file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #ahabg-;h4htm or #ahabg-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ h_/a_/b_/ahabg_/ahabg-;h_/#ahabg-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ h_/a_/b_/ahabg_/ahabg-;h4zip7 ,,the ,,beginner',s ,,american ,,history by ,d4 ,h4 ,,montgomery ,author of the ,leading ,facts of ,history ,series ,frontispiece3 ,,liberty ,,enlightening ,,the ,,world4 ,a ,statue in the ,harbor of ,new ,york ,city1 given to the ,american ,people by the ,people of ,france4 7,copyright by ,charles ,t4 ,root47 ,boston4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,published by ,ginn ,company #ahic ,copyright1 #ahib1 by ,d4 ,h4 ,montgomery ,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,typography by ,j4 ,s4 ,cushing ,co41 ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,presswork by ,ginn ,co41 ,boston1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,d4,h4,m4 ,,to ,s4,k4,k4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,this little book is intended by the writer as an introduction to his larger work entitled ,the ,leading ,facts of ,american ,history4 ,it is in no sense an abridgment of the larger history1 but is practically an entirely new and distinct work4 ,its object is to present clearly and accurately those facts and principles in the lives of some of the chief founders and builders of ,america which would be of interest and value to pupils beginning the study of our history4 ,throughout the book great care has been taken to relate only such incidents and anecdotes as are believed to rest on unexceptionable authority4 ,the numerous illustrations in the text are1 in nearly every case1 from drawings and designs made by ,miss ,c4 ,s4 ,king of ,boston4 ,in the preparation of this work for the press--as in that of the entire ,leading ,facts of ,history ,series--the author has been especially indebted to the valuable assistance rendered in proofreading by ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,cushing of ,boston4 ,,david ,h4 ,,montgomery1 ,,cambridge1 ,,mass4 ,,contents4 ,,paragraph ,i4 ,,columbus 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a ,,ii4 ,,john ,,and ,,sebastian ,,cabot 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ba ,,iii4 ,,balboa1 ,,ponce ,,de ,,leon1 and ,,de ,,soto 4 4 4 #bh ,,iv4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cb ,v4 ,,captain ,,john ,,smith 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cg ,,vi4 ,,captain ,,henry ,,hudson 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #eb ,,vii4 ,,captain ,,myles ,,standish 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #fb ,,viii4 ,,lord ,,baltimore 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gf ,,ix4 ,,roger ,,williams 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hb ,x4 ,,king ,,philip 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #hg ,,xi4 ,,william ,,penn 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #if ,,xii4 ,,general ,,james ,,oglethorpe 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajb ,,xiii4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aji ,,xiv4 ,,george ,,washington 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abc ,,xv4 ,,daniel ,,boone 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adf ,,xvi4 ,,general ,,james ,,robertson 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aef ,,xvii4 ,,governor ,,john ,,sevier 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aef ,,xviii4 ,,general ,,george ,,rogers ,,clark 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afa ,,xix4 ,,general ,,rufus ,,putnam 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afi ,,xx4 ,,eli ,,whitney 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #age ,,xxi4 ,,thomas ,,jefferson 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ahc ,,xxii4 ,,robert ,,fulton 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aia ,,xxiii4 ,,general ,,william ,,henry ,,harrison 4 4 4 4 4 #bja ,,xxiv4 ,,general ,,andrew ,,jackson 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bjf ,,xxv4 ,,professor ,,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bbj ,,xxvi4 ,,general ,,sam ,,houston 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bbi ,,xxvii4 ,,captain ,,robert ,,gray 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bcc ,,xxviii4 ,,captain ,j4 ,a4 ,,sutter 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bcf ,,xxix4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bdc ,a ,,short ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,index ,,list ,,of ,,large ,,maps4 ,,paragraph ,i4 ,map ,illustrating the ,early ,life of ,washington 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abg ,,ii4 ,map of the ,revolution 7northern states7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ace ,,iii4 ,map of the ,revolution 7southern states7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #adj ,,iv4 ,the ,united ,states at the close of the ,revolution 4 4 4 4 #ahg ,v4 ,the ,united ,states after the ,purchase of ,louisiana 7#ahjc7 #ahh ,,vi4 ,the ,united ,states after the ,purchase of ,florida 7#ahai7 4 #bah ,,vii4 ,the ,united ,states after the ,acquisition of ,texas 7#ahde7 4 #bcj ,,viii4 ,the ,united ,states after the ,acquisition of ,oregon 7#ahdf7 #bce ,,ix4 ,the ,united ,states after the ,acquisition of ,california and ,new ,mexico 7#ahdh7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bci ,x4 ,the ,united ,states after the ,gadsden ,purchase 7#ahec7 4 4 4 #bdj ,,xi4 ,the ,united ,states after the ,purchase of ,alaska 7#ahfg7 ,see ,map of ,north ,america 7giving a summary of the territorial growth of the ,united ,states7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bdj ,,note4--,in these maps it has been thought best to give the boundaries of the thirteen original states as they now exist2 and to show the outlines of other states before they were organized and admitted4 ,,list ,,of ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations4 ,,paragraph ,i4 ,the ,statue of ,liberty 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4,frontispiece ,,ii4 ,an ,indian ,attack on a ,settlement 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ia ,,iii4 ,paul ,revere's ,ride 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #acd ,,iv4 ,battle of ,new ,orleans 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bag ,v4 ,niagara ,suspension ,bridge 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bah ,,vi4 ,mount ,hood1 ,oregon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bcc ,,vii4 ,mirror ,lake1 ,california 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bci ,,the ,,beginner',s ,,american ,,history ,the paragraph headings1 following the paragraph numbers1 will be found useful for topical reference1 and1 if desired1 as questions2 by simply omitting these headings1 the book may be used as a reader4 ,teachers who wish a regular set of questions on each section will find them at the end of the section4 ,difficult words are defined or pronounced at the end of the numbered paragraph where they first occur2 reference to them will be found in the index4 ,,christopher ,,columbus 7#adcf-aejf74a #a4 ,birth and boyhood of ,columbus4--,christopher ,columbus1#b the discoverer of ,america1 was born at ,genoa1#c a seaport of ,italy1 more than four hundred and fifty years ago4 ,his father was a wool-comber4#d ,christopher did not care to learn that trade1 but wanted to become a sailor4 ,seeing the boy's strong liking for the sea1 his father sent him to a school where he could learn geography1 map-drawing1 and whatever else might help him to become some day commander of a vessel4 ,illustration3 ,,columbus ,,as ,a ,,boy4 7,from the statue in the ,museum of ,fine ,arts1 ,boston47 ,footnote #a3 ,these enclosed dates under a name show1 except when otherwise stated1 the year of birth and death4 ,footnote #b3 ,christopher ,columbus 7,kris'tof-er ,ko-lum'bus74 ,footnote #c3 ,genoa 7,jen'o-ah72 see map in paragraph #ba4 ,footnote #d3 ,wool-comber3 before wool can be spun into thread and woven into cloth the tangled locks must be combed out straight and smooth2 once this was all done by hand4 #b4 ,columbus becomes a sailor4--,when he was fourteen ,columbus went to sea4 ,in those days the ,mediterranean#e ,sea swarmed with war-ships and pirates4 ,every sailor1 no matter if he was but a boy1 had to stand ready to fight his way from port to port4 ,in this exciting life1 full of adventure and of danger1 ,columbus grew to manhood4 ,the rough experiences he then had did much toward making him the brave1 determined captain and explorer#f that he afterwards became4 ,footnote #e3 ,mediterranean 7,med'i-ter-ra'ne-an74 ,footnote #f3 ,explorer3 one who explores or discovers new countries4 #c4 ,columbus has a sea-fight2 he goes to ,lisbon4--,according to some accounts1 ,columbus once had a desperate battle with a vessel off the coast of ,portugal4 ,the fight lasted1 it is said1 all day4 ,at length both vessels were found to be on fire4 ,columbus jumped from his blazing ship into the sea1 and catching hold of a floating oar1 managed1 with its help1 to swim to the shore1 about six miles away4 ,he then went to the port of ,lisbon4#g ,there he married the daughter of a famous sea-captain4 ,for a long time after his marriage ,columbus earned his living partly by drawing maps1 which he sold to commanders of vessels visiting ,lisbon1 and partly by making voyages to ,africa1 ,iceland1 and other countries4 ,footnote #g3 ,lisbon3 see map in paragraph #ba4 #d4 ,what men then knew about the world4--,the maps which ,columbus made and sold were very different from those we now have4 ,at that time not half of the world had been discovered4#h ,europe1 ,asia1 and a small part of ,africa were the chief countries known4 ,the maps of ,columbus may have shown the earth shaped like a ball1 but he supposed it to be much smaller than it really is4 ,no one then had sailed round the globe4 ,no one then knew what lands lay west of the broad ,atlantic2 for this reason we should look in vain1 on one of the maps drawn by ,columbus1 for the great continents of ,north and ,south ,america or for ,australia or the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,illustration3 ,the light parts of this map show how much of the world was then well-known2 the white crosses show those countries of ,eastern ,asia of which something was known4 ,footnote #h3 ,see map in this paragraph4 #e4 ,the plan of ,columbus for reaching the ,indies by sailing west4--,while living in ,lisbon1 ,columbus made up his mind to try to do what no other man1 at that time1 dared attempt1--that was to cross the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,he thought that by doing so he could get directly to ,asia and the ,indies1 which1 he believed1 were opposite ,portugal and ,spain4 ,if successful1 he could open up a very profitable trade with the rich countries of the ,east1 from which spices1 drugs1 and silk were brought to ,europe4 ,the people of ,europe could not reach those countries directly by ships1 because they had not then found their way round the southern point of ,africa4 ,illustration3 ,this map shows how ,columbus 7not knowing that ,america lay in the way7 hoped to reach ,asia and the ,east ,indies by sailing west4 #f4 ,columbus tries to get help in carrying out his plans4--,columbus was too poor to fit out even a single ship to undertake such a voyage as he had planned4 ,he asked the king of ,portugal to furnish some money or vessels toward it1 but he received no encouragement4 ,at length he determined to go to ,spain and see if he could get help there4 ,on the southern coast of ,spain there is a small port named ,palos4#i ,within sight of the village of ,palos1 and also within plain sight of the ocean1 there was a convent1#aj--which is still standing1--called the ,convent of ,saint ,mary4 ,one morning a tall1 fine-looking man1 leading a little boy by the hand1 knocked at the door of this convent and begged for a piece of bread and a cup of water for the child4 ,the man was ,columbus1--whose wife was now dead1--and the boy was his son4 ,it chanced that the guardian of the convent noticed ,columbus standing at the door4 ,he liked his appearance1 and coming up1 began to talk with him4 ,columbus frankly told him what he was trying to do4 ,the guardian of the convent listened with great interest2 then he gave him a letter to a friend who he thought would help him to lay his plans before ,ferdinand and ,isabella1#aa the king and queen of ,spain4 ,footnote #i3 ,palos 7,pa'los72 see map in paragraph #ab4 ,footnote #aj3 ,convent3 a house in which a number of people live who devote themselves to a religious life4 ,footnote #aa3 ,isabella 7,iz-ah-bel'ah74 #g4 ,columbus gets help for his great voyage4--,columbus left his son at the convent1 and set forward on his journey full of bright hopes4 ,but ,ferdinand and ,isabella could not then see him2 and after waiting a long time1 the traveller was told that he might go before a number of learned men and tell them about his proposed voyage across the ,atlantic4 ,after hearing what ,columbus had to say1 these men thought that it would be foolish to spend money in trying to reach the other side of the ocean4 ,people who heard what this captain from ,lisbon wanted to do began to think that he had lost his reason1 and the boys in the streets laughed at him and called him crazy4 ,columbus waited for help seven years2 he then made up his mind that he would wait no longer4 ,just as he was about leaving ,spain1 ,queen ,isabella1 who had always felt interested in the brave sailor1 resolved to aid him4 ,two rich sea-captains who lived in ,palos also decided to take part in the voyage4 ,with the assistance which ,columbus now got he was able to fit out three small vessels4 ,he went in the largest of the vessels--the only one which had an entire deck--as admiral#ab or commander of the fleet4 ,footnote #ab3 ,admiral 7ad'mi-ral74 #h4 ,columbus sails4--,early on ,friday morning1 ,august #c;d1 #adib1 ,columbus started from ,palos to attempt to cross that ocean which men then called the ,sea of ,darkness1--a name which showed how little they knew of it1 and how much they dreaded it4 ,we may be pretty sure that the guardian of the convent was one of those who watched the sailing of the little fleet4 ,from the upper windows of the convent he could plainly see the vessels as they left the harbor of ,palos4 ,illustration3 ,,columbus ,,leaving ,,palos1 ,,august #c;,d1 #adib4 #i4 ,what happened on the first part of the voyage4--,columbus sailed first for the ,canary ,islands1 because from there it would be a straight line1 as he thought1 across to ,japan and ,asia4 ,he was obliged to stop at the ,canaries#ac more than three weeks1 in order to make a new rudder for one of his vessels and to alter the sails of another4 ,at length all was ready1 and he again set out on his voyage toward the west4 ,when the sailors got so far out on the ocean that they could no longer see any of the islands1 they were overcome with fear4 ,they made up their minds that they should never be able to get back to ,palos again4 ,they were rough men1 used to the sea1 but now they bowed down their heads and cried like children4 ,columbus had hard work to quiet their fears and to encourage them to go forward with the voyage which they already wanted to give up4 ,footnote #ac3 ,canaries 7,ka-na'rez72 see map in paragraph #ab4 #aj4 ,what happened after they had been at sea many days4--,for more than thirty days the three ships kept on their way toward the west4 ,to the crew every day seemed a year4 ,from sunrise to sunset nothing was to be seen but water and sky4 ,at last the men began to think that they were sailing on an ocean which had no end4 ,they whispered among themselves that ,columbus had gone mad1 and that if they kept on with him in command they should all be lost4 ,twice1 indeed1 there was a joyful cry of ,land6 ,land6 but when they got nearer they saw that what they had thought was land was nothing but banks of clouds4 ,then some of the sailors said1 ,let us go to the admiral and tell him that we must turn back4 ,what if he will not listen to us8 asked others2 ,then we will throw him overboard and say when we reach ,palos that he fell into the sea and was drowned4 ,but when the crew went to ,columbus and told him that they would go no further1 he sternly ordered them to their work1 declaring that whatever might happen1 he would not now give up the voyage4 #aa4 ,signs of land4--,the very next day such certain signs of land were seen that the most faint-hearted took courage4 ,the men had already noticed great flocks of land-birds flying toward the west1 as if to guide them4 ,now some of the men on one vessel saw a branch of a thorn-bush float by4 ,it was plain that it had not long been broken off from the bush1 and it was full of red berries4 ,but one of the crew on the other vessel found something better even than the thorn-branch2 for he drew out of the water a carved walking-stick4 ,every one saw that such a stick must have been cut and carved by human hands4 ,these two signs could not be doubted4 ,the men now felt sure that they were approaching the shore1 and what was more1 that there were people living in that strange country4 #ab4 ,discovery of land4--,that evening ,columbus begged his crew to keep a sharp lookout1 and he promised a velvet coat to the one who should first see land4 ,all was now excitement2 and no man closed his eyes in sleep that night4 ,columbus himself stood on a high part of his ship1 looking steadily toward the west4 ,about ten o'clock he saw a moving light2 it seemed like a torch carried in a man's hand4 ,he called to a companion and asked him if he could see anything of the kind2 yes1 he1 too1 plainly saw the moving light1 but presently it disappeared4 ,two hours after midnight a cannon was fired from the foremost vessel4 ,it was the glad signal that the long-looked-for land was actually in sight4 ,there it lay directly ahead1 about six miles away4 ,illustration3 ,map showing the direction in which ,columbus sailed on his great voyage across the ocean4 ,then ,columbus gave the order to furl sails1 and the three vessels came to a stop and waited for the dawn4 ,when the sun rose on ,friday1 ,october #abth1 #adib1 ,columbus saw a beautiful island with many trees growing on it4 ,that was his first sight of the ,new ,world4 #ac4 ,columbus lands on the island and names it2 who lived on the island4--,attended by the captains of the other two vessels1 and by their crews1 ,columbus set out in a boat for the island4 ,when they landed1 all fell on their knees1 kissed the ground for joy1 and gave thanks to ,god4 ,columbus named the island ,san ,salvador#ad and took possession of it1 by right of discovery1 for the king and queen of ,spain4 ,illustration3 ,,landing ,,of ,,columbus4 ,he found that it was inhabited by a copper-colored people who spoke a language he could not understand4 ,these people had never seen a ship or a white man before4 ,they wore no clothing1 but painted their bodies with bright colors4 ,the ,spaniards made them presents of strings of glass beads and red caps4 ,in return they gave the ,spaniards skeins of cotton yarn1 tame parrots1 and small ornaments of gold4 ,after staying here a short time ,columbus set sail toward the south1 in search of more land and in the hope of finding out where these people got their gold4 ,footnote #ad3 ,san ,salvador 7,san ,sal-va-dor'73 meaning the ,holy ,redeemer or ,saviour4 #ad4 ,columbus names the group of islands and their people4--,as ,columbus sailed on1 he saw many islands in every direction4 ,he thought that they must be a part of the ,indies which he was seeking4 ,since he had reached them by coming west from ,spain1 he called them the ,west ,indies1 and to the red men who lived on them he gave the name of ,indians4 #ae4 ,columbus discovers two very large islands2 his vessel is wrecked1 and he returns to ,spain in another4--,in the course of the next six weeks ,columbus discovered the island of ,cuba4 ,at first he thought that it must be ,japan1 but afterward he came to the conclusion that it was not an island at all1 but part of the mainland of ,asia4 ,next1 he came to the island of ,hayti1#ae or ,san ,domingo4#af ,here his ship was wrecked4 ,he took the timber of the wreck and built a fort on the shore4 ,leaving about forty of his crew in this fort1 ,columbus set sail for ,palos in one of the two remaining vessels4 ,footnote #ae3 ,hayti 7,ha'ti74 ,footnote #af3 ,san ,domingo 7,san ,do-min'go72 see map in paragraph #ag4 #af4 ,columbus arrives at ,palos2 joy of the people2 how ,ferdinand and ,isabella received him4--,when the vessel of ,columbus was seen entering the harbor of ,palos1 the whole village was wild with excitement4 ,more than seven months had gone by since he sailed away from that port1 and as nothing had been heard from him1 many supposed that the vessels and all on board were lost4 ,now that they saw their friends and neighbors coming back1 all was joy4 ,the bells of the churches rang a merry peal of welcome2 the people thronged the streets1 shouting to each other that ,columbus1 the great navigator1 had crossed the ,sea of ,darkness and had returned in safety4 ,the king and queen were then in the city of ,barcelona1#ag a long distance from ,palos4 ,to that city ,columbus now went4 ,he entered it on horseback1 attended by the proudest and richest noblemen of ,spain4 ,he brought with him six ,indians from the ,west ,indies4 ,they were gaily painted and wore bright feathers in their hair4 ,then a number of men followed1 carrying rare birds and plants1 with gold and silver ornaments1 all found in the ,new ,world4 ,these were presents for the king and queen4 ,ferdinand and ,isabella received ,columbus with great honor4 ,when he had told them the story of his wonderful voyage1 they sank on their knees and gave praise to ,god2 all who were present followed their example4 ,illustration3 ,,columbus ,,received ,,by ,,the ,,king ,,and ,,queen ,,of ,,spain4 ,footnote #ag3 ,barcelona 7,bar-se-lo'na72 see map in paragraph #ab4 #ag4 ,the last voyages of ,columbus4--,columbus made three more voyages across the ,atlantic4 ,he discovered more islands near the coast of ,america1 and he touched the coast of ,central ,america and of ,south ,america1 but that was all4 ,he never set foot on any part of what is now the ,united ,states1 and he always thought that the land he had reached was part of ,asia4 ,he had found a new world1 but he did not know it3 all that he knew was how to get to it and how to show others the way4 ,illustration3 ,the light parts of this map show how much of ,america ,columbus discovered4 7,the long island is ,cuba2 the large one to the right is ,san ,domingo47 #ah4 ,columbus in his old age4--,the last days of this great man were very sorrowful4 ,the king was disappointed because he brought back no gold to amount to anything4 ,the ,spanish governor of ,san ,domingo hated ,columbus1 and when he landed at that island on one of his voyages1 he arrested him and sent him back to ,spain in chains4 ,he was at once set at liberty2 but he could not forget the insult4 ,he kept the chains hanging on the wall of his room1 and asked to have them buried with him4 ,columbus was now an old man2 his health was broken1 he was poor1 in debt1 and without a home4 ,once he wrote to the king and queen1 saying1 ,i have not a hair upon me that is not gray1 my body is weak1 and all that was left to me 444 has been taken away and sold1 even to the coat which ,i wore4 ,not long after he had come back to ,spain to stay1 the queen died4 ,then ,columbus felt that he had lost his best friend4 ,he gave up hope1 and said1 ,i have done all that ,i could do3 ,i leave the rest to ,god4 #ai4 ,his death and burial4--,columbus died full of disappointment and sorrow--perhaps it would not be too much to say that he died of a broken heart4 ,he was at first buried in ,spain2 then his body was taken up and carried to ,san ,domingo1 where he had wished to be buried4 ,whether it rests there to-day1 or whether it was carried to ,havana#ah and deposited in the cathedral or great church of that city1 no one can positively say4 ,but wherever the grave of the great sailor may be1 his memory will live in every heart capable of respecting a brave man2 for he first dared to cross the ,sea of ,darkness1 and he discovered ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,monument ,,to ,,columbus4 7,in the ,cathedral of ,havana1 ,cuba47 ,footnote #ah3 ,havana 7,ha-van'ah73 a city of ,cuba4 #bj4 ,summary4--,in #adib ,christopher ,columbus set sail from ,spain to find a direct way across the ,atlantic to ,asia and the ,indies4 ,he did not get to ,asia2 but he did better2 he discovered ,america4 ,he died thinking that the new lands he had found were part of ,asia2 but by his daring voyage he first showed the people of ,europe how to get to the ,new ,world4 ,when and where was ,columbus born8 ,what did he do when he was fourteen8 ,what about his sea-fight8 ,what did he do in ,lisbon8 ,how much of the world was then known8 ,how did ,columbus think he could reach ,asia and the ,indies8 ,why did he want to go there8 ,what did he try to do in ,portugal8 ,why did he go to ,spain8 ,where did he first go in ,spain8 ,how did ,columbus get help at last8 ,when did he sail8 ,what happened on the first part of the voyage8 ,what happened after that8 ,what is said about signs of land8 ,what about the discovery of land8 ,what did ,columbus name the island8 ,what did he find on it8 ,what is said of other islands8 ,what is said of the return of ,columbus to ,spain8 ,what about the last voyages of ,columbus8 ,did he ever land on any part of what is now the ,united ,states8 ,what about his old age8 ,what is said of his death and burial8 ,,john ,,cabot#a 7,lived in ,england from #adgb-adih74 #ba4 ,john ,cabot discovers the continent of ,north ,america4--,at the time that ,columbus set out on his first voyage across the ,atlantic in #adib1 ,john ,cabot1 an ,italian merchant1 was living in the city of ,bristol1#b ,england4 ,when the news reached that city that ,columbus had discovered the ,west ,indies1 ,cabot begged ,henry the ,seventh1 king of ,england1 to let him see if he could not find a shorter way to the ,indies than that of ,columbus4 ,the king gave his consent1 and in the spring of #adig ,john ,cabot1 with his son ,sebastian1#c who seems to have been born in ,bristol1 sailed from that port4 ,they headed their vessels toward the northwest2 by going in that direction they hoped to get to those parts of ,asia and the ,spice ,islands which were known to ,europe1 and which ,columbus had failed to reach4 ,illustration3 ,map showing the city of ,venice1 ,italy1 where ,john ,cabot had lived4 ,early one bright morning toward the last of ,june1 #adig1 they saw land in the west4 ,it was probably ,cape ,breton#d ,island1 a part of ,nova ,scotia4#e ,john ,cabot named it ,the ,land ,first ,seen4 ,up to this time ,columbus had discovered nothing but the ,west ,india ,islands1 but ,john ,cabot now saw the continent of ,north ,america2 no civilized man#f had ever seen it before4 ,there it lay1 a great1 lonely land1 shaggy with forests1 with not a house or a human being in sight4 ,illustration3 ,map showing ,nova ,scotia4 ,footnote #a3 ,cabot 7,cab'ot74 ,footnote #b3 ,see map in paragraph #fb4 ,footnote #c3 ,sebastian 7,se-bast'yan74 ,footnote #d3 ,breton 7,bret'on74 ,footnote #e3 ,nova ,scotia 7,no'vah ,sko'she-a74 ,footnote #f3 ,the ,northmen3 an uncivilized people of ,norway and ,denmark discovered the continent of ,north ,america about five hundred years before ,cabot did4 ,nothing came of this discovery1 and when ,cabot sailed1 no one seems to have known anything about what the ,northmen had done so long before4 #bb4 ,john ,cabot takes possession of the country for the king of ,england4--,cabot went on shore with his son and some of his crew4 ,in the vast1 silent wilderness they set up a large cross4 ,near to it they planted two flag-poles1 and hoisted the ,english flag on one and the flag of ,venice1#g the city where ,john ,cabot had lived in ,italy1 on the other4 ,then they took possession of the land for ,henry the ,seventh4 ,it was in this way that the ,english came to consider that the eastern coast of ,north ,america was their property1 although they did not begin to make settlements here until nearly a hundred years later4 ,illustration3 ,,landing ,,of ,,the ,,cabots4 ,footnote #g3 ,venice 7,ven'is74 #bc4 ,john ,cabot and his son return to ,bristol4--,after sailing about the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence without finding the passage through to ,asia for which they were looking1 the voyagers returned to ,england4 ,the king was so pleased with what ,john ,cabot had discovered that he made him a handsome present2 and when the captain1 richly dressed in silk1 appeared in the street1 the people of ,bristol would run after him like mad and hurrah for the ,great ,admiral1 as they called him4 #bd4 ,what the ,cabots carried back to ,england from ,america4--,the ,cabots carried back to ,england some ,indian traps for catching game and perhaps some wild turkeys--an ,american bird the ,english had then never seen1 but whose acquaintance they were not sorry to make4 ,they also carried over the rib of a whale which they had found on the beach in ,nova ,scotia4 ,near where the ,cabots probably lived in ,bristol there is a famous old church4#h ,it was built long before the discovery of ,america1 and ,queen ,elizabeth said that it was the most beautiful building of its kind in all ,england4 ,in that church hangs the rib of a whale4 ,it is believed to be the one the ,cabots brought home with them4 ,it reminds all who see it of that voyage in #adig by which ,england got possession of a very large part of the continent of ,north ,america4 ,footnote #h3 ,the church of ,st4 ,mary ,redcliffe4 #be4 ,the second voyage of the ,cabots2 how they sailed along the eastern shores of ,north ,america4--,about a year later the ,cabots set out on a second voyage to the west4 ,they reached the gloomy cliffs of ,labrador#i on the northeastern coast of ,america1 and they passed many immense icebergs4 ,they saw numbers of ,indians dressed in the skins of wild beasts1 and polar bears white as snow4 ,these bears were great swimmers1 and would dive into the sea and come up with a large fish in their claws4 ,as it did not look to the ,cabots as if the polar bears and the icebergs would guide them to the warm countries of ,asia and the ,spice ,islands1 they turned about and went south4 ,they sailed along what is now the eastern coast of the ,united ,states for a very long distance2 but not finding any passage through to the countries they were seeking1 they returned to ,england4 ,illustration3 ,map showing how much of the continent of ,north ,america was discovered by the ,cabots4 ,the ,english now began to see what an immense extent of land they had found beyond the ,atlantic4 ,they could not tell1 however1 whether it was a continent by itself or a part of ,asia4 ,like everybody in ,europe1 they called it the ,new ,world1 but all that name really meant then was simply the ,new ,lands across the sea4 ,footnote #i3 ,labrador 7,lab'ra-dor74 #bf4 ,how the ,new ,world came to be called ,america4--,but not many years after this the ,new ,world received the name by which we now call it4 ,an ,italian navigator whose first name was ,amerigo#aj made a voyage to it after it had been discovered by ,columbus and the ,cabots4 ,he wrote an account of what he saw1 and as this was the first printed description of the continent1 it was named from him1 ,,america4 ,footnote #aj3 ,amerigo 7,a-ma-ree'go73 his full name was ,amerigo ,vespucci 7,a-ma-ree'go ,ves-poot'chee71 or1 as he wrote it in ,latin1 ,americus ,vespucius4 #bg4 ,summary4--,in #adig ,john ,cabot and his son1 from ,bristol1 ,england1 discovered the mainland or continent of ,north ,america1 and took possession of it for ,england4 ,the next year they came over and sailed along the eastern coast of what is now the ,united ,states4 ,an ,italian whose first name was ,amerigo visited the ,new ,world afterward and wrote the first account of the mainland which was printed4 ,for this reason the whole continent was named after him1 ,,america4 ,who was ,john ,cabot8 ,what did he try to do8 ,who sailed with him8 ,what land did they see8 ,had ,columbus ever seen it8 ,what did ,cabot do when he went on shore8 ,what is said of his return to ,bristol8 ,what did the ,cabots carry back to ,england8 ,what is said about the second voyage of the ,cabots8 ,how did the ,new ,world come to be called ,america8 ,,ponce ,,de ,,leon1#a ,,balboa1#b ,,and ,,de ,,soto#c 7,period of ,discovery1 #aeac-aedb74 #bh4 ,the magic fountain2 ,ponce de ,leon discovers ,florida2 ,balboa discovers the ,pacific ,ocean4--,the ,indians on the ,west ,india ,islands believed that there was a wonderful fountain in a land to the west of them4 ,they said that if an old man should bathe in its waters1 they would make him a boy again4 ,ponce de ,leon1 a ,spanish soldier who was getting gray and wrinkled1 set out to find this magic fountain1 for he thought that there was more fun in being a boy than in growing old4 ,he did not find the fountain1 and so his hair grew grayer than ever and his wrinkles grew deeper4 ,but in #aeac he discovered a land bright with flowers1 which he named ,florida4#d ,he took possession of it for ,spain4 ,the same year another ,spaniard1 named ,balboa1 set out to explore the ,isthmus of ,panama4#e ,one day he climbed to the top of a very high hill1 and discovered that vast ocean--the greatest of all the oceans of the globe--which we call the ,pacific4 ,footnote #a3 ,ponce de ,leon 7,pon'thay day ,la-on'7 or1 in ,english1 ,pons de ,lee'on4 ,many persons now prefer the ,english pronunciation of all these ,spanish names4 ,footnote #b3 ,balboa 7,bal-bo'ah74 ,footnote #c3 ,de ,soto 7,da ,so'to74 ,footnote #d3 ,florida3 this word means flowery2 the name was given by the ,spaniards because they discovered the country on ,easter ,sunday1 which they call ,flowery ,easter4 ,footnote #e3 ,panama 7,pan-a-mah'74 #bi4 ,de ,soto discovers the ,mississippi4--,long after ,balboa and ,ponce de ,leon were dead1 a ,spaniard named ,de ,soto landed in ,florida and marched through the country in search of gold mines4 ,in the course of his long and weary wanderings1 he came to a river more than a mile across4 ,the ,indians told him it was the ,mississippi1 or the ,great ,river4 ,in discovering it1 ,de ,soto had found the largest river in ,north ,america2 he had also found his own grave1 for he died shortly after1 and was secretly buried at midnight in its muddy waters4 ,illustration3 ,,burial ,,of ,,de ,,soto4 #cj4 ,the ,spaniards build ,st4 ,augustine2#f we buy ,florida in #ahai4--,more than twenty years after the burial of ,de ,soto1 a ,spanish soldier named ,menendez#g went to ,florida and built a fort on the eastern coast4 ,this was in #aefe4 ,the fort became the centre of a settlement named ,st4 ,augustine4 ,it is the oldest city built by white men1 not only in what is now the ,united ,states1 but in all ,north ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,spanish ,,gateway ,,at ,,st4 ,,augustine4 7,called the ,city ,gate47 ,in #ahai1 or more than two hundred and fifty years after ,st4 ,augustine was begun1 ,spain sold ,florida to the ,united ,states4 ,footnote #f3 ,st4 ,augustine 7,sant ,aw'gus-teen'74 ,footnote #g3 ,menendez 7,ma-nen'deth74 #ca4 ,summary4--,ponce de ,leon discovered ,florida2 another ,spaniard1 named ,balboa1 discovered the ,pacific2 still another1 named ,de ,soto1 discovered the ,mississippi4 ,in #aefe the ,spaniards began to build ,st4 ,augustine in ,florida4 ,it is the oldest city built by white men in the ,united ,states or in all ,north ,america4 ,what is said about a magic fountain8 ,what did ,ponce ,de ,leon do8 ,what is said about ,balboa8 ,what about ,de ,soto8 ,what did ,menendez do in ,florida8 ,what is said of ,st4 ,augustine8 ,,sir ,,walter ,,raleigh#a 7#aeeb-afah74 #cb4 ,walter ,raleigh sends two ships to ,america2 how the ,indians received the ,englishmen4--,although ,john ,cabot discovered the continent of ,north ,america in #adig and took possession of the land for the ,english1#b yet the ,english themselves did not try to settle here until nearly a hundred years later4 ,then 7#aehd7 a young man named ,walter ,raleigh1 who was a great favorite of ,queen ,elizabeth's1 sent out two ships to ,america4 ,the captains of these vessels landed on ,roanoke#c ,island1 on the coast of what is now the state of ,north ,carolina4 ,they found the island covered with tall red cedars and with vines thick with clusters of wild grapes4 ,the ,indians called this place the ,good ,land4 ,they were pleased to see the ,englishmen1 and they invited them to a great feast of roast turkey1 venison1#d melons1 and nuts4 ,illustration3 ,map showing ,roanoke ,island4 ,footnote #a3 ,raleigh 7,raw'li74 ,footnote #b3 ,see paragraph #bb4 ,footnote #c3 ,roanoke 7,ro-a-nok'74 ,footnote #d3 ,venison 7ven'i-zon or ven'zon73 deer meat4 #cc4 ,queen ,elizabeth names the country ,virginia2 first settlers2 what they sent ,walter ,raleigh4--,when the two captains returned to ,england1 ,queen ,elizabeth--the ,virgin ,queen1 as she was called--was delighted with what she heard of the ,good ,land4 ,she named it ,virginia in honor of herself4 ,she also gave ,raleigh a title of honor4 ,from that time he was no longer called plain ,walter ,raleigh or ,mr4 ,raleigh1 but ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 ,sir ,walter now 7#aehe7 shipped over emigrants#e to settle in ,virginia4 ,they sent back to him as a present two famous ,american plants--one called ,tobacco1 the other the ,potato4 ,the queen had given ,sir ,walter a fine estate in ,ireland1 and he set out both the plants in his garden4 ,the tobacco plant did not grow very well there1 but the potato did2 and after a time thousands of farmers began to raise that vegetable1 not only in ,ireland1 but in ,england too4 ,as far back then as that time--or more than three hundred years ago--,america was beginning to feed the people of the ,old ,world4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,first ,,pipe ,,of ,,tobacco4 7,raleigh's servant thought his master was on fire47 ,footnote #e3 ,emigrants3 persons who leave one country to go and settle in another4 ,thousands of emigrants from ,europe now land in this country every month4 #cd4 ,the ,virginia settlement destroyed4--,sir ,walter spent immense sums of money on his settlement in ,virginia1 but it did not succeed4 ,one of the settlers1 named ,dare1 had a daughter born there4 ,he named her ,virginia ,dare4 ,she was the first ,english child born in ,america4 ,but the little girl1 with her father and mother and all the rest of the settlers1 disappeared4 ,it is supposed that they were either killed by the ,indians or that they wandered away and starved to death2 but all that we really know is that not one of them was ever seen again4 #ce4 ,last days of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4--,after ,queen ,elizabeth died1 ,king ,james the ,first became ruler of ,england4 ,he accused ,sir ,walter of trying to take away his crown so as to make some one else ruler over the country4 ,sir ,walter was sent to prison and kept there for many years4 ,at last ,king ,james released him in order to send him to ,south ,america to get gold4 ,when ,sir ,walter returned to ,london without any gold1 the greedy king accused him of having disobeyed him because he had fought with some ,spaniards4 ,raleigh was condemned to death and beheaded4 ,but ,sir ,walter's attempt to settle ,virginia led other ,englishmen to try4 ,before he died they built a town1 called ,jamestown1 on the coast4 ,we shall presently read the history of that town4 ,the ,english held ,virginia from that time until it became part of the ,united ,states4 #cf4 ,summary4--,sir ,walter ,raleigh sent over men from ,england to explore the coast of ,america4 ,queen ,elizabeth named the country they visited ,virginia4 ,raleigh then shipped emigrants over to make a settlement4 ,these emigrants sent him two ,american plants1 ,tobacco and the ,potato2 and in that way the people of ,great ,britain and ,ireland came to like both4 ,sir ,walter's settlement failed1 but his example led other ,englishmen to try to make one4 ,before he was beheaded they succeeded4 ,what is said about ,walter ,raleigh8 ,what is said about the ,indians8 ,what name did ,queen ,elizabeth give to the country8 ,what did she do for ,walter ,raleigh8 ,what did ,sir ,walter then do8 ,what ,american plants did the emigrants send him8 ,what did he do with those plants8 ,what happened to the ,virginia settlement8 ,what is said of the last days of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh8 ,did ,sir ,walter's attempt to settle ,virginia do any good8 ,,captain ,,john ,,smith 7#aegi-afca74 #cg4 ,new and successful attempt to make a settlement in ,virginia2 ,captain ,john ,smith4--,one of the leaders in the new expedition sent out to make a settlement in ,virginia1 while ,raleigh was in prison1 was ,captain ,john ,smith4 ,he began life as a clerk in ,england4 ,not liking his work1 he ran away and turned soldier4 ,after many strange adventures1 he was captured by the ,turks and sold as a slave4 ,his master1 who was a ,turk1 riveted a heavy iron collar around his neck and set him to thrashing grain with a big wooden bat like a ball-club4 ,one day the ,turk rode up and struck his slave with his riding-whip4 ,this was more than ,smith could bear2 he rushed at his master1 and with one blow of his bat knocked his brains out4 ,he then mounted the dead man's horse and escaped4 ,after a time he got back to ,england2 but as ,england seemed a little dull to ,captain ,smith1 he resolved to join some emigrants who were going to ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,,captain ,,john ,,smith4 #ch4 ,what happened to ,captain ,smith on the voyage2 the landing at ,jamestown2 what the settlers wanted to do2 ,smith's plan4--,on the way to ,america1 ,smith was accused of plotting to murder the chief men among the settlers so that he might make himself ,king of ,virginia4 ,the accusation was false1 but he was put in irons and kept a prisoner for the rest of the voyage4 ,in the spring of #afjg the emigrants reached ,chesapeake#a ,bay1 and sailed up a river which they named the ,james in honor of ,king ,james of ,england2 when they landed they named the settlement ,jamestown for the same reason4 ,here they built a log fort1 and placed three or four small cannon on its walls4 ,most of the men who settled ,jamestown came hoping to find mines of gold in ,virginia1 or else a way through to the ,pacific ,ocean and to the ,indies1 which they thought could not be very far away4 ,but ,captain ,smith wanted to help his countrymen to make homes here for themselves and their children4 ,illustration3 ,map showing ,jamestown4 ,footnote #a3 ,chesapeake 7,ches'a-peek74 #ci4 ,smith's trial and what came of it2 how the settlers lived2 the first ,english church2 sickness2 attempted desertion4--,as soon as ,captain ,smith landed1 he demanded to be tried by a jury#b of twelve men4 ,the trial took place4 ,it was the first ,english court and the first ,english jury that ever sat in ,america4 ,the captain proved his innocence and was set free4 ,his chief accuser was condemned to pay him a large sum of money for damages4 ,smith generously gave this money to help the settlement4 ,as the weather was warm1 the emigrants did not begin building log cabins at once1 but slept on the ground1 sheltered by boughs of trees4 ,for a church they had an old tent1 in which they met on ,sunday4 ,they were all members of the ,church of ,england1 or the ,episcopal ,church1 and that tent was the first place of worship that we know of which was opened by ,englishmen in ,america4 ,when the hot weather came1 many fell sick4 ,soon the whole settlement was like a hospital4 ,sometimes three or four would die in one night4 ,captain ,smith1 though not well himself1 did everything he could for those who needed his help4 ,when the sickness was over1 some of the settlers were so discontented that they determined to seize the only vessel there was at ,jamestown and go back to ,england4 ,captain ,smith turned the cannon of the fort against them4 ,the deserters saw that if they tried to leave the harbor he would knock their vessel to pieces1 so they came back4 ,one of the leaders of these men was tried and shot2 the other was sent to ,england in disgrace4 ,footnote #b3 ,jury3 a number of men1 generally twelve1 selected according to law to try a case in a court of law2 in criminal cases they declare the person accused to be either guilty or not guilty4 #dj4 ,the ,indians of ,virginia4--,when the ,indians of ,america first met the white men1 they were very friendly to them2 but this did not last long1 because often the whites treated the ,indians very badly2 in fact1 the ,spaniards made slaves of them and whipped many of them to death4 ,but these were the ,indians of the south2 some of the northern tribes were terribly fierce and a match for the ,spaniards in cruelty4 ,the ,indians at the east did not build cities1 but lived in small villages4 ,these villages were made up of huts1 covered with the bark of trees4 ,such huts were called wigwams4 ,the women did nearly all the work1 such as building the wigwams and hoeing corn and tobacco4 ,the men hunted and made war4 ,instead of guns the ,indians had bows and arrows4 ,with these they could bring down a deer or a squirrel quite as well as a white man could now with a rifle4 ,they had no iron1 but made hatchets and knives out of sharp1 flat stones4 ,they never built roads1 for they had no wagons1 and at the east they did not use horses2 but they could find their way with ease through the thickest forest4 ,when they came to a river they swam across it1 so they had no need of bridges4 ,for boats they made canoes of birch bark4 ,these canoes were almost as light as paper1 yet they were very strong and handsome1 and they floated on the river ,like a yellow leaf in autumn1 ,like a yellow water-lily4#c ,in them they could go hundreds of miles quickly and silently4 ,so every river and stream became a roadway to the ,indian4 ,illustration3 ,,building ,a ,,wigwam4 ,footnote #c3 ,longfellow's ,hiawatha 7,hiawatha's ,sailing74 #da4 ,captain ,smith goes in search of the ,pacific2 he is captured by ,indians4--,after that first long1 hot summer was over1 some of the settlers wished to explore the country and see if they could not find a short way through to the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,captain ,smith led the expedition4 ,the ,indians attacked them1 killed three of the men1 and took the captain prisoner4 ,to amuse the ,indians1 ,smith showed them his pocket compass4 ,when the savages saw that the needle always pointed toward the north they were greatly astonished1 and instead of killing their prisoner they decided to take him to their chief4 ,this chief was named ,powhatan4#d ,he was a tall1 grim-looking old man1 and he hated the settlers at ,jamestown1 because he believed that they had come to steal the land from the ,indians4 ,illustration3 ,,pocket ,,compass4 ,footnote #d3 ,powhatan 7,pow-ha-tan'74 #db4 ,smith's life is saved by ,pocahontas2#e her marriage to ,john ,rolfe4#f--,smith was dragged into the chief's wigwam2 his head was laid on a large1 flat stone1 and a tall savage with a big club stood ready to dash out his brains4 ,just as ,powhatan was about to cry strike6 his daughter ,pocahontas1 a girl of twelve or thirteen1 ran up1 and1 putting her arms round the prisoner's head1 she laid her own head on his--now let the ,indian with his uplifted club strike if he dare4#g ,instead of being angry with his daughter1 ,powhatan promised her that he would spare ,smith's life4 ,when an ,indian made such a promise as that he kept it1 so the captain knew that his head was safe4 ,powhatan released his prisoner and soon sent him back to ,jamestown1 and ,pocahontas1 followed by a number of ,indians1 carried to the settlers presents of corn and venison4 ,some years after this the ,indian maiden married ,john ,rolfe1 an ,englishman who had come to ,virginia4 ,they went to ,london1 and ,pocahontas died not far from that city4 ,she left a son2 from that son came some noted ,virginians4 ,one of them was ,john ,randolph4 ,he was a famous man in his day1 and he always spoke with pride of the ,indian princess1 as he called her4 ,footnote #e3 ,pocahontas 7,po-ka-hon'tas74 ,footnote #f3 ,rolfe 7,rolf74 ,footnote #g3 ,on ,pocahontas1 see ,list of ,books at the end of this book4 #dc4 ,captain ,smith is made governor of ,jamestown2 the gold-diggers2 ,corn1 or your life4--,more emigrants came over from ,england1 and ,captain ,smith was now made governor of ,jamestown4 ,some of the emigrants found some glittering earth which they thought was gold4 ,soon nearly every one was hard at work digging it4 ,smith laughed at them2 but they insisted on loading a ship with the worthless stuff and sending it to ,london4 ,that was the last that was heard of it4 ,the people had wasted their time digging this shining dirt when they should have been hoeing their gardens4 ,soon they began to be in great want of food4 ,the captain started off with a party of men to buy corn of the ,indians4 ,the ,indians contrived a cunning plot to kill the whole party4 ,smith luckily found it out2 seizing the chief by the hair1 he pressed the muzzle of a pistol against his heart and gave him his choice1--,corn1 or your life6 ,he got the corn1 and plenty of it4 ,illustration3 ,,corn1 ,,or ,,your ,,life6 #dd4 ,he who will not work shall not eat4--,captain ,smith then set part of the men to planting corn1 so that they might raise what they needed4 ,the rest of the settlers he took with him into the woods to chop down trees and saw them into boards to send to ,england4 ,many tried to escape from this labor2 but ,smith said1 ,men who are able to dig for gold are able to chop2 then he made this rule3 ,he who will not work shall not eat4 ,rather than lose his dinner1 the laziest man now took his axe and set off for the woods4 #de4 ,captain ,smith's cold-water cure4--,but though the choppers worked1 they grumbled4 ,they liked to see the chips fly and to hear the great trees thunder as they fell1 but the axe-handles raised blisters on their fingers4 ,these blisters made the men swear1 so that often one would hear an oath for every stroke of the axe4 ,smith said the swearing must be stopped4 ,he had each man's oaths set down in a book4 ,when the day's work was done1 every offender was called up2 his oaths were counted2 then he was told to hold up his right hand1 and a can of cold water was poured down his sleeve for each oath4 ,this new style of water cure did wonders2 in a short time not an oath was heard3 it was just chop1 chop1 chop1 and the madder the men got1 the more the chips would fly4 #df4 ,captain ,smith meets with an accident and goes back to ,england2 his return to ,america2 his death4--,captain ,smith had not been governor very long when he met with a terrible accident4 ,he was out in a boat1 and a bag of gunpowder he had with him exploded4 ,he was so badly hurt that he had to go back to ,england to get proper treatment for his wounds4 ,he returned to ,america a number of years later1 explored the coast north of ,virginia1 and gave it the name of ,new ,england1 but he never went back to ,jamestown again4 ,he died in ,london1 and was