,transcrib]'s ,note3  ,?is lecture 0    
tak5 f ,volume ,,iii ( ,! ,complete     
,works ( ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e1 ,dr4 ,osc> 
,levy1 ,ed41 ,j4 ,m4 ,k5n$y1            
,translator1 #aiaj     ,,hom] ,,&       
,,classical ,,philology4  7,inaugural   
,address deliv]$ at ,ble ,univ]sity1    
#bh? ( ,may #ahfi47   ,at ! pres5t day  
no cle> & consi/5t op9ion seems to be   
held reg>d+ ,classical ,philology4 ,we  
are consci\s ( ?is 9 ! circles ( ! le>n$
 j z mu* z among ! foll[]s ( t sci5ce   
itself4 ,! cause ( ?is lies 9 its       
_m-sid$ "*1 9 ! lack ( an ab/ract unity1
 & 9 ! inorganic aggregation (          
het]og5e\s sci5tific activities :i* are 
connect$ ) "o ano!r only by ! "n        
,philology4 ,x mu/ be freely admitt$ t  
philology is to "s ext5t borr[$ f sev]al
 o!r sci5ces1 & is mix$ toge!r l a magic
 potion f ! mo/ outl&i% liquors1 ores1 &
 bones4 ,x may ev5 be add$ t x likewise 
conceals )9 itself an arti/ic elem5t1 "o
 :i*1 on /hetic & e?ical gr\nds1 may be 
call$ imp]atival--an elem5t t acts 9    

opposition to its purely sci5tific      
behavi\r4 ,philology is compos$ ( hi/ory
 j z mu* z ( natural sci5ce or /hetics3 
hi/ory1 9 s f> z x endeav\rs to         
compreh5d ! manife/ations ( !           
individualities ( peoples 9 ev] new     
images1 & ! prevail+ law 9 !            
disappe>ance ( ph5om5a2 natural sci5ce1 
9 s f> z x /rives to fa?om ! deepe/     
in/9ct ( man1 t ( spee*2 /hetics1       
f9ally1 because f v>i\s antiquities at  
our disposal x endeav\rs to pick out !  
s-call$ classical antiquity1 ) ! view & 
pret5sion ( excavat+ ! ideal _w buri$ "u
 x1 & to hold up to ! pres5t ! mirror ( 
! classical & ev]la/+ /&>ds4 ,t ^! :olly
 diff]5t sci5tific & /hetico-e?ical     
impulses h be5 associat$ "u a common "n1
 a k9d ( %am mon>*y1 is %[n especially  
by ! fact t philology at e p]iod f its  
orig9 onw>ds 0 at ! same "t p$agogical4 
,f ! /&po9t ( ! p$agogue1 a *oice 0 (f]$
 ( ^? elem5ts :i* 7 ( ! greate/         
educational value2 & ?us t sci5ce1 or at
 lea/ t sci5tific aim1 :i* we call      

philology1 gradually develop$ out ( !   
practical call+ orig9at$ by ! exig5cies 
( t sci5ce itself4  ,^! philological    
aims 7 pursu$ sometimes ) great] ard\r &
 sometimes ) less1 9 accordance ) !     
degree ( culture & ! developm5t ( ! ta/e
 ( a p>ticul> p]iod2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !  
foll[]s ( ?is sci5ce are 9 ! habit (    
reg>d+ ! aims :i* correspond to _!      
sev]al abilities z ! aims ( philology2  
:5ce x comes ab\t t ! e/imation (       
philology 9 public op9ion dep5ds ^u !   
weight ( ! p]sonalities ( ! philologi/s6
  ,at ! pres5t "t--t is to say1 9 a     
p]iod :i* has se5 m5 di/+ui%$ 9 almo/ e 
dep>tm5t ( philology--a g5]al unc]ta9ty 
( judgm5t has increas$ m & m1 & likewise
 a g5]al relaxation ( int]e/ &          
p>ticipation 9 philological problems4   
,su* an undecid$ & imp]fect /ate (      
public op9ion is damag+ to a sci5ce 9 t 
its hidd5 & op5 enemies c "w ) mu* bett]
 prospects ( success4 ,& philology has a
 great _m su* enemies4 ,:]e d we n meet 
) !m1 ^! mock]s1 always ready to aim a  

bl[ at ! philological moles1 ! animals t
 practise du/-eat+ ex pr(esso1 & t grub 
up & eat = ! elev5? "t :at !y h already 
eat5 t5 times be=e4 ,= oppon5ts ( ?is   
sort1 h[ev]1 philology is m]ely a       
useless1 h>mless1 & in(f5sive pa/ime1 an
 object ( laught] & n ( hate4 ,b1 on !  
o!r h&1 !re is a b\ndless & infuriat$   
hatr$ ( philology :]ev] an ideal1 z su*1
 is fe>$1 :]e ! mod]n man falls d[n to  
wor%ip himself1 & :]e ,hell5ism is look$
 ^u z a sup]s$$ & h5ce v insignificant  
po9t ( view4 ,aga9/ ^! enemies1 we      
philologi/s mu/ always c\nt ^u !        
assi/ance ( arti/s & m5 ( arti/ic m9ds2 
= !y alone c judge h[ ! sword ( b>b>ism 
sweeps ov] ! head ( e "o :o loses sight 
( ! unutt]able simplicity & noble       
dignity ( ! ,hell5e2 & h[ no progress 9 
comm]ce or te*nical indu/ries1 h[ev]    
brilliant1 no s*ool regulations1 no     
political education ( ! masses1 h[ev]   
widespread & complete1 c protect u f !  
curse ( ridicul\s & b>b>ic (f5ces aga9/ 
good ta/e1 or f annihilation by !       

