,illu/ration3 ,eat m nuts ,c>l ,wes*cke au?or ,,gr[+ ,,nuts ,,9 ,,! ,,nor? ,a p]sonal /ory ( ! au?or's exp]i5ce ( #cc ye>s ) nut culture 9 ,m9nesota & ,wiscons94 ,includes 8 failures z well z f9al successes4 ,sci5tific z well z readable = ! amateur horticulturi/ ) _m illu/rations4 ,tells h[ to gr[ & to propagate nut be>+ trees & %rubs4 ,by ,,c>l ,,wes*cke ,publi%$ ,,webb ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,,/4 ,,paul1 ,,m9nesota1 ,u4,s4,a4 #aiec ,copyright #aied ,,c>l ,,wes*cke ,,/4 ,,paul1 ,,m9nesota ,introduction ,,gr[+ ,,nuts ,,9 ,,! ,,nor? ,only a few books h be5 writt5 on ! subject ( nut trees & _! be>+ habits1 & v little ( t mat]ial applies to _! propagation 9 cold climates4 ,= ^! reasons ,i am relat+ "s ( ! exp]i5ces ,i h _h 9 ! la/ ?irty-two ye>s 9 rais+ nut trees 9 ,wiscons94 ,to me1 ?is has be5 a hobby ) results bo? practical & ornam5tal f> beyond my orig9al conception4 ,i hope t ! in=mation ,i am giv+ w be ( help & int]e/ to ^? :o1 l myself1 enjoy hav+ nut-be>+ trees 9 _! doory>ds1 & t x w prev5t _! und]go+ ! failures & disappo9tm5ts ,i sometimes met ) 9 pione]+ along ?is l9e4 ,s9ce my purpose is to give advice & assi/ance to ^? ^: int]e/ p>allels m9e by relat+ my successes & failures & :at ,i le>n$ f ea*1 ,i h includ$ only ^? details ( te*nique :i* are p]t95t4 ,x is a f9e ?+ to h a hobby t takes "o out-(-doors4 ,t 9 itself sugge/s heal?ful ?\ght & liv+4 ,! fur!r association ( work+ ) trees1 z ) any liv+ ?+s1 br+s "o into ! close/ association ) nature & ,god4 ,i hope ?is book may help someone a*ieve t attitude ( life1 9 :i* ,i h f\nd su* great pleasure & inn] satisfaction4 ,anyone wi%+ to make a plant+ ( a few nut trees 9 8 doory>d or a small or*>d plant+ %\ld jo9 ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,?is ,association c be jo9$ by writ+ ! curr5t secret>y1 b s9ce t (fice may be *ang$ f "t to "t1 p]sons apply+ = memb]%ip %\ld write ,george ,l4 ,slate ( ,g5eva ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,g5eva1 ,new ,york1 or ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,crane1 ,pr9cipal ,horticulturi/1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,beltsville1 ,m>yl&1 or ! ,au?or4 ,! fir/ presid5t 0 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiaj-aiaa1 ! ,association be+ f\nd$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ ( ,we/*e/]1 ,new ,york1 :o call$ ! fir/ meet+ 9 #aiaj4 ,ea* ye> a report 0 pr9t$ ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,annual ,meet+ & exclusive ( ! #aieb meet+1 ! ,reports :i* are 9 sub/antial book =m numb] =ty-two4 ,mo/ ( ^! ,reports c be obta9$ by writ+ to ! secret>y1 ! total libr>y ( ^! ,reports con/itut+ "o ( ! be/ au?orities = nut tree plant+ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an any extant4 ,! au?or ackn[l$ges ) ?anks ! consi/5t enc\rag+ praise f 8 fa!r1 ,*>les ,wes*cke1 ( ! "w involv$ 9 nut gr[+ exp]im5ts1 also = 8 f9ancial assi/ance1 ?us mak+ ! publication ( ?is book possible & available to read]s at a nom9al price4 ,! editor ( ! great] "p ( ?is book1 ,allison ,burbank ,h>tman 7a desc5d5t ( ! great ,lu!r ,burbank71 is entitl$ to great praise & ?anks = ! int]e/ & "w %e put =?4 ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made to ,william ,kuehn1 ! arti/4 ,he _h be5 associat$ ) ! au?or 9 ,boy ,sc\t "w1 also became a "p ( ! nut gr[+ exp]im5ts 9 ,nor!rn ,wiscons91 :i* "w 0 int]rupt$ by ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is h]eby made ) gratitude to ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ,h>ry ,web] ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio2 ,=d ,wilk9son1 ,rockport1 ,ind42 ,fayette ,ett]1 ,lehma/]s1 ,pa42 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+1 ,lit*field1 ,conn42 ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c42 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,sw>?more1 ,pa42 ,george ,s4 ,slate1 ,urbana1 ,ill42 ,h]man ,la/1 ,/eamboat ,rock1 ,i[a1 & _m o!r pr(essors & horticulturi/s :o l5t _! "t & ef=t assi/+ me 9 my exp]im5ts ?r\gh\t ! ye>s4 ,& la/ b n lea/1 ! au?or is indebt$ to 8 secret>y1 ,doro?y ,d[nie1 = tireless ef=ts 9 re-writ+ ! manuscript _m times :i* 0 necess>y 9 compil+ ?is book4 ,,gr[+ ,,nuts ,,9 ,,! ,,nor? ,cont5ts ,introduction ,*apt] #a ,fir/ ,enc\nt]s ,*apt] #b ,fir/ ,attempts ,*apt] #c ,black ,walnuts ,*apt] #d ,hazels & ,filb]ts ,*apt] #e ,hazels &_/or ,filb]ts ,*apt] #f ,pecans & ,_! ,hybrids ,*apt] #g ,hickory ! ,k+ ,*apt] #h ,butt]nut ,*apt] #i ,pione]+ ,) ,engli% ,walnuts 9 ,wiscons9 ,*apt] #aj ,o!r ,trees ,*apt] #aa ,pe/s & ,pets ,*apt] #ab ,/or+ & ,plant+ ,se$s ,*apt] #ac ,tree ,plant+ ,me?ods ,*apt] #ad ,w9t] ,protection ( ,grafts & ,se$l+s ,*apt] #ae ,tree ,/orage ,*apt] #af ,sugge/ions on ,graft+ ,me?ods ,*apt] #ag ,graft+ ,tape ,v]sus ,raffia ,*apt] #ah ,effects ( ,graft+ on ,unlike ,/ocks ,*apt] #ai ,di/+ui%+ ,*>act]i/ics ( ,scions ,*apt] #bj ,hybridiz+ ,*apt] #ba ,toxicity ,among ,trees & ,plants ,conclusion ,*apt] #a ,,fir/ ,,enc\nt]s ,almo/ ev]yone c rememb] f 8 y\?1 trips made to ga!r nuts4 ,^? nuts may h be5 any ( ! v>i\s k9ds di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 su* z ! butt]nut1 black walnut1 bee*nut1 *e/nut1 hickory1 hazel or pecan4 ,i "k t ,i c recall v well1 :5 ,i 0 a *ild & visit$ my gr&p>5ts 9 ,new ,ulm & ,/4 ,pet]1 9 s\!rn ,m9nesota1 ! abundance ( butt]nuts1 black walnuts & hazels to be f\nd along ! roads & especially along ! ,m9nesota & ,cottonwood riv] bottoms4 ,s9ce su* nut trees 7 n to be f\nd ne> ,spr+field1 :]e my p>5ts liv$1 :i* 0 j a little too f> we/1 ,i /ill associate my fir/ & immature int]e/ 9 ?is k9d ( horticulture ) ^? y\?ful trips ea/4 ,! only way we *ildr5 c\ld di/+ui% betwe5 butt]nut & black walnut trees 0 by ! fruit itself1 ei!r on ! tree or %ak5 d[n4 ,?is is n surpris+1 h[ev]1 s9ce ^! trees are closely relat$1 bo? belong+ to ! family ,juglans4 ,! black walnut is kn[n z ,juglans nigra & ! butt]nut or :ite walnut z ,juglans c9]a4 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ! trees is s pron\nc$ t ! mo/ exp]i5c$ horticulturi/ may confuse !m if he has only ! trees 9 foliage z 8 guide4 ,an exp]i5ce ,i rec5tly _h is q sugge/ive ( ?is4 ,i wi%$ to buy "s furniture 9 ei!r black walnut or mahogany & ,i 0 hesitat+ betwe5 !m4 ,not+ my unc]ta9ty1 ! salesman sugge/$ a suite ( ,fr5* walnut4 ,my curiosity & int]e/ 7 imm$iately ar\s$4 ,i _h n only be5 rais+ _m k9ds ( walnut trees1 b ,i _h also run ?r\gh my own sawmill1 logs ( walnut & butt]nut4 ,i felt t ,i knew ! v>i\s species ( walnut v ?or\ghly4 ,s ,i sugge/$ to him3 ,y mu/ mean ,circassian or ,engli% walnut1 :i* is ! same ?+4 ,x gr[s abundantly 9 ,france4 ,y are wrong 9 call+ x ,fr5* walnut1 ?\gh1 because !re is no su* species4 ,he indignantly reject$ ! "n ,i gave x1 & insi/$ t x 0 g5u9e ,fr5* walnut4 ,p]haps1 ,i advis$ him1 t is a trade "n to cov] ! real orig91 j z pluck$ muskrat is t]m$ ,hudson seal4 ,t1 too1 he d5i$4 ,we 7 bo? insi/5t4 ,i 0 sure ( my own k & /ubborn en\gh to want to prove him wrong4 ,i pull$ a draw] f ! dress] ( ! ,fr5* walnut suite & ask$ him to comp>e its weight ) t ( a simil> draw] f a black walnut suite ne>by4 ,black walnut weighs =ty p\nds p] cubic foot1 :ile butt]nut weighs only tw5ty-five4 ,he 0 =c$ to admit ! diff]5ce & f9ally all[$ my ass]tion to /& t ,fr5* walnut 0 butt]nut1 /a9$ & f9i%$ to simulate black walnut4 ,s9ce x w\ld h be5 illegal to claim t x 0 black walnut1 ! attractive b mean+less label ( ,fr5* walnut _h be5 appli$4 ,al?\gh x is less exp5sive1 ,i d n mean to imply t butt]nut is n an excell5t wood = con/ruct+ furniture4 ,x ranks high 9 quality & is probably z durable z black walnut4 ,i d say1 ?\gh1 t x 0 necess>y = me to "k bo? ! species names & ! relative weights ( ea* wood to be able to di/+ui% betwe5 !m indisputably4 ,an in/ance 9 :i* ! nuts !mselves 7 useless = purposes ( id5tification occurr$ :5 ,i s5t "s black walnuts to ! ,division ( ,pomology at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,^! 7 ! ,ohio v>iety :i* ,i _h graft$ on butt]nut roots4 ,! tree _h be5 be>+ = ?ree or f\r ye>s b ?is 0 ! fir/ ye> ! nuts _h matur$4 ,dur+ _! be>+ p]iod1 ^! black walnuts _h gradually *ang$ 9 appe>ance1 becom+ elongat$ & v deeply & %>ply corrugat$ l butt]nuts al?\gh !y /ill reta9$ ! black walnut flavor4 ,because ( ?is mixture ( *>act]i/ics1 ! gov]nm5t exp]ts _h great difficulty 9 id5tify+ ! v>iety1 al?\gh ! ,ohio 0 well kn[n to !m4 ,ano!r v>iety ( black walnut1 ! ,?omas1 ,i h also kn[n to be influ5c$ by ! butt]nut /ock on :i* x 0 graft$1 :5 9 #aich1 "o ( my trees bore black walnuts ^: meat _h lo/ its *>act]i/ic flavor & assum$ t ( ! butt]nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,a--,g5u9e orig9al ,ohio ,black ,walnut f p>5t tree ,b--,nut produc$ by graft+ ,ohio on ,butt]nut ,i also lik$ to pick hazelnuts :5 ,i 0 a boy4 ,^! are probably ! lea/ int]e/+ among ! wild nuts s9ce !y are usually small & h>d to crack4 ,!re is mu* v>iation 9 wild hazels1 h[ev]1 & _m p may recall !m z be+ reasonably l>ge4 ,"o ( ! two species abundant 9 ,m9nesota1 ,corylus cornuta or ,beak hazel1 has f9e1 ne$le-l hairs on its husk :i* are sure to /ick into "o's f+]s disagreeably4 ,:5 ! husk is remov$1 ,corylus cornuta resembles a small acorn4 ,x does n produce 9 s\!rn ,m9nesota & c5tral ,wiscons9 z well z ! common hazel1 ,corylus ,am]icana1 does1 nor is its flavor z pleas+ to mo/ p4 ,x is light] 9 color ?an ! common hazel & has a ?9n] %ell4 ,( c\rse1 "s hazels are int]m$iate or natural hybrids betwe5 ^! two species1 & if ! nuts ( su* hybrids are plant$1 !y g5]ally rev]t to "o ( ! p>5ts :5 mature en\gh to be>4 ,?is natural hybridization occurs among all plants1 betwe5 ^? ( ! same species1 ! same g5]a or ! same family4 ,x is v r>e betwe5 plants ( diff]5t families4 ,! process is a v important "o 9 horticulture & ,i %all expla9 "s ( ! crosses :i* are well-kn[n lat] 9 ?is book4 ,*apt] #b ,,fir/ ,,attempts ,:5 ,i 0 ab\t fifte5 ye>s old1 my family mov$ to ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota1 :]e my home n[ is & :]e my exp]im5tal "w ) nuts 0 begun4 ,/4 ,paul is 9 ! #de? nor? p>allel1 b al?\gh x is f>!r nor?1 x is z favorable = ! gr[? ( nut trees z ,new ,ulm or ,/4 ,pet]1 because x lies 9 ! ,mississippi ,riv] valley & is f>!r ea/4 ,bodies ( wat] & altitudes h z great an influ5ce on plant life z latitude2 at lea/1 !y c h1 & ^! are factors t mu/ be und]/ood ?or\ghly4 ,soil conditions also vitally affect plant life1 p>ticul>ly deep-root$ trees su* z nut trees usually are4 ,ea* has its own requirem5ts2 hickory1 ,japanese he>tnut & ,p]sian walnuts favor an alkal9e soil1 :i* *e/nuts1 want+ acid w n gr[ 92 *e/nuts ?rive be/ 9 a slightly acid1 well-dra9$ soil2 hazels w gr[ 9 ei!r alkal9e or acid soil z w black walnuts & butt]nuts2 almonds ne$ a light s&y soil1 simil> to t suitable to plums1 pecans d well 9 ei!r ri* riv] bottoms1 :i* may be slightly acid1 or 9 clay soil on high hillsides :i* are alkal9e4 ,a deep1 s&y or graveltype soil is usually accept$ by ! *e/nuts ev5 ?\gh x may n be slightly acid1 & successful or*>ds h be5 gr[n on a deep clay soil on hillsides4 ,x is n always easy to obta9 black walnuts & butt]nuts to eat4 ,hickory nuts h be5 a favorite ( m9e s9ce ,i fir/ ta/$ !m & ,i (t5 h f\nd x difficult to procure fre% ones1 ones t 7 n slightly rancid4 ,because ,i lik$ eat+ ^! nuts1 ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld try to gr[ "s = my own consumption & s avoid hav+ to dep5d on a groc]'s occasional supply ( ^? %ipp$ 91 always a little /ale4 ,rais+ nuts appeal$ to me economically too1 s9ce obvi\sly trees w\ld ne$ little c>e1 & aft] !y _h begun to be> w\ld supply nuts t c\ld be sold at int]e/+ prices4 ,i turn$ ! back y>d ( my home 9 ,/4 ,paul into an exp]im5tal plot4 ,"h ,i set out "s ( ea* k9d ( tree ,i plant$ or graft$ at my f>m 9 ,wiscons94 ,i _h pur*as$ a f>m #ce miles ea/ ( ,/4 ,paul1 beyond ! influ5ce ( ! ,/4 ,croix ,riv] ,valley4 ,my exp]im5ts really began !re4 ,! f>m 0 cov]$ ) butt]nut trees1 hazel bu%es1 & a wild hickory call$ bitt]nut4 ,?is la/ is well-nam$ = ,i h nev] f\nd an animal o!r ?an a squirrel t c\ld endure its nuts4 ,possibly ! :ite-foot$ m\se or de]-m\se c\ld--,i don't "k4 ,he usually eats any?+ a squirrel does4 ,i le>n$ to appreciate ^! bitt]nut trees lat] & !y became a s\rce ( exp]i5ce & int]e/ to me z ,i le>n$ to graft on !m _m v>ieties1 species & hybrids ( hickory4 ,!y s]v$ z a root-sy/em & %ort5$ ! l5g? ( "t requir$ to te/ doz5s ( hickory types1 help+ me 9 t way1 to le>n )9 "o lifetime :at types ( nuts are practical = gr[+ 9 ! nor?4 ,rememb]+ ! nut trees 9 s\!rn ,m9nesota1 ,i fir/ ?\ght to procure black walnut & hickory trees f "s f>m] 9 t di/rict4 ,?r\gh acqua9tances 9 ,/4 ,pet]1 ,i did locate "s black walnut trees only to f9d t x 0 impractical to dig & transport trees ( ! size ,i want$4 ,a nurs]y ne> ,/4 ,paul suppli$ me ) "s & ,i b\ght tw5ty-eight l>ge1 se$l+ black walnut trees4 ,i 0 too eag] to get ahead ) my plans & ,i attempt$1 ! fir/ ye> ^! trees 7 plant$1 to graft all ( !m4 ,my ability to d ?is 0 n equal to my ambition ?\gh1 & all b two ( ! trees 7 kill$4 ,i 0 successful 9 graft+ "o ( !m to a ,/abl] black walnut2 ! o!r tree p]si/$ s 9 ?r[+ out its natural spr\ts t ,i decid$ x %\ld be all[$ to cont9ue do+ s4 ,t native se$l+ tree :i* ,i c\ld n graft n[ furni%es me ) bu%els ( walnuts ea* ye> :i* are plant$ = und]/ocks4 ,?is is ! "n giv5 to ! root sy/ems on :i* good v>ieties are graft$4 ,9 an ef=t to replace ^! lo/ trees1 ,i inquir$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,m9nesota ,f>m & 0 giv5 ! addresses ( sev]al nurs]ym5 :o 7 !n sell+ graft$ nut trees4 ,_! catalogues 7 s invit+ t ,i decid$ x w\ld be q plausible to gr[ pecans & ,engli% walnuts at ?is latitude4 ,s ,i neglect$ my native trees t ye> = ! sake ( m exotic ones4 ,"o ye> suffic$2 ! dea? ( my :ole plant+ ( ,engli% walnuts & pecans turn$ me back to my orig9al int]e/4 ,my next ord] ( trees includ$ graft$ black walnuts ( f\r accept$ v>ieties to be plant$ 9 or*>d =m--! ,/abl]1 ,?omas1 ,ohio & ,t5 ,eyck4 ,i ord]$ a few hickories at ! same "t b ^! ev5tually di$4 ,my exp]i5ce ) hickories 0 v disc\rag+ s9ce !y 7 my favorite nuts & ,i _h set my he>t on gr[+ "s4 ,i ?9k ,i %\ld h giv5 up attempt+ !m _h n "o deal]1 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 urg$ t ,i buy j ?ree m hickory trees ( ! ,beav] v>iety4 ,he gave me special in/ructions on h[ to prep>e !m aga9/ w9t]4 ,i h always felt t :at he told me 0 inde$ special & v valuable s9ce ^? ?ree trees liv$4 ,subsequ5tly1 ,i b\ght sev]al hundr$ doll>s wor? ( trees f him4 ,m ?an t1 we became fri5ds4 ,i visit$ him at 8 nurs]ies 9 ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania1 & he aga9 demon/rat$ 8 int]e/ & g5]osity by giv+ me bo? horticultural in=mation & ! k9de/ hospitality4 ,my fri5d%ip ) him 0 b "o ( _m t ,i h =m$ :ile travel+ & correspond+ 9 ! int]e/s ( nut culture4 ,true & la/+ fri5ds su* m5 make1 too1 ) no circum/ances ( selfi% import to ta9t ! pleasure ( ! relation%ip4 ,s9ce ,i want$ to h _m black walnut trees "s day1 ,i decid$ to plant t5 bu%els ( black walnuts 9 r[s4 ,i ?\ght ,i c\ld lat] graft ^! myself & save exp5se4 ,! !ory 0 all "r b :5 ,i came to practice x1 ,i f\nd ,i _h n tak5 squirrels into consid]ation4 ,^! bu%y-tail$ rats dug up "o complete b$ :i* conta9$ two bu%els ( nuts & reburi$ !m 9 haphaz>d places ar\nd ! f>m4 ,:5 ! nuts />t$ to spr\t1 !y came up 9 ! fields1 9 ! g>d5s1 & on ! lawn--ev]y:]e except :]e ,i _h int5d$ !m to be4 ,i lat] 0 grateful to ^? squirrels1 ?\gh1 because1 ?r\gh _! r$i/ribut+ ^! nuts ,i le>n$ a great deal ab\t ! effect ( soil on black walnut trees1 ev5 discov]+ t :at ,i ?\ght to be suitable 0 n4 ,! trees :i* ! squirrels plant$ = me are n[ l>ge & l5d !mselves to exp]im5tal graft+4 ,on !m ,i h prov$1 & am /ill prov+1 new v>ieties ( ! ,engli% walnut4 ,! o!r eight bu%els _h be5 plant$ ne> a roadside & close to "s f>m build+s4 ,! con/ant human activity !reab\ts probably made ! squirrels less bold1 = al?\gh !y c>ri$ (f at lea/ a bu%el ( walnuts1 ab\t two ?\s& se$l+s grew4 ,i _h plant$ ^! too close toge!r & z ! trees develop$ !y became s cr[d$ t _m di$4 ,! rema9+ se$l+s suppli$ me ) root-/ocks = exp]im5tal "w :i* prov$ v valuable4 ,i h always suspect$ ! squirrels ( hav+ be5 responsible = ! fact t my fir/ attempt to gr[ hickory se$l+s 0 unsuccessful4 ,i plant$ a qu>t ( ^! nuts & n "o plant came up4 ,no d\bt ! squirrels dug !m up z soon z ,i plant$ !m & probably !y enjoy$ ! flavor z mu* z ,i always h4 ,9 #aibd ,i ord]$ "o hundr$ small bee*nut trees1 ,fagus f]rug9ea1 f ! ,/urgeon ,bay ,nurs]ies at ,/urgeon ,bay1 ,wiscons94 ,! company 0 v g5]\s & s5t me ?ree hundr$ ( !m4 ,i plant$ ^! trees 9 a heavy clay soil ) lime/one runn+ ne> ! surface4 ,!y grew well ! fir/ ye>1 except t !re 0 heavy mortality dur+ cold wea!r4 ,9 work+ ) ^! trees my lack ( exp]i5ce & horticultural k 0 aga9/ me4 ,!y c\ld n tol]ate ! soil & )9 ?ree ye>s !y 7 all dead4 ,to give v>iety to ! l&scape at my f>m1 ,i plant$ sev]al o!r k9ds ( trees4 ,among ^! 7 ,k5tucky c(fee-trees :i* h beautiful bronze foliage 9 ! spr+ & honey locu/s4 ,i plant$ five hundr$ ,d\glas fir b un=tunately1 ,i put ^! deep 9 ! woods among heavy timb] :]e !y 7 s %ad$ t only a few liv$4 ,lat]1 ,i mov$ ! surviv+ fir trees into an op5 field :]e !y /ill fl\ri%4 ,ab\t two hundr$ fifty p9es ( mix$ v>ieties--:ite1 ,norway & jack--t ,i plant$ 9 ! woods1 also di$4 ,i decid$1 !n1 t ev]gre5s might d bett] if !y 7 plant$ f se$s4 ,i foll[$ in/ructions 9 ,james ,w4 ,t\mey's ,se$+ & ,plant+ 9 ! ,practice ( ,=e/ry1 9 b$ culture & spot se$+4 ,9 ! latt] "o te>s (f ! sod 9 favorable places & ?r[s se$ on ! unprotect$ gr\nd4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i ignor$ ! natural requirem5ts ( =e/ practice :i* call = half-%ade dur+ ! fir/ two to ?ree ye>s ( gr[?4 ,?\s&s ( se$l+s spr\t$ b !y all di$ ei!r f disease or f attacks by c[s & %eep4 ,"o %\ld nev] attempt to raise trees & /ock 9 ! same field4 ,because ( ^! mis=tunes1 ,i det]m9$ to /udy ! gr[? ( ev]gre5s4 ,i inve/$ 9 su* necess>y equipm5t z frames & la? scre5+4 ,bett] equipp$ ) bo? in=mation & mat]ial1 ,i grew ?\s&s ( ev]gre5 trees4 ,among ! v>ieties ( p9e 73 native ,:ite ,p9e --,p9us /robus ,norway p9e --,p9us silve/rus ,mugho p9e --,p9us pumila montana sug> p9e --,p9us ,lamb]tiana 7n h>dy 9 nor!rn ,wiscons97 ,swiss /one --,p9us cembra 7n h>dy 9 nor!rn ,wiscons97 ,italian /one --,p9us p9ea 7n h>dy 9 nor!rn ,wiscons97 p9on --,p9us edulis 7n h>dy 9 nor!rn ,wiscons97 bull p9e --,p9us ,jeffreyi 7h>dy7 jack p9e --,p9us banksiana 7v h>dy7 limb] p9e --,p9us flexilis 7semi-h>dy1 a f9e nut p9e74 ,_m ( ! limb] p9es came into be>+ ab\t fifte5 ye>s aft] ! se$ 0 plant$4 ,at t age !y v>i$ 9 height f ?ree to fifte5 feet4 ,"o little ?ree-foot tree _h sev]al l>ge cones full ( se$4 ,ea* tree v>i$ 9 ! quality & size ( its se$s4 ,al?\gh x might be possible to graft ! be/ v>ieties on "y se$l+ /ocks1 9 all ! hundr$s ( grafts ,i h made on p9e1 ,i h be5 successful only once4 ,i d\bt t su* a ?+ w\ld ev] be practical f a comm]cial /&po9t unless "s new me?od 7 discov]$ by :i* a l>g] p]c5tage ( successful grafts c\ld be realiz$4 ,i cultivat$ ! ,d\glas fir1 :ite1 ,norway1 & ,colorado blue v>ieties ( spruce4 ,besides ^!1 ,i plant$ balsam fir1 r$ c$>1 ,junip]us ,virg9iana1 & :ite c$>1 ,arborvitae4 ,practically all ( ^! trees are /ill gr[+ & _m ( !m be> se$4 ,i wi% to describe ! limb] p9e1 ,p9us flexilis1 = x is n only a good gr[] & q h>dy b x is also a v ornam5tal nut p9e :i* gr[s to be a broad1 /\t-trunk$ tree #dj to #ge feet high4 ,! "y b>k is pale grey or silv]2 ! old b>k is v d>k1 9 squ>e plates4 ,! wood itself is light1 s(t & close-gra9$1 hav+ a color t v>ies f yell[ to r$4 ,! ne$les1 :i* are f\nd 9 clu/]s ( five1 are sl5d]1 #a-a_/b to #c in*es long1 & are d>k gre54 ,!y are %$ dur+ ! fif? or six? ye>4 ,! buds ( ! tree are f\nd bun*$ at ! bran* tips & are scaly & po9t$4 ,! limb] p9e has fl[]s l ^? ( ! :ite p9e1 except t !y are rose-color$4 ,al?\gh ! fruit is describ$ z annual1 ,i h f\nd t1 9 ?is locality1 x takes ab\t fifte5 mon?s f ! "t ! blossoms appe> = x to rea* maturity4 ,t is1 ! fruit requires two seasons = gr[?1 matur+ its se$s ! second ,septemb]4 ,! cones ( ! limb] p9e1 :i* v>y f ?ree to sev5 in*es 9 l5g?1 are purple1 hav+ ?ick r\nd$ scales & be+ abruptly peak$ at ! apex4 ,! se$s are w+less or h only v n>r[ w+s ar\nd !m4 ,) ! idea ( gett+ practical results soon]1 s9ce nut trees mature sl[ly1 ,i int]plant$ my nut trees ) v>ieties ( apple1 plum & *]ry4 ,do+ s also s]v$ to economize on gr\nd1 s9ce ultimately nut trees require a great deal ( space = be/ gr[?4 ,walnut trees1 = example1 %\ld be set #dj to #fj feet ap>t 9 ea* direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,p9us ,flexilus nut se$s1 ,natural ,size ,i le>n$ a v>iety ( facts dur+ ^! fir/ ye>s ( trial & error4 ,i discov]$1 = in/ance1 t iron f5ce po/s ru/ away 9 an acid soil2 t "o mu/ use c$> or oak4 ,conv]sely1 9 alkal9e soil1 iron w la/ indef9itely1 b t ! nitrog5\s bact]ia w quickly rot wood5 po/s4 ,i f\nd t ! secret ( gr[+ hickories successfully lies 9 giv+ !m pl5ty ( room1 ) no =e/ trees ar\nd to cut (f _! supply ( sunlight & air4 ,i le>n$ t x is impractical to graft a l>ge =e/ tree ( butt]nut or hickory4 ,incid5tal to t1 ,i le>n$ t a bran* ( a butt]nut tree :i* looks l>ge en\gh to support a man's weight ne> ! trunk1 w n d s :5 ! bran* is gre5 & alive1 b t a dead bran* ( simil> size w4 ,contr>iwise1 ev5 a small gre5 limb ( a bitt]nut-hickory w be> my weight1 b an old limb1 ?\gh sev]al in*es ?ick1 becomes s brittle aft] x is dead = sev]al ye>s t x w break "u slight pressure4 ,=tunately1 falls f trees d n usually result 9 s]i\s injuries b ,i did acquire q a few bruises le>n+ ^! di/9ctions4 ,!re is always a natural mortality 9 plant+ trees1 b 9 ^? fir/ ye>s1 lack+ badly-ne$$ exp]i5ce1 ,i lo/ m ?an #ge4 ,ne>ly all ( !m />t$ to gr[ b di$ dur+ ! fir/ few w9t]s4 ,^? :i* surviv$ 7 ! />t ( a nurs]y fill$ ) h>dy trees :i* c endure ! climate ( ! nor?4 ,9 look+ back1 ,i appreciate h[ =tunate ,i 0 9 hav+ s\ght & receiv$ advice f exp]i5c$ nurs]ym54 ,_h ,i n done s1 frequ5t failures w\ld surely h disc\rag$ me4 ,z x 01 ! successes ,i did h 7 an inc5tive :i* made me p]si/ & :i* left me ) fai? en\gh 9 an ultimate success to g on buy+ se$s & trees & to make great] & m v>i$ exp]im5ts4 ,*apt] #c ,,black ,,walnuts ,i h sp5t m ( my "t cultivat+ black walnuts ?an any o!r k9d ( nut tree & giv5 m ( my gr\nd area ov] to !m4 ,yet x 0 ) no great am\nt ( en?usiasm t ,i />t$ work+ ) ^! trees4 ,obvi\sly !re c\ld be no?+ new or extraord9>y result+ f my plant+ trees ( ?is species ei!r on my f>m or at my ,/4 ,paul home1 s9ce !re already 7 mature1 be>+ black walnut trees at bo? places4 ,x 0 only ) ! idea t !y w\ld be an attractive addition to ! native butt]nut groves t ,i decid$ to plant "s black walnut se$l+s4 ,?is did n prove feasible z ,i fir/ attempt$ x4 ,i _h engag$ a ,mr4 ,mill] at ,/4 ,pet] to procure wild black walnut trees = me s9ce !y grew ne> t t[n4 ,he 0 to dig ^! trees ) z mu* ( ! root sy/em includ$ z possible & %ip !m to my f>m4 ,b ! w9t] season came be=e ?is _h be5 accompli%$ & bo? ,mr4 ,mill] & ,i1 decid+ ! idea 0 n z practical z we _h hop$ x w\ld be1 ab&on$ x4 ,lat] t same autumn ,i f\nd t a nurs]y j outside ( ,/4 ,paul _h sev]al r[s ( ov]gr[n black walnut trees :i* !y w\ld sell me q reasonably4 ,i b\ght !m & s5t in/ructions to ! t5ant at my f>m to dig tw5ty-eight l>ge holes 9 :i* to plant !m4 ,pack$ 9 /raw & burlap1 ! trees weigh$ ab\t #ejj p\nds1 ,i f\nd4 ,?is 0 mu* too heavy & cumb]some to pack 9 my old t\r+ c>1 s ,i hunt$ ar\nd = "s sort ( vehicle ,i c\ld atta* to my c> z a trail]4 ,9 an old blacksmi? %op1 ,i came ^u an antiquat$ pair ( buggy :eels4 ,!y look$ z ?\gh !y 7 ready to fall ap>t b ,i decid$ t ) repairs & by cauti\s driv+1 !y might la/ out ! trip ( ?irty-five miles4 ,s ,i paid ! blacksmi? 8 ask+ price--tw5ty-five c5ts4 ,! spokes rattl$ & ! /eel tires 7 ready to roll (f _! wood5 rims b ! axles 7 /rong4 ,my fa!r-9-law & ,i putt]$ & p\nd$1 /r5g!n$ & tight5$1 until we felt our semi-trail] 0 9 good-en\gh ord]4 ,x might h be51 too1 if ! roads 9 ! c\ntry hadn't be5 r\gh & froz5 s h>d t !y hamm]$ on ! solid1 unresi/+ tires & spokes until1 almo/ )9 sight ( ! f>m1 "o :eel dismally collaps$4 ,z ! :eel broke1 ! trail] slid (f ! road into a dit*1 s t x 0 necess>y to s5d on to ! f>m = ! pl[ horses to haul out ! c>1 ! trail] & ! trees4 ,! horses f9i%$ haul+ ! trees to t "p ( ! f>m :]e holes _h be5 dug = !m4 ,i _h told my t5ant to dig l>ge holes & l>ge holes he _h c]ta9ly dug6 ,mo/ ( !m 7 big en\gh to bury "o ( ! horses 94 ,su* 0 my amateuri% fir/ endeavor4 ,x 0 n until ,decemb] ( t ye>1 #aiai1 t ! tw5ty-eight trees 7 f9ally plant$4 ,al?\gh ! gr\nd 0 already some:at froz5 & ! trees poorly plant$ z a result1 mo/ ( !m />t$ to gr[ 9 ! spr+4 ,!y w\ld probably be liv+ n[ if ,i _h n be5 too ambiti\s to conv]t !m f se$l+s into graft$ v>ieties su* z ! ,ohio1 ,?omas & ,/abl]1 :i* ,i _h le>n$ ( dur+ a w9t]'s /udy ( available nut-culture lore4 ,i obta9$ scionwood f ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 "p ( :i* ,i put on ^! abus$ trees & ! rema9d] ( :i* ,i graft$ on butt]nut trees4 ,at t "t1 ,i mu/ admit1 ,i 0 mu* m int]e/$ 9 try+ ! actual "w ( graft+ ?an ,i 0 9 develop+ or ev5 conceiv+ a me?odical plan to be work$ out ov] a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,9 ord] to facilitate my graft+ "w t spr+1 ,i pit*$ a t5t 9 ! woods & liv$ !re = a week at a "t1 do+ my own cook+ & r\gh+ x g5]ally4 ,c[s 7 be+ pa/ur$ 9 ?is "p ( ! woods & !y 7 v int]e/$ 9 my activities4 ,if ,i 7 abs5t = a long "t dur+ ! day1 on my return ,i w\ld f9d t noticeable damage _h be5 done to my t5t & food supplies by ^! curi\s c[s4 ,:ile prep>+ "s scionwood inside ! t5t "o day1 ,i he>d a c[ approa*+ & pick$ up a heavy hickory club :i* ,i _h = protection at night1 int5d+ to ru% out & give ! animal a prop] lesson 9 m9d+ its own bus9ess4 ,! c[ approa*$ ! t5t f ! side opposite ! door & pu%$ solidly aga9/ ! canvas ) its nose & head4 ,?is s aggravat$ me t ,i jump$ ov] to t "p ( ! t5t & gave ! c[ a h>d :ack ov] ! nose ) my hickory /ick4 ,x jump$ away fa/ = su* a big animal4 ,?is seem$ to end all curiosity on ! "p ( ^! c[s & ,i 0 all[$ to c>ry on my "w 9 peace4 ,) beg9n]'s luck1 ,i succe$$ ) _m ( ! butt]nut grafts1 z well z ) "s ( ! grafts on ! tw5ty-eight plant$ black walnuts4 ,h[ev]1 all ( ! graft$ black walnut trees ultimately di$ ) ! exception ( "o graft$ ,/abl]4 ,?is l>ge tree 0 a monum5t ( success = tw5ty ye>s1 be>+ "s nuts e ye> & matur+ !m1 & 9 a good season1 produc+ bu%els ( !m4 ,"o o!r ( ^! se$l+s surviv$ b z x w\ld n accept any grafts1 ,i f9ally let x live z nature int5d$4 ,9 #aiba1 ,i began ord]+ graft$ black walnut trees1 z well z graft$ hickory trees f ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 :o _h ! l>ge/ & be/ kn[n ( ! nurs]ies h&l+ nor!rn nut trees4 ,"s ( ^! graft$ trees 7 also plant$ at my home 9 ,/4 ,paul1 us+ ! two locations z *ecks aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! site 9 ,/4 ,paul ev5tually prov$ unsatisfactory because ( ! gravelly soil & because ! trees 7 too cr[d$4 ,! v>ieties ( black walnuts ,i fir/ exp]im5t$ ) 7 ! ,?omas1 ,ohio1 ,/abl] & ,t5 ,eyck1 :i* 7 plant$ by hundr$s ye> aft] ye>4 ,if ,i _h n work$ on ?is l>ge scale !re w\ld be no reason = me to write ab\t x today z ! mortality ( ^! black walnuts 0 s high t probably none w\ld h liv$ to induce 9 me ! ambition necess>y to support a plan involv+ l5g?y1 sy/ematic exp]im5tation4 ,"s ( ^! e>ly trees survive today1 h[ev]1 & al?