa1 -ae1 f41 bank 7of a stream7 tempus1 temporis1 n41 time 7temporal7 terror1 terrris1 m41 terror1 fear victor1 victris1 m41 victor accipi1 accipere1 accp1 acceptus1 receive1 accept cnfirm1 cnfrmre1 cnfrmv1 cnfrmtus1 strengthen1 establish1 encourage 7confirm7 ,,lesson ,,xliii1 #bde animal1 animlis 7-ium,a71 n41 animal avis1 avis 7-ium71 f41 bird 7aviation7 caeds1 caedis 7-ium71 f41 slaughter calcar1 calcris 7-ium71 n41 spur cvis1 cvis 7-ium71 m4 and f41 citizen 7civic7 clins1 clientis 7-ium71 m41 retainer1 dependent 7client7 fnis1 fnis 7-ium71 m41 end1 limit 7final72 plur41 country1 territory hostis1 hostis 7-ium71 m4 and f41 enemy in war 7hostile74 ,distinguish from inimcus1 which means a personal enemy ignis1 ignis 7-ium71 m41 fire 7ignite7 nsigne1 nsignis 7-ium71 n4 decoration1 badge 7ensign7 mare1 maris 7-ium,b71 n41 sea 7marine7 nvis1 nvis 7-ium71 f41 ship 7naval72 nvis longa1 man-of-war turris1 turris 7-ium71 f41 tower 7turret7 urbs1 urbis 7-ium71 f41 city 7suburb74 ,an urbs is larger than an oppidum4 ,footnote ,a3 ,the genitive plural ending -ium is written to mark the i-stems4 ,footnote ,b3 ,the genitive plural of mare is not in use4 ,,lesson ,,xliv1 #bdi arbor1 arboris1 f41 tree 7arbor7 collis1 collis 7-ium71 m41 hill dns1 dentis 7-ium71 m41 tooth 7dentist7 fns1 fontis 7-ium71 m44 fountain1 spring2 source iter1 itineris1 n41 march1 journey1 route 7itinerary7 mnsis1 mnsis 7-ium71 m41 month moenia1 -ium1 n41 plur41 walls1 fortifications4 ,cf4 mrus mns1 montis 7-ium71 m41 mountain2 summus mns1 top of the mountain numquam1 adv41 never pns1 pontis1 m41 bridge 7pontoon7 sanguis1 sanguinis1 m41 blood 7sanguinary7 summus1 -a1 -um1 highest1 greatest 7summit7 trns1 prep1 with acc41 across 7transatlantic7 vs 7vs71 gen4 plur4 virium1 f4 strength1 force1 violence 7vim7 ,,lesson ,,xlv1 #beh cer1 cris1 cre1 sharp1 keen1 eager 7acrid7 brevis1 breve1 short1 brief difficilis1 difficile1 difficult facilis1 facile1 facile1 easy fortis1 forte1 brave 7fortitude7 gravis1 grave1 heavy1 severe1 serious 7grave7 omnis1 omne1 every1 all 7omnibus7 pr1 gen4 paris1 equal 7par7 pauc1 -ae1 -a1 few1 only a few 7paucity7 secundus1 -a1 -um1 second2 favorable1 opposite of adversus signum1 -1 n41 signal1 sign1 standard vlx1 gen4 vlcis1 swift 7velocity7 conloc1 conlocre1 conlocv1 conloctus1 arrange1 station1 place 7collocation7 dmnstr1 dmnstrre1 dmnstrv1 dmnstrtus1 point out1 explain 7demonstrate7 mand1 mandre1 mandv1 mandtus1 commit1 intrust 7mandate7 ,,lesson ,,xlvi1 #bfa adventus1 -s1 m41 approach1 arrival 7advent7 ante1 prep1 with acc41 before 7ante-date7 corn1 -s1 n41 horn1 wing of an army 7cornucopia72 dextr corn1 on the right wing2 sinistr corn1 on the left wing equittus1 -s1 m41 cavalry exercitus1 -s1 m41 army impetus1 -s1 m41 attack 7impetus72 impetum facere in1 with acc41 to make an attack on lacus1 -s1 dat4 and abl4 plur4 lacubus1 m41 lake manus1 -s1 f41 hand2 band1 force 7manual7 portus1 -s1 m41 harbor 7port7 post1 prep1 with acc41 behind1 after 7post-mortem7 crem1 cremre1 cremv1 cremtus1 burn 7cremate7 exerce1 exercre1 exercu1 exercitus1 practice1 drill1 train 7exercise7 ,,lesson ,,xlvii1 #bgj ,athnae1 -rum1 f41 plur41 ,athens ,corinthus1 -1 f41 ,corinth domus1 -s1 locative dom1 f41 house1 home 7dome74 ,cf4 domicilium ,genva1 -ae1 f41 ,geneva ,pompii1 -rum1 m41 plur41 ,pompeii1 a city in ,campania4 ,see map propter1 prep4 with acc41 on account of1 because of rs1 rris1 in the plur4 only nom4 and acc4 rra1 n41 country 7rustic7 tergum1 terg1 n41 back2 terg1 behind1 in the rear vulnus1 vulneris1 n41 wound 7vulnerable7 committ1 committere1 comms1 commissus1 intrust1 commit2 proelium committere1 join battle convoc1 convocre1 convocv1 convoctus1 call together1 summon 7convoke7 time1 timre1 timu1 ----1 fear2 be afraid 7timid7 vert1 vertere1 vert1 versus1 turn1 change 7convert72 terga vertere1 to turn the backs1 hence to retreat ,,lesson ,,xlviii1 #bgf acis1 -1 f41 line of battle aests1 aesttis1 f41 summer annus1 -1 m41 year 7annual7 dis1 di1 m41 day 7diary7 fids1 fide1 no plur41 f41 faith1 trust2 promise1 word2 protection2 in fidem venre1 to come under the protection fluctus1 -s1 m4 wave1 billow 7fluctuate7 hiems1 hiemis1 f41 winter hra1 -ae1 f41 hour lx1 lcis1 f41 light 7lucid72 prma lux1 daybreak merdis1 acc4 -em1 abl4 -1 no plur41 m41 midday 7meridian7 nox1 noctis 7-ium71 f41 night 7nocturnal7 prmus1 -a1 -um1 first 7prime7 rs1 re1 f41 thing1 matter 7real72 rs gestae1 deeds1 exploits 7lit4 things performed72 rs adversae1 adversity2 rs secundae1 prosperity sps1 spe1 f41 hope ,,lesson ,,xlix1 #bhc amcitia1 -ae1 f41 friendship 7amicable7 itaque1 conj41 and so1 therefore1 accordingly littera1 -ae1 f41 a letter of the alphabet2 plur41 a letter1 an epistle metus1 mets1 m41 fear nihil1 indeclinable1 n41 nothing 7nihilist7 nntius1 nnt1 m41 messenger4 ,cf4 nnti px1 pcis1 f41 peace 7pacify7 rgnum1 -1 n41 reign1 sovereignty1 kingdom supplicum1 supplic1 n41 punishment2 supplicum smere d1 with abl41 inflict punishment on2 supplicum dare1 suffer punishment4 ,cf4 poena place1 placre1 placu1 placitus1 be pleasing to1 please1 with dative4 ,cf4 #aed sm1 smere1 smps1 smptus1 take up1 assume sustine1 sustinre1 sustinu1 sustentus1 sustain ,,lesson ,l1 #bhh corpus1 corporis1 n41 body 7corporal7 dnsus1 -a1 -um1 dense dem1 eadem1 idem1 demonstrative pronoun1 the same 7identity7 ipse1 ipsa1 ipsum1 intensive pronoun1 self2 even1 very mrus1 -a1 -um1 wonderful1 marvelous 7miracle7 lim1 adv41 formerly1 once upon a time pars1 partis 7-ium71 f41 part1 region1 direction quoque1 adv41 also4 ,stands after the word which it emphasizes sl1 slis1 m41 sun 7solar7 vrus1 -a1 -um1 true1 real 7verity7 dbe1 dbre1 dbu1 dbitus1 owe1 ought 7debt7 ripi1 ripere1 ripu1 reptus1 snatch from ,,lesson ,,li1 #bid hic1 haec1 hoc1 demonstrative pronoun1 this 7of mine72 he1 she1 it ille1 illa1 illud1 demonstrative pronoun that 7yonder72 he1 she1 it invsus1 -a1 -um1 hateful1 detested1 with dative ,cf4 #adc iste1 ista1 istud1 demonstrative pronoun1 that 7of yours72 he1 she1 it lberts1 -tis1 f41 liberty modus1 -1 m41 measure2 manner1 way1 mode nmen1 nminis1 n41 name 7nominate7 oculus1 -1 m41 eye 7oculist7 prstinus1 -a1 -um1 former1 old-time 7pristine7 pblicus1 -a1 -um1 public1 belonging to the state2 rs pblica1 re pblicae1 f41 the commonwealth1 the state1 the republic vestgium1 vestg1 n41 footprint1 track2 trace1 vestige vx1 vcis1 f41 voice ,,lesson ,,lii1 #bih incolumis1 -e1 unharmed n 444 quidem1 adv41 not even4 ,the emphatic word stands between n and quidem nisi1 conj41 unless1 if 444 not paene1 adv41 almost 7pen-insula7 satis1 adv41 enough1 sufficiently 7satisfaction7 tantus1 -a1 -um1 so great vr1 adv41 truly1 indeed1 in fact4 ,as a conj4 but1 however1 usually stands second1 never first4 dcid1 dcidere1 dcid1 ----1 fall down 7deciduous7 dsili1 dsilre1 dsilu1 dsultus1 leap down1 dismount mane1 manre1 mns1 mnsrus1 remain trdc1 trdcere1 trdx1 trductus1 lead across ,,lesson ,,liii1 #cjf aquila1 -ae1 f41 eagle 7aquiline7 audx1 gen4 audcis1 adj41 bold1 audacious celer1 celeris1 celere1 swift1 quick 7celerity74 ,cf4 vlx explratr1 -ris1 m41 scout1 spy 7explorer7 ingns1 gen4 ingentis1 adj41 huge1 vast medius1 -a1 -um1 middle1 middle part of 7medium7 mns1 mentis 7-ium71 f41 mind 7mental74 ,cf4 animus opportnus1 -a1 -um1 opportune quam1 adv41 than4 ,with the superlative quam gives the force of as possible1 as quam audcissim vir1 men as bold as possible recens1 gen4 recentis1 adj41 recent tam1 adv41 so4 ,always with an adjective or adverb1 while ita is generally used with a verb quaer1 quaerere1 quaesv1 quaestus1 ask1 inquire1 seek 7question74 ,cf4 pet ,,lesson ,,liv1 #caj alacer1 alacris1 alacre1 eager1 spirited1 excited 7alacrity7 celerits1 -tis1 f41 speed 7celerity7 clmor1 clmris1 m41 shout1 clamor lnis1 lne1 mild1 gentle 7lenient7 mulier1 mulieris1 f41 woman multitd1 multitdinis1 f41 multitude nm1 dat4 nmin1 acc4 nminem 7gen4 nllus1 abl4 nll1 from nllus71 no plur41 m4 and f41 no one nbilis1 nbile1 well known1 noble noct1 adv4 7an old abl471 by night 7nocturnal7 statim1 adv41 immediately1 at once subit1 adv41 suddenly tardus1 -a1 -um1 slow 7tardy7 cupi1 cupere1 cupv1 cuptus1 desire1 wish 7cupidity7 ,,lesson ,,lv1 #cad aedificium1 aedific1 n41 building1 dwelling 7edifice7 imperium1 imper1 n41 command1 chief power2 empire mors1 mortis 7-ium71 f41 death 7mortal7 reliquus1 -a1 -um1 remaining1 rest of4 ,as a noun1 m4 and n4 plur41 the rest 7relic7 scelus1 sceleris1 n41 crime servits1 -tis1 f41 slavery 7servitude7 valls1 vallis 7-ium71 f41 valley abd1 abdere1 abdid1 abditus1 hide contend1 contendere1 contend1 contentus1 strain1 struggle2 hasten 7contend7 occd1 occdere1 occd1 occsus1 cut down1 kill4 ,cf4 nec1 interfici perterre1 perterrre1 perterru1 perterritus1 terrify1 frighten recipi1 recipere1 recp1 receptus1 receive1 recover2 s recipere1 betake one's self1 withdraw1 retreat trd1 trdere1 trdid1 trditus1 give over1 surrender1 deliver 7traitor7 ,,lesson ,,lvi1 #cah aditus1 -s1 m41 approach1 access2 entrance cvits1 cvittis1 f41 citizenship2 body of citizens1 state 7city7 inter1 prep1 with acc41 between1 among 7interstate commerce7 nam1 conj41 for obses1 obsidis1 m4 and f41 hostage paul1 adv4 7abl4 n4 of paulus71 by a little1 somewhat incol1 incolere1 incolu1 ----1 transitive1 inhabit2 intransitive1 dwell4 ,cf4 habit1 vv relinqu1 relinquere1 relqu1 relictus1 leave1 abandon 7relinquish7 statu1 statuere1 statu1 stattus1 fix1 decide 7statute71 usually with infin4 ,,lesson ,,lvii1 #cbf aequus1 -a1 -um1 even1 level2 equal cohors1 cohortis 7-ium71 f41 cohort1 a tenth part of a legion1 about #cfj men curr1 currere1 cucurr1 cursus1 run 7course7 difficults1 -tis1 f41 difficulty fossa1 -ae1 f41 ditch 7fosse7 gns1 gentis 7-ium71 f41 race1 tribe1 nation 7,gentile7 negtium1 negt1 n41 business1 affair1 matter 7negotiate7 regi1 -nis1 f41 region1 district rmor1 rmris1 m41 rumor1 report4 ,cf4 fma simul atque1 conj41 as soon as suscipi1 suscipere1 suscp1 susceptus1 undertake trah1 trahere1 trx1 trctus1 drag1 draw 7ex-tract7 vale1 valre1 valu1 valitrus1 be strong2 plrimum valre1 to be most powerful1 have great influence 7value74 ,cf4 validus ,,lesson ,,lviii1 #ccb commetus1 -s1 m44 provisions ltitd1 -inis1 f41 width 7latitude7 longitd1 -inis1 f41 length 7longitude7 magnitd1 -inis1 f41 size1 magnitude merctor1 merctris1 m41 trader1 merchant mnti1 -nis1 f41 fortification 7munition7 spatium1 spat1 n41 room1 space1 distance2 time cognsc1 cognscere1 cognv1 cognitus1 learn2 in the perfect tenses1 know 7re-cognize7 cg1 cgere1 cog1 coctus1 collect2 compel 7cogent7 dfend1 dfendere1 dfend1 dfnsus1 defend incend1 incendere1 incend1 incnsus1 set fire to1 burn 7incendiary74 ,cf4 crem obtine1 obtinre1 obtinu1 obtentus1 possess1 occupy1 hold 7obtain7 perveni1 pervenre1 pervn1 perventus1 come through1 arrive ,,lesson ,,lix1 #ccg agmen1 agminis1 n41 line of march1 column2 prmum agmen1 the van2 novissimum agmen1 the rear atque1 ac1 conj41 and2 atque is used before vowels and consonants1 ac before consonants only4 ,cf4 et and -que concilium1 concil1 n41 council1 assembly ,helvti1 -rum1 m41 the ,helvetii1 a ,gallic tribe passus1 passs1 m41 a pace1 five ,roman feet2 mlle passuum1 a thousand 7of7 paces1 a ,roman mile qu d caus1 for this reason1 for what reason vllum1 -1 n41 earth-works1 rampart cad1 cadere1 cecid1 csrus1 fall 7decadence7 dd1 ddere1 ddid1 dditus1 surrender1 give up2 with a reflexive pronoun1 surrender one's self1 submit1 with the dative of the indirect object prem1 premere1 press1 pressus1 press hard1 harass vex1 vexre1 vexv1 vextus1 annoy1 ravage 7vex7 ,,lesson ,,lx1 #cda aut1 conj41 or2 aut 444 aut1 either 444 or caus1 abl4 of causa1 for the sake of1 because of4 ,always stands after the gen4 which modifies it fer1 adv41 nearly1 almost opni1 -nis1 f41 opinion1 supposition1 expectation rs frmentria1 re frmentriae1 f4 7lit4 the grain affair71 grain supply timor1 -ris1 m41 fear4 ,cf4 time undique1 adv41 from all sides cnor1 cnr1 cntus sum1 attempt1 try gredior1 gred1 gressus sum1 move out1 disembark2 prgredior1 move forward1 advance 7egress1 progress7 moror1 morr1 mortus sum1 delay orior1 orir1 ortus sum1 arise1 spring2 begin2 be born 7from7 7origin7 proficscor1 proficsc1 profectus sum1 set out revertor1 revert1 reversus sum1 return 7revert74 ,the forms of this verb are usually active1 and not deponent1 in the perfect system4 ,perf4 act41 revert sequor1 sequ1 sectus sum1 follow 7sequence74 ,note the following compounds of sequor and the force of the different prefixes3 cnsequor 7follow with71 overtake2 nsequor 7follow against71 pursue2 subsequor 7follow under71 follow close after ,,latin-,,english ,,vocabulary ,translations inclosed within parentheses are not to be used as such2 they are inserted to show etymological meanings4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the 8parentheses0 were originally printed as square brackets4 ,they are rendered here as double brackets4 ,a or ab1 prep4 with abl4 from1 by1 off4 ,translated on in dextr corn1 on the right wing2 fronte1 on the front or in front2 dextr1 on the right2 latere1 on the side2 etc4 ab-d1 -ere1 -did1 -ditus1 hide1 conceal ab-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus1 lead off1 lead away abs-cd1 -ere1 -cd1-csus ab7s71 off1 caed1 cut1 cut off ab-sum1 -esse1 fu1 futrus1 be away1 be absent1 be distant1 be off2 with or ab and abl41 #eja4cb ac1 conj41 see atque ac-cipi1 -ere1 -cp1 -ceptus ad1 to1 capi1 take1 receive1 accept cer1 cris1 cre1 adj4 sharp2 figuratively1 keen1 active1 eager 7#dga7 acerbus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 bitter1 sour acis1 -1 f4 cer1 sharp1 edge2 line of battle criter1 adv4 cer1 sharp1 compared crius1 cerrim1 sharply1 fiercely ad1 prep4 with acc4 to1 towards1 near4 ,with the gerund or gerundive1 to1 for ad-aequ1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 make equal1 make level with ad-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus1 lead to2 move1 induce ad-e1 -re1 -i1 -itus1 go to1 approach1 draw near1 visit1 with acc4 7#dac7 ad-fer1 ad-ferre1 at-tul1 ad-ltus1 bring1 convey2 report1 announce2 render1 give 7#dbf7 ad-fici1 -ere1 -fc1 -fectus ad1 to1 faci1 do1 affect1 visit adflcttus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of adflct1 shatter1 shattered ad-flg1 -ere1 -flx1 -flctus1 dash upon1 strike upon2 harass1 distress ad-hibe1 -re1 -u1 -itus ad1 to1 habe1 hold1 apply1 employ1 use ad-hc1 adv4 hitherto1 as yet1 thus far aditus1 -s1 m4 ade1 approach1 approach1 access2 entrance4 ,cf4 adventus ad-lig1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 bind to1 fasten ad-loquor1 -loqu1 -loctus sum1 dep4 verb ad1 to1 loquor1 speak1 speak to1 address1 with acc4 ad-ministr1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 manage1 direct admrti1 -nis1 f4 admror1 wonder at1 admiration1 astonishment ad-move1 -re1 -mv1 -mtus1 move to2 apply1 employ ad-propinqu1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 come near1 approach1 with dat4 ad-sum1 -esse1 -fu1 -futres1 be present2 assist2 with dat41 #dbf adulscns1 -entis1 m4 and f4 part4 of adolsc1 grow1 a youth1 young man1 young person adventus1 -s1 m4 ad1 to1 veni1 come1 approach1 arrival 7#dff7 adversus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of advert1 turn to1 turned towards1 facing2 contrary1 adverse4 rs adversae1 adversity aedificium1 aedific1 n4 aedific1 build1 building1 edifice aedific1 -re1 -vi1 -tus aeds1 house1 faci1 make1 build aeger1 aegra1 aegrum1 adj4 sick1 feeble aequlis1 -e1 adj4 equal1 like4 ,as a noun1 aequlis1 -is1 m4 or f4 one of the same age aequus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 even1 level2 equal ,aespus1 -1 m4 sop1 a writer of fables aests1 -tis1 f4 summer1 init aestte1 at the beginning of summer aets1 -tis1 f4 age ,aethiopia1 -ae1 f4 ,ethiopia1 a country in ,africa frica1 -ae1 f4 ,africa fricnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 of ,africa4 ,a name given to ,scipio for his victories in ,africa ager1 agr1 m4 field1 farm1 land 7#dfb4;c7 agger1 -eris1 m4 mound agmen1 -inis1 n4 ag1 drive1 an army on the march1 column4 prmum agmen1 the van ag1 -ere1 g1 ctus1 drive1 lead2 do1 perform4 vtam agere1 pass life agricola1 -ae1 m4 ager1 field1 col1 cultivate1 farmer agr cultra1 -ae1 f4 agriculture la1 -ae1 f4 wing alacer1 -cris1 -cre1 adj4 active1 eager4 ,cf4 cer alacrits1 -tis1 f4 alacer1 active1 eagerness1 alacrity alacriter1 adv4 alacer1 active1 comp