,,am]ican ,,society ,,( ,,civil         
,,eng9e]s  ,,in/itut$ #aheb             
,,transactions  ,pap] ,no4 #aaeb   ,,!  
,,new ,,york ,,tunnel ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,!
 ,,p5nsylvania ,,railroad4  ,,! ,,ea/   
,,riv] ,,division4  ,,by ,,alfr$        
,,noble1 ,,pa/-,,presid5t1 ,,am4 ,,soc4 
,c4 ,e4     ,a g5]al outl9e ( ! "w      
includ$ 9 ?is ,division has be5 giv5 by 
,g5]al ,c4 ,w4 ,raymond1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 
,c4 ,e41 9 ! fir/ pap] ( ! s]ies4 ,! few
 pages foll[+ are int5d$ only z a note  
to connect 8 pap] ) ! m detail$         
descriptions ( ! execution ( ! "w1 :i* w
 be suppli$ by ! ,resid5t ,eng9e]s 9    
imm$iate *>ge4  ,soon aft] ! ,company's 
project 0 made public1 9 ! latt] "p (   
#aija1 bor+s 7 begun 9 ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 & a
 few weeks lat] 9 ,manhattan & ,long    
,isl& ,city4 ,a prelim9>y base l9e 0    
measur$ on ! ,manhattan side1 & tempor>y
 transit /ations 7 e/abli%$ on build+s f
 :i* all bor+s 9 ! riv] 7 locat$4 ,!    
riv] bor+s 7 all wa%-bor+s made f a     
pile-driv] boat4 ,aft] ! results 7      

plott$ on ! map1 cont\r l9es 7 drawn to 
indicate ! rock surface1 & pr(iles along
 ! tunnel l9es 7 plott$ f ! cont\rs2 z !
 bor+s 7 prelim9>y to ! f9al location ( 
! tunnels1 & 9 _m cases at "s di/ance f 
! tunnel l9es1 consid]able div]g5ce f ! 
actual rock surface 0 expect$1 & realiz$
 9 a few places1 yet on ! :ole !        
agreem5t 0 v good4 ,! bor+s reveal$ two 
depressions or *annels :]e ! rock       
surface pass$ bel[ ! grade ( ! project$ 
tunnels1 ^! depressions be+ sep>at$ by a
 rock reef :i* ext5ds d[n /ream f       
,blackwell's ,isl&4 ,9 #cb;d & #cc;d    
,/reets 9 ,manhattan1 bor+s 7 made f !  
riv] to ! /ation site at int]vals ( ab\t
 #ajj ft41 wa%-bor+s & core-bor+s       
alt]nat+4 ,9 ,long ,isl& ,city1 :]e !   
tunnel l9es 7 to pass diagonally "u !   
pass5g] /ation build+ & pass5g] y>d ( ! 
,long ,isl& ,railroad & "u /reets &     
private prop]ty1 ! arrangem5t ( bor+s 0 
less regul>1 al?\gh ! alt]nation (      
wa%-bor+s & core-bor+s 0 c>ri$ out z f> 
z practicable4 ,aft] ! f9al location ( !

 "w1 additional bor+s 7 made1 p>ticul>ly
 on %aft sites & also along ! approa*es 
& 9 ! ,sunnyside ,y>d1 ,long ,isl&      
,city4  ,a triangulation 0 c>ri$ across 
! riv] ) a measur$ base on ea* side4 ,x 
0 impossible to measure directly betwe5 
! extremities ( ei!r base4 ,! bases 7   
measur$ ) #ajj-;ft4 /eel tapes1 support$
 e #bj ft41 /ret*$ ) a uni=m pull1 &    
frequ5tly comp>$ ) /&>diz$ tapes4 ,on   
acc\nt ( ! cr[d$ condition ( ! /reets   
dur+ ! h\rs ( daylight & ev5+1 mo/ ( !  
"w 0 done betwe5 #aj ,p4 ,m4 & #e ,a4   
,m4 ,simil> measurem5ts 7 made 9 !      
/reets along ! tunnel l9es4 ,angle      
read+s 7 repeat$ _m times1 z is usual 9 
su* "w4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! triangulation1 ! 
/reet measurem5ts be+ omitt$4  ,levels 7
 fir/ transmitt$ across ! riv] by       
simultane\s obs]vations ( ! riv]        
surface2 !n by sev]al repetitions1      
across ,blackwell's ,isl& & ! n>r[      
*annels on ea* side1 :]e ! longe/ sights
 7 ab\t #aajj ft42 &1 f9ally1 by sev]al 
l9es ?r\gh ! tunnel ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] ,gas 