\gh few 9 numb]1 !y h %[n me t ! exp]im5t 0 a wor?y "o s9ce x laid ! f\ndation = results :i* came lat]4 ,9 fact1 ,i feel t bo? ! "t & money ,i sp5t dur+ t initial era ( le>n+ 7 inve/m5ts 9 :i* valuable divid5ds ( k & developm5t are /ill be+ paid4 ,9 graft+ black walnuts on butt]nut trees1 ,i v fooli%ly attempt$ to "w ov] a tree m ?an a foot 9 diamet] & ,i did n succe$ 9 gett+ a s+le graft to gr[ on x4 ,o!r y\ng] trees1 f ?ree to six in*es 9 diamet]1 ,i successfully graft$4 ,"s ( ^! are /ill liv+ b cle>ly %[ ! incompatibility ( ! two species :5 black walnut is graft$ on butt]nut4 ,! opposite comb9ation ( butt]nut on black walnut is v successful & produces nuts e>li] & 9 great] abundance ?an butt]nut does :5 graft$ on its own species4 ,! exp5se ( buy+ trees by hundr$s 0 s great t aft] a ye> ,i decid$ t ,i c\ld v easily plant black walnuts to obta9 ! "y trees ne$$ z und]/ocks4 ,:5 !y _h gr[n l>ge en\gh1 ,i w\ld graft !m ov] myself4 ,i wrote to my fri5d 9 ,/4 ,pet]1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,mill]1 & he told me :]e ,i c\ld obta9 walnuts by ! bu%el4 ,soon ,i 0 mak+ trips to ! c\ntryside ar\nd ,/4 ,pet] buy+ walnuts f ! f>m]s !re4 ,i plant$ ab\t five bu%els ( ^! at ! ,riv] ,falls f>m & ! re/1 ano!r two bu%els1 at ,/4 ,paul4 ,soon ,i _h sev]al ?\s& "y walnut trees :i* all prov$ h>dy to ! w9t]s4 ,:5 prun+ ! black walnut trees pur*as$ f ,mr4 ,jones = transplant+1 ,i sav$ ! tops & graft$ !m to ! "y trees ) a fair degree ( success4 ,9 a few ye>s1 ,i 0 us+ my own trees to fill up spaces left vacant by ! mortality ( ! ,p5nsylvania-gr[n trees4 ,i did n neglect se$+ to provide /ocks ( ! ,ea/]n black walnut also1 :i* is almo/ a diff]5t species f ! local black walnut1 b ^! se$l+ trees prov$ to be t5d] t[>d our w9t]s & only a few surviv$4 ,aft] !y _h gr[n into l>ge trees1 ^! few 7 graft$ to ,engli% walnuts4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,ea/]n black walnut & ! local native black walnut is q app>5t :5 ! two trees are exam9$ side by side4 ,ev5 ! type ( fruit is diff]5t1 al?\gh ,i d n "k ( any botanical au?ority :o w confirm my !ory t !y are diff]5t species4 ,!y are probably to be consid]$ z geographically di/9ct r ?an z botanically diff]5t species4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,i cont9u$ to graft black walnuts on butt]nut trees ) ! int5tion ( conv]t+ hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s1 ( ^! wild trees ov] to prolific1 cultur$ black walnuts4 ,i did n realize my mi/ake 9 do+ ?is until t5 ye>s _h elaps$4 ,i believ$ t s9ce ! tops 7 gr[+1 ! trees w\ld %ortly produce nuts4 ,today !y are /ill gr[+1 bigg] & bett]1 yet mo/ ( ^! graft$ trees be> no nuts1 hav+ only a crop ( leaves4 ,a few nuts result f ^! grafts1 h[ev]1 & "s ( ! trees be> a h&ful ( nuts f tops ( su* size t "o w\ld expect ! crops to be measur$ 9 bu%els4 ,! k9d :i* bore ! be/ 0 ! ,ohio v>iety4 ,9 ano!r *apt]1 ,i %all relate p>allel exp]i5ce 9 hickory graft+ :i* ,i c>ri$ on simultane\sly ) graft+ ( black walnut on butt]nut4 ,my fir/ big disappo9tm5t 9 my black walnut or*>d 0 :51 9 ab\t #aicj1 hav+ a fairly good crop ( nuts1 ,i unsuccessfully attempt$ to sell !m to local /ores4 ,!y 7 n int]e/$ 9 any?+ except walnut k]nels & to !m1 a wild walnut k]nel 0 ! same z a cultivat$ "o z long z x 0 highly-flavor$4 ,?is s cool$ my en?usiasm & hopes = a black walnut or*>d t ,i ceas$ exp]im5t+ ) !m except to try out new v>ieties be+ discov]$ ?r\gh nut conte/s c>ri$ on by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,! #aibf conte/ produc$ a numb] ( black walnut possibilities1 among !m be+ su* nam$ v>ieties z ! ,rohw]1 ,pat]son1 ,?rop1 ,v&]sloot1 ,pe>l & ,adams4 ,! neglect$ & ov]-gr[n walnut se$l+s n[ began to s]ve a useful purpose 9 graft+ ! new v>ieties :i* ,i obta9$ = te/+ 9 ?is locality4 ,^! 7 propagat$ by obta9+ scionwood f ! orig9ators ( ! v>iety & graft+ x on ^! se$l+ trees4 ,my te*nical k _h increas$ by ?is "t to su* an ext5t t ,i 0 usually c]ta9 ( "o-half ( ! grafts gr[+4 ,! behavior ( ! ,rohw] & ,pat]son 9 #aicg invit$ nurs]y propagation on a great] scale ?an did o!r bett]-kn[n types1 because ( _! qualities ( h>d9ess & e>li]-rip5+4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aicg1 ^! native se$l+s 7 aga9 (f]$ to ! _s ( propagation1 :5 a l>ge "p ( ! scionwood ( ,engli% walnuts ,i _h import$ f ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s ( ,pol& 0 graft$ on !m4 ,! success ( my graft+ 9 ?is in/ance 0 only ab\t #a-a_/b1 %[+ t some?+ 0 decid$ly wrong4 ,two conclusions 7 possible3 ,ei!r ! scionwood _h be5 injur$ by transportation & ! sev]e w9t] temp]atures dur+ ,janu>y & ,febru>y ( #aicg dur+ :i* !y 7 /or$1 or incompatibility exi/$ betwe5 ! import$ walnuts & our local ones4 ,my conclusion n[ is t :5 ^! /ocks are fifte5 ye>s old or m & are ?rifty1 !y w support graft+ ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,engli% walnuts mu* m successfully ?an !y w 9 _! fir/ decade ( gr[?4 ,results h %[n t ^! local /ocks w accept su* grafts1 h[ev]1 & t crops ( ,engli% walnuts w be produc$4 ,! f]tility ( ! soil mu/ be ma9ta9$ c>efully1 s9ce ! ,engli% walnut top t5ds to ov]gr[ its black walnut root-/ock1 & unless nutritional sub/ance = ! support ( ^! tops is f$ to ! root-sy/em1 meag] crops1 if any1 w result4 ,i might note 9 comp>ison to ! #a-a_/b success ,i _h 9 ?is graft+1 t dur+ ! same season ,i put sev]al hundr$ scions ( ^! same ,engli% walnuts on ! ,ea/]n black walnut /ocks )\t a s+le successful graft occurr+4 ,9 #aicc & #aicd1 _m ( ^! exp]im5tally graft$ walnuts1 su* z ,v&]sloot1 ,pat]son1 & ,rohw] z well z o!rs1 7 plant$ 9 or*>d =mation4 ,9 digg+ ^! trees1 we took c>e to get all ( ! root possible & to take a ball ( dirt ) ! root4 ,9 spite ( ^! precautions1 "s ( ! trees di$1 n hav+ suffici5t vitality & root developm5t to )/& transplantation4 ,?is 0 a result n only ( ! cr[d$ condition "u :i* ! /ocks _h gr[n b also ( ! poor soil :i* _h n\ri%$ !m4 ,! soil 0 heavy blue clay und]laid ) lime/one )9 two feet ( ! top ( ! gr\nd4 ,en\gh trees 7 set out 9 or*>d =mation :i* are gr[+ well & be>+ annual crops1 to give u ! pro( we ne$ 9 draw+ conclusions ( sup]iority among ^! v>ieties4 ,black walnuts w keep = sev]al ye>s if !y are prop]ly dri$ & !n /or$ 9 a cool1 b n too damp1 place4 ,/or+ nuts 9 attics :i* are likely to become excessively hot 9 ! summ] "t1 causes rancidity soon] ?an any o!r me?od4 ,nuts keep v well 9 attics dur+ ! w9t] b !y %\ld be transf]r$ to a basem5t dur+ hot wea!r4 ,if ! basem5t is v damp1 ?\gh1 nuts w m\ld !re4 ,= g5]al /orage1 )\t hav+ to move !m f "o place to ano!r = diff]5t seasons1 nuts c be kept mo/ practically 9 a b>n or outside %$4 ,! only precaution necess>y "u su* circum/ances is t !y %\ld be 9 a box or /eel b>rel to prev5t squirrels & mice f fe$+ on !m1 s9ce b>ns & %$s are easily accessible to ^! animals4 ,! k]nels ( black walnuts ne$ n be discolor$ if ! hulls ( ! fre% nuts are remov$ z soon z ! nuts are ripe4 ,at my f>m1 we h done ?is ) an ord9>y corn-%ell]4 ,! nuts1 hav+ be5 hull$ ?is way1 are !n soak$ 9 wat] = a few h\rs to remove any excess color+ matt] left on _! %ells1 aft] :i* !y are dri$ = sev]al days out-(-doors1 al?\gh n expos$ to ! sun s9ce ?is might cause !m to crack op54 ,?or\gh dry+ is necess>y be=e sack+ to prev5t m\ld+4 ,k]nels extract$ f nuts treat$ ?is way are v light 9 color l ,engli% walnuts4 ,?is enhances _! m>ket value & !y comm& a high] price :5 !y are to be us$ = cul9>y purposes su* z cake fro/+ & c&ies :]e !re is exposure ( l>ge pieces or halves ( ! nut k]nel4 ,i f9d black walnuts are exceptionally delici\s :5 us$ 9 a c&y call$ div9ity fudge4 ,! /rong flavor ( ! black walnut k]nel al?\gh appreciat$ by _m p1 is n z popul> z t ( ! butt]nut1 ( :i* m is said 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,! food value ( black walnut k]nels is high s9ce !y are compos$ ( conc5trat$ fat & prote91 simil> to ! ,engli% walnut1 ! hickory nut & ! pecan4 ,!re is also ! advantage1 :i* ,john ,h>vey ,kellogg ( ,battle ,creek1 ,mi*igan1 has po9t$ out1 t nuts are a food ( high purity be+ entirely free f disease bact]ia4 ,"o c\ld safely say ( un%ell$ nuts t !re is n a disease g]m 9 a c>load4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 black walnut hulls 7 pur*as$ by produc]s ( insecticides4 ,! black walnut hull1 :5 dri$ & pulv]iz$1 produces a sub/ance :i* gives body to ! conc5trat$ pyre?rum extract :i* is ! ess5tial +r$i5t ( _m insecticides4 ,"o _c leave a discussion ( black walnuts )\t reflect+ on ! furniture :i* has be5 possible only ?r\gh ! use ( va/ =e/s ( black walnut timb]4 ,beautiful v5e]s h come f ! burl walnut1 be+ =m$ by protub]ances on ! trunks ( ! trees ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,!re is a v>iety ( black walnut :i* we h be5 exp]im5t+ ) = q a few ye>s1 call$ ! ,lamb1 :i* has a beautifully figur$ gra94 ,z ?is appe>s only 9 mature timb]1 ours is n yet old en\gh to %[ x4 ,i h f\nd t ! ,ohio black walnut is prone to hybridize ) butt]nut trees 9 its vic9ity & o!rs h told me ( its hybridiz+ ) ,engli% walnut trees ne> x1 :i* %[s x to be almo/ z vacillat+ 9 "* z our ,japanese walnuts or he>tnuts4 ,ohio black walnuts1 :5 plant$1 usually produce vigor\s /ocks1 _m ( :i* %[ hybridity ( "s sort4 ,if "o exam9es ! nuts ( ! ,ohio & f9ds !m dw>f$ or de=m$1 he may be sure t !y h be5 poll9iz$ by some?+ o!r ?an a black walnut4 ,plant+ su* nuts1 !n1 w gr[ hybrid trees4 ,mo/ ( u h en\gh curiosity to want to try ?is z an exp]im5t4 ,?omas walnut se$l+s h produc$ m ?rifty trees ?an ,ohio nuts h4 ,h[ev]1 ! be/ und]/ocks are ^? produc$ f se$s ( native gr[n trees4 ,x is well und]/ood t r>ely does a specific type su* z ! ,ohio1 ,?omas or ,/abl] reproduce itself exactly f se$s4 ,9 rais+ black walnut se$l+s1 my exp]i5ce has taught me t ! nuts %\ld be plant$ 9 ! fall & n too deep1 "o to two in*es bel[ ! surface be+ all ! dep? necess>y4 ,!y may nev] spr\t if !y are f\r to six in*es "u gr\nd4 ,! black walnut tree is a glutton = food seem+ly1 x w use all ! f]tiliz] t x is giv5 al?\gh1 no d\bt1 !re is a practical limit4 ,x mu/ h pl5ty ( food to produce successive crops ( nuts1 & b>ny>d manure is ! safe/ & mo/ practical k9d to use4 ,?is c be put on z a heavy mul* ar\nd ! trees b "s ( x %\ld also be spad$ into ! gr\nd4 ,"o mu/ always rememb] t ! fe$+ roots ( a tree are at ab\t ! same circumf]5ce z ! tips ( ! bran*es s t f]tiliz] put close to ! trunk w d little good except 9 v "y trees4 ,s9ce #aicf we h be5 wat*+ a small native walnut :i* came into be>+ :ile 9 a nurs]y r[4 ,?is tree bore su* f9e ?9-%ell$ easy-to-crack nuts & l5t itself s readily to be+ propagat$ by graftage & _h s _m o!r good *>act]i/ics t we h select$ x z repres5tative ( ! black walnut v>ieties = ! nor? & h nam$ x ! ,wes*cke walnut & pat5t$ ! v>iety4 ,a li/ is "h app5d$ to %[ ! ord] ( h>d9ess & value bas$ on our exp]i5ce3 #a--,wes*cke--v h>dy--excell5t crack+ & flavor #b--,pat]son--v h>dy--excell5t crack+ & flavor 7orig9at+ 9 ,i[a7 #c--,rohw]--v h>dy--good crack] 7orig9at+ 9 ,i[a7 #d--;,bayfield--v h>dy--good crack] 7orig9at+ 9 ,nor!rn ,wiscons97 #e--;,adams 7,i[a7--fairly h>dy--good crack] #f--,ohio--semi-h>dy1 excell5t crack+ & flavor 7p>5t tree 9 ,ohio7 #g--,nor?we/]n--a new1 good h>dy nut #h--,pe>l--semi-h>dy--good 7f ,i[a7 #i--,v&]sloot--semi-h>dy--v l>ge #aj--,?omas--t5d] to our w9t]s--o!rwise v good 7f ,p5nsylvania7 #aa--,/abl]--t5d]--_m nuts s+le-lob$ #ab--,?rop--t5d]1 _m nuts s+le-lob$ ,a fri5d ( m9e1 :o lives 9 ,mason1 ,wiscons91 discov]$ a black walnut tree gr[+ 9 t vic9ity4 ,s9ce ,mason is 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate1 ab\t #dg deg4 p>allel nor?1 ?is tree gr[s ! f>!/ nor? ( any l>ge black walnut ,i "k (4 ,i w\ld e/imate its height at ab\t sixty-five feet & its trunk diamet] at ab\t sixte5 in*es at brea/-height4 ,because ( ! %ort gr[+ season !re1 ! nuts d n mature1 be+ b>ely edible1 due to _! %r9kage :ile dry+4 ,"s seasons ?is failure to mature nuts also occurs 9 su* v>ieties z ! ,?omas1 ! ,ohio & ev5 ! ,/abl] at my ,riv] ,falls f>m1 :i* is ne>ly #aej miles s\? ( ,mason4 ,su* nuts w spr\t1 h[ev]1 & se$l+s 7 rais$ f ! immature nuts ( ?is nor!rn tree4 ,incid5tally ^! se$l+s appe> to be j z h>dy 9 wood gr[? z _! p>5t tree4 ,i h also graft$ scionwood f ! orig9al tree on black walnut /ocks at my f>m 9 ord] to det]m9e m completely ! quality ( ?is v>iety4 ,s9ce graft$1 ^! trees h borne l>ge1 easy to crack mature nuts & are propagat$ "u ! v>ietal "n 7,bayfield7 s9ce ! p>5t tree is 9 sight ( ,lake ,sup]ior at ,bayfield1 ,wiscons94 ,_m ( our be/ nut trees1 f man's po9t ( view1 h inh]5t faults su* z ! inability ( ! /am9ate bloom ( ! ,wes*cke hickory to produce any poll5 :atsoev]1 z has be5 sci5tifically outl9$ 9 ! treatise by ,dr4 ,mc,kay "u ! *apt] on hickories4 ,9 ! ,wes*cke walnut we h a peculi>ity ( a simil> nature z x affects fruit+ :5 ! tree is n provid$ ) o!r v>ieties to act z poll9ators4 ,x has be5 q def9itely e/abli%$1 by obs]vation ov] a p]iod ( t5 or m ye>s1 t ! poll5 ( ! ,wes*cke v>iety black walnut does n cause fruit+ 9 its own pi/illate blooms4 ,al?\gh ?is is n uncommon among "s plants1 su* z ! *e/nut & ! filb]t :]e x is g5]ally ! rule in/ead ( ! exception1 yet 9 ! black walnuts species ! poll5 f its own male 7or /am9ate7 fl[]s is g5]ally capable ( excit+ ! ovule ( ! female 7pi/illate7 fl[] into gr[?4 ,su* species are kn[n z self-f]tile4 ,z 9 ! case ( ord9>y *e/nuts :i* receive no cross poll9ation1 & ! pi/illate fl[]s develop into p]fect burrs ) %runk5 meatless1 imp]fect nuts1 ! ,wes*cke black walnut1 :5 /&+ alone or :5 ! prevail+ w9ds prev5t o!r ne>by poll5 f rea*+ any or b few ( its pi/illate bloom1 goes on to produce f9e look+ av]age-siz$ nuts practically all ( :i* are )\t se$ or k]nels4 ,su* !re=e is ! importance ( kn[+ ! correct poll9ators = ea* v>iety ( nut tree4 ,9 ! self-/]ility ( filb]ts ! failure ( self-poll9ation results 9 an abs5ce ( nuts or 9 v few r ?an a full crop ( se$less fruits su* z ! common *e/nut & ! ,wes*cke black walnuts produces4 ,?is is ! only black walnut t has come to ! au?or's att5tion :]e its poll5 act+ on its pi/illate bloom has affect$ ! production ( nuts 9 j ?is way b ! v>iety ( black walnut kn[n z ! ,ohio1 "o ( ! be/ sorts = ?is nor!rn climate except = h>d9ess1 has (t5 demon/rat$ t x has a peculi>ity :i* might be caus$ by lack ( outside poll5 or because ( ! action ( its own poll5 on its pi/illate bloom4 ,?is peculi>ity is ! (t5 f\nd "o-sid$ developm5t ( ! ,ohio walnut k]nel :5 ! tree is isolat$ f o!r poll5 be>+ black walnuts4 ,"o lobe ( ! k]nel is !re=e full-meat$ :ile ! o!r half or lobe is v und]n\ri%$ or x may be a ?9 wisp ( a k]nel z is ! appe>ance ( ! ,wes*cke v>iety 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,/abl] v>iety ( ,black ,walnut graft$ on a ,m9nesota se$l+ /ock bore _m ye>s b 0 w9t] kill$4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke ,cutt+ scionwood e>ly "o spr+1 ,i notic$ t ! sap 0 runn+ v fa/ 9 ! graft$ ,/abl] tree previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,lat] :5 ,i came back to inspect ?is tree1 ,i notic$ t ! sap _h congeal$ to syrupy blobs at ! ends ( ! cut bran*es4 ,my curiosity l$ me to ta/e ?is & ,i f\nd x v sweet & heavy4 ,i mean to exp]im5t "s "t 9 mak+ syrup f ! sap ( ?is tree z ,i believe its sug> cont5t to be mu* high] ?an t ( ! local sug> maple4 ,?is makes ! ,/abl] a #c-purpose tree1 ! fir/ be+ its nuts1 ! second be+ ! syrup1 & ! ?ird be+1 at ! end ( its pot5tially long life1 a good-siz$ piece ( timb] ( exceptionally high value4 ,! tree is "o ( beauty1 hav+ droop+ foliage simil> to t ( ! weep+ will[4 ,?is is ano!r po9t 9 its favor1 its be+ an ornam5tal tree wor?y ( any lawn4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,/abl] is n[ consid]$ z a t5d] v>iety & is n recomm5d$ = nor!rn plant+4 ,illu/ration3 ,/abl] graft on old se$l+ graft$ 9 ,may1 #aich be>+ 9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye>4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke ,illu/ration3 ,cut ,leaf ,black ,walnut4 ,scions furni%$ by ,h>ry ,web] ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,v>iety 0 h>dy on ,m9nesota se$l+ = ab\t #e ye>s4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke ,! ae/hetic value ( ! black walnut does n cease "h s9ce !re are "s v>ieties :i* are exceptionally attractive4 ,"o ( ^! is ! cut-leaf black walnut :i* has ! ord9>y comp\nd leaf b ^: individual leaflets are s scallop$ & s]rat$ t !y resemble a male f]n4 ,ev]yone :o has se5 "o ( ^! has ev9c$ pleasurable surprise at ?is new =m ( leaf & x may become v popul> ) horticulturi/s 9 ! future4 ,ano!r int]e/+ly diff]5t v>iety is ! ,dem+ ,purple walnut :i*1 al?\gh or?odox 9 leaf =m1 has a purpli% t9t1 bord]+ on r$ 9 "s cases1 color+ leaf1 wood & nuts1 result+ 9 a di/9ctly decorative tree4 ,?is tree 0 nam$ = ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ :o 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,nei!r ! ,laceleaf nor ,dem+ ,purple are h>dy = ?is climate b surviv$ sev]al ye>s nev]!less be=e succumb+ to "o ( our p]iodical te/ w9t]s4 ,*apt] #d ,,hazels ,,& ,,filb]ts ,9 ,octob] #aiba1 ,i ord]$ f ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 "o hundr$ plants ( :at is kn[n z ! ,ru% hazel :i* 01 at t "t1 ! be/ kn[n ( ! propagat$ hazels4 ,9 ord]+ ^!1 ,i m5tion$ ! fact t ,i expect$ to get lay]$ plants or graft$ ones4 ,mr4 ,jones wrote me at once to say t ! plants he _h 7 se$l+s ( ! ,ru% hazel :i* are said to come v true to se$1 b t if ,i did n want !m z se$l+s he w\ld cancel ! ord]4 ,r ?an lack+ a pr(itable fill] betwe5 ! or*>d trees1 ,i accept$ ! ord] ( "o hundr$ plants & receiv$ f him a f9e lot ( hazels :i* took good root & began to gr[ luxuriantly4 ,x 0 sev]al ye>s be=e any ( !m began to be> & :5 "o or two did1 ! nuts 7 n hazels at all1 b filb]ts & hybrids4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! nuts 7 l>g] & bett] ?an ^? ( ! orig9al ,ru% hazel4 ,"o ( ^! se$l+s grew into a bu%y tree t5 or twelve feet high4 ,= sev]al ye>s x bore a crop :i*1 ?\gh meag]1 0 compos$ ( l>ge1 attractive nuts %ap$ l ^? ( ! common ,am]ican hazel b v unlike ! true ,ru% hazelnut4 ,"o ye> ?is tree began to fail & ,i tri$ to save x or propagate x by lay]+ & spr\t+ se$s4 ,un=tunately x did n occur to me at t "t to graft x to a wild hazel to p]petuate x4 ,i /ill lam5t my ov]sight z ! tree f9ally di$ & a v h>dy plant 0 lo/ :i* 0 app>5tly able to f]tilize its own blossoms4 ,i ord]$ f\r ,w9kl] hazel bu%es f ,snyd] ,bros4 ( ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,i[a1 9 ,m>* #aibg1 ask+ !m to s5d me plants t 7 extra /rong & ( be>+ size4 ,i plant$ ^! t spr+ b ! foll[+ summ] 0 s dry t all f\r di$4 ,i ord]$ twelve m ,w9kl]s 9 ,septemb] = spr+ deliv]y1 reque/+ small] ones ?is "t 7two to ?ree feet74 ,half ( ^! 7 %ipp$ to me ) b>e roots1 ! o!rs be+ ball$ 9 dirt = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,f\r ( ! latt] are /ill liv+ & produc+ nuts4 ,9 ,april #aibh1 ,i plant$ a doz5 ,jones hybrid hazels b only two ( !m surviv$ m ?an two ye>s4 ,i ?9k ! reason !y la/$ z well z !y did 0 t ar\nd ea* plant ,i put a gu>d made ( la?s f\r feet high1 b\nd toge!r ) wire & fill$ ) =e/ leaves4 ,i drove ! la?s sev]al in*es into ! gr\nd & cov]$ !m ) w9d[ scre5+ fa/5$ d[n ) tacks to keep mice out ( ! leaves4 ,al?\gh some:at w9t]-kill$1 mo/ ( ! plants liv$ dur+ ! fir/ w9t] ^! gu>ds 7 us$4 ,! second w9t]1 m plants di$1 & ,i didn't use ! gu>ds aft] t4 ,! two ,jones hybrids t liv$ produc$ fl[]s ( bo? sexes = sev]al ye>s b !y did n set any nuts4 ,"o day :ile read+ a report ( "o ( ! previ\s conv5tions ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association1 ,i discov]$ an article by ,conrad ,voll]ts5 9 :i* he /ress$ ! importance ( tra9+ filb]ts into a s+le truncat$ plant1 all[+ no root spr\ts or suck]s to spr+ up s9ce su* a condition prev5ts ! be>+ ( nuts4 ,i foll[$ 8 advice ) my two ,jones hybrids & remov$ all surplus spr\ts4 ,?is result$ 9 m abundant fl[]s & "s abortive involucres b /ill no nuts develop$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aidj1 ,i sy/ematically f]tiliz$ num]\s pi/illate fl[]s ( ^! plants ) a poll5 mixture4 ,on ! bran*es s treat$1 a fairly good crop ( nuts simil> to ^? ( ! or?odox ,jones hybrid appe>$4 ,i _h cut (f a few bran*es f ! ,jones hybrids :5 ,i receiv$ !m & graft$ ^! to wild hazels4 ,?is _h be5 sugge/$ by ,rob]t ,morris 9 8 book1 ,nut ,gr[+1 z an int]e/+ exp]im5t :i* might prove to be practical4 ,x did n prove to be s = me = al?\gh ! graft+ itself 0 successful ,i f\nd x tiresome to prune1 repeat$ly1 ! suck]s :i* con/antly spr+ up dur+ ! gr[+ p]iod & :i* are detrim5tal to grafts4 ,al?\gh !y liv$ = five ye>s1 ^! grafts suff]$ a great deal ( w9t]-injury & !y nev] bore nuts4 ,! "o :i* liv$ = ! longe/ "t became q l>ge & ov]grew ! /ock ( ! wild hazel4 ,?is same plant produc$ bo? /am9ate & pi/illate blossoms v abundantly = sev]al seasons b x did n set any nuts 9 spite ( ! _m wild hazels gr[+ ne>by :i* gave x access to poll54 ,x is n[ kn[n t ?is hybrid is self-/]ile & mu/ h poll9ators ( ! "r v>iety 9 ord] to be>4 ,my next "w ) memb]s ( ! g5us ,corylus 0 disc\rag+4 ,9 ,april #aibi1 ,i b\ght "o hundr$ hazel & filb]t plants f ,conrad ,voll]ts5 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 :i* includ$ specim5s ( ! ,ru% hazel & ( ! foll[+ v>ieties ( filb]ts3 ,italian ,r$ ,m]ribrook ,k5ti% ,cob ,e>ly ,globe ,zell]nuts ,:ite ,lamb]t ,al?ald5sleb5 ,m$ium ,long ,bony ,bu% ,l>ge ,globe ,m9nas ,zell] ,m>veille de ,bollwyll] ,al?\gh _m ( ^! filb]ts bore nuts ! fir/ ye> !y 7 plant$1 )9 two ye>s !y 7 all completely w9t]-kill$4 ,9 #aicb1 ,i receiv$ t5 filb]t bu%es f ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly ( ,we/ ,bank1 ,briti% ,columbia4 ,^! consi/$ ( sev]al v>ieties ( ,glov]'s be/ introductions & "s ,pe>son se$l+s4 ,i plant$ !m on ! s\? side ( a high /one wall1 a favorable location = semi-h>dy plants4 ,!y appe>$ to be ?rifty & only slightly w9t]-kill$ dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s b by #aici1 all b two ( ! bu%es _h di$ or 7 dy+4 ,al?\gh z nut-be>+ plants !y h be5 ( little value to me1 _! poll5 has be5 ( great s]vice4 ,i f\nd an unusually f9e wild hazel gr[+ 9 ! woods on my f>m & 9 #aicd1 ,i began an exp]im5t 9 hybridiz+ x4 ,i cross$ ! pi/illate fl[]s ( ! native hazel ) poll5 f a ,gellatly filb]t & obta9$ f\r hybrid plants1 :i* ,i h call$ hazilb]ts4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aidj1 ?ree ( ^! hybrids _h pi/illate fl[]s b no /am9ate blooms4 ,z ,i 0 v eag] to see :at ! new crosses w\ld be l1 ,i f]tiliz$ ! blossoms ) a gun%ot mixture ( poll5 f o!r plants su* z ! ,w9kl] hazel1 ! ,european filb]t & ! ,jones hybrid hazel4 ,c]ta9 difficulties arose 9 mak+ ^! hybrids1 ma9ly due to ! curiosity ( ! squirrels :o lik$ to rip op5 ! sacks cov]+ ! blossoms :i* 7 be+ treat$4 ,de] mice1 too1 ,i f\nd1 h a habit ( climb+ ! /ems ( hazel bu%es & gnaw+ at ! nuts long be=e !y are mature en\gh to use = se$4 ,lat] ,i le>n$ to protect hybrid nuts by lac+ flat pieces ( w9d[ scre5+ ov] ea* bran*1 ?us mak+ a m\se-pro( enclosure4 ,ev5 aft] ga!r+ ! nuts ,i discov]$ t precautions 7 necess>y to prev5t rod5ts f rea*+ !m4 ,! be/ way ,i f\nd to d ?is is to plant nuts 9 cages ( galvaniz$ h>dw>e clo? ( #b by #b me%1 c\nt]sunk 9 ! gr\nd "o foot & cov]$ completely by a frame ( ! same mat]ial re9=c$ ) bo>ds & la?s4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ hazilb]t t has develop$ be>s nuts ( out/&+ size1 typically filb]ts 9 e detail ( appe>ance1 al?\gh ! plant itself looks m l a hazel1 be+ bu%y & hav+ _m suck]s4 ,aft] m te/+1 ?is hybrid may prove to be a def9ite asset to nurs]y culture 9 our cold nor!rn climate1 fulfill+ z x does1 all ! requirem5ts = su* a plant4 ,! second hazilb]t resembles ! fir/ closely except t its nuts1 :i* are also l>ge1 are %ap$ l ^? ( ,corylus ,am]icana4 ,! ?ird hazilb]t has small] nuts b its %ell is mu* ?9n] ?an t ( ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! hazilb]ts1 ,i am rem9d$ ( c]ta9 correspond5ce ,i once _h ) ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,he _h s5t me samples ( ! ,ru% hazel & al?\gh ,i 0 impress$ by !m1 ,i m5tion$ 9 reply+ to him t we _h wild hazels gr[+ 9 our pa/ure :i* 7 z l>ge or l>g] ?an ! ,ru% hazelnuts4 ,i admitt$ t ours 7 usually v mu* infe/$ ) ! hazel weevil4 ,mr4 ,jones 0 imm$iately int]e/$ 9 wild hazels ( su* size & ask$ me to s5d him samples ( !m4 ,he wrote t he _h nev] se5 wild hazels ) worms 9 !m & w\ld l to le>n m ab\t !m4 ,i s5t him bo? good & wormy nuts f ! wild hazel bu% to :i* ,i _h ref]r$4 ,he 0 s impress$ by !m t he wi%$ me to dig up ! plant & %ip x to him1 writ+ t he wi%$ to cross x ) filb]t poll5 z an exp]im5t4 ,i s5t x z he ask$ b be=e he 0 able to make ! cross he int5d$1 8 dea? occurr$4 ,sev]al ye>s lat]1 8 daught] ,mildr$ wrote to me ab\t ?is hazel bu%1 ask+ if ,i knew :]e h] fa!r _h plant$ x4 ,un=tunately ,i c\ld give h] no in=mation ab\t :]e1 among 8 _m exp]im5ts1 ?is bu% w\ld be1 s t ! plant 0 lo/ sight ( = a "t4 ,lat] ,miss ,jones s5t me nuts f a bu% :i* %e ?