,,maya ,,manuscripts999999 file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #ahjac-;h4htm or #ahjac-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/h_ /j_/a_/ahjac_/ahjac-;h_/#ahjac-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/h_ /j_/a_/ahjac_/ahjac-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,a numb] ( typographical errors h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ?is v]sion ( ?is book4 ,a complete li/ is f\nd at ! end ( ! text4 ,pap]s ( ! ,peabody ,museum ( ,am]ican ,ar*aeology & ,e?nology1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,vol4 ,,iv4--,no4 #a ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,deities ,,( ,,! ,,maya ,,manuscripts by ,,dr4 ,,paul ,,s*ellhas ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ ,) #a ,plate ( ,figures & #fe ,text ,illu/rations ,translat$ by ,miss ,selma ,wesselhoeft & ,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,p>k] ,translation revis$ by ! ,au?or ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,publi%$ by ! ,museum ,decemb]1 #aijd4 ,,note4 ,9 ord] to make m widely kn[n & m easily accessible to ,am]ican /ud5ts ! results ( important rese>*es on ! ,maya hi]oglyphs1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,g]man language1 ! ,peabody ,museum ,committee on ,c5tral ,am]ican ,rese>* proposes to publi% translations ( c]ta9 pap]s :i* are n too l5g?y or too ext5sively illu/rat$4 ,! pres5t pap] by "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s 9 ?is field is ! fir/ ( ! s]ies4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,putnam4 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,septemb]1 #aijd4 ,,preface4 ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is pamphlet appe>$ 9 ! ye> #ahig1 inve/igation 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce has made su* m>k$ progress1 not)/&+ ! slight am\nt ( mat]ial1 t a revision has n[ become desirable4 ,x c be readily und]/ood1 t a new sci5ce1 an inve/igation on virg9 soil1 su* z ! ,maya /udy is1 makes m rapid progress & develops m quickly ?an "o p]ta9+ to "s old1 mu* explor$ t]ritory4 ,9 addition to num]\s sep>ate treatises1 special m5tion %\ld be made ( ,ern/ ,fo]/emann's comm5t>ies on ! ?ree ,maya manuscripts 7,komm5t> zur ,mayah&s*rift d] ,ko5igli*5 oeff5tli*5 ,biblio!k zu ,dresd51 ,dresd5 #aija1 ,komm5t> zur ,madrid] ,mayah&s*rift1 ,danzig #aijb1 & ,komm5t> zur ,p>is] ,mayah&s*rift1 ,danzig #aijc7 :i* con/itute a summ>y ( ! entire results ( inve/igation 9 ?is field up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! proposal made 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is pamphlet1 t ! ,maya deities be designat$ by lett]s ( ! alphabet1 has be5 v g5]ally adopt$ by ,am]icani/s1 especially by ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,?is circum/ance1 9 p>ticul>1 has seem$ to make x desirable to prep>e = publication a new edition1 improv$ to accord ) ! pres5t /ate ( ! sci5ce4 ,w>me/ ?anks are above all due to ,mr4 ,b[dit*1 ( ,bo/on1 :o 9 ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ mann]1 = ! good ( sci5ce1 has made possible ! publication ( ?is new edition4 ,janu>y1 #aijd4 ,p4 ,,s*ellhas4 ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,! ,,manuscripts4 ,! ?ree manuscripts :i* we possess ( ! anci5t ,maya peoples ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,dresd5 7,dr471 ! ,madrid 7,tro4-,cort47 & ! ,p>is 7,p]47 manuscripts1 all conta9 a s]ies ( pictorial repres5tations ( human figures1 :i*1 beyond "q1 %\ld be reg>d$ z figures ( gods4 ,toge!r ) ^! are a numb] ( animal figures1 "s ) human bodies1 dress & armor1 :i* likewise h a my?ologic significance4 ,! cont5ts ( ! ?ree manuscripts1 :i* und\bt$ly p]ta9 to ! cal5d> sy/em & to ! computation ( "t 9 _! relation to ! ,maya pan!on & to c]ta9 religi\s & dome/ic functions1 admit ( ! conclusion1 t ^! figures ( gods embody ! ess5tial "p ( ! religi\s conceptions ( ! ,maya peoples 9 a tol]ably complete =m4 ,= "h we h ! entire ritual ye>1 ! :ole *ronology ) its my?ological relations & all accessories4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ess5tially ! same figures recur 9 all ?ree manuscripts4 ,_! numb] is n especially l>ge4 ,!re are ab\t fifte5 figures ( gods 9 human =m & ab\t half z _m 9 animal =m4 ,at fir/ we 7 incl9$ to believe t fur!r rese>*es w\ld consid]ably increase ! numb] ( deities1 b ?is assumption 0 incorrect4 ,aft] ye>s ( /udy ( ! subject & repeat$ exam9ation ( ! results ( rese>*1 x may be reg>d$ z positively prov$1 t ! numb] ( deities repres5t$ 9 ! ,maya manuscripts does n exce$ sub/antially ! limits m5tion$ above4 ,! pr9cipal deities are det]m9$ beyond "q4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is 0 accompli%$ is /rik+ly simple4 ,x am\nts ess5tially to t :i* 9 ord9>y life we call memory ( p]sons & foll[s almo/ naturally f a c>eful /udy ( ! manuscripts4 ,=1 by frequ5tly look+ att5tively at ! repres5tations1 "o le>ns by degrees to recognize promptly simil> & famili> figures ( gods1 by ! *>act]i/ic impression !y make z a :ole1 or by c]ta9 details1 ev5 :5 ! pictures are p>tly oblit]at$ or exhibit v>iations1 & ! same is true ( ! accompany+ hi]oglyphs4 ,a purely inductive1 natural sci5ce-me?od has ?us be5 foll[$1 & h5ce ?is pamphlet is devot$ simply to descriptions & to ! amass+ ( mat]ial4 ,^! figures h be5 tak5 sep>ately out ( ! manuscripts alone1 id5tifi$ & describ$ ) ! /udi\s avoidance ( all unreliable1 mislead+ acc\nts & ( all presumptive analogies ) suppos$ly alli$ my?ologies4 ,:atev] _c be d]iv$ f ! manuscripts !mselves has be5 :olly ignor$4 ,hypo!ses & d$uctions h be5 avoid$ z f> z possible4 ,only :]e ! int]pretation1 or ! resemblance & ! relations to k9dr$ my?ologic doma9s 7 obvi\s1 & :]e ! acc\nts agre$ beyond "q1 has notice be5 tak5 ( ! fact s t ! impos$ limitations ( ?is "w %\ld n result 9 "o-sid$ness4 ,s9ce1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! acc\nts ( ,spani% au?ors reg>d+ ! my?ology ( ! ,mayas correspond only slightly or n at all ) ^! figures ( gods1 & all o!r conjectures respect+ _! significance are v dubi\s1 ! alphabetic designation ( ! deities1 :i* 0 t5tatively introduc$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 has be5 pres]v$4 ,?is designation has prov$ to be practical4 ,= ! plate at ! end ( ?is pamphlet1 examples z *>act]i/ic z possible ( ! individual figures ( gods h be5 select$ f ! manuscripts4 ,x is a well kn[n fact t we possess no def9ite k ei!r ( ! "t ( ! composition or ( ! local orig9 ( ! ,maya manuscripts4 ,! objection might1 !re=e1 be rais$ t x is a haz>d\s proce$+ to treat ! mat]ial d]iv$ f ^! ?ree manuscripts 9 common1 z if x 7 homog5e\s4 ,b ^! rese>*es !mselves h prov$ beyond a d\bt1 t ! my?ologic import ( ! manuscripts belongs to "o & ! same sph]e ( ?\ght4 ,ess5tially ! same deities & ! same my?ologic ideas are1 )\t "q1 to be f\nd 9 all ! manuscripts4 ,! mat]ial ( ! inscriptions has be5 set entirely at "o side1 because ! /yle ( repres5tation conta9$ 9 !m1 bo? ( ! my?ologic =ms & ( ! hi]oglyphs1 r5d]s comp>ison exce$+ly difficult4 ,9 ?is field especial cr$it is due to ,fo]/emann & ,sel]1 = ! "w !y h done 9 fur!rance ( int]pretation1 & m5tion %\ld n be omitt$ ( ! g5]osity ) :i* ! well kn[n promot] ( ,am]icani/ inve/igations1 ! ,duke ( ,l\bat1 has pres5t$ to ! ,b]l9 ,museum ( ,e?nology co/ly orig9als ( reliefs & inscriptions = direct /udy4 ,! repres5tations on ! reliefs f ! ,maya region1 x is true1 give evid5ce ( deal+ ) k9dr$ my?ologic conceptions4 ,figures & hi]oglyphs ( gods1 made famili> by ! manuscripts1 c also be f\nd "h & !re4 ,b on ! :ole s little appe>s 9 support ( in/itut+ a comp>ison ) ! manuscripts1 t x seems exp$i5t to leave ! inscriptions = indep5d5t & special /udy4 ,i4 ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,gods4 ,a4 ,! ,dea?-,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #a-f ,god ,a is repres5t$ z a figure ) an expos$1 bony sp9e1 truncat$ nose & gr9n+ tee?4#aj-a ,x is pla9ly to be se5 t ! head ( ?is god repres5ts a skull & t ! sp9e is t ( a skeleton4 ,! pictures ( ! dea?-god are s *>act]i/ic 9 ! ,maya manuscripts t ! deity is always easily recogniz$4 ,he is almo/ always di/+ui%$ by ! skeleton face & ! bony sp9e4 ,sev]al times 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript ! dea?-god is pictur$ ) l>ge black spots on 8 body & 9 ,dr4 #ai;b a woman ) clos$ eyes1 ^: body also displays ! black spots1 is sitt+ opposite ! god4 ,:ile ! ,aztecs _h a male & a female dea?-deity1 9 ! ,maya manuscripts we f9d ! dea?-deity only once repres5t$ z fem99e1 namely on p4 #i;c ( ! ,dresd5 manuscript4 ,moreov] ! ,dresd5 manuscript conta9s sev]al diff]5t types ( ! dea?-god1 hav+ inv>iably ! fle%less skull & 7) ! exception ( ,dr4 #i;c7 ! visible v]tebrae ( ! sp9e4 ,sev]al times 7,dr4 #ab;b & #ac;b7 he is repres5t$ app>5tly ) di/5d$ abdom54 ,a di/+ui%+ article ( 8 co/ume is ! /iff fea!r coll>1 :i* is worn only by ?is god1 8 companion1 ! w>-god ,f1 & by 8 animal symbol1 ! owl1 :i* w bo? be discuss$ f>!r on4 ,8 head ornam5t v>ies 9 ! ,dresd5 ,codex2 9 ! fir/ portion ( ! manuscript1 relat+ 9 "p to pregnancy & *ild-bir? 7see ! pictures ( wom5 on p4 #af1 et seq471 he we>s on 8 head sev]al times a figure occurr+ v frequ5tly j 9 ?is "p ( ! ,dresd5 ,codex & app>5tly repres5t+ a snail 7comp>e ,dr4 #ab;b & #ac;b71 :i* among ! ,aztecs is likewise a symbol ( p>turition4 ,9 view ( ^! v>iations 9 ! pictures ( ! ,dresd5 ,codex1 x is v /rik+ t 9 ! ,codex ,tro4-,cortesianus1 !re is only "o inv>iable type ( ! dea?-god4 #aj-a ,see ,plate = repres5tations ( ! gods1 ,a-,p ,a di/+ui%+ ornam5t ( ! dea?-god consi/s ( globul> bells or rattles1 :i* he we>s on 8 h&s & feet1 on 8 coll> & z a head ornam5t4 ,z c be di/9ctly se5 9 ,dr4 #aa;a1 !y are fa/5$ ) b&s w\nd ar\nd ! =e>m & ar\nd ! leg2 9 ,dr4 #ae;c ^! bells are black4 ,among ! symbols ( ! dea?