,company at #ga/ ,/reet4  ,! fran*ise   
grant$ by ! ,city ( ,new ,york provid$ =
 ! sale to ! ,railroad ,company ( !     
portions ( #cb;d ,/reet betwe5 ,sev5? & 
,eigh? ,av5ues1 & betwe5 ,eigh? & ,n9?  
,av5ues4 ,lat]1 ! ,company acquir$ by   
pur*ase ! portion ( #cb;d ,/reet betwe5 
,n9? & ,t5? ,av5ues4 ,! fran*ise grant$ 
sub-surface rights "u /reets ar\nd !    
/ation site to )9 #ai ft4 ( ! /reet     
surface "u ,sev5?1 ,eigh?1 & ,n9?       
,av5ues2 to )9 #cj 94 ( ! /reet surface 
"u #ca/ & #cc;d ,/reets1 except t1 "u ! 
sidewalks opposite ! /ation1 t is to    
say1 ! s\? sidewalk 9 #ca/ ,/reet & !   
nor? sidewalk 9 #cc;d ,/reet1 !         
con/ruction mu/ be at lea/ #e ft4 bel[ !
 /reet surface4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! "w1 full 
use ( ^! rights 0 made "u ,eigh? ,av5ue1
 b only "u su* portions ( ,sev5? & ,n9? 
,av5ues z 7 indisp5sable = access by    
tra9s to ! /ation area4 ,x 0 n          
practicable to make full use ( ! rights 
grant$ "u #ca/ & #cc;d ,/reets )\t      
incurr+ great exp5se = support+ adjac5t 

build+s or = injuries to !m1 &1 aft]    
c>eful consid]ation1 ! arrangem5t %[n 9 
! plans 0 decid$ on1 mak+ ab\t #de ( !  
sub-surface area "u ^! /reets available 
at track level4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#a4--,triangulation ,sy/em ,ea/ ,riv]   
,tunnel  ,! "w ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] ,division 
at ?is site embrac$ ! excavation to !   
dep? necess>y = railroad tracks1 & !    
build+ ( a reta9+ wall ext5d+ 9 #ca/    
,/reet f ! ea/ side ( ,n9? ,av5ue to !  
we/ side ( ,sev5? ,av5ue1 !nce nor?w>d  
along ,sev5? ,av5ue = a di/ance ( #aee4e
 ft42 also a reta9+ wall 9 #cc;d ,/reet 
f ! we/ side ( ,sev5? ,av5ue to ! ea/   
side ( ,n9? ,av5ue1 & !nce s\?w>d along 
,n9? ,av5ue = a di/ance ( #acf4c ft4    
,?is "w 0 plac$ "u contract ,june #ba/1 
#aijd1 ) ! ,new ,york ,contract+ &      
,truck+ ,company1 & lat] assign$ by t   
company to ! ,new ,york ,contract+      
,company-,p5nsylvania ,t]m9al1 & 0 c>ri$
 out "u ! direction ( ,george ,c4       
,cl>ke1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 z       
,resid5t ,eng9e]1 by :om x w be describ$

 9 detail4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate       
,,ix4--,map ( ,portion ( ,manhattan     
,isl& f #bc;d to #dj? ,/reets1 ,%[+ ,=m]
 ,topography ,f ,map ,made by ,g54      
,egb]t ,l4 ,viele 9 #ahfe  ,! /ation    
tracks lead+ ea/w>d f ! /ation w conv]ge
 "u ,sev5? ,av5ue & = "s di/ance f>!r   
ea/1 & pass into two ?ree-track tunnels1
 "o "u #cb;d ,/reet & ! o!r "u #cc;d    
,/reet1 at ! respective di/ances ( #aib 
& #djb ft4 f ,sev5? ,av5ue4 ,a typical  
cross-section ( ! ?ree-track tunnel is  
%[n on ,plate ,,xii4 ,! conv]g+ sections
 7 consid]$ z ea/]ly ext5sions ( !      
/ation1 & 7 n includ$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,riv]    
,division4 ,)9 a few hundr$ feet 7,plate
 ,,xiv71 ! tracks are r$uc$ to two1 ea* 
pass+ into a s+le tube1 ! two tunnels "u
 ea* /reet be+ =m$ 9 "o excavation1 !   
di/ance betwe5 c5t] l9es ( tunnels be+  
#bj ft4 #d 94 ,?is con/ruction has be5  
t]m$ a tw9 tunnel1 & a typical          
cross-section is %[n on ,plate ,,xii4 ,!
 tunnels cont9ue on tang5ts "u ! /reets 
to ,second ,av5ue :]e !y curve to ! left

 by #a #cj' curves1 pass+ "u private    
prop]ty1 gradually div]g+ & pass+ ?r\gh 
%afts j ea/ ( ,fir/ ,av5ue4 ,ab\t #cej  
ft4 we/ ( ! %aft1 ! div]g5ce ( ! two    
l9es f ea* /reet becomes suffici5t to   
leave a rock divid+ wall betwe5 !m1 &   
!nce ea/w>d ea* tunnel is =m$ 9 a       
sep>ate excavation4 ,a typical          
cross-section ( ! two sep>at$ tunnels is
 %[n on ,plate ,,xii4  ,x ?us appe>s t  
ea/w>d f ! /ation ! l9es con/itute a    
f\r-track railroad1 ea* track be+ 9 a   
sep>ate tunnel2 = conv5i5ce ( ! "w ^!   
l9es 7 designat$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 f    
nor? to s\?4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate     
,x4--,manhattan ,%aft1 ,l9es ,a & ,b    
,at an e>ly date1 :5 ! organization ( ! 
eng9e]+ /aff 0 tak5 up1 ,*>les ,l4      
,h>rison1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 0     
appo9t$ ,pr9cipal ,assi/ant ,eng9e]4 ,he
 0 directly 9 *>ge ( all p>ts ( ! "w1 & 
all ,resid5t ,eng9e]s report$ to him4   
,george ,leighton1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4   
,e41 0 plac$ 9 *>ge z ,resid5t ,eng9e] (
 ! #cc;d ,/reet l9es f ! we/ end ( !    

