,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,footnotes h be5 relocat$ to ! end ( ! text1 & footnote an*ors h be5 label$ ) ! orig9al page & footnote numb]s4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ations by ! au?or 7includ+ co-ext5sive_/coext5sive1 foot-notes_/footnotes1 hundr$-fold_/hundr$fold1 mis-/atem5t_/mis/atem5t1 re-writt5_/rewritt51 two-fold_/tw(old7 h be5 reta9$ z pr9t$4 ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,"w ,,entitl$ ,,sup]natural ,,religion ,repr9t$ f ,! ,contempor>y ,review4 ,,by ,j4,b4 ,,lightfoot1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,late ,,bi%op ,,( ,,durham4 ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 ,,& ,,new ,,york4 #ahic ,fir/ ,edition1 #ahhi4 ,second ,edition1 #ahic4 ,,preface4 ,?is republication ( ,essays :i* 7 writt5 sev]al ye>s ago has no ref]5ce to any pres5t controv]sies4 ,its ju/ification is ! fact t /rang]s & fri5ds 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica alike _h urg$ me f "t to "t to ga!r !m toge!r1 t !y might be _h 9 a m conv5i5t =m1 believ+ t !y conta9$ "s elem5ts ( p]man5t value :i* des]v$ to be rescu$ f ! pa/ numb]s ( a ,review n easily procurable1 & ?us r5d]$ m accessible to /ud5ts4 ,i _h long resi/$ ^! solicitations = reasons :i* ,i %all expla9 pres5tly2 b a few mon?s ago1 :5 ,i 0 pro/rat$ by sickness & my life 0 hang+ on a sl5d] ?read1 x became necess>y to give a f9al answ] to ! advice t5d]$ to me4 ,?is volume is ! result4 ,! k9d (fices ( my *apla9 ! ,rev4 ,j4,r4 ,h>m]1 :o und]took ! tr\blesome task ( v]ify+ ! ref]5ces1 correct+ ! press1 & add+ ! indices1 :5 ,i 0 f> too ill to att5d to su* matt]s myself1 h enabl$ me to br+ x out soon] ?an ,i _h hop$4 ,:5 ,i fir/ took up ! book entitl$ ',sup]natural ,religion1' ,i felt1 :e!r rightly or wrongly1 t its criticisms 7 too loose & pret5ti\s1 & too full ( errors1 to produce any p]man5t effect2 & = ! mo/ "p attacks ( ?is k9d on ! records ( ! ,div9e ,life are be/ left alone4 ,b ,i f\nd t a cruel & unju/ifiable assault 0 made on a v de> fri5d to :om ,i 0 atta*$ by ! mo/ sacr$ p]sonal & !ological ties2 & t ! book :i* conta9$ ?is attack 0 f causes :i* ne$ n be specifi$ obta9+ a notoriety un=ese5 by me4 ,?us ,i 0 =c$ to break sil5ce2 &1 z ,i advanc$ ) my "w1 ,i seem$ to see t1 ?\gh und]tak5 to r$ress a p]sonal inju/ice1 x might be made subs]vi5t to ! wid] int]e/s ( ! tru?4 ,pap] succe$$ ^u pap]1 & ,i _h hop$ ultimately to cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 s f> z reg>ds ! te/imony ( ! fir/ two c5turies to ! ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,b my "t 0 n my own1 z ,i 0 necess>ily int]rupt$ by o!r lit]>y & pr(essional duties :i* claim$ ! fir/ place2 & mean:ile ,i 0 transf]r$ to ano!r & m ardu\s sph]e ( practical "w1 be+ ?us oblig$ to po/pone indef9itely my int5tion ( giv+ some?+ l complet5ess to ! "w4 ,9 republi%+ ^! pap]s !n1 ! only c\rse op5 to me1 9 ju/ice to my adv]s>y z well z to myself1 0 to repr9t !m 9 succession ^w = ^w z !y appe>$1 correct+ obvi\s mispr9ts2 ?\gh 9 _m cases my argum5t might h be5 /r5g!n$ consid]ably4 ,rec5tly discov]$ docum5ts = in/ance h e/abli%$ ! c]ta9ty ( ! ma9 conclusions respect+ ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 to :i* ! criticism ( ! available evid5ce _h l$ me4 ,aga9 ,i h s9ce treat$ ! ,ignatian "q m fully else:]e1 & satisfi$ myself on po9ts ab\t :i* ,i _h express$ indecision 9 ^! ,essays4 ,on ! o!r h& on "o or two m9or que/ions ,i might h us$ less confid5t language4 ,:at %ock$ me 9 ! book 0 n ! extravagance ( ! op9ions or ! div]g5ce f my own views2 ?\gh ,i _c pret5d to be indiff]5t ab\t ! v]acity ( ! records :i* pr(ess to reveal ,him1 :om ,i believe to be n only ! v ,tru?1 b ! v ,life4 ,i h (t5 le>nt v mu* ev5 f extreme critics1 & h freely ackn[l$g$ my obligations2 b "h 0 a writ] :o 7to judge f 8 me?od7 seem$ to me1 & n to me only ,footnote3 ,see ,salmon's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t p4 #i41 :]e x 0 a "q ( weigh+ probabilities1 z is ! case 9 mo/ hi/orical inve/igations1 to *oose inv>iably t alt]native1 ev5 ?\gh ! lea/ probable1 :i* w\ld enable him to score a po9t aga9/ 8 adv]s>y4 ,= ! re/ ,i disclaim any p]sonal bias1 z aga9/ any p]sonal oppon5t4 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion1' z di/9ct f ! "w1 is a m]e blank to me4 ,i d n ev5 "k 8 "n1 nor h ,i attempt$ to discov] x4 ,:e!r he is liv+ or dead1 ,i "k n4 ,he pref]r$ to write anonym\sly1 & s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,i am glad t x 0 s2 ?\gh1 speak+ = myself1 ,i pref] tak+ ! responsibility ( my op9ions & /atem5ts on important subjects4 ,9 sev]al in/ances ! au?or ei!r v\*saf$ an answ] to my criticisms1 or alt]$ ! =m ( 8 /atem5ts 9 a subsequ5t edition4 ,9 all su* cases ref]5ces are scrupul\sly giv5 9 ?is volume to 8 lat] utt]ances4 ,9 mo/ cases my assailant _h ! la/ ^w4 ,he is welcome to x4 ,i am q will+ t c>eful & imp>tial critics %all read my /atem5ts & 8 side by side1 & judge betwe5 u4 ,x is my sole desire1 9 great ?+s & 9 small1 to be f\nd ,greek3 sun]gos te ale!ia4 ,,b\rnem\?1 ,may #b1 #ahhi4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a--ca ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sil5ce ,,( ,,eusebius #cb--eh ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ignatian ,,epi/les #ei--hh ,,iv4 ,,polyc>p ,,( ,,smyrna #hi--ada ,v4 ,,papias ,,( ,,hi]apolis ,i4 #adb--agg ,,vi4 ,,papias ,,( ,,hi]apolis ,,ii4 #agh--baf ,,vii4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,s*ool ,,( ,,/ ,,john #bag--bej ,,viii4 ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,gaul #bea--bga ,,ix4 ,,tatian',s ,,diatess>on #bgb--bhh ,,discov]ies ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les #bia--cjb ,,indices #cjc--cbd ,,sup]natural ,,religion4 ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,,decemb]1 #ahgd ,if ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion ,footnote #a3a design$1 by )hold+ 8 "n1 to /imulate public curiosity & ?us to ext5d ! circulation ( 8 "w1 he has c]ta9ly n be5 disappo9t$ 9 8 hope4 ,:5 ! rum\r once got abroad1 t x proce$$ f ! p5 ( a le>n$ & v5]able prelate1 ! success ( ! book 0 secur$4 ,= ?is rum\r inde$ !re 0 no f\ndation 9 fact4 ,x 0 promptly & emphatically d5i$1 :5 accid5tally x rea*$ ! e>s ( ! suppos$ au?or4 ,b mean:ile ! report _h be5 efficaci\s4 ,! review]s _h tak5 ! "w 9 h& & 7) "o exception7 lavi%$ _! praises on ! critical portions ( x4 ,! fir/ edition 0 exhau/$ 9 a few mon?s4 ,no words c be too /rong to condemn ! he>tless cruelty ( ?is imputation4 ,! v5]able prelate1 on :om ! au?or%ip ( ?is anonym\s "w 0 ?ru/1 des]v$ lea/ ( all m5 to be expos$ to su* an insult4 ,z an academic tea*] & z an ecclesia/ical rul] alike1 he _h di/+ui%$ himself by a c\rage\s av[al ( 8 op9ions at all co/s4 ,= m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury he _h liv$ 9 ! full blaze ( publicity1 & on 8 fe>less integrity no brea? ( suspicion _h ev] re/$4 ,yet n[1 :5 increas+ infirmities oblig$ him to lay d[n 8 (fice1 he 0 told t 8 life = ye>s pa/ _h be5 "o gigantic lie4 ,! ins9uation involv$ no?+ less ?an ?is4 ,?r\gh\t ^? _m ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! anonym\s au?or1 z he himself tells u1 _h be5 prep>+ = ! publication ( an elaborate & sy/ematic attack ^u ,*ri/ianity1 ! bi%op 0 prea*+ ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 confirm+ ,*ri/ian *ildr51 orda9+ ,*ri/ian m9i/]s1 )\t brea?+ a h9t to ! _w t he felt any misgiv+ ( ! tru?s :i* he ?us av[$ & taught4 ,yet m5 talk$ z if1 someh[ or o!r1 ! cause ( 'free?9k+' _h ga9$ great moral support f ! conv]sion ( a bi%op1 ?\gh1 if ! rum\r _h be5 true1 _! new conv]t _h = ye>s pa/ be5 guilty ( ! base/ fraud ( :i* a man is capable4 ,& all ! :ile !re 0 absolutely no?+ to recomm5d ?is id5tification ( ! unkn[n au?or4 ,! intellectual *>act]i/ics ( ! "w pres5t a tr5*ant contra/ to ! ref9$ s*ol>%ip & cauti\s logic ( ?is accompli%$ prelate4 ,only "o po9t ( resemblance c\ld be nam$4 ,! au?or %[s an acqua9tance ) ! !ological critics ( ! mod]n ,dut* s*ool2 & a k ( ,dut* writ]s 0 kn[n1 or believ$1 to h a place among ! acquisitions ( ?is omnisci5t s*ol>4 ,truly no reputation is safe1 :5 su* a reputation is traduc$ on ^! gr\nds4 ,i h be5 assum+ h[ev] t ! "w entitl$ ,sup]natural ,religion1 :i* lies be=e me1 is ! same "w :i* ! review]s h applaud$ "u ?is "n4 ,b1 :5 ,i rememb] t ! ,/ ,m>k ( ,papias _c possibly be our ,/ ,m>k1 ,i feel b\nd to ?r[ ^u ?is assumption ! full light ( mod]n critical pr9ciples2 &1 s te/$1 x proves to be n only ha/y & unw>rantable1 b altoge!r absurd4 ,x is only necess>y to comp>e ! /atem5ts ( highly intellectual review]s ) ! "w itself2 & e unprejudic$ m9d mu/ be conv9c$ t '! evid5ce is fatal to ! claims' involv$ 9 ?is id5tification4 ,out ( five reviews or notices ( ! "w :i* ,i h read1 only "o seems to ref] to our ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,! o!r f\r are pla9ly deal+ ) "s apocryphal "w1 be>+ ! same "n & (t5 us+ ! same language1 b 9 its ma9 *>act]i/ics q diff]5t f & mu* m au!ntic ?an ! volumes be=e me4 #a4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! review]s agree 9 attribut+ to ! "w s*ol>%ip & criticism ( ! highe/ ord]4 ',! au?or1' writes "o1 'is a sci5tifically tra9$ critic4 ,he has le>n$ to argue & to weigh evid5ce4' ',! book1' adds a second1 'proce$s f a man ( ability1 a s*ol> & a reason]4' ',8 s*ol>%ip1' says ?is same review] aga91 'is app>5t ?r\gh\t4' ',along ) a wide & m9ute s*ol>%ip1' he writes 9 yet ano!r place1 '! unkn[n writ] %[s great acut5ess4' ,aga9 a ?ird review]1 ( ^: g5]al tone1 z well z ( 8 criticisms on ! fir/ "p ( ! "w1 ,i %\ld wi% to speak ) ! highe/ respect1 praises ! writ]'s 'se>*+ & s*ol>ly criticism4' ,la/ly a f\r? review] attributes to ! au?or 'c>eful & acute s*ol>%ip4' ,?is te/imony is explicit1 & x comes f f\r diff]5t qu>t]s4 ,x is moreov] confirm$ by ! rum\r already m5tion$1 :i* assign$ ! "w to a bi%op :o has few rivals among 8 contempor>ies z a s*ol> & a critic4 ,n[1 s9ce ! docum5ts :i* our au?or has und]tak5 to discuss are writt5 almo/ :olly 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 languages1 x may safely be assum$ t "u ! t]m 's*ol>%ip' ! review]s includ$ an adequate k ( ^! languages4 ,/>t+ f ?is z an axiom :i* w n be disput$1 ,i proce$ to inquire :at we f9d 9 ! "w itself1 :i* w ?r[ any light on ?is po9t4 ,! example1 :i* ,i %all take fir/1 relates to a highly important passage ( ,ir5aeus #c3a1 conta9+ a ref]5ce 9 "s e>li] au?ority1 :om ?is fa!r quotes1 to a say+ ( our ,"l record$ only 9 ,/ ,john's ,gospel4 ,! passage beg9s ?us3-- ',z ! eld]s say1 !n also %all ^? deem$ wor?y ( ! abode 9 heav5 dep>t ?i!r2 & o!rs %all enjoy ! delights ( p>adise2 & o!rs %all possess ! spl5d\r ( ! city2 = ev]y:]e ! ,savi\r %all be se5 accord+ z !y t see ,him %all be wor?y4' ,!n foll[s ! important p>agraph :i* is translat$ diff]5tly by our au?or #d3a & by ,dr ,we/cott #d3b4 ,= reasons :i* w appe> imm$iately1 ,i place ! two r5d]+s side by side3-- ,,we/cott4 ,,sup]natural ,,religion4 ',?is di/9ction ( dwell+1 ',b !re is to be ?is !y taught1 exi/s betwe5 di/9ction #d3d ( dwell+ ^? :o br\ght =? a 7,greek3 e9ai de t5 dia/ol5 hundr$-fold1 & ^? :o taut5 tes oikeseos7 ( ^? be>+ br\ght =? sixty-fold1 & fruit ! hundr$-fold1 & ( ! ^? :o br\ght =? 7be>]s (7 ! sixty-fold1 & ( tw5ty-fold 7,matt4 xiii4 #h7444 ! 7be>]s (7 ! ?irty-fold3 ( :om "s inde$ %all be tak5 up into ! heav5s1 "s %all live ,& x 0 = ?is reason 9 ,p>adise1 & "s %all ! ,"l said t 9 ,8 inhabit ! ,city1 & = t ,fa!r's ,h\se 7,greek3 en reason 7,greek3 dia t\to-- tois t\ patros7 are _m propt] hoc7 ! ,"l decl>$ mansions 7,john xiv4 #b74' _m mansions to be 9 ! 7heav5s7 #d3c ( my ,fa!r 7,greek3 en tois t\ patros m\ monas e9ai pollas71 etc4' ,on ?is extract our au?or rem>ks t 'x is impossible = any "o :o att5tively consid]s ! :ole ( ?is passage & :o makes himself acqua9t$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ,ir5aeus conducts 8 argum5t1 & int]weaves x ) texts ( ,scripture1 to d\bt t ! phrase we are consid]+ is introduc$ by ,ir5aeus himself1 & is 9 no case a quotation f ! "w ( ,papias #e3a4' ,z reg>ds ! relation ( ?is quotation f ! ,f\r? ,gospel to ,papias any rem>ks1 :i* ,i h to make1 mu/ be def]r$ = ! pres5t #e3b2 b on ! o!r po9t ,i v5ture to say t any fairly tra9$ s*oolboy w feel himself con/ra9$ by ! rules ( ,greek gramm> to d5y :at our au?or consid]s x 'impossible' ev5 'to d\bt4' ,he himself is q unconsci\s ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! inf9itive & ! indicative1 or 9 o!r words betwe5 ! oblique & ! direct n>rative2 & s he boldly translates ,greek3 e9ai t5 dia/ol5 z ?\gh x 7 ,greek3 e/ai 7or ,greek3 mellei e9ai7 ,greek3 he dia/ole1 & ,greek3 eirek5ai ton ,kurion z ?\gh x 7 ,greek3 eirek5 ho ,kurios4 ,?is is j z if a translator f a ,g]man orig9al 7 to p]si/ 9 ignor+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 'es sey' & 'es i/' & betwe5 'd] ,h]r sage' & 'd] ,h]r sagt4' ,yet s unconsci\s is our au?or ( ! real po9t at issue1 t he proce$s to support 8 view by sev]al o!r passages 9 :i* ,ir5aeus 'int]weaves' 8 own rem>ks1 because !y happ5 to conta9 ! words ,greek3 dia t\to1 ?\gh 9 e in/ance ! indicative & n ! inf9itive is us$4 ,to complete ?is feat ( s*ol>%ip he proce$s to *>ge ,dr ,we/cott ) :at 'am\nts to a falsification ( ! text #e3c1' because ?is s*ol>ly writ] has ins]t$ ! words '!y taught' to %[ t 9 ! orig9al ! s5t5ce conta9+ ! ref]5ce to ,/ ,john is 9 ! oblique n>rative & !re=e reports ! words ( o!rs #e3d4 ,i %all n retort ?is *>ge ( 'falsification1' because ,i d n ?9k t ! cause ( tru? is s]v$ by imput+ immoral motives to ^? f :om we diff]2 & inde$ ! context %[s t our au?or is altoge!r bl9d to ! grammatical necessity4 ,b ,i w\ld v5ture to ask :e!r x w\ld n h be5 m prud5t1 z well z m seemly1 if he _h paus$ be=e v5tur+1 "u ! %elt] ( an anonym\s publication1 to ?r[ out ?is imputation ( di%one/y aga9/ a writ] ( s+ul> c&\r & mod]ation1 :o has at lea/ giv5 to ! _w ! ho/age & ! cr$5tial ( an hon\r$ "n4 ,x is necess>y to add t our au?or p]si/s 9 rivet+ ?is grammatical error on himself4 ,he returns to ! *>ge aga9 9 two lat] footnotes #f3a & decl>es himself to h %[n 't x ! ref]5ce to ! ,f\r? ,gospel mu/ be ref]r$ to ,ir5aeus himself1 & t !re is no gr\nd = attribut+ x to ! ,presbyt]s at all4' ',mo/ critics1' he cont9ues1 'admit ! unc]ta9ty #f3b4' ,z x w be my mis=tune h]eaft] to dispute n a few propositions :i* 'mo/ critics' are agre$ 9 ma9ta9+1 x is some:at reassur+ to f9d t !y are q indiff]5t to ! mo/ elem5t>y dem&s ( gramm> #f3c4 ,! passage j discuss$ has a vital be>+ on ! ma9 "q at issue1 ! date ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,! second example :i* ,i %all take1 ?\gh less important1 is n )\t its value4 ,z 9 ! =m] in/ance our au?or %[$ 8 indiff]5ce to moods1 s "h he is equally reg>dless ( t5ses4 ,he is discuss+ ! hea!n ,celsus1 :o %[s an acqua9tance ) ! ,evangelical n>ratives1 & ^: date !re=e x is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce to asc]ta94 ,orig51 9 ! preface to 8 refutation ( ,celsus1 di/9ctly /ates t ?is p]son _h be5 long dead 7,greek3 ede kai palai nekron74 ,9 8 fir/ book aga9 he confesses 8 ignorance :o ?is ,celsus 01 b is dispos$ to id5tify him ) a p]son ( ! "n kn[n to h fl\ri%$ ab\t a c5tury be=e 8 own "t #g3a4 ,b at ! close ( ! la/ book #g3b1 address+ 8 fri5d ,ambrosius :o _h s5t him ! "w1 & at ^: in/ance he _h und]tak5 ! refutation1 he writes 7or r1 he is repres5t$ by our au?or z writ+7 z foll[s3-- ',"k1 h[ev]1 t ,celsus has promis$ to write ano!r treatise aft] ?is "o4444 ,if1 !re=e1 he has n fulfill$ 8 promise to write a second book1 we may well be satisfi$ ) ! eight books 9 reply to 8 ,disc\rse4 ,if h[ev]1 he has comm5c$ & f9i%$ ?is "w also1 seek x & s5d x 9 ord] t we may answ] x also1 & confute ! false tea*+ 9 x etc4' #g3c ,on ! /r5g? ( ! passage s translat$1 our au?or supposes t ,orig5's impression conc]n+ ! date ( ,celsus _h mean:ile be5 'consid]ably modifi$'1 & rem>ks t he n[ 'treats him z a contempor>y'4 ,un=tunately h[ev]1 ! t5ses1 on :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds1 are freely h&l$ 9 ?is translation4 ,orig5 does n say1 ',celsus has promis$1' b ',celsus promises' 7,greek3 epangellom5on71 i4e4 9 ! treatise be=e him1 = ,orig5's k 0 pla9ly d]iv$ f ! book itself4 ,& aga91 he does n say ',if he has n fulfill$ 8 promise to write'1 b ',if he did n write z he und]took to d' 7,greek3 egraps5 hupos*om5os72 nor 'if he has comm5c$ & f9i%$'1 b 'if he comm5c$ & f9i%$' 7,greek3 arxam5os sunetelese7 #g3d4 ,?us ,orig5's language itself "h po9ts to a pa/ epo*1 & is 9 /rict accordance ) ! e>li] passages 9 8 "w4 ,^! two examples h be5 *os51 n because !y are by any means ! wor/ specim5s ( our au?or's ,greek1 b because 9 bo? cases an elaborate argum5t is wreck$ on ?is rock ( gramm>4 ,if any read] is curi\s to see h[ he c drive 8 pl\gh%>e ?r\gh a ,greek s5t5ce1 he may ref] = in/ance to ! translations ( ,basilides 7,,ii4 p4 #df7 #h3a1 or ( ,val5t9us 7,,ii4 p4 #fc7 #h3b1 or ( ,philo 7,,ii4 p4 #bfe sq7 #h3c4 ,or he may draw 8 inf]5ces f su* r5d]+s z ,greek2 ho logos edel\1 ',scripture decl>es1' #h3d or ,greek3 kata korres propelakize91 #h3e 'to inflict a bl[ on "o side'2 or f su* p]v]sions ( mean+ z 'did no wrong1' twice repeat$ #h3f z a translation ( ,greek3 oud5 hem>te 9 an important passage ( ,papias relat+ to ,/ ,m>k1 :]e ?is ,fa!r really means t ! ,evangeli/1 ?\gh 8 n>rative 0 n complete1 yet 'made no mi/ake' 9 :at he did record4 ,nor does our au?or's ,lat9 f>e any bett] ?an 8 ,greek1 z may be inf]r$ f ! fact t he c translate 'nihil tam5 diff]t cr$5tium fidei1' 'no?+ nev]!less diff]s 9 ! fai? ( believ]s1' #h3g in/ead ( 'x makes no diff]5ce to ! fai? ( believ]s1' ?us sacrific+ s5se & gramm> alike #h3h4 ,or x is /ill bett] illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ example3-- ',nam ex iis comm5tatoribus ',= ( ! ,comm5tators quos habemus1 ,lucam videtur :om we possess1 ,m>cion seems ,m>cion elegisse quem ca$]et4' 7videtur7 to h select$ ,luke1 ,t]tull4 adv4 ,m>c4 iv4 #b4 :i* he mutilates4' ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ii4 #h3i ,"h aga9 t5ses & moods are q indiff]5t1 an imp]fect subjunctive be+ treat$ z a pres5t indicative2 :ile at ! same "t our au?or fails to p]ceive t ! comm5tatores are ! ,evangeli/s !mselves4 ,8 m9d seems to be runn+ on ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,de ,wette & ,al=d1 & he has =gott5 ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,caes> #i3a4 ,hav+ %[n t ! au?or does n possess ! elem5t>y k :i* is indisp5sable 9 a critical s*ol>1 ,i %all n /op to inquire h[ f> he exhibits ^? high] qualifications ( a critic1 :i* are f> m r>e--:e!r = in/ance he has ! discrim9at+ tact & nice balance ( judgm5t necess>y = su* a "w1 or :e!r aga9 he realizes h[ m5 9 actual life d speak & write n[1 & might be expect$ to speak & write sixte5 or sev5te5 c5turies ago--)\t :i* qualifications ! mo/ pa9ful /udy & reproduction ( ,g]man & ,dut* criticism is valueless4 ,^! qualifications _c be weigh$ or measur$1 & ,i mu/ tru/ to my subsequ5t inve/igations to put ! read] 9 possession ( data = =m+ a judgm5t on ^! po9ts4 ,at pres5t x w be suffici5t to rem>k t a s*ol>ly writ] might at lea/ be expect$ n to contradict himself on a highly important "q ( ,biblical criticism4 ,yet ?is is :at our au?or does4 ,speak+ ( ! desc5t ( ! angel at ! pool ( ,be!sda 7,john v4 #c1 #d7 9 8 fir/ "p1 he writes3 ',! passage is n f\nd 9 ! old] ,,mss ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & x 0 probably a lat] int]polation4' #i3b ,b1 hav+ occasion t[>ds ! end ( 8 "w to ref] aga9 to ?is same passage1 he entirely =gets 8 previ\sly express$ op9ion1 & is v positive on ! o!r side4 ',we mu/ believe1' he writes1 't ?is passage did orig9ally belong to ! text1 & has f an e>ly p]iod be5 omitt$ f ! ,,mss on acc\nt ( ! difficulty x pres5ts4' #aj3a ,&1 to make ! contradiction m flagrant1 he proce$s to give a reason :y ! disput$ words mu/ h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al text4 ,x mu/ be evid5t by ?is "t to any 'imp>tial m9d1' t ! ,sup]natural ,religion ( ! review]s _c be our ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,! high] criticism has taught me t poor fooli% ,papias1 an extreme specim5 ( '! mo/ deplorable c>elessness & want ( critical judgm5t' display$ by ! ,fa!rs on all occasions1 _c possibly h _h our ,/ ,m>k's ,gospel be=e him #aj3b1 because he says t 8 ,/ ,m>k record$ only '"s' ( our ,"l's say+s & do+s1 & did n record !m 9 ord] 7?\gh by ! way no "o ma9ta9s t ev]y?+ said & done by ,*ri/ is record$ 9 our ,second ,gospel1 or t ! ev5ts foll[ 9 /rict *ronological sequ5ce72 & h[ !n is x possible to resi/ ! conclusion1 :i* is =c$ ^u ! m9d by ! concurr5t te/imony ( s _m able review]s1 ! lead]s ( intellectual ?\ght 9 ?is critical n9ete5? c5tury1 to ! consummate s*ol>%ip ( ! writ]1 t !y mu/ be ref]r+ to a diff]5t rec5sion1 probably m au!ntic & c]ta9ly f> m satisfactory ?an ! book :i* lies be=e me8 #b4 ,& ! difficulty ( ! popul> id5tification w be f\nd to increase z ! inve/igation proce$s4 ,!re is a second po9t1 also1 on :i* our critics are unanim\s4 ,our fir/ review] describes ! au?or z 'scrupul\sly exact 9 /at+ ! argum5ts ( adv]s>ies4' ,our f\r? review] uses /ill /rong] language3 ',! au?or ) excell5t c&\r places be=e u ! mat]ials on :i* a judgm5t mu/ re/1 ) great fulness & p]fect imp>tiality4' ,! te/imony ( ! o!r two1 ?\gh n q s explicit1 t5ds 9 ! same direction4 ',an e>ne/ seek] aft] tru?1' says ! second review]1 'look+ ar\nd at all p>ticul>s p]ta9+ to 8 inquiries4' ',! acc\nt giv5 9 ! volume we are notic+1' writes ! ?ird1 'is a p]fect m9e ( in=mation on ?is subject1 alloy$ inde$ ) no small prejudice1 yet s wond]fully fai?ful & compreh5sive t an error may be detect$ by ! light ( ! writ]'s own se>*+ & s*ol>ly criticism4' ,n[ ?is is n ! *>act]i/ic ( ! book be=e me4 ,! au?or does inde$ s+le out f "t to "t ! weak] argum5ts ( 'apologetic' writ]s1 & on ^! he dwells at great l5g?2 b _! weighti] facts & l9es ( reason+ are altoge!r ignor$ by him1 ?\gh !y (t5 occur 9 ! same books & ev5 9 ! same contexts :i* he quotes4 ,?is *>ge w1 ,i believe1 be abundantly sub/antiat$ z ,i proce$4 ,at pres5t ,i %all d no m ?an give a few samples4 ,our au?or *>ges ! ,epi/le ascrib$ to ,polyc>p ) an ana*ronism #aa3a1 because1 ?\gh 9 an e>li] passage ,/ ,ignatius is assum$ to be dead1 '9 *ap4 xiii he is spok5 ( z liv+1 & in=mation is reque/$ reg>d+ him & ^? :o are ) him4' ,:y !n does he n notice ! answ] :i* he might h f\nd 9 any common s\rce ( in=mation1 t :5 ! ,lat9 v]sion 7! ,greek is want+ "h7 'de 8 qui cum eo sunt' is retranslat$ into ! orig9al language1 ,greek3 tois sun auto1 ! 'ana*ronism' altoge!r disappe>s8 #aa3b ,aga91 :5 he devotes m ?an =ty pages to ! discussion ( ,papias #aa3c1 :y does he n ev5 m5tion ! view ma9ta9$ by ,dr ,we/cott & o!rs 7& c]ta9ly sugge/$ by a /rict int]pretation ( ,papias' own words71 t ?is fa!r's object 9 8 ',exposition' 0 n to con/ruct a new evangelical n>rative1 b to int]pret & illu/rate by oral tradition "o already ly+ be=e him 9 writt5 docum5ts8 #aa3d ,?is view1 if correct1 entirely alt]s ! relation ( ,papias to ! writt5 ,gospels2 & its discussion 0 a matt] ( ess5tial importance to ! ma9 "q at issue4 ,aga91 :5 he reproduces ! ,tueb+5 fallacy respect+ '! /rong prejudice' ( ,hegesippus aga9/ ,/ ,paul #ab3a1 & quotes ! (t5-quot$ passage f ,/ephanus ,gob>us1 9 :i* ?is writ] ref]s to ! language ( ,hegesippus condemn+ ! use ( ! words1 ',eye ha? n se51 etc4'1 :y does he n /ate t ^! words 7 employ$ by h]etical tea*]s to ju/ify _! rites ( initiation1 & consequ5tly 'apologetic' writ]s cont5d t ,hegesippus ref]s to ! words1 n z us$ by ,/ ,paul1 b z misappli$ by ^! h]etics8 ,s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,tueb+5 int]pretation1 ?is s+le notice contradicts ev]y?+ else :i* we "k ( ! op9ions ( ,hegesippus #ab3b1 ! view ( 'apologi/s' might p]haps h be5 wor? a mom5t's consid]ation4 ,& aga91 9 ! elaborate exam9ation ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's evangelical quotations #ab3c1 9 :i* he _h ,cr$n]'s c>eful analysis to guide him1 & :i* !re=e is q ! mo/ fav\rable specim5 ( 8 critical "w1 our au?or frequ5tly ref]s to ,dr ,we/cott's book to c5sure x1 & _m comp>atively insignificant po9ts are discuss$ at great l5g?4 ,:y !n does he n once m5tion ,dr ,we/cott's argum5t f\nd$ on ! loos5ess ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z ?r[+ "s light on ! degree ( accuracy :i* he might be expect$ to %[ 9 quot+ ! ,gospels8 #ab3d ,! =m] ,ju/9 suppos$ to be 7z "o ( ! review]s expresses x7 'almo/ automatically inspir$1' :]eas he took a mu* l>g] view ( ! inspiration ( ! evangelical n>ratives4 ,a read] fre% f ! p]usal ( ,sup]natural ,religion w h 8 eyes op5$ z to ! "* ( ,ju/9's m9d1 :5 he turns to ,dr ,we/cott's book1 & f9ds h[ ,ju/9 int]weaves1 mis-names1 & mis-quotes passages f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x _c be said t ^! are unimportant po9ts4 ,9 e in/ance :i* ,i h select$ ^! omitt$ consid]ations vitally affect ! ma9 "q at issue4 ,our f\r? review] h[ev] uses ! words :i* ,i h already quot$1 'excell5t c&\r1' 'great fulness1' 'p]fect imp>tiality1' ) special ref]5ce to ! "p ( ! "w relat+ to ! au?or%ip & "* ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :i* he describes z 'a piece ( ke5 & solid reason+4' ,?is is q decisive4 ,our au?or might h _h 8 own gr\nds = ignor+ ! argum5ts ( 'apologetic' writ]s1 or he may h be5 ignorant ( !m4 ,= reasons :i* w appe> pres5tly1 ! latt] alt]native ought probably to be adopt$ z expla9+ "s omissions4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ! language ( ! review] is q inapplicable to ! "w ly+ be=e me4 ,x may be c&id 9 ! s5se ( be+ hone/ly meant1 b x is n c&id 9 any o!r s5se2 & x is ! v rev]se ( full & imp>tial4 ,! argum5ts ( 'apologetic' writ]s are sy/ematically ignor$ 9 ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,once or twice inde$ he fa/5s on passages f su* writ]s1 t he may make capital ( !m2 b _! ma9 argum5ts rema9 :olly unnotic$4 ,:y1 = in/ance1 :5 he says ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel t 'in/ead ( ! fi]ce & intol]ant temp] ( ! ,son ( ,?und]1 we f9d a _s brea?+ =? no?+ b g5tl5ess & love1' #ac3a does he =get to add t 'apologi/s' h po9t$ to su* passages z ',ye are ( y\r fa!r ! devil1' z a refutation ( ?is /atem5t--passages f> m 'intol]ant' ?an any?+ record$ 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels8 #ac3b ,:y aga91 :5 he ass]ts t 'allusion is und\bt$ly made to' ,/ ,paul 9 ! words ( ! ,apocalypse1 '!m t hold ! tea*+ ( ,balaam1 :o taught ,balak to ca/ a /umbl+-block be=e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 to eat ?+s sacrific$ to idols #ad3a1' does he =get to m5tion t ,/ ,paul himself uses ?is same *apt] 9 ,jewi% hi/ory z a w>n+ to ^? free-?9k]s & free-liv]s1 :o eat ?+s sacrific$ to idols1 reg>dless ( ! sc&al :i* _! conduct might create1 & ?us1 s f> f a direct antagonism1 !re is a sub/antial agreem5t betwe5 ! two ,apo/les on ?is po9t8 #ad3b ,:y1 :5 he is endeav\r+ to m9imize1 if n to d5y1 ! ,hebraic #ad3c "* ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 does he :olly ignore ! inve/igations ( ,lu?>dt & o!rs1 :i* 7z 'apologi/s' v5ture to ?9k7 %[ t ! :ole texture ( ! language 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel is ,hebraic8 ,:y aga91 :5 he alludes to '! m9ut5ess ( details' #ad3d 9 ?is ,gospel z alleg$ 9 def5ce ( its au!nticity1 is he satisfi$ ) ?is m]e c>icature ( ! 'apologetic' argum5t8 ,hav+ set up a man ( /raw1 he has no difficulty 9 knock+ him d[n4 ,he has only to decl>e t '! id5tification ( an eye-witness by details is absurd4' ,x w\ld h be5 m to ! purpose if he _h boldly grappl$ ) su* argum5ts z he might h f\nd 9 ,mr ,s&ay's book = in/ance #ae3a2 argum5ts f\nd$ n on ! m9ut5ess ( details1 b on ! ?or\gh naturalness ) :i* ! incid5ts develop !mselves1 on ! subtle & inobtrusive traits ( "* :i* appe> 9 ! speak]s1 on ! local col\r+ :i* is insep>ably int]wov5 ) ! n>rative1 on ! pres5ce ( /rictly ,jewi% 7z di/+ui%$ f ,*ri/ian7 ideas1 m especially ,messianic ideas1 :i* saturate ! spee*es1 & ! l4 ,&1 if he c\ld h br\ght =w>d any p>allel to all ?is 9 ! lit]ature ( ! "t1 or c\ld ev5 h %[n a reasonable probability t su* a fiction might h be5 produc$ 9 an age :i* 7z we are con/antly rem9d$7 0 s+ul>ly inappreciative & uncritical 9 su* matt]s1 & :i* c]ta9ly has n left any evid5ce ( a g5ius = realism1 = its highe/ conception ( romance-writ+ does n rise above ! /iffness ( ! ,clem5t9es or ! extravagance ( ! ,protevangelium--if he c\ld h done ?is1 he w\ld at lea/ h advanc$ 8 argum5t a /ep #ae3b4 ,:y aga91 :5 he is emphasiz+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,apocalypse & ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 does he cont5t himself ) /at+ 't "s apologetic writ]s' are 'satisfi$ by ! analogies :i* c\ld sc>cely fail to exi/ betwe5 two works deal+ ) a simil> 767 !me1' #ae3c )\t m5tion+ = ! b5efit ( ! read] "s ( ^! analogies1 z = in/ance1 t our ,"l is /yl$ ! ,^w ( ,god 9 ^! two writ+s1 & ^! alone1 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,he recurs m ?an once to ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 z exhibit$ 9 ! ,gospel1 b aga9 he is sil5t ab\t ! pres5ce ( ?is nom5clature 9 ! ,apocalypse #ae3d4 ,:y1 :5 he contra/s ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels ) ! ,*ri/ology ( ,/ ,john #ae3e1 does he n m5tion t 'apologi/s' quote 9 reply our ,"l's words 9 ,matt4 xi4 #bg sq1 ',all ?+s are deliv]$ unto me ( my ,fa!r2 & no man kn[e? ! ,son b ! ,fa!r2 nei!r kn[e? any man ! ,fa!r1 save ! ,son1 & he to :om soev] ! ,son w reveal him4 ,come unto me1 all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/'8 ,?is "o passage1 !y ass]t1 cov]s ! *>act]i/ic tea*+ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & hi!rto !y h n be5 answ]$4 ,aga91 our au?or says v positively t ! ,synoptics cle>ly repres5t ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus z hav+ be5 limit$ to a s+le ye>1 & 8 prea*+ is conf9$ to ,galilee & ,j]usalem1 :]e 8 c>e] culm9ates at ! fatal ,passov]2' ?us contra/+ ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :i* 'di/ributes ! tea*+ ( ,jesus betwe5 ,galilee1 ,sam>ia1 & ,j]usalem1 makes x ext5d at lea/ ov] ?ree ye>s1 & ref]s to ?ree ,passov]s sp5t by ,jesus at ,j]usalem4' #af3a ,:y !n does he n add t 'apologetic' writ]s ref] to su* passages z ,matt4 xxiii4 #cg 7comp4 ,luke xiii4 #cd71 ',o1 ,j]usalem1 ,j]usalem1444 h[ (t5 w\ld ,i h ga!r$ ?y *ildr5 toge!r'8 ,"h ! expression 'h[ (t51' x is cont5d$1 obliges u to po/ulate o!r visits1 probably sev]al visits1 to ,j]usalem1 :i* are n record$ 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels !mselves4 ,& x may be sugge/$ also t ! twice-repeat$ notice ( "t 9 ! context ( ,/ ,luke1 ',i d cures to-day & to-morr[1 & ! ?ird day ,i %all be p]fect$1' ',i mu/ walk to-day & to-morr[ & ! day foll[+1' po9ts to ! v duration ( our ,"l's m9i/ry1 z indicat$ by ! ,f\r? ,gospel #af3b4 ,if s1 ! co9cid5ce is ! m rem>kable1 because x does n appe> t ,/ ,luke himself1 :ile record+ ^! prophetic words1 0 aw>e ( _! full hi/orical import4 ,b :atev] may be ?\ght ( ?is la/ po9t1 ! cont5tion ( 'apologetic' writ]s is t "h1 z else:]e1 ! ,f\r? ,gospel supplies ! key to hi/orical difficulties 9 ! ,synoptic n>ratives1 :i* are n unlock$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^? n>ratives !mselves1 & ?is fact increases _! confid5ce 9 its value z an au!ntic record #af3c4 ,aga93 he ref]s sev]al times to ! ,pas*al controv]sy ( ! second c5tury z be>+ on ! au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,on "o occasion he devotes two :ole pages to x4 #ag3a ,:y !n does he n m5tion t 'apologetic' writ]s altoge!r d5y :at he /ates to be absolutely c]ta92 ma9ta9+ on ! contr>y t ! ,*ri/ian ,passov]1 celebrat$ by ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es on ! #ad? ,nisan1 commemorat$ n ! ,in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 b1 z x naturally w\ld1 ! ,sacrifice on ! ,cross1 & ass]t+ t ! ma9 dispute betwe5 ! ,asiatic & ,roman ,*ur*es _h ref]5ce to ! "q :e!r ! commemoration %\ld take place always on ! #ad? ,nisan 7irrespective ( ! day ( ! week7 or always on a ,friday8 ,?us1 !y claim ! ,pas*al controv]sy z a witness on _! own side4 ,?is view may be "r or wrong2 b inasmu* z any p]son might read ! unusually full acc\nt ( ! controv]sy 9 ,eusebius f beg9n+ to end1 )\t a suspicion t ! alt]native ( ! #ad? or #ae? ,nisan1 z ! day ( ! ,crucifixion1 ent]$ into ! dispute at all1 ! onus prob&i re/s ) our au?or1 & 8 /\t ass]tions 7 c]ta9ly ne$$ to supply ! place ( argum5ts4 #ag3b ,! same retic5ce or ignorance respect+ ! argum5ts ( 'apologetic' writ]s is noticeable also :5 he deals ) ! hi/orical & geographical allusions 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,if by any *ance he condesc5ds to discuss a "q1 he takes c>e to fa/5 on ! lea/ likely solution ( 'apologi/s' 7e4g4 ! id5tification ( ,sy*> & ,%e*em71 #ag3c omitt+ altoge!r to notice o!rs #ah3a4 ,b z a rule1 he betrays no k :atev] ( 8 adv]s>ies' argum5ts4 ,"o in/ance w suffice to illu/rate 8 mode ( proc$ure4 ,ref]r+ to ! int]pretation ( ,siloam z 's5t1' 9 ,john ix4 #g1 he /igmatizes ?is z 'a di/9ct error1' because ! ^w signifies 'a spr+1 a f\nta91 a fl[ ( wat]2' & he adds t 'a =eign] ) a slight k ( ! language is misl$ by ! sup]ficial analogy ( s\nd #ah3b4' ,does he n "k 78 ,ges5ius w tea* him ?is7 t ,siloam signifies a f\nta91 or r1 an aqu$uct1 a conduit1 l ! ,lat9 emiss>ium1 because x is d]iv$ f ! ,hebrew %ala* 'to s5d'8 & if he does "k x1 :y has he left 8 read]s entirely 9 ! d>k on ?is subject8 ,z ! ^w is mu* disguis$ 9 its ,greek dress 7,siloam = ,%iloa*71 ! k ( its d]ivation is n unimportant1 & 'apologi/s' claim to h ?is item ( evid5ce transf]r$ to _! side ( ! acc\nt4 ,any "o dispos$ to retaliate ^u our au?or = 8 habitual retic5ce w\ld f9d 9 ^! volumes1 ready made = 8 purpose1 a l>ge assortm5t ( conv5i5t phrases rang+ f 'discreet res]ve' to 'wilful & delib]ate evasion4' ,i d n int5d to yield to ?is temptation4 ,b ! read] w h drawn 8 own conclusions f ?is recklessness ( assault 9 "o ^: own arm\r is gap+ at e jo9t4 ,b inde$1 :5 he does /oop to notice ! argum5ts ( 'apologetic' writ]s1 he is n always successful 9 appreh5d+ _! mean+4 ,?us he writes ( ! unnam$ disciple1 ! assum$ au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel3-- ',! assumption t ! disciple ?us indicat$ is ,john1 re/s pr9cipally on ! fact t :il/ ! au?or m5tions ! o!r ,apo/les1 he seems /udi\sly to avoid directly nam+ ,john1 & also t he only once #ah3c di/+ui%es ,john ! ,bapti/ by ! appellation ,greek3 ho bapti/es1 :il/ he c>efully di/+ui%es ! two disciples ( ! "n ( ,judas1 & always speaks ( ! ,apo/le ,pet] z ',simon ,pet]1' or ',pet]1' or b r>ely z ',simon' only4 ,)\t paus+ to consid] ! slightness ( ?is evid5ce1 etc4' #ai3a ,n[ ! fact is1 t ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ nev] once di/+ui%es ?is ,john z '! ,bapti/1' ?\gh su* is 8 common designation 9 ! o!r ,gospels2 & ! only p]son1 9 :om ! omission w\ld be natural1 is 8 namesake ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee4 ,h5ce 'apologi/s' lay great /ress on ?is fact1 z an evid5ce all ! m valuable1 because x lies bel[ ! surface1 & !y urge ) =ce1 t ?is subtle indication ( au?or%ip is inconceivable z ! lit]>y device ( a =g] 9 ! second c5tury4 ,we _c wond]1 h[ev]1 if our au?or consid]s ?is evid5ce s slight t he w n ev5 pause ^u x1 :5 he has altoge!r di/ort$ x by a mis-/atem5t ( fact4 ,b x is in/ructive to trace 8 error to its s\rce4 ,turn+ to ,cr$n]1 to :om ! au?or gives a ref]5ce 9 a footnote1 ,i f9d ?is writ] /at+ t ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ ',has n f\nd x necess>y to di/+ui% ,john ! ,bapti/ f ! ,apo/le ,john 8 namesake ev5 s mu* z once 7au* nur e9 e9ziges ,mal7 by ! addition ,greek3 ho bapti/es4' #ai3b ,s !n our au?or has /umbl$ ov] t little ^w 'nur1' & 8 ,g]man has gone ! way ( 8 ,greek & 8 ,lat9 #ai3c4 ,b ! error is in/ructive f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,?is argum5t happ5s to be a commonplace ( 'apologi/s4' ,h[ comes x !n1 t he 0 n set "r by "o or o!r ( ^! _m writ]s1 ev5 if he c\ld n con/rue ,cr$n]'s ,g]man8 ,cle>ly ?is _c be ! "w :i* ! review]s cr$it ) an 'exhau/ive' k ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,i may be ask$ inde$ to expla9 h[1 on ?is !ory ( mi/ak5 id5tity :i* ,i "h put =w>d1 ! "w review$ by ! critics came to be displac$ by ! "w be=e me1 s t no traces ( ! orig9al rema94 ,b ?is ,i altoge!r decl9e to d1 & ,i plead au?ority = refus+4 ',! m]ely negative evid5ce t our actual ,sup]natural ,religion is n ! "w describ$ by ! ,review]s is suffici5t = our purpose4' #bj3a #c4 ,b ! argum5t is /r5g!n$ :5 we come to consid] a ?ird po9t4 ',! au?or's discussions1' writes our fir/ review]1 'are conduct$ 9 a judicial me?od4' ',he has ! critical faculty 9 union ) a calm _s4' ',calm & judicial 9 tone1' is ! v]dict ( our second review]4 ,! op9ion ( our ?ird & f\r? review]s on ?is "p may be ga!r$ n s mu* f :at !y say z f :at !y leave unsaid4 ,a fif? review] h[ev]1 :o seems c]ta9ly to h _h our ,sup]natural ,religion be=e him1 holds diff]5t language4 ,he rebukes ! au?or--) wond]ful g5tl5ess1 consid]+ ! gravity ( ! (f5ce--= 'n[ & !n los+ pati5ce4' ,n[ :e!r calmness ( tone c be said to di/+ui% a "w :i* bri/les ) su* epi!ts z 'mon/r\s1' 'impossible1' 'audaci\s1' 'prepo/]\s1' 'absurd2' :e!r ! habit ( reit]at+ z axiomatic tru?s :at at ! v be/ are highly prec>i\s hypo!ses--z1 = in/ance1 t ,papias did n ref] to our ,/ ,m>k's ,gospel--does n sav\r m ( ! vehem5ce ( ! advocate ?an ( ! imp>tiality ( ! judge1 ,i mu/ ask ! read] to decide = himself4 ,b ( ! highly discr$itable practice ( imput+ corrupt motives to ^? :o diff] f u !re _c be two op9ions4 ,we h already se5 h[ a righte\s nemesis has ov]tak5 our au?or1 & he has cov]$ himself ) confusion1 :ile recklessly fl++ a *>ge ( 'falsification' at ano!r4 ,un=tunately h[ev] t passage does n /& alone4 ,i w n take up ! read]'s "t ) illu/rations ( a practice1 ( :i* we h se5 m ?an en\gh already4 ,b !re is "o example :i* is suffici5tly in/ructive to des]ve quot+4 ,dr ,we/cott writes ( ,basilides z foll[s3-- ',at ! same "t1 he appeal$ to ! au?ority ( ,glaucias1 :o1 z well z ,/ ,m>k1 0 an int]pret] ( ,/4 ,pet]4' #ba3a ,! inv]t$ commas are giv5 "h z !y appe> 9 ,dr ,we/cott's book4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ,dr ,we/cott is simply illu/rat+ ! /atem5t ( ,basilides t ,glaucias 0 an int]pret] ( ,/ ,pet] by ! simil> /atem5t ( ,papias & o!rs t ,/ ,m>k 0 an int]pret] ( ! same apo/le--a v innoc5t piece ( in=mation1 "o w\ld suppose4 ,on ?is passage h[ev] our au?or rem>ks3-- ',n[ we h "h aga9 an illu/ration ( ! same mislead+ sy/em :i* we h already condemn$1 & %all fur!r ref] to1 9 ! introduction aft] ',glaucias' ( ! words ':o z well z ,/ ,m>k 0 an int]pret] ( ,/ ,pet]4' ,! words 9 italics are ! gratuit\s addition ( ,canon ,we/cott himself1 & c only h be5 ins]t$ = "o ( two purposes3 7,i7 to ass]t ! fact t ,glaucias 0 actually an int]pret] ( ,pet]1 z tradition repres5t$ ,m>k to be2 or 7,,ii7 to ins9uate to unle>n$ read]s t ,basilides himself ackn[l$g$ ,m>k z well z ,glaucias z ! int]pret] ( ,pet]4 ,we c h>dly suppose ! fir/ to h be5 ! int5tion1 & we regret to be =c$ back ^u ! second1 & inf] t ! temptation to weak5 ! inf]5ces f ! appeal ( ,basilides to ! uncanonical ,glaucias1 by c\pl+ ) x ! allusion to ,m>k1 0 unconsci\sly1 no d\bt too /rong = ! apologi/4' #ba3b ,dr ,we/cott's hon\r may safely be left to take c>e ( itself4 ,x /&s f> too high to be t\*$ by ins9uations l ^!4 ,i only call att5tion to ! fact t our au?or has remov$ ,dr ,we/cott's inv]t$ commas #bb3a1 & !n f\nd$ on ! passage s manipulat$ a *>ge ( unfair deal+1 :i* c\ld only be su/a9$ 9 _! abs5ce1 & :i* ev5 !n no "o b himself w\ld h ?\ght (4 ,i w n retort ^u our au?or ! *>ge ( 'delib]ate falsification1' :i* he s freely levels at o!rs1 = ,i d n believe t he _h any su* int5tion4 ,! lesson sugge/$ by ?is highly *>act]i/ic passage is ( ano!r k9d4 ,x exemplifies ! elaborate loos5ess :i* p]vades ! critical portion ( ?is book4 ,x illu/rates ! au?or's inability to look at ?+s 9 a /raight=w>d way4 ,x emphasizes m especially ! suspici\s temp] ( ! "w1 :i* makes x1 z ev5 a fav\rable review] has said1 'pa9fully sceptical'--a temp] :i* mu/ necess>ily vitiate all ! processes ( criticism1 & :i*1 if freely hum\r$ else:]e1 w\ld r5d] life intol]able & hi/ory impossible #bb3b4 ,x is difficult to see :at end ! au?or propos$ to atta9 by all ?is lit]>y br[beat+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my exam9ation ,i %all be con/ra9$ to adopt _m a view :i* has be5 d5\nc$ be=eh& z impossible & absurd2 & ,i %all give my reasons = do+ s4 ,if by an 'apologi/' #bb3c is meant "o :o kn[s t he owes ev]y?+ :i* is be/ & true/ 9 himself to ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity--n ! ,*ri/less ,*ri/ianity :i* alone our au?or w\ld sp>e1 ! works ) ! ma9spr+ brok51 b ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s--:o believes t its doctr9es1 its sanctions1 & its hopes1 are tru?s ( ! highe/ mom5t to ! wellbe+ ( mank9d1 & :o1 kn[+ & believ+ all ?is1 is ready to use 9 its def5ce su* abilities z he has1 !n a man may be pr\d to take ev5 ! l[e/ place among ! ranks ( 'apologi/s1' & to brave any ins9uations ( di%one/y :i* an anonym\s critic may fl+ at him4 ,!re is h[ev] ano!r m subtle mode ( intimidation :i* plays an important "p 9 ^! volumes4 ,long li/s ( ref]5ces are giv5 9 ! notes1 to mod]n critics :o 7z ! read] w\ld inf] f ! mode ( ref]5ce7 support ! views m5tion$ or adopt$ by ! au?or 9 ! text4 ,i h v]ifi$ ^! ref]5ces 9 "o or two cases1 & h f\nd t sev]al writ]s1 at all ev5ts1 d n hold ! op9ions to :i* _! names are atta*$ #bc3a4 ,b1 "u any circum/ances1 ^! li/s w n fett] ! judgm5t ( any ?\ghtful m9d4 ,x is /range inde$1 t a writ] :o d5\nces s /rongly ! influ5ce ( au?ority z repres5t$ by tradition1 %\ld be anxi\s to impose on 8 read]s ano!r less hon\rable yoke4 ,!re is at lea/ a presumption 7?\gh 9 individual cases x may prove false on exam9ation7 t ! hi/orical s5se ( sev5te5 or eighte5 c5turies is l>g] & tru] ?an ! critical insight ( a section ( m5 9 "o late half c5tury4 ,! idols ( our cave nev] pres5t !mselves 9 a m allur+ =m ?an :5 !y appe> z ! '_s ( ! age4' ,x is comp>atively easy to resi/ ! fallacies ( pa/ times1 b x is mo/ difficult to escape ! infection ( ! intellectual atmosph]e 9 :i* we live4 ,i ask myself1 = in/ance1 :e!r "o :o liv$ 9 ! age ( ! rabbis w\ld h be5 altoge!r "r 9 resign+ himself to ! imm$iate curr5t ( intellectual ?\ght1 because he saw1 or seem$ to see1 t x 0 sett+ /rongly 9 "o direction4 ,?is comp>ison is n )\t its use4 ,"h 7 m5 em95tly le>n$1 pa9/ak+1 m9ute2 em95tly +5i\s also1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 em95tly critical4 ,9 accumulat+ & assort+ facts--su* facts z lay )9 _! rea*--& 9 ! g5]al ?or\ghness ( _! "w1 ! rabbis ( ,jewi% exegesis might well be> comp>ison ) ! rabbis ( neologian criticism4 ,!y reign$ supreme 9 _! own circles = a "t2 _! "w has n be5 )\t its fruits2 _m useful sugge/ions h gone to swell ! intellectual & moral inh]itance ( lat] ages2 b _! *>act]i/ic tea*+1 :i* !y !mselves w\ld h reg>d$ z _! *ief claim to immortality1 has long s9ce be5 consign$ to oblivion4 ,x might be m9ute & se>*+1 b x 0 conceiv$ 9 a false ve92 x 0 ess5tially unhi/orical1 & !re=e x c\ld n live4 ,! mod]n negative s*ool ( criticism seems to me to be equally p]v]se & unreal1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way2 & !re=e ,i anticipate = x ! same fate4 ,mr ,mat!w ,arnold1 allud+ to an ecc5tric "w ( rationaliz+ t5d5cies writt5 by an ,engli% s*ol>1 & us+ ,m4 ,r5an z 8 m\?piece1 expresses ! op9ion t 'an extravagance ( ?is sort c\ld nev] h come f ,g]many :]e !re is a great =ce ( critical op9ion controll+ a le>n$ man's vag>ies1 & keep+ him /raight4' #bd3a ,i confess t my exp]i5ces ( ! critical lit]ature ( ,g]many h n be5 s =tunate4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 ,i ?9k1 to f9d among ,engli% s*ol>s any p>allel to ! mass ( absurdities1 :i* sev]al intellig5t & v le>n$ ,g]man critics h conspir$ to heap ^u two simple names 9 ! ,philippian ,epi/le1 ,euodia & ,synty*e2 fir/1 ,baur sugge/+ t ! pivot ( ! ,epi/le1 :i* has a conciliatory t5d5cy1 is ! m5tion ( ,clem5t1 a my?ical or almo/ my?ical p]son1 :o repres5ts ! union ( ! ,petr9e & ,paul9e p>ties 9 ! ,*ur* #bd3b2 !n ,s*wegl]1 c>ry+ ! !ory a /ep fur!r1 & decl>+ t ! two names1 ,euodia & ,synty*e1 actually repres5t ^! two p>ties1 :ile ! true yoke-fell[ is ,/ ,pet] himself #bd3c2 !n ,volkm>1 improv+ ! occasion1 & %[+ t ?is fact is indicat$ 9 _! v names1 ,euodia1 or ',rightway1' & ,synty*e or ',consort1' d5ot+ respectively ! or?odoxy ( ! "o p>ty & ! incorporation ( ! o!r #bd3d2 la/ly1 ,hitzig lam5t+ t int]pret]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are n m ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! language & _s ( ! ,old1 & ma9ta9+ t ^! two names are reproductions ( ! patri>*s ,a%] & ,gad--_! sex hav+ be5 *ang$ 9 ! transition f "o language to ano!r--& repres5t ! ,greek & ,roman elem5ts 9 ! ,*ur*1 :ile ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians itself is a plagi>ism f ! ,agricola ( ,tacitus #be3a4 ,:5 !re=e ,i f9d our au?or support+ "s ( 8 m important judgm5ts by ! au?ority ( ',hitzig1 ,volkm> & o!rs1' or ( ',volkm> & o!rs1' #be3b ,i h my own op9ion ( ! weight :i* su* names %\ld c>ry ) !m #be3c4 ,x is n h[ev] aga9/ ! ecc5tricities ( individuals except s f> z ^! c be *>g$ to a vici\s atmosph]e & tra9+1 t ,i w\ld re/ ! *ief /ress ( my compla9t4 ,! :ole tone & _s ( ! s*ool 9 its excess ( scepticism mu/1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 be fatal to ! ends ( true criticism4 ,a review] ( ,sup]natural ,religion comp>es ! au?or's h&l+ ( ! recon/ructive ef=ts ( c]ta9 cons]vative critics reg>d+ ! ,f\r? ,gospel to ,sir ,g4,c4 ,lewis's objections to ,niebuhr's 'equally arbitr>y recon/ruction ( e>ly ,roman hi/ory4' ,f "o po9t ( view ?is comp>ison is in/ructive4 ,we h no means ( te/+ ! value ( t em95t writ]'s negative criticisms ( e>ly ,roman hi/ory4 ,b :]e additional k has enabl$ u to apply a te/ to 8 op9ions1 z1 = in/ance1 respect+ ! int]pretation ( ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphic language1 we f9d t 8 scepticism l$ him signally a/ray4 ,x seems to be assum$ t1 because ! sceptical _s has its prop] function 9 sci5tific inquiry 7?\gh ev5 "h its excesses w (t5 imp$e progress71 !re=e its ex]cise is equally useful & equally free f dang] 9 ! doma9 ( criticism4 ,a mom5t's reflection h[ev] w %[ t ! cases are :olly diff]5t4 ,9 :atev] relates to morals & hi/ory--9 %ort1 to human life 9 all its developm5ts-- :]e ma!matical or sci5tific demon/ration is impossible1 & :]e consequ5tly ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! ev5 balance ( ! judicial faculties1 scepticism mu/ be at lea/ z fatal to ! tru? z cr$ulity4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion proposes to himself ! task ( demon/rat+ t ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity is a delusion4 ,! "w is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ "p und]takes to prove t miracles are n only highly improbable1 b antec$5tly incr$ible1 s t no am\nt ( te/imony c ov]come ! objections to !m4 ,z a subsidi>y aim1 he endeav\rs to %[ t ! sort ( evid5ce1 :i*1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 we %\ld be likely to obta9 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ages1 ought n to inspire confid5ce4 ,! second & ?ird p>ts are occupi$ 9 exam9+ ! actual witnesses !mselves1 t is1 ! f\r ,gospels2 ! second be+ devot$ to ! ,synopti/s1 & ! ?ird to ,/ ,john4 ,! ma9 cont5tion is t ! f\r ,gospels are entirely devoid ( evid5ce suffici5t to satisfy u ( _! date & au?or%ip1 consid]+ ! mom5t\s import ( _! cont5ts4 ,^! portions ( ! "w !re=e are *iefly occupi$ 9 exam9+ ! ext]nal te/imonies to ! au!nticity & g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels4 ,9 ! case ( ,/ ,john ! int]nal "* ( ! docum5t is likewise subject$ to exam9ation4 ,obvi\sly1 if ! au?or has e/abli%$ 8 conclusions 9 ! fir/ "p1 ! second & ?ird are altoge!r sup]flu\s #bg3a4 ,x is some:at /range1 !re=e1 t m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole "w %\ld be devot$ to ?is ne$less task4 ,impress$1 z x w\ld seem1 by ! elaboration ( ^! portions1 review]s h s+l$ !m out = special praise1 ev5 :5 !y h condemn$ ! fir/ z unsatisfactory4 ,) ?is e/imate ( _! value ,i f9d myself altoge!r unable to agree2 & 9 ! articles :i* w foll[ ,i hope to give my reasons = diss5t+4 ,reg>d$ z a h&book ( ! critical fallacies ( ! mod]n de/ructive s*ool1 ,sup]natural ,religion well des]ves exam9ation4 ,= ?is reason ,i %all h]eaft] occupy myself solely ) ! two latt] portions ( ! "w1 & m especially ) ! ext]nal evid5ces ( ! ,gospels2 b !re is "o po9t1 affect+ ! ma9 "q at issue1 :i* x is impossible to pass ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,anyone :o1 ) ! argum5ts ( ! fir/ "p fre% 9 8 memory1 w turn to ! f9al *apt]1 9 :i* ! au?or gives a confession ( fai?1 mu/ be /ruck ) ! />tl+ dislocation betwe5 ! pr9ciples f :i* ! "w />ts & ! manife/o ) :i* x concludes4 ,our au?or has elim9at$1 z he believes1 ! miracul\s or sup]natural elem5t f ! ,gospel4 ,he w h no?+ to say to ',ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity1' by :i* /range phrase is meant ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s4 ,he w n ev5 he> ( a future life ) its hopes & fe>s #bg3a4 ,he w purge ! ,gospel ( all 'dogmas1' & w pres5t x z an e?ical sy/em alone4 ,! extreme beauty1 ,i might almo/ say ! absolute p]fection1 ( ,*ri/'s moral tea*+ #bg3b he n only all[s1 b insi/s ^u4 ',morality1' he adds1 '0 ! ess5ce ( 8 sy/em2 !ology 0 an aft]-?\ght4' #bg3c ,& yet almo/ 9 ! same brea? he adopts z 8 'two fundam5tal pr9ciples1 ,love to ,god & love to man4' ,he comm5ds a 'morality bas$ ^u ! e>ne/ & intellig5t acceptance ( ,div9e ,law1 & p]fect recognition ( ! bro!rhood ( man1' z '! highe/ conceivable by humanity4' #bg3d ,he speaks ( ! 'purity ( he>t :i* alone sees ,god4' #bg3e ,he en=ces ! necessity ( 'ris+ to high] conceptions ( an inf9itely wise & b5efic5t ,be+ 444 ^: laws ( wondr\s compreh5siv5ess & p]fection we ev] p]ceive 9 op]ation ar\nd u4' #bh3a ,all ?is is well said1 b is x consi/5t8 ,?is univ]sal 'bro!rhood ( man1' :at is x b a 'dogma' ( ! mo/ compreh5sive application8 ,?is ',love to ,god' spr++ f ! appreh5sion ( a 'wondr\s p]fection1' & ! recognition ( an 'inf9itely wise & b5efic5t ,be+1'--9 %ort1 ?is belief 9 a ,heav5ly ,fa!r1 :i* on any %[+ 0 ! fundam5tal axiom ( our ,"l's tea*+1 & :i* our au?or ?us accepts z a c>d9al article 9 8 own cre$1--:at is x b a !ological proposition ( ! mo/ ov]:elm+ import1 be=e :i* all o!r 'dogmas' s9k into insignificance8 ,& :at room1 we are =c$ to ask1 has he left = su* a dogma8 ,9 ! fir/ portion ( ! "w our au?or has be5 c>eful n to def9e 8 position4 ,he has /udi\sly avoid$ committ+ himself to a belief 9 a univ]sal ,fa!r or a moral ,gov]nor1 or ev5 9 a ,p]sonal ,god4 ,if he _h done s1 he w\ld h ti$ 8 h&s at once4 ,v mu* ( ! reason+ :i* he br+s =w>d aga9/ ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity 9 answ] to ,dr ,mozley & ,dean ,mansel falls to ! gr\nd :5 ?is proposition is assum$4 ,8 argum5ts prove no?+1 because !y prove too mu*3 = !y are equally efficaci\s1 or equally inefficaci\s1 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( a ,div9e provid5ce or ( human responsibility1 z !y are aga9/ ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,! tru? is1 t :5 our au?or closes 8 "w1 he _c face ! conclusions to :i* 8 premisses w\ld inevitably lead him4 ,!y are too />tl+ = himself1 z well z = 8 read]s1 9 _! nak$ de=mity2 & ) a noble inconsi/5cy he clut*es at ^! 'dogmas' to save himself f s9k+ into ! abyss ( moral scepticism4 ,mr ,j4,s4 ,mill's inexorable logic may n be )\t its use1 z hold+ up ! mirror to su* inconsi/5cy4 ,on 8 own n>r[ premisses ?is em95t logician builds up 8 own n>r[ conclusions ) remorseless rig\r4 ,our au?or 9 8 fir/ "p adopts ?is same n>r[ basis1 & truly en\gh f9ds no re/+-place = ,*ri/ianity ^u x1 z inde$ !re is none = any !ory ( a provid5tial gov]nm5t4 ,b at ! conclusion he tacitly & 7z x w\ld seem7 q unconsci\sly assumes a mu* wid] /&+-gr\nd4 ,if he _h n done s1 he himself w\ld h be5 edg$ (f 8 foot+1 & hurl$ d[n ! precipice4 ,a :ole pack ( 'pursu+ wolves' #bi3a is ^u him1 f> m rav5\s ?an any :i* beset ! pa? ( ! believ]s 9 revelation2 & he has left himself no %elt]4 ,if he _h comm5c$ by def9+ :at he meant by ',nature' & ',sup]natural1' he might h avoid$ ?is inconsi/5cy1 ?\gh he mu/ h sacrific$ mu* ( 8 argum5t to save 8 cre$4 ,z x is1 he has unconsci\sly juggl$ ) two s5ses ( ,nature4 ,nature 9 ! fir/ "p1 :]e he is argu+ aga9/ miracles1 is ! aggregate ( ext]nal ph5om5a--! same ,nature aga9/ :i* ,mr ,mill pref]s 8 t]rible indictm5t = its cruelty & inju/ice4 ,b ,nature 9 ! conclud+ *apt] involves ! idea ( a moral ,gov]nor & a b5efic5t ,fa!r2 & ?is idea c only be introduc$ by op5+ flood-gates ( ?\ght :i* refuse to be clos$ j at ! mom5t :5 x is necess>y to b> ! admission ( ! miracul\s4 ,our au?or has rang$ himself unconsci\sly ) ! 'intuitive philosoph]s1' ( :om ,mr ,mill speaks s scornfully4 ,he has appeal$1 ?\gh he does n seem to be aw>e ( x1 to ! inn] consci\sness ( man1 to ! in/9cts & crav+s ( humanity1 to int]pret & supplem5t ! tea*+s ( ext]nal ,nature2 & he is altoge!r unaw>e h[ l>ge a concession he has made to believ]s 9 revelation by s do+4 ,ev5 ?\gh we %\ld close our eyes to all o!r consid]ations1 x is va9 to ignore ! inevitable moral consequ5ces :i* fl[ f ?is mode ( reason+2 = !y are becom+ e day m app>5t4 ,! dem& is made t we %\ld ab&on our ,*ri/ianity on gr\nds :i* logically involve ! ab&onm5t ( any belief 9 ! provid5tial gov]nm5t ( ! _w & 9 ! moral responsibility ( man4 ,"y m5 are apt to be f> m logical ?an _! eld]s4 ,old] p]sons are taught by long exp]i5ce to di/ru/ ! adequacy ( _! premisses3 consci\sly or unconsci\sly !y supplem5t ! n>r[ conclusions ( _! logic by l>g] lessons le>nt f human life or f _! own he>t4 ,b g5]ally speak+1 ! "y man has no su* di/ru/4 ,8 tea*] has appeal$ to ,nature1 & to ,nature he %all g4 ,! tea*] becomes fright5$1 /ruggles to retrace 8 /eps1 & speaks ( 'an inf9itely wise & b5efic5t ,be+'2 b ! pupil insol5tly po9ts out h[ ,nature1 r$ 9 too? & claw1 ,) rav91 %rieks aga9/ 8 cre$4 ,! tea*] urges1 ',all t is consi/5t ) wise & omnipot5t ,law is prosp]$ & br\ght to p]fection3' #cj3a & ! pupil replies3 ',y h limit$ my horizon to ?is life1 & 9 ?is life ! facts d n v]ify y\r /atem5t4' ,! tea*] says1 ,believe t y--y p]sonally--'are et]nally c>$ = & gov]n$ by an omnipres5t immutable p[] = :i* no?+ is too great1 no?+ too insignificant4' #cj3b ,! pupil says3 ',my ,*ri/ianity did %[ me h[ ?is 0 possible2 b ) my ,*ri/ianity ,i h ca/ x away z a delusion4 ,i c\ld n /op %ort at ?is po9t consi/5tly ) ! pr9ciples y h laid d[n = my guidance4 ,i h done z y told me to d2 ,i h ratifi$ ! fiat :i* ma9ta9s ! ord] ( ,nature1 #cj3c & ,i f9d ,nature :olly ,c>eless ( ! s+le life4 ,i w !re=e please myself h5ce=?4' ,! tea*] speaks ( '! purity :i* alone sees ,god2' & to him ! expression has a real mean+1 = 8 m9d is unconsci\sly saturat$ ) ideas :i* he has c]ta9ly n le>nt f 8 adopt$ philosophy3 b to ! pupil x has lo/ its articulate utt]ance1 & is no bett] ?an s\nd+ brass or a t9kl+ cymbal4 ,h5ce ! pupil1 hav+ ?r[n (f 8 ,*ri/ianity1 too (t5 foll[s out ! pr9ciples ( 8 tea*] to _! logical conclusions1 & dive/s himself also ( moral re/ra9ts1 except s f> z x may be conv5i5t or necess>y = him to submit to !m4 ,happily ?is has n be5 ! case hi!rto 9 ! l>ge majority ( in/ances4 ,! p]man5ce ( habits =m$ 9 a nobl] s*ool ( tea*+1 ! abid+ pres5ce ( a l(ti] ideal n d]iv$ f ?is new philosophy1 & 7we may add also7 ! voice ( an inw>d witness ^: au?ority is d5i$1 b ^: w>n+s nev]!less compel a he>+1 all t5d to raise ! level ( m5's conduct above _! pr9ciples4 ,! full moral consequ5ces ( ! tea*+ w\ld only !n be se51 if ev] a g5]ation %\ld gr[ up1 m\ld$ altoge!r "u its influ5ces4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sil5ce ,,( ,,eusebius4 ,,janu>y1 #ahge4 ',x is v important1' says ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 :5 comm5c+ 8 critical inve/igations1 't ! sil5ce ( e>ly writ]s %\ld receive z mu* att5tion z any suppos$ allusions to ! ,gospels4' #cb3a ,9 ! pres5t article ,i %all act ^u ?is sugge/ion4 ,9 "o prov9ce m especially1 relat+ to ! ext]nal evid5ces = ! ,gospels1 sil5ce occupies a prom95t place4 ,?is my/]i\s oracle w be int]rogat$1 &1 unless ,i am mi/ak51 ! response elicit$ w n be at all ambigu\s4 ,to ,,eusebius we are indebt$ = almo/ all t we "k ( ! lo/ ecclesia/ical lit]ature ( ! second c5tury4 ,?is lit]ature 0 v consid]able4 ,! ,expositions ( ,papias1 9 five books1 & ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ,hegesippus1 likewise 9 five books1 mu/ h be5 full ( important matt] be>+ on our subject4 ,! v num]\s works ( ,melito & ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 ( :i* ,eusebius has pres]v$ imp]fect li/s #cb3b1 rang$ ov] ! wide doma9 ( !ology1 ( morals1 ( exegesis1 ( apologetics1 ( ecclesia/ical ord]2 & "h aga9 a flood ( light w\ld probably h be5 p\r$ on ! hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 if "t _h sp>$ ^! preci\s docum5ts ( ,*ri/ian antiquity4 ,ev5 ! extant writ+s ( ! second c5tury1 h[ev] important !y may be f o!r po9ts ( view1 give a v inadequate idea ( ! relation ( _! respective au?ors to ! ,canonical writ+s4 ,9 ! case ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr = in/ance1 x is n f 8 ,apologies or f 8 ,dialogue ) ,trypho t we %\ld expect to obta9 ! fulle/ & mo/ direct in=mation on ?is po9t4 ,9 works l ^!1 address$ to ,hea!ns & ,jews1 :o attribut$ no au?ority to ! writ+s ( ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s1 & = :om ! names ( ! writ]s w\ld h no mean+1 we are n surpris$ t he ref]s to ^? writ+s = ! mo/ "p anonym\sly & ) res]ve4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if 8 treatise aga9/ ,m>cion 7to take a s+le in/ance7 _h be5 pres]v$1 we %\ld probably h be5 plac$ 9 a position to e/imate ) tol]able accuracy 8 relation to ! ,canonical writ+s4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( all ?is valuable lit]ature1 ! notices 9 ,eusebius assume ! utmo/ importance1 & x is ( prim>y mom5t to ! correctness ( our result t we %\ld rightly int]pret 8 language4 ,above all1 x is incumb5t on u n to assume t 8 sil5ce means exactly :at we wi% x to mean4 ,eusebius made x 8 bus9ess to record notices ?r[+ light on ! hi/ory ( ! ,canon4 ,! fir/ c>e ( ! critic !re=e %\ld be to inquire ) :at aims & "u :at limitations he execut$ ?is portion ( 8 "w4 ,n[1 our au?or is eloqu5t on ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius4 ,8 fundam5tal assumption is t :]e ,eusebius does n m5tion a ref]5ce to or quotation f any ,canonical book 9 any writ] ( :om he may be speak+1 !re ! writ] 9 "q 0 himself sil5t4 ,?is inde$ is only ! application ( a g5]al pr9ciple :i* seems to h tak5 possession ( our au?or's m9d4 ,! argum5t f sil5ce is c\rage\sly & ext5sively appli$ ?r\gh\t ^! volumes4 ,x is unnecess>y to accumulate in/ances1 :]e 'kn[s no?+' is sub/itut$ = 'says no?+1' z if ! two 7 conv]tible t]ms2 = su* in/ances are c\ntless4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,eusebius ! application ( ! pr9ciple takes a wid] sweep4 ,n only is x ma9ta9$ t ,a kn[s no?+ ( ,b1 because he says no?+ ( ,b2 b x is fur!r assum$ t ,a kn[s no?+ ( ,b1 because ,c does n say t ,a says any?+ ( ,b4 ,?is is obvi\sly an assumption :i* m5 w\ld n adopt 9 common life or 9 ord9>y hi/ory2 /ill less is x "o to :i* a compet5t jury w\ld li/5 = a mom5t3 & !re=e a prud5t man may well hesitate be=e adopt+ x4 ,) :at unfl9*+ boldness our au?or ass]ts 8 position1 w appe> f ! foll[+ passages3-- ,( ,hegesippus he writes #ce3a3-- ',! c>e ) :i* ,eusebius se>*es = e trace ( ! use ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 e>ly writ]s1 & 8 anxiety to produce any evid5ce conc]n+ _! au!nticity1 r5d] 8 sil5ce ^u ! subject almo/ z important z 8 di/9ct utt]ance :5 speak+ ( su* a man z ,hegesippus4' ,& aga9 #ce3b3-- ',x is c]ta9 t ,eusebius1 :o quotes ) s mu* c>e ! te/imony ( ,papias1 a man ( :om he speaks disp>ag+ly1 reg>d+ ! ,gospels & ! ,apocalypse #ce3c1 w\ld n h neglect$ to h avail$ himself ( ! evid5ce ( ,hegesippus1 = :om he has s mu* respect1 _h t writ] furni%$ him ) any opportunity4' ,& aga9 #ce3a3--';,z ,hegesippus does n #ce3b m5tion any ,canonical "w ( ! ,new ,te/am5t etc4' ,& 9 ! second volume he returns to ! subject #ce3c3-- ',x is c]ta9 t1 _h he 7,hegesippus7 m5tion$ #ce3d our ,gospels1 & we may say p>ticul>ly ! ,f\r?1 ! fact w\ld h be5 record$ by ,eusebius4' ,simil>ly he says ( ,papias#ce3e3-- ',eusebius1 :o nev] fails to enum]ate #ce3f ! works ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to :i* ! ,fa!rs ref]1 does n pret5d #ce3g t ,papias knew ei!r ! ,?ird or ,f\r? ,gospels4' ,& aga91 9 a lat] passage #ce3h3-- ',_h he 7,papias7 express$ any recognition #ce3i ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,eusebius w\ld c]ta9ly h m5tion$ ! fact1 & ?is sil5ce ( ,papias is /rong presumptive evid5ce aga9/ ! ,johann9e ,gospel4' ,& a little l[] d[n #ce3aj3-- ',! presumption !re=e naturally is t1 z ,eusebius did n m5tion ! fact1 he did n f9d any ref]5ce to ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 ! "w ( ,papias4' #ce3aa ,s aga91 our au?or writes ( ,dionysius ( ,cor9? #ce3ab3-- ',no quotation f1 or allusion to1 any writ+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t occurs 9 any ( ! fragm5ts ( ! ,epi/les /ill extant2 nor does ,eusebius make m5tion ( any su* ref]5ce 9 ! ,epi/les :i* h p]i%$ #ce3ac1 :i* he c]ta9ly w\ld n h omitt$ to d _h !y conta9$ any4' ,& l[] d[n #cf3a3-- ',x is c]ta9 t _h ,dionysius m5tion$ #cf3b books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,eusebius w\ld1 z usual1 h /at$ ! fact4' ,( ?is pr9ciple & its wide application1 z we h se51 ! au?or has no misgiv+s4 ,he decl>es himself absolutely c]ta9 ab\t x4 ,x is ) him articulus /antis aut cad5tis critices4 ,we %all !re=e d well to te/ its value1 because1 q indep5d5tly ( ! consequ5ces directly fl[+ f x1 x w s]ve r\ghly to gauge 8 tru/wor?9ess z a guide 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( criticism1 :]e1 f ! nature ( ! case1 no te/ c be appli$4 ,9 ! l& ( ! unv]ifiable !re are no effici5t critical police4 ,:5 a writ] expatiates amid/ conjectural quotations f conjectural apocryphal ,gospels1 he is beyond ! rea* ( refutation4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case1 z x s happ5s1 v]ification is possible1 at lea/ to a limit$ ext5t2 & x is important to avail ourselves ( ! opportunity4 ,9 ! fir/ place !n1 ,eusebius himself tells u :at me?od he int5ds to pursue respect+ ! ,canon ( ,scripture4 ,aft] enum]at+ ! writ+s be>+ ! "n ( ,/ ,pet]1 z foll[s2--7l7 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le1 :i* is receiv$ by all1 & 0 quot$ by ! anci5ts z beyond dispute2 7#b7 ,! ,second ,epi/le1 :i* tradition _h n /amp$ 9 ! same way z ,canonical 7,greek3 endia!kon1 'includ$ 9 ! ,te/am5t'71 b :i* nev]!less1 appe>+ useful to _m1 _h be5 /udi$ 7,greek3 esp\da/he7 ) ! o!r ,scriptures2 7#c7 ,! ,acts1 ,gospel1 ,prea*+1 & ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 :i* f\r works he rejects z altoge!r unau!nticat$ & discr$it$--he cont9ues #cg3a3-- ',b1 z my hi/ory proce$s1 ,i w take c>e 7,greek3 pr\rg\ poiesomai71 along ) ! successions 7( ! bi%ops71 to indicate :at ,*ur* writ]s 7:o fl\ri%$7 f "t to "t h made use ( any ( ! disput$ books 7,greek3 antilegom5on71 & :at has be5 said by !m conc]n+ ! ,canonical 7,greek3 endia!kon7 & ackn[l$g$ ,scriptures1 & any?+ t 7!y h said7 conc]n+ ^? :i* d n belong to ?is class4 ,well1 !n1 ! books be>+ ! "n ( ,pet]1 ( :i* ,i recognise 7,greek3 egnon7 "o ,epi/le only z g5u9e & ackn[l$g$ among ! eld]s ( =m] days 7,greek3 palai71 are ^? j enum]at$ 7,greek3 tosauta74 ,b ! f\rte5 ,epi/les ( ,paul are obvi\s & manife/ 7,greek3 prodeloi kai sapheis74 ,yet x is n "r to be ignorant ( ! fact t "s p]sons h reject$ ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 say+ t x 0 disput$ by ! ,*ur* ( ! ,romans z n be+ ,paul's4 ,& ,i w set be=e 7my read]s7 on ! prop] occasions 7,greek3 kata kairon7 :at has be5 said conc]n+ ?is 7,epi/le7 also by ^? :o liv$ be=e our "t 7,greek3 tois pro hemon74' ,he !n m5tions ! ,acts ( ,paul1 :i* he '_h n receiv$ z h&$ d[n among ! undisput$ books1' & ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 :i* '_h be5 spok5 aga9/ by "s' & !re=e 'c\ld h no place among ! ackn[l$g$ books1' ?\gh x _h be5 read 9 *ur*es & 0 us$ by "s ( ! mo/ anci5t writ]s4 ,& he concludes3-- ',let ?is suffice z a /atem5t 7,greek3 eis p>a/as9 444 eire/ho7 ( ^? ,div9e writ+s :i* are unque/ionable1 & ^? :i* are n ackn[l$g$ among all4' ,?is /atem5t1 ?\gh n s cle> on m9or po9ts z we c\ld wi%1 is ?or\ghly s5sible & q intelligible 9 its ma9 l9es4 ,x %[s an appreciation ( ! conditions ( ! problem4 ,above all1 x is ess5tially /raight=w>d4 ,x c]ta9ly does n ev9ce ! precision ( a lawy]1 b nei!r on ! o!r h& does x at all ju/ify ! unqualifi$ d5unciations ( ! uncritical "* ( ,eusebius 9 :i* our au?or indulges4 ,! exact limits ( ! ,canon 7 n settl$ :5 ,eusebius wrote4 ,) reg>d to ! ma9 body ( ! writ+s includ$ 9 our ,new ,te/am5t !re 0 absolutely no "q2 b !re exi/$ a m>g9 ( antilegom5a or disput$ books1 ab\t :i* diff]5ces ( op9ion exi/$1 or _h exi/$4 ,eusebius !re=e proposes to treat ^! two classes ( writ+s 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,?is is ! c>d9al po9t ( ! passage4 ,( ! antilegom5a he pl$ges himself to record :5 any anci5t writ] employs any book belong+ to _! class 7,greek3 t9es hopoiais ke*r5tai72 b z reg>ds ! undisput$ ,canonical books he only pr(esses to m5tion !m1 :5 su* a writ] has some?+ to tell ab\t !m 7,greek3 t9a p]i ton endia!kon eiretai74 ,any anecdote ( int]e/ respect+ !m1 z also respect+ ! o!rs 7,greek3 ton me toi\ton71 w be record$4 ,b 9 _! case he n[h]e leads u to expect t he w allude to m]e quotations1 h[ev] num]\s & h[ev] precise #ch3a4 ,?is /atem5t is ins]t$ aft] ! record ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul1 & has imm$iate & special ref]5ce to _! writ+s4 ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas is only m5tion$ incid5tally1 because 7z ,eusebius himself intimates7 ! au?or 0 suppos$ to be nam$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,b ! occasion s]ves z an opportunity = ! hi/orian to lay d[n ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* he int5ds to act4 ,some:at lat]1 :5 he arrives at ! hi/ory ( ! la/ ye>s ( ,/ ,john1 he is l$ to speak ( ! writ+s ( ?is ,apo/le also2 & z ,/ ,john's ,gospel completes ! tetrad ( ,evangelical n>ratives1 he ins]ts at ?is po9t 8 acc\nt ( ! ,f\r ,gospels4 ,?is acc\nt concludes z foll[s #ci3a3-- ',?us mu* 7,greek3 tauta7 we ourselves 7h to say7 conc]n+ ^! 7! ,f\r ,gospels72 b we w endeav\r m p>ticul>ly 7,greek3 oikeiot]on7 on ! prop] occasions 7,greek3 kata kairon7 by quot+ ! anci5t writ]s to set =? :at has be5 said by anyone else 7,greek3 tois allois7 also conc]n+ !m4 ,n[1 ( ! writ+s ( ,john1 ! fir/ 7=m]1 ,greek3 prot]a7 ( 8 ,epi/les also is ackn[l$g$ z beyond "q alike among our contempor>ies 7,greek3 tois nun7 & among ! anci5ts1 :ile ! rema9+ two are disput$4 ,b respect+ ! ,apocalypse op9ions are drawn 9 opposite directions1 ev5 to ! pres5t day1 among mo/ m5 7,greek3 tois pollois74 ,h[beit x also %all receive its judgm5t 7,greek3 epikris97 at a prop] season f ! te/imonies ( ! anci5ts4' ,aft] ?is foll[s ! well-kn[n passage 9 :i* he sums up ! results at :i* he has arriv$ respect+ ! ,canon4 ,) ?is passage1 important z x is 9 itself1 ,i ne$ n tr\ble my read]s4 ,"h aga9 x w be se5 t ! same di/9ction z be=e is obs]v$4 ,( ! ,gospels ! hi/orian w only record anecdotes conc]n+ !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( ! ,apocalypse m]e ref]5ces & quotations w be m5tion$ because !y af=d important data = arriv+ at a decision conc]n+ its ,canonical au?ority4 ,hi!rto we h discov]$ no f\ndation = ! sup]/ructure :i* our au?or builds on ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius4 ,b ! real "q1 aft] all1 is n :at ?is hi/orian pr(esses to d1 b :at he actually does4 ,! orig9al prospectus is ( small mom5t comp>$ ) ! actual balance-%eet1 & 9 ?is case "t has sp>$ u ! means ( in/itut+ an audit to a limit$ ext5t4 ,) ,papias & ,hegesippus & ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 any "o is free to indulge 9 sweep+ ass]tions ) little fe> ( conviction2 = we "k no?+1 or next to no?+1 ( ^! writ]s1 except :at ,eusebius himself has told u4 ,b ,eusebius has also dealt ) o!r anci5t writ+s 9 relation to ! ,canon1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ( ,ignatius1 ( ,polyc>p1 ( ,ir5aeus1 & o!rs2 &1 z ^! writ+s are /ill extant1 we c comp>e _! actual cont5ts ) 8 notices4 ,"h a def9ite issue is rais$4 ,if our au?or's pr9ciple w /& ?is te/1 !re is a v /rong presumption 9 its fav\r2 if x w n1 !n x is wor?less4 ,let u take fir/ ! ,epi/le ( ,,clem5t ,,( ,,rome4 ,?is ,epi/le conta9s sev]al ref]5ces to ,evangelical n>ratives--:e!r oral or writt51 :e!r our ,canonical ,gospels or n1 x is unnecess>y = ! pres5t to discuss #dj3a4 ,x comprises a *apt] relat+ to ! lab\rs & m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul #dj3b4 ,x also1 z our au?or himself all[s 7accept+ ! /atem5t ( ,tis*5dorf71 '"h & !re 444 makes use ( passages f ,paul9e ,epi/les4' #dj3c ,x does m ?an ?is2 x m5tions def9itely & by "n ,/ ,paul's ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 allud+ to ! p>ties :i* call$ !mselves aft] ,paul & ,cephas & ,apollos #dj3d4 ,( all ?is ,eusebius says n a ^w4 ,he simply rem>ks t ,clem5t1 by 'putt+ =w>d 7,greek3 p>a!is7 _m ?\ghts ( ! 7,epi/le7 to ! ,hebrews1 & ev5 employ+ "s passages f x ^w = ^w 7,greek3 autolexei71 %[s mo/ cle>ly t ! docum5t ,greek3 sungramma 0 n rec5t 7:5 he wrote74' #dj3e ,?is is /rictly true1 z f> z x goes2 ! passages are too _m & too close to leave any d\bt ab\t _! s\rce2 b ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews is n directly nam$1 z ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians is4 ,! ,,ignatian ,,epi/les des]ve to be consid]$ next4 ,! "q ( _! g5u95ess does n affect ! pres5t inquiry2 = ! sev5 lett]s conta9$ 9 :at is commonly call$ ! ,%ort ,greek rec5sion1 :e!r spuri\s or n1 7 confess$ly ! same :i* ,eusebius read2 & to ^! ,i ref]4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce ,i %all call ! writ] ,ignatius1 )\t prejudg+ ! "q ( au?or%ip4 ,ignatius !n pres5ts "s /rik+ co9cid5ces ) our ,synoptic ,gospels 7:e!r tak5 !nce or n1 ,i ne$ n at pres5t /op to inquire71 e4g4 ',be ?\ wise z a s]p5t 9 all ?+s1 & h>mless always z a dove1' #da3a ',! tree is manife/ by its fruit1' #da3b ',he t receive?1 let him receive4' #da3c ,he likewise e*oes ! language ( ,/ ,john1 e4g4 ',x 7! ,_s7 kn[e? :5ce x come? & :i!r x goe?1' #da3d ',jesus ,*ri/ 444 9 all ?+s pleas$ ,him t s5t ,him1' #da3e ) o!r expressions4 ,he also ref]s to ! examples ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul4 #da3f ,he describes ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles z 'mak+ m5tion (' ! ,ephesians '9 e "p ( 8 lett]' 7or '9 e lett]' #da3g74 ,^! lett]s moreov] conta9 sev]al passages :i* are indisputable rem9isc5ces ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les #da3h4 ,yet ( all ?is ,eusebius says n a ^w4 ,all ! in=mation :i* he gives respect+ ! relation ( ,ignatius to ! ,canon is conta9$ 9 ?is "o s5t5ce #da3i3-- ',writ+ to ! ,smyrnaeans1 he has employ$ expressions 7tak57 ,i "k n :5ce1 record+ z foll[s conc]n+ ,*ri/3-- ,& ,i myself "k & believe t ,he exi/s 9 ! fle% aft] ! resurrection4 ,& :5 ,he came to ,pet] & ^? ) him 7,greek3 pros t\s p]i ,petron71 ,he said unto !m1 ',take hold1 feel me1 & see t ,i am n an incorporeal _s' lit]ally1 'demon1' ,greek3 daimonion asomaton2 & imm$iately !y t\*$ ,him1 & believ$4' ,x %\ld be add$ t1 ?\gh ,eusebius does n "k ! s\rce ( ?is ref]5ce1 ,j]ome /ates t x came f ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews #db3a4 ,n[ let u suppose t ^! ,epi/les 7 no long] extant1 & t we int]pret$ ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius on ! same pr9ciple :i* our au?or applies to ,papias & ,hegesippus & ,dionysius ( ,cor9?4 ',"h1' we %\ld say1 'is cle>ly a ,judais+ ,*ri/ian--an ,ebionite ( ! deepe/ hue4 ,he recognises ,/ ,pet] z 8 great au?ority4 ,he altoge!r ignores ,/ ,paul4 ,he kn[s no?+ ( our ,canonical ,gospels1 & he uses exclusively ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews4 ,?us we h a new confirmation ( ! ,tueb+5 !ory respect+ ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! ?+ is obvi\s to any imp>tial m9d4 ,apologetic writ]s mu/ inde$ be driv5 to /raits if !y attempt to impugn ?is result4' ,x s happ5s t ?is e/imate ( ,ignatius w\ld be hopelessly wrong4 ,he appeals to ,/ ,paul z 8 great example #db3b4 ,8 ,*ri/ology is :olly unlike ! ,ebionite1 = he di/9ctly decl>es ! p]fect deity z well z ! p]fect humanity ( ,*ri/ #db3c4 ,& he d5\nces ! ,judais]s at l5g? & by "n #db3d4 ,:at !n is ! value ( a pr9ciple :i*1 :5 appli$ 9 a simple case1 leads to conclusions diametrically oppos$ to hi/orical facts8 ,f ,ignatius we pass to ,,polyc>p4 ,"h aga9 ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le be>+ ?is ,fa!r's "n does n affect ! "q2 = x is confess$ly ! same docum5t :i* ,eusebius _h be=e him4 ,9 ,polyc>p's ,epi/le #db3e also !re are sev]al co9cid5ces ) our ,gospels4 ,!re is a h>dly disputable embodim5t ( words occurr+ 9 ! ,acts4 ,!re are two or ?ree ref]5ces to ,/ ,paul by "n4 ,once he is directly m5tion$ z writ+ to ! ,philippians4 ,!re are obvi\s quotations f or rem9isc5ces ( ,romans1 #a1 #b ,cor9?ians1 ,galatians1 ,ephesians1 #a ,!ssalonians1 #a1 #b ,timo?y1 n to m5tion o!r m d\btful co9cid5ces4 ,( all ?is aga9 ,eusebius 'kn[s no?+4' ,s f> z reg>ds ! ,canon1 he does n ?9k x necess>y to say m ?an t ',polyc>p 9 8 a=esaid 7,greek3 delo!ise7 writ+ 7,greek3 graphe7 to ! ,philippians1 :i* is 9 circulation 7,greek3 ph]om5e7 to ! pres5t day1 has us$ c]ta9 te/imonies f ! ,fir/ 7=m]7 ,epi/le ( ,pet] #dc3a4 ,"h aga91 we might say1 is a ,judais]1 ! v c\nt]p>t ( ,papias4 ,?is inf]5ce inde$ w\ld be p>tially1 ?\gh only p>tially1 correct$ by ! fact t ,eusebius 9 an e>li] place #dc3b1 to illu/rate 8 acc\nt ( ,ignatius1 quotes f ,polyc>p's ,epi/le a passage 9 :i* ,/ ,paul's "n happ5s to be m5tion$4 ,b ?is m5tion 7s f> z reg>ds ! matt] be=e u7 is purely accid5tal2 & ! s5t5ce relat+ to ! ,canon entirely ignores ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 ) ^: ?\ghts & language nev]!less ?is ,epi/le is saturat$4 ,:5 we turn f ,polyc>p to ,,ju/9 ,,m>tyr1 ! ph5om5a are simil>4 ,?is ,fa!r introduces into 8 extant writ+s a l>ge numb] ( ,evangelical passages4 ,a few ( ^! co9cide exactly ) our ,canonical ,gospels2 a mu* l>g] numb] h s close a resemblance t1 )\t ref]r+ to ! actual text ( our ,gospels1 ! v>iations w\ld n be detect$ by an ord9>y read]4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr pr(esses to d]ive ^! say+s & do+s f writt5 docum5ts1 :i* he /yles ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 & :i* 7he tells 8 hea!n read]s7 'are call$ ,gospels #dc3c4' ,8 expressions & argum5ts moreov] 9 "s passages recall ! language ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les #dc3d4 ,( all ?is aga9 ,eusebius 'kn[s no?+4' ,s f> z reg>ds ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 he cont5ts himself ) /at+ t ,ju/9 'has made m5tion 7,greek3 memnetai7 ( ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 cle>ly say+ t x is 7! "w7 ( ! ,apo/le4' #dc3e ,8 mode ( deal+ ) ,,!ophilus ,,( ,,antio* is /ill m in/ructive4 ,among ! writ+s ( ?is ,fa!r1 he m5tions "o "w address$ ,to ,autolycus1 & ano!r ,aga9/ ! ,h]esy ( ,h]mog5es #dd3a4 ,! fir/ is extant3 n s ! o!r4 ,9 ! extant "w ,!ophilus introduces ! unmi/akeable language ( ,romans1 #a1 #b ,cor9?ians1 ,ephesians1 ,philippians1 #a ,timo?y1 ,titus1 n to m5tion po9ts ( resemblance ) o!r ,apo/olic ,epi/les :i* c h>dly h be5 accid5tal #dd3b4 ,he has "o or two co9cid5ces ) ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 &1 :at is m important1 he quotes ! beg9n+ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel by "n1 z foll[s #dd3c3-- ',:5ce ! ,holy ,scriptures & all ! inspir$ m5 7,greek3 pneumatophoroi7 tea* u1 "o ( :om1 ,john1 says1 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 %[+ t at ! fir/ 7,greek3 en protois7 ,god 0 alone1 & ! ,^w 9 ,him4 ,!n he says1 ,& ! ,^w 0 ,god2 all ?+s 7 made by ,him1 & )\t ,him 0 n any?+ made4' ,?is quotation is direct & precise4 ,inde$ ev5 ! mo/ suspici\s & sceptical critics h n que/ion$ ! adequacy ( ! ref]5ce #dd3d4 ,x is moreov] ! m conspicu\s1 because x is ! "o solit>y in/ance 9 :i* ,!ophilus quotes directly & by "n any book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,"h aga9 ,eusebius is altoge!r sil5t4 ,b ( ! treatise no long] extant he writes1 t 9 x 'he 7,!ophilus7 has us$ te/imonies f ! ,apocalypse ( ,john4' #dd3e ,?is is all ! in=mation :i* he v\*safes respect+ ! relation ( ,!ophilus to ! ,canon4 ,"o example m mu/ suffice4 ,,ir5aeus #dd3f 9 8 extant "w on h]esies quotes ! ,acts aga9 & aga91 & directly ascribes x to ,/ ,luke4 ,he likewise cites twelve out ( ! ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 ! exception be+ ! %ort lett] to ,philemon4 ,^! twelve he directly ascribes to ! ,apo/le 9 "o place or ano!r1 & ) ! exception ( #a ,timo?y & ,titus he gives ! names ( ! p]sons address$2 s t ! id5tification is complete4 ,! li/ ( ref]5ces to ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les alone occupies two octavo pages ( ?ree columns ea* 9 ! index to ,/i]5's ,ir5aeus4 ,yet ( all ?is ,eusebius 'kn[s no?+4' ,9 a previ\s *apt] inde$ he happ5s to h quot$ a passage f ,ir5aeus1 relat+ to ! succession ( ! ,roman bi%ops1 9 :i* ?is ,fa!r /ates t ,l9us is m5tion$ by ,/ ,paul '9 ! ,epi/le to ,timo?y2' #de3a b ! passage relat+ to ! ,canon conta9s no h9t t ,ir5aeus recognis$ ! exi/5ce ( any "o ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les2 & f fir/ to la/ !re is no m5tion ( ! ,acts4 ,! language ( ,eusebius "h is highly *>act]i/ic z illu/rat+ 8 purpose & me?od4 ,he comm5ces ! *apt] by ref]r+ back to 8 orig9al design1 z foll[s #de3b3-- ',s9ce1 at ! comm5cem5t ( our treatise1 we h made a promise1 say+ t we %\ld adduce at ! prop] opportunities ! utt]ances ( ! anci5t eld]s & writ]s ( ! ,*ur*1 9 :i* !y h h&$ d[n 9 writ+ ! traditions t rea*$ !m conc]n+ ! ,canonical 7,greek3 endia!kon7 writ+s1 & ,ir5aeus 0 "o ( ^!1 let me n[ adduce 8 notices also1 & fir/ ^? relat+ to ! sacr$ ,gospels1 z foll[s4' ,he !n quotes a %ort passage f ! ?ird book1 giv+ ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ,f\r ,gospels 7 writt54 ,!n foll[ two quotations f ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! fif? book1 9 :i* ,ir5aeus m5tions ! date & au?or%ip ( ! ,apocalypse1 & ref]s to ! numb] ( ! bea/4 ,eusebius !n proce$s3-- ',?is is ! acc\nt giv5 by ! above-nam$ writ] respect+ ! ,apocalypse also4 ,& he has made m5tion too ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 adduc+ v _m te/imonies out ( x2 & likewise also ( ! ,fir/ 7=m]7 ,epi/le ( ,pet]4 ,& he n only kn[s1 b ev5 receives ! writ+ ( ! ',%eph]d1' say+1 ',well !n spake ! writ+' or 'scripture1' ,greek3 he graphe ':i* says1 ,fir/ ( all believe t ,god is ,"o1 ev5 ,he t creat$ all ?+s2' & s =?4' ,?is is all ! in=mation respect+ ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* he adduces f ! great "w ( ,ir5aeus4 ,9 a mu* lat] passage #df3a1 h[ev]1 he has occasion to "n o!r works ( ?is ,fa!r no long] extant2 & ( "o ( ^! he rem>ks t 9 x 'he m5tions ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & ! s-call$ ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 adduc+ c]ta9 passages f !m4' ,f ^! examples1 comb9$ ) 8 own prefatory /atem5ts1 we feel ju/ifi$ 9 lay+ d[n ! foll[+ canons z rul+ ! proc$ure ( ,eusebius3-- 7#a7 ,8 ma9 object 0 to give su* in=mation z might assi/ 9 =m+ correct views respect+ ! ,canon ( ,scripture4 7#b7 ,?is be+ s1 he 0 indiff]5t to any quotations or ref]5ces :i* w5t t[>ds e/abli%+ ! canonicity ( ^? books :i* _h nev] be5 disput$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,ev5 :5 ! quotation 0 direct & by "n1 x _h no value = him4 7#c7 ,to ?is class belong$ 7i7 ! ,f\r ,gospels2 7ii7 ! ,acts2 7iii7 ! ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul4 7#d7 ,z reg>ds ^!1 he cont5ts himself ) pres]v+ any anecdotes :i* he may h f\nd illu/rat+ ! circum/ances "u :i* !y 7 writt51 e4g4 ! notices ( ,/ ,mat!w & ,/ ,m>k 9 ,papias1 & ( ! ,f\r ,gospels 9 ,ir5aeus4 7#e7 ,! ,ca?olic ,epi/les lie on ! bord]-l& betwe5 ! ,homologum5a & ! ,antilegom5a1 betwe5 ! univ]sally ackn[l$g$ & ! disput$ books4 ,( ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,john = in/ance1 ! ,fir/ belong$ to ! "o class1 ! ,second & ,?ird to ! o!r4 ,( ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,pet] aga91 ! ,fir/ 0 ackn[l$g$1 ! ,second disput$4 ,! ,ca?olic ,epi/les 9 fact occupy an exceptional position4 ,respect+ 8 treatm5t ( ?is section ( ! ,canon he is n explicit 9 8 op5+ /atem5t1 & we h to inf] x f 8 subsequ5t proc$ure4 ,z ?is h[ev] is uni=m1 we seem able to det]m9e ) tol]able c]ta9ty ! pr9ciple on :i* he acts4 ,he subjects all ! books belong+ to ?is section to ! same law4 ,= in/ance1 he m5tions any ref]5ces to #a ,john & #a ,pet] 7e4g4 9 ,papias1 ,polyc>p1 & ,ir5aeus71 ?\gh 9 ! ,*ur* no d\bt 0 ev] ent]ta9$ ab\t _! g5u95ess & au?ority4 ,he may h ?\ght t ?is m5tion w\ld conduce to a j e/imate ( ! mean+ ( sil5ce 9 ! case ( disput$ ,epi/les1 z #b ,pet] & #b1 #c ,john4 7#f7 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews & ! ,apocalypse /ill rema9 to be consid]$4 ,_! claim to a place 9 ! ,canon is1 or has be51 disput$3 & !re=e he records e decisive notice respect+ ei!r ( !m1 e4g4 ! quotations f ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 9 ,clem5t ( ,rome & ,ir5aeus1 & ! notices ( ! ,apocalypse 9 ,ju/9 & ,melito #dg3a & ,apollonius #dg3b1 & ,!ophilus & ,ir5aeus4 ,s too1 he records any te/imony1 direct or indirect1 be>+ ! o!r way1 e4g4 t ! ,roman presbyt] ,gaius m5tions only ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 'n reckon+ ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ) ! re/4' #dg3c 7#g7 ,) reg>d to ! books :i* lie altoge!r outside ! ,canon1 b :i* 7 treat$ z ,scripture1 or quasi-scripture1 by any e>li] ,*ur* writ]1 he makes x 8 bus9ess to record ! fact4 ,?us he m5tions ! "o quotation 9 ,ir5aeus f ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas2 he /ates t ,hegesippus employs ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews2 he records t ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 9 ! ,/romateis has made use ( ! ,epi/les ( ,b>nabas & ,clem5t1 & 9 ! ,hypotyposeis has comm5t$ on ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ! s-call$ ,apocalypse ( ,pet] #dg3d4 ,x w h appe>$ f ! above acc\nt1 if ,i mi/ake n1 t 8 treatm5t ( ?is subject is ess5tially frank4 ,!re is no indication ( a desire to make out a case = ^? writ+s :i* he & 8 contempor>ies receiv$ z ,canonical1 aga9/ ^? :i* !y reject$4 ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas is some:]e ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! :ole body ( ! ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul4 ,he s+les out ! "o isolat$ passage f ,h]mas 9 ,ir5aeus1 ?\gh x is quot$ anonym\sly2 & he says no?+ ab\t ! quotations f ,/ ,paul1 ?