-god a cross ( two bones %\ld be m5tion$1 :i* is also f\nd 9 ! ,mexican manuscripts4 ,?is cross ( bones seems to occur once among ! writt5 *>act]s z a hi]oglyph & !n 9 comb9ation ) a numb]3 ,tro4 #aj499 ,! figure ,dea?-god symbol is also a frequ5t symbol ( ! dea?-god4 ,its significance is /ill unc]ta91 b x also occurs among ! hi]oglyphs z a dea?-sign & z a sign = ! day ,cimi 7dea?74 ,! hi]oglyphs ( ! dea?-god h be5 positively det]m9$ 7see ,figs4 #a to #d74 ,figs4 #a & #b are ! =ms ( ! ,dresd5 manuscript & ,figs4 #c & #d are ^? ( ! ,madrid manuscript4 ,god ,a is almo/ always di/+ui%$ by two hi]oglyphs1 namely ,figs4 #a & #b or #c & #d4 ,moreov] ! hi]oglyphs are always ! same1 h sc>cely any v>iants4 ,ev5 9 ,dr4 #i;c1 :]e ! deity is repres5t$ z fem99e1 !re are no v>iations :i* might d5ote ! *ange ( sex4 ,! hi]oglyphs consi/ *iefly ( ! head ( a corpse ) clos$ eyes1 & ( a skull4 ,! design 9 front ( ! skull 9 ,figs4 #b & #d & "u x 9 ,fig4 #c is a sacrificial knife ( fl9t1 :i* 0 us$ 9 slay+ ! sacrifices1 & is also frequ5tly pictur$ 9 ! ,aztec manuscripts4 ,! dots "u ,fig4 #a are probably int5d$ to repres5t blood4 ,! dea?-god is repres5t$ ) extraord9>y frequ5cy 9 all ! ,maya manuscripts4 ,n only does ! figure ( ! god itself occur1 b 8 attributes are f\nd 9 _m places :]e 8 picture is miss+4 ,dea? evid5tly _h an important significance 9 ! my?ologic conceptions ( ! ,mayas4 ,x is connect$ ) sacrifice1 especially ) human sacrifices p]=m$ 9 connection ) ! captive enemy4 ,j z we f9d a p]sonification ( dea? 9 ! manuscripts ( ! ,mayas1 we also f9d x 9 ! picture-writ+s ( ! anci5t ,mexicans1 (t5 surpris+ly l ! pictures ( ! ,maya codices4 ,! ,aztec dea?-god & 8 my? are kn[n ?r\gh ! acc\nts ( ,spani% writ]s2 reg>d+ ! dea?-god ( ! ,mayas we h less accurate in=mation4 ,"s m5tion occurs 9 ,l&a's ,relacion de las cosas de ,yucatan1 ,sec4 ,,xxiii1 b un=tunately no?+ is said ( ! mann] ( repres5t+ ! dea?-god4 ,he seems to be relat$ to ! ,aztec ,mictlantecutli1 ( :om ,sahagun1 ,app5dix to ,book ,,iii1 ,de los que iban al infi]no y de sus obsequias1 treats z ! god ( ! dead & ( ! und]world1 ,mictlan4 ,:5 ! repres5tations ( ! latt]1 = example 9 ! ,codex ,borgia1 & 9 ! ,codex ,vaticanus ,no4 #cggc1 are comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,maya manuscripts1 !re c be h>dly a d\bt ( ! correspond5ce ( ! two god figures4 ,9 ! ,codex ,borgia1 p4 #cg1 he is repres5t$ once ) ! same *>act]i/ic head ornam5t1 :i* ! dea?-god usually we>s 9 ! ,maya manuscripts1 & 9 ! ,codex ,fej]v>y1 p4 #h1 ! dea?-god we>s a k9d ( bree*es on :i* cross-bones are depict$1 exactly z 9 ,dr4 #i 7bottom74 ,bi%op ,l&a in=ms u t ! ,mayas _h great & immod]ate dread ( dea?4 ,?is expla9s ! frequ5cy ( ! repres5tations ( ! dea?-god1 f :om1 z ,l&a /ates1 all evil & especially dea? emanat$4 ,among ! ,aztecs we f9d a male & a female dea?-deity1 ,mictlantecutli & ,mictlancihuatl4 ,!y 7 ! rul]s ( ! realm ( ! dead1 ,mictlan1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,aztec conception1 lay 9 ! nor?2 h5ce ! dea?-god 0 at ! same "t ! god ( ! nor?4 ,x agrees ) ! cal5dric & a/ronomic "* ( ! ,maya deities 9 ! manuscripts1 t a numb] ( ! figures ( ! gods are us$ 9 connection ) specifi$ c>d9al po9ts4 ,s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,aztec conception1 ! dea?-god 0 ! god ( ! nor?1 we might expect t 9 ! ,maya manuscripts also1 ! dea?-god w\ld be always consid]$ z ! deity ( ! nor?4 ,nev]!less ?is happ5s only once1 namely 9 ! picture at ! end ( ,codex ,cort41 pp4 #da & #db4 ,else:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is god is connect$ ) o!r c>d9al po9ts1 ?us ,dr4 #ad;a ) ! we/ or ea/ 7! hi]oglyph is illegible1 b x c be only we/ or ea/71 & 9 ,dr4 #bg;c ) ! we/4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t once1 h[ev]1 9 a s]ies ( c>d9al po9ts1 ! hi]oglyph ( ! dea?-god connect$ ) ! num]al #aj /&s j 9 ! place ( ! sign ( ! nor?2 ?is is on ,tro4 #bd99 7bottom74 ,9 reg>d to ! "n ( ! dea?-god 9 ! ,maya language1 ,l&a tells u t ! wick$ aft] dea? 7 bani%$ to an und]world1 ! "n ( :i* 0 ,mitnal1 a ^w :i* is def9$ z ,hell 9 ! ,maya lexicon ( ,pio ,p]ez & :i* has a /rik+ resemblance to ,mictlan1 ! ,aztec "n = ! l[] regions4 ,! dea?-god ,hunhau reign$ 9 ?is und]world4 ,accord+ to o!r acc\nts 7,h]n&ez71 h[ev]1 ! dea?-god is call$ ,ahpu*4 ,^! names c 9 no wise s]ve z aids to ! explanation ( ! hi]oglyphs ( ! dea?-god1 s9ce !y h no etymologic connection ) dea? or ! heads ( corpses & skulls1 :i* =m ! ma9 p>ts ( ! hi]oglyph4 ,fur!rmore1 ! hi]oglyphs ( ! gods c]ta9ly h a purely ideographic significance z already m5tion$ above1 s t any relation betwe5 ! names ( ! deities & _! hi]oglyphs _c exi/ f ! v nature ( ! case4 ,! day ( ! dea?-god is ! day ,cimi1 dea?4 ,! day-sign ,cimi corresponds almo/ p]fectly ) ! heads ( corpses conta9$ 9 ! hi]oglyphs ( ! dea?-god4 ,a hi]oglyphic sign1 :i* relates to dea? & ! dea?-deity & occurs v frequ5tly1 is ! sign ,fig4 #e1 :i* is probably to be reg>d$ z ! ideogram ( ! owl4 ,x repres5ts ! head ( an owl1 :ile ! figure 9 front ( x signifies ! owl's e> & ! "o bel[1 its tee?1 z di/+ui%+ m>ks ( a bird ( prey furni%$ ) e>s & a p[]ful beak4 ,! head ( ! owl appe>s on a human body sev]al times 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript z a sub/itute = ! dea?-deity1 ?us ,dr4 #ah;c1 #ai;c1 #bj;a & #bj;c & 9 o!r places1 & ! hi]oglyphic gr\p 7,fig4 #e7 is almo/ a regul> att5dant hi]oglyph ( ! dea?-god4 ,a s]ies ( o!r figures ( ! ,maya my?ology is connect$ ) ! dea?-god4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact t 8 hi]oglyphs or 8 symbols occur ) c]ta9 o!r figures1 :i* are ?us br\ght into connection ) dea? & ! dea?-deity4 ,^! figures are z foll[s3 #a4 ,8 companion1 god ,f1 ! god ( w>1 ( human sacrifice & ( viol5t dea? 9 battle1 app>5tly a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,aztec ,xipe1 :o w be discuss$ f>!r on4 #b4 ,! moan bird4 ,see beyond "u ,my?ological ,animals1 ,no4 #a4 #c4 ,! dog4 ,see ! same1 ,no4 #c4 #d4 ,a human figure1 possibly repres5t+ ! prie/ ( ! dea?-god 7see ,dr4 #bh1 c5tre1 ,dr4 #e;b & #i;a74 ,! la/ figure is a little d\btful4 ,x is bl9dfold$ & ?us recalls ! ,aztec deity ( fro/ & s91 ,itztlacoliuhqui4 ,a simil> =m ) eyes b\nd occurs only once aga9 9 ! ,maya manuscripts1 namely ,dr4 #ej 7c5tre74 ,t ?is figure is relat$ to ! dea?-god is prov$ by ! fact t on ,dr4 #i;a x we>s ! ,cimi-sign on ! middle piece ( ! *a9 ar\nd its neck4 ,fur!rmore x %\ld be emphasiz$ t ! ,aztec s9-god1 ,itztlacoliuhqui1 likewise appe>s ) symbols ( dea?4 #e4 ,an isolat$ figure1 ,dr4 #ej;a 7! sitt+ figure at ! "r74 ,?is we>s ! skull z head ornam5t1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 exactly ! same way z 9 ! ,aztec manuscripts 7see ,fig4 #f74 #f4 ,ano!r isolat$ figure is twice repres5t$ comb9$ ) ! dea?-god 9 ,dr4 #bb;c4 ,?is picture is s effac$ t x is impossible to tell :at x means4 ,! hi]oglyph repres5ts a v>iant ( ! dea?'s-head1 ,cimi4 ,x seems to signify an ape1 :i* also 9 ! pictures ( ! ,mexican codices 0 sometimes us$ 9 relation to ! dea?-god4 ,! symbols ( ! dea?-god are also f\nd ) ! figure )\t a head on ,dr4 #b 7#de7;a1 cle>ly ! picture ( a behead$ prison]4 ,dea? symbols occur1 too1 ) ! curi\s picture ( a hang$ woman on ,dr4 #ec;b1 a picture :i* is int]e/+ f ! fact t x recalls vividly a communication ( ,bi%op ,l&a4 ,l&a tells u1 ! ,mayas believ$ t :oev] hang$ himself did n g to ! und]world1 b to p>adise1 & z a result ( ?is belief1 suicide by hang+ 0 v common & 0 *os5 on ! slighte/ pretext4 ,su* suicides 7 receiv$ 9 p>adise by ! goddess ( ! hang$1 ,ixtab4 ,ix is ! fem99e prefix2 tab1 taab1 tabil mean1 accord+ to ,p]ez' ,lexicon ( ! ,maya ,language1 cu]da de/9ada p>a algun uso exclusivo4 ,! "n ( ?is /range goddess is1 !re=e1 ! ,goddess ( ! ,halt] or1 z ,l&a says1 ,! ,goddess ( ! ,gall[s4 ,n[ comp>e ,dr4 #ec4 ,on ! upp] half ( ! page is ! dea?-god repres5t$ ) h& rais$ ?reat5+ly1 on ! l[] half is se5 ! =m ( a woman susp5d$ by a rope plac$ ar\nd h] neck4 ,! clos$ eye1 ! op5 m\? & ! convulsively outspread f+]s1 %[ t %e is dead1 9 fact1 /rangl$4 ,x is1 9 all probability1 ! goddess ( ! gall[s & halt]1 ,ixtab1 ! patroness ( ! hang$1 :o is pictur$ "h 9 company ) ! dea?-god2 or else x is a victim ( ?is goddess1 & page #ec ( ! manuscript v probably ref]s1 !re=e 7ev5 ?\gh ! two halves d n belong directly toge!r71 to ! my?ologic conceptions ( dea? & ! l[] regions to :i* ,l&a alludes4 #g4 ,la/ly ! owl is to be m5tion$ z belong+ to ! dea?-god1 :i*1 /range to say1 is repres5t$ n[h]e 9 ! pictures reali/ically & s t x c be recogniz$1 al?\gh o!r my?ologic animals1 z ! dog or ! moan bird1 occur pla9ly z animals 9 ! pictures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! owl's head appe>s on a human body 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript z a sub/itute = ! dea?-deity itself1 = example on ,dr4 #ah;c1 #ai;c1 #bj;a & #bj;c & else:]e1 & =ms a regul> att5dant hi]oglyph ( ! dea?-god 9 ! gr\p ( ?ree signs already m5tion$ 7,fig4 #e74 ,among ! antiquities f ! ,maya region ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 !re are _m objects & repres5tations1 :i* h ref]5ce to ! cultus ( ! dea?-god1 & %[ resemblances to ! pictures ( ! manuscripts4 ,! dea?