\ght might be ! "o ,i _h s5t4 ,i 0 glad to be able to id5tify ^? nuts z be+1 inde$1 f t bu%4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aici1 ,i cross$ ! ,w9kl] hazel ) filb]t poll52 ! ,european hazel ) ,w9kl] poll52 ! ,gellatly filb]t ) ,jones hybrid poll54 ,^! crosses produc$ _m plants :i* w be new & int]e/+ types to wat* & build f4 ,i h already made c]ta9 discov]ies ab\t !m4 ,by close exam9ation ( ab\t =ty plants1 ,i h be5 able to det]m9e t at lea/ five are def9itely hybrids by ! color1 %ape & size ( _! buds4 ,?is is a v /rong indication ( hybridity ) wild hazel or ,w9kl]4 ,on "o ( ^! plants1 ab\t "o-foot high1 ,i f\nd /am9ate bloom :i* ,i consid] unusual aft] only two seasons' gr[?4 ,dur+ ! fall ( #aida1 ,i became int]e/$ 9 a ph5om5on ( fruit det]m9ation previ\s to actual fructification ( ! plant by detail$ exam9ations ( its buds4 ,i notic$1 = in/ance1 t l>ge buds g5]ally meant t ! plant w\ld produce l>ge nuts & small buds indicat$ small nuts to come4 ,! color ( ! buds1 :e!r !y 7 gre51 bronze gre5 or r$di% br[n1 c\ld be fairly well dep5d$ ^u to indicate _! hybridity 9 _m cases4 ,^! te/s 7 n :olly reliable b ! p]c5tage ( indication 0 s high t ,i 0 tempt$ to make pr$ictions4 ,at t "t1 hazilb]t ,no4 #a _h n borne nuts4 ,! bu% resembl$ a wild hazel s mu* t ,i _h begun to d\bt its hybridity4 ,^u exam9+ its buds1 ,i f\nd indications 9 _! color t x 0 a hybrid1 al?\gh ! nuts app>5tly w\ld n be l>ge4 ,x w\ld be an important plant to me only if its poll5 %\ld prove to be effective on ! o!r hazilb]ts4 ,at ! "t ?is 0 only a wi%ful hope1 because ! poll5 ( ! wild hazel1 :i* ?is plant resembles1 app>5tly does n act to excite ! ovules ( ei!r filb]ts or filb]t hybrids ) filb]t *>act]i/ics4 ,pure filb]t poll5 seem$ to be necess>y4 ,9 #aidb1 its poll5 did prove to be acceptable to ! o!r hazilb]ts & my hope = a good poll9iz] 0 realiz$ 9 x4 ,f ! conclusions ,i rea*$ ?r\gh my /udy ( ! buds1 ,i made sket*es ( :i* ,i believ$ ! nuts ( ,no4 #a w\ld be l 9 size & %ape4 ,9 ,m>* #aidb1 ^! sket*es 7 us$ z ! basis ( ! draw+ giv5 "h4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is draw+ ) ! photograph tak5 9 ,septemb] #aidb1 ( ! actual nuts ( hazilb]t ,no4 #a %[ h[ accurate su* a pr$et]m9ation c be4 ,i am conv9c$ f ! "w ,i h done & am /ill do+1 t we are develop+ sev]al v>ieties ( hazilb]ts z h>dy & adaptable to diff]5t soils z ! pa/ure hazel is1 yet hav+ ! ?9 %ell & ! size ( a ,european filb]t4 ,z to ! quality ( ! k]nel ( su* a nut1 t ( ! wild hazel is z delici\s z anyone c\ld desire4 ,illu/ration3 #c_/d ,natural size ,filb]ts ,illu/ration3 #c_/d ,natural size ,hazilb]ts & ,w9kl] ,hazel ,illu/ration3 #ca_/cb ( actual size ,hazilb]ts4 ,left to "r3 ,no4 #c1 ,no4 #e1 ,no4 #d1 ,no4 #b ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a ,hazilb]t ab\t #i_/ae_/db4 ,note almo/ id5tical size & %ape ( ?is actual photograph ( ,no4 #a comp>$ to pr$et]m9$ size & %ape 9 draw+ made almo/ "o ye> previ\s to photograph4 ,plant _h n produc$ any nuts prior to crop ( #aidb ,*apt] #e ,,hazels ,,&_/,,or ,,filb]ts ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( confusion 9 ! m9ds ( _m p reg>d+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 filb]ts & hazels1 bo? ( :i* belong to ! g5us ,corylus4 ,"s ?9k !m id5tical & call !m all hazels divid+ !m only into ,european & ,am]ican types4 ,i see no reason = do+ ?is4 ,filb]t is ! "n ( "o species ( g5us ,corylus j z ,engli% walnut is ! comm]cial "n ( "o ( ! memb]s ( ! ,juglans family4 ,!re is z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 a well-develop$ filb]t & a common wild hazelnut z !re is betwe5 a cultivat$ ,engli% walnut & wild black walnut4 ,= ord9>y purposes ! nuts sold comm]cially1 :e!r import$ or gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 are call$ filb]ts :ile ^? nuts :i* may be f\nd gr[+ prolifically 9 woodl&s & pa/ures ov] almo/ ! :ole ,unit$ ,/ates b :i* are n to be f\nd on ! m>ket are call$ hazelnuts4 ,?is lack ( comm]cialization ( hazelnuts %\ld be recogniz$ z due to ! smallness ( ! nut & ! ?ickness ( its %ell r ?an to its lack+ flavor4 ,its flavor1 :i* seldom v>ies mu* reg>dless ( size1 %ape or ?ickness ( %ell1 is bo? ri* & nutty4 ,! ?ree ma9 food compon5ts ( ! hazelnut1 c>bohydrate1 prote9 & oil1 are balanc$ s well t !y approa* ne>] ?an mo/ o!r nuts ! ideal food make-up ess5tial to man4 ,! ,engli% walnut conta9s mu* oil & prote9 :ile bo? *e/nuts & acorns consi/ l>gely ( c>bohydrates4 ,"o sali5t feature :i* def9itely sep>ates ! species ,corylus ,am]icana or wild hazel1 f o!rs ( its g5us1 is its resi/ance to hazel blight1 a native fungus disease ( :i* x is ! ho/4 ,controv]sies may occur ov] ! application ( ! names hazel & filb]t b !re is no dispute ab\t ! effect ( ?is infection on memb]s ( g5us ,corylus import$ f ,europe4 ,al?\gh !re is wide v>iety 9 appe>ance & quality )9 ea* ( ! species1 especially among ! ,european filb]ts1 & al?\gh filb]ts may resemble hazels suffici5tly to confuse ev5 a horticulturi/1 ! action ( ?is fungus is s specific t x divides ,corylus def9itely into two species4 ,corylus ,am]icana & ,corylus cornuta1 ?r\gh long association1 h become comp>atively immune to its effects & quickly wall (f infect$ areas :ile filb]t plants are soon kill$ by contact ) x4 ,hybrids betwe5 filb]ts & hazels w usually be f\nd to reta9 "s ( ! resi/ance ( ! hazel p>5t4 ,! ideal nut ( g5us ,corylus %\ld comb9e qualities ( bo? hazels & filb]ts4 ,su* a hybrid %\ld h ! bu%y *>act]i/ics ( ! ,am]ican hazel ) its blight-resi/+ prop]ties & its ability to reproduce itself by /olons or suck]-gr[?4 ,x %\ld be> fruit hav+ ! size1 g5]al %ape1 crack+ qualities & good flavor ( ! filb]t z popul>ly kn[n4 ,! hybrids ,i am gr[+ at my f>m1 :i* ,i call hazilb]ts & :i* are discuss$ lat]1 seem to fulfill ^! requirem5ts4 ,! plants may be gr[n z bu%es or small trees4 ,!y are blight-resi/ant & _! nuts are l filb]ts 9 appe>ance4 ,?ree v>ieties ( ^! hazilb]ts h ivory-color$ k]nels :i* are practically free ( pellicle or fibre4 ,!y h a good flavor4 ,a comp>ison ( ! rip5+ habits & ! effect ( fro/ on ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! g5us ,corylus gr[+ 9 my nurs]y 9 ! fall ( #aidj1 is %[n by ^! extracts tak5 f daily records ( ! "w done !re4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! summ] season t ye> 0 ra9y & n z hot z usual1 s t mo/ nuts rip5$ two to ?ree weeks lat] ?an !y normally d4 ,septemb] #g & #h3 ,wild hazels ripe & pick$ at ?is "t4 7,_! k]nels %[$ no %r9kage by ,octob] #be47 ,septemb] #ad & #ae3 ,i pick$ ripe nuts f hazilb]t ,no4 #e :i* seems to be ! fir/ to rip54 ,also pick$ half ( ! ,european filb]ts4 7,!re 0 slight %r9kage 9 ! k]nels ( ! latt] a few weeks lat] %[+ t !y c\ld h /ay$ on ! trees ano!r week to advantage47 ,all ( ! nuts ( a ,jones hybrid1 :i* is a cross betwe5 ,ru% & "s ,european v>iety su* z ,italian ,r$1 c\ld h be5 pick$ z !y 7 ripe4 ,"s 7 pick$4 ,! almond-%ap$ filb]t classifi$ z ! ,:ite ,avel9e type1 0 n q ripe2 nei!r 7 hazilb]ts ,no4 #b & ,no4 #d1 nor ! ,gellatly filb]ts4 ,wild hazelnuts at ?is "t _h dry husks & 7 fall+ (f ! bu%es or be+ cut d[n by mice4 ,septemb] #ba & #bb3 ,! rema9+ ,european filb]ts ( ! import$ plants 7 pick$4 ,also1 ,i pick$ half ( ! ,:ite ,avel9e type nuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,c>lola ,hazilb]ts ,no4 #e1 ab\t #h_/aj_/db4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ rip5+ & ?9ne/ %ell ( ! l>ge type hazilb]ts1 n ! l>ge/ size h[ev]4 ,c>lola ,wes*cke %[n 9 picture4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke ,septemb] #bh & #bi3 ,we pick$ mo/ ( ! nuts rema9+ on hazilb]t ,no4 #e & ! rema9d] ( ! ,:ite ,avel9e type4 ,at ?is "t we record a heavy fro/ :i* occurr$ dur+ ! previ\s week1 t is1 betwe5 ,septemb] #bb & #bh?4 ,s9ce x froze wat] x 0 consid]$ a kill+ fro/4 ,h[ev]1 ! damage 0 spotty all ov] ! or*>d1 mo/ ?+s cont9u+ to develop & rip54 ,w9kl] hazels pick$ & exam9$ at ?is "t %[$ !m f> f ripe4 ,hazilb]ts gr[+ next to lime/one walls on ! s\? side %[$ no signs ( fro/ damage :]eas ! ,w9kl]1 on high] gr\nd1 %[$ sev]e damage to ! leaves & ! husks ( ! nuts :i* imm$iately />t$ to turn br[n4 ,leaves ( o!r filb]t plants 9 ! vic9ity %[$ no fro/ damage & ! v few nuts t _h be5 left on1 su* z ^? ( ! ,jones hybrid1 7 undamag$4 ,octob] #e & #f3 ,pick$ all ( hazilb]t ,no4 #b except ! la/ two nuts4 ,gellatly filb]ts 7 pick$ ab\t ,octob] #aj & 7 ripe at t "t4 ,octob] #aa to #ac3 ,two ,engli% walnuts 7 pick$ & f\nd to be z ripe z !y w\ld get4 ,^! z well z ! black walnuts %[$ di/9ct signs ( lack+ summ] heat ne$$ = _! prop] developm5t4 ,! la/ two nuts on hazilb]t ,no4 #b & ! only nut on hazilb]t ,no4 #d 7 pick$ at ?is "t & 7 ripe4 ,*e/nut burrs _h op5$ up & ! nuts enclos$ 7 fully mature4 ,octob] #ai & #bj3 ,i f\nd ! la/ ( ! ,w9kl] hazelnuts _h be5 pick$ dur+ ! previ\s week1 approximately ,octob] #ad4 ,^! 7 left ! longe/ on ! bu% ( any hazel & /ill 7 n ripe al?\gh !y 7 n entirely kill$ by ! sev]al fro/s occurr+ be=e t "t4 ,!y are always mu* lat] ?an ! wild hazel4 ,on ,octob] #bj1 ,i _h an opportunity ( comp>+ ! action ( fro/ on ! leaves ( ^! plants4 ,^? ( ! ,:ite ,avel9e type _h n *ang$ color & 7 v gre54 ,! leaves ( ! ,jones hybrid %[$ "s coloration b no?+ to comp>e ) ^? ( ! ,w9kl] hazel1 _m ( :i* _h ! mo/ beautiful colors ( any ( ! trees on ! f>m--r$1 orange & yell[ bronze4 ,hazilb]t ,no4 #a1 :i* resembles a wild hazel 9 appe>ance & habits ( gr[?1 _h color$ mu* e>li] 9 reaction to ! fro/ & 0 z brightly t9t$ z ! wild hazel & ,w9kl] plants except t1 l ! wild hazel1 x _h already lo/ mu* ( its foliage4 ,"s ( ! wild hazels 7 entirely devoid ( leaves at ?is "t4 ,hazilb]t ,no4 #e %[$ ! be/ color effects ) ,no4 #d second & ,no4 #b la/4 ,! color ( ! leaves & ! action ( ! fro/ on ! plants dur+ ! autumn is ano!r ?+1 9 my op9ion1 t helps to diff]5tiate betwe5 & to classify ,european filb]ts1 ,am]ican hazels & _! hybrids4 ,my conclusion 9 reg>d to ! effect ( fro/ is t ! reaction ( ! ,w9kl] hazel is v simil> to t ( ! wild hazel 9 color b exce$+ x 9 beauty s9ce its leaves d n drop z soon aft] color+4 ,at ?is "t1 ! leaves _h n *ang$ color on ! import$ ,european plants1 ! ,gellatly filb]ts f ,briti% ,columbia or ! ,:ite ,avel9e type4 ,!y _h turn$ only slightly on ! ,jones hybrid4 ,i ?9k an accurate idea ( ! g5]al h>d9ess ( a plant is indicat$ by ! effect ( fro/ & by e>ly dropp+ ( leaves1 us+ ! /urdy wild hazel z ! limit ( h>d9ess & assum+ t its h>d9ess is %[n by bo? degree ( coloration & e>ly dropp+ ( leaves4 ,9 not+ ! action ( fro/ on ! ,w9kl] hazel1 ,i h m5tion$ t x 0 m l t on ! ,am]ican hazel ?an on ! ,european filb]ts4 ,! ,w9kl] has always be5 consid]$ a native woodl& hazel1 b1 al?\gh x does %[ sev]al simil>ities to ,corylus ,am]icana1 ,i h also notic$ c]ta9 qualities :i* def9itely sugge/ "s filb]t h]itage4 ,i h bas$ my !ory on a /udy ( ! ,w9kl] hazels :i* h be5 be>+ annually at my f>m = six ye>s1 be>+ m regul>ly1 9 fact1 ?an ev5 ! wild hazels gr[+ ne>by4 ,my comp>isons h be5 made ) wild hazels 9 bo? ,m9nesota & ,wiscons9 & ) ,european filb]ts4 ,i f\nd ! fir/ po9t ( simil>ity ) ! filb]t is 9 ! involucre cov]+ ! nut4 ,9 ! wild hazel1 ?is folds aga9/ itself to "o side ( ! nut1 :ile 9 ! filb]t x is ab\t balanc$ & if n already expos+ a l>ge "p ( ! end ( ! nut1 is easily op5$4 ,! involucre ( ! ,w9kl] hazel is =m$ mu* m l t ( ! filb]t ?an t ( ! hazel4 ,9 ,corylus ,am]icana ?is involucre is usually ?ick1 t\gh & wat]y1 :ile 9 ! filb]t x is ?9n] & dri]1 s t :ile a p]son may be deceiv$ 9 ! size ( a hazelnut /ill 9 its husk1 he c easily tell t ( a filb]t4 ,?is is also true ( ! ,w9kl] ^: involucre is fairly ?ick b outl9es ! =m ( ! enclos$ nut4 ,ano!r feature ab\t ! involucre ( ! ,w9kl] :i* classes x ) ! filb]ts r ?an ! hazels is 9 its appe>ance & texture1 :i* is smoo? & velvety :ile t ( ! hazel is hairy & wr9kl$4 ,! /am9ate blooms ( ! ,w9kl] hazel %[ simil>ity to ^? ( bo? filb]ts & hazels4 ,sometimes !y appe> 9 =mation at ! ends ( bran*es1 mu* z ^? ( ! ,european filb]ts d1 9 ov]lapp+ gr\ps ( ?ree or f\r4 ,aga91 !y may be f\nd at regul> int]vals at ! axis ( leaf /ems v mu* z 9 ! case ( ! ,am]ican hazel4 ,! buds on ! ,w9kl] hazel are dull r$ :i* is also true ( ^? on ! hybrid hazilb]ts1 ano!r indication ( hybridity4 ,! initial gr[? ( ! embryo nut is v sl[ 9 ! ,w9kl] z x is 9 ! filb]t1 z contra/$ ) ! v rapid developm5t ( ! native hazel embryo :i* matures 9 ?is latitude ab\t "o mon? ahead ( ! ,w9kl]s & "s filb]ts4 ,al?\gh ,w9kl] nuts are %ap$ l hazels & h ! typically ?ick %ells ( hazelnuts1 _! size is m t ( a filb]t usually ?ree times z l>ge z a native hazel4 ,dur+ ! ye>s betwe5 #aidb & #aide _m new hybrids betwe5 filb]ts & hazels 7 produc$4 ,f\r wild v>ieties ( hazels1 :i* _h unusual *>act]i/ics su* z trem5d\s be>+ & l>ge size nuts & o!rs hav+ v e>ly matur+ or v ?9 %ell$ nuts 7 us$ z ! female p>5ts 9 mak+ ! crosses4 ,poll5 0 obta9$ f o!r p>ts ( ! ,u4 ,s4 or f filb]t bu%es :i* 7 gr[+ on ! place4 ,crosses includ$ poll5 ( ! ,b>celona1 ,du*illy1 ,r$ ,avel9e1 ,:ite ,avel9e1 ,purple ,avel9e1 ! ,italian ,r$1 ,daviana & sev]al hybrids betwe5 o!r filb]ts & hazels4 ,by #aide ! numb] ( ^! plants 7 9 ! neighborhood ( #bjjj & by #aieb consid]able k _h be5 ga9$ z to ! h>d9ess1 blight resi/ance to ! common hazel blight 7kn[n sci5tifically z cryptosporella anomala71 fre$om f ! curculio ( ! hazelnuts 7commonly kn[n z ! hazel weevil7 & resi/ance to o!r insect pe/s4 ,also1 consid]able data _h be5 accumulat$ by catalog+ ov] #fej trees ea* ye> = five ye>s2 catalog+ includ$ v>i$ & detail$ /udies ( _! gr[?1 be>+ habits1 ability to resi/ blight1 curculio & o!r insects1 ! size ( ! nut1 ! ?9ness ( ! %ell & ! flavor ( ! k]nel4 ,sev]al books ( all ?is detail 7 accumulat$ 9 try+ to nail d[n sev]al comm]cial v>ieties t w\ld be propagat$ f ?is va/ am\nt ( mat]ial4 ,al?\gh "s bu%es produc$ good nuts at ! rate ( z mu* z two tons to ! acre1 measur$ on ! basis ( space t !y took up 9 ! te/ or*>d1 ! mo/ prolific k9d seem$ to be ! ones t _h a t5d5cy to rev]t to ! wild hazel type4 ,! bett] & ?9n]-%ell$ types1 m resembl+ ! filb]ts1 seem$ to be %y be>]s s t !re be+ a ho/ ( new plants to catalog 7m ?an #ajjj7 :i* _h n indicat$ _! be>+ *>act]i/ics1 we includ$ ^! among ! possible ideal plants we 7 seek+4 ,al?\gh !re 7 sev]al plants t c\ld be consid]$ comm]cial 9 ! orig9al gr\p ( ov] #fej x has be5 ?\ght t ! wait+ ( a few m ye>s to asc]ta9 :e!r !re w\ld be some?+ bett] 9 ! next #ajjj plants to be> t w\ld be wor?:ile wait+ = & no attempt has be5 made to propagate ! e>li] te/$ plants4 ,"s ( ^! #fej te/$ hybrids prov$ to h nuts t 7 class$ z ,giants be+ mu* l>g] ?an ! filb]ts produc$ by male or poll5 p>5t su* z ! ,b>celona1 ,du*illy or ,daviana1 & sev]al times ! size ( ! nuts ( ! female p>5t :i* 0 ! wild hazel4 ,illu/ration3 ,wild ,wiscons9 ,hazel discov]$ on ,hazel ,hills ,f>m ne> ,riv] ,falls4 ,note size ( nuts 9 husks z comp>$ to woman's h&4 ,?is plant became ! female p>5t 9 ov] #a1jjj crosses by poll5 furni%$ f male blooms ( ,du*illy1 ,b>celona1 ,italian ,r$1 ,:ite1 ,r$1 & ,purple ,avel9e & _m o!r well kn[n filb]ts4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke ,*apt] #f ,,pecans ,,& ,,_! ,,hybrids ,at ! same "t1 ,octob] #aibd1 t ,i pur*as$ ,beav] hickory trees f ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,i also procur$ f him ?ree specim5s ea* ( ?ree comm]cial v>ieties ( pecan trees1 ! ,posey1 ,indiana & ,niblack1 z well z "s hiccan trees1 i4e41 hybrids hav+ pecan & hickory p>5ts4 ,only "o tree surviv$1 a ,niblack pecan1 :i*1 aft] sixte5 ye>s1 0 only ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 height4 ,its annual gr[? 0 v slight & x 0 kill$ back dur+ ! w9t] almo/ ! full am\nt ( ! ye>'s gr[?4 ,9 ! #ag? ye> ?is tree 0 dead4 ,9 ,septemb] #aibe1 at a conv5tion ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,miss\ri1 ,i became acqua9t$ ) a man ^: exp]i5ce 9 ! nut-gr[+ indu/ry 0 wide & :o knew a great deal ab\t ! types ( hickory & pecan trees 9 ,i[a4 ,he 0 ,s4 ,w4 ,snyd] ( ,c5t] ,po9t1 ,i[a4 7,he lat] became presid5t ( ! ,association47 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to me ! foll[+ summ]1 ,mr4 ,snyd] m5tion$ t !re 7 wild pecan trees gr[+ ne> ,des ,mo9es & ,burl+ton4 ,i decid$ ,i want$ to "k m ab\t !m & at my reque/1 he collect$ t5 p\nds ( ! nuts = me4 ,i f\nd !y 7 ! long type ( pecan1 small1 b surpris+ly ?9-%ell$ & hav+ a k]nel ( v high quality4 ,i fir/ plant$ ^! nuts 9 an op5 g>d5 9 ,/4 ,paul1 b aft] a ye> ,i mov$ !m to my f>m1 :]e ,i set !m out 9 nurs]y r[s 9 an op5 field4 ,! soil !re 0 a poor grade ( clay1 n really suit$ to nut trees1 b ev5 s1 mo/ ( ! ones /ill rema9+ !re h made reasonably good gr[?4 ,i us$ a comm]cial f]tiliz+ comp\nd ar\nd ab\t half ( ^! se$l+s :i* greatly increas$ _! rate ( gr[?1 al?\gh !y became less h>dy ?an ! unf]tiliz$ ones4 ,aft] five ye>s1 ,i transplant$ a numb] ( !m to bett] soil1 9 or*>d =mation4 ,al?\gh ,i h only ab\t fifty ( ! orig9al ?ree hundr$ se$l+s1 hav+ lo/ ! o!rs ma9ly dur+ dr\ghts1 ^! rema9+ ones h done v well4 ,"s ( ^! trees h be5 be>+ small crops ( nuts dur+ ! ye>s #aidg to date4 ,! mo/ mature nuts ( ^! 7 plant$ & to date ,i h #ag second g5]ation pure pecan trees to te/ify z to ! ability ( ! nor!rn pecan to become acclimat$4 ,i gave sev]al ( ! orig9al se$l+s to fri5ds :o plant$ !m 9 _! g>d5s1 :]e ri* soil has /imulat$ !m to gr[ at twice ! rate ( ^? on my f>m4 ,!re 7 f\r individual pecan trees gr[+ 9 or ne> ,/4 ,paul f my fir/ plant+1 ! l>ge/ be+ ab\t #be feet high ) a calib] ( five in*es a foot above gr\nd4 ,al?\gh ?is tree did n be> nuts ,i h us$ x z a s\rce ( scionwood = sev]al ye>s4 ,^! graft+s1 made on bitt]nut hickory /ock1 h be5 s successful t ,i am cont9u+ _! propagation at my nurs]y1 hav+ nam$ ?is v>iety ! ,hope pecan1 = ,joseph ,n4 ,hope1 ! man :o owns ! p>5t tree & :o takes su* an int]e/ 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[s ! use ( a z9c metal tag fa/5$ by #af or #ah gauge copp] wire to bran* ( tree4 ,by ! ye> #aiej ! tree _h su* a /raggly appe>ance1 al?\gh /ill heal?y & gr[+ b be+ too %ad$ by l>ge trees on ! b\lev>d1 t ,mr4 ,hope caus$ x to be cut d[n4 ,! v>iety is /ill gr[+ at my f>m1 graft$ on bitt]nut /ocks & al?\gh blossom+ x has nev] produc$ a nut up to ?is "t4 ,ano!r tree giv5 to ,joseph ,pos* ( ! city ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9nesota1 _h made ev5 bett] gr[? & 0 luxuriantly heal?y & 9 bloom :5 x 0 cut d[n by ! own] because ! bran*es ov]hung ! f5ce l9e into a neighbor's y>d4 ,?is 0 done 9 ab\t #aiej4 ,ano!r tree giv5 to ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,eldridge ( ,/4 ,paul /ill fl\ri%es & is q l>ge 79 #aieb at brea/ height1 #f in*es 9 diamet]7 b be+ 9 a d5se %ade1 x has n borne any nuts4 ,! f\r? tree1 giv5 to ,john ,e4 ,/raus1 ! fam\s skate mak]1 presumably exi/s at 8 lake resid5ce nor? ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,i h n se5 x 9 ! la/ sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,al?\gh !y are n z h>dy z bitt]nut /ocks1 ,i h f\nd ! wild ,i[a pecan se$l+s satisfactory = graft+ aft] five ye>s' gr[?4 ,i use !m z an und]/ock = graft+ ! ,posey1 ,indiana & ,major v>ieties ( nor!rn pecan & f9d !m pref]able to nor!rn bitt]nut /ocks ) :i* ! pecans are n compatible = long1 z a rule1 su* a union result+ 9 a /unt$ tree :i* is easily w9t]-kill$4 ,al?\gh ! ,posey cont9u$ to live = sev]al ye>s our sev]e w9t]s f9ally put an end to all ^! f9e pecans4 ,! root sy/em ( ! se$l+ und]/ock cont9u$ to live1 h[ev]4 ,i *anc$ to discov] an int]e/+ ?+ 9 ! fall ( #aida :i* sugge/s some?+ new 9 pecan propagation4 ,!re 7 two small pecans gr[+ 9 ! same r[s z ! l>ge ones plant$ fifte5 ye>s previ\sly4 ,:5 ,i notic$ !m1 ,i ?\ght !y 7 "s ( ?is same plant+ & t !y _h be5 injur$ or froz5 back to su* an ext5t t !y 7 m]e spr\ts aga91 = ?is has happ5$4 ,i decid$ to move !m & ask$ "o ( ! m5 on ! f>m to dig !m up4 ,:5 he _h dug ! fir/1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t ?is 0 a spr\t f ! ma9 tap root ( a l>ge pecan tree :i* _h be5 tak5 out & transplant$4 ,! same 0 true ( ! second "o1 except t 9 ?is case we f\nd ?ree tap roots1 ! two outside ones bo? hav+ %oots :i* 7 %[+ above ! gr\nd4 ,ano!r rem>kable circum/ance ab\t ?is 0 t ^! tap roots _h be5 cut (f tw5ty in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd & ! spr\ts _h to come all t di/ance to />t new trees4 ,all ( ?is sugge/s ! possibility ( pecan propagation by root cutt+s4 ,^! two pecans1 at lea/1 %[ a natural t5d5cy to d ?is & ,i h m>k$ !m = fur!r exp]im5tation along su* l9es4 ,on ! advice ( ! late ,h>ry ,web] ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 an em95t nut culturi/1 :o1 aft] visit+ my nurs]y 9 #aich1 became v anxi\s to try out "s ( ! ,indiana v>ieties ( pecans 9 our nor!rn climate1 ,i wrote to ,j4 ,=d ,wilk9son1 a not$ propagator ( nut trees at ,rockport1 ,indiana1 sugge/+ t he make "s exp]im5tal graft+s at my f>m4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,wilk9son & ,mr4 ,web] ga!r$ scionwood f all ! black walnut1 pecan1 hiccan & hickory trees at _! disposal1 = ?is trial4 ,!re 0 en\gh ( x to keep ?ree ( u busy = a week graft+ x on l>ge trees4 ,our equipm5t 0 c>ri$ on a two-:eel$ trail] atta*$ to a ,diesel-p[]$ tractor1 & we 7 sav$ ! tr\ble ( hav+ to c>ry p]sonally1 scions1 pack+ mat]ial1 wax pots1 knives1 prun+ %e>s1 ty+ mat]ial1 canvas & ladd]s into ! woods4 ,mr4 ,wilk9son rem>k$1 on />t+ out1 t 9 ! int]e/s ( exp]im5tal graft+1 he _h travell$ on foot1 on horseback1 by mule team & 9 r[boats1 b t ?is 0 8 fir/ exp]i5ce ) a tractor4 ,:5 he saw ! type ( graft+ ) :i* ,i _h be5 gett+ good results1 ,mr4 ,wilk9son 0 a/\nd$4 ,he decl>$ t us+ a side-slot graft 9 ! ,s\? result$ 9 #ajj failure1 :ile ,i _h m ?an #ej success ) x4 ,he 0 will+ to disc>d 8 type ( graft+ = m9e1 :i* 0 adequate = ! "w we 7 do+1 b ,i want$ to *eck 8 graft+ p]=mance & urg$ him to cont9ue ) 8 own 7an adaptation ( ! b>k-slot graft to ! end ( a cut-(f /ub74 ,we bo? us$ pap] sacks to %ade our grafts4 ,al?\gh results prov$ t my me?ods av]ag$ a slightly high] p]c5tage ( successful graft+s 9 ?is latitude & = ! type ( "w we 7 do+1 8 w\ld none!less be sup]ior 9 work+ ov] trees l>g] ?an f\r in*es 9 diamet] & hav+ no lat]al bran*es up to eight feet above gr\nd1 at :i* height x is mo/ conv5i5t to cut (f a l>ge hickory prep>atory to work+ on x4 ,9 ! late fall ( t ye>1 we cut scionwood ( ! season's gr[? & inv]t$ l>ge burlap bags /uff$ ) leaves ov] ! grafts1 ! bags brac$ on ! inside by la?s to prev5t _! collaps+ on ! grafts4 ,s we h p]petuat$ ! foll[+ v>ieties3 ,hickories3 ,c$> ,rapids1 ,taylor1 ,b>nes1 ,fairbanks4 ,hiccans3 ,mc,alester1 ,bixby1 ,des ,mo9es1 ,rockville1 ,burl+ton1 ,gre5 ,bay4 ,! ,major & ,posey pure pecans be+ incompatible on bitt]nut hickory roots 7 graft$ on pecan /ocks1 b !y prov$ to be t5d] to our w9t]s & ! v>ieties 7 f9ally lo/4 ,illu/ration3 ,l>ge/ plant$ pecan 9 ,_w hav+ a record4 ,ab\t #ag ft4 circumf]5ce brea/ height1 #abe ft4 spread & #abe ft4 height4 ,v small wor?less pecans4 ,ea/on1 ,m>yl&4 ,photo by ,re$ #aibg ,o!r exp]im5ts ,i h made ) pecans include an attempt to gr[ ,s\!rn pecans f se$1 b !y seem to be no m h>dy ?an an orange tree w\ld be4 ,x is c]ta9 t !y are n at all suit$ to ! climate ( ! #de? p>allel4 ,9 #aich1 ,i receiv$ f ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,dem+ ( ,connecticut1 "s v good nuts f a l>ge pecan tree at ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut4 ,( ! twelve pecans ,i plant$1 only six spr\t$1 & ( ^!1 only "o has surviv$ up to ?is date & is n[ a small weak tree4 ,app>5tly1 ! se$l+s ( ?is ,h>t=d pecan are n z h>dy z ^? f ,i[a4 ,illu/ration3 ,i[a se$l+ ,pecans4 ,tree plant$ 9 #aibf z se$4 ,fir/ crop ,octob] #bi1 #aiec4 #g_/h ( actual size4 ,nuts 7 fully matur$4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke ,( ! hiccans1 hybrids betwe5 hickory & pecan1 !re are sev]al v>ieties1 z ,i m5tion$ be=e4 ,( ^!1 ! ,mc,alester is ! mo/ out/&+1 its nuts measur+ ov] ?ree in*es 9 circumf]5ce & ab\t ?ree in*es long4 ,horticulturi/s believe t ?is hybrid is ! result ( a cross betwe5 a %ell-b>k hickory1 :i* produces ! l>ge/ nut ( any hickory gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & a l>ge pecan4 ,i h exp]im5t$ a numb] ( times ) ! ,mc,alester & my conclusion is t x is n h>dy en\gh to advocate its be+ gr[n 9 ?is climate4 ,!re are o!r hiccans h>di] ?an x is1 h[ev]1 su* z ! ,rockville1 ,burl+ton1 ,gre5 ,bay & ,des ,mo9es1 & x is c]ta9 t ! ,nor? is assur$ ( h>dy pecans & a few h>dy hybrids1 :i*1 al?\gh !y d n be> ! *oice/ pecan nuts1 make int]e/+ & beautiful lawn trees4 ,inde$1 z an ornam5tal tree1 ! pecan is sup]ior to ! native hickory 9 two def9ite ways3 by its exce$+ly long life1 :i* may (t5 rea* ov] #aej ye>s z contra/$ ) ! av]age hickory span ( #ajj ye>s1 & by its great] size4 ,"o pecan tree ,i saw gr[+ 9 ,ea/on1 ,m>yl&1 9 #aibg1 = example1 0 !n sev5te5 feet 9 circumf]5ce at brea/-height1 "o hundr$ tw5ty-five feet 9 height & hav+ a spread ( "o hundr$ fifty feet4 ,! wood ( ! pecan is simil> to t ( ! hickory 9 bo? t\ghness & specific gravity1 al?\gh = practical purposes1 su* z be+ us$ = tool h&les1 ! %agb>k hickory is en\gh h>d] & t\gh] to make x ! sup]ior ( ! two4 ,i 0 pleasantly surpris$ on ,octob] #cj1 #aiec :5 a pecan se$l+ ( ! ,i[a orig91 :i* _h n yet borne any nuts1 %[$ a small crop4 ,^! nuts 7 fully matur$ & 7 ( suffici5t size s t !y c\ld be consid]$ a valuable new v>iety ( pecan nut = ! ,nor?4 ,a plate %[+ a few ( ^! pecans illu/rates1 by means ( a rul]1 ! actual size ( ^! pecans1 & ! fact t !y matur$ s well by ,octob] #cj indicates t 9 _m seasons !y may be reli$ ^u to mature _! crop4 ,no o!r data has be5 acquir$ on ?is v>iety & we c only be ?ankful t we c expect x to d a little bett] 9 size z successive crops appe>1 :i* is ! usual way ( nut trees4 ,also1 by f]tiliz+ ?is tree we c expect bigg] nuts1 z is g5]ally ! case4 ,! %ell ( ?is pecan is s ?9 t x c be easily crack$ ) ! tee?1 :i* ,i h done repeat$ly1 & al?\gh small is ?9n]-%ell$ ?an any /&>d pecan4 ,*apt] #g ,,hickory ,,! ,,k+ ,! ackn[l$g$ autocrat ( all ! native nuts is ! hickory4 ,p]haps n all ! exp]ts admit ?is lead]%ip b x is c]ta9ly ! op9ion held by mo/ p4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ,i speak ( ! hickory nut 9 ?is high reg>d1 ,i ref] to ! %agb>k hickory :i*1 z a wild tree1 is native z f> nor? z ! #dcrd p>allel 9 ,m9nesota & ,wiscons91 & some:at f>!r 9 ! ea/]n /ates4 ,wild hickory nuts h be5 comm]cializ$ only to a slight ext5t4 ,its crops are almo/ entirely consum$ 9 ! locality 9 :i* !y are gr[n by ^? p :o f9d great pleasure 9 sp5d+ f9e autumn days ga!r+ !m4 ,! obvi\s reason :y hickory nuts h n be5 made a product ( comm]ce lies 9 ! nut itself1 :i* is usually v small & :i* has a %ell s /rong & ?ick t ! k]nel c be tak5 out only 9 small pieces4 ,! t\ghness ( ! %ell makes crack+ difficult1 too1 & s9ce only r>ely is "o f\nd t c be brok5 by a h& crack]1 x is necess>y to use ! flatiron-&-hamm] me?od4 ,x is q possible1 ?