\gh !y exce$ two hundr$ 9 numb]1 & are v frequ5tly cit$ by "n4 ,x is necess>y h[ev]1 n only to inve/igate 8 pr9ciples1 b also to asc]ta9 h[ f> 8 application ( ^! pr9ciples c be dep5d$ ^u4 ,& "h ! facts ju/ify u 9 lay+ d[n ! foll[+ rules = our guidance3-- 7i7 ,z reg>ds ! anecdotes conta9+ in=mation relat+ to ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t he re/ricts himself to ! n>r[e/ limits :i* ju/ice to 8 subject w all[4 ,8 treatm5t ( ,ir5aeus makes ?is po9t cle>4 ,?\gh he gives ! pr9cipal passage 9 ?is au?or relat+ to ! ,f\r ,gospels #dh3a1 he omits to m5tion o!rs :i* conta9 int]e/+ /atem5ts directly or indirectly affect+ ! "q1 e4g4 t ,/ ,john wrote 8 ,gospel to c\nt]act ! errors ( ,c]9?us & ! ,nicolaitans #dh3b4 ,?us too1 :5 he quotes a few l9es allud+ to ! unanim\s tradition ( ! ,asiatic eld]s :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ,/ ,john #dh3c1 he omits ! context1 f :i* we f9d t ?is tradition _h an important be>+ on ! au!nticity ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 = x decl>$ t ,*ri/'s m9i/ry ext5d$ mu* beyond a s+le ye>1 ?us confirm+ ! obvi\s *ronology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel aga9/ ! app>5t *ronology ( ! ,synopti/s4 7ii7 ,z reg>ds ! quotations & ref]5ces ! case /&s ?us4 ,:5 ,eusebius speaks ( 'te/imonies' 9 any anci5t writ] tak5 f a ,scriptural book1 we _c inde$ be sure t ! quotations 7 direct & by "n 7?is 0 c]ta9ly n ! case 9 "s71 b we may fairly assume t !y 7 def9ite en\gh1 or num]\s en\gh1 or bo?1 to satisfy ev5 a sceptical critic ( ! mod]n s*ool4 ,?is is ! case1 = in/ance1 ) ! quotations f ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 9 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 & ^? f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,pet] 9 ,polyc>p4 ,9 no in/ance :i* we c te/ does ,eusebius give a d\btful te/imony4 ,on ! o!r h& he omits sev]al :i* might fairly be alleg$1 & h be5 alleg$ by mod]n writ]s1 z1 = in/ance1 ! co9cid5ce ) #a ,john 9 ,polyc>p #di3a4 ,he may h pass$ !m ov] ?r\gh inadv]t5ce1 or he may n h consid]$ !m decisive4 ,i am q aw>e t our au?or /ates ! case diff]5tly2 b ,i am unable to reconcile 8 language ) ! facts4 ,he writes z foll[s #di3b3-- ',he 7,eusebius7 /ates h[ev]1 t ,papias made use ( te/imonies f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 & likewise f t ( ,pet]4 ,z ,eusebius1 h[ev]1 does n quote ! passages f ,papias1 we mu/ rema9 9 d\bt :e!r he did n1 z else:]e1 assume f "s simil>ity ( word+ t ! passages 7 quotations f ^! ,epi/les1 :il/ 9 reality !y might n be4 ,eusebius made a simil> /atem5t ) reg>d to a suppos$ quotation 9 ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p 7#e7 ^u v insuffici5t gr\nds4' #di3c ,= ! /atem5t 'z else:]e' our au?or has giv5 no au?ority1 & ,i am n aw>e ( any4 ,! note to :i* ! numb] 9 ! text 7#e7 ref]s is ',ad ,phil4 vii42 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #ad4' ,i _c help ?9k+ !re is "s confusion "h4 ,! passage ( ,eusebius to :i* our au?or ref]s 9 ?is note relates h[ ,polyc>p 'has employ$ c]ta9 te/imonies f ! ,fir/ 7=m]7 ,epi/le ( ,pet]4' ,! *apt] ( ,polyc>p1 to :i* he ref]s1 conta9s a ref]5ce to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john1 :i* has be5 alleg$ by mod]n writ]s1 b is n alleg$ by ,eusebius4 ,?is same *apt]1 x is true1 conta9s ! words ',wat* unto pray]1' :i* pres5t a co9cid5ce ) #a ,pet4 iv4 #g4 ,b no "o w\ld lay any /ress on ?is "o expression3 ! /rong & unque/ionable co9cid5ces are else:]e4 ,moreov] our au?or speaks ( a s+le 'suppos$ quotation1' :]eas ! quotations f ,i ,pet] 9 ,polyc>p are num]\s4 ,?us 9 c4 #a we h ',9 :om1 n hav+ se51 ye believe1 & believ+ ye rejoice ) joy unspeakable & full ( glory1' f #a ,pet4 i4 #h3 9 c4 #b1 ',gird+ up y\r lo9s1' f #a ,pet4 i4 #ac 7comp4 ,ephes4 vi4 #ad72 ',hav+ believ$ on ,him t rais$ up our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ f ! dead & gave ,him glory1' f #a ,pet4 i4 #ba2 ',n r5d]+ evil = evil1 or rail+ = rail+1' f #a ,pet4 iii4 #i3 9 c4 #e1 ',e lu/ w>re? aga9/ ! ,_s1' f #a ,pet4 ii4 #aa3 9 c4 #h1 ',:o bore our s9s ) ,8 own body 7,greek3 to idio somati7 on ! tree1' f #a ,pet4 ii4 #bd2 ',:o did no s91 nei!r 0 guile f\nd 9 ,8 m\?1' f #a ,pet4 ii4 #bb3 9 c4 #aj1 ',lov]s ( ! bro!rhood1' f #a ,pet4 ii4 #ag2 ',be ye all subject "o to ano!r1' f #a ,pet4 v4 #e2 ',hav+ y\r conv]sation unblamable among ! ,g5tiles1 t f y\r good works bo? ye may receive praise1 & ! ,"l may n be evil spok5 ( 9 y1' f #a ,pet4 ii4 #ab 7comp4 iv4 #ad 9 ! receiv$ text74 ,i am q at a loss to conceive h[ any "o c speak ( ^! num]\s & close co9cid5ces z 'v insuffici5t gr\nds4' ,& ?\gh our au?or else:]e1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! quotations f ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 ,tatian & 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies #ej3a1 has resi/$ evid5ce :i* 7,i v5ture to ?9k7 w\ld satisfy any jury ( compet5t critics1 yet ,i _c suppose t he w\ld hold out aga9/ su* an array ( passages z we h "h1 & ,i mu/ !re=e believe t he has ov]look$ ! facts4 ,i v5ture to say aga9 t1 9 ^! ref]5ces to e>ly writ]s relat+ to ! ,canon1 ,eusebius 7:]e we are able to te/ him7 nev] ov]/ates ! case4 ,i emphasize ?is ass]tion1 because ,i tru/ "s "o w po9t out my error if ,i am wrong4 ,if ,i am n %[n to be wrong1 ,i %all make use ( ! fact h]eaft] #ej3b4 ,?is inve/igation w h ?r[n "s light ^u ! au?or's sweep+ ass]tions ) respect to ! arbitr>y action :i* he supposes to h presid$ ov] ! =mation ( ! ,canon1 & /ill m on 8 unqualifi$ d5unciations ( ! uncritical _s ( ,eusebius4 ,b su* 0 n my imm$iate purpose4 ,hypo!ses non f+imus4 ,we h built no airy ca/les ( criticism on arbitr>y a priori assumptions z to :at ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius mu/ mean4 ,we h put ! man himself 9 ! witness-box2 we h confront$ him ) facts1 & cross-exam9$ him2 ?us we h elicit$ f him 8 pr9ciples & mode ( action4 ,i may p]haps h fall5 into "s errors ( detail1 ?\gh ,i h endeav\r$ to avoid !m1 b ! ma9 conclusions are1 ,i believe1 irrefragable4 ,if !y are n1 ,i %all be oblig$ to any "o :o w po9t out ! fallacy 9 my reason+2 & ,i pl$ge myself to make op5 retractation1 :5 ,i resume ^! pap]s 9 a subsequ5t numb]4 ,if !y are1 !n ! read] w n fail to see h[ l>ge a "p ( ! argum5t 9 ,sup]natural ,religion has crumbl$ to pieces4 ,our au?or is q alive to ! value ( a sy/em ( 'positively enunciat+4' #ea3a ',a good /rong ass]tion1' he says1 'becomes a p[]ful argum5t1 s9ce few read]s h ! means ( v]ify+ its correctness4' #ea3b ,8 own ass]tions1 :i* ,i quot$ at ! outset ( ?is inve/igation1 are c]ta9ly n want+ 9 /r5g?1 & ,i h tak5 ! lib]ty ( v]ify+ !m4 ,any ,engli% read] may d ! same4 ,eusebius is translat$1 & s are ! ,ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs4 ,i n[ v5ture on a /atem5t :i* might h seem$ a p>adox if x _h prec$$ ?is inve/igation1 b :i*1 com+ at its close1 w1 if ,i mi/ake n1 comm5d itself z a sob] d$uction f facts4 ,! sil5ce ( ,eusebius respect+ e>ly witnesses to ! ,f\r? ,gospel is an evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,its ,apo/olic au?or%ip _h nev] be5 que/ion$ by any ,*ur* writ] f ! beg9n+1 s f> z ,eusebius 0 aw>e1 & !re=e x 0 sup]flu\s to call witnesses4 ,x 0 n excus$1 because x _h n be5 accus$4 ,9 %ort1 ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius "h means ! v opposite to t :i* our au?or assumes x to mean4 ,if any "o demurs to ?is inf]5ce1 let him try1 on any o!r hypo!sis1 to answ] ! foll[+ que/ions3-- 7#a7 ,h[ is x t1 :ile ,eusebius alleges repeat$ te/imonies to ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 he is sil5t f fir/ to la/ ab\t ! univ]sally ackn[l$g$ ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 su* z ,romans1 #a1 #b ,cor9?ians1 & ,galatians8 7#b7 ,h[ is x t he does n m5tion ! precise & direct te/imony 9 ,!ophilus to ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john1 :ile he does m5tion a ref]5ce 9 ?is same au?or to ! ,apocalypse8 ,& ?is explanation ( ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 :ile x is dem&$ by 8 own language & practice1 alone accords ) ! kn[n facts relat+ to ! reception ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 ! second c5tury4 ,its !ology is /amp$ on ! tea*+ ( or?odox apologi/s2 its au?ority is quot$ = ! speculative t5ets ( ! manifold ,gno/ic sects1 ,basilideans1 ,val5t9ians1 ,ophites2 its n>rative is employ$ ev5 by a ,judais+ writ] l ! au?or ( ! ,clem5t9es4 ,! ph5om5a :i* confront u 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury are inexplicable1 except on ! supposition t ! ,gospel _h _h a long previ\s hi/ory4 ,h[ else are we to acc\nt = su* facts z t ! text already exhibits a numb] ( v>i\s read+s1 su* z ! alt]native ( 'only begott5 ,god' = '! only begott5 ,son' 9 i4 #ah1 & 'six' = 'five' 9 iv4 #ah1 or ! int]polation ( ! desc5t ( ! angel 9 v4 #c1 #d2 t leg5ds & traditions h gr[n up respect+ its orig91 su* z we f9d 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & 9 ! ,muratorian fragm5t #eb3a2 t p]v]se my/ical int]pretations1 :olly =eign to ! simple mean+ ( ! text1 h already encru/$ x1 su* z we meet ) 9 ! comm5t>y ( ,h]acleon8 ,h[ is x t ecclesia/ical writ]s f> & wide receive x )\t misgiv+ at ?is epo*--,ir5aeus 9 ,gaul1 ,t]tullian 9 ,africa1 ,clem5t 9 ,alex&ria1 ,!ophilus at ,antio*1 ! anonym\s ,muratorian writ] p]haps 9 ,rome8 t !y n only receive x1 b assume its reception f ! beg9n+8 t !y nev] betray a consci\sness t any ,*ur* or ,*ur*man _h ev] que/ion$ x8 ,! hi/ory ( ! fir/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! second c5tury is necess>ily obscure ow+ to ! paucity ( rema9s4 ,a flood ( light is sudd5ly p\r$ 9 dur+ ! rema9+ ye>s ( ! c5tury4 ,our au?or is cont5t to grope 9 ! obscurity3 any phantoms may be conjur$ up "h2 b ! mom5t ! light is let 91 he closes 8 eyes & c see no?+4 ,he refuses altoge!r to discuss ,ir5aeus1 ?\gh ,ir5aeus 0 a disciple ( ,polyc>p1 & ,polyc>p 0 a disciple ( ,/ ,john4 ,ev5 if x be grant$ t ! op9ion ( ,ir5aeus1 z an isolat$ individual1 is n wor? mu*1 yet ! wide-spread & traditional belief :i* und]lies 8 :ole language & ?\ghts is a consid]ation ( ! highe/ mom5t3 & ,ir5aeus is only "o among _m witnesses4 ,! au?or's treatm5t ( ! ext]nal evid5ces to ! ,f\r? ,gospel is :olly vitiat$ by 8 ignor+ ! comb9$ =ce ( su* facts z ^!4 ,a man might ) j z mu* reason ass]t t a /urdy oak sapl+ mu/ h sprung up ov]night1 because circum/ances _h prev5t$ him f witness+ its cont9u\s gr[?4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion 0 k9d en\gh to s5d me an e>ly copy ( 8 f\r? edition1 & ,i s9c]ely ?ank him = 8 c\rtesy4 ,un=tunately x arriv$ too late = me to make any use ( x 9 my previ\s article4 ,) "o exception h[ev]1 ,i h n notic$ t my criticisms are affect$ by any *anges :i* may h be5 made4 ,b ?is s+le exception is highly important4 ,a read]1 ) only ! f\r? edition be=e him1 w\ld be :olly at a loss to und]/& my criticism1 & !re=e "s explanation is necess>y4 ,9 my =m] article #ec3a ,i po9t$ out t ! au?or _h f\nd$ a *>ge ( 'falsification' aga9/ ,dr ,we/cott on a grammatical error ( 8 own4 ,he _h treat$ ! inf9itive & indicative moods z ! same = practical purposes2 he _h confus$ ! oblique ) ! direct n>rative2 he _h ma9ta9$ t ! passage 9 "q 7conta9+ a ref]5ce to ,/ ,john7 0 ,ir5aeus' own1 :]eas ! gramm> %[$ t ,ir5aeus 0 repeat+ ! words ( o!rs2 & consequ5tly1 he _h wrongly accus$ ,dr ,tis*5dorf & ,dr ,we/cott1 because 9 _! translations !y _h br\ght out ! fact t ! words did n belong to ,ir5aeus himself4 ,i place ! new note relat+ to ,dr ,we/cott side by side ) ! old #ed3a3-- ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,,e>li] ,,editions4 ',hav+ j obs]v$ t a note ',canon ,we/cott1 :o quotes 9 ?is place1 9 previ\s ?is passage 9 a note 7,on ! editions1 has be5 und]/ood z ,canon p4 #fa1 note #b71 translates an accusation aga9/ ,dr ,we/cott "h1 ,?is di/9ction ( dwell+1 ( delib]ate falsification ( !y taught1 exi/s etc4 ! text ( ,ir5aeus1 we at once ,! introduction ( !y taught )draw x ) unfeign$ regret "h is mo/ unw>rantable2 & t ! expressions us$ c\ld be+ ins]t$1 )\t a ^w be> an int]pretation s f> ( explanation or m>k %[+ f our int5tion4 ,we desir$ its addition by ! translator1 9 simply to object to ! ins]tion a passage ^u ^: int]pretation ( !y taught 7,on ! ,canon !re is diff]5ce ( op9ion1 p4 #fa1 note #b71 )\t "s & ^: orig9 is 9 dispute1 x indication1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! am\nts to a falsification ( ! orig9al text1 t ^! words text4 ,dr ,we/cott nei!r gives 7 m]ely supplem5t>y & ! ,greek nor ! anci5t ,lat9 conjectural4 ,! s\rce ( ! v]sion = comp>ison4' indirect passage is1 ( c\rse1 matt] ( argum5t1 & we make x s2 b x seems to u t ! introduction ( specific words l ^!1 )\t explanation ( any k9d1 conveys to ! g5]al read] too positive a view ( ! case4 ,we may p]haps be p]mitt$ to say t we fully recognise ,dr ,we/cott's s9c]e love ( tru?1 & feel ! mo/ g5u9e respect = 8 "*4' ,consid]+ ! gravity ( 8 accusation1 ,i ?9k t our au?or might h be5 m explicit 9 8 retractation4 ,he might h /at$ t he n only retract$ 8 *>ge aga9/ ,dr ,we/cott1 b also )drew 8 own int]pretation ( ! passage4 ,he might h confess$ t1 hav+ 9 8 e>li] editions assum$ ! words to be ,ir5aeus' own1 he _h f\nd out 8 mi/ake #ee3a2 t accord+ly he ackn[l$g$ ! passage to be oblique2 t !re=e1 aft] all1 ,dr ,we/cott 0 "r & he 0 wrong2 & t ! only "q ) him n[ 0 h[ be/ to break ! =ce ( ! true int]pretation1 9 its be>+ on ! au!nticity ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,! read] w n f9d 9 ?is f\r? edition1 f beg9n+ to end1 ! slighte/ intimation ( all ?is4 ,he is left ) ! impression t ! au?or regrets hav+ us$ a /rong expression respect+ ,dr ,we/cott1 b t o!rwise 8 op9ion is un*ang$4 ,:e!r ,i h or h n rightly int]pret$ ! facts1 w be se5 f a juxtaposition ( passages f ! f\r? & e>li] editions4 ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,,e>li] ,,editions4 ',n[1 9 ! quotation f ',n[ 9 ! quotation f ,ir5aeus giv5 9 ?is passage1 ,ir5aeus giv5 9 ?is passage1 ,tis*5dorf r5d]s ! oblique ,tis*5dorf delib]ately falsifies con/ruction by ins]t+ say ! text by ins]t+ say !y2 !y1 ref]r+ to ! ,presbyt]s &1 z he does n give ! ( ,papias2 &1 z he does n orig9al1 ! great majority ( give ! orig9al1 he %\ld at read]s c\ld nev] detect h[ lea/ h indicat$ t ^! he ?us adroitly contrives to words are supplem5t>y4 ,we /r5g!n 8 argum5t4 ,z %all endeav\r' #ee3b etc4 reg>ds ! :ole /atem5t ( ! case we mu/ affirm t x misrepres5ts ! facts4 ,we %all endeav\r' etc4 ,l[] d[n he m5tions h[ ,ir5aeus 'cont9ues ) a quotation f ,isaiah 8 own tra9 ( reason+1' add+ 9 ! e>ly editions--'& x might j z well be affirm$ t ,ir5aeus f\nd ! quotation f ! ,prophet 9 ,papias z t :i* we are consid]+4' #ef3a ,z ! ref]5ce to ,isaiah is 9 ! indicative1 :]eas ! clause "u consid]ation is 9 ! inf9itive1 ?is 0 equival5t to say+ t ! "o mood is j z good z ! o!r1 :]e x is a "q ( ! direct or oblique n>rative4 ,?is la/ s5t5ce is tacitly remov$ 9 ! f\r? edition4 ,9 ! translation ( ! inf9itive ,greek3 e9ai de t5 dia/ol5 we notice ?is diff]5ce3-- ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,,e>li] ,,editions4 ,b 444 !re is ?is di/9ction4' ',b !re is to be ?is di/9ction4' ,! translation ( ! passage conta9+ ^! oblique inf9itives is foll[$ by ! au?or's comm5t1 :i* is alt]$ ?us3-- ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,,e>li] ,,editions4 ',n[ x is impossible = anyone ',n[ x is impossible = anyone :o att5tively consid]s ! :ole :o att5tively consid]s ! :ole ( ?is passage1 & :o makes ( ?is passage1 & :o makes himself acqua9t$ ) ! mann] himself acqua9t$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ,ir5aeus conducts 8 9 :i* ,ir5aeus conducts 8 argum5t1 & int]weaves x ) argum5t1 & int]weaves x ) quotations1 to ass]t t ! texts ( ,scripture1 to d\bt t phrase we are consid]+ mu/ ! phrase we are consid]+ is h be5 tak5 f a book introduc$ by ,ir5aeus himself1 ref]r$ to ?ree *apt]s e>li]1 & is 9 no case a quotation & 0 n introduc$ by ,ir5aeus f ! "w ( ,papias4' f "s o!r s\rce4' ,"h ! au?or has tacitly )drawn an int]pretation :i* a few weeks be=e he decl>$ to be beyond ! rea* ( d\bt1 & has sub/itut$ a :olly diff]5t "o = x4 ,he !n proce$s3-- ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,,e>li] ,,editions4 ',9 ! passage f ! ',! passage f ! comm5cem5t comm5cem5t ( ! second ( ! second p>agraph 7,sec4 #b7 is p>agraph ,ir5aeus enl>ges ^u1 an enl>gem5t or comm5t on :at & illu/rates1 :at ! ! ,presbyt]s say reg>d+ ! ,presbyt]s say reg>d+ ! bless$ness ( ! ,sa9ts1 & bless$ness ( ! ,sa9ts1 by ,ir5aeus illu/rates ! di/9ction quot+ ! view held z to ! betwe5 ^? be>+ fruit di/9ction betwe5 ^? be>+ ?irty-fold1 sixty-fold1 & "o fruit ?irty-fold1 sixty-fold1 & hundr$-fold1 s (t5 repres5t$ "o hundr$-fold1 & ! 9 ! ,gospel1 by ! say+ int]pretation giv5 ( ! say+ reg>d+ _m mansions be+ reg>d+ _m mansions4' prep>$ 9 ,heav54' ,aft] ?is our au?or1 9 ! e>li] editions1 quotes a numb] ( passages f ,ir5aeus to support 8 view t ! words 9 "q are direct & n oblique1 because !y happ5 to beg9 ) ,greek3 dia t\to4 ,x is un=tunate t n "o ( !m is 9 ! inf9itive mood1 & !re=e !y af=d no illu/ration ( ! po9t at issue4 ',^!1' he !re adds1 'are all direct quotations by ,ir5aeus1 z is mo/ c]ta9ly t :i* we are consid]+1 :i* is introduc$ 9 precisely ! same way4 ,t ?is is ! case is fur!r %[n etc4444 & x is r5d]$ q c]ta9 by ! fact t' etc4 ,all ^! false p>allels are )drawn 9 ! f\r? edition & ! s5t5ce is rewritt54 ,we are n[ told t '! s\rce ( 8 7,ir5aeus'7 quotation is q indef9ite1 & may simply be ! exegesis ( 8 own day #eg3a4' ,s !n x 0 a quotation aft] all1 & ! old int]pretation1 ?\gh decl>$ to be 'mo/ c]ta9' & 'q c]ta9' 9 two consecutive s5t5ces1 sil5tly vani%es to make room = ! new4 ,b :y does ! au?or all[ himself to sp5d n9e octavo pages ov] ! discussion ( ?is "o passage1 freely alt]+ s5t5ce aft] s5t5ce to oblit]ate all traces ( 8 error1 )\t any intimation to ! read]8 ,_h n ! public a "r to expect m di/9ctness ( /atem5t1 consid]+ t ! au?or _h be5 l$ by ?is error to libel ! "* ( m ?an "o writ]8 ,mu/ n anyone read+ ! apology to ,dr ,we/cott1 conta9$ 9 ! note quot$ above1 necess>ily c>ry (f a :olly false impression ( ! facts8 ,i add "o o!r passage = comp>ison3-- ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,,e>li] ,,editions4 ',we h dispos$ ( 8 alt]native ',we h dispos$ ( 8 t ! quotation be+ by ! alt]native t ! quotation1 ,presbyt]s 0 m anci5t ev5 be+ by ! ,presbyt]s1 0 ?an ,papias1 by %[+ t x m anci5t ev5 ?an ,papias1 may be ref]r$ to ,ir5aeus himself by %[+ t x mu/ be quot+ probably f attribut$ to ,ir5aeus himself1 contempor>ies1 & t !re is & t !re is no gr\nd = no gr\nd = attribut+ x to ! attribut+ x to ! ,presbyt]s ,presbyt]s at all4' #eh3a at all4' ,surely ?is writ] might h paus$ be=e indulg+ s freely 9 *>ges ( 'discreet res]ve1' ( 'dis+5u\sness1' ( 'wilful & delib]ate evasion1' & ! l4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,ignatian ,,epi/les4 ,,febru>y1 #ahge4 ,! lett]s be>+ ! "n ( ,ignatius #ei3a1 ) :i* we are imm$iately conc]n$1 pr(ess to h be5 writt5 by ! sa9t z he 0 pass+ ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or on 8 way to m>tyrdom4 ,if _! repres5tations be true1 he 0 condemn$ at ,antio*1 & s5t to ,rome to /iff] dea? 9 ! amphi!atre by exposure to ! wild bea/s4 ,! exact ye> ( ! m>tyrdom is unc]ta91 b ! limits ( possibility are n v wide4 ,! e>li] date assign$ is ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajg1 & ! lat] ab\t ,a4,d4 #aaf4 ,^! lett]s1 ) a s+le exception1 are writt5 to diff]5t ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or 7includ+ "o address$ m especially to ,polyc>p1 ,bi%op ( ,smyrna74 ,! exceptional lett] is s5t to ! ,roman ,*ur*1 appris+ ! ,*ri/ians ( ! metropolis t 8 arrival among !m may soon be expect$1 decl>+ 8 eag]ness = m>tyrdom1 & intreat+ !m n to int]pose & rescue him f 8 fate4 ,8 language supposes t !re 7 at ?is "t memb]s ( ! ,roman ,*ur* suffici5tly influ5tial to obta9 ei!r a p>don or a commutation ( 8 s5t5ce4 ,! lett]s to ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es h a m g5]al ref]5ce4 ,!y conta9 exhortations1 fri5dly greet+s1 w>n+s aga9/ int]nal divisions & aga9/ h]etical doctr9es4 ,) "s ( ^! ,*ur*es he _h be5 br\ght 9 p]sonal contact2 ) o!rs he 0 acqua9t$ only ?r\gh _! delegates4 ,( ! ?ree =ms 9 :i* ! ,ignatian lett]s h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 "o may be dismiss$ f our consid]ation at once4 ,! ,long ,rec5sion1 pres]v$ bo? 9 ! ,greek orig9al & 9 a ,lat9 translation1 may be reg>d$ z univ]sally condemn$4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury an ecc5tric critic1 ^: ,arian sympa?ies x seem$ to fav\r1 endeav\r$ to resuscitate its cr$it1 & "o or two o!rs1 at long int]vals1 h foll[$ 9 8 wake2 b practically x may be reg>d$ z dead4 ,x ab\nds 9 ana*ronisms ( fact or diction2 its language div]ges widely f ! ,ignatian quotations 9 ! writ]s ( ! fir/ five c5turies4 ,our au?or places its date 9 ! six? c5tury1 ) ,us%]2 ,i %\ld myself ascribe x to ! latt] half ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,?is h[ev] is a matt] ( little consequ5ce4 ,only1 be=e pass+ on1 ,i w\ld ent] a prote/ aga9/ ! argum5t ( our au?or t1 because ! ,ignatian lett]s 7 ?us int]polat$ '9 ! six? c5tury1' !re=e '?is v fact increases ! probability ( mu* e>li] int]polation also4' #fj3a ,i am unable to foll[ ?is reason+4 ,i v5ture to ?9k t we _c argue back f ! six?1 or ev5 ! f\r? c5tury1 to ! second1 t ?is lat] =g]y mu/ n be all[$ to ?r[ any %ad[ ( suspicion on ! e>li] ,ignatian lett]s2 & t ! "q ( a prior int]polation mu/ be decid$ by indep5d5t evid5ce4 ,! two o!r =ms ( ! ,ignatian lett]s may be describ$ briefly z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,! fir/ comprises ! sev5 lett]s :i* ,eusebius _h be=e him1 & 9 ! same =m 9 :i* he read !m--to ! ,ephesians1 ,magnesians1 ,trallians1 ,romans1 ,philadelphians1 ,smyrnaeans1 & ,polyc>p4 ,x is true t o!r ,epi/les confess$ly spuri\s are atta*$ to !m 9 ! ,,mss2 b ^! 7z w appe> pres5tly7 d n prop]ly belong to ?is collection1 & 7 add$ subsequ5tly4 ,?is collection is pres]v$ n only 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 b also 9 ,lat9 & ,arm5ian v]sions4 ,fragm5ts also are extant ( ,coptic & ,syriac v]sions1 f :i* la/1 & n f ! orig9al ,greek1 ! ,arm5ian 0 translat$4 ,! discov]y ( ^! epi/les1 fir/ ( all by ,us%] 9 ! ,lat9 translation1 & !n by ,isaac ,voss 9 ! ,greek orig9al1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 ! dea?-bl[ to ! ,long ,rec5sion4 ,us%]'s diss]tations _h ! hon\r ( giv+ x ! happy despat*4 ,x is usual to call ?is rec5sion1 :i* ?us sup]s$$ ! o!r1 ! ,%ort ,greek2 b ?is t]m is = obvi\s reasons objectionable1 & ,i %all designate ^! ,epi/les ! ,vossian4 7#b7 ,! second is extant only 9 a ,syriac dress1 & conta9s ?ree ( ! ,epi/les alone--to ,polyc>p1 to ! ,ephesians1 & to ! ,romans--9 a /ill %ort] =m4 ,^! ,syriac ,epi/les 7 discov]$ among ! ,nitrian ,,mss 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & publi%$ by ,cureton 9 #ahde4 ,i %all !re=e call ^! ! ,curetonian ,epi/les4 ,cureton's discov]y /irr$ up ! ,ignatian dispute anew4 ,x 0 soon fann$ into flames by ! controv]sy betwe5 ,buns5 & ,baur1 & is rag+ /ill4 ,! two que/ions are ^!3 7#a7 ,:e!r ! ,vossian or ! ,curetonian ,epi/les are prior 9 "t2 9 o!r words1 :e!r ! ,vossian ,epi/les 7 exp&$ f ! ,curetonian by int]polation1 or :e!r ! ,curetonian 7 r$uc$ f ! ,vossian by excision & abridgm5t2 & 7#b7 :5 ?is "q has be5 dispos$ (1 :e!r ! prior ( ^! two rec5sions c be reg>d$ z g5u9e or n4 ,! "q respect+ ! ,ignatian lett]s has1 f ! nature ( ! case1 nev] be5 discuss$ exclusively on its own m]its4 ,! pure light ( criticism has be5 cross$ by ! %ad[s ( controv]sial prepossession on bo? sides4 ,f ! era ( ! ,re=mation onw>d1 ! dispute betwe5 ,episcopacy & ,presbyt]ianism has d>k5$ ! inve/igation2 9 our own age ! controv]sies respect+ ! ,canon ( ,scripture & ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity h int]f]$ ) equally injuri\s effects4 ,besides ^! two ma9 que/ions :i* are affect$ by ! ,ignatian lett]s1 o!r subjects indirectly involv$ h aid$ ! /rife & confusion4 ,! antagonism betwe5 ,papal & ,prote/ant writ]s mat]ially affect$ ! discussion 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! antagonism betwe5 ,arianism & ,ca?olicity 9 ! eighte5?4 ,b ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ^! indirect que/ions1 ?\gh n inconsid]able at ! "t1 has n be5 la/+4 ,9 ! pres5t pap] ,i %all n attempt to treat ( ! ,ignatian "q z a :ole4 ,x w simply be my bus9ess to analyse ! /atem5ts & discuss ! argum5ts ( ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion relat+ to ?is subject4 ,i propose1 :5 ,i resume ^! pap]s aga91 to say some?+ ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs 9 ref]5ce to e>ly ,*ri/ian belief & to ! ,new ,te/am5t ,canon2 & ?is _c be done ) any effect until ! way has be5 s f> cle>$ z to indicate ! ext5t to :i* we c employ ! ,ignatian lett]s z valid te/imony4 ,! ,ignatian "q is ! mo/ p]plex+ :i* confronts ! /ud5t ( e>li] ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,! lit]ature is volum9\s2 ! consid]ations involv$ are v wide1 v v>i$1 & v intricate4 ,a writ] !re=e may well be p>don$ if he betrays a want ( famili>ity ) ?is subject4 ,b 9 ?is case ! read] naturally expects t ! op9ions at :i* he has arriv$ w be /at$ ) "s diffid5ce4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion has no hesitation on ! subject4 ',! :ole ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature1' he writes1 'is a mass ( falsification & fraud4' #fb3a ',x is n possible1' he says1 'ev5 if ! ,epi/le to ! ,smyrnaeans 7 g5u9e1 :i* x is n1 to base any su* conclusion ^u ^! words4' #fb3b ,& aga93-- ',we mu/1 h[ev]1 g mu* fur!r1 & ass]t t none ( ! ,epi/les h any value z evid5ce = an e>li] p]iod ?an ! end ( ! second1 or beg9n+ ( ! ?ird1 c5tury1 ev5 if !y possess any value at all4' #fb3c ,& imm$iately aft]w>ds3-- ',we h j se5 t ! m>tyr-j\rney ( ,ignatius to ,rome is1 = cog5t reasons1 decl>$ to be :olly fabul\s1 & ! ,epi/les purport+ to be writt5 dur+ t j\rney mu/ be held to be spuri\s4' #fc3a ,! read] is naturally l$ to ?9k t a writ] w\ld n use su* v decid$ language unless he _h obta9$ a ?or\gh ma/]y ( 8 subject2 & :5 he f9ds ! notes ?rong$ ) ref]5ces to ! mo/ recondite s\rces ( in=mation1 he at once cr$its ! au?or ) an 'exhau/ive' k ( ! lit]ature be>+ ^u x4 ,x becomes important !re=e to inquire :e!r ! writ] %[s t accurate acqua9tance ) ! subject1 :i* ju/ifies u 9 atta*+ weight to 8 dicta1 z di/+ui%$ f 8 argum5ts4 ,i w take fir/ ( all a passage :i* sweeps ! field ( ! ,ignatian controv]sy1 & !re=e w s]ve well z a te/4 ,! au?or writes z foll[s3-- ',! /ronge/ int]nal1 z well z o!r evid5ce1 into :i* space =bids our go+ 9 detail1 has l$ ! majority ( critics to recognise ! ,syriac ,v]sion z ! mo/ g5u9e =m ( ! lett]s ( ,ignatius extant1 & ?is is admitt$ by mo/ #fc3b ( ^? :o nev]!less d5y ! au!nticity ( any ( ! ,epi/les4' #fc3c ,no /atem5t c\ld be m errone\s1 z a summ>y ( ! results ( ! ,ignatian controv]sy s9ce ! publication ( ! ,syriac ,epi/les1 ?an ?is4 ,^? :o ma9ta9 ! g5u95ess ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 9 "o or o!r ( ! two =ms1 may be said to be almo/ ev5ly divid$ on ?is "q ( priority4 ,:ile ,cureton & ,buns5 & ,rits*l & ,ewald & ,weiss accept ! ,curetonian lett]s1 ,uhlhorn & ,d5z+] & ,pet]mann & ,hefele & ,jacobson & ,zahn /ill adh]e to ! ,vossian4 ,b ?is is a trifl+ error comp>$ ) :at foll[s4 ,! mis/atem5t 9 ! la/ clause ( ! s5t5ce w1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 surprise anyone :o is at all famili> ) ! lit]ature ( ! ,ignatian controv]sy4 ,^?1 :o 'd5y ! au!nticity ( any ( ! ,epi/les1' almo/ univ]sally ma9ta9 ! priority ( ! ,vossian ,epi/les1 & reg>d ! ,curetonian z lat] exc]pts4 ,?is is ! case1 = in/ance1 ) ,baur #fd3a1 & ,zell] #fd3b & ,hilg5feld #fd3c & ,m]x #fd3d & ,s*olt5 #fd3e4 ,x 0 res]v$ = a critic l ,volkm> #fd3f to ent]ta9 a diff]5t op9ion2 b1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 he /&s alone among ^? :o h paid any real att5tion to ! ,ignatian "q4 ,inde$1 x w be app>5t t ?is position 0 =c$ ^u critics ( ! negative s*ool4 ,if ! ,ignatian lett]s1 9 ei!r =m1 are all[$ to be g5u9e1 ! ,tueb+5 views ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory fall to ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 !re=e a matt] ( life & dea? to ?is s*ool to condemn !m :olly4 ,n[ ! sev5 ,vossian ,epi/les are cle>ly v e>ly #fd3g2 &1 if ! ,curetonian %\ld be accept$ z ! prog5itors ( ! ,vossian1 ! date is pu%$ s f> back t no suffici5t gr\nd rema9s = d5y+ _! g5u95ess4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,buns5 =c$ ! "q on ! notice ( 8 c\ntrym5 by advocat+ ! ,curetonian lett]s z ! orig9al "w ( ,ignatius1 ,baur in/9ctively felt ! gravity ( ! occasion1 & at once took up ! gauntlet4 ,he condemn$ ! ,curetonian ,epi/les z m]e exc]pts f ! ,vossian2 & 9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ almo/ )\t exception by ^? :o advocate 8 views ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,! case ( ,lipsius is especially in/ructive1 z illu/rat+ ?is po9t4 ,hav+ at "o "t ma9ta9$ ! priority & g5u95ess ( ! ,curetonian lett]s1 he has lately1 if ,i rightly und]/& him1 retract$ 8 =m] op9ion on bo? que/ions alike #fd3h4 ,b h[ has our au?or v5tur$ to make ?is broad /atem5t1 :5 8 own notes else:]e conta9 ref]5ces to ne>ly all ! writ]s :om ,i h nam$ z belong+ to ?is la/ category1 & ev5 to ! v passages 9 :i* !y express ! opposite op9ion8 ,to ?r[ "s light on ?is po9t1 ,i w analyse ! au?or's g5]al /atem5t ( ! c\rse ( op9ion on ?is subject giv5 9 an e>li] passage4 ,he writes z foll[s3-- ',^! ?ree ,syriac ,epi/les h be5 subject$ to ! sev]e/ scrut9y1 & _m ( ! able/ critics h pron\nc$ !m to be ! only au!ntic ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 :il/ o!rs1 :o d n admit t ev5 ^! are g5u9e lett]s emanat+ f ,ignatius1 /ill pref] !m to ! v]sion ( sev5 ,greek ,epi/les1 & consid] !m ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! lett]s :i* we possess 7#a74 ,z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury h[ev]1 ! /ronge/ d\bts 7 express$ reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( any ( ! ,epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius4 ,! ,magdeburg ,c5turiators fir/ attack$ !m1 & ,calv9 decl>$ p4 #bfj !m to be spuri\s 7#a71 an op9ion fully %>$ by ,*emnitz1 ,dallaeus1 & o!rs1 & simil> d\bts1 m or less def9ite1 7 express$ ?r\gh\t ! sev5te5? c5tury 7#b71 & onw>d to comp>atively rec5t times 7#c71 al?\gh ! means ( =m+ a judgm5t 7 n !n s complete z n[4 ,t ! ,epi/les 7 int]polat$ !re 0 no d\bt4 ,full] exam9ation & m compreh5sive k ( ! subject h confirm$ e>li] d\bts1 & a l>ge mass ( critics recognise t ! au!nticity ( none ( ^! ,epi/les c be e/abli%$1 & t !y c only be consid]$ lat] & spuri\s compositions 7#d74' ,! fir/ note 7#a7 on p4 #bei is z foll[s3-- ',buns51 ,ignatius v4 ,ant4 u4 s4 ,zeit1 #ahdg2 ,die drei ae*t4 u4 d4 vi] unae*t4 ,br4 des ,ignat41 #ahdg2 ,bleek1 ,e9l4 ,n4,t41 p4 #ade2 ,boehr+]1 ,k4,g4 9 ,biograph41 #b ,aufl41 p4 #af2 ,cureton1 ,! ,anci5t ,syriac ,v]sion ( ,eps4 ( ,/ ,ignatius1 etc41 #ahde2 ,v9diciae ,ignat41 #ahdf1 ,corpus ,ignatianum1 #ahdi2 ,ewald1 ,ges*4 d4 ,v4 ,isr41 vii4 p4 #cac2 ,lipsius1 ,ae*!it d4 ,syr4 ,rec5s4 d4 ,ign4 ,br4 9 ,illg5's ,zeits*r4 f4 hi/4 ,!ol41 #ahef1 ,h4 i41 #aheg1 ,abh&l4 d4 deuts*e-morg5l4 ,gesells*aft4 i4 #e1 #ahei1 p4 #g2 ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*r41 ii4 p4 #ajb2 ,rits*l1 ,ent/4 altk4 ,kir*e1 p4 #djc1 anm42 ,weiss1 ,reut]'s ,rep]torium1 ,sept4 #aheb4' ,! re/ ( ! note t\*es ano!r po9t1 & ne$ n be quot$4 ,^! ref]5ces1 x w be obs]v$1 are giv5 to illu/rate m imm$iately1 ?\gh p]haps n solely1 ! /atem5t t writ]s ':o d n admit t ev5 ^! ! ,curetonian ,epi/les are g5u9e lett]s emanat+ f ,ignatius1 /ill pref] !m to ! v]sion ( sev5 ,greek ,epi/les1 & consid] !m ! mo/ anci5t =m ( ! lett]s :i* we possess4' ,! read] !re=e w h>dly be prep>$ to he> t n "o ( ^! n9e writ]s condemns ! ,ignatian lett]s z spuri\s4 ,bleek #ff3a alone leaves ! matt] 9 "s unc]ta9ty1 :ile incl9+ to ,buns5's view2 ! o!r eight di/9ctly ma9ta9 ! g5u95ess ( ! ,curetonian lett]s #ff3b4 ,z reg>ds ! names :i* foll[ 9 ! text1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,magdeburg ,c5turiators & ,calv9 wrote long be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,vossian lett]s4 ,! ,ignatian ,epi/les !re=e 7 weight$ ) all ! ana*ronisms & impossibilities :i* condemn ! ,long ,rec5sion 9 ! judgm5t ( mod]n critics ( all s*ools4 ,! criticisms ( ,calv9 m especially ref] *iefly to ^? passages :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,long ,rec5sion alone4 ,! clause :i* foll[s conta9s a direct mis/atem5t4 ,*emnitz did n fully %>e ! op9ion t !y 7 spuri\s2 on ! contr>y he quotes !m sev]al times z au?oritative2 b he says t !y 'seem to h be5 alt]$ 9 _m places to /r5g!n ! position ( ! ,papal p[] etc4' #ff3c ,! note 7#b7 on p4 #bfj runs z foll[s3-- ',by ,bo*>tus1 ,aub]t91 ,blondel1 ,basnage1 ,casaubon1 ,cocus1 ,humfrey1 ,rivetus1 ,salmasius1 ,soc9us 7,fau/us71 ,p>k]1 ,petau1 etc41 etc42 (4 ,jacobson1 ,patr4 ,apo/41 i4 p4 xxv2 ,cureton1 ,v9diciae ,ignatianae1 #ahdf1 app5dix4' ,"h nei!r alphabetical nor *ronological ord] is obs]v$4 ,nor is x easy to see :y an ,engli%man ,r4 ,cook1 ,vic> ( ,le$s1 %\ld be ,cocus1 :ile a =eign]1 ,petavius1 is ,petau4 ,^! h[ev] are small matt]s4 ,x is ( m consequ5ce to obs]ve t ! au?or has "h mix$ up toge!r writ]s :o liv$ be=e & aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,vossian ,epi/les1 ?\gh ?is is ! really critical epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ignatian controv]sy4 ,b ! mo/ important po9t ( all is ! purpose = :i* !y are quot$4 ',simil> d\bts' c\ld only1 ,i ?9k1 be int]pret$ f ! context z d\bts 'reg>d+ ! au!nticity ( any ( ! ,epi/les ascrib$ to ,ignatius4' ,! facts h[ev] are ^! #fg3a4 ,bo*>t condemns ! ,ignatian ,epi/le to ! ,romans on acc\nt ( ! m5tion ( 'leop>ds1' ( :i* ,i %all speak h]eaft]1 b says no?+ ab\t ! re/1 ?\gh probably he w\ld h condemn$ !m also4 ,aub]t91 ,blondel1 ,basnage1 ,r4 ,p>k]1 & ,saumaise1 reject all4 ,humfrey 7#aehd7 consid]s t !y h be5 int]polat$ & mutilat$1 b he believes !m g5u9e 9 ! ma94 ,cook 7#afad7 pron\nces !m 'ei!r supposititi\s or %amefully corrupt$4' ,f4 ,soc9us 7,a4,d4 #afbd7 d5\nces corruptions & ana*ronisms1 b s f> z ,i c see1 does n "q a nucleus ( g5u9e matt]4 ,casaubon 7,a4,d4 #afae71 s f> f reject+ !m altoge!r1 promises to def5d ! antiquity ( "s ( ! ,epi/les ) new argum5ts4 ,rivet expla9s t ,calv9's objections apply n to ,ignatius himself b to ! corrupt]s ( ,ignatius1 & himself accepts ! ,vossian ,epi/les z g5u9e #fg3b4 ,petau1 be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,vossian lett]s1 _h express$ ! op9ion t !re 7 int]polations 9 ! !n kn[n ,epi/les1 & aft]w>ds on read+ ! ,vossian lett]s1 decl>$ x to be a prud5s et ju/a suspicio t ^! are ! g5u9e "w ( ,ignatius4 ,! next note 7#c7 p4 #bfj is z foll[s3-- ,wotton1 ,praef4 ,clem4 ,r4 ,epp41 #agah2 ,j4 ,ow51 ,enquiry into orig9al nature1 etc41 ,evang4 ,*ur*3 ,works1 ed4 ,russel1 #ahbf1 vol4 xx1 p4 #adg2 ,oud91 ,comm4 de ,script4 ,eccles4 etc4 #agbb1 p4 #hh2 ,lampe1 ,comm4 analyt4 ex ,evang4 ,joan41 #agbd1 i4 p4 #ahd2 ,l>dn]1 ,cr$ibility1 etc41 ,works1 ii4 p4 #fh f42 ,beausobre1 ,hi/4 ,crit4 de ,mani*ee1 etc41 #agcd1 i4 p4 #cgh1 note #c2 ,erne/i1 ,n4 ,!ol4 ,biblio?41 #agfa1 ii4 p4 #dhi2 ,mo%eim1 de ,rebus ,*ri/41 p4 #aei f42 ,weismann1 ,introd4 9 ,memorab4 ,eccles41 #agde1 p4 #acg2 ,heumann1 ,conspect4 ,reipub4 ,lit41 #agfc1 p4 #dib2 ,s*roeckh1 ,*r4 ,kir*5ges*41 #agge1 ii4 p4 #cda2 ,griesba*1 ,opuscula ,academ41 #ahbd1 i4 p4 #bf2 ,ros5muell]1 ,hi/4 ,int]pr4 ,libr4 ,sacr4 9 ,eccles41 #agie1 i4 p4 #aaf2 ,seml]1 ,p>aphr4 9 ,epi/4 ii4 ,petri1 #aghd1 ,praef42 ,ke/n]1 ,comm4 de4 ,eusebii ,h4,e4 condit41 #ahaf1 p4 #fc2 ,h5ke1 ,allg4 ,ges*4 *r4 ,kir*e1 #ahah1 i4 p4 #if2 ,ne&]1 ,k4,g4 #ahdc1 ii4 p4 #aadj cf4 i4 p4 #ceg1 anm4 #a2 ,baumg>t5-,crusius4 ,lehrb4 *r4 ,dogm5ges*41 #ahcb1 p4 #hc1 cf4 ,comp4 *r4 ,dogm5ges*41 #ahdj1 p4 #gi2 ,ni$n]1 ,ges*4 *r4 ,k41 p4 #aif2 ,?i]s*1 ,die ,k4 im ap4 ,zeit1 p4 #cbb2 ,hag5ba*1 ,k4,g41 i4 p4 #aae f42 cf4 ,cureton1 ,v9d4 ,ign4 app5d42 ,ziegl]1 ,v]su* e94 prag4 ,ges*4 d4 kir*l4 ,v]fassungs-=m51 u4s4w41 #agih1 p4 #af2 ,j4,e4,c4 ,s*midt1 ,v]su* ueb4 d4 g$opp4 ,rec5s4 d4 ,br4 ,s4 ,ignat4 9 ,h5ke's ,mag4 f4 ,rel4 ,phil41 u4s4w4 #agie2 cf4 ,biblio?4 f4 ,krit41 u4s4w41 ,n4,t41 i4 p4 #dfc ff41 ,urspr4 ka?4 ,kir*e1 ,,ii4 i4 p4 ,i f42 ,h'bu* ,*r4 ,k4,g41 i4 p4 #bjj4 ,! brackets are n ! au?or's1 b my own4 ,?is is d\btless "o ( ^? exhibitions ( le>n+ :i* h made su* a deep impression on ! review]s4 ,c]ta9ly1 z x /&s1 ?is note sugge/s a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) all ! by-pa?s ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature1 & seems to repres5t ! glean+s ( _m ye>s' read+4 ,x is important to obs]ve h[ev]1 t e "o ( ^! ref]5ces1 except ^? :i* ,i h includ$ 9 brackets1 is giv5 9 ! app5dix to ,cureton's ,v9diciae ,ignatianae1 :]e ! passages are quot$ 9 full4 ,?us two-?irds ( ?is elaborate note might h be5 compil$ 9 t5 m9utes4 ,our au?or has "h & !re transpos$ ! ord] ( ! quotations1 & confus$ x by s do+1 = x is *ronological 9 ,cureton4 ,b :at purpose 0 s]v$ by ?us import+ into 8 notes a mass ( borr[$ & unsort$ ref]5ces8 ,&1 if he ?\ght fit to d s1 :y 0 ! key-ref]5ce to ,cureton buri$ among ! re/1 s t x /&s 9 imm$iate connection ) "s additional ref]5ces on :i* x has no be>+8 ,moreov]1 sev]al ( ! writ]s m5tion$ 9 ?is note express op9ions directly oppos$ to t = :i* !y are quot$4 ,wotton1 = in/ance #fi3a1 def5ds ! g5u95ess ( ! ,vossian ,epi/les v decid$ly1 & at "s l5g?1 aga9/ ,:i/on1 ^: ,arianism l$ him to pref] ! ,long ,rec5sion4 ,weismann decl>es t '! au!nticity & g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/les h be5 demon/rat$ cle>ly & solidly' by ,pe>son & o!rs1 s t no valid objections rema9 affect+ ! ma9 "q4 ,?i]s* aga91 :o wrote aft] ! publication ( ,cureton's "w1 uses ! ?ree ,syriac ,epi/les z g5u9e1 8 only d\bt be+ :e!r he ought n to accept ! ,vossian ,epi/les & to reg>d ! ,curetonian z exc]pts4 ,( ! re/ a consid]able numb]1 z = in/ance1 ,l>dn]1 ,beausobre1 ,s*roeckh1 ,griesba*1 ,ke/n]1 ,ne&]1 & ,baumg>t5-,crusius1 ) diff]5t degrees ( c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty1 pron\nce !mselves 9 fav\r ( a g5u9e nucleus #fi3b4 ,! next note 7#d71 :i* ,i ne$ n quote 9 full1 is almo/ z un=tunate4 ,ref]5ces to tw5ty au?orities are !re giv51 z belong+ to ! 'l>ge mass ( critics' :o recognise t ! ,ignatian ,epi/les 'c only be consid]$ lat] & spuri\s compositions4' ,( ^! ,bleek 7already cit$ 9 a previ\s note7 expresses no def9ite op9ion4 ,gfro]] decl>es t ! sub/ratum 7,grundlage7 ( ! sev5 ,epi/les is g5u9e1 ?\gh 'x appe>s z if lat] h&s _h introduc$ int]polations into bo? rec5sions' 7he is speak+ ( ! ,long ,rec5sion & ! ,vossian74 ,h>less av[s t he mu/ 'decid$ly reject ) ! mo/ consid]able critics ( old] & m rec5t times' ! op9ion ma9ta9$ by c]ta9 p]sons t ! ,epi/les are 'altoge!r spuri\s1' & proce$s to treat a passage z g5u9e because x /&s 9 ! ,vossian lett]s z well z 9 ! ,long ,rec5sion #gj3a4 ,s*liemann also says t '! ext]nal te/imonies oblige him to recognise a g5u9e sub/ratum1' ?\gh he is n satisfi$ ) ei!r exi/+ rec5sion4 ,all ^! critics1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 wrote be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,curetonian lett]s4 ,( ! o!rs1 ,hase commits himself to no op9ion2 & ,le*l]1 :ile /at+ t ! sev5 ,epi/les left on 8 m9d an impression unfav\rable to _! g5u95ess1 & incl9+ to ,baur's view t ! ,curetonian lett]s are exc]pts f ! o!rs1 nev]!less adds1 t he _c boa/ ( hav+ arriv$ at a decid$ conviction ( ! spuri\sness ( ! ,ignatian lett]s4 ,"o or two ( ! rema9+ ref]5ces 9 ?is note ,i h be5 unable to v]ify2 b1 judg+ f ! names1 ,i %\ld expect t ! re/ w\ld be f\nd good = ! purpose = :i* !y are quot$ by our au?or4 ,i am sorry to h delay$ my read]s ) an inve/igation :i*--if ,i may v5ture to adopt a phrase1 = :i* ,i am n myself responsible--'sc>cely rises above ! correction ( an ex]cise4' #gj3b ,b ^! notes =m a v appreciable & impos+ "p ( ! "w1 & _! effect on its reception has be5 f> f inconsid]able1 z ! language ( ! review]s w %[4 ,x 0 !re=e important to take a sample & te/ its value4 ,i tru/ t ,i may be sp>$ ! necessity ( a future inve/igation ( ! same k9d4 ,if x has we>i$ my read]s1 x has necess>ily be5 t5fold m irksome to myself4 ,ord9>y errors1 su* z mu/ occur 9 any writ]1 might well h be5 pass$ ov]2 b ! "* ( ! notes 9 ,sup]natural ,religion is q unique1 s f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 9 works ( any critical pret5sions4 ,9 ! rema9d] ( ! discussion our au?or seems to dep5d almo/ entirely on ,cureton's preface to 8 ,anci5t ,syriac ,v]sion1 to :i* inde$ he makes due ackn[l$gm5t f "t to "t4 ,not)/&+ ! ref]5ces to o!r lat] writ]s :i* cr[d ! notes already m5tion$1 !y appe> 7) ! s+le exception ( ,volkm>7 to h ex]cis$ no influ5ce on 8 discussion ( ! ma9 "q4 ,"o highly important omission is significant4 ,!re is no m5tion1 f fir/ to la/1 ( ! ,arm5ian v]sion4 ,n[ x happ5s t ?is v]sion 7s f> z reg>ds ! docum5t>y evid5ce7 has be5 felt to be ! key to ! position1 & ar\nd x ! battle has rag$ fi]cely s9ce its publication4 ,"o :o 7l our au?or7 ma9ta9s ! priority ( ! ,curetonian lett]s1 0 especially b\nd to give x "s consid]ation1 = x furni%es ! mo/ =midable argum5t to 8 oppon5ts4 ,?is v]sion 0 giv5 to ! _w by ,pet]mann 9 #ahdi1 ! same ye> 9 :i* ,cureton's lat] "w1 ! ,corpus ,ignatianum1 appe>$1 & !re=e 0 unkn[n to him #ga3a4 ,its be>+ occupies a m or less prom95t place 9 all1 or ne>ly all1 ! writ]s :o h specially discuss$ ! ,ignatian "q dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,?is is true ( ,lipsius & ,weiss & ,hilg5feld & ,uhlhorn1 :om he cites1 n less ?an ( ,m]x & ,d5z+] & ,zahn1 :om he neglects to cite4 ,! facts e/abli%$ by ,pet]mann & o!rs are ^!2--7#a7 ,?is ,arm5ian ,v]sion1 :i* conta9s ! sev5 ,vossian ,epi/les toge!r ) o!r confess$ly spuri\s lett]s1 0 translat$ f a previ\s ,syriac v]sion4 ,inde$ fragm5ts ( ?is v]sion 7 publi%$ by ,cureton himself1 z a sort ( app5dix to ! ,curetonian lett]s1 9 ! ,corpus ,ignatianum1 ?\gh he fail$ to see _! significance4 7#b7 ,?is ,syriac ,v]sion con=m$ s closely to ! ,syriac ( ! ,curetonian lett]s t !y _c h be5 indep5d5t4 ,ei!r !re=e ! ,curetonian lett]s 7 exc]pts f ?is complete v]sion1 or ?is v]sion 0 f\nd$ ^u & enl>g$ f ! pre-exi/+ ,curetonian lett]s by translat+ & add+ ! supplem5t>y lett]s & p>ts ( lett]s f ! ,greek4 ,! =m] may be ! "r solution1 b ! latt] is a priori m probable2 & !re=e a discussion :i*1 :ile assum+ ! priority ( ! ,curetonian lett]s1 ignores ?is v]sion altoge!r1 has omitt$ a vital problem ( :i* x 0 b\nd to give an acc\nt4 ,i h no wi% to depreciate ! lab\rs ( ,cureton4 ,:e!r 8 own view be ultimately adopt$ z correct or n1 he has r5d]$ ine/imable s]vice to ! ,ignatian lit]ature4 ,b our au?or has foll[$ him 9 8 mo/ unt5able positions1 :i* ^? :o h s9ce /udi$ ! subject1 :e!r agree+ ) ,cureton on ! ma9 "q or n1 h be5 oblig$ to ab&on4 ,?us he writes3-- ',sev5 ,epi/les h be5 select$ out ( fifte5 extant1 all equally purport+ to be by ,ignatius1 simply because only t numb] 7 m5tion$ by ,eusebius4' #gb3a ,& aga93-- ',x is a total mi/ake to suppose t ! sev5 ,epi/les m5tion$ by ,eusebius h be5 transmitt$ to u 9 any special way4 ,^! ,epi/les are mix$ up 9 ! ,m$icean & correspond+ anci5t ,lat9 ,,mss ) ! o!r eight ,epi/les1 univ]sally pron\nc$ to be spuri\s1 )\t di/9ction ( any k9d1 & all h equal hon\r4' #gb3b ) m to ! same effect4 ,?is attempt to conf\nd ! sev5 ,epi/les m5tion$ by ,eusebius ) ! o!r confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les1 z if !y pres5t$ !mselves to u ) ! same cr$5tials1 ignores all ! important facts be>+ on ! "q4 7#a7 ,!odoret1 a c5tury aft] ,eusebius1 betrays no k ( any o!r ,epi/les1 & !re is no di/9ct trace ( ! use ( ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les till late 9 ! six? c5tury at ! e>lie/4 7#b7 ,! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les diff] widely 9 /yle f ! sev5 ,epi/les1 & betray ! same h& :i* int]polat$ ! sev5 ,epi/les4 ,9 o!r words1 !y cle>ly =m$ "p ( ! ,long ,rec5sion 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 7#c7 ,!y ab\nd 9 ana*ronisms :i* po9t to an age lat] ?an ,eusebius1 z ! date ( _! composition4 7#d7 ,x is n /rictly true t ! sev5 ,epi/les are mix$ up ) ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les4 ,9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,,mss z also 9 ! ,arm5ian v]sion1 ! spuri\s ,epi/les come aft] ! o!rs #gc3a2 & ?is circum/ance1 comb9$ ) ! facts already m5tion$1 pla9ly %[s t !y 7 a lat] addition1 borr[$ f ! ,long ,rec5sion to complete ! body ( ,ignatian lett]s4 ,inde$ our au?or seems h>dly able to t\* ?is "q at any po9t )\t be+ betray$ into "s /atem5t :i* is ei!r errone\s or mislead+4 ,?us1 summ+ up ! ext]nal evid5ce1 he writes3-- ',x is a fact1 !re=e1 t up to ! second half ( ! f\r? c5tury no quotation ascrib$ to ,ignatius1 except "o by ,eusebius1 exi/s1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ?ree %ort ,syriac lett]s4' #gc3b ,9 ?is %ort /atem5t ?ree corrections are necess>y4 7#a7 ,our au?or has altoge!r ov]look$ "o quotation 9 ,eusebius f ,ephes4 #ai1 because x happ5s n to be 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ?\gh x is giv5 9 ,cureton's ,corpus ,ignatianum #gc3c4 7#b7 ,( ! two quotations 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 ! "o :i* he "h reckons z f\nd 9 ! ,syriac ,epi/les is n f\nd 9 ^? ,epi/les 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,eusebius quotes x4 ,! quotation 9 ,eusebius conta9s sev]al words :i* appe> 9 ! ,vossian ,epi/les1 b n 9 ! ,curetonian2 & z ! abs5ce ( ^! words produces "o ( ^? abruptnesses :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,curetonian lett]s1 ! fact is really important = ! "q "u discussion #gc3d4 7#c7 ,?\gh ,eusebius only directly quotes two passages 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 yet he gives a numb] ( p>ticul>s respect+ ! places ( writ+1 ! p]sons nam$1 etc41 :i* are m valuable = purposes ( id5tification ?an _m quotations4 ,our au?or's mis/atem5t h[ev] does n 9 ?is in/ance affect ! ma9 "q "u discussion4 ,! fact rema9s true1 :5 all ^! corrections are made1 t ! quotations 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies are conf9$ to passages :i* occur bo? 9 ! ,curetonian & 9 ! ,vossian ,epi/les1 & !re=e af=d no indication 9 fav\r ( ei!r rec5sion z aga9/ ! o!r4 ,! te/imony ( ,eusebius 9 ! f\r? c5tury fir/ diff]5tiates !m4 ,hi!rto our au?or has n adduc$ any argum5ts :i* affect ! g5u95ess ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les z a :ole4 ,8 reasons1 ev5 on 8 own %[+1 are valid only s f> z to give a pref]5ce to ! ,curetonian lett]s z aga9/ ! ,vossian4 ,:5 !re=e he decl>es ! :ole ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature to be 'a mass ( falsification & fraud1' #gd3a we are naturally l$ to inquire into ! gr\nds on :i* he makes ?is v confid5t & sweep+ ass]tion4 ,^! gr\nds we f9d to be tw(old4 7#a7 ,9 ! fir/ place he conceives ! incid5ts1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,epi/les1 to be altoge!r incr$ible4 ,?us he says #gd3b3-- ',! writ] describes ! circum/ances ( 8 j\rney z foll[s3--,f ,syria ev5 unto ,rome ,i fight ) wild bea/s1 by sea & by l&1 by night & day2 be+ b\nd among/ t5 leop>ds1 :i* are ! b& ( soldi]s3 :o ev5 :5 good is done to !m r5d] evil4 ,n[ if ?is acc\nt be 9 ! lea/ degree true1 h[ is x possible to suppose t ! m>tyr c\ld h f\nd means to write s _m long epi/les1 ent]+ m9utely into dogmatic tea*+1 & express+ ! mo/ delib]ate & advanc$ views reg>d+ ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t8' ,& aga93-- ',x is impossible to suppose t soldi]s su* z ! quotation above describes w\ld all[ a prison]1 condemn$ to wild bea/s = pr(ess+ ,*ri/ianity1 delib]ately to write long epi/les at e /age ( 8 j\rney1 promulgat+ ! v doctr9es = :i* he 0 condemn$4 ,& n only ?is1 b on 8 way to m>tyrdom1 he has1 accord+ to ! epi/les1 p]fect fre$om to see 8 fri5ds4 ,he receives ! bi%ops1 deacons1 & memb]s ( v>i\s ,*ri/ian communities1 :o come ) greet+s to him1 & devot$ foll[]s accompany him on 8 j\rney4 ,all ?is )\t h9drance f ! t5 leop>ds1 ( ^: cruelty he compla9s1 & )\t p]secution or h>m to ^? :o s op5ly decl>e !mselves 8 fri5ds & fell[-believ]s4 ,! :ole /ory is absolutely incr$ible4' ,to ?is objection1 plausible z x may appe> at fir/ sight1 a complete answ] is af=d$ by :at is kn[n ( ,roman proc$ure 9 o!r cases #ge3a4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,*ri/ian prison]s dur+ ! e>ly c5turies 7 n uncommonly treat$ by ! au?orities ) ?is same laxity & indulg5ce :i* is "h accord$ to ,ignatius4 ,an excit$ populace or a /]n magi/rate might insi/ on ! condemnation ( a ,*ri/ian2 a victim mu/ be sacrific$ to ! wra? ( ! gods1 or to ! maje/y ( ! law2 a human life mu/ be 'but*]'d to make a ,roman holiday2' b ! treatm5t ( ! prison]s mean:ile1 ev5 aft] condemnation1 01 except 9 r>e in/ances1 ! rev]se ( h>%4 ,/ ,paul himself prea*es ! ,gospel app>5tly ) almo/ z mu* effect ?r\gh ! long ye>s ( 8 imprisonm5t z :5 he 0 at l>ge4 ,dur+ 8 voyage he moves ab\t l ! re/ ( 8 fell[-travell]s2 :5 he arrives at ,rome1 he is /ill treat$ ) great consid]ation4 ,he writes lett]s freely1 receives visits f 8 fri5ds1 communicates ) *ur*es & individuals z he desires1 ?\gh ! *a9 is on 8 wri/ & ! soldi] at 8 side all ! :ile4 ,ev5 at a mu* lat] date1 :5 ! gr[? ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* may h creat$ an al>m among /atesm5 & magi/rates :i* c]ta9ly _c h exi/$ 9 ! age ( ,ignatius1 we see ! same l5i5cy ( treatm5t1 & 7:at is m important7 ! same opportunities ( dissem9at+ _! op9ions accord$ to ! prison]s4 ,?us ,saturus & ,p]petua1 ! ,african m>tyrs1 :o suff]$ "u ,sev]us #gf3a 7app>5tly 9 ! ye> #bjb or #bjc71 are all[$ writ+ mat]ials1 ) :i* !y record ! extant hi/ory ( _! suff]+s2 & !y too are visit$ 9 prison by ,*ri/ian deacons1 z well z by _! own fri5ds4 ,!y ow$ ?is lib]ty p>tly to ! humanity ( ! *ief (fic]s2 p>tly to gratuities be/[$ by _! fri5ds on ! gaol]s #gf3b4 ,ev5 aft] ! lapse ( ano!r half-c5tury1 :5 ,decius s]i\sly contemplat$ ! ext]m9ation ( ,*ri/ianity1 we are surpris$ to f9d ! am\nt ( communication /ill kept up ) ! prison]s 9 _! dungeons4 ,! ,cyprianic correspond5ce reveals to u ! confessors & m>tyrs writ+ lett]s to _! fri5ds1 visit$ by l>ge numb]s ( p1 ev5 receiv+ ! rites ( ! ,*ur* 9 _! prisons at ! h&s ( ,*ri/ian prie/s4 ,b ! mo/ p[]ful te/imony is d]iv$ f ! repres5tations ( a hea!n writ]4 ,! ,*ri/ian c>e] ( ,p]egr9us mu/ h fall5 )9 ! reign ( ,anton9us ,pius 7,a4,d4 #ach-afa74 ,?us x is n v f> remov$1 9 po9t ( "t1 f ! age ( ,ignatius4 ,?is ,p]egr9us is repres5t$ by ,lucian1 writ+ imm$iately aft] 8 dea? 7,a4,d4 #afe71 z be+ inc>c]at$ = 8 pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! satiri/ ?us describes ! prison sc5e #gf3c3-- ',:5 he 0 imprison$1 ! ,*ri/ians1 reg>d+ x z a great calamity1 left no /one unturn$ 9 ! attempt to rescue him4 ,!n1 :5 !y f\nd ?is impossible1 !y look$ aft] 8 wants 9 e o!r respect ) unremitt+ zeal 7,greek3 ou p>]gos alla sun sp\de74 ,& f e>ly dawn old wom51 wid[s1 & orphan *ildr51 might be se5 wait+ ab\t ! doors ( ! prison2 :ile _! (fic]s 7,greek3 hoi en telei auton7 succe$$1 by brib+ ! keep]s1 9 pass+ ! night inside ) him4 ,!n v>i\s meals 7 br\ght 91 & religi\s disc\rses 7 held betwe5 !m1 & ?is excell5t ,p]egr9us 7= he /ill bore ?is "n7 0 entitl$ a new ,socrates by !m4 ,moreov]1 !re came f c]ta9 cities 9 ,asia deputies s5t by ! ,*ri/ian communities to assi/ & advise & console ! man4 ,inde$ !y %[ incr$ible despat*1 :5 any matt] ( ! k9d is und]tak5 z a public conc]n2 =1 9 %ort1 !y sp>e no?+4 ,& s l>ge sums ( money came to ,p]egr9us at t "t f !m1 on ! plea ( 8 fett]s1 & he made no inconsid]able rev5ue out ( x4' ,! s+ul> correspond5ce 9 ?is n>rative ) ! acc\nt ( ,ignatius1 comb9$ ) "s /rik+ co9cid5ces ( expression #gg3a1 h l$ to ! op9ion t ,lucian 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,ignatian hi/ory1 if n ) ! ,ignatian lett]s4 ,= ?is view !re is mu* to be said2 &1 if x be true1 ! be>+ ( ! fact on ! g5u95ess ( ! ,ignatian lit]ature is important1 s9ce ,lucian 0 born 9 ,syria some:]e ab\t ,a4,d4 #abj1 & liv$ mu* 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,at all ev5ts x is conclusive = ! matt] 9 h&1 z %[+ t ,*ri/ian prison]s 7 treat$ 9 ! v way describ$ 9 ^! epi/les4 ,! reception ( delegates & ! fre$om ( correspond5ce1 :i* h be5 ! *ief /umbl+-blocks to mod]n criticism 9 ! ,ignatian lett]s1 appe> q z prom95tly 9 ! hea!n satiri/'s acc\nt ( ,p]egr9us #gg3b4 ,9 ! light ( ^! facts ! language ( ,ignatius becomes q intelligible4 ,he 0 plac$ "u ! cu/ody ( a maniple ( soldi]s4 ,^! t5 m5 w\ld relieve gu>d 9 turns1 ! prison] be+ always b\nd to "o or o!r ( !m day & night1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n ,roman usage1 z illu/rat$ by ! case ( ,/ ,paul4 ,! m>tyr f9ds 8 gu>ds fi]ce & intractable z leop>ds4 ,8 fight ) wild bea/s1 he intimates1 is n conf9$ to ! ar5a ( ! ,flavian amphi!atre2 x has be5 go+ on cont9u\sly ev] s9ce he left ,antio*4 ,8 fri5ds manage to secure him indulg5ces by (f]+ bribes1 b ! soldi]s are exorbitant & irritat+ 9 ! extreme #gh3a4 ,! m !y receive1 ! m !y exact4 ,_! dem&s keep pace ) 8 exig5cies4 ,all ?is is natural1 & x fully expla9s ! language "h ascrib$ to ,ignatius4 ,a prison] sm>t+ "u su* treatm5t naturally dwells on ! d>k side ( ! picture1 )\t ?9k+ h[ a critic1 writ+ 9 8 /udy c5turies aft]w>ds1 w int]pret 8 fragm5t>y & impulsive utt]ances4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ treat ,ignatius z a man1 & n z an automaton4 ,m5 w n talk me*anically1 z critics w\ld h !m talk4 7#b7 ,hav+ decl>$ '! :ole /ory' to be 'absolutely incr$ible1' on ! gr\nds :i* ,i h j consid]$1 our au?or cont9ues #gh3b3-- ',?is conclusion1 irresi/ible 9 itself1 is1 h[ev]1 confirm$ by facts arriv$ at f a totally diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t ,ignatius 0 n s5t to ,rome at all1 b suff]$ m>tyrdom 9 ,antio* itself on ! #bj? ,decemb]1 ,a4,d4 #aae 7#c71 :5 he 0 condemn$ to be ca/ to wild bea/s 9 ! amphi!atre1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fanatical excitem5t produc$ by ! e>?quake :i* took place on ! #ac? ( t mon? 7#d74' ,! two foot-notes conta9 no ju/ification ( ?is v positive /atem5t1 ?\gh s mu* dep5ds ^u x2 b ! read] is !re furni%$ ) a numb] ( ref]5ces to mod]n critics4 ,^! ref]5ces h be5 analys$ by ,dr ,we/cott #gi3a1 ) results v simil> to ^? :i* my analysis ( ! au?or's previ\s notes has yield$4 ,9 "s cases ! writ]s express op9ions directly oppos$ to t = :i* !y are quot$2 9 o!rs !y incl9e to views irreconcilable ) x2 & 9 o!rs !y susp5d judgm5t4 ,:5 ! ref]5ces are sift$1 ! sole residuum on :i* our au?or re/s 8 assurance is f\nd to be a hypo!sis ( ,volkm> #gi3b1 built ^u a /atem5t ( ,john ,malalas1 :i* ,i %all n[ proce$ to exam9e4 ,! words ( ,john ,malalas are-- ',! same k+ ,trajan 0 resid+ 9 ! same city 7,antio*7 :5 ! visitation ( ,god 7i4e4 ! e>?quake7 occurr$4 ,& at t "t ! holy ,ignatius1 ! bi%op ( ! city ( ,antio*1 0 m>tyr$ 7or bore te/imony1 ,greek3 em>turese7 be=e him 7,greek3 epi aut\72 = he 0 exasp]at$ aga9/ him1 because he revil$ him4' #gi3c ,! e>?quake is /at$ by ,malalas to h occurr$ on ! #ac? ( ,decemb]1 ,a4,d4 #aae4 ,on ^! /atem5ts1 comb9$ ) ! fact t ! day d$icat$ to ,/ ,ignatius at a lat] age 0 ! #bj? ( ,decemb] #gi3d1 ,volkm> builds 8 !ory4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! cause ( ! m>tyr's dea?1 z laid d[n by ,volkm>1 receives no c\nt5ance f ! /ory ( ,malalas1 :o gives a :olly diff]5t reason--! irritat+ language us$ to ! emp]or4 ,n[ ?is ,john ,malalas liv$ n e>li] ?an ! latt] half ( ! six? c5tury1 & possibly mu* lat]4 ,8 date !re=e con/itutes no claim to a he>+4 ,8 /atem5t moreov] is directly oppos$ to ! concurr5t te/imony ( ! f\r or five prec$+ c5turies1 :i*1 )\t a diss5ti5t voice1 decl>e t ,ignatius suff]$ at ,rome4 ,?is is ! case ) all ! writ]s & int]polators ( ! ,ignatian lett]s1 ( :om ! e>lie/ is g5]ally plac$1 ev5 by ^? critics :o d5y _! g5u95ess1 ab\t ! middle or 9 ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury4 ,x is ! case ) two di/9ct m>tyrologies #hj3a1 :i*1 agree+ 9 little else1 are unit$ 9 s5d+ ! m>tyr to ,rome to die4 ,x is ! case necess>ily ) all ^? ,fa!rs :o quote ! ,ignatian lett]s 9 any =m z g5u9e1 among/ :om are ,ir5aeus & ,orig5 & ,eusebius & ,a?anasius4 ,x is ! case ) ,*ryso/om1 :o1 on ! day ( ! m>tyr's fe/ival1 pron\nces at ,antio* an elaborate panegyric on 8 illu/ri\s pr$ecessor 9 ! see #hj3b4 ,x is ! case ) sev]al o!r writ]s also1 :om ,i ne$ n enum]ate1 all prior to ,malalas4 ,b ,john ,malalas1 x is said1 liv$ at ,antio*4 ,s did ,*ryso/om "s two c5turies at lea/ be=e him4 ,s did ,evagrius1 :o1 if ! e>lie/ date ( ,malalas be adopt$1 0 8 contempor>y1 & :o1 toge!r ) all prec$+ au?orities1 places ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius 9 ,rome4 ,if !re=e ! te/imony ( ,malalas des]ves to be pref]r$ to ?is cl\d ( witnesses1 x mu/ be because he approves himself else:]e z a sob] & tru/wor?y writ]4 ,z a matt] ( fact h[ev]1 8 notices ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory are1 almo/ )\t exception1 demon/rably false or palpably fabul\s #hj3c4 ,9 ! v p>agraph :i* succe$s ! s5t5ce quot$1 he relates h[ ,trajan _h five ,*ri/ian wom5 burnt alive2 ! emp]or !n m+l$ _! a%es ) ! metal f :i* ! vessels us$ = ! ba?s 7 ca/2 ! ba!rs 7 seiz$ ) swoon+-fits 9 consequ5ce2 ! vessels 7 aga9 melt$ up2 & out ( ! same metal 7 erect$ five pill>s 9 hon\r ( ! five m>tyrs by ! emp]or's ord]s4 ,^! pill>s1 adds ,malalas1 /& 9 ! ba? to ! pres5t day4 ,z if ?is 7 n en\gh1 he goes on to relate h[ ,trajan made a furnace & ord]$ any ,*ri/ians1 :o desir$1 to ?r[ !mselves into x--an injunction :i* 0 obey$ by _m4 ,nor :5 he leaves ! doma9 ( hagiology = t ( *ronology1 is ?is au?or any m tru/wor?y4 ,= in/ance1 he /ates t ,manes fir/ prop\nd$ 8 doctr9e 9 ! reign ( ,n]va1 & t ,m>cion /ill fur!r dissem9at$ ! ,mani*ean h]esy "u ,hadrian #ha3a4 ,an ana*ronism ( a c5tury or m is no?+ to him4 ,we h se5 by ?is "t :at au?ority suffices1 9 our au?or's judgm5t1 to 'demon/rate' a fact2 & no m is necess>y = my purpose4 ,b x may be wor? :ile add+ t ! error ( ,malalas is capable ( easy explanation4 ,he has probably mis9t]pret$ "s e>li] au?ority1 ^: language l5t itself to mis9t]pretation4 ,! words ,greek3 m>ture91 m>turia1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds us$ especially ( m>tyrdom1 _h 9 ! e>li] ages a wid] s5se1 includ+ o!r modes ( witness+ to ! fai?3 ! expression ,greek3 epi ,traian\ aga9 is ambigu\s & might d5ote ei!r 'dur+ ! reign ( ,trajan1' or '9 ! pres5ce ( ,trajan4' ,a blund]+ writ] l ,malalas might h /umbl$ ov] ei!r expression #ha3b4 ,! objections ( our au?or h ?us be5 met & answ]$2 & difficulties :i* admit ( ?is easy explanation _c1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 be held to h any real weight aga9/ ev5 a small am\nt ( ext]nal te/imony 9 fav\r ( ! ,epi/les4 ,! ext]nal te/imony h[ev] is consid]able 9 ?is case #ha3c4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 :i* purports to h be5 writt5 s soon aft] ?is j\rney ( ,ignatius ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or t ! circum/ances ( ! m>tyr's dea? 7 n fully kn[n !re1 speaks ( 8 lett]s 9 language :i* is entirely applicable to ! exi/+ docum5ts4 ,our au?or inde$ decl>es ?is ,epi/le also to be spuri\s4 ,b ,ir5aeus1 ! pupil ( ,polyc>p1 be>s te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( su* an ,epi/le2 & ,i pl$ge myself to answ] 9 a subsequ5t pap] ! objections urg$ aga9/ its g5u95ess by our au?or & o!rs #hb3a4 ,besides ?is1 ,ir5aeus1 writ+ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj-aij1 quotes a *>act]i/ic & di/9ctive passage f ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 n inde$ m5tion+ ,ignatius by "n1 b introduc+ ! quotation z ! words ( a memb] ( ! ,*ri/ian bro!rhood4 ,& aga91 9 ! fir/ half ( ! next c5tury ,orig5 cites two passages f ^! lett]s1 ascrib+ !m directly to ,ignatius4 ,i say no?+ ( ! lat] & m explicit ref]5ces & quotations ( ,eusebius1 important z ^! are 9 !mselves4 ,our au?or inde$ seems to consid] ?is am\nt ( te/imony v insuffici5t4 ,b ev5 if we set ,polyc>p aside1 x w\ld h>dly be ra% to say t ! ext]nal evid5ce = at lea/ two-?irds ( ! rema9s ( classical antiquity is inf]ior4 ,we ,*ri/ians are con/antly told t we mu/ expect to h our records te/$ by ! same /&>ds :i* are appli$ to o!r writ+s4 ,?is is exactly :at we desire1 & :at we d n get4 ,x is n easy to imag9e ! havoc :i* w\ld ensue1 if ! critical pr9ciples ( ! ,tueb+5 s*ool & _! admir]s 7 let loose on ! classical lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,ext]nal te/imony !re=e leaves a v /rong presumption 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,ignatian lett]s 9 "o =m or o!r2 & be=e reject+ !m entirely1 we are b\nd to %[ t int]nal evid5ce furni%es really sub/antial & valid objections to _! au!nticity4 ,x is n suffici5t1 = in/ance1 to allege t ! sa9t's desire = m>tyrdom1 z exhibit$ 9 ^! ,epi/les1 is extravagant1 because we h ample te/imony = believ+ t su* extravagance 7:e!r comm5dable or n7 0 highly *>act]i/ic ( ! fai? & zeal ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians :5 tri$ by p]secution4 ,nor aga91 is x ( any avail to produce "s ecc5tricities ( ?\ght or language1 because !re is no a priori reason :y ,/ ,ignatius %\ld n h indulg$ 9 su* ecc5tricities4 ,unless !re=e really solid objections c be urg$1 we are b\nd by all ord9>y laws ( lit]>y evid5ce to accept z g5u9e at all ev5ts ! %orte/ =m 9 :i* ^! ,epi/les are pres5t$ to u4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,curetonian lett]s at lea/ mu/ be receiv$4 ,& z ^! satisfy all ! quotations & ref]5ces ( ! second & ?ird c5turies 7?\gh n ^? ( ,eusebius 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\r?71 p]haps n m is requir$ by ! ext]nal te/imony4 ,aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ^! x may be presum$ t our au?or has advanc$ :at he consid]$ ! /ronge/ argum5ts :i* ! case admits2 & ,i h answ]$ !m4 ,i am q aw>e t o!r objections h be5 alleg$ by o!r critics2 b x w be suffici5t "h to express a conviction t ^! h no real =ce aga9/ ev5 ! slighte/ ext]nal te/imony1 & to und]take to meet !m if !y are reproduc$4 ,?us all ! suppos$ ana*ronisms h fail$4 ,bo*>t1 = in/ance1 0 bold en\gh to ma9ta9 t ! ,ignatian ,epi/le to ! ,romans c\ld n h be5 writt5 be=e ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 because 'leop>ds' are m5tion$ 9 x1 & ! ^w 0 n kn[n until ?is late age4 ,9 reply to ,bo*>t1 ,pe>son & o!rs %[$ conclusively1 by appeal+ 7among o!r docum5ts7 to ! contempor>y ,acts ( ,m>tyrdom ( ,p]petua & ,felicitas 7:o suff]$ :5 ,geta 0 ,caes>1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjb71 t 'leop>ds' 7 s call$ m ?an a c5tury at lea/ be=e ,con/ant9e1 :ile !y gave good reasons = believ+ t ! ^w 0 9 use mu* e>li]4 ,i am able to c>ry ! direct evid5ce half a c5tury f>!r back4 ,! ^w occurs 9 an e>ly treatise ( ,gal5 7writt5 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury71 )\t any indication t x 0 !n a new or unusual t]m4 ,?is passage1 :i* 7s f> z ,i am aw>e7 has be5 hi!rto ov]look$1 c>ries ! use back to )9 "s =ty ye>s1 or less1 ( ! pr(ess$ date ( ! ,ignatian lett]s2 & x mu/ be reg>d$ z a m]e accid5t t no e>li] occurr5ce has be5 notic$ 9 ! scanty rema9s ( ,greek & ,roman lit]ature :i* bridge ov] ! int]val4 ,( ! in/itution ( episcopacy aga91 x is suffici5t to say t its preval5ce 9 ,asia ,m9or at ?is "t1 :atev] may h be5 ! case else:]e1 c only be d5i$ by reject+ a l>ge am\nt ( direct & indirect evid5ce on ?is side ( ! "q1 & by sub/itut+ 9 its place a m]e hypo!sis :i* re/s on no basis ( hi/orical fact4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,epi/les !mselves are /amp$ ) an individuality ( "* :i* is a /rong te/imony to _! g5u95ess4 ,! int5sity ( feel+ & ! rugg$ness ( expression seem to bespeak a real liv+ man4 ,on ?is po9t h[ev] x is impossible to dwell "h2 anyone :o w take ! pa9s to read ^! ,epi/les cont9u\sly w be 9 a bett] position to =m a judgm5t on ?is evid5ce ( /yle1 ?an if he _h be5 pli$ ) _m argum5ts4 ,b if ! ,curetonian lett]s are ! g5u9e "w ( ,ignatius1 :at mu/ we say ( ! ,vossian8 ,7 ! additional portions1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! latt] b want+ 9 ! =m]1 also writt5 by ! sa9t1 or are !y lat] int]polations & additions8 ,?is is a mu* m difficult "q4 ,z a fir/ /ep t[>ds answ]+ ?is "q1 we may obs]ve t !re is "o v /rong reason = believ+ t ! ,vossian lett]s _c h be5 writt5 aft] ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,! argum5t f sil5ce has be5 s (t5 abus$1 t "o is almo/ afraid to employ x at all4 ,yet "h x seems to h a real value4 ,! writ] ( ^! lett]s1 :oev] he 01 is evid5tly an or?odox ,ca?olic ,*ri/ian1 & at ! same "t a /rong controv]siali/4 ,x is !re=e a /rik+ fact t he is altoge!r sil5t on ! ma9 controv]sies :i* agitat$ ! ,*ur*1 & m especially ! ,*ur* ( ,asia ,m9or1 9 ! middle & latt] half ( ! second c5tury4 ,!re is n a ^w ab\t ,montanism or ab\t ! ,pas*al controv]sy4 ,x is difficult to believe t su* a writ] c\ld h kept cle> ( ^! 'burn+' que/ions1 if he _h liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,ev5 ?\gh 8 s5se ( hi/orical propriety might h pres]v$ him f language involv+ a positive ana*ronism1 he w\ld h tak5 a di/9ct side1 & w\ld h made 8 mean+ cle> by indirect means4 ,aga91 !re is no?+ at all be>+ on ! great ,gno/ic h]esies ( ?is age4 ,! doctr9es ( ! ,m>cionites1 ( ! ,val5t9ians1 ev5 ( ! ,basilideans 7?\gh ,basilides fl\ri%$ "u ,hadrian71 are n t\*$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! writ] sev]al times uses language :i* an or?odox *ur*man1 writ+ 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury or lat]1 w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h avoid$4 ,among o!r expressions he salutes ! ,*ur* ( ! ,trallians '9 ! pl]oma'--an expression :i* c\ld n escape ! ta9t ( h]esy :5 once ,val5t9us _h promulgat$ 8 sy/em1 ( :i* ! pl]oma 0 ! c5tre4 ,nor aga91 is x likely t su* a writ] w\ld h indulg$ 9 expressions :i*1 h[ev] innoc5t 9 !mselves1 w\ld seem v di/9ctly to c\nt5ance ! ,gno/ic doctr9e ( ! inh]5t evil ( matt]1 z = in/ance1 :]e he says t he has n 9 him any 'matt]-lov+ 7,greek3 phil\elon7 fire 7( passion71' #he3a & ! l4 ,! be>+ ( ^! facts has 7s f> z ,i rememb]7 be5 ov]look$1 & yet x is highly important4 ,hav+ reg>d to ^! & simil> ph5om5a1 ,i d n see h[ x is reasonable to date ! ,vossian ,epi/les aft] ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,b /ill x does n foll[ t !y are g5u9e2 & else:]e ,i _h acquiesc$ 9 ! e>li] op9ion ( ,lipsius1 :o ascrib$ !m to an int]polator writ+ ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj #he3b4 ,n[ h[ev] ,i am oblig$ to confess t ,i h grave & increas+ d\bts :e!r1 aft] all1 !y are n ! g5u9e utt]ances ( ,ignatius himself4 ,! foll[+ reasons weigh heavily 9 ?is scale4 7#a7 ,pet]mann's inve/igations1 :i* h be5 already m5tion$1 respect+ ! ,arm5ian v]sion & its relation to a pre-exi/+ ,syriac v]sion1 ?r[ a new light on ! ,curetonian lett]s4 ,:5 x is kn[n t !re exi/$ a complete v]sion ( ! ,vossian lett]s 9 ?is language1 ! !ory t ! ,curetonian lett]s are exc]pts becomes at lea/ highly plausible1 s9ce ! two sets ( ,syriac lett]s 7 c]ta9ly n indep5d5t ! "o ( ! o!r4 7#b7 ,not)/&+ ,cureton's ass]tions1 :i* our au?or has endors$1 ! abruptness ( ! ,curetonian lett]s is v p]plex+ 9 "s p>ts4 ,subsequ5t writ]s1 ev5 :ile ma9ta9+ _! g5u95ess1 h recognis$ ?is difficulty1 & endeav\r$ to expla9 x4 ,x is f> f easy1 = in/ance1 to conceive t ! ,ephesian lett] c\ld h end$ z x is made to end 9 ?is rec5sion4 7#c7 ,?\gh ! ,vossian lett]s introduce _m hi/orical circum/ances respect+ ! j\rney ( ,ignatius1 ! condition ( ! ,*ur* ( ,antio*1 & ! p]sons visit+ or visit$ by him1 no contradictions h yet be5 made out2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! sev]al notices fit 9 "o ) ano!r 9 a way :i* at all ev5ts %[s m c>e & +5uity ?an might be expect$ 9 a falsifi]4 7#d7 ,all ! suppos$ ana*ronisms to :i* objection has be5 tak5 9 ^! ,epi/les fail on clos] inve/igation4 ,m especially /ress has be5 laid on ! fact t ?is writ] describes ,*ri/ z ,god's 'et]nal ,logos1 n hav+ proce$$ f ,sil5ce2' #hf3a & objectors1 h urg$ t ?is expression is int5d$ z a refutation ( ! ,val5t9ian doctr9e4 ,pe>son ?\ght x suffici5t to reply t ! ,val5t9ians did n repres5t ! ,logos z an emanation f ,sil5ce1 b f an int]m$iate ,a,eon2 & :5 ! treatise ( ,hippolytus 0 discov]$1 an answ] seem$ to be furni%$ by ! fact t ,sil5ce held a conspicu\s place 9 ! t5ets ( ! e>li] sect ( ,simonians1 & ! ,ignatian expression 0 expla9$ z a ref]5ce to _! tea*+4 ,b fre% mat]ials = ! correction ( ! ,ignatian text1 :i* ,cureton & ,pet]mann h plac$ 9 our h&s1 seem to %[ v cle>ly 7?\gh ^! editors h ov]look$ ! importance ( ! facts7 t 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! passage ! words 'et]nal' & 'n' 7 want+2 s t ! expression /ood1 ',:o is ,8 ,logos1 hav+ proce$$ f ,sil5ce4' ,!y are omitt$ 9 ! ,arm5ian v]sion & 9 ! passage z cit$ by ,sev]us ( ,antio* #hg3a2 :ile ! p>aphrase ( ! ,long ,rec5sion seems to po9t 9 ! same direction1 ?\gh ?is is m d\btful4 ,sev]us m especially comm5ts on ! quotation1 s t 8 read+ is absolutely c]ta94 ,su* a comb9ation ( e>ly au?orities is v /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! omission4 ,moreov] x is difficult to expla9 h[ ! words1 if g5u9e1 %\ld h be5 omitt$2 :]eas _! ins]tion1 if !y 7 no "p ( ! orig9al text1 is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ,m>cellus ( ,ancyra express$ 8 ,sabellianism 9 almo/ id5tical language #hg3b2 he spoke ( ,*ri/ z ! ,logos issu+ f ,sil5ce2 & !re 0 e temptation ) or?odox scribes to save ! reputation ( ,/ ,ignatius f complicity 9 h]etical op9ions1 & at ! same "t to deprive ,m>cellus ( ! support ( 8 great "n4 ,i call att5tion to ^! facts1 bo? because !y h be5 ov]look$1 & because ! passage 9 "q has furni%$ _! ma9 argum5t to ^? :o *>ge ^! ,epi/les ) ana*ronisms4 ,( ! "* ( ^! ,epi/les1 x mu/ suffice "h to say t ! writ] at all ev5ts 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! mann] & tea*+ ( ,/ ,ignatius4 ,z reg>ds ! sub/ance1 !y conta9 _m extravagances ( s5tim5t & tea*+1 m especially relat+ to ! episcopal (fice1 f :i* ! ,curetonian lett]s are free & :i* "o w\ld n will+ly believe writt5 by ! sa9t himself4 ,b x rema9s a "q1 :e!r su* consid]ations ought to outweigh ! argum5ts on ! o!r side4 ,at all ev5ts x _c be %[n t !y exhibit any diff]5t type ( doctr9e1 ?\gh ! mode ( repres5tation may seem exagg]at$4 ,z reg>ds /yle1 ! ,curetonian lett]s are m rugg$ & =cible ?an ! ,vossian2 b z select$ exc]pts1 !y might p]haps be expect$ to exhibit ^! features prom95tly4 ,= ! reasons giv5 ,i %all1 unless ,i am %[n to be wrong1 treat ! ,curetonian lett]s z ! "w ( ! g5u9e ,ignatius1 :ile ! ,vossian lett]s w be accept$ z valid te/imony at all ev5ts = ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,! "q ( ! g5u95ess ( ! latt] w be waiv$4 ,i fe> t my indecision on ?is po9t w contra/ disadvantage\sly ) ! c]ta9ty :i* is express$ by ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,if s1 ,i am sorry1 b ,i _c help x4 ,,iv4 ,,polyc>p ,,( ,,smyrna4 ,,may1 #ahge4 ,polyc>p1 ,bi%op ( ,smyrna1 is ! mo/ important p]son 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* dur+ ! ages imm$iately succe$+ ! ,apo/les4 ,9 ! eyes ( 8 own & ! next g5]ations1 ,clem5t ( ,rome appe>s to h held a m prom95t position1 if we may judge f ! leg5d>y /ories :i* h ga!r$ ab\t 8 "n2 b = ourselves ! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ,polyc>p is f> great]4 ,?is importance he owes to 8 peculi> position1 r ?an to any m>k$ greatness or orig9ality ( "*4 ,two long lives--^? ( ,/ ,john & ( ,polyc>p--span ! p]iod :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! p]sonal m9i/ry ( our ,"l & ! great ,*ri/ian tea*]s liv+ at ! close ( ! second c5tury4 ,polyc>p 0 ! disciple ( ,/ ,john1 & ,ir5aeus 0 ! disciple ( ,polyc>p4 ,we "k en\gh ( ,/ ,john's tea*+1 if ! books ascrib$ to him 9 our ,canon are accept$ z g5u9e4 ,we are fully acqua9t$ ) ! t5ets ( ,ir5aeus1 & ( ^! we may say g5]ally t on all ! mo/ important po9ts !y con=m to ! !ological /&>d :i* has satisfi$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ev] s9ce4 ,b ( ! int]m$iate p]iod betwe5 ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury & ! close ( ! second1 ! notices are sp>se1 ! lit]ature is scanty & fragm5t>y4 ,h5ce mod]n criticism has busi$ itself ) hypo!tical recon/ructions ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory dur+ ?is int]val4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! great] "p ( ! writ+s ( our ,canon 7 unkn[n & unwritt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t !re 0 a complete discont9uity 9 ! c>e] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! p]son ( ,polyc>p is a /&+ prote/ aga9/ any su* surmises4 ,unless ,ir5aeus 0 entirely mi/ak5 z to ! tea*+ ( 8 ma/]1 unless ! extant ,epi/le ascrib$ to ,polyc>p is altoge!r spuri\s1 ^! views mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,x is indisp5sable = ! advocates ( ! ,tueb+5 !ory respect+ ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & ! ,scriptural ,canon to make good bo? ^! positions alike4 ,o!rwise x c h no /&+ gr\nd4 ,my object 9 ! foll[+ inve/igations is to %[ t nei!r position is t5able4 ,polyc>p 0 born m ?an ?irty ye>s be=e ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & he surviv$ to ! latt] half ( ! second4 ,! date ( 8 bir? may be fix$ ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty z ,a4,d4 #fi or #gj4 ,at all ev5ts x _c h be5 lat] ?an ?is4 ,at ! "t ( 8 m>tyrdom1 :i* is n[ asc]ta9$ to h tak5 place ,a4,d4 #aee or #aef #ij3a1 he decl>$ t he _h s]v$ ,*ri/ eighty-six ye>s #ij3b2 &1 if ?is expression be expla9$ z ref]r+ to ! :ole p]iod ( 8 life 7:i* is ! m probable supposition71 we are c>ri$ back to ! date :i* ,i h j giv54 ,?us ,polyc>p 0 born on ! eve ( a great crisis1 :i* 0 fraught ) mom5t\s consequ5ces to ! ,*ur* at l>ge1 & :i* m especially made itself felt 9 ! ,*ri/ian congregations ( 8 own c\ntry1 proconsul> ,asia4 ,! fall ( ,j]usalem occurr$ 9 ! autumn ( ! ye> #gj4 ,b at ! f9al assault ! ,*ri/ians 7 no long] among ! besieg$4 ,! imp5d+ w> _h be5 tak5 z ! signal = _! dep>ture f ! doom$ city4 ,! great] numb] _h retir$ beyond ! ,jordan1 & f\nd$ ,*ri/ian colonies 9 ,pella & ! neighb\rhood4 ,b ! natural lead]s ( ! ,*ur*--! surviv+ ,apo/les & p]sonal disciples ( ,*ri/--_h s\ght a home else:]e4 ,f ?is "t =w>d x is nei!r to ,j]usalem nor to ,pella1 b to proconsul> ,asia1 & m especially to ,ephesus z its metropolis1 t we mu/ look = ! cont9uance ( ! orig9al type ( ,apo/olic doctr9e & practice4 ,at ! epo* ( ! cata/rophe we f9d ! ,apo/le ,john = a %ort "t liv+ 9 exile--:e!r volunt>y or con/ra9$1 x is unnecess>y to inquire--9 ! isl& ( ,patmos4 ,soon aft] ?is he takes up 8 abode at ,ephesus1 :i* seems to h be5 8 head-qu>t]s dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 long life #ia3a4 ,& ,john 0 n alone 9 *oos+ ,asia ,m9or z 8 new home4 ,m especially ! companions ( 8 e>ly y\? seem to h be5 attract$ to ?is neighb\rhood4 ,( two bro!r ,apo/les & fell[-c\ntrym5 ( ,be?saida ?is is di/9ctly record$4 ,&rew1 ! bro!r ( ,simon ,pet]1 appe>s 9 company ) ,john 9 ^! lat] ye>s1 accord+ to an acc\nt :i* seems at lea/ s f> tru/wor?y #ia3b4 ,! pres5ce ( ,philip1 ! special fri5d ( ,&rew #ia3c1 9 ^! p>ts is record$ on /ill bett] au?ority #ia3d4 ,philip himself di$ at ,hi]apolis 9 ,phrygia2 b "o ( 8 ?ree daught]s 0 buri$ at ,ephesus1 :]e p]haps he _h resid$ at an e>li] date4 ,among o!r p]sonal disciples ( ,*ri/1 n o!rwise kn[n to u1 :o dwelt 9 ^! di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,ari/ion & a second ,john are m5tion$1 ) :om ,papias1 ! fri5d ( ,polyc>p1 _h conv]s$ #ia3e4 ,among ^! influ5ces ,polyc>p 0 br\ght up4 ,8 own words1 to :i* ,i h already allud$1 seem to %[ t he 0 born ( ,*ri/ian p>5tage4 ,at all ev5ts he mu/ h be5 a believ] f e>ly *ildhood4 ,if 8 p>5ts 7 ,*ri/ians1 !y probably receiv$ _! fir/ lessons 9 ! ,gospel f ! tea*]s ( an e>li] date--f ,/ ,paul :o _h plant$ ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or1 or f ,/ ,pet] :o appe>s to h wat]$ !m1 #ib3a or f ! imm$iate disciples ( "o or o!r ( ^! two ,apo/les4 ,b dur+ ! *ildhood & y\? ( ,polyc>p himself ! influ5ce ( ,/ ,john 0 p>am\nt4 ,ir5aeus reports 7& !re is no reason = que/ion+ ! tru? ( 8 /atem5t7 t ,/ ,john surviv$ to ! reign ( ,trajan #ib3b1 :o asc5d$ ! imp]ial ?rone ,a4,d4 #ih4 ,?us ,polyc>p w\ld be ab\t ?irty ye>s old at ! "t ( ,/ ,john's dea?4 ,:5 !re=e ,ir5aeus relates t he 0 appo9t$ bi%op 9 ,smyrna 'by ,apo/les1' #ib3c ! /atem5t involves no *ronological difficulty1 ev5 ?\gh we int]pret ! t]m 'bi%op' 9 its m re/rict$ s5se1 & n z a synonyme = presbyt]1 accord+ to its e>li] mean+4 ,lat] writ]s say di/9ctly t he 0 appo9t$ to ! episcopal (fice by ,/ ,john #ib3d4 ,at all ev5ts1 he appe>s z ,bi%op ( ,smyrna 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! second c5tury4 ,:5 ,ignatius passes ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or on 8 way to m>tyrdom1 he halts at ,smyrna1 :]e he is receiv$ by ,polyc>p4 ,at a lat] /age 9 8 j\rney he writes to 8 fri5d4 ,! tone ( 8 lett] is altoge!r su* z might be expect$ f an old man writ+ to a y\ng]1 :o nev]!less held a position ( great responsibility1 & _h %[n himself wor?y ( ! tru/4 ,aft] express+ 8 ?ankfulness = _! meet+1 & comm5d+ 8 fri5d's /eadfa/ fai?1 :i* 0 'f\nd$ z on an immovable rock1' he proce$s3-- ,v9dicate ?9e (fice 9 all dilig5ce1 :e!r 9 ?+s c>nal or 9 ?+s spiritual4 ,h a c>e = unity1 ?an :i* no?+ is bett]4 ,su/a9 all m51 ev5 z ! ,"l su/a9e? !e4 ,suff] all m5 9 love1 z also ?\ doe/4 ,give ?yself to unceas+ pray]4 ,ask = m wisdom ?an ?\ ha/4 ,keep wat*1 & pres]ve a wakeful _s4444 ,be ?\ wise z ! s]p5t 9 all ?+s1 & h>mless always z ! dove4444 ,! "t require? !e1 z pilots require w9ds1 or z a /orm-toss$ m>9] a hav51 s t x may f9d ,god4444 ,be sob]1 z ,god's a?lete4444 ,/& firm z an anvil "u ! /roke ( ! hamm]4 ,x becomes a great a?lete to endure bl[s & to conqu]4444 ,%[ ?yself m zeal\s ?an ?\ art4444 ,let no?+ be done )\t ?y cons5t1 nei!r d ?\ any?+ )\t ,god's cons5t1 z inde$ ?\ doe/ n #ic3a4 ,! close ( ! lett] is address$ ma9ly to ! ,smyrnaeans1 en=c+ _! reciprocal obligations t[>ds _! bi%op4 ,?is lett]1 if ! additional matt] 9 ! ,vossian ,epi/les may be tru/$1 0 writt5 f ,troas1 :5 ! m>tyr 0 on ! po9t ( emb>k+ = ,neapolis #ic3b4 ,! next /age ( 8 j\rney w\ld br+ him to ,philippi1 :]e he halt$4 ,!nce he proce$$ by ! great ,egnatian road across ! cont95t to ! ,hadriatic1 on 8 way to ,rome4 ,%ortly aft] ?is1 ,polyc>p himself addresses a lett] to ! ,philippians4 ,he _h be5 especially invit$ by 8 correspond5ts to write to !m1 b he _h also a reason ( 8 own = do+ s4 ,dur+ ?is season ( ! ye>1 :5 w9t] _h clos$ ! high seas = navigation1 all news f ,rome mu/ travel ?r\gh ,mac$onia to ,asia ,m9or4 ,at ,smyrna !y _h n yet receiv$ tid+s ( ! fate ( ,ignatius2 & he hop$ to get e>ly in=mation f 8 correspond5ts1 :o 7 "s /ages ne>] to ,rome :]e1 z ,polyc>p assum$1 8 fri5d _h already suff]$ m>tyrdom #ic3c4 ,?is 0 ! occasion ( ! lett]1 :i* = v>i\s reasons possesses ! highe/ int]e/ z a docum5t ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 ?\gh f> f rem>kable 9 itself4 ,its mo/ important feature is ! pr(us5ess ( quotation f ! ,apo/olic writ+s4 ,( a ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 /rictly s call$1 x is n probable t ,polyc>p knew any?+ #ic3d4 ,?is idea 0 necess>ily1 z ,dr ,we/cott has %[n1 ! gr[? ( "t4 ,b ( ! writ+s :i* are includ$ 9 our ,canon he %[s a wide k & an ample appreciation4 ,9 ?is respect he may n unpr(itably be comp>$ ) ,clem5t ( ,rome4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 !re is good reason to believe1 0 a ,hell5i/ ,jew #id3a2 he mu/ h be5 br\ght up 9 a famili> acqua9tance ) ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,on ! o!r h& ,polyc>p1 z we h already se51 0 probably ! son ( ,*ri/ian p>5ts2 at all ev5ts he 0 educat$ f 8 e>lie/ *ildhood 9 ! k ( ! ,gospel2 he _h gr[n up 9 ! society ( ,apo/les & ,apo/olic m54 ,?is contra/ ( education makes itself app>5t 9 ! writ+s ( ! two ,fa!rs4 ,?\gh !re are cle> indications 9 ,clem5t t he 0 acqua9t$ ) _m ( ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les1 yet 8 quotations are *iefly tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,aga9 & aga9 he cites cont9u\s passages1 & argues f !m at l5g?4 ,b ) ,polyc>p ! case is diff]5t4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t has ex*ang$ places ) ! ,old1 at lea/ s f> z practical use is conc]n$4 ,not)/&+ its brevity1 ,polyc>p's ,epi/le conta9s decisive co9cid5ces ) or ref]5ces to betwe5 ?irty & =ty passages 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t #id3b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) ! s+le exception ( f\r words f ! apocryphal book ( ,tobit #id3c1 !re is no quotation tak5 imm$iately f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,else:]e inde$ he cites ! words ( ,ps4 iv4 #d1 b ^! are evid5tly quot$ f ,/ ,paul1 & n directly f ! ,psalmi/1 z 8 context %[s #ie3a4 ,n less rem>kable ?an ! numb] ( 8 quotations f ! ,new ,te/am5t is _! wide range4 ,( ! ,evangelical ref]5ces ,i %all h occasion to speak 9 a subsequ5t article4 ,besides ^! !re is a /rong co9cid5ce ) ! ,acts :i* c h>dly be accid5tal #ie3b2 & !re are passages or expressions tak5 f mo/ ( ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les4 ,among ! latt] ! mo/ decisive examples frequ5tly ref] to ^? v ,epi/les :i* mod]n criticism has /riv5 to discr$it4 ,x _c reasonably be que/ion$ = in/ance1 t ,polyc>p 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians & ) ! two ,epi/les to ,timo?y4 ,( ! indisputable ref]5ces to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,pet] ,i h already spok5 9 a =m] pap] #ie3c4 ,b ! mo/ important fact1 9 its be>+ on rec5t controv]sy1 is ! relation ( ! writ] to ,/ ,paul4 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ! ,tueb+5 s*ool1 !re 0 a p]sonal antagonism betwe5 ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,john1 & an irreconcilable feud betwe5 _! respective s*ools4 ,x is !re=e ) special int]e/ t we look to see :at ! mo/ em95t s*ol> ( ! belov$ disciple says ab\t ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,n[ ,/ ,paul occupies q ! mo/ prom95t place 9 ,polyc>p's ,epi/le4 ,?is prom95ce is p>tly expla9$ by ! fact t he is writ+ to a ,*ur* ( ,/ ,paul's f\nd+1 b ?is explanation does n detract f its value4 ,/ ,paul is ! only ,apo/le :o is m5tion$ by "n2 8 writ+s are ! only ,apo/olic writ+s :i* are ref]r$ to by "n2 ( 8 ?irte5 ,epi/les1 !re are probable ref]5ces to z _m z elev5 #ie3d2 !re are direct appeals to 8 example & 8 tea*+ alike3 !re is ev5 an apology on ! writ]'s "p = ! presumption ( seem+ to set himself up z a rival to ! ,apo/le by writ+ to a ,*ur* to :om he _h address$ an ,epi/le #if3a4 ,altoge!r ! te/imony to ! respect 9 :i* ,/ ,paul is held by ! writ] is z complete z language c make x4 ,if !re=e ! ,epi/le be accept$ z g5u9e1 ! position ( ! ,tueb+5 s*ool mu/ be ab&on$4 ,f consid]+ ! ph5om5a ( ! extant ,epi/le1 we pass by a natural transition to ! second po9t :i* ,i propos$ to inve/igate1 ! traditions ( ! au?or's tea*+4 ,polyc>p 0 no long] a "y man1 :5 8 ,epi/le 0 writt54 ,b he liv$ on to see a new g5]ation gr[ up f infancy to mature age aft]w>ds2 & z ! companion ( ,apo/les & ! deposit>y ( ! ,apo/olic tradition1 8 influ5ce increas$ ) 8 increas+ ye>s4 ,be=e he di$1 ev5 unbeliev]s _h come to reg>d him z ! ',fa!r ( ! ,*ri/ians4' ,( 8 lat] ye>s a glimpse is af=d$ to u 9 ! record ( an eye-witness4 ,among ! disciples ( 8 old age 7 two y\?s1 companions = ! "t1 b de/9$ to /& f> ap>t 9 aft] life-- ',l cliffs t _h be5 r5t asund]2' ! eld]1 ,flor9us1 :o became fam\s aft]w>ds z a h]etical lead]2 ! y\ng]1 ,ir5aeus1 :o /ood =w>d z ! great *ampion ( or?odoxy4 ,! foll[+ is ! remon/rance address$ by ,ir5aeus to 8 =m] associate aft] 8 defection3-- ,^! op9ions1 ,flor9us1 t ,i may speak )\t h>%ness1 are n ( s\nd judgm5t2 ^! op9ions are n 9 h>mony ) ! ,*ur*1 b involve ^? adopt+ !m 9 ! greate/ impiety2 ^! op9ions ev5 ! h]etics outside ! pale ( ! ,*ur* h nev] v5tur$ to broa*2 ^! op9ions ! eld]s be=e u1 :o also 7 disciples ( ! ,apo/les1 did n h& d[n to !e4 ,= ,i saw !e1 :5 ,i 0 /ill a boy 7,greek3 pais on eti71 9 ,l[] ,asia 9 company ) ,polyc>p1 :ile ?