,illustration3 ',here comes the big black hen4' ,page #he4 ,,chambers',s ,,elementary ,,science ,,readers ,,book ,i4 ,,with ,,object ,,lessons ,,and ,,illustrations ,,london3 #ch ,soho ,square1 ,w4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,chambers1 ,,limited ,,edinburgh3 #cci ,high ,street ,,chambers',s ,,elementary ,,science ,,readers4 ,with ,object ,lessons and ,attractive ,illustrations4 ,book ,i4 for ,standard ,i4 #adj pages4 ,price #i;d4 ,book ,,ii4 for ,standard ,,ii4 #adh pages4 ,price #aj;d4 ,book ,,iii4 for ,standard ,,iii4 #aif pages4 ,price #as4 ,,chambers',s ,,object ,,lesson ,,manuals4 ,with ,lists of ,apparatus1 ,numerous ,illustrations1 and ,blackboard ,summaries4 ,,books ,i41 ,,ii41 and ,,iii4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 each4 ,complete in ,one ,volume1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,chambers',s ,,object ,,lesson ,,sheets4 ,a ,series of ,twenty-one ,illustrative ,diagrams for ,standards ,i41 ,,ii41 and ,,iii4 ,printed in ,black and ,white on ,stout ,manilla ,paper1 size #bi by #bc inches4 ,strongly mounted on ,roller1 #abs4 #f;d4 per ,set4 ,separate sheets can also be had1 #f;d4 each2 or ,eyeletted1 #g;d4 each4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,chambers1 ,,limited1 ,,london ,,and ,,edinburgh4 ,p4 #aiab4 ,,contents4 7,the ,titles of ,poetical ,pieces are in ,italics47 ,,page ,the ,cat--,part #a #g #b #i ,the ,dog #ab ,buttercups #ae ,daisies and ,buttercups #ai ,wheat--,part #a #bj #b #bc ,slate--,part #a #bf #b #bi ,chalk--,part #a #ca #b #cd ,the ,mouse #cf ,the ,field-,mouse #ci ,the ,rabbit #da ,ivy #dc ,a ,tree #dg ,bricks #ej ,a ,donkey #ec ,sheep #ee ,the ,sheep #eh ,turnips #ei ,green ,peas--,part #a #fb #b #fe ,iron and ,metal #fg ,the ,fairy ,ring #gj ,needles--,part #a #ga #b #gc #c #ge #d #gh ,the ,knife #hj ,the ,hen #hc ,the ,sparrow #hf ,a ,day in the ,country #hh ,some ,herbs #ij ,coffee #ic ,paper #if ,a ,fly #ii ,the ,wasp #ajb ,the ,sunflower #ajd ,merry ,workers #ajg ,the ,rose #ajh ,wood #aaa ,coal--,part #a #aac #b #aaf ,fire #aai ,,object ,,lessons4 ,,page ,the ,cat #aba ,the ,dog #abb ,buttercups #abb ,wheat #abc ,slate #abd ,chalk #abd ,the ,mouse #abe ,the ,rabbit #abe ,ivy #abf ,a ,tree #abg ,bricks #abg ,the ,donkey #abh ,sheep #abi ,turnips #abi ,green ,peas #acj ,iron and ,metal #acj ,needles #aca ,the ,knife #acb ,the ,hen #acc ,the ,sparrow #acc ,herbs #acd ,coffee #acd ,paper #ace ,the ,fly #acf ,the ,wasp #acf ,the ,sunflower #acg ,the ,rose #ach ,wood #ach ,coal #aci ,fire #adj ,,chambers',s ,,science ,,readers4 ,,book ,i4 ,illustration3 ,he sat down on the rug with her4 ,,the ,,cat4 ,,part #a4 walk-ing watched ground shak-ing thought stroked fore-paws toes knew smooth yawn stretched sheaths won-der mis-take claw #a4 ,pussy came walking along the garden-path4 ,harry watched her1 and saw that she did not like the damp ground4 #b4 ,she jumped over the pools1 and then began to run1 shaking her paws as she got to the house4 #c4 ',now1 a dog does not mind wet feet1' ,harry thought2 'he will go into the water1 but ,pussy will never go into the water4 #d4 ',she does not even use water to wash herself4 ,come here1 ,pussy6 ,you don't like to wet your nice fur1 do you8' #e4 ,as ,harry was always kind to pussy1 she let him pick her up and carry her into the house4 #f4 ,he sat down on the rug with her1 and stroked her glossy back4 ,one of her fore-paws rested on his hand1 and he began to look at it4 #g4 ',here are five toes1' he said1 'but what funny toes they are6' ,he gently turned the paw over1 and saw the sharp nails drawn in under the fur4 #h4 ,the cat knew that he would not hurt her1 so she kept her claws in1 and let him feel them on the outside4 #i4 ,he found under the paw a soft smooth pad4 ',now ,i know how it is that she can walk so softly6' he said4 ',this must help her to walk in that way4' #aj4 ,here pussy gave a great yawn1 and stretched out both her paws1 claws and all4 ,harry saw the sharp nails like hooks1 and watched them go back into their sheaths4 ,then she curled herself up on his lap4 #aa4 ,he took hold of one of her hind-feet1 and found only four toes upon it4 ',i wonder if this is a mistake1' he said1 'or if the other one is the same4' ,yes1 it was just the same3 there were four toes1 with a claw at the end of each4 ,illustration3 ,cat's ,paw4 ,,the ,,cat ,,part #b4 knives bot-tom should tear-ing poured clean sauc-er tongue touch rough kit-chen cous-ins coun-tries peo-ple thought be-lieve #a4 ',what long sharp teeth she has got6' cried ,harry1 as pussy sat up and opened her mouth4 ',they look like knives4 ,there are two at the top1 and two at the bottom6 #b4 ',i should not like my finger to be in the way when you shut your mouth4 ,your teeth must be for tearing and cutting3 ,i am sure you do not chew your food as ,i have to do4 #c4 ',and what a way you have of drinking6 ',here1 pussy1 would you like some milk8' said ,harry1 and getting up1 he poured a little milk into a clean saucer4 #d4 ,the cat ran to it1 and ,harry went down on the floor close by to watch her drinking it4 #e4 ,he saw that pussy's tongue was not smooth like his own1 but had tiny points all over it4 ,it came into his mind that she had once licked his face1 and her tongue had a 'scrapy' feeling4 #f4 ',do it again1 pussy1 dear1' he said1 but she went on lapping up the milk4 ',may ,i touch your tongue1 then1 with one of my fingers8' #g4 ,but pussy did not like this4 ,then ,harry took a drop or two of the milk into the palm of his hand4 ,and when the cat had taken all she had in the saucer1 she came and licked up the milk in his hand4 #h4 ,she went on licking even when all was gone1 and ,harry was able in this way to feel how rough her tongue was4 #i4 ,just then his mother came into the kitchen1 and ,harry told her what he had been doing4 ,she asked3 ',have you looked at pussy's eyes8' #aj4 ',they are funny eyes1' he said2 'they are green1 but there is not much of them to be seen4' ',not just now1' said his mother1 'but she can open them wide when she likes4 ,then she can see even in the dark4' #aa4 ',in the dark1 mother8 ,well1 she is not a bit like me6' ',no1 she is not like you4 ,but she has plenty of cousins4 ,her cousins are the big lions and tigers1 that live in hot countries1 and eat sheep and horses1 and even people when they can get them4' #ab4 ,harry thought a little1 and then said3 ',if ,i were as small as pussy is now1 and if pussy were as big as ,i am now1 ,i believe she would eat me6' ,,the ,,dog4 fol-lowed moth-er hun-gry lone-ly win-dow noise la-zy be-cause watched friend bur-ied e-nough ,ber-nard shep-herd wrong talk-ing #a4 ,a poor lost dog followed ,harry and his little sister home from school1 and tried to come into the house4 ,illustration #b4 ,they shut the door2 but1 when they opened it again1 the dog was still there4 #c4 ,he looked so sad that they begged their mother to give him some food4 ,then they said3 ',we can't turn him out again to be hungry and lonely6 ,let us keep him till some one comes for him4' ,and very soon all three were happy at play in the garden4 #d4 ,the cat sat up on a window-sill1 and looked at them4 ,she did not seem to like the fun4 ,what a noise they all made6 #e4 ',how much nicer he is to play with than pussy6' said ,dora4 ',he is not nearly so lazy as pussy4 #f4 ',look1 he is wagging his tail with joy6 ,now1 if pussy wags her tail1 it means that she is cross4 ,but ,i think ,i like her round face better than his sharp one4' #g4 ',i don't1' said ,harry4 ',see how bright he is1 and how he looks as if he would like to do something for us6' #h4 ',that is because we have been kind to him4 ,hi1 good dog6' and ,dora threw her ball to the very end of the garden1 and watched her new friend run after it4 #i4 ',do you think1 ,harry1' she asked1 'that he would save us if we were buried in the snow8' ,illustration3 ,st ,bernard ,dog4 ',no1 he is not a dog of that kind1 and is not big enough4 ,the big ,st ,bernard dogs save people when they are lost in the snow4 #aj4 ',but all dogs are good for something4 ,look at the shepherd's dog4' ',what can he do8' #aa4 ',oh1 he is a wise fellow6 ,he knows just where his master means the sheep to go1 and1 if they go the wrong way1 he turns them back1 and never hurts one of them4 ,why1 the shepherd does nothing but walk on1 telling the dog now and again what to do4' ,illustration3 ,the ,sheep ,dog4 #ab4 ,here a dog barked on the road outside1 and the dog in the garden pricked up his ears and barked too4 ',they are talking to each other1' said ,dora4 ,,buttercups4 chil-dren flow-ers dai-sy chains hun-gry bas-ket ought but-ter piec-es hair-y yel-low threads mid-dle break leaves seeds #a4 ,one day the children were out in the fields1 running races1 picking flowers1 and making daisy-chains6 #b4 ,when they began to feel tired and hungry1 they got milk and cake out of mother's basket1 and had a long rest on the dry1 warm grass4 #c4 ',how these buttercups shine6' said ,dora2 'they look like gold6' ',gold-cups1 they ought to be called1 not butter-cups1' said ,harry4 ',they look like cups1 don't they8' #d4 ',but they would not hold water like real cups4 ,look at this one2 it is in five pieces4' #e4 ',five8 ,oh yes6 ,and look underneath4 ,there is another sort of cup with five leaves in it4' ',only it is not bright and golden1 but green and hairy4' #f4 ',now1 you found that out1 and ,i found the five yellow leaves4 ,it is my turn again4 ,i can see yellow threads standing up in a ring all round the middle of the cup1 and their tops are thick4' #g4 ',it is my turn now6 ,in the very middle there is a green heap4 ,it looks as if the yellow threads were taking care of it4' ',oh1 the heap is all made up of little round things6 ,look1 ,i can pull it to pieces4' ,illustration3 ,butter-cup4 #h4 ',so can ,i1' said ,harry2 'here is one1 here is another6 ,they are not round after all1 do you see8 ,each is round at the bottom1 but has a little bent horn at the top4' #i4 ',they must be seeds4 ,i will break one open4 ,oh no6 ,just look1 there is a little ball inside4 ,have you found a ball in yours8' ',yes1 there is a ball in every one4 ,it must be a seed1 or a little egg4' #aj4 ',birds have eggs1' said ,dora1 'plants have seeds4' ',well1 it is all the same thing1' said ,harry4 ',i think the green thing with a horn is only a case to take care of the seed4' #aa4 ',all these things seem to take care of each other4 ,first1 the green leaves at the back take care of the yellow cup4' ',and the yellow cup takes care of the yellow threads4' ',and the yellow threads take care of the green cases4' ',and the green cases take care of the seeds4' ,illustration ,,daisies ,,and ,,buttercups4 ,illustration3 ,daisies4 mead-ows stalk cov-ered yel-low maid-en light-ly ten-der tread win-ter cun-ning dai-sy straight ground chil-dren moss-y but-ter ,i4 #a4 ,i'm a pretty little thing1 ,always coming with the spring2 ,in the meadows green ,i'm found1 ,peeping just above the ground4 ,and my stalk is covered flat ,with a white and yellow hat4 #b4 ,little maiden1 when you pass ,lightly o'er the tender grass1 ,step aside and do not tread ,on my meek and lowly head2 ,for ,i always seem to say1 ',chilly winter's gone away4' ,,ii4 #a4 ,i'm a cunning little thing1 ,coming also with the spring4 ,near the daisy ,i am found1 ,standing straight above the ground2 ,and my head is covered flat ,with a glossy1 yellow hat4 #b4 ,little children1 when you pass ,through the tall and waving grass1 ,do not pluck1 but gently tread ,near my low and mossy bed2 ,for ,i always seem to say1 ',milk and butter fresh to-day4' ,,wheat4 ,,part #a4 field fa-ther wheat plough bas-ket watched threw har-row grains east morn-ing earth joints be-lieve for-est stalks #a4 ,there was a very little field at the bottom of the garden1 and father made up his mind to grow wheat in it4 #b4 ,a friend kindly lent him a horse and plough1 and the soil was quickly turned over4 ,a few days afterwards the seed was sown4 #c4 ,the children helped to do this4 ,they got up very early one morning and went out with their father4 ,harry had a bag full of wheat1 and ,dora had a little basket4 ,illustration #d4 ,they watched what their father did1 then dipped their hands into the wheat1 and threw it out over the earth4 #e4 ,after that1 the horse came again with a harrow1 to cover the seed over with soil1 and it was left to grow4 #f4 ,it seemed strange to think that those little hard grains would grow up to be tall plants and have other grains upon them4 #g4 ',i hope we shall have some nice soft rain1' said father1 as they left the field4 #h4 ,many days went by1 rain came again and again4 ,there was sunshine1 too2 but sometimes the east winds blew4 #i4 ,dora and ,harry went out every morning to look at the field4 ,but they always came in saying that there was nothing but brown earth to be seen4 #aj4 ,at last1 one morning they came in running and jumping4 ',our wheat is up6 ,there are tiny green leaves all over the field6' #aa4 ,after this there was always something fresh to see4 ,the wheat-plants grew taller1 and put out long leaves4 #ab4 ,dora said one day that they looked like grass1 and her mother told her that wheat was a large kind of grass4 ',look at the shape of the leaves1' she said1 'and the joints in the stems4' #ac4 ,the wheat soon grew so tall that it stood above the heads of the children4 ,they used to go in among it1 and