,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil         
,,eng9e]s  ,,in/itut$ #aheb             
,,transactions  ,pap] ,no4 #aaej   ,,!  
,,new ,,york ,,tunnel ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,!
 ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad4  ,,by ,,*>les
 ,w4 ,,raymond1 ,m4 ,,am4 ,,soc4 ,c4    
,e4,a     ,"s "t be=e ! appo9tm5t ( !   
,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s :i* sup]vis$ ! design+ 
& con/ruction ( ! ,new ,york ,tunnel    
,ext5sion ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 ! 
late ,a4 ,j4 ,cassatt1 !n ,presid5t ( ! 
,company1 said to ! writ] t = _m ye>s he
 _h be5 unable to reconcile himself to !
 idea t a railroad sy/em l !            
,p5nsylvania %\ld be prev5t$ f ent]+ !  
mo/ important & popul\s city 9 ! c\ntry 
by a riv] less ?an "o mile wide4 ,!     
result ( ?is ?\ght 0 ! tunnel ext5sion  
project n[ ne>ly complet$2 b x is only 9
 rec5t ye>s t new conditions h r5d]$ su*
 a solution ( ! problem practicable z   
well z desirable4  ,previ\sly a tunnel  
design$ = /eam railroad traffic1 to ent]
 ,new ,york ,city ne> ,*ri/oph] ,/reet1 
0 p>tly con/ruct$1 b ! "w 0 ab&on$ =    

f9ancial reasons4 ,!n plans = a great   
susp5sion bridge1 to enable all !       
railroads rea*+ ! we/ %ore ( ! ,nor?    
,riv] to ent] ! city at ! foot ( #bc;d  
,/reet1 7 c>efully work$ out by ! ,nor? 
,riv] ,bridge ,company4 ,! ,p5nsylvania 
,railroad ,company gave ?is project its 
support by agree+ to pay its pro rata   
%>e = ! use ( ! bridge2 b ! o!r         
railroads decl9$ to p>ticipate1 & !     
execution ( ?is plan 0 n und]tak54  ,new
 op]at+ conditions1 result+ f !         
application ( electric traction to !    
movem5t ( heavy railroad tra9s1 :i* _h  
be5 us$ initially 9 tunnels by !        
,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad & 0        
subsequ5tly /udi$ & adopt$ by railroads 
9 ,europe1 made x possible to avoid !   
difficulty ( v5tilation connect$ ) /eam 
traction 9 tunnels1 & p]mitt$ ! use (   
grades practically prohibitive ) ! /eam 
locomotive4 ,! practicability ( ! tunnel
 ext5sion project f9ally adopt$ 0 ?us   
assur$4  ,! acquisition ( ! control ( ! 
,long ,isl& ,railroad by ! ,p5nsylvania 

,railroad ,company1 :i* occurr$ 9 #aijj1
 introduc$ new & important elem5ts into 
! transportation problem1 f a freight z 
well z a pass5g] /&po9t4 ,previ\sly1 !  
plans consid]$ _h = _! only object !    
e/abli%m5t ( a conv5i5t t]m9us 9 ,new   
,york1 to avoid ! delays & difficulties 
involv$ 9 ! necessity ( transport+      
pass5g]s & freight across ! ,nor? ,riv]4
 ,:5 ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad became     
practically a "p ( ! ,p5nsylvania       
,sy/em1 x 0 possible & desirable to     
ext5d ! project s z to provide1 n only =
 a great prospective local traffic f all
 p>ts ( ,long ,isl&1 b also = ?r\gh     
pass5g] & freight traffic to ! ,new     
,engl& ,/ates1 & to & f all po9ts on !  
,p5nsylvania ,sy/em1 ?us avoid+ ! long  
f]riage f ,j]sey ,city ar\nd ! h>bor to 
! ,h>lem ,riv]4  ,?is pap] has = its    
subject ! ,new ,york ,tunnel ,ext5sion  
project1 & is int5d$ m]ely z an         
introduction to ! detail$ acc\nts ( !   
con/ruction ( ! v>i\s divisions ( ! l9e 
to be giv5 9 succe$+ pap]s prep>$ by !  

eng9e]s :o actively c>ri$ out ! "w4 ,!  
project1 h[ev]1 =ms ! mo/ important "p (
 ! compreh5sive s*eme adopt$ by !       
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company =       
conduct+ its traffic into & ?r\gh ,new  
,york ,city1 & a brief description ( ?is
 g5]al plan is !re=e necess>y 9 ord] t !
 relations ( ! tunnel l9e to ! o!r p>ts 
( ! transportation project may be cle>ly
 und]/ood4   ,,g5]al ,,plan ,,=         
,,traffic ,,facilities ,,at ,,new       
,,york4  ,! compon5t elem5ts ( ! g5]al  
plan outl9$ by ! late ,a4 ,j4 ,cassatt1 
,presid5t1 9 8 op5 lett] to ! ,bo>d (   
,rapid ,transit ,railroad ,commission]s 
( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 dat$ ,janu>y    
#ah?1 #aijf1 are indicat$ on ,fig4 #a1 &
 may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3      
#a4--,! ,p5nsylvania ,tunnel & ,t]m9al  
,railroad1 g5]ally ref]r$ to z ! ,new   
,york ,tunnel ,ext5sion ( ! ,p5nsylvania
 ,railroad4 ,?is l9e beg9s ne> ,new>k1  
,n4 ,j41 crosses ! ,hack5sack ,mead[s1 &
 passes ?r\gh ,b]g5 ,hill & "u ! ,nor?  
,riv]1 ! ,bor\gh ( ,manhattan1 & ! ,ea/ 

,riv] to ! l>ge t]m9al y>d1 kn[n z      
,sunnyside ,y>d1 9 ,long ,isl& ,city1   
,bor\gh ( ,que5s1 ,new ,york4 ,! l9e w  
be m fully describ$ else:]e4  #b4--,!   
electrification ( ! ,long ,isl&         
,railroad )9 ! city limits4  #c4--,!    
,p5nsylvania freight t]m9al y>d & pi]s  
at ,gre5ville1 ,n4 ,j41 connect+ by f]ry
 ) ! ,bay ,ridge t]m9al ( ! ,long ,isl& 
,railroad4  #d4--,! ,bay ,ridge         
,improvem5t ( ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad f 
,ea/ ,new ,york to ,bay ,ridge4         
#e4--,y>ds = increas+ ! freight         
facilities 9 ! ,bor\ghs ( ,brooklyn &   
,que5s4  #f4--,! ,atlantic ,av5ue       
,improvem5t 9 ,brooklyn1 involv+ !      
removal ( ! /eam railroad surface tracks
 & ! ext5sive improvem5t ( ! pass5g] &  
freight /ation at ,flatbu% ,av5ue4      
#g4--,! ,new ,york ,connect+ ,railroad1 
ext5d+ ?r\gh a "p ( ! ,bor\gh ( ,que5s &
 cross+ ! ,ea/ ,riv] by a bridge at     
,w>d's & ,r&all's ,isl&s to ,port       
,morris1 ,n4 ,y4  #h4--,! ,gl5dale      
,cut-,(f ( ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad4     

#i4--,new pi]s & docks 9 ,newt[n ,creek 
at its conflu5ce ) ! ,ea/ ,riv]4        
#aj4--;,electrification ( ! ,unit$      
,railroads ( ,new ,j]sey ,division f    
,new>k to ,j]sey ,city4  ,! p>ts su/a9$ 
by ^! elem5ts 9 ! "w ( transportation & 
di/ribution are briefly z foll[s3  ,!   
,new ,york ,tunnel ,ext5sion is         
ess5tially a pass5g] l9e1 al?\gh !      
,company has n only ! legal p[]s b also 
! facilities = mak+ x a ?r\gh r\te =    
freight if desir$4 ,x w transport       
pass5g]s to & f ! c5trally locat$ /ation
 at #cc;d ,/reet & ,sev5? ,av5ue 9 ,new 
,york ,city1 jo9+ ! ,long ,isl& ,sy/em  
at ,sunnyside ,y>d1 &1 by means ( ! ,new
 ,york ,connect+ ,railroad1 x w =m a l9k
 9 ! ?r\gh traffic l9e1 connect+ ! :ole 
,p5nsylvania ,sy/em ) ! ,new ,engl&     
,/ates4 ,?is l9e has be5 design$ = !    
safe & exp$iti\s h&l+ ( a l>ge volume ( 
traffic4 ,! requirem5ts include h&l+ !  
heavie/ ?r\gh express tra9s s\? & we/ f 
! ma9 l9e z well z ! frequ5t & light]   
local-s]vice tra9s4 ,= ?r\gh s]vice !   

locomotive pr9ciple ( op]ation has be5  
adh]$ to1 t is1 electric locomotives w  
take up ! "w ( ! /eam locomotives at !  
int]*ange y>d at ,h>rison1 ,n4 ,j41 &1 =
 excursion & suburban s]vice to ne>by   
t[ns1 provision w be made = electric    
locomotives1 or by op]ation ( special   
self-propell$ motor c>s 9 tra9s1 !      
project be+ plann$ to give ! greate/    
flexibility 9 me?od ( op]ation to meet !
 gr[+ dem& 9 ! be/ way4  ,! ,new ,york  
,connect+ ,railroad has important       
functions bo? = freight & pass5g]       
s]vice4 ,:5 con/ruct$ x w be ab\t #ab   
miles long1 & w =m a "p ( ! l9e to !    
,new ,engl& ,/ates = ?r\gh pass5g] &    
freight s]vice1 & also c>ry local       
freight to & f ,sunnyside ,y>d &        
,brooklyn1 & all po9ts on ,long ,isl&4  
,by means ( ?is l9e x w be possible to  
make ! ,brooklyn /ation at ,flatbu%     
,av5ue a /ation on ! ?r\gh ,sy/em = ,new
 ,engl& z well z ! ,we/]n ,/ates4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 7,full page    
image7  ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,r4 

,r4 ,,co',s ,,new ,,york ,,tunnel       
,,ext5sion ,,& ,,connections4  ,!       
initial equipm5t ( ! ,we/]n ,division ( 
! ,long ,isl& ,railroad = electric      
traction has be5 made 9 advance ( ! op5+
 ( ! tunnel l9e 9 ord] to take c>e ( !  
requirem5ts ( ! ,atlantic ,av5ue        
improvem5t4 ,?is improvem5t involv$ !   
elim9ation ( grade cross+s )9 ! ,city ( 
,brooklyn & ! conv]sion ( ! railroad l9e
 :i* 0 previ\sly on ! surface ( ! /reets
 to "p subway & "p elevat$ l9e f !      
,flatbu% ,av5ue ,t]m9al to ,ea/ ,new    
,york ,/ation1 a di/ance ( #e-a_/d      
miles4 ,"o ( ! requirem5ts ( ?is        
improvem5t 0 t ! motive p[] %\ld be     
*ang$ to "s =m ( p[] n involv+          
combu/ion4 ,?is l$ to ! adoption (      
electricity1 &1 9 ord] to meet op]at+   
necessities1 involv$ ! electrification (
 connect+ l9es beyond ! improvem5t      
prop]1 s t local s]vice c\ld be h&l$ to 
! end ( ! runs )\t *ang+ ! motive p[]4  
,! ext5t ( ! electrification ?us requir$
 0 f\nd to be ab\t #ajj s+le-track      