,gorgon head ( ! classici/4  ,:il/      
philology z a :ole is look$ on ) jeal\s 
eyes by ^! two classes ( oppon5ts1 !re  
are num]\s & v>i$ ho/ilities 9 o!r      
directions ( philology2 philologi/s     
!mselves are qu>rell+ ) "o ano!r2       
int]nal diss5sions are caus$ by useless 
disputes ab\t prec$5ce & mutual         
jeal\sies1 b especially by !            
diff]5ces--ev5 enmities--compris$ 9 ! "n
 ( philology1 :i* are n1 h[ev]1 by any  
means naturally h>monis$ in/9cts4       
,sci5ce has ?is 9 common ) art1 t ! mo/ 
ord9>y1 ev]yday ?+ appe>s to x z some?+ 
entirely new & attractive1 z if         
metamorphos$ by wit*craft & n[ se5 = !  
fir/ "t4 ,life is wor? liv+1 says art1 !
 beautiful temptress2 life is wor? kn[+1
 says sci5ce4 ,) ?is contra/ ! s        
he>tr5d+ & dogmatic tradition foll[s 9 a
 !ory1 & consequ5tly 9 ! practice (     
classical philology d]iv$ f ?is !ory4   
,we may consid] antiquity f a sci5tific 
po9t ( view2 we may try to look at :at  
has happ5$ ) ! eye ( a hi/orian1 or to  

arrange & comp>e ! l+ui/ic =ms ( anci5t 
ma/]pieces1 to br+ !m at all ev5ts "u a 
morphological law2 b we always lose !   
wond]ful creative =ce1 ! real fragrance1
 ( ! atmosph]e ( antiquity2 we =get t   
passionate emotion :i* in/9ctively drove
 our m$itation & enjoym5t back to !     
,greeks4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds we mu/ take 
notice ( a cle>ly det]m9$ & v surpris+  
antagonism :i* philology has great cause
 to regret4 ,f ! circles ^u ^: help we  
mu/ place ! mo/ implicit reliance--!    
arti/ic fri5ds ( antiquity1 ! w>m       
support]s ( ,hell5ic beauty & noble     
simplicity--we he> h>% voices cry+ out t
 x is precisely ! philologi/s !mselves  
:o are ! real oppon5ts & de/roy]s ( !   
ideals ( antiquity4 ,s*ill] upbraid$ !  
philologi/s ) hav+ scatt]$ ,hom]'s      
laurel cr[n to ! w9ds4 ,x 0 none o!r ?an
 ,goe! :o1 9 e>ly life a support] (     
,wolf's !ories reg>d+ ,hom]1 recant$ 9 !
 v]ses--       ,) subtle wit y took away
        ,our =m] adoration3      ,!     
,iliad1 y may u say1        ,0 m]e      

conglom]ation4      ,?9k x n crime 9 any
 way3        ,y\?'s f]v5t adoration     
,leads u to "k ! v]ity1        ,& feel !
 poet's unity4  ,! reason ( ?is want (  
piety & rev]5ce mu/ lie deep]2 & _m are 
9 d\bt z to :e!r philologi/s are lack+ 9
 arti/ic capacity & impressions1 s t !y 
are unable to d ju/ice to ! ideal1 or   
:e!r ! _s ( negation has become a       
de/ructive & iconocla/ic pr9ciple (     
!irs4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ev5 ! fri5ds (        
antiquity1 possess$ ( su* d\bts &       
hesitations1 po9t to our pres5t         
classical philology z some?+            
que/ionable1 :at influ5ce may we n      
ascribe to ! outbur/s ( ! reali/s & !   
claptrap ( ! h]oes ( ! pass+ h\r8 ,to   
answ] ! latt] on ?is occasion1          
especially :5 we consid] ! nature ( !   
pres5t assembly1 w\ld be highly         
injudici\s2 at any rate1 if ,i d n wi%  
to meet ) ! fate ( t sophi/ :o1 :5 9    
,sp>ta1 publicly und]took to praise &   
def5d ,h]akles1 :5 he 0 int]rupt$ ) !   
qu]y3 ,b :o !n has f\nd fault ) him8 ,i 

_c help ?9k+1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ^! scruples 
are /ill s\nd+ 9 ! e>s ( n a few 9 ?is  
ga!r+2 = !y may /ill be frequ5tly he>d f
 ! lips ( noble & arti/ically gift$     
m5--z ev5 an upright philologi/ mu/ feel
 !m1 & feel !m mo/ pa9fully1 at mom5ts  
:5 8 spirits are d[nca/4 ,= ! s+le      
individual !re is no deliv]ance f !     
diss5sions ref]r$ to2 b :at we cont5d & 
inscribe on our bann] is ! fact t       
classical philology1 z a :ole1 has no?+ 
:atsoev] to d ) ! qu>rels & bick]+s (   
its individual disciples4 ,! entire     
sci5tific & arti/ic movem5t ( ?is       
peculi> c5taur is b5t1 ?\gh ) cyclopic  
sl[ness1 ^u bridg+ ov] ! gulf betwe5 !  
ideal antiquity--:i* is p]haps only !   
magnific5t blossom+ ( ! ,teutonic long+ 
= ! s\?--& ! real antiquity2 & ?us      
classical philology pursues only ! f9al 
end ( its own be+1 :i* is ! fus+ toge!r 
( prim>ily ho/ile impulses t h only     
=cibly be5 br\ght toge!r4 ,let u talk z 
we w ab\t ! unatta9ability ( ?is goal1 &
 ev5 designate ! goal itself z an       

illogical pret5sion--! aspiration = x is
 v real2 & ,i %\ld l to try to make x   
cle> by an example t ! mo/ significant  
/eps ( classical philology nev] lead    
away f ! ideal antiquity1 b to x2 & t1 j
 :5 p are speak+ unw>rantably ( ! ov]?r[
 ( sacr$ %r9es1 new & m wor?y alt>s are 
be+ erect$4 ,let u !n exam9e ! s-call$  
,hom]ic "q f ?is /&po9t1 a "q ! mo/     
important problem ( :i* ,s*ill] call$ a 
s*ola/ic b>b>ism4  ,! important problem 
ref]r$ to is ! "q ( ! p]sonality (      
,hom]4  ,we n[ meet ev]y:]e ) ! firm    
op9ion t ! "q ( ,hom]'s p]sonality is no
 long] timely1 & t x is q a diff]5t ?+ f
 ! real ,hom]ic "q4 ,x may be add$ t1 = 
a giv5 p]iod--su* z our pres5t          
philological p]iod1 = example--! c5tre (
 discussion may be remov$ f ! problem ( 
! poet's p]sonality2 = ev5 n[ a pa9/ak+ 
exp]im5t is be+ made to recon/ruct !    
,hom]ic poems )\t ! aid ( p]sonality1   
treat+ !m z ! "w ( sev]al diff]5t       
p]sons4 ,b if ! c5tre ( a sci5tific "q  
is rightly se5 to be :]e ! swell+ tide (