alacrius1 alacerrim1 actively1 eagerly albus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 white alcs1 -is1 f4 elk ,alcmna1 -ae1 f4 ,alcmena1 the mother of ,hercules aliquis 7-qu71 -qua1 -quid 7-quod71 indef4 pron4 some one1 some 7#dhg7 alius1 -a1 -ud 7gen4 -us1 dat4 -71 adj4 another1 other4 alius 444 alius1 one 444 another4 ali 444 ali1 some 444 others 7#aaj7 ,alps1 -ium1 f4 plur4 the ,alps alter1 -era1 -erum 7gen4 -us1 dat4 -71 adj4 the one1 the other 7of two74 alter 444 alter1 the one 444 the other 7#aaj7 altitd1 -inis1 f4 altus1 high1 height altus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 high1 tall1 deep ,amzons1 -um1 f4 plur4 ,amazons1 a fabled tribe of warlike women amb1 -ae1 -1 adj4 7decl4 like duo71 both amc1 adv4 amcus1 friendly1 superl4 amcissim1 in a friendly manner amici1 -re1 ----1 -ictus am-1 about1 iaci1 throw1 throw around1 wrap about1 clothe amcitia1 -ae1 f4 amcus1 friend1 friendship amcus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 am1 love1 friendly4 ,as a noun1 amcus1 -1 m4 friend -mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus1 send away2 lose am1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 love1 like1 be fond of 7#dhh7 amphithetrum1 -1 n4 amphitheater amplus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 large1 ample2 honorable1 noble an1 conj4 or1 introducing the second part of a double question ancilla1 -ae1 f4 maidservant ancora1 -ae1 f4 anchor ,andromeda1 -ae1 f4 ,andromeda1 daughter of ,cepheus and wife of ,perseus angulus1 -1 m4 angle1 corner anim-advert1 -ere1 -t1 -sus animus1 mind1 advert1 turn to1 turn the mind to1 notice animal1 -lis1 n4 anima1 breath1 animal 7#dfe4;b7 animsus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 spirited animus1 -1 m4 anima1 breath1 mind1 heart2 spirit1 courage1 feeling2 in this sense often plural annus1 -i1 m4 year ante1 prep1 with acc4 before ante1 adv4 ante1 before1 formerly antquus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ante1 before1 former1 ancient1 old aper1 apr1 m4 wild boar ,apoll1 -inis1 m4 ,apollo1 son of ,jupiter and ,latona1 brother of ,diana ap-pre1 -re1 -u1 ---- ad pre1 appear1 appear ap-pell1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 call by name1 name4 ,cf4 nmin1 voc ,appius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,appian ap-plic1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 apply1 direct1 turn apud1 prep1 with acc4 among2 at1 at the house of aqua1 -ae1 f4 water aquila1 -ae1 f4 eagle ra1 -ae1 f4 altar arbitror1 -r1 -tus sum1 think1 suppose 7#dbj4;c74 ,cf4 exstim1 put arbor1 -oris1 f4 tree 7#bdg4a4;a7 ,arcadia1 -ae1 f4 ,arcadia1 a district in southern ,greece rde1 -re1 rs1 rsrus1 be on fire1 blaze1 burn arduus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 steep ,arcia1 -ae1 f4 ,aricia1 a town on the ,appian ,way1 near ,rome aris1 -etis1 m4 battering-ram 7p4 #bba7 arma1 -rum1 n4 plur4 arms1 weapons4 ,cf4 tlum armtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 arm1 arm1 armed1 equipped ar1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 plow1 till ars1 artis1 f4 art1 skill articulus1 -1 m4 joint ascrb1 -ere1 -scrps1 -scrptus ad1 in addition1 scrb1 write1 enroll1 enlist sia1 -ae1 f4 ,asia1 i4e4 ,asia ,minor at1 conj4 but4 ,cf4 autem1 sed ,athnae1 -rum1 f4 plur4 ,athens ,atls1 -antis1 m4 ,atlas1 a ,titan who was said to hold up the sky at-que1 ac1 conj4 and1 and also1 and what is more4 atque may be used before either vowels or consonants1 ac before consonants only attentus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of attend1 direct 7the mind7 toward1 attentive1 intent on1 careful at-tonitus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 thunderstruck1 astounded audcia1 -ae1 f4 audx1 bold1 boldness1 audacity audcter1 adv4 audx1 bold1 compared audcius1 audcissim1 boldly audx1 -cis1 adj4 bold1 daring aude1 -re1 ausus sum1 dare audi1 -re1 -v or -1 -tus1 hear1 listen to 7#dbj4;d1 #dia7 ,augs1 -ae1 m4 ,augeas1 a king whose stables ,hercules cleaned aura1 -ae1 f4 air1 breeze aurtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 aurum1 gold1 adorned with gold aureus1 -a1 -um1 adj4aurum1 gold1 golden aurum1 -1 n4 gold aut1 conj4 or4 aut444aut1 either444or autem1 conj41 usually second1 never first1 in the clause1 but1 moreover1 however1 now4 ,cf4 at1 sed auxilium1 auxil1 n4 help1 aid1 assistance2 plur4 auxiliaries -vert1 -ere1 -t1 -sus1 turn away1 turn aside avis1 -is1 f4 bird 7#bdc4a7 ,b ballista1 -ae1 f4 ballista1 an engine for hurling missiles 7p4 #bbj7 balteus1 -1 m4 belt1 sword belt barbarus1 -1 m4 barbarian1 savage bellum1 -1 n4 war4 bellum nferre1 with dat4 make war upon bene1 adv4 for bon1 from bonus1 compared melius1 optim1 well benign1 adv4 benignus1 kind1 compared benignius1 benignissim1 kindly benignus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 good-natured1 kind1 often used with dat4 bn1 -ae1 -a1 distributive numeral adj4 two each1 two at a time 7#ccd7 bis1 adv4 twice bonus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 compared melior1 optimus1 good1 kind 7#dfi4;a7 bs1 bovis 7gen4 plur4 boum or bovum1 dat4 and abl4 plur4 bbus or bbus71 m4 and f4 ox1 cow bracchium1 bracch1 n4 arm brevis1 -e1 adj4 short ,brundisium1 -1 n4 ,brundisium1 a seaport in southern ,italy4 ,see map bulla1 -ae1 f4 bulla1 a locket made of small concave plates of gold fastened by a spring 7p4 #bab7 ,c ,c4 abbreviation for ,gius1 ,eng4 ,caius cad1 -ere1 cecid1 csrus1 fall caeds1 -is1 f4 caed1 cut1 7a cutting down71 slaughter1 carnage 7#dfe4;a7 caelum1 -1 n4 sky1 heavens ,caesar1 -aris1 m4 ,csar1 the famous general1 statesman1 and writer calamits1 -tis1 f4 loss1 calamity1 defeat1 disaster calcar1 -ris1 n4 spur 7#dfe4;b7 ,campnia1 -ae1 f4 ,campania41 a district of central ,italy4 ,see map ,campnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 of ,campania campus1 -1 m4 plain1 field1 esp4 the ,campus ,martius1 along the ,tiber just outside the walls of ,rome canis1 -is1 m4 and f4 dog can1 -ere1 cecin1 ----1 sing cant1 -re1 -vi1 -tus can1 sing1 sing ,capnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 of ,capena1 esp4 the ,porta ,capena1 the gate at ,rome leading to the ,appian ,way capi1 -ere1 cp1 captus1 take1 seize1 capture 7#dib7 ,capitlnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 belonging to the ,capitol1 ,capitoline ,capitlium1 ,capitl1 n4 caput1 head1 the ,capitol1 the hill at ,rome on which stood the temple of ,jupiter ,capitolinus and the citadel capsa1 -ae1 f4 box for books captvus1 -1 m4 capi1 take1 captive ,capua1 -ae1 f4 ,capua1 a large city of ,campania4 ,see map caput1 -itis1 n4 head 7#dfd4b4;b7 carcer1 -eris1 m4 prison1 jail carrus1 -1 m4 cart1 wagon crus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 dear2 precious casa1 -ae1 f4 hut1 cottage castellum1 -1 n4 dim4 of castrum1 fort1 redoubt1 fort castrum1 -1 n4 fort4 ,usually in the plural1 castra1 -rum1 a military camp4 castra pnere1 to pitch camp csus1 -us1 m4 cad1 fall1 chance2 misfortune1 loss catapulta1 -ae1 f4 catapult1 an engine for hurling stones catna1 -ae1 f4 chain caupna1 -ae1 f4 inn causa1 -ae1 f4 cause1 reason1 qu d caus1 for this reason cd1 -ere1 cess1 cessrus1 give way1 retire celer1 -eris1 -ere1 adj4 swift1 fleet celerits1 -tis1 f4 celer1 swift1 swiftness1 speed celeriter1 adv4 celer1 swift1 compared celerius1 celerrim1 swiftly cna1 -ae1 f4 dinner centum1 indecl4 numeral adj4 hundred centuri1 -nis1 m4 centurion1 captain ,cpheus 7dissyl471 -e 7acc4 ,cphea71 m4 ,cepheus1 a king of ,ethiopia and father of ,andromeda ,cerberus1 -1 m4 ,cerberus1 the fabled three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to ,hades certmen1 -inis1 n4 cert1 struggle1 struggle1 contest1 rivalry cert1 adv4 certus1 sure1 compared certius1 certissim1 surely1 certainly certus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 fixed1 certain1 sure4 aliquem certirem facere 7to make some one more certain71 to inform some one cervus1 -1 m4 stag1 deer cess1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 delay1 cease cibria1 -rum1 n4 plur4 food1 provisions cibus1 -1 m4food1 victuals ,cimbr1 -rum1 m4 plur4 the ,cimbri ,cimbricus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,cimbrian cnctus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of cing1 surround1 girt1 surrounded cing1 -ere1 cnx1 cnctus1 gird1 surround circiter1 adv4 about circum1 prep1 with acc4 around circum-d1 -dare1 -ded1 -datus1 place around1 surround1 inclose circum-e1 -re1 -i1 -itus1 go around circum-sist1 -ere1 circumstet1 ----1 stand around1 surround circum-veni1 -re1 -vn1 -ventus 7come around71 surround citerior1 -ius1 adj4 in comp41 superl4 citimus1 hither1 nearer 7#dge7 cvlis1 -e1 adj4 cvis1 civil cvis1 -is1 m4 and f4 citizen 7#bdc4a7 cvits1 -tis1 f4 cvis1 citizen1 7body of citizens71 state2 citizenship clmor1 -ris1 m4 shout1 cry clrus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 clear2 famous1 renowned2 bright1 shining classis1 -is1 f4 fleet claud1 -ere1 -s1 -sus1 shut1 close clavus1 -1 m4 stripe clins1 -entis1 m4 dependent1 retainer1 client 7#dfe4;a7 ,cocles1 -itis1 m4 7blind in one eye71 ,cocles1 the surname of ,horatius co-gnsc1 -ere1 -gnv1 -gntus1 learn1 know1 understand4 ,cf4 sci 7#dbj4;b7 cg1 -ere1 cog1 coctus co7m7-1 together1 ag1 drive1 7drive together71 collect2 compel1 drive cohors1 cohortis1 f4 cohort1 the tenth part of a legion1 about #cfj men collis1 -is1 m4 hill1 in summ colle1 on top of the hill 7#bdg4b4;a7 collum1 -1 n4 neck col1 -ere1 colu1 cultus1 cultivate1 till2 honor1 worship2 devote one's self to columna1 -ae1 f4 column1 pillar com- 7col-1 con-1 cor-1 co-71 a prefix1 together1 with1 or intensifying the meaning of the root word coma1 -ae1 f4 hair comes1 -itis1 m4 and f4 com-1 together1 e1 go1 companion1 comrade comittus1 -s1 m4 comitor1 accompany1 escort1 company comitor1 -r1 -tus sum1 dep4 verb comes1 companion1 accompany com-metus1 -s1 m4 supplies com-minus1 adv4 com-1 together1 manus1 hand1 hand to hand com-mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus1 join together2 commit1 intrust4 proelium committere1 join battle4 s committere with dat1 trust one's self to commod1 adv4 commodus1 fit1 compared commodius1 commodissim1 conveniently1 fitly commodus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 suitable1 fit com-mtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of commove1 move1 aroused1 moved com-par1 -re1 -v1 -tus com-1 intensive1 par1 prepare1 prepare2 provide1 get com-ple1 -re1 -plv1 -pltus com-1 intensive1 ple1 fill1 fill up complexus1 -s1 m4 embrace com-prim1 -ere1 -press1 -pressus com-1 together1 prem1 press1 press together1 grasp1 seize con-cid1 -ere1 -cid1 ---- com-1 intensive1 cad1 fall1 fall down concilium1 concil1 n4 meeting1 council con-cld1 -ere1 -cls1 -clsus com-1 intensive1 claud1 close1 shut up1 close2 end1 finish con-curr1 -ere1 -curr1 -cursus com-1 together1 curr1 run1 run together2 rally1 gather condici1 -nis1 f4 com-1 together1 dic1 talk1 agreement1 condition1 terms con-dn1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 pardon con-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus1 hire cn-fer1 -ferre1 -tul1 -ltus1 bring together4 s cnferre1 betake one's self cn-fertus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 crowded1 thick cnfestim1 adv4 immediately cn-fici1 -ere1 -fc1 -fectus com-1 completely1 faci1 do1 make1 complete1 accomplish1 finish cn-frm1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 make firm1 establish1 strengthen1 affirm1 assert cn-flu1 -ere1 -flx1 ----1 flow together cn-fugi1 -ere1 -fg1 -fugitrus1 flee for refuge1 flee con-ici1 -ere1 -ic1 -iectus com-1 intensive1 iaci1 throw1 hurl con-iung1 -ere1 -inx1 -inctus com-1 together1 iung1 join1 join together1 unite con-ir1 -re1 -v1 -tus com-1 together1 ir1 swear1 unite by oath1 conspire con-loc1 -re1 -v1 -tus com-1 together1 loc1 place1 arrange1 place1 station conloquium1 conloqu1 n4 com-1 together1 loquor1 speak1 conversation1 conference cnor1 -r1 -tus sum1 dep4 verb1 endeavor1 attempt1 try cn-scend1 -ere1 -scend1 -scnsus com-1 intensive1 scand1 climb1 climb up1 ascend4 nvem cnscendere1 embark1 go on board cn-scrb1 -ere1 -scrps1 -scrptus com-1 together1 scrb1 write1 7write together71 enroll1 enlist cn-secr1 -re1 -v1 -tus com-1 intensive1 sacr1 consecrate1 consecrate1 devote cn-sequor1 -sequ1 -sectus sum1 dep4 verb com-1 intensive1 sequor1 follow1 pursue2 overtake2 win cn-serv1 -re1 -v1 -tus com-1 intensive1 serv1 save1 preserve1 save cnsilium1 cnsil1 n4 plan1 purpose1 design2 wisdom cn-sist1 -ere1 -stit1 -stitus com-1 intensive1 sist1 cause to stand1 stand firmly1 halt1 take one's stand cn-spici1 -ere1 -spx1 -spectus com-1 intensive1 spici1 spy1 look at attentively1 perceive1 see cnstantia1 -ae1 f4 firmness1 steadiness1 perseverance cn-stitu1 -ere1 -u1 -tus com-1 intensive1 statu1 set1 establish1 determine1 resolve cn-st1 -re1 -stit1 -sttrus com-1 together1 st1 stand1 agree2 be certain 2 consist of cnsul1 -ulis1 m4 consul 7#dfd4b4;a7 cn-sm1 -ere1 -smps1 -smptus com-1 intensive1 sum1 take1 consume1 use up con-tend1 -ere1 -d1 -tus1 strain2 hasten2 fight1 contend1 struggle con-tine1 -re1 -u1 -tentus com-1 together1 tene1 hold1 hold together1 hem in1 contain2 restrain contr1 prep1 with acc4 against1 contrary to con-trah1 -ere1 -trx1 -trctus com-1 together1 trah1 draw1 draw together2 of sails1 shorten1 furl contrversia1 -ae1 f4 dispute1 quarrel con-veni1 -re1 -vn1 -ventus com-1 together1 veni1 come1 come together1 meet1 assemble con-vert1 -ere1 -vert1 -versus com-1 intensive1 vert1 turn1 turn con-voc1 -re1 -v1 -tus com-1 together1 voc1 call1 call together co-orior1 -r1 -ortus sum1 dep4 verb com-1 intensive1 orior1 rise1 rise1 break forth cpia1 -ae1 f4 com-1 intensive1 ops1 wealth1 abundance1 wealth1 plenty4 ,plur4 cpiae1 -rum1 troops coqu1 -ere1 cox1 coctus1 cook ,corinthus1 -1 f4 ,corinth1 the famous city on the ,isthmus of ,corinth ,cornlia1 -ae1 f4 ,cornelia1 daughter of ,scipio and mother of the ,gracchi ,cornlius1 ,cornl1 m4 ,cornelius1 a ,roman name corn1 -s1 n4 horn2 wing of an army1 dextr corn1 on the right wing 7#dff7 corna1 -ae1 f4 garland1 wreath2 crown corntus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 crowned corpus1 -oris1 n4 body cor-ripi1 -ere1 -u1 -reptus com-1 intensive1 rapi1 seize1 seize1 grasp cotdinus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 daily cotdi1 adv4 daily crber1 -bra1 -brum1 adj4 thick1 crowded1 numerous1 frequent crd1 -ere1 -dd1 -ditus1 trust1 believe1 with dat4 7#eja4ad7 crem1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 burn cre1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 make2 elect1 appoint ,cren1 -ontis1 m4 ,creon1 a king of ,corinth crsc1 -ere1 crv1 crtus1 rise1 grow1 increase ,crta1 -ae1 f4 ,crete1 a large island in the ,mediterranean ,crtaeus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,cretan crs1 crris1 n4 leg crstulum1 -1 n4 pastry1 cake cuble1 -is1 n4 bed cultra1 -ae1 f4 culture1 cultivation cum1 conj4 with the indic4 or subjv4 when2 since2 although 7#eja4df7 cum1 prep1 with abl4 with 7#bji7 cupid1 adv4 cupidus1 desirous1 compared cupidius1 cupidissim1 eagerly cupidits1 -tis1 f4 cupidus1 desirous1 desire1 longing cupi1 -ere1 -v or -i1 -tus1 desire1 wish4 ,cf4 vol cr1 adv4 why1 wherefore cra1 -ae1 f4 care1 pains2 anxiety cria1 -ae1 f4 senate house cr1 -re1 -v1 -tus cra1 care1 care for1 attend to1 look after curr1 -ere1 cucurr1 cursus1 run currus1 -s1 m4 chariot cursus1 -s1 m4 course custdi1 -re1 -v1 -tus custs1 guard1 guard1 watch ,d ,daedalus1 -1 m4 ,ddalus1 the supposed inventor of the first flying machine ,dvus1 -1 m4 ,davus1 name of a slave d1 prep1 with abl4 down from1 from2 concerning1 about1 for 7#bji74 qu d caus1 for this reason1 wherefore dea1 -ae1 f4 goddess 7#dfa4;a7 dbe1 -re1 -u1 -itus d1 from1 habe1 hold1 owe1 ought1 should decem1 indecl4 numeral adj4 ten d-cern1 -ere1 -crv1 -crtus d1 from1 cern1 separate1 decide1 decree d-cid1 -ere1 -cid1 ---- d1 down1 cad1 fall1 fall down decimus1 -a1 -um1 numeral adj4 tenth dclvis1 -e1 adj4 sloping downward d-d1 -ere1 -did1 -ditus1 give up1 surrender1 s ddere1 surrender one's self d-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus d1 down1 dc1 lead1 lead down1 escort d-fend1 -ere1 -d1 -fnsus1 ward off1 repel1 defend d-fer1 -ferre1 -tul1 -ltus d1 down1 fer1 bring1 bring down2 report1 announce 7#dbf7 d-fessus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 