,,hi/oric ,,d\bts ,,relative ,,to ,,napoleon ,,buonap>te4 ,is n ! same reason available 9 !ology & 9 politics8444 ,w y foll[ tru? b to a c]ta9 po9t8--,,burke',s ,v9dication ( ,natural ,society4 ,! fir/ au?or :o /at$ fairly ! connexion betwe5 ! evid5ce ( te/imony & ! evid5ce ( exp]i5ce1 0 ,hume1 9 8 ,,essay ,,on ,,miracles2 a "w ab\nd+ 9 maxims ( great use 9 ! conduct ( life4--,ed9burgh ,review1 ,sept4 #ahad1 p4 #cbh4 ,,new ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,,mdccclxv4 ,,london3 ,,savill ,,& ,,edw>ds1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,*&os ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d54 ,,preface4 ,sev]al ( ! read]s ( ?is little "w 7fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahai7 h d]iv$ mu* amusem5t f ! mi/akes ( o!rs respect+ its nature & object4 ,x has be5 by "s repres5t$ z a s]i\s attempt to inculcate univ]sal scepticism2 :ile o!rs h consid]$ x z a jeu d'esprit1 c4#a ,! au?or does n1 h[ev]1 design to ent]ta9 8 read]s ) acc\nts ( ! mi/akes :i*1 h aris5 respect+ x2 because _m ( !m1 he is conv9c$1 w\ld be receiv$ ) incr$ulity2 & he c\ld n1 )\t an indelicate exposure ( individuals1 v]ify 8 anecdotes4 ,b "s s5sible read]s h compla9$ ( ! difficulty ( det]m9+ :at !y are to believe4 ,( ! exi/5ce ( ,buonap>te1 inde$1 !y rema9$ fully conv9c$2 nor1 if x 7 left d\btful1 w\ld any important results ensue2 b if !y c give no satisfactory reason = _! conviction1 h[ c !y "k1 x is ask$1 t !y may n be mi/ak5 z to o!r po9ts ( great] consequ5ce1 on :i* !y are no less fully conv9c$1 b on :i* all m5 are n agre$8 ,! au?or has accord+ly be5 solicit$ to endeav\r to frame "s canons :i* may furni% a /&>d = det]m9+ :at evid5ce is to be receiv$4 ,?is he conceives to be impracticable1 except to t ext5t to :i* x is accompli%$ by a s\nd sy/em ( ,logic2 includ+ "u t title1 a portion--t :i* relates to ! ,laws ( ,evid5ce--( :at is sometimes treat$ "u ! head ( ,rhetoric4 ,b ! full & complete accompli%m5t ( su* an object w\ld conf] on ,man ! unatta9able attribute ( infallibility4 ,b ! difficulty compla9$ (1 he conceives to arise1 9 _m in/ances1 f m5's mis-/at+ ! gr\nds ( _! own conviction4 ,!y are conv9c$1 inde$1 & p]haps ) v suffici5t reason2 b !y imag9e ?is reason to be a diff]5t "o f :at x is4 ,! evid5ce to :i* !y h ass5t$ is appli$ to _! m9ds 9 a diff]5t mann] f t 9 :i* !y believe t x is--& suppose t x ought to be--appli$4 ,& :5 *all5g$ to def5d & ju/ify _! own belief1 !y feel at a loss1 because !y are attempt+ to ma9ta9 a position :i* is n1 9 fact1 t 9 :i* _! =ce lies4 ,= a developm5t ( ! nature1 ! consequ5ces1 & ! rem$ies ( ?is mi/ake1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,h9ds on ,inspiration1 pp4 #cj-df4 ,if su* a developm5t is to be f\nd 9 any e>li] works1 ! ,au?or ( ! foll[+ pages at lea/ has nev] *anc$ to meet ) any attempt ( ! k9d4#b ,x has be5 object$1 aga91 by "s p]sons ( no great logical accuracy ( ?\ght1 t z !re w\ld n be any moral blame imputable to "o :o %\ld s]i\sly disbelieve1 or d\bt1 ! exi/5ce ( ,buonap>te1 s nei!r is a rejection ( ! ,scripture-hi/ories to be consid]$ z imply+ any?+ morally culpable4 ,! same objection1 su* z x is1 w\ld apply equally to _m ( ! ,p>ables ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x might be said1 = in/ance1 t z a woman :o %\ld decl9e tak+ ! tr\ble ( se>*+ = h] lo/ piece ( silv]1 or a m]*ant :o %\ld neglect mak+ an advantage\s pur*ase ( a goodly pe>l1 w\ld be guilty ( no moral wrong1 x mu/ foll[ t !re is no?+ morally wrong 9 neglect+ to reclaim a lo/ s9n]1 or 9 reject+ ! ,gospel1 c4 ,b any man ( common s5se readily p]ceives t ! =ce ( ^! p>ables consi/s 9 ! circum/ance t m5 d n usually %[ ?is c>elessness ab\t temporal goods2 &1 !re=e1 are guilty ( gross & culpable inconsi/5cy1 if !y are comp>atively c>eless ab\t :at is f> m important4 ,s1 also1 9 ! pres5t case4 ,if any man's m9d 7 s con/itut$ z to reject ! same evid5ce 9 all matt]s alike--if1 = in/ance1 he really d\bt$ or disbeliev$ ! exi/5ce ( ,buonap>te1 & consid]$ ! ,egyptian pyramids z fabul\s1 because1 =soo?1 he _h no exp]i5ce ( ! erection ( su* huge /ructures1 & _h exp]i5ce ( travell]s tell+ huge lies--he w\ld be reg>d$1 p]haps1 z v silly1 or z insane1 b n z morally culpable4 ,b if 7z is intimat$ 9 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ?is "w7 a man is influ5c$ 9 "o case by objections :i*1 9 ano!r case1 he w\ld d]ide1 !n he /&s convict$ ( be+ unfairly biass$ by 8 prejudices4 ,x is only necess>y to add1 t z ?is "w fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ye> #ahai1 _m ?+s are spok5 ( 9 ! pres5t t5se1 to :i* ! pa/ w\ld n[ be applicable4 ,po/scripts h be5 add$ to successive editions 9 ref]5ce to subsequ5t occurr5ces4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x 0 obs]v$ by "s review]1 t ,hume himself1 _h he be5 alive1 w\ld d\btless h highly enjoy$ ! joke6 ,b ev5 ^? :o h ! greate/ delight 9 ridicule1 d n reli% jokes at _! own exp5se4 ,hume may h inw>dly laugh$1 :ile my/ify+ 8 read]s ) argum5ts :i* he himself p]ceiv$ to be futile4 ,b he did n mean ! read]s to p]ceive ?is4 ,& x is n likely t he w\ld h be5 amus$ at see+ 8 own fallacies expos$ & held up to d]ision4 #b ,see ,elem5ts ( ,rhetoric1 p4 i4 *4 #b1 #d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hi/oric ,,d\bts ,,relative ,,to ,,napoleon ,,buonap>te4 ,long z ! public att5tion has be5 occupi$ by ! extraord9>y p]sonage f ^: ambition we are suppos$ to h s n>r[ly escap$1 ! subject seems to h lo/ sc>cely any?+ ( its int]e/4 ,we are /ill occupi$ 9 rec\nt+ ! exploits1 discuss+ ! "*1 inquir+ into ! pres5t situation1 & ev5 conjectur+ z to ! future prospects ( ,napoleon ,buonap>te4 ,nor is ?is at all to be wond]$ at1 if we consid] ! v extraord9>y nature ( ^? exploits1 & ( t "*2 _! greatness & ext5sive importance1 z well z ! unexampl$ /rang5ess ( ! ev5ts1 & also t /rong additional /imulant1 ! my/]i\s unc]ta9ty t hangs ov] ! "* ( ! man4 ,if x be d\btful :e!r any hi/ory 7exclusive ( su* z is confess$ly fabul\s7 ev] attribut$ to its h]o su* a s]ies ( wond]ful a*ievem5ts compress$ into s small a space ( "t1 x is c]ta9 t to no "o 7 ev] assign$ s _m dissimil> *>act]s4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t p>ty-prejudices h drawn a fav\rable & an unfav\rable portrait ( almo/ e em95t man2 b amid/ all ! div]sities ( col\r+1 some?+ ( ! same g5]al outl9e is always di/+ui%able4 ,& ev5 ! virtues 9 ! "o description be> "s resemblance to ! vices ( ano!r3 ra%ness1 = in/ance1 w be call$ c\rage1 or c\rage1 ra%ness2 h]oic firmness1 & ob/9ate pride1 w correspond 9 ! two opposite descriptions2 & 9 "s lead+ features bo? w agree4 ,nei!r ! fri5ds nor ! enemies ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 or ( ,julius ,cs>1 ev] que/ion$ _! ,,c\rage1 or _! ,,milit>y ,,skill4 ,) ,buonap>te1 h[ev]1 x has be5 o!rwise4 ,?is obscure ,corsican adv5tur]1 a man1 accord+ to "s1 ( extraord9>y tal5ts & c\rage1 accord+ to o!rs1 ( v mod]ate abilities1 & a rank c[>d1 advanc$ rapidly 9 ! ,fr5* army1 obta9$ a high comm&1 ga9$ a s]ies ( important victories1 &1 elat$ by success1 emb>k$ 9 an exp$ition aga9/ ,egypt2 :i* 0 plann$ & conduct$1 accord+ to "s1 ) ! mo/ consummate skill1 accord+ to o!rs1 ) ! utmo/ wildness & folly3 he 0 unsuccessful1 h[ev]2 & leav+ ! army 9 ,egypt 9 a v di/ress$ situation1 he return$ to ,france1 & f\nd ! nation1 or at lea/ ! army1 s fav\rably dispos$ t[>ds him1 t he 0 enabl$1 ) ! utmo/ ease1 to ov]?r[ ! exi/+ gov]nm5t1 & obta9 = himself ! supreme p[]2 at fir/1 "u ! mode/ appellation ( ,consul1 b aft]w>ds ) ! m s\nd+ title ( ,emp]or4 ,:ile 9 possession ( ?is p[]1 he ov]?rew ! mo/ p[]ful coalitions ( ! o!r ,european ,/ates aga9/ him2 & ?\gh driv5 f ! sea by ! ,briti% fleets1 ov]ran ne>ly ! :ole cont95t1 triumphant2 f9i%+ a w>1 n unfrequ5tly1 9 a s+le campaign1 he ent]$ ! capitals ( mo/ ( ! ho/ile pot5tates1 depos$ & creat$ ,k+s at 8 pleasure1 & appe>$ ! virtual sov]eign ( ! *ief "p ( ! cont95t1 f ! fronti]s ( ,spa9 to ^? ( ,russia4 ,ev5 ^? c\ntries we f9d him invad+ ) prodigi\s armies1 defeat+ _! =ces1 p5etrat+ to _! capitals1 & ?reat5+ _! total subjugation4 ,b at ,mosc[ 8 progress is /opp$3 a w9t] ( unusual sev]ity1 co-op]at+ ) ! ef=ts ( ! ,russians1 totally de/roys 8 enorm\s ho/3 & ! ,g]man sov]eigns ?r[ (f ! yoke1 & comb9e to oppose him4 ,he raises ano!r va/ army1 :i* is also ru9$ at ,leipsic2 & aga9 ano!r1 ) :i*1 l a second ,antu1 he = "s "t ma9ta9s himself 9 ,france2 b is f9ally defeat$1 depos$1 & bani%$ to ! isl& ( ,elba1 ( :i* ! sov]eignty is conf]r$ on him4 ,!nce he returns1 9 ab\t n9e mon?s1 at ! head ( #fjj m51 to attempt ! deposition ( ,k+ ,l\is1 :o _h be5 peaceably recall$2 ! ,fr5* nation decl>e 9 8 fav\r1 & he is re9/at$ )\t a /ruggle4 ,he raises ano!r great army to oppose ! alli$ p[]s1 :i* is totally defeat$ at ,wat]loo2 he is a second "t depos$1 surr5d]s to ! ,briti%1 & is plac$ 9 conf9em5t at ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,su* is ! outl9e ( ! ev5tful hi/ory pres5t$ to u2 9 ! detail ( :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is almo/ e conceivable v>iety ( /atem5t2 :ile ! motives & conduct ( ! *ief actor are involv$ 9 /ill great] d\bt1 & ! subject ( /ill m eag] controv]sy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! controv]sies1 ! prelim9>y "q1 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is extraord9>y p]sonage1 seems nev] to h occurr$ to any "o z a matt] ( d\bt2 & to %[ ev5 ! smalle/ hesitation 9 admitt+ x1 w\ld probably be reg>d$ z an excess ( scepticism2 on ! gr\nd t ?is po9t has always be5 tak5 = grant$ by ! disputants on all sides1 be+ inde$ impli$ by ! v nature ( _! disputes4 ,b is x 9 fact f\nd t undisput$ po9ts are always su* z h be5 ! mo/ c>efully exam9$ z to ! evid5ce on :i* !y re/8 t facts or pr9ciples :i* are tak5 = grant$1 )\t controv]sy1 z ! common basis ( opposite op9ions1 are always !mselves e/abli%$ on suffici5t gr\nds8 ,on ! contr>y1 is n any su* fundam5tal po9t1 f ! v circum/ance ( its be+ tak5 = grant$ at once1 & ! att5tion drawn (f to "s o!r "q1 likely to be admitt$ on insuffici5t evid5ce1 & ! flaws 9 t evid5ce ov]look$8 ,exp]i5ce w tea* u t su* in/ances (t5 occur3 witness ! well-kn[n anecdote ( ! ,royal ,society2 to :om ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii4 propos$ z a "q1 :5ce x is t a vessel ( wat] receives no addition ( weight f a live fi% be+ put into x1 ?