\gh1 t "s day ! hickory w rival or exce$ its ne> relative1 ! wild pecan1 9 comm]cial favor4 ,! wild pecans :i* =m]ly came on ! m>ket at ,*ri/ma/ime 9 mixtures ( nuts 7 j z difficult to extract f _! %ells z ! wild %agb>k hickory nuts are n[4 ,by means ( selection & cultivation1 ! pecan 0 *ang$ f a small1 h>d-to-crack nut to t ( a l>ge ?9-%ell$ nut ^: k]nel 0 extractable 9 :ole halves4 ,among _m ?\s&s ( wild pecan trees 7 a few :i* bore exceptionally f9e nuts1 nuts simil> to ^? n[ f\nd at e groc]y /ore & call$ pap]%ell pecans4 ,^! unusual nuts 7 propagat$ by graft+ twigs f _! p>5t trees on ord9>y wild pecan trees ^: own nuts 7 ( less value4 ,^! graft$ trees 7 set out 9 or*>ds :]e !y produce ! millions ( p\nds ( high-grade pecans n[ on ! m>ket4 ,! "q :i* naturally occurs is1 ,:y hasn't ?is be5 done ) hickory nuts8 ,hundr$s ( attempts h be5 made to d s1 by ! greate/ nut propagators 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y h be5 successful 9 graft+ out/&+ v>ieties ( hickory to wild root /ocks b ! "t involv$ has prev5t$ any practical or comm]cial success1 s9ce mo/ graft$ hickories require a p]iod ( gr[? f t5 to tw5ty ye>s be=e be>+ any nuts4 ,?is l5g? ( "t contra/s v unfavorably ) t requir$ by graft$ pecans :i* produce nuts on q "y trees1 frequ5tly )9 ?ree to five ye>s aft] graft+4 ,?is factor ( sl[ gr[? has set ! pecan f> ahead ( ! ta/y %agb>k hickory4 ,exp]im5t]s h long ?\ght to r$uce ! "t requir$ by ! hickory to rea* maturity by graft+ x to fa/-gr[+ hickory roots su* z ! bitt]nut or ! closely relat$ pecan4 ,bo? ( ^! gr[ rapidly & ! bitt]nut has ! additional advantage ( gr[+ f>!r nor? & ( be+ transplant$ m easily4 ,x has always be5 ?\ght t :5 a good v>iety ( %agb>k hickory _h be5 successfully graft$ to bitt]nut root /ocks1 or*>ds ( hickory trees w\ld soon appe>4 ,?is takes me to my discov]y ( ! v>iety n[ kn[n z ! ,wes*cke hickory1 :i* ,i h f\nd fulfills ! necess>y conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[s exceptionally ?9 %ell ( ,wes*cke hickory v>iety4 ,draw+ by ,wm4 ,kuehn ,"o fall day 9 #aibf1 :5 ,i 0 at ! home ( a neighbor+ f>m]1 he (f]$ me "s mix$ hickory nuts he _h receiv$ f an uncle 9 ,i[a4 ,z he knew ( my int]e/ 9 nuts1 he want$ my op9ion ( !m4 ,i look$ !m ov] & expla9$ t !y 7 no bett] ?an little nutmegs1 hav+ v h>d %ells & a small proportion ( inaccessible meat4 ,to demon/rate ?is1 ,i crack$ "s betwe5 hamm] & flatiron4 ,my demon/ration 0 conclusive until ,i hit "o nut :i* almo/ melt$ "u ! =ce ,i 0 apply+4 ,! %ape ( ?is nut 0 en\gh diff]5t f ! o!rs to enable me to pick out a h&ful l x f ! mixture4 ,i 0 amaz$ to see h[ v ?9-%ell$ & full ( meat !y 74 ,^u my reque/1 ?is neighbor wrote to 8 uncle1 ,john ,bailey1 ( ,fayette1 ,i[a1 ask+ if he knew f :i* tree su* f9e nuts _h come4 ,un=tunately he did n1 because ! nuts _h be5 ga!r$ f q a l>ge area4 ,aft] correspond+ ) ,mr4 ,bailey myself1 ,i decid$ t ,i w\ld g !re & help him locate ! tree1 al?\gh x 0 ne>ly ,*ri/mas & heavy sn[falls :i* already cov]$ ! gr\nd w\ld make our se>* m difficult4 ,illu/ration3 ,c>l ,wes*cke1 ,jr41 h& hold+ ,wes*cke hickory 9 hull4 #i_/ae_/db ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke ,on my arrival 9 ,fayette1 ,i call$ on ,mr4 ,bailey1 :o 0 glad to help me hunt out ! tree 9 :i* ,i _h s mu* int]e/4 ,we call$ ,a4 ,c4 ,fobes1 ! own] ( ! f>m f :i* ! nuts 7 believ$ to h come1 & arrang$ to g out !re ) him by bob sleigh4 ,a r\gh ride ( six or sev5 miles br\ght u to ! f>m & we began our que/4 ,once !re1 ,mr4 ,bailey _h a m def9ite idea ( :]e to look = ! tree f :i* ^! p>ticul> nuts came ?an he _h _h be=e & we _h n be5 at our task = m ?an an h\r be=e x 0 locat$4 ,!re 7 /ill q a few nuts on ! gr\nd b5ea? x1 :i* id5tifi$ x accurately4 ,x 0 a l>ge %agb>k ^: fir/ liv+ bran* 0 fully sixte5 feet (f ! gr\nd &1 s9ce we _h no ladd] ) u1 ,i _h to %9 up ! tree to cut (f "s ( ! small] bran*es4 ,?is %agb>k1 true to its "n1 _h r\gh b>k :i* tore n only my clo!s b "s ( ! sk9 on my legs z well & :]eas ! climb+ up 0 difficult1 ! com+ d[n 0 equally s4 ,hav+ contract$ v]bally ) ,mr4 ,fobes to buy ! tree1 ,i pack$ ! bran*es ,i _h cut 9 c>dbo>d boxes ) /raw pack+ & c>efully br\ght !m home to ,/4 ,paul4 ,i wrote at once to my fri5d1 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ( my exp$ition1 tell+ him ( my plans to propagate ?is hickory4 ,i also s5t him "s ( ! nuts f ! p>5t tree & samples ( extra-good nuts f o!r trees gr[+ ne> x s t he c\ld give me 8 op9ion ( !m4 ,mr4 ,jones respond$ by advis+ me ab\t ! k9d ( a contract to make ) ,mr4 ,fobes 9 reg>d to bo? ! pur*as+ & propagation ( ! orig9al hickory tree & he urg$ ! latt] en?usia/ically4 ,( ! ,wes*cke hickory nuts !mselves1 he wrote3 ,?is is practically id5tical ) ! ,glov]4 ,! ,glov] is usually a little l>g] b ?is v>ies 9 all nuts f ye> to ye>4 ,?is is a f9e nut & if x comes f ,i[a1 x ought to be propagat$4 ,i sugge/ y keep ! /ock ( x & propagate ! tree = nor!rn plant+1 t is = ,i[a1 ,m9nesota1 ,wiscons91 etc41 :]e mo/ nuts gr[n "h w\ld n mature4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ,i saw ! ,glov] hickory nut = ! fir/ "t & ,i also ?\ght x mu* ! same z ! ,wes*cke 9 %ape1 z is also ! ,brill4 ,because ,i did n "k h[ to pres]ve ! scions ,i _h cut1 !y dri$ out dur+ ! w9t] to su* an ext5t t !y 7 wor?less = spr+ graft+4 ,?is meant los+ a :ole season4 ,! next fall ,i obta9$ m scionwood f ,mr4 ,fobes & hav+ kept x 9 good condition dur+ ! w9t] by /or+ x 9 a ,h>r+ton graft box %[n by illu/ration1 ,i 0 able to graft x 9 ! spr+4 ,h[ev]1 ^! grafts did n take hold well1 only two or ?ree bran*es result+ f all ( x & ^! did n be> nor ev5 gr[ z !y %\ld h4 ,i 0 disappo9t$ & disc\rag$1 writ+ to ,mr4 ,fobes t ,i did n believe ! tree c\ld be propagat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,?is draw+ illu/rates h[ to build a ,h>r+ton graft /orage box ,9 ! fall ( #aicb1 ,mr4 ,fobes s5t me a l>ge box ( scions & bran*es1 expla9+ t he _h sold 8 f>m &1 z ! tree might be cut d[n1 ?is 0 my la/ opportunity to propagate x4 ,)\t mu* en?usiasm1 ,i graft$ ! mat]ial he _h s5t me on ab\t a doz5 trees1 "s ( !m v l>ge hickories & ,i 0 mo/ agreeably surpris$ to f9d ! graft+ successful & m ?an "o bran* be>+ nutlets4 ,^! nuts dropp$ (f dur+ ! summ] until only "o rema9$ to mature1 :i* x did 9 ! latt] "p ( ,octob]4 ,b ,i wait$ too long to pick t nut & "s sm>t squirrel1 :i* _h probably be5 wat*+ x rip5 z dilig5tly z ,i _h1 secur$ x fir/4 ,i made a v ?or\gh se>* ( ! gr\nd ne>by to f9d ! rema9s ( x1 = :ile ,i knew ,i w\ld n get a ta/e ( ! k]nel--! squirrel w\ld take c>e ( t--,i 0 int]e/$ 9 f9d+ out :e!r x foll[$ ! exact %ape & ?9ness ( %ell ( ! fir/ nuts ,i _h exam9$4 ,i f9ally did f9d "p ( x1 en\gh to see t x 0 simil> to ! nuts f ! p>5t tree4 ,! grafts ,i made 9 #aicb h be5 be>+ nuts e ye> s9ce t "t4 ,! ,wes*cke hickory makes a trem5d\s gr[? graft$ on bitt]nut hickory 7,c>ya ,cordi=mis74 ,! wood & buds are h>dy to a temp]ature ( #dg deg4 bel[ z]o ,fahr5heit1 s t :]ev] ! wild bitt]nut hickory gr[1 ?is graft$ tree w survive to be> its ?9-%ell$ nuts4 ,! nuts h a f9e flavor & ! unusual quality ( reta9+ ?is flavor )\t becom+ rancid1 = ?ree ye>s4 ,! only fault to f9d ) !m is ! comm]cial "o ( be+ only m$ium 9 size1 s t comp>$ to ,engli% walnuts1 = example1 !y become unimpressive4 ,i h notic$ "t & aga9 t ! av]age p]son w pass ov] a small1 sweet nut to *oose a l>g] "o ev5 ?\gh ! latt] may n h z attractive a flavor4 ,?is is noticeably true 9 reg>d to pecans1 :5 ! l>ge pap]-%ell types1 :i* h a r dry1 sweet k]nel1 are almo/ inv>iably pref]r$ to ! small] ones ( f9] flavor1 :i* are plump & h slightly ?ick] %ells4 ,previ\s to f9d+ ! ,wes*cke hickory1 ,i exp]im5t$ ) sev]al v>ieties ( hickory hybrids4 ,9 ,m>* #aibd1 ,i pur*as$ twelve ,beav] & twelve ,fairbanks hybrid hickories f ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,i plant$ ^! trees 9 ,april ( t ye> b ( ! lot1 only two ,beav] trees liv$ to be> nuts4 ,"o ( ^! is /ill gr[+ on my f>m1 9 ?91 clay soil und]laid ) lime/one1 & x be>s nuts annually4 ,x is only a fair-siz$ tree b ,i ?9k its sl[ gr[? has protect$ x f ! usual am\nt ( w9t] damage4 ,i also ord]$ f ,mr4 ,jones1 9 ,july #aibd1 #ab ,m>qu>dt hiccans1 #ab ,laney1 #ab ,si]s1 #cd ,beav] & #cj ,fairbanks4 ,! la/ f\r are hybrids betwe5 species ( hickories4 ,out ( ! :ole ord]1 am\nt+ to "o hundr$ trees1 none rema9s alive n[4 ,! ,m>qu>dt hiccan m5tion$ above 0 ! subject ( dispute among nut culturi/s = a "t b x has be5 def9itely agre$ n[1 t ! ,m>qu>dt 0 nev] actually propagat$1 ! tree hav+ be5 lo/ or cut d[n be=e scions 7 tak5 f x4 ,sub/itutes 7 tak5 f ! ,burl+ton1 a hybrid ^: nut is simil> to ! ,m>qu>dt & ^: foliage & o!r attributes are ?\ght to be l x4 ,! "n ( ,m>qu>dt p]si/$ = sev]al ye>s1 h[ev]1 & x has be5 entirely disc>d$ only rec5tly4 ,! ,burl+ton is n[ kn[n to be ! repres5tative ( t "p ( ,i[a4 ,h[ev]1 ,i graft$ "s ( ! tops ( ! ,m>qu>dt trees f ,jones to bitt]nut trees at ! "t t ,i transplant$ !m2 sev]al ( ! grafts made successful gr[? & result$ 9 sev]al trees gr[+ deep 9 ! woods4 ,aft] #bh ye>s ^! grafts are /ill alive & c]ta9ly h e/abli%$ _! "r to be call$ compatible ) bitt]nut hickory /ocks4 ,close exam9ation ( ! bran*es1 leaves & buds1 p>ticul>ly ! leaf-sc>s1 indicate t ?is hiccan is en\gh diff]5t & m h>dy ?an ! ,burl+ton1 :i* also gr[s well on ! bitt]nut1 to discr$it ! /ory t ! ,m>qu>dt is lo/4 ,x w n be det]m9$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is ! g5u9e ,m>qu>dt until x has fruit$4 ,altoge!r ,i h graft$ ab\t #gj v>ieties ( hickory & its hybrids on bitt]nut /ocks 9 my attempts to increase ! numb] ( v>ieties ( cultur$ hickory trees 9 ! ,nor?4 ,mo/ ( ^? ,i work$ ) 7 compatible ) ! bitt]nut /ock1 b a few1 p]haps a doz51 h indicat$ t !y w\ld r n live on ! bitt]nut & h di$1 ei!r f incompatibility or w9t]-kill+4 ,yet z a root sy/em1 ! bitt]nut is ! h>die/ & easie/ to transplant ( any ( ! hickories & = ^! reasons x makes an ideal /ock = ! amateur nut-gr[] to use4 ,i did try1 9 #aibf1 to gr[ "s %agb>k hickory /ocks1 :i* w\ld be m compatible ) ^? v>ieties ,i c\ld n get />t$ on bitt]nut4 ,i plant$ half a bu%el ( %agb>k hickory nuts f ,i[a1 b al?\gh !y spr\t$ nicely1 !y 7 n suffici5tly h>dy & 7 w9t]-kill$ s sev]ely t1 aft] twelve ye>s1 ! l>ge/ 0 n m ?an a foot high1 nor ?ick] ?an a lead p5cil4 ,"s ( ^!1 ab\t #ej1 7 transplant$ into ! or*>d & 9 o!r favorable locations4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^!1 9 #aieb1 is ab\t #d in*es 9 diamet]1 #a-;foot (f ! gr\nd1 & ab\t #ae feet high4 ,i h n graft$ any yet & only "o has borne any se$l+ nuts s f>4 ,i am n[ reconcil$ to us+ my native bitt]nut trees = mo/ ( my /ock 9 spite ( "s disadvantages4 ,a li/ ( successfully graft$ v>ieties is app5d$1 & indicates to :at ext5t ?is /ock is a univ]sal root /ock = mo/ ( ! hickories & _! hybrids4 ,a successful union1 h[ev]1 & long life1 does n mean t good be>+ habits w be e/abli%$1 s9ce mo/ ( ^! trees gr[ 9 ! woods 9 d5se %ade & poor surr\nd+s4 ,"s v>ieties h n borne _m nuts1 & "s n at all4 ,! foll[+ scions 7 cut ?is fall 79 #aieb7 f successfully graft$ trees deep 9 ! woods3 ,bixby hiccan 7pecan by %ellb>k7 graft$ 9 #aich ,burl+ton hiccan 7pecan by %ellb>k7 graft$ 9 #aich ,gre5 ,bay hiccan 7pecan by %ellb>k7 graft$ 9 #aich ,des ,mo9es hiccan 7pecan by %ellb>k7 graft$ 9 #aich ,burton hiccan 7pecan by %ellb>k7 graft$ 9 #aici ,mc,alester hiccan 7pecan by %ellb>k7 graft$ 9 #aich ,an?ony ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aich ,b>nes ,%agb>k by mock] nut graft$ 9 #aich ,brill ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aicf ,brooks ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aich ,camp ,no4 #b ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aich 787 ,deveaux ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aicf ,fox ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aici ,glov] ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aicf ,gobble ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aidj ,h& ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aici ,h>man ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aici ,leon>d ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aici ,l+5felt] ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aidb ,manahan ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aici ,mil=d ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aici ,murdock ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aida ,netk+ ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aich ,platman ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aich ,pleas ,pecan by bitt]nut graft$ 9 #aich ,s*9n]l+ ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aidb ,/anley ,%ellb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aici ,swaim ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aida ,taylor ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aici ,triplett ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aici ,woods graft$ 9 #aici ,! v>ieties bel[ are gr[+ 9 or*>d or r&om locations out ( ! woods3 ,beav] ,hybrid hickory graft$ 9 #aibd ,c$> ,rapids ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aibf ,cl>k ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aich ,fairbanks hybrid ,%agb>k by bitt]nut graft$ 9 #aibd ,h]man ,la/ ,hybrid graft$ 9 #aidh ,hope pecan ,pure pecan graft$ to bitt]nut graft$ 9 #aich ,kirtl& ,%agb>k hickory graft$ 9 #aicf ,laney ,pecan by %ellb>k graft$ 9 #aicf ,m>qu>dt ,hiccan graft$ 9 #aibd ,norton ,hiccan graft$ 9 #aich ,riv] hickory ,undet]m9$ hybrid graft$ 9 #aidh ,rockville hiccan ,pecan by %ellb>k graft$ 9 #aibf ,si]s ,mock]nut by bitt]nut graft$ 9 #aicf ,/rat=d ,%agb>k by bitt]nut graft$ 9 #aich ,weik] hybrid ,%agb>k by %ellb>k graft$ 9 #aicf ,9 addition to ! above1 sev]al l>ge & small trees ( ! ,wes*cke v>iety are locat$ 9 or*>d & r&om locations1 "s hav+ be5 graft$ 9 #aibf & lat]4 ,also1 !re is a spr9kl+ ( ,bridgewat] v>iety1 graft$ 9 #aicf & lat]1 all be>+ ea* ye>4 ,= _m ye>s1 ,i obs]v$ hickories & walnuts 9 bloom & h&-poll9at$ !m1 yet ,i ov]look$ _m ?+s ,i %\ld h discov]$ e>li] 9 /udy4 ,x 0 only aft] t5 ye>s ( obs]v+ ! ,wes*cke hickory1 = example1 t ,i realiz$ ! importance ( prop] poll9ization ( x4 ,9 ye>s :5 x produc$ only a few nuts1 ,i _h blam$ seasonal factors1 ra9s & soil conditions1 b ,i n[ realize t x 0 due to lack ( ! "r poll54 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aida1 ,i decid$ to make special poll5 comb9ations ) all ! hickories !n 9 bloom4 ,! in=mation ,i acquir$ 9 return 0 great rew>d = ! "w ,i did4 ,i select$ bran*es ( ! ,wes*cke hickory trees be>+ a pr(use am\nt ( pi/illate 7female7 blossoms4 ,i h&-poll9at$ ^! ) a special app>atus 7! h&-poll5 gun describ$ lat] 9 ?is book71 us+ a magnify+ glass s t bo? poll5 & blossom c\ld be pla9ly se54 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i f\nd x mo/ practical to we> :at jewel]s call a d\ble l\pe1 a light1 fib] head-ge> c>ry+ l5ses well-suit$ to su* "w4 ,i treat$ ! m>k$ bran*es ) poll5 ga!r$ f ! ,bridgewat]1 ! ,kirtl& & ! ,beav]1 all v good poll5-be>]s4 ,i also poll9at$ bran*es ( ! ,c$> ,rapids v>iety1 :i* be>s little poll5 9 ?is locality1 ) ,kirtl& poll54 ,h[ev]1 ! poll9ization ( ! ,c$> ,rapids1 :i* involv$ treat+ f #ce to #ej pi/illate blossoms1 result$ 9 only two mature nuts4 ,! ,wes*cke hickory has an abortive /am9ate bloom s t x mu/ dep5d on "s o!r v>iety = poll54 ,at ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,conv5tion1 held at ,h]%ey1 ,pa4 9 #aida1 7:]e ,i _h ! honor ( be+ elect$ presid5t ( t v5]able organization & succe$$ myself !reaft] = ! next five ye>s7 ,i m5tion$ ?is abortive /am9ate bloom ( my hickory to my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,kay1 ,associate ,cytologi/ ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture at t "t4 ,he 0 v int]e/$ 9 ?is ph5om5on & want$ specim5s ( ! abortive catk9s = exam9ation4 ,^! 7 s5t to him 9 ! spr+ ( #aidb4 ,i quote f ,dr4 ,mc,kay's report on 8 prim>y f9d+s3 ,i h j made a prelim9>y exam9ation ( ! catk9s f y\r hickory tree receiv$ la/ ,may1 & x seems t ! individual /am9ate fl[] ( ! catk9 produces #d-e und]siz$ /am5s1 ! an!rs ( :i* are devoid ( ei!r poll5 or poll5-"m-cells4 ,s f> ,i h made only tempor>y prep>ations ( ! cru%$ an!rs 9 /a9 b c>eful /udy ( ^! m\nts discloses no sign ( poll5 gra9s or "m cells1 s we may t5tatively conclude t no poll5 is produc$ by ! tree2 9 o!r words x is male-/]ile4 ,! /age at :i* deg5]ation ( ! poll5-=m+ tissue occurs 9 ! an!rs & its nature w h to be det]m9$ by means ( a long] & m elaborate te*nique & ,i w let y "k :at we f9d z soon z ! results are available4 ,x may be t poll5-"m-cells are n ev5 =m$ 9 ! an!rs2 ! small size ( ^! /ructures & _! m or less %rivel$ appe>ance lead me to believe t ?is may be ! case4 ,s f> z ,i "k !re is no in/ance among nut species comp>able to t outl9$ above4 ,we h two or ?ree cases ( male /]ility 9 *e/nut b 9 ^! no /am5s are =m$ 9 ! individual /am9ate fl[]4 ,9 "o ( ! hybrid walnuts t ,i report$ on at ! ,h]%ey conv5tion1 imp]fect poll5 gra9s are =m$ 9 ! an!rs b ! latt] /ructures nev] op51 s no poll5 is %$4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! above report is prelim9>y & o!r angles may turn up :5 p]man5t m\nts are available = /udy4 ,on ,decemb] #ad1 #aidc ,i receiv$ a second1 & f9al report f ,dr4 ,mc,kay f :i* ,i quote1 z foll[s3 ,de> ,mr4 ,wes*cke3 ,! enclos$ p5cil sket*es w give y an idea ( ! results obta9$ f section+ f\r lots ( mat]ial f ! two samples ( catk9s t y s5t1 two lots f ea* sample4 ,s9ce ! sample collect$ ,may #be at ! "t ( catk9 fall 0 old en\gh to conta9 mature poll5 & %[$ only an!rs ( ! two types describ$ h]e) ,i ?9k we may safely conclude t ! tree is male /]ile because ( ! failure ( ! "m cells to function4 ,x is odd t 9 "s an!rs ! poll5-"m-cells develop 7type #b7 :ile 9 o!rs !y d n 7type #a74 ,= ?is we h no explanation2 nor c we expla9 :y ! tree is male /]ile4 ,i am afraid ^! ph5om5a w rema9 a matt] ( conjecture = "s "t to come4 ,s9ce /]ilities ( ?is & o!r sorts 9 mo/ o!r plants are l>gely g5etic1 t is1 controll$ by "o or m g5es t are inh]it$ 9 ,m5delian fa%ion1 x is likely t su* is ! case "h4 ,y & ,i w n live long en\gh1 h[ev]1 to gr[ ! necess>y numb] ( g5]ations ( trees to cle> up ^! matt]s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( r\t9e prep>ation ( o!r mat]ial ,i plan to run up o!r lots f y\r samples1 & ,i w let y "k if any?+ diff]5t turns up4 ,i believe we may safely conclude1 h[ev]1 t ! results report$ h]e) are repres5tative4 ,9 fur!r explanation1 ,dr4 ,mc,kay submitt$ ! draw+s %[n on page #eg1 & says3 ,f\r lots ( mat]ial 7 section$1 two f ! collection ( ,may #f & two f t ( ,may #be4 ,( ^!1 two gave an!rs ( type "o1 & two ( type two4 ,m mat]ial w h to be section$ be=e we "k :i* type is pr$om9ant4 ,! an!rs ( type "o are greatly %rivel$1 & a b& ( deeply-/a9+ collaps$ cells app>5tly repres5ts ! rema9s ( ar*esporial or poll5-=m+ tissue4 ,! an!rs ( type two are normal 9 appe>ance1 b ! poll5-"m-cells deg5]ate be=e poll5 gra9s are =m$4 ,a comp>ison ( ! deg5]ate poll5-"m-cells ( ?is plant ) normal poll5-"m-cells is giv5 bel[3 ,illu/ration3 ,sections ( an!rs ( ! ,wes*cke ,hickory ,c>ya ovata ,illu/rations by ,dr4 ,mc,kay %[+ poll5 deg5]ation 9 ,wes*cke hickory4 ,?is sub/antiates ! conclusion t ,i _h arriv$ at previ\s to ?is report1 t ?is hickory is able to mature its nuts e>ly 9 ! fall by reason ( n hav+ to wa/e its en]gy 9 ! production ( poll54 7,!re is only "o o!r v>iety ( hickory :i* ,i h graft$ on bitt]nut :i* has prov$ unable to mature poll5 & x is ! ,creag] f ,i[a47 ,i 0 imm5sely pleas$ to f9d t x respond$ v well to ,bridgewat] poll51 a high p]c5tage ( ! blooms treat$ ) x develop+ mature nuts4 ,! results ) ! ,kirtl& poll5 7 almo/ equally good1 ! poore/ %[+ com+ f ^? bran*es treat$ ) ,beav] poll5 on :i* only ?ree mature nuts develop$4 7,! ,beav] is presum$ to be a hybrid betwe5 bitt]nut & %agb>k hickories47 ,sixty-two nuts f ^! poll9izations 7 plant$ 9 ! fall ( #aida 9 rod5t-pro( se$ b$s4 ,9 ! spr+1 c\nt+ g]m9ation1 ,i f\nd #ajj ( ^! nuts _h spr\t$ & gr[n into small trees dur+ ! season4 ,aft] f9d+ ! mo/ suitable poll5 = ! ,wes*cke hickory1 ,i realiz$ ! necessity = includ+ m ?an "o v>iety ( hickory 9 a plant+1 j z !re %\ld be m ?an "o v>iety ( apple or plum tree 9 an or*>d4 ,i ?9k t x w\ld always be well to h ?ree or m v>ieties ( kn[n compatibility )9 reasonable di/ances1 probably n m ?an #ajj feet ap>t1 nor less ?an #dj to #ej feet = l>ge hickories4 ,( ! _m v>ieties ( hickory & hickory hybrids ,i h te/$1 ab\t tw5ty h1 by n[1 prov$ to be suffici5tly h>dy to recomm5d = ?is latitude4 ,^! include3 99,beav] hybrid hickory 99,fairbanks hybrid hickory 99,laney hybrid hickory ,burl+ton hybrid betwe5 pecan & %ellb>k hickory ,rockville hybrid betwe5 pecan & %ellb>k hickory ,hope pecan pure pecan graft$ on to bitt]nut roots ,h& pure %agb>k 99,bridgewat] pure %agb>k ,b>nes hybrid hickory 99,c$> ,rapids pure %agb>k 99,wes*cke pure %agb>k 99,deveaux pure %agb>k 99,brill pure %agb>k 99,glov] pure %agb>k 99,kirtl& pure %agb>k 99,si]s ?\ght to be a hybrid betwe5 ! mock] nut & bitt]nut 99,/rat=d hybrid 7bitt]nut by %agb>k7 99,creag] 99,h produc$ mature nuts ,!re are ?ree or f\r o!rs t are h>dy b all means ( id5tification hav+ be5 lo/1 x w be necess>y to wait until !y come into be>+ be=e _! v>ieties w be kn[n4 ,z exp]im5ts cont9ue1 m v>ieties ( wor?y1 h>dy hickories & hiccans w be f\nd :i* w ju/ify completely ! op9ion ( ^? ( u :o always hail z k+ ( all our native nuts1 ! hickory4 ,illu/ration3 #aicj--,wes*cke ,hickory z borne by p>5t tree at ,fayette1 ,i[a4 #aici--;,aft] sev]al ye>s ( be>+ graft$ on ,nor!rn ,bitt]nut hickory at ,riv] ,falls1 ,wis4 #aidj--,/ill fur!r *ange 9 %ape & size f graft on ,bitt]nut4 #aida--;,*ange & increase 9 size n[ is s pron\nc$ z to almo/ ext+ui% its orig9al id5tity4 ,illu/ration3 ,wes*cke hickory nut natural size %[s free splitt+ hull4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke4 ,*apt] #h ,,butt]nut ,l ! hickory tree1 ! butt]nut %>es 9 ! *ildhood rem9isc5ces ( ^? :o h liv$ on f>ms or 9 ! c\ntry :]e butt]nuts are a treat to look =w>d to ea* fall4 ,! nuts1 :i* mature e>ly1 h a ri*1 t5d] k]nel ( mild flavor4 ,only ! disadvantage ( _! heavy1 corrugat$ %ells prev5ts !m f hold+ ! highe/ place 9 popul>ity1 al?\gh a good v>iety cracks easily into :ole half-k]nels4 ,butt]nuts gr[ ov] an ext5d$ range :i* makes !m ! mo/ nor!rn ( all our native wild nut trees1 al?\gh _! nuts d n mature z f> nor? z hazelnuts d4 ,butt]nut trees blossom s e>ly t 9 nor!rn latitudes ! blossoms are frequ5tly kill$ 9 late spr+ fro/s4 ,only :5 ! trees are gr[+ ne> ! summit ( a /eep hillside w !y be likely to escape su* fro/s & be> crops regul>ly4 ,i h f\nd t really heavy crops appe> 9 cycles 9 natural groves ( butt]nut trees4 ,my obs]vation ( !m ov] a p]iod ( ?irty-two ye>s 9 _! natural habitat 9 we/-c5tral ,wiscons9 has l$ me to conclude t "o may expect butt]nut trees to be>1 on an av]age1 an enorm\s crop ( nuts once 9 five ye>s1 a fairly l>ge crop once 9 ?ree ye>s1 ) little or no crop ! rema9+ ye>s4 ,z a se$l+ tree ( two or ?ree ye>s1 ! butt]nut is indi/+ui%able f ! black walnut except to a v disc]n+ & practic$ eye1 especially 9 ! autumn aft] its leaves h fall54 ,z ! trees gr[ old]1 ! diff]5ce 9 _! b>k becomes m app>5t1 t ( ! butt]nut rema9+ smoo? = _m ye>s1 z contra/$ to ! b>k on black walnut trees :i* beg9s to r\gh5 on ! ma9 trunk e>ly 9 its life4 ,b>k on a butt]nut may /ill be smoo? :5 ! tree is t5 ye>s old4 ,=e/ se$l+s ( butt]nut1 :5 "o or two ye>s old1 are easily transplant$ if ! soil is cong5ial to _! gr[?4 ,al?\gh ! tree w d well on _m types ( soil1 x pref]s "o hav+ a lime/one base1 j z ! ,engli% walnut does4 ,a butt]nut se$l+ usually requires sev]al m ye>s ( gr[? ?an a black walnut does be=e x comes into be>+1 al?\gh ?is v>ies ) climate & soil4 ,x is impossible to be exact1 b ,i ?9k ,i may safely say t x requires at lea/ t5 ye>s ( gr[+ be=e a se$l+ butt]nut tree w be> any nuts4 ,( c\rse1 exceptions w occasionally occur4 ,z a butt]nut tree matures1 x spreads out mu* l an apple or *e/nut tree4 ,( c\rse1 x mu/ h en\gh room to d s1 an important factor 9 rais+ any nut tree4 ,en\gh room & sunlight ha/5 be>+-age & insure l>g] crops ( f9] nuts4 ,graft+ valuable v>ieties ( butt]nut on black walnut /ock w also ha/5 be>+4 ,i h _h su* grafts produce nuts ! same ye> ! graft+ 0 done & ^! trees cont9u$ to gr[ rapidly & produce annually4 ,h[ev]1 !y 7 n easy to graft1 ! /ubborn reluctance ( ! butt]nut top to accept transplantation to a =eign /ock be+ well kn[n4 ,?is factor w probably always cause graft$ butt]nut trees to be high] 9 price ?an black walnut or hickory4 ,! rev]se graft1 i4e41 black walnut on butt]nut %\ld nev] be practic$ = al?\gh successful1 ! black walnut ov]gr[s ! /ock & results 9 an unproductive tree4 ,specim5s #be or m ye>s old prove ?is to be a fact4 ,butt]nut trees are good fe$]s4 ,!y respond well to cultivation & l5d !mselves to be+ graft$ ^u1 al?\gh1 f my own exp]i5ce1 ,i "q _! usefulness z a root /ock4 ,i h f\nd t :5 ,i graft$ black walnuts1 ,engli% walnuts or he>tnuts on butt]nut /ock1 ! top or graft$ "p ( ! tree became b>r5 except = an occasional h&ful ( nuts1 ev5 on v l>ge trees4 ,s9ce ?is has occurr$ ?r\gh\t ! _m ye>s ( my nut culture "w1 ,i ?9k x %\ld be giv5 s]i\s consid]ation be=e butt]nut is us$ z a root /ock = o!r species ( nut trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,wes*cke ,butt]nut4 ,smoo? %all[ convolutions ( %ell all[ k]nels to drop out freely4 ,draw+ by ,wm4 ,kuehn4 ,i _h ! good luck to discov] an easy-crack+ v>iety ( butt]nut 9 ,riv] ,falls1 ,wiscons91 9 #aicd1 :i* ,i h propagat$ comm]cially & :i* c>ries my "n4 ,a m$ium-siz$ nut1 x has ! requisite prop]ties = giv+ x a v>ietal "n1 = x cracks mo/ly along ! sutural l9es & its int]nal /ructure is s %all[ t ! k]nel w fall out if a half-%ell is turn$ upside d[n4 ,i receiv$ "o ( ^? surprises :i* sometimes occur :5 a tree is asexually propagat$ :5 ,i graft$ scions f ?is butt]nut on black walnut /ock4 ,! result+ nuts 7 l>g] ?an ^? on ! p>5t tree & _! hulls peel$ (f ) almo/ no ef=t4 ,:e!r ^! features cont9ue aft] ! trees become old] is some?+ ,i %all obs]ve ) int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,self hull+ ,butt]nut4 ,wes*cke v>iety4 ,draw+ by ,wm4 ,kuehn4 ,! ne>ly self-hull+ quality ( ^! nuts makes !m v clean to h&le4 ,! abs5ce ( hulls 9 crack+ butt]nuts n only does away ) ! mess9ess usually involv$1 b also x all[s m accurate crack+ & m sanit>y h&l+ ( ! k]nels4 ,9 #aidi ,i notic$ a new type ( butt]nut gr[+ ne> ! f>m resid5ce4 ,?is butt]nut 0 fully twice z l>ge z ! ,wes*cke & _h eight prom95t ridges4 ,! nut prov$ to be ev5 bett] ?an ! old] v>iety & we int5d to te/ x fur!r by graft+ x on butt]nuts & black walnut /ocks4 ,al?