make believe that they were lost in a great forest4 #ad4 ,one day1 when they were lost like this1 they saw that the tops of the stalks had opened4 ,inside there were green stems with green ears upon them4 ,,wheat4 ,,part #b4 heard talk-ing har-vest sup-per seemed sur-prise rail-way heav-y truck mean flour lis-ten han-dle min-utes treat tea #a4 ,every day the ears grew larger and harder1 and then they began to look yellow4 #b4 ,the children1 too1 heard their father and mother talking about their golden grain1 and saying it was ripe4 #c4 ,at last1 one very hot day1 they found that the time had come to cut the wheat4 ,a kind friend came to help1 and ,harry and ,dora and the new dog jumped about and ran in and out1 and thought that they helped too4 #d4 ,the children talked much about their harvest1 and mother made them a harvest-supper4 ,what a day it was6 #e4 ,it seemed so odd to have a bin full of grain just like the grain they had sown in the spring4 #f4 ,and now there was a great surprise for them4 ,a railway-man came with a heavy box on a truck1 and when the box was opened1 what do you think there was inside8 ,a mill--a fine new wheat-mill6 #g4 ',we do not need now to go to the miller6' said mother1 looking very glad4 ',we are going to have a miller in our own house--no1 two millers1 ,i ought to say6' #h4 ',two millers6' cried ,harry4 ',do you mean ,harry and me8' asked ,dora4 ',yes1 my dear children1 ,i mean you4 ,you are going to be my dusty millers6 #i4 ',i will show you how much you are to grind1 just a little every day4 ,you must put it into this big red pan1 and cover it up1 and when ,i want to bake ,i shall always have plenty of flour ready4 #aj4 ',and listen6 ,you shall have a penny each every week for doing the work4' ,at this ,dora and ,harry jumped for joy1 clapped their hands1 and ran to their mother to hug her4 #aa4 ,then she put some of the wheat into the mill1 took hold of the handle1 and made the wheel go round4 ,harry next took his turn1 and ,dora hers1 and in a few minutes they found in the box below a heap of nice soft flour4 #ab4 ',now1' said mother1 'let us give father a treat when he comes home6 ,we will make some nice cakes with this flour1 and have them for tea6 ,grind a little more1 dear millers1 while ,i make up the fire4' ,illustration ,,slate4 ,,part #a4 rid-dle ex-act-ly guessed won-der bought ,sat-ur-day sup-pose fin-gers met-al smooth re-mem-ber piece #a4 ',what is the oldest thing in this room8' asked the mother one day4 ',is this a riddle8' ',no1 not exactly4' #b4 ,dora guessed one thing1 and ,harry another1 and at last they gave up guessing4 ',unless1' said ,harry1 'it is the fender1 or the poker4' #c4 ',it is very likely that the thing you were drawing on just now is older than any of those4' #d4 ',that slate8 ,why1 mother6' cried the children1 opening their eyes wide with wonder1 'you bought it only last ,saturday6' ',so ,i did4 ,but it was not made last ,saturday4' #e4 ',no1 ,i suppose the man cut it1 and made the frame1 and fixed it on before that4' ',perhaps on ,friday1' said ,dora4 #f4 ',but the slate itself1' the mother went on1 'where did that come from8 ,did the man make it8' ,harry and ,dora looked well at it1 turned it over1 rubbed their fingers on it1 and said they did not know4 #g4 ',well1 would you say it is like wood1 or like stone1 or is it metal like the poker8 ,is it a kind of wood1 do you think8 ,did it ever grow8' ',i think it must be a sort of rock1 or stone1' said ,harry1 'only very smooth and thin4' #h4 ',the man who worked at it before it came to the shop made it smooth and cut it thin4 ,it was not smooth and thin at first4 ,but you are quite right2 it is a sort of stone4' ,illustration3 ,a ,slate ,quarry #i4 ',it is as cold as a stone1' said ,dora1 putting it against her face4 ',do you remember1 ,harry1 how cold our hands were in winter when we did sums8 ,yes1 and it is very hard4 ,i am sure it is a piece of rock4' ,,slate4 ,,part #b4 should laughed high-er thought laugh-ing pur-pose prop-er-ly please set-tled hap-pened deal dead weighted through heaved brok-en #a4 ',i should like to see a rock all made of slate6 ,have you ever seen one1 mother8' ',yes1 many1 dear4 ,but there are none near4' ,then she laughed a little4 ',but if you like to go just outside the door you will see rows and rows of slates4' #b4 ,out they ran1 looked all over the ground1 then at the garden-wall1 then back at their mother1 who had come to the door4 ',look at the house1' she said1 'look higher6' #c4 ',oh1 we never thought of the roof1' they cried1 and ran in again laughing4 ',but those slates are not so nice and smooth as our slates4' ',your slates are made smooth on purpose4 ,besides1 they are made of better slate--older slate4 ,the older the slate is the better it is4' #d4 ',how old8' ',no one knows4 ,it is a long story1 and no one can tell it properly4 ,shall ,i tell you as much as ,i know8' ',yes1 do1 please1 mother6' and the two settled themselves at her feet4 #e4 ',well1' she began1 'once upon a time there was a great stir at the bottom of the sea4 ,the heat and gas under the ground broke through and pushed out everything that was in the way4 #f4 ',stones1 ashes1 and dust came flying up through the water1 and then fell back into the water again4 ,when all was quiet1 they settled down at the bottom of the sea1 and became mud4 #g4 ',all this happened many times1 till there was a great deal of mud4 ,then1 little by little1 the mud was covered up by other things4' #h4 ',what sort of things8' ',dead fish1 perhaps1 and shells1 and sand and mud that had been brought by rivers into the sea4 ,these things lay on the top of the mud and weighed it down4 #i4 ',the heat under the bottom of the sea still kept up1 and made the mud very hot1 and baked it through4 ,at last it gave a great push1 and heaved the mud up above the water1 so that it became dry land4 #aj4 ',in other ways it was made harder and harder1 until it was turned into rock4 ,and now we call it slate4 ,here is a bit of your old broken slate4 ,see if you can turn it into mud again6' ,,chalk4 ,,part #a4 a-cross morn-ing chalk-ing picked piece teach-er black-board spread-ing wheat col-ours fetch laughed earth brown moist through #a4 ,a few days after this1 ,dora and ,harry were going across the fields4 ,they saw a horse and cart standing1 and a man taking white stones out of the cart and putting them over the ground4 #b4 ',why1 it is ,joe6' they cried1 as they came nearer4 ',good-morning1 ,joe4 ,what are you doing8' ',chalking this bit of land1 you see4 ,you know what chalk is1 do you8' #c4 ,harry and ,dora picked up a piece or two4 ',teacher writes on the blackboard with chalk1' they said4 ',yes1 you are right4 ,it is used for many things1' and he went on spreading it over the field4 #d4 ',but what is it wanted here for1 ,joe8' ',no chalk1 no wheat6' said ,joe4 ',father put no chalk on our field1 and we had such a heap of wheat6' #e4 ',yours is good land4 ,this up here has never been used for farming4 ,it had little old trees on it1 you know1 and they were cut down and their roots dug out of the ground2 and now1 look at it6 ,it is poor soil4' #f4 ',how do you know it is poor8' ',look at the field below1 what a nice brown it is6 ,that will grow anything1 but this is all colours--black1 red1 yellow1 and green4 #g4 ',i have been a long way to fetch this chalk3 ,i started off with old ,dobbin this morning before it was light1 and got it out of the chalk-pit4' #h4 ',when we were fast asleep6' said ,dora4 ',then you don't buy chalk at a shop8' said ,harry4 ,joe laughed4 ',no2 it comes out of the ground4' ',this is like the slate story1' said ,dora4 ,harry nodded4 #i4 ',but1 ,joe1 ,i want to know how the chalk makes the ground good4' ',i don't know how1 but it does4 ,if it lies here for a year or more1 the earth will turn brown1 and we can grow wheat in it4 ,besides1 chalk holds water1 and so it will keep the ground moist up here4' #aj4 ',how8' ',well1 when it rains1 the water will not run away through the earth1 but will stay in the lumps of chalk4 ,are you going8 ,good-bye1 then4' ,,chalk4 ,,part #b4 ,illustration3 ',fizz and bubble1 bubble and fizz4' eve-ning brought vin-e-gar bub-ble air stirred poured grains hun-dreds smiled crowds threads catch died dropped mixed #a4 ,the children had much to say that evening about ,joe and the field4 ,they had brought home a lump of chalk4 #b4 ',i will show you something1' said father1 and he got a cup of vinegar1 crushed a little of the chalk1 and dropped it into the cup4 ,fizz and bubble1 bubble and fizz6 #c4 ,what was going on8 ,when the stir came to an end1 the chalk was not there6 ',part of it has gone off in gas1' their father said4 ',the rest is lime1 and it is mixed with the vinegar4' #d4 ',we did not see any gas1' said ,harry4 ',you can't see gas4 ,it is like air4 ,all those bubbles were made by the gas4 ,it went out of the cup into the air4 ',now1 get a cup of water4 ,come along6 ,where is your chalk8' #e4 ,father rubbed some of it into the water1 and stirred it up4 ,the water now looked like milk4 ,father poured it into the sink1 and showed ,harry and ,dora1 at the bottom of the cup1 a great many tiny grains4 #f4 ',those little round things1' he said1 'are shells4' ',shells6' said ,dora1 trying to see them better4 ',were live things ever in them8' asked ,harry1 and put a finger into the cup to fish some out4 #g4 ',yes1 long1 long ago4 ,that bit of chalk had hundreds and hundreds of shells in it4 ,now1 mother1 it is your turn6 ,i have had mine4 ,what do you know about chalk8' #h4 ,mother smiled and began3 ',there was once a very deep sea1 full of live things1 little and big4 ,and on the top of the water were crowds of tiny things in shells1 that put out long arms like threads to catch their food4 #i4 ',when they died they all dropped to the bottom of the sea1 and lay there4 ,the shells were so very little that they made a sort of mud when they were mixed with the water4 ',and now the mud is dry1 and we call it chalk6' ,,the ,,mouse4 an-i-mal noise mouse cheese har-vest stalk should four tail nib-ble young beasts squeak hours leaves catch #a4 ,harry came running in one day to say that he had seen a little animal in the field4 #b4 ',it ran so fast1 ,i could hardly see it4 ,i looked a long time for it1 and so did ,dora1 but we could not find it4 ,now1 what do you think it could be1 mother8' ,illustration #c4 ,then in came ,dora1 ',it had a long tail1 and was very little1 and made no noise at all4' #d4 ',it may have been a mouse1' said their mother2 'very likely it was4' ',but mice live indoors1 do they not1 and eat cheese1 and run about in the walls1 and make holes8' #e4 ',how do you know all this8' ',i have heard them at grandmother's1' said ,harry4 ',do they ever live out of doors8' #f4 ',a good many do4 ,there is a pretty little thing called a harvest-mouse4 ,it makes a nest like a bird's1 and hangs it up on a stalk of wheat4' ,illustration3 ,the ,harvest ,mouse and ,nest4 #g4 ',i wish there had been one in our wheat6' said ,dora4 ',i should like to see the little nest and the baby-mice peeping out4 ,they must be very1 very small4' #h4 ',yes1 the harvest-mouse is the very smallest four-footed animal we have4 ,then there is a field-mouse with a long tail1 and a field-mouse with a short tail4 ,mr ,short-tail likes to nibble at young trees4' ',ah1 that is not our mouse6 ,he had a long tail4' #i4 ',and then there is a wood-mouse4' ',has he a short tail or long tail8' asked ,harry4 ',long4 ,i must tell you about a man who used to go out in the night in wild places to see what birds and beasts were doing when most of us were in bed4 #aj4 ',one of the things he found out was that field-mice could sing6' ',don't they squeak8' ',yes2 and he often heard them go on for hours making a kind of singing4 #aa4 ',sometimes they were close by him as he lay on the ground1 and he would put out his hand to catch one4 ,but when he opened it again it was full of grass or moss or leaves2 and there was no mouse4' ',did he never catch one8' ',never4' ,,the ,,field-,,mouse4 tum-bles ber-ry brown mer-ry scarce-ly weath-er nib-bling fruits farm-er stacks treas-ure pleas-ure reared un-der-neath shad-ow mead-ow #a4 ,where the acorn tumbles down1 ,where the ash-tree sheds its berry1 ,with your fur so soft and brown1 ,with your eyes so soft and merry1 ,scarcely moving the long grass1 ,field-mouse1 ,i can see you pass4 #b4 ,little thing1 in what dark den1 ,lie you all the winter sleeping1 ,till warm weather comes again8 ,then once more ,i see you peeping ,round about the tall tree roots1 ,nibbling at their fallen fruits4 #c4 ,field-mouse1 field-mouse1 do not go1 ,where the farmer stacks his treasure2 ,find the nut that falls below1 ,eat the acorn at your pleasure2 ,but you must not eat the grain1 ,he has reared with so much pain4 #d4 ,make your hole where mosses spring1 ,underneath the tall oak's shadow1 ,pretty1 quiet1 harmless thing1 ,play about the sunny meadow2 ,keep away from corn and house1 ,none will harm you1 little mouse4 ,illustration ,,the ,,rabbit4 ,illustration3 ',oh1 look at that one going into a hole4' moth-er rab-bits dare-say friends ,sat-ur-day an-i-mals morn-ing beat-ing knock fight meant dan-ger #a4 ,harry and ,dora were coming home with their mother from a long walk1 when they saw some rabbits playing about on the grass4 #b4 ,they wished to stay and watch them1 and the three