-god also plays a role1 ev5 today1 9 ! popul> sup]/itions ( ! natives ( ,yucatan1 z a k9d ( spectre t pr[ls ar\nd ! h\ses ( ! sick4 ,8 "n is ,yum ,cimil1 ! "l ( dea?4 ,b4 ,! ,god ,) ! ,l>ge ,nose & ,loll+ ,tongue4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #g-aj ,! deity1 repres5t$ mo/ frequ5tly 9 all ! manuscripts1 is a figure ) a long1 proboscis-l1 p5d5t nose & a tongue 7or tee?1 fangs7 hang+ out 9 front & at ! sides ( ! m\?1 also ) a *>act]i/ic head ornam5t resembl+ a knott$ b[ & ) a peculi> rim to ! eye4 ,fig4 #g is ! hi]oglyph ( ?is deity4 ,9 ,codex ,tro4-,cortesianus x usually has ! =m ( ,fig4 #h4 ,god ,b is evid5tly "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! ,maya pan!on4 ,he mu/ be a univ]sal deity1 to :om ! mo/ v>i$ elem5ts1 natural ph5om5a & activities are subject4 ,he is repres5t$ ) diff]5t attributes & symbols ( p[]1 ) tor*es 9 8 h&s z symbols ( fire1 sitt+ 9 ! wat] & on ! wat]1 /&+ 9 ! ra91 rid+ 9 a canoe1 en?ron$ on ! cl\ds ( heav5 & on ! cross-%ap$ tree ( ! f\r po9ts ( ! compass1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its lik5ess to ! ,*ri/ian emblem1 has _m times be5 ! subject ( fanta/ic hypo!ses4 ,we see ! god aga9 on ! ,cab-sign1 ! symbol ( ! e>?1 ) weapons1 axe & spe>s1 9 8 h&s1 plant+ k]nels ( maize1 on a j\rney 7,dr4 #fe;b7 /aff 9 h& & a bundle on 8 back1 & fett]$ 7,dr4 #cg;a7 ) arms b\nd beh9d 8 back4 ,8 entire my? seems to be record$ 9 ! manuscripts4 ,! great abundance ( symbolism r5d]s difficult ! *>act]ization ( ! deity1 & x is well-nigh impossible to discov] t a s+le my?ologic idea und]lies ! :ole4 ,god ,b is q (t5 connect$ ) ! s]p5t1 )\t exhibit+ aff9ity ) ! ,*ic*an-god ,h 7see p4 #bh74 ,9 ,dr4 #cc;b1 #cd;b & #ce;b1 ! s]p5t is 9 ! act ( dev\r+ him1 or he is ris+ up out ( ! s]p5t's jaws1 z is pla9ly indicat$ also by ! hi]oglyphs1 = !y conta9 ! gr\p giv5 9 ,fig4 #aj1 :i* is compos$ ( ! rattle ( ! rattlesnake & ! op5$ h& z a symbol ( seiz+ & absorption4 ,god ,b himself is pictur$ ) ! body ( a s]p5t 9 ,dr4 #ce;b & #cf;a 7comp>e ,no4 #b ( ! ,my?ological ,animals74 ,he likewise occurs sitt+ on ! s]p5t & 9 ,dr4 #ff;a he is twice 7#a/ & #c;d figures7 pictur$ ) a snake 9 8 h&4 ,god ,b sits on ! moan head 9 ,dr4 #ch;c1 on a head ) ! ,cauac-sign 9 ,dr4 #ci;c1 #ff;c1 & on ! dog 9 ,dr4 #bi;a4 ,all ^! pictures are meant to typify 8 abode 9 ! air1 above ra91 /orm & dea?-br++ cl\ds1 f :i* ! lightn+ falls4 ,! object ) ! cross-bones ( ! dea?-god1 on :i* he sits 9 ,dr4 #ff;c1 c p]haps be expla9$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,z ! fi% belongs to god ,b 9 a symbolic s5se1 s ! god is repres5t$ fi%+ 9 ,dr4 #dd 7#a74 ,8 face ) ! l>ge nose & ! tongue 7or fangs7 hang+ out on ! side 9 ,dr4 #dd 7#a7;a 7#a/ figure7 is suppos$ to be a mask :i* ! prie/1 repres5t+ ! god1 assumes dur+ ! religi\s c]emony4 ,fur!rmore ! foll[+ f\r well-kn[n symbols ( sacrificial gifts appe> 9 connection ) god ,b 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript2 a spr\t+ k]nel ( maize 7or1 accord+ to ,fo]/emann1 p>ts ( a mammal1 game71 a fi%1 a liz>d & a vulture's head1 z symbols ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,!y seem to occur1 h[ev]1 9 relation also to o!r deities & evid5tly are g5]al symbols ( sacrificial gifts4 ,?us !y occur on ! two companion initial pages ( ! ,codex ,tro4-,cortesianus1 on :i* ! hi]oglyphs ( gods ,c & ,k are repeat$ 9 r[s 7,tro4 #cf-;,cort4 #bb4 ,comp>e ,fo]/emann1 ,komm5t> zur ,madrid] ,h&s*rift1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc74 ,god ,b is also connect$ ) ! f\r colors--yell[1 r$1 :ite & black--:i*1 accord+ to ! conception ( ! ,mayas1 correspond to ! c>d9al po9ts 7yell[1 air2 r$1 fire2 :ite1 wat]2 black1 e>?7 & ! god himself is occasionally repres5t$ ) a black body1 = example on ,dr4 #bi;c1 #ca;c & #fi4 ,?is is express$ 9 ! hi]oglyphs by ! sign1 ,fig4 #i1 :i* signifies black & is "o ( ! f\r signs ( ! symbolic colors = ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,god ,b is repres5t$ ) all ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 a *>act]i/ic1 :i* he %>es only ) god ,c1 god ,k1 &1 9 "o in/ance1 ) god ,f 7see ,tro4 #bi99;c72 he appe>s z rul] ( all ! po9ts ( ! compass2 nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/ z well z air1 fire1 wat] & e>? are subject to him4 ,op9ions conc]n+ ! significance ( ?is deity are mu* divid$4 ,x is mo/ probable t he is ,kukulcan1 a figure occurr+ repeat$ly 9 ! my?ology ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican peoples & ^: "n1 l t ( ! k9dr$ deity ,quetzalcoatl among ! ,aztecs & ,gucumatz among ! ,qui*es1 means ! fea!r$ s]p5t1 ! bird s]p5t4 ,kukulcan & ,gucumatz are ^? figures ( ,c5tral ,am]ican my?ology1 to :i* belong ! leg5ds ( ! creation ( ! _w & ( mank9d4 ,fur!rmore ,kukulcan is consid]$ z ! f\nd] ( civilization1 z ! build] ( cities1 z h]o-god1 & appe>s 9 ano!r conception z ! ra9-deity1 &--s9ce ! s]p5t has a my?ologic relation to wat]--z s]p5t deity4 ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes1 :o has made ?is god-figure ( ! ,maya manuscripts ! subject ( a monograph 7,a ,/udy ( ,c]ta9 ,figures 9 a ,maya ,codex1 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #c1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahid71 also incl9es to ! belief t ,b is ! god ,kukulcan1 :om he conceives ( z a s]p5t-& ra9-deity4 ,?is view has be5 accept$ by ,fo]/emann 7,die ,tagegoett] d] ,mayas1 ,globus1 ,vol4 #gc1 ,no4 #aj7 & also by ,cyrus ,?omas 7,aids to ! ,/udy ( ! ,maya ,codices1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhh74 ,! same op9ion is held also by ,e4 ,p4 ,dieseldorff1 :o1 a resid5t ( ,guatemala1 ! region ( ! anci5t ,maya civilization1 has in/itut$ excavations :i* h be5 successful 9 furni%+ mo/ satisfactory mat]ial = ^! rese>*es 7see ,dieseldorff3 ,kukulcan1 ,zeits*rift fu] ,e?nologie1 #ahie1 p4 #ghj74 ,o!rs h consid]$ god ,b z ! fir/ p>5t & "l ( ! heav5s1 ,itzamna :o has a my?ologic importance analog\s to t ( ,kukulcan4 ,itzamna is also held to be ! god ( creation & f\nd] ( civilization & accord+ly seems to be n v remotely alli$ to ! god ,kukulcan4 ,o!rs aga91 = example ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg & ,sel]1 h int]pret$ ! figure ( god ,b to repres5t ! f\rfold god ( ! c>d9al po9ts & ra9-god ,*ac1 a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,aztec ra9-god ,tlaloc4 ,! fact t ?is god-figure is s frequ5tly connect$ ) ! s]p5t & ! bird is /rongly 9 favor ( ! correctness ( ! supposition1 t we %\ld see 9 god ,b a figure correspond+ to ! ,kukulcan ( tradition4 ,?us we see ! god repres5t$ once ) ! body ( a s]p5t & ) a bird ne> by 7,cort4 #aj;b71 :ile ,b's hi]oglyph appe>s bo? times 9 ! text4 ,god ,b is also pictur$ else:]e repeat$ly ) a s]p5t body1 ?us = example on ,dr4 #ce;b1 #cf;a4 ,on pages #d-f ( ! ,codex ,cortesianus he is pictur$ six times & ea* "t 9 connection ) a s]p5t4 ,! acc\nts we h receiv$ conc]n+ ! my?ology ( ! ,maya peoples are v meagre & ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty respect+ ! orig9 ( ! ,maya manuscripts1 x _c ev5 be det]m9$ :i* ( ^! acc\nts are applicable to ! ,maya manuscripts1 or1 inde$1 :e!r !y are applicable at all4 ,= x is by no means positively prov$ t ^! manuscripts did n orig9ate 9 regions ( ,maya culture1 reg>d+ :i* we h receiv$ no acc\nts at all4 ,z our pres5t purpose is purely t ( description & det]m9ation1 x rema9s q unimportant :i* ( ^! record$ figures ( gods %all be reg>d$ z god ,b4 ,god ,b is ne>ly alli$ to1 b 9 no wise id5tical )1 ! deity ) ! l>ge ornam5t$ nose1 designat$ by ,k1 :o w be discuss$ f>!r on4 ,god ,k is an indep5d5t deity designat$ by a special hi]oglyph1 b l ,c he /&s 9 an unkn[n relation to ,god ,b 7= details see ,k74 ,f9ally x %\ld be m5tion$1 t god ,b nev] appe>s ) dea? symbols4 ,he is cle>ly a deity ( life & creation1 9 contra/ to ! p[]s ( dea? & de/ruction4 ,8 day seems to be ,ik 7aspiration1 brea?1 life74 7,comp>e ,fo]/emann1 ,die ,tagegoett] d] ,mayas1 ,globus1 ,vol4 #gc1 ,no4 #aj74 ,c4 ,! ,god ) ! ,ornam5t$ ,face4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #aa-af ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & mo/ difficult figures ( ! ,maya manuscripts1 & %[s1 at ! same "t1 h[ imp]fect mu/ be ! in=mation we h receiv$ 9 reg>d to ! ,maya my?ology1 s9ce f ! frequ5cy ( 8 repres5tations he is obvi\sly "o ( ! mo/ important deities & yet c be id5tifi$ ) none ( ! repres5tations ( gods h&$ d[n to u4 ,8 hi]oglyph is def9itely det]m9$ 7,figs4 #aa1 #ab74 ,! circul> design 9 front ( ! =ehead ( ! hi]oglyph head seems1 z a v>iant f ! ,codex ,tro4 7,fig4 #ab7 leads u to suppose1 to d5ote ! ideographic repres5tation ( p\r+ out or empty+ a vessel1 ! cont5ts ( :i* fl[ into ! m\? ( ! god4 ,ano!r v>iant ( ?is prefix occurs 9 ,tro4 #ac99;b2 ,fig4 #ae1 ! symbol ( ! sacrificial knife1 & in/ead ( ! prefix ! num]al #ac occurs 9 "o in/ance6 7,tro4 #ab99;c74 ,! head alone1 )\t any accessory symbol :atev]1 is also f\nd a few times1 n 9 ! text1 h[ev]1 b only 9 ! pictures1 = example ,cort4 #aj 7bottom7 & ,tro4 #ac99 7bottom74 ,?is deity does n occur v (t5 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript1 ! places :]e x is depict$ are3 ,dr4 #e;a1 #f;c1 #ac;b1 #ce;a1 #fh;a1 & z a subord9ate figure on #h;c1 #db;a4 ,8 hi]oglyph occurs alone a few times1 z 9 ,dr4 #d2 x is m frequ5t 9 ! ,madrid manuscript4 ,x appe>s on pp4 #ae to #ah ( ! ,p>is manuscript4 ,9 reg>d to ! significance ( ?is deity1 he d\btless repres5ts ! p]sonification ( a heav5ly body ( a/ronomic importance1 probably ! pol> />4 ,9 ,codex ,cort4 #aj 7bottom71 8 head is repres5t$ surr\nd$ by a nimbus ( rays1 :i* c only mean a /> 7see ,fig4 #ac74 ,on ! l[] "p ( ! same page1 ! ?ird picture f ! left1 we aga9 see ! deity hang+ f ! sky 9 a k9d ( rope4 ,fur!rmore x appe>s 9 ,codex ,tro4 #bj1 #bb & #bc 7c5tre7 ,fig4 #ad1 9 ! famili> rectangul> planet signs4 ,tro4 #ag99 7at ! top7 ! head surm\nts ! cross-%ap$ tree ( god ,b1 :i* d5otes ! l(ty1 cele/ial abode4 ,inde$1 ^! passages prove positively t a heav5ly body und]lies ! idea ( ?is deity4 ,fur!rmore1 ! head ( ?is god recurs 9 entire r[s 9 ! cal5dric gr\p ( tabul> =m on ! s-call$ initial page ( ! ,codex ,tro4 #cf1 ) its cont9uation 9 ! ,cort4 p4 #bb1 & 9 exactly ! same mann] 9 ! alli$ passage ( ,tro4 #ad 7middle & bottom74 ,9 addition1 8 head is conta9$ 9 ! symbol = ! nor? 7,fig4 #af72 ! head conta9$ 9 ?is sign is 9 fact no?