miles4 ,?is ext5sive electrification "w 
0 und]tak5 & complet$ 9 ! summ] ( #aije1
 ^u ! completion ( ! ,atlantic ,av5ue   
improvem5t prop]1 & s9ce t "t has be5 9 
successful op]ation4 ,on ! ne> approa* (
 ! con/ruction ( ! ,new ,york ,t]m9al   
improvem5t1 plans = additional          
electrification on ! ,long ,isl&        
,railroad 7 made1 & ! "w is n[ 9        
progress on ! ext5sive additions requir$
 to c\ple up ! tunnel ext5sion ) ! v>i\s
 l9es c5t]+ at ! ,long ,isl& ,city      
t]m9us4  ,! ,bay ,ridge ,improvem5t ( ! 
,long ,isl& ,railroad comprises !       
readju/m5t ( ! "r ( way & ! e/abli%m5t (
 new grades 9 ord] to d away ) grade    
cross+s f ! freight t]m9al at ,bay      
,ridge to a junction ) ! ,new ,york     
,connect+ ,railroad at ,ea/ ,new ,york1 
a di/ance ( #aj4d miles4 ,x also        
provides = ! re-location ( ! l9e & !    
elim9ation ( grade cross+s on ! bran*   
runn+ to ,manhattan ,bea*1 a di/ance (  
#c4g miles4 ,! "w is be+ execut$ )\t    
int]rupt+ traffic1 & 9 all ab\t #ge     

grade cross+s w be aboli%$4 ,?is        
improvem5t became necess>y 9 ord] to    
provide = ! rapid ext5sion ( population 
into ! suburban di/ricts & = ! pres5t & 
future requirem5ts ( ! section1 to      
e/abli% municipal conv5i5ces &          
facilities1 & to op5 additional /reets  
across ! "r ( way4 ,to accompli% ^!     
ends1 ! l9e has be5 built 9 cuts & on   
embankm5ts1 !re be+ ab\t #f4d miles ( ! 
=m]1 #c4c miles ( ! latt]1 & a tunnel1  
#c1ejj ft4 long1 :]e ! l9e crosses !    
,atlantic ,av5ue improvem5t4  ,!        
,atlantic ,av5ue improvem5t1 z m5tion$  
above1 involv$ ! removal ( ! railroad   
tracks f ! /reet surface = a di/ance (  
ab\t #e-a_/d miles4 ,?is 0 done by      
con/ruct+ a s]ies ( elevat$ & subway    
/ructures1 !re be+ ab\t #b4a miles ( !  
=m]1 #b4d miles ( ! latt]1 & #j4h mile (
 approa*es1 elim9at+ m ?an #ij grade    
cross+s4 ,9 ! light ( rec5t developm5ts1
 x may be ( int]e/ to note t "o ( !     
reasons = e/abli%+ a comb9ation elevat$ 
& subway l9e 0 t1 at ! "t ! improvem5t 0

 project$1 no und]gr\nd railroad 9 !    
c\ntry1 ( simil> l5g? & c>ry+ a heavy   
volume ( local traffic1 0 op]at$ by     
electricity1 & public s5tim5t 0 aga9/ ! 
op]ation ( ! entire l5g? ( ! l9e        
und]gr\nd by /eam p[]4 ,?is improvem5t  
also provid$ = depress+ ! entire        
,flatbu% ,av5ue /ation & a freight y>d4 
,z ! "w progress$1 ! orig9al plans = !  
/ation 7 greatly enl>g$1 ! remodel$     
/ation cov]+ ab\t #fa city lots4  ,! ma9
 po9t ( pass5g] di/ribution is ! ,new   
,york /ation4 ,o!r important /ations w  
be ,flatbu% ,av5ue1 ,brooklyn2 ,jamaica1
 ,long ,isl&1 :]e ! *anges to & f       
electric motive p[] w be made2 & ,new>k1
 ,n4 ,j4 ,_m o!r places1 includ+ !      
seaside resorts on ,long ,isl& & 9 ,new 
,j]sey1 w feel ! b5efits ( ! direct     
tunnel railroad into & ?r\gh ,new ,york 
,city4 ,! ,gl5dale ,cut-,(f w mat]ially 
%ort5 ! r\te & runn+ "t f ,new ,york    
?r\gh ! tunnels to ,rockaway ,bea*4  ,! 
plans contemplate t pass5g]s to & f !   
l[] "p ( ,manhattan w be c>ri$ by ! /eam

 l9e betwe5 ,new>k & ,j]sey ,city &     
cross ! ,nor? ,riv] by f]ry or !        
,cortl&t ,/reet tunnels ( ! ,hudson     
,company4 ,ev5tually1 ! old ma9 l9e w be
 electrifi$ & sup]s$e ! /eam s]vice     
betwe5 ,new>k & ,j]sey ,city4  ,!       
,gre5ville ,y>d is ! mo/ important po9t 
= ! receipt1 transmission1 & di/ribution
 ( freight4 ,f ?is po9t freight c be    
transport$1 )\t break+ bulk1 by a       
comp>atively %ort c>-f]ry to ! ,long    
,isl& ,railroad t]m9us at ,bay ,ridge1 &
 ?us a v l>ge "p ( ! ,p5nsylvania       
,railroad ,company's floatage 9 ,new    
,york ,h>bor & ! ,ea/ ,riv] w be        
aboli%$1 ! floatage di/ance be+ r$uc$ 9 
! case ( ! ,new ,engl& freight f ab\t   
#ab to #c miles4 ,?is traffic w be r\t$ 
f ,bay ,ridge via ! ,long ,isl&         
,railroad to a connection ) & !nce ov] !
 ,new ,york ,connect+ ,railroad to !    
,new ,york1 ,new ,hav5 & ,h>t=d         
,railroad at ,port ,morris1 ,n4 ,y4  ,z 
! facilities = ! h&l+ ( freight 9 !     
,bor\ghs ( ,brooklyn & ,que5s _h become 

insuffici5t = tak+ c>e ( ! prospective  
traffic1 elev5 new local deliv]y y>ds1  
hav+ a comb9$ area ( ab\t #b1aec city   
lots1 h be5 e/abli%$1 & ?ree exi/+ y>ds 
are to be improv$ & enl>g$ s z to give a
 comb9$ area ( ab\t #fhg city lots4 ,(  
^! new y>ds1 ! ,bay ,ridge freight      
t]m9al1 conta9+ ab\t #gij city lots1 is 
! l>ge/2 its functions h be5 describ$   
above4 ,!re is a freight t]m9al at ,ea/ 
,new ,york #bjj ft4 wide & a mile long1 
conta9+ ab\t #eff city lots1 :i* w be ! 
di/ribut+ po9t ( freight = ! entire ,ea/
 ,new ,york section4 ,?is y>d is        
depress$1 & w be cross$ by six viaducts 
c>ry+ city /reets4 ,! ,nor? ,%ore       
freight y>d1 conta9+ #aji city lots1 is 
connect$ ) ! ,montauk ,division by an   
ov]head con/ruction1 kn[n z ! ,montauk  
,freight ,cut-,(f1 :]eby all freight    
traffic to ,jamaica may be kept out ( ! 
way ( ! ,jamaica pass5g] traffic f !    
tunnels4  ,x may be ( int]e/ to indicate
 briefly h[ mu* has already be5         
accompli%$ 9 ! execution ( ?is g5]al    

plan1 & :at /ill rema9s to be done = its
 completion4  ,! l>g] "p ( !            
electrification ( ! ,long ,isl&         
,railroad & ! elim9ation ( grade cross+s
 )9 ! built-up city limits1 ! ,atlantic 
,av5ue improvem5t1 & ! y>d & pi]s at    
,gre5ville1 h be5 complet$4 ,!          
,sunnyside ,y>d & ! ,gl5dale ,cut-,(f w 
be complet$ dur+ ! next twelve mon?s4   
,on ! ,tunnel & ,t]m9al ,railroad !     
embankm5t & bridge "w across !          
,hack5sack ,mead[s & all ! tunnels &    
excavation f ! we/ side ( ,b]g5 ,hill to
 ,long ,isl& ,city1 except a %ort       
section ne> ! ea/]n end ( ! l9e1 h be5  
complet$4 ,! ,new ,york /ation & o!r    
build+s & facilities connect$ !re) are  
well advanc$4 ,! lay+ ( ! track1 !      
electrification ( ! l9e1 & ! in/allation
 ( ! signal+ & light+ sy/ems are "u way4
 ,x is anticipat$ t ! l9e w be ready =  
op]ation 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaj4  ,report has 
be5 made to ! ,public ,s]vice           
,commission t a l>ge "p ( ! "r ( way = !
 ,new ,york ,connect+ ,railroad has be5 

obta9$1 & m ?an #c1jjj1jjj has be5 sp5t 
by ?is railroad4 ,! pi]s & docks at     
,newt[n ,creek & ! electrification ( !  
l9e f ,new>k to ,j]sey ,city are n yet  
actively "u way4   ,,e/imat$ ,,co/ ,,(  
,,! ,,improvem5ts4  ,z appe>s f ! =ego+ 
/atem5t1 only p>ts ( ! improvem5ts      
contemplat$ 9 ! g5]al s*eme h be5       
complet$1 o!rs are 9 progress1 & o!rs h 
n yet be5 comm5c$4 ,x is !re=e          
impossible at ! pres5t "t to make a     
close e/imate ( ! total exp5diture      
involv$ 9 ! execution ( ! entire s*eme4 
,! foll[+ e/imate ( ! co/ ( !           
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company's       
improvem5ts 9 ! ,new ,york ,di/rict :5  
fully complet$ is bas$ on ! be/         
in=mation n[ available3  ,new ,york     
,tunnel ,ext5sion & ,/ation1 includ+    
,int]*ange ,y>ds at ,h>rison1 ,n4 ,j41 &
 ,sunnyside1 ,l4 ,i41 ,p4 ,t4  ,t4 ,r4  
,r4 ,co4                                
#ajj1jjj1jjj  ,long ,isl& ,railroad     
electrification1 ,bay ,ridge & ,atlantic
 ,av5ue improvem5ts1 ,gl5dale ,cut-,(f1 

freight y>ds1 & new equipm5t            
#ce1jjj1jjj  ,new ,york ,connect+       
,railroad1 to be built jo9tly by !      
,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,co4 & ! ,new      
,york1 ,new ,hav5 & ,h>t=d ,r4 ,r4 ,co41
 ab\t                                   
#ad1jjj1jjj  ,p5nsylvania ,railroad     
improvem5ts 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey1    
electrification ( l9e f ,j]sey ,city to 
,p>k ,place1 ,new>k1 ,gre5ville freight 
l9e & t]m9al on ,new ,york ,bay         
#aj1jjj1jjj                             
------------     ,total                 
#aei1jjj1jjj   ,,corporate              
,,organization ,,& ,,fran*ise           
,,conditions4  ,z ! tunnel ext5sion lies
 p>tly 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,j]sey & p>tly 9
 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 x 0 necess>y to  
*>t] two companies1 ea* cov]+ ! t]ritory
 )9 ! ,/ate to :i* x belong$4 ,! ,new   
,j]sey corporation 0 entitl$ !          
,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,j]sey & ,new ,york  
,railroad ,company1 & ! ,new ,york      
corporation1 ! ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york 
& ,long ,isl& ,railroad ,company4 ,^!   