sat down on a log a little way off4 ',oh1 look at that one going into a hole6' said ,dora4 ',see his funny tail4 ,why is he going into a hole8' #c4 ',that is his house1' said their mother4 ',i daresay he is sleepy and wants to go to bed4' ',he goes early1 then1 like the birds8' ',yes1 about sunset4 ,he gets up a little before sunrise4 #d4 ',there goes another6 ,they will soon all be gone4' ',then we can look at their houses8' ',only at their front doors4 ,if you were to sit quite still over there in the day-time1 you would see the rabbits popping in and out4 #e4 ',after a time they would find out that you were their friends1 and then you would be able to watch their doings4' #f4 ,then mother told them more about the man who often stayed out all night to see what animals did4 ',one morning1 before it was quite light1 he heard a tap-tap near him1 and saw a rabbit beating on the ground with his hind-feet close to another rabbit's hole4 #g4 ',he saw him go to another hole and tap there1 and then to another4 ,some holes he passed and did not knock at all4 ',at last he had just begun tap-tapping in front of a hole1 when out rushed a big rabbit4 ,they began to fight1 and they both rolled down to the bottom of the hill4 #h4 ',the man often saw rabbits tapping like this4 ,sometimes two or three would come out to speak to the one that tapped1 and they seemed to have a friendly chat4 #i4 ',there was another sound they could make with their hind-feet4 ,if one of them made it1 the others would run into their holes as fast as they could4 ,it meant danger4' ',what was it like8' asked ,dora4 ',tap-pat4' ,,ivy4 win-ter vase changed sprays be-tween pur-pose um-brel-la mid-dle straight veins flow-er thick-er thread ten-der mouth use-ful #a4 ,some sprigs of ivy had been standing all the winter in a vase4 ,the water had often been changed1 and the leaves washed4 #b4 ,when spring came each spray began to put out buds4 ,the buds were not all at the ends of the sprays1 but came out also close to the old leaves4 #c4 ,at last there was a very small bud between every old leaf and the stem4 ,when the first bud opened into a leaf1 ,dora and ,harry clapped their hands1 and called every one to look4 #d4 ',how clean and sweet it is6' cried ,dora4 ',and do you see something like wool or hair on it8' ',how curly it is6' said ,harry4 ',it is not quite open yet4 ,why1 it is like a hand6 ,all the leaves look rather like hands1 don't they8 ,see2 one1 two1 three1 four1 five6' #e4 ',look at this old leaf against the light1' said the mother2 'now you can see the five long fingers4 ,but people call them ribs1 not fingers6 ,they are for the purpose of keeping the leaf spread out4' #f4 ',like the ribs of an umbrella1' said ,harry4 ',they seem very strong2 the middle one1 which goes up straight from the stem1 is the strongest of all4' ,illustration3 ,spray of ,ivy4 #g4 ,dora was holding up one spray after another to the light4 ',what are all these pretty marks on the leaves1 mother1 lines crossing about all ways8' ',those are veins1 dear4 ,they carry the sap that feeds the leaves4' #h4 ',what is sap8' ',the blood of plants and trees4' ',oh1' said ,dora1 'then that is the wet that comes out when ,i pick a flower or cut a leaf6 #i4 ',but look at this6' and she held up one of the sprays4 ,at the end of it was a little bunch of white1 curly roots4 ,each root was not much thicker than a thread4 #aj4 ',don't touch them1' said the mother2 'roots are very tender things4' ',what is the good of them8' asked ,dora4 ',what is your mouth useful for8' asked her mother4 #aa4 ',oh1 do you mean that the ivy eats and drinks8' ',yes1 that is what ,i mean4 ,these roots take out of the water1 or out of the earth1 all sorts of things good for the food of the plant4 ,they then send them up into the stem and on into the leaves4' #ab4 ',mother1' said ,harry1 'let us go and plant all this ivy4 ,i am sure it wants to try the taste of the earth6' ,a ,,tree4 rab-bits shoots ta-ble spread rough heard birch beech branch-es caught oak found #a4 ',let us go over to that log where we sat when we saw the rabbits1' said ,dora to ,harry4 #b4 ',all right6 ,we can play at ship1 and the grass shall be the sea4' ',or we can have see-saw1 if we can find some wood to lay across the log4' #c4 ,they were soon at the log1 and on it they sat down1 and looked about them4 ,the log was the trunk of an old oak1 and a little way off stood the stump1 with many new shoots and leaves coming out all round it4 #d4 ,dora went and stood on it1 and called out that she was on a hill4 ,she jumped off and on a few times1 and then said it would make a good table1 and they might have tea on it4 #e4 ,harry found that the stump had roots that spread out all round for a long way4 ',how thick and hard they are6' he said2 'come and feel this one6' ,illustration3 ,it is all marked in rings4 ',it is not like the roots we saw on the ivy1' she said4 ',now look at the top of the stump4 ,it is all marked in rings4' #f4 ',in the very middle there is a little light spot1 and then come dark rings1 and then more rings outside4 ,father once told me these rings showed how old the trees were4 ,and do you see lines coming away from the middle8' #g4 ',they look like the rays of the sun1 which ,i draw on my slate1' said ,dora4 ',what a rough coat this tree had6 ,come and feel the outside of the log4' ',that is the bark6 ,i have heard father talk about bark4' #h4 ',well1 ,i shall call it the coat4 ,it is the tree's overcoat to keep him warm and dry4 ,but trees do not all seem to have rough coats4 ,look at that one6' and she ran over to a little birch1 and pulled off some of its thin bark4 #i4 ',i have found a fine tree6' cried ,harry2 and ,dora came running to look at it4 ,illustration3 ,leaves of the ,beech and the ,oak4 #aj4 ,it was a beech1 with a great round smooth trunk and long strong branches4 ,harry jumped up and caught at a leaf or two1 and then went to pick an oak-leaf4 ,he laid them side by side on his hand and looked at them1 and found they were not at all alike4 ,,bricks4 stopped emp-ty mor-tar sound trow-el struck picked size teach-er re-al-ly clay win-ter breaks moulds nice-ly ov-en #a4 ,two men were making a wall by the road-side1 and ,harry and ,dora stopped to look at them4 #b4 ,another man was going away with a horse and cart4 ,the cart was empty1 but it had been full of red bricks4 ,the men were putting these bricks on the wall and making them fast with mortar4 #c4 ,dora liked the sound which the trowel made when it struck against the wall4 ,harry picked up one of the bricks and looked at it1 and then ,dora must look at one too4 #d4 ,they found that the bricks were light and easy to lift4 ,they also saw that they were all of the same size and shape1 as if they had been made1 and not dug out of the ground4 ,illustration #e4 ,they did not like to ask the men about them1 and so they put the bricks down1 and set off on their way home4 #f4 ,as they went they met their teacher1 who stopped and spoke to them1 so ,harry asked her to tell them what bricks really were4 #g4 ',i wish there were a brick-field near1' she said1 'and then we would go and see it6 ,but ,i can tell you a little about it4 #h4 ',bricks are made of clay1 and clay is dug out of the ground4 ,men dig it before winter comes1 and let it lie out all the winter1 and the frost breaks it up nicely for them4 #i4 ',the next thing is to mix it well into a paste1 and then it is put into moulds4' ',what are moulds8' ,harry asked4 ',well1 these moulds are like boxes with no bottom or top4' ',only sides1 then8' said ,dora4 #aj4 ',yes1 they have two long sides1 and two short ones1 and they hold the soft1 wet clay4 ',you may call them clay-puddings before they are put into the hot oven4 ,when they are taken out1 what do you think they are8 ,they are bricks6' ,illustration ,a ,,donkey4 ,illustration bot-tom lane don-key load fruit this-tles hedge rough ap-ple car-rot touch mor-row feast win-dow shag-gy tuft #a4 ,at the bottom of the lane lived a donkey4 ,harry and ,dora knew him well4 ,they often met him going to town with a load of fruit1 and they saw him in the lane every day cropping the grass and thistles by the hedge-side4 #b4 ,he knew them1 too1 for they would stop to pat his rough sides1 or give him an apple or a carrot4 #c4 ,they wondered how he could eat such prickly things as thistles4 ,a horse would never touch them4 #d4 ,one day his master took him into the garden while he was working4 ,he let ,neddy go up and down the paths and crop the grass1 which had grown long on the little grass-plot4 #e4 ,the donkey did not once try to get at the pears and apples2 he did not even look at them4 #f4 ,his master was pleased1 and said to his wife3 ',it is quite safe to leave the gate open1 and let ,neddy come into the garden when he likes4 ,i shall be away to-morrow1 but you need not look after him4 ,he will be all right4' #g4 ,next day1 ,neddy walked into the garden1 found that no one was there1 and began to eat the fruit4 ,he had a good feast before his mistress saw him from the window4 #h4 ,then he was driven out1 and the gate was shut4 ,after that he always had to find his dinner in the lane4 #i4 ,the children saw him one day feeding with a white horse that had come down from the farm1 and they stopped to talk to them4 #aj4 ,then ,dora said to ,harry3 ',they are like each other1 and yet not like6 ,neddy has a shaggy coat4' ',and his mane is short1 and stands up4' ',his ears are very long4' ',his tail is not like ,snowflake's tail2 and1 see1 it has a little tuft at the end of it6' ',and ,snowflake is much taller4' ,,sheep4 chalk wheth-er earth hedge tear-ing swal-low chew-ing though re-mem-ber for-got-ten brought mouth #a4 ,the next time that ,dora and ,harry were out1 they ran up to the place where they had met ,joe4 ,they wished to see how the chalk was getting on1 and whether the earth was brown yet4 #b4 ,after that they went over a stile into a field where many sheep were feeding4 ,the sheep began to move away when they saw the boy and girl coming4 #c4 ,then said ,harry3 ',let us try mother's plan of keeping quite still and letting them see that we don't want to hurt them4' #d4 ,so they sat down under a hedge and looked at the sheep for a long time1 and soon one and another began to come near1 eating away at the grass4 ,illustration #e4 ',i like that sound of tearing off the grass1 don't you8' said ,dora4 ',do you see they swallow it all at once8' said ,harry4 ',what would mother say to us if we ate without chewing8' #f4 ',there is some chewing going on1 though4 ,look over there6' and she showed him some sheep that were lying down in the grass4 #g4 ',oh1 now ,i know6 ,don't you remember1 ,dora1 father told us once what the cow does4 ,it was that day we had tea at the farm4' #h4 ',no1 ,i don't remember4 ,we saw the cows milked1 and ,i had some new milk in a glass4 ,i don't think father told me6' #i4 ',yes1 he did4 ,you must have forgotten4 ,he said that the cow sent her food down into a big bag inside1 and then it went into a smaller bag1 where it was rolled up into little balls4 ,and when the cow lay down to rest1 she brought them up into her mouth and chewed them well4' #aj4 ',i should think the sheep must be doing the same thing4 ,look at this fat one close by6 ,she is just sitting down4 ,now watch6' ',yes1 ,i can see her chewing6 ,how funny it is6 ,they all look as if they liked it1 don't they8' ,,the ,,sheep4 la-zy pleas-ant dai-sies clothes chil-ly dew-y scant-y com-mon brown mer-ry wool-ly coat #a4 ',lazy sheep1 pray tell me why ,in the pleasant fields you lie1 ,eating grass and daisies white1 ,from the morning till the night8 ,everything can something do2 ,oh what kind of use are you8' #b4 ',nay1 my little fellow1 nay1 ,do not serve me so1 ,i pray3 ,don't you see the wool that grows ,on my back to make you clothes8 ,cold and very cold you'd be1 ,if you had not wool from me4 #c4 ',true1 it seems a pleasant thing1 ,to nip the daisies in the spring2 ,but many chilly nights ,i pass1 ,on the cold and dewy grass1 ,or pick a scanty dinner where ,all the common's brown and bare4 #d4 ',then the farmer comes at last1 ,when the merry spring is past1 ,and cuts my woolly coat away1 ,to warm you in the winter's day4 ,little ,master1 this is why ,in the pleasant fields ,i lie4' ,,turnips4 white ly-ing tur-nip picked win-ter din-ner read-y but-ter sor-ry heard peo-ple bread pressed meal mean jok-ing #a4 ',what are those sheep eating over there1 at the far end of the field8 ,there is something white all over the grass4 ,what can it be8' ',chalk8' ,dora asked4 ',no1 they never would be so silly6 ,let us go and see4' #b4 ,up they got1 and away they went4 ,they found that the white things lying about on the grass were bits of turnip4 ,harry picked one up and looked at it4 ,it was only a round rind3 all the inside had been eaten out4 #c4 ,he took it home with him to show to his mother1 and she said3 ',i saw some bits like this that were shooting out green leaves when spring came4 ,they had been lying out on the ground in the winter1 yet there was so much life in them that they could grow again4 ,but1 come1 wash your hands3 dinner is ready1 and ,i have something to tell you4 ,we are going to have turnips for dinner6' ,illustration3 ,he took it home with him to show to his mother4 #d4 ,when ,harry had his helping of turnips he said3 ',now ,i am a sheep6' ',no1' said ,dora1 