buried in a famous old church in that city4#h ,footnote #h3 ,the church of ,st4 ,sepulchre3 it is not very far from ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 #dg4 ,what ,captain ,smith did for ,virginia4--,captain ,john ,smith was in ,virginia less than three years1 yet in that short time he did a great deal4 ,first1 he saved the settlers from starving1 by making the ,indians sell them corn4 ,next1 by his courage1 he saved them from the attacks of the savages4 ,lastly1 he taught them how to work4 ,had it not been for him the people of ,jamestown would probably have lost all heart and gone back to ,england4 ,he insisted on their staying1 and so1 through him1 the ,english got their first real foothold in ,america4 ,but this was not all2 he wrote two books on ,virginia1 describing the soil1 the trees1 the animals1 and the ,indians4 ,he also made some excellent maps of ,virginia and of ,new ,england4 ,these books and maps taught the ,english people many things about this country1 and helped those who wished to emigrate4 ,for these reasons ,captain ,smith has rightfully been called the ,father of ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,settler',s ,,log ,,cabin4 #dh4 ,negro slaves sent to ,virginia2 tobacco4--,about ten years after ,captain ,smith left ,jamestown1 the commander of a ,dutch ship brought a number of negro slaves to ,virginia 7#afai71 and sold them to the settlers4 ,that was the beginning of slavery in this country4 ,later1 when other ,english settlements had been made1 they bought slaves1 and so1 after a time1 every settlement north as well as south owned more or less negroes4 ,the people of ,virginia employed most of their slaves in raising tobacco4 ,they sold this in ,england1 and1 as it generally brought a good price1 many of the planters#i became quite rich4 ,footnote #i3 ,planter3 a person who owns a plantation or large farm at the ,south2 it is cultivated by laborers living on it2 once these laborers were generally negro slaves4 #di4 ,bacon's war against ,governor ,berkeley2#aj ,jamestown burned4--,long after ,captain ,smith was in his grave1 ,sir ,william ,berkeley was made governor of ,virginia by the king of ,england4 ,he treated the people very badly4 ,at last a young planter named ,bacon raised a small army and marched against the governor1 who was in ,jamestown4 ,the governor1 finding that he had few friends to fight for him1 made haste to get out of the place4 ,bacon then entered it with his men2 but as he knew that1 if necessary1 the king would send soldiers from ,england to aid the governor in getting it back1 he set fire to the place and burned it4 ,it was never built up again1 and so only a crumbling church-tower and a few gravestones can now be seen where ,jamestown once stood4 ,those ruins mark the first ,english town settled in ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,burning ,,of ,,jamestown4 ,footnote #aj3 ,berkeley 7,berk'li74 #ej4 ,what happened later in ,virginia2 the ,revolution2 ,washington2 four presidents4--,but though ,jamestown was destroyed1 ,virginia kept growing in strength and wealth4 ,what was better still1 the country grew in the number of its great men4 ,the king of ,england continued to rule ,america until1 in #aggf1 the people of ,virginia demanded that independence should be declared4 ,the great war of the ,revolution overthrew the king's power and made us free4 ,the military leader of that war was a ,virginia planter named ,george ,washington4 ,after we had gained the victory and peace was made1 we chose presidents to govern the country4 ,four out of six of our first presidents1 beginning with ,washington1 came from ,virginia4 ,for this reason that state has sometimes been called the ,mother of ,presidents4 #ea4 ,summary4--,in #afjg ,captain ,john ,smith1 with others1 made the first lasting settlement built up by ,englishmen in ,america4 ,through ,captain ,smith's energy and courage1 ,jamestown1 ,virginia1 took firm root4 ,virginia was the first state to demand the independence of ,america1 and ,washington1 who was a ,virginian1 led the war of the ,revolution by which that independence was gained4 ,what can you tell about ,captain ,john ,smith before he went to ,virginia8 ,what happened to him on his way to ,virginia8 ,what is said about the landing of the settlers in ,virginia8 ,what did they want to do8 ,what did ,captain ,smith want to do8 ,what about ,captain ,smith's trial8 ,what is said about the church in ,jamestown8 ,what happened to the settlers8 ,what did some of them try to do8 ,who stopped them8 ,tell what you can about the ,indians4 ,what kind of houses did they live in8 ,did they have guns8 ,did they have iron hatchets and knives8 ,did they have horses and wagons8 ,what kind of boats did they have8 ,what happened to ,captain ,smith when he went in search of the ,pacific8 ,what did ,pocahontas do8 ,what is said about her afterward8 ,what about the gold-diggers8 ,how did ,captain ,smith get corn8 ,what did he make the settlers do8 ,what is said about ,captain ,smith's cold-water cure8 ,why did ,captain ,smith go back to ,england8 ,what three things did he do for ,virginia8 ,what about his books and maps8 ,what is said of negro slaves8 ,what about tobacco8 ,what about ,governor ,berkeley and ,mr4 ,bacon8 ,what happened to ,jamestown8 ,what did the war of the ,revolution do8 ,who was its great military leader8 ,why is ,virginia sometimes called the ,mother of ,presidents8 ,,captain ,,henry ,,hudson 7,voyages from #afjg to #afaa74 #eb4 ,captain ,hudson tries to find a northwest passage to ,china and the ,indies4--,when ,captain ,john ,smith sailed for ,virginia1 he left a friend1 named ,henry ,hudson1 in ,london1 who had the name of being one of the best sea-captains in ,england4 ,while ,smith was in ,jamestown1 a company of ,london merchants sent out ,captain ,hudson to try to discover a passage to ,china and the ,indies4 ,when he left ,england1 he sailed to the northwest1 hoping that he could find a way open to the ,pacific across the ,north ,pole or not far below it4 ,if he found such a passage1 he knew that it would be much shorter than a voyage round the globe further south2 because1 as any one can see1 it is not nearly so far round the top of an apple1 near the stem1 as it is round the middle4 ,illustration3 ,map showing how ,captain ,hudson hoped to reach ,asia by sailing northwest from ,england4 ,hudson could not find the passage he was looking for2 but he saw mountains of ice1 and he went nearer to the ,north ,pole than any one had ever done before4 #ec4 ,the ,dutch hire ,captain ,hudson2 he sails for ,america4--,the ,dutch people in ,holland had heard of ,hudson's voyage1 and a company of merchants of that country hired the brave sailor to see if he could find a passage to ,asia by sailing to the northeast4 ,he set out from the port of ,amsterdam1#a in #afji1 in a vessel named the ,half ,moon4 ,after he had gone quite a long distance1 the sailors got so tired of seeing nothing but fog and ice that they refused to go any further4 ,then ,captain ,hudson turned his ship about and sailed for the coast of ,north ,america4 ,he did that because his friend1 ,captain ,smith of ,virginia1 had sent him a letter1 with a map1 which made him think that he could find such a passage as he wanted north of ,chesapeake ,bay4 ,footnote #a3 ,see map in paragraph #fb4 #ed4 ,captain ,hudson reaches ,america and finds the ,great ,river4--,hudson got to ,chesapeake ,bay1 but the weather was so stormy that he thought it would not be safe to enter it4 ,he therefore sailed northward along the coast4 ,in ,september1 #afji1 he entered a beautiful bay1 formed by the spreading out of a noble river4 ,at that point the stream is more than a mile wide1 and he called it the ,great ,river4 ,on the eastern side of it1 not far from its mouth1 there is a long narrow island3 the ,indians of that day called it ,manhattan ,island4 #ee4 ,the tides in the ,great ,river2 ,captain ,hudson begins to sail up the stream4--,one of the remarkable things about the river which ,hudson had discovered is that it has hardly any current1 and the tide from the ocean moves up for more than a hundred and fifty miles4 ,if no fresh water ran in from the hills1 still the sea would fill the channel for a long distance1 and so make a kind of salt-water river of it4 ,hudson noticed how salt it was1 and that1 perhaps1 made him think that he had at last actually found a passage which would lead him through from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific4 ,he was delighted with all he saw1 and said1 ,this is as beautiful a land as one can tread upon4 ,soon he began to sail up the stream1 wondering what he should see and whether he should come out on an ocean which would take him to ,asia4 ,illustration3 ,map showing the ,great ,river4 #ef4 ,hudson's voyage on the ,great ,river2 his feast with the ,indians4--,at first he drifted along1 carried by the tide1 under the shadow of a great natural wall of rock4 ,that wall1 which we now call the ,palisades1#b is from four hundred to six hundred feet high2 it extends for nearly twenty miles along the western shore of the river4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,palisades4 ,then1 some distance further up1 ,captain ,hudson came to a place where the river breaks through great forest-covered hills1 called the ,highlands4 ,at the end of the fifth day he came to a point on the eastern bank above the ,highlands1 where the city of ,hudson now stands4 ,here an old ,indian chief invited him to go ashore4 ,hudson had found the ,indians1 as he says1 very loving1 so he thought he would accept the invitation4 ,the savages made a great feast for the captain4 ,they gave him not only roast pigeons1 but also a roast dog1 which they cooked specially for him3 they wanted he should have the very best4 ,these ,indians had never seen a white man before4 ,they thought that the ,english captain1 in his bright scarlet coat trimmed with gold lace1 had come down from the sky to visit them4 ,what puzzled them1 however1 was that he had such a pale face instead of having a red one like themselves4 ,at the end of the feast ,hudson rose to go1 but the ,indians begged him to stay all night4 ,then one of them got up1 gathered all the arrows1 broke them to pieces1 and threw them into the fire1 in order to show the captain that he need not be afraid to stop with them4 ,footnote #b3 ,palisades3 this name is given to the wall of rock on the ,hudson1 because1 when seen near by1 it somewhat resembles a palisade1 or high fence made of stakes or posts set close together1 upright in the ground4 #eg4 ,captain ,hudson reaches the end of his voyage and turns back2 trouble with the ,indians4--,but ,captain ,hudson made up his mind that he must now go on with his voyage4 ,he went back to his ship and kept on up the river until he had reached a point about a hundred and fifty miles from its mouth4 ,here the city of ,albany now stands4 ,he found that the water was growing shallow1 and he feared that if the ,half ,moon went further she would get aground4 ,it was clear to him1 too1 that wherever the river might lead1 he was not likely to find it a short road to ,china4 ,on the way down stream a thievish ,indian1 who had come out in a canoe1 managed to steal something from the ship4 ,one of the crew chanced to see the ,indian as he was slyly slipping off1 and picking up a gun he fired and killed him4 ,after that ,hudson's men had several fights with the ,indians4 ,illustration3 ,,captain ,,hudson ,,on ,,the ,,great ,,river4 #eh4 ,hudson returns to ,europe2 the ,great ,river is called by his name2 his death4--,early in ,october the captain set sail for ,europe4 ,ever since that time the beautiful river which he explored has been called the ,hudson in his honor4 ,the next year ,captain ,hudson made another voyage1 and entered that immense bay in the northern part of ,america which we now know as ,hudson ,bay4 ,there he got into trouble with his men4 ,some of them seized him and set him adrift with a few others in an open boat4 ,nothing more was ever heard of the brave ,english sailor4 ,the bay which bears his name is probably his grave4 #ei4 ,the ,dutch take possession of the land on the ,hudson and call it ,new ,netherland2 how ,new ,netherland became ,new ,york4--,as soon as the ,dutch in ,holland heard that ,captain ,hudson had found a country where the ,indians had plenty of rich furs to sell1 they sent out people to trade with them4 ,holland is sometimes called the ,netherlands2 that is1 the ,low ,lands4 ,when the ,dutch took possession of the country on the ,hudson 7#afad71 they gave it the name of ,new ,netherland1#c for the same reason that the ,english called one part of their possessions in ,america ,new ,england4 ,in the course of a few years the ,dutch built 7#afae7 a fort and some log cabins on the lower end of ,manhattan ,island4 ,after a time they named this little settlement ,new ,amsterdam1 in remembrance of the port of ,amsterdam in ,holland from which ,hudson sailed4 ,after the ,dutch had held the country of ,new ,netherland about fifty years1 the ,english 7#affd7 seized it4 ,they changed its name to ,new ,york1 in honor of the ,duke of ,york1 who was brother to the king4 ,the ,english also changed the name of ,new ,amsterdam to that of ,new ,york ,city4 ,footnote #c3 ,new ,netherland3 this is often incorrectly printed ,new ,netherlands4 #fj4 ,the ,new ,york ,sons of ,liberty in the ,revolution2 what ,henry ,hudson would say of the city now4--,more than a hundred years after this the young men of ,new ,york1 the ,sons of ,liberty1 as they called themselves1 made ready with the ,sons of ,liberty in other states to do their full part1 under the lead of ,general ,washington1 in the great war of the ,revolution1--that war by which we gained our freedom from the rule of the king of ,england1 and became the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the silent harbor where ,henry ,hudson saw a few ,indian canoes is now one of the busiest seaports in the world4 ,the great statue of ,liberty stands at its entrance4#d ,to it a fleet of ships and steamers is constantly coming from all parts of the globe2 from it another fleet is constantly going4 ,if ,captain ,hudson could see the river which bears his name1 and ,manhattan ,island now covered with miles of buildings which make the largest and wealthiest city in ,america1 he would say3 ,there is no need of my looking any further for the riches of ,china and the ,indies1 for ,i have found them here4 ,footnote #d3 ,in her right hand ,liberty holds a torch to guide vessels at night4 #fa4 ,summary4--,in #afji ,henry ,hudson1 an ,english sea-captain1 then in the employ of the ,dutch1 discovered the river now called by his name4 ,the ,dutch took possession of the country on the river1 named it ,new ,netherland1 and built a small settlement on ,manhattan ,island4 ,many years later the ,english seized the country and named it ,new ,york4 ,the settlement on ,manhattan ,island then became ,new ,york ,city2 it is now the largest and wealthiest city in the ,united ,states4 ,who was ,henry ,hudson8 ,what did he try to find8 ,what did the ,dutch hire him to do8 ,where did he go8 ,what did he call the river he discovered8 ,what is said about that river8 ,tell what you can of ,hudson's voyage up the river4 ,what is said about the ,indians8 ,why did ,hudson turn back8 ,what did he do then8 ,what is the river he discovered called now8 ,what happened to ,captain ,hudson the next year8 ,what did the ,dutch do8 ,what did they name the country8 ,why8 ,what did they build there on ,manhattan ,island8 ,who seized ,new ,netherland8 ,what name did they give it8 ,what is said of the ,sons of ,liberty8 ,what would ,hudson say if he could see ,new ,york ,city now8 ,,captain ,,myles#a ,,standish 7#aehd-afef74 #fb4 ,the ,english ,pilgrims in ,holland2 why they left ,england4--,when the news of ,henry ,hudson's discovery of the ,hudson ,river reached ,holland1 many ,englishmen were living in the ,dutch city of ,leyden4#b ,these people were mostly farmers who had fled from ,scrooby#c and neighboring villages in the northeast of ,england4 ,they called themselves ,pilgrims1 because they were wanderers from their old homes4 ,the ,pilgrims left ,england because ,king ,james would not let them hold their religious meetings in peace4 ,he thought1 as all kings then did1 that everybody in ,england should belong to the same church and worship ,god in the same way that he did4#d ,he was afraid that if people were allowed to go to whatever church they thought best that it would lead to disputes and quarrels1 which would end by breaking his kingdom to pieces4 ,quite a number of ,englishmen1 seeing that they could not have religious liberty at home1 escaped with their wives and children to ,holland2 for there the ,dutch were willing to let them have such a church as they wanted4 ,illustration3 ,map of ,england and ,holland ,footnote #a3 ,myles 7,miles73 ,standish himself wrote it ,myles4 ,footnote #b3 ,leyden 7,li'den73 see map in this paragraph4 ,footnote #c3 ,scrooby 7,skroo'bi73 see map in this paragraph4 ,footnote #d3 ,there were some people in ,england who thought much as the ,pilgrims did in regard to religion1 but who did not then leave the ,church of ,england 7as the ,pilgrims did74 ,they were called ,puritans because they insisted on making certain changes in the ,english mode of worship1 or1 as they said1 they wished to purify it4 ,many ,puritans came to ,new ,england with ,governor ,winthrop in #afcj2 after they settled in ,america they established independent churches like the ,pilgrims4 #fc4 ,why the ,pilgrims wished to leave ,holland and go to ,america4--,but the ,pilgrims were not contented in ,holland4 ,they saw that if they staid in that country their children would grow up to be more ,dutch than ,english4 ,they saw1 too1 that they could not hope to get land in ,holland4 ,they resolved therefore to go to ,america1 where they could get farms for nothing1 and where their children would never forget the ,english language or the good old ,english customs and laws4 ,in the wilderness they would not only enjoy entire religious freedom1 but they could build up a settlement which would be certainly their own4 #fd4 ,the ,pilgrims1 with ,captain ,myles ,standish1 sail for ,england and then for ,america2 they reach ,cape ,cod1 and choose a governor there4--,in #afbj a company of ,pilgrims sailed for ,england on their way to ,america4 ,captain ,myles ,standish1 an ,english soldier1 who had fought in ,holland1 joined them4 ,he did not belong to the ,pilgrim church1 but he had become a great friend to those who did4 ,about a hundred of these people sailed from ,plymouth1#e ,england1 for the ,new ,world1 in the ship ,mayflower4 ,many of those who went were children and young people4 ,the ,pilgrims had a long1 rough passage across the ,atlantic4 ,toward the last of ,november 7#afbj7 they saw land4 ,it was ,cape ,cod1 that narrow strip of sand1 more than sixty miles long1 which looks like an arm bent at the elbow1 with a hand like a half-shut fist4 ,illustration3 ,map of ,cape ,cod and part of ,new ,england4 ,finding that it would be difficult to go further1 the ,pilgrims decided to land and explore the cape2 so the ,mayflower entered ,cape ,cod ,harbor1 inside the half-shut fist1 and then came to anchor4 ,before they landed1 the ,pilgrims held a meeting in the cabin1 and drew up an agreement in writing for the government of the settlement4 ,they signed the agreement1 and then chose ,john ,carver for governor4 ,footnote #e3 ,plymouth 7,plim'uth74 #fe4 ,washing-day2 what ,standish and his men found on the ,cape4--,on the first ,monday after they had reached the cape1 all the women went on shore to wash1 and so ,monday has been kept as washing-day in ,new ,england ever since4 ,shortly after that1 ,captain ,myles ,standish1 with a number of men1 started off to see the country4 ,they found some ,indian corn buried in the sand2 and a little further on a young man named ,william ,bradford1 who afterward became governor1 stepped into an ,indian deer-trap4 ,it jerked him up by the leg in a way that must have made even the ,pilgrims smile4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,deer-,,trap4 ,illustration3 ,,bradford ,,caught4 #ff4 ,captain ,standish and his men set sail in a boat for a blue hill in the west1 and find ,plymouth ,rock2 ,plymouth ,harbor2 landing from the ,mayflower4--,on clear days the people on board the ,mayflower1 anchored in ,cape ,cod ,harbor1 could see a blue hill1 on the mainland1 in the west1 about forty miles away4 ,to that blue hill ,standish and some others determined to go4 ,taking a sail-boat1 they started off4 ,a few days later they passed the hill which the ,indians called ,manomet1#f and entered a fine harbor4 ,there1 on ,december #bast1 #afbj1--the shortest day in the year1--they landed on that famous stone which is now known all over the world as ,plymouth ,rock4 ,standish1 with the others1 went back to the ,mayflower with a good report4 ,they had found just what they wanted1--an excellent harbor where ships from ,england could come in2 a brook of nice drinking-water2 and last of all1 a piece of land that was nearly free from trees1 so that nothing would hinder their planting corn early in the spring4 ,captain ,john ,smith of ,virginia#g had been there before them1 and had named the place ,plymouth on his map of ,new ,england4 ,the ,pilgrims liked the name1 and so made up their minds to keep it4 ,the ,mayflower soon sailed for ,plymouth1 and the ,pilgrims set to work to build the log cabins of their little settlement4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,mayflower ,,in ,,plymouth ,,harbor4 ,footnote #f3 ,manomet 7,man'o-met74 ,footnote #g3 ,see paragraph #df4 #fg4 ,sickness and death4--,during that winter nearly half the ,pilgrims died4 ,captain ,standish showed himself to be as good a nurse as he was a soldier4 ,he1 with ,governor ,carver and their minister1 ,elder ,brewster1 cooked1 washed1 waited on the sick1 and did everything that kind hearts and willing hands could to help their suffering friends4 ,but the men who had begun to build houses had to stop that work to dig graves4 ,when these graves were filled1 they were smoothed down flat so that no prowling ,indian should count them and see how few white men there were left4 #fh4 ,samoset1#h ,squanto1#i and ,massasoit#aj visit the ,pilgrims4--,one day in the spring the ,pilgrims were startled at seeing an ,indian walk boldly into their little settlement4 ,he cried out in good ,english1 ,welcome6 ,welcome6 ,this visitor was named ,samoset2 he had met some sailors years before1 and had learned a few ,english words from them4 ,the next time ,samoset came he brought with him another ,indian1 whose name was ,squanto4 ,squanto was the only one left of the tribe that had once lived at ,plymouth4 ,all the rest had died of a dreadful sickness1 or plague4 ,he had been stolen by some sailors and carried to ,england2 there he had learned the language4 ,after his return he had joined an ,indian tribe that lived about thirty miles further west4 ,the chief of that tribe was named ,massasoit1 and ,squanto said that he was coming directly to visit the ,pilgrims4 ,in about an hour ,massasoit1 with some sixty warriors1 appeared on a hill just outside the settlement4 ,the ,indians had painted their faces in their very gayest style--black1 red1 and yellow4 ,if paint could make them handsome1 they were determined to look their best4 ,footnote #h3 ,samoset 7,sam'o-set74 ,footnote #i3 ,squanto 7,skwon'to74 ,footnote #aj3 ,massasoit 7,mas'sa-soit'74 #fi4 ,massasoit and ,governor ,carver make a treaty of friendship2 how ,thanksgiving was kept2 what ,squanto did for the ,pilgrims4--,captain ,standish1 attended by a guard of honor1 went out and brought the chief to ,governor ,carver4 ,then ,massasoit and the governor made a solemn promise or treaty1 in which they agreed that the ,indians of his tribe and the ,pilgrims should live like friends and brothers1 doing all they could to help each other4 ,that promise was kept for more than fifty years2 it was never broken until long after the two men who made it were in their graves4 ,illustration3 ,,captain ,,standish ,,and ,,massasoit4 ,when the ,pilgrims had their first ,thanksgiving1 they invited ,massasoit and his men to come and share it4 ,the ,indians brought venison and other good things2 there were plenty of wild turkeys roasted2 and so they all sat down together to a great dinner1 and had a merry time in the wilderness4 ,squanto was of great help to the ,pilgrims4 ,he showed them how to catch eels1 where to go fishing1 when to plant their corn1 and how to put a fish in every hill to make it grow fast4 ,after a while he came to live with the ,pilgrims4 ,he liked them so much that when the poor fellow died he begged ,governor ,bradford to pray that he might go to the white man's heaven4 #gj4 ,canonicus#aa dares ,governor ,bradford to fight2 the palisade2 the fort and meeting-house4--,west of where ,massasoit lived1 there were some ,indians on the shore of ,narragansett ,bay1#ab in what is now ,rhode ,island4 ,their chief was named ,canonicus1 and he was no friend to ,massasoit or to the ,pilgrims4 ,canonicus thought he could frighten the white men away1 so he sent a bundle of sharp1 new arrows1 tied round with a rattlesnake skin1 to ,governor ,bradford3 that meant that he dared the governor and his men to come out and fight4 ,governor ,bradford threw away the arrows1 and then filled the snake-skin up to the mouth with powder and ball4 ,this was sent back to ,canonicus4 ,when he saw it1 he was afraid to touch it1 for he knew that ,myles ,standish's bullets would whistle louder and cut deeper than his ,indian arrows4 ,illustration3 ,,arrows ,,bound ,,with ,,snake-,,skin4 ,but though the ,pilgrims did not believe that ,canonicus would attack them1 they thought it best to build a very high1 strong fence1 called a palisade1 round the town4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,palisade ,,built ,,round ,,plymouth4 ,they also built a log fort on one of the hills1 and used the lower part of the fort for a church4 ,every ,sunday all the people1 with ,captain ,standish at the head1 marched to their meeting-house1 where a man stood on guard outside4 ,each ,pilgrim carried his gun1 and set it down near him4 ,with one ear he listened sharply to the preacher2 with the other he listened just as sharply for the cry1 ,indians6 ,indians6 ,but the ,indians never came4 ,footnote #aa3 ,canonicus 7,ka-non'i-kus74 ,footnote #ab3 ,narragansett 7,nar'a-gan'set73 see map1 paragraph #hd4 #ga4 ,the new settlers2 trouble with the ,indians in their neighborhood2 ,captain ,standish's fight with the savages4--,by and by more emigrants came from ,england and settled about twenty-five miles north of ,plymouth1 at what is now called ,weymouth4 ,the ,indians in that neighborhood did not like these new settlers1 and they made up their minds to come upon them suddenly and murder them4 ,governor ,bradford sent ,captain ,standish with a few men1 to see how great the danger was4 ,he found the ,indians very bold4 ,one of them came up to him1 whetting a long knife4 ,he held it up1 to show how sharp it was1 and then patting it1 he said1 ,by and by1 it shall eat1 but not speak4 ,presently another ,indian came up4 ,he was a big fellow1 much larger and stronger than ,standish4 ,he1 too1 had a long knife1 as keen as a razor4 ,ah1 said he to ,standish1 so this is the mighty captain the white men have sent to destroy us6 ,he is a little man2 let him go and work with the women4#ac ,the captain's blood was on fire with rage2 but he said not a word4 ,his time had not yet come4 ,the next day the ,pilgrims and the ,indians met in a log cabin4 ,standish made a sign to one of his men1 and he shut the door fast4 ,then the captain sprang like a tiger at the big savage who had laughed at him1 and snatching his long knife from him1 he plunged it into his heart4 ,a hand-to-hand fight followed between the white men and the ,indians4 ,the ,pilgrims gained the victory1 and carried back the head of the ,indian chief in triumph to ,plymouth4 ,captain ,standish's bold action saved both of the ,english settlements from destruction4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see ,longfellow's ,the ,courtship of ,miles ,standish4 ,this quotation is truthful in its rendering of the spirit of the words used by the ,indian in his insulting speech to ,standish2 it should be understood1 however1 that the poem does not always adhere closely either to the chronology1 or to the exact facts1 of history4 #gb4 ,what else ,myles ,standish did2 his death4--,but ,standish did more things for the ,pilgrims than fight for them2 for he went to ,england1 bought goods for them1 and borrowed money to help them4 ,he lived to be an old man4 ,at his death he left1 among other things1 three well-worn ,bibles and three good guns4 ,in those days1 the men who read the ,bible most were those who fought the hardest4 ,near ,plymouth there is a high hill called ,captain's ,hill4 ,that was where ,standish made his home during the last of his life4 ,a granite monument1 over a hundred feet high1 stands on top of the hill4 ,on it is a statue of the brave captain looking toward the sea4 ,he was one of the makers of ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,myles ,,standish',s ,,kettle1 ,,sword1 ,,and ,,pewter ,,dish4 ,illustration3 ,,copy ,,of ,,myles ,,standish',s ,,signature4 #gc4 ,governor ,john ,winthrop founds#ad ,boston4--,ten years after the ,pilgrims landed at ,plymouth1 a large company of ,english people under the leadership of ,governor ,john ,winthrop came to ,new ,england4 ,they were called ,puritans1#ae and they1 too1 were seeking that religious freedom which was denied them in the old country4 ,one of the vessels which brought over these new settlers was named the ,mayflower4 ,she may have been the very ship which in #afbj brought the ,pilgrims to these shores4 ,governor ,winthrop's company named the place where they settled ,boston1 in grateful remembrance of the beautiful old city of ,boston1#af ,england1 from which some of the chief emigrants came4 ,the new settlement was called the ,massachusetts ,bay#ag ,colony1#ah ,massachusetts being the ,indian name for the ,blue ,hills1 near ,boston4 ,the ,plymouth ,colony was now often called the ,old ,colony1 because it had been settled first4 ,after many years1 these two colonies were united1 and still later they became the state of ,massachusetts4 ,footnote #ad3 ,founds3 begins to build4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see footnote #d in paragraph #fb4 ,footnote #af3 ,boston1 ,england2 see map in paragraph #fb4 ,footnote #ag3 ,massachusetts ,bay2 see map in paragraph #hd4 ,footnote #ah3 ,colony3 here a company of settlers who came to ,america from ,england1 and who were subject to the king of ,england1 as all the ,english settlers of ,america were until the ,revolution4 #gd4 ,how other ,new ,england colonies grew up2 the ,revolution4--,by the time ,governor ,winthrop arrived1 ,english settlements had been made in ,maine1 ,new ,hampshire1 and later 7#agbd71 in the country which afterward became the state of ,vermont4 ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island were first settled by emigrants who went from ,massachusetts4 ,when the ,revolution broke out1 the people throughout ,new ,england took up arms in defence of their rights4 ,the first blood of the war was shed on the soil of ,massachusetts1 near ,boston4 #ge4 ,summary4--,the ,pilgrims landed at ,plymouth1 ,new ,england1 in #afbj4 ,one of the chief men who came with them was ,captain ,myles ,standish4 ,had it not been for his help1 the ,indians might have destroyed the settlement4 ,in #afcj1 ,governor ,john ,winthrop1 with a large company of emigrants from ,england1 settled ,boston4 ,near ,boston the first battle of the ,revolution was fought4 ,why did some ,englishmen in ,holland call themselves ,pilgrims8 ,why had they left ,england8 ,why did they now wish to go to ,america8 ,who was ,myles ,standish8 ,from what place in ,england1 and in what ship1 did the ,pilgrims sail8 ,what land did they first see in ,america8 ,what did they do at ,cape ,cod ,harbor8 ,what did the ,pilgrims do on the ,cape8 ,where did they land on ,december #bast1 #afbj8 ,what happened during the winter8 ,what is said of ,samoset8 ,what about ,squanto8 ,what about ,massasoit8 ,what did ,massasoit and ,governor ,carver do8 ,what about the first ,thanksgiving8 ,what is said about ,canonicus and ,governor ,bradford8 ,what did the ,pilgrims build to protect them from the ,indians8 ,what is said about ,weymouth8 ,what did ,myles ,standish do there8 ,what else did ,myles ,standish do besides fight8 ,what is said of his death8 ,what did ,governor ,john ,winthrop do8 ,what did the people of ,new ,england do in the ,revolution8 ,where was the first blood shed8 ,,lord ,,baltimore 7#aehj-afcb74 #gf4 ,lord ,baltimore's settlement in ,newfoundland2 how ,catholics were then treated in ,england4--,while ,captain ,myles ,standish was helping build up ,plymouth1 ,lord ,baltimore1 an ,english nobleman1 was trying to make a settlement on the cold1 foggy island of ,newfoundland4 ,lord ,baltimore had been brought up a ,protestant1 but had become a ,catholic4 ,at that time1 ,catholics were treated very cruelly in ,england4 ,they were ordered by law to attend the ,church of ,england4 ,they did not like that church any better than the ,pilgrims did2 but if they failed to attend it1 they had to take their choice between paying a large sum of money or going to prison4 ,lord ,baltimore hoped to make a home for himself and for other ,english ,catholics in the wilderness of ,newfoundland1 where there would be no one to trouble them4 ,but the unfortunate settlers were fairly frozen out4 ,they had winter a good share of the year1 and fog all of it4 ,they could raise nothing1 because1 as one man said1 the soil was either rock or swamp3 the rock was as hard as iron2 the swamp was so deep that you could not touch bottom with a ten-foot pole4 #gg4 ,the king of ,england gives ,lord ,baltimore part of ,virginia1 and names it ,maryland2 what ,lord ,baltimore paid for it4--,king ,charles the ,first of ,england was a good friend to ,lord ,baltimore2 and when the settlement in ,newfoundland was given up1 he made him a present of an immense three-cornered piece of land in ,america4 ,this piece was cut out of ,virginia1 north of the ,potomac#a ,river4 ,the king's wife1 who was called ,queen ,mary1 was a ,french ,catholic4 ,in her honor1 ,charles named the country he had given ,lord ,baltimore1 ,mary ,land1 or ,maryland4 ,he could not have chosen a better name1 because ,maryland was to be a shelter for many ,english people who believed in the same religion that the queen did4 ,illustration3 ,,two ,,indian ,,arrows4 ,all that ,lord ,baltimore was to pay for ,maryland1 with its twelve thousand square miles of land and water1 was two ,indian arrows4 ,these he agreed to send every spring to the royal palace of ,windsor#b ,castle1 near ,london4 ,illustration3 ,,part ,,of ,,windsor ,,castle4 ,the arrows would be worth nothing whatever to the king2 but they were sent as a kind of yearly rent4 ,they showed that1 though ,lord ,baltimore had the use of ,maryland1 and could do pretty much as he pleased with it1 still the king did not give up all control of it4 ,in ,virginia and in ,new ,england the king had granted all land to companies of persons1 and he had been particular to tell them just what they must or must not do2 but he gave ,maryland to one man only4 ,more than this1 he promised to let ,lord ,baltimore have his own way in everything1 so long as he made no laws in ,maryland which should be contrary to the laws of ,england4 ,so ,lord ,baltimore had greater privileges than any other holder of land in ,america at that time4 ,footnote #a3 ,potomac 7,po-to'mak73 see map1 paragraph #adj4 ,footnote #b3 ,windsor 7,win'zor74 #gh4 ,lord ,baltimore dies2 his son sends emigrants to ,maryland2 the landing2 the ,indians2 ,st4 ,mary's4--,lord ,baltimore died before he could get ready to come to ,america4 ,his eldest son then became ,lord ,baltimore4 ,he sent over a number of emigrants2 part of them were ,catholics1 and part were ,protestants3 all of them were to have equal rights in ,maryland4 ,in the spring of #afcd1 these people landed on a little island near the mouth of the ,potomac ,river4 ,there they cut down a tree1 and made a large cross of it2 then1 kneeling round that cross1 they all joined in prayer to ,god for their safe journey4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,landing ,,in ,,maryland4 ,a little later1 they landed on the shore of the river4 ,there they met ,indians4 ,under a huge mulberry-tree they bargained with the ,indians for a place to build a town1 and paid for the land in hatchets1 knives1 and beads4 ,the ,indians were greatly astonished at the size of the ship in which the white men came4 ,they thought that it was made like their canoes1 out of the trunk of a tree hollowed out1 and they wondered where the ,english could have found a tree big enough to make it4 ,the emigrants named their settlement ,st4 ,mary's1 because they had landed on a day kept sacred to the ,virgin ,mary4#c ,the ,indians gave up one of their largest wigwams to ,father ,white1 one of the priests who had come over1 and he made a church of it4 ,it was the first ,english ,catholic ,church which was opened in ,america4 ,illustration3 ,map of ,maryland and ,virginia4 ,the ,indians and the settlers lived and worked together side by side4 ,the red men showed the emigrants how to hunt in the forest1 and the ,indian women taught the white women how to make hominy1 and to bake johnny-cake before the open fire4 ,footnote #c3 ,march #beth3 ,annunciation or ,lady ,day4 #gi4 ,maryland the home of religious liberty4--,maryland was different from the other ,english colonies in ,america1 because there1 and there only1 every ,christian1 whether ,catholic or ,protestant1 had the right to worship ,god in his own way4 ,in that humble little village of ,st4 ,mary's1 made up of thirty or forty log huts and wigwams in the woods1 religious liberty had its only home in the wide world4 ,but more than this1 ,lord ,baltimore generously invited people who had been driven out of the other settlements on account of their religion to come and live in ,maryland4 ,he gave a hearty welcome to all1 whether they thought as he did or not4 ,thus he showed that he was a noble man by nature as well as a nobleman by name4 #hj4 ,maryland falls into trouble2 the city of ,baltimore built4--,but this happy state of things did not last long4 ,some of the people of ,virginia were very angry because the king had given ,lord ,baltimore part of what they thought was their land4 ,they quarrelled with the new settlers and made them a great deal of trouble4 ,then worse things happened4 ,men went to ,maryland and undertook to drive out the ,catholics4 ,in some cases they acted in a very shameful manner toward ,lord ,baltimore and his friends2 among other things1 they put ,father ,white in irons and sent him back to ,england as a prisoner4 ,lord ,baltimore had spent a great deal of money in building up the settlement1 but his right to the land was taken away from him for a time1 and all who dared to defend him were badly treated4 ,st4 ,mary's never grew to be much of a place1 but not quite a hundred years after the ,english landed there a new and beautiful city was begun 7#agbi7 in ,maryland4 ,it was named ,baltimore1 in honor of that ,lord ,baltimore who sent out the first emigrants4 ,when the ,revolutionary ,war broke out1 the citizens of ,baltimore showed that they were not a bit behind the other colonies of ,america in their spirit of independence4 #ha4 ,summary4--,king ,charles the ,first of ,england gave ,lord ,baltimore1 an ,english ,catholic1 a part of ,virginia and named it ,maryland1 in honor of his wife1 ,queen ,mary4 ,a company of emigrants came out to ,maryland in #afcd4 ,it was the first settlement in ,america in which all ,christian people had entire liberty to worship ,god in whatever way they thought right4 ,that liberty they owed to ,lord ,baltimore4 ,who was ,lord ,baltimore1 and what did he try to do in ,newfoundland8 ,how were ,catholics then treated in ,england8 ,what did the king of ,england give ,lord ,baltimore in ,america8 ,what did the king name the country8 ,what was ,lord ,baltimore to pay for ,maryland8 ,what did the king promise ,lord ,baltimore8 ,what did ,lord ,baltimore's son do8 ,when and where did the emigrants land8 ,what did they call the place8 ,what is said about the ,indians8 ,of what was ,maryland the home8 ,why did some of the people of ,virginia trouble them8 ,what is said of the city of ,baltimore8 ,what is said of the ,revolution8 ,,roger ,,williams 7#afjj-afhd74 #hb4 ,roger ,williams comes to ,boston2 he preaches in ,salem and in ,plymouth2 his friendship for the ,indians4--,shortly after ,governor ,john ,winthrop and his company settled ,boston1#a a young minister named ,roger ,williams came over from ,england to join them4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,which ,,roger ,,williams ,,preached ,,in ,,salem4 ,,it ,,is ,,still ,,standing4 ,mr4 ,williams soon became a great friend to the ,indians and while he preached at ,salem1#b near ,boston1 and at ,plymouth1 he came to know many of them4 ,he took pains to learn their language1 and he spent a great deal of time talking with the chief ,massasoit#c and his men1 in their dirty1 smoky wigwams4 ,he made the savages feel that1 as he said1 his whole heart's desire was to do them good4 ,for this reason they were always glad to see him and ready to help him4 ,a time came1 as we shall presently see1 when they were able to do quite as much for him as he could for them4 ,footnote #a3 ,see paragraph #gc4 ,footnote #b3 ,salem 7,sa'lem74 ,footnote #c3 ,see paragraph #fh4 #hc4 ,who owned the greater part of ,america8 what the king of ,england thought2 what ,roger ,williams thought and said4--,the company that had settled ,boston held the land by permission of the king of ,england4 ,he considered that most of the land in ,america belonged to him1 because ,john ,cabot#d had discovered it4 ,but ,roger ,williams said that the king had no right to the land unless he bought it of the ,indians1 who were living here when the ,english came4 ,now the people of ,massachusetts were always quite willing to pay the ,indians a fair price for whatever land they wanted2 but many of them were afraid to have ,mr4 ,williams preach and write as he did4 ,they believed that if they allowed him to go on speaking out so boldly against the king that the ,english monarch would get so angry that he would take away ,massachusetts from them and give it to a new company4 ,in that case1 those who had settled here would lose everything4 ,for this reason the people of ,boston tried to make the young minister agree to keep silent on this subject4 ,footnote #d3 ,see paragraph #bb4 #hd4 ,a constable is sent to arrest ,roger ,williams2 he escapes to the woods1 and goes to ,mount ,hope4--,but ,mr4 ,williams was not one of the kind to keep silent4 ,then the chief men of ,boston sent a constable down to ,salem with orders to seize him and send him back to ,england4 ,when he heard that the constable was after him1 ,mr4 ,williams slipped quietly out of his house and escaped to the woods4 ,there was a heavy depth of snow on the ground1 but the young man made up his mind that he would go to his old friend ,massasoit1 and ask him to help him in his trouble4 ,illustration3 ,map showing ,roger ,williams's route from ,salem to ,mount ,hope4 ,massasoit lived near ,mount ,hope1 in what is now ,rhode ,island1 about eighty miles southwest from ,salem4 ,there were no roads through the woods1 and it was a long1 dreary journey to make on foot1 but ,mr4 ,williams did not hesitate4 ,he took a hatchet to chop fire-wood1 a flint and steel to strike fire with1--for in those days people had no matches1--and1 last of all1 a pocket-compass to aid him in finding his way through the thick forest4 ,illustration3 ,striking fire with flint and steel4 ,the sparks were caught on some old1 half-burnt rag1 and were then blown to a blaze4 ,all day he waded wearily on through the deep snow1 only stopping now and then to rest or to look at his compass and make sure that he was going in the right direction4 ,at night he would gather wood enough to make a little fire to warm himself or to melt some snow for drink4 ,then he would cut down a few boughs for a bed1 or1 if he was lucky enough to find a large1 hollow tree1 he would creep into that4 ,there he would fall asleep1 while listening to the howling of the wind or to the fiercer howling of the hungry wolves prowling about the woods4 ,illustration3 ,,roger ,,williams ,,wading ,,through ,,the ,,snow4 ,at length1 after much suffering from cold and want of food1 he managed to reach ,massasoit's wigwam4 ,there the big-hearted ,indian chief gave him a warm welcome4 ,he took him into his poor cabin and kept him till spring--there was no board bill to pay4 ,all the ,indians liked the young minister1 and even ,canonicus1#e that savage chief of a neighboring tribe1 who had dared ,governor ,bradford to fight1 said that he loved him as his own son4 ,footnote #e3 ,canonicus3 see paragraph #gj4 #he4 ,roger ,williams at ,seekonk2#f ,what cheer1 friend8--,when the warm days came1 in the spring of #afcf1 ,mr4 ,williams began building a log hut for himself at ,seekonk1 on the east bank of the ,seekonk ,river4 ,but he was told that his cabin stood on ground owned by the people of ,massachusetts2 so he1 with a few friends who had joined him1 took a canoe and paddled down stream to find a new place to build4 ,illustration3 ,map of ,rhode ,island4 ,what cheer1 friend8 what cheer8 shouted some ,indians who were standing on a rock on the western bank of the river4 ,that was the ,indian way of saying ,how do you do1 and just then ,roger ,williams was right glad to hear it4 ,he landed on what is now called ,what ,cheer ,rock1#g and had a talk with the red men4 ,they told him that there was a fine spring of water round the point of land a little further down4 ,he went there1 and liked the spot so much that he decided to stop4 ,his friend ,canonicus owned the land1 and he gladly let him have what he needed4 ,roger ,williams believed that a kind ,providence had guided him to this pleasant place1 and for this reason he named it ,,providence4 ,providence was the first settlement made in ,america which set its doors wide open to every one who wished to come and live there4 ,not only all ,christians1 but ,jews1 and even men who went to no church whatever1 could go there and be at peace4 ,this great and good work was done by ,roger ,williams4 ,providence grew in time to be the chief city in the state of ,rhode ,island4 ,when the ,revolution began1 every man and boy in the state1 from sixteen to sixty1 stood ready to fight for liberty4 ,footnote #f3 ,seekonk 7,see'konk74 ,footnote #g3 ,what ,cheer ,rock is on the east side of the city of ,providence4 #hf4 ,summary4--,roger ,williams1 a young minister of ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 declared that the ,indians1 and not the king of ,england1 owned the land in ,america4 ,the governor of ,massachusetts was afraid that if ,mr4 ,williams kept on saying these things the king would hear of it and would take away the land held by the people of ,boston and the other settlements4 ,he therefore sent a constable to arrest the young minister and put him on board a ship going back to ,england4 ,when ,mr4 ,williams knew this1 he fled to the ,indian chief1 ,massasoit4 ,in #afcf ,roger ,williams began building ,providence4 ,providence was the first settlement in ,america which offered a home to all men without asking them anything whatever about their religious belief4 ,who was ,roger ,williams8 ,what is said about him and the ,indians8 ,who did ,mr4 ,williams think first owned the land in ,america8 ,how did many of the people of ,massachusetts feel about ,mr4 ,williams8 ,what did the chief men of ,boston do8 ,what did ,mr4 ,williams do8 ,describe his journey to ,mount ,hope4 ,what did ,massasoit do for ,mr4 ,williams8 ,what did ,mr4 ,williams do at ,seekonk8 ,what happened after that8 ,why did he name the settlement ,providence8 ,what is said of ,providence8 ,what about the ,revolution8 ,,king ,,philip 7,time of the ,indian ,war1 #afge-afgf74 #hg4 ,death of ,massasoit2 ,wamsutta#a and ,philip2 ,wamsutta's sudden death4--,when the ,indian chief ,massasoit#b died1 the people of ,plymouth lost one of their best friends4 ,massasoit left two sons1 one named ,wamsutta1 who became chief in his father's place1 and the other called ,philip4 ,they both lived near ,mount ,hope1 in ,rhode ,island4 ,the governor of ,plymouth heard that ,wamsutta was stirring up the ,indians to make war on the whites1 and he sent for the ,indian chief to come to him and give an account of himself4 ,wamsutta went1 but on his way back he suddenly fell sick1 and soon after he reached home he died4 ,his young wife was a woman who was thought a great deal of by her tribe1 and she told them that she felt sure the white people had poisoned her husband in order to get rid of him4 ,this was not true1 but the ,indians believed it4 ,footnote #a3 ,wamsutta 7,wam-sut'ta74 ,footnote #b3 ,massasoit3 see paragraph #fh4 #hh4 ,philip becomes chief2 why he hated the white men2 how the white men had got possession of the ,indian lands4--,philip now became chief4 ,he called himself ,king ,philip4 ,his palace was a wigwam made of bark4 ,on great occasions he wore a bright red blanket and a kind of crown made of a broad belt ornamented with shells4 ,king ,philip hated the white people because1 in the first place1 he believed that they had murdered his brother2 and next1 because he saw that they were growing stronger in numbers every year1 while the ,indians were becoming weaker4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,belt ,,which ,,king ,,philip ,,wore ,,for ,a ,,crown4 ,when the ,pilgrims landed at ,plymouth1 ,massasoit1 ,philip's father1 held all the country from ,cape ,cod back to the eastern shores of ,narragansett ,bay2 that is1 a strip about thirty miles wide4 ,the white settlers bought a small piece of this land4 ,after a while they bought more1 and so they kept on until in about fifty years they got nearly all of what ,massasoit's tribe had once owned4 ,the ,indians had nothing left but two little necks of land1 which were nearly surrounded by the waters of ,narragansett ,bay4 ,here they felt that they were shut up almost like prisoners1 and that the white men watched everything that they did4 #hi4 ,how ,king ,philip felt2 signs of the coming war2 the ,praying ,indians2 the murder4--,king ,philip was a very proud man--quite as proud1 in fact1 as the king of ,england4 ,he could not bear to see his people losing power4 ,he said to himself1 if the ,indians do not rise and drive out the white men1 then the white men will certainly drive out the ,indians4 ,most of the ,indians now had guns1 and could use them quite as well as the whites could2 so ,philip thought that it was best to fight4 ,the settlers felt that the war was coming4 ,some of them fancied that they saw the figure of an ,indian bow in the clouds4 ,others said that they heard sounds like guns fired off in the air1 and horsemen riding furiously up and down in the sky1 as if getting ready for battle4 ,but though many ,indians now hated the white settlers1 