\gh h&-op]at$ nutcrack]s h be5 devis$ to crack ^! & o!r wild nuts1 !y are n z fa/ z a hamm]4 ,if "o protects ! h& by we>+ a glove & /&s ! butt]nut on a solid iron base1 hitt+ ! po9t$ end ) a hamm]1 x is q possible to accumulate a p9t ( clean nut meats 9 half an h\r4 ,! butt]nut tree is "o ^: lumb] may be put to _m uses4 ,x is light b v t\gh & /r+y & :5 plan$ & s&$1 x absorbs v>ni% & f9i%es v well4 ,al?\gh n z d>k 9 natural color z black walnut1 butt]nut resembles x 9 gra94 ,:5 butt]nut has be5 /a9$ to repres5t black walnut1 x is only by _! weight t !y c be di/+ui%$4 ,9 late ye>s1 natural butt]nut has become popul> z an int]ior f9i% & = furniture1 be+ sold z blonde walnut1 ,fr5* walnut1 or :ite walnut1 9 my op9ion v improp] names4 ,i see no reason = call+ x by o!r ?an its own4 ,depletion ( =e/s ( butt]nut trees br+s its lumb] value up 9 price ne>ly to t ( f9e maple or bir*1 approa*+ t ( black walnut 9 "s places4 ,i h run sev]al ?\s& feet ( butt]nut lumb] f my f>ml& ?r\gh my own sawmill & us$ x = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,x is probably ! /ronge/ wood = its weight except spruce4 ,i h us$ x successfully to make propell]s :i* op]ate electric g5]ators = d]iv+ p[] f ! w9d4 ,because butt]nut is s light &1 prop]ly v>ni%$1 resi/s wea!r+ & decay to s great an ext5t1 ,i h f\nd x ! be/ mat]ial ,i h ev] tri$ = su* con/ruction4 ,9 build+ a small electric c> = travel+ ar\nd ! or*>ds1 ,i us$ butt]nut r ?an oak or metal1 :i* sav$ at lea/ #ajj p\nds ( weight1 an important matt] s9ce ! s\rce ( ! c>'s p[] is automobile /orage batt]ies4 ,butt]nut is v durable 9 contact ) ! gr\nd & is us$ = f5ce po/s on f>ms :]e x is pl5tiful4 ,bird h\ses built ( ?is wood w la/ indef9itely1 ev5 a lifetime if !y are protect$ ) pa9t or v>ni%4 ,butt]nut is l r$ c$> 9 ?is respect1 al?\gh mu* /rong]4 ,/ories h be5 told ( black walnut logs :i*1 aft] ly+ unus$ = fifty ye>s1 h be5 saw$ into lumb] & f\nd to be /ill 9 excell5t condition4 ,x is q likely t ! same c\ld be said ( butt]nut = ^! woods are v mu* alike 9 ! degree ( _! durability & resi/ance to wea!r4 ,an incid5tal value butt]nut trees h is _! ability to ble$ freely 9 ! spr+ if ! out] b>k is cut4 ,!re=e1 !y c be tapp$ l maple trees & _! sap boil$ d[n to make a sweet syrup4 ,x does n h ! sug> cont5t t ! ,/abl] black walnut has1 h[ev]4 ,ano!r possible use is sugge/$ by ! %ells ( butt]nuts :i*1 ev5 :5 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 %[ great resi/ance to decay4 ,i h f\nd !m to be /ill intact & possess+ "s /r5g? aft] be+ cov]$ by e>? = fifte5 ye>s4 ,?is indicates t !y might be us$ ) a b9d] 9 a composition mat]ial4 ,_! extreme h>dness also (f]s a good we>+ surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,electrically op]at$ wagon con/ruct$ ( native butt]nut wood kn[n = /r5g? & light weight z well z durability4 ,au?or's sons abo>d4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke #aida4 ,n only good ?+s c be said ( ! butt]nut tree & x w\ld be wrong to avoid m5tion+ ! delet]i\s effect t a butt]nut tree may h on o!r trees plant$ )9 ! radius ( its root sy/em4 ,i h _h sev]al exp]i5ces ( ?is k9d4 ,"o butt]nut tree on my f>m1 hav+ a trunk six in*es 9 diamet]1 kill$ e ,mugho p9e )9 ! radius ( its root sy/em4 ,?is am\nt$ to betwe5 #ej & #ajj p9es4 ,_! dea? c\ld n be attribut$ to ! %ade ca/ by ! butt]nut z ,mugho p9es are v tol]ant ( %ade4 ,z ! fir/ bran*es ( ! butt]nut 7 m ?an ?ree feet (f ! gr\nd1 ! p9es c\ld n h be5 influ5c$ by ! top sy/em ( ! tree nor d ,i believe t x 0 due to fall5 leaves1 b r directly to ! greatly ramifi$ roots4 ,l>ge ev]gre5s1 su* z ,colorado blue spruce1 native :ite p9e1 limb] p9e & ,jeffrey p9e are kn[n to h be5 simil>ly influ5c$4 ,:ile small butt]nut trees d n1 9 my exp]i5ce1 h ?is effect1 ?is may be expla9$ by ! fact t ! radius ( _! root sy/ems is mu* m limit$4 ,mo/ plants1 o!r ?an p9es1 ?rive )9 ! influ5ce ( butt]nut roots1 h[ev]1 & x c]ta9ly does n damage pa/ure grass z "s ( ! c\ntry's be/ graz+ l& is among su* trees4 ,! damage results f a *emical kn[n z ,juglone :i* is elaborat$ by ! root sy/em & :5 ! roots ( ! butt]nut cross ^? ( its ev]gre5 neighbor1 ?is acts z a poison to ! ev]gre5 & may kill x4 ,illu/ration3 ,an #h-;foot propell] ( butt]nut wood is ! prime mov] = w9d p[] g5]ator :i* 9 a brisk w9d g5]at$ #aaj volts & #aj amp]es at #cjj ,,rpm4 ,! butt]nut is attack$ by "o s]i\s disease :i* is 9 ! nature ( a blight 7melanconium oblongum71 s9ce x is transmitt$ ?r\gh spores4 ,x usually attacks old trees1 ! bran*es ( ! top "p dy+1 & ! b>k on ! ma9 trunk becom+ loose4 ,! disease progresses sl[ly & ,i h se5 l>ge trees infect$ = twelve or fifte5 ye>s1 cont9u+ to be> f9e crops4 ,x does h a v weak5+ effect1 ?\gh1 & ev5tually saps ! life f ! tree long be=e its natural span ( life ( ab\t fifty ye>s is ov]4 ,*apt] #i ,,pione]+ ,,) ,,engli% ,,walnuts ,,9 ,,wiscons9 ,! conv5tion ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york1 9 #aicf1 br\ght _m int]e/+ subjects to ! att5tion ( nut en?usia/s4 ,none1 h[ev]1 comm&$ z mu* att5tion z an exhibit by ,paul ,c4 ,cra?1 ( ,toronto1 ( walnuts f ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s 9 ,europe4 ,!re 7 m ?an =ty v>ieties ( walnuts repres5t$ 9 x1 9 sizes rang+ f t ( a l>ge filb]t to t ( a v l>ge h5's egg1 & 9 %ape be+ globul>1 ovate or rectangul>4 ,! exhibitor _h ^! id5tifi$ by v>ietal numb]s until te/+ & propagation %\ld sugge/ appropriate names4 ,9 sev]al talks :i* ,rev4 ,cra? gave dur+ ! conv5tion1 he describ$ 8 trips & f9d+s 9 ! walnut-produc+ sections ( ! ,poli% ,c>pa?ians4 ,! subject rema9$ 9 prom95ce dur+ ! ?ree days ( ! conv5tion & ! idea 0 sugge/$ t ! ,association sponsor ano!r trip to ,europe to obta9 walnuts gr[+ !re :i* ,rev4 ,cra? consid]$ ev5 h>di] & f9] ?an ! ones he _h4 ,! plan 0 tabl$1 h[ev]1 = only two ( u 7 eag] to contribute to ! v5ture4 ,on my return home1 ,i ?\ght m ab\t :at a spl5did opportunity ?is w\ld be to procure h>dy ,engli% walnuts to gr[ 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,i int]e/$ my fa!r 9 ! idea1 &1 ) 8 back+1 correspond$ ) ,rev4 ,cra?4 ,?is 0 n ! fir/ or ! la/ "t t my fa!r1 ,*>les ,wes*cke1 _h enc\rag$ me & _h back$ 8 good wi%es & advice ) money4 ,a pr(essional man & a graduate ( ph>macy & *emi/ry ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 he %[$ an unusual int]e/ 9 my horticultural endeavors4 ,! imm$iate outcome 0 ,rev4 ,cra?'s visit to my nurs]y at ,riv] ,falls1 to det]m9e :e!r mat]ial t he might collect c\ld be prop]ly te/$ !re4 ,to my satisfaction1 he f\nd t temp]ature1 soil conditions & /ock mat]ial 7 adequate = su* "w4 ,we contract$ ) ,rev4 ,cra? to reproduce asexually all ! v>ieties t he c\ld discov] & %ip to u1 agree+ to f9ance 8 trip & to pay him a royalty :5ev] we sold trees result+ f ! plant mat]ial he s5t u4 ,we decid$ t ! mat]ial :i* he 0 to ga!r %\ld include n only ,engli% walnuts b also ! hazels or filb]ts native to ,pol&4 ,! walnuts 7 to consi/ ( ab\t six hundr$ p\nds ( se$s1 repres5t+ "s =ty v>ieties1 sev]al ?\s& scions & ab\t five hundr$ trees4 ,we plann$ t ! filb]ts %\ld consi/ ( bo? trees & nuts1 b because ( a total failure ( ?is crop ! ye> t ,rev4 ,cra? 0 !re1 only trees 7 available4 ,rev4 ,cra? left ,canada 9 ,octob] #aicf1 & sp5t all ( ! foll[+ w9t] 9 ,pol&4 ,:ile he 0 !re1 ,i began ! task ( arrang+ = ! receipt ( ! walnuts & hazels he 0 to s5d1 & s began a we>isome1 exasp]at+ exp]i5ce4 ,fir/1 x 0 necess>y to obta9 p]mits f ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,because ( ! va/ quantity ( mat]ial expect$1 ^! p]mits _h to be issu$ 9 ! names ( five p4 ,next1 ,i engag$ a ,new ,york firm ( import]s1 s t no "t w\ld be lo/ 9 re-r\t+ ! %ipm5t to ! prop] au?orities = inspection4 ,?is firm1 9 turn1 hir$ brok]s :o 7 responsible = pay+ all duty1 freight & inspection *>ges4 ,i c]ta9ly ?\ght t we _h ev]y?+ 9 su* read9ess t !re w\ld be no?+ to delay ! %ipm5t :5 x arriv$4 ,h[ wrong ,i 06 ,al?\gh ,rev4 ,cra? _h writt5 me t ! %ipm5t _h be5 s5t on a c]ta9 ,poli% /eam]1 ,i le>n$ ( its arrival only f a lett] ,i receiv$ f ! import+ company1 :i* reque/$ t ! orig9al bill ( lad+ & invoice be s5t to !m at once1 z ! %ipm5t _h already be5 9 ! h>bor = a week b c\ld n be releas$ by ! cu/oms (fice until !y _h ^! docum5ts4 ,i _h receiv$ ! bill ( lad+ f ,rev4 ,cra? b n ! invoice1 = he _h n kn[n t ,i w\ld ne$ x4 ,s my valuable1 b p]i%able1 %ipm5t rema9$ 9 port /orage day aft] day :ile ,i frantically s\ght = "s way to break ?r\gh ! r$ tape hold+ x !re4 ,cables to ,rev4 ,cra? 7 undeliv]able z he 0 back 9 ! m\nta9s seek+ m mat]ial4 ,9 desp]ation1 ,i wrote to ,cl>5ce ,a4 ,re$1 an old fri5d1 memb] ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association & 9 *>ge ( gov]nm5t nut inve/igations 9 ! ,division ( ,pomology at ,wa%+ton4 ,?r\gh 8 ef=ts & "u heavy bond p5d+ receipt ( ! invoice1 ! walnut & filb]t mat]ial 0 releas$ & s5t to ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,z !re 0 too mu* ( x to be inspect$ ?r\gh ! usual facilities = ?is "w1 x 0 necess>y to employ a firm ( se$ & plant import]s to d ! necess>y inspect+ & fumigat+4 ,at la/1 t]m9at+ my conc]n & di/ress ov] ! condition 9 :i* ! trees & scions w\ld be aft] su* great delays & s _m repack+s1 ! %ipm5t arriv$ 9 ,/4 ,paul4 ,!re rema9$ only ! requirem5t ( gett+ p]mission f ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,inspection ( ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota to take x to ,wiscons91 :]e1 if !re 0 any?+ left1 ,i int5d$ to plant x4 ,?is p]mission be+ readily grant$1 we manag$1 by truck &1 f9ally1 by sl$1 to get x to ! nurs]y ab\t ! middle ( ! w9t]4 ,! foll[+ spr+1 we plant$ ! nuts & trees & graft$ ! scions on black walnut & butt]nut /ocks4 ,! mortality ( ^! grafts 0 ! greate/ ,i h ev] kn[n4 ,( ab\t f\r ?\s& ,engli% walnut grafts1 repres5t+ "s tw5ty v>ieties1 only "o hundr$ tw5ty-five took well en\gh to produce a good union ) ! /ock & to gr[4 ,"s ( !m grew too fa/ & 9 spite ( my precautions1 7 bl[n out2 o!rs di$ f w9t] injury ! fir/ ye>4 ,by ! foll[+ spr+1 !re 7 only t5 v>ieties :i* _h )/ood ! rigor ( ! climate4 ,( ! five hundr$ trees1 only a few doz5 surviv$4 ,=tunately1 ?is 0 n "o ( our sev]e1 te/ w9t]s1 or probably none ( ^! plants w\ld h )/ood x4 ,! walnuts :i* 7 plant$ %[$ a fairly high degree ( h>d9ess4 ,( #ab1jjj se$l+ trees1 our nurs]y is te/+ m ?an #hjj = v>ietal classification4 ,^! h be5 set out 9 te/ or*>d =mation on two locations1 bo? high on ! slope ( a rav9e1 "o gr\p on ! nor? side1 "o on ! s\?4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t f ! rema9+ se$l+s1 :i* numb] ?\s&s1 we select #ejj to #ajjj repres5tative specim5s & propagate !m on black walnut /ocks 9 "s w>m] climate1 ei!r 9 ,oregon1 ,miss\ri or ,new ,york4 ,?is w\ld det]m9e _! value z semi-h>dy trees wor?y ( propagation 9 su* localities4 ,su* an exp]im5t w probably be made ev5tually4 ,! same ye>1 #aicg1 9 :i* ,i obta9$ ! ,poli% nuts1 ,i also b\ght "o hundr$ p\nds ( ,au/rian walnuts1 to s]ve z a *eck4 ,eighty p\nds ( ^! consi/$ ( ! common1 comm]cial type ( walnut1 :ile ! rema9d] 0 ( m exp5sive nuts hav+ cream-color$ %ells & recomm5d$ by ! ,au/rian se$ firm z p>ticul>ly h>dy4 ,altoge!r ^! nuts includ$ approximately "o hundr$ v>ieties1 tw5ty ( :i* 7 s di/9ctive t _! nuts c\ld be sep>at$ f ! o!rs by size & %ape4 ,ab\t two ?\s& se$l+s grew f ?is plant+1 mo/ ( :i* prov$ to be too t5d] = our w9t] conditions4 ,! se$l+s gr[n f ! light-color$ nuts %[ ab\t ! same degree ( h>d9ess z ! ,c>pa?ian plants4 ,_m ( !m h be5 set out 9 exp]im5tal or*>ds to be br\ght into be>+4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye>1 ! ,engli% walnuts progress$ fairly well4 ,l>ge trees1 :i* _h n be5 entirely work$ ov] at fir/1 7 trimm$ s t no?+ rema9$ ( ! orig9al top1 b only ! graft$ bran*es4 ,! w9t] ( #aich-ci 0 n especially sev]e & mortality 0 l[1 al?\gh x 0 app>5t t all ( ! v>ieties 7 n equally h>dy4 ,ev5 a few ( ! scions graft$ on butt]nut /ocks 7 gr[+ successfully4 ,i _h made ^! grafts realiz+ t ! /ock 0 n a v satisfactory "o1 to le>n if x c\ld be us$ to produce scionwood4 ,z ! results 7 enc\rag+1 ,i decid$ x w\ld be wor?:ile to give !m good c>e & gradually to remove all ( ! butt]nut top4 ,ea* fall1 ! fir/ two ye>s aft] ,i _h graft$ all ^! walnuts1 ,i cut & /or$ en\gh scionwood f ea* v>iety to ma9ta9 x if ! w9t] %\ld be s sev]e z to de/roy ! grafts4 ,un=tunately1 ! grafts _h develop$ s well1 ev5 to ! actual be>+ ( nuts by ?ree v>ieties1 t 9 #aidj ,i did n ?9k ?is precaution 0 necess>y4 ,!n came our cata/rophic ,armi/ice ,day blizz>d1 ! mo/ sev]e te/ ( h>d9ess & adaptability ev] to occur 9 ! nor?4 ,_m ( our h>die/ trees suff]$ great injury f x1 su* trees1 = in/ance1 z ,colorado blue spruce1 limb] p9e1 arborvitae2 cultur$ v>ieties ( hickories1 hiccans1 he>tnuts2 fruit trees1 includ+ apples1 plums & apricots1 :i* bore almo/ no fruit ! next summ]4 ,al?\gh n "o v>iety ( ,engli% walnut 0 entirely kill$1 all1 except "o1 suff]$ to "s degree1 & x 0 n until late ! foll[+ summ] t sev]al v>ieties began to produce new wood4 ,! v>iety :i* %[$ ! greate/ degree ( h>d9ess is ,fir/l+1 orig9ally kn[n z ,lett] ,f4 ,al?\gh ! prim>y buds on ! ,fir/l+ 7 ne>ly all kill$1 v few ( ! small bran*es 7 affect$ & ! union itself suff]$ no injury4 ,second 9 h>d9ess is ,krem5etz1 mu* ( its top be+ kill$1 b its union be+ only slightly affect$4 ,no4 #fd 0 affect$ 9 ab\t ! same am\nt z ,krem5etz4 ,increas+ degrees ( t5d]ness &1 ( c\rse1 decreas+ degrees ( h>d9ess1 7 %[n by ! _m o!r v>ieties1 "s ( :i* may nev] recov] completely f ! %ock ( t blizz>d4 ,! se$l+ trees suff]$ only slight damage s t ,i expect t !y are h>dy en\gh to produce fruit "h4 ,i _c conclude ?is *apt] )\t m5tion+ c]ta9 obs]vations ,i h made reg>d+ h>d9ess1 :i*1 al?\gh !y require m specific /udy1 ,i wi% to describe z a sugge/ion = fur!r exp]im5tation by ei!r amateur or pr(essional horticulturi/s4 ,my !ory is t a det]m9ation ( ! h>d9ess factor ( an ,engli% walnut tree c be made accord+ to ! color ( its b>k4 ,i h se5 t a tree hav+ ?9 b>k :i* rema9s bright gre5 late into ! fall is v likely to be ( a t5d] v>iety4 ,conv]sely1 among ^! ,c>pa?ian walnuts1 ,i h f\nd t v>ieties ^: b>k becomes tan or br[n e>ly 9 autumn %[ mu* m h>d9ess ?an ^? ^: b>k rema9s gre54 ,"o v>iety1 ,wolhynie1 ^: b>k is *ocolate br[n1 is v resi/ant to w9t] injury4 ,ano!r1 ^: gre5 b>k is heavily dott$ ) l5ticels1 %[s itself h>di] ?an ^? hav+ none or only a trace ( !m4 ,9 te/+ almonds1 ,i h f\nd t trees ^: b>k turns r$ e>ly 9 ! fall are def9itely m h>dy ?an ^? ^: b>k rema9s gre5 or tan4 ,9 obs]v+ apricots1 ,i h le>n$ t "y twigs ) r$ b>k are m resi/ant to cold ?an ^? ) br[n4 ,( c\rse1 ^! f9d+s _c be consid]$ z facts until fur!r /udies h be5 made4 ,i hope t o!rs w f9d ! idea ( inve/igat+ ?is m-?an-possibility z int]e/+ z ,i d4 ,z ! ye>s increas$1 h[ev]1 ! gr[? ( ! se$l+ walnuts decreas$ & "s hav+ made a nice tree-l =m1 ) a trunk ( approximately an in* 9 diamet]1 )9 a succession ( ye>s 7 r$uc$ 9 size ?r\gh ! comb9ation ( w9t] injury & attacks by ! butt]nut curculio z well z a bact]ial blight until by #aieb only a fraction ( ! #ab1jjj se$l+s rema9$1 c]ta9ly less ?an #a1jjj4 ,all ( ! orig9ally graft$ specim5s are dead ) ! exception ( "o v>iety :i* has be5 kept alive by con/antly re-graft+ x on black walnut4 ,we h n nam$ ?is v>iety z yet1 al?\gh x has borne bo? /am9ate & pi/illate bloom1 x has nev] borne any ripe nuts4 ,"s ( ! se$l+s1 h[ev]1 /ill %[ p]si/5t traits ( h>d9ess & ( insect resi/ance & we /ill h hopes t aft] #ae ye>s ^! trees w yet ov]come ! adv]sities ( ?is uncong5ial climate = ?is species4 ,*apt] #aj ,,o!r ,,trees ,he>tnut ,! he>tnut is a sport ( ! ,japanese walnut 7,juglans sieboldiana74 ,s9ce its nut is he>t-%ap$1 x has ! "n ( cordi=mis add$ to its species "n4 ,!re are _m ( ^! sports1 "s ( :i* h be5 propagat$ "u ! v>ietal names ( ,fau/1 ,lanca/]1 ,fod]mai]1 ,wright1 ,walt]s1 ,canoka1 ,okay & ,gellatly4 ,i ?9k ?is is ! mo/ ornam5tal ( all nut trees4 ,9 %ape1 x is simil> to an apple tree1 spread+ out r ?an gr[+ tall1 b its long1 comp\nd leaves give x a tropical appe>ance4 ,dur+ ! autumn ^! leaves d n color any m ?an d ^? ( ! black walnut4 ,! tree produces long racemes ( r$ blossoms & its /am9ate blooms are catk9s eight to t5 in*es long1 :i*1 :5 fully rip5$1 swi% 9 ! w9d & release cl\ds ( yell[ poll54 ,! he>tnut tree holds ! int]e/ ( its own] closely dur+ t "t :5 ! nuts result+ f ! racemes ( blossoms are /eadily increas+ 9 size4 ,i h se5 z _m z sixte5 nuts on "o /em & d\btless1 !re sometimes are m4 ,! own] ( su* a tree1 at lea/ if he is at all l me1 w pr\dly exhibit x to all com]s dur+ ! spr+ & summ] seasons4 ,& !n1 at h>ve/ "t1 aft] ! nuts h gradually *ang$ f gre5 to ! dull yell[ t indicates _! maturity1 he w h ! satisfaction ( %ak+ !m d[n = dry+ & /orage4 ,! he>tnut k]nel ta/es mu* l t ( ! butt]nut & its int]nal /ructure is almo/ ! same b ! outside %ell is smoo?4 ,cultivat$ v>ieties usually crack easily & 9 su* a way t ! k]nel is releas$ 9 halves4 ,f all ?is1 x is easy to see t ! he>tnut is n only a beautiful tree b is def9itely useful4 ,9 my own "w ) he>tnuts ,i h f\nd t1 al?\gh !y are to be class$ only z semi-h>dy1 !re are a few v>ieties :i* are h>dy en\gh = nor!rn temp]atures4 ,only te/+ w det]m9e :i* ones c endure sev]e climates4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiba1 ,i plant$ a ,lanca/] he>tnut graft$ on a black walnut1 b ! wea!r 0 cold t season & x 0 kill$ d[n to ! graft jo9t1 :]e x ?rew out a spr\t4 ,?is 0 weak & succul5t by fall & ! graft 0 entirely kill$ back t w9t]4 ,i b\ght twelve m ,lanca/] he>tnuts a ye> lat]4 ,!y 7 int]sp]s$ 9 ! or*>d among "s black walnuts4 ,al?\gh a few surviv$ ! fir/ w9t]1 none ev] liv$ to come into be>+4 ,f "t to "t1 ,i also exp]im5t$ ) se$l+s s5t to me by ,pr(essor ,james ,a4 ,neilson ( ,v9el&1 ,ont>io1 :o 0 int]e/$ 9 hav+ !m te/$ 9 ?is latitude4 ,^!1 too1 7 always unsuccessful4 ,i _h my fir/ success ) sev]al unnam$ v>ieties ( he>tnuts ,i pur*as$ 9 #aicc f ,j4 ,u4 ,gellatly ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,^! 7 graft$ on black walnut /ocks ( consid]able size4 ,to insure _! surviv+ ! fir/ w9t]1 ,i built wood5 %elt]s :i* completely enclos$ !m1 fill+ ^! %elt]s ) =e/ leaves & protect+ !m aga9/ mice ) scre5 cov]s4 ,no d\bt ?is 0 a decid$ help2 at lea/ all ( ^! he>tnuts liv$ = _m ye>s until ! invasion ( ! butt]nut curculio & ! damage done by ! yell[ belli$ sap suck] bird caus$ me ! loss ( all except "o v>iety1 ! ,gellatly4 ,?is v>iety ,i h p]petuat$ by re-graft+ on o!r black walnut /ocks & by spray+ & cov]+ ! limbs ) scre5 to prev5t ! sap suck] f work+ on x1 /ill h x 9 ! nurs]y & at my home 9 ,/4 ,paul :]e a "y tree on ! b\lev>d be>s ea* ye>4 ,i h f\nd t he>tnuts are difficult to propagate1 ! numb] ( successful grafts ,i h made be+ f> bel[ t ( black walnuts on black walnut /ocks4 ,! reason = ?is is n well und]/ood any m ?an is ! fact1 9 my exp]i5ce1 t ! ,/abl] walnut w graft readily & ! ,t5 ,eyck p]si/5tly refuses to4 ,a good feature t ^! graft$ trees d h1 h[ev]1 is _! e>ly productiv5ess4 ,i h se5 !m set nuts ! second ye> aft] graft+ & ?is has also occurr$ 9 trees ,i h sold to o!rs4 ,:5 a nut ( ,j4 sieboldiana cordi=mis is plant$1 x does n reliably reproduce itself 9 true type1 sometimes rev]t+ to t ( ! ord9>y ,japanese walnut1 :i* looks m l a butt]nut & has a r r\gh %ell z di/+ui%$ f ! smoo? %ell ( ! he>tnut4 ,9 hull+ my he>tnut crop = #aidj1 ,i notic$ _m de=m$ nuts4 ,! season _h be5 a prolific "o = nut production ( all k9ds1 & ,i knew !re _h be5 a mixture ( poll5 9 ! air at ! "t ^! nutlets 7 receptive 7a mixture made up l>gely ( poll5 f black walnuts1 butt]nuts1 ) "s ,engli% walnuts74 ,s9ce irregul>ities 9 size & %ape indicate hybridity frequ5tly & s9ce he>tnuts are easily hybridiz$ ,i h assum$ t ^! 7 poll9iz$ by ! mixture4 ,i h plant$ ^! odd-%ap$ nuts & ,i expect !m to result 9 _m new crosses ( ,j4 sieboldiana cordi=mis1 "s five to eight ye>s f n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,beautiful tropical look+ ,japanese ,walnut 7,juglans sieboldiana cordi=mis74 ,v>iety ,gellatly1 f ,we/bank1 ,b4 ,c41 ,canada4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke4 ,to %[ h[ nature reacts to mu* int]f]5ce ,i w foll[ ?r\gh on ^! ne>ly #ajj small trees t result$ f ?is poll9ation4 ,!y 7 transplant$ into an or*>d on a side hill & well tak5 c>e ( = sev]al ye>s1 b dur+ t "t "o aft] ano!r 0 kill$1 app>5tly by w9t] conditions or p]haps ! site 0 too expos$ or ! soil may h be5 uncong5ial4 ,today !re rema9s b ?ree trees1 none ( :i* h borne b all indicate t !y are true he>tnuts f ! %ape ( ! leaves & color ( ! b>k & g5]al =mation4 ,9 ord] to ha/5 _! be>+1 scions h be5 tak5 f ^! small trees & w be graft$ on l>ge black walnut /ocks to br+ !m into fruitfulness mu* e>li] ?an if !y 7 left to _! own sl[ gr[?4 ,?is sy/em ( te/+ out se$l+s long be=e !y h rea*$ a size suffici5t to be> on _! own roots is applicable to all ( ! species ( nut trees & is "o way t ! plant bre$] c hurry up 8 te/+ = v>ieties aft] mak+ crosses & obta9+ "y plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,natural size ,he>tnut4 ,photo #aj_/bf_/ch by ,c4 ,wes*cke4 ,gellatly v>iety4 ,bee*nut ,! bee*nut1 ,fagus f]rug9ea1 belong+ to ! oak family1 is "o ( ! giants ( ! =e/1 gr[+ to great size & age4 ,ev5 v old bee* trees h smoo? b>k & ?is1 9 e>li] & m ru/ic days1 0 mu* us$ = ! romantic c>v+ ( lov]s' names1 z sc>s /ill visible on su* anci5t trees te/ify4 ,! wood itself is d5se & h>d1 ev5 m s ?an h>d maple1 & is consid]$ good lumb]4 ,bee*nut is "o ( ! few nut trees ) a m %all[ & ramifi$ root sy/em z contra/$ ) t ( mo/1 :i*1 z 9 ! oak1 walnut & hickory1 is a tap root sy/em4 ,?is fact sugge/s t 9 ^? localities :]e bee*es gr[ wild1 grafts made on su* trees1 & transplant$1 w\ld survive & gr[ well4 ,p]haps "o ( ! reasons :y v little propagation is done ) bee*es is t no out/&+ v>iety has ev] be5 discov]$4 ,al?\gh ! nut %ell is ?9 & ! meat sweet & oily1 ! k]nel is s small t "o mu/ crack doz5s ( !m to get a satisfy+ sample ( _! flavor4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 prev5ts _! hav+ any comm]cial value z a nut4 ,!re is also ! fact t ! bee*nut is ! sl[e/ gr[+ ( all ! common nut trees1 requir+ f tw5ty to ?irty ye>s to come into be>+ z a se$l+4 ,( c\rse ?is c\ld be %ort5$1 j z x is 9 propagat+ hickories & pecans1 by mak+ grafts on root sy/ems :i* are t5 or m ye>s old1 z expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on he>tnuts4 ,h[ev]1 ,i "k ( no nurs]y 9 :i* bee*nuts are propagat$ 9 ?is way4 ,my attempts to gr[ bee*nut trees 9 ,wiscons9 h met ) little success4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aibb1 ,i obta9$ #aej trees f ! ,/urgeon ,bay ,nurs]ies4 ,i plant$ ^! on level gr\nd :i* _h clay ne> ! surface ) lime/one ab\t a foot "u x4 ,al?\gh all ( ^! trees seem$ to />t satisfactorily1 "s ev5 gr[+ ab\t a foot1 )9 two or ?ree ye>s !y _h all di$4 ,i decid$ !y 7 n h>dy b ,i n[ realize t ! "* ( ! soil 0 responsible = _! gradual dea?2 !y %\ld be plant$ 9 a lime/one or calc>e\s soil1 pref]ably ( ! f9e s&y type1 ! ma9 requisite be+ pl5ty ( moi/ure because ( _! %all[ root sy/em4 ,s9ce !n1 ,i h pur*as$ bee*nut se$s sev]al times f v>i\s se$sm51 b none ( ^! se$s has ev] spr\t$4 ,i ?9k ?is is because bee*nuts1 l *e/nuts1 mu/ be h&l$ ) great c>e to reta9 _! viability4 ,9 #aich1 ,i ord]$ #ajj bee*nut trees f ! ,h]%ey ,nurs]ies ( ,d[n+t[n1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,al?\gh ^! trees 7 set 9 s&y soil1 !re are n[ only ab\t five ( !m alive1 & ( ^!1 only f\r are gr[+ well en\gh to sugge/ t !y w "s day become big trees4 ,bee*nuts mu/ be protect$ aga9/ mice & rabbits z ^! species ( rod5ts are v fond ( b>k & "y gr[? ( ^! trees & ,i h e reason to believe t de] are 9 ! same category4 ,oaks ,al?\gh ! acorns produc$ by ! r$ oak are v bitt] & consi/5tly wormy1 ^? f ! :ite oak are m edible4 ,9 my own explor+1 ,i h f\nd "o tree1 app>5tly a hybrid betwe5 ! r$ & :ite oaks1 :i* be>s good acorns4 ,! nuts1 :i* are long & ?91 are g5]ally infe/$ ) weevils4 ,if !re 7 a dem& = su* a nut tree1 ,i'm sure t x c\ld easily be graft$ on oak roots4 ,dur+ favorable seasons1 :5 ^! edible nuts 7 ( good size & free f worms1 ,i h c>ri$ !m 9 my pocket & enjoy$ mun*+ on !m4 ,i f\nd t _! flavor1 l t ( *e/nuts1 0 improv$ by roa/+4 ,acorns are a balanc$ food & conta9 en\gh />* to make !m readily assimilat$1 except = _! bitt]ness4 ,!y are a good food = f>m animals & *ick5s4 ,i h kept a flock ( goats 9 good condition by fe$+ !m acorns dur+ ! w9t]4 ,x isn't necess>y to gr9d !m = su* use4 ,i h read t ,indians at "o "t prep>$ acorns = _! own use by /or+ !m 9 bags subm]g$ 9 cold runn+ wat]4 ,?is n only extract$ ! bitt]ness b also x probably disc\rag$ ! developm5t ( weevil eggs4 ,oak trees are g5]ally prolific & are regul> be>]s1 b ( c\rse1 :at !y are widely kn[n & lov$ = is ! beauty ( _! leaves 9 ! autumn4 ,no "o d\bts _! e/hetic value1 :i* w keep !m =ev] popul> :e!r !y come into dem& z a graft$ nut tree or n4 ,*e/nuts ,ano!r ( our ornam5tal nut trees is ! *e/nut1 also ( ! oak family1 classifi$ "u ! g5us ,ca/anea1 :i* gr[s into a l>ge1 beautiful tree ) wide-spread bran*es4 ,*e/nuts d n gr[ well on lime/one soil & always fail 9 ! heavy blue clay s common on f>m l&s 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is be/ = _! gr[? t ! soil be gravelly & slightly acid4 ,! *e/nut has always be5 a good timb] tree4 ,its wood1 al?\gh n z h>d z ! r$ oak1 resembles x 9 gra94 ,! beams ( _m old pione] homes are f\nd to be *e/nut4 ,x is said t ?is is "o ( few woods to give a w>n+ groan "u too heavy a burd5 be=e x cracks or breaks4 ,*e/nut wood is v durable 9 contact ) ! soil1 outla/+ all o!rs except possibly black walnut & c$>4 ,x conta9s s mu* silice\s matt] 9 its pores t x quickly dulls *isels & saws us$ 9 work+ x4 ,! *e/nut trees at my nurs]y 7 gr[n f mix$ hybrid se$s :i* ,i obta9$ f ,miss ,amelia ,riehl ( ,godfrey1 ,ill9ois4 ,almo/ all ( ! se$s %e fir/ s5t me1 9 #aibf1 spoil$ :ile !y 7 /or$ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,b ,miss ,riehl s5t me m ! foll[+ spr+1 _m ( :i* prov$ h>dy4 ,9 #aicg1 ! olde/ ( ^! trees produc$ /am9ate bloom = ! fir/ "t4 ,i naturally expect$ a crop ( nuts f x t ye>1 b none develop$4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ 9 #aich4 ,i !n wrote to ,miss ,riehl ab\t x1 also ask+ h] :]e to look = ! pi/illate blossoms4 ,h] reply 0 a v enc\rag+ "o 9 :i* %e wrote t ! pi/illate blossoms appe> at ! base ( ! catk9s or /am9ate blooms1 b t x is q a common ?