'the sheep don't boil their turnips1 or mash them with nice butter4' #e4 ',but raw turnip is very nice1' said her father4 ',i have often eaten one out in the fields4 ,i am not at all sorry for the sheep4' #f4 ',i have heard1' said mother1 'that1 when corn was very dear1 people had to use turnips in making bread4 ,they say the bread looked good1 and kept well4 ,the water was first pressed out of the turnips1 and then they were mixed with wheat-meal4' #g4 ',i wish you would make some1 mother1' said ,dora1 'just for fun1 to see what it is like4' ',i will--some day4' #h4 ',what did you mean1 mother1' ,harry asked1 'about water in turnips8' ',there is a great deal of water in turnips1' said mother4 #i4 ',turnips are nearly all water1' said father4 ',now1 father1 you must be joking1' cried ,harry4 ',no1 ,i am not4 ,am ,i1 mother8' ,mother smiled1 and said ',no4' ,,green ,,peas4 ,,part #a4 peas flow-ers ten-drils un-rolled watched thought pur-pose but-ter-flies half count-ed true flow-er with-er stayed shin-y touched #a4 ,dora was alone in the garden4 ,she had played about till she was tired1 when she found herself close to the bed of peas4 ,she had seen her father sow the peas1 and now there were tall plants with leaves and flowers and green tendrils4 #b4 ,dora unrolled one or two of these tendrils1 and then watched them roll up again4 ,she thought3 ',how funny it is of the plant to put these out on purpose to take hold of the sticks6 ,and how pretty the flowers are6 ,they look like little white butterflies4 ,i will pull one open4' #c4 ,she picked a flower1 and sat down with it on the grass4 ,inside of it she found something long and green4 ,this she opened1 and saw a row of tiny green balls4 ,illustration3 ,pea-flower4 #d4 ,not one of them was half as big as a pin's head4 ,they were all in a row1 and ,dora counted seven of them4 ,she picked out each one and laid them on her hand to look at4 #e4 ,then it came into her mind that these little mites of things must be baby-peas4 ,and she felt sorry to think what she had done1 for she could not put them back into their nest1 and now they would never grow up to be big4 #f4 ,she told ,harry about it next day1 and he said1 yes1 it was very true4 ,but he must pull open just one flower himself and see the peas inside2 and so he did4 ,there were six peas in his flower4 #g4 ,every day after this1 ,dora and ,harry came to look at the plants4 ,for a long time the flowers were very pretty4 ,then they began to wither4 ,one by one they dropped off2 but the inside part of each stayed on1 looking green and shiny4 #h4 ,the children called these shiny green things bags1 till they heard some one say that they were pods4 ,sometimes they touched them4 ,they soon began to feel the peas inside4 ,the pods grew larger and fatter every day4 ,illustration ,,green ,,peas4 ,,part #b4 bas-ket shell-ing bas-in taught won-der-ful break-ing fair-y hap-pens weath-er earth moist pea su-gar starch earth sun-light ,illustration3 ,pea-pods4 #a4 ,at last1 one sunny morning1 mother came out with a basket and began to pick the pods4 ,harry and ,dora wished to help her1 and all three were soon at work4 #b4 ,next1 the shelling began4 ,mother had a basin in her lap1 and the two children sat close to her and shelled their peas into it4 #c4 ,they told her how they had shelled the baby-peas4 ,she taught them how each plant was a living thing1 and had a tiny plant inside of it1 all ready to come out at the right time4 ,this was very wonderful4 #d4 ',did that big plant come out of one little pea8' cried ,dora4 ',i can't see a little plant inside1' said ,harry1 breaking one of the peas open4 #e4 ',yet it is there1 a fairy-plant1 with a root1 a stem1 and two leaves4 ,these leaves take up nearly all the room in the green ball4 ,how would you like to have two or three of these peas to plant8 ,there6 ,i can spare you three each from to-day's dinner4' #f4 ,the children were glad to have them4 ',i wish we could see them grow1' said ,dora4 ',what happens1 mother1 when they are in the earth8' #g4 ',do you mean1 ,how do they begin to grow8 ,well1 the weather must be rather warm1 and the earth moist1 and the pea swells itself out till it bursts open its thin coat4 ,the little root goes down to fasten it firmly in the ground1 and to look for food4 ,then the little stem and the two leaves come up to get air and sunshine4 ,that is how it begins4' #h4 ',what food is there in the ground8 ,what food do the roots find8' ',lime and iron'---- ',iron6' cried ,harry4 #i4 ',yes1 there is iron in green peas6 ,there are sugar1 too1 and starch1 and fat1 and water1 and other things4 ,some come out of the earth1 some come out of the air and the sunlight1 and some the plant makes for itself4 ,oh1 it is a very clever plant6 ,but all plants are clever1 ,i think4' ,,iron ,,and ,,metal4 pock-ets mar-bles wrapped size heav-y weight light-er though cop-per thought zinc met-als sup-pose wheat i-ron ket-tle #a4 ',what have you in your pockets1 father8' asked ,harry1 pulling at them4 ',nuts8 stones8 marbles8' ',put your hand in1 and find out4 ,here1 ,dora1 you can try the other pocket4' #b4 ,in went two hands1 and out came little hard lumps1 each wrapped in paper4 ,the children laid them on the table in a row1 and wanted to know what they were4 ,illustration3 ',what have you in your pockets1 father8' #c4 ,they were not nuts1 nor marbles1 and not quite like stones4 ,they were all about the same size1 but one was very heavy4 ,harry and ,dora held it in their hands to feel how heavy it was4 #d4 ',that is a bit of lead1' said their father4 ',which do you think is the next in weight8' ',this red one4 ,it is a good deal lighter1 though6' ',that is called copper4 ,now1 what comes next8' #e4 ,they were not sure1 but thought that iron came next1 and then tin1 and then zinc4 ,their father told them these names as they went on4 ,he told them also that all these things were metals1 and had been dug out of the earth4 #f4 ',suppose we make a box to keep them in8' ',oh yes6' cried both4 ',and if we find any more things like these1 we will put them in4 #g4 ',would you put in a buttercup8' ',no1 no6' ',or a grain of wheat8' ',no1 it is not at all like these4' ',or a bit of slate8' ',i think so1' said ,harry4 ,dora was not quite sure4 #h4 ',yes1 we will put the slate into the box4 ,it is not a metal1 but it came out of the ground4 ,now1 what do you say to this8' ,and he pulled out a lump that looked like earth and stone4 #i4 ,what could this be8 ,it was iron1 just as it had come out of the ground1 with clay and earth about it4 #aj4 ',once upon a time1' said father1 'the kettle1 and the poker1 and the fender1 all looked like this6' ,,the ,,fairy ,,ring4 danc-ing fair-y queen sea-sons year cir-cle sphere sum-mer glide au-tumn tress-es cheeks #a4 ,let us dance and let us sing1 ,dancing in a merry ring2 ,we'll be fairies on the green1 ,sporting round the fairy queen4 #b4 ,like the seasons of the year ,round we circle in a sphere2 ,i'll be ,summer1 you'll be ,spring1 ,dancing in a fairy ring4 #c4 ,spring and ,summer glide away1 ,autumn comes with tresses gay2 ,winter1 hand-in-hand with ,spring1 ,dancing in a fairy ring4 #d4 ,faster1 faster round we go1 ,while our cheeks with roses glow1 ,free as birds upon the wing1 ,dancing in a fairy ring4 ,,needles4 ,,part #a4 treat hol-i-days aunt nee-dles coils steel wire wrapped stretched straight ma-chine un-cle mid-dle chop-ping dropped e-nough #a4 ,harry and ,dora once had a great treat4 ,they went in the holidays to stay with an uncle and aunt who lived at a town where needles were made4 ,we may call it ,needle-town4 #b4 ,while they were there1 they were taken to the mills to see the needles made4 #c4 ,the first room into which they went was very warm4 ,it was called the wire-room4 ,a workman who was there told them that it was filled with hot air night and day1 so that no damp should come in and spoil the steel4 #d4 ,all round the room coils of steel-wire were hanging4 ,they were wrapped up in paper1 but the man took some of them down and let them look in4 ,they saw that one coil was of very thick wire1 while another was of wire as fine as a hair4 #e4 ',one of these coils would be more than a mile long if it were stretched out straight1' the man told ,harry4 ',would you like to take hold of this one8' ,but ,harry found it too heavy1 and it was hung up again on the wall4 #f4 ,then they went into another room1 where a machine was cutting a coil of wire into bits4 ',they are much too long for needles1' said ,dora1 softly1 to her uncle2 but one of the workmen heard her1 and said3 #g4 ',so they are6 ,each bit is going to be two needles4 ,the two ends are to be the points1 and the heads lie in the middle of the wire4' #h4 ,but no heads were to be seen yet4 ,and the wire was not even straight1 for it had long been rolled up in a coil4 ,as the machine went on chopping1 and the wire-strips dropped1 a man picked them up and put them on a shelf in a sort of oven4 #i4 ,there they were kept till they were red-hot1 and then they were soft enough to be made straight4 ,,needles4 ,,part #b4 ,illustration3 ',now you see the points of the needles4' points heads eyes un-cle block heav-y ham-mer al-lowed laugh-ing watched piece sharp #a4 ,the next thing that the children saw was a grindstone turning round very1 very fast4 #b4 ,a man put the bits of wire into a thing which was fixed just over the grindstone1 and both ends were quickly rubbed sharp4 #c4 ',now you see the points of the needles1' said the man1 as the wire came out again4 ',but there are no heads yet6' said ,harry4 ',and no eyes6' said ,dora4 ',well1 come along to the stamping-room1' said their uncle4 #d4 ,in this room they found a block of stone that had iron on the top of it4 ,over it hung a heavy hammer4 ,a man who stood there took one of the wires1 put it on the block1 and made the hammer come down upon it4 #e4 ,the moment the hammer went up again the wire fell into a pan1 and the children were allowed to look at it4 #f4 ,still there were no eyes or heads6 ,all that could be seen were two little dents1 one on each side of the middle of the wire4 #g4 ',but1 look again6' said uncle4 ',don't you see a tiny dot in each dent8 ,that is where the eye is going to be4' #h4 ,in the next room they found a great number of boys at work4 ',oh1 uncle1' said ,harry1 'do you think ,i could come here and help to make needles8' ',you would soon be tired of it1' said his uncle1 laughing4 #i4 ,they went up to one of the boys1 and watched him for some time4 ,he took some wires that had come from the stamping-room1 and laid them on a piece of iron1 but held the two ends in his hands4 #aj4 ,then a heavy thing with two hard1 sharp1 steel points under it came down on the middle part of the wires1 and made two holes just where the dots had been4 ,illustration ',now we see the eyes1 at last6' cried ,dora4 ,,needles4 ,,part #c4 thread-ing to-geth-er tooth-comb smooth rough edg-es nee-dle thought ov-en sec-ond steam-ing e-nough break-ing bench ham-mer straight #a4 ,they went on into another room4 ,here there were boys again6 ,and what were the boys doing8 ,they were threading the wires together4 #b4 ,when they were all strung together1 they looked like a long tooth-comb4 ,the heads were in the middle1 and the points lay on either side4 #c4 ,the boys took them to some of the workmen1 and these men made the middle part quite smooth4 ,rough edges had been left along the tiny dents1 and had to be rubbed down4 #d4 ,when this was done1 a man made a line along the middle of the 'comb1' and then gently bent it backwards and forwards till it broke right in the middle4 ,illustration #e4 ,harry and ,dora were glad to see this4 ,each bit of wire looked like a needle now4 ,it had a head of its own1 and an eye1 and a point4 #f4 ,the next thing was to make the needles hard4 ,dora and ,harry thought they looked quite hard already1 but they did not know4 #g4 ,how were they hardened8 ,they were first laid on iron plates and put into a kind of oven4 ',this is the second baking they have had1' said ,harry4 ,they were kept in till they were white-hot4 #h4 ,when the needles came out1 they were put into cold water6 ,what a hissing and steaming they made6 ,but they had to lie there till they were quite cool4 #i4 ,then they were taken out and dried4 ,the man said they were hard enough now1 but something else must be done to them to make them able to bend well without breaking4 #aj4 ,they were put on an iron plate over a fire1 and gently moved about4 ,some of them curled up1 and had to be taken off4 #aa4 ,they were given to a woman1 who was sitting on a bench with a little hammer in her hand and a small steel block in front of her4 ,she laid a curly needle on the block1 and hammered it till it was straight1 and then another1 and another4 ,,needles4 ,,part #d4 clean-ing piece can-vas soap oil em-er-y pow-der bun-dle man-gle a-fraid brok-en sec-ond ,fri-day points hun-gry laugh-ing #a4 ,the cleaning of the needles came next4 #b4 ,a great many were laid side by side on a piece of canvas1 and covered with paste4 ',what is the paste made of8' ,harry wanted to know4 ',soft soap1 my lad1' said the workman1 'and oil1 and emery-powder4' #c4 ,he rolled them all up in the canvas1 tied string round the bundle1 and put it between the rollers of a thing that looked like a mangle4 #d4 ,dora and ,harry opened their eyes wide4 ',think of needles