this was not true of all4 ,a minister1 named ,john ,eliot1 had persuaded some of the red men near ,boston to give up their religion1 and to try to live like the white people4 ,these were called ,praying ,indians4 ,one of them who knew ,king ,philip well told the settlers that ,philip's warriors were grinding their hatchets sharp for war4 ,soon after1 this ,praying ,indian was found murdered4 ,the white people accused three of ,philip's men of having killed him4 ,they were tried1 found guilty1 and hanged4 #ij4 ,beginning of the war at ,swansea2#c burning of ,brookfield4--,then ,philip's warriors began the war in the summer of #afge4 ,some white settlers were going home from church in the town of ,swansea1 ,massachusetts2 they had been to pray that there might be no fighting4 ,as they walked along1 talking together1 two guns were fired out of the bushes4 ,one of the white men fell dead in the road1 and another was badly hurt4 ,illustration3 ,map of ,massachusetts and ,rhode ,island4 ,the shots were fired by ,indians4 ,this was the way they always fought when they could4 ,they were not cowards1 but they did not come out boldly1 but would fire from behind trees and rocks4 ,often a white man would be killed without even seeing who shot him4 ,at first the fighting was mainly in those villages of ,plymouth ,colony which were nearest ,narragansett ,bay2 then it spread to the valley of the ,connecticut ,river and the neighborhood4 ,deerfield1 ,springfield1 ,brookfield1#d ,groton1#e and many other places in ,massachusetts were attacked4 ,the ,indians would creep up stealthily in the night1 burn the houses1 carry off the women and children prisoners if they could1 kill the rest of the inhabitants1 take their scalps home and hang them up in their wigwams4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,attacking ,,indian4 ,at ,brookfield the settlers left their houses1 and gathered in one strong house for defence4 ,the ,indians burned all the houses but that one1 and did their best to burn that1 too4 ,they dipped rags in brimstone1 such as we make matches of1 fastened them to the points of their arrows1 set fire to them1 and then shot the blazing arrows into the shingles of the roof4 ,when the ,indians saw that the shingles had caught1 and were beginning to flame up1 they danced for joy1 and roared like wild bulls4 ,but the men in the house managed to put out the fire on the roof4 ,then the savages got a cart1 filled it with hay1 set it on fire1 and pushed it up against the house4 ,this time they thought that they should certainly burn the white people out2 but just then a heavy shower came up1 and put out the fire4 ,a little later1 some white soldiers marched into the village1 and saved the people in the house4 ,footnote #c3 ,swansea 7,swon'ze74 ,footnote #d3 ,see map in this paragraph4 ,footnote #e3 ,groton 7,graw'ton74 #ia4 ,the fight at ,hadley2 what ,colonel#f ,goffe#g did4--,at ,hadley1 the people were in the meeting-house when the terrible ,indian war-whoop#h rang through the village4 ,the savages drove back those who dared to go out against them1 and it seemed as if the village must be destroyed4 ,suddenly a white-haired old man1 sword in hand1 appeared among the settlers4 ,no one knew who he was2 but he called to them to follow him1 as a captain calls to his men1 and they obeyed him4 ,the astonished ,indians turned and ran4 ,when1 after all was over1 the whites looked for their brave leader1 he had gone2 they never saw him again4 ,many thought that he was an angel who had been sent to save them4 ,but the angel was ,colonel ,goffe1 an ,englishman1 who was one of the judges who had sentenced ,king ,charles the ,first to death during a great war in ,england4 ,he had escaped to ,america2 and1 luckily for the people of ,hadley1 he was hiding in the house of a friend in that village when the ,indians attacked it4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,attack ,,on ,a ,,settlement4 ,the building on the right is a block-house1 or fort made of hewn logs4 ,these block-houses were built as places of refuge for the settlers1 in case of an attack on the town by the ,indians4 ,footnote #f3 ,colonel 7kur'nel73 the chief officer of a regiment of soldiers4 ,footnote #g3 ,goffe 7,gof73 and see ,list of ,books at the end of this book4 ,footnote #h3 ,war-whoop 7war-hoop73 a very loud1 shrill cry made by the ,indians when engaged in war1 or as a shout of alarm4 #ib4 ,how a woman drove off an ,indian4--,in this dreadful war with the savages there were times when even the women had to fight for their lives4 ,in one case1 a woman had been left in a house with two young children4 ,she heard a noise at the window1 and looking up1 saw an ,indian trying to raise the sash4 ,quick as thought1 she clapped the two little children under two large brass kettles which stood near4 ,then1 seizing a shovel-full of red-hot coals from the open fire1 she stood ready1 and just as the ,indian thrust his head into the room1 she dashed the coals right into his face and eyes4 ,with a yell of agony the ,indian let go his hold1 dropped to the ground as though he had been shot1 and ran howling to the woods4 ,illustration3 ,,woman ,,throwing ,,coals4 #ic4 ,the great swamp fight2 burning the ,indian wigwams2 what the ,chief ,canonchet#i said4--,during the summer and autumn of #afge the ,indians on the west side of ,narragansett ,bay#ajtook no open part in ,king ,philip's ,war4 ,but the next winter the white people found that these ,indians were secretly receiving and sheltering the savages who had been wounded in fighting for that noted chief4 ,for that reason1 the settlers determined to raise a large force and attack them4 ,the ,indians had gathered in a fort on an island in a swamp4 ,this fort was a very difficult place to reach4 ,it was built of the trunks of trees set upright in the ground4 ,it was so strong that the savages felt quite safe4 ,starting very early in the morning1 the attacking party waded fifteen miles through deep snow4 ,many of them had their hands and feet badly frozen4 ,one of the chief men in leading the attack was ,captain ,benjamin ,church of ,plymouth2 he was a very brave soldier1 and knew all about ,indian life and ,indian fighting4 ,in the battle1 he was struck by two bullets1 and so badly wounded that he could not move a step further2 but he made one of his men hold him up1 and he shouted to his soldiers to go ahead4 ,the fight was a desperate one1 but at length the fort was taken4 ,the attacking party lost more than two hundred and fifty men in killed and wounded2 the ,indians lost as many as a thousand4 ,after the battle was over1 ,captain ,church begged the men not to burn the wigwams inside the fort1 for there were a great number of old men and women and little ,indian children in the wigwams4 ,but the men were very mad against the savages1 and would not listen to him4 ,they set the wigwams on fire1 and burned many of these poor creatures to death4 ,canonchet1 the chief of the tribe1 was taken prisoner4 ,the settlers told him they would spare his life if he would try to make peace4 ,no1 said he1 we will all fight to the last man rather than become slaves to the white men4 ,he was then told that he must be shot4 ,i like it well1 said he4 ,i wish to die before my heart becomes soft1 or ,i say anything unworthy of myself4 ,footnote #i3 ,canonchet 7,ka-non'chet74 ,footnote #aj3 ,see map in paragraph #ij4 #id4 ,philip's wife and son are taken prisoners2 ,philip is shot2 end of the war4--,the next summer ,captain ,church1 with a lot of brisk ,bridgewater lads chased ,king ,philip and his men1 and took many of the ,indians prisoners4 ,among those then taken captive were ,king ,philip's wife and his little boy4 ,when ,philip heard of it1 he cried out1 ,my heart breaks2 now ,i am ready to die4 ,he had good reason for saying so4 ,it was the custom in ,england to sell such prisoners of war as slaves4 ,following this custom1 the settlers here took this boy1 the grandson of that ,massasoit#aa who had helped them when they were poor and weak1 and sold him with his mother4 ,they were sent to the ,bermuda ,islands1#ab and there worked to death under the hot sun and the lash of the slave-driver's whip4 ,not long after that1 ,king ,philip himself was shot4 ,he had been hunted like a wild beast from place to place4 ,at last he had come back to see his old home at ,mount ,hope#ac once more4 ,there ,captain ,church found him2 there the ,indian warrior was shot4 ,his head and hands were cut off1--as was then done in ,england in such cases1--and his head was carried to ,plymouth and set up on a pole4 ,it stood there twenty years4 ,king ,philip's death brought the war to an end4 ,it had lasted a little over a year2 that is1 from the early summer of #afge to the latter part of the summer of #afgf4 ,in that short time the ,indians had killed between five and six hundred white settlers1 and had burned thirteen villages to ashes1 besides partly burning a great many more4 ,the war cost so much money that many people were made poor by it2 but the strength of the ,indians was broken1 and they never dared to trouble the people of ,southern ,new ,england again4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see paragraph #fh4 ,footnote #ab3 ,bermuda 7,ber-mu'dah73 the ,bermuda ,islands are in the ,atlantic1 north of the ,west ,india ,islands and east of ,south ,carolina2 they belong to ,great ,britain4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see map in paragraph #hd4 #ie4 ,summary4--,in #afge ,king ,philip began a great ,indian war against the people of ,southeastern ,new ,england4 ,his object was to kill off the white settlers1 and get back the land for the ,indians4 ,he did kill a large number1 and he destroyed many villages1 but in the end the white men gained the victory4 ,philip's wife and child were sold as slaves1 and he was shot4 ,the ,indians never attempted another war in this part of the country4 ,who was ,wamsutta8 ,what happened to him8 ,who was ,king ,philip8 ,why did he hate the white men8 ,what did he say to himself8 ,what is said about the ,praying ,indians8 ,what happened to one of them8 ,what was done with three of ,philip's men8 ,where and how did the war begin8 ,to what part of the country did it spread8 ,tell about the ,indian attack on ,brookfield4 ,what happened at ,hadley8 ,tell how a woman drove off an ,indian4 ,tell all you can about the ,great ,swamp ,fight4 ,what is said about ,canonchet8 ,what is said of ,king ,philip's wife and son8 ,what happened to ,king ,philip himself8 ,what is said about the war8 ,,william ,,penn 7#afdd-agah74 #if4 ,king ,charles the ,second gives ,william ,penn a great piece of land1 and names it ,pennsylvania4--,king ,charles the ,second of ,england owed a large sum of money to a young ,englishman named ,william ,penn4 ,the king was fond of pleasure1 and he spent so much money on himself and his friends that he had none left to pay his just debts4 ,penn knew this2 so he told ,his ,majesty that if he would give him a piece of wild land in ,america1 he would ask nothing more4 ,illustration3 ,,william ,,penn ,,at ,,the ,,age ,,of #bb4 ,charles was very glad to settle the account so easily4 ,he therefore gave ,penn a great territory#a north of ,maryland#b and west of the ,delaware ,river4 ,this territory was nearly as large as ,england4 ,the king named it ,pennsylvania1 a word which means ,penn's ,woods4 ,at that time the land was not thought to be worth much4 ,no one then had discovered the fact that beneath ,penn's ,woods there were immense mines of coal and iron1 which would one day be of greater value than all the riches of the king of ,england4 ,footnote #a3 ,territory3 any very large extent of land4 ,footnote #b3 ,see map in paragraph #ig4 #ig4 ,william ,penn's religion2 what he wanted to do with his ,american land4--,penn belonged to a religious society called the ,society of ,friends2 to-day they are generally spoken of as ,quakers4 ,they are a people who try to find out what is right by asking their own hearts4 ,they believe in showing no more signs of respect to one man than to another1 and at that time they would not take off their hats even to the king himself4 ,illustration3 ,map of eastern ,pennsylvania and surroundings4 ,penn wanted the land which had been given him here as a place where the ,friends or ,quakers might go and settle4 ,a little later the whole of what is now the state of ,new ,jersey was bought by ,penn and other ,quakers for the same purpose4 ,we have seen#c that neither the ,pilgrims nor the ,catholics had any real peace in ,england4 ,the ,quakers suffered even more still2 for oftentimes they were cruelly whipped1 thrown into dark and dirty prisons where many died of the bad treatment they received4 ,william ,penn himself had been shut up in jail four times on account of his religion2 and though he was no longer in such danger1 because the king was his friend1 yet he wanted to provide a safe place for others who were not so well off as he was4 ,footnote #c3 ,see paragraphs #fb and #gf4 #ih4 ,penn sends out emigrants to ,pennsylvania2 he gets ready to go himself2 his conversation with the king4--,penn accordingly sent out a number of people who were anxious to settle in ,pennsylvania4 ,the next year1 #afhb1 he made ready to sail1 himself with a hundred more emigrants4 ,just before he started1 he called on the king in his palace in ,london4 ,the king was fond of joking1 and he said to him that he should never expect to see him again1 for he thought that the ,indians would be sure to catch such a good-looking young man as ,penn was and eat him4 ',but1 ,friend ,charles1' said ,penn1 ',i mean to buy the land of the ,indians1 so they will rather keep on good terms with me than eat me4' ',buy their lands6' exclaimed the king4 ',why1 is not the whole of ,america mine8' ',certainly not1' answered ,penn4 ',what6' replied the king2 'didn't my people discover it8#d and so haven't ,i the right to it8' ',well1 ,friend ,charles1' said ,penn1 'suppose a canoe full of ,indians should cross the sea and should discover ,england1 would that make it theirs8 ,would you give up the country to them8' ,the king did not know what to say to this2 it was a new way of looking at the matter4 ,he probably said to himself1 ,these ,quakers are a strange people2 they seem to think that even ,american savages have rights which should be respected4 ,footnote #d3 ,referring to the discovery of the ,american continent by the ,cabots1 sent out by ,henry the ,seventh of ,england1 see paragraph #bb4 #ii4 ,penn founds#e the city of ,philadelphia2 his treaty#f with the ,indians2 his visit to them2 how the ,indians and the ,quakers got on together4--,when ,william ,penn reached ,america1 in #afhb1 he sailed up the broad and beautiful ,delaware ,river for nearly twenty miles4 ,there he stopped1 and resolved to build a city on its banks4 ,he gave the place the ,bible name of ,philadelphia1#g or the ,city of ,brotherly ,love1 because he hoped that all of its citizens would live together like brothers4 ,the streets were named from the trees then growing on the land1 and so to-day many are still called ,walnut1 ,pine1 ,cedar1 ,vine1 and so on4 ,penn said1 ,we intend to sit down lovingly among the ,indians4 ,on that account1 he held a great meeting with them under a wide-spreading elm4 ,the tree stood in what is now a part of ,philadelphia4 ,here ,penn and the red men made a treaty or agreement by which they promised each other that they would live together as friends as long as the water should run in the rivers1 or the sun shine in the sky4 ,illustration3 ,,penn ,,making ,,the ,,treaty ,,with ,,the ,,indians4 ,nearly a hundred years later1 while the ,revolutionary ,war was going on1 the ,british army took possession of the city4 ,it was cold1 winter weather1 and the men wanted fire-wood2 but the ,english general thought so much of ,william ,penn that he set a guard of soldiers round the great elm1 to prevent any one from chopping it down4 ,not long after the great meeting under the elm1 ,penn visited some of the savages in their wigwams4 ,they treated him to a dinner--or shall we say a lunch8--of roasted acorns4 ,after their feast1 some of the young savages began to run and leap about1 to show the ,englishman what they could do4 ,when ,penn was in college at ,oxford he had been fond of doing such things himself4 ,the sight of the ,indian boys made him feel like a boy again2 so he sprang up from the ground1 and beat them all at hop1 skip1 and jump4 ,this completely won the hearts of the red men4 ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,william ,,penn4 7,on the ,tower of the new ,city ,hall1 ,philadelphia47 ,from that time1 for sixty years1 the ,pennsylvania settlers and the ,indians were fast friends4 ,the ,indians said1 ,the ,quakers are honest men2 they do no harm2 they are welcome to come here4 ,in ,new ,england there had been1 as we have seen1#h a terrible war with the savages1 but in ,pennsylvania1 no ,indian ever shed a drop of ,quaker blood4 ,footnote #e3 ,founds3 begins to build4 ,footnote #f3 ,treaty3 an agreement2 and see paragraph #fi4 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,rev4 i4 #aa and iii4 #g4 ,footnote #h3 ,see paragraph #ij4 #ajj4 ,how ,philadelphia grew2 what was done there in the ,revolution2 ,william ,penn's last years and death4--,philadelphia grew quite fast4 ,william ,penn let the people have land very cheap1 and he said to them1 ,you shall be governed by laws of your own making4 ,even after ,philadelphia became quite a good-sized town1 it had no poor-house1 for none was needed2 everybody seemed to be able to take care of himself4 ,when the ,revolution began1 the people of ,pennsylvania and of the country north and south of it sent men to ,philadelphia to decide what should be done4 ,this meeting was called the ,congress4 ,it was held in the old ,state ,house1 a building which is still standing1 and in #aggf ,congress declared the ,united ,states of ,america independent of ,england4 ,in the war1 the people of ,delaware and ,new ,jersey fought side by side with those of ,pennsylvania4 ,william ,penn spent a great deal of money in helping ,philadelphia and other settlements4 ,after he returned to ,england he was put in prison for debt by a rascally fellow he had employed4 ,he did not owe the money1 and proved that the man who said that he did was no better than a thief4 ,penn was released from prison2 but his long confinement in jail had broken his health down4 ,when he died1 the ,indians of ,pennsylvania sent his widow some beautiful furs1 in remembrance of their ,brother ,penn1 as they called him4 ,they said that the furs were to make her a cloak1 to protect her while passing through this thorny wilderness without her guide4 ,illustration3 ,,william ,,penn',s ,,grave ,,at ,,jordans',s ,,meeting-,,house1 ,,england4 ,about twenty-five miles west of ,london1 on a country road within sight of the towers of ,windsor ,castle1#i there stands a ,friends' meeting-house1 or ,quaker church4 ,in the yard back of the meeting-house ,william ,penn lies buried4 ,for a hundred years or more there was no mark of any kind to show where he rests2 but now a small stone bearing his name points out the grave of the founder of the great state of ,pennsylvania4 ,footnote #i3 ,windsor ,castle3 see paragraph #gg4 #aja4 ,summary4--,charles the ,second1 king of ,england1 owed ,william ,penn1 a young ,english ,quaker1 a large sum of money4 ,in order to settle the debt1 the king gave him a great piece of land in ,america1 and named it ,pennsylvania1 or ,penn's ,woods4 ,penn wished to make a home for ,quakers in ,america2 and in #afhb he came over1 and began building the city of ,philadelphia4 ,when the ,revolution broke out1 men were sent from all parts of the country to ,philadelphia1 to hold a meeting called the ,congress4 ,in #aggf1 ,congress declared the ,united ,states independent4 ,to whom did ,king ,charles the ,second owe a large sum of money8 ,how did he pay his debt8 ,what did the king name the country8 ,what does the name mean8 ,what has been found there8 ,what is said about the ,friends or ,quakers8 ,what did ,penn want the land here for8 ,how were the ,quakers then treated in ,england8 ,what did ,penn do in #afhb8 ,tell what the king said to ,penn and what ,penn replied4 ,what city did ,penn begin to build here8 ,what does ,philadelphia mean8 ,what did ,penn and the ,indians do8 ,what did the ,english general do about the great elm in the ,revolution8 ,tell about ,penn's dinner with the ,indians4 ,did the ,indians trouble the ,quakers8 ,what is said of the growth of ,philadelphia8 ,what was done there in the ,revolution8 ,tell what you can about ,penn's last days4 ,where is he buried8 ,,general ,,james ,,oglethorpe#a 7#afif-aghe74 #ajb4 ,the twelve ,english colonies in ,america2 ,general ,oglethorpe makes a settlement in ,georgia4--,we have seen#b that the first real colony or settlement made in ,america by the ,english was in ,virginia in #afjg4 ,by the beginning of #agcc1 or in about a hundred and twenty-five years1 eleven more had been made1 or twelve in all4 ,they stretched along the seacoast1 from the farthest coast of ,maine to the northern boundary of ,florida1 which was then owned by the ,spaniards4#c ,the two colonies farthest south were ,north ,carolina and ,south ,carolina4 ,in #agcc ,james ,oglethorpe1 a brave ,english soldier1 who afterward became ,general ,oglethorpe1 came over here to make a new settlement4 ,this new one1 which made just thirteen#d in all1 was called ,georgia in honor of ,king ,george the ,second1 who gave a piece of land for it1 on the seacoast1 below ,south ,carolina4 ,illustration3 ,map of ,georgia1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,north ,carolina4 ,footnote #a3 ,oglethorpe 7,o'gel-thorp74 ,footnote #b3 ,see paragraph #cg4 ,footnote #c3 ,because the ,spaniards had settled it in #aefe2 see paragraph #cj4 ,footnote #d3 ,these thirteen colonies or settlements were3 ,first1 the four ,new ,england colonies 7,new ,hampshire1 ,massachusetts1 ,connecticut1 and ,rhode island2 ,maine was then part of ,massachusetts1 and ,vermont was claimed by both ,new ,hampshire and ,new ,york74 ,secondly1 four middle colonies 7,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,pennsylvania1 with ,delaware74 ,thirdly1 five southern colonies 7,maryland1 ,virginia1 ,north ,carolina1 ,south ,carolina1 and ,georgia74 #ajc4 ,what it was that led ,general ,oglethorpe to make this new settlement4--,general ,oglethorpe had a friend in ,england who was cast into prison for debt4 ,there the unfortunate man was so cruelly treated that he fell sick and died1 leaving his family in great distress4 ,the ,general felt the death of his friend so much that he set to work to find out how other poor debtors lived in the ,london prisons4 ,he soon saw that great numbers of them suffered terribly4 ,the prisons were crowded and filthy4 ,the men shut up in them were ragged and dirty2 some of them were fastened with heavy chains1 and a good many actually died of starvation4 ,general ,oglethorpe could not bear to see strong men killed off in this manner4 ,he thought that if the best of them--those who were honest and willing to work--could have the chance given them of earning their living1 that they would soon do as well as any men4 ,it was to help them that he persuaded the king to give the land of ,georgia4 #ajd4 ,building the city of ,savannah2 what the people of ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 did2 a busy settlement2 the alligators4--,general ,oglethorpe took over thirty-five families to ,america in #agcc4 ,they settled on a high bank of the ,savannah#e ,river1 about twenty miles from the sea4 ,the general laid out a town with broad1 straight1 handsome streets1 and with many small squares or parks4 ,he called the settlement ,savannah from the ,indian name of the river on which it stands4 ,illustration3 ,,savannah1 ,,as ,,general ,,oglethorpe ,,laid ,,it ,,out ,,in #agcc4 ,the people of ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 were glad to have some ,english neighbors south of them that would help them fight the ,spaniards of ,florida1 who hated the ,english1 and wanted to drive them out4 ,they gave the newcomers a hundred head of cattle1 a drove of hogs1 and twenty barrels of rice4 ,the emigrants set to work with a will1 cutting down the forest trees1 building houses1 and planting gardens4 ,there were no idlers to be seen at ,savannah3 even the children found something to do that was helpful4 ,nothing disturbed the people but the alligators4 ,they climbed up the bank from the river to see what was going on4 ,but the boys soon taught them not to be too curious4 ,when one monster was found impudently prowling round the town1 they thumped him with sticks till they fairly beat the life out of him4 ,after that1 the alligators paid no more visits to the settlers4 ,footnote #e3 ,savannah 7,sa-van'ah74 #aje4 ,arrival of some ,german emigrants2 ,ebenezer2#f blazing trees4--,after a time1 some ,german ,protestants1 who had been cruelly driven out of their native land on account of their religion1 came to ,georgia4 ,general ,oglethorpe gave them a hearty welcome4 ,he had bought land of the ,indians1 and so there was plenty of room for all4 ,the ,germans went up the river1 and then went back a number of miles into the woods2 there they picked out a place for a town4 ,they called their settlement by the ,bible name of ,ebenezer1#g which means ,the ,lord hath helped us4 ,there were no roads through the forests1 so the new settlers blazed the trees2 that is1 they chopped a piece of bark off1 so that they could find their way through the thick woods when they wanted to go to ,savannah4 ,every tree so marked stood like a guide-post2 it showed the traveller which way to go until he came in sight of the next one4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,blazed ,,trees4 ,footnote #f3 ,ebenezer 7,eb-e-ne'zer74 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,i ,sam4 vii4 #ab4 #ajf4 ,trying to make silk2 the queen's ,american dress4--,the settlers hoped to be able to get large quantities of silk to send to ,england1 because the mulberry-tree grows wild in ,georgia1 and its leaves are the favorite food of the silkworm4#h ,at first it seemed as if the plan would be successful1 and ,general ,oglethorpe took over some ,georgia silk as a present to the queen of ,england4 ,she had a handsome dress made of it for her birthday2 it was the first ,american silk dress ever worn by an ,english queen4 ,but after a while it was found that silk could not be produced in ,georgia as well as it could in ,italy and ,france1 and so in time cotton came to be raised instead4 ,footnote #h3 ,silkworm3 a kind of caterpillar which spins a fine1 soft thread of which silk is made4 #ajg4 ,keeping out the ,spaniards2 ,georgia powder at ,bunker ,hill2 ,general ,oglethorpe in his old age4--,the people of ,georgia did a good work in keeping out the ,spaniards1 who were trying to get possession of the part of the country north of ,florida4 ,later1 like the settlers in ,north ,carolina and ,south ,carolina1 they did their part in helping to make ,america independent of the rule of the king of ,england4 ,when the war of the ,revolution began1 the king had a lot of powder stored in ,savannah4 ,the people broke into the building1 rolled out the kegs1 and carried them off4 ,part of the powder they kept for themselves1 and part they seem to have sent to ,massachusetts2 so that it is quite likely that the men who fought at ,bunker ,hill may have loaded their guns with some of the powder given them by their friends in ,savannah4 ,in that case the king got it back1 but in a somewhat different way from what he expected4 ,general ,oglethorpe spent the last of his life in ,england4 ,he lived to a very great age4 ,up to the last he had eyes as bright and keen as a boy's4 ,after the ,revolution was over1 the king made a treaty or agreement1 by which he promised to let the ,united ,states of ,america live in peace4 ,general ,oglethorpe was able to read that treaty without spectacles4 ,he had lived to see the colony of ,georgia which he had settled become a free and independent state4 #ajh4 ,summary4--,in #agcc ,general ,james ,oglethorpe brought over a number of emigrants from ,england1 and settled ,savannah1 ,georgia4 ,georgia was the thirteenth ,english colony2 it was the last one established in this country4 ,general ,oglethorpe lived to see it become one of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,at the beginning of #agcc how many ,english colonies were there in ,america8 ,who was ,general ,oglethorpe8 ,what did he do8 ,why was the new settlement called ,georgia8 ,tell what happened to a friend of ,general ,oglethorpe's4 ,what did he wish to do for the poor debtors8 ,what is said about the settlement of ,savannah8 ,what about the ,german emigrants and ,ebenezer8 ,what about raising silk8 ,what good work did the people of ,georgia do8 ,what about ,georgia powder in the ,revolution8 ,what is said of ,general ,oglethorpe in old age8 ,,benjamin ,,franklin 7#agjf-agij74 #aji4 ,growth of ,philadelphia2 what a young printer was doing for it4--,by the year #agcc1 when the people of ,savannah#a were building their first log cabins1 ,philadelphia#b had grown to be the largest city in this country1--though it would take more than seventy such cities to make one as great as ,philadelphia now is4 ,next to ,william ,penn1#c the person who did the most for ,philadelphia was a young man who had gone from ,boston to make his home among the ,quakers4 ,he lived in a small house near the market4 ,on a board over the door he had painted his name and business2 here it is3 ,illustration3 ,,benjamin ,,franklin ,,printer ,,business ,,sign4 ,footnote #a3 ,see paragraph #ajd4 ,footnote #b3 ,see paragraph #ii4 ,footnote #c3 ,see paragraph #if4 #aaj4 ,franklin's newspaper and almanac2#d how he worked2 standing before kings4--,franklin was then publishing a small newspaper1 called the ,pennsylvania ,gazette4#e ,to-day we print newspapers by steam at the rate of two or three hundred a minute2 but ,franklin1 standing in his shirtsleeves at a little press1 printed his with his own hands4 ,it was hard work1 as you could see by the drops of sweat that stood on his forehead2 and it was slow as well as hard4 ,the young man not only wrote himself most of what he printed in his paper1 but he often made his own ink2 sometimes he even made his own type4#f ,when he got out of paper he would take a wheelbarrow1 go out and buy a load1 and wheel it home4 ,to-day there are more than three hundred newspapers printed in ,philadelphia2 then there were only two1 and ,franklin's was the better of those two4 ,illustration3 ,,franklin ,,at ,a ,,printing ,,press4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,type4 7,the ,letter ,b47 ,illustration3 ,,franklin ,,wheeling ,a ,,load ,,of ,,paper4 ,besides this paper he published an almanac1 which thousands of people bought4 ,in it he printed such sayings as these3 ,he who would thrive#g must rise at five1 and ,if you want a thing well done1 do it yourself4 ,but ,franklin was not contented with simply printing these sayings1 for he practised them as well4 ,sometimes his friends would ask him why he began work so early in the morning1 and kept at it so many hours4 ,he would laugh1 and tell them that his father used to repeat to him this saying of ,solomon's3 ,seest thou a man diligent in his business8 he shall stand before kings2 he shall not stand before mean men4#h ,at that time the young printer never actually expected to stand in the presence of a king1 but years later he met with five2 and one of them1 his friend the king of ,france1 gave him his picture set round with diamonds4 ,footnote #d3 ,almanac 7al'ma-nak74 ,footnote #e3 ,gazette 7ga-zet'73 a newspaper4 ,footnote #f3 ,type3 the raised metal letters used in printing are made by melting lead and some other metals together and pouring the mixture into molds4 ,footnote #g3 ,thrive3 to get on in business1 to prosper4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,prov4 xxii4 #bi4 #aaa4 ,franklin's boyhood2 making tallow candles2 he is apprenticed#i to his brother2 how he managed to save money to buy books4--,franklin's father was a poor man with a large family4 ,he lived in ,boston1 and made soap and candles4 ,benjamin went to school two years2 then1 when he was ten years old1 his father set him to work in his factory1 and he never went to school again4 ,he was now kept busy filling the candle-molds with melted grease1 cutting off the ends of the wicks1 and running errands4 ,but the boy did not like this kind of work2 and1 as he was very fond of books1 his father put him in a printing-office4 ,this office was carried on by ,james ,franklin1 one of ,benjamin's brothers4 ,james ,franklin paid a small sum of money each week for ,benjamin's board2 but the boy told him that if he would let him have half the money to use as he liked1 he would board himself4 ,james was glad to do this4 ,benjamin then gave up eating meat1 and1 while the others went out to dinner1 he would stay in the printing-office and eat a boiled potato1 or perhaps a handful of raisins4 ,in this way1 he saved up a number of coppers every week2 and when he got enough laid by1 he would buy a book4 ,but ,james ,franklin was not only a mean man1 but a hot-tempered one2 and when he got angry with his young apprentice1#aj he would beat and knock him about4 ,at length the lad1 who was now seventeen1 made up his mind that he would run away1 and go to ,new ,york4 ,footnote #i3 ,apprenticed3 bound by a written agreement to learn a trade of a master1 who is bound by the same agreement to teach the trade4 ,footnote #aj3 ,apprentice3 one who is apprenticed to a master to learn a trade4 ,see footnote #i4 #aab4 ,young ,franklin runs away2 he goes to ,new ,york1 and then to ,philadelphia4--,young ,franklin sold some of his books1 and with the money paid his passage to ,new ,york by a sailing-vessel--for in those days there were no steamboats or railroads in ,america4 ,when he got to ,new ,york1 he could not find work1 so he decided to go on to ,philadelphia4 ,he started to walk across ,new ,jersey to ,burlington1 on the ,delaware ,river1 a distance of about fifty miles2 there he hoped to get a sail-boat going down the river to ,philadelphia4 ,shortly after he set out1 it began to rain hard1 and the lad was soon wet to the skin and splashed all over with red mud2 but he kept on until noon1 then took a rest1 and on the third day he reached ,burlington and got passage down the river4 ,illustration3 ,,franklin ,,walking ,,in ,,the ,,rain4 #aac4 ,franklin's ,sunday walk in ,philadelphia2 the rolls2 ,miss ,read2 the ,quaker meeting-house4--,franklin landed in ,philadelphia on ,sunday morning 7#agbc74 ,he was tired and hungry2 he had but a single dollar in the world4 ,as he walked along1 he saw a bake-shop open4 ,he went in and bought three great1 puffy rolls for a penny#aa each4 ,then he started up ,market ,street1 where he was one day to have his newspaper office4 ,he had a roll like a small loaf of bread tucked under each arm1 and he was eating the other as though it tasted good to him4 ,as he passed a house1 he noticed a nice-looking young woman at the door4 ,she seemed to want to laugh2 and well she might1 for ,franklin appeared like a youthful tramp who had been robbing a baker's shop4 ,the young woman was ,miss ,deborah#ab ,read4 ,a number of years later ,franklin married her4 ,he always said that he could not have got a better wife4 ,illustration3 ,map of ,franklin's route from ,boston to ,philadelphia4 ,franklin kept on in his walk until he came to the ,delaware4 ,he took a hearty drink of river water to settle his breakfast1 and then gave away the two rolls he had under his arm to a poor woman with a child4 ,on his way back from the river he followed a number of people to a ,quaker meeting-house4 ,at the meeting no one spoke4 ,franklin was tired out1 and1 not having any preacher to keep him awake1 he soon fell asleep1 and slept till the meeting was over4 ,he says1 ,this was the first house ,i was in1 or slept in1 in ,philadelphia4 ,footnote #aa3 ,penny3 an ,english coin worth two cents4 ,footnote #ab3 ,deborah 7,deb'o-rah74 #aad4 ,franklin finds work2 he goes back to ,boston on a visit2 he learns to stoop4--,the next day the young man found some work in a printing-office4 ,six months afterward he decided to go back to ,boston to see his friends4 ,he started on his journey with a good suit of clothes1 a silver watch1 and a well-filled purse4 ,while in ,boston1 ,franklin went to call on a minister who had written a little book#ac which he had been very fond of reading4 ,as he was coming away from the minister's house1 he had to go through a low passage-way under a large beam4 ,stoop6 ,stoop6 cried out the gentleman2 but ,franklin did not understand him1 and so hit his head a sharp knock against the beam4 ,ah1 said his friend1 as he saw him rubbing his head1 you are young1 and have the world before you2 stoop as you go through it1 and you will miss many hard thumps4 ,franklin says that this sensible advice1 which was thus beat into his head1 was of great use afterward2 in fact1 he learned then how to stoop to conquer4 ,illustration3 ,,franklin ,,learning ,,to ,,stoop4 ,footnote #ac3 ,the name of this book1 written by the ,rev4 ,cotton ,mather1 was ,essays to do ,good4 #aae4 ,franklin returns to ,philadelphia2 he goes to ,london2 water against beer4--,franklin soon went back to ,philadelphia4 ,the governor of ,pennsylvania then persuaded him to go to ,london1 telling him that he would help him to get a printing-press and type to start a newspaper in ,philadelphia4 ,when ,franklin reached ,london1 he found that the governor was one of those men who promise great things1 but do nothing4 ,instead of buying a press1 he had to go to work in a printing-office to earn his bread4 ,he stayed in ,london more than a year4 ,at the office where he worked the men were great beer-drinkers4 ,one of his companions bought six pints a day4 ,he began with a pint before breakfast1 then took another pint at breakfast1 then a pint between breakfast and dinner1 then a pint at dinner1 then a pint in the afternoon1 and1 last of all1 a pint after he had done work4 ,franklin drank nothing but water4 ,the others laughed at him1 and nicknamed him the ,water-,american2 but after a while they had to confess that he was stronger than they were who drank so much strong beer4 ,the fact was that ,franklin could beat them both at work and at play4 ,when they went out for a bath in the ,thames1#ad they found that their ,water-,american could swim like a fish2 and he so astonished them that a rich ,londoner tried to persuade him to start a swimming-school to teach his sons1 but ,franklin had stayed in ,england long enough1 and he now decided to go back to ,philadelphia4 ,footnote #ad3 ,thames 7,tems74 ,london is on the river ,thames4 #aaf4 ,franklin sets up his newspaper2 sawdust pudding4--,after his return to ,america1 ,franklin labored so diligently that he was soon able to set up a newspaper of his own4 ,he tried to make it a good one4 ,but some people thought that he spoke his mind too freely4 ,they complained of this to him1 and gave him to understand that if he did not make his paper to please them1 they would stop taking it or advertising in it4 ,franklin heard what they had to say1 and then invited them all to come and have supper with him4 ,they went1 expecting a feast1 but they found nothing on the table but two dishes of corn-meal mush and a big pitcher of cold water4 ,that kind of mush was then eaten only by very poor people2 and because it was yellow and coarse1 it was nicknamed sawdust pudding4 ,illustration3 ,,franklin ,,eating ,,sawdust ,,pudding4 ,franklin gave everybody a heaping plateful1 and then1 filling his own1 he made a hearty supper of it4 ,the others tried to eat1 but could not4 ,after ,franklin had finished his supper1 he looked up1 and said quietly1 ,my friends1 any one who can live on 'sawdust pudding' and cold water1 as ,i can1 does not need much help from others4 ,after that1 no one went to the young printer with complaints about his paper4 ,franklin1 as we have seen1#ae had learned to stoop2 but he certainly did not mean to go stooping through life4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see paragraph #aad4 #aag4 ,franklin's plan of life2 what he did for ,philadelphia4--,not many young men can see their own faults1 but ,franklin could4 ,more than that1 he tried hard to get rid of them4 ,he kept a little book in which he wrote down his faults4 ,if he wasted half an hour of time or a shilling of money1 or said anything that he had better not have said1 he wrote it down in his book4 ,he carried that book in his pocket all his life1 and he studied it as a boy at school studies a hard lesson4 ,by it he learned three things1--first1 to do the right thing2 next1 to do it at the right time2 last of all1 to do it in the right way4 ,as he was never tired of helping himself to get upward and onward1 so1 too1 he was never tired of helping others4 ,he started the first public library in ,philadelphia1 which was also the first in ,america4 ,he set on foot the first fire-engine company and the first military company in that city4 ,he got the people to pave the muddy streets with stone2 he helped to build the first academy1--now called the ,university of ,pennsylvania1--and he also helped to build the first hospital4 #aah4 ,franklin's experiments#af with electricity2 the wonderful bottle2 the picture of the king of ,england4--,while doing these things and publishing his paper besides1 ,franklin found time to make experiments with electricity4 ,very little was then known about this wonderful power1 but a ,dutchman1 living in the city of ,leyden#ag in ,holland1 had discovered a way of bottling it up in what is called a ,leyden ,jar4 ,franklin had one of these jars1 and he was never tired of seeing what new and strange thing he could do with it4 ,he contrived a picture of the king of ,england with a movable gilt crown on his head4 ,then he connected the crown by a long wire with the ,leyden ,jar4 ,when he wanted some fun he would dare any one to go up to the picture and take off the king's crown4 ,why that's easy enough1 a man would say1 and would walk up and seize the crown4 ,but no sooner had he touched it than he would get an electric shock which would make his fingers tingle as they never tingled before4 ,with a loud ,oh6 ,oh6 he would let go of the crown1 and start back in utter astonishment1 not knowing what had hurt him4 ,illustration3 ,,franklin ,,playing ,a ,,joke ,,with ,,the ,,king',s ,,crown4 ,footnote #af3 ,experiments3 here an experiment is a trial made to discover something unknown4 ,franklin made these experiments or trials with electricity and with thunder clouds in order to find out what he could about them4 ,footnote #ag3 ,leyden3 see map in paragraph #fb4 #aai4 ,the electrical kite4--,but ,franklin's greatest experiment was made one day in sober earnest with a kite4 ,he believed that the electricity in the bottle1 or ,leyden ,jar1 was the same thing as the lightning we see in a thunder-storm4 ,he knew well enough how to get an electric spark from the jar1 for he had once killed a turkey with it for dinner2 but how could he get a spark from a cloud in the sky8 ,he thought about it for a long time2 then he made a kite out of a silk handkerchief1 and fastened a sharp iron point to the upright stick of the kite4 ,one day1 when a thunder-storm was seen coming up1 ,franklin and his son went out to the fields4 ,the kite was raised2 then ,franklin tied an iron key to the lower end of the string4 ,after waiting some time1 he saw the little hair-like threads of the string begin to stand up like the bristles of a brush4 ,he felt certain that the electricity was coming down the string4 ,he put his knuckle close to the key1 and a spark flew out4 ,next1 he took his ,leyden ,jar and collected the electricity in that4 ,he had made two great discoveries1 for he had found out that electricity and lightning are the same thing and he had also found how to fill his bottle directly from the clouds3 that was something that no one had ever done before4 ,illustration3 ,,franklin ,,flying ,a ,,kite4 #abj4 ,franklin invents the lightning-rod2 ,doctor ,franklin4--,but ,franklin did not stop at that4 ,he said1 ,if ,i can draw down electricity from the sky with a kite-string1 ,i can draw it still better with a tall1 sharp-pointed iron rod4 ,he put up such a rod on his house in ,philadelphia2 it was the first lightning-rod in the world4 ,soon other people began to put them up3 so this was another gift of his to the city which he loved4 ,every good lightning-rod which has since been erected to protect buildings has been a copy of that invented by ,franklin4 ,people now began to talk1 not only in this country but in ,europe1 about his electrical experiments and discoveries4 ,the oldest college in ,scotland#ah gave him a title of honor and called him ,doctor--a word which means a learned man4 ,from this time1 ,franklin the printer was no longer plain ,mr4 ,franklin1 but ,dr4 ,franklin4 ,dr4 ,franklin did not think that he had found out all that could be found out about electricity2 he believed that he had simply made a beginning1 and that other men would discover still greater things that could be done with it4 ,do you think he was mistaken about that8 ,footnote #ah3 ,the ,university of ,st4 ,andrews4 #aba4 ,franklin in the ,revolutionary ,war2 ,franklin and the map of the ,united ,states4--,when the war of the ,revolution broke out1 ,dr4 ,franklin did a great work for his country4 ,he did not fight battles like ,washington1 but he did something just as useful4 ,first1 he helped write the ,declaration of ,independence1 by which we declared ourselves free from the rule of the king of ,england2 next1 he went to ,france to get aid for us4 ,we were then too poor to pay our soldiers2 he got the king of ,france to let us have money to give them4 ,illustration3 ,,franklin',s ,,cane ,,and ,,washington',s ,,revolutionary ,,sword4 7,preserved in the ,patent ,office1 ,washington47 ,franklin lived to see the ,revolution ended and ,america free4 ,when he died1 full of years and of honors1 he was buried in ,philadelphia4 ,twenty thousand people went to his funeral4 ,illustration3 ,,franklin',s ,,grave ,,in ,,christ ,,church ,,burial-,,ground1 ,,philadelphia4 ,if you wish to see what the country thinks of him1 you have only to look at a large map of the ,united ,states1 and count up how many times you find his name on it4 ,you will find that more than two hundred counties and towns are called ,,franklin4 #abb4 ,summary4--,benjamin ,franklin was born in ,boston nearly two hundred years ago4 ,he went to ,philadelphia when he was seventeen4 ,he started a newspaper there1 opened the first public library1 and did many other things to help the city4 ,he discovered that lightning and electricity are the same thing1 and he invented the lightning-rod to protect buildings4 ,in the ,revolution1 he got large sums of money from the king of ,france to pay our soldiers and to help ,washington fight the battles which ended in making ,america free4 ,what had ,philadelphia grown to be by #agcc8 ,who did a great deal for ,philadelphia8 ,tell what you can about ,franklin's newspaper4 ,what else did he publish8 ,what sayings did he print in his almanac8 ,what saying of ,solomon's did ,franklin's father use to repeat to him8 ,did he ever stand in the presence of any kings8 ,tell what you can about ,franklin as a boy4 ,where did he live8 ,what did he do8 ,how did he save money to buy books8 ,why did he run away8 ,where did he go8 ,tell what you can about ,franklin's landing in ,philadelphia8 ,how did ,franklin look to ,miss ,read8 ,where did ,franklin find work8 ,what happened to him when he went back to ,boston on a visit8 ,why did ,franklin go to ,london8 ,what did he do there8 ,what did they nickname him in the printing-office8 ,what did ,franklin do after he returned to ,philadelphia8 ,tell the story of the sawdust pudding4 ,tell about ,franklin's plan of life4 ,what did he do for ,philadelphia8 ,what experiments did ,franklin make8 ,what about the picture of the king8 ,tell the story of the kite4 ,what two things did he find out by means of this kite8 ,what did he invent8 ,what title did a college in ,scotland now give him8 ,did ,franklin think that anything more would be discovered about electricity8 ,what two things did ,franklin do in the ,revolution8 ,what is said of his funeral8 ,how many counties and towns in the ,united ,states are now called by his name8 ,,george ,,washington 7#agcb-agii74 #abc4 ,a ,virginia boy2 what he became2 what he learned at school2 his writing-books4--,in #agcb1 when ,franklin was at work on his newspaper1 a boy was born on a plantation#a in ,virginia who was one day to stand higher even than the ,philadelphia printer4 ,illustration3 ,,stone ,,marking ,,washington',s ,,birthplace2 ,,the ,,house ,,is ,,no ,,longer ,,standing4 ,that boy when he grew up was to be chosen leader of the armies of the ,revolution2 he was to be elected the first president of the ,united ,states2 and before he died he was to be known and honored all over the world4 ,the name of that boy was ,george ,washington4 ,washington's father died when ,george was only eleven years old1 leaving him1 with his brothers and sisters1 to the care of a most excellent and sensible mother4 ,it was that mother's influence more than anything else which made ,george the man he became4 ,illustration3 ,,washington',s ,,signature ,,at ,,the ,,age ,,of #ab4 ,george went to a little country school1 where he learned to read1 write1 and cipher4 ,by the time he was twelve1 he could write a clear1 bold hand4 ,in one of his writing-books he copied many good rules or sayings4 ,here is one3-- ,illustration3 ,labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire called conscience4#b ,footnote #a3 ,plantation3 ,george ,washington was born on a plantation 7or large estate cultivated by slaves7 on ,bridges ,creek1 a small stream emptying into the ,potomac4 ,see map in paragraph #abg4 ,not long after ,george's birth 7,february #bb1 #agcb71 his father moved to an estate on the ,rappahannock ,river1 opposite ,fredericksburg4 ,see map in paragraph #abg for this place and ,mount ,vernon4 ,footnote #b3 ,celestial3 heavenly1 divine4 #abd4 ,washington's sports and games2 playing at war2 ,captain ,george4--,but young ,washington was not always copying good sayings2 for he was a tall1 strong boy1 fond of all out-door sports and games4 ,he was a well-meaning boy1 but he had a hot temper1 and at times his blue eyes flashed fire4 ,in all trials of strength and in all deeds of daring1 ,george took the lead2 he could run faster1 jump further1 and throw a stone higher than any one in the school4 ,when the boys played soldier1 they liked to have ,captain ,george as commander4 ,when he drew his wooden sword1 and shouted ,come on6 they would all rush into battle with a wild hurrah4 ,years afterward1 when the real war came1 and ,george ,washington drew his sword in earnest1 some of his school companions may have fought under their old leader4 #abe4 ,the great battle with the colt1 and what came of it4--,once1 however1 ,washington had a battle of a different kind4 ,it was with a high-spirited colt which belonged to his mother4 ,nobody had ever been able to do anything with that colt1 and most people were afraid of him4 ,early one morning1 ,george and some of his