+ = *e/nut trees to c>ry ! latt] = sev]al ye>s be=e produc+ pi/illate blossoms4 ,%e also expla9$ t x 0 v unlikely t ! tree w\ld f]tilize its own blooms1 s t ,i %\ld n expect "o tree to be> until o!r ne>by *e/nuts 7 also %$d+ poll54 ,?is occurr$ ! next ye> & ano!r *e/nut close to ! fir/ "o set a few nuts4 ,x 0 n until #aidj t ! tree :i* _h blossom$ fir/1 actually bore nuts4 ,9 #aidj1 ,i cross$ ! pi/illate blossoms ( ?is tree ) poll5 f a ,*9ese v>iety call$ ,c>r1 result+ 9 half a doz5 nuts :i* ,i plant$4 ,s9ce ! *e/nuts 9 ^! p>ts d n bloom usually until e>ly ,july we c expect *e/nuts to be a m reliable crop ?an butt]nuts1 = in/ance1 :i* bloom v e>ly 9 ! spr+ ab\t ,may #a to #ae?4 ,hav+ _h ?is rew>d = my ef=ts ,i took mu* m int]e/ 9 *e/nut gr[+ & ord]$ trees ( ! ,*9ese v>ieties1 ,ca/anea mollissma f ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,h4 ,f4 ,/oke1 & ,john ,h]%ey4 ,"s ( ^! 7 se$l+s & "s 7 graft$ trees1 n ov] a doz5 ( !m alive today & none h produc$ mature nuts4 ,seem+ly !y h n be5 h>dy al?\gh !y h gr[n l>ge en\gh to produce bo? /am9ate & pi/illate blooms2 !y h nev] w9t] kill$ back to ! gr\nd1 h[ev]4 ,also1 ,i h be5 plant+ nuts f all s\rces f :i* ,i c\ld obta9 !m1 mo/ly ( ! ,*9ese *e/nut type4 ,"s ( ^! nuts 7 results ( crosses1 & %[$ _! hybridity 9 ! "y se$l+s t result$ !re f4 ,today ,i h p]haps #aej ( su* "y se$l+s :i* ,i am pamp]+ ) ! hope ( gett+ some?+ wor?:ile f !m4 ,"o ( ! big ?rills ( *e/nut gr[+ 0 ! result ( a *e/nut t ,i pick$ up f a plant t 0 no high] ?an #b feet1 gr[+ at ,beltsville1 ,m>yl& 9 ! gov]nm5t te/+ gr\nd !re1 9 #aicg4 ,my records %[ t ?is plant began to be> nuts 9 #aidc & h subsequ5tly borne sev]al crops 9 betwe5 ! times t x 0 froz5 to ! gr\nd & grew up aga91 :i* happ5$ at lea/ ?ree times4 ,l mo/ *e/nuts ?is "o has to be poll9at$ by tak+ ! /am9ate bloom f a dw>f$ *e/nut ne>by ^: bloom co9cides ) ! blossom+ ( ! female fl[]s ( ?is ,*9ese hybrid4 ,*e/nuts r>ely set any nuts t produce mature se$ f _! own poll5 b dep5d on cross-poll9ation4 ,! nut f ?is hybrid is also ! l>ge/ ( any t ,i h gr[n & to my ta/e is a palatable "o4 ,x may n rank among ! be/ ones ( kn[n v>ieties today1 b = our climate ,i w\ld consid] x unusually l>ge & good4 ,exp]im5tally1 ,i h be5 able to produce new plants f ?is tree by lay]+ "y %oots com+ f ! roots4 ,?is g5]ally requires two ye>s to make a well-root$ plant be=e !y are cut (f & transplant$4 ,?is alt]native ( propagat+ by graft+ or budd+ is consid]$ a bett] me?od if x c be practic$1 z x gives a plant on its own roots in/ead ( ! roots ( "s unkn[n se$l+ /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,hybrid ,*e/nut2 natural size1 "o ( ! two survivors ( sev]al doz5 trees s5t by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture = te/+ ?is f> nor?4 ,fair size nut & x resembles ! ,am]ican ,sweet ,*e/nut4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke4 ,ano!r tree t surpris$ me :5 x came into be>+ prov$ to be> "o nut 9 a burr :i* l$ me to believe t x 0 a *9quap9 hybrid4 ,lat] on1 ! habit ( ?is tree *ang$ some:at & "s ( ! burrs _h m ?an "o nut4 ,i h f\nd ?is to be ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs :o h obs]v$ s-call$ *9quap9 trees ( a hybrid nature4 ,x is my belief t ! k9d ( poll5 ) :i* ^! blossoms are f]tiliz$ directly influ5ces ! numb] ( nuts 9 a burr & sometimes ! size ( ! nuts1 aga9 %[+ ! importance ( ! cross-poll9at+ v>ieties :5 sett+ out an or*>d ( trees4 ,?is p>ticul> *9quap9 type *e/nut has upright gr[+ habits diff]5t f a tree be>+ simil> nuts b hav+ a v dw>f$ habit4 ,all ( ! nuts ( ! latt] aft] six ye>s ( be>+ c be pick$ (f ?is tree by /&+ on ! gr\nd4 ,!re are sev]al o!r trees be>+ *e/nuts1 "s l>ge & "s small nuts1 all ( :i* are int]e/+ to me & may be important 9 ! future ( ! *e/nuts ?is f> nor? s9ce !y indicate )\t d\bt t ! *e/nut c accommodate itself to our climate1 provid+ x has ! "r type ( soil to gr[ 94 ,9 #aieb ,i acquir$ a #bj-;acre adjo9+ piece ( l& :i* has a mu* bett] *e/nut gr[+ site1 be+ deep s&y soil1 well dra9$1 & yet n ev] be+ dry4 ,new v>ieties w be te/$ on ?is piece & %\ld give mu* bett] results ?an ! old trees :i* already 7 good en\gh to indicate success 9 *e/nuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,a hybrid *e/nut presum$ to be a cross betwe5 ,european ,*e/nut 7,ca/anea ,sativa7 & its ,am]ican c\s9 7,ca/anea ,am]icana74 ,actual size4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9quap9 hybrids f a tall gr[+ tree4 ,nuts gr[ 9 racemes ( burrs ) z _m z #aj burrs on "o /em4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke4 ,apricot ,if x 7 n t an apricot is a nut z well z a fruit1 ,i %\ld hesitate to include a description ( my "w ) x4 ,b ! apricot se$ has a ri* k]nel :i*1 9 _m c\ntries1 = example1 ,*9a1 is us$ z a sub/itute = ! almond to :i* x is closely relat$4 ,x 0 9 #aicc t my aunt1 ,m>g>et ,wes*cke1 told me ( an apricot tree gr[+ 9 a y>d on ! ,mississippi ,riv] bluff 9 ,/4 ,paul & said to be be>+ fruit4 ,i 0 q skeptical until ,i saw ! tree & also saw fruit f x :i* _h be5 pres]v$ by ! woman :o own$ x4 ,conv9c$ ( ! h>d9ess ( ! tree1 ,i 0 anxi\s to obta9 scionwood b x 0 n until late t w9t] t ,i receiv$ p]mission to d s4 ,x happ5$ t a truck _h brok5 (f a l>ge bran* f ! tree :ile deliv]+ coal1 & ! own] v reasonably decid$ t tak+ a few twigs f x w\ld n hurt x any m4 ,i n only took ! small bran*es t %e 0 will+ to sacrifice f h] tree b also z _m z possible f ! bran* :i* _h be5 torn (f1 z its t]m9als 7 /ill 9 a fre% condition4 ,i graft$ ^! scions on hybrid plum trees :]e !y took hold readily1 & 9 #aich1 !y began to be> prolifically4 ,! apricots1 :i* ,i h nam$ ,h>riet1 9 honor ( my "m1 are a f9e-flavor$ fruit1 m$ium 9 size4 ,_! *eeks are a mottl$ r$ ) rais$ surfaces4 ,_! pits are well-=m$ & fairly edible4 ,al?\gh ! p>5t tree di$ ! w9t] ,i took scions f x1 my grafts h prov$ q h>dy1 hav+ receiv$ no injury :5 temp]atures z l[ z #dg deg4 bel[ z]o h occurr$4 ,s9ce ! p>5t tree di$ because its roots 7 sev]ely froz51 x w\ld seem t ! top ( ! tree1 9 ?is case1 0 m h>dy ?an ! root sy/em4 ,?is does occur sometimes1 al?\gh x is unusual4 ,9 develop+ ! factor ( h>d9ess fur!r 9 ?is apricot v>iety1 ,i h tak5 advantage ( some?+ ,i _h obs]v$ ab\t o!r fruit trees4 ,:5 "o comb9es p>ts ( two trees by graft+1 x is a simple ?+ to select a h>dy root /ock f ! available plants1 j z ,i select$ h>dy plum /ock on :i* to graft my apricot scions4 ,?is is n always possible 9 *oos+ scionwood1 h[ev]1 s9ce scionwood is usually select$ = su* reasons z ! quality ( its fruit4 ,x may happ5 t ! top "p ( a tree is limit$ 9 its climatic scope because ( its inability to )/& precipitate or o!rwise unfavorable temp]atures4 ,hav+ obs]v$ t c]ta9 graft$ v>ieties ( fruit trees1 su* z ! ,weal?y apple1 = in/ance1 h gradually come to be plant$ mu* f>!r nor? ?an !y orig9ally 71 ,i reason$ t ?is 0 because only ! h>die/ ( !m surviv$ & ^! h>dy ones !re=e became ! "m blocks = future graft+4 ,?is 0 an inescapable proc$ure :i* act$ z a me?od ( bud selection4 ,i !re=e assum$ t by a c>eful *oice ( ! h>die/ among surviv+ twigs ( ! mo/ rec5t graft ( ! ,h>riet apricot1 :5 p>ticul>ly sev]e w9t] wea!r _h caus$ "s injury1 ,i c\ld induce extra-h>d9ess 9 future grafts4 ,i also believe t ,i h add$ to ! h>d9ess factor ( ! apricot by mak+ frequ5t grafts4 ,x is my !ory t ! root /ock is able to ex]t "s influ5ce ov] ! top o!r ?an m]e ma9t5ance ( life4 ,by frequ5tly unit+ a h>dy /ock ) a less h>dy top1 ,i ?9k t ! individuality ( ! top "p may be some:at brok5 d[n & ! extra *>act]i/ic ( h>d9ess add$ to x4 ,aft] ! fif? re-graft ( ?is apricot made 9 eight ye>s1 ,i am conv9c$ by its appe>ance & behavior t x is capable ( becom+ a reliable apricot = ! region ar\nd ,/4 ,paul4 ,today ! apricot /ill exi/s graft$ on plum at my nurs]y at ,riv] ,falls1 ,wiscons91 & ! weakness ( ! tree seems to be 9 ! union betwe5 ! top & ! plum /ock4 ,if ?is union 7 n s corky & l>ge & succul5t x might be less injur$ by our w9t]s2 !re=e x is q app>5t t ! plum is n a cong5ial /ock = an apricot1 at lea/ x does n produce a satisfactory union4 ,i am n[ mak+ te/s ) ?is same v>iety by graft+ x on m h>dy apricot se$l+ /ock su* z ! ,pr(4 ,n4 ,e4 ,hans5 ( ,brook+s1 ,s\? ,dakota1 introduces4 ,*apt] #aa ,,pe/s ,,& ,,pets ,! pocket goph] is an h]bivor\s animal :i* atta9s approximately ! size ( a gray squirrel4 ,x has a sleek1 grey-br[n coat ( fur :i* is almo/ z f9e z t ( ! mole & w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 make a good quality fur except t ! sk9 is too t5d] to /& ei!r sew+ or ! we> t fur coats h to und]go4 ,i le>n$ ?is by trapp+ !m & hav+ a furri] try !m out1 z ,i knew t ! quicke/ way to get rid ( a pe/ is to eat x or use its hide4 ,s9ce ,i f\nd its hide to be ( no practical value1 ,i enjo9$ my troop ( ,boy ,sc\ts1 a will+ gr\p ( boys1 to c>ry out my sugge/ions t !y sk9 & prep>e "o ( ^! animals 9 a /ew4 ,goph]s are purely h]bivor\s & ,i ?\ght !y %\ld be q edible1 b z ,i am a /rict veget>ian myself1 ,i _h to dep5d on !m to make ?is exp]im5t4 ,! boys foll[$ in/ructions up to ! po9t ( cook+1 b by t "t ! appe>ance ( ! animal _h s depriv$ !m ( _! en?usiasm & appetites t ,i _h no he>t to urge !m to cont9ue4 ,i am /ill ( ! op9ion1 h[ev]1 t to meat-eat+ p1 ! pocket goph] w\ld ta/e z good z squirrel or pigeon4 ,! fir/ introduction ,i _h to ! deva/at+ "w t ^! animals c d 9 an or*>d 0 :5 ,i 0 work+ among my "y apple & plum trees "o spr+4 ,i notic$ t ! foliage 0 turn+ yell[ on _m ( !m & ^u inve/igation ,i f\nd t ! trees 7 v loose 9 ! gr\nd4 ,at fir/ ,i ?\ght t plant+ op]ations & heav+ ( ! gr\nd by fro/ 9 ! spr+ might be ! cause1 b 9 te/+ ! loos5ess ( "o ( ^! trees1 ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld pull x out ( ! gr\nd easily4 ,!re ,i saw :at appe>$ to be ! m>ks ( an axe4 ,i 0 completely conv9c$ t ,i _h p]sonal enemies :o w5t ar\nd nights *opp+ (f ! roots ( my trees1 = ,i knew t mo/ ( my neighbors 7 completely out ( sympa?y ) my tree cultivation4 ,9 fact1 f>m]s liv+ 9 t section ( ! c\ntry 7 always pok+ fun at my nut tree plant+s & or*>d "w1 = _! idea ( :at 0 prop] on a f>m 0 a treeless field ( pl[$ gr\nd4 ,z ,i ?\ght ( all ^! ?+s1 ,i pull$ up _m o!r trees2 9 fact1 !re 7 doz5s t 7 *opp$ (f s t !y c\ld be completely pull$ out4 ,o!rs /ill _h "o or two roots cl++ to ! ma9 trunk & ^! ,i c>efully replant$ s t !y w\ld cont9ue to live & gr[4 ,n long aft] ! tragic day on :i* ,i f\nd all ^! ravag$ trees1 ,i notic$1 w9d+ 9 & out close to ! "y or*>d trees1 ! m\nds :i* pocket goph]s make :5 !y tunnel "u ! gr\nd4 ,i foll[$ "s ( ^! by digg+ into !m ) a %ovel1 & discov]$ t !y l$ to ! roots ( trees1 ! v trees t _h be5 *opp$ (f & kill$4 ,my enemies 7 n human aft] all4 ,s5d+ = a pamphlet f ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,i /udi$ ! mat]ial giv5 ab\t pocket goph]s & _! habits4 ,i !n began _! sy/ematic eradication1 us+ ab\t twelve /eel muskrat traps4 ,i succe$$ 9 trapp+1 9 "o season1 ov] ?irty ( !m1 at a "t :5 !y 7 s prolific & _! holes s num]\s t ,i c\ld n drive a horse ?r\gh ! or*>d )\t dang] ( break+ "o ( its legs4 ,i also us$ poison$ gra9s & gases b ,i d n recomm5d !m4 ,trapp+ is ! only me?od 9 :i* "o obta9s actual evid5ce ( elim9ation4 ,x took me _m ye>s to =ce ! goph]s out ( my or*>ds & ,i /ill mu/ set traps e fall1 dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob] :5 !y are mo/ active4 ,_! habits are su* t !y d mo/ ( _! tunnell+ 9 ! e>ly fall mon?s1 be=e fro/1 dur+ :i* "t !y expose & isolate ! roots on :i* !y int5d to fe$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s :5 ! gr\nd is s h>d t !y _c burr[ fur!r4 ,?is p]iod is :5 !y are mo/ easily trapp$4 ,x 0 ) ! idea ( e/abli%+ a balance ( nature aga9/ ^! animals t ,i conceiv$ ! idea ( import+ bull snakes4 ,almo/ ev]yone has he>d ( ! bull snake1 b its "n is a poor "o1 = x has ! wrong connotation4 ,^! snakes are actually a f9e fri5d to ! f>m] s9ce ea* snake acc\nts = ! dea? ( _m rod5ts ea* ye>4 ,_! pres5ce c]ta9ly 0 ( def9ite value 9 decreas+ ! numb] at my f>m4 ,bull snakes h ! long body typical ( con/rictors1 sometimes rea*+ a l5g? ( ne>ly six feet at maturity1 & be+ at ! mo/ an in* & "o-half 9 diamet]4 ,?is c\ntry _h a natural abundance ( su* snakes at "o "t b ignorance & sup]/ition h less5$ _! numb] s t x is n[ a r>e ?+ to f9d "o4 ,dur+ ! e>ly days ( automobiles1 ^! huge bull snakes1 or goph] snakes1 z ,i pref] to call !m1 w\ld lie across ! sunny1 du/y roads1 & driv]s ( c>s delight$ 9 runn+ !m d[n4 ,s9ce !y are v docile1 !y are ! lea/ afraid ( man ( any memb]s ( ! local snake family4 ,!y are sl[ 9 movem5t until !y s5se ! imm$iate pres5ce ( _! natural food1 :i* is live mice1 rats1 goph]s1 squirrels1 "y rabbits1 & sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 birds4 ,!n x is !y become al]t1 & ! horny app5dage on _! tails vibrates ) a high-pit*$1 buzz+ s\nd1 simulat+1 al?\gh n simil> to1 ! s\nd ( a poison\s rattlesnake4 ,:5 ,i fir/ br\ght "s ( ^! snakes to my f>m1 ,i loos$ !m & !y w&]$ (f to a neighbor's premises :]e !y 7 promptly f\nd & kill$4 ,lat] importations ,i conf9$ to my basem5t1 :]e ,i built an artificial pool ) frogs & fi% 9 x4 ,h[ev]1 ,i c\ld nev] induce ! bull snakes to eat any ( ^! batra*ians4 ,!y w\ld1 almo/ playfully1 /alk ! frogs1 b at ! mom5t :5 "o 0 )9 rea*1 ! snake w\ld glide away4 ,nei!r w\ld ! snakes1 unless =ce-f$1 eat any?+ !y _h n caught !mselves4 ,my *ildr5 7 delight$ to h ! snakes !re & made pets ( !m4 ,only once 0 "o ( ! girls bitt5 :5 %e attempt$ =ce-fe$+4 ,! bite 0 a m]e scrat* b we fe>$ t x might be slightly poison\s4 ,h[ev]1 x heal$ s promptly t x 0 q app>5t t ! bull snake's bite is n toxic4 ,i1 too1 h _h my sk9 slightly punctur$ by _! tee?1 b always ! w\nd heal$ ) no m pa9 or tr\ble ?an a p9 prick4 ,su* is n at all ! case :5 a p]son is nipp$ by a squirrel or goph]4 ,i h purposely all[$ a pocket goph] to bite me1 to det]m9e :at ! effects are4 ,! pa9 0 sev]e & heal+ 0 sl[4 ,once1 bitt5 by a gray squirrel :5 ,i rea*$ into a holl[ tree to get x1 ,i receiv$ su* a w\nd t fev] />t$ 9 my :ole h&4 ,its tee? punctur$ a f+]-nail & 7 /opp$ only by meet+ ! bone4 ,su* bites ,i consid] r poison\s4 ,rabbits also committ$ mu* damage at my nurs]y by gnaw+ ! b>k ( my trees1 especially dur+ times ( deep sn[4 ,!y did n bo!r ! walnuts p>ticul>ly1 b 7 v fond ( hickories & pecan trees4 ,on ! smalle/ ones1 !y cut bran*es (f & c>ri$ !m away to _! ne/s4 ,on l>g] trees1 !y gnaw$ ! b>k (f ( mo/ ( ! l[] bran*es4 ,?is 0 dang]\s b seldom fatal1 :]eas ! gnaw+ ( mice1 ne> ! base ( ! trunks1 0 su* t 9 "s cases :5 complete girdl+ occurr$1 x 0 necess>y to use bridge-graft+ to save ! trees4 ,?is consi/s ( connect+ ! b>k imm$iately above ! roots ) ! b>k above ! girdl$ portion1 s t ! tree c receive & s5d ! food sub/ances x elaborates to its upp] & l[] p>ts4 ,rabbits & mice1 !re=e1 _h to be dealt )4 ,( c\rse1 "o c\ld g hunt+ = rabbits & lat] eat !m4 ,?is 0 "o task ,i _h my employees d4 ,i1 myself1 0 unwill+ to take an active "p 9 x1 al?\gh /ill int5t on sav+ my trees 9 spite ( my pity = ! little animals4 ,plac+ hundr$s ( cans 9 ! or*>d1 ) a p9* ( poison$ :eat & oat mixture 9 ea*1 help$ to eradicate ! mice4 ,! bait 0 plac$ inside ! cans to prev5t birds f be+ poison$1 & ! cans 7 tipp$ at an angle s t wat] w\ld n ent] !m4 ,to be absolutely sure ( prev5t+ mice damage1 "o %\ld provide ea* tree ) a scre5 gu>d4 ,i h made ab\t #aj1jjj scre5 protectors = my trees = ?is purpose4 ,i h also trapp$ rabbits :i* we 7 n able to %oot & ,i conceiv$ ! idea ( pa9t+ ! traps ) :ite enamel4 ,:5 ^! 7 set on ! sn[ ar\nd ^? trees :i* ! rabbits attack$1 !y work$ v successfully4 ,! traps 7 a size l>g] ?an ! common goph] trap1 b 7 n exp5sive4 ,!re are o!r ways ( cat*+ rabbits or curtail+ _! activities1 b on my li/1 %oot+ comes fir/1 ) trapp+ z a second effective measure4 ,squirrels1 al?\gh !y d no damage to ! trees !mselves1 except on r>e occasions1 are a def9ite nuisance :5 !y come 9 l>ge numb]s & cut d[n nuts be=e !y are ripe4 ,!y d ?is to hickory nuts1 & app>5tly are v fond ( ! half-rip5$ nuts4 ,i h se5 squirrels *ew hickory buds & "y spr\ts ( hickory grafts & ,i _h to trap sev]al be=e ,i /opp$ !m f do+ ?is to c]ta9 ornam5tal trees 9 our g>d54 ,9 fact1 :5 "o has a l>ge nut or*>d1 squirrels w be attract$ 9 numb] t preclude ! possibility ( h>ve/+ a crop unless measures are tak5 to bani% !m4 ,!y are v active e>ly 9 ! morn+ & my exp]i5ces indicate t two or ?ree p %\ld hunt !m toge!r1 z !y are v clev] at dodg+ a s+le hunt]4 ,i also h built galvaniz$ metal gu>ds ar\nd isolat$ trees :i* prev5t squirrels f climb+ !m4 ,9 speak+ ( mice1 we h two important species commonly kn[n z ! mead[ m\se & ! o!r species kn[n z ! :ite-foot$ m\se4 ,! mead[ m\se is ! "o t does s mu* damage to ! or*>d trees & "y nurs]y /ock if unprotect$1 & ! :ite-foot$ m\se may be responsible = "s ( ?is :5 pres5t 9 great numb]s1 b ( ! :ite-foot$ m\se ?is mu* good c be said3 ,illu/ration3 ,drwg4 by ,wm4 ,kuehn4 ,squirrel gu>ds4 ,mu* ( its diet1 especially ( ! "m m\se dur+ ! "t t %e is nurs+ h] "y ones1 is made up ( insects4 ,a p]sonal exp]i5ce acc5tuates ?is4 ,s9ce ^! are su* pretty little creatures1 hav+ su* cunn+ ways1 x 0 my ambition to cat* a complete family ( "m & "y ones :i* sometimes numb]$ z high z t54 ,my ambition 0 f9ally gratifi$ & ,i 0 able to get a "m ( eight & h] t9y m\sl+s1 :i* h a habit ( fa/5+ !mselves securely to h] brea/s :ile %e runs ab\t1 & drags !m all along 9 a mo/ ludicr\s fa%ion4 ,at times1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ! comb9$ weight ( ! brood exce$s t ( ! "m m\se b !y are exceptionally /rong creatures = _! size1 a mature m\se be+ able to jump out ( a #c-;foot b>rel ) "o leap4 ,9 obs]v+ ?is brood ( mice1 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly anxi\s to see :at k9d ( a diet !y ?rove on & tri$ ! "m's appetite ) tidbits f ! table4 ,:ile %e ate mo/ ev]y?+1 x soon became app>5t t some?+ 0 wrong because ! "y ones became weak]1 f9ally to ! ext5t t !y 7 unable to nurse1 & "o morn+ ,i f\nd sev]al on _! backs ) _! feet feebly wav+ 9 ! air indicat+ t !y 7 dy+ ( />vation4 ,at ab\t t "t ,i 0 dry+ "s hazelnuts on a flat back por* floor & 9 sweep+ !m up f\nd a lot ( alive & dri$ up l>vae :i* _h escap$ f ! %ells4 ,j = fun1 ,i swept ?is mat]ial up & ?rew x into ! m\se cage4 ,! reaction ( ?is treatm5t 0 gratify+1 = ! "m m\se p\nc$ ^u ?is insect life gre$ily dev\r+ ev]y?+4 ,)9 ?ree days1 ! "y mice 7 all 9 good heal? & runn+ ar\nd %[+ t ! milk produc$ f ! diet t ,i _h be5 giv+ ! "m 0 inadequate = ! baby mice4 ,x is !re=e to _! cr$it to /ate t ^! mice & probably at times ! mead[ mice d consume l>ge quantities ( l>vae & grubs 9 ! surface soil1 z well z mature active insects1 su* z crickets & gras%opp]s4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,prep>e ,,rod5t ,,protectors ,,= ,,trees #a4 ,cut #f /rips f #bd wide roll ( galvaniz$ scre5 ) a #ab x #ab me%4 #b4 ,cut /rips 9 half to make two protectors f ea* /rip4 #c4 ,make bundles ( #be ea* by runn+ wire ?r\gh protectors4 #d4 ,dip ^! bundles 9 a solution conta9+ #e p\nds ( r$ lead p] gallon ( l9se$ oil4 ,use f #c to #e gallons ( ?is solution4 #e4 ,remove bundles & hang !m on a pole ) a drip pan b5ea? to cat* ! solution1 :i* c be us$ aga94 ,all[ bundles to drip = #h h\rs1 !n sep>ate ea* protector & place on grass = a few days to dry4 #f4 ,roll ea* protector ar\nd a #c_/d pipe or broom/ick & x is ready = ! tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,drwg4 by ,wm4 ,kuehn4 ,prep>ation ( scre5 gu>ds4 ,9 deal+ ) wild creatures1 "o mu/ =ebe> condemn+ a :ole species ( animals m]ely because at times !y become tr\blesome1 = ! ma9 purpose ( _! exi/5ce1 l owls1 hawks & cr[s1 !y may be m b5eficial ?an o!rwise4 ,a good ^w %\ld be said "h = skunks & moles4 ,a great deal ( ! skunk diet is insect life4 ,! same is true ( ! mole ^: diet probably consi/s ( #ge insects1 mo/ly 9 _! l>val /ate4 ,?is is an important feature ( mole & skunk z !y dig ^! insects out be=e !y mature into w+$ female adults :i* may lay hundr$s ( eggs4 ,if ^! l>vae %\ld be all[$ to develop into a mature w+$ insect t w\ld lay eggs1 ?is p>ticul> insect w\ld multiply itself hundr$s ( times ov] & x w\ld take _m m birds ?an at pres5t exi/ to take ov] ! big job ( keep+ ! balance betwe5 necess>y insect life & a surplus :i* w\ld be de/ructive to all plant life4 ,we c nev] hope to eradicate all insect life :i* we deplore z be+ delet]i\s to ! int]e/s ( mank9d1 & x is mighty well t we _c d ?is = ! insects are z important to u z all o!r life1 = )\t !m we w\ld be unable to produce ! va/ quantities ( foods t are n[ dep5d5t ^u su* insect life4 ,x is true t !y take _! toll ( ! food t !y are in/rum5tal 9 sometimes produc+ b :5 "o attempts to unravel ! my/]y ( balance ( nature "o is confront$ by ! big "q ( h[ f> to g 9 ! eradication ( bo? animals & insect pe/s4 ,be=e man's int]f]5ce ! wild crops 7 pl5tiful & balances 7 kept 9 h>mony by va/ multitudes ( frogs & toads1 birds & rod5ts1 all ( :i* h be5 slaught]$ & r$uc$ by su* am\nts z to endang] man's food supply1 =c+ him to resort to poison sprays & o!r measures 9 ord] to hold de/ruction 9 *eck4 ,all ( ?is exp5se & tr\ble he c\ld h avoid$ if he _h be5 s5sible en\gh to obs]ve ! natural *ecks & fo/] ! natural proc$ure ( :i* nature is ! be/ guide4 ,*apt] #ab ,,/or+ ,,& ,,plant+ ,,se$s ,mo/ nut tree se$ requires ideal /orage conditions to pres]ve its g]m9at+ p[] or viability4 ,"u natural circum/ances1 su* nuts z black walnuts1 ,engli% walnuts1 butt]nuts1 hickory nuts1 pecans1 hazelnuts1 filb]ts & almo/ all o!r nuts1 w be plant$ by squirrels1 mice & o!r rod5ts4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ^! w be eat5 by ! animals :o buri$ !m1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! ones :i* are n eat5 w spr\t4 ,! spr\ts :i* a*ieve maturity & be>+ age1 h[ev]1 w be only a v small p]c5tage--"s say only a fraction ( #a--( ! numb] t spr\t$4 ,?is is an exp5sive & wa/eful me?od1 horticulturally speak+1 b x does indicate t x is be/ to plant nuts z soon z possible aft] !y h prop]ly rip5$ & be5 dri$4 ,aft] walnuts1 hickory nuts1 butt]nuts & hazels h be5 ga!r$1 !y %\ld be dri$ until ! hulls h lo/ mo/ ( _! moi/ure4 ,! husks %\ld be remov$ f filb]ts be=e !y are dri$4 ,:ile ?is prep>ation is n ess5tial1 nuts are less likely to mold if !y are dri$ some:at be=e !y are plant$4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h plant$ fre%ly-ga!r$ black walnuts & butt]nuts & mo/ ( !m spr\t$4 ,if nuts are to be /or$ 9 l>ge quantities1 ! dry+-out process is absolutely ess5tial & %\ld be c>ri$ to ! po9t ( completely dry+ ! hulls4 ,! sy/em ,i foll[$ 9 do+ ?is is to ga!r ! nuts aft] !y h fall5 & spread !m out 9 ! sunlight on ro(s or floors :]e air c circulate ar\nd !m4 ,aft] ! hulls are dry1 su* nuts z black walnuts1 ,engli% walnuts & butt]nuts may be put 9 b>rels or burlap bags & /or$ 9 an unheat$ basem5t )\t s]i\sly det]iorat+4 ,engli% walnuts are mo/ safely /or$ :5 !y are hull$ be=e be+ pack$ 9 burlap bags4 ,^! bags %\ld be susp5d$ above ! floor ( ! cell> by a rope or wire4 ,^! are additional precautions :i* all[ bett] circulation ( air1 fur!r prev5tion ( mold1 & safety f mice & squirrels4 ,*e/nuts1 bee*nuts & acorns require m c>e :5 !y are to be /or$1 = _! viability is v s5sitive to dryness4 ,i h f\nd t ^! s(t-%ell$ species ( nuts %\ld be treat$ 9 a diff]5t mann] ?an ! walnut & hickory types ( se$s if we are to get ! mo/ out ( _! g]m9ation4 ,s9ce *e/nuts are v prone to mold+ or rott+1 ! be/ way to ma9ta9 _! viability & fre%ness ov] w9t] is to /ratify !m 9 a c or box betwe5 lay]s ( a peat moss4 ,?is peat moss mu/ be decid$ly on ! acid side & mu/ be damp5$1 b mu/ n be s wet t y c wr+ any wat] out ( x4 ,! be/ way to prep>e ?is dry peat moss is to soak x 9 wat] & wr+ z mu* wat] out ( x z possible by squeez+ ) y\r h&s4 ,!n mix x ) half z mu* ( ! undamp5$ peat4 ,?is w give y approximately ! "r moi/ure coeffici5t4 ,if /or$ 9 cans1 ! bottom ( ! c mu/ be punctur$ ) a few holes ab\t #a_/d ( an in* 9 diamet]1 well di/ribut$ on ! bottom to act z a dra9 & to admit "s slight circulation ( air4 ,! same ?+ %\ld be done ) ! cov]4 ,fir/1 put d[n an ev5 lay] ab\t #a-a_/b in*es ( ?is damp5$ moss1 !n put 9 a lay] ( *e/nuts or o!r nuts to be /ratifi$1 plac$ ev5ly or well di/ribut$ b n t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,aft] ! fir/ lay]1 c>efully sift 9 m damp5$ moss ab\t #a in* ?ick & repeat ! process until ei!r ! c is full or all ! se$s h be5 /or$4 ,! la/ lay] %\ld be a #b-;in* lay] ( peat moss be=e ! cov] is plac$ on4 ,n[ ! important ?+ ab\t all ?is is to place ?is c 9 a /orage room ( l[ temp]ature & yet x %\ld n freeze solid4 ,b 9 a temp]ature ( f #cb to #dj degrees is ideal & pref]ably x %\ld be on ! gr\nd floor s z to ma9ta9 ! moi/ure t is already /or$ 9 ! se$ & ! moss4 ,a me*anical refrig]ator :i* w\ld con/antly dehydrate might ev5tually dry !m out too mu* = good g]m9ation2 o!rwise su* a refrig]ator w\ld be ideal = ! /orage ( small am\nt ( se$s ( ?is k9d4 ,x w\ld be well f "t to "t to inspect ^! se$s to see :e!r !y 7 9 good condition & *eck ! temp]atures z well4 ,if !y />t to spr\t all ! bett]2 !y c !n be plant$ ) ! spr\t d[nw>d & ! nut b>ely cov]$ ) e>?4 ,"s ye>s ,i h _h spr\ts ne>ly six in*es long on my *e/nuts :i* _h be5 s /or$ & c>e w h to be tak5 n to break ! spr\t :5 transplant+ ! nuts4 ,9 plant+ nuts1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to plant !m too deeply4 ,l>ge nuts1 su* z black walnuts1 butt]nuts & ,engli% walnuts1 are (t5 plant$ ) a small "p ( ! nut /ill expos$4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! dep? ( ! soil ov] a nut %\ld nev] exce$ ! ?ickness ( ! nut4 ,mo/ se$s develop be/ :5 !y are plant$ j "u ! surface ( ! soil4 ,! e>? %\ld be lightly tamp$ ar\nd ! plant$ se$s to elim9ate air-pockets4 ,a ?9 coat+ ( manure1 n m ?an ?ree in*es deep1 is valuable if l>ge se$s are plant$ b x is detrim5tal to ! developm5t ( small se$s & manure %\ld nev] be us$ = ev]gre5s4 ,se$s ( ! nut p9es1 usually pur*as$ f se$sm5 & receiv$ 9 a dry /ate1 %\ld be plant$ no deep] ?an _! own diamet] 9 a light1 s&y loam4 ,a se$ b$1 incid5tally1 is a v necess>y protection aga9/ rod5ts 9 ! case ( nut p9e se$4 ,i h us$ a mixture ( bone meal on su* se$s ) good results4 ,f\r qu>ts ( bone meal c>efully work$ into ! fir/ two or ?ree in*es ( ! surface soil ( a #d x #ab se$ b$ greatly increases its f]tility4 ,sift$ h>dwood a%es scatt]$ ov] ! b$ aft] ! se$ is 91 w disc\rage cutworms & increase ! pota% cont5t ( ! soil4 ,prop] dry+ & /orage are ( no use if nuts are n plant$ :]e !y w h protection aga9/ rod5ts1 improp] dra9age1 & o!r haz>ds4 ,to keep !m f be+ eat5 by rod5ts1 nut se$s %\ld be plant$ "u wire scre5s inside a deep frame4 ,! se$ b$s ,i h made = use 9 my nurs]y are f\r feet wide & twelve feet long4 ,by us+ heavy galvaniz$ h>dw>e clo? #b x #b me%1 :i* means t x has #a_/b-;in* squ>e holes1 is ideal = ! top & sides ( ?is frame4 ,by us+ ?is wire clo? #b feet wide1 #ah in*es is sunk "u ! gr\nd surface1 & only #f in*es protrudes above4 ,?is is to prev5t burr[+ rod5ts f go+ und]nea? & extract+ ! se$s :i* y w f9d !y w d unless ! scre5 protection goes d[n deep en\gh into ! gr\nd to disc\rage !m4 ,a /\t frame ( rot-resi/+ wood1 su* z c$> or fir %\ld be plac$ on ! inside ( ?is c\nt]sunk scre54 ,?is %\ld also be #d feet wide1 #ab feet long s t a simil> frame1 :i* is removable1 c be plac$ ov] ?is4 ,! edges ( ! frame %\ld mat* p]fectly s t no rod5ts c rea* ! int]ior ( ! se$ b$ )\t go+ d[n #a-a_/b feet "u gr\nd to burr[ "u ! c\nt]sunk scre54 ,sev]al ?