de ,france 7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr7 ,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution----,,bureau ,,( ,,e?nology4 ,,animal ,,c>v+s ,,f ,,m\nds ,,( ,,! ,,mississippi ,,valley4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,w4 ,,h5%aw4 ,,cont5ts4 ,introductory #abc ,manatee #abe ,t\can #ace ,p>oquet #aci ,k ( tropical animals by ,m\nd-,build]s #adb ,o!r errors ( id5tification #add ,skill 9 sculpture ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s #adh ,g5]alization n design$ #adi ,probable totemic orig9 #aej ,animal m\nds #aeb ,! ,elephant m\nd #aeb ,! ,alligator m\nd #aeh ,human sculptures #afj ,indian & m\nd-build]s' art comp>$ #afd ,g5]al conclusions #aff ,,illu/rations4 ,fig4 #d4--,ott] f ,squi] & ,davis #abh #e4--,ott] f ,squi] & ,davis #abh #f4--,ott] f ,rau4 ,manatee f ,/ev5s #abi #g4--,manatee f ,/ev5s #abi #h4--,lamant9 or ,sea-,c[ f ,squi] & ,davis #acj #i4--,lamant9 or ,sea-,c[ f ,squi] #acj #aj4--,manatee 7,manatus ,am]icanus1 ,cuv47 #acb #aa4--,manatee 7,manatus ,am]icanus1 ,cuv47 #acb #ab4--;,c9c9nati ,tablet--back4 ,f ,squi] & ,davis #acc #ac4--;,c9c9nati ,tablet--back4 ,f ,%ort #acd #ad4--,t\can f ,squi] & ,davis #ace #ae4--,t\can f ,squi] & ,davis #ace #af4--,t\can f ,squi] & ,davis #acf #ag4--,t\can z figur$ by ,/ev5s #acg #ah4--,keel-bill$ ,t\can ( ,s\!rn ,mexico #aci #ai4--,p>oquet f ,squi] & ,davis #adj #bj4--,owl f ,squi] & ,davis #add #ba4--;,gr\se f ,squi] & ,davis #add #bb4--,turkey-buzz>d f ,squi] & ,davis #ade #bc4--;,*]ry-bird #ade #bd4--,woodpeck] #adf #be4--;,eagle f ,squi] & ,davis #adf #bf4--,rattlesnake f ,squi] & ,davis #adg #bg4--;,big ,elephant ,m\nd 9 ,grant ,c\nty1 ,wiscons9 #aec #bh4--;,elephant ,pipe4 ,i[a #aee #bi4--;,elephant ,pipe4 ,i[a #aef #cj4--,! ,alligator ,m\nd ne> ,granville1 ,ohio #aei #ca4--;,c>v+s ( heads #afb #cb4--;,c>v+s ( heads #afb #cc4--;,c>v+s ( heads #afb #cd4--;,c>v+ ( head #afc #ce4--;,c>v+ ( head #afc ,,animal ,,c>v+s ,,f ,,m\nds ,,( ,,! ,,mississippi ,,valley4 ,,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,h5%aw4 ,,introductory4 ,! consid]able degree ( decorative & arti/ic skill atta9$ by ! s-call$ ,m\nd-,build]s1 z evid5c$ by _m ( ! relics t h be5 exhum$ f ! m\nds1 has n fail$ to arre/ ! att5tion ( ar*aeologi/s4 ,among !m1 inde$1 are f\nd n a few :o ass]t = ! p conv5i5tly designat$ z above a degree ( arti/ic skill v f> sup]ior to t atta9$ by ! pres5t race ( ,indians z !y h be5 kn[n to hi/ory4 ,9 fact1 ?is v skill 9 arti/ic design1 ass]t$ = ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 z indicat$ by ! sculptures !y h left1 =ms an important l9k 9 ! *a9 ( argum5t ^u :i* is bas$ ! !ory ( _! diff]5ce f & sup]iority to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian4 ,em95t z is mu* ( ! au?ority :i* ?us cont5ds = an arti/ic ability on ! "p ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s f> 9 advance ( ! atta9m5ts ( ! pres5t ,indian 9 ! same l9e1 ! "q is "o admitt+ ( argum5t2 & if "s ( ! be/ products ( arti/ic h&icraft ( ! pres5t ,indians be comp>$ ) objects ( a simil> nature tak5 f ! m\nds1 x is m ?an d\btful if ! arti/ic inf]iority ( ! latt]-day ,indian c be sub/antiat$4 ,def]r+1 h[ev]1 = ! pres5t1 any comp>ison betwe5 ! arti/ic ability ( ! ,m\nd-,build] & ! mod]n ,indian1 att5tion may be turn$ to a class ( objects f ! m\nds1 notable1 inde$1 = ! skill ) :i* !y are wr\ght1 b to be consid]$ fir/ 9 ano!r way & = ano!r purpose ?an m]e arti/ic comp>ison4 ,z ! t]m ,m\nd-,build]s w recur _m times ?r\gh\t ?is pap]1 & z ! phrase has be5 object$ to by "s ar*aeologi/s on acc\nt ( its indef9it5ess1 x may be well to /ate t x is employ$ "h ) its commonly accept$ signification1 viz3 z appli$ to ! p :o =m]ly liv$ ?r\gh\t ! ,mississippi ,valley & rais$ ! m\nds ( t region4 ,x %\ld also be cle>ly und]/ood t by its use ! writ] is n to be consid]$ z committ+ himself 9 any way to ! !ory t ! ,m\nd-,build]s 7 ( a diff]5t race f ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian4 ,among ! m int]e/+ objects left by ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 pipes occupy a prom95t place4 ,?is is p>tly due to _! numb]1 pipes be+ among ! m common articles une>!d by ! labors ( explor]s1 b m to ! fact t 9 ! con/ruction ( _! pipes ?is p exhibit$ _! greate/ skill 9 ! way ( sculpture4 ,9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o hold t ! ,m\nd-,build]s 7 ! ance/ors ( ! pres5t ,indians1 or1 at lea/1 t !y 7 n necess>ily ( a diff]5t race1 ! sup]iority ( _! pipe sculpture ov] _! o!r works ( art excites no surprise1 s9ce1 h[ev] prom95t a place ! pipe may h held 9 ! affections ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 x is c]ta9 t x has be5 an object ( no less e/eem & rev]5ce among ! ,indians ( hi/ory4 ,c]ta9ly no "o in/itution1 = s x may be call$1 0 m firmly fix$ by long usage among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 or m *>act]i/ic ( !m1 ?an ! pipe1 ) all its v>i$ uses & significance4 ,p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic arti/ic feature display$ 9 ! pipe sculpture ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 z has be5 well po9t$ out by ,wilson1 9 8 ,prehi/oric ,man1 is ! t5d5cy exhibit$ t[>d ! imitation ( natural objects1 especially birds & animals1 a rem>k1 x may be said 9 pass+1 :i* applies ) almo/ equal tru? to ! art productions g5]ally ( ! pres5t ,indians ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,z "s ( ^! sculptur$ animals f ! m\nds h excit$ mu* int]e/ 9 ! m9ds ( ar*aeologi/s1 & h be5 made ! basis ( mu* speculation1 _! exam9ation & prop] id5tification becomes a matt] ( consid]able importance4 ,x w !re=e be ! ma9 purpose ( ! pres5t pap] to exam9e critically ! evid5ce (f]$ 9 behalf ( ! id5tification ( ! m important ( !m4 ,if x %all prove1 z is believ$ to be ! case1 t s]i\s mi/akes ( id5tification h be5 made1 att5tion w be call$ to ^! & ! mann] po9t$ out 9 :i* c]ta9 !ories h naturally en\gh result$ f ! premises ?us errone\sly e/abli%$4 ,x may be premis$ t ! writ] und]took ! exam9ation ( ! c>v+s ) no !ories ( 8 own to propose 9 place ( ^? hi!rto advanc$4 ,9 fact1 _! critical exam9ation may almo/ be said to h be5 ! result ( accid5t4 ,hav+ made ! birds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 8 /udy = sev]al ye>s1 ! writ] glanc$ ov] ! bird c>v+s 9 ! mo/ cursory mann]1 be+ curi\s to see :at species 7 repres5t$4 ,! inaccurate id5tification ( "s ( ^! by ! au?ors ( ,! ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley l$ to ! exam9ation ( ! s]ies z a :ole1 & subsequ5tly to ! discussion !y _h receiv$ at ! h&s ( v>i\s au?ors4 ,! c>v+s are1 !re=e1 "h consid]$ r f ! /&-po9t ( ! naturali/ ?an ! ar*aeologi/4 ,believ+ t ! "q fir/ 9 importance conc]ns _! actual resemblances1 sub/antially ! same k9d ( critical /udy is appli$ to !m :i* !y w\ld receive 7 !y f ! h&s ( a mod]n zoological arti/4 ,su* a c\rse has obvi\s disadvantages1 s9ce x places ! "w ( m5 :o 7 91 at be/1 b a semi-civiliz$ condition on a mu* high] plane ?an o!r facts w\ld seem to ju/ify4 ,x may be urg$1 z ! writ] inde$ believes1 t ! accuracy suffici5t = ! specific id5tification ( ^! c>v+s is n to be expect$ ( m5 9 ! /ate ( culture ! ,m\nd-,build]s are g5]ally suppos$ to h atta9$4 ,to :i* answ] may be made t x is precisely on ! supposition t ! c>v+s 7 accurate copies f nature t ! !ories respect+ !m h be5 promulgat$ by ar*aeologi/s4 ,on no o!r supposition c\ld su* !ories h be5 advanc$4 ,s accurate inde$ h !y be5 deem$ t !y h be5 directly comp>$ ) ! "w ( mod]n arti/s1 z w be notic$ h]eaft]4 ,h5ce ! me?od "h adopt$ 9 _! /udy seems to be n only ! be/1 b ! only "o likely to produce def9ite results4 ,if x be f\nd t !re are good reasons = pron\nc+ ! c>v+s n to be accurate copies f nature1 & ( a l[] arti/ic /&>d ?an has be5 suppos$1 x w rema9 = ! ar*aeologi/ to det]m9e h[ f> _! unlik5ess to ! animals !y h be5 suppos$ to repres5t c be attribut$ to %ortcom+s naturally p]ta9+ to b>b>ic art4 ,if he *oose to assume t !y 7 really int5d$ z imitations1 al?\gh 9 _m p>ticul>s unlike ! animals he wi%es to believe !m to repres5t1 & t !y are z close copies z c be expect$ f sculptors n possess$ ( skill adequate to c>ry out _! rude conceptions1 he w practically h ab&on$ ! position tak5 by _m prom95t ar*aeologi/s ) respect to ! m\nd sculptors' skill1 & w be =c$ to accord !m a position on ! plane ( art n sup]ior to ! "o occupi$ by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,if x %\ld prove t b a small m9ority ( ! c>v+s c be specifically id5tifi$1 ow+ to inaccuracies & to _! g5]al resemblance1 he may inde$ g ev5 fur!r & conclude t !y =m a v unsafe basis = d$uctions t owe _! v exi/5ce to assum$ accurate imitation4 ,,manatee4 ,9 #ahdh ,squi] & ,davis publi%$ _! great "w on ! ,m\nds ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! skill & zeal ) :i* ^! g5tlem5 prosecut$ _! rese>*es 9 ! field1 & ! ability & fidelity :i* m>k ! pres5tation ( _! results to ! public are suffici5tly atte/$ by ! fact t ?is volume has prov$ alike ! m9e f :i* subsequ5t writ]s h drawn _! mo/ important facts1 & ! *ief inspiration = ! va/ am\nt ( "w 9 ! same direction s9ce und]tak54 ,on pages #bea & #beb ( ! above-m5tion$ "w appe> figures ( an animal :i* is !re call$ ,lamant91 ,manitus1 or ,sea ,c[1 conc]n+ :i* animal x is /at$ t sev5 sculptur$ repres5tations h be5 tak5 f ! m\nds4 ,:5 fir/ discov]$1 ! au?ors cont9ue1 x 0 suppos$ !y 7 mon/r\s creations ( fancy2 b subsequ5t inve/igations & comp>ison h %[n t !y are fai?ful repres5tations ( "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> animal productions ( ! _w4 ,^! au?ors appe> to h be5 ! fir/ to note ! suppos$ lik5ess ( c]ta9 ( ! sculptur$ =ms f\nd 9 ! m\nds to animals liv+ 9 remote regions4 ,t !y 7 n sl[ to p]ceive ! e?nological int]e/ & value ( ! discov]y is %[n by ! fact t x 0 imm$iately adduc$ by !m z af=d+ a clew to ! possible orig9 ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s4 ,! importance !y atta*$ to ! discov]y & _! int]pretation ( its significance w be app>5t f ! foll[+ quotation 7p4 #bdb73 ,"s ( ^! sculptures h a value1 s f> z e?nological rese>* is conc]n$1 mu* high] ?an !y c claim z m]e works ( art4 ,?is value is d]iv$ f ! fact t !y fai?fully repres5t animals & birds peculi> to o!r latitudes1 ?us e/abli%+ a migration1 a v ext5sive int]communication or a contemporane\s exi/5ce ( ! same race ov] a va/ ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,! idea ?us sugge/$ fell on fruitful gr\nd1 & ea* succe$+ writ] :o has attempt$ to %[ t ! ,m\nd-,build]s 7 ( a race diff]5t f ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 or _h o!r ?an an auto*?on\s orig91 has n fail$ to lay especial /ress ^u ! pres5ce 9 ! m\nds ( sculptures ( ! manatee1 z well z ( o!r /range bea/s & birds1 c>v$ evid5tly by ! same h&s t portray$ _m ( our native fauna4 ,except t ! !ories bas$ ^u ! sculptures h by rec5t writ]s be5 annunciat$ m positively & giv5 a wid] range1 !y h be5 left almo/ precisely z set =? by ! au?ors ( ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts1 :ile absolutely no?