?ree-track tunnel to ! %aft & also      
ea/w>d f ! %aft "u ,ea/ ,riv]4 ,z he 0 n
 !n able to endure ! effects ( compress$
 air1 ! "w "u ! riv] 0 transf]r$ to     
,james ,h4 ,brace1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4   
,e41 z ,resid5t ,eng9e]4 ,be=e !        
completion ( ! l& tunnels "u #cc;d      
,/reet1 ,mr4 ,leighton accept$ m        
responsible employm5t else:]e1 & ,mr4   
,brace assum$ *>ge ( !m also4 ,francis  
,mason1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 0 9 *>ge
 z ,resid5t ,eng9e] ( ! #cb;d ,/reet    
l9es dur+ _! entire con/ruction1 & also 
( ! tunnels ext5d+ ^! l9es ea/w>d f !   
,fir/ ,av5ue %aft "u ! riv]4  ,! "w j   
describ$ z ! #cb;d & #cc;d ,/reet l9es1 
t]m9at+ at ! ea/]ly end at ! ,fir/      
,av5ue %afts1 0 plac$ "u contract on    
,may #bi?1 #aije1 ) ! ,unit$ ,eng9e]+ & 
,contract+ ,company4 ,! plans !n provid$
 = ?ree-track tunnels f ! we/ end ( ! "w
 "u ! contract ea/w>d #a1fbh ft4 9 #cb;d
 ,/reet & #a1dah ft4 9 #cc;d ,/reet to !
 we/ l9e ( ,fif? ,av5ue1 ) a desc5d+    
grade ( #j4d2 ?is 0 to con/itute1 9 a   

degree1 an ext5sion ( ! /ation1 :]e     
tra9s c\ld /& )\t brakes :ile await+    
signals to proce$ to or f ! /ation4 ,f  
,fif? ,av5ue ea/w>d to ! l[e/ po9t "u ! 
riv]1 ! grade 0 to be #a4e on all l9es4 
,lat]1 dur+ con/ruction1 :5 excavat+    
we/w>d "u #cc;d ,/reet f ,fif? ,av5ue1 !
 surface ( ! rock 0 brok5 ?r\gh1        
disclos+ quicks&2 )9 ! next few days    
trial drill holes ?r\gh ! tunnel ro( at 
#cb;d ,/reet & ,fif? ,av5ue %[$ a ?9    
cov] ) quicks& above x4 ,! conditions _h
 be5 indicat$ 9 a g5]al way by bor+s    
made be=e con/ruction 0 begun1 b !y     
prov$ to be r worse ?an anticipat$4 ,on 
! topographical map ( ,manhattan ,isl&1 
made by ,g5]al ,egb]t ,l4 ,viele 9      
#ahfe1 is %[n a wat]c\rse :i* _h its    
s\rce ne> :at is n[ ,broadway & #dd?    
,/reet1 fl[+ !nce along ! we/ side & s\?
 end ( ,murray ,hill1 pass+ "u ! pres5t 
site ( ! ,waldorf-,a/oria ,hotel1 cross+
 #cc;d ,/reet at ! po9t :]e ! rock      
surface 0 brok5 ?r\gh 9 ! tunnel        
excavation1 z above /at$1 cross+ #cb;d  

,/reet at its int]section ) ,fif?       
,av5ue1 :]e trial drill+ %[$ ?9 rock    
cov] ov] ! tunnel excavation1 pass+ !nce
 ea/w>d a %ort di/ance s\? ( #cb;d      
,/reet1 :i* x recross$ ne> ,?ird ,av5ue1
 & f9ally dis*>g+ into ! ,ea/ ,riv] ne> 
#cd? ,/reet1 & a little we/ ( ! pres5t  
,fir/ ,av5ue4 ,! anci5t creek app>5tly  
foll[$ ! c\rse ( a valley 9 ! rock1 !   
valley hav+ become fill$ to a           
consid]able dep? ) v f9e quicks&4 ,?is  
concurr5ce ( depressions 9 ! rock       
surface ) ! wat]c\rse %[n on ,viele's   
map 0 not$ 9 s _m places & !            
difficulties ( con/ruction 7 s s]i\s at 
^! places1 t a section ( ! map %[+ ! old
 topography along & adjac5t to ! /ation 
& tunnel l9es is reproduc$ 9 ,plate     
,,ix4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate            
,,xi4--,long ,isl& ,%aft4 ,l9es ,a & ,b 
,! unfavorable conditions develop$ at   
,fif? ,av5ue affect$ bo? ! con/ruction (
 ! tunnels & ! ma9t5ance ( adjac5t      
build+s4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to con/ruct
 ! tunnels 9 op5 cut = a l>ge "p ( ! way