\s& ev]gre5s or sev]al hundr$ walnut trees c be rais$ 9 a se$ b$ ?is size4 ,! soil is n[ remov$ f ! inside ( ?is enclosure or /ation>y "p ( ! b$ to ! dep? ( #f in*es s t ! plants w h head room to develop leaves & /ems & /ill be protect$ "u ! top or removable frame "p4 ,! top frame made ( ! same mat]ial & cov]$ also by ! #b x #b h>dw>e clo? %\ld be ab\t #f in*es 9 height s t !re w actually be #ah in*es ( head room = ! plants to gr[ 9 be=e t\*+ ! scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,?is #fj x #cj foot corrugat$ galvaniz$ iron f5ce #c-a_/b feet tall & sunk #f in*es into gr\nd protects valuable hybrids aga9/ invasion by rod5ts4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke4 ,!re are sev]al important po9ts to rememb] 9 />t+ a se$ b$4 ,x mu/ be 9 a well-dra9$ site1 s t ! se$s w n be "u wat] or wat]-logg$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,x %\ld be 9 an op5 place :]e sunlight is pl5tiful1 unless ev]gre5s are be+ gr[n4 ,ev]gre5s mu/ be 9 half-%ade ! fir/ season to avoid a condition kn[n z damp+ (f4 ,! top six in*es ( soil 9 ! b$ %\ld be ! be/ g>d5 soil obta9able1 ! gr[? result+ f us+ good1 clean soil1 free f we$ se$s1 be+ wor? ! tr\ble ( prep>+ x4 ,by hav+ ! b$ 9 two p>ts1 ) a cov] t may be tak5 (f1 prop] we$+ c be done :5 necess>y4 ,! cov] %\ld always be replac$ aft]w>d1 ?\gh1 z rod5ts w sometimes attack ! "y %oots & ! rema9d] ( ! se$ k]nel4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! second season ( gr[?1 ! "y plants may be dug up & l9$ out 9 nurs]y r[s4 ,aft] two or ?ree ye>s m1 !y may be plant$ 9 p]man5t locations4 ,*apt] #ac ,,tree ,,plant+ ,,me?ods ,s9ce nut trees usually h deep1 well-develop$ root sy/ems ( ! taproot type1 !y are m difficult to transplant ?an su* trees z plum1 apple1 elm or maple :i* h _m small fibr\s roots4 ,taproots h a long1 ma9 trunk l a p>snip1 f :i* lat]al roots bran*4 ,^! roots are heavy & may ext5d deep into ! gr\nd ev5 9 trees only two or ?ree ye>s old4 ,9 mov+ su* a tree1 ! l[] "p ( ! c5tral taproot mu/1 ( c\rse1 be cut (f1 b z _m ( ! side roots z possible are reta9$4 ,because su* roots h no fibr\s or hair-root sy/em1 _! h&l+ dur+ transplantation necess>ily diff]s f t ( ! ord9>y %ade or fruit tree4 ,if trees hav+ a taproot sy/em1 su* z ! ,engli% walnut1 black walnut1 butt]nut1 hickory or pecan1 are receiv$ ) b>e roots1 !y %\ld be treat$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,imm$iately aft] ! trees h be5 unpack$1 _! roots %\ld be subm]g$ 9 a b>rel ( wat] = sev]al h\rs4 ,aft] _! ?ir/ has be5 qu5*$1 ! roots %\ld be dipp$ into a mixture ( clay & wat] made to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick pa9t4 ,) a heavy coat+ ( wet clay ar\nd !m1 ! roots may !n be wrapp$ 9 wet burlap sacks4 ,!y are n[ ready to be transport$ to _! plant+ site4 ,select+ a favorable location = nut trees is v important4 ,!y %\ld nev] be plant$ at ! bottom ( a gul* or valley because1 9 su* places1 fro/ pockets may occur :i* w int]f]e ) bo? blossom+ 9 ! spr+ & rip5+ ( nuts 9 ! fall4 ,nut trees gr[ be/ ne> ! summit ( a hill4 ,al?\gh su* soils are difficult to plant 91 /ony soil or soil ov]laid ) lime/one results 9 good gr[?4 ,%all[ surface soil1 und]laid ) heavy clay1 w usually sl[ d[n ! gr[? ( a "y tree s t x rema9s dw>f$ = _m ye>s4 ,x is m satisfactory to h at lea/ ?ree feet ( soil be=e clay is rea*$4 ,if ! soil is light & s&y1 x w be improv$ by add+ black dirt imm$iately ar\nd ! roots ( ea* tree4 ,z mo/ nut trees ultimately gr[ to be v l>ge1 !y %\ld be plant$ at lea/ =ty feet ap>t4 ,! hole dug to receive ea* tree %\ld be wide & deep en\gh to accommodate ! roots )\t b5d+ or twi/+ !m4 ,if ! excavat$ soil is ( poor quality1 x %\ld be disc>d$1 & good1 ri* soil br\ght 9 = sett+ ! tree4 ,trees %\ld n be plant$ too deeply4 ,! coll> ( a tree1 :i* is a discoloration ( its trunk result+ f contact ) ! gr\nd1 indicates h[ mu* ( ! tree 0 previ\sly und]gr\nd4 ,al?\gh x is a good idea to plant s t ?is coll> is a little l[] ?an ! surface to all[ access to extra moi/ure1 ! actual plant+ dep? %\ld be ab\t z x 0 previ\sly 9 ! nurs]y4 ,all brok5 or damag$ p>ts on ! roots %\ld be trimm$ smoo?ly ) prun+ %e>s4 ,su* clean cuts w s5d out new rootlets to replace ! lo/ ones4 ,aft] a tree has be5 set into ! hole made = x1 ! soil1 :i* %\ld be ?or\ghly mix$ ) a qu>t ( bone meal to increase its f]tility1 is replac$ a little at a "t4 ,x mu/ be pack$ v solidly ab\t ! roots ) a r\nd$ tamp+ /ick to avoid leav+ air pockets4 ,i f9d x advisable to retamp ! e>? ab\t ea* tree two or ?ree times dur+ ! fir/ ye>'s gr[+ season1 to insure intimate contact betwe5 soil & roots4 ,plant+ %\ld be delay$ if ! soil is v wet4 ,trees w /ay 9 good condition = sev]al days1 if ! burlap sacks are kept moi/5$4 ,wet1 soggy soil is c]ta9 to %r9k away f ! roots & leave air pockets :i* w1 9 "t1 kill ! trees4 ,if trees are transplant$ dur+ a v dry season1 !y %\ld be ?or\ghly wat]$4 ,to d ?is1 remove sev]al %ovelfuls ( dirt f ! gr\nd ab\t a foot f ! tree1 be+ c>eful n to cut any roots4 ,fill ?is hole ) wat] & aft] ! wat] has seep$ away1 fill x two m times4 ,! tree %\ld receive ab\t five gallons ( wat]4 ,spr9kl+ ) a hose does n suffice4 ,if dry wea!r cont9ues1 ea* tree %\ld be wat]$ 9 ?is way e week4 ,nurs]ym5 9 ! future w h to deal ) ?is transplant+ problem 9 a diff]5t way ?an ! old "t nurs]ym5 :o h&les fruit trees4 ,a sugge/$ way to improve ! root sy/em & at ! same "t make x easy to lift ! tree ) a ball ( dirt1 simil> to ! way an ev]gre5 is transplant$1 is to prep>e a pocket ( special transplant+ soil previ\s to ! l9+ out 7:i* is ! t]m us$ by nurs]ym5 9 sett+ out se$l+s prep>atory to graft+ !m 9 nurs]y r[s74 ,a sugge/$ balanc$ soil = mak+ ! me?od practical is to use #a_/b by volume ( peat moss2 ! o!r half %\ld be ri*1 black s&y loam ) v little clay mixture 9 x4 ,9 o!r words1 ea* nut tree %\ld be all[$ ab\t a bu%el ( soil = its developm5t1 #a_/b bu%el to be peat moss1 ! o!r half bu%el to be repres5t$ by ri* black loam4 ,?is mixture w enc\rage _m fibr\s roots to develop & :5 ! tree is dug1 approximately all ( ?is bu%el ( soil w be reta9$ ar\nd ! roots4 ,hav+ su* a high proportion ( peat moss makes x light] ?an ord9>y gr\nd2 su* a ball & ! tree w weigh approximately f #ajj to #abe p\nds :i* c be %ipp$ by freight at a l[ rate & is well wor? ! extra price t nurs]ym5 mu/ ask = a specim5 ( ?is k9d4 ,su* trees h really nev] be5 unplant$ & = ?is reason d n suff] ! %ock :i* is inevitable 9 ! usual transplant+ process4 ,al?\gh pre-plant$ trees are m exp5sive to buy & to transport1 _! improv$ *ances ( liv+ make !m wor? ! price4 ,! above recomm5dation is especially applicable to "y graft$ hickory trees s9ce !y are among ! mo/ difficult trees to transplant satisfactorily4 ,! ,engli% walnut 7,p]sian71 black walnut1 butt]nut & especially ! hickory are improv$ by ! use ( a h&ful ( gr\nd lime mix$ ) ! soil 9 prep>+ ^! pockets :i* w lat] con/itute ! ball surr\nd+ ! roots ( ! tree to be transplant$4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 graft$ trees to produce spr\ts bel[ ! graft4 ,unless ^! are rubb$ (f1 ! graft$ portion w become disc\rag$ & ! tree w rev]t to a se$l+ v>iety4 ,filb]ts %\ld nev] be all[$ m ?an two or ?ree /ems1 or trunks1 :ile "o is m pref]able4 ,if !y are all[$ to h m1 !y w produce a rank gr[? ( wood b only a few1 if any1 nuts4 ,i /ress1 by repeat+1 t trees %\ld n be plant$ too deeply & t great c>e mu/ be tak5 to elim9ate air pockets4 ,extra ef=t & nurs+ ( transplant$ trees dur+ ! fir/ season w be repaid by _! successful developm5t & gr[?4 ,x is a wise precaution to place a protective scre5 ar\nd ! trunk ( ea* tree to prev5t rod5ts f attack+ x4 ,mice gnaw (f ! b>k ne> ! gr\nd1 sometimes girdl+ a tree & s kill+ x4 ,rabbits *ew (f bran*es & !y1 too1 may girdle ! upp] "p ( a tree4 ,rabbits are v fond ( pecan & hickory b>k4 ,9 "s places1 x may be necess>y to encircle ea* pecan & hickory tree ) a ?ree or f\r-foot rabbit f5ce until ! tree is l>ge en\gh to lose its appeal to ^! nuisances4 ,comp>$ ) ! numb] ( insects :i* infe/ fruit trees1 v few attack nut trees4 ,"o ( ^? :i* does is ! walnut-leaf cat]pill>4 ,^! appe> z a closely congregat$ gr\p ( small worms :i* fe$ on ! leaves ( black walnut & hickory trees dur+ ! latt] half ( ! summ] season4 ,v (t5 !y are all to be f\nd on a s+le leaf1 :i* %\ld be pick$ f ! tree & cru%$ und]foot4 ,a simple spray ( lead ars5ate ( ! /r5g? recomm5d$ by companies sell+ spray mat]ial1 w effectively rid trees ( ^! pe/s4 ,ano!r insect (t5 f\nd 9 a nut or*>d is ! oak tree girdl]1 :i* also is active 9 ! latt] "p ( ! summ]4 ,x (t5 causes limbs z l>ge z an in* 9 diamet] to be cut ?r\gh & to fall to ! gr\nd4 ,by remov+ su* fre%ly girdl$ bran*es & cutt+ into ! holl[ made by ! l>va1 x is possible to f9d ! live worm & de/roy x4 ,a good way to combat ?is pe/ is to keep ea* tree prun$ ( all dead bran*es & to burn all brok5 & dead wood ea* fall4 ,:ile "s nut trees are subject to o!r insects1 ! two describ$ "h are ! mo/ frequ5tly f\nd4 ,=tunately1 !y are easily controll$ if a wat* is kept = !m4 ,*apt] #ad ,,w9t] ,,protection ,,( ,,grafts ,,& ,,se$l+s ,x is n en\gh to make a successful graft & to wat* x c>efully dur+ ! gr[+ season1 pick+ all spr\ts (f ! /ock1 spray+ x s t insects w n *ew ! t5d] leaves & b>k1 brac+ x aga9/ w9d/orms & p]*+ birds4 ,ea* graft mu/ also be protect$ f w9t] injury4 ,= _m ye>s ,i h /udi$ & exp]im5t$ to f9d a successful way ( a*iev+ su* protection4 ,to enum]ate my _m exp]im5ts1 f simple to f>-fet*$1 w\ld be to write ano!r book q z long z ?is "o4 ,my conclusion1 n[1 is t !re is little "o c d to assi/ nature 9 ! process ( acclimatiz+ graft$ plants & se$l+s4 ,i h repeat$ly notic$ t ! place :]e mo/ damage is done by ! cold is at ! union betwe5 /ock & graft4 ,= example1 ,i obs]v$ ?is on ! ,european walnuts1 import$ f ,pol&1 graft$ to ,m9nesota black walnut /ocks4 ,al?\gh bo? ! buds & ! wood ( ! top rema9$ fre% & gre51 ! unions suff]$ sev]e1 & sometimes total w9t] injury4 ,9 grafts :]e ! latt] occurr$1 ! dead cells soon caus$ ! wood to f]m5t & s\r4 ,occasionally1 a small gr\p ( heal?y cells succe$$ 9 re-e/abli%+ circulation ) ! unh>m$1 graft$ top & ! graft1 cont9u+ its gr[?1 w\ld ev5tually ov]come ! injury x _h suff]$4 ,i h se5 ?is occur ) grafts ( ,engli% walnut1 apricot & pecan4 ,a blackbird's ne/ 9 ! crot* ( a small tree sugge/$ to me ! mo/ satisfactory gu>d ,i h yet f\nd aga9/ ?is greate/ ( dang]s to all exotic1 graft$ v>ieties ( nut trees4 ,! ne/1 :i* enclos$ ov] half ( ! graft union1 0 p>tly compos$ ( wool5 fib]s :i* its build] _h ga!r$ f b>b$-wire f5ces t %eep _h bru%$ aga9/4 ,on ! expos$ portion ( ! graft union1 discoloration indicat$ injury & dead cells1 b on t "p cov]$ by ! ne/1 all ! cells 7 alive & gre54 ,i h improv$ on ! bird's ne/ by wrapp+ a l>ge wad ( wool loosely ar\nd ea* graft union4 ,! value ( wool is t x w n collect moi/ure & s />t f]m5tation4 ,x all[s ! cells to brea!1 yet protects ! union f ! %ock ( temp]ature extremes4 ,birds w inevitably /eal "s ( ! /r&s ( wool b ?is activity 9 & ab\t ! trees means a decrease 9 injuries f insects--a wor?:ile ex*ange4 ,:5 an unusually l>ge swell+ at ! graft union appe>s1 x is c]ta9 t ! plant ne$s protection su* z ,i h describ$4 ,su* swell+s result f a too-rapid multiplication ( cells1 a condition :i* leaves ! union weak & susceptible to injury4 ,al?\gh a union is nev] entirely safe1 ev5 aft] _m seasons ( gr[?1 ea* ye> adds to ! safety factor by ! developm5t ( r\gh1 cork-l b>k4 ,i sugge/ ! use ( a wool5 gu>d = sev]al w9t]s1 by :i* "t ?is out] b>k %\ld be able to d its protective "w alone4 ,a successful b r exp5sive me?od ( w9t] protection1 bo? to ! graft itself & its union ) its ho/1 is to enclose ! entire tree ) a box-l /ructure consi/+ ( f\r corrugat$ alum9um ro(+ %eets set up on _! ends & c\nt]sunk into ! gr\nd ab\t six in*es4 ,! purpose ( c\nt]s9k+ ^! bel[ ! gr\nd surface is two-fold3 x /iff5s & braces ! /ructure & prev5ts ! intrusion ( mice & o!r rod5ts1 :i* may also appreciate bo? ! %elt] & possible food supply conta9$ !re94 ,by fa/5+ ^! %eets toge!r ) a /\t wire y c dep5d on ! /ructure to /& up aga9/ w9d & sn[ pressures4 ,fill ! entire inside ) =e/ leaves1 oak leaves pref]r$1 z _! insulat+ quality is ! be/ & !y are sl[ to rot & f]m5t4 ,:5 work+ ) semi-h>dy plants 9 a cold climate1 avoid f]tiliz+ & cultivat+ ! gr\nd aft] ! fir/ ( ,augu/4 ,do+ s /imulates late gr[? & su* gr[? is v likely to be badly injur$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,if f]tiliz] is us$1 x %\ld be e>ly 9 ! spr+1 z soon z ! gr\nd is free f fro/4 ,trees :i* p]si/ 9 gr[+ late into ! fall are m subject to w9t] injury4 ,protective measures to avoid _! do+ s by induc+ an e>li] dormancy1 include keep+ ! soil ar\nd !m dry & expos+1 some:at1 ! roots ne> ! trunk ( ea* tree4 ,my la/ ^w ( advice 9 rais+ :at might be t]m$ semi-h>dy trees1 is to gr[ !m 9 sod1 ! ord9>y quack grass1 ,june grass1 bluegrass or o!r natural grass sods :i* c be f\nd on y\r plant+ site4 ,al?\gh ?is w probably hold back y\r tree developm5t = a few ye>s1 until ! roots are ?or\ghly e/abli%$ 9 ! deep] soil b5ea? ! sod roots1 x is surpris+ h[ _m species ( trees w ?rive 9 sod & p]i% on op5 cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,i c give no bett] example ( ?is ?an relat+ a circum/ance :i* be>s ?is out 9 a mo/ conv9c+ way4 ,9 #aida ,i pur*as$ ab\t #bej filb]t se$l+s f ,samuel ,graham ( ,i?aca1 ,new ,york4 ,^! 7 plant$ out on a field site & practically all ( ! plants made good gr[? ! fir/ ye>4 ,!y 7 ?or\ghly cultivat$4 ,! next ye> a second bat* ( plants ( a l am\nt 7 pur*as$ f ! same man & ( ! same k9d ( se$l+s4 ,mr4 ,graham told me t ^! 7 se$l+ trees f ,jones hybrid se$s :i* he _h gr[+ 9 8 or*>d4 ,^! plants 7 put on heavy sod gr\nd2 all plants 7 protect$ by scre5s1 b ! plants on ! sod gr\nd 7 subject to a v wet season & x 0 necess>y to build up ! soil ar\nd "s ( ! plants 9 ord] to save !m f be+ dr[n$ out4 ,today ab\t #de plants are liv+ on ! sod culture & two or ?ree b>ely alive exi/ 9 ! op5 field culture4 ,al?\gh ! plants rema9+ alive on ! sod culture plot are almo/ pure filb]t /ra9 !y are !re=e v subject to ! common hazel blight4 ,"s h gr[n into bu%es #aj feet high :i* lat] 7 hit by blight & h be5 r$uc$ to small bu%es4 ,o!rs are produc+ good filb]t-type nuts & are some:at blight resi/ant1 b ! ma9 fact to rememb] is t ab\t #a_/d ( ! plants on sod culture liv$1 :]eas n ov] #b are alive ( ! op5 field culture plants4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ^! plant+s is approximately #a_/h ( a mile4 ,9 addition to be+ plac$ 9 sod ^! filb]ts :i* h surviv$ are %elt]$ by r[s ( ev]gre5 trees bo? on ! s\? & on ! nor? side :i* may be con/ru$ z ( "s assi/ance b is n altoge!r ! reason = ! trem5d\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! w9t] protection value ( sod & op5 field culture4 ,?is is n ! only example t ,i c\ld cite b is "o ( ! mo/ out/&+ ones :i* has come to my att5tion4 ,sod culture is n[ be+ recomm5d$ to fruit or*>di/s 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry & 9 my own exp]i5ce1 ,i c highly recomm5d x = apples1 plums1 pe>s1 mulb]ries & nut trees4 ,*apt] #ae ,,tree ,,/orage ,if x is necess>y to /ore trees ?r\gh ! w9t] mon?s1 "o ( sev]al proc$ures may be foll[$4 ,if ! trees are q small1 _! tops may be dipp$ 9 melt$ p>aff9 or beeswax1 n hot en\gh to injure ! buds4 ,if ! trees are too l>ge = ?is to be practical1 wax may be pa9t$ on ) a bru%4 ,roots %\ld be protect$ by heel+ !m 9 dirt4 ,an unheat$ cell> ) a dirt floor is a v satisfactory place = /or+ trees4 ,select a corn] ( ! cell> f> f any s\rce ( heat or temp]ature *ange4 ,place ! trees s t ! roots are po9t+ t[>d ! basem5t wall4 ,cov] ! roots to a dep? ( six in*es ) ei!r s& or s&y loam1 pack+ ! soil firmly to elim9ate air pockets4 ,la/ly1 cov] ! trees completely ) burlap sacks4 ,once e two weeks1 ! e>? ar\nd ! roots %\ld be wat]$4 ,trees ma9ta9$ 9 ?is way are conv5i5tly ready to plant :5 ! gr\nd ?aws out 9 ! spr+4 ,ano!r & bett] me?od ( /or+ trees is to plant !m outside 9 a tr5*1 pref]ably on ! nor? side ( a build+1 hav+ fir/ wax$ !m z describ$ above4 ,"o side ( ! tr5* %\ld slope s t ! trees w lie 9 an oblique position ) _! bran*es t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,! roots ( ^! trees %\ld be cov]$ ) dirt1 !n m trees set alongside !m1 until all h be5 plant$ & ! e>? made firm ab\t _! roots4 ,trees w usually suff] no damage dur+ su* w9t] /orage if _! roots h be5 prop]ly pack$ 9 s& or s&y loam4 ,six or m cans1 ea* conta9+ a little poison$ gra91 %\ld be set among ! bran*es4 ,if ^! cans are laid on _! sides1 rod5ts w h easi] access to ! poison4 ,! bran*es ( ! trees %\ld !n be well cov]$ ) /raw or hay1 ) heavy bo>ds laid on top to keep x f bl[+ away4 ,if trees are receiv$ = plant+ aft] ! gr\nd has froz51 all t is necess>y is to build a log fire on ! side :]e !y are to be heel$ 94 ,?is w ?aw out ! soil en\gh s t a tr5* c be made to accommodate !m4 ,*apt] #af ,,sugge/ions ,,on ,,graft+ ,,me?ods ,graft+1 includ+ budd+1 may be def9$ z ins]t+ a piece ( wood :i* c>ries buds ( a desir$ v>iety1 on a root /ock suffici5tly compatible to accept x1 = ! purpose ( propagation4 ,me?ods v>y1 ea* nurs]yman hav+ "o or m :i* he pref]s1 b ! pr9ciple is always ! same4 ,scionwood may be cut ! fall be=e graft+ is to be done1 aft] ! gr[+ season has end$1 b "s pref] to cut ! scions 9 e>ly spr+4 ,?is means t ! scions mu/ be /or$ until "t to graft1 & correct /orage is s important t nurs]ym5 make elaborate provision = x4 ,i h f\nd t keep+ scions und]gr\nd 9 a ,h>r+ton graft /orage box is ! safe/ me?od4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is box is giv51 ) directions = its con/ruction & location4 ,a small quantity ( scions may be kept 9 an icebox 7n a me*anical refrig]ator71 by cutt+ !m into conv5i5t l5g?s ( "o or two feet1 dipp+ !m 9 melt$ beeswax1 wrapp+ !m 9 t> or asphalt pap] & plac+ !m close to ! ice4 ,!y w rema9 9 good condition = sev]al mon?s if !re is always a good supply ( ice4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 dipp+ ! scions 9 melt$ wax1 = if ! wax is too hot x w injure ! buds4 ,x %\ld nev] become s hot t x smokes4 ,i f9d x advisable to keep an unmelt$ piece ( wax 9 ! liquid wax to hold ! temp]ature d[n4 ,ano!r me?od ( /or+ scions1 aft] !y h be5 dipp$ 9 beeswax1 is to place !m on ! e>? ( a cell> floor & cov] !m ) a few burlap sacks4 ,!y %\ld nev] be all[$ to become wet or !y w />t to mold4 ,if !y are to be /or$ 9 ?is way1 a wat* mu/ be kept = mice :i* w mole/ !m & de/roy !m if !y h an opportunity4 ,al?\gh bud wood may be /or$ 9 any ( ! ?ree ways m5tion$1 x %\ld n be wax$4 ,because ( ?is1 x is m likely to det]iorate4 ,x mu/ be exam9$ frequ5tly & if mold is f\nd1 ! wood %\ld be dipp$ 9 a ,bordeaux solution4 ,aft] dry+1 x may be plac$ 9 /orage aga94 ,x is a good plan to wrap bud wood 9 t> or asphalt pap] :5 /or+ x4 ,h[ev]1 ,i h f\nd t ! be/ /orage conditions = all scionwood t ,i h yet discov]$ is 9 ! use ( peat moss4 ,peat moss mu/ be on ! di/9ctly acid side 9 ord] to p]=m ! function ( /or+ scionwood4 ,mo/ peat moss is g5]ally acid2 h[ev] ! simple litmus pap] te/ ) :i* e high s*ool pupil is famili>1 c be made4 ,hav+ acquir$ good acid peat moss1 damp5 a suffici5t quantity to pack ! scions 9 to give !m lib]al protection4 ,d n make ! bundles ( scionwood too l>ge1 f #aj to #bj scions 9 a bundle is bett] ?an a l>ge numb] & mu* easi] to h&le4 ,! moss %\ld be prep>$ exactly ! same z advis$ 9 /or+ *e/nuts 7see *apt] = /or+ se$s74 ,9 ?is case x is n necess>y to wax ! scions at all4 ,! moss %\ld be appli$ by sift+ x into ! op5 spaces betwe5 ! scions & a l>g] wad at ! base ( ! cutt+s1 n at ! t]m9al or bud ends z ^! w\ld be bett] left unpack$4 ,! package is n[ roll$ into a cyl9d]1 us+ t> pap] or asphalt treat$ pap]1 & bo? ends left op54 ,d n use ord9>y pap] or wax pap] z x w turn moldy4 ,cyl9d]s ( t> pap] conta9+ ! pack$ scions %\ld be plac$ 9 a damp room l a cell> ) a dirt floor :i* is cold en\gh to keep potatoes & o!r roots 9 good condition ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,if ! cell> is n a good /orage cell> = roots & h]bs x w n be good en\gh = ! scionwood z x w be too w>m g5]ally4 ,nei!r %\ld !y be froz5 solid1 !re=e if a good root cell> is n obta9able !n ^! %\ld be put 9 ! ,h>r+ton graft box already describ$ or plac$ "u ! sawdu/ 9 an iceh\se & close to ! ice4 ,an old-fa%ion$ ice refrig]ator w also make a good /orage b91 plac+ !m close to ! ice at all times4 ,illu/ration3 ,drwg by ,wm4 ,kuehn4 ,mak+ a sc>f ) a plane prep>atory to graft+4 ,selection ( good scionwood & bud wood1 a v important matt]1 is made accord+ to def9ite /&>ds4 ,"s plants graft bett] if wood is us$ t has two seasons' gr[?1 b1 9 g5]al1 wood ( ! curr5t season's gr[? is us$4 ,x mu/ h rea*$ its maximum possible maturity be=e x is cut4 ,also1 "s att5tion %\ld be paid to ! vigor ( ! gr[? :i* x has made dur+ ! season4 ,= in/ance1 9 *oos+ betwe5 wood :i* has made only two or ?ree in*es' gr[? & t :i* has made a foot or m ( gr[?1 bo? be+ equally s\nd & mature1 ! m vigor\s %\ld be *os54 ,att5tion %\ld be paid to ! developm5t ( ! buds1 :i* %\ld be plump & nev] immature4 ,x is advisable to label scions be=e !y are /or$ to avoid ! confusion t w result if !y are mix$4 ,i f9d t ! be/ me?od ( do+ ?is is to get a %eet ( z9c1 f #bj to #cj gauge ?ick1 & cut x into /rips "o in* wide by "o & ?ree-qu>t]s in*es long4 ,i bore a small hole 9 "o corn] ( ea* tag1 ?r\gh :i* ,i ?read #ah-;gauge copp] wire1 d\bl$ & ) ! bottom loop fold$ ov] 7see page #dj74 ,9 prep>+ ^! tags1 x is important to rememb] t bo? wires mu/ pass ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! metal tag1 o!rwise1 ! slight movem5t due to w9ds w cause ! metal to we> ?r\gh4 ,two wires prev5t ?is action indef9itely4 ,s9ce a small wire cuts ?r\gh a z9c tag 9 "o or two ye>s1 heavy wire mu/ be us$4 ,wire su* z ,i h indicat$ is satisfactory4 ,i pr9t ! necess>y in=mation on ea* tag ) a small1 /eel awl1 & su* labels are /ill legible aft] tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,copp]1 brass or alum9um w\ld also make good tags1 b ^! metals are m exp5sive4 ,( c\rse1 ^! tags may be us$ = small trees z well z grafts & scionwood & x is always well to d a good job ( label+ all "w1 s9ce _m errors may result f disreg>d to ?is important detail4 ,9 ! nor?1 ! "t to graft nut trees is :5 ! cambium lay] ( ! ho/1 or /ock1 is active1 :i* is usually dur+ ! entire mon? ( ,may4 ,?is cambium lay] consi/s ( ^? cells ly+ j inside ( ! out] b>k1 betwe5 x & ! woody "p ( ! tree4 ,:5 ^! cells are active1 ! inn] side ( ! b>k feels slipp]y & a jelly-l sub/ance c be scrap$ f x4 ,al?\gh ?is is ! /ate 9 :i* ! /ock %\ld be = graft+1 ! condition ( ! scions %\ld be almo/ ! opposite1 r dry & %[+ no signs ( cambium activity4 ,! b>k %\ld cl+ firmly to ! woody "p ( ! scions1 :]eas ! b>k ( ! /ock %\ld slip (f readily4 ,ano!r good & fairly satisfactory rule is nev] to graft ! /ocks ( nut trees until aft] ! "y leaves appe>4 ,9 graft+ "y nurs]y trees n m ?an an in* 9 diamet]1 ! :ole tree is cut (f at any di/ance f ! gr\nd conv5i5t to ! nurs]yman4 ,sometimes !y are cut )9 a few in*es ( ! gr\nd1 sometimes two or ?ree feet4 ,9 my "w1 ,i l to keep ! scions z high above ! gr\nd z ,i c4 ,:5 ! top ( a /ock is cut (f1 !re is a great deal ( sap pressure & ! tree ble$s4 ,x is a poor policy to attempt graft+ :ile ?is is happ5+4 ,r1 "o %\ld cut ! tops (f1 !n wait = sev]al days be=e ins]t+ any grafts4 ,tools mu/ be kept v %>p4 ,a good graft+ knife is %>p5$ on "o side only1 s t ! blade is flat along ! side :i* lies next to ! cut made on ! scion :5 x is trimm$4 ,if unaccu/om$ to h&l+ a knife1 "o c obta9 m accurate results by us+ a small plane4 ,i d ?is by hold+ ! scion firmly 9 my "r h& & pull+ x t[>d me1 aga9/ ! cutt+ edge ( ! plane :i* is held 9 ! left h&4 ,illu/rations %[ h[ ?is is done4 ,! only disadvantage 9 us+ a plane is t "o mu/ ex*ange x = a knife to make ! receiv+ cut 9 ! /ock be=e ins]t+ ! graft4 ,?is necessitates expos+ ! graft to ! air = a long] "t ?an does us+ a s+le in/rum5t4 ,spr+ budd+ is done dur+ ! same p]iod z graft+4 ,bud wood is usually mu* l>g] 9 diamet] ?an scionwood1 = x is easi] to remove buds f big bran*es ?an f wood only "o-qu>t] in* 9 diamet]4 ,:5 budd+ is to be done1 take along only en\gh wood = half a day's "w1 leav+ ! re/ safely /or$4 ,a piece ( wood hav+ a bud is prep>$ z %[n 9 ! illu/rations ,a & ,b 7next page74 ,a ,t-%ap$ slot is made 9 ! /ock to receive ! bud1 a process call$ %ield budd+4 ,?is is ti$ 9 place ) ei!r /r+1 raffia or gumm$ tape1 z %[n 9 ,c & ,d 7next page74 ,! bud mu/ be free to gr[1 & al?\gh x may be cov]$ completely ) wax1 no "p ( ! b9d+ mat]ial %\ld be close to x4 ,s9ce x is n necess>y to cut (f all ! tree 9 budd+1 en\gh ( x may rema9 above ! bud to brace ! %oot t develops4 ,lat]1 x may be necess>y to cut back ! tree to ! bud s t a callus w =m & cause ! w\nd to heal prop]ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,drwg by ,wm4 ,kuehn ,%ield ,budd+4 ,be/ results are obta9$ :5 a graft union is coat$ ) melt$ beeswax4 ,ano!r & *eap] wax may be made by comb9+ f\r p>ts ( ros91 "o "p ( beeswax & "o-sixte5? "p ( raw l9se$ oil4 ,to ?is is sometimes add$ a little lampblack to color ! mixture s t x c be se5 on ! graft4 ,aga91 c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t injur+ ! cells ) wax t is too hot4 ,i h us$ _m k9ds ( ty+ mat]ials1 b ! "o :i* gives me be/ results is gumm$ tape1 :i* prep>ation ,i describe 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,by wrapp+ x 9 spirals ar\nd a graft union1 ,i h a mat]ial :i* holds ! graft 9 place & at ! same "t excludes air4 ,! rubb] also seems to enc\rage ! =mation ( t tissue :i* unites ! /ock & scion4 ,9 addition to tape1 melt$ wax %\ld be bru%$ into ^? crevices & cracks :i* always occur 9 mak+ a graft4 ,x is usually advisable1 al?