being mangled6 ,this will be something to tell mother6' #e4 ,when the bundle was unrolled1 they were afraid that the needles would be broken4 ,but they were all right1 and they were taken out and washed in warm soap-suds4 #f4 ',now they must be clean6' said ,dora4 ',not yet1' said the man2 'they have to be rolled up again with more paste1 and put between those rollers again1 and again1 and again4 ,it takes eight days to clean the best needles4 #g4 ',and it takes six days to clean the second-best1' said the man4 ',then even the second-best won't be done till ,friday6' said ,harry4 #h4 ',but we can go and see some needles that have been cleaned1' said his uncle4 ',let us go up-stairs again4' #i4 ,and they went up into a room where many girls were sitting at a long table with heaps of bright needles before them4 ,they were putting them in order1 side by side1 heads all one way1 points another4 ,dora was sure that she could not pick them out so quickly4 #aj4 ,they were going on into another room to see the eyes of the needles made smooth1 when ,dora said1 ',oh1 uncle1 ,i am so tired6' ',so am ,i1' said ,harry1 'and hungry1 too4' #aa4 ',come along1 then1' said uncle1 laughing4 ',we all want our dinners1 ,i think4' ,he took ,dora's hand in his1 and away they went4 ,,the ,,knife4 ro-ley po-ley thought morn-ing knife least blade han-dle aunt-ie edg-es rath-er clock #a4 ,there was not much talking at dinner1 till after the second helping of roley-poley4 #b4 ,then ,dora and ,harry felt happy again1 and began to tell their aunt all about the needle-making4 ,she had seen it once1 but it was a long time ago1 and she thought she should like to see it again4 #c4 ',but if ,i had gone this morning1' she said1 'you would not have had your pudding4' ',that would have been sad1' said ,dora4 #d4 ',what a lot of steel we have seen1' said ,harry4 ',i never knew there was so much in the world4' #e4 ',you can see some on this table now4' ',where8' ',what have ,i cut the pudding with8' ,illustration ',oh1 the knife6 ,yes1 ,i see2 that must be steel2 at least1 that part of it4 ,what do you call that part8' ',the blade4' #f4 ',and what about the handle8' ',i don't know4 ,it is yellow1 and smooth1 and hard4' ',it is bone1' said his uncle1 'part of an ox-bone4 ,but some handles are made of wood4' #g4 ',may ,i look at that knife near you1 auntie8 ,i mean the clean one4 ,thank you6' #h4 ,then ,dora wanted one to look at too2 and they felt the edges softly and found them very sharp4 ,they looked at the blunt backs of the blades1 and then tried to read the maker's name4 #i4 ',there is no room to put the maker's name on a needle1' said ,harry4 ',but how do they get it on here8' ',it is stamped on when the blade is red-hot and rather soft4' #aj4 ,they could not make out how the handle was put on1 so their aunt went to the knife-box and got out an old knife that had lost its handle4 ,they saw that the blade had a long thin piece of iron at the end of it4 #aa4 ',a long hole is made inside the handle1 and this iron thing is put into it1 and made fast4' ,so their uncle said1 and then looked at the clock and saw that it was time for him to go4 ,,the ,,hen4 ,illustration3 ,setting out for the ,farm4 bas-ket fetch friends fowls watch thought charge pair ban-tams know proud peck-ing greed-y gray swal-lowed laughed #a4 ,the day after ,dora and ,harry came home1 their mother gave them a basket and sent them up to the farm to fetch eggs4 #b4 ,rover went with them1 and all three were glad to go1 for they had many friends at the farm4 #c4 ,there was the great dog1 ,watch1 and there were the cart-horses and the pony1 the ducks and the fowls4 ,and there were five girls and boys--,mary1 ,tom1 ,johnny1 ,annie1 and ,kate4 #d4 ,when these five1 and ,watch1 saw ,harry1 ,dora1 and ,rover coming1 they ran down the lane to meet them4 ,they were soon all in the farm-yard1 talking as fast as they could talk4 #e4 ,two had to tell about their visit to ,needle-town1 and five about the doings at the farm1 so it was some time before the eggs were thought of4 #f4 ,mary had charge of the eggs1 and went every morning to look for new ones4 ',since you went away1' she said1 ',i have had a pair of bantams given me1 for my very own4 ,here they are6' ',what little things6 and how very pretty6' cried ,dora4 ',do they know you1 ,mary8' #g4 ',yes2 ,i feed them every day4 ,here comes the big black hen4 ,she has been laying an egg4 ,see how proud she is6 ,she calls out in that way to let the rest know what she has done4' #h4 ',now she is pecking about for food1' said ,harry4 ,tom said that fowls were always eating4 ',they are greedy things1' said ,kate4 #i4 ',oh1 look at this gray hen6' said ,harry1 'she picked up a bit of stone just now and ate it6 ,does she know no better8' #aj4 ',it is not for food1' ,mary told him2 'she takes it to grind up the hard seeds she has swallowed4 ,they all go into a strong little bag1 and the stones rub and press on the seeds4' #aa4 ',i never heard of such a thing6 ,she keeps a mill inside to grind her food6' #ab4 ,the others laughed1 and then ,mary went in to get some eggs4 ,after the basket was filled1 the two children said good-bye to their friends1 and went home4 ,,the ,,sparrow4 shoots spar-rows steal fruit thou-sand ba-bies build spoil beaks ap-ple blos-som fruit clean thirst-y wheat throw #a4 ',mother1' cried ,harry1 running in one day1 ',jack ,denny says he shoots sparrows6' ',i am very sorry to hear it4 ,why does he shoot them8' ',they steal fruit and corn1 he says4 ,he wanted me to throw stones at them6' #b4 ',well1 you can tell him about some silly men who killed the sparrows and other birds1 and the next year their fruit and corn were eaten up by grubs4 ,even the leaves on the trees were eaten4' #c4 ',is this true8' ',quite true4 ,they had to send for little birds from other places to live in their fields and gardens4 ,do you know that a sparrow kills four thousand grubs in one day when her babies are in the nest8 #d4 ',one wise man who grows fruit says that his best friends are the sparrows1 and he makes holes in the garden-walls for them to build in4 ,their sharp eyes see the tiny things that would spoil the fruit1 and their sharp beaks nip them up at once4 ,illustration #e4 ',he loves to see sparrows in an apple-tree in blossom-time2 he knows they are saving the apples for him4' ',but ,jack says he has seen them pecking at fruit4' #f4 ',yes1 they like fruit1 just as you and ,i do4 ,but there would be no fruit at all1 if the birds did not eat the grubs4 #g4 ',the man ,i was telling you about puts nets over his trees when the fruit begins to ripen4 ,and ,i heard only the other day that it is a good plan to put pans of clean fresh water close to the trees and bushes4 ,then the birds will not go so often to the fruit4 ,they are thirsty and hot1 poor things6 #h4 ',and there would be no corn1 if the birds did not kill the wheat-fly's grubs4' #i4 ,when ,harry heard all this1 he made up his mind not to throw stones at the sparrows1 as ,jack wanted him to do4 ,a ,,day ,,in ,,the ,,country4 but-ter-flies mer-ry gath-ered broth-er flow-ers o-bliged roamed scoured pleas-ant cheese hedge ease brook-let crys-tal thrush mus-ic #a4 ,where the bees and butterflies ,skim the grassy down1 ,four merry little children ,gathered from the town2 #b4 ,ragged little ,johnnie1 ,and his brother ,ben1 ,with wild-flowers are laden1 ,these merry little men4 ,kate and ,mat have posies ,of colours bright and gay1 ,for ,tim1 their tiny brother1 ,at home obliged to stay4 #c4 ,they have roamed the meadow1 ,they have scoured the wood1 ,seeking nuts and blackberries1 ,for their pleasant food4 ,with their nuts and blackberries ,and bits of bread and cheese1 ,on a mossy hedge-bank1 ,now they take their ease4 #d4 ,drinking from the brooklet ',neath the hawthorn tree1 ,clear it runs as crystal1 ,fresh and bright and free4 ,and the thrush sings loudly ,on the hawthorn spray1 ,and the brooklet ever ,makes music on its way4 ,illustration ,,some ,,herbs4 stream through grav-el mar-ket tea lett-uce tongue mus-tard pow-der sprin-kled flan-nel car-ried pars-ley thyme herbs sage #a4 ,a little stream ran through one of the farmer's fields4 ,the water was so clear that you could see the sand and gravel at the bottom1 and in it there grew plenty of water-cress4 ,illustration3 ,water-cress4 #b4 ,harry went one afternoon to help ,johnny and ,tom to pick it for market1 and brought a big bunch home for tea4 #c4 ,his mother had picked a lettuce from the garden1 and some mustard and cress1 and they were all put on one plate4 ',they bite my tongue1' said ,dora1 'all but the lettuce4 ,i like it best4' #d4 ',and ,i like the biting1' said ,harry4 ',why is this called mustard1 mother8' ',because the yellow mustard comes from it4 ,the seeds are ground to powder4' ',and we eat the leaves4 ,it is a useful plant4' ,illustration3 ,lettuce4 #e4 ,after tea1 mother took some cress-seed and mustard-seed out of two little packets4 ,then she cut up one or two corks1 put them into a deep plate1 filled it with water1 and sprinkled seed on the cork4 #f4 ',this is for you1 ,harry1' she said4 ',you will soon have a little crop of mustard and cress4 ,and here is one for ,dora6' ,in ,dora's plate she laid a bit of flannel1 poured water on it1 and sowed seed4 ,the children carried off their plates to a safe place1 and thought it would be fine fun to see roots and leaves come out of the tiny seeds4 #g4 ,then mother called them into the garden to see her parsley4 ,she told them that hares and rabbits would come a long way to feed on a parsley-bed if they could get at it4 #h4 ,close by grew mint1 sage1 and thyme4 ',all these are herbs1' she said4 ',they are not like trees1 are they8' ',no2 they have no bark1 no hard wood1 and they are so small4' ,illustration3 ,leaves of ,mint1 ,parsley1 ,thyme1 and ,sage4 #i4 ,dora picked a mint-leaf1 a parsley-leaf1 a thyme-leaf1 and a sage-leaf1 and laid them side by side4 ,she wanted to see if they were like each other4 ,but when she looked at them she found that they were not alike4 ,,coffee4 cof-fee beans kneel-ing chair win-dow bus-y stock-ings ket-tle rat-tled coun-try cher-ry to-geth-er blos-som cov-ered cloths ber-ries #a4 ',what is coffee1 mother dear8 ,does it grow8' #b4 ,it was ,dora who asked this4 ,she and ,harry were putting away some things that had come from the shop1 and she was now filling a tin with coffee-beans4 #c4 ,she was kneeling on a chair by the table in the window4 ,her mother was busy mending stockings1 and the cat and the dog were both asleep4 ,the kettle was singing1 and all was cosy4 #d4 ,the coffee-beans rattled into the tin1 and ,dora picked one out and looked at it4 ,when ,harry heard ,dora asking about it1 he also put his hand in and took a coffee-bean4 ,it smelt very nice1 he thought4 ,so did ,dora4 #e4 ,they found that it had a flat side and a round side4 ',it humps up1' said ,dora4 ',see1 ,i can put the flat side of mine against the flat side of yours1' said ,harry4 ',they grew like that1' said mother4 ',oh1 then1 they did grow8 ,they were alive once8' ,illustration3 ,coffee branch with ,berries4 #f4 ',yes2 they were seeds of a plant that grows in a warm country1 far away from here4 ,they once lived inside a berry4 ',the berry was red like a cherry1 and the seeds inside were held together in a little bag4' #g4 ',there must have been a flower before the berry came1' said ,harry1 thinking of the pea-flower and its pod4 ,illustration3 ,coffee-flower4 ,illustration3 ,berry4 ,illustration3 ,seeds in ,berry4 ',a very pretty white flower1' said his mother4 ',they say that a coffee-garden looks lovely in blossom-time1 just as if it were all covered with snow4 #h4 ',in two or three days the snow-like blossoms are gone1 and the fruit is left4 ,when it is ripe1 men put cloths under the trees1 and shake it down4' #i4 ',i wish ,i could go and help6' said ,harry4 ',what comes next8' ',they pick up the berries1 dry them in the sun1 and get the beans out4 ,then they send the beans over the sea in a ship4 ,and here they are6' ,illustration3 ,dora and ,harry tearing up the old papers4 ,,paper4 un-hap-py should tea heels per-haps clean school clean-ing hearth laugh jok-ing in-deed tear boil through clev-er #a4 ',it is such a wet day1 ,i don't know what to do6' said ,harry1 looking very unhappy4 #b4 ',are you tired of your drawing and painting8' asked his mother4 ',oh yes6 ,and we have played at houses1 and had the bricks out on the floor1 and now there is nothing to do1 and it is not nearly tea-time yet4 ,will you read to us1 mother8' #c4 ',not just now4 ,but if you would help me a little ,i should get on faster1 and then we might have a nice time before tea4' ',jolly6' cried ,harry2 and he ran to the foot of the stairs and called ,dora4 #d4 ,down came ,dora very fast1 with her doll in her arms1 and the dog at her heels4 #e4 ',what ,i want you to do1' said mother1 'is to tear up these old papers and put them into this sack4 ,the man is coming soon to take it to the paper-mill4' #f4 ',why is it taken to the paper-mill8' asked ,harry4 ',to be made over again into paper4 ,perhaps it will come back to us some day1 all clean4 #g4 ',or it may be made into a newspaper1 and father may bring it home in his pocket4' ',or we may get it in copy-books at school4' ',yes2 or it may come from the shop with rice in it4' #h4 ',it may never come at all1' said ,dora4 ',perhaps