tired out1 weary d-fici1 -ere1 -fc1 -fectus d1 from1 faci1 make1 fail1 be wanting2 revolt from d-fg1 -ere1 -fx1 -fxus d1 down1 fg1 fasten1 fasten1 fix d-ici1 -ere1 -ic1 -iectus d1 down1 iaci1 hurl1 hurl down2 bring down1 kill de-inde1 adv4 7from thence71 then1 in the next place dlect1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 delight dle1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 blot out1 destroy dlber1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 weigh1 deliberate1 ponder d-lig1 -ere1 -lg1 -lctus d1 from1 leg1 gather1 choose1 select ,delphicus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,delphic dmissus1 -a1 -um part4 of dmitt1 send down1 downcast1 humble d-mnstr1 -re1 -v1 -tus d1 out1 mnstr1 point1 point out1 show dmum1 adv4 at last1 not till then4 tum dmum1 then at last dnique1 adv4 at last1 finally4 ,cf4 postrm dns1 dentis1 m4 tooth 7#bdg4b4;a7 dnsus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 dense1 thick d-pende1 -re1 ----1 ---- d1 down1 pende1 hang1 hang from1 hang down d-plr1 -re1 -v1 -tus d1 intensive1 plr1 wail1 bewail1 deplore d-pn1 -ere1 -posu1 -positus d1 down1 pn1 put1 put down d-scend1 -ere1 -d1 -scnsus d1 down1 scand1 climb1 climb down1 descend d-scrb1 -ere1 -scrps1 -scrptus d1 down1 scrb1 write1 write down dsder1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 long for d-sili1 -re1 -u1 -sultus d1 down1 sali1 leap1 leap down d-spr1 -re1 -v1 -tus d1 away from1 spr1 hope1 despair d-spici1 -ere1 -spxi1 -spectus d1 down1 look down upon1 despise d-sum1 -esse1 -fu1 -futrus d1 away from1 sum1 be1 be wanting1 lack1 with dat4 7#dbf7 deus1 -1 m4 god 7#dfh7 d-volv1 -ere1 -volv1 -voltus d1 down1 volv1 roll1 roll down d-vor1 -re1 -v1 -tus d1 down1 vor1 swallow1 devour dexter1 -tra1 -trum 7-tera1 -terum71 adj4 to the right1 right4 dextr corn1 on the right wing ,dina1 -ae1 f4 ,diana1 goddess of the moon and twin sister of ,apollo dc1 -ere1 dx1 dictus 7imv4 dc71 say1 speak1 tell4 ,usually introduces indirect discourse 7#dbj4;a7 dicttor1 -ris1 m4 dict1 dictate1 dictator1 a chief magistrate with unlimited power dis1 -i or di1 m41 sometimes f4 in sing41 day 7#dfg7 dif-fer1 -ferre1 distul1 dltus dis-1 apart1 fer1 carry1 carry apart2 differ4 differre inter s1 differ from each other dif-ficilis1 -e1 adj4 dis-1 not1 facilis1 easy1 hard1 difficult 7#cjg7 difficults1 -tis1 f4 difficilis1 hard1 difficulty dligenter1 adv4 dligns1 careful1 compared dligentius1 dligentissim1 industriously1 diligently dligentia1 -ae1 f4 dligns1 careful1 industry1 diligence d-mic1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 fight1 struggle d-mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus d-1 off1 mitt1 send1 send away1 dismiss1 disband4 dmittere animum in1 direct one's mind to1 apply one's self to ,diomds1 -is1 m4 ,d-o-mds1 a name dis-1 d-1 a prefix expressing separation1 off1 apart1 in different directions4 ,often negatives the meaning dis-cd1 -ere1 -cess1 -cessus dis-1 apart1 cd1 go1 depart from1 leave1 withdraw1 go away dis-cern1 -ere1 -crv1 -crtus dis-1 apart1 cern1 sift1 separate2 distinguish disciplna1 -ae1 f4 instruction1 training1 discipline discipulus1 -1 m4 disc1 learn1 pupil1 disciple disc1 -ere1 didic1 ----1 learn dis-cuti1 -ere1 -cuss1 -cussus dis-1 apart1 quati1 shake1 shatter1 dash to pieces dis-pn1 -ere1 -posu1 -positus dis-1 apart1 pn1 put1 put here and there1 arrange1 station dis-similis1 -e1 adj4 dis-1 apart1 similis1 like1 unlike1 dissimilar 7#cjg7 dis-tribu1 -ere1 -u1 -tus1 divide1 distribute di1 adv41 compared ditius1 ditissim1 for a long time1 long 7#dgg7 d1 dare1 ded1 datus1 give4 in fugam dare1 put to flight4 alicui negtium dare1 employ some one doce1 -re1 -u1 -tus1 teach1 show doctrna1 -ae1 f4 doctor1 teacher1 teaching1 learning1 wisdom dolor1 -ris1 m4 pain1 sorrow domesticus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 domus1 house1 of the house1 domestic domicilium1 domicil1 n4 dwelling2 house1 abode4 ,cf4 domus domina1 -ae1 f4 mistress 7of the house71 lady 7#dfa7 dominus1 -1 m4 master 7of the house71 owner1 ruler 7#dfb7 domus1 -s1 f4 house1 home4 dom1 locative1 at home 7#dfh7 dormi1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 sleep drac1 -nis1 m4 serpent1 dragon dubit1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 hesitate dubius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 duo1 two1 7moving two ways71 doubtful1 dubious du-cent1 -ae1 -a1 numeral adj4 two hundred dc1 -ere1 dx1 ductus 7imv4 dc71 lead1 conduct dum1 conj4 while1 as long as duo1 duae1 duo1 numeral adj4 two 7#dgi7 duo-decim1 indecl4 numeral adj4 twelve drus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 hard1 tough2 harsh1 pitiless1 bitter dux1 ducis1 m4 and f4 cf4 dc1 lead1 leader1 commander ,e or ex1 prep1 with abl4 out of1 from1 off1 of 7#bji7 eburneus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 of ivory ecce1 adv4 see6 behold6 there6 here6 -dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus 1 out1 dc1 lead1 lead out1 draw out ef-fici1 -ere1 -fc1 -fectus ex1 thoroughly1 faci1 do1 work out2 make1 cause ef-fugi1 -ere1 -fg1 -fugitrus ex1 from1 fugi1 flee1 escape ege1 -re1 -u1 ----1 be in need of1 lack1 with abl4 7#eja4cb7 ego1 pers4 pron4 ,i2 plur4 ns1 we 7#dhj7 -gredior1 -1 gressus sum1 dep4 verb 1 out of1 gradior1 go1 go out1 go forth4 nv gred1 disembark -ici1 -ere1 -ic1 -iectus 1 forth1 iaci1 hurl1 hurl forth1 expel elementum1 -1 n41 in plur4 first principles1 rudiments elephantus1 -1 m4 elephant lis1 lidis1 f4 ,elis1 a district of southern ,greece em1 -ere1 m1 mptus1 buy1 purchase enim1 conj41 never standing first1 for1 in fact1 indeed4 ,cf4 nam ,ennius1 ,enn1 m4 ,ennius1 the father of ,roman poetry1 born #bci ,b4,c4 e1 re1 i 7v71 itrus1 go 7#dii7 e1 adv4 to that place1 thither prus1 -1 f4 ,epirus1 a district in the north of ,greece eques1 -itis1 m4 equus1 horse1 horseman1 cavalryman equittus1 -s1 m4 equit1 ride1 cavalry equus1 -1 m4 horse -rig1 -ere1 -rx1 -rctus 1 out1 reg1 make straight1 raise up -ripi1 -ere1 -u1 -reptus 1 out of1 rapi1 seize1 seize1 rescue -rump1 -ere1 -rp1 -ruptus 1 forth1 rump1 break1 burst forth rupti1 -nis1 f4 sally ,erymanthius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,erymanthian1 of ,erymanthus1 a district in southern ,greece et1 conj4 and1 also4 et 444 et1 both 444 and4 ,cf4 atque1 ac1 -que etiam1 adv4 7rarely conj47 et1 also1 iam1 now1 yet1 still2 also1 besides4 ,cf4 quoque4 nn slum 444 sed etiam1 not only 444 but also ,etrsc1 -rum1 m4 the ,etruscans1 the people of ,etruria4 ,see map of ,italy ,eurpa1 -ae1 f4 ,europe ,eurystheus1 -1 m4 ,eurystheus1 a king of ,tiryns1 a city in southern ,greece -vd1 -ere1 -vs1 -vsus 1 out1 vd1 go1 go forth1 escape ex1 see exanimtus1 -a1 -um part4 of exanim1 put out of breath 7anima71 adj4 out of breath1 tired2 lifeless ex-cipi1 -ere1 -cp1 -ceptus ex1 out1 capi1 take1 welcome1 receive exemplum1 -1 n4 example1 model ex-e1-re1-i1-itrus ex1 out1 e1 go1 go out1 go forth 7#dac7 ex-erce1 -re1 -u1 -itus ex1 out1 arce1 shut1 7shut out71 employ1 train1 exercise1 use exercitus1 -us1 m4 exerce1 train1 army ex-stim1 -re1 -v1 -tus ex1 out1 aestim1 reckon1 estimate2 think1 judge 7#dbj4;c74 ,cf4 arbitror1 put ex-orior1 -r1 -ortus sum1 dep4 verb ex1 forth1 orior1 rise1 come forth1 rise expedtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 without baggage ex-pell1 -ere1 -pul1 -pulsus ex1 out1 pell1 drive1 drive out ex-pi1 -re1 -v1 -tus ex1 intensive1 po1 atone for1 make amends for1 atone for explrtor1 -ris1 m4 explr1 investigate1 spy1 scout explr1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 examine1 explore ex-pugn1 -re1 -v1 -tus ex1 out1 pugn1 fight1 take by storm1 capture exsilium1 exsil1 n4 exsul1 exile1 banishment1 exile ex-spect1 -re1 -v1 -tus ex1 out1 spect1 look1 expect1 wait ex-stru1 -ere1 -strx1 -strctus ex1 out1 stru1 build1 build up1 erect exterus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 compared exterior1 extrmus or extimus1 outside1 outer 7#cab7 extr1 prep1 with acc4 beyond1 outside of ex-trah1 -ere1 -trx1 -trctus ex1 out1 trah1 drag1 drag out1 pull forth extrmus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 superl4 of exterus1 utmost1 farthest 7#cab7 ,f fbula1 -ae1 f4 story1 tale1 fable facile1 adv4 facilis1 easy1 compared facilius1 facillim1 easily 7#cbb7 facilis1 -e1 adj4 cf4 faci1 make1 easy1 without difficulty 7#cjg7 faci1 -ere1 fc1 factus 7imv4 fac71 make1 do2 cause1 bring about4 impetum facere in1 make an attack upon4 proelium facere1 fight a battle4 iter facere1 make a march or journey4 aliquem certirem facere1 inform some one4 facere verba pr1 speak in behalf of4 ,passive f1 fier1 factus sum1 be done1 happen4 certior fier1 be informed fall1 -ere1 fefell1 falsus1 trip1 betray1 deceive fma1 -ae1 f4 report1 rumor2 renown1 fame1 reputation fams1 -is 7abl4 fam71 f4 hunger familia1 -ae1 f4 servants1 slaves2 household1 family fascs1 -ium 7plur4 of fascis71 f4 fasces 7p4 #bbe7 fastgium1 fastg1 n4 top2 slope1 descent ftum1 -1 n4 fate1 destiny faucs1 -ium1 f4 plur4 jaws1 throat fave1 -re1 fv1 fautrus1 be favorable to1 favor1 with dat4 7#eja4ad7 flx1 -cis1 adj4 happy1 lucky fmina1 -ae1 f4 woman4 ,cf4 mulier fera1 -ae1 f4 ferus1 wild1 wild beast ferx1 -cis1 adj4 fertile fer1 adv4 about1 nearly1 almost fer1 ferre1 tul1 ltus1 bear4 graviter or molest ferre1 be annoyed 7#dih7 ferreus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ferrum1 iron1 made of iron fidlis1 -e1 adj4 fids1 trust1 faithful1 true fids1 fide or fid1 trust1 faith2 promise1 word2 protection4 in fidem venre1 come under the protection4 in fid manre1 remain loyal flia1 -ae 7dat4 and abl4 plur4 flibus71 f4 daughter 7#dfa4;a7 flius1 fl 7voc4 sing1 fl71 m4 son fnis1 -is1 m4 boundary1 limit1 end2 in plur4 territory1 country 7#bdc4a7 fnitimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 fnis1 boundary1 adjoining1 neighboring4 ,plur4 fnitim1 -rum1 m4 neighbors f1 fier1 factus sum1 used as passive of faci4 ,see faci 7#ejj7 flamma1 -ae1 f4 fire1 flame fls1 flris1 m4 flower fluctus1 -s1 m4 of4 flu1 flow1 flood1 wave1 billow flmen1 -inis1 n4 cf4 flu1 flow1 river 7#dfd4b4;b7 flu1 -ere1 flx1 fluxus1 flow fluvius1 fluv1 m4 cf4 flu1 flow1 river fodi1 -ere1 fd1 fossus1 dig fns1 fontis1 m4 fountain 7#bdg4b4;a7 frma1 -ae1 f4 form1 shape1 appearance2 beauty ,formiae1 -rum1 f4 ,formiae1 a town of ,latium on the ,appian ,way4 ,see map forte1 adv4 abl4 of fors1 chance1 by chance fortis1 -e1 adj4 strong2 fearless1 brave fortiter1 adv4 fortis1 strong1 compared fortius1 fortissim1 strongly2 bravely fortna1 -ae1 f4 fors1 chance1 chance1 fate1 fortune forum1 -1 n4 market place1 esp4 the ,forum ,rmnum1 where the life of ,rome centered ,forum ,app1 ,forum of ,appius1 a town in ,latium on the ,appian ,way fossa1 -ae1 f4 cf4 fodi1 dig1 ditch fragor1 -ris1 m4 cf4 frang1 break1 crash1 noise frang1 -ere1 frg1 frctus1 break frter1 -tris1 m4 brother fremitus1 -s1 m4 loud noise frequent1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 attend frtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 supported1 trusting4 ,usually with abl4 of means frns1 frontis1 f4 front1 fronte1 in front frctus1 -s1 m4 fruit frmentrius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 pertaining to grain4 rs frmentria1 grain supplies frmentum1 -1 n4 grain frstr1 adv4 in vain1 vainly fuga1 -ae1 f4 cf4 fugi1 flee1 flight4 in fugam dare1 put to flight fugi1 -ere1 fg1 fugitrus1 flee1 run2 avoid1 shun fm1 -are1 ------1 ------1 smoke fnis1 -is1 m4 rope furor1 -ris1 m4 fur1 rage1 madness4 in furrem incdere1 go mad ,g ,gius1 ,g1 m4 ,gaius1 a ,roman name1 abbreviated ,c41 ,english form ,caius ,galba1 -ae1 m4 ,galba1 a ,roman name galea1 -ae1 f4 helmet ,gallia1 -ae1 f4 ,gaul1 the country comprising what is now ,holland1 ,belgium1 ,switzerland1 and ,france ,gallicus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,gallic gallna1 -ae1 f4 hen1 chicken ,gallus1 -1 m4 a ,gaul gaudium1 gaud1 n4 joy ,genva1 -ae1 f4 ,geneva1 a city in ,switzerland gns1 gentis1 f4 cf4 gign1 beget1 race1 family2 people1 nation1 tribe genus1 -eris1 n4 kind1 variety ,germnia1 -ae1 f4 ,germany ,germnus1 -1 m4 a ,german ger1 -ere1 gess1 gestus1 carry1 wear2 wage4 bellum gerere1 wage war4 rs gestae1 exploits4 bene gerere1 carry on successfully gladitrius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 gladiatorial gladius1 glad1 m4 sword glria1 -ae1 f4 glory1 fame ,gracchus1 -1 m4 ,gracchus1 name of a famous ,roman family gracilis1 -e1 adj4 slender 7#cjg7 ,graeca1 -rum1 n4 plur4 ,greek writings1 ,greek literature ,graec1 adv4 in ,greek ,graecia1 -ae1 f4 ,greece grammaticus1 -1 m4 grammarian grtia1 -ae1 f4 thanks1 gratitude grtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 acceptable1 pleasing4 ,often with dat4 7#eja4af7 gravis1 -1 adj4 heavy2 disagreeable2 serious1 dangerous2 earnest1 weighty graviter1 adv4 gravis1 heavy1 compared gravius1 gravissim1 heavily2 greatly1 seriously4 graviter ferre1 bear ill1 take to heart guberntor1 -ris1 m4 gubern1 pilot1 pilot ,h habna1 -ae1 f4 halter1 rein4 habe1 -re1 -u1 -itus1 have1 hold2 regard1 consider1 deem habit1 -re1 -v1 -tus cf4 habe1 have1 dwell1 abide1 inhabit4 ,cf4 incol1 vv hc-tenus1 adv4 thus far ,helvti1 -rum1 m4 the ,helvetii1 a ,gallic tribe ,herculs1 -is1 m4 ,hercules1 son of ,jupiter and ,alcmena1 and god of strength ,hesperids1 -um1 f4 the ,hesperides1 daughters of ,hesperus1 who kept the garden of the golden apples hic1 haec1 hoc1 demonstrative adj4 and pron4 this 7of mine72 as pers4 pron4 he1 she1 it 7#dha7 hc1 adv4 here hiems1 -emis1 f4 winter hnc1 adv4 hc1 here1 from here1 hence ,hippolyt1 -s1 f4 ,hippolyte1 queen of the ,amazons ho-di1 adv4 modified form of hc di1 on this day1 to-day hom1 -inis1 m4 and f4 7human being71 man1 person honestus1 -a1 -um1 adv4 honor1 honor1 respected1 honorable honor1 -ris1 m4 honor hra1 -ae1 f4 hour ,hortius1 ,hort1 m4 ,horatius1 a ,roman name horribilis1 -e1 adj4 terrible1 horrible hortor1 -ri1 -tus sum1 dep4 verb1 urge1 incite1 exhort1 encourage 7#dic7 hortus1 -1 m4 garden hospitium1 hospit1 n4 hospes1 host1 hospitality hostis1 -is1 m4 and f4 enemy1 foe 7#dfe4;a7 humilis1 -e1 adj4 low1 humble 7#cjg7 ,hydra1 -ae1 f4 the ,hydra1 a mythical water snake slain by ,hercules ,i iaci1 -ere1 ic1 iactus1 throw1 hurl iam1 adv4 now1 already4 nec iam1 and no longer ,iniculum1 -1 n4 the ,janiculum1 one of the hills of ,rome inua1 -ae1 f4 door ibi1 adv4 there1 in that place carus1 -1 m4 ,icarus1 the son of ,ddalus ictus1 -s1 m4 cf4 c1 strike1 blow dem1 eadem1 idem1 demonstrative pron4 is dem1 same 7#dha7 idneus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 suitable1 fit igitur1 conj41 seldom the first word1 therefore1 then4 ,cf4 itaque ignis1 -is1 m4 fire 7#bdc4a2 #bdg4 #b4;a2 #dfe1 #a7 igntus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in-1 not1 7g7notus1 known1 unknown1 strange ille1 illa1 illud1 demonstrative adj4 and pron4 that 7yonder72 as pers4 pron4 he1 she1 it 7#dha7 illc1 adv4 cf4 ille1 yonder1 there im-mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus in1 against1 mitt1 send1 send against2 let in immol1 -re1 -v1 -tus in1 upon1 mola1 meal1 sprinkle with sacrificial meal2 offer1 sacrifice im-mortlis1 -e1 adj4 in-1 not1 mortalis1 mortal1 immortal im-mortlits1 -tis1 f4 immortlis1 immortal1 immortality im-partus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in-1 not1 partus1 prepared1 unprepared impedmentum1 -1 n4 impedi1 hinder1 hindrance2 in plur4 baggage impedtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of impedi1 hinder1 hindered1 burdened im-pell1 -ere1 -pul1 -pulsus in1 against1 pell1 strike1 strike against2 impel1 drive1 propel impertor1 -ris1 m4 imper1 command1 general imperium1 imper1 n4 imper1 command1 command1 order2 realm1 empire2 power1 authority imper1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 command1 order4 ,usually with dat4 and an object clause of purpose 7#eja4da74 ,with acc4 object1 levy1 impose impetus1 -s1 m4 attack1 impetum facere in1 make an attack upon im-pn1 -ere1 -posui1 -positus in1 upon1 pn1 place1 place upon2 impose1 assign in1 prep1 with acc4 into1 to1 against1 at1 upon1 towards2 with abl4 in1 on4 in reliquum tempus1 for the future in-1 inseparable prefix4 ,with nouns and adjectives often with a negative force1 like ,english un-1 in- in-cautus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in-1 not1 cautus1 careful1 off one's