organizations 7 complet$ e>ly 9 #aijb4  
,subsequ5tly1 aft] ! tunnels _h be5 jo9$
 "u ! ,nor? ,riv]1 ! companies 7        
consolidat$1 on ,june #bf?1 #aijg1 &    
!reby =m$ ! pres5t company "u ! "n ( !  
,p5nsylvania ,tunnel & ,t]m9al ,railroad
 ,company1 a corporation ( bo? ,/ates4  
,mr4 ,cassatt1 ,presid5t ( !            
,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york & ,long ,isl&  
,railroad ,company1 made application 9  
its behalf = a fran*ise to ext5d ! l9es 
( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad by tunnels "u
 ! ,nor? ,riv] to a pass5g] /ation to be
 erect$ 9 ,new ,york ,city & !nce "u !  
,ea/ ,riv] to a connection ) ! ,long    
,isl& ,railroad1 on ,may #e?1 #aijb4  ,!
 fran*ise = t "p ( ! tunnel l9e :i* is  
)9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 t is1 f !      
b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ,new ,york & ,new     
,j]sey1 9 ! ,hudson ,riv]1 to ! ea/]n   
t]m9us at ,sunnyside ,y>d1 ,long ,isl&1 
is conta9$ 9 ! c]tificate issu$ by !    
,bo>d ( ,rapid ,transit ,railroad       
,commission]s ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york on 
,octob] #i?1 #aijb4  ,! ess5tial        

features ( ! fran*ise h be5 summ>iz$    
sub/antially z foll[s 9 ! report ( !    
,committee ( ! ,bo>d ( ,rapid ,transit  
,railroad ,commission]s ( ! ,city ( ,new
 ,york1 dat$ ,june #ad?1 #aijb3         
,fir/4--,a grant by ! city 9 p]petuity (
 rights1 subject1 h[ev]1 to a p]iodic   
readju/m5t ( paym5ts at int]vals (      
tw5ty-five ye>s1 z foll[s3       7a7 ,to
 con/ruct & op]ate a railroad ( two     
tracks f !      b\nd>y betwe5 ,new ,york
 & ,new ,j]sey "u ! ,hudson ,riv]       
opposite ! we/]ly foot ( ,?irty-fir/    
,/reet1 ,bor\gh (      ,manhattan1 !nce 
runn+ "u ! ,hudson ,riv] & ,?irty-fir/  
,/reet to ! ,ea/ ,riv] & "u ! ,ea/ ,riv]
 to a t]m9us 9      ,que5s ,bor\gh4 ,!  
,company is p]mitt$ on notice )9 t5 ye>s
      to give up ! "r to ^! two tracks4 
7b7 ,a l "r = a railroad ( two tracks   
beg9n+ ne> !      same po9t "u ! ,hudson
 ,riv]1 !nce runn+ "u      ,?irty-second
 ,/reet to ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 & "u t riv] to 
!      t]m9us 9 ,que5s ,bor\gh1 ) a "r =
 two additional tracks      9           

,?irty-second ,/reet1 we/ ( ,n9? ,av5ue1
 & "o additional      track betwe5      
,sev5? & ,fif? ,av5ues 9 ,manhattan4    
7c7 ,a l "r = a railroad ( two tracks   
beg9n+ at !      /ation t]m9al site at  
,?irty-?ird ,/reet & ,sev5? ,av5ue &    
!nce runn+ "u ,?irty-?ird ,/reet & !    
,ea/ ,riv] to !      t]m9al 9 ,que5s    
,bor\gh1 ) a "r = "o additional track   
on ,?irty-?ird ,/reet1 betwe5 ,sev5? &  
,fif? ,av5ues4       7d7 ,a "r to ma9ta9
 a t]m9al /ation occupy+ ! f\r          
blocks b\nd$ by ,?irty-fir/ ,/reet1     
,sev5? ,av5ue1 ,?irty-?ird      ,/reet &
 ,n9? ,av5ue1 ! lots on ! ea/ side (    
,sev5?      ,av5ue betwe5 ,?irty-fir/ & 
,?irty-?ird ,/reets1 & !      und]gr\nd 
portions ( ,?irty-fir/ & ,?irty-?ird    
,/reets1      betwe5 ,sev5? & ,eigh?    
,av5ues & betwe5 ,eigh? & ,n9?          
,av5ues1 ! ,company hav+ itself acquir$ 
! l& includ$ 9      su* f\r blocks &    
lots on ! ea/ side ( ,sev5? ,av5ue4     
7e7 ,to occupy = su* t]m9al facilities  
all ( ,?irty-second      ,/reet ly+     

betwe5 ! we/]ly side ( ,sev5? ,av5ue & !
      ea/]ly side ( ,eigh? ,av5ue1 &    
betwe5 ! we/]ly side (      ,eigh?      
,av5ue & ! ea/]ly side ( ,n9? ,av5ue4 ,z
 soon z !      /atutory "r ( ! city     
au?orities to make ! conveyance         
%all be put beyond d\bt ! ,railroad     
,company is oblig$ to buy      su* two  
portions ( ,?irty-second ,/reet1 :i* w  
!n become      completely d$icat$ to !  
purposes ( _! /ation4 7,^!      portions
 ( ,?irty-second ,/reet 7 subsequ5tly   
pur*as$ by !      ,railroad ,company47  
7f7 ,to h along su* r\tes ! necess>y    
facilities = !      op]ation ( pass5g] &
 freight tra9s1 includ+ telegraph       
wires & ! v>i\s wires & cables = !      
di/ribution (      p[]1 heat1 & light4  
,second4--,! requirem5t ( ! cons5t ( !  
,mayor1 ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m51 ! ,bo>d (    
,e/imate & ,apportionm5t1 & ! o!r       
au?orities ( ! city hav+ control ( !    
/reets4  ,?ird4--,! obligation ( !      
,p5nsylvania ,company to beg9           
con/ruction )9 ?ree mon?s aft] obta9+ ! 

necess>y cons5ts & complete ! railroad  
)9 five ye>s aft] con/ruction %all beg91
 except ! r\te "u ,?irty-fir/ ,/reet1 = 
! completion ( :i* ! company is all[$ t5
 ye>s aft] ! completion ( ! rema9d] ( ! 
railroad4  ,f\r?4--,paym5ts by !        
,p5nsylvania ,company = ! fir/          
tw5ty-five ye>s1 z foll[s3 ,a r5tal (   
#bjj p] annum = ! "r to occupy l& "u !  
,hudson & ,ea/ ,riv]s outside ( pi]     
l9es4 ,a r5tal = gr\nd )9 pi] l9es & =  
und]gr\nd portions ( /reets 9 ,manhattan
 ,bor\gh1 at fifty c5ts p] l9e> foot (  
s+le track p] annum1 = ! fir/ t5 ye>s1 &
 dur+ ! next fifte5 ye>s "o doll> p]    
annum p] l9e> foot4 ,a r5tal = gr\nd )9 
pi] l9es & = und]gr\nd portions ( /reets
 9 ,que5s ,bor\gh at "o-half ! rates    
payable = ,manhattan ,bor\gh4 ,a r5tal =
 und]gr\nd portions ( ,?irty-fir/ &     
,?irty-?ird ,/reets1 betwe5 ,sev5? &    
,eigh? ,av5ues1 & betwe5 ,eigh? & ,n9?  
,av5ues 7su* portions ext5d+ almo/ up to
 ! surface1 except "u ! s\? sidewalk (  
,?irty-fir/ ,/reet & nor? sidewalk (    

,?irty-?ird ,/reet7 at #ad1jjj p] annum 
= ! fir/ t5 ye>s1 & at #bh1jjj p] annum 
= ! next fifte5 ye>s4  ,= ! portions (  
,?irty-second ,/reet1 betwe5 ,sev5? &   
,eigh? ,av5ues1 & betwe5 ,eigh? & ,n9?  
,av5ues1 :5 ! /atutory p[] ( ! city to  
make a sale %all be put beyond d\bt1 !  
city is to sell & ! ,railroad ,company  
is requir$ to buy su* portions = ! sum (
 #ghh1fjj4 ,! r5tals = riv] & track     
rights beg9 at ! date ( op]ation4 ,= !  
und]gr\nd spaces "u ,?irty-fir/ &       
,?irty-?ird ,/reets1 us$ = /ation       
ext5sion1 ! r5tals beg9 at ! comm5cem5t 
( con/ruction1 or :5 ! company ent]$    
!reon4  ,su* annual paym5ts may be      
summ>iz$ z foll[s3                      
,fir/ #aj    ,next #ae                  
ye>s4      ye>s4                        
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,= riv] 
rights                                  
#bjj4jj     #bjj4jj  ,= tunnel rights 9 
,manhattan ,bor\gh1 be+                 
#dd1cda ft4 7p>tly e/imat$7 ( s+le track

   #bb1agj4jj   #dd1cda4jj  ,= tunnel   
rights 9 ,que5s ,bor\gh1 be+            
#h1ajj ft4 7p>tly e/imat$7 ( s+le track 
#b1jbe4jj    #d1jej4jj  ,= /reet rights 
on ,?irty-fir/ &                        
,?irty-?ird ,/reets1 nor? & s\? (       
t]m9al                                  
#ad1jjj4jj   #bh1jjj4jj                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------------------      ,9 
all1 p] annum                           
#ch1cie4jj  #gf1eia4jj    ,if ! r\te "u 
,?irty-fir/ ,/reet be avail$ (1 ^!      
am\nts w be increas$ by #af1feb4ej = !  
fir/ t5 ye>s1 & by #cc1cje = ! next     
fifte5 ye>s4  ,! am\nts to be paid are  
to be readju/$ at ! end ( tw5ty-five    
ye>s2 & !reaft] at int]vals ( tw5ty-five
 ye>s4 ,if ! city & ! ,railroad ,company
 %all n agree ^u ! readju/$ rates1 !y   
are to be det]m9$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( 
?is ,/ate4  ,fif?4--,! railroad to be   
entirely 9 tunnel except :]e x approa*es
 ! surface at its ea/]n t]m9al ne>      
,?omson ,av5ue1 9 ,que5s ,bor\gh4 ,!    

upp]mo/ "p ( ! tunnel is to be at lea/  
n9ete5 feet bel[ ! surface ( ! /reet2 b 
?is limitation does n apply to !        
portions ( ,?irty-fir/ & ,?irty-?ird    
,/reets opposite ! t]m9al /ation betwe5 
,sev5? & ,n9? ,av5ues1 :]e ! ,company   
may occupy ! und]gr\nd portions ( !     
/reet "u ! roadway to )9 ?irty in*es ( !
 surface1 & "u ! sidewalks on           
,?irty-fir/ & ,?irty-?ird ,/reets       
opposite to ! /ation to )9 five feet ( !
 surface1 ! company to prop]ly c>e =    
sew]s1 wat]1 gas & o!r pipes & und]gr\nd
 /ructures lawfully 9 ! /reet4          
,six?4--,! company to make good all     
damage done to prop]ty ( ! city by its  
con/ruction "w or op]ations1 & to abutt+
 own]s all damage done ?r\gh any fault  
or neglig5ce ( ! company1 or ( any      
contractor or sub-contractor engag$ ^u  
its "w ( con/ruction or op]ation4 ,!    
,tunnel ,company to keep ,?irty-fir/ &  
,?irty-?ird ,/reets opposite ! /ation   
well pav$ ) smoo? pavem5t & 9 ?or\ghly  
good condition4  ,sev5?4--,tunnel       

excavations to be done )\t di/urb+ !    
surface ( ! /reet1 except 9 ! portions (
 ,?irty-fir/ & ,?irty-?ird ,/reets1 &   
,sev5?1 ,eigh? & ,n9? ,av5ues 9 front ( 
! t]m9al /ation1 & except 9 ,que5s      
,bor\gh1 ) ! p[] to ! ,rapid ,transit   
,bo>d1 :]ev] conditions else:]e make    
surface excavation necess>y = effici5t  
con/ruction1 to grant ! "r = su*        
excavation1 subject to conditions to be 
!n prescrib$ by ! ,bo>d4 ,! tracks are  
to be con/ruct$ ( ! mo/ approv$ plan s z
 to avoid noise or tremor4 ,all plans =1
 & ! me?od ( do+1 ! "w are made subject 
to ! approval ( ! ,rapid ,transit ,bo>d4
  ,eigh?4--,! motive p[] to be          
electricity1 or su* o!r p[] n involv+   
combu/ion z may be approv$ by ! ,bo>d4  
,n9?4--,! company to h no p[] to c>ry on
 m]ely local traffic1 except ) !        
approval ( ! ,bo>d & = additional       
consid]ation to be paid ! city4 ,traffic
 is def9$ z local :i* beg9s & ends 9 !  
city )9 five miles ( ! t]m9al /ation on 
,sev5? & ,n9? ,av5ues4  ,t5?4--,!       