 we/w>d1 caus+ s]i\s inconv5i5ce to !   
public2 ! build+s 7 mo/ly ( ! old]      
class1 f\nd$ 9 e>?1 b !re 7 sev]al mod]n
 high build+s ) f\ndations 9 ! same     
mat]ial2 "s ( ^! _h be5 built s9ce !    
tunnels 7 plann$4 ,9 view ( ^! add$     
risks & ! increas$ co/ ( con/ruction1 ! 
value ( ! ?ree-track con/ruction 0      
reconsid]$1 & two important *anges 7    
made 9 ! plans4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 to       
cont9ue ! tw9 tunnel we/w>d to ,six?    
,av5ue 9 #cb;d ,/reet1 & to a po9t #ahj 
ft4 we/ ( ,six? ,av5ue 9 #cc;d ,/reet2 !
 tw9 tunnel be+ #i-a_/b ft4 less 9      
height ?an ! ?ree-track tunnel & #i ft4 
n>r[]1 ! *ange r$uc$ ! difficulties     
consid]ably4 ,:]e ! ?ree-track tunnel 0 
?us elim9at$1 !re 0 no long] objection  
to a /eep] grade1 s t1 go+ ea/w>d f !   
/ation1 a grade ( #j4h 9 #cc;d ,/reet & 
#j4i 9 #cb;d ,/reet 0 sub/itut$ = !     
orig9al #j4d grade4 ,f ! we/ l9e ( ,fif?
 ,av5ue ea/w>d %ort sections ) desc5d+  
grades ( #j4c connect ) ! orig9al #a4e  
grade ne> ,madison ,av5ue4 ,! effect (  

^! two *anges--type ( tunnel & grade--0 
to l[] ! ro( ( ! tunnels at ,fif? ,av5ue
 ab\t #ae ft41 :i* made x practicable to
 avoid op5 cutt+ ea/ ( ,six? ,av5ue4  ,a
 full acc\nt ( ! con/ruction ( !        
cross-t[n tunnels w be giv5 by !        
,resid5t ,eng9e]s4  ,p]man5t %afts 7    
made on bo? sides ( ! ,ea/ ,riv]1 ^? 9  
,manhattan be+ locat$ a few feet ea/ (  
,fir/ ,av5ue1 & ^? 9 ,long ,isl& ,city  
be+ locat$1 "o 9 ! s-call$ ,annex ,slip1
 ! o!r 9 ! pi] j s\? ( x4 ,! two        
railroad l9es com+ f #cb;d ,/reet 9     
,manhattan1 & curv+ to ! left at ,second
 ,av5ue1 are ab\t #cd ft4 ap>t betwe5   
c5t]s at ,fir/ ,av5ue1 & x 0 conv5i5t to
 make ! %aft l>ge en\gh to cov] bo?     
l9es4 ,bor+s _h %[n t ! excavation = !  
tunnels w\ld break out ( ! rock ab\t    
#bjj ft4 ea/ ( ,fir/ ,av5ue4 ,x 0       
desirable to c>ry ! tunnel excavation   
ea/w>d f ! %aft 9 normal air f> en\gh to
 p]mit ( build+ at lea/ #ej ft4 ( tunnel
 & in/all+ air-locks1 s t compress$ air 
might be available :5 ! rock surface 0  

brok5 ?r\gh4 ,! location adopt$1 & %[n  
on ,plate ,,xiii1 _h ! fur!r advantages 
t ! rock surface 0 sev]al feet above !  
level ( ! top ( ! tunnels1 & access to !
 riv] = receiv+ & dis*>g+ mat]ials c\ld 
be _h )\t cross+ any /reet4 ,simil>     
reasons gov]n$ ! location ( ! nor? %aft 
= ! l9es f #cc;d ,/reet4 ,on ! ,long    
,isl& side ( ! riv] !re 7 only two      
feasible locations meet+ ^! conditions1 
p>ticul>ly 9 respect to a safe ?ickness 
( rock above ! tunnels1 "o ne> ! pi]head
 l9e1 ! o!r j outside ! bulkhead l9e1 & 
= _m m9or reasons ! latt] 0 pref]able4  
,! c5t] l9es ( ea* pair ( tunnels 7 #cg 
ft4 ap>t1 & ea* %aft1 !re=e1 0 made to  
cross bo? l9es ( a pair1 ! same z on    
,manhattan side ( ! riv]4 ,x 0 n        
expect$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,long ,isl& %afts   
c\ld be built conv5i5tly or ! tunnels   
begun f !m 9 normal air4  ,! decision to
 make ! %afts ( p]man5t con/ruction 0   
bas$ n only on ! desirability ( hav+    
access to & egress f ! tunnels ne> !    
banks ( ! riv] = conv5i5ce ( ! workm5 or