guard incendium1 incend1 n4 flame1 fire4 ,cf4 ignis1 flamma in-cend1 -ere1 -d1 -cnsus1 set fire to1 burn in-cid1 -ere1 -cid1 ----1 in1 in1 on1 cad1 fall1 fall in1 fall on2 happen4 in furrem incidere1 go mad in-cipi1 -ere1 -cpi1 -ceptus in1 on1 capi1 take1 begin in-cognitus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in-1 not1 cognitus1 known1 unknown in-col1 -ere1 -u1 ----1 in1 in1 col1 dwell1 inhabit2 live incolumis1 -e1 adj4 sound1 safe1 uninjured1 imharmed in-crdibilis1 -e1 adj4 in-1 not1 crdibilis1 to be believed1 incredible inde1 from that place1 thence indu1 -ere1 -u1 -tus1 put on indtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of indu1 put on1 clothed in-e1 -re1 -i1 -itus in1 into1 e1 go1 go into2 enter upon1 begin1 with acc4 7#dac7 n-fns1 -fantis1 adj4 in-1 not1 99fns1 speaking1 not speaking4 ,as a noun1 m4 and f4 infant n-flx1 -cis1 adj4 in-1 not1 flx1 happy1 unhappy1 unlucky nfnsus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 hostile n-fer1 nferre1 intul1 inltus in1 against1 fer1 bear1 bring against or upon1 inflict1 with acc4 and dat4 7#eja4ae74 bellum nferre1 with dat41 make war upon nferus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 low1 below 7#cab74 n-fntus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in-1 not1 fntus1 bounded1 boundless1 endless n-frmus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in-1 not1 frmus1 strong1 weak1 infirm ingenium1 ingeni1 n4 talent1 ability ingns1 -entis1 adj4 vast1 huge1 enormous1 large4 ,cf4 magnus in-gredior1 -gred1 -gressus sum in1 in1 gradior1 walk1 advance1 enter inimcus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in-1 not1 amcus1 friendly1 hostile4 ,as a noun1 inimcus1 -1 m4 enemy1 foe4 ,cf4 hostis initium1 init1 entrance1 beginning initus1 -a1 -um1 part4 of ine4 init aestte1 at the beginning of summer iniria1 -ae1 f4 in1 against1 is1 law1 injustice1 wrong1 injury4 alicui iniris nferre1 inflict wrongs upon some one inopia1 -ae1 f4 inops1 needy1 want1 need1 lack in-opnns1 -antis1 adj4 in-1 not1 opnns1 thinking1 not expecting1 taken by surprise inquit1 said he1 said she4 ,regularly inserted in a direct quotation in-rig1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 irrigate1 water in-rump1 -ere1 -rp1 -ruptus in1 into1 rump1 break1 burst in1 break in in-ru1 -ere1 -ru1---- in1 in1 ru1 rush1 rush in n-sequor1 -sequ1 -sectus sum1 dep4 verb in1 on1 sequor1 follow1 follow on1 pursue n-signe1 -is1 n4 badge1 decoration 7#dfe4;b7 nsignis1 -e1 adj4 remarkable1 noted nstns1 -antis1 adj4 part1 of nsto1 be at hand1 present1 immediate n-st1 -re1 -stit1 -statrus in1 upon1 st1 stand1 stand upon2 be at hand2 pursue1 press on nstrmentum1 -1 n4 instrument n-stru1 -ere1 -strx1 -strctus in1 on1 stru1 build1 draw up nsula1 -ae1 f4 island integer1 -gra1 -grum1 untouched1 whole2 fresh1 new intelleg1 -ere1 -lx1 -lctus inter1 between1 leg1 choose1 perceive1 understand 7#dbj4;d7 intent1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 aim2 threaten inter1 prep4 with acc4 between1 among2 during1 while 7#cdj7 interfectus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of inter-fici1 kill1 slain1 dead inter-fici1 -ere1 -fc1 -fectus inter1 between1 faci1 make1 put out of the way1 kill4 ,cf4 nec1 occd1 trucd interim1 adv4 meanwhile interior1 -ius1 adj4 interior1 inner 7#cae7 inter-mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus1 leave off1 suspend interpres1 -etis1 m4 and f4 interpreter inter-rog1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 question inter-sum1 -esse1 -fu1 -futrus inter1 between1 sum1 be1 be present1 take part in1 with dat4 7#eja4ae7 inter-vllum1 -1 n4 interval1 distance intr1 adv4 and prep4 with acc4 within1 in intr1 -re1 -vi1 -tus1 go into1 enter in-veni1 -re1 -vn1 -ventus in1 upon1 veni1 come1 find invsus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of invide1 envy1 hated1 detested ,iolus1 -1 m4 ,i-o-lus1 a friend of ,hercules ipse1 -a1 -um1 intensive pron4 that very1 this very2 self1 himself1 herself1 itself1 7#dha7 ra1 -ae1 f4 wrath1 anger rtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of rscor1 be angry1 angered1 enraged is1 ea1 id1 demonstrative adj4 and pron4 this1 that2 he1 she1 it 7#dha7 iste1 -a1 -ud1 demonstrative adj4 and pron4 that 7of yours71 he1 she1 it 7#dha7 ita1 adv4 so1 thus4 ,cf4 sc and tam ,italia1 -ae1 f4 ,italy ita-que1 conj4 and so1 therefore item1 adv4 also iter1 itineris1 n4 journey1 march1 route2 way1 passage 7#bdg4a4;a2 #dfh74 iter dare1 give a right of way1 allow to pass4 iter facere1 march 7see p4 #aei7 iube1 -re1 iuss1 iussus1 order1 command4 ,usually with the infin4 and subj4 acc4 7#bac7 idex1 -icis1 m4 and f4 judge 7#dfd4a7 idic1 -re1 -v1 -tus idex1 judge1 judge1 decide 7#dbj4;c7 ,ilia1 -ae1 ,julia1 a ,roman name ,ilius1 ,il1 m4 ,julius1 a ,roman name iung1 -re1 inx1 inctus1 join2 yoke1 harness ,in1 -nis1 f4 ,juno1 the queen of the gods and wife of ,jupiter ,iuppiter1 ,iovis1 m4 ,jupiter1 the supreme god ir1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 swear1 take an oath iussus1 -a1 -um1 part4 of iube1 ordered ,l ,l41 abbreviation for ,lcius labefactus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of labefaci1 cause to shake1 shaken1 weakened1 ready to fall ,labinus1 -1 m4 ,la-bi-enus1 one of ,csar's lieutenants labor1 -ris1 m4 labor1 toil labr1 -re1 -v1 -tus labor1 labor1 labor2 suffer1 be hard pressed lacrima1 -ae1 f4 tear lacus1 -s 7dat4 and abl4 plur4 lacubus71 m4 lake laet1 adv4 laetus1 glad1 compared laetius1 laetissim1 gladly laetitia1 -ae1 f4 laetus1 glad1 joy laetus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 glad1 joyful lapis1 -idis1 m4 stone 7#bdg4b4;a2 #dfd4a7 ,lr1 ,laris1 m42 plur4 ,lars1 -um 7rarely -ium71 the ,lares or household1 gods lt1 adv4 ltus1 wide1 compared ltius1 ltissim1 widely ,latin1 adv4 in ,latin4 ,latn loqu1 to speak ,latin ltitd1 -inis1 f4 ltus1 wide1 width ,ltna1 -ae1 f4 ,latona1 mother of ,apollo and ,diana latus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 wide ltus1 -eris1 n4 side1 flank4 ab utrque latere1 on each side laud1 -re1 -v1 -tus laus1 praise1 praise laurea1 -ae1 f4 laurel lauretus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 crowned with laurel laus1 laudis1 f4 praise lectulus1 -1 m4 couch1 bed lgtus1 -1 m4 ambassador2 lieutenant legi1 -nis1 f4 cf4 leg1 gather1 7body of soldiers71 legion1 about #cfjj men 7#dfd4b4;a7 leginrius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 legionary4 ,plur4 leginari1 -rum1 m4 the soldiers of the legion leg1 -ere1 lg1 lctus1 read lnis1 -e1 adj4 gentle1 smooth1 mild lniter1 adv4 lnis1 gentle1 compared lnius1 lnissim1 gently ,lentulus1 -i1 m4 ,lentulus1 a ,roman family name le1 -nis1 m4 lion ,lernaeus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,lernean1 of ,lerna1 in southern ,greece ,lesbia1 -ae1 f4 ,lesbia1 a girl's name levis1 -e1 adj4 light lx1 lgis1 f4 measure1 law libenter1 adv4 libns1 willing1 compared libentius1 libentissim1 willingly1 gladly lber1 -era1 -erum1 adj4 free 7#dfi4;b7 lber1 -rum1 m4 lber1 free1 children lber1 -re1 -v1 -tus lber1 free1 set free1 release1 liberate lberts1 -tis1 f4 lber1 free1 freedom1 liberty lctor1 -ris1 m4 lictor 7p4 #bbe7 lmus1 -1 m4 mud littera1 -ae1 f4 a letter of the alphabet2 in plur4 a letter1 epistle ltus1 -oris1 n4 seashore1 beach locus1 -1 m4 7plur4 loc and loca1 m4 and n471 place1 spot long1 adv4 longus1 long1 comp4 longius1 longissim1 a long way off2 by far longinquus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 longus1 long1 distant1 remote longitd1 -inis1 f4 longus1 long1 length longus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 long loquor1 loqui1 loctus sum1 dep4 verb1 talk1 speak lrca1 -ae1 f4 lrum1 thong1 coat of mail1 corselet ld1 -ere1 ls1 lsus1 play ldus1 -1 m4 play2 school1 the elementary grades4 ,cf4 schola lna1 -ae1 f4 moon lx1 lcis1 f4 7no gen4 plur471 light4 prma lx1 daybreak ,ldia1 -ae1 f4 ,lydia1 a girl's name ,m ,m41 abbreviation for ,mrcus magicus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 magic magis1 adv4 in comp4 degree magnus1 great1 more1 in a higher degree 7#cbc7 magister1 -tr1 m4 master1 commander2 teacher magistrtus1 -s1 m4 magister1 master1 magistracy2 magistrate magnitd1 -inis1 f4 magnus1 great1 greatness1 size magnopere1 adv4 abl4 of magnum opus1 compared magis1 maxim1 greatly1 exceedingly 7#cbc7 magnus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 compared maior1 maximus1 great1 large2 strong1 loud 7#caa7 maior1 maius1 -ris1 adj41 comp4 of magnus1 greater1 larger 7#caa7 mairs1 -um1 m4 plur4 of maior1 ancestors ml1 mlle1 mlu1 ---- magis1 more1 vol1 wish1 wish more1 prefer 7#dig7 malus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 compared peior1 pessimus1 bad1 evil 7#caa7 mand1 -re1 -v1 -tus manus1 hand1 d1 put1 7put in hand71 intrust2 order1 command mane1 -re1 mns1 mnsrus1 stay1 remain1 abide ,mnlius1 ,mnl1 m4 ,manlius1 a ,roman name mnsutus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of mnsusc1 tame1 tamed manus1 -s1 f4 hand2 force1 band ,mrcus1 -1 m4 ,marcus1 ,mark1 a ,roman first name mare1 -is1 n4 7no gen4 plur471 sea4 mare tenre1 be out to sea marg1 -inis1 m4 edge1 border martus1 -1 m4 husband ,marius1 ,mar1 m4 ,marius1 a ,roman name1 esp4 ,c4 ,marius1 the general ,mrtius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 of ,mars1 esp4 the ,campus ,martius mter1 -tris1 f4 mother mtrimnium1 mtrimn1 n4 marriage4 in mtrimnium dcere1 marry mtr1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 hasten4 ,cf4 contend1 proper mtrus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ripe1 mature maxim1 adv4 in superl4 degree maximus1 greatest1 compared magnopere1 magis1 maxim1 especially1 very much 7#cbc7 maximus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 superl4 of magnus1 greatest1 extreme 7#caa7 medius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 middle part2 middle1 intervening melior1 -ius1 -ris1 adj41 comp4 of bonus1 better 7#caa7 melius1 adv4 in comp4 degree1 compared bene1 melius1 optim1 better 7#cbc7 memoria1 -ae1 f4 memor1 mindful1 memory4 memori tenre1 remember mns1 mentis1 f4 mind4 ,cf4 animus mnsis1 -is1 m4 month 7#bdg4b4 a7 merctor1 -ris1 m4 mercor1 trade1 trader1 merchant merdinus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 merdis1 noon1 of midday merdis1 ---- 7acc4 -em1 abl4 -71 m4 medius1 mid1 dis1 day1 noon metus1 -s1 m4 fear1 dread meus1 -a1 -um1 possessive adj4 and pron4 my1 mine 7#ih7 mles1 -itis1 m4 soldier 7#dfd4a7 mlitris1 -e1 adj4 mles1 soldier1 military4 rs mlitris1 science of war mlit1 -re1 -v1 -tus mles1 soldier1 serve as a soldier mlle1 plur4 mlia1 -ium1 numeral adj4 and subst4 thousand 7#dgi7 minim1 adv4 in superl4 degree1 compared parum1 minus1 minim1 least1 very little2 by no means 7#cbc7 minimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in superl4 degree1 compared parvus1 minor1 minimus1 least1 smallest 7#caa7 minor1 minus1 -ris1 adj4 in comp4 degree1 compared parvus1 minor1 minimus1 smaller1 less 7#caa7 ,mns1 -is1 m4 ,minos1 a king of ,crete minus1 adv4 in comp4 degree1 compared parum1 minus1 minim1 less 7#cbc7 ,minyae1 -rum1 m4 the ,minyae1 a people of ,greece mrbilis1 -e1 adj4 mror1 wonder at1 wonderful1 marvelous mror1 -r1 -tus sum1 dep4 verb mrus1 wonderful1 wonder1 marvel1 admire mrus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 wonderful ,msnum1 -1 ,misenum1 a promontory and harbor on the coast of ,campania4 ,see map miser1 -era1 -erum1 adj4 wretched1 unhappy1 miserable missus1 -a1 -um1 part4 of mitt1 sent mitt1 -ere1 ms1 missus1 send modicus1 -a1 -um modus1 measure1 modest1 ordinary modo1 adv4 abl4 of modus1 measure1 with shortened o1 only1 merely1 just now4 modo 444 modo1 now 444 now1 sometimes 444 sometimes modus1 -1 m4 measure2 manner1 way2 kind moenia1 -ium1 n4 plur4 cf4 mni1 fortify1 walls1 ramparts molest1 adv4 molestus1 troublesome1 compared molestius1 molestissim1 annoyingly4 molest ferre1 to be annoyed molestus1 -a1 -um1 troublesome1 annoying1 unpleasant 7#eja4af7 mone1 -re1 -u1 -itus1 remind1 advise1 warn 7#dhi7 mns1 montis1 m4 mountain 7#bdg4b4 a7 mnstrum1 -1 n4 monster mora1 -ae1 f4 delay moror1 -r1 -tus sum1 dep4 verb mora1 delay1 delay1 linger2 impede mors1 mortis1 f4 cf4 morior1 die1 death ms1 mris1 m4 custom1 habit mtus1 -s1 m4 cf4 move1 move1 motion1 movement4 terrae mtus1 earthquake move1 -re1 mv1 mtus1 move mox1 adv4 soon1 presently mulier1 -eris1 f4 woman multitd1 -inis1 f4 multus1 much1 multitude multum 7mult71 adv4 multus1 much1 compared pls1 plrimum1 much 7#dgg7 multus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 compared pls1 plrimus1 much2 plur4 many 7#caa7 mni1 -re1 -v or -i1 -tus1 fortify1 defend mnti1 -nis1 f4 mni1 fortify1 defense1 fortification mrus1 -1 m4 wall4 ,cf4 moenia msica1 -ae1 f4 music ,n nam1 conj4 for4 ,cf4 enim nam-que1 conj41 a strengthened nam1 introducing a reason or explanation1 for1 and in fact2 seeing that nrr1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 tell1 relate nscor1 nsc1 ntus sum1 dep4 verb1 be born1 spring from ntra1 -ae1 f4 nature ntus1 part4 of nscor nauta1 -ae1 m4 for nvita1 from nvis1 ship1 sailor nvlis1 -e1 adj4 nvis1 ship1 naval nvigium1 nvig1 n4 ship1 boat nvig1 -re1 -v1 -tus nvis1 ship1 ag1 drive1 sail1 cruise nvis1 -is 7abl4 - or -e71 f4 ship 7#bdc4a74 nvem cnscendere1 embark1 go on board4 nvem solvere1 set sail4 nvis longa1 man-of-war n1 conj4 and adv4 in order that not1 that 7with verbs of fearing71 lest2 not4 n 444 quidem1 not even -ne1 interrog4 adv41 enclitic 7see #af1 #baj74 ,cf4 nnne and num nec or neque1 conj4 n1 not1 que1 and1 and not1 nor4 nec 444 nec or neque 444 neque1 neither 444 nor necessrius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 needful1 necessary nec1 -re1 -v1 -tus cf4 nex1 death1 kill4 ,cf4 interfici1 occd1 trucd neg1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 deny1 say not 7#dbj4;a7 negtium1 negt1 n4 nec1 not1 tium1 ease1 business1 affair1 matter4 alicui negtium dare1 to employ some one ,nemaeus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,nemean1 of ,nemea1 in southern ,greece nm1 dat4 nmin 7gen4 nllus1 abl4 nll1 supplied from nllus71 m4 and f4 n1 not1 hom1 man1 7not a man71 no one1 nobody ,neptnus1 -1 m4 ,neptune1 god of the sea1 brother of ,jupiter neque1 see nec neuter1 -tra1 -trum 7gen4 -trus1 dat4 -tr71 adj4 neither 7of two7 7#ajh7 n-ve1 conj4 adv4 and not1 and that not1 and lest nihil1 n4 indecl4 n1 not1 hlum1 a whit1 nothing4 nihil posse1 to have no power nihilum1 -1 n41 see nihil ,niob1 -s1 f4 ,niobe1 the queen of ,thebes whose children were destroyed by ,apollo and ,diana nisi1 conj4 n1 not1 s1 if1 if not1 unless1 except nbilis1 -e1 adj4 well known2 noble noce1 -re1 -u1 -itrus cf4 nec1 kill1 hurt1 injure1 with dat4 7#eja4ad7 noct1 abl4 used as adv4 cf4 nox1 night1 at night1 by night ,nla1 -ae1 f4 ,nola1 a town in central ,campania4 ,see map nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ---- ne1 not1 vol1 wish1 not to wish1 be unwilling 7#dig7 nmen1 -inis1 n4 cf4 nsc1 know1 7means of knowing71 name nmin1 -re1 -v1 -tus nmen1 name1 name1 call4 ,cf4 appell1 voc nn1 adv4 n1 not1 num1 one1 not4 nn slum 444 sed etiam1 not only 444 but also nn-dum1 adv4 not yet nn-ne1 interrog4 adv4 suggesting an affirmative answer1 not8 7#baj74 ,cf4 -ne and num ns1 pers4 pron4 we 7see ego7 7#dhj7 noster1 -tra1 -trum1 possessive adj4 and pron4 our1 ours4 ,plur4 nostr1 -rum1 m4 our men 7#ih7 novem1 indecl4 numeral adj4 nine novus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 new4 novae rs1 a revolution nox1 noctis1 f4 night1 mult nocte1 late at night nllus1 -a1 -um 7gen4 -us1 dat4 -7 adj4 n1 not1 llus1 any1 not any1 none1 no 7#ajh7 num1 interrog4 adv4 suggesting a negative answer 7#baj74 ,cf4 -ne and nnne4 ,in indir4 questions1 whether numerus1 -1 m4 number numquam1 adv4 n1 not1 umquam1 ever1 never nunc1 adv4 now4 ,cf4 iam nnti1 -re1 -v1 -tus nntius1 messenger1 report1 announce 7#dbj4;a7 nntius1 nnt1 m4 messenger nper1 adv4 recently1 lately1 just now nympha1 -ae1 f4 nymph ,o ob1 prep4 with acc4 on account of4 ,in compounds it often means in front of1 against1 or it is intensive4 quam ob rem1 for this reason 7#cdj7 obses1 -idis1 m4 and f4 hostage ob-side1-re1-sd1 -sessus ob1 against1 sede1 sit1 besiege obtine1 -re1 -u1 -tentus ob1 against1 tene1 hold1 possess1 occupy1 hold occsi1 -nis1 f4 favorable opportunity1 favorable moment occsus1 -s1 m4 going down1 