brothers were out in the pasture4 ,george looked at the colt prancing about and kicking up his heels4 ,then he said3 ,boys1 if you'll help me put a bridle on him1 ,i'll ride him4 ,the boys managed to get the colt into a corner and to slip on the bridle4 ,with a leap1 ,george seated himself firmly on his back4 ,then the fun began4 ,the colt1 wild with rage1 ran1 jumped1 plunged1 and reared straight up on his hind legs1 hoping to throw his rider off4 ,it was all useless2 he might as well have tried to throw off his own skin1 for the boy stuck to his back as though he had grown there4 ,then1 making a last desperate bound into the air1 the animal burst a blood-vessel and fell dead4 ,the battle was over1 ,george was victor1 but it had cost the life of ,mrs4 ,washington's favorite colt4 ,illustration3 ,,washington',s ,,home ,,when ,a ,,boy4 ,when the boys went in to breakfast1 their mother1 knowing that they had just come from the pasture1 asked how the colt was getting on4 ,he is dead1 madam1 said ,george2 ,i killed him4 ,dead6 exclaimed his mother4 ,yes1 madam1 dead1 replied her son4 ,then he told her just how it happened4 ,when ,mrs4 ,washington heard the story1 her face flushed with anger4 ,then1 waiting a moment1 she looked steadily at ,george1 and said quietly1 ,while ,i regret the loss of my favorite1 ,i rejoice in my son1 who always speaks the truth4 #abf4 ,washington goes on a visit to ,mount ,vernon2 he makes the acquaintance of ,lord ,fairfax4--,george's eldest brother1 ,lawrence ,washington1 had married the daughter of a gentleman named ,fairfax1#c who lived on the banks of the ,potomac4 ,lawrence had a fine estate a few miles above1 on the same river2 he called his place ,mount ,vernon4 ,when he was fourteen1 ,george went to ,mount ,vernon to visit his brother4 ,lawrence ,washington took ,george down the river to call on the ,fairfaxes4 ,there the lad made the acquaintance of ,lord ,fairfax1 an ,english nobleman who had come over from ,london4 ,he owned an immense piece of land in ,virginia4 ,lord ,fairfax and ,george soon became great friends4 ,he was a gray-haired man nearly sixty1 but he enjoyed having this boy of fourteen as a companion4 ,they spent weeks together on horseback in the fields and woods1 hunting deer and foxes4 ,footnote #c3 ,fairfax4 ,this was the ,hon4 ,william ,fairfax2 he was cousin to ,lord ,fairfax1 and he had the care of ,lord ,fairfax's land4 #abg4 ,lord ,fairfax hires ,washington to survey#d his land2 how ,washington lived in the woods2 the ,indian war-dance4--,lord ,fairfax's land extended westward more than a hundred miles4 ,it had never been very carefully surveyed2 and he was told that settlers were moving in beyond the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains1#e and were building log-cabins on his property without asking leave4 ,by the time ,washington was sixteen1 he had learned surveying2 and so ,lord ,fairfax hired him to measure his land for him4 ,washington was glad to undertake the work2 for he needed the money1 and he could earn in this way from five to ten dollars a day4 ,illustration3 ,map illustrating ,washington's early life4 ,early in the spring1 ,washington1 in company with another young man1 started off on foot to do this business4 ,they crossed the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains1 and entered the ,valley of ,virginia1 one of the most beautiful valleys in ,america4 ,the two young men would work all day in the woods with a long chain1 measuring the land4 ,when evening came1 ,washington would make a map of what they had measured4 ,then they would wrap themselves up in their blankets1 stretch themselves on the ground at the foot of a tree1 and go to sleep under the stars4 ,every day they shot some game--squirrels or wild turkeys1 or perhaps a deer4 ,they kindled a fire with flint and steel1#f and roasted the meat on sticks held over the coals4 ,for plates they had clean chips2 and as clean chips could always be got by a few blows with an axe1 they never washed any dishes1 but just threw them away1 and had a new set for each meal4 ,while in the ,valley they met a band of ,indians1 who stopped and danced a war-dance for them4 ,the music was not remarkable1--for most of it was made by drumming on a deer-skin stretched across the top of an old iron pot1--but the dancing itself could not be beat4 ,the savages leaped into the air1 swung their hatchets1 gashed the trees1 and yelled till the woods rang4 ,illustration3 ,,washington ,,sees ,,an ,,indian ,,war-,,dance4 ,when ,washington returned from his surveying trip1 ,lord ,fairfax was greatly pleased with his work2 and the governor of ,virginia made him one of the public surveyors4 ,by this means he was able to get work which paid him handsomely4 ,footnote #d3 ,survey3 to find out the form1 size1 and position of a piece of land by measuring it in certain ways4 ,footnote #e3 ,see map in this paragraph4 ,footnote #f3 ,flint and steel3 see picture in paragraph #hd4 #abh4 ,washington at the age of twenty-one2 the ,french in the west2 the governor of ,virginia sends ,washington to see the ,french commander4--,by the time ,washington was twenty-one he had grown to be over six feet in height4 ,he was straight as an arrow and tough as a whip-lash4 ,he had keen blue eyes that seemed to look into the very heart of things1 and his fist was like a blacksmith's sledgehammer4 ,he knew all about the woods1 all about ,indians1 and he could take care of himself anywhere4 ,at this time the ,english settlers held the country along the seashore as far back as the ,alleghany ,mountains4#g ,west of those mountains the ,french from ,canada were trying to get possession of the land4 ,they had made friends with many of the ,indians1 and they hoped1 with their help1 to be able to drive out the ,english and get the whole country for themselves4 ,in order to hold this land in the west1 the ,french had built several forts#h south of ,lake ,erie1 and they were getting ready to build some on the ,ohio ,river4 ,the governor of ,virginia was determined to put a stop to this4 ,he had given young ,washington the military title of major2#i he now sent ,major ,washington to see the ,french commander at one of the forts near ,lake ,erie4 ,washington was to tell the ,frenchman that he had built his forts on land belonging to the ,english1 and that he and his men must either leave or fight4 ,major ,washington dressed himself like an ,indian1 and attended by several friendly ,indians and by a white man named ,gist1#aj who knew the country well1 he set out on his journey through what was called the ,great ,woods4 ,the entire distance to the farthest fort and back was about a thousand miles4 ,washington could go on horseback part of the way1 but there were no regular roads1 and he had to climb mountains and swim rivers4 ,after several weeks' travel he reached the fort1 but the ,french commander refused to give up the land4 ,he said that he and his men had come to stay1 and that if the ,english did not like it1 they must fight4 ,footnote #g3 ,alleghany 7,al'le-ga'ni73 see map in paragraph #abg4 7,it is also spelled ,allegheny47 ,footnote #h3 ,forts3 see map in paragraph #abg4 ,footnote #i3 ,major 7ma'jer73 an officer in the army next above a captain1 but below a colonel4 ,footnote #aj3 ,gist 7,jist74 #abi4 ,the journey back2 the ,indian guide2 how ,washington found his way through the woods2 the adventure with the raft4--,on the way back1 ,washington had to leave his horses and come on foot with ,gist and an ,indian guide sent from the fort4 ,this ,indian guide was in the pay of the ,french1 and he intended to murder ,washington in the woods4 ,one day he shot at him from behind a tree1 but luckily did not hit him4 ,then ,washington and ,gist managed to get away from him1 and set out to go back to ,virginia by themselves4 ,there were no paths through the thick forest2 but ,washington had his compass with him1 and with that he could find his way just as the captain of a ship finds his at sea4 ,when they reached the ,alleghany ,river they found it full of floating ice4 ,they worked all day and made a raft of logs4 ,as they were pushing their way across with poles1 ,washington's pole was struck by a big piece of ice which he says jerked him out into water ten feet deep4 ,at length the two men managed to get to a little island1 but as there was no wood on it1 they could not make a fire4 ,the weather was bitterly cold1 and ,washington1 who was soaked to the skin1 had to take his choice between walking about all night1 or trying to sleep on the frozen ground in his wet clothes4 ,illustration3 ,,washington ,,and ,,gist ,,on ,,the ,,raft4 #acj4 ,major ,washington becomes ,colonel ,washington2 ,fort ,necessity2 ,braddock's defeat4--,when ,major ,washington got back to ,virginia1 the governor made him colonel4 ,with a hundred and fifty men1 ,colonel ,washington was ordered to set out for the west4 ,he was to make prisoners1 kill or destroy1 all ,frenchmen who should try to get possession of land on the ,ohio ,river4 ,he built a small log fort1 which he named ,fort ,necessity4#aa ,here the ,french attacked him4 ,they had five men to his one4 ,colonel ,washington fought like a man who liked to hear the bullets whistle past his ears1--as he said he did1--but in the end he had to give up the fort4 ,then ,general ,braddock1 a noted ,english soldier1 was sent over to ,virginia by the king to drive the ,french out of the country4 ,he started with a fine army1 and ,washington went with him4#ab ,he told ,general ,braddock that the ,french and the ,indians would hide in the woods and fire at his men from behind trees4 ,but ,braddock paid no attention to the warning4 ,on his way through the forest1 the brave ,english general was suddenly struck down by the enemy1 half of his army were killed or wounded1 and the rest put to flight4 ,washington had two horses shot under him1 and four bullets went through his coat4 ,it was a narrow escape for the young man4 ,one of those who fought in the battle said1 ,i expected every moment to see him fall--but he was to live for greater work4 ,illustration3 ,,fall ,,of ,,general ,,braddock ,,on ,,the ,,battle-,,field4 ,footnote #aa3 ,fort ,necessity3 see map in paragraph #abg4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see map of ,braddock's march in paragraph #abg4 #aca4 ,end of the war with the ,french2 what the king of ,england wanted to do2 how the people here felt toward him4--,the war with the ,french lasted a number of years4 ,it ended by the ,english getting possession of the whole of ,america from the ,atlantic ,ocean to the ,mississippi ,river4 ,all this part of ,america was ruled by ,george the ,third1 king of ,england4 ,the king now determined to send over more soldiers1 and keep them here to prevent the ,french in ,canada from trying to get back the country they had lost4 ,he wanted the people here in the thirteen colonies#ac to pay the cost of keeping these soldiers4 ,but this the people were not willing to do1 because they felt that they were able to protect themselves without help of any kind4 ,then the king said1 ,if the ,americans will not give the money1 ,i will take it from them by force1--for pay it they must and shall4 ,this was more than the king would have dared say about ,england2 for there1 if he wanted money to spend on his army1 he had to ask the people for it1 and they could give it or not as they thought best4 ,the ,americans said1 ,we have the same rights as our brothers in ,england1 and the king cannot force us to give a single copper against our will4 ,if he tries to take it from us1 we will fight4 ,some of the greatest men in ,england agreed with us1 and said that they would fight1 too1 if they were in our place4 ,footnote #ac3 ,thirteen colonies3 see footnote #d at the end of paragraph #ajb4 #acb4 ,the king determines to have the money2 the tea-ships1 and the ,boston tea-party4--,but ,george the ,third did not know the ,americans1 and he did not think that they meant what they said4 ,he tried to make them pay the money1 but they would not4 ,from ,maine to ,georgia1 all the people were of one mind4 ,then the king thought that he would try a different way4 ,shiploads of tea were sent over to ,new ,york1 ,boston1 ,philadelphia1 and ,charleston1 ,if the tea should be landed and sold1 then every man who bought a pound of it would have to pay six cents more than the regular price4 ,that six cents was a tax1 and it went into the king's pocket4 ,the people said1 ,we won't pay that six cents4 ,when the tea reached ,new ,york1 the citizens sent it back again to ,england4 ,they did the same thing at ,philadelphia4 ,at ,charleston they let it be landed1 but it was stored in damp cellars4 ,people would not buy any of it any more than they would buy so much poison1 so it all rotted and spoiled4 ,at ,boston they had a grand tea-party4 ,a number of men dressed themselves up like ,indians1 went on board the tea-ships at night1 broke open all the chests1 and emptied the tea into the harbor4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,boston ,,tea-,,party4 #acc4 ,the king closes the port of ,boston2 ,congress meets at ,philadelphia2 the names ,american and ,british2 what ,general ,gage tried to do4--,the king was terribly angry2 and orders were given that the port of ,boston should be closed1 so that no ships1 except the king's war-ships1 should come in or go out4 ,nearly all trade stopped in ,boston4 ,many of the inhabitants began to suffer for want of food1 but throughout the colonies the people tried their best to help them4 ,the ,new ,england towns sent droves of sheep and cattle1 ,new ,york sent wheat1 ,south ,carolina gave two hundred barrels of rice2 the other colonies gave liberally in money and provisions4 ,even in ,england much sympathy was felt for the distressed people of ,boston1 and in ,london a large sum of money was raised to help those whom the king was determined to starve into submission4 ,the colonies now sent some of their best men to ,philadelphia to consider what should be done4 ,as this meeting was made up of those who had come from all parts of the country1 it took the name of the ,general or ,continental ,congress4#ad ,about this time1 too1 a great change took place2 for the people throughout the country began to call themselves ,americans1 and to speak of the ,english troops that the king sent over here as ,british soldiers4 ,in ,boston ,general ,gage had command of these soldiers4 ,he knew that the ,americans were getting ready to fight1 and that they had stored up powder and ball at ,concord1#ae about twenty miles from ,boston4 ,one night he secretly sent out a lot of soldiers to march to ,concord and destroy what they found there4 ,footnote #ad3 ,congress3 this word means a meeting or assembly of persons4 ,the ,general or ,continental ,congress was an assembly of certain persons sent usually by all of the thirteen ,american colonies to meet at ,philadelphia or ,baltimore1 to decide what should be done by the whole country4 ,the first ,congress met in #aggd1 or shortly before the ,revolution began1 and after that from time to time until near the close of the ,revolution4 ,footnote #ae3 ,concord 7,con'cord74 #acd4 ,paul ,revere2#af the fight at ,lexington and ,concord2 ,bunker ,hill4--,but ,paul ,revere1 a ,boston man1 was on the watch2 and as soon as he found out which way the ,british were going1 he set off at a gallop for ,lexington1 on the road to ,concord4 ,all the way out1 he roused people from their sleep1 with the cry1 ,the ,british are coming6 ,illustration3 ,,paul ,,revere',s ,,ride4 ,when the king's soldiers reached ,lexington1 they found the ,americans1 under ,captain ,parker1 ready for them4 ,captain ,parker said to his men1 ,don't fire unless you are fired on2 but if they want a war1 let it begin here4 ,the fighting did begin there1 ,april #aith1 #agge2 and when the ,british left the town on their way to ,concord1 seven ,americans lay dead on the grass in front of the village church4 ,at ,concord1 that same day1 there was still harder fighting2 and on the way back to ,boston1 a large number of the ,british were killed4 ,the next month1 ,june #agth1 #agge a battle was fought on ,bunker ,hill in ,charlestown1 just outside of ,boston4 ,general ,gage thought the ,yankees wouldn't fight1 but they did fight1 in a way that ,general ,gage never forgot2 and though they had at last to retreat because their powder gave out1 yet the ,british lost more than a thousand men4 ,the contest at ,bunker ,hill was the first great battle of the ,revolution2 that is1 of that war which overturned the ,british power in ,america1 and made us a free people4 ,many ,englishmen thought the king was wrong4 ,they would not fight against us1 and he was obliged to hire a large number of ,german soldiers to send to ,america4 ,these ,germans had to fight us whether they wanted to or not1 for their king forced them to come4 ,footnote #af3 ,revere 7,re-veer'74 #ace4 ,colonel ,washington at ,mount ,vernon2 ,congress makes him ,general ,washington1 and sends him to take command of the ,american army4--,at the time the battle of ,bunker ,hill was fought1 ,colonel ,george ,washington was living very quietly at ,mount ,vernon4 ,his brother ,lawrence had died1 and ,mount ,vernon was now his home4 ,washington was very well off3 he had a fine estate and plenty of slaves to do the work on it2 but when he died1 many years later1 he took good care to leave orders that all of his slaves should be set free as soon as it could be done4 ,illustration3 ,,washington ,,at ,,mount ,,vernon4 ,illustration3 ,,washington ,,taking ,,command ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,army ,,at ,,cambridge4 ,congress now made ,colonel ,washington general1 and sent him to ,cambridge1 a town just outside of ,boston1 to take command of the ,american army4 ,it was called the ,continental ,army because it was raised1 not to fight for the people of ,massachusetts1 but for all the ,americans on the continent1 north and south4 ,washington took command of the army under a great elm1 which is still standing4 ,there1 six months later1 he raised the first ,american flag4#ag ,illustration3 ,,the ,,northern ,,states ,,in ,,the ,,revolution4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see a picture of this and the other flags of the ,revolution in paragraph #adb4 #acf4 ,american sharpshooters2#ah ,washington's need of cannon and powder2 the attack on ,canada2 the ,british driven out of ,boston4--,men now came from all parts of the country to join the ,continental ,army4 ,many of them were sharpshooters4 ,in one case an officer set up a board with the figure of a man's nose chalked on it1 for a mark4 ,a hundred men fired at it at long distance1 and sixty hit the nose4 ,the newspapers gave them great praise for their skill and said1 ,now1 ,general ,gage1 look out for your nose4 ,illustration3 ,,now1 ,,general ,,gage1 ,,look ,,out ,,for your ,,nose4 ,washington wanted to drive ,general ,gage and the ,british soldiers out of ,boston1 but for months he could not get either cannon or powder4 ,benjamin ,franklin said that we should have to fight as the ,indians used to1 with bows and arrows4 ,while ,washington was waiting1 a number of ,americans marched against the ,british in ,canada2 but the cold weather came on1 and they nearly starved to death3 our men would sometimes take off their moccasins#ai and gnaw them1 while they danced in the snow to keep their bare feet from freezing4 ,at last ,washington got both cannon and powder4 ,he dragged the cannon up to the top of some high land overlooking ,boston harbor4 ,he then sent word to ,general ,howe1 for ,gage had gone1 that if he did not leave ,boston he would knock his ships to pieces4 ,the ,british saw that they could not help themselves1 so they made haste to get on board their vessels and sail away4 ,they never came back to ,boston again1 but went to ,new ,york4 ,footnote #ah3 ,sharpshooters3 men who can fire and hit a small mark with a bullet at a long distance4 ,footnote #ai3 ,moccasins 7mok'ka-sins73 ,indian shoes made of deerskin4 #acg4 ,the ,declaration of ,independence2 ,down with the king6 ,washington is driven from ,new ,york and across the ,delaware ,river4--,washington got to ,new ,york first4 ,while he was there1 ,congress1#bj on the #dth of ,july1 #aggf1 declared the ,united ,states independent--that is1 entirely free from the rule of the king of ,england4 ,there was a gilded lead statue of ,king ,george the ,third on horseback in ,new ,york4 ,when the news of what ,congress had done reached that city1 there was a great cry of ,down with the king6 ,that night some of our men pulled down the statue1 melted it up1 and cast it into bullets4 ,illustration3 ,,down ,,with ,,the ,,king6 ,the next month there was a battle on ,long ,island1#ba just across from ,new ,york ,city2 the ,british gained the victory4 ,washington had to leave ,new ,york1 and ,lord ,cornwallis1 one of the ,british generals1 chased him and his little army clear across the state of ,new ,jersey4 ,it looked at one time as though our men would all be taken prisoners1 but ,washington managed to seize a lot of small boats on the ,delaware ,river#bb and get across into ,pennsylvania3 as the ,british had no boats1 they could not follow4 ,footnote #bj3 ,congress3 see footnote #ad in paragraph #acc4 ,footnote #ba3 ,see map in paragraph #ace4 ,footnote #bb3 ,see map in paragraph #ace4 #ach4 ,washington's victory at ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey4--,lord ,cornwallis left fifteen hundred ,german soldiers at ,trenton on the ,delaware4 ,he intended1 as soon as the river froze over1 to cross on the ice and attack ,washington's army4 ,but ,washington did not wait for him4 ,on ,christmas night 7#aggf7 he took a large number of boats1 filled them with soldiers1 and secretly crossed over to ,new ,jersey4#bc ,the weather was intensely cold1 the river was full of floating ice1 and a furious snow-storm set in4 ,many of our men were ragged and had only old broken shoes4 ,they suffered terribly1 and two of them were frozen to death4 ,illustration3 ,,washington ,,crossing ,,the ,,delaware ,,river4 ,the ,germans at ,trenton had been having a jolly ,christmas1 and had gone to bed1 suspecting no danger4 ,suddenly ,washington1 with his men1 rushed into the little town1 and almost before they knew what had happened1 a thousand ,germans were made prisoners4 ,the rest escaped to tell ,lord ,cornwallis how the ,americans had beaten them4 ,when ,washington was driven out of ,new ,york1 many ,americans thought he would be captured4 ,now they were filled with joy4 ,the battle of ,trenton was the first battle won by the ,continental ,army4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see map in paragraph #ace4 #aci4 ,our victory at ,princeton1 ,new ,jersey2 the ,british take ,philadelphia2 winter at ,valley ,forge2 ,burgoyne beaten2 the king of ,france agrees to help us4--,washington took his thousand prisoners over into ,pennsylvania4 ,a few days later he again crossed the ,delaware into ,new ,jersey4 ,while ,cornwallis was fast asleep in his tent1 he slipped round him1 got to ,princeton1#bd and there beat a part of the ,british army4 ,cornwallis woke up and heard ,washington's cannon4 ,that's thunder1 he said4 ,he was right2 it was the thunder of another ,american victory4 ,illustration3 ,,washington ,,on ,,horseback4 ,but before the next winter set in1 the ,british had taken the city of ,philadelphia1 then the capital of the ,united ,states4 ,washington's army was freezing and starving on the hillsides of ,valley ,forge1#be about twenty miles northwest of ,philadelphia4 ,but good news was coming4 ,the ,americans had won a great victory at ,saratoga1 ,new ,york1#bf over the ,british general1 ,burgoyne4#bg ,dr4 ,franklin was then in ,paris4 ,when he heard that ,burgoyne was beaten1 he hurried off to the palace of the ,french king to tell him about it4 ,the king of ,france hated the ,british1 and he agreed to send money1 ships1 and soldiers to help us4 ,when our men heard that at ,valley ,forge1 they leaped and hurrahed for joy4 ,not long after that the ,british left ,philadelphia1 and we entered it in triumph4 ,footnote #bd3 ,princeton3 see map in paragraph #ace4 ,footnote #be3 ,valley ,forge3 see map in paragraph #ace4 ,footnote #bf3 ,saratoga3 see map in paragraph #ace4 ,footnote #bg3 ,burgoyne 7,bur'goin74 #adj4 ,the war at the ,south2 ,jasper2 ,cowpens2 ,greene and ,cornwallis4--,while these things were happening at the north1 the ,british sent a fleet of vessels to take ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,they hammered away with their big guns at a little log fort under command of ,colonel ,moultrie4 ,in the battle a cannon-ball struck the flag-pole on the fort1 and cut it in two4 ,the ,south ,carolina flag fell to the ground outside the fort4 ,sergeant#bh ,william ,jasper leaped down1 and1 while the ,british shot were striking all around him1 seized the flag1 climbed back1 fastened it to a short staff1 and raised it to its place1 to show that the ,americans would never give up the fort4 ,the ,british1 after fighting all day1 saw that they could do nothing against palmetto logs#bi when defended by such men as ,moultrie and ,jasper2 so they sailed away with such of their ships as had not been destroyed4 ,illustration3 ,,sergeant ,,jasper ,,and ,,the ,,flag4 ,several years later1 ,charleston was taken4 ,lord ,cornwallis then took command of the ,british army in ,south ,carolina4 ,general ,greene1 of ,rhode ,island1 had command of the ,americans4 ,he sent ,daniel ,morgan with his sharpshooters to meet part of the ,british army at ,cowpens2#cj they did meet them1 and sent them flying4 ,then ,cornwallis determined to either whip ,general ,greene or drive him out of the state4 ,but ,general ,greene worried ,cornwallis so that at last he was glad enough to get into ,virginia4 ,he had found ,north and ,south ,carolina like two hornets' nests1 and the further he got away from those hornets1 the better he was pleased4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,southern ,,states ,,in ,,the ,,revolution4 ,footnote #bh3 ,sergeant 7sar'jent73 a military officer of low rank4 ,footnote #bi3 ,palmetto logs3 the wood of the palmetto tree is very soft and spongy2 the cannon-balls1 when they struck1 would bury themselves in the logs1 but would neither break them to pieces nor go through them4 ,footnote #cj3 ,cowpens3 see map in this paragraph4 #ada4 ,cornwallis and ,benedict ,arnold2 ,lafayette2 ,cornwallis shuts himself up in ,yorktown4--,when ,lord ,cornwallis got into ,virginia he found ,benedict ,arnold waiting to help him4 ,arnold had been a general in the ,american army2 ,washington gave him the command of the fort at ,west ,point1 on the ,hudson ,river1#ca and trusted him as though he was his brother4 ,arnold deceived him1 and secretly offered to give up the fort to the ,british4 ,we call a man who is false to his friends and to his country a traitor3 it is the most shameful name we can fasten on him4 ,arnold was a traitor2 and if we could have caught him1 we should have hanged him2 but he was cunning enough to run away and escape to the ,british4 ,now he was burning houses and towns in ,virginia1 and doing all that he could--as a traitor always will--to destroy those who had once been his best friends4 ,he wanted to stay in ,virginia and assist ,cornwallis2 but that general was a brave and honorable man3 he despised ,arnold1 and did not want to have anything to do with him4 ,a young nobleman named ,lafayette#cb had come over from ,france on purpose to help us against the ,british4 ,cornwallis laughed at him and called him a boy2 but he found that ,general ,lafayette was a boy who knew how to fight4 ,the ,british commander moved toward the seacoast2 ,lafayette followed him2 at length ,cornwallis shut himself up with his army in ,yorktown4#cc ,footnote #ca3 ,west ,point3 see map in paragraph #ace4 ,footnote #cb3 ,lafayette 7,lah-fay-et'74 ,footnote #cc3 ,yorktown3 see map in paragraph #adj4 #adb4 ,washington marches against ,yorktown1 and takes it and the army of ,cornwallis4--,washington1 with his army1 was then near ,new ,york ,city1 watching the ,british there4 ,the ,french king had done as he agreed1 and had sent over warships and soldiers to help us2 but so far they had never been able to do much4 ,now was the chance4 ,before the ,british knew what ,washington was about1 he had sent the ,french war-ships down to ,yorktown to prevent ,cornwallis from getting away by sea4 ,then1 with his own army and some ,french soldiers besides1 ,washington quickly marched south to attack ,yorktown by land4 ,when he got there he placed his cannon round the town1 and began battering it to pieces4 ,for more than a week he kept firing night and day4 ,one house had over a thousand balls go through it4 ,its walls looked like a sieve4 ,at last ,cornwallis could not hold out any longer1 and on ,october #aith1 #agha1 his army came out and gave themselves up as prisoners4 ,the ,americans formed a line more than a mile long on one side of the road1 and the ,french stood facing them on the other side4 ,the ,french had on gay clothes1 and looked very handsome2 the clothes of ,washington's men were patched and faded1 but their eyes shone with a wonderful light--the light of victory4 ,the ,british marched out slowly1 between the two lines3 somehow they found it pleasanter to look at the bright uniforms of the ,french1 than to look at the eyes of the ,americans4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,flags ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,the flag with the large crosses on it1 on the left1 is the ,english flag at the time of the ,american ,revolution4 ,the flag on the right is that which ,washington raised at ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 ,january #b;d1 #aggf4 ,he simply took the ,english flag1 and added thirteen stripes to represent the union of the thirteen ,english colonies4 ,the flag in the centre1 with its thirteen stars and thirteen stripes representing the thirteen states1 is the first ,american national flag4 ,it was adopted by ,congress ,june #adth1 #aggg1 not quite a year after we had declared ourselves independent of ,great ,britain4 ,beneath this flag is ,washington's coat of arms with a ,latin motto1 meaning ,the event justifies the deed4 ,it is possible that the stars and stripes on our national flag came from the stars and stripes 7or bars7 on this ancient coat of arms1 which may be seen on the tombstone of one of the ,washington family1 buried in #aehc1 in the parish church at ,sulgrave1 ,northamptonshire1 ,england4 #adc4 ,how the news of the taking of ,yorktown was carried to ,philadelphia2 ,lord ,fairfax4--,people at a distance noticed that the cannon had suddenly stopped firing4 ,they looked at each other1 and asked1 ,what does it mean8 ,all at once a man appears on horseback4 ,he is riding with all his might toward ,philadelphia1 where ,congress is4 ,as he dashes past1 he rises in his stirrups1 swings his cap1 and shouts with all his might1 ,cornwallis is taken6 ,cornwallis is taken6 ,then it was the people's turn to shout2 and they made the hills ring with1 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,hurrah6 ,illustration3 ,,cornwallis ,,is ,,taken6 ,poor ,lord ,fairfax1#ce ,washington's old friend1 had always stood by the king4 ,he was now over ninety4 ,when he heard the cry1 ,cornwallis is taken6 it was too much for the old man4 ,he said to his negro servant1 ,come1 ,joe2 carry me to bed1 for ,i'm sure it's high time for me to die4 ,footnote #ce3 ,see paragraph #abf4 #add4 ,tearing down the ,british flag at ,new ,york2 ,washington goes back to ,mount ,vernon2 he is elected ,president2 his death2 ,lafayette visits his tomb4--,the ,revolutionary ,war had lasted seven years1--terrible years they were1 years of sorrow1 suffering1 and death1--but now the end had come1 and ,america was free4 ,when the ,british left ,new ,york ,city1 they nailed the ,british flag to a high pole on the wharf2 but a ,yankee sailor soon climbed the pole1 tore down the flag of ,england1 and hoisted the stars and stripes in its place4 ,that was more than a hundred years ago4 ,now the ,english and the ,americans have become good friends1 and the ,english people see that the ,revolution ended in the way that was best for both of us4 ,illustration3 ,,hoisting ,,the ,,stars ,,and ,,stripes ,,at ,,new ,,york4 ,when it was clear that there would be no more fighting1 ,washington went back to ,mount ,vernon4 ,he hoped to spend the rest of his life there4 ,but the country needed him1 and a few years later it chose him the first ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,,president ,,washington',s ,,coach4 ,washington was made ,president in ,new ,york ,city1 which was the capital of the ,united ,states at that time4 ,a ,french gentleman who was there tells us how ,washington1 standing in the presence of thousands of people1 placed his hand on the ,bible1 and solemnly swore that with the help of ,god he would protect and defend the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,president ,,washington ,,taking ,,the ,,oath4 ,washington was elected ,president twice4 ,when he died many of the people in ,england and ,france joined ,america in mourning for him2 for all men honored his memory4 ,lafayette came over to visit us many years afterward4 ,he went to ,mount ,vernon1 where ,washington was buried4 ,there he went down into the vault1 and1 kneeling by the side of the coffin1 covered his face with his hands1 and shed tears of gratitude to think that he had known such a man as ,washington1 and that ,washington had been his friend4 ,illustration3 ,,lafayette ,,at ,,washington',s ,,coffin4 #ade4 ,summary4--,george ,washington1 the son of a ,virginia planter1 became the leader of the armies of the ,united ,states in the war of the ,revolution4 ,at the close of the war1 after he had made ,america free1 he was elected our first ,president4 ,his name stands to-day among those of the greatest men in the history of the world4 ,when and where was ,george ,washington born8 ,what did he learn at school8 ,what did he write in one of his writing-books8 ,tell about his sports and games at school4 ,what is said of ,captain ,george8 ,tell the story about the colt4 ,what did ,george's mother say8 ,tell about ,george's visit to his brother and to the ,fairfaxes4 ,what is said of ,lord ,fairfax8 ,what did he hire ,washington to do8 ,tell about his surveying and his life in the woods4 ,tell about the ,indian war-dance4 ,what did the governor of ,virginia do when ,washington returned8 ,what is said of ,washington at the age of twenty-one8 ,tell about his journey to the ,french forts and his return4 ,what is said about the ,indian guide8 ,what about the raft8 ,what did the governor of ,virginia do when ,washington returned8 ,what did the governor order him to do8 ,what about ,fort ,necessity8 ,tell about ,general ,braddock1 and about what happened to ,washington4 ,what is said about the end of the war8 ,what did ,king ,george the ,third determine to do8 ,what did the king want the ,americans to do8 ,how did they feel8 ,what did the king say8 ,what did the ,americans say to that8 ,what did some of the greatest men in ,england say8 ,what did the king then try to do8 ,tell about the tea-ships4 ,what happened in ,boston8 ,what was done to ,boston8 ,what help did the people of ,boston get8 ,what did the colonies now do8 ,what did the people now begin to call themselves8 ,what did they call the ,english troops8 ,who commanded the ,british soldiers in ,boston8 ,what did he do8 ,what about ,paul ,revere8 ,what did ,captain ,parker of ,lexington say to his men8 ,what happened at ,lexington and at ,concord8 ,tell about the battle of ,bunker ,hill4 ,what did many ,englishmen refuse to do8 ,where was ,colonel ,washington living8 ,what did ,congress do8 ,where did ,washington take command of the army8 ,tell about the sharpshooters4 ,tell about the march to ,canada4 ,how did ,washington take ,boston8 ,where did the ,british go8 ,where did ,washington go8 ,what did ,congress do on ,july #dth1 #aggf8 ,what happened in ,new ,york8 ,what about the battle of ,long ,island8 ,what did ,cornwallis do8 ,tell about the victory at ,trenton4 ,what happened at ,princeton8 ,what city did the ,british take8 ,where was ,washington's army8 ,what happened at ,saratoga8 ,what did the king of ,france do8 ,what happened at the south8 ,tell about ,sergeant ,jasper4 ,what is said about ,general ,greene8 ,what did ,cornwallis do8 ,where did he go8 ,what is said about ,benedict ,arnold8 ,what about ,lafayette8 ,where did ,cornwallis shut himself up with his army8 ,what did ,washington do8 ,tell about the surrender of ,cornwallis4 ,how was the news carried to ,philadelphia8 ,what is said of ,lord ,fairfax8 ,how long had the war lasted8 ,what was done at ,new ,york8 ,what is said of ,general ,washington after the war8 ,tell how he was made ,president4 ,what happened when he died8 ,what is said of ,lafayette8 ,,daniel ,,boone 7#agcd-ahbj74 #adf4 ,daniel ,boone2 what the hunters of the west did2 ,boone's life in ,north ,carolina4--,before ,washington began to fight the battles of the ,revolution in the east1 ,daniel ,boone and other famous hunters were fighting bears and ,indians in what was then called the west4 ,by that war in the woods1 these brave and hardy men helped us to get possession of that part of the country4 ,daniel ,boone was born in ,pennsylvania4#a ,his father moved to ,north ,carolina1#b and ,daniel helped him cut down the trees round their log cabin in the forest4 ,he ploughed the land1 which was thick with stumps1 hoed the corn that grew up among those stumps1 and then1--as there was no mill near1--he pounded it into meal for johnny-cake4 ,he learned how to handle a gun quite as soon as he did a hoe4 ,the unfortunate deer or coon that saw young ,boone coming toward him knew that he had seen his best days1 and that he would soon have the whole ,boone family sitting round him at the dinner-table4 ,illustration3 ,,boone ,,pounding ,,corn4 ,footnote #a3 ,he was born in ,bucks ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,footnote #b3 ,he settled near ,wilkesboro1 on the banks of the ,yadkin ,river4 ,see map in paragraph #aej4 #adg4 ,boone's wanderings in the western forests2 his bear tree4--,when ,daniel had grown to manhood1 he wandered off with his gun on his shoulder1 and crossing the mountains1 entered what is now the state of ,tennessee4 ,that whole country was then a wilderness1 full of savage beasts and still more savage ,indians2 and ,boone had many a sharp fight with both4 ,more than a hundred and thirty years ago1 he cut these words on a beech-tree1 still standing in ,eastern ,tennessee1#c--;,d4 ,boon killed a bar on 7this7 tree in the year #agfj4 ,you will see if you examine the tree1 on which the words can still be read1 that ,boone could not spell very well2 but he could do what the bear minded a good deal more1--he could shoot to kill4 ,illustration3 ,,boone',s ,,bear ,,tree4 ,footnote #c3 ,the tree is still standing on the banks of ,boone's ,creek1 near ,jonesboro1 ,washington ,county1 ,tennessee4 #adh4 ,boone goes hunting in ,kentucky2 what kind of game he found there2 the ,indians2 the ,dark and ,bloody ,ground4--,nine years after he cut his name on that tree1 ,boone1 with a few companions1 went to a new part of the country4 ,the ,indians called it ,kentucky4 ,there he saw buffalo1 deer1 bears1 and wolves enough to satisfy the best hunter in ,america4 ,this region was a kind of ,no ,man's ,land1 because1 though many tribes of ,indians roamed over it1 none of them pretended to own it4 ,these bands of ,indians were always fighting and trying to drive each other out1 so ,kentucky was often called the ,dark and ,bloody ,ground4 ,but1 much as the savages hated each other1 they hated the white men1 or the pale-faces1 as they called them1 still more4 #adi4 ,indian tricks2 the owls4--,the hunters were on the lookout for these ,indians1 but the savages practised all kinds of tricks to get the hunters near enough to shoot them4 ,sometimes ,boone would hear the gobble of a wild turkey4 ,he would listen a moment1 then he would say1 ,that is not a wild turkey1 but an ,indian1 imitating that bird2 but he won't fool me and get me to come near enough to put a bullet through my head4 ,one evening an old hunter1 on his way to his cabin1 heard what seemed to be two young owls calling to each other4 ,but his quick ear noticed that there was something not quite natural in their calls1 and what was stranger still1 that the owls seemed to be on the ground instead of being perched on trees1 as all well-behaved owls would be4 ,he crept cautiously along through the bushes till he saw something ahead which looked like a stump4 ,he didn't altogether like the looks of the stump4 ,he aimed his rifle at it1 and fired4 ,the stump1 or what seemed to be one1 fell over backward with a groan4 ,he had killed an ,indian1 who had been waiting to kill him4 #aej4 ,boone makes the ,wilderness ,road1 and builds the fort at ,boonesboro'4--,in #agge ,boone1 with a party of thirty men1 chopped a path through the forest from the mountains of ,eastern ,tennessee to the ,kentucky ,river1#d a distance of about two hundred miles4 ,this was the first path in that part of the country leading to the great west4 ,it was called the ,wilderness ,road4 ,over that road1 which thousands of emigrants travelled afterward1 ,boone took his family1 with other settlers1 to the ,kentucky ,river4 ,there they built a fort called ,boonesboro'4 ,that fort was a great protection to all the first settlers in ,kentucky4 ,in fact1 it is hard to see how the state could have grown up without it4 ,so in one way1 we can say with truth that ,daniel ,boone1 the hunter1 fighter1 and road-maker1 was a state-builder besides4 ,illustration3 ,,map ,,showing ,,boone',s ,,wilderness ,,road4 ,footnote #d3 ,see map in this paragraph4 #aea4 ,boone's daughter is stolen by the ,indians2 how he found her4--,one day ,boone's young daughter was out1 with two other girls1 in a canoe on the river4 ,suddenly some ,indians pounced on them and carried them off4 ,one of the girls1 as she went along1 broke off twigs from the bushes1 so that her friends might be able to follow her track through the woods4 ,an ,indian caught her doing it1 and told her that he would kill her if she did not instantly stop4 ,then she slyly tore off small bits of her dress1 and dropped a piece from time to time4 ,boone and his men followed the ,indians like bloodhounds4 ,they picked up the bits of dress1 and so easily found which way the savages had gone4 ,they came up with the ,indians just as they were sitting down round a fire to eat their supper4 ,creeping toward them behind the trees as softly as a cat creeps up behind a mouse1 ,boone and his men aimed their rifles and fired4 ,two of the ,indians fell dead1 the rest ran for their lives1 and the girls were carried back in safety to the fort4 #aeb4 ,boone is captured by ,indians2 they adopt him as a son4--,later1 ,boone himself was caught and carried off by the ,indians4 ,they respected his courage so much that they would not kill him1 but decided to adopt him2 that is1 take him into the tribe as one of their own people1 or make an ,indian of him4 ,they pulled out all his hair except one long lock1 called the scalp-lock1 which they left to grow in ,indian fashion4 ,the squaws#e and girls braided bright feathers in this lock1 so that ,boone looked quite gay4 ,then the ,indians took him down to a river4 ,there they stripped him1 and scrubbed him with all their might1 to get his white blood out1 as they said4 ,next1 they painted his face in stripes with red and yellow clay1 so that he looked1 as they thought1 handsomer than he ever had before in his life4 ,when all had been done1 and they were satisfied with the appearance of their new ,indian1 they sat down to a great feast1 and made merry4 ,footnote #e3 ,squaws3 ,indian women4 #aec4 ,boone escapes1 but the ,indians find him again2 what a handful of tobacco dust did4--,after a time ,boone managed to escape1 but the ,indians were so fond of him that they could not rest till they found him again4 ,one day he was at work in a kind of shed drying some tobacco leaves4 ,he heard a slight noise1 and turning round saw four ,indians with their guns pointed at him4 ,now1 ,boone1 said they1 we got you4 ,you no get away this time4 ,how are you8 said ,boone1 pleasantly2 glad to see you2 just wait a minute till ,i get you some of my tobacco4 ,he gathered two large handfuls of the leaves3 they were as dry as powder and crumbled to dust in his hands4 ,coming forward1 as if to give the welcome present to the ,indians1 he suddenly sprang on them and filled their eyes1 mouths1 and noses with the stinging tobacco dust4 ,the savages were half choked and nearly blinded4 ,while they were dancing about1 coughing1 sneezing1 and rubbing their eyes1 ,boone slipped out of the shed and got to a place of safety4 ,the ,indians were mad as they could be1 yet they could hardly help laughing at ,boone's trick2 for cunning as the red men were1 he was more cunning still4 ,illustration3 ,,boone',s ,,fort1 ,,at ,,boonesboro'1 ,,kentucky4 #aed4 ,boone's old age2 he moves to ,missouri2 he begs for a piece of land2 his grave4--,boone lived to be a very old man4 ,he had owned a good deal of land in the west1 but he had lost possession of it4 ,when ,kentucky began to fill up with people and the game was killed off1 ,boone moved across the ,mississippi into ,missouri4 ,he said that he went because he wanted more elbow room and a chance to hunt buffalo again4 ,he now begged the state of ,kentucky to give him a small piece of land1 where1 as he said1 he could lay his bones4 ,the people of that state generously helped him to get nearly a thousand acres2 but he appears to have soon lost possession of it4 ,if he actually did lose it1 then this brave old hunter1 who had opened up the way for such a multitude of emigrants to get farms at the west1 died without owning a piece of ground big enough for a grave4 ,he is buried in ,frankfort1 ,kentucky1 within sight of the river on which he built his fort at ,boonesboro'4 #aee4 ,summary4--,daniel ,boone1 a famous hunter from ,north ,carolina1 opened up a road through the forest1 from the mountains of ,eastern ,tennessee to the ,kentucky ,river4 ,it was called the ,wilderness ,road1 and over it thousands of emigrants went into ,kentucky to settle4 ,boone1 with others1 built the fort at ,boonesboro'1 ,kentucky1 and went there to live4 ,that fort protected the settlers against the ,indians1 and so helped that part of the country to grow until it became the state of ,kentucky4 ,tell about ,daniel ,boone4 ,how did he help his father8 ,where did he go when he became a man8 ,what did he cut on a beech tree8 ,where did he go after that8 ,what is said of the ,indians in ,kentucky8 ,tell about ,indian tricks4 ,tell about the two owls4 ,tell about the ,wilderness ,road4 ,what is said of the fort at ,boonesboro'8 ,tell how ,boone's daughter and the other girls were stolen by the ,indians4 ,what happened next8 ,tell how ,boone was captured by the ,indians and how they adopted him4 ,tell the story of the tobacco dust4 ,what did ,boone do when he became old8 ,what did ,kentucky get for him8 ,where is he buried8 ,,general ,,james ,,robertson ,,and ,,governor ,,john ,,sevier#a 7#agdb-ahad2 #agde-ahae74 #aef4 ,who ,james ,robertson was2 ,governor ,tryon2 the battle of ,alamance4#b--,when ,daniel ,boone first went to ,kentucky 7#agfi7 he had a friend named ,james ,robertson1 in ,north ,carolina#c who was1 like himself1 a mighty hunter4 ,the ,british governor of ,north ,carolina at that time was ,william ,tryon4 ,he lived in a palace built with money which he had forced the people to give him4 ,they hated him so for his greed and cruelty that they nicknamed him the ,great ,wolf of ,north ,carolina4 ,at last many of the settlers vowed that they would not give the governor another penny4 ,when he sent tax-collectors to get money1 they drove them back1 and they flogged one of the governor's friends with a rawhide till he had to run for his life4 ,the governor then collected some soldiers and marched against the people in the west4 ,a battle was fought near the ,alamance ,river4 ,the governor had the most men and had cannon besides1 so he gained the day4 ,he took seven of the people prisoners and hanged them4 ,they all died bravely1 as men do who die for liberty4 ,footnote #a3 ,sevier 7,se-veer'73 he was born in ,rockingham ,county1 ,virginia4 ,footnote #b3 ,alamance ,river 7,al'a-mance73 see map in paragraph #aej4 ,footnote #c3 ,robertson was born in ,brunswick ,county1 ,virginia2 he emigrated to ,north ,carolina and settled in the neighborhood of ,raleigh4 ,see map in paragraph #aej4 #aeg4 ,james ,robertson leaves ,north ,carolina and goes west4--,after the battle of ,alamance ,james ,robertson and his family made up their minds that they would not live any longer where ,governor ,tryon ruled4 ,they resolved to go across the mountains into the western wilderness4 ,sixteen other families joined ,robertson's and went with them4 ,it was a long1 hard journey2 for they had to climb rocks and find their way through deep1 tangled woods4 ,the men went ahead with their axes and their guns2 then the older children followed1 driving the cows2 last of all came the women with the little children1 with beds1 pots1 and kettles packed on the backs of horses4 ,illustration3 ,,robertson ,,with ,,his ,,party ,,crossing ,,the ,,mountains ,,on ,,their ,,way ,,to ,,tennessee4 #aeh4 ,the emigrants settle on the ,watauga ,river#d in ,tennessee4--,when the little party had crossed the mountains into what is now the state of ,tennessee1 they found a delightful valley4 ,through this valley there ran a stream of clear sparkling water called the ,watauga ,river2 the air of the valley was sweet with the smell of wild crab-apples4 ,on the banks of that stream the emigrants built their new homes4 ,their houses were simply rough log huts1 but they were clean and comfortable4 ,when the settlers put up these cabins1 they chopped down every tree near them which was big enough for an ,indian to hide behind4 ,they knew that they might have to fight the savages2 but they had rather do that than be robbed by tax-collectors4 ,in the wilderness ,governor ,tryon could not reach them--they were free2 free as the deer and the squirrels were3 that one thought made them contented and happy4 ,footnote #d3 ,watauga ,river 7,wa-taw'ga73 see map in paragraph #aej4 #aei4 ,john ,sevier goes to settle at ,watauga2 what he and ,robertson did4--,the year after this little settlement was made ,john ,sevier went from ,virginia to ,watauga1 as it was called4 ,he and ,robertson soon became fast friends--for one brave man can always see something to respect and like in another brave man4 ,robertson and ,sevier hunted together and worked together4 ,after a while they called a meeting of the settlers and agreed on some excellent laws1 so that everything in the log village might be done decently and in order2 for although these people lived in the woods1 they had no notion of living like savages or wild beasts4 ,in course of time ,president ,washington made ,james ,robertson ,general ,robertson1 in honor of what he had done for his country4 ,out of this settlement on the ,watauga ,river grew the state of ,tennessee4 ,a monument in honor of ,john ,sevier stands in ,nashville1 a city founded by his friend ,robertson4 ,sevier became the first governor of the new