 exit = pass5g]s 9 case ( accid5t1 b to 
facilitate v5tilation2 ^! locations     
divide ! entire l5g?s ( tunnels ea/ ( ! 
/ation into ?ree p>ts1 two ( :i* 7      
approximately #d1jjj ft4 ea*1 & ! o!r   
ab\t #e1ejj ft4 ,! accid5t risk 0       
believ$ to be v small1 :ile mu* weight 0
 giv5 to ! feature ( facilitat+         
v5tilation4 ,fur!r /udies h enhanc$ !   
importance atta*$ to v5tilation1 & x is 
n[ int5d$ to provide appliances =       
me*anical v5tilation at all %afts4 ,!   
plans ( ! %afts are %[n on ,plates ,x & 
,,xi4 ,! caissons = ! %afts are (       
/ructural /eel1 ) d\ble walls1 fill$    
betwe5 ) concrete1 includ+ a cross-wall 
betwe5 & p>allel to ! tunnels4 ,all ^!  
/ructures 7 fitt$ = s9k+ ) compress$    
air1 if t %\ld prove necess>y4  ,al?\gh 
bor+s _h %[n t rock w\ld be f\nd at all 
! %aft sites sev]al feet above ! tunnel 
level1 x c\ld n be det]m9$ 9 advance (  
excavation :e!r ! caissons w\ld h to be 
sunk to full dep?2 if s\nd1 unfissur$   
rock 7 f\nd1 ! s9k+ c\ld be /opp$ above 

! tunnel level2 b1 if n1 ! caissons1 9  
any case1 w\ld h to be sunk f> en\gh to 
p]mit plac+ a wat]-tight floor bel[ !   
tunnels1 & ! tunnels !mselves begun     
?r\gh op5+s 9 ! side-walls ( ! caisson2 
su* op5+s1 !re=e1 clos$ by removable    
bulkheads1 7 provid$ 9 all caissons4    
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4--,typical  
,tunnel ,sections  ,z already /at$1 !   
grade ( #a4e f ,fif? ,av5ue ea/w>d 0    
fix$ ) ref]5ce to ! l[e/ po9t ( ! riv]  
b$ 9 ord] to give ! requisite cov] ov] !
 tunnels at ! deepe/ po9t ( ! *annel on 
! we/ side ( ! reef1 :]e ! riv] bottom 0
 ab\t #fj ft4 bel[ mean high tide = a   
%ort di/ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! use (   
compress$ air 9 build+ ! tunnels 0      
anticipat$1 an excessive dep? bel[ !    
wat] surface 0 to be avoid$ z f> z      
possible2 x 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 to       
cont9ue ! desc5d+ grade "s fur!r di/ance
 until ! tunnels 7 mo/ly 9 rock1 s t    
dra9age sumps "u ! tunnels c\ld be made 
readily4 ,ea/w>d f ! sumps ! tunnels _h 
a ris+ grade ( #j4g to ! e/abli%$       

bulkhead l9e on ! ,long ,isl& side1 giv+
 a cov] at ! po9ts :]e ! tunnels ent]   
rock1 a %ort di/ance we/w>d1 ( ab\t #aj 
ft4 7if ! dr$g+ plane %\ld be fix$ at "s
 future "t at #dj ft4 bel[ mean l[ tide1
 z may be reasonably anticipat$74       
,ea/w>d f ! bulkhead l9e1 ,tunnels ,a1  
,b1 & ,d h asc5d+ grades ( ab\t #a4be1  
:ile ,tunnel ,c rises at ! rate ( #a4i 9
 ord] to effect a cross+ ov] ,tunnel ,b 
we/ ( ! portals4 ,?is feature 0         
introduc$ 9 ord] to place ! two we/-b\nd
 tracks toge!r ?r\gh ! ,sunnyside ,y>d1 
& ! heavi] grade1 be+ d[nw>d ) !        
traffic1 0 n objectionable4  ,!         
arrangem5t ( grades & tracks 9 !        
approa*es & 9 ,sunnyside ,y>d w\ld      
require ! introduction ( too mu* detail 
to be tak5 up "h1 b w be dealt ) 9 !    
pap] on ! ,sunnyside ,y>d4  ,x 0        
recogniz$ f ! inception ( ! project t ! 
tunnels "u ! ,ea/ ,riv] w\ld be ! mo/   
difficult & exp5sive section ( ! ,ea/   
,riv] ,division4 ,! bor+s _h %[n a great
 v>iety ( mat]ials to be pass$ ?r\gh1   

embrac+ quicks&1 co>se s&1 gravel1      
b\ld]s1 & b$-rock1 z well z "s clayey   
mat]ials4 7,see ,plate ,,xiii47 ,! rock 
0 usually cov]$ by a few feet ( s&1     
gravel1 & b\ld]s int]mix$1 b1 9 "s      
places1 :]e ! rock surface 0 at "s      
di/ance bel[ ! tunnel grade1 ! mat]ial  
met 9 tunnel+ 0 all quicks&2 ! ne>e/    
p>allels 9 "w previ\sly done 7 "s ( !   
tunnels "u ! ,?ames1 p>ticul>ly !       
,blackwall tunnel1 :]e op5 gravel 0     
pass$ ?r\gh4 ,be=e ! plans = ! ,ea/     
,riv] tunnels 7 complet$1 "w _h be5     
resum$1 aft] _m ye>s' int]ruption1 9 !  
old ,hudson ,riv] tunnels betwe5 #ae?   
,/reet1 ,j]sey ,city1 & ,morton ,/reet1 
,manhattan1 & s& mat]ials 7 pass$ ?r\gh 
= a %ort di/ance4 ,^! exp]i5ces satisfi$
 ne>ly all ! eng9e]s 9 any way connect$ 
) ! "w t ! %ield me?od 0 ! mo/ suitable 
= ! ,ea/ ,riv] tunnels1 & ! plans = ! "w
 7 bas$ on its adoption4 7,see ,plate   
,,xii = cross-sections1 etc47 ,o!r      
me?ods1 z /at$ by ,g5]al ,raymond 9 !   
introductory pap]1 7 advocat$1          