\ wa/ f>+ prosp]\sly 9 ! royal c\rt1 & endeav\r+ to /& well ) him4 ,= ,i di/9ctly rememb] 7,greek3 diamnemoneuo7 ! incid5ts ( t "t bett] ?an ev5ts ( rec5t occurr5ce2 = ! lessons receiv$ 9 *ildhood 7,greek3 ek paidon71 gr[+ ) ! gr[? ( ! s\l1 become id5tifi$ ) x2 s t ,i c describe ! v place 9 :i* ! bless$ ,polyc>p us$ to sit :5 he disc\rs$1 & 8 go+s out & 8 com+s 91 & 8 mann] ( life1 & 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 & ! disc\rses :i* he held be=e ! p1 & h[ he w\ld describe 8 int]c\rse ) ,john & ) ! re/ :o _h se5 ! ,"l1 & h[ he w\ld relate _! words4 ,& :atsoev] ?+s he _h he>d f !m ab\t ! ,"l1 & ab\t 8 miracles1 & ab\t 8 tea*+1 ,polyc>p1 z hav+ receiv$ !m f eye-witnesses ( ! life ( ! ,^w #ig3a1 w\ld relate altoge!r 9 accordance ) ! ,scriptures4 ,to ^! 7disc\rses7 ,i us$ to li/5 at ! "t ) att5tion by ,god's m]cy :i* 0 be/[$ ^u me1 not+ !m d[n1 n on pap]1 b 9 my he>t2 & by ! grace ( ,god1 ,i con/antly rum9ate ^u !m fai?fully 7,greek3 gnesios74 ,& ,i c te/ify 9 ! sight ( ,god1 t if ! bless$ & ,apo/olic eld] _h he>d any?+ ( ?is k9d1 he w\ld h cri$ out1 & /opp$ 8 e>s1 & said aft] 8 wont1 ',o good ,god1 = :at times ha/ ,?\ kept me1 t ,i %\ld endure su* ?+s8' & w\ld ev5 h fl$ f ! place :]e he 0 sitt+ or /&+ :5 he he>d su* words4 ,& inde$1 ?is c be %[n f 8 lett]s :i* he wrote ei!r to ! neighb\r+ ,*ur*es = _! confirmation1 or to c]ta9 ( ! bre?r5 = _! w>n+ & exhortation #ig3b4 ,un=tunately ! *ronological notices are n suffici5tly precise to enable u to fix ! date ei!r ( ?is int]c\rse ) ,polyc>p1 or ( ! lett] to ,flor9us 9 :i* ,ir5aeus records x4 ,9 ! ye> #aee or #aef ,polyc>p di$2 9 ! ye> #agg ,ir5aeus became ,bi%op ( ,lyons4 ,putt+ ^! two facts toge!r1 we may p]haps assume t ,ir5aeus mu/ h be5 a pupil ( ,polyc>p some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ace-aej4 ,! m5tion ( ! 'royal c\rt' seems at fir/ sight to sugge/ ! hope ( a m precise solution2 b ev5 if ?is notice be tak5 to imply ! pres5ce ( ! ,emp]or = ! "t be+ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 our in=mation respect+ ! movem5ts ( ,hadrian & 8 successors is too scanty to af=d gr\nd = any safe inf]5ce #ih3a4 ,( ! lat] c>e] ( ,flor9us1 we are in=m$ t he 0 at "o "t a presbyt] ( ! ,roman ,*ur*2 t he aft]w>ds fell away1 & taught 8 h]esy 9 ! metropolis2 t 9 consequ5ce ,ir5aeus address$ to him ?is lett] f :i* ,i h giv5 ! extract1 & :i* 0 also entitl$ ',on ,mon>*y' or ',%[+ t ,god is no--! au?or ( evil' 7,greek3 poiet5 kakon7--?is be+ ! special h]esy ( ,flor9us2 & t aft]w>ds1 app>5tly by a reb\nd1 he laps$ into ,val5t9ianism1 on :i* occasion ,ir5aeus wrote 8 treatise on ! ,ogdoad #ih3b4 ,z ! treatise ( ,ir5aeus on ! ,ogdoad c h>dly h be5 writt5 lat] ?an 8 extant "w on ,h]esies1 9 :i* ,val5t9ianism is s fully discuss$ z to r5d] any su* p>tial treatm5t sup]flu\s1 & :i* dates f ! episcopate ( ,eleu!rius 7,a4,d4 #agg-aij71 we are l$ to ! conclusion t ! lett] to ,flor9us 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ writ+s ( ?is ,fa!r4 ,?us we are left )\t any means ( asc]ta9+ ! exact age ( ,ir5aeus :5 he sat at ! feet ( ,polyc>p4 ,b beyond ?is unc]ta9ty 8 te/imony is z explicit z c\ld well be desir$4 ,all exp]i5ce1 if ,i mi/ake n1 be>s out 8 /atem5t respect+ ! vividness ( ! memory dur+ ?is p]iod ( life4 ,9 a rec5t trial1 ! mo/ fatal blot 9 ! evid5ce 0 ! inability ( a pret5d] to give any in=mation respect+ ! games & /udies1 ! companions1 ! famili> haunts1 ( ! s*ool & college days ( ! p]son ) :om he id5tifi$ himself4 ,x is ! p5alty :i* mature age pays = cle>] ideas & high] p[]s ( g5]alisation1 t ! recollection ( facts becomes comp>atively blurr$4 ,v (t5 an old man w relate ) p]fect di/9ctness ! incid5ts ( 8 y\? & e>ly manhood1 :ile a haze w re/ ov] mu* ( ! int]v5+ p]iod4 ,^? :o h li/5$ to a ,s$gwick aft] a lapse ( sixty or sev5ty ye>s repeat+ anecdotes ( ! '/atesm5' 9 8 native dale1 or describ+ ! circum/ances "u :i* he fir/ he>d ! news ( ! battle ( ,trafalg>1 w be able to realize ! vividness ( ! /ories :i* ! ag$ ,polyc>p w\ld tell to 8 y\?ful pupil ( 8 int]c\rse ) ! la/ surviv+ ,apo/le--! memory ( ! n>rator be+ quick5$ & ! int]e/ ( ! he>] int5sifi$1 9 ?is case1 by ! conviction t !y 7 br\ght face to face ) facts su* z ! _w _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,"o incid5t m is record$ ( ?is vet]an prea*] ( ! ,gospel4 ,9 ! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life he und]took a j\rney to ,rome1 :]e he conf]r$ ) ! bi%op1 ,anicetus4 ,! ma9 subject ( ?is conf]5ce 0 ! "t ( celebrat+ ! ,passion4 ,polyc>p plead$ ! practice ( ,/ ,john & ! o!r ,apo/les ) :om he _h conv]s$1 = obs]v+ ! actual day ( ! ,jewi% ,passov]1 )\t respect to ! day ( ! week4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,anicetus c\ld po9t to ! fact t 8 pr$ecessors1 at lea/ z f> back z ,xy/us1 :o succe$$ to ! see soon aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 _h always kept ! anniv]s>y ( ! ,passion on a ,friday & t ( ! ,resurrection on a ,sunday1 ?us mak+ ! day ( ! mon? give place to ! day ( ! week4 ,nei!r conv9c$ ! o!r1 b !y p>t$ good fri5ds4 ,?is diff]5ce ( usage did n int]f]e ) ! mo/ p]fect cordiality2 &1 z a sign ( ?is1 ,anicetus all[$ ,polyc>p to celebrate ! ,eu*>i/ 9 8 /ead #ajj3a4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,pas*al controv]sy 0 reviv$1 & ,victor1 a successor ( ,anicetus1 excommunicat$ ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es1 ,ir5aeus1 ?\gh himself an obs]v] ( ! ,we/]n usage1 wrote to remon/rate ) ,victor on ?is h>% & tyrannical measure4 ,an extract f 8 lett] is pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 9 :i* ^! incid5ts respect+ 8 old ma/] are record$ #ajj3b4 ,ir5aeus insi/s /rongly on ! fact t ! h>mony ( ! fai? has nev] be5 di/urb$ hi!rto by any su* div]sities ( usage4 ,to ?is visit to ,rome ,ir5aeus makes ano!r ref]5ce 9 8 extant "w aga9/ ,h]esies4 ,! p]fect confid5ce ) :i* he appeals to ! cont9uity ( ! ,apo/olic tradition1 & to ! te/imony ( ,polyc>p z ! pr9cipal l9k 9 ! *a91 gives a peculi> significance to ?is passage1 & no apology is ne$$ = quot+ x at l5g?4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! succession ( ! ,roman bi%ops1 ?r\gh :om ! true doctr9e has be5 h&$ d[n to 8 own g5]ation )\t int]ruption1 he adds-- ,& 7s x 0 )7 ,polyc>p also1 :o n only 0 taught by ,apo/les1 & liv$ 9 famili> int]c\rse 7,greek3 sunana/rapheis7 ) _m t _h se5 ,*ri/1 b also receiv$ 8 appo9tm5t 9 ,asia f ,apo/les1 z ,bi%op 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna1 :om we too h se5 9 our y\? 7,greek3 en te prote hemon helikia7 = he surviv$ long1 & dep>t$ ?is life at a v great age1 by a glori\s & mo/ notable m>tyrdom1 hav+ ev] taught ^! v ?+s1 :i* he _h le>nt f ! ,apo/les1 :i* ! ,*ur* h&s d[n1 & :i* alone are true4 ,to ^! te/imony is borne by all ! ,*ur*es 9 ,asia1 & by ! successors ( ,polyc>p up to ! pres5t "t1 :o 0 a mu* m tru/wor?y & saf] witness ( ! tru? ?an ,val5t9us & ,m>cion1 & all su* wrong-m9d$ m54 ,he also1 :5 on a visit to ,rome 9 ! days ( ,anicetus1 conv]t$ _m to ! ,*ur* ( ,god f foll[+ ! a=5am$ h]etics1 by prea*+ t he _h receiv$ f ! ,apo/les ?is doctr9e1 & ?is only1 :i* 0 h&$ d[n by ! ,*ur*1 z ! tru?4 ,& !re are ^? :o h he>d him tell h[ ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 :5 he w5t to take a ba? 9 ,ephesus1 & saw ,c]9?us )91 ru%$ away f ! room )\t ba?+1 ) ! words1 ',let u flee1 le/ ! room %\ld inde$ fall 91 = ,c]9?us1 ! enemy ( ! tru?1 is )94' ,yea1 & ,polyc>p himself also on "o occasion1 :5 ,m>cion confront$ him & said1 ',do/ ?\ recognize me8' answ]$1 ',i recognize ! fir/born ( ,satan4' ,su* c>e did ! ,apo/les & _! disciples take n to hold any communication1 ev5 by ^w1 ) any ( ^? :o falsify ! tru?1 z ,paul also said1 ',a man t is a h]etic aft] a fir/ & second admonition1 avoid2 kn[+ t su* an "o is p]v]t$ & s9ne?1 be+ self-condemn$4' ,moreov]1 !re is an ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p address$ to ! ,philippians1 :i* is mo/ adequate 7,greek3 hikanotate71 & f :i* bo? 8 mann] ( life & 8 prea*+ ( ! tru? may be le>nt by ^? :o desire to le>n & are anxi\s = _! own salvation4 ,& aga91 ! ,*ur* 9 ,ephesus1 :i* 0 f\nd$ by ,paul1 & :]e ,john surviv$ till ! times ( ,trajan1 is a true witness ( ! tradition ( ! ,apo/les #aja3a4 ,i h giv5 ^! important extracts at l5g? because !y speak = !mselves4 ,if ,i mi/ake n1 !y w be m conv9c+ ?an _m argum5ts4 ,x is impossible to d\bt ! s9c]ity ( ,ir5aeus1 :5 he ?us explicitly & repeat$ly ma9ta9s t ! doctr9es :i* he holds & tea*es are ! same :i* ,polyc>p _h held & taught be=e him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a s*ool ( critics :i* has aris5 9 ! pres5t g5]ation ma9ta9s t ,ir5aeus 0 mi/ak5 f beg9n+ to end2 t1 in/ead ( ?is cont9uity 9 ! tea*+ & hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 !re _h be5 a viol5t dislocation2 t ,/ ,john1 z an ,apo/le ( ! ,circumcision1 mu/ h _h a deep-root$ av]sion to ! doctr9e & "w ( ,/ ,paul2 & t ,polyc>p1 z a disciple ( ,/ ,john1 mu/ h %>$ t av]sion1 & _c !re=e h recogniz$ ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,x is difficult to believe t ^? :o hold ?is !ory h s]i\sly fac$ ! hi/orical difficulties :i* x involves1 or h attempt$ to realize any comb9ation ( circum/ances by :i* ?is revolution c\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 su* a mann] z to escape ! notice ( ! next succe$+ g5]ations4 ,i %all probably h occasion h]eaft] to speak ( ! solid>ity ( ! ,*ur* at ?is epo*4 ,at pres5t x is suffici5t to say t ! direct p]sonal te/imony ( ,ir5aeus respect+ ,polyc>p is by no means ! only1 or ev5 ! greate/1 imp$im5t to ?is !ory4 ,he con/antly appeals to ! ,asiatic eld]s1 ! disciples & foll[]s ( ! ,apo/les1 9 confirmation ( 8 /atem5t4 ,among ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s ( proconsul> ,asia :o imm$iately succe$$ ,polyc>p1 are two fam\s names1 ,melito ( ,s>dis & ,claudius ,apoll9>is ( ,hi]apolis4 ,!y mu/ already h rea*$ middle life be=e ,polyc>p's m>tyrdom4 ,!y 7 n m]ely practical work]s1 b volum9\s writ]s also4 ,! li/s ( _! works h&$ d[n to u comprise ! wide/ range ( topics2 !y h&le que/ions ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 ( ,scriptural int]pretation1 ( controv]sial div9ity1 ( ecclesia/ical ord]1 ( !ological metaphysics4 ,0 !re !n any possibility ( a mi/ake "h8 ,to u ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ! second c5tury is obscure1 because all ?is volum9\s lit]ature1 except a few meagre fragm5ts1 has be5 blott$ out4 ,b to ! contempor>ies & successors ( ,ir5aeus x 0 legible en\gh4 ',:o does n "k1' exclaims 8 own pupil ,hippolytus1 '! books ( ,ir5aeus & ,melito & ! re/1 :i* decl>e ,*ri/ to be ,god & man8' #ajb3a ,?is mission ( peace to ,rome mu/ h be5 "o ( ! late/ acts ( ! old man's life4 ,! accession ( ,anicetus to ! see ( ,rome is v>i\sly dat$2 b ! e>lie/ ye> is ab\t ,a4,d4 #aej1 & an em95t rec5t critic1 :o has paid special att5tion to ! subject1 places x betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aed & ,a4,d4 #aef #ajc3a4 ,9 ! ye> #aee1 or #aef at ! late/1 ,polyc>p fell a m>tyr4 ,! details ( 8 m>tyrdom are record$ 9 a contempor>y docum5t1 :i* takes ! =m ( a lett] f ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna1 address$ m imm$iately to ! ,*ur* ( ,philomelium b *all5g+ at ! same "t a wid] circulation #ajc3b4 ,! simplicity ) :i* ! n>rators record om5s & occurr5ces easily explicable 9 !mselves1 b inve/$ by _! sur*>g$ feel+s ) a miracul\s "*1 is highly natural4 ,! :ole n>rative is em95tly t\*+ & in/ructive2 b ! details h little or no be>+ on my imm$iate purpose4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ,polyc>p _h retir$ into ! c\ntry to escape p]secution2 t ! populace1 n satisfi$ ) ! victims already sacrific$ to _! fury1 dem&$ ! life ( ,polyc>p1 z ! 'fa!r ( ! ,*ri/ians2' t 8 hid+-place 0 betray$ by a boy 9 8 s]vice1 "u ! influ5ce ( torture2 t ! magi/rates urg$ him to save 8 life by submitt+ to ! usual te/s1 by pron\nc+ ! =mula1 ',caes> is ,"l1' or (f]+ sacrifice1 or swe>+ by ! =tune ( ! ,emp]or1 or revil+ ,*ri/2 t he decl>$ himself unable to blaspheme a ,ma/] :om he _h s]v$ = eighty-six ye>s1 & f :om he _h receiv$ no wrong2 & t consequ5tly he 0 burnt at ! /ake1 ,jews & ,hea!ns vy+ ) ea* o!r 9 fe$+ ! flames4 ,! games 7 already pa/2 o!rwise he w\ld h be5 condemn$ to ! wild bea/s--! usual puni%m5t = su* contumacy4 ,polyc>p 0 m>tyr$ dur+ ! proconsul%ip ( ,/atius ,quadratus4 ,! commonly receiv$ date ( 8 dea? is ,a4,d4 #aff or #afg1 z giv5 9 ! ,*ronicon ( ,eusebius4 ,q rec5tly h[ev]1 ,m4 ,wadd+ton has subject$ ! proconsul> fa/i ( ,asia ,m9or to a fre% & rigor\s scrut9y #ajc3c4 ,?is ,/atius ,quadratus is m5tion$ by ! orator ,ari/ides2 & by an inve/igation ( ! *ronology ( ,ari/ides' life1 ) ! aid ( newly-discov]$ inscriptions1 ,m4 ,wadd+ton arrives at ! result t ,quadratus 0 proconsul 9 #aed1 #aee2 &1 z ,polyc>p 0 m>tyr$ 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( ! ye>1 8 m>tyrdom mu/ be dat$ ,a4,d4 #aee4 ,?is result is accept$ by ,m4 ,r5an #ajd3a1 & sub/antially also by ,hilg5feld & ,lipsius #ajd3b1 :o h[ev] 7= reasons into :i* x is unnecess>y to ent] "h7 po/pones ! m>tyrdom to ! foll[+ ye>1 ,a4,d4 #aef4 ,m4 ,wadd+ton's argum5ts seem conclusive1 & ?is rectification ( date removes "s /umbl+-blocks4 ,! relations betwe5 ,/ ,john & ,polyc>p = in/ance1 z report$ by ,ir5aeus & o!rs1 no long] pres5t any difficulty1 :5 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! lives ( ! two ov]lap ea* o!r is ?us ext5d$4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion v excusably adopts ! receiv$ date ( ,polyc>p's m>tyrdom1 be+ unaw>e1 z x w\ld seem1 ( ^! rec5t inve/igations4 ,9 ?is acc\nt ( ,polyc>p1 ,i h assum$ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le ascrib$ to him2 b ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion has tak5 8 side ) ^? writ]s :o condemn x z spuri\s1 & ,i am !re=e oblig$ to give reasons = ?is confid5ce4 ,s f> z reg>ds ext]nal te/imony1 x mu/ be confess$ t ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p pres5ts itself ) cr$5tials ( exceptional value4 ,! in/ances are v r>e inde$ :]e a "w ( antiquity c claim ! direct te/imony ( a pupil ( ! writ] to :om x is ascrib$4 ,! /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus respect+ ! au?or%ip ( ?is ,epi/le is explicit2 & inde$1 z ! ref]5ce is n d5i$ ei!r by ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion or by o!r critics1 l ,lipsius & ,hilg5feld1 :o nev]!less condemn ! ,epi/le z spuri\s1 ,i am sav$ all tr\ble 9 e/abli%+ its adequacy4 ,our au?or inde$ is cont5t to set x aside1 because '! te/imony ( ,ir5aeus is n 444 entitl$ to mu* weight1 inasmu* z 8 int]c\rse ) ,polyc>p 0 evid5tly conf9$ to a %ort p]iod ( 8 extreme y\?1 & we h no reason to suppose t he _h any subsequ5t communication ) him4' #aje3a ,i d n see h[ ! notice ( ,ir5aeus ju/ifies ! /atem5t t ! p]iod 0 %ort2 b ! passage has be5 giv5 above1 & ! read] may judge = himself4 ,nor does x seem probable1 consid]+ t ! communications betwe5 ,asia ,m9or & s\!rn ,gaul 7 close & frequ5t1 t ! pupil %\ld altoge!r h lo/ sight ( ! ma/] :om he rev]$1 :5 he migrat$ to 8 new & di/ant home 9 ! we/4 ,b1 ev5 ?\gh all ?is be grant$1 ! fact /ill rema9s1 t ! te/imony is exceptionally good & w\ld 9 ord9>y cases be reg>d$ z q decisive4 ,i d n say t x is impossible ,ir5aeus c\ld h be5 mi/ak52 !re is always risk ( error 9 human te/imony2 b ,i ma9ta9 t1 unless we are requir$ to apply a :olly diff]5t /&>d ( evid5ce "h f t :i* is held satisfactory 9 o!r cases1 we approa* ?is ,epi/le ) a v /rong gu>antee ( its au!nticity1 :i* c only be invalidat$ by solid & conv9c+ pro(s1 & aga9/ :i* hypo!tical comb9ations & +5i\s surmises are p[]less #aje3b4 ,:e!r ! objections adduc$ by ! impugn]s ( ?is ,epi/le are ( ?is "*1 ! read] w see pres5tly4 ,f ! ext]nal we turn to ! int]nal evid5ce4 ,we are ask$ to believe t ?is lett] 0 =g$ on ! conf9es ( ! age ( ,ir5aeus & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,b c any?+ be m unlike ! ecclesia/ical lit]ature ( ?is lat] g5]ation1 :e!r we reg>d ! use ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 or ! notices ( ecclesia/ical ord]1 or ! /atem5ts ( !ological doctr9e8 ,! ,evangelical quotations are /ill giv5 7z 9 ,clem5t ( ,rome7 ) ! =mula1 ',! ,"l said2' ! passages f ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les are /ill1 = ! mo/ "p1 indirect & anonym\s4 ,?\gh two or ?ree *apt]s are devot$ to injunctions respect+ ! m9i/ry ( ! ,*ur*1 !re is n an allusion to episcopacy f beg9n+ to end4 ,?\gh ! writ]'s ideas ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ practically leave no?+ to be desir$1 yet ^! ideas are /ill held 9 solution1 & h n yet cry/alliz$ into ! dogmatic =ms :i* *>act]ize ! lat] g5]ation4 ,& f fir/ to la/ ?is ,epi/le is sil5t ^u ^? que/ions :i* int]e/$ ! ,*ur* 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury4 ,( ,montanism1 ( ! ,pas*al controv]sy1 ( ! develop$ ,gno/ic h]esies ( ?is p]iod1 x says no?+4 ,a suppos$ ref]5ce to ,m>cion ,i %all h to discuss pres5tly4 ,= ! mom5t x is suffici5t to say t an allusion s vague & po9tless z ?is w\ld be mu/ c]ta9ly h miss$ its aim4 ,b ?is argum5t f int]nal evid5ce ga9s /r5g? :5 consid]$ f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,! only intelligible !ory--inde$1 s f> z ,i rememb]1 ! only attempt at a !ory--(f]$ to acc\nt = ?is ,epi/le by ^? :o d5y its g5u95ess or its integrity1 connects x closely ) ! ,ignatian lett]s4 ,if =g$1 x 0 =g$ by ! same h& :i* wrote ! sev5 ,vossian ,epi/les2 if int]polat$1 x 0 int]polat$ by ! p]son :o exp&$ ! ?ree g5u9e ,epi/les into ! sev54 ,accord+ to ei!r hypo!sis1 ! object 0 to recomm5d ! ,ignatian =g]y on ! au?ority ( a great ,dame2 ! motive betrays itself 9 ! ?irte5? *apt]1 :]e ,polyc>p is repres5t$ z s5d+ sev]al ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les to ! ,philippians along ) 8 own lett]4 ,?is !ory is at all ev5ts intelligible2 &1 s f> z ,i c see1 x is ! only rational !ory ( :i* ! case admits4 ,let u ask !n1 :e!r !re is any improbability 9 ! circum/ances1 z "h repres5t$4 ,ignatius _h /ay$ at ,philippi on 8 way to m>tyrdom2 ! ,philippians _h be5 deeply impress$ by _! int]c\rse ) him2 writ+ to ,polyc>p aft]w>ds1 !y _h reque/$ him to s5d !m a copy ( ! m>tyr's lett] or lett]s to him2 he complies ) ! reque/1 & app5ds also copies ( o!r lett]s writt5 by ,ignatius1 :i* he happ5$ to h 9 8 possession4 ,is ?is at all unnatural8 ,suppose on ! o!r h&1 t ! lett] ( ,polyc>p _h conta9$ no su* ref]5ce to ,ignatius & 8 ,epi/les1 w\ld x n h be5 reg>d$ z a highly suspici\s circum/ance1 t1 writ+ to ! ,philippians s soon aft] ,ignatius _h visit$ bo? ,*ur*es1 ,polyc>p %\ld h said no?+ ab\t s rem>kable a man8 ,:5 ,i see h[ ?is argum5t f sil5ce is work$ 9 o!r cases1 ,i _c d\bt t x w\ld h be5 pli$ "h z a =midable objection ei!r to ! tru? ( ! ,ignatian /ory1 or to ! g5u95ess ( ,polyc>p's ,epi/le1 or to bo?4 ,my conclusion is t ?is notice proves no?+ ei!r way1 :5 x /&s alone4 ,if ! o!r cont5ts ( ! ,polyc>pian ,epi/le are que/ionable1 !n x en=ces our misgiv+s4 ,if n1 !n ?is use ( ! notice is only ano!r illu/ration ( ! ov]-suspici\s temp]am5t ( mod]n criticism1 :i*1 z ,i v5tur$ to sugge/ 9 an e>li] pap]1 mu/ be z fatal to calm & reasonable judgm5t 9 matt]s ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 z x is manife/ly 9 matt]s ( common life4 ,! "q !re=e is n>r[$ to ?is issue1 :e!r ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p be>s evid5ce 9 its /yle & diction or 9 its modes ( ?\ght or 9 any o!r way1 t x 0 writt5 by ! same h& :i* p5n$ ! ,ignatian lett]s4 ,& "h ,i v5ture to say t1 h[ev] we te/ ^! docum5ts1 ! contra/ is v /rik+2 m /rik+ 9 fact ?an we %\ld h expect$ to f9d betwe5 two ,*ri/ian writ]s :o wrote ab\t ! same "t & 7 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ea* o!r4 ,i w apply "s ( ^! te/s4 #a4 ,! /ress :i* ,ignatius lays on episcopacy z ! key/one ( ecclesia/ical ord] & ! gu>antee ( !ological or?odoxy1 is well kn[n4 ,inde$ x is (t5 suppos$ t ! ,ignatian ,lett]s 7 writt5 = ?is express purpose4 ,9 ,polyc>p's ,epi/le on ! o!r h&1 z ,i h already said1 !re is no m5tion ( episcopacy4 ,he speaks at l5g? ab\t ! duties ( ! presbyt]s1 ( ! deacons1 ( ! wid[s1 & o!rs1 b ! bi%op is entirely ignor$4 ,m especially he directs ! y\ng] m5 to be ob$i5t to '! presbyt]s & deacons1 z to ,god & ,*ri/1' b no?+ is said ab\t ob$i5ce to ! bi%op #ajh3a4 ,at a lat] po9t he has occasion to speak ( an (f5ce committ$ by "o ,val5s1 a presbyt]1 b "h aga9 !re is ! same sil5ce4 ,all ?is is q intelligible1 if ! lett] is g5u9e1 on ! supposition ei!r t !re 0 a vacancy 9 ! ,philippian bi%opric at ?is "t1 or1 z seems m probable1 t ! ecclesia/ical organization !re 0 n yet fully develop$2 b x is1 s f> z ,i c see1 q inconceivable t a =g] ^: object 0 to recomm5d episcopacy %\ld h pictur$ a /ate ( ?+s s damag+ to 8 ma9 purpose4 ,! suppos$ =g] inde$ %[s himself ?r\gh\t q indiff]5t on ?is subject4 ,!re is e reason = believ+ t ,polyc>p 0 ,bi%op ( ,smyrna at ?is "t2 yet 9 ! head+ ( ! lett] he does n ass]t 8 title1 b writes m]ely1 ',polyc>p & ! presbyt]s ) him4' #b4 ,if we turn f ecclesia/ical organization to doctr9al /atem5t1 ! contra/ /ill rema9s4 ,we meet ) no su* /rong expressions z are f\nd 9 ! ,ignatian lett]s2 ,polyc>p1 nev] speaks ( '! blood ( ,god1' '! passion ( my ,god1' ',jesus ,*ri/ our ,god1' & ! l4 ,ev5 9 ! common] modes ( designat+ our ,"l1 a diff]5ce is p]ceptible4 ,?us ! fav\rite mode ( expression ) ,ignatius is ',jesus ,*ri/' simply1 :i* occurs ne>ly a hundr$ times2 :]eas 9 ,polyc>p x is only f\nd twice 7"o passage be+ a quotation74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! usual expression 9 ,polyc>p is ',our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1' :i* app>5tly occurs only twice 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 & 9 bo? in/ances ) v>i\s read+s4 ,aga9 ! comb9ation ',god & ,*ri/1' occurr+ ?ree times 9 ,polyc>p1 does n appe> once 9 ! ,ignatian lett]s #ajh3b4 #c4 ,! div]g5ce ( ! two writ]s z reg>ds ,scriptural quotations is /ill m rem>kable4 ,?\gh ! sev5 ,ignatian lett]s are toge!r at lea/ five times z long z ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 ! quotations f ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les 9 ! latt] are _m times m num]\s1 z well z m precise1 ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,:ole passages 9 ,polyc>p are made up ( su* quotations /rung toge!r1 :ile 9 ,ignatius !y are v r>e1 be+ = ! mo/ "p epigrammatic adaptations & isolat$ co9cid5ces ( language or ?\ght4 ,nor inde$ is _! range coext5sive4 ,?us ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 z ,i po9t$ out 9 a =m] article #aji3a1 is p]vad$ ) ! language ( ,/ ,pet]'s ,fir/ ,epi/le1 b 9 ! ,ignatian lett]s !re is no trace ( its use #aji3b4 #d4 ,b ?is div]g5ce only =ms "p ( a /ill broad] & m decisive contra/4 ,! pr(us5ess ( quotation 9 ,polyc>p's ,epi/le arises f a want ( orig9ality4 ,! writ] reproduces ! ?\ghts & words ( o!rs1 because 8 m9d is ess5tially receptive & n creative4 ,he is altoge!r want+ 9 indep5d5ce ( ?\ght4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ignatian lett]s are rem>kable = _! individuality4 ,( all e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s !y are pre-em95t 9 ?is respect4 ,!y are full ( idiomatic expressions1 qua9t images1 unexpect$ turns ( ?\ght & language4 ,!y exhibit _! *>act]i/ic ideas1 :i* obvi\sly h a high value = ! writ]1 = he recurs to !m aga9 & aga91 b :i* ! read] (t5 f9ds x extremely difficult to grasp1 ow+ to _! s+ul>ity4 ,i v5ture to ?9k t any "o :o w c>efully consid] ^! contra/s--m especially ! la/1 z ext5d+ ov] ! :ole field--mu/ be /ruck ) ! impossibility ( ! !ory :i* makes ?is lett] "p ( ! assum$ ,ignatian =g]ies4 ,?is hypo!sis requires u to believe t a v uncritical age produc$ a lit]>y fiction1 :i*1 = subtlety & naturalness ( execution1 leaves ! mo/ skilful =g]ies ( ! n9ete5? c5tury f> beh9d4 ,& ! hypo!sis ( int]polation is encumb]$ ) difficulties ( ! same k9d1 & h>dly less consid]able4 ,?is hypo!sis 0 %ap$ & develop$ by ,rits*l #aaj3a1 ^: !ory has be5 accept$ by "s lat] writ]s4 ,he supposes t ! great] "p ( ! ,epi/le is ! g5u9e production ( ! p]son ^: "n x be>s1 writt5 h[ev]1 n imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( ,ignatius1 b 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ,polyc>p's long life4 ,! ?ree passages :i* relate to ,ignatius1 toge!r ) o!r p>ts :i* he def9es1 he supposes to h be5 int]polat$ by ! same =g] :o amplifi$ ! ?ree g5u9e lett]s ( ! m>tyr ( ,antio* into ! sev5 ( ! ,vossian collection4 ,b if any "o w take ! passages :i* ,rits*l has /ruck out z int]polat$1 he w f9d t ! g5]al /yle is ! same2 t individual expressions1 m especially !ological expressions1 are ! same2 t ! quotations are f ! same range ( books1 z 9 ! o!r p>ts1 ext5d+ ev5 to co9cid5ces ( expression ) ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome2 & t altoge!r !re is no?+ to sep>ate "o "p f ano!r1 except ! a priori assumption t ! ref]5ces to ,ignatius mu/ be unhi/orical4 ,i d n "k :e!r ^! facts h be5 po9t$ out be=e1 & ,i _c d m "h ?an h9t at l9es ( inve/igation :i* any "o may foll[ up = himself4 ,b :5 ! ph5om5a are fully recogniz$1 ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! difficulties 9 ,rits*l's !ory w be felt to be _m times great] ?an ^? :i* x is fram$ to remove4 ,( ! g5]al "* ( ! ,epi/le1 z affect+ ! "q ( its g5u95ess1 ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion has said no?+4 ,b he has reproduc$ special objections :i* h be5 urg$ by previ\s writ]s2 & to ^! ,i wi% to call att5tion1 because !y are v good1 & n unfav\rable1 illu/rations ( ! /yle ( criticism :i* is 9 vogue ) ! negative s*ool4 #a4 ,our au?or writes 9 ! fir/ place3-- ,we h j se5 t ! m>tyr-j\rney ( ,ignatius to ,rome is1 = cog5t reasons1 decl>$ to be :olly fabul\s1 & ! epi/les purport+ to be writt5 dur+ t j\rney mu/ be held to be spuri\s4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 h[ev]1 n only ref]s to ! m>tyr-j\rney 7c4 ix71 b to ! ,ignatian ,epi/les :i* are inau!ntic 7c4 xiii71 & ! manife/ inf]5ce is t x also is spuri\s4 ,( ! fabul\s "* ( ! m>tyr-j\rney ,i h already dispos$ 9 my previ\s article on ! ,ignatian lett]s #aaa3a4 ,= ! pres5t ,i res]ve :at ,i h to say conc]n+ ! assum$ ref]5ce to ! 'inau!ntic' ,epi/les1 z ?is objection w reappe> aga94 #b4 ,our au?or on a lat] page urges t-- ,9 ! ,epi/le itself1 !re are _m ana*ronisms4 ,9 *4 ix ! 'bless$ ,ignatius' is ref]r$ to z already a consid]able "t dead1 & he is held up ) ,zosimus & ,rufus1 & also ) ,paul & ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les1 z examples ( pati5ce3 m5 :o h n run 9 va91 b are ) ! ,"l2 b 9 *4 xiii he is spok5 ( z liv+1 & in=mation is reque/$ reg>d+ him1 '& ^? :o are ) him4' ,to ?is objection ,i _h already suppli$ ! answ] #aaa3b :i* has be5 giv5 _m times be=e1 & :i*1 z x seem$ to me1 ! au?or ought 9 fairness to h notic$4 ,i _h po9t$ out t we h only ! ,lat9 v]sion "h1 & t ! pres5t t5se is obvi\sly due to ! translator4 ,! orig9al w\ld naturally be ,greek3 ton sun auto1 :i* ! translator1 be+ oblig$ to supply a sub/antive v]b1 has c>elessly r5d]$ '8 qui cum eo sunt4' ,if any "o w consid] :at has be5 j said ab\t ! g5]al "* ( ! ,epi/le1 he w see t ?is is ! only reasonable explanation ( ! fact1 :e!r we reg>d ! "w z g5u9e or n4 ,if x is n g5u9e1 ! =g] has execut$ 8 task ) consummate skill & appreciation2 & yet "h he is *>g$ ) a piece ( bungl+ :i* a s*oolboy w\ld h avoid$4 ,x is n m]ely an ana*ronism1 b a self-contradiction ( ! mo/ pat5t k9d4 ,! writ]1 on ?is hypo!sis1 has n made up 8 m9d :e!r ,ignatius is or is n suppos$ to be dead at ! "t1 & he repres5ts ! fact diff]5tly 9 two diff]5t p>ts #aab3a4 ,b our au?or app>5tly is q unaw>e t ,greek3 hoi sun auto might mean equally well1 '^? :o 7 ) him1' & ^? :o are ) him4' ,at lea/ ,i _c atta* any o!r mean+ to 8 reply1 9 :i* he retorts ^u me my own words us$ else:]e1 & speaks ( my argum5t z be+ wreck$ ^u ?is rock ( gramm>4' #aab3b ,if s1 ,i c only ref] him to ,?ucydides or any ,greek hi/orian1 :]e he w f9d scores ( simil> in/ances4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ! expression itself is q neutral z reg>ds "t1 mean+ no?+ m ?an '8 companions1' & t ! t5se mu/ be suppli$ accord+ to ! context or ! kn[n circum/ances ( ! case4 ,b ,i am n sorry t our au?or has fall5 into ?is error1 = x has l$ me to inve/igate ! usage ( ,polyc>p & 8 translator1 & has ?us elicit$ ! foll[+ facts3--7#a7 ,unless he dep>t$ f 8 ord9>y usage1 ,polyc>p w\ld h employ$ ! %ort expression ,greek3 hoi sun auto or ,greek3 hoi met' aut\ 9 su* a case4 ,?us he has ,greek3 ou sun auto 9 ! op5+ p>agraph1 & ,greek3 tois ex humon 9 c4 #i1 ) o!r simil> di/ances4 7#b7 ,! translator1 if he _h ! words ,greek3 tois sun auto be=e him1 w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly supply ! sub/antive v]b1 z he has done 9 ! op5+1 'qui cum eo sunt presbyt]i2' 9 c4 #c1 'illis qui tunc erant hom9ibus1' & 'quae e/ 9 ,deo2' 9 c4 #i1 'qui ex vobis sunt2' & probably also 9 c4 #ab1 'qui sunt sub coelo' 7! ,greek is want+ 9 ?is la/ passage74 7#c7 ,! translator1 9 supply+ ! v]b1 0 z likely z n to give ! wrong t5se4 ,9 fact1 9 ! only o!r passage 9 ! ,epi/le :]e x 0 possible to make a mi/ake1 he has gone wrong on ?is v po9t2 he has translat$ ,greek3 h5 kai eidete 444 en allois tois ex humon me*anically by a pres5t t5se1 'quam et vidi/is 444 9 aliis qui ex vobis sunt1' ?\gh ! p]sons are m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,/ ,ignatius & ,/ ,paul1 & ?\gh x is di/9ctly /at$ imm$iately aft]w>ds t !y all 7 dead1 hav+1 z we may inf] f ! context1 end$ _! life by m>tyrdom4 ,9 fact1 he has made ! v same blund] :i* ,i ascribe to him "h4 ,?is objection !re=e may be set aside = ev]4 ,b ! notices :i* ,i h be5 consid]+ sugge/ ano!r reflection4 ,is ! hi/orical position :i* ! writ] ( ?is lett] takes up at all l ! inv5tion ( a =g]8 ,w\ld he h ?\ght ( plac+ himself at ! mom5t ( "t :5 ,ignatius is suppos$ to h be5 m>tyr$1 b :5 ! report ( ! circum/ances _h n yet rea*$ ,smyrna8 ,if he _h *os5 ?is mom5t1 w\ld he n h made x cle>1 in/ead ( leav+ 8 read]s to inf] x by piec+ toge!r notices :i* are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ,epi/le--notices moreov]1 :i*1 ?\gh entirely consi/5t ) ea* o!r1 are s f> f obvi\s t 8 translator has be5 l$ a/ray by !m1 & t mod]n critics h wov5 out ( !m ^! entanglem5ts :i* x has tak5 me s mu* "t to unravel8 #c4 ,b our au?or proce$s3-- ,moreov]1 al?\gh ?us spok5 ( z alive1 ! writ] already kn[s ( 8 ,epi/les1 & ref]s1 9 ! plural1 to ^? writt5 by him 'to u1 & all ! re/ :i* we h by u4' ,! ref]5ce "h1 x w be obs]v$1 is n only to ! ,epi/les to ! ,smyrnaeans & to ,polyc>p himself1 b to o!r spuri\s epi/les :i* are n includ$ 9 ! ,syriac v]sion4 ,i h already %[n t ,ignatius is n spok5 ( z alive2 b1 if he _h be5 alive1 ,i d n see :y ,polyc>p %\ld n h kn[n ( 8 ,epi/les1 see+ t ( ! sev5 ,vossian lett]s f\r claim to h be5 writt5 f ,smyrna1 :5 ! sa9t 0 9 "s s5se ,polyc>p's gue/1 & two to h be5 writt5 to ,smyrna4 ,!re=e ( ! sev5 ,epi/les1 suppos+ !m to be g5u9e1 ,polyc>p w\ld almo/ necess>ily h be5 acqua9t$ ) six4 ,by ! 'o!r spuri\s ,epi/les1' :i* ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p is suppos$ to recognize1 ,i presume t our au?or means ! f\r ( ! ,vossian collection1 :i* h no place 9 ! ,syriac4 ,if s1 ,i w\ld reply t1 suppos+ ! ?ree ,syriac ,epi/les to repres5t ! only g5u9e lett]s extant1 ^! ,epi/les !mselves be> te/imony to ! fact t ,ignatius wrote sev]al o!rs besides2 = 9 "o passage 9 ^! ,syriac ,epi/les 7,rom4 #d7 ! m>tyr says1 ',i write to all ! ,*ur*es & *>ge all m54' ,& aga91 :5 ,polyc>p writes1 ,greek3 tas epi/olas ,ignati\s tas pemph!isas hem9 hup' aut\ x is suffici5t to adv]t to ! fact t1 l ! ,lat9 epi/olae1 ! plural ,greek3 epi/olai is frequ5tly us$ conv]tibly ) ! s+ul> ,greek3 epi/ole = a s+le lett] #aad3a1 & inde$ appe>s to be s us$ 9 an e>li] passage by ,polyc>p himself ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,philippians #aad3b2 s t ! notice is satisfi$ by ! s+le ,epi/le to ,polyc>p :i* is includ$ 9 ! ,syriac lett]s1 & does n necess>ily imply also ! ,epi/le to ! ,smyrnaeans :i* has no place !re4 ,b ( ?is passage g5]ally ,i w\ld say1 t ?\gh x may be a "q :e!r ! language does n fav\r ! g5u95ess ( ! ,vossian lett]s1 z aga9/ ! ,curetonian1 x _c be tak5 to impugn ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p itself1 au!nticat$1 z ?is ,epi/le is1 by ,ir5aeus1 & exhibit+1 z we h se51 e m>k ( g5u95ess 9 itself4 #d4 ,our au?or !n cont9ues3-- ,dallaeus po9t$ out long ago1 t *4 xiii abruptly int]rupts ! conclusion ( ! ,epi/le4 ,9 :at s5se ?is *apt] c be said to int]rupt ! conclusion x is difficult to say4 ,x occupies exactly ! place :i* w\ld naturally be assign$ to su* p]sonal matt]s2 = x foll[s ^u ! ma9 purport ( ! lett]1 :ile x imm$iately prec$es ! recomm5dation ( ! be>] & ! f9al salutation4 ,on ! same %[+ ! conclusion ( ! great] numb] ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les is 'abruptly int]rupt$4' #e4 ,! next argum5t is ( ano!r k9d3-- ,! writ] vehem5tly d5\nces1 z already widely spread1 ! ,gno/ic h]esy & o!r =ms ( false doctr9e :i* did n exi/ until ! "t ( ,m>cion1 to :om & to ^: foll[]s he ref]s 9 unmi/akable t]ms4 ,an expression is us$ 9 *4 vii 9 speak+ ( ^! h]etics1 :i* ,polyc>p is report$ by ,ir5aeus to h actually appli$ to ,m>cion 9 p]son1 dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #afj4 ,he is said to h call$ ,m>cion '! fir/-born ( ,satan1' 7,greek3 prototokos t\ ,satana71 & ! same t]m is employ$ 9 ?is ,epi/le ) reg>d to e "o :o holds su* false doctr9es4 ,! developm5t ( ^! h]esies1 !re=e1 implies a date = ! composition ( ! ,epi/le1 at e>lie/1 aft] ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 a date :i* is fur!r confirm$ by o!r circum/ances4 ,i w take ! latt] "p ( ?is /atem5t fir/1 correct+ h[ev] "o or two errors ( detail4 ,m4 ,wadd+ton's inve/igations1 to :i* ,i h already allud$ #aae3a1 oblige u to place ,polyc>p's visit to ,rome "s few ye>s be=e #afj1 s9ce 8 dea? is fix$ at ,a4,d4 #aee or #aef4 ,aga91 ,ir5aeus does n /ate t ! int]view betwe5 ,polyc>p & ,m>cion took place at ,rome4 ,x may h tak5 place !re1 b x may h occurr$ at an e>li] date 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ( :i* region ,m>cion 0 a native #aae3b4 ,^! h[ev] are n v important matt]s4 ,! po9t ( ! indictm5t lies 9 ! fact t ab\t ,a4,d4 #adj1 e>li] or lat]1 ,polyc>p is report$ to h appli$ ! expression 'fir/-born ( ,satan' to ,m>cion1 :ile 9 ! ,epi/le1 purport+ to h be5 writt5 _m ye>s be=e1 he appe>s z us+ ?is same expression ( o!r ,gno/ic tea*]s4 ,?is argum5t is a good illu/ration ( ! reasons :i* satisfy ev5 m5 l ,lipsius & ,hilg5feld4 ,to any ord9>y judicial m9d1 ,i imag9e1 ?is co9cid5ce1 s f> z x goes1 w\ld appe> to po9t to ,polyc>p z ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le2 = ! two facts come to u on indep5d5t au?ority--! "o f oral tradition ?r\gh ,ir5aeus1 ! o!r 9 a writt5 docum5t old] ?an ,ir5aeus4 ,or1 if ! "o /atem5t arose out ( ! o!r1 ! conv]se relation ( t :i* ?is hypo!sis assumes is mu* m probable4 ,ir5aeus1 z he tells u 9 ! context1 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,epi/le1 & x is q possible t 9 repeat+ ! /ory ( ,polyc>p's int]view ) ,m>cion he inadv]t5tly import$ into x ! expression :i* he _h read 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,b ! indep5d5ce ( ! two is f> m probable4 ,z a fact1 m5 d repeat ! same expressions aga9 & aga91 & ?is ?r\gh\t long p]iods ( _! lives4 ,su* =ms ( spee* arise out ( _! idiosyncrasies1 & s become "p ( !m4 ,?is is a matt] ( common exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! case ( ,polyc>p we happ5 to be in=m$ incid5tally t he _h a habit ( repeat+ fav\rite expressions4 ,ir5aeus1 9 a passage already quot$1 m5tions 8 exclamation1 ',o good ,god1' z "o ( ^! #aaf3a4 ,our au?or h[ev] decl>es t ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le :i* conta9s ?is expression is directly aim$ at ,m>cion & 8 foll[]s2 &1 inasmu* z ,m>cion c h>dly h promulgat$ 8 h]esy be=e ,a4,d4 #acj-adj at ! e>lie/1 ?is fact1 if x be a fact1 condemns z spuri\s a "w :i* pr(esses to h be5 writt5 "s ye>s be=e4 ,b is !re any?+ really *>act]i/ic ( ,m>cion 9 ! description8 ,our au?or does n expla9 himself1 nor c ,i f9d any?+ :i* really ju/ifies ! /atem5t 9 ! writ]s to :om ,i am ref]r$ 9 8 footnote4 ,i turn !re=e to ! words !mselves-- ,= e "o :o do? n confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ has come 9 ! fle%1 is anti*ri/2 & :osoev] do? n confess ! te/imony ( ! cross1 is ( ! devil2 & :osoev] p]v]te? ! oracles ( ! ,"l to 7s]ve7 8 own lu/s1 & sai? t !re is nei!r resurrection nor judgm5t1 ?is man is a fir/-born ( ,satan #aaf3b4 ,to illu/rate ! relation ( ^! d5unciations to ,m>cionite doctr9e1 ,i w suppose a p>allel4 ,i take up a book writt5 by a ,noncon=mi/1 & ,i f9d 9 x an attack 7,i am n conc]n$ ) ! tru? or falsehood ( ! op9ions attack$7 on ! doctr9es ( episcopal succession1 ( sacram5tal grace1 ( baptismal reg5]ation1 & ! l4 ,x is :olly sil5t ab\t claims to ,papal dom9ation1 ab\t infallibility1 ab\t purgatory & indulg5ces1 ab\t ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg9 or ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,am ,i ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t ! writ] is 'ref]r+ 9 unmi/akable t]ms' to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 because ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 9 common ) ! majority ( ,*ur*es1 holds ! doctr9es attack$8 ,w\ld n any reasonable man draw ! v opposite inf]5ce1 & conclude t ! writ] _c mean ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 because !re is absolute sil5ce ab\t ! di/9ctive t5ets ( t ,*ur*8 ,s x is "h4 ,m>cion1 9 common ) almo/ all ,gno/ic sects1 held "s views :i* are "h attack$4 ,b ,m>cion _h also doctr9es ( 8 own1 %>p1 tr5*ant1 & />tl+4 ,m>cion taught t ! ,god ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 a di/9ct be+ f ! ,god ( ! ,old1 :om he id5tifi$ ) ! ,god ( ,nature2 t ^! two ,gods 7 n only di/9ct b antagoni/ic2 t !re 0 an irreconcilable1 int]nec9e feud betwe5 !m2 & t ,jesus ,*ri/ came f ! good ,god to rescue m5 f ! ,god ( ,nature & ( ! ,jews4 ,?is 0 ! head & front ( 8 (f5d+2 & consequ5tly a common *>ge aga9/ him ) or?odox writ]s is t he 'blasphemes ,god4' #aag3a ,( ?is !re is n a h9t 9 ,polyc>p's d5unciation4 ,aga91 ,m>cion reject$ ! au?ority ( ! ,twelve1 d5\nc+ !m z false ,apo/les1 & he conf9$ 8 ,canon to ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les & to a ,paul9e ,gospel4 ,aga91 ,m>cion prohibit$ m>riage1 & ev5 refus$ to baptize m>ri$ p]sons4 ,on ^! po9ts also ,polyc>p is sil5t4 ,b inde$ ! case aga9/ ?is hypo!sis is mu* /rong] ?an w\ld appe> f ! illu/ration :i* ,i h us$4 ,n only is !re no?+ specially *>act]i/ic ( ,m>cion 9 ! h]esy or h]esies d5\nc$ by ,polyc>p1 n only 7 ! doctr9es condemn$ held by div]s o!r tea*]s besides1 b "s ( ! *>ges are q inapplicable to him4 ,! passage 9 "q d5\nces ?ree =ms ( h]etical tea*+1 :i* may or may n h be5 comb9$ 9 "o sect4 ,( ^! ! fir/1 ',:osoev] do? n confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ has come 9 ! fle%1' is capable ( _m int]pretations4 ,x way ref]1 = in/ance1 to ! sep>ationism ( ,c]9?us1 :o ma9ta9$ t ! spiritual ,be+ ,*ri/ desc5d$ on ! man ,jesus aft] ! baptism1 & left ,him be=e ! crucifixion1 s t1 :ile ,jesus suff]$1 ,*ri/ rema9$ impassible #aah3a2 or x may describe ! pure docetism1 :i* ma9ta9$ t our ,"l's body 0 a m]e phantom body1 s t ,8 bir? & life & dea? alike 7 only app>5t1 & n real #aah3b2 or x may h "s ref]5ce diff]5t f ei!r4 ,i _c myself d\bt t ! expression is borr[$ f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john1 & !re x seems to ref] to ,c]9?us1 ! contempor>y ( ! ,apo/le #aah3c2 b ,polyc>p may h us$ x ) a mu* wid] ref]5ce4 ,"u any circum/ances1 ?\gh x w\ld no d\bt apply to ,m>cion1 :o held /rong docetic views1 x w\ld apply to almo/ e sect ( ,gno/ics besides4 ,! same may be said ( ! second position attack$1 ',:osoev] do? n confess ! te/imony ( ! cross1' :i* might include n only div]s ,gno/ic sects1 b _m o!rs z well4 ,b ! case is :olly diff]5t ) ! ?ird1 ',:osoev] p]v]te? ! oracles ( ! ,"l to 7s]ve7 8 own lu/s1 & sai? t !re is nei!r resurrection nor judgm5t4' ,to ?is type ( error1 & ?is only1 ! description 'fir/-born ( ,satan' is appli$ 9 ! text1 & ( ?is ,i v5ture to say t x is altoge!r inapplicable to ,m>cion4 ,no d\bt ,m>cion1 l e o!r h]etical tea*] ( ! second c5tury1 or inde$ ( any c5tury1 did 'p]v]t ! oracles ( ! ,"l' by 8 tortu\s int]pretations2 b he did n p]v]t !m 'to 8 own lu/s4' ,! high moral "* ( ,m>cion 0 unimpea*able1 & is recogniz$ by ! or?odox writ]s ( ! second c5tury2 ! wor/ *>ge :i* !y br+ aga9/ him is disappo9t$ ambition4 ,he 0 an ascetic ( ! mo/ uncompromis+ & rigor\s type4 ,i _c b reg>d x z a significant fact t :5 ,s*olt5 wi%es to fa/5 ?is d5unciation on ,m>cion1 he /ops %ort at 'p]v]t ! oracles ( ! ,"l1' & takes no acc\nt ( ! conclud+ words 'to 8 own lu/s1' ?\gh ^! conta9 ! v /+ ( ! accusation #aai3a4 ,obvi\sly ! allusion "h is to t ant9omian lic5se :i* _m e>ly ,gno/ic tea*]s manag$ to extract f ! spiritual tea*+ ( ! ,gospel4 ,we f9d g]ms ( ?is immoral doctr9e a full half c5tury be=e ! pr(ess$ date ( ,polyc>p's ,epi/le1 9 ! incipi5t ,gno/icism :i* ,/ ,paul rebukes at ,cor9? #aai3b4 ,we h /ill cle>] indications ( x 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les2 & :5 we rea* ! epo* ( ! ,apocalypse1 :i* our au?or himself places some:]e 9 ! ye> #fh or #fi1 ! evil is almo/ full bl[n #aai3c4 ,?is int]pretation becomes m evid5t :5 we consid] ! expression 9 ! light ( ! accompany+ clause1 :]e ! same p]sons are describ$ z say+ t !re 0 'no resurrection nor judgm5t4' ,?is c h>dly mean any?+ else ?an t !y d5i$ ! doctr9e ( a future retribution1 & s broke loose f ! moral re/ra9ts impos$ by fe> ( consequ5ces4 ,"h aga91 !y _h _! =]unn]s 9 ^? lic5ti\s speculators belong+ to ! ,*ri/ian community at ,cor9? :o ma9ta9$ t '!re is no resurrection ( ! dead1' #abj3a & ^: ,epicurean lives 7 a logical consequ5ce ( _! ,epicurean doctr9e4 ,& "h1 too1 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les supply a p]t95t illu/ration4 ,if we are at a loss to conceive h[ !y c\ld h extract$ su* a doctr9e out ( '! oracles ( ! ,"l1' ! difficulty is expla9$ by ! p>allel case ( ,hym5aeus & ,philetus1 :o taught t '! resurrection _h already tak5 place1' #abj3b or 9 o!r words1 t all su* t]ms mu/ be und]/ood 9 a metaphorical s5se z apply+ to ! spiritual *ange1 ! new bir? or resuscitation ( ! believ] 9 ! pres5t _w'4 ,?us ev]y?+ hangs toge!r4 ,b su* tea*+ is altoge!r =eign to ,m>cion4 ,he did inde$ d5y ! resurrection ( ! fle%1 & ! future body ( ! r$eem$ #abj3d4 ,?is 0 a necess>y t5et ( all ,gno/ics1 :o held ! inh]5t malignity ( matt]4 ,9 ?is s5se only he d5i$ a resurrection2 & he did n d5y a judgm5t at all4 ,hold+1 l ! ,ca?olic ,*ri/ian1 t m5 w\ld be rew>d$ or puni%$ h]eaft] accord+ to _! de$s 9 ?is life1 he 0 oblig$ to recognize a judgm5t 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,8 ,supreme ,god inde$1 :om he repres5t$ z pure b5efic5ce1 c\ld n be a judge or an av5g]1 b he got ov] ! difficulty by assign+ ! "w ( judg+ & puni%+ to ! ,demiurge #abj3e4 ,to rev]t to my illu/ration1 ?is is z ?\gh our ,noncon=mi/ writ] ?rew out a *>ge ( ,era/ianism aga9/ ! anonym\s body ( ,*ri/ians :om he 0 attack+1 & :om nev]!less x 0 s\ght to id5tify ) ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 #f4 ,! next argum5t is ( a :olly diff]5t k9d3-- ,! writ] evid5tly assumes a position 9 ! ,*ur* to :i* ,polyc>p c\ld only h atta9$ 9 ! latt] "p ( 8 life1 & ( :i* we fir/ h evid5ce ab\t ,a4,d4 #afj1 :5 he 0 deput$ to ,rome = ! ,pas*al discussion4 ,?is argum5t w n appeal to ,engli%m5 ) any p[]1 :5 !y rememb] t ! able/ & mo/ p[]ful ,prime ,m9i/] :om con/itutional ,engl& has se5 assum$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty-f\r4 ,b ,polyc>p 0 n a "y man at ?is "t4 ,m4 ,wadd+ton's inve/igations "h aga9 /& u 9 good /ead4 ,if we take ! e>li] date ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,ignatius1 ,polyc>p 0 n[ 9 8 =tie? ye> at lea/2 if ! lat] date1 he 0 close ^u fifty4 ,he _h be5 a disciple1 app>5tly a fav\rite disciple1 ( ! ag$ ,apo/le ,/ ,john4 ,he 0 specially comm5d$ by ,ignatius1 :o d\btless _h spok5 ( him to ! ,philippians4 ,hi/ory does n po9t to any p]son aft] ! dea? ( ,ignatius ^: reputation /ood ne>ly s high among 8 contempor>ies4 ,s f> z any inf]5ce c be drawn f sil5ce1 he 0 n[ ! "o prom95t man 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,:at wond] !n t ! ,philippians %\ld h ask$ him to write to !m8 ,to ?is reque/1 ,i suppose1 our au?or ref]s :5 he speaks ( ! writ] 'assum+ a position 9 ! ,*ur*2' = !re is no?+ else to ju/ify x4 ,on 8 own "p ,polyc>p writes ) s+ul> mode/y4 ,he associates 8 presbyt]s ) himself 9 ! op5+ address2 he says t he %\ld n h v5tur$ to write z he does1 if he _h n receiv$ a reque/ f ! ,philippians2 he ev5 deprecates any assumption ( sup]iority #aba3a4 #g4 ,b our au?or cont9ues3-- ,& ?r\gh\t1 ! ,epi/le depicts ! develop$ organization ( t p]iod4 ,?is argum5t mu/1 ,i ?9k1 /rike any "o :o has read ! ,epi/le z surpris+4 ,!re is1 z ,i h said already1 no ref]5ce to episcopacy f beg9n+ to end #abb3a2 & 9 ?is respect x pres5ts ! /ronge/ contra/ to writ+s ( ! age ( ,ir5aeus1 to :i* x is "h suppos$ to belong4 ,ir5aeus & 8 contempor>ies are s famili> ) episcopacy z a traditional in/itution1 t !y are n aw>e ( any p]iod :5 x 0 n univ]sal2 & m especially :5 !y are deal+ ) h]etics1 !y appeal to ! episcopate z ! deposit>y ( ! or?odox & ,apo/olic tradition 9 matt]s ( doctr9e & practice4 ,! abs5ce ( all su* language 9 ,polyc>p's ,epi/le is a /rong te/imony to its e>ly date4 #h4 ,la/ly1 ano!r argum5t is alleg$3-- ,hilg5feld has po9t$ out ano!r indication ( ! same date1 9 ! injunction ',pray = ! k+s' 7,orate pro regibus71 :i*1 9 #a ,pet] ii4 #ag1 is ',hon\r ! k+' 7,greek3 ton basilea timate71 :i* accords ) ! p]iod aft] ,anton9us ,pius _h elevat$ ,m>cus ,aurelius to jo9t sov]eignty 7,a4,d4 #adg71 or bett] /ill1 ) t 9 :i* ,m>cus ,aurelius appo9t$ ,lucius ,v]us 8 colleague1 ,a4,d4 #afa4 ,"h we h only to ask :y ,orate pro regibus %\ld be translat$ ',pray = ! k+s1' r ?an ',pray = k+s1' & ! gho/ ( a divid$ sov]eignty vani%es be=e ! spell4 ,!re is no reason :atev] = suppos+ t ! expression has any?+ m ?an a g5]al ref]5ce4 ,ev5 if ! words _h /ood 9 ! orig9al ,greek3 hup] ton basileon & n ,greek3 hup] basileon1 ! pres5ce ( ! article w\ld n1 accord+ to ord9>y ,greek usage1 necess>ily limit ! ref]5ce to any p>ticul> sov]eigns4 ,b !re is v good reason = believ+ t ! def9ite article _h no place 9 ! orig9al4 ,! writ] ( ?is ,epi/le else:]e %[s acqua9tance ) ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y4 ,?us 9 "o place 7,sec4 #d71 he comb9es two passages :i* occur 9 close proximity 9 t ,epi/le2 ',! love ( money is ! s\rce ( all tr\bles 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #aj73 kn[+ !re=e t we br\ght no?+ into ! _w1 nei!r are we able to c>ry any?+ out 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #g71 let u arm ourselves' etc4 ,h5ce x becomes highly probable t he has d]iv$ ?is injunction also f ! same ,epi/le2 ',i exhort fir/ ( all1 t supplications1 pray]s1 int]cessions1 ?anksgiv+s1 be made = all m52 = k+s1 & = all t are 9 au?ority' 7ii4 #b7 #abc3a1 :]e x is ,greek3 hup] basileon4 ,aft] 8 mann]1 ,polyc>p comb9es ?is ) o!r expressions t he f9ds 9 ! ,evangelical & ,apo/olical writ+s 7,ephes4 vi4 #ah1 ,matt4 v4 #dd1 ,phil4 iii4 #ah71 & gives ! wide/ possible range to 8 injunction2 ',pray = all ! sa9ts2 pray also = k+s & pot5tates & pr9ces1 & = !m t p]secute & hate y1 & = ! enemies ( ! cross1 etc4' ,we may !re=e bid f>ewell to ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,lucius ,v]us4 ,our au?or at ! outset speaks ( '"s critics :o affirm ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le attribut$ to him ,polyc>p1 b :o c]ta9ly d n ju/ify _! conclusion by any argum5ts nor attempt to refute adv]se reasons4' ,he himself passes ov] 9 sil5ce all answ]s :i* h be5 giv5 to ! objections alleg$ by him4 ,d\btless he consid]$ !m unwor?y ( notice4 ,i h endeav\r$ to supply ?is lacuna 9 8 "w2 & ! read] w judge = himself on :i* side ! weight ( argum5t lies4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion 9 8 ,reply1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,janu>y numb] ( ! ,=tnightly ,review1 po9t$ out two inaccuracies 9 my fir/ article4 ,9 adv]t+ to 8 sil5ce respect+ ! occurr5ce ( ! ,logos 9 ! ,apocalypse #abc3b1 ,i ought to h conf9$ my rem>k to ! portion ( 8 "w 9 :i* he is contra/+ ! doctr9al tea*+ ( ?is book ) t ( ! ,apocalypse1 :]e especially "s m5tion ( x 0 to be expect$4 ,he has else:]e allud$1 z 8 ref]5ces %[1 to ! occurr5ce ( ! t]m 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,! o!r po9t relates to ! passage 9 :i* he *>ges ,dr ,we/cott ) ins9uat+ 9 an und]h& way :at he knew n to be true respect+ ,basilides4 ,:ile comm5t+ on 8 omission ( ,dr ,we/cott's inv]t$ commas 9 ! extract :i* ,i gave #abd3a1 ,i ov]look$ ! fact t he _h j be=e quot$ ,dr ,we/cott's text correctly1 z x /&s 9 ,dr ,we/cott's book4 ,?\gh ,i f9d x /ill m difficult to und]/& h[ he c\ld h br\ght ?is mo/ unw>rantable *>ge :5 ! fact ( ,dr ,we/cott's inv]t$ commas 0 di/9ctly be=e him1 ,i am n ! less b\nd to plead guilty ( an ov]sight1 :i* ,i ?9k ,i c expla9 to myself b :i* ,i %all n attempt to excuse1 & to accept ! retort ( loos5ess1 :i* he ?r[s back ^u me4 ,= ! re/1 ,i c\ld n desire a m complete v9dication ( my criticisms ?an t :i* is furni%$ by ! au?or's reply4 ,i _c1 = in/ance1 take any blame to myself = n =esee+ ! mispr9ts :i* our au?or pleads1 because !y mu/ h baffl$ f> high] p[]s ( div9ation ?an m9e4 ,?us ,i f\nd #abd3b ! au?or /at+ t ! f\r? ,evangeli/ 'only once di/+ui%es ,john ! ,bapti/ by ! appellation ,greek3 ho bapti/es1' #abd3c :]eas1 z a matt] ( fact1 he nev] does s2 & comp>+ ! :ole s5t5ce ) a passage 9 ,cr$n] #abd3d1 to :i* ! au?or ref]s 9 8 footnote1 ,i f\nd t x pres5t$ a close p>allel1 z ! read] w see3-- ,waehr5d d] ,v]fass] die ,he ! au?or only once beid5 ,apo/el glei*es ,nam5s1 di/+ui%es ,john ! ,bapti/ ,judas1 sorgfaeltig unt]s*eidet by ! appellation ,greek3 ho 7v]gl4 #ad1 #bb71 d5 ,ap4 ,?omas bapti/es1 :il/ he c>efully naeh] bezei*net 7#aa1 #af2 #bj1 #bd2 di/+ui%es ! two disciples #ba1 #b7 und d5 ,apo/el ,petrus1 ( ! "n ( ,judas1 & always nur ,simon ,petrus1 od] ,petrus1 speaks ( ! ,apo/le ,pet] z nie ,simon alle9 n5nt 7s4 ,sec4 #if1 ',simon ,pet]1' or ',pet]1' b ,nr4 #c471 hat er es ni*t fu] noe?ig r>ely z ',simon' only4 gefund51 d5 ,taeuf] ,johannes von dem glei*namig5 ,apo/el ,johannes au* nur e9 e9ziges ,mal dur* d5 ,zusatz ,greek3 ho bapti/es zu unt]s*eid5 7#a1 #f4 #ae4 #ai4 #bf1 etc474 ,see+ t ! two passages correspond$ s closely #abe3a ! "o to ! o!r 7! clauses h[ev] be+ transpos$71 ,i imag9$ t ,i _h trac$ 8 error to its s\rce 9 ! correspond5ce ( ! two p>ticul> expressions :i* ,i h italiciz$1 & t he mu/ h /umbl$ ov] ,cr$n]'s 'au* nur e9 e9ziges ,mal4' ,he has m ?an once gone wrong else:]e 9 matt]s ( fact relat+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?us he has /at$ t ! say+ ab\t ! fir/ be+ la/ & ! la/ fir/ occurs 9 ,/ ,mat!w alone ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ?\gh x appe>s also 9 ,/ ,m>k 7x4 #ca7 & 7) an unimportant v>iation7 9 ,/ ,luke 7xiii4 #cj7 #abe3b4 ,?us aga91 he c rememb] 'no in/ance :atev]' :]e a ,new ,te/am5t writ] 'claims to h himself p]=m$ a miracle #abe3c1' ?\gh ,/ ,paul twice speaks ( 8 ex]cis+ ?is p[] z a recogniz$ & pat5t fact #abe3d4 ,?is explanation ( 8 mi/ake !re=e seem$ to me to be tol]ably evid5t4 ,i c\ld n h =ese5 t1 :]e ! au?or wrote 'nev] once1' ! pr9t] pr9t$ 'only once4' ,?is error runs ?r\gh all ! f\r editions4 ,b ! o!r cl]ical error :i* our au?or pleads 0 /ill fur!r remov$ f ! possibility ( detection4 ,i _h call$ att5tion #abe3e to ! fact t1 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 book1 our au?or _h writt5 respect+ ! desc5t ( ! angel at ,be!sda 7,john v4 #c1 #d7-- ,?is passage is n f\nd 9 ! old] ,,mss ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 & x 0 probably a lat] int]polation #abf3a4 :]eas t[>ds ! end ( 8 second volume he _h decl>$ t ! passage 0 g5u9e2 & ,i _h po9t$ out t ! la/ words /ood 'c]ta9ly a late int]polation' 9 ! fir/ edition1 s t ! passage _h und]gone revision1 :ile yet ! contradiction _h be5 suff]$ to rema94 ,9 ju/ice to our au?or1 ,i w give 8 reply 9 8 own words3-- ,! words 'x is argu$ t' 7 accid5tally omitt$ f vol4 i4 p4 #aac1 l9e #ai1 & ! s5t5ce %\ld read1 '& x is argu$ t x 0 probably a lat] int]polation #abf3b4' ,to ?is ! foll[+ note is app5d$3-- ,i alt]$ 'c]ta9ly' to 'probably' 9 ! second edition1 z ,dr ,lightfoot po9ts out1 9 ord] to avoid ! possibility ( exagg]ation1 b my m9d 0 s impress$ ) ! c]ta9ty t ,i _h cle>ly %[n ,i 0 m]ely1 = ! sake ( fairness1 report+ ! critical judgm5t ( o!rs1 t ,i did n p]ceive ! abs5ce ( ! words giv5 above4 ,?is omission runs ?r\gh f\r editions4 ,b m p]plex+ /ill is ! au?or's use ( language4 ,! read] w already h he>d en\gh ( ! passage 9 ,ir5aeus1 :]e ?is ,fa!r quotes "s e>li] au?ority or au?orities :o ref] to ! f\r? ,gospel2 b ,i am compell$ to allude to x aga94 ,9 my fir/ article ,i _h accus$ ! au?or ( ignor+ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! inf9itive & indicative--betwe5 ! oblique & direct n>rative--& ma9ta9+1 9 defiance ( gramm>1 t ! words might v well be ,ir5aeus' own #abf3c4 ,9 my second article ,i po9t$ out t :ole s5t5ces 7 tacitly alt]$ or re-writt5 or omitt$ 9 ! f\r? edition1 & t 7z ,i unhesitat+ly inf]r$7 he _h f\nd out 8 mi/ake #abf3d4 ,i h read ov] ! passage c>efully aga9 9 its e>li] =m 9 ! light ( ! explanation :i* ! au?or gives 9 8 reply1 & ,i _c put any diff]5t int]pretation on 8 language4 ,x seems to me di/9ctly to aim at prov+ two ?+s3 7#a7 ,t !re is no reason = ?9k+ t ! passage is oblique at all1 or t ,ir5aeus is giv+ any?+ else besides 8 own op9ion 7pp4 #cbf-cca72 & 7#b7 ,t1 ev5 suppos+ x to be oblique1 !re is no gr\nd = id5tify+ ! au?orities quot$ ) ! presbyt]s ( ,papias 7pp4 #cca-ccd74 ,) ?is la/ "q ,i h n conc]n$ myself hi!rto4 ,x w come "u discussion 9 a lat] article1 :5 ,i %all h occasion to treat ( ,papias #abg3a4 ,x 0 to ! fir/ po9t alone t my rem>ks ref]r$4 ,! au?or h[ev] says 9 8 reply t 8 mean+ 0 ! same ?r\gh\t1 t he knew all ! :ile ,ir5aeus mu/ be quot+ f "s "o else1 & t he 'did :at 0 possible to attract att5tion to ! actual indirect con/ruction4' #abg3b ,:y !n did he translate ! oblique con/ruction z if x 7 direct8 ,:y1 aft] quot+ z p>allels a numb] ( direct s5t5ces 9 ,ir5aeus conta9+ quotations1 did he add1 ',^! are all direct quotations by ,ir5aeus1 z is mo/ c]ta9ly t :i* we are n[ consid]+1 :i* is introduc$ 9 precisely ! same way8' #abg3c ,:y 9 8 f\r? edition1 9 :i* he fir/ introduces a recognition ( ! oblique con/ruction1 did he )draw all ^! suppos$ p>allels1 :i*1 if 8 op9ion 0 un*ang$1 /ill rema9$ z good = 8 purpose 7:atev] t purpose might be7 z !y _h ev] be58 ,fur!r discussion on ?is po9t w\ld obvi\sly be wa/$4 ,i c only ask any read] :o is int]e/$ 9 ?is matt] to ref] to ! book itself1 & m especially to comp>e ! f\r? #abh3a ) ! e>li] editions1 t he may judge = himself :e!r any o!r int]pretation1 except t :i* ,i & o!rs besides myself #abh3b h put ^u 8 words1 0 natural4 ,! au?or has decl>$ 8 mean+1 b ,i c\ld only judge by 8 language4 ,i n[ proce$ to notice "s o!r ( ! *ief po9ts 9 our au?or's reply2 & p]haps x may be conv5i5t 9 do+ s to foll[ ! ord] adopt$ 9 my orig9al article to :i* x is a rejo9d]4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place !n1 ! au?or is annoy$ t ,i spoke disp>ag+ly ( 8 s*ol>%ip #abh3c2 & 9 reply he says t ! criticism 9 :i* ,i h indulg$ 'sc>cely rises above ! correction ( an ex]cise or ! conjugation ( a v]b4' #abh3d ,i _c help ?9k+ ?is language un=tunate f 8 own po9t ( view2 b let t pass4 ,if ! read] w h ! goodness to ref] back to my article1 he w f9d t1 s f> f occupy+ ! ma9 "p ( x on po9ts ( s*ol>%ip :i* h no be>+ on ! que/ions "u discussion1 z ! au?or seems to h9t1 ,i h tak5 up ab\t two-?irds ( a page only #abh3e ) su* matt]s4 ,9 ! o!r in/ances :i* ,i h select$1 8 errors directly affect ! argum5t = ! "t be+ at "s vital po9t4 ,x w\ld h be5 possible to multiply examples1 if examples _h be5 ne$$4 ,i might h quot$1 = in/ance1 su* r5d]+s z ,greek3 katabas p]ipateito 'come d[n let him walk ab\t #abi3a2' or ,greek3 ,i\/a tis en hem9 e/i ,suropho9ikissa1 to g5os ,*ananitis1 hes to ,?ugatrion k4t4l4 ',ju/a1 :o is among/ u1 a ,syropho5ician1 a ,canaanite by race1 ^: daught]' etc4 #abi3b ,bo? ^! r5d]+s survive to ! f\r? edition4 ,i mu/ n h[ev] pass ov] ! l9e ( def5ce :i* our au?or takes1 ?\gh only a few words w be necess>y4 ,i d n see t he has ga9$ any?+ by %elt]+ himself beh9d o!rs1 :5 he is obvi\sly 9 ! wrong4 ,n a legion ( ,tis*5dorfs1 = in/ance1 c make ,greek3 epangellom5on signify 'has promis$1' #abi3c ?\gh x is due to ,tis*5dorf to add t not)/&+ 8 loose translation he has se5 ?r\gh ! mean+ ( ,orig5's words1 & has n fa/5$ an error ^u himself by a false int]pretation1 z our au?or has done4 ,& 9 o!r cases1 :]e our au?or takes ^u himself ! responsibility ( 8 r5d]+s1 8 explanations are m significant ?an ! r5d]+s !mselves4 ,s*ol>s w judge :e!r a s*ol>1 hav+ translat$ quem ca$]et #abi3d1 ':om he mutilates1' c\ld h br\ght himself to def5d x z a 'p>aphrase' #abi3e4 ,i am n at all afraid t dispassionate judges h]eaft] w *>ge me ) hav+ unduly depreciat$ 8 s*ol>%ip4 ,b our au?or evid5tly ?9ks t ! po9t 0 n wor? e/abli%+ at all4 ,i _c agree ) him4 ,i feel sure t1 if he _h be5 deal+ ) "s indiff]5t matt]1 z = in/ance "s "q ( classical lit]ature1 he w\ld n h receiv$ any m l5i5t treatm5t f indep5d5t review]s2 & ,i d n see :y ! great] importance ( ! subject %\ld be plead$ z a claim = immunity f critical exam9ation4 ,x does n seem to me to be a light matt] t an au?or assum+1 z ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion does1 a tone ( l(ty sup]iority ov] ^? :om he criticizes1 %\ld betray an ignorance ( ! v gramm> ( criticism4 ,b 9 ! pres5t case !re 0 an additional reason :y att5tion %\ld be call$ to ^! defects4 ,x 0 necess>y to correct a :olly false e/imate ( ! au?or's s*ol>%ip ) :i* review]s _h famili>iz$ ! public1 & to dive/ ! "w ( a pre/ige to :i* x 0 n entitl$4 #b4 ,9 ! next place ,i v5tur$ to dispute ! attribute ( imp>tiality ) :i* ! "w entitl$ ,sup]natural ,religion _h be5 cr$it$4 ,& "h ,i w\ld say t my qu>rel 0 mu* m ) ! au?or's review]s ?an ) ! au?or himself4 ,i c und]/& h[ he %\ld omit to ent]ta9 ! o!r side ( ! "q ) p]fect s9c]ity4 ,x appe>$ f ! book itself1 & x has become /ill m pla9 f ! au?or's ,reply1 t he reg>ds 'apologi/s' z p]sons f :om he has no?+ to le>n1 & ) ^: argum5ts !re=e he ne$ n = ! mo/ "p conc]n himself4 ,b ! fact rema9s t ! read] has _h an ex p>te /atem5t pres5t$ to him1 :ile he has be5 assur$ t ! :ole case is laid be=e him4 ,( ?is "o-sid$ repres5tation ,i adduc$ sev]al in/ances4 ,to ^! our au?or demurs 9 8 reply4 ,z reg>ds ,polyc>p1 ,i believe t ! pres5t article has entirely ju/ifi$ my allegation4 ,( ,papias1 ,hegesippus1 & ,ju/91 ,i %all h occasion to speak 9 subsequ5t articles4 ,at pres5t x w be suffici5t to *all5ge att5tion to :at ,dr ,we/cott has writt5 on ! la/-m5tion$ writ]1 & ask read]s to judge = !mselves :e!r our au?or has laid ! case imp>tially be=e !m4 ,sev]al ( my examples _h ref]5ce to ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,( ^! our au?or has tak5 exception m especially to ?ree4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/1 ,i h no compla9t to make1 because he has quot$ my own words1 & ,i am well cont5t t !y %\ld tell _! own tale4 ,if our au?or consid]s ! argum5t 'uns\nd 9 itself1 & irrelevant to ! direct purpose ( ! "w1' #aca3a ,i v5ture to ?9k t disc]n+ read]s w take a diff]5t view4 ,i _h direct$ att5tion #aca3b to c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels 7,matt4 xxiii4 #cg2 ,luke xiii4 #cd7 z imply+ o!r visits to ,j]usalem :i* ^! ,gospels d n !mselves record1 & !re=e z refut+ ! hypo!sis t our ,"l's m9i/ry 0 only ( a s+le ye>'s duration1 & 0 ex]cis$ :olly 9 ,galilee & ! neighb\rhood until ! clos+ visit to ,j]usalem--a hypo!sis :i* re/s solely on ! arbitr>y assumption t ! record 9 ! ,synopti/s is complete & cont9u\s4 ,?us ! suppos$ difficulty 9 ,/ ,john's n>rative on ?is fundam5tal po9t ( hi/ory disappe>s4 ,9 fact ! ,synopti/s give no cont9u\s *ronology 9 ! hi/ory ( our ,"l's m9i/ry betwe5 ! baptism & ! passion2 ! incid5ts 7 select$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance 7we may suppose7 = purposes ( cate*etical in/ruction1 & are mass$ toge!r sometimes by connection ( subject1 sometimes 7?\gh incid5tally7 by sequ5ce ( "t4 ,9 ,/4 ,john1 on ! o!r h&1 ! successive fe/ivals at ,j]usalem are ! v]tebrae ( ! *ronological backbone1 :i* is altoge!r want+ to ! acc\nt ( ,*ri/'s m9i/ry 9 ! ,synopti/s4 ,we _c inde$ be sure ev5 "h t ! v]tebrae are absolutely cont9u\s2 _m fe/ivals may h be5 omitt$2 ! m9i/ry ( ,*ri/ may h ext5d$ ov] a mu* long] p]iod1 z inde$ ,ir5aeus ass]ts t x did #aca3c2 b ! ?ree passov]s be> te/imony to a duration ( betwe5 two & ?ree ye>s at ! lea/4 ,! second po9t has ref]5ce to ! diction ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 z comp>$ ) ! ,apocalypse #aca3d4 ,"h ,i am glad to f9d t !re is less diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 u ?an ,i _h imag9$4 ,if our au?or does n greatly diff] f ,lu?>dt's e/imate ( ! language1 nei!r d ,i #acb3a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i did n d5y1 & 7s f> z ,i am aw>e7 nobody has d5i$1 t !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,apocalypse & ! ,gospel1 9 respect ( diction2 only x is cont5d$ t two v pot5t influ5ces mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt :i* w expla9 ?is diff]5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! subjects ( ! two books /& widely ap>t4 ,! apocalyptic purport ( ! "o book necess>ily t+es its diction & imag]y ) a v /rong ,hebraic col\r+1 :i* we %\ld n expect to f9d 9 a hi/orical n>rative4 ,secondly1 a wide int]val ( "t sep>ates ! two works4 ,! ,apocalypse 0 writt51 accord+ to ! view :i* our au?or repres5ts 'z univ]sally accept$ by all compet5t critics1' ab\t ,a4,d4 #fh1 #fi #acb3b4 ,x m>ks ! close ( :at we may call ! ,hebraic p]iod ( ,/ ,john's life--i4e41 ! p]iod :i* 7s f> z we c ga!r alike f ! notices & f ! sil5ce ( hi/ory7 he _h sp5t *iefly 9 ! ,ea/ & among ,aramaic-speak+ peoples4 ,! ,gospel on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to all tradition1 dates f ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,apo/le's life1 or1 9 o!r words1 x 0 writt5 7or m probably dictat$7 at ! end ( ! ,hell5ic p]iod1 aft] an int]val ( tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,/ ,john _h liv$ at ,ephesus1 a great c5tre ( ,greek civilization4 ,our au?or appe>s to be a/oni%$ t ,lu?>dt %\ld describe ! 'errors' 9 ! ,apocalypse z n aris+ out ( ignorance1 b z 'int5tional emancipations f ! rules ( gramm>4' ,yet x /&s to reason1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is mu/ be s ) "s ( ! mo/ gl>+ examples at all ev5ts4 ,a mom5t's reflection w %[ t "o :o c\ld write ,greek3 apo ho on1 k4t4l41 'f ,he t is1' etc4 7,rev4 i4 #d71 9 %e] ignorance t ,greek3 apo does n take a nom9ative case1 w\ld be incapable ( writ+ any two or ?ree consecutive v]ses ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,! book1 aft] all all[ance made = solecisms1 %[s a v consid]able comm& ( ! ,greek vocabul>y1 & 7:at is m important7 a famili>ity ) ! intricacies ( ! v intricate syntax ( ?is language4 ,on ! ?ird po9t1 to :i* our au?or devotes betwe5 ?ree & f\r pages1 m explanation is requir$4 ,i _h rem>k$ #acc3a on ! mann] 9 :i* our au?or deals ) ! "n ',sy*>' 9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 & _h compla9$ t he only discusses ! !ory ( its id5tification ) ,%e*em1 omitt+ to m5tion m probable solutions4 ,to ?is rem>k ,i _h app5d$ ! foll[+ note3 ,travell]s & 'apologi/s' alike n[ m commonly id5tify ,sy*> ) ! village be>+ ! ,arabic "n ,ask>4 ,?is fact is n m5tion$ by our au?or4 ,he says moreov]1 ',x is admitt$ t !re 0 no su* place z ,sy*> ,greek3 ,su*>1 & apologetic +5uity is sev]ely tax$ to expla9 ! difficulty4' ,?is is altoge!r untrue4 ,o!rs besides 'apologi/s' po9t to passages 9 ! ,talmud :i* speak ( '! well ( ,su*> 7or ,so*>1 or ,si*>72' see ,neubau]1 ',la ,geographie du ,talmud1' p4 #afi sq4 ,our au?or ref]s 9 8 note to an article by ,delitzs* 7',zeits*r4 f4 ,lu?4 ,!ol4' #ahef1 p4 #bdj sq74 ,he _c h read ! article1 = ^! ,talmudic ref]5ces are its ma9 purport4 ,our au?or 9 8 reply quotes ?is note1 & italicizes ! passages z !y are pr9t$ "h4 ,i am glad t he has done s1 = ,i wi% especially to call att5tion to ! connection betwe5 ! two4 ,he adds t 'an apology is surely due to ! read]s ( ! ,contempor>y ,review1' &1 z he implies1 to himself1 '= ?is /yle ( criticism1' to :i* he says t he is n accu/om$ #acc3b4 ,i am n sorry t ?is rejo9d] has oblig$ me to rescue f ! obscurity ( a footnote a fact ( real importance 9 its be>+ on ! hi/orical "* ( ! f\r? ,gospel4 ,z = apologiz+1 ,i w mo/ c]ta9ly apologize1 if he wi%es x4 ,b ,i mu/ expla9 myself fir/4 ,i am surpris$ t ?is dem& %\ld be made by ! same p]son :o p5n$ c]ta9 s5t5ces 9 ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,i am n a little p]plex$ to und]/& :at canons ( controv]sial etiquette he w\ld lay d[n2 =1 :ile ,i h m]ely accus$ him1 9 some:at blunt language1 ( great c>elessness1 he has n scrupl$ to *>ge o!rs ) 'wilful & delib]ate evasion1' ) 'unp>donable calculation ^u ! ignorance ( 8 read]s1' ) 'a delib]ate falsification1' ) 'dis+5u\sness' #acd3a & o!r grave moral (f5ces ( ! same k9d4 ,n[ ,i h be5 br\ght up 9 ! belief t (f5ces ( ?is class are incomp>ably m he9\s ?an ! wor/ s*ol>%ip or ! grosse/ inaccuracy2 & ,i am !re=e oblig$ to ask :e!r he is n impos+ f> /rict] rules on o!rs ?an he is prep>$ to obs]ve himself1 :5 he objects to :at ,i h said4 ,nev]!less ,i w apologize2 b ,i _c d s )\t reluctance1 = he is ask+ me to )draw an explanation :i* seem$ to me to place 8 mode ( proce$+ 9 ! mo/ fav\rable light1 & to sub/itute = x ano!r :i* ,i %\ld n h v5tur$ to sugge/4 ,:5 ,i saw 9 8 text ! unqualifi$ /atem5t1 ',x is admitt$ t !re 0 no su* place1' #acd3b & f\nd 9 "o ( 8 footnotes on ! same page a ref]5ce to an article by an em95t ,hebrai/ devot$ to %[+ t su* a place is m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! ,talmud1 ,i c\ld draw no o!r conclusion ?an t he _h n read ! article 9 "q1 or 7z ,i might h add$71 hav+ read x1 _h =gott5 its cont5ts4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ref]5ces are giv5 else:]e 9 ?is "w1 z ,i h %[n 9 my article on ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 seem$ to ju/ify ?is inf]5ce4 ,8 own explanation h[ev] is q diff]5t4-- ,my /atem5t is1 t x is admitt$ t !re 0 no su* place z ,sy*>--,i ought to h add$1 'except by apologi/s1 :o nev] admit any?+'--b ,i ?\ght t 9 say+1 '& apologetic +5uity is sev]ely tax$ to expla9 ! difficulty1' ,i _h suffici5tly except$ apologi/s1 & indicat$ t _m ass]tions & conjectures are advanc$ by !m = t purpose4 ,c]ta9ly ?is qualify+ s5t5ce ne$$ to be add$2 = no read] c\ld h suppos$ t ! au?or int5d$ 8 broad /atem5t to be und]/ood ) ?is all-important res]vation4 ,un=tunately h[ev] ?is explanation is n conf9$ to 'apologi/s4' ,z ,i po9t$ out1 x is adopt$ by ,m4 ,neubau] also1 :o 7unless ,i mu* mi/ake 8 position7 w\ld altoge!r disclaim be+ consid]$ an apologi/1 b :o nev]!less1 be+ an hone/ man1 sets d[n 8 hone/ op9ion1 )\t consid]+ :e!r x w or w n t5d to e/abli% ! cr$ibility ( ! ,evangeli/4 ,b aft] all1 ! really important "q = ! read] is n :at ?is or t p]son ?9ks on ?is "q1 b :at are ! facts4 ,& "h ,i v5ture to say t1 :5 our au?or speaks ( 'ass]tions & conjectures' 9 ref]5ce to ,delitzs*'s article1 su* language is q mislead+4 ,! po9ts :i* ! ,talmudical passages quot$ by him e/abli% are ^!3-- 7#a7 ,a place call$ ',su*>1' or ',sy*>1' is m5tion$ 9 ! ,talmud4 ,our au?or speaks ( '"s vague ref]5ces 9 ! ,talmud to a some:at simil>1 b n id5tical1 "n4' ,b ! fact is1 t ! ^w ,greek3 ,su*>1 if writt5 9 ,hebrew lett]s1 w\ld naturally take "o or o!r ( ! two =ms :i* we f9d 9 ! ,talmud1 ,hebrew3 ,sukh'r 7,su*>7 or ,hebrew3 ,sykh'r 7,sy*>74 ,9 o!r words1 ! translit]ation is z exact z x c\ld be4 ,x w\ld no d\bt be possible to read ! =m] ^w ',so*]1' & ! latt] ',si*]1' because ! v[els are indet]m9ate )9 ^! limits4 ,b s f> z id5tity 0 possible1 we h x "h4 7#b7 ,! ,talmudical passages speak n only ( ',sy*>1' b ( ',ay9-,sy*>1' i4e41 '! ,well ( ,sy*>4' 7#c7 ,! ',well ( ,sy*>' :i* !y m5tion is 9 a corn-gr[+ c\ntry4 ,?is is cle> f ! incid5t :i* leads to ! m5tion ( ! place 9 ! two pr9cipal ,talmudical passages :]e x appe>s1 ,baba ,kamma #hb;b1 ,m5a*o? #fd;b4 ,x is !re /at$ t on "o occasion1 :5 ! l&s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem 7 laid wa/e by w>1 & no "o knew :5ce ! two loaves ( ! ,p5teco/al (f]+1 ! fir/-fruits ( ! :eat h>ve/1 c\ld be procur$1 !y 7 oblig$ ultimately to br+ !m f '! valley ( ! ,well ( ,sy*>4' ,n[ ! c\ntry :i* 0 ! sc5e ( ! int]view ) ! ,sam>itan woman is rem>kable 9 ?is respect--'"o mass ( corn1 unbrok5 by b\nd>y or h$ge'#acf3a--;z x is describ$ by a mod]n travell]2 & inde$ ! prospect be=e ,him sugge/s to our ,"l1 z we may well suppose1 ! image :i* occurs 9 ! conv]sation ) ! disciples imm$iately foll[+--',lift up y\r eyes1 & look on ! fields2 = !y are :ite already to h>ve/4' #acf3b ,x is true t ! ,talmudical passages d n fix ! locality ( _! ',ay9-,sy*>2' b all ! circum/ances agree4 ,x 0 j f su* a c\ntry z ?is 7nei!r too ne> nor too f> di/ant = ! notices7 t ! ,p5teco/al loaves w\ld be likely to be procur$ 9 su* an em]g5cy4 ,! read] w draw 8 own conclusions4 ,he w judge = himself :e!r ! unqualifi$ /atem5t1 ',x is admitt$ t !re 0 no su* place z ,sy*>1' is or is n mislead+4 ,he w =m 8 own op9ion :e!r a writ]1 :o delib]ately ignores ^! facts1 because !y are br\ght =w>d by 'apologi/s :o nev] admit any?+1' is likely to =m an imp>tial judgm5t4 ,! id5tification ( ,sy*> ) ,ask>1 to :i* rec5t op9ion has be5 t5d+1 is a "q ( less importance4 ,not)/&+ ! difficulty respect+ ! initial ,a9 9 ! latt] ^w1 an id5tification :i* has comm5d$ itself to ,ori5tal s*ol>s l ,ewald & ,delitzs* & ,neubau] c h>dly be pron\nc$ impossible4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ! initial ,a9 ( ',ask>' may be expla9$ by suppos+ ! ^w to be a contraction = ,ay9-,sy*>1 ! ',well ( ,sy*>4' ,?is corruption ( ! orig9al "n into a g5u9e ,arabic ^w w\ld furni% ano!r example ( a process :i* is common :]e "o language is sup]pos$ ^u ano!r1 e4g41 ,*>t]-h\se = ,*>treuse4 #c4 ,! ?ird po9t to :i* ,i call$ att5tion #acg3a 0 ! au?or's practice ( *>g+ ^? f :om he disagre$ ) di%one/y4 ,?is seem$ to me to be a v grave (f5ce1 :i* des]v$ to be condemn$ by all m5 alike1 :atev] _! op9ions might be4 ,& 9 ! pres5t in/ance ,i consid]$ t ! au?or 0 especially b\nd to ab/a9 f su* *>ges1 because he _h ?\ght fit to %elt] himself 7z he 0 o!rwise ju/ifi$ 9 do+7 "u an anonyme4 ,moreov]1 ! (f5ce 0 aggravat$ by ! fact t "o ( ! writ]s :om he _h especially select$ = ?is mode ( attack 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 mod]ation ( tone1 & = 8 g5]\s appreciation ( ! position & argum5ts ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,?is is our au?or's reply-- ,dr ,lightfoot says1 & says rightly1 t ',dr ,we/cott's hon\r may safely be left to take c>e ( itself4' ,x w\ld h be5 mu* bett] to h left x to take c>e ( itself1 inde$1 ?an tr\ble x by su* advocacy4 ,if any?+ c\ld *eck j or g5]\s expression1 x w\ld be ! tone adopt$ by ,dr ,lightfoot2 b nev]!less1 ,i aga9 say1 9 ! mo/ unres]v$ mann]1 t nei!r 9 ?is in/ance1 nor 9 any o!r1 h ,i _h ! mo/ di/ant int5tion ( attribut+ 'corrupt motives' to a man l ,dr ,we/cott1 ^: s+le-m9d$ness ,i recognize1 & = ^: e>ne/ "* ,i feel g5u9e respect4 ,! utmo/ t ,i h at any "t int5d$ to po9t out is t1 utt]ly possess$ z he is by or?odox views 9 g5]al1 & on ! ,canon 9 p>ticul>1 he sees facts1 ,i consid]1 ?r\gh a dogmatic m$ium1 & unconsci\sly imp>ts 8 own peculi> col\r+ to /atem5ts :i* %\ld be m imp>tially made #acg3b4 ,i am well cont5t to be> ?is blame :5 ,i h elicit$ ?is explanation4 ,a great wrong _h be5 done1 & ,i wi%$ to see x r$ress$4 ,b :o c\ld h suppos$ t ?is 0 our au?or's mean+8 ,:o c\ld h imag9$ t he _h all along felt a 'g5u9e respect' = ! s+le-m9d$ness ( "o :om he accus$ ( 'discreet res]ve1' ( 'unwor?y suppression ( ! tru?1' ( 'clev] evasion1' ( 'ignorant +5uity or apologetic p>tiality1' ( 'dis+5u\sness1' ( ':at am\nts to falsification1' & ! l1 & :om 9 ! v passage :i* has call$ =? ?is explanation he _h *>g$ ) yield+ to a 'temptation' :i* 0 'too /rong = ! apologi/1' & 'ins9uat+ to unle>n$ read]s' :at he knew to be untrue respect+ ,basilides8 ,?is un=tunate use ( language1 ,i cont5d1 is no trifl+ matt] :]e ! hon\r ( ano!r is conc]n$2 &1 in/ead ( 8 rebuke1 ,i claim 8 ?anks = enabl+ him to expla9 expressions :i* c\ld only be und]/ood 9 "o way by 8 read]s1 & :i* h s griev\sly misrepres5t$ 8 true mean+4 ,i tru/ also t our au?or wi%es u to int]pret ! *>ges :i* he has br\ght aga9/ ,tis*5dorf #ach3a 9 ! same lib]al _s4 ,i c]ta9ly consid] t ,tis*5dorf took an un=tunate /ep :5 he des]t$ 8 prop] "w1 = :i* he 0 em95tly fitt$1 & came =w>d z an apologi/2 &1 if our au?or _h satisfi$ himself ) attack+ ! weak po9ts ( 8 apologetic arm\r1 !re w\ld h be5 no gr\nd = compla9t1 & on "s po9ts ,i %\ld h agre$ ) him4 ,b ,i c]ta9ly suppos$ t 'delib]ate falsification' meant 'delib]ate falsification4' ,i imag9$1 z ord9>y read]s w\ld imag9e1 t ^! words involv$ a *>ge ( consci\s di%one/y4 ,i am cont5t to believe n[ t !y 7 int5d$ to impute to him an unconsci\s bias4 ,9 our au?or's obs]vations on my criticism ( 8 g5]al argum5t1 !re is "o po9t :i* seems to call = obs]vation4 ,( all my rem>ks1 ! "o s5t5ce :i* ,i %\ld lea/ h expect$ to incur 8 displeasure1 is ! foll[+3-- ,obvi\sly1 if ! au?or has e/abli%$ 8 conclusions 9 ! fir/ "p1 ! second & ?ird are altoge!r sup]flu\s #ach3b4 ,i fanci$ t1 9 say+ ?is1 ,i 0 only translat+ 8 own op9ion into o!r words4 ,i imag9$ t he himself wi%$ ! second & ?ird p>ts to be reg>d$ z a "w ( sup]]ogation4 ,0 ,i altoge!r )\t gr\nd = ?is belief8 ,i turn to ! conclud+ p>agraph ( ! fir/ "p1 & ,i f9d ^! words3-- ,^? :o h =m$ any adequate conception ( ! am\nt ( te/imony :i* w\ld be requisite 9 ord] to e/abli% ! reality ( occurr5ces 9 violation ( ! ord] ( nature1 :i* is bas$ ^u univ]sal & inv>iable exp]i5ce1 mu/ recognize t1 ev5 if ! e>lie/ ass]t$ orig9 ( our f\r ,gospels c\ld be e/abli%$ ^u ! mo/ irrefragable gr\nds1 ! te/imony ( ! writ]s--m5 ( l ignorance ) _! contempor>ies1 m5 ( l passions ) ourselves--w\ld be utt]ly incompet5t to prove ! reality ( miracles #aci3a4 ,:at does ?is mean1 except t ev5 ?\gh x %\ld be necess>y to conc$e e po9t aga9/ :i* ! au?or is cont5d+ 9 ! second & ?ird p>ts1 /ill ! belief 9 ! ,gospel miracles is irrational8 ,is ! language :i* ,i h us$ at all /rong] ?an our au?or's own on ?is po9t8 ,b ,i am glad to h elicit$ f him an expression ( op9ion t ! "q is n =eclos$ by ! argum5ts 9 ! fir/ "p #aci3b4 ,= "s expressions 9 8 conclud+ p>agraph ,i s9c]ely ?ank ! au?or1 ?\gh ,i f9d x difficult to reconcile !m ) ei!r ! tone or ! sub/ance ( ! prec$+ reply4 ,i tru/ t ,i h already reliev$ him f ! appreh5sion t ,i %\ld conf9e myself to 'desultory ef=ts4' ,i _h hop$ t "s ( ! topics 9 my fir/ article might h be5 laid aside = ev]1 b 8 reply has compell$ me to rev]t to !m4 ,he does me no m ?an ju/ice :5 he cr$its me ) e>ne/ness4 ,i am inde$ 9 e>ne/1 z ,i believe him to be4 ,b x seems to me t ! motives = e>ne/ness are necess>ily m int5se 9 my case ?an 9 82 = 7to say no?+ else71 z ,i read hi/ory1 ! morality ( ! com+ g5]ations ( ,engli%m5 is v l>gely dep5d5t on ! answ]s :i* !y give to ! que/ions at issue betwe5 u4 ,z he has )held 8 "n1 he has depriv$ me ( ! pleasure ( reciprocat+ any expression ( p]sonal respect4 ,?us he has plac$ me at a great disadvantage4 ,i "k no?+ ( ! man1 & c speak only ( ! book4 ,( ! book ,i w\ld wi% to say t "o :o has tak5 s mu* pa9s to regulate 8 p]sonal belief is s f> entitl$ to e consid]ation4 ,&1 if ?is _h be5 all1 ,i %\ld h ent]ta9$ & express$ ! highe/ respect = him1 h[ev] faulty 8 processes might appe> to me1 & h[ev] dang]\s 8 results4 ,b1 :5 ,i obs]v$ t ! au?or1 n cont5t ) ignor+ ! facts & reason+s1 w5t on to impugn ! hone/y ( 8 oppon5ts2 :5 ,i notic$ t aga9 & aga9 ! argum5ts on "o side ( ! "q 7 c>efully array$1 :ile ! argum5ts on ! o!r side 7 altoge!r omitt$2 :5 ,i p]ceiv$ t he d5i$ ! au!nticity ( e "w1 & que/ion$ ! applicability ( e ref]5ce1 :i* made aga9/ him2 :5 9 %ort ,i saw t1 h[ev] s9c]e ! writ]'s p]sonal convictions might be1 ! critical portion ( ! "w 0 /amp$ ?r\gh\t ) ! "* ( an advocate's ex p>te /atem5t1 ,i felt t he _h =feit$ any claim to special =be>ance4 ,= ! re/1 ,i d n wi% to be unju/ to ! book1 & ,i am sorry if1 :ile attempt+ to correct an exce$+ly false e/imate1 ,i h seem$ to any "o to be s2 b ,i d n see any good 9 pay+ empty & =mal complim5ts :i* d n come f ! he>t1 & ,i _c cons5t to tamp] ) tru?s :i* seem to me ( ! highe/ mom5t4 ,/ill1 ,i %\ld be sorry to ?9k t s mu* en]getic "w _h be5 ?r[n away4 ,if ! publication ( ?is book %all h _h ! effect ( attract+ s]i\s att5tion to ^! mo/ mom5t\s subjects1 x w h a*iev$ an important result4 ,b ,i w\ld wi% to add "o caution4 ,no good w ev] come f m]ely work+ on ! l9es ( mod]n !ori/s4 ,p]haps ! read] w =give me if ,i add a few words ( explanation1 = ,i d n wi% to be misund]/ood4 ,i %\ld be mo/ ungrateful if1 9 speak+ ( ,g]man writ]s1 ,i us$ ! language ( m]e depreciation4 ,if !re is any rec5t !ologian f :om ,i h le>nt m ?an f ano!r1 x is ! ,g]man ,ne&]4 ,nor c ,i limit my obligations to m5 ( ?is /amp4 ,all dilig5t /ud5ts ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory mu/ h d]iv$ ! greate/ advantage on special po9ts f ! consci5ti\s rese>*1 & frequ5tly also f ! acute analysis1 ev5 ( writ]s ( ! mo/ extreme s*ool4 ,b x is high "t t ! incubus ( fasc9at+ speculations %\ld be %ak5 (f1 & t ,engli%m5 %\ld le>n to ex]cise _! judicial faculty indep5d5tly4 ,any "o :o w take ! pa9s to read ,ir5aeus ?r\gh c>efully1 endeav\r+ to ent] into 8 hi/orical position 9 all its be>+s1 /riv+ to realize :at he & 8 contempor>ies actually ?\ght ab\t ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & :at gr\nds !y _h = ?9k+ x1 &1 above all1 resi/+ ! temptation to read 9 mod]n !ories betwe5 ! l9es1 w be 9 a m fav\rable position = judg+ rightly ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,canon ?an if he _h /udi$ all ! monographs :i* h issu$ f ! ,g]man press dur+ ! la/ half c5tury4 ,v4 ,,papias ,,( ,,hi]apolis4 ,,augu/1 #ahge4 ,two names /& out prom95tly 9 ! ,*ur*es ( proconsul> ,asia dur+ ! age imm$iately succe$+ ! ,apo/les--,polyc>p ( ,smyrna1 & ,papias ( ,hi]apolis4 ,hav+ giv5 an acc\nt ( ,polyc>p 9 my la/ article1 ,i purpose n[ to exam9e ! notices relat+ to ,papias4 ,^! two fa!rs are closely connect$ toge!r 9 ! e>lie/ tradition4 ,papias1 writes ,ir5aeus1 0 'a he>] ( ,john & a companion ( ,polyc>p4' #adb3a ,on ! latt] po9t we may frankly accept ! evid5ce ( ,ir5aeus4 ,a pupil ( ,polyc>p1 at all ev5ts1 0 n likely to be mis9=m$ "h4 ,b to ! =m] "p ( ! /atem5t objections h be5 rais$ 9 anci5t & mod]n times alike2 & x w be my bus9ess 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inve/igation to inquire into its cr$ibility4 ,yet1 ev5 if ,papias 0 n a p]sonal disciple ( ,/ ,john1 /ill 8 age & c\ntry place him 9 m or less close connection ) ! traditions ( ?is ,apo/le2 & x is ?is fact :i* gives importance to 8 position & tea*+4 ,papias wrote a "w entitl$1 ',exposition ( ,oracles ( ! ,"l1' 9 five books1 ( :i* a few scanty fragm5ts & notices are pres]v$1 *iefly by ,ir5aeus & ,eusebius4 ,! object & cont5ts ( ?is "w w be discuss$ h]eaft]2 b x is necess>y to quote at once an extract :i* ,eusebius has pres]v$ f ! preface1 s9ce our e/imate ( ! date & position ( ,papias w dep5d l>gely on ! int]pretation ( its mean+4 ,papias !n1 address+ 7z x w\ld appe>7 "s fri5d to :om ! "w 0 d$icat$1 expla9s its plan & purpose z foll[s #adc3a3-- ,b ,i w n scruple also to give a place = y along ) my int]pretations to ev]y?+ t ,i le>nt c>efully & rememb]$ c>efully 9 "t pa/ f ! eld]s1 gu>antee+ _! tru?4 ,=1 unlike ! _m1 ,i did n take pleasure 9 ^? :o h s v mu* to say 7,greek3 tois ta polla legos971 b 9 ^? :o tea* ! tru?2 nor 9 ^? :o relate =eign comm&m5ts1 b 9 ^? :o record su* z 7 giv5 f ! ,"l to ! ,fai?1 & are d]iv$ f ! ,tru? itself4 ,& aga91 on any occasion :5 a p]son came 9 my way :o _h be5 a foll[] ( ! eld]s 7,greek3 ei de p\ kai p>ekol\!kos tis tois presbut]ois el?oi71 ,i w\ld inquire ab\t ! disc\rses ( ! eld]s--:at 0 said by ,&rew1 or by ,pet]1 or by ,philip1 or by ,?omas or ,james1 or by ,john or ,mat!w or any o!r ( ! ,"l's disciples1 & :at ,ari/ion & ! ,eld] ,john1 ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 say4 ,= ,i did n ?9k t ,i c\ld get s mu* pr(it f ! cont5ts ( books z f ! utt]ances ( a liv+ & abid+ voice 7,greek3 ou g> ta ek ton ,biblion tos\ton me ophele9 hupelambanon1 hoson ta p>a zoses phones kai m5\ses74 ,?is passage is introduc$ by ,eusebius ) ! rem>k t1 ?\gh ,ir5aeus calls ,papias a he>] ( ,john1 ,yet ,papias himself1 9 ! preface to 8 disc\rses1 c]ta9ly does n decl>e t he himself 0 a he>] & eye-witness ( ! holy ,apo/les1 b he %[s1 by ! language :i* he uses1 t he receiv$ ! matt]s ( ! fai? f ^? :o 7 _! fri5ds4 ,!n foll[s ! extract :i* ,i h giv52 aft] :i* ,eusebius resumes3-- ,"h x is important to obs]ve1 t he twice m5tions ! "n ( ,john4 ,! =m] ( ^! he puts 9 ! same li/ ) ,pet] & ,james & ,mat!w & ! re/ ( ! ,apo/les1 cle>ly int5d+ ! ,evangeli/2 b ! second ,john he m5tions aft] an int]val 7,greek3 dia/eilas ton logon71 & places among o!rs outside ! numb] ( ! ,apo/les1 putt+ ,ari/ion be=e him1 & he di/9ctly calls him an 'eld]2' s t by ^! facts ! acc\nt ( ^? is prov$ to be true :o h /at$ t two p]sons 9 ,asia _h ! same "n1 & t !re 7 two tombs 9 ,ephesus1 ea* ( :i*1 ev5 to ! pres5t "t1 be>s ! "n ( ,john4 ,!n1 aft] speculat+ on ! possibility t ?is second ,john 0 ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse1 he cont9ues3-- ,papias av[s t he has receiv$ ! say+s ( ! ,apo/les f ^? :o _h be5 _! foll[]s 7,greek3 ton autois p>ekol\!koton71 b says t he himself 0 an imm$iate he>] ( ,ari/ion & ! ,eld] ,john4 ,c]ta9ly he m5tions !m _m times 9 8 writ+s1 & records _! traditions4 ,! ju/ice ( ?is criticism has be5 disput$ by _m rec5t writ]s1 :o ma9ta9 t ! same ,john1 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 is meant 9 bo? passages4 ,b ,i _c myself d\bt t ,eusebius 0 "r 9 8 int]pretation1 & ,i am glad = once to f9d myself entirely agre$ ) ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,john is ! only "n m5tion$ twice1 & t at its second occurr5ce ! p]son be>+ x is di/+ui%$ z ! 