+ else ?an ! head ( god ,c4 ,br9ton also accepts ?is int]pretation ( god ,c4 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann 7,die ,mayahi]oglyph51 ,globus1 ,vol4 #ga1 ,no4 #e71 ! fact t ! figure ( god ,c 9 ! ,tonalamatl 9 ,dr4 #d;a-#aj;a occurs on ! day ,*u5 ( ! ,maya cal5d>1 :i* corresponds to ! day ,ozomatli1 ! ape1 9 ! ,aztec cal5d>1 seems to indicate t ! s+ul> head ( ,c is t ( an ape1 ^: lat]al nasal cavity 7peculi> to ! ,am]ican ape or monkey7 is occasionally repres5t$ pla9ly 9 ! hi]oglyph picture4 ,h5ce x might fur!r be assum$ t god ,c symbolizes n ! pol> /> alone1 b r ! entire con/ellation ( ! ,little ,be>4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! figure ( a long-tail$ ape is q appropriate to ! con/ellation1 at any rate decid$ly m s ?an ! ,be>2 inde$1 x sugge/s ! preh5sile tail by means ( :i* ! ape c\ld atta* himself to ! pole & 9 ! =m ( ! con/ellation sw+ ar\nd ! pole z ar\nd a fix$ po9t4 ,^! a/ronomical surmises seem to be contradict$ by ! fact t god ,c1 z already /at$1 is repres5t$ ) all ! f\r c>d9al po9ts 7comp>e = example ,cort4 #aj & #aa1 bottom71 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly seem to h>monize ill ) 8 p]sonification ( ! nor? />1 unless we assume1 t 9 a diff]5t conception ( ! pol> /> he is rul] ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 :i* are det]m9$ f him z a c5tre4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ ( ,b1 t ! deity ,c appe>s to /& 9 "s sort ( relation to him4 ,9 fact1 we f9d on ^? pages ( ! ,dresd5 manuscript1 :]e ,b is repres5t$ ) ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 t ! hi]oglyph ( ,c almo/ always occurs 9 ! text also 7= example ,dr4 #bi1 et seq41 especially ,dr4 #cb;c74 ,inde$1 ,c's hi]oglyph is connect$ ev5 ) ! signs ( ! symbolic colors ( ! c>d9al po9ts1 already m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,b4 ,f9ally1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 t god ,c also seems to be connect$ 9 "s way ) ! s]p5t 7comp>e ,dr4 #cf;b1 #a/ & #c;d pictures74 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann1 ! day rul$ by ,c seems to be ,*u54 ,d4 ,! ,moon- & ,night-,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ag-bj ,?is is a deity :o is pictur$ 9 ! =m ( an old man ) an ag$ face & sunk51 too?less m\?4 ,he is frequ5tly *>act]iz$ by a long1 p5d5t head ornam5t1 9 :i* is ! sign ,akbal1 d>kness1 night1 :i* also appe>s 9 8 hi]oglyph be=e ! =ehead ( ! deity1 surr\nd$ by dots z an indication ( ! />ry sky4 ,8 "n-hi]oglyph is ,fig4 #ag1 & a second sign almo/ always foll[s 7,fig4 #ah7 :i* evid5tly s]ves likewise z a designation ( ! god1 j z god ,a also is always designat$ by two hi]oglyphs4 ,! second sign consi/s ( two sacrificial knives & ! sign ( ! day ,ahau1 :i* is equival5t to k+4 ,! head ( ?is deity appe>s 9 r$uc$1 cursive =m z ! sign ( ! moon 7,fig4 #bj74 ,?is "* also has ! significance ( #bj z a numb] sign 9 ! cal5d>4 ,! association ( ^! ideas probably re/s ^u ! anci5t conceptions1 accord+ to :i* ! moon appe>+1 wax+1 wan+ & aga9 disappe>+1 0 comp>$ to man1 & man 9 primeval ages 0 ! mo/ primitive calculat+ ma*9e1 be+ equival5t1 f ! sum ( 8 f+]s & toes1 to ! numb] #bj4 ,tw5ty days is also ! duration ( t p]iod dur+ :i* ! moon 7aside f ! new moon7 is really alive4 ,moreov] ! sign 7,fig4 #bj7 appe>s 9 _m places z a c\nt]p>t ( ! sign = ! sun4 ,god ,d occurs once z fem99e 9 ! same passage m5tion$ above1 9 :i* ! dea?-deity is also pictur$ z fem99e 7,dr4 #i;c74 ,9 a few o!r places ! god is1 curi\sly en\gh1 depict$ ) a %ort be>d1 z ,dr4 #d;c1 #g;a1 #bg;b4 ,he seems to /& 9 an unkn[n relation to ! wat]-goddess ,i 7see ?is deity7 ) ! s]p5t z a head ornam5t1 comp>e ,dr4 #i;c1 :]e app>5tly ?is goddess is repres5t$1 ?\gh ! text has ,d's sign2 /ill x is possible t god ,d is pictur$ "h ) ! attributes ( goddess ,i4 ,god ,d is n connect$ ) ! grim p[]s ( de/ruction2 he nev] appe>s ) dea? symbols4 ,9 ,dr4 #e;c & #i;a he we>s ! snail on 8 head4 ,he seems1 !re=e1 l god ,a to be connect$ ) bir?4 ,9 ,dr4 #h;c he is connect$ ) god ,c1 & ?is is q appropriate1 if we look ^u ^! gods z heav5ly bodies4 ,! ag$ face1 ! sunk51 too?less m\? are 8 di/+ui%+ m>ks4 ,9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 :]e god ,d occurs ) special frequ5cy1 8 *ief *>act]i/ic1 by :i* he is always easily recogniz$1 is ! s+le too? 9 8 "u-jaw 7see ,fig4 #ai71 comp>e too ,dr4 #h;c1 :]e ! solit>y too? is also to be se54 ,9 ,dr4 #i;a 7#a/ figure7 ! god holds 9 8 h& a k9d ( spr9kl] ) ! rattles ( ! rattlesnake1 z ,l&a 7,cap4 #bf7 describes ! god 9 connection ) ! rite ( infant baptism 7see also ,cort4 #bf1 ,tro4 #g99;a & #ac99;c7 ,a v rem>kable passage is ,tro4 #ae992 !re a figure is pictur$ c>v+ ) a hat*et a head1 :i* x holds 9 its h&4 ,above x are f\r hi]oglyphs4 ,! fir/ %[s a hat*et & ! moon2 ! second probably repres5ts simply a head1 :ile ! ?ird & f\r? are ^? ( god ,d1 ! moon-god4 ,?is passage1 ! mean+ ( :i* is un=tunately /ill obscure seems to conta9 a def9ite explanation ( god ,d4 ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes has made god ,d ! subject ( a special1 v detail$ monograph 7,! ,god ,d 9 ! ,codex ,cortesianus1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahie7 9 :i* he has treat$ also ( gods ,b & ,g1 :om he consid]s alli$ to ,d4 ,he believes ,d to be ! god ,itzamna1 z d also ,fo]/emann1 ,cyrus ,?omas & ,sel]1 & sees sun-gods 9 all ?ree ( ^! deities4 ,:e!r god ,d is to be sep>at$ f ,g & ,b z an indep5d5t deity1 ,fewkes ?9ks is d\btful4 ,br9ton aga9 holds t god ,d is ,kukulcan4 ,^! diff]5t op9ions %[1 at all ev5ts1 on :at unc]ta9 gr\nds su* attempts at int]pretation /&1 & t x is be/ to be satisfi$ ) designat+ ! deities by lett]s & collect+ mat]ial = _! purely descriptive designation4 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann ! cal5d> day devot$ to ,d is ,ahau4 ,e4 ,! ,maize-,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ba-bg ,?is god be>s on 8 head ! ,kan-sign & above x ! e> ( maize ) leaves 7,fig4 #bc72 comp>e ,dr4 #i;b 7left figure71 #aa;b1 #ab;a1 etc4 ,! hi]oglyph is def9itely det]m9$ 7,fig4 #ba74 ,! god is id5tical ) ! figures recurr+ ) especial frequ5cy 9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 ! heads ( :i* are prolong$ upw>d & curv$ backw>d 9 a peculi> mann]2 comp>e ,cort4 #ae;a1 #bj;c1 #dj 7bottom71 ,tro4 #cb99;b 7,figs4 #be-bg7 & especially ! repres5tation 9 ,dr4 #ej;a 7,fig4 #bd71 :i* is v di/9ct4 ,?is head 0 evolv$ out ( ! conv5tional draw+ ( ! e> ( maize2 comp>e ! pictures ( ! maize plant 9 ! ,codex ,tro41 p4 #bi;b 7,fig4 #bb7 ) ! head ornam5t ( ! god 9 ,dr4 #i;b 7,fig4 #bc71 #i;a1 #ab;a2 :at 0 orig9ally a head ornam5t f9ally pass$ into ! =m ( ! head itself1 s t ! latt] appe>s n[ z an e> ( maize surr\nd$ by leaves4 ,comp>e ! pictures1 ,figs4 #be-bg4 ,t ^! gods ) elongat$ heads are1 9 po9t ( fact1 id5tical ) ,e is pla9ly se5 f ! passage 9 ,dr4 #b 7#de7;c 7fir/ figure74 ,!re ! figure repres5t$1 :i* is exactly l ! pictures 9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 is designat$ explicitly z god ,e by ! ?ird hi]oglyph 9 ! accompany+ writ+4 ,! hi]oglyph ( ?is deity is ?us expla9$2 x is ! head ( ! god m]g$ into ! conv5tionaliz$ =m ( ! e> ( maize surr\nd$ by leaves4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! ,maya nations practis$ ! cu/om ( artificially de=m+ ! skull1 z is se5 9 p>ticul> on ! reliefs at ,pal5que1 we may also reg>d ! heads ( ^! deities z repres5tations ( su* artificially flatt5$ skulls4 ,god ,e occurs frequ5tly z ! god ( husb&ry1 especially 9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 :i* devotes mu* att5tion to agriculture4 ,he seems to be a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,mexican maize-god ,c5teotl4 ,! passages 9 ! ,madrid manuscript 7,tro4 #bi;a & ,cort4 #ci;a1 #dj;a7 are v rem>kable1 :]e ! deity ,e is repres5t$ 9 ! position ( a woman 9 labor ) num]als on ! abdom52 p]haps ! und]ly+ idea is t ( fruitfulness4 ,9 ! ,codex ,cort41 p4 #dj1 ?is gra9-deity is pictur$ ) a tall & sl5d] vessel be=e him1 :i* he holds 9 8 h&s4 ,x is possible t ?is is meant to sugge/ a gra9 receptacle2 to be sure1 9 ! same place1 o!r figures ( gods likewise h su* vessels 9 _! h&s4 ,at any rate1 x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ! passage already m5tion$ 7,dr4 #ej;a7 god ,e also holds a simil> tall & sl5d] vessel 9 8 h&s4 ,accord+ to all appe>ances ! sc5e pictur$ 9 ,dr4 #ej;a has ref]5ce to ! conflict ( ! gra9-god ) a dea?-deity4 ,! latt]1 ! figure sitt+ on ! "r1 is *>act]iz$ by a skull z a head ornam5t 7see ,fig4 #f7 & seems to address ?reats or comm&s to god ,e1 :o /&s be=e him 9 ! attitude ( a t]rifi$ & c[$ individual4 ,fur!rmore god ,e has no?+ to d ) ! p[]s ( ! und]world2 he is a god ( life1 ( prosp]ity & fruitfulness2 symbols ( dea? are nev] f\nd 9 connection ) him4 ,br9ton calls ?is god ,ghanan1 equival5t to ,kan2 x is possible1 too1 t he is id5tical ) a deity ,yum ,kaax :o has be5 h&$ d[n to u & ^: "n means ,"l ( ! h>ve/ fields4 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann ! day d$icat$ to ?is god is ,kan4 ,f4 ,! ,god ( ,w> & ( ,human ,sacrifices4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #bh-cd ,?is is a deity closely relat$ to ! dea?