setting occd1 -ere1 -cd1 -csus ob1 down1 caed1 strike1 strike down2 cut down1 kill4 ,cf4 interfici1 nec occup1 -re1 -v1 -tus ob1 completely1 capi1 take1 seize1 take possession of1 occupy4 ,cf4 rapio oc-curr1 -ere1 -curr1 -cursus ob1 against curr1 run1 run towards2 meet1 with dat4 7#dbf7 ceanus1 -1 m4 the ocean oct1 indecl4 numeral adj4 eight oculus1 -1 m4 eye officium1 offic1 n4 duty lim1 adv4 formerly1 once upon a time men1 -inis1 n4 sign1 token1 omen -mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus ob1 over1 past1 mitt1 send1 let go1 omit4 consilium omittere1 give up a plan omnn1 adv4 omnis1 all1 altogether1 wholly1 entirely omnis1 -e1 adj4 all1 every4 ,cf4 ttus onerria1 -ae1 f4 onus1 load1 with nvis expressed or understood1 merchant vessel1 transport onus1 -eris1 n4 load1 burden opni1 -nis1 f4 opnor1 suppose1 opinion1 supposition1 expectation oppidnus1 -1 m4 oppidum1 town1 townsman oppidum1 -1 n4 town1 stronghold opportnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 suitable1 opportune1 favorable op-prim1 -ere1 -press1 -pressus ob1 against1 prem1 press1 7press against71 crush2 surprise oppugnti1 -nis1 f4 storming1 assault oppugn1 -re1 -v1 -tus ob1 against1 pugn fight1 fight against1 assault1 storm1 assail optim1 adv4 in superl4 degree1 compared bene1 melius1 optim1 very well1 best of all 7#cbc7 optimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in superl4 degree1 compared bonus1 melior1 optimus1 best1 most excellent 7#caa7 opus1 -eris1 n4 work1 labor1 task 7#dfd4b4;b7 rculum1 -1 n4 r1 speak1 oracle rtor1 -ris1 m4 r1 speak1 orator orbis1 -is1 m4 ring1 circle4 orbis terrrum1 the earth1 world orbita1 -ae1 f4 orbis1 wheel1 rut ,orcus1 -1 m4 ,orcus1 the lower world rd1 -inis1 m4 row1 order1 rank 7#bdg4b4;a7 orgo1 -inis1 f4 orior1 rise1 source1 origin orior1 -r1 ortus sum1 dep4 verb1 arise1 rise1 begin2 spring1 be born rnmentum1 -1 n4 rn1 fit out1 ornament1 jewel rntus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of rn1 fit out fitted out2 adorned rn1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 fit out1 adorn ,p ,p41 abbreviation for ,pblius paene1 adv4 nearly1 almost paldmentum1 -1 n4 military cloak pals1 -dis1 f4 swamp1 marsh pnis1 -is1 m4 bread pr1 paris1 adj4 equal 7#dga4 ,,iii7 partus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of par1 prepare1 prepared1 ready parc1 -ere1 peperc 7pars71 parsrus1 spare1 with dat4 7#eja4ad7 pre1 -re1 -u1 ----1 obey1 with dat4 7#eja4ad7 par1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 prepare for1 prepare2 provide1 procure pars1 partis1 f4 part1 share2 side1 direction parum1 adv41 compared minus1 minim1 too little1 not enough 7#cbc7 parvus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 compared minor1 minimus1 small1 little 7#caa7 passus1 -s1 m4 step1 pace4 mlle passuum1 thousand paces1 mile 7#cca4;b7 pate1 -re1 patu1 ----1 lie open1 be open2 stretch1 extend pater1 -tris1 m4 father 7#dfd4b4;a7 patior1 -1 passus sum1 dep4 verb1 bear1 suffer1 allow1 permit patria1 -ae1 f4 cf4 pater1 father1 fatherland1 7one's7 country paucus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 7generally plur471 few1 only a few paulisper1 adv4 for a little while paul1 adv4 by a little1 little paulum adv4 a little1 somewhat px1 pcis1 f4 7no gen4 plur471 peace pecnia1 -ae1 f4 pecus1 cattle1 money pedes1 -itis1 m4 ps1 foot1 foot soldier pedester1 -tris1 -tre1 adj4 ps1 foot1 on foot2 by land peior1 peius1 -ris1 adj4 in comp4 degree1 compared malus1 peior1 pessimus1 worse 7#caa7 pellis1 -is1 f4 skin1 hide penna1 -ae1 f4 feather per1 prep4 with acc4 through1 by means of1 on account of4 ,in composition it often has the force of thoroughly1 completely1 very 7#cdj7 percussus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of percuti1 strike through1 pierced per-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus per1 through1 dc1 lead1 lead through4 fossam perdcere1 to construct a ditch per-exiguus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 per1 very1 exiguus1 small1 very small1 very short perfidus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 faithless1 treacherous1 false per-fring1 -ere1 -frg1 -frctus per1 through1 frang1 break1 shatter perg1 -ere1 perrx1 perrctus per1 through1 reg1 conduct1 go on1 proceed1 hasten perculum1 -1 n4 trial1 test2 danger peristlum1 -1 n4 peristyle1 an open court with columns around it pertus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 skillful perpetuus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 perpetual ,perseus1 -e1 ,perseus1 a ,greek hero1 son of ,jupiter and ,dana persna1 -ae1 f4 part1 character1 person per-sude1 -re1 -sus1 -susus per1 thoroughly1 sude1 persuade1 persuade1 advise1 with dat4 7#eja4ad71 often with an object clause of purpose 7#eja4da7 per-terre1 -re1 -u1 -itus per1 thoroughly1 terre1 frighten1 thoroughly terrify1 alarm per-veni1 -re1 -vn1 -ventus per1 through1 veni1 come1 arrive1 reach1 come to ps1 pedis1 m4 foot4 pedem referre1 retreat 7#bdg4b4;a7 pessimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in superl4 degree1 compared malus1 peior1 pessimus1 worst 7#caa7 pet1 -ere1 -v or -i1 -tus1 strive for1 seek1 beg1 ask2 make for1 travel to4 ,cf4 postul1 quaer1 rog ,pharslus1 -1 f4 ,pharsalus or ,pharsalia1 a town in ,thessaly1 near which ,cassar defeated ,pompey1 #dh ,b4,c4 philosophia1 -ae1 f4 philosophy philosophus1 -1 m4 philosopher pictus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of ping1 paint1 colored1 variegated plum1 -1 n4 spear1 javelin 7#dfb4;b7 piscna1 -ae1 f4 piscis1 fish1 fish pond piscis1 -is1 m4 fish pstor1 -ris1 m4 baker place4 -re1 -u1 -itus1 please1 be pleasing1 with dat4 7#eja4ad7 plnitis1 -1 f4 plnus1 level1 plain plnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 level1 flat plnus1 -a1 -um1 full plrimum1 adv4 in superl4 degree1 compared multum1 pls1 plrimum1 very much4 plrimum valre1 be most influential 7#cbb7 plrimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in superl4 degree1 compared multus1 pls1 plrimus1 most1 very many 7#caa7 pls1 plris1 adj4 in comp4 degree1 compared multus1 pls1 plrimus2 sing4 n4 as substantive1 more2 plur4 more1 several 7#caa7 pluteus1 -1 m4 shield1 parapet poena1 -ae1 f4 punishment1 penalty pota1 -ae1 m4 poet pompa1 -ae1 f4 procession ,pompi1 -rum1 m4 ,pompeii1 a city of ,campania4 ,see map ,pompius1 ,pomp1 m4 ,pompey1 a ,roman name pmum1 -1 n4 apple pn1 -ere1 posu1 positus1 put1 place4 castra pnere1 pitch camp pns1 pontis1 m4 bridge 7#bdg4b4;a7 popna1 -ae1 f4 restaurant populus1 -1 m4 people ,porsena1 -ae1 m4 ,porsena1 king of ,etruria1 a district of ,italy4 ,see map porta1 -ae1 f4 gate1 door port1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 bear1 carry portus1 -s1 m4 cf4 porta1 gate1 harbor posside1 -re1 -sd1 -sessus1 have1 own1 possess possum1 posse1 potu1 ----1 irreg4 verb potis1 able1 sum1 ,i am1 be able1 can 7#die74 nihil posse1 have no power post1 prep1 with acc4 after1 behind 7#cdj7 poste1 adv4 post1 after1 e1 this1 afterwards 7posterus71 -a1 -um1 adj41 compared posterior1 postrmus or postumus1 following1 next 7#cab7 postquam1 conj4 after1 as soon as postrm1 adv4 abl4 of postrmus1 last1 at last1 finally4 ,cf4 dmum1 dnique 7#cbb7 postrdi1 adv4 poster1 next1 di1 day1 on the next day postul1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 ask1 demand1 require4 ,cf4 pet1 quaer1 rog potentia1 -ae1 f4 potns1 able1 might1 power1 force prae-be1 -re1 -u1 -itus prae1 forth1 habe1 hold1 offer1 give praeda1 -ae1 f4 booty1 spoil1 plunder prae-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -dictus prae1 before1 dc1 tell1 foretell1 predict prae-fici1 -ere1 -fc1 -fectus prae1 before1 faci1 make1 place in command1 with acc4 and dat4 7#eja4ae7 prae-mitt1 -ere1 -ms1 -missus prae1 forward1 mitt1 send1 send forward praemium1 praem1 n4 reward1 prize praeruptus1 -a1 -um part4 of prae-rump1 break off1 broken off1 steep praesns1 -entis1 adj4 present1 immediate praesertim1 adv4 especially1 chiefly praesidium1 praesidi1 n4 guard1 garrison1 protection prae-st1 -re1 -stit1 -stitus prae1 before1 sto1 stand1 7stand before71 excel1 surpass1 with dat4 7#eja4ae72 show1 exhibit prae-sum1 -esse1 -fu1 -futrus prae1 before1 sum1 be1 be over1 be in command of1 with dat4 7#eja4ae7 praeter1 prep1 with acc4 beyond1 contrary to 7#cdj7 praetere1 adv4 praeter1 besides1 e1 this1 in addition1 besides1 moreover praetextus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 bordered1 edged praetrium1 praetr1 n4 prtorium prandium1 prand1 n4 luncheon prem1 -ere1 press1 pressus1 press hard1 compress2 crowd1 drive1 harass 7prex1 precis71 f4 prayer prm1 adv4 prmus1 first1 at first1 in the beginning 7#cbb7 prmum1 adv4 prmus1 first1 first4 quam primum1 as soon as possible prmus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in superl4 degree1 compared prior1 prmus1 first 7#cae7 prnceps1 -cipis1 m4 prmus1 first1 capi1 take1 7taking the first place71 chief1 leader 7#dfd4a7 prior1 prius1 -ris1 adj4 in comp4 degree1 superl41 prmus1 former 7#cae7 prstinus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 former1 previous pr1 prep1 with abl4 before2 for1 for the sake of1 in behalf of2 instead of1 as 7#bji74 ,in composition1 forth1 forward pr-cd1 -ere1 -cuss1 -cessrus pr1 forward1 cd1 go1 go forward1 proceed procul1 adv4 far1 afar off pr-curr1 -ere1 -curr 7-cucurr71 -cur-sus pr1 forward1 curr1 run1 run forward proelium1 proeli1 n4 battle1 combat4 proelium committere1 join battle4 proelium facere1 fight a battle profecti1 -nis1 f4 departure proficscor1 -1 -fectus sum1 dep4 verb1 set out1 march4 ,cf4 gredior1 exe pr-gredior1 -1 -gressus sum1 dep4 verb pr1 forth1 gradior1 go1 go forth1 proceed1 advance4 ,cf4 perg1 prcd prgressus1 see prgredior prohibe1 -re1 -u1 -itus pr1 forth1 away from1 habe1 hold1 keep away from1 hinder1 prevent pr-move1 -re1 -mv1 -mtus pr1 forward1 move1 move1 move forward1 advance pr-nnti1 -re1 -v1 -tus pr1 forth1 nnti1 announce1 proclaim1 declare prope1 adv41 compared propius1 proxi-m1 nearly4 ,prep1 with acc4 near pr-pell1 -ere1 -pul1 -pulsus pr1 forth1 pell1 drive1 drive forth2 move1 impel proper1 -re1 -v1 -tus properus1 quick1 go quickly1 hasten4 ,cf4 contend1 matur propinquus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 prope1 near1 near1 neighboring propior1 -ius1 -ris1 adj4 in comp4 degree1 superl41 proximus1 nearer 7#cae7 propius1 adv4 in comp4 degree1 compared prope1 propius1 proxim1 nearer 7#cbc7 propter1 prep4 with acc4 on account of1 because of 7#cdj7 pr-scrb1 -ere1 -scrps1 -scriptus pr1 forth1 scrib1 write1 proclaim1 publish4 ,cf4 prnnti pr-sequor1 -sequ1 -sectus sum1 dep4 verb pr1 forth1 sequor1 follow1 escort1 attend pr-sum1 prdesse1 prfu1 prfutrus pr1 for1 sum1 be1 be useful1 benefit1 with dat4 7#dif2 #eja4ae7 pr-teg1 -ere1 -txi1 -tctus pr1 in front1 teg1 cover1 cover in front1 protect prvincia1 -ae1 f4 territory1 province proxim1 adv4 in superl4 degree1 compared prope1 propius1 proxim1 nearest1 next2 last1 most recently 7#cbc7 proximus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in superl4 degree1 compared propior1 proximus1 nearest1 next 7#cae7 pblicus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 populus1people1 of the people1 public1 res pblica1 the commonwealth puella1 -ae1 f4 diminutive of puer1 boy1 girl1 maiden puer1 -eri1 m4 boy2 slave 7#dfb4;c7 pugna1 -ae1 f -fight1 battle4 ,cf4 proelium pugn1 -re1 -v1 -tus pugna1 battle1 fight4 ,cf4 contend1 dmic pulcher1 -chra1 -chrum1 adj4 beautiful1 pretty 7#dfi4;b2 #cjd7 ,pull1 -nis1 m4 ,pullo1 a centurion puls1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 strike1 beat puppis1 -is 7acc4 -im1 abl4 -71 f4 stern of a ship1 deck pr1 adv4 prus1 pure1 comp4 prius1 purely prg1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 cleanse1 clean purpureus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 purple1 dark red put1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 reckon1 think 7#dbj1;c74 ,cf4 arbitror1 exstim ,pthia1 -ae1 f4 ,pythia1 the inspired priestess of ,apollo at ,delphi ,q qu d caus1 for this reason1 wherefore qu r1 therefore1 for this reason quaer1 -ere1 -sv1 -stus1 seek1 ask1 inquire4 ,cf4 pet1 postul1 rog qulis1 -e1 interrog4 pronom4 adj4 of what sort1 what kind of4 talis 444 qualis1 such 444 as quam1 adv4 how2 after a comparative1 than2 with a superlative1 translated as444as possible1 quam prmum1 as soon as possible quantus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 quam1 how1 how great1 how much1 tantus 444 quantus1 as great as qurtus1 -a1 -um1 numeral adj4 quattuor1 four1 fourth quattuor1 indecl4 numeral adj4 four quattuor-decim1 indecl4 numeral adj4 fourteen -que1 conj41 enclitic1 and 7#af74 ,cf4 ac1 atque1 et qu1 quae1 quod1 rel4 pron4 and adj4 who1 which1 what1 that 7#dhb7 quia1 conj4 because4 ,cf4 quod qudam1 quaedam1 quiddam 7quoddam71 indef4 pron4 and adj4 a certain one1 a certain1 a 7#dhe74 quidem1 adv4 to be sure1 certainly1 indeed1 n 444 quidem1 not even quis1 -tis1 f4 rest1 repose quitus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 quiet1 restful qundecim1 indecl4 numeral adj4 fifteen qungent1 -ae1 -a1 numeral adj4 five hundred qunque1 indecl4 numeral adj4 five quntus1 -a1 -um1 numeral adj4 fifth quis 7qu71 quae1 quid 7quod71 interrog4 pron4 and adj4 who8 what8 which8 7#dhc74 quis 7qu71 qua 7quae71 quid 7quod71 indef4 pron4 and adj41 used after s1 nisi1 n1 num1 any one1 anything1 some one1 something1 any1 some 7#dhd74 quisquam1 quicquam or quidquam 7no fem4 or plur471 indef4 pron4 any one 7at all71 anything 7at all7 7#dhf74 quisque1 quaeque1 quidque 7quodque71 indef4 pron4 and adj4 each1 each one1 every 7#dhd74 qu1 interrog4 and rel4 adv4 whither1 where qu1 conj4 in order to1 that1 with comp4 degree 7#cej74 quod1 conj4 because1 in that4 ,cf4 quia quoque1 conj41 following an emphatic word1 also1 too4 ,cf4 etiam quot-anns1 adv4 quot1 how many annus1 year1 every year1 yearly quotins1 interrog4 and rel4 adv4 how often8 as often as ,r rdx1 -cis1 f4 root2 foot rapi1 -ere1 -u1 -tus1 seize1 snatch rr1 adv4 rrus1 rare1 rarely rrus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 rare re- or red-1 an inseparable prefix1 again1 back1 anew1 in return rebelli1 -nis1 f4 renewal of war1 rebellion recns1 -entis1 adj4 recent re-cipi1 -ere1 -cp1 -ceptus re-1 back1 capi1 take1 take back1 receive4 s recipere1 withdraw1 retreat re-clntus1 -a1 -um1 part4 of recln1 leaning back re-cretus1 -a1 -um1 part4 of recre1 refreshed rctus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of reg1 keep straight1 straight1 direct re-cs1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 refuse red-ctus1 -a1 -um1 part4 of redig1 reduced1 subdued red-e1 -re1 -i1 -itus red-1 back1 e1 go1 go back1 return 7#dac74 ,cf4 revert reditus1 -s1 m4 cf4 rede1 return1 return1 going back re-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus re-1 back1 dc1 lead1 lead back re-fer1 -ferre1 rettul1 -ltus re-1 back1 fer1 bear1 bear back2 report4 pedem referre1 withdraw1 retreat re-fici1 -ere1 -fc1 -fectus re-1 again1 faci1 make1 make again1 repair4 s reficere1 refresh one's self rgna1 -ae1 f4 rx1 king1 queen regi1 -nis1 f4 region1 district rgnum1 -1 n4 sovereignty2 kingdom reg1 -ere1 rx1 rctus cf4 rx1 king1 govern1 rule 7#dij7 re-ici1 -ere1 -ic1 -iectus re-1 back1 iaci1 hurl1 hurl back2 throw away re-linqu1 -ere1 -lqu1 -lictus re-1 behind1 linqu1 leave1 leave behind1 leave1 abandon reliquus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 cf4 relinqu1 leave1 left over1 remaining4 ,as a noun1 plur4 the rest remtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of re-move1 remove1 remote1 distant re-move1 -re1 -mv1 -motus re-1 back1 move1 move1 remove rmus1 -1 m4 oar re-peri1 -re1 repper1 repertus1 find re-port1 -re1 -v1 -tus re-1 back1 port1 carry1 carry back1 bring back1 win1 gain rs1 re1 f4 thing1 business1 matter1 deed1 event1 circumstance 7#dfg74 quam ob rem1 for this reason4 rs adversae1 adversity4 rs frmentria1 grain supplies4 rs gestae1 exploits4 rs militris1 science of war4 rs pblica1 the commonwealth4 rs secundae1 prosperity re-scind1 -ere1 -scid1 -scissus re-1 back1 scind1 cut1 cut off1 cut down re-sist1 -ere1 -stit1 ---- re-1 back1 sist1 cause to stand1 oppose1 resist1 with dat4 7#eja4ad7 re-sponde1 -re1 -spond1 -spnsus re-1 in return1 sponde1 promise1 answer1 reply 7#dbj4;a7 re-vert1 -ere1 -1 ----1 or dep4 verb re-vertor1 -1 -sus sum re-1 back1 vert1 