'eld]' or 'presbyt]1' ?is designation be+ put 9 an emphatic position be=e ! prop] "n4 ,we mu/ !re=e accept ! di/9ction betwe5 ,john ! ,apo/le & ,john ! ,presbyt]1 ?\gh ! concession may n be free f inconv5i5ce1 z introduc+ an elem5t ( possible confusion4 ,b x does n !re=e foll[ t ! /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus 0 incorrect4 ,?\gh ?is passage 9 ! preface ( ,papias l5ds no support to ! belief t he 0 a p]sonal disciple ( ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 yet x is q consi/5t ) su* a belief4 ,ir5aeus does n /ate t he d]iv$ 8 k f ?is preface1 or inde$ f any "p ( ! "w4 ,hav+ li/5$ aga9 & aga9 to ,polyc>p :ile describ+ ! say+s & do+s ( ,john ! ,apo/le #add3a1 he _h o!r s\rces ( in=mation :i* 7 clos$ to ,eusebius4 ,nor inde$ is !re any *ronological or o!r difficulty 9 suppos+ t he may h d]iv$ ! fact f direct int]c\rse ) ,papias himself4 ,b ! possibility /ill rema9s t he 0 guilty ( ?is confusion :i* ,eusebius lays to 8 *>ge2 & ! value ( 8 te/imony on ?is po9t is s]i\sly dim9i%$ !reby4 ,x w h be5 notic$ t 9 ! above extract ,papias pr(esses to d]ive ! traditions ( '! eld]s1' ) :i* he illu/rat$ 8 expositions1 f two diff]5t s\rces4 ,he ref]s fir/1 to ^? say+s :i* he _h he>d f _! own lips1 & secondly1 to ^? :i* he _h collect$ at second-h& f _! imm$iate foll[]s4 ,:at class ( p]sons he int5ds to include "u ! designation ( 'eld]s' he makes cle> by ! names :i* foll[4 ,! category w\ld include n only ,apo/les l ,&rew & ,pet]1 b also o!r p]sonal disciples ( ,*ri/1 su* z ,ari/ion & ! second ,john4 ,9 o!r words1 ! t]m ) him is a synonyme = ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,?is mean+ is entirely accordant ) ! usage ( ! same title else:]e4 ,?us ,ir5aeus employs x to describe ! g5]ation to :i* ,papias himself belong$ #ade3a4 ,?us aga91 9 ! next age1 ,ir5aeus 9 turn is s designat$ by ,hippolytus #ade3b4 ,&1 :5 we desc5d z l[ z ,eusebius1 we f9d him us+ ! t]m s z to include ev5 writ]s lat] ?an ,ir5aeus1 :o nev]!less1 f _! comp>ative antiquity1 7 to him & 8 g5]ation au?orities z reg>ds ! traditions & usages ( ! ,*ur* #ade3c4 ,nor inde$ did ,papias himself inv5t ?is usage4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews = in/ance1 we read t '! eld]s obta9$ a good report' #ade3d2 :]e ! mean+ is def9$ by ! li/ :i* foll[s1 includ+ ,old ,te/am5t wor?ies f ,abel to ',samuel & ! prophets4' ,?us ?is s5se ( 'eld]s' 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s corresponds v ne>ly to our own usage ( 'fa!rs1' :5 we speak ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,re=mation1 ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 & ! l4 ,?us employ$ !re=e1 ! t]m 'presbyt]s' or 'eld]s' d5otes n (fice1 b au?ority & antiquity #adf3a4 ,x is equival5t to '! anci5t' or 'primitive wor?ies' #adf3b4 ,b at its la/ occurr5ce 9 ! extract ( ,papias1 :]e x is appli$ to ! second ,john1 ?is is app>5tly n ! case4 ,"h x seems to be an (ficial title1 designat+ a memb] ( ! ord] ( ! presbyt]ate4 ,?\gh mod]n critics h /umbl$ ov] ?is two-fold s5se ( ! ^w ,greek3 presbut]os 9 ! same context1 x w\ld create no difficulty to ! contempor>ies ( ,papias1 to :om '! ,presbyt] ,john' mu/ h be5 a common mode ( designation 9 contradi/9ction to '! ,apo/le ,john1' & to :om !re=e ! prop] mean+ w\ld at once sugge/ itself4 ,in/ances are n want+ else:]e 9 :i* ?is ^w is us$ ) two s5ses1 (ficial & non-(ficial1 9 ! same passage #adf3c4 ,( ! eld]s ) :om ,papias 0 p]sonally acqua9t$1 we c only "n ) c]ta9ty ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john2 b z reg>ds ^! ,eusebius is explicit4 ,to !m ! ,apo/le ,john may p]haps be add$1 z we h se51 on ! au?ority ( ,ir5aeus4 ,beyond ^! ?ree names we h no au?ority = ext5d+ ! li/1 ?\gh !re is a possibility t 9 v e>ly life he may h met ) o!rs1 m especially ,&rew & ,philip1 :o are kn[n to h liv$ 9 ^! p>ts4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 x seems to foll[ f ! words ( 8 preface t 8 direct int]c\rse ) ^! eld]s or p]sonal disciples ( ! ,"l _h n be5 great4 ,x 0 probably conf9$ to ! e>li] "p ( 8 life1 be=e he _h any ?\ght ( writ+ 8 book2 & ! in=mation !nce d]iv$ 0 9 consequ5ce casual & fragm5t>y4 ,:5 he set himself to collect traditions = ?is special purpose1 he 0 dep5d5t on second>y evid5ce1 on ! in=mation collect$ f s*ol>s & foll[]s ( ^! primitive eld]s4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to inve/igate ! age ( ,papias2 b1 z a prelim9>y to ?is inve/igation1 x is necess>y to say some?+ ab\t ! au?ority = ! "o def9ite date :i* is record$ 9 connection ) him4 ,9 my article on ,polyc>p1 ,i po9t$ out t rec5t inve/igations _h pu%$ ! date ( ?is fa!r's m>tyrdom sev]al ye>s f>!r back1 & t "s *ronological difficulties atta*+ to ! commonly receiv$ date _h ?us be5 remov$ #adg3a4 ,a simil> difficulty meets u 9 ! case ( ,papias2 & x disappe>s 9 l mann]1 z ,i hope to %[1 be=e ! light ( criticism4 ,! ,*ronicon ,pas*ale1 :i* 0 compil$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5? c5tury #adg3b1 repres5ts ,papias z m>tyr$ at ,p]gamum ab\t ! same "t :5 ,polyc>p suff]$ at ,smyrna1 & places ! ev5t 9 ! ye> #afd4 ,if ?is /atem5t 7 true1 we c\ld h>dly date 8 bir? be=e ,a4,d4 #hj1 & ev5 !n he w\ld h liv$ to a v advanc$ age4 ,b !re is a c]ta9 difficulty #adg3c 9 suppos+ t "o born at ?is late date %\ld h be5 directly acqua9t$ ) s _m p]sonal disciples ( our ,"l4 ,no e>li] writ] h[ev] m5tions ! date1 or ev5 ! fact1 ( ! m>tyrdom--n ev5 ,eusebius1 :o has mu* to say bo? ab\t ,papias & ab\t ! m>tyrologies ( ?is epo*2 & ?is abs5ce ( confirmation r5d]s ! /atem5t highly suspici\s4 ,i believe t ,i h trac$ ! error to its s\rce1 :i* inde$ is n v f> to seek4 ,! juxtaposition ( ! passage 9 ?is ,*ronicle ) ! correspond+ passage 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,eusebius #adh3a1 w1 if ,i mi/ake n1 tell its own tale4 ,,*ronicon ,,pas*ale4 ,,eusebius4 ,9 ! #accrd ye> ( ! ,asc5sion ,at ?is "t v sev]e ( ! ,"l v sev]e p]secutions p]secutions hav+ di/urb$ hav+ dismay$ 7,greek3 7,greek3 ana?orubesanton7 anasobesanton7 ,asia1 _m 7 ,asia1 ,polyc>p is p]fect$ by m>tyr$1 among :om ,polyc>p4444 m>tyrdom 444 & 9 ! same writ+ conc]n+ him 7 atta*$ o!r m>tyrdoms 444 99 99 99 99 99 & next 9 ord] 7,greek3 hexes7 memoirs ( o!rs 7,greek3 allon7 also1 :o 7 m>tyr$ & 9 ,p]gamum o!rs 7,greek3 9 ,p]gamum1 a city ( ,asia1 het]oi71 among :om 0 ,,papias & are extant 7,greek3 ph]etai71 _m o!rs 7,greek3 alloi71 ^: ,c>pus & ,,papylus & a woman m>tyrdoms are extant 7,greek3 ,aga?onice4444 ph]ontai7 also 9 writ+4444 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,ju/91 a philosoph] ( ! ,& at ! same "t ) ^! ^w receiv$ among u 7,greek3 t\ 7,greek3 kata t\t\s7 ,ju/91 ka?' hemas log\71 hav+ also :o 0 m5tion$ %ortly pres5t$ a second book 9 def5ce ( be=e by u1 hav+ pres5t$ ! doctr9es receiv$ among u to a second book 9 def5ce ( ! ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,anton9us ,v]us1 doctr9es receiv$ among u to ! emp]ors1 is decorat$ n ! a=em5tion$ rul]s1 is long aft] ) ! div9e cr[n ( decorat$ ) div9e m>tyrdom1 m>tyrdom1 ,cresc5s accus+ 787 a philosoph] ,cresc5s 444 him4 hav+ hat*$ ! plot aga9/ him1 etc4 ,! sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 & ! correspond5ce ( individual phrases1 alike %[ t ! compil] ( ?is ,*ronicle d]iv$ 8 in=mation f ! ,hi/ory ( ,eusebius #adh3b4 ,b ei!r he or 8 transcrib] has sub/itut$ a well kn[n "n1 ,papias1 = a m obscure "n1 ,papylus4 ,if ! la/ lett]s ( ! ^w 7 blurr$ or blott$ 9 8 copy ( ,eusebius1 no?+ w\ld be m natural ?an su* a *ange4 ,x is only necess>y to write ! two names 9 uncials1 ,greek3 ,,papias ,,papylos1 to judge ( its likelihood #adi3a4 ,?is explanation inde$ is s obvi\s1 :5 ! passages are plac$ side by side1 t "o c only feel surpris$ at its n hav+ be5 po9t$ out be=e4 ,?us ! m>tyrdom ( ,papias1 ) its *ronological p]plexities 7su* z !y are71 disappe>s f hi/ory2 & we may dismiss ! argum5t ( ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 t 'a writ] :o suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,m>cus ,aurelius 7c4 ,a4,d4 #afe7 c sc>cely h be5 a he>] ( ! ,apo/les' #adi3b4 ,?us we are left to inf] ! date ( ,papias entirely f ! notices ( 8 fri5ds & contempor>ies2 b ^! w assi/ u to a v fair approximation4 7#a7 ,he 0 a he>] ( at lea/ two p]sonal disciples ( ,*ri/1 ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john4 ,if we suppose t !y 7 among ! y\nge/ disciples ( our ,"l1 & liv$ to old age1 we %all be do+ no viol5ce to probability4 ,obvi\sly !re 7 9 _! case exceptional circum/ances :i* r5d]$ int]c\rse ) !m possible4 ,if s1 !y may h be5 born ab\t ,a4,d4 #aj or lat]1 & h di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ij or lat]4 ,9 ?is case _! int]c\rse ) ,papias may be ref]r$ to ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #he-ie1 or !reab\ts4 7#b7 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! daught]s ( ,philip1 :o dwelt ) _! fa!r at ,hi]apolis1 :]e !y di$ 9 old age4 ,:e!r ?is ,philip 0 ! ,apo/le1 z ! e>lie/ writ]s affirm1 or ! ,evangeli/1 z o!rs suppose #adi3c1 is a "q ( little mom5t = my imm$iate purpose--! date ( ,papias4 ,9 ! latt] case ^! daught]s w\ld be ! same :o are m5tion$ at ! "t ( ,/ ,paul's la/ visit to ,j]usalem1 ,a4,d4 #eh1 app>5tly z already gr[n up to womanhood #adi3d4 ,on ! =m] supposition !y w\ld belong to ! same g5]ation1 & probably w\ld be ab\t ! same age4 ,z a v r\gh approximation1 we may place _! bir? ab\t ,a4,d4 #cj1 & _! dea? ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj-aaj4 7#c7 ,papias is call$ by ,ir5aeus a 'companion' ( ,polyc>p1 ^: life 7z we saw7 ext5d$ f ,a4,d4 #fi to ,a4,d4 #aee #aej3a4 ,! ^w admits a c]ta9 latitude z reg>ds date1 ?\gh x sugge/s some?+ approa*+ to equality 9 age4 ,b on ! :ole ! notices affect+ 8 relations to ,polyc>p sugge/ t he 0 r ! old] man ( ! two4 ,at all ev5ts ,eusebius discusses him imm$iately aft] ,ignatius & ,quadratus & ,clem5t1 i4e4 9 connection ) ! fa!rs :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! reign ( ,trajan or be=e2 :ile ! notice ( ,polyc>p is def]r$ till a mu* lat] po9t 9 ! hi/ory1 :]e x occurs 9 close proximity ) ,ju/9 ,m>tyr #aej3b4 ,?is arrangem5t indicates at all ev5ts t ,eusebius _h no k ( 8 hav+ be5 m>tyr$ at ! same "t ) ,polyc>p1 or inde$ ( 8 surviv+ to s late a date4 ,o!rwise he w\ld naturally h ins]t$ 8 acc\nt ( him 9 ?is place4 ,if x is necess>y to put ! result ( ^! incid5tal notices 9 any def9ite =m1 we may say t ,papias 0 probably born ab\t ,a4,d4 #fj-gj4 ,b 8 "w 0 evid5tly writt5 at a mu* lat] date4 ,he speaks ( 8 p]sonal int]c\rse ) ! eld]s1 z a ?+ ( ! remote pa/ #aej3c4 ,he did n write till false int]pretations ( ! ,evangelical records _h _h "t to increase & multiply4 ,we %\ld probably n be wrong if we def]r$ its publication till ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #acj-adj1 or ev5 lat]4 ,our au?or places x at lea/ z late z ! middle ( ! second c5tury #aej3d4 ,! op9ions ( a ,*ri/ian writ] :o liv$ & wrote at ?is e>ly date1 & _h conv]s$ ) ^! fir/ disciples1 are n )\t importance1 ev5 ?\gh 8 own m5tal calibre may h be5 small4 ,b ! speculations ( ! ,tueb+5 s*ool h inve/$ !m ) a fictiti\s int]e/4 ,0 he1 or 0 he n1 z ^! critics affirm1 a ,judaic ,*ri/ian ( /rongly ,ebionite t5d5cies8 ,! argum5ts :i* h be5 urg$ 9 def5ce ( ?is position are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place we are rem9d$ t he 0 a mill5n>ian4 ,! ,*ilia/ic tea*+ ( 8 "w is ! subject ( sev]e comm5t ) ,eusebius1 :o accuses him ( mis9t]pret+ figurative say+s 9 ! ,apo/olic writ+s & assign+ to !m a lit]al s5se4 ,?is t5d5cy appe>s also 9 ! "o passage :i* ,ir5aeus quotes f ,papias4 ,b ! answ] to ?is is decisive4 ,*iliasm is ! rule1 n ! exception1 ) ! ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! second c5tury2 & x appe>s comb9$ ) views ! v opposite ( ,ebionite4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 ,ir5aeus1 9 ,t]tullian #aea3a4 ,x is f\nd ev5 9 ! unkn[n au?or ( ! epi/le be>+ ! "n ( ,b>nabas #aea3b1 :i* is /amp$ ) ! mo/ uncompromis+ & unreason+ antagonism to ev]y?+ ,judaic4 #b4 ,a second argum5t is built on ! fact t ,eusebius does n m5tion 8 quot+ ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les or o!r ,paul9e writ+s ( ! ,canon4 ,i h already dispos$ ( ?is argum5t 9 an e>li] pap] on ! ',sil5ce ( ,eusebius' #aea3c4 ,i h %[n t ,papias might h quot$ ,/ ,paul _m times1 & by "n1 :ile nev]!less ,eusebius w\ld n h record$ ! fact1 because x 0 n requir$ by 8 pr9ciples or consi/5t ) 8 practice to d s4 ,i h %[n t ?is int]pretation ( ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius 9 o!r cases1 :]e we are able to te/ x1 w\ld lead to results demon/rably & hopelessly wrong4 ,i h po9t$ out = in/ance1 t x w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly conduct u to ! conclusion t ! writ] ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les 0 an ,ebionite--a conclusion diametrically oppos$ to ! kn[n facts ( ! case #aeb3a4 #c4 ,la/ly1 x is argu$ t ,papias 0 an ,ebionite1 because he quot$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 ! premiss is highly que/ionable4 ,eusebius does n say1 z 9 o!r cases1 t ,papias 'uses' ?is ,gospel1 or t he 'sets d[n facts f' x #aeb3b1 b he writes t ,papias relates 'a /ory ab\t a woman accus$ ( _m s9s be=e ! ,"l' 7d\btless ! same :i* is f\nd 9 our copies ( ,/ ,john's ,gospel1 vii4 #ec-viii4 #aa71 & he adds ':i* ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews conta9s' #aeb3c4 ,?is does n imply t ,papias d]iv$ x !nce1 b only t ,eusebius f\nd x !re4 ,papias may h obta9$ x1 l ! o!r /ories to :i* ,eusebius alludes1 'f oral tradition'7,greek3 ek p>adoseos agraph\74 ,b1 ev5 if x 7 directly d]iv$ !nce1 ! conclusion does n foll[ f ! premiss4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews is quot$ bo? by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & by ,orig51 ?\gh ^! two fa!rs accept$ our f\r ,gospels alone z canonical #aeb3d4 ,x may ev5 be quot$1 z ,j]ome ass]ts t x is1 & z ! au?or himself believes #aeb3e1 by ! writ] ( ! ,ignatian lett]s1 a mo/ det]m9$ anti-,ebionite4 ,if ,papias _h cit$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews only once1 ,eusebius w\ld h m5tion$ ! fact1 because he made x 8 bus9ess to record ^! exceptional ph5om5a2 :]eas he w\ld h pass$ ov] any numb] ( quotations f ! ,canonical ,gospels 9 sil5ce4 ,z all ^! suppos$ tok5s ( ,ebionite t5d5cies h fail$1 we are l$ to inquire :e!r any light is ?r[n on ?is "q f o!r qu>t]s4 ,& "h 8 "n is n altoge!r unimportant4 ,papias 0 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 & app>5tly a native ( ?is place4 ,at all ev5ts he seems to h liv$ !re f y\?2 = 8 acqua9tance ) ! daught]s ( ,philip1 :o resid$ 9 ?is city1 mu/ h belong$ to ! e>li] p]iod ( 8 life4 ,n[ ,papias 0 a designation ( ! ,hi]apolitan ,zeus #aec3a2 & ow+ to its association ) ?is god1 x appe>s to h be5 a fav\rite "n ) ! p ( ,hi]apolis & ! neighb\rhood4 ,x occurs sev]al times 9 co9s & inscriptions belong+ to ?is city & di/rict #aec3b4 ,9 "o in/ance we read ( a ',papias1 :o is also ,diog5es1' ?is latt] "n ',zeus-begott5' be+ app>5tly reg>d$ z a r\gh synonyme = ! ,phrygian ^w #aec3c4 ,we f9d m5tion also 9 ,gal5 ( a physician belong+ to ! neighb\r+ city ( ,laodicea1 :o bore ?is "n #aec3d4 ,altoge!r x po9ts to a hea!n r ?an a ,jewi% orig94 ,b m important ?an 8 "n1 f :i* ! inf]5ce1 ?\gh probable1 is /ill prec>i\s #aec3e1 are 8 fri5d%ips & associations4 ,papias1 we are told1 0 a companion ( ,polyc>p #aec3f4 ,! op9ions ( ,polyc>p h be5 consid]$ 9 x previ\s article #aec3g2 & x has !re be5 %[n t ! hypo!sis ( ,ebionite lean+s 9 8 case is n only unsupport$1 b _c be ma9ta9$ except by an entire disreg>d ( ! evid5ce1 :i* is ( diff]5t k9ds1 & all leads to ! opposite conclusion4 ,z reg>ds ,papias !re=e1 x is reasonable to inf]1 9 ! abs5ce ( direct evid5ce1 t 8 views 71 at all ev5ts1 9 g5]al accordance ) 8 fri5d's4 ,moreov]1 ! five books ( ,papias 7 read by ,ir5aeus & by ,eusebius1 z well z by lat] writ]s2 &1 be+ occupi$ 9 int]pretation1 !y mu/ h conta9$ ample evid5ce ( ! au?or's op9ions on ! ma9 po9ts :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,ebionite f ! ,ca?olic--! view ( ! ,mosaic law1 ! e/imate ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 ! conception ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,x is !re=e important to obs]ve t ,ir5aeus quotes him ) ! highe/ respect1 z an or?odox writ] & a tru/wor?y *annel ( ,apo/olic tradition4 ,eusebius aga91 ?\gh he is repell$ by 8 mill5n>ianism1 call+ him 'a man ( v mean capacity1' & evid5tly seek+ to disp>age him 9 e way1 has yet no *>ge to br+ aga9/ him on ^! mo/ important po9ts ( all4 ,& ?is e/imate ( him rema9s to ! la/4 ,ana/asius ( ,s9ai = in/ance1 :o wrote 9 ! latt] half ( ! six? c5tury1 & :o is rigidly & scrupul\sly or?odox1 accord+ to ! /&>d ( or?odoxy :i* _h be5 creat$ by five ,g5]al ,c\ncils1 _h ! "w ( ,papias 9 8 h&s4 ,he m5tions ! au?or by "n twice2 & on bo? occasions he uses epi!ts expressive ( ! highe/ admiration4 ,papias is to him '! great1' '! illu/ri\s' #aed3a4 ,b inde$ ,eusebius has left "o direct indication ( ! op9ions ( ,papias1 :i* is n insignificant4 ,he tells u t ,papias 'employ$ te/imonies f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john4' ,h[ f> ?is involves a recognition ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel ,i %all h to consid] h]eaft]4 ,at pres5t x is suffici5t to say t ?is ,epi/le belongs to ! class ( writ+s 9 our ,canon :i* is ! mo/ directly oppos$ to ,ebionism4 ,x may be said inde$1 t ,papias 0 fooli% & cr$ul\s4 ,b unhappily fooli%ness & cr$ulity are n *>act]i/ic ( any "o =m ( ,*ri/ian belief--or unbelief ei!r4 ,! "w ( ,papias1 z we saw1 0 entitl$1 ',exposition ( ,oracles ( ! ,"l1' or 7m /rictly71 '( ,dom9ical ,oracles' #aee3a4 ,b :at 0 its nature & purport8 ,%all we und]/& ! ^w 'exposition' to mean 'en>ration1' or 'explanation'8 ,0 ! au?or's ma9 object to con/ruct a new ,evangelical n>rative1 or to int]pret & expla9 "o or m already 9 circulation8 ,?is is a vital po9t 9 its be>+ on ! relation ( ,papias to our ,canonical ,gospels4 ,our au?or1 ignor+ :at ,dr ,we/cott & o!rs h said on ?is subject1 tacitly assumes ! =m] alt]native )\t attempt+ to discuss ! "q4 ,yet1 if ?is assumption is wrong1 a v sub/antial "p ( 8 argum5t is gone4 ,! foll[+ passage w illu/rate ! attitude ( ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion t[>ds ?is "q3-- ,?is "w 0 less bas$ on writt5 records ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ?an on t :i* ,papias _h be5 able to collect f tradition1 :i* he consid]$ m au!ntic1 =1 l 8 contempor>y ,hegesippus1 ,papias av[$ly pref]s tradition to any writt5 works ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$ #aee3b4 ,i v5ture to ask 9 pass+1 :]e our au?or obta9$ 8 in=mation t ,hegesippus 'av[$ly pref]s tradition to any writt5 works ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$4' ,c]ta9ly n f any fragm5ts or notices ( ?is writ] :i* h be5 hi!rto publi%$4 ,aft] quot+ ! extract f ! preface ( ,papias :i* has be5 giv5 above1 our au?or resumes3-- ,x is cle> f ?is t1 ev5 if ,papias knew any ( our ,gospels1 he atta*$ little or no value to !m1 & t he knew absolutely no?+ ( ,canonical ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,8 "w 0 evid5tly int5d$ to furni% a m complete collection ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus f oral tradition ?an any previ\sly exi/+1 ) 8 own expositions2 & ?is is pla9ly indicat$ by 8 own words1 & by ! title ( 8 "w1 ,greek3 ,logion kuriakon exegesis #aef3a4 ',! natural & only reasonable c\rse1' he adds 9 a note1 'is to believe ! express decl>ation ( ,papias1 m especially z x is made1 9 ?is in/ance1 z a prefatory /atem5t ( 8 belief4' ,he has appeal$ to ,caes>1 & to ,caes> he %all g4 ,:at !n is ! natural int]pretation ( ! title ',exposition ( ,oracles (' 7or 'relat+ to'7 '! ,"l'8 ,w\ld any "o1 )\t a preconceiv$ !ory1 imag9e t 'exposition' "h meant any?+ else b explanation or int]pretation8 ,x is possible inde$1 t ! orig9al ^w ,greek3 exegesis might1 9 o!r connections1 be us$ 9 ref]5ce to a n>rative1 b its common & obvi\s s5se is ! same :i* x be>s :5 adopt$ into ,engli% z 'exegesis4' ,9 o!r words1 x expresses ! idea ( a comm5t>y on "s text4 ,! expression has an exact p>allel1 = in/ance1 9 ! language ( ,eusebius :51 speak+ ( ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 he says t ?is writ] introduces into 8 lett] to ! ,*ur* ( ,ama/ris 'expositions ( ,div9e ,scriptures' 7,greek3 graphon !ion exegeseis71 or :5 he says t ,ir5aeus quotes a c]ta9 ',apo/olic eld]' & gives 8 'expositions ( ,div9e ,scriptures' 7! same expression z be=e7 #aef3b4 ,x is us$ m ?an once 9 ?is s5se1 & x is n us$ 9 any o!r1 z we %all see pres5tly1 by ,ir5aeus #aef3c4 ,moreov] ,ana/asius ( ,s9ai di/9ctly /yles ,papias an 'exegete1' mean+ !reby1 z 8 context %[s1 an 'int]pret]' ( ! ,holy ,scriptures #aeg3a4 ',! title ( 8 "w' !re=e does n 'indicate' any?+ ( ! k9d :i* our au?or assumes x to indicate #aeg3b4 ,x does n sugge/ a m au!ntic n>rative1 b a m correct int]pretation ( an exi/+ n>rative4 ,& ! same inf]5ce is sugge/$ /ill m /rongly1 :5 f ! title we turn to ! words ( ! preface2 ',b ,i w n scruple also to give a place along ) my int]pretations 7,greek3 sunkatataxai tais h]m5eiais7 to all t ,i le>nt c>efully & rememb]$ c>efully 9 "t pa/ f ! eld]s4' ,"h ! s5se ( 'exegesis' 9 ! title is expla9$ by ! use ( ! unambigu\s ^w 'int]pretations4' ,b ?is is n ! mo/ important po9t4 ,! int]pretations mu/ h be5 int]pretations ( some?+4 ,( :at !n8 ,c]ta9ly n ( ! oral traditions1 = ! int]pretations are presuppos$1 & ! oral traditions are m5tion$ subsequ5tly1 be+ introduc$ to illu/rate ! int]pretations4 ,! words :i* ,i h italicis$ leave no d\bt ab\t ?is4 ,! 'also1' :i* 7by ! way7 our au?or omits1 has no significance o!rwise4 ,! expression 'along ) ! int]pretations' is capable only ( "o mean+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! only acc\nt :i* c be giv5 ( ! passage1 consi/5tly ) logic & gramm>1 dem&s ! foll[+ sequ5ce4--7#a7 ,! text1 ( :i* some?+ 0 d\btless said 9 ! prec$+ passage1 = x is assum$ 9 ! extract itself4 7#b7 ,! int]pretations :i* expla9$ ! text1 & :i* 7 ! ma9 object ( ! "w4 7#c7 ,! oral traditions1 :i*1 z ! language "h %[s1 7 subord9ate to ! int]pretations1 & :i* ,papias m5tions 9 a slightly apologetic tone4 ,^! oral traditions _h obvi\sly a /rong attraction = ,papias2 he introduc$ !m frequ5tly to confirm & illu/rate 8 explanations4 ,b only ! mo/ viol5t wre/+ ( language c make !m ! text or basis ( ^! int]pretations #aeh3a4 ,a good example ( ! me?od ?us adopt$ by ,papias & expla9$ 9 8 preface is accid5tally pres]v$ by ,ir5aeus #aeh3b4 ,?is fa!r is disc\rs+ on ! mill5nial reign ( ,*ri/4 ,8 />t+ po9t is ! say+ ( our ,"l at ! la/ supp]1 ',i w n dr9k h5ce=? ( ! fruit ( ?is v9e1 until t day :5 ,i dr9k x new ) y 9 my ,fa!r's k+dom4' 7,matt4 xxvi4 #bi47 ,he takes ! words lit]ally1 & argues t !y mu/ imply a t]re/rial k+dom1 s9ce only m5 ( fle% c dr9k ! fruit ( ! v9e4 ,he confirms ?is view by appeal+ to two o!r say+s ( ,*ri/ record$ 9 ! ,gospels--! "o ! promise ( a recomp5se 9 ! resurrection ( ! j to ^? :o call ! poor & maim$ & lame & bl9d to _! fea/ 7,luke xiv4 #ac1 #ad72 ! o!r ! assurance t ^? :o h =sak5 h\ses or l&s = ,*ri/'s sake %all receive a hundr$fold n[ 9 ?is pres5t "t 7,matt4 xix4 #bi2 ,m>k x4 #bi1 #cj2 ,luke xviii4 #cj7 #aeh3c1 :i* la/ expression1 he ma9ta9s1 c only be satisfi$ by an e>?ly reign ( ,*ri/4 ,he !n attempts to %[ t ! promises to ! patri>*s also require ! same solution1 s9ce hi!rto !y h n be5 fulfill$4 ,^!1 he says1 evid5tly ref] to ! reign ( ! j 9 a r5ew$ e>?1 :i* %all be bless$ ) abundance4 ,z ! eld]s relate1 :o saw ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 t !y _h he>d f him h[ ! ,"l us$ to tea* conc]n+ ^? times1 & to say1 ',! days w come1 9 :i* v9es %all gr[1 ea* hav+ t5 ?\s& %oots1 & on ea* %oot t5 ?\s& bran*es1 & on ea* bran* aga9 t5 ?\s& twigs1 & on ea* twig t5 ?\s& clu/]s1 & on ea* clu/] t5 ?\s& grapes1 & ea* grape :5 press$ %all yield five-&-tw5ty measures ( w9e4 ,& :5 any ( ! sa9ts %all h tak5 hold ( "o ( _! clu/]s1 ano!r %all cry1 ,i am a bett] clu/]2 take me1 bless ! ,"l ?r\gh me4 ,likewise also a gra9 ( :eat %all produce t5 ?\s& heads1' etc4 ,^! ?+s ,papias1 :o 0 a he>] ( ,john & a companion ( ,polyc>p1 an anci5t wor?y1 witnesse? 9 writ+ 9 ! f\r? ( 8 books1 = !re are five books compos$ by him4 ,& he add$1 say+1 ',b ^! ?+s are cr$ible to !m t believe4' ,& :5 ,judas ! traitor did n believe1 & ask$1 ',h[ %all su* gr[?s be accompli%$ by ! ,"l8' he relates t ! ,"l said1 ',!y %all see1 :o %all come to ^! times4' ,i %all n /op to inquire :e!r !re is any f\ndation ( tru? 9 ?is /ory1 &1 if s1 h[ f> x has be5 transmut$1 z x pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! eld]s & ( ,papias4 ,x is suffici5t = my purpose to rem>k t we "h f9d j ! ?ree elem5ts :i* ! preface ( ,papias w\ld lead u to expect3 fir/1 ! say+ or say+s ( ,*ri/ record$ 9 ! writt5 ,gospels3 secondly1 ! int]pretation ( ^! say+s1 :i* is *>act]i/ically mill5nial2 ?irdly1 ! illu/rative /ory1 d]iv$ f oral tradition1 :i* relates ':at ,john said1' & to :i* ! au?or 'gives a place along ) 8 int]pretation' #aei3a4 ,s f> ev]y?+ seems cle>4 ,b if ?is be s1 :at becomes ( ! disp>agem5t ( writt5 ,gospels1 :i* is confid5tly ass]t$ by our au?or & o!rs8 ,:5 ! preface ( ,papias is ?us correctly expla9$1 ! 'books' :i* he e/eems s lightly assume q a diff]5t aspect4 ,!y are no long] ,evangelical records1 b works comm5t+ on su* records4 ,! contra/ is no long] betwe5 oral & writt5 ,gospels1 b betwe5 oral & writt5 aids to int]pretation4 ,papias judg$ rightly t any doctr9al /atem5t ( ,&rew or ,pet] or ,john1 or any anecdote ( ! ,savi\r :i* c\ld be trac$ di/9ctly to _! au?ority1 w\ld be f> m valuable to elucidate 8 text ?an ! caprici\s int]pretations :i* he f\nd 9 curr5t books4 ,if 8 critical judgm5t _h correspond$ to 8 int5tion1 ! "w w\ld h be5 highly important4 ,! lead+ object ( ,papias !re=e 0 n to sub/itute a correct n>rative = an imp]fect & incorrect1 b to c\nt]act a false exegesis by a true4 ,b :]e did he f9d ?is false exegesis8 ,! op5+ passage ( ,ir5aeus supplies ! answ]4 ,?is fa!r describes ! ,gno/ic tea*]s z 'tamp]+ ) ! oracles ( ! ,"l 7,greek3 ta logia ,kuri\71 %[+ !mselves bad expositors ( ?+s well said' 7,greek3 exegetai kakoi ton kalos eirem5on g9om5oi7 #afj3a4 ,"h we h ! v title ( ,papias' "w reproduc$4 ,papias1 l ,ir5aeus aft] him1 und]took1 we may suppose1 to /em ! curr5t ( ,gno/icism4 ,if1 :ile resi/+ ! false & exagg]at$ spiritualism ( ! ,gno/ics1 he fell into ! opposite error1 s t 8 ,*ilia/ic doctr9e 0 ta9t$ by a some:at gross mat]ialism1 he only (f5d$ 9 ! same way z ,ir5aeus1 ?\gh probably to a great] degree4 ,! ,gno/ic lead]s 7 9 "s in/ances no mean ?9k]s2 b !y 7 almo/ inv>iably bad exegetes4 ,! ,gno/ic fragm5ts 9 ,ir5aeus & ,hippolytus are cr[d$ ) false int]pretations ( ,*ri/'s say+s z record$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,simonians1 ,ophites1 ,basilideans1 ,val5t9ians1 ,gno/ics ( all sects1 are repres5t$ !re1 & all s9 9 ! same way4 ,^! rema9s are only ! accid5tal waifs & /rays ( a ,gno/ic lit]ature :i* mu/ h be5 enorm\s 9 ext5t4 ,z by common cons5t ! "w ( ,papias 0 writt5 9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life1 a v appreciable portion ( ?is lit]ature mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce :5 he wrote4 ,m especially ! elaborate "w ( ,basilides on '! ,gospel1' 9 tw5ty-f\r books1 mu/ h be5 publi%$ "s ye>s4 ,basilides fl\ri%$1 we are told1 dur+ ! reign ( ,hadrian #afa3a 7,a4,d4 #aag-ach74 ,su* a l5g?y "w w\ld expla9 ! s>ca/ic allusion 9 ,papias to ^? ':o h s v mu* to say' 7,greek3 tois ta polla leg\s97 #afa3b1 & :o are aft]w>ds describ$ z 'tea*+ =eign comm&m5ts #afa3c4' ,!re are excell5t reasons = believ+ ?is to be ! v "w f :i* ! fragm5ts quot$ by ,hippolytus1 z f ,basilides1 are tak5 #afa3d4 ,^! fragm5ts conta9 false int]pretations ( passages f ,/ ,luke & ,/ ,john1 z well z f sev]al ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ! g5]al "* ( ! "w appe>s f ! fact t ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria quotes x "u ! title ( ',exegetics' #afa3e4 ,x is q possible too1 t ! writ+s ( ,val5t9us 7 9 circulation be=e ,papias wrote1 & exegesis 0 a highly important in/rum5t ) him & 8 s*ool4 ,if we once recognize ! fact t ,papias wrote :5 ,gno/icism 0 rampant1 ! drift ( 8 language becomes cle> & consi/5t4 ,?is acc\nt ( ! 'books' :i* ,papias disp>ages seems to foll[ f ! grammatical int]pretation ( ! e>li] "p ( ! s5t5ce4 ,& x alone is free f difficulties4 ,x is q pla9 = in/ance1 t ,eusebius did n und]/& our ,gospels to be meant !reby2 = o!rwise he w\ld h>dly h quot$ ?is l[ e/imate )\t expo/ulation or comm5t4 ,& aga91 ! hypo!sis :i* id5tifies ^! 'books' ) writt5 ,evangelical records us$ by ,papias *>ges him ) ! mo/ /upid p]v]sity4 ,x makes him pref] ! second-h& report ( :at ,mat!w _h said ab\t ! ,"l's disc\rses to ! acc\nt ( ^! disc\rses :i* ,mat!w himself _h delib]ately set d[n 9 writ+ #afb3a4 ,su* a report might h ! highe/ value outside ! writt5 record2 b no sane man c\ld pref] a conv]sation repeat$ by ano!r to ! imm$iate & direct acc\nt ( ! same ev5ts by ! p]son himself4 ,nor aga91 is x consi/5t ) ! language :i* ,papias himself uses ( ! "o ,evangelical docum5t ab\t :i* 79 8 extant fragm5ts7 he does express an op9ion4 ,( ,/ ,m>k's record he says t ! au?or 'made no mi/ake1' & t x 0 8 "o anxiety 'n to omit any?+ t he _h he>d1 or to set d[n any false /atem5t !re94' ,is ?is ! language ( "o speak+ ( a book to :i* 'he atta*$ little or no value'8 #afc3a ,b1 if ,papias us$ writt5 docum5ts z ! text = 8 'expositions1' c we id5tify ^!8 ,to ?is "q 8 own language else:]e supplies ! answ] at lea/ 9 "p4 ,he m5tions ,evangelical n>ratives writt5 by ,m>k & ,mat!w respectively2 & x is !re=e ! obvi\s inf]5ce t our fir/ two ,gospels at all ev5ts 7 us$ = 8 "w4 ,an obvi\s inf]5ce1 b fi]cely conte/$ nev]!less4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by _m rec5t critics1 t ! ,/ ,m>k ( ,papias 0 n our ,/ ,m>k1 nor ! ,/ ,mat!w ( ,papias our ,/ ,mat!w2 & z ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion has adopt$ ?is view1 "s words w be necess>y 9 refutation ( x4 ,! language !n1 :i* ,papias uses to describe ! docum5t writt5 by ,/ ,m>k1 is z foll[s3-- ,& ! eld] said ?is also3 ,m>k1 hav+ become ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 wrote d[n accurately ev]y?+ t he rememb]$1 )\t h[ev] record+ 9 ord] :at 0 ei!r said or done by ,*ri/4 ,= nei!r did he he> ! ,"l1 nor did he foll[ ,him2 b aft]w>ds1 z ,i said1 att5d$ ,pet]1 :o adapt$ ,8 in/ructions to ! ne$s ( 8 he>]s b _h no design ( giv+ a connect$ acc\nt ( ! ,"l's oracles or disc\rses 7,greek3 all' ou* hosp] suntax9 ton kuriakon poi\m5os logion or ,greek3 logon74 ,s !n ,m>k made no mi/ake1 :ile he ?us wrote d[n "s ?+s z he rememb]$ !m2 = he made x 8 "o c>e n to omit any?+ t he he>d1 or to set d[n any false /atem5t !re94 ,eusebius introduces ?is passage by a /atem5t t x 'ref]s to ,m>k1 ! writ] ( ! ,gospel2' & ! au?ority :om ,papias "h quotes is app>5tly ! ,presbyt] ,john1 :o has be5 m5tion$ imm$iately be=e4 ,n[ x w be pla91 ,i ?9k1 to any read] ( common s5se1 t ,papias is giv+ an acc\nt ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ,evangelical n>rative 9 "q 0 compos$4 ,!re 7 two ph5om5a 9 x :i* seem$ to him to call = explanation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n a complete n>rative4 ,9 ! second place1 ! ev5ts are n record$ 9 /rict *ronological ord]4 ,^! two ph5om5a are expla9$ by ,/ ,m>k's position & opportunities1 :i* 7 necess>ily limit$4 ,8 "w 0 compos$ f rem9isc5ces ( ,/ ,pet]'s prea*+2 &1 z ?is prea*+ 0 necess>ily fragm5t>y & adapt$ to ! imm$iate requirem5ts ( 8 he>]s 7! prea*] hav+ no int5tion ( giv+ a cont9u\s n>rative71 ! writ] c\ld n possess ei!r ! mat]ials = a complete acc\nt or ! k = an accurate *ronological arrangem5t4 ,papias obvi\sly has be=e him "s o!r ,gospel n>rative or n>ratives1 :i* conta9$ say+s or do+s ( ,*ri/ n record$ by ,/ ,m>k1 & moreov] relat$ ^? :i* he did record 9 a diff]5t ord]4 ,= ?is discrepancy he desires to acc\nt4 ,! motive & ! treatm5t h an exact p>allel1 z ,i %all %[ h]eaft]1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ,gospels giv5 by ! au?or ( ! ,muratorian ,canon4 ,?is is ! pla9 & simple inf]5ce f ! passage2 & we h only to ask :e!r ?is description corresponds ) ! ph5om5a ( our ,/ ,m>k4 ,t x does s correspond1 ,i ?9k1 c h>dly be d5i$4 ,z reg>ds complet5ess1 x is suffici5t to call att5tion to ! fact t any "o ( our ,canonical ,gospels records _m do+s1 & above all1 _m say+s1 :i* are omitt$ 9 ,/ ,m>k4 ,z reg>ds ord] aga91 x may1 ,i believe1 safely be said t no writ] ( a ',life ( ,*ri/' f9ds himself able to pres]ve ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts exactly z x /&s 9 ,/ ,m>k4 ,8 acc\nt does n pr(ess to be /rictly *ronological4 ,!re are inde$ *ronological l9ks 9 ! n>rative "h & !re2 b ?r\gh\t consid]able p>ts ( our ,"l's m9i/ry ! successive incid5ts are q unconnect$ by notices ( "t4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,gospel is j :at we %\ld expect1 if ! au?or _h d]iv$ 8 in=mation 9 ! way report$ by ! ,presbyt]4 ,b our au?or objects1 t x 'does n dep>t 9 any important degree f ! ord] ( ! o!r two ,synoptics1' & t x '?r\gh\t has ! mo/ evid5t "* ( ord]ly arrangem5t' #afe3a4 ,p]sons may diff] z to :at is important or unimportant2 b if ! read] w ref] to any "o ( ! common h>monies1 ^? ( ,ang] & ,tis*5dorf = in/ance1 he w see t con/ant transpositions are necess>y 9 "o or o!r ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels to br+ !m into accordance1 & w be able to judge = himself h[ f> ?is /atem5t is true4 ',ord]ly arrangem5t' ( "s sort1 no d\bt1 !re is2 b x is j su* z lay )9 ! rea* ( a p]son obta9+ 8 k at second-h& 9 ?is way4 ,our au?or himself describes x l[] d[n z 'arti/ic & ord]ly arrangem5t4' ,i %all n qu>rel ) ! phrase1 ?\gh some:at exagg]at$4 ,any am\nt ( 'arti/ic arrangem5t' is compatible ) ! notice ( ,papias1 :i* ref]s only to hi/orical sequ5ce4 ',arti/ic arrangem5t' does n require ! direct k ( an eye-witness4 ,x w be obs]v$ h[ev]1 t our au?or speaks ( a comp>ison ) '! ord] ( ! o!r two ,synoptics4' ,b :at1 if ! comp>ison :i* ,papias _h 9 view 0 :olly diff]5t8 ,:at1 if he adduc$ ?is te/imony ( ! ,presbyt] to expla9 h[ ,/ ,m>k's ,gospel diff]$ n f ano!r ,synoptic n>rative1 b f ,/ ,john8 ,i %all return to ?is "q at a lat] po9t 9 ^! inve/igations4 ,our au?or is no /rang] to ! use ( /rong words3 ',if our pres5t ,gospel1' he writes1 '_c be prov$ to be ! v "w ref]r$ to by ! ,presbyt] ,john1 z mo/ c]ta9ly x _c1 ! evid5ce ( ,papias becomes fatal to ! claims ( ! second ,canonical ,gospel' #afe3b4 ,! novelty ( ! logic 9 ?is s5t5ce rivals ! boldness ( ! assumption4 ,yet s entirely satisfi$ is he ) ! result ( 8 argum5ts1 t he does n consid] x 'necess>y to acc\nt = ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w to :i* ! ,presbyt] ,john ref]r$ disappe>$1 & ! pres5t ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k became sub/itut$ = x' #aff3a4 ,b o!rs are ( a m inquir+ turn ( m9d4 ,!y w be haunt$ ) ?is difficulty1 & w n be able ?us to %elve ! "q4 ,!y w v5ture to ask h[ x is t n any1 ev5 ! fa9te/1 indication ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is o!r ,m>k c be trac$ 9 all ! rema9s ( ,*ri/ian antiquity4 ,!y w obs]ve too1 t if ! date :i* our au?or himself adopts be correct1 ,ir5aeus 0 already gr[n up to manhood :5 ,papias wrote 8 "w4 ,!y w rememb] t ,ir5aeus receiv$ 8 e>lie/ ,*ri/ian education f a fri5d ( ,papias1 & t 8 great au?orities 9 ev]y?+ :i* relates to ,*ri/ian tradition are ! associates & fell[-c\ntrym5 ( ,papias4 ,!y w rem>k t1 hav+ ! "w ( ,papias 9 8 h&s & hold+ x 9 high e/eem1 he nev]!less is s impress$ ) ! conviction t our pres5t f\r ,gospels1 & ^! only1 _h =m$ ! title-de$s ( ! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+1 t he ransacks heav5 & e>? = analogies to ?is sacr$ numb]4 ,!y w p]haps c>ry _! inve/igations fur!r1 & discov] t ,ir5aeus n only possess$ our ,/ ,m>k's ,gospel1 b possess$ x also ) its pres5t end+1 :i*1 ?\gh und\bt$ly v e>ly1 c h>dly h be5 "p ( ! orig9al "w4 ,!y w !n pass on to ! ,muratorian au?or1 :o probably wrote "s ye>s be=e ,ir5aeus1 &1 rememb]+ t ,ir5aeus repres5ts ! comb9$ te/imony ( ,asia ,m9or & ,gaul1 !y w see t !y h "h ! repres5tative ( a diff]5t bran* ( ! ,*ur*1 probably ! ,roman4 ,yet ! ,muratorian writ] agrees ) ,ir5aeus 9 repres5t+ our f\r ,gospels1 & ^! only1 z ! traditional inh]itance ( ! ,*ur*2 = ?\gh ! fragm5t is mutilat$ at ! beg9n+1 s t ! names ( ! fir/ two ,evangeli/s h disappe>$1 ! id5tity _c be s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,!y w !n ext5d _! horizon to ,clem5t 9 ,alex&ria & ,t]tullian 9 ,africa2 & !y w f9d ^! fa!rs also possess$ by ! same belief4 ,impress$ ) ?is conv]g5cy ( te/imony f s _m diff]5t qu>t]s1 !y w be utt]ly at a loss to acc\nt = ! unanimity ( ^! e>ly witnesses--all %>+ 9 ! same delusion1 all ignorant t a false ,m>k has be5 sil5tly sub/itut$ = ! true ,m>k dur+ _! own lifetime1 & consequ5tly assum+ z an indisputable fact t ! false ,m>k 0 receiv$ by ! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+4 ,& !y w end 9 a revolt aga9/ ! attempt ( our au?or to impose ^u !m ) 8 fav\rite commonplace ab\t ! '?or\ghly uncritical "* ( ! fa!rs4' ,inde$1 !y w beg9 altoge!r to suspect ?is :olesale d5unciation2 = !y w obs]ve t our au?or is convict$ out ( 8 own context4 ,!y w rem>k h[ he repels an inconv5i5t "q ( ,tis*5dorf by a scornful ref]5ce to '! frivol\s "* ( ! only criticism 9 :i* !y ,eusebius & ! o!r ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs ev] indulg$ #afg3a4' ,yet !y w rememb] at ! same "t to h read 9 ?is v *apt] on ,papias a highly intellig5t criticism ( ,eusebius1 ) :i* ?is fa!r confronts a /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus1 & :i* our au?or himself adopts z conclusive #afg3b4 ,!y w recall also1 9 ?is same context1 a ref]5ce to a passage 9 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 :]e ?is 'great ,bi%op' anticipates by ne>ly sixte5 c5turies ! criticisms ( our own age conc]n+ ! diff]5ces ( /yle betwe5 ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ! ,apocalypse #afg3c4 ,f ,/ ,m>k we pass to ,/ ,mat!w4 ,papias has some?+ to tell u ( ?is ,gospel also2 b "h aga9 we are ask$ to believe t we h a case ( mi/ak5 id5tity4 ,aft] ! notice relat+ to ,/ ,m>k1 ,eusebius cont9ues3-- ,b conc]n+ ,mat!w1 ! foll[+ /atem5t is made by ,papias3 ',s !n ,mat!w 7,greek3 ,mat?aios m5 oun7 compos$ ! ,oracles 9 ! ,hebrew language1 & ea* "o int]pret$ !m z he c\ld4' ,! assumption t ?is /atem5t1 l ! =m]1 0 made on ! au?ority ( ! ,presbyt]1 dep5ds solely on ! close proximity 9 :i* ! two extracts /& 9 ,eusebius4 ,x mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z highly prec>i\s4 ,9 ,papias' own "w ! two extracts may h be5 wide ap>t4 ,inde$ ! op5+ p>ticles 9 ! second passage prove conclusively t x _c h foll[$ imm$iately on ! fir/4 ,j z ! ,greek3 hos eph5 9 ! extract relat+ to ,/ ,m>k %[$ t x 0 a fragm5t torn f its context1 s we h ! simil> evid5ce ( a viol5t sev]ance "h 9 ! words ,greek3 m5 oun4 ,! ragg$ edge is app>5t 9 bo? cases #afh3a4 ,?is fact mu/ be borne 9 m9d 9 any criticisms :i* ! passages sugge/4 ,9 ?is extract !n ,papias speaks ( a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* ea* man int]pret$ ! orig9al ,hebrew = himself4 ,!re c h be5 no au?oritative ,greek ,gospel ( ,/ ,mat!w at t "t1 if 8 acc\nt be correct4 ,s f> 8 mean+ is cle>4 ,b x is equally cle> t ! "t :i* he is "h contemplat+ is n ! "t :5 he writes 8 book1 b "s e>li] epo*4 ,he says n 'int]prets1' b 'int]pret$4' ,?is pa/ t5se 'int]pret$1' be x obs]v$1 is n ! t5se ( ,eusebius report+ ,papias1 b ( ,papias himself4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ?is di/9ction2 yet our au?or delib]ately ignores x4 ,he does inde$ /ate ! grammatical argum5t correctly1 z giv5 by o!rs3-- ,"s consid] t ,papias or ! ,presbyt] use ! v]b 9 ! pa/ t5se1 ,greek3 h]m5euse1 z contra/+ ! "t :5 x 0 necess>y = ea* to int]pret z be/ he c\ld ) ! p]iod :51 f ! exi/5ce ( a recogniz$ translation1 x 0 no long] necess>y = !m to d s #afi3a4 ,yet a few l9es aft]1 :5 he comes to comm5t ^u x1 he c write z foll[s3-- ,! /atem5t ( ,papias is p]fectly simple & direct1 & x is at lea/ q cle> t x conveys ! fact t translation 0 requisite3 &1 z ea* "o translat$ 'z he 0 able1' t no recogniz$ translation exi/$ to :i* all might h rec\rse4 ,!re is absolutely n a syllable :i* w>rants ! conclusion t ,papias 0 acqua9t$ ) an au!ntic ,greek v]sion1 al?\gh x is possible t he may h kn[n ( ! exi/5ce ( "s ,greek translations ( no au?ority4 ,! words us$1 h[ev]1 imply t1 if he did1 he _h no respect = any ( !m #afi3b4 ,our au?or has "h impos$ ^u himself by a grammatical trick4 ,h>d press$ by ! argum5t1 he has cov]$ 8 retreat "u an ambigu\s use ( t5ses4 ,! words 'ea* "o translat$ z he 0 able' are p]fectly cle> 9 ! direct language ( ,papias2 b adopt$ )\t alt]ation into ! oblique /atem5t ( our au?or1 !y are altoge!r obscure4 ',translation 0 requisite4' ,yes1 b at :at "t8 ,! fact is t no c>eful read] c avoid ask+ :y ,papias writes 'int]pret$1' & n 'int]prets4' ,! natural answ] is t ! necessity ( :i* he speaks _h already pass$ away4 ,9 o!r words1 x implies ! exi/5ce ( a recogniz$ ,greek translation1 :5 ,papias wrote4 ,:5ce our au?or got 8 in=mation t ,papias '_h no respect =' any su* translation1 x is difficult to say4 ,c]ta9ly n f '! words us$'2 = ,papias says no?+ ab\t x1 & we only inf] its exi/5ce f ! suppress$ contra/ impli$ 9 ! pa/ t5se4 ,b1 if a ,greek ,/ ,mat!w exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,papias1 we are =bidd5 by all consid]ations ( hi/orical probability to suppose t x 0 any o!r ?an our ,/ ,mat!w4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,/ ,m>k1 s "h ! contr>y hypo!sis is weight$ ) an accumulation ( improbabilities4 ,! argum5t us$ !re might be repeat$ totidem v]bis "h4 ,x 0 en\gh t we 7 ask$ to accept ! !ory ( a mi/ak5 id5tity once2 b ! same dem& is r5ew$ aga94 ,& ! improbability ( ?is d\ble mi/ake is v f> great] ?an ! sum ( ! improbabilities 9 ! two sev]al cases1 great z ?is sum w\ld be4 ,! te/imony ( ,papias !re=e may be accept$ z valid s f> z reg>ds ! recognition ( our ,/ ,mat!w 9 8 own age4 ,b x does n foll[ t 8 acc\nt ( ! orig9 0 correct4 ,x may or may n h be54 ,?is is j :at we _c decide1 because we d n "k exactly :at he said4 ,x _c be inf]r$ ) any c]ta9ty f ?is fragm5t>y exc]pt ( ,eusebius1 :at ,papias suppos$ to be ! exact relation ( ! ,greek ,gospel ( ,/ ,mat!w :i* he _h be=e him to ! ,hebrew docum5t ( :i* he speaks4 ,our au?or inde$ says t our ,fir/ ,gospel be>s all ! m>ks ( an orig9al1 & _c h be5 translat$ f ! ,hebrew at all4 ,?is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 is f> m ?an ! facts w su/a94 ,if he _h said t x is n a homog5e\s ,greek v]sion ( a homog5e\s ,hebrew orig9al1 ?is w\ld h be5 ne>] to ! tru?4 ,b we d n "k t ,papias said ?is4 ,he may h express$ himself 9 language q consi/5t ) ! ph5om5a4 ,or on ! o!r h& he may1 z ,hilg5feld supposes1 h made ! mi/ake :i* "s lat] fa!rs made1 ( ?9k+ t ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 0 ! orig9al ( our ,/ ,mat!w4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( adequate data x is q va9 to conjecture4 ,b mean:ile we are n w>rant$ 9 draw+ any conclusion unfav\rable ei!r to ! accuracy ( ,papias or to ! id5tity ( ! docum5t itself4 ,our au?or h[ev] ma9ta9s t ! ,hebrew ,/ ,mat!w ( :i* ,papias speaks 0 n a ,gospel at all--i4e4 n a n>rative ( our ,"l's life & m9i/ry--b a m]e collection ( disc\rses or say+s4 ,x is urg$ t ! expression1 ',mat!w compil$ ! oracles' 7,greek3 xunegrapsato ta logia71 requires ?is int]pretation4 ,if ?is explanation 7 correct1 ! notice w\ld sugge/ t ,papias look$ ^u ! ,greek ,gospel z n m]ely a translation1 b an enl>gem5t1 ( ! orig9al docum5t4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be va9 to speculate h[ or :5 or by :om he suppos$ x to be made2 = ei!r he did n give ?is in=mation1 or 7if he did7 ,eusebius has )held x4 ,?is hypo!sis 0 fir/ />t$1 ,i believe1 by ,s*lei]ma*]1 & has f\nd fav\r ) n a few critics ( opposite s*ools4 ,attempts h be5 made f "t to "t to re/ore ?is suppos$ docum5t by dis5gag+ ^? portions ( our ,fir/ ,gospel1 :i* w\ld correspond to ?is idea1 f _! hi/orical sett+4 ,! !ory is n )\t its attractions3 x promises a solution ( "s difficulties2 b hi!rto x has n yield$ any results :i* w\ld ju/ify its acceptance4 ,our au?or speaks ( ^? critics :o reject x z '9 v _m cases l>gely influ5c$ by ! desire to see 9 ^! ,greek3 logia our actual ,gospel accord+ to ,/ ,mat!w' #aga3a4 ,?is is true 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* x is true t ^? :o take opposite views are l>gely influ5c$ 9 v _m cases by ! opposite desire4 ,b su* language is only calculat$ to mislead4 ,by no "o is ! !ory ( a collection ( disc\rses m /rongly d5\nc$ ?an by ,bleek #aga3b1 :o app>5tly consid]s t ,papias did n "h ref] to a ,greek ,gospel at all4 ',!re is no?+1' he writes1 '9 ! mann] 9 :i* ,papias expresses himself to ju/ify ?is supposition2 he w\ld c]ta9ly h express$ himself z he does1 if he meant an hi/orical "w l our ,new ,te/am5t ,gospels1 if he 7 ref]r+ to a writ+ ^: cont5ts 7 ^? ( our ,greek ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w4' ,equally decid$ too is ! language ( ,hilg5feld #aga3c1 :o c]ta9ly w\ld n be sway$ by any bias 9 ?is direction4 ,inde$ ?is !ory is encumb]$ ) ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no notice or trace else:]e ( any su* 'collection ( disc\rses4' ,9 ! next place1 all o!r e>ly writ]s f ,panta5us & ,ir5aeus onw>ds1 :o allude to ! subject1 speak ( ,/ ,mat!w z writ+ a ,gospel1 n a m]e collection ( say+s1 9 ,hebrew4 ,if !y d]iv$ _! in=mation 9 e case f ,papias1 x is cle> t !y f\nd no difficulty 9 int]pret+ 8 language s z to include a n>rative3 if !y did n 7z seems m probable1 & z our au?or himself holds #agb3a71 !n _! te/imony is all ! m important1 z ( indep5d5t witnesses to ! exi/5ce ( a ,hebrew ,/ ,mat!w1 :i* 0 a n>rative1 & n a m]e collection ( disc\rses4 ,nor inde$ does ! expression itself drive u to any su* hypo!sis4 ,hilg5feld1 :ile apply+ x to our ,fir/ ,gospel1 expla9s x on gr\nds :i* at all ev5ts are p]fectly t5able4 ,he supposes t ,papias m5tions only ! say+s ( ,*ri/1 n because ,/ ,mat!w record$ no?+ else1 b because he himself 0 conc]n$ only ) ^!1 & ,/ ,mat!w's ,gospel1 z di/+ui%$ f ,/ ,m>k's1 0 ! great /oreh\se ( mat]ials = 8 purpose #agb3b4 ,i d n h[ev] ?9k t ?is is ! "r explanation4 ,x supposes t only ,greek3 logoi 7'disc\rses' or 'say+s'7 c\ld be call$ ,greek3 logia 7'oracles'72 b usage does n w>rant ?is re/riction4 ,?us we are expressly told t ! ,scriptures recogniz$ by ,ephraem1 ,patri>* ( ,antio* 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #ebe-ede71 consi/$ ( '! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l 7,greek3 ta kuriaka logia7 & ! ,prea*+s ( ! ,apo/les' #agb3c4 ,"h we h ! v same expression :i* occurs 9 ,papias2 & x is obvi\sly employ$ z a synonyme = ! ,gospels4 ,our au?or does n m5tion ?is close p>allel1 b he alleges t 'h[ev] mu* ! signification ( ! expression '! oracles1' ,greek3 ta logia became aft]w>ds ext5d$1 x 0 n !n at all appli$ to do+s z well z say+s'2 & aga91 t '!re is no l+ui/ic prec$5t = /ra9+ ! expression1 us$ at t p]iod1 to mean any?+ beyond a collection ( say+s ( ,jesus :i* 7 oracul> or div9e #agc3a4' ,?is objection1 if x has any =ce1 mu/ involve "o or bo? ( ^! two assumptions2 fir/1 t books :i* 7 reg>d$ z ,scripture c\ld n at ?is e>ly date be call$ oracles1 unless !y 7 occupi$ entirely ) div9e say+s2 secondly1 t ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,mat!w 9 p>ticul> c\ld n at ?is "t be reg>d$ z ,scripture4 ,bo? assumptions alike are contradict$ by facts4 ,! fir/ is refut$ by a l>ge numb] ( examples4 ,/ ,paul1 = in/ance1 describes x z ! special privilege ( ! ,jews1 t !y _h ! keep+ ( ! 'oracles ( ,god' 7,rom4 iii4 #b74 ,c we suppose t he meant any?+ else b ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures by ?is expression8 ,is x possible t he w\ld exclude ! books ( ,g5esis1 ( ,jo%ua1 ( ,samuel & ,k+s1 or only include su* fragm5ts ( !m z pr(ess$ to give ! direct say+s ( ,god8 ,w\ld he1 or w\ld he n1 comprise "u ! t]m ! acc\nt ( ! creation & fall 7#a ,cor4 xi4 #h sq71 ( ! w&]+s 9 ! wild]ness 7#a ,cor4 x4 #a sq71 ( ,s>ah & ,hag> 7,gal4 iv4 #ba sq78 ,does n ! ma9 "p ( 8 argum5t 9 ! v next *apt] 7,rom4 iv47 dep5d mu* m on ! n>rative ( ,god's deal+s ?an ( ,8 words8 ,aga91 :5 ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews ref]s to '! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! oracles ( ,god' 7v4 #ab71 8 mean+ is expla9$ by 8 practice2 = he elicits ! div9e tea*+ q z mu* f ! hi/ory z f ! direct precepts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b1 if ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s leaves any loophole = d\bt1 ?is is n ! case ) _! contempor>y ,philo4 ,9 "o place he speaks ( ! words 9 ,deut4 x4 #i1 ',! ,"l ,god is 8 inh]itance1' z an 'oracle' 7,greek3 logion72 9 ano!r he quotes z an 'oracle' 7,greek3 logion7 ! n>rative 9 ,g54 iv4 #ae1 ',! ,"l ,god set a m>k ^u ,ca91 le/ anyone f9d+ him %\ld kill him' #agd3a4 ,f ?is & o!r passages x is cle> t ) ,philo an 'oracle' is a synonyme = a 'scripture4' ,simil>ly ,clem5t ( ,rome writes1 ',ye "k well ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 & h /udi$ ! oracles ( ,god1' #agd3b & imm$iately he recalls to _! m9d ! acc\nt 9 ,deut4 ix4 #ab sq1 ,exod4 xxxii4 #g sq1 ( :i* ! po9t is n any div9e precept or pr$iction1 b ! example ( ,moses4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,polyc>p speaks 9 condemnation ( ^? :o 'p]v]t ! oracles ( ! ,"l4' #agd3c ,h[ mu* he includ$ "u ?is expression1 we _c say1 b x mu/ be obs]v$ t he does n write ,greek3 ta kuriaka logia '! ,dom9ical oracles1' or ,greek3 ta logia '! oracles' simply--! two expressions :i* occur 9 ,papias--b ,greek3 ta logia t\ ,kuri\1 '! oracles ( ! ,"l1' :i* =m ( words w\ld m directly sugge/ ! ,"l z ! speak]4 ,aga9 ,ir5aeus1 d5\nc+ ! int]pretations ( ! ,scriptures curr5t among ! ,gno/ics1 uses ! v expression ( ,papias1 ,greek3 ta kuriaka logia #agd3d2 & ?\gh he does n def9e 8 exact mean+1 yet z ! 'oracles ( ,god' are m5tion$ imm$iately aft]w>ds1 & z ! fir/ in/ance ( su* false int]pretation :i* he gives is n a say+1 b an incid5t 9 ! ,gospels--! heal+ ( ! rul]'s daught]--we may inf] t he _h no idea ( re/rict+ ! t]m to say+s ( ,*ri/4 ,aga9 :5 we turn to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 we f9d t ! ,scriptures 9 "o passage are call$ '! oracles ( tru?1' :ile 9 ano!r among ! good de$s attribut$ to ,ezra is ! 'discov]y & re/oration ( ! inspir$ oracles' #agd3e4 ,simil>ly ,orig5 speaks ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,scripture z '! oracles1' '! oracles ( ,god' #age3a4 ,9 ! context ( ! latt] ( ! two passages to :i* ,i ref]1 he has cle>ly /at$ t he is contemplat+ ! hi/ories1 ! law1 & ! prophets alike4 ,s too ,/ ,basil uses 'sacr$' 7or div9e7 'oracles'1 'oracles ( ! ,_s1' #age3b z synonymes = ! ,scriptures4 ,& ?is cat5a ( passages might be l>gely ext5d$4 ,?is wide s5se ( ! ^w 'oracles' !re=e 9 itself is fully sub/antiat$ by examples bo? be=e & aft] ! "t ( ,papias4 ,b our au?or objects t x is n consi/5t ) ! usage ( ,papias himself else:]e4 ,! examples alleg$ h[ev] fail to prove ?is4 ,if ,papias entitl$ 8 "w ',exposition ( ,oracles ( ! ,"l1' or r '( ,dom9ical ,oracles1' !re is no?+ to %[ t he did n include n>rative portions ( ! ,gospels1 z well z disc\rses2 ?\gh f ! nature ( ! case ! latt] w\ld occupy ! *ief place4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is c]ta9 f ! extant notices t he dealt l>gely ) incid5ts4 ,& ?is he w\ld naturally d4 ,by false allegory & 9 o!r ways ,gno/ic tea*]s mis9t]pret$ ! facts1 n less ?an ! say+s1 ( ! ,gospels2 & ,papias w\ld be anxi\s to supply ! corrective 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,! second example ( its use 9 ,papias c]ta9ly does n fav\r our au?or's view4 ,?is fa!r1 z we h se5 #age3c1 describes ,/ ,m>k z n writ+ d[n '9 ord] ! ?+s said or done by ,*ri/' 7,greek3 ou m5toi taxei ta hupo t\ ,*ri/\ e le*!nta e pra*!nta74 ,?is1 he /ates1 0 n )9 ! ,evangeli/'s p[]1 because he 0 n a p]sonal disciple ( our ,"l1 b obta9$ 8 in=mation f ! prea*+ ( ,pet]1 :o consult$ ! imm$iate ne$s ( 8 he>]s & _h 'no int5tion ( giv+ a consecutive record ( ! ,dom9ical oracles' 7,greek3 ou* hosp] suntax9 ton kuriakon poi\m5os logion74 ,"h ! obvi\s inf]5ce is t ,greek3 ta kuriaka logia 9 ! second clause is equival5t to ,greek3 ta hupo t\ ,*ri/\ e le*!nta e pra*!nta ! fir/1 j z ! ,greek3 suntax9 9 ! second clause corresponds to ! ,greek3 taxei 9 ! fir/4 ,our au?or h[ev]1 foll[+ ! lead ( ^? :o adopt ! same int]pretation ( '! oracles1' expla9s x diff]5tly #agf3a4 ,!re is an evid5t contra/ made4 ,m>k wrote ,greek3 e le*!nta e pra*!nta1 because he _h n ! means ( writ+ disc\rses1 b ,mat!w compos$ ! ,greek3 logia4 ,papias cle>ly di/+ui%es ! "w ( ,m>k1 :o _h writt5 rem9isc5ces ( :at ,jesus _h said & done1 f t ( ,mat!w1 :o _h made a collection ( 8 disc\rses #agf3b4 ,?is int]pretation dep5ds altoge!r on ! assumption t ! extracts relat+ to ,/ ,m>k & ,/ ,mat!w belong$ to ! same context2 b ?is is only an assumption4 ,moreov] x introduces into ! extract relat+ to ,/ ,m>k a contra/ :i* is n only n sugge/$ by ! language1 b is oppos$ to ! ord] ( ! words4 ,! lead+ idea 9 ?is extract is ! abs5ce ( /rict hi/orical sequ5ce 9 ,/ ,m>k's n>rative4 ,accord+ly ! emphatic ^w 9 ! clause 9 "q is ,greek3 suntax91 :i* picks up ! previ\s ,greek3 taxei1 & itself occupies ! prom95t position 9 its own clause4 ,if our au?or's int]pretation 7 correct1 ! ma9 idea w\ld be a contra/ betwe5 a "w relat+ de$s z well z say+s1 & a "w relat+ say+s only2 & ,greek3 logion1 z br++ out ?is idea1 w\ld dem& ! mo/ emphatic place 7,greek3 ou* hosp] ton logion suntax9 poi\m5os72 :]eas 9 its pres5t position x is entirely subord9at$ to o!r words 9 ! clause4 ,! examples quot$ above %[ t '! oracles' 7,greek3 ta logia7 c be us$ z co-ext5sive ) '! ,scriptures' 7,greek3 hai graphai7 9 ! "t ( ,papias4 ,h5ce x foll[s t '! ,dom9ical ,oracles' 7,greek3 ta kuriaka logia7 c h z wide a mean+ z '! ,dom9ical ,scriptures' 7,dom9icae ,scripturae1 ,greek3 ai kuriakai graphai7--an expression occurr+ 9 ,ir5aeus & 9 ,dionysius ( ,cor9? #agg3a--or1 9 o!r words1 t ! ,gospels may be s call$4 ,if any difficulty !re=e rema9s1 x mu/ lie 9 ! second ( ! two assumptions :i* ,i m5tion$ above--namely1 t no ,evangelical record c\ld at ?is e>ly date be inve/$ ) ! au?ority impli$ by ! use ( ?is t]m1 or 79 o!r words7 c\ld be reg>d$ z ,scripture4 ,?is assumption aga9 is contradict$ by facts4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/ ,mat!w is twice quot$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 & 9 ! fir/ passage ! quotation is introduc$ by ! common =mula ( ,scriptural ref]5ce--'z x is writt5' #agg3b4 ,to :at contortions our au?or puts 8 argum5t1 :5 deal+ ) t epi/le1 9 ! va9 attempt to escape ! grip ( h>d fact1 ,i %all h occasion to %[ :5 ! prop] "t comes #agg3c4 ,at pres5t x is suffici5t to say t ! only gr\nd = refus+ to accept ,/ ,mat!w z ! s\rce ( ^! two quotations1 :i* are f\nd !re1 is ! assumption t ,/ ,mat!w c\ld n at ?is e>ly date be reg>d$ z ',scripture4' ,9 o!r words1 x is a petitio pr9cipii4 ,b ! ,epi/le ascrib$ to ,b>nabas1 on any %[+1 0 writt5 be=e ! date :i* our au?or himself assigns to ! ,exposition ( ,papias4 ,"s place x z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #gj1 or !reab\ts2 "s z late z ,a4,d4 #abj2 ! majority incl9e to ! lat] ye>s ( ! fir/1 or ! v beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury4 ,if !re=e ?is ,gospel c\ld be quot$ z ,scripture 9 ,b>nabas1 x c\ld a =tiori be describ$ z 'oracles' :5 ,papias wrote4 ,,vi4 ,,papias ,,( ,,hi]apolis4 ,cont9u$4 ,,octob]1 #ahge4 ,x has be5 se5 t1 9 ! meagre fragm5ts ( 8 "w :i* alone survive1 ,papias m5tions by "n ! ,evangelical records ( ,/ ,mat!w & ,/ ,m>k4 ,) ! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,gospels ! case is diff]5t4 ,eusebius has n record$ any ref]5ce to !m by ,papias1 & our au?or !re=e concludes t !y 7 unkn[n to ?is e>ly writ]4 ,i h %[n 9 a previ\s pap] on ! ',sil5ce ( ,eusebius' #agh3a1 t ?is inf]5ce is altoge!r unw>rantable4 ,i h po9t$ out t ! assumption on :i* x re/s is n ju/ifi$ by ! pr9ciples :i* ,eusebius lays d[n = himself z 8 rule ( proc$ure #agh3b1 :ile x is directly refut$ by almo/ e in/ance 9 :i* he quotes a writ+ n[ extant1 & 9 :i* !re=e x is possible to apply a te/4 ,i h prov$ t1 z reg>ds ! f\r ,gospels1 ,eusebius only pl$ges himself to give1 & 7z a matt] ( fact7 only does give1 traditions ( int]e/ respect+ !m4 ,i h prov$ also t x is n consi/5t ei!r ) 8 pr9ciples or ) 8 practice to ref] to m]e quotations1 h[ev] num]\s1 ev5 ?\gh !y are giv5 by "n4 ,papias !re=e might h quot$ ! ,?ird ,gospel any numb] ( times z writt5 by ,luke ! companion ( ,paul1 & ! ,f\r? ,gospel n less frequ5tly z writt5 by ,john ! ,apo/le2 & ,eusebius w\ld n h c>$ to record ! fact4 ,all ?is ,i h prov$1 & ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion is unable to disprove x4 ,9 ! preface to 8 la/ edition #agi3a he does inde$ devote sev]al pages to my argum5t2 b ,i confess t ,i am q at a loss to und]/& h[ any writ] c treat ! subject z x is !re treat$ by him4 ,does he or does he n realize ! di/9ction :i* und]lies ! :ole ( my argum5t--! di/9ction betwe5 traditions ab\t ! ,gospels on ! "o h&1 & quotations f ! ,gospels on ! o!r8 ,at times x appe>s z if ?is di/9ction 7 cle>ly be=e him4 ,he quotes a passage f my article1 9 :i* x is directly /at$ #agi3b1 & ev5 argues ^u x4 ,i gave a l>ge numb] ( in/ances :]e anci5t au?ors ^: writ+s are extant d quote our ,canonical ,scriptures1 sometimes directly1 sometimes indirectly1 sometimes anonym\sly1 sometimes by "n1 & :]e nev]!less ,eusebius does n m5tion ! circum/ance4 ,?is is 8 mode ( deal+ ) su* facts-- ,t he omitt$ to m5tion a ref]5ce to ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 or ! ref]5ce by ,!ophilus to ! ,gospel ( ,john1 & o!r suppos$ quotations1 might be set d[n z mu* to ov]sight z int5tion #agi3c4 ,does x n occur to him t he is "h cutt+ ! ?roat ( 8 own argum5t8 ,! ref]5ce to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians is ! s+le direct ref]5ce by "n to ! ,canonical ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,clem5t2 ! ref]5ce to ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john aga9 is ! s+le direct ref]5ce by "n 9 ! extant "w ( ,!ophilus4 ,:at w\ld be said ( a travell] :o paid a visit to ! ,gorn]-,grat = ! express purpose ( obs]v+ & record+ ! appe>ance ( ! ,alps f ?is comm&+ position1 & return$ f 8 survey )\t hav+ notic$ ei!r ! ,matt]horn or ,monte ,rosa8 ,if ,eusebius c\ld h ov]look$ ^! mo/ obvi\s notices1 he c\ld h ov]look$ any?+4 ,8 gross & habitual c>elessness w\ld !n cov] any omission4 ,nor aga91 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 w our au?or deceive any fairly intellig5t p]son1 :o has read my article ) mod]ate c>e1 by 8 conv5i5t because cl\dy expression1 'o!r suppos$ quotations4' ,i ne$ only rem9d my read]s t among ^! 'o!r suppos$ quotations' are includ$ 7to take only "o in/ance7 num]\s & direct ref]5ces by "n to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & to elev5 ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul 9 ,ir5aeus #ahj3a1 ( :i* ,eusebius says n a ^w1 & !y w judge = !mselves by ?is example :at dep5d5ce c be plac$ on ! au?or's use ( language4 ,b our au?or speaks ( ! 'ability' ( my article1 z a reason = discr$it+ its results4 ,i am mu* oblig$ to him = ! complim5t1 b ,i mu/ altoge!r decl9e x4 ,x is ! ability ( facts :i* he f9ds s inconv5i5t4 ,i br\ght to ! task no?+ m ?an ord9>y s5se4 ,i f\nd our au?or decl>+1 z o!rs _h decl>$ be=e him1 t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ,eusebius w\ld be sure to act 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,i turn$ to ,eusebius himself1 & ,i f\nd t1 :5ev] we are able to te/ 8 action "u ! suppos$ circum/ances1 he acts 9 precisely ! opposite way4 ,i discov]$ t he n only sometimes1 b sy/ematically1 ignores m]e quotations f ! f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts & ! ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 h[ev] num]\s & h[ev] precise4 ,i _c inde$ recollect a s+le in/ance :]e he adduces a quotation = ! m]e purpose ( au!nticat+ any "o ( ^! books4 ,b our au?or asks #ahj3b1 ,is x ei!r possible or p]missible to suppose t1 _h ,papias kn[n any?+ ( ! o!r two ,gospels ! ?ird & f\r?1 he w\ld n h inquir$ ab\t !m f ! presbyt]s & record$ _! in=mation8 ,& is x ei!r possible or p]missible to suppose t if ,papias _h record$ any simil> in=mation reg>d+ ! composition ( ! ?ird & f\r? ,gospels1 ,eusebius w\ld h omitt$ to quote x8 ,to ! fir/ "q ,i answ] t x is bo? possible & p]missible to make ?is supposition4 ,i g beyond ?is1 & say t x is n only possible & p]missible1 b q z probable z ! opposite alt]native4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( all def9ite k respect+ ! motive ( ,papias1 ,i d n see t we are ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ any pref]5ce to ei!r hypo!sis ov] ! o!r4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+ t ,papias made ^! /atem5ts respect+ ,/ ,m>k & ,/ ,mat!w 9 8 preface r ?an 9 ! body ( 8 "w1 or t !y 7 connect$ & cont9u\s1 or t he _h any int5tion ( giv+ an exhau/ive acc\nt ( all ! docum5ts ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! notices be> e m>k ( be+ incid5tal4 ,if we take ! passage relat+ to ,/ ,m>k = in/ance1 ! natural inf]5ce is t ,papias 9 ! c\rse ( 8 expositions /umbl$ on a passage :]e ?is ,evangeli/ omitt$ some?+ :i* 0 record$ by ano!r au?ority1 or gave "s incid5t 9 an ord] diff]5t f t :i* he f\nd else:]e1 & t 9 consequ5ce he ins]t$ ! notice ( ! presbyt] respect+ ! composition ( ?is ,gospel1 to expla9 ! div]g5ce4 ,he might1 or might n1 h _h opportunities ( inquir+ f ! presbyt]s respect+ ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,luke4 ,!y might1 or might n1 h be5 able to communicate in=mation respect+ x1 beyond ! fact :i* e "o knew1 & :i* !re=e no "o c>$ to repeat1 t x 0 writt5 by a companion ( ,/ ,paul4 ,he might1 or might n1 h f\nd himself confront$ ) a difficulty :i* l$ him to repeat 8 in=mation1 assum+ he _h receiv$ any f !m4 ,z reg>ds ! second "q1 ,i agree ) our au?or4 ,i am inde$ surpris$ t aft] ascrib+ su* incr$ible c>elessness to ,eusebius z he has done a few pages be=e1 he %\ld consid] x impossible & imp]missible to suppose him guilty ( any la*es "h4 ,b ,i myself h a mu* high] op9ion ( ! c>e manife/$ by ,eusebius 9 ?is matt]4 ,s f> z ,i c see1 x w\ld dep5d v mu* on ! nature ( ! in=mation1 :e!r he w\ld c>e to repeat x4 ,if ,papias _h report$ any 'simil>' in=mation respect+ ! two la/ ,gospels1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly expect ,eusebius to record x4 ,b if 7to give an illu/ration7 ,papias _h m]ely said ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/ t ',john ! disciple ( ! ,"l wi%$ by ! publication ( ! ,gospel to root out t error :i* _h be5 dissem9at$ among m5 by ,c]9?us1 & long be=e by ^? :o are call$ ,nicolaitans1' or language to t effect1 x w\ld be no surprise to me if ,eusebius did n reproduce x2 because ,ir5aeus uses ^! v words ( ! f\r? ,gospel #ahb3a1 & ,eusebius does n allude to ! fact4 ,b our au?or argues t1 'if !re 0 a ,f\r? ,gospel 9 8 k1 he ,papias mu/ h _h some?+ to tell ab\t x' #ahb3b4 ,p]haps s1 b x does n foll[ ei!r t he %\ld h c>$ to tell ?is some?+ gratuit\sly1 or t any occasion %\ld h aris5 :i* l$ him to tell x4 ,inde$1 ?is mode ( argu+ altoge!r ignores ! relations 9 :i* ! imm$iate circle address$ by ,papias /ood to ,/ ,john4 ,x w\ld h be5 idle = ,papias to h said1 z ,ir5aeus says1 ',john ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 :o also lay ^u ,8 brea/1 publi%$ 8 ,gospel1 :ile liv+ 9 ,ephesus ( ,asia' #ahb3c4 ,x w\ld h be5 z idle z if a writ] 9 ?is ,review 7 to v\*safe ! in=mation t ',napoleon ,i 0 a great rul] ( ! ,fr5* :o made w> aga9/ ,engl&4' ,on ! hypo!sis ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 su* in=mation w\ld h be5 altoge!r sup]flu\s4 ,papias might incid5tally1 :5 quot+ ! ,gospel1 h introduc$ 8 quotation 9 words f :i* a lat] g5]ation c\ld ga!r ^! facts2 b he is n at all likely to h communicat$ !m 9 ! =m ( a direct /atem5t4 ,&1 if he did n1 !re is no reason to ?9k t ,eusebius w\ld h quot$ ! passage4 ,s f> h[ev]1 our au?or seems to recognize ! di/9ction :i* ,i drew betwe5 /ories ab\t1 & quotations f1 ! ,gospels4 ,b else:]e1 :5 ! practical consequ5ces become inconv5i5t1 he boldly ignores x4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,! only inf]5ce :i* ,i c>e to draw f1 ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius is precisely t :i* ,dr ,lightfoot admits t1 bo? f 8 promise & 8 practice1 ,i am entitl$ to d$uce4 ,:5 any anci5t writ] 'has some?+ to tell ab\t' ! ,gospels1 'any anecdote ( int]e/ respect+ !m1' ,eusebius w record x4 ,?is is ! only in=mation ( ! slighte/ value to ?is "w :i* c\ld be look$ = 9 ^! writ]s #ahc3a4 ,:at8 does our au?or s]i\sly ma9ta9 t1 suppos+ ,papias to h quot$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel sev]al times by "n z ! "w ( ,john ! ,apo/le1 ?is fact w\ld n be ( '! slighte/ value' 9 its be>+ on ! "q at issue betwe5 u--! antiquity & g5u95ess ( t ,gospel--because1 =soo?1 he did n give any anecdote respect+ its composition8 ,s aga9 a few pages lat]1 he writes-- ,eusebius fulfils 8 pl$ge1 & /ates :at disput$ works 7 us$ by ,hegesippus & :at he said ab\t !m1 & "o ( ^! 0 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,he does n1 h[ev]1 record a rem>k ( any k9d reg>d+ our ,gospels1 & ! legitimate inf]5ce1 & x is ! only "o ,i c>e to draw1 is t ,hegesippus did n say any?+ ab\t !m #ahc3b4 ,yes2 'did n say any?+ ab\t !m1' 9 ! s5se ( n record+ any traditions respect+ !m1 ?\gh he may h quot$ !m scores ( times & by "n4 ,if ?is is ! only inf]5ce :i* our au?or c>es to draw1 ,i _c object4 ,b x is n ! inf]5ce :i* 8 words w\ld sugge/ to ! incauti\s read]2 & x is n ! inf]5ce :i* w assi/ 8 argum5t at all4 ,moreov] ?is passage ignores ano!r di/9ction1 :i* ,i %[$ to be requir$ by ! pr(ession & practice alike ( ,eusebius4 ,eusebius relates ( ,hegesippus t he 'sets d[n "s ?+s f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews' #ahc3c2 b1 z our au?or correctly says1 he does n directly m5tion 8 us+ our f\r ,canonical ,gospels4 ,?is is entirely 9 accordance ) 8 proc$ure else:]e4 ,i %[$ t he makes x 8 bus9ess to note e s+le quotation f an apocryphal s\rce1 :]eas he delib]ately ignores any numb] ( quotations f ! ,canonical ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 & ! ,paul9e ,epi/les4 ,h[ else 7to take a s+le in/ance7 c we expla9 ! fact t1 9 deal+ ) ,ir5aeus1 he s+les out ! "o anonym\s quotation f ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas #ahd3a1 & is sil5t ab\t ! two hundr$ quotations 7a v consid]able numb] ( !m by "n7 f ! ,paul9e ,epi/les8 ,b ! passage :i* ,i h j giv5 is n ! only "o 9 :i* ! unw>y read] w be entirely misl$ by ?is juggle betwe5 two mean+s ( ! preposition 'ab\t'4 ,?us our au?or has 9 sev]al in/ances #ahd3b tacitly alt]$ ! =m ( expression 9 8 la/ edition2 b ! alt]ation is made 9 su* a way z1 :ile satisfy+ ! lett] ( my di/9ction1 to conceal its true significance4 ,?us he writes ( ,dionysius #ahd3c-- ,,e>li] ,,editions4 ,,la/ ,,edition #ahd3d4 ,x is c]ta9 t1 _h ,dionysius ,x is c]ta9 t _h ,dionysius m5tion$ books ( ! ,new said any?+ ab\t books ,te/am5t1 ,eusebius w\ld1 z ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,eusebius usual1 h /at$ ! fact4 w\ld1 z usual1 h /at$ ! fact4 ,& aga9 ( ,papias #ahd3e-- ,,e>li] ,,editions4 ,,la/ ,,edition4 ,eusebius1 :o nev] fails to ,eusebius1 :o nev] fails to enum]ate ! works ( ! ,new /ate :at ! ,fa!rs say ab\t ,te/am5t to :i* ! ,fa!rs ! works ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ref]1 does n pret5d t does n m5tion t ,papias ,papias knew ei!r ! ,?ird or knew ei!r ! ,?ird or ,f\r? ,f\r? ,gospels4 ,gospels4 ,^! alt]ations tell _! own tale4 ,"o mean+ ( ! expression1 'say ab\t1' is sugge/$ to ! read] by ! context & requir$ by ! au?or's argum5t1 :ile ano!r is alone consi/5t ) ! facts4 ,else:]e h[ev] ! di/9ction is n juggl$ away1 b boldly ignor$4 ,?us he /ill writes-- ,! presumption !re=e naturally is t1 z ,eusebius did n m5tion ! fact1 he did n f9d any ref]5ce to ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 ! "w ( ,papias #ahe3a4 ,i h %[n t !re is n any presumption--ev5 ! slighte/--on ?is side4 ,else:]e he affirms /ill m boldly ( ,hegesippus-- ,x is c]ta9 t _h he m5tion$ our ,gospels1 & we may say p>ticul>ly ! ,f\r?1 ! fact w\ld h be5 record$ by ,eusebius #ahe3b4 ,i h prov$ t1 s f> f ?is be+ c]ta91 ! probability is all ! o!r way4 ,i confess t ,i _c und]/& ?is treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,x may inde$ s]ve an imm$iate purpose4 ,x may take 9 an unw>y read]1 or ev5 a /ray review]4 ,i mu/ suppose t x has ev5 deceiv$ ! writ] himself4 ,b magna e/ v]itas4 ,my pap] on ! ,sil5ce ( ,eusebius 0 f\nd$ on an induction ( facts2 & !re=e ,i feel confid5t t1 unwelcome z ^! results are to ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 & unexpect$ z !y may be to _m o!rs1 !y mu/ be ultimately accept$ 9 ! ma94 ,! abs5ce !re=e ( any direct m5tion by ,eusebius respect+ ! use ( ! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,gospels by ,papias af=ds no presumption "o way or ! o!r2 & we mu/ look else:]e = light on ! subject4 ,un=tunately ! fragm5ts & notices ( ! "w ( ,papias :i* h be5 pres]v$ are v scanty4 ,!y might easily be compress$ into less ?an two ord9>y octavo pages1 ?\gh ! "w itself ext5d$ to five books4 ,x mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z a m]e accid5t1 :e!r we f9d 9 ^! meagre reliques ! indications :i* we seek4 ,z reg>ds ,/ ,luke1 ^! indications are prec>i\s & inadequate4 ,!y may af=d a presumption t ,papias us$ ?is ,gospel1 b !y w n d m4 ,indep5d5t writ]s inde$1 l ,cr$n] & ,hilg5feld1 are satisfi$1 f c]ta9 co9cid5ces ( expression 9 ! preface ( ,papias1 t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ?is ,evangeli/'s record1 ?\gh he did n atta* any value to x2 b ,i agree ) ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion 9 ?9k+ t ! inf]5ce is n w>rant$ by ! expressions !mselves4 ,x seems to me mu* m to ! purpose t an extant fragm5t ( ,papias1 9 :i* he speaks ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,satan & 8 angels1 & _! fall to ! e>?1 appe>s to h be5 tak5 f an exposition ( ,luke x4 #ah #ahf3a4 ,at lea/ !re is no o!r passage 9 ! ,gospels to :i* x c s conv5i5tly be ref]r$4 ,b obvi\sly no great /ress c be laid on ?is fact4 ,x mu/ inde$ seem highly improbable t ,papias %\ld h be5 unacqua9t$ ) a ,gospel :i* ,m>cion1 a contempor>y & a native ( ,asia ,m9or1 ?\ght fit to adapt to 8 h]etical tea*+1 & :i* at ?is "t is %[n by ! /ate ( ! text to h be5 no rec5t docum5t #ahf3b4 ,b ?is is a consid]ation ext]nal to ! evid5ce d]ivable f ,papias himself4 ,! case ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel h[ev] is q diff]5t4 ,"h we h a comb9ation ( circum/antial evid5ce1 :i* is great] ?an we _h any "r to expect be=eh&1 & :i* am\nts 9 ! aggregate to a v high degree ( probability4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,eusebius in=ms u t ,papias 'has employ$ te/imonies f ! fir/ 7=m]7 ,epi/le ( ,john1 & likewise f t ( ,pet]4' ,! k ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le almo/ necess>ily c>ries ) x ! k ( ! ,gospel4 ,! id5tity ( au?or%ip 9 ! two books1 ?\gh n undisput$1 is accept$ ) su* a degree ( unanimity t x may be plac$ 9 ! category ( ackn[l$g$ facts4 ,b1 if ,i mi/ake n1 _! relation is mu* clos] ?an ?is4 ,!re is n only an id5tity ( au?or%ip1 b also an organic connection betwe5 ! two4 ,! fir/ ,epi/le has sometimes be5 reg>d$ z a preface to ! ,gospel4 ,x %\ld r be describ$1 ,i ?9k1 z a comm5datory po/script4 ,?is connection w make itself felt1 if ! two books are read cont9u\sly4 ,! ,gospel seems to h be5 writt5 or 7m prop]ly speak+7 dictat$ = an imm$iate circle ( disciples4 ,?is fact appe>s f special notices ( "t & circum/ance1 ins]t$ "h & !re1 evid5tly = ! purpose ( correct+ ! misappreh5sions & solv+ ! difficulties ( ! ,evangeli/'s he>]s4 ,x is made /ill m cle> by ! sudd5 transition to ! second p]son1 :5 ! n>rator breaks (f1 & look+ up 7z x 771 addresses 8 he>]s--',he t saw1 x ha? borne record 444 t ye might believe4' ',^! ?+s are writt5 t ye might believe' #ahg3a4 ,!re 7 ga!r$ ab\t ! ,apo/le1 we may suppose1 c]ta9 old] memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 l ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john1 :o1 z eye-witnesses ( ,*ri/'s e>?ly life1 c\ld gu>antee ! correctness ( ! n>rative4 ,! tw5ty-f\r? v]se ( ! la/ *apt] is1 z x 71 ! endorsem5t ( ^! eld]s--',?is is ! disciple :i* te/ifie? ( ^! ?+s1 & wrote ^! ?+s1 & we "k t 8 te/imony is true4' ,aft] ! n>rative is ?us end$1 comes ! hortatory po/script :i* we call ! ,fir/ ,epi/le1 & :i* 0 int5d$ 7we may suppose7 to be circulat$ ) ! n>rative4 ,x has no op5+ salutation1 l ! two ,epi/les prop]--! second & ?ird--:i* be> ! same ,apo/le's "n4 ,x beg9s at once ) a ref]5ce to ! ,gospel n>rative :i* 7on ?is hypo!sis7 has prec$$--',t :i* 0 f ! beg9n+1 :i* we h he>d1 :i* we h se5 ) our eyes1 :i* we beheld & our h&s h&l$1 ( ! ,^w ( ,life 444 t :i* we h se5 & he>d decl>e we unto y4' ,! use ( ! plural "h l9ks on ! op5+ ( ! ,epi/le ) ! close ( ! ,gospel4 ,! ,apo/le beg9s by associat+ ) himself ! eld]s1 :o h c]tifi$ to ! au?or%ip & au!nticity ( ! n>rative4 ,hav+ done ?is1 he *anges to ! s+ul>1 & speaks 9 8 own "n--',i write4' ,! op5+ phrase ( ! ,epi/le1 ',t :i* 0 f ! beg9n+1' is expla9$ by ! op5+ phrase ( ! ,gospel1 ',9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w4' ,! :ole ,epi/le is a devotional & moral application ( ! ma9 ideas :i* are evolv$ hi/orically 9 ! say+s & do+s ( ,*ri/ record$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,! mo/ p]plex+ say+ 9 ! ,epi/le1 ',he t came by wat] & by blood1' illu/rates & itself is illu/rat$ by ! mo/ p]plex+ incid5t 9 ! ,gospel1 ',!re came =? wat] & blood4' ,we und]/& at l5g?1 :y 9 ! ,gospel s mu* /ress is laid on ! v]acity ( ! eye-witness j at ?is po9t1 :5 we see f ! ,epi/le :at significance ! writ] w\ld atta* to ! incid5t1 z symboliz+ ,*ri/'s heal+ p[]4 ,?is view ( ! composition ( ! ,gospel & its connection ) ! ,epi/le has be5 sugge/$ by int]nal consid]ations2 b x is /rongly confirm$ by ! e>lie/ tradition :i* has be5 pres]v$4 ,! ,muratorian fragm5t #ahh3a on ! ,canon mu/ h be5 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj4 ,z ,i %all h occasion to ref] to ?is docum5t m ?an once be=e ,i h done1 ,i w "h give an acc\nt ( ! passage relat+ to ! ,gospels1 t x may s]ve = ref]5ce aft]w>ds4 ,! fragm5t is mutilat$ at ! beg9n+1 s t ! passage describ+ ! ,fir/ ,gospel is altoge!r want+4 ,! text beg9s ) ! clos+ s5t5ce 9 ! description ( ! ,second ,gospel--obvi\sly ,/ ,m>k--:i* runs ?us3 ',at :i* h[ev] he 0 pres5t1 & s he set !m d[n4' ',! ,?ird ,book ( ! ,gospel' is designat$ 'accord+ to ,luke4' ,! writ] relates t ?is ,luke 0 a physician1 :o aft] ! ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/ became a foll[] ( ,/ ,paul1 & t he compil$ ! ,gospel 9 8 own "n4 ',yet1' he adds1 'nei!r did he 7nec ipse7 see ! ,"l 9 ! fle%1 & he too set d[n incid5ts z he 0 able to asc]ta9 !m #ahi3a4 ,s he began 8 n>rative f ! bir? ( ,john4' ,!n he cont9ues-- ',! ,f\r? ,gospel is 7! "w7 ( ,john1 "o ( ! 7p]sonal7 disciples #ahi3b 7( ,*ri/74 ,be+ exhort$ by 8 fell[-disciples & bi%ops1 he said1 ,fa/ ) me to-day = ?ree days1 & let u relate to "o ano!r :at %all h be5 reveal$ to ea*4 ,! same night x 0 reveal$ to ,&rew1 "o ( ! ,apo/les1 t ,john %\ld write d[n ev]y?+ 9 8 own "n1 & all %\ld c]tify 7ut recognosc5tibus cunctis ,johannes suo nom9e cuncta describ]et74 ,& !re=e1 al?\gh v>i\s elem5ts 7pr9cipia7 are taught 9 ! sev]al books ( ! ,gospels1 yet x makes no diff]5ce to ! fai? ( ! believ]1 s9ce all ?+s 9 all ( !m are decl>$ by "o ,supreme ,_s1 conc]n+ ! nativity1 ! passion1 ! resurrection1 ,8 int]c\rse ) ,8 disciples1 & ,8 two adv5ts1 ! fir/ 9 despis$ l[l9ess1 :i* is already pa/1 ! second ) ! magnific5ce ( k+ly p[]1 :i* is yet to come4 ,:at wond] !n1 if ,john s boldly puts =w>d ea* /atem5t 9 8 ,epi/le 7,greek3 tais epi/olais7 #ahi3c also say+ ( himself1 ,:at we h se5 ) our eyes & he>d ) our e>s1 & our h&s h h&l$1 ^! ?+s we h writt5 unto y8 ,= s he av[s himself to be n only an eye-witness & a he>]1 b also a record]1 ( all ! wond]ful ?+s ( ! ,"l 9 ord]4' ,aft] speak+ ( ! ,acts & ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 ?is anonym\s writ] arrives at ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les2 & "h he m5tions two ,epi/les ( ,/ ,john z receiv$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,i %all h some?+ to say pres5tly ab\t ! co9cid5ces ) ,papias 9 ?is passage4 ,= ! mom5t ,i wi% to call att5tion to ! acc\nt :i* ! writ] gives ( ! orig9 ( ,/ ,john's ,gospel #aij3a4 ,!re may be "s leg5d>y matt] mix$ up ) ?is acc\nt2 ! int]position ( ,&rew & ! dream ( ,john may or may n h be5 hi/orical facts2 b its g5]al t5or agrees rem>kably ) ! results yield$ by an exam9ation ( ! ,gospel itself4 ,yet x mu/ be reg>d$ z altoge!r indep5d5t4 ,to suppose o!rwise w\ld be to ascribe to ! writ] 9 ! second c5tury an am\nt ( critical insight & inve/igation :i* w\ld d no di%on\r to ! n9ete5?4 ,b !re is also ano!r po9t ( importance to my imm$iate subject4 ,! writ] deta*es ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john f ! ,second & ,?ird1 & connects x ) ! ,gospel4 ,ei!r he himself1 or "s e>li] au?ority :om he copi$1 w\ld appe> to h us$ a manuscript 9 :i* x occupi$ ?is position4 ,b our au?or attempts to invalidate ! te/imony ( ,eusebius respect+ ! use ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le by ,papias4 ,he wrote 9 8 e>li] editions3-- ,z ,eusebius h[ev] does n quote ! passages f ,papias1 we mu/ rema9 9 d\bt :e!r he did n1 z else:]e1 assume f "s simil>ity ( word+ t ! passages 7 quotations f ^! ,epi/les1 :il/ 9 reality !y might n be4 ,eusebius made a simil> /atem5t ) reg>d to a suppos$ quotation 9 ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p 7#e7 ^u v insuffici5t gr\nds #aia3a4 ,9 my article on ! ,sil5ce ( ,eusebius #aia3b1 ,i *all5g$ him to produce any ju/ification ( 8 ass]tion 'z else:]e4' ,i /at$1 & ,i emphasiz$ ! /atem5t1 t ',eusebius 9 no in/ance :i* we c te/ gives a d\btful te/imony4' ,i w>n$ him t1 if ,i 7 n prov$ to be wrong 9 ?is /atem5t1 ,i %\ld use ! fact h]eaft]4 ,9 ! preface to 8 new edition he has devot$ twelve pages to my article on ,eusebius2 & he is sil5t on ?is po9t4 ,( 8 sil5ce ,i h no "r to compla94 ,if he _h no?+ to say1 he has act$ wisely4 ,b !re is ano!r po9t 9 ! p>agraph quot$ above1 :i* dem&s m s]i\s consid]ation4 ,9 my article #aia3c ,i (f]$ ! conjecture t our au?or _h be5 guilty ( a confusion "h4 ,i call$ att5tion to 8 note 7#e7 :i* runs1 ',ad ,phil4 vii42 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #ad1' & ,i wrote3-- ,! passage ( ,eusebius to :i* our au?or ref]s 9 ?is note relates h[ ,polyc>p 'has employ$ c]ta9 te/imonies f ! ,fir/ 7=m]7 ,epi/le ( ,pet]4' ,! *apt] ( ,polyc>p1 to :i* he ref]s1 conta9s a ref]5ce to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john1 :i* has be5 alleg$ by mod]n writ]s1 b is n alleg$ by ,eusebius4 ,?is same *apt]1 x is true1 conta9s ! words ',wat* unto pray]1' :i* pres5ts a co9cid5ce ) #a ,pet4 iv4 #g4 ,b no "o w\ld lay any /ress on ?is "o expression3 ! /rong & unque/ionable co9cid5ces are else:]e4 ,moreov] our au?or speaks ( a s+le 'suppos$ quotation1' :]eas ! quotations f #a ,pet] 9 ,polyc>p are num]\s4 ,i !n po9t$ out t5 o!r co9cid5ces ) ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,pet]1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ,polyc>p's ,epi/le4 ,"s ( ^! are v]bal2 almo/ all ( !m are mu* m /rik+ & cog5t ?an ! resemblance 9 c4 vii4 ,our au?or w n all[ ! error1 b replies 9 8 preface3-- ,i regret v mu* t "s ambiguity 9 my language 7,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #dhc7 %\ld h misl$1 & giv5 ,dr ,lightfoot mu* tr\ble4 ,i us$ ! ^w 'quotation' 9 ! s5se ( a use ( ! ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 & n 9 ref]5ce to any "o s5t5ce 9 ,polyc>p4 ,i tru/ t 9 ?is edition ,i h made my mean+ cle> #aib3a4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! text1 he sub/itutes = ! latt] s5t5ce ! words3-- ,eusebius made a simil> /atem5t ) reg>d to ! use ( ! ,epi/le ( ,pet] 9 ! s-call$ ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 ^u no m def9ite gr\nds ?an an app>5t resemblance ( expressions #aib3b4 ,b ! =m] "p ( ! s5t5ce is unalt]$2 ! ass]tion 'z else:]e' /ill rema9s unsub/antiat$2 & :at is m important1 he leaves ! note exactly z x /ood be=e1 ) ! s+le ref]5ce to c4 vii4 ,?us he has entirely misl$ 8 read]s4 ,he has delib]ately ignor$ m ?an n9e-t5?s ( ! evid5ce 9 po9t ( am\nt1 & v f> m ?an ?is proportion 9 po9t ( cog5cy4 ,! note 0 q appropriate1 suppos+ t ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john 7 meant1 z ,i assum$2 x is a flagrant suppressio v]i1 if x ref]s to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,pet]1 z our au?or ass]ts t x does4 ,! *>ge :i* ,i br\ght aga9/ him 0 only "o ( c>elessness1 :i* no "o ne$ h be5 a%am$ to confess4 ,! *>ge :i* 8 own explanation raises aga9/ him is ( a f> grav] k9d4 ,?\gh he regrets ! tr\ble he has giv5 me1 ,i d n regret x4 ,x has enabl$ me to br+ out ! important fact t ,eusebius may always be tru/$ 9 ^! notices relat+ to ! use made ( ! ,canonical ,scriptures by e>ly writ]s4 #b4 ,b ?is is n ! only reason :i* ! fragm5ts 9 ,eusebius supply = believ+ t ,papias 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,! extract f ! preface sugge/s po9ts ( co9cid5ce1 :i* are all ! m important because !y are incid5tal4 ,9 ! words1 ',:at 0 said by ,&rew1 or by ,pet]1 or by ,philip1 or by ,?omas or ,james1 or by ,john or ,mat!w1' ! fir/ f\r names appe> 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y are introduc$ on ! sc5e by ?is ,evangeli/4 ,z ?is ord]1 :i* places ,&rew be=e ,pet]1 is any?+ b ! natural ord]1 ! co9cid5ce has a real significance4 ,moreov]1 ?ree ( ^! f\r hold a prom95t place 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :i* !y d n hold 9 ! o!rs--,philip & ,?omas be+ nev] once nam$ by ! ,synoptic ,evangeli/s1 except 9 _! li/s ( ! ,twelve4 ,x has be5 said inde$ t ! position assign$ to ! "n ( ,john by ,papias 9 8 enum]ation is inconsi/5t ) ! supposition t ?is ,apo/le wrote a ,gospel1 or ev5 t he resid$ & taught 9 ,asia ,m9or1 because s important a p]sonage mu/ necess>ily h be5 nam$ e>li]4 ,b ?is argum5t proves no?