p>ticul>ly caisson con/ructions & !     
freez+ process1 ! latt] be+ urg$ v      
/rongly1 &1 :5 proposals 7 invit$1 9    
,octob]1 #aijc1 bidd]s 7 in=m$ t        
alt]native me?ods w\ld be tak5 into     
consid]ation4  ,bids 7 receiv$ & op5$ on
 ,decemb] #ae?1 #aijc4 ,only "o bidd]   
propos$ to c>ry out ! "w on ! basis (   
unit prices1 b ! prices 7 s l[ t !      
acceptance ( ! proposal 0 deem$         
inadmissible2 no bid bas$ on caisson    
me?ods 0 receiv$2 sev]al (f]s 7 made to 
p]=m ! "w by ! %ield me?od1 9 accordance
 ) ! plans1 = a p]c5tage ( its co/1 & "o
 0 submitt$1 on a simil> basis1 cov]+ ! 
use ( ! freez+ me?od4 ,! firm ( ,s4     
,pe>son & ,son1 ,limit$1 ( ,london1     
,engl&1 submitt$ a proposal = build+ !  
tunnels by ! %ield me?od1 on a          
modification ( ! p]c5tage basis1 & z ?is
 firm _h built ! ,blackwall tunnel )9 ! 
e/imates ( co/ & 0 ! only bidd] hav+ su*
 an exp]i5ce & record 9 "w 9 any way    
simil> to ! ,ea/ ,riv] tunnels1         
negotiations 7 cont9u$ betwe5 t firm & !

 railroad company4  ,! orig9al plans &  
specifications contemplat$ t all tunnels
 betwe5 ! ,fir/ ,av5ue %afts 9          
,manhattan & ,ea/ ,av5ue 9 ,long ,isl&  
,city w\ld be %ield-driv51 & t "w w\ld  
proce$ simultane\sly ea/w>d f ! ,fir/   
,av5ue %afts & bo? ea/w>d & we/w>d f !  
,long ,isl& ,city %afts locat$ we/ (    
,front ,/reet at ! riv]1 requir+ twelve 
%ields4 ,:5 mak+ _! proposal1 ,s4       
,pe>son & ,son1 ,limit$1 sugge/$ t      
%ields might be />t$ f ! ea/ end ( ! "w 
& arrive at ! ,front ,/reet %afts z soon
 z ^! %afts c\ld be complet$1 & propos$ 
s9k+ a tempor>y %aft transv]sely across 
all f\r l9es ne> ! ea/ end ( ! "w j we/ 
( ,ea/ ,av5ue1 f :i*1 )9 a %ort "t1 to  
drive t[>d ,front ,/reet by ! use (     
%ields4 ,! railroad company accept$ !   
sugge/ion = ! additional %aft1 al?\gh ! 
great] "p ( ! tunnels ea/ ( ,front      
,/reet 0 built )\t %ields4 ,aft] sev]al 
mon?s ( negotiation1 a contract 0 ent]$ 
into on ,july #g?1 #aijd1 ) ,s4 ,pe>son 
& ,son1 ,incorporat$1 a corporation ( ! 

,/ate ( ,new ,york organiz$ by ! ,engli%
 firm = ! purpose ( ent]+ into & c>ry+  
out ?is contract4 ,! ma9 features _h be5
 agre$ ^u1 & "w _h begun ab\t two mon?s 
be=e4 ,! contract embrac$ ! p]man5t     
%afts 9 ,manhattan & ,long ,isl& ,city1 
! tunnels betwe5 ^! %afts1 & _! ext5sion
 ea/w>d 9 ,long ,isl& ,city to ,ea/     
,av5ue1 includ+ 9 all ab\t #bc1fjj ft4 (
 s+le-track tunnels4 ,! contract _h     
novel features1 & seem$ to be peculi>ly 
suitable = ! unkn[n risks & ! unusual   
magnitude ( ! "w4 ,a fix$ am\nt 0 nam$ z
 contractor's pr(it4 ,if ! actual co/ ( 
! "w :5 complet$1 includ+ ?is sum nam$ z
 contractor's pr(it1 %\ld be less ?an a 
c]ta9 e/imat$ am\nt nam$ 9 ! contract1 !
 contractor %\ld h "o-half ( ! sav+4    
,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! actual co/ ( !      
complet$ "w1 includ+ ! fix$ sum =       
contractor's pr(it1 %\ld exce$ ! e/imat$
 co/ nam$ 9 ! contract1 ! contractor    
%\ld pay "o-half ! excess & ! railroad  
company ! o!r half2 ! contractor's      
liability 0 limit$1 h[ev]1 to ! am\nt   