state4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,sevier ,,monument4 #afj4 ,summary4--,james ,robertson1 of ,north ,carolina1 and ,john ,sevier1 of ,virginia1 emigrated across the mountains to the western wilderness4 ,they settled on the ,watauga ,river1 and that settlement1 with others made later1 grew into the state of ,tennessee1 of which ,john ,sevier became the first governor4 ,what friend did ,boone have in ,north ,carolina8 ,tell about ,governor ,tryon4 ,what happened on the ,alamance ,river8 ,where did ,robertson and others go8 ,where did they settle8 ,why did they like to be there8 ,tell about ,john ,sevier4 ,what did he and ,robertson do8 ,what did ,washington do for ,robertson8 ,what state grew out of the ,watauga settlement8 ,what did ,sevier become8 ,where is his monument8 ,,general ,,george ,,rogers ,,clark 7#ageb-ahah74 #afa4 ,the ,british in the west2 their forts2 hiring ,indians to fight the settlers4--,while ,washington was fighting the battles of the ,revolution in the east1 the ,british in the west were not sitting still4 ,they had a number of forts in the ,wilderness1#a as that part of the country was then called4 ,one of these forts was at ,detroit1#b in what is now ,michigan2 another was at ,vincennes1#c in what is now ,indiana2 a third fort was at ,kaskaskia1#d in what is now ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,map showing the ,forts at ,detroit1 ,kaskaskia1 and ,vincennes1 with the line of ,clark's march4 ,colonel ,hamilton1 the ,british commander at ,detroit1 was determined to drive the ,american settlers out of the west4 ,in the beginning of the ,revolution the ,americans resolved to hire the ,indians to fight for them1 but the ,british found that they could hire them better than we could1 and so they got their help4 ,the savages did their work in a terribly cruel way4 ,generally they did not come out and do battle openly1 but they crept up secretly1 by night1 and attacked the farmers' homes4 ,they killed and scalped the settlers in the west1 burned their log cabins1 and carried off the women and children prisoners4 ,the greater part of the people in ,england hated this sort of war4 ,they begged the king not to hire the ,indians to do these horrible deeds of murder and destruction4 ,george the ,third was not a bad-hearted man2 but he was very set in his way1 and he had fully made up his mind to conquer the ,american rebels1 as he called them1 even if he had to get the savages to help him do it4 ,footnote #a3 ,see map in paragraph #ahg4 ,footnote #b3 ,detroit 7,de-troit'73 for these forts see map in this paragraph4 ,footnote #c3 ,vincennes 7,vin-senz'74 ,footnote #d3 ,kaskaskia 7,kas-kas'ki-a74 #afb4 ,george ,rogers ,clark gets help from ,virginia and starts to attack ,fort ,kaskaskia4--,daniel ,boone had a friend in ,virginia named ,george ,rogers ,clark1#e who believed that he could take the ,british forts in the west and drive out the ,british from all that part of the country4 ,virginia then owned most of the ,wilderness4 ,for this reason ,clark went to ,patrick ,henry1 governor of ,virginia1 and asked for help4 ,the governor liked the plan1 and let ,clark have money to hire men to go with him and try to take ,fort ,kaskaskia to begin with4 ,clark started in the spring of #aggh with about a hundred and fifty men4 ,they built boats just above ,pittsburg#f and floated down the ,ohio ,river1 a distance of over nine hundred miles4 ,then they landed in what is now ,illinois1 and set out for ,fort ,kaskaskia4#g ,footnote #e3 ,george ,rogers ,clark was born near ,monticello1 ,virginia4 ,see map in paragraph #adj4 ,footnote #f3 ,pittsburg3 see map in paragraph #adj4 ,footnote #g3 ,fort ,kaskaskia3 see map in paragraph #afa4 #afc4 ,the march to ,fort ,kaskaskia2 how a dance ended4--,it was a hundred miles to the fort1 and half of the way the men had to find their way through thick woods1 full of underbrush1 briers1 and vines4 ,the ,british1 thinking the fort perfectly safe from attack1 had left it in the care of a ,french officer4 ,clark and his band reached ,kaskaskia at night4 ,they found no one to stop them4 ,the soldiers in the fort were having a dance1 and the ,americans could hear the merry music of a violin and the laughing voices of girls4 ,clark left his men just outside the fort1 and1 finding a door open1 he walked in4 ,he reached the room where the fun was going on1 and stopping there1 he stood leaning against the door-post1 looking on4 ,the room was lighted with torches2 the light of one of the torches happened to fall full on ,clark's face2 an ,indian sitting on the floor caught sight of him2 he sprang to his feet and gave a terrific war-whoop4 ,the dancers stopped as though they had been shot2 the women screamed2 the men ran to the door to get their guns4 ,clark did not move1 but said quietly1 ,go on2 only remember you are dancing now under ,virginia1 and not under ,great ,britain4 ,the next moment the ,americans rushed in1 and ,clark and his ,long ,knives1 as the ,indians called his men1 had full possession of the fort4 ,illustration3 ,,clark ,,looking ,,on ,,at ,,the ,,dance4 #afd4 ,how ,fort ,vincennes was taken2 how the ,british got it back again2 what ,francis ,vigo#h did4--,clark wanted next to march against ,fort ,vincennes1 but he had not men enough4 ,there was a ,french ,catholic priest#i at ,kaskaskia1 and ,clark's kindness to him had made him our friend4 ,he said1 ,i will go to ,vincennes for you1 and ,i will tell the ,french1 who hold the fort for the ,british1 that the ,americans are their real friends1 and that in this war they are in the right4 ,he went2 the ,french listened to him1 then hauled down the ,british flag and ran up the ,american flag in its place4 ,the next year the ,british1 led by ,colonel ,hamilton of ,detroit1 got the fort back again4 ,when ,clark heard of it he said1 ,either ,i must take ,hamilton1 or ,hamilton will take me4 ,just then ,francis ,vigo1 a trader at ,st4 ,louis1 came to see ,clark at ,kaskaskia4 ,hamilton had held ,vigo as a prisoner1 so he knew all about ,fort ,vincennes4 ,vigo said to ,clark1 ,hamilton has only about eighty soldiers2 you can take the fort1 and ,i will lend you all the money you need to pay your men what you owe them4 ,footnote #h3 ,vigo 7,vee-go74 ,footnote #i3 ,the priest was ,father ,gibault 7,zhe-bo'74 #afe4 ,clark's march to ,fort ,vincennes2 the ,drowned ,lands4--,clark1 with about two hundred men1 started for ,vincennes4 ,the distance was nearly a hundred and fifty miles4 ,the first week everything went on pretty well4 ,it was in the month of ,february1 the weather was cold1 and it rained a good deal1 but the men did not mind that4 ,they would get wet through during the day2 but at night they built roaring log fires1 gathered round them1 roasted their buffalo meat or venison1 smoked their pipes1 told jolly stories1 and sang jolly songs4 ,but the next week they got to a branch of the ,wabash ,river4#aj ,then they found that the constant rains had raised the streams so that they had overflowed their banks2 the whole country was under water three or four feet deep4 ,this flooded country was called the ,drowned ,lands3 before ,clark and his men had crossed them they were nearly drowned themselves4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see map in paragraph #afa4 #aff4 ,wading on to victory4--,for about a week the ,americans had to wade in ice-cold water1 sometimes waist deep1 sometimes nearly up to their chins4 ,while wading1 the men were obliged to hold their guns and powder-horns above their heads to keep them dry4 ,now and then a man would stub his toe against a root or a stone and would go sprawling headfirst into the water4 ,when he came up1 puffing and blowing from such a dive1 he was lucky if he still had his gun4 ,for two days no one could get anything to eat2 but hungry1 wet1 and cold1 they kept moving slowly on4 ,illustration3 ,,men ,,wading ,,with ,,guns ,,over ,,their ,,heads4 ,the last part of the march was the worst of all4 ,they were now near the fort1 but they still had to wade through a sheet of water four miles across4 ,clark took the lead and plunged in4 ,the rest1 shivering1 followed4 ,a few looked as though their strength and courage had given out4 ,clark saw this1 and calling to ,captain ,bowman1--one of the bravest of his officers1--he ordered him to kill the first man who refused to go forward4 ,at last1 with numbed hands and chattering teeth1 all got across1 but some of them were so weak and blue with cold that they could not take another step1 but fell flat on their faces in the mud4 ,these men were so nearly dead that no fire seemed to warm them4 ,clark ordered two strong men to lift each of these poor fellows up1 hold him between them by the arms1 and run him up and down until he began to get warm4 ,by doing this he saved every one4 #afg4 ,clark takes the fort2 what we got by his victory2 his grave4--,after a long and desperate fight ,clark took ,fort ,vincennes and hoisted the ,stars and ,stripes over it in triumph4 ,the ,british never got it back again4 ,most of the ,indians were now glad to make peace1 and to promise to behave themselves4 ,by ,clark's victory the ,americans got possession of the whole western wilderness up to ,detroit4 ,when the ,revolutionary ,war came to an end1 the ,british did not want to give us any part of ,america beyond the thirteen states on the ,atlantic coast4 ,but we said1 ,the whole west1 clear to the ,mississippi1 is ours2 we fought for it2 we took it2 we hoisted our flag over its forts1 and we mean to keep it4 ,we did keep it4 ,there is a grass-grown grave in a burial-ground in ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 which has a small headstone marked with the letters ,g4 ,r4 ,c41 and nothing more2 that is the grave of ,general ,george ,rogers ,clark1 the man who did more than any one else to get the west for us--or what was called the west a hundred years ago4 ,illustration3 ,,clark',s ,,grave4 #afh4 ,summary4--,during the ,revolutionary ,war ,george ,rogers ,clark of ,virginia1 with a small number of men1 captured ,fort ,kaskaskia in ,illinois1 and ,fort ,vincennes in ,indiana4 ,clark drove out the ,british from that part of the country1 and when peace was made1 we kept the west--that is1 the country as far as the ,mississippi ,river--as part of the ,united ,states4 ,had it not been for him and his brave men1 we might not have got it4 ,what did the ,british have in the west8 ,where were three of those forts8 ,who hired the ,indians to fight8 ,how did they fight8 ,what did most of the people in ,england think about this8 ,what is said of ,george the ,third8 ,what friend did ,daniel ,boone have in ,virginia8 ,what did ,clark undertake to do8 ,tell how he went down the ,ohio4 ,tell how he marched on ,fort ,kaskaskia4 ,what happened when he got there8 ,what did ,clark say to the people in the fort8 ,how was ,fort ,vincennes taken8 ,what did the ,british do the next year8 ,tell about ,francis ,vigo4 ,what did ,clark and his men start to do8 ,how far off was ,fort ,vincennes8 ,tell about the first part of the march4 ,what lands did they come to8 ,tell how the men waded4 ,how did ,clark save the lives of some of the men8 ,did ,clark take the fort8 ,what did the ,americans get possession of by this victory8 ,what happened at the end of the ,revolutionary ,war8 ,what did we say8 ,what is said of the grave at ,louisville1 ,kentucky8 ,what did ,clark get for us8 ,,general ,,rufus ,,putnam 7#agch-ahbd74 #afi4 ,what ,general ,putnam did for ,washington1 and what the ,british said of ,putnam's work4--,when the ,british had possession of ,boston in the time of the ,revolution1 ,washington asked ,rufus ,putnam1#a who was a great builder of forts1 to help him drive them out4 ,putnam set to work1 one dark1 stormy night1 and built a fort on some high land#b overlooking ,boston ,harbor4 ,illustration3 ,,putnam',s ,,fort4 ,general ,washington looking at the ,british ,ships in ,boston ,harbor4 ,when the ,british commander woke up the next morning1 he saw the ,american cannon pointed at his ships4 ,he was so astonished that he could scarcely believe his eyes4 ,why1 said he1 the rebels have done more in one night than my whole army could have done in a week4 ,another officer1 who had command of the ,british vessels1 said1 ,if the ,americans hold that fort1 ,i cannot keep a ship in the harbor4 ,well1 we know what happened4 ,our men did hold that fort1 and the ,british had to leave ,boston4 ,next to ,general ,washington1 ,general ,rufus ,putnam was the man who made them go2 for not many officers in the ,american army could build such a fort as he could4 ,footnote #a3 ,rufus ,putnam was born in ,sutton1 ,massachusetts4 ,footnote #b3 ,dorchester ,heights3 now ,south ,boston4 #agj4 ,general ,putnam builds the ,mayflower2 goes down the ,ohio ,river and makes the first settlement in ,ohio4--,after the war was over1 ,general ,putnam started with a company of people from ,new ,england1 to make a settlement on the ,ohio ,river4 ,in the spring of #aghh he and his emigrants built a boat at a place just above ,pittsburg4#c ,they named this boat the ,mayflower1#d because they were ,pilgrims going west to make their home there4 ,illustration3 ,,emigrants ,,in ,,the ,mayflower4 ,at that time there was not a white settler in what is now the state of ,ohio4 ,most of that country was covered with thick woods4 ,there were no roads through those woods1 and there was not a steamboat or a railroad either in ,america or in the world4 ,if you look on the map#e and follow down the ,ohio ,river from ,pittsburg1 you will come to a place where the ,muskingum joins the ,ohio4 ,at that place the ,mayflower stopped1 and the emigrants landed and began to build their settlement4 ,footnote #c3 ,pittsburg3 see map in paragraph #adj4 ,footnote #d3 ,mayflower3 see paragraph #fd4 ,footnote #e3 ,see map in paragraph #adj4 #aga4 ,what the settlers named their town2 the first ,fourth of ,july celebration2 what ,washington said of the settlers4--,during the ,revolutionary ,war the beautiful ,queen ,mary of ,france was our firm friend1 and she was very kind and helpful to ,dr4 ,franklin when he went to ,france for us4 ,a number of the emigrants had fought in the ,revolution1 and so it was decided to name the town ,marietta1#f in honor of the queen4 ,when the ,marietta settlers celebrated the ,fourth of ,july1 ,major ,denny1 who commanded a fort just across the river1 came to visit them4 ,he said1 ,these people appear to be the happiest folks in the world4 ,president ,washington said that he knew many of them and that he believed they were just the kind of men to succeed4 ,he was right2 for these people1 with those who came later to build the city of ,cincinnati1 were the ones who laid the foundation of the great and rich state of ,ohio4 ,footnote #f3 ,the queen's full name in ,french was ,marie ,antoinette2 the name ,marietta is made up from the first and the last parts of her name4 #agb4 ,fights with the ,indians2 how the settlers held their town2 ,indian ,rock2 the ,miami#g ,slaughter ,house4--,but the people of ,marietta had hardly begun to feel at home in their little settlement before a terrible ,indian war broke out4 ,the village of ,marietta had a high palisade#h built round it1 and if a man ventured outside that palisade he went at the risk of his life2 for the ,indians were always hiding in the woods1 ready to kill any white man they saw4 ,when the settlers worked in the cornfield1 they had to carry their guns as well as their hoes1 and one man always stood on top of a high stump in the middle of the field1 to keep a bright lookout4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,rock4 ,there is a lofty rock on the ,ohio ,river below ,marietta1 which is still called ,indian ,rock4 ,it got its name because the ,indians used to climb up to the top and watch for emigrants coming down the river in boats4 ,when they saw a boat1 they would fire a shower of bullets at it1 and perhaps leave it full of dead and wounded men to drift down the river4 ,in the western part of ,ohio1 on the ,miami ,river1 the ,indians killed so many people that the settlers called that part of the country by the terrible name of the ,miami ,slaughter ,house4 ,footnote #g3 ,miami 7,mi-am'i74 ,footnote #h3 ,see picture of a palisade in paragraph #gj4 #agc4 ,what ,general ,wayne did4--,but ,president ,washington sent a man to ,ohio who made the ,indians beg for peace4 ,this man was ,general ,wayne2 he had fought in the ,revolution1 and fought so furiously that he was called ,mad ,anthony ,wayne4 ,the ,indians said that he never slept1 and named him ,black ,snake1 because that is the quickest and boldest snake there is in the woods1 and in a fight with any other creature of his kind he is pretty sure to win the day4 ,general ,wayne won1 and the ,indians agreed to move off and give up a very large part of ,ohio to the white settlers4 ,after that there was not much trouble1 and emigrants poured in by thousands4 #agd4 ,summary4--,in #aghh ,general ,rufus ,putnam1 with a company of emigrants1 settled ,marietta1 ,ohio4 ,the town was named in honor of ,queen ,mary of ,france1 who had helped us during the ,revolution4 ,it was the first town built in what is now the state of ,ohio4 ,after ,general ,wayne conquered the ,indians that part of the country rapidly increased in population4 ,what did ,general ,rufus ,putnam do for ,washington8 ,where did ,general ,putnam go in #aghh8 ,what is said of ,ohio at that time8 ,where did the ,mayflower stop8 ,what is said of ,queen ,mary of ,france8 ,what did the settlers name their town8 ,what did ,washington say about the settlers8 ,what did these people do8 ,what is said about the ,indians8 ,what about ,indian ,rock8 ,what was the country on the ,miami ,river called8 ,what is said about ,general ,wayne8 ,what did the ,indians call him8 ,why did they give him that name8 ,what did the ,indians agree to do8 ,what happened after that8 ,,eli ,,whitney 7#agfe-ahbe74 #age4 ,the name cut on a door4--,near ,westboro'1 ,massachusetts1#a there is an old farm-house which was built before the war of the ,revolution4 ,close to the house is a small wooden building2 on the door you can read a boy's name1 just as he cut it with his pocket-knife more than a hundred years ago4#b ,here is the door with the name4 ,if the boy had added the date of his birth1 he would have cut the figures #agfe2 but perhaps1 just as he got to that point1 his father appeared and said rather sharply3 ,eli1 don't be cutting that door4 ,no1 sir1 said ,eli1 with a start2 and shutting his knife up with a snap1 he hurried off to get the cows or to do his chores4#c ,illustration3 ,,wooden ,,door ,,carved ,,with ,,eli ,,whitney4 ,footnote #a3 ,see map in paragraph #ace4 ,footnote #b3 ,the house is no longer standing1 and the door has disappeared4 ,footnote #c3 ,chores3 getting in wood1 feeding cattle1 etc4 #agf4 ,what ,eli ,whitney used to do in his father's little workshop2 the fiddle4--,eli ,whitney's father used that little wooden building as a kind of workshop1 where he mended chairs and did many other small jobs4 ,eli liked to go to that workshop and make little things for himself1 such as water-wheels and windmills2 for it was as natural for him to use tools as it was to whistle4 ,once when ,eli's father was gone from home for several days1 the boy was very busy all the while in the little shop4 ,when ,mr4 ,whitney came back he asked his housekeeper1 ,what has ,eli been doing8 ,oh1 she replied1 he has been making a fiddle4 ,his father shook his head1 and said that he was afraid ,eli would never get on much in the world4 ,but ,eli's fiddle1 though it was rough-looking1 was well made4 ,it had music in it1 and the neighbors liked to hear it3 somehow it seemed to say through all the tunes played on it1 ,whatever is worth doing1 is worth doing well4 #agg4 ,eli ,whitney begins making nails2 he goes to college4--,when ,eli was fifteen1 he began making nails4 ,we have machines to-day which will make more than a hundred nails a minute2 but ,eli made his1 one by one1 by pounding them out of a long1 slender bar of red-hot iron4 ,whitney's hand-made nails were not handsome1 but they were strong and tough1 and as the ,revolutionary ,war was then going on1 he could sell all he could make4 ,after the war was over the demand for nails was not so good4 ,then ,whitney threw down his hammer1 and said1 ,i am going to college4 ,he had no money2 but he worked his way through ,yale ,college1 partly by teaching and partly by doing little jobs with his tools4 ,a carpenter who saw him at work one day1 noticed how neatly and skilfully he used his tools1 and said1 ,there was one good mechanic spoiled when you went to college4 #agh4 ,whitney goes to ,georgia2 he stops with ,mrs4 ,general ,greene2 the embroidery frame4--,when the young man had completed his course of study he went to ,georgia to teach in a gentleman's family4 ,on the way to ,savannah he became acquainted with ,mrs4 ,greene1 the widow of the famous ,general ,greene#d of ,rhode ,island4 ,general ,greene had done such excellent fighting in the south during the ,revolution that1 after the war was over1 the state of ,georgia gave him a large piece of land near ,savannah4 ,mrs4 ,greene invited young ,whitney to her house2 as he had been disappointed in getting the place to teach1 he was very glad to accept her kind invitation4 ,while he was there he made her an embroidery frame4 ,it was much better than the old one that she had been using1 and she thought the maker of it was wonderfully skilful4 ,footnote #d3 ,general ,greene3 see paragraph #adj4 #agi4 ,a talk about raising cotton1 and about cotton seeds4--,not long after this1 a number of cotton-planters were at ,mrs4 ,greene's house4 ,in speaking about raising cotton they said that the man who could invent a machine for stripping off the cotton seeds from the plant would make his fortune4 ,for what is called raw cotton or cotton wool1 as it grows in the field1 has a great number of little green seeds clinging to it4 ,before the cotton wool can be spun into thread and woven into cloth1 those seeds must be pulled off4 ,illustration3 ,,pod ,,of ,,the ,,cotton ,,plant ,,when ,,ripe ,,and ,,open4 ,on the right a seed with the wool attached2 on the left the seed after the wool has been picked off4 ,at that time the planters set the negroes to do this4 ,when they had finished their day's labor of gathering the cotton in the cotton field1 the men1 women1 and children would sit down and pick off the seeds1 which stick so tight that getting them off is no easy task4 ,illustration3 ,,negroes ,,gathering ,,cotton ,,in ,,the ,,field4 ,after the planters had talked awhile about this work1 ,mrs4 ,greene said1 ,if you want a machine to do it1 you should apply to my young friend1 ,mr4 ,whitney2 he can make anything4 ,but1 said ,mr4 ,whitney1 ,i have never seen a cotton plant or a cotton seed in my life2 for it was not the time of year then to see it growing in the fields4 #ahj4 ,whitney gets some cotton wool2 he invents the cotton-gin2 what that machine did4--,after the planters had gone1 ,eli ,whitney went to ,savannah and hunted about until he found1 in some store or warehouse1 a little cotton wool with the seeds left on it4 ,he took this back with him and set to work to make a machine which would strip off the seeds4 ,he said to himself1 ,if ,i fasten some upright pieces of wire in a board1 and have the wires set very close together1 like the teeth of a comb1 and then pull the cotton wool through the wires with my fingers1 the seeds1 being too large to come through1 will be torn off and left behind4 ,he tried it1 and found that the cotton wool came through without any seeds on it4 ,now1 said he1 if ,i should make a wheel1 and cover it with short steel teeth1 shaped like hooks1 those teeth would pull the cotton wool through the wires better than my fingers do1 and very much faster4 ,illustration3 ,,whitney',s ,,first ,,contrivance ,,for ,,pulling ,,off ,,the ,,cotton ,,seeds4 ,he made such a wheel2 it was turned by a crank2 it did the work perfectly2 so1 in the year #agic1 he had invented the machine the planters wanted4 ,before that time it used to take one negro all day to clean a single pound of cotton of its seeds by picking them off one by one2 now1 ,eli ,whitney's cotton-gin1#e as he called his machine1 would clean a thousand pounds in a day4 ,footnote #e3 ,gin3 a shortened form of the word engine1 meaning any kind of a machine4 #aha4 ,price of common cotton cloth to-day2 what makes it so cheap2 ,king ,cotton4--,to-day nothing is much cheaper than common cotton cloth4 ,you can buy it for ten or twelve cents a yard1 but before ,whitney invented his cotton-gin it sold for a dollar and a half a yard4 ,a hundred years ago the planters at the south raised very little cotton1 for few people could afford to wear it2 but after this wonderful machine was made1 the planters kept making their fields bigger and bigger4 ,at last they raised so much more of this plant than of anything else1 that they said1 ,cotton is king4 ,it was ,eli ,whitney who built the throne for that king2 and although he did not make a fortune by his machine1 yet he received a good deal of money for the use of it in some of the southern states4 ,illustration3 ,,carrying ,,cotton ,,to ,,the ,,cotton-,,gin4 ,later1 ,mr4 ,whitney built a gun-factory near ,new ,haven1 ,connecticut1 at a place now called ,whitneyville2 at that factory he made thousands of the muskets which we used in our second war with ,england in #ahab4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,star ,,spangled ,,banner4#f ,footnote #f3 ,in the war of #ahab the ,british war-ships attacked ,fort ,mc,henry1 one of the defences of ,baltimore4 ,francis ,scott ,key1 a native of ,maryland1 who was then detained on board a ,british man-of-war1 anxiously watched the battle during the night2 before dawn the firing ceased4 ,key had no means of telling whether the ,british had taken the fort until the sun rose2 then1 to his joy1 he saw the ,american flag still floating triumphantly above the fort--that meant that the ,british had failed in their attack1 and ,key1 in his delight1 hastily wrote the song of the ,star ,spangled ,banner on the back of a letter which he had in his pocket4 ,the song was at once printed1 and in a few weeks it was known and sung from one end of the ,united ,states to the other4 #ahb4 ,summary4--,about a hundred years ago 7#agic71 ,eli ,whitney of ,westboro'1 ,massachusetts1 invented the cotton-gin1 a machine for pulling off the green seeds from cotton wool1 so that it may be easily woven into cloth4 ,that machine made thousands of cotton-planters and cotton manufacturers rich1 and by it cotton cloth became so cheap that everybody could afford to use it4 ,what name did a boy cut on a door8 ,what did ,eli make in that workshop8 ,what did he make while his father was away8 ,what did his father say8 ,what did ,eli's fiddle seem to say8 ,what did ,eli make next8 ,how did he make his nails8 ,where did he go after he gave up making nails8 ,when he left college where did he go8 ,what lady did he become acquainted with8 ,what did he make for her8 ,what did the cotton-planters say8 ,what must be done to raw cotton before it can be made into cloth8 ,who did this work8 ,what did ,mrs4 ,greene say to the planters8 ,what did ,mr4 ,whitney say8 ,what did he do8 ,tell how he made his machine4 ,what did he call it8 ,how many pounds of cotton would his cotton-gin clean in a day8 ,how much could one negro clean8 ,what is said about the price of cotton cloth8 ,what did the planters say about cotton8 ,who built the throne for ,king ,cotton8 ,what did ,mr4 ,whitney build at ,whitneyville8 ,what did he make there8 ,,thomas ,,jefferson 7#agdc-ahbf7 #ahc4 ,how much cotton ,new ,orleans sends to ,europe2 ,eli ,whitney's work2 who it was that bought ,new ,orleans and ,louisiana for us4--,to-day the city of ,new ,orleans1 near the mouth of the ,mississippi ,river1 sends more cotton to ,england and ,europe than any other city in ,america4 ,if you should visit that city and go down to the riverside1 you would see thousands of cotton bales#a piled up1 and hundreds of negroes loading them on ocean steamers4 ,it would be a sight you would never forget4 ,illustration3 ,,loading ,,cotton ,,at ,,new ,,orleans4 ,before ,eli ,whitney#b invented his machine1 we sent hardly a bale of cotton abroad4 ,now we send so much in one year that the bales can be counted by millions4 ,if they were laid end to end1 in a straight line1 they would reach clear across the ,american continent from ,san ,francisco to ,new ,york1 and then clear across the ocean from ,new ,york to ,liverpool1 ,england4 ,it was ,eli ,whitney1 more than any other man1 who helped to build up this great trade4 ,but at the time when he invented his cotton-gin1 we did not own ,new ,orleans1 or1 for that matter1 any part of ,louisiana or of the country west of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,the man who bought ,new ,orleans and ,louisiana for us was ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,footnote #a3 ,a bale or bundle of cotton is usually somewhat more than five feet long1 and it generally weighs from #djj to #eej pounds4 ,the cotton crop of this country in #ahia amounted to more than #h1fej1jjj bales2 laid end to end1 in a straight line1 these bales would extend more than #hjjj miles4 ,footnote #b3 #b ,see paragraph #ahj4 #ahd4 ,who ,thomas ,jefferson was2 ,monticello2#c how ,jefferson's slaves met him when he came home from ,europe4--,thomas ,jefferson was the son of a rich planter who lived near ,charlottesville in ,virginia4#d ,when his father died1 he came into possession of a plantation of nearly two thousand acres of land1 with forty or fifty negro slaves on it4 ,there was a high hill on the plantation1 which ,jefferson called ,monticello1 or the little mountain4 ,here he built a fine house4 ,from it he could see the mountains and valleys of the ,blue ,ridge for an immense distance4 ,no man in ,america had a more beautiful home1 or enjoyed it more1 than ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,jefferson's slaves thought that no one could be better than their master4 ,he was always kind to them1 and they were ready to do anything for him4 ,once when he came back from ,france1 where he had been staying for a long time1 the negroes went to meet his carriage4 ,they walked several miles down the road2 when they caught sight of the carriage1 they shouted and sang with delight4 ,they would gladly have taken out the horses and drawn it up the steep hill4 ,when ,jefferson reached ,monticello and got out1 the negroes took him in their arms1 and1 laughing and crying for joy1 they carried him into the house4 ,perhaps no king ever got such a welcome as that2 for that welcome was not bought with money3 it came from the heart4 ,yet ,jefferson hoped and prayed that the time would come when every slave in the country might be set free4 ,illustration3 ,,jefferson',s ,,home ,,at ,,monticello4 ,footnote #c3 ,monticello 7,mon-ti-cel'lo74 ,footnote #d3 ,see map in paragraph #adj4 #ahe4 ,thomas ,jefferson hears ,patrick ,henry speak at ,richmond4--,jefferson was educated to be a lawyer2 he was not a good public speaker1 but he liked to hear men who were4 ,just before the beginning of the ,revolutionary ,war 7#agge71 the people of ,virginia sent men to the city of ,richmond to hold a meeting in old ,st4 ,john's ,church4 ,they met to see what should be done about defending those rights which the king of ,england had refused to grant the ,americans4 ,one of the speakers at that meeting was a famous ,virginian named ,patrick ,henry4 ,when he got up to speak he looked very pale1 but his eyes shone like coals of fire4 ,he made a great speech4 ,he said1 ,we must fight6 ,i repeat it1 sir1--we must fight6 ,the other ,virginians agreed with ,patrick ,henry1 and ,george ,washington and ,thomas ,jefferson1 with other noted men who were present at the meeting1 began at once to make ready to fight4 ,illustration3 ,,we ,,must ,,fight6 #ahf4 ,thomas ,jefferson writes the ,declaration of ,independence2 how it was sent through the country4--,shortly after this the great war began4 ,in a little over a year from the time when the first battle was fought1 ,congress asked ,thomas ,jefferson1 ,benjamin ,franklin1 and some others to write the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,jefferson really wrote almost every word of it4 ,he was called the ,pen of the ,revolution2 for he could write quite as well as ,patrick ,henry could speak4 ,the ,declaration was printed and carried by men mounted on fast horses all over the ,united ,states4 ,when men heard it1 they rang the church bells and sent up cheer after cheer4 ,general ,washington had the ,declaration read to all the soldiers in his army1 and if powder had not been so scarce1 they would have fired off every gun for joy4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,declaration ,,of ,,independence4 #ahg4 ,jefferson is chosen ,president of the ,united ,states2 what he said about ,new ,orleans4--,a number of years after the war was over ,jefferson was chosen ,president of the ,united ,states2 while he was ,president he did something for the country which will never be forgotten4 ,louisiana and the city of ,new ,orleans1 with the lower part of the ,mississippi ,river1 then belonged to the ,french2 for at that time the ,united ,states only reached west as far as the ,mississippi ,river4 ,now as ,new ,orleans stands near the mouth of that river1 the ,french could say1 if they chose1 what vessels should go out to sea1 and what should come in4 ,so far1 then1 as that part of ,america was concerned1 we were like a man who owns a house while another man owns one of the doors to it4 ,the man who has the door could say to the owner of the house1 ,i shall stand here on the steps1 and you must pay me so many dollars every time you go out and every time you come in this way4 ,illustration3 ,map showing the extent of the ,united ,states at the close of the ,revolution1 and also when ,jefferson became ,president 7#ahja74 ,jefferson saw that so long as the ,french held the door of ,new ,orleans1 we should not be free to send our cotton down the river and across the ocean to ,europe4 ,he said we must have that door1 no matter how much it costs4 #ahh4 ,jefferson buys ,new ,orleans and ,louisiana for the ,united ,states4--,mr4 ,robert ,r4 ,livingston1 one of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence1 was in ,france at that time1 and ,jefferson sent over to him to see if he could buy ,new ,orleans for the ,united ,states4 ,napoleon ,bonaparte#e then ruled ,france4 ,he said1 ,i want money to purchase war-ships with1 so that ,i can fight ,england2 ,i will sell not only ,new ,orleans1 but all ,louisiana besides1 for fifteen millions of dollars4 ,that was cheap enough1 and so in #ahjc ,president ,jefferson bought it4 ,illustration3 ,map showing how much larger ,president ,jefferson made the ,united ,states by buying ,louisiana in #ahjc4 7,the ,oregon country is marked in bars to show that the ownership of it was disputed2 ,england and the ,united ,states both claimed it47 ,if you look on the map#f you will see that ,louisiana then was not simply a good-sized state1 as it is now1 but an immense country reaching clear back to the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it was really larger than the whole ,united ,states east of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,so1 through ,president ,jefferson's purchase1 we added so much land that we now had more than twice as much as we had before1 and we had got the whole ,mississippi ,river1 the city of ,new ,orleans1 and what is now the great city of ,st4 ,louis besides4 ,footnote #e3 ,napoleon ,bonaparte 7,na-po'le-on ,bo'na-part74 ,footnote #f3 ,see map in this paragraph1 and compare map in paragraph #ahg4 #ahi4 ,death of ,jefferson2 the words cut on his gravestone4--,jefferson lived to be an old man4 ,he died at ,monticello on the ,fourth of ,july1 #ahbf1 just fifty years1 to a day1 after he had signed the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,john ,adams1 who had been ,president next before ,jefferson1 died a few hours later4 ,so ,america lost two of her great men on the same day4 ,jefferson was buried at ,monticello4 ,he asked to have these words1 with some others1 cut on his gravestone3-- ,here ,lies ,buried ,,thomas ,,jefferson1 ,author of the ,declaration of ,american ,independence4 #aij4 ,summary4--,thomas ,jefferson of ,virginia wrote the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,after he became ,president of the ,united ,states1 he bought ,louisiana for us4 ,the purchase of ,louisiana1 with ,new ,orleans1 gave us the right to send our ships to sea by way of the ,mississippi ,river1 which now belonged to us4 ,louisiana added so much land that it more than doubled the size of the ,united ,states4 ,before ,whitney invented his cotton-gin how much cotton did we send abroad8 ,how much do we send from ,new ,orleans now8 ,did we own ,new ,orleans or ,louisiana when ,whitney invented his cotton-gin8 ,who bought them for us8 ,who was ,thomas ,jefferson8 ,what is said about ,monticello8 ,tell how ,jefferson's slaves welcomed him home4 ,for what profession was ,jefferson educated8 ,tell about ,patrick ,henry4 ,what did he say8 ,what did ,washington and ,jefferson do8 ,what did ,jefferson write8 ,what was he called8 ,how was the ,declaration sent to all parts of the country8 ,what was ,jefferson chosen to be8 ,to whom did ,new ,orleans and ,louisiana then belong8 ,how far did the ,united ,states then extend towards the west8 ,what could the ,french say8 ,what were we like8 ,what did ,jefferson say8 ,did we buy it8 ,how much did we pay8 ,how large was ,louisiana then8 ,how much land did we get8 ,what else did we get8 ,when did ,jefferson die8 ,what other great man died on the same day8 ,what words did ,jefferson have cut on his gravestone at ,monticello8 ,,robert ,,fulton 7#agfe-ahae74 #aia4 ,what ,mr4 ,livingston said about ,louisiana2 a small family in a big house2 settlements in the west2 the country beyond the ,mississippi ,river4--,even before we bought the great ,louisiana country1 we had more land than we then knew what to do with2 after we had purchased it1 it seemed to some people as though we should not want to use what we had bought for more than a hundred years4 ,such people thought that we were like a man with a small family who lives in a house much too large for him2 but who1 not contented with that1 buys his neighbor's house1 which is bigger still1 and adds it to his own4 ,if a traveller in those days went across the ,alleghany ,mountains#a to the west1 he found some small settlements in ,ohio1 ,kentucky1 and ,tennessee1 but hardly any outside of those4 ,what are now the great states of ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,michigan1 and ,wisconsin were then a wilderness2 and this was also true of what are now the states of ,alabama and ,mississippi4 ,if the same traveller1 pushing forward1 on foot or on horseback1--for there were no steam cars1--crossed the ,mississippi ,river1 he could hardly find a white man outside what was then the little town of ,st4 ,louis4 ,the country stretched away west for more than a thousand miles1 with nothing in it but wild beasts and ,indians4 ,in much of it there were no trees1 no houses1 no human beings4 ,if you shouted as hard as you could in that solitary land1 the only reply you would hear would be the echo of your own voice2 it was like shouting in an empty room--it made it seem lonelier than ever4 ,footnote #a3 ,see map in paragraph #adj4 #aib4 ,emigration to the west1 and the man who helped that emigration4--,but during the last hundred years that great empty land of the far west has been filling up with people4 ,thousands upon thousands of emigrants have gone there4 ,they have built towns and cities and railroads and telegraph lines4 ,thousands more are going and will go4 ,what has made such a wonderful change8 ,well1 one man helped to do a great deal toward it4 ,his name was ,robert ,fulton4 ,he saw how difficult it was for people to get west2 for if emigrants wanted to go with their families in wagons1 they had to chop roads through the forest4 ,that was slow1 hard work4 ,fulton found a way that was quick1 easy1 and cheap4 ,let us see who he was1 and how he found that way4 #aic4 ,robert ,fulton's boyhood2 the old scow2 what ,robert did for his mother4--,robert ,fulton was the son of a poor ,irish farmer in ,pennsylvania4#b ,he did not care much for books1 but liked to draw pictures with pencils which he hammered out of pieces of lead4 ,like most boys1 he was fond of fishing4 ,he used to go out in an old scow1 or flat-bottomed boat1 on a river near his home4 ,he and another boy would push the scow along with poles4 ,but ,robert said1 ,there is an easier way to make this boat go4 ,i can put a pair of paddle-wheels on her1 and then we can sit comfortably on the seat and turn the wheels by a crank4 ,he tried it1 and found that he was right4 ,the boys now had a boat which suited them exactly4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,,fulton',s ,,paddle-,,wheel ,,scow4 ,when ,robert was seventeen1 he went to ,philadelphia4 ,his father was dead1 and he earned his living and helped his mother and sisters1 by painting pictures4 ,he staid in ,philadelphia until he was twenty-one4 ,by that time he had saved up money enough to buy a small farm for his mother1 so that she might have a home of her own4 ,footnote #b3 ,fulton was born in ,little ,britain 7now called ,fulton7 in ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,see map in paragraph #ace4 #aid4 ,fulton goes to ,england and to ,france2 his iron bridges2 his diving-boat1 and what he did with it in ,france4--,soon after buying the farm for his mother1 young ,fulton went to ,england and then to ,france4 ,he staid in those countries twenty years4 ,in ,england ,fulton built some famous iron bridges1 but he was more interested in boats than in anything else4 ,while he was in ,france he made what he called a diving-boat4 ,it would go under water nearly as well as it would on top1 so that wherever a fish could go1 ,fulton could follow him4 ,his object in building such a boat was to make war in a new way4 ,when a swordfish#c attacks a whale1 he slips round under him and stabs the monster with his sword4 ,fulton said1 ',if an enemy's war-ship should come into the harbor to do mischief1 ,i can get into my diving-boat1 slip under the ship1 fasten a torpedo#d to it1 and blow the ship sky high4' ,illustration3 ,,fulton',s ,,diving-,,boat4 7,going under water to fasten a torpedo on the bottom of a vessel47 ,napoleon ,bonaparte liked nothing so much as war1 and he let ,fulton have an old vessel to see if he could blow it up4 ,he tried it1 and everything happened as he expected3 nothing was left of the vessel but the pieces4 ,footnote #c3 ,swordfish3 the name given to a large fish which has a sword-like weapon1 several feet in length1 projecting from its upper jaw4 ,footnote #d3 ,torpedo3 here a can filled with powder1 and so constructed that it could be fastened to the bottom of a vessel4 #aie4 ,what ,fulton did in ,england with his diving-boat2 what he said about ,america4--,then ,fulton went back to ,england and tried the same thing there4 ,he went out in his diving-boat and fastened a torpedo under a vessel1 and when the torpedo exploded1 the vessel1 as he said1 went up like a bag of feathers1 flying in all directions4 ,illustration3 ,,what ,,the ,,torpedo ,,did4 ,the ,english people paid ,fulton seventy-five thousand dollars for showing them what he could do in this way4 ,then they offered to give him a great deal more--in fact1 to make him a very rich man--if he would promise never to let any other country know just how he blew vessels up4 ,but ,fulton said1 ',i am an ,american2 and if ,america should ever want to use my diving-boat in war1 she shall have it first of all4' #aif4 ,fulton makes his first steamboat4--,but while ,fulton was doing these things with his diving-boat1 he was always thinking of the paddle-wheel scow he used to fish in when a boy4 ,i turned those paddle-wheels by a crank1 said he1 but what is to hinder my putting a steam engine into such a boat1 and making it turn the crank for me8 that would be a steamboat4 ,such boats had already been tried1 but1 for one reason or another1 they had not got on very well4 ,robert ,r4 ,livingston was still in ,france1 and he helped ,fulton build his first steamboat4 ,it was put on a river there2 it moved1 and that was about all4 #aig4 ,robert ,fulton and ,mr4 ,livingston go to ,new ,york and build a steamboat2 the trip up the ,hudson ,river4--,but ,robert ,fulton and ,mr4 ,livingston both believed that a steamboat could be built that would go1 and that would keep going4 ,so they went to ,new ,york and built one there4 ,in the summer of #ahjg a great crowd gathered to see the boat start on her voyage up the ,hudson ,river4 ,they joked and laughed as crowds will at anything new4 ,they called ,fulton a fool and ,livingston another4 ,but when ,fulton1 standing on the deck of his steamboat1 waved his hand1 and the wheels began to turn1 and the vessel began to move up the river1 then the crowd became silent with astonishment4 ,now it was ,fulton's turn to laugh1 and in such a case the man who laughs last has a right to laugh the loudest4 ,illustration3 ,,fulton',s ,,steamer ,,leaving ,,new ,,york ,,for ,,albany4 ,up the river ,fulton kept going4 ,he passed the ,palisades2#e he passed the ,highlands2#f still he kept on1 and at last he reached ,albany1 a hundred and fifty miles above ,new ,york4 ,nobody before had ever seen such a sight as that boat moving up the river without the help of oars or sails2 but from that time people saw it every day4 ,when ,fulton got back to ,new ,york in his steamboat1 everybody wanted to shake hands with him--the crowd1 instead of shouting fool1 now whispered among themselves1 ,he's a great man--a very great man1 indeed4 ,footnote #e3 ,see map in paragraph #ee4 ,footnote #f3 ,see map in paragraph #ee4 #aih4 ,the first steamboat in the west2 the ,great ,shake4--,four years later ,fulton built a steamboat for the west4 ,in the autumn of #ahaa it started from ,pittsburg#g to go down the ,ohio ,river1 and then down the ,mississippi to ,new ,orleans4 ,the people of the west had never seen a steamboat before1 and when the ,indians saw the smoke puffing out1 they called it the ,big ,fire ,canoe4 ,on the way down the river there was a terrible earthquake4 ,in some places it changed the course of the ,ohio so that where there had been dry land there was now deep water1 and where there had been deep water there was now dry land4 ,one evening the captain of the ,big ,fire ,canoe fastened his vessel to a large tree on the end of an island4 ,in the morning the people on the steamboat looked out1 but could not tell where they were2 the island had gone3 the earthquake had carried it away4 ,the ,indians called the earthquake the ,big ,shake3 it was a good name1 for it kept on shaking that part of the country1 and doing all sorts of damage for weeks4 ,footnote #g3 ,pittsburg3 see map in paragraph #ace4 #aii4 ,the ,big ,fire ,canoe on the ,mississippi2 the fight between steam and the ,great ,river2 what steamboats did2 ,robert ,fulton's grave4--,when the steamboat reached the ,mississippi1 the settlers on that river said that the boat would never be able to go back1 because the current is so strong4 ,at one place a crowd had gathered to see her as she turned against the current1 in order to come up to the landing-place4 ,an old negro stood watching the boat4 ,it looked as if in spite of all the captain could do she would be carried down stream1 but at last steam conquered1 and the boat came up to the shore4 ,then the old negro could hold in no longer3 he threw up his ragged straw hat and shouted1 ',hoo-ray6 hoo-ray6 the old ,mississippi's just got her master this time1 sure6' ,soon steamboats began to run regularly on the ,mississippi1 and in the course of a few years they began to move up and down the ,great ,lakes and the ,missouri ,river4 ,emigrants could now go to the west and the far west quickly and easily3 they had to thank ,robert ,fulton for that4 ,robert ,fulton lies buried in ,new ,york1 in the shadow of the tower of ,trinity ,church4 ,there is no monument or mark over his grave1 but he has a monument in every steamboat on every great river and lake in ,america4 ,illustration3 ,,tower ,,of ,,trinity ,,church4 #bjj4 ,summary4--,in #ahjg ,robert ,fulton of ,pennsylvania built the first steamboat which ran on the ,hudson ,river1 and four years later he built the first one which navigated the rivers of the west4 ,his boats helped to fill the whole western country with settlers4 ,what did ,mr4 ,livingston say about ,louisiana8 ,what did such people think we were like8 ,what would a traveller going west then find8 ,what is said of the country west of the ,mississippi8 ,who helped emigration to the west8 ,what did he find8 ,tell about ,robert ,fulton as a boy4 ,tell about his paddle-wheel scow4 ,what did ,robert do for his mother8 ,where did he go8 ,how long did he stay abroad8 ,tell about his diving-boat4 ,what did he do with it in ,france8 ,what in ,england8 ,what did the ,english people offer him8 ,what did ,fulton say8 ,where did ,fulton make and try his first steamboat8 ,tell about the steamboat he made in ,new ,york4 ,how far up the ,hudson did it go8 ,tell about the first steamboat at the west4 ,what did the ,indians call it8 ,what happened on the way down the ,ohio ,river8 ,tell about the steamboat on the ,mississippi ,river4 ,what is said of steamboats at the west8 ,what about emigrants8 ,where is ,fulton buried8 ,where is his monument8 ,,general ,,william ,,henry ,,harrison 7#aggc-ahda74 #bja4 ,war with the ,indians2 how the ,indians felt about being forced to leave their homes2 the story of the log4--,the year #ahaa1 in which the first steamboat went west1 a great battle was fought with the ,indians4 ,the battle-ground was on the ,tippecanoe#a ,river1 in what is now the state of ,indiana4 ,illustration3 ,map of ,indiana and the ,tippecanoe ,river4 ,the ,indians fought because they wanted to keep the west for themselves4 ,they felt as an old chief did1 who had been forced to move many times by the white men4 ,one day a military officer came to his wigwam to tell him that he and his tribe must go still further west4 ,the chief said1 ,general1 let's sit down on this log and talk it over4 ,so they both sat down4 ,after they had talked a short time1 the chief said1 ,please move a little further that way2 ,i haven't room enough4 ,the officer moved along4 ,in a few minutes the chief asked him to move again1 and he did so4 ,presently the chief gave him a push and said1 ,do move further on1 won't you8 ,i can't1 said the general4 ,why not8 asked the chief4 ,because ,i've got to the end of the log1 replied the officer4 ,well1 said the ,indian1 now you see how it is with us4 ,you white men have kept pushing us on until you have pushed us clear to the end of our country1 and yet you come now and say1 ,move on1 move on4 ,illustration3 ,,move ,,on4 ,footnote #a3 ,tippecanoe 7,tip-pe-ka-noo'73 see map in this paragraph4 #bjb4 ,what ,tecumseh#b and his brother1 the ,prophet1#c tried to do4--,a famous ,indian warrior named ,tecumseh determined to band the different ,indian tribes together1 and drive out the white men from the west4 ,tecumseh had a brother called the ,prophet1 who pretended he could tell what would happen in the future4 ,he