railroad to be dilig5tly & skillfully   
op]at$1 ) due reg>d to ! conv5i5ce ( !  
travel+ public4  ,elev5?4--,! city to h 
a li5 ^u ! fran*ise & real prop]ty ( !  
company to secure ! paym5t ( r5tal4     
,twelf?4--,! rights ( ! city to be      
en=ceable by action1 = specific         
p]=mance1 or m&amus1 or o!rwise4        
,?irte5?4--,! company n to oppose !     
con/ruction ( any rapid transit railroad
 along or across ! same r\tes :i* d n   
actually int]f]e ) ! au?oriz$ /ructures 
( ! company4  ,f\rte5?4--,! city to h an
 ample "r ( inspection ( ! railroad1 &  
to ent] ^u x = exam9ation1 sup]vision1  
or c>e ( city prop]ty1 or = o!r         
purposes4  ,fifte5?4--,! company to be  
b\nd to ma9ta9 & /r5g!n all p>ts ( its  
railways "u /reets or av5ues s t ! same 
%all support safely any /ructures       
sup]impos$ or :i* may h]eaft] be        
sup]impos$ !reon by ! city or "u public 
au?ority4  ,sixte5?4--,! company to h ! 
"r to convey or mortgage ! fran*ise1 b e
 grantee1 :e!r directly or "u a         

mortgage1 to assume ! obligations       
already assum$ by ! ,railroad ,company &
 ! ,railroad ,company n to be reliev$ ( 
su* obligations by ! grant4  ,?is       
fran*ise 0 pass$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,ald]m5 on
 ,decemb] #af? & approv$ by ! ,mayor on 
,decemb] #bc;d1 #aijb4  ,subsequ5tly1 an
 agreem5t1 dat$ ,june #ba/1 #aijg1 0    
ent]$ into by ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 !   
,tunnel ,company1 & ! ,long ,isl&       
,railroad ,company cov]+ ! con/ruction (
 ! ,sunnyside ,y>d1 :i* =ms ! ea/]n     
t]m9us ( ! l9e4  ,9 pursuance ( ?is     
agreem5t1 ! map or plan ( ! ,city ( ,new
 ,york 0 *ang$ by discont9u+ or clos+   
portions ( fifty /reets or av5ues1 & by 
*ang+ ! grades ( sixte5 /reets or       
av5ues1 9 ! ,bor\gh ( ,que5s1 & !       
portions ( /reets & av5ues ?us          
discont9u$ & clos$1 mo/ ( :i* 7 n op5$ =
 public use1 7 sold to ! ,railroad      
,companies4 ,! agreem5t1 h[ev]1 res]v$  
to ! ,city p]man5t & p]petual und]gr\nd 
rights & easem5ts to ma9ta9 9 a         
reasonable mann]1 n inconsi/5t ) !      

con/ruction & op]ation ( ! railroad     
facilities ( ! ,companies1 its exi/+    
sew]s1 dra9s1 & o!r sub-surface         
/ructures 91 "u1 & ?r\gh ! l&s )9 ! l9es
 ( ! discont9u$ portions ( ea* ( su*    
/reets & av5ues1 includ+ ! "r to repair1
 rebuild1 & enl>ge ! same1 & to con/ruct
 9 a reasonable mann]1 n inconsi/5t ) ! 
con/ruction & op]ation ( ! railroad     
facilities ( ! ,companies1 su*          
additional sew]s or dra9s 91 "u1 or     
?r\gh ! l&s z may be h]eaft] requir$ by 
! ,city1 toge!r ) ! "r to ent] ^u !     
premises f "t to "t z may be necess>y = 
! purpose ( inspect+1 repair+1          
con/ruct+1 or rebuild+ ! sub-surface    
/ructures4  ,! agreem5t requir$ !       
,companies to con/ruct at _! exp5se1 f\r
 viaducts or bridges ov] _! tracks &    
t]m9al developm5t1 ?ree ) roadways #db  
ft4 wide1 "o ) a roadway #fj ft4 wide1 &
 ea* to h two sidewalks #aj ft4 wide1 ! 
"w to include ! pav+ ( ! roadways &     
sidewalks4  ,! ,companies are fur!r     
requir$ to pay "o-half ! co/ ( !        

con/ruction ( ! f\ndations1 abutm5ts1   
pi]s1 sup]/ructures1 & approa* ( an     
additional viaduct or bridge ov] !      
,sunnyside ,y>d1 to h a roadway n m ?an 
#fj ft4 wide & two sidewalks ea* #aj ft4
 wide1 & to grant ! ,city ( ,new ,york a
 p]petual easem5t = ! cont9uance ( !    
same 9 ! location ^u :i* x %all be      
con/ruct$4  ,! agreem5t fur!r provides t
 ! ,companies %all n injure ! sew]s or  
o!r sub/ructures n[ exi/+ or h]eaft]    
con/ruct$ "u ! /reets & av5ues1 &1 9    
case ( injury1 t !y %all repair !m or   
pay ! co/ !re(2 t ! viaducts %all be    
complet$ )9 ! %orte/ "t consi/5t ) _!   
safe & prop] con/ruction1 & t dur+ _!   
con/ruction tempor>y /reets %all be     
provid$ = ! accommodation ( traffic4  ,!
 ,companies are requir$ to be> all !    
exp5se ( *anges ( grade 9 ! /reets &    
av5ues1 except ^? made necess>y by !    
con/ruction ( ! viaduct or bridge to be 
paid = 9 "p by ! ,city2 to indemnify !  
,city aga9/ all liability = any & all   
damages :i* may accrue on acc\nt ( any  

/reet :i* may be clos$ or ! grades ( :i*
 may be *ang$ 9 pursuance ( ! agreem5t2 
to assume all liabilities by reason ( ! 
con/ruction or op]ation ( ! railroads1  
or ! con/ruction ( ! viaducts1 & to save
 ! city h>mless f any liability :atev]1 
to ei!r p]sons or prop]ty1 by reason ( !
 con/ruction or op]ation ( ! railroads  
or ! con/ruction ( ! viaducts4  ,!      
,companies are also requir$ to indemnify
 ! ,city aga9/ & pay ! co/ ( all        
alt]ations :i* may be requir$ to !      
sew]age or dra9age sy/em or to any      
sub-surface /ructures & pipes laid 9 !  
/reets or av5ues on acc\nt ( !          
con/ruction & op]ation ( ! t]m9al1      
pass5g] y>d1 or freight y>d ( !         
,companies1 or on acc\nt ( ! *anges 9   
grades or /reet sy/em4  ,! ,companies   
are au?oriz$1 if !y deem x necess>y to !
 con/ruction or to ! effici5t op]ation (
 ! t]m9al pass5g] y>d or freight y>d1 to
 depress1 at _! exp5se1 any pipes or o!r
 sub-surface /ructures n[ "u ! surface (
 any ( ! portions ( ! /reets or av5ues  

discont9u$ or clos$1 or to elevate &    
c>ry ! same ^u any ( ! viaducts or      
bridges1 ! plans ( su* depression or    
elevation to be approv$ by ! ,bo>d (    
,e/imate & ,apportionm5t4  ,all works   
)91 ^u1 or ov] ! public /reets & av5ues 
are subject to ! sup]vision & inspection
 ( ! prop] municipal (fic] or (fic]s1 "u
 su* regulations z he or !y may det]m9e 
& be au?oriz$ by law to impose2 & !     
plans = ! con/ruction ( viaducts or     
bridges are to be approv$ by ! ,bo>d (  
,e/imate & ,apportionm5t4  ,! ,companies
 are requir$ to c$e to ! ,city ( ,new   
,york p]petual easem5ts = ! "r to       
cont9ue & ma9ta9 ! viaducts or bridges  
ov] ! /reets & av5ues1 suffici5t = _!   
control by ! ,city = ! purpose ( police 
regulation & o!r control contemplat$ by 
! ,city ord9ances = ! case ( /reets or  
highways2 res]v+1 h[ev]1 ! "r to        
con/ruct & ma9ta91 at _! own exp5se1 su*
 connections betwe5 ! viaducts or       
bridges & _! prop]ty z %all n int]f]e ) 
! use ( ! viaducts or bridges = /reet   

purposes4  ,! ,companies are also       
requir$ to c$e to ! ,city1 grade & curb1
 portions ( five exi/+ or propos$ /reets
 or av5ues1 & to pave portions ( two o!r
 av5ues4  ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,cassatt1        
,presid5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad    
,company1 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,companies    
con/itut+ ! ,new ,york ,tunnel ,ext5sion
 until 8 dea? on ,decemb] #bh?1 #aijf1 &
 ,mr4 ,james ,mc,crea1 ,presid5t ( !    
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 0      
elect$ 8 successor1 & is n[ ,presid5t ( 
! ,p5nsylvania ,tunnel & ,t]m9al        
,railroad ,company4  ,mr4 ,samuel ,rea1 
,second ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,p5nsylvania
 ,railroad ,company1 has s]v$ z         
,vice-,presid5t s9ce ! incorporation ( !
 ent]prise4  ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,c\nty has be5
 ,assi/ant to ! ,presid5t s9ce ,june    
#bf?1 #aijg1 & prior !reto & f !        
incorporation ( ! tunnel ent]prise s]v$ 
z ,secret>y ( ! ,p5nsylvania1 ,new      
,j]sey & ,new ,york ,railroad ,company &
 z ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ! ,p5nsylvania1
 ,new ,york & ,long ,isl& ,railroad     

,company1 :i*1 z h]et(ore /at$1         
con/itute ! ,p5nsylvania ,tunnel &      
,t]m9al ,railroad ,company4   ,,eng9e]+ 
,,organization4  ,mr4 ,rea1             
,vice-,presid5t1 has g5]al *>ge ( all   
matt]s involv$ 9 ! design+ & execution (
 ! project4  ,! ,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s4--,be=e
 ! beg9n+ ( ! "w1 ! ,managem5t appo9t$ a
 ,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s :i* 0 in/ruct$ to     
exam9e into ! ,new ,york ,tunnel        
,ext5sion project2 to pass ^u !         
practicability ( ! und]tak+2 to det]m9e 
^u ! be/ plans = c>ry+ x out2 to make a 
c>eful e/imate ( its co/2 &1 if ! "w 0  
und]tak51 to ex]cise g5]al sup]vision   
ov] its con/ruction4  ,presid5t         
,cassatt's lett] appo9t+ ! ,bo>d conta9s
 ! foll[+ fur!r in/ructions3  ,y are    
reque/$ to procure all additional       
in=mation t may be ne$$1 sp>+ nei!r "t  
nor any necess>y exp5se 9 do+ s1 = ,i am
 sure x is n necess>y = me to say t1 9  
view ( ! magnitude & great co/ ( !      
propos$ con/ruction1 & ( ! novel eng9e]+
 que/ions involv$1 y\r /udies %\ld be   

?or\gh & exhau/ive1 & %\ld be bas$ ^u   
absolute k ( ! conditions4  ,! ,bo>d 0  
organiz$ on ,janu>y #aa?1 #aijb1 :5 x   
held its fir/ session1 & cont9u$ 9 !    
p]=mance ( its duties until ,april #cj?1
 #aiji1 :5 x 0 dissolv$1 its "w hav+ be5
 complet$4  ,! ,bo>d held regul> &      
special sessions to receive progress    
reports f ! ,*ief ,eng9e]s 9 direct *>ge
 ( con/ruction1 & to consid] que/ions   
relat+ to ! plans & details ( ! "w      
submitt$ by its memb]s or ref]r$ to x by
 ! ,managem5t4 ,x !n report$ its        
conclusions to ! ,vice-,presid5t =      
approval be=e ! "w 0 und]tak54  ,!      
,managem5t e>ne/ly impress$ ^u ! ,bo>d  
?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( its labors1 t !  
,tunnel ,ext5sion & facilities 7 to be  
design$ & con/ruct$ )\t reg>d+ co/ z a  
gov]n+ factor1 ! ma9 consid]ations be+  
safety1 durability1 & prop]             
accommodation ( ! traffic4 ,no          
exp5diture t5d+ to insure ^! conditions 
0 to be avoid$4  ,! ,bo>d1 :5 organiz$1 
0 compos$ z foll[s3 ,col4 ,*>les ,w4    