+ appe>s to h be5 br\ght to light s9ce _! "t 9 ! way ( additional sculptur$ evid5ce ( ! same "*4 ,x is inde$ a little curi\s to note ! p]fect unanimity ) :i* mo/ writ]s fall back ^u ! above au?ors z at once ! s\rce ( ! data !y adduce 9 support ( ! sev]al !ories1 & z _! f9al1 nay1 _! only1 au?ority4 ,n[ & !n "o w be f\nd to diss5t f "s p>ticul> bit ( evid5ce z ann\nc$ by ,squi] & ,davis1 or to give a some:at diff]5t turn to ! conclusions d]ivable f ! te/imony (f]$ by !m4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ! !ories fir/ ann\nc$ by ! au?ors ( ,anci5t ,monum5ts1 z ! result ( _! /udy ( ! m\nd sculptures1 are ^? t pass curr5t to-day4 ,p>ticul> att5tion may be call$ to ! deep & la/+ impression made by ! /atem5ts ( ^! au?ors z to ! great beauty & high /&>d ( excell5ce exhibit$ by ! m\nd sculptures4 ,s9ce _! "t writ]s appe> to be well satisfi$ to express _! own admiration 9 ! t]ms made use ( by ,squi] & ,davis4 ,"o might1 inde$1 almo/ suppose t rec5t writ]s h n d>$ to tru/ to ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! orig9al c>v+s or _! fac-similes1 b h pref]r$ to take ! ^w ( ! au?ors ( ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts = beauties :i* 7 p]haps hidd5 f _! own eyes4 ,foll[+ ! lead ( ! au?ors ( ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts1 also1 ) respect to !ories ( orig91 ^! c>v+s ( suppos$ =eign animals are (f]$ z af=d+ inconte/ible evid5ce t ! ,m\nd-,build]s mu/ h migrat$ f or h _h int]c\rse1 direct or indirect1 ) ! regions kn[n to h>bor ^! animals4 ,7 x n1 inde$1 = ! evid5t arti/ic simil>ity betwe5 ^! c>v+s ( suppos$ =eign animals & ^? ( common dome/ic =ms--a simil>ity :i*1 z ,squi] & ,davis rem>k1 r5d] !m indi/+ui%able1 s f> z mat]ial & workman%ip are conc]n$1 f an entire class ( rema9s f\nd 9 ! m\nds--! pres5ce ( mo/ ( !m c\ld readily be acc\nt$ = ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( trade1 ! f> rea*+ nature ( :i*1 ev5 among ! wild] tribes1 is well und]/ood4 ,trade1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( an animal l ! manatee1 f\nd no m ?an a ?\s& miles di/ant f ! po9t :]e ! sculpture 0 dug up1 w\ld (f] a possible if n a probable solution ( ! matt]4 ,b indep5d5tly ( ! fact t ! practically id5tical "* ( all ! c>v+s r5d] ! !ory ( trade q unt5able1 ! v p]t95t "q arises1 :y1 if ^! suppos$ manatee pipes 7 d]iv$ by trade f o!r regions1 h n simil> c>v+s be5 f\nd 9 ^? regions1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,florida & ! ,gulf ,/ates1 a region ( :i* ! ar*aeology is fairly well kn[n4 ,primitive man1 z is ! case ) 8 civiliz$ bro!r1 trades usually out ( 8 abundance2 s t n sev51 b _m times sev51 manatee pipes %\ld be f\nd at ! c5t] ( trade4 ,z x is1 ! kn[n home ( ! manatee has furni%$ no c>v+s ei!r ( ! manatee or ( any?+ sugge/ive ( x4 ,! possibility ( ! manatee hav+ 9 pa/ times possess$ a wid] range ?an at pres5t seems to h be5 ov]look$4 ,b z a matt] ( fact ! probability t ! manatee ev] rang$1 9 comp>atively mod]n times at lea/1 z f> nor? z ,ohio )\t leav+ o!r traces ( its pres5ce ?an a few sculptur$ repres5tations at ! h&s ( an anci5t p is too small to be ent]ta9$4 ,nor is ! supposition t ! ,m\nd-,build]s held contemporane\s possession ( ! c\ntry embrac$ 9 ! range ( ! animals ^: effigies are suppos$ to h be5 exhum$ f _! graves wor?y ( s]i\s discussion4 ,if true1 x w\ld involve ! contemporane\s occupancy by ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 n only ( ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates b ( ! region /ret*+ into ,s\!rn ,mexico1 & ev51 accord+ to ! ideas ( "s au?ors1 into ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 an area :i*1 x is ne$less to say1 no kn[n facts w = a mom5t ju/ify u 9 suppos+ a p ( "o blood to h occupi$ contemporane\sly4 ,assum+1 !re=e1 t ! sculptures 9 "q are ! "w ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s & are n d]iv$ f di/ant p>ts ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( trade1 ( :i* !re w\ld appe> to be little d\bt1 &1 assum+ t ! sculptures repres5t ! animals !y h be5 suppos$ to repres5t--( :i* some?+ rema9s to be said--! !ory t ! acqua9tance ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s ) ^! animals 0 made 9 a region f> di/ant f ! "o to :i* !y subsequ5tly migrat$ w\ld seem to be n unwor?y ( att5tion4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 be=e advanc+ !ories to acc\nt = facts to fir/ consid] ! facts !mselves1 & 9 ?is case to seek an answ] to ! "q h[ f> ! id5tification ( ^! c>v+s ( suppos$ =eign animals is to be tru/$4 ,be=e notic+ 9 detail ! c>v+s suppos$ by ,squi] & ,davis to repres5t ! manatee1 x w be well to glance at ! c>v+s ( ano!r animal figur$ by ! same au?ors :i*1 x is believ$1 has a close connection ) !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,ott]4 ,f ,anci5t ,monum5ts4 ,figure #d is id5tifi$ by ! au?ors ( ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts 7,fig4 #aef7 z an ott]1 & few naturali/s w hesitate 9 pron\nc+ x to be a v good lik5ess ( t animal2 ! %ort broad e>s1 broad head & exp&$ sn\t1 ) ! %ort1 /rong legs1 w\ld seem to belong unmi/akably to ! ott]4 ,add$ to all ^! is ! indication ( its fi%-cat*+ habits4 ,hav+ ?us correctly id5tifi$ ?is animal1 & ) x be=e !m1 x c]ta9ly reflects little cr$it ^u ! zoological k ( ! au?ors & _! p[]s ( discrim9ation to ref] ! next figure 7,anci5t ,monum5ts1 ,fig4 #aeg7 to ! same animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,ott] ( ,squi] & ,davis4 ,( a totally diff]5t %ape & physiognomy1 if int5d$ z an ott] x c]ta9ly implies an amaz+ want ( skill 9 its au?or4 ,h[ev] x is assur$ly n an ott]1 b is d\btless an unf9i%$ or rudely execut$ gr\nd squirrel1 ( :i* animal x conveys 9 a g5]al way a good idea1 ! *>act]i/ic attitude ( ?is little rod5t1 sitt+ up ) paws ext5d$ 9 front1 be+ well display$4 ,c>v+s ( small rod5ts 9 simil> attitudes are exhibit$ 9 ,/ev5s's ,fl9t ,*ips1 p4 #dbh1 ,figs4 #fa & #fb4 ,/ev5s's ,fig4 #fa evid5tly repres5ts ! same animal z ,fig4 #aeg ( ,squi] & ,davis1 b is a bett] execut$ c>v+4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! some:at vague idea ent]ta9$ by ar*aeologi/s z to :at ! manatee is l1 x is ( int]e/ to note t ! c>v+ ( a second ott] ) a fi% 9 its m\? has be5 made to d duty z a manatee1 al?\gh ! latt] animal is well kn[n nev] to eat fi%1 b1 on ! contr>y1 to be /rictly h]bivor\s4 ,?us ,/ev5s gives figures ( two c>v+s 9 8 ,fl9t ,*ips1 p4 #dbi1 ,figs4 #fe & #ff1 call+ !m manatees1 & says3 ,9 "o p>ticul>1 h[ev]1 ! sculptors ( ! m\nd-p]iod committ$ an error4 ,al?\gh ! lamant9 is /rictly h]bivor\s1 fe$+ *iefly ^u subaque\s plants & littoral h]bs1 yet ^u "o ( ! /one smok+-pipes1 ,fig4 #ff1 ?is animal is repres5t$ ) a fi% 9 its m\?4 ,mr4 ,/ev5s app>5tly pref]r$ to cr$it ! m\nd sculptor ) gross ignorance ( ! habits ( ! manatee1 r ?an to abate "o jot or tittle ( ! claim possess$ by ! c>v+ to be consid]$ a repres5tation ( t animal4 ,/ev5s's fi%-cat*+ manatee is ! same c>v+ giv5 by ,dr4 ,rau1 9 ! ,ar*aeological ,collection ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 p4 #dg1 ,fig4 #ahj1 :]e x is correctly /at$ to be an ott]4 ,?is cut1 :i* c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f "o giv5 by ,/ev5s 7,fig4 #ff71 is "h reproduc$ 7,fig4 #f71 toge!r ) ! second suppos$ manatee ( ! latt] writ] 7,fig4 #g74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,ott] ( ,rau2 ,manatee ( ,/ev5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,manatee ( ,/ev5s4 ,to af=d a means ( comp>ison1 ,fig4 #aed1 f ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ,squi] & ,davis1 is introduc$ 7,fig4 #h74 ,! same figure is also to be f\nd 9 ,wilson's ,prehi/oric ,man1 vol4 i1 p4 #dgf1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,ano!r ( ! suppos$ lamant9s1 ,fig4 #i1 is tak5 f ,squi]'s article 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,e?nological ,society1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ahh4 ,a bad pr9t ( ! same wood-cut appe>s z ,fig4 #aec1 p4 #bea1 ( ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! physiognomy ( ,fig4 #f1 above giv51 al?\gh unque/ionably ( an ott]1 agrees m closely ) ! sev]al s-call$ manatees1 :i* are repres5t$ )\t fi%es1 ?an ) ! fi%-be>+ ott]1 fir/ m5tion$1 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #f ?us s]ves z a connect+ l9k 9 ! s]ies1 unit+ ! unmi/akable ott]1 ) ! fi% 9 its m\?1 to ! m clumsily execut$ & less readily recogniz$ c>v+s ( ! same animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,lamant9 or sea-c[ ( ,squi] & ,davis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,lamant9 or sea-c[ ( ,squi]4 ,x 0 d\btless ! g5]al resemblance :i* ! sev]al specim5s ( ! ott]s & ! s-call$ manatees be> to ea* o!r t l$ ,/ev5s a/ray4 ,!y are by no means facsimiles "o ( ! o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 :ile no two are j alike1 ! diff]5ces are p]haps n great] ?an is to be expect$ :5 x is consid]$ t !y d\btless embody ! conceptions ( diff]5t arti/s1 ^: k ( ! animal1 z well z ^: skill 9 c>v+1 w\ld naturally diff] widely4 ,recogniz+ ! g5]al lik5ess1 ,/ev5s p]haps felt t :at "o 0 all 74 ,9 ?is1 at lea/1 he is probably correct1 & ! foll[+ reasons are deem$ suffici5t to %[ t1 :e!r ! sev]al sculptures figur$ by "o & ano!r au?or are ott]s or n1 z "h ma9ta9$1 !y mo/ assur$ly are n manatees4 ,! mo/ important "* possess$ by ! sculptures1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ! manatee1 is an ext]nal e>4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> !y all agree4 ,n[1 ! manatee has n ! slighte/ trace ( a p9na or ext]nal e>1 a small orifice1 l a slit1 repres5t+ t organ4 ,to quote ! precise language ( ,murie 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,london ,zoological ,society1 vol4 #h1 p4 #ahh3 ,9 ! abs5ce ( p9na1 a small orifice1 a l9e 9 diamet]1 into :i* a probe c\ld be pass$1 alone repres5ts ! ext]nal meatus4 ,9 ! dri$ museum specim5 ?is slit is :olly invisible1 & ev5 9 ! live or fre%ly kill$ animal x is by no means readily app>5t4 ,ke5 obs]v] ( natural objects1 z savage & b>b>ic man c]ta9ly is1 x is go+ too f> to suppose him capable ( repres5t+ an e>less animal--e>less at lea/ s f> z ! purposes ( sculpture are conc]n$--) prom95t e>s4 ,if1 !n1 x c be assum$ t ^! sculptures are to be reli$ ^u z 9 ! slighte/ degree imitative1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! pres5ce ( e>s w\ld alone suffice to %[ t !y _c h be5 int5d$ to repres5t ! manatee4 ,b ! feet %[n 9 ea* & all ( !m pres5t equally unque/ionable evid5ce ( _! dissimil>ity f ! manatee4 ,?is animal has in/ead ( a %ort1 /\t =e leg1 t]m9at+ 9 flexible f+]s or paws1 z indicat$ 9 ! sev]al sculptures1 a %apeless paddle-l flipp]4 ,! nails ) :i* ! flipp] t]m9ates are v small1 & if %[n at all 9 c>v+1 :i* is :olly unlikely1 z be+ too insignificant1 !y w\ld be b>ely indicat$ & w\ld pres5t a v diff]5t appe>ance f ! di/9ctly m>k$ digits common to ! sev]al sculptures4 ,notic+ t "o ( ! c>v+s has a diff]5tly %ap$ tail f ! o!rs1 ! au?ors ( ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts attempt to reconcile ! discrepancy z foll[s3 ,only "o ( ! sculptures exhibits a flat truncat$ tail2 ! o!rs are r\nd4 ,!re is h[ev] a v>iety ( ! lamant9 7,manitus ,s5igal5sis1 ,desm47 :i* has a r\nd tail1 & is di/+ui%$ z ! r\nd-tail$ manitus4 7,anci5t ,monum5ts1 p4 #beb47 ,! sugge/ion ?us ?r[n out means1 if x means any?