-god ,a1 resembl+ ! ,aztec ,xipe1 & may1 ,i ?9k1 )\t hesitation be reg>d$ simply z ! god ( human sacrifice1 p]haps1 ev5 m g5]ally1 z ! god ( dea? by viol5ce4 ,8 hi]oglyph is ,figs4 #bh-cj2 x conta9s ! numb] #aa4 ,a v>iant ( ?is occurs on ,dr4 #g;b1 :]e in/ead ( ! #aa !re is ! foll[+ sign3 ,hi]oglyph ,! *>act]i/ic m>k ( god ,f is a s+le black l9e usually runn+ p]p5dicul>ly d[n ! face 9 ! vic9ity ( ! eye4 ,?is l9e %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! p>allel l9es ( ,c's face & f ! l9e1 :i*1 z a cont9uation ( god ,e's head resembl+ an e> ( maize1 frequ5tly appe>s on 8 face1 especially z 9 ! v>iants ( ! ,madrid manuscript 7comp>e ,figs4 #be-bg74 ,^! pictures ( ,e c always be unfail+ly recogniz$ by ! peculi> %ape ( ! head & %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ^? repres5t+ ,f4 ,! black face-l9e is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( god ,f1 j z x is ( ! ,aztec ,xipe4 ,x sometimes runs 9 a curve ov] ! *eek z a ?ick1 black /ripe1 z ,cort4 #db4 ,sometimes x encircles ! eye only 7,dr4 #f;a7 & aga9 x is a dott$ d\ble l9e 7,dr4 #f;b74 ,! hi]oglyph ( god ,f likewise exhibits ?is l9e & ) ! v same v>iants z ! god himself4 ,see ! hi]oglyphs ( ! god belong+ to ! pictures 9 ,dr4 #f;a1 #a/ & #c;d figures1 9 :i* ! l9e likewise diff]s f ! o!r =ms 7,figs4 #cj-cd74 ,9 a few places god ,f is pictur$ ) ! same black l9es on 8 entire body1 :i* else:]e he has only on 8 face1 ! l9es be+ l ^? 9 ,fig4 #ca1 namely ,tro4 #bg99;c4 ,inde$1 9 ,tro4 #bh99;c1 ! dea?-god ,a likewise has ^! black l9es on 8 body & also ,f's l9e on 8 face2 a cle> pro( ( ! close relation%ip ( ! two deities4 ,^! l9es probably signify gap+ dea?-w\nds & ! accompany+ r[s ( dots are int5d$ to repres5t ! blood4 ,s9ce god ,f is a dea?-deity ! famili> sign 7,fig4 #e71 :i* occurs s frequ5tly ) ! hi]oglyphs ( ,a1 also belongs to 8 symbols4 ,f is pictur$ 9 company ) ! dea?-god 9 connection ) human sacrifice 7,cort4 #db72 an exactly simil> picture ( ! two gods ( human sacrifice is giv5 9 ,codex ,tro4 #cj;d2 "h1 too1 !y sit opposite "o ano!r4 ,! id5tity ( ?is att5dant ( dea? ) ! deity1 designat$ by ! hi]oglyph ) ! num]al #aa1 is prov$ by ! foll[+ passages3 ,tro4 #ai1 bottom 7on ! extreme "r h& )\t picture1 only hi]oglyph1 see ,fig4 #bi71 ,dr4 #e;b1 #f;a1 b1 & c & _m o!rs4 ,9 "s ( ! passages cit$ 7,dr4 #e;a & b7 he is di/+ui%$ by an unusually l>ge e>-peg4 ,8 hi]oglyph occurs ) ! hi]oglyph ( ! dea?-god 9 ,dr4 #f;c1 :]e he is himself n pictur$4 ,z w>-god1 god ,f occurs comb9$ ) ! dea?-god 9 ! passages m5tion$ above 7,tro4 #bg99-bi99;c71 :]e he sets ! h\ses on fire ) 8 tor* & demoli%es !m ) 8 spe>4 ,god ,f occurs q frequ5tly 9 ! manuscripts & mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z "o ( ! m important deities4 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann 8 day is ,manik1 ! seiz+1 grasp+ h&1 symboliz+ ! captur+ ( an enemy 9 w> = sacrificial purposes4 ,f's sign occurs once1 z m5tion$ above1 9 f\rfold repetition ) all ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 namely 9 ,tro4 #bi99;c4 ,9 anci5t ,c5tral ,am]ica ! captur$ enemy 0 sacrific$ & ?us ! conceptions ( ! w>-god & ( ! god ( dea? by viol5ce & by human sacrifice are unit$ 9 ! figure ( god ,f4 ,9 ?is "* god ,f occurs sev]al times 9 ! ,madrid manuscript 9 combat ) ,m1 ! god ( travell+ m]*ants 7see page #ce74 ,spani% writ]s d n m5tion a deity ( ! k9d describ$ "h z belong+ to ! ,maya pan!on4 ,g4 ,! ,sun-,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ce-cf ,god ,g's hi]oglyph 7,fig4 #ce7 conta9s z its *ief factor ! sun-sign ,k94 ,x is "o ( ! signs 7( :i* !re are ab\t #ab 9 ! manuscripts71 :i* has ! ,b5-ik prefix & d\btless d5otes a mon? d$icat$ to ! sun4 ,!re is1 ,i ?9k1 no diff]5ce ( op9ion reg>d+ ! significance ( ?is deity1 al?\gh ,fewkes1 z already /at$1 is incl9$ to id5tify ,g ) ,b1 :om1 x is true1 ! =m] resembles4 ,x is surpris+ t a deity :o f 8 nature mu/ be consid]$ z v important1 is repres5t$ ) su* comp>ative infrequ5cy4 ,he occurs only a few times 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript1 = example #bb;b1 #aa;c1 & 9 ! ,codex ,tro4-,cortesianus none c be f\nd among ! figures :i* c\ld be safely reg>d$ z ! sun-god2 9 no manuscript except ! ,dresd5 does a deity occur we>+ ! sun-sign ,k9 on 8 body4 ,b once 9 ! ,codex ,cort4 ! figure ( ,d appe>s ) ! sun-sign on 8 head1 z po9t$ out by ,fewkes 9 8 article entitl$ ,! ,god ',d' 9 ! ,codex ,cortesianus4 ,g's hi]oglyph1 to be sure1 is f\nd repeat$ly 9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 = example ,codex ,tro4 #ca;c4 ,god ,g seems to be n :olly )\t relation to ! p[]s ( dea?2 ! owl-sign 7,fig4 #e7 occurs once 9 connection ) him 7,dr4 #aa;c74 ,besides ! sun-sign ,k91 :i* ! god be>s on 8 body1 8 repres5tations are di/+ui%$ by a peculi> nose ornam5t 7,fig4 #cf7 :i*1 z may be se5 by comp>ison ) o!r simil> pictures 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript1 is no?+ b a l>ge & especially elaborate nose-peg4 ,simil> ornam5ts are r common j "h 9 ! c>efully drawn fir/ "p ( ! ,dresd5 manuscript4 ,comp>e ,dr4 #bb;b 7middle figure71 #ba 7c5tre71 #ag;b1 #ad;a1 b2 occasionally !y also h ! %ape ( a fl[]1 = example #ab;b 7c5tre71 #aa;c 7left71 #ai;a4 ,la/ly x is wor?y ( note1 t god ,g is sometimes repres5t$ ) a snake-l tongue protrud+ f 8 m\?1 z 9 ,dr4 #aa;b & c4 ,h4 ,! ,*ic*an-,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #cg-dj ,! figure ( a deity ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript is a god1 :o is *>act]iz$ by a sk9-spot or a scale ( a s]p5t on 8 temple ( ! same %ape z ! hi]oglyph ( ! day ,*ic*an 7s]p5t74 ,moreov] ! repres5tations ( ! god himself diff] v mu*1 s t !re are almo/ no o!r positive1 unv>y+ *>act]i/ic m>ks to be specifi$4 ,8 picture is pla9ly recognizable & has ! ,*ic*an-m>k on ! temple 9 ,dr4 #aa;a1 #ab;b & #bj;b4 ,! hi]oglyph belong+ to ?is deity likewise displays ! ,*ic*an-sign z its di/+ui%+ m>k4 ,fur!rmore sev]al v>iants occur4 ,! ,*ic*an-sign has sometimes ! =m ( ,fig4 #cg & aga9 t ( ,fig4 #ch4 ,! prefix likewise diff]s v mu*1 hav+ sometimes ! =m ( ,fig4 #cg1 & aga9 t ( ,fig4 #ch or ( ,figs4 #ci & #dj4 ,?us !re are1 9 all1 f\r diff]5t =ms ( ! prefix4 ,x is to be assum$ t all ^! hi]oglyphs h ! same mean+1 not)/&+ _! v>iations4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! frequ5cy ( ! v>iations ( o!r hi]oglyphs ( gods & ( ! hi]oglyphs 9 ! ,maya manuscripts 9 g5]al1 x is q improbable f ! nature ( ! case1 t a hi]oglyph1 :i* displays s great an agreem5t 9 its ess5tial & *>act]i/ic elem5ts1 %\ld d5ote sev]al diff]5t gods4 ,! dissimil>ity :i* ,sel] ?9ks he f9ds betwe5 ! =ms ( ! ,*ic*an-sign 9 ,figs4 #cg & #ch & :i* leads him to assume t ,fig4 #cg is n a ,*ic*an-sign at all1 b t x d5otes ano!r face ornam5t1 _c be satisfactorily prov$1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z an arbitr>y assumption4 ,! ,*ic*an-m>k 9 ! sign ( ! day ,*ic*an also diff]s v mu* f t on ! bodies ( ! s]p5ts pictur$ 9 ! manuuscripts1 s t v>iations ( ?is k9d by no means make x necess>y to assume t ! hi]oglyphs actually d5ote diff]5t ?+s4 ,obs]ve1 = example1 ! diff]5t ,*ic*an-spots on ! s]p5t's body 9 ,tro4 #bg;a4 ,! cr5elat$1 black bord] ( ! ,*ic*an-spot 9 ,fig4 #ch passes 9 rapid cursive draw+ almo/ ( itself into ! scallops ( ,fig4 #cg1 a transition to :i* !re are di/9ct t5d5cies on ! s]p5t's body 9 ,tro4 #bg;a4 ,nor does ! fact1 t "u ,h's hi]oglyph diff]5t p]sonages are v (t5 pictur$1 :om we _c positively id5tify1 compel ! assumption t we h "h n "o1 b two or m my?ical figures1 = ! same is true ( o!r hi]oglyphs ( gods4 ,!re are _m places 9 ! manuscripts :]e ! text conta9s a def9ite well-kn[n hi]oglyph ( a god1 :ile ! accompany+ picture repres5ts "s o!r deity or "s o!r figure n def9itely *>act]iz$1 p]haps m]ely a human =m 7prie/1 w>rior1 woman & ! l74 ,?us 9 ,dr4 #d;a we see ,h's hi]oglyph 9 ! text1 b ! picture is ! figure ( god ,p :ile 9 o!r places we miss ! *>act]i/ic ,*ic*an-spot on ! figure repres5t$1 = example ,dr4 #d;c1 #f;a1 #g;b1 #g;c1 #ad;a1 #ba;c4 ,9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 x is true1 ,h's hi]oglyph also occurs (t5 en\gh1 b n 9 a s+le in/ance is a deity repres5t$ display+ ! ,*ic*an-spot4 ,?is fact is1 ,i ?9k1 to be expla9$ by ! co>s] /yle ( ! draw+1 :i* does n admit ( repres5t+ su* f9e details z 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript4 ,9 ! ,p>is manuscript ,h's hi]oglyph occurs b once 7p4 #h1 bottom74 ,sel] ?9ks he recognizes 9 "s ( ! figures repres5t$ "u ,h's hi]oglyph 9 ! manuscripts1 a s-call$ "y god4 ,su* a deity is unkn[n & ! assumption is entirely arbitr>y4 ,app>5tly ?is "y god is an inv5tion ( ,br9ton4 ,! purely inductive & descriptive /udy ( ! manuscripts does n prove ! exi/5ce ( su* a p]sonage1 & we mu/ decl9e to admit him z ! result ( d$uctive reason+4 ,9 ?is s-call$ "y god1 we miss1 fir/ ( all1 a *>act]i/ic m>k1 a di/9ct peculi>ity su* z belongs to all ! figures ( gods 9 ! manuscripts )\t exception & by :i* he c\ld be recogniz$4 ,except 8 s-call$ y\?fulness1 h[ev]1 no su* def9ite m>ks are to be f\nd4 ,fur!rmore !re is no figure ( a god 9 ! manuscripts :i* w\ld n be designat$ by a def9ite *>act]i/ic hi]oglyph4 ,no su* hi]oglyph c be prov$ z belong+ to ! "y god4 ,! figures1 :i* are suppos$ to h a y\?ful appe>ance 9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 (t5 convey ?is impression m]ely 9 consequ5ce ( _! smallness & ( ! pitiful1 squatt+ attitude 9 :i* !y are repres5t$4 ,fur!rmore real *ildr5 d occur "h & !re1 ?us1 = example1 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript 9 connection ) ! pictures ( wom5 9 ! fir/ "p & 9 ,tro4 #bj99;c 9 ! repres5tation ( ! s-call$ infant baptism4 ,t god ,h has "s relation to ! s]p5t mu/ be conjectur$ f :at has be5 said4 ,?us1 = example1 on ,dr4 #ae;b1 we see 8 hi]oglyph belong+ to ! figure ( a woman ) ! knott$ s]p5t on h] head1 9 ,dr4 #d;a to ! god ,p1 :o !re be>s a s]p5t 9 8 h&1 & 9 ,dr4 #ce;b 9 connection ) a s]p5t ) ,b's head4 ,:at ?is relation is1 _c n[ be /at$4 ,! day d$icat$ to god ,h is ,*ic*an1 & ! sign = ?is day is 8 di/+ui%+ hi]oglyph4 ,i4 ,! ,wat]-,goddess4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da ,9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript ! figure ( an old woman1 ) ! body /a9$ br[n & claws 9 place ( feet1 occurs repeat$ly4 ,%e we>s on h] head a knott$ s]p5t & ) h] h&s p\rs wat] f a vessel4 ,evid5tly we h "h a p]sonification ( wat] 9 its quality ( de/roy]1 a goddess ( floods & cl\d-bur/s1 :i*1 z we "k1 play an important "p 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,page #bg1 ( ! ,codex ,troano conta9s a picture1 9 :i* ?is "* ( goddess ,i may be di/9ctly recogniz$4 ,9 accordance ) ?is "*1 also on ,dr4 #gd1 :]e some?