,raymond1 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,u4 ,s4    
,army1 ,*airman2 ,messrs4 ,gu/av        
,l9d5?al1 ,*>les ,m4 ,jacobs1 ,alfr$    
,noble1 & ,william ,h4 ,br[n4  ,mr4     
,george ,gibbs 0 appo9t$ a memb] ( !    
,bo>d on ,april #i?1 #aijb4 ,mr4        
,l9d5?al resign$ on ,decemb] #ae?1      
#aijc1 & ,mr4 ,br[n resign$ on ,m>* #a/1
 #aijf4 ,mr4 ,rea & all ! memb]s ( !    
,bo>d are memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,society (
 ,civil ,eng9e]s1 & ,mr4 ,noble is a    
,pa/-,presid5t ( ! ,society4  ,mr4      
,william ,r4 ,mead1 ( ! firm ( ,mc,kim1 
,mead1 & ,:ite1 ,ar*itects = ! ,t]m9al  
,/ation1 0 associat$ ) ! ,bo>d = !      
consid]ation ( ar*itectural subjects4   
,mr4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,gr(f1 ,secret>y ( !    
,company1 0 also ,secret>y ( ! ,bo>d    
until 8 resignation on ,janu>y #ca/1    
#aijg4 ,mr4 ,william ,c\p] 0            
,act+-,secret>y f ,april #ae?1 #aijg1 to
 ,april #cj?1 #aiji4  ,s4 ,johannesson1 
,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 0       
,eng9e] ,assi/ant to ! ,*airman f       
,decemb] #a/1 #aije1 to ,april #cj?1    

#aiji4  ,division ( ! ,"w4--,= !        
purposes ( actual con/ruction1 ! l9e 0  
divid$ into f\r p>ts3 ! ,mead[s         
,division1 ! ,nor? ,riv] ,division1 !   
,t]m9al ,/ation1 & ! ,ea/ ,riv]         
,division4 ,a *ief eng9e] appo9t$ by !  
,managem5t _h *>ge ( ! con/ruction ( ea*
 ,division4 ,! *ief eng9e]s ex]cis$ full
 au?ority 9 ! organization ( ! work+    
=ces1 & 9 ! g5]al conduct & managem5t ( 
! "w ( con/ruction on _! respective     
,divisions1 9 accordance ) ! plans = su*
 "w approv$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,eng9e]s & !   
,managem5t4  ,ar*itects 7 employ$ to    
design ! ,t]m9al ,/ation build+ &       
sup]9t5d its erection2 & /ructural      
eng9e]s to design & erect /eel /ructures
 & facilities1 & c>ry on ! "w "u !      
direction ( a ,*ief ,eng9e] ( !         
,company4  ,committees1 consi/+         
pr9cipally ( (fic]s ( ! ,p5nsylvania    
,railroad ,company1 co-op]at+ ) ! regul>
 eng9e]+ organization1 7 appo9t$ to     
consid] ! op]at+ features ( ! project1 s
 t ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad

 ,company's organization might be       
utiliz$ 9 ! "w4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate  
,i4--,p5nsylvania ,tunnel & ,t]m9al     
,railroad4 ,map & ,pr(ile4 ,b]g5 ,hill  
,tunnel1 ,new ,j]sey to ,long ,isl&     
,%aft1 ,bor\gh ( ,que5s   ,,description 
,,( ,,! ,,l9e4  ,! foll[+ summ>y        
description ( ! v>i\s divisions ( ! l9e 
is int5d$ to give a compreh5sive idea ( 
! g5]al features ( ! project4 ,full     
details w be giv5 9 succe$+ pap]s4 ,!   
l9e & its respective divisions are %[n  
on ,plate ,i4  ,mead[s ,division4--,*ief
 ,eng9e] until ,m>* #a/1 #aijf1 ,mr4    
,william ,h4 ,br[n1 ,*ief ,eng9e]1      
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 :5 he  
retir$ f active s]vice ) ! latt]        
,company2 s9ce ,m>* #a/1 #aijf1 ,mr4    
,alex&] ,c4 ,%&1 ,*ief ,eng9e]1         
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company4  ,?is  
,division consi/s ( an int]*ange y>d at 
,h>rison1 ne> ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 adjo9+ ! 
tracks ( ! pres5t ,new ,york ,division (
 ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad1 & a          
d\ble-track railroad across ! ,hack5sack

 ,mead[s to ! we/ side ( ,b]g5 ,hill1 a 
di/ance ( #f4jd miles4 ,! con/ruction is
 embankm5t & bridge "w1 includ+ bridges 
across ! ,p5nsylvania1 ,erie1 &         
,lackawanna ,railroads1 & ! ,hack5sack  
,riv]4  ,nor? ,riv] ,division4--,*ief   
,eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,m4 ,jacobs4  ,?is 
,division comm5ces at ! we/ side ( ,b]g5
 ,hill & passes ?r\gh ! hill 9 two      
s+le-track rock tunnels to a l>ge       
p]man5t %aft at ,weehawk51 ne> ! we/    
%ore ( ! ,nor? ,riv]1 & !nce ea/w>d a   
di/ance ( #bbd ft4 to ! ,weehawk5       
%ield-*amb]4 ,x !n passes "u ! riv]     
?r\gh two ca/-iron1 concrete-l9$1       
s+le-track tunnels1 ) outside diamet]s (
 #bc ft41 to a po9t "u #cb;d ,/reet1 ne>
 ,elev5? ,av5ue1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 &  
!nce ?r\gh two s+le-track tunnels ( v>y+
 cross-section1 p>tly con/ruct$ 9       
cut-&-cov]1 to ! ea/ side ( ,t5? ,av5ue4
 ,x !n passes into ! ,/ation ,y>d &     
t]m9ates at ! ea/ build+ l9e ( ,n9?     
,av5ue4 ,! "w includ$ ! ,/ation ,y>d    
excavation & walls f ,t5? ,av5ue to ,n9?

 ,av5ue1 & ! reta9+ walls & tempor>y    
und]p9n+ ( ,n9? ,av5ue4 ,! aggregate    
l5g? ( ! l9e 9 ?is ,division is #b4gf   
miles4  ,new ,york ,/ation &            
,approa*es4--,mr4 ,george ,gibbs1 ,*ief 
,eng9e] ( ,electric ,traction & ,/ation 
,con/ruction4  ,! ,/ation & its         
approa*es ext5d f ! ea/ l9e ( ,t5?      
,av5ue ea/w>d to po9ts 9 #cb;d ,/reet & 
#cc;d ,/reet1 respectively1 #bib ft4 &  
#ejb ft4 ea/ ( ! we/ l9e ( ,sev5?       
,av5ue4 ,?is ,division includ$ !        
con/ruction ( subways & bridges = !     
support ( #ca/ & #cc;d ,/reets & ,sev5?1
 ,eigh?1 & ,n9? ,av5ues1 ! ,/ation      
build+ betwe5 ,sev5? & ,eigh? ,av5ues1 !
 f\ndations = ! po/ (fice to be erect$  
we/ ( ,eigh? ,av5ue1 ! s]vice p[]-h\se 9
 #ca/ ,/reet betwe5 ,sev5? & ,eigh?     
,av5ues1 ! p[]-h\se 9 ,long ,isl& ,city1
 ! traction sy/em1 tracks1 signals1 &   
miscellane\s facilities requir$ 9 !     
physical con/ruction ( ! entire t]m9al  
railroad ready = op]ation4 ,messrs4     
,mc,kim1 ,mead1 & ,:ite 7 ! ar*itects = 

! ,/ation & ,messrs4 ,we/+h\se1 ,*ur*1  
,k]r & ,company execut$ ! /ructural     
eng9e]+ "w1 bo? 9 ! /ation & = ! support
 ( ! /reets1 z well z ! con/ruction ( ! 
subways4  ,! /ation is ( /eel skeleton  
con/ruction ) masonry curta9 walls1 all 
support$ by a sy/em ( columns ext5d+ to 
a rock f\ndation4 ,?is build+ cov]s two 
city blocks & "o int]sect+ /reet1 & has 
an area ( ab\t #h acres4 ,x is #ggd ft4 
long1 #dcc ft4 wide1 ) an av]age height 
above ! /reet ( #fi ft41 & a maximum (  
#aec ft4 ,! ma9 wait+-room is #bgg ft4  
long1 #ajc ft4 wide & #aej ft4 high4 ,! 
,conc\rse is #cdj ft4 long & #baj ft4   
wide4  ,! level ( ! track sy/em bel[ !  
/reet surface v>ies f #ci to #eh ft41 & 
is f #g to #aj ft4 bel[ mean high wat] 9
 ! h>bor1 !reby necessitat+ ! e/abli%m5t
 ( an elaborate sy/em ( dra9age ov] !   
entire /ation y>d area4 ,access to !    
/reet is ga9$ by elevators & /airways4  
,to accel]ate ! load+ & unload+ ( !     
tra9s1 high plat=ms w be con/ruct$ 9 !  
/ation on a level ) ! floors ( ! c>s1 9 

ord] to avoid ! use ( c> /eps & increase
 ! traffic capacity ( ! /ation4  ,!re w 
be #ba /&+-tracks at ! /ation1 & #aa    
pass5g] plat=ms1 provid+ #ba1ejj ft4 (  
plat=m adjac5t to pass5g] tra9s4 ,)9 !  
/ation area1 :i* f ,t5? ,av5ue to !     
normal tunnel sections ea/ ( ,sev5?     
,av5ue comprises #bh acres1 !re w be a  
total ( ab\t #af miles ( track4  ,!     
s]vice plant = ! in/allation ( ma*9]y = 
light+1 heat+1 & v5tilat+ ! /ation1 & = 
op]at+ ! int]lock+ sy/em1 is locat$ 9 an
 indep5d5t build+ s\? ( ! /ation4  ,!   
,p[]-,h\se to supply ! electrical en]gy 
= ! op]ation ( ! tunnel l9e & ! ,long   
,isl& ,railroad is situat$ on prop]ty 9 
,que5s ,bor\gh adjo9+ ! pres5t ,long    
,isl& ,railroad ,/ation ne> ! ,ea/      
,riv]1 & 0 con/ruct$ "u ! ,*ief ,eng9e] 
( ,electric ,traction & ,/ation         
,con/ruction4 ,z at pres5t design$1 !   
dim5sions ( ! /ructure are #bjj ft4 by  
#bfb ft41 outside measurem5t4 ,x c      
accommodate six g5]at+ units ( #e1ejj   
kw41 ! /&>d adopt$ = future "w1 & two ( 

#b1ejj kw4 = light+ ! tunnels4 ,!       
ultimate capacity ( ?is /ation :5 ext5d$
 w be ab\t #aje1jjj kw4  ,ea/ ,riv]     
,division4--,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,alfr$  
,noble4  ,?is ,division beg9s at ! ea/]n
 limits ( ! ,new ,york ,/ation at a po9t
 9 #cb;d ,/reet1 #bib ft4 ea/ ( ! we/   
l9e ( ,sev5? ,av5ue1 & at a po9t 9 #cc;d
 ,/reet1 #ejb ft4 ea/ ( ! we/ l9e (     
,sev5? ,av5ue1 & also includes !        
excavation "w & reta9+ walls = ! /ation 
site & y>d1 to ! track level1 we/w>d to 
,n9? ,av5ue4 ,x ext5ds ea/w>d f ! /ation
 "u #cb;d & #cc;d ,/reets ?r\gh tunnels 
p>tly ?ree-track & p>tly s-call$ tw9    
tunnels to ,second ,av5ue2 !nce ! l9e   
curves to ! left "u private prop]ty to  
p]man5t %afts a few feet ea/ ( ,fir/    
,av5ue4 ,f\r s+le-track1 ca/-iron1      
concrete-l9$ tunnels1 ) outside diamet]s
 ( #bc ft41 pass "u ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 &1    
aft] pass+ ?r\gh p]man5t %afts ne> !    
bulkhead l9e1 rea* ! surface 9 ,long    
,isl& ,city f #c1jjj to #d1bjj ft4 ea/ (
 ! ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,! tunnel portals are 9  