+1 t ! sculpture exhibit+ a flat tail is ! only "o ref]able to ! manatee ( ,florida & s\?w>d1 ! ,m4 ,am]icanus1 :ile ^? ) r\nd tails are to be id5tifi$ ) ! s-call$ ,r\nd-tail$ ,lamant91 ! ,m4 ,s5egal5sis1 :i* lives 9 ! riv]s ( ,s5egambia & along ! coa/ ( ,we/]n ,africa4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! above au?ors did n g fur!r & expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y suppose ! ,m\nd-,build]s became acqua9t$ ) an animal inhabit+ ! ,we/ ,african coa/4 ,ela/ic z has prov$ to be ! ?read ^u :i* hangs ! migration !ory1 x w\ld seem to be h>dly capable ( be>+ ! /ra9 requir$ = x to rea* f ! ,mississippi ,valley to ,africa4 ,_h ! au?ors be5 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! anatomy ( ! manatees ! above sugge/ion w\ld nev] h be5 made1 s9ce ! tails ( ! two =ms are1 s f> z kn[n1 almo/ exactly alike4 ,a r\nd$ tail is1 9 fact1 ! fir/ requisite ( ! g5us ,manatus1 to :i* bo? ! manatees allud$ to belong1 9 di/9ction f ! =k$ tail ( ! g5us ,halicore4 ,:e!r ! tails ( ! sculptur$ manatees be r\nd or flat matt]s little1 h[ev]1 s9ce !y be> no resemblance to manatee tails1 ei!r ( ! r\nd or flat tail$ v>ieties1 or1 = t matt]1 to tails ( any sort4 ,9 _m ( ! animal c>v+s ! head alone engag$ ! sculptor's att5tion1 ! body & memb]s be+ omitt$ entirely1 or else r\ghly block$ out2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! squirrel giv5 above1 9 :i* ! h9d p>ts are simply r\nd$ (f into conv5i5t %ape1 ) no attempt at _! del9eation4 ,some:at ! same me?od 0 evid5tly foll[$ 9 ! case ( ! suppos$ manatees1 only aft] ! pipe cavities _h be5 excavat$ ! block 0 %ap$ (f 9 a mann] be/ suit$ to s]ve ! purpose ( a h&le4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 attempt+ to in/itute f>!r comp>isons1 two views ( a real manatee are "h subjo9$1 :i* are fac-similes ( ,murie's admirable photo-li?ograph 9 ,trans4 ,london ,zoological ,society1 vol4 #h1 #ahgb-'gd4 ,a v brief comp>ison ( ! suppos$ manatees1 ) a mod]n arti/ic repres5tation ( t animal1 w %[ ! irreconcilable diff]5ces betwe5 !m bett] ?an any numb] ( pages ( writt5 criticism4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,manatee 7,manatus ,am]icanus1 ,cuv474 ,side view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,manatee 7,manatus ,am]icanus1 ,cuv474 ,front view4 ,!re w\ld seem1 !n1 to be no escape f ! conclusion t ! animal sculptures :i* h pass$ curr5t z manatees d n really resemble t animal1 :i* is s extraord9>y 9 all its aspects & s totally unlike any o!r ( ! animal creation z to r5d] its id5tification 9 case x _h really s]v$ z a subject = sculpture1 easy & c]ta94 ,z ! sev]al sculptures be> a g5]al lik5ess to ea* o!r & resemble ) consid]able clos5ess ! ott]1 ! well kn[n fi%-eat+ proclivities ( ?is animal be+ %[n 9 at lea/ two ( !m1 x seems highly probable t x is ! ott] t is rudely portray$ 9 all ^! sculptures4 ,! ott] 0 a common resid5t ( all ! region occupi$ by ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 & mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 well kn[n to !m4 ,moreov]1 ! ott] is "o ( ! animals :i* figures l>gely 9 ! my?ology & folk-lore ( ! natives ( ,am]ica1 & has be5 adopt$ 9 _m tribes z _! totem4 ,h5ce1 ?is animal w\ld seem to be a peculi>ly apt subject = embodim5t 9 sculptur$ =m4 ,x matt]s v little1 h[ev]1 :e!r ^! sculptures 7 int5d$ z ott]s or n1 ! ma9 po9t 9 ! pres5t connection be+ t !y _c h be5 int5d$ z manatees4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ! manatee1 att5tion may be call$ to a curi\s fact 9 connection ) ! ,c9c9nati ,tablet1 ( :i* a wood-cut is giv5 9 ,! ,anci5t ,monum5ts 7p4 #bge1 ,fig4 #aie74 ,if ! rev]se side z !re %[n be comp>$ ) ! same view z pres5t$ by ,%ort 9 ,! ,nor? ,am]icans ( ,antiquity1 p4 #de1 or 9 ,mac,lean's ,m\nd-,build]s1 p4 #ajg1 a rem>kable discrepancy betwe5 ! two w be obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,c9c9nati ,tablet4 7,back47 ,f ,squire & ,davis4 ,9 ! =m]1 ne> ! top1 is indicat$ :at appe>s to be a %apeless depression1 =mless & unmean+ s f> z its resemblance to any special object is conc]n$4 ,! au?ors rem>k ( ?is side ( ! tablet1 ,! back ( ! /one has ?ree deep longitud9al grooves1 & sev]al depressions1 evid5tly caus$ by rubb+1--probably produc$ 9 %>p5+ ! in/rum5t us$1 9 ! sculpture4 ,?is explanation ( ! depressions w\ld seem to be reasonable1 al?\gh x has be5 disput$1 & a peculi> significance 7,%ort7 atta*$ to ?is side ( ! tablet4 ,9 ,%ort's engrav+1 :ile ! front side corresponds closely ) ! same view giv5 by ,squi] & ,davis1 !re is a notable diff]5ce obs]vable on ! rev]se side4 ,= ! =mless depression ( ! ,squi] & ,davis cut n only occupies a some:at diff]5t position 9 relation to ! top & sides ( ! tablet1 b1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! figure1 x assumes a di/9ct =m1 hav+ 9 "s my/]i\s way be5 metamorphos$ into a figure :i* oddly en\gh sugge/s ! manatee4 ,x does n appe> t ! att5tion ( ar*aeologi/s has ev] be5 direct$ to ! fact t su* a resemblance exi/s2 nor inde$ is ! resemblance suffici5tly close to ju/ify call+ x a v]itable manatee4 ,b ) ! aid ( a little imag9ation x may 9 a rude way sugge/ t animal1 its e>less head & ! flipp] be+ ! mo/ /rik+1 9 fact ! only1 po9t ( lik5ess4 ,conc$+ t ! figure z giv5 by ,%ort af=ds a rude h9t ( ! manatee1 ! "q is h[ to acc\nt = its pres5ce on ?is ! late/ repres5tation ( ! tablet :i*1 accord+ to ,%ort1 ,mr4 ,gue/1 its own]1 pron\nces ! fir/ correct repres5tations ( ! /one4 ,! ca/ ( ?is tablet 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution agrees m closely ) ,%ort's repres5tation 9 respect to ! details m5tion$ ?an ) t giv5 9 ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts4 ,nev]!less1 if ?is ca/ be accept$ z ! fai?ful copy ( ! orig9al x has be5 suppos$ to be1 ! engrav+ 9 ,%ort's volume is subject to criticism4 ,9 ! ca/ ! outl9e ( ! figure1 :ile bett] def9$ ?an ,squi] & ,davis repres5t x to be1 is /ill v indef9ite1 ! outl9e n only be+ brok5 into1 b be+ 9 places1 especially t[>d ! head1 indi/+ui%able f ! surface ( ! tablet into :i* x ins5sibly grades4 ,9 ! view z f\nd 9 ,%ort !re is none ( ?is irregul>ity & indef9it5ess ( outl9e1 ! figure be+ p]fect & /&+ out cle>ly z ?\gh j f ! sculptor's h&4 ,z p]haps on ! :ole ! ne>e/ approa* to ! =m ( a manatee appe>+ on any object claim$ to h orig9at$ at ! h&s ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 & f ! fact t arti/s h int]pret$ its outl9e s diff]5tly1 ?is figure1 giv5 by ! late/ comm5tators on ! ,c9c9nati tablet1 is int]e/+1 & has seem$ wor?y ( m5tion4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! au!nticity ( ! tablet itself is n above suspicion1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is believ$ by _m ar*aeologi/s to admit ( grave d\bts1 ! subject ne$ n be pursu$ fur!r "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,c9c9nati ,tablet4 7,back47 ,f ,%ort4 ,,t\can4 ,! a priori probability t ! t\can 0 kn[n to ! ,m\nd-,build]s is1 ( c\rse1 mu* less ?an t ! manatee 01 s9ce no species ( t\can occurs f>!r nor? ?an ,s\!rn ,mexico4 ,its di/ant habitat also militates aga9/ ! idea t ! ,m\nd-,build]s c\ld h acquir$ a k ( ! bird f int]c\rse ) s\!rn tribes1 or t !y receiv$ ! suppos$ t\can pipes by way ( trade4 ,)\t discuss+ ! sev]al !ories to :i* ! t\can pipes h giv5 rise1 let u fir/ exam9e ! evid5ce (f]$ z to ! pres5ce 9 ! m\nds ( sculptures ( ! t\can4 ,x is a little p]plex+ to f9d at ! outset t ,squi] & ,davis1 n cont5t ) "o t\can1 h figur$ ?ree1 & ^! diff]+ f ea* o!r s widely z to be ref]able1 accord+ to mod]n orni?ological ideas1 to v di/9ct ord]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,t\can ( ,squi] & ,davis4 ,! fir/ allusion to ! t\can 9 ! ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley is f\nd on page #aid1 :]e ! au?ors gu>d$ly rem>k ( a bird's head 9 t]ra cotta 7,fig4 #gi71 ,x repres5ts ! head ( a bird1 some:at resembl+ ! t\can1 & is execut$ ) mu* _s4 ,?is head is vaguely sugge/ive ( a "y eagle1 ! proportions ( ! bill ( :i*1 until ( "s age1 are consid]ably di/ort$4 ,! position ( ! no/rils1 h[ev]1 & ! cont\r ( ! m&ibles1 toge!r ) ! position ( ! eyes1 %[ cle>ly en\gh t x is a lik5ess ( no bird kn[n to orni?ology4 ,x is en\gh = our pres5t purpose to say t 9 no p>ticul> does x be> any conceivable resemblance to ! t\can4 ,( ! second suppos$ t\can 7,anci5t ,monum5ts1 p4 #bfj1 ,fig4 #afi7 "h illu/rat$1 ! au?ors rem>k3 ,! engrav+ v well repres5ts ! orig9al1 :i* is delicately c>v$ f a compact lime/one4 ,x is suppos$ to repres5t ! t\can--a tropical bird1 & "o n kn[n to exi/ any:]e )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if we are n mi/ak5 9 suppos+ x to repres5t ?is bird1 ! rem>ks made respect+ ! sculptures ( ! manitus w "h apply ) d\ble =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,t\can ( ,squi] & ,davis4 ,?is sculpture is =tunately easy ( id5tification4 ,among sev]al orni?ologi/s1 ^: op9ions h be5 ask$1 n a diss5t+ voice has be5 he>d4 ,! bird is a common cr[ or a rav51 & is "o ( ! mo/ happily execut$ ( ! avian sculptures1 ! nasal fea!rs1 :i* are pla9ly %[n1 & ! g5]al cont\r ( ! bill be+ truly corv9e4 ,x w\ld probably be practically impossible to di/+ui% a rude sculpture ( a rav5 f t ( a cr[1 ow+ to ! g5]al resemblance ( ! two4 ,! proportions ( ! head "h %[n are1 h[ev]1 ^? ( ! cr[1 & ! "q ( habitat r5d]s x va/ly m likely t ! cr[ 0 kn[n to ! ,m\nd-,build]s ( ,ohio ?an t ! rav5 04 ,:at possible sugge/ion ( a t\can is to be f\nd 9 ?is head x is n easy to see4 ,turn+ to page #bff 7,fig4 #agh7 ano!r & v diff]5t bird is held up to view z a t\can4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,t\can ( ,squi] & ,davis4 ,squi] & ,davis rem>k ( ?is sculpture3 ,f ! size ( its bill1 & ! circum/ance ( its hav+ two toes be=e & two beh9d1 ! bird int5d$ to be repres5t$ w\ld seem to belong to ! zygodactyl\s ord]--probably ! t\can4 ,! t\can 7,rampha/os ( ,l947 is f\nd on ?is cont95t only 9 ! tropical c\ntries ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 contradiction to ! t]ms ( _! description _! own figure1 z w be notic$1 %[s ?ree toes 9 front & two beh9d1 or a total ( five1 :i* makes ! bird an orni?ological curiosity1 inde$4 ,h[ev]1 z ! ca/ 9 ! ,smi?sonian collection %[s ?ree toes 9 front & "o beh9d1 x is probably safe to assume t ! additional h9d toe 0 ! result ( mi/ake on ! "p ( ! mod]n arti/1 s t f\r may be accept$ z its prop] quota4 ,! mi/ake !n *>geable to ! above au?ors is t 9 _! discussion !y transf]r$ "o toe f be=e & add$ x beh9d4 ,9 ?is curi\s way came _! zygodactyl\s bird4 ,?is same pipe is figur$ by ,/ev5s 9 ,fl9t ,*ips1 p4 #dbf1 ,fig4 #e4 ,! wood-cut is a poor "o1 & exhibits c]ta9 important *anges1 :i*1 on ! assumption t ! pipe is at all well illu/rat$ by ! ca/ 9 ! ,smi?sonian1 reflects m cr$it on ! arti/'s k ( :at a t\can ought to look l ?an on 8 fidelity z an exact copyi/4 ,! et*+s across ! upp] surface ( ! base ( ! pipe1 miscall$ f+]s1 are n only made to assume a h&-l appe>ance b ! accommodat+ fancy ( ! arti/ has provid$ a r\ndi% object 9 ! palm1 :i* ! bird appe>s ab\t to pick up4 ,! bill1 too1 has be5 alt]$1 hav+ become r\nd$ & decid$ly t\can-l1 :ile ! tail has und]gone abbreviation1 also 9 ! direction ( lik5ess to ! t\can4 ,9 %ort1 mu* t 0 lack+ 9 ! aborig9al arti/'s conception t[>ds ! lik5ess ( a t\can has 9 ?is figure be5 suppli$ by 8 mod]n int]pret]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,t\can z figur$ by ,/ev5s4 ,?is cut corresponds ) ! ca/ 9 ! ,smi?sonian collection1 9 hav+ ! normal numb] ( toes1 f\r--?ree 9 front & "o beh9d4 ,?is dep>ture f ! arrangem5t common to ! t\can family1 :i* is zygodactyl\s1 seems to h escap$ ,/ev5s's att5tion4 ,at lea/ he volunte]s no explanation ( ! discrepancy1 be+1 d\btless1 influ5c$ 9 8 acceptance ( ! bird z a t\can by ! /atem5ts ( o!rs4 ,wilson foll[s ! cut ( ,squi] & ,davis1 & repres5ts ! bird ) five toes1 /at+ t ! t\can is imitat$ ) consid]able accuracy4 ,he adds3 ,! mo/ important deviation f correctness ( detail is1 x has ?ree toes in/ead ( two be=e1 al?\gh ! two are correctly repres5t$ beh9d4 ,h[ ,wilson is guid$ to ! belief t ! sculptor's mi/ake consi/s 9 add+ a toe 9 front in/ead ( "o beh9d x w\ld be difficult to expla91 unless1 inde$1 he felt ! necessity ( hav+ a t\can at all haz>ds4 ,! tru? is t1 ! "q ( toes aside1 ?is c>v+ 9 no wise resembles a t\can4 ,its long legs & proportionally long toes1 c\pl$ ) ! r long neck & bill1 indicate ) c]ta9ty a wad+ bird ( "s k9d1 & 9 default ( any?+ t comes ne>]1 an ibis may be sugge/$2 ?