+ resembl+ a flood is repres5t$1 %e we>s ! cross-bones ( ! dea?-god4 ,! goddess is pictur$ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! foll[+ places3 ,dr4 #ci;b1 #dc;b1 #fg;a & #gd4 ,! figure correspond+ to h] 9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 9 ,tro4 #bg & #cd99;c1 displays "s v>iations1 9 p>ticul> ! tig] claws on ! feet & ! r$-br[n color ( ! body are lack+4 ,b ! agreem5t _c be que/ion$1 ,i ?9k1 :5 we recall t ! ,maya manuscripts d\btless orig9at$ 9 diff]5t ages & diff]5t areas ( civilization1 circum/ances :i* readily expla9 su* v>iations4 ,! goddess di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,madrid manuscript by symbols ( flood & wat] is d\btless ! same z goddess ,i ( ! ,dresd5 manuscript describ$ above2 h] unmi/akable "* ( wat]-goddess 9 bo? manuscripts is 9 favor ( ?is4 ,9 bo? manuscripts %e is inv>iably di/+ui%$ by ! s]p5t on h] head1 :i*1 z we "k1 is a symbol ( ! wat] fl[+ along & =m+ waves4 ,/range to say1 a fix$ hi]oglyph ( ?is goddess _c be prov$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,!re is "s probability 9 favor ( ! sign giv5 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,! well-kn[n oblong signs1 :i* ,fo]/emann 7,drei ,mayahi]oglyph51 publi%$ 9 ! ,zeits*rift fu] ,e?nologie1 #aija1 pp4 #bae-bba7 int]prets z ! sign = evil days1 frequ5tly occur ) h]4 ,?is w\ld be appropriate = ! goddess ( floods4 ,9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript a few simil> figures ( wom5 are f\nd1 :o1 l goddess ,i1 we> a knott$ s]p5t on ! head4 ,repres5tations ( ?is k9d occur 9 ,dr4 #i;c1 #ae;b1 #ah;a1 #bj;a1 #bb;b & #bc;b4 ,:e!r !y are id5tical ) goddess ,i is d\btful1 s9ce !re is no symbolic ref]5ce to wat] 9 ^! passages4 ,besides1 ! hi]oglyphs ( o!r kn[n deities occur ea* "t 9 ! above-m5tion$ places1 s t def9ite my?ologic relations mu/ be assum$ to exi/ "h betwe5 ! wom5 reps5t$ & ! deities 9 "q4 ,?us 9 ,dr4 #i;c we f9d ,d's sign1 9 #ae;b t ( ,h2 on #ah;a1 #bb;b & #bc;b we see only ! g5]al sign = a woman4 ,9 ,dr4 #bj;a ! signs are effac$4 ,9 ! ,codex ,troano goddess ,i occurs on pp4 #be;b & #bg2 !re is also a woman ) ! knott$ s]p5t on h] head 9 ,tro4 #cd99;c4 ,9 ! ,codex ,cortesianus & 9 ! ,p>is manuscript ^! =ms are :olly lack+4 ,k4 ,! ,god ) ! ,ornam5t$ ,nose4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #db-dc ,?is god1 z already m5tion$ 9 connection ) ,b1 is n id5tical ) ! latt]1 b is probably closely relat$ to him4 ,8 hi]oglyph is ,fig4 #db2 ,fig4 #dc is ! =m 9 ! ,madrid manuscript4 ,he is closely relat$ to god ,b4 ,he is repres5t$ 9 ,dr4 #be 7c5tre7 :]e he is p]haps conceiv$ ( z a prie/ we>+ a mask ) ! face ( ! god1 also 9 ,dr4 #g;a1 #ab;a 7) 8 own hi]oglyph & t ( ,e671 #bf 7bottom7 ) a v>iant ( ! sign4 ,8 figure )\t ! hi]oglyph occurs 9 ,dr4 #c4 ,v frequ5tly ! well-kn[n gr\p1 #c ,oc1 is giv5 ) him & 9 connection ) 8 hi]oglyph 79 ,dr4 #c1 #g;a1 #aj;b 7"r72 )\t picture1 #ab;a74 ,fo]/emann 7,drei ,mayahi]oglyph51 ,zeits*rift fu] ,e?nologie1 #aija4 pp #bae-bba7 sees 9 ?is ! sign = good days1 a pro( t we h to d "h ) a b5evol5t deity well dispos$ to mank9d1 8 k9%ip ) ,b be+ also 9 favor ( ?is int]pretation4 ,8 hi]oglyph alone )\t 8 picture occurs 9 ,dr4 #aj;b1 #di 7middle & bottom71 #eh 7bottom1 left71 & ,tro4 #h99;b2 ) a v>iant ( ! attribute 9 ,dr4 #bd 7?ird v]tical r[74 ,a slight v>iation appe>s also 9 ,dr4 #fi 7top1 "r74 ,9 ,dr4 #fe;a 7middle7 ,b is pictur$4 ,b 9 ! text we see ,k's hi]oglyph pres5t$ by a h&4 ,! next figure on ! same page at ! "r repres5ts god ,b ) ! head ( ,k on 8 own & ! same head once m 9 8 h&4 ,agree+ ) ?is1 we f9d 9 ! accompany+ text ! signs ( ,b & ,k1 ! latt] 9 a h&4 ,k seems to be pictur$ aga9 9 ,dr4 #df 7bottom72 ! passage1 h[ev]1 is some:at oblit]at$4 ,! hi]oglyph is lack+ 9 ?is place2 x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 on ! prec$+ page #de 7middle74 ,9 addition to ! passage already m5tion$1 :i* repres5ts god ,k toge!r ) ,b1 su* d\ble deities aga9 occur 9 ! ,p>is manuscript1 p4 #ac1 :]e ,b holds ,k's head 9 8 h&2 9 ,dr4 #cd;b1 :]e he c>ries ?is head on 8 own & 9 ,dr4 #fg;a :]e he appe>s to c>ry x 9 a rope4 ,once1 h[ ev]1 a v>iation ( ^! pla9ly synonym\s repres5tations occurs1 namely 9 ,dr4 #di 7at ! top71 :]e we see a fem99e =m above ^: head rises ! head ( god ,k4 ,9 ! ,p>is manuscript1 s f> z its defac$ condition p]mits u to recognize ! repres5tation1 ,k occurs v frequ5tly1 z = example1 9 ,p]4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g & #i 79 "p only 8 head is giv51 pres5t$ by god ,b1 z 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript74 ,br9ton consid]s ?is figure simply z a special manife/ation ( ,b & id5tical ) t god4 ,fo]/emann ?9ks t god ,k is a /orm-deity1 ^: ornam5tal nose1 accord+ to ! conv5tional mode ( draw+ ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican peoples1 is int5d$ to repres5t ! bla/ ( ! /orm4 ,app>5tly1 h[ev]1 ! deity has an a/ronomic significance & seems to symbolize a />4 ,9 favor ( ?is is ! fact1 t on ! s-call$ initial pages ( ! ,madrid manuscript 7,cort4 #bb-,tro4 #cf7 a r[1 compos$ ( repetitions ( 8 sign1 occurs bel[ ! signs ( ! c>d9al po9ts & p>allel to a r[ compos$ ( signs ( god ,c1 ! god ( ! pol> /> & ! nor?4 ,! hi]oglyphs ( ,c & ,k are ! only hi]oglyphs ( gods1 :i* are repeat$ #ac times on ^! pages ) ! #ac days enum]at$ !re4 ,! two gods mu/1 !re=e1 h ei!r a p>allel or an opposite a/ronomic & cal5dric mean+4 ,! fact t 9 ,dr4 #be & #bf ,k appe>s z reg5t ( ! ye>1 is an argum5t 9 favor ( 8 a/ronomic significance4 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann1 ,muluc is ! day d$icat$ to god ,k4 ,9 ! head ( god ,k we recognize ! ornam5t s common 9 ! temple ru9s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica--! s-call$ elephant's trunk4 ,! peculi>1 conv5tionaliz$ face1 ) ! project+ proboscis-%ap$ nose1 :i* is appli$ *iefly to ! corn]s ( temple walls1 displays unque/ionably ! features ( god ,k4 ,! significance ( god ,k 9 ?is ar*itectural relation is unkn[n4 ,"s connection ) 8 "* z ! deity ( a /> & ) 8 a/ronomic qualities may1 h[ev]1 be assum$1 s9ce1 z we "k1 ! temple /ructures ( ,c5tral ,am]ica are always plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! c>d9al po9ts4 ,l4 ,! ,old1 ,black ,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd ,god ,l's features are ^? ( an old man ) sunk51 too?less m\?4 ,8 hi]oglyph is ,fig4 #dd1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by ! black face4 ,god ,l1 :o is also black1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,m ^: description foll[s4 ,l is repres5t$ & designat$ by 8 hi]oglyph 9 ! accompany+ text1 9 ,dr4 #ad;b & #ad;c & ,dr4 #df;b2 ! figure has ! *>act]i/ic black face4 ,he appe>s entirely black 9 ,dr4 #g;a4 ,! hi]oglyph alone occurs 9 ,dr4 #ba;b & #bd 7?ird v]tical l9e 9 ! fir/ passage7 ) a v>iation1 namely )\t ! ,ymix-sign be=e ! head4 ,?is deity does n occur 9 ! ,madrid & ,p>is manuscripts4 ,! significance ( god ,l does n appe> f ! few pictures1 :i* are giv5 ( him4 ,9 ,dr4 #df;b ! god is pictur$ arm$ & 9 w>like attitude4 ,bo? 9 ,dr4 #ad;b & #ad;c he we>s a bird on 8 head & has a ,kan 9 8 h&4 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann1 8 day is ,akbal1 d>kness1 night4 ,cyrus ,?omas 7,aids to ! ,/udy ( ! ,maya ,codices1 9 ! #f? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhh1 p4 #ceh7 ?9ks he is ! god ,ek*uah1 :o has come d[n to u z a black deity4 ,god ,m seems1 h[ev]1 to correspond to ,ek*uah 7see ! description ( ,m74 ,m4 ,! ,black ,god ) ! ,r$ ,lips4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #de-dh ,god ,m's hi]oglyph is ,figs4 #de1 #df2 x seems to repres5t an eye rimm$ ) black1 ?\gh ! figure ( ! god himself displays an entirely diff]5t draw+ ( ! eye 7see ,fig4 #dg74 ,! god is f\nd 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript only ?ree times1 namely 9 ,dr4 #af;b 7) a bone 9 8 h&7 9 picture & sign1 9 ,dr4 #ac;c gr\p$ ) an animal1 )\t ! hi]oglyph1 & 9 ,dr4 #dc;a 7) 8 sign7 :ile f9ally 8 hi]oglyph alone appe>s 9 ,dr4 #ef 7top1 left7 9 a gr\p & ( a some:at diff]5t =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 god ,m appe>s ) special frequ5cy 9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 :i* treats ( ?is deity ) great fullness ( detail4 ,:ile he is repres5t$ 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript 7#af;b7 ) 8 body /rip$ black & :ite1 & on p4 #dc;a entirely :ite1 he is always entirely black 9 ! ,codex ,troano4 ,8 o!r di/+ui%+ m>ks are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! m\? encircl$ by a r$-br[n bord]4 #b4 ,! l>ge1 droop+ "u lip4 ,by ?is he c be recogniz$ ) c]ta9ty also 9 ,dr4 #dc;a4 #c4 ,! two curv$ l9es at ! "r ( ! eye4 ,8 significance c be conjectur$4 ,he seems to be ( a w>like nature1 = he is almo/ always repres5t$ arm$ ) ! lance & also z engag$ 9 combat &1 9 "s in/ances1 pi]c$ by ! lance ( 8 oppon5t1 god ,f1 = example 9 ,tro4 #c;c1 #g;a1 #bi99;a4 ,! peculi> object ) p>allel /ripes1 :i* he we>s on 8 head is a rope f :i* a package frequ5tly hangs4 ,by means ( a rope plac$ ar\nd 8 head ! god frequ5tly c>ries a bale ( m]*&ise1 z is ! cu/om today among ! aborig9es 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,on #d;b & #e;a 9 ! ,cod4 ,tro4 ?is c pla9ly be se54 ,all ^! pictures lead u to conclude1 t we h "h to d ) a god ( travell+ m]*ants4 ,a deity ( ?is "* call$ ,ek*uah has be5 h&$ d[n to u1 :o is designat$ explicitly z a black god4 ,9 favor ( ?is is also ! fact1 t he is repres5t$ fight+ ) ,f & pi]c$ by ! latt]4 ,= ! travell+ m]*ant mu/1 ( c\rse1 be arm$ to w>d (f ho/ile attacks & ^! are admirably symboliz$ by god ,f1 = he is ! god ( dea? 9 w> & ( ! kill+ ( ! captur$ enemy4 ,! god is f\nd 9 ! ,codex ,troano 9 ! foll[+ places & on _m pages two or ?ree times3 pp4 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 always ) ! hi]oglyph1 !n )\t x on pp4 #f1 #g1 #ai1 #d99;c1 #ad99;b1 #ag99;a1 #ah99;b & aga9 ) ! hi]oglyph on pp4 #bb99;a1 #bc99;a1 #be99;a2 f9ally x is f\nd aga9 )\t ! hi]oglyph on pp4 #bi99;a1 #cj99;a1 #ca991 #cb991 #cc991 #cd994 ,9 ! ,codex ,cortesianus god ,m occurs 9 ! foll[+ places3 p4 #ae1 :]e he /rikes ! sky ) ! axe & ?us causes ra91 p4 #ai 7bottom71 #bh 7bottom1 second figure71 #cd 7bottom7 & #cf 7top74 ,m is always to be recogniz$ by ! encircl$ m\? & ! droop+ "u-lip2 figures )\t ^! m>ks are n id5tical ) ,m1 ?us = example 9 ,tro4 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #ba994 ,tro4 #cd99;a %[s :at is app>5tly a v>iant ( ,m ) ! face ( an old man1 ! scorpion's tail & ! v]tebrae ( ! dea?