 new views has ris5 up1 i4e4 :]e        
individual sci5tific inve/igation comes 
into contact ) ! :ole life ( sci5ce &   
culture--if any "o1 9 o!r words1        
indicates a hi/orico-cultural valuation 
z ! c5tral po9t ( ! "q1 he mu/ also1 9 !
 prov9ce ( ,hom]ic criticism1 take 8 /& 
^u ! "q ( p]sonality z be+ ! really     
fruitful oasis 9 ! des]t ( ! :ole       
argum5t4 ,= 9 ,hom] ! mod]n _w1 ,i w n  
say has le>nt1 b has exam9$1 a great    
hi/orical po9t ( view2 &1 ev5 )\t n[    
putt+ =w>d my own op9ion z to :e!r ?is  
exam9ation has be5 or c be happily c>ri$
 out1 x 0 at all ev5ts ! fir/ example ( 
! application ( t productive po9t (     
view4 ,by x s*ol>s le>nt to recognise   
cond5s$ beliefs 9 ! app>5tly firm1      
immobile figures ( ! life ( anci5t      
peoples2 by x !y = ! fir/ "t p]ceiv$ !  
wond]ful capability ( ! s\l ( a p to    
repres5t ! conditions ( its morals &    
beliefs 9 ! =m ( a p]sonality4 ,:5      
hi/orical criticism has confid5tly seiz$
 ^u ?is me?od ( evaporat+ app>5tly      

concrete p]sonalities1 x is p]missible  
to po9t to ! fir/ exp]im5t z an         
important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ces1 )\t
 consid]+ :e!r x 0 successful 9 ?is     
in/ance or n4  ,x is a common occurr5ce 
= a s]ies ( /rik+ signs & wond]ful      
emotions to prec$e an epo*-mak+         
discov]y4 ,ev5 ! exp]im5t ,i h j ref]r$ 
to has its own attractive hi/ory2 b x   
goes back to a surpris+ly anci5t era4   
,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,wolf has exactly       
indicat$ ! spot :]e ,greek antiquity    
dropp$ ! "q4 ,! z5i? ( ! hi/orico-lit]>y
 /udies ( ! ,greeks1 & h5ce also ( _!   
po9t ( greate/ importance--! ,hom]ic    
"q--0 rea*$ 9 ! age ( ! ,alex&rian      
gramm>ians4 ,up to ?is "t ! ,hom]ic "q  
_h run ?r\gh ! long *a9 ( a uni=m       
process ( developm5t1 ( :i* ! /&po9t (  
^? gramm>ians seem$ to be ! la/ l9k1 !  
la/1 inde$1 :i* 0 atta9able by          
antiquity4 ,!y conceiv$ ! ,iliad & !    
,odyssey z ! creations ( "o s+le ,hom]2 
!y decl>$ x to be psy*ologically        
possible = two su* diff]5t works to h   

sprung f ! bra9 ( "o g5ius1 9           
contradiction to ! ,*orizontes1 :o      
repres5t$ ! extreme limit ( ! scepticism
 ( a few deta*$ individuals ( antiquity 
r ?an antiquity itself consid]$ z a     
:ole4 ,to expla9 ! diff]5t g5]al        
impression ( ! two books on ! assumption
 t "o poet compos$ !m bo?1 s*ol>s s\ght 
assi/ance by ref]r+ to ! seasons ( !    
poet's life1 & comp>$ ! poet ( !        
,odyssey to ! sett+ sun4 ,! eyes ( ^?   
critics 7 tirelessly on ! look\t =      
discrepancies 9 ! language & ?\ghts ( ! 
two poems2 b at ?is "t also a hi/ory ( !
 ,hom]ic poem & its tradition 0 prep>$1 
accord+ to :i* ^! discrepancies 7 n due 
to ,hom]1 b to ^? :o committ$ 8 words to
 writ+ & ^? :o sang !m4 ,x 0 believ$ t  
,hom]'s poem 0 pass$ f "o g5]ation to   
ano!r viva voce1 & faults 7 attribut$ to
 ! improvis+ & at times =getful b>ds4   
,at a c]ta9 giv5 date1 ab\t ! "t (      
,pisi/ratus1 ! poems :i* _h be5 repeat$ 
orally 7 said to h be5 collect$ 9       
manuscript =m2 b ! scribes1 x is add$1  

all[$ !mselves to take "s lib]ties ) !  
text by transpos+ "s l9es & add+        
extrane\s matt] "h & !re4 ,?is entire   
hypo!sis is ! mo/ important 9 ! doma9 ( 
lit]>y /udies t antiquity has exhibit$2 
& ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! dissem9ation ( !    
,hom]ic poems by ^w ( m\?1 z oppos$ to !
 habits ( a book-le>n$ age1 %[s 9       
p>ticul> a dep? ( anci5t sagacity wor?y 
( our admiration4 ,f ^? times until !   
g5]ation t produc$ ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,wolf
 we mu/ take a jump ov] a long hi/orical
 vacuum2 b 9 our own age we f9d !       
argum5t left j z x 0 at ! "t :5 ! p[] ( 
controv]sy dep>t$ f antiquity1 & x is a 
matt] ( indiff]5ce to u t ,wolf accept$ 
z c]ta9 tradition :at antiquity itself  
_h set up only z a hypo!sis4 ,x may be  
rem>k$ z mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ?is hypo!sis  
t1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 ! p]sonality (     
,hom] is treat$ s]i\sly2 t a c]ta9 /&>d 
( inn] h>mony is ev]y:]e presuppos$ 9 ! 
manife/ations ( ! p]sonality2 & t1 ) ^! 
two excell5t auxili>y hypo!ses1 :atev]  
is se5 to be bel[ ?is /&>d & oppos$ to  