said1 ,the white traders come here1 give the ,indians whiskey1 get them drunk1 and then cheat them out of their lands4 ,once we owned this whole country2 now1 if an ,indian strips a little bark off of a tree to shelter him when it rains1 a white man steps up1 with a gun in his hand1 and says1 ,that's my tree2 let it alone1 or ,i'll shoot you4 ,then the ,prophet said to the red men1 ,stop drinking fire-water1#d and you will have strength to kill off the pale-faces and get your land back again4 ,when you have killed them off1 ,i will bless the earth4 ,i will make pumpkins#e grow to be as big as wigwams1 and the corn shall be so large that one ear will be enough for a dinner for a dozen hungry ,indians4 ,the ,indians liked to hear these things2 they wanted to taste those pumpkins and that corn1 and so they got ready to fight4 ,footnote #b3 ,tecumseh 7,te-kum'seh74 ,footnote #c3 ,prophet 7prof'et73 one who tells what will happen in the future4 ,footnote #d3 ,fire-water3 the ,indian name for whiskey4 ,footnote #e3 ,pumpkins 7pump'kins74 #bjc4 ,who ,william ,henry ,harrison was2 the march to ,tippecanoe2 the ,prophet's sacred beans2 the battle of ,tippecanoe4--,at this time ,william ,henry ,harrison#f was governor of ,indiana territory4 ,he had fought under ,general ,wayne#g in his war with the ,indians in ,ohio4 ,everybody knew ,governor ,harrison's courage1 and the ,indians all respected him2 but he tried in vain to prevent the ,indians from going to war4 ,the ,prophet urged them on at the north1 and ,tecumseh had gone south to persuade the ,indians there to join the northern tribes4 ,illustration3 ,,governor ,,harrison ,,talking ,,with ,,the ,,prophet4 ,governor ,harrison saw that a battle must soon be fought2 so he started with his soldiers to meet the ,indians4 ,he marched to the ,tippecanoe ,river1 and there he stopped4 ,while ,harrison's men were asleep in the woods1 the ,prophet told the ,indians not to wait1 but to attack the soldiers at once4 ,in his hand he held up a string of beans4 ,these beans1 said he to the ,indians1 are sacred4#h ,come and touch them1 and you are safe2 no white man's bullet can hit you4 ,the ,indians hurried up in crowds to touch the wonderful beans4 ,now1 said the ,prophet1 let each one take his hatchet in one hand and his gun in the other1 and creep through the tall grass till he gets to the edge of the woods4 ,the soldiers lie there fast asleep2 when you get close to them1 spring up and at them like a wild-cat at a rabbit4 ,the ,indians started to do this1 but a soldier on guard saw the tall grass moving as though a great snake was gliding through it4 ,he fired his gun at the moving grass2 with a yell up sprang the whole band of ,indians1 and rushed forward3 in a moment the battle began4 ,harrison won the victory4 ,he not only killed many of the ,indians1 but he marched against their village1 set fire to it1 and burned it to ashes4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,tippecanoe4 ,after that the ,indians in that part of the country would not listen to the ,prophet4 ,they said1 ,he is a liar2 his beans didn't save us4 ,the battle of ,tippecanoe did much good1 because it prevented the ,indian tribes from uniting and beginning a great war all through the west4 ,governor ,harrison received high praise for what he had done1 and was made a general in the ,united ,states army4 ,footnote #f3 ,william ,henry ,harrison was born in ,berkeley1 ,charles ,city ,county1 ,virginia1 about twenty-five miles below ,richmond4 ,his father1 ,governor ,harrison of ,virginia1 was one of the signers of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,footnote #g3 ,see paragraph #agc4 ,footnote #h3 ,sacred3 something holy1 or set apart for religious uses4 #bjd4 ,tecumseh takes the ,prophet by the hair2 the ,war of #ahab2 ,general ,harrison's battle in ,canada2 ,president ,harrison4--,when ,tecumseh came back from the south1 he was terribly angry with his brother for fighting before he was ready to have him begin4 ,he seized the ,prophet by his long hair1 and shook him as a terrier#i shakes a rat4 ,tecumseh then left the ,united ,states and went to ,canada to help the ,british1 who were getting ready to fight us4 ,the next year 7#ahab7 we began our second war with ,england4 ,it is called the ,war of #ahab4 ,one of the chief reasons why we fought was that the ,british would not let our merchant ships alone2 they stopped them at sea1 took thousands of our sailors out of them1 and forced the men to serve in their war-ships in their battles against the ,french4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,capitol ,,at ,,washington ,,in ,,flames ,,in ,,the ,,war ,,of #ahab4 ,in the course of the ,war of #ahab the ,british burned the ,capitol at ,washington2 but a grander building rose from its ashes4 ,general ,harrison fought a battle in ,canada in which he defeated the ,british and killed ,tecumseh1 who was fighting on the side of the ,english4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,dome ,,of ,,the ,,capitol ,,at ,,washington ,,as ,,it ,,now ,,appears4 ,many years after this battle1 the people of the west said1 ,we must have the ,hero of ,tippecanoe for ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,they went to vote for him with songs and shouts1 and he was elected4 ,a month after he had gone to ,washington1 ,president ,harrison died 7#ahda71 and the whole country was filled with sorrow4 ,footnote #i3 ,terrier 7ter'ri-er73 a kind of small hunting-dog4 #bje4 ,summary4--,in #ahaa ,general ,harrison gained a great victory over the ,indians at ,tippecanoe1 in ,indiana4 ,by that victory he saved the west from a terrible ,indian war4 ,in the ,war of #ahab with ,england ,general ,harrison beat the ,british in a battle in ,canada1 and killed ,tecumseh1 the ,indian chief who had made us so much trouble4 ,many years later ,general ,harrison was elected ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,where was a great battle fought with the ,indians in #ahaa8 ,how did the ,indians feel about the west8 ,tell the story of the log4 ,what did ,tecumseh determine to do8 ,tell about the ,prophet4 ,who was ,william ,henry ,harrison8 ,tell about the battle of ,tippecanoe4 ,tell about the sacred beans4 ,what did the ,indians say about the ,prophet after the battle8 ,what good did the battle of ,tippecanoe do8 ,what did ,tecumseh do when he got back8 ,where did he then go8 ,what happened in #ahab8 ,why did we fight the ,british8 ,what did ,general ,harrison do in ,canada8 ,what did the people of the west say8 ,how long did ,general ,harrison live after he became ,president8 ,,general ,,andrew ,,jackson 7#agfg-ahde74 #bjf4 ,andrew ,jackson and the ,war of #ahab2 his birthplace2 his school2 wrestling-matches2#a firing off the gun4--,the greatest battle of our second war with ,england--the ,war of #ahab--was fought by ,general ,andrew ,jackson4 ,he was the son of a poor emigrant who came from the ,north of ,ireland and settled in ,north ,carolina4#b ,when ,thomas ,jefferson wrote the ,declaration of ,independence in #aggf1 ,andrew was nine years old1 and his father had long been dead4 ,he was a tall1 slender1 freckled-faced1 barefooted boy1 with eyes full of fun2 the neighbors called him ,mischievous little ,andy4 ,he went to school in a log hut in the pine woods2 but he learned more things from what he saw in the woods than from the books he studied in school4 ,he was not a very strong boy1 and in wrestling some of his companions could throw him three times out of four2 but though they could get him down without much trouble1 it was quite another thing to keep him down4 ,no sooner was he laid flat on his back1 than he bounded up like a steel spring1 and stood ready to try again4 ,he had a violent#c temper1 and when1 as the boys said1 ,andy got mad all over1 not many cared to face him4 ,once some of his playmates secretly loaded an old gun almost up to the muzzle1 and then dared him to fire it4 ,they wanted to see what he would say when it kicked him over4 ,andrew fired the gun4 ,it knocked him sprawling2 he jumped up with eyes blazing with anger1 and shaking his fist1 cried out1 ,if one of you boys laughs1 ,i'll kill him4 ,he looked as though he meant exactly what he said1 and the boys thought that perhaps it would be just as well to wait and laugh some other day4 ,illustration3 ,,andy ,,and ,,the ,,gun4 ,footnote #a3 ,wrestling 7res'ling74 ,footnote #b3 ,he settled in ,union ,county1 ,north ,carolina1 very near the ,south ,carolina line4 ,see map in paragraph #adj4 ,mecklenburg ,court ,house is in the next county west of ,union ,county4 ,footnote #c3 ,violent3 fierce1 furious4 #bjg4 ,tarleton's#d attack on the ,americans2 how ,andrew helped his mother4--,when ,andrew was thirteen1 he learned what war means4 ,the country was then fighting the battles of the ,revolution4 ,a ,british officer named ,tarleton came suddenly upon some ,american soldiers near the place where young ,jackson lived4 ,tarleton had so many men that the ,americans saw that it was useless to try to fight1 and they made no attempt to do so4 ,the ,british should have taken them all prisoners2 but1 instead of that1 they attacked them furiously1 and hacked and hewed them with their swords4 ,more than a hundred of our men were left dead1 and a still larger number were so horribly wounded that they could not be moved any distance4 ,such an attack was not war1 for war means a fair1 stand-up fight2 it was murder3 and when the people in ,england heard what ,tarleton had done1 many cried ,shame6 ,there was a little log meeting-house near ,andrew's home1 and it was turned into a hospital for the wounded men4 ,mrs4 ,jackson1 with other kind-hearted women1 did all she could for the poor fellows who lay there groaning and helpless4 ,andrew carried food and water to them4 ,he had forgotten most of the lessons he learned at school1 but here was something he would never forget4 ,footnote #d3 ,tarleton 7,tarl'ton74 #bjh4 ,andrew's hatred of the red-coats2#e ,tarleton's soldiers meet their match4--,from that time1 when young ,jackson went to the blacksmith's shop to get a hoe or a spade mended1 he was sure to come back with a rude spear1 or with some other weapon1 which he had hammered out to fight the red-coats with4 ,tarleton said that no people in ,america hated the ,british so much as those who lived where ,andrew ,jackson did4 ,the reason was that no other ,british officer was so cruel as ,butcher ,tarleton1 as he was called4 ,once1 however1 his men met their match4 ,they were robbing a farm of its pigs and chickens and corn and hay4 ,when they got through carrying things off1 they were going to burn down the farm-house2 but one of the red-coats1 in his haste1 ran against a big hive of bees and upset it4 ,the bees were mad enough4 ,they swarmed down on the soldiers1 got into their ears and eyes1 and stung them so terribly that at last the robbers were glad to drop everything and run4 ,if ,andrew could have seen that battle1 he would have laughed till he cried4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bees ,,beat ,,the ,,red-,,coats4 ,footnote #e3 ,red-coats3 this nickname was given by the ,americans to the ,british soldiers because they wore bright red coats4 #bji4 ,dangerous state of the country2 the roving bands4--,andrew knew that he and his mother lived in constant danger4 ,part of the people in his state were in favor of the king1 and part were for liberty4 ,bands of armed men1 belonging sometimes to one side1 and sometimes to the other1 went roving about the country4 ,when they met a farmer1 they would stop him and ask1 ',which side are you for8' ,if he did not answer to suit them1 the leader of the party would cry out1 ,hang him up6 ,in an instant one of the band would cut down a long piece of wild grapevine1 twist it into a noose1 and throw it over the man's head2 the next moment he would be dangling from the limb of a tree4 ,sometimes the band would let him down again2 sometimes they would ride on and leave him hanging there4 #baj4 ,playing at battle2 what ,tarleton heard about himself4--,even the children saw and heard so much of the war that was going on that they played at war1 and fought battles with red and white corn1--red for the ,british and white for the ,americans4 ,at the battle of ,cowpens#f ,colonel ,william ,washington#g fought on the ,american side1 and ,tarleton got badly whipped and had to run4 ,not long afterward he happened to see some boys squatting on the ground1 with a lot of corn instead of marbles4 ,they were playing the battle of ,cowpens4 ,a red kernel stood for ,tarleton1 and a white one for ,colonel ,washington4 ,the boys shoved the corn this way and that2 sometimes the red would win1 sometimes the white4 ,at last the white kernel gained the victory1 and the boys shouted1 ,hurrah for ,washington--,tarleton runs6 ,tarleton had been quietly looking on without their knowing it4 ,when he saw how the game ended1 he turned angrily away4 ,he had seen enough of the little rebels1#h as he called them4 ,footnote #f3 ,cowpens3 see paragraph #adj4 ,footnote #g3 ,colonel ,william ,washington was a relative of ,general ,george ,washington4 ,footnote #h3 ,rebels3 this was the name which the ,british gave to the ,americans because we had been forced to take up arms to overthrow the authority of the ,english king1 who was still lawfully1 but not justly1 the ruler of this country4 ,had he been a just and upright ruler1 there would probably have been no rebellion against his authority at that time4 #baa4 ,andrew is taken prisoner by the ,british2 ,here1 boy1 clean those boots2 the two scars4--,not long after our victory at ,cowpens1 ,andrew ,jackson was taken prisoner by the ,british4 ,the officer in command of the soldiers had just taken off his boots1 splashed with mud4 ,pointing to them1 he said to ,andrew1 ,here1 boy1 clean those boots4 ,andrew replied1 ,sir1 ,i am a prisoner of war1 and it is not my place to clean boots4 ,the officer1 in a great passion1 whipped out his sword and struck a blow at the boy4 ,it cut a gash on his head and another on his hand4 ,andrew ,jackson lived to be an old man1 but the marks of that blow never disappeared3 he carried the scars to his grave4 ,illustration3 ,,andrew ,,jackson ,,and ,,the ,,officer',s ,,boots4 #bab4 ,the prisoners in the yard of ,camden jail2 seeing a battle through a knot-hole4--,andrew was sent with other prisoners to ,camden1 ,south ,carolina1#i and shut up in the jail-yard4 ,there many fell sick and died of small-pox4 ,one day some of the prisoners heard that ,general ,greene--the greatest ,american general in the ,revolution1 next to ,washington--was coming to fight the ,british at ,camden4 ,andrew's heart leaped for joy1 for he knew that if ,general ,greene should win he would set all the prisoners at liberty4 ,general ,greene1 with his little army1 was on a hill in sight ,of the jail1 but there was a high1 tight board fence round the jail-yard1 and the prisoners could not see them4 ,with the help of an old razor ,andrew managed to dig out a knot from one of the boards4 ,through that knot-hole he watched the battle4 ,our men were beaten in the fight1 and ,andrew saw their horses1 with empty saddles1 running wildly about4 ,then the boy turned away1 sick at heart4 ,soon after that he was seized with the small-pox1 and would have died of it if his mother had not succeeded in getting him set free4 ,footnote #i3 ,camden3 see map in paragraph #adj4 #bac4 ,mrs4 ,jackson goes to visit the ,american prisoners at ,charleston2 ,andrew loses his best friend2 what he said of her4--,in the summer ,mrs4 ,jackson made a journey on horseback to ,charleston1 a hundred and sixty miles away4 ,she went to carry some little comforts to the poor ,american prisoners1 who were starving and dying of disease in the crowded and filthy ,british prison-ships in the harbor4 ,while visiting these unfortunate men she caught the fever which raged among them4 ,two weeks later she was in her grave1 and ,andrew1 then a lad of fourteen1 stood alone in the world4 ,years afterward1 when he had risen to be a noted man1 people would sometimes praise him because he was never afraid to say and do what he believed to be right2 then ,jackson would answer1 ,that ,i learned from my good old mother4 #bad4 ,andrew begins to learn a trade2 he studies law and goes west2 ,judge ,jackson2 ,general ,jackson4--,andrew set to work to learn the saddler's trade1 but gave it up and began to study law4 ,after he became a lawyer he went across the mountains to ,nashville1 ,tennessee4 ,there he was made a judge4 ,there were plenty of rough men in that part of the country who meant to have their own way in all things2 but they soon found that they must respect and obey ,judge ,jackson4 ,they could frighten other judges1 but it was no use to try to frighten him4 ,seeing what sort of stuff ,jackson was made of1 they thought that they should like to have such a man to lead them in battle4 ,and so ,judge ,andrew ,jackson became ,general ,andrew ,jackson4 ,when trouble came with the ,indians1 ,jackson proved to be the very man they needed4 #bae4 ,tecumseh and the ,indians of ,alabama2 ,tecumseh threatens to stamp his foot on the ground2 the earthquake2 war begins4--,we have already seen how the ,indian chief ,tecumseh#aj went south to stir up the red men to make war on the white settlers in the west4 ,in ,alabama he told the ,indians that if they fought they would gain a great victory4 ,i see1 said ,tecumseh to them1 that you don't believe what ,i say1 and that you don't mean to fight4 ,well1 ,i am now going north to ,detroit4 ,when ,i get there ,i shall stamp my foot on the ground1 and shake down every wigwam you have4 ,it so happened that1 shortly after ,tecumseh had gone north1 a sharp shock of earthquake was felt in ,alabama1 and the wigwams were actually shaken down by it4 ,when the terrified ,indians felt their houses falling to pieces1 they ran out of them1 shouting1 ,tecumseh has got to ,detroit6 ,these ,indians now believed all that ,tecumseh had said2 they began to attack the white people1 and they killed a great number of them4 ,footnote #aj3 ,tecumseh3 see paragraph #bjc4 #baf4 ,jackson conquers the ,indians2 the ,holy ,ground2 ,weathersford and ,jackson2 feeding the starving4--,general ,jackson marched against the ,indians and beat them in battle4 ,the ,indians that escaped fled to a place they called the ,holy ,ground41 ,they believed that if a white man dared to set his foot on that ground he would be struck dead as if by a flash of lightning4 ,general ,jackson and his men marched on to the ,holy ,ground1 and the ,indians found that unless they made peace they would be the ones who would be struck dead by his bullets4 ,illustration3 ,,general ,,jackson ,,and ,,the ,,indian ,,chief4 ,not long after this1 a noted leader of the ,indians1 named ,weathersford1 rode boldly up to ,jackson's tent4 ,kill him6 kill him6 cried ,jackson's men2 but the general asked ,weathersford into his tent4 ,you can kill me if you want to1 said he to ,jackson1 but ,i came to tell you that the ,indian women and children are starving in the woods1 and to ask you to help them1 for they never did you any harm4 ,general ,jackson sent away ,weathersford in safety1 and ordered that corn should be given to feed the starving women and children4 ,that act showed that he was as merciful as he was brave4 #bag4 ,the ,british send war-ships to take ,new ,orleans2 the great battle and the great victory4--,these things happened during our second war with ,england1 or the ,war of #ahab4 ,about a year after ,jackson's victory over the ,indians the ,british sent an army in ships to take ,new ,orleans4 ,general ,jackson now went to ,new ,orleans1 to prevent the enemy from getting possession of the city4 ,about four miles below the city1 which stands on the ,mississippi ,river1#aa there was a broad1 deep ditch1 running from the river into a swamp4 ,jackson saw that the ,british would have to cross that ditch when they marched against the city4 ,for that reason he built a high bank on the upper side of the ditch1 and placed cannon along the top of the bank4 ,early on ,sunday morning1 ,january #hth1 #ahae1 the ,british sent a rocket whizzing up into the sky2 a few minutes afterward they sent up a second one4 ,it was the signal that they were about to march to attack us4 ,illustration3 ,,battle ,,of ,,new ,,orleans4 ,just before the fight began ,general ,jackson walked along among his men1 who were getting ready to defend the ditch4 ,he said to them1 ,stand to your guns2 see that every shot tells3 give it to them1 boys6 ,the boys did give it to them4 ,the ,british soldiers were brave men2 they had been in many terrible battles1 and they were not afraid to die4 ,they fought desperately2 they tried again and again to cross that ditch and climb the bank1 but they could not do it4 ,the fire of our guns cut them down just as a mower cuts down the tall grain with his scythe4#ab ,in less than half an hour the great battle was over2 ,jackson had won the victory and saved ,new ,orleans4 ,we lost only eight killed2 the enemy lost over two thousand4#ac ,we have never had a battle since with ,england2 it is to be hoped that we never shall have another1 for two great nations#ad like ,england and ,america1 that speak the same language1 ought to be firm and true friends4 ,illustration3 ,,monument ,,to ,,general ,,jackson ,,at ,,new ,,orleans4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see map in paragraph #bah4 ,footnote #ab3 ,scythe 7sithe74 ,footnote #ac3 ,killed and wounded4 ,footnote #ad3 ,nations3 a nation is a people born in the same country and living under the same government2 as the ,american nation1 the ,french nation1 the ,english nation4 #bah4 ,we buy ,florida2 ,general ,jackson made ,president of the ,united ,states2 the first railroad4--,after the battle of ,new ,orleans ,general ,jackson conquered the ,indians in ,florida1 and in #ahai we bought that country of ,spain1 and so made the ,united ,states much larger on the south4#ae ,this was our second great land purchase4#af ,illustration3 ,the light parts of this map show the extent of the ,united ,states in #ahai1 after we had bought and added ,florida4 ,the black and white bars in the northwest show that the ownership of the ,oregon country was still in dispute between the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain4 ,ten years after we got ,florida ,general ,jackson became ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,he had fought his way up4 ,here are the four steps3 first the boy1 ,andy ,jackson2 then ,judge ,jackson2 then ,general ,jackson2 last of all1 ,president ,jackson4 ,shortly after he became the chief ruler of the nation the first steam railroad in the ,united ,states was built 7#ahcj74 ,from that time such roads kept creeping further and further west4 ,the ,indians had frightened the white settlers with their terrible war-whoop4 ,now it was their turn to be frightened1 for the locomotive whistle#ag could beat their wildest yell4 ,they saw that the white man was coming as fast as steam could carry him1 and that he was determined to get possession of the whole land4 ,the greater part of the ,indians moved across the ,mississippi2 but the white man kept following them and following the buffalo further and further across the country1 toward the ,pacific ,ocean2 and the railroad followed in the white man's track4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,great ,,steel ,,railroad ,,bridge ,,across ,,the ,,mississippi ,,river ,,at ,,st4 ,,louis4 7,built by ,captain ,eads1 and completed in #ahgd47 ,illustration3 ,,niagara ,,suspension ,,bridge4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see map in this paragraph4 ,footnote #af3 ,for our first land purchase see paragraph #ahh4 ,footnote #ag3 ,the first steam railroad built in the ,united ,states extended from ,baltimore to ,ellicott's ,mills1 ,maryland1 a distance of twelve miles4 ,it was opened in #ahcj4 ,it forms a part of the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad4 #bai4 ,summary4--,andrew ,jackson of ,north ,carolina gained a great victory over the ,indians in ,alabama and also in ,florida4 ,in #ahae1 in our second war with ,england1 ,general ,jackson whipped the ,british at ,new ,orleans1 and so prevented their getting possession of that city4 ,a few years later we bought ,florida of ,spain4 ,after ,general ,jackson became ,president of the ,united ,states the first steam-railroad was built in this country4 ,railroads helped to settle the west and build up states beyond the ,mississippi4 ,who fought the greatest battle of the ,war of #ahab8 ,tell about ,andrew ,jackson's boyhood4 ,tell the story of the gun4 ,tell about ,tarleton4 ,what did ,mrs4 ,jackson do8 ,what did ,andrew do8 ,what did ,andrew use to do at the blacksmith shop8 ,tell about ,tarleton's men and the bees4 ,what did bands of armed men use to do in the country where ,andrew lived8 ,tell about playing at battle4 ,what did ,tarleton say8 ,tell about ,andrew and the boots4 ,tell how he saw a battle through a knot-hole4 ,tell how ,andrew's mother died4 ,what did he say about her8 ,tell about ,andrew ,jackson as a judge4 ,why was he made a general8 ,tell about ,tecumseh and the ,alabama ,indians4 ,after ,general ,jackson had beaten the ,indians1 where did they go8 ,what is said about the ,holy ,ground4 ,what about ,jackson and ,weathersford8 ,tell about the great battle of ,new ,orleans4 ,who gained the victory8 ,when did we buy ,florida8 ,what were the four steps in ,andrew ,jackson's life8 ,what is said about railroads8 ,,professor ,,morse 7#agia-ahgb74 #bbj4 ,how they sent the news of the completion of the ,erie ,canal to ,new ,york ,city2 ,franklin and ,morse4--,the ,erie ,canal1 in the state of ,new ,york1 connects the ,hudson ,river at ,albany with ,lake ,erie at ,buffalo4 ,it is the greatest work of the kind in ,america1 and was completed many years ago4 ,when the water was let into the canal from the lake1 the news was flashed from ,buffalo to ,new ,york ,city by a row of cannon1 about five miles apart1 which were fired as rapidly as possible one after the other4 ,the first cannon was fired at ,buffalo at ten o'clock in the morning2 the last was fired at ,new ,york at half-past eleven4 ,in an hour and a half the sound had travelled over five hundred miles4 ,everybody said that was wonderfully quick work2 but to-day we could send the news in less than a minute4 ,the man who found out how to do this was ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,they ,,flashed ,,the ,,news ,,of ,,the ,,completion ,,of ,,the ,,erie ,,canal ,,in #ahbe4 ,we have seen how ,benjamin ,franklin#a discovered1 by means of his kite1 that lightning and electricity are the same4 ,samuel ,morse was born in ,charlestown1 ,massachusetts1 about a mile from ,franklin's birthplace1 the year after that great man died4 ,he began his work where ,franklin left off4 ,he said to himself1 ,dr4 ,franklin found out what lightning is2 ,i will find out how to harness it and make it carry news and deliver messages4#b ,footnote #a3 ,see paragraph #aai4 ,footnote #b3 ,messages3 a message is any word sent by one person to another4 #bba4 ,morse becomes a painter2 what he thought might be done about sending messages4--,when ,samuel ,morse was a little boy1 he was fond of drawing pictures1 particularly faces2 if he could not get a pencil1 he would scratch them with a pin on the furniture at school3 the only pay he got for making such pictures was some smart raps from the teacher4 ,after he became a man he learned to paint4 ,at one time he lived in ,france with several other ,american artists4 ,one day they were talking of how long it took to get letters from ,america1 and they were wishing the time could be shortened4 ,somebody spoke of how cannon had been used at the time of the opening of the ,erie ,canal4 ,morse was familiar with all that2 he had been educated at ,yale ,college1 and he knew that the sound of a gun will travel a mile while you are counting five2 but quick as that is1 he wanted to find something better and quicker still4 ,he said1 ,why not try lightning or electricity8 ,that will beat sound1 for that will go more than a thousand miles while you are counting one4 #bbb4 ,what a telegraph#c is2 a wire telegraph2 ,professor ,morse invents the electric telegraph4--,some time after that1 ,mr4 ,morse set sail for ,america4 ,on the way across the ,atlantic he was constantly talking about electricity and how a telegraph--that is1 a machine which would write at a distance--might be invented4 ,he thought about this so much that he could not sleep nights4 ,at last he believed that he saw how he could make such a machine4 ,illustration3 ,,one ,,kind ,,of ,,telegraph4 ,suppose you take a straight and stiff piece of wire as long as your desk and fasten it in the middle so that the ends will swing easily4 ,next tie a pencil tight to each end2 then put a sheet of paper under the point of each pencil4 ,now1 if you make a mark with the pencil nearest to you1 you will find that the pencil at the other end of the wire will make the same kind of mark4 ,such a wire would be a kind of telegraph1 because it would make marks or signs at a distance4 ,mr4 ,morse said3 ,i will have a wire a mile long with a pencil1 or something sharp-pointed like a pencil1 fastened to the further end2 the wire itself shall not move at all1 but the pencil shall1 for ,i will make electricity run along the wire and move it4 ,mr4 ,morse was then a professor or teacher in the ,university of the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,he put up such a wire in one of the rooms of the building1 sent the electricity through it1 and found that it made the pencil make just the marks he wanted it should2 that meant that he had invented the electric telegraph2 for if he could do this over a mile of wire1 then what was to hinder his doing it over a hundred or even a thousand miles8 ,illustration3 ,,professor ,,morse ,,at ,,work ,,making ,,his ,,telegraph4 ,footnote #c3 ,telegraph 7tel'e-graf73 this name is made up of two ,greek words1 the first of which means far off1 and the second to write4 #bbc4 ,how ,professor ,morse lived while he was making his telegraph4--,but all this was not done in a day1 for this invention cost years of patient labor4 ,at first1 ,mr4 ,morse lived in a little room by himself3 there he worked and ate1 when he could get anything to eat2 and slept1 if he wasn't too tired to sleep4 ,later1 he had a room in the university4 ,while he was there he painted pictures to get money enough to buy food2 there1 too 7#ahci71 he took the first photograph ever made in ,america4 ,yet with all his hard work there were times when he had to go hungry1 and once he told a young man that if he did not get some money he should be dead in a week--dead of starvation4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,copy ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,photograph ,,made ,,in ,,america4 7,the tower of the ,church of the ,messiah1 in ,new ,york4 ,the church is no longer standing47 #bbd4 ,professor ,morse gets help about his telegraph2 what ,alfred ,vail did4--,but better times were coming4 ,a young man named ,alfred ,vail#d happened to see ,professor ,morse's telegraph4 ,he believed it would be successful4 ,he persuaded his father1 ,judge ,vail1 to lend him two thousand dollars1 and he became ,professor ,morse's partner in the work4 ,mr4 ,vail was an excellent mechanic1 and he made many improvements in the telegraph4 ,he then made a model#e of it at his own expense1 and took it to ,washington and got a patent#f for it in ,professor ,morse's name4 ,the invention was now safe in one way1 for no one else had the right to make a telegraph like his4 ,yet1 though he had this help1 ,professor ,morse did not get on very fast1 for a few years later he said1 ,i have not a cent in the world2 ,i am crushed for want of means4 ,footnote #d3 ,alfred ,vail3 he was the son of ,stephen ,vail 7commonly known as ,judge ,vail71 owner of the ,speedwell iron-works1 near ,morristown1 ,new ,jersey4 ,judge ,vail built the engines of the ,savannah1 the first steamship which crossed the ,atlantic4 ,footnote #e3 ,model3 a small copy or representation of something4 ,professor ,morse made a small telegraph and sent it to ,washington1 to show what his large telegraph would be like4 ,footnote #f3 ,patent3 a written or printed right given by the government at ,washington to an inventor to make something2 as1 for instance1 a telegraph or a sewing-machine4 ,the patent forbids any one except the inventor1 or holder of the patent1 from making such a machine1 and so he gets whatever money comes from his work4 ,in order to get a patent1 a man must send a model of his invention to be placed in the ,patent ,office at ,washington4 #bbe4 ,professor ,morse asks ,congress to help him build a telegraph line2 what ,congress thought4--,professor ,morse now asked ,congress to let him have thirty thousand dollars to construct a telegraph line from ,washington to ,baltimore4 ,he felt sure that business men would be glad to send messages by telegraph1 and to pay him for his work4 ,but many members of ,congress laughed at it1 and said they might as well give ,professor ,morse the money to build a railroad to the moon4 ,week after week went by1 and the last day that ,congress would sit was reached1 but still no money had been granted4 ,then came the last night of the last day 7,march #c;d1 #ahdc74 ,professor ,morse stayed in the ,senate ,chamber#g of ,congress until after ten o'clock2 then1 tired and disappointed he went back to his hotel1 thinking that he must give up trying to build his telegraph line4 ,footnote #g3 ,senate ,chamber3 ,congress 7or the body of persons chosen to make the laws of the ,united ,states7 is divided into two classes1--,representatives and ,senators2 they meet in different rooms or chambers in the ,capitol at ,washington4 #bbf4 ,miss ,annie ,ellsworth brings good news4--,the next morning ,miss ,annie ,g4 ,ellsworth met him as he was coming down to breakfast4 ,she was the daughter of his friend who had charge of the ,patent ,office in ,washington4 ,she came forward with a smile1 grasped his hand1 and said that she had good news for him1 that ,congress had decided to let him have the money4 ,surely you must be mistaken1 said the professor1 for ,i waited last night until nearly midnight1 and came away because nothing had been done4 ,but1 said the young lady1 my father stayed until it was quite midnight1 and a few minutes before the clock struck twelve ,congress voted#h the money2 it was the very last thing that was done4 ,professor ,morse was then a gray-haired man over fifty4 ,he had worked hard for years and got nothing for his labor4 ,this was his first great success4 ,he doesn't say whether he laughed or cried--perhaps he felt a little like doing both4 ,footnote #h3 ,voted3 here this word means given or granted4 #bbg4 ,the first telegraph line built2 the first message sent2 the telegraph and the telephone#i now4--,when1 at length1 ,professor ,morse did speak1 he said to ,miss ,ellsworth1 ,now1 ,annie1 when my line is built from ,washington to ,baltimore1 you shall send the first message over it4 ,in the spring of #ahdd the line was completed1 and ,miss ,ellsworth sent these words over it 7they are words taken from the ,bible73 ,what hath ,god wrought6#aj ,illustration3 ,,what ,,the ,,birds ,,think ,,telegraph ,,wires ,,were ,,put ,,up ,,for4 ,for nearly a year after that the telegraph was free to all who wished to use it2 then a small charge was made1 a very short message costing only one cent4 ,on the first of ,april1 #ahde1 a man came into the office and bought a cent's worth of telegraphing4 ,that was all the money which was taken that day for the use of forty miles of wire4 ,now there are about two hundred thousand miles of telegraph line in the ,united ,states1 or more than enough to reach eight times round the earth1 and the messages sent bring in over seventy thousand dollars every day2 and we can telegraph not only clear across ,america1 but clear across the ,atlantic ,ocean by a line laid under the sea4 ,professor ,morse's invention made it possible for people to write by electricity2 but now1 by means of the telephone1 a man in ,new ,york can talk with his friend in ,philadelphia1 ,boston1 and many other large cities1 and his friend listening at the other end of the wire can hear every word he says4 ,professor ,morse did not live long enough to see this wonderful invention1 which1 in some ways1 is an improvement even on his telegraph4 ,illustration3 ,,how ,a ,,message ,,by ,,telegraph ,,is ,,sent4#aa ,footnote #i3 ,telephone 7tel'e-fone73 this name is made up of two ,greek words1 the first of which means far off1 and the second1 a voice or sound4 ,the telephone was invented by ,professor ,alexander ,g4 ,bell of ,boston2 he completed it in #ahgf4 ,professor ,bell now lives in ,washington4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,num4 xxiii4 #bc4 ,footnote #aa3 ,when the button at ,chicago is pressed down1 the electricity passing over the wire to ,denver presses the point there down on the paper1 and so makes a dot or dash which stands for a letter on the roll of paper as it passes under it4 ,in this way words and messages are spelled out4 ,the message on the strip of paper above is the question1 ,how is trade8 #bbh4 ,summary4--,professor ,morse invented the ,electric ,telegraph4 ,he received much help from ,mr4 ,alfred ,vail4 ,in #ahdd ,professor ,morse and ,mr4 ,vail built the first line of telegraph in the ,united ,states1 or in the world4 ,it extended from ,washington to ,baltimore4 ,the telegraph makes it possible for us to send a written message thousands of miles in a moment2 by the telephone1 which was invented after ,professor ,morse's death1 we can talk with people who are several hundreds of miles away and hear what they say in reply4 ,tell how they sent the news of the completion of the ,erie ,canal4 ,what did ,samuel ,morse say to himself8 ,tell about ,morse as a painter4 ,what did he want to find8 ,what was he talking about on his voyage back to ,america8 ,what is a telegraph8 ,how can you make a small wire telegraph8 ,what did ,professor ,morse make8 ,how did he live8 ,what did he do in #ahci8 ,how did he get help about his telegraph8 ,what did he ask ,congress to do8 ,what did some men in ,congress say8 ,what news did ,miss ,annie ,ellsworth bring him8 ,what was the first message sent by telegraph in #ahdd8 ,how many miles of telegraph are there now in the ,united ,states8 ,is there a telegraph line under the sea8 ,what is said about the telephone8 ,,general ,,sam ,,houston 7#agic-ahfc7 #bbi4 ,sam ,houston and the ,indians2 ,houston goes to live with the ,indians4--,when ,general ,jackson whipped the ,indians in ,alabama1#a a young man named ,sam ,houston#b fought under ,jackson and was terribly wounded4 ,it was thought that the brave fellow would certainly die1 but his strong will carried him through1 and he lived to make himself a great name in the southwest4 ,although ,houston fought the ,indians1 yet1 when a boy1 he was very fond of them1 and spent much of his time with them in the woods of ,tennessee4 ,long after he became a man1 this love of the wild life led by the red men in the forest came back to him4 ,while ,houston was governor of ,tennessee 7#ahbi7 he suddenly made up his mind to leave his home and his friends1 go across the ,mississippi ,river1 and take up his abode with an ,indian tribe in that part of the country4 ,the chief1 who had known him as a boy1 gave him a hearty welcome4 ,rest with us1 he said2 my wigwam is yours4 ,houston stayed with the tribe three years4 ,illustration3 ,,sam ,,houston4 ,footnote #a3 ,see paragraph #baf4 ,footnote #b3 ,sam ,houston 7,hew'ston73 he always wrote his name ,sam ,houston2 he was born near ,lexington in ,rockbridge ,county1 ,virginia4 #bcj4 ,houston goes to ,texas2 what he said he would do2 the murders at ,alamo#c2 the flag with one star2 what ,houston did2 ,texas added to the ,united ,states2 our war with ,mexico4--,at the end of that time he said to a friend1 ,i am going to ,texas1 and in that new country ,i will make a man of myself4 ,texas then belonged to ,mexico2 and ,president ,andrew ,jackson had tried in vain to buy it as ,jefferson bought ,louisiana4 ,houston said1 ,i will make it part of the ,united ,states4 ,about twenty thousand ,americans had already moved into ,texas1 and they felt as he did4 ,war broke out between ,texas and ,mexico1 and ,general ,sam ,houston led the ,texan soldiers in their fight for independence4 ,he had many noted ,american pioneers#d and hunters in his little army3 one of them was the brave ,colonel ,travis#e of ,alabama2 another was ,colonel ,bowie#f of ,louisiana1 the inventor of the bowie knife2 still another was ,colonel ,david ,crockett of ,tennessee1 whose motto is a good one for every young ,american--,be sure you're right1 then--go ahead4 ,these men were all taken prisoners by the ,mexicans at ,fort ,alamo--an old ,spanish church in ,san ,antonio--and were cruelly murdered4 ,not long after that ,general ,houston fought a great battle near the city which is now called by his name4#g ,the ,mexicans had more than two men to every one of ,houston's2 but the ,americans and ,texans went into battle shouting the terrible cry ,remember the ,alamo6 and the ,mexicans fled before them like frightened sheep4 ,texas then became an independent state1 and elected ,general ,houston its president4 ,the people of ,texas raised a flag having on it a single star4 ,for this reason it was sometimes called1 as it still is1 the ,lone ,star ,state4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lone ,,star ,,flag4 ,texas was not contented to stand alone2 she begged the ,united ,states to add her to its great and growing family of states4 ,this was done#h in #ahde4 ,but1 as we shall presently see1 a war soon broke out 7#ahdf7 between the ,united ,states and ,mexico1 and when that war was ended we obtained a great deal more land at the west4 ,illustration3 ,map showing the extent of the ,united ,states after we added ,texas in #ahde4 ,the black and white bars show that the ownership of the ,oregon country was still in dispute between the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain4 ,footnote #c3 ,alamo 7,al'a-mo74 ,footnote #d3 ,pioneers3 those who go before to prepare the way for others2 the first settlers in a country are its pioneers4 ,footnote #e3 ,travis 7,tra'vis74 ,footnote #f3 ,bowie 7,bow'e74 ,footnote #g3 ,see map in this paragraph4 ,footnote #h3 ,see map in this paragraph4 #bca4 ,general ,sam ,houston in the great war between the ,north and the ,south2 what he said4--,we have seen the part which ,general ,sam ,houston took in getting new country to add to the ,united ,states4 ,he lived in ,texas for many years after that4 ,when1 in #ahfa1 the great war broke out between the ,north and the ,south1 ,general ,houston was governor of the state4 ,he withdrew from office and went home to his log cabin in ,huntsville4 ,he refused to take any part in the war1 for he loved the ,union1--that is1 the whole country1 ,north and ,south together1--and he said to his wife1 ,my heart is broken4 ,before the war ended he was laid in his grave4#i ,footnote #i3 ,general ,houston was buried at ,huntsville1 about eighty miles northwest of the city of ,houston1 ,texas4 #bcb4 ,summary4--,general ,sam ,houston of ,tennessee led the people of ,texas in their war against ,mexico4 ,the ,texans gained the victory1 and made their country an independent state with ,general ,houston as its president4 ,after a time ,texas was added to the ,united ,states4 ,we then had a war with ,mexico1 and added a great deal more land at the west4 ,general ,houston died during the war between the ,north and the ,south4 ,tell about ,sam ,houston and the ,indians4 ,where did ,houston go after he became governor of ,tennessee8 ,where did ,houston go next8 ,what did he say he would do about ,texas8 ,what was ,david ,crockett's motto8 ,what is said about ,fort ,alamo8 ,what about the battle with the ,mexicans8 ,what did ,texas become8 ,to what office was ,houston elected8 ,what is said of the ,texas flag8 ,when was ,texas added to the ,united ,states8 ,what war then broke out8 ,what did we get by that war8 ,what is said of ,general ,houston in the great war between the ,north and the ,south8 ,,captain ,,robert ,,gray 7#agee-ahjf74 #bcc4 ,captain ,gray goes to the ,pacific coast to buy furs2 he first carries the ,stars and ,stripes round the globe4--,not long after the war of the ,revolution had come to an end some merchants of ,boston sent out two vessels to ,vancouver#a ,island1 on the northwest coast of ,america4 ,the names of the vessels were the ,columbia and the ,lady ,washington1 and they sailed round ,cape ,horn into the ,pacific4 ,captain ,robert ,gray went out as commander of one of these vessels4#b ,he was born in ,rhode ,island#c and he had fought in one of our war-ships in the ,revolution4 ,captain ,gray was sent out by the ,boston merchants to buy furs from the ,indians on the ,pacific coast4 ,he had no difficulty in getting all he wanted1 for the savages were glad to sell them for very little4 ,in one case a chief let the captain have two hundred sea-otter skins such as are used for ladies' sacks1 and which were worth about eight thousand dollars1 for an old iron chisel4 ,after getting a valuable cargo of furs1 ,captain ,gray sailed in the ,columbia for ,china1 where he bought a quantity of tea4 ,he then went to the south1 round the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and keeping on toward the west he reached ,boston in the summer of #agij4 ,he had been gone about three years1 and he was the first man who carried the ,american flag clear round the globe4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,sea-,,otter4 ,footnote #a3 ,vancouver 7,van-koo'ver73 part of it is seen north of ,portland1 ,or41 paragraph #bcd4 ,footnote #b3 ,he commanded the ,lady ,washington at first1 and afterward the ,columbia4 ,footnote #c3 ,tiverton1 ,rhode ,island4 #bcd4 ,captain ,gray's second voyage to the ,pacific coast2 he enters a great river and names it the ,columbia2 the ,united ,states claims the ,oregon country2 we get ,oregon in #ahdf4--;,captain ,gray did not stay long at ,boston1 for he sailed again that autumn in the ,columbia for the ,pacific coast1 to buy more furs4 ,he stayed on that coast a long time4 ,in the spring of #agib he entered a great river and sailed up it a distance of nearly thirty miles4 ,he seems to have been the first white man who had ever actually entered it4 ,he named the vast stream the ,columbia ,river1 from the name of his vessel4 ,it is the largest ,american river which empties into the ,pacific ,ocean south of ,alaska4#d ,illustration3 ,,captain ,,gray ,,exploring ,,the ,,columbia ,,river1 ,,oregon4 ,captain ,gray returned to ,boston and gave an account of his voyage of exploration2 this led ,congress to claim the country through which the ,columbia flows#e as part of the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,,mount ,,hood1 ,,oregon4 ,after ,captain ,gray had been dead for forty years we came into possession1 in #ahdf1 of the immense territory then called the ,oregon ,country4 ,it was through what he had done that we got our first claim to that country which now forms the states of ,oregon and ,washington4 ,illustration3 ,map showing the extent of the ,united ,states after we added the ,oregon ,country in #ahdf4 ,illustration3 ,,emigrants ,,on ,,their ,,way ,,to ,,oregon ,,fifty ,,years ,,ago4 ,footnote #d3 ,the ,yukon ,river in ,alaska is larger than the ,columbia4 ,footnote #e3 ,the discovery and exploration of a river usually gives the right to a claim to the country watered by that river1 on the part of the nation to which the discoverer or explorer belongs4 #bce4 ,summary4--,a little over a hundred years ago 7#agij7 ,captain ,robert ,gray of ,rhode ,island first carried the ,american flag round the world4 ,in #agib he entered and named the ,columbia ,river4 ,because he did that the ,united ,states claimed the country--called the ,oregon ,country--through which that river runs4 ,in #ahdf we added the ,oregon ,country to our possessions2 it now forms the two states of ,oregon and ,washington4 ,tell about ,captain ,gray's voyage to the ,pacific coast4 ,what did he buy there8 ,what did he first carry round the globe8 ,tell about his second voyage4 ,what did he do in #agib8 ,what happened after ,captain ,gray returned to ,boston8 ,what happened in #ahdf8 ,what two states were made out of the ,oregon ,country8 ,,captain ,,sutter#a 7#ahjc-ahhj74 #bcf4 ,captain ,sutter and his fort2 how the captain lived4--,at the time when ,professor ,morse sent his first message by telegraph from ,washington to ,baltimore 7#ahdd71 ,captain ,j4 ,a4 ,sutter1 an emigrant from ,switzerland1 was living near the ,sacramento ,river in ,california4 ,california then belonged to ,mexico4 ,the governor of that part of the country had given ,captain ,sutter an immense piece of land2 and the captain had built a fort at a point where a stream which he named the ,american ,river joins the ,sacramento ,river4#b ,people then called the place ,sutter's ,fort1 but to-day it is ,sacramento ,city1 the capital of the great and rich state of ,california4 ,in his fort ,captain ,sutter lived like a king4 ,he owned land enough to make a thousand fair-sized farms2 he had twelve thousand head of cattle1 more than ten thousand sheep1 and over two thousand horses and mules4 ,hundreds of laborers worked for him in his wheat-fields1 and fifty well-armed soldiers guarded his fort4 ,quite a number of ,americans had built houses near the fort4 ,they thought that the time was coming when all that country would become part of the ,united ,states4 ,illustration3 ,map of ,sutter's ,fort area4 ,footnote #a3 ,sutter 7,soo'ter74 ,footnote #b3 ,see map in this paragraph4 #bcg4 ,captain ,sutter builds a saw-mill at ,coloma2#c a man finds some sparkling dust4--,about forty miles up the ,american ,river was a place which the ,mexicans called ,coloma1 or the beautiful valley4 ,there was a good fall of water there and plenty of big trees to saw into boards1 so ,captain ,sutter sent a man named ,marshall to build a saw-mill at that place4 ,the captain needed such a mill very much1 for he wanted lumber to build with and to fence his fields4 ,marshall set to work1 and before the end of ,january1 #ahdh1 he had built a dam across the river and got the saw-mill half done4 ,one day as he was walking along the bank of a ditch1 which had been dug back of the mill to carry off the water1 he saw some bright yellow specks shining in the dirt4 ,he gathered a little of the sparkling dust1 washed it clean1 and carried it to the house4 ,that evening after the men had come in from their work on the mill1 ,marshall said to them1 ,boys1 ,i believe ,i've found a gold mine4 ,they laughed1 and one of them said1 ,i reckon not2 no such luck4 ,illustration3 ,,captain ,,sutter',s ,,saw-,,mill ,,at ,,coloma1 ,,where ,,gold ,,was ,,first ,,found4 ,footnote #c3 ,coloma 7,ko-lo'ma73 see map in paragraph #bcf4 #bch4 ,marshall takes the shining dust to ,captain ,sutter2 what he did with it1 and how he felt about the discovery4--,a few days after that ,marshall went down to the fort to see ,captain ,sutter4 ,are you alone8 he asked when he saw the captain4 ,yes1 he answered4 ,well1 won't you oblige me by locking the door2 ,i've something ,i want to show you4 ,the captain locked the door1 and ,marshall taking a little parcel out of his pocket1 