\gh x does1 if ! fi% be dead4 ,v>i\s solutions1 ( great +5uity1 7 propos$1 discuss$1 object$ to1 & def5d$2 nor 0 x till !y _h be5 long bewild]$ 9 ! inquiry1 t x occurr$ to !m to try ! exp]im5t2 by :i* !y at once asc]ta9$ t ! ph5om5on :i* !y 7 /riv+ to acc\nt =1--:i* 0 ! ackn[l$g$ basis & sub/ratum1 z x 71 ( _! debates1--_h no exi/5ce b 9 ! inv5tion ( ! witty mon>*4#c ,ano!r in/ance ( ! same k9d is s v rem>kable t ,i _c =be> m5tion+ x4 ,x 0 object$ to ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus :5 fir/ br\ght =w>d1 t if ! e>? turn$ on its axis1 z he repres5t$1 a /one dropp$ f ! summit ( a t[] w\ld n fall at ! foot ( x1 b at a great di/ance to ! we/2 9 ! same mann] z a /one dropp$ f ! ma/-head ( a %ip 9 full sail1 does n fall at ! foot ( ! ma/1 b t[>ds ! /]n4 ,to ?is x 0 answ]$1 t a /one be+ a "p ( ! e>? obeys ! same laws1 & moves ) x2 :]eas1 x is no "p ( ! %ip2 ( :i*1 consequ5tly1 its motion is indep5d5t4 ,?is solution 0 admitt$ by "s1 b oppos$ by o!rs2 & ! controv]sy w5t on ) _s2 nor 0 x till "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,cop]nicus1 t ! exp]im5t be+ tri$1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! /one ?us dropp$ f ! head ( ! ma/ does fall at ! foot ( x6#d ,let x be obs]v$ t ,i am n n[ impugn+ any "o p>ticul> n>rative2 b m]ely %[+ g5]ally1 t :at is unque/ion$ is n necess>ily unque/ionable2 s9ce m5 w (t51 at ! v mom5t :5 !y are accurately sift+ ! evid5ce ( "s disput$ po9t1 admit ha/ily1 & on ! mo/ insuffici5t gr\nds1 :at !y h be5 accu/om$ to see tak5 = grant$4 ,! celebrat$ ,hume#e has po9t$ out1 also1 ! read9ess ) :i* m5 believe1 on v slight evid5ce1 any /ory t pleases _! imag9ation by its admirable & m>vell\s "*4 ,su* ha/y cr$ulity1 h[ev]1 z he well rem>ks1 is utt]ly unwor?y ( a philosophical m9d2 :i* %\ld r susp5d its judgm5t ! m1 9 proportion to ! /rang5ess ( ! acc\nt1 & yield to none b ! mo/ decisive & unimpea*able pro(s4 ,let x1 !n1 be all[$ u1 z is surely reasonable1 j to inquire1 ) respect to ! extraord9>y /ory ,i h be5 speak+ (1 on :at evid5ce we believe x4 ,we %all be told t x is notori\s2 i4e41 9 pla9 ,engli%1 x is v mu* talk$ ab\t4 ,b z ! g5]ality ( ^? :o talk ab\t ,buonap>te d n ev5 pret5d to speak f _! own au?ority1 b m]ely to repeat :at !y h casually he>d1 we _c reckon !m z1 9 any degree1 witnesses2 b mu/ all[ n9ety-n9e hundr$?s ( :at we are told to be m]e he>say1 :i* w\ld n be at all ! m wor?y ( cr$it ev5 if x 7 repeat$ by t5 times z _m m4 ,z = ^? :o pr(ess to h p]sonally kn[n ,napoleon ,buonap>te1 & to h !mselves witness$ 8 transactions1 ,i write n = !m4 ,if any su* !re be1 :o are inw>dly consci\s ( ! tru? ( all !y relate1 ,i h no?+ to say to !m1 b to beg t !y w be tol]ant & *>itable t[>ds _! neighb\rs1 :o h n ! same means ( asc]ta9+ ! tru?1 & :o may well be excus$ = rema9+ d\btful ab\t su* extraord9>y ev5ts1 till mo/ unansw]able pro(s %all be adduc$4 ,i w\ld n h believ$ su* a ?+1 if ,i _h n se5 x1 is a common preface or app5dix to a n>rative ( m>vels2 & usually calls =? f an intellig5t he>] ! appropriate answ]1 no m w ,i4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 endeav\r to trace up "s ( ?is he>say evid5ce z f> t[>ds its s\rce z we are able4 ,mo/ p]sons w\ld ref] to ! newspap]s z ! au?ority f :i* _! k on ! subject 0 d]iv$2 s t1 g5]ally speak+1 we may say x is on ! te/imony ( ! newspap]s t m5 believe 9 ! exi/5ce & exploits ( ,napoleon ,buonap>te4 ,x is r a rem>kable circum/ance1 t x is common to he> ,engli%m5 speak ( ! impud5t fabrications ( =eign newspap]s1 & express wond] t any "o c be f\nd to cr$it !m2 :ile !y conceive t1 9 ?is fav\r$ l&1 ! lib]ty ( ! press is a suffici5t security = v]acity4 ,x is true !y (t5 speak contemptu\sly ( su* newspap]-/ories z la/ b a %ort "t2 inde$ !y cont9ually see !m contradict$ )9 a day or two 9 ! same pap]1 or _! falsity detect$ by "s j\rnal ( an opposite p>ty2 b /ill :atev] is long adh]$ to & (t5 repeat$1 especially if x also appe> 9 sev]al diff]5t pap]s 7& ?is1 ?\gh !y notori\sly copy f "o ano!r71 is almo/ sure to be g5]ally believ$4 ,:5ce ?is high respect :i* is practically paid to newspap] au?ority8 ,d m5 ?9k1 t because a witness has be5 p]petually detect$ 9 falsehood1 he may !re=e be ! m safely believ$ :5ev] he is n detect$8 or does adh]5ce to a /ory1 & frequ5t repetition ( x1 r5d] x ! m cr$ible8 ,on ! contr>y1 is x n a common rem>k 9 o!r cases1 t a li> w g5]ally /& to & reit]ate :at he has once said1 m]ely because he has said x8 ,let u1 if possible1 dive/ ourselves ( ?is sup]/iti\s v5]ation = ev]y?+ t appe>s 9 pr9t1 & exam9e a little m sy/ematically ! evid5ce :i* is adduc$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i suppose x w n be d5i$ t ! ?ree foll[+ are among ! mo/ important po9ts to be asc]ta9$1 9 decid+ on ! cr$ibility ( witnesses2 fir/1 :e!r !y h ! means ( ga9+ correct in=mation2 secondly1 :e!r !y h any int]e/ 9 conceal+ tru?1 or propagat+ falsehood2 &1 ?irdly1 :e!r !y agree 9 _! te/imony4 ,let u exam9e ! pres5t witnesses ^u all ^! po9ts4 ,fir/1 :at means h ! editors ( newspap]s = giv+ correct in=mation8 ,we "k n1 except f _! own /atem5ts4 ,besides :at is copi$ f o!r j\rnals1 =eign or ,briti%1 7:i* is usually m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! news publi%$17#f !y pr(ess to ref] to ! au?ority ( c]ta9 private correspond5ts abroad2 :o ^! correspond5ts are1 :at means !y h ( obta9+ in=mation1 or :e!r !y exi/ at all1 we h no way ( asc]ta9+4 ,we f9d ourselves 9 ! condition ( ! ,h9doos1 :o are told by _! prie/s t ! e>? /&s on an elephant1 & ! elephant on a tortoise2 b are left to f9d out = !mselves :at ! tortoise /&s on1 or :e!r x /&s on any?+ at all4 ,s mu* = our cle> k ( ! means ( in=mation possess$ by ^! witnesses2 next1 = ! gr\nds on :i* we are to calculate on _! v]acity4 ,h !y n a manife/ int]e/ 9 circulat+ ! wond]ful acc\nts ( ,napoleon ,buonap>te & 8 a*ievem5ts1 :e!r true or false8 ,few w\ld read newspap]s if !y did n sometimes f9d wond]ful or important news 9 !m2 & we may safely say t no subject 0 ev] f\nd s inexhau/ibly int]e/+ z ! pres5t4 ,x may be urg$1 h[ev]1 t !re are sev]al adv]se political p>ties1 ( :i* ! v>i\s public pr9ts are respectively ! organs1 & :o w\ld n fail to expose ea* o!r's fabrications4#g ,d\btless !y w\ld1 if !y c\ld d s )\t at ! same "t expos+ _! own2 b id5tity ( int]e/s may induce a community ( op]ations up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,& let x be obs]v$ t ! object ( cont5tion betwe5 ^! rival p>ties is1 :o %all h ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs1 ! control ( public exp5diture1 & ! disposal ( places3 ! "q1 ,i say1 is1 n :e!r ! p %all be gov]n$ or n1 b1 by :i* p>ty !y %all be gov]n$2--n :e!r ! taxes %all be paid or n1 b :o %all receive !m4 ,n[1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ,buonap>te is a political bugbe>1 mo/ conv5i5t to any adm9i/ration3 if y d n adopt our measures & reject ^? ( our oppon5ts1 ,buonap>te w be sure to prevail ov] y2 if y d n submit to ! ,gov]nm5t1 at lea/ "u our adm9i/ration1 ?is =midable enemy w take advantage ( y\r insubord9ation1 to conqu] & enslave y3 pay y\r taxes *e]fully1 or ! trem5d\s ,buonap>te w take all f y4 ,buonap>te1 9 %ort1 0 ! burd5 ( e song2 8 r$\bt$ "n 0 ! *>m :i* always succe$$ 9 unloos+ ! purse-/r+s ( ! nation4 ,& let u n be too sure1#h safe z we n[ ?9k ourselves1 t "s occasion may n occur = aga9 produc+ on ! /age s useful a p]sonage3 x is n m]ely to naughty *ildr5 9 ! nurs]y t ! ?reat ( be+ giv5 to ,buonap>te has prov$ effectual4 ,x is surely probable1 !re=e1 t1 ) an object sub/antially ! same1 all p>ties may h avail$ !mselves ( "o common in/rum5t4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t = ?is purpose !y secretly ent]$ into a =mal agreem5t2 ?\gh1 by ! way1 !re are reports afloat1 t ! editors ( ! ,c\ri] & ,morn+ ,*ronicle hold amicable consultations z to ! conduct ( _! public w>f>e3 ,i w n take ^u me to say t ?is is incr$ible2 b at any rate x is n necess>y = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! probability ,i cont5d =4 ,nei!r aga9 w\ld ,i imply t all newspap] editors are utt]]s ( =g$ /ories1 kn[+ !m to be =g$2 mo/ likely ! great majority ( !m publi% :at !y f9d 9 o!r pap]s ) ! same simplicity t _! read]s p]use x2 & !re=e1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 are n at all m prop] ?an _! read]s to be cit$ z au?orities4 ,/ill x w be said1 t unless we suppose a regul>ly preconc]t$ plan1 we mu/ at lea/ expect to f9d great discrepancies 9 ! acc\nts publi%$4 ,?\gh !y might adopt ! g5]al outl9e ( facts f "o ano!r1 !y w\ld h to fill up ! detail = !mselves2 & 9 ?is1 !re=e1 we %\ld meet ) inf9ite & irreconcilable v>iety4 ,n[ ?is is precisely ! po9t ,i am t5d+ to2 = ! fact exactly accords ) ! above supposition2 ! discordance & mutual contradictions ( ^! witnesses be+ su* z w\ld alone ?r[ a consid]able %ade ( d\bt ov] _! te/imony4 ,x is n 9 m9ute circum/ances alone t ! discrepancy appe>s1 su* z might be expect$ to appe> 9 a n>rative sub/antially true2 b 9 v great & lead+ transactions1 & su* z are v intimately connect$ ) ! suppos$ h]o4 ,= in/ance1 x is by no means agre$ :e!r ,buonap>te l$ 9 p]son ! celebrat$ *>ge ov] ! bridge ( ,lodi1 7= celebrat$ x c]ta9ly is1 z well z ! siege ( ,troy1 :e!r ei!r ev5t ev] really took place or no17 or 0 safe 9 ! re>1 :ile ,aug]eau p]=m$ ! exploit4 ,! same d\bt hangs ov] ! *>ge ( ! ,fr5* cavalry at ,wat]loo4 ,! peasant ,laco/e1 :o pr(ess$ to h be5 ,buonap>te's guide on ! day ( battle1 & :o e>n$ a =tune by detail+ ov] & ov] aga9 to visitors all ! p>ticul>s ( :at ! great man said & did up to ! mom5t ( flight1--?is same ,laco/e has be5 suspect$ by o!rs1 besides me1 ( hav+ nev] ev5 be5 ne> ! great man1 & hav+ fabricat$ ! :ole /ory = ! sake ( mak+ a ga9 ( ! cr$ulity ( travell]s4 ,9 ! acc\nts t are ! extant ( ! battle itself1 publi%$ by p]sons pr(ess+ to h be5 pres5t1 ! read] w f9d t !re is a discrepancy ( ?ree or f\r h\rs z to ! "t :5 ! battle began6--a battle1 be x rememb]$1 n f\ght ) javel9s & arr[s1 l ^? ( ! anci5ts1 9 :i* "o "p ( a l>ge army might be engag$1 :il/ a di/ant portion ( ! same army knew no?