?is inn] h>mony is at once swept aside z
 un-,hom]ic4 ,b ev5 ?is di/+ui%+        
*>act]i/ic1 9 place ( wi%+ to recognise 
! sup]natural exi/5ce ( a tangible      
p]sonality1 asc5ds likewise ?r\gh all ! 
/ages t lead to t z5i?1 ) ev]-increas+  
en]gy & cle>ness4 ,individuality is ev] 
m /rongly felt & acc5tuat$2 !           
psy*ological possibility ( a s+le ,hom] 
is ev] m =cibly dem&$4 ,if we desc5d    
backw>ds f ?is z5i?1 /ep by /ep1 we f9d 
a guide to ! und]/&+ ( ! ,hom]ic problem
 9 ! p]son ( ,ari/otle4 ,hom] 0 = him ! 
flawless & untir+ arti/ :o knew 8 end & 
! means to atta9 x2 b !re is /ill a     
trace ( infantile criticism to be f\nd 9
 ,ari/otle--i4e41 9 ! naive concession  
he made to ! public op9ion t consid]$   
,hom] z ! au?or ( ! orig9al ( all comic 
epics1 ! ,m>gites4 ,if we g /ill fur!r  
backw>ds f ,ari/otle1 ! inability to    
create a p]sonality is se5 to increase2 
m & m poems are attribut$ to ,hom]2 & e 
p]iod lets u see its degree ( criticism 
by h[ mu* & :at x consid]s z ,hom]ic4 ,9

 ?is backw>d exam9ation1 we in/9ctively 
feel t away beyond ,h]odotus !re lies a 
p]iod 9 :i* an imm5se flood ( great     
epics has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! "n ( ,hom]4  
,let u imag9e ourselves z liv+ 9 ! "t ( 
,pisi/ratus3 ! ^w ,hom] !n compreh5d$ an
 abundance ( dissimil>ities4 ,:at 0     
meant by ,hom] at t "t8 ,x is evid5t t t
 g5]ation f\nd itself unable to grasp a 
p]sonality & ! limits ( its             
manife/ations4 ,hom] _h n[ become (     
small consequ5ce4 ,& !n we meet ) !     
weighty "q3 ,:at lies be=e ?is p]iod8   
,has ,hom]'s p]sonality1 because x _c be
 grasp$1 gradually fad$ away into an    
empty "n8 ,or _h all ! ,hom]ic poems be5
 ga!r$ toge!r 9 a body1 ! nation naively
 repres5t+ itself by ! figure ( ,hom]8  
,0 ! p]son creat$ out ( a conception1 or
 ! conception out ( a p]son8 ,?is is !  
real ,hom]ic "q1 ! c5tral problem ( !   
p]sonality4  ,! difficulty ( answ]+ ?is 
"q1 h[ev]1 is increas$ :5 we seek a     
reply 9 ano!r direction1 f ! /&po9t ( ! 
poems !mselves :i* h come d[n to u4 ,z x

 is difficult = u at ! pres5t day1 &    
necessitates a s]i\s ef=t on our "p1 to 
und]/& ! law ( gravitation cle>ly--t !  
e>? alt]s its =m ( motion :5 ano!r      
heav5ly body *anges its position 9      
space1 al?\gh no mat]ial connection     
unites "o to ! o!r--x likewise co/s u "s
 tr\ble to obta9 a cle> impression ( t  
wond]ful problem :i*1 l a co9 long pass$
 f h& to h&1 has lo/ its orig9al &      
highly conspicu\s /amp4 ,poetical works1
 :i* cause ! he>ts ( ev5 ! greate/      
g5iuses to fail :5 !y endeav\r to vie ) 
!m1 & 9 :i* unsurpassable images are    
held up = ! admiration ( po/]ity--& yet 
! poet :o wrote !m ) only a holl[1 %aky 
"n1 :5ev] we d lay hold on him2 n[h]e ! 
solid k]nel ( a p[]ful p]sonality4 ,= :o
 w\ld wage w> ) ! gods3 :o1 ev5 ) ! "o  
god8 asks ,goe! ev51 :o1 ?\gh a g5ius1  
/rove 9 va9 to solve t my/]i\s problem (
 ! ,hom]ic inaccessibility4  ,!         
conception ( popul> poetry seem$ to lead
 l a bridge ov] ?is problem--a deep] & m
 orig9al p[] ?an t ( e s+le creative    

individual 0 said to h become active2 ! 
happie/ p1 9 ! happie/ p]iod ( its      
exi/5ce1 9 ! highe/ activity ( fantasy &
 =mative p[]1 0 said to h creat$ ^?     
immeasurable poems4 ,9 ?is univ]sality  
!re is some?+ almo/ intoxicat+ 9 ! ?\ght
 ( a popul> poem3 we feel1 ) arti/ic    
pleasure1 ! broad1 ov]p[]+ lib]ation ( a
 popul> gift1 & we delight 9 ?is natural
 ph5om5on z we d 9 an uncontrollable    
cat>act4 ,b z soon z we exam9e ?is ?\ght
 at close qu>t]s1 we involunt>ily put a 
poetic mass ( p 9 ! place ( ! poetis+   
s\l ( ! p3 a long r[ ( popul> poets 9   
:om individuality has no mean+1 & 9 :om 
! tumultu\s movem5t ( a p's s\l1 !      
intuitive /r5g? ( a p's eye1 & ! unabat$
 pr(usion ( a p's fantasy1 7 once       
p[]ful3 a r[ ( orig9al g5iuses1 atta*$  
to a "t1 to a poetic g5us1 to a         
subject-matt]4  ,su* a conception ju/ly 
made p suspici\s4 ,c\ld x be possible t 
t same ,nature :o s sp>+ly di/ribut$ h] 
r>e/ & mo/ preci\s                      
production--g5ius--%\ld sudd5ly take !  