opened it and poured some glittering dust on a paper he had spread out4 ,see here1 said he1 ,i believe this is gold1 but the people at the mill laugh at me and call me crazy4 ,captain ,sutter examined it carefully4 ,he weighed it2 he pounded it flat2 he poured some strong acid on it4 ,there are three very interesting things about gold4 ,in the first place1 it is very heavy1 heavier even than lead4 ,next1 it is very tough4 ,if you hammer a piece of iron long enough1 it will break to pieces1 but you can hammer a piece of gold until it is thinner than the thinnest tissue paper1 so that if you hold it up you can see the light shining through it4 ,last of all1 if you pour strong acids on gold1 such acids as will eat into other metals and change their color1 they will have no more effect on gold than an acid like vinegar has on a piece of glass4 ,for these and other reasons most people think that gold is a very handsome metal1 and the more they see of it1 especially if it is their own1 the better they are pleased with it4 ,well1 the shining dust stood all these tests4#d ,it was very heavy1 it was very tough1 and the sharp acid did not hurt it4 ,captain ,sutter and ,marshall both felt sure that it was gold4 ,but1 strange to say1 the captain was not pleased4 ,he wished to build up an ,american settlement and have it called by his name4 ,he did not care for a gold mine--why should he8 for he had everything he wanted without it4 ,he was afraid1 too1 that if gold should be discovered in any quantity1 thousands of people would rush in2 they would dig up his land1 and quite likely take it all away from him4 ,we shall see presently whether he was right or not4 ,footnote #d3 ,tests3 here experiments or trials made to find out what a thing is4 #bci4 ,war with ,mexico2 ,mexico lets us have ,california and ,new ,mexico2 gold6 gold6 gold6 what happened at ,coloma2 how ,california was settled2 what happened to ,captain ,sutter and to ,marshall4--,while these things were happening we had been at war with ,mexico for two years 7#ahdf-ahdh71 because ,texas and ,mexico could not agree about the western boundary line#e of the new state4 ,texas wanted to push that line as far west as possible so as to have more land2 ,mexico wanted to push it as far east as possible so as to give as little land as she could4 ,this dispute soon brought on a war between the ,united ,states and ,mexico4 ,soon after gold was discovered at ,coloma1 the war ended 7#ahdh72 and we got not only all the land the people of ,texas had asked for1 but an immense deal more2 for we obtained the great territory of ,california and ,new ,mexico1 out of which a number of states and territories have since been made4#f ,illustration3 ,map showing the extent of the ,united ,states in #ahdh1 after ,mexico let us have ,california and ,new ,mexico4 ,in ,may1 #ahdh1 a man came to ,san ,francisco holding up a bottle full of gold-dust in one hand and swinging his hat with the other4 ,as he walked through the streets he shouted with all his might1 ,gold6 gold6 gold6 from the ,american ,river4 ,then the rush for ,coloma began4 ,every man had a spade and a pick-axe4 ,in a little while the beautiful valley was dug so full of holes that it looked like an empty honeycomb4 ,the next year a hundred thousand people poured into ,california from all parts of the ,united ,states2 so the discovery of gold filled up that part of the country with emigrants years before they would have gone if no gold had been found there4 ,illustration3 ,,washing ,,dirt ,,to ,,get ,,out ,,the ,,gold-,,dust4 ,captain ,sutter lost all his property4 ,he would have died poor if the people of ,california had not given him money to live on4 ,marshall was still more to be pitied4 ,he got nothing by his discovery4 ,years after he had found the shining dust1 some one wrote to him and asked him for his photograph4 ,he refused to send it4 ,he said1 ,my likeness 444 is1 in fact1 all ,i have that ,i can call my own2 and ,i feel like any other poor wretch3#g ,i want something for self4 ,illustration3 ,,mirror ,,lake1 ,,yosemite ,,valley1 ,,california4 ,footnote #e3 ,western boundary line3 the people of ,texas held that their state extended west as far as the ,rio ,grande ,river1 but ,mexico insisted that the boundary line was at the ,nueces ,river1 which is much further east4 ,footnote #f3 ,namely3 ,california1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 and part of ,wyoming1 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 and ,arizona4 ,footnote #g3 ,wretch3 here a very unhappy and miserable person4 #bdj4 ,how we bought more land2 our growth since the ,revolution4--,long before ,captain ,sutter died1 the ,united ,states bought from ,mexico another great piece of land 7#ahec71 marked on the map by the name of the ,gadsden ,purchase4#h ,a number of years later 7#ahfg7 we bought the territory of ,alaska#i from ,russia4 ,illustration3 ,this map shows the extent of the ,united ,states in #ahec after we had added the land called the ,gadsden ,purchase1 bought from ,mexico2 the land is marked on the map1 #ahec4 ,the ,revolution ended something over a hundred years ago2 if you look on the map in paragraph #ahg1 and compare it with the maps which follow1 you will see how we have grown during that time4 ,then we had just thirteen states#aj which stretched along the ,atlantic1 and1 with the country west of them1 extended as far as the ,mississippi ,river4 ,next 7#ahjc7 we bought the great territory of ,louisiana 7see map in paragraph #ahh71 which has since been divided into many states2 then 7#ahai7 we bought ,florida 7see map in paragraph #bah72 then 7#ahde7 we added ,texas 7see map in paragraph #bcj72 the next year 7#ahdf7 we added ,oregon territory1 since cut up into two great states 7see map in paragraph #bcd72 then 7#ahdh7 we obtained ,california and ,new ,mexico 7see map in paragraph #bci74 ,five years after that 7#ahec7 we bought the land then known as the ,gadsden ,purchase 7see first map in this paragraph72 last of all 7#ahfg7 we bought ,alaska 7see second map in this paragraph74 ,illustration3 ,this map shows the territorial growth of the ,united ,states from the time of the ,revolution to the present day4 ,illustration3 ,,scene ,,on ,,the ,,coast ,,of ,,alaska4 ,footnote #h3 ,see maps in this paragraph4 ,it was called the ,gadsden ,purchase1 because ,general ,james ,gadsden of ,south ,carolina bought it from ,mexico for the ,united ,states1 in #ahec4 ,it included what is now part of ,southern ,arizona and ,n4 ,mexico4 ,footnote #i3 ,alaska3 see second map in this paragraph4 ,footnote #aj3 ,thirteen states3 see footnote #d in paragraph #ajb4 #bda4 ,brother ,jonathan's#aa seven steps4--,if you count up these additions1 you will see that1 beginning with ,louisiana in #ahjc1 and ending with ,alaska in #ahfg1 they make just seven in all4 ,there is a story of a giant who was so tall that at one long step he could go more than twenty miles2 but ,brother ,jonathan can beat that1 for in the seven steps he has taken since the ,revolution he has gone over three thousand miles4 ,he stands now with one foot on the coast of the ,atlantic and with the other on that of the ,pacific4 ,footnote #aa3 ,brother ,jonathan3 a name given in fun to the people of the ,united ,states1 just as ,john ,bull is to the people of ,england4 ,one explanation of the origin of the name is this3 ,general ,washington had a very high opinion of the good sense and sound judgment of ,governor ,jonathan ,trumbull of ,connecticut4 ,at the beginning of the ,revolutionary ,war1 when no one seemed to know where to get a supply of powder1 ,general ,washington said to his officers1 ,we must consult ,brother ,jonathan on this subject4 ,afterwards when any serious difficulty arose it became a common saying in the army that ,we must consult ,brother ,jonathan1 and in time the name came to stand for the ,american people4 #bdb4 ,summary4--,in ,january1 #ahdh1 gold was discovered at ,captain ,sutter's saw-mill at ,coloma1 ,california4 ,soon after that1 ,mexico let us have ,california and ,new ,mexico1 and they were added to the ,united ,states4 ,thousands of people1 from all parts of the country1 hurried to ,california to dig gold1 and so that state grew more rapidly in population than any other new part of the ,united ,states ever had in the same length of time4 ,before ,captain ,sutter died we added the ,gadsden ,purchase and ,alaska4 ,who was ,captain ,sutter8 ,where did he live8 ,tell how he lived4 ,what did he begin to build at ,coloma8 ,tell what ,marshall found there1 and what was said about it4 ,tell how ,marshall took the shining dust to ,captain ,sutter1 and what the captain did4 ,what made them both certain that the dust was gold8 ,was the captain pleased with the discovery8 ,what did he think would happen8 ,what is said about our war with ,mexico8 ,what did we fight about8 ,what did we get at the end of the war8 ,what happened in ,may1 #ahdh8 ,then what happened8 ,how many people went to ,california8 ,what happened to ,captain ,sutter8 ,what is said about ,marshall8 ,what land did we buy in #ahec8 ,what in #ahfg8 ,how long ago did the ,revolution end8 ,how many states did we have then8 ,can any one in the class tell how many we have now8 ,what land did we buy in #ahjc8 ,in #ahai8 ,what did we add in #ahde8 ,in #ahdf8 ,in #ahdh8 ,what did we buy in #ahec8 ,in #ahfg8 ,how many such additions have we made in all8 ,what could the giant do8 ,what has ,brother ,jonathan done8 ,where is one foot8 ,where is the other8 ,,abraham ,,lincoln 7#ahji-ahfe74 #bdc4 ,the tall man from ,illinois making his first speech in ,congress2 how he wrote his name2 what the people called him4--,not many days before gold was found at ,sutter's saw-mill in ,california 7#ahdh71 a tall1 awkward-looking man from ,illinois was making his first speech in ,congress4 ,at that time he generally wrote his name ,illustration3 ,a4 ,lincoln4 but after he had become ,president of the ,united ,states1 he often wrote it out in full1-- ,illustration3 ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,the plain country people of ,illinois1 who knew all about him1 liked best to call him by the title they had first given him1--,honest ,abe ,lincoln1 or1 for short1 ,honest ,abe4 ,let us see how he got that name4 #bdd4 ,the ,lincoln family move to ,indiana2 ,abe helps his father build a new home2 what it was like4--,abraham ,lincoln was born on ,february #abth1 #ahji1 in a log shanty on a lonely little farm in ,kentucky4#a ,when ,abe1 as he was called1 was seven years old1 his father1 ,thomas ,lincoln1 moved1 with his family1 to ,indiana2#b there the boy and his mother worked in the woods and helped him build a new home4 ,that new home was not so good or so comfortable as some of our cow-sheds are4 ,it was simply a hut made of rough logs and limbs of trees4 ,it had no door and no windows4 ,one side of it was left entirely open2 and if a roving ,indian or a bear wanted to walk in to dinner1 there was nothing whatever to stop him4 ,in winter ,abe's mother used to hang up some buffalo skins before this wide entrance1 to keep out the cold1 but in summer the skins were taken down1 so that living in such a cabin was the next thing to living out-of-doors4 ,footnote #a3 ,kentucky3 ,abraham ,lincoln was born on the banks of the ,big ,south ,fork 7or branch7 of ,nolin ,creek in ,hardin 7now ,la ,rue7 ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,footnote #b3 ,indiana3 the ,lincoln family moved to a farm on ,little ,pigeon ,creek1 near ,gentryville1 in what is now ,spencer ,county1 ,indiana4 #bde4 ,the new log cabin with four sides to it2 how the furniture was made2 ,abe's bed in the loft4--,the ,lincoln family stayed in that shed for about a year2 then they moved into a new log cabin which had four sides to it4 ,they seem to have made a new set of furniture for the new house4 ,abe's father got a large log1 split it in two1 smoothed off the flat side1 bored holes in the under side and drove in four stout sticks for legs3 that made the table4 ,they had no chairs1--it would have been too much trouble to make the backs1--but they had three-legged stools1 which ,thomas ,lincoln made with an axe1 just as he did the table2 perhaps ,abe helped him drive in the legs4 ,illustration3 ,,home-,,made ,,furniture4 ,in one corner of the loft of this cabin the boy had a big bag of dry leaves for his bed4 ,whenever he felt like having a new bed1 all that he had to do was to go out in the woods and gather more leaves4 ,he worked about the place during the day1 helping his father and mother4 ,for his supper he had a piece of cornbread4 ,after he had eaten it1 he climbed up to his loft in the dark1 by a kind of ladder of wooden pins driven into the logs4 ,five minutes after that he was fast asleep on his bed of sweet-smelling leaves1 and was dreaming of hunting coons1 or of building big bonfires out of brush4#c ,footnote #c3 ,brush3 bushes and limbs of trees4 #bdf4 ,death of ,abe's mother2 the lonely grave in the woods2 what ,abraham ,lincoln said of his mother after he had grown to be a man2 what ,abe's new mother said of him4--,abe's mother was not strong1 and before they had been in their new log cabin a year she fell sick and died4 ,she was buried on the farm4 ,abe used to go out and sit by her lonely grave in the forest and cry4 ,it was the first great sorrow that had ever touched the boy's heart4 ,after he had grown to be a man1 he said with eyes full of tears to a friend with whom he was talking3 ,god bless my mother2 all that ,i am or ever hope to be ,i owe to her4 ,illustration3 ,,abe ,,learning ,,to ,,use ,,his ,,axe4 ,at the end of a year ,thomas ,lincoln married again4 ,the new wife that he brought home was a kind-hearted and excellent woman4 ,she did all she could to make the poor1 ragged1 barefooted boy happy4 ,after he had grown up and become famous1 she said3 ,abe never gave me a cross word or look1 and never refused to do anything ,i asked him3 ,abe was the best boy ,i ever saw4 #bdg4 ,the school in the woods2 the new teacher2 reading by the open fire2 how ,abe used the fire-shovel4--,there was a log schoolhouse in the woods quite a distance off1 and there ,abe went for a short time4 ,at the school he learned to read and write a little1 but after a while he found a new teacher1 that was--himself4 ,when the rest of the family had gone to bed1 he would sit up and read his favorite books by the light of the great blazing logs heaped up on the open fire4 ,he had not more than half a dozen books in all4 ,they were ,robinson ,crusoe1 ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,a,esop's#d ,fables1 the ,bible1 a ,life of ,washington1 and a small ,history of the ,united ,states4 ,the boy read these books over and over till he knew a great deal of them by heart and could repeat whole pages from them4 ,illustration3 ,,writing ,,by ,,the ,,fire4 ,part of his evenings he spent in writing and ciphering4 ,thomas ,lincoln was so poor that he could seldom afford to buy paper and pens for his son1 so the boy had to get on without them4 ,he used to take the back of the broad wooden fire-shovel to write on and a piece of charcoal for a pencil4 ,when he had covered the shovel with words or with sums in arithmetic1 he would shave it off clean and begin over again4 ,if ,abe's father complained that the shovel was getting thin1 the boy would go out into the woods1 cut down a tree1 and make a new one2 for as long as the woods lasted1 fire-shovels and furniture were cheap4 ,footnote #d3 ,a,esop 7,e'sop73 the name of a noted writer of fables4 ,here is one of ,a,esop's fables3 ,an old frog thought that he could blow himself up to be as big as an ox4 ,so he drew in his breath and puffed himself out prodigiously4 ,am ,i big enough now8 he asked his son4 ,no1 said his son2 you don't begin to be as big as an ox yet4 ,then he tried again1 and swelled himself out still more4 ,how's that8 he asked4 ,oh1 it's no use trying1 said his son1 you can't do it4 ,but ,i will1 said the old frog4 ,with that he drew in his breath with all his might and puffed himself up to such an enormous size that he suddenly burst4 ,moral3 ,don't try to be bigger than you can4 #bdh4 ,what ,lincoln could do at seventeen2 what he was at nineteen2 his strength4--,by the time the lad was seventeen he could write a good hand1 do hard examples in long division1 and spell better than any one else in the county4 ,once in a while he wrote a little piece of his own about something which interested him2 when the neighbors heard it read1 they would say1 ,the world can't beat it4 ,at nineteen ,abraham ,lincoln had reached his full height4 ,he stood nearly six feet four inches1 barefooted4 ,he was a kind of good-natured giant4 ,no one in the neighborhood could strike an axe as deep into a tree as he could1 and few1 if any1 were equal to him in strength4 ,it takes a powerful man to put a barrel of flour into a wagon without help1 and there is not one in a hundred who can lift a barrel of cider off the ground2 but it is said that young ,lincoln could stoop down1 lift a barrel on to his knees1 and drink from the bung-hole4 #bdi4 ,young ,lincoln makes a voyage to ,new ,orleans2 how he handled the robbers4--,at this time a neighbor hired ,abraham to go with his son to ,new ,orleans4 ,the two young men were to take a flat-boat loaded with corn and other produce down the ,ohio and the ,mississippi4 ,it was called a voyage of about eighteen hundred miles1 and it would take between three and four weeks4 ,illustration3 ,,lincoln ,,on ,,the ,,flat-,,boat ,,going ,,down ,,the ,,mississippi ,,river4 ,young ,lincoln was greatly pleased with the thought of making such a trip4 ,he had never been away any distance from home1 and1 as he told his father1 he felt that he wanted to see something more of the world4 ,his father made no objection1 but1 as he bade his son good by1 he said1 ,take care that in trying to see the world you don't see the bottom of the ,mississippi4 ,the two young men managed to get the boat through safely4 ,but one night a gang of negroes came on board1 intending to rob them of part of their cargo4 ,lincoln soon showed the robbers he could handle a club as vigorously as he could an axe1 and the rascals1 bruised and bleeding1 were glad to get off with their lives4 #bej4 ,the ,lincolns move to ,illinois2 what ,abraham did2 hunting frolics2 how ,abraham chopped2 how he bought his clothes4--,not long after young ,lincoln's return1 his father moved to ,illinois4#e ,it was a two weeks' journey through the woods with ox-teams4 ,abraham helped his father build a comfortable log cabin2 then he and a man named ,john ,hanks split walnut rails1 and fenced in fifteen acres of land for a cornfield4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,log ,,cabin ,,in ,,illinois ,,which ,,lincoln ,,helped ,,his ,,father ,,build4 ,that part of the country had but few settlers1 and it was still full of wild beasts4 ,when the men got tired of work and wanted a frolic1 they had a grand wolf-hunt4 ,first1 a tall pole was set up in a clearing2#f next1 the hunters in the woods formed a great circle of perhaps ten miles in extent4 ,then they began to move nearer and nearer together1 beating the bushes and yelling with all their might4 ,the frightened wolves1 deer1 and other wild creatures inside of the circle of hunters were driven to the pole in the clearing2 there they were shot down in heaps4 ,young ,lincoln was not much of a hunter1 but he always tried to do his part4 ,yet1 after all1 he liked the axe better than he did the rifle4 ,he would start off before light in the morning and walk to his work in the woods1 five or six miles away4 ,there he would chop steadily all day4 ,the neighbors knew1 when they hired him1 that he wouldn't sit down on the first log he came to and fall asleep4 ,once when he needed a new pair of trousers1 he made a bargain for them with a ,mrs4 ,nancy ,miller4 ,she agreed to make him a certain number of yards of tow cloth1#g and dye it brown with walnut bark4 ,for every yard she made1 ,lincoln bound himself to split four hundred good fence-rails for her4 ,in this way he made his axe pay for all his clothes4 ,illustration3 ,,lincoln ,,splitting ,,logs ,,for ,,rails4 ,footnote #e3 ,illinois3 he moved to a farm on the ,north ,fork 7or branch7 of the ,sangamon ,river1 ,macon ,county1 ,illinois4 ,springfield1 the capital of the state1 is in the next county west4 ,footnote #f3 ,clearing3 an open space made in a forest4 ,footnote #g3 ,tow cloth3 a kind of coarse1 cheap1 but very strong cloth1 made of flax or hemp4 #bea4 ,lincoln hires out to tend store2 the gang of ruffians in ,new ,salem2 ,jack ,armstrong and ,tall ,abe4--,the year after young ,lincoln came of age he hired out to tend a grocery and variety store in ,new ,salem1 ,illinois4#h ,there was a gang of young ruffians in that neighborhood who made it a point to pick a fight with every stranger4 ,sometimes they mauled him black and blue2 sometimes they amused themselves with nailing him up in a hogshead and rolling him down a hill4 ,the leader of this gang was a fellow named ,jack ,armstrong4 ,he made up his mind that he would try his hand on ,tall ,abe1 as ,lincoln was called4 ,he attacked ,lincoln1 and he was so astonished at what happened to him that he never wanted to try it again4 ,from that time ,abraham ,lincoln had no better friends than young ,armstrong and the ,armstrong family4 ,later on we shall see what he was able to do for them4 ,footnote #h3 ,new ,salem is on the ,sangamon ,river1 in ,menard ,county1 about twenty miles northwest of ,springfield1 the capital of ,illinois4 #beb4 ,lincoln's faithfulness in little things2 the six cents2 ,honest ,abe4--,in his work in the store ,lincoln soon won everybody's respect and confidence4 ,he was faithful in little things1 and in that way he made himself able to deal with great ones4 ,once a woman made a mistake in paying for something she had bought1 and gave the young man six cents too much4 ,he did not notice it at the time1 but after his customer had gone he saw that she had overpaid him4 ,that night1 after the store was closed1 ,lincoln walked to the woman's house1 some five or six miles out of the village1 and paid her back the six cents4 ,it was such things as this that first made the people give him the name of ,honest ,abe4 #bec4 ,the ,black ,hawk ,war2 the ,indian's handful of dry leaves2 what ,lincoln did in the war4--,the next year ,lincoln went to fight the ,indians in what was called the ,black ,hawk ,war4 ,the people in that part of the country had been expecting the war2 for1 some time before1 an ,indian had walked up to a settler's cabin and said1 ,too much white man4 ,he then threw a handful of dry leaves into the air1 to show how he and his warriors were coming to scatter the white men4 ,he never came1 but a noted chief named ,black ,hawk1 who had been a friend of ,tecumseh's1#i made an attempt to drive out the settlers1 and get back the lands which certain ,indians had sold them4 ,lincoln said that the only battles he fought in this war were with the mosquitoes4 ,he never killed a single ,indian1 but he saved the life of one old savage4 ,he seems to have felt just as well satisfied with himself for doing that as though he had shot him through the head4 ,footnote #i3 ,tecumseh3 ,see paragraph #bjb4 #bed4 ,lincoln becomes postmaster and surveyor2 how he studied law2 what the people thought of him as a lawyer4--,after ,lincoln returned from the war he was made postmaster of ,new ,salem4 ,he also found time to do some surveying and to begin the study of law4 ,on hot summer mornings he might be seen lying on his back1 on the grass1 under a big tree1 reading a law-book2 as the shade moved round1 ,lincoln would move with it1 so that by sundown he had travelled nearly round the tree4 ,illustration3 ,,lincoln ,,reading ,,law4 ,when he began to practise law1 everybody who knew him had confidence in him4 ,other men might be admired because they were smart1 but ,lincoln was respected because he was honest4 ,when he said a thing1 people knew that it was because he believed it1 and they knew1 too1 that he could not be hired to say what he did not believe4 ,that gave him immense influence4 #bee4 ,the ,armstrong murder trial2 how ,lincoln saved young ,armstrong from being hanged4--,but ,lincoln was as keen as he was truthful and honest4 ,a man was killed in a fight near where ,lincoln had lived1 and one of ,jack ,armstrong's#aj brothers was arrested for the murder4 ,everybody thought that he was guilty1 and felt sure that he would be hanged4 ,lincoln made some inquiry about the case1 and made up his mind that the prisoner did not kill the man4 ,mrs4 ,armstrong was too poor to hire a lawyer to defend her son1 but ,lincoln wrote to her that he would gladly do it for nothing4 ,when the day of the trial came1 the chief witness was sure that he saw young ,armstrong strike the man dead4 ,lincoln questioned him closely4 ,he asked him when it was that he saw the murder committed4 ,the witness said that it was in the evening1 at a certain hour1 and that he saw it all clearly because there was a bright moon4 ,are you sure8 asked ,lincoln4 ,yes1 replied the witness4 ,do you swear to it8 ,i do1 answered the witness4 ,then ,lincoln took an almanac out of his pocket1 turned to the day of the month on which the murder had been committed1 and said to the court3 ,the almanac shows that there was no moon shining at the time at which the witness says he saw the murder4#aa ,the jury was convinced that the witness had not spoken the truth2 they declared the prisoner ,not guilty1 and he was at once set free4 ,lincoln was a man who always paid his debts4 ,mrs4 ,armstrong had been very kind to him when he was poor and friendless4 ,now he had paid that debt4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,jack ,armstrong1 in paragraph #bea4 ,footnote #aa3 ,the almanac usually gives the time when the moon rises2 and so by looking at any particular day of the month1 one can tell whether there was a moon on that evening4 #bef4 ,lincoln and the pig4--,some men have hearts big enough to be kind to their fellow-men when they are in trouble1 but not to a dumb animal4 ,lincoln's heart was big enough for both4 ,one morning just after he had bought a new suit of clothes he started to drive to the court-house1 a number of miles distant4 ,on the way he saw a pig that was making desperate efforts to climb out of a deep mud-hole4 ,the creature would get part way up the slippery bank1 and then slide back again over his head in mire and water4 ,lincoln said to himself3 ,i suppose that ,i ought to get out and help that pig2 for if he's left there1 he'll smother in the mud4 ,then he gave a look at his glossy new clothes4 ,he felt that he really couldn't afford to spoil them for the sake of any pig1 so he whipped up his horse and drove on4 ,but the pig was in his mind1 and he could think of nothing else4 ,after he had gone about two miles1 he said to himself1 ,i've no right to leave that poor creature there to die in the mud1 and what is more1 ,i won't leave him4 ,turning his horse1 he drove back to the spot4 ,he got out and carried half a dozen fence-rails to the edge of the hole1 and placed them so that he could get to it without falling in himself4 ,then1 kneeling down1 he bent over1 seized the pig firmly by the fore legs and drew him up on to the solid ground1 where he was safe4 ,the pig grunted out his best thanks1 and ,lincoln1 plastered with mud1 but with a light heart1 drove on to the court-house4 ,illustration3 ,,lincoln ,,and ,,the ,,pig4 #beg4 ,lincoln is elected to the state legislature2 he goes to ,springfield to live2 he is elected to ,congress4--,many people in ,illinois thought that they would like to see such a man in the state legislature#ab helping to make their laws4 ,they elected him2 and as he was too poor at that time to pay so much horse-hire1 he walked from ,new ,salem1 a distance of over a hundred miles1 to ,vandalia1#ac which was then the capital of the state4 ,lincoln was elected to the legislature many times2 later1 he moved to ,springfield1 ,illinois1 and made that place his home for the rest of his life4 ,the next time the people elected him to office1 they sent him to ,congress to help make laws1 not for his state only1 but for the whole country4 ,he had got a long way up since the time when he worked with ,john ,hanks#ad fencing the cornfield round his father's cabin2 but he was going higher still1--he was going to the top4 ,footnote #ab3 ,legislature3 persons chosen by the people of a state or country to make its laws4 ,footnote #ac3 ,vandalia 7,van-da'li-a74 ,footnote #ad3 ,john ,hanks3 see paragraph #bej4 #beh4 ,the meeting for choosing a candidate#ae for ,president of the ,united ,states2 the two fence-rails2 the ,chicago meeting2 ,abraham ,lincoln elected ,president of the ,united ,states4--,in the spring of #ahfj a great convention1 or meeting1 was held in one of the towns of ,illinois4 ,lincoln was present at that convention4 ,the object of the people who had gathered there was to choose a candidate that they would like to see elected ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,a number of speeches had been made1 when a member of the convention rose and said that a person asked the privilege of making the meeting a present4 ,it was voted to receive it4 ,then ,john ,hanks and one of his neighbors brought in two old fence-rails and a banner with these words painted on it3-- ,,abraham ,,lincoln1 ,,the ,,rail ,,candidate ,,for ,,the ,,presidency ,,in #ahfj4 ,,two ,,rails ,,from ,a ,,lot ,,of #cjjj ,,made ,,in #ahcj ,,by ,,john ,,hanks ,,and ,,abe ,,lincoln4 ,the rails were received with cheer after cheer1 and ,lincoln was chosen candidate4 ,about a week after that a much greater meeting was held in ,chicago1 and he was chosen there in the same way4 ,the next ,november ,abraham ,lincoln1 the ,illinois rail-splitter1 was elected ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,he had reached the top4 ,there he was to die4 ,footnote #ae3 ,candidate 7can'di-date73 a person who seeks some office1 such as that of governor or president1 or a person who is recommended by a party for such an office4 ,the people in favor of the candidate vote for him2 and if he gets a sufficient number of votes1 he is elected4 #bei4 ,the great war between the ,north and the ,south2 why a large part of the people of the ,south wished to leave the ,union4--,in less than six weeks after ,lincoln actually became ,president1 in the spring of #ahfa1 a terrible war broke out between the ,north and the ,south4 ,the people of ,south ,carolina fired the first gun in that war4 ,they1 together with a great part of the people of ten other southern states1 resolved to leave the ,union4#af ,they set up an independent government called the ,confederate ,states of ,america1 and made ,jefferson ,davis its president4 ,the main reason why so many of the people of the ,south wished to withdraw from the ,united ,states was that little by little the ,north and the ,south had become like two different countries4 ,at the time of the ,revolution1 when we broke away from the rule of ,england1 every one of the states held negro slaves2 but in the course of eighty years a great change had taken place4 ,the negroes at the ,north had become free1 but those of the ,south still remained slaves4 ,now this difference in the way of doing work made it impossible for the ,north and the ,south to agree about many things4 ,they had come to be like two boys in a boat who want to go in opposite directions4 ,one pulls one way with his oars1 the other pulls another way1 and so the boat does not get ahead4 ,at the ,south most of the people thought that slavery was right1 and that it helped the whole country2 at the ,north the greater part of the people were convinced that it was wrong1 and that it did harm to the whole country4 ,but this was not all4 ,the people who held slaves at the ,south wanted to add to the number4 ,they hoped to get more of the new country west of the ,mississippi ,river for slave states1 so that there might always be at least as many slave states in the ,union as there were free states4 ,but ,abraham ,lincoln like most of the people at the ,north believed that slavery did no good to any one4 ,he and his party were fully determined that no slaves whatever should be taken into the territories west of the ,mississippi ,river1 and that every new state which should be added should be entirely free4 ,for this reason it happened that when ,lincoln became ,president most of the slave states resolved to leave the ,union1 and1 if necessary1 to make war rather than be compelled to stay in it4 ,footnote #af3 ,union3 several years after the close of the ,revolutionary ,war1 by which we gained our independence of ,great ,britain1 the people of the thirteen states formed a new government4 ,that new government bound all the states together more strongly than before1 thus making1 as was then said1 a more perfect union4 ,in #ahfa eleven of the southern states endeavored to withdraw from the ,union2 this attempt brought on the war4 #bfj4 ,the ,north and the ,south in the war2 ,president ,lincoln frees the slaves2 ,general ,grant and ,general ,lee2 peace is made4--,the ,north had the most men and the most money to fight with1 but the people of the ,south had the advantage of being able to stay at home and fight on their own ground4 ,the war lasted four years 7#ahfa-ahfe74 ,many terrible battles were fought2 thousands of brave men were killed on both sides4 ,during the war ,president ,lincoln gave the slaves their freedom in all the states which were fighting against the ,union1 and those in the other slave states got their freedom later4 ,after a time ,general ,grant obtained the command of all the armies of the ,north1 and ,general ,lee became the chief defender of the ,south4 ,illustration3 ,,statue ,,of ,,lincoln ,,writing ,,the ,,emancipation ,,proclamation ,,which ,,gave ,,the ,,slaves ,,their ,,freedom1 ,,in ,,fairmount ,,park1 ,,philadelphia4 ,illustration3 ,,monument ,,to ,,general ,,grant ,,in ,,lincoln ,,park1 ,,chicago4 ,illustration3 ,,monument ,,to ,,general ,,lee1 ,,richmond1 ,,virginia4 ,the last battles were fought around ,richmond1 ,virginia1 between these two great generals4 ,when the ,southern soldiers saw that it was useless to attempt to fight longer1 they laid down their arms1 and peace was made--a peace honorable to both sides4 #bfa4 ,the success of the ,north preserves the ,union and makes all slaves free2 the ,north and the ,south shake hands2 murder of ,president ,lincoln4--,the success of the ,north in the war preserved the ,union1 and as all negro laborers were now free1 there was no longer any dispute about slavery4 ,the ,north and the ,south could shake hands and be friends1 for both were now ready to pull in the same direction4 ,the saddest thing at the close of the war was the murder of ,president ,lincoln by a madman named ,booth4 ,not only the people of the ,north but many of those at the ,south shed tears at his death1 because they felt that they had an equal place in his great heart4 ,he loved both1 as a true ,american must ever love his whole country4 ,illustration3 ,,monument ,,over ,,the ,,grave ,,of ,,president ,,lincoln1 ,,at ,,springfield1 ,,illinois4 #bfb4 ,summary4--,abraham ,lincoln1 of ,illinois1 became ,president of the ,united ,states in #ahfa4 ,he was elected by a party in the ,north that was determined that slaves should not be taken into free states or territories1 and that no more slave states should be made4 ,on this account most of the slave-holding states of the ,south resolved to withdraw from the ,union4 ,a great war followed1 and ,president ,lincoln gave the slaves their freedom4 ,the ,north succeeded in the war1 and the ,union was made stronger than ever1 because the ,north and the ,south could no longer have any dispute over slavery4 ,both sides now shook hands and became friends4 ,who was the tall man in ,congress from ,illinois8 ,what did the people of his state like to call him8 ,when was ,abraham ,lincoln born8 ,where was he born8 ,to what state did his father move8 ,tell about ,abe's new home4 ,tell about the new cabin and its furniture4 ,tell about ,abe's bed4 ,what is said about the boy's mother8 ,what did ,abe do8 ,what did he say after he became a man8 ,what did ,thomas ,lincoln's new wife say about ,abe8 ,tell about ,abe's going to school2 about his new teacher2 about his books4 ,what did he use to write on8 ,what is said of ,abraham ,lincoln at seventeen8 ,what about him when he was nineteen8 ,tell about his voyage to ,new ,orleans4 ,tell about his moving to ,illinois4 ,what did ,abraham ,lincoln and ,john ,hanks do8 ,tell about the hunting frolics4 ,tell how ,lincoln chopped in the woods4 ,what kind of a bargain did he make for a new pair of trousers8 ,what did ,abraham ,lincoln hire out to do in ,new ,salem8 ,tell about the gang of ruffians4 ,what is said of ,jack ,armstrong8 ,why did ,lincoln get the name of ,honest ,abe8 ,tell about the ,black ,hawk ,war4 ,what did ,lincoln do in that war4 ,after he returned from the ,black ,hawk ,war1 what did ,lincoln do8 ,tell how he used to read law4 ,what did people think of him after he began to practise law8 ,tell about the ,armstrong murder trial4 ,tell about ,lincoln and the pig4 ,to what did the people of ,illinois elect ,lincoln8 ,did they ever elect him to the state legislature again8 ,then where did they send him8 ,was he going any higher8 ,tell about the great meeting in one of the towns of ,illinois in #ahfj4 ,can any one in the class repeat what was on the banner8 ,what happened at ,chicago8 ,what the next ,november8 ,what happened in the spring of #ahfa8 ,who fired the first gun in the war8 ,what was done then8 ,tell why so many people in the ,south wished to leave the ,union8 ,what is said about negro slaves at the time of the ,revolution8 ,what happened in the course of eighty years8 ,what had the ,north and the ,south come to be like8 ,how did most of the people at the ,south feel about slavery8 ,how did most of the people at the ,north feel about it8 ,what did the people who held slaves at the ,south want to do8 ,what did most of the people at the ,north think about this8 ,what is said about ,abraham ,lincoln and his party8 ,how did most of the people of the slave states feel when ,lincoln became ,president8 ,what is said about the ,north and the ,south in the war8 ,how long did the war last8 ,what is said about it8 ,what did ,president ,lincoln do for the slaves8 ,after a time what general got the command of all the armies of the ,north8 ,who became the chief defender of the ,south8 ,where were the last battles fought8 ,what did the ,south do at last8 ,what happened then8 ,what did the success of the ,north do8 ,what is said about slavery8 ,what could the ,north and the ,south do8 ,what was the saddest thing which happened at the close of the war8 ,how did the ,north and the ,south feel about ,president ,lincoln8 ,,since ,,the ,,war4 #bfc4 ,how the ,north and the ,south have grown since the war2 the great ,west4--,since the war the united ,north and ,south have grown and prospered#a as never before4 ,at the ,south many new and flourishing towns and cities have sprung up4 ,mines of coal and iron have been opened1 hundreds of cotton-mills and factories have been built1 and long lines of railroads have been constructed4 ,at the ,west changes equally great have taken place4 ,cities have risen up in the wilderness1 mines of silver and gold have been opened1 and immense farms and cattle ranches#b produce food enough to feed all ,america4 ,three great lines of railroads have been built which connect with railroads at the ,east1 and stretch across the continent from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific4 ,into that vast country beyond the ,mississippi hundreds of thousands of industrious people are moving from all parts of the earth1 and are building homes for themselves and for their children4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,engines ,,from ,,the ,,east ,,and ,,the ,,west ,,after ,,the ,,last ,,spike ,,was ,,driven#c ,,on ,,the ,,completion ,,of ,,the ,,first ,,railroad ,,to ,,the ,,pacific ,,in #ahfi4 ,illustration3 ,,piling ,,silver ,,bricks4 7,from the silver mines in ,colorado47 ,illustration3 ,,how ,,they ,,used ,,to ,,shoot ,,buffalo ,,in ,,the ,,far ,,west4 ,illustration3 ,,indians ,,attacking ,a ,,stage-,,coach ,,in ,,the ,,far ,,west ,,forty ,,years ,,ago2 ,,before ,,the ,,first ,,pacific ,,railroad ,,was ,,built4 ,footnote #a3 ,prospered3 to prosper is to succeed1 to get on in life1 to grow rich4 ,footnote #b3 ,ranches 7ran'chez73 farms at the ,west for raising horses and cattle1 or sheep4 ,footnote #c3 ,the last spikes 7one of gold from ,california1 one of silver from ,nevada1 and one made of gold1 silver1 and iron from ,arizona7 were driven just as the clock struck twelve 7noon7 on ,may #ajth1 #ahfi1 at ,promontory ,point1 near ,salt ,lake1 ,utah4 ,every blow of the hammer was telegraphed throughout the ,united ,states4 #bfd4 ,celebration of the discovery of ,america by ,columbus2 the unfinished pyramid2 making history4--,four hundred years have gone by since the first civilized man crossed the ocean and found this new world which we call ,america4 ,we are now about to celebrate that discovery made by ,columbus1 not only in the schools throughout the country1 but by a great fair--called the ,world's ,columbian ,exposition--to be held at ,chicago2 and we shall invite all who will to come from all parts of the globe and join us in the celebration4 ,illustration3 ,,first ,,great ,,seal ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,illustration3 ,,second ,,great ,,seal ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,on one of the two great seals#d of the ,united ,states a pyramid is represented partly finished4 ,that pyramid stands for our country4 ,it shows how much has been done and how much still remains to be done4 ,the men whose lives we have read in this little book were all builders4 ,little by little they added stone to stone1 and so the good work grew4 ,now they have gone1 and it is for us to do our part and make sure that the pyramid1 as it rises1 shall continue to stand square1 and strong1 and true4 ,footnote #d3 ,seals3 the first great seal1 having the eagle and the ,latin motto ,e ,pluribus ,unum1 meaning ,many in ,one1--or one nation made up of many states1--was adopted ,june #bj1 #aghb4 ,the spread eagle signifies strength2 the thirteen stars above his head1 and the thirteen stripes on the shield on his breast1 represent the thirteen original states2 the olive branch1 held in the eagle's right talon1 shows that ,america seeks peace1 while the bundle of arrows in his left talon shows that we are prepared for war4 ,this seal is used in stamping agreements or treaties made by the ,united ,states with other nations1 and also for other important papers4 ,the second great seal1 adopted at the same time1 was never used4 ,it was intended for stamping the wax on a ribbon attached to a treaty or other important paper1 thus making a hanging seal4 ,the ,latin motto ,annuit ,coeptis1 above the all-seeing eye looking down with favor on the unfinished pyramid1 means ,god has favored the ,work4 ,the date ,,mdcclxxvi1 or #aggf1 marks the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,the ,latin motto at the bottom1 ,novus ,ordo ,seclorum1 means ,a ,new ,order of ,ages--or a new order of things1 such as we have in this ,new ,world of ,america4 ,what is said about the ,north and the ,south since the war8 ,tell about the growth of the ,south4 ,what is said about the ,west8 ,what about railroads8 ,what about people going west8 ,how long is it since ,columbus discovered ,america8 ,what is said about the celebration of that discovery8 ,what is said about one of the great seals of the ,united ,states8 ,what does the unfinished pyramid stand for8 ,what does it show us8 ,what is said of the men whose lives we have read in this book8 ,is anything left for us to do8 ,a ,,short ,,list ,,of ,,books ,,of ,,reference 7,for the ,use of ,teachers47 ,this brief list is arranged alphabetically4 ,it consists1 with a few exceptions1 of small1 one-volume biographies2 all of which are believed to be of acknowledged merit4 ,a much fuller reference list will be found in the appendix to the author's larger work1 entitled ,the ,leading ,facts of ,american ,history4 ,balboa3 ,irving's ,companions of ,columbus1 and ,winsor's ,america1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,baltimore1 ,lord3 ,william ,h4 ,browne's ,lords ,baltimore2#c ,g4 ,w4 ,burnap's ,baltimore4#a ,boone1 ,daniel3 ,c4 ,b4 ,hartley's ,boone 7including ,boone's autobiography72 ,j4 ,m4 ,peck's ,boone2#a and see the excellent sketch of ,boone's life in ,theodore ,roosevelt's ,the ,winning of the ,west1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,cabot 7,john and ,sebastian73 ,j4 ,f4 ,nicholls's ,cabot2 ,c4 ,hayward's ,cabot4#a ,clark1 ,george ,rogers3 see ,theodore ,roosevelt's ,the ,winning of the ,west1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,columbus3 ,irving's ,columbus1 abridged edition2 ,charles ,k4 ,adams's ,columbus2#c ,edward ,everett ,hale's ,columbus4 ,de ,leon3 ,irving's ,companions of ,columbus1 and ,winsor's ,america1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,de ,soto3 see ,winsor's ,america1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,franklin1 ,benjamin3 ,d4 ,h4 ,montgomery's ,franklin 7autobiography and continuation of life72#b ,john ,t4 ,morse's ,franklin4#g ,fulton1 ,robert3 ,j4 ,renwick's ,fulton2#a ,r4 ,h4 ,thurston's ,fulton2#c ,thos4 ,w4 ,knox's ,fulton4#d ,gray1 ,robert3 see ,h4 ,h4 ,bancroft's ,pacific ,states1 ,vol4 ,,xxii4 ,harrison1 ,william ,henry3 ,h4 ,montgomery's ,harrison2 ,s4 ,j4 ,burr's ,harrison4 ,houston1 ,sam3 ,henry ,bruce's ,houston2#c ,c4 ,e4 ,lester's ,houston4 ,hudson1 ,henry3 ,h4 ,r4 ,cleveland's ,hudson4#a ,jackson1 ,andrew3 ,james ,parton's ,jackson2 ,w4 ,g4 ,sumner's ,jackson4#g ,jefferson1 ,thomas3 ,james ,schouler's ,jefferson2#c ,john ,t4 ,morse1 ,jr4's ,jefferson4#g ,lincoln1 ,abraham3 ,carl ,schurz's ,lincoln2 ,isaac ,n4 ,arnold's ,lincoln2 ,noah ,brooks's ,lincoln2#d ,j4 ,g4 ,holland's ,lincoln2 ,f4 ,b4 ,carpenter's ,six ,months at the ,white ,house with ,lincoln4 ,morse1 ,samuel ,f4 ,b43 ,s4 ,i4 ,prime's ,morse2 ,denslow and ,parke's ,morse 7,cassell74 ,oglethorpe1 ,james ,edward3 ,bruce's ,oglethorpe2#c ,w4 ,b4 ,o4 ,peabody's ,oglethorpe4#a ,penn1 ,william3 ,g4 ,e4 ,ellis's ,penn2#a ,w4 ,h4 ,dixon's ,penn2 ,j4 ,stoughton's ,penn4 ,philip1 ,king3 ,h4 ,m4 ,dexter's edition of ,church's ,king ,philip's ,war 7#b vols472 ,richard ,markham's ,king ,philip's ,war4 ,,note4--,the story of ,colonel ,goffe's appearance at ,hadley during the ,indian attack on that town rests on tradition4 ,some authorities reject it2 but ,bryant and ,gay say 7,history of the ,united ,states1 ,,ii41 #daj73 ,there is no reason for doubting its essential truth4 ,putnam1 ,rufus3 see ,h4 ,b4 ,carrington's ,battles of the ,revolution1 ,rufus ,king's ,history of ,ohio1 and ,bancroft's ,united ,states4 ,raleigh1 ,walter3 ,l4 ,creighton's ,raleigh2 ,e4 ,gosse's ,raleigh2 ,w4 ,m4 ,towle's ,raleigh4#h ,robertson1 ,james3 see ,theodore ,roosevelt's ,the ,winning of the ,west1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,sevier ,john3 see ,theodore ,roosevelt's ,the ,winning of the ,west1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,smith1 ,john3 ,g4 ,s4 ,hillard's ,captain ,john ,smith2#a ,c4 ,d4 ,warner's ,smith4#f ,,note4--,the truth of the story of ,pocahontas has been denied by ,mr4 ,charles ,deane and some other recent writers2 but it appears never to have been questioned until ,mr4 ,deane attacked it in #ahff in his notes to his reprint of ,captain ,john ,smith's ,true ,relation or ,newes from ,virginia4 ,professor ,edward ,arber discusses the question in his ,introduction 7pp4 cxv4-cxviii47 to his excellent edition of ,smith's writings4 ,he says1 ,to deny the truth of this ,pocahontas incident is to create more difficulties than are involved in its acceptance4 ,see1 too1 his sketch of the life of ,captain ,smith in the ,encyclopaedia ,britannica4 ,standish1 ,myles3 see ,j4 ,a4 ,goodwin's ,pilgrim ,republic1 and ,alexander ,young's ,chronicles of the ,pilgrims4 ,sutter1 ,john ,a43 see ,h4 ,h4 ,bancroft's ,pacific ,states1 ,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,washington1 ,george3 ,john ,fiske's ,irving's ,washington and his ,country2#b ,e4 ,e4 ,hale's ,washington2#d ,horace ,e4 ,scudder's ,washington4#e ,whitney1 ,eli3 ,denison ,olmsted's ,whitney4 ,williams1 ,roger3 ,w4 ,r4 ,gammell's ,williams2#a ,h4 ,m4 ,dexter's ,williams4 ,winthrop1 ,john3 ,joseph ,h4 ,twichell's ,winthrop4#c ,footnote #a3 ,in ,sparks's ,library of ,american ,biography3 ,little1 ,brown ,co41 ,boston4 ,footnote #b3 ,in ,classics for ,children ,series3 ,ginn ,co41 ,boston4 ,footnote #c3 ,in ,makers of ,america ,series3 ,dodd1 ,mead ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #d3 ,in ,boys' and ,girls' ,library of ,american ,biography3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #e3 ,in the ,riverside ,library for ,young ,people3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co41 ,boston4 ,footnote #f3 ,in ,lives of ,american ,worthies3 ,henry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #g3 ,in ,the ,american ,statesmen ,series3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co41 ,boston4 ,footnote #h3 ,in ,the ,heroes of ,history ,series3 ,lee ,shepard1 ,boston4 ,,index4 7,with pronunciation of difficult words47 ,the numbers refer to paragraphs4 ,admiral 7,ad'mi-ral7 7note71 #g4 ,alamance 7,al'a-mance71 battle of1 #aef4 ,alamo 7,al'a-mo71 battle of1 #bcj4 ,alaska purchased1 #bdj4 ,america1 ,northmen discover 7note71 #ba4 ,columbus discovers1 #ab4 ,cabot's voyage to1 #ba4 name of1 given1 #bf4 ,spaniards settle in1 #cj4 ,english settle in1 #cc1 #cg4 independence of1 declared1 #acg4 ,see ,united ,states4 ,americans1 name of1 #acc4 ,amerigo 7,a-ma-ree'go71 see ,vespucci1 #bf4 ,apprentice 7note71 #aaa4 ,armstrong1 ,jack1 #bea1 #bee4 murder trial1 #bee4 ,arnold1 ,benedict1 #ada4 ,atlantic called the ,sea of ,darkness1 #h4 crossed by the ,northmen 7note71 #ba4 crossed by ,columbus1 #h4 ,augustine1 ,st4 7,aw'gus-teen'71 founded1 #cj4 ,bacon's war in ,virginia1 #di4 ,balboa 7,bal-bo'ah7 discovers the ,pacific1 #bh4 ,baltimore founded1 #hj4 in the ,revolution1 #hj4 ,baltimore1 ,lord1 in ,newfoundland1 #gf4 ,maryland granted to1 #gg4 power of1 #gg4 son of1 settles ,maryland1 #gh4 grants religious liberty in ,maryland1 #gi4 is persecuted1 #hj4 summary of1 #ha4 ,battle1 playing at1 #baj4 ,battle of ,alamance 7,al'a-mance71 #aef4 ,alamo 7,al'a-mo71 #bcj4 ,bunker ,hill1 #acd4 ,camden1 #bab4 ,concord1 #acd4 ,cowpens1 #adj1 #baj4 ,fort ,moultrie1 #adj4 ,lexington1 #acd4 ,long ,island1 #acg4 ,new ,orleans1 #bag4 ,princeton1 #aci4 ,saratoga1 #aci4 ,tippecanoe1 #bjc4 ,trenton1 #ach4 ,vincennes 7,vin-senz'71 #afg4 ,yorktown1 #adb4 ,battles of the ,civil ,war1 #bfj4 with ,indians1 see ,indians and ,war4 ,bees1 the1 and the ,red-,coats1 #bjh4 ,berkeley1 governor of ,virginia1 #di4 ,black ,hawk ,war1 #bec4 ,blazing trees1 #aje4 ,boone1 ,daniel1 birth and boyhood of1 #adf4 how he could handle a gun1 #adg4 his bear tree1 #adg4 goes to ,kentucky1 #adh4 makes the ,wilderness ,road1 #aej4 builds a fort1 #aej4 his daughter stolen by ,indians1 #aea4 he is captured and adopted by ,indians1 #aeb4 his escape1 #aec4 how he used tobacco dust1 #aec4 his old age1 #aed4 goes to ,missouri1 #aed4 ,kentucky helps him1 #aed4 grave of1 #aed4 summary of1 #aee4 ,boston founded1 #gc4 name of1 #gc4 ,tea ,party1 #acb4 port of1 closed1 #acc4 ,british driven from1 #acf1 #afi4 ,bowie 7,bow'e71 ,colonel1 #bcj4 ,braddock's defeat1 #acj4 ,bradford1 ,william1 caught in trap1 #fe4 ,bradford1 ,governor1 #fe4 and ,canonicus1 #gj4 ,brewster1 ,elder1 #fg4 ,british1 the name1 #acc4 ,brookfield burnt by ,indians1 #ij4 ,brother ,jonathan1 #bda4 origin of name 7note71 #bda4 ,brush 7note71 #bde4 ,cabot 7,cab'ot71 ,john and ,sebastian1 #ba4 discover continent of ,america1 #ba4 take possession of1 for ,england1 #bb4 return to ,bristol1 #bc4 what they carried back1 #bd4 second voyage of1 #be4 how much of ,america they discovered1 #be4 summary of1 #bg4 ,california1 ,captain ,sutter in1 #bcf4 gold discovered in1 #bcg4 effects of discovery of gold1 #bci4 acquisition of1 #bci4 emigration to1 #bci4 ,camden1 battle of1 #bab4 ,canal1 ,erie1 opened1 #bbj4 ,candidate 7note71 #beh4 ,canonchet 7,ka-non'chet7 braves death1 #ic4 ,canonicus 7,ka-non'i-kus7 sends challenge to ,bradford1 #gj4 and ,roger ,williams1 #hd1 #he4 ,cape ,cod1 arrival of ,pilgrims at1 #fd4 explored by ,pilgrims1 #fe4 ,capitol1 the1 burned1 #bjd4 rebuilt1 #bjd4 ,carolina1 ,north1 ,governor ,tryon in1 #aef4 battle of ,alamance in1 #aef4 the ,revolution in1 #bjg4 ,south1 see ,charleston4 ,carver chosen governor1 #fd4 his kindness to the sick1 #fg4 makes treaty with ,massasoit1 #fi4 ,catholics cruelly treated in ,england1 #gf4 colony of1 in ,newfoundland1 #gf4 colony of1 in ,maryland1 #gg4 give equal religious rights to ,protestants1 #gh1 #gi4 persecuted in ,maryland1 #hj4 first ,english ,church of1 in ,america1 #gh4 ,charles ,,ii4 and ,penn1 #if1 #ih4 ,charleston helps ,georgia1 #ajd4 in the ,revolution1 #adj4 secedes1 #bei4 begins the ,civil ,war1 #bei4 ,chicago1 ,columbian ,exposition at1 #bfd4 ,church1 ,captain ,benjamin1 #ic4 ,church1 the first ,english ,protestant1 in ,america1 #ci4 first ,english ,catholic1 in ,america1 #gh4 ,civil ,war1 the1 #bei1 #bfj4 causes of the1 #bei4 battles of the1 #bfj4 ,grant and ,lee in the1 #bfj4 ,lincoln in the1 #bfj4 result of the1 #bfa4 ,clark1 ,george ,rogers1 birth of 7note71 #afb4 expedition against ,fort ,kaskaskia1 #afb4 march against1 #afc4 takes the fort1 #afc4 is helped by a ,catholic priest1 #afd4 gets ,fort ,vincennes1 #afd4 loses the fort1 #afd4 ,vigo offers help to1 #afd4 marches against ,fort ,vincennes1 #afe4 in the ,drowned ,lands1 #afe4 wading to victory1 #aff4 takes ,fort ,vincennes1 #afg4 results of the victory1 #afg4 grave of1 #afg4 summary of1 #afh4 ,clearing 7note71 #bej4 ,coloma 7,ko-lo'ma71 gold discovered at1 #bcg4 ,colonel 7kur'nel7 7note71 #ia4 ,colonies1 the thirteen 7note71 #ajb4 ,colony 7note71 #gc4 ,columbian ,exposition1 the1 #bfd4 ,columbus1 birth and boyhood of1 #a4 becomes a sailor1 #b4 has a sea-fight1 #c4 goes to ,lisbon1 #c4 his maps of the world1 #d4 plan for reaching ,indies1 #e4 goes to ,spain for help1 #g4 his reception at the convent1 #f4 leaves his son at the convent1 #g4 gets help for his voyage1 #g4 sails from ,palos1 #h4 voyage of1 #i-aa4 discovers land1 #ab4 names it1 #ac4 discovers large islands1 #ae4 returns to ,spain1 #af4 his reception in ,spain1 #af4 last voyages of1 #ag4 his sorrowful old age1 #ah4 sent back to ,spain in chains1 #ah4 his letter to ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 #ah4 death and burial1 #ai4 summary of1 #bj4 celebration of his discovery of ,america1 #bfd4 ,compass1 ,smith's use of the1 #da4 ,roger ,williams'1 #hd4 ,washington's use of1 #abi4 ,concord1 battle of1 #acd4 ,congress1 meeting of the first1 #ajj1 #acc4 makes ,washington commander-in-chief1 #ace4 declares independence1 #ajj1 #acg4 meaning of word 7note71 #acc1 #bbe4 votes money for first telegraph lines1 #bbf4 ,convent of ,st4 ,mary at ,palos1 #f4 ,convent 7note71 #f4 ,cornwallis1 ,lord1 in the ,revolution1 #acg-adb4 his pursuit of ,washington1 #acg4 and ,arnold1 #ada4 surrender of1 #adb4 ,cotton1 how it grows1 #agi4 seeds of1 #agi4 price of1 #aha4 effect of cotton-gin on1 #aha4 export of1 #ahc4 size of bales 7note71 #ahc4 ,cotton-gin1 invention of1 #ahj4 effect of the1 #aha4 ,cowpens1 battle of1 #adj1 #baj4 ,crockett1 ,david1 motto of1 #bcj4 ,declaration of ,independence made1 #ajj1 #acg4 written by ,jefferson1 #ahf4 ,franklin has part in1 #aba4 sent throughout the country1 #ahf4 ,de ,leon1 pronunciation of name 7note71 #bh4 discovers ,florida1 #bh4 ,de ,soto1 pronunciation of name 7note71 #bh4 discovers the ,mississippi1 #bi4 ,detroit1 ,fort1 #afa4 ,discovery1 right of 7note71 #bcd4 ,drowned ,lands1 the1 #afe4 ,earthquake1 great1 of #ahaa1 #aih4 ,ebenezer 7,eb-e-ne'zer71 settlement of1 #aje4 name of1 #aje4 ,electricity1 ,franklin's experiments in1 #aah1 #aai4 ,eliot1 ,rev4 ,john1 #hi4 ,elizabeth1 ,queen1 names ,virginia1 #cc4 ,ellsworth1 ,miss ,annie1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,elm1 the treaty1 at ,philadelphia1 #ii4 the ,washington1 at ,cambridge1 #ace4 ,emigrants 7note71 #cc4 ,experiments 7note71 #aah4 ,explorer 7note71 #b4 ,fable of the ,frog 7note71 #bdg4 ,fairfax estate1 #abf4 ,lord1 and ,washington1 #abf4 his land1 #abg4 hires ,washington to survey1 #abg4 death of1 #adc4 ,father ,gibault 7,zhe-bo'71 #afd4 ,white1 #gh1 #hj4 ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 #f1 #g1 #af4 ,flag1 first ,american1 #ace4 the ,british 7note71 #adb4 torn down at ,new ,york1 #add4 ,u4,s41 origin of 7note71 #adb4 carried round the world1 #bcc4 ,star ,spangled ,banner 7note71 #aha4 of ,texas1 #bcj4 ,jasper saves the1 #adj4 ,flint and steel1 #hd4 ,florida1 discovery of1 #bh4 name of 7note71 #bh4 settlement of1 #cj4 ,indian war in1 #bah4 purchase of1 #cj1 #bah4 ,fort1 ,boone's1 #aej4 ,detroit1 #afa4 ,indian1 #ic4 ,jamestown1 #ch4 ,kaskaskia1 #afa-afc4 ,manhattan1 #ei4 ,mc,henry 7note71 #aha4 ,moultrie1 #adj4 ,necessity1 #acj4 ,plymouth1 #gj4 ,st4 ,augustine1 #cj4 ,sutter's1 #bcf4 ,vincennes1 #afa1 #afd-afg4 ,fortifications on ,dorchester ,heights1 #afi4 at ,new ,orleans1 #bag4 ,forts1 ,british1 at the ,west1 #afa4 ,french1 at the ,west1 #abh4 ,founds 7note71 #gc4 ,fountain1 the magic1 #bh4 ,franklin1 ,benjamin1 boyhood of1 #aaa4 works for his father1 #aaa4 is apprenticed to his brother1 #aaa4 boards himself1 #aaa4 is badly treated1 #aaa4 runs away1 #aab4 his walk across ,new ,jersey1 #aab4 lands in ,philadelphia1 #aac4 buys some rolls1 #aac4 sees ,miss ,read1 #aac4 goes to a ,quaker meeting1 #aac4 gets work in a printing-office1 #aad4 goes to ,boston on a visit1 #aad4 learns to stoop1 #aad4 returns to ,philadelphia1 #aae4 goes to ,london1 #aae4 called the ,water ,american1 #aae4 returns to ,philadelphia1 #aaf4 sets up a newspaper1 #aaj1 #aaf4 his sawdust pudding1 #aaf4 his almanac1 #aaj4 his sayings1 #aaj4 his plan of life1 #aag4 what he did for ,philadelphia1 #aji1 #aag4 experiments with electricity1 #aah1 #aai4 his electrical picture1 #aah4 his electrical kite1 #aai4 his discoveries in electricity1 #aai4 invents the lightning-rod1 #abj4 receives title of ,doctor1 #abj4 services in the ,revolution1 #aba4 thinks we must fight with bows and arrows1 #acf4 gets help for us from ,france1 #aba4 his funeral1 #aba4 counties named for him1 #aba4 summary of1 #abb4 ,friends 7or ,quakers71 religion of1 #ig4 persecuted in ,england1 #ig4 go to ,pennsylvania1 #ih4 friendly relations with the ,indians1 #ii4 ,see ,william ,penn4 ,fulton1 ,robert1 birth and boyhood of1 #aic4 his paddle-wheel scow1 #aic4 care of his mother1 #aic4 goes to ,england and ,france1 #aid4 builds iron bridges1 #aid4 his diving-boat1 #aid4 torpedo experiments in ,france1 #aid4 torpedo experiments in ,england1 #aie4 ,england's offer of money1 #aie4 his reply1 #aie4 builds his first steamboat1 #aif4 returns to ,america1 #aig4 builds steamboat here1 #aig4 trip up the ,hudson1 #aig4 builds steamboat for the ,west1 #aih4 what he did for ,western emigration1 #aii4 his grave1 #aii4 summary of1 #bjj4 ,gadsden ,purchase1 the1 #bdj4 ,gage1 ,general1 in ,boston1 #acc1 #acd4 his nose1 #acf4 leaves ,boston1 #acf4 ,genoa 7,jen'o-ah7 7note71 #a4 ,george ,,ii4 and ,georgia1 #ajb4 ,george ,,iii41 resolves to tax ,americans1 #aca4 sends over taxed tea1 #acb4 closes port of ,boston1 #acc4 hires ,german soldiers1 #acd4 his statue pulled down1 #acg4 his character1 #afa4 ,georgia1 name of1 #ajb4 settlement of1 #ajb4 ,savannah1 #ajd4 ,ebenezer1 #aje4 silk raised in1 #ajf4 keeps out ,spaniards1 #ajg4 in the ,revolution1 #ajg4 summary of1 #ajh4 ,gibault 7,zhe-bo'71 ,father1 #afd4 ,gin1 the cotton1 #ahj1 #aha4 name of 7note71 #ahj4 ,goffe1 ,colonel1 at ,hadley1 #ia1 and note in ,a ,short ,list of ,books4 ,gold1 discovered in ,california1 #bcg4 tested by ,sutter1 #bch4 carried to ,san ,francisco1 #bci4 excitement over1 #bci4 effect of discovery of1 #bci4 ,grant1 ,general1 #bfj4 ,gray1 ,captain1 voyage to the ,pacific1 #bcc4 carries ,american flag around the world1 #bcc4 names the ,columbia ,river1 #bcd4 helps us to get ,oregon1 #bcd4 summary of1 #bce4 ,greene1 ,general 7,revolution71 #adj1 #agh1 #bab4 ,greene1 ,mrs4 ,general1 #agh1 #agi4 ,hadley1 ,indian attack on1 #ia4 ,goffe at1 #ia1 and note in ,a ,short ,list of ,books4 ,hamilton1 ,colonel1 #afa1 #afd4 ,hanks1 ,john1 and ,lincoln1 #bej1 #beg1 #beh4 ,harrison1 ,general1 birthplace of 7note71 #bjc4 governor of ,indiana ,territory1 #bjc4 marches against the ,indians1 #bjc4 gains victory of ,tippecanoe1 #bjc4 beats the ,british1 #bjd4 elected ,president1 #bjd4 death of1 #bjd4 summary of1 #bje4 ,henry1 ,patrick1 speech of1 #ahe4 sends ,clark to take ,british forts1 #afb4 ,henry ,,vii41 sends ,cabot on voyage of discovery1 #ba4 claims part of ,north ,america1 #bb4 ,holland1 gives ,pilgrims a refuge1 #fb4 takes possession of the country on the ,hudson1 #ei4 ,houston 7,hew'ston71 ,sam1 birthplace of 7note71 #bbi4 in war with ,indians1 #bbi4 governor of ,tennessee1 #bbi4 goes to live with the ,indians1 #bbi4 goes to ,texas1 #bcj4 fights for ,texas1 #bcj4 is made president of ,texas1 #bcj4 in the ,civil ,war1 #bca4 death of1 #bca4 summary of1 #bcb4 ,howe1 ,general1 driven from ,boston1 #acf4 ,hudson1 ,henry1 first voyage of1 #eb4 hired by the ,dutch1 #ec4 sails for ,america1 #ec4 discovers the ,great ,river1 #ed4 what he said about the country1 #ee4 voyage up the river1 #ef4 is feasted by the ,indians1 #ef4 what the ,indians thought of him1 #ef4 has fight with ,indians1 #eg4 sails for ,europe1 #eh4 ,hudson ,river is named for him1 #eh4 death of1 in ,hudson ,bay1 #eh4 what he would think of ,new ,york now1 #fj4 summary of1 #fa4 ,hudson ,river described1 #ee1 #ef4 named1 #eh4 ,dutch settle on the1 #ei4 ,illinois1 ,clark's conquest of1 #afb1 #afc4 ,independence1 see ,declaration of ,independence4 ,indians1 ,columbus names the1 #ad4 described1 #ac4 welcome the ,english1 #cb4 of ,virginia1 #dj4 how they lived1 #dj4 and ,captain ,smith1 #da1 #db4 feast ,henry ,hudson1 #ef4 make treaty with ,pilgrims1 #fi4 help the ,pilgrims1 #fi4 challenge ,pilgrims to fight1 #gj4 ,standish's fight with the1 #ga4 help the settlers of ,maryland1 #gh4 ,roger ,williams defends rights of1 #hc4 how they helped ,williams1 #hd1 #he4 great war with1 in ,n4 ,e41 #ij-id4 ,penn defends rights of1 to land1 #ih4 make treaty with ,penn1 #ii4 friendly to the ,quakers1 #ii4 war dance of1 #abg4 and ,daniel ,boone1 #adh-aec4 their tricks and stratagems1 #adi4 capture ,boone's daughter1 #aea4 capture ,boone and adopt him1 #aeb4 in the ,revolution1 #afa1 #afg4 war in ,ohio1 #agb1 #agc4 what they called the steamboat1 #aih4 forced to move ,west1 #bja1 #bah4 story of the log1 move on1 #bja4 victory of ,harrison over1 #bjc4 victory of ,jackson over1 #baf1 #bbi4 ,sam ,houston goes to live with the1 #bbi4 move west of the ,mississippi1 #bah4 ,see ,canonchet1 ,canonicus1 ,black ,hawk1 ,king ,philip1 ,massasoit1 ,pocahontas1 ,powhatan1 ,samoset1 ,squanto1 ,tecumseh1 ,the ,prophet1 ,wamsutta1 ,weathersford4 ,indian treaty with ,pilgrims1 #fi4 with ,penn1 #ii4 ,indian wars1 ,king ,philip's ,war1 #ij-id4 in ,kentucky1 #adh4 at the ,west1 in the ,revolution1 #afa4 in ,ohio1 #agb1 #agc4 in ,illinois1 #bec4 in ,indiana1 #bjc4 in ,alabama1 #bae1 #baf4 in ,florida1 #bah4 ,black ,hawk ,war1 #bec4 ,jackson1 ,andrew1 birth and boyhood of1 #bjf4 and the gun1 #bjf4 and ,tarleton1 #bjg4 his mother1 #bjg4 his hatred of the ,british1 #bjh4 dangers exposed to1 #bji4 taken prisoner1 #baa4 and the boots1 #baa4 sees a battle through a knot-hole1 #bab4 death of his mother1 #bac4 what he said of her1 #bac4 begins to learn a trade1 #bad4 studies law1 #bad4 goes to ,tennessee1 #bad4 becomes judge1 #bad4 becomes general1 #bad4 fights the ,indians1 #baf4 interview with ,weathersford1 #baf4 wins the great battle of ,new ,orleans1 #bag4 conquers ,indians in ,florida1 #bah4 elected ,president1 #bah4 four steps in life of1 #bah4 summary of1 #bai4 ,james ,i41 ,jamestown named for1 #ch4 denies religious liberty to his subjects1 #fb1 #gc4 ,jamestown settled1 #ch4 burned1 #di4 ,jasper1 ,sergeant1 how he saved the flag1 #adj4 ,jefferson1 ,thomas1 birth of1 #ahd4 home at ,monticello1 #ahd4 beloved by his slaves1 #ahd4 desires to free1 #ahd4 hears ,patrick ,henry speak1 #ahe4 writes ,declaration of ,independence1 #ahf4 elected ,president1 #ahg4 what he said about ,new ,orleans and ,louisiana1 #ahg4 buys ,louisiana1 #ahh4 his death1 #ahi4 inscription on his tombstone1 #ahi4 summary of1 #aij4 ,jonathan1 ,brother1 #bda4 origin of name 7note71 #bda4 ,jury trial1 first in ,america1 #ci4 ,jury 7note71 #ci4 ,kaskaskia 7,kas-kas'ki-a7 ,fort1 #afa-afc4 ,king ,philip1 son of ,massasoit1 #hg4 becomes chief1 #hh4 how he dressed and lived1 #hh4 his hatred of the whites1 #hh4 determines to make war #hi4 ,indians attack ,swansea1 #ij4 attack other towns1 #ij4 burn ,brookfield1 #ij4 attack ,hadley #ia4 bravery shown by a woman #ib4 the great swamp fight1 #ic4 ,canonchet taken1 #ic4 ,philip's wife and son taken1 #id4 wife and son sold into slavery1 #id4 ,philip shot1 #id4 destruction caused by the war1 #id4 cost of the war1 #id4 ,indian power broken1 #id4 summary of1 #ie4 ,lafayette 7,lah-fay-et'71 helps us in the ,revolution1 #ada4 pursues ,cornwallis1 #ada4 at the tomb of ,washington1 #add4 ,land acquired by the ,united ,states1 see ,territory and ,united ,states4 ,lee1 ,general1 in the ,civil ,war1 #bfj4 ,legislature 7note71 #beg4 ,lexington1 battle of1 #acd4 ,leyden 7,li'den71 ,holland1 #fb4 ,leyden jar1 #aah1 #aai4 ,liberty1 religious1 in ,maryland1 #gh-hj4 religious1 in ,rhode ,island1 #he4 religious1 none formerly in ,england1 #fb1 #gf1 #ig4 ,liberty1 ,sons of1 in the ,revolution1 #fj4 ,liberty1 statue of1 #fj4 ,lincoln1 ,abraham1 birth and boyhood of1 #bdd4 how he lived1 #bdd1 #bde4 death of his mother1 #bdf4 what he said of her1 #bdf4 what his step-mother said of him1 #bdf4 at school1 #bdg4 teaches himself at home1 #bdg4 what he read1 #bdg4 how he used the fire-shovel1 #bdg4 description of1 at seventeen1 #bdh4 his strength1 #bdh4 goes to ,new ,orleans1 #bdi4 moves to ,illinois1 #bej4 splits rails1 #bej4 hunting frolics1 #bej4 tends store at ,new ,salem1 #bea4 is attacked by ,jack ,armstrong1 #bea4 his faithfulness in little things1 #beb4 called ,honest ,abe1 #bdc1 #beb4 in the ,black ,hawk ,war1 #bec4 becomes postmaster and surveyor1 #bed4 studies law1 #bed4 begins to practise law1 #bed4 respected by all men1 #bed4 in ,armstrong murder trial1 #bee4 how he saved the pig1 #bef4 goes to the ,legislature1 #beg4 goes to ,congress1 #bdc1 #beg4 chosen candidate for ,president1 #beh4 elected ,president1 #beh4 his election brings on the ,civil ,war1 #bei4 emancipates the slaves1 #bfj4 murdered by ,booth1 #bfa4 grief of the nation at his death1 #bfa4 summary of1 #bfb4 ,louisiana1 purchase of1 #ahh4 original extent of1 #ahh4 ,major 7note71 #abh4 ,manhattan ,island1 #ed1 #ei1 #fj4 ,marietta1 ,ohio1 settled1 #agj4 name of1 #aga4 what ,washington said of1 #aga4 and the ,indians1 #agb4 summary of1 #agd4 ,marshall finds gold in ,california1 #bcg4 his poverty1 #bci4 ,maryland1 name of1 #gg4 granted to ,lord ,baltimore1 #gg4 rent of1 #gg4 settlement of1 #gh4 first ,catholic church in ,america in1 #gh4 home of religious liberty1 #gi4 trouble with ,virginia1 #hj4 ,catholics of1 badly treated1 #hj4 ,baltimore city founded1 #hj4 in the ,revolution1 #hj4 summary of1 #ha4 ,massachusetts1 name of1 #gc4 settlement of1 #gc4 in the ,revolution1 #gd4 ,massasoit 7,mas-sa-soit'71 makes treaty with the ,pilgrims1 #fi4 kindness of1 to ,roger ,williams1 #hd4 ,king ,philip1 his son1 #hg4 ,mayflower1 voyage of the1 #fd1 #ff1 #gc4 ,ohio boat so named1 #agj4 ,messages 7note71 #bbj4 ,mexico1 war with1 #bci4 territory obtained from1 #bci4 ,miami 7,mi-am'i71 ,ohio1 #agb4 ,mississippi1 ,de ,soto discovers the1 #bi4 belonged to ,france1 #ahg4 we get possession of the1 #ahh4 first steamboat on the1 #aih1 #aii4 ,moccasins 7note71 #acf4 ,model 7note71 #bbd4 ,monticello1 described1 #ahd4 ,morgan's sharpshooters1 #adj4 ,morse1 ,samuel ,f4 ,b41 birth and boyhood of1 #bbj4 becomes a painter1 #bba4 goes to ,france1 #bba4 thinks of using electricity to send messages1 #bba4 returns to ,america1 #bbb4 invents electric telegraph1 #bbb4 his poverty1 #bbc4 takes the first photograph in ,america1 #bbc4 gets assistance from ,mr4 ,vail1 #bbd4 obtains patent for the telegraph1 #bbd4 receives help from ,congress1 #bbe1 #bbf4 and ,miss ,annie ,ellsworth1 #bbf1 #bbg4 builds line of telegraph1 #bbg4 the first message sent1 #bbg4 how a message is sent 7note71 #bbg4 the first year of telegraphy1 #bbg4 summary of1 #bbh4 ,moultrie1 ,colonel1 #adj4 ,fort1 #adj4 ,mount ,vernon1 ,washington at1 #abf1 #ace1 #add4 ,nation 7note71 #bag4 ,negroes1 see ,slaves4 ,new ,amsterdam1 #ei4 ,new ,england1 name of1 #df4 first settlements in1 #ff1 #gc1 #gd4 ,new ,netherland1 name of1 #ei4 seized by the ,english1 #ei4 ,new ,orleans1 owned by the ,french1 #ahg4 purchase of1 #ahh4 battle of1 #bag4 cotton exported from1 #ahc4 ,new ,salem1 ,illinois1 #bea4 ,newspaper1 ,franklin's1 #aaj1 #aaf4 ,new ,york1 name of1 #ei4 ,new ,york ,city1 name1 #ei4 in the ,revolution1 #fj1 #acg1 #add4 ,north and ,south in the ,civil ,war1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,northmen discover ,america 7note71 #ba4 ,oglethorpe 7,o'gel-thorp71 ,general1 who he was1 #ajb4 and prisoners for debt1 #ajc4 gets grant of ,georgia1 #ajb1 #ajc4 object of settling ,georgia1 #ajc4 builds ,savannah1 #ajd4 welcomes ,german settlers1 #aje4 attempts to produce silk1 #ajf4 sends silk as present to the queen of ,england1 #ajf4 keeps out the ,spaniards1 #ajg4 in his old age1 #ajg4 summary of1 #ajh4 ,ohio1 first settlement in1 #agj4 ,indian wars in1 #agb1 #agc4 ,ohio ,river1 first steamboat on1 #aih4 ,oregon1 how we got our claim to1 #bcd4 added to the ,united ,states1 #bcd1 #bdj4 ,pacific1 ,balboa discovers the1 #bh4 ,pacific ,railroad completed 7note71 #bfc4 ,pacific railroads1 the three1 #bfc4 ,palisade1 #gj4 ,palisades of the ,hudson 7note71 #ef4 ,palmetto logs 7note71 #adj4 ,palos1 convent at1 #f4 ,columbus sails from1 #h4 reception at1 #af4 ,parker1 ,captain1 at ,lexington1 #acd4 ,patent 7note71 #bbd4 ,penn1 ,william1 receives grant of ,pennsylvania1 #if4 belongs to the ,society of ,friends or ,quakers1 #ig4 his religion1 #ig4 sends emigrants to ,pennsylvania1 #ih4 his conversation with ,charles ,,ii41 #ih4 founds ,philadelphia1 #ii4 his treaty with the ,indians1 #ii4 visits the ,indians1 #ii4 his treaty elm protected by a ,british officer1 #ii4 said the people should make their own laws1 #ajj4 goes back to ,england1 #ajj4 the victim of a dishonest agent1 #ajj4 goes to prison for debt1 #ajj4 death of1 #ajj4 love of the ,indians for him1 #ajj4 ,indians send a present to his widow1 #ajj4 grave of1 #ajj4 summary of1 #aja4 ,pennsylvania1 named by ,charles ,,ii41 #if4 granted to ,william ,penn1 #if4 natural wealth of1 #if4 in the ,revolution1 #ajj4 ,philadelphia1 founded1 #ii4 name of1 #ii4 prosperity of1 #ajj1 #aji4 what ,franklin did for1 #aag4 in the ,revolution1 #ajj4 first ,continental ,congress meets in1 #ajj4 ,declaration of ,independence made in1 #ajj4 ,philip1 ,king1 see ,king ,philip4 ,photograph1 first1 in ,america1 #bbc4 ,pilgrims1 the1 in ,holland1 #fb4 name of1 #fb4 persecuted in ,england1 #fb4 why they wished to leave ,holland1 #fc4 sail for ,america1 #fd4 ,captain ,myles ,standish goes with them1 #fd4 number of the1 #fd4 make a compact of government1 #fd4 elect ,john ,carver first governor1 #fd4 land on the ,cape1 #fe4 washing-day1 #fe4 explore the ,cape1 #fe4 land on ,plymouth ,rock1 #ff4 settle in ,plymouth1 #ff4 why they chose that place1 #ff4 name of1 #ff4 sickness and death1 #fg4 meet ,indians1 #fh4 make treaty with ,massasoit1 #fi4 their first ,thanksgiving1 #fi4 ,canonicus dares them to fight1 #gj4 ,governor ,bradford's reply1 #gj4 build a fort1 #gj4 build a palisade1 #gj4 fight the ,indians at ,weymouth1 #ga4 what ,myles ,standish did for the ,pilgrims1 #ga1 #gb4 summary of1 #ge4 ,see ,myles ,standish4 ,pioneers 7note71 #bcj4 ,pittsburg1 #afb1 #agj1 #aih1 and see map1 #abg4 ,plantation 7note71 #abc4 ,planter 7note71 #dh4 ,plymouth1 the ,pilgrims settle1 #ff4 natural advantages of1 #ff4 name of1 #ff4 ,see ,pilgrims4 ,plymouth ,rock1 ,pilgrims land on1 #ff4 ,pocahontas 7,po-ka-hon'tas71 saves ,smith's life1 #db1 and note in ,a ,short ,list of ,books4 marries ,rolfe1 #db4 her descendants1 #db4 ,ponce de ,leon1 see ,de ,leon4 ,potato1 the1 sent to ,england1 #cc4 ,raleigh plants it in ,ireland1 #cc4 ,powder1 lack of1 in ,revolution1 #acf4 sent from ,savannah to ,bunker ,hill1 #ajg4 ,powhatan 7,pow-ha-tan'7 and ,captain ,john ,smith1 #db4 ,prison-ships1 ,british1 #bac4 ,prophet1 the1 and ,tecumseh1 #bjb1 #bjd4 at the battle of ,tippecanoe1 #bjc4 his sacred beans1 #bjc4 ,indians say he is a liar1 #bjc4 ,tecumseh takes him by the hair1 #bjd4 ,prophet 7note71 #bjb4 ,providence1 name of1 #he4 settled1 #he4 religious liberty in1 #he4 ,puritans 7note71 #fb4 settle ,boston1 #gc4 ,putnam1 ,general ,rufus1 services in the ,revolution1 #afi4 builds fortifications at ,dorchester ,heights1 #afi4 builds the ,mayflower1 #agj4 settles ,marietta1 ,ohio1 #agj4 summary of1 #agd4 ,quakers1 see ,friends4 ,railroad1 the first1 in ,america1 #bah1 and note1 #bah4 growth of railroads1 #bah4 first ,pacific 7note71 #bfc4 the three ,pacific railroads1 #bfc4 ,raleigh 7,raw'li71 ,sir ,walter1 a favorite of ,queen ,elizabeth1 #cb4 sends exploring expedition to ,america1 #cb4 receives title of honor1 #cc4 sends settlers to ,virginia1 #cc4 receives tobacco and potato plants from ,virginia1 #cc4 plants them in ,ireland1 #cc4 spends a great deal of money on his ,virginia colony1 #cd4 fails to establish a settlement1 #cd4 last days of1 #ce4 is beheaded1 #ce4 power of his example1 #ce4 summary of1 #cf4 ,ranches 7note71 #bfc4 ,rebels 7note71 #baj4 ,red-coats 7note71 #bjh4 ,religious liberty1 none in ,england1 #fb4 in ,maryland1 #gi4 in ,rhode ,island1 #he4 ,religious persecution in ,england1 #fb1 #gf1 #ig4 of ,catholics1 #gf1 #hj4 of ,pilgrims1 #fb4 of ,puritans1 #gc4 of ,quakers1 #ig4 ,revere's 7,re-veer'71 ,paul1 ride1 #acd4 ,revolution1 the1 cause of1 #aca4 first blood shed in1 #acd4 progress of1 #acb-adc4 ,declaration of ,independence1 #acg4 battles of1 see ,battles4 end of1 #add1 #ade4 ,see ,washington4 ,revolution1 the1 in ,delaware1 #ajj4 ,georgia1 #ajg4 ,maryland1 #hj4 ,massachusetts1 #gd1 #acd-acf1 #afi4 ,new ,england1 #gd4 ,new ,jersey1 #ajj1 #ach1 #aci4 ,new ,york1 #fj1 #acg1 #aci1 #add4 ,north ,carolina1 #ajg1 #adj1 #aef1 #bjg-bac4 ,pennsylvania1 #ajj1 #aci4 ,rhode ,island1 #he4 ,south ,carolina1 #ajg1 #adj1 #bjg-bac4 ,virginia1 #ej1 #ada1 #adb1 #ahe1 #ahf4 in the ,west1 #afa-afg4 ,rhode ,island settled1 #he4 religious liberty in1 #he4 in the ,revolution1 #he4 ,robertson1 ,james1 birthplace of 7note71 #aef4 his home in ,north ,carolina1 #aef4 emigrates to ,watauga1 ,tennessee1 #aeh4 and ,sevier1 #aei4 what he did for the new settlement1 #aei4 ,washington makes him general1 #aei4 summary of1 #afj4 ,sacramento1 ,sutter's ,fort at1 #bcf4 ,sacred 7note71 #bjc4 ,salem1 ,roger ,williams' church at1 #hb4 ,samoset 7,sam'o-set7 and the ,pilgrims1 #fh4 ,san ,salvador 7,sal'va-dor71 ,columbus names1 #ac4 ,saratoga1 battle of1 #aci4 ,savannah settled1 #ajd4 in the ,revolution1 #ajg4 ,seal1 great1 of ,united ,states1 #bfd and note4 ,seekonk1 ,roger ,williams at1 #he4 ,senate ,chamber 7note71 #bbe4 ,sergeant 7,sar'jent7 7note71 #adj4 ,sevier 7,se-veer'71 ,john1 born in ,virginia 7note71 #aef4 emigrates to ,watauga1 ,tennessee1 #aei4 and ,robertson1 #aei4 what he did for ,watauga1 #aei4 becomes first governor of ,tennessee1 #aei4 summary of1 #afj4 ,sharpshooters in the ,revolution1 #acf1 #adj4 ,silk1 attempt to produce1 in ,georgia1 #ajf4 sent to ,england1 #ajf4 the ,queen has a dress made of it1 #ajf4 ,silkworm 7note71 #ajf4 ,slaves1 negro1 first brought to ,virginia1 #dh4 employed in raising tobacco1 #dh4 planters grow rich by1 #dh4 all the colonies buy1 #dh1 #bei4 ,washington's1 #ace4 ,jefferson beloved by his1 #ahd4 ,jefferson's feeling in regard to1 #ahd4 how employed on cotton1 #agi4 and the cotton-gin1 #ahj4 gradually freed at the ,north1 #bei4 their condition unchanged at the ,south1 #bei4 feeling at the ,south about1 #bei4 feeling at the ,north about1 #bei4 question of holding1 divides the states1 #bei4 ,lincoln in regard to increasing number of1 #bei1 #bfj4 and the ,civil ,war1 #bei1 #bfj4 freed by ,president ,lincoln1 #bfj4 effect of emancipation of1 on the ,union1 #bfa4 ,smith1 ,john1 early life and adventures of1 #cg4 sold as a slave1 #cg4 starts for ,virginia1 #cg4 arrested on the voyage on a false charge1 #ch4 is tried and acquitted1 #ci4 court grants him damages1 #ci4 what he hoped to do in ,virginia1 #ch4 what he did for the sick1 #ci4 prevents desertion1 #ci4 goes in search of the ,pacific1 #da4 is captured by ,indians1 #da4 how he used his pocket compass1 #da4 brought before ,powhatan1 #da4 ,pocahontas saves his life1 #db1 and note in ,a ,short ,list of ,books4 made governor of ,jamestown1 #dc4 his opinion of the gold-diggers1 #dc4 compels ,indians to let settlers have corn1 #dc4 makes all the settlers work1 #dd4 his cold-water cure for swearing1 #de4 meets with a terrible accident1 #df4 goes back to ,england1 #df4 returns and explores country north of ,virginia1 #df4 names it ,new ,england1 #df4 death and burial of1 #df4 what he did for ,virginia1 #dg4 his books and maps1 #dg4 is called the ,father of ,virginia1 #dg4 writes ,captain ,henry ,hudson1 #ec4 summary of1 #ea4 ,south1 the1 in the ,civil ,war1 #bfj4 great progress of1 since the war1 #bfc4 ,spaniards settle ,florida1 #cj4 are kept out of ,georgia1 #ajg4 ,squanto 7,skwon'to71 how he helped the ,pilgrims1 #fh1 #fi4 ,squaws 7note71 #aeb4 ,standish1 ,myles1 an ,english soldier in ,holland1 #fd4 goes to ,america with the ,pilgrims1 #fd4 explores ,cape ,cod1 #fe4 lands at ,plymouth ,rock1 #ff4 was nurse as well as soldier1 #fg4 goes to meet ,massasoit1 #fi4 feared by the ,indians1 #gj4 escorts the ,pilgrims to church1 #gj4 has a fight with the ,indians1 #ga4 saves ,plymouth from attack by ,indians1 #ga4 what else he did for the ,pilgrims1 #gb4 what he left at his death1 #gb4 his monument1 #gb4 summary of1 #ge4 ,steamboat1 ,fulton's1 on the ,hudson1 #aig4 first at the ,west1 #aih1 #aii4 effect of1 on emigration1 #aii4 ,st4 ,mary's1 settlement at1 #gh4 ,survey 7note71 #abg4 ,sutter 7,soo'ter71 ,john ,a41 his fort in ,california1 #bcf4 founds ,sacramento1 #bcf4 lives like a king1 #bcf4 begins to build saw-mill at ,colona1 #bcg4 ,marshall brings him gold-dust to test1 #bch4 is convinced that gold has been found1 #bch4 how he felt at the discovery1 #bch4 loses his property1 #bci4 is pensioned by ,california1 #bci4 summary of1 #bdb4 ,swansea 7,swon'ze7 attacked by ,indians1 #ij4 ,swordfish 7note71 #aid4 ,tarleton 7,tarl'ton71 cruelty of1 #bjg4 called ,butcher ,tarleton1 #bjh4 his soldiers and the bees1 #bjh4 is beaten at ,cowpens1 #baj4 what he hears from the children1 #baj4 ,taxation of ,america by ,george ,,iii41 #aca4 chief cause of the ,revolution1 #aca4 ,tea1 taxed1 sent to ,america1 #acb4 destruction of1 #acb4 ,boston ,tea ,party1 #acb4 ,tecumseh 7,te-kum'seh7 excites the ,indians to war1 #bjb1 #bae4 takes the ,prophet by the hair1 #bjd4 fights for the ,british in ,canada1 #bjd4 is killed1 #bjd4 ,telegraph1 meaning of the word 7note71 #bbb4 what it is1 #bbb4 electric1 invented by ,morse1 #bbb4 ,vail's work on1 #bbd4 patented by ,morse1 #bbd4 ,congress grants money to build line1 #bbe1 #bbf4 first message over1 #bbg4 business of1 in #ahde1 #bbg4 business of1 to-day1 #bbg4 how messages are sent by 7note71 #bbg4 ,atlantic1 #bbg4 ,see ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse4 ,telephone1 meaning of the word 7note71 #bbg4 what it is1 #bbg4 when invented 7note71 #bbg4 use of1 to-day1 #bbh4 ,tennessee1 first settlement of1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,see ,james ,robertson and ,john ,sevier4 ,terrier 7note71 #bjd4 ,territory added to the ,united ,states since the ,revolution1 #bdj2 and see ,united ,states4 ,tests 7note71 #bch4 ,texas1 forms part of ,mexico1 #bcj4 we try to buy it1 #bcj4 ,houston goes to1 #bcj4 massacre of ,americans at ,fort ,alamo1 #bcj4 war of independence1 #bcj4 flag of1 #bcj4 annexed1 #bcj4 dispute with ,mexico about boundary1 #bci4 ,mexican war and1 #bci4 and the ,civil ,war1 #bca4 summary of1 #bcb4 ,tippecanoe1 battle of1 #bjc4 ,tobacco sent from ,virginia to ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 #cc4 he plants it in ,ireland1 #cc4 value of1 to ,virginia1 #dh4 ,torpedo 7note71 #aid4 ,fulton's experiments with torpedoes1 #aid1 #aie4 ,tow cloth 7note71 #bej4 ,travis 7,tra'vis71 ,colonel1 in ,texas1 #bcj4 ,treaty1 ,indian1 with ,pilgrims1 #fi4 with ,william ,penn1 #ii4 7note71 #ii4 ,tryon1 ,governor1 in ,north ,carolina1 #aef4 oppression by1 #aef4 called the ,great ,wolf of ,north ,carolina1 #aef4 at battle of ,alamance1 #aef4 ,union 7note71 #bei4 the ,south resolves to withdraw from the1 #bei4 strengthened by result of the ,civil ,war1 #bfa4 ,united ,states1 independence of1 declared1 #ahf4 ,war of the ,revolution1 see ,revolution4 more perfect ,union formed 7note71 #bei4 extent of1 at the close of the ,revolution1 #ahg4 acquires ,louisiana 7#ahjc71 #ahh4 acquires ,florida 7#ahai71 #bah4 acquires ,texas 7#ahde71 #bcj4 acquires ,oregon 7#ahdf71 #bcd4 acquires ,california and ,new ,mexico 7#ahdh71 #bci4 acquires ,gadsden ,purchase 7#ahec71 #bdj4 acquires ,alaska 7#ahfg71 #bdj4 extent of1 to-day1 #bdj4 ,war of #ahab1 #bjd1 #bag4 ,war of1 with ,mexico1 #bci4 the ,civil ,war1 #bei4 growth since the ,war1 #bfc1 #bfd4 and ,world's ,columbian ,exposition1 #bfd4 great seal of1 #bfd4 what we can do for1 #bfd4 ,vail1 ,alfred1 and ,morse's telegraph1 #bbd4 ,venison 7note71 #cb4 ,vespucci1 ,amerigo 7,a-ma-ree'go ,ves-poot'chee71 #bf4 and name ,america1 #bf4 ,vigo 7,vee'go7 helps ,clark1 #afd4 ,vincennes 7,vin-senz'71 ,fort1 #afa1 #afd-afg4 ,virginia1 ,raleigh's expedition to1 #cb4 named by ,elizabeth1 #cc4 first settlement in1 #cc4 first ,english child in ,america born in1 #cd4 failure of first settlement1 #cd4 tobacco and potato sent from1 #cc4 permanently settled at ,jamestown1 #ch4 first ,english church in1 #ci4 first jury trial in1 #ci4 ,captain ,smith made governor of1 #dc4 books about1 #dg4 slaves sent to1 #dh4 tobacco1 cultivation of1 #dh4 prosperity of1 #dh4 ,berkeley and ,bacon's war in1 #di4 ,jamestown burned1 #di4 growth of1 #ej4 makes ready to fight for its rights1 #ahe4 first demands independence of ,america1 #ej4 in the ,revolution1 see ,revolution4 owns extensive western possessions1 #afb4 ,george ,washington and1 #ej4 the ,mother of ,presidents1 #ej4 summary of1 #ea4 in the ,civil ,war1 #bfj4 ,virginia ,dare1 birth of1 #cd4 ,voted 7note71 #bbf4 ,wamsutta1 death of1 #hg4 ,war1 ,bacon's1 in ,virginia1 #di4 ,king ,philip's1 in ,new ,england1 #hi-id4 of the ,revolution1 see ,revolution4 with the ,british in the ,west1 #afa-afg4 with ,indians in the ,west1 #afa4 with ,indians in ,ohio1 #agc4 with ,indians in ,indiana1 #bjc4 with ,indians in ,illinois1 #bec4 the ,black ,hawk1 #bec4 with ,indians in ,alabama1 #bae1 #baf4 with ,indians in ,florida1 #bah4 of #ahab 7note71 #aha1 #bjd1 #bag4 cause of1 of #ahab1 #bjd4 of ,texan independence1 #bcj4 with ,mexico1 #bci4 cause of ,mexican1 #bci4 the ,civil1 #bei1 #bfj4 cause of the ,civil1 #bei4 ,war-whoop 7war-hoop7 7note71 #ia4 ,washington1 ,george1 birth and boyhood of1 #abc-abe4 at school1 #abc4 playing at war1 #abd4 battle with the colt1 #abe4 what he owed to his mother1 #abc4 visits ,mount ,vernon1 #abf4 makes acquaintance of ,lord ,fairfax1 #abf4 surveys ,lord ,fairfax's land1 #abg4 life in the woods1 #abg4 sees an ,indian war-dance1 #abg4 is made public surveyor1 #abg4 appearance of1 at twenty-one1 #abh4 receives title of major1 #abh4 governor of ,virginia sends him to order off the ,french1 #abh4 journey through the wilderness1 #abh1 #abi4 narrow escape of1 #abi4 receives title of colonel1 #acj4 goes with ,braddock's expedition1 #acj4 tries to hold ,fort ,necessity1 #acj4 goes to ,mount ,vernon to live1 #ace4 his slaves1 #ace4 made commander-in-chief in the ,revolution1 #ace4 takes command of army1 #ace4 raises first ,american flag1 #ace and 7note7 #adb4 drives ,british from ,boston1 #acf1 #afi4 goes to ,new ,york1 #acg4 chased by ,cornwallis1 #acg4 retreats across the ,delaware1 #acg4 victory of ,trenton1 #ach4 victory of ,princeton1 #aci4 at ,valley ,forge1 #aci4 enters ,philadelphia1 #aci4 marches against ,yorktown1 #adb4 takes ,yorktown1 #adb4 his coat-of-arms 7note71 #adb4 goes back to ,mount ,vernon1 #add4 elected ,president1 #add4 takes oath of office1 #add4 ,lafayette visits his tomb1 #add4 summary of1 #ade4 ,washington1 ,lawrence1 at ,mount ,vernon1 #abf4 death of1 #ace4 ,colonel ,william1 #baj and note4 ,washington1 the ,capitol at1 burned1 #bjd4 rebuilt1 #bjd4 ,watauga 7,wa-taw'ga71 settlement of1 #aeh4 ,wayne1 ,general1 in ,ohio1 #agc4 ,weathersford and ,general ,jackson1 #baf4 ,west1 the1 in the ,revolution1 #afa4 conquest of1 #afa-afg4 at treaty of peace with ,england1 #afg4 settlement of1 #aej1 #aeg1 #agj4 acquisition of country west of the ,mississippi1 see ,united ,states4 effects of steamboat navigation on1 #aii1 #bjj4 effects of railroads on1 #bah4 rapid growth of1 #bfc4 ,see ,boone1 ,clark1 ,robertson1 ,sevier1 ,jefferson1 ,houston1 ,gray1 ,sutter4 ,weymouth1 ,standish fights ,indians at1 #ga4 ,what ,cheer ,rock1 ,providence1 #he4 ,white1 ,father1 in ,maryland1 #gh1 #hj4 ,whitney1 ,eli1 birth and boyhood of1 #age4 cuts his name on a door1 #age4 makes a fiddle1 #agf4 makes nails1 #agg4 goes to ,yale ,college1 #agg4 his skill with tools1 #agg4 goes to ,georgia1 #agh4 stops with ,mrs4 ,general ,greene1 #agh4 makes her an embroidery frame1 #agh4 has a talk about cotton and cotton-seeds1 #agi4 invents the cotton-gin1 #ahj4 effect of his invention1 #aha1 #ahc4 builds a gun-factory1 #aha4 makes muskets for ,war of #ahab1 #aha4 summary of1 #ahb4 ,wilderness1 the ,great1 #afa4 ,wilderness ,road1 ,boone makes the1 #aej4 ,williams1 ,roger1 comes to ,boston1 #hb4 preaches in ,salem and ,plymouth1 #hb4 is very friendly to the ,indians1 #hb4 declares that they own the land1 #hc4 ,boston authorities attempt to arrest1 #hd4 escapes and goes to ,massasoit1 #hd4 his journey through the wilderness1 #hd4 reception by ,massasoit1 #hd4 builds a cabin at ,seekonk1 #he4 leaves ,seekonk1 #he4 greeted by the ,indians1 #he4 ,canonicus lets him have land1 #he4 settles ,providence1 #he4 grants religious liberty to all settlers1 #he4 summary of1 #hf4 ,winthrop1 ,governor ,john1 settles ,boston1 #gc4 ,wool-comber 7note71 #a4 ,world1 knowledge of1 before ,columbus discovered ,america1 #d4 ,,advertisements4 ,,montgomery',s ,,leading ,,facts ,,of ,american ,history4 ,within the first fifteen months after issue1 the publishers were obliged to go to press with the 444 #bie1jjjth copy 444 ,it was almost immediately adopted for exclusive use in the ,state of ,indiana1 and by such cities as ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,boston1 ,mass41 ,providence1 ,r4,i41 ,hartford1 ,conn41 ,columbus and ,cleveland1 ,o41 ,burlington1 ,vt41 ,nashua1 ,n4,h41 ,lynn1 ,mass41 and numberless others4 ,,it ,,is ,,certainly ,,the ,,best4 ,,leading ,,facts ,,of ,,history ,,series4 ,by ,d4 ,h4 ,,montgomery4 ,,the ,,leading ,,facts ,,of ,,american ,,history4 ,with numerous ,illustrations1 ,maps1 and ,tables4 ,mailing ,price1 #a4aj2 ,introduction ,price1 #a4jj4 ,,the ,,leading ,,facts ,,of ,,english ,,history4 7,revised ,edition47 ,with numerous ,maps and ,tables4 ,mailing ,price1 #a4be2 ,introduction ,price1 #a4ab4 ,,the ,,leading ,,facts ,,of ,,french ,,history4 ,with numerous ,maps and ,tables4 ,mailing ,price1 #a4be2 ,introduction ,price1 #a4ab4 ,,beginner',s ,,american ,,history4 ,with numerous ,maps and ,illustrations4 ,mailing ,price1 4#gj2 ,introduction ,price1 4#fj4 ,,ginn ,,company1 ,,publishers4 ,the ,leading ,facts of ,american ,history4 ,by ,d4 ,h4 ,,montgomery1 author of ,the ,leading ,facts of ,history ,series4 #abmo4 ,half morocco4 xii #cei pages1 besides colored maps and full-page illustrations1 with an ,appendix of #fg pages4 ,mailing price1 #a4ae2 for introduction1 #a4jj4 ,few text-books have met with such immediate recognition as this4 ,though published late in the summer of #ahij1 it was1 within a few months1 adopted by such cities as ,philadelphia1 ,chicago1 ,providence1 ,r4,i41 ,burlington1 ,vt41 ,lynn1 ,mass41 by counties1 and by numberless institutions4 ,it seems to be regarded by the best judges as1 on the whole1 the best school history of the ,united ,states yet published4 ,it was written and not simply compiled4 ,the author did not take it for granted that a history of our country must be a perfunctory work made up from previous histories and merely iterating an old set of facts1 ideas1 and stories4 ,the book is a panorama of the leading events of our history1 with their causes and results clearly traced4 ,attention has been given to all the departments of ,american life and activity4 ,it describes the development of the ,american people4 ,the author's broad and liberal sympathies saved him from sectarian1 sectional1 or partisan views4 ,the style is full of life1 and the words can all be understood by the pupils for whom the book is designed4 ,p4 ,v4 ,n4 ,myers1 author of ,general ,history1 etc43 ,i have read it carefully1 and with great interest4 ,it is in every way admirable4 ,george ,a4 ,walton1 ,agent ,mass4 ,state ,board of ,education3 ,it is as interesting as romance4 ,it is instructive1 especially on matters pertaining to the customs of the people1 and to their methods of advancing their welfare4 ,with these excellences1 it must prove also a book that will teach4 ,the ,beginner's ,american ,history4 ,by ,d4 ,h4 ,,montgomery1 author of ,the ,leading ,facts of ,history ,series4 #abmo4 ,cloth4 #bbj pages4 ,fully illustrated with new maps and pictures4 ,mailing price1 #gj cents2 for introduction1 #fj cents4 ,this book tells the story of the nation in thirty biographies of its most representative men4 ,it is entirely free from sectional or other bias1 and its beautiful make-up renders it doubly attractive to its young students4 7,see ,common ,school ,catalogue47 ,the ,leading ,facts of ,english ,history4 ,by ,d4 ,h4 ,,montgomery4 ,new edition4 ,rewritten and enlarged1 with ,maps and ,tables4 #abmo4 ,cloth4 #dgh pages4 ,mailing ,price1 #a4be2 ,introduction ,price1 #a4ab4 ,the former edition has been rewritten1 as it had become evident that a work on the same plan1 but more comprehensive1 and better suited to prevailing courses and methods of class-work1 would be still more heartily welcomed4 ,important events are treated with greater fulness1 and the relation of ,english ,history to that of ,europe and the world is carefully shown4 ,references for further study are added4 ,the text is in short paragraphs1 each with a topical heading in bold type for the student's use4 ,the headings may be made to serve the purpose of questions4 ,by simply passing them over1 the reader has a clear1 continuous narrative4 ,the treatment of each reign is closed with a brief summary of its principal points4 ,likewise1 at the end of each period there is a section showing the condition of the country1 and its progress in ,government1 ,religion1 ,military ,affairs1 ,learning and ,art1 ,general ,industry1 ,manners and ,customs4 ,these summaries will be found of the greatest value for reference1 review1 and fuller study2 but when the book is used for a brief course1 or for general reading1 they may be omitted4 ,an appendix gives a ,constitutional ,summary4 ,no pains have been spared to make the execution of the work equal to its plan4 ,vivid touches here and there betray the author's mastery of details4 ,thorough investigation has been made of all points where there was reason to doubt traditional statements4 ,the proof-sheets have been carefully read by two experienced high-school teachers1 and also by two college professors of history4 ,the text is illustrated with fourteen maps1 and supplemented with full genealogical and chronological tables4 ,it is believed that this book will be acknowledged superior-- #a4 ,in interest4 #b4 ,in accuracy4 #c4 ,in judicious selection of matter4 #d4 ,in conciseness combined with adequacy4 #e4 ,in philosophical insight free from speculation or theorizing4 #f4 ,in completeness4 #g4 ,in availability as a practical class-room book4 ,a ,,few ,,representative ,,opinions4 ,hon4 ,e4 ,j4 ,phelps1 recently ,united ,states ,minister to ,great ,britain3 ,in my opinion1 the author has done extremely well a much-needed work1 in presenting in so terse1 clear1 and available form the principal points in that greatest of all histories1 the common property and most useful study of the ,english-speaking race4 ,professor ,goldwin ,smith3 ,the book1 besides being very attractive in appearance1 seems to be very suitable for the purpose in view1 viz41 to present school pupils with a clear and intelligent idea of the main facts of ,english history in connection with the social and industrial development of the nation4 ,elisha ,b4 ,andrews1 ,president of ,brown ,university3 ,i do not remember to have seen any book before which sets forth the leading facts of ,english ,history so succinctly1 and at the same time so interestingly and clearly4 ,a4 ,l4 ,perry1 ,prof4 of ,political ,economy1 ,williams ,college3 ,i have never seen anything at all equal to it for the niche it was intended to fill4 ,j4 ,b4 ,clark1 ,prof4 of ,history1 ,smith ,college3 ,i especially like its introduction of matter relating to the life of the people1 in a way that seems to make the narrative less dry1 rather than more so1 as so often happens4 ,jas4 ,f4 ,colby1 ,prof4 of ,law and ,political ,science1 ,dartmouth ,college3 ,its title is a true description of its contents4 ,its author shows sense of proportion1 and wisely gives prominence to economic facts and the development of constitutional principles4 ,p4 ,v4 ,n4 ,myers1 ,prof4 in ,univ4 of ,cincinnati3 ,the book was an admirable one as first issued1 but the careful revision and the addition of maps and tables have added greatly to its value4 ,in my judgment it is by far the best ,english ,history for schoolroom use now before the public4 ,w4 ,f4 ,allen1 late ,prof4 of ,history1 ,university of ,wis41 ,madison3 ,as ,i have said in relation to the earlier edition1 the author has succeeded in an unusual degree in telling the story of ,english ,history in an interesting and suggestive manner1 keeping clear of the prevailing fault of loading his pages with unessential names and dates4 ,f4 ,b4 ,palmer1 ,principal of ,state ,normal ,school1 ,fredonia1 ,n4,y43 ,i have not examined anything that seems to me equal to it for a class in ,english ,history4 ,john ,fiske1 ,prof4 of ,history1 ,washington ,university3 ,it seems to me excellent4 ,frances ,a4 ,cooke1 ,teacher of ,history1 ,penn ,charter ,school1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa43 ,my verdict on ,montgomery's ,history is unqualified approval4 ,i have not seen a text-book upon ,english ,history so well adapted to school use4 ,c4 ,b4 ,gilbert1 ,supt4 ,pub4 ,schools1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn43 ,in many respects ,i consider it the best text-book on ,english ,history for high schools that ,i have seen4 ,its arrangement is excellent1 its style clear and very attractive4 ,frank ,e4 ,plummer1 ,prin4 of ,high ,school1 ,des ,moines1 ,ia43 ,i examined it very carefully1 and pronounce it the best ,english ,history for high-school use of any with which ,i am familiar4 ,the ,leading ,facts of ,french ,history4 ,by ,d4 ,h4 ,,montgomery1 ,author of ,the ,leading ,facts of ,english ,history1 ,english ,history ,reader1 etc4 #abmo4 ,cloth4 vi #cba pages1 with fourteen black and colored maps1 and full tables4 ,mailing ,price1 #a4be2 for ,introduction1 #a4ab4 ,the object of this volume is to present1 within the moderate compass of two hundred and ninety-two pages1 the most important events of the history of ,france1 selected1 arranged1 and treated according to the soundest principles of historical study1 and set forth in a clear and attractive narrative4 ,the respective influences of the ,celtic race1 and of the ,roman and the ,german conquest and occupation of ,gaul are clearly shown4 ,charlemagne's work and the subsequent growth of feudal institutions are next considered4 ,the breaking up of the feudal system1 with the gradual consolidation of the provinces into one kingdom1 and the development of the sentiment of nationality1 are traced and illustrated4 ,the growth of the absolutism of the crown1 the interesting and important relations of ,france to ,america1 and the causes of the ,french ,revolution1 are fully presented4 ,the career of ,napoleon and its effects on ,france and ,europe are carefully examined4 ,finally1 a sketch is given of the stages of the historical progress of ,france in connection with the state of the ,republic to-day4 ,g4 ,w4 ,knight1 ,prof4 of ,history1 ,ohio ,state ,university3 ,i do not know another book which1 in anything like the same space1 conveys for youthful students so good a notion of ,french events4 ,a4 ,h4 ,fetterolf1 ,pres4 of ,girard ,college3 ,i like it very much4 ,it is an excellent book and ,i trust soon to have it used in ,girard ,college4 ,edward ,g4 ,bourne1 ,prof4 of ,history1 ,adelbert ,college3 ,i have no hesitation in pronouncing it the best ,french history of its scope that ,i have seen4 ,it is clear and accurate1 and shows unusual skill in the selection of matter as well as judgment in emphasizing the political significance of events4 ,the ,nation1 ,new ,york3 ,it is a marked advance on any available work of its scope4 ,the author has shown competent judgment in the choice of his facts and his style is clear and interesting4 ,the proportions are well observed1 and the political significance of events is given due prominence in his treatment4 ,so far as we have noticed1 unusual accuracy has been achieved4 ,reference ,history of the ,united ,states4 ,by ,,hannah ,a4 ,,davidson1 ,m4,a41 ,teacher of ,history1 ,belmont ,school1 ,california4 #abmo4 ,cloth4 xii #aij pages4 ,by mail1 #ij cents2 for introduction1 #hj cents4 ,this book1 which is designed expressly for schools of advanced grade1 high schools1 academies1 and seminaries1 is an attempt to connect history teaching more closely in method and matter with the teaching and study of history in the college and the university4 ,in the best institutions the study of history is no longer the study of a text-book4 ,the library is the workshop1 the best books that have been written are the tools2 the teacher is the guide1 and the pupil's mind must do the work4 ,the objects of the method of instruction outlined in this book are two3 ,first1 to help the pupil acquire discipline1 and to train him in those methods of work which he ought to use throughout his college course2 second1 to give the pupil a sufficiently broad and reliable knowledge of facts to serve as a basis for his future study of constitutional history1 politics1 etc41 and to put these facts into such due relation to each other and to commonly accepted opinions that they will not have to be re-adjusted when broader knowledge has been acquired4 ,the subject is divided into a series of topics2 under each topic questions are asked2 and after each question references to the best accessible authorities are given in abbreviated form1 though in such a way as to be immediately understood4 ,a space is left after each set of references for additional ones to be inserted by the student4 ,the work was used for three years in manuscript by boys in the fourth year below the ,freshman class of our best universities2 that is to say1 at the same time with ,latin and ,geometry or ,algebra4 ,oliver ,emerson ,bennett1 ,chauncy ,hall ,school1 ,boston3 ,i consider it a valuable and useful addition to my library1 and a great assistance in my daily work4 ,new ,york ,independent3 ,this is a first-rate guide for the student of ,united ,states ,history4 ,it puts him on the right lines1 shows him what to read1 and gives him intelligent guidance and direction all through4 ,it is hardly possible that a student following this guide should fail to come out with a broad and critical command of the subject4 ,,the ,,best ,,histories4 ,,myers',s ,eastern ,nations and ,greece4--,introduction price1 #a4jj4 ,with full maps1 illustrations1 and chronological summaries4 ,far more interesting and useful than any other epitome of the kind which ,i have seen4--,professor ,beckwith1 ,trinity ,college4 ,,allen',s ,short ,history of the ,roman ,people4--,introduction price1 #a4jj4 ,with full maps1 illustrations1 and chronological synopsis4 ,an admirable piece of work4--,professor ,bourne1 ,adelbert ,college4 ,,myers ,,and ,,allen',s ,ancient ,history for ,schools and ,colleges4--,introduction price1 #a4ej4 ,this consists of ,myers's ,eastern ,nations and ,greece and ,allen's ,rome bound together4 ,,myers',s ,history of ,rome4--,introd4 price1 #a4jj4 ,with full maps1 illustrations1 tables1 and chronological summaries4 ,this1 bound with ,myers's ,eastern ,nations and ,greece1 is ,,myers',s ,ancient ,history4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,myers',s ,mediaeval and ,modern ,history4--,introduction price1 #a4ej4 ,with a full series of colored maps4 ,sure to be liked by teachers and pupils and by the general reader4--,professor ,snow1 ,washington ,university4 ,,myers',s ,general ,history4--,introduction price1 #a4ej4 ,with full maps1 illustrations1 tables1 and summaries4 ,the best text-book in universal history for beginners that we are acquainted with4--,professor ,stearns1 ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,,montgomery',s ,leading ,facts of ,english ,history4--,introduction price1 #a4ab4 ,with full maps and tables4 ,i have never seen anything at all equal to it for the niche it was intended to fill4--,professor ,perry1 ,williams ,college4 ,,montgomery',s ,leading ,facts of ,french ,history4--,introduction price1 #a4ab4 ,with full maps and tables4 ,it is a marked advance an any available work of its scope4--,the ,nation4 ,,montgomery',s ,leading ,facts of ,american ,history4 ,with full maps1 illustrations1 summaries of dates1 topical analyses1 tables1 etc4 ,the best school history that has yet appeared4--,principal ,rupert1 ,boys' ,high ,school1 ,pottstown1 ,pa4 ,,emerton',s ,introduction to the ,study of the ,middle ,ages4--,introduction price1 #a4ab4 ,with colored maps1 original and adapted4 ,an admirable guide to both teachers and pupils in the tangled period of which it treats4--,professor ,fisher1 ,yale ,college4 ,and many other valuable historical books4 ,ginn ,company1 ,publishers1 ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,chicago1 and ,london4