it will go to some other house4' ',that is quite likely1' said mother1 who was now cleaning the hearth4 #i4 ,they went on putting the paper into the sack for a long time1 and then ,harry asked3 ',how was paper made before there was old paper to make it of8' #aj4 ',oh1 it is not made of paper only4 ,it is made of old rags1 old ropes'---- ,harry and ,dora began to laugh4 ',and straw1 and wood1 and a kind of grass'---- ',now1 are you joking1 mother8' #aa4 ',no1 indeed6 ,they cut the wood and straw into tiny bits1 and they cut and tear the rags and boil them4' ',and what do they do with the grass8' ',they cut it up1 boil it1 and mix clay with it4 ,then it is put through a very clever machine1 which makes it into paper4' ,a ,,fly4 ,illustration spilt won-der e-nough fel-low thirst-y mouth su-gar teeth ceil-ing ei-ther win-dow pane won-der-ful straight count-ed friend #a4 ',just look here1 ,harry6' ,dora called out4 ,a little milk had been spilt on the table1 and two flies had found it out4 ',we won't wipe it up6 ,let us wait and see if they can take it all4 ,see1 it is getting less6 ,i wonder how they do it4' #b4 ',there6 one fly has gone4 ,he has had enough4 ,but this old fellow is very thirsty4 ,he does not look as if he were drinking1 and yet the milk goes4 ,that long thing must be his mouth4 ,is it1 mother8' ,illustration3 ,enlarged view of ,head of ,fly showing ,trunk4 #c4 ',it is called his trunk4 ,the mouth is at the end of it4 ,he is very clever with it4 ,do you know that he never eats8 ,he only drinks4' #d4 ',but ,i have seen him eating sugar4' ',no2 ,i don't think you have4 ,he has no teeth and no jaws4 ,he can't bite anything4 ,what he does is to wet the sugar with his mouth and melt it1 and then suck it up4' #e4 ',well1 that is clever6 ,i wonder how he found out how to do it4 ,and ,i know something else that he is clever at4' #f4 ',what is it1 ,harry8' asked ,dora4 ',something you can't do6 ,he can walk on the ceiling4' ',you can't do it either1' said ,dora4 ',how does he hold on1 mother8 ,we can see one up there now6 ,he walks about as if he were on the table4' ,illustration3 ,enlarged view of ,fly's ,foot4 #g4 ',he has something like gum inside his feet1 and1 when he wants to stand or walk upside down1 he presses this out1 and it helps him to stick on4 ,here is another fly walking up the window-pane4' ',i have often seen flies on the window-pane4' #h4 ',how wonderful it is6 ,the glass1 you see1 is smooth and hard1 and it stands straight up4 ,we could not go up a hill like that1 could we8' #i4 ,they watched him go up and down1 counted his six legs1 and saw that his wings were very pretty4 ,their mother told them a very strange thing1 that his eyes could see all ways at once6 #aj4 ,then they had to say good-bye to him1 for out he went into the garden4 ,when they turned to the table1 they found that their other friend had gone too--and so had the milk4 ,,the ,,wasp4 wasp bus-y win-ter ground pass-age loose per-haps fence pow-der spread brown comb pil-lars cell hatched crawl-ing #a4 ,there was a great stir at dinner one day4 ,a wasp came in1 begging for sugar and plum-tart4 ,harry and ,dora ran this way and that4 #b4 ,at last their father got the wasp out into the garden1 and1 when all was quiet again1 he asked if they would like to hear its story4 ',oh yes1 father6' said ,dora4 #c4 ,harry was busy with his plums1 but he nodded1 as much as to say1 ',i shall be glad to hear it too6' #d4 ,so the father began3 ',all last winter the wasp was asleep1 but when spring came she waked up and set out to look for a home4 ,i am not quite sure where she found it1 but it was in the ground1 ,i think4 #e4 ',she began to dig in the soft earth1 and she dug on till she had made a long passage4 ,she had to carry out all the loose earth herself4 ,then she made a little room at the end of the passage4 #f4 ',next she looked about for some old wood1 and found it in a tree1 perhaps1 or post1 or bit of fence4 ,she rubbed away at it with her jaws till she got some of it off in powder4 #g4 ',she made this powder into a paste with a sort of gum which came out of her mouth1 and off she went with it to her room4' #h4 ',what did she do with it8' ',she spread it out in sheets of thin brown paper1 and with these she made a comb like a bee's4' ,illustration3 ,wasp's ,nest4 ',she made paper of it4' ',only a bee's is made of wax4 ,i know that6' said ,harry4 #i4 ',she put many layers of paper on the top to keep the rain out1 and pillars under it to hold it up4 ,then she laid an egg in each cell4 ,when the eggs were hatched'---- ',little wasps came flying out1' said ,dora4 ',no2 little grubs came crawling out6 #aj4 ',the wasp was now more busy than ever4 ,she fed each baby in turn1 and as they all grew bigger she had to get more and more food for them4' ,,the ,,sunflower blue buzz-ing set-tled watched sun-flow-er course warmth in-stead star-ing spar-row stopped crowd cush-ion mid-dle gar-den know #a4 ,it was very hot1 the sky was blue1 and the air was full of the humming and buzzing of bees and flies4 ,a white butterfly flitted by1 but soon went away over the garden-wall4 #b4 ,bee after bee1 and fly after fly1 settled on the sunflowers and hunted for honey4 ,dora and ,harry watched for a long time4 #c4 ',the sunflower is like a little sun1' said ,dora4 ',and it loves the sun1' said her mother1 who was snipping off dead roses close by2 'it always turns to look at it4 ,see1 its face is towards the sun now4 ,and if you look again before sunset you will find the flower turned to it still4' #d4 ',how strange6' said ,dora4 ,illustration3 ,sunflower4 ',and it has such a strong stalk1' said ,harry4 ',you would not think that it could turn round4 ,it must be alive6' ',of course it is alive6' ',but1 ,i mean1 it must feel1 or why should it turn and turn to get the light and warmth8' #e4 ',how ragged all the stalks and leaves are6' said ,dora4 ',i wish they would make themselves tidy instead of always staring at the sun4 ,why are there so many holes in the leaves8' #f4 ',grubs have been eating them4 ,our friend ,mr ,sparrow must have been away lately6' #g4 ,here mother stopped snipping at her rose-trees1 and came up to one of the sunflowers4 #h4 ',there is something ,i want you to see1' she said4 ',you think this is one big flower1 but it is really a crowd of little flowers4 ,look6 ,can you think of another flower that is something like it8' #i4 ,harry and ,dora shook their heads4 ',it is very small1' mother went on1 'with a cushion in the middle like this1 and rays standing out all round like these4' #aj4 ',does it grow on a tree8' ',no4' ',in this garden8' ',no4' ',in the fields8' ',yes4' ',oh1 ,i know6' cried ,harry4 ',it is the daisy4' ,,merry ,,workers4 wheels bus-y i-dle brook-lets ripp-ling sky-lark lis-ten hon-ey mer-ri-ly hum-ming e-nough wea-ry #a4 ,tell me what the mill-wheels say1 ,always turning night and day2 ,when we sleep and when we wake1 ,what a busy sound they make6 ,never idle1 never still1 ,what a worker is the mill6 #b4 ,what is it that the brooklets say1 ,rippling onward day by day8 ,sweet as skylark on the wing1 ,ripple1 ripple--thus they sing4 ,never idle1 never still1 ,always working with a will6 #c4 ,listen to the honey-bee1 ,flying now so merrily ,here and there with busy hum-- ,humming1 drumming1 drumming1 drum4 ,never idle1 never still1 ,humming1 drumming--hum it will6 #d4 ,like the mill1 the brook1 the bee1 ,may it now be said of me ,that ,i'm always busy too1 ,for there's work enough to do4 ,if ,i work1 then1 with a will1 ,it will be but playing still2 ,ever merry1 never weary1 ,it will be but playing still4 ,,the ,,rose4 bas-ket wo-man vil-lage sweet-ly cab-bage be-cause stooped smile thorns yel-low a-greed win-ter #a4 ,mother went back to her roses1 and soon called for a little basket1 saying that ,dora and ,harry should take a few to an old woman who lived in the village4 #b4 ',poor granny1' she said1 'is so fond of roses1 and she can never get out now to see them4 ,which shall we pick for her8' #c4 ',some of these white ones1' said ,dora4 ',i think she would like these red ones1' said ,harry1 'they smell so sweetly4' #d4 ,mother cut one or two of each1 and then a moss-rose1 which looked as if it had moss growing round it1 and then a pink cabbage-rose4 #e4 ',what has it to do with cabbage8' asked ,harry4 ',it is only called cabbage because it is so big and round4' #f4 ',i like it the best of all1' said ,dora1 and stooped to smell it1 putting her nose far down into the sweet1 deep cup3 'it is such a nice rose6' ,illustration3 ,wild ,rose4 ,illustration3 ,garden ,rose4 #g4 ',yes1 ,i am very fond of it1 and of all roses1' said mother1 looking at her bushes with a smile1 'but ,i almost think ,i like the wild ones best4 ,do you know that the wild rose is the mother of all these8 ,once upon a time all roses were wild4' #h4 ,harry and ,dora did not think that wild roses were very like garden roses4 ',but they both have thorns1' they said4 #i4 ',look at them as you go along4 ,there are some bushes not far from the bottom of the lane1 after you turn round to go to the village4 ,i don't think you will find many roses left1 but you will see their fruit4 ,they are the birds' fruit-trees4' #aj4 ',what can mother mean8' they asked as they went along4 ,but they soon found out4 ,the bushes were covered with hips2 some green1 others yellow1 one or two quite red4 #aa4 ,they agreed to leave them for the birds4 ,dora said ',they would be sure to want them in the winter4' ,illustration ,,wood4 ,illustration3 ,making the ,doll's ,house4 min-er-al cop-per zinc chalk gummed climbed knees eve-nings tools dead thought oak beech birch wil-low build-ing #a4 ,the little mineral box was made1 and ,harry and ,dora put in the lumps of lead1 iron1 copper1 tin1 zinc1 chalk1 and slate4 ,father wrote the names on tiny slips of paper and gummed them on4 #b4 ,then he said that he was going to make ,dora a doll's house4 ,on hearing this1 ,dora first jumped about for joy1 and then climbed up on her father's knees to kiss and hug him4 #c4 ,the doll's house was not made all at once4 ,it had to be done bit by bit in the evenings after father had come home from work and had his tea4 #d4 ,dora and ,harry always helped him1 or stood by and talked1 played with bits of wood1 and turned over the tools in the box4 #e4 ,they said that saw-dust should be called wood-dust2 and they found out that wood was called tree when it was alive1 and tree was called wood when it was dead4 ,they thought this very funny4 #f4 ,they also learned that there were as many kinds of wood as there were trees4 ',some wood is hard1' said their father1 'some is half-hard1 and some is soft4' ',soft wood6' cried ,dora4 #g4 ',well1 not soft like butter6 ,but softer than oak1 beech1 birch1 and elm'---- ',the trunk of an oak-tree is lying where the rabbits live1' said ,harry1 in a great hurry4 ',we often play on it4 ,i know that it is hard4 ,what sort of wood are you making the doll's house of8' #h4 ',soft wood4 ,it is a bit of pine4 ,so is the box that holds the minerals4 ,i should find it hard work to cut oak4 ',now1 there is one kind of wood so soft that you can bend it4 ,it is called willow1 and baskets are made of it4 ',but oak was once used in building the great strong ships4' ,,coal4 ,,part #a4 win-dow shov-el spade coal tum-bled con-tent won-der-ing earth cage stretch-ing en-gine doz-en #a4 ',here comes the coal1' said ,harry1 looking out of the window4 ',mother1 may we help ,jim to get it in8 ,i can have the big shovel1 and ,dora the little one4 ,i should like to see the cart upset6 ,what fun it will be6' #b4 ,crash came the coal on the ground4 ,then the coal-man drew his horse and cart away1 and set to work with a spade to fill the little coal-place4 #c4 ,the dog jumped1 and got in every one's way4 ,he wanted to help1 too1 but did not know how4 ,dora tumbled over the heap and bumped her head1 so she thought she would be content with watching ,jim and ,harry4 ,but ,harry was soon tired1 and ,jim was left to go on alone4 #d4 ',where does coal come from1 ,jim8' he asked4 ',out of the ground1 my lad4' ',does it8 ,do you dig for it8' ',i don't4 ,but ,i know somebody who does4' #e4 ',if ,i were to dig for it1 should ,i find any1 ,jim8' ',not you6 ,why1 you have to go down ever such a long way before you can even begin to dig4' #f4 ',how do you get down8' ',you go down in a thing they call a cage4 ,you can't walk down1 you know4 ,it is like going down a deep pit4 ,they call it a mine4' #g4 ',oh1 ,i have heard of coal-mines6' ,dora was taking up one little lump of coal after another1 and wondering why it was so shiny if it had really come out of the earth4 #h4 ,harry went on4 ',how do they let the cage down8 ,have you ever been down8' ,illustration3 ,coal-miners going down to work4 ',i have been down once1' said ,jim1 stopping in his work and stretching himself4 ',this is the way4 ,there is an engine at the top of the shaft'---- ',what is the shaft8' #i4 ',the pit ,i told you about4 ,the engine is fixed there and it lets down the cage and pulls it up again4 ,half-a-dozen men or so can go in it at a time4' ',it must be very strong4' #aj4 ',yes1 it is1 and it has strong chains to hold it4 ,it goes up and down all day long1 bringing up the coal4' ,,coal4 ,,part #b4 re-al-ly eas-i-ly slic-es straight knife be-tween met-al fetched pic-tures an-i-mal whole for-ests thou-sands piec-es