+ ( x2 b a battle comm5c+ 7if inde$ x 7 ev] f\ght at all7 ) ! fir+ ( cannon1 :i*1 w\ld h ann\nc$ pretty l\dly :at 0 go+ on4 ,x is no less unc]ta9 :e!r or no ?is /range p]sonage poison$ 9 ,egypt an hospital--full ( 8 own soldi]s1 & but*]$ 9 cold blood a g>rison t _h surr5d]$4 ,b n to multiply in/ances2 ! battle ( ,borod9o1 :i* is repres5t$ z "o ( ! greate/ ev] f\ght1 0 unequivocally claim$ z a victory by bo? p>ties2 nor is ! "q decid$ at ?is day4 ,we h (ficial acc\nts on bo? sides1 circum/antially detail$1 9 ! names ( suppos$ respectable p]sons1 pr(ess+ to h be5 pres5t on ! spot2 yet totally irreconcilable4 ,bo? ^! acc\nts may be false2 b s9ce "o ( !m mu/ be false1 t "o 7x is no matt] :i* we suppose7 proves incontrov]tibly ?is important maxim3 t x is possible = a n>rative--h[ev] circum/antial--h[ev] /eadily ma9ta9$--h[ev] public1 & h[ev] important1 ! ev5ts x relates--h[ev] grave ! au?ority on :i* x is publi%$--to be nev]!less an entire fabrication6 ,_m ( ! ev5ts :i* h be5 record$ 7 probably believ$ mu* ! m readily & firmly1 f ! app>5t caution & hesitation ) :i* !y 7 at fir/ publi%$--! vehem5t contradiction 9 our pap]s ( _m pret5d$ ,fr5* acc\nts--& ! abuse lavi%$ ^u !m = falsehood1 exagg]ation1 & gasconade4 ,b is x n possible--is x n1 inde$1 p]fectly natural--t ! publi%]s ev5 ( kn[n falsehood %\ld assume ?is cauti\s demean\r1 & ?is abhorr5ce ( exagg]ation1 9 ord] ! m easily to ga9 cr$it8 ,is x n also v possible1 t ^? :o actually believ$ :at !y publi%$1 may h suspect$ m]e exagg]ation 9 /ories :i* 7 entire fictions8 ,_m m5 h t sort ( simplicity1 t !y ?9k !mselves q secure aga9/ be+ deceiv$1 provid$ !y believe only "p ( ! /ory !y he>2 :5 p]haps ! :ole is equally false4 ,s t p]haps ^! simple-he>t$ editors1 :o 7 s vehem5t aga9/ ly+ bullet9s1 & s w>y 9 ann\nc+ _! great news1 7 9 ! condition ( a cl[n1 :o ?9ks he has b\ght a great b>ga9 ( a ,jew because he has beat d[n ! price p]haps f a gu9ea to a cr[n1 = "s article t is n really wor? a groat4 ,) respect to ! "* ( ,buonap>te1 ! dissonance is1 if possible1 /ill great]4 ,accord+ to "s1 he 0 a wise1 humane1 magnanim\s h]o2 o!rs pa9t him z a mon/] ( cruelty1 meanness1 & p]fidy3 "s1 ev5 ( ^? :o are mo/ invet]ate aga9/ him1 speak v highly ( 8 political & milit>y ability3 o!rs place him on ! v v]ge ( insanity4 ,b all[+ t all ?is may be ! col\r+ ( p>ty-prejudice1 7:i* surely is all[+ a great deal17 !re is "o po9t to :i* su* a solution w h>dly apply3 if !re be any?+ t c be cle>ly asc]ta9$ 9 hi/ory1 "o w\ld ?9k x mu/ be ! p]sonal c\rage ( a milit>y man2 yet "h we are z mu* at a loss z ev]2 at ! v same times1 & on ! same occasions1 he is describ$ by diff]5t writ]s z a man ( undaunt$ intrepidity1 & z an absolute poltroon4 ,:at1 !n1 are we to believe8 ,if we are dispos$ to cr$it all t is told u1 we mu/ believe 9 ! exi/5ce n only ( "o1 b ( two or ?ree ,buonap>tes2 if we admit no?+ b :at is well au!nticat$1 we %all be compell$ to d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( any4#i ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ^? on ^: te/imony ! exi/5ce & actions ( ,buonap>te are g5]ally believ$1 fail 9 ,,all ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts on :i* ! cr$ibility ( witnesses dep5ds3 fir/1 we h no assurance t !y h access to correct in=mation2 secondly1 !y h an app>5t int]e/ 9 propagat+ falsehood2 &1 ?irdly1 !y palpably contradict ea* o!r 9 ! mo/ important po9ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r circum/ance :i* ?r[s additional suspicion on ^! tales is1 t ! :ig-p>ty1 z !y are call$--! w>m advocates = lib]ty1 & oppos]s ( ! encroa*m5ts ( mon>*ical p[]--h = "s "t pa/ /r5u\sly esp\s$ ! cause & v9dicat$ ! "* ( ,buonap>te1 :o is repres5t$ by all z hav+ be51 if n a tyrant1 at lea/ an absolute despot4 ,"o ( ! mo/ =w>d 9 ?is cause is a g5tleman1 :o once /ood =emo/ 9 hold+ up ?is v man to public execration--:o fir/ publi%$1 & long ma9ta9$ aga9/ popul> incr$ulity1 ! acc\nts ( 8 atrocities 9 ,egypt4 ,n[ t su* a c\rse %\ld be adopt$ = p>ty-purposes2 by ^? :o are aw>e t ! :ole /ory is a fiction1 & ! h]o ( x imag9>y1 seems n v incr$ible2 b if !y believ$ 9 ! real exi/5ce ( ?is despot1 ,i _c conceive h[ !y c\ld s =sake _! pr9ciples z to advocate 8 cause1 & eulogize 8 "*4 ,besides ! _m /range & improbable circum/ances 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buonap>te t h be5 already notic$1 !re are _m o!rs1 two ( :i* x may be wor? :ile to adv]t to4 ,"o ( ! mo/ incr$ible is ! receiv$ acc\nt ( ! p]sons kn[n z ! ,dt5us4 ,x is well kn[n t a great numb] ( ,engli% g5tlem5 pass$ _m ye>s1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 abroad2--by _! own acc\nt1 9 ,france4 ,_! /atem5t 01 t :ile travell+ 9 t c\ntry = _! amusem5t1 z peaceable t\ri/s1 !y 71 on ! sudd5 break+ out ( a w>1 seiz$ by ?is t]rible ,buonap>te1 & kept prison]s = ab\t twelve ye>s1 contr>y to all ! usages ( civiliz$ nations--to all pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 ( humanity1 ( enlight5$ policy2 _m ( !m ?us wa/+ 9 captivity ! mo/ important portion ( _! lives1 & hav+ all _! prospects blight$4 ,n[ :e!r ^! p]sons 7 9 reality exiles by *oice1 = ! sake ( keep+ out ( ! way ( cr$itors1 or ( enjoy+ ! society ( ^? !y pref]r$ to _! own dome/ic circle1 ,i d n v5ture to conjecture4 ,b let ! read] consid] :e!r any conjecture c be m improbable ?an ! /atem5t actually made4 ,x is1 inde$1 cr$ible t ambition may prompt an unscrupul\s man to make ! mo/ enorm\s sacrifices ( human life1 & to p]petrate ! mo/ atroci\s crimes1 = ! advancem5t ( 8 views ( conque/4 ,b t ?is great man--z he is usually reckon$ ev5 by adv]s>ies--?is h]o accord+ to "s--?is illu/ri\s w>rior1 & mighty sov]eign--%\ld h /oop$ to be guilty ( an act ( mean & petty malice wor?y ( a spiteful old woman1--a piece ( paltry cruelty :i* c\ld n at all conduce to 8 success 9 ! w>1 or produce any effect except to degrade 8 c\ntry1 & exasp]ate ours2--?is1 surely1 is q incr$ible4 ,piz>ro1 says ,elvira 9 ,kotzebue's play1 if n always ju/ly1 at lea/ act always greatly4 ,b a /ill m wond]ful circum/ance connect$ ) ?is transaction rema9s beh9d4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! ,engli% nation1 & among ^! ! :ole ( ! ,:ig p>ty1 are said to h express$ ! mo/ vehem5t indignation1 m+l$ ) compassion1 at ! bani%m5t f ,europe1 & conf9em5t 9 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ( ?is great man4 ,no consid]ations ( reg>d = ! peace & security ( our own c\ntry1 no dread ( ! p[] ( s able & indefatigable a w>rior1 & s invet]ate an enemy1 %\ld h induc$ u1 !y ?\ght1 to subject ?is =midable p]sonage to a conf9em5t1 :i* 0 f> less sev]e ?an t to :i* he 0 said to h subject$ su* numb]s ( our c\ntrym51 ! h>mless non-bellig]5t travell]s1 :om 7accord+ to ! /ory7 he kidnapp$ 9 ,france1 ) no object b to gratify ! base/ & mo/ unmanly spite4 ,b t !re is no tru? 9 t /ory1 & t x 0 n believ$ by ^? :o manife/$ s mu* sympa?y & indignation on ?is great man's acc\nt1 is suffici5tly prov$ by t v sympa?y & indignation4 ,!re are aga9 o!r /rik+ improbabilities connect$ ) ! ,poli% nation 9 ! hi/ory be=e u4 ,buonap>te is repres5t$ z hav+ always express$ ! /ronge/ sympa?y ) t ill-us$ p2 & !y1 z be+ devot$ly atta*$ to him1 & fight+ ) ! utmo/ fidelity & brav]y 9 8 armies1 9 :i* "s ( !m atta9$ high comm&s4 ,n[ he _h x manife/ly 9 8 p[] at "o p]iod 7accord+ to ! receiv$ acc\nts71 ) a /roke ( 8 p51 to re-e/abli% ,pol& z an indep5d5t /ate4 ,=1 9 8 la/ ,russian w>1 he _h complete occupation ( ! c\ntry 7( :i* ! population 0 p]fectly fri5dly72 ! ,russian portion ( x 0 8 by "r ( conque/2 & ,au/ria & ,prussia1 !n 8 allies1 & almo/ 8 subjects1 w\ld gladly h resign$ _! portions 9 ex*ange = "s ( ! prov9ces !y _h c$$ to ,france1 & :i* 71 to him1 ( little value1 b1 to !m1 important4 ,&1 inde$1 ,prussia 0 7z we are told7 s ?or\ghly humbl$ & weak5$ t he might easily h en=c$ ! cession ( ,prussian-,pol&1 ev5 )\t any comp5sation4 ,& ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! ,poli% k+dom w\ld h be5 z evid5tly politic z x 0 reasonable4 ,! indep5d5ce ( a fai?ful & devot$ ally1 at enmity ) ! surr\nd+ nations--! v nations t 7 ! mo/ likely to comb9e 7z !y (t5 _h done7 aga9/ him1--?is w\ld h giv5 him1 at no co/1 a k9d ( /rong g>rison to ma9ta9 8 p[]1 & keep 8 enemies 9 *eck4 ,yet ?is mo/ obvi\s /ep1 ! hi/ory tells u1 he did n take2 b made flatt]+ spee*es to ! ,poles1 us$ _! s]vices1 & did no?+ = !m6 ,?is is1 alone1 suffici5tly improbable4 ,b we are requir$ moreov] to believe t ! ,poles1--in/ead ( execrat+ ?is man1 :o _h done !m ! unp>donable wrong ( wantonly disappo9t+ ! expectations he _h1 = 8 own purposes1 excit$1 ?us add+ trea*]y to +ratitude--in/ead ( ?is1 cont9u$ to ! la/ z mu* devot$ to him z ev]1 & ev5 n[ idolize 8 memory6 ,we are to believe1 9 %ort1 t ?is ,buonap>te1 n only 9 8 own conduct & adv5tures violat$ all ! e/abli%$ rules ( probability1 b also caus$ all o!r p]sons1 z _m z came 9 contact ) him1 to act z no mortals ev] did act be=e3 may we n add1 z no mortals ev] did act at all8 ,_m o!r improbabilities might be add$ to ! li/1 & w be f\nd 9 ! complete edition ( t hi/ory1 f :i* "s extracts w be pres5tly giv51 & :i* has be5 publi%$ 7"u ! title ( ,hi/oric ,c]ta9ties7 by ,ari/>*us ,newlight1 ) a le>n$ comm5t>y 7n1 inde$1 adopt+ ! views conta9$ 9 ^! pages1 b7 q equal 9 +5uity to a late "w on ! ,hebrew ,mon>*y4 ,aft] all1 x may be expect$ t _m :o p]ceive ! =ce ( ^! objections1 w yet be lo? to ?9k x possible t !y & ! public at l>ge c h be5 s long & s greatly impos$ ^u4 ,& ?us x is t ! magnitude & boldness ( a fraud becomes its be/ support4 ,! millions :o = s _m ages h believ$ 9 ,mahomet or ,brahma1 lean z x 7 on ea* o!r = support2 & n hav+ vig\r ( m9d en\gh boldly to ?r[ (f vulg> prejudices1 & d>e be wis] ?an ! multitude1 p]suade !mselves t :at s _m h ackn[l$g$ mu/ be true4 ,b ,i call on ^? :o boa/ _! philosophical fre$om ( ?