,sunnyside ,y>d1 :i* ext5ds to          
,woodside1 ! ea/]ly end ( ! ,division1 &
 ! ,y>d grad+ ) its build+s & a numb] ( 
,city viaducts cross+ x 7 execut$ "u ?is
 ,division4 ,! total l5g? ( ! ,division 
is #d4dh miles4  ,! total l5g? ( !      
entire l9e is #ac4ff miles4 ,!re are    
#f4gh miles ( s+le-track tube tunnels1 &
 ! av]age l5g? ( ! tunnels betwe5       
portals is #e4ef miles4  ,illu/ration3  
,,plate ,,ii4--,p5nsylvania ,tunnel &   
,t]m9al ,railroad4 ,map & ,pr(ile4      
,h>rison ,y>d to ,b]g5 ,hill ,tunnel4   
,mead[ ,division ,july #cj #aiji        
,,g5]al ,,consid]ations4  ,details h be5
 omitt$ f ! =ego+ description1 z !y c be
 treat$ bett] & m fully by ! con/ruct+  
eng9e]s 9 succe$+ pap]s4 ,!re are1      
h[ev]1 "s g5]al consid]ations involv$ 9 
! design+ ( ! "w1 :i* may1 p]haps1 be   
ref]r$ to m conv5i5tly 9 ?is            
introductory pap]1 & ^! w n[ receive    
att5tion4  ,9 all p>ts ( ! "w problems 7
 enc\nt]$ requir+ = _! solution l>ge    
exp5ditures & mu* eng9e]+ skill2 b _m ( 

^! difficulties _h be5 frequ5tly met 9  
previ\s eng9e]+ exp]i5ce1 & ! me?ods (  
ov]com+ !m 7 well und]/ood4 ,?us1 9 !   
,mead[s ,division1 a long & heavy       
embankm5t1 "p ( :i* 0 on subm]g$ mead[  
l&1 & _m bridge f\ndations _h to be     
con/ruct$2 9 ! ,b]g5 ,hill tunnels1 v   
t\gh trap rock 0 enc\nt]$2 9 ! tunnels  
"u ! city1 ! "w 0 mu* complicat$ & its  
co/ increas$ greatly by ! necessity (   
c>+ = sew]s1 wat] & gas pipes1 & !      
f\ndations ( adjac5t build+s2 & _m      
tr\blesome problems 7 met 9 !           
con/ruction ( ! tunnels connect+ ! ,ea/ 
,riv] tunnels ) ! ,sunnyside ,y>d4  ,!  
novel features ( ! project1 h[ev]1 7 !  
great tunnels ext5d+ ! l9e "u ! ,nor? & 
,ea/ ,riv]s4 ,tunnels ( ! k9d           
contemplat$1 to be us$ = heavy & rapid  
railroad traffic1 _h nev] be5 con/ruct$ 
?r\gh mat]ials simil> to ^? =m+ ! b$s ( 
! ,nor? & ,ea/ ,riv]s4 ,que/ions aris+ 9
 connection ) ! design & me?od (        
con/ruction ( ! tunnels w be consid]$   
lat]4 ,"h !y are ref]r$ to only 9 _!    

relation to ! location & grades ( ! l9e1
 9 :i* connection ! conditions controll+
 _! e/abli%m5t 7 ! mo/ important        
elem5ts4  ,location & ,grades4--,x 0    
desirable to make ! tunnels betwe5 !    
bulkhead l9es ( ! riv]s z /raight z     
possible1 & x 0 necess>y to place !m at 
suffici5t dep? bel[ ! dr$g+ plane ( !   
,w> ,dep>tm5t 7:i* 9 ! ,nor? & ,ea/     
,riv]s is #dj & #bf ft4 bel[ mean l[    
wat]1 respectively7 to insure !m aga9/  
possible injury f heavy an*ors or sunk5 
vessels4 ,fur!rmore1 !y _h to pass "u ! 
pi]s & bulkheads ( ,manhattan at a dep? 
suffici5t to make x c]ta9 t !y w\ld n   
affect ! /ability ( ^? /ructures4 ,ano!r
 consid]ation influ5c+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! 
dep? ( ! tunnels bel[ ! bottoms ( !     
riv]s became important z soon z ! me?od 
( con/ruction by %ields ) compress$ air 
0 adopt$1 namely1 ! necessity ( provid+ 
suffici5t cov] to gu>d1 z f> z possible1
 aga9/ bl[-outs dur+ con/ruction4  ,!   
tunnels "u ! city1 connect+ ! sub-riv]  
tunnels ) ! ,t]m9al ,/ation1 7 locat$ s 

z to give z favorable grades z possible4
 ,! provision ( ! fran*ise requir+ !    
tops ( ! tunnels to be at lea/ #ai ft4  
bel[ ! ,/reet surface1 :i* _h be5       
sugge/$ by ! ,company to p]mit ( future 
subways1 _h no effect on _! location1 z 
o!r conditions requir$ !m to be at a    
great] dep?4  ,! l9e ext5d+ we/w>d f    
,b]g5 ,hill _h to be e/abli%$ s z to    
give ample head-room at ! num]\s bridges
 ov] ! railroads & highways :i* x       
crosses4  ,ea/w>d f ! ,ea/ ,riv]        
tunnels1 ! grades 7 e/abli%$ s z to rise
 z uni=mly z possible to ! level ( !    
,sunnyside ,y>d4  ,! g5]al features ( ! 
l9e1 z f9ally adopt$ & con/ruct$1 are z 
foll[s3  ,! maximum grade we/ ( !       
,t]m9al ,/ation occurs on ! ,new ,york  
side ( ! ,nor? ,riv]1 & is #b 9 !       
we/-b\nd & #a4ic 9 ! ea/-b\nd tunnels4  
,! rul+ grades 7= ! asc5d+ traffic7 be+ 
#a4cb 9 ! we/-b\nd & #a4ic 9 ! ea/-b\nd 
tunnels4 ,9 ! tunnels ea/ ( ! ,t]m9al   
,/ation ! rul+ grade is #a4e = bo?      
ea/-b\nd & we/-b\nd traffic4 ,!re is1   

h[ev]1 desc5d+ ) ! traffic1 a %ort      
section on a grade ( #a4i p] c5t4 ,^!   
grades w\ld be objectionable ) /eam     
locomotives "u a heavy traffic1 b !     
developm5t ( ! electric locomotive has  
r5d]$ possible ! op]ation ( grades :i*  
w\ld h =m]ly be5 consid]$ prohibitive4  
,f ! junction ) ! ,p5nsylvania          
,railroad1 ne> ,h>rison1 ,n4 ,j41 to    
,woodside1 ,long ,isl&1 a di/ance (     
#ac4ff miles1 !re is an av]age ( #a4e   
curves p] mile2 ! l9e hav+ a total      
curvature ( #bcj degrees4 ,! maximum    
curvature is #b degrees4  ,illu/ration3 
,,plate ,,iii4--,p4 ,t4  ,t4 ,r4 ,r4    
,ea/ ,riv] ,division4 ,sunnyside ,y>d   
,me?od ( ,con/ruction ( ,sub-,riv]      
,tunnels4--,! "* ( ! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* !
 tunnels 7 to be con/ruct$ diff]$       
greatly 9 ! two riv]s4 ,! b$ ( ! ,nor?  
,riv]1 at ! level ( ! tunnels1 consi/s (
 silt compos$ pr9cipally ( clay1 s&1 &  
wat]1 :ile t ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] is =m$ ( a  
great v>iety ( mat]ials1 su* z quicks&1 
s&1 b\ld]s1 gravel1 clay1 & b$-rock4 ,:5

 ! me?od ( con/ruction _h to be decid$  
!re 7 no ?or\ghly satisfactory prec$5ts 
to foll[ 9 ! case ( ei!r riv]1 al?\gh ! 
,gas ,tunnel "u ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 ! p>tly   
con/ruct$ ,hudson ,tunnels "u ! ,nor?   
,riv]1 ! ,/4 ,clair ,tunnel "u ! ,/4    
,clair ,riv]1 ! ,blackwall & sev]al o!r 
tunnels "u ! ,?ames ,riv] at ,london1   
suppli$ mu* useful in=mation4 ,! small] 
tunnels = a light] traffic1 s9ce s      
successfully con/ruct$ "u ! ,nor? & ,ea/
 ,riv]s1 _h n !n be5 complet$4 ,"u ^!   
circum/ances1 x 0 ! desire ( !          
,managem5t t ! ,bo>d %\ld receive &     
consid] propos$ me?ods ( con/ruction f  
all available s\rces2 & dur+ ! fir/ ye> 
( its labors mu* ( its "t 0 devot$ to ! 
exam9ation & discussion ( projects      
submitt$ = its consid]ation by eng9e]s &
 practical build]s1 "s ( ^! projects    
hav+ decid$ m]it4 ,mo/ ( ! me?ods       
propos$ involv$ tempor>y /ructures1 or !
 use ( float+ plant1 9 ! navigable      
*annels ( ! riv]4 ,?is 0 objectionable 9
 view ( ! result+ ob/ruction to !       

enorm\s riv] traffic4 ,aft] full        
consid]ation ( ! subject1 x 0 decid$ to 
adopt ! %ield me?od ) compress$ air = ! 
con/ruction ( ! tunnels "u bo? riv]s1   
?is be+ ! only me?od recomm5d$ by !     
,*ief ,eng9e]s1 & hav+ ! great advantage
 ( conduct+ all op]ations bel[ ! bottom 
( ! riv]1 ?us avoid+ ob/ruction ( !     
*annel4  ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 z 0         
anticipat$1 t x is mu* m difficult to   
con/ruct tunnels 9 su* mat]ial z occurs 
9 ! ,ea/ ,riv] & on ! ,new ,j]sey side (
 ! ,nor? ,riv]1 ?an 9 m homog5e\s       
mat]ial su* z is f\nd 9 ! great] "p ( ! 
,nor? ,riv]4 ,dur+ ! progress (         
con/ruction "u ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 !re 7      
frequ5t bl[-outs ?r\gh fissures op5$ 9 !
 riv]-b$1 & ! bottom ( ! riv] ov] !     
tunnel _h to be blanket$ cont9u\sly )   
clay1 to *eck ! fl[ ( ! escap+ air4  ,9 
view ( ! s]i\s difficulties :i* x 0     
?\ght might be enc\nt]$ 9 ! application 
( ! %ield me?od to ! ,ea/ ,riv] "w1 o!r 
me?ods = ! execution ( ?is "p ( !       
project receiv$ special consid]ation1 "o