+ because x proves too mu*4 ,no rational acc\nt c be giv5 ( ! sequ5ce1 suppos+ t ! names are arrang$ '9 ord] ( m]it4' ,pet]1 z ! *ief ,apo/le1 mu/ h /ood fir/2 & ,john1 z a pill> ,apo/le1 w\ld h be5 nam$ next1 or 7if ! ,james "h m5tion$ is ! ,"l's bro!r7 at all ev5ts next b "o4 ,?is w\ld h be5 ! obvi\s ord] 9 any case2 b1 if ,papias _h any ,judaic sympa?ies1 z he is suppos$ to h _h1 no o!r is imag9able4 ,?is objection !re=e is unt5able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a rem>kable fact t ! two names1 :i* are kept to ! la/ & associat$ toge!r1 are j ^? two memb]s ( ! ,twelve to :om alone ! ,*ur* attributes writt5 ,gospels4 ,z ,evangeli/s1 ! "n ( ,john & ,mat!w w\ld naturally be connect$4 ,on any o!r hypo!sis1 x is difficult to acc\nt = ?is juxtaposition4 ,aga91 x %\ld be notic$ t :5 ,papias speaks ( incid5ts 9 our ,"l's life :i* are relat$ by an eye-witness )\t any int]m$iation betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! report]1 he describes !m z 'com+ f ! ,tru?'s self' #aic3a 7,greek3 ap' autes tes ale!ias74 ,?is p]sonification ( ,*ri/ z '! ,tru?' is conf9$ to ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 #c4 ,:5 we turn f ,eusebius to ,ir5aeus1 we meet ) o!r evid5ce po9t+ to ! same result4 ,i ref] to a passage ) :i* ! read]s ( ^! articles w be famili>1 = ,i h _h occasion to ref] to x m ?an once #aid3a2 b ,i h n yet inve/igat$ its connection ) ,papias4 ,ir5aeus writes #aid3b3-- ,z ! eld]s say1 !n also %all !y :i* h be5 deem$ wor?y ( ! abode 9 heav5 g ?i!r1 :ile o!rs %all enjoy ! delight ( p>adise1 & o!rs aga9 %all possess ! brightness ( ! city2 = 9 e place ! ,savi\r %all be se51 accord+ z !y %all be wor?y :o see him4 ,!y say moreov] t ?is is ! di/9ction betwe5 ! habitation ( !m t br+ =? a hundr$-fold1 & !m t br+ =? sixty-fold1 & !m t br+ =? ?irty-fold2 ( :om ! fir/ %all be tak5 up into ! heav5s1 & ! second %all dwell 9 p>adise1 & ! ?ird %all inhabit ! city2 & t !re=e our ,"l has said1 ',9 my ,fa!r's abode are _m mansions' 7,greek3 en tois t\ patros m\ monas e9ai pollas72 = all ?+s are ( ,god1 :o give? to all _! appropriate dwell+1 accord+ z ,8 ,^w sai? t allotm5t is made unto all by ! ,fa!r1 accord+ z ea* man is1 or %all be1 wor?y4 ,& ?is is ! banquet+-table at :i* ^? %all recl9e :o are call$ to ! m>riage & take "p 9 ! fea/4 ,! presbyt]s1 ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les1 say t ?is is ! arrangem5t & disposal ( !m t are sav$1 & t !y advance by su* /eps1 & asc5d ?r\gh ! ,_s to ! ,son1 & ?r\gh ! ,son to ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son at l5g? yield+ ,8 "w to ! ,fa!r1 z x is said also by ! ,apo/le1 '= ,he mu/ reign until ,he putte? all enemies "u 8 feet1' etc4 #aid3c ,i am glad to be sav$ all fur!r tr\ble ab\t ! gramm> ( ?is passage4 ,our au?or n[ all[s t ! s5t5ce ) :i* we are ma9ly conc]n$ is oblique1 & t ! words conta9+ a ref]5ce to our ,"l's say+ 9 ,/ ,john's ,gospel are attribut$ to ! eld]s :o are m5tion$ be=e & aft]4 ,he /ill ma9ta9s h[ev]1 t 'x is unreasonable to claim' ! ref]5ce 'z an allusion to ! "w ( ,papias1' ,he urges 9 "o place t !re is 'a wide *oice ( presbyt]s1 includ+ ev5 evangeli/s1 to :om ! ref]5ce ( ,ir5aeus may ) equal "r be ascrib$' #aie3a2 9 ano!r1 t '! s\rce ( ! quotation is q indef9ite1 & may simply be ! exegesis ( 8 own day' #aie3b4 ,to ! "o hypo!sis x is suffici5t to reply t no su* explanation is f\nd 9 ! only f\r ,evangeli/s :om ,ir5aeus recogniz$2 to ! o!r1 t :5 ,ir5aeus wrote !re 7 no 'disciples ( ! ,apo/les' liv+1 s t he c\ld h us$ ! pres5t t5se 9 speak+ ( !m4 ,?is ref]5ce to ! t5se leads to a di/9ction ( real importance4 ,critics h rem>k$ t ^! reports ( ! op9ions ( ! presbyt]s 9 ,ir5aeus mu/ be accept$ ) res]ve2 t ! report] may unconsci\sly h infus$ 8 own ?\ghts & illu/rations into ! acc\nt2 & t !re=e we _c adduce ) entire confid5ce ! quotations f ! canonical writ+s :i* !y conta94 ,?is caution is n sup]flu\s1 b x mu/ n be accept$ )\t limitation4 ,! reports 9 ,ir5aeus are ( two k9ds4 ,9 "s cases he repeats ! conv]sations ( 8 pr$ecessors2 9 o!rs he d]ives 8 in=mation f publi%$ records4 ,! hesitation1 :i* is prud5t 9 ! "o case1 w\ld be q misplac$ 9 ! o!r4 ,we %all g5]ally f9d no difficulty 9 draw+ ! l9e betwe5 ! two4 ,?\gh !re may be "o or two d\btful in/ances1 ! language ( ,ir5aeus is mo/ commonly decisive on ?is po9t4 ,?us1 :5 he quotes ! op9ions ( ! eld] on ! ,two ,te/am5ts1 he is obvi\sly repeat+ oral tea*+2 = he writes1 ',! presbyt] us$ to say1' ',! presbyt] w\ld ent]ta9 u ) 8 disc\rse1' ',! old man1 ! disciple ( ! ,apo/les1 us$ to dispute' #aif3a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 9 ! passage be=e u he employs ! pres5t t5se1 ',z ! eld]s say1' ',! presbyt]s1 ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les1 say1' he is cle>ly ref]r+ to "s docum5t4 ,no "o w\ld write1 ',col]idge ma9ta9s1' or ',pitt decl>es1' unless he _h 9 view "s "w or spee* or biographical notice ( ! p]son ?us quot$4 ,we may !re=e safely conclude t 9 ! passage be=e u ,ir5aeus is cit+ f "s book4 ,s f> z reg>ds ! ma9 "q at issue1 ! antiquity ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 x matt]s little :e!r ?is book 0 ! exegetical "w ( ,papias or n4 ,inde$ ! supposition t x 0 a diff]5t "w is slightly m fav\rable to my position1 because x yields additional & indep5d5t te/imony ( ! same date & "* z t ( ,papias4 ,b ! foll[+ reasons comb9$ make out a v /rong case = assign+ ! passage to ,papias4 7#a7 ,x entirely accords ) ! me?od ( ,papias1 z he himself describes x 9 8 preface #aig3a4 ,scriptural passages are int]pret$1 & ! say+s ( ! eld]s are int]wov5 ) ! int]pretations4 ,x accords equally well ) ! subject ( 8 ,expositions2 = we "k t he _h a great fondness = es*atological topics1 & t he view$ !m 9 ?is light4 7#b7 ,! possibilities are limit$ by ! language1 :i* conf9es our se>* to writt5 docum5ts4 ,s f> z we "k !re 01 prior to ! "t ( ,ir5aeus1 no ,*ri/ian "w :i* w\ld treat ! same subject 9 ! same way1 & w\ld at ! same "t satisfy ! conditions impli$ 9 ! words1 ',! eld]s1 ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les1 say4' 7#c7 ,! connection ) a previ\s passage is highly important 9 its be>+ on ?is "q4 ,9 ! ?irty-?ird *apt] ( 8 fif? & la/ book ,ir5aeus gives ! direct ref]5ce to ,papias :i* has be5 consid]$ already #aig3b2 9 ! ?irty-six? & f9al *apt] occurs ! passage ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$4 ,is !re reason to believe t ! au?ority 9 ^! two passages is ! same or diff]5t8 ,sev]al consid]ations aid u 9 answ]+ ?is "q1 & !y all t5d 9 ! same direction4 7i7 ,! subject ( ! two passages is ! same4 ,!y bo? treat ( ! future k+dom ( ,*ri/1 & bo? reg>d x f ! same po9t ( view z a visible & ext]nal k+dom4 7ii7 ,9 ! next place ! au?orities 9 ! two passages are describ$ 9 simil> t]ms4 ,9 ! fir/ passage !y are designat$ at ! outset '! eld]s :o saw ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l1' :ile at ! close we are told t ',papias records ^! ?+s 9 writ+ 9 8 f\r? book3 ,x is n cle> :e!r ^! eld]s are ! au?orities :om ,papias quotes1 or ! class to :om ,papias himself belongs1 & :om !re=e he repres5ts4 ,s9ce ,ir5aeus reg>ds ,papias z a direct he>] ( ,/ ,john1 ?is latt] alt]native is q t5able1 ?\gh p]haps n z probable z ! o!r4 ,b ?is tw(old possibility does n affect ! "q at issue4 ,9 ! second passage ! au?orities are describ$ 9 ! op5+ z '! eld]s' simply1 & at ! close z '! eld]s1 ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les4' ,?us ! two accord4 ,moreov]1 9 ! second passage '! eld]s' are introduc$ )\t any fur!r description1 z if !y 7 already kn[n1 & we !re=e naturally ref] back to ! p]sons :o h be5 m5tion$ & describ$ %ortly be=e4 7iii7 ,! subject is cont9u\s f ! "o passage to ! o!r1 ?\gh x ext5ds ov] f\r some:at long *apt]s 7c4 #cc-cf74 ,! discussion />ts1 z we h se51 f ,*ri/'s say+ ab\t dr9k+ ! fruit ( ! v9e 9 ,8 k+dom #aih3a4 ,! au?ority ( ! eld]s1 record$ 9 ! "w ( ,papias1 is quot$ to support a lit]al int]pretation ( ^! words1 z imply+ a mat]ial recomp5se ( ! believ]s4 ,ir5aeus !n cites ^? prophecies ( ,isaiah :i* =etell ! reign ( peace on ,god's ,holy ,m\nta9 7xi4 #f sq1 lxv4 #be sq74 ,?is leads him to ! pr$ictions :i* ann\nce ! future triumphs ( ,israel & ! glories ( ! ,new ,j]usalem1 all ( :i* are int]pret$ lit]ally z ref]r+ to a reign ( ,*ri/ on e>?4 ,creation ?us r5ovat$1 he argues1 w la/ = ev]1 z may be inf]r$ f ! promise ( ! new heav5s & ! new e>? 7,isaiah lxvi4 #bb74 ,!n foll[s ! passage 9 "q1 :i* conta9s ! int]pretation1 giv5 by ! eld]s1 ( ,*ri/'s say+ conc]n+ ! _m mansions 9 ,8 ,fa!r's h\se4 ,a few l9es l[] d[n ,ir5aeus ref]s aga9 to ! words respect+ ! fruit ( ! v9e f :i* he _h />t$2 & aft] two or ?ree s5t5ces m ! book ends4 ,^! seem to be v sub/antial reasons = assign+ ! words to ,papias4 ,& probably ! two passages :i* ,i h be5 consid]+ d n /& alone4 ,9 an e>li] "p ( ?is same fif? book ,ir5aeus writes #aih3b3-- ,:]e !n 0 ! fir/ man plac$8 ,9 p>adise pla9ly1 z x is writt5 ',& ,god plant$ a p>adise44442' & he 0 ca/ out !nce into ?is _w1 ow+ to 8 disob$i5ce4 ,:]e=e also ! eld]s1 disciples ( ! ,apo/les1 say t ^? :o 7 translat$ 7 translat$ ?i!r 7= p>adise 0 prep>$ = righte\s & inspir$ m51 :i!r also ! ,apo/le ,paul 0 c>ri$44447 & t !y :o are translat$ rema9 !re till ! end ( all ?+s 7,greek3 heos sunteleias71 prelud+ immortality4 ,on ?is passage our au?or rem>ks3-- ,x seems highly probable t ^! 'presbyt]s ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les' :o are quot$ on p>adise are ! same 'presbyt]s ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les' ref]r$ to on ! same subject 7v4 #cf4 ,sec4,sec4 #a1 #b71 :om we are discuss+ #aii3a4 ,) ?is op9ion ,i entirely agree4 ',b1' he adds1 '!re is no?+ :atev] to connect !m ) ,papias4' ,"h ,i am oblig$ to jo9 issue4 ,x seems to me t !re are sev]al ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! description ( ! au?orities1 '! eld]s1 ! disciples ( ! ,apo/les1' :i* exactly accords ) ! /atem5t 9 ,papias' own preface #aii3b4 ,next !re is ! subject & its treatm5t4 ,?is latt] po9t1 if ,i mi/ake n1 pres5ts "s consid]ations :i* /rongly confirm my view ( ! s\rce ( ^! ref]5ces 9 ,ir5aeus4 ,! eld]s "h quot$ ma9ta9 t ! p>adise ( ,g5esis is n a t]re/rial p>adise2 x is "s region beyond ! limits ( ?is _w1 to :i* ,eno* & ,elijah 7 translat$2 x is ! abode1 z ,ir5aeus says1 ( ! righte\s & ! spiritual 7,greek3 pneumatikoi71 ( :om ^! two respectively are types2 _! translation preludes ! immortality ( ! fai?ful 9 ,*ri/4 ,9 ! second passage :]e p>adise is m5tion$ by ^! eld]s1 x is decl>$ to be "o ( ! '_m mansions' 9 ! ,fa!r's h\se4 ,b x is cle> f ?is latt] passage t ! "w f :i* ^! say+s ( ! eld]s are quot$ mu/ h conta9$ mu* m ab\t p>adise4 ,! int]m$iate position !re assign$ to x betwe5 ! cele/ial & ! t]re/rial k+dom does n expla9 itself1 & mu/ h requir$ "s previ\s discussion4 ,is !re any reason to ?9k t ,papias did directly occupy himself ) ?is subject8 ,! "w ( ,papias 0 9 ! h&s ( ,ana/asius ( ,s9ai1 :o 7z we h se57 set a v high value on x #bjj3a4 ,he tells u 9 8 ',hexaem]on' #bjj3b t '! m anci5t int]pret]s 444 contemplat$ ! say+s ab\t p>adise spiritually1 & ref]r$ !m to ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4' ,!y 'said t !re 0 a c]ta9 spiritual p>adise' #bjj3c4 ,among ^! 'm anci5t int]pret]s1' ( :om he gives a li/1 he names '! great ,papias ( ,hi]apolis1 ! s*ol> ( ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & ,ir5aeus ( ,lyons4' ,"h ! two are associat$ toge!r z deal+ ) ?is same subject 9 ! same way4 ,h[ mu* ( ! exegesis :i* ,ana/asius gives 9 ! context1 & attributes to ^! anci5t int]pret]s1 may be due to ,papias 9 p>ticul>1 x is impossible to say4 ,b x may be obs]v$ t ! expression '! delight ( ! p>adise1' 9 ! say+ ( ! eld]s report$ by ,ir5aeus1 is tak5 f ! ,septuag9t ( ,ezekiel xxviii4 #ac1 :]e ! ,pr9ce ( ,tyre is address$1 ',?\ wa/ 9 ! delight ( ! p>adise ( ,god2' & t ,ana/asius repres5ts '! int]pret]s' 7among :om he _h previ\sly m5tion$ ,papias7 z 'especially confirm+ _! views ( a spiritual p>adise' by appeal+ to ?is v passage1 ':]e ,god seems to reveal to u enigmatically ! fall ( ! devil f heav51' ! ,pr9ce ( ,tyre be+ int]pret$ z ,satan1 & ! '/ones ( fire' ! ho/s ( intellig5t be+s2 & he imm$iately aft]w>ds quotes 9 illu/ration our ,"l's words 9 ,luke x4 #ah1 ',i beheld ,satan z lightn+ fall f heav5' #bja3a4 ',see1' he concludes1 'we h he>d pla9ly t he 0 ca/ d[n to ! e>? f "s p>adise ( delight high above1 & f ! *]ubic coals ( fire4 7,ezek4 xxviii4 #af7' ,f ! ,hexaem]on ( ,ana/asius ,i turn to ! ,cat5a on ! ,apocalypse1 be>+ ! names ( ,oecum5ius & ,are?as1 :i* 0 publi%$ by ,cram] #bja3b1 & "h ,i f9d fre% confirmation4 ,on ,rev4 xii4 #i1 ! compil] ( ?is comm5t>y quotes ! same passage ( ,/ ,luke to :i* ,ana/asius ref]s4 ,he !n goes on to expla9 t !re 0 a tw(old fall ( ,satan--! "o at ! "t ( ! creation ( man1 ! o!r at ! ,inc>nation2 & he proce$s-- ,see+ !n t ,mi*ael1 ! *ief capta9 ( ! heav5ly ho/s1 c\ld n tol]ate ! pride ( ! devil1 & _h long ago ca/ him out f 8 own abode by w>like might1 accord+ z ,ezekiel says1 t 'he 0 ca/ out by ! *]ubim f ! mid/ ( ! /ones ( fire1' t is to say1 ! angelic ranks1 because 'iniquities 7 f\nd 9 him' 7xxviii4 #ae1 #af72 aga9 at ! com+ ( ,*ri/1 z has be5 said 444 he ha? fall5 m completely4 ,?is is confirm$ by ! tradition ( ! fa!rs1 especially ( ,papias 7,greek3 kai pat]on p>adosis kai ,papi\71 a successor ( ! ,evangeli/ ,john :o wrote ?is v ,apocalypse ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,inde$ ,papias speaks ?us conc]n+ ! w> 9 ^! express words3 ',x s befell t _! array1' t is1 _! w>like ent]prise1 'came to n\ght2 = ! great dragon1 ! old s]p5t1 :o is also call$ ,satan & ! devil1 0 ca/ d[n1 yea1 & 0 ca/ d[n to ! e>?1 he & 8 angels' #bja3c4 ,i turn aga9 to ,ana/asius2 & ,i read 9 him t '! above-m5tion$ int]pret]s' gave ^! explanations ( p>adise to c\nt]act ! tea*+ ( div]s h]etics1 among :om he especially m5tions ! ,ophites :o '(f]$ ! greate/ ?anksgiv+s to ! s]p5t1 on ! gr\nd t by 8 c\nsels1 & by ! transgression committ$ by ! woman1 ! :ole race ( mank9d _h be5 born' #bjb3a4 ,?is notice aga9 confirms ! view :i* ,i adopt$1 t x 0 ! design ( ,papias to supply an antidote to ! false exegesis ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,?us ev]y?+ hangs toge!r1 & we seem to h re/or$ a lo/ piece ( anci5t exegesis4 ,if ?is re/oration is unc]ta9 9 its details1 x has at lea/ mat]ially /r5g!n$ my position1 t ! two say+s ( ! eld]s respect+ p>adise1 quot$ by ,ir5aeus1 mu/ be attribut$ to ! same au?ority1 ,papias1 :om ,ir5aeus cites by "n 9 ! int]m$iate passage relat+ to ! mill5nial k+dom4 ,i mu/ add my belief also t v consid]able p>ts ( ! fif? book ( ,ir5aeus1 :i* consi/s ma9ly ( exegesis1 are borr[$ f ! exegetical "w ( ,papias4 ,x is ! unp>donable s9 ( ,papias 9 ! eyes ( ,eusebius1 t he has misl$ subsequ5t writ]s1 m especially ,ir5aeus1 on ^! es*atological subjects4 ,?is is speak+ te/imony to ! debt ( ,ir5aeus4 ,lit]>y prop]ty 0 n an idea recogniz$ by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,!y 7 too mu* absorb$ 9 _! subject to conc]n !mselves ) _! obligations to o!rs1 or ) ! obligations ( o!rs to !m4 ,plagi>ism 0 n a crime1 :]e !y _h all lit]>y ?+s 9 common4 ,hippolytus1 9 8 *ief "w1 tacitly borr[s :ole p>agraphs1 & ev5 *apt]s1 almo/ ^w = ^w1 f ,ir5aeus4 ,he m5tions 8 "n only twice1 & does n ackn[l$ge 8 obligations m ?an once #bjb3b4 ,! lib]ties1 :i* ,hippolytus takes ) 8 ma/] ,ir5aeus1 might well h be5 tak5 by ,ir5aeus himself ) 8 pr$ecessor ,papias4 #d4 ,eusebius tells u t ,papias 'relates also ano!r /ory conc]n+ a woman accus$ ( _m s9s be=e ! ,"l1' & he adds t x is 'conta9$ 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4' ,! /ory 9 "q is all[$ to be ! n>rative ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 :i* appe>s 9 ! common texts ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 vii4 #ec-viii4 #aa4 ,9 ! olde/ ,greek ,,ms :i* conta9s ?is p]icope1 ! ,codex ,bezae1 ! words 'tak5 9 adult]y' are read 'tak5 9 s94' ,9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions #bjc3a1 :]e ?is incid5t is briefly relat$1 ! woman is describ$ z 'hav+ s9n$4' ,& aga9 ,ruf9us1 :o w\ld possibly be acqua9t$ ) ,j]ome's translation ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 boldly sub/itutes 'a woman1 an adult]ess1' = 'a woman accus$ ( _m s9s1' 9 8 v]sion ( ,eusebius4 ,b x is equally c]ta9 t ?is p]icope is an int]polation :]e x /&s4 ,all consid]ations ( ext]nal evid5ce are aga9/ x4 ,x is want+ 9 all ,greek ,,mss be=e ! six? c5tury2 x 0 orig9ally abs5t 9 all ! olde/ v]sions--,lat91 ,syriac1 ,egyptian1 ,go?ic2 x is n ref]r$ to1 z "p ( ,/ ,john's ,gospel1 be=e ! latt] half ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,nor is ! int]nal evid5ce less fatal4 ,x is express$ 9 language q =eign to ,/ ,john's /yle1 & x int]rupts ! t5or ( 8 n>rative4 ,! ,evangeli/ is "h relat+ ,*ri/'s disc\rses on ! la/ day1 t great day1 ( ! fea/' ( ,tab]nacles4 ,our ,"l seizes on ! two mo/ prom95t features 9 ! c]emonial--! p\r+ out ( ! wat] f ,siloam ^u ! alt>1 & ! illum9ation ( ! city by flam+ tor*es1 light$ 9 ! ,temple area4 ,ea* 9 succession furni%es ,him ) imag]y illu/rat+ ,8 own p]son & "w4 ,9 ! un9t]rupt$ n>rative1 ! "o topic foll[s directly ^u ! o!r4 ,he /ates fir/1 t ! /reams ( liv+ wat] fl[ f ,him 7vii4 #cg sq74 ,he speaks 'aga9' 7,greek3 pal971 & decl>es t ,he is ! light ( ! _w 7viii4 #ab sq74 ,b ! int]v5tion ( ?is /ory dislocates ! :ole n>rative1 introduc+ a *ange ( "t1 ( sc5e1 ( subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w be felt t ! incid5t1 ?\gh misplac$ "h1 mu/ be au!ntic 9 itself4 ,its e?ical pit* is f> above any?+ :i* c\ld h be5 inv5t$ = ,him by ,8 disciples & foll[]s1 '^: "* & idiosyncrasies1' z ,mr ,mill says1 '7 ( a totally diff]5t sort' #bjd3a4 ,!y _h nei!r ! capacity to imag9e nor ! w to inv5t an incid5t1 :i*1 :ile embody+ ! l(tie/ ( all moral tea*+1 w\ld seem to !m dang]\sly lax 9 its moral t5d5cies4 ,b1 if s1 h[ came x to f9d a place 9 ! copies ( ,/ ,john's ,gospel8 ,ewald incid5tally ?r[s out a sugge/ion #bjd3b t x 0 orig9ally writt5 on ! m>g9 ( "s anci5t manuscript1 to illu/rate ! words ( ,*ri/ 9 ,john viii4 #ae1 ',ye judge aft] ! fle%2 ,i judge no man4' ,?is h9t he has n foll[$ up1 b x seems to me to be highly valuable4 ,! p]icope 9 "q occurs1 9 mo/ au?orities :i* conta9 x1 aft] vii4 #eb2 9 "o ,,ms h[ev] x /&s aft] vii4 #cf2 & 9 sev]al x is plac$ at ! end ( ! ,gospel4 ,?is is j :at might h be5 expect$ if x 0 writt51 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ! m>g9 ( a ,,ms conta9+ two or ?ree columns on a page4 ,:5 transf]r$ f ! m>g9 to ! text1 x w\ld f9d a place some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :]e x lea/ int]f]$ ) ! n>rative1 or1 if no suitable place appe>$1 x w\ld be relegat$ to ! end ( ! book4 ,x %\ld be add$1 t "s good cursives give x at ! end ( ! tw5ty-fir/ *apt] ( ,/ ,luke--! mo/ appropriate position1 hi/orically1 t c\ld be f\nd = x4 ,:e!r ?is 0 an indep5d5t ins]tion 9 ,/ ,luke1 or a transf]5ce f ,/ ,john made on critical gr\nds1 x is n easy to say4 ,b if ?is 0 ! motive ( ! ins]tion1 :at 0 its s\rce8 ,h we n "h "o ( ^? illu/rative anecdotes :i* ,papias d]iv$ f ! report ( ! eld]s1 & to :i* he 'did n scruple to give a place along ) 8 int]pretations' ( our ,"l's say+s8 ,its introduction z an illu/ration ( ! words 9 ,john viii4 #ae w\ld ?us be an exact p>allel to ! treatm5t ( ! say+ 9 ,mat!w xxvi4 #bi1 z describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is pap] #bje3a4 ,a read] or transcrib] ( ,/ ,john1 famili> ) ,papias1 w\ld copy x d[n 9 8 m>g91 ei!r f ,papias himself or f ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews2 & h5ce x w\ld ga9 curr5cy4 ,! ,codex ,bezae1 ! olde/ ,greek manuscript by two or ?ree c5turies :i* conta9s ?is n>rative1 is rem>kable = its additions4 ,may we n suspect t o!rs besides ?is p]icope 7,i w\ld "n especially our ,"l's say+ to ! man :om ,he f\nd work+ on ! sabba?7 7 d]iv$ f ?is exegetical "w ( ,papias8 ,at all ev5ts ,eusebius speaks ( x z conta9+ '"s /range p>ables & tea*+s ( ! ,savi\r1 & "s o!r matt]s m or less fabul\s 7,greek3 mu?ikot]a71' :i* ,papias d]iv$ f oral tradition4 #e4 ,i h already sugge/$ #bje3b t ! notice relat+ to ,/ ,m>k 9 ,papias might h be5 giv5 to expla9 "s peculi>ities 9 ! ,second ,gospel1 z comp>$ ) ,/ ,john4 ,?is conjecture1 /&+ alone1 appe>s to h a v slight value1 b x assumes a high] importance :5 we f9d t a writ] :o 0 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,papias speaks ( ,/ ,m>k's ,gospel 9 ?is same way & ) ?is same motive4 ,! extract f ! ,muratorian fragm5t relat+ to ! ,gospels has be5 giv5 above #bje3c4 ,! writ] is obvi\sly desir\s ( acc\nt+ = ! diff]5ces 9 ! f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,z ! fragm5t is mutilat$ at ! beg9n+1 we _c say :at he wrote ab\t ! ,fir/ ,gospel4 ,b ! half s5t5ce :i* alone survives ( 8 acc\nt ( ! ,second ,gospel tells its own tale2 ',quibus int]fuit et ita tam5 posuit4' ,x is evid5t t he1 l ,papias1 describes ,/ ,m>k z dep5d5t on ! oral prea*+ ( ,/ ,pet] = 8 in=mation respect+ ,*ri/'s life4 ,he 'set d[n' su* facts z he knew f hav+ be5 'pres5t' :5 ! ,apo/le relat$ !m to 8 he>]s4 ,if ! words !mselves _h left any room = d\bt1 x w\ld be cle>$ up by 8 acc\nt ( ! ,?ird ,gospel1 :i* foll[s imm$iately4 ,/ ,luke1 he tells u1 0 a foll[] ( ,/ ,paul1 & s wrote 8 ,gospel2 'b nei!r did he 7,greek3 all' oud' autos7 see ! ,"l 9 ! fle%1' & s he gave su* in=mation z came )9 8 rea*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he decl>es t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 writt5 by ,john1 a p]sonal disciple ( ,*ri/1 at ! in/ance & ) ! sanction ( o!r p]sonal disciples l himself4 ,h5ce1 he argues1 ?\gh !re mu/ necess>ily be diff]5ces 9 detail1 yet ?is does n affect ! fai? ( believ]s1 s9ce !re is p]fect accordance on ! ma9 po9ts1 & all ! ,gospels alike are inspir$ by ! same ,_s4 ,at ! same "t1 ! au?ority ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is p>am\nt1 z ! record ( an imm$iate eye-witness2 & ?is claim ,john ass]ts = himself 9 ! op5+ ( 8 ,epi/le1 :5 he decl>es t he has writt5 :at he himself _h se5 & he>d4 ,probably1 if ! notice ( ,/ ,m>k _h n be5 mutilat$1 ! co9cid5ce w\ld h be5 f\nd to be /ill great]4 ,ev5 z x /&s1 ?is acc\nt ?r[s great light on ! notice ( ,papias4 ,! ,muratorian writ] lays /ress on ! second>y "* ( ,/ ,m>k's acc\nt2 s does ,papias4 ,! ,muratorian writ] quotes f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john 9 evid5ce2 s did ,papias4 ,we are n told ) :at object ,papias adduc$ ?is te/imony f ! ,epi/le2 b x is at lea/ a plausible hypo!sis t he _h ! same end 9 view z ! ,muratorian writ]4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ also t ,eusebius m5tions ,papias z quot+ n only ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john1 b also ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,pet]4 ,may n ! two h be5 connect$ toge!r 9 ! context ( ,papias1 z !y are 9 ! notice ( ,eusebius8 ,x is q cle> t ,papias _h already said some?+ ( ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,m>k previ\sly to ! extract :i* gives an acc\nt ( ! ,second ,gospel2 = he !re ref]s back to a prec$+ notice1 ',b aft]w>ds1 z ,i said1 he foll[$ ,pet]4' ,w\ld he n naturally h quot$1 z illu/rat+ ^! relations1 ! ref]5ce to ! ,evangeli/ 9 ! ,apo/le's own lett]1 ',m>cus my son salute? y' 7#a ,pet4 v4 #ac78 ,if ! :ole ( ! ,muratorian writ]'s notice ( ! ,second ,gospel _h be5 pres]v$1 we %\ld n improbably h f\nd a p>allelism "h also4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ! resemblance is en\gh to sugge/ t ! ,muratorian writ] 0 acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,papias1 & t he borr[$ 8 contra/ betwe5 ! second>y evid5ce ( ,/ ,m>k & ! prim>y evid5ce ( ,/ ,john f ?is e>li] writ]4 ,& su* a contra/ (f]s a highly natural explanation ( ,papias' motive4 ,! te/imony ( ! eld] respect+ ! composition ( ,/ ,m>k's ,gospel 0 introduc$ by him1 z we saw1 to expla9 its ph5om5a4 ,?\gh /rictly accurate 9 its relation ( facts1 z f> z x w5t1 ?is ,gospel _h1 he tells u1 two drawbacks1 :i* x ow$ to its second>y "*4 ,! acc\nt c\ld n be tak5 z complete1 & ! ord] c\ld n be assum$ to be /rictly *ronological4 ,9 o!r words1 comp>$ ) o!r evangelical n>ratives :i* ,papias _h 9 view1 x %[$ omissions & transpositions4 ,a comp>ison ) ,/ ,john's n>rative w\ld yield _m in/ances ( bo?4 ,we h ample evid5ce t )9 a v few ye>s aft] ,papias wrote1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,/ ,john & ! ,synoptic ,gospels _h already begun to attract att5tion4 ,! ,muratorian writ] is a compet5t witness to ?is1 nor does he /& alone4 ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 :o succe$$ ,papias 9 ! see ( ,hi]apolis1 p]haps imm$iately1 c]ta9ly )9 a v few ye>s1 m5tions t on ! %[+ ( "s p]sons '! ,gospels seem to be at v>iance ) "o ano!r' #bjg3a4 ,he is ref]r+ especially to ! acc\nt ( ! ,crucifixion 9 ,/ ,mat!w & ,/ ,john respectively4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t ! ,muratorian writ]'s acc\nt ( ,/ ,mat!w also has n be5 pres]v$2 = "h aga9 we %\ld expect mu* light to be ?r[n on ! correspond+ acc\nt 9 ,papias4 ,:y did ,papias introduce ?is notice ( ! ,hebrew orig9al ( ,/ ,mat!w8 ,we may suspect t ! same motive :i* induc$ him to dwell on ! second>y "* ( ,/ ,m>k's k l$ him also to call att5tion to ! fact t ,/ ,mat!w's ,gospel 0 n an orig9al1 b a translation4 ,i turn to an exegetical "w ( ,eusebius1 & ,i f9d ?is fa!r deal+ ) ! diff]5t acc\nts ( two ,evangeli/s 9 ?is v way4 ,he und]takes to solve ! "q1 :y ,/ ,mat!w 7xxviii4 #a7 says t ! resurrection 0 reveal$ to ,m>y ,magdal5e on ! ev5+ ( 7or 'late on'7 ! sabba? 7,greek3 opse sabbaton71 :]eas ,/ ,john 7xx4 #a7 places ?is same incid5t on ! fir/ day ( ! week ,greek3 te mia ton sabbaton2 & among o!r explanations :i* he (f]s is ! foll[+3-- ,! expression 'on ! ev5+ ( ! sabba?' is due to ! translator ( ! ,scripture2 = ! ,evangeli/ ,mat!w publi%$ ,greek3 p>$oke 8 ,gospel 9 ! ,hebrew tongue2 b ! p]son :o r5d]$ x into ! ,greek language *ang$ x1 & call$ ! h\r dawn+ on ! ,"l's day ,greek3 opse sabbaton #bjh3a4 ,he adds1 t ea* ,evangeli/ corrects any misappreh5sion :i* might arise--,/ ,mat!w by add+ 'z x began to dawn t[>ds ! fir/ day ( ! week1' ,/ ,john by a simil> qualify+ expression ':5 x 0 yet d>k4' ,be+ acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,papias1 ,eusebius might h borr[$ ?is mode ( explanation1 if n ?is v explanation1 f him4 ,b x may be urg$ t on ?is hypo!sis ! motive ( ,papias mu/ h appe>$ 9 ! context1 & t1 if x _h s appe>$1 ,eusebius mu/ h quot$ x4 ,! reply is simple4 ,papias mu/ 9 any case h _h "s object or o!r 9 cit+ ?is te/imony ( ! presbyt]1 & none is giv54 ,b ,i w\ld answ] fur!r1 t "u ! suppos$ circum/ances ,eusebius 0 n likely to quote ! context4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he has n done s 9 a v simil> case1 :]e he te>s out a fragm5t f a passage 9 ,ir5aeus :i* intimately affects ! relations ( ! ,evangeli/s to "o ano!r #bji3a4 ,he comm5ces 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce1 & extracts j z mu* z s]ves 8 imm$iate purpose1 leav+ out ev]y?+ else4 ,on ?is po9t1 ,i am glad t ,i c reckon be=eh& on ! ass5t ( ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion himself4 ,speak+ ( ?is extract f ,ir5aeus1 he says1 ',no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ! desire or int5tion ( ,eusebius ?an to repres5t any discordance betwe5 ! ,gospels #bji3b4' ,i d n inde$ jo9 9 ! vulg> outcry aga9/ ! di%one/y ( ,eusebius4 ,:]ev] ,i h be5 able to inve/igate ! *>ge1 ,i h f\nd x baseless4 ,we h ample evid5ce t ,eusebius 0 prep>$ to face ! difficulties 9 h>moniz+ ! ,gospels1 :5 ! subject came prop]ly be=e him4 ,b "h he might fairly excuse himself f ent]+ ^u a topic :i* _h no be>+ on 8 imm$iate purpose1 & :i* once />t$ w\ld require a l5g?y discussion to d ju/ice to x4 ,moreov] x is obvi\s t he is v impati5t ) ,papias4 ,he tells u twice ov] t he has conf9$ 8 extracts to ! v n>r[e/ limits :i* b>e ju/ice to 8 subject w\ld all[ #bji3c2 he w>ns 8 read]s t !re are a great _m traditions 9 ,papias :i* he has pass$ ov]2 & he ref]s !m to ! book itself = fur!r in=mation4 ,?\gh exceptionally long 9 itself comp>$ ) 8 notices ( o!r e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 8 acc\nt ( ,papias is1 we may inf]1 exceptionally brief 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( mat]ial :i* ?is fa!r af=d$ = su* extracts4 #f4 ,i h said no?+ yet ab\t ! direct te/imony ( a late anonym\s writ]1 :i* 7if x c\ld be accept$ z tru/wor?y7 w\ld be decisive on ! po9t at issue4 ,9 an argum5t prefix$ to ?is ,gospel 9 a ,vatican ,,ms1 :i* is assign$ to ! n9? c5tury1 we read z foll[s3-- ,! ,gospel ( ,john 0 made kn[n 7manife/atum71 & giv5 to ! ,*ur*es by ,john :ile he yet rema9$ 9 ! body 7adhuc 9 corpore con/ituto72 z 7"o7 ,papias by "n1 ( ,hi]apolis1 a belov$ disciple ( ,john1 has relat$ 9 8 exot]ic1 t is1 9 8 la/ five books 79 exot]icis1 id e/1 9 extremis qu9que libris72 b he wrote d[n ! ,gospel at ! dictation ( ,john1 correctly 7descripsit v]o evangelium dictante ,johanne recte74 ,b ,m>cion ! h]etic1 :5 he _h be5 c5sur$ 7improbatus7 by him1 because he held h]etical op9ions 7eo quod contr>ia s5tiebat71 0 ca/ (f by ,john4 ,n[ he _h br\ght writ+s or lett]s to him f ! bre?r5 t 7 9 ,pontus #baj3a4 ,no /ress c be laid on te/imony d]iv$ f a passage :i* conta9s su* obvi\s ana*ronisms & o!r inaccuracies2 b ! m5tion ( ,papias "h c\rts inquiry1 & "t w n be ill sp5t 9 ! endeav\r to acc\nt = x4 ,x w be wor? :ile1 at all ev5ts1 to dispose ( an errone\s explanation :i* has f\nd "s fav\r4 ,:5 att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ?is passage by ,ab]le & ,tis*5dorf1 ,ov]beck met !m ) ! hypo!sis t ! notice 0 tak5 f a spuri\s "w ascrib$ to ,papias4 ,he suppos$ t "s "o _h =g$ five additional books 9 ! "n ( ?is fa!r1 9 :i* he _h ga!r$ toge!r a mass ( fabul\s matt]1 & _h entitl$ !m ',exot]ica1' atta*+ !m to ! g5u9e five books4 ,to ?is "w he assign$ also ! notice respect+ ! f\r ,m>ies :i* be>s ! "n ( ,papias #baj3b4 ,?is explanation might h be5 left to itself if x _h rema9$ z a m]e hypo!sis ( ,ov]beck's1 b x has be5 rec5tly accept$ by ,hilg5feld4 ,he speaks ( ^! five 'exot]ic' books1 z atta*$ to '! five esot]ic or g5u9e books2' & to ?is s\rce he attributes n only ! acc\nt ( ! f\r ,m>ies1 b also a notice relat+ to ! dea? ( ,/ ,john :i* is giv5 by ,georgius ,ham>tolos on ! au?ority ( ,papias #baa3a4 ,?is h[ev] seems to be altoge!r a mi/ake4 ,we f9d no notice or trace else:]e ( any su* spuri\s "w attribut$ to ,papias4 ,moreov] ^! titles are q un9telligible4 ,!re is no reason :y ! five g5u9e books %\ld be call$ 'esot]ic1' or ! five spuri\s books 'exot]ic4' ,ab\t ! notice ( ! f\r ,m>ies aga9 ,hilg5feld is 9 error4 ,x is n tak5 f any =g$ book fa!r$ ^u ! bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 b f a g5u9e "w ( ano!r ,papias1 a ,lat9 lexicograph] ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,?is is n a m]e hypo!sis1 z ,hilg5feld assumes1 b an indisputable fact1 z any "o c te/ :o w ref] to ! "w itself1 ( :i* ,,mss exi/ 9 "s libr>ies1 & :i* 0 pr9t$ f\r times 9 ! fifte5? c5tury #baa3b4 ,nor aga9 does ! passage 9 ,georgius ,ham>tolos give any c\nt5ance to ?is !ory4 ,?is writ]1 aft] say+ t ,/ ,john surviv$ ! re/ ( ! twelve & !n suff]$ z a m>tyr 7,greek3 m>turi\ katexiotai71 cont9ues3-- ,= ,papias1 ! bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 hav+ be5 an eye-witness ( him1 says 9 ! second book ,greek3 logo ( ! ',oracles ( ! ,"l' 7,greek3 ton kuriakon logion7 t he 0 sla9 by ! ,jews1 hav+1 z is cle>1 ) 8 bro!r ,james1 fulfill$ ! pr$iction ( ,*ri/4444 ',ye %all dr9k my cup1' etc4 #baa3c ,"h we h an obvi\s error4 ,! fate :i* really befell ,james is attribut$ to ,john4 ,georgius ,ham>tolos !re=e _c be quot+ directly f ,papias1 = ,papias _c h report$ ! m>tyrdom ( ,john4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,papias seems pla9ly to h be5 ! ultimate s\rce ( 8 in=mation4 ,! "w is precisely & correctly quot$4 ,! g5]al t5or accords ) ! ma9 object ( ,papias' book--! exposition ( a say+ ( ,*ri/1 & ! illu/ration ( x by a /ory d]iv$ f tradition4 ,?is be+ s1 ! error is mo/ easily expla9$ by a lacuna4 ,9 ! int]m$iate au?ority f :om ,georgius got ! ref]5ce1 "s words mu/ h dropp$ out2 a l9e or two may h be5 omitt$ 9 8 copy2 & ! s5t5ce may h run 9 ! orig9al some:at 9 ?is way2 ,greek3 ,papias 444 phaskei hoti ,ioannes m5 hupo t\ ,rhomaion basileos kat$ika/he m>turon eis ,patmon1 ,iakobos de hupo ,i\daion an]e!1 ',papias says t ,john 0 condemn$ by ! ,roman emp]or 7& s5t7 to ,patmos = be>+ witness 7to ! tru?7 :ile ,james 0 sla9 by ! ,jews' #bab3a4 ,! hypo!sis ( a spuri\s ,papias !re=e is :olly unsupport$2 & we mu/ seek "s o!r explanation ( ! /atem5t 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms4 ,?is passage seems to be made up ( notices ga!r$ f diff]5t s\rces4 ,! acc\nt ( ,m>cion1 ) :i* x closes1 involves an ana*ronism 7to say no?+ else71 & seems to h aris5 f a confusion ( ! int]view betwe5 ,/ ,john & ,c]9?us & t betwe5 ,polyc>p & ,m>cion1 :i* are relat$ by ,ir5aeus 9 ! same context #bac3a4 ,! e>li] "p1 ref]r+ to ,papias1 is be/ expla9$ 9 ano!r way--by cl]ical errors & mi/ranslation r ?an by hi/orical confusion4 ,! ^w 'exot]icis' ought pla9ly to be read 'exegeticis' #bac3b4 ,9 "s h&writ+s ( ! sev5? or eigh? c5tury1 :]e ! lett]s h a r\nd =m1 ! sub/itution ( ,,ot = ,,eg w\ld be f> f difficult #bac3c4 ,9 ?is case extremis1 :i* %\ld p]haps be read ext]nis1 is ! ,lat9 int]pretation ( ! false read+ exot]icis4 ,?us purg$ ( errors1 ! ref]5ce to ,papias pres5ts no difficulties4 ,we may suppose t ,papias1 hav+ report$ "s say+ ( ,/ ,john on ! au?ority ( ! eld]s1 w5t on some:at z foll[s3 ',& ?is accords ) :at we f9d 9 8 own ,gospel1 :i* he gave to ! ,*ur*es :5 he 0 /ill 9 ! body' ,greek3 eti en to somati ka!/otos4 ,9 ?is contra/ betwe5 ! /ory repeat$ aft] 8 dea? & ! ,gospel tak5 d[n f 8 lips dur+ 8 lifetime1 we %\ld h an explanation ( ! words adhuc 9 corpore con/ituto1 :i* o!rwise seem altoge!r out ( place4 ,! ^w con/ituto %[s cle>ly1 ,i ?9k1 t ! passage mu/ h be5 translat$ f ! ,greek4 ,if ,/ ,john's au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel _h be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is incid5tal way1 ,eusebius w\ld n h repeat$ x1 unless he dep>t$ f 8 usual practice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /atem5t t ,papias 0 ! amanu5sis ( ! ,evangeli/ c h>dly be correct1 ?\gh x occurs else:]e #bac3d4 ,:e!r x 0 d]iv$ f a misund]/&+ ( ,papias1 or ( "s "o else1 x w\ld be impossible to say4 ,b ,i v5ture to sugge/ a solution4 ,papias may h quot$ ! ,gospel 'deliv]$ by ,john to ! ,*ur*es1 :i* !y wrote d[n f 8 lips' 7,greek3 ho apegraphon apo t\ /omatos aut\72 & "s lat] writ]1 mi/ak+ ! ambigu\s ,greek3 apegraphon1 int]pret$ x1 ',i wrote d[n1' ?us mak+ ,papias himself ! amanu5sis #bad3a4 ,! dictation ( ,/ ,john's ,gospel is sugge/$1 z ,i h said already #bad3b1 by int]nal evid5ce also4 ,"h aga91 s f> z we c judge f 8 practice else:]e1 ,eusebius w\ld be m likely ?an n to omit su* a /atem5t1 if x 0 made ?us casually4 ,?is seems to me ! mo/ probable explanation ( ! :ole passage4 ,b obvi\sly no weight c be atta*$ to su* evid5ce4 ,l ! /atem5t ( ,john ,malalas respect+ ,ignatius1 :i* ,i consid]$ 9 a =m] pap] #bad3c1 x is discr$it$ by its companion%ip ) an ana*ronism1 ?\gh ! ana*ronism is n s flagrant z ^? ( ,john ,malalas1 & ! /atem5t itself does n1 l 81 contradict ! unanim\s te/imony ( all ! prec$+ c5turies4 ,b ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion closes ) an argum5t1 :i* he seems to ?9k a =midable ob/acle to ! belief t ,papias recogniz$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel z ! "w ( ,/ ,john3-- ,&rew ( ,caes>ea1 9 ! preface to 8 comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse1 m5tions t ,papias ma9ta9$ '! cr$ibility' 7,greek3 to axiopi/on7 ( t book1 or 9 o!r words1 its ,apo/olic orig94444 ,n[1 he mu/1 !re=e1 h recogniz$ ! book z ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john1 & we %all h]eaft] %[ t x is impossible t ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse is ! au?or ( ! ,gospel2 !re=e1 9 ?is way also1 ,papias is a witness aga9/ ! ,apo/olic orig9 ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel #bad3d4 ,?is argum5t h[ev] is an ana*ronism4 ,_m v consid]able critics ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x is true1 ma9ta9 t ! two works _c h come f ! same au?or4 ,i d n /op n[ to ask :e!r !y are "r or wrong2 b ! n9ete5? c5tury is n ! second4 ,9 ! second c5tury !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t a s+le writ] felt any difficulty on ?is score1 or attempt$ to sep>ate ! au?or%ip ( ! two books4 ,x is true t ,eusebius m5tions "o or two au?ors1 ^: works un=tunately are lo/1 z us+ ! ,apocalypse1 :ile he does n m5tion _! us+ ! ,gospel2 & ?is negative fact has obvi\sly misl$ _m4 ,b "h aga9 ! inf]5ce arises f a fundam5tal misconception ( 8 purpose4 ,i h %[n #bae3a t 8 pr9ciples requir$ him to notice quotations f & ref]5ces to ! ,apocalypse 9 e e>ly writ]1 because ! au?or%ip & canonicity ( ! "w _h be5 que/ion$ by ,*ur* writ]s be=e 8 "t2 :]eas x w\ld lead him to ignore all su* 9 ! case ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 because no "q _h ev] be5 ent]ta9$ )9 ! ,*ur* respect+ x4 ,?is inde$ is precisely :at he does ) ,!ophilus2 he ref]s to ?is fa!r's use ( ! ,apocalypse1 & he ignores 8 direct quotations f ! ,gospel4 ,! inf]5ce !re=e mu/ be set aside z a fallacy4 ,beyond ?is1 all ! direct evid5ce po9ts ! o!r way4 ,!re 0 inde$ a small sect or section ( m5 outside ! pale ( ! ,*ur*1 be=e ! close ( ! second c5tury1 :o reject$ ! ,gospel1 b !y reject$ ! ,apocalypse also4 ,moreov] !y ascrib$ bo? to a s+le au?or1 & 7:at is m important /ill7 ?is au?or 0 ,c]9?us1 a contempor>y ( ,/ ,john #bae3b4 ,?us ! v oppon5ts ( ! ,gospel 9 ! second c5tury are witnesses n only to ! v e>ly date ( ! two writ+s1 b also to ! id5tity ( au?or%ip4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e ,*ur* writ] )\t exception dur+ ?is c5tury 7s f> z our k goes7 :o accept$ ! "o accept$ ! o!r also4 ,! mo/ d\btful case is ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o ref]s by "n to ! ,apocalypse2 b ev5 ,hilg5feld says t x is difficult to d5y ! use ( ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john 9 8 case #baf3a4 ,melito aga9 comm5t$ on ! ,apocalypse2 & !re is ample evid5ce 7z ,i tru/ to %[ h]eaft]7 t he recogniz$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel also4 ,bo? books alike are us$ 9 ! ,lett] ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es 7,a4,d4 #agg74 ,bo? alike are accept$ by ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 by ! ,muratorian writ]1 by ,ir5aeus1 & by ,clem5t4 ,x is ! same dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,t]tullian & ,cyprian1 ,hippolytus & ,orig51 place !m on an equal foot+1 & attribute !m to ! same ,apo/le4 ,! fir/ di/9ct trace ( an attempt to sep>ate ! au?or%ip ( ! two books appe>s 9 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria #baf3b1 :o wrote ab\t ! middle or e>ly 9 ! second half ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,ev5 he argues entirely ^u consid]ations ( int]nal criticism1 & does n pret5d to any traditional evid5ce4 ,he accepts bo? works z canonical2 & he que/ions ! ,apo/olic au?or%ip1 n ( ! ,gospel1 b ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,lat] ,,s*ool ,,( ,,/ ,,john4 ,,febru>y1 #ahgf4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 a =m] pap] t at ! fall ( ,j]usalem a remnant ( ! ,apo/olic company1 toge!r ) o!r primitive disciples1 s\ght a new home 9 ,asia ,m9or #bag3a4 ,( ?is colony ,ephesus 0 ! head-qu>t]s1 & ,/ ,john ! lead]4 ,"h he is report$ to h liv$ & lab\r$ = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 surviv+ ! accession ( ,trajan1 :o asc5d$ ! imp]ial ?rone ,a4,d4 #ih #bag3b4 ,9 ?is respect 8 position is unique among ! e>lie/ prea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,:ile ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul conv]t$ disciples & organiz$ congregations1 ,/ ,john alone 0 ! f\nd] ( a s*ool4 ,! prolongation ( 8 life aft] ! ,*ur* 0 firmly root$1 & 8 fix$ resid5ce 9 ! mid/ ( a compact ,*ri/ian society1 comb9$ to give a c]ta9 def9it5ess to 8 p]sonal influ5ce1 :i* w\ld be want+ to ! lab\rs ( ^! m /rictly mission>y prea*]s4 ,h5ce ! traditions ( ,/ ,john are m direct1 m consi/5t1 & m tru/wor?y1 ?an ^? :i* relate to ! o!r ,apo/les4 ,?us we may1 )\t any great impropriety1 speak ( ! 's*ool ( ,/ ,john4' ,! exi/5ce ( su* a body ( disciples ga!r$ ab\t ! vet]an tea*] is indicat$ by notices 9 v>i\s writ]s4 ,! au?or ( ! ,muratorian fragm5t1 = in/ance1 speaks ( ?is ,apo/le z writ+ 8 ,gospel at ! reque/ n only ( 8 fell[-disciples1 b also ( 8 'bi%ops' #bah3a4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria aga91 among ^: tea*]s 0 "o f ?is v di/rict1 & probably ( ?is v s*ool #bah3b1 repres5ts him z go+ ab\t f place to place 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ephesus1 appo9t+ bi%ops & provid+ 9 o!r ways = ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur*es #bah3c4 ,m especially ,ir5aeus1 :o _h receiv$ 8 e>lie/ lessons 9 ,*ri/ianity f an imm$iate disciple ( ,/ ,john1 appeals aga9 & aga9 to su* a body z pres]v+ & h&+ d[n ! correct tradition ( ! ,apo/olic doctr9e & practice4 ,he describes ^! p]sons 9 "o place z '! eld]s :o 9 ,asia associat$ ) ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l' #bah3d2 9 ano!r z 'all ! ,*ur*es :i* are 9 ,asia1' specify+ m p>ticul>ly ! ',*ur* 9 ,ephesus 444 ! true witness ( ! ,apo/olic tradition' #bah3e2 9 a ?ird z '^? :o saw ,john face to face' #bah3f1 or '! eld]s :o saw ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l' #bah3g2 9 a f\r? z '! eld]s :o 7 be=e u1 & :o also 7 pupils ( ! ,apo/les' #bah3h2 9 a fif? 'z ! eld]s :o h _! succession f ! ,apo/les' #bah3i2 9 a six? z '! eld]s1 disciples ( ! ,apo/les' #bah3aj1 ) simil> expressions else:]e4 ,! prom95t memb]s ( ?is s*ool 9 ! fir/ age 7 ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna & ,papias ( ,hi]apolis1 ( :om ! =m] surviv$ beyond ! middle ( ! c5tury1 & ! latt] probably di$ n _m ye>s be=e4 ,9 ! next g5]ation ! mo/ fam\s names are ,melito ( ,s>dis & ,apoll9>is ( ,hi]apolis1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 ,!y aga9 are succe$$ by o!r writ]s1 ( :om ! mo/ celebrat$ 0 ,polycrates ( ,ephesus1 already an old man1 :5 9 ! la/ decade ( ! c5tury a controv]sial "q oblig$ him to take up 8 p5 9 def5ce ( ! traditions ( 8 ,*ur*4 ,asia ,m9or appe>s to h be5 f> 9 advance ( ! o!r ,*ur*es ( ,*ri/5dom 9 lit]>y activity1 dur+ ! second c5tury4 ,?is pre-em95ce 0 due ma9ly1 we may suppose1 to ! fact already m5tion$1 t x _h become ! second home ( ! ,apo/les & primitive tea*]s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ! productiv5ess ( ! ,asiatic ,*ri/ians 9 ?is respect 0 d\btless /imulat$ by ! pressure ( opposition4 ,?is region 0 ! hot-b$ ( h]esies & ! ar5a ( controv]sy4 ,nor is x unimportant to obs]ve t ! ma9 subjects ( discussion 7 ( su* a k9d z mu/ necess>ily h involv$ que/ions intimately connect$ ) ! ,canon4 ,montanism1 ) its doctr9e ( ! ,p>aclete & its visions ( ! ,new ,j]usalem1 w\ld *all5ge "s expression ( op9ion respect+ ! ,gospel & ! ,apocalypse ( ,/ ,john1 if ^! writ+s 7 disput$4 ,! ,pas*al controv]sy c\rt$ inve/igation into ! relations betwe5 ! n>ratives ( ! ,synopti/s & ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/4 ,m>cionism1 re/+ z x did on ! p>am\nt & sole au?ority ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les & ( ! ,paul9e ,gospel1 w\ld n suff] fri5d or foe to pres]ve sil5ce on ?is fundam5tal "q4 ,& s aga91 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 ! disputes ) ,c]9?ians1 ) ,ophites1 ) ,basilideans1 ) ,val5t9ians1 ) all ! v>i\s sects ( ,gno/ics1 c\ld n h be5 conduct$1 z we see pla9ly f ! treatises ( ,ir5aeus & ,hippolytus1 )\t con/ant appeals to ! te/imony ( writt5 docum5ts--?us indicat+1 at all ev5ts r\ghly1 ! am\nt ( au?ority :i* ! writ]s accord$ to ! m prom95t books ( our ,new ,te/am5t ,canon4 ,to m5 l ,ir5aeus or ,eusebius1 :o _h ?is ext5sive lit]ature 9 _! h&s1 ! tea*+ ( ?is ,*ur* g5]ally1 z well z ( ! m prom95t individual writ]s belong+ to x1 c\ld n h be5 op5 to "q4 ,_! approval ( its or?odoxy !re=e1 ei!r by sil5t ass5t or by /udi$ panegyric1 is a fact ( real mom5t4 ,ov] & above ?is relation to ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t g5]ally1 ! two po9ts to :i* mod]n controv]sy directs att5tion1 & :i* !re=e des]ve special consid]ation 9 any review ( ! writ]s belong+ to ! s*ool ( ,/ ,john1 are--fir/1 :at indications ! extant fragm5ts & notices conta91 t !y recogniz$ or reject$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 & secondly1 :at c be le>nt f ^! same s\rces z to ! degree ( au?ority :i* !y accord$ to ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,polyc>p & ,papias h be5 discuss$ 9 my e>li] articles #bbj3a4 ,9 ! case ( bo? ^! fa!rs1 a recognition ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel has be5 inf]r$ f ! use made ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le2 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 f o!r indications also4 ,z reg>ds ,/ ,paul ! te/imony ( ,polyc>p is z full & explicit z x well c\ld be2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! meagre fragm5ts ( ,papias d n 9 !mselves w>rant any inf]5ce on ?is po9t4 ,! next extant docum5t 9 *ronological ord] is ! acc\nt ( ,polyc>p's m>tyrdom1 writt5 imm$iately aft] ! occurr5ce 7,a4,d4 #aee71 & address$ to ! ,*ur*es ( ! neighb\r+ prov9ce ( ,pontus1 m especially to ! ,*ri/ians ( ,philomelium4 ,9 ?is lett] ! bre?r5 ( ,smyrna draw a p>allel betwe5 ! suff]+s ( _! m>tyr$ fri5d & ! ,passion ( our ,"l1 :i* is sugge/$ by "s rem>kable co9cid5ces4 ',ne>ly all ! incid5ts1' we are told at ! outset1 ':i* prec$$ 78 dea?7 came to pass t ! ,"l might exhibit anew to u a m>tyrdom aft] ! patt]n ( ! ,gospel2 = ,polyc>p rema9$ t he might be betray$1 z did also ! ,"l' #bbj3b4 ,?is acc\nt is ?us ! e>lie/ in/ance ( a fav\rite type ( hagiology1 :i* sees ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ visibly reflect$ & imag$ 9 detail 9 ! s]vants ( ,*ri/1 & ( :i* anci5t & m$iaeval biography furni%es num]\s examples4 ,?is idea ( lit]al con=mity to ! life & ,passion ( ,*ri/ runs ?r\gh ! docum5t4 ,"s ( ! co9cid5ces are really /rik+2 b 9 o!r cases ! p>allelism is highly artificial4 ,! "n ( ! convict+ magi/rate is ,h]od1 & special /ress is naturally laid on ?is fact #bba3a4 ,! "t ( ! m>tyrdom is ! passov]--'! great sabba?1' z x is "h call$ #bba3b4 ,polyc>p's place ( refuge is asc]ta9$ f in=mation elicit$ by torture f a y\?1 app>5tly a slave 9 8 employ4 ,?is poor boy1 mu* m s9n$ aga9/ ?an s9n+1 is cruelly comp>$ to ,judas2 & we are told accord+ly t ,polyc>p1 l our ,"l1 0 'betray$ by !m ( 8 own h\sehold' #bba3c4 ,:5 appreh5d$1 he is put ^u an ass1 & ?us tak5 back to ! city #bba3d2 & ?is is ( c\rse int5d$ z a p>allel to ! triumphal entry into ,j]usalem4 ,8 pursu]s come on horse-back & 9 arms1 'z aga9/ a robb]' #bba3e4 ,:5 he is appreh5d$1 he prays1 ',! w ( ,god be done' #bba3f2 & s =?4 ,^! p>allels1 at ! same "t t !y %[ ! idea dom9ant 9 ! m9d ( ! n>rators1 are a valuable te/imony to ! tru? ( ! n>rative itself1 :]e s mu* viol5t treatm5t is necess>y to produce ! desir$ effect #bba3g4 ,mo/ ( ! incid5ts h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! circum/ances ( ! ,passion1 z record$ by ! ,synoptic ,evangeli/s alone or 9 common ) ,/ ,john4 ,?is is natural2 = !y ref] to ext]nal ev5ts1 9 :i* ! ,synoptic n>rative is ri*4 ,b !re are exceptions1 :]e ! writ]s obvi\sly h ! acc\nt ( ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ 9 _! m9d4 ,?us we are told t at ! crisis ( ,polyc>p's fate a voice came f heav51 say+1 ',be /rong1 & play ! man1 ,polyc>p' #bba3h4 ',& ! speak]1' x is add$1 'no man saw2 b ! voice ^? ( our company t 7 pres5t he>d4' ,?is corresponds to ! voice :i* ,/ ,john records z address+ our ,"l f heav51 & z imp]fectly appreh5d$ by ! by/&]s #bbb3a4 ,aga91 ,polyc>p1 9 consequ5ce ( a vision1 pr$icts t he %all be burnt alive #bbb3b1 ?\gh at ! "t ! int5tion obvi\sly is to ?r[ him to ! wild bea/s1 z ! games are go+ on4 ,a =tuit\s circum/ance fru/rates ?is int5tion1 & br+s ab\t a fulfilm5t ( 8 prophecy z to ! mann] ( 8 dea? #bbb3c4 ,j 9 ! same way 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel ,jesus is repres5t$ z 'signify+ by :at dea? ,he %\ld die' #bbb3d4 ,dea? by crucifixion seem$ altoge!r unlikely at ! "t1 = ,8 enemies 7 ! ,jews1 & ?is 0 n a ,jewi% mode ( puni%m5t2 b by an accid5tal turn ( circum/ances ,he 0 transf]r$ f ! ,jews to ,pilate1 & s ,8 pr$iction 0 fulfill$ #bbb3e4 ,aga91 x is relat$ t :5 ! fire w\ld n consume ! body ( ! sa9t1 8 p]secutors 'ord]$ an execution] to g up to him & ?ru/ a small sword into him4 ,:5 he _h done ?is1' we are told1 '!re came =? a dove & a quantity ( blood' #bbb3f4 ,! p>allel to ! incid5t record$ 9 ,/ ,john's acc\nt ( ! crucifixion is obvi\s #bbb3g2 & j z ! ,evangeli/ lays /ress on 8 own pres5ce z an eye-witness ( ! sc5e1 s also d ^! hagiolog]s1 :5 relat+ a /range occurr5ce at 8 m>tyrdom4 ',we saw a great m>vel1' !y say1 'we to :om x 0 giv5 to see2 & we h be5 sav$ t we might relate to ! re/ :at happ5$' #bbb3h4 ,& la/ly1 z ,/ ,john emphasizes ! fact t ev]y?+ 0 accompli%$ 9 ! dea? ( ,jesus #bbb3i1 s also !y decl>e ( ,polyc>p1 t 'e ^w :i* he utt]$ out ( 8 m\? ha? be5 & %all be accompli%$' #bbc3a4 ,to ^! facts x %\ld be add$ t ! dy+ pray] ( ,polyc>p conta9s two co9cid5ces ) ! phraseology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel--'! resurrection ( life1' '! true ,god' #bbc3b4 ,,melito1 bi%op ( ,s>dis1 fl\ri%$ soon aft] ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,?is fact appe>s f two ( 8 works1 to :i* we are able to assign an approximate date4 ,8 treatise ',on ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival1' he himself tells u1 0 writt5 :ile ,s]gius ,paulus 0 proconsul ( ,asia #bbc3c2 & ! rec5t inve/igations ( ,m4 ,wadd+ton into ! fa/i ( ?is prov9ce h l$ to ! result t ?is proconsulate %\ld probably be dat$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #afd-aff #bbc3d4 ,aga9 we are in=m$ t he address$ 8 ',apology' to ,m4 ,anton9us 7,a4,d4 #afa-ahj7 #bbc3e4 ,x appe>s h[ev] f an extant fragm5t1 t ,l4 ,v]us1 ! colleague ( ,m4 ,anton9us1 0 no long] liv+2 = ,melito speaks ( pray] on behalf ( ! emp]or's son 7,commodus71 )\t m5tion+ 8 bro!r & co-emp]or 7,v]us74 ,n[ ,v]us di$ 9 ! v beg9n+ ( ! ye> #afi4 ,on ! o!r h& anci5t au?orities assign ! ,apology to ! ye> #afi or #agj2 &1 z !re is no reason = reject+ _! /atem5t1 we may suppose t x 0 writt5 soon aft] ! dea? ( ,v]us4 ,probably its date 0 asc]ta9able )9 a ye> or two f int]nal evid5ce4 ,?is ,apology h[ev] is reg>d$ by ,eusebius z ! late/ ( ,melito's writ+s #bbc3f2 &1 z ! catalogue ( 8 works comprises "s tw5ty treatises at lea/1 8 lit]>y activity mu/ h ext5d$ ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 s t we %all probably n be f> wrong if we place ! comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e] z an au?or ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,he appe>s to h di$ soon aft] ! ,apology 0 writt54 ,9 ! la/ decade ( ! c5tury ,polycrates m5tions him among o!r wor?ies ( ! pa/ :o _h gone to _! re/ #bbd3a4 ,he 0 buri$ at ,s>dis4 ,f ! context x may be inf]r$ t he did n suff] m>tyrdom1 l s _m ( 8 fam\s contempor>ies1 b di$ a natural dea?4 ,^! *ronological notices sugge/ t ,melito 0 born 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury1 )9 a v few ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,/ ,john4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 life at all ev5ts1 he mu/ h be5 a contempor>y ( ,/ ,john's disciple ,polyc>p1 :o 0 m>tyr$ at an advanc$ age 9 ! ye> #aee or #aef2 & likewise ( ,papias1 :o _h conv]s$ ) p]sonal disciples ( ,*ri/1 & seems also to h surviv$ till t[>ds ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,z ! communications betwe5 ,s>dis on ! "o h&1 & ,smyrna & ,hi]apolis on ! o!r1 7 easy1 a prom95t man l ,melito1 ^: religi\s zeal l$ him on "o occasion to und]take a di/ant j\rney to ,pale/9e1 w\ld be sure to cultivate ! acqua9tance ( ^! old] tea*]s1 ev5 if circum/ances did n ?r[ him directly 9 _! way4 ,?us ,melito is a significant l9k ( connection ) ! pa/4 ,at ! same "t he holds an equally important position ) respect to ! succe$+ age4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t among ! ,asiatic eld]s1 ^: au?ority ,ir5aeus invokes s con/antly1 ,melito mu/ h held a prom95t place4 ,x may be suspect$ t he 0 ! v ,ionian :om ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria m5tions among 8 e>li] tea*]s #bbd3b4 ,x is q c]ta9 t 8 writ+s 7 widely kn[n & appreciat$ 9 ! g5]ations next succe$+ 8 own4 ,he is quot$ or ref]r$ to by ,polycrates at ,ephesus1 by ,clem5t & ,orig5 at ,alex&ria1 by ,t]tullian at ,c>?age1 by ,hippolytus at ,rome4 ,i h already m5tion$ t he 0 a v volum9\s writ]4 ,eusebius gives a catalogue ( 8 works1 :i* h[ev] he does n pr(ess to be complete4 ,! hi/orian's k 0 obvi\sly limit$ by ! cont5ts ( ! libr>y :i* 8 fri5d ,pamphilus _h ga!r$ toge!r at ,caes>ea4 ,! titles ( ^! works are z foll[s3--,on ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival 7two treatises7 #bbe3a1 ,on ! ,life ( ! ,prophets1 ,on ! ,*ur*1 ,on ! ,"l's ,day1 ,on ! ,nature ( ,man1 ,on ,creation1 ,on ! ,ob$i5ce ( ,fai? & on ! ,s5ses1 ,on ! ,s\l & ,body & ,m9d1 ,on ,baptism1 ,on ,tru?1 ,on ! ,creation & ,g5]ation ( ,*ri/1 ,on ,prophecy1 ,on ,hospitality1 ,! ,key1 ,on ! ,devil & on ! ,apocalypse ( ,john1 ,on a ,corporeal ,deity1 ,an ,apology to ,antonius1 ,selections f ! ,law & ! ,prophets #bbe3b4 ,besides ^! works "h enum]at$1 o!r writ+s ( ,melito axe quot$ else:]e "u ! titles1 ,on ! ,inc>nation ( ,*ri/1 ,on ! ,passion1 ,on ! ,cross1 ,on ! ,fai? #bbe3c1 ?\gh "s ( ^! may p]haps repres5t ! same works to :i* ,eusebius ref]s "u o!r names4 ,compris+ ?is wide range ( subjects1 doctr9al1 exegetical1 practical1 & controv]sial1 ! works ( ,melito mu/ h furni%$ ! next succe$+ g5]ations ) ample data = det]m9+ 8 exact !ological position4 ,to !m x mu/ h be5 cle>1 = in/ance1 :e!r he did or did n accept ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john or ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul4 ,x 0 h>dly possible = him to write on ! ,pas*al "q )\t indicat+ 8 views on ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,x is almo/ inconceivable t he %\ld h compos$ a controv]sial treatise aga9/ ,m>cion )\t decl>+ himself respect+ ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,! few meagre fragm5ts :i* h come d[n to u supply only incid5tal notices & resemblances1 f :i* we are left to draw our own inf]5ces2 b :]e we grope 9 ! twilight1 !y 7 walk+ 9 ! broad noonday4 ,eusebius has happily pres]v$ ,melito's preface to 8 ,selections1 :i* is ( consid]able int]e/4 ,! "w itself compris$ passages f ! ,law & ! ,prophets relat+ to ! ,savi\r & to ! ,*ri/ian fai? g5]ally 7,greek3 p]i t\ ,sot]os kai pases tes pi/eos hemon71 arrang$ 9 six books4 ,x seems to h be5 accompani$ ) explanatory comm5ts br++ out ! prophetical import ( ! sev]al passages1 z ,melito und]/ood !m4 ,9 ! preface1 address$ to 8 fri5d ,onesimus1 at ^: in/ance ! "w _h be5 und]tak51 he relates t hav+ made a j\rney to ! ,ea/ & visit$ ! actual sc5es ( ! ,gospel hi/ory1 he in=m$ himself respect+ ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ( :i* he app5ds a li/4 ,! language :i* he uses is significant f its emphasis4 ,he writes t 8 fri5d _h 'desir$ to be accurately in=m$ ab\t ! old books' 7,greek3 ma!9 t5 ton palaion biblion eb\le!s akribeian74 ,he adds t he himself dur+ 8 ,ea/]n t\r _h 'obta9$ accurate in=mation respect+ ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,greek3 akribos ma?on ta tes palaias dia!kes biblia74' ,f ^! expressions ,dr ,we/cott argues t ,melito mu/ h be5 acqua9t$ ) a correspond+ ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,to any su* inf]5ce ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion demurs #bbf3a1 & he devotes sev]al pages to prov+ 7:at nobody d5ies7 t ! expressions ',old ,te/am5t1' ',new ,te/am5t1' did n orig9ally ref] to a writt5 lit]ature at all1 & ne$ n s ref] "h4 ,all ?is is beside ! purpose1 & betrays an entire misund]/&+ ( ! writ] :om he v5tures to criticize4 ,! cont5tion is n t ! expression ',old ,te/am5t' "h 9 itself signifies a collection ( books1 & !re=e implies ano!r collection call$ ! ',new ,te/am5t1' b t ! emphatic & reit]at$ m5tion ( an old ,biblical lit]ature po9ts naturally to ! exi/5ce ( a new4 ,to any "o :o is accu/om$ to weigh ! =ce ( ,greek s5t5ces1 z det]m9$ by ! ord] ( ! words1 ?is impli$ contra/ mu/1 ,i ?9k1 make itself felt4 ,x is impossible to read ! clauses1 hav+ reg>d to ! g5ius ( ! language1 )\t ?r[+ a /rong emphasis on ! recurr5t ^w old1 :i* ,i h !re=e italiciz$1 z ! only way ( reproduc+ ! same effect = ! ,engli% read]4 ,dr ,we/cott !re=e is p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 ma9ta9+ t ! expression naturally implies a recogniz$ ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature4 ,& if ?is ref]5ce is sugge/$ by /rict pr9ciples ( exegesis1 x alone is consonant ) hi/orical probability4 ,x is a fact t half a c5tury1 or ev5 m1 be=e ,melito wrote1 ! au?or ( ! epi/le be>+ ! "n ( ,b>nabas quotes z ',scripture' a passage f\nd 9 ,/ ,mat!w's ,gospel1 & n kn[n to h exi/$ else:]e #bbg3a4 ,x is a fact t ab\t t same "t1 or e>li]1 ,polyc>p wrote a lett] :i* is saturat$ ) ! ?\ghts & language ( ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les #bbg3b4 ,x is a fact t "s tw5ty or ?irty ye>s be=e ,melito1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr speaks ( c]ta9 ,gospels 7:e!r our ,canonical ,gospels or n1 x is unnecess>y = my pres5t purpose to inquire7 z be+ read toge!r ) ! writ+s ( ! prophets at ! religi\s s]vices ( ! ,*ri/ians on ,sundays1 & tak5 aft]w>ds z ! subject ( exhortation & comm5t by ! prea*] #bbg3c4 ,x is a fact t ab\t ! same "t :5 ,ju/9 records ?is z ! habitual practice ( ! ,*ur*1 ! h]etic ,m>cion1 himself a native ( ,asia ,m9or1 con/ruct$ a ,canon = himself by select+ f & mutilat+ ! ,apo/olic & ,evangelical writ+s :i* he f\nd 9 circulation4 ,x is a fact t ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 a contempor>y ( ,melito1 speaks ( c]ta9 writ+s z '! ,scriptures ( ! ,"l1' or '! ,dom9ical ,scriptures4' & d5\nces ^? :o tamp] ) !m #bbh3a4 ,x is a fact t ,ir5aeus1 :o _h receiv$ 8 e>ly education 9 ,asia ,m9or1 writ+ )9 "s t5 or tw5ty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,melito1 quotes ! ,f\r ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! great majority ( ! ,apo/olic ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse1 z ,scripture1 decl>+ m especially ( ! ,f\r ,gospels1 t !y _h be5 receiv$ by ! ,*ur*es f ! beg9n+1 & treat+ all ^! writ+s alike ) ! same def]5ce :i* !y h receiv$ f subsequ5t g5]ations ( ,*ri/ians ev] s9ce4 ,! inf]5ce f ^! facts 7& !y d n /& alone7 is obvi\s4 ,if ,melito knew no?+ ab\t books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 he mu/ h be5 ! only bi%op ( ! ,*ur* f ! banks ( ! ,euphrates to ! pill>s ( ,h]cules1 :o rema9$ 9 ?is /ate ( d5se ignorance--,melito1 :o c\ld ref] to ! ,hebrew & ! ,syriac :ile int]pret+ a passage ( ,g5esis1 & :o made c>eful inquiries respect+ ! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures 9 ! v l& :]e ^? ,scriptures _h _! bir?4 ,! extant fragm5ts attribut$ to ,melito are meagre & scatt]$ #bbh3b2 b1 suppos+ !m to be g5u9e1 !y af=d ample evid5ce ( ! !ological views ( ?is fa!r1 :ile indirectly !y indicate 8 g5]al relation to ! ,canon 9 a way :i* c h>dly be mi/ak54 ,! g5u95ess ( _m ( ^! fragm5ts h[ev] has be5 s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,9 "o or two in/ances ! gr\nds ( hesitation des]ve e consid]ation2 b 9 ! majority ( cases ! objections mu/ be set aside z gr\ndless4 ,?us x is s\ght to ?r[ discr$it on all ^? writ+s :i* are n nam$ by ,eusebius4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 = in/ance1 says t ',eusebius gives :at he evid5tly consid]s a complete li/ ( ! works ( ,melito' #bbh3c4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,eusebius c>efully gu>ds himself aga9/ any su* int]pretation ( 8 words4 ,he m]ely pr(esses to give a li/ ( '^? works :i* h come to 8 own k4' ,obvi\sly he ei!r suspects or kn[s t !re are o!r writ+s ( ,melito 9 circulation1 ( :i* he c give no acc\nt4 ,aga91 o!r fragm5ts h be5 discr$it$1 because !y conta9 false s5tim5ts or fooli% int]pretations1 :i* are consid]$ unwor?y ( a fa!r 9 ! second c5tury4 ,i _c ?9k t ?is is any argum5t at all2 & ,i may confid5tly assume t ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion w agree ) me "h4 ,!re is mu* t is fooli% 9 ,papias1 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 ,ir5aeus1 9 ,t]tullian1 ev5 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,orig54 ,only x is frequ5tly mix$ up ) ! highe/ wisdom1 :i* m ?an r$eems x4 ,aga9 o!rs 7& among ^! our au?or7 w\ld ?r[ d\bt on ! g5u95ess ( ! ,greek & ,syriac fragm5ts :i* 7 c]ta9ly 9 circulation "s six c5turies be=e1 because "s m$iaeval ,lat9 writ]s atta* ! "n ( ,melito to =g]ies or to anonym\s writ+s1 su* z ! ,clavis1 ! ,pass+ away ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 & ! ,passion ( ,/ ,john #bbi3a4 ,a mom5t's reflection w %[ t ! two classes ( writ+s mu/ be consid]$ q ap>t4 ,:5 ^! gr\ndless objections are set aside1 ! great majority ( ! ,greek & ,syriac fragm5ts rema9 unt\*$4 ,otto1 ! mo/ rec5t editor ( ,melito1 takes a s5sible view on ! :ole4 ,i d n agree ) him on "s m9or po9ts1 b ,i am q cont5t to take ! fragm5ts :i* he accepts1 z repres5t+ ! g5u9e ,melito2 & ,i ref] ^? ( my read]s1 :o are really desir\s to "k :at ?is anci5t fa!r taught & h[ he wrote1 to ?is editor's collection4 ,we h =tunately ! evid5ce ( two writ]s1 :o liv$ 9 ! next age to ,melito1 & !re=e be=e any spuri\s works c\ld h be5 9 circulation--! "o to 8 /yle1 ! o!r to 8 !ology4 ,on ! =m] po9t our au?ority is ,t]tullian1 :o 9 a "w n[ lo/ spoke ( ! 'elegans et declamatorium +5ium' ( ,melito #bbi3b2 on ! latt]1 a writ] quot$ anonym\sly by ,eusebius b n[ id5tifi$ ) ,hippolytus1 :o exclaims1 ',:o is ignorant ( ! books ( ,ir5aeus & ,melito & ! re/1 :i* decl>e ,*ri/ to be ,god & man' #bcj3a4 ,! fragm5ts1 & m especially ! ,syriac fragm5ts1 accord fully ) bo? ^! descriptions4 ,!y are highly rhetorical1 & _! sup]ior elegance ( language 7comp>$ ) o!r ,*ri/ian writ+s ( ! same age7 is app>5t ev5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a ,syriac v]sion4 ,!y also emphasize ! two natures ( ,*ri/ 9 _m a po9t$ anti!sis4 ,( ! ,greek fragm5ts1 n m5tion$ by ,eusebius1 ! foll[+ quot$ by ,ana/asius ( ,s9ai z f ! ?ird book on ! ,inc>nation ( ,*ri/ #bcj3b is important 9 its be>+ on our subject3-- ,! ?+s done by ,*ri/ aft] ! baptism1 & especially ! miracles 7signs71 %[$ 8 ,godhead conceal$ 9 ! fle%1 & assur$ ! _w ( x4 ,= be+ p]fect ,god1 & p]fect man at ! same "t1 ,he assur$ u ( ,8 two ess5ces 7,greek3 ousias7--( ,8 ,godhead by miracles 9 ! ?ree ye>s aft] ,8 baptism1 & ( ,8 manhood 9 ! ?irty seasons 7,greek3 *ronois7 be=e ,8 baptism1 dur+ :i*1 ow+ to 8 immaturity z reg>ds ! fle% 7,greek3 dia to ateles to kata s>ka71 ,he conceal$ ! signs ( ,8 ,godhead1 al?\gh ,he 0 true ,god f et]nity 7,greek3 kaip] ,!os ale!s proaionios hup>*on74 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is fragm5t has be5 impugn$1 p>tly on ! g5]al consid]ations :i* h be5 already discuss$1 p>tly on special gr\nds4 ,x has be5 said1 = in/ance1 t ,ana/asius mu/ "h be reproduc+ ! g5]al sub/ance1 & n ! exact words1 ( ,melito's /atem5t2 b he at all ev5ts gives x z a direct quotation4 ,x has be5 urg$ aga91 t l+ui/ic reasons condemn ?is fragm5t1 s9ce ! use ( 'seasons' or 'times' = 'ye>s' betrays a lat] age2 b abundant in/ances ( ! use are f\nd 9 e>li] writ]s1 ev5 if s v natural a device = avoid+ ! repetition ( ! same ^w 7,greek3 etos7 ne$$ any support at all4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t !re may possibly be "s confusion betwe5 ,melito & ,meletius4 ,b ! "w f :i* ?is passage comes is di/9ctly /at$ by ,ana/asius to h be5 writt5 aga9/ ,m>cion1 :o by 8 docetism attack$ ! true humanity ( ,*ri/4 ,n[ ,melito liv$ 9 ! v ?ick ( ! ,m>cionite controv]sy1 & mu/ h tak5 8 "p 9 x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,meletius1 :o held ! see ( ,antio* 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury1 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal figures 9 ! ,arian controv]sy &1 z su*1 f> too intimately involv$ 9 ! que/ions ( 8 own day to ?9k ( writ+ an elaborate "w on a subject s comp>atively dead z ! docetism ( ,m>cion4 ,moreov]1 !re is no in/ance 9 any ,greek writ]1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 ( a confusion betwe5 ! names ,melito & ,meletius4 ,aga9 x is sugge/$ t ! ,*ri/ological views ( ! writ] are too def9ite = ! age ( ,melito1 & po9t to a lat] date2 b to ?is ! di/9ct /atem5t ( ,hippolytus respect+ ,melito's op9ions1 :i* has be5 already quot$1 is a complete answ]2 & inde$ ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 :i* 7ev5 if _! g5u95ess %\ld n be accept$7 _c reasonably be plac$ lat] ?an ! age ( ,melito1 are equally precise 9 _! doctr9al /atem5ts4 ,b if ?is be a g5u9e fragm5t1 ! inf]5ce is obvi\s4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion w no d\bt be ready "h1 z else:]e1 to po/ulate any numb] ( unkn[n apocryphal ,gospels :i* %all supply ! facts ?us assum$ by ,melito4 ,! conv5i5ce ( draw+ unlimit$ *eques on ! bank ( ! unkn[n is obvi\s4 ,b mo/ read]s w f9d !mselves unable to resi/ ! inf]5ce1 t = ! ?irty ye>s ( our ,"l's sil5ce ?is fa!r is indebt$ to a famili> passage 9 ,/ ,luke #bca3a1 :ile1 9 fix+ ?ree ye>s z ! duration ( ,8 m9i/ry1 he is ?9k+ ( ! ?ree ,passov]s m5tion$ by ,/ ,john4 ,( ! o!r fragm5ts ascrib$ to ,melito "o des]ves to be quot$1 n only because ! au?or has made x ! subject ( "s criticisms1 b because x exhibits 9 a conc5trat$ =m ,melito's views ( evangelical hi/ory & doctr9e #bcb3a4 ,we h made collections f ! ,law & ! ,prophets relat+ to ^? ?+s :i* are decl>$ conc]n+ our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 t we might prove to y\r love t ,he is ! p]fect ,reason1 ! ,^w ( ,god3 :o 0 begott5 be=e ! light1 :o 0 ,creator toge!r ) ! ,fa!r1 :o 0 ! fa%ion] ( man1 :o 0 all ?+s 9 all1 :o among ! patri>*s 0 ,patri>*1 :o 9 ! law 0 ,law1 among ! prie/s ,*ief-prie/1 among ! k+s ,gov]nor1 among ! prophets ,prophet1 among ! angels ,ar*angel1 & among voices #bcb3b ! ,^w1 among spirits ! ,_s1 9 ! ,fa!r ! ,son1 9 ,god ,god1 ! ,k+ = ev] & ev]4 ,= ?is is ,he :o 0 pilot to ,noah1 :o conduct$ ,abraham1 :o 0 b\nd ) ,isaac1 :o 0 9 exile ) ,jacob1 :o 0 sold ) ,joseph1 :o 0 capta9 ) ,moses1 :o 0 divid] ( ! inh]itance ) ,jo%ua ! son ( ,nun1 :o =etold ,8 own suff]+s 9 ,david & ! prophets1 :o 0 inc>nate 9 ! ,virg91 :o 0 born at ,be?lehem1 :o 0 wrapp$ 9 swaddl+ clo!s 9 ! mang]1 :o 0 se5 ( ! %eph]ds1 :o 0 glorifi$ ( ! ,angels1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,magi1 :o 0 po9t$ out by ,john1 :o ga!r$ toge!r ! ,apo/les1 :o prea*$ ! ,k+dom1 :o heal$ ! maim$1 :o gave light to ! bl9d1 :o rais$ ! dead1 :o appe>$ 9 ! temple1 :o 0 n believ$ on by ! p1 :o 0 betray$ by ,judas1 :o 0 laid hold on by ! prie/s1 :o 0 condemn$ by ,pilate1 :o 0 transfix$ 9 ! fle%1 :o 0 hang$ on ! tree1 :o 0 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 :o rose f ! dead1 :o appe>$ to ! ,apo/les1 :o asc5d$ into heav51 :o sitte? on ! "r h& ( ! ,fa!r1 :o is ! re/ ( ^? t are dep>t$1 ! recov]] ( ^? t are lo/1 ! light ( ^? t are 9 d>kness1 ! deliv]] ( ^? t are captives1 ! guide ( ^? t h gone a/ray1 ! refuge ( ! afflict$1 ! ,bridegroom ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,*>iote] ( ! ,*]ubim1 ! ,capta9 ( ! ,angels1 ,god :o is ( ,god1 ! ,son :o is ( ! ,fa!r1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,k+ = ev] & ev]4 ,am54 ,?is fragm5t is n 9 any way exceptional4 ,! ref]5ces to evangelical hi/ory1 ! modes ( expression1 ! /atem5ts ( doctr9e1 all h close p>allels scatt]$ ?r\gh ! o!r fragm5ts ascrib$ to ,melito4 ,inde$ x is ! rem>kable resemblance ( ^! fragm5ts to ea* o!r 9 ?\ght & diction 7) "o or two exceptions71 ?\gh ga!r$ toge!r f writ]s ( v>i\s ages1 9 ,greek & 9 ,syriac1 :i* is a /rong argum5t = _! g5u95ess4 ,b ! special value ( ?is p>ticul> passage is t x ga!rs into a focus ! facts ( ! evangelical hi/ory1 on :i* ! fai? ( ,melito re/$4 ,& ,i d n ?9k x c be reasonably d\bt$ :5ce ^! facts are d]iv$4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion ( c\rse sugge/s "s unkn[n apocryphal ,gospel4 ,b ?is summ>y w /rike mo/ read]s z wond]fully l :at a writ] might be expect$ to make :o recogniz$ our f\r canonical ,gospels z ! s\rces ( evangelical tru?4 ,&1 :5 !y rememb] t )9 a v few ye>s 7"s tw5ty at mo/7 ,ir5aeus1 :o 0 !n a man pa/ middle life1 :o _h intimate relations ) ! region 9 :i* ,melito liv$1 & :o appeals aga9 & aga9 to ! ,asiatic ,eld]s z 8 *ief au?orities = ! traditional doctr9e & practice1 decl>es 9 p]fect good fai? t ! ,*ur* _h receiv$ ^! f\r1 & ^! only1 f ! beg9n+1 x w probably seem to !m irrational to look else:]e1 :5 ! solution is s v obvi\s4 ,b ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion writes t ?is fragm5t tak5 f a treatise ,on ,fai?1 toge!r ) ano!r :i* purports to be a "w on ! ,s\l & ,body1 ?\gh ^! two works 'are m5tion$ by ,eusebius1' mu/ nev]!less '= e reason be pron\nc$ spuri\s' #bcc3a4 ,let u see :at ^! reasons are4 #a4 ,he writes fir/3 ,!y h 9 fact no atte/ation :atev] except t ( ! ,syriac translation1 :i* is unkn[n1 & :i* !re=e is wor?less4 ,! fact is t 9 a v va/ numb] ( lit]>y rema9s1 classical & ecclesia/ical1 :e!r exc]pts or entire works1 we are entirely dep5d5t on ! scribe = _! au!ntication4 ,human exp]i5ce has %[n t su* au!ntication is g5]ally tru/wor?y1 & h5ce x is accept$4 ,9 =ty-n9e cases out ( fifty1 or probably m1 x is f\nd to be satisfactory1 & a priori probabilities are v /rongly aga9/ ! assumption t any p>ticul> case is ?is fiftie? exception4 ,if !re is sub/antial gr\nd = suspicion1 ! suspicion has its weight1 b n o!rwise4 ,a man :o w\ld act on any o!r pr9ciple is z unreasonable z a visitor to ,london1 :o refuses to believe or tru/ any "o !re1 because ! place is kn[n to h>b\r ?ieves & li>s4 #b4 ,we come !re=e to ! positive gr\nds ( our au?or's suspicions1 & "h he tells u t-- ,! :ole /yle & ?\ght ( ! fragm5ts are unlike any?+ else ( ,melito's "t1 & cle>ly indicate a lat] /age ( !ological developm5t4 ,x is to be regrett$ t he has n expla9$ himself m fully on ?is po9t4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! !ology & ! /yle ( ^! fragm5ts g5]ally are exactly :at ! notices ( ,hippolytus & ,t]tullian w\ld lead u to expect 9 ,melito4 ,& ?is is especially true ( ! passage "u consid]ation4 ,:at ! 'lat] /age ( !ological developm5t' indicat$ may be1 ,i am unable to say4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! lead+ conception ( ?is passage1 :i* sees all !ology ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,logos1 & !re=e id5tifies all ! !ophanies 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ) ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 ?\gh x l+]s on ?r\gh ! succe$+ ages1 is ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( ! second c5tury4 ,! apologi/s g5]ally exhibit ?is ph5om5on2 b 9 none is x m p]si/5t ?an 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 :o wrote a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e ,melito4 ,ev5 ! mann] 9 :i* ! conception is work$ out by ,melito has /rik+ p>allels 9 ,ju/94 ,?us ,ju/9 /ates t ?is ,div9e ,p[]1 :o 0 begott5 by ,god be=e all creation1 is call$ sometimes '! glory ( ! ,"l1 sometimes ,son1 sometimes ,wisdom1 sometimes ,god1 sometimes ,"l & ,^w1 :ile sometimes ,he calls ,himself ,*ief-capta9 7,greek3 ar*i/rategos71 appe>+ 9 ! =m ( man to ,jo%ua ! son ( ,nun 7,greek3 to t\ ,naue ,ies\7' #bce3a4 ,else:]e he /ates t ,*ri/ is ',k+ & ,prie/ & ,god & ,"l & ,angel & ,man & ,*ief-capta9 & ,/one1' etc41 & he und]takes to %[ ?is 'f all ! ,scriptures' #bce3b4 ,& aga91 9 a ?ird passage he says t ! same ,p]son1 :o is call$ ,son ( ,god 9 ! memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 w5t =? f ! ,fa!r be=e all creat$ ?+s ?r\gh ,8 p[] & c\nsel1' be+ designat$ ',wisdom & ,day & ,ori5t & ,sword & ,/one & ,/aff & ,jacob & ,israel1 n[ 9 "o way1 & n[ 9 ano!r1 9 ! say+s ( ! prophets1' & t ',he became man ?r\gh ! ,virg9' #bce3c4 ,nor d ^! passages /& alone4 ,?is same conception p]vades ! :ole ( ,ju/9's ,dialogue1 & ?r\gh x all ! ph5om5a ( ! ,old ,te/am5t are expla9$4 ,only on "o po9t has our au?or ?\ght fit to make a def9ite /atem5t4 ',x is wor?y ( rem>k1' he writes1 't ! ,virg9 is introduc$ into all ^! fragm5ts ! five ,syriac fragm5ts :i* he has m5tion$ j be=e 9 a mann] q =eign to ! p]iod at :i* ,melito liv$4' ,:at c ?is mean8 ,9 ! passage be=e u ! only allusion to ! subject is 9 ! words 'inc>nate 9 ! ,virg9' 7or 'a virg9'72 & ! ref]5ces 9 ! o!r fragm5ts are ( ! same k9d4 ,x is difficult to see h[ any "o1 recogniz+ ! /atem5ts ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 c\ld pass ov] ! m5tion ( ! ,virg9 m lightly4 ,"h aga91 if he w turn to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 he w f9d a f> full] & m emphatic ref]5ce #bcf3a4 #c4 ,b our au?or /ates also3 ,9 ! ,me*it>i/ ,libr>y at ,v5ice !re is a %ort] v]sion ( ! same passage 9 a ,syriac ,,ms1 & an ,arm5ian v]sion ( ! extract z giv5 above1 9 bo? ( :i* ! passage is di/9ctly ascrib$ to ,ir5aeus4 ,?is is a fact ( "s importance1 to :i* he has rightly direct$ att5tion4 ,x w\ld h be5 well if he _h be5 a little m accurate 9 8 /atem5t4 ,! extract 9 ! ,arm5ian v]sion 7( :i* ! %ort] ,syriac =m is obvi\sly an abridgm5t71 ?\gh ma9ly ! same z our passage1 beg9s 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,:ile ,melito comm5ces1 ',we h made collections f ! ,law & ! ,prophets relat+ to ^? ?+s :i* are decl>$ conc]n+ our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1' etc41 z quot$ above1 ! ,arm5ian extract1 ascrib$ to ,ir5aeus1 runs ?us3 ',! ,law & ! ,prophets & ! ,evangeli/s h decl>$ t ,*ri/ 0 born ( a virg9 & suff]$ on ! cross1 & t he 0 rais$ f ! dead1 & asc5d$ into heav51 & 0 glorifi$ & reigne? = ev]4 ,! same is call$ ! p]fect ,reason1 ! ,^w ( ,god1' etc4 #bcf3b4 ,n[ x is obvi\s f a comp>ison ( ^! two op5+s1 t 9 ! =m]1 ascrib$ to ,melito1 we h ! passage 9 its orig9al sett+1 :]eas 9 ! latt]1 ascrib$ to ,ir5aeus1 x has be5 alt]$ to suit "s o!r context or to expla9 itself indep5d5tly4 ,! ref]5ce to ! au?or & ! occasion ( writ+ is omitt$1 :ile ! ',evangeli/s' are introduc$ by ! side ( '! ,law & ! ,prophets' = ! sake ( complet5ess4 ,melito1 z we happ5 to "k1 did make su* a collection ( extracts f ! ,law & ! ,prophets z is "h m5tion$1 & = ! v purpose :i* is "h /at$2 & ! correspond5ce ( language 9 ?is op5+ passage ) ! d$ication ( 8 collection to ,onesimus1 ref]r$ to above1 is suffici5tly /rik+4 ,to ,melito !re=e evid5ce1 int]nal & ext]nal alike1 requires u to ascribe ! passage4 ,b1 if s1 h[ came ! "n ( ,ir5aeus to be atta*$ to x8 ,0 ?is m]e accid5t8 ,i ?9k n4 ,no?+ w\ld be m natural ?an t ,ir5aeus %\ld introduce a passage ( ,melito1 z a fam\s ,asiatic eld]1 ei!r anonym\sly or o!rwise1 into "o ( 8 own writ+s4 ,i h already _h occasion to ref] to ! free use :i* ! e>ly fa!rs made ( _! pr$ecessors1 frequ5tly )\t any ackn[l$gem5t #bcg3a4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ,ir5aeus may or may n h ackn[l$g$ 8 obligation4 ,i v5ture to ?9k t ?is solution ( ! d\ble ascription w appe> n only plausible1 b probable1 :5 ,i m5tion ano!r fact4 ,9 a second ,arm5ian extract ,i f9d a passage head$1 ',! say+ ( ,ir5aeus' #bcg3b4 ,i turn to ! passage1 & ,i f9d t x conta9s n ! words ( ,ir5aeus himself1 b ( ,papias quot$ by ,ir5aeus4 ,9 ! ,arm5ian extract ! "n ( ! orig9al au?or has entirely disappe>$1 ?\gh 9 ?is case ,ir5aeus directly m5tions ,papias z 8 au?ority4 ,! attitude ( ,melito t[>ds ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles appe>s cle>ly en\gh f ! title ( "o ( 8 works1 ',on ! ,ob$i5ce ( ,fai?1' :i* is a *>act]i/ic expression ( ,/ ,paul #bcg3c1 & also f occasional co9cid5ces ( language1 su* z 'putt+ on ! =m ( a s]vant' #bcg3d4 ,,claudius ,,apoll9>is1 bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 0 a contempor>y ( ,melito1 b app>5tly a y\ng] man1 ?\gh only by a v few ye>s4 ,8 date is fix$ approximately by ! extant notices4 ,he address$ an ,apology to ! ,emp]or ,m4 ,aurelius1 :o reign$ f ,a4,d4 #afa-ahj2 & z 9 ?is "w he m5tion$ ! incid5t ( ! s-call$ ,?und]+ ,legion1 :i* happ5$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #agb-agd1 x _c h be5 writt5 be=e t date #bch3a4 ,at ! same "t !re are "s reasons1 ?\gh n conclusive1 = ?9k+ t x %\ld n be plac$ mu* lat] #bch3b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ,s]apion writes t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury1 he speaks ( ,apoll9>is z no long] liv+2 & judg+ f ! language us$1 we may inf] t 8 dea? _h n be5 v rec5t #bch3c4 ,l ,melito1 he 0 a volum9\s writ]4 ,eusebius inde$ only gives ! titles ( f\r works by ?is fa!r1 ! ,apology 7already m5tion$71 ,aga9/ ! ,greeks 7five treatises or books71 ,on ,tru? 7two books71 ,aga9/ ! ,jews 7two books71 besides ref]r+ to c]ta9 writ+s ,aga9/ ! ,montani/s ,greek3 kata tes ,phrugon haireseos1 :i* he places lat] ?an ! o!rs4 ,b he is c>eful to say t 8 li/ comprises only ^? works :i* he _h se51 & t _m o!rs 7 extant 9 diff]5t qu>t]s #bch3d4 ,photius m5tions read+ ?ree works only by ?is fa!r1 ( :i* "o1 ! treatise ,on ,godl9ess1 is n 9 ,eusebius' li/2 b he too adds1 ',o!r writ+s ( ?is au?or also are said to be notable1 b ,i h n hi!rto met ) !m' #bch3e4 ,besides ^!1 ! au?or ( ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle quotes f a treatise ( ,apoll9>is ,on ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival #bch3f1 & ,!odoret speaks ( 8 writ+ aga9/ ! ,sev]ians or ,encratites #bch3g4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,melito1 ! "* & v>iety ( 8 works1 s long z !y 7 extant1 mu/ h af=d$ ample mat]ial = a judgm5t on 8 !ological views4 ,m especially 8 writ+s aga9/ ! ,montani/s & on ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival w\ld indicate 8 relations to ! ,canonical books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,8 or?odoxy is atte/$ by ,s]apion1 by ,eusebius1 by ,j]ome1 by ,!odoret1 by ,socrates1 & by ,photius #bci3a1 f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,besides a ref]5ce 9 ,eusebius to 8 ,apology1 :i* h>dly des]ves ! "n ( a quotation1 only two %ort extracts rema9 ( ^! volum9\s writ+s4 ,!y are tak5 f ! "w on ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival1 & are pres]v$1 z ,i h already /at$1 9 ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle4 ,! fir/ runs z foll[s3-- ,!re are p]sons :o f ignorance dispute ab\t ^! que/ions1 act+ 9 a way t is p>donable2 = ignorance is no prop] subject = blame1 b ne$s in/ruction4 ,& !y say t on ! f\rte5? ! ,"l ate ! lamb 7,greek3 to probaton7 ) ,8 disciples1 b ,himself suff]$ on ! great day ( unleav5$ bread1 & !y affirm t ,mat!w repres5ts x s1 z !y int]pret him4 ,?us _! int]pretation is out ( h>mony ) ! law 7,greek3 asumphonos nomo71 & on _! %[+ ! ,gospels seem to be at v>iance ) "o ano!r 7,greek3 /asiaze9 dokei kat' aut\s ta euangelia74 ,! second fragm5t is tak5 f ! same book1 & app>5tly f ! same context4 ,! f\rte5? 0 ! true passov] ( ! ,"l1 ! great sacrifice1 ! ,son ( ,god sub/itut$ = ! lamb1 ! same t 0 b\nd & ,himself b\nd ! /rong man1 t 0 judg$ be+ judge ( ! quick & dead1 & t 0 deliv]$ into ! h&s ( s9n]s to be crucifi$2 ! same t 0 lift$ on ! horns ( ! unicorn1 & t 0 pi]c$ 9 ,8 holy side2 ! same t p\r$ =? aga9 ! two purify+ elem5ts1 wat] & blood1 ^w & _s1 & t 0 buri$ on ! day ( ! passov]1 ! /one be+ laid aga9/ ,8 sepul*re4 ,if ! publication ( ?is "w 0 sugge/$ by ,melito's treatise on ! same subject1 z seems probable1 x mu/ h be5 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #afd-aff1 or soon aft]4 ,! ref]5ces to ! ,gospels are obvi\s4 ,9 ! fir/ extract ,apoll9>is has 9 view ! difficulty ( reconcil+ ! *ronology ( ! ,pas*al week z giv5 by ,/ ,john ) ! n>ratives ( ! ,synoptic ,evangeli/s2 & he ass]ts t ! date fix$ = ! ,passion by "s p]sons 7! #ae? in/ead ( #ad?7 c only be ma9ta9$ at ! exp5se ( a discrepancy betwe5 ! two acc\nts2 :]eas1 if ! #ad? be tak51 ! two acc\nts are reconcilable4 ,at ! same "t he urges t _! view is n 9 h>mony ) ! law1 s9ce ! pas*al lamb1 ! type1 0 sla9 on ! #ad?1 & !re=e x foll[s t ,*ri/1 ! antitype1 mu/ h be5 crucifi$ on ! same day4 ,i am n conc]n$ "h ) ! "q :e!r ,apoll9>is or 8 oppon5ts 7 "r4 ,! po9t to be notic$ is t he speaks ( '! ,gospels' 7"u :i* t]m he includes at lea/ ,/ ,mat!w & ,/ ,john7 z any "o w\ld speak ( receiv$ docum5ts to :i* ! ultimate appeal lies4 ,8 language 9 ?is respect is su* z might be us$ by a writ] 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 or 9 ! n9ete5?1 :o 0 l$ by circum/ances to notice a difficulty 9 h>moniz+ ! acc\nts ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,! second extract be>s out ! impression left by ! fir/4 ,! incid5t ( ! wat] & ! blood is tak5 f ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 b a !ological int]pretation is =c$ ^u x :i* _c h be5 int5d$ by ! ,evangeli/4 ,"s "t mu/ h elaps$ be=e ! n>rative c\ld well be made ! subject ( a speculative comm5t l ?is4 ,?us bo? extracts alike sugge/ t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 already a "t-hon\r$ book :5 !y 7 writt54 ,b ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion meets ! inf]5ce by d5y+ ! g5u95ess ( ! extracts4 ,i h>dly ?9k1 h[ev]1 t he c h se5 :at havoc he 0 mak+ 9 8 own ranks by ?is movem5t4 ,he else:]e ass]ts v decid$ly 7)\t h[ev] giv+ reasons7 t ! ,qu>todeciman controv]sy turn$ on ! po9t :e!r ! #ad? ,nisan 0 ! day ( ! ,la/ ,supp] or ! day ( ! ,crucifixion1 ! ,qu>todecimans ma9ta9+ ! =m] #bdj3a4 ,9 o!r words1 he believes t x 0 ! anniv]s>y1 n ( ! ,passion1 b ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 :i* ! ,qu>todecimans kept s scrupul\sly on ! #ad?1 & t !re=e1 z !y plead$ ! au?ority ( ,/ ,john = _! practice1 ! ,f\r? ,gospel _c h be5 writt5 by ?is ,apo/le1 s9ce x repres5ts ! ,passion z tak+ place on ! #ad?4 ,z ,i h be=e intimat$1 ?is view ( ! ,pas*al dispute seems to me to be altoge!r oppos$ to ! g5]al t5or ( ! evid5ce4 ,b x dep5ds1 = su* =ce or plausibility z x has1 almo/ solely on ^! fragm5ts f anci5t writ]s quot$ 9 ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle1 ( :i* ! extracts f ,apoll9>is are ! mo/ important4 ,if !re=e he refuses to accept ! te/imony ( ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle to _! au?or%ip1 he und]m9es ! v f\ndation on :i* 8 !ory re/s4 ,on ?is inconsi/5cy h[ev] ,i ne$ n dwell4 ,! au?or%ip ( ^! extracts 0 inde$ que/ion$ by "s e>li] writ]s #bda3a1 b on entirely mi/ak5 gr\nds2 & at ! pres5t "t ! cons5sus among critics ( ! mo/ opposite s*ools is all b univ]sal4 ',on ! g5u95ess ( ^! fragm5ts1 :i* ,ne&] que/ion$1 !re is n[ no m dispute1 writes ,s*olt5 #bdb3a4 ,our au?or h[ev] is f> too p]si/5t to let !m pass4 ,_! v]acity has once be5 que/ion$1 & !re=e !y %all nev] aga9 be suff]$ to ent] ! witness-box4 ,x may be presum$ t he has alleg$ ^? argum5ts aga9/ _! g5u95ess :i* seem$ to him to be ! /ronge/1 & ,i w !re=e consid] 8 objections4 ,!y are tw(old4 #a4 ,he urges t ! ext]nal te/imony to _! au?or%ip is defective4 ,8 reason+ is z foll[s #bdb3b3-- ,eusebius 0 acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,melito on ! ,passion1 & quotes x1 :i* mu/ h ref]r$ to 8 contempor>y & antagoni/1 ,apoll9>is1 _h he writt5 su* a "w z ?is fragm5t d5otes4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 does ,eusebius "k no?+ ( 8 hav+ compos$ su* a "w1 b nei!r d ,!odoret1 ,j]ome1 ,photius1 nor o!r writ]s1 :o enum]ate o!r ( 8 works2 nor is he m5tion$ 9 any way by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,ir5aeus1 nor by any ( ^? :o took "p 9 ! great controv]sy4 ,"h is a tissue ( fallacies & assumptions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a petitio pr9cipii1 z w be se5 pres5tly1 t ,apoll9>is 0 an antagoni/ ( ,melito4 ,ev51 if ?is 7 s1 !re is n ! smalle/ evid5ce1 nor any probability1 t ,apoll9>is w\ld h writt5 be=e ,melito1 s t ! latt] c\ld h quot$ him4 ,h[1 aga91 has our au?or le>nt t ,eusebius 'kn[s no?