\ght1 & w\ld fa9 tread 9 ! /eps ( ,hume & o!r inquir]s ( ! l exalt$ & speculative g5ius1 to foll[ up fairly & fully _! own pr9ciples1 &1 ?r[+ (f ! %ackles ( au?ority1 to exam9e c>efully ! evid5ce ( :atev] is propos$ to !m1 be=e !y admit its tru?4 ,t ev5 9 ?is enlight5$ age1 z x is call$1 a :ole nation may be egregi\sly impos$ ^u1 ev5 9 matt]s :i* intimately conc]n !m1 may be prov$ 7if x has n be5 already prov$7 by ! foll[+ in/ance3 x 0 /at$ 9 ! newspap]s1 t1 a mon? aft] ! battle ( ,trafalg>1 an ,engli% (fic]1 :o _h be5 a prison] ( w>1 & 0 ex*ang$1 return$ to ?is c\ntry f ,france1 & beg9n+ to condole ) 8 c\ntrym5 on ! t]rible defeat !y _h su/a9$1 0 inf9itely a/oni%$ to le>n t ! battle ( ,trafalg> 0 a spl5did victory4 ,he _h be5 assur$1 he said1 t 9 t battle ! ,engli% _h be5 totally defeat$2 & ! ,fr5* 7 fully & univ]sally p]suad$ t su* 0 ! fact4 ,n[ if ?is report ( ! belief ( ! ,fr5* nation 0 n true1 ! ,briti% ,public 7 completely impos$ ^u2 if x 7 true1 !n bo? nations 71 at ! same "t1 rejoic+ 9 ! ev5t ( ! same battle1 z a signal victory to !mselves2 & consequ5tly "o or o!r1 at lea/1 ( ^! nations mu/ h be5 ! dupes ( _! gov]nm5t3 = if ! battle 0 nev] f\ght at all1 or 0 n decisive on ei!r side1 9 t case bo? p>ties 7 deceiv$4 ,?is in/ance1 ,i conceive1 is absolutely demon/rative ( ! po9t 9 "q4 ,b :at %all we say to ! te/imony ( ^? _m respectable p]sons :o w5t to ,plym\? on purpose1 & saw ,buonap>te ) _! own eyes8 mu/ !y n tru/ _! s5ses8 ,i w\ld n disp>age ei!r ! eyesight or ! v]acity ( ^! g5tlem54 ,i am ready to all[ t !y w5t to ,plym\? = ! purpose ( see+ ,buonap>te2 nay1 m1 t !y actually r[$ out into ! h>b\r 9 a boat1 & came alongside ( a man-(-w>1 on ^: deck !y saw a man 9 a cock$ hat1 :o1 !y 7 told1 0 ,buonap>te4 ,?is is ! utmo/ po9t to :i* _! te/imony goes2 h[ !y asc]ta9$ t ?is man 9 ! cock$ hat _h gone ?r\gh all ! m>vell\s & romantic adv5tures ) :i* we h s long be5 amus$1 we are n told4 ,did !y p]ceive 9 8 physiognomy1 8 true "n1 & au!ntic hi/ory8 ,truly ?is evid5ce is su* z c\ntry p give "o = a /ory ( app>itions2 if y discov] any signs ( incr$ulity1 !y triumphantly %[ ! v h\se :i* ! gho/ haunt$1 ! id5tical d>k corn] :]e x us$ to vani%1 & p]haps ev5 ! tomb/one ( ! p]son ^: dea? x =etold4 ,jack ,cade's nobility 0 support$ by ! same irresi/ible k9d ( evid5ce3 hav+ ass]t$ t ! elde/ son ( ,edmund ,mortim]1 ,e>l ( ,m>*1 0 /ol5 by a begg>-woman1 became a bricklay] :5 he came to age1 & 0 ! fa!r ( ! suppos$ ,jack ,cade2 "o ( 8 companions confirms ! /ory1 by say+1 ,sir1 he made a *imney 9 my fa!r's h\se1 & ! bricks are alive at ?is day to te/ify x2 !re=e1 d5y x n4 ,mu* ( ! same k9d is ! te/imony ( our brave c\ntrym51 :o are ready to produce ! sc>s !y receiv$ 9 fight+ aga9/ ?is t]rible ,buonap>te4 ,t !y f\ght & 7 w\nd$1 !y may safely te/ify2 & probably !y no less firmly believe :at !y 7 told respect+ ! cause 9 :i* !y f\ght3 x w\ld h be5 a high brea* ( discipl9e to d\bt x2 & !y1 ,i conceive1 are m5 bett] skill$ 9 h&l+ a musket1 ?an 9 sift+ evid5ce1 & detect+ impo/ure4 ,b ,i defy any "o ( !m to come =w>d & decl>e1 on 8 own k1 :at 0 ! cause 9 :i* he f\ght1--"u ^: comm&s ! oppos$ g5]als act$1--& :e!r ! p]son :o issu$ ^? comm&s did really p]=m ! mighty a*ievem5ts we are told (4 ,let ^?1 !n1 :o pret5d to philosophical fre$om ( inquiry1--:o scorn to re/ _! op9ions on popul> belief1 & to %elt] !mselves "u ! example ( ! un?9k+ multitude1 consid] c>efully1 ea* "o = himself1 :at is ! evid5ce propos$ to himself 9 p>ticul>1 = ! exi/5ce ( su* a p]son z ,napoleon ,buonap>te3--,i d n mean1 :e!r !re ev] 0 a p]son be>+ t "n1 = t is a "q ( no consequ5ce2 b :e!r any su* p]son ev] p]=m$ all ! wond]ful ?+s attribut$ to him2--let him !n weigh well ! objections to t evid5ce1 7( :i* ,i h giv5 b a ha/y & imp]fect sket*17 & if he !n f9ds x am\nt to any?+ m ?an a probability1 ,i h only to congratulate him on 8 easy fai?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! same te/imony :i* w\ld h great weight 9 e/abli%+ a ?+ intr9sically probable1 w lose "p ( ?is weight 9 proportion z ! matt] atte/$ is improbable2 & if adduc$ 9 support ( any?+ t is at v>iance ) uni=m exp]i5ce1#aj w be reject$ at once by all s\nd reason]s4 ,let u !n consid] :at sort ( a /ory x is t is propos$ to our acceptance4 ,h[ grossly contradictory are ! reports ( ! diff]5t au?orities1 ,i h already rem>k$3 b consid]1 by itself1 ! /ory told by any "o ( !m2 x c>ries an air ( fiction & romance on ! v face ( x4 ,all ! ev5ts are great1 & spl5did1 & m>vell\s2#aa great armies1--great victories1--great fro/s1--great rev]ses1--hair-bread? 'scapes1--empires subv]t$ 9 a few days2 ev]y?+ happ5$ 9 defiance ( political calculations1 & 9 opposition to ! exp]i5ce ( pa/ times2 ev]y?+ ^u t gr& scale1 s common 9 ,epic ,poetry1 s r>e 9 real life2 & ?us calculat$ to /rike ! imag9ation ( ! vulg>1 & to rem9d ! sob]-?9k+ few ( ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,e ev5t1 too1 has t r\ndness & complet5ess :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( fiction2 no?+ is done by halves2 we h complete victories1--total ov]?r[s1 entire subv]sion ( empires1--p]fect re-e/abli%m5ts ( !m1--cr[d$ ^u u 9 rapid succession4 ,to enum]ate ! improbabilities ( ea* ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ?is hi/ory1 w\ld fill volumes2 b !y are s fre% 9 e "o's memory1 t !re is no ne$ ( su* a detail3 let any judici\s man1 n ignorant ( hi/ory & ( human nature1 revolve !m 9 8 m9d1 & consid] h[ f> !y are con=mable to ,exp]i5ce1#ab our be/ & only sure guide4 ,9 va9 w he seek 9 hi/ory = some?+ simil> to ?is wond]ful ,buonap>te2 n\ght b himself c be 8 p>allel4 ,w ! conque/s ( ,alex&] be comp>$ ) 88 ,!y 7 effect$ ov] a rabble ( effem9ate1 undiscipl9$ b>b>ians2 else 8 progress w\ld h>dly h be5 s rapid3 witness 8 fa!r ,philip1 :o 0 mu* long] occupi$ 9 subdu+ ! comp>atively insignificant t]ritory ( ! w>like & civiliz$ ,greeks1 not)/&+ _! be+ divid$ into num]\s petty ,/ates1 ^: mutual jeal\sy enabl$ him to cont5d ) !m sep>ately4 ,b ! ,greeks _h nev] made su* progress 9 arts & arms z ! great & p[]ful ,/ates ( ,europe1 :i* ,buonap>te is repres5t$ z s spe$ily ov]p[]+4 ,8 empire has be5 comp>$ to ! ,roman3 m>k ! contra/2 he ga9s 9 a few ye>s1 t dom9ion1 or at lea/ control1 ov] ,g]many1 weal?y1 civiliz$1 & p[]ful1 :i* ! ,romans 9 ! pl5itude ( _! p[]1 c\ld n obta91 dur+ a /ruggle ( z _m c5turies1 aga9/ ! ignorant half-savages :o !n possess$ x2 ( :om ,tacitus rem>ks1 t1 up to 8 own "t !y _h be5 triumph$ ov] r ?an conqu]$4 ,ano!r peculi> circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is extraord9>y p]sonage is1 t :5 x ,is f\nd conv5i5t to repres5t him z defeat$1 ?\gh he is by no means defeat$ by halves1 b involv$ 9 mu* m sudd5 & total ru9 ?an ! p]sonages ( real hi/ory usually meet )2 yet1 if x is ?\ght fit he %\ld be re/or$1 x is done z quickly & completely z if ,m]l9's rod _h be5 employ$4 ,he ent]s ,russia ) a prodigi\s army1 :i* is totally ru9$ by an unprec$5t$ h>d w9t]2 7ev]y?+ relat+ to ?is man is prodigi\s & unprec$5t$27 yet 9 a few mon?s we f9d him intru/$ ) ano!r great army 9 ,g]many1 :i* is also totally ru9$ at ,leipsic2 mak+1 inclusive ( ! ,egyptian1 ! ?ird great army ?us totally lo/3 yet ! ,fr5* are s good-natur$ z to furni% him ) ano!r suffici5t to make a =midable /& 9 ,france2 he is1 h[ev]1 conqu]$1 & pres5t$ ) ! sov]eignty ( ,elba2 7surely1 by ! bye1 "s m probable way might h be5 f\nd ( dispos+ ( him1 till aga9 want$1 ?an to place him ?us on ! v v]ge ( 8 anci5t dom9ions27 !nce he returns to ,france1 :]e he is receiv$ ) op5 arms1 & enabl$ to lose a fif? great army at ,wat]loo2 yet s eag] 7 ^! p to be a six? "t l$ to de/ruction1 t x 0 f\nd necess>y to conf9e him 9 an isl& "s ?\s& miles (f1 & to qu>t] =eign troops ^u !m1 le/ !y %\ld make an insurrection 9 8 fav\r8#ac ,does any "o believe all ?is1 & yet refuse to believe a miracle8 ,or r1 :at is ?is b a miracle8 ,is x n a violation ( ! laws ( nature8 = surely !re are moral laws ( nature z well z physical2 :i* ?\gh m liable to exceptions 9 ?is or t p>ticul> case1 are no less true z g5]al rules ?an ! laws ( matt]1 & !re=e _c be violat$ & contradict$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 )\t a miracle4#ad ,nay1 !re is ?is additional circum/ance :i* r5d]s ! contradiction ( ,exp]i5ce m gl>+ 9 ?is case ?an 9 t ( ! miracul\s hi/ories :i* +5i\s sceptics h held up to contempt3 all ! advocates ( miracles admit t !y are r>e exceptions to ! g5]al c\rse ( nature2 b cont5d t !y mu/ ne$s be s1 on acc\nt ( ! r>ity ( ^? extraord9>y occasions :i* are ! reason ( _! be+ p]=m$3 a ,miracle1 !y say1 does n happ5 e day1 because a ,revelation is n giv5 e day4 ,x w\ld be =eign to ! pres5t purpose to seek = argum5ts aga9/ ?is answ]2 ,i leave x to ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! controv]sy1 to f9d a reply to x2 b my pres5t object is1 to po9t out t ?is solution does n at all apply 9 ! pres5t case4 ,:]e is ! peculi>ity ( ! occasion8 ,:at suffici5t reason is !re = a s]ies ( ev5ts occurr+ 9 ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 :i* nev] took place be=e8 ,0 ,europe at t p]iod peculi>ly weak1 & 9 a /ate ( b>b>ism1 t "o man c\ld a*ieve su* conque/s1 & acquire su* a va/ empire8 ,on ! contr>y1 %e 0 fl\ri%+ 9 ! height ( /r5g? & civilization4 ,c ! p]sev]+ atta*m5t & bl9d devot$ness ( ! ,fr5* to ?is man1 be acc\nt$ = by 8 be+ ! desc5dant ( a long l9e ( k+s1 ^: race 0 hall[$ by h]$it>y v5]ation8 ,no2 we are told he 0 a l[-born usurp]1 & n ev5 a ,fr5*man6 ,is x t he 0 a good & k9d sov]eign8 ,he is repres5t$ n only z an imp]i\s & m]ciless despot1 b z mo/ wantonly c>eless ( ! lives ( 8 soldi]s4 ,c\ld ! ,fr5* army & p h fail$ to he> f ! wret*$ survivors ( 8 suppos$ ,russian exp$ition1 h[ !y _h left ! corpses ( above #ajj1jjj ( _! comrades blea*+ on ! sn[-drifts ( t dismal c\ntry1 :i!r 8 mad ambition _h conduct$ him1 & :]e 8 selfi% c[>dice _h des]t$ !m8 ,:]ev] we turn to seek = circum/ances t may help to acc\nt = ! ev5ts ( ?is incr$ible /ory1 we only meet ) su* z aggravate its improbability4#ae ,_h x be5 told ( "s di/ant c\ntry1 at a remote p]iod1 we c\ld n h told :at peculi> circum/ances !re might h be5 to r5d] probable :at seems to u mo/ /range2 & yet 9 t case e philosophical sceptic1 e free-?9k+ speculator1 w\ld in/antly h reject$ su* a hi/ory1 z utt]ly unwor?y ( cr$it4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 w\ld ! great ,hume1 or any ( ! philosoph]s ( 8 s*ool1 h said1 if !y _h f\nd 9 ! antique records ( any nation1 su* a passage z ?is8 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 man ( ,corsica1 ^: "n 0 ,napoleon1 & he 0 "o ( ! *ief capta9s ( ! ho/ ( ! ,fr5*2 & he ga!r$ toge!r an army1 & w5t & f\ght aga9/ ,egypt3 b :5 ! k+ ( ,brita9 he>d !re(1 he s5t %ips ( w> & valiant m5 to fight aga9/ ! ,fr5* 9 ,egypt4 ,s !y w>r$ aga9/ !m1 & prevail$1 & /r5g!n$ ! h&s ( ! rul]s ( ! l& aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 & drave away ,napoleon f be=e ! city ( ,acre4 ,!n ,napoleon left ! capta9s & ! army t 7 9 ,egypt1 & fl$1 & return$ back to ,france4 ,s ! ,fr5* p1 took ,napoleon1 & made him rul] ov] !m1 & he became exce$+ great1 insomu* t !re 0 none l him ( all t _h rul$ ov] ,france be=e4 ,:at1 ,i say1 w\ld ,hume h ?