\gh if int5d$ by ! sculptor z an ibis1 c&or compels ! /atem5t t ! ibis family has no reason to feel complim5t$4 ,! id5tification ( ?is sculpture z a t\can 0 d\btless due less to any resemblance x be>s to t bird ?an to ano!r circum/ance connect$ ) x ( a r fanciful nature4 ,z 9 ! case ( sev]al o!rs1 ! bird is repres5t$ 9 ! act ( fe$+1 ^u :at x w\ld be difficult to say4 ,c]ta9ly ! f\r et*+s across ! base ( ! pipe be> little resemblance to ! human h&4 ,_h !y be5 int5d$ = f+]s !y w\ld h>dly h be5 made to ext5d ov] ! side ( ! pipe1 an impossible position unless ! back ( ! h& be upp]mo/4 ,yet x 0 probably j ?is fanci$ resemblance to a h&1 out ( :i* ! bird is suppos$ to be fe$+1 t l$ to ! sugge/ion ( ! t\can4 ,=1 say ,squi] & ,davis1 p4 #bff3 ,9 ^? di/ricts 7i4e41 ,guiana & ,brazil7 ! t\can 0 almo/ ! only bird ! aborig9es attempt$ to dome/icate4 ,! fact t x is repres5t$ receiv+ its food f a human h& w\ld1 "u ^! circum/ances1 favor ! conclusion t ! sculpture 0 design$ to repres5t ! t\can4 ,r a sl5d] ?read "o w\ld ?9k ^u :i* to hang a !ory s f>-rea*+ 9 its consequ5ces4 ,nor 0 x necess>y to g z f> z ,guiana & ,brazil to f9d in/ances ( ! dome/ication ( wild f[l by aborig9es4 ,among our ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians x 0 a by no means uncommon practice to capture & tame birds4 ,rog] ,williams1 = in/ance1 speaks ( ! ,new ,engl& ,indians keep+ tame hawks ab\t _! dwell+s to keep ! little birds f _! corn4 7,williams's ,key into ! ,language ( ,am]ica1 #afdc1 p4 #bbj47 ,! ,zunis & o!r ,pueblo ,indians keep1 & h kept f "t immemorial1 great numb]s ( eagles & hawks ( e obta9able species1 z also turkies1 = ! sake ( ! fea!rs4 ,! ,dakotas & o!r we/]n tribes keep eagles = ! same purpose4 ,!y also tame cr[s1 :i* are f$ f ! h&1 z well z hawks & magpies4 ,a case ne>] 9 po9t is a ref]5ce 9 ,lawson to ! ,cong>ees ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,he says1 !y are k9d & affable1 & tame ! cranes & /orks ( _! savannas4 7,lawson's ,hi/ory ( ,c>ol9a1 p4 #ea47 ,& aga9 7p4 #ec7 ^! ,cong>ees h an abundance ( /orks & cranes 9 _! savannas4 ,!y take !m be=e !y c fly1 & bre$ !m z tame & famili> z a dung-hill f[l4 ,!y _h a tame crane at "o ( ^! cab9s t 0 sc>cely less ?an six feet 9 height4 ,s t ev5 if ! bird1 z has be5 assum$ by _m writ]s1 be fe$+ f a human h&1 ( :i* fact !re is no suffici5t evid5ce1 we are by no means on ?is acc\nt driv5 to ! conclusion1 z appe>s to h be5 believ$1 t ! sculpture c\ld be no o!r ?an a t\can4 ,z 9 ! ,cass ( ! manatee1 x has be5 ?\ght well to introduce a correct draw+ ( a t\can 9 ord] to af=d opportunity = comp>ison ( ?is v /rik+ bird ) its suppos$ repres5tations f ! m\nds4 ,= ?is purpose ! mo/ nor!rn repres5tative ( ! family has be5 select$ z ! "o ne>e/ ! home ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s4 ,! p>ticul>s :]e9 x diff]s f ! suppos$ t\cans are s _m & /rik+ t x w be sup]flu\s to dwell ^u !m 9 detail4 ,!y w be obvi\s at a glance4 ,?us we h se5 t ! sculptur$ repres5tation ( ?ree birds1 totally dissimil> f ea* o!r1 & n only n resembl+ ! t\can1 b convey+ no conceivable h9t ( t v m>k$ bird1 =m$ ! basis ( ,squi] & ,davis' speculations z to ! pres5ce ( ! t\can 9 ! m\nds4 ,^! ?ree suppos$ t\cans h be5 copi$ & recopi$ by lat] au?ors1 :o h accept$ 9 full ! rem>ks & d$uctions accompany+ !m4 ,at lea/ two exceptions to ! la/ /atem5t may be made4 ,x is refre%+ to f9d t two writ]s1 al?\gh app>5tly accept+ ! o!r id5tifications by ,squi] & ,davis1 h drawn ! l9e at ! t\can4 ,?us ,rau1 9 ,! ,ar*aeological ,collections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 pp4 #df-dg1 /ates t-- ,! figure 7nei!r ( ! writ]s m5tion$ appe> to h be5 aw>e t !re 0 m ?an "o suppos$ t\can7 is n ( suffici5t di/9ctness to id5tify ! orig9al t 0 be=e ! arti/'s m9d1 & x w\ld n be safe1 !re=e1 to make ?is specim5 ! subject ( f>-rea*+ speculations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,keel-,bill$ ,t\can ( ,s\!rn ,mexico 7,rhampha/os c>9atus47 ,fur!r on he adds1 ,leav+ aside ! m ?an d\btful t\can1 ! imitat$ animals belong1 )\t exception1 to ! ,nor? ,am]ican fauna4 ,b>b]1 also1 aft] tak+ exception to ! idea t ! suppos$ t\can c>v+ repres5ts a zygodactyl\s bird1 adds 9 8 article on ,m\nd ,pipes1 pp4 #bhj-bha 7,am]ican ,naturali/ = ,april1 #ahhb71 ,x may be ass]t$ ) a consid]able degree ( confid5ce t no repres5tative ( an exclusively exotic fauna figur$ 9 ! pipe sculptures ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s4 ,,p>oquet4 ,! pres5ce ( a c>v+ ( ! p>oquet 9 "o ( ! ,ohio m\nds has be5 deem$ rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! suppos$ extreme s\!rn habitat ( t bird4 ,?us ,squi] & ,davis rem>k 7,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 p4 #bfe1 ,fig4 #agb71 ,among ! mo/ spirit$ & delicately execut$ specim5s ( anci5t art f\nd 9 ! m\nds1 is t ( ! p>oquet "h pres5t$4 ,! p>oquet is ess5tially a s\!rn bird1 & ?\gh common along ! ,gulf1 is ( r>e occurr5ce above ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! above language w\ld seem to admit ( no d\bt z to ! fact ( ! decid$ resemblance borne by ?is c>v+ to ! p>oquet4 ,yet ! bird ?us positively id5tifi$ z a p>oquet1 ^u :i* id5tification h1 )\t d\bt1 be5 bas$ all ! conclusions t h be5 publi%$ conc]n+ ! pres5ce ( t bird among ! m\nd sculptures is n ev5 di/antly relat$ to ! p>rot family4 ,x has ! bill ( a raptorial bird1 z %[n by ! di/9ct too?1 & ?is1 9 connection ) ! well def9$ c]e1 n pres5t 9 ! p>oquet1 & ! op5 no/ril1 conceal$ by fea!rs 9 ! p>oquet1 places its id5tity z "o ( ! hawk tribe beyond d\bt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,p>oquet ( ,squi] & ,davis4 ,9 fact x closely resembles sev]al ( ! c>v+s figur$ & id5tifi$ z hawks by ! above au?ors1 z comp>ison ) figures giv5 bel[ w %[4 ,! hawks always appe> to h occupi$ a prom95t place 9 ! int]e/ ( our ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 especially 9 association ) totemic ideas1 & ! numb] ( sculptur$ repres5tations ( hawks among ! m\nd relics w\ld argue = !m a simil> position 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s4 ,a ^w %\ld be add$ z to ! di/ribution ( ! p>oquet4 ,! /atem5t by ,squi] & ,davis t ! p>oquet is f\nd z f> nor? z ! ,ohio ,riv] w\ld ( itself af=d an easy explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,m\nd-,build]s might h become acqua9t$ ) ! bird1 c\ld _! acqua9tance ) x be prov$4 ,b ! above au?ors appe> to h _h a v incorrect idea ( ! region inhabit$ by ?is once widely spread species4 ,! pres5t di/ribution1 x is true1 is decid$ly s\!rn1 x be+ almo/ :olly conf9$ to limit$ areas )9 ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,=m]ly1 h[ev]1 x rang$ mu* f>!r nor?1 & !re is positive evid5ce t x occurr$ 9 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 & ,nebraska4 ,up to #ahce x 0 extremely abundant 9 ,s\!rn ,ill9ois1 &1 z ,mr4 ,ridgway in=ms ! writ]1 0 f\nd !re z late z #ahfa4 ,specim5s are 9 ! ,smi?sonian collection f po9ts z f> nor? z ,*icago & ,mi*igan4 ,ov] mu* ( ! region indicat$ ! exact nature ( its occurr5ce is n und]/ood1 :e!r resid5t or a m or less casual visitor4 ,b z x is kn[n t x 0 f\nd z f> nor? z ,p5nsylvania 9 w9t] x may once h rang$ ev5 f>!r nor? ?an ! l9e j indicat$1 & h be5 f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,wiscons9 & ,m9nesota4 ,occurr+1 z x c]ta9ly did1 ov] mo/ ( ! m\nd region1 ! peculi> habits ( ! p>oquet1 especially its vocif]\s cries & mann] ( associat+ 9 l>ge flocks1 mu/1 x w\ld seem1 h made x kn[n to ! ,m\nd-,build]s4 ,inde$ f ! ease ) :i* x is trapp$ & kill$1 x v probably =m$ an article ( food among !m z x has among ! :ites & rec5t tribes ( ,indians4 ,probable1 h[ev]1 z x is t ! ,m\nd-,build]s 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! p>oquet1 !re appe>s to be no evid5ce ( ! fact among _! works ( art4 ,,k ,,( ,,tropical ,,animals ,,by ,,m\nd-,,build]s4 ,! suppos$ evid5ce ( a k ( tropical animals possess$ by ! anci5t dwell]s ( ! ,mississippi ,valley :i* has j be5 discuss$ seems to h p[]fully impress$ ,wilson1 & 9 8 ,prehi/oric ,man he devotes mu* space to ! consid]ation ( ! matt]4 ,8 ideas on ! subject w be und]/ood f ! foll[+ quotation3 ,by ! fidelity ( ! repres5tations ( s great a v>iety ( subjects copi$ f animal life1 !y furni% evid5ce ( a k 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ( ! fauna peculi> n only to s\!rn1 b to tropical latitudes1 ext5d+ beyond ! ,i/hmus into ! s\!rn cont95t2 & sugge/ive ei!r ( arts d]iv$ f a =eign s\rce1 & ( an intimate int]c\rse ma9ta9$ ) ! c5tral regions :]e ! civilization ( anci5t ,am]ica atta9$ its highe/ developm5t3 or else indicative ( migration1 & an intrusion into ! nor!rn cont95t1 ( ! race ( ! anci5t graves ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,am]ica1 br++ ) !m ! arts ( ! tropics1 & models d]iv$ f ! animals famili> to _! fa!rs 9 ! p>5t-l& ( ! race4 7,vol4 #a1 p4 #dge47 ,! au?or subsequ5tly %[s 8 pref]5ce = ! !ory ( a migration ( ! race ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s f s\!rn regions z be+ on ! :ole m probable4 ,wilson does n1 h[ev]1 cont5t himself ) ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! birds & animals :i* h j be5 discuss$1 b /r5g!ns 8 argum5t by ext5d+ ! li/ ( suppos$ exotic =ms kn[n to ! ,m\nd-,build]s 9 ! foll[+ words 7vol4 #a1 p4 #dgg73 ,b we mu/ acc\nt by o!r means = ! discov]y ( accurate m9iature repres5tations ( x 7i4e4 ! ,manatee7 among ! sculptures ( ! f>-inl& m\nds ( ,ohio2 & ! same rem>k equally applies to ! jagu> or pan!r1 ! c\g>1 ! t\can2 to ! buzz>d possibly1 & also to ! p>oquet4 ,! majority ( ^! animals are n kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 "s ( !m are totally unkn[n to )9 any "p ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 7,italics ( ! pres5t writ]47 ,o!rs may be class$ ) ! p>oquet1 :i*1 ?\gh ess5tially a s\!rn bird1 & common 9 ! ,gulf1 does occasionally make its appe>ance inl&2 & might possibly become kn[n to ! untravel$ ,m\nd-,build] among ! fauna ( 8 own nor!rn home4 ,! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! above p>agraph relative to ! range ( "s ( ! animals m5tion$ may well be view$ ) surprise by naturali/s4 ,to beg9 )1 ! jagu> or pan!r1 by :i* v]nacul> names ! ,felis onca is presumably meant1 is n only f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,mexico1 b ext5ds its range into ! ,unit$ ,/ates & appe>s z f> nor? z ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ,l\isiana4 7,see ,baird's ,mammals ( ,nor? ,am]ica47 ,h5ce a sculptur$ repres5tation ( ?is animal 9 ! m\nds1 al?\gh by no means likely1 is n entirely out ( ! "q4 ,h[ev]1 among ! sev]al c>v+s ( ! cat family t h be5 exhum$ f ! m\nds & made kn[n !re is n "o :i* c1 ) ev5 a fair degree ( probability1 be id5tifi$ z ?is species 9 di/9ction f ! next animal nam$1 ! c\g>4 ,! c\g>1 to :i* sev]al ( ! c>v+s c ) b little d\bt be ref]r$1 0 at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & is to-day1 :]e n ext]m9at$ by man1 a common resid5t ( ! :ole ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 includ+ ( c\rse ! :ole ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,x w\ld be surpris+1 !re=e1 if an animal s /rik+1 & "o t has figur$ s l>gely 9 ,indian totemism & folk-lore1 %\ld n h receiv$ att5tion at ! h&s ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s4 ,no?+ resembl+ ! t\can1 z has be5 se51 has be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nds2 b1 z /at$1 ?is bird is f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,mexico4 ,! buzz>d is to-day common ov] almo/ ! entire ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is especially common ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,z to ! p>oquet1 !re seems to be no evid5ce 9 ! way ( c>v+s to %[ t x 0 kn[n to ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 al?