+ ( 8 hav+ compos$ su* a "w'8 ,x is c]ta91 inde$1 t ,eusebius _h n se5 ! "w :5 he compos$ 8 li/ ( ! writ+s ( ,apoll9>is2 b x n[h]e appe>s t he 0 unaw>e ( its exi/5ce4 ,! v language 9 :i* he disclaims any pret5sion ( giv+ a complete li/ seems to imply t he _h obs]v$ o!r books quot$ 9 o!r writ]s1 :i* he _h n read or se5 himself4 ,!odoret does n 'enum]ate o!r ( 8 works1' z ! loos5ess ( ! ,engli% w\ld sugge/ to ! read]4 ,he only m5tions incid5tally1 :5 describ+ ! sects ( ! ,sev]ians & ,montani/s respectively1 t ,apoll9>is _h writt5 aga9/ !m #bdc3a4 ,!re is n ! smalle/ reason :y he %\ld h gone out ( 8 way 9 ei!r passage to speak ( ! "w on ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival1 suppos+ him to h kn[n ( x4 ,& if n1 :]e else does our au?or f9d 9 ,!odoret any notice :i* c be made to yield ! inf]5ce t he 0 unacqua9t$ ) ?is treatise8 ,nor aga9 does ,j]ome1 9 ! passage to :i* our au?or ref]s 9 8 note #bdc3b1 allude to a s+le "w by ?is writ]1 b simply m5tions him by "n among ^? v]s$ 9 pr(ane z well z sacr$ lit]ature4 ,else:]e inde$ he does give a catalogue ( ,apoll9>is' writ+s #bdc3c1 b !re he simply copies ,eusebius4 ,) reg>d to ,photius aga91 ! /atem5t1 ?\gh n s directly inaccurate1 is altoge!r mislead+4 ,photius simply m5tions ?ree works ( ,apoll9>is1 :i* he read dur+ 8 embassy1 b he does n pr(ess to give a li/2 & he says di/9ctly t !re 7 o!r fam\s works by ! same au?or :i* he _h n se54 ,:o ! 'o!r writ]s' may be1 :o 'enum]ate o!r ( 8 works1' ,i am altoge!r at a loss to imag9e4 ,b ! la/ s5t5ce1 ',nor is he m5tion$ 9 any way by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,ir5aeus1 etc41' is ! mo/ calculat$ to mislead ! read]4 ,( ! treatise ( ,clem5t on ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival only two %ort fragm5ts are pres]v$4 ,he does n m5tion any p]son 9 ^!1 nor c\ld he h done s )\t go+ out ( 8 way4 ,= ! re/1 ,clem5t is report$ by ,eusebius to h /at$ 9 8 "w t he 0 prompt$ to write x by ,melito's treatise on ! same subject #bdc3d4 ,eusebius is !re discuss+ ,melito1 & any m5tion ( ,apoll9>is w\ld h be5 q out ( place4 ,:at gr\nd is !re !n = ! assumption t ,clem5t did n m5tion ,apoll9>is1 because ,eusebius has n record$ ! fact8 ,:5 at a lat] po9t ,eusebius comes to speak ( ,clem5t1 he says ( ?is fa!r t 9 ! treatise ( :i* we are speak+ he 'm5tions ,melito & ,ir5aeus & c]ta9 o!rs1 ^: explanations also he has giv5' #bdd3a4 ,:y may n ,apoll9>is h be5 includ$ among ^! 'c]ta9 o!rs' :om ,clem5t quot$8 ,! same fallacy und]lies our au?or's ref]5ce to ,ir5aeus4 ,! "w ( ,ir5aeus is lo/4 ,eusebius1 x is true1 pres]ves "s v meagre fragm5ts #bdd3b2 b 9 ^! n a s+le writ] on ei!r side 9 ! ,qu>todeciman controv]sy is m5tion$1 n ev5 ,melito4 ,ir5aeus may h quot$ ,apoll9>is by "n 9 ?is lo/ treatise1 j z he quotes ,papias by "n 9 8 extant "w on h]esies1 :]e nev]!less ,eusebius does n c>e to record ! fact4 ,all ?is assum$ sil5ce ( writ]s ^: works are lo/ is absolutely valueless aga9/ ! direct & explicit te/imony ( ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle4 #b4 ,b secondly2 our au?or consid]s t ! cont5ts ( ^! fragm5ts are inconsi/5t ) _! attribution to ,apoll9>is4 ,8 argum5t is in/ructive #bdd3c4 ,x is /at$ t all ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia1 includ+ "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 su* z ,polyc>p1 & 8 own contempor>y ,melito1 celebrat$ ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival on ! #ad? ,nisan1 ! practice almo/ univ]sal1 !re=e1 9 ! c\ntry 9 :i* ,claudius ,apoll9>is is suppos$ to write ?is fragm5t4 ,h[ is x possible1 !re=e1 t ?is isolat$ conv]t to ! views ( ,victor & ! ,roman ,*ur* c\ld write ( s va/ & di/+ui%$ a majority z '"s :o ?r\gh ignorance rais$ cont5tions' on ?is po9t1 :5 notably all ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es at t "t 7 agre$ to keep ! f\rte5? ( ,nisan1 & 9 do+ s rais$ no new cont5tion at all1 b1 z ,polycrates repres5t$1 foll[$ ! tradition h&$ d[n to !m f _! fa!rs1 & au?oriz$ by ! practice ( ! ,apo/le ,john himself8 ) m to ! same effect4 ,i w h& ov] ?is difficulty to ^? :o %>e our au?or's views on ! po9t at issue 9 ! ,qu>todeciman controv]sy4 ,c]ta9ly ,i _c sugge/ any satisfactory mode ( escape f ! dilemma :i* is "h put4 ,b :at1 if ! writ] ( ^! fragm5ts 0 n an 'isolat$ conv]t to ! views ( ,victor1' b a ,qu>todeciman himself8 ,:at1 if ! ,qu>todecimans kept ! #ad?1 n z ! commemoration ( ! la/ ,supp]1 b ( ! ,passion1 s t ,melito himself w\ld h he>tily ass5t$ to ! criticisms 9 ^! fragm5ts8 #bde3a ,?is is ! obvi\s view sugge/$ by ! acc\nt ( ! controv]sy 9 ,eusebius1 & 9 ,ir5aeus z quot$ by ,eusebius2 & x ga9s confirmation f ^! fragm5ts ( ,apoll9>is4 ,x seems to me highly improbable t ,apoll9>is %\ld h be5 an exception to ! practice ( ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es4 ,s f> ,i agree ) our au?or4 ,b ?is is a reason = que/ion+ ! s\ndness ( 8 own views on ! ,qu>todeciman controv]sy1 r ?an = disput+ ! g5u95ess ( ! fragm5ts attribut$ to ,apoll9>is4 ,aft] ?is acc\nt ( ,melito & ,apoll9>is1 ! two *ief repres5tatives ( ! lat] s*ool ( ,/ ,john1 x w be wor? :ile to call att5tion to a /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus 9 :i* he pr(esses to record ! op9ion ( ! ,asiatic eld]s on a po9t intimately affect+ ! cr$ibility ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ! *ronology ( our ,"l's life & m9i/ry #bde3b4 ,! ,val5t9ians1 aga9/ :om ?is fa!r is argu+1 s\ght = analogies to ! ?irty aeons ( _! pl]oma1 or supra-s5sual _w1 9 ! ,gospel hi/ory4 ,among o!r examples !y alleg$ ! ?irty ye>s' duration ( our ,"l's life4 ,?is computation ( ! ,gospel *ronology !y d]iv$ f ! notices 9 ,/ ,luke z int]pret$ by !mselves4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ,8 m9i/ry1 s !y ma9ta9$1 ,he _h complet$ ,8 tw5ty-n9? & 0 ent]+ ^u ,8 ?irtie? ye>1 & ,8 m9i/ry itself did n ext5d beyond a twelve-mon?1 '! acceptable ye> ( ! ,"l' =etold by ! prophet4 ,ir5aeus expresses 8 a/oni%m5t t p]sons pr(ess+ to und]/& ! deep ?+s ( ,god %\ld h ov]look$ ! commone/ facts ( ! evangelical n>rative1 & po9ts to ! ?ree passov]s record$ 9 ,/ ,john's ,gospel dur+ ! t]m ( our ,"l's m9i/ry4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! *ronology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,ir5aeus has an a priori reason ( 8 own1 :y ! ,savi\r mu/ h liv$ m ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,he came to sanctify e p]iod ( life--infancy1 *ildhood1 y\?1 decl9+ age4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y t ,he %\ld h pass$ ! turn ( middle life4 ,f ?irty to =ty1 he argues1 a man is /ill reckon$ "y 7juv5is74 ,b f 8 =tie? & fiftie? ye> he is already decl9+ into old] age1 :i* 0 ! case ) our ,"l :5 he taught1 z ! ,gospel & all ! eld]s :o associat$ ) ,john ! disciple ( ! ,"l 9 ,asia te/ify t ,john deliv]$ ?is acc\nt4 ,= he rema9$ ) !m till ! times ( ,trajan4 ,b "s ( !m saw n only ,john1 b o!r ,apo/les also1 & he>d ^! same ?+s f _! lips1 & be> te/imony to su* an acc\nt4 ,ir5aeus !n goes on to argue t ! same may be inf]r$ f ! language ( our ,"l's ,jewi% oppon5ts1 :o ask$3 ',?\ art n yet fifty ye>s old1 & ha/ ?\ se5 ,abraham8' ,?is1 he ma9ta9s1 c\ld n prop]ly be said ( "o :o 0 only ?irty ye>s ( age1 & mu/ imply t ! p]son s address$ _h pass$ 8 =tie? ye> at lea/1 & probably t he 0 n f> (f 8 fiftie?4 ,on ?is passage x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! ,val5t9ian *ronology 0 d]iv$ f a prima facie int]pretation ( ! ,synoptic n>rative2 :]eas ! ,asiatic reckon+1 :i* ,ir5aeus ma9ta9s1 01 or might well h be51 f\nd$ on ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 b c\ld n possibly h be5 elicit$ f ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels indep5d5tly ( ! f\r?4 ,on ?is "q g5]ally ,i h spok5 already 9 a =m] pap] #bdg3a4 ,?\gh x seems probable t our ,"l's m9i/ry 0 conf9$ to ?ree ye>s1 yet !re is n a s+le notice 9 any ( ! f\r ,gospels inconsi/5t ) ! hypo!sis t x ext5d$ ov] a mu* long] p]iod1 & t ,he 0 "s =ty ye>s old at all ev5ts at ! "t ( ! ,passion4 ,! ,synoptic n>ratives say absolutely no?+ ab\t ! int]val :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! ,baptism & ! ,passion4 ,/ ,john m5tions ?ree passov]s1 b he n[h]e intimates t he has giv5 an exhau/ive li/ ( ^! fe/ivals4 ,! acc\nt ( ,ir5aeus !re=e is n s unreasonable aft] all2 & we ne$ n h hesitat$ to accept x1 if !re _h be5 any def9ite gr\nds = do+ s4 ,x w be se5 h[ev]1 t ,ir5aeus1 :ile ma9ta9+ t our ,"l 0 =ty ye>s old1 gr\nds 8 op9ion ma9ly on a false inf]5ce f ,john viii4 #eg4 ,at ! same "t he adduces ! te/imony ( ! ,gospel & 'all ! eld]s1' n = ?is p>ticul> view ( our ,"l's age1 b = ! m g5]al /atem5t t ,he 0 pa/ middle life2 & ?is vagu5ess ( language sugge/s t1 ?\gh _! te/imony 0 di/9ctly on 8 side z aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians1 x did n g beyond ?is4 ,x is v f> f improbable inde$1 t he borr[$ ?is v int]pretation ( ,john viii4 #eg f "o ( ^! ,asiatic eld]s1 j z we h se5 him #bdg3b else:]e borr[+ an int]pretation ( ano!r passage ( ?is ,gospel 7xiv4 #b7 f ! same s\rce4 ,b1 z he has "h =c$ ! te/imony ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel to say m ?an x really does say1 s also he may h /ra9$ ! te/imony ( 'all ! eld]s' 9 ! same direction4 ,yet ! broad fact rema9s t he confid5tly appeals to !m 9 support ( a *ronology sugge/$ by ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 b c]ta9ly n d$ucible f ! ,synoptic n>ratives4 ,& ! extant rema9s ( ?is s*ool support ! appeal s qualifi$4 ,we h se5 t its two mo/ fam\s au?ors1 ,melito & ,apoll9>is1 di/9ctly foll[ ! *ronology ( ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/1 ! "o 9 ! duration ( ! ,"l's m9i/ry1 ! o!r 9 ! ev5ts ( ! ,pas*al week #bdh3a4 ,( ! special ref]5ces to ^! fa!rs ( ! ,asiatic ,*ur*1 :i* appe> else:]e 9 ,ir5aeus1 x is suffici5t to say t 9 "o in/ance an eld] is repres5t$ z quot+ a say+ ( our ,"l conta9$ only 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john #bdh3b :ile ! words ascrib$ to ano!r are mo/ probably sugge/$ by ! language ( ! same ,evangeli/ #bdh3c4 ,?is latt] eld]1 ^: speculations are giv5 at great l5g?1 also introduces two direct quotations f ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les1 & treats ! ,apo/le's au?ority ?r\gh\t z beyond dispute #bdh3d4 ,! la/ fa!r ( ! ,asiatic s*ool1 :om x w be necess>y to m5tion1 is ,,polycrates1 bi%op ( ,ephesus4 ,:5 ,victor ( ,rome 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! second c5tury attempt$ to =ce ! ,we/]n usage ) respect to ,ea/] on ! ,asiatic ,*ri/ians1 ,polycrates wrote to remon/rate4 ,! lett] is unhappily lo/1 b a valuable extract is pres]v$ by ,eusebius #bdh3e4 ,9 ?is ! writ] claims to speak au?oritatively on ! subject ( dispute1 ow+ to ! special opportunities :i* he _h enjoy$4 ,he /ates t he _h receiv$ ! obs]vance ( ! #ad? by tradition f 8 relations1 ( :om sev5 _h be5 bi%ops2 he says t he _h conf]r$ ) ! bre?r5 f all p>ts ( ! _w2 & he adds t he _h 'gone ?r\gh e holy scripture4' ,:5 we rememb] ! "q at issue1 & recall ! language ( ,apoll9>is respect+ ! ,gospels1 9 writ+ on ! same subject1 we see :at is impli$ 9 ?is la/ s5t5ce4 ,! extract1 :i* is %ort1 conta9s only two ref]5ces to ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! "o is to ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 ,/ ,john is describ$ 9 ! v words ( ?is ,gospel1 z 'he t lean$ on ! bosom ( ! ,"l' 7,greek3 ho epi to /e?os t\ ,kuri\ anapeson7 #bdi3a4 ,! o!r is to a book ( ! ,paul9e cycle1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 ',!y t are great] ?an ,i1' writes ,polycrates1 'h said1 ,we mu/ obey ,god r ?an m5' #bdi3b4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! close ( ! second c5tury1 & x is n necess>y to pursue ! hi/ory ( ! ,s*ool ( ,/ ,john 9 _! ,asiatic home beyond ?is po9t4 ,b 9 ! meantime a l>ge & fl\ri%+ colony _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! cities ( s\!rn ,gaul1 & no acc\nt ( ! traditions ( ! s*ool w\ld be adequate :i* fail$ to take notice ( ?is colony4 ,?is "p ( ! subject h[ev] mu/ be left = a subsequ5t pap]4 ,mean:ile ! inf]5ces f ! notices pass$ "u review _c1 ,i ?9k1 be d\btful4 ,out ( a v ext5sive lit]ature1 by :i* ?is s*ool 0 once repres5t$1 ! extant rema9s are mis]ably few & fragm5t>y2 b ! evid5ce yield$ by ^! meagre relies is decid$ly great]1 9 proportion to _! ext5t1 ?an we _h any "r to expect4 ,z reg>ds ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ?is is especially ! case4 ,if ! same am\nt ( writt5 matt]--occupy+ a v few pages 9 all--7 extract$ accid5tally f ! curr5t !ological lit]ature ( our own day1 ! *ances1 unless ,i am mi/ak51 w\ld be /rongly aga9/ our f9d+ s _m indications ( ! use ( ?is ,gospel4 ,9 e "o ( ! writ]s1 f ,polyc>p & ,papias to ,polycrates1 we h obs]v$ ph5om5a :i* be> witness directly or indirectly1 & ) diff]5t degrees ( di/9ctness1 to its recognition4 ,x is q possible = critical +5uity to f9d a reason = discr$it+ ea* in/ance 9 turn4 ,an objector may urge 9 "o case1 t ! writ+ itself is a =g]y2 9 a second1 t ! p>ticul> passage is an int]polation2 9 a ?ird1 t ! suppos$ quotation is ! orig9al & ! language ( ! ,evangeli/ ! copy2 9 a f\r?1 t ! incid5t or say+ 0 n d$uc$ f ?is ,gospel b f "s apocryphal "w1 conta9+ a p>allel n>rative4 ,by a suffici5t numb] ( assumptions1 :i* lie beyond ! range ( v]ification1 ! evid5ce may be set aside4 ,b ! e>ly exi/5ce & recognition ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is ! "o simple po/ulate :i* expla9s all ! facts4 ,! law ( gravitation acc\nts = ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( motion1 ! fall+ ( a /one1 ! jet ( a f\nta91 ! orbits ( ! planets1 & s =?4 ,x is q possible = any "o1 :o is s dispos$1 to reject ?is explanation ( nature4 ,provid$ t he is all[$ to po/ulate a new =ce = e new fact ) :i* he is confront$1 he has no?+ to fe>4 ,he w !n gird ! sph]e ,) c5tric & ecc5tric scribbl$ o'er1 ,cycle & epicycle1 orb 9 orb1 happy 9 8 immunity4 ,b ! o!r !ory w prevail nev]!less by reason ( its simplicity4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,gaul4 ,,augu/1 #ahgf4 ,9 ! prec$+ pap]s ,i h inve/igat$ ! te/imony borne by ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or to ! ,canonical ,gospels1 & m especially to ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/4 ,! peculi> value ( ?is te/imony is due to ! close p]sonal relations ( ^! communities ) ! late/ surviv+ ,apo/les1 m p>ticul>ly ) ,/ ,john4 ,at ! same "t ,i took occasion incid5tally to rem>k on _! attitude t[>ds ,/ ,paul & 8 writ+s1 because an assum$ antagonism betwe5 ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles & ! ,twelve has be5 adopt$ by a mod]n s*ool ( critics z ! basis = a recon/ruction ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,i purpose 9 ! pres5t pap] ext5d+ ?is inve/igation to ! ,*ur*es ( ,gaul4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ,gaul 0 9 "s s5se ! daught] ( ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,( ! hi/ory ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es be=e ! middle ( ! second c5tury we h no c]ta9 in=mation4 ,x seems fairly probable inde$ t1 :5 we read 9 ! ,apo/olic age ( a mission ( ,cresc5s to ',galatia' or ',gaul' #bea3a1 ! we/]n c\ntry is meant r ?an ! ,asiatic settlem5t :i* bore ! same "n2 &1 if s1 ?is po9ts to "s relations ) ,/ ,paul himself4 ,b1 ev5 ?\gh ?is explanation %\ld be accept$1 ! notice /&s q alone4 ,lat] tradition inde$ supplem5ts x ) leg5d>y matt]1 b x is impossible to say :at sub/ratum ( fact1 if any1 und]lies ^! comp>atively rec5t /ories4 ,! connection betwe5 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,gaul & ! we/]n di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or _h be5 intimate f v remote times4 ,gaul 0 indebt$ = h] e>lie/ civilization to h] ,greek settlem5ts l ,m>seilles1 :i* _h be5 coloniz$ f ,asia ,m9or "s six c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 & close relations appe> to h be5 ma9ta9$ ev5 to ! late/ times4 ,dur+ ! ,roman p]iod ! p ( ,m>seilles /ill spoke ! ,greek language famili>ly along ) ! v]nacul> ,celtic ( ! native population & ! (ficial ,lat9 ( ! dom9ant p[] #beb3a4 ,:5 !re=e ,*ri/ianity _h e/abli%$ h] head-qu>t]s 9 ,asia ,m9or1 x 0 n unnatural t ! ,gospel %\ld fl[ 9 ! same *annels :i* _h already conduct$ ! civilization & ! comm]ce ( ! ,asiatic ,greeks we/w>d4 ,at all ev5ts1 :atev] we may ?9k ( ! antec$5t probabilities1 ! fact itself c h>dly be disput$4 ,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #agg1 "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 a sev]e p]secution broke out on ! banks ( ! ,rhone 9 ! cities ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons--a p]secution :i* by its ext5t & "* be>s a noble te/imony to ! vitality ( ! ,*ur*es 9 ^! places4 ,to ?is incid5t we owe ! e>lie/ extant hi/orical notice ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,gaul4 ,a contempor>y record ( ! m>tyrdoms on ?is occasion is pres]v$ 9 ! =m ( a lett] f ! p]secut$ ,*ur*es1 address$ to '! bre?r5 t are 9 ,asia & ,phrygia' #beb3b4 ,! communities ?us address$1 x w be obs]v$1 belong to ! di/rict 9 :i* ,/ ,john's influ5ce 0 pr$om9ant1 & :i* produc$ all ! writ]s ( 8 s*ool :o h be5 discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ pap]s--,polyc>p1 ,papias1 ,melito1 ,apoll9>is1 ,polycrates4 ,( ! ref]5ces to ! ,canonical ,scriptures 9 ?is lett] ,i %all speak pres5tly4 ,= ! mom5t x is suffici5t to say t ! v fact ( _! address+ ! communication to ^! di/ant ,*ur*es %[s ! clos5ess ( ! ties :i* connect$ ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,gaul ) _! ,asiatic bre?r54 ,moreov]1 9 ! body ( ! lett] x is incid5tally /at$ ( two ( ! suff]]s1 t !y came f ,asia ,m9or--,attalus a ,p]gam5e by bir?1 & ,alex&] a physician f ,phrygia :o '_h liv$ _m ye>s 9 ! prov9ces ( ,gaul2' :ile ne>ly all ( !m be> ,greek names4 ,among ^! m>tyrs ! mo/ conspicu\s 0 ,po?9us1 ! ag$ bi%op ( ,lyons1 :o 0 m ?an n9ety ye>s old :5 he suff]$4 ,a lat] tradition makes him a native ( ,asia ,m9or #bec3a2 & ?is w\ld be a highly probable supposition1 ev5 if unsupport$ by any sort ( evid5ce4 ,inde$ x is f> f unlikely t ! fact 0 /at$ 9 ! lett] itself1 = ,eusebius has n pres]v$ ! :ole ( x4 ,b :e!r an ,asiatic ,greek or n1 he mu/ h be5 a gr[+ boy :5 ,/ ,john di$2 & ?r\gh him ! ,*ur*es ( ,s\!rn ,gaul1 :5 !y fir/ appe> 9 ! full light ( hi/ory1 are l9k$ directly ) ! ,apo/olic age4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is p]secution ! intimate alliance betwe5 ^! di/ant p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom 0 manife/$ 9 ano!r way4 ,! ,montani/ controv]sy 0 rag+ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,phrygia1 & ! bre?r5 ( ,gaul communicat$ to !m _! views on ! controv]t$ po9ts #bec3b4 ,to ?is communication !y app5d$ v>i\s lett]s ( ! m>tyrs1 ':i* !y p5n$1 :ile yet 9 bonds1 to ! bre?r5 9 ,asia & ,phrygia4' ,ab\t ! same "t ! m>tyrs s5t ,ir5aeus1 !n a presbyt]1 z _! delegate ) lett]s ( recomm5dation to ,eleu!rus1 bi%op ( ,rome1 = ! sake ( conf]r+ ) him on ?is same subject #bec3c4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s lat]1 z ! c5tury 0 draw+ to a close1 ano!r controv]sy broke out1 relat+ to ! obs]vance ( ,ea/]1 9 :i* aga9 ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es 7 ma9ly conc]n$2 & "h too we f9d ! ,*ri/ians ( ,gaul int]pos+ ) _! c\nsels4 ,:5 ,victor ( ,rome issu$ 8 edict ( excommunication aga9/ ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or1 ,ir5aeus wrote to remon/rate4 ,! lett] s5t on ?is occasion h[ev] did n m]ely repres5t 8 own private views1 = we are especially told t he wrote '9 ! "n ( ! bre?r5 9 ,gaul ov] :om he presid$4' ,nor did he appeal to ! ,roman bi%op alone1 b he ex*ang$ lett]s also ) 'v _m div]s rul]s ( ! ,*ur*es conc]n+ ! "q :i* _h be5 /irr$' #bed3a4 ,be>+ ^! facts 9 m9d1 & inf]r+ f !m1 z we h a "r to inf]1 t ! ,*ur*es ( ,gaul = ! mo/ "p inh]it$ ! traditions ( ! ,asiatic s*ool ( ,/ ,john1 we look ) special int]e/ to ! docum5ts emanat+ f ^! communities4 ,! ,epi/le ( ! bro!rhoods 9 ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 already m5tion$1 is ! e>lie/ ( ^!4 ,! ma9 bus9ess ( ! lett] is a n>rative ( contempor>y facts1 & any allusions !re=e to ! ,canonical writ+s are incid5tal4 ,b1 ?\gh incid5tal1 !y are unequivocal4 ,( ! ref]5ces to ,/ ,paul1 = in/ance1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,?us ! m>tyrs & confessors are m5tion$ z '%[+ 9 v tru? t ! suff]+s ( ?is pres5t "t are n wor?y to be comp>$ ) ! glory :i* %all be reveal$ 9 u1' :]e a s5t5ce conta9+ f\rte5 words 9 ! ,greek is giv5 v]batim z x /&s 9 ,rom4 viii4 #ah4 ,?us aga91 !y are describ$ z 'imitators ( ,*ri/1 :o be+ 9 ! =m ( ,god ?\ght x n robb]y to be equal ) ,god1' :]e 9 l mann] a s5t5ce ( twelve words /&s v]batim z we f9d x ,phil4 ii4 #f4 ,no "o1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 w "q ! s\rce ( ^! passages1 ?\gh !y are giv5 anonym\sly & )\t any signs ( quotation4 ,nor c !re be any reasonable d\bt t :5 ,attalus ! m>tyr is call$ '! pill> & gr\nd' 7,greek3 /ulon kai h$raioma7 ( ! ,*ri/ians at ,lyons1 ! expression is tak5 f #a ,tim4 iii4 #ae2 or t :5 ,alcibiades1 :o _h hi!rto liv$ on bread & wat]1 receiv$ a revelation rebuk+ him = 'n us+ ! creatures ( ,god1 9 ob$i5ce to :i* he 'p>took ( all ?+s freely & gave ?anks to ,god1' !re is a ref]5ce to #a ,tim4 iv4 #c1 #d4 ,^! passages %[ ! attitude ( ! au?or or au?ors ( ?is lett] t[>ds ,/ ,paul2 b ,i h cit$ !m also z exhibit+ ! mann] ( quotation :i* prevails 9 ?is lett]1 & ?us indicat+ :at we are to expect 9 o!r cases4 ,f ! ?ird & f\r? ,gospels !n we f9d quotations analog\s to ^!4 ,( ,vettius ,epaga?us1 "o ( ! suff]]s1 we are told1 t ?\gh "y he 'rivall$ ! te/imony borne to ! eld] ,za*>ias 7,greek3 sunexis\/hai te t\ presbut]\ ,za*>i\ m>turia71 = v]ily 7,greek3 g\n7 he _h walk$ 9 all ! comm&m5ts & ord9ances ( ! ,"l blameless4' ,"h we h ! same words & 9 ! same ord]1 :i* are us$ ( ,za*>ias & ,elisabe? 9 ,/ ,luke 7i4 #f74 ,moreov]1 x is /at$ l[] d[n ( ?is same m>tyr1 t he 0 'call$ ! p>aclete 7or advocate7 ( ! ,*ri/ians1 hav+ ! ,p>aclete 9 himself1 ! ,_s m abundantly ?an ,za*>ias4' ,?is maybe comp>$ ) ,luke i4 #fg1 ',& ,za*>ias 8 fa!r 0 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,gho/4' ,! mean+ ( ! expression ',! te/imony ( ,za*>ias' 7,greek3 te t\ ,za*>i\ m>turia7 has be5 que/ion$4 ,x might signify ei!r '! te/imony borne to ,za*>ias1' i4e4 8 record$ "*1 or '! te/imony borne by ,za*>ias1' i4e4 8 m>tyrdom4 ,i _c d\bt t ! =m] explanation is correct2 = ! connect+ p>ticle 7,greek3 g\n7 %[s t ! ass]tion is int5d$ to f9d its ju/ification 9 words :i* imm$iately foll[1 'he walk$ 9 all ! comm&m5ts1' etc4 ,i ne$ n h[ev] dwell on ?is po9t1 = ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion himself adopts ?is r5d]+ #bee3a4 ,yet ) an inconsi/5cy1 ( :i* 8 book furni%es n a few examples1 ?\gh he n only adopts ?is r5d]+ himself1 b sil5tly ignores ! alt]native1 he proce$s at once to ma9ta9 a hypo!sis :i* is expressly built ^u ! int]pretation ?us tacitly reject$4 ,an e>ly tradition or conjecture id5tifi$ ! ,za*>ias1 :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels z hav+ be5 sla9 betwe5 ! temple & ! alt> 7,matt4 xxiii4 #ce71 ) ?is ,za*>ias ! fa!r ( ! ,bapti/4 ,& 9 ! extravagant romance call$ ! ,protevangelium1 :i* is occupi$ ma9ly ) ! bir?1 infancy1 & *ildhood ( our ,"l1 ! ,bapti/'s fa!r is repres5t$ z sla9 by ,h]od 'at ! ve/ibule ( ! temple ( ! ,"l' #bef3a4 ,our au?or !re=e supposes t ^! ,*ri/ians ( ,gaul are quot+ n f ,/ ,luke1 b f "s apocryphal ,gospel :i* gave a simil> acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,za*>ias4 ,:e!r ?is id5tification :i* ,i h m5tion$ is true or false x is unnecess>y = my purpose to inquire4 ,nor aga9 d ,i c>e to discuss ! "q :e!r or n ! au?ors ( ?is lett] accept$ x1 & s believ$ ! ,bapti/'s fa!r to h fall5 a m>tyr4 ,i am dispos$ on ! :ole to ?9k t !y did4 ,?is supposition1 :i* h[ev] mu/ rema9 unc]ta91 w\ld give m po9t to ! p>allelism ) ,vettius ,epaga?us4 ,b x is a matt] ( little or no mom5t z reg>ds ! po9t at issue4 ,! quotation f\nd 9 ,/ ,luke's ,gospel has 7accord+ to ! int]pretation :i* our au?or rightly receives7 no ref]5ce :atev] to ! m>tyrdom2 & !re=e af=ds no gr\nd = ! assumption t ! docum5t f :i* x is tak5 conta9$ any acc\nt ( or any ref]5ce to ! dea? ( ! ,bapti/'s fa!r4 ,b1 grant+ t ! writ]s ( ?is lett] assum$ ! id5tification 7& ?is assumption1 :e!r true or false1 0 v natural71 our ,?ird ,gospel itself does furni% su* a ref]5ce2 & !y w\ld ?us f9d )9 ! limits ( ?is ,gospel ev]y?+ :i* !y requir$ relat+ to ,za*>ias4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion inde$ repres5ts ! matt] o!rwise2 b !n he has ov]look$ an important passage4 ,) a =getfulness ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,gospels :i* ought surely to sugge/ "s reflections to a critic :o _c und]/& h[ ! ,fa!rs1 'utt]ly uncritical' ?\gh !y 71 %\ld ev] quote any writ+ o!rwise ?an ) ! mo/ lit]al accuracy1 he says1 ',!re c be no d\bt t ! ref]5ce to ,za*>ias 9 ,mat!w1 9 ! ,protevangelium1 & 9 ?is ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 is n bas$ ^u ,luke1 9 :i* !re is no m5tion ( 8 dea?' #beg3a4 ,"h & ?r\gh\t ?is criticism he appe>s to h =gott5 ,luke xi4 #ea1 '! blood ( ,za*>ias :i* p]i%$ betwe5 ! alt> & ! temple4' ,if ! dea? ( ! ,bapti/'s fa!r is m5tion$ 9 ,/ ,mat!w1 x is m5tion$ 9 ,/ ,luke also4 ,b1 if our au?or disposes ( ! co9cid5ces ) ! ,?ird ,gospel 9 ?is way1 :at w he say to ^? ) ! ,acts8 ,9 ?is same lett] ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es we are told t ! suff]]s pray$ = _! p]secutors 'l ,/eph5 ! p]fect m>tyr1 ,"l1 lay n ?is s9 to _! *>ge4' ,w he boldly ma9ta9 t ! writ]s _h be=e !m ano!r ,acts conta9+ words id5tical ) our ,acts1 j z he supposes !m to h _h ano!r ,gospel conta9+ words id5tical ) our ,?ird ,gospel8 ,or w he all[ ?is acc\nt to h be5 tak5 f ,acts vii4 #fj1 ) :i* x co9cides8 ,b 9 ?is latt] case1 if !y _h ! second treatise :i* be>s ! "n ( ,/ ,luke 9 _! h&s1 :y %\ld !y n h _h ! fir/ also8 ,our au?or h[ev] does n /op "h4 ,he ma9ta9s t ^! same writ]s quot$ n only f a d\ble ( ,/ ,luke1 b f a d\ble ( ,/ ,john also #beh3a4 ',t 0 fulfill$1' !y write1 ':i* 0 spok5 by ! ,"l1 say+1 ,!re %all come a "t 9 :i* :osoev] kille? y w ?9k t he doe? ,god s]vice1' :]e ! words ( ,/ ,john 7xvi4 #b7 are exactly reproduc$1 ) ! exception t = ',!re come? an h\r :5' 7,greek3 er*etai hora h9a7 !y sub/itute ',!re %all come a "t 9 :i*' 7,greek3 eleusetai kairos en ho4 ,?is sub/itution1 :i* 0 highly natural 9 a quotation f memory1 is magnifi$ by our au?or into 'v decid$ v>iations f ! ,f\r? ,gospel4' ,he w\ld !re=e assign ! quotation to "s apocryphal gospel :i* has p]i%$4 ,no su* gospel h[ev] is kn[n to h exi/$4 ,moreov] ?is passage occurs 9 a *>act]i/ic disc\rse ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & ! expression itself is rem>kable--f> m rem>kable ?an x appe>s 9 ! ,engli% v]sion 7,greek3 latreian prosph]e9 to ,!o71 n 'to d ,god s]vice1' b 'to (f] a religi\s s]vice to ,god'74 ,i may add also t ! m5tion ( ! ,_s z ! ,p>aclete1 already quot$1 po9ts to ! use ( ?is ,gospel by ! writ]s1 & t ! lett] pres5ts at lea/ "o o!r co9cid5ce ) ,/ ,john4 ,our au?or c]ta9ly des]ves cr$it = c\rage4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 he imag9es t1 s long z he does n advance any?+ :i* is demon/rably impossible1 he may pile "o improbability ^u ano!r )\t endang]+ ! /ability ( 8 edifice4 ,b ev5 if 8 acc\nt ( ^! evangelical quotations c\ld survive ?is accumulation ( improbabilities1 x w appe> absolutely unt5able 9 ! light ( contempor>y fact4 ,ir5aeus 0 ! mo/ prom95t & le>n$ memb] ( ! ,*ur* f :i* ?is lett] emanat$1 at ! v "t :5 x 0 writt54 ,accord+ to "s mod]n critics he 0 ! actual compos] ( ! lett]2 b = ?is !re is no evid5ce ( any k9d4 ,accord+ to our au?or himself he 0 ! be>] ( x #bei3a2 b ?is /atem5t aga9 is n borne out by facts4 ,!re c be no d\bt h[ev]1 t ,ir5aeus 0 intimately mix$ up ) all ! incid5ts1 & he _c h be5 ignorant ( ! cont5ts ( ! lett]4 ,n[ ?is lett] 0 writt5 ,a4,d4 #agg or1 z our au?or pref]s1 ,a4,d4 #agh1 :ile ,ir5aeus publi%$ 8 ?ird book be=e ,a4,d4 #aij at all ev5ts1 & possibly "s ye>s e>li]4 ,ir5aeus 9 ?is book assumes t ! ,*ur* f ! beg9n+ has recogniz$ our f\r ,canonical ,gospels1 & ^! only4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion ma9ta9s on ! o!r h& t only twelve ye>s be=e1 at ! outside1 ! v ,*ur* to :i* ,ir5aeus belong$1 9 a public docum5t ) :i* he 0 acqua9t$1 betrays no k ( our ,canonical ,gospels1 b quotes f "o or m ,apocryphal ,gospels in/ead4 ,he ma9ta9s ?is ?\gh ! quotations 9 "q are actually f\nd 9 our ,canonical ,gospels4 ,"h !n ! inf]5ce _c be d\btful4 ,b :at mu/ be ! fate ( a writ] :o c ?us ride r\gh%od ov] pla9 facts1 :5 he comes to deal ) que/ions :i* dem& a nice critical insight & a c>eful weigh+ ( probabilities8 ,f ?is lett] relat+ to ! m>tyrdoms 9 ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 we are l$ to speak directly ( ! illu/ri\s ,gallican fa!r1 ^: "n has already be5 m5tion$ sev]al times1 & :o is ! mo/ important ( all witnesses to ! ,canonical writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! great "w ( ,ir5aeus is entitl$ ,refutation & ,ov]?r[ ( ,k falsely s call$1 & consi/s ( five books4 ,! ?ird book 0 publi%$ dur+ ! episcopate ( ,eleu!rus1 :o 0 ,bi%op ( ,rome f ab\t ,a4,d4 #age to ,a4,d4 #aij2 = he is m5tion$ 9 x z /ill liv+ #bfj3a4 ,x mu/ !re=e h be5 writt5 be=e ,a4,d4 #aij4 ,on ! o!r h& x conta9s a m5tion ( ,!odotion's v]sion ( ! ,,lxx #bfj3b2 & ,!odotion's v]sion is /at$ n to h be5 publi%$ till ! reign ( ,commodus 7,a4,d4 #ahb-aij74 ,un=tunately ,epiphanius1 ! au?ority ma9ly reli$ on by our au?or & o!rs = ?is /atem5t1 contradicts himself 9 ?is same passage1 :i* is full ( ! grosse/ *ronological & hi/orical blund]s #bfj3c4 ,no /ress !re=e c be laid on 8 /atem5t2 nor inde$ c we reg>d its tru? or falsehood z ( any real mom5t = our purpose4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r ! ?ird book dates f ! e>li] or lat] ye>s ( ,eleu!rus4 ,z ! sev]al books 7 compos$ & publi%$ sep>ately1 ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion has a "r to suppose1 ?\gh he _c prove1 t ! f\r? & fif? 7 writt5 dur+ ! episcopate ( ,victor 7,a4,d4 #aij-aih or #aii74 ,b 9 8 p>tiality = late dates he =gets t ! weapon :i* he wields is d\ble-edg$4 ,if ! f\r? & fif? books 'mu/1' z he confid5tly ass]ts1 h be5 writt5 "s ye>s aft] ! ?ird1 x foll[s by p>ity ( reason+1 t ! fir/ & second mu/ h be5 writt5 "s ye>s be=e x4 ,yet1 ) a /range inconsi/5cy1 he assumes 9 ! v same s5t5ce t ! two fir/ books _c h be5 writt5 till ! late/ ye>s ( ,eleu!rus1 because on 8 %[+ ! ?ird mu/ date f t epo* #bfa3a4 ,) ! respective dates ( ! sev]al books h[ev] we ne$ n conc]n ourselves2 = !y all exhibit ! same ph5om5a1 s f> z reg>ds ! attitude ( ! au?or t[>ds ! ,canonical writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,on ?is po9t1 x is suffici5t to say t ! au?ority :i* ,ir5aeus attributes to ! f\r ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 sev]al ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse1 falls %ort 9 no respect ( ! e/imate ( ! ,*ur* ,ca?olic 9 ! f\r? or ! n9? or ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,he treats !m z on a level ) ! ,canonical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 he cites !m z ,scripture 9 ! same way2 he attributes !m to ! respective au?ors ^: names !y be>2 he reg>ds !m z writ+s h&$ d[n 9 ! sev]al ,*ur*es f ! beg9n+2 he fills 8 pages ) quotations f !m2 he has n only a v ?or\gh k ( _! cont5ts himself1 b he assumes an acqua9tance ) & a recognition ( !m 9 8 read]s #bfb3a4 ,9 ! ?ird book especially he und]takes to refute ! op9ions ( 8 ,val5t9ian oppon5ts directly f ! ,scriptures4 ,?is leads him to be /ill m explicit4 ,he relates briefly ! circum/ances "u :i* our ,f\r ,gospels 7 writt54 ,he po9ts out t ! writ+s ( ! ,evangeli/s arose directly f ! oral ,gospel ( ! ,apo/les4 ,he %[s t ! traditional tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les has be5 pres]v$ by a direct succession ( eld]s :i* 9 ! pr9cipal ,*ur*es c be trac$ man by man1 & he ass]ts t ?is tea*+ accords entirely ) ! ,evangelical & ,apo/olic writ+s4 ,he ma9ta9s on ! o!r h&1 t ! doctr9e ( ! h]etics 0 ( comp>atively rec5t gr[?4 ,he assumes ?r\gh\t1 n only t our f\r ,canonical ,gospels alone 7 ackn[l$g$ 9 ! ,*ur* 9 8 own "t1 b t ?is _h be5 s f ! beg9n+4 ,8 ,val5t9ian antagoni/s inde$ accept$ ^! same ,gospels1 pay+ especial def]5ce to ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/2 & accord+ly he argues ) !m on ?is basis4 ,b !y also sup]add$ o!r writ+s1 to :i* !y appeal$1 :ile h]etics ( a diff]5t type1 z ,m>cion = in/ance1 adopt$ "s "o ,gospel to ! exclusion ( all o!rs4 ,he !re=e urges n only t f\r ,gospels alone h be5 h&$ d[n f ! beg9n+1 b t 9 ! nature ( ?+s !re c\ld n be m nor less ?an f\r4 ,!re are f\r regions ( ! _w1 & f\r pr9cipal w9ds2 & ! ,*ur* !re=e1 z de/9$ to be cont]m9\s ) ! _w1 mu/ be support$ by f\r ,gospels1 z f\r pill>s4 ,! ,^w aga9 is repres5t$ z seat$ on ! ,*]ubim1 :o are describ$ by ,ezekiel z f\r liv+ creatures1 ea* diff]5t f ! o!r4 ,^! symbolize ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 ) _! sev]al *>act]i/ics4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! numb] f\r aga9 appe>s 9 ano!r way4 ,!re are f\r g5]al cov5ants1 ( ,noah1 ( ,abraham1 ( ,moses1 ( ,*ri/4 ,x is !re=e an act ( audaci\s folly to increase or dim9i% ! numb] ( ! ,gospels4 ,z !re is fitness & ord] 9 all ! o!r works ( ,god1 s also we may expect to f9d x 9 ! case ( ! ,gospel4 ,:at is ! hi/orical significance ( ?is ph5om5on8 ,c we imag9e t ! docum5ts :i* ,ir5aeus reg>ds 9 ?is light _h be5 produc$ dur+ 8 own lifetime8 t !y _h sprung up sudd5ly full-arm$ f ! e>?1 no "o c\ld say h[8 & t !y _h tak5 _! position at once by ! side ( ! ,law & ! ,psalmi/ & ! ,prophets1 z ! v voice ( ,god8 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion seems to ?9k t no explanation is ne$$4 ',! reasons1' he writes1 ':i* he ,ir5aeus gives = ! exi/5ce ( precisely t numb] f\r ,gospels 9 ! ,canon ( ! ,*ur* illu/rate ! ?or\ghly uncritical "* ( ! ,fa!rs1 & ! slight dep5d5ce :i* c be plac$ ^u _! judgm5ts' #bfc3a4 ,accord+ly he does n ev5 discuss ! te/imony ( ,ir5aeus1 b treats x z if x 7 n4 ,he does n see t !re is all ! diff]5ce 91 ! _w betwe5 ! value ( ! same man's evid5ce z to matt]s ( fact1 & 8 op9ions z to ! causes & be>+s ( 8 facts4 ,he does n obs]ve t ^! fanciful argum5ts & %ad[y analogies are pro tanto an evid5ce ( ! firm hold :i* ?is quadruple ,gospel1 z a fact1 _h already obta9$ :5 he wrote4 ,above all1 ,i mu/ suppose f 8 sil5ce t he reg>ds ?is te/imony ( ,ir5aeus 9 ! isolat$ op9ion ( an individual writ]1 & is unconsci\s ( ! hi/orical backgr\nd :i* x implies4 ,x is ?is la/ consid]ation :i* l$ me to speak ( ,ir5aeus z ! mo/ important witness to ! e>ly date & au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels1 & to :i* ,i wi% to direct att5tion4 ,! bir? ( ,ir5aeus has be5 plac$ z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ig by ,dodwell1 & z late z ,a4,d4 #adj by our au?or & "s o!rs1 :ile o!r writ]s aga9 h adopt$ int]m$iate positions4 ,i mu/ frankly say t ! v e>ly date seems to me q unt5able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o h plac$ x z late z ,a4,d4 #adj h *os5 ?is date on ! gr\nd ( ! relation ( ,ir5aeus to ,polyc>p 9 8 old age #bfd3a1 & on ! supposition t ,polyc>p 0 m>tyr$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #afg4 ,s9ce h[ev] x has rec5tly be5 %[n t ,polyc>p suff]$ ,a4,d4 #aee or #aef #bfd3b1 x may be presum$ t ^! critics w\ld n[ ?r[ ! date ( 8 pupil's bir? "s t5 or twelve ye>s f>!r back1 i4e4 to ab\t ,a4,d4 #abh or #acj4 ,b !re is no reason :y x %\ld n h be5 "s few ye>s e>li]4 ,if ! sugge/ion :i* ,i h ?r[n out 9 a previ\s pap] des]ves att5tion #bfe3a1 he 0 probably born ab\t ,a4,d4 #abj4 ,b ! exact date ( 8 bir? is a matt] ( comp>atively little mom5t4 ,! really important fact is1 t he 0 connect$ directly ) ! ,apo/les & ! ,apo/olic age by two di/9ct p]sonal l9ks1 if n m4 ,( 8 connection ) ,,polyc>p ,i h already spok5 #bfe3b4 ,polyc>p 0 ! disciple ( ,/ ,john2 &1 z he 0 at lea/ eighty-six ye>s old :5 he suff]$ m>tyrdom 7,a4,d4 #aee71 he mu/ h be5 close ^u ?irty :5 ! ,apo/le di$4 ,ir5aeus 0 "y :5 he receiv$ in/ruction f ,polyc>p4 ,he speaks ( himself 9 "o passage z '/ill a boy1' 9 ano!r z '9 e>ly life4' ,if we reckon 8 age z f fifte5 to eighte51 we %all probably n be f> wrong1 ?\gh ! expressions !mselves w\ld admit "s latitude on ei!r side4 ,at all ev5ts1 he says t he _h a vivid recollection ( 8 ma/]'s conv]sations2 he recall$ n only ! sub/ance ( 8 disc\rses1 b 8 v expressions & mann]2 m especially he /ates t he rememb]s di/9ctly 8 descriptions ( 8 int]c\rse ) ,john & o!r p]sonal disciples ( ,*ri/ toge!r ) _! acc\nt ( ! ,"l's life & tea*+2 & he adds t ^! 7 'altoge!r 9 accordance ) ! ,scriptures' #bfe3c4 ,b ,ir5aeus 0 l9k$ ) ! ,apo/olic age by ano!r companion%ip also4 ,he 0 ! lead+ presbyt] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,lyons1 ( :i* ,,po?9us 0 bi%op1 & succe$$ to ?is see on ! m>tyrdom ( ! latt] 9 ,a4,d4 #agg or #agh4 ,) ,po?9us !re=e he mu/ h _h almo/ daily int]c\rse4 ,b ,po?9us liv$ to be m ?an n9ety ye>s old1 & mu/ h be5 a boy ( t5 at lea/1 :5 ! ,apo/le ,/ ,john di$4 ,moreov] !re is e reason to believe1 z we h already se5 #bfe3d1 t l ,ir5aeus himself ,po?9us came orig9ally f ,asia ,m9or4 ,"u any circum/ances1 8 long life & influ5tial position w\ld give a special value to 8 te/imony respect+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*2 &1 :e!r he 0 uncritical or n 7( :i* we are ignorant71 he mu/ h kn[n :e!r c]ta9 writ+s attribut$ to ! ,evangeli/s & ,apo/les _h be5 9 circulation z long z he c\ld rememb]1 or :e!r !y came to 8 k only ! o!r day1 :5 he 0 already advanc$ 9 life4 ,9 "o passage 9 8 extant "w1 ,ir5aeus gives an acc\nt ( elaborate disc\rses :i* he _h he>d f an eld] :o _h himself 'li/5$ to ^? :o _h se5 ! ,apo/les & to ^? :o _h be5 disciples1' i4e4 p]sonal foll[]s ( ,*ri/ #bff3a4 ,x seems mo/ natural to id5tify ?is anonym\s eld] ) ,po?9us4 ,9 ?is case ! 'disciples' :om he _h he>d w\ld be su* p]sons z ,ari/ion & ,john ! presbyt]1 :o are m5tion$ 9 ?is same way by ,papias2 :ile "u ! designation ( '^? :o _h se5 ! ,apo/les' ,polyc>p m especially might be int5d$4 ,b1 if he 7 n ,po?9us1 !n he =ms a ?ird direct l9k ( connection betwe5 ,ir5aeus & ! ,apo/olic age4 ,:oev] he 01 x is cle> t ! int]c\rse ( ,ir5aeus ) him 0 frequ5t & intimate4 ',! eld]1' writes ,ir5aeus1 'us$ to say1' ',! eld] us$ to refre% u ) su* acc\nts ( ! anci5t wor?ies1' ',! eld] us$ to discuss4' ,inde$ ! elaborate "* ( ^! disc\rses sugge/s1 z ,i h /at$ 9 a =m] pap] #bff3b1 t ,ir5aeus is "h reproduc+ notes ( lectures :i* he _h he>d f ?is p]son4 ,) ! ref]5ces direct or indirect to ! ,canonical writ+s 9 ?is anonym\s tea*] ,i am n conc]n$ "h2 nor inde$ is x necess>y to add any?+ to :at has be5 said 9 a previ\s pap] #bff3c4 ,i wi% n[ m]ely to call att5tion to ^! disc\rses z %[+1 t ?r\gh 8 int]c\rse ) ?is eld] ,ir5aeus c\ld n fail to h asc]ta9$ ! m9d ( ! e>li] ,*ur* ) reg>d to ! ,evangelical & ,apo/olic writ+s4 ,nor 7 ^! ! only exceptional advantages :i* ,ir5aeus enjoy$4 ,:5 he speaks ( ! recognition ( ! ,canonical writ+s 8 te/imony mu/ be reg>d$ z directly repres5t+ ?ree ,*ur*es at lea/4 ,9 y\? he 0 br\ght up1 z we saw1 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 middle life he /ay$ = "s "t 9 ,rome1 hav+ gone !re on an important public mission #bfg3a4 ,be=e & aft] ?is epo* he = _m ye>s held a prom95t position 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,gaul4 ,he 0 moreov] actively engag$ f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( 8 public c>e] 9 all ! mo/ important controv]sies ( ! day4 ,he gave lectures z we happ5 to "k2 = ,hippolytus att5d$ a c\rse on ',all ! ,h]esies1' deliv]$ p]haps dur+ "o ( 8 soj\rns at ,rome #bfg3b4 ,he 0 a dilig5t lett]-writ]1 int]e/+ himself 9 ! difficulties & diss5sions ( di/ant ,*ur*es1 & m ?an "o notice ( su* lett]s is pres]v$4 ,he compos$ sev]al treatises m or less elaborate1 ^: g5]al "* may be e/imat$ f 8 extant "w4 ,! subjects moreov]1 ) :i* he _h to deal1 mu/ h =c$ him to an exam9ation ( ! po9ts ) :i* we are imm$iately conc]n$4 ,he took a *ief "p 9 ! ,montani/ controv]sy2 & ! ,montani/ doctr9e ( ! ,p>aclete1 z ,i h be=e _h occasion to rem>k #bfg3c1 directly sugge/$ an inve/igation ( ! promise 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,he 0 equally prom95t 9 ! ,pas*al dispute1 & "h aga9 ! relation betwe5 ! n>ratives ( ,/ ,john & ! ,synopti/s mu/ h ent]$ l>gely into ! discussion4 ,he 0 cont5d+ all 8 life ) ,gno/ics1 or reactioni/s aga9/ ,gno/icism1 & h[ l>ge a "p ! au?ority & cont5ts ( ! ,gospels & ,epi/les mu/ h play$ 9 ^! controv]sies g5]ally we see pla9ly f 8 surviv+ "w aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians4 ,?us ,ir5aeus does n pres5t himself be=e u z an isolat$ witness1 b is back$ by a :ole phalanx ( pa/ & contemporane\s au?ority4 ,all ?is our au?or ignores4 ,he =ecloses all inve/igation by d5\nc+1 z usual1 ! uncritical "* ( ! fa!rs2 & ,ir5aeus is n ev5 all[$ to ent] ! witness-box4 ,! tru? is t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! fa!rs are nei!r m nor less uncritical on que/ions :i* involve ! hi/orical s5se1 ?an o!r writ]s ( _! age4 ,n[ & !n we meet ) an exceptional blund]]2 b = ! mo/ "p ,*ri/ian writ]s w comp>e n unfav\rably ) _! hea!n contempor>ies4 ,if ,clem5t ( ,rome believes 9 ! /ory ( ! pho5ix1 s d sev]al classical writ]s ( repute4 ,if ,ju/9 ,m>tyr affirms t ,simon ,magus receiv$ div9e hon\rs at ,rome1 hea!n hi/orians & controv]siali/s make /atem5ts equally false & q z ridicul\s ) ref]5ce to ! religion & hi/ory ( ! ,jews #bfh3a4 ,ev5 ! cr$ulity ( a ,papias may be m ?an mat*$ by ! cr$ulity ( an ,apion or an ,a,elian4 ,! "w ( ! sceptical ,pl9y himself ab\nds 9 impossible /ories4 ,on ! o!r h& individual writ]s may be s+l$ out among ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 :om x w\ld be difficult to mat* 9 _! sev]al excell5ces f _! own or contigu\s g5]ations4 ,no hea!n contempor>y %[s su* a p[] ( memory or s wide an acqua9tance ) ! classical lit]ature ( ,greece 9 all its bran*es z ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,no hea!n contempor>y des]ves to be nam$ 9 ! same day ) ,orig5 = pati5ce & accuracy 9 textual criticism1 to say no?+ ( o!r intellectual capacities1 :i*1 not)/&+ all 8 faults1 di/+ui% him z ! =emo/ writ] ( 8 age4 ,& aga91 ! inve/igations ( ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 ! contempor>y ( ,ir5aeus1 9 comp>ative *ronology are f> 9 advance ( any?+ :i* emanates f hea!n writ]s ( 8 "t1 h[ev] inadequate !y may appe> 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury1 :i* has discov]$ s _m monum5ts ( primeval hi/ory4 ,!re are 9 fact z _m gradations among ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs z 9 any o!r ord] ( m52 & "h1 z else:]e1 ea* writ] mu/ be consid]$ on 8 own m]its4 ,x is a gross inju/ice to class ! au?ors :om ,i h nam$ ) su* hopeless blund]]s z ,epiphanius & ,john ,malalas1 = :om no?+ c be said1 b 9 :om nev]!less our au?or places ! mo/ implicit confid5ce1 :5 _! /atem5ts s]ve 8 purpose4 ,n[ ,ir5aeus is n "o ^: te/imony c be lightly set aside4 ,he possess$1 z we h se51 exceptional opportunities ( =m+ an op9ion on ! po9t at issue4 ,8 hone/y is1 ,i ?9k1 beyond ! rea* ( suspicion4 ,he is a man ( culture & intellig5ce4 ,he possesses a consid]able k ( classical lit]ature1 ?\gh he makes no p>ade ( x4 ,he argues aga9/ 8 oppon5ts ) mu* pati5ce4 ,8 "w is sy/ematic1 & occasionally %[s great acut5ess4 ,8 traditions1 no d\bt1 require sift+1 l o!r m5's1 & sometimes dissolve 9 ! light ( criticism4 ,he has 8 weak po9ts also1 :e!r 9 8 int]pretations or 9 8 views ( ?+s4 ,b :at !n8 ,:o refuses to li/5 to ! hea!n rhetorician ,ari/ides or ! apo/ate ,emp]or ,julian on matt]s ( fact because !y are bo? highly sup]/iti\s--! "o pay+ a *ildi% def]5ce to dreams1 ! o!r %[+ himself a pr(\nd believ] 9 magic8 ,9 %ort1 ,ir5aeus betrays no incapacity :i* affects 8 compet5cy z a witness to a broad & compreh5sive fact1 su* z t ) :i* alone we are conc]n$4 ,& 8 te/imony is confirm$ by evid5ce f all sides4 ,! recognition ( ^! f\r ,gospels f a v e>ly date is ! "o fact :i* expla9s ! fragm5t>y notices & ref]5ces occurr+ 9 previ\s writ]s4 ,moreov] 8 contempor>ies 9 e qu>t] ( ! ,*ur* repeat ! same /ory indep5d5tly4 ,! ,old ,lat9 ,v]sion1 already exi/+ :5 ,ir5aeus publi%$ 8 "w & repres5t+ ! ,canon ( ! ,african ,*ri/ians1 includ$ ^! f\r ,gospels1 & ^! only4 ,! au?or ( ! ,muratorian fragm5t1 writ+ a few ye>s be=e him1 & app>5tly repres5t+ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 recognizes ^!1 & ^! alone4 ,clem5t1 writ+ a few ye>s lat]1 z a memb] ( ! ,alex&rian ,*ur*1 :o _h also travell$ f> & wide1 & sat at ! feet ( div]s tea*]s1 9 ,greece1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ,pale/9e1 9 ,italy1 d\bts ! au!nticity ( a /ory told 9 an apocryphal writ+1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 n relat$ 9 any ( ! f\r ,gospels h&$ d[n by ! ,*ur* #bgj3a4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( all ?is co9cid5ce ( view8 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 n made ! subject ( any concili> decree till ! latt] half ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,:5 !re=e we f9d ?is agreem5t on all sides 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! second1 )\t any =mal enactm5t1 we c only expla9 x z ! conv]g5ce ( indep5d5t te/imony %[+ t1 ?\gh individual writ]s might all[ !mselves ! use ( o!r docum5ts1 yet ! g5]al s5se ( ! ,*ur* _h = "s "t pa/ s+l$ out ^! f\r ,gospels by tacit cons5t1 & plac$ !m 9 a position ( exceptional au?ority4 ,"o o!r rem>k on ! te/imony ( ,ir5aeus sugge/s itself be=e clos+4 ,ir5aeus is ! fir/ extant writ] 9 :om1 f ! nature ( 8 "w1 we h a "r to expect explicit in=mation on ! subject ( ! ,canon4 ,e>li] writ+s1 :i* h be5 pres]v$ entire1 are ei!r epi/ol>y1 l ! lett]s ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 :]e any ref]5ces to ! ,canonical books mu/ necess>ily be prec>i\s & incid5tal 7to say no?+ ( ! cont9uance ( ! oral tradition at ?is e>ly date z a di/urb+ elem5t72 or devotional1 l ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas1 :i* is equally devoid ( quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t & f ! ,new2 or hi/orical1 l ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdoms at ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 :]e any su* allusion is gratuit\s2 or apologetic1 l ! great mass ( ! extant ,*ri/ian writ+s ( ! second c5tury1 :]e ! res]ve ( ! writ] naturally leads him to be sil5t ab\t au?orities :i* w\ld c>ry no weight ) ! ,jewi% or hea!n read]s :om he address$4 ,b ! "w ( ,ir5aeus is ! fir/ controv]sial treatise address$ to ,*ri/ians on que/ions ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 :]e ! appeal lies to ,*ri/ian docum5ts4 ,& "h ! te/imony to our f\r ,gospels is full & cle> & precise4 ,if any read] is really 9 e>ne/ on ?is matt]1 ,i w ask him to read ,ir5aeus & judge = himself4 ,he w f9d _m ?+s = :i* p]haps he is n prep>$1 & :i* w j> ) 8 preconceiv$ ideas2 b on ! "o po9t at issue ,i h no fe> t ,i %all be accus$ ( exagg]ation4 ,inde$ x is impossible to convey 9 a few p>agraphs ! :ole =ce ( an impression :i* is deep5$ by ea* successive page ( a long & elaborate "w4 ,,ix4 ,,tatian',s ,,diatess>on #bgb3a4 ,,may1 #ahgg4 ,all t is kn[n ( ! life ( ,tatian c be soon told4 ,he 0 an ,assyrian by bir?1 z he himself di/9ctly /ates4 ,if o!r writ]s call him a ,syrian1 ! discrepancy may be expla9$ by ! common confusion betwe5 ! two nationalities2 or possibly x %\ld be acc\nt$ = by 8 place ( resid5ce dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life4 ,z a hea!n he ex]cis$ ! pr(ession ( a sophi/1 & 9 ?is capacity travell$ f> & wide4 ,8 m9d 0 fir/ turn$ t[>ds ,*ri/ianity by read+ ! ,scriptures1 :i* impress$ him greatly4 ,z a ,*ri/ian he became ! he>]--9 "s s5se ! disciple--( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 d\btless at ,rome2 & :5 ,cresc5s1 ! cynic1 succe$$ 9 br++ ab\t 8 ma/]'s dea?1 ,tatian's life also 0 imp]ill$ by ! plots ( ?is ma*9ator4 ,:ile he rema9$ 9 ! metropolis he _h among 8 disciples ,rhodon1 :o 9 lat] ye>s und]took to refute "o ( 8 h]etical works4 ,subsequ5tly he left ,rome1 & seems to h sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 ! ,ea/1 m especially 9 ,syria & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr--h[ soon aft] we d n "k--8 op9ions und]w5t a *ange4 ,hi!rto he _h be5 reg>d$ z /rictly or?odox2 b n[ he sep>at$ himself f ! ,*ur*1 & esp\s$ views closely alli$ to ^? ( ! ,encratites4 ,a lead+ t5et ( 8 new ascetic cre$ 0 ! rejection ( m>riage z an abom9ation4 ,b he is /at$ also to h adopt$ op9ions f ,gno/ic tea*]s1 m especially ! doctr9e ( ,a,eons1 :i* he d]iv$ f ! ,val5t9ian s*ool #bgc3a4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion fur!r says t1 'al?\gh ,tatian may h be5 acqua9t$ ) "s ( 8 7,/ ,paul's7 ,epi/les1 x is c]ta9 t he did n hold ! ,apo/le 9 any hon\r1 & p]mitt$ himself ! lib]ty ( alt]+ 8 phraseology' #bgc3b4 ,:]e did he le>n ?is 'c]ta9' piece ( in=mation t ,tatian ?\ght lightly ( ,/ ,paul8 ,assur$ly n f any anci5t writ]4 ,x is q true t ,tatian is /at$ to h mutilat$ "s ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les & reject$ o!rs4 ,b s did ,m>cion1 :o held ! ,apo/le 9 extravagant hon\r4 ,& ! motive 0 ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,! ,apo/le's actual language did n squ>e ) _! fav\rite t5ets 9 all respects1 & !re=e !y assum$ t 8 text mu/ h be5 corrupt$ or int]polat$4 ,s f> f its be+ at all d\btful1 z our au?or seems to sugge/1 :e!r ,tatian 0 acqua9t$ ) any ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les1 we h positive evid5ce t he did receive "s #bgc3c2 & moreov] "o or two co9cid5ces 9 8 extant "w po9t to an acqua9tance ) ! ,apo/le's writ+s4 ,8 lean+s1 l ^? ( ,m>cion & ,val5t9us1 7 g5]ally 9 ! opposite direction to ,judaism4 ,8 t5d5cy w\ld be n to und]rate b to ov]rate ,/ ,paul4 ,at ! same "t su* passages z #a ,tim4 iv4 #c1 :]e ! prohibition ( m>riage is d5\nc$ z a h]esy1 7 a /umbl+-block4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be excis$ z int]polations1 or ! ,epi/les conta9+ !m mu/ be reject$ z spuri\s4 ,! date ( ,tatian is a matt] ( "s unc]ta9ty4 ,he 0 a he>]1 z we h se51 ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 9 ,rome2 & if ! *ronology ( ?is fa!r _h be5 e/abli%$ beyond ! rea* ( d\bt1 we %\ld be tread+ on firm gr\nd4 ,on ?is po9t h[ev] !re has be5 mu* v>iety ( op9ion4 ,! prevail+ view is1 or 01 9 fav\r ( plac+ ,ju/9's dea? z late z ,a4,d4 #afc-afe1 on ! au?ority ( ,eusebius2 b ! mo/ c>eful inve/igations ( rec5t criticism h t5d$ t[>ds a mu* e>li] date #bgd3a4 ,! lit]>y activity ( ,tatian seems to h begun ab\t ! "t ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's dea?2 & aft] ?is we h to all[ = 8 own c>e]1 fir/ z an or?odox ,*ri/ian1 & !n z a h]etic4 ,:5 ,ir5aeus wrote 8 fir/ book1 ,tatian 0 no long] liv+1 z may be inf]r$ f ! language ( ?is fa!r #bgd3b3 & ?is book mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e ,a4,d4 #aij1 & may h 'be5 writt5 z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #agh #bgd3c4 ,aga91 if we may assume t ! ',assyrian1' :om ! ,alex&rian ,clem5t m5tions among 8 tea*]s #bgd3d1 0 ,tatian1 z seems highly probable1 we h ano!r indication ( date4 ,! fir/ book ( ! ,/romateis1 9 :i* ?is fact is record$1 0 itself writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aid or #aie2 & ,clem5t !re speaks ( ! ,assyrian z "o ( 8 e>li] ma/]s1 :om he _h met ) 9 ! ,ea/1 be=e he settl$ d[n "u ! tuition ( ,panta5us at ,alex&ria4 ,9 l mann] ,tatian's connection ) ,rhodon w\ld po9t r\ghly to ! same conclusion4 ,on ! :ole1 we %all p]haps n be f> wrong if we place ! lit]>y activity ( ,tatian at ab\t ,a4,d4 #aee-agj4 ,x may h begun "s few ye>s e>li]1 or x may h ext5d$ "s few ye>s lat]4 ,tatian 0 a volum9\s writ]2 b ( sev]al writ+s m5tion$ by ! anci5ts only "o has come d[n to u1 8 ,apology or ,address to ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 writt5 aft] ! dea? ( ,ju/91 b app>5tly n v long aft]4 ,at all ev5ts x w\ld seem to h be5 compos$ be=e he _h sep>at$ f ! ,*ur* & set himself up z a h]etical tea*]4 ,its date !re=e is dep5d5t on ! unc]ta9 *ronology ( ,ju/94 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion speaks ( x z 'g5]ally dat$ betwe5 ,a4,d4 #agj-age1' & seems himself to acquiesce 9 ?is view4 ,?\gh ,i ?9k ?is date probably sev]al ye>s too late1 ! po9t is n wor? cont5d+ =4 ,z a rule1 ! e>ly ,apologies ab/a9 f quotations1 :e!r f ! ,old ,te/am5t or f ! ,new4 ,! writ]s are deal+ ) ,g5tiles1 :o h no acqua9tance ) & attribute no au?ority to _! sacr$ books1 & !re=e !y make little or no use ( !m #bge3a4 ,?us ! ,apologeticus ( ,t]tullian does n conta9 a s+le passage f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?\gh 8 writ+s address$ to ,*ri/ians teem ) quotations f our ,canonical books4 ,h5ce x is n 9 ?is extant "w t we %\ld expect to obta9 in=mation z to ,tatian's ,canon ( ! ,scriptures4 ,any allusion to !m w be purely incid5tal4 ,z reg>ds our ,synoptical ,gospels1 ! indications 9 ,tatian's ,apology are n su* t we c lay mu* /ress on !m4 ,b ! evid5ce t he knew & accept$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel is beyond ! rea* ( any reasonable d\bt4 ,! passages are "h plac$ side by side3-- ,,tatian4 ,,/ ,,john4 ',god is a ,_s' 7,greek3 pneuma ho ',god is a ,_s' 7,greek3 pneuma ,!os71 ,sec4 #d4 ho ,!os71 iv4 #bd4 ',& ?is !n is ! say+ ',& ! light %9e? 9 ! 7,greek3 to eirem5on72 ,! d>kness1 & ! d>kness d>kness compreh5de? n ! light' compreh5d$ x n' 7,greek3 he skotia to phos ou 7,greek3 kai he skotia auto ou katalambanei71 ,sec4 #ac4 katelab571 i4 #e4 ',foll[ ye ! only ,god4 ,all ?+s ',all ?+s 7 made ?r\gh h be5 made by ,him1 & ap>t ,him1 & ap>t f ,him 0 f ,him ha? be5 made no "o ?+' made no "o ?+' 7,greek3 panta 7,greek3 panta hup' aut\ kai *oris di' aut\ eg5eto kai *oris aut\ gegon5 oude h571 ,sec4 #ai4 aut\ eg5eteo oude h571 i4 #c4 ,9 ! la/ passage f ,/ ,john ,i h /opp$ at ! words ,greek3 oude h51 because ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s univ]sally punctuat$ 9 ?is way1 tak+ ,greek3 ho gegon5 k4t4l4 ) ! foll[+ s5t5ce1 ',t :i* ha? be5 made 0 life 9 ,him4' ,besides ^! passages !re are o!r co9cid5ces ( exposition1 ) :i* h[ev] ,i ne$ n tr\ble ! read]1 z !y may fairly be disput$4 ,x is difficult to see h[ any "o c resi/ co9cid5ces l ^!2 & yet ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion does resi/ !m4 ,! fir/ passage our au?or has app>5tly ov]look$1 = he says no?+ ab\t x4 ,if x _h /ood alone ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n h reg>d$ x z decisive4 ,b ! epigrammatic =m is rem>kable1 & x is a *>act]i/ic passage ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,( ! second passage x %\ld be notic$ t ,tatian introduces x ) ! expression 7,greek3 to eirem5on71 :i* is us$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 quot+ ! ,scriptures 7,luke ii4 #bd1 ,acts ii4 #af1 xiii4 #dj1 ,rom4 iv4 #ah72 t 9 ! context he expla9s '! ,^w' 7,logos7 to be '! light ( ,god1' & '! d>kness' to be '! un9tellig5t s\l2' t ?is use ( ,greek3 katalambane9 is v peculi>1 & has caus$ p]plexity to int]pret]s ( ,/ ,john1 be+ translat$ v>i\sly 'compreh5d$' or 'surpris$' or 'ov]came2' t ! passage 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel "h aga9 is highly *>act]i/ic1 & occurs 9 its mo/ *>act]i/ic "p2 & la/ly1 t ! *anges made by ,tatian are j su* z a writ] w\ld make :5 desir+ to dive/ ! say+ ( its context & pres5t x 9 ! briefe/ =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion has no?+ to allege aga9/ ?is co9cid5ce2 he c produce no?+ l x else:]e2 b he falls back on '! con/ant use ( ! same similitude ( light & d>kness1' & o!r argum5ts ( ! k9d1 :i* are valueless because !y d n t\* ! po9t ( ! resemblance4 ,on ! ?ird passage he rem>ks t1 unlike ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ',tatian "h speaks ( ,god1 & n ( ! ,logos4' ,j s2 b !n he v>ies ! preposition accord+ly1 sub/itut+ ,greek3 hupo = ! ,evangeli/'s ,greek3 dia to suit 8 adaptation4 ,our au?or also ref]s to '! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis2' b :]e is !re any language 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ,g5esis :i* pres5ts any?+ l ! same degree ( p>allelism8 ,"h aga91 he is unable to impugn ! co9cid5ce1 :i* is all ! m rem>kable because ! words are extremely simple 9 !mselves1 & x is _! ord] & adaptation :i* gives a "* ( uniqu5ess to ! expression4 ,s mu* = ! individual co9cid5ces4 ,b nei!r "h nor else:]e does our au?or betray any consci\sness ( ! value ( cumulative evid5ce4 ,x is only necess>y to po9t to ! enorm\s improbability t any two writ]s %\ld exhibit accid5tally ?ree su* resemblances z 9 ! passages quot$2 & ! inf]5ce w be pla94 ,x is n h[ev] 9 ?is te/imony :i* 8 extant "w be>s to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 h[ev] decisive ?is may be1 t ! *ief importance ( ,tatian consi/s4 ,anci5t writ]s speak ( him z ! au?or ( a ,h>mony or ,dige/ ( ! f\r ,gospels1 to :i* accord+ly he gave ! "n ( ,diatess>on4 ,?is /atem5t h[ev] has be5 call$ 9 "q by "s rec5t critics1 among :om ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion is1 z usual1 ! mo/ uncompromis+4 ,x is necess>y !re=e to exam9e ! witnesses3-- #a4 ,9 ! fir/ place !n1 ,eusebius /ates def9itely #bgg3a--',tatian compos$ a sort ( connection & compilation1 ,i "k n h[1 ( ! ,gospels1 & call$ x ! ,diatess>on 7,greek3 sunapheian t9a kai sunagog5 ouk oid' hopos ton euangelion sun!is to dia tess>on t\to prosonomas574 ,?is "w is curr5t 9 "s qu>t]s 7) "s p]sons7 ev5 to ! pres5t day4' ,?is /atem5t is explicit2 yet our au?or endeav\rs to set x aside on ! gr\nd t 'n only is x bas$ ^u m]e he>say1 b x is altoge!r indef9ite z to ! "* ( ! cont5ts1 & ! writ] admits 8 own ignorance 7,greek3 ouk oid' hopos7 reg>d+ !m' #bgh3a4 ,8 inf]5ce h[ev] f ! expression ',i "k n h[' is altoge!r unw>rant$4 ,s f> f imply+ t ,eusebius _h no p]sonal k ( ! "w1 x is con/antly us$ by writ]s 9 speak+ ( books :]e !y are p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts1 b d n und]/& ! pr9ciples or d n approve ! me?od4 ,9 idiomatic ,engli% x signifies ',i _c ?9k :at he 0 ab\t1' & is equival5t to 'unacc\ntably1' 'absurdly1' s t1 if any?+1 x implies k r ?an ignorance ( ! cont5ts4 ,i h notic$ at lea/ tw5ty-six examples ( its use 9 ! treatise ( ,orig5 aga9/ ,celsus alone #bgh3b1 :]e x commonly ref]s to ,celsus' "w :i* he _h be=e him1 & v (t5 to passages :i* he himself quotes 9 ! context4 ,x is n ignorance ( ! cont5ts1 b disp>agem5t ( ! plan ( ,tatian's "w1 :i* ! expression ( ,eusebius implies4 ,! ,diatess>on 0 commonly curr5t1 z we %all see pres5tly1 9 ! neighb\r+ di/ricts3 & x w\ld be some:at /range if ,eusebius1 :o took a special int]e/ 9 apocryphal lit]ature1 %\ld h rema9$ unacqua9t$ ) x4 #b4 ,our next witness is ov]look$ by ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion4 ,yet ! te/imony is n unimportant4 ,9 ! ,doctr9e ( ,addai1 an apocryphal ,syriac "w1 :i* pr(esses to give an acc\nt ( ! f\ndation & e>lie/ hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity at ,edessa1 ! new conv]ts are repres5t$ z meet+ toge!r to he> read1 along ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,new 7,te/am5t7 ( ! ,diatess>on' #bgh3c4 ,x seems cle> f ?is notice t1 at ! "t :5 ! writ] compos$ ?is fiction1 ! =m 9 :i* ! ,evangelical n>ratives 7 commonly read 9 ! *ur*es ) :i* he 0 be/ acqua9t$ 0 a ,diatess>on1 or ,h>mony ( ,f\r ,gospels4 ,f int]nal evid5ce h[ev] x is cle> t ! "w emanat$ f ,edessa or its neighb\rhood4 ,! date ( ! fiction is less c]ta92 b x is obvi\sly an e>ly writ+4 ,! ,/ ,pet]sburgh ,,ms conta9+ x is assign$ to ! six? c5tury1 & ! ,briti% ,museum ,,mss to ! fif? or six? c5tury #bgi3a2 :ile !re exi/s an ,arm5ian v]sion said to h be5 made z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury4 ,! "w itself !re=e mu/ h be5 writt5 mu* e>li] ?an ?is4 ,!re is inde$ no good reason = d\bt+ t x is ! v ,syriac docum5t to :i* ,eusebius ref]s z conta9+ ! correspond5ce ( our ,"l ) ,abg>us1 & pres]v$ among ! ar*ives ( ,edessa1 & :i* !re=e _c h be5 v rec5t :5 he wrote1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #cbe #bgi3b4 ,at ! same "t x conta9s gross ana*ronisms & mis/atem5ts respect+ e>li] ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 :i* h>dly all[ u to place x mu* e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury #bgi3c4 ,:atev] may be its date1 ! fact is important t ! writ] uses ,diatess>on1 adopt$ f ! ,greek into ! ,syriac1 z ! famili> "n = ! ,gospel n>rative :i* 0 read 9 public4 ,( ! au?or%ip ( ?is "w h[ev] he says no?+4 ,?is in=mation we h to seek f o!r s\rces4 ,nor is x f> to seek4 #c4 ,we are told t ! mo/ fam\s ( ! native ,syrian fa!rs1 ,ephraem1 ! deacon ( ,edessa 7:o di$ ,a4,d4 #cgc #bhj3a71 wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian4 ,our in=mant is ,dionysius ,b>-,salibi1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! twelf? c5tury1 & di$ ,a4,d4 #abjg4 ,9 8 own ,comm5t>y on ! ,gospels1 he writes z foll[s #bhj3b3-- ,tatian1 ! disciple ( ,ju/91 ! philosoph] & m>tyr1 select$ & pat*$ toge!r f ! ,f\r ,gospels & con/ruct$ a ,gospel1 :i* he call$ ,diatess>on1 t is ,miscellanies4 ,on ?is "w ,m> ,ephraem wrote an exposition2 & its comm5cem5t 0--,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w4 ,elias ( ,salamia1 :o is also call$ ,aph?onius1 con/ruct$ a ,gospel aft] ! lik5ess ( ! ,diatess>on ( ,ammonius1 m5tion$ by ,eusebius 9 8 prologue to ! ,canons :i* he made = ! ,gospel4 ,elias s\ght = t ,diatess>on & c\ld n f9d x1 & 9 consequ5ce con/ruct$ ?is aft] its lik5ess4 ,& ! said ,elias f9ds fault ) sev]al ?+s 9 ! ,canons ( ,eusebius1 & po9ts out errors 9 !m1 & rightly4 ,b ?is copy 7"w7 :i* ,elias compos$ is n (t5 met )4 ,?is /atem5t is explicit & c>eful4 ,! writ] di/+ui%es two old] works1 be>+ ! "n ( ,diatess>on1 compos$ respectively by ,tatian & ,ammonius4 ,9 addition he m5tions a ?ird1 compos$ at a lat] date by ?is ,elias4 ,( ! "w ( ,ammonius ( ,alex&ria 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbj7 ,eusebius1 z ,b>-,salibi correctly /ates1 gives an acc\nt 9 8 ,lett] to ,c>pianus1 prefix$ to 8 ,canons4 ,x 0 q diff]5t 9 its "* f ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian4 ,! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian 0 a pat*work ( ! ,f\r ,gospels1 comm5c+ ) ! preface ( ,/ ,john4 ,! "w ( ,ammonius took ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,mat!w z its /&>d1 pres]v+ its cont9uity1 & plac$ side by side ) x ! p>allel passages f ! o!r ,gospels #bha3a4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! "o "w 0 amalgamation2 ( ! o!r1 comp>ison4 ,no "o :o _h se5 ! two works c\ld confuse !m1 ?\gh !y bore ! same "n1 ,diatess>on4 ,eusebius keeps !m q di/9ct4 ,s does ,b>-,salibi4 ,lat] on 9 8 comm5t>y1 we are told1 he quotes bo? works 9 ! same place #bha3b4 ,:5 !re=e he relates t ,ephraem wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian1 he is wor?y ( all cr$it4 ,f ! la/ witness we h le>nt t ! ,diatess>on 0 commonly read 9 ! *ur*es ( ,edessa2 & x 0 !re=e mo/ natural t ?is fam\s ,edessan fa!r %\ld *oose x = comm5t+ ^u4 ,x is q true t o!r ,syrian writ]s h confus$ ^! two ,diatess>ons #bha3c4 ,b ?is fact is only valid to %[ t confusion 0 possible2 x is p[]less to impugn ! te/imony ( ?is p>ticul> au?or1 :o %[s himself 9 ?is passage altoge!r tru/wor?y4 ,:o w\ld ?9k ( ?r[+ discr$it on ,"l ,macaulay or ,mr ,freeman1 because ,rob]tson or ,hume may be inaccurate8 #d4 ,our next witness is m important ?an any4 ,! fam\s ,greek fa!r ,!odoret became bi%op ( ,cyrus or ,cyrrhus1 ne> ! ,euphrates1 9 ! ye> #dbj or #dbc accord+ to diff]5t computations1 & held ?is see till 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ ,a4,d4 #deg or #deh4 ,9 ! ye> #dec he wrote 8 treatise on ,h]esies1 9 :i* he makes ! foll[+ /atem5t3-- ,he 7,tatian7 compos$ ! ,gospel :i* is call$ ,diatess>on1 cutt+ out ! g5ealogies #bhb3a & su* o!r passages z %[ ! ,"l to h be5 born ( ! se$ ( ,david aft] ! fle%4 ,?is "w 0 9 use n only among p]sons belong+ to 8 sect1 b also among ^? :o foll[ ! apo/olic doctr9e1 z !y did n p]ceive ! mis*ief ( ! composition1 b us$ ! book 9 all simplicity on acc\nt ( its brevity4 ,& ,i myself f\nd m ?an two hundr$ su* copies held 9 respect 9 ! *ur*es 9 our p>ts 7,greek3 tais p>' hem9 ekklesiais74 ,all ^! ,i collect$ & put away1 & ,i replac$ !m by ! ,gospels ( ! ,f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,! *ur*es to :i* he ref]s 7 d\btless ^? belong+ to 8 diocese ( ,cyrrhe/ice1 :i* conta9$ eight hundr$ p>i%es #bhc3a4 ,! proportion ( copies w give "s idea ( ! ext5t ( its circulation 9 ^! p>ts4 ,x is va91 9 ! tee? ( ^! facts1 to allege ! uncritical "* ( ! fa!r z discr$it+ ! evid5ce4 ,! mat]ials be=e ,!odoret 7 ample2 ! man himself 0 compet5t to =m a judgm5t2 & ! judgm5t is explicit4 ,nei!r c !re be any reasonable d\bt1 consid]+ ! locality1 t ! ,diatess>on "h m5tion$ is ! same :i* is nam$ 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ,addai1 & ! same :i* 0 comm5t$ on by ,ephraem ,syrus4 ,:5 ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion argues t ,!odoret does n "h reg>d ?is ,diatess>on z pat*$ toge!r f ! f\r canonical ,gospels1 x is unnecess>y to foll[ him4 ,?is po9t may be safely left to ! intellig5ce ( ! read]4 ,"h !n we h ! te/imony ( f\r di/9ct witnesses1 all t5d+ to ! same result4 ,?r\gh\t l>ge di/ricts ( ,syria !re 0 9 common circulation f ! ?ird c5tury d[n to ! middle ( ! fif? a ,diatess>on be>+ ! "n ( ,tatian #bhc3b4 ,x 0 a compilation ( our ,f\r ,gospels1 :i* recomm5d$ itself by its concise & conv5i5t =m1 & s sup]s$$ ! read+ ( ! ,evangeli/s !mselves 9 "s *ur*es4 ,x comm5c$1 z x naturally c\ld comm5ce1 ) ! op5+ words ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel--a gospel :i*1 z we h se51 ,tatian quotes 9 8 extant "w4 ,x 0 probably 9 ! ma9 a fairly adequate dige/ ( ! evangelical n>ratives1 = o!rwise x w\ld n h ma9ta9$ its gr\nds2 b passages :i* (f5d$ ,tatian's ,encratic & ,gno/ic views1 su* z ! g5ealogies1 7 excis$2 & ?is might easily be done )\t attract+ notice "u cov] ( 8 g5]al plan4 ,all ?is is consi/5t & probable 9 itself4 ,moreov] ! range ( circulation attribut$ to x is j :at might h be5 expect$2 = ,syria & ,mesopotamia are especially m5tion$ z ! sc5e ( ,tatian's lab\rs #bhd3a4 ,9 ?is g5]al conv]g5ce ( te/imony h[ev]1 !re are two seem+ly discordant voices1 ( :i* ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion makes mu* use4 ,let u see :at !y really mean4 #a4 ,epiphanius 0 bi%op ( ,con/antia1 9 ,cyprus1 9 ! latt] half ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,9 8 book on ,h]esies1 :i* he comm5c$ ,a4,d4 #cgd1 he writes ( ,tatian1 ',! ,diatess>on ,gospel is said to h be5 compos$ by him2 x is call$ by "s accord+ to ! ,hebrews' #bhd3b4 ,"h !n our au?or supposes t he has disc]n$ ! tru?4 ,?is ,diatess>on 0 n a dige/ ( our ,f\r ,gospels1 b a di/9ct evangelical n>rative1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,( ?is ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews he says t 'at "o "t x 0 exclusively us$ by ! fa!rs4' ,i *all5ge him to prove ?is ass]tion 9 ! case ( "o s+le fa!r1 ,greek or ,lat9 or ,syrian4 ,b ?is by ! way4 ,if inde$ ?is ,hebrew ,gospel _h be5 9 its cont5ts any?+ l :at our au?or imag9es x1 x w\ld h borne "s resemblance at all ev5ts to ! ,diatess>on2 =1 :]ev] he meets ) any evangelical passage 9 any e>ly writ]1 :i* is f\nd lit]ally or sub/antially 9 any "o ( our ,f\r ,gospels 7:e!r *>act]i/ic ( ,/ ,mat!w1 or ( ,/ ,luke1 or ( ,/ ,john1 x matt]s n7 he assigns x )\t misgiv+ to ?is ,hebrew ,gospel4 ,b 8 ,hebrew ,gospel is a pure ef=t ( ! imag9ation4 ,! only ',gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews' kn[n to antiquity 0 a v diff]5t docum5t4 ,x 0 n co-ext5sive ) our ,f\r ,gospels2 b 0 con/ruct$ on ! l9es ( ! fir/ alone4 ,inde$ s closely did x resemble ! canonical ,/ ,mat!w--?\gh ) v>iations1 omissions1 & additions--t ,j]ome1 :o translat$ x1 suppos$ x to be ! ,hebrew orig9al #bhe3a1 ( :i* ,papias speaks4 ,su* a ,gospel does n answ] 9 any s+le p>ticul>1 unless x be ! omission ( ! g5ealogy 7:i* h[ev] does n appe> to h be5 abs5t f all copies ( ?is ,gospel71 to ! notices ( ,tatian's ,diatess>on4 ,m especially ! omission ( all ref]5ce to ! ,davidic desc5t ( ,*ri/ w\ld be directly oppos$ to ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ?is ,gospel1 :i*1 address+ itself to ! ,jews1 laid special /ress on ,8 ,messianic claims4 ,h[ !n c we expla9 ! /atem5t ( ,epiphanius8 ,x is a simple blund]1 n m egregi\s ?an scores ( o!r blund]s :i* deface 8 pages4 ,he _h n se5 ! ,diatess>on3 ?is our au?or himself says4 ,b he _h he>d t x 0 9 circulation 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,syria2 & he knew also t ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews 0 curr5t 9 ^! same regions1 !re or !reab\ts4 ,h5ce he jump$ at ! id5tification4 ,to a writ] :o c g a/ray s incr$ibly ab\t ! broade/ facts ( hi/ory1 z we h se5 him d 9 ! succession ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors #bhe3b1 su* an error w\ld be ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,yet x 0 p]fectly consi/5t on ! "p ( our au?or1 :o 9 ano!r in/ance pref]s ,john ,malalas to ! concurr5t te/imony ( all ! prec$+ c5turies #bhe3c1 to set aside ! direct evid5ce ( a ,!odoret1 & to accept )\t hesitation ! he>say ( an ,epiphanius4 #b4 ',tatian's ,gospel1' writes ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 '0 n only call$ ,diatess>on1 b accord+ to ,victor ( ,capua1 x 0 also call$ ,diap5te 7,greek3 dia p5te7 by five1 a complication :i* %[s ! incorrectness ( ! ecclesia/ical !ory ( its composition4' ,?is is n a v accurate /atem5t4 ,if our au?or _h ref]r$ to ! actual passage 9 ,victor ( ,capua1 he w\ld h f\nd t ,victor does n himself call x ,diap5te1 b says t ,eusebius call$ x ,diap5te4 ,?is makes all ! diff]5ce4 ,victor1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ede1 happ5$ to /umble ^u an anonym\s ,h>mony or ,dige/ ( ! ,gospels #bhf3a1 & began 9 consequ5ce to inve/igate ! au?or%ip4 ,he f\nd two notices 9 ,eusebius ( su* ,h>monies2 "o 9 ! ,epi/le to ,c>pianus prefix$ to ! ,canons1 relat+ to ! "w ( ,ammonius2 ano!r 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 relat+ to t ( ,tatian4 ,assum+ t ! "w :i* he _h discov]$ mu/ be "o or o!r1 he decides 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 because x does n give ,/ ,mat!w cont9u\sly & app5d ! passages ( ! o!r evangeli/s1 z ,eusebius /ates ,ammonius to h done4 ,all ?is ,victor tells u 9 ! preface to ?is anonym\s ,h>mony1 :i* he publi%es 9 a ,lat9 dress4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,victor 0 mi/ak5 ab\t ! au?or%ip2 =1 ?\gh ! "w is con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al plan z ,tatian's1 x does n beg9 ) ,john i4 #a1 b ) ,luke i4 #a1 & x does conta9 ! g5ealogies4 ,x belongs !re=e1 at lea/ 9 its pres5t =m1 nei!r to ,tatian nor to ,ammonius4 ,b we are conc]n$ only ) ! passage relat+ to ,tatian1 :i* comm5ces z foll[s3-- ,ex hi/oria quoque ejus 7i4e4 ,eusebii7 comp]i quod ,tatianus vir eruditissimus et orator illius temporis cl>us unum ex quatuor compag9av]it ,evangelium cui titulum ,diap5te imposuit4 ,?us ,victor gets 8 in=mation directly f ,eusebius1 :om he repeats4 ,he kn[s no?+ ab\t ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 except :at ,eusebius tells him4 ,b we ourselves h ?is same passage ( ,eusebius be=e u1 & f9d t ,eusebius does n call x ,diap5te b ,diatess>on4 ,?is is n only ! read+ ( all ! ,greek ,,mss )\t exception1 b likewise ( ! ,syriac v]sion #bhg3a1 :i* 0 probably contempor>y ) ,eusebius & ( :i* !re is an extant ,,ms belong+ to ! six? c5tury1 z also ( ! ,lat9 v]sion :i* 0 made by ,ruf9us a c5tury & a half be=e ,victor wrote4 ,ab\t ! text ( ,eusebius !re=e !re c be no d\bt4 ,moreov] ,victor himself1 :o knew ,greek1 says ex quatuor1 :i* requires ,diatess>on1 & ! "w :i* he id5tifies ) ,tatian's ,h>mony is made up ( passages f our ,f\r ,gospels alone4 ,!re=e he c h>dly h writt5 ,diap5te himself2 & ! curi\s read+ is probably due to ! blund]+ or ! (fici\sness ( "s lat] scribe #bhg3b4 ,?us we way safely acquiesce 9 ! univ]sal tradition1 or z our au?or1 ,greek3 ouk oid' hopos1 pref]s to call x1 ! 'ecclesia/ical !ory1' respect+ ! "* & composition ( ,tatian's ,diatess>on #bhg3c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! actual ,diatess>on ( ,tatian has s9ce be5 discov]$1 ?\gh n 9 ! orig9al language1 s t no d\bt c n[ rema9 on ! subject4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is discov]y has be5 giv5 9 ! c>eful & s*ol>ly "w ( ,pr(4 ,hemphill ( ,dubl9 7,! ,diatess>on ( ,tatian #ahhh71 :]e 7see esp4 p4 xx sq7 full in=mation w be f\nd4 ,ephraem's ,comm5t>y exi/s 9 an ,arm5ian translation ( "s works ( ?is ,syrian fa!r1 :i* _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,v5ice z e>ly z #ahcf4 ,i _h = "s ye>s possess$ a copy ( ?is "w 9 f\r volumes1 & ! ?\ght _h m ?an once cross$ my m9d t possibly x might ?r[ light on ,ephraem's mode ( deal+ ) ! ,gospels1 z ,i knew t x conta9$ notes on ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les or "s portion ( !m4 ,i did n h[ev] !n possess suffici5t k ( ,arm5ian to sift its cont5ts1 b ,i hop$ to inve/igate ! matt] :5 ,i _h ma/]$ en\gh ( ! language4 ,mean:ile a ,lat9 translation 0 publi%$ by ,moes+] "u ! title ( ,evangelii concordantis expositio facta a ,sancto ,ephraemo doctore ,syro ,v5et4 #ahgf1 j ab\t ! "t :5 ,i wrote ! above article2 b x 0 n kn[n 9 ,engl& till "s ye>s aft]4 ,lat] /ill an ,arabic translation ( ! ,diatess>on itself has be5 discov]$ & publi%$ 9 ,rome by ,ciasca 7,tatiani ,evangeliorum ,h>moniae ,arabice nunc primum etc41 #ahhh74 ,on ! relation ( ,victor's ,diatess>on1 :i* seems to be %[n aft] all n to be indep5d5t ( ,tatian1 & = ! quotations 9 ,aphraates1 etc41 see ,hemphill's ,diatess>on4 ,?us ! 'ecclesia/ical !ory'--! only !ory :i* 0 support$ by any s\nd cont9u\s tradition--is %[n to be unque/ionably true1 & its n9ete5? c5tury critical rivals mu/ all be ab&on$4 ,,app5dix ,! foll[+ pap] has no ref]5ce to ! "w entitl$ ',sup]natural ,religion'2 b1 z x is k9dr$ 9 subject & appe>$ 9 ! same ,review1 ,i h giv5 x a place "h4 ,,discov]ies ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les4 ,,may1 #ahgh4 ,9 a =m] volume ,m4 ,r5an decl>$ 8 op9ion t '! au?or ( ! ,?ird ,gospel & ! ,acts 0 v]ily & inde$ 7bi5 reellem5t7 ,luke1 a disciple ( ,/ ,paul #bia3a4 ,9 ! la/ in/alm5t ( 8 "w he condemns z unt5able ! view t ! fir/ p]son plural ( ! lat] *apt]s is d]iv$ f "s e>li] docum5t ins]t$ by ! au?or1 on ! gr\nd t ^! portions are id5tical 9 /yle ) ! re/ ( ! "w #bia3b4 ,su* an expression ( op9ion1 proce$+ f a n too cons]vative critic1 is significant2 & ?is view ( ! au?or%ip1 ,i _c d\bt1 w be ! f9al v]dict ( ! future1 z x has be5 ! unbrok5 tradition ( ! pa/4 ,b at a "t :5 attacks on ! g5u95ess ( ! "w h be5 r5ew$1 x may n be out ( place to call att5tion to "s illu/rations ( ! n>rative :i* rec5t discov]ies h br\ght to light4 ,no anci5t "w af=ds s _m te/s ( v]acity2 = no o!r has su* num]\s po9ts ( contact 9 all directions ) contempor>y hi/ory1 politics1 & topography1 :e!r ,jewi% or ,greek or ,roman4 ,9 ! publications ( ! ye> #ahgg ,cyprus & ,ephesus h made important contributions to ! l>ge mass ( evid5ce already exi/+4 #a4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,roman prov9ces at ?is "t 0 peculi>ly dang]\s gr\nd = ! romance-writ] to v5ture ^u4 ,:5 ,augu/us assum$ ! supreme p[] he divid$ ! prov9ces "u ! ,roman dom9ion ) ! ,s5ate4 ,f t "t =w>d !re 7 two sets ( prov9cial gov]nors4 ,! rul] ( a s5atorial prov9ce 0 /yl$ a proconsul 7,greek3 an?upatos71 :ile ! (fic] to :om an imp]atorial prov9ce 0 entru/$ bore ! "n ( propraetor 7,greek3 anti/rategos7 or legate 7,greek3 presbeutes74 ,?us ! use ( ! t]ms 'proconsul' & 'propraetor' 0 *ang$2 =1 :]eas 9 republican times !y signifi$ t ! prov9cial gov]nors be>+ !m _h previ\sly held ! (fices ( consul & praetor respectively at home1 !y 7 n[ employ$ to di/+ui% ! sup]ior p[] "u :i* ! prov9ces 7 adm9i/]$ )\t reg>d to ! previ\s rank ( ! gov]nors adm9i/]+ !m4 ,moreov]1 ! orig9al subdivision ( ! prov9ces betwe5 ! ,emp]or & ,s5ate und]w5t con/ant modifications4 ,if di/urbances broke out 9 a s5atorial prov9ce & milit>y rule 0 necess>y to re/ore ord]1 x w\ld be transf]r$ to ! ,emp]or z ! head ( ! army1 & ! ,s5ate w\ld receive an imp]atorial prov9ce 9 ex*ange4 ,h5ce at any giv5 "t x w\ld be impossible to say )\t contempor>y1 or at lea/ v exact hi/orical k1 :e!r a p>ticul> prov9ce 0 gov]n$ by a proconsul or a propraetor4 ,! prov9ce ( ,a*aia is a famili> illu/ration ( ?is po9t4 ,a v few ye>s be=e ,/ ,paul's visit to ,cor9?1 & "s ye>s lat]1 ,a*aia 0 gov]n$ by a propraetor4 ,j at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 x 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,s5ate1 & its rul] !re=e 0 a proconsul z repres5t$ by ,/ ,luke4 ,cyprus is a less famili>1 b n less in/ructive1 example ( ! same accuracy4 ,old] critics1 ev5 :5 writ+ on ! apologetic side1 _h *>g$ ,/ ,luke ) an incorrect use ( t]ms2 & ! orig9 ( _! mi/ake is a significant comm5t on ! p]plexities 9 :i* a lat] =g] w\ld f9d himself entangl$ 9 deal+ ) ^! (ficial designations4 ,!y fell ^u a passage 9 ,/rabo #bib3a :]e ?is writ]1 aft] m5tion+ ! division ( ! prov9ces betwe5 ! ,emp]or & ! ,s5ate1 /ates t ! ,s5ate s5t consuls to ! two prov9ces ( ,asia & ,africa b praetors to ! re/ on _! li/1--among :i* he m5tions ,cyprus2 & !y jump$ at ! conclusion--v natural 9 itself--t ! gov]nor ( ,cyprus w\ld be call$ a propraetor4 ,accord+ly ,b>onio #bic3a sugge/$ t ,cyprus1 ?\gh a praetorian prov9ce1 0 (t5 h&$ ov] honoris causa to be adm9i/]$ by ! proconsul ( ,cilicia1 & he assum$ !re=e t ,s]gius ,paulus held ?is latt] (fice2 :ile ,grotius f\nd a solution 9 ! hypo!sis t proconsul 0 a title be/[$ by flatt]]s on an (ficial ^: prop] designation 0 propraetor4 ,! error illu/rates ! dang] ( a little le>n+1 n ! less dang]\s :5 x is 9 ! h&s ( really le>n$ m54 ,asia & ,africa1 ! two great prizes ( ! pr(ession1 exhau/$ ! normal two consuls ( ! prec$+ ye>2 & ! ,s5ate !re=e 7 oblig$ to s5d ex-praetors & o!r magi/rates to gov]n ! rema9+ prov9ces "u _! jurisdiction4 ,b x is n[ an unque/ion$ & unque/ionable fact t all ! prov9cial gov]nors :o repres5t$ ! ,s5ate 9 imp]ial times1 :atev] magi/racy !y might h held previ\sly1 7 /yl$ (ficially proconsuls #bic3b4 ,! circum/ances inde$1 s f> z reg>ds ,cyprus1 are di/9ctly /at$ by ,dion ,cassius4 ,at ! orig9al di/ribution ( ! prov9ces 7,b4,c4 #bg7 ?is isl& _h fall5 to ! ,emp]or's %>e2 b ! hi/orian1 :ile describ+ ! assignm5t ( ! sev]al c\ntries 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 adds t ! ,emp]or subsequ5tly gave back ,cyprus & ,gallia ,n>bon5sis to ! ,s5ate1 himself tak+ ,dalmatia 9 ex*ange #bic3c2 & at a lat] po9t1 :5 he arrives at ! "t 9 "q 7,b4,c4 #bb71 he repeats ! in=mation respect+ ! transf]4 ',& s1' he adds1 'proconsuls began to be s5t to ^? nations also' #bid3a4 ,( ! cont9uance ( ,cyprus "u ! jurisdiction ( ! ,s5ate1 ab\t ! "t to :i* ,/ ,luke's n>rative ref]s we h ample evid5ce4 ,contempor>y records be> te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( proconsuls 9 ,cyprus n only be=e & aft] b dur+ ! reign ( ,claudius4 ,! inscriptions m5tion by "n two proconsuls :o gov]n$ ! prov9ce 9 ?is ,emp]or's "t 7,a4,d4 #ea1 #eb7 #bid3b2 :ile a ?ird1 & p]haps a f\r?1 are record$ on ! co9s #bid3c4 ,at a lat] date1 "u ,hadrian1 we come across a propraetor ( ,cyprus #bid3d4 ,! *ange w\ld probably be ow+ to ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! prov9ce consequ5t on ! insurrection ( ! ,jews4 ,b at ! close ( ! same c5tury 7,a4,d4 #aih7--"u ,sev]us--x is aga9 gov]n$ by a proconsul #bid3e2 & ?is 0 its normal condition4 ,?us ! accuracy ( ,/ ,luke's designation is abundantly e/abli%$2 b hi!rto no record _h be5 f\nd ( ! p>ticul> proconsul m5tion$ by him4 ,?is defect is suppli$ by "o ( ,g5]al ,cesnola's inscriptions4 ,x is some:at mutilat$ inde$1 s t ! mean+ ( p>ts is d\btful2 b = our purpose x is adequate4 ,a date is giv5 z ,greek3 ,,epi ,,paul\ ,,an?,,upat\1 '9 ! proconsul%ip ( ,paulus4' ,on ?is ,cesnola rem>ks3 ',! proconsul ,paulus may be ! ,s]gius ,paulus ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7*ap4 xiii471 z in/ances ( ! suppression ( "o ( two names are n r>e' #bid3f4 ,an example ( ! suppression 9 ?is v "n ,s]gius ,paulus w be giv5 pres5tly1 ?us ju/ify+ ! id5tification ( ! proconsul ( ! ,acts ) ! proconsul ( ?is inscription4 ,( ?is ,s]gius ,paulus1 ! proconsul ( ,cyprus1 ,dean ,al=d says t 'no?+ m is kn[n4' ,b is x c]ta9 t he is n m5tion$ else:]e8 ,9 ! index ( cont5ts & au?orities :i* =ms ! fir/ book ( ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 ?is writ] twice names "o ,s]gius ,paulus among ! ,lat9 au?ors to :om he 0 indebt$4 ,may n ?is h be5 ! same p]son8 ,! "n is n common4 ,s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 only "o o!r p]son be>+ x #bie3a--probably a desc5dant ( ?is ,cyprian proconsul--is m5tion$1 ( :om ,i %all h some?+ to say h]eaft]2 & he fl\ri%$ m ?an a c5tury lat]4 ,only "o te/ ( id5tity sugge/s itself4 ,! ,s]gius ,paulus ( ,pl9y is nam$ z an au?ority = ! second & eighte5? books ( t writ]4 ,n[ on ! hypo!sis t ! proconsul ( ,cyprus is meant1 x w\ld be a natural supposition t1 l ,sir ,j4 ,em]son ,t5n5t or ,sir ,ru!r=d ,alcock1 ?is ,s]gius ,paulus w\ld avail himself ( ! opportunities af=d$ by 8 (ficial resid5ce 9 ! ,ea/ to tell 8 ,roman fell[-c\ntrym5 some?+ ab\t ! region 9 :i* he _h resid$4 ,we !re=e look ) int]e/ to see :e!r ^! two books ( ,pl9y conta9 any notices respect+ ,cyprus1 :i* might reasonably be expla9$ 9 ?is way2 & our curiosity is n disappo9t$4 ,9 ! second book1 besides two o!r brief notices 7cc4 #ij1 #aab7 relat+ to ! situation ( ,cyprus1 ,pl9y m5tions 7c4 #ig7 an area 9 ! temple ( ,v5us at ,paphos on :i* ! ra9 nev] falls4 ,9 ! eighte5? book aga91 besides an incid5tal m5tion ( ?is isl& 7c4 #eg71 he gives "s curi\s in=mation 7c4 #ab7 ) respect to ! ,cyprian corn1 & ! bread made !refrom4 ,x %\ld be add$ t = ! second book1 9 :i* ! ref]5ces to ,cyprus come late1 ,s]gius ,paulus is ! la/-m5tion$ ,lat9 au?ority2 :]eas = ! eighte5?1 :]e !y are e>ly1 he occupies an e>li]1 ?