\ght ( ?is1 especially if he _h be5 told t x 0 at ?is day g5]ally cr$it$8 ,w\ld he n h confess$ t he _h be5 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ !re 0 a peculi>ly bl9d cr$ulity & prejudice 9 fav\r ( ev]y?+ t is acc\nt$ sacr$2#af = t1 s9ce ev5 pr(ess$ sceptics swall[ implicitly su* a /ory z ?is1 x appe>s !re mu/ be a /ill bl9d] prejudice 9 fav\r ( ev]y?+ t is n acc\nt$ sacr$8 ,suppose1 aga91 we f\nd 9 ?is hi/ory su* passages z ! foll[+3 ,& x came to pass aft] ^! ?+s t ,napoleon /r5g!n$ himself1 & ga!r$ toge!r ano!r ho/ in/ead ( t :i* he _h lo/1 & w5t & w>r$ aga9/ ! ,prussians1 & ! ,russians1 & ! ,au/rians1 & all ! rul]s ( ! nor? c\ntry1 :i* 7 conf$]ate aga9/ him4 ,& ! rul] ( ,sw$51 also1 :i* 0 a ,fr5*man1 w>r$ aga9/ ,napoleon4 ,s !y w5t =?1 & f\ght aga9/ ! ,fr5* 9 ! pla9 ( ,leipsic4 ,& ! ,fr5* 7 discomfit$ be=e _! enemies1 & fl$1 & came to ! riv]s :i* are beh9d ,leipsic1 & essay$ to pass ov]1 t !y might escape out ( ! h& ( _! enemies2 b !y c\ld n1 = ,napoleon _h brok5 d[n ! bridges3 s ! p ( ! nor? c\ntries came ^u !m1 & smote !m ) a v griev\s slaught]4 444 99 99 99 99 99 ,!n ! rul] ( ,au/ria & all ! rul]s ( ! nor? c\ntries s5t mess5g]s unto ,napoleon to speak peaceably unto him1 say+1 ,:y %\ld !re be w> betwe5 u any m8 ,n[ ,napoleon _h put away 8 wife1 & tak5 ! daught] ( ! rul] ( ,au/ria to wife4 ,s all ! c\nsellors ( ,napoleon came & /ood be=e him1 & said1 ,behold n[ ^! k+s are m]ciful k+s2 d ev5 z !y say unto !e2 kn[e/ ?\ n yet t ,france is de/roy$8 ,b he spake r\ghly unto 8 c\nsellors1 & drave !m1 out f 8 pres5ce1 nei!r w\ld he he>k5 unto _! voice4 ,& :5 all ! k+s saw t1 !y w>r$ aga9/ ,france1 & smote x ) ! edge ( ! sword1 & came ne> to ,p>is1 :i* is ! royal city1 to take x3 s ! m5 ( ,p>is w5t out1 & deliv]$ up ! city to !m4 ,!n ^? k+s spake k9dly unto ! m5 ( ,p>is1 say+1 ,be ( good *e]1 !re %all no h>m happ5 unto y4 ,!n 7 ! m5 ( ,p>is glad1 & said1 ,napoleon is a tyrant2 he %all no m rule ov] u4 ,also all ! pr9ces1 ! judges1 ! c\nsellors1 & ! capta9s :om ,napoleon _h rais$ up ev5 f ! l[e/ ( ! p1 s5t unto ,lewis ! bro!r ( ,k+ ,lewis1 :om !y _h sla91 & made him k+ ov] ,france4 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,& :5 ,napoleon saw t ! k+dom 0 dep>t$ f him1 he said unto ! rul]s :i* came aga9/ him1 ,let me1 ,i pray y1 give ! k+dom unto my son3 b !y w\ld n he>k5 unto him4 ,!n he spake yet aga91 say+1 ,let me1 ,i pray y1 g & live 9 ! isl& ( ,elba1 :i* is ov] aga9/ ,italy1 nigh unto ! coa/ ( ,france2 & ye %all give me an all[ance = me & my h\sehold1 & ! l& ( ,elba also = a possession4 ,s !y made him rul] ( ,elba4444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,9 ^? days ! ,pope return$ unto 8 own l&4 ,n[ ! ,fr5*1 & div]s o!r nations ( ,europe1 are s]vants ( ! ,pope1 & hold him 9 rev]5ce2 b he is an abom9ation unto ! ,britons1 & to ! ,prussians1 & to ! ,russians1 & to ! ,sw$es4 ,h[beit ! ,fr5* _h tak5 away all 8 l&s1 & robb$ him ( all t he _h1 & c>ri$ him away captive into ,france4 ,b :5 ! ,britons1 & ! ,prussians1 & ! ,russians1 & ! ,sw$es1 & ! re/ ( ! nations t 7 conf$]ate aga9/ ,france1 came ?i!r1 !y caus$ ! ,fr5* to set ! ,pope at lib]ty1 & to re/ore all 8 goods t !y _h tak52 likewise !y gave him back all 8 possessions2 & he w5t home 9 peace1 & rul$ ov] 8 own city z 9 times pa/4444 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 ,& x came to pass :5 ,napoleon _h n yet be5 a full ye> at ,elba1 t he said unto 8 m5 ( w> t clave unto him1 ,g to1 let u g back to ,france1 & fight aga9/ ,k+ ,lewis1 & ?ru/ him out f be+ k+4 ,s he dep>t$1 he & six hundr$ m5 ) him t drew ! sword1 & w>r$ aga9/ ,k+ ,lewis4 ,!n all ! m5 ( ,belial ga!r$ !mselves toge!r1 & said1 ,god save ,napoleon4 ,& :5 ,lewis saw t1 he fl$1 & gat him into ! l& ( ,batavia3 & ,napoleon rul$ ov] ,france1 c4 c4 c4#ag ,n[ if a free-?9k+ philosoph]--"o ( ^? :o advocate ! cause ( unbiass$ reason1 & despise pret5d$ revelations--7 to meet ) su* a tissue ( absurdities z ?is 9 an old ,jewi% record1 w\ld he n reject x at once z too palpable an impo/ure#ah to des]ve ev5 any inquiry into its evid5ce8 ,is t cr$ible !n ( ! civiliz$ ,europeans n[1 :i* c\ld n1 if report$ ( ! semi-b>b>\s ,jews #cjjj ye>s ago1 be e/abli%$ by any te/imony8 ,w x be answ]$1 t !re is no?+ sup]natural 9 all ?is8 ,:y is x1 !n1 t y object to :at is sup]natural--t y reject e acc\nt ( miracles--if n because !y are improbable8 ,surely !n a /ory equally or /ill m improbable1 is n to be implicitly receiv$1 m]ely on ! gr\nd t x is n miracul\s3 ?\gh 9 fact1 z ,i h already 79 note1 p4 #ci17 %[n f ,hume's au?ority1 x is really miracul\s4 ,! opposition to ,exp]i5ce has be5 prov$ to be z complete 9 ?is case1 z 9 :at are commonly call$ miracles2 & ! reasons assign$ = t contr>iety by ! def5d]s ( !m1 _c be plead$ 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,if !n philosoph]s1 :o reject e wond]ful /ory t is ma9ta9$ by prie/s1 are yet f\nd ready to believe ev]y?+ else1 h[ev] improbable1 !y w surely lay !mselves op5 to ! accusation br\ght aga9/ !m ( be+ unduly prejudic$ aga9/ :atev] relates to religion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is "o m circum/ance :i* ,i _c =be> m5tion+1 because x s mu* adds to ! air ( fiction :i* p]vades e "p ( ?is m>vell\s tale2 & t is1 ! nationality ( x4#ai ,buonap>te prevail$ ov] all ! ho/ile ,/ates 9 turn1 except ,engl&2 9 ! z5i? ( 8 p[]1 8 fleets 7 swept f ! sea1 by ,engl&2 8 troops always defeat an equal1 & frequ5tly ev5 a sup]ior numb] ( ^? ( any o!r nation1 except ! ,engli%2 & ) !m x is j ! rev]se2 twice1 & twice only1 he is p]sonally engag$ aga9/ an ,engli% comm&]1 & bo? times he is totally defeat$2 at ,acre1 & at ,wat]loo2 & to cr[n all1 ,engl& f9ally cru%es ?is trem5d\s p[]1 :i* _h s long kept ! cont95t 9 subjection or 9 al>m2 & to ! ,engli% he surr5d]s himself prison]6 ,?or\ghly national1 to be sure6 ,x may be all v true2 b ,i w\ld only ask1 if a /ory _h be5 fabricat$ = ! express purpose ( amus+ ! ,engli% nation1 c\ld x h be5 contriv$ m +5i\sly8 ,x w\ld d admirably = an epic poem2 & inde$ be>s a consid]able resemblance to ! ,iliad & ! neid2 9 :i* ,a*illes & ! ,greeks1 neas & ! ,trojans1 7! ance/ors ( ! ,romans7 are s /udi\sly held up to admiration4 ,buonap>te's exploits seem magnifi$ 9 ord] to enhance ! glory ( 8 conqu]ors2 j z ,hector is all[$ to triumph dur+ ! abs5ce ( ,a*illes1 m]ely to give additional spl5d\r to 8 ov]?r[ by ! arm ( t inv9cible h]o4 ,w\ld n ?is circum/ance alone r5d] a hi/ory r suspici\s 9 ! eyes ( an acute critic1 ev5 if x 7 n fill$ ) su* gross improbabilities2 & induce him to susp5d 8 judgm5t1 till v satisfactory evid5ce 7f> /rong] ?an c be f\nd 9 ?is case7 %\ld be produc$8 ,is x !n too mu* to dem& ( ! w>y academic#bj a susp5sion ( judgm5t z to ! life & adv5tures ( ,napoleon ,buonap>te8 ,i d n pret5d to decide positively t !re is n1 nor ev] 01 any su* p]son2 b m]ely to propose x z a d\btful po9t1 & "o ! m des]v+ ( c>eful inve/igation1 f ! v circum/ance ( its hav+ hi!rto be5 admitt$ )\t inquiry4 ,f> less w\ld ,i und]take to decide :at is or has be5 ! real /ate ( affairs4 ,he :o po9ts out ! improbability ( ! curr5t /ory1 is n b\nd to sugge/ an hypo!sis ( 8 own2#ba ?\gh x may safely be affirm$1 t x w\ld be h>d to inv5t any "o m improbable ?an ! receiv$ "o4 ,"o may surely be all[$ to hesitate 9 admitt+ ! /ories :i* ! anci5t poets tell1 ( e>?quakes & volcanic eruptions be+ caus$ by imprison$ giants1 )\t be+ call$ ^u satisfactorily to acc\nt = ^? ph5om5a4 ,amid/ ! defect ( valid evid5ce "u :i*1 z ,i h already %[n1 we lab\r 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 x is h>dly possible to (f] m ?an "h & !re a probable conjecture2 or to pron\nce h[ mu* may be true1 & h[ mu* fictiti\s1 9 ! acc\nts pres5t$ to u4 ,=1 x is to be obs]v$ t ?is case is mu* m op5 to sceptical d\bts ev5 ?an "s miracul\s hi/ories2 s9ce "s ( !m are ( su* a nature t y _c consi/5tly admit a "p & reject ! re/2 b are b\nd1 if y are satisfi$ z to ! reality ( any "o miracle1 to embrace ! :ole sy/em2 s t x is necess>y = ! sceptic to impea* ! evid5ce ( all ( !m1 sep>ately1 & collectively3 :]eas1 "h1 ea* s+le po9t requires to be e/abli%$ sep>ately1 s9ce no "o ( !m au!nticates ! re/4 ,suppos+ !re be a /ate-prison] at ,/4 ,hel5a1 7:i*1 by ! way1 x is ackn[l$g$ _m ( ! ,fr5* disbelieve17 h[ d we "k :o he is1 or :y he is conf9$ !re8 ,!re h be5 /ate-prison]s be=e n[1 :o 7 nev] guilty ( subjugat+ half ,europe1 & ^: (f5ces h be5 v imp]fectly asc]ta9$4 ,admitt+ t !re h be5 bloody w>s go+ on = sev]al ye>s pa/1 :i* is highly probable1 x does n foll[ t ! ev5ts ( ^? w>s 7 su* z we h be5 told2--t ,buonap>te 0 ! au?or & conductor ( !m2--or t su* a p]son ev] exi/$4 ,:at di/urbances may h tak5 place 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,fr5* p1 we1 & ev5 n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( !m1 h no means ( le>n+ b f imp]fect he>say evid5ce2 & h[ mu* cr$it !y !mselves atta* to t evid5ce is v d\btful4 ,?is at lea/ is c]ta93 t a ,m4 ,b]ry]1 a ,fr5* advocate1 has publi%$ memoirs1 pr(ess+ to record _m ( ! ev5ts ( ! rec5t hi/ory ( ,france1 9 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 he /ates 8 conviction t ,buonap>te's escape f ,elba 0 ,,design$ ,,& ,,contriv$ ,,by ,,! ,,engli% ,,gov]nm5t4#bb ,& we are assur$ by _m travell]s t ?is 01 & is1 commonly report$ 9 ,france4 ,n[ t ! ,fr5* %\ld believe ! :ole /ory ab\t ,buonap>te accord+ to ?is v]sion ( x1 does seem utt]ly incr$ible4 ,let any "o suppose !m s]i\sly believ+ t we ma9ta9$ = _m ye>s a desp]ate /ruggle aga9/ ?is =midable emp]or ( !irs1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* we exp5d$ su* an enorm\s am\nt ( blood & treasure z is report$2--t we f9ally1 aft] enc\nt]+ enorm\s risks1 succe$$ 9 subdu+ him1 & secur$ him 9 a place ( safe exile2--& t1 9 less ?an a ye> aft]1 we turn$ him out aga91 l a bag-fox1--or r1 a bag-lion1--= ! sake ( amus+ ourselves by aga9 /ak+ all t 0 de> to u on ! ev5t ( a d\btful & bloody battle1 9 :i* defeat mu/ be ru9\s1 & victory1 if obta9$ at all1 mu/ co/ u _m ?\s&s ( our be/ soldi]s4 ,let any "o =ce himself = a mom5t to conceive ! ,fr5* s]i\sly believ+ su* a mass ( absurdity2 & ! inf]5ce mu/ be t su* a p mu/ be prep>$ to believe any?