notion ( lavi%+ h] gifts 9 "o sole      
direction8 ,& "h ! ?orny "q aga9 made   
its appe>ance3 ,c\ld we n get along ) "o
 g5ius only1 & expla9 ! pres5t exi/5ce (
 t unatta9able excell5ce8 ,& n[ eyes 7  
ke5ly on ! look\t = :atev] t excell5ce &
 s+ul>ity might consi/ (4 ,impossible = 
x to be 9 ! con/ruction ( ! complete    
works1 said "o p>ty1 = ?is is f> f      
faultless2 b d\btless to be f\nd 9 s+le 
songs3 9 ! s+le pieces above all2 n 9 ! 
:ole4 ,a second p>ty1 on ! o!r h&1      
%elt]$ !mselves b5ea? ! au?ority (      
,ari/otle1 :o especially admir$ ,hom]'s 
div9e nature 9 ! *oice ( 8 entire       
subject1 & ! mann] 9 :i* he plann$ &    
c>ri$ x out4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is con/ruction
 0 n cle>ly se51 ?is fault 0 due to !   
way ! poems 7 h&$ d[n to po/]ity & n to 
! poet himself--x 0 ! result ( ret\*+s &
 int]polations1 ow+ to :i* ! orig9al    
sett+ ( ! "w gradually became obscur$4  
,! m ! fir/ s*ool look$ = inequalities1 
contradictions1 p]plexities1 ! m        
en]getically did ! o!r s*ool bru% aside 

:at 9 _! op9ion obscur$ ! orig9al plan1 
9 ord]1 if possible1 t no?+ might be    
left rema9+ b ! actual words ( ! orig9al
 epic itself4 ,! second s*ool ( ?\ght ( 
c\rse held fa/ by ! conception ( an     
epo*-mak+ g5ius z ! compos] ( ! great   
works4 ,! fir/ s*ool1 on ! o!r h&1 wav]$
 betwe5 ! supposition ( "o g5ius plus a 
numb] ( m9or poets1 & ano!r hypo!sis :i*
 assum$ only a numb] ( sup]ior & ev5    
m$iocre individual b>ds1 b also po/ulat$
 a my/]i\s dis*>g+1 a deep1 national1   
arti/ic impulse1 :i* %[s itself 9       
individual m9/rels z an almo/ indiff]5t 
m$ium4 ,x is to ?is latt] s*ool t we mu/
 attribute ! repres5tation ( ! ,hom]ic  
poems z ! expression ( t my/]i\s        
impulse4  ,all ^! s*ools ( ?\ght />t f !
 assumption t ! problem ( ! pres5t =m ( 
^! epics c be solv$ f ! /&po9t ( an     
/hetic judgm5t--b we mu/ await !        
decision z to ! au?oris$ l9e (          
dem>cation betwe5 ! man ( g5ius & !     
poetical s\l ( ! p4 ,are !re *>act]i/ic 
diff]5ces betwe5 ! utt]ances ( ! man (  

g5ius & ! poetical s\l ( ! p8  ,?is :ole
 contra/1 h[ev]1 is unju/ & mislead+4   
,!re is no m dang]\s assumption 9 mod]n 
/hetics ?an t ( popul> poetry &         
individual poetry1 or1 z x is usually   
call$1 arti/ic poetry4 ,?is is !        
reaction1 or1 if y w1 ! sup]/ition1 :i* 
foll[$ ^u ! mo/ mom5t\s discov]y (      
hi/orico-philological sci5ce1 ! discov]y
 & appreciation ( ! s\l ( ! p4 ,= ?is   
discov]y prep>$ ! way = a com+ sci5tific
 view ( hi/ory1 :i* 0 until !n1 & 9 _m  
respects is ev5 n[1 a m]e collection (  
mat]ials1 ) ! prospect t new mat]ials   
w\ld cont9ue to be add$1 & t ! huge1    
ov]fl[+ pile w\ld nev] be sy/ematically 
arrang$4 ,! p n[ und]/ood = ! fir/ "t t 
! long-felt p[] ( great] individualities
 & wills 0 l>g] ?an ! pitifully small w 
( an individual man2#a !y n[ saw t      
ev]y?+ truly great 9 ! k+dom ( ! w c\ld 
n h its deepe/ root 9 ! inefficaci\s &  
ephem]al individual w2 &1 f9ally1 !y n[ 
discov]$ ! p[]ful in/9cts ( ! masses1 & 
diagnos$ ^? unconsci\s impulses to be ! 

f\ndations & supports ( ! s-call$       
univ]sal hi/ory4 ,b ! newly-light$ flame
 also ca/ its %ad[3 & ?is %ad[ 0 none   
o!r ?an t sup]/ition already ref]r$ to1 
:i* popul> poetry set up 9 opposition to
 individual poetry1 & ?us enl>g$ !      
compreh5sion ( ! p's s\l to t ( ! p's   
m9d4 ,by ! misapplication ( a tempt+    
analogical inf]5ce1 p _h rea*$ ! po9t ( 
apply+ 9 ! doma9 ( ! intellect & arti/ic
 ideas t pr9ciple ( great] individuality
 :i* is truly applicable only 9 ! doma9 
( ! w4 ,! masses h nev] exp]i5c$ m      
flatt]+ treatm5t ?an 9 ?us hav+ ! laurel
 ( g5ius set ^u _! empty heads4 ,x 0    
imag9$ t new %ells 7 =m+ r\nd a small   
k]nel1 s to speak1 & t ^? pieces (      
popul> poetry orig9at$ l avalan*es1 9 ! 
drift & fl[ ( tradition4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1  
ready to consid] t k]nel z be+ ( !      
smalle/ possible dim5sions1 s t !y might
 occasionally get rid ( x altoge!r )\t  
los+ any?+ ( ! mass ( ! avalan*e4       
,accord+ to ?is view1 ! text itself & ! 
/ories built r\nd x are "o & ! same ?+4 