\gh n v e>ly1 place 9 ! li/4 ,^! facts may be tak5 = :at !y are wor?4 ,9 a "w1 :i* conta9s su* a multiplicity ( details z ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 lay+ too mu* /ress on co9cid5ces ( ?is k9d4 ,f ! ,s]gius ,paulus ( ,luke ! physician we turn to ! ,s]gius ,paulus ( ,gal5 ! physician4 ,soon aft] ! accession ( ,m4 ,aurelius 7,a4,d4 #afa7 ,gal5 paid 8 fir/ visit to ,rome1 :]e he /ay$ = ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,among o!r p]sons :om he met !re 0 ,l4 ,s]gius ,paulus1 :o _h be5 already consul suffectus ab\t ,a4,d4 #aej1 & 0 h]eaft] to be consul = ! second "t 9 ,a4,d4 #afh 7on ?is latt] occasion z ! regul> consul ( ! ye>71 aft] :i* "t he held ! ,prefecture ( ! ,city #bif3a4 ,he is probably also ! same p]son :o is m5tion$ else:]e z proconsul ( ,asia 9 connection ) a ,*ri/ian m>tyrdom #bif3b4 ,?is lat] ,s]gius ,paulus reproduces _m features ( 8 e>li] namesake4 ,bo? alike are public m52 bo? alike are proconsuls2 bo? alike %[ an inquisitive & acquisitive disposition4 ,! ,s]gius ,paulus ( ! ,acts1 dissatisfi$ 7z we may suppose7 alike ) ! co>se my?ology ( popul> religion & ) ! lifeless precepts ( ab/ract philosophies1 has rec\rse fir/ to ! magic ( ! sorc]] ,elymas1 & !n to ! !ology ( ! ,apo/les ,b>nabas & ,saul1 = satisfaction4 ,! ,s]gius ,paulus ( ,gal5 is describ$ z 'hold+ ! =emo/ place 9 practical life z well z 9 philosophical /udies2' he is especially m5tion$ z a /ud5t ( ! ,ari/otelian philosophy2 & he takes a v ke5 int]e/ 9 m$ical & anatomical le>n+4 ,moreov]1 if we may tru/ ! read+1 !re is ano!r /rik+ co9cid5ce betwe5 ! two acc\nts4 ,! same expression1 ':o is also ,paul' 7,greek3 ho kai ,paulos71 is us$ to describe ,saul ( ,t>sus 9 ! context ( ! ,acts1 & ,l4 ,s]gius 9 ! acc\nt ( ,gal54 ,n ! wilde/ v5ture ( criticism c\ld s trample on *ronology z to ma9ta9 t ! au?or ( ! ,acts borr[$ f ^! treatises ( ,gal52 & conv]sely ,i h no desire to sugge/ t ,gal5 borr[$ f ,/ ,luke4 ,b if s1 ! facts are a w>n+ aga9/ c]ta9 me?ods ( criticism :i* f9d fav\r 9 ?is age4 ,to sob] critics1 ! co9cid5ce w m]ely furni% an additional illu/ration ( ! p]man5ce ( type :i* =ms s /rik+ a feature 9 ! great ,roman families4 ,"o o!r rem>k is sugge/$ by ,gal5's notices ( 8 fri5d4 ,hav+ introduc$ him to u z ',s]gius :o is also ,paulus1' he drops ! =m] "n altoge!r 9 ! subsequ5t n>rative1 & speaks ( him aga9 & aga9 z ,paulus simply4 ,?is illu/rates ! newly-publi%$ ,cyprian inscription1 9 :i* ! proconsul ( t prov9ce is designat$ by ! "o "n ,paulus only4 #b4 ,! transition f ,g5]al ,cesnola's ,cyprus to ,mr ,wood's ,ephesus c>ries u =w>d f ! fir/ to ! ?ird mission>y j\rney ( ,/ ,paul4 ,"h1 aga91 we h illu/rative matt] ( "s importance4 ,! ma9 feature 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,acts is ! mann] 9 :i* ! cultus ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis dom9ates ! incid5ts ( ! ,apo/le's soj\rn 9 t city4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is feature1 x w\ld h>dly be possible to surpass "o ( ! inscriptions 9 ! exi/+ collection #big3a4 ,we seem to be read+ a runn+ comm5t>y on ! excit$ appeal ( ,demetrius ! silv]smi?1 :5 we are in=m$ t 'n only 9 ?is city b ev]y:]e temples are d$icat$ to ! goddess1 & /atues erect$ & alt>s consecrat$ to h]1 on acc\nt ( ! manife/ epiphanies :i* %e v\*safes' 7,greek3 tas hup' autes ge9om5as en>geis epiphaneias72 t '! greate/ pro( ( ! rev]5ce paid to h] is ! fact t a mon? be>s h] "n1 be+ call$ ,artemision among ourselves1 & ,artemisius among ! ,mac$onians & ! o!r nations ( ,greece & _! respective cities2' t dur+ ?is mon? 'solemn assemblies & religi\s fe/ivals are held1 & m especially 9 ?is our city1 :i* is ! nurse ( its own ,ephesian goddess' 7,greek3 te tropho tes idias !\ tes ,ephesias72 & t !re=e '! p ( ! ,ephesians1 consid]+ x meet t ! :ole ( ?is mon? :i* be>s ! div9e "n 7,greek3 ton eponumon t\ !i\ onomatos7 %\ld be kept holy1 & d$icat$ to ! goddess1' has decre$ accord+ly4 ',= s1' concludes ?is rem>kable docum5t1 '! cultus be+ set on a bett] foot+1 our city w cont9ue to gr[ 9 glory & to be prosp]\s to all "t4' ,! s5se ( special proprietor%ip 9 ?is goddess ( _w-wide fame1 :i* p]vades ! n>rative 9 ! ,acts1 c\ld n be bett] illu/rat$ ?an by ?is decree4 ,b /ill ! newly-publi%$ inscriptions greatly enhance ! effect4 ,! patron deity n only appe>s 9 ^! z '! great goddess ,artemis1' z 9 ! ,acts1 b sometimes %e is /yl$ '! supremely great goddess 7,greek3 he megi/e !os7 ,artemis4' ,to h] fav\r all m5 are indebt$ = all _! *oice/ possessions4 ,%e has n only h] prie/esses1 b h] temple-curators1 h] ess5es1 h] div9es 7,greek3 !ologoi71 h] *ori/]s 7,greek3 humnodoi71 h] v]g]s 7,greek3 skept\*oi71 h] tire-wom5 or dress]s 7,greek3 kosmeteirai71 & ev5 h] 'acrobats1' :atev] may be meant by "s ( ^! t]ms4 ,f9es are allocat$ to provide adornm5ts = h]2 end[m5ts are giv5 = ! clean+ & cu/ody ( h] images2 decrees are issu$ = ! public exhibition ( h] treasures4 ,h] bir?day is aga9 & aga9 m5tion$4 ,%e is se5 & he>d ev]y:]e4 ,%e is h>dly m at home 9 h] own sanctu>y ?an 9 ! ,great ,!atre4 ,?is la/-m5tion$ place--! sc5e ( ! tumult 9 ! ,acts--is br\ght vividly be=e our eyes 9 ,mr ,wood's inscriptions4 ,! !atre appe>s z ! recogniz$ place ( public assembly4 ,"h edicts are proclaim$1 & decrees record$1 & b5efactors cr[n$4 ,:5 ! mob1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,demetrius1 ga!r$ "h = _! demon/ration aga9/ ,/ ,paul & 8 companions1 !y w\ld f9d !mselves surr\nd$ by memorials :i* might /imulate _! zeal = ! goddess4 ,if ! 't[n-cl]k' _h desir$ to make good 8 ass]tion1 ',:at man is !re t kn[e? n t ! city ( ! ,ephesians is sacri/an ( ! great goddess ,artemis8' he _h only to po9t to ! inscriptions :i* l9$ ! !atre = confirmation4 ,! v /ones w\ld h cri$ out f ! walls 9 response to 8 appeal4 ,nor is ! illu/ration ( ! magi/racies :i* are nam$ by ,/ ,luke less complete4 ,?ree di/9ct (fic]s are m5tion$ 9 ! n>rative--! ,roman proconsul 7,greek3 an?upatos71 ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce & supreme adm9i/rator ( ! law1 translat$ 'deputy' 9 our v]sion2 ! record] 7,greek3 grammateus7 or *ief magi/rate ( ! city itself1 translat$ 't[n-cl]k2' & ! ,asi>*s 7,greek3 ,asi>*ai71 or presid5ts ( ! games & ( o!r religi\s c]emonials1 translat$ '! *ief ( ,asia4' ,all ^! appe> aga9 & aga9 9 ! newly-discov]$ inscriptions4 ,sometimes two ( ! ?ree magi/racies w be m5tion$ on ! same /one4 ,sometimes ! same p]son w unite 9 himself ! two (fices ( record] & ,asi>*1 ei!r simultane\sly or n4 ,! m5tion ( ! record] is especially frequ5t4 ,8 "n is employ$ to au!nticate e decree & to fix e date4 ,b besides ^! m g5]al illu/rations ( ! acc\nt 9 ! ,acts1 ! newly-discov]$ inscriptions ?r[ light on "s special po9ts 9 ! n>rative4 ,?us :]e ! *ief magi/rate pron\nces ,/ ,paul & 8 companions to be 'nei!r sacrilegi\s 7,greek3 hi]osul\s7 nor blasphem]s ( our goddess' #bii3a1 we discov] a special emphasis 9 ! t]m on f9d+ f ^! inscriptions t c]ta9 (f5ces 7ow+ to ! mutilation ( ! /one1 we are unable to det]m9e ! special (f5ces7 7 treat$ z con/ructive sacrilege aga9/ ! goddess4 ',let x be reg>d$ z sacrilege & impiety' 7,greek3 e/o hi]osulia kai asebeia71 says an inscription f\nd 9 ?is v !atre #cjj3a1 ?\gh n yet set up at ! "t :5 ! 't[n-cl]k' spoke4 ,s aga91 :]e ! same speak] describes ! city ( ,ephesus z ! 'neocoros1' ! 'temple sweep]1' or 'sacri/an ( ! great goddess ,artemis1' we f9d 9 ^! inscriptions = ! fir/ "t a direct example ( ?is t]m s appli$4 ,?\gh ! t]m 'neocoros' 9 itself is capable ( g5]al application1 yet z a matt] ( fact1 :5 us$ ( ,ephesus on co9s & inscriptions 7z commonly 9 ! case ( o!r ,asiatic cities71 x has ref]5ce to ! cultus n ( ! patron deity1 b ( ! ,roman emp]ors4 ,9 ?is s5se ,ephesus is describ$ z 'twice' or '?rice sacri/an1' z ! case may be1 ! t]m be+ us$ absolutely4 ,!re 0 inde$ e probability t ! same t]m w\ld be employ$ also to describe ! relation ( ! city to ,artemis4 ,by a plausible b highly prec>i\s conjecture x _h be5 introduc$ into ! lacuna ( a mutilat$ inscription #cjj3b4 ,by a highly probable b n c]ta9 int]pretation x _h be5 elicit$ f ! leg5d on a co9 #cjj3c4 ,!re 7 analogies too :i* support$ x4 ,?us ! ,magnesians are /yl$ on ! co9s 'sacri/ans ( ,artemis' #cjj3d2 & at ,ephesus itself an individual prie/ is designat$ by ! same t]m 'sacri/an ( ,artemis' #cjj3e4 ,nor did x seem unlikely t a city :i* /yl$ itself '! nurse ( ,artemis' %\ld also claim ! less audaci\s title ( 'sacri/an' to ?is same goddess4 ,/ill probability is n c]ta9ty2 & 7s f> z ,i am aw>e7 no direct example 0 =?com+4 ,mr ,wood's inscriptions supply ?is defect4 ,on "o ( ^! '! city ( ! ,ephesians' is describ$ z 'twice sacri/an ( ! ,augu/i accord+ to ! decrees ( ! ,s5ate & sacri/an ( ,artemis' #cja3a4 ,"o o!r special co9cid5ce des]ves notice4 ,! record]1 desir\s ( pacify+ ! tumult1 appeals to ! recogniz$ =ms ( law4 ',if ,demetrius & 8 fell[-craftsm51' he says1 'h a matt] aga9/ any "o1 assizes are held1 & !re are proconsuls #cja3b4 ,let !m indict "o ano!r4 ,b if y h any fur!r "q 7i4e41 "o :i* does n fall )9 ! prov9ce ( ! c\rts ( ju/ice71 x %all be settl$ 9 ! lawful 7regul>7 assembly4' ,by a 'lawful 7regul>7 assembly' 7,greek3 ennomos ekklesia7 he means "o ( ^? :i* 7 held on /at$ days already pr$et]m9$ by ! law1 z oppos$ to ^? :i* 7 call$ toge!r on special em]g5cies out ( ! ord9>y c\rse1 ?\gh 9 ano!r s5se ^! latt] might be equally 'lawful4' ,an inscription1 f\nd 9 ?is v !atre 9 :i* ! words 7 utt]$1 illu/rates ?is te*nical s5se ( 'lawful4' ,x provides t a c]ta9 silv] image ( ,a!ne %all be br\ght & 'set at e lawful 7regul>7 assembly 7,greek3 kata pasan nomimon ekklesian7 above ! b5* :]e ! boys sit' #cja3c4 ,) ^! facts 9 view1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t anci5t lit]ature has pres]v$ no picture ( ! ,ephesus ( imp]ial times--! ,ephesus :i* has be5 une>!d by ! sagacity & p]sev]ance ( ,mr ,wood--comp>able = its life-l tru?fulness to ! n>rative ( ,/ ,paul's soj\rn !re 9 ! ,acts4 ,i am tempt$ to add "o o!r illu/ration ( an anci5t ,*ri/ian writ]1 :i* ^! inscriptions furni%4 ,ignatius1 writ+ to ! ,ephesians f ,smyrna 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! second c5tury1 borr[s an image f ! sacr$ pageant ( "s hea!n deity1 :]e ! /atues1 sacr$ vessels1 & o!r treasures1 ( ! temple are borne 9 solemn procession4 ,he tells 8 ,*ri/ian read]s t !y all are m>*+ 9 fe/ive pomp along ! ,via ,sacra--! way ( love--:i* leads to ,god2 !y all are be>]s ( treasures committ$ to !m1--= !y c>ry _! ,god1 _! ,*ri/1 _! %r9e1 _! sacr$ ?+s1 9 _! he>t #cjb3a4 ,! image 0 n new4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,/oic writ]s4 ,x und]lies ! surname ,!ophorus1 ! ',god-be>]1' :i* ,ignatius himself adopt$4 ,b he _h 9 8 company sev]al ,ephesian delegates :5 he wrote2 & ! newly-discov]$ inscriptions in=m u t ! practice :i* supplies ! metaphor _h receiv$ a fre% impulse at ,ephesus %ortly be=e ?is lett] 0 writt54 ,! mo/ important inscriptions 9 ,mr ,wood's collection relate to a gift ( num]\s valuable /atues1 images1 & o!r treasures to ! temple ( ,artemis1 by "o ,c4 ,vibius ,salut>is1 ) an end[m5t = _! cu/ody4 ,9 "o ( ^! 7dat$ ,a4,d4 #ajd7 x is orda9$ t ! treasures s giv5 %all be c>ri$ 9 solemn procession f ! temple to ! !atre & back 'at e meet+ ( ! assembly1 & at ! gymna/ic conte/s1 & on any o!r days t may be direct$ by ! ,c\ncil & ! ,p4' ,ord]s are giv5 respect+ ! p]sons =m+ ! procession1 z well z respect+ its r\te4 ,x mu/ pass ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! city1 ent]+ by ! ,magnesian ,gate & leav+ by ! ,coressian #cjb3b4 ,,footnotes #a3a ,sup]natural ,religion2 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,reality ( ,div9e ,revelation4 ,two ,vols4 ,second ,edition1 #ahgd4 ,subsequ5t editions are z foll[s1 ,?ird & ,f\r? ,editions 7#ahgd71 ,fif? & ,six? ,editions 7#ahge71 ,?ird ,volume 7#ahgg71 ,complete ,edition1 9 ,?ree ,vols4 7#ahgi74 #c3a ,ir54 v4 #cf4 #a1 #b4 #d3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #cbh sq4 #d3b ,canon p4 #fc1 note #b4 #d3c ,! ,greek is ,greek3 ,e9ai de t5 dia/ol5 taut5 tes oikeseos 444 kai dia t\to eirek5ai ton ,kurion en tois t\ patros m\ monas e9ai pollas k4t4l4 #d3d ,tacitly correct$ 9 ed4 #d 7,,ii4 p4 #cbh7 :]e ! s5t5ce runs3 ',b 444 !re is ?is di/9ction etc4' ,see bel[1 p4 #ef4 #e3a ,! au?or's def5ce is dealt )1 pp4 #ec sq1 #abf sq4 #e3b ,! "q is discuss$ bel[1 p4 #adb sq1 :]e ! au?or's subsequ5t explanation is consid]$4 #e3c ,?is *>ge is )drawn 9 ed4 #d 7,,ii4 p4 #cbh n4 #c71 b objection is /ill tak5 to ! words '!y taught' z convey+ 'too positive a view ( ! case4' ,on ! "* ( ?is )drawal see bel[1 p4 #ec sq4 #e3d ,our au?or has already 7,,ii4 p4 #cbf7 accus$ ,tis*5dorf ( 'delib]ately falsify+ ! text by ins]t+1 say !y4' ,tis*5dorf's words are1 ',und de%alb sag5 sie habe d] ,h]r d5 ,ausspru* ge?an4' ,he might h sp>$ ! 'sag5 sie1' because ! ,g]man idiom 'habe' enables him to express ! ma9 fact t ! words are n ,ir5aeus' own1 )\t ?is addition4 ,b he has n alt]$ any idea :i* ! orig9al conta9s2 :]eas our au?or himself has suppress$ ?is all-important fact 9 8 own translation4 ,on ?is treatm5t ( ,tis*5dorf see bel[1 pp4 #ee sq1 #abh1 #ach4 ,! language is modifi$ 9 ed4 #d 7,,ii4 p4 #cbf7 ',tis*5dorf r5d]s ! oblique con/ruction ( ! text by ins]t+ say !y ref]r+ to ! ,presbyt]s ( ,papias1' :]e ! po9t ( gramm> is sil5tly conc$$4 ,! read] may comp>e ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ajj1 ',! lightness & inaccuracy ) :i* ! ,great ,african proce$s is all ! bett] illu/rat$ by ! fact1 t n only does he accuse ,m>cion falsely1 b he actually def9es ! motives = :i* he expung$ ! passage :i* nev] exi/$ etc4444 he actually repeats ! same *>ge on two o!r occasions4' #f3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccd4 #f3b ,on ! word+ ( ?is footnote 9 ed4 #d see bel[1 p4 #eh4 ,x is omitt$ 9 ed4 #f1 :]e see ,,ii4 p4 #ccc4 #f3c ,see fur!r on ?is subject bel[1 pp4 #ec sq1 #abf sq4 #g3a c4 ,cels4 i4 #h4 #g3b c4 ,cels4 viii4 #gf4 #g3c ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #bca sq4 ,s also ! ,complete ,edition 7#ahgi7 ,,ii4 p4 #bbi sq4 #g3d ,!re is also ano!r aori/ 9 ! "p ( ! s5t5ce1 :i* our au?or has n quot$1 ,greek3 allo suntagma 444 en ho didaxe9 ep5geilato4 #h3a ,tacitly correct$ 9 ed4 #f 7,,ii4 p4 #df74 #h3b ,"s ( ! grammatical errors are correct$ 9 ed4 #f 7,,ii4 p4 #fc71 :]e h[ev] new mi/ranslations are introduc$1 z ,greek3 polla*os '9 div]s p>ts'1 & ,greek3 h\to mak>izetai 444 hoti opsetai ton !on 'becomes s bless$ t he %all see ,god'4 #h3c ,greek3 to rhema f ',reason' becomes ',^w' 9 ed4 #f1 b ,greek3 zetesantes /ill rema9s '!y :o inquire' 7ii4 p4 #bfe74 #h3d ,,ii4 p4 #bif sq4 ,correct$ 9 ed4 #f4 #h3e ,,ii4 p4 #aic4 ,correct$ 9 ed4 #f4 #h3f ,i4 p4 #ddh1 comp4 p4 #dee4 ,! latt] passage is /ruck out 9 ed4 #f 7see ,i4 p4 #dee72 ! =m] becomes 'committ$ no error'4 ,see bel[1 p4 #afc4 #h3g ,,ii4 p4 #chd4 #h3h ,b 9 ed4 #f 7,,ii4 p4 #chd7 ,i see t my translation is tacitly sub/itut$4 #h3i ,def5d$ z a 'p>aphrase' 7see bel[1 p4 #abi71 b correct$ 9 ed4 #f1 :i* also omits ! fir/ clause4 #i3a ,o!r errors 9 translation are giv5 bel[1 p4 #abi4 #i3b ,i4 p4 #aac4 ,! la/ words ran 'c]ta9ly a late int]polation' 9 ! fir/ edition 7,i4 p4 #ajc74 ,?us ! passage has und]gone revision1 & yet ! au?or has n discov]$ ! contradiction4 ,! au?or's own explanation ( ?is discrepancy is giv5 bel[1 p4 #abd4 ,9 ed4 #f 7,i4 p4 #aac7 ! s5t5ce ends1 '& x is argu$ t x 0 probably a lat] int]polation1' :ile 9 ! ,complete ,edition 7,i4 p4 #aac7 x is fur!r qualifi$ 'argu$ by "s4' #aj3a ,,ii4 p4 #dba4 ,! argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess is exp&$ 9 ! ,complete ,edition 7,,ii4 pp4 #dai-dbc74 #aj3b ,see bel[1 p4 #afc sq4 #aa3a ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #bgf4 ,& s ?r\gh\t all ! editions4 #aa3b ,see bel[1 p4 #aaa4 #aa3c i4 pp4 #ddd-dhe4 #aa3d ,! subject is treat$ at l5g? bel[1 p4 #adb sq4 #ab3a ,i4 p4 #dda4 #ab3b ,on ,hegesippus see bel[1 pp4 #cd sq1 #db4 #ab3c ,on ,ju/9 ,m>tyr see bel[1 p4 #dc4 #ab3d ,9 ,i4 p4 #cfj1 !re is a foot-note1 ',= ! argum5ts ( apologetic criticism ! read] may be ref]r$ to ,canon ,we/cott's "w ,on ! ,canon pp4 #aab-aci4 ,dr ,we/cott does n attempt to d5y ! fact t ,ju/9's quotations are diff]5t f ! text ( our ,gospels2 b he acc\nts = 8 v>iations on gr\nds :i* are' 'seem to u' ed4 #f 'purely imag9>y4' ,i c h>dly suppose t our au?or _h read ! passage to :i* he ref]s4 ,o!rwise ! la/ s5t5ce w\ld d\btless h run ?us1 'b he acc\nts = 8 v>iations by argum5ts :i* x w\ld give me "s tr\ble to answ]4' #ac3a ,,ii4 p4 #daa4 #ac3b ,our au?or himself ref]s to ?is say+ = a :olly diff]5t purpose lat] on 7,,ii4 p4 #daf74 #ad3a ,,ii4 p4 #djh4 ,our au?or says1 ',x is cle> t ,paul is ref]r$ to 9 ! address to ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus3 ,& ?\ did/ try !m :i* say t !y are ,apo/les & are n1 & did/ f9d !m false4' ,he seems to =get :at he himself has said 7p4 #cie71 ',no result ( criticism re/s ^u a m secure basis 444 ?an ! fact t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 9 ,a4,d4 #fh1 #fi1' i4e41 aft] ,/ ,paul's dea?4 ,?is !ory moreov] is directly at v>iance ) ! "o def9ite fact :i* we "k respect+ ! p]sonal relations betwe5 ! two ,apo/les2 namely1 t !y gave to ea* o!r ! "r h&s ( fell[%ip 7,gal4 ii4 #i74 ,x is surpris+ !re=e t ?is extravagant p>adox %\ld h be5 rec5tly reproduc$ 9 an ,engli% review ( high "*4 #ad3b #a ,cor4 x4 #g1 #h1 #ad1 #ba4 ,:5 ! season ( p]secution arriv$1 & ! con/ancy ( ,*ri/ians 0 te/$ 9 ?is v way1 ,/ ,paul's own pr9ciples w\ld require a correspond+ly rigid ab/95ce f ev5 app>5t complicity 9 idolatr\s rites4 ,!re is e reason !re=e to believe t1 if ,/ ,paul _h be5 liv+ :5 ! ,apocalypse 0 writt51 he w\ld h express$ himself n less /rongly on ! same side4 ,on ! o!r h& ^! e>ly ,gno/ics :o are d5\nc$ 9 ! ,apocalypse seem1 l _! successors 9 ! next g5]ation1 to h held t a ,*ri/ian might con=m to ,g5tile practices 9 ^! matt]s to escape p]secution4 ,/ ,paul combats ?is _s ( lic5se1 !n 9 its infancy1 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 #ad3c ,on ! diction ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel see bel[1 p4 #aca sq4 #ad3d ,,ii4 p4 #dde4 #ae3a ,! ,au?or%ip & ,hi/orical ,"* ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel 7#ahgb74 ,macmillans4 #ae3b ,our au?or 7,,ii4 p4 #ddd7 speaks ( '! works ( imag9ation ( :i* ! _w is full1 & ! s+ul> realism ( _m ( :i* is recogniz$ by all4' ,is ?is a true description ( ! _w 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ages8 ,if n1 x is no?+ to ! purpose4 #ae3c ,,ii4 p4 #chi4 ',apologi/s' lay /ress on ! diff]5ce ( !me4 ,see bel[1 p4 #aca sq4 #ae3d ,he does h[ev] m5tion ! t]m else:]e2 see bel[1 p4 #abc4 #ae3e ,,ii4 p4 #dfh1 & else:]e4 #af3a ,,ii4 p4 #dea4 #af3b ,^! passages are add$ )\t comm5t 9 ! ,complete ,edition 9 a note on ,,ii4 p4 #dec4 #af3c ,on ?is po9t see bel[1 p4 #aca4 #ag3a ,,ii1 p4 #dgb sq2 comp4 pp4 #ahf sq1 #bga4 ,! /atem5t /&s un*ang$ 9 ! ,complete ,edition 7,,ii4 p4 #dgd sq74 #ag3b ,see fur!r1 p4 #ii sq4 #ag3c ,,ii4 p4 #dba4 ,travell]s & 'apologi/s' alike n[ m commonly id5tify ,sy*> ) ! village be>+ ! ,arabic "n ,ask>4 ,?is fact is n m5tion$ by our au?or4 ,he says moreov]1 ',x is admitt$' 'evid5t' ed4 #f 't !re 0 no su* place z ,sy*>1 ,greek3 ,su*>1 & apologetic +5uity is sev]ely tax$ to expla9 ! difficulty4' ,?is is altoge!r untrue4 ,o!rs besides 'apologi/s' po9t to passages 9 ! ,talmud :i* speak ( '! well ( ,su*> 7or ,so*>1 or ,si*>72' see ,neubau] ,la ,geographie du ,talmud p4 #afi sq4 ,our au?or ref]s 9 8 note to an article by ,delitzs* ,zeits*r4 f4 ,lu?4 ,!ol4 #ahef p4 #bdj sq4 ,he _c h read ! article1 = ^! ,talmudic ref]5ces are its ma9 purport4 #ah3a ,! :ole "q ( ,sy*> 9 treat$ at l5g? bel[1 p4 #acc sq1 :]e also ! au?or's explanation ( 8 mean+ is giv54 #ah3b ,,ii4 p4 #dai4 ,?is :ole section is /ruck out 9 ! ,complete ,edition 7see ,,ii4 p4 #dag71 b ! error surviv$ ed4 #f 7,,ii4 p4 #dai74 #ah3c 'nev] once' ed4 #f 7,,ii4 p4 #dbd74 #ai3a ,,ii4 p4 #dbc sq4 #ai3b ,cr$n] ,e9l4 ,i4 p4 #baj '444hat er es ni*t fu] noe?ig gefund51 d5 ,taeuf] ,johannes von dem glei*namig5 ,apo/el ,johannes au* nur e9 e9ziges ,mal dur* d5 ,zusatz ,greek3 ho bapti/es zu unt]s*eid5 7i4 #f1 #ae1 #ai1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #cb1 #ce1 #da2 iii4 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bg2 iv4 #a2 v4 #cc1 #cf2 x4 #dj1 #da74' #ai3c ,= ! au?or's own explanation ( ?is error see bel[1 p4 #abd sq4 #bj3a ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #dei4 #ba3a ,canon p4 #bfd4 ,! words ( ,clem5t 7,/rom4 vii4 #ag7 to :i* ,dr ,we/cott ref]s1 are3 ,greek3 ,ka?ap] ho ,basileides1 kan ,glaukian epigraphetai didaskalon1 hos au*\s9 autoi1 ton ,petr\ h]m5ea4 #ba3b ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #dd sq4 ,! words :i* ,i h enclos$ 9 brackets 7 ins]t$ 9 ! ,second ,edition4 ,a frank )drawal w\ld h be5 wor? some?+2 b ?is ins]tion only aggravates ! (f5ce4 ,aft] hav+ be5 p>tly re-writt5 9 ed4 #f 7,,ii4 p4 #dd71 ! :ole section is cut out 9 ! ,complete ,edition 7see ,,ii4 p4 #dd74 #bb3a ,= ! au?or's explanation ( 8 language see bel[1 p4 #abc sq4 #bb3b ,?is po9t is rev]t$ to bel[1 pp4 #acd1 #ahg sq4 #bb3c ,our au?or's explanation ( ! t]m is giv5 bel[1 p4 #acd4 #bc3a ,"o su* li/ is dealt ) 9 full1 p4 #fe sq4 #bd3a ,essays 9 ,criticism p4 #eg4 #bd3b ,paulus p4 #dfi sq 7#a/ ed474 #bd3c ,na*apo/4 ,zeitalt] ,,ii4 p4 #ace4 #bd3d ,!olog4 ,jahrb4 ,,xv4 p4 #caa sq1 ,,xvi4 p4 #adg sq4 #be3a ,zur ,kritik ,paul9is*] ,briefe4 ,leipzig1 #ahgj4 ,! au?or's conclusions are support$ by an appeal to ! ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 ,syriac1 & ,arm5ian languages4 ,! le>n+ ( ?is curi\s pamphlet keeps pace ) its absurdity4 ,if ! read] is dispos$ to ?9k t ?is writ] mu/ be laugh+ 9 8 sleeve at ! me?ods ( ! mod]n s*ool to :i* he belongs1 he is *eck$ by ! obvi\sly s]i\s tone ( ! :ole discussion4 ,inde$ x is altoge!r 9 keep+ ) ,hitzig's critical discov]ies else:]e4 ,to ?is same critic we owe ! sugge/ion1 t ! "n ( ! fabuli/ ,a,esop is d]iv$ f ,solomon's hyssop t spr+e? out ( ! wall1 #a ,k+s iv4 #cc3 ,die ,sprue*e ,salomo's p4 xvi4 sq4 #be3b e4g4 respect+ ! date ( ! book ( ,judi?1 on :i* dep5ds ! au!nticity ( ,clem5t's ,epi/le 7,i4 p4 #bbb71 ! date ( ,celsus 7,,ii4 p4 #bbh71 etc4 #be3c ,see fur!r1 p4 #ada4 #bg3a ,our au?or objects to ?is conclusion2 see bel[1 p4 #ach sq4 #bg3a ,,ii4 p4 #dhd4 #bg3b ,,ii4 p4 #dhg sq4 #bg3c ,,ii4 p4 #dhf4 #bg3d ,,ii4 p4 #dhg sq4 #bg3e ,,ii4 p4 #dhi4 #bh3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #dij4 #bi3a ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 xiv4 #cj3a ,,ii4 p4 #dib4 #cj3b ,,ii4 p4 #dib4 #cj3c ,,ii4 p4 #dib4 #cb3a ,i4 p4 #bab4 ,! ref]5ces ?r\gh\t ?is article are giv5 to ! f\r? edition4 ,b1 ) ! s+le exception :i* ,i %all h occasion to notice at ! close1 ,i h n obs]v$ any alt]ations f ! second1 ) :i* ,i h comp>$ x 9 all ! passages "h quot$4 #cb3b ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf1 #bg4 #cd3a ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #dcb4 #cd3b ,i4 p4 #dcc sq4 ,i mu/ leave x to o!rs to reconcile ! /atem5t respect+ ! ,apocalypse 9 ! text ) ano!r :i* ,i f9d else:]e 9 ?is "w 7i4 p4 #dhc73 ',&rew1 a ,cappadocian bi%op ( ! fif? c5tury1 m5tions t ,papias1 among/ o!rs ( ! ,fa!rs1 consid]$ ! ,apocalypse inspir$4 ,no ref]5ce is made to ?is by ,eusebius2 b al?\gh1 f 8 ,mill5>ian t5d5cies1 x is v probable t ,papias reg>d$ ! ,apocalypse ) peculi> v5]ation z a prophetic book1 ?is evid5ce is too vague & isolat$ to be ( mu* value4' ,! difficulty is increas$ :5 we comp>e ^! two passages ) a ?ird 7,,ii4 p4 #cce73 ',&rew ( ,caes>ea1 9 ! preface to 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse1 m5tions t ,papias ma9ta9$ '! cr$ibility' ,greek3 to axiopi/on ( t book1 or 9 o!r words1 its ,apo/olic orig94444 ,apologi/s admit ! g5u95ess ( ?is /atem5t1 nay1 claim x z und\bt$ evid5ce ( ! acqua9tance ( ,papias ) ! ,apocalypse4444 ,n[ he mu/ !re=e h recognis$ ! book z ! "w ( ! ,apo/le ,john4' ,! italics1 ,i ought to say1 are my own1 9 all ! ?ree passages quot$4 #cd3c 'reg>d+ ! composition ( ! fir/ two ,gospels' ed4 #f 7,i4 p4 #dcc74 ,! error is ackn[l$g$ 9 ! preface to t edition 7p4 xxi74 #ce3a ,i4 p4 #dce4 #ce3b 's f> z we "k' ins]t$ 9 ed4 #f4 #ce3c ,,ii4 p4 #cbj4 #ce3d 'said any?+ int]e/+ ab\t' ,complete ,edition 7,,ii4 p4 #cah74 #ce3e ,i4 p4 #dhc4 #ce3f 'to /ate :at ! ,fa!rs say ab\t' ed4 #f4 ,on ! ambiguity ( ?is expression see bel[1 p4 #ahc sq4 #ce3g 'm5tion' ed4 #f4 #ce3h ,,ii4 p4 #cbb4 #ce3i 'said any?+ reg>d+ ! composition or au?or%ip' ed4 #f4 #ce3aj ,,ii4 p4 #cbc4 #ce3aa ,s also ed4 #f4 ,9 ! ,complete ,edition 7,,ii4 p4 #cba7 ! s5t5ce ends 'did n f9d any?+ reg>d+ ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 ! "w ( ,papias1 & t ,papias 0 n acqua9t$ ) x4' #ce3ab ,,ii4 p4 #afd4 #ce3ac ,9 ed4 #f ! s5t5ce ends "h4 #cf3a ,,ii4 p4 #aff4 #cf3b 'said any?+ ab\t' ed4 #f4 ,! :ole s5t5ce is omitt$ 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 #cg3a ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #c4 ,! important words are ,greek3 t9es ton kata *ron\s ekklesia/ikon sungrapheon hopoiais ke*r5tai ton antilegom5on1 t9a te p]i ton endia!kon kai homolog\m5on graphon kai hosa p]i ton me toi\ton autois eiretai4 ,! words spac$ w %[ ! two diff]5t modes ( treatm5t2 7#a7 ,! m5tion ( ref]5ces or te/imonies 9 ! case ( ! disput$ writ+s only2 7#b7 ,! record ( anecdotes 9 ! case ( ackn[l$g$ & disput$ writ+s alike4 ,! d\ble relative 9 ! fir/ clause1 ,greek3 t9es 444 hopoiais1 is incapable ( lit]al translation 9 ,engli%2 b ?is does n affect ! "q4 ,! two modes are well illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ,ir5aeus4 ,eusebius gives f ?is ,fa!r te/imonies to ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews etc41 & anecdotes respect+ ! ,gospel & ,apocalypse alike4 #ch3a ,quot$ by ,s4,r4 ed4 #f1 p4 xiv4 ,= 8 criticism ^u ?is ,essay see bel[1 p4 #agh sq4 #ci3a ,h4,e4 iii4 #bd4 #dj3a ,see ,l>dn] ,cr$ibility ,,ii4 p4 #ce sq 7#ahce74 ,= ! sake ( economis+ space ,i %all ref] f "t to "t to ?is "w1 9 :i* ! te/imonies ( anci5t writ]s are collect$ & translat$1 s t !y are accessible to ,engli% read]s4 ,any "o1 ^: ideas h be5 confus$ by read+ ,sup]natural ,religion1 _c fail to obta9 a cle>] view ( ! real /ate ( ! case by ref]r+ to ?is book4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t rec5t discov]y has add$ to ! am\nt ( evid5ce1 m especially 9 ref]5ce to ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ! quotations 9 ! ,gno/ic fragm5ts pres]v$ by ,hippolytus1 & 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies4 #dj3b ,clem4 ,rom4 #e4 #dj3c ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #bbc4 #dj3d ,clem4 ,rom4 #dg4 ',take up ! ,epi/le ( ! bless$ ,paul ! ,apo/le4 ,:at fir/ did he write to y 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel8 ,( a tru? he gave injunctions to y 9 ! ,_s ,greek3 pneumatikos conc]n+ himself & ,cephas & ,apollos1 because ev5 !n ye _h made p>ties 7,greek3 proskliseis74 #dj3e ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #cg4 #da3a ,polyc4 #b2 comp4 ,matt4 x4 #af4 #da3b ,ephes4 #ad2 comp4 ,matt4 xii4 #cc4 #da3c ,smyrn4 #f2 comp4 ,matt4 xix4 #ab4 #da3d ,philad4 #g2 comp4 ,john iii4 #h4 #da3e ,magn4 #h2 comp4 ,john viii4 #bi4 #da3f ,rom4 #d4 #da3g ,ephes4 #ab4 #da3h ,see ,l>dn] ,,ii4 p4 #gh sq = ! te/imonies 9 ,ignatius g5]ally4 #da3i ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #cf4 #db3a ,de ,vir4 ,illu/r4 c4 #af4 #db3b ,ephes4 #ab2 comp4 ,rom4 #d4 #db3c ,ephes4 #g2 comp4 ,ephes4 #a1 ,polyc4 #c1 ,rom4 #f etc4 #db3d ,magn4 #h-aj2 comp4 ,philad4 #f4 #db3e ,see ,l>dn] ,,ii4 p4 #ii sq = ! passages4 #dc3a ,h4,e4 iv4 #ad4 #dc3b ,h4,e4 iii4 #cf4 #dc3c ,i4 ,apol4 #ff4 #dc3d ,see ,semis* ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,i4 #dc3e ,h4,e4 iv4 #ah4 #dd3a ,h4,e4 iv4 #bd4 #dd3b ,l>dn] ,,ii4 p4 #bjh sq4 #dd3c ,ad ,autol4 ii4 #bb4 #dd3d ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #dgd4 #dd3e ,h4,e4 iv4 #bd4 #dd3f ,l>dn] ,,ii4 p4 #agf sq4 #de3a ,h4,e4 v4 #f4 #de3b ,h4,e4 v4 #h4 #df3a ,h4,e4 v4 #bf4 #dg3a ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf4 #dg3b ,h4,e4 v4 #ah4 #dg3c ,h4,e4 vi4 #bj4 #dg3d ,h4,e4 vi4 #ac1 #ad4 #dh3a ,ir54 iii4 #a4 #a4 #dh3b ,ir54 iii4 #aa4 #a4 #dh3c ,ir54 ii4 #be1 cit$ 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #bc4 #di3a ,polyc4 ,phil4 #g4 #di3b ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #dhc4 #di3c ,! au?or's mode ( deal+ ) ?is passage 9 8 lat] editions is comm5t$ ^u bel[1 p4 #aia sq4 ,9 ! ,complete ,edition 7#ahgi7 ! words 'z else:]e' /ill rema94 ,! la/ s5t5ce h[ev]1 :i* surviv$ ed4 #f1 is at l5g? )drawn1 & ) x ! (f5d+ note4 #ej3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cgd-cgi1 #ccf-cda4 #ej3b ,on ?is matt] see bel[1 p4 #aia sq4 #ea3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #fb4 #ea3b ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ff4 #eb3a ,see bel[1 p4 #ahh sq4 #ec3a ,see above1 pp4 #c sq1 #e sq4 #ed3a ,,ii4 p4 #cbh4 ,9 ! quotations :i* foll[1 ,i h italicis$ "s portions to %[ ! diff]5ce ( int]pretation 9 ! e>li] & lat] editions4 #ee3a ,i see t x 0 po9t$ out 9 ! ,inquir] ( ,nov4 #g? #ahgd4 #ee3b ,s4,r4 7ed4 #d7 #aa4 p4 #cbf4 #ef3a ,s4,r4 7ed4 #b7 #aa4 p4 #cbg4 #eg3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccj4 #eh3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccd4 ,see above1 p4 #f4 #ei3a ,! ,essay on ! ,ignatian ,epi/les repres5ts ! writ]'s views at ! "t :5 x 0 writt54 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ,essay he has /at$ t at "o "t he _h ent]ta9$ misgiv+s ab\t ! sev5 ,vossian lett]s4 ,8 matur] op9ions e/abli%+ _! g5u95ess w be f\nd 9 8 volumes on ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs ,"p ,,ii4 ,s4 ,ignatius1 ,s4 ,polyc>p1 #ahhe 7,london1 ,macmillan & ,co471 to :i* he ref]s 8 read]s4 #fj3a ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #bfc4 #fb3a ,i4 p4 #bfi4 #fb3b ,i4 p4 #bgj4 #fb3c ,i4 p4 #bgd4 #fc3a ,i4 p4 #bgd4 #fc3b '_m' ed4 #f 7,i4 p4 #bfd72 ! read+ 'mo/' is expla9$ 9 ! preface to t edition 7p4 xxvi7 z a mispr9t4 #fc3c ,i4 p4 #bfc sq4 #fd3a ,die ,ignatianis*5 ,briefe etc41 ,e9e ,/reits*rift geg5 ,h]rn ,buns51 ,tueb+51 #ahdh4 #fd3b ,apo/elges*i*te p4 #ea4 ,he decl>es himself 'ganz e9v]/&5' ) ,baur's view4 #fd3c ,apo/ol4 ,vaet] p4 #ahi2 ,zeits*rift 7#ahgd7 p4 #if sq4 #fd3d ,meletemata ,ignatiana 7#ahfa74 #fd3e ,die aelt4 ,zeugn4 p4 #ej4 #fd3f ,evangeli5 7#ahgj7 p4 #fcf4 #fd3g ,volkm> himself1 9 ! passage to :i* ! la/ note ref]s1 supposes t ! sev5 ,epi/les date ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj4 #fd3h ,= ! e>li] op9ion ( ,lipsius1 see ,ae*!it d4 ,syr4 ,rec5s4 d4 ,ign4 ,briefe p4 #aei2 = 8 lat] op9ion1 ,hilg5feld's ,zeits*rift 7#ahgd71 p4 #baa sq4 #ff3a p4 #adb 7ed4 #ahfb74 #ff3b ,! ref]5ces 9 ! case ( ,lipsius are to 8 e>li] works1 :]e he /ill ma9ta9s ! priority & g5u95ess ( ! ,curetonian lett]s4 #ff3c ,see ,pe>son's ,v9diciae ,ignatianae p4 #bh 7ed4 ,*urton74 #fg3a ,! read] w f9d ! op9ions ( ^! writ]s giv5 9 ,jacobson's ,patres ,apo/olici ,i4 p4 xxvii2 or m fully 9 ,pe>son's ,v9diciae ,ignatianae p4 #bg sq1 f :om ,russel's exc]pts1 repr9t$ by ,jacobson1 are tak54 #fg3b ,9 8 preface to ed4 #f 7p4 xxxiii7 our au?or admits 8 error 9 ! case ( ,rivet1 ^: "n is /ruck out f ! note on ,i4 p4 #bfj 9 t edition4 #fi3a ,see ,jacobson ,patres ,apo/olici ,i4 p4 xlvi1 :]e ! passage is giv54 #fi3b ,our au?or 7ed4 #f1 p4 xxxv sq7 falls f\l ( my criticism ( 8 ref]5ces4 ,x is contr>y to my purpose to reop5 ! "q1 b ,i confid5tly leave x to ^? :o w exam9e ! passages = !mselves to say :e!r he is ju/ifi$ 9 8 inf]5ces4 ,he h[ev] 'gives up' ,wotton & ,weismann4 #gj3a p4 xxxiv 7,repr9t ( #aheh74 #gj3b ,=tnightly ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahge1 p4 #i4 #ga3a ,he m5tions an e>li] edition ( ?is ,v]sion pr9t$ at ,con/ant9ople 9 #aghc1 b _h n se5 x2 ,corp4 ,ign4 p4 xvi4 #gb3a ,i4 p4 #bfd4 #gb3b ,i4 p4 #bfe4 #gc3a ,! ,roman ,epi/le inde$ has be5 sep>at$ f its companions1 & is imb$d$ 9 ! ,m>tyrology :i* /&s at ! end ( ?is collection 9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion1 :]e d\btless x /ood also 9 ! ,greek1 be=e ! ,,ms ( ?is latt] 0 mutilat$4 ,o!rwise ! ,vossian ,epi/les come toge!r1 & are foll[$ by ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les 9 ! ,greek & ,lat9 ,,mss4 ,9 ! ,arm5ian all ! ,vossian ,epi/les are toge!r1 & ! confess$ly spuri\s ,epi/les foll[4 ,see ,zahn ,ignatius von ,antio*i5 p4 #aaa4 #gc3b ,i4 p4 #bfb4 #gc3c p4 #afd4 #gc3d ,ign4 ,rom4 #e1 :]e ! words ,greek3 ego g9osko nun ar*omai ma!tes e9ai are f\nd 9 ,eusebius z 9 ! ,vossian ,epi/les1 b are want+ 9 ! ,curetonian4 ,!re are o!r small] diff]5ces4 #gd3a ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #bfi4 #gd3b ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #bfg4 #ge3a ,?is objection is well discuss$ by ,zahn ,ignatius von ,antio*i5 p4 #bgh sq 7#ahgc71 :]e our au?or's argum5ts are answ]$ by anticipation sub/antially z ,i h answ]$ !m 9 ! text4 ,i v5ture to call att5tion to ?is "w 7:i* does n appe> yet to h attract$ ! notice ( ,engli% writ]s7 z ! mo/ important contribution to ! ,ignatian lit]ature :i* has appe>$ s9ce ,cureton's publications introduc$ a new era 9 ! controv]sy4 ,zahn def5ds ! g5u95ess ( ! ,vossian ,epi/les4 #gf3a ,ru9>t ,acta ,m>tyrum ,s9c]a p4 #acd sq4 7,ratisbon1 #ahei47 #gf3b ,ru9>t p4 #ada4 ',praepositus c>c]is1 qui nos magni fac]e coepit 444 multos fratres ad nos admittebat1 ut et nos et illi invicem refrig]>emus1' p4 #add4 ',tribunus 444 jussit illos humanius hab]i1 ut fratribus ejus et cet]is facultas fi]et introeundi et refrig]&i cum eis4' #gf3c ,de ,morte ,p]egr4 #ab4 #gg3a ,see ,zahn ,ignatius p4 #ebg4 ,lucian says ( ,p]egr9us 7n[ no long] a ,*ri/ian1 b a ,cynic71 c4 #da1 ,greek3 phasi de pasais s*$on tais endoxois poles9 epi/olas diapempsai auton1 dia!kas t9as kai p>a9eseis kai nom\s2 kai t9as epi t\to presbeutas ton hetairon e*eirotonese nekrangel\s kai n]t]odrom\s prosagoreusas4 ,?is description exactly corresponds to ! lett]s & delegates ( ,ignatius4 ,see especially ,polyc4 #g1 ,greek3 *eirotonesai t9a 444 hos dunesetai !odrom\s kalei/hai4 ,! ,*ri/ian by/&]s report$ t a dove _h be5 se5 to issue f ! body ( ,polyc>p :5 he 0 m>tyr$ at ! /ake 7,m>tyr4 ,polyc4 c4 #af74 ,simil>ly ,lucian repres5ts himself z spread+ a report1 :i* 0 tak5 up & believ$ by ! ,cynic's disciples1 t a vulture 0 se5 to rise f ! pyre ( ,p]egr9us :5 he consign$ himself to a volunt>y dea? by burn+4 ,x w\ld seem t ! satiri/ "h is laugh+ at ! cr$ulity ( ^! simple ,*ri/ians1 ) ^: hi/ory he appe>s to h _h at lea/ a sup]ficial acqua9tance4 #gg3b ,z a coroll>y to ?is argum5t1 our au?or says t ! ,epi/les !mselves be> none ( ! m>ks ( composition "u su* circum/ances4 ,x is suffici5t to reply t ev5 ! ,vossian ,epi/les are m abrupt ?an ! lett]s writt5 by ,/ ,paul1 :5 *a9$ to a soldi]4 ,! abruptness ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les is /ill great]--inde$ s great z to r5d] !m almo/ un9telligible 9 p>ts4 ,i write ?is not)/&+ t our au?or1 foll[+ ,cureton1 has express$ a diff]5t op9ion respect+ ! /yle ( ! ,curetonian ,lett]s4 ,our au?or speaks also ( ! l5g? ( ! lett]s4 ,! ,curetonian ,lett]s occupy five l>ge octavo pages 9 ,cureton's translation1 p4 #bbg4 ,ev5 ! sev5 ,vossian ,lett]s might h be5 dictat$ 9 almo/ z _m h\rs2 & x w\ld be /range inde$ if1 by bribe or entreaty1 ,ignatius c\ld n h secur$ ?is indulg5ce f "o or o!r ( 8 gu>ds dur+ a j\rney :i* mu/ h occupi$ mon?s r ?an weeks4 ,he also describes ! ,epi/les z purport+ to be writt5 'at e /age ( 8 j\rney4' ',e /age' mu/ be int]pret$ 'two /ages1' = all ! ,sev5 ,vossian ,epi/les pr(ess to h be5 writt5 ei!r at ,smyrna or at ,troas4 #gh3a ,?is1 z m ?an "o writ] has po9t$ out1 seems to be ! mean+ ( ,greek3 oi kai eu]get\m5oi *eir\s g9ontai ,ign4 ,rom4 #e4 #gh3b ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #bfh4 #gi3a ,a ,few ,words on ,sup]natural ,religion p4 xx sq1 a preface to ! f\r? edition ( ,dr ,we/cott's ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 b publi%$ sep>ately4 #gi3b ,h&bu* d] ,e9leitung 9 die ,apokryph5 ,i4 pp4 #di sq1 #aba sq4 #gi3c p4 #bgf 7ed4 ,bonn474 #gi3d ,9 ,/ ,*ryso/om's age x appe>s to h be5 kept at q a diff]5t "t ( ! ye>--9 ,june2 see ,zahn1 p4 #ec4 #hj3a ,! "o fir/ publi%$ by ,ru9>t f a ,colb]t ,,ms1 & ! o!r by ,dressel f a ,vatican ,,ms4 ,! rema9+ ,m>tyrologies1 ^? ( ! ,metaphra/1 ( ! ,boll&i/s1 & ( ! ,arm5ian v]sion1 h no indep5d5t value1 be+ compact$ f ^! two4 #hj3b ,! au?orities = ^! /atem5ts w be f\nd 9 ,cureton's ,corpus ,ignatianum1 p4 #aeh sq4 #hj3c ,see ,lipsius ,ueb] das ,v]haeltniss des ,textes d] drei ,syris*5 ,briefe etc4 p4 #g4 #ha3a pp4 #bfh1 #bgi 7ed4 ,bonn474 #ha3b ,! =m] explanation is sugge/$ by ,lipsius1 l4c42 ! latt] by ,zahn1 p4 #fg4 #ha3c ,! te/imonies to :i* ,i ref] 9 ?is p>agraph w be f\nd 9 ,cureton's ,corpus ,ignatianum p4 #aeh sq4 ,! "q ( ! cr$ibility ( ,malalas1 & ( ! mean+ ( ,greek3 epi ,traian\1 is treat$ m fully 9 my ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,s4 ,ignatius1 ,s4 ,polyc>p1 ,,ii4 pp4 #dcg-ddg 7ed4 #b74 #hb3a ,?is pl$ge is fulfill$ bel[1 p4 #ic sq4 #he3a ,ign4 ,rom4 #g4 ,9 ! ,syriac v]sion ! expression is wat]$ d[n 7p]haps to get rid ( ! ,gno/ic col\r+71 & becomes 'fire = ano!r love2' & simil>ly 9 ! ,long ,greek ,greek3 phil\n ti is sub/itut$ = ,greek3 phil\elon4 ,comp>e ,rom4 #f1 'neque p] mat]iam s$ucatis1' a passage :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,lat9 translation1 b has accid5tally dropp$ out1 or be5 int5tionally omitt$1 f ! ,greek4 #he3b e4g4 ,philippians p4 #bcb sq4 #hf3a ,ign4 ,magn4 #h4 ,greek3 hos e/9 aut\ logos aidios1 ouk apo siges proel?on4 #hg3a ,cureton's ,corp4 ,ign4 p4 #bde4 #hg3b ,euseb4 ,eccl4 ,!ol4 ii4 #i1 etc4 ,see on ?is subject a pap] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philology1 ,no4 ii4 p4 #ea sq4 #ij3a ,see bel[1 p4 #ajc sq4 #ij3b ,m>t4 ,polyc4 #i4 ,greek3 ogdoekonta kai hex ete e*o d\leuon auto4 ,?is expression is some:at ambigu\s 9 itself1 & = ,greek3 e*o d\leuon ,eusebius reads ,greek3 d\leuo4 #ia3a ,papias 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci2 ,ir54 ii4 #bb4 #e 7& else:]e72 ,polycrates 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd2 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,quis div4 salv4 #db 7p4 #ieh72 ,apollonius 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #ah4 #ia3b ,muratorian ,fragm5t p4 #cc1 ed4 ,tregelles 7writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj-ahj74 #ia3c ,john i4 #dd1 xii4 #ba sq4 #ia3d ,papias 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci2 ,polycrates 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ca1 v4 #bd2 ,caius 7,hippolytus87 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #cj4 ,i h giv5 reasons = believ+ t ! ,philip :o liv$ at ,hi]apolis 0 ! ,apo/le & n ! ,evangeli/ 9 ,colossians p4 #de sq4 #ia3e ,papias1 l4c4 #ib3a #a ,pet4 i4 #a4 #ib3b ,ir54 iii4 #c4 #d4 #ib3c ,ir54 ii4 #bb4 #e1 iii4 #c4 #d4 #ib3d e4g4 ,t]tull4 de ,praescr4 ,ha]4 #cb4 #ic3a ,ign4 ,polyc4 #a-d4 #ic3b ib4 ,sec4 #h4 #ic3c ,polyc4 ,phil4 #ac4 ,see bel[1 p4 #aaa sq4 #ic3d ,?is supposition is q consi/5t ) 8 us+ c]ta9 writ+s z au?oritative4 ,?us he appeals to ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l 7,sec4 #g71 & he treats ,/ ,paul z incomp>ably great] ?an himself or o!rs l him 7,sec4 #c74 #id3a ,! "q ( ! ,jewi% or ,g5tile orig9 ( ,clem5t has be5 mu* disput$4 ,my *ief reason = ! view adopt$ 9 ! text is ! fact t he %[s n only an ext5sive k ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b also an acqua9tance ) ! traditional tea*+ ( ! ,jews4 ,i f9d ! "n borne by a ,jew 9 a sepul*ral inscription 7,orell4 ,inscr4 #bhii73 ,d4,m4 ,,clemeti4 ,,caes>vm4 ,n4,n4 ,,s]vo4 ,,ca/ell>io4 ,,aqvae4 ,,clavdiae4 ,,fecit4 ,,clavdia4 ,,sabba?is4 ,,et4 ,,sibi4 ,,et4 ,,svis4 ,if a conjecture may be haz>d$1 ,i v5ture to ?9k t our ,clem5t 0 a fre$man or ! son ( a fre$man 9 ! h\sehold ( ,flavius ,clem5s1 ! c\s9 ( ,domitian1 :om ! ,emp]or put to dea? = 8 pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 t ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria be>s ! "n ,t4 ,flavius ,clem5s4 ,he also 0 probably desc5d$ f "s dep5d5t belong+ to ! h\sehold ( "o or o!r ( ! ,flavian pr9ces4 #id3b ,l>dn] ,cr$ibility ,pt4 ii4 c4 vi4 #id3c ,phil4 ,sec4#aj4 ',eleemosyna de morte lib]at1' f ,tobit iv4 #aj1 xii4 #i4 #ie3a ,phil4 ,sec4 #ab4 ',ut 8 scripturis dictum e/2 ,irascim9i1 et nolite pecc>e1 et ,sol non occidat sup] iracundiam ve/ram1' evid5tly tak5 f ,ephes4 iv4 #bf4 #ie3b ib4 ,sec4 #a4 ,greek3 hon egeir5 ho ,!os lusas tas od9as t\ had\1 f ,acts ii4 #bd4 #ie3c ,see above1 p4 #di sq4 #ie3d ,! unrepres5t$ ,epi/les are ,titus & ,philemon4 ,! ref]5ce to ,colossians is unc]ta92 & 9 "o or two o!r cases ! co9cid5ce is n s close z to remove all possibility ( d\bt4 #if3a ,phil4 ,sec4 #h4 #ig3a ,greek3 ton autopton tes zoes t\ ,log\4 ,i w\ld gladly translate ?is '! eye-witnesses ( ! ,^w ( ,life' 7comp4 #a ,john i4 #a71 z x is commonly tak52 b ,i _c get ?is out ( ! ,greek ord]4 ,possibly !re is an accid5tal transposition 9 ! common text4 ,! ,syriac translator has '^? :o saw ) _! eyes ! liv+ ,^w4' #ig3b ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bj4 #ih3a ,dodwell & ,grabe expla9 ! ref]5ce by a visit ( ,hadrian to ,asia1 :i* ! =m] places ,a4,d4 #abb1 & ! latt] ,a4,d4 #abi 7,grabe ,proleg4 sect4 #a72 b bo? ^! dates seem too e>ly1 ev5 if !re 7 no o!r objections4 ,massuet 7,diss4 9 ,ir54 ii4 sect4 #b7 consid]s t ! expression does n imply ! pres5ce ( ! imp]ial c\rt 9 ,asia1 b signifies m]ely t ,flor9us 0 a c\rti] 9 high fav\r ) ! ,emp]or4 ,b ,ir5aeus c\ld h>dly h express$ himself s1 if he _h meant no?+ m ?an ?is4 ,! succe$+ ,emp]or1 ,anton9us ,pius 7,a4,d4 #ach-afa71 sp5t 8 "t almo/ entirely 9 ,italy4 ,capitol9us says ( him3 ',nec ullas exp$itiones obiit1 nisi quod ad agros suos pr(ectus et ad ,campaniam1' ,vit4 ,anton4 #g4 ,he appe>s h[ev] to h gone to ,egypt & ,syria 9 ! lat] ye>s ( 8 reign 7,ari/id4 ,op4 i4 p4 #dec1 ed4 ,d9d471 & ! acc\nt ( ,john ,malalas w\ld seem to imply t he visit$ ,asia ,m9or on 8 return 7p4 #bhj1 ed4 ,bonn474 ,b ,m4 ,wadd+ton 7,vie du ,rheteur ,a,elius ,ari/ide p4 #bei sq7 %[s t he 0 /ill at ,antio* 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #aee2 s t ?is visit1 if x really took place1 is too late = our purpose4 ,z no kn[n visit ( a reign+ ,emp]or w suit1 ,i v5ture to (f] a conjecture4 ,ab\t ! ye> #acf1 ,t4 ,aurelius ,fulvus 0 proconsul ( ,asia 7,wadd+ton ,fa/es des prov9ces ,asiatiques p4 #gbd74 ,)9 two or ?ree ye>s f 8 proconsulate he 0 rais$ to ! imp]ial ?rone1 & is kn[n z ,anton9us ,pius4 ,flor9us may h belong$ to 8 suite1 & ,ir5aeus 9 aft] ye>s might well call ! proconsul's ret9ue1 9 a loose way1 ! 'royal c\rt' by anticipation4 ,?is explanation gives a visit ( suffici5t l5g?1 & o!rwise fits 9 ) ! circum/ances4 #ih3b ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #ae1 #bj4 #ajj3a ,?is at lea/ seems to be ! mo/ probable mean+ ( ,greek3 p>e*orese t5 eu*>i/ian4 #ajj3b ,h4,e4 v4 #bd4 #aja3a ,ir54 iii4 #c4 #d4 #ajb3a ,quot$ anonym\sly 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bh4 #ajc3a ,lipsius ,*ronologie d] ,roemis*5 ,bis*oefe p4 #bfc4 #ajc3b ,see ,jacobson's ,patres ,apo/olici ii4 p4 #fjd4 #ajc3c ,see 8 ,memoire sur la ,*ronologie de la ,vie du ,rheteur ,a,elius ,ari/ide 9 ! ,memoires de l',academie des ,inscriptions xxvi4 p4 #bjb sq2 & 8 ,fa/es des prov9ces ,asiatiques 9 ,le ,bas & ,wadd+ton's ,voyage ,ar*eologique en ,grece et en ,asie ,m9eure4 #ajd3a ,l',ante*ri/ p4 #eff4 #ajd3b ,lipsius 9 ! ,zeits*4 f4 ,wiss5s*4 ,!ol4 xvii4 p4 #ahh 7#ahgd72 ,hilg5feld ib4 p4 #cbe sq4 #aje3a ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #bgf4 #aje3b ,x %\ld be m5tion$ also t we h ano!r exceptional gu>antee 9 ! fact t ,polyc>p's ,epi/le 0 read 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,asia2 ,j]ome ,vir4 ,ill4 #ag1 ',usque hodie 9 ,asiae conv5tu legitur4' #ajh3a ,phil4 ,sec4 #e4 #ajh3b ,i believe t ! facts /at$ 9 ! text are /rictly correct2 b ,i may h ov]look$ "s passages4 ,at all ev5ts a c>eful read] w1 if ,i mi/ake n1 obs]ve a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! ord9>y !ological language ( ! two writ]s4 #aji3a ,see above1 p4 #di sq4 #aji3b ,ign4 ,magn4 #ac is giv5 by ,l>dn] 7p4 #hh7 z a co9cid5ce ) #a ,pet4 v4 #e4 ,b ! expression 9 "q1 'to be subject "o to ano!r1' occurs also 9 ,ephes4 v4 #ba1 ev5 if any /ress c\ld be laid on ! occurr5ce ( ^! few obvi\s words4 #aaj3a ,altka?olis*e ,kir*e p4 #ehd sq 7ed4 #b74 #aaa3a ,see above1 p4 #fc sq4 #aaa3b ,see above1 p4 #aa4 #aab3a ,rits*l 7l4c4 p4 #ehf71 ?\gh himself condemn+ ! ?irte5? *apt] z an int]polation1 treats ?is objection z wor?less1 & says v decid$ly t ! correspond+ ,greek mu/ h be5 ,greek3 ton met' aut\4 #aab3a ,=tnightly ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahge1 p4 #ad4 #aad3a ,i h collect$ sev]al in/ances 9 ,philippians p4 #ach sq4 ,see also bel[1 p4 #ahi4 #aad3b ,polyc4 ,phil4 ,sec4 #c4 #aae3a ,see above1 pp4 #ih1 #ajc sq4 #aae3b ,! words ( ,ir5aeus are1 ,greek3 kai autos de ho ,poluk>pos ,m>kioni pote eis ops9 auto el?onti k4t4l4 ,zahn 7,ignatius p4 #dif7 rem>ks on ?is t ! ,greek3 pote ref]s u to ano!r po9t ( "t ?an ! soj\rn ( ,polyc>p 9 ,rome m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ s5t5ce4 ,i c\ld n feel sure ( ?is2 b x sep>ates ?is incid5t f ! o!rs1 & leaves ! "t indet]m9ate4 #aaf3a ,9 ! ,lett] to ,flor9us1 quot$ above1 p4 #if sq4 #aaf3b ,polyc4 ,phil4 ,sec4 #g4 #aag3a e4g4 ,ir54 i4 #bg4 #b1 #c2 iii4 #ab4 #ab4 #aah3a ,ir54 i4 #bf4 #a4 #aah3b ,?is seems to be ! =m ( h]esy attack$ 9 ! ,ignatian lett]s3 ,magn4 #aa2 ,trall4 #i2 ,smyrn4 #a4 #aah3c #a ,john iv4 #b1 #c1 ',e _s t confesse? ,jesus ,*ri/ come 7,greek3 elelu?ota7 9 ! fle% is ( ,god2 & e _s t confesse? n ,jesus is n ( ,god4' ,i _c refra9 f express+ ! suspicion t ! correct read+ 9 ?is second clause may be ,greek3 luei1 'divide?' or 'dissolve?1' in/ead ( ,greek3 me homologei1 'confesse? n4' ,x is ! read+ ( ! ,old ,lat91 ( ,ir5aeus1 ( ,t]tullian1 & ( ,orig52 & ,socrates 7,h4,e4 vii4 #cb7 says t x 0 f\nd '9 ! old copies4' ,?\gh ! passages ( ,ir5aeus & ,orig5 are only extant 9 ,lat9 v]sions1 yet ! contexts cle>ly %[ t ! au?ors !mselves s read x4 ,x is difficult to conceive t ! v simple ,greek3 me homologei w\ld be alt]$ into ,greek3 luei1 :]eas ! conv]se *ange w\ld be easy4 ,at all ev5ts ,greek3 luei mu/ repres5t a v e>ly gloss1 dat+ probably f a "t :5 ! orig9al ref]5ce ( ,/ ,john 0 obvi\s2 & x well describes ! ,*ri/ology ( ,c]9?us4 ,see ! application 9 ,ir5aeus1 iii4 #af1 #h ',s5t5tia eorum homicidialis444 ,comm9u5s et p] multa divid5s ,filium ,dei2 quos444 ,ioannes 9 pra$icta epi/ola fug]e eos praecepit dic5s' etc4 #aai3a ,die aelte/5 ,zeugnisse p4 #da4 #aai3b e4g4 #a ,cor4 vi4 #ab-ah1 viii4 #a sq1 etc4 #aai3c ,rev4 ii4 #f1 #ad1 #ae1 #bj1 #bd4 #abj3a #a ,cor4 xv4 #ab4 #abj3b #b ,tim4 ii4 #ah4 #abj3c ,ir54 ii4 #ca4 #b2 ,t]tull4 de ,resurr4 ,c>n4 #ai4 #abj3d ,ir54 i4 #bg4 #c1 ,t]tull4 adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #aj1 de ,praescr4 ,ha]4 #cc4 #abj3e ,see ,ne&] ,*ur* ,hi/ory ii4 p4 #adg2 & to ! ref]5ces !re giv5 add ,ir54 iii4 #be4 #b ',alt]um quidem judic>e et alt]um quidem salv>e dix]unt1' & sect4 #c1 ',m>cion igitur ipse divid5s ,deum 9 duo1 alt]um quidem bonum et alt]um judicialem dic5s1' ) ! context4 #aba3a ,i might add also t x is directly /at$ 9 ! acc\nt ( 8 m>tyrdom 7,sec4 #ac71 t he 0 treat$ ) e hon\r1 ,greek3 kai pro tes polias1 'ev5 be=e 8 grey hairs1' z ! words ran 9 ,eusebius1 ,h4,e4 iv4 #ae4 ,! common texts sub/itute ,greek3 kai pro tes m>turias4 #abb3a ,hilg5feld 7,apo/4 ,vaet] p4 #bgc7 evid5tly feels ?is difficulty1 & apologises = x4 #abc3a ,?is ref]5ce to #a ,tim4 ii4 #b is po9t$ out 9 ,jacobson's note4 #abc3b ,see above1 p4 #ae sq4 #abd3a ,see above1 p4 #bj4 #abd3b ,see above1 p4 #ag sq4 #abd3c ,s4,r4 #a4 p4 #dbc4 #abd3d ,cr$n] ,e9leitung p4 #bji sq4 #abe3a ,! au?or1 9 8 reply1 calls att5tion to ! fact t ! language ( ! o!r writ]s to :om he gives ref]5ces 9 8 footnote is too cle> to be misund]/ood4 #abe3b ,i d n ?9k ,i c h misappreh5d$ our au?or's mean+1 b x is be/ to give 8 own words3 ',n[ ev5 ,tis*5dorf does n pret5d t ?is a say+ cit$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas is a quotation ( ,matt4 xx4 #af1 ,?us ! la/ %all be fir/1 & ! fir/ la/ 7,greek3 outos esontai oi es*atoi protoi kai oi protoi es*atoi71 ! s5se ( :i* is q diff]5t4 ,! application ( ! say+ 9 ?is place 9 ! fir/ ,synoptic ,gospel is evid5tly q false1 & dep5ds m]ely on ! r+ ( words & n ( ideas4 ,/range to say1 x is n f\nd 9 ei!r ( ! o!r ,gospels2 b1 l ! fam\s phrase :i* we h be5 consid]+1 x nev]!less appe>s twice q irrelevantly1 9 two places ( ! fir/ ,gospel4 ,9 xix4 #cj1 x is quot$ aga9 ) slight v>iation3 ,b _m fir/ %all be la/1 & la/ fir/1' etc4 ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #bdg4 ,! italics are my own4 #abe3c ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #bjj sq4 #abe3d ,rom4 xv4 #ai2 #b ,cor4 xii4 #ab4 ,! po9t to be obs]v$ is1 t ,/ ,paul treats ! fact ( 8 work+ miracles z a matt] ( c\rse1 to :i* a pass+ ref]5ce is suffici5t4 #abe3e ,see above1 p4 #i4 #abf3a ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #aac4 #abf3b ,=tnightly ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahge1 p4 #i sq4 #abf3c ,see above1 p4 #c sq4 #abf3d ,see above1 p4 #ec sq4 #abg3a ,see bel[1 p4 #aid sq4 #abg3b ,=tnightly ,review1 l4c4 p4 #e4 ,! au?or /ates t he 'actually ins]t$ 9 ! text ! op5+ words1 ,greek3 e9ai de t5 dia/ol5 taut5 tes oikeseos1 = ! express purpose ( %[+ ! con/ruction4' ,! impression h[ev] :i* 8 own language left on my m9d 0 q diff]5t4 ,x sugge/$ t he ins]t$ ! words n = ?is purpose1 b = q ano!r1 namely1 to %[ t !re 0 no?+ correspond+ to ,tis*5dorf's '!y say1' or ,dr ,we/cott's '!y taught1' 9 ! orig9al1 & s to ju/ify 8 *>ge ( 'falsification4' ,if ! read] w ref] to ! context1 & m especially to note #d on p4 #cbh ( ! second volume ( ,sup]natural ,religion 79 ! editions be=e ! f\r?71 he w see :at /rong ju/ification ,i _h = tak+ ?is view4 #abg3c ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccj4 #abh3a ,i ought to add t ^! alt]ations d n appe> to h be5 made 9 all copies ( ! f\r? edition4 ,i am in=m$ by a correspond5t t 9 8 copy ! :ole passage /&s z 9 ! e>li] editions4 #abh3b ,inquir]1 ,nov4 #g1 #ahgd4 ',else:]e a blund] on ! "p ( ! writ] is made ! occasion ( a grave *>ge aga9/ ,dr ,tis*5dorf & ,canon ,we/cott4 ,!y are accus$ ( delib]ately falsify+ etc4444 ,8 own translation h[ev] ov]looks ! important fact t at ! critical po9t 9 "q ,ir5aeus passes f ! direct to ! indirect spee*4 ,?is is made obvi\s by ! employm5t ( ! inf9itive 9 place ( ! indicative4 ,! ,engli% language af=ds no means ( indicat+ ?is *ange except by ! introduction ( "s su* phrases z ^? employ$ by ,tis*5dorf & ,we/cott1 :i* simply d5ote ! transition to ! obliqua oratio4 ,to neglect ?is is to ?r[ ! :ole passage into confusion2 & ! writ]'s attempt to fa/5 a suspicion ( di%one/y on ! critics ^: views he is combat+ recoils 9 ! %ape ( a sugge/ion ( imp]fect s*ol>%ip ^u himself4' ,?is occurs 9 a highly fav\rable review ( ! book4 #abh3c ,see above1 p4 #c sq4 #abh3d ,=tnightly ,review1 l4c4 p4 #i4 #abh3e ,correspond+ to ab\t a page 9 ?is repr9t1 pp4 #g1 #h ',^! two examples 444 ,comm5t>ies ( ,caes>4' #abi3a ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #ccf4 ,tacitly correct$ 9 ed4 #f4 #abi3b ,s4,r4 ii4 p4 #bc4 ,tacitly correct$ 9 ed4 #f4 #abi3c ,=tnightly ,review1 l4c4 p4 #g sq4 ,i ne$ n /op to inquire :e!r ,tis*5dorf's 'ni*t ges*rieb5 hat' conveys exactly ! same idea :i* is convey$ 9 ,engli%1 'has n writt51' z our au?or assumes 9 8 reply4 #abi3d ,see above1 p4 #h4 #abi3e ,=tnightly ,review1 l4c4 p4 #i1 note4 #aca3a ,=tnightly ,review1 l4c4 p4 #ah4 #aca3b ,see above1 p4 #af sq4 #aca3c ,ir54 ii4 #bb4 #e4 ,! passov] ( ! ,passion _c h be5 lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #cf1 because be=e ! next passov] ,pilate _h be5 sup]s$$4 ,?is is ! only t]m9us ad quem1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 :i* is absolutely decisive2 & x w\ld all[ ( a m9i/ry ( eight ye>s4 ,! probability is t x 0 actually mu* %ort]1 b x is only a probability4 #aca3d ,see above1 p4 #ad sq4 #acb3a ,i am afraid h[ev] t our au?or w\ld n agree ) me 9 reg>d+ x z pla9ly ! language ( a man accu/om$ to ?9k 9 ,hebrew4 ,he himself says 7,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #dac71 ',its ,hebraisms are n on ! :ole great] ?an 0 almo/ inv>iably ! case ) ,hell5ic ,greek4' ,?\gh ! ^w is pr9t$ ',hell5ic1' n only 9 ! f\r editions1 b likewise 9 ! au?or's own extract 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review 7p4 #ai71 ,i inf] f ! context1 t x ought to be read ',hell5i/ic1' :i* ^w is tacitly sub/itut$ 9 ed4 #f4 ,by ',hell5ic' w\ld be meant ! common language1 z ord9>ily spok5 by ! mass ( ! ,greeks1 & z di/+ui%$ f a lit]>y dialect l ! ,attic2 by ',hell5i/ic1' ! language ( ,hell5i/s1 i4e41 ,greek-speak+ ,jews4 ,! two ?+s are q diff]5t4 #acb3b ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #cie4 #acc3a ,see above1 p4 #ag sq4 #acc3b ,=tnightly ,review1 l4c4 p4 #bj4 #acd3a ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #dfi2 ,,ii4 pp4 #ef1 #ei1 #gc1 #cbf4 ,! la/ ref]5ce %\ld be omitt$3 ! words _h be5 already )drawn 7ed4 #d7 be=e ?is ,essay 0 writt52 b ! language 9 ! o!r ref]5ces rema9s unalt]$ ?r\gh six editions1 & is only slightly modifi$ 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 #acd3b ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #dba2 & s ed4 #f4 ,! ,complete ,edition sub/itutes 'evid5t' = 'admitt$4' #acf3a ,/anley ,s9ai & ,pale/9e p4 #bbi4 #acf3b ,john iv4 #ce4 #acg3a ,see above1 p4 #bj sq4 #acg3b ,=tnightly ,review1 l4c4 p4 #ac4 #ach3a ,see above1 pp4 #e1 #ee1 #abh4 #ach3b ,see above1 p4 #bf4 #aci3a ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #baj4 ,! italics are m9e4 #aci3b ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 ,reply ! au?or makes "s rem>ks on a ',p]sonal ,god1' 9 :i* he accuses me ( misund]/&+ him4 ,x may be s1 b !n ,i v5ture to ?9k t he does n q und]/& himself1 z he c]ta9ly does n und]/& me4 ,i d n rememb] t he has any:]e def9$ ! t]ms ',p]sonal' & ',an?ropomorphic1' z appli$ to ,deity2 & )\t def9ition1 s _m v>i\s conceptions may be includ$ "u ! t]ms z to entangle a discussion hopelessly4 ,no educat$ ,*ri/ian1 ,i imag9e1 believes 9 an an?ropomorphic ,deity 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ?is an?ropomorphism is condemn$ 9 ! noble passage ( ,x5ophanes :i* he quotes 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 "w4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 our au?or himself 9 8 conclud+ *apt] betrays 8 an?ropomorphism2 = he attributes to ! ,div9e ,be+ wisdom & b5efic5ce & =e?\ght1 :i* are conceptions d]iv$ by man f ! /udy ( himself4 ,inde$1 ,i d n see h[ x is possible to conceive ( ,deity except ?r\gh "s sort ( an?ropomorphism 9 ?is wid] s5se ( ! t]m1 & c]ta9ly our au?or has n dis5gag$ himself f x4 ,9 spite ( our au?or's repudiation 9 8 reply1 ,i boldly claim ! writ] ( ! conclud+ *apt] ( ,sup]natural ,religion z a believ] 9 a ,p]sonal ,god1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* ,i und]/& ,p]sonality z appli$ to ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,he di/9ctly attributes w & m9d to ! ,div9e ,be+1 & ?is is ! v idea ( p]sonality1 z ,i conceive ! t]m4 ,he n only commits himself to a belief 9 a ,p]sonal ,god1 b also 9 a wise & b5efic5t ,p]sonal ,god :o c>es = man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! writ] ( ! fir/ "p ( ! "w seem$ to me to use argum5ts :i* 7 inconsi/5t ) ^! beliefs4 #adb3a ,ir54 v4 #cc4 #d ,greek3 ,ioann\ m5 ak\/es1 ,poluk>p\ de hetairos gegonos4 #adc3a ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci ,greek3 ,ouk okneso de soi kai hosa pote p>a ton presbut]on kalos ema?on kai kalos emnemoneusa sunkatataxai v4l4 ,greek3 suntaxai ,greek3 tais h]m5eiais1 diabebai\m5os hup] auton ale!ian1 k4t4l4 ,?is same ref]5ce w hold = all ! notices f ,eusebius :i* are quot$ 9 ?is article1 unless o!rwise /at$4 #add3a ,see above1 p4 #if sq4 #ade3a ,ha]4 iv4 #bg4 #a1 #c2 iv4 #cj4 #a2 iv4 #ca4 #a2 v4 #e4 #a2 v4 #cc4 #c2 v4 #cf4 #a1 #b4 #ade3b ,ref4 ,ha]4 vi4 #db1 #ee1 ',! bless$ eld] ,ir5aeus4' ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria uses ! same phrase ( ,panta5us2 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 vi4 #ad4 #ade3c ,h4,e4 iii4 #c2 v4 #h2 vi4 #ac4 #ade3d ,heb4 xi4 #b4 #adf3a ,weiff5ba* ,das ,papias-,fragm5t 7,giess51 #ahgd7 has advocat$ at great l5g? ! view t ,papias uses ! t]m z a title ( (fice ?r\gh\t1 p4 #cd sq2 b he has n succe$$ 9 conv9c+ subsequ5t writ]s4 ,8 conclusions are oppos$ by ,hilg5feld ,papias von ,hi]apolis p4 #bde sq 79 8 ,zeits*rift1 #ahge71 & by ,leimba* ,das ,papias-,fragm5t p4 #fc sq4 ,weiff5ba* supposes t ! eld]s are di/+ui%$ f ! ,apo/les & p]sonal disciples ^: say+s ,papias sets himself to collect4 ,?is view dem&s su* a viol5t wre/+ ( ! grammatical connection 9 ! passage ( ,papias t x is n likely to f9d mu* fav\r4 #adf3b ,9 illu/ration ( ?is use1 x may be m5tion$ t 9 ! ,lett] ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es 7,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #a7 ! t]m is appli$ to ! ,za*>ias ( ,luke i4 #e sq4 #adf3c #a ,tim4 v4 #a1 #b1 #ag1 #ai4 #adg3a ,see above1 p4 #ajc sq4 #adg3b ,see ,cl9ton1 ,fa/4 ,rom4 ,,ii4 p4 #che4 #adg3c ,?is difficulty h[ev] _c be reg>d$ z s]i\s4 ,at ! la/ 7! sixtie?7 anniv]s>y ( ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 ! ,times gave ! names ( no few] ?an sev5ty-six ,wat]loo (fic]s z /ill liv+4 #adh3a ,*ron4 ,pas*4 p4 #dha sq 7ed4 ,bonn472 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #ae4 #adh3b ,!re is no indication t ! au?or ( ?is ,*ronicle us$ any o!r docum5t 9 ?is "p besides ! ,hi/ory ( ,eusebius & ! extant ,m>tyrology ( ,polyc>p :i* ,eusebius "h quotes4 #adi3a ,! m>tyrdom ( ,papias is comb9$ ) t ( ,polyc>p 9 ! ,syriac ,epitome ( ! ,*ronicon ( ,eusebius 7p4 #baf1 ed4 ,s*o5e74 ,! s\rce ( ! error is d\btless ! same 9 bo? cases4 #adi3b ,s4,r4 i4 p4 #ddh4 #adi3c ,i _h tak5 ! latt] view 9 an article on ,papias :i* ,i wrote = ! ,contempor>y ,review "s ye>s be=e ^! ,essays2 b ,i ?9k n[ t ! ,apo/le is meant1 z ! mo/ anci5t te/imony po9ts to him4 ,i h giv5 my reasons = ?is *ange ( op9ion 9 ,colossians p4 #de sq4 #adi3d ,acts xxi4 #i4 #aej3a ,see above1 p4 #ij4 #aej3b ,! *apt] relat+ to ,papias is ! ?irty-n9? ( ! ?ird book2 ^? relat+ to ,polyc>p are ! f\rte5? & fifte5? ( ! f\r? book1 :]e !y int]pose betwe5 *apt]s assign$ to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ev5ts connect$ ) him4 #aej3c ,x is true t he uses ! pres5t t5se once1 ,greek3 ha te ,ari/ion kai ho presbut]os ,ioannes 444 leg\s9 see above1 p4 #adc1 & h5ce x has be5 inf]r$ t ^! two p]sons 7 /ill liv+ :5 ! inquiries 7 in/itut$4 ,b ?is w\ld involve a *ronological difficulty2 & ! t5se %\ld probably be reg>d$ z a hi/oric pres5t introduc$ = ! sake ( v>iety4 #aej3d ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #ddd1 ',ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury4' ,else:]e 7,,ii4 p4 #cbj7 he speaks ( ,papias z 'fl\ri%+ 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury4' #aea3a ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,dial4 #ea sq 7p4 #bga sq71 #hj sq 7p4 #cjg72 ,ir5aeus ,ha]4 v4 #ha sq2 ,t]tullian adv4 ,m>c4 iii4 #bd1 de ,resurr4 ,c>n4 #bd4 #aea3b ,ep4 ,b>n4 ,sec4 #ae4 #aea3c ,see above1 p4 #cb sq4 #aeb3a ,see above1 p4 #da sq4 #aeb3b ,^! are ! expressions employ$ else:]e ( ?is ,gospel2 ,h4,e4 iii4 #be1 #bg2 iv4 #bb4 #aeb3c ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci ,greek3 h5 to kat' ,hebrai\s euangelion p]ie*ei4 #aeb3d ,clem4 ,/rom4 ii4 #i 7p4 #dec74 ,our au?or says1 ',clem5t ( ,alex&ria quotes x ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews ) q ! same respect z ! o!r ,gospels' 7,s4,r4 i4 p4 #dbb74 ,he _c h rememb]$1 :5 he wrote ?is1 t ,clem5t else:]e refuses au?ority to a say+ 9 an ,apocryphal ,gospel because 'we d n f9d x 9 ! f\r ,gospels h&$ d[n to u' 7,/rom4 iii4 #ac1 p4 #eec74 ',orig51' writes our au?or aga91 'frequ5tly made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews' 7l4c474 ,yes2 b ,orig5 draws an absolute l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 our f\r ,gospels & ! re/4 ,he ev5 illu/rates ! relation ( ^! ,canonical ,gospels to ! ,apocryphal by t ( ! true prophets to ! false "u ! ,jewi% disp5sation4 ,hom4 ,i4 9 ,luc4 7,,iii4 p4 #icb74 ,any read] unacqua9t$ ) ! facts w\ld c>ry away a :olly false impression f our au?or's acc\nt ( ! use made ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 #aeb3e ,s4,r4 ,i4 pp4 #bgb sq1 #ccb sq4 ,! fact t ,eusebius did n "k ! s\rce ( ?is quotation 7,h4,e4 iii4 #cf71 ?\gh he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 seems to me to r5d] ?is v d\btful4 #aec3a ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #chag1 ,greek3 ,papia ,dii sot]i4 #aec3b ,boeckh #cicj1 #ciab;a ,app43 ,mionnet iv4 p4 #cja4 #aec3c ,boeckh #chag4 #aec3d ,gal5 ,op4 xii4 p4 #gii 7ed4 ,kuehn74 #aec3e ,"o ,rabbi ,papias is m5tion$ 9 ! ,mi%na ,%ekalim iv4 #g2 ,edaio? vii4 #f4 ,i owe ^! ref]5ces to ,zunz ,nam5 d] ,jud5 p4 #af4 #aec3f ,see above1 p4 #adb4 #aec3g ,see above1 p4 #hi sq4 #aed3a ,greek3 ho panu1 ho polus4 ,! fir/ passage w be f\nd 9 ! orig9al ,greek 9 ,r\? ,rel4 ,sacr4 ,i4 p4 #ae 7comp4 ,migne ,patr4 ,graec4 lxxxix4 p4 #hfj1 :]e only ! ,lat9 'cl>issimus' is giv572 ! second 9 ,migne ib4 p4 #ifa 7comp4 ,r\? l4c4 p4 #af1 :]e aga9 only ! ,lat9 'celebris' is giv574 #aee3a ,:e!r ! fir/ ^w %\ld be s+ul> or plural1 ',exposition' 7,greek3 exegesis7 or ',expositions' 7,greek3 exegeseis71 ,i ne$ n /op to inquire4 ,! important po9ts are 7#a7 t ,papias uses ,greek3 logion1 n ,greek3 logon1 'oracles1' n 'words' or 'say+s'2 7#b7 t he has ,greek3 kuriakon logion1 n ,greek3 logion t\ ,kuri\--',dom9ical ,oracles1' n ',oracles ( ! ,"l4' ,i %all h occasion h]eaft] to call att5tion to bo? ^! facts1 :i* are significant1 z !y give a mu* wid] range to 8 subject-matt] ?an if he _h us$ ! alt]native expressions4 #aee3b ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #dcd sq4 #aef3a ,s aga91 ,i4 p4 #dhd sq1 ',:atev] books ,papias knew1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta91 f 8 own express decl>ation1 t he ascrib$ little importance to !m1 & pref]r$ tradition z a m reliable s\rce ( in=mation reg>d+ ,evangelical hi/ory1' etc4 ,see also ,,ii4 p4 #hbj sq4 #aef3b ,h4,e4 iv4 #bc1 v4 #h4 #aef3c ,see bel[1 p4 #afj4 #aeg3a ,! ref]5ces w be f\nd above1 p4 #aed4 #aeg3b ,! prop] ^w1 if ! "w _h be5 :at our au?or supposes1 0 n ,greek3 exegesis b ,greek3 diegesis1 :i* ,eusebius uses sev]al times ( ! anecdotes relat$ by ,papias2 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci4 #aeh3a ,?is attempt has rec5tly be5 made by ,weiff5ba* ,das ,papias-,fragm5t p4 #af sq2 & x is *iefly valuable z a te/imony to ! real significance ( ! words1 :i* c only be set aside by su* viol5t treatm5t4 ,weiff5ba* is oblig$ to p]=m two acts ( viol5ce on ! s5t5ce3 7#a7 ,he supposes t !re is an anacolu?on1 & t ! ,greek3 kai hosa pote "h is answ]$ by ! words ,greek3 ei de p\ kai p>ekol\!kos1 :i* occur sev]al l9es bel[4 7#b7 ,he int]prets ,greek3 tais h]m5eiais '! int]pretations belong+ to !m4' ,ea* ( ^! by itself is h>% & unnatural 9 ! extreme2 & ! comb9ation ( ! two may be safely pron\nc$ impossible4 ,ev5 if 8 grammatical treatm5t c\ld be all[$1 ! fact w /ill rema9 t ! int]pretations are presuppos$4 ,weiff5ba*'s con/ructions ( ?is passage are ju/ly reject$ by ! two writ]s :o h writt5 on ! subject s9ce 8 essay appe>$1 ,hilg5feld & ,leimba*4 #aeh3b ,ha]4 v4 #cc4 #a sq4 #aeh3c ,x may be obs]v$ 9 pass+1 z an illu/ration ( ! loos5ess ( e>ly quotations1 t ?is passage1 z giv5 by ,ir5aeus1 does n accord ) any "o ( ! ,synoptic ,evangeli/s1 b comb9es features f all ! ?ree4 #aei3a ,! view t ,papias took writt5 ,gospels z ! basis ( 8 int]pretations is ma9ta9$ by no "o m /rongly ?an by ,hilg5feld 9 8 rec5t works2 ,papias von ,hi]apolis 7,zeits*rift1 #ahge7 p4 #bch sq2 ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t 7#ahge71 pp4 #ec sq1 #ded sq4 ,b x seems to me t he is n c>ry+ out ?is view to its logical conclusion1 :5 he /ill int]prets ,greek3 biblia ( ,evangelical n>ratives1 & talks ( ,papias z hold+ ^! writt5 records 9 little e/eem4 #afj3a ,ha]4 ,praef4 #a2 see also i4 #c4 #f3 ',n only d !y attempt to make _! demon/rations f ! ,evangelical & ,apo/olic writ+s by p]v]t+ ! int]pretations & falsify+ ! expositions ,greek3 exegeseis1 b also f ! law & ! prophets2 z 444 be+ able to wre/ :at is ambigu\s into _m s5ses by _! exposition' ,greek3 dia tes exegeseos4 #afa3a ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 vii4 #ag1 p4 #hih4 #afa3b ,comp>e also ! language ( ,hippolytus respect+ ! books ( ! ,naass5es2 ,ha]4 v4 #g1 ',^! are ! heads ( v num]\s disc\rses 7,greek3 pollon panu logon71 :i* !y say t ,james1' etc4 #afa3c ,?is same epi!t '=eign' 7,greek3 allotrios7 is appli$ sev]al times 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les to ! ,gno/ic tea*+ :i* ! writ] is combat+2 ,rom4 inscr41 ,trall4 #f1 ,philad4 #c4 #afa3d ,reasons are giv5 by ,dr ,we/cott 9 ! f\r? edition ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #e ,/rom4 iv4 #ab1 p4 #eii4 #afb3a ,! foll[+ passage 9 ,sup]natural ,religion is highly in/ructive1 z %[+ ! inconsi/5cies involv$ 9 ! au?or's view 7,i4 p4 #dhe73 ',x is n possible t he ,papias c\ld h f\nd x bett] to inquire :at ,john or ,mat!w1 or :at any o!r ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l 444 say1 if he _h kn[n ( ,gospels su* z ours1' '& believ$ !m to h be5' ins]t$ 9 ! ,complete ,edition 'actually writt5 by !m1 delib]ately tell+ him :at !y _h to say4 ,! "w ( ,mat!w :i* he m5tions be+1 h[ev]1 a m]e collection ( disc\rses ( ,jesus1 he might naturally inquire :at ! ,apo/le himself said ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,ma/]4' ,"h ! au?or practically conc$es ! po9t = :i* ,i am cont5d+1 & :i* else:]e he resi/s2 = he /ates t ,papias z a sane man mu/1 & z a matt] ( fact did1 pref] a book to oral tradition4 ,9 o!r words1 he all[s t :5 ,papias disp>ages books 7mean+ ,evangelical records1 su* z ! ,/ ,mat!w ( ,papias 0 on any %[+71 he _c int5d all books ( ?is class1 b only su* z our au?or himself arbitr>ily det]m9es t he %all mean4 ,?is po9t is n at all affect$ by ! "q :e!r ! ,/ ,mat!w ( ,papias did or did n conta9 do+s1 z well z say+s1 ( ,*ri/4 ,! only escape f ^! p]plexities lies 9 suppos+ t a :olly diff]5t class ( books is int5d$1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 ! text4 #afc3a ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #dde4 ,x is n likely t our au?or w\ld appreciate ! be>+ ( ^! ref]5ces to ,/ ,m>k1 because1 z ,i po9t$ out 9 my fir/ article see above1 p4 #h1 he mi/ranslat$ ,greek3 oud5 hem>te 'did no wrong1' in/ead ( 'made no mi/ake1' ?us obscur+ ! te/imony ( ,papias to ! p]fect accuracy ( ! result ( ,/ ,m>k's consci5ti\s lab\rs4 ,! translation is alt]$ 9 ! la/ edition1 b ! new r5d]+1 'committ$ no error 9 ?us writ+1' is ambigu\s1 ?\gh n incorrect4 #afe3a ,i4 p4 #def4 #afe3b ,i4 p4 #dfj4 ,s too ed4 #f2 b /ruck out 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 #aff3a ,i4 p4 #dei4 #afg3a ,i4 p4 #dfj4 ,s also ed4 #f2 ! ^w 'ev]' disappe>s 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 #afg3b ,i4 p4 #ddg4 ,?is criticism is giv5 above1 p4 #adc sq4 #afg3c ,i4 p4 #ddg4 #afh3a ,! mann] 9 :i* ,eusebius w te> a "p ( a passage f its context is well illu/rat$ by 8 quotation f ,ir5aeus1 ii4 #bb4 #e3--';,a quadragesimo autem et qu9quagesimo anno decl9at jam 9 aetatem s5iorem1 quam hab5s ,dom9us no/] docebat1 sicut ,evangelium et omnes s5iores te/antur1 qui 9 ,asia apud ,joannem discipulum ,dom9i conv5]unt id ipsum tradidisse eis ,joannem4 ,p]mansit autem cum eis usque ad ,trajani tempora4 ,quidam autem eorum non solum ,joannem1 s$ et alios ,apo/olos vid]unt1 et haec eadem ab ipsis audi]unt et te/antur de hujusmodi relatione4' ,eusebius gives only ! "p :i* ,i h enclos$ 9 brackets3 ,h4,e4 iii4 #bc4 #afi3a ,i4 p4 #dgd4 #afi3b ,i4 p4 #dge4 ,s also ed4 #f2 modifi$ 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 #aga3a ,i4 p4 #dfe4 #aga3b ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,i4 p4 #aji sq 7,eng4 ,transl471 :]e !re is m to ! same effect4 #aga3c ,e9leitung 9 das ,neue ,te/am5t1 p4 #def sq4 ',an e9e blosse ,aufzei*nung d] ,r$5 ,jesu hat er ni*t e9mal g$a*t4444 ,ni*t e9e blosse ,r$5sammlung1 sond]n e9 voll/a5diges ,evangelium laes/ s*on ,papias d5 ,mat?aeus hebraeis* ges*rieb5 hab54' ,see also pp4 #ed sq1 #ded sq4 #agb3a ,i4 p4 #dgj sq1 ',t ,ir5aeus did n d]ive 8 in=mation solely f ,papias maybe inf]r$1' etc4444 ',! evid5ce furni%$ by ,panta5us 9 c]ta9ly indep5d5t ( ,papias4' #agb3b ,e9leitung pp4 #ed sq1 #def sq4 #agb3c ,photius ,bibl4 #bbh4 #agc3a ,i4 p4 #dfd4 ,& s all lat] editions4 #agd3a ,de ,conj4 erud4 grat4 #bd 7p4 #ech72 de ,pr(ug4 #aa 7p4 #eee74 ,else:]e he says t all ?+s :i* are writt5 9 ! sacr$ books 7( ,moses7 are oracles 7,greek3 *resmoi7 pron\nc$ 7,greek3 *re/h5tes7 ?r\gh him2 & he proce$s to di/+ui% diff]5t k9ds ( ,greek3 logia 7,vit4 ,moys4 iii4 #bc1 p4 #afc74 #agd3b ,clem4 ,rom4 #ec ,greek3 enkekuphate eis ta logia t\ ,!\4 ,else:]e 7,sec4 #de7 he uses ! expression ,greek3 enkupte9 eis tas graphas4 #agd3c ,polyc4 ,phil4 #g4 #agd3d ,ir54 ,ha]4 i4 #h4 #a4 #agd3e ,clem4 ,alex4 ,coh4 ad ,g5t4 p4 #hd 7ed4 ,pott]71 ,/rom4 i4 p4 #cib4 #age3a ,de ,pr9c4 iv4 #aa 7,i4 p4 #afh1 ,del>ue71 9 ,mat?4 x4 ,sec4 #f 7,,iii4 p4 #ddg74 #age3b ,hom4 xi4 #e 7,,ii4 p4 #if72 ib4 xii4 #a 7p4 #ig74 #age3c ,see p4 #afc4 #agf3a ,i4 p4 #dff4 #agf3b ,our au?or has n m5tion$ ! v>i\s read+ ,greek3 logon = ,greek3 logion "h1 ?\gh ,hilg5feld speaks ( x z ! read+ ( ! 'be/ editions4' ,if x 7 correct1 x w\ld upset 8 argum5t2 b ! mo/ rec5t critical editor1 ,laemm]1 has adopt$ ,greek3 logion4 #agg3a ,ir54 ,ha]4 v4 #bj4 #b2 ,dion4 ,cor4 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bc4 #agg3b ,ep4 ,b>n4 #d1 #e4 ,! be>+ ( ?is fact on ! te/imony ( ,papias is po9t$ out 9 an able & s*ol>ly article on ,sup]natural ,religion 9 ! ,april #ahge numb] ( ! ,dubl9 ,review1 p4 #djc4 #agg3c ,! ,essay on ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas 0 nev] writt52 see ! ,preface to ?is ,repr9t4 #agh3a ,see above1 p4 #cd sq4 #agh3b ,see above1 pp4 #cf sq1 #df sq4 #agi3a ,preface to ,s4,r4 ed4 #f1 pp4 xi--xxiii4 #agi3b ,! passage quot$ occurs above1 p4 #ch ',eusebius !re=e proposes--h[ev] precise4' #agi3c ,preface to ,s4,r4 ed4 #f1 p4 xv4 #ahj3a ,see above1 p4 #dd sq4 #ahj3b ,preface to ed4 #f1 p4 xxi4 #ahb3a ,ir54 ,ha]4 iii4 #aa4 #a4 #ahb3b ,preface to ed4 #f1 p4 xxi4 ,s aga9 he says 7,,ii4 p4 #cbc73 ,x is sc>cely probable t :5 ,papias collect$ f ! presbyt] ! facts conc]n+ ,mat!w & ,m>k he w\ld n also h inquir$ ab\t ! ,gospel ( ,john1 if he _h kn[n x1 & record$ :at he _h he>d1' etc4 #ahb3c ,ir54 ,ha]4 iii4 #a4 #a4 #ahc3a ,preface to ed4 #f1 p4 xvi4 #ahc3b ,preface to ed4 #e1 p4 xix4 #ahc3c ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bb4 #ahd3a ,see above1 p4 #dd sq4 #ahd3b ,att5tion has be5 drawn to ^! passages above1 p4 #ce sq4 #ahd3c ,,ii4 p4 #aff4 #ahd3d ,! ,six? ,edition4 #ahd3e ,i4 p4 #dhc4 #ahe3a ,,ii4 p4 #cbc4 ,see above1 p4 #ce4 #ahe3b ,,ii4 p4 #cbj4 ,see above1 p4 #ce4 #ahf3a ,! passage is giv5 bel[1 p4 #bjj sq4 #ahf3b ,9 ju/ification ( ?is /atem5t1 ,i mu/ cont5t myself = ! pres5t ) ref]r+ to an able & 7z x seems to me7 unansw]able article on ,m>cion's ,gospel by ,mr ,s&ay1 9 ! ,june #ahge numb] ( ! ,=tnightly ,review1 9 reply to ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion4 #ahg3a ,john xix4 #ce2 xx4 #ca4 #ahh3a ,?is fragm5t may be conv5i5tly consult$ 9 ! edition ( ,tregelles 7,ox=d1 #ahfg71 or 9 ,we/cott's ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon p4 #ead sq 7ed4 #d74 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 fir/1 t ?is docum5t is an unskilful ,lat9 translation f a lo/ ,greek orig9al2 &1 secondly1 t ! extant copy ( ?is translation has be5 writt5 by an extremely c>eless scribe1 & is full ( cl]ical errors4 ,^! facts h[ev] d n affect ! "q ) :i* ,i am conc]n$1 s9ce on all ! po9ts at issue ! be>+ ( ! docum5t is cle>4 #ahi3a ,i v5ture to (f] a conjectural em5dation ( ! text1 :i* is obvi\sly corrupt or defective4 ,x runs--'et ide pr\t asequi potuit ita et ad nativitate ,johannis incipet dic]e4' ,i propose to ins]t 'posuit ita' aft] 'potuit ita1' suppos+ t ! words h dropp$ out ow+ to ! homoeoteleuton4 ,! text w !n /&1 'et idem1 pr\t assequi potuit1 ita posuit4 ,ita et ab nativitate1' etc4 7,greek3 kai autos1 ka?os h$unato p>akol\!91 outos e!ke1 k4t4l471 ',& he too l ,m>k set d[n ev5ts accord+ z he _h opportunity ( foll[+ !m' 7see ,luke i4 #c74 ,b ! g5]al mean+ ( ! passage is q indep5d5t ( any textual conjectures4 #ahi3b ',johannis ex4 discipulis1 i4e4 ,greek3 t\ ek ton ma!ton1 :]e ,greek3 ma!tes1 'a disciple1' is appli$1 z 9 ,papias & ,ir5aeus1 9 con=mity ) ! language ( ! ,gospels1 to ^? :o _h be5 taught directly by ,*ri/4 #ahi3c ,! plural appe>s to be us$ "h1 z n uncommonly1 ( a s+le lett]4 ,see above1 p4#aad4 ,! s5t5ce runs 9 ! ,lat9 7:5 "s obvi\s errors ( transcription are correct$73--',quid ergo mirum si ,johannes s+ula etiam 9 epi/ulis suis pr(]at dic5s 9 semet ipsum1 ,quae vidimus1' etc42 & s ,i h translat$ x4 ,b ,i _c help suspect+ t ! ord] 9 ! orig9al 01 ,greek3 heka/a proph]ei1 kai en tais epi/olais aut\ legon eis heauton1 k4t4l4 'puts =w>d ea* /atem5t 7i4e4 9 ! ,gospel71 z he says 9 8 epi/le also respect+ himself1' etc42 & t ! translator has wrongly atta*$ ! words ,greek3 kai en tais epi/olais k4t4l to ! =m] "p ( ! s5t5ce4 #aij3a ,i am glad to f9d t ,mr ,mat!w ,arnold recognizes ! great importance ( ?is tradition 9 ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t 7,contempor>y ,review1 ,may1 #ahge1 p4 #igg74 ,?\gh ,i take a some:at diff]5t view ( its be>+1 x has always seem$ to me to conta9 9 itself a sub/antially accurate acc\nt ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ?is ,gospel 0 compos$4 #aia3a ,i4 p4 #dhc4 ,he uses simil> language 9 ano!r passage also1 ,,ii4 p4 #cbc4 #aia3b ,see above1 p4 #di4 #aia3c ,see above1 p4 #di sq4 #aib3a ,preface to ed4 #f1 p4 xv4 #aib3b ,s4,r4 ,i4 p4 #dhc 7ed4 #f72 ! :ole passage includ+ ! note is omitt$ 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 #aic3a ,! passage is quot$ above1 p4 #adc4 #aid3a ,ir54 ,ha]4 v4 #cf4 #a1 #b4 #aid3b ,see above1 pp4 #c sq1 #eb sq1 #abd sq4 #aid3c ,aft] two successive alt]ations1 our au?or has at l5g?1 9 8 la/ six? edition1 translat$ ! oblique inf9itives correctly1 ?\gh f 8 reluctance to ins]t ! words '!y say1' or '!y tea*1' :i* ! ,engli% requires1 8 mean+ is some:at obscure4 ,b he has /ill left two /range errors1 )9 f\r l9es ( ea* o!r1 9 8 translation ( ?is passage1 ,,ii4 p4 #cbh4 7#a7 ,he r5d]s ,greek3 en tois t\ patros m\1 ',9 ! 7heav5s7 ( my ,fa!r1' ?us mak+ ,greek3 tois mascul9e1 & und]/&+ ,greek3 ouranois f ,greek3 ouran\s :i* occurs a few l9es be=e4 ,he seems n to be aw>e t ,greek3 ta t\ patros m\ means 'my ,fa!r's h\se' 7see ,lobeck ,phryn4 p4 #ajj2 ,wet/e9 on ,luke ii4 #di74 ,?us he has made ! eld]s contradict !mselves2 = ( ! '_m mansions' :i* are m5tion$ only ! fir/ is '9 ! heav5s1' ! second be+ 9 p>adise1 & ! ?ird on e>?4 ,9 ! ,complete ,edition ! passage runs ',9 ! 444 7plural7 ( my ,fa!r4' 7#b7 ,he has translat$ ',omnia enim ,dei sunt1 qui omnibus aptam habitationem prae/at1 quemadmodum v]bum ejus ait1 omnibus divisum esse a ,patre1' etc41 ',= all ?+s are ( ,god1 :o prep>es = all ! fitt+ habitation z ,8 ,^w says1 to be allott$' 't di/ribution is made1' ,compl4 ,ed4 'to all by ! ,fa!r1' etc4 ,he c h>dly plead t ?is is 'a p>aphrase1' = inde$ x is too lit]al4 ,a few pages be=e 7,,ii4 pp4 #cbe1 #cbf71 ,i f9d1 ',mag sie ab] dah] /amm51' translat$ ',:e!r !y are d]iv$ f !nce1' ':e!r ?is be its orig9 or n1' ,compl4 ,ed4 ,,ii4 p4 #cbc4 ,a few pages aft] 7p4 #ccb71 ,i f9d ! "w ( ,ir5aeus1 de ,ogdoade1 cit$ in/ead ( ! ,epi/le to ,flor9us1 = ! relations betwe5 ,ir5aeus & ,polyc>p4 ,?is error is likewise tacitly correct$ 9 ! ,compl4 ,ed4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccj4 ,x might h be5 suppos$ t any "o :o _h look$ into ! subject at all mu/ h be5 aw>e t ?is locus classicus 0 9 ! ,epi/le to ,flor9us4 ,b ,eusebius happ5s to quote ! treatise de ,ogdoade 9 ! same *apt]2 & h5ce ! mi/ake4 ,su* errors survive1 ?\gh ^! pages h und]gone at lea/ two special revisions1 & ?\gh ?is 'six?' edition is decl>$ on ! title page to be 'c>efully revis$4' #aie3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccc 7#ccd74 #aie3b ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #cbi 7#ccj74 #aif3a ,ir54 ,ha]4 iv4 #bg4 #a sq2 iv4 #cj4 #a2 iv4 #ca4 #a2 iv4 #cb4 #a4 ,ev5 9 ?is case !re rema9s ! possibility t we h a report ( lectures tak5 d[n at ! "t4 ,! e>ly "w ( ,hippolytus on ,h]esies 0 drawn up f a synopsis :i* he _h made ( ! lectures ( ,ir5aeus 7,photius ,bibl4 #ab #a74 ,gal5 aga9 speaks ( 8 pupils tak+ d[n 8 lectures z he deliv]$ !m 7,op4 xix4 p4 #aa1 ed4 ,kuehn74 ,! disc\rses :i* ,ir5aeus reports f ! lips ( ?is anonym\s eld] 7p]haps ,melito or ,po?9us7 are s long & elaborate1 t ! hypo!sis ( lecture notes seems almo/ to be requir$ to acc\nt = !m4 #aig3a ,see above1 p4 #adc4 #aig3b ,see above1 p4 #aeh sq4 #aih3a ,see above1 p4 #aeh4 #aih3b ,ir54 ,ha]4 v4 #f4 #a4 #aii3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ccc4 #aii3b ,see above1 p4 #adc4 #bjj3a ,see above1 p4 #aed4 #bjj3b ,patrol4 ,graec4 lxxxix4 p4 #ifb 7ed4 ,migne74 #bjj3c ,"u ?is 'spiritual' int]pretation1 ,ana/asius includes views z wide ap>t z ^? ( ,philo1 :o int]prets p>adise z a philosophical allegory1 & ,ir5aeus1 :o reg>ds x z a supramundane abode2 = bo? are nam$4 ,b !y h ?is 9 common1 t !y are bo? oppos$ to a t]re/rial region2 & ?is is obvi\sly ! ma9 po9t :i* he has 9 view4 #bja3a ,patrol4 ,graec4 lxxxix4 p4 #ifd sq4 #bja3b ,cram] ,cat5a p4 #ceh sq4 #bja3c ,r\? 7,rel4 ,sacr4 ,i4 p4 #da7 w\ld end ! quotation f ,papias at '_! array came to n\ght2' b ! conclud+ s5t5ce seems to be requir$ z "p ( ! quotation1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be v mean+less4 ,papias1 adopt+ ! words ( ! ,apocalypse1 emphasizes ! fact t ,satan 0 ca/ d[n to ! e>?1 because ?is %[s t p>adise 0 a supramundane region4 ,z ,i h said be=e 7p4 #ahf71 ! only say+ ( our ,"l to :i* we c conv5i5tly assign ?is exposition is ,luke x4 #ah4 ,/ ,luke is also ! only ,evangeli/ :o m5tions p>adise 7xxiii4 #dc74 #bjb3a ,ana/asius ,hex4 p4 #ifc4 #bjb3b ,hippolytus ,ref4 ,ha]4 vi4 #db1 #ee4 #bjc3a ,apo/4 ,con/4 ii4 #bd4 #bjd3a ,j4,s4 ,mill ,?ree ,essays p4 #bed4 #bjd3b ,ewald ,die ,johanneis*5 ,s*rift5 p4 #bga4 #bje3a ,see above1 p4 #aeh sq4 #bje3b ,see above1 p4 #afe4 #bje3c ,see above1 p4 #ahh sq4 #bjg3a ,r\? ,rel4 ,sacr4 i4 p4 #afj4 #bjh3a ,euseb4 ,quae/4 ad ,m>94 #b1 iv4 p4 #ida 7ed4 ,migne74 ,j]ome1 :o seems to h _h ,eusebius be=e him1 says m pla9ly 7,epi/4 #abj1 ad ,h$ib4 ,i4 p4 #hbf73--',mihi videtur evangeli/a ,mat?aeus qui evangelium ,hebraeo s]mone conscripsit1 non tam vesp]e dixisse quam s]o1 et eum qui int]pretatus e/1 v]bi ambiguitate deceptum1 non s]o int]pretatum esse s$ vesp]e4' #bji3a ,ir54 ii4 #bb4 #e2 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #bc4 #bji3b ,preface to ed4 #f1 p4 xvii4 #bji3c ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci ,greek3 eph' has t\s philoma!is anapempsantes anankaios nun pro/hesom51 k4t4l41 & aga91 ,greek3 tauta d' hem9 anankaios pros tois ekte!is9 epitet]e/ho4 #baj3a ,?is argum5t to ,/ ,john's ,gospel 0 publi%$ long ago by ,c>d9al ,?omasius 7,op4 ,i4 p4 #cdd72 b x lay neglect$ until att5tion 0 call$ to x by ,ab]le ,!olog4 ,qu>tals*r4 xlvi4 p4 #g sq 7#ahfd71 & by ,tis*5dorf ,w5n wurd5 etc4 #baj3b ,ov]beck's article is 9 ,hilg5feld's ,zeits*r4 f4 ,wiss5s*4 ,!ol4 p4 #fh sq 7#ahfg74 ,! notice relat+ to ! f\r ,m>ies w be f\nd 9 ,r\? ,rel4 ,sacr4 ,i4 p4 #af4 #baa3a ,e9leitung p4 #fc 7#ahge72 comp4 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,wiss5s*4 ,!ol4 xviii4 p4 #bfi 7#ahge74 #baa3b ,i v]ifi$ ?is = myself t5 ye>s ago1 & publi%$ ! result 9 ! fir/ edition ( my ,galatians1 p4 #dei sq 7#ahfe74 ,ab\t ! same "t ,dr4 ,we/cott asc]ta9$ ! fact f a fri5d1 & ann\nc$ x 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,canon4 #baa3c ,?is fragm5t 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,nolte ,!olog4 ,qu>tals*r4 xliv4 p4 #dff 7#ahfb74 ,x w be f\nd 9 ! collection ( fragm5ts ( ,papias giv5 by ,hilg5feld ,zeits*r4 f4 ,wiss5s*4 ,!ol4 7#ahge71 p4 #beh4 #bab3a ,?is solution ( ! difficulty by means ( a lacuna 0 sugge/$ to me by a fri5d4 ,9 foll[+ up ! sugge/ion1 ,i h ins]t$ ! miss+ words f ! p>allel passage 9 ,orig51 to :i* ,georgius ,ham>tolos ref]s 9 ?is v context3 9 ,mat?4 tom4 xvi4 #f 7,,iii4 p4 #gai sq1 ,del>ue71 ,greek3 pepokasi de pot]ion kai to baptisma ebapti/hesan hoi t\ ,zeb$ai\ huioi1 epeip] ,h]odes m5 apekte95 ,iakobon ton ,ioann\ ma*aira1 ho de ,rhomaion basileus1 hos he p>adosis didaskei1 kat$ikase ton ,ioann5 m>tur\nta dia ton tes ale!ias logon eis ,patmon t5 neson4 ,x mu/ be notic$ t ,georgius ref]s to ?is passage ( ,orig5 z te/imony t ,/ ,john suff]$ m>tyrdom1 ?us mi/ak+ ! s5se ( ,greek3 m>tur\nta4 ,?is is exactly ! error :i* ,i sugge/$ z an explanation ( ! blund]+ notice ( ,john ,malalas respect+ ! dea? ( ,ignatius 7see above p4 #gi74 #bac3a ,see ,lipsius ,die ,quell5 d] ,aelte/5 ,ketz]ges*i*te p4 #bcg 7#ahge74 ,?\gh ! notice 9 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 vii4 #ag 7p4 #hih7 makes ,m>cion a contempor>y ( ! ,apo/les1 !re is obvi\sly "s error 9 ! text4 ,all o!r evid5ce1 :i* is tru/wor?y1 assigns him to a lat] date4 ,! subject is fully discuss$ by ,lipsius 9 ! context ( ! passage to :i* ,i h giv5 a ref]5ce4 ,see also ,zahn 9 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,hi/4 ,!ol4 #ahge p4 #fb4 #bac3b ,ab]le sugge/$ 'exegeseos1' = :i* ,hilg5feld rightly sub/itut$ 'exegeticis4' ,?is 0 be=e he adopt$ ,ov]beck's sugge/ion ( ! spuri\s ,papias4 #bac3c ,! photographs1 ,nos4 #c1 #g1 #aj1 #bj1 9 ! s]ies publi%$ by ! ,palaeographical ,society1 w %[ fairly :at ,i mean4 #bac3d ,9 ! ,cat5a ,patr4 ,graec4 9 ,s4 ,joann4 ,prooem4 7ed4 ,cord]71 ,greek3 haireseon anaphueison de9on hupegoreuse to euangelion to heaut\ ma!te ,papia eubioto 7sic7 ,greek3 to hi]apolite1 k4t4l44 #bad3a ,or1 ! confusion may h be5 betwe5 ,greek3 apegrapsa 7apegrapsan71 & ,greek3 apegrapsa4 #bad3b ,see above1 p4 #ahg4 #bad3c ,see above1 p4 #gi sq4 #bad3d ,! passage ( ,&reas ( ,caes>ea w be f\nd 9 ,r\? ,rel4 ,sacr4 ,i4 p4 #ae4 ,x is n !re said t ,papias ascrib$ ! ,apocalypse to ,/ ,john ! ,apo/le1 or ev5 t he quot$ x by "n4 ,our au?or's argum5t !re=e breaks d[n f lack ( evid5ce4 ,x seems probable h[ev]1 t he w\ld ascribe x to ,/ ,john1 ev5 ?