\gh n necess>y1 to %ade new grafts4 ,to d ?is1 cov] !m ) light-color$ or :ite pap] sacks4 ,nev] use glass9e alone = x causes ! grafts to ov]heat & s de/roys !m4 ,:atev] ty+ mat]ial is us$1 ei!r to fa/5 on ^! bags or to support ! grafts1 x %\ld be inspect$ at int]vals dur+ ! summ]1 z x may con/rict ! graft or /ock & injure or cut (f ! cambium4 ,aft] a scion beg9s to gr[1 x mu/ be firmly brac$ aga9/ ! =ce ( ! w9d1 = a heavy gale c rip out grafts made ye>s be=e4 ,la?s make good braces = gr[+ %oots4 ,!y may be atta*$ to ! ma9 bran* by /\t wat]pro( tw9e su* z b9d] tw9e1 & ! gr[+ graft ti$ ) s(t musl9 /rips to ! la?4 ,z ! graft gr[s m musl9 /rips %\ld be us$ to keep ! excessive gr[? an*or$ to ! la?4 ,grafts w (t5 make ?ree or m feet 9 gr[? 9 "o season4 ,x is important to rememb] t spr\ts or buds :i* />t f ! /ock mu/ be rubb$ (f4 ,if !y are all[$ to fl\ri%1 !y may prev5t ! scion f gr[+4 ,:5 work+ ov] a tree sev]al in*es 9 diamet]1 x becomes an art to keep ! tree /ock satisfi$1 yet to enc\rage ! gr[? ( ! scions4 ,9 l>ge trees1 a few spr\ts mu/ gr[ to n\ri% ! root sy/em1 b ?is is n necess>y if ! /ock is "o in*1 or less1 9 diamet]4 ,*apt] #ag ,,graft+ ,,tape ,,v]sus ,,raffia ,x is necess>y t a p]son :o is graft+ trees & develop+ hybrids exp]im5t n only ) ! plants he is int]e/$ 91 b also ) ! equipm5t & mat]ials he uses4 ,= m ?an twelve ye>s1 ,i us$ raffia to tie ! grafts ,i made1 becom+ m annoy$ & irritat$ ) its limitations ea* ye>4 ,f9ally1 ,i began try+ o!r mat]ials1 until ,i f\nd "o :i* ,i ?9k is v satisfactory4 ,?is is a rubb]iz$ graft+ tape4 ,at my nurs]y1 we make our own tape4 ,we buy pure rubb] gum1 kn[n z ,lotol ,,nc-#cef1 f ! ,naugatuck ,*emical ,company1 at a co/ ( #g4ej = five gallons1 ,f4,o4,b4 _! factory4 ,) ?is1 we use unblea*$ musl9 ( an #hj x #hj me%1 or f9]4 ,z ! musl9 is usually a y>d wide1 we fold x & take x to a pr9t+ firm1 :]e1 = a small *>ge1 x is cut into bo? "o-half & ?ree-qu>t] in* /rips by be+ f$ ?r\gh a pap]-cutt+ ma*9e4 ,we use ! wid] /rips = heavy "w on l>ge trees :i* h ?ree to five-in* /ubs2 ! n>r[] /rips we use 9 ! nurs]y1 graft+ "y se$l+s4 ,fir/1 p\r ab\t a gallon ( ! rubb] comp\nd into a twelve or sixte5-qu>t pail hav+ a smoo?1 roll$ edge4 ,next1 sep>ate a doz5 or s ( ! /rips ( musl94 ,!n1 set out a pair ( rails on :i* to dry ! tape aft] x has be5 dipp$4 ,i make ^! rails by us+ two #a x #b bo>ds ab\t twelve feet 9 l5g?1 nail$ toge!r at ! ends ) bo>ds two feet long4 ,?is frame1 re/+ on c>p5t]'s horses or b5*es1 makes a good dry+ rack4 ,hold+ a piece ( tape by "o end1 subm]ge x 9 ! rubb] solution1 =c+ x d[n ) a spatula or knife4 ,swi%+ x ar\nd or mov+ x up & d[n sev]al times helps to fill ! pores ) rubb]4 ,drag x f ! solution by pull+ x %>ply ov] ! roll$ edge ( ! pail1 us+ ! spatula on ! upp] side ( ! /rip to scrape (f sup]flu\s rubb]4 ,a little practice soon enables "o to judge ! am\nt ( rubb] ne$$ on ! tape4 ,!re %\ld n be s mu* t x drips (f4 ,hang ! tape on ! rack s t ! ends are atta*$ to ! rails1 ! tape sagg+ slightly 9 ! c5t]4 ,space ! pieces ( tape s t !y d n t\*1 =1 if !y d1 !y w be v difficult to sep>ate lat]4 ,aft] !y h dri$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 w9d ! tape on pieces ( c>dbo>d ab\t "o foot squ>e1 be+ c>eful n to ov]lap ! tape4 ,! tape is n[ ready = field-"w4 ,i want to m5tion "s ( ! advantages ,i h f\nd 9 us+ ?is rubb]iz$ tape r ?an raffia4 ,! tape is uni=m ?r\gh\t & is /rong] ?an raffia4 ,x does n fly ar\nd & frequ5tly get tangl$ z ! latt] does4 ,!re is no necessity = keep+ x slightly damp to be usable4 ,x may easily be torn (f at any conv5i5t l5g? or x may be cut )\t injur+ ! edge ( ! graft+ knife4 ,a la/ advantage is t x is self-seal+ s9ce x ov]laps on itself slightly :5 w\nd ar\nd a graft union4 ,because ( ?is1 !re is no necessity = pa9t+ ! f9i%$ graft ) melt$ wax z is absolutely vital :5 us+ raffia4 ,p]sonally1 ,i use wax 9 addition to ! tape = ,i feel t x is probably saf] ) t extra protection4 ,also x gives me an opportunity to wax ov] ! tip end ( ! scion :5 x is devoid ( a t]m9al bud4 ,! only disadvantage 9 us+ tape is its co/ :i*1 ,i mu/ admit1 is v mu* high] ?an t ( raffia4 ,b if1 by us+ tape1 twice z _m grafts c be made ea* day1 & if ! result+ takes are #ej bett]1 z !y h be5 9 my exp]i5ce1 !n ! co/ is ju/ifi$ & raffia is actually ! m exp5sive to use4 ,*apt] #ah ,,effects ,,( ,,graft+ ,,on ,,unlike ,,/ocks ,x is unque/ionably a great %ock to a tree :5 #ij ( its top is cut (f4 ,if x is heal?y & vigor\s1 ! root sy/em w try to recov]1 us+ e means possible to d s4 ,if a new top is graft$ to x1 ! /ock mu/ ei!r accept & n\ri% t =eign & sometimes incompatible new "p1 or give up its /ruggle = life4 ,nature & ! tree /ock usually accept ! *all5ge & ! graft beg9s to gr[4 ,9 an attempt to cont9ue ) its own id5tity1 ! /ock w br+ into activity adv5titi\s buds4 ,^! are t9y microscopic buds imb$d$ 9 ! b>k ( a tree t are n app>5t to ! eye b are nature's protection aga9/ de/ruction ( ! individual plant4 ,b ^! mu/ be remov$ by ! horticulturi/ to insure prop] n\ri%m5t ( ! grafts4 ,because ! root sy/em is /riv+ h>d to live1 & because x is usually ! /rong]1 x may =ce ! top to accept c]ta9 ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,occasionally1 x may assume "s qualities ( ! orig9al top4 ,su* coop]ation is necess>y if ei!r is to survive4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! graft$ scions mu/ accept ! vital quality ( climatic h>d9ess1 a p[]ful factor develop$ ?r\gh ages sp5t 9 a c]ta9 climate4 ,to ha/5 ! acclimatization ( a t5d] v>iety1 ,i cut scionwood f su* unions e>ly 9 ! w9t]1 /or+ x until spr+4 ,:5 ^! scions are graft$ on new root sy/ems1 ,i f9d t !y are mu* m readily accept$ ?an ! fir/ grafts 74 ,! foll[+ season1 ,i all[ ! grafts ( ?is lat] union to g ?r\gh _! fir/ w9t] ( exposure4 ,e>ly ea* spr+ ,i cont9ue to cut scions f ! mo/ rec5t unions & graft !m to new root sy/ems1 s ha/5+ & sett+ ! factor ( h>d9ess ?r\gh frequ5t asexual propagation4 ,because my obs]vations ( ! effects ( scion on root & vice v]sa1 h n ext5d$ ov] a suffici5t p]iod ( "t1 ,i ?9k x is possible t ! *anges ,i h se5 may be only transi5t4 ,9 any case1 ,i d "k t ! ph5om5on occurs1 = ,i h se5 _m examples ( x4 ,"o in/ance 9 :i* ! /ock 0 app>5tly affect+ ! scions1 occurr$ 9 ! case ( sev]al v>ieties ( black walnuts :i* _h be5 graft$ on wild butt]nut /ock ov] a p]iod ( sixte5 ye>s4 ,! walnut top fl\ri%$ b t5d$ to outgr[ ! butt]nut1 s t ! calib] ( ! walnut 0 great] ?an t ( ! /ock a few in*es bel[ ! graft union4 ,i also notic$ t1 al?\gh ! graft began to be> ab\t z e>ly z black walnuts d :5 !y are graft$ on _! own species1 ! nuts did n mature at all dur+ ! fir/ few ye>s ( be>+4 ,9 #aich1 aft] a favorable season1 ,i f\nd mature nuts on "o v>iety1 ! ,?omas4 ,^! nuts v>i$ 9 size m ?an !y d :5 graft$ on black walnut4 ,! mo/ surpris+ ?+ ab\t !m1 ?\gh1 0 t !y did n h ! *>act]i/ic black walnut flavor4 ,:5 prop]ly dri$ & cur$1 !y c\ld h pass$ z an entirely diff]5t nut s9ce !y ta/$ l nei!r ! black walnut1 ! butt]nut nor ! ,p]sian walnut4 ,! ov]gr[? ( ! ,ohio black walnut1 graft$ on butt]nut1 0 ev5 m app>5t ?an t ( ! ,?omas4 ,^! nuts 71 z ,i h said1 immature ! fir/ few ye>s !y appe>$ & !y1 too1 lack$ ! usual black walnut flavor4 ,9 _! case1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ /rik+ *ange 0 9 ! %ape & /ructure ( _! %ells :i* 7 elongat$ l butt]nuts1 ) corrugations typical ( ^? f\nd on butt]nuts & ne>ly z deep & %>p4 7,see ,illu/ration 9 ,*apt] #a1 ,page #e47 ,9 #aicg1 ,i made exp]im5tal graft+s on native black walnut /ocks ( ! ,wes*cke ,no4 #d butt]nut1 a v>iety ,i f\nd to be sup]ior to hundr$s ( o!r native trees te/$4 ,! grafts grew luxuriantly & 9 #aidj1 produc$ ab\t two p\nds ( nuts4 ,^! nuts 7 approximately #cj l>g] ?an ^? on ! p>5t tree4 ,!y crack$ well & ! k]nels 7 simil> to ^? f ! p>5t tree4 ,!y def9itely di/+ui%$ !mselves1 h[ev]1 by be+ a free-hull+ nut1 :i* is n true ( ! "m tree nor ( mo/ butt]nuts4 ,soon aft] ! nuts _h dropp$ to ! gr\nd & 7 /ill gre51 !y 7 hull$ & _! hulls peel$ (f l ^? ( ! ,p]sian walnut1 leav+ ! nuts clean & free f remnants4 ,app>5tly ?is ph5om5on 0 a transi5t "o s9ce lat] crops did n display ?is free-hull+ feature4 ,i h m5tion$1 else:]e1 ! se$l+ apricot :i* came into be>+ 9 ,/4 ,paul1 & h[ ,i obta9$ grafts be=e x di$ dur+ a v cold w9t]4 ,i h graft$ scions ( ?is apricot on bo? hybrid & wild plum /ocks repeat$ly & ?is apricot n[ exhibits a mat]ial ga9 9 h>d9ess4 ,x ov]gr[s ! plum /ock1 b ?is does n seem to inhibit its be>+1 ! fruit gr[+ to great] size ?an t ( ! "m tree4 ,^! are "s ( ! in/ances 9 :i* ,i h se5 /ock ex]t a def9ite1 &1 ma9ly a b5eficial influ5ce on its graft$ top4 ,x may easily be t ^! are only ( a tempor>y nature & until ,i h se5 !m ma9ta9$ = _m m ye>s1 ,i mu/ consid] !m to be transi5t effects4 ,*apt] #ai ,,di/+ui%+ ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,scions ,loss ( id5tification m>k+s f my graft$ trees has1 on occasion1 caus$ me mu* confusion4 ,!re 0 "o "t :5 ,i _h f six to t5 v>ieties ( hickories & _! hybrids graft$ on wild bitt]nut hickory /ocks1 totally lack+ 9 id5tification4 ,al?\gh ?is disconc]t$ me consid]ably1 ,i knew ( no?+ ,i c\ld d except to wait = ! grafts to be> nuts & det]m9e ! v>ieties f ^!4 ,z ,i cont9u$ my exp]im5tal graft+1 ,i made sure t ! tags ,i us$ 7 n only inde/ructible1 b also secur$ to ! grafts 9 su* a way t ! action ( ! w9d c\ld n we> !m out nor cause !m to drop (f4 ,n long aft] ?is _h happ5$1 ,i receiv$ f ,dr4 ,dem+ a %ipm5t ( ab\t tw5ty v>ieties ( hickory scions4 ,:ile ,i 0 prep>+ ?is mat]ial = graft+1 ,i notic$ t ea* v>iety c\ld be readily di/+ui%$ by its appe>ance 9 g5]al &1 specifically1 by diff]5ces 9 its leaf sc>s4 ,i also notic$ m>k+s on ! b>k1 p>ticul>ly ! /omata1 :i* diff]$ ) ea* v>iety4 ,color & /ripes add$ fur!r diff]5tiation4 ,al?\gh ,i also f\nd v>iations 9 ! size & %ape ( ! buds1 ,i lat] discov]$ t ^! d n always rema9 con/ant )9 a v>iety1 b dep5d some:at on ea* season's gr[?4 ,= in/ance1 a second gr[? sometimes develops dur+ a favorable season ) a l>ge numb] ( lat]al buds gr[+ out ( x l sp9es4 ,x seem$ to me t if scions c\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 an approximately fre% /ate1 !y w\ld furni% a key by :i* any v>iety ( graft c\ld be det]m9$ z easily z x c\ld by its nuts4 ,i !re=e set myself to pres]ve scionwood 9 its fre% /ate4 ,fir/1 ,i cut five-in* pieces ( plump1 heal?y wood1 ea* piece hav+ a t]m9al bud4 ,i plac$ ^! buds d[nw>d 9 l>ge te/ tubes :i* ,i !n fill$ ) pure1 /ra9$ honey4 ,su* models did v well = a "t1 b aft] ab\t a ye>1 ! honey cry/alliz$ & ( c\rse ! scions 7 no long] visible4 ,i empti$ ! tubes & wa%$ !m1 clean$ ! scions 9 w>m wat]1 replac$ !m & refill$ ! tubes ) pure glyc]9e4 ,i subm]g$ a ?91 z9c tag1 /5cill$ ) ! v>ietal "n & b5t to con=m ) ! cont\r ( ! tube1 inside ( ea* "o z a "n plate :i* c\ld n easily be lo/ or remov$4 ,i also label$ ea* cork ) ! "n ( ! v>iety enclos$ s t any "o ( !m c\ld be locat$ :5 look+ d[n at a ne/ ( tubes 9 a v]tical position4 ,9 ord] to display ^! pres]v$ specim5s at illu/rat$ lectures1 ,i _h a rack made ( r$wood1 ( a size to hold tw5ty tubes4 ,! tubes c\ld easily be tak5 f ! rack = clos] obs]vation by memb]s ( an audi5ce4 ,i f9d ?is to be an int]e/+ adjunct to v>i\s nut culture exhibits ,i make 9 try+ to promote nut culture education4 ,s9ce ,i 0 able to id5tify my unlabel$1 hickory grafts by means ( ?is catalogue ( subm]g$ scions1 ,i consid] x ( great practical wor?4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ,i h ab\t #ej hickory specim5s1 a good catalogue1 al?\gh n a complete "o4 ,i see no reason :y ! same ?+ c\ld n be done ) black walnut or any o!r k9d ( nut scions4 ,*apt] #bj ,,hybridiz+ ,work+ ) nature to develop new v>ieties ( trees is fasc9at+ al?\gh x requires inf9ite pati5ce & /udy comb9$ ) skill & conc5tration4 ,a p]son )\t exp]i5ce may ta/e ( ?is pleasure1 h[ev]1 by try+ 8 h& at cross-poll9ation1 & !re is no end to ! numb] ( hybrids possible4 ,9 attempt+ to make crosses1 "o mu/ necess>ily und]/& ! botanical relation%ip betwe5 ! trees to be cross$4 ,trees ( ! same species cross readily 9 almo/ all cases2 trees ( ! same g5us are n z easily cross$2 trees belong+ only to ! same family are usually difficult to cross4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t trees n 9 ! same family are impossible to hybridize4 ,! plum s]ves z a practical example ( ?is4 ,! ,am]ican wild plum crosses readily ) almo/ any o!r plum & p>ticul>ly well ) ! ,japanese plum4 ,^! crosses h result$ 9 su* ph5om5al fruit z ! ,und]wood plum1 a cross made betwe5 species4 ,if a cross 7 made betwe5 a *e/nut & a walnut1 x w\ld be betwe5 memb]s ( diff]5t families4 ,i recomm5d to anyone :o is attempt+ to cross-poll9ate = ! fir/ "t1 t he limit 8 "w to crosses made )9 species4 ,8 *ances ( success w be great] & su* success add$ to ! exp]i5ce he is acquir+1 w give him ! backgr\nd ne$$ = m difficult hybridiz+4 ,crosses made betwe5 filb]ts & hazels usually produce great *anges 9 ! result+ fruit4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones won consid]able horticultural fame f crosses he made betwe5 ! wild ,am]ican hazel kn[n z ! ,ru% hazel1 & su* v>ieties ( ! ,european filb]t z ! ,italian ,r$ & ,daviana4 ,hazel & filb]t cross readily & ! result+ se$l+s w usually be> aft] only ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,= bo? ^! reasons1 !y are good mat]ial = a beg9n] to "w )4 ,if ! wild hazel is to be us$ z ! female1 or "m1 ( ! cross1 x is necess>y to pick (f all ! male blossoms1 or /am9ate blooms4 ,?is %\ld be done long be=e !y beg9 to exp&4 ,! pi/illate1 or female blossoms1 %\ld be enclos$ 9 bags1 ab\t six ( ! ?ree-p\nd1 common kraft bags %\ld be en\gh4 ,^! are slipp$ ov] ^? bran*es :i* be> female blossoms & are ti$ ar\nd a heavy pack+ ( absorb5t cotton1 :i* has be5 w\nd ar\nd ! bran* at approximately ! place :]e ! op5+ ( ! bag w be4 ,9 fa/5+ ! m\? ( ! bag ar\nd ! cotton1 ,i f9d t ,no4 #ah copp] wire1 wrapp$ sev]al times ar\nd & ! ends twi/$ toge!r1 is m satisfactory ?an /r+4 ,?is makes a poll5-tight h\se = ! pi/illate blossoms b n "o s air-tight z to cause any damage to ei!r ! plant or blossoms4 ,9 ord] to h poll5 available at ! prop] "t1 x is necess>y to cut a few filb]t bran*es :i* be> /am9ate blooms & /ore !m 9 a d>k1 cold place to prev5t ! poll5 f rip5+ too soon4 ,i recomm5d keep+ su* bran*es 9 damp5$ sphagnum moss until x is "t = ! poll5 to rip51 or if a cold cell> is available1 bury+ ! cut ends ( l>ge bran*es c>ry+ male catk9s "o foot deep 9 clean1 moi/ s&4 ,:5 ! poll5 is want$1 ! bran*es %\ld be plac$ 9 a conta9] ( wat] & set ne> a w9d[ :]e sunlight w rea* !m4 ,usually1 aft] "o day ( exposure to bright sunlight1 ! /am9ate blooms w exp& & beg9 to %$ _! poll54 ,! poll5 may easily be collect$ by all[+ an ext5d$ catk9 to droop inside a vial or te/ tube & !n1 z ! catk9 re/s aga9/ its inn] wall1 tapp+ ! outside ( ! tube %>ply ) a p5cil to j> ! poll5 gra9s loose4 ,a sep>ate te/ tube mu/ be us$ = ea* v>iety ( poll5 to be exp]im5t$ )4 ,by foll[+ ?is proc$ure = sev]al days ) all ! /am9ate blooms t h be5 ga!r$1 ! exp]im5t] %\ld h en\gh poll5 = "w on a small scale4 ,! te/ tubes conta9+ ?is poll5 %\ld nev] be /opp]$ ) corks1 b ) plugs ( absorb5t cotton1 :i* w all[ ! passage ( air4 ,poll5 may be /or$ 9 ?is mann] = sev]al days1 possibly z long z two weeks1 if x is kept dry4 ,by a close obs]vation ( ! bloom+ p]iod ( ! wild hazels1 "o is able to det]m9e ! be/ "t = plac+ ! filb]t poll5 on ! pi/illate blossoms4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to d s until ! male catk9s ( ! wild hazel species are s entirely exhau/$ t no am\nt ( %ak+ w release any gra9s ( poll54 ,:5 ?is condition exi/s1 x is "t to move ! /or$ filb]t bran*es to /rong sunlight4 ,a quiet day %\ld be *os5 to poll9ize ! hazels = two reasons4 ,if !re is a w9d1 x w bl[ away ! poll5 & s make ! "w m difficult4 ,a w9d w also increase ! dang] ( ! hazels be+ f]tiliz$ by native hazel poll5 :i* may /ill be circulat+ 9 ! air & :i* ! fl[]s may pref] to filb]t poll54 ,:5 good conditions are pres5t1 !n1 ! hybridiz] proce$s to 8 "w4 ,a bru% ) :i* to transf] poll5 f ! vial to ! pi/illate blossoms is made by wrapp+ a little absorb5t cotton ar\nd ! end ( a mat*4 ,! pap] bag is remov$ f ar\nd a gr\p ( hazel blossoms1 a small am\nt ( poll5 is dabb$ on ea* blossom & ! bag is imm$iately replac$1 to rema9 on = two m weeks4 ,:5 ! bags are f9ally tak5 (f1 ! bran*es %\ld be m>k$ to indicate t ! nuts w be hybrids4 ,be=e receiv+ poll51 ea* pi/illate blossom has1 em]g+ f its bud tip1 a few delicate r$ or p9k spikes :i* are /icky en\gh to make poll5 adh]e to !m4 ,)9 a few days aft] receiv+ poll51 ^! spikes may dry up & turn black1 a fair indication t ! poll5 has be5 effective4 ,if ! poll5 does n take hold1 ! spikes ( ! /am9ate blooms are sure to cont9ue p9k = a long "t4 ,i h se5 !m 9 ! middle ( ! summ]1 /ill bloom+ & wait+ = poll5 :i* w\ld let !m cont9ue on _! cycle4 ,?is ability ( hazel fl[]s to rema9 receptive = a long p]iod all[s ! nut-culturi/ ample "t to accompli% 8 "w4 ,x is n s true ) all memb]s ( ! nut tree gr\p1 "s1 su* z ! ,engli% walnuts1 be+ receptive = su* a %ort p]iod t only by v frequ5t exam9ation & _m applications ( poll5 c "o be sure ( mak+ a cross4 ,e>ly 9 ! fall1 ! hybrid nuts %\ld be enclos$ 9 a wire scre5 to prev5t mice & squirrels f tak+ !m be=e !y are ripe4 ,su* wire scre5s may be us$ 9 ! =m ( a bag & fa/5$ ar\nd ea* bran*4 ,:5 ! husks turn br[n & dry1 ! nuts are ripe1 & ready to be ga!r$ & plant$4 ,c>eful h&l+ ( ! nuts is advisable to pres]ve _! viability4 ,!y %\ld be plant$ 9 an outdoor b$ :i* has be5 fully protect$ aga9/ ! invasion ( rod5ts4 ,a scre5 su* z ,i describ$ = o!r nut se$ is satisfactory = ^! hybrid nuts b x ne$ n be z l>ge z t4 ,aft] ! nuts h spr\t$ & ! plants h gr[n = "o season1 !y may be transplant$ into a p]man5t location :]e !y %\ld aga9 be well protect$ aga9/ mice by a trunk scre51 & aga9/ rabbits by driv+ a /\t /ake deep into ! gr\nd on ! s\? side ( ! tree & ty+ x to ! tree4 ,?is use ( a /ake disc\rages rabbits f cutt+ (f ! tree4 ,!re are innum]able o!r crosses t c be made z well z ^? betwe5 hazels & filb]ts4 ,x is possible1 = example1 to cross ! ,engli% walnut ) ! black walnut4 ,_m su* crosses h be5 made al?\gh none ( !m is kn[n to h produc$ sup]ior nuts4 ,?\s&s ( crosses exi/ betwe5 butt]nuts & ,japanese he>tnuts4 ,_m ( ^! are ( "s wor? & are be+ propagat$4 ,crosses betwe5 he>tnut & butt]nut are easily made1 foll[+ ! same proc$ure us$ 9 cross+ hazels & filb]ts1 except t l>g] bags are necess>y = cov]+ ! female blossoms4 ,also1 ^! bags %\ld h a small1 celluloid w9d[ glu$ into a conv5i5t place1 s t ! progress ( ! female blossoms t[>d maturity c be obs]v$4 ,:5 hybridiz+ walnuts1 x is necess>y to use a poll5 gun in/ead ( remov+ ! bag f ar\nd ! female blossoms & apply+ ! poll5 ) a cotton-cov]$ applicator4 ,su* a poll5 gun c be made by us+ a glass vial :i* does n hold m ?an an ounce ( liquid4 ,an atomiz] bulb1 atta*$ to a %ort copp] or brass tube sold]$ into a metal screw-cap1 is fitt$ to ! vial4 ,ano!r small copp] or brass tube %\ld also be ins]t$ 9 ! screw-cap close to ! fir/ "o4 ,! second tube %\ld be b5t to a "r angle above ! /opp] & its project+ end fil$ to a %>p po9t4 ,)\t remov+ ! bag f ar\nd ! pi/illate blossoms1 ! hybridiz] =ces ! po9t ( ! atomiz] ?r\gh ! cotton wadd+ betwe5 bag & bran*4 ,! poll5 9 ! vial is bl[n ?r\gh ! tube into ! bag 9 a cl\d1 cov]+ all ! enclos$ blossoms4 ,x is advisable to repeat ?is on sev]al successive days to make c]ta9 ( rea*+ ! female blossoms dur+ _! mo/ receptive p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 #h x #h x #h foot tightly wov5 %eet ( unblea*$ musl9 /ret*$ ov] "m hazel plant dur+ poll9ation p]iod 9 ! process ( mak+ controll$ crosses betwe5 x & filb]t p>5ts4 ,photo by ,c4 ,wes*cke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,wes*cke ,,poll5 ,,gun ,tap] end ( copp] tube 444 n absolutely necess>y1 b x saves poll54 ,long fibre cotton wad wir$ to intake side ( bulb to /ra9 out =eign poll5s t may be 9 atmosph]e4 ,de ,vilbiss atomiz] bulb4 ,poll5 gra9s ,any small glass bottle ) a wide m\? & screw cap4 ,tubes ,a & ,b--#c_/af outside diamet] copp] tub+ c be pur*as$ at any g>age4 ,sold] bo? tubes to screw cov] ,c4 ,drwg by ,wm4 ,kuehn ,h[ to make poll5 gun4 ,*apt] #ba ,,toxicity ,,among ,,trees ,,& ,,plants ,al?\gh quack grass w gr[ luxuriantly up to ! trunks ( bo? black walnut & butt]nut trees1 ,i "k1 f ?+s ,i h se5 myself1 t ! roots ( ! latt] & probably ( ! =m] h a deadly effect on memb]s ( ! ev]gre5 family4 ,i h se5 nor!rn :ite p9e & o!r p9es1 too1 sudd5ly lose _! ne$les & die :51 z l>ge trees1 !y h be5 transplant$ to ! vic9ity ( butt]nut trees4 ,to save z _m ( ^! transplant$ trees z possible1 x 0 necess>y = me to sacrifice almo/ "o hundr$ f9e butt]nut trees by cutt+ !m (f close to ! gr\nd & prun+ all ! spr\ts t />t$4 ,o!r in/ances h also demon/rat$ to me ?is delet]i\s p[] ( butt]nut trees ov] ev]gre5s4 ,= ye>s1 ,i wat*$ a /ruggle betwe5 a small butt]nut tree & a l>ge ,mugho p9e4 ,gradually ! ,mugho p9e 0 succumb+4 ,at la/1 :5 ! p9e _h lo/ ov] half its bran*es on ! side ne> ! butt]nut1 ,i decid$ to take an active "p 9 ! fight4 ,i cut (f ! trunk ( ! butt]nut & prun$ (f all ( its spr\ts4 ,! butt]nut surr5d]$ & di$4 ,! ,mugho p9e took new he>t1 liv$ & aga9 fl\ri%$4 ,at ano!r "t1 ,i transplant$ sev]al ?\s& ,montana p9es1 ab\t ?irty or =ty ( :i* came )9 ! bran* limits ( a m$ium size butt]nut tree4 ,)9 a ye>1 ^! ?irty or m trees _h turn$ br[n & 7 completely dead1 :ile ^? imm$iately outside ! bran* area 7 dw>f$ & n at all ?rifty4 ,! trees f>!r f ! butt]nut 7 unaffect$ & grew consi/5tly well4 ,a simil> condition1 al?\gh n to ! same degree1 develop$ "u a :ite oak :]e m ,mugho p9es 7 gr[+4 ,ano!r in/ance occurr$ :5 a plant+ ( sev]al ?\s& ,colorado blue spruce 7 l9$ out & fell )9 ! area affect$ by two butt]nut trees4 ,! spruce 7 all dead )9 a few mon?s4 ,_m p h obs]v$ ! detrim5tal effect ( trees ( ! walnut family on alfalfa1 tomatoes & potatoes1 result+ 9 wilt+ & dy+4 ,x is ! root sy/ems ( ! walnut :i* are responsible = ?is damage4 ,app>5tly1 !re is "s *emical elaborat$ ne> ! surface ( ! roots1 & s5sitive plants1 ^: roots come 9 contact ) ei!r roots or gr\nd conta9+ ?is factor1 are injur$ & sometimes kill$ by x4 ,"o mu/ !re=e be v cauti\s ab\t tru/+ ^! trees z protectors ( _m ( ! ornam5tal & g>d5 plants4 ,i am c]ta91 f my own obs]vations1 t _! influ5ce on ev]gre5s is /rongly antagoni/ic4 ,on ano!r basis is ! association betwe5 catalpas & *e/nut trees gr[+ adjac5t to "o ano!r4 ,con/ructive symbiosis app>5tly develops :5 a "y *e/nut tree is plant$ )9 ! radius ( ! root sy/em ( a catalpa4 ,! latt] v def9itely influ5ces ! *e/nut tree to gr[ m vigor\sly ?an x o!rwise w\ld4 ,i h record$ my obs]vations ( ^! antagonisms & fri5d%ips betwe5 trees & plants to %[ t !y are a reality :i* %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation 9 gr\p+ & transplant+4 ,su* w>n+s are infrequ5t because "s p may mi/ake !m z condemnations ( c]ta9 favorite trees4 ,i d n int5d !m z su*1 = ^! plants are (t5 valuable & wor?:ile4 ,?is ability :i* !y h develop$ ?r\gh ! _m ye>s ( _! exi/5ce is a gu>antee ( ! /urd9ess & /r5g? ( _! family & species1 n at all a quality to be condemn$4 ,,conclusion ,if ,i _h writt5 ?is book tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i w\ld h prophesi$ a future = nut culture 9 ! nor?1 full ( wond]1 hope & pr(it4 ,if ,i _h writt5 x t5 ye>s ago1 ,i %\ld h fill$ x ) disc\ragem5t & disillusion4 ,n[1 aft] gr[+ su* trees = m ?an #cj ye>s1 ,i realize t ! tru? lies some:]e betwe5 ^! extremes1 b ne>] ! fir/4 ,x is seldom practical to move native trees v f> f _! natural range1 nor is x necess>y to d s 9 ?is "p ( ! nor?3 ,we h f\r f9e1 native nut trees3 ! hazel1 ! butt]nut1 ! black walnut & ! hickory4 ,9 my exp]i5ce1 ^! f\r h completely demon/rat$ _! practical wor?4 ,if comm]cialization is ! prim>y hope ( ! nut tree plant]1 he %\ld fir/ consid] ! l>ge1 h>dy hybrids1 kn[n z hazilb]ts1 :i* ,i h produc$ betwe5 a l>ge ,wiscons9 wild hazel & ,european filb]ts4 ,hazilb]ts equal ! be/ ,european filb]ts 9 e way1 )\t ! latt]'s disadvantage ( susceptibility to hazel blight & its lack ( h>d9ess4 ,!y are z h>dy z ! common wild hazel & are m adaptable to environm5t & soil conditions ?an any o!r native nut tree4 ,!y may be tra9$ into trees or all[$ to gr[ z l>ge bu%es4 ,l all o!r filb]ts & hazels1 !y1 too1 ne$ companion plants = cross poll9ization to obta9 full crops ( nuts4 ,! butt]nut is also a v adaptable tree4 ,no "o :o is acqua9t$ ) x1 que/ions ! quality ( ! butt]nut k]nel4 ,9 a good v>iety1 ! nuts %\ld crack out 9 halves & ! k]nels drop out readily4 ,s _m good v>ieties ( black walnuts are be+ propagat$1 ,i ne$ n say mu* ab\t !m1 except t _m ( ! be/ ones are n practical = ?is climate4 ,nurs]ym5 :o gr[ !m c give ! be/ advice ab\t v>ieties to anyone select+ black walnuts = or*>d plant+4 ,hickories are ! la/ ( ^! native trees to be recomm5d$ f a comm]cial /&po9t1 z !y are ! mo/ p>ticul> ab\t soil & climate4 ,h[ev]1 ) improv$ propagation me?ods & plant+ te*nique !y %\ld become "s day z valuable z pecan plantations h become valuable to ! s\?4 ,consid]+ ! nut tree z a doory>d tree1 an ornam5t r ?an a bus9ess1 makes x possible to include _m m species z suitable = gr[+ 9 ! nor?4 ,= ?is purpose1 ,i sugge/ he>tnuts1 *e/nuts1 pecans & hiccans4 ,! he>tnut tree is always "o to draw att5tion & int]e/1 picturesque 9 its leaves1 blossoms & clu/]s ( nuts4 ,la/1 b c]ta9ly n lea/ 9 x pot5tialities1 is ! ,engli% walnut4 ,i am c]ta9 t we %all h "s v>ieties ( ^! :i* w be h>dy en\gh to plant 9 ! nor?4 ,:5 ^! h be5 completely prov51 !y w be a delightful addition to ! numb] ( trees fl\ri%+ "h4 ,:at family w\ld n receive enjoym5t & satisfaction f hav+1 9 its doory>d1 a graci\s ,engli% walnut tree1 its spread+ bran*es lad5 ) nuts8 ,al?\gh ! comm]cial aspect ( produc+ hazilb]ts is engross+ me at ! pres5t "t1 my greate/ pleasure 9 nut culture /ill comes1 z x always %all come1 f actual "w ) ^! trees4 ,x is bo? a physical & m5tal tonic4 ,i recomm5d nut tree culture to ev]yone :o enjoys sp5d+ 8 "t out-(-doors1 :o is inspir$ by "w ( a creative nature1 & :o appreciates hav+ trees1 or ev5 "o tree1 ( 8 own4 ,sugge/$ read+ on ,nut ,tree ,culture3 ,nut ,gr[+ by ,morris ,nut ,gr[]s' ,h&book by ,bu% ,tree ,crops by ,j4 ,russell ,smi? ,! ,nut ,culturi/ by ,full] ,improv$ ,nut ,tree ( ,nor? ,am]ica by ,cl>5ce ,re$ ,annual ,reports ( ,n4,n4,g4,a4