to-geth-er puz-zles #a4 ,next day the children asked their mother to tell them what coal really was4 ,harry did not think it was a stone1 because he had broken two or three lumps with a hammer4 ,he found that it broke much more easily than stone4 #b4 ,besides1 it did not fly all into sharp bits1 but came off in slices2 and he saw that it had straight lines along it4 ,when he poked his knife in between these lines1 he could take off a slice of coal at once6 #c4 ,dora did not think it was a metal1 because she had learnt that iron would melt in a fire and flow like water4 ',coal does not melt1' she said1 'every one knows that6' #d4 ,she took a small lump out of the coal-box1 and ,harry did the same4 ,mother then fetched some pictures1 and one or two other things1 and the talk began4 #e4 ',it is no wonder that you can't guess what coal is6 ,it does not look at all like what it was at first4 ,it was not always in the ground2 it used to live on the top and get the air and sunshine4' #f4 ',it must have been alive1' said ,harry4 ',was it an animal8' ',no4' ',then it was a plant6' cried ,dora4 #g4 ',well1 it is all that is left of many plants and trees1 whole forests of plants and trees1 that grew long1 long ago4' ',before you were born1 mother8' #h4 ',yes1 long before that6 ,it was hundreds and thousands of years ago4 ,it was so far back that the trees were not like the trees we have now4 ,many of them were big ferns4 ,think of a fern grown up to be a tree6 ,and many were great horse-tails4 ,you know what a horse-tail is8' #i4 ',oh yes1' said ,dora1 'we find them in the ditch down the lane4 ,it is such fun pulling them to pieces and putting them together again--like puzzles6' ,illustration3 ,horse-tail4 #aj4 ',those trees must have been very strange1' said ,harry4 ',they would not be nice to climb4 ,but there were no boys in those days1 so it did not matter4' ,illustration ,,fire4 min-er-al coal fen-der prop-er walk-ing laugh-ing grate cru-el ,lon-don smoke al-read-y flame blaze beast cage pic-tures #a4 ',don't you think1' said ,harry1 'that a bit of coal would be a good thing for our mineral box8' #b4 ',i do1' said his father4 ',get a little lump1 and put it in4 ,and1 by the way1 we want more coal on the fire4 ,i must get some4' #c4 ',how nice a fire is on a cold day6' said ,dora1 sitting down on the fender1 to be as near to it as she could4 ',very nice1' said her mother1 'in its proper place--in the grate4' #d4 ',ah1 we should not like it to come walking about the room6' said ,harry1 laughing4 ',there would soon be no room'---- ',and no house6' said ,dora1 shaking her head4 ',and then what should we do8' #e4 ,father came back with the coal1 and put some into the grate1 saying3 ',fire is a good servant but a bad master4 ,if it gets its own way it is a cruel thing4 ,it would burn a town down4 ,it once burned big ,london4' #f4 ,harry was looking at one of the lumps that had been put on the fire4 ,smoke was coming out of it already4 ,a flame burst out in front1 and soon the whole lump was in a blaze4 #g4 ',it seems such a pity that it should all be burned up1' said ,harry1 'when it took so long to make4' ',that is the way of fire1' said father1 'it eats up everything1 and when it has nothing more to feed on it comes to an end--it goes out1 we say4' #h4 ',we don't want it to go out1 and so we keep on feeding it1' said mother4 ',it is like a wild beast in a cage4' ',now look at the coal6' said father4 #i4 ,by this time the lumps were red and very hot4 ,the children went down on their knees to look for pictures in the fire4 ,they soon saw what looked like men and dogs1 rocks1 hills1 and trees1 and at last a great cat with red-hot eyes and a very curly tail4 ,,object ,,lessons4 ,,the ,,cat4 ,page #g4 #a4 ,the cat lives in and about our homes2 so we call it a domestic animal4 #b4 ,it belongs to the same tribe of animals as the lion and tiger4 ,they are savage--puss is tame4 ,like them1 it is a beast of prey--that is1 it catches and eats other animals4 ,they cannot hear it coming with its soft1 padded feet4 #c4 ,the cat leaps upon its prey4 ,it sticks its strong1 sharp claws into a mouse1 and soon kills it with its sharp teeth4 #d4 ,puss is covered with fur2 she has five claws on each fore-paw1 and four on each hind one4 ,she draws them into little sheaths when not angry4 #e4 ,with its rough tongue the cat can lap up milk1 and also clean its fur4 ,it likes to be clean4 ,it opens its eyes wider in the dark1 and can see to run about at night4 ,on each side of its head are long whiskers1 with which it feels its way4 ,write and learn3 ,cats have-- ,padded feet4 ,sharp claws and teeth4 ,rough tongues4 ,good sight at night4 ,cats like-- ,milk4 ,meat4 ,mice and rats4 ,birds and fish4 ,cats are-- ,domestic4 ,tame4 ,useful4 ,cleanly4 ,,the ,,dog4 ,page #ab4 #a4 ,the dog is larger and more active than the cat4 ,it is also of more use to man1 for it guards the house1 minds the sheep1 and will not allow any one to harm its master4 #b4 ,there are many kinds of dogs4 ,all are of some use--from the large ,newfoundland dog to the little fox-terrier4 #c4 ,dogs are like cats in some things4 ,they have padded feet and strong claws4 ,but their claws are blunt4 ,they cannot draw them into sheaths as puss does2 so they make more noise in walking4 #d4 ,the dog is also a beast of prey4 ,but it is not so fierce as the wolf or the fox1 which belong to the same tribe of animals4 ,it likes meat and bones1 but will also eat bread and vegetables4 ,its teeth are very strong and sharp4 #e4 ,most dogs have keen scent1 pointed noses1 and quick sight4 ,write and learn3 ,dogs have-- ,blunt claws4 ,sharp1 strong teeth4 ,keen scent4 ,quick sight4 ,dogs-- ,bark4 ,watch4 ,jump4 ,hunt4 ,dogs are-- ,useful4 ,faithful4 ,friendly4 ,wise4 ,,buttercups4 ,page #ae4 #a4 ,buttercups grow wild4 ,they are of a golden yellow colour4 ,each flower has five yellow leaves growing out from the middle of five smaller green ones4 #b4 ,the flowers are something like a cup in shape1 with a little tuft of grass-like threads standing in each one4 ,in the green ball in the middle there are tiny seeds from which other buttercups will grow if they fall into the ground4 #c4 ,buttercups come in spring4 ,they grow on taller stems than daisies4 ,they have no nice scent such as violets or roses have4 ,write and learn3 ,buttercups-- ,grow wild4 ,come in spring4 ,buttercups have-- ,five yellow leaves4 ,five green ones4 ,buttercups are-- ,pretty and shiny4 ,eaten by cattle4 ,,wheat4 ,page #bj4 #a4 ,wheat is a plant of the grass kind1 but grows higher than common grass4 ,it is grown from seed1 which is grains of wheat kept until hard and dry4 #b4 ,ruts are made in the soil by a plough1 and into these the seed is cast4 ,then the soil is covered over them by a harrow1 drawn by a horse4 #c4 ,rain and warm sunshine help the grains to grow4 ,they grow into tall1 jointed stems1 and soon the ears of wheat appear4 ,they are green at first1 but the sun ripens them and turns them yellow4 #d4 ,then the wheat is cut1 and the new grains are threshed out from the husks which are called chaff4 ,the tall stems make straw4 ,the grains are ground into flour by the miller4 ,we use flour for making bread1 cakes1 and puddings4 ,write and learn3 ,wheat is-- ,a grass plant4 ,grown from seed4 ,green at first4 ,yellow when ripe4 ,wheat has-- ,a tall stem4 ,graceful leaves4 ,an ear4 ,grains4 ,wheat makes-- ,flour4 ,foods4 ,chaff4 ,straw4 ,,slate4 ,page #bf4 #a4 ,slate is a kind of stone4 ,rocks1 and even mountains1 are sometimes made of slate4 ,the great hole made in the rocks by getting it out1 is called a quarry4 ,it is got out in very large blocks4 ,sometimes gunpowder is used to crack the rocks before the blocks can be got out4 #b4 ,slate is very hard and brittle4 ,it is used for many purposes4 ,houses are roofed with slates4 ,sometimes it is used for pavements4 ,it can be made so smooth that we use it for writing upon4 ,slate-pencil is made from soft slate-stone4 ,write and learn3 ,slate is-- ,a kind of stone4 ,very hard4 ,brittle4 ,slate is found in-- ,cumberland4 ,wales4 ,cornwall and ,devon4 ,slate is useful for-- ,roofing houses4 ,making pavements4 ,writing upon4 ,,chalk4 ,page #ca4 #a4 ,like slate1 chalk comes out of the hills4 ,it is white and soft4 ,it is used for many purposes4 ,the farmer puts it on the fields sometimes1 to make the soil better4 ,it holds water and keeps the soil moist4 #b4 ,we get lime and whiting from chalk4 ,we use it in these forms for making our ceilings and walls clean4 ,it is used1 too1 for writing on the blackboard4 ,chalk is found in many parts of ,england4 ,kent and ,hampshire have most4 ,chalk-pits are often seen in the hills4 #c4 ,chalk is formed of thousands of tiny shells4 ,write and learn3 ,chalk is-- ,white4 ,soft4 ,crumbly4 ,chalk is found in-- ,hampshire4 ,kent4 ,isle of ,wight4 ,chalk makes-- ,lime4 ,whiting4 ,chalk-pencils4 ,,the ,,mouse4 ,page #cf4 #a4 ,the mouse is a very small animal1 with pointed nose and long tail4 ,it has large bright eyes1 large ears1 strong sharp teeth1 and is very timid4 #b4 ,the mouse gnaws through the walls and floors of our houses with its sharp1 strong teeth4 ,it makes a little nest in a hole4 ,it comes out when all is quiet to look for crumbs1 or anything left about that it can eat4 ,it gets into the pantry sometimes4 #c4 ,some mice live in fields and woods4 ,the tiny harvest-mouse makes its nest on a wheat-stalk4 ,it often does great harm to the wheat4 #d4 ,but for puss there would soon be so many mice that we should not know what to do4 ,write and learn3 ,mice have-- ,long tails4 ,sharp teeth4 ,large ears4 ,bright eyes4 ,mice like-- ,bread4 ,meat4 ,cheese4 ,milk4 ,mice are-- ,very small4 ,very timid4 ,very quick4 ,very quiet4 ,,the ,,rabbit4 ,page #da4 #a4 ,the rabbit is about the size of the cat1 and is covered with short fur4 ,it burrows a hole in the ground and makes a nest there for its young4 #b4 ,rabbits have long ears and large eyes4 ,they can hear a very slight sound1 and can see behind as well as before them4 #c4 ,their hind-legs are longer than their fore-legs2 so they do not run1 but leap4 #d4 ,rabbits like to live where there is plenty of furze1 which they eat for food4 ,they do much mischief in corn-fields by eating the young corn4 ,they also eat the bark off young trees1 and so spoil them4 ,write and learn3 ,rabbits have-- ,long ears4 ,large eyes4 ,long hind-legs4 ,warm fur4 ,rabbits eat-- ,grass4 ,roots4 ,leaves4 ,bark4 ,rabbits-- ,burrow4 ,make nests for their young4 ,leap4 ,play4 ,,ivy4 ,page #dc4 #a4 ,ivy is an evergreen1 climbing plant4 ,it grows on old walls1 houses1 and churches1 and sometimes on trees4 #b4 ,there are several kinds of ivy4 ,the leaves of each kind are of a different shape4 ,all ivy leaves are very pretty4 #c4 ,the leaves have little marks called veins1 crossing them in all ways4 ,these veins are full of sap1 or moisture1 which the roots of the plant suck up from the earth4 #d4 ,some ivy flowers1 and bears berries4 ,write and learn3 ,ivy is-- ,an evergreen4 ,a climber4 ,ivy has-- ,different forms of leaf4 ,many veins4 ,ivy grows-- ,on old buildings4 ,sometimes round trees4 ,a ,,tree4 ,page #dg4 #a4 ,there are many kinds of trees4 ,the oak1 elm1 and beech are very common4 #b4 ,trees have roots1 trunks1 branches1 leaves1 and often flowers and fruit4 ,the brown covering of the trunk is called bark4 ,this keeps the tree warm and dry4 #c4 ,their leaves fall off in autumn1 except those of evergreens like the holly and the laurel4 #d4 ,trees are both beautiful and useful4 ,they provide us with timber and firewood1 and give shade and shelter to our houses and gardens4 ,write and learn3 ,trees have-- ,roots4 ,branches4 ,leaves4 ,trees-- ,shed leaves4 ,live long4 ,trees give us-- ,timber4 ,fruits4 ,shade and shelter4 ,,bricks4 ,page #ej4 #a4 ,bricks are made of clay4 ,the clay is very damp and heavy when it is dug out of the ground4 #b4 ,it is put into moulds to make bricks1 and slowly baked in a kiln4 ,then the bricks are dry and not so heavy as the clay was4 ,they are porous4 #c4 ,most bricks are of oblong shape4 ,this is the shape used for building houses1 schools1 walls4 ,sometimes they are made into very pretty shapes1 are glazed and used for floors and other things4 ,write and learn3 ,bricks are-- ,made of clay4 ,shaped in moulds4 ,baked in a kiln4 ,bricks are-- ,not so heavy as stone4 ,hard4 ,oblong4 ,bricks are used-- ,for building4 ,for ornament4 ,,the ,,donkey4 ,page #ec4 #a4 ,the donkey is a useful animal when well treated4 ,it is cheaper to buy and to keep than a pony4 #b4 ,the donkey has hoofs like the horse1 and wears shoes4 ,it is very patient and gentle1 and can do with coarse food4 #c4 ,the donkey's coat is rough1 and its mane short4 ,it has a black stripe down its back and across its shoulders4 ,its head and ears are very long4 #d4 ,the donkey can climb high rugged paths better than the horse4 ,it can also carry heavy loads up hill1 because it is strong and sure-footed4 ,write and learn3 ,the donkey has-- ,hoofed feet4 ,long ears4 ,a shaggy coat4 ,a short mane4 ,the donkey is-- ,strong4 ,sure-footed4 ,gentle4 ,patient4 ,the donkey likes-- ,hay4 ,grass4 ,thistles4 ,carrots4 ,,sheep4 ,page #ee4 #a4 ,sheep live mostly in the fields4 ,they often climb very high hills4 ,their feet are not like the donkey's2 they are cloven1 like the cow's4 #b4 ,their legs are so slender that their bodies seem