\gh t su* 0 ! case is r5d]$ highly probable f ! fact t x liv$ at _! v doors4 ,x !re=e appe>s t ( ! five animals ( :i* ,wilson /ates ! majority are n kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & "s ( !m are totally unkn[n1 )9 any "p ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 e "o is f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & all b "o )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile ?ree 7 common resid5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,z a fur!r illu/ration ( ! inaccurate zoological k to :i* may be ascrib$ no small %>e ( ! !ories advanc$ respect+ ! orig9 ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 ! foll[+ illu/ration may be tak5 f ,wilson1 ?is au?or1 h[ev]1 be+ b "o ( ! _m :o are equally 9 fault4 ,! error is 9 reg>d to ! habitat ( ! con* %ell1 ,pyrula 7n[ ,busycon7 p]v]sa4 ,aft] expos+ ! blund] ( ,mr4 ,john ,delafield1 :o describes ?is %ell z unkn[n on ! coa/s ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 b z abundant on ! coa/ ( ,h9do/an1 f :i* suppos$ fact1 c\pl$ ) its pres5ce 9 ! m\nds1 he assumes a migration on ! "p ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s f ,s\!rn ,asia 7,prehi/oric ,man1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bai1 ibid41 p4 #bgb71 ,wilson /ates4 ,no "q c exi/ z to ! tropical & m>9e orig9 ( ! l>ge %ells exhum$ n only 9 ! inl& regions ( ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee1 b 9 ! nor!rn p59sula ly+ betwe5 ! ,ont>io & ,huron ,lakes1 or on ! /ill remot] %ores & isl&s ( ,georgian ,bay1 at a di/ance ( upw>ds ( ?ree ?\s& miles f ! coa/ ( ,yucatan1 on ! ma9l&1 ! ne>e/ po9t :]e ! ,pyrula p]v]sa is f\nd 9 its native locality4 7,italics ( ! pres5t writ]47 ,n[ ! pla9 facts on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,dall are t ! ,busycon 7,pyrula7 p]v]sa is n only f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ext5ds along ! coa/ up to ,*>le/on1 ,s4,c41 ) r>e specim5s z f> nor? z ,beau=t1 ,n4,c4 ,moreov]1 ar*aeologi/s h usually conf\nd$ ?is species ) ! ,busycon c>ica1 :i* is ( common occurr5ce 9 ! m\nds4 ,! latt] is f\nd z f> nor? z ,cape ,cod4 ,! facts cit$ put a v diff]5t complexion on ! pres5ce ( ^! %ells 9 ! m\nds4 ,,o!r ,,errors ,,( ,,id5tification4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,owl1 f ,squi] & ,davis4 ,! errone\s id5tification ( ! manatee1 ! t\can1 & ( sev]al o!r animals hav+ be5 po9t$ out1 x may be well to glance at c]ta9 o!rs ( ! sculptur$ animal =ms1 ! id5tification ( :i* by ,squi] & ,davis has pass$ )\t dispute1 ) a view to det]m9+ h[ f> ! accuracy ( ^! au?ors 9 ?is p>ticul> l9e is to be tru/$1 & h[ successful !y h be5 9 int]pret+ ! mu* laud$ fidelity to nature ( ! m\nd sculptures4 ,fig4 #bj 7,squi] & ,davis1 ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 p4 #bbe1 ,fig4 #abc7 repres5ts a tube ( /eatite1 ^u :i* is c>v$1 z is /at$1 9 high relief ?is figure ( an owl1 atta*$ ) its back to ! tube4 ,?is c>v+1 ! au?ors /ate1 is rem>kably bold & spirit$1 & repres5ts ! bird ) its claws contract$ & drawn up1 & head & beak elevat$ z if 9 an attitude ( def5se & defiance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,gr\se1 f ,squi] & ,davis4 ,?is c>v+ diff]s m>k$ly f any ( ! avian sculptures1 & probably 0 n int5d$ to repres5t a bird at all4 ,! abs5ce ( fea!r et*+s & ! peculi> %ape ( ! w+ are especially noticeable4 ,x m ne>ly resembles1 if x c be said to resemble any?+1 a bat1 ) ! features v mu* di/ort$4 ,fig4 #ba 7,fig4 #agj f ,squi] & ,davis7 x is /at$1 w readily be recogniz$ z int5d$ to repres5t ! head ( ! gr\se4 ,! c]e & pla9ly not*$ bill ( ?is c>v+ cle>ly indicate a hawk1 ( :at species x w\ld be impossible to say4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,turkey ,buzz>d1 f ,squi] & ,davis4 ,fig4 #bb 7,fig4 #aga f ,squi] & ,davis7 01 x is said1 probably int5d$ to repres5t a turkey buzz>d4 ,if s1 ! sugge/ion is a v vague "o4 ,! not*es cut 9 ! m&ibles1 z 9 ! case ( ! c>v+ ( ! wood duck 7,fig4 #afh1 ,anci5t ,monum5ts71 are p]haps meant = s]rations1 ( :i* !re is no trace 9 ! bill ( ! buzz>d4 ,z sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,ridgway1 x is p]haps ne>] ! cormorant ?an any?+ else1 al?\gh n execut$ ) ! detail necess>y = its satisfactory recognition4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,*]ry-bird1 f ,squi] & ,davis4 ,fig4 #bc 7,fig4 #agc f ,squi] & ,davis7 x is claim$ mu* resembles ! tuft$ *]ry-bird1 :i* is by no means ! case1 z ! bill be>s witness4 ,x may pass1 h[ev]1 z a badly execut$ lik5ess ( ! tuft$ c>d9al grosbeak or r$-bird4 ,! same is true ( ,figs4 #agd & #age1 :i* are also said to be *]ry-birds4 ,fig4 #bd 7,fig4 #agi f ,squi] & ,davis71 ( :i* ,squi] & ,davis say x is unc]ta9 :at bird x is int5d$ to repres5t1 is an unmi/akable lik5ess ( a woodpeck]1 & is "o ( ! be/ execut$ ( ! s]ies ( bird c>v+s4 ,to und]take to "n ! species w\ld be ! m]e/ guess-"w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,woodpeck]1 f ,squi] & ,davis4 ,! heads %[n 9 ,fig4 #be1 :i* ! au?ors ass]t 0 probably int5d$ to repres5t ! eagle & are f> sup]ior 9 po9t ( f9i%1 _s1 & tru?fulness to any m9iature c>v+1 anci5t or mod]n1 :i* h fall5 "u ! notice ( ! au?ors1 _c be id5tifi$ fur!r ?an to say !y are raptorial birds ( "s sort1 probably n eagles b hawks4 ,fig4 #bf 7,fig4 #ahj f ,squi] & ,davis71 accord+ to ! au?ors1 c]ta9ly repres5ts ! rattlesnake4 ,x c]ta9ly repres5ts a snake1 b !re is no h9t 9 x ( ! peculi>ities ( ! rattlesnake2 :i*1 inde$1 x w\ld be difficult to portray 9 a rude c>v+ l ?is )\t %[+ ! rattle4 ,?is is done 9 ano!r c>v+1 ,fig4 #aif4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,eagle1 f ,squi] & ,davis4 ,! extraord9>y t]ms ( praise be/[$ by ! au?ors on ! heads ( ! hawks j allud$ to1 z well z on _m o!r ( ! sculptur$ animals1 sugge/ ! "q :e!r ! illu/rations giv5 9 ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts af=d any adequate idea ( ! beauty & arti/ic excell5ce ass]t$ = ! c>v+s1 & s :e!r !y are fair objects = criticism4 ,:ile ( c\rse = ! purpose ( ?is pap] an exam9ation ( ! orig9als w\ld h be5 pref]able1 yet1 9 z mu* z ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution conta9s ca/s :i* atte/ ! g5]al accuracy ( ! draw+s giv51 &1 z ! illu/rations by o!r au?ors af=d no high] idea ( _! arti/ic execution1 x w\ld seem t any criticism applicable to ^! illu/rations mu/ 9 ! ma9 apply to ! orig9als4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ca/s 9 ! ,smi?sonian collection x may be /at$ t ,dr4 ,rau1 :o _h abundant opportunity to acqua9t himself ) ! orig9als :ile 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,davis1 in=ms ! writ] t !y accurately repres5t ! c>v+s1 & = purposes ( /udy are practically z good z ! orig9als4 ,! latt] are1 z is well kn[n1 9 ! ,blackmore ,museum1 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,rattlesnake1 f ,squi] & ,davis4 ,)\t go+ into fur!r detail ! matt] may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,( =ty-five ( ! animal c>v+s1 includ+ a few ( clay1 :i* are figur$ 9 ,squi] & ,davis's "w1 elev5 are left unnam$ by ! au?ors z n be+ recognizable2 n9ete5 are id5tifi$ correctly1 9 a g5]al way1 z ( a wolf1 be>1 h]on1 toad1 c42 sixte5 are demon/rably wrongly id5tifi$1 leav+ b five ( :i* ! species is correctly giv54 ,f ?is %[+ x appe>s t ei!r ! above au?ors' zoological k 0 faulty 9 ! extreme1 or else ! m\nd sculptors' ability 9 animal c>v+ has be5 amaz+ly ov]e/imat$4 ,h[ev] j ! fir/ supposition may be1 ! la/ is c]ta9ly true4 ,,skill ,,9 ,,sculpture ,,( ,,m\nd-,,build]s4 ,9 consid]+ ! degree ( skill exhibit$ by ! m\nd sculptors 9 _! del9eation ( ! features & *>act]i/ics ( animals1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to note t ! c>v+s ( birds & animals :i* h evok$ ! mo/ extravagant expressions ( praise z to ! exactness ) :i* nature has be5 copi$ are uni=mly ^? :i*1 ow+ to ! possession ( "s unusual or sali5t *>act]i/ic1 are exce$+ly easy ( imitation4 ,! /\t body & broad flat tail ( ! beav]1 ! *>act]i/ic physiognomy ( ! wild cat & pan!r1 s utt]ly dissimil> to t ( o!r animals1 ! tuft$ head & fi%-eat+ habits ( ! h]on1 ! raptorial bill & claws ( ! hawk1 ! rattle ( ! rattlesnake1 are all features :i* ! rude/ skill c\ld sc>cely fail to portray4 ,x is by ! del9eation ( ^! m>k$ & unmi/akable features1 & n ! sculptor's p[] to express ! subtleties ( animal *>act]i/ics1 t enables ! id5tity ( a comp>atively small numb] ( ! c>v+s to be e/abli%$4 ,x is true t ! contr>y has (t5 be5 ass]t$1 & t almo/ ev]y?+ has be5 claim$ = ! c>v+s1 9 ! way ( arti/ic execution1 t w\ld be claim$ = ! be/ products ( mod]n skill4 ,squi] & ,davis 9 fact g s f> 9 _! admiration 7,anci5t ,monum5ts1 p4 #bgb71 z to say t1 s f> z fidelity is conc]n$1 _m ( !m 7i4e41 animal c>v+s7 des]ve to rank by ! side ( ! be/ ef=ts ( ! arti/ naturali/s 9 our own day--a /atem5t :i* is simply prepo/]\s4 ,s f>1 9 po9t ( fact1 is ?is f be+ true t an exam9ation ( ! s]ies ( animal sculptures _c fail to conv9ce any "o1 :o is ev5 tol]ably well acqua9t$ ) our common birds & animals1 t x is simply impossible to recognize specific features 9 ! great majority ( !m4 ,!y 7 ei!r n int5d$ to be copies ( p>ticul> species1 or1 if s int5d$1 ! arti/'s skill 0 :olly inadequate = 8 purpose4 ,"s rem>ks by ,dr4 ,c\es1 quot$ 9 an article by ,e4 ,a4 ,b>b] on ,m\nd ,pipes 9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/ = ,april1 #ahhb1 are s apropos to ! subject t !y are "h repr9t$4 ,! p>agraph is 9 response to a reque/ to id5tify a bird pipe3 ,z is s frequ5tly ! probable case 9 su* matt]s1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! sculptor _h no p>ticul> bird 9 m9d 9 execut+ 8 rude c>v+4 ,x is n necess>y1 or inde$1 p]missible1 to suppose t p>ticul> species 7 int5d$ to be repres5t$4 ,n unfrequ5tly ! lik5ess ( "s m>k$ bird is s good z to be unmi/akable1 b ! rev]se is (t5] ! case2 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance ,i c make no m ( ! c>v+ ?an y h done1 except+ t if any p>ticul> species may h be5 9 ! c>v]'s m9d1 8 execution does n suffice = its det]m9ation4 ,! views ent]ta9$ by ,dr4 ,c\es z to ! resemblances ( ! c>v+s w ?us be se5 to co9cide ) ^? express$ above4 ,ano!r prom95t orni?ologi/1 ,mr4 ,ridgway1 has also giv5 v]bal expression to precisely simil> views4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 z ! c>v+s !mselves af=d evid5ce to ! naturali/1 _! g5]al lik5ess entirely accords ) ! supposition t !y 7 n int5d$ to be copies ( p>ticul> species4 ,_m ( ! specim5s are 9 fact j ab\t :at might be expect$ :5 a workman1 ) crude ideas ( art expression1 sat d[n ) int5t to c>ve out a bird1 = in/ance1 )\t ! desire1 ev5 if possess$ ( ! requisite degree ( skill1 to impress ^u ! /one ! details necess>y to make x ! lik5ess ( a p>ticul> species4 ,,g5]alization ,,n ,,design$4 ,:ile ! resemblances ( mo/ ( ! c>v+s1 z indicat$ above1 mu/ be admitt$ to be ( a g5]al & n ( a special "*1 x does n foll[ t _! g5]al type 0 ! result ( design4 ,su* an explanation ( _! g5]al "* & resemblances is1 inde$1 entirely inconsi/5t ) c]ta9 well-kn[n facts reg>d+ ! m5tal op]ations ( primitive or semi-civiliz$ man4 ,to ! m9d ( primitive man ab/ract conceptions ( ?+s1 :ile d\btless n entirely want+1 are at be/ b vaguely def9$4 ,! exp]i5ce ( num]\s inve/igators atte/s h[ difficult x is1 = in/ance1 to obta9 f a savage ! "n ( a class ( animals 9 di/9ction f a p>ticul> species ( t class4 ,?us x is easy to obta9 ! names ( ! sev]al k9ds ( be>s kn[n to a savage1 b 8 m9d ob/9ately refuses to ent]ta9 ! idea ( a be> g5us or class4 ,x is d\btless true t ?is difficulty is 9 no small "p due simply to ! confusion aris+ f ! fact t ! savage's me?od ( classification is diff]5t f t ( 8 que/ion]4 ,=1 al?\gh primitive man actually does classify all concrete ?