#a ,( c\rse ,nietzs*e saw aft]w>ds t ?is
 0 n s4--,,tr4  ,n[1 h[ev]1 su* a       
contra/ betwe5 popul> poetry &          
individual poetry does n exi/ at all2 on
 ! contr>y1 all poetry1 & ( c\rse popul>
 poetry also1 requires an int]m$i>y     
individuality4 ,?is mu*-abus$ contra/1  
!re=e1 is necess>y only :5 ! t]m        
individual poem is und]/ood to mean a   
poem :i* has n gr[n out ( ! soil (      
popul> feel+1 b :i* has be5 compos$ by a
 non-popul> poet 9 a non-popul>         
atmosph]e--some?+ :i* has come to       
maturity 9 ! /udy ( a le>n$ man1 =      
example4  ,) ! sup]/ition :i*           
presupposes poetis+ masses is connect$  
ano!r3 t popul> poetry is limit$ to "o  
p>ticul> p]iod ( a p's hi/ory & aft]w>ds
 dies out--:i* inde$ foll[s z a         
consequ5ce ( ! fir/ sup]/ition ,i h     
m5tion$4 ,accord+ to ?is s*ool1 9 !     
place ( ! gradually decay+ popul> poetry
 we h arti/ic poetry1 ! "w ( individual 
m9ds1 n ( masses ( p4 ,b ! same p[]s :i*
 7 once active are /ill s2 & ! =m 9 :i* 

!y act has rema9$ exactly ! same4 ,!    
great poet ( a lit]>y p]iod is /ill a   
popul> poet 9 no n>r[] s5se ?an ! popul>
 poet ( an illit]ate age4 ,! diff]5ce   
betwe5 !m is n 9 ! way !y orig9ate1 b x 
is _! diffusion & propagation1 9 %ort1  
tradition4 ,?is tradition is expos$ to  
et]nal dang] )\t ! help ( h&writ+1 &    
runs ! risk ( includ+ 9 ! poems ! rema9s
 ( ^? individualities ?r\gh ^: oral     
tradition !y 7 h&$ d[n4  ,if we apply   
all ^! pr9ciples to ! ,hom]ic poems1 x  
foll[s t we ga9 no?+ ) our !ory ( !     
poetis+ s\l ( ! p1 & t we are always    
ref]r$ back to ! poetical individual4   
,we are ?us confront$ ) ! task (        
di/+ui%+ t :i* c h orig9at$ only 9 a    
s+le poetical m9d f t :i* is1 s to      
speak1 swept up by ! tide ( oral        
tradition1 & :i* is a highly important  
con/itu5t "p ( ! ,hom]ic poems4  ,s9ce  
lit]>y hi/ory fir/ ceas$ to be a m]e    
collection ( names1 p h attempt$ to     
grasp & =mulate ! individualities ( !   
poets4 ,a c]ta9 me*anism =ms "p ( !     

me?od3 x mu/ be expla9$--i4e41 x mu/ be 
d$uc$ f pr9ciples--:y ?is or t          
individuality appe>s 9 ?is way & n 9 t4 
,p n[ /udy biographical details1        
environm5t1 acqua9tances1 contempor>y   
ev5ts1 & believe t by mix+ all ^!       
+r$i5ts toge!r !y w be able to          
manufacture ! wi%$-= individuality4 ,b  
!y =get t ! punctum sali5s1 ! indef9able
 individual *>act]i/ics1 c nev] be      
obta9$ f a comp\nd ( ?is nature4 ,! less
 !re is kn[n ab\t ! life & times ( !    
poet1 ! less applicable is ?is me*anism4
 ,:51 h[ev]1 we h m]ely ! works & ! "n (
 ! writ]1 x is almo/ impossible to      
detect ! individuality1 at all ev5ts1 = 
^? :o put _! fai? 9 ! me*anism 9 "q2 &  
p>ticul>ly :5 ! works are p]fect1 :5 !y 
are pieces ( popul> poetry4 ,= ! be/ way
 = ^! me*anicians to grasp individual   
*>act]i/ics is by p]ceiv+ deviations f !
 g5ius ( ! p2 ! ab]rations & hidd5      
allusions3 & ! few] discrepancies to be 
f\nd 9 a poem ! fa9t] w be ! traces ( ! 
individual poet :o compos$ x4  ,all ^?  

deviations1 ev]y?+ dull & bel[ ! ord9>y 
/&>d :i* s*ol>s ?9k !y p]ceive 9 !      
,hom]ic poems1 7 attribut$ to tradition1
 :i* ?us became ! scapegoat4 ,:at 0 left
 ( ,hom]'s own individual "w8 ,no?+ b a 
s]ies ( beautiful & prom95t passages    
*os5 9 accordance ) subjective ta/e4 ,! 
sum total ( /hetic s+ul>ity :i* e       
individual s*ol> p]ceiv$ ) 8 own arti/ic
 gifts1 he n[ call$ ,hom]4  ,?is is !   
c5tral po9t ( ! ,hom]ic errors4 ,! "n ( 
,hom]1 f ! v beg9n+1 has no connection  
ei!r ) ! conception ( /hetic p]fection  
or yet ) ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,hom] z 
! compos] ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey is n a
 hi/orical tradition1 b an /hetic       
judgm5t4  ,! only pa? :i* leads back    
beyond ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus & helps u to  
elucidate ! mean+ ( ! "n ,hom]1 takes   
its way on ! "o h& ?r\gh ! reports :i* h
 rea*$ u conc]n+ ,hom]'s bir?place3 f   
:i* we see t1 al?\gh 8 "n is always     
associat$ ) h]oic epic poems1 he is on !
 o!r h& no m ref]r$ to z ! compos] ( !  
,iliad & ! ,odyssey ?an z ! au?or ( !   

,!bais or any o!r cyclical epic4 ,on !  
o!r h&1 aga91 an old tradition tells ( !
 conte/ betwe5 ,hom] & ,hesiod1 :i*     
proves t :5 ^! two names 7 m5tion$ p    
in/9ctively ?\ght ( two epic t5d5cies1 !
 h]oic & ! didactic2 & t ! signification
 ( ! "n ,hom] 0 includ$ 9 ! mat]ial     
category & n 9 ! =mal4 ,?is imag9>y     
conte/ ) ,hesiod did n ev5 yet %[ !     
fa9te/ pres5tim5t ( individuality4 ,f ! 
"t ( ,pisi/ratus onw>ds1 h[ev]1 ) !     
surpris+ly rapid developm5t ( ! ,greek  
feel+ = beauty1 ! diff]5ces 9 ! /hetic  
value ( ^? epics cont9u$ to be felt m & 
m3 ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey arose f ! dep?s
 ( ! flood & h rema9$ on ! surface ev]  
s9ce4 ,) ?is process ( /hetic sep>ation1
 ! conception ( ,hom] gradually became  
n>r[]3 ! old mat]ial mean+ ( ! "n ,hom] 
z ! fa!r ( ! h]oic epic poem1 0 *ang$   
into ! /hetic mean+ ( ,hom]1 ! fa!r (   
poetry 9 g5]al1 & likewise its orig9al  
prototype4 ,?is trans=mation 0          
contempor>y ) ! rationali/ic criticism  
:i* made ,hom] ! magician out to be a   