nam$ = pr(it plus #a1jjj1jjj2 or1 9 o!r 
words1 8 maximum money loss w\ld be     
#a1jjj1jjj4 ,any fur!r excess ( co/ 0 to
 be borne :olly by ! railroad company4  
,! managem5t ( ! "w1 ) "s unimportant   
re/rictions1 0 plac$ ) ! contractor2 !  
relations ( ! eng9e]1 z to plans1       
inspection1 etc41 7 ! same z 9 ord9>y   
"w1 & ! int]e/ ( ! contractor to r$uce  
co/ 0 ! same 9 k9d z 9 ord9>y "w4       
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4--,plan &  
,pr(ile4 ,ea/ ,riv] ,tunnels  ,on acc\nt
 ( ! ext5t ( ! "w embrac$ 9 ?is         
contract1 & ! dang]\s exposure to       
compress$ air requir$ 9 mo/ ( x1 x 0    
divid$ into ?ree resid5cies2 two ( ^!1  
includ+ also ! cross-t[n tunnels1 h be5 
describ$2 ! ?ird1 ) ,s4 ,h4 ,wood>d1 ,m4
 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 z ,resid5t ,eng9e]1
 embrac$ all tunnels f ! ea/]ly end ( ! 
"w ne> ,ea/ ,av5ue 9 ,long ,isl& ,city  
to ! meet+ po9ts "u ! riv] & also !     
p]man5t %afts 9 ,long ,isl& ,city4 ,a   
few mon?s aft] ! execution ( ! pr9cipal 
contract1 ! "w to be done 0 ext5d$      

ea/w>d #ajg4e ft41 across ,ea/ ,av5ue4  
,! ext5sions ( ! tunnels 7 built )\t    
ca/-iron l9+s & ) an int]ior            
cross-section ( ! same height z ! tube  
tunnels1 b some:at n>r[]4 ,! "w 0 also  
ext5d$ we/w>d f ! ,fir/ ,av5ue %afts to 
include ! excavation ( top head+s 9 ea* 
tunnel = a di/ance ( #ajj ft4 & an      
enl>gem5t to full size = #ej ft4 ,!     
bor+s hav+ %[n t s(t e>? exi/$ bel[ !   
grade ( ! tops ( ! tunnel "u ! pass5g]  
/ation build+ ( ! ,long ,isl& ,railroad 
on ! ea/ side ( ,front ,/reet1 & t e>? (
 v>y+ "* w\ld be met 9 places beyond !  
/ation build+ "u ! railroad tracks 9 !  
pass5g] y>d & ! /reet c> tracks 9 ,bord5
 ,av5ue1 x _h be5 decid$1 be=e proposals
 7 invit$1 to ext5d ! metal l9+ ea/w>d  
to ,ea/ ,av5ue1 at ! ea/ end ( ! "w     
embrac$ 9 ! orig9al contract1 :]e ! ris+
 tunnel grades approa*$ ! surface ( !   
gr\nd s closely t _! fur!r ext5sion w\ld
 be 9 op5 cut4 ,9 places :]e ! tunnels 7
 :olly 9 rock1 ! weight ( ! ca/-iron    
tunnel l9+ 0 r$uc$ #dc2 :]e ! surface ( 

! rock 0 bel[ ! top ( ! tunnel1 b above 
! axis1 ! r$uction ( weight 0 some:at   
less1 ab\t #be2 not)/&+ ^! sav+s1 ! co/ 
( ! tunnels 0 probably increas$ by ! use
 ( ! ca/-iron l9+2 on ! o!r h&1 :5 pass+
 ?r\gh bad gr\nd1 a section ( tunnel    
c\ld be made absolutely safe m quickly  
by erect+ ! l9+ z soon z a l5g? ( a few 
feet ( tunnel 0 ready2 "u a cr[d$       
pass5g] y>d1 ?is feature _h great value4
  ,! execution ( ! "w "u ?is contract w 
be describ$ fully by ! ,resid5t         
,eng9e]s4  ,! plant assembl$ by !       
contractors is believ$ to be ! mo/      
ext5sive ev] plac$ on a s+le piece ( "w1
 & w be describ$ 9 detail by _! ,manag+ 
,eng9e]1 ,h5ry ,japp1 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4
 ,e4  ,= conv5i5ce 9 receiv+ mat]ials to
 be us$ 9 con/ruction1 & to facilitate !
 disposal ( excavat$ mat]ials1 "o pi] 0 
leas$ on ! ea/ side ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1  
two on ! we/ side ( ! ,ea/ ,riv] & ?ree 
on ! ea/ side4 ,excavat$ mat]ials f !   
/ation1 ! cross-t[n tunnels1 & ! riv]   
tunnels1 7 plac$ on b>ges furni%$ by    