+s into gr\ps1 ! classification is ( a v crude sort1 & has = a basis a v diff]5t tra9 ( ideas f ^? ^u :i* mod]n sci5ce is e/abli%$--a fact :i* _m inve/igators are prone to ov]look4 ,/ill !re seems to be good gr\nd = believ+ t ! conception ( a bird1 = in/ance1 9 ! ab/ract z di/9ct f "s p>ticul> k9d or species w\ld nev] be ent]ta9$ by a p no fur!r advanc$ 9 culture ?an _! v>i\s relics prove ! ,m\nd-,build]s to h be54 ,9 8 c>v+1 !re=e1 ( a hawk1 a be>1 a h]on1 or a fi%1 x seems highly probable t ! m\nd sculptor _h 9 m9d a di/9ct species1 z we und]/& ! t]m4 ,h5ce 8 failure to reproduce specific features 9 a recognizable way is to be attribut$ to ! fact t 8 skill 0 inadequate to transf] ! exact image pres5t 9 8 m9d1 & n to 8 int5tion to c>ve out a g5]al repres5tative ( ! avian class4 ,to c>ry ! imitative idea f>!r & to sugge/1 z has be5 done by writ]s1 t ! c>v] ( ! ,m\nd-,build+ epo* sat d[n to 8 "w ) ! animal or a model ( x be=e him1 z does ! accurate zoological arti/ ( our own day1 is :olly insupport$ by evid5ce d]ivable f ! c>v+s !mselves1 & is ( too imag9ative a "* to be ent]ta9$4 ,by ! above rem>ks z to ! lack ( specific resemblances 9 ! animal c>v+s x is n int5d$ to d5y t "s ( !m h be5 execut$ ) a consid]able degree ( skill & _s z well z1 )9 c]ta9 limitations h]et(ore express$1 fidelity to nature4 ,tak+ !m z a :ole x c p]haps be ass]t$ t !y h be5 c>v$ ) a skill consid]ably above ! g5]al av]age ( atta9m5ts 9 art ( our ,indian tribes1 b n above ! be/ ef=ts ( individual tribes4 ,t !y w by no means be> ! indiscrim9ate praise !y h receiv$ z works ( art & z exact imitations ( nature may be ass]t$ ) all confid5ce4 ,,probable ,,totemic ,,orig94 ,) ref]5ce to ! orig9 ( ^! animal sculptures _m writ]s appe> incl9$ to ! view t !y are purely decorative & ornam5tal 9 "*1 i4e41 t !y are attempts at close imitations ( nature 9 ! s5se dem&$ by high art1 & t !y owe _! orig9 to ! arti/ic in/9ct alone4 ,b !re is mu* 9 _! g5]al appe>ance t sugge/s !y may h be5 totemic 9 orig91 & t :atev] ( ornam5tal "* !y may possess is ( second>y importance4 ,)1 p]haps1 no exceptions1 ! ,nor? ,am]ican tribes practic$ totemism 9 "o or o!r ( its v>i\s =ms1 &1 al?\gh x by no means foll[s t all ! c>v+ & et*+s ( birds or animals by ^! tribes are totems1 yet x is und\bt$ly true t ! totemic idea is traceable 9 no small majority ( _! arti/ic repres5tations1 :atev] _! =m4 ,z r favor+ ! idea ( ! totemic mean+ ( ! c>v+s1 x may be po9t$ out t a consid]able numb] ( ! recognizable birds & animals are precisely ! ones kn[n to h be5 us$ z totems by _m tribes ( ,indians4 ,! hawk1 h]on1 woodpeck]1 cr[1 beav]1 ott]1 wild cat1 squirrel1 rattlesnake1 & o!rs1 h all figur$ l>gely 9 ! totemic divisions ( our ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,_! sacr$ nature too w\ld enable u to und]/& h[ naturally pipes w\ld be select$ z ! m$ium = totemic repres5tations4 ,x is also kn[n to be a cu/om among ,indian tribes = individuals to c>ve out or et* _! totems ^u weapons & implem5ts ( ! m important & highly priz$ class1 & a v>iety ( ideas1 sup]/iti\s & o!r1 are associat$ ) ! usage2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( weapons ( w> or implem5ts ( ! *ase1 to imp>t great] effici5cy to !m4 ,! et*+ w\ld also s]ve z a m>k ( own]%ip1 especially :]e prop]ty ( c]ta9 k9ds 0 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! tribe or g5s & n to ! individual4 ,(t51 inde$1 9 ! latt] case ! individual us$ ! totem ( 8 g5s in/ead ( ! symbol or m>k = 8 own "n4 ,z a !ory to acc\nt = ! numb] & "* ( ^! animal c>v+s ! totemic !ory is p]haps z t5able z any4 ,! orig9 & significance ( ! c>v+s may1 h[ev]1 involve _m diff]5t & di/9ct ideas4 ,x is c]ta9 t x is a common practice ( ,indians to endeavor to p]petuate ! image ( any /range bird or bea/1 especially :5 se5 away f home1 & 9 ord] t x may be %[n to 8 fri5ds4 ,z :at are deem$ ! m>vell\s features ( ! animal are almo/ always greatly exagg]at$1 x is 9 ?is way t _m ( ! a/oni%+ productions noticeable 9 savage art h orig9at$4 ,among ! ,esquimaux ?is habit is v prom95t1 & _m individuals c %[ et*+s or c>v+s ( birds & animals exhibit+ ! mo/ extraord9>y *>act]s1 :i* !y /\tly av] & d\btless h come to believe !y h actually se54 ,,animal ,,m\nds4 ,z hav+1 = ! purposes ( ! pres5t pap]1 a close connection ) ! animal c>v+s1 ano!r class ( rema9s left by ! ,m\nd-,build]s--! animal m\nds--may next engage att5tion4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! c>v+s1 ! resemblance ( p>ticul> m\nds to ! animals ^: names !y be> is a matt] ( consid]able int]e/ on acc\nt ( ! !ories to :i* !y h giv5 rise4 ,! conclusion rea*$ ) respect to ! c>v+s t x is safe to rely ^u _! id5tification only 9 ! case ( animals possess$ ( /rik+ & unique *>act]s or pres5t+ unusual =ms & proportions1 applies ) f> great] =ce to ! animal m\nds4 ,p]haps 9 none ( ! latt] c specific resemblances be f\nd suffici5t = _! precise det]m9ation4 ,s g5]al are ! resemblances ( "o class t x has be5 an op5 "q among ar*aeologi/s :e!r !y 7 int5d$ to repres5t ! bodies & arms ( m51 or ! bodies & w+s ( birds4 ,o!r =ms are suffici5tly def9$ to admit ( ! /atem5t t !y are d\btless int5d$ = animals1 b )\t enabl+ s mu* z a reasonable guess to be made z to ! k9d4 ,( o!rs aga9 x c be ass]t$ t :atev] significance !y may h _h to ! race t built !m1 to ! un9/ruct$ eyes ( mod]n inve/igators !y are mean+less & are z likely to h be5 int5d$ = inanimate z animate objects4 ,!re are _m examples among ! animal %apes t possess peculi>ities af=d+ no h9t ( animals liv+ or ext9ct1 b :i* are /rongly sugge/ive ( ! play ( my?ologic fancy or ( conv5tional me?ods ( repres5t+ totemic ideas4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! animal c>v+s1 ! latt] sugge/ion is p]haps ! "o t be/ corresponds ) _! g5]al "*4 ,,! ,,elephant ,,m\nd4 ,by f> ! mo/ important ( ! animal m\nds1 f ! nature ( ! d$uctions x has giv5 rise to1 is ! s-call$ ,elephant ,m\nd1 ( ,wiscons94 ,by its discov]y & description ! int]e/+ "q 0 rais$ z to ! contemporane\sness ( ! ,m\nd-,build] & ! ma/odon1 an int]e/ :i* is likely to be fur!r enhanc$ by ! m rec5t br++ to light 9 ,i[a ( two pipes c>v$ 9 ! semblance ( ! same animal1 z well z a tablet %[+ two figures ass]t$ by "s ar*aeologi/s to h be5 int5d$ = ! same animal4 ,al?\gh bo? ! m\nd & pipes h be5 ref]r$ 9 turn to ! pecc>y1 ! tapir1 & ! armadillo1 x is safe to exclude ^! animals f consid]ation4 ,x is inde$ p]haps m likely t ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley 7 autoptically acqua9t$ ) ! ma/odon ?an ) ei!r ( ! above-nam$ animals1 ow+ to _! s\!rn habitat4 ,ref]r+ to ! possibility t ! ma/odon 0 kn[n to ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 x is impossible to fix ) any degree ( precision ! "t ( its disappe>ance f among liv+ animals4 ,ma/odon bones h be5 exhum$ f peat b$s 9 ?is c\ntry at a dep? :i*1 s f> z is prov$ by ! rate ( deposition1 implies t ! animal may h be5 alive )9 five hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ext9ction ( ! ma/odon1 geologically speak+1 0 c]ta9ly a v rec5t ev5t1 &1 z an antiquity ( upw>ds ( a ?\s& or m ye>s has be5 assign$ to "s ( ! m\nds1 x is entirely )9 ! possibilities t ?is animal 0 liv+ at ! "t ^! 7 ?r[n up1 grant+ ev5 t ! "t ( _! erection has be5 ov]e/imat$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 !re=e1 t !re are no inh]5t absurdities 9 ! belief t ! ,m\nd-,build]s 7 acqua9t$ ) ! ma/odon4 ,grant+ t !y may h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! animal1 ! "q arises1 :at pro( is !re t !y actually 78 ,! answ] to ?is "q made by c]ta9 ar*aeologi/s is--! ,elephant ,m\nd1 ( ,wiscons94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,! ,elephant ,m\nd1 ,grant ,c\nty1 ,wiscons94 ,recall+ ! fact t among ! animal m\nds _m nondescript %apes occur :i* _c be id5tifi$ at all1 & z _m o!rs :i* h be5 call$ aft] ! animals !y appe> to mo/ ne>ly resemble1 c>ry out _! peculi>ities only 9 ! mo/ vague & g5]al way1 x is a little difficult to und]/& ! confid5ce ) :i* ?is effigy has be5 ass]t$ to repres5t ! ma/odon2 = ! m\nd 7a copy ( :i* z figur$ 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,annual ,report = #ahgb is "h giv57 c by no means be said to closely repres5t ! %ape1 proportions1 & peculi>ities ( ! animal ^: "n x be>s4 ,9 fact1 x is true ( ?is1 z ( s _m o!r ( ! effigies1 ! id5tity ( :i* mu/ be guess$1 t ! resemblance is ( ! mo/ vague & g5]al k9d1 ! figure simulat+ ! elephant no m closely ?an any "o ( a score or m m\nds 9 ,wiscons91 except 9 "o important p>ticul>1 viz1 ! head has a prolongation or sn\t-l app5dage1 :i* is its *ief1 9 fact its only real1 elephant9e "*4 ,if ?is app5dage is too long = ! sn\t ( any o!r kn[n animal1 x is c]ta9ly too %ort = ! trunk ( a ma/odon4 ,/ill1 s f> z ?is "o "* goes1 x is d\btless true t x is m sugge/ive ( ! ma/odon ?an ( any o!r animal4 ,no h9t is af=d$ ( tusks1 e>s1 or tail1 & 7 x n = ! sn\t ! animal effigy might readily be call$ a be>1 x ne>ly resembl+ 9 its g5]al make-up _m ( ! s-call$ be> m\nds figur$ by ,squi] & ,davis f ?is same c\nty 9 ,wiscons94 ,! latt]1 too1 are ( ! same gigantic size & proportions4 ,if x c safely be assum$ t an animal effigy )\t tusks1 )\t e>s1 & )\t a tail 0 really int5d$ to repres5t a ma/odon1 x w\ld be /ret*+ imag9ation b a /ep f>!r to call all ! l>ge-bodi$1 heavy-limb$ animal effigies hi!rto nam$ be>s1 ma/odons1 attribut+ ! lack ( trunks1 z well z e>s1 tusks1 & tails1 to inatt5tion to slight details on ! "p ( ! m\nd arti/4 ,x is true t "o bit ( good1 positive pro( is wor? _m ( a negative "*4 ,b "h ! "o positive resemblance1 ! trunk ( ! suppos$ elephant1 falls f> %ort ( an exact imitation1 &1 z ! o!r features necess>y to a good lik5ess ( a ma/odon are :olly want+1 is n ?is an in/ance :]e ! negative pro( %\ld be held suffici5t to l>gely outweigh ! positive8 ,9 connection ) ?is "q ! fact %\ld n be ov]look$ t1 among ! great numb] ( animal effigies 9 ,wiscons9 & else:]e1 ?is is ! only "o :i* ev5 ?us remotely sugge/s ! ma/odon4 ,z ! ,m\nd ,build]s 7 9 ! habit ( repeat+ ! same animal =m aga9 & aga91 n only 9 ! same b 9 widely di/ant localities1 :y1 if ?is 0 really int5d$ = a ma/odon1 are !re no o!rs l x8 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! size & extraord9>y features ( ?is mon/] among mammals w\ld h prev5t$ x be+ ov]look$ by ! ,m\nd-,build]s :5 s _m animals ( inf]ior int]e/ engag$ _! att5tion4 ,! fact t ! m\nd is a nondescript1 ) no o!rs resembl+ x1 c]ta9ly less5s ! probability t x 0 an int5tional repres5tation ( ! ma/odon1 & increases ! likelihood t its slight resemblance 0 accid5tal2 a slide ( e>? f ! head1 = in/ance1 might readily be int]pret$ by ! mod]n arti/ z a trunk1 & ?us ! head be made to assume a %ape 9 8 sket* n int5d$ by ! orig9al mak]4 ,z is well kn[n1 no task is m difficult = ! arti/ ?an to transf] to pap] an exact copy ( su* a subject4 ,especially h>d is x = ! arti/ to avoid unconsci\sly magnify+ or ton+ d[n peculi>ities accord+ to 8 own conceptions ( :at 0 orig9ally int5d$1 :51 z is (t5 ! case1 "t & ! elem5ts h comb9$ to r5d] %ape & outl9es obscure4 ,ar*aeologic treatises are full ( w>n+ lessons ( ?is k9d1 & ! int]pretations giv5 to anci5t works ( art by ! err+ p5cil ( ! mod]n arti/ are responsible = _m an +5i\s !ory :i* ! orig9al w\ld nev] h sugge/$4 ,x may well be t future inve/igations w %[ t ! "o peculi>ity :i* di/+ui%es ! s-call$ ,elephant ,m\nd f its fell[s is really susceptible ( a mu* m commonplace explanation ?an has hi!rto be5 giv5 x4 ,ev5 if su* explanation be n =?com+1 ! ,elephant ,m\nd ( ,wiscons9 %\ld be supplem5t$ by a v consid]able am\nt ( corroborative te/imony be=e be+ accept$ z pro( positive ( ! acqua9tance ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s ) ! ma/odon4 ,z reg>ds lik5ess to ! ma/odon1 ! pipes be=e allud$ to1 copies ( :i* z giv5 9 ,b>b]'s articles on ,m\nd ,pipes 9 ,am]ican ,naturali/ = ,april1 #ahhb1 ,figs4 #ag & #ah1 are "h pres5t$1 :ile n entirely above criticism1 are mu* ne>] :at !y h be5 suppos$ to be ?an ! m\nd j m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,elephant ,pipe1 ,i[a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,elephant ,pipe1 ,i[a4 ,( ! two1 figure #bi is c]ta9ly ! mo/ natural 9 appe>ance1 b1 if ! pipes are int5tional imitations ( any animal1 nei!r c be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 int5d$ = any o!r ?an ! ma/odon4 ,yet1 z po9t$ out by ,b>b] & o!rs1 x is c]ta9ly surpris+ t if int5d$ = ma/odons no attempt 0 made to indicate ! tusks1 :i* ) ! trunk con/itute ! mo/ m>k$ ext]nal peculi>ities ( all ! elephant k9d4 ,! tusks1 too1 z af=d+ t mo/ important product 9 primitive indu/ries1 ivory1 w\ld naturally be ! "o peculi>ity ( all o!rs :i* ! anci5t arti/ w\ld h reli$ ^u to fix ! id5tity ( ! animal4 ,x is also rem>kable t 9 nei!r ( ^! pipes is ! tail indicat$1 al?