possible poet1 :i* v9dicat$ ! mat]ial & 
=mal traditions ( ^? num]\s epics z     
aga9/ ! unity ( ! poet1 & gradually     
remov$ t heavy load ( cyclical epics f  
,hom]'s %\ld]s4  ,s ,hom]1 ! poet ( !   
,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 is an /hetic       
judgm5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means      
affirm$ aga9/ ! poet ( ^! epics t he 0  
m]ely ! imag9>y be+ ( an /hetic         
impossibility1 :i* c be ! op9ion ( only 
v few philologi/s inde$4 ,! majority    
cont5d t a s+le individual 0 responsible
 = ! g5]al design ( a poem su* z !      
,iliad1 & fur!r t ?is individual 0      
,hom]4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is cont5tion may be
 admitt$2 b1 9 accordance ) :at ,i h    
said1 ! latt] "p mu/ be d5i$4 ,& ,i v   
mu* d\bt :e!r ! majority ( ^? :o adopt !
 fir/ "p ( ! cont5tion h tak5 ! foll[+  
consid]ations into acc\nt4  ,! design ( 
an epic su* z ! ,iliad is n an entire   
:ole1 n an organism2 b a numb] ( pieces 
/rung toge!r1 a collection ( reflections
 arrang$ 9 accordance ) /hetic rules4 ,x
 is c]ta9ly ! /&>d ( an arti/'s         

greatness to note :at he c take 9 ) a   
s+le glance & set out 9 rhy?mical =m4 ,!
 inf9ite pr(usion ( images & incid5ts 9 
! ,hom]ic epic mu/ =ce u to admit t su* 
a wide range ( vision is next to        
impossible4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 a poet is      
unable to obs]ve arti/ically ) a s+le   
glance1 he usually piles conception on  
conception1 & endeav\rs to adju/ 8      
*>act]s accord+ to a compreh5sive s*eme4
  ,he w succe$ 9 ?is all ! bett] ! m he 
is famili> ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples (   
/hetics3 he w ev5 make "s believe t he  
made himself ma/] ( ! entire subject by 
a s+le p[]ful glance4  ,! ,iliad is n a 
g>l&1 b a bun* ( fl[]s4 ,z _m pictures z
 possible are cr[d$ on "o canvas2 b !   
man :o plac$ !m !re 0 indiff]5t z to    
:e!r ! gr\p+ ( ! collect$ pictures 0    
inv>iably suitable & rhy?mically        
beautiful4 ,he well knew t no "o w\ld   
ev] consid] ! collection z a :ole2 b    
w\ld m]ely look at ! individual p>ts4 ,b
 t /r++ toge!r ( "s pieces z !          
manife/ations ( a grasp ( art :i* 0 n   

yet highly develop$1 /ill less ?or\ghly 
compreh5d$ & g5]ally e/eem$1 _c h be5 ! 
real ,hom]ic de$1 ! real ,hom]ic        
epo*-mak+ ev5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is      
design is a lat] product1 f> lat] ?an   
,hom]'s celebrity4 ,^?1 !re=e1 :o look =
 ! orig9al & p]fect design are look+ = a
 m]e phantom2 = ! dang]\s pa? ( oral    
tradition _h rea*$ its end j z !        
sy/ematic arrangem5t appe>$ on ! sc5e2 !
 disfigurem5ts :i* 7 caus$ on ! way c\ld
 n h affect$ ! design1 = ?is did n =m "p
 ( ! mat]ial h&$ d[n f g5]ation to      
g5]ation4  ,! relative imp]fection ( !  
design mu/ n1 h[ev]1 prev5t u f see+ 9 !
 design] a diff]5t p]sonality f ! real  
poet4 ,x is n only probable t ev]y?+ :i*
 0 creat$ 9 ^? times ) consci\s /hetic  
insight1 0 inf9itely inf]ior to ! songs 
t sprang up naturally 9 ! poet's m9d & 7
 writt5 d[n ) in/9ctive p[]3 we c ev5   
take a /ep fur!r4 ,if we include !      
s-call$ cyclic poems 9 ?is comp>ison1   
!re rema9s = ! design] ( ! ,iliad & !   
,odyssey ! indisputable m]it ( hav+ done

 some?+ relatively great 9 ?is consci\s 
te*nical compos+3 a m]it :i* we might h 
be5 prep>$ to recognise f ! beg9n+1 &   
:i* is 9 my op9ion ( ! v fir/ ord] 9 !  
doma9 ( in/9ctive creation4 ,we may ev5 
be ready to pron\nce ?is syn!tisation ( 
great importance4 ,all ^? dull passages 
& discrepancies--deem$ ( su* importance1
 b really only subjective1 :i* we       
usually look ^u z ! petrifi$ rema9s ( ! 
p]iod ( tradition--are n ^! p]haps m]ely
 ! almo/ necess>y evils :i* mu/ fall to 
! lot ( ! poet ( g5ius :o und]takes a   
composition virtually )\t a p>allel1 &1 
fur!r1 "o :i* proves to be (            
incalculable difficulty8  ,let x be not$
 t ! insight into ! mo/ div]se op]ations
 ( ! in/9ctive & ! consci\s *anges !    
position ( ! ,hom]ic problem2 & 9 my    
op9ion ?r[s light ^u x4  ,we believe 9 a
 great poet z ! au?or ( ! ,iliad & !    
,odyssey--b n t ,hom] 0 ?is poet4  ,!   
decision on ?is po9t has already be5    
giv54 ,! g5]ation t inv5t$ ^? num]\s    
,hom]ic fables1 t poetis$ ! my? ( !     