+4 ,!y might fancy _! own c\ntry to ab\nd n only ) ,napoleons1 b ) dragons & c5taurs1 & m5 ^: heads d gr[ b5ea? _! %\ld]s1 or any?+ else t any lunatic ev] dreamt (4 ,if we c\ld suppose ! ,fr5* capable ( su* mon/r\s cr$ulity z ! above supposition w\ld imply1 x is pla9 _! te/imony mu/ be altoge!r wor?less4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 suppose !m to be aw>e t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t h be5 all along impos+ on u1 & x is q natural t !y %\ld d]ide our cr$ulity1 & try :e!r !re is any?+ too extravagant = u to swall[4 ,& inde$1 if ,buonap>te 0 9 fact altoge!r a phantom conjur$ up by ! ,briti% ,m9i/]s1 !n x is true t 8 escape f ,elba really 01 z well z ! re/ ( 8 exploits1 a contrivance ( !irs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b :atev] may be believ$ by ! ,fr5* relative to ! rec5t occurr5ces1 9 _! own c\ntry1 & :atev] may be ! real "* ( ^! occurr5ces1 ( ?is at lea/ we are well assur$1 t !re h be5 num]\s bloody w>s ) ,france "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,b\rbons3 & we are n[ told t ,france is gov]n$ by a ,b\rbon k+1 ( ! "n ( ,lewis1 :o pr(esses to be 9 ! tw5ty-?ird ye> ( 8 reign4 ,let e "o conjecture = himself4 ,i am f> f pret5d+ to decide :o may h be5 ! gov]nor or gov]nors ( ! ,fr5* nation1 & ! lead]s ( _! armies1 = sev]al ye>s pa/4 ,c]ta9 x is1 t :5 m5 are indulg+ _! incl9ation = ! m>vell\s1 !y always %[ a /rong prop5sity to accumulate ^u "o individual 7real or imag9>y7 ! exploits ( _m2 besides multiply+ & exagg]at+ ^! exploits a ?\s&fold4 ,?us1 ! exp\nd]s ( ! anci5t my?ology tell u !re 7 sev]al p]sons ( ! "n ( ,h]cules1 7ei!r orig9ally be>+ t appellation1 or hav+ x appli$ to !m z an hon\r17 ^: collective feats1 aft] be+ dress$ up 9 a suffici5tly m>vell\s g>b1 7 attribut$ to a s+le h]o4 ,is x n j possible1 t dur+ ! rage = words ( ,greek d]ivation1 ! title ( ,napoleon1 717 :i* signifies ,lion ( ! =e/1 may h be5 conf]r$ by ! popul> voice on m ?an "o favorite g5]al1 di/+ui%$ = irresi/ible val\r8 ,is x n also possible t ,,buona ,,p>te may h be5 orig9ally a sort ( cant t]m appli$ to ! good 7i4e41 ! brave/ or mo/ patriotic7 "p ( ! ,fr5* army1 collectively2 & h be5 aft]w>ds mi/ak5 = ! prop] "n ( an individual8#bc ,i d n pr(ess to support ?is conjecture2 b x is c]ta9 t su* mi/akes may & d occur4 ,"s critics h suppos$ t ! ,a!nians imag9$ ,,ana/asis 7,resurrection7 to be a new goddess1 9 ^: cause ,paul 0 prea*+4 ,w\ld x h be5 ?\ght any?+ incr$ible if we _h be5 told t ! anci5t ,p]sians1 :o _h no idea ( any b a mon>*ical gov]nm5t1 _h suppos$ ,ari/ocratia to be a que5 ( ,sp>ta8 ,b we ne$ n conf9e ourselves to hypo!tical cases2 x is positively /at$ t ! ,h9doos at ?is day believe ! hon\rable ,ea/ ,india ,company to be a v5]able old lady ( high dignity1 resid+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,g]mans1 aga91 ( ! pres5t day d]ive _! "n f a simil> mi/ake3 ! fir/ tribe ( !m :o invad$ ,gaul#bd assum$ ! hon\rable title ( ,g]-man :i* signifies w>riors1 7! words w> & gu]re1 z well z man1 :i* rema9s 9 our language unalt]$1 are evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ,teutonic17 & ! ,gauls appli$ ?is z a "n to ! :ole race4 ,h[ev]1 ,i m]ely ?r[ out ^! conjectures )\t by any means cont5d+ t m plausible ones might n be sugge/$4 ,b :atev] supposition we adopt1 or :e!r we adopt any1 ! objections to ! commonly receiv$ acc\nts w rema9 9 _! full =ce1 & imp]i\sly dem& ! att5tion ( ! c&id sceptic4 ,i call ^u ^?1 !re=e1 :o pr(ess !mselves advocates ( free inquiry--:o disda9 to be c>ri$ along ) ! /ream ( popul> op9ion1 & :o w li/5 to no te/imony t runs c\nt] to exp]i5ce1--to foll[ up _! own pr9ciples fairly & consi/5tly4 ,let ! same mode ( argum5t be adopt$ 9 all cases alike2 & !n x c no long] be attribut$ to ho/ile prejudice1 b to enl>g$ & philosophical views4 ,if !y h already reject$ "s hi/ories1 on ! gr\nd ( _! be+ /range & m>vell\s1--( _! relat+ facts1 unprec$5t$1 & at v>iance ) ! e/abli%$ c\rse ( nature1--let !m n give cr$it to ano!r hi/ory :i* lies op5 to ! v same objections1--! extraord9>y & romantic tale we h be5 j consid]+4 ,if !y h discr$it$ ! te/imony ( witnesses1 :o are said at lea/ to h be5 dis9t]e/$1 & to h brav$ p]secutions & dea? 9 support ( _! ass]tions1--c ^! philosoph]s consi/5tly li/5 to & believe ! te/imony ( ^? :o av[$ly get money by ! tales !y publi%1 & :o d n ev5 pret5d t !y incur any s]i\s risk 9 case ( be+ detect$ 9 a falsehood8 ,if1 9 o!r cases1 !y h refus$ to li/5 to an acc\nt :i* has pass$ ?r\gh _m int]m$iate h&s be=e x rea*es !m1 & :i* is def5d$ by ^? :o h an int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+ x2 let !m consid] ?r\gh h[ _m1 & :at v suspici\s h&s1 ?is /ory has arriv$ to !m1 )\t ! possibility1 z ,i h %[n1 ( trac+ x back to any decid$ly au!ntic s\rce1 aft] all2--to any bett] au?ority1 accord+ to _! own %[+1 ?an t ( an unnam$ & unkn[n =eign correspond5t2--& likewise h[ /rong an int]e/1 9 e way1 ^? :o h hi!rto impos$ on !m1 h 9 keep+ up ! impo/ure4 ,let !m1 9 %ort1 %[ !mselves z ready to detect ! *eats1 & despise ! fables ( politicians z ( prie/s4 ,b if !y are /ill w$d$ to ! popul> belief 9 ?is po9t1 let !m be consi/5t en\gh to admit ! same evid5ce 9 o!r cases :i* !y yield to 9 ?is4 ,if1 aft] all t has be5 said1 !y _c br+ !mselves to d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( ,napoleon ,buonap>te1 !y mu/ at lea/ ackn[l$ge t !y d n apply to t "q ! same plan ( reason+ :i* !y h made use ( 9 o!rs2 & !y are consequ5tly b\nd 9 reason & 9 hone/y to r5\nce x altoge!r4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,a report is spread1 7says ,voltaire 9 "o ( 8 works17 t !re is1 9 "s c\ntry or o!r1 a giant z big z a m\nta92 & m5 pres5tly fall to hot disput+ conc]n+ ! precise l5g? ( 8 nose1 ! bread? ( 8 ?umb1 & o!r p>ticul>s1 & ana!matize ea* o!r = het]odoxy ( belief conc]n+ !m4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all1 if "s bold sceptic v5tures to h9t a d\bt z to ! exi/5ce ( ?is giant1 all are ready to jo9 aga9/ him1 & te> him to pieces4 ,?is looks almo/ l a prophetic allegory relat+ to ! gigantic ,napoleon4 #d 1 4 ,?ucyd4 b4i4c4 #bj4 #e ,) :at gre$9ess are ! miracul\s acc\nts ( travell]s receiv$1 _! descriptions ( sea & l& mon/]s1 _! relations ( wond]ful adv5tures1 /range m51 & unc\? mann]s6--,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 p4 #agi1 #abmo2 p4 #ahe1 #hvo1 #agfg2 p4 #aag1 #hvo1 #ahag4 ,n4,b4--,9 ord] to give e possible facility ( ref]5ce1 ?ree editions ( ,hume's ,essays h be5 g5]ally employ$3 a #abmo1 ,london1 #agef1 & two #hvo editions4 #f ,suppose a fact to be transmitt$ ?r\gh tw5ty p]sons2 ! fir/ communicat+ x to ! second1 ! second to ! ?ird1 c41 & let ! probability ( ea* te/imony be express$ by n9e-t5?s1 7t is1 suppose t ( t5 reports made by ea* witness1 n9e only are true17 !n1 at e "t ! /ory passes f "o witness to ano!r1 ! evid5ce is r$uc$ to n9e-t5?s ( :at x 0 be=e4 ,?us1 aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole tw5ty1 ! evid5ce w be f\nd to be less ?an "o-eigh?4--,,la ,,place1 ,essai ,philosophique sur les ,probabilits4 ,t is1 ! *ances = ! fact ?us atte/$ be+ true1 w be1 accord+ to ?is di/+ui%$ calculator1 less ?an "o 9 eight4 ,v few ( ! common newspap]-/ories1 h[ev]1 relat+ to =eign c\ntries1 c\ld be trac$1 if ! matt] 7 c>efully inve/igat$1 up to an actual eye-witness1 ev5 ?r\gh tw5ty int]m$iate witnesses2 & _m ( ! /eps ( our ladd]1 w\ld1 ,i fe>1 prove b rott52 few ( ! report]s w\ld des]ve to h "o 9 t5 fix$ z ! proportion ( _! false acc\nts4 #g ,i did n m5tion ! difficulty ( detect+ a falsehood 9 any private or ev5 public hi/ory1 at ! "t & place :]e x is said to happ52 mu* m :]e ! sc5e is remov$ to ev] s small a di/ance4444 ,b ! matt] nev] comes to any issue1 if tru/$ to ! common me?od ( alt]cation & debate & fly+ rum\rs4--,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 p4 #aie1 #abmo2 pp4 #bjj1 #bja1 #hvo1 #agfg2 p4 #abg1 #hvo1 #ahag4 #h ,see ! ?ird ,po/script app5d$ to ?is edition4 #i ,we ent]ta9 a suspicion conc]n+ any matt] ( fact1 :5 ! witnesses contradict ea* o!r2 :5 !y are ( a suspici\s "*2 :5 !y h an int]e/ 9 :at !y affirm4--,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 p4 #agb1 #abmo2 p4 #agf1 #hvo1 #agfg2 p4 #aac1 #hvo4 #ahag4 #aj ,t te/imony itself d]ives all its =ce f exp]i5ce1 seems v c]ta94444 ,! fir/ au?or1 we believe1 :o /at$ fairly ! connexion betwe5 ! evid5ce ( te/imony & ! evid5ce ( exp]i5ce1 0 ,,hume1 9 8 ,essay on ,miracles1 a "w 444 ab\nd+ 9 maxims ( great use 9 ! conduct ( life4--,ed94 ,review1 ,sept4 #ahad1 p4 #cbh4 #aa ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! fact :i* ! te/imony endeav\rs to e/abli% p>takes ( ! extraord9>y & ! m>vell\s2 9 t case1 ! evid5ce result+ f ! te/imony receives a dim9ution1 great] or less 9 proportion z ! fact is m or less unusual4--,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 p4 #agc1 #abmo2 p4 #agf1 #hvo1 #agfg2 p4 #aac1 #hvo1 #ahag4 #ab ,! ultimate /&>d by :i* we det]m9e all disputes t may arise is always d]iv$ f exp]i5ce & obs]vation4--,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 p4 #agb1 #abmo2 p4 #age1 #hvo1 #agfg2 p4 #aab1 #hvo1 #ahag4 #ac 4 4 ,,p9d4 ,olymp4 #a #ad ,?is doctr9e1 ?