turn1 turn back1 return4 ,usually active in the perf4 system re-vinci1 -re1 -vnx1 -vnctus re-1 back1 vinci1 bind1 fasten rx1 rgis1 m4 cf4 reg1 rule1 king ,rhnus1 -1 m4 the ,rhine1 a river of ,germany rpa1 -ae1 f4 bank rog1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 ask4 ,cf4 pet1 postul1 quaer ,rma1 -ae1 f4 ,rome4 ,see map ,rmnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,rma1 ,rome1 ,roman1 follows its noun4 ,as a noun1 m4 and f4 a ,roman rosa1 -ae1 f4 rose rstrum1 -1 n4 beak of a ship4 ,in plur41 the rostra1 the speaker's stand in the ,roman ,forum rota1 -ae1 f4 wheel ,rubic1 -nis1 m4 the ,rubicon1 a river in northern ,italy4 ,see map rmor1 -ris1 m4 report1 rumor rrsus1 adv4 for reversus1 turned back1 again1 in turn rs1 rris 7locative abl4 rr1 no gen41 dat41 or abl4 plur471 n4 the country 7#eja4cf4a74 ,cf4 ager1 patria1 terra ,s ,sabnus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 ,sabine4 ,as a noun1 m4 and f4 a ,sabine4 ,the ,sabines were an ancient people of central ,italy4 ,see map sacrum1 -1 n4 sacer1 consecrated1 something consecrated1 sacrifice2 usually in plur41 religious rites saepe1 adv41 compared saepius1 saepissim1 often1 frequently saevus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 cruel1 savage sagitta1 -ae1 f4 arrow sali1 -re1 -u1 saltus1 jump sals1 -tis1 f4 safety2 health4 saltem dcere1 send greetings salt1 -re1 -v1 -tus sals1 health1 greet1 salute salv1 imv4 of salve1 hail1 greetings sanguis1 -inis1 m4 blood 7#bdg4b4;a snits1 -tis1 f4 snus1 sound1 health1 sanity sapins1 -entis1 adj4 part4 of sapi1 be wise1 wise1 sensible satis1 adv4 and indecl4 noun1 enough1 sufficient1 sufficiently saxum1 -1 n4 rock1 stone scelus1 -eris1 n4 crime1 sin scptrum1 -1 n4 scepter schola1 -ae1 f4 school1 the higher grades4 ,cf4 ldus scientia1 -ae1 f4 scins1 knowing1 skill1 knowledge1 science scind1 -ere1 scid1 scissus1 cut1 tear sci1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 know 7#dbj4;b74 ,cf4 cognsc scrb1 -ere1 scrps1 scrptus1 write sctum1 -1 n4 shield1 buckler s1 see su scum s cum secundus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 sequor1 follow1 following1 next1 second2 favorable1 successful4 rs secundae1 prosperity sed1 conj4 but1 on the contrary4 nn slum 444 sed etiam1 not only 444 but also sdecim1 indecl4 numeral adj4 sixteen sede1 -re1 sd1 sessus1 sit semper1 adv4 always1 forever sentus1 -s1 m4 cf4 senex1 old1 council of elders1 senate senti1 -re1 sns1 snsus1 feel1 know1 perceive 7#dbj4;d74 ,cf4 intelleg1 vide septem1 indecl4 numeral adj4 seven septimus1 -a1 -um1 numeral adj4 seventh sequor1 -1 sectus sum1 dep4 verb1 follow 7#dic7 serpns1 -entis1 f4 serp1 crawl1 serpent1 snake sertae1 -rum1 f4 plur4 wreaths1 garlands servits1 -tis1 f4 servus1 slave1 slavery1 servitude serv1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 save1 rescue1 keep servus1 -1 m4 slave ss1 emphatic for s sex1 indecl4 numeral adj4 six ,sextus1 -1 m4 ,sextus1 a ,roman first name s1 conj4 if sc1 adv4 thus1 in this way4 ,cf4 ita1 tam ,sicilia1 -ae1 f4 ,sicily4 ,see map sc-ut1 just as1 as if signifer1 -er1 m4 signum1 standard1 fer1 bear1 standard bearer 7p4 #bbd7 signum1 -1 n4 ensign1 standard2 signal silva1 -ae1 f4 wood1 forest similis1 -e1 adj41 compared similior1 simillimus1 like1 similar 7#cjg7 simul1 adv4 at the same time simul ac or simul atque1 conj4 as soon as sine1 prep4 with abl4 without 7#bji7 singul1 -ae1 -a1 distributive numeral adj4 one at a time1 single 7#ccd7 sinister1 -tra1 -trum1 adj4 left ,sinuessa1 -ae1 f4 ,sinuessa1 a town in ,campania4 ,see map sitis1 -is 7acc4 -im1 abl4 -1 no plur471 f4 thirst situs1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of sin1 set1 situated1 placed1 lying socius1 soc1 m4 comrade1 ally sl1 slis 7no gen4 plur471 m4 sun sole1 -re1 solitus sum1 semi-dep4 verb1 be wont1 be accustomed sollicitus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 disturbed1 anxious slum1 adv4 slus1 alone1 alone1 only4 nn slum 444 sed etiam1 not only 444 but also slus1 -a1 -um 7gen4 -us1 dat4 -71 adj4 alone1 only 7#ajh7 solv1 -ere1 solv1 soltus1 loosen1 unbind4 nvem solvere1 set sail somnus1 -1 m4 sleep soror1 -ris1 f4 sister spatium1 spat1 n4 space1 distance2 time2 opportunity spectculum1 -1 n4 spect1 look at1 show1 spectacle spect1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 look at1 witness spr1 -re1 -v1 -tus sps1 hope1 hope1 expect 7#dbj4;c7 sps1 spe1 f4 hope 7#bgc4b7 splendid1 adv4 splendidus1 compared splendidius1 splendidissim1 splendidly1 handsomely splendidus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 brilliant1 gorgeous1 splendid ,stabinus1 -a1 -um1 ,stabian stabulum1 -1 n4 cf4 st1 stand1 standing place1 stable1 stall statim1 adv4 cf4 st1 stand1 on the spot1 at once1 instantly statua1 -ae1 f4 sist1 place1 set1 statue statu1 -ere1 -u1 -tus status1 station1 decide1 determine stilus1 -1 m4 iron pencil1 style 7p4 #baj7 st1 -re1 stet1 status1 stand strtus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of stern1 spread1 paved 7of streets7 strepitus1 -s1 m4 strep1 make a noise1 noise1 din string1 -ere1 strnx1 strictus1 bind tight2 draw1 unsheathe stude1 -re1 -u1 ----1 give attention to1 be eager1 with dat4 7#eja4ad7 studium1 stud1 n4 cf4 stude1 be eager for1 eagerness1 desire1 zeal1 devotion stultus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 foolish1 stupid ,stymphlis1 -idis1 adj4 f4 ,stymphalian1 of ,stymphalus1 a lake in southern ,greece ,stymphlus1 -1 m4 ,stymphalus1 a district of southern ,greece with a town1 mountain1 and lake1 all of the same name sude1 -re1 -s1 -sus1 advise1 recommend1 with subjv4 of purpose 7#eja4da7 sub1 prep1 with acc4 and abl4 under1 below1 up to2 at or to the foot of sub-ig1 -ere1 -g1 -ctus sub1 under1 ag1 drive1 subdue1 reduce subit1 adv4 subitus1 sudden1 suddenly sub-sequor1 -1 -sectus sum1 dep4 verb sub1 below1 sequor1 follow1 follow close after1 follow up suc-cd1 -ere1 -cess1 -cessus sub1 below1 cd1 go1 follow1 succeed su1 reflexive pron4 of himself 7herself1 itself1 themselves7 7#dhj74 scum s cum4 ss1 emphatic form of s sum1 esse1 fu1 futrus1 irreg4 verb1 be2 exist 7#did7 summus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in superl4 degree1 compared superus1 superior1 suprmus or summus 7#cab71 supreme1 highest2 best1 greatest4 in summ colle1 on the top of the hill sm1 -ere1 smps1 smptus1 take up2 assume1 put on4 smere supplicium d1 inflict punishment on super1 prep4 with acc4 and abl4 over1 above superbia1 -ae1 f4 superbus1 proud1 pride1 arrogance superbus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 proud1 haughty superior1 comp4 of superus super1 -re1 -v1 -tus superus1 above1 go over2 subdue1 overcome2 surpass1 excel super-sum1 -esse1 -fu1 ----1 be over1 survive1 with dat4 7#eja4ae7 superus1 -a1 -um1 adj41 compared superior1 suprmus or summus1 above1 upper 7#cab7 supplicium1 supplic1 n4 supplex1 kneeling in entreaty1 punishment1 torture4 supplicium smere d1 inflict punishment on4 supplicium dare1 suffer punishment surg1 -ere1 surrx1 ---- sub1 from below1 reg1 straighten1 rise sus-cipi1 -ere1 -cp1 -ceptus sub1 under1 capi1 take1 undertake1 assume1 begin suspicor1 -r1 -tus sum1 dep4 verb1 suspect1 surmise1 suppose sus-tine1 -re1 -tinu1 -tentus sub1 under1 tene1 hold1 hold up1 bear1 sustain1 withstand suus1 -a1 -um1 reflexive possessive adj4 and pron41 his1 her1 hers1 its1 their1 theirs 7#ih7 ,t ,t41 abbreviation of ,titus taberna1 -ae1 f4 shop1 stall tabula1 -ae1 f4 tablet for writing tlis1 -e1 adj4 such4 tlis 444 qulis1 such 444 as tam1 adv4 so1 such4 ,cf4 ita1 sc tamen1 adv4 yet1 however1 nevertheless tandem1 adv4 at length1 finally tang1 -ere1 tetig1 tctus1 touch tantum1 adv4 tantus1 only tantus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 so great1 such4 tantus 444 quantus1 as large as tardus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 slow1 late2 lazy ,tarpia1 -ae1 f4 ,tarpeia 7pronounced ,tar-pya71 the maiden who opened the citadel to the ,sabines ,tarquinius1 ,tarquin1 ,tarquin1 a ,roman king4 ,with the surname ,superbus1 ,tarquin the ,proud ,tarracna1 -ae1 f4 ,tarracina1 a town in ,latium4 ,see map taurus1 -1 m4 bull tctus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of teg1 cover1 covered1 protected tlum1 -1 n4 weapon temer1 adv4 rashly1 heedlessly tempests1 -tis1 f4 tempus1 time storm1 tempest templum1 -1 n4 temple1 shrine tempto1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 try1 test2 make trial of1 attempt tempus1 -oris1 n4 time 7#dfd4b4;b74 in reliquum tempus1 for the future tene1 -re1 tenu1 ----1 hold1 keep tergum1 -1 n4 back1 terg1 on the rear1 tergum vertere1 retreat1 flee tern1 -ae1 -a1 distributive numeral adj4 three each1 by threes 7#ccd7 terra1 -ae1 f4 earth1 ground1 land4 orbis terrrum1 the whole world terror1 -ris1 m4 cf4 terre1 frighten1 dread1 alarm1 terror tertius1 -a1 -um1 numeral adj4 third ,teutons1 -um1 m4 the ,teutons thetrum1 -1 n4 theater ,thbae1 -rum1 f4 ,thebes1 a city of ,greece ,thbn1 -rum1 m4 ,thebans1 the people of ,thebes thermae1 -rum1 f4 plur4 baths ,thessalia1 -ae1 f4 ,thessaly1 a district of northern ,greece ,thrcia1 -ae1 f4 ,thrace1 a district north of ,greece ,tiberius1 ,tiber1 m4 ,tiberius1 a ,roman first name tbcen1 -nis1 m4 cf4 tbia1 pipe1 piper1 flute player time1 -re1 -u1 ----1 fear1 be afraid of4 ,cf4 vereor timor1 -ris1 m4 cf4 time1 fear1 fear1 dread1 alarm4 ,cf4 metus ,tryns1 ,trynthis1 f4 ,tiryns1 an ancient town in southern ,greece1 where ,hercules served ,eurystheus toga1 -ae1 f4 cf4 teg1 cover1 toga tormentum1 -1 n4 engine of war totins1 adv4 so often1 so many times ttus1 -a1 -um1 7gen4 -us1 dat4 -71 adj4 all1 the whole1 entire 7#ajh7 tr-d1 -ere1 -did1 -ditus trns1 across1 d1 deliver1 give up1 hand over1 surrender1 betray tr-dc1 -ere1 -dx1 -ductus trns1 across1 dc1 lead1 lead across trah1 -ere1 trx1 trctus1 draw1 pull1 drag4 multum trahere1 protract1 prolong much tr-ici1 -ere1 -ic1 -iectus trns1 across1 iaci1 hurl1 throw across2 transfix tr-n1 -re1 -v1 -tus trns1 across1 n1 swim1 swim across trns1 prep4 with acc4 across1 over 7#cdj7 trns-e1 -re1 -i1 -itus trns1 across1 e1 go1 go across1 cross 7#dac7 trns-fg1 -ere1 -fx1 -fxus trns1 through1 fg1 drive1 transfix trnsitus1 ---- 7acc4 -um1 abl4 -71 m4 cf4 trnse1 cross over1 passage across trs1 tria1 numeral adj4 three 7#dgi7 trduum1 trdu1 n4 trs1 three1 dis1 days1 three days' time1 three days trgint1 indecl4 numeral adj4 thirty triplex1 -icis1 adj4 threefold1 triple trstis1 -e1 adj4 sad2 severe1 terrible trstitia1 -ae1 f4 trstis1 sad1 sadness1 sorrow triumph1 -re1 -v1 -tus triumphus1 triumph1 celebrate a triumph triumphus1 -1 m4 triumphal procession1 triumph4 triumphum agere1 celebrate a triumph trucd1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 cut to pieces1 slaughter4 ,cf4 interfici1 nec1 occd t1 tu 7plur4 vs71 pers4 pron4 thou1 you 7#dhj7 tuba1 -ae1 f4 trumpet ,tullia1 -ae1 f4 ,tullia1 a ,roman name tum1 adv4 then1 at that time turris1 -is1 f4 tower 7#dfe4b7 ttus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 safe tuus1 -a1 -um1 possessive adj4 and pron4 your1 yours 7#ih7 ,u ubi1 rel4 and interrog4 adv4 where1 when llus1 -a1 -um 7gen4 -us1 dat4 -71 adj4 any 7#ajh7 ulterior1 -ius1 -ris1 adj4 in comp4 degree1 superl4 ultimus1 farther1 more remote 7#cae7 ultimus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 in superl4 degree 7see ulterior71 farthest 7#cae7 umbra1 -ae1 f4 shade umerus1 -1 m4 shoulder umquam1 adv4 ever1 at any time n1 adv4 nus1 one1 in the same place1 at the same time ndecimus1 -a1 -um1 numeral adj4 nus1 one1 decimus1 tenth1 eleventh undique1 adv4 from every quarter1 on all sides1 everywhere nus1 -a1 -um 7gen4 -us1 dat4 -71 numeral adj4 one2 alone 7#ajh7 urbs1 -is1 f4 city 7#dfe4;a7 urge1 -re1 urs1 ----1 press upon1 crowd1 hem in rus1 -1 m4 wild ox1 urus sque1 adv4 all the way1 even sus1 -s1 m4 use1 advantage ut1 conj4 with the subjv4 that1 in order that1 that not 7with verbs of fearing71 so that1 to 7#cej4a7 uter1 -tra1 -trum 7gen4 -us1 dat4 -71 interrog4 pron4 which of two8 which8 7#ajh7 uterque1 utraque1 utrumque1 indef4 pron4 each of two1 each1 both4 ab utrque parte1 on both sides tilis1 -e1 adj4 tor1 use1 useful utrimque1 adv4 uterque1 each of two1 on each side1 on either hand va1 -ae1 f4 grape1 bunch of grapes uxor1 -ris1 f4 wife ,v vgna1 -ae1 sheath1 scabbard vagor1 -r1 -tus sum1 dep4 verb1 wander vale1 -re1 -u1 -itrus1 be powerful1 be well2 in the imperative as a greeting1 farewell4 plrimum valre1 have the most power valtd1 -inis1 f4 vale1 be well1 health validus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 cf4 vale1 be strong1 strong1 able1 well valls1 -is1 f4 valley vllum1 -1 n4 rampart1 earthworks varius1 -a1 -um1 adj4 bright-colored vst1 -re1 -v1 -tus vstus1 empty1 7make empty71 devastate1 lay waste vectgal1 -lis1 n4 tax1 tribute vehementer1 adv4 vehemns1 eager1 compared vehementius1 vehementissim1 eagerly1 vehemently veh1 -ere1 vex1 vectus1 convey1 carry4 ,in the passive often in the sense of ride1 sail vel1 conj4 or4 vel 444 vel1 either 444 or4 ,cf4 aut vlcits1 -tis1 f4 vlx1 swift1 swiftness vlx1 -cis1 adj4 swift1 fleet vlum1 -1 n4 sail vnd1 -ere1 vndid1 vnditus1 sell veni1 -re1 vn1 ventus1 come1 go ventus1 -1 m4 wind verbum1 -1 n4 word4 verba facere pr1 speak in behalf of vereor1 -r1 -itus sum1 dep4 verb1 fear2 reverence1 respect 7#dic74 ,cf4 time ,vergilius1 ,vergil1 m4 ,vergil1 the poet verg1 -ere1 ----1 ----1 turn1 lie vr1 adv4 vrus1 true1 in truth1 surely2 conj4 but1 however4 tum vr1 then you may be sure1 introducing the climax of a story vert1 -ere1 -t1 -sus1 turn1 change4 tergum vertere1 retreat1 flee vrus1 -a1 -um1 true1 actual vesper1 -er1 m4 evening vester1 -tra1 -trum1 possessive adj4 and pron4 your1 yours 7#ih7 vestgium1 vestg1 n4 cf4 vestg1 track1 footstep1 track1 trace vestmentum1 -1 n4 vestis1 clothing1 garment vesti1 -re1 -v1 -tus vestis1 clothing1 clothe1 dress vestis1 -is1 f4 clothing1 attire1 garment1 robe vesttus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 part4 of vesti1 clothe1 clothed ,vesuvius1 ,vesuvi1 m4 ,vesuvius1 the volcano near ,pompeii4 ,see map veternus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 old1 veteran vet1 -re1 -u1 -itus1 forbid1 prohibit vex1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 trouble1 annoy via1 -ae1 f4 way1 road1 street2 way1 manner4 ,cf4 iter vitor1 -ris1 m4 via1 traveler victor1 -ris1 m4 vinc1 conquer1 conqueror1 victor4 ,in apposition1 with adj4 force victorious victria1 -ae1 f4 victor1 victor1 victory vcus1 -1 m4 village vide1 -re1 vd1 vsus1 see1 perceive4 ,pass4 be seen2 seem 7#dbj4;d7 vigilia1-ae1 f4 vigil awake1 watch4 d tertia vigilia1 about the third watch vgint1 indecl4 numeral adj4 twenty vlicus1 -1 m4 vlla1 farm1 steward1 overseer of a farm vlla1 -ae1 f4 farm1 villa vinci1 -re1 vnx1 vnctus1 bind1 tie1fetter vinc1 -ere1 vc1 victus1 conquer1 defeat1 overcome4 ,cf4 subig1 super vnea1 -ae1 f4 shed 7p4 #bai7 vnum1 -1 n4 wine violenter1 adv4 violentus1 violent1 compared violentius1 violentissim1 violently1 furiously vir1 vir1 m4 man1 husband2 hero 7#dfb4;c7 virlis1 -e1 adj4 vir1 man1 manly virts1 -tis1 f4 vir1 man1 manliness2 courage1 valor2 virtue 7#dfd4a7 vs1 7vs71 f4 strength1 power1 might1 violence 7#dfh7 vta1 -ae1 f4 cf4 vv1 live1 life1 vtam agere1 spend or pass life vto1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 shun1 avoid vv1 -ere1 vx1 ----1 live4 ,cf4 habit1 incol vvus1 -a1 -um1 adj4 cf4 vv1 live1 alive1 living vix1 adv4 scarcely1 hardly voc1 -re1 -v1 -tus1 call1 summon1 invite4 ,cf4 appell1 nmin vol1 -re1 -v1 -trus1 fly vol1 velle1 volu1 ----1 irreg4 verb1 will1 be willing2 wish 7#dig74 ,cf4 cupio volmen1 -inis1 n4 roll1 book ,vornus1 -1 m4 ,vorenus1 a centurion vs1 pers4 pron42 you 7see t7 7#dhj7 vtum1 -1 n4 neut4 part4 of vove1 vow1 vow1 pledge1 prayer vx1 vcis1 f4 cf4 voc1 call1 voice1 cry2 word vulner1 -re1 -v1 -tus vulnus1 wound1 wound1 hurt vulnus1 -eris1 n4 wound1 injury vulps1 -s1 f4 fox ,illustration3 ,,eques ,,romanus ,,english-,,latin ,,vocabulary ,this vocabulary contains only the words used in the ,english-,latin exercises4 ,for details not given here1 reference may be made to the ,latin-,english vocabulary4 ,the figures #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 after verbs indicate the conjugation4 ,a a1 an1 commonly not translated able 7be71 possum1 posse1 potu1 ----7#die7 abode1 domicilium1 domicil1 n4 about 7adv471 circiter