 ( ! me?ods consid]$ be+ ! freez+       
process4 ,x 0 propos$ to drive a small  
pilot tunnel & freeze ! gr\nd = a       
suffici5t di/ance ar\nd x by circulat+  
br9e ?r\gh a sy/em ( pipes e/abli%$ 9 ! 
tunnel4 ,! pilot tunnel 0 !n to be      
remov$ & ! full-siz$ tunnel 0 to be     
excavat$ 9 ! froz5 mat]ial & its l9+    
plac$ 9 position4 ,by ?is means1 x 0    
int5d$ to avoid ! dang] incid5t to ! use
 ( compress$ air 9 mat]ial ( greatly    
v>y+ "*4 ,?is me?od conta9$ too _m      
elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty to ju/ify its       
adoption2 b z ! ,managem5t consid]$ x   
desirable to h1 if possible1 an         
alt]native me?od1 an ext5d$ exp]im5t 0  
made ) ! freez+ process4 ,a pilot       
tunnel1 #g ft4 #f 94 9 diamet]1 0 driv5 
9 ! b$ ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] = a di/ance ( #afj
 ft41 circulat+ pipes 7 e/abli%$ 9 x1 & 
br9e at a v l[ temp]ature 0 pass$ ?r\gh 
! pipes until ! gr\nd 0 froz5 = a       
di/ance ( ab\t #aa4e ft4 ar\nd ! tunnel4
 ,obs]vations to det]m9e ! rate ( cool+ 
& o!r important po9ts connect$ ) !      

process 7 c>efully made4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t 
! con/ruction ( ! tunnels 0 progress+   
satisfactorily by ! %ield me?od1 & t s  
mu* "t 0 requir$ to freeze ! mat]ial t !
 freez+ process c\ld n be us$ to        
advantage 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 !        
exp]im5t 0 discont9u$4  ,design ( !     
,sub-,riv] ,tunnels4--,! sub-riv]       
tunnels consi/ ( a circul> ca/-iron     
%ell1 ( ! segm5tal1 bolt$ type1 hav+ an 
outside diamet] ( #bc ft41 l9$ )        
concrete hav+ a normal ?ickness ( #b ft4
 f ! outside ( ! %ell4 ,?r\gh ea* plate 
( ! %ell !re is a small hole1 clos$ ) a 
screw plug1 ?r\gh :i* gr\t may be =c$   
into ! surr\nd+ mat]ial4 ,ea* tunnel    
conta9s a s+le track4 ,a concrete b5*1 !
 upp] surface ( :i* is #a ft4 bel[ !    
axis ( ! tunnel1 is plac$ on ea* side ( 
! track1 ! di/ance betwe5 b5*es be+ #aa 
ft4 #h 94 ,^! b5*es conta9 ducts = c>ry+
 electric cables4 ,! ma9 reason = adopt+
 s+le-track tunnels in/ead ( a l>g]     
tunnel conta9+ two tracks 0 to avoid !  
dang] ( accid5ts due to ! ob/ruction (  

bo? tracks by d]ailm5t or o!rwise4 ,!   
tunnels are made j l>ge en\gh to all[ ! 
passage ( a tra9 ) p]fect safety1 z x 0 
believ$ t ) su* an arrangem5t ?or\gh    
v5tilation w\ld be secur$ by ! motion ( 
! tra9s4 ,exp]i5ce seems to ju/ify ?is  
assumption1 b1 9 ord] to assure ?or\gh  
v5tilation "u unusual conditions1 su* z 
! /oppage ( tra9s 9 ! tunnels1 a        
complete v5tilat+ plant w be provid$ =  
ea* tunnel4 ,! rapidity & safety (      
con/ruction 7 increas$ by mak+ ! tunnel 
z small z possible1 "o ( ! difficulties 
9 ! %ield me?od ( con/ruction be+ !     
diff]5ce 9 hydro/atic pressure betwe5 ! 
top & bottom ( ! %ield1 :i* increases ) 
! diamet] ( ! tunnel4  ,! concrete l9+ 0
 introduc$ to insure ! p]man5cy ( !     
/ructure1 /r5g!n x f outw>d pressure &  
gu>d x aga9/ injury f accid5ts :i* might
 occur 9 ! tunnel4 ,! side concrete     
b5*es 7 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,cassatt1       
,presid5t1 to conf9e ! tra9s to ! c5t] (
 ! tunnels 9 case ( d]ailm5t1 & to      
furni% sidewalks on ea* side ( ! tra9s s

 z to obviate ! necessity ( walk+ on !  
track4  ,refuge ni*es are con/ruct$ 9 ! 
side b5*es ( ! tunnels4 ,manholes1      
splic+ *amb]s1 pump *amb]s1 & o!r       
features = ! h&l+ ( ! electric cables & 
dra9age1 are e/abli%$ at int]vals4  ,at 
po9ts :]e unusual /resses 7 anticipat$1 
z = in/ance :]e ! tunnels pass f rock to
 s(t gr\nd1 ! %ell 0 compos$ ( /eel     
in/ead ( ca/-iron plates4 ,9 ! ,nor?    
,riv] tunnels ! concrete l9+ 9 ! inv]t &
 9 ! ar* 0 re9=c$ by longitud9al /eel   
b>s1 b ^! 7 n introduc$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,riv]  
tunnels4  ,o!r details connect$ ) !     
/ructures1 includ+ ! dra9age1 light+1   
v5tilation1 signal+1 & electrification  
sy/ems1 w be giv5 9 succe$+ pap]s4      
,/ability ( ! ,sub-,riv] ,tunnels4--,"o 
( ! mo/ important que/ions connect$ ) ! 
design ( ^! tunnels 0 _! probable       
/ability "u ! long-cont9u$ action ( a   
heavy & rapid railroad traffic4 ,!      
tunnels are light] ?an ! mat]ials :i* !y
 displace ev5 :5 ! weight ( ! heavy live
 load is includ$4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,riv] ! "* (

 ! mat]ial seem$ to ju/ify ! conclusion 
t ! tunnels w\ld n be displac$ ev5 "u ! 
action ( ! live load4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,riv]1 
h[ev]1 ! tunnels are envelop$ by a s(t  
silt & x 0 at fir/ appreh5d$ t "s sy/em 
( supports w\ld be advisable to c>ry !  
heavy traffic & insure ! tunnels aga9/  
displacem5t "u its action4 ,to meet ?is 
cont+5cy1 :i* 0 !n believ$ to be a v    
s]i\s "o1 x 0 propos$ to s9k ca/-iron   
screw-piles ?r\gh ! bottom ( ea* tunnel 
into & ?r\gh ! und]ly+ silt until       
satisfactory be>+ mat]ial 0 rea*$4 ,!   
pile supports 7 work$ out 9 suffici5t   
detail to be embrac$ 9 ! contract = !   
con/ruction ( ^! tunnels1 ) provision1  
h[ev]1 = omitt+ !m %\ld x be det]m9$    
subsequ5tly t _! use 0 undesirable4 ,!  
contract plans conta9$ provisions =     
slid+ jo9ts :]e ! piles pass ?r\gh !    
tunnel floor1 s t ! live load might be  
c>ri$ directly to ! pile heads by a     
sy/em ( gird]s1 & also = atta*+ ! piles 
directly to ! tunnel1 ! two plans be+   
alt]natives4  ,inve/igations1 made dur+ 

! progress ( ! "w to det]m9e ! physical 
"* ( ! silt & its action on ! tunnels1  
sugge/$ ! possibility t ! use ( pile    
supports might be inadvisable4 ,?is view
 0 confirm$ by actual exp]i5ce 9 !      
op]ation ( ! tunnels ( ! ,hudson        
,companies betwe5 ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j41 &   
,morton ,/reet1 ,manhattan1 :i* 7 op5$  
to traffic 9 ,febru>y1 #aijh4 ,!        
/ability ( ^! tunnels "u traffic gave   
fur!r assurance t supports 7 unnecess>y 
"u ! ,nor? ,riv] tunnels ( !            
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 & !y 7 
!re=e disp5s$ )4  ,cross-,passages      
,betwe5 ! ,tunnels4--,! ,b]g5 ,hill     
tunnels1 ! l& portions ( ! ,nor? ,riv]  
tunnels & ! tunnels "u ,manhattan are   
connect$ by cross-passages at int]vals  
v>y+ f #ej to #cjj ft4 ,z x 0 ! desire (
 ! ,managem5t to provide e arrangem5t   
possible to insure ! safety ( its       
pass5g]s & employees & also to provide =
 ! conv5i5ce ( inspection1 ! "q (       
e/abli%+ cross-passages betwe5 ! tunnels
 "u ! riv]s 0 giv5 mo/ c>eful           

consid]ation4 ,! conclusion 0 f9ally    
rea*$ t su* passages z x 0 possible to  
con/ruct betwe5 ^! tunnels might        
increase in/ead ( dim9i% ! dang] 9 case 
( accid5t4 ,no m cross-passages h !re=e 
be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! sub-riv] sections1    
except 9 ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 :]e !re is a     
cross-passage & pump *amb] comb9$ betwe5
 ea* pair ( tunnels ab\t #gej ft4 f !   
,manhattan bulkhead l9e4   ,,probable   
,,results ,,( ,,! ,,improvem5ts4  ,9    
prec$+ pages ref]5ce has be5 made to !  
g5]al objects ( ! improvem5ts includ$ 9 
! project ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad    
,company = ! ,new ,york ,di/rict4 ,:ile 
x is impossible1 9 ?is introductory     
pap]1 to analyze fully ! transportation 
problem at ,new ,york1 x seems desirable
 to indicate briefly "s ( ! m obvi\s    
effects :i* ! improvem5ts may be expect$
 to produce ^u ! di/ribution & h&l+ (   
traffic4  ,new ,york ,city owes its     
position z ! bus9ess metropolis ( !     
c\ntry ma9ly to its magnific5t h>bor & !
 ext5sive wat]fronts on its deep1 wide  

riv]s1 :i* furni% unrival$ facilities1  
at a %ort di/ance f ! sea1 = =eign &    
dome/ic wat]-borne comm]ce1 its =eign   
comm]ce be+ ab\t half ! total = ! :ole  
c\ntry4 ,! wat]-transportation          
facilities ( ! port & its tribut>ies1   
!re=e1 h always be5 gu>d$ ) jeal\s c>e1 
n only by ! local comm]cial int]e/s b   
also by ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t4  ,dur+ rec5t
 ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! population ( !          
metropolitan di/rict has increas$ s     
enorm\sly t ,new ,york is n[ ! greate/  
t]m9al pass5g] & freight traffic c5t] 9 
! c\ntry2 & 9 manufactures x ranks fir/ 
among ,am]ican cities4 ,! new comm]cial 
int]e/s ?us creat$ are ( at lea/ equal  
importance ) ^? ( ! wat]-borne comm]ce1 
al?\gh _! exi/5ce & developm5t are      
l>gely ! result ( ! wat] facilities ( ! 
port4  ,! local pass5g] & freight       
traffic ( ! ,p5nsylvania & ( o!r        
railroads rea*+ ! we/ %ore ( ! ,nor?    
,riv] is conduct$ by c>-floats &        
f]ry-boats :i* deliv] _! loads at pi]s  
on ! ,manhattan wat]front & else:]e 9 ! 

h>bor4 ,^! boats ob/ruct & endang] !    
free navigation ( ! *annels & occupy    
space along ! wat]front greatly ne$$ = !
 accommodation ( ! long-di/ance         
wat]-borne comm]ce1 especially on !     
,nor? ,riv]4  ,9 ! ,ea/ ,riv] !         
importance ( f]ry-boats z a means (     
traffic di/ribution has already be5     
greatly r$uc$ by ! con/ruction ( bridges
 & tunnels :i* provide = ! great] "p ( !
 pass5g] & vehicul> traffic4 ,! ,nor?   
,riv]1 h[ev]1 by reason ( its great]    
wid? & ! comp>ative sl[ness ( its       
curr5ts1 is by f> ! m important wat]way 
= ! use ( ocean-go+ vessels ( ! l>g]    
classes4 ,9 ?is riv] ! conditions = !   
con/ruction ( bridges1 )9 ! limits (    
comm]cial conv5i5ce1 seem to be         
practically prohibitory4 ,tunnels1 = !  
transportation ( pass5g]s & ! div]sion (
 ! freight traffic f ! inn] wat]s ( !   
h>bor1 are app>5tly ! only available    
means ( relief4  ,:5 ! new l9e is 9     
op]ation1 a v l>ge "p ( ! ,new ,york    
pass5g] traffic ( ! ,p5nsylvania        