conte/ betwe5 ,hom] & ,hesiod1 & look$  
^u all ! poems ( ! epic cycle z ,hom]ic1
 did n feel an /hetic b a mat]ial       
s+ul>ity :5 x pron\nc$ ! "n ,hom]4 ,?is 
p]iod reg>ds ,hom] z belong+ to ! ranks 
( arti/s l ,orpheus1 ,eumolpus1 ,ddalus1
 & ,olympus1 ! my?ical discov]]s ( a new
 bran* ( art1 to :om1 !re=e1 all ! lat] 
fruits :i* grew f ! new bran* 7         
?ankfully d$icat$4  ,& t wond]ful g5ius 
to :om we owe ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey     
belongs to ?is ?ankful po/]ity3 he1 too1
 sacrific$ 8 "n on ! alt> ( ! primeval  
fa!r ( ! ,hom]ic epic1 ,hom]os4  ,up to 
?is po9t1 g5tlem51 ,i ?9k ,i h be5 able 
to put be=e y ! fundam5tal philosophical
 & /hetic *>act]i/ics ( ! problem ( !   
p]sonality ( ,hom]1 keep+ all m9or      
details rigor\sly at a di/ance1 on !    
supposition t ! prim>y =m ( ?is         
widespread & honeycomb$ m\nta9 kn[n z ! 
,hom]ic "q c be mo/ cle>ly obs]v$ by    
look+ d[n at x f a f>-(f height4 ,b ,i h
 also1 ,i imag9e1 recall$ two facts to  
^? fri5ds ( antiquity :o take su*       

delight 9 accus+ u philologi/s ( lack ( 
piety = great conceptions & an          
unproductive zeal = de/ruction4 ,9 !    
fir/ place1 ^? great conceptions--su*1 =
 example1 z t ( ! indivisible &         
inviolable poetic g5ius1 ,hom]--7 dur+ !
 pre-,wolfian p]iod only too great1 &   
h5ce inw>dly altoge!r empty & elusive :5
 we n[ try to grasp !m4 ,if classical   
philology goes back aga9 to ! same      
conceptions1 & once m tries to p\r new  
w9e into old bottles1 x is only on !    
surface t ! conceptions are ! same3     
ev]y?+ has really become new2 bottle &  
m9d1 w9e & ^w4 ,we ev]y:]e f9d traces ( 
! fact t philology has liv$ 9 company ) 
poets1 ?9k]s1 & arti/s = ! la/ hundr$   
ye>s3 :5ce x has n[ come ab\t t ! heap (
 a%es =m]ly po9t$ to z classical        
philology is n[ turn$ into fruitful &   
ev5 ri* soil4#b  #b ,nietzs*e p]ceiv$   
lat] on t ?is /atem5t 01 un=tunately1 n 
ju/ifi$4--,,tr4  ,& !re is a second fact
 :i* ,i %\ld l to recall to ! memory (  
^? fri5ds ( antiquity :o turn _!        

dissatisfi$ backs on classical          
philology4 ,y hon\r ! immortal          
ma/]pieces ( ! ,hell5ic m9d 9 poetry &  
sculpture1 & ?9k y\rselves s mu* m      
=tunate ?an prec$+ g5]ations1 :i* _h to 
d )\t !m2 b y mu/ n =get t ?is :ole     
fairyl& once lay buri$ "u m\nta9s (     
prejudice1 & t ! blood & sweat & ardu\s 
lab\r ( innum]able foll[]s ( our sci5ce 
7 all necess>y to lift up t _w f ! *asm 
into :i* x _h sunk4 ,we grant t         
philology is n ! creator ( ?is _w1 n !  
compos] ( t immortal music2 b is x n a  
m]it1 & a great m]it1 to be a m]e       
virtuoso1 & let ! _w = ! fir/ "t he> t  
music :i* lay s long 9 obscurity1       
despis$ & undeciph]able8 ,:o 0 ,hom]    
previ\sly to ,wolf's brilliant          
inve/igations8 ,a good old man1 kn[n at 
be/ z a natural g5ius1 at all ev5ts !   
*ild ( a b>b>ic age1 replete ) faults   
aga9/ good ta/e & good morals4 ,let u   
he> h[ a le>n$ man ( ! fir/ rank writes 
ab\t ,hom] ev5 s late z #aghc3 ,:]e does
 ! good man live8 ,:y did he rema9 s    

long incognito8 ,apropos1 c't y get me a
 silh\ette ( him8  ,we dem& ?anks--n 9  
our own "n1 = we are b atoms--b 9 ! "n (
 philology itself1 :i* is inde$ nei!r a 
,muse nor a ,grace1 b a mess5g] ( !     
gods3 & j z ! ,muses desc5d$ ^u ! dull &
 torm5t$ ,boeotian peasants1 s          
,philology comes into a _w full ( gloomy
 col\rs & pictures1 full ( ! deepe/1 mo/
 incurable woes2 & speaks to m5 com=t+ly
 ( ! beautiful & godlike figure ( a     
di/ant1 rosy1 & happy fairyl&4  ,x is "t
 to close2 yet be=e ,i d s a few words (
 a p]sonal "* mu/ be add$1 ju/ifi$1 ,i  
hope1 by ! occasion ( ?is lecture4  ,x  
is b "r t a philologi/ %\ld describe 8  
end & ! means to x 9 ! %ort =mula ( a   
confession ( fai?2 & let ?is be done 9 !
 say+ ( ,s5eca :i* ,i ?us rev]se--      
,philosophia facta e/ qu philologia     
fuit4  ,by ?is ,i wi% to signify t all  
philological activities %\ld be enclos$ 
& surr\nd$ by a philosophical view (    
?+s1 9 :i* ev]y?+ individual & isolat$  
is evaporat$ z some?+ dete/able1 & 9 :i*

 great homog5e\s views alone rema94 ,n[1
 !re=e1 t ,i h enunciat$ my philological
 cre$1 ,i tru/ y w give me cause to hope
 t ,i %all no long] be a /rang] among y3
 give me ! assurance t 9 work+ ) y t[>ds
 ?is end ,i am wor?ily fulfill+ !       
confid5ce ) :i* ! highe/ au?orities (   
?is community h hon\r$ me4