\gh a glance at ! o!r sculptures w %[ t 9 ! full-l5g? figures ?is memb] is inv>iably %[n4 ,9 respect to ^! omissions1 ! pipes f ,i[a are /rik+ly sugge/ive ( ! ,elephant ,m\nd ( ,wiscons91 ) ! peculi>ities ( :i* ! sculptor1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n1 might almo/ be suppos$ to h be5 acqua9t$4 ,x c]ta9ly mu/ be look$ ^u z a curi\s co9cid5ce t c>v+s f\nd at a po9t s remote f ! ,elephant ,m\nd1 & presumably ! "w ( o!r h&s1 %\ld s closely copy ! imp]fections ( t m\nd4 ,9 consid]+ ! evid5ce af=d$ by ^! pipes ( a k ( ! ma/odon on ! "p ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t _! au!nticity z specim5s ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s' art has be5 call$ s]i\sly 9 "q4 ,possibly ! fact t ! same p]son 0 in/rum5tal 9 br++ to light bo? ! pipes has _h l>gely to d ) ! suspicion1 especially :5 x 0 rememb]$ t al?\gh explor]s h be5 rem>kably active 9 ! same region1 x has fall5 to ! good =tune ( no "o else to f9d any?+ convey+ ! mo/ di/ant sugge/ion ( ! ma/odon4 ,z ! mann] ( discov]y ( su* relics always =ms an important "p ( _! hi/ory1 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! pipes z communicat$ to ,mr4 ,b>b] by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,pratt1 presid5t ( ! ,dav5port ,academy 7,am]ican ,naturali/ = ,april1 #ahhb1 pp4 #bge1 #bgf71 is "h subjo9$3 ,! fir/ elephant pipe1 :i* we obta9$ 7,fig4 #ag7 a little m ?an a ye> ago1 0 f\nd "s six ye>s be=e by an illit]ate ,g]man f>m] nam$ ,pet] ,m>e1 :ile plant+ corn on a f>m 9 ! m\nd region1 ,l\isa ,c\nty1 ,i[a4 ,he did n c>e :e!r x 0 elephant or kang>oo2 to him x 0 a curi\s ',indian /one1' & no?+ m1 & he kept x & smok$ x4 ,9 #ahgh he remov$ to ,kansas1 & :5 he left he gave ! pipe to 8 bro!r-9-law1 a f>m labor]1 :o also smok$ x4 ,mr4 ,gass happ5$ to he> ( x1 z he is always inquir+ ab\t su* ?+s1 hunt$ up ! man & borr[$ ! pipe to take photographs & ca/s f x4 ,he c\ld n buy x4 ,! man said 8 bro!r-9-law gave x to him & z x 0 a curi\s ?+--he want$ to keep x4 ,we 71 h[ev]1 un=tunate1 or =tunate1 en\gh to break x2 t spoil$ x = him & t 0 8 *ance to make "s money out ( x4 ,he c\ld h claim$ any am\nt1 & we w\ld1 z 9 duty b\nd1 h rais$ x = him1 b he 0 satisfi$ ) ?ree or f\r doll>s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ week 9 ,april1 ?is mon?1 ,rev4 ,ad4 ,blum]1 ano!r ,g]man ,lu!ran m9i/]1 n[ ( ,g5esee1 ,ill9ois1 hav+ =m]ly resid$ 9 ,l\isa ,c\nty1 w5t d[n !re 9 company ) ,mr4 ,gass to op5 a few m\nds1 ,mr4 ,blum] be+ well acqua9t$ !re4 ,!y c>efully explor$ t5 ( !m1 & f\nd no?+ b a%es & decay$ bones 9 any1 except "o4 ,9 t "o 0 a lay] ( r$1 h>d-burn$ clay1 ab\t five feet across & ?irte5 in*es 9 ?ickness at ! c5t]1 :i* re/$ ^u a b$ ( a%es "o foot 9 dep? 9 ! middle1 ! a%es re/+ ^u ! natural undi/urb$ clay4 ,9 ! a%es1 ne> ! bottom ( ! lay]1 !y f\nd a "p ( a brok5 c>v$ /one pipe1 repres5t+ "s bird2 a v small beautifully =m$ copp] 'axe1' & ?is la/ elephant pipe 7,fig4 #ah74 ,?is pipe 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,mr4 ,blum]1 & by him1 at our e>ne/ solicitation1 turn$ ov] to ! ,academy4 ,x w be se5 f ! above t ! same g5tleman 0 in/rum5tal 9 br++ to light ! two specim5s con/itut+ ! pres5t supply ( elephant pipes4 ,! rem>kable ar*aeologic in/9ct :i* has guid$ ! f9d] ( ^! pipes has l$ him to ev5 m important discov]ies4 ,by ! aid ( 8 div9+ rod he has succe$$ 9 une>?+ "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable inscrib$ tablets :i* h ?us f> rew>d$ ! dilig5t se>* ( ! m\nd explor]4 ,x is n necess>y to speak 9 detail ( ^! "h1 or ( ! v>i\s !ories to :i* !y h giv5 rise & support1 includ+ t ( phonetic writ+1 fur!r ?an to call att5tion to ! fact t by a curi\s co9cid5ce "o ( ! tablets conta9s1 among a numb] ( famili> animals1 figures :i* sugge/ 9 a rude way ! ma/odon aga91 :i* animal inde$ "s ar*aeologi/s h confid5tly ass]t$ !m to be4 ,! resemblance !y be> to t animal is1 h[ev]1 by no means z close z exhibit$ by ! pipe c>v+s2 !y are !re=e n reproduc$ "h4 ,bo? figures diff] f ! pipes 9 hav+ tails2 bo? lack trunks1 & also tusks4 ,ar*aeologi/s mu/ c]ta9ly deem x un=tunate t outside ( ! ,wiscons9 m\nd ! only evid5ce ( ! co-exi/5ce ( ! ,m\nd-,build] & ! ma/odon %\ld rea* ! sci5tific _w ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( "o individual4 ,s d]iv$1 ea* succe$+ c>v+ ( ! ma/odon1 be x m or less accurate1 in/ead ( be+ accept$ by ar*aeologi/s z cumulative evid5ce t5d+ to e/abli% ! g5u95ess ( ! sculptur$ te/imony %[+ t ! ,m\nd-,build] & ma/odon 7 coeval1 w be view$ ) ev] increas+ suspicion4 ,?is "p ( ! subject %\ld n be conclud$ )\t allusion to a c]ta9 class ( evid5ce1 :i*1 al?\gh ( a negative sort1 mu/ be accord$ v great weight 9 consid]+ ?is mu* vex$ "q4 ,x may be ask$ :y if ! ,m\nd-,build]s & ! ma/odon 7 contemporane\s1 h no traces ( ! ivory tusks ev] be5 exhum$ f ! m\nds8 ,no mat]ial is s p]fectly adapt$ = ! purposes ( c>v+1 an art to :i* we h se5 ! ,m\nd-,build]s 7 mu* addict$1 z ivory1 bo? f its beauty & ! ease ) :i* x is work$1 to say no?+ ( ! o!r manifold uses to :i* x is put1 bo? by primitive & civiliz$ man4 ,! ma/odon af=ds an abundant supply ( ?is highly priz$ sub/ance1 n a p>ticle ( :i* has ev] be5 exhum$ f ! m\nds ei!r 9 ! %ape ( implem5ts or c>v+4 ,yet ! exce$+ly close texture ( ivory enables x to successfully resi/ ! de/roy+ influ5ces ( "t = v long p]iods--v long inde$ z comp>$ ) c]ta9 articles :i* commonly rew>d ! se>* ( ! m\nd explor]4 ,among ! articles ( a p]i%able nature t h be5 exhum$ f ! m\nds are l>ge numb]s ( %ell ornam5ts1 :i* are by no means v durable1 z well z ! p]=at$ tee? ( v>i\s animals2 sections ( de]s' horns h also be5 f\nd1 z well z ornam5ts made ( ! claws ( animals1 a /ill m p]i%able mat]ial4 ,! li/ also includes ! bones ( ! muskrat & turtle1 z ( o!r animals1 n only 9 _! natural %ape1 b c>v$ into ! =m ( implem5ts ( small size1 z awls1 etc4 ,human bones1 too1 9 abundance1 h be5 exhum$ 9 a suffici5tly well pres]v$ /ate to af=d a basis = v>i\s !ories & speculations4 ,b ( ! ma/odon1 ) :i* ^! dead ,m\nd-,build]s are suppos$ to h be5 acqua9t$1 n a palpable trace rema9s4 ,! tale ( its exi/5ce is told by a s+le m\nd 9 ,wiscons91 :i* ! mo/ ard5t support] ( ! ma/odon !ory mu/ ackn[l$ge to be f> f a facsimile1 & two c>v+s & an inscrib$ tablet1 ! ?ree latt] ! f9ds ( a s+le explor]4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! _m attempts at ar*aeological frauds t rec5t ye>s h br\ght to light1 ar*aeologi/s h a "r to dem& t objects :i* af=d a basis = su* important d$uctions z ! coeval life ( ! ,m\nd-,build] & ! ma/odon1 %\ld be above ! slighte/ suspicion n only 9 respect to _! resemblances1 b z reg>ds ! circum/ances ( discov]y4 ,if !y are n above suspicion1 ! sci5ce ( ar*aeology c bett] af=d to wait = fur!r & m c]ta9 evid5ce ?an to commit itself to !ories :i* may prove /umbl+-blocks to tru? until t indef9ite "t :5 future inve/igations %all %[ _! illusory nature4 ,,! ,,alligator ,,m\nd4 ,al?\gh ( mu* less importance ?an ! ma/odon1 a ^w may be add$ z to ! s-call$ alligator m\nd1 m especially because ! alligator1 ow+ to its s\!rn habitat1 is n likely to h be5 kn[n to ! ,m\nd-,build]s ( ,ohio4 ,t x may h be5 kn[n to !m ei!r ?r\gh travel or he>say is ( c\rse possible4 ,a copy ( ! m\nd f ! ,anci5t ,monum5ts is subjo9$4 ,! alligator m\nd 0 describ$ "u ?is "n = no o!r reason ?an because x 0 kn[n 9 ! vic9ity z su*1 ?is designation hav+ be5 adopt$ by ,squi] & ,davis1 z !y frankly say1 = want ( a bett]1 add+ al?\gh ! figure be>s z close a resemblance to ! liz>d z any o!r reptile4 7,anci5t ,monum5ts1 p4 #ii47 ,9 tru? x be>s a sup]ficial lik5ess to almo/ any long-tail$ animal :i* has ! p[] ( curl+ its tail--:i*1 ! alligator has n--z1 = in/ance1 ! opossum4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! m]e/ guess-"w to attempt to conf9e its resemblances to any p>ticul> animal4 ,nev]!less rec5t writ]s h describ$ ?is z ! alligator m\nd )\t sugge/+ a ^w ( d\bt z to its want ( positive resemblance to t saurian4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,alligator ,m\nd4 ,,human ,,sculptures4 ,! conclusion rea*$ 9 ! =ego+ pages t ! animal sculptures are n exact & fai?ful copies f nature1 b are imitations ( a g5]al r ?an ( a special "*1 su* z comport bett] ) ! /ate ( art z develop$ among c]ta9 ( ! ,indian tribes ?an among a p t has a*iev$ any notable advance 9 culture is important n only 9 its be>+ on ! que/ions previ\sly notic$ 9 ?is pap]1 b 9 its relation to ano!r & highly int]e/+ class ( sculptures4 ,if a l>ge proportion ( ! animal c>v+s are s lack+ 9 arti/ic accuracy z to make x possible to id5tify positively only ! few possess+ ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ *>act]s1 h[ mu* fai? is to be plac$ 9 ! ability ( ! ,m\nd sculptor to fix 9 /one ! features & expressions ( ! human c\nt5ance1 inf9itely m difficult subject = portrayal z ?is confess$ly is8 ,t ,wilson reg>ds ! human sculptures z af=d+ a basis = s\nd e?nological d$uctions is evid5t f ! foll[+ p>agraph1 tak5 f ,prehi/oric ,man1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dfa3 ,alike f ! m9ute accuracy ( _m ( ! sculptures ( animals1 h]eaft] ref]r$ to1 & f ! correspond5ce to well kn[n features ( ! mod]n ,r$ ,indian sugge/$ by "s ( ! human heads1 ^! m9iature portraits may be assum$1 ) e probability1 to include fai?ful repres5tations ( ! pr$om9ant physical features ( ! anci5t p by :om !y 7 execut$4 ,%ort1 too1 accept+ ! popul> idea t !y are fai?ful & recognizable copies f nature1 rem>ks 9 ! ,nor? ,am]icans ( ,antiquity1 p4 #ih1 ibid41 p4 #ahg3 ,!re is no reason = believ+ t ! p :o wr\ght /one & clay into p]fect effigies ( animals h n left u sculptures ( _! own faces 9 ! images exhum$ f ! m\nds2 & aga91 ,! p]fection ( ! animal repres5tations furni% u ! assurance t _! sculptures ( ! human face 7 equally true to nature4 ,squi] & ,davis also appe> to h _h no d\bt :atev] ( ! capabilities ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s 9 ! direction ( human portraiture4 ,!y are n only able to disc]n 9 ! sculptur$ heads niceties ( expression suffici5t = ! discrim9ation ( ! sexes1 b1 z well1 to enable !m to po9t out su* z are und\bt$ly anci5t & ! "w ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 & ^? ( a m rec5t orig91 ! product ( ! pres5t ,indians4 ,_! ma9 crit]ion ( orig9 is1 app>5tly1 t all ( f9e execution & f9i% 7 ! "w ( ! ,m\nd sculptors1 & ^? r\ghly done & immeasurably inf]ior to ! relics ( ! m\nds1 to use _! own words1 7 ! h&icraft ( ! tribes f\nd 9 ! c\ntry by ! :ites4 ,conclusions s d]iv$1 x may /rike "s1 are op5 to criticism1 h[ev] well suit$ !y may be to meet ! necessities ( preconceiv$ !ories4 ,aft] discuss+ 9 detail ! me?ods ( arrang+ ! hair1 ! pa9t l9es1 & tattoo+1 ! features ( ! human c>v+s1 ,squi] & ,davis arrive at ! conclusion t ! physiological *>act]i/ics ( ^! heads d n diff] ess5tially f ^? ( ! great ,am]ican family4 ,( lat] writ]s "s agree ) ,squi] & ,davis 9 believ+ ! type illu/rat$ by ^! heads to be ,indian2 o!rs agree r ) ,wilson1 :o diss5ts f ! view express$ by ,squi] & ,davis1 &1 9 con=mity ) ! pr$ilections visible ?r\gh\t 8 "w1 is ( ! op9ion t ! ,m\nd-,build]s 7 ( a di/9ct type f ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 & t ! majority ( sculptur$ human heads hi!rto recov]$ f _! anci5t depositories d n reproduce ! ,indian features4 7,wilson's ,prehi/oric ,man1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dfi47 ,aga91 ,wilson says t ! div]sity ( type f\nd among ! human sculptures proves t ! ,m\nd-,build]s 7 famili> ) ! ,am]ican ,indian type1 b no?