about 7prep471 d1 with abl4 about to1 expressed by fut4 act4 part4 abundance1 cpia1 -ae1 f4 across1 trns1 with acc4 active1 cer1 cris1 cre advance1 prgredior1 #c advantage1 sus1 -s1 m4 advise1 mone1 #b after 7conj471 postquam2 often expressed by the perf4part4 after 7prep471 post1 with acc4 against1 in1 contr1 with acc4 aid1 auxilium1 auxil1 n4 all1 omnis1 -e2 ttus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 allow1 patior1 #c ally1 socius1 soc1 m4 almost1 paene2 fer alone1 nus1 -a1 -um2 slus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 already1 iam also1 quoque always1 semper ambassador1 lgtus1 -1 m4 among1 apud1 with acc4 ancient1 antquus1 -a1 -um and1 et2 atque 7ac72 -que and so1 itaque ,andromeda1 ,andromeda1 -ae1 f4 angry1 rtus1 -a1 um animal1 animal1 -lis1 n4 announce1 nnti1 #a annoying1 molestus1 -a1 -um another1 alius1 -a1 -ud 7#aji7 any1 llus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 any one1 anything1 quisquam1 quicquam or quidquam 7#dhf7 appearance1 frma1 -ae1 f4 appoint1 cre1 #a approach1 adpropinqu1 #a1 with dat4 are1 used as auxiliary1 not translated2 as a copula1 sum 7#did7 arise1 orior1 #d arm1 bracchium1 bracch1 n4 armed1 armtus1 -a1 -um arms1 arma1 -rum1 n4 plur4 army1 exercitus1 -s1 m4 around1 circum1 with acc4 arrival1 adventus1 -us1 m4 arrow1 sagitta1 -ae1 f4 art of war1 rs mlitris as possible1 expressed by quam and superl44 ask1 pet1 #c2 quaer1 #c2 rog1 #a assail1 oppugn1 #a at1 in1 with acc4 or abl42 with names of towns1 locative case or abl4 without a preposition 7#bfh72 time when1 abl4 at once1 statim at the beginning of summer1 init aestte ,athens1 ,athnae1 -rum1 f4 attack1 impetus1 -us1 m4 attempt1 cnor1 #a2 tempt1 #a away from1 or ab1 with abl4 ,b bad1 malus1 -a1 -um baggage1 impedmenta1 -rum1 n4 plur4 bank1 rpa1 -ae1 f4 barbarians1 barbar1 -rum1 m4 plur4 battle1 proelium1 proel1 n42 pugna1 -ae4 f4 be1 sum 7#did7 be absent1 be far1 absum 7#did7 be afraid1 time1 #b2 vereor1 #b be away1 absum 7#did7 be in command of1 praesum1 with dat4 7#did1 #dbf7 be informed1 certior f be off1 be distant1 absum 7#did7 be without1 ege1 with abl4 7#ahj7 beast 7wild71 fera1 -ae1 f4 beautiful1 pulcher1 -chra1 -chrum because1 quia2 quod because of1 propter1 with acc42 or abl4 of cause before1 heretofore 7adv471 ante before 7prep471 ante1 with acc42 pr1 with abl4 begin1 incipi1 #c believe1 crd1 #c1 with dat4 7#aec7 belong to1 predicate genitive 7#dji7 best1 optimus1 superl4 of bonus betray1 trd1 #c better1 melior1 comp4 of bonus between1 inter1 with acc4 billow1 fluctus1 -us1 m4 bird1 avis1 -is1 f4 7#bdc4a7 blood1 sanguis1 -inis1 m4 body1 corpus1 -oris4 n4 bold1 audx1 -cis2 fortis1 -e boldly1 audcter2 fortiter boldness1 audcia1 -ae1 f4 booty1 praeda1 -ae1 f4 both1 each 7of two71 uterque1 utraque1 utrumque both 444 and1 et 444 et boy1 puer1 -er1 m4 brave1 fortis1 -e bravely1 fortiter bridge1 pns1 pontis1 m4 bright1 clrus1 -a1 -um bring back1 report1 #a bring upon1 nfer1 -ferre1 -tul1 -ltus1 with acc4 and dat4 7#dbf7 brother1 frter1 -tris1 m4 building1 aedificium1 aedific4 n4 burn1 crem1 #a2 incend1 #c business1 negtium1 negt1 n4 but1 however1 autem1 sed by1 1 ab1 with abl42 denoting means1 abl4 alone2 sometimes implied in a participle by night1 noct ,c ,csar1 ,caesar1 -aris1 m4 calamity1 calamits1 -tis1 f4 call1 voc1 #a2 appell1 #a2 nmin1 #a call together1 convoc1 #a camp1 castra1 -rum1 n4 plur4 can1 could1 possum1 posse1 potu1 ---- 7#die7 capture1 capi1 #c2 occup1 #a care1 cra1 -ae1 f4 care for1 cr1 #a careful1 attentus1 -a1 -um carefulness1 dligentia1 -ae1 f4 carry1 fer1 ferre1 tul1 ltus 7#dih72 port1 #a carry on1 ger1 #c cart1 carrus1 -1 m4 cause1 causa1 -ae1 f4 cavalry1 equittus1 -s1 m4 cease1 cess1 #a ,cepheus1 ,cpheus1 -1 m4 certain 7a71 qudam1 quaedam1 quoddam 7quiddam7 7#dhe7 chicken1 gallna1 -ae1 f4 chief1 prnceps1 -cipis1 m4 children1 lber1 -rum1 m4plur4 choose1 dlig1 #c choose1 elect1 cre1 #a citizen1 cvis1 -is1 m4 and f4 7#bdc4a7 city1 urbs1 urbis1 f4 clear1 clrus1 -a1 -um cohort1 cohors1 -rtis1 f4 come1 veni1 #d command1 imper1 #a1 with dat4 7#de72 iube1 #b2 praesum1 with dat4 7#dbf7 commit1 committ1 #c commonwealth1 rs pblica1 re pblicae concerning1 d1 with abl4 conquer1 super1 #a2 vinc1 #c construct 7a ditch71 perdc1 #c consul1 cnsul1 -ulis1 m4 contrary to1 contr1 with acc4 ,corinth1 ,corinthus1 -1 f4 ,cornelia1 ,cornlia1 -ae1 f4 ,cornelius1 ,cornlius1 ,cornli1 m4 corselet1 lrca1 -ae1 f4 cottage1 casa1 -ae1 f4 country1 as distinguished from the city1 rs1 rris1 n42 as territory1 fns1 -ium1 m41 plur4 of fnis courage1 virts1 -tis1 f4 crime1 scelus1 -eris1 n4 cross1 trnse1 #d 7#dii7 crown1 corna1 -ae1 f4 ,d daily1 cotdi danger1 perculum1 -1 n4 daughter1 flia1 -ae1 f4 7#fg7 day1 dis1 -1 m4 daybreak1 prma lx dear1 crus1 -a1 -um death1 mors1 mortis1 f4 deed1 rs1 re1 f4 deep1 altus1 -a1 -um defeat1 calamits1 -tis1 f4 defend1 dfend1 #c delay 7noun71 mora1 -ae1 f4 delay 7verb71 moror1 #a demand1 postul1 #a dense1 dnsus1 -a1 -um depart1 discd1 #c2 exe1 #d2 proficscor1 #c dependent1 clins1 -entis1 m4 design1 cnsilium1 consil n4 desire1 cupi1 #c destroy1 dle1 #b ,diana1 ,dina1 -ae1 f4 differ1 differ1 differre1 distul1 dltus 7#dih7 different1 dissimilis1 -e difficult1 difficilis1 -e difficulty1 difficults1 -tis1 f4 diligence1 dligentia1 -ae1 f4 dinner1 cna1 -ae1 f4 disaster1 calamits1 -tis1 f4 distant 7be71 absum1 -esse1 fu1 futrus 7#did7 ditch1 fossa1 -ae1 f4 do1 ag1 #c2 faci1 #c2 when used as auxiliary1 not translated down from1 d1 with abl4 drag1 trah1 #c drive1 ag1 #c dwell1 habit1 #a2 incol1 #c2 vv1 #c dwelling1 aedificium1 aedific1 n4 ,e each1 quisque1 quaeque1 quidque 7quodque7 7#dhd7 each of two1 uterque1 utraque1 utrumque each other1 inter with acc4 of a reflexive eager1 cer1 cris1 cre2 alacer1 alacris1 alacre eager 7be71 stude1 #b eagerness1 studium1 stud1 n4 eagle1 aquila1 -ae1 f4 easily1 facile easy1 facilis1 -e either 444 or1 aut 444 aut empire1 imperium1 imper1 n4 employ1 negtium d encourage1 hortor1 #a enemy1 hostis1 -is1 m4 and f42 inimcus1 -1 m4 enough1 satis entire1 ttus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 expectation1 opni1 -nis1 f4 eye1 oculus1 -1 m4 ,f faithless1 perfidus1 -a1 -um famous1 clrus1 -a1 -um far1 long farmer1 agricola1 -ae1 m4 farther1 ulterior1 -ius father1 pater1 patris1 m4 fatherland1 patria1 -ae1 f4 favor1 fave1 #b favorable1 idneus1 -a1-um2 secundus1 -a1 -um fear1 metus1 -s1 m42 timor1 -ris1 m4 fear1 be afraid1 time1 #b few1 pauc1 -ae1 -a field1 ager1 agr1 m4 fifteen1 qundecim fight1 contend1 #c2 pugn1 #a find1 reperi1 #d finish1 cnfici1 #c fire1 ignis1 -is1 m4 7#bdc4a7 firmness1 cnstantia1 -ae1 f4 first1 prmus1 -a1 -um flee1 fugi1 #c flight1 fuga1 -ae1 f4 fly1 vol1 #a foe1 see enemy follow close after1 subsequor1 #c food1 cibus1 -1 m4 foot1 ps1 pedis1 m4 foot-soldier1 pedes1 -itis1 m4 for 7conj471 enim1 nam for 7prep471 sign of dat42 d1 pr1 with abl42 to express purpose1 ad1 with gerundive2 implied in acc4 of time and of extent of space for a long time1 di forbid1 vet1 #a forces1 cpiae1 -rum1 f41 plur4 of cpia forest1 silva1 -ae1 f4 fort1 castellum1 -1 n42 castrum1 -1 n4 fortification1 mniti1 -nis1 f4 fortify1 mni1 #d fortune1 fortna1 -ae1 f4 fourth1 qurtus1 -a1 -um free1 lber1 -era1 -erum free1 liberate1 lber1 #a frequent1 crber1 -bra1 -brum friend1 amcus1 -1 m4 friendly 7adj471 amcus1 -a1 -um friendly 7adv471 amc friendship1 amcitia1 -ae1 f4 frighten1 perterre1 #b from1 or ab1 d1 1 ex1 with abl4 ,often expressed by the separative ablative without a prep4 from each other1 inter1 with acc4 of a reflexive pron4 full1 plnus1 -a1 -um ,g ,galba1 ,galba1 -ae1 m4 garland1 corna1 -ae1 f4 garrison1 praesidium1 praesid1 n4 gate1 porta1 -ae1 f4 ,gaul1 ,gallia1 -ae1 f4 ,gaul 7a71 ,gallus1 -1 m4 general1 impertor1 -ris1 m4 ,geneva1 ,genva1 -ae1 f4 gentle1 lnis1 -e ,german1 ,germnus1 -a1 -um ,germans 7the71 ,germn1 -rum1 m4 plur4 ,germany1 ,germnia1 -ae1 f4 get 7dinner71 par1 #a girl1 puella1 -ae1 f4 give1 d1 dare1 ded1 datus give over1 surrender1 dd1 #c2 trd1 #c give up1 omitt1 #c go1 e1 #d 7#dii7 go forth1 prgredior1 #c god1 deus1 -1 m4 7#dfh7 goddess1 dea1 -ae1 f4 7#fg7 gold1 aurum1 -1 n4 good1 bonus1 -a1 -um grain1 frmentum1 -1 n4 grain supply1 rs frmentria great1 ingns1 -entis2 magnus1 -a1 -um greatest1 maximus1 -a1 -um2 summus1 -a1 -um guard1 praesidium1 praesid1 n4 ,h hand1 manus1 -s1 f4 happy1 laetus1 -a1 -um harbor1 portus1 -s1 m4 hasten1 contend1 #c2 mtr1 #a2 proper1 #a hateful1 invsus1 -a1 -um haughty1 superbus1 -a1 -um have1 habe1 #b have no power1 nihil possum he1 is2 hic2 iste2 ille2 or not expressed head1 caput1 -itis1 n4 hear1 audi heart1 animus1 -1 m4 heavy1 gravis1 -e ,helvetii 7the71 ,helvti1 -rum1 m4 plur4 hem in1 contine1 #b hen1 gallna1 -ae1 f4 her1 eius2 huius2 istus2 illus2 reflexive1 suus1 -a1 -um 7#aaf7 hide1 abd1 #c high1 altus1 -a1 -um highest1 summus1 -a1 -um hill1 collis1 -is1 m4 himself1 su4 ,see self hindrance1 impedmentum1 -1 n4 his1 eius2 huius2 istus2 illus2 reflexive1 suus1 -a1 -um 7#aaf7 hither1 citerior1 -ius 7#cae7 hold1 tene1 #b home1 domus1 -s1 f4 7#dfh74 at home1 dom 7#bfg7 hope 7noun71 sps1 spe1 f4 hope 7verb71 spr1 #a horse1 equus1 -1 m4 horseman1 eques1 -itis1 m4 hostage1 obses1 -idis1 m4 and f4 hostile1 inimcus1 -a1 -um hour1 hra1 -ae1 f4 house1 domicilium1 domicil1 n42 domus1 -s1 f4 7#dfh7 hurl1 iaci1 #c ,i ,i1 ego 7#bhj72 or not expressed if1 s4 if not1 nisi ill1 aeger1 -gra1 -grum immediately1 statim in 7of place71 in1 with abl42 7of time or of specification7 abl4 without prep4 in order that1 ut1 with subjv42 in order that not1 lest1 n1 with subjv4 in vain1 frstr industry1 dligentia1 -ae1 f4 inflict injuries upon1 iniris nfer with dat4 7#dbf7 inflict punishment on1 supplicium sm de inform some one1 aliquem certirem faci injure1 noce1 #b1 with dat4 7#aec7 injury1 iniria1 -ae1 f4 into1 in1 with acc4 intrust1 committ1 #c2 mand1 #a invite1 voc1 #a is1 used as auxiliary1 not translated2 as a copula1 sum 7#did7 island1 nsula1 -ae1 f4 it1 is2 hie2 iste2 ille2 or not expressed ,italy1 ,italia1 -ae1 f4 its1 eius2 huius2 istus2 illus2 reflexive1 suus1 -a1 -um 7#aaf7 itself1 su4 ,see self ,j join battle1 proelium committ journey1 iter1 itineris1 n4 7#dfh7 judge 7noun71 idex1 -icis1 m4 judge 7verb71 idic1 #a ,julia1 ,ilia1 -ae1 f4 just now1 nper ,k keep1 contine1 #b2 prohibeo1 #b2 tene1 #b keep on doing something1 expressed by the impf4 indic4 kill1 interfici1 #c2 nec1 #a2 occd1 #c king1 rx1 rgis1 m4 kingdom1 rgnum1 -1 n4 know1 cognsc1 #c1 in perf42 sci1 #d ,l labor 7noun71 labor1 -ris1 m4 labor 7verb71 labr1 #a lack 7noun71 inopia1 -ae1 f4 lack 7verb71 ege1 #b1 with abl4 7#ahj7 lady1 domina1 -ae1 f4 lake1 lacus1 -s1 m4 7#bfj4b7 land1 terra1 -ae1 f4 language1 lingua1 -ae1 f4 large1 ingns1 -entis2 magnus1 -a1 -um larger1 maior1 maius lately1 nper ,latona1 ,ltna1 -ae1 f4 law1 lx1 lgis1 f4 lay waste1 vst1 #a lead1 dco1 #c leader1 dux1 ducis1 m4 and f4 learn1 know1 cognsc1 #c leave1 depart from1 discd1 #c leave behind1 abandon1 relinqu1 #c left1 sinister1 -tra1 -trum legion1 legi1 -nis1 f4 legionaries1 leginri1 -rum1 m4 plur4 length1 longitd1 -inis1 f4 lest1 n1 with subjv4 letter 7of the alphabet71 littera1 -ae1 f2 7an epistle7 litterae1 -rum1 f4 plur4 lieutenant1 lgtus1 -1 m4 light1 lx1 lcis1 f4 like 7adj471 similis1 -e like1 love1 am1 #a line of battle1 acis1 aci1 f4 little1 parvus1 -a1 -um live1 habit1 #a2 incol1 #c2 vv1 #c long1 longus1 -a1 -um long1 for a long time1 di long for1 dsder1 #a look after1 cr1 #a love1 am1 #a ,m maid1 maid servant1 ancilla1 -ae1f4 make1 faci1 #c make war upon1 bellum nfer with dat4 7#dbf7 man1 hom1 -inis1 m4 and f42 vir1 vir1 m4 man-of-war1 nvis longa many1 mult1 -ae1 -a1 plur4 of multus march1 iter1 itineris1 n4 7#dfh7 ,mark1 ,mrcus1 -1 m4 marriage1 mtrimnium1 mtrimn1 n4 master1 dominus1 -1 m42 magster1 -tr1 m4 matter1 negtium1 negt1 n42 rs1 re1 f4 means1 by means of1 the abl4 messenger1 nntius1 nnt1 m4 midnight1 media nox mile1 mlle passuum 7#cca4;b7 miles1 mlia passuum mind1 animus1 -1 m42 mns1 mentis1 f4 mine1 meus1 -a1 -um mistress1 domina1 -ae1 f4 money1 pecnia1 -ae1 f4 monster1 mnstrum1 -1 n4 month1 mnsis1 -is1 m4 moon1 lna1 -ae1 f4 more 7adj471 pls1 plris 7#cac72 or a comparative4 ,adverb1 magis most 7adj471 plrimus1 -a1 -um2 superl4 degree4 ,adverb1 maxim2 plrimum mother1 mter1 mtris1 f4 mountain1 mns1 montis1 m4 move1 move1 #b moved1 commtus1 -a1 -um much 7by71 mult multitude1 multitd1 -inis4 f4 my1 meus1 -a1 -um myself1 m1 reflexive4 ,see self ,n name1 nmen1 -inis1 n4 nation1 gns1 gentis1 f4 near1 propinquus1 -a1 -um nearest1 proximus1 -a1 -um nearly1 fer neighbor1 fnitimus1 -1 in4 neighboring1 finitimus1 -a1 -um neither1 neque or nec2 neither 444 nor1 neque 7nec7 444 neque 7nec7 never1 numquam nevertheless1 tamen new1 novus1 -a1 -um next day1 postrdi eius di next to1 proximus1 -a1 -um night1 nox1 noctis1 f4 nine1 novem no1 minim2 or repeat verb with a negative 7#baj7 no1 none1 nllus1 -a1 -um 7#aji7 no one1 nm1 nllus nor1 neque or nec not1 nn not even1 n 444 quidem not only 444 but also1 nn slum 444 sed etiam nothing1 nihil or nihilum1 -1 n4 now1 nunc number1 numerus1 -1 m4 ,o obey1 pre1 #b1 with dat4 7#aec7 of1 sign of gen42 d1 with abl42 out of1 or ex1 with abl4 often1 saepe on 7of place71 in1 with abl42 7of time7 abl4 without prep4 on account of1 propter1 with acc42 or abl4 of cause4 on all sides1 undique once 7upon a time71 lim one1 nus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 one 444 another1 alius 444 alius 7#aaj7 only 7adv471 slum2 tantum opportune1 opportunus1 -a1 -um opposite1 adversus1 -a1 -um oracle1 rculum1 -1 n4 orator1 rtor1 -ris1 m4 order1 imper1 #a2 iube1 #b ornament1 rnmentum1 -1 n4 other1 alius1 -a1 -ud 7#aji7 others 7the71 reliqu1 -rum1 m4 plur4 ought1 dbe1 #b our1 noster1 -tra1 -trum ourselves1 ns1 as reflexive object4 ,see self overcome1 super1 #a2 vinc1 #c own 7his1 her1 its1 their71 suus1 -a1 -um ,p part1 pars1 partis1 f4 peace1 px1 pcis1 f4 people1 populus1 -1 m4 ,perseus1 ,perseus1 -1 m4 persuade1 persude1 #b1 with dat4 7#aec7 pitch camp1 castra pn place 7noun71 locus1 -1 m4 place1 arrange1 conloc1 #a place1 put1 pn1 #c place in command1 praefici1 #c1 with acc4 and dat4 7#dbf7 plan 7a71 cnsilium1 cnsil1 n4 please1 place1 #b1 with dat4 7#aed7 pleasing1 grtus1 -a1 -um plow1 ar1 #a ,pompeii1 ,pompi1 -rum1 m4 plur4 possible 7as71 expressed by quam and superl4 powerful 7be71 vale1 #b praise1 laud1 #a prefer1 ml1 mlle1 mlu1 ---- 7#dig7 prepare for1 par1 #a1 with acc4 press hard1 prem1 #c protection1 fids1 fide1 f4 province1 prvincia1 -ae1 f4 public1 pblicus1 -a1 -um ,publius1 ,pblius1 ,pbl1 m4 punishment1 poena1 -ae1 f42 supplicium1 supplic1 n4 purpose1 for the purpose of1 ut1 qu1 or qu1 with subjv42 ad1 with gerund or gerundive2 caus1 following the genitive of a gerund or gerundive pursue1 nsequor1 #c ,q queen1 rgna1 -ae1 f4 quickly1 celeriter quite1 expressed by the comp4 degree ,r rampart1 vllum1 -1 n4 rear1 novissimum agmen reason1 causa1 -ae1 f4 receive1 accipi1 #c2 excipi1 #c recent1 recns1 -entis recently1 nper redoubt1 castellum1 -1 n4 refuse1 recs1 #a remain1 mane1 #b remaining1 reliquus1 -a1 -um reply1 responde1 #b report 7noun71 fama1 -ae1 f42 rmor1 -ris1 m4 report 7verb71 adfer2 dfer2 refer 7#dih7 republic1 rs pblica require1 postul1 #a resist1 resist1 #c1 with dat4 7#aed7 rest 7the71 reliqu1 -rum1 m4 plur4 restrain1 contine1 #b retainer1 clins1 -entis1 m4 retreat1 pedem refer2 terga vert return1 rede1 #d2 revertor1 #c revolution1 rs novae ,rhine1 ,rhnus1 -1 m4 right1 dexter1 -tra1 -trum river1 flmen1 -inis1 n42 fluvius1 fluv1 m4 road1 via1 -ae1 f4 ,roman1 ,rmnus1 -a1 -um ,rome1 ,rma1 -ae1 f4 row1 rd1 -inis1 m4 rule1 reg1 #c rumor1 fma1 -ae1 f42 rmor1 -ris1 m4 run1 curr1 #c ,s sacrifice1 sacrum1 -1 n4 safety1 sals1 -tis1 f4 sail1 nvig1 #a sailor1 nauta1 -ae1 m4 sake1 for the sake of1 caus1 following a gen4 same1 dem1 eadem1 idem 7#bhg7 savages1 barbar1 -rum1 m4 plur4 save1 serv1 #a say1 dc1 #c school1 ldus1 -1 m42 schola1 -ae1 f4 scout1 explrtor1 -ris1 m4 sea1 mare1 -is1 n4 second1 secundus1 -a1 -um see1 vide1 #b seek1 pet1 #c seem1 videor1 #b1 passive of vide seize1 occup1 #a2 rapi1 #c self1 ipse1 -a1 -um 7#bhf72 su 7#bha7 send1 mitt1 #c set fire to1 incend1 #c set out1 proficscor1 #c seven1 septem ,sextus1 ,sextus1 -1 m4 she1 ea2 haec2 ista2 illa 7#aae72 or not expressed ship1 nvis1 -is1 f4 7#bdc4a7 short1 brevis1 -e shout1 clmor1 -ris1 m4 show1 dmnstr1 #a ,sicily1 ,sicilia1 -ae1 f4 sick1 aeger1 -gra1 -grum side1 latus1 -eris1 n4 siege1 obsidi1 -nis1 f4 since1 cum1 with subjv4 7#cif72 the abl4 abs4 7#cha7 sing1 can1 #c2 cant1 #a sister1 soror1 -ris1 f4 sit1 sede1 #b size1 magnitd1 -inis1 f4 skillful1 pertus1 -a1 -um slave1 servus1 -1 m4 slavery1 servitis1 -tis1 f4 slow1 tardus1 -a1 -um small1 parvus1 -a1 -um snatch1 rapi1 #c so1 ita2 sc2 tam so great1 tantus1 -a1 -um so that1 ut2 so that not1 ut nn soldier1 mles1 -itis1 m4 some1 often not expressed2 quis 7qu71 qua 7quae71 quid 7quod72 aliqu1 aliqua1 aliquod some one1 quis2 aliquis 7#dhg7 some 444 others1 ali 444 ali 7#aaj7 something1 quid2 aliquid 7#dhg7 son1 flius1 fl1 m4 soon1 mox space1 spatium1 spat1 n4 spear1 plum1 -1 n4 spirited1 cer1 cris1 cre2 alacer1 alacris1 alacre spring1 fns1 fontis1 m4 spur1 calcar1 -ris1 n4 stand1 st1 #a state1 cvits1 -tis1 f4 station1 conloc1 #a steadiness1 cnstantia1 -ae1 f4 stone1 lapis1 -idis1 m4 storm1 oppugn1 #a story1 fbula1 -ae1 f4 street1 via1 -ae1 f4 strength1 vs1 7vs71 f4 strong1 fortis1 -e2 validus1 -a1 -um sturdy1 validus1 -a1 -um such1 tlis1 -e suddenly1 subit suffer punishment1 supplicium d sufficiently1 satis suitable1 idneus1 -a1 -um summer1 aests1 -tis1 f4 sun1 sl1 slis1 m4 supplies1 commetus1 -s1 m4 surrender1 trd1 #c suspect1 suspicor1 #a swift1 celer1 -eris1 -ere2 vlx1 -cis sword1 gladius1 glad1 m4 ,t take1 capture1 capi1 #c take part in1 intersum1 -esse1 -fu1 -futrus1 with dat4 7#dbf7 take possession of1 occup1 #a tall1 altus1 -a1 -um task1 opus1 operis1 n4 teach1 doce1 #b teacher1 magister1 -tr1 m4 tear 7noun71 lacrima1 -ae1 f4 tell1 dc1 #c2 nrr1 #a ten1 decem terrified1 perterritus1 -a1 -um terrify1 perterre1 #b than1 quam that 7conj4 after verbs of saying and the like71 not expressed that 7pron471 is2 iste2 ille that1 in order that1 in purpose clauses1 ut2 after verbs of fearing1 n 7#cdi1 #cff1 #cgb7 that not1 lest1 in purpose clauses1 n2 after verbs of fearing1 ut 7#cdi1 #cff1 #cgb7 the1 not expressed their1 gen4 plur4 of is2 reflexive1 suus1 -a1 -um 7#aaf7 their own1 suus1 -a1 -um 7#aaf7 then1 at that time1 tum then1 in the next place1 deinde1 tum there1 as expletive1 not expressed there1 in that place1 ibi therefore1 itaque they1 i2 h2 ist2 ill2 or not expressed think1 arbitror1 #a2 exstim1 #a2 put1 #a third1 tertius1 -a1 -um this1 hic1 haec1 hoc2 is1 ea1 id though1 cum4 with subjv4 7#cif7 thousand1 mlle 7#dgi7 three1 trs1 tria 7#dgi7 through1 per1 with acc4 thy1 tuus1 -a1 -um time1 tempus1 -oris1 n4 to1 sign of dat42 ad1 in1 with acc42 expressing purpose1 ut1 qu1 with subjv42 ad1 with gerund or gerundive to each other1 inter1 with acc4 of a reflexive pron4 to-day1 hodi tooth1 dns1 dentis1 m4 top of1 summus1 -a1 -um tower1 turris1 -is1 f4 7#bdc4b7 town1 oppidum1 -1 n4 townsman1 oppidnus1 -1 m4 trace1 vestgium1 vestg1 n4 trader1 merctor1 -ris1 m4 train1 exerce1 #b tree1 arbor1 -oris1 f4 tribe1 gns1 gentis1 f4 troops1 cpiae1 -rum1 f4 plur4 true1 vrus1 -a1 -um trumpet1 tuba1 -ae1 f4 try1 cnor1 #a2 tempt1 #a twelve1 duodecim two1 duo1 duae1 duo 7#dgi7 ,u under1 sub1 with acc4 or abl4 undertake1 suscipi1 #c unharmed1 incolumis1 -e unless1 nisi unlike1 dissimilis1 -e unwilling 7be71 nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ---- 7#dig7 up to1 sub1 with acc4 us1 ns1 acc4 plur4 of ego ,v very1 superl4 degree2 maxim2 ipse1 -a1 -um 7#bhe7 victor1 victor1 -ris1 m4 victory1 victria1 -ae1 f4 village1 vcus1 -1 m4 violence1 vs1 7vs71 f4 violently1 vehementer voice1 vx1 vcis1 f4 ,w wage1 ger1 #c wagon1 carrus4 -1 m4 wall1 mrus1 -1 m4 want1 inopia1 -ae1 f4 war1 bellum1 -1 n4 watch1 vigilia1 -ae1 f4 water1 aqua1 -ae1 f4 wave1 fluctus1 -s1 m4 way1 iter1 itineris1 n4 7#dfh72 via1 -ae1 f4 way1 manner1 modus1 -1 m4 we1 ns1 plur4 of ego2 or not expressed weak1 nfrmus1 -a1 -um weapons1 arma1 -rum1 n4 plur42 tla1 -rum1 n4 plur4 wear1 ger1 #c weary1 dfessus1 -a1 -um what1 quis 7qu71 quae1 quid 7quod7 7#dhc7 when1 ubi2 cum 7#cif72 often expressed by a participle where1 ubi which1 qu1 quae1 quod 7#dhb72 which of two1 uter1 utra1 utrum 7#ajh7 while1 expressed by a participle whither1 qu who 7rel471 qu1 quae 7#dhb72 7interrog47 quis 7#dhc7 whole1 ttus1 -a1 -um 7#ajh7 whose1 cuius2 qurum1 qurum1 qurum1 gen4 of qu1 quae1 quod1 rel42 or of quis1 quid1 interrog4 why1 cr wicked1 malus1 -a1 -um wide1 ltus1 -a1 -um width1 ltitd1 -inis1 f4 wild beast1 fera1 -ae1 f4 willing 7be71 vol1 velle1 volu1 ---- 7#dig7 win 7a victory71 report1 #a wind1 ventus1 -1 m4 wine1 vnum1 -1 n4 wing1 corn1 -s1 n4 winter1 hiems1 -emis1 f4 wisdom1 cnsilium1 consil1 n4 wish1 cupi1 #c2 vol1 velle1 volu1 ---- 7#dig72 wish not1 nl1 nlle1 nlu1 ---- 7#dig7 with1 cum1 with abl42 sometimes abl4 alone withdraw1 s recipere without1 sine1 with abl4 woman1 fmina1 -ae1 f42 mulier1 -eris1 f4 wonderful1 mrus1 -a1 -um word1 verbum1 -1 n4 work1 labor1 -ris1 m42 opus1 -eris1 n4 worse1 peior1 peius1 comp4 of malus worst1 pessimus1 -a1 -um1 superl4 of malus wound 7noun71 vulnus1 -eris1 n4 wound 7verb71 vulner1 #a wreath1 corna1 -ae1 f4 wretched1 miser1 -era1 -erum wrong1 iniria1 -ae1 f4 ,y year1 annus1 -1 m4 yes1 cert2 ita2 vr2 or1 more usually1 repeat the verb 7#baj7 yonder 7that71 ille1 -a1 -ud you1 sing4 t2 plur4 vs 7#dhj72 or not expressed your1 sing4 tuus1 -a1 -um2 plur4 vester1 -tra1 -trum 7#ih4;b7 ,z zeal1 studium1 stud1 n4 ,,index ,the numbers in all cases refer to sections4 -declension of nouns1 #eg1 #dfa -verbs1 conjugation of1 #dhh ablative case1 #dh1 #ej absolute1 #cha after a comparative1 #cji of accompaniment1 #ajd of agent1 #aha of cause1 #ajb of description1 #ddd1 #dde of manner1 #aje of means or instrument1 #ajc of measure of difference1 #cag of place from which1 #agi of place where1 #bfe of separation1 #ahj of specification1 #cih of time1 #bge accent1 #ad-af accompaniment abl4 of1 #ajd accusative case1 #cc as subject of the infinitive1 #bad object1 #cg of duration and extent1 #ccf of place to which1 #bfc1 #bff predicate1 #cib with prepositions1 #cdj adjectives1 #ed1 #ee agreement1 #fe comparison regular1 #cja by adverbs1 #cjb irregular1 #cjg1 #caa1 #cab1 #cae declension of comparatives1 #cjc of first and second declensions1 #hc1 #ic1 #dfi of third declension1 #bej-beg1 #dga with the dative1 #adc adverbs1 #cai comparison1 #cbj1 #cbc formation regular1 #cbj1 #cba irregular1 #cbb1 #cbc agent expressed by the abl4 with or ab1 #aha agreement of adjectives1 #fe1 #bae4;a of appositives1 #ha of predicate nouns1 #gf of relative pronouns1 #bbd of verbs1 #bh aliquis1 #dhg alius1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #dgj alphabet1 #a-c alter1 #ajh1 #aaj antepenult1 #i4c2 accent of1 #ae apposition1 #hj1 #ha article not used in ,latin1 #bb4;a base1 #eh cardinal numerals1 #cbg-cbi1 #dgh case1 #cb4b causal clauses with cum1 #cie1 #cif cause1 expressed by the abl41 #ajb characteristic subjv4 of1 #chi1 #cij comparative declension of1 #cjc comparison abl4 of1 #cji degrees of1 #cjj of adjectives1 #cjj-cae irregular1 #caa-cae1 #dgc1 #dge of adverbs regular1 #cbj-dgf irregular1 #cbc1 #dgg positive wanting1 #cae six adjectives in -lis1 #cjg complementary infinitive1 #bae compound verbs with the dative1 #dbe1 #dbf concessive clauses with cum1 #cie1 #cif conjugation stems1 #ahd conjugations the four regular1 #abf1 #dhh-dia irregular1 #did-ejj consonants1 #b copula1 #ba cum conjunction1 #cie cum preposition1 #bji dative case1 #dc of indirect object1 #dd1 #de of purpose1 or end for which1 #dcg with adjectives1 #adc with compound verbs1 #dbf with special verbs1 #aec dea declension of1 #fg declension1 #bc1 #cb degree of difference expressed by the abl41 #cag demonstrative adjectives and pronouns1 #aab-aae1 #bij-bib1 #dha deponent verbs1 #cch1 #cci1 #dic descriptive ablative and genitive1 #dda-dde descriptive relative clause with the subjv41 #chi1 #cij deus declension of1 #dfh difference1 measure of1 #caf1 #cag diphthongs1 #f direct statements1 #dad distributive numerals1 #cbg4c1 #ccd dom locative1 #bfg domus declension of1 #dfh duo declension of1 #dgi duration of time1 expressed by the acc41 #ccf -declension of nouns1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #dfg -verbs1 conjugation of1 #dhi -verbs1 conjugation of1 #dij ego declension of1 #bhj1 #dhj enclitics1 #af e conjugation of1 #dii extent of space expressed by the acc41 #ccf fearing subjv4 after verbs of1 #cgj-cgb fer conjugation of1 #dih fifth or -declension1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #dfg flia declension of1 #fg flius declension of1 #hg-hi finite verb defined1 #agc f conjugation of1 #ejj first conjugation1 #dhh first or -declension1 #eg1 #dfa fourth conjugation1 #dia fourth or u-declension1 #bei1 #bfj1 #dff from how expressed1 #agh-aha future participle formation of1 #cgd4;c future perfect formation of active1 #ahg4c passive1 #bjb future tense formation of1 #acg1 #aef gender in ,english and in ,latin1 #fj in the first declension1 #fa in the second declension1 #gb in the third declension1 #bdg in the fourth declension1 #bfj in the fifth declension1 #bgb general observations on declension1 #gd genitive case ,english equivalents of1 #cc of description1 #ddc1 #dde of nouns in -ius and -ium1 #hg partitive1 #cca possessive1 #ch1 #dji gerund a verbal noun1 #djb1 #djc gerundive a verbal adjective1 #djd with ad to express purpose1 #djg hic declension and use of1 #bij1 #bia how to read ,latin1 #ag i consonant1 #c i-stems of nouns1 #bca1 #bda-bdd -verbs conjugation of1 #dia dem declension of1 #bhg1 #dha ins declension of1 #dgb ille declension and use of1 #bij-bic1 #dha imperative formation of1 #afa1 #age irregular1 #afa4b in commands1 #afa imperfect indicative1 formation and use of1 #acc1 #acd1 #afe4a imperfect subjunctive1 #ced indefinite pronouns and adjectives1 #bif1 #big1 #dhd-dhg independent clauses1 #bai indirect object1 #dd1 #de indirect questions1 #dcj-dcb indirect statements1 #dad-dai infinitive as object1 #bac as subject1 #baf complementary1 #bae definition of1 #agc does not express purpose1 #ceb formation of1 #abf1 #agd1 #bje1 #bjf in indirect statements1 #dae-daj used as in ,english1 #bac-baf inflection defined1 #bc instrument abl4 of1 #ajj4;b1 #ajc intensive pronoun ipse1 declension and use of1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #dha interrogative pronouns and adjectives1 #bbe-bbg1 #dhc intransitive verbs1 defined1 #bj4;a with the dative1 #aec i-verbs of the third conj41 #dib ipse declension and use of1 #bhe1 #dha irregular adjectives1 #ajh irregular comparison of adjectives1 #cjg #caa1 #cab of adverbs1 #cbc irregular nouns1 #fg1 #bdf1 #dfh irregular verbs1 #did-ejj is declension and use of1 #aac-aaf iste declension and use of1 #bij1 #bib1 #dha iter declension of1 #dfh ,latin word order1 #fh locative case1 #bfg magis and maxim comparison by1 #cjb ml conjugation of1 #d4ig manner abl4 of1 #aje means abl4 of1 #ajc measure of difference abl4 of1 #caf1 #cag mlle1 declension of1 #dgi construction with1 #cca4;a1b moods1 defined1 #aba -ne1 enclitic in questions1 #baj n1 conj41 that not1 lest with negative clauses of purpose1 #cej4;,,ii with verbs of fearing1 #cgj nine irregular adjectives1 #ajh-aaj nl conjugation of1 #dig nominative case1 #ce1 #cf nnne in questions1 #baj ns declension of1 #bhj1 #dhj nouns1 #ai4 #b first declension1 #eg1 #dfa second declension1 #ga-gd1hg-ib1dfb third declension1 #bcj-bdg1 #dfc-dfe fourth declension1 #bei1 #bfj1 #dff fifth declension1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #dfg num1 in questions1 #baj number1 #bd numerals1 #cbg-ccd1 #dgh1 #dgi o-declension of nouns1 #ga-gd1 #hg-ib1 #dfb object1 #bj direct1 #cg indirect1 #dd1 #de order of words1 #fh ordinal numerals1 #cbg4 #b1 #dgh participial stem1 #bja4b participles1 defined1 #bjc agreement of1 #bjd formation1 of present1 #cgd4;b of perfect1 #bja of future1 #cgd4;c1d of deponent verbs1 #cge tenses of1 #cgf translated by a clause1 #cgg partitive genitive1 #ccj1 #cca passive voice defined1 #afc formation of1 #afd1 #bjb penult1 #i4c accent of1 #ae perfect indicative formation1 in the active1 #ahe1 #ahf in the passive1 #bjb meaning of1 #aij definite1 #aij indefinite1 #aij distinguished from the imperfect1 #aij perfect infinitive active1 #aie passive1 #bje perfect passive participle1 #bja perfect stem1 #ahe perfect subjunctive active1 #cfa passive1 #cfb person1 #abb personal endings active1 #abb passive1 #afd personal pronouns1 #bhj1 #dhj place where1 whither1 whence1 #bfc-bfe names of towns and domus and rs1 #bff-bfh pluperfect indicative active1 #ahg4b passive1 #bjb pluperfect subjunctive active1 #cfa passive1 #cfc pls declension of1 #cac possessive pronouns1 #ig1 #ih possum conjugation of1 #die predicate defined1 #ai predicate adjective defined1 #ee predicate noun1 #ge1 #gf prepositions with the abl41 #bji with the acc41 #cdj present indicative1 #abh1 #acj1 #adg present stem1 #abf4;a present subjunctive1 #cdd primary tenses1 #cef principal parts1 #ahc pronouns classification of1 #bgh defined1 #ai4b4;a demonstrative1 #dha indefinite1 #big1 #dhd-dhg intensive1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #dha interrogative1 #dhc personal1 #dhj possessive1 #ig1 #ih reflexive1 #bha relative1 #bbj1 #bba pronunciation1 #d-g prsum conjugation of1 #dif purpose dative of1 #dcf1 #dcg expressed by the gerund or gerundive with ad1 #djg not expressed by the infinitive1 #ceb subjunctive of1 #cdh-cej1 #cfe-cfg quality gen4 or abl4 of1 #dda-dde quam with a comparative1 #cjh quantity1 #aa-ac questions direct1 #baj indirect1 #dcj-dcb qu declension and use of1 #bbj1bba1 #dhb qudam declension of1 #dhe quis declension and use of1 #bbe-bbg1 #dhc quisquam declension of1 #dhf quisque declension of1 #dhd reflexive pronouns1 #bha relative clauses of characteristic or description1 #chi1 #cij relative clauses of purpose1 #cdh1 #cdi relative pronouns1 #bbj1 #bba result clauses1 #chd-chg reviews1 #ejb-ebh rs constructions of1 #bff s distinguished from ipse1 #bhe4;a second conjugation1 #dhi second or o-declension1 #ga-ic1 #dfb sentences simple1 complex1 compound1 #bai separation abl4 of1 #ahj separative ablative1 #agh-aha sequence of tenses1 #cef-ceh space extent of1 expressed by the acc41 #ccf specification abl4 of1 #cih stems of nouns1 #bcj of verbs1 #ahd subject defined1 #ai4b of the infinitive1 #bac1 #bad subjunctive formation of the present1 #cdd of the imperfect1 #ced of the perfect1 #cfa1 #cfb of the pluperfect1 #cfa4;c1 #cfc subjunctive constructions characteristic or description1 #chi1 #cij indirect questions1 #dcj-dcb purpose1 #cdi1 #cff1 #cgb result1 #che1 #chf time1 cause1 or concession1 with cum1 #cie1 #cif subjunctive ideas1 #cdf subjunctive tenses1 #cdb1 #cdc subordinate clauses1 #bai su declension of1 #bha1 #dhj sum conjugation of1 #did suus use of1 #ih4;c1 #aaf syllables1 #h division of1 #i quantity of1 #ac syntax rules of1 #eja temporal clauses with cum1 #cie1 #cif tense defined1 #abj tense signs imperfect1 #acc future1 #acg1 #aef pluperfect active1 #ahg4b future perfect active1 #ahg4c tenses primary and secondary1 #cef sequence of1 #ceg1 #ceh third conjugation1 #dij1 #dib third declension of nouns classes1 #bca1 #dfc consonant stems1 #bcb-bch1 #dfd gender1 #bdg i-stems1 #bda-bdd1 #dfe irregular nouns1 #bdf time abl4 of1 #bge time acc4 of1 #ccf towns rules for names of1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh transitive verb1 #bj4;a trs declension of1 #dgi t declension of1 #bhj1 #dhj tuus compared with vester1 #ih4 b u-declension of nouns1 #bei1 #bfj1 #dff ultima1 #i4 #c verbs agreement of1 #bh conjugation of1 #abf1 #dhh-dia deponent1 #cch1 #cci1 #dic irregular1 #did-ejj personal endings of1 #abb1 #afd principal parts of1 #ahc vester compared with tuus1 #ih4;b vs declension of1 #dfh vocabularies ,english-,latin1 pp4 #ccb-cdc ,latin-,english1 pp4 #bii-cca special1 pp4 #bhc-bih vocative case1 #ef4;a of nouns in -us of the second declension1 #gc4;b of proper nouns in -ius and of flius1 #hh voice defined1 #afc vol conjugation of1 #dig vs declension of1 #bhj1 #dhj vowels sounds of1 #e1 #f quantity of1 #ab ,,display ,,problems ,the illustration in section #gg with interlocked text may not display properly on all browsers4 ,picture by ,itself ,two grammatical diagrams were given as images4 ,they are shown here in plain-text format4 ,prepositions1 section #agi3 or ab or ex _/ ,place _/ d ,v ,demonstrative pronouns1 section #bij3 hic iste ille ,,speaker ---------------------------------------- this1 he2 that1 he2 that1 he 7near72 7remote72 7more remote7