\gh h>dly ne$+ confirmation f au?ority1 is support$ by t ( ,hume2 8 eigh? essay is1 ?r\gh\t1 an argum5t = ! doctr9e ( ,philosophical necessity1 drawn entirely f ! g5]al uni=mity1 obs]vable 9 ! c\rse ( nature ) respect to ! pr9ciples ( human conduct1 z well z ^? ( ! mat]ial univ]se2 f :i* uni=mity1 he obs]ves1 x is t we are enabl$ 9 bo? cases1 to =m our judgm5t by means ( ,exp]i5ce3 & if1 says he1 we w\ld explode any =g]y 9 hi/ory1 we _c make use ( a m conv9c+ argum5t1 ?an to prove t ! actions ascrib$ to any p]son1 are directly contr>y to ! c\rse ( nature4444 444 ,! ,v]acity ( ,qu9tus ,curtius is z suspici\s :5 he describes ! sup]natural c\rage ( ,alex&]1 by :i* he 0 hurri$ on s+ly to attack multitudes1 z :5 he describes 8 sup]natural =ce & activity1 by :i* he 0 able to resi/ !m4 ,s readily & univ]sally d we ackn[l$ge a uni=mity 9 human motives & actions1 z well z 9 ! op]ations ( body4--,eigh? ,essay1 p4 #aca1 #abmo2 p4 #he1 #hvo1 #ahag4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! t5? essay1 8 use ( ! t]m miracle1 aft] hav+ call$ x a transgression ( a law ( nature1 pla9ly %[s t he meant to include human nature3 no te/imony1 says he1 is suffici5t to e/abli% a miracle1 unless ! te/imony be ( su* a nature t its falsehood w\ld be m miracul\s ?an ! fact :i* x endeav\rs to e/abli%4 ,! t]m prodigy also 7:i* he all along employs z synonym\s ) miracle7 is appli$ to te/imony1 9 ! same mann]1 imm$iately aft]2 ,9 ! =ego+ reason+ we h suppos$ 444 t ! falsehood ( t te/imony w\ld be a k9d ( prodigy4 ,n[ _h he meant to conf9e ! mean+ ( miracle1 & prodigy1 to a violation ( ! laws ( matt]1 ! epi!t miracul\s1 appli$ ev5 ?us hypo!tically1 to false te/imony1 w\ld be z unmean+ z ! epi!ts gre5 or squ>e2 ! only possible s5se 9 :i* we c apply to x1 ev5 9 imag9ation1 ! t]m miracul\s1 is t ( highly improbable1--contr>y to ^? laws ( nature :i* respect human conduct3 & 9 ?is s5se he accord+ly uses ! ^w 9 ! v next s5t5ce3 ,:5 any "o tells me t he saw a dead man re/or$ to life1 ,i imm$iately consid] ) myself :e!r x be m probable t ?is p]son %\ld ei!r deceive or be deceiv$1 or t ! fact :i* he relates %\ld really h happ5$4 ,i weigh ! "o miracle aga9/ ! o!r4--,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 pp4 #agf1 #agg1 #abmo2 p4 #ahb1 #hvo1 #agfg2 p4 #aae1 #hvo1 #ahag4 ,see also a passage above quot$ f ! same essay1 :]e he speaks ( ! miracul\s acc\nts ( travell]s2 evid5tly us+ ! ^w 9 ?is s5se4 ,p]haps x 0 sup]flu\s to cite au?ority = apply+ ! t]m miracle to :atev] is highly improbable2 b x is important to ! /ud5ts ( ,hume1 to be fully aw>e t he uses ^? two expressions z synonym\s2 s9ce o!rwise !y w\ld mi/ake ! mean+ ( t passage :i* he ju/ly calls a g5]al maxim wor?y ( y\r att5tion4 #ae ,ev5ts may be s extraord9>y t !y c h>dly be e/abli%$ by te/imony4 ,we w\ld n give cr$it to a man :o w\ld affirm t he saw a hundr$ dice ?r[n 9 ! air1 & t !y all fell on ! same faces4--,ed94 ,review1 ,sept4 #ahad1 p4 #cbg4 ,let x be obs]v$1 t ! in/ance "h giv5 is miracul\s 9 no o!r s5se b t ( be+ highly improbable4 #af ,if ! _s ( religion jo9 itself to ! love ( wond]1 !re is an end ( common s5se2 & human te/imony 9 ^! circum/ances loses all pret5sions to au?ority4--,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 p4 #agi1 #abmo2 p4 #ahe1 #hvo1 #agfg2 p4 #aag1 #hvo1 #ahag4 #ag ,! suppos$ hi/ory f :i* ! above extracts are giv51 is publi%$ entire 9 ! "w call$ ,hi/oric ,c]ta9ties4 #ah ,i desire any "o to lay 8 h& ^u 8 he>t1 & aft] s]i\s consid]ation decl>e :e!r he ?9ks t ! falsehood ( su* a book1 support$ by su* te/imony1 w\ld be m extraord9>y & miracul\s ?an all ! miracles x relates4--,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 p4 #bjj1 #abmo2 p4 #bjf1 #hvo1 #agfg2 p4 #aca1 #hvo1 #ahag4 ,let x be borne 9 m9d t ,hume 7z ,i h above rem>k$7 cont9ually employs ! t]m miracle & prodigy to signify any?+ t is highly improbable & extraord9>y4 #ai ,! wise l5d a v academic fai? to e report :i* fav\rs ! passion ( ! report]1 :e!r x magnifies 8 c\ntry1 8 family1 or himself4--,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 p4 #add1 #abmo2 p4 #bjj1 #hvo1 #agfg2 p4 #abf1 #hvo1 #ahag4 #bj ,no?+ c be m contr>y ?an su* a philosophy 7! academic or sceptical7 to ! sup9e indol5ce ( ! m9d1 its ra% arrogance1 its l(ty pret5sions1 & its sup]/iti\s cr$ulity4--,fif? ,essay1 p4 #fh1 #abmo2 p4 #da1 #hvo1 #ahag4 #ba ,see ,hume's ,essay on ,miracles1 pp4 #ahi1 #aia1 #aie1 #abmo2 pp4 #aic1 #aig1 #bja1 #bjb1 #hvo1 #agfg2 pp4 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #hvo1 #ahag4 #bb ,see ,ed9burgh ,review = ,octob]1 #ahdb1 p4 #afb4 #bc ,x is well "k ) h[ mu* le>n+ & +5uity ! ,rationali/s ( ! ,g]man s*ool h lab\r$ to ?r[ discr$it on ! lit]al int]pretation ( ! n>ratives1 bo? ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts2 repres5t+ !m z ,,my?s1 i4e41 fables allegorically describ+ "s physical or moral phnom5a--philosophical pr9ciples--sy/ems1 c4--"u ! figure ( actions p]=m$ by c]ta9 ideal p]sonages2 ^! allegories hav+ be51 aft]w>ds1 ?r\gh ! mi/ake ( ! vulg>1 believ$ z hi/ory4 ,?us1 ! real hi/orical exi/5ce ( su* a p]son z ! suppos$ f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & ! acts attribut$ to him1 are d5i$ 9 ! lit]al s5se1 & ! :ole ( ! evangelical hi/ory is expla9$ on ! my?ical !ory4 ,n[ x is a rem>kable circum/ance 9 ref]5ce to ! po9t at pres5t be=e u1 t an em95t au?oress ( ?is c5tury has di/9ctly decl>$ t ,napoleon ,buonap>te 0 ,,n ,a ,,man1 b a ,,sy/em4 #bd ,g]mani vocabulum rec5s et nup] additum2 quoniam qui primi ,rh5um transgressi ,gallos expul]9t1 ac nunc ,tungri1 tunc ,g]mani vocati s9t3 ita nationis nom5 9 nom5 g5tis evaluisse paullatim1 ut omnes1 primum a victore ob metum1 mox a seipsis inv5to nom9e1 ,g]mani voc>5tur4--,tacitus1 de ,mor4 ,g]m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,po/script ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,x may seem arrogant = an obscure & nameless individual to claim ! glory ( hav+ put to dea? ! mo/ =midable ( all record$ h]oes4 ,b a %ad[y *ampion may be ov]?r[n by a %ad[y antagoni/4 ,_m a t]rific spectre has be5 laid by ! beams ( a halfp5ny c&le4 ,& if ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ out1 9 ! =ego+ pages1 a probable case ( suspicion1 x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$1 t !re is "s gr\nd = my pres5t boa/1 ( hav+ kill$ ,napoleon ,buonap>te4 ,let b ! circum/ances ( ! case be consid]$4 ,?is mighty ,emp]or1 :o _h be5 s long ! bugbe> ( ! civiliz$ _w1 aft] hav+ obta9$ successes & und]gone rev]ses1 su* z nev] befel any 7o!r at lea/7 real pot5tate1 0 at l5g? s5t5c$ to conf9em5t 9 ! remote isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a3 a measure :i* _m p]sons wond]$ at1 & _m object$ to1 on v>i\s gr\nds2 n unreasonably1 suppos+ ! illu/ri\s exile to be a real p]son2 b on ! supposition ( 8 be+ only a man ( /raw1 ! situation 0 exce$+ly fav\rable = keep+ him out ( ! way ( imp]t95t curiosity1 :5 n want$1 & = mak+ him ! f\ndation ( any new plots t !re might be occasion to conjure up4 ,ab\t ?is juncture x 0 t ! public att5tion 0 fir/ invit$1 by ^! pages1 to ! "q z to ! real exi/5ce ( ,napoleon ,buonap>te4 ,!y excit$1 x may be fairly suppos$1 along ) mu* surprise & mu* c5sure1 "s degree ( d\bt1 & probably ( consequ5t inquiry4 ,no fre% evid5ce1 z f> z ,i c le>n1 ( ! tru? ( ! disput$ po9ts1 0 br\ght =w>d to dispel ^! d\bts4 ,we he>d1 h[ev]1 ( ! mo/ jeal\s precautions be+ us$ to prev5t any int]c\rse betwe5 ! =midable prison]1 & any /rang] :o1 f motives ( curiosity1 might wi% to visit him4 ,! man 9 ! iron mask c\ld h>dly h be5 m rigor\sly seclud$3 & we also he>d v>i\s contradictory reports ( conv]sations betwe5 him & ! few :o 7 all[$ access to him2 ! falsehood & inconsi/5cy ( mo/ ( ^! reports be+ prov$ 9 contempor>y publications4 ,at l5g?1 j ab\t ! "t :5 ! public scepticism respect+ ?is extraord9>y p]sonage might be suppos$ to h ris5 to an al>m+ height1 x 0 ann\nc$ to u t he 0 dead6 ,a /op 0 ?us put1 mo/ opportunely1 to all tr\blesome inquiries4 ,i d n und]take to d5y t su* a p]son did live & die4 ,t he 01 & t he did1 ev]y?+ t is report$1 we _c believe1 unless we cons5t to admit contradictory /atem5ts2 b _m ( ! ev5ts report$1 h[ev] m>vell\s1 are c]ta9ly n1 :5 tak5 sep>ately1 physically impossible4 ,b ,i w\ld only entreat ! c&id read] to reflect :at might naturally be expect$1 on ! supposition ( ! surmises conta9$ 9 ! pres5t "w be+ well f\nd$4 ,suppos+ ! :ole ( ! tale ,i h be5 consid]+ to h be5 a fabrication1 :at w\ld be ! natural result ( su* attempt to excite inquiry into its tru?8 ,evid5tly ! %orte/ & mo/ effectual mode ( avoid+ detection1 w\ld be to kill ! phantom1 & s get rid ( him at once4 ,a ready & decisive answ] w\ld ?us be provid$ to any "o 9 :om ! =ego+ argum5ts might h excit$ suspicions3 ,sir1 !re c be no d\bt t su* a p]son exi/$1 & p]=m$ :at is relat$ ( him2 & if y w j take a voyage to ,/4 ,hel5a1 y may see ) y\r own eyes1--n him1 inde$1 = he is no long] liv+1--b 8 tomb3 & :at evid5ce w\ld y h t is m decisive8 ,s mu* = 8 ,dea?3 z = 8 ,life1--x is j publi%$ by an em95t writ]3 besides :i*1 ! %ops w supply u ) abundance ( bu/s & pr9ts ( ?is great man2 all /rik+ lik5esses--( "o ano!r4 ,! mo/ incr$ul\s mu/ be satisfi$ ) ?is6 ,/at magni ,,nom9is umbra6 ,,konx ,,ompax4 ,,po/script ,,to ,,! ,,sev5? ,,edition4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! ,six? ,edition ( ?is "w1 ! ,fr5* nation1 & ! _w at l>ge1 h obta9$ an additional evid5ce1 to :i* ,i hope !y w atta* z mu* weight z x des]ves1 ( ! reality ( ! wond]ful hi/ory ,i h be5 treat+ (4 ,! ,great ,nation1 among ! _m indications lately giv5 ( an h]oic zeal l :at ,hom] attributes to 8 ,argive w>riors1 1 h =m$ & execut$ ! design ( br++ home = hon\rable int]m5t ! rema9s ( _! illu/ri\s ,*ief4 ,h[ _m p]sons h actually inspect$ ^! relics1 ,i h n asc]ta9$2 b t a real c(f91 conta9+ real bones1 0 br\ght f ,/4 ,hel5a to ,france1 ,i see no reason to disbelieve4 ,:e!r future visitors to ,/4 ,hel5a w be %[n m]ely ! id5tical place 9 :i* ,buonap>te 0 7said to h be57 int]r$1 or :e!r ano!r set ( real bones w be exhibit$ 9 t isl&1 we h yet to le>n4 ,?is latt] supposition is n v improbable4 ,x 0 some?+ ( a cr$it to ! isl&1 an attraction to /rang]s1 & a s\rce ( pr(it to "s ( ! inhabitants1 to possess s rem>kable a relic2 & ?is glory & advantage !y mu/ naturally wi% to reta94 ,if s1 !re seems no reason :y !y %\ld n h a ,buonap>te ( _! own2 = !re is1 ,i believe1 no d\bt t !re are1 or 71 sev]al ,museums 9 ,engl&1 :i*1 among o!r curiosities1 boa/$1 ea*1 ( a g5u9e skull ( ,oliv] ,cromwell4 ,p]haps1 !re=e1 we %all he> ( sev]al well au!nticat$ skulls ( ,buonap>te also1 9 ! collections ( diff]5t virtuosos1 all ( :om 7especially ^? 