-god1 a figure :i* 9 its turn be>s on its brea/ ! pla9ly recognizable head ( ,m4 ,god ,m is also repres5t$ else:]e _m times ) ! scorpion's tail1 ?us = example on ,tro4 #cj99;a1 #ca99;a4 ,besides 8 hi]oglyph m5tion$ above1 ,figs4 #de & #df1 ano!r sign seems to ref] to god ,m1 namely ,fig4 #dh 7comp>e = example ,tro4 #e;a & ,cort4 #bh1 bottom74 ,! head 9 ?is sign has ! same curv$ l9es at ! corn] ( ! eye z appe> on ! deity himself4 ,fo]/emann m5tions ?is sign 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,p>is ,manuscript1 p4 #ae1 & 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,dresd5 ,manuscript1 p4 #ef4 ,he ?9ks ! hi]oglyph has relation to ! revolution ( ,v5us1 :i* is p]=m$ 9 #ehd days4 ,a relation ( ?is k9d is1 ,i ?9k1 v possible1 if we be> 9 m9d t all ! god-figures ( ! manuscripts h m or less ( a cal5dric & *ronologic significance 9 _! *ief or 9 _! second>y function4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ,god ,m is repres5t$ z a rule z an old man ) too?less jaw or ! *>act]i/ic solit>y too?4 ,t he is also relat$ to bee-culture is %[n by 8 pres5ce on p4 #d99;c ( ! ,codex ,troano1 9 ! section on bees4 ,besides gods ,l & ,m1 a few q isolat$ black figures occur 9 ! ,codex ,troano1 :o1 app>5tly1 are id5tical ) nei!r ( ^! two deities1 b are evid5tly ( slight importance & p]haps are only v>iants ( o!r deities4 ,simil> figures ( black deities are f\nd 9 ! ,codex ,tro4 #bc1 #bd & #be 7p]haps ?is is a black v>iant ( ,b z god ( ! /orm87 & on #ba99;c we twice see a black =m ) ! ag$ face & ! solit>y too? 9 ! "u jaw 7p]haps only a v>iant ( ,m74 ,9 ! ,codex ,cortesianus & 9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript no o!r black deities occur1 b 9 ! ,p>is manuscript a black deity seems to be pictur$ once 7p4 #ba1 bottom74 ,accord+ to ,br9ton 7,nagualism1 ,philadelphia #ahid1 pp4 #ba1 #ci71 !re is among ! ,tz5dals 9 addition to ,ek*uah1 a second black deity call$ ,xicalahua1 black "l4 ,n4 ,! ,god ( ! ,end ( ! ,ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #di-ea ,we h "h a deity ) ! features ( an old man & we>+ a peculi> head ornam5t reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #ej1 :i* conta9s ! sign = ! ye> ( #cfj days4 ,! god's hi]oglyph is ,fig4 #di1 :i* consi/s ( ! num]al #e ) ! sign ( ! mon? ,zac4 ,fo]/emann has recogniz$ 9 god ,n ! god ( ! five ,uayeyab days1 :i* 7 add$ z int]cal>y days at ! end ( ! orig9al ye> ( #cfj days1 & 7 consid]$ unlucky days4 ,n is1 !re=e1 ! god ( ! end ( ! ye>4 ,fo]/emann has discuss$ him 9 detail "u ?is title 9 a monograph publi%$ 9 ,globus1 ,vol4 #hj1 ,no4 #ab4 ,x is /ill op5 to "q :e!r god ,n actually occurs 9 all ! places ( ! ,dresd5 manuscript1 :i* are m5tion$ by ,fo]/emann4 ,he c be recogniz$ positively on ,dr4 #ag;a1 #ba;c 7gr\p$ ) a woman7 & #cg;a2 also on #ab;c1 b 9 ?is latt] place ) pron\nc$ deviations f ! usual repres5tations4 ,! figures 9 ,dr4 #bc;c 7fir/ gr\p7 & #dc;a 7?ird picture7 are d\btful1 especially s9ce ! hi]oglyph ( ! god is lack+ 9 bo? in/ances4 ,! ?ird gr\p 9 ,dr4 #ba;c is equally dubi\s4 ,"h a woman is pictur$ sitt+ opposite a god4 ,! latt] seems to be god ,n1 yet 9 ! text we f9d in/ead ( 8 sign ! hi]oglyph giv5 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,x is n impossible t ?is sign likewise d5otes god ,n4 ,god ,n is f\nd a few times 9 ! ,p>is manuscript1 = example on p4 #d1 :]e he holds ,k's head 9 8 h&s1 & on p4 #bb4 ,o4 ,a ,goddess ) ! ,features ( an ,old ,woman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb ,?is goddess occurs only 9 ! ,madrid manuscript & is di/+ui%$ by ! solit>y too? 9 ! "u jaw1 z a sign ( age1 ! inv>iable *>act]i/ic ( ag$ p]sons 9 ! manuscripts4 ,%e is pictur$ 9 ! foll[+ places3 ,tro4 #e99;c1 #f99;b1 & #aa99;b1 c & d1 ,cort4 #aj;b1 #aa;a1 #ch;a4 ,9 ,tro4 #aa99 %e is repres5t$ work+ at a loom4 ,%e does n appe> at all 9 ! ,dresd5 & ,p>is manuscripts4 ,! figures ( wom5 m5tion$ "u ,i ) ! s]p5t on _! heads1 are especially n to be reg>d$ z id5tical ) goddess ,o1 = %e nev] we>s ! s]p5t1 b a tuft ( hair b\nd high up on h] head & runn+ out 9 two locks4 ,h] hi]oglyph is ,fig4 #eb2 x is di/+ui%$ by ! wr9kles ( age ab\t ! eye4 ,ow+ to ! limit$ numb] ( h] pictures1 !re is little to be said conc]n+ ! significance ( ?is goddess4 ,p4 ,! ,frog-,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec ,we call him ! frog-god because 9 ! ,codex ,tro4 #ca1 he is pictur$ 9 ! fir/ & second l9es ) ! club-%ap$ f+]s ( a frog1 :i* occur only on ?is figure4 ,! blue backgr\nd1 :i* is 8 attribute twice 9 ! same passage1 likewise po9ts to a connection ) wat]1 & t ! god also has some?+ to d ) agriculture may be d$uc$ f ! fact t he is pictur$ s[+ se$ & mak+ furr[s ) ! plant+-/ick4 ,! two black p>allel /ripes at ! corn] ( ! eye seem to be folds ( sk9 or m>ks on ! sk91 :i* may repres5t a peculi>ity ( ?is p>ticul> species ( frog4 ,8 head ornam5t is v *>act]i/ic & conta9s ! sign = ! ye> ( #cfj days4 ,he !re=e be>s "s unkn[n relation also to ! computation ( "t4 ,x %\ld be recall$ 9 ?is connection t "o ( ! ,maya mon?s is call$ ,uo1 frog4 ,! god is pictur$ aga9 9 ,tro4 #cj;a & b1 ,tro4 #bb 7top1 scatt]+ se$7 & ,cort4 #e 7at ! v bottom1 ! figure ly+ d[n74 ,f9ally 8 neck ornam5t mu/ be m5tion$1 :i*1 z a rule1 consi/s ( a neck-*a9 ) po9t$1 oblong or prong$ objects1 probably %ells4 ,9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript he occurs b once1 ,dr4 #d;a 7fir/ figure71 ) "s v>iations x is true4 ,! text at ?is place conta9s ,h's hi]oglyph4 ,god ,p does n occur 9 ! ,p]esianus4 ,8 hi]oglyph is ,fig4 #ec4 ,x occurs 9 ,tro4 #ca 7top7 & c be un]r+ly recogniz$ by ! two black p>allel /ripes at ! corn] ( ! eye2 :i* correspond exactly to ! same m>ks on ! face ( ! picture ( ! god himself4 ,?is is all t c be said respect+ ?is deity f ! pictures 9 ! manuscripts4 ,its mean+ is obscure4 ,sel]'s assumption t god ,p is ,kukulcan 7,zeits*rift fu] ,e?nologie1 #ahih1 p4 #djc7 has c]ta9ly v slight f\ndation1 & 9 view ( ! mat]ial f ! manuscripts describ$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! =ego+ is an almo/ complete enum]ation ( ! god-figures prop] 9 ! ,maya manuscripts4 ,:atev] o!r figures ( gods occur 9 ! manuscripts are details ( slight importance4 ,?is is especially true ( ! ,dresd5 manuscript1 :i* is well nigh exhau/$ by ! types enum]at$ "h2 !re may be1 ,i ?9k1 a few figures /ill undescrib$ 9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 ! c>eless draw+ ( :i* r5d]s ! id5tification v difficult4 ,an isolat$ figure ( ! ,dresd5 manuscript /ill rema9s to be m5tion$1 conc]n+ :i* x is d\btful :e!r x is int5d$ to repres5t a deity or only a human p]sonage4 ,?is is ! figure *>act]iz$ by a peculi> head ornam5t 9 ,dr4 #bj;b4 ,x is designat$ 9 ! text by two hi]oglyphs1 :i* belong toge!r1 ,figs4 #ed & #ee1 ! latt] occurr+ once ) ,k 7,dr4 #g;a74 ,x seems to repres5t bl[+ f ! m\?1 scream+ or speak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ed-ee ,,ii4 ,,my?ological ,,animals4 #a4 ,,! ,,moan ,,bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #ef-ei ,?is bird#da-a belongs to ! dea?-god z 8 symbol & att5dant4 ,its hi]oglyph 7,fig4 #ef7 conta9s ! num]al #ac2 o!r =ms are ,figs4 #eg-ei4 ,x is pictur$ 9 ,dr4 #g;c1 #aj;a1 #aa;a1 #af;c1 #ah;b1 & its hi]oglyph )\t ! picture is se5 9 ,dr4 #h;b4 ,a reali/ic repres5tation ( ! :ole figure ( ! moan z a bird1 occurs on ! head ( ! woman 9 #af;c 7#a/ figure7 & #ah;b4 ,god ,b sits on ! head ( ! moan 9 ,dr4 #ch;c2 ! ?ird hi]oglyph ( ! accompany+ text ref]s to ?is repres5tation4 ,j z 9 ,dr4 #af & #ah1 ! moan bird appe>s 9 ,tro4 #ah99;c on ! head ( a woman4 ,its "* z an attribute ( ! dea?-god is express$ by ! ,cimi-sign1 :i* x we>s ^u its head 7e4 g41 ,dr4 #aj;a71 & also by ! regul> occurr5ce ( symbols ( ! dea?-god 9 ! writt5 *>act]s1 :i* ref] to ! moan bird4 ,9 ! same mann] ! sign ( ! owl1 ,fig4 #e1 also occurs frequ5tly ) x4 #da-a ,see plate = repres5tations ( ! ,my?ological ,animals1 #a-f4 ,! moan conf]s "n & symbol alike on "o ( ! eighte5 mon?s ( ! ,maya ye>1 & ?us1 z ,fo]/emann conjectures 7,die ,plejad5 bei d5 ,mayas1 9 ,globus1 #ahid71 has an a/ronomic be>+ on ! con/ellation ( ! ,pleiades4 ,accord+ to ,br9ton ! moan is a memb] ( ! falcon family & its zoological "n is ,spizaetus tyrannus4 #b4 ,,! ,,s]p5t4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ common & mo/ important my?ological animals1 & is closely relat$ to diff]5t deities1 z has already be5 m fully discuss$ 9 connection ) ! individual cases4 ,app>5tly x has no indep5d5t significance z a deity4 ,its mo/ important p]sonification is t 9 god ,b1 ,kukulcan1 ! fea!r$ s]p5t4 ,h5ce a fix$ hi]oglyph designat+ ! s]p5t z a deity1 z a my?ologic =m1 does n occur1 ?