,mr4 ,h5ry ,/e]s "u sev]al contracts    
embrac+ also ! disposal ( ! mat]ials4 ,9
 ! e>li] "p ( ! "w1 !y 7 us$ z fill 9 ! 
freight t]m9al ( ! ,p5nsylvania         
,railroad at ,gre5ville on ! we/ side ( 
! ,upp] ,bay2 :5 ! fill at ?is place 0  
complet$1 ! mat]ials 7 s5t to ! tunnel  
company's y>d on ! ,passaic1 at         
,h>rison1 ,n4 ,j41 & a small "p to !    
embankm5t 9 ! ,mead[s ,division4 ,on    
acc\nt ( ! occasional clos+ ( ! ,passaic
 by ice1 ?is involv$ ! possibility (1 & 
to "s ext5t result$ 91 int]ruptions to !
 "w ( excavation4 ,! contract = !       
cross-t[n tunnels c>ri$ an option 9     
favor ( ! company to require !          
contractor = ^? tunnels to dispose (    
mat]ials at a /at$ price1 & 9 ! latt] "p
 ( #aijg1 :5 ! excavation 9 ^! tunnels 0
 be+ pu%$ rapidly1 ! railroad company1  
unwill+ to incur ! responsibility =     
delays dur+ ! w9t]1 avail$ itself ( ?is 
option4 ,! disposal ( mat]ials 0 an     
important "p ( ! "w1 & w be dealt ) m   
fully by ! ,resid5t ,eng9e]s4           

,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4--,map &    
,pr(ile1 ,cross-,t[n ,tunnels  ,at ! "t 
! contract 0 made ) ,s4 ,pe>son & ,son1 
,incorporat$1 x _h n be5 det]m9$ :e!r   
me*anical v5tilation w\ld be provid$ = !
 tunnels1 & !re=e ! contract ) t firm   
did n include ! f9al concrete l9+ at !  
%afts1 above ! inv]ts ( ! tunnels4 ,aft]
 ! adoption ( plans = me*anical         
v5tilation1 9 ! latt] "p ( #aijh1 !     
plans = l9+ ! %afts ) concrete1 includ+ 
flues = conduct+ air to ! tunnels1 &    
/airways = +ress & egress1 7 complet$1 &
 ! "w 0 plac$ "u contract2 x w be       
describ$ 9 detail by ,f4 ,m4 ,gre51     
,assoc4 ,m4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e4  ,at !   
ea/ end ( ! "w "u ! ,pe>son contract1 ! 
ris+ grade ( ! tunnels br\ght !m s ne> !
 surface ( ! gr\nd t _! ext5sion ea/w>d 
c\ld be c>ri$ out m readily 9 op5 cut   
?an by tunnel+4 ,! locations ( ! portals
 c\ld be v>i$ some:at1 & !y 7 built on  
rock :i* 0 f\nd 9 r n>r[ ridges at      
conv5i5t places4 ,tunnels ,b & ,d h a   
common portal2 ,tunnels ,a & ,c h       

sep>ate ones1 ! portal = ,tunnel ,c be+ 
locat$ ab\t #hjj ft1 we/ ( ! o!rs z a   
result ( its cross+ ov] ,tunnel ,b1 z   
already expla9$4 ,ea/w>d f ! portals1 ! 
track sy/em exp&s1 9 ord] to provide    
connections ) ! tracks ( ! ,long ,isl&  
,railroad to & f ,long ,isl& ,city1 ) ! 
,new ,york ,connect+ ,railroad & ,new   
,engl& l9es1 & ) ! /orage & clean+ y>d  
kn[n z ! ,sunnyside ,y>d ext5d+ to ! we/
 side ( ,woodside ,av5ue1 #b-c_/d miles 
ea/ ( ! ,ea/ ,riv]4 7,plate ,,xv47 ,!   
y>d & approa*es are design$ to avoid    
grade cross+s by oppos+ tra9s4 ,! v>i\s 
g5]al features ( ! y>d & tunnel         
approa*es1 bridge cross+s1 & /reet      
clos+s1 h be5 describ$ 9 suffici5t      
detail by ,g5]al ,raymond 9 !           
introductory pap]4  ,illu/ration3       
,,plate ,,xv4--,plan & ,pr(ile ( ,l9es  
,a & ,b1 & ,sunnyside ,y>ds  ,=         
conv5i5ce 9 plac+ ! "w "u contract1 a   
l9e 0 drawn #aj ft4 we/ ( ,?omson       
,av5ue1 divid+ ! "w ea/ ( t embrac$ 9 ! 
,pe>son contract into two p>ts4 ,! "w   

we/ ( ! l9e 0 plac$ "u ! imm$iate       
direction ( ,george ,c4 ,cl>ke1 ,m4 ,am4
 ,soc4 ,c4 ,e41 z ,resid5t ,eng9e]1 )   
,naughton ,company & ,ar?ur ,mc,mullen1 
,contractors2 ,mr4 ,l\is ,h4 ,b>k] 0    
,resid5t ,eng9e] ( ! "p ea/ ( ! divid+  
l9e1 ) ! ,degnon ,realty & ,t]m9al      
,improvem5t ,company z ! pr9cipal       
contractors4 ,! sub/ructures ( ! sev]al 
bridges 9 or across ! y>d 7 includ$ 9 ^!
 contracts1 b ! sup]/ructures 7 c>ri$   
out by v>i\s bridge companies1 & o!r    
m9or features 7 execut$ by o!r          
contractors4 ,m complete descriptions ( 
! plans & ( ! execution ( ! "w w be giv5
 by ! ,resid5t ,eng9e]s4