9 ^: own crania ! organ ( wond] is ! mo/ l>gely develop$7 w d\btless d]ive equal satisfaction f ! relics !y respectively possess4 ,,po/script ,,to ,,! ,,n9? ,,edition4 ,! ,public has be5 ( late mu* int]e/$ & n a little bewild]$1 by ! acc\nts ( _m /range ev5ts1 said to h rec5tly tak5 place 9 ,france & o!r p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,are ^! acc\nts ( su* a "* z to allay1 or to /r5g!n & increase1 su* d\bts z h be5 sugge/$ 9 ! =ego+ pages8 ,we are told t !re is n[ a ,napoleon ,buonap>te at ! head ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,france4 ,x is n1 inde$1 ass]t$ t he is ! v orig9al ,napoleon ,buonap>te himself4 ,! dea? ( t p]sonage1 & ! transportation ( 8 g5u9e bones to ,france1 _h be5 too widely proclaim$ to all[ ( 8 reappe>ance 9 8 own prop] p]son4 ,b uno avulso1 non deficit alt]4 ,l ! ,?ibetian wor%ipp]s ( ! ,dalai ,lama1 7:o nev] dies2 only 8 s\l transmigrates into a fre% body71 ! ,fr5* are s resolv$1 we are told1 to be "u a ,buonap>te--:e!r t be 7see note to p4 #ef7 a man or a sy/em--t !y h f\nd1 x seems1 a k9d ( new inc>nation ( ?is _! ,gr& ,lama1 9 a p]son said to be ! nephew ( ! orig9al "o4 ,& :51 on he>+ t ?is p]sonage n[ fills ! high (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 we inquire 7v naturally7 h[ he came !re1 we are in=m$ t1 sev]al ye>s ago1 he invad$ ,france 9 an ,engli% vessel1 7! ,engli%--z 0 obs]v$ 9 p4 #eb--;hav+ always be5 suspect$ ( keep+ ,buonap>te ready1 l ! w9ds 9 a ,lapl& wit*'s bag1 to be let out on occasion17 at ! head ( a =ce1 n1 ( six hundr$ m51 l 8 suppos$ uncle 9 8 exp$ition f ,elba1 b ( fifty-five1767 ) :i* he l&$ at ,b\logne1 proclaim$ himself emp]or1 & 0 jo9$ by no less ?an "o man6 ,he 0 accord+ly1 we are told1 arre/$1 br\ght to trial1 & s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t2 b hav+1 "s ye>s aft]1 escap$ f prison1 & tak5 refuge 9 ,engl&1 7,engl& aga967 he !nce return$ to ,france3 ,,& ,,s ! ,fr5* nation plac$ him at ! head ( ! gov]nm5t6 ,all ?is w d\btless be receiv$ z a v probable tale by ^? :o h giv5 full cr$it to all ! /ories ,i h allud$ to 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,,po/script ,,to ,,! ,,elev5? ,,edition4 ,:5 any dramatic piece takes--z ! phrase is--) ! ,public1 x w usually be repres5t$ aga9 & aga9 ) /ill-cont9u$ applause2 & sometimes imitations ( x w be produc$2 s t ! same drama 9 sub/ance w1 ) occasional slight v>iations 9 ! plot1 & *anges ( names1 long keep possession ( ! /age4 ,some?+ l ?is has tak5 place ) respect to t curi\s tragi-com$y--! sc5e ( x laid 9 ,france--:i* has engag$ ! att5tion ( ! ,briti% public = ab\t sixty ye>s2 dur+ :i* x has be5 exhibit$ to cr[d$ h\ses--viz41 c(fee-h\ses1 read+-rooms1 c41 ) unabat$ int]e/4 ,! outl9e ( ?is drama1 or s]ies ( dramas1 may be ?us sket*$3 ,dramatis ,p]son4 ,a4 ,a ,k+ or o!r ,sov]eign4 ,b4 ,8 ,que54 ,c4 ,! ,heir app>5t4 ,d4 ,e4 ,f4 ,8 ,m9i/]s4 ,g4 ,h4 ,i4 ,j4 ,k4 ,demagogues4 ,l4 ,a popul> lead] ( sup]ior +5uity1 :o becomes ultimately supreme rul] "u ! title ( ,dictator1 ,consul1 ,emp]or1 ,k+1 ,presid5t1 or "s o!r4 ,soldi]s1 ,s5ators1 ,execution]s1 & o!r function>ies1 ,citiz5s1 ,fi%wom51 c4 ,sc5e1 ,p>is4 7#a47 ,! fir/ ,act ( "o ( ^! dramas repres5ts a mon>*y1 some:at tr\bl$ by murmurs ( disaffection1 suspicions ( conspiracy1 c4 7#b47 ,second ,act1 a rebellion2 9 :i* ultimately ! gov]nm5t is ov]?r[n4 7#c47 ,act ! ?ird1 a provisional gov]nm5t e/abli%$1 on pr9ciples ( lib]ty1 equality1 frat]nity1 c4 7#d47 ,act ! f\r?1 /ruggles ( v>i\s p>ties = p[]1 c>ri$ on ) sundry intrigues1 & sangu9>y conflicts4 7#e47 ,act ! fif?1 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( "s =m ( absolute mon>*y4 ,& f ?is po9t we />t afre%1 & beg9 ! same bus9ess ov] aga91 ) sundry fre% int]ludes4 ,all ?is is highly amus+ to ! ,engli% ,public to he> & read (2 b ,i d\bt :e!r our c\ntrym5 w\ld l to be actual p]=m]s 9 su* a drama4 ,:e!r ! ,fr5* really are s1 or :e!r !y are my/ify+ u 9 ! acc\nts !y s5d ov]1 ,i w n presume to decide4 ,b if ! =m] supposition be ! true "o1--if !y h be5 s long really act+ ov] & ov] aga9 9 _! own p]sons su* a drama1 x mu/ be all[$ t !y des]ve to be *>act]iz$ z !y h be5 9 ! description giv5 ( c]ta9 ,european nations3 ,an ,engli%man1 x has be5 said1 is nev] happy b :5 he is mis]able2 a ,scot*man is nev] at home b :5 he is abroad2 an ,iri%man is nev] at peace b :5 he is fight+2 a ,spani>d is nev] at lib]ty b :5 he is enslav$2 & a ,fr5*man is nev] settl$ b :5 he is engag$ 9 a revolution4 ,,po/script ,,to ,,! ,,twelf? ,,edition4 ,"t says ! prov]b1 r+s ,tru? to light4 ,b ! process is gradual & sl[4 ,! debt is paid1 z x 71 by in/alm5ts4 ,x is only bit by bit1 & at consid]able int]vals1 t ,tru? comes =? z ! morn+ twilight to dispel ! mi/s ( fiction4 ,x is above =ty ye>s t m5 h be5 debat+ ! "q3--,:o 7 ! p>ties t burn$ ! city ( ,mosc[8--)\t ev] ?9k+ ( ! prelim9>y "q1 :e!r x ev] 0 burnt at all4 ,& n[ at l5g? we le>n t x nev] 04 ,! foll[+ extract f a ,new ,orleans pap] conta9s ! in=mation obta9$ by an ,am]ican travell]--"o ( t great nation ^: accuracy z to facts is s well kn[n--:o visit$ ! spot4 ,,incid5ts ,,( ,,travel--,,city ,,( ,,mosc[4 ,s5ator ,d\glas is said to h made ! discov]y1 :ile travell+ 9 ,russia1 t ! city ( ,mosc[ 0 nev] burn$6 ,! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! matt] is f ! ,muscat9e 7,i[a7 ,inquir]3 ,com+ on ! boat1 a few days ago1 we happ5$ to fall 9 company ) ,s5ator ,d\glas1 :o came on bo>d at ,qu9cy1 on 8 way to ,w>saw4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 ,russia1 mu* ( :i* has be5 publi%$ by lett]-writ]s1 he /at$ a fact :i* has nev] yet be5 publi%$1 b :i* />tl+ly contradicts ! hi/orical relation ( "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ev5ts t ev] fell to ! lot ( hi/ory to record4 ,= ?is reason ! ,judge said he felt a delicacy 9 mak+ ! ass]tion1 t ! city ( ,mosc[ 0 nev] burn$6 ,he said1 t previ\s to 8 arrival at ,mosc[1 he _h sev]al disputes ) 8 guide z to ! burn+ ( ! city1 ! guide decl>+ t x nev] occurr$1 & seem+ to be nettl$ at ,mr4 ,d\glas's p]si/5cy 9 8 op9ion2 b1 on exam9+ ! fire-m>ks ar\nd ! city1 & ! city itself1 he became satisfi$ t ! guide 0 correct4 ,! /atem5t goes on to set =? t ! antiquity ( ! ar*itectural city--p>ticul>ly ( its 'six hundr$ fir/-class *ur*es1' /ret*+ ?r\gh ante-,napoleonic ages to ,pagan times1 & %[+ ! h&iwork ( diff]5t nations ( ,hi/ory--demon/rates t ! city nev] 0 burn$ d[n 7or up74 ,! ,inquir] adds3 ,! ,kreml9 is a space ( sev]al hundr$ acres1 9 ! he>t ( ! city1 9 ! %ape ( a flat iron1 & is enclos$1 by a wall ( sixty feet high4 ,)9 ?is enclosure is ! mo/ magnific5t palace 9 ,europe1 rec5tly built1 b con/ruct$ ov] an anci5t palace1 :i* rema9s1 ?us enclos$1 :ole & p]fect1 ) all its w9d[s1 c4 ,ne> ! ,kreml91 surr\nd$ by a wall1 is a ,*9ese t[n1 appe>+ to be sev]al hundr$ ye>s old1 /ill occupi$ by desc5dants ( ! orig9al settl]s4 ,! circum/ances :i* gave rise to ! errors conc]n+ ! burn+ ( ,mosc[1 7 ^!3--,x is a city ( f\r hundr$ & fifty ?\s& inhabitants1 9 circul> =m1 occupy+ a l>ge space1 five miles across4 ,!re ! w9t]s are six mon?s long1 & ! cu/om 01 & /ill is1 to lay up supplies ( provisions & wood to la/ six mon?s ( sev]e cold wea!r4 ,to prev5t ^! gigantic supplies f encumb]+ ! he>t ( ! city1 & yet r5d] !m z conv5i5t z practicable to e locality1 a r[ ( wood h\ses 0 con/ruct$ to circle completely r\nd ! city1 & outside ( ^! 0 a r[ ( gran>ies1 & 9 ^! 7 deposit$ ! :ole ( ! supplies4 ,napoleon _h ent]$ ! city ) 8 army1 & 0 himself occupy+ ! palace ( ! ,kreml91 :51 "o night1 by ord] ( ! ,russian gov]nor1 e wood h\se & e gran>y simultane\sly bur/ into a blaze4 ,all ef=ts to ext+ui% !m 7 va91 & ,napoleon f\nd himself compell$ to m>* 8 army ?r\gh ! fire4 ,retir+ to an em95ce he saw ! :ole city envelop$ 9 va/ %eets ( flame1 & cl\ds ( smoke1 & app>5tly all on fire4 ,& f> z he 0 conc]n$ x might z well h be51 = ?\gh h\ses en\gh 7 left to supply e soldi] ) a room1 yet )\t provisions or fuel1 & a ,russian army to cut (f supplies1 he & 8 army c\ld n subsi/ !re4 ,dur+ ! fire "s h\ses 7 probably burnt1 b ! city 0 n4 ,9 ! ,kreml9 a magaz9e blew up1 crack+ ! *ur* ( ,ivan m ?an a hundr$ feet up1 b sett+ no?+ on fire4 ,mr4 ,d\glas saw ! fire-m>ks ar\nd ! city1 :]e wood h\ses & gran>ies = w9t] supplies n[ /& z ( old2 b !re appe>s no m>ks ( conflagration )9 ! city4 ,any w>y sceptic1 inde$1 might h f\nd mu* gr\nd = d\bt 9 ! v acc\nts !mselves t 7 giv5 ( ! conflagration4 ,=1 ! ,russians h always d5i$ t !y burn$ x2 & ! ,fr5* equally disclaim$ ! act4 ,ea* ( ! two p>ties betwe5 :om ! accusation lay1 /r5u\sly d5i$ x4 ,& x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ea* _h v /rong presumptions ( innoc5ce to urge4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly mo/ unlikely t ! ,russians %\ld !mselves de/roy _! anci5t & v5]able capital2 & t1 too1 :5 !y 7 boa/+ ( hav+ j ga9$ a great victory at ,borod9o ov] an army :i*1 !re=e1 !y might hope to defeat aga91 & to drive out ( _! city4 ,& x 0 no less unlikely t ! ,fr5* %\ld burn d[n a city ( :i* !y _h possession1 & :i* af=d$ %elt] & refre%m5t to _! troops4 ,?is w\ld h be5 "o ( ! mo/ improbable circum/ances ( t mo/ improbable 7suppos$7 campaign4 ,to add to ! m>vel1 we are told t ! ,fr5* army nev]!less wait$ = five weeks1 )\t any object1 amid ! a%es ( ?is de/roy$ city1 j at ! approa*1 ( w9t]1 & z if on purpose to be ov]tak5 & de/roy$ by sn[s & fro/6 ,h[ev]1 all ! difficulties ( ! "q :e!r any ( ^! ?+s took place at all1 7 by mo/ p]sons ov]look$1 because ! "q itself nev] occurr$ to !m1 9 _! eag]ness to decide :o x 0 t burn$ ! city4 ,& at l5g? x comes out t ! answ] is1 ,,nobody6 ,,! ,,end4 ,,po/script4 ,) respect to ! =ego+ argum5ts1 x has be5 ass]t$ 7?\gh )\t ev5 any attempt at pro(7 t !y g to prove t ! ,bible-n>ratives conta9 no?+ m miracul\s ?an ! receiv$ acc\nts ( ,napoleon ,buonap>t4 ,& ?is is inde$ true1 if we use ! ^w miracul\s 9 ! v unusual s5se 9 :i* ,hume 7z is po9t$ out 9 ! =ego+ pages7 has employ$ x2 to signify simply improbable2 an abuse ( language on :i* 8 argum5t ma9ly dep5ds4 ,x is inde$ %[n1 t !re are at lea/ z _m & z great improbabilities 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buonap>t z 9 any ( ! ,scripture-n>ratives2 & t z plausible objections1--if n m s1--may be br\ght aga9/ ! "o hi/ory z ! o!r4 ,b tak+ words 9 _! ord9>y1 e/abli%$ s5se1 ! ass]tion is manife/ly ! opposite ( ! tru?4 ,=1 any "o :o does1--9 spite ( all ! improbabilities1--believe ! tru? ( bo? hi/ories1 is1 evid5tly1 a believ] 9 miracles2 s9ce he believes two n>ratives1 "o ( :i* is n miracul\s1 :ile ! o!r is4 ,! hi/ory ( ,buonap>t conta9s--?\gh mu* t is v improbable--no?+ t is to be call$1 accord+ to ! e/abli%$ use ( language1 miracul\s4 ,& ! ,scriptures conta91 z an ess5tial "p ( _! n>rative1 ,miracles1 prop]ly s call$4 ,to talk ( believ+ ! ,bible1 all except ! ,miracles1 w\ld be l pr(ess+ to believe ! acc\nts ( ,buonap>t1 except only 8 comm&+ armies1 & hav+ be5 at ,elba & at ,sa9t ,hel5a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o _c d\bt t 9 ! c\rse ( ! =ty ye>s t ?is little ,"w has be5 be=e ! ,public1 "s real1 valid refutation ( ! argum5t w\ld h be5 adduc$1 if any su* c\ld h be5 devis$4 #ahfj4 99 99 99 99 99