+ m4--,ibid41 p4 #dfi4 ,! v>y+ type ( physiognomy repres5t$ by ^! heads w\ld bett] indicate t _! resemblances are ! result ( accid5t r ?an ( int5tion4 ,= ! same reason t ! sculptur$ animals ( ! same species display great diff]5ces ( =m & expression1 accord+ to ! v>y+ skill ( ! sculptors or ! unexact+ dem&s made by a rude condition ( art1 s ! div]sifi$ "* ( ! human faces is to be ascrib$1 n to ! successful p]petuation 9 /one by a ma/] h& ( individual features1 b simply to a want ( skill on ! "p ( ! sculptor4 ,! evid5ce af=d$ by ! animal sculptures all t5ds to ! conclusion t exact individual portraiture w\ld h be5 impossible to ! m\nd sculptor _h ! /ate ( culture he liv$ 9 dem&$ x2 ! latt] is altoge!r improbable4 ,a glance at ! above quotations w %[ t x is ! assum$ fidelity to nature ( ! animal c>v+s & _! f9e execution :i* has be5 reli$ ^u 9 support ( a simil> claim = ! human sculptures4 ,z ?is claim is se5 to h b slight basis 9 fact ! ma9 argum5t = ass]t+ ! human sculptures to be fai?ful repres5tations ( physical features1 & to embody exact racial *>act]s falls to ! gr\nd1 & x mu/ be admitt$ z 9 ! la/ degree improbable t ! art ( ! m\nd sculptor 0 adequate = ! task ( accurate human portraiture4 ,to base important e?nologic d$uctions ^u ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! human sculptures 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k conc]n+ !m w\ld seem to be utt]ly unsci5tific & mislead+4 ,copies ( sev]al ( ! heads z !y appe> 9 ,anci5t ,monum5ts 7pp4 #bdd-bdg7 are "h subjo9$ to %[ ! v>i\s types ( physiognomy illu/rat$ by !m3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,human ,c>v+s f ! ,m\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,human ,c>v+s f ! ,m\nds4 ,c\ld ! _m o!r /one & t]ra-cotta sculptures ( ! human face :i* h be5 ascrib$ to ! ,m\nd-,build]s be reproduc$ "h x w\ld be se5 t ! specim5s illu/rat$ above are among ! v be/4 ,9 n a few1 traces ( ! grotesque are di/9ctly visible1 & !re is little 9 _! appe>ance to sugge/ t !y _h a diff]5t orig9 or conta9 a deep] mean+ ?an simil> productions f\nd among pres5t ,indians4 ,z ea* ( ! _m c>v+s diff] m or less f e o!r1 x w at once be p]ceiv$ t ! advocates ( diff]5t !ories c readily f9d 9 ! s]ies abundant te/imony 9 support ( any & all assumptions !y may *oose to advance4 ,,indian ,,& ,,m\nd-,,build]s' ,,art ,,comp>$4 ,turn+ f special illu/rations ( ! arti/ic skill ( ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 brief att5tion may be paid to _! art 9 its m g5]al features1 & z comp>$ ) art z f\nd among our ,indian tribes4 ,among "s ( ! latt] ! arti/ic in/9ct1 :ile d]iv+ its *>act]i/ic features1 z among ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 f animat$ nature1 exhibits a decid$ t5d5cy t[>ds ! production ( conv5tional =ms1 & (t5 f9ds expression 9 creations ( ! mo/ grotesque & imag9ative "*4 ,:ile ?is is true ( "s tribes x is by no means true ( all1 nor is x true ( all ! art products ( ev5 ^? tribes mo/ giv5 to conv5tional art4 ,b ev5 7 x true 9 its broade/ t]ms1 x is m ?an d\btful if ! significance ( ! fact has n be5 greatly ov]e/imat$4 ,"s au?ors inde$ seem to disc]n 9 ! introduction ( ! grotesque elem5t & ! sub/itution ( conv5tional designs ( animals = a m natural portrayal1 a diff]5ce suffici5t to m>k1 n di/9ct eras ( art culture m]ely1 b diff]5t races ) v diff]5t modes ( art expression4 ,to trace ! orig9 ( art among primitive peoples1 & to note ! successive /eps by :i* decorative art grew f its probable orig9 9 ! readily recogniz$ adornm5ts ( nature & 9 ! m]e accid5ts ( manufacture1 z !y h be5 t]m$1 w\ld be n only int]e/+1 b highly in/ructive4 ,su* a /udy %\ld af=d u a clew to ! orig9 & significance ( conv5tional z contra/$ ) imitative art4 ,! natural process ( ! evolution ( art w\ld seem to be f ! purely imitative to ! conv5tional1 ! t5d5cy be+ = arti/ic expression ( a p>tially or :olly imag9ative "* to supplant or supplem5t ! imitative =m only 9 ob$i5ce to ext]nal influ5ces1 especially ^? ( a religi\s or sup]/iti\s k9d4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t ev5 among tribes ( ! ,nor?we/1 ! ,haidahs1 = in/ance1 ^: c>v+s or pa9t+s ( birds & animals are almo/ inv>iably treat$ 9 a mann] s highly conv5tional or are s di/ort$ & c>icatur$ z to be ne>ly or q unrecognizable1 x is /ill "s natural object1 z a well kn[n bird or animal1 t und]lies & gives prim>y %ape to ! design4 ,h[ev] highly conv5tionaliz$ or grotesque 9 appe>ance su* arti/ic productions may be1 evid5ces ( an und]ly+ imitative design may always be detect$2 pro(1 seem+ly1 t ! conv5tional is a lat] /age ( art sup]impos$ ^u ! m natural by ! requirem5ts ( my?ologic fancies4 ,z x is ) any p>ticul> example ( savage arti/ic fancy1 s is x ) ! art ( c]ta9 tribes z a :ole4 ,nor does x seem possible t ! gr[? ( ! religions or my?ologic s5tim5t has s f> prec$$ or outgr[n ! developm5t ( art z to h _h f ! fir/ a dom9at+ influ5ce ov] x1 & t ! art ( su* tribes z mo/ /rongly %[ its effect has nev] _h :at may be t]m$ its natural phase ( developm5t1 b has rea*$ ! conv5tional /age )\t hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate imitative era4 ,x is m natural to suppose1 s f>1 at lea/ z ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians are conc]n$1 t ! road to conv5tionalism has always l$ ?r\gh imitation4 ,! argum5t1 !re=e1 t because a tribe or p is less giv5 ?an ano!r to conv5tional me?ods ( art1 x !re=e mu/ necess>ily be 9 a high] /age ( culture1 is entitl$ to mu* less weight ?an x has sometimes receiv$4 ,squi] & ,davis1 = in/ance1 ref]r+ to ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 /ate t _m ( ^! 7i4e41 sculptures7 exhibit a close obs]vance ( nature su* z we c\ld only expect to f9d among a p consid]ably advanc$ 9 ! m9or arts1 & to :i* ! elaborate & labori\s1 b usually clumsy & ungraceful1 n to say unmean+1 productions ( ! savage c claim b a slight approa*4 ,x is cle>ly n ! int5tion ( ! above au?ors to claim an entire abs5ce ( ! grotesque me?od ( treatm5t 9 specim5s ( ! ,m\nd-,build]'s art1 s9ce else:]e !y call att5tion to :at appe>s to be a c>icature ( ! human face1 z well z to ! disproportionate size ( ! heads ( _m ( ! animal c>v+s4 ,n only are ! heads ( _m ( ! c>v+s ( disproportionate size1 :i*1 9 in/ances has ! effect ( actual di/ortion1 b 9 n a few ( ! sculptures nature1 in/ead ( be+ copi$1 has be5 trifl$ ) & birds & animals %[ peculi>ities unkn[n to sci5ce & :i* g f> to prove t ! ,m\nd-,build]s1 h[ev] else end[$1 possess$ lively imag9ations & no little creative fancy4 ,decid$ traces ( conv5tionalism also are to be f\nd 9 _m ( ! animal c>v+s1 & ! me?od ( indicat+ ! w+s & fea!rs ( birds1 ! scales ( ! s]p5t1 c41 are almo/ precisely :at is to be obs]v$ 9 mod]n ,indian productions ( a simil> k9d4 ,few & fa9t z are ^! t5d5cies t[>ds c>icatur+ & conv5tionaliz+ z comp>$ ) :at may be not$ 9 ! arti/ic productions ( ! ,haidahs1 ,*9ooks1 & o!r tribes ( ! ,nor?we/1 !y are yet suffici5t to %[ t 9 ^! p>ticul>s no h>d & fa/ l9e c be drawn betwe5 ! art ( ! ,indian & ( ! ,m\nd-,build]4 ,z %[+ h[ n>r[ is ! l9e t sep>ates ! conv5tional & imitative me?ods ( art1 x is ( int]e/ to note t among ! ,esquimaux ! two /ages ( art are f\nd fl\ri%+ side by side4 ,9 _! curi\s masks1 c>v$ into =ms ! mo/ qua9t & grotesque1 & 9 _m ( _! c>v+s ( animals1 p>tak+ z !y d ( a half human1 half animal "*1 we h abundant evid5ce ( :at au?ors h *>act]iz$ z savage ta/e 9 sculpture4 ,b ! same tribes execute c>v+s ( animals1 z seals1 sea-lions1 :ales1 be>s1 c41 :i*1 ?\gh g5]ally want+ 9 ! c>eful model+ necess>y to con/itute f9e sculpture1 & = absolute specific resemblance1 are g5]ally recognizable lik5esses4 ,n[ & !n inde$ is to be f\nd a c>v+ :i* is notewor?y = spirit$ execution & fai?ful model+4 ,! be/ ( !m are f> sup]ior to ! be/ execut$ c>v+s f ! m\nds1 &1 are mu* wor?i] objects = comp>ison ) mod]n arti/ic "w4 ,z d$ucible f ! above premises x may be obs]v$ t1 :ile ! /ate ( art among primitive peoples z exemplifi$ by _! arti/ic productions may be a useful index 9 det]m9+ _! relative position 9 ! scale ( progress1 unless us$ ) caution & 9 connection ) o!r & m reliable /&>ds ( measurem5t x w lead to v errone\s conclusions4 ,if1 = in/ance1 skill & +5uity 9 ! art ( c>v+ & et*+ be accept$ z af=d+ a prop] idea ( a p's progress 9 g5]al culture1 ! ,esquimaux ( ,alaska %\ld be plac$ 9 ! front rank ( ,am]ican tribes1 a position ne$less to say :i* _c be accord$ !m f m g5]al consid]ations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! evid5ces ( arti/ic skill left by ! ,iroquoian tribes are 9 no way comp>able to ! "w produc$ by ! ,esquimaux1 yet ! =m] h usually be5 assign$ a v advanc$ position z comp>$ ) o!r ,am]ican tribes4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusions4 ,! m important conclusions rea*$ 9 ! =ego+ pap] may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3 ,t ( ! c>v+s f ! m\nds :i* c be id5tifi$ !re are no repres5tations ( birds or animals n indig5\s to ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,& consequ5tly t ! !ories ( orig9 = ! ,m\nd ,build]s sugge/$ by ! pres5ce 9 ! m\nds ( c>v+s ( suppos$ =eign animals are )\t basis4 ,second4 ,t a l>ge majority ( ! c>v+s1 in/ead ( be+1 z assum$1 exact lik5esses f nature1 possess 9 reality only ! mo/ g5]al resemblance to ! birds & animals ( ! region :i* !y 7 d\btless int5d$ to repres5t4 ,?ird4 ,t !re is no reason = believ+ t ! masks & sculptures ( human faces are m correct lik5esses ?an are ! animal c>v+s4 ,f\r?4 ,t ! /ate ( art-culture rea*$ by ! ,m\nd ,build]s1 z illu/rat$ by _! c>v+s1 has be5 greatly ov]e/imat$4 ,,index4 ,animal c>v+s f m\nds ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 by ,h4 ,w4 ,h5%aw1 #aag ,bat1 ,c>v+ ( !1 #add ,birds dome/icat$ by ,indians1 #ach ,buzz>d1 ,range ( !1 #adb ,c>v+s1 ,animal1 f m\nds1 #aag ,*]ry ,bird1 ,c>v+ ( !1 #ade ,c9c9nati tablet1 #acc ,con* %ell1 ,range ( !1 #adc ,c\es1 ,dr4 ,e41 on bird c>v+s f m\nds1 #adh ,c\g>1 ,range ( !1 #adb ,cr[1 ,c>v+s ( !1 #acf ,cu%+1 ,f4 ,h41 on ,zuni feti*es1 #ade ,dall1 ,w4 ,h41 on ! con* %ell 7,pyrula71 #adc ,eagle1 ,c>v+s ( !1 #adf ,elephant m\nd1 #aeb pipes1 #aee ,gr\ce1 ,c>v+ ( !1 #add ,h5%aw1 ,h4 ,w41 ,animal ,c>v+s f ,m\nds ( ! ,miss4 ,valley1 #aag ,human sculptures1 #afj ,jagu>1 ,range ( !1 #adb ,manatee1 ,sculptures ( !1 #abe ,m\nd-build]s' art vs4 ,indian art1 #afd c>v+s1 #aag skill 9 sculpture1 #adh me?ods 9 art1 #adi ,m\nds1 ,animal1 #aeb ,ott]1 ,c>v+s ( !1 #abe ,owl1 ,c>v+s ( !1 #add ,pan!r1 ,range ( !1 #adb ,p>oquet1 ,c>v+ ( !1 #aci 1 ,range ( !1 #adj ,pipe sculpture ( ! m\nds build]s1 #abd ,pipes1 ,elephant1 #aee1aeg ,pyrula p]v]sa1 ,range ( !1 #adc ,rattlesnake1 ,c>v+ ( !1 #adg ,skill 9 sculpture ( ! ,m\nds ,build]s1 #adh ,squirrel1 ,gr\nd1 ,c>v+ ( !1 #abh ,totemism1 #aej ,tropical animals kn[n to ,m\nd ,build]s1 #adb ,turkey ,buzz>d1 ,c>v+ ( !1 #ade ,:ite1 ,c4 ,a41 ,unios id5tifi$ by1 #abi ,wilson on ! con* %ell 7,pyrula71 #adc c>v+s ( tropical animals1 #adb ,woodpeck]1 ,c>v+s ( !1 #adf