,railroad w be c>ri$ to ! ,new ,york    
,/ation at ,sev5? ,av5ue & #cc;d ,/reet 
& ! re/ w g to ,cortl&t ,/reet ?r\gh !  
,hudson ,company's tunnels4 ,?us a l>ge 
portion ( ! ,p5nsylvania pass5g] f]ry   
traffic1 :i* am\nts to m ?an #ia1jjj    
pass5g]s daily1 w be practically        
elim9at$ f ! wat]-transportation        
problem4 ,9 addition1 a l>ge "p ( !     
,long ,isl& ,railroad's pass5g]s w use !
 /ation at ,sev5? ,av5ue & #cc;d ,/reet1
 & its f]ry traffic w be r$uc$          
accord+ly4  ,! new arrangem5ts = !      
transf] ( freight f ,gre5ville to ,bay  
,ridge w relieve ! inn] wat]s ( ! h>bor 
( a l>ge volume ( ob/ructive c>-float   
traffic4 ,!re appe>s to be no reason :y 
?is traffic %\ld n be ev5tually conduct$
 ?r\gh tunnels "u ! out] h>bor1 %\ld    
future transportation conditions ju/ify 
! enorm\s co/ ( su* /ructures4  ,x is to
 be rem>k$ t :ile ^! new arrangem5ts    
greatly r$uce ! pass5g] & freight wat]  
transportation1 !y h no effect on ! l>ge
 vehicul> traffic across ! ,nor? ,riv]  

:i* mu/ cont9ue to be conduct$ by f]ries
 until x c be o!rwise provid$ =4 ,z long
 z ^! conditions exi/1 f]ry-boats mu/ be
 us$ 9 l>ge numb]s & cont9ue to ob/ruct 
! ,nor? ,riv]4 ,?is difficulty probably 
_c be ov]come by ! con/ruction (        
bridges1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 b x 
does n seem too mu* to expect t1        
ev5tually1 tunnels to provide = !       
vehicul> traffic1 l ! ,blackwall tunnel 
"u ! ,?ames1 w be e/abli%$ "u ! ,nor?   
,riv]4  ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to e/imate ! 
increase 9 railroad traffic capacity    
result+ f ^! improvem5ts1 b ! data      
requir$ = ?is purpose are n available4  
,"s idea ( ! increase 9 pass5g] traffic 
capacity result+ f ! e/abli%m5t ( !     
tunnel l9e may be obta9$ by comp>+ !    
propos$ daily tra9-movem5ts = ! new     
/ation ) ! tra9-movem5ts at o!r         
important railroad /ations4 ,! daily    
tra9-movem5ts ( six su* /ations are giv5
 9 ! foll[+ table3                      
,total tra9s     ,movem5t               
9 & out         at                      

= #bd h\rs4   maximum h\r4  ,j]sey ,city
                               #bha     
#bi ,broad ,/reet ,/ation1 ,philadelphia
        #ech              #dh ,union    
,/ation1 ,/4 ,l\is                  #dfb
              #hi ,s\? ,t]m9al ,/ation1 
,bo/on            #hfa              #hg 
,gr& ,c5tral ,/ation1 ,new ,york        
#ceg              #dd ,p5nsylvania      
,/ation1 ,new ,york,b         #ejj      
#ej      ,,footnotes3      ,footnote ,b3
 ,propos$ tra9 s]vice :5 ,/ation is     
op5$1 !     ultimate capacity ( !       
,/ation be+ 9 excess ( #a1jjj tra9s p]  
day4  ,! freight capacity ( !           
,p5nsylvania ,sy/em at ,new ,york has   
be5 greatly enl>g$ by ! con/ruction ( ! 
,gre5ville ,y>d & ! facilities connect$ 
!re)1 b x is impossible to e/imate !    
am\nt ( ?is increase4 ,h[ev]1 x is wor?y
 ( rem>k t1 dur+ ! p]iod f #aijj to     
#aijf1 ! freight traffic d5sity on !    
directly-op]at$ l9es ( ! ,p5nsylvania   
,railroad ,company increas$ f #c1bfh1ccj
 to #d1gdb1jha ton-miles p] mile ( road1

 a gr[? ( ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ,d\btless ! 
improv$ freight facilities ( ! ,new     
,york ,di/rict _h a l>ge influ5ce 9 !   
developm5t ( ?is increase4  ,"o ( ! mo/ 
int]e/+ po9ts connect$ ) ?is developm5t 
( traffic facilities is its influ5ce on 
! relative di/ribution ( population 9 ! 
diff]5t p>ts ( ! metropolitan di/rict4  
,9 #aijg ! population p] acre ( !       
diff]5t divisions ( ,great] ,new ,york 0
 report$ z foll[s3 ,manhattan1 #aeg2    
,brooklyn1 #bi2 ,bronx1 #ad2 ,que5s1 #c2
 ,ri*mond1 #b4 ,! effect ( new l9es     
connect+ "s ( ^! di/ricts1 & sections ( 
,new ,j]sey n f> f ! ,nor? ,riv]1 ) !   
bus9ess c5t] ( ! city w und\bt$ly be to 
increase greatly _! population-d5sity4  
,x does n seem probable t !             
population-d5sity ( ,manhattan w be     
s5sibly r$uc$ by ^! improvem5ts1 = !y   
/imulate ! increase ( population1 &     
app>5tly no increase ( transportation   
facilities c keep up ) ! gr[? ( ! city4 
,! population ( a great comm]cial city  
mu/ be conge/$ ne> ! bus9ess c5t]4 ,?is 

is a necess>y condition ( its exi/5ce4  
,all t c be done to meet ?is condition  
is to provide all possible facilities = 
mov+ ! p into & out ( ! bus9ess di/ricts
 & )9 its limits4  ,dur+ rec5t ye>s !   
bus9ess population ( ! l[] "p ( !       
,bor\gh ( ,manhattan has become greatly 
conge/$4 ,v high build+s1 provid+       
bus9ess accommodations = l>ge numb]s (  
p1 h be5 con/ruct$1 & ^! p mu/ move to &
 f _! work+ places at ab\t ! same times1
 t is1 at ! ru% h\rs 9 ! morn+ &        
aft]noon1 at ! beg9n+ & end+ ( ! work+  
day4 ,e ef=t has be5 made to provide =  
?is imm5se & rapidly increas+ local     
pass5g] traffic1 by ! con/ruction (     
surface1 elevat$1 & subt]ranean         
railways2 b ! dem& = transportation has 
increas$ mu* fa/] ?an ! facilities c be 
provid$1 & x is evid5t t ! limit (      
d[n-t[n pass5g] traffic facilities has  
be5 v ne>ly rea*$4  ,app>5tly1 ! only   
rem$y = ^! conditions is ! movem5t (    
bus9ess & ! p transact+ x up-t[n or to !
 ,bor\ghs ( ,brooklyn & ,que5s1 :i* are 

n[ readily accessible by tunnels &      
subways4 ,?is movem5t1 ( c\rse1 is      
resi/$ by ! great real e/ate & money    
int]e/s c5t]$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! city1 b1   
not)/&+ ?is resi/ance1 ! improvem5t has 
comm5c$ & has rapidly advanc$4 ,! great 
retail h\ses are be+ e/abli%$ above     
#bc;d ,/reet2 ! banks & brok]s' (fices  
are rapidly appe>+ ar\nd ! new bus9ess  
c5t] ( ! city4 ,! facilities af=d$ by ! 
telephone & ! subway = communication ) !
 money c5t] h d\btless greatly promot$  
?is up-t[n movem5t4  ,:5 ! ,p5nsylvania 
,tunnel ,ext5sion is 9 op]ation1 !      
easie/ & quicke/ way = ! pass5g] to rea*
 ! city f ,new>k w br+ him into !       
,p5nsylvania ,/ation at ,sev5? ,av5ue & 
#cc;d ,/reet4 ,! s*$ule fa/ "t f ,new>k 
to ! ,new ,york ,cortl&t ,/reet ,/ation 
is n[ #be m94 ,?is may be r$uc$ to ab\t 
#ah m94 by ! use ( ! ,hudson ,company's 
tunnels1 & :ile ?is involves inconv5i5ce
 9 *ang+ transportation at ,j]sey ,city1
 yet x br+s ! travel] ?ree blocks ne>]  
,broadway4 ,! "t f ,new>k to !          

,p5nsylvania ,/ation w be ab\t #ag m941 
& ! trip w be made )\t *ange (          
transportation1 s t1 und\bt$ly1 by f> ! 
great] "p ( ! ,p5nsylvania's pass5g]    
traffic desir+ to rea* ! %opp+ & hotel  
c5t] ( ! city w g to ! new up-t[n       
/ation4  ,! effect ( ! ,tunnel ,ext5sion
 9 increas+ ! volume & rapidity ( !     
up-t[n movem5t & ! real e/ate values w  
be v great2 inde$1 its influ5ce is      
already app>5t1 al?\gh ! l9e is n yet   
op5$ = traffic4 ,) ! ext5sion ( ! pres5t
 subway d[n t[n on ! we/ side ) direct  
connections to ,brooklyn1 & up t[n f    
#db;d ,/reet to ! ,bronx1 ) connections 
to p]mit conv5i5t transf]s betwe5 ^! two
 /raightaway subways--"o on ! ea/ side &
 ! o!r on ! we/ side ( ,manhattan--!    
,p5nsylvania ,/ation w become a great   
c5t] = receiv+ & di/ribut+ pass5g]      
traffic betwe5 all ! ,bor\ghs ( ! ,city 
& outly+ po9ts4 ,! new po/ (fice to be  
e/abli%$ adjac5t to ! ,t]m9al ,/ation w 
also greatly assi/ 9 accel]at+ ! up-t[n 
movem5t4  ,9 conclud+ ?is acc\nt ( !    

,new ,york ,tunnel ,ext5sion project1 ! 
writ] desires to pay a tribute (        
admiration & respect to ! memory ( !    
late ,a4 ,j4 ,cassatt1 ,presid5t ( !    
,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company1 to :om 
! conception1 design1 & execution ( !   
project are ma9ly due4 ,8 education &   
exp]i5ce z a civil eng9e]1 8 ?or\gh k ( 
all ! details ( railroad con/ruction1   
op]ation1 & managem5t1 ga9$ by long &   
v>i$ s]vice1 ! directness1 cle>ness1 &  
/r5g? ( 8 m9d1 & 8 great executive      
ability1 plac$ him at ! head ( !        
railroad m5 ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 !            
consid]ation ( great problems1 :e!r (   
transportation1 f9ance1 comm]ce1 or     
political economy1 he 0 almo/ unequal$1 
ow+ to ! bread?1 orig9ality1 &          
decisiv5ess ( 8 "*2 yet 8 mann] to 8    
subord9ates 0 s direct & simple t he    
seem$ unconsci\s ( 8 own sup]iority4    
,great z x is1 ! ,new ,york plan (      
improvem5t is only "o item 9 a f>-rea*+ 
s*eme ( developm5t :i* became ! policy (
 ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad ,company ?r\gh

 ,mr4 ,cassatt's advice & influ5ce1 yet 
8 /ronge/ int]e/ 0 d\btless c5t]$ 9 !   
,new ,york works4 ,x is ! s9c]e regret (
 all connect$ ) ! design & execution ( !
 project t he did n live to see its     
completion4      ,,footnotes3           
,footnote ,a3 ,brigadi]-,g5]al1 ,u4 ,s4 
,army1 ,retir$2 ,*airman1     ,bo>d (   
,eng9e]s1 ,p5nsylvania ,tunnel & ,t]m9al
 ,r4 ,r4 ,co4