\gh !re are num]\s hi]oglyphs :i* ref] to s]p5ts or repres5t individual p>ts ( ! s]p5t1 z its coils1 its jaws1 ! rattles ( ! rattlesnake1 etc4 ,! s]p5t appe>s 9 ! my?ologic conceptions ( ! ,mayas *iefly z ! symbol ( wat] & ( "t4 ,9 ! great s]ies ( numb]s ( ! ,dresd5 manuscript1 c]ta9 numb]s occur :i* are introduc$ 9 ! coils ( a l>ge s]p5t 7comp>e 9 reg>d to ?is1 ,fo]/emann1 ,zur ,entziff]ung d] ,mayah&s*rift51 ,,ii1 ,dresd51 #ahia74 ,! s]p5t is v frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 all ! manuscripts1 sometimes reali/ically & sometimes ) ! head ( a god1 etc4 ,9 ! ,dresd5 manuscript x occurs 9 ! foll[+ places3 #a;a1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh;c1 #ce;b1 #cf;a1 #cf;b1 #cg;b #dj1 #db;a1 #fa1 #fb1 #fe;c #ff;a & #fi4 ,x is prom95t also 9 ! ,madrid manuscript1 occurr+ = example 9 ,cort4 #d-f1 #ab-ah1 ,tro4 #be1 #bf1 #bg & else:]e4 #c4 ,,! ,,dog4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj ,fig4 #fj is its hi]oglyph4 ,x is ! symbol ( ! dea?-god & ! be>] ( ! lightn+4 ,! latt] foll[s q cle>ly f ! picture 9 ,dr4 #dj;b :]e ! god is di/+ui%$ by its hi]oglyph4 ,?is animal is aga9 repres5t$ 9 ,dr4 #g;a1 #ac;c on ! "r1 #ba;b ) its hi]oglyph1 #bi;a1 #cj;a 7=m+ a "p ( #ca;a1 :]e god ,b holds ! b\nd dog by ! tail71 & #ci;a )\t ! hi]oglyph1 #dg 7bottom7 ) a v>iant ( ! hi]oglyph4 ,9 ,dr4 #cf;a ! dog be>s ! ,akbal-sign on its =ehead4 ,! writ+ above x conta9s a v>iant ( ! hi]oglyph = ! dog2 ?is is ! ?ird ( ! rubric4 ,x %[s 7some:at difficult ( recognition7 ! ,akbal-sign on ! =ehead ( ! dog's head occurr+ 9 x1 & on ! back ( ! head ! ,k9-sign1 z symbols ( ! alt]nation ( day & night4 ,! same sign occurs aga9 ) adjuncts 9 ,dr4 #gd 7la/ l9e1 #bnd sign7 & once ) ! dea?-god 9 ,dr4 #h;a4 ,! dog z lightn+-bea/ occurs ) ! ,akbal-sign 9 ! eye in/ead ( on ! =ehead 9 ,codex ,tro4 #bc99;a2 "h aga9 its hi]oglyph is an entirely diff]5t "o 7! ?ird ( ! rubric74 ,t ! dog belongs to ! dea?-god is prov$ beyond a d\bt by ! regul> recurr5ce 9 ! writ+ belong+ to ! dog1 ( ! hi]oglyphs1 :i* relate to ?is deity1 especially ( ,fig4 #e4 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann 8 day is ,oc4 #d4 ,,! ,,vulture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa ,?is bird is di/9ctly pictur$ z a my?ological figure 9 ,dr4 #h;a4 ,x appe>s aga91 9 fem99e =m1 toge!r ) ! dog1 9 ,dr4 #ac;c & also 9 #ai;a4 ,9 ! fir/ passage1 its hi]oglyph is almo/ effac$2 ! hi]oglyph is v /rik+ & occurs n[h]e else 9 ! :ole collection ( manuscripts4 ,! body ( ?is animal-deity is /rip$ black & :ite2 9 ,dr4 #ch;b x is almo/ entirely black4 ,! same passage displays a second hi]oglyph = ?is figure 7,fig4 #fa72 ?is hi]oglyph also occurs ) ! num]al #d 9 ,dr4 #ef;b4 ,9 ,dr4 #cf;b ?is bird ( prey is pictur$ fight+ ) ! s]p5t2 its hi]oglyph occurs 9 ! second =m2 ! s]p5t is designat$ by ! ,*u51 ! gap+ jaws ( ! s]p5t 7fir/ "* ( ! rubric74 ,f9ally x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! head ( ?is bird occurs frequ5tly z a head ornam5t1 ?us 9 ,dr4 #aa;a1 #aa;b1 #ab;b & #ad;b4 ,m5tion %\ld also be made ( ! reali/ic repres5tations ( ! vulture1 eat+ ! eye ( a human sacrifice 7,dr4 #c1 ,tro4 #bf99;a & #bg99;a74 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann 8 day is ,cib4 #e4 ,! ,jagu>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb ,! jagu> is likewise an animal ) my?ological significance4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ,dr4 #h;a1 :]e its hi]oglyph is ! ?ird sign 9 ! writ+2 x also occurs 9 ,dr4 #bf 7at ! top74 ,x occurs 9 ,tro4 #ag 7at ! end7 ) a hi]oglyph :i* repres5ts ! jagu>'s head & conta9s ! num]al #d 7,fig4 #fb72 aga9 x appe>s )\t a hi]oglyph on p4 #bj 7bottom7 & on #ba & #bb 7bottom74 ,its day is ,ix1 & h5ce x also relates occasionally z ye> reg5t to ! ,ix ye>s1 = example 9 ,dr4 #bf;a4 #f4 ,! ,tortoise4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #fc-fe ,?is animal1 l ! dog1 appe>s z a lightn+-bea/ 7see ,dr4 #dj;b1 middle74 ,its hi]oglyph is ,figs4 #fc1 #fd4 ,?is sign also is connect$ ) ! num]al #d1 :i* occurs s (t5 ) animals 7b n alone ) quadrup$s7 z to be wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! sign ( ! tortoise )\t ! num]al is se5 9 ,cort4 #ag;a1 :]e ! tortoise itself is also repres5t$4 ,x mu/ h ref]5ce to ! #ag? mon? ( ! ,maya ye>1 = ! mon? ,kayab 7& app>5tly also ,pop7 conta9s ! head ( ! tortoise 7comp>e ,fig4 #fe74 ,x occurs sev]al times 9 ! ,cortesianus1 ?us on pp4 #ac1 #ai1 #cg1 #ch2 on p4 #ai ) ! hi]oglyph 7on ! top ( ! l[] half ( ! page1 #a/ l9e & at ! "r ( ! m>g974 ,9 ,dr4 #fi 7at ! top7 we see ! sign ( ! tortoise ) ! ,k9-sign z its eye & ! num]al #ab2 "u ?is gr\p ,b1 ) a black body1 is seat$ on ! s]p5t2 on ! same page ! sign occurs aga92 ea* "t1 moreov]1 app>5tly z a mon?-hi]oglyph4 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann ! tortoise is ! symbol ( ! summ] sol/ice1 z ! snail1 :i* occurs only z a head ornam5t 9 ! manuscripts & n indep5d5tly1 is ! symbol ( ! w9t] sol/ice2 bo?1 z ! animals ( sl[e/ motion1 repres5t ! app>5t /&/ill ( ! sun at ! p]iods specifi$4 ,?is expla9s :y ! mon? ,kayab1 9 :i* ! summ] sol/ice falls1 %\ld be repres5t$ by ! head ( a tortoise1 :i* has = its eye ! sun-sign ,k9 7,fo]/emann1 ,zur ,entziff]ung d] ,mayah&s*rift5 ,,iii1 ,s*ildkroete und ,s*necke 9 d] ,mayalit]atur1 ,dresd5 #ahib74 ,accord+ to ,fo]/emann its day is ,cauac4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f9ally ! owl & ! ape 7or monkey7 mu/ be m5tion$ z animals ( my?ologic significance1 ( :i* we h already spok5 9 connection ) gods ,a & ,c4 ,! scorpion also seems to h an important my?ologic significance1 & appe>s 9 ! manuscripts 9 connection ) figures ( gods1 z1 = example1 9 ,cort4 #g;a & ,tro4 #ca99;a1 #cc99;a1 #cd99;a 7god ,m ) a scorpion's tail74 ,9 addition to ^? discuss$ 9 ?is pap]1 !re are a few animals 9 ! manuscripts1 :i* probably also h a p>tial my?ologic significance1 b :i* h be5 omitt$ because !y are repres5t$ 9 a naturali/ic mann]1 ?us1 = example1 ! de] on ,tro4 #h1 et seq41 :ile idealization 7) human bodies1 ) tor*es1 hi]oglyphic "* on ! head1 etc47 %\ld be consid]$ z an unmi/akable sign ( my?ologic mean+4 ,a my?ologic significance also seems to belong to ! bee :i* plays s prom95t a "p ( ! ,codex ,troano4 ,probably ! section 9 "q ( ! ,madrid manuscript 7#a99 et seq47 treats ( bee-keep+1 b incid5tally x c]ta9ly has to d also ) ! my?ologic conceptions connect$ ) ! culture ( bees4 ,! bat :i* is f\nd z a my?ological figure on pott]y vessels & inscriptions f ! ,maya region 7comp>e ,sel]1 ,zeits*rift fu] ,e?nologie1 #ahid1 p4 #egg7 does n occur 9 ! manuscripts4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t hi]oglyphic signs1 :i* seem to relate to ! head ( ! bat1 occur 9 isolat$ cases 9 ! manuscripts4 ,,summ>y4 ,an enum]ation ( ! mo/ important deities 9 ! manuscripts gives ! foll[+ results1 9 connection ) :i* x is to be not$ t1 ( c\rse1 ! numb]s _c be absolutely correct1 because "o or ano!r ( ! pictures occasionally rema9s d\btful4 ,z f> z possible1 h[ev]1 only ! positively det]m9$ repres5tations h be5 consid]$4 ,! deity occurr+ mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! ,,dresd5 ,,manuscript is god ,b1 :o is pictur$ !re #ada times4 ,foll[+ him 9 po9t ( numb] 9 ! same manuscript are ! dea?-god ,a pictur$ #cc times1 god ,d #ai times1 & gods ,c & ,e #ag & #ad times respectively4 ,9 ! ,,madrid ,,manuscript1 god ,d1 ) #hd pictures1 is ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,he is foll[$ by ! maize-god ,e ) #gf pictures1 god ,b ) #ga1 god ,a ) #ec1 ,c ) #ch & ,m ) #cg pictures4 ,9 ! ,,p>is ,,manuscript1 god ,e's picture c be v]ifi$ #h times1 ^? ( ,c & ,b #f times ea* & t ( god ,a twice2 ,n & ,k are also frequ5tly repres5t$4 ,an enum]ation ( all ! pictures 9 all ! manuscripts %[s t ! foll[+ deities occur mo/ frequ5tly & are !re=e to be consid]$ ! mo/ important3 #a4 ,god ,b3 pictur$ #bah times4 #b4 ,d3 #ajc #c4 ,e3 #ih #d4 ,a3 #hh #e4 ,c3 #fa #f4 ,m3 #dj #g4 ,f3 #cc ,fur!rmore1 int]e/+ conclusions c be arriv$ at1 by means ( a li/ ( ^? deities1 :o occur 9 ! repres5tations ( ! manuscripts1 s unit$ or gr\p$ toge!r z to make x evid5t t !y mu/ /& 9 "s relation to "o ano!r4 ,my?ologic comb9ations ( ?is k9d occur among ! foll[+ deities & my?ological animals3 #a4 ,9 ! ,,dresd5 ,,manuscript3 ,d & ,c1 ,b & ,c1 dog & vulture1 bird & s]p5t1 ,b & ,k4 #b4 ,9 ! ,,madrid ,,manuscript3 ,f & ,m1 ,b & ,m1 ,c & ,m1 ,e & ,m1 ,a & ,e1 ,a & ,d1 ,a & ,f1 ,b & ,c1 ,d & ,c1 ,d & ,e4 #c4 ,9 ! ,,p>is ,,manuscript3 ,n & ,k1 ,b & ,k4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! comb9ations are ^? ( ! deities ,a & ,f1 ,m & ,f1 ,a & ,e1 ,d & ,c4 ,^! gr\ps are entirely intelligible1 consi/+ ( dea?-god & w>-god1 god ( ! travell+ m]*ants & w>-god1 dea?-god & maize-god 7z adv]s>ies3 mean+ fam9e71 night-god & deity ( ! pol> />4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,gods4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,,ii4 ,my?ological ,animals4 #a #b #c #d #e #f 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,typographical errors3 ,page #aj ,footnote #a miss+ f9al p]iod #ag s]p5t-& ra9-deity %\ld read s]p5t-&-ra9-deity #bc ,s5t5ce end+ ) & #ac99;c7 does n h a p]iod #bi manuuscripts %\ld read manuscripts #cb reps5t$ %\ld read repres5t$ #cc pp #bae-bba %\ld read pp4 #bae-bba #db comma miss+ foll[+ #cg;b comma miss+ foll[+ #fe;c ,inconsi/5cies3 ,! placem5t ( punctuation at ! end ( a ^w or phrase surr\nd$ by quotation m>ks is inconsi/5t1 usually x is plac$ outside ! f9al close quotation m>k b occasionally is f\nd inside ! m>k4