almost too large for them4 ,the thick wool which grows upon them makes them look large4 #c4 ,sheep eat grass4 ,they tear it off1 as the cow does4 ,they cannot bite1 since they have no front teeth in the upper jaw4 #d4 ,they are very timid1 gentle creatures4 ,they do not like to be alone4 ,they live in flocks4 ,they make a great noise when bleating4 #e4 ,sheep are very useful4 ,their flesh gives us mutton2 their wool makes clothing2 their skin makes leather4 ,write and ,learn3 ,sheep have-- ,cloven hoofs4 ,slender legs4 ,thick wool4 ,sheep are-- ,gentle4 ,timid4 ,climbers4 ,sheep give us-- ,food4 ,clothing4 ,leather4 ,,turnips4 ,page #ei4 #a4 ,turnips are grown both in fields and gardens4 ,the tops are green4 ,the turnip is almost round2 but it tapers towards the bottom4 ,most of the turnip grows under ground2 but we can see part of it above ground when nearly ripe4 #b4 ,turnips are good for food4 ,sheep and cattle are fond of them4 ,animals eat them raw4 ,we boil them4 ,raw turnips are not good for us4 ,pigs will eat the rinds which we peel off4 #c4 ,turnips are white or yellow1 sweet1 juicy1 wholesome4 ,write and learn3 ,turnips are-- ,white or yellow4 ,sweet4 ,wholesome4 ,turnips have-- ,roots4 ,green tops4 ,thick rinds4 ,turnips are eaten-- ,by man4 ,by animals4 ,mostly in winter4 ,,green ,,peas4 ,page #fb4 #a4 ,the pea is a climbing plant4 ,we put tall sticks in the garden for the peas to climb4 ,they grow from seeds which are dried peas4 #b4 ,as they grow1 tendrils shoot out and take hold of the sticks4 ,pretty green leaves grow too4 ,then come the dainty white flowers4 #c4 ,when the flowers wither1 they leave little green pods4 ,inside the pods are little green peas4 ,peas and pods grow larger each day until ripe4 #d4 ,peas are very good for food4 ,pigs like the husks4 ,write and learn3 ,peas have-- ,roots4 ,tendrils4 ,flowers4 ,peas-- ,climb4 ,grow from seed4 ,hold by tendrils4 ,peas grow-- ,in gardens4 ,in fields4 ,in summer4 ,,iron ,,and ,,metal4 ,page #fg4 #a4 ,metals are made from ores which are dug out of the earth4 ,these ores are found in many parts of the world4 ,iron is the most common1 as well as the most useful metal4 #b4 ,many things we use are made of it4 ,the steel of which our knives1 tools1 and other things are made1 is made from iron4 ,iron is largely used for making bridges1 railings1 fire-grates1 hammers4 #c4 ,lead1 copper1 tin1 and zinc are metals also4 ,so are silver and gold4 #d4 ,men must dig deep down into the earth to find them4 ,the holes and passages which they make are called mines4 #e4 ,all metals are heavy4 ,all will melt in great heat1 and all can be hammered out into thin sheets or drawn out into wire4 ,write and learn3 ,metals are-- ,heavy4 ,useful4 ,plentiful4 ,metals can be-- ,melted4 ,hammered out4 ,polished4 ,the common metals are-- ,iron4 ,lead4 ,tin and copper4 ,,needles4 ,page #ga4 #a4 ,needles are made of steel wire4 ,in a needle-factory there are hundreds of coils of wire4 ,some of the wire is thick enough for darning-needles2 some very thin for making sewing-needles4 #b4 ,the wire is cut by a machine4 ,the needles are pointed on a grindstone4 ,the eyes are punched by another machine4 ,then the needles are filed to make them smooth4 #c4 ,to make them hard1 the needles are made white-hot1 and put into cold water until quite cool4 ,they are then cleaned and polished4 #d4 ,they must be very dry before put into packets1 or they will rust4 #e4 ,many boys and girls1 as well as men and women1 work in needle-factories4 ,write and learn3 ,needles are-- ,smooth4 ,bright4 ,pointed4 ,needles have-- ,eyes4 ,shanks4 ,points4 ,needles are used-- ,for sewing4 ,for darning4 ,for other work4 ,,the ,,knife4 ,page #hj4 #a4 ,a knife is most useful for cutting4 ,the blade is made of steel2 the handle of ivory1 bone1 or wood4 #b4 ,the blade and handle are fastened together by a long1 thin piece of iron which goes into the handle4 ,the blades have to be heated as needles are1 to make them hard4 #c4 ,a knife is blunt on one edge2 sharp on the other4 ,the grinder sharpens it on a huge stone which goes round and round4 ,the blades are polished before being put into the handles1 as well as after4 #d4 ,there are many kinds of knives4 ,pocket-knives have a spring to make them shut tightly4 ,a table-knife is rounded at the end2 the carving-knife has a sharp pointed blade4 ,write and learn3 ,knives are-- ,sharp4 ,bright4 ,useful4 ,knives have-- ,blades4 ,handles4 ,springs4 ,knives are made-- ,in ,sheffield4 ,,the ,,hen4 ,page #hc4 #a4 ,the hen is a domestic bird4 ,some are white2 some black2 others many colours4 ,the hen finds much of its own food in the fields4 ,it is fed with barley1 bread1 potatoes1 and other things from the house4 #b4 ,the hen has a small head with eyes at the sides4 ,its bill is strong and sharp4 #c4 ,the hen sleeps on a perch on one leg4 ,it never falls off2 its foot is made for grasping4 #d4 ,hens are useful for the eggs they give us2 and they are also good for food4 ,their feathers1 too1 are useful4 ,write and learn3 ,the hen has-- ,a small head4 ,a strong bill4 ,a grasping foot4 ,the hen is-- ,a domestic bird4 ,a percher4 ,useful4 ,the hen gives us-- ,eggs4 ,food4 ,feathers4 ,,the ,,sparrow4 ,page #hf4 #a4 ,the sparrow is a small bird with brown and gray feathers4 ,it builds its nest on our houses1 and sometimes in the pipes which carry the rain off the roof4 ,a sparrow's nest is seldom found in a tree4 ,it lays five or six eggs which are spotted with brown4 #b4 ,farmers often kill sparrows because they steal the corn and fruit4 ,but they are really good friends to the farmer4 ,they eat the worms and grubs1 which would destroy all the fruit4 #c4 ,the sparrow is a very bold little bird1 and is to be found in the streets of the largest towns as well as in the country4 ,write and learn3 ,the sparrow has-- ,brown and gray feathers4 ,sharp claws4 ,a long tail4 ,the sparrow is-- ,small4 ,bold4 ,useful4 ,the sparrow eats-- ,grain4 ,worms4 ,fruit4 ,,herbs4 ,page #ij4 #a4 ,herbs are plants or vegetables with soft stalks or stems4 ,some grow wild1 others we grow in our gardens4 #b4 ,we use some for eating1 such as mustard and cress4 ,others1 such as parsley1 mint1 sage1 and thyme1 we use to flavour our food4 ,many are used as medicine4 #c4 ,most herbs have a nice scent4 ,they are very plentiful1 and very useful4 ,write and learn3 ,herbs have-- ,soft stems4 ,nice scent4 ,strong flavour4 ,herbs are-- ,plentiful4 ,useful4 ,grown from seeds4 ,herbs are used-- ,for eating4 ,for flavouring4 ,for medicine4 ,,coffee ,page #ic4 #a4 ,we get coffee from the coffee-tree4 ,it is an evergreen1 something like our bay-tree4 ,it bears a pretty white flower4 #b4 ,when the flower falls it leaves a red berry1 something like a cherry4 ,the two hard1 oval seeds inside it are what we call coffee beans4 ,they are of a pale colour in the berry1 but are roasted to make them brown4 #c4 ,coffee is good to drink1 but it is not so cheap as tea4 ,it grows in warm countries far away--in ,arabia and the ,west ,indies chiefly4 ,write and learn3 ,the ,coffee-tree-- ,is an evergreen4 ,has white flowers4 ,has a red berry4 ,coffee is-- ,good to drink4 ,warming4 ,not so cheap as tea4 ,coffee grows-- ,in ,arabia4 ,in the ,west ,indies4 ,in ,brazil4 ,,paper4 ,page #if4 #a4 ,paper is one of the most useful things we have4 ,it is made of old rags which are torn to pieces by a machine4 ,lime is put in to make them white4 #b4 ,the pulp1 as it is called1 is then formed into sheets and pressed4 ,it is then covered with size1 and pressed again to make it smooth and glossy4 #c4 ,blotting-paper and other kinds not used for writing upon1 are not sized4 ,brown paper is made of old canvas and sacking4 #d4 ,before paper was made1 people used to write upon the inner bark of trees1 and the thin skins of animals made sweet and dry1 and called parchment4 ,write and learn3 ,writing-paper is-- ,smooth4 ,glossy4 ,fine4 ,blotting-paper is-- ,soft4 ,unglazed4 ,porous4 ,brown paper is-- ,coarse4 ,strong4 ,used for parcels4 ,,the ,,fly4 ,page #ii4 #a4 ,the fly is a wonderful little insect4 ,it has six legs1 with such curious feet that it can walk on the window-panes or the ceiling4 #b4 ,it has a funny little round head4 ,its eyes stand out so that it can see round about it4 ,it cannot move its eyes as we do4 ,neither can it bite its food--it sucks it4 #c4 ,the fly teases us in summer4 ,it gets into our sugar1 milk1 treacle1 and honey4 ,then it makes marks upon our windows and other things4 #d4 ,its wings are very pretty4 ,when they get wet it cannot fly4 ,the noise flies make is called buzzing4 ,write and learn3 ,flies have-- ,six legs4 ,curious feet4 ,fixed eyes4 ,flies-- ,buzz4 ,lay tiny eggs4 ,suck their food4 ,flies like-- ,sugar4 ,honey4 ,milk4 ,,the ,,wasp4 ,page #ajb4 #a4 ,a wasp is a very pretty insect1 black and yellow in colour4 ,there are several kinds4 ,some burrow in the ground and make their nests there4 ,others build their nests in trees4 #b4 ,wasps live together in large numbers4 ,they are very busy4 ,some lay eggs2 some are masons1 and build the nest2 others are soldiers1 and guard the home2 whilst others carry away all the rubbish1 and keep everything clean and tidy4 #c4 ,the wasp's sting has poison in it4 ,this is why it gives us such pain if we get stung4 #d4 ,the wasp is something like the fly in shape1 only much larger4 ,it preys upon other insects4 ,write and learn3 ,the ,wasp has-- ,six legs4 ,four wings4 ,a sharp sting4 ,the ,wasp-- ,makes a nest4 ,works hard4 ,sleeps all winter4 ,the ,wasp likes-- ,insects4 ,meat4 ,sweet things4 ,,the ,,sunflower4 ,page #ajd4 #a4 ,this flower is called sun-flower because it always turns its face to the sun4 ,it turns as the sun goes round4 #b4 ,the sunflower grows on a strong1 tall stalk4 ,it is something like a daisy in form4 #c4 ,the deep-yellow leaves stand out in rays from the dark-coloured middle of the flower1 which is called the disk4 ,this disk is made of a large number of tiny flowers closely packed together4 #d4 ,the seeds of this flower are large and oblong1 and contain oil4 #e4 ,bees and flies visit sunflowers1 to gather honey4 ,write and learn3 ,the sunflower has-- ,a strong stalk4 ,a large disk4 ,many rays4 ,the sunflower-- ,grows from seed4 ,contains honey4 ,turns to the sun4 ,the sunflower has-- ,small flowers in its disk4 ,oblong seeds4 ,oily seed4 ,,the ,,rose4 ,page #ajh4 #a4 ,roses are of many kinds and many colours4 ,most of them are sweet-scented4 ,some rose-bushes do not grow very high4 ,others grow up as high as our houses4 #b4 ,roses have thorns on their stems4 ,wild roses have many thorns4 ,wild roses are small--have only five leaves--but they are very pretty4 #c4 ,when they die they leave berries1 called hips1 which make good food for the birds in winter4 ,there are seeds in them4 ,write and learn3 ,the rose has-- ,a sweet scent4 ,sharp thorns on its stem4 ,soft1 smooth leaves4 ,the rose is-- ,sometimes white4 ,sometimes yellow4 ,sometimes red4 ,the wild rose-- ,grows in hedges4 ,has five leaves4 ,has berries called 'hips4' ,,wood4 ,page #aaa4 #a4 ,wood seems to be almost as useful as iron4 ,hundreds of years ago1 houses were built of wood4 ,all the houses in ,london were4 ,there is much wood in our houses now4 #b4 ,there are many kinds of wood--each comes from a different tree4 ,oak is a very hard wood4 ,pine is softer4 ,willow is very soft2 its thin branches will bend easily4 ,it is used for making baskets4 #c4 ,when the trunk of a tree is sawn into planks we can see the grain or marks in it4 ,some are very prettily marked4 ,oak and walnut are4 ,wood can be highly polished4 ,write and learn3 ,wood grows-- ,in most countries4 ,in forests4 ,plentifully4 ,wood is-- ,very useful4 ,mostly hard4 ,grained4 ,wood is used for-- ,building purposes4 ,furniture4 ,fires4 ,,coal4 ,page #aac4 #a4 ,coal is dug out of the earth4 ,coal and iron are found together4 ,but coal is not a metal as iron is4 ,it will not melt4 ,we call it a mineral4 #b4 ,it is found in many parts of the world4 ,there is a very large quantity in our own country4 #c4 ,it is a black1 shiny1 opaque1 and brittle mineral4 ,men have to go deep down into the earth1 into mines1 to get it4 ,they are in great danger4 #d4 ,coals were once forests1 which sank lower and lower into the earth hundreds and thousands of years ago4 ,they became mixed with other things1 and in time were changed to coal4 ,we can see the grain in some of the coal1 as we see it in wood4 ,write and learn3 ,coal is-- ,a ,mineral4 ,black4 ,opaque4 ,brittle4 ,coal is-- ,buried forests4 ,got from mines4 ,heavy4 ,grained4 ,coal is used for-- ,fuel4 ,smelting metals4 ,making gas4 ,making tar4 ,,fire4 ,page #aai4 #a4 ,fire is useful but dangerous4 ,a spark from it might set a house on fire4 ,we ought to be very careful about it4 ,children should never play with fire4 #b4 ,it is so useful that we should not be able to have many things we have1 if we had no fire4 #c4 ,when ,england was covered with forests1 hundreds of years ago1 people used to have fires of wood1 instead of coal4 ,wood-fires are not so smoky as those made of coal1 but they are not so hot4 ,write and learn3 ,fire is-- ,useful4 ,dangerous4 ,a good servant4 ,a bad master4 ,fire-- ,burns4 ,smokes4 ,makes flame4 ,gives heat4 ,fire-- ,warms our houses4 ,cooks our food4 ,makes water into steam4 ,makes soot4 ,,the ,,end4 ,edinburgh3 ,printed by ,w4 ,r4 ,chambers1 ,limited4