\gh he may n h said s di/9ctly4 ,suspicion is ?r[n on ! te/imony ( ,&reas by ! fact t ,eusebius does n directly m5tion its use by ,papias1 z 8 practice else:]e w\ld dem&4 ,b ,i suppose t ,eusebius omitt$ any express m5tion ( ?is use1 because he _h meant 8 words to be und]/ood ( ! ,apocalypse1 :51 speak+ ( ! ,*ilia/ic doctr9e ( ,papias high] up1 he said t ?is fa!r '_h mi/ak5 ! ,apo/olic /atem5ts1' & '_h n compreh5d$ :at 0 said by !m my/ically & 9 figurative language' ,greek3 en hupodeigmasi4 #bae3a ,see above1 pp4 #cf sq1 #df4 #bae3b ,^! p]sons are discuss$ at great l5g? by ,epiphanius 7,ha]4 li471 :o calls !m ,alogi4 ,!y are m5tion$ also1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,gospel1 by ,ir5aeus 7iii4 #aa4 #i74 ,hippolytus wrote a "w ',9 def5ce ( ! ,gospel & ,apocalypse ( ,john1' :i* 0 app>5tly direct$ aga9/ !m4 ,x may be suspect$ t ,epiphanius is l>gely indebt$ to ?is "w = 8 refutation ( !m4 #baf3a ,e9leitung p4 #fg2 comp4 p4 #gcc sq4 #baf3b ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 vii4 #be4 ,gaius ! ,roman ,presbyt]1 :o wrote ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbj1 is (t5 cit$ z an e>li] in/ance4 ,i gave reasons "s ye>s ago = suspect+ t ! ,dialogue be>+ ?is "n 0 really writt5 by ,hippolytus 7,j\rnal ( ,philology1 ,i4 p4 #ih1 #ahfh72 & ,i h n se5 any cause s9ce to *ange ?is op9ion4 ,b :e!r ?is be s or n1 ! words ( ,gaius report$ by ,eusebius 7,h4,e4 iii4 #bh7 seem to be wrongly int]pret$ z ref]r+ to ! ,apocalypse4 ,! important discov]y ( ,pr(4 ,gwynn 7,h]ma!na1 vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #cig sq1 #ahhh71 %[+ z x does1 t !re 0 a ,gaius diff]5t f ,hippolytus1 does n all[ me to speak n[ z ,i spoke 9 #ahge ab\t ! id5tity ( ,gaius ! ,roman presbyt] & ,hippolytus4 #bag3a ,see above1 p4 #hi sq4 #bag3b ,ir54 ii4 #bb4 #e2 iii4 #c4 #d4 #bah3a ,see above1 p4 #ahi4 #bah3b ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 i4 #a 7p4 #cbb7 ,greek3 ho m5 epi tes ,hellados1 ho ,ionikos4 #bah3c ,clem4 ,alex4 ,quis div4 salv4 #db1 p4 #iei4 #bah3d ,ir54 ii4 #bb4 #e4 #bah3e ,ir54 iii4 #c4 #d4 #bah3f ,ir54 v4 #cj4 #a4 #bah3g ,ir54 v4 #cc4 #c4 #bah3h ,ep4 ad ,flor4 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bj4 ,see above1 p4 #if4 #bah3i ,ir54 iv4 #bf4 #b4 #bah3aj ,ir54 v4 #e4 #a4 #bbj3a ,see above1 pp4 #hi sq1 #adb sq4 #bbj3b ,m>tyr4 ,polyc4 ,sec4 #a4 #bba3a ,m>tyr4 ,polyc4 ,sec4 #f ,greek3 ho kekl]om5os to auto onoma1 ,h]odes epilegom5os1 :]e ,greek3 kekl]om5os 7n ,greek3 kai kl]onomos7 is ! "r read+1 ':o *anc$ to h ! same "n1' i4e41 ) ! tyrant ( ! ,gospels4 #bba3b ib4 ,sec4 #h4 ,x is "r to add h[ev]1 t ! mean+ ( ! expression 'great sabba?' "h has be5 que/ion$4 #bba3c ib4 ,sec4 #f ,greek3 oi prodidontes auton oikeioi hup]*on4 #bba3d ib4 ,sec4 #h4 #bba3e ib4 ,sec4 #g ,greek3 hos epi le/52 comp4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ee2 ,m>k xiv4 #dh2 ,luke xxii4 #eb4 #bba3f ib4 ,sec4 #g2 comp4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #db2 ,acts xxi4 #ad4 #bba3g ,! objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ?is n>rative are n s]i\s4 ,see above1 p4 #ajc4 #bba3h ,m>tyr4 ,polyc4 ,sec4 #i4 see ,deut4 xxxi4 #g1 #bc4 #bbb3a ,john xii4 #bh4 #bbb3b ,m>tyr4 ,polyc4 ,sec4 #e4 #bbb3c ib4 ,sec4 #ab ,greek3 edei g> to tes 444 optasias pl]o!nai hote 444 eip51 k4t4l4 #bbb3d ,john xii4 #cc4 #bbb3e ,john xviii4 #cb ,greek3 h9a ho logos t\ ',ies\ pl]o!1 hon eip5 sema9on k4t4l4 ,! co9cid5ce ext5ds to ! language us$ :5 ! *ange is br\ght ab\t4 ,9 ,polyc>p's case ,philippus ! ,asi>* says 7,sec4 #ab71 ,greek3 me e9ai exon auto1 k4t4l42 9 our ,"l's case1 ! language ( ! ,jews is 7xviii4 #ca71 ,greek3 hem9 ouk exe/9 apokte9ai oud5a4 #bbb3f ,m>tyr4 ,polyc4 ,sec4 #af ,greek3 exel! p]i/]a kai ple?os haimatos4 ,x is unnecess>y = my purpose to inquire :e!r ! words ,greek3 p]i/]a kai %\ld be alt]$ into ,greek3 p]i /uraka accord+ to ,bi%op ,wordswor?'s +5i\s em5dation1 or omitt$ altoge!r z 9 ! text ( ,eusebius4 #bbb3g ,john xix4 #cd sq4 #bbb3h ,m>tyr4 ,polyc4 ,sec4 #ae4 #bbb3i ,john xix4 #bh1 #cj4 #bbc3a ,m>tyr4 ,polyc4 ,sec4 #af4 #bbc3b ib4 ,sec4 #ad2 comp4 ,john v4 #bi1 xvii4 #c4 #bbc3c ,quot$ 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf4 #bbc3d ,fa/es des ,prov9ces ,asiatiques p4 #gca1 9 ,le ,bas & ,wadd+ton's ,voyage ,ar*eologique etc4 ,borghesi 7,oeuvres viii4 p4 #ejg7 _h plac$ x betwe5 ,a4,d4 #afc-fh4 #bbc3e ,euseb4 l4c4 ,see ,otto ,corp4 ,apol4 ,*ri/4 ix4 p4 #cgg sq4 #bbc3f ,he writes--,greek3 epi pasi kai to pros ,anton9on biblidion4 ,! mean+ assign$ 9 ! text to ,greek3 epi pasi is g5]ally accept$1 b _c be consid]$ q c]ta94 #bbd3a ,quot$ by ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd4 #bbd3b ,see above1 p4 #bah4 #bbe3a ,greek3 p]i t\ pas*a4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion speaks ( x z ',melito's "w on ! ,passion' 7ii4 p4 #ahj74 ,?is error survives to ! six? edition b is tacitly correct$ 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 #bbe3b ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf4 ,?is ref]5ce s]ves = all ! facts relat+ to ,melito1 :i* are d]iv$ f ,eusebius1 unless o!rwise /at$4 ,!re is a little difficulty respect+ ! exact titles ( ! works 9 "o or two cases ow+ to v>i\s read+s2 b ! diff]5ces are n important en\gh to be consid]$ "h4 #bbe3c ,^! titles are tak5 f ,ana/asius ( ,s9ai1 & f ! ,syriac fragm5ts4 #bbf3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #agd sq4 #bbg3a ,see above1 p4 #agg4 #bbg3b ,see above1 p4 #ajd sq1 :]e ! argum5ts ( our au?or aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le are refut$4 #bbg3c ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,apol4 i4 #fg ,greek3 ta apomnemoneumata ton apo/olon e ta sungrammata ton propheton anag9osketia k4t4l41 comp>$ ) ib4 #ff ,greek3 oi apo/oloi en tois g5om5ois hup' auton apomnemoneumas9 ha kaletai euangelia4 #bbh3a ,quot$ by ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bc4 #bbh3b ,! only complete collection ( ! fragm5ts ( ,melito is 9 ,otto ,corp4 ,apol4 ,*ri/4 ix4 p4 #cgd sq4 #bbh3c ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ahj4 #bbi3a ,= an acc\nt ( ^! writ+s see ,otto1 p4 #cij sq1 p4 #djb sq4 #bbi3b ,quot$ by ,j]ome ,vir4 ,ill4 #bd4 #bcj3a ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bh4 #bcj3b ,migne's ,patrol4 ,graec4 xxxix4 p4 #bbh sq4 #bca3a ,/ ,luke iii4 #bc4 #bcb3a ,giv5 9 ,pitra's ,spicil4 ,solesm4 ii4 p4 lix4 sq1 & 9 ,cureton's ,spicil4 ,syr4 p4 #ec sq4 ,see also ,otto1 p4 #dbj4 #bcb3b ,! translators hi!rto 7,r5an1 ,cureton1 ,sa*au7 h r5d]$ ?is expression by ! s+ul> '9 voce1 9 ! voice4' ,b ?is makes no s5se2 & ,i c h>dly d\bt t x %\ld be translat$ z ,i h giv5 x1 ?\gh ! ribui1 ! sign ( ! plural1 seems to h disappe>$ 9 ! exi/+ ,syriac text4 ,we h "h ! di/9ction betwe5 ,greek3 phone & ,greek3 logos1 on :i* writ]s ( ! second & ?ird c5turies delight$ to dwell4 ,x occurs z e>ly z ,ignatius ,rom4 #b 7! correct read+74 ,!y discov]$ ?is di/9ction 9 ,john i4 #a1 #ad1 #bc1 :]e ! ,bapti/ is call$ ,greek3 phone boontos1 :ile ,*ri/ is ,greek3 ho ,logos4 #bcd3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ahd4 ,our au?or has /at$ j be=e3 ',x is well kn[n t !re 7 _m writ]s' 'o!r writ]s' ,compl4 ,ed4 '9 ! e>ly ,*ur* be>+ ! names ( ,melito & ,miletius or ,meletius1 :i* 7 frequ5tly conf\nd$4' ,x is dang]\s always to /ate a sweep+ negative2 b ,i am n aw>e ( any o!r writ] 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* be>+ ! "n ( ,melito4 #bce3a ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,dial4 ,sec4 #fa 7p4 #bhd74 #bce3b ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,dial4 ,sec4 #cd 7p4 #bea74 #bce3c ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,dial4 ,sec4 #ajj 7p4 #cbg74 #bcf3a ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ,dial4 ,sec4 #ajj 7p4 #cbg74 #bcf3b ,see ,spicil4 ,solesm4 ,i4 p4 #d4 ,! ,syriac abridgm5t comm5ces 9 ! same way4 ,see ib4 p4 #c4 #bcg3a ,see above1 p4 #bjb4 #bcg3b ,spicil4 ,solesm4 ,i4 p4 #a4 #bcg3c ,rom4 i4 #e1 xvi4 #bf4 #bcg3d ,phil4 ii4 #g4 #bch3a ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bg4 ,?is is ! ref]5ce = all ! facts relat+ to ,apoll9>is giv5 by ,eusebius1 unless o!rwise m5tion$4 #bch3b ,see ,otto ,corp4 ,apol4 ,*ri/4 ix4 p4 #dhj sq4 #bch3c ,quot$ by ,eusebius1 ,h4,e4 v4 #ai4 #bch3d ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bg ,greek3 pollon p>a pollois sozom5on1 ta eis hemas el?onta e/i tade4 #bch3e ,photius ,bibl4 #ad ,greek3 legetai de aut\ kai het]a sungrammata axiomnemoneuta e9ai1 ois oupo hemeis enetu*om54 #bch3f ,*ron4 ,pas*4 p4 #ac 7ed4 ,d9d474 #bch3g ,!odoret1 ,h4,f4 i4 #ba4 #bci3a ,s]apion1 l4c42 ,eusebius1 ,h4,e4 iv4 #ba2 ,j]ome1 ,ep4 #gj 7,i4 p4 #dbh72 ,!odoret1 ,h4,f4 iii4 #b2 ,socrates1 ,h4,e4 iii4 #g2 ,photius1 l4c4 #bdj3a ,see above1 p4 #ag4 #bda3a ,our au?or says 7n4 p4 #aij73 ',! two fragm5ts h by _m be5 conjecturally ascrib$ to ,pi]ius ( ,alex&ria1 a writ] ( ! ?ird c5tury1 :o compos$ a "w on ,ea/]2' & 9 8 note he gives ref]5ces to f\r p]sons1 ,tillemont1 ,l>dn]1 ,donaldson1 & ,r\?1 app>5tly z support+ ?is view4 ,r\? h[ev] m5tions x only to reject x1 & di/9ctly ascribes ! fragm5ts to ,apoll9>is 7,rel4 ,sacr4 ,i4 p4 #afg74 ,nei!r h ,i yet f\nd any passage 9 ,tillemont1 :]e he assigns !m to ,pi]ius4 ,l>dn] inde$ /ates ?is ( ,tillemont2 b 9 ! only ref]5ce :i* he gives 7,t4 ii4 ,p4 iii4 p4 #ia1 ed4 ,bruxelles71 no?+ ( ! k9d is said4 ,tillemont !re ref]s 9 ! m>g9 to ',s4 ,pi]re d',alex41' because ?is ,pet] ( ,alex&ria is likewise quot$ 9 ! preface ( ! ,*ronicon ,pas*ale1 & ! "q ( ! g5u95ess ( ! fragm5ts ascrib$ to ,apoll9>is is res]v$ to be discuss$ aft]w>ds 9 connection ) ?is ,pet] 7ib4 p4 #bfh sq74 ,b he does n ascribe !m to ,pet]1 & he does n m5tion ,pi]ius !re at all1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! title ( ,pi]ius' "w 0 ',a ,disc\rse relat+ to ! ,passov] & ,hosea' ,greek3 ho eis to pas*a kai ,osee logos2 see ,photius ,bibl4 cxix4 ,s f> z we c judge f ! description ( ,photius1 x seems to h be5 :olly diff]5t 9 subject & treatm5t f ! works ( ,melito & ,apoll9>is4 ,x 0 p]haps an exposition ( ,hosea ii4 #f-ag4 ,9 ! ,complete ,edition ,tillemont & ,r\? are tacitly omitt$ f ! note1 & '"s' sub/itut$ = '_m' 9 ! text4 ,our au?or also by way ( discr$it+ ! ,*ronicon ,pas*ale z a witness1 rejects 7,,ii4 p4 #aij7 a passage ( ,melito quot$ on ! same au?ority 7p4 #dhb1 ed4 ,d9d472 b he gives no reasons4 ,! passage be>s e m>k ( g5u95ess4 ,x is ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( an ,apologi/ 9 ! second c5tury1 & inde$ is obvi\sly tak5 f ! ,apology ( ,melito1 z ! *ronicl] intimates4 ,otto accepts x )\t hesitation4 #bdb3a ,die aelt4 ,zeugn4 p4 #aje1 quot$ by ,otto4 #bdb3b ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ahi4 ,?is p>agraph is rewritt5 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 #bdc3a ,!odoret ,h4 ,f4 i4 #ba2 iii4 #b4 #bdc3b ',epi/4 ad ,magnum ,ep4 p4 #hc4' #bdc3c ,j]ome ,vir4 ,ill4 #bf4 #bdc3d ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf4 #bdd3a ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 vi4 #ac4 #bdd3b ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd4 #bdd3c ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #ahi4 ,rewritt5 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 #bde3a ,our au?or himself says else:]e 7,,ii4 p4 #dgb73 ',a viol5t discussion arose z to ! day ^u :i* ! true ,passov] ( ! ,"l %\ld be celebrat$1 ! ,*ur* 9 ,asia ,m9or ma9ta9+ t x %\ld be obs]v$ on ! #ad? ,nisan1 etc4' ,?is is exactly :at ,apoll9>is does4 ,by incid5tally quot+ ! words ( ,apoll9>is 7,greek3 to ale?9on t\ ,kuri\ pas*a71 he has unconsci\sly borne te/imony to ! true int]pretation ( ! passage1 ?\gh himself tak+ ! opposite view4 #bde3b ,ir54 ,ha]4 ii4 #bb4 #bdg3a ,see above1 p4 #aca4 #bdg3b ,see above1 p4 #d sq4 #bdh3a ,i obs]ve also t ,melito1 :ile comm5t+ on ! sacrifice ( ,isaac1 lays /ress on ! fact t our ,"l 0 ,greek3 teleios1 n ,greek3 neos1 at ! "t ( ! ,passion1 z if he too _h "s adv]s>y 9 view2 ,fragm4 #ab 7p4 #dah74 ,?is is an incid5tal confirmation ( ! /atem5t ( ,ir5aeus respect+ ! ,asiatic eld]s4 #bdh3b ,see above1 p4 #aid4 ,reasons are !re giv5 = id5tify+ ?is eld] ) ,papias4 #bdh3c ,ir54 ,ha]4 iv4 #ca4 #a4 ,see ,john viii4 #ef4 #bdh3d ,ir54 ,ha]4 iv4 #bg sq4 #bdh3e ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd4 #bdi3a ,john xxi4 #bj2 comp4 xiii4 #be4 #bdi3b ,acts v4 #bi4 #bea3a #b ,tim4 iv4 #aj4 ,gaul 0 almo/ univ]sally call$ ',galatia' 9 ,greek at ?is "t & = _m g5]ations aft]w>ds4 #beb3a ,!y are call$ 'tril+ues1' ,v>ro 9 ,isid4 ,etym4 xv4 #a4 #beb3b ,x is pres]v$ 9 great "p by ,eusebius1 ,h4,e4 v4 #a1 & may be read conv5i5tly 9 ,r\? ,rel4 ,sacr4 ,i4 p4 #bie sq4 #bec3a ,see ! ref]5ces 9 ,tillemont ,memoires ,,ii4 p4 #cdc4 #bec3b ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #c4 #bec3c ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #d4 #bed3a ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd4 #bee3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #bja4 ,9 e>li] editions ! words are translat$ '! te/imony ( ! eld] ,za*>ias2' b 9 ! six? ,i f9d sub/itut$ '! te/imony borne to ! eld] ,za*>ias4' ,! adoption ( ?is int]pretation !re=e is delib]ate4 ,9 ! ,complete ,edition 7,,ii4 p4 #aii sq7 ! r5d]+ 'borne by ! eld] ,za*>ias' is sub/itut$ = ! above1 & def5d$ at "s l5g?4 #bef3a ,protev4 #bc4 ,see ,tis*5dorf ,evang4 ,apocr4 p4 #dd4 #beg3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #bjc4 ,s previ\sly 7p4 #bjb71 '8 m>tyrdom1 :i* ,luke does n m5tion4' ,i h already _h occasion to po9t out in/ances :]e our au?or's =getfulness ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t leads him into error2 see above1 p4 #abe4 ,yet he argues ?r\gh\t on ! assumption t ! memory ( e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s 0 p]fect4 ,! :ole section is /ruck out 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 ,! ,protevangelium be>s all ! *>act]i/ics ( a romance f\nd$ p>tly on notices 9 ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,"s passages c]ta9ly are borr[$ f ,/ ,luke1 f :i* ! v words are occasionally tak5 7e4g4 ,sec4,sec4 #aa1 #ab72 & ! acc\nt ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,za*>ias is mo/ easily expla9$ z a fiction f\nd$ on ! notice 9 ,luke xi4 #ea1 ! writ] assum+ ! id5tity ( ?is ,za*>ias ) ! ,bapti/'s fa!r4 ,i h "s d\bts ab\t ! v e>ly date sometimes assign$ to ! ,protevangelium 7?\gh x may h be5 writt5 some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury72 b1 ! great] its antiquity1 ! m important is its te/imony to ! ,canonical ,gospels4 ,at ! end ( ,sec4 #ai ! writ] obvi\sly borr[s ! language ( ,/ ,?omas 9 ,john xx4 #be4 ,?is1 z x s happ5s1 is ! "p ( ! ,protevangelium to :i* ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,/rom4 vii4 p4 #hhi7 ref]s1 & !re=e we h bett] evid5ce = ! antiquity ( ?is1 ?an ( any o!r portion ( ! "w4 #beh3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #cha4 #bei3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #bjj2 ',! two communities ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons "s "t aft] address$ an ,epi/le to _! bre?r5 9 ,asia & ,phrygia1 & also to ,eleu!rus1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 relat+ ! ev5ts :i* _h occurr$4444 ,?is ,epi/le has 9 great "p be5 pres]v$ by ,eusebius2' & aga91 ,,ii4 p4 #baj2 ',we "k t he ,ir5aeus 0 deput$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,lyons to be> to ,eleu!rus1 !n ,bi%op ( ,rome1 ! ,epi/le ( t ,*ri/ian community describ+ _! suff]+s dur+ ! p]secution1' etc4 ,s also 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 ,accord+ly 9 ! index1 pp4 #eja1 #eaa1 ,ir5aeus is made ! be>] ( ! ,epi/le4 ,?is is a confusion ( two :olly di/9ct lett]s--! lett] to ! ,*ur*es ( ,phrygia & ,asia1 conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! p]secution1 :i* is 9 great "p pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 b ( :i* ,ir5aeus 0 c]ta9ly n ! be>]2 & ! lett] to ,eleu!rus1 ( :i* ,ir5aeus 0 ! be>]1 b :i* _h ref]5ce to ! ,montani/ controv]sy1 & ( :i* ,eusebius has pres]v$ only a s+le s5t5ce recomm5d+ ,ir5aeus to ! ,roman ,bi%op4 ,?is latt] conta9$ ref]5ces to ! p]secutions1 b 0 a di/9ct composition3 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #c1 #d4 #bfj3a ,ir54 iii4 #c4 #c4 #bfj3b ,ir54 iii4 #ba4 #a4 #bfj3c ,de ,pond4 et ,m5s4 #af1 #ag4 ,epiphanius /ates t ,anton9us ,pius 0 succe$$ by ,c>acalla1 :o also bore ! names ( ,geta & ,m4 ,aurelius ,v]us1 & :o reign$ sev5 ye>s2 t ,l4 ,aurelius ,commodus likewise reign$ ^! same sev5 ye>s2 t ,p]t9ax succe$$ next1 & 0 foll[$ by ,sev]us2 t 9 ! "t ( ,sev]us ,symma*us translat$ ! ,,lxx2 t 'imm$iately aft] him1 t is1 9 ! reign ( ! second ,commodus1 :o reign$ = ?irte5 ye>s aft] ! be=e-m5tion$ ,l4 ,aurelius ,commodus1' ,!odotion publi%$ 8 translation2 ) m ( ! same k9d4 ,! ,*ronicon ,pas*ale also assigns ?is v]sion to ! reign ( ,commodus1 & ev5 names ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ahd2 b ! compil]'s te/imony is invalidat$ by ! fact t he repeats ! words ( ,epiphanius1 f :om he has obvi\sly borr[$4 ,i %\ld be sorry to say 7)\t ?or\ghly sift+ ! matt]71 t ev5 9 ?is mass ( confusion !re may n be an elem5t ( tru?2 b x is /range to see h[ our au?or's habitual scepticism des]ts him j :]e x w\ld be mo/ 9 place4 #bfa3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #bac1 ',we are !re=e br\ght t[>ds ! end ( ! episcopate ( ,eleu!rus z ! e>lie/ date at :i* ! fir/ ?ree books ( 8 "w aga9/ ,h]esies c well h be5 writt51 & ! re/ mu/ be assign$ to a lat] p]iod "u ! episcopate ( ,victor 7#aih-aii74' ,s also 9 ! ,complete ,edition4 ,! italics are my own4 #bfb3a ,our au?or sums up ?us 7,,ii4 p4 #bjc sq72 ',! /ate ( ! case1 !n1 is z foll[s3 ,we f9d a co9cid5ce 9 a few words 9 connection ) ,za*>ias betwe5 ! ,epi/le ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons & our ,?ird ,gospel2 b s f> f ! ,gospel be+ 9 any way indicat$ z _! s\rce1 ! words 9 "q are1 on ! contr>y1 9 association )' 'connect$ )' ,compl4 ,ed4 'a ref]5ce to ev5ts unkn[n to our ,gospel1 b :i* 7 indubitably *ronicl$ else:]e4 ,x foll[s cle>ly1 & few v5ture to d\bt ! fact1 t ! allusion 9 ! ,epi/le is to a ,gospel diff]5t f ours1 & n to our ?ird ,synoptic at all4' ,( '! ev5ts unkn[n to our ,gospel' ,i h dispos$ 9 ! text4 ,b ! /atem5t :i* ,i h italiciz$ is /ill m extraord9>y4 ,i am altoge!r unable to put any int]pretation ^u ! words :i* is n directly contradictory to ! facts1 & mu/ !re=e suppose t we h "h aga9 "o ( ^? extraord9>y mispr9ts1 :i* our au?or has plead$ on =m] occasions4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ref]5ces to ! ,?ird & ,f\r? ,gospels 9 ?is lett] are all b univ]sally all[$1 ev5 by critics ! lea/ cons]vative4 ,!y are expressly affirm$1 = in/ance1 by ,hilg5feld 7,e9leitung p4 #gc7 & by ,s*olt5 7,die aelte/5 ,zeugnisse p4 #aaj sq74 ,9 ! ,complete ,edition ! la/ s5t5ce is consid]ably modifi$ & runs z foll[s2 ',z "p ( ! passage 9 ! ,epi/le1 !re=e1 c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f our ?ird ,synoptic1 ! natural inf]5ce is t ! :ole emanates f a ,gospel1 diff]5t f ours1 :i* likewise conta9$ t "p4' #bfc3a ,s4,r4 ,,ii4 p4 #dgd4 #bfd3a ,ir54 iii4 #c4 #d1 ',:om we also saw 9 e>ly life 7,greek3 en te prote hemon helikia72 = he surviv$ long 7,greek3 epipolu g> p>eme9e71 & dep>t$ ?is life at a v great age 7,greek3 panu g]aleos7 by a glori\s & mo/ notable m>tyrdom4' ,?is passage sugge/s ! inf]5ce t1 if ,polyc>p _h n _h a long life1 ,ir5aeus c\ld n h be5 8 he>]2 b x _c be press$ to mean t ,polyc>p 0 already 9 v advanc$ ye>s :5 ,ir5aeus saw him1 s9ce ! words ,greek3 panu g]aleos ref]1 n to ! p]iod ( _! int]c\rse1 b to ! "t ( 8 m>tyrdom4 ,a comp>ison ) a p>allel expression relat+ to ,/ ,john 9 ii4 #bb4 #e1 ,greek3 p>eme9e g> autois me*ri k4t4l1 w %[ t ! inf]5ce1 ev5 :5 ?us limit$1 is prec>i\s1 & t ! ,greek3 g> does n necess>ily imply z mu*4 ,extreme views ) respect to ! be>+ ( ?is passage are tak5 on ! "o h& by ,ziegl] ,ir5aeus d] ,bis*( von ,lyon p4 #ae sq1 & on ! o!r by ,leimba* ,wann i/ ,ir5aeus gebor5 p4 #fbb sq 79 ,/ud4 u4 ,krit4 #ahgc71 9 answ] to ,ziegl]4 #bfd3b ,see above1 p4 #ajc sq4 #bfe3a ,see above1 p4 #ih1 note #a4 #bfe3b ,see above1 p4 #if sq4 #bfe3c ,see ! la/ ref]5ce1 :]e ! passage is giv5 9 full4 #bfe3d ,see above1 p4 #bec4 #bff3a ,ir54 iv4 #bg4 #a sq4 #bff3b ,see above1 p4 #aif1 note4 #bff3c ,see above1 p4 #bdg sq4 #bfg3a ,see above1 p4 #bec4 ,! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion himself 7,,ii4 p4 #baa7 writes3 ',x is n kn[n h[ long ,ir5aeus rema9$ 9 ,rome1 b !re is e probability t he mu/ h made a some:at protract$ /ay1 = ! purpose ( mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s t5ets ( ,gno/ic & o!r h]etics1' etc4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ?is 0 n 8 fir/ visit to ,rome4 ,! notice at ! end ( ! ,mosc[ ,,ms ( ! ,m>tyrium ,polyc>pi1 rec5tly collat$ by ,gebh>dt 7see ,zeits*r4 f4 ,hi/4 ,!ol4 #ahge1 p4 #cfb sq71 /ates t ,ir5aeus1 'be+ 9 ,rome at ! "t ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p1 taught _m1' & t x 0 record$ 9 8 writ+s h[ at ! precise "t ( 8 ma/]'s dea? he he>d a voice ann\nc+ ! occurr5ce4 ,?is /ory is n unlikely to h _h "s f\ndation 9 fact4 #bfg3b ,photius ,bibl4 #aba2 see above1 p4 #aif4 ,x is n /at$ :]e ^! lectures 7 deliv]$2 b inasmu* z we "k ,hippolytus only z ! ,bi%op ( ,portus & z dwell+ 9 ,rome & ! neighb\rhood1 ! metropolis is ! mo/ likely place1 9 ! abs5ce ( direct evid5ce4 #bfg3c ,see above1 p4 #bai4 #bfh3a ,x is only necess>y to ref] to ! acc\nt ( ,jews giv5 by an intellig5t au?or l ,tacitus 7,hi/4 v4 #a4 sq74 ,x is relat$1 he says1 t ! ,jews migrat$ to ,libya f ,ida 9 ,crete1 ab\t ! "t :5 ,saturn 0 expell$ f 8 k+dom by ,jupit]1 & 7 !nce call$ ,iudaei1 i4e4 ,idaei4 ,"s p]sons1 he adds1 say t ,egypt be+ ov]-populat$ 9 ! reign ( ,isis1 a multitude1 l$ by _! *iefta9s ,hi]osolymus & ,judas1 settl$ 9 ! neighb\r+ l&s4 ,he /ates x1 moreov]1 z an acc\nt 9 :i* 'plurimi auctores cons5tiunt1' t ! ,jews consecrat$ an image ( an ass 9 _! temple1 because a h]d ( ^! animals _h disclos$ to !m copi\s spr+s ( wat] 9 _! w&]+s2 ^! w&]+s la/$ six days cont9u\sly2 on ! sev5? !y obta9$ possession ( ! l&1 :]e !y built _! city & temple2 ) m to ! same effect4 ,all ?is he writes1 ?\gh at ! "t ! ,jews 9 ,rome c\nt$ by t5s ( ?\s&s1 any "o ( :om w\ld h set him "r4 ,! comp>atively v5ial error ( ,ju/91 :o mi/ook ! ,sab9e deity ,semo ,sancus = ,simo ,sanctus1 _c be judg$ h>%ly 9 ! face ( ^! facts4 #bgj3a ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 iii4 #ac1 p4 #eec4 #bgb3a ,see ! note at ! close ( ?is ,essay4 #bgc3a ,! pr9cipal anci5t au?orities = ! life ( ,tatian are ! foll[+3--,tatian ,orat4 ad ,graec4 #ai1 #bi1 #ce1 #db2 ,ir5aeus i4 #bh4 #a2 ,rhodon1 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #ac2 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ,/rom4 iii4 #ab1 p4 #edg2 ,exc4 ,!od4 #ch1 p4 #iii2 ,eusebius ,h4,e4 iv4 #af1 #bh1 #bi2 ,epiphanius ,ha]4 xlvi42 ,!odoret ,ha]4 ,fab4 i4 #bj4 ,! /atem5ts 9 ! text are ju/ifi$ by "o or o!r ( ^! ref]5ces4 #bgc3b ,all ! ref]5ces to ,sup]natural ,religion 9 ?is article w be f\nd 9 ,,ii4 pp4 #adh sq1 #cgd sq4 #bgc3c e4g4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7l4c4 p4 #edg7 gives ,tatian's comm5t on #a ,cor4 vii4 #e2 & ,j]ome writes 7,pref4 ad ,tit4 vii4 p4 #fhf71 ',tatianus1 ,encratit>um patri>*es1 qui et ipse nonnullas ,pauli epi/olas repudiavit1 hanc vel maxime1 hoc e/1 ad ,titum1 apo/oli pronunti&am cr$idit4' #bgd3a ,hort 7,j\rnal ( ,philology1 iii4 p4 #aee sq1 ,on ! date ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr7 places x z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #adh4 #bgd3b ,ir54 i4 #bh4 #a4 #bgd3c ,see above1 p4 #bfj sq4 #bgd3d ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 i4 #a 7p4 #cbb74 #bge3a ,see ,we/cott ,hi/ory ( ,canon p4 #aaf sq1 :]e ?is po9t is br\ght out4 ,_m errone\s d$uctions h be5 drawn f ! res]ve ( ! ,apologi/s by writ]s :o h ov]look$ x4 #bgg3a ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bi4 #bgh3a ,?is s5t5ce is omitt$ 9 ! ,complete ,edition1 :]e see ,i4 p4 #aej4 #bgh3b ,! ref]5ces are3 ,pref4 #a2 i4 #ad1 #ch1 #db1 #di1 #ej1 #eh2 ii4 #ae1 #dd1 #dh1 #di2 iii4 #ce2 iv4 #ad1 #fh1 #hf1 #ih2 v4 #h1 #eh2 vi4 #fe1 #ha2 vii4 #h1 #ef2 viii4 #db1 #de1 #dh1 #ei4 #bgh3c ,?is "w fir/ appe>$ 9 a mutilat$ =m 9 ,cureton's po/hum\s volume1 ,anci5t ,syriac ,docum5ts p4 #f sq 7,london1 #ahfd71 f ,,mss 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & has rec5tly be5 publi%$ entire by ,dr ,phillips1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,addai 7,london1 #ahgf71 f a ,/ ,pet]sburgh ,,ms4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,,ms :i* conta9s ?is "p1 ! ^w is corrupt$ into ,ditornon1 :i* has no mean+2 b ,cureton conjectur$ t ! read+ 0 ,diatess>on 7see pp4 #ae2 #aeh71 & 8 conjecture is confirm$ by ! ,/ ,pet]sburgh ,,ms1 :i* di/9ctly s reads 7see ,phillips1 p4 #id74 ,9 ! ,arm5ian v]sion 7,lettre d',abg>e1 ,v5ise1 #ahfh1 p1 #da71 a m5tion ( ! ,tr9ity is sub/itut$4 ,?is w\ld seem to be a /ill fur!r corruption2 &1 if s1 x pres5ts a p>allel to ! ,diap5te 9 ! text ( ,victor ( ,capua1 m5tion$ bel[4 #bgi3a ,wright's ,catalogue pp4 #ajhb1 #ajhc4 #bgi3b ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 i4 #ac4 #bgi3c ,see a valuable article by ,zahn 9 ! ,goett+4 ,gelehrte ,anzeig51 ,febru>y #f1 #ahgg1 p4 #afa sq4 ,on ?is docum5t ,i am unable to accept ! conclusion ( ,cureton & ( ,dr ,phillips1 t ! "w itself is a mu* e>li] & au!ntic docum5t1 & t ! passages conta9+ ^! ana*ronisms are int]polations4 #bhj3a ,! exact date ( 8 dea? is giv5 9 a ,syriac ,,ms 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,wright's ,catalogue p4 #idg7 z ',ann4 ,graec4 #fhd4' #bhj3b ,assem4 ,bibl4 ,ori5t4 ii4 p4 #aei sq4 ,! ,engli% read] %\ld be w>n$ t ,assemani's translations are loose & (t5 mislead+4 ,m correct r5d]+s are giv5 "h4 #bha3a ,euseb4 ,op4 iv4 p4 #abgf 7ed4 ,migne7 ,greek3 ,ammonios m5 ho ,alex&reus 444 to dia tess>on hem9 kataleloip5 euangelion1 to kata ,mat?aion tas homophon\s ton loipon euangeli/on p]ikopas p>a!is1 hos ex anankes sumb5ai ton tes akol\?ias heirmon ton trion diaph?>anai1 hoson epi to huphei anagnoseos--i4e4 ',he plac$ side by side ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w ! correspond+ passages ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s1 s t z a necess>y result ! connection ( sequ5ce 9 ! ?ree 0 de/roy$1 s f> z reg>ds ! ord] 7texture7 ( read+4' #bha3b ,assem4 ,bibl4 ,ori5t4 ii4 p4 #aeh4 ,see ,hilg5feld ,e9leitung p4 #gg4 #bha3c ,! confusion ( lat] ,syrian writ]s may be expla9$ )\t difficulty3-- 7i7 ,b>-,hebraeus 9 ! latt] half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7,assem4 ,bibl4 ,ori5t4 i4 p4 #eg sq7 writes3 ',eusebius ( ,caes>ea1 see+ ! corruptions :i* ,ammonius ( ,alex&ria introduc$ into ! ,gospel ( ! ,diatess>on1 t is ,miscellanies1 :i* comm5c$1 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & :i* ,m> ,ephraem exp\nd$1 kept ! ,f\r ,gospels 9 _! integrity1 etc4' ,x is tol]ably pla91 ,i ?9k1 f ! language ( ?is writ]1 t he _h be=e him ! passage ( ,b>-,salibi 7or "s correspond+ passage71 & t he misund]/ood him1 z if he 7 speak+ ( ! same "w ?r\gh\t4 ,f ! co9cid5ce 9 ! /range int]pretation ( ,diatess>on1 x is cle> t ! two passages are n indep5d5t4 ,assemani has omitt$ ?is int]pretation 9 8 translation 9 bo? cases1 & has ?us oblit]at$ ! resemblance4 7ii7 ,to ! same s\rce also we may ref] ! error ( ,eb$-,jesu 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :o n only confuses ! books b ! m54 ,he writes 7,assem4 ,bibl4 ,ori5t4 iii4 p4 #ab73 ',a ,gospel :i* 0 compil$ by a man ( ,alex&ria1 ,ammonius1 :o is also ,tatian2 & he call$ x ,diatess>on4' ,he too suppos$ ! two indep5d5t s5t5ces ( ,b>-,salibi to ref] to ! same ?+4 ,9 ! preface to 8 collection ( canons h[ev]1 he gives a description ( ,tatian's "w :i* is sub/antially correct3 ',tatianus quidam philosophus cum evangeli/>um loqu5tium s5sum suo intellectu cepisset1 et scopum scriptionis illorum div9ae 9 m5te sua fixisset1 unum ex quatuor illis admirabile collegit evangelium1 quod et ,diatess>on nom9avit1 9 quo cum cautissime s]iem rectam eorum1 quae a ,salvatore dicta ac ge/a fu]e1 s]vasset1 ne unam quidem dictionem e suo addidit' 7,mai ,script4 ,vet4 ,nov4 ,coll4 x4 pp4 #bc1 #aia74 7iii7 ,9 ,b>-,bahlul's ,syriac ,lexicon1 s4v4 7see ,payne ,smi? ,!s4 ,syr4 p4 #hgj71 ,diatess>on is def9$ z '! compil$ ,gospel 7made7 f ! f\r ,evangeli/s1' & x is add$3 ',?is 0 compos$ 9 ,alex&ria1 & 0 writt5 by ,tatian ! ,bi%op4' ,! m5tion ( ,alex&ria sugge/s t "h also !re is "s confusion ) ,ammonius1 ?\gh nei!r ,ammonius nor ,tatian 0 a bi%op4 ,b>-,bahlul fl\ri%$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! t5? c5tury2 & if ?is notice 7 really 81 we %\ld h an example 7d\btful h[ev]7 ( ?is confusion1 e>li] ?an ,b>-,salibi4 ,b ^! ,syrian ,lexicons h gr[n by accretion2 ! ,,mss1 ,i am in=m$1 v>y consid]ably2 & we c nev] be sure t any ^w or /atem5t emanat$ f ! orig9al compil]4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ,i am able to say1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr ,h(fmann1 t 9 ! olde/ kn[n ,,ms ( ,b>-,bahlul1 dat$ ,a4,h4 #faa1 i4e41 ,a4,d4 #abad1 ?is additional s5t5ce ab\t ,tatian is want+1 z x is also 9 ano!r ,,ms ( :i* he s5ds me an acc\nt ?r\gh ,pr(essor ,wright4 ,x is no "p !re=e ( ! orig9al ,b>-,bahlul4 ,?us all ! in/ances ( confusion 9 ,syriac writ]s are lat] ?an ,b>-,salibi1 & c be trac$ to a misund]/&+ ( 8 language4 #bhb3a ,h4,e4 i4 #bj4 ,! ,syrian lexicograph] ,b> ,ali also1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! end ( ! n9? c5tury1 m5tions t ,tatian omitt$ bo? ! g5ealogies3 see ,payne ,smi?'s ,!s4 ,syr4 s4v4 p4 #hfi sq4 #bhc3a ,!odoret ,epi/4 #aac 7iv4 p4 #aaij1 ed4 ,s*ulze74 #bhc3b ,zahn 7,goett4 ,gel4 ,anz4 p4 #ahd7 po9ts out t ,aphraates also1 a some:at old] ,syrian fa!r ?an ,ephraem1 appe>s to h us$ ?is ,diatess>on4 ,9 8 fir/ ,homily 7p4 #ac1 ed4 ,wright7 he says1 ',& ,*ri/ is also ! ,^w & ! ,spee* ( ! ,"l1 z x is writt5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel ( our ,savi\r--,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w4' ,! date ( ?is ,homily is ,a4,d4 #ccg4 #bhd3a ,epiphan4 ,ha]4 xlvi4 #a4 #bhd3b ,see ! ref]5ce 9 ! la/ note4 #bhe3a ,all ! rema9s ( ! ,hebrew ,gospel1 & ! passages ( ,j]ome relat+ to x1 w be f\nd 9 ,we/cott's ,introduction to ! ,gospels p4 #dfb sq4 #bhe3b ,see above1 p4 #bfj1 :]e ?is specim5 ( 8 blund]+ is giv54 #bhe3c ,see above1 p4 #gi sq4 #bhf3a ,patrol4 ,lat4 lxviii4 p4 #bec 7ed4 ,migne74 ,an old ,franki% translation ( ?is ,h>mony is also extant4 ,x has be5 publi%$ m ?an once2 e4g4 by ,s*mell] 7,vi5na1 #ahda74 #bhg3a ,! ,syriac v]sion is n yet publi%$1 b ,i h asc]ta9$ ?is by inquiry4 #bhg3b ,?is seems to be ,hilg5feld's op9ion also 7,e9leitung p4 #gi72 & curi\s z ! result is1 ,i d n see h[ any o!r explanation is consi/5t ) ! facts4 #bhg3c ,an important monograph on ,tatian's ,diatess>on by ,zahn has be5 publi%$ s9ce ?is ,article 0 writt5 7,erlang51 #ahha74 #bia3a ,les ,apotres p4 xviii4 #bia3b ,les ,evangiles p4 #dcf4 #bib3a xvii4 p4 #hdj4 #bic3a ,sub ann4 #df4 #bic3b ,see ,beck] u4 ,m>qu>dt ,roem4 ,alt]?4 ,,iii4 i4 p4 #bid sq4 ,ev5 ,de ,wette has n escap$ ! pitfall1 = he /ates t 'accord+ to ,/rabo ,cyprus 0 gov]n$ by propraetors1' & he !re=e supposes t ,/rabo & ,dion ,cassius are at v>iance4 ,de ,wette's error /&s uncorrect$ by 8 editor1 ,ov]beck4 #bic3c ,dion ,cassius liii4 #ab4 #bid3a ,dion ,cassius liv4 #d4 #bid3b ,q4 ,julius ,cordus & ,l4 ,annius ,bassus 9 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,graec4 #bfca1 #bfcb4 #bid3c ,com9ius ,proclus1 & p]haps ,quadratus3 see ,ak]man's ,numismatic ,illu/rations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t p4 #ci4 #bid3d ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,lat4 iii4 #fjgb1 an ,ephesian inscription discov]$ by ,mr ,wood4 #bid3e ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,lat4 iii4 #bah4 #bid3f ,cesnola's ,cyprus p4 #dbe4 #bie3a ,dean ,al=d inde$ 7on ,acts xiii4 #g71 foll[+ "s previ\s writ]s1 m5tions a ,s]gius ,paulus1 int]m$iate 9 date betwe5 ! two o!rs--! au?ority ( ,pl9y & ! fri5d ( ,gal5--:om he describes z '"o ( ! consules suffecti 9 ,a4,d4 #id4' ,?is h[ev] is a mi/ake4 ,a c]ta9 inscription1 m5tion+ ,l4 ,s]gius ,paullus z consul1 is plac$ by ,muratori 7p4 cccxiv4 #c7 & o!rs "u ! ye> #id2 b !re is good reason to believe t x ref]s to ! fri5d ( ,gal51 & mu/ be assign$ to ! ye> :5 he 0 consul = ! fir/ "t1 z suffectus1 i4e4 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aej4 ,see ,m>9i ,atti e ,monum5ti de' ,fratelli ,arvali p4 #aih2 ,wadd+ton ,fa/es des ,prov9ces ,asiatiques p4 #gca4 #bif3a ,?is p]son is twice m5tion$ by ,gal5 de ,anat4 ,adm94 i4 #a 7,op4 ii4 p4 #bah1 ed4 ,kuehn73 ,greek3 t\de t\ nun ep>*\ tes ,rhomaion poleos1 &ros ta panta proteuontos ergois te kai logois tois en philosophia1 ,s]gi\ ,paul\ hupat\3 de ,pra5ot4 #b 7,op4 ii4 p4 #fab71 ,greek3 aphikonto ,s]gios te ho kai ,paulos1 hos ou meta polun *ronon hup>*os 7l4 ,greek3 ep>*os7 eg5eto tes poleos1 kai ,phlabios1 hupatikos m5 on ede kai autos1 espeukos de p]i t5 ,ari/otel\s philosophian1 hosp] kai ho ,paulos1 hois diegesam5os1 k4t4l4 ,9 ?is latt] passage ! words /& ,greek3 ,s]gios te kai ho ,paulos 9 ,kuehn & o!r e>li] pr9t$ editions :i* ,i h consult$1 b !y are quot$ ,greek3 ,s]gios te ho kai ,paulos by ,wet/e9 & o!rs4 ,i d n "k on :at au?ority ?is latt] read+ re/s1 b ! *ange 9 ord] is absolutely necess>y = ! s5se2 = 7#a7 9 ?is passage no?+ m is said ab\t ,s]gius z di/9ct f ,paulus1 :]eas ,paulus is aga9 & aga9 m5tion$1 s t pla9ly "o p]son alone is int5d$4 7#b7 ,9 ! p>allel passage ,s]gius ,paulus is m5tion$1 & ! same description is giv5 ( him z ( ,paulus "h4 ,! alt]native w\ld be to omit ,greek3 kai ho altoge!r1 z ! passage is tacitly quot$ 9 ,borghesi ,oeuvres viii4 p4 #ejd4 #bif3b ,melito 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf3 see ,wadd+ton ,fa/es des ,prov9ces ,asiatiques p4 #gca4 ,see above1 p4 #bbc4 #big3a ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,graec4 #bied4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce :i* ,i h quot$ is slightly mutilat$2 b ! s5se is cle>4 ,! docum5t be>s only too close a resemblance to ! utt]ances ( ,l\rdes 9 our own day4 #bii3a ,acts xix4 #cg1 :]e ,greek3 hi]osul\s is oddly translat$ 'robb]s ( *ur*es4' #cjj3a ,inscr4 vi4 #a1 p4 #ad4 #cjj3b ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #bigb1 ,greek3 tois neokoron ton ,seba/on1 monon hapason de tes ,artemidos4 #cjj3c ,eckhel ,doctr4 ,num4 ii4 p4 #ebj4 ,! leg5d is--,greek3 ,,ephesion ,,tris ,,neokoron ,,kai ,,tes ,,artemidos4 #cjj3d ,mionnet1 iii4 p4 #aec1 ,suppl4 vi4 pp4 #bde1 #bdg1 #bej1 #bec4 #cjj3e ,x54 ,anab4 v4 #c1 #f4 #cja3a ,inscr4 vi4 #f1 p4 #ej4 #cja3b ,acts xix4 #ch1 ,greek3 agoraioi sc4 ,greek3 hem]ai ,greek3 agontai kai an?upatoi eis91 translat$ '! law is op51 & !re are deputies1' 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 b ! m>g91 '! c\rt days are kept1' gives ! "r s5se ( ! fir/ clause4 ,9 ! second clause 'proconsuls' is a rhetorical plural1 j z e4g4 9 ,euripides 7,iph4 ,taur4 #acei7 ,ore/es & ,pylades are upbraid$ = '/eal+ f ! l& its images & prie/esses' 7,greek3 kleptontes ek ges xoana kai ?uepol\s71 ?\gh !re 0 only "o image & "o prie/ess4 #cja3c ,inscr4 vi4 #a1 p4 #ch4 #cjb3a ,ign4 ,ephes4 #i4 #cjb3b ,inscr4 vi4 #a1 p4 #db4 ,,indices4 ,i4 ,,index ,,( ,,subjects4 ,,ii4 ,,index ,,( ,,passages4 ,,index ,,( ,,subjects4 ,ab]le1 #baj1 #bac n ,abg>us1 #bgi ,a*aia1 vicissitudes z a ,roman prov9ce1 #bib ,acts ( ,pet]1 #cg ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 ,eusebius' me?od ) reg>d to1 #df2 us$ by ,polyc>p1 #ie2 by ,polycrates1 #bdi2 ascrib$ by ,ir5aeus to ,/ ,luke1 #dd2 quot$ 9 ! ,lett] ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es1 #beg2 ,r5an on its au?or%ip1 #bia2 rec5t discov]ies illu/rat+1 #bia sq ,addai2 see ,doctr9e ( ,addai ,a,elian1 cr$ulity (1 #bfi ,a,esop1 ,hitzig's d]ivation ( ! "n1 #be n ,african m>tyrs1 #gf1 #hc ,aga?onice1 #adh ,alcibiades1 #bed ,alex&]1 #bec ,al=d1 #i1 #bid1 #bie n ,alogi1 #bae n ,ambrosius1 ! fri5d ( ,orig51 #g ,ammonius ( ,alex&ria2 8 date1 #bhj2 8 ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels1 #bhj2 ,eusebius' acc\nt ( x1 #bhj2 its scope di/9ct f ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #bhj sq2 b confus$ ) x by ,syrian writ]s1 #bha sq ,ana/asius ( ,s9ai2 8 high e/imate ( ,papias1 #aed1 #aeg1 #bjj sq2 quotes ,melito1 #bbe n1 #bcj sq ,&reas ( ,caes>ea1 m5tions ,papias1 #cd n1 #bad ,&rew 7,/71 at ,ephesus1 #ia1 #adc1 #ade1 #adf1 #afj1 #ahi1 #aic ,ang]1 #afe ,anicetus1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb ,an?ropomorphism1 #aci n ,ant9omianism1 #aai sq ,antio*2 ,trajan at1 #gi2 ,anton9us ,pius at1 #ih n2 e>?quake at1 #gi sq ,anton9us ,pius2 proconsul ( ,asia z ,t4 ,aurelius ,fulvus1 #ih n2 8 movem5ts z emp]or1 #ih n ,aphraates1 8 acqua9tance ) ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #bhc n1 #bhh ,aph?onius1 #bhj ,apion1 z a critic1 #bfi ,apocalypse2 its date1 #ad n1 #acb2 its diff]5ces f ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ae1 #aca sq1 #bad sq2 ! t]m ,logos 91 #ae1 #abc2 suppos$ allusions to ,/ ,paul 91 #ac sq2 ! =m ( ,gno/icism d5\nc$ 91 #ad n2 its position 9 ! ,canon ( ,eusebius1 #dg2 ,eusebius' treatm5t ( patri/ic notices (1 #cg n1 #ci1 #dc1 #dg1 #bae sq2 ,papias on its au?or%ip1 #cd n1 #bad2 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #dc1 #baf2 ,ir5aeus1 #de1 #dg1 #baf2 ,eusebius1 #add2 ! ,johann9e au?or%ip admitt$ by ! e>ly fa!rs1 #bad sq2 notices 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #dc1dg1 #baf2 9 ,melito1 #dg2 8 comm5t>y on x1 #baf2 9 ! ,muratorian ,canon1 #baf2 9 ,!ophilus1 #dd1 #dg1 #eb1 #baf2 9 ,apollonius1 #dg ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 #cg1 #dg ,apoll9>is1 ,claudius1 ( ,hi]apolis2 a contempor>y ( ,melito1 #bcg2 8 date1 #bcg sq2 8 lit]>y activity1 #cb1 #ajb1 #bjg1 #bch2 8 or?odoxy1 #bch sq2 8 writ+s1 #bch1 #bdb sq2 ,eusebius' li/ ( !m incomplete1 #bch1 #bdb sq2 8 ,apology1 #bcg2 8 "w aga9/ ! ,montani/s1 #bch1 #bdc2 aga9/ ! ,sev]ians1 #bdc2 on ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival1 #bch sq1 #bdb sq2 ! assum$ sil5ce ( ! fa!rs on ?is "w consid]$1 #bdb sq2 n an antagoni/ ( ,melito1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bde2 b a ,qu>todeciman1 #bdd sq2 g5u95ess ( ! extant fragm5ts (1 #bci sq2 ref]5ces to ! ,gospels 9 !m1 #bci1 #bdj2 to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #bdj2 foll[s ! *ronology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #bdh2 m5tions ! miracle ( ! ,?und]+ ,legion1 #bcg2 8 prom95ce 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,/ ,john1 #bah ,apollonius2 notice ( ! ,apocalypse 91 #dg2 extracts 9 ,eusebius f1 #ia n ,apologies1 abs5ce ( scriptural quotations 9 ,*ri/ian1 #cc1 #bga1 #bge ,are?as1 #bja ,arianism1 & ! ,ignatian controv]sy1 #fj1 #fb1 #fi ,ari/ides1 ! rhetorician1 #ih n1 #ajd1 #bgj ,ari/ion1 & ,papias1 #ia1 #adc1 #add sq1 #adi1 #aej n1 #ahg1 #bff ,arnold1 ,mat!w1 #bd1 #aij n ,artemis1 cultus ( ! ,ephesian1 #big sq ,asia ,m9or2 imp]ial visits to1 #ih2 ! proconsulate (1 #bic2 ! proconsul> fa/i (1 #ajc sq1 #aae1 #aba1 #bbc1 #bie n2 its connexion ) ,s\!rn ,gaul1 #aje1 #beb ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,*ur*es (2 importance (1 #ia sq1 #bag sq2 ,apo/les resid5t 91 #ia1 #bag2 episcopacy 91 #hd1 #bah2 solid>ity (1 #ajb2 ! ar5a ( controv]sy1 #hd1 #bai2 lit]>y activity (1 #bai1 #bdi2 te/imony to ! ,f\r? ,gospel f1 #bdi2 ! ,*ur* ( ,s\!rn ,gaul a colony (1 #bdi2 intimate relations betwe5 !m1 #aje1 #beb sq2 ,polyc>p's ,epi/le publicly read 91 #aje n ,asi>*s1 #bbb n1 #bii ,ask> & ,sy*>1 #ag n1 #acc sq ,assemani1 #bhj n1 #bha n ,a?anasius1 quotes ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #hj ,attalus1 ! ,p]gam5e m>tyr1 #bec1 #bed ,aub]t91 #ff1 #fg ,augu/us1 ! division ( ,roman prov9ces by1 #bia sq ,balaam1 z a type ( ,/ ,paul1 #ac ,b>-,ali1 ! lexicograph]2 8 date1 #bhb n2 m5tions ,tatian1 #bhb n ,b>-,bahlul2 8 date1 #bhb n2 ,ammonius & ,tatian confus$ 9 late ,,mss ( 8 lexicon1 #bhb n ,b>-,hebraeus2 8 date1 #bha n2 confuses ,ammonius & ,tatian1 #bha n ,b>-,salibi2 8 date1 #bhj2 8 te/imony to ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #bhj sq ,b>nabas1 ,epi/le (2 its date1 #agg2 quotes ,/ ,mat!w's ,gospel z ',scripture1' #agg1 #bbg2 employ$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #dg2 ,*iliasm 91 #aea ,b>onio1 #bic ,basil 7,/71 #age ,basilides2 8 date1 #he1 #afa2 8 "w ,on ! ,gospel1 #afa2 fragm5ts pres]v$ 9 ,hippolytus1 #afa2 8 appeal to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #eb1 #bai2 ! ,vossian ,epi/les sil5t on1 #he2 8 allusion to ,glaucias1 #ba1 #abc ,basnoge1 #ff1 #fg ,bassus1 ,l4 ,annius1 proconsul ( ,cyprus1 #bid n ,baumg>t5-,crusius1 #fh1 #fi ,baur1 #bd1 #fa1 #fd1 #gj ,beausobre1 #fh1 #fi ,be!sda1 ! pool (1 #i1 #abf ,bleek1 #fe1 #ff1 #fi1 #aga ,blondel1 #ff1 #fg ,bo*>t1 #ff1 #fg1 #hc ,boehr+]1 #fe ,borghesi1 #bif n ,buns51 #fa1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #ff ,calv91 & ! ,ignatian controv]sy1 #fe1 #ff ,c>pus1 #adh ,capitol9us1 #ih n ,casaubon1 #ff1 #fg ,celsus1 #f sq1 #be n ,c]9?us2 enc\nt]$ by ,/ ,john1 #aja1 #bab2 8 sep>ationism1 #aah2 attack$ 9 ,/ ,john's ,fir/ ,epi/le1 #aah2 accord+ to ,ir5aeus1 ! ,f\r? ,gospel aim$ at1 #dh1 #ahb2 ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ,apocalypse ascrib$ to1 #bae2 ! "q ( ! ,canon involv$ 9 ! controv]sy )1 #bai2 confus$ ) ,m>cion1 #baj1 #bab ,cesnola's explorations 9 ,cyprus1 #bid1 #big ,*emnitz1 #fe1 #ff ,*iliasm2 ( ,papias1 #aea sq1 #aeh sq1 #afj1 #aig1 #bae n2 ( ! e>ly ,*ur* g5]ally1 #aea ,*ri/ian lit]ature2 comp>$ ) ! classics z reg>ds ext]nal evid5ce = docum5ts1 #hb2 plagi>isms 91 #bjb ,*ri/ian m>tyrs2 co9cid5ce ) ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ 9 ! suff]+s (1 #bbj2 zeal = m>tyrdom exhibit$ by1 #hb sq ,*ri/ian prison]s1 ! treatm5t (1 #gd sq ,*ri/ology2 ( ! ,synopti/s & ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ae sq2 ( ,c]9?us1 #aah2 ( ,ignatius1 #db1 #hf sq1 #ajh1 #bca2 ( ,polyc>p1 #ajf1 #ajh2 ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #bce2 ( ,melito1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcd sq ,*ri/'s m9i/ry1 ! duration (1 #af sq1 #dh1 #aca1 #bde sq ,*ronicon ,pas*ale2 see ,pas*al ,*ronicle ,*ryso/om1 ! panegyric on ,ignatius (1 #hj ,ciasca1 #bhh ,claudius ,apoll9>is2 see ,apoll9>is ,clem5s1 ,flavius1 c\s9 ( ,domitian1 #id n ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria2 co9cid5ce 9 ! "n1 #id n2 a pupil ( ,panta5us1 #bgd2 p]haps ( ,melito1 #bah1 #bbd2 p]haps also ( ,tatian1 #bgd2 quotes f ,tatian1 #bgc n2 8 wide le>n+1 #bfi2 comp>$ ) 8 hea!n contempor>ies1 #bfi2 8 travels1 #bgj2 8 te/imony to ! ,f\r ,gospels1 #bgj2 to ,/ ,m>k1 #afg2 to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #eb2 to ! lab\rs ( ,/ ,john1 #bah2 accepts ! id5tity ( au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ,apocalypse1 #baf2 employs ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 #dg2 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 #dg2 ! ,apocalypse ( ,pet]1 #dg2 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 #aeb2 quotes ,basilides1 #afa2 8 treatise on ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival1 #bdc sq2 date ( 8 ,/romateis1 #bgd2 8 use ( ! ^w 'oracles1' #agd ,clem5t ( ,rome2 8 "n1 #id n2 probably a ,hell5i/ ,jew1 #id2 & a fre$man1 #id2 8 position comp>$ ) t ( ,polyc>p1 #hi2 scriptural quotations 9 8 ,epi/le1 #dj1 #aje1 #aaj2 ,eusebius' me?od te/$ on x1 #dj1 #dg1 #agi2 its te/imony to ! ,epi/le ( ! ,hebrews1 #dj1 #dg1 #di2 employ$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #dg2 its date & t ( ! book ( ,judi?1 #be n2 8 use ( ! ,canon & t ( ,polyc>p1 #id1 #aje2 8 use ( ! ^w 'oracles1' #agd2 ! /ory ( ! pho5ix 91 #bfh2 8 place 9 mod]n ,g]man !ories1 #bd ,clem5t9es2 z a romance1 #ae2 ,gno/ic fragm5ts pres]v$ 9 !1 #dj n2 quote & employ ! n>rative ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ej1 #eb ,cook1 #ff1 #fg ,cordus1 ,q4 ,julius1 proconsul ( ,cyprus1 #bid n ,cram]'s ,cat5a1 #bja ,cr$n]1 #ab1 #ai1 #abd sq1 #ahf ,cresc5s1 ! ,cynic1 #adh1 #bgb ,cureton1 #fa1 #fc1 #fe1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga sq1 #ha n1 #hf1 #bcb n1 #bgh n1 #bgi n ,curetonian ,epi/les1 #fa sq2 see also ,ignatian ,epi/les ,cyprian2 8 correspond5ce1 #gf2 accepts id5tity ( au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ,apocalypse1 #baf ,cyprus2 its vicissitudes z a ,roman prov9ce1 #bib sq2 ! evid5ce ( inscriptions on ?is1 #bid2 s\rce ( ,pl9y's in=mation reg>d+1 #bie2 proconsuls & propraetors (1 #bid2 rec5t excavations at1 #bia sq ,cyrrhe/ice1 #bhb1 #bhc ,dallaeus1 #fe1 #aad ,de ,wette1 #i1 #bic n ,decian p]secution1 #gf ,delitzs*1 #ag1 #acc1 #ace1 #acf ,demetrius1 ! silv]smi? ( ,ephesus1 #bih1 #bii1 #cja ,d5z+]1 #fc1 #ga ,diap5te1 #bgi n1 #bhe sq ,diatess>on2 see ,tatian ,dion ,cassius1 #bic ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria2 8 critical insight1 #afg2 assigns ! ,f\r? ,gospel to ,/ ,john1 #baf2 b sep>ates ! au?or%ip ( ! ,apocalypse1 #afg1 #baf ,dionysius ( ,cor9?2 8 evid5ce to ! ,canon1 #aef1 #agg1 #bbg2 ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius respect+1 #ce sq1 #ci1 #ahd ,docetism1 attack$ 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #aah n ,doctr9e ( ,addai2 discov]y ( ! docum5t1 #bgh n2 its subject1 #bgh2 its date1 #bgi2 its c\ntry1 #bgi2 notic$ 9 ,eusebius1 #bgi2 m5tions ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #bgh2 ! ,arm5ian v]sion1 #bgi ,dodwell1 #ih n1 #bfd ,dogma & morality1 #bg sq ,donaldson1 #bda n ,dressel1 #hj n ,dut* s*ool ( criticism1 #b1 #i1 #cf ,ebionism2 no trace 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #db2 nor 9 ,polyc>p1 #dc1 #ajb sq1 #aec sq2 nor 9 ,papias1 #db1 #dc1 #aea sq ,edessa1 #bgh sq ,eld]s2 quot$ by ,papias1 #d sq1 #adc1 #ade1 #aei1 #afc1 #afh1 #aha1 #aid1 #aig sq2 by ,ir5aeus1 #d1 #f1 #dh1 #ed1 #eh1 #ajb1 #ade1 #aie sq1 #bah1 #bcc1 #bde1 #bdg sq2 :o bo? reports _! conv]sations1 & cites _! works1 #aif sq2 id5tification ( "s ( !m1 #aid sq1 #aif n1 #bbd1 #bdh n1 #bff ,eleu!rus1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 #ii1 #bfa2 ,ir5aeus s5t z delegate to1 #bec1 #bei n ,elias ( ,salamia2 8 ,diatess>on1 #bhj2 8 "n ,aph?onius1 #bhj ,encratites2 ,apoll9>is' treatises aga9/ !1 #bch1 #bdc2 ,tatian's connexion ) !1 #bgb1 #bhd ,ephesus2 ,/ ,john at1 #ia1 #aja1 #adb sq1 #bag sq2 o!r ,apo/les at1 #ia2 ,wood's excavations at1 #bia1 #bid n1 #big sq2 cultus ( ,artemis at1 #big sq2 ! great !atre at1 #bih sq2 ! designation ( magi/rates1 #bii2 ! title neocoros1 #cjj2 ! lawful assemblies1 #cja2 image-processions at1 #cja sq2 gates (1 #cjb ,ephraem ( ,antio*1 #agb ,ephraem ,syrus2 date ( 8 dea?1 #bhj2 8 comm5t>y on ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #bhj sq2 an ,arm5ian v]sion discov]$1 #bhg ,epiphanius2 date ( 8 "w on ,h]esies1 #bhd2 8 treatise aga9/ ! ,alogi1 #bae n2 8 obligations to ,hippolytus1 #baf n2 8 hi/orical blund]s1 #bfj1 #bfi1 #bhe2 confuses ,tatian's ,diatess>on ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 #bhd ,episcopacy2 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,john1 #bah2 9 ,asia ,m9or 9 ! "t ( ,ignatius1 #hd2 /ress laid ^u x 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #ajg2 especially 9 ! ,vossian ,lett]s1 #hg2 ! ,ignatian controv]sy c5tres r\nd ! "q (1 #fa2 n m5tion$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 #ajf1 #ajg sq1 #abb2 prom95t 9 ! writ+s ( ,ir5aeus1 #abb ,erne/i1 #fh ,euodia & ,synty*e1 extravagant ,g]man !ories respect+1 #bd sq ,eusebius2 s\rces ( 8 hi/ory1 #cb sq2 8 rule ( proc$ure 9 deal+ ) ! ,canon1 #cf sq1 #df sq1 #agh sq1 #aij sq1 #bae sq2 te/$ on extant lit]ature1 #dj sq2 :at 8 sil5ce means1 #cb sq2 its value z a direct te/imony1 #ea2 8 tru/wor?9ess & mod]ation1 #di sq1 #bji2 8 habit ( incomplete & comb9$ quotations1 #afh1 #bji2 on ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #gb sq1 #hj1 #hb2 on ,papias1 #adb sq1 #adg1 #aea sq1 #aed1 #afg1 #ahf1 #aij sq2 8 e/imate ( ,papias1 #bji2 on ,john ! ,presbyt]1 #adc sq2 8 li/s ( ! works ( ,melito n exhau/ive1 #bbd sq1 #bbh2 nor ^? ( ! works ( ,apoll9>is1 #bch1 #bdb2 dep5d5t ^u ,pamphilus' libr>y1 #bbe2 on ! ,pas*al controv]sy1 #ag1 #bde2 attempts to h>monize ! ,gospel n>rative1 #bjh1 #bji2 = ?is purpose p]haps borr[s f ,papias1 #bjh ,evagrius1 #hj ,ewald1 #fc1 #fe1 #acf1 #bjd ,greek3 epi ,traian\1 #ha ,greek3 epi/olai1 ( a s+le lett]1 #aad1 #ahi ,greek3 exegesis1 #aee n1 #aef1 #afj n1 #age sq2 & ,greek3 diegesis1 #aeg n ,fa!rs1 e>ly2 comp>$ 9 hi/orical accuracy ) classical writ]s1 #bfh sq2 consid]$ z critics1 #afg1 #bbi1 #bfc1 #bfh2 ! de>? ( scriptural quotations 9 _! works acc\nt$ =1 #cc1 #bga2 explanation ( _! lit]>y plagi>isms1 #bjb1 #bcg ,felicitas1 #hc ,flor9us2 a pupil ( ,polyc>p1 #if sq2 ,ir5aeus' lett] to1 #if sq1 #aie n2 date ( 8 connexion ) ! royal c\rt1 #ig sq2 8 subsequ5t hi/ory1 #ih ,f\r ,gospels2 t numb] only recogniz$ 9 ! ,muratorian ,canon1 #aff1 #bgj2 9 ,ir5aeus1 #de1 #dh1 #aff1 #bcc1 #bfc sq2 9 ,eusebius1 #ci ,f\r? ,gospel2 its _s1 #ac2 its ,hebraic "*1 #ad2 ! m9ut5ess ( its details1 #ad sq2 ! n>rative ( an eye-witness1 #ad sq2 comp>$ ) ! ,apocalypse1 9 diction1 #ae1 #cd n1 #aca sq1 #bad sq2 9 ,*ri/ology1 #ae sq2 ! be>+ ( ,montanism on ?is "q1 #bai1 #bch1 #bfg2 comp>$ ) ! ,synopti/s 9 *ronology & n>rative1 #af1 #dh1 #aca1 #bdj1 #bde sq2 ! relation ( ! ,pas*al controv]sy to ?is "q1 #ag1 #bai1 #bbe1 #bci sq1 #bfg2 hi/orical & geographical allusions consid]$1 #ag sq2 ! p]sonality ( its au?or1 #ah sq2 association ( o!rs ) him 9 ! "w1 #ahg2 anecdotes ) reg>d to its composition1 #dh1 #eb1 #ahg1 #ahi sq1 #baj1 #bag2 probably dictat$1 #ahg1 #bad2 its wide acceptance among or?odox & h]etics1 #eb sq2 te/imony giv5 by ! gr[? ( v>i\s read+s & int]polations1 #i sq1 #eb2 by ! comm5t>y ( ,h]acleon1 #eb2 ! evid5ce ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #da2 ( ,papias1 #d sq1 #ce1 #ed sq1 #ahf sq2 ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p1 #bba sq2 ( ! eld]s 9 ,ir5aeus1 #dh2 ( ! ,muratorian ,canon1 #eb1 #ahi sq1 #bjf sq2 ( ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 #bdj2 ( ! ,s*ool ( ,/ ,john g5]ally1 #bdi sq2 ( ! ,lett] ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es1 #beh2 ( ,tatian1 #bge sq1 #bhj sq2 ( ,orig51 #baf2 ( ,gaius1 #baf n2 ,ir5aeus on its purpose1 #dh1 #ahb2 quot$ by ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 #dd1 #eb1 #agi1 #bae1 #baf2 significance ( ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 #cc sq1 #ea sq2 ascrib$ to ,c]9?us1 #bae2 its connexion ) ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john1 #ahf sq1 #aij1 #bbj ,gaius2 on ! au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 #dg2 ( ! ,apocalypse & ,f\r? ,gospel1 #baf n2 8 date1 #baf n2 8 relation to ,hippolytus consid]$1 #ia n1 #baf n ,gal51 #hc1 #aec1 #aif n1 #bie n1 #bif sq ,gallican ,*ur*es2 a colony f ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or1 #bdi1 #bea sq2 intimate connexion betwe5 ! two bodies1 #aje1 #bdi1 #beb sq2 p]secut$ "u ,m4 ,aurelius1 #beb sq2 _! lett] to ! bre?r5 9 ,asia & ,phrygia1 #adf n1 #baf1 #beb sq1 #bei n1 #bga2 its date1 #bei2 scriptural quotations 9 x1 #bed sq2 _! lett]s on ! ,montani/ controv]sy1 #bec2 _! lett] to ,victor on ! ,pas*al controv]sy1 #bec sq ,gaul1 call$ ,galatia1 #bea ,georgius ,ham>tolos1 #baa sq ,gfro]]1 #fi ,glaucias1 #ba ,gno/icism2 ! developm5t ( ant9omian1 #aai2 ! lit]ature (1 #afj sq2 ! exegesis (1 #afj sq1 #age1 #bjb2 ! oppon5ts (1 #afj sq1 #bai1 #bfh2 ! sc5e ( ! conflict )1 #bai2 attack$ 9 ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les1 #aai2 9 ! ,apocalypse1 #ad n1 #aai2 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 #aaf sq2 n allud$ to 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #he2 an appeal to ! ,canon requisite 9 ! conflict )1 #bai ,gob>us1 #ab ,gospel ( ,pet]1 #cg ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews2 see ,hebrews1 ,gospel accord+ to ! ,gospels2 see ,mat!w's 7,/7 ,gospel1 ,m>k's 7,/7 ,gospel1 ,luke's 7,/7 ,gospel1 ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,f\r ,gospels ,grabe1 #ih n ,griesba*1 #fh1 #fi ,gwynn's 7,pr(47 discov]y ( a ,gaius di/9ct f ,hippolytus1 #baf n ,hadrian1 #ih ,hag5ba*1 #fh ,h>less1 #fi ,hase1 #gj ,hebrews1 ,gospel accord+ to !2 employ$ by ,hegesippus1 #dg1 #ahc2 by o!r fa!rs1 #aeb2 p]haps quot$ by ,ignatius1 #da sq1 #aec2 ,papias n prov$ to h employ$1 #aeb1 #bjc sq2 translat$ by ,j]ome1 #bjc1 #bhe2 /atem5ts ( ,j]ome ab\t x1 #db1 #aeb2 confus$ ) ! ,hebrew orig9al ( ,/ ,mat!w1 #agj1 #bhe2 ) ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #bhd2 di/9ct scope ( ! la/-nam$ "w1 #bhe ,hebrews1 ,epi/le to !2 9 ! notices ( ,eusebius1 #cg1 #df1 #dg1 #di1 #eb2 ! te/imony ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 #dj1 #dg1 #di2 ( ,ir5aeus1 #df1 #dg2 ( ,gaius1 #dg ,hefele1 #fc ,hegesippus2 8 lo/ ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 #cb1 #ci2 ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius respect+1 #cd sq1 #ahc1 #ahe2 8 attitude t[>ds ,/ ,paul1 #ab2 t[>ds tradition1 #aee2 employs ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 #dg1 #ahc ',hell5ic' & ',hell5i/ic1' #acb n ,hemphill1 #bhg1 #bhh ,h5ke1 #fh ,h]acleon's comm5t>y on ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #eb ,h]mas1 ! ,%eph]d (2 its devotional "*1 #bga2 h5ce does n quote ,scripture1 #bga2 ! citations 9 ,eusebius1 #cg1 #ch1 #dg sq2 quot$ by ,ir5aeus1 #de1 #dg1 #ahd ,h]odes1 ! magi/rate1 #bbj1 #bba ,heumann1 #fh ,hi]apolis1 #ia1 #ajb1 #adb1 #aec1 #bjg1 #bah1 #bbd ,hilg5feld1 #fd1 #ga1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #abb1 #adf n1 #aeh n1 #aei n1 #agj1 #aga1 #agb1 #agf n1 #ahf1 #baa1 #baf1 #bfb n1 #bhg n ,hippolytus2 pupil ( ,ir5aeus1 #ajb1 #ade1 #aif n1 #bfg2 probably at ,rome1 #bfg n2 opposes ,gno/icism1 #baf n1 #bai2 def5ds ! ,f\r? ,gospel aga9/ ! ,alogi1 #baf n2 plagi>isms (1 #bjb2 plagi>isms f1 #baf n2 ,gno/ic fragm5ts pres]v$ 91 #dj1 #afa2 8 relation to ,gaius consid]$1 #ia n1 #baf n ,hitzig1 #bd sq ,h(fmann1 #bhb n ,hort1 on ! elate ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #bgd n ,ignatian ,epi/les2 date1 place ( writ+ & subject1 #ei1 #ic2 ?ree =ms3 7#a7 ,long ,rec5sion1 #fj2 docum5ts1 #fj2 date ( ! =g]y1 #fj2 7#b7 ,vossian ,epi/les1 #fj sq2 ,,mss & ,v]sions1 #fa2 hi/ory ( _! discov]y1 #fa2 7#c7 ,curetonian ,epi/les1 #fa2 _! discov]y1 #fa2 que/ions rais$ 7,a7 :e!r ! ,vossian or ,curetonian ,epi/les are prior1 #fa2 ! view ( ,s4,r41 #fc1 #gd2 ! real balance ( mod]n au?orities1 #fc sq2 argum5ts aga9/ ! priority ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les f 7i7 ! ,arm5ian ,v]sion1 #fj2 a translation f ! ,syriac ,v]sion ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les1 #ga1 #hf2 7ii7 ! abruptness ( ! ,curetonian ,epi/les1 #gg n1 #hf2 ! c\nt]-argum5t f ! confess$ly spuri\s lett]s answ]$1 #fj1 #ga1 #gb sq2 ! argum5t f quotations consid]$1 #gc sq2 7,b7 :e!r any =m is g5u9e1 #fa2 d5i$ by ,s4,r41 #fb1 #gd2 7i7 int]nal evid5ce consid]$1 7a7 ,ignatius' treatm5t z a prison]1 #gd sq2 7b7 ! j\rney to ,rome1 #gi sq2 7c7 ,ignatius' zeal = m>tyrdom1 #hb2 7d7 suppos$ ana*ronisms1 #hc2 7e7 evid5ce ( /yle1 #hd2 7ii7 ext]nal evid5ce1 #hb2 result1 #hd1 #hh2 relation ( ! ,vossian ,epi/les1 #hd sq2 argum5t f sil5ce1 #hd sq2 limit ( _! date1 #he2 argum5ts = _! g5u95ess1 #hf sq2 result1 #hh1 #ei n2 scriptural quotations 9 !1 #da2 ,eusebius' me?od te/$ on !1 #da2 !ological controv]sies :i* h c5tr$ r\nd1 #fa sq2 ,*ri/ology (1 #db1 #hf sq1 #ajh1 #bca2 a metaphor ( image-processions illu/rat$1 #cjb ,ignatius2 ! "n ,!ophorus1 #cjb2 8 lett]s 7see ,ignatian ,epi/les72 8 j\rney to ,rome1 #ei2 its probability consid]$1 #fc1 #gi sq1 #aaa2 8 r\te1 #ic1 #aac2 8 treatm5t z a prison]1 #gd sq2 8 int]c\rse ) ,polyc>p1 #ib sq1 #ajf sq1 #aac2 ! notice 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 #aa1 #hb1 #aac sq2 8 zeal = m>tyrdom1 #hb2 n m>tyr$ at ,antio*1 #gi sq1 #bab n1 #bad2 date ( 8 m>tyrdom1 #ei2 days ( commemoration (1 #gi2 extant m>tyrologies (1 #gc n1 #hj ,ir5aeus2 date ( 8 bir?1 #ih n1 #bfd2 a pupil ( ,polyc>p1 date1 #hi1 #ig sq2 8 lett] to ,flor9us1 #if sq1 #aie n2 repres5ts ?ree ,*ur*es1 #bfg2 8 connexion ) ! ,lett] ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es1 #bei2 s5t z delegate to ,rome1 #bec1 #bei n1 #bfg2 at ,rome m ?an once1 #bfg n2 8 lectures !re1 #bfg2 8 pupil ,hippolytus1 #ajb1 #ade1 #aif n1 #bfg2 date ( 8 episcopate1 #ig2 8 remon/rance address$ to ,victor1 #ajj2 8 lit]>y activity1 #bfg2 date ( 8 ,refutation1 #bei1 #bfj2 ! fir/ great controv]sial treatise1 #bga2 its importance z evid5ce to ! ,canon1 #bga2 8 pr(use scriptural quotations1 #dd sq1 #ahj1 #aha1 #bbh1 #bfa2 ,eusebius' me?od illu/rat$1 #de1 #df1 #ahd2 importance ( 8 te/imony to ! ,canon1 #ec1 #hi1 #ii1 #aff1 #bfd sq2 appeals to ! eld]s 7see ,eld]s72 8 evid5ce to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #c sq1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed sq2 to ! motive ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #dh1 #ahb2 to f\r ,gospels1 #de1 #dh1 #aff1 #bcc1 #bfc sq2 to ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #hj1 #hb2 to ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 #hb1 #aja1 #ajd sq2 8 appeal to ! ,gospels aga9/ ! ,val5t9ians1 #bai1 #bde sq1 #bfb2 8 controv]sial treatises1 #bfg2 8 conflict ) ,gno/icism1 #afj1 #bai2 on ! ,pas*al "q1 #bdb1 #bdd sq1 #bfg2 on ! duration ( ,*ri/'s m9i/ry1 #bdf2 on ,8 age at ! "t ( ! ,passion1 #bdf sq2 on ! ,apocalypse1 #de1 #dg1 #baf2 on ! old age ( ,/ ,john1 #dh1 #ib1 #aja2 on ,polyc>p1 #if sq1 #aae1 #aaf2 on ,papias1 #d sq1 #abg1 #adb sq1 #aed1 #aeh sq1 #aff1 #aid sq1 #bdh n2 on ! ,hebrew orig9al ( ,/ ,mat!w1 #agb2 8 ,*iliasm1 #aea1 #aig2 8 evid5ce = episcopacy1 #abb2 8 use ( ! ^w 'oracles1' #agd2 8 lit]>y obligations to ,papias1 #bjb2 to ,melito1 #bcf sq2 consid]$ z a critic1 #bfh sq ,jacobson1 #fc1 #ff1 #fg n1 #fi1 #ajc n1 #abc n ,j]ome2 on ! ,hebrew orig9al ( ,/ ,mat!w1 #bjh n1 #bhe2 on ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 #db1 #aeb1 #bjh1 #bhe2 on ! public read+ ( ,polyc>p's ,epi/le1 #aje n2 on ,tatian's treatm5t ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les1 #bgc n2 on ,apoll9>is1 #bdb1 #bdc ,j]usalem1 results to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* f ! fall (1 #ij sq1 #bag ,john 7,/72 at ,ephesus1 #ia1 #aja1 #adb sq2 8 *ur* organisation1 #bah2 ! f\nd] ( a s*ool1 #bag sq2 ! reposit>y ( ,apo/olic doctr9e & practice1 #bah2 8 enc\nt] ) ,c]9?us1 #aja1 #bab2 8 connexion ) ,polyc>p1 #hi1 #ib2 ) ,papias1 #adb sq1 #afj1 #aic1 #aih1 #baj sq2 ) 8 namesake ,john ! ,presbyt]1 #adc sq1 #ahg2 8 longevity1 #dh1 #hi1 #ia1 #ib1 #aja1 #bag1 #bdf2 a /ory ( 8 m>tyrdom expla9$1 #baa sq2 traditions respect+ him1 #dh1 #ahg1 #ahi sq1 #baj1 #bag2 see also ,f\r? ,gospel ,john 7,/71 ! ,epi/les (2 _! position 9 ! ,canon ( ,eusebius1 #ci1 #df sq2 two m5tion$ 9 ! ,muratorian ,canon1 #aij2 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le employ$ by ,polyc>p1 #di sq1 #aah1 #aia sq1 #bbj2 by ,papias1 #di1 #aed1 #ahf1 #aij sq1 #bjf1 #bbj2 by ,ir5aeus1 #de2 a po/script to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ahf sq1 #aij1 #bbj2 ! evid5ce ( ,papias1 & ( ! ,muratorian ,canon1 to ?is fact1 #ahi1 #bjf ,john ,malalas2 repres5ts ,ignatius z m>tyr$ at ,antio*1 #gi sq1 #bab n1 #bad2 8 hi/orical blund]s1 #hj sq1 #bad1 #bfi1 #bhe2 on a visit ( ,anton9us ,pius to ,asia ,m9or1 #ih n ,john ! ,bapti/2 8 designation 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ah sq1 #abd sq2 8 fa!r ,za*>ias1 #adf n1 #bef sq2 ! ,greek3 phone1 #bcb n ,john ! ,presbyt]2 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #ia2 8 connexion ) ,papias1 #adc sq1 #adi1 #aej n1 #afd1 #afe sq1 #bff2 ) ,po?9us1 #bff2 ) ! ,apo/le ,/ ,john1 #adc sq1 #ahg ,judi?1 date ( ! book (1 #be n ,julian1 ! ,emp]or1 #bgj ,ju/a1 ! ,syropho5ician1 #abi ,ju/9 ,m>tyr2 8 pupil ,tatian1 #bgb1 #bgd2 8 accus] ,cresc5s1 #adh1 #bgb2 8 m>tyrdom1 #adh1 #bgd2 ! acc\nt 9 ,eusebius1 #aej2 8 evangelical quotations1 #dc2 loos5ess ( 8 quotations f ! ,o4,t41 #ab1 #dc2 8 lo/ writ+s1 #cc2 ,eusebius' me?od te/$ ^u 8 extant works1 #dc2 8 ,*iliasm1 #aea2 8 error z to ,simon ,magus1 #bfh2 8 ,logos doctr9e comp>$ ) ,melito1 #bce2 8 ref]5ces to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 #bcf2 8 evid5ce to ! au?or%ip ( ! ,apocalypse1 #dc2 to ! public use ( ! ,gospels1 #bbg ,ke/n]1 #fh1 #fi ,lampe1 #fh ,l>dn]1 #dj1 #da n1 #db n1 #fh1 #fi1 #id n1 #aji n1 #bda n ,le*l]1 #gj ,leimba*1 #aeh n1 #bfd n ,l9us1 #de ,lipsius1 #fd1 #fe1 #ga1 #hj n1 #ha n1 #he1 #ajc n1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #bac n ,logos2 ! expression common to ! ,apocalypse & ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ae2 z di/9ct f ,greek3 phone1 #bcb n2 ! doctr9e 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #hf sq2 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #bce2 9 ,val5t9us1 #hf2 9 ,melito1 #bcb1 #bcd sq2 9 ,m>cellus ( ,ancyra1 #hg2 its importance a *>act]i/ic ( ! second c5tury1 #bce ,lucian2 illu/rates ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #gf sq2 ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 #gg n ,luke's 7,/7 ,gospel2 ! s\rce ( ,m>cion's ,gospel1 #h1 #ahf2 ,papias acqua9t$ )1 #agh sq1 #ahf2 ! evid5ce ( ! ,muratorian ,canon1 #ahi2 quot$ 9 ! ,lett] ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es1 #bee sq2 ,r5an on its au?or%ip1 #bia ,lu?>dt1 #ad1 #acb ,greek3 ,leop>dos1 #fg1 #hc ,greek3 ,logia1 #aee n1 #afj1 #afc1 #aga1 #agb sq ,magdeburg ,c5turiators1 #fe1 #ff ,malalas2 see ,john ,malalas ,manes1 #ha ,mansel1 #bh ,m>cellus ( ,ancyra1 ! ,logos doctr9e (1 #hg ,m>cion2 8 date1 #ha1 #aaf1 #bac n2 confus$ ) ,c]9?us1 #baj1 #bab2 8 ,gospel1 #f n1 #h1 #ahf2 8 ,canon1 #aag1 #bbg1 #bfc1 #bgc2 ,papias' acqua9tance ) x1 #ahf2 8 attitude t[>ds ,/ ,paul1 #bgc2 8 high moral "*1 #aai2 8 di/9ctive views1 #aag sq2 n allud$ to 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #he2 nor 9 ,polyc>p's ,epi/le1 #aja1 #aae1 #bab2 a suppos$ allusion consid]$1 #ajf1 #aae sq2 oppos$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #cc2 by ,melito1 #bca2 sc5e ( 8 h]esy1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bca2 ! "q ( ! ,canon rais$ by x1 #bai1 #bbe2 8 views on ! resurrection & judgm5t1 #abj ,m>ies1 ! f\r1 9 ,papias ! lexicograph]1 #baj sq ,m>k's 7,/7 ,gospel2 ! acc\nt & criticism ( ,papias1 #h1 #aj1 #ai1 #afb sq1 #age sq1 #aha1 #bje sq2 ! motive ( ,papias' allusion1 #bjg2 comp>$ by ,papias ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #afe1 #bje sq2 id5tification ( ,papias' ,/ ,m>k1 #b1 #aj1 #bj1 #df1 #afc sq2 evid5ce ( ! ,muratorian ,canon to1 #ahi1 #bje sq ,m>seilles1 #beb ,m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p2 see ,polyc>p1 ,m>tyrdom ( ,massuet1 #ih n ,mat!w 7,/71 & ,papias1 #adc1 #aic ,mat!w's 7,/7 ,gospel2 ! acc\nt 9 ,papias1 #afc1 #afg sq1 #aha2 8 te/imony to ! ,hebrew orig9al1 #afh1 #agb2 its "*1 #agj sq2 a ,greek ,/ ,mat!w 9 exi/5ce 9 8 day1 #afh sq2 id5tical ) ! extant ,gospel1 #afi sq2 relation ( ! ,hebrew to ! ,greek ,gospel1 #agj2 confus$ ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 by ,j]ome1 #bhe2 p]haps by ,papias1 #agj2 motive ( ,papias' allusion1 #bjh2 quot$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas z ',scripture1' #bbg ,meletius1 confus$ ) ,melito1 #bca ,melito2 8 date1 #bbc1 #bbd2 a contempor>y ( ,polyc>p & ,papias1 #bbd2 p]haps "o ( ! eld]s quot$ 9 ,ir5aeus1 #aif n1 #bbd2 p]haps a tea*] ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #bah1 #bbd2 8 travels1 #bbd1 #bbf2 8 le>n+1 #bbh2 8 or?odoxy1 #bcj2 range ( 8 lit]>y works1 #cb1 #ajb1 #bbd2 _! popul>ity1 #ajb1 #bbd1 #bcj2 8 lo/ works1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbi2 8 ,apology1 #bbc1 #bda n2 ! preface to 8 ,selections1 #bbf2 7#a7 ! extant ,greek fragm5ts1 _! g5u95ess1 #bbh sq2 support$ by ! evid5ce ( ,t]tullian & ,hippolytus to 8 /yle1 #bbi sq1 #bcd2 n ! "w ( ,meletius1 #bca2 _! direct evid5ce to ! ,gospels1 #bca2 7#b7 ! ,syriac fragm5ts1 #bcb sq2 _! !ology1 #bcd sq2 8 doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 #bcd2 8 ref]5ces to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 #bce sq2 passages f 8 works incorporat$ into ,ir5aeus1 #bcf sq2 ,arm5ian v]sion ( a fragm5t & its ,syriac abridgm5t1 #bcf sq2 a quotation 9 ,*ronicon ,pas*ale1 #bda n2 8 "w on ! ,pas*al controv]sy1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bda n1 #bdb sq2 evid5ce to ! ,f\r? ,gospel !refrom1 #bdh2 notice ( ! ,apocalypse 91 #dg1 #baf2 co9cid5ces ) ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les1 #bcg2 8 treatise aga9/ ,m>cion1 #bca2 date & mann] ( 8 dea?1 #bbd ,m]x1 #fd1 #ga ,mill 7,j4,s471 #bh sq1 #bjd ,milman1 #fe ,m9i/ry1 ! duration ( our ,"l's1 #af sq1 #dh1 #aca1 #bde sq ,miracles1 #bf sq ,moes+]1 #bhh ,montanism2 its c5tre 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #bai2 correspond5ce betwe5 ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia & ,gaul relat+ to1 #bec2 ,ir5aeus' mission to ,rome respect+1 #bec1 #bei n2 n ref]r$ to 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #he2 nor 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 #ajf2 oppos$ by ,apoll9>is1 #bch2 by ,ir5aeus1 #bfg2 ! "q ( ! ,canon involv$ 9 ! controv]sy )1 #bai1 #bch1 #bfg ,morality & dogma1 #bg sq ,mo%eim1 #fh ,mozley1 #bh ,muratori1 #bie n ,muratorian ,canon2 date1 #ahh2 orig9al language1 #ahh n2 ,engli% translation1 #ahi sq2 em5dations 9 ! text1 #ahi n2 repres5ts ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 #ec1 #bgj2 its evid5ce to ,/ ,m>k's ,gospel1 #ahi1 #bje sq2 to ,/ ,luke's ,gospel1 #ahi1 #bjf2 to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #eb sq1 #ia1 #ahi sq1 #bjf1 #baf2 to f\r ,gospels1 #afd1 #ahh sq1 #bje sq1 #bgj2 its te/imony comp>$ ) t ( ,papias1 #bje sq2 p]haps borr[$ f him1 #bjg2 ,mat!w ,arnold's e/imate (1 #aij n ,naass5es1 #afa n ,nature2 two mean+s ( ! t]m1 #bi sq2 its relation to a ,p]sonal ,god1 #bh sq ,ne&]1 #fh1 #fi1 #abj n1 #ada1 #bdb ,neocoros1 #cjj ,neubau]1 #ag n1 #acc1 #ace1 #acf ,nicolaitans1 #dh1 #ahb ,niebuhr1 #be ,nolte1 #baa n ,oecum5ius1 #bja ,onesimus1 ! fri5d ( ,melito1 #bbf ,ophites1 #eb1 #afa1 #bjb1 #bai ,orig52 on ,celsus1 #g2 on ! au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #baf2 ( ! ,apocalypse1 #baf2 uses ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 #aeb n2 quotes ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #hj1 #hb2 8 accuracy 9 textual criticism1 #bfi2 8 use ( ! ^w 'oracles'1 #agd ,otto1 #bbc n1 #bbh n1 #bbi1 #bch n1 #bda n ,oud91 #fg ,ov]beck1 #baj1 #bac n1 #bic n ,ow51 #fg ,greek3 ouk oid' hopos1 #bgg sq ,pamphilus1 #bbe ,panta5us1 #ade n1 #agb1 #bgd ,papias2 8 date1 #adb1 #adg sq2 8 "n & namesakes1 #aec1 #baa2 ( hea!n orig91 #aec2 a companion ( ,polyc>p1 #adb1 #aej1 #aec1 #bah2 p]haps n a he>] ( ,/ ,john1 #adb1 #adc sq1 #adf1 #aic1 #aih1 #baj sq2 8 ,expositions1 #cb1 #ci1 #adb2 its title1 #aee n1 #aef1 #aga sq1 #age sq2 its date1 #aej2 its nature1 #aa1 #aee2 direct$ aga9/ ,gno/ic exegesis1 #afj sq1 #age1 #bjb2 z affect+ 8 attitude t[>ds ! writt5 ,gospels1 #aef1 #aei n1 #afj2 ! extant ,gospels ! text = 8 exegesis1 #afc sq2 8 me?od illu/rat$1 #adc1 #aeh sq1 #aid1 #aig2 8 in=mants ! 'eld]s'1 #d sq1 #adc1 #ade1 #aei1 #afc1 #afh1 #aha1 #aig sq2 especially ,ari/ion & ,john ! ,presbyt]1 #adc sq1 #adi1 #aej n1 #afd sq1 #bff2 8 ,*iliasm1 #aea sq1 #aeh sq1 #afj1 #aig sq1 #bae n2 n an ,ebionite1 #aea sq2 8 attitude t[>ds ,/ ,paul1 #aea sq2 8 use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews consid]$1 #aeb1 #bjc sq2 8 or?odoxy1 #aed2 /ory ( 8 m>tyrdom expla9$1 #adg sq1 #baa sq2 8 m5tion ( ,/ ,mat!w's ,gospel1 #afc1 #afg sq1 #aha1 #bjh2 "* ( ! orig9al ,hebrew1 #agj sq1 #bjg sq2 ! ,greek extant 9 8 "t1 #afh1 #bjh2 8 m5tion ( ,/ ,m>k's ,gospel1 #h1 #aj1 #ai1 #afb sq1 #age sq1 #aha1 #bje sq2 8 acqua9tance ) ,/ ,luke's ,gospel1 #agh sq1 #ahf2 ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #d sq1 #ce1 #ed sq1 #agh sq2 evid5c$ by 8 acqua9tance ) #a ,john1 #ahf sq1 #aij sq2 by o!r indications1 #aib sq1 #bjc sq2 ,eusebius' me?od illu/rat$ ^u1 #cd sq1 #aea1 #agh sq2 8 te/imony to ! ,apocalypse1 #cd n1 #bad2 8 te/imony to ! ,canon support$ by t ( ! ,muratorian fragm5t1 #bje sq2 :i* p]haps borr[$ f him1 #bjg2 obligations ( ,ir5aeus to1 #bjb2 ( ,eusebius1 #bjh2 n ! amanu5sis ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #baj sq1 #bac sq2 nor au?or ( exot]ic books1 #baj sq2 confusion ( ! "n1 #adh sq1 #baa2 quotations 9 ,ir5aeus1 #d sq1 #abg1 #aid1 #bdh n2 ! p]icope adult]ae & o!r int]polations 9 ! ,gospels p]haps f 8 "w1 #bjc sq2 8 position z an au?ority1 #aj1 #bah2 8 cr$ulity consid]$1 #bfi ,papias1 ! lexicograph]1 #baa ,papylus1 confus$ ) ,papias1 #adh sq ,p>aclete2 ! ,montani/ doctr9e ( !1 #bai1 #bfg2 9 ! ,lett] ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es1 #bee1 #beh ,p>k]1 #ff1 #fg ,pas*al ,*ronicle2 confuses ,papias & ,papylus1 #adh sq2 pres]ves quotations f ,apoll9>is1 #bch1 #bci sq2 f ,melito1 #bda n2 s\rces ( its in=mation1 #adh n1 #bfj n2 on ! date ( ,!odotion's v]sion ( ! ,,lxx1 #bfj n ,pas*al controv]sy2 sil5ce ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les ^u1 #he2 ( ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p1 #ajf2 ,asia ,m9or ! sc5e (1 #bai2 ,polyc>p's visit to ,rome respect+1 #ii sq1 #aba2 ! acc\nt 9 ,eusebius1 #ag1 #bde2 ! treatise ( ,melito on1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bda n1 #bdb sq2 ( ,apoll9>is1 #bch sq2 ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #bdc sq2 ( ,pi]ius ( ,alex&ria1 #bda n2 ( ,ir5aeus1 #bdb1 #bdd sq1 #bfg2 action ( ! ,gallican ,*ur*es ) respect to1 #bec sq2 ! attitude ( ,victor ^u1 #ajj1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bec sq2 remon/rance ( ,ir5aeus1 #ajj2 ( ,polycrates1 #bdh2 ! error ( ,s4,r4 reg>d+ its "*1 #ag1 #bdj sq1 #bde2 its relation to ! ,canon1 #ag1 #bai1 #bbe1 #bci sq1 #bfg ,paul 7,/72 9 ,cyprus1 #bid sq2 at ,ephesus1 #bii sq2 8 attack on ,gno/icism1 #aai sq2 8 treatm5t z a prison]1 #ge1 #gh2 8 claim to "w miracles1 #abe2 8 directions z to idol-sacrifices1 #ad2 8 connexion ) ,gaul1 #bea2 n aim$ at 9 ! ,apocalypse1 #ac sq2 attitude ( ,clem5t ( ,rome t[>ds1 #dj2 ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #da1 #db2 ( ,polyc>p1 #db sq1 #ie sq1 #aja sq2 ( ,hegesippus1 #ab2 ( ,papias1 #aea sq2 ( ,m>cion1 #aag1 #bai1 #bbe1 #bgc2 ( ! eld]s 9 ,ir5aeus1 #bdh2 ( ,melito1 #bcg2 ( ,tatian1 #bgc2 ( ! ,s*ool ( ,/ ,john g5]ally1 #bea2 ( ! ,*ur*es 9 ,gaul1 #bee2 position ( 8 writ+s 9 ! ,canon ( ,eusebius1 #cg1 #ch1 #df sq2 see also ,tueb+5 ,s*ool ,paul1 ,acts (1 #cg ,pe>son1 9 ! ,ignatian controv]sy1 #hc1 #hf ,pella1 #ij1 #ia ,p]egr9us ,proteus1 #gf sq ,p]gamum1 #adg1 #adh ,p]icope ,adult]ae1 an ins]tion f ,papias1 #bjc sq ,p]petua1 #gf1 #hc ,petau1 #ff1 #fg ,pet]1 ,acts (1 #cg ,pet]1 ,apocalypse (1 #cg1 #dg ,pet]1 ,gospel (1 #cg ,pet]1 ,prea*+ (1 #cg ,pet] 7,/71 ! ,epi/les (2 _! position 9 ! ,canon ( ,eusebius1 #cf sq1 #df2 ,eusebius' me?od te/$ on1 #dc1 #de1 #dg1 #di2 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le l>gely quot$ by ,polyc>p1 #dc1 #di sq1 #ie1 #aji1 #aia sq2 employ$ by ,papias1 #ahf1 #bjf sq2 by ,ir5aeus1 #de ,pet] ( ,alex&ria1 #bda n ,pet]mann1 #fc1 #ga1 #hf sq ,philip 7,/71 ! ,apo/le2 at ,hi]apolis1 #ia1 #adc1 #adi2 8 daught]s1 #ia1 #adi1 #aec2 8 int]c\rse ) ,papias1 #adc1 #adf1 #adi1 #aic2 8 id5tity1 #ia n ,philip1 ! ,asi>*1 #bbb n ,philippi1 ! ,*ur* at2 ,ignatius' visit to1 #ic1 #ajf2 ,polyc>p's correspond5ce )1 #ic sq1 #aja1 #ajf sq1 #aba 7see ,polyc>p1 ,epi/le (72 episcopacy at1 #ajf1 #ajh ,philippians1 ,g]man !ories z to ! ,paul9e ,epi/le to !1 #bd sq ,phillips1 #bgi n ,philo1 #agc sq1 #bjj n ,photius1 #aif n1 #bch1 #bci1 #bda n1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bfg n ,pi]ius ( ,alex&ria1 #bda n ,pl9y2 8 cr$ulity & t ( ! e>ly fa!rs1 #bfi2 8 in=mant ,s]gius ,paulus1 #bid sq ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna2 date ( 8 bir?1 #ij2 born at a crisis1 #ij sq2 ( ,*ri/ian p>5ts1 #id2 re>$ 9 ! c5tre ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ia sq2 "u ! influ5ce ( ,/ ,john1 #hi1 #ib2 bi%op ( ,smyrna1 #ib2 ent]ta9s ,ignatius1 #ib1 #aac2 8 age at ?is "t1 #aba2 8 lett] to ! ,philippians 7see ,polyc>p1 ,epi/le (72 a companion ( ,papias1 #adb1 #aej1 #aec1 #bah2 8 old age1 #if2 8 pupils ,flor9us & ,ir5aeus1 #if sq1 #bfd1 #bfe2 8 j\rney to ,rome1 #ii sq1 #aba2 prea*es at ,rome1 #aja2 8 enc\nt] ) ,m>cion1 #aja1 #aae1 #bab2 8 attitude 9 ! ,pas*al controv]sy1 #ii sq2 date ( 8 m>tyrdom1 #ij1 #ig1 #ajc sq1 #adg1 #bfd2 details ( x1 #gg n1 #ajc1 #bbj sq2 docum5t pres]v+ x 7see ,polyc>p1 ,m>tyrdom (72 8 position & t ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 #hi1 #id2 ! deposit>y ( ,apo/olic tradition1 #hi sq1 #if2 ! l9k ) ,ir5aeus1 #hi1 #ajj sq2 ! rev]5ce inspir$ by1 #aba n2 *>act]i/ic expressions (1 #ig1 #aae sq2 8 use ( ! ^w 'oracles'1 #agd ,polyc>p1 ,epi/le (2 date & circum/ances ( writ+1 #ic sq1 #aja1 #ajf sq1 #aba2 incomplete 9 ! ,greek1 #aa2 its g5u95ess1 #ajd sq2 7#a7 ext]nal evid5ce =1 #ajd2 7#b7 int]nal evid5ce1 #aje sq2 f 7i7 its =mula ( evangelical quotations1 #aje1 #aji2 7ii7 its picture ( ,*ur* ord]1 #ajf1 #ajg sq1 #abb2 7iii7 its ,*ri/ology1 #ajf1 #ajh2 7iv7 ! argum5t f sil5ce1 #ajf2 7v7 its /yle & subject-matt] comp>$ ) ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #ajf sq2 ,rits*l's !ory ( int]pretations consid]$1 #aaj sq2 fur!r objections dealt )1 7a7 ! m>tyr j\rney ( ,ignatius1 #aaa2 7b7 alleg$ ana*ronisms1 #aa1 #aaa sq1 #abb2 7c7 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les app5d$1 #aac sq2 7d7 ! ?irte5? *apt]1 #aad2 7e7 a suppos$ ref]5ce to ,m>cion1 #aae sq2 7f7 ! age ( ! writ]1 #aba2 scriptural quotations 91 #db sq1 #di sq1 #ic sq1 #aji1 #aah1 #bbg2 ,eusebius' me?od te/$ on1 #db sq1 #di2 ! quotations f #a ,pet]1 #dc1 #di sq1 #ie1 #aji1 #aia sq2 co9cid5ce ) #a ,john1 #di2 relation to ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 #ie sq1 #aja sq2 its te/imony to ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #aa1 #hb1 #aac sq ,polyc>p1 ,m>tyrdom (2 ! docum5t1 #ajc1 #bbj2 its date1 #bbj2 emphasizes ! co9cid5ces ) ! ,passion1 #bbj sq2 its evid5ce to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #bba sq2 employ$ by ! ,pas*al ,*ronicle1 #adh n ,polycrates ( ,ephesus2 8 place 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,/ ,john1 #bah2 8 "w on ! ,pas*al controv]sy1 #bdd1 #bdh sq2 scriptural quotations 9 8 lett] to ,victor1 #bdh1 #bdi2 quotes ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #bdi2 8 ref]5ce to ,melito1 #bbd ,pontius ,pilate1 date ( ! t]m9ation ( ! procurator%ip (1 #aca n ,po?9us2 probably a native ( ,asia ,m9or1 #bec1 #bfe2 date ( 8 m>tyrdom1 #bec1 #bfe2 p]haps "o ( ! eld]s ( ,ir5aeus1 #aif n1 #bff ,presbyt] ,john2 see ,john ! ,presbyt] ,presbyt]s 9 ,ir5aeus2 see ,eld]s ,proclus1 ,com9ius1 proconsul ( ,cyprus1 #bid n ,proconsuls2 ! title 9 imp]ial times1 #bib sq2 ! ,greek equival5t1 #bib2 ( ,cyprus1 #bid ,propraetors2 ! title 9 imp]ial times1 #bib2 ! ,greek equival5t1 #bib ,protevangelium1 #ae1 #bef sq ,quadratus1 proconsul ( ,cyprus1 #bid n ,quadratus1 ,/atius1 ! ,asiatic proconsul%ip (1 #ajc sq ,qu>todeciman2 see ,pas*al controv]sy ,r5an1 #ajd1 #bcb n1 #bia ,rhodon1 #bgb1 #bgc n1 #bgd ,rits*l1 #fc1 #fe1 #aaj sq ,rivetus1 #ff1 #fg ,roman ,*ur*1 its influ5ce 9 ! "t ( ,ignatius1 #ei ,roman prison]s1 treatm5t (1 #ge sq ,roman prov9ces2 ,augu/us' division (1 #bia sq2 ! titles ( _! gov]nors1 #bib2 int]*ange ( imp]ial & s5atorial prov9ces1 #bib2 ,asia & ,africa ! mo/ s\ght aft]1 #bic ,ros5muell]1 #fh ,r\?1 #aed n1 #bja n1 #bad n1 #bda n1 #beb n ,ruf9us1 #bjc ,rufus1 #aaa ,ru9>t1 #gf n1 #hj ,sa*au1 #bcb n ,salut>is1 ,c4 ,vibius1 #cjb ,s&ay2 on ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ae2 on ,m>cion's ,gospel1 #ahf n ,saturus1 #gf ,saumaise1 #ff ,s*lei]ma*]1 #aga ,s*liemann1 #gj ,s*midt1 #fh ,s*olt51 #fd1 #aai1 #bdb1 #bfb n ,s*roeckh1 #fh1 #fi ,s*wegl]1 #bd ,second c5tury2 its volum9\s ecclesia/ical lit]ature1 #cb1 #ajb2 meagre lit]>y rema9s ( ! fir/ ?ree qu>t]s1 #cc1 #ec1 #hi1 #ajb2 small be>+ on ! ,canon ( ! extant works1 #cc1 #bga2 importance ( ,ir5aeus at ! close ( ! c5tury1 #ec1 #hi ,seml]1 #fh ,s]apion1 #bch ,s]gius ,paulus1 proconsul ( ,cyprus2 p]haps an in=mant ( ,pl9y1 #bid sq2 ,cyprian inscription m5tion+ him1 #bid1 #big ,s]gius ,paulus1 ,l42 ! fri5d ( ,gal51 #bif2 proconsul ( ,asia1 #bbc1 #bif2 8 date1 #bbc2 8 cursus honorum1 #bif2 8 resemblance 9 "* to 8 namesake 9 ! ,acts1 #bif2 8 sci5tific /udies1 #big2 id5tification ( an unkn[n1 #bie n ,sev]ians1 ,apoll9>is' treatise aga9/ !1 #bch1 #bdc ,sev]us ( ,antio*1 #hg ,%e*em & ,sy*>1 #ag1 #acc sq ,sil5ce1 its place 9 ! ,gno/ic ,sy/ems1 #hf sq ,siloam1 #ah1 #bjc ,simon ,magus1 #bfh ,simonians1 #hf1 #afa ,smyrnaeans1 ,lett] ( !2 see ,polyc>p1 ,m>tyrdom ( ,soc9us1 #ff1 #fg ,socrates1 ! hi/orian1 #bci ,/ephanus ,gob>us1 #ab ,/rabo1 #bib1 #bic n ,sup]natural ,religion2 criticisms on 8 gramm> & s*ol>%ip1 #c sq1 #ec sq1 #abf sq2 on 8 imp>tiality1 #i sq1 #bj sq1 #acj sq1 #adj sq1 #aia sq2 on ! plan ( 8 book1 #bf1 #ach sq2 8 *>ges aga9/ oppon5ts1 #bj sq1 #acg sq2 8 li/s ( ref]5ces1 #bc1 #fe sq2 8 !ological position1 #aci n2 on ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 #cc sq2 on ! ,pas*al controv]sy1 #ag1 #bdj sq1 #bde2 cl]ical & o!r errors1 & ambiguities 91 #abd sq1 #ahb sq1 #beg ,sup]natural1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #bi sq ,sy*>1 id5tification (1 #ag sq1 #acc sq ,synopti/s2 _! po9ts ( contra/ ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ae sq2 recogniz$ by ! e>ly fa!rs1 #bjg sq1 #bci2 _! *ronology comp>$1 #af1 #dh1 #aca1 #bci sq1 #bde sq2 see also ,f\r? ,gospel ,tacitus1 #be1 #bfh n ,tatian2 an ,assyrian1 #bgb2 a hea!n sophi/1 #bgb2 8 travels1 #bgb2 8 conv]sion1 #bgb2 a pupil ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #bgb1 #bgd2 8 disciples at ,rome1 #bgb1 #bgd2 removes to ! ,ea/1 #bgb2 8 subsequ5t h]etical op9ions1 #bgb2 8 attitude t[>ds ,/ ,paul & ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 #bgc1 #bhd2 8 views anti-,judaic1 #bgc2 date ( 8 lit]>y activity1 #bgd2 8 extant ,apology1 #bgd2 its date1 #bge2 quotes f ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #ej1 #bge2 8 =mula ( quotation1 #bgf2 8 ,diatess>on1 #bgg sq2 its description 9 ,eusebius1 #bgg2 :o knew b disp>ag$ x1 #bgh2 ! evid5ce ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,addai1 #bgh sq2 ! comm5t>y ( ,ephraem ,syrus1 #bhj1 #bhc2 discov]y ( an ,arm5ian ,v]sion1 #bhh2 ,b>-,salibi's /atem5ts1 #bhj sq2 ,!odoret's te/imony to its circulation1 #bhb sq2 summ>y ( evid5ce1 #bhc sq2 c\nt]-/atem5t ( ,epiphanius1 #bhd sq2 ( ,victor ( ,capua1 #bhe sq2 read 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ,edessa1 #bgh sq2 ( ,cyrrhe/ice1 #bhb sq2 its op5+ words1 #bhj1 #bha n1 #bhc2 its plan1 #bhj sq2 o!r ?an t ( ,ammonius' ,diatess>on1 #bhj sq1 #bhc2 confusion ( ! two works1 #bha n2 ,aphraates' k ( x1 #bhc n1 #bhh2 ! range ( its circulation1 #bhd2 confus$ ) ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 #bhd sq2 rec5t discov]y ( an ,arabic ,v]sion1 #bhh ,t]tullian2 gives evid5ce to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #eb2 8 ,apologeticum1 #bge2 on ! episcopate ( ,polyc>p1 #ib n2 on ! /yle ( ,melito1 #bbi2 ,*iliasm (1 #aea ,!odoret2 date ( 8 episcopate1 #bhb2 8 treatise on ,h]esies1 #bhb2 8 evid5ce = ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #gb2 = ,tatian's ,diatess>on1 #bhb sq2 = ,apoll9>is1 #bch1 #bci1 #bdb sq ,!odotion's ,v]sion ( ! ,,lxx1 #bfj ,!ophilus ( ,antio*2 8 works1 extant & lo/1 #dd2 quotes ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #dd1 #eb1 #agi1 #bae1 #baf2 ,eusebius' me?od te/$ on 8 ,autolycus1 #dd1 #eb1 #bae2 8 te/imony to ! ,apocalypse1 #dd1 #dg1 #baf2 8 inve/igations 9 comp>ative *ronology1 #bfi ,?i]s*1 #fh ,?omas 7,/71 #adc1 #aic ,?omasius1 #baj n ,tillemont1 #bda n1 #bec n ,tis*5dorf2 def5d$ aga9/ ,s4,r4's *>ges1 #e sq1 #ed sq1 #abe n1 #abg n1 #abh n1 #ach2 o!r ref]5ces to1 #d1 #abi1 #afe1 #afg1 #baj ,tueb+5 ,s*ool1 criticis$1 #ab1 #bd1 #db1 #fd1 #hb1 #hi sq1 #ie sq1 #aja sq1 #aaj sq1 #aea sq1 #bea ,uhlhorn1 #fc1 #ga ,us%]1 #fj1 #fa ,val5s1 ! ,presbyt]1 #ajh ,val5t9ianism2 its expressions anticipat$ 9 ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 #he1 #hf sq2 oppos$ by ,ir5aeus1 #ih1 #aja1 #bai1 #bde sq1 #bfb2 by ,hippolytus1 #afa2 its appeal to ! ,canon1 #bai1 #bfb1 #bfh2 to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #eb2 to uncanonical books1 #bfc2 its be>+ on ! *ronology ( our ,"l's ,life1 #bde sq2 its exegesis1 #afa ,vettius ,epaga?us1 #bee1 #bef ,victor ( ,capua2 8 date1 #bhf2 discov]s an anonym\s ,h>mony ( ! ,gospel1 #bhf2 ,franki% translation ( ?is ,h>mony1 #bhf n2 assigns x to ,tatian1 #bhf2 p]haps rightly1 #bhh2 ! ^w ,diap5te 9 8 notice ( ,tatian1 #bgi n1 #bhe sq ,victor ( ,rome2 8 date1 #bfa2 8 attitude 9 ! ,pas*al controv]sy1 #ajj1 #bdd1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bec sq ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 ,*ur*es (2 see ,gallican ,*ur*es ,virg9 ,m>y1 "* ( ! allusions 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ,melito to !1 #bce sq ,volkm>1 #bd sq1 #fd1 #ga1 #gi sq ,voss1 #fa ,vossian ,epi/les2 see ,ignatian ,epi/les ,wadd+ton1 #ih n1 #ajc sq1 #aae1 #aba1 #bbc1 #bie n1 #bif n ,weiff5ba*1 #adf n1 #aeh n ,weismann1 #fh1 #fi ,weiss1 #fc1 #fe1 #ga ,we/cott2 def5d$ aga9/ ! attacks ( ,s4,r41 #d sq1 #ab sq1 #ba sq1 #ec sq1 #abc sq1 #abh n1 #acg sq2 o!r ref]5ces to1 #ic1 #acj1 #aee1 #afa n1 #baa n1 #bbf sq1 #bge n2 8 reply to ,s4,r41 #gi n ,:i/on1 #fi ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 #df ,wood's discov]ies at ,ephesus1 #bid n1 #big sq ,wordswor?1 ,bi%op ,*ri/oph]1 #bbb n ,wright1 #bhb n ,za*>ias1 #adf n1 #bee sq1 #bfb n ,zahn1 #fc1 #ga1 #ge n1 #gg n1 #gi n1 #ha n1 #aae n1 #bac n1 #bgi n1 #bhc n1 #bhg ,zell]1 #fd ,ziegl]1 #fh1 #bfd n ,zosimus1 #aaa ,zunz1 #aec n ,,index ,,( ,,passages4 ,,page ,g5esis iv4 #ae #agd ,exodus xxxii4 #g sq #agd ,deut]onomy ix4 #ab sq #agd x4 #i #agc xxxi4 #g1 #bc #bba #a ,k+s iv4 #cc #be ,psalms iv4 #d #id ,isaiah xi4 #f sq #aih lxv4 #be sq #aih lxvi4 #bb #ee1 #aih ,ezekiel xxviii4 #ac #bjj xxviii4 #ae1 #af #bja ,hosea ii4 #f-ag #bda ,tobit iv4 #aj #id xii4 #i #id ,/ ,mat!w v4 #dd #abc x4 #af #da xi4 #bg sq #af xii4 #cc #da xiii4 #h #d xix4 #ab #da xix4 #bi #aeh xix4 #cj #abe xx4 #af #abe xxiii4 #ce #bef xxiii4 #cg #af1 #aca xxvi4 #bi #aeh1 #bje xxvi4 #db #bba xxvi4 #ee #bba xxviii4 #a #bjh ,/ ,m>k x4 #bi1 #cj #aeh x4#ca #abe xiv4 #dh #bba ,/ ,luke i4 #a #bhf i4 #c #ahi i4 #e sq #adf i4 #f #bee i4 #fg #bee ii4 #bd #bgf iii4 #bc #bca x4 #ah #ahf1 #bjj1 #bja xi4 #ea #beg xiii4 #cj #abe xiii4 #cb1 #cc #af xiii4 #cd #af1 #aca xiv4 #ac1 #ad #aeh xviii4 #cj #aeh xxi4 #ch #bjd xxii4 #eb #bba xxiii4 #dc #bja ,/ ,john i4 #a #dd1 #bcb1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bhf i4 #c #bgf i4 #e #bge i4 #ah #eb i4 #dd #ia iii4 #h #da iv4 #e #ag1 #acc iv4 #ah #eb iv4 #bd #bge iv4 #ce #acf v4 #c1 #d #i1 #eb1 #abf v4 #bi #bbc vii4 #cf #bjd vii4 #cg sq #bjc vii4 #eb #bjd vii4 #eh-viii4 #aa #bjc viii4 #ab sq #bjd viii4 #ae #bjd1 #bje viii4 #bi #da viii4 #dd #ac viii4 #ef #bdh viii4 #eg #bdf1 #bdg ix4 #g #ah xii4 #ba sq #ia xii4 #bh #bbb xii4 #cc #bbb xiii4 #be #bdi xiv4 #b #d1 #ed1 #aid1 #bdg xvi4 #b #beh xvii4 #c #bbc xviii4 #ca1 #cb #bbb xix4 #bh1 #cj #bbb xix4 #cd sq #bbb xix4 #ce #ahg xx4 #a #bjh xx4 #be #beg xx4 #ca #ahg xxi4 #bj #bdi ,acts ii4 #af #bgf ii4 #bd #ie v4 #bi #bdi vii4 #fj #beg xiii4 #g #bib1 #bid1 #bie xiii4 #dj #bgf xix4 #bd sq #big xix4 #ca #bii xix4 #ce #bii1 #cjj xix4 #cg1 #ch #bii1 #cja xxi4 #i #adi xxi4 #ad #bba ,romans i4 #e #bcg iii4 #b #agc iv4 #a sq #agc iv4 #ah #bgf viii4 #ah #bed xv4 #ai #abe xvi4 #bf #bcg #a ,cor9?ians vi4 #ab-ah #aai vii4 #e #bgc viii4 #a sq #aai x4 #a sq #agc x4 #g1 #h1 #ad1 #ba #ad xi4 #h sq #agc xv4 #ab #abj #b ,cor9?ians xii4 #ab #abe ,galatians ii4 #i #ad iv4 #ba sq #agc ,ephesians iv4 #bf #ie v4 #ba #aji vi4 #ad #ej vi4 #ah #abc ,philippians ii4 #f #bed ii4 #g #bcg iii4 #ah #abc iv4 #b #bd #a ,timo?y ii4 #b #abc iii4 #ae #bed iv4 #c #bgc iv4 #c1 #d #bee v4 #a1 #b1 #ag1 #ai #adf vi4 #g #abc vi4 #aj #abb #b ,timo?y ii4 #ah #abj iv4 #aj #bea ,hebrews v4 #ab #agc xi4 #b #ade #a ,pet] i4 #a #ib i4 #h #ej i4 #ac #ej i4 #ba #ej ii4 #aa1 #ab #ej ii4 #ag #ej1 #abb ii4 #bb1 #bd #ej iii4 #i #ej iv4 #g #di1 #aia iv4 #ad #ej v4 #e #ej1 #aji v4 #ac #bjg #a ,john i4 #a #ig1 #aij iv4 #b1 #c #aah ,revelation i4 #d #acc ii4 #b #ad ii4 #f1 #ad1 #ae1 #bj1 #bd #aai ii4 #ad #ac xii4 #i #bja xix4 #ac #ae ,ana/asius ( ,s9ai #aed1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bbe1 #bcj ,&reas ( ,caes>ea #bad ,aphraates ,hom4 i4 p4 #ac 7ed4 ,wright7 #bhc ,apo/4 ,con/it4 ii4 #bd #bjc ,ari/ides ,op4 ,i4 p4 #dec 7ed4 ,d9d47 #ih ,b>nabae ,ep4 #d1 #e #agg #ae #aea ,basil 7,/7 ,hom4 xi4 #e #age ,hom4 xii4 #a #age ,capitol4 ,vit4 ,anton4 #g #ih ,*ronicon ,pas*4 p4 #ac 7ed4 ,d9d47 #bch p4 #dha #adh ,claudius ,apoll9>is #